bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The STATs in cell stress-type responses
Authors: Dudley Andrew C , Thomas David , Best James , Jenkins Alicia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the early 1990's, a new cell signaling pathway was described. This new paradigm, now known as the JAK/STAT pathway, has been extensively investigated in immune-type cells in response to interferons and interleukins. However, recent evidence suggests that the JAK/STAT pathway also mediates diverse cellular responses to various forms of biological stress including hypoxia/reperfusion, endotoxin, ultraviolet light, and hyperosmolarity. The current literature describing the JAK/STAT pathway's role in cellular stress responses has been reviewed herein, but it is clear that our knowledge in this area is far from complete.
Expression of PEG11 and PEG11AS transcripts in normal and callipyge sheep
Authors: Bidwell Christopher A , Kramer Lauren N , Perkins Allison C , Hadfield Tracy S , Moody Diane E , Cockett Noelle E 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Background

The callipyge mutation is located within an imprinted gene cluster on ovine chromosome 18. The callipyge trait exhibits polar overdominant inheritance due to the fact that only heterozygotes inheriting a mutant paternal allele (paternal heterozygotes) have a phenotype of muscle hypertrophy, reduced fat and a more compact skeleton. The mutation is a single A to G transition in an intergenic region that results in the increased expression of several genes within the imprinted cluster without changing their parent-of-origin allele-specific expression.

Results

There was a significant effect of genotype (p < 0.0001) on the transcript abundance of DLK1, PEG11, and MEG8 in the muscles of lambs with the callipyge allele. DLK1 and PEG11 transcript levels were elevated in the hypertrophied muscles of paternal heterozygous animals relative to animals of the other three genotypes. The PEG11 locus produces a single 6.5 kb transcript and two smaller antisense strand transcripts, referred to as PEG11AS, in skeletal muscle. PEG11AS transcripts were detectable over a 5.5 kb region beginning 1.2 kb upstream of the PEG11 start codon and spanning the entire open reading frame. Analysis of PEG11 expression by quantitative PCR shows a 200-fold induction in the hypertrophied muscles of paternal heterozygous animals and a 13-fold induction in homozygous callipyge animals. PEG11 transcripts were 14-fold more abundant than PEG11AS transcripts in the gluteus medius of paternal heterozygous animals. PEG11AS transcripts were expressed at higher levels than PEG11 transcripts in the gluteus medius of animals of the other three genotypes.

Conclusions

The effect of the callipyge mutation has been to alter the expression of DLK1, GTL2, PEG11 and MEG8 in the hypertrophied skeletal muscles. Transcript abundance of DLK1 and PEG11 was highest in paternal heterozygous animals and exhibited polar overdominant gene expression patterns; therefore, both genes are candidates for causing skeletal muscle hypertrophy. There was unique relationship of PEG11 and PEG11AS transcript abundance in the paternal heterozygous animals that suggests a RNA interference mechanism may have a role in PEG11 gene regulation and polar overdominance in callipyge sheep.
Erythropoietin and renin as biological markers in critically ill patients
Authors: Tamion Fabienne , Le Cam-Duchez Véronique , Menard Jean-François , Girault Christophe , Coquerel Antoine , Bonmarchand Guy 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Introduction
During sepsis the endocrine, immune and nervous systems elaborate a multitude of biological responses. Little is known regarding the mechanisms responsible for the final circulating erythropoietin (EPO) and renin levels in septic shock. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of EPO and renin as biological markers in patients with septic shock.

Methods
A total of 44 critically ill patients with septic shock were evaluated.

Results
Nonsurvivors had significantly higher serum EPO levels than did survivors on admission (median [minimum–maximum]; 61 [10–602] versus 20 [5–369]). A negative relationship between serum EPO and blood haemoglobin concentrations was observed in the survivor group (r = -0.61; P < 0.001). In contrast, in the nonsurvivors the serum EPO concentration was independent of the blood haemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, we observed significant relationships between EPO concentration and lactate (r = 0.5; P < 0.001), arterial oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen ratio (r = -0.41; P < 0.005), arterial pH (r = -0.58; P < 0.001) and renin concentration (r = 0.42; P < 0.005). With regard to renin concentration, significant correlations with lactate (r = 0.52; P < 0.001) and arterial pH (r = -0.33; P < 0.05) were observed.

