bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diet of individuals: a study of a randomly-chosen cross section of British adults in a Cambridgeshire village
Authors: Bingham Sheila , McNeil N. I. , Cummings J. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. The dietary intakes of sixty-three adults, randomly-selected from the electoral role of a large village near Cambridge, have been measured using the weighed-intake technique for 7 d.2. Mean (±sD) daily intakes (g) for men and women respectively were: energy (MJ) 10.0±2.4, 8.2±2.1; fat 104±27,90±21; protein 77±20,67± 16; carbohydrate 285±81,229±74; sucrose 91±47, 57±33.3. When interviewed at the end of the study 40% of subjects said they were watching their weight.4. Women ate less food over all than men, and proportionately less potato and bread, and used only one-third as much sugar in drinks, probably in an attempt to control their weight. Men took considerably more alcohol than the women. In the age-group 20–39 years alcohol provided 9% (1.0 MJ/d) of the total energy intake in the men.5. Wide variation in the intake of nutrients was observed amongst the individuals. For vitamin C and fibre intake this was partly explained by seasonal variation but for most nutrients total energy intake and food choice were the main determinants. The range. of intakes of nutrients such as fat was similar in these individuals to that seen amongst countries internationally. It is suggested that if differences in nutrient intake amongst the various populations of the world can be associated with disease risk, then the same interpretation should be possible in individuals.
A biochemical evaluation of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) test for riboflavin status
Authors: Prentice A. M. , Bates C. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Chronic marginal riboflavin deficiency was induced in groups of weanling rats by feeding a deficient diet supplemented with 0, 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 mg riboflavin/kg diet. Ad lib.- and pair-fed controls received 3·0 and 15 mg riboflavin/kg diet respectively.2. Serial measurement of erythrocyte NAD(P)H2 glutathione oxidoreductase (glutathione reductase; EC 1.6.4.2) and its activation coefficient revealed that after 12 weeks a steady-state of deficiency had been reached following initial fluctuations in status; the animals were then killed, and their tissues analysed.3. Food intake, growth rate and the appearance of pathological signs were directly proportional to riboflavin content; however relative liver weight was increased above control levels only in the most-severelydeficient group, and anaemia was not detected in any group.4. The activation coefficient of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes and liver was closely related to dietary riboflavin content; that of skin responded maximally even in the least-severelydepleted animals.5. Hepatic and renal flavin contents were directly proportional to dietary riboflavin, FAD being conserved at the expense of ribotlavin and FMN. ATP: riboflavin 5-phosphotransferase (flavokinase; EC 2.7.1.26) activity was reduced, even in the least-severely deficient animals; ATP: FMN adenylyltransferase (FAD pyrophosphory1ase; EC 2.7.7.2) was increased in liver, but only in the most-severely-deficient animals.6. Hepatic succinate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1. 3.99.1) activity fell sharply between 1·5 and 0·5 mg riboflavin/kg diet, producing an S-shaped dose-response curve; it showed smaller or less specific changes in other tissues such as brain, skin and intestine. NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase (NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.99.3) activity declined in liver and intestine, but not in skin or brain.7. Theactivation coefficient of glutathione reductase was correlated strongly with nearly all the riboflavin-sensitive variables measured, once equilibrium had been reached in this chronic deficiency model, and it was particularly strongly correlated with hepatic and renal FAD levels. Under equilibrium conditions, therefore, it appears to represent a good index of the extent of riboflavin deficiency, and significant changes in flavin levels and enzymes in the internal organs were detected even under conditions of marginal deficiency, associated with relatively small increases in the activation coefficient.
Fibre and bowel transit times
Authors: Gear J. S. S. , Brodribb A. J. M. , Ware Alison , Mannt J. I. 
Published: June 2005

1. Bowel transit time has been investigated in vegetarians and non-vegetarians and related to dietary fibre intake and the presence of diverticular disease.2. Vegetarians who have less diverticular disease than non-vegetarians have more rapid transit times.3. Subjects with total dietary fibre intake of more than 30 g/d all had transit times of less than 75 h whereas 38% of those eating less had transit times exceeding 75 h and varying up to 124 h.4. Individuals with diverticular disease were found to have faster transit times than those without the disease.5. The colon may respond to a fibre-depleted diet either by becoming hyperactive and prone to diverticular disease or by becoming hypoactive leading to constipation.
