bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employment Rules in German Theatres: An Application and Evaluation of the Theory of Employment Systems
Authors: Haunschild Axel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper applies David Marsden's Theory of Employment Systems to employment relations in German non‐profit repertory theatres. Constraints in applying Marsden's framework to theatres are taken as a starting point for a reconsideration of its underpinning assumptions. I show that this approach (i) helps us to understand the institutional embeddedness of theatrical employment and (ii) enables a closer look at the strengths and weaknesses of Marsden's theory. Since Marsden supports the idea that the open‐ended employment relationship will persist and will remain prevalent, challenging his theory can contribute to our understanding of ‘new’ forms of employment.
Temporary Work Agencies: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow?
Authors: Purcell John , Purcell Kate , Tailby Stephanie 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe complexities of the triangular relationship between employer, worker and agency are explored in two sectors to establish the extent to which the use of agency workers constitutes strategic and rational decisions on the part of employers. Evidence of strategic subcontracting to agencies is evident in the ICT examples, but, as in the healthcare case, organizational outcomes need to be understood with reference to workers’ preferences, the agencies’ own sophisticated strategies, operational pressures and labour market context. Relationships with agencies were embedded but inherently contingent, reflecting their own dependency on clients or, in the case of healthcare, government.
Electroacupuncture on PC6 (Neiguan) Attenuates Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Hearts
Authors: Tsou Meng-Ting , Huang Cheng-Hsiung , Chiu Jen-Hwey 
Published: December 2004

The use of somato-visceral regulation has been proposed as a treatment for a wide range of diseases. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that through somato-visceral regulation, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to the myocardium can be avoided by electroacupuncture (EA) on PC6 (Neiguan). Electroacupuncture on PC6 (Neiguan) was brought about by the application of metal needles over the bilateral median nerve at a point 1.5 cm proximal to the palm crease in male Spraque-Dawley rats. The animals were randomized into two groups: (1) prevention group with preconditioning by the application of EA on PC6 (n=13); and (2) treatment group with EA on PC6 during I/R injury (n=10). The protection against myocardial injury was blocked by different mechanisms: (1) severing of the bilateral median nerve (n=10), (2) bilateral vagotomy (n=10), and (3) intravenous naloxone injection (n=10). The hemodynamic parameters (mean artery pressure and heart rate), duration of arrhythmia, mortality rate and cardiac enzymes were evaluated in these groups. The results showed that there were significant reductions in cardiac enzymes, the duration of arrhythmia and mortality rate in rats that were either preconditioned or treated with EA on PC6, compared with those that did not undergo EA on PC6 (P<0.05). The cardioprotective effects were blocked by different procedures (P>0.05). We conclude that EA on bilateral PC6 (Neiguan) prevents and attenuates I/R injury to the heart, and that this approach may provide an applicable and preventative alternative for patients with ischemic heart disease.
Written Obligations from the 2nd/8th to the 4th/10th Century
Authors: Thung Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this article, based on recent research undertaken in the collection of Arabic papyri of the Austrian National Library in Vienna (Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer), I discuss four unpublished documents discovered in Egypt, all written obligations (adhkār ḥuqūq) dating from the second half of the 2nd/8th century to the first half of the 4th/10th century. These documents provide important documentary evidence for early Islamic legal practice. By comparing the legal content of the documents with the contract formularies used by the ḥanafī jurist al-Ṭaḥāwī (d. 321/933) in his Kitāb adhkār al-ḥuqūq, I investigate the relationship between theory and practice in Islamic Law.
Endowment, Privilege, and Estate in the Central and Eastern Sudan
Authors: O'Fahey  
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn Sudanic Africa, the institution of waqf is rare in the semi-Muslim states stretching from West Africa to the Nile Valley (although some Sudanic rulers did establish awqāf at al-Azhar or in Mecca and Medina). However, these rulers developed a variety of institutions to accommodate incoming Muslim holy men, including the granting of privileged status (jāh or maḥram) — often involving exemption from taxes — ad personam, usually to a holy man and his kin. In Darfur and Sinnār, in particular, this privileged status seems to have evolved into elaborate grants of allodial estates (ḥākūra or iqṬāʿ) that became hereditary. Unlike the earlier grants of privilege, which appear to have been made to kin groups, these allodial states appear to have been granted to individuals, both holy men and non-holy men, although the extant records are largely from holy families.
