bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiations to Set Up Joint Ventures in China
Authors:   Faure
Published: November 2003

AbstractEstablishing joint ventures in China is an interesting test of cross-cultural negotiation under conditions of uncertainty within a complex network of constraints. On one side is the huge Chinese company, heavily bureaucratic and focused on taking care of all dimensions of its employees lives. On the other side is the Western enterprise focused on quality performance and financial effectiveness. The negotiation process can be distinguished by several stages, each of them related to a specific issue such as the basic policy of the future joint venture, the technical issues, the financial aspects, and the legal aspects. Among the many issues, 16 are considered in this analysis as key issues of crucial importance in the building up of the agreement. A number of difficulties encountered by both parties during the negotiation are scrutinized, such as hidden differences in objectives, the obstacles due to non-overlapping perceptions, the lack of managerial culture, conflicting values behind behaviors, and the decision-making process in an administration-run economy.
Negotiations and International Relations: A Framework for Hydropolitics
Authors:   Dinar
Published: November 2003

AbstractHydropolitics is a relatively new addition to the field of international security and negotiation studies. This article analyzes water, conflict and cooperation in general terms and then examines the case studies presented in this issue within the context of international relations and negotiation studies. In so doing, the article offers a framework in which to consider hydropolitics. This framework supports a process-oriented approach that emphasizes the international context, the regional context and its politics, pertinent intervening variables and the interactions among the parties within their respective negotiations. It demonstrates the necessity of such an integrated approach when analyzing hydropolitical relations among states.
Motivating Water Diplomacy: Finding the Situational Incentives to Negotiate
Authors:   Spector
Published: November 2003

AbstractResearch attention has been riveted in recent years on identifying the factors that explain or predict the outbreak of violent conflict triggered by environmental change or stress. Much less consideration has been given to understand the factors that orient environmental change situations toward cooperation and the process of negotiation instead. Preliminary analyses and findings are presented that examine the types of environmental, social and economic indicators that presage ripe conditions for negotiating cooperative water resource agreements under circumstances that could easily lead to conflict or cooperation. Unexpectedly, the empirical results suggest that inequality among riparian states across a wide range of physical, economic and social dimensions sets the stage constructively for the negotiation of international and regional agreements on shared water resources.
An Analysis of the Negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement
Authors:   Browder
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe article examines negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement, signed by Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. A ``negotiation analysis'' approach is used, which is based on understanding interests and ``no agreement'' alternatives. The article draws upon interviews by the author with approximately 25 principals in the negotiations. Thailand and Vietnam, the regional powers, wanted to build cordial relations in the aftermath of the Cold War, and needed the Agreement to help contain conflict and promote cooperation on water resources. Laos and Cambodia were motivated to reach an accord to help procure aid. Planned Chinese hydropower reservoirs may increase the dry season flow – allowing the lower Mekong countries to share future increments of dry season flow. Negotiation assistance by UNDP was necessary to overcome a legacy of mistrust. Key articles of the Agreement deal with maintaining dry season flows, notification procedures, and a Basin Development Plan.
An Assessment of the Institutional Mechanisms for Water Negotiations in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna System
Authors:   Faisal,   Nishat
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article begins with the historical perspective of the Indo-Bangladesh negotiations over common water-related issues in the GBM system. It presents a complete account of the common waters-related issues that exist between India and Bangladesh. It critically examines the genesis and performance of the institutional mechanisms that have evolved over time, particularly the scope and limitations of the Joint Rivers Commission (JRC). The role of JRC is examined in the context of the treaties and MOUs signed between India and Bangladesh for sharing the Ganges at various times. Lessons learned from these and other international negotiations are compiled to make the JRC more effective and efficient. The potential role of third party mediation in the GBM system is discussed along with the role of multi-track diplomacy. Some pertinent theoretical issues are raised regarding the narrow and ambiguous definitions of ``benefit'' and ``equity'' as mentioned in the statues of the JRC. The difficulty of setting a baseline for water sharing is discussed. Finally, it is recommended that the JRC should be expanded into the JWC (Joint Waters Commission) to allow for incorporation of other water-related issues such as watershed management, water quality and coastal ecosystem management. It is emphasized that political willingness has been the single most important factor in determining the success of bilateral negotiations in the GBM system.
An Institutional Framework for Facilitating Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin
Authors:   Ünver,   Kibaroglu
Published: November 2003

