bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cytokine‐producing Th cells from hen egg lysozyme‐immunized mice reveals large numbers specific for “cryptic” peptides and different repertoires among different Th populations
Authors: Peters Nathan C. , Hamilton Duane H. , Bretscher Peter A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe employed an optimized ex vivo enzyme‐linked immunospot assay for enumerating and defining the peptide specificity of all the hen egg lysozyme (HEL)‐specific Th cells producing IL‐2, IFN‐γ, or IL‐4, in different lymphoid organs of HEL‐immunized BALB/c and CBA mice. Previous studies, employing T cell proliferation assays, demonstrated that lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with HEL emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) are specific for HEL105–120. In contrast, we found that the spleens of BALB/c mice immunized with HEL/CFA, or with heat‐aggregated HEL on aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, contain IL‐4‐producing T cells specific for other HEL peptides, previously characterized as “cryptic”, with consistent responses to HEL11–25. The Th repertoire expressed in different lymphoid organs of the same immunized mouse can be different, as can the repertoire of Th cells producing different cytokines and present in one lymphoid organ. In addition, we found that the repertoire of Th cells generated depends upon the adjuvant employed. Lastly, the summation of responses elicited by a panel of non‐overlapping HEL peptides is equal to that elicited by HEL. This high‐resolution study thus illustrates that the Th repertoire generated upon HEL immunization depends upon diverse parameters, and that the natural processing of HEL gives rise to more diverse peptides then previously evident from studies employing T cell proliferation assays.
Limited role for the thymus in SIV pathogenesis
Authors: Borghans José A. M. , Hazenberg Mette D. , Miedema Frank 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe role of the thymus in the pathogenesis of AIDS is a frequently discussed and controversial topic. Tuttleton Arron et al. studied the role of thymic output in SIV infection directly, by comparing the dynamics of TCR excision circles and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers in healthy and in SIV‐infected euthymic and thymectomized rhesus macaques. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, they report that complete abrogation of thymic output in juvenile rhesus macaques has very little impact on the peripheral T cell compartment, both in healthy and in SIV‐infected macaques. Their data therefore suggest that the main cause of CD4+ T cell loss during SIV infection is the peripheral effect of SIV, and not its effect on thymic output.See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200424996
Multigrid acceleration for transonic aerodynamic flow simulations based on a hierarchical formulation
Authors: Hafez Mohamed , Wahba Essam 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a companion paper, the authors used a hierarchical formulation based on a Helmholtz velocity decomposition to simulate transonic flows over airfoils. The potential flow formulation is augmented with entropy and vorticity corrections and the numerical results are compared to standard Euler and Navier–Stokes calculations. For many aerodynamic applications, the corrections are limited to relatively small regions; the flow in the near and far fields is irrotational and isentropic. The entropy and vorticity corrections are governed by convection/diffusion equations while the non‐homogeneous potential equation is of mixed type; elliptic in the subsonic domain and hyperbolic in the supersonic one. The forcing function represents the necessary correction for mass conservation. Upwind schemes are used for the convection terms of the scalar equations of the corrections and for the potential equation in the supersonic region. The formulation can be viewed as an implementation of a viscous/inviscid interaction procedure which is equivalent to Navier–Stokes equations in the inner field.In this paper, convergence acceleration techniques are applied for such a formulation using single and multiple grids. For a single grid, optimal relaxation parameters for subsonic potential flow regions and local artificial time steps for the scalar correction equations have been used. A full multigrid technique is implemented to the augmented potential equation. Only three grids: coarse, intermediate and fine meshes are used. Results for both inviscid and viscous transonic flows are presented. It is noticed that the potential and the viscous flow calculations, based on the present formulation, have comparable convergence histories. The limited applications of multigrid result in an order of magnitude saving of the work units for both calculations. More savings should be achievable with more sophisticated multigrid procedures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic structure and stability of AlnPn (n = 2–4) clusters
Authors: Qu Yuhui , Bian Xiufang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe geometry, electronic configurations, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and stability of the structural isomers of aluminum phosphide clusters have been investigated using the density functional theory. For dimers and trimers, the lowest energy structures are cyclic (IIs, IIIs) with Dnh symmetry. The caged structure with Td symmetry (Xs) lie lowest in energy among the tetramers. The AlP bond dominates the structures for many isomers so that one preferred dissociation channel is loss of the AlP monomer. The hybridization and chemical bonding in the different structures are also discussed. Comparisons with silicon and boron nitride clusters, the ground state structures of AlnPn clusters are analogous to those of their corresponding Si2n counterparts. This similarity follows the isoelectronic principle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 226–234, 2005
Physical properties of yogurt fortified with various commercial whey protein concentrates
