bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life in Goserelin-Treated Versus Cyclophosphamide + Methotrexate + Fluorouracil–Treated Premenopausal and Perimenopausal Patients With Node-Positive, Early Breast Cancer: The Zoladex Early Breast Cancer Research Association Trialists Group
Authors: de Haes H. , Olschewski M. , Kaufmann M. , Schumacher M. , Jonat W. , Sauerbrei W. 
Published: November 2003

Purpose: To compare quality of life (QoL) in premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with node-positive, early breast cancer treated with the endocrine agent goserelin (Zoladex; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) or cyclophosphamide + methotrexate + fluorouracil (CMF). Patients and Methods: Patients from 86 centers worldwide were randomly assigned to receive either goserelin (3.6 mg every 28 days for 2 years; n = 514) or CMF (six 28-day cycles; n = 496), and were included in the QoL study. QoL was assessed using a self-administered patient questionnaire that consisted of 39 items from the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist, including dimensions evaluating physical and psychological symptom distress, activities of daily living, hormonal effects, and an assessment of overall QoL. Results: Early benefits were noted during months 3 to 6 of treatment, for goserelin compared with CMF. Significant differences were found for changes in overall QoL (eg, 6.96 ± 0.88 v 0.69 ± 0.92 at 6 months; P < .0001) and for physical symptom distress, activity levels, and “effort to cope with illness” dimensions. At 1, 2, and 3 years, there were no significant differences in overall QoL or specific QoL dimensions. Scores for hormonal symptoms were worse with goserelin during the 2-year goserelin treatment period; however, this trend was reversed at 3 years. Conclusion: Goserelin offers improved overall QoL during the first 6 months of therapy compared with CMF chemotherapy in premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with early breast cancer. Coupled with equivalent efficacy in estrogen receptor-positive patients, these data support the use of goserelin as an alternative to CMF in premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with estrogen receptor-positive, node-positive early breast cancer.
Expression of Novel Neurotrophin-1/B-Cell Stimulating Factor-3 (NNT-1/BSF-3) in Murine Pituitary Folliculostellate TtT/GF Cells: Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Induced Stimulation of NNT-1/BSF-3 Is Mediated by Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, and Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase1/2 Pathways
Authors: Vlotides George , Zitzmann Kathrin , Hengge Sabine , Engelhardt Dieter , Stalla Gunter K. , Auernhammer Christoph J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNovel neurotrophin-1/B cell stimulating factor-3 (NNT-1/BSF-3) is a gp130 cytokine potently stimulating corticotroph proopiomelanocortin gene expression and ACTH secretion by a Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT)-dependent mechanism. In the current study, we examined the regulation of NNT-1/BSF-3 mRNA expression in murine pituitary folliculostellate TtT/GF cells using Northern blot technique. A 5- to 9-fold and a 4- to 7-fold induction in NNT-1/BSF-3 mRNA expression was observed between 2 and 6 h stimulation with the protein kinase C (PKC) stimulus phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (100 nm) and the protein kinase A (PKA) stimulus Bu2cAMP (5 mm), respectively. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP-38, 50 nm) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 50 nm) also stimulated NNT-1/BSF-3 mRNA expression 5- to 9-fold between 2 and 6 h. Preincubation with PKC and PKA inhibitors such as H-7 (20 μm), GF109203X (50 μm), and H-89 (50 μm) decreased the stimulatory effects of PACAP and VIP. Both PACAP-38 and VIP also rapidly induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and their stimulatory effect on NNT-1/BSF-3 mRNA expression was reduced by the MAPK kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 (10 μm). Dexamethasone (10−7m) was a potent inhibitor of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced NNT-1/BSF-3 expression. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated TtT/GF cells to express the short and the hop variant but not the hip variant of the PACAP-1 receptor (PAC1-R). In addition, TtT/GF cells express the VIP/PACAP-2 receptor (VPAC2-R). In summary, NNT-1/BSF-3 is expressed in pituitary folliculostellate TtT/GF cells and induced by PKC-, PKA-, and ERK1/2-dependent mechanisms. The novel gp130 cytokine NNT-1/BSF-3 derived from folliculostellate cells might act as a paracrine neuroimmunoendocrine modulator of pituitary corticotroph function.