AbstractSince the initiation of major development projects, riparians of the Euphrates-Tigris river system, namely Turkey, Syria and Iraq, have begun utilizing those water resources under conditions of complex interdependence. A number of crises have occurred in the basin due to the lack of regularized consultation mechanisms among the riparians. Nevertheless, there have been notable efforts to build up a negotiation framework for data sharing and project coordination. The article describes the negotiation mechanisms and processes between Turkey, Syria and Iraq, as well as the bottlenecks and opportunities that exist over utilizing the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Negotiations over the water issues involved, both at the technical level and higher levels, have been suspended since the mid-1990s. The article asserts that there is a need to revitalize these negotiations. A clear understanding of the respective rights and obligations of the three riparians as well as an objective definition of such needs are prerequisites for sustaining the negotiation process. The article concludes by elaborating on the modalities of institution building that would facilitate negotiations over the use of the waters of the Euphrates-Tigris river system.
Indigenous Approaches to Water Conflict Negotiations and Implications for International Waters
Authors:   Wolf
Published: November 2003

AbstractAs the literature on international water negotiations continues to grow, one resource of expertise remains untapped –that of indigenous populations who have historically inhabited arid regions throughout the world. This article investigates how indigenous peoples of two drylands regions – the Berbers of the High Atlas Mountains and the Bedouin of the Negev Desert –approach negotiations brought about by water scarcity and fluctuation, and their methods are described in the context of current international hydropolitics. Lessons learned from these indigenous methods for conflict resolution which are applicable to modern problems include the following: 1) Allocate time, not water. Berber water management quantifies water in units of time rather than in units of volume. This method allows for local management of a fluctuating supply, and provides a means for a water market without storage structures. 2) Prioritize different demand sectors. Berbers and Bedouin prioritize demand differently, but each provides a hierarchy of importance. This allows for less important uses to be cut off throughout a valley during low flow regimes, rather than entire down-stream villages, and protects investments in infrastructure. 3) Protect downstream and minority rights. Berbers allow only traditional diversion structures which, through their ``inefficiency,'' allow for flow to continue downstream, while Bedouin concepts of equity address honor and pride, as well as right and wrong. 4) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Each group has sophisticated mechanisms of dispute resolution, from which modern international management might benefit. Techniques include recognition of a defined water authority, and ``shared vision'' exercises. 5) The ``sulha.'' Both Berbers and Bedouin follow this Islamic practice of a ritual ceremony of forgiveness. Once the ceremony is performed, the dispute may not be discussed – it is as if it never occurred.
Negotiating Security: New Goals, Changed Process
Authors:   Spector,   Wolf
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe concept of national security and the process by which it is negotiated has changed. No longer is security synonymous only with the physical well-being of the state; it is now associated with achieving safety from transboundary threats related to the environment, the economy, human rights, and access to food and resources, for example. This transformation of security from a primarily traditional military dimension to a multidimensional range of interests is accompanied by changes in the way these issues are negotiated among states. This article offers a framework and propositions that can help explain the differences. This thematic issue of International Negotiation on non-traditional security negotiation provides detailed cases and analyses that demonstrate and contrast how the negotiation process performs in resource, economic, food, and military security talks.
The Pacific Way: Where `Non-Traditional' is the Norm
Authors:   Rolfe
Published: November 2003

