bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Negro
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paradoxical as it may seem, the Negro goes as far back in the history of the new world as any of the old-world groups. Indeed, there are theories that African Negroes crossed the Atlantic at its narrowest point, landed on the South American continent, and influenced Indian civilization before the arrival of the white man. These theories have been set forth in great detail by Professor Leo Wiener, formerly of Harvard University. Whether the finds of Wiener be regarded as matters of fact or of conjecture, data exist which show that Negroes had a part in the accepted discovery of America and its exploration. There are some grounds for believing that the pilot of Columbus’s flagship on the first voyage and the Nina on the third voyage was a Negro. He was Pietro (or Pedro or Pero) Alonzo. In the “Libretto” (1504) there are a number of references to him as “Alonzo, the Negro.” Once he is referred to as “Alonz, Negro companion of the Admiral.” Similar references are made in other early reports of the voyages of discovery. Whatever may be the fact concerning Alonzo’s race (Thacher states that the word “Negro” as used in the “Libretto,” which became current in following publications, was in the first instance the result of a typographical error), it is known that Negroes were numerous in Portugal and Spain long before Columbus sailed, and that many of them followed the sea; so it is not beyond likelihood that Negroes were among the crews of the three voyages. However that may be, authentic history attests the fact that there were Negroes with Balboa, Cortez, Pizarro, De Soto, and with the other great explorers. One of the survivors of the ill-fated expedition led by De Narvaez was a Negro called Estevanico.
Africa at the Peace Table
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been some slight criticism of the Advancement Association for the steps it has taken to bring Africa to the attention of the Peace Confeence and the civilized world. There are those who profess to see in such a move a danger to the cause of the American Negro. I wish to say that these steps have not been the result of any passing flash of enthusiasm; they were taken after careful thought and deliberation. As long ago as the spring of 1915, Dr. Du Bois published in The Atlantic Monthly an article entitled, “The African Roots of War,” in which he showed that when we cut down through the layers of international rivalries and jealousies we found that the roots of the great war were in Africa. As soon as the armistice was signed, the Association received a large number of letters from organizations and individuals all over the country and even from Canada, asking that some step be taken to influence world opinion regarding the disposition of the former German colonies in Africa. While these letters were coming in, Dr. Du Bois was already outlining and developing a program. I have here a copy of his memorandum; the whole of it is too long to read.
The Truth About Haiti
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In writing of my visit to Haiti for Crisis readers, I should like to tell all that I learned about political, economic and social conditions there, and to give, as well, the information and impressions I gained about the country and the Haitian people themselves. This, of course, will not be possible, for either of these phases of the subject, fully treated, would make a complete article. I have decided that something about each phase will be more interesting and more comprehensive than all about one. Therefore, what I say will of necessity be rather sketchy.
Native African Races and Culture
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The African continent, with its eleven million square miles, almost four times as large as the United States of America, has a history reaching to the very dawn of human consciousness and of written or carven record. It has been not only a cradle of races and nations, but of refining arts, technology and crafts as well. Vast folk migrations have passed through the African continent from one end to the other; with the consequence that it now holds in its population of well above two hundred millions, the most diverse races, nations and languages imaginable. For Americans, Africa and more particularly African Negroes have derived their chief significance from slavery. To speak of the Negro was to refer to a man of color, usually thought of as “black”, brought on a slave ship to America, without possessions, without culture or aptitude, who had to learn laboriously the language of the country to which he had been brought, as well as the simplest tasks imposed upon him. The descendants of the slave labored under the disabilities which had been imposed upon him. They were at first denied the possession of human souls. They were thought of as being nearer to the beast than to man. All their achievements, whether they attained to the rank of artisan or eventually began to take their place in industry, science and the arts, were attributed to their new environment. They were held to be the beneficiaries of their new home. They had brought nothing with them. What they became, what they are, is attributed entirely to the beneficence of their home in the Western Hemi-sphere. To adopt this point of view, as it has been generally adopted in the United States, is to ignore the African background of the Negro. That background is both an ancient and a richly varied one. To that background it is the purpose in the following pages to give brief consideration.