Authors: Sodini Isabelle , Montella John , Tong Phillip S 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effects of whey protein concentrates on physical and rheological properties of yogurt were studied. Five commercial whey protein concentrates (340 g kg−1 protein nominal) were used to fortify milk to 45 g protein kg−1. Fermentation was performed with two different starters (ropy and non‐ropy). Resulting yogurts were compared with a control yogurt enriched with skim milk powder. The water‐holding capacity of the yogurt fortified with skim milk powder was 500 g kg−1 and ranged from 600 to 638 g kg−1 when fortified with whey protein concentrates. Significant rheological differences have been noticed between the yogurts fortified with different whey protein concentrates, independent of the starter used. Three whey protein concentrates generated yogurts with a behavior similar to the control. The two others produced yogurt with lower firmness (15 g compared with 17 g), lower Brookfield viscosity (6 Pa s compared with 9 Pa s), lower yield stress (2 Pa compared with 4 Pa), lower complex viscosity (13 Pa s compared with 26 Pa s), and lower apparent viscosity (0.4 Pa s compared with 1 Pa s) than the control, respectively. The yogurts with the lowest firmness and viscosity were produced with concentrates which contained the highest amount of non‐protein nitrogen fraction (160 g kg−1 versus 126 g kg−1 of the total nitrogen), and the highest amount of denaturation of the whey protein (262 versus 200 g kg−1 of the total nitrogen). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry for the quantitative bioanalysis of anticancer drugs
Authors: Stokvis Ellen , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe monitoring of anticancer drugs in biological fluids and tissues is important during both pre‐clinical and clinical development and often in routine clinical use. Traditionally, liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, or electrochemical detection is employed for this purpose. The successful hyphenation of LC and mass spectrometry (MS), however, has dramatically changed this. MS detection provides better sensitivity and selectivity than UV detection and, in addition, is applicable to a significantly larger group of compounds than fluorescence or electrochemical detection. Therefore, LC‐MS has now become the method of first choice for the quantitative bioanalysis of many anticancer agents. There are still, however, a lot of new developments to be expected in this area, such as the introduction of more sensitive and robust mass spectrometers, high‐throughput analyses, and further optimization of the coupled LC systems. Many articles have appeared in this field in recent years and are reviewed here. We conclude that LC‐MS is an extremely powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of anticancer drugs in biological samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:887–917, 2005
Applying proteomics technology to platelet research
Authors: García Angel , Watson Steve P. , Dwek Raymond A. , Zitzmann Nicole 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPlatelets are small enucleated cells that circulate in the blood, where they play a key role in hemostasis and contribute to the formation of vascular plugs. Pathologically, they are involved in thrombosis and heart disease. Because platelets do not have a nucleus, proteomics offers a powerful way to approach their biology. Proteomics technology is based on the huge analytical power offered by mass spectrometry in combination with several separation techniques, such as two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) or multidimensional liquid chromatography. Proteomics provides information about the complete set of proteins present in platelets, the platelet proteome, including post‐translational variants. Over the last years, several research groups have applied proteomics to platelet research. A detailed analysis of the general proteome and signaling cascades in human platelets will improve our knowledge of platelet function, and thereby aid the development of new therapeutic agents to treat thrombotic diseases. This review presents the major advances in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics techniques and their application to platelet research, and analyzes in detail the most relevant contributions to the field. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24: 918–930, 2005
Determining newspaper marketing zones using contiguous clustering
Authors: Mehrotra Anuj , Shantz Joseph , Trick Michael A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe develop a heuristic procedure for partitioning graphs into clusters of nodes such that each cluster of nodes induces a connected subgraph with the objective of minimizing the differences within clusters as measured by the total differences between all pairs of nodes of a cluster. We apply our procedure to determine optimal delivery zones for community sections of a major newspaper while including a number of operational constraints. Our results demonstrate a 18–56% improvement in the total differences within the zones designed over the usual intuitive heuristics. Given the magnitude of the revenue generated by larger local newspapers through zoning, our method demonstrates how better zoning can significantly enhance the value of segmentation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
An epidemiological investigation of off‐label anticonvulsant drug use in the Georgia Medicaid population
