bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest dynamics
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
n Chapter 6, tropical rain forests were examined on the long-time scale of tens of thousands of years and shown to have fluctuated in area. Delving further still, over millions of years, continental drift and evolution come into play. Present day fauna and flora bear witness to these long-term changes. On these very long time scales rain forests have been unstable and have changed profoundly in extent and composition, as indeed have all other biomes. In the present chapter we look at temporal change at the other extreme, time scales of a few years to a few centuries, up to the life spans of one or a few generations of trees. Change is examined in the context of development and disintegration of the forest canopy, the forest growth cycle, introduced in section 2.3. Two spatial scales of canopy dynamics can be distinguished: patch disturbance, which involves one or a few trees, and community-wide disturbance.
Nutrients and their cycles
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the effects of human usage of tropical rain forests on the ecosystem’s capital stock of plant mineral nutrients and on their cycles. First the nutrient cycling aspects of shifting agriculture are described, then nutrients and their cycles in primary rain forest. Based on this we discuss the effect on nutrients of different intensities of forest exploitation and the limits of sustainable utilization. The chapter concludes with discussions of the role nutrients might play in determining the distinctive structure and physiognomy of the heath forest and upper montane rain forest formations.
Tropical rain forests at the cusp of the new millennium
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now a general awareness that careless logging of tropical rain forests, or their reduction to fragments by clearance for agriculture, damages their biology and the livelihood of rural peoples dependent on them. This percep-tion, plus the responses needed from signatories to the Conventions on Biodiversity and Climate Change, is likely increasingly to colour the actions of the governments of rain-forest countries and the aid of donors who support them. Large sums are becoming available through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) to assist the implementation of these Conventions.
Was it something you ate?
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very few people are allergic to food, but most of us suffer adverse effects when we eat certain things. The reason is that our body is intolerant of particular chemicals, and it reacts to them as if we were being poisoned. We then experience a variety of symptoms such a stomach ache, headache, sweating, skin rashes, diarrhoea, palpitations, and vomiting. When several of these affect us at one time they are likely to indicate that we are suffering from food intolerance and this is what the book is all about. If we can identify which components of our diet are likely to cause intolerance, then we can make sure we don’t take in too much at one meal and so provoke the body to react. Human metabolism has developed to cope with small amounts of all kinds of non-nutrients in our food, even some that are highly toxic. What it cannot cope with are large amounts, and for sensitive people even relatively small amounts can trigger the body to over-react. This is why the same meal can affect people in very different ways. There are only a few common chemicals that can provoke an intolerance reaction: alcohol, benzoates, caffeine, dopamine, histamine, monosodium glutamate, nitrate/nitrite, phenylethylamine, salicylates, serotonin, solanine, sorbates, tryptamine/octopamine, and tyramine. The book examines the principal causes of food intolerance, explaining how this differs from food allergy, which few suffer from, and identifies the chemicals that cause it - many of which are natural - and the foods that contain them. It also reveals why food intolerance occurs, what its symptoms are, and why some people are so badly affected by a particular non- nutrient, while others suffer no upset at all. The book also contains chapters on natural toxins, and unnatural food additives and food contaminants. It explains the key nutrients in our diet and highlights the foods richest in the essential ones that we may be lacking. Most of the chapters are devoted to a few key non-nutrients that account for the majority of cases of intolerance. Each section is illustrated with actual case notes from people who have been badly affected by their diet. The book ends on an upbeat note with a final chapter giving dietary advice for maintaining a healthy heart. If you’ve ever wondered why something you eat does not agree with you, then this is the book that will help you discover what this is likely to be, and why your system reacts so badly to it. Written in an easy-to-understand style, Food Intolerance will take you through all aspects of food, especially identifying those non-nutrients that provoke a toxic response and make us ill.
Introduction
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans very quickly learn not to eat foods that upset them, and we each have a few that we assiduously avoid, even though we see others enjoying them with impunity. If a young child eats something which makes it sick, then it is very difficult to persuade that child to eat the same food again. The distressing act of vomiting becomes associated with that particular food, and it teaches the child a lesson it may never forget. When we are older we learn that food may poison us for a variety of reasons-it may be contaminated with bacteria or fungi; it may be slightly poisonous and we have eaten too much; or it may contain something to which we really are allergic.