Double Audience Makes Road Hard for Negro Authors
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Negro author-the creative author-has arrived. He is here. He appears on the lists of the best publishers. He even breaks into the lists of the best sellers. To the general American public he is a novelty, a strange phenomenon, a miracle straight out of the skies. Well, he is a novelty, but he is by no means a new thing. The line of American Negro authors runs back for a hundred and fifty years back to Phillis Wheatley, the poet. Since Phillis Wheatley there have been several hundred Negro authors who have written books of many kinds. But in all these generations down to within the past six years only seven or eight of the hundreds have been heard of by the general American public or even by the specialists in American literature. As many Negro writers have gained recognition by both in the past six years as in all the generations gone before. What has happened is that efforts which have been going on for more than a century are being noticed and appreciated at last, and that this appreciation has served as a stimulus to greater effort and output. America is aware today that there are such things as Negro authors. Several converging forces have been at work to produce this state of mind. Had these forces been at work three decades ago, it is possible that we then should have had a condition; similar to the one which now exists.
The Best Methods of Removing the Disabilities of Caste from the Negro
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we can intelligently discuss this question we must first consider what is caste and what are the disabilities of caste under which the Negro labors. Caste in America is not what it is in most countries. In India it is the distinction made between people of different trades, professions, or religious sects. In most European countries it is the distinction made by society between people of different rank, wealth and position. In America it is neither. In this country the work in which a man is engaged, if it is honest, does not bring upon him odium or contempt; neither does his religious beliefs separate him from his fellow man nor need he, however lowly born, despair of rising to the highest positions of wealth and honor. That is provided he is a white man. But caste in America is the distinction between two great races, the white and the black. The whites make this distinction. It is not mutual. And this vast superiority, in regard to numbers, wealth, and power, enable them to enforce it. The disabilities of caste under which the Negro labors are many, especially in the South. He is not allowed in hotels, restaurants, or any other such public place, however wealthy he may be. He is compelled to ride in a dirty, smoky railroad car, however refined and cultured. He does not get justice in the courts; and for every slight offense the fullest extent of the law is meted out to him. He is debarred from many of the trades and professions on account of his race. In fact he is subjected to every form of humiliation and oppression which humanity and a republican form of government will allow. Now before we suggest any remedies let us look at the causes for this state of affairs. Was this caste born in America? No, for we can see traces of it all through history. Hannibal is said to have had in his army one officer who was a Negro and to whom much of his success was due; but the other officers would not associate with him because he was, a Negro.
A Tribute to Frederick Douglass
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am tonight to eulogize Frederick Douglass. I cannot but admit the disadvantages under which one labors in eulogizing a living subject, but I am sure that no exercises commemorative of this event, for which so many brave and true men labored, would be complete unless some word of praise be spoken in honor of the life and work of that truly great man. And I know that when the lives of great men are viewed through the shadowy mists of death, and their deeds seen only through the dim vistas of time, their faults are often lost to sight; and their virtues loom up like mountains: while from a closer view in life we too often allow their faults to blind us to their better qualities; and so I feel that in the treatment of my subject-I shall at least be free from unmerited and exaggerated applause. Frederick Douglass first impresses me as a great man by his life as a whole, by his work, by what he labored for, by what he accomplished; and, so I in my humble judgement write his name high in the temple of American fame, high among the great names that honor the pages of American history. Were I called upon to speak of the great Washington, that father of his country, who fought for its independence, or of the imperturbable soldier Grant, the preserver of his country, who fought for its union, or of the immortal Lincoln, the martyred hero, whose life was made a supreme sacrifice upon the altar of Freedom, I could not do so with more reverence, with more heartfelt gratitude, with more devotion than I speak of Douglass who, with his tongue lit by the fires of eloquence, helped to kindle a flame, which did not cease until in one great blaze it swept this broad land from sea to sea: purifying it of one of the greatest evils that has ever infested the human race, burning the bands and melting the shackles from four million human souls, who leaped with one joyous bound out from the most abject bondage, into a most glorious liberty.
Transplantation and the Medical Commons
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The dilemma confronting us,” Dr. Howard Hiatt wrote in 1975, “is how we can place additional stress on the medical commons without bringing ourselves closer to ruin” (Hiatt 1975, p. 235). Hiatt’s exploration of the nature of the medical commons and who is responsible for protecting its limited resources drew on an earlier paper by Garret Hardin, which used population growth to illustrate the types of human problems that, he argued, are not amenable to technical solutions (Hardin 1968). Both authors addressed the perennial ethical and social pol icy questions of how we should guard against the depletion of finite resources and how those resources should be most justly distributed. They did so through the analogy of a common pasture, shared by a group of herdsmen who, as their cattle increase, must decide how to balance their self-interests with the need to protect the land from overgrazing and ultimate destruction.