Authors: Chen Hua , Deshpande Aparna D. , Jiang Rong , Martin Bradley C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeThe primary objective was to determine the prevalence of off‐label anticonvulsant drug use in the Georgia Medicaid population and establish what percentage of this off‐label use is evidence‐based. The second objective was to investigate differences in the prevalence of off‐label use among anticonvulsants marketed before and after 1993. The third objective was to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with off‐label use.MethodThe study design was a retrospective study utilizing pharmacy, inpatient, outpatient and long‐term care claims linked with eligibility files for persons with Georgia Medicaid benefits in 1999 through 2000. An anticonvulsant recipient was considered an off‐label anticonvulsant user if their anticonvulsant use did not match age or medical diagnoses in the product label. An evidence‐based off‐label use was defined as off‐label anticonvulsant use supported by at least one randomized controlled clinical trial. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with off‐label use.Results34 676 (71.3%) of 48 648 patients on one or more anticonvulsants received an off‐label prescription for an anticonvulsant. Gabapentin was the anticonvulsant most widely used off‐label (86%). After accounting for labeled and all evidence‐based uses for the six most frequently prescribed anticonvulsants, there was a moderate to large percentage of anticonvulsant use not supported by any evidence from controlled trials (range: 19.09–57.07%). The most common comorbidities among patients prescribed the top six anticonvulsants were diabetes mellitus, depression, schizophrenia and pain. Anticonvulsants launched after 1993 had a higher prevalence of off‐label use than anticonvulsants marketed before 1993. Off‐label drug use varied by age with children and adolescents being the most likely to receive an off‐label anticonvulsant. Compared with other practitioners, neurologists were more likely to prescribe anticonvulsants off‐label.ConclusionsThe anticonvulsant off‐label use in the Georgia Medicaid population is very high (71%). Only a modest proportion of these off‐label uses are supported by evidence from controlled trials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of convective heat transfer to polymer manufacturing molds
Authors: Abdullah M.Z. , Bickerton S. , Bhattacharyya D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMany complex and dimensionally stable plastic products are manufactured using processes such as blow molding, thermoforming, injection molding, and rotational molding due to various advantages offered by these techniques. However, in many cases, product cycle times—and hence productivity—are limited by the time required to heat up and cool down the mold and the product. This is particularly true for rotational molding of thermoplastics. Due to the complex rotation of the mold, heating and cooling are most commonly achieved by convection to the external surfaces of the mold using air as the transfer medium. The objective of this work is to achieve substantial enhancement in convective heat transfer to mold exteriors and ultimately to reduce production cycle times. In this paper, the application of extended surfaces and roughened textures to molds is investigated. Extended surfaces have the potential to enhance heat transfer by increasing the surface area. Roughness elements are utilized in conjunction with turbulent flows, also producing significant increases in heat transfer rates. A steady state analysis using well‐established techniques has been performed to estimate the heat transfer enhancement, and a series of simple experiments have been carried out. The predicted enhancements to heat transfer are substantial, and have been verified by the preliminary experimental results. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:114–124, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamic finite element analysis of nonlinear isotropic hyperelastic and viscoelastic materials for thermoforming applications
Authors: Erchiqui Fouad , Gakwaya Augustin , Rachik Mohamed 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this work, a dynamic finite element method is used in modeling and numerical simulation of the viscoelastic and hyperelastic behavior of a thin, isotropic, and incompressible thermoplastic membrane. The viscoelastic behavior (Lodge, Christensen) and hyperelastic behavior (Ogden and Mooney‐Rivlin), are considered. The thermoforming of the sheet is performed under the action of perfect gas flows. The pressure load used in modeling is thus deduced from the thermodynamic law of perfect gases. The Lagrangian formulation together with the assumption of the membrane theory is used in the finite element implementation. The numerical validation is performed by comparing the obtained results with measured experimental data for the polymeric acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) membrane inflation. Moreover, the influence of the Lodge, the Christensen, the Mooney‐Rivlin, and the Ogden constitutive models on the thickness and on the stress distribution in the thermoforming sheet are analyzed. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:125–134, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers
Culture of mouse prostatic epithelial cells from genetically engineered mice
Authors: Barclay Wendy W. , Cramer Scott D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe lack of appropriate prostate cancer models is a major problem for prostate cancer research. Progress has been made towards the development of better in vivo rodent genetic models for prostatic disease. However, an in vitro model is often preferred for the elucidation of cellular mechanisms involved in the disease.METHODSWe microdissected the four prostatic lobes from young male mice, harvested the epithelial components, and grew epithelial cells from these tissues. We maintained the growth of these cells in long‐term and three‐dimensional culture.RESULTSWe have reproducibly harvested and cultured for extended passages mouse prostatic epithelial cells (MPECs) from a variety of mouse genetic strains. These cells express luminal and basal epithelial markers as well as the androgen receptor. Additionally, MPECs form classic branching structures in a three‐dimensional collagen matrix.CONCLUSIONSWe have developed a novel culture system to harvest and grow MPECs in long‐term culture. These cells will serve as a useful in vitro complement to studies using mouse genetic models for prostatic disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of three lichen species