Additives and contaminants
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many farmed and processed foods contain small amounts of substances that have been added, either intentionally or unintentionally, during production. They contribute little to the nutritional value of the food, but may nevertheless have an effect on some of the people who eat them. These unnatural non-nutrients fall into two main categories: additives and contaminants.
Actin structure
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Actins form a family of eukaryotic proteins whose sequences are highly conserved. There have been several attempts to order actins into classes based on functional and sequence data. The variable sequence at the N-terminus has provided the simplest classification criteria, but there arc other key amino acid positions different characteristic of actins from different kingdoms and phyla. using N-terminal sequence differences, actins can be discriminated into two classes , I and II. Class I actin from different kingdoms and phyla.
Crystallinity. Haemoglobin
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crystals of calcite, quartz, and other minerals are among the delights of nature—fascinating to all observers since the beginning of time. And crystals have been studied by scientists since the earliest days, recording geometrical shapes, angles of inclination and the like with such enthusiasm that by 1911 the Encyclopaedia Britannica employed over 100 drawings to illustrate the different known crystal systems and symmetries for its article on ‘crystallography’
Analytical Imperative
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as early as 1905, when Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister had only recently established the nature of the peptide linkage, the number of proteins recognized as distinct in terms of either function or physical characteristics was becoming uncomfortably large. How were these increasingly numerous substances to be classified and named? The matter became sufficiently important that two separate committees were set up—one in England consisting of physiologists and chemists and one in the United States, sponsored jointly by the American Society of Biological Chemists and the American Physiological Society. Their reports appeared in 1907 and 1908, respectively.
Subunits and domains
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of subunits, more than one polypeptide chain in a protein molecule, emerges automatically from investigation of amino acid sequences. We saw that in the preceding chapter: the very first complete sequence analysis, that of insulin, began with an accurate determination of free ex-amino groups and showed that insulin belongs in the multi- subunit category. (This particular example will be seen later in this chapter to be more complex than at first it seemed.)
Muscle Contraction
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It thus appears probable that the essential condition for extensibility is that actin and myosin should not be linked together. This phenomenon finds a ready explanation in terms of the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments described above, if it is postulated that stretching of the muscle takes place, not by an extension of the filaments, but by a process in which the two sets of filaments slide past each other.
The New Alchemy
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We declared in the introduction to this book that we would not try to see into the future and we have not altered this intent. But the future in protein science is being kept perpetually before us in this millenium year, pushed into prominence by newspapers and popular magazines—abetted, it needs to be said, by quite a number of scientists themselves, in whose pronouncements a touch of modesty might be more becoming. Some extravagant promises are being made, reminiscent of the Middle Ages, when the alchemists tried to point the way to everlasting bliss. At the in- organic level they sought to transmute base metals into gold, in biology they sought the elixir of life, essentially the infinite prolongation of life. Now, many centuries later, the physicists have managed atomic trans- mutation of a sort (though not from lead to gold) and the belief is rife that we may be on the verge of the elixir of life as well.
Dispersal in antagonistic interactions
Authors: Baalen Minus van , Hochberg Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outcome of antagonistic interactions (such as predator-prey and host-parasite interactions) depends sensitively on spatial structure. As the spatial distribution of a population is, at least partially, the result of spatial decisions (which can take the form of habitat selection, foraging tactics, or dispersal) of individuals, there is a close interplay between individual behaviour and population dynamical consequences.
The Undergrowth of Science
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme is scientific foible. Gratzer describes for a general readership a number of episodes in science and medicine where an erroneous research finding was adhered to and given credence by its originators and others far beyond the point where it had been effectively discredited. Each of these episodes is dealt with in detail, with special attention given to the individuals involved, their careers and personalities, their relations with others, and so on. A fascinating, well written collection of stories from the history of science. They include the affair of the N-rays ('the best and most widely analysed example of tribal delusion in the history of science'), Lysenko and the tragedy of Soviet genetics, science in the Third Reich, the tale of polywater, and the cold-fusion aberration of the 1980s. The writing is very clear and eminently readable with good use made of anecdotes and literary references. Here is a book that is both entertaining and thought-provoking.
Paradigms Enow: Some Mirages of Biology
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of mitogenic radiation, which began and (more or less) ended in the Soviet Union, bears a curious similarity to that of the N-rays. It lasted longer, diffused a little further into the world beyond the scientific locale within which it arose, and faded away almost imperceptibly with none of the éclat that signalled the demise of the N-rays. Perhaps Gurvich’s laboratory was too remote and the political ambience too forbidding to draw any avenging sceptic from the West on a mission of destruction.