Adrenocorticotropin/3′,5′-Cyclic AMP-Mediated Transcription of the Scavenger akr1-b7 Gene in Adrenocortical Cells Is Dependent on Three Functionally Distinct Steroidogenic Factor-1-Responsive Elements
Authors: Val Pierre , Aigueperse Christelle , Ragazzon Bruno , Veyssière Georges , Lefrançois-Martinez Anne-Marie , Martinez Antoine 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe akr1-b7 gene encodes a scavenger enzyme expressed in steroidogenic glands under pituitary control. In the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex where its expression is controlled by ACTH, AKR1-B7 detoxifies isocaproaldehyde produced during the first step of steroidogenesis. Three steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)-responsive elements (SFREs) are contained within the −510/+41 promoter region, which was previously demonstrated to drive gene expression in transgenic mice adrenal cortex. All these sequences bind at least SF-1 in Y1 adrenocortical cell nuclear extracts and can be activated by overexpression of this factor in HeLa cells. However, the three SFREs show distinct properties regarding akr1-b7 promoter activity in Y1 cells. Whereas the proximal −102 SFRE supports basal promoter activity, the −458 bona fide SFRE is essential for both basal promoter activity and cAMP responsiveness, although it is unresponsive to cAMP when isolated from its promoter context. This suggests that SF-1 is not a cAMP-responsive factor per se. The neighboring SFRE at −503 is a palindromic sequence that binds monomeric and heteromeric SF-1 as well as an adrenal-specific complex. Using MA-10 Leydig cells and Y1–10r9 mutant cells, we provide evidence that its activity in adrenocortical cells depends on the binding of the adrenal-specific factor, which is required for basal and cAMP-induced promoter activity. Furthermore, the −503 site has intrinsic cAMP-sensing ability in Y1 cells, which is correlated with increased adrenal-specific complex binding. Collectively, our results suggest that cAMP responsiveness of the akr1-b7 promoter is achieved through cooperation between the adrenal-specific factor bound to the −503 site and SF-1 bound to the −458 site.
Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustments of juvenile green turtles to seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod
Authors: Southwood Amanda L. , Darveau Charles A. , Jones David R. 
Published: November 2003

SUMMARYWe measured activity levels, oxygen consumption, metabolic enzyme activity,breathing frequency, heart rate and blood chemistry variables of juvenile green turtles exposed to a laboratory simulation of subtropical winter and summer temperatures (17-26°C) and photoperiod (10.25 h:13.75 h to 14 h:10 h light:dark). The activity level of turtles had a significant effect on oxygen consumption and breathing frequency but there was no significant change in activity level between the summer and winter simulations. There was a moderate 24-27% decrease in oxygen consumption during exposure to winter conditions compared with summer conditions, but this difference was not statistically significant. Likewise, there was no statistically significant difference in breathing frequency between summer and winter simulations. Exposure to winter conditions did result in a significant decrease in activity of the aerobic enzyme citrate synthase. By contrast, activities of the glycolytic enzymes pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly higher in tissue collected during exposure to winter conditions compared with summer conditions. Citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase had relatively low thermal dependence over the range of assay temperatures (15-30°C; Q10=1.44-1.69). Heart rate was 46-48%lower during the winter simulation compared with the summer simulation, and this difference was statistically significant. Exposure to winter conditions resulted in a significant decrease in plasma thyroxine and plasma proteins and a significant increase in plasma creatine phosphokinase and hematocrit. Overall, our results suggest that green turtles have a relatively low thermal dependence of metabolic rate over the range of temperatures commonly experienced at tropical to subtropical latitudes, a trait which allows them to maintain activity year-round.
The metabolic cost of avian egg formation: possible impact of yolk precursor production?
Authors: Vézina François , Salvante Katrina G. , Williams Tony D. 