Energy requirements of antarctic sledge dogs
Authors: Campbell I. T. , Donaldson J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Eighteen male sledge dogs were weighed immediately on removal from their sheltered winter quarters at Halley Bay, Antarctica (75° 31′s, 26° 42′W) and weekly thereafter for 14 weeks. The first 2 weeks they were tethered and inactive and the following 12 weeks travelled an average of 10.9 km/d fully laden. Daily energy intake during winter and while tethered averaged 18–25 MJ/d and while travelling 13.9 MJ/0d.2. Mean weight loss during the 2 weeks of inactivity was 2.3 kg despite an energy intake almost twice the recommended requirement. During the 12 weeks travelling energy intake decreased to 13.9 MJ/d but the weight loss stopped. Weather conditions at this time were becoming progressively milder.3. The evidence suggests that sledge dogs are capable of high levels of cold-induced and possibly diet-induced thermogenesis and that these factors, particularly the former should be taken into account when designing dog rations and feeding schedules.
Degradation of maize protein in rumen contents Influence of ammonia concentration
Authors: Anna Níkolić J. , Filipović R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The influence of ammonia concentration on the distribution of nitrogen derived from opaque-2 maize uniformly-labelled with15N has been investigated during short-term in vitro incubation of bovine rumen contents.2. Less15N derived from maize was found in the non-protein-N (NPN) fraction during incubation without added NH3than with added NH3, due entirely to differences in the amount of N derived from maize in the NH3fraction.3. From calculations based on the transfer of N derived from maize to the NPN pool and to a bacterial fraction, it was concluded that degradation of maize protein was not influenced by NH3concentration within the examined limits.4. The decrease in relative amount of N derived from maize in the NH3fraction at low concentrations of NH3, together with evidence for an increased fractional turnover rate of NH3-N suggests that a deficient supply of NH3is compensated for by increased catabolism of nitrogenous compounds derived from the rumen micro-organisms.
Selenium metabolism in the dairy cow: the influence of the liver and the effect of the form of Se salt
Authors: Symonds H. W. , Sansom B. F. , Mather Denise L. , Vagg M. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Six adult Friesian cows were given 75Se as either 75SeO32− or 75SeO42− intravenously. Five of the cows had cannulas in an hepatic vein, the portal vein and one carotid artery to enable the uptake of 75Se by the liver to be measured. Radioactive balance studies were carried out on two of the cows given 75SeO32− and two given 75SeO42−. A seventh cow was given an oral dose of 75Se-labelled barley and the excretion of 75Se in faeces, urine and milk was measured for 14 d.2. After the injection of 75SeO32− plasma 75Se concentration decreased during the first 30 min with a mean half-life (t½) of 15.6 min. From 30 to 60 min after dosing the concentration of radioactivity increased to reach approximately 50% of the level present 2 min after dosing. Following the injection of 75SeO42− the 75Se was cleared with a mean t½ of 28.5 min during the first 30 min and plasma radioactivity increased only slightly during the next 30 min.3. During the phase of rapid clearance of 75Se after the injection of 75SeO32− the hepatic venous 75Se concentration was approximately 5% lower than portal veous 75Se concentration. During the period when plasma 75Se activity was increasing the activity in hepatic venous plasma was 3% greater than portal activity. Of the 75Se cleared from plasma after injecting 75SeO32− 40% was calculated to be removed by the liver.4. After intravenous dosing with 75SeO32− or 75SeO42− approximately 9.5 and 17.0% respectively of the dose injected was excreted in faeces and 10% in urine within 14 d. Almost three times as much 75Se was excreted in urine and 3.5 times as much in faeces during the first 24 h after dosing with 75SeO42− as after 75SeO32−.