The Caliphs, the ʿUlamāʾ, and the Law: Defining the Role and Function of the Caliph in the Early ʿAbbāsid Period
Authors: Qasim Zaman Muhammad 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe early ʿAbbāsid period is usually thought of as a time when a definitive and enduring separation between religion and politics took place. On this view, expressed most notably by Lapidus and Crone and Hinds, the failure of the Miḥna instituted by the caliph al-Maʾmūn, a major showdown with prominent ʿulamāʾ, is taken as the critical moment which marked the end of any involvement of the caliphs in matters of law. Arguing against any such separation between the religious or legal and the political realms, this essay analyses various indications in juristic and historical sources from the early ʿAbbāsid period to show that the caliph continued to be recognized as a participant in the function of commenting on or resolving obscure matters of a legal import. There is, moreover, considerable evidence to show caliphal participation in religious life in general, before as well as after the Miḥna, and no evidence to indicate a separation between religion and politics.
Crisis and Reformation in a Maritime Kingdom of Southeast Asia: Forces of Instability and Political Disintegration in Western Burma (Arakan), 1603-1701
Authors: Charney Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study of the initial collapse, revival, and finally a resumption of decline in the seventeenth century of the maritime kingdom of Arakan (in western Burma) attempts to establish a special place for Arakan in the general historiography of the seventeenth-century crisis in Southeast Asia. The unusual experience of Arakan in the seventeenth century was in large part due to both the blockades by autonomous Portuguese freebooters in the first two decades of the seventeenth century and the peculiar nature of a new trading relationship from the 1630s until the 1660s between the Arakanese and the Dutch, based on the Arakanese supply of slaves and rice to Dutch port-cities and plantations. The ebb and flow of Arakanese fortunes throughout the century were thus tied to the fortunes of the Dutch. Expanding Asian empires in Bengal and Burma also influenced the decline of the Arakanese maritime polity after the Dutch withdrew from Arakan in the 1660s. Afterwards, as the material resources of the Arakanese central court declined, the Arakanese littoral became politically fragmented, characterized and sustained by the rise of rival political centers and the rebellions of non-Arakanese ethnic groups who had been captured abroad and resettled in the Arakanese littoral. Arakan thus experienced its “own” crisis in the seventeenth century, a watershed that gives it a peculiar niche in the seventeenth-century history not only of Southeast Asia as a whole, but of the mainland in particular.
The Sun and the Throne.
Authors: Kirkland Russell 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study, I seek to elucidate the process by which the Japanese royal descent myth evolved into the form with which the modern world is familiar. I analyze and compare the forms of the myth found in the Nihongi and the Kojiki, and explicate their evolution through historical and textual analysis. By examining the interplay of the internal dynamics of the myth itself and the external factors that worked to shape it, I reconstruct the mythographical process, and suggest key factors that may have molded the myth. In particular, I argue that it was the introduction of Buddhism at the Yamato court that stimulated the establishment of an imperial cult at Ise and the reconfiguration of key mythic traditions. According to my analysis, the myth itself originated during the reign of king Keitai (early 6th century). In the original myth, the ancestor of the ruling house was not the sun-goddess Amaterasu, but rather the heavenly ruler Takami-musubi. In the mid-sixth century, a sun-goddess named Ō-hirume was introduced in an effort to combat the rising influence of Buddhism. The artificial figure of Amaterasu was introduced only during the reign of Temmu, late in the seventh century.
The Author of De Dea Syria and his Cultural Heritage
Authors: Dirven Lucinda 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe present contribution deals with the identity of the author of De Dea Syria, a second century work that claims to provide an accurate description of the religion in the Syrian city Hierapolis. Despite this assertion the information of DS has often been discredited. This is due to its presumed author, Lucian of Samosata. Since Lucian is known for his sceptical attitude towards religion, it is often concluded that the DS intents to ridicule the cult of Hierapolis. This assertion diminishes the reliability of the DS, since it implies that it contains fanciful and exaggerated information. It will be argued that the content of the DS provides no firm proof for Lucian's authorship. If the work was written by Lucian, he wrote in a style normally foreign to him. Apart from the wish to attribute this work to Lucian, there are no grounds to interpret the DS in the light of his oeuvre. Instead of starting from a preconceived idea about the author, this article aims to establish his identity by means of the contents of the work itself. Starting point is the allegation of the author that he is a Syrian who personally visited Hierapolis. The information provided by the DS on the Hierapolitan cult tallies with contemporary archaeological material and literary sources. It can therefore be concluded that the account is indeed based upon a personal visit. The author's self-identification as a Syrian is confirmed by the contents and the objective of the DS. On the basis of the contents of the DS its author is best described as a Hellenized Syrian who aimed to assimilate the Hierapolitan cult with Greek culture, while retaining its unique characteristics. As such his account intends to propagate the cult of the Syrian goddess in the Hellenistic world, in all probability especially in Hellenistic Syria.