Conclusion
Our findings show that EPO and renin concentrations increased in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with septic shock. Renin may be a significant mediator of EPO upregulation in patients with septic shock. Further studies regarding the regulation of EPO expression are clearly warranted.
Early Predicted Time to Normalization of Tumor Markers Predicts Outcome in Poor-Prognosis Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Fizazi Karim , Culine Stéphane , Kramar Andrew , Amato Robert J. , Bouzy Jeannine , Chen Isan , Droz Jean-Pierre , Logothetis Christopher J. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose The prognostic relevance of the rate of decline of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) during the first 3 weeks of chemotherapy for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) was studied in the context of the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) classification. Patients and Methods Data from 653 patients prospectively recruited in clinical trials were studied. Tumor markers were obtained before chemotherapy and 3 weeks later. Decline rates were calculated using a logarithmic formula and expressed as a predicted time to normalization (TTN). A favorable TTN was defined when both AFP and HCG had a favorable decline rate, including cases with normal values. Results The median follow-up was 50 months (range, 2 to 151 months). Tumor decline rate expressed as a predicted TTN was associated with both progression-free survival (PFS; P < .0001) and overall survival (OS; P < .0001). The 4-year PFS rates were 64% and 38% in patients from the poor-prognosis group who had a favorable and an unfavorable TTN, respectively. The 4-year OS rates were 83% and 58%, respectively. This effect was independent from the initial tumor marker values, the primary tumor site, and the presence of nonpulmonary visceral metastases: tumor marker decline rate remained a strong predictor for both PFS (hazard ratio = 2.5; P = .01) and OS (hazard ratio = 4.6; P = .002) in patients from the IGCCCG poor-prognosis group in multivariate analysis. Conclusion Early predicted time to tumor marker normalization is an independent prognostic factor in patients with poor-prognosis NSGCT and may be a useful tool in the therapeutic management of these patients.
Editorial
Authors: Drew Linda 
Published: August 2004

Welcome to readers of the second volume of Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education. In Volume 1, we made a specific call for articles offering examples of best practice and models for what should be done in developing the Ph.D. in design. These articles were published
in Volume 1 Number 3. At the time of this call we also called for articles on doctorates in fine arts and communication which addressed similar issues for consideration for Volume 2 of the journal. Those issues included:
• Supervision • Curriculum development • Thesis requirements
• Research methods requirements
Research in progress: the printmaking studio of the future in higher education?
Authors: Hamilton Paul 
Published: August 2004