Effect of zinc deficiency on appetite and plasma amino acid concentrations in the rat
Authors: Wallwork J. C. , Fosmire G. J. , Sandstead H. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Levels of zinc in liver and plasma of the Zn-depleted rats fluctuated with the feeding cycle and were significantly higher at the bottom than at the top of the cycle. As Zn deficiency became more severe fluctuations in plasma Zn diminished. Concentrations of Zn in liver, in contrast to levels in plasma and femur, were not markedly lowered by day 15.2. In contrast to udlib.-fed (AL) and overnight-fasted (OF) controls, some pair-fed (PF) controls had elevated levels of Zn in liver and plasma.3. Intakes of water and food were sigdicantly correlated in Zn-deficient rats. Packed cell volumes were significantly higher for Zn-depleted than for AL and PF rats.4. Food intakes and plasma glucose concentrations were related in AL, OF and PF control rats but not in Zn-deficient rats.5. At day 15 of Zn deficiency the order of total plasma amino acid concentrations in the groups of rats was AL > Zn-deficient > OF > PF. Many of the differences between the AL and OF groups for individual plasma amino acids also appeared in the Zn-deficient group at the top and bottom of the feeding cycle. Differences in individual amino acid conmntrations at the top and bottom of the feeding cycle tended to be opposite in the PF and the Zn-ddicient group. Levels of tyrosine and tryptophan in plasma were correlated (P ≶ 0.05) with the cyclic feeding pattern of the Zn-deficient group; however, the ratios tryptophan or tyrosine: sum of other large neutral amino acids did not correlate significantly with the eating habits of Zndeficient rats.
Studies on the nutrition of salmonid fish. The magnesium requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Knox D. , Cowey C. B. , Adron J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 35 g were given one of five experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet) 15 calcium, 10 phosphorus and graded levels of magnesium from 0.04 (diet no. 1) to 1.0 (diet no. 5). In a second experiment rainbow trout of mean initial weight 16 g were given one of six experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet): Ca (40), P (30) and levels of Mg from 0.06 (diet no. 6) to 2.0 (diet no. 11).2. In both experiments weight gains were lowest in those trout given diets containing the basal levels of Mg (diet no. 1 and diet no. 6) but increased with increasing dietary Mg concentration. In neither experiment was there any further increase in weight gain once the Mg concentration reached 0.25–0.5 g/kg dry diet; weight gain reached a plateau at this dietary Mg level.3. The following trends occurred in serum electrolyte concentrations as dietary Mg increased. Mg increased in both experiments, in Expt 2 it reached a maximum of 1 mmol/l when the diet containted 0.5 g Mg/kg and did not increase further; sodium was positively correlated in both experiments; potassium decreased and in Expt 2 reached a plateau minimum of 1.7 mmol/l at a dietary Mg concentration of 0.5 g/kg; Ca and P altered little in either experiment.4. In both experiments renal Ca concentrations were greatly increased in trout given diets lacking supplementary Mg; they fell to low levels (3–5 mmol/kg) when diets conained 0.15 g Mg/kg or more. Renal K and P concentrations were negatively correlated with dietary Mg in Expt 2; other electrolytes measured were not altered in concentration by the treatments used.5. Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) of muscle was negatively correlated with dietary Mg. In Expt 2 it reached a minimal or normal value at 0.5 g Mg/kg diet and did not decease further. Muscle Mg concentration increased with diet Mg in both experiments and muscle K concentration was also correlated with diet Mg in Expt 2. These changes were related to the shift in muscle water. In Expt 1, P concentration was decreased with increasing diet Mg but in Expt 2 its concentration increased, these changes may have been connected with the three-fold difference in dietary P in the two experiments.6. By contrast with skeletal muscle, Mg levels in cardiac muscle increased at low dietary Mg intakes.7. Concentrations of electrolytes in liver did not alter with dietary treatments used.8. The results show that Mg requirement of rainbow trout is met by a diet containing 0.5 g Mg/kg diet.