Published: November 2003

SUMMARYLittle is known about the energy costs of egg production in birds. We showed in previous papers that, during egg production, European starlings(Sturnus vulgaris) undergo a 22% increase in resting metabolic rate(RMR) and that the maintenance and activity costs of the oviduct are responsible for 18% of the variation in elevated laying RMR. Therefore, other energy-consuming physiological mechanisms must be responsible for the remaining unexplained variation in elevated laying RMR. Yolk precursor[vitellogenin (VTG) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)] production is likely to be costly because it signifies a marked increase in the biosynthetic activity of the liver. We documented the pattern of yolk precursor production in response to daily injections of 17β-estradiol (E2) in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Based on this pattern we carried out an experiment in order to evaluate the metabolic costs of producing VTG and VLDL. Our E2 treatment resulted in a significant increase in plasma VTG and VLDL levels within the natural breeding range for the species. Although RMR was measured during the period of active hepatic yolk precursor production, it did not differ significantly within individuals in response to the treatment or when comparing E2-treated birds with sham-injected birds. This could mean that yolk precursor production represents low energy investment. However, we discuss these results in light of possible adjustments between organs that could result in energy compensation.
Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases
Authors: Merzendorfer Hans , Zimoch Lars 
Published: November 2003

SUMMARYChitin is one of the most important biopolymers in nature. It is mainly produced by fungi, arthropods and nematodes. In insects, it functions as scaffold material, supporting the cuticles of the epidermis and trachea as well as the peritrophic matrices lining the gut epithelium. Insect growth and morphogenesis are strictly dependent on the capability to remodel chitin-containing structures. For this purpose, insects repeatedly produce chitin synthases and chitinolytic enzymes in different tissues. Coordination of chitin synthesis and its degradation requires strict control of the participating enzymes during development. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in understanding chitin synthesis and its degradation in insects.
A Novel Bisthienylethene as Acidichromic and Photochromic Yellow Dye
Authors: Luo Qianfu , Li Xiaochuan , Jing Shuping , Zhu Weihong , Tian He 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A novel bisthienylethene as yellow colour photochromic and acidichromic dye has been prepared by a simple and low cost route, and its PC film shows a fast response reversible colour change between colourless and yellow colour by exposure to gaseous acid and ammonia.
New BEDT-TTF-based Organic Conductor Including an Organic Anion Derived from the TEMPO Radical, α-(BEDT-TTF)3(TEMPO–NHCOCH2SO3)2·6H2O
Authors: Akutsu Hiroki , Yamada Jun-ichi , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
We report the genuine-organic magnetic conductor including organic free radical as a part of a counter anion, α-(BEDT-TTF)3(TEMPO–NHCOCH2SO3)2·6H2O, which consists of the conducting layers of the BEDT-TTF cations arranged in the α-packing mode and the magnetic layers of the TEMPO–NHCOCH2SO3 anions with water molecules alternatively along the c axis. In the magnetic layer, TEMPO groups gather to form a 1-D ferromagnetic network. The salt is semiconductive (ρRT = 5.1 Ω·cm and Ea = 0.050 eV) and its temperature-dependent susceptibility obeys the 1-D ferromagnetic Heisenberg model (C = 0.380 emu/mol K and J = +0.42 K).
Synthesis and Formation of Supramolecular Spherical Aggregates from Poly(benzyl ether) Dendrimers Having 21-Oxoporphyrin Core
Authors: Kumaresan D , Ravikanth M 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Synthesis of second generation poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers having N3O porphyrin at its core and the first observation of large micro-meter sized spherical aggregates as confirmed by optical microscopy and AFM analysis are reported.
Photoinduced Dithiolation of Fullerene[60] with Dendrimer Disulfide
Authors: Takaguchi Yutaka , Katayose Yoshiaki , Yanagimoto Yasushi , Motoyoshiya Jiro , Aoyama Hiromu , Wakahara Takatsugu , Maeda Yutaka , Akasaka Takeshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A new fullerodendrimer having fullerene–sulfur bonds as a linkage was prepared by the use of a binary system of organic dichalcogenide. Aggregation of the fullerodendrimer on mica surface was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiment.