This article introduces work undertaken as part of the research programme, The development and evaluation of computer-aided learning in relation to the history and contemporary practice of printmaking’. The research falls into two categories:
• Pedagogy in relation to
art and design
• Printmaking, its future in tertiary art education
There are many changes happening in the education sector and these changes will form part of the pedagogical framework that needs to be established to determine in what direction printmaking as part of art education
will proceed. This research aims to help establish an understanding of what the printmaking studio within tertiary education will actually look like in the future and predict its role in this sector. This research demonstrates what can be produced using the computer as a part of the printmaker’s
repertoire, looking carefully at the various printmaking areas that utilize computer technology.
Acetone
Authors: Howard William L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetone (2‐propanone, dimethyl ketone, CH3COCH3), molecular weight 58.08 (C3H6O), is the simplest and most important of the ketones. It is a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid and is miscible in all proportions with water and most organic solvents. It is used in the manufacture of a variety of coatings and plastics and as a raw material for the chemical synthesis of a wide range of products such as ketene, methyl methacrylate, and bisphenol A. Most manufactured acetone is obtained as a coproduct in the process for phenol from cumene. Numerous natural sources of acetone make it a normal constituent of the environment. It is readily biodegradable. Acetone shows the typical reactions of saturated aliphatic ketones and is among the solvents of comparatively low acute and chronic toxicity.
Acetic Anhydride
Authors: Wagner Frank S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetic anhydride (CH3CO)2O, is a mobile, colorless liquid that has an acrid odor. It is the largest commercially produced carboxylic acid anhydride. Its chief industrial application is for acetylation reactions, and it is also used in many other applications in organic synthesis. Manufacturing processes include the acetic acid process, the acetaldehyde oxidation process, and methyl acetate carbonylation. Acetic anhydride penetrates the skin, forming burns and blisters.
Acrylamide Polymers
Authors: Lipp David , Kozakiewicz Joseph 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcrylamide polymerizes in the presence of free‐radical initiators to form polyacrylamide chains. Acrylamide polymers include functionalized polymers prepared from polyacrylamide by postreaction and copolymers prepared by polymerizing acrylamide (2‐propenamide, C3N5NO) with one or more comonomers. Completely dry polyacrylamide is a brittle white solid. Polyacrylamide is soluble in water, and high molecular weight polyacrylamide forms viscous homogeneous solutions in it. Reactions include hydrolysis, sulfomethylation, methylol formation, and reaction with other aldehydes. Most uses for high molecular weight polyacrylamides in water treating, mineral processing, and paper manufacture are based on the ability of these polymers to flocculate small suspended particles by charge neutralization and bridging. Low molecular weight polymers are employed as dispersants, crystal growth modifiers, or selective mineral depressants.
Aluminum Oxide (Alumina), Activated
Authors: Pearson Alan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe activated aluminas comprise a series of nonequilibrium forms of partially hydroxylated aluminum oxide, Al2O3. The chemical composition can be represented by\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\rm{Al}}{_{2}}{\rm{O}}_{{(}3-x{)}}}$\end{document}(OH)2xwherexranges from about 0 to 0.8. They are porous solids made by thermal treatment of aluminum hydroxide precursors and find application mainly as adsorbents, catalysts, and catalyst supports. Activated alumina, for purposes of this discussion, refers to thermal decomposition products (excluding α‐alumina) of aluminum trihydroxides, oxide hydroxides, and nonstoichiometric gelatinous hydroxides. The term “activation” is used to indicate a change in properties resulting from heating (calcining). In general, as a hydrous alumina precursor is heated, hydroxyl groups are driven off, leaving a porous solid structure of activated alumina. The physical properties of the material are set by the choice of precursor, the forming process, and the activation conditions. Activated alumina is a relatively innocuous material from a health and safety standpoint. It is nonflammable and nontoxic. Normal precautions associated with handling of nuisance dusts should be taken. Activated alumina is normally shipped in moisture‐proof containers because of its strong desiccating action.
Aluminates