Changes in the concentrations.of the minor Constituents of goat's milk during starvation and on refeeding of the lactating animal and their relationship to mammary gland metabolism
Authors: Chaiyabutr N. , Faulkner Anne , Peaker M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Changes in the concentrations of the minor constituents of goat's milk were observed during 48 h starvation and on refeeding.2. The concentrations of hexose phosphate and UDP-hexoses increased during starvation and decreased on refeeding.3. The concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate and glycerate 3-phosphate decreased during starvation and increased on refeeding.4. Isocitrate: 2-oxoglutarate increased during starvation and decreased on refeeding.5. Changes in the minor constituents of milk can be explained in terms of the metabolic changes occurring in the mammary gland during starvation. It is proposed that changes in the concentrations of these metabolites in milk reflect changes in their concentrations in the cytosol or Golgi vesicles of the mammary gland.
The effect of amino acid imbalance on nitrogen retention (biological value) in rats
Authors: Eggum B. O. , Knudsen K. E. Bach , Jacobsen Ingeborg 
Published: June 2005

1. Three series of nitrogen balance experiments were performed with growing rats to test the effect of amino acid imbalance on protein utilization. In Expt 1 egg protein was fed as a basal diet and supplemented with one amino acid at a time in the amounts originally found in egg protein. In Expt 2 the procedure was repeated with a barley diet, and in Expt 3 egg and potato proteins were fed together in various combinations.2. Doubling the single amino acids, especially arginine, in an egg-protein diet reduced biological value (BV) markedly. Also the branched-chain and the basic amino acids reduced BV significantly. In the barley-based diets negative effects were also observed when the concentration of the single amino acid was doubled. However, it was assumed that the observed deleterious effects of amino acid excess were partly due to an exaggerated lysine deficiency in the barley protein when non-limiting amino acids were added.3. The results with various combinations of egg and potato proteins showed that as potato protein was increased true protein digestibility decreased linearly, whereas BV decreased Curvilinearly. Maximum protein utilization was obtained with egg protein alone.
Serum thymic hormone activity in genetically-obese mice
Authors: Chandra R. K. , Heresi Gloria , Au B. 
Published: June 2005

1. Serum thymic hormone was assayed in genetically-obese (C57B1/6J ob/ob) mice and lean controls (+/+, +/−) of the same strain.2. The thymic hormone activity was higher in the majority of the obese animals compared with non-obese mice.3. The number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen expressed as a proportion of the total mononuclear cells was increased in the obese mice.4. It is suggested that obesity is associated with significant changes in the thymic hormone levels which may alter the relative proportion of lymphocyte subsets and cell-mediated immunity.
Studies on the response ofLactobacillus caseito folate vitamin in foods
Authors: Phillips D. R. , Wright A. J. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Folate was measured microbiologically withLactobacillus caseiin extracts from a range of different foods at two incubation pH values, 6·2 and 6·8.2. The values for folate content obtained at pH 6·2 were, in several instances, considerably higher than at pH 6·8. The ‘positive drift’ seen in the values for dilutions incubated at pH 6·8 were absent from results at pH 6·2.3. A comparison was made of the ability of the two main sources (hog kidney and chicken pancreas) of deconjugase enzyme to produce measurable folate and the hog-kidney enzyme was shown to produce consistently higher values.4. The results presented here will have significance for studies of folate intake using calculations from food composition tables, in the light of the apparent discrepancy between calculated folate intake and the recommended daily allowances for the UK.
Effect of the nature and amount of dietary energy on lipid composition of rat gingival tissue
Authors: Das Salil K. , Elliott Munalula L. , King Halifax C. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effect of the nature and amount of dietary energy on the lipid composition of rat gingival tissue was studied. Male weanling rats were given one of three iso-energetic diets: high-carbohydrate, high-protein and extremely high-protein, or a fourth high-fat diet, for 49 d.2. The high-carbohydrate, extremely high-protein and high-fat diets caused significant increases in the gingival levels of total lipids compared with the normal-protein diet. These increases in total lipids were due primarily to increases in the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol esters. There were no significant differences in the fatty acid compositions of either non-polar or polar lipids among rats given the high-carbohydrate diet and those given the high-protein diet.3. A comparison of the fatty acid composition of lipids of rats given the extremely high-protein diet and the other two iso-energetic diets revealed that the proportion of palmitic acid was higher and the proportion of oleic acid was lower in animals given the extremely high-protein diet than in animals given the other two diets. Compared with the three iso-energetic low-fat diets, the high-fat diet caused decreases in the proportion of palmitic and palmitoleic acids and increases in the proportion of linoleic, arachidonic and docosapentaenoic acids in total fatty acids of both non-polar and polar lipids. It should be noted that the high-fat diet contained a high proportion of linoleic acid and it is expected that this diet would raise the 18:2 fatty acid content of the lipids and also would raise the 20:4 and 22:5 levels as 18:2 is an essential fatty acid and will, with its metabolites, be directly incorporated into tissue lipids.