Cell cycle and behaviour in Euplotes crassus: an attempt at describing the biological relationship between its cellular and organismic natures
Authors: Banchetti Rosalba , Fosella Tiziana , Vazzoloretto Simona , Erra Fabrizio 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe two‐faced nature of protozoa allowed us to study the relationship between cell cycle and behaviour in Euplotes crassus; the former represents one of the most typical cellular traits, the latter is one of the most significant characteristics of an organism. Dividing cells of E. crassus were isolated on a slide and recorded for 11 h: the classic ethographic parameters were calculated every 60 min. The percentage of mobile cells went from 0–100% in the first 2.5 h. This value was maintained for 6.5 h, but from 9 h the value began to drop, reaching 0% at 11 h. The relative frequency of leftward arcs was very high in the first hour, the radius and length of the arcs increased from 1–7 h; velocity showed a similar trend, peaking at 7 h. All our results showed that the behaviour of this ciliate is heavily affected by its cell‐division cycle.
Bi‐directional mechanical properties of the human forearm interosseous ligament
Authors: Stabile Kathryne J. , Pfaeffle Jamie , Weiss Jeffrey A. , Fischer Kenneth , Tomaino Matthew M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInterest in reconstruction of the interosseous ligament (IOL) of the forearm in the setting of longitudinal radio‐ulnar dissociation has increased in recent years with hopes of improving clinical outcomes. This increased interest has been accompanied by research on biomechanics of the IOL. However, little is known about stress and strain in the IOL under externally applied forearm loads. This information is needed to help guide reconstruction. Mechanical properties of the IOL are needed to properly model the IOL for analyses such as finite element models. The objective of this study was to document the bi‐directional mechanical properties along the fiber direction (longitudinal) and perpendicular to the fiber direction (transverse). Twenty specimens were mounted in a materials testing machine to perform preconditioning and a load to failure tensile test in each direction. Strain markers on the surface of the specimens were tracked with a video system. Data analysis provided stress–strain curves for each specimen. The elastic moduli of longitudinal and transverse specimens were 515 ± 277 and 1.82 ± 2.93 MPa, respectively. The tensile strength and ultimate strain of longitudinal and transverse specimens were 54.1 ± 25.2 and 0.18 ± 0.20 and 16 ± 5% and 34 ± 32%, respectively. The bi‐directional mechanical properties of the IOL compared well with those published for the medial collateral ligament of the knee. The mechanical properties in the longitudinal direction were much greater than those in the transverse direction, which is indicative of the IOL's role in resisting longitudinal loading. The results of this study can be used to generate mathematical models of stress and strain in the IOL. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
How the fixation method stiffness and initial tension affect anterior load–displacement of the knee and tension in anterior cruciate ligament grafts: A study in cadaveric knees using a double‐loop hamstrings graft
Authors: Eagar Paul , Hull M. L. , Howell S. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThere were two objectives to this study. The first was to investigate the relationship of graft fixation stiffness and graft initial tension on the anterior load–displacement behavior of knees reconstructed with a double‐loop hamstrings tendon graft. The second was to determine the corresponding graft tensions at 225 N of anterior force applied to the knee. To satisfy these objectives, the anterior‐load displacement curves were measured for seven cadaveric knees with the ACL intact at flexion angles ranging from 0° to 90°. The ACL was reconstructed in the same knees using a double‐loop hamstrings graft. A/P load–displacement curves of the knee and graft tension were measured as the fixation method stiffness and the initial tension applied at full extension were varied (25–326 N/mm and 25–300 N). The 0 N posterior limit (unloaded position of tibia) and the anterior laxity (difference between the 0 N posterior limit and 225 N anterior limit) were computed to characterize the A/P load–displacement of the intact and reconstructed knees. The key results were that the 0 N posterior limit of the tibia was insensitive to changes in stiffness (p > 0.6503) but that increasing initial tension caused increasing posterior subluxation of the tibia with respect to the femur (p = 0.0001). The tibia was subluxed posteriorly by 5–6 mm on average at high levels of initial tension. Both initial tension and stiffness significantly affected the anterior laxity (p = 0.0001 for both factors). Anterior laxity was restored closely to normal (i.e. <1 mm difference) by relatively high initial tension of 200 N in combination with low stiffness of 25 N/mm and by low initial tension of 25 N in combination with higher stiffness ranging between 94 and 326 N/mm. When anterior laxity is restored to normal using a high initial tension‐low stiffness combination however, the tibia undergoes a large posterior subluxation with respect to the femur in the unloaded state (approximately 5 mm) and a relatively high graft tension of 275 N is developed at 225 N of anterior force. Both the tibial subluxation and graft tension are reduced substantially with low initial tension–higher stiffness combinations because the amount of initial tension required to restore anterior laxity to normal is reduced by about 200 N. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Satan, Father of Revolution or Prince of Exile: The Reflection of Identity Transformation inĀyinah-hā-yi Dardār