An Explicit One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Tilting Cloud Model
Authors: Chen Shu-Hua , Sun Wen-Yih 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
An explicit one-dimensional time-dependent tilting cloud model has been developed for use in cumulus parameterizations. The tilting axis is not necessarily orthogonal to the (r, θ) plane, making the horizontal axisymmetric assumption more reasonable. This explicit time-dependent tilting model (ETTM) consists of an updraft and a downdraft, which are governed by the same dynamic and thermodynamic equations. The updraft is initiated by a moist thermal bubble, while the downdraft is consequently induced by evaporative cooling and the drag force of precipitation separating from the tilting updraft instead of being arbitrarily initialized.
The updraft is capable of reproducing the major features of a deep cloud such as overshooting cooling above the cloud top, evaporative cooling near the surface, and drying in the lower atmosphere at dissipating stages. The entrainment–detrainment rate in this model is well defined, and its time variation is quite significant. Moreover, the vertical profile of the air inside the updraft does not follow the moist adiabat after deep convection. For the downdraft, the total precipitation and mass flux at low levels contributed from the downdraft cannot be neglected in this case study. In addition, the downdraft can bring dry air from middle levels to lower levels.
Three sensitivity tests—the environmental sounding, the tilting angle, and the radius of the updraft–downdraft— have also been conducted. The cooling–warming of a downdraft near the surface is sensitive to the environmental sounding, consistent with results from Srivastava. The cloud life span, maximum vertical velocity, precipitation amount, and vertical mass flux are strongly influenced by the tilting angle and the radius of the cloud.
The results from the ETTM simulation are quite reasonable and promising. However, some deficiencies of this model still exist, and more research will be conducted to improve its performance. The final goal is to implement this 1D model in a mesoscale model's cumulus parameterization scheme.
Flow Patterns and Drag in Near-Critical Flow over Isolated Orography
Authors: Johnson E. R. , Vilenski G. G. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Since early manned space flight orographically forced cloud patterns have been described in terms of the single isolated shock structure of shallow-water flow or, equivalently, compressible fluid flow. Some of these observations show, behind an initial “bow wave,” a series of almost parallel wave crests. This paper considers the simplest extension of shallow-water theory that retains not only nonlinear steepening of waves but includes departures from hydrostatic balance, and thus wave dispersion, showing that the single shocks of shallow-water theory are transformed into multiple parallel finite-amplitude wave crests. The context of the discussion is the forced Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation from classical ship wave dynamics, which plays the same role in two-dimensional near-critical fluid flow as the more familiar Korteweg–de Vries equation in one-dimensional flow. The drag and flow regimes in near-critical flow over isolated orography are described in terms of the three governing parameters of the flow: the deviation of the flow speed from critical, the strength of nonhydrostatic effects, and the strength of orographic forcing.
Abrupt Transition to Strong Superrotation in an Axisymmetric Model of the Upper Troposphere
Authors: Shell Karen M. , Held Isaac M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Abrupt transitions to strongly superrotating states have been found in some idealized models of the troposphere. These transitions are thought to be caused by feedbacks between the eddy momentum flux convergence in low latitudes and the strength of the equatorial flow. The behavior of an axisymmetric shallow-water model with an applied tropical torque is studied here to determine if an abrupt transition can be realized without eddy feedbacks. The upper-tropospheric layer is relaxed to a radiative equilibrium thickness, exchanging mass and thus momentum with the nonmoving lower layer. For low values of the applied torque, the circulation is earthlike; however, for larger values, an abrupt transition to a strongly superrotating state can occur. In some cases, the system remains superrotating as the torque is subsequently decreased. A simple analytical model is used to better understand the system. The bifurcation is caused by a feedback between the applied torque and the strength of the Hadley cell. As the torque increases, the strength of the cell decreases, reducing the damping caused by momentum transfer from the lower layer.
Interdecadal Sea Level Fluctuations at Hawaii
Authors: Firing Yvonne L. , Merrifield Mark A. , Schroeder Thomas A. , Qiu Bo 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Over the past century, tide gauges in Hawaii have recorded interdecadal sea level variations that are coherent along the island chain. The generation of this signal and its relationship to other interdecadal variability are investigated, with a focus on the last decade. Hawaii sea level is correlated with sea surface height (SSH) over a significant portion of the North Pacific Ocean, and with the Pacific–North America (PNA) index, which represents teleconnections between tropical and midlatitude atmospheric variations. Similar variations extend well below the thermocline in World Ocean Atlas temperature. Comparison with NCEP reanalysis wind and pressure shows that high (low) sea level phases around Hawaii are associated with an increase (decrease) in the strength of the Aleutian low. The associated wind stress curl pattern is dynamically consistent with observed sea level anomalies, suggesting that sea level at Hawaii represents large-scale changes that are directly wind-forced in concert with the PNA. Atmospheric modulation, as opposed to Rossby wave propagation, may explain the linkage of Hawaii sea level to North American sea level and ENSO events. A wind-forced, baroclinic Rossby wave model replicates some aspects of the interdecadal SSH variations and their spatial structure but fails to predict them in detail near Hawaii. The accuracy of wind products in this region and over this time period may be a limiting factor. Variations in mixed layer temperature due to surface heat flux anomalies may also contribute to the interdecadal sea level signal at Hawaii.