The effect of periconceptional supplementation on blood vitamin concentrations in women at recurrence risk for neural tube defect
Authors: Schorah C. J. , Wild J. , Hartley R. , Sheppard S. , Smithells R. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. We measured erythrocyte folic acid and riboflavin, serum folic acid and leucocyte vitamin C in women at high risk for neural tube defect (NTD) recurrence who were receiving periconceptional vitamin supplementation, before they received extra vitamins, after 28 d of supplementation and at the 8th week of pregnancy. Blood vitamin concentrations in unsupplemented high-risk women were also compared with the values found in unsupplemented low-risk women.2. Vitamin supplementation with Pregnavite Forte F (Bencard®) raised the mean values for all vitamins measured by the 8th week of pregnancy. Mean erythrocyte folic acid rose from 250 to 478 ng/ml; plasma folic acid from 8·4 to 26·1 ng/ml; leucocyte vitamin C from 1·82 to 3·21 μg/ml blood; erythrocyte riboflavin (glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activation ratio) from 1·08 to 1·04. All women receiving supplements had increased their serum and erythrocyte folic acid levels above the highest values found in women in an earlier study, who subsequently gave birth to children with NTD. Not all women, however, increased their leucocyte ascorbic acid or erythrocyte ribflavin levels above the highest values.3. When vitamin concentrations in unsupplemented high-risk women were compared with levels in unsupplemented women at low risk for NTD, no significant differences were found in the mean values. However, a significantly higher proportion of high-risk compared with low-risk women had erythrocyte folic acid and leucocyte vitamin C values on or below the 5th percentile of the adult normal range.4. The effectiveness of Pregnavite Forte F (Bencard®) for increasing maternal vitamin reserves is discussed with a view to preventing NTD and the possibility of identifying groups at risk for NTD because of low blood vitamin levels is considered.
Reduced plasma half-life of radio-labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3in subjects receiving a high-fibre diet
Authors: Batchelor A. J. , Compston Juliet E. 
Published: June 2005

1. The plasma disappearance of3H-labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25(OH)D3) was studied in healthy volunteers on normal and high-fibre diets, using3H-labelled tracer doses given intravenously.2. The mean (±SEM) plasma half-life in the high-fibre-diet group was 19·2±1·7d, which was significantly shorter than in the group on normal diets (27·5±2·1 d,P< 0·02).3. This finding suggests that a high-fibre diet leads to enhanced elimination of 25(OH)D3by an action within the intestinal lumen. This may involve interference with an enterohepatic circulation of the metabolite, perhaps by binding of 25(OH)D3to dietary fibre.4. The reduced plasma half-life of3H-labelled 25(OH)D3associated with a high-fibre diet may explain the development of vitamin D deficiency in Asian immigrants with normal exposure to u.v. light.
Food intolerance: a community survey
Authors: Burr M. L. , Merrett T. G. 
Published: June 2005

1. A questionnaire inquiring about food intolerance was sent to a random sample of the electorate in a small South Wales town. Replies were received from 170 men and 305 women, the response rates being 87 and 93% respectively.2. Adverse effects of some food were reported by 19% of men and 26% of women, or 14 and 18% respectively if minor digestive symptoms are excluded. Certain foods were thought to cause non-abdominal symptoms by 4% of men and 10% of women, and vomiting, diarrhoea or abdominal pain by 11% of men and 10% of women.3. Plasma IgE was measured in a random subset of ninety-nine women and found to be significantly lower in those with major symptoms than in the rest. This suggests that allergy is probably not a common cause of food intolerance.