Desperate Appliance: A Short History of the Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It was snowing the day he came to the hospital and on the night he died,” the nurse said softly, “and I remember the beauty of the mountains and the gently falling snow through the windows of the surgical intensive care unit.” It was 112 days earlier, on December 2, 1982, that the 61-year-old Seattle dentist, Barney B. Clark, facing imminent death from chronic congestive heart failure, had been wheeled into an operating room at the University of Utah Medical Center. There two young surgeons, 38-year-old William C. De fries and 34-year-old Lyle Joyce, the sole members of the center’s Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, removed Dr. Clark’s heart. In its place they implanted an experimental device called the Jarvik-7 total artificial heart, which for the first time was intended to function as a permanent replacement for the human heart.
The Last Man: Apocalypse Without Millennium
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1826 appeared a book advertised as a “new Romance, or, rather Prophetic Tale”s—Mary Shelley’s novel The Last Man. It was published at just the wrong time. Since 1823 the literary world had been preoccupied with a controversy about just who had invented the Last Man, beginning with the publication of Thomas Campbell’s poem “The Last Man” and Francis Jeffrey’s suggestion in The Edinburgh Review that Campbell was indebted to Byron’s “Darkness” for the idea. Campbell was moved to print an open letter to Jeffrey asserting his own priority and claiming that it was he who at least fifteen years before had suggested to Byron the subject of “a being witnessing the extinction of his species and of the creation, and of his looking, under the fading eye of nature, at desolate cities, ships floating with the dead.” According to Campbell, the publication of “Darkness” had discouraged him from pursuing the theme, but “I was provoked to change my mind, when my friend Barry Cornwall informed me that an acquaintance of his intended to write a long poem entitled the Last Man.”
Swayed by Contraries: Mary Shelley and the Everyday
Authors: Langbauer Laurie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing in the first issue of Cultural Studies, the Australian critic Jennifer Craik cites Stuart Hall and Tony Bennett to argue that “the development of cultural studies has seen an uneasy alliance s… which overlooks the intrinsic incommensurability of structuralist (or, strictly speaking, idealist) and materialist positions.” The antimaterialism that Craik calls “idealist” we might call instead skeptical (and poststructuralist). In casting that skepticism as idealist and pitting it against materialism, Craik gestures to a larger institutional struggle; what interests me is the way that struggle has been transferred onto the site of cultural studies. The fundamental differences of irreconcilable theories troubling recent literary debate have been recast as a problem in the definition of cultural studies (an institutional dynamic we have also seen played out on the site of that other loosely defined field, feminism). Because cultural studies (and feminism) have been set up as test cases, these fields have had to ask themselves troubling questions: What is the status within them, for instance, of the contradictions Craik outlines? Does the diversity of approaches within thems—especially the uneasy contiguity of materialism and skepticisms—mean that these fields are only in some sense repeating a kind of discursive pluralism (as materialism has often charged poststructuralism), thereby blunting their political effect?
Objectivity and Moral Realism: On the Significance of the Phenomenology of Moral Experience
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 of Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (hereafter ‘E’) John Mackie makes two claims: firstly, that we ordinarily conceive of values as ‘objectively prescriptive’ features of the world, and, secondly, that, as a matter of fact, the world contains no such features.1 Central to Mackie’s discussion is thus the relationship between a conceptual claim and an ontological claim. It is because our concept of value is the concept of an objective and prescriptive feature of the world, and thus a part of our ontology, that we can make the ontological claim that nothing like that figures in our ontology. Mackie thus adopts an ‘error theory’ about moral value. Our moral thought embodies a commitment to evaluative realism but, in being so committed, we are in error.
The Structure of Adaptive Landscapes Underlying Protein Evolution
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to the evolution of proteins in “protein space.” There can be no doubt that such evolution occurs on more or less rugged fitness landscapes. I emphasize again that by the “fitness” of a protein in protein space I mean the measurable capacity of the protein to carry out some defined function. The distribution of such a fitness measure over the space of possible proteins is the fitness landscape with respect to that specific function.
Over-Demandingness, Alienation, and Confinement
Authors: Murphy Liam B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the next few chapters my aim is not to solve the familiar problem of over-demandingness but rather to undermine it force. As a first step. I offer in this chapter a detailed interpretation of the problem.* This involves describing two other potential problems concerning the demands of the optimizing principle of beneficence. These are, first, the problem of alienation. which concerns the idea that compliance with the optimizing principle alienates agents from ethically significant aspects of their own lives: and, second, the problem of confinement. where the idea is that the optimizing principle narrows the options available to complying agents in an objectionable way. largue that both of these problems may be compelling only to the extent that they are aspects of the problem of over-demandingness.