Dynamics of Willapa Bay, Washington: A Highly Unsteady, Partially Mixed Estuary
Authors: Banas N. S. , Hickey B. M. , MacCready P. , Newton J. A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Results from 3 yr of hydrographic time series are shown for Willapa Bay, Washington, a macrotidal, partially mixed estuary whose river and ocean end members are both highly variable. Fluctuating ocean conditions— alternations between wind-driven upwelling and downwelling, and intrusions of the buoyant Columbia River plume—are shown to force order-of-magnitude changes in salinity gradients on the event (2–10 day) scale. An effective horizontal diffusivity parameterizing all up-estuary salt flux is calculated as a function of riverflow: results show that Willapa's volume-integrated salt balance is almost always far from equilibrium. At very high riverflows (the top 15% of observations) the estuary loses salt, on average, while at all other riverflow levels it gains salt. Under summer, low-riverflow conditions, in fact, the effective diffusivity K is large enough to drive a net increase in salinity that is 3–6 times the seaward, river-driven salt flux. This diffusion process is amplified, not damped, by increased tidal forcing, contrary to the expectation for baroclinic exchange. Furthermore, K varies along the length of the estuary as ∼5% of the rms tidal velocity times channel width, a scaling consistent with density-independent stirring by tidal residuals. To summarize Willapa's event- and seasonal-scale variability, a simple diagnostic parameter space for unsteady estuarine salt balances is presented, a generalization from the Hansen and Rattray steady-state scheme.
Ocean Response and Feedback to the SST Dipole in the Tropical Atlantic*
Authors: Joyce Terrence M. , Frankignoul Claude , Yang Jiayan , Phillips Helen E. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The equatorial SST dipole represents a mode of climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean that is closely tied to cross-equatorial flow in the atmosphere, from the cold to the warm hemisphere. It has been suggested that this mode is sustained by a positive feedback of the tropical winds on the cross-equatorial SST gradient. The role, if any, of the tropical ocean is the focus of this investigation, which shows that at the latitudes of the SST signal (centered on 10°N/S) there is a weak positive feedback suggested in data from the last half century, that the cross-equatorial wind stress is closely coupled to this SST gradient on monthly time scales with no discernable lag, and that the period from January to June is the most active period for coupling. Northward (southward) anomalies of cross-equatorial wind stress are associated with a substantial negative (positive) wind stress curl. This wind system can thus drive a cross-equatorial Sverdrup transport in the ocean from the warm to the cold side of the equator (opposite the winds) with a temporal lag of only a few months. The oceanic observations of subsurface temperature and a numerical model hindcast also indicate a clear relationship between this mode of wind-driven variability and changes in the zonal transport of the North Equatorial Countercurrent. It is estimated that the time-dependent oceanic flow is capable of providing a significant contribution to the damping of the SST dipole but that external forcing is essential to sustaining the coupled variability.
Enhancing the Tissue‐Biomaterial Interface: Tissue‐Initiated Integration of Biomaterials
Authors: Wang D.‐A. , Williams C. G. , Yang F. , Elisseeff J. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIntegration of biomaterials within the body is a longstanding problem in medicine. The lack of proper biomaterial integration within the body sacrifices artificial implant longevity and function. Materials such as hydrogels may be able to integrate with soft tissue; however, a challenge remains to improve tissue–biomaterial interaction for hard tissues such as cartilage and bone. Cartilage poses a particularly difficult challenge for biomaterial integration since it has a dense extracellular matrix that impedes cellular migration, additionally, it has a smooth, lubricating surface. Collagen fibers, are abundant in the cartilage matrix and throughout the body, provide structural integrity and were chosen as the target for polymerization initiation, anchoring, and integration of hydrogel biomaterials. Principles of protein biochemistry and polymer science were applied to formulate a novel strategy to initiate and directly polymerize biomaterials to collagen. Initially, proteoglycans were removed from the cartilage surface by enzymatic digestion, followed by treatment with a mild oxidative reagent to create tyrosyl radicals on collagen. Afterwards, polymers containing acrylate groups were added and tyrosyl radicals, confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) were used to initiate polymerization with light. Chemical (Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) analyses revealed the presence of polymer bound to the cartilage surface after tissue‐initiated photopolymerization. Mechanical analysis by the application of torsional stress demonstrated enhanced functional tissue integration of the tissue‐initiated polymerized material. Cells in the surrounding cartilage tissue and encapsulated in the hydrogel, remained viable during the bonding and polymerization processes.