bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of PVC–PMMA polymer blend compositions by XPS in the presence of x‐ray degradation effects
Authors: Artyushkova K. , Fulghum J. E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is widely used for the quantitative surface analysis of polymer blends. The compositions of some polymers can change under x‐ray exposure, influencing peak intensities and positions in survey spectra and, in addition, the peak shapes in high‐energy resolution spectra. In order to quantify spectra acquired after prolonged (>15 min) x‐ray exposure, polymer decomposition may need to be taken into account. Calculating the surface composition of a polymer blend using survey and high‐resolution core‐level spectra is thus not always straightforward. Halogenated compounds, especially chlorinated, are known to degrade with x‐ray exposure, resulting in a decrease in the Cl 2p photopeak intensity and an increase in C 1s intensity. In this work, 50 : 50 PVC–PMMA blends are used to evaluate quantitative methods that correct for PVC degradation, based upon either survey or high‐resolution spectra. For survey quantification, degradation data were acquired from both blends and pure polymers in order to measure the rate of change of the photoelectron signal intensity. Correction factors were developed based on changes in C 1s, O 1s and Cl 2p intensities as a function of analysis time. High‐resolution C 1s spectra were curve‐fit using photopeak shapes acquired from PVC and PMMA standards. After degradation, an additional peak attributed to hydrocarbon (HC), which is the product of PVC dehydrochlorination, is required in the curve‐fit. Non‐uniform HC contamination present initially in some of the PVC–PMMA blends complicates the quantification. The determination of PVC and PMMA concentrations based upon different approaches to the C 1s curve‐fitting is presented.The influence of PVC degradation on image appearance and analysis has also been investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and classification methods are used to extract maps of the pure components from a degradation image data set. The maps are compared with elemental XPS images and maps of the pure components extracted from an images‐to‐spectra data set. Analysis of the image data provides insight into the difficulties in basing quantification on the C 1s photopeak curve‐fits. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment
Authors: Chang Sea‐Jin , Rosenzweig Philip M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRelatively few studies have examined the importance of an entry's sequential position to the choice of foreign entry mode. We use a dynamic model to analyze sequential entries into the United States from 1975 to 1992. Our findings show that several independent variables which explain a firm's initial mode of entry do not explain the modes of subsequent entries. These findings underscore the importance of experience in foreign investment, as companies learn from early entries and adapt the modes of subsequent ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of oleoresin capsicum (pepper) sprays for self‐defense against captive wildlife
Authors: Miller David S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPepper (oleoresin capsicum) sprays appear to be a “less‐than‐lethal” option for repelling attacks by captive wildlife. These products may also deter wildlife from approaching, before an attack occurs. Such products should only be used when human life or severe injury is at stake. These products work by causing irritation of the ocular and respiratory membranes that distracts or debilitates the attacker. In humans, inflammation of the mucous membranes that restricts respiration and causes eyelid swelling, along with variable responses to pain, can debilitate aggressive people long enough to allow escape or application of restraint. However, some highly motivated animals may not be sufficiently incapacitated by the physiological effects of pepper spray on mucous membranes, and may also be able to override any sensations of pain. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has registered pepper spray products that appear to be effective against dogs and bears. However, little data are available to justify the registration of some products. It is important to consider effective spray distance, spray pattern, duration of spray, quantity of content, canister size, and safety features when selecting a product. A training program and policies for the use of pepper sprays should be in place before providing the product to staff. Safety and decontamination protocols need to be included as a part of training procedures. Local law enforcement agencies may be able to assist with training programs and for addressing liability issues. Zoo Biol 20:389–398, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurofuzzy control of a low‐temperature desulphurization plant
Authors: Pham D. T. , Nicholas I. A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLow‐temperature desulphurization (LTD) is a low‐cost alternative to conventional wet scrubbing for removing sulphur dioxide from flue gas produced by power generating plants. A problem in the design of conventional controllers to achieve and maintain process conditions for optimal desulphurisation is the lack of mathematical models to characterise the complex desulphurization process and unexpected environ mental disturbances. The aim of the work reported in this paper was to replace a skilled human operator who could successfully regulate the LTD plant through manipulation of low‐level controllers with a competitive neurofuzzy system, which possesses both the learning ability of neural networks and the structural transparency of fuzzy logic systems. A hierarchical control structure was adopted whereby the competitive neurofuzzy method was used at the top level for co‐ordinating actions of low‐level conventional controllers. This approach would considerably simplify the task of designing the control system and has been shown to yield high‐level controllers with performances at least equalling that of expert operators, as demonstrated in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemoglobin S‐C disease revisited: Clinical study of 106 adults
Authors: Koduri Prasad Rao , Agbemadzo Bernard , Nathan Sunita 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe describe the clinical features of S‐C hemoglobin disease in 106 adults seen during the years 1972–2000 and followed for a mean period of 6.8 years (range 1–27 years). The median age of the patients was 50 years. Common clinical features were pain crisis (65%), avascular necrosis of the hip (23%), proliferative sickle retinopathy (34%), and splenic infarction/splenic sequestration syndrome (19%). Acute splenic sequestration crisis occurred in 10 patients and was the presenting feature in two. Obesity (19.8%), essential hypertension (20.7%), and type‐2 diabetes mellitus (10.3%) were common. The frequent occurrence of these co‐morbidities among patients with hemoglobin S‐C disease has not been reported previously. Am. J. Hematol. 68:298–300, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring of CD59 expression in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria treated with danazol
Authors: Katayama Yoshio , Hiramatsu Y. , Kohriyama K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe describe a 52‐year‐old man with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and a moderate transfusion requirement. Prior to and during sequential therapy with androgen (metenolone), glucocorticoid, and danazol, we evaluated CD59‐negative expression (PNH clone) in red blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocyte subsets, and bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells. Although androgen and glucocorticoid were not effective for recovery of blood cell counts, the hemoglobin and platelet levels increased immediately after the therapy with danazol and the patient became transfusion independent. However, neither the serum level of LDH nor the percentage of PNH clone in each cell lineage, including BM CD34+ cells, decreased. The number of nucleated cells in BM increased drastically after the start of danazol. These findings suggest that the efficacy of danazol was not only due to the impediment of hemolysis but also due to stimulation of PNH clone proliferation in BM. Am. J. Hematol. 68:280‐‐283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Book Review
Authors: Anemone Robert L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPrimate Ecology and Social Structure, Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. By Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. 1999. 284 pp. ISBN 0‐536‐02256‐9. $41.95 (paper).Primate Ecology and Social Structure, Volume 2: New World Monkeys. By Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. 2000. 207 pp. ISBN 0‐536‐60265‐4. $35.95 (paper).
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor enhances fast excitatory synaptic transmission in human epileptic dentate gyrus
Authors: Zhu Wei Jian , Roper Steven N. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has trophic effects and modulates synaptic transmission in the hippocampal formation in animal studies. It is also upregulated in acute and chronic epilepsy models and in human temporal lobe epilepsy. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of BDNF on fast synaptic transmission in the human epileptic dentate gyrus. Hippocampal specimens were acquired from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy during surgical removal of the anterior temporal lobe intended to treat the epileptic condition. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were obtained from dentate granule cells in transverse hippocampal slices in vitro. Application of BDNF increased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and increased the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents. BDNF had no effect on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents but produced a decrease in amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents. BDNF's effects were abolished by coapplication of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a. Therefore, BDNF enhances fast excitatory transmission in the epileptic human dentate gyrus and may play an important role in epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy. This raises the possibility of designing therapies for this disorder that may be both anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic.
Chromogranins as markers of altered hippocampal circuitry in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Pirker Susanne , Czech Thomas , Baumgartner Christoph , Maier Hans , Novak Klaus , Fürtinger Sabine , Fischer‐Colbrie Reiner , Sperk Günther 
Published: September 2002

AbstractChromogranins are polypeptides which are widely expressed in the central nervous system. They are stored in dense core vesicles of nerve terminals, from where they are released upon stimulation. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the distribution of chromogranin A, chromogranin B, secretoneurin, and, for comparison, dynorphin in hippocampal specimens removed at routine surgery from patients with drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and in autopsy tissues from nonneurologically deceased subjects. In post mortem controls (n = 21), immunoreactivity for all four peptides (most prominently for chromogranin B and dynorphin) was observed in the terminal field of mossy fibers. For chromogranins, staining was observed also in sectors CA1 to CA3 and in the subiculum. Chromogranin B immunoreactivity was found in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the area of terminating associational‐commissural fibers. Secretoneurin and dynorphin immunoreactivity labeled the outer molecular layer and the stratum lacunosum moleculare of sectors CA1 to CA3, where projections from the entorhinal cortex terminate. In specimens with Ammon's horn sclerosis (n = 25), staining for all three chromogranins and for dynorphin was reduced in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Instead, intense staining was observed in the inner molecular layer, presumably delineating terminals of sprouted mossy fibers. Specimens obtained from temporal lobe epilepsy patients without Ammon's horn sclerosis (n = 4) lacked this pronounced rearrangement of mossy fibers. In the stratum lacunosum moleculare of sector CA1, secretoneurin and dynorphin immunoreactivity was reduced in sclerotic, but not in nonsclerotic, specimens, paralleling the partial loss of fibers arising from the entorhinal cortex. Instead, presumably sprouted secretoneurin‐immunoreactive fibers were found in the outer dentate molecular layer in sclerotic specimens. These changes in staining patterns for chromogranins and dynorphin mark profound plastic and functional rearrangement of hippocampal circuitry in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Levodopa induces dyskinesias in normal squirrel monkeys
Authors: Togasaki Daniel M. , Tan Louis , Protell Peter , Di Monte Donato A. , Quik Maryka , Langston J. William 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study assessed whether or not levodopa induces dyskinesias in normal (ie, unlesioned) squirrel monkeys. All six animals treated twice daily with levodopa (15 mg/kg with carbidopa by oral gavage) for two weeks developed choreoathetoid dyskinesias, whereas none of the vehicle‐treated animals displayed any abnormal movements. These dyskinesias did not merely reflect a generalized motor activation as locomotion was actually suppressed. The present data demonstrate that preexisting nigrostriatal damage is not necessary for the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesias.
Flashlamp pumping of erbium‐doped silicon nanoclusters
Authors: Kenyon A. J. , Chryssou C. E. , Pitt C. W. , Iwayama T. S. , Hole D. E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe report recent results showing broad‐band excitation of erbium ions implanted into thin films of silica containing silicon nanoclusters. Indirect excitation of the rare‐earth ions is mediated by the nanoclusters, which are either grown in during plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition of the films, or are formed by implantation of thermally grown SiO2 layers with Si+ ions. We demonstrate efficient flashlamp pumping of the erbium 1535 µm photoluminescence band and discuss the device implications of this material. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Connexin43 in mouse Leydig, Sertoli, and germinal cells at different stages of postnatal development
Authors: Bravo‐Moreno J. Francisco , Díaz‐Sánchez Vicente , Montoya‐Flores José G. , Lamoyi Edmundo , Saéz Juan C. , Pérez‐Armendariz E. Martha 
Published: September 2002

AbstractConnexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant and ubiquitously distributed gap junction protein in testicular cells. Lack of Cx43 expression results in male infertility. We investigated whether Cx43 is expressed and regulated in Leydig, Sertoli and germinal cells at different stages of postnatal development. Cx43 was detected using three different antibodies shown by immunoblotting to be highly specific. At different postnatal ages Cx43 localization was compared in serial or double labeled testicular cryosections with immunocytochemical distribution of steroidogenic enzyme, 3 βhidroxysteroid‐dehydrogenase (3βHSD), Mullerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), and germinal nuclear cell antigen (GNCA1), which are specific markers of interstitial Leydig, Sertoli and germinal cells, respectively. In the interstitium, round cell clumps (RCC) with lipid droplets positive for 3βHSD and Cx43 were frequently found at intertubular areas at birth and Cx43 was mainly localized at cell membrane appositions. From day 3, the number and size of 3βHSD‐positive RCC started to decrease, and reached a minimum at 7–14 dpp; Cx43 expressed by them is progressively downregulated. From day 21 an increase in the size and number of RCC positive for Cx43 and 3βHSD was found that continued at 24, 26 and 28 days and reached a maximum at 35 and 60 dpp. Biphasic expression of interstitial Cx43 and 3βHSD was also found to be positively and temporally correlated with fluctuations in intratesticular testosterone content at all ages studied. In the seminiferous cord (SC), Cx43 was expressed at birth between adjacent Sertoli cells (MIH positive) localized at the periphery, as well as in their cytoplasm projections that surround centrally localized gonocytes. From days 3 to 7, Cx43 labeling increased in Sertoli cells mainly at their apical border. At day 14, Cx43 distribution in Sertoli cells changed from apical to basal in parallel to migration of germinal (GNCA1‐positive) cells from the periphery to the center of the SC. At all these ages, Cx43 was also localized at cell borders between Sertoli and germinal cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Cx43 in Leydig cells is regulated during postnatal development in an age and functional dependent manner. In the tubule, it is demonstrated that Cx43 is modulated in Sertoli cells during the neonatal and prepubertal period. We also provide evidence for the first time that Cx43‐gap junctions communicate between Sertoli and germinal cells before and during the first wave of spermatogenesis. Anat Rec 264:13–24, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult stem cells and neurogenesis: Historical roots and state of the art
Authors: Geuna S. , Borrione P. , Fornaro M. , Giacobini‐Robecchi M.G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOver the last few years, an impressive number of papers have addressed the stem cell issue. However, as often occurs when a scientific subject undergoes a period of fast growth, some confusion is generated. To help reduce the existing uncertainty, this paper focuses on the concept of adult stem cells in relation to the classification of cell populations on the basis their proliferative behavior. Particular attention is dedicated to adult neural stem cells, an issue that has recently seen the most amazing advances. Finally, the concept of adult stem cells is differentiated from that of developmental stem cells in relation to the employment of stem cells for transplantation therapies. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:132–141, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do meiotic chromosomes meet their homologous partners?: lessons from fission yeast
Authors: Yamamoto Ayumu , Hiraoka Yasushi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHomologous chromosome pairing is required for proper chromosome segregation and recombination during meiosis. The mechanism by which a pair of homologous chromosomes contact each other to establish pairing is not fully understood. When pairing occurs during meiotic prophase in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the nucleus oscillates between the cell poles and telomeres remain clustered at the leading edge of the moving nucleus. These meiosis‐specific activities produce movements of telomere‐bundled chromosomes. Several lines of evidence suggest that these movements facilitate homologous chromosome pairing by aligning homologous chromosomes and promoting contact between homologous regions. Since telomere clustering and nuclear or chromosome movements in meiotic prophase have been observed in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, it is suggested that telomere‐mediated chromosome movements are general activities that facilitate homologous chromosome pairing. BioEssays 23:526–533, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cycle‐regulated genes and cell cycle regulation
Authors: D'Ari Richard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe transcriptional profile of the entire Caulobacter crescentus genome over a synchronous cell cycle was recently described.(1) The analysis reveals a stunning 553 cell‐cycle‐regulated genes or orfs, nearly 19% of the genome, including putative functions in virtually all biological activities. Over a quarter of these genes/orfs respond to the Caulobacter master regulator, CtrA, most of them apparently indirectly. The analysis confirms and extends earlier observations showing that many proteins involved in cell cycle functions are expressed at the cell age when they are needed. Conversely, the data suggest that proteins specifically expressed at a particular age may be involved in a process taking place then. BioEssays 23:563–565, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of mitogens on synthesis and distribution of heparan and chondroitin sulphates by human leukemic B, T cells and monocytes studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography and radiochemical detection
Authors: Makatsori E. , Tsegenidis T. , Karamanos N. K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHuman leukemic cell lines, Jurkat (T‐cell leukemia), Daudi (Burkitt's lymphoma, B‐cell leukemia) and THP‐1 (acute monocytic leukemia) synthesize chondroitin sulphate (CS) and heparan sulphate (HS) in both cell membrane and culture medium. CS is the major secreted GAG in all cell lines, as well as the major cell‐retarded glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in Jurkat and Daudi, whereas HS is the major GAG in the cell membrane of THP‐1. The effects of mitogenic substances on both synthesis and distribution of GAGs in Jurkat, Daudi and THP‐1, independently of their effect on cell proliferation, were studied. The secretion of CS and HS from Jurkat was significantly suppressed by using 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3). These mitogens had different effect on the synthesis of cell‐associated GAG by Jurkat, depending on the mitogen type. Addition of TPA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Daudi's culture medium resulted in increased synthesis of HS, while no effect on CS synthesis was noticed. Furthermore, in the presence of LPS, THP‐1 produce slightly lower amounts of CS, whereas this mitogen significantly suppresses the HS synthesis in both culture medium and cell membrane. The obtained data clearly demonstrate that the various mitogenic substances participate in the regulation of GAG synthesis. The effects are dependent on the type of mitogen and the cell line. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective high‐performance liquid chromatography of therapeutically relevant aminoalcohols as their fluorescent 1‐naphthyl isocyanate derivatives
Authors: Ullrich Thomas , Menge Sieglinde , Schmid Martin , Gübitz Gerald , Krauss Gerd‐Joachim 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA method for determining the enantiomers of 10 therapeutically relevant aminoalcohols using HPLC and precolumn derivatization was developed. Naphthyl isocyanate reacted with racemic aminoalcohols to form urea derivatives which were separated isocratically on a cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated silica gel column, and detected fluorometrically in the lower ng mL−1 range. The effluents can also be monitored at lower sensitivity, using an ultraviolet detector operated at 220 nm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Judging jury service: Results of the north Carolina administrative office of the courts juror survey*
Authors: Cutler Brian L. , Hughes Donna M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study examined venirepersons' and jurors' levels of satisfaction with jury service. Surveys were distributed to all persons who reported for state court jury service during two one‐week periods in each North Carolina county. Questions concerned satisfaction with various aspects of jury service, the effects of service, hardships experienced, details of and reactions to cases heard, and basic demographic information. Responses were obtained from 82 of the 100 counties and 4,654 venirepersons (of whom 1,478 served as jurors). Consistent with prior research on juror experiences, results generally revealed high levels of satisfaction and positive opinions about various aspects of jury service. Service did not influence opinions about the courts for most respondents, and those whose opinions changed tended to become more positive about jury service. Suggestions for future research emphasize giving higher priority to publishing unpublished research on jury experience, explaining the high satisfaction levels observed in samples of jurors, and examining the impact of trial reform on juror satisfaction levels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.