Authors: Keller Robert J. , Len Joseph J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAmong industrial users of sodium aluminate are producers of paper, paint pigments, silica, alumina or alumina‐based catalysts, dishwasher detergents, molecular sieves, concrete, antacids, and others. Sodium aluminate is used in removal of phosphates from municipal and industrial waste waters and for clarification of industrial process and potable water. Commercial sodium aluminate products are available as liquids, and to a lesser degree, in solid form. The formula of anhydrous sodium aluminate is variously given as NaAlO2(aluminum sodium oxide),\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\rm{Na}}{_{2}}{\rm{O}} {\rm{{\cdot{}}}}{\rm{Al}}{_{2}}{\rm{O}}{_{3}}}$\end{document}, or Na2Al2O4. Commercial sodium aluminates are not accurately represented by these formulas because the products contain more than the stoichiometric amount of sodium oxide, Na2O. The amount of excess caustic in commercial products is indicated by ratios of Na2O/Al2O3. Commercial quantities of sodium aluminate are made from hydrated alumina, in the form of aluminum hydroxy oxide, AlO(OH), or aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, a product of the Bayer process which is used to refine bauxite, the principal aluminum ore. In addition to treatment of industrial and municipal water supplies, sodium aluminate is used in large quantities in papermaking where it improves sizing, filler retention, and pitch deposition. Sodium aluminate is also widely used in the preparation of alumina‐based catalysts.
Amines, Aromatic, Aniline and Its Derivatives
Authors: Amini Bijan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Aniline (benzenamine) is the simplest of the primary aromatic amines. Aromatic amines can be produced by reduction of the corresponding nitro compound, the ammonolysis of an aromatic halide or phenol, and by direct amination of the aromatic ring. At present, the catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene is the predominant process for manufacture of aniline. Pure, freshly distilled aniline is a colorless, oily liquid that darkens on exposure to light and air. It has a characteristic sweet, amine‐like aromatic odor. Aniline is miscible with acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and benzene, and is soluble in most organic solvents. Aromatic amines are usually weaker bases than aliphatic amines. Aromatic amines form addition compounds and complexes with many inorganic substances, such as zinc chloride, copper chloride, uranium tetrachloride, or boron trifluoride. Various metals react with the amino group to form metal anilides; and hydrochloric, sulfuric, or phosphoric acid salts of aniline are important intermediates in the dye industry. Important reactions include
n
‐alkylation, ring alkylation, acylation, condensation, cyclization, reaction with nitrous acid, oxidation, halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, and reduction. The predominant process for manufacture of aniline is the catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene with hydrogen. The flash point of aniline (70°C) is well above its normal storage temperature, but aniline should be stored and used in areas with minimum fire hazard. Aniline is slightly corrosive to some metals. It attacks copper, brass, and other copper alloys, and use of these metals should be avoided in equipment that is used to handle aniline. Aniline is shipped in tank truck and tank car quantities and is classified by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as a Class B poison (UN 1547), and must carry a poison label. Wastes contaminated with aniline may be listed as RCRA Hazardous Waste. Aniline is highly toxic and may be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Aniline vapor is mildly irritating to the eye, and in liquid form it can be a severe eye irritant and cause corneal damage. The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has ruled that an employee's exposure to aniline in an 8‐h work shift of a 40‐h work week shall not exceed an 8‐h time‐weighted average (TWA) of 5 ppm vapor in air. Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. Aniline should be handled in areas with adequate ventilation and skin exposure should be avoided by the wearing of proper safety equipment. The major uses of aniline are in the manufacture of polymers, rubber, agricultural chemicals, dyes and pigments, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals. Most derivatives of aniline are prepared by hydrogenation of their nitroaromatic precursors.
Barium
Authors: Boffito Claudio 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Barium, Ba, is a member of Group 2 (IIA) of the Periodic Table, where it lies between strontium and radium. Along with calcium and strontium, barium is classed as an alkaline‐earth metal, and is the densest of the three. Barium metal does not occur free in nature; however, its compounds occur in small but widely distributed amounts in the earth's crust, especially in igneous rocks, sandstone, and shale. The principal barium minerals are barytes (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate), also known as heavy spar. The latter mineral can be readily decomposed via calcination to form barium oxide, BaO, the ore used commercially for the preparation of barium metal. Barium is prepared commercially by the thermal reduction of barium oxide with aluminum. Barium metal is highly reactive, a property which accounts for its principal uses as a getter for removing residual gases from vacuum systems and as a deoxidizer for steel and other metals. Pure barium is a silvery‐white metal, although contamination with nitrogen produces a yellowish color. The metal is relatively soft and ductile and may be worked readily. It is fairly volatile (though less so than magnesium), and this property is used to advantage in commercial production. Barium has a bcc crystal structure at atmospheric pressure, but undergoes solid‐state phase transformations at high pressures. Because of such transformations, barium exhibits pressure‐induced superconductivity at sufficiently low temperatures. Barium has a valence electron configuration of 6