Authors: Khorrami Mohammad Mehdi 
Published: November 2003

Hushang Golshiri'sĀyinah-hĀ-yi DardĀris not an easy read. Its possibilities do not present themselves without effort, and, on first reading the novel does not generate a very positive reaction. In fact, for reasons that will be discussed later, the first reading brings up seemingly negative points about this work. It is essential to underline these seemingly negative points because when one takes into account the technical structure of the novel, those same negative points change into the elements which giveĀyinah-hĀ-yi DardĀrits strength. To provide a context for the description of these elements, we should begin with a short summary of the story.Āyinah-hā-yi Dardāris a quasi-travelogue. Ebrahim, the narrator, is a writer who rehearses the elements of his travelogue chiefly through writing about the process of writing the travelogue. He talks about his trip to a few European countries and retells parts of stories he has read to different Iranian communities residing abroad.
Remembering Economics
Authors: Hammond J. Daniel 
Published: November 2003

I showed a draft of my presidential address to a friend the other day. He read for a few minutes, then looked up at me and said, “Your address will be remembered long afterThe Wealth of Nations, Ricardo'sPrinciples, andThe General Theoryare all forgotten, but not until then!”Remembering is what we who read, write, and teach history of economics are about. Historians preserve memory; we collect historical facts, organize them, and store them in conceptual filing systems. Remembering accurately and fully is hard work. Memory is tricky. It is always incomplete. It is well known that different witnesses to an event such as a traffic accident can remember the event quite differently, so that their accounts of what happened seem incompatible with each other. They may even appear not to be reports of the same event.
Imperial reproductions: the circulation of colonial images across popular genres and media in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Polezzi Loredana 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe Fascist phase of the Italian colonial experience was characterized by the diffusion of colonial discourses and imagery across Italian culture. Significantly, it was frequent for the same people to produce texts belonging to diverse genres, often cutting across different media and irrespective of distinctions between elite and popular audiences. Concentrating on representations of the East African territories which were eventually to constitute the Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI), the article analyses the way in which a selected number of images of the colonies spread across different genres and media, arguing in favour of an interdisciplinary approach to colonial processes of representation. Textual and visual mappings of Africa inscribed its territories with European symbols, value systems and signifiers. Geographers and travel writers, in particular, had a fundamental role in creating not only the physical but also the mental space for colonization. They enacted the transformation of East Africa from the dangerous and unmapped setting of the heroic acts of individual explorers to the stage for a collective colonial effort. In their footsteps there followed the discourse of tourism and the tourist industry, which was meant to integrate the image of the colonies with that of the peninsula.
The cultural construction of Italy in Albania and vice versa: migration dynamics, strategies of resistance and politics of mutual self-definition across colonialism and post-colonialism
Authors: Mai Nicola 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThis article analyses the shifting ways in which Italy has been strategically represented in Albania during the different key passages of the latter's relatively recent history as a sovereign independent state. As a parallel narrative, the article also examines the way Albania has been equally strategically represented in Italy before and during the two periods in which Italy has been militarily involved in Albania, and the way this has been consistent with an attempt to elaborate and sustain a politically strategic definition of Italian identity and culture. The history of the asymmetrical relationship between Albania and Italy is deeply embedded in the social, cultural and political environments that are on the two shores of the Adriatic Sea. The cultural construction of Albania in Italy and vice versa of Italy in Albania should be linked to seemingly independent instances of domestic reforms. The dynamics of projective identification or dis-identification stemming from these instances should be seen as intertwined within two parallel processes of mutual definition encompassing both the colonial and the postcolonial relations between and within the two countries.