Milton’s Career and The Career Of Theory
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than fifteen years ago I appeared at the MLA to speak on the topic “New Directions in Milton Studies.” My fellow panelists, then as now twenty-five years my senior, were Joseph Summers and Louis Martz, and I was expected, presumably, to supply the radical voice. No doubt I disappointed when I predicted that there would be no new directions in Milton studies. My reasons were simple, and they still apply. First of all, the tradition of Milton studies is so strongly articulated, so well equipped with a set of hard questions and intractable problems, so burdened or graced with interpretive traditions that have been declared and elaborated by some of the most celebrated voices in literary history-Addison, Bentley, the Richardsons, Newton, Dr. Johnson, Blake, Shelley, Coleridge, Hazlitt, Macaulay, Arnold, Eliot, Pound, Leavis, Lewis, Ransom, Empson-that the conditions in relation to which a desire for the new would be felt, the conditions of surfeit and boredom, have little chance to develop. I am not making a statement about Milton-about his inexhaustible complexity or ineluctable essence-but about Milton criticism and the extent to which its history (a word we shall return to) constrains those who enter its precincts, even those who enter with the intentions of reform and critique. Not only has that history set us any number of tasks in any number of disciplines-theology, linguistics, military science, astronomy, music, dance, prosody, classics, Italian romance, cosmology, philosophy, rhetoric, zoology, etc.-but each of these tasks comes to us in the context of disputes as to how it is to be framed, in what terms, with what emphases, with what degrees of credulity or incredulity, and as a result any thesis strongly argued opens up many more avenues of inquiry than it claims to close.
In The Light Of Logic
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solomon Feferman is one of the leading figures in the philosophy of mathematics. This volume brings together a selection of his most important recent writings, covering the relation between logic and mathematics, proof theory, objectivity and intentionality in mathematics, and key issues in the work of Gödel, Hilbert, and Turing. A number of the papers appeared originally in obscure places and are not well-known, and others are published here for the first time. All of the material has been revised and annotated to bring it up to date.
Time: The Rejected Dimension
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long ago, in the infancy of mankind, a devastating discovery was made. Behind the endless golden cycle of days-dawn and dusk, winter and spring-that return with such reassuring rhythm, there is a slow but relentless change’. Each seemingly perfect cycle does not quite bring the past; a barely perceptible aging occurs in each individual day by day, more perceptibly year by year. The prime of life is reached and passed; the strengths and beauties of youth bloom and begin to fade. As each year follows on the heels of the departing year, the ugliness and indignities of old age grow ever more prominent. No one is spared and many are moved like Yeats to cry out: the presence of such evil with the belief in a purposeful and ordered universe? Attempts to resolve this paradox have taken many forms. Re­ligious faiths have postulated that the universe is controlled by suprabeings. These deities-both good and evil-are in constant conflict. The Greeks had a whole pantheon of warring gods and goddesses. The kindly works of Zeus could be counteracted at any moment by Pluto, lord of the underworld, and Hecate, powerful in heaven and earth. Norsemen worshipped Thor, the thunder god who was hath benevolent and threatening, bringing storm and destruction.
Man’s Place In The Process
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no lovelier image in our Western heritage than the legend of the first man and the first woman wandering naked and carefree through the Garden of Eden. The newly created world was virginal and pure and fresh as an early spring day when the trees are in flower, the leaves still tightly curled and no larger than rosebuds. Violets and periwinkle and morning dew bejewel the grass that is verdant with an intensity like the green flash of light from the setting sun as it slips down behind the gently curving edge of the western sky.
Modernism (for the Other People)
Authors: Morrison Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only recently (or so it seems) we were still laboring to become Joyce’s contemporaries; today “modern” is everything we no longer care to be. To my knowledge, no other age has ever thought of itself as “post” anything in quite so self-congratulatory a fashion, yet even from the safety of our side of the hyphen-the “post-modern,” the “post-structuralist,” or whateverwe may be protesting too much. Consider the titles of two influential studies: “the myth of the modern” (it didn’t happen) and “the failure of modernism” (it did happen, but it didn’t work).
Singers
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That was Edith Wilson singing ‘There’ll Be Some Changes Made,’ accompanied by Eubie Blake,” I back-announced on a 1976 Saturday morning of my radio show “I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden say...” ‘We have Edith here with us in the studio. She performed last night for the Folklore Society of Greater Washington and we’re going to be talking with her about her career and playing a few more selections from some of her recordings. Edith, I’d like to get you to do some biography, to tell us where you came from and how you grew up in music and that sort of thing.”