bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
G
Authors: Beaton K B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sammeln expresses the basic meaning of gather and collect, ‘to bring together into one place or group’, and is used in several contexts.The main difference between collect and sammeln is that sammeln can only be used when several things are brought together on different occasions and over a period of time, which is usually fairly long, but is occasionally short. You can collect your passport at the beginning of next week involves only one object and one occasion, and collect means ‘to go/come and get’. Here abholen is used.
Case Marking and the Experiencer Verbs in OId English
Authors: Allen Cynthia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the next two chapters, we will look at some ‘impersonal’ constructions in OE, as well as some ‘personal’ constructions closely related to them. The present chapter is a primarily descriptive one which surveys some of these constructions and looks at the question of how frequent particular constructions were with individual verbs. This chapter is by no means intended as an exhaustive discussion of the experiencer constructions of OE, or the related ‘personal’ constructions found with the experiencer verbs. Rather, my purpose is to lay the groundwork for an examination of what effect the loss of case-marking distinctions had on the assignment of grammatical relations. Given the intense interest which these constructions have generated in syntacticians within the generative framework, as well as the continued interest in this subject on the part of scholars of English, it might be thought that no further work would be necessary into the question of what sorts of ‘impersonal’ constructions were part of OE.
Change in Passives: Single Objects
Authors: Allen Cynthia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that in OE, verbs which took dative objects could appear with passive verbal morphology, but unlike verbs which took accusative objects, the dative object retained its case marking. This situation changed in ME, as the following examples show: I will call constructions like those in (198), (199), (200), and (201) ‘direct’ passives, and the older type in which the dative object retains dative marking ‘indirect’ passives. Closely related to this change in passivization is the advent of ‘recipient’ passives, such as he was given a book. The difference is the number of NP.
Comparative Dravidian Studies
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1 The Dravidian family consists of around 22 languages spoken by about no million people in South Asia. In terms of population figures (in millions), they may be listed in the following order:1 Telugu (37.67 m.), Tamil (30.56 m.), Kannac;la (17.42 m.), Malayalam (17.02 m.), Gondi (1.5 m.), Kurux or Oraon (1.14 m.), Tutu (940,000), Kuvi (510,000), Brahui (300,000), Kuvi or Khond (190,000), Kaya (140,000), Malto (90,000), Kodagu (80,000), Kolami (50,000), Parji (20,000), Konda or Kūbi (13,000), Gadaba (8000), Naiki (1500), Pengo (1300), Kota (900), Ollari (800), and Toda (800). With the exception of Brahui, which is spoken in Baluchistan in Pakistan, the rest of the languages are spoken in the Republic of India, mainly concentrated in the south, central, and eastern parts [see Map 21.1].
Sound Change: Shared Innovation vs. Diffusion
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is intended to be a contribution to the theory of lexical gradualness of sound change on which several important studies have appeared recently (Wang 1969, 1974, Chen and Wang 1975, Chen 1972, Chen und Hsieh 1971). It further proposes, on quantitative grounds, criteria for distinguishing a shared innovation from the phenomena of diffusion and drift.
A Vowel- Lowering Rule in Kui- Kuvi
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South-Central branch of the Dravidian family consists of seven languages whose genetic subgrouping can be represented by the following tree diagram:
Rule A is found to operate at all stages and in all branches of Dravidian at different points of time, whereas Rule B is specifically a Proto-South-Central Dravidian rule (for details, see Krishnamurti 1978a: 18–19).
A Problem of Reconstruction in Gondi: Interaction between Phonological and Morphological Processes
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the group of languages called South-Central Dravidian (i.e. Telugu,Gondi, Konda, Kui, Kuvi, Pengo, and Manda) as well as in the Central Dravidianlanguages, we find systematic reflexes for the final sequences of the reconstructedsingular forms *-nt(u) and *-n (for nominative and oblique) which apparently represent the retention of the Proto-Dravidian distinction between nominative andoblique case forms.