AbstractTraditional security is not a major concern for Pacific Island countries and has not been for at last 50 years. Instead, the region has for some time identified non-traditional issues, especially relating to the environment and resources, as among those that could affect the security of its members, collectively and individually. Non-traditional security issues in this region are generally externally imposed. These vulnerabilities are generally beyond the ability of individual states to control or mitigate. As a result, there is little need for conflict and a considerable reliance on cooperative processes to resolve the issues. The main arena for resolving issues is the Pacific Islands Forum (until recently, the South Pacific Forum). Forum decisions are based on consensus decision making in which standard setting and norm-based behavior have taken root. There are signs, though, that as issues of traditional ``high politics'' become more salient within the region, consensus could become strained.
Parallel Informal Negotiation: An Alternative to Second Track Diplomacy
Authors:   Martinez,   Susskind
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecently adopted international environmental treaties on climate change and biodiversity represent some of the most complex agreements ever negotiated, involving science-intensive policy questions and implicating not only governments, but industry and a range of nongovernmental organizations. The inter-connections that should have been taken into account in drafting these agreements were difficult to achieve, given the fractured structure of multilateral institutions. Even if the parties were willing to expose their interests as necessary for effective problem-solving, commitments made to home constituencies made it impossible to be flexible. The Consensus Building Institute has pioneered efforts to design a process that can overcome such barriers in high stakes, high profile, multi-party negotiations. Each has involved senior diplomats in what is best described as collaborative problem solving. This article will use the lessons learned from three experiences to show how parallel informal negotiation provides an alternative –or complement – to more traditional second track diplomacy.
Culture and International Mediation: Exploring Theoretical and Empirical Linkages
Authors:   Elgström,   Bercovitch
Published: November 2003

AbstractCulture is undoubtedly one of the most significant aspects of identity, yet our understanding of the concept and particularly of its consequences for international conflict management is underdeveloped. In this article, we test the hypothesis that cultural differences between parties reflect diversity and contradictions, and that these differences compound the difficulties faced by conflicting parties in finding effective mediated outcomes. Several theories that deal with culture's impact on conflict management are presented and a model is introduced that permits us to test the hypothesis empirically. Five variables that measure culture are examined; these include geographical proximity, nature of the political system, political rights, civil rights and religion. The analysis suggests that all but one (nature of the political system) have a significant impact on mediation outcomes.
A Pragmatic Approach for Negotiating a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty
Authors:   Maerli
Published: November 2003

AbstractA Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices is a natural next step on the multinational nuclear arms control agenda. Despite interest among key states and excessive stockpiles of fissile material, a formalized cut-off has yet to materialize. A new pragmatic approach for negotiating an FMCT patterned after the recent Mine Ban Treaty is presented as a potential model. Sweden, together with the other countries of the New Agenda Coalition, is identified as a possible candidate to take the lead and host an alternative FMCT negotiation process.
Negotiating National Identity in North Africa
Authors:   Mezran
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe development of a polity can be explained by studying the emergence of national identity, not only as the product of conscious elite actions but as the outcome of negotiations (or lack thereof) between opposing visions within elite groups at the national movement stage and at subsequent key historical moments. Polities where effective broadbased negotiations on national identity values and beliefs were conducted among competing elites tend to enjoy a greater degree of medium to long term stability, while those emerging states where negotiations were not conducted and only one identity vision was imposed tend to suffer from identity and political crises in the course of their political development. Morocco and Algeria present two opposing cases: the former, in which broadbased inter-elite negotiations led to a definition of national identity that became widely shared by the population at large, and the latter, where the lack of such negotiations and the violent outcome of the civil war led to the imposition of only one identity vision and to the subsequent identity crisis that has plagued the country since the early 1980s.
National Identity in France and Germany: From Mutual Exclusion to Negotiation
Authors:   Rosoux
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhen international conflicts come to an end, the question that is raised is not only ``what happened,'' but also – and more importantly – ``what shall we do with the past.'' Solving conflicts in a durable manner requires a gradual transformation in the way parties represent the past and elaborate their identity. To provide an adequate framework for a rapprochement, identities can no longer rely on a rejection of the other; they must be negotiated. This article is divided into three parts. First, the concepts of identity and memory are described. Second, the pre-reconciliation identities of groups are analyzed. In particular, the article examines the identities produced by France and Germany before their rapprochement. It argues that identities on both sides of the Rhine were conceived in monolithic terms and excluded dissident interpretations. Third, the article attempts to characterize identities as they develop in a reconciliation process. In this regard, the Franco-German case shows that identities may be the result of negotiation between different and often contradictory interpretations. The article describes this process of negotiation – the steps involved, the necessary conditions for it to occur, and the role played by key factors.
The Politics of Identity Negotiation in Cameroon
Authors:   Monga
Published: November 2003

