Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke beyond the 24-h time window: Selection by target mismatch profile
Authors: Nguyen Trung Quoc , Tran Mai Hoang , Phung Hai Ngoc , Nguyen Khang Vinh , Tran Hang T Minh , Walter Silke , Hoang Dinh C Bao , Pham Binh Nguyen , Truong Anh Le Tuan , Tran Vu Thanh , Nguyen Thanh N , Pham An Le , Nguyen Huy-Thang 
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) has been established as a promising clinical intervention within a late time window of 6–24 h after symptom onset. Patients with slow progression, however, may still benefit from endovascular treatment beyond the 24-h time window (very late window). Aim: The aim of this study is to report insight into the potential clinical benefits of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke beyond 24 h from symptom onset. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive patients undergoing endovascular treatment for acute anterior circulation LVO ischemic stroke beyond 24 h. Participants were recruited between July 2019 and November 2020. Patients were selected based on the DAWN/DEFUSE 3 criteria (Perfusion-RAPID, iSchemaView) and patients receiving treatment beyond 24 h were compared to a group of patients receiving endovascular treatment between 6 and 24 h after symptom onset. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with functional independence at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2). The secondary outcomes were shift modified Rankin Scale (mRS) analysis and successful reperfusion was defined by thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b-3 on the final procedure. Safety outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and death at the 90-day follow-up. Propensity score (PS)-matched analyses were employed to rectify the imbalanced baseline characteristics between the two groups. Results: A total of 166 patients were recruited with a median age of 63.0 (56.0–69.0) and 28.9% of all patients were females. Patients in the beyond 24-h group had a longer onset-to-groin time (median = 27.2 vs 14.3 h, p < 0.001) than those in the 6- to 24-h group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (median = 12.0 vs 15.0, p = 0.37), perfusion imaging characteristics (core: median = 11.0 vs 9.0 mL, p = 0.86; mismatch volume: median = 106.0 vs 96.0, p = 0.44; mismatch ratio = 6.46 vs 7.24, p = 0.91), and perfusion-to-groin time (median = 72.5 vs 76.0 min, p = 0.77). No significant differences were noted among patients between the two groups in the primary endpoint functional independence analysis (50.0% vs 46.6%, p = 0.77) and in the safety endpoint analysis: mortality (15.0% vs 11.0%, p = 0.71) or symptomatic hemorrhage (0% vs 3.42%, p > 0.999). In PS-matched analyses, there were no significant differences among patients between the two groups in functional independence (50.0% vs 54.8%, p = 0.74), mortality (16.7% vs 9.68%, p = 0.50), or symptomatic hemorrhage (0% vs 6.45%, p = 0.53). Conclusion: Endovascular treatment can be performed safely and effectively in LVO patients beyond 24 h from symptom onset when selected by target mismatch profile. The clinical outcome of these patients was comparable to those treated in the 6- to 24-h window. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.