Aberrations of Physics: Irving Langmuir Investigates
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bergen Davis and Arthur H. Barnes were physics professors at one of America’s most venerable seats of learning, Columbia University in New York. Their interest was in the physics of fundamental particles, and the late 1920s and early 1930s, when this story unfolded, saw a great ebullition of new knowledge in this field, due mainly to the work of J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford in Britain, Niels Bohr in Denmark and Arnold Sommerfeld and others in Germany.
The Wilder Shores of Credulity
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High intelligence and learning do not always exclude unreason. From its earliest beginnings science was recognised to depend on scepticism. Reports of phenomena that appear improbable within the prevailing paradigm, as Thomas Kuhn termed the current viewpoint in a field of science, need to be tempered in the furnace of doubt, even hostility. When this is overcome, what Kuhn calls a paradigm shift ensues. But if the prevailing paradigm is too willingly overthrown, anarchy results and progress becomes impossible. The conscientious scientist adopts in fact the criterion suggested by David Hume for judging miracles: is it more probable that a miracle has occurred than that you have been deceived? So in eighteenth-century France, when Franz-Anton Messmer persuaded a gullible public of the existence of animal magnetism and harnessed it to cure diseases, King Louis XVI ordered a Royal Commission to be set up to study and report on the matter.
Behaviour patterns during incubation
Authors: Deeming D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contact incubation is reliant upon the presenceof a parent bird in order to provide sufficient heat energy to raise egg temperature to the appropriate level for embryonic development. This necessity has moulded the behaviour of breeding birds as well as nest location and construction (Chapter 2). The presence of the bird on top of the eggs during incubation limits the range of other behaviours that can be exhibited by the bird during the incubation period. There is certainly a potential conflict for the bird, which has to balance its own maintenance requirements with the needs of the developing embryos (Chapter 20). This chapter explores the patterns of behaviour during incubation in birds by describing how birds of both genders occupy their time during incubation. Rather than listing numerous examples in different species the intention here is to provide an overview of patterns of behaviour and the factors which affect the incubation phase of reproduction.
Science-in-fiction is not science fiction. Is it autobiography?
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first half of 1985 started auspiciously: Diane and I were married on my son’s birthday, 21 June. The ceremony was followed by a glorious wedding feast at my ranch, attended by many of our Stanford University students and colleagues. Its artistic high point was the commissioned music for three flutes and soprano by John Adams set to lines by Wallace Stevens and the wedding dance created by Rhonda Martyn with her troupe of dancers. My scientific research at Stanford, with nearly two dozen graduate and postdoctoral collaborators, was going full steam. My health had recovered so completely from the accident and enforced rest that I felt ready to embark on a trek from Tibet to Nepal.
A softer chemist
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until 1969, I would have described myself as a ‘hard’ scientist, the proudly macho adjective employed by chemists and other physical scientists to distinguish their work from the ‘soft,’ fuzzy fields such as sociology or even psychology. Next to physics, chemistry is the hardest of the hard sciences, the rock on which the biomedical, environmental, and material sciences all build their molecular edifices. Chemistry—the molecular science par excellence—also tends to pride itself on the social corollary of its flinty strength: it is the most insular of the hard sciences. In academia, we chemists are often the most conservative, refusing to climb beyond our self-imposed disciplinary walls.
Fixed appliances
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brackets —These are usually bonded directly to the labial surface of the incisor, canine, and premolar teeth in a predetermined position. It is the bracket design and dimensions which give rise to the numerous bracket systems currently available. These will be discussed later in this chapter.Tubes —These are either directly bonded to the buccal surface of the molar
teeth or are carried on bands that are cemented to the molar teeth. These tubes, which are included in the appliance, carry the ends of the archwire on the most distal molar tooth. Additional tubes on upper molars may be used for fitting headgear.
Understanding Partial Denture Design
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding Partial Denture Design provides a step-by-step, highly illustrated guide to this difficult, but core area of dentistry. The first section of the book is dedicated to general principles of partial dentures, focussing on how they work. The second section allows students to put theory into practice: profiling the patient and the denture; including assessment and the associated design sequence. The final section of the book concentrates on problem solving, including more challenging areas of denture design, such as provision of partial dentures for complex and deteriorating dentitions. A key strength of the book is its ability to de-mystify the mechanics of functional and comfortable partial denture design, giving students and newly qualified dentists the fundamental understanding to thrive with this sector of their caseload.