Abstract`Ethnic' identity does not just happen. It is processed and developed in a context of identity negotiation by culture brokers acting as self-proclaimed representatives of their respective groups. These brokers have shaped the politics of identity negotiation in Cameroon around two issues: fair access to state resources along presumably ethnic lines and protection by each group of its share of the national pie from more politically aggressive ethnic groups. In this context, identity negotiation follows an integrative approach that provides culture brokers, turned political entrepreneurs, with open options and flexible positions to address the issues. Sometimes, they play the ethnic majority card, using a language couched in terms of kinship ideology to recruit allies from neighboring groups, producing, through a process of incremental expansion, a larger ethnic group that displays a negotiated common cultural identity. In other cases, they withdraw from the larger group to play the alternative card of a minority group, using village and autochthon rhetoric to emphasize their authenticity and claim special treatments. In all cases, the bottom line of the political entrepreneurs is to negotiate with the regime for a share of the national pie.
Political Identity Negotiation within Individuals: The Case of Young Activists
Authors:   Scherrer
Published: November 2003

AbstractIndividuals identify and belong to many social groups and the notion of identity negotiation can shed light on the way individuals manage this identity diversity. Based on a case of young French activists, two propositions are developed concerning the process of identity negotiation. First, young activists choose and negotiate ``between'' their various identifications to build their political identity. Second, their incapacity and unwillingness to decide between the diverse facets of their identity lead them to negotiations ``of'' these facets, as they relatively balance each of them, depending on the situation. It is further assumed that the very duality of the process of identity construction is the prerequisite allowing association between the concept of identity and the concept of negotiation in its sociological sense, which belongs to the sphere of compromise, instead of war.
Lessons Learned from the 1990–1997 Peace Process in the North of Mali
Authors:   Storholt
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe intra-state conflict in Mali between 1990–1997 represents a rare case of successful management of an internal violent conflict in Africa in the post-Cold War era. This article examines the conditions that permitted negotiations to yield a lasting peace in Mali. ``Success'' is measured in terms of the ability to arrive at an agreement that is not only signed by all parties, but that can be effectively implemented as well. The case of Mali exemplifies a conflict that was ``ripe for resolution'' at the outset of negotiations and yet required considerable effort to ensure success beyond the initial negotiated agreement. The article presents some lessons learned from the negotiation process and an analysis of why the outcome was durable. In Mali, ripeness was complemented by the ability to build trust and confidence through careful timing, by a flexible mix of informal and formal negotiations at different stages of the conflict, by appropriate third party intervention, and by popular participation from civil society. All of these factors were essential to success.
What I Want to Know about Negotiations
Authors:   Zartman
Published: November 2003

AbstractExamining information requirements according to the negotiation categories of structure, strategy, procedure, outcome and behavior, this article calls for data on action types, results, and sources; on determinants of target susceptibilities to action types; on blockage and its costs; on issues under consideration, changing proposals and parties' changing positions on issues; on parties' perceived payoffs, and evaluations of win, loss and deadlock; on parties' evaluation of their security points, and efforts to alter security points; on potential tradeoffs; and on available and evolving conceptions of justice.
Negotiating Data: Reflections on the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Negotiation Processes
Authors:   Hopmman
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article examines the relative advantages and disadvantages of quantitative and qualitative research methods for the analysis of the process and outcome of international negotiations. It does this by tracing the author's personal evolution as a researcher in the field, indicating how shifting paradigms and changing research questions have created a need for diverse methodologies, each tailored to the specific questions under investigation. It is concluded that large-scale systematic analyses of international negotiations can best be carried out by large interdisciplinary research teams. This will require negotiation scholars to negotiate with one another to develop collaborative research strategies and measurement instruments. If we are to be successful in large-scale, systematic studies of international negotiations, we must emulate our colleagues in fields such as the natural sciences where large teams with substantial resources collaborate over extended periods of time to produce meaningful findings.
Paradiplomacy: Reflections on the Foreign Policy and International Relations of Regions
Authors:   Lecours
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe study of paradiplomacy, concerning the international activity of regional governments, opens the door to a new set of actors and issues for international negotiations. A theoretical framework based in historical institutionalism is established and several examples of paradiplomatic activity are described. The article reflects on these new international actors, external-internal linkages, and expanding the boundaries of the field of international relations and negotiation.