s
2
and characteristically forms divalent compounds. It is an extremely reactive metal, and its compounds possess large free energies of formation. Barium metal and most barium compounds are highly poisonous. Barium ions act as a muscle stimulant and can cause death through ventricular fibrillation of the heart. Barium also presents a hydrogen explosion hazard if allowed to come into contact with water or atmospheric moisture, and must always be kept dry and preferably sealed in the shipping containers.
Benzaldehyde
Authors: Opgrande Jarl L. , Dobratz C. J. , Brown Edward , Liang Jason , Conn Gregory S. , Shelton Frederick J. , With Jan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Benzaldehyde, C
6
H
5
CHO, is the simplest and possibly the most industrially useful member of the family of aromatic aldehydes. Benzaldehyde exists in nature, primarily in combined forms such as a glycoside in almond, apricot, cherry, and peach seeds. The characteristic benzaldehyde odor of oil of bitter almond occurs because of trace amounts of free benzaldehyde formed by hydrolysis of the glycoside amygdalin. Benzaldehyde is a versatile intermediate because of its reactive aldehyde hydrogen, its carbonyl group, and the benzene ring. The only industrially important processes for the manufacturing of synthetic benzaldehyde involve the hydrolysis of benzal chloride and the air oxidation of toluene. The hydrolysis of benzal chloride is no longer utilized in the United States. Benzaldehyde is produced in the United States by Kalama Chemical Incorporated, Kalama, Washington. Benzaldehyde is sold as technical grade or as meeting the specifications of the
National Formulary
(NF), the
Food Chemicals Codex
(FCC), or the
British Pharmacopeia
(BP). The oral LD
50
for benzaldehyde is reported as 1300 mg/kg in rats and as 1000 mg/kg in guinea pigs. Based upon these values, benzaldehyde is considered a moderately toxic substance when ingested. Overexposure to benzaldehyde vapors is irritating to the upper respiratory tract and produces central nervous system depression, with respiratory failure possible. The low autoignition temperature of benzaldehyde (192°) presents safety problems. Benzaldehyde may also spontaneously ignite when soaked into rags or clothing or adsorbed onto activated carbon. Bulk storage of benzaldehyde should be made under a nitrogen blanket. Benzaldehyde is a synthetic flavoring substance, sanctioned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for foods. Both “pure almond extract” and “imitation almond extract” are offered for sale; each contains 2.0–2.5 wt % benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is also recognized as safe for use as a bee repellant in the harvesting of honey. Benzaldehyde's most important use is in organic synthesis, where it is the raw material utilized to produce various aldehydes.
Aeration, Biotechnology
Authors: Nienow Alvin W. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The supply of oxygen to a growing biological species, aeration, in aerobic bioreactors is one of the most critical requirements in biotechnology. Aeration is usually accomplished by transferring oxygen from the air into the fluid surrounding the biological species, from where it is in turn transferred to the biological species itself. During the course of a batch bioreaction, oxygen demand often passes through a marked maximum when the species is most biologically active. The main reason for the importance of aeration lies in the limited solubility of oxygen in water. The basic principles which underlie oxygenation (aeration) are exactly the same as those which determine the rate of transfer of any sparingly soluble gas (oxygen) from the gas stream (air) to the unsaturated liquid (broth). The rate at which this transfer takes place is dependent on the area of contact between the gas and the liquid, the driving force available (ie, the difference in concentration of oxygen in the two phases), the two‐phase fluid dynamics, and the chemical composition of the liquid. A huge variety of bioreactors has been developed; a useful subdivision has been made into three generic types. These are bioreactors driven by rotating agitators (stirred tanks), bioreactors driven by gas compression (bubble columns/loop fermenters), and bioreactors driven by circulating liquid (jet loop reactors). Aeration is used in mycelial fermentation, xanthan gum fermentation, mammalian and plant cell culture, single‐cell protein, and biological aerobic wastewater treatment.