Why Should Partial Dentures Be Provided?
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partial dentures are provided to restore facial form and masticatory function after tooth loss.
Their bio-compatibility depends on the acceptance by the body of the materials from which the dentures are constructed, the tolerance of the tissues to the denture in function and the ability of the patient to manipulate the appliances in comfort and control plaque.
Indirect Retention
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indirect retention is a means of preventing the displacement of a saddle which is cantilevered out from the direct retainer(s), such as a free-end saddle or curved anterior saddle. A lever system must be created to keep the saddle in place. An example is a free-end saddle where there is only an abutment tooth at one end. Another example is an anterior saddle which is curved outside a straight line between the abutments.
Unipolar depression—a lifespan perspective: ‘The School Age Child’
Authors: Birmaher Boris , Rozel John Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical characteristics, natural history, correlates, and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the school-aged child (6–12 years old). Although childhood depression has come under increasing scrutiny in the past decade with improved epidemiological descriptions of the phenomena, it remains a nascent discipline and outcome and treatment data are limited.
Fidgets
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of medicalization is raised in an acute way by the syndrome known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Some writers argue that ADHD is no more than the occurrence of undesirable and oppositional behaviours in children as a result of failure to develop socially validated conduct or as a result of impoverished and deprived contexts in which the child seeks stimulation or interest.
Moral insanity and evil
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David E. is 23. He is in police custody because he inflicted injuries leading to severe brain damage in a 29 year old woman. He met the woman at a dance where he had gone with some friends. He danced with her a few times, bought one or two drinks and agreed to take her somewhere quieter for coffee. He asked his friend if he could have the keys of his car, giving the impression, it was later said, that he only wanted them for a moment or so. He took the woman in the car to a fairly isolated spot near the city and there raped her becoming angry when she protested. She was later found having been raped and also having suffered severe head injuries including extensive skull fractures produced by a spanner from the car. When found by the police David readily admitted that he had had sex with the woman and roughed her up a bit.
Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (or Tourette's Syndrome), is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder affecting about 5 people in every 10,000. It is characterized by motor and vocal tics, and upsetting anti-social behavior such as involuntary swearing and obscene gestures. This book, written by a psychologist and a psychiatrist who have been researching Tourette's Syndrome for many years, explains the causes of the syndrome, how it is diagnosed, and the ways in which it can be treated. Essential reading for Tourette's sufferers, their relatives and friends, Tourette's Syndrome: The Facts will also be of use to clinicians, family physicians, schoolteachers, and anyone seeking an accessible introduction to the disorder.
Causal mechanism and probability: a normative approach
Authors: Glymour Clark , Cheng Patricia W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long and still popular tradition in the study of human causal reasoning insists on a dramatic bifurcation between ‘mechanistic’ conceptions of causal inference and ‘probabilistic’ or ‘covariational’ conceptions of this process (e.g. Harre and Madden, 1975; Schultz, 1982; Baumrind, 1983; Turner, 1987; White, 1989,1995; Ahn et al., 1995; Ahn and Bailenson, 1996). What is meant by ‘mechanism’ is rarely specified in this literature, but the examples given make it relatively clear that to specify a ‘mechanism’ for a covariation is simply to specify either a sequence of causes that intervene between the candidate cause and effect, or causes that tend to bring about both the candidate cause and effect, where the causal connections posited in the ‘mechanism’ are of a kind that are already familiar and acknowledged. Baumrind (1983) gives the following illustration:
The rational analysis of human causal and probability judgment
Authors: Lopez Francisco J , Cobos Pedro L , Cano, Antonio , Shanks David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last few decades, an important debate has taken place in cognitive psychology concerning the rationality of human reasoning. One field in which this debate has been vigorous is that of inductive inference and probabilistic reasoning or, in more general terms, situations in which people make predictions about uncertain events (Cohen, 1981; Gigerenzer and Murray, 1987; Bell et al., 1988; Anderson, 1991; Gigerenzer, 1996; Kahneman and Tversky, 1996). This research has produced mixed results, ranging from some showing that human predictive behaviour under uncertain conditions is basically rational to others demonstrating violations of various principles of rationality.