Authors: Odabasoglu Fehmi , Aslan Ali , Cakir Ahmet , Suleyman Halis , Karagoz Yalcin , Halici Mesut , Bayir Yasin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe antioxidant activities (AA), reducing powers (RP) and total phenolic contents (TPC) of methanol and water extracts of three lichen species, Usnea longissima Ach., Usnea ﬂorida (L.) Weber ex Wigg. and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. were determined in vitro. Of the extracts tested, the methanol extracts of Lobaria pulmonaria and Usnea longissima showed potent antioxidant activities. The methanol extract of L. pulmonaria also had the highest total phenolic contents (87.9 mg/g lyophylisate). For the methanol extract of this species, there was also a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents. However, a similar correlation was not observed for U. longissima. Although the methanol extract of U. longissima had a lower phenolic content (38.6 mg/g lyophylisate), it exhibited potent antioxidant activity. On the other hand, there was a strong correlation between the reducing powers and the total phenolic contents of the extracts. The highest reducing power was determined for the methanol extract of L. pulmonaria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral intake of proanthocyanidin‐rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasma
Authors: Yamakoshi Jun , Sano Atsushi , Tokutake Shoichi , Saito Makoto , Kikuchi Mamoru , Kubota Yoshiro , Kawachi Yasuhiro , Otsuka Fujio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChloasma (melasma), an acquired hypermelanosis, is often recalcitrant to various treatments and an amenable, as well as safe, pigment‐reducing modality is needed. We investigated that the reducing effect of proanthocyanidin, a powerful antioxidant, on chloasma in a one‐year open design study. Proanthocyanidin‐rich grape seed extract (GSE) was orally administered to 12 Japanese woman candidates with chloasma for 6 months between August 2001 and January 2002 and to 11 of these 12 for 5 months between March and July 2002. Clinical observation, L* value (lightening) and melanin index, and size (length and width) measurements of chloasma were performed throughout the study period. The ﬁrst 6 months of GSE intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 10 of the 12 women (83%, p < 0.01) and following 5 months of intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 6 of the 11 candidates (54%, p < 0.01). L* values also increased after GSE intake (57.8 ± 2.5 at the start vs 59.3 ± 2.3 at 6 months and 58.7 ± 2.5 at the end of study). Melanin‐index signiﬁcantly decreased after 6 months of the intake (0.025 ± 0.005 at the start vs 0.019 ± 0.004 at 6 months) (p < 0.01), and also decreased at the end of study (0.021 ± 0.005) (p < 0.05). GSE is effective in reducing the hyperpigmentation of women with chloasma. The beneﬁcial effects of GSE was maximally achieved after 6 months and these was no further improvement after this period. The latter GSE intake for 5 months may prevent chloasma from becoming worse prior to the summer season. GSE is safe and useful for improving chloasma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piperitone from Mentha longifolia var. chorodictya Rech F. reduces the nitrofurantoin resistance of strains of enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Shahverdi A. R. , Raﬁi F. , Tavassoli F. , Bagheri M. , Attar F. , Ghahraman A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe diluted essential oil of Mentha longifolia (L.) var. chlorodictya Rech F. foliage enhanced the bactericidal activity of nitrofurantoin decreasing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nitrofurantoin for nitrofurantoin‐resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the essential oil detected a fraction (Rf = 0.35, UV λmax of 232.5), which was the most effective in enhancement of nitrofurantoin activity. Using gas liquid chromatography and known standards, the active fraction was identiﬁed as piperitone. 1 µl of the piperitone fraction decreased the MIC of nitrofurantoin 3–20 fold for the different strains of Enterobacteriaceae tested. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient generation of distributed spherical Gaussian basis sets for molecules
Authors: Makarewicz J. , Glushkov V. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn attempt is made to generate the spherical Gaussian distributed basis sets whose parameters are determined by means of a compromise between fully empirical prescriptions and fully optimized procedure. A hypersurface of the energy in a space of nonlinear Gaussian parameters for the molecular ion H and the H2, LiH, and He2 molecules is carefully analyzed, which allows us to propose a practical scheme for generation of nearly optimal basis sets. Three fundamental elements important for the construction of distributed molecular basis sets are discussed: orbital exponents, positions of basis set functions, and their partition of the localized subsets. Parameters generating nearly optimal exponents and positions of the basis functions are introduced. The set of the employed generating parameters is smaller than the original set of the exponents and positions by about three times. The designed basis sets defined by only 12 nonlinear parameters provide sub‐μhartree accuracy of three low‐lying states of H. Similarly, sub‐μhartree accuracy is achieved for the Hartree–Fock energy of H2, LiH, and He2 in the ground electronic state. Simple rules of the parameter reduction found for these molecules can be used for other molecules. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: XXII. ISO 22048:2004—Surface chemical analysis—Information format for static secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Gilmore I. S. , Seah M. P. , Henderson A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis International Standard provides a digital format to store and transfer between computers, in a compact way, important calibration and instrumental parameter data necessary to make effective use of spectral data files from static SIMS instruments. This format is designed to supplement the data transfer format specified in ISO 14976. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.