Introduction
Authors: Bailey Charles-James N , Muhlhausler Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this volume is to make available to a wider audience a representative selection of C.-J. Bailey’s views on theoretical linguistics. The initial reason for such a volume was a practical one. It occurred to me whilst I lectured in Bailey’s department at the Technical University of Berlin between 1976 and 1979. The students I helped prepare for their final State exams often complained about the difficulties of finding certain of Bailey’s writings and the absence of an easy introduction to them. At the time I assumed that members of the linguistic profession would have no problems in gaining access to Bailey’s writings and that they would find them moderately easy to read. I now believe that neither of these assumptions is correct. Even Bailey’s three major books Variation and Linguistic Theory (1973), On the Yin and Yang Nature of Language (1982), and Variation in the Data (1993) are not easy to find outside the major university libraries and Bailey’s publications have continued to appear in a wide range of journals ranging from the well-known to the obscure. Some of his most important papers have remained almost unavailable.
Variation Theory and So-called Sociolinguistic Grammars
Authors: Bailey Charles-James N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From time immemorial, the human mind has struggled with how to accommodate diversity with unity, singulars with universals, temporal phases of development with timeless absolute relationships, the individual with the collective, the normal with the natural, exceptions and irregularities with systematicity, and the like. Nominalists and positivists have opted in favour of the first item in each such pair and rejected the second; it has been the other way around with idealists and rationalists (though the Labovians have (see Bailey 1992a: 240–1) strangely combined positivism with collective or social ideas in recent decades). Eventually, positivists as well as idealists have (for different reasons) ended up with a negative view of process and development, restricting their favour to static relations and a reistic view of ontology-things are real, even if the materiality or spirituality of things is viewed in opposite ways by the contending schools; see further Bailey (1982c: 33 et passim). Until temporality got introduced into scientific thinking, it was considered more scientific to deal with changeless states. Throughout the history of thought, distinctions without a difference and keeping a balance between oppositions have presented perils for thinking. On the latter, humans have preferred either to speak of unrelated and independent polarities—the distinction of matter and form, form and function, reason and will (power), body and soul, and all the other pairs that have been mooted in the history of human thought-as involving hermetically sealed off separatenesses without even feeding relations among the compartments (cf. the way some linguists separate phonetics and phonology). Thinkers throughout history have therefore often endorsed reductionist simplifications that eliminate one or the other pole of such distinctions in order to obviate one horn of each dilemma. The notion of ‘things’ being distinct yet interacting and sometimes even cooperating is apparently very difficult for many to take seriously: to be different is to be at odds with.
Analysis of Sentences
Authors: Harris Zellig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of syntax presented in the preceding chapters has words as its primitive elements. Since one might hesitate at a theory whose primitives are undefined or established only circularly, it is necessary to consider whether these words arc determinable by objective and effective methods, independently of the syntactic theory. To do so we have to see how linguistic methods have segmented speech to obtain phonemes as classes of sound distinctions, words as sequences of phonemes, and sentences as sequences of words.
Sentence Sequences
Authors: Harris Zellig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 established the sentence as an utterance-segment within which are contained the major constraints, those of operator-argument relations. Chapter 8 showed that sentence structures form a system of relations among sentences. Chapter 9 introduces the first globally new constraint in language, beyond the constraints that created sentence boundary. This is a relation that holds only over domains larger than a sentence. In Chapter 9 the domains are continuous speech segments larger than one sentence. (In respect to this relation, single sentences are not merely short discourses, for the discourse introduces a new relation.) In Chapter 10 the domains arc sets of sentences that have in common a speaking-situation: these domains can be defined (a) externally (e.g. articles in a particular research line, or conversations when people are involved in a particular joint interest), or (b) structurally (if the sentences in a corpus of discourses show the same kind of structural relations that are found in discourses that satisfy (a)). As to meaning: much as the operator-argument structure of the one-sentence domain means predication (saying one word about another), so the pluri-sentence structure means subject matter (saying more than one thing about the same referent or the same class of referents).
The Development of an Indigenized English in a Multilingual Setting
Authors: Mian-Lian Ho , Platt John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singaporean English is a particularly interesting indigenized, or nativized, speech variety because it is so widely used and fills so many functions. Unlike some indigenized varieties of English, which function among only a very restricted subset of the population and perform only a small range of functions, Singaporean English performs a complete range of functions, at least for some of its speakers. By Singaporean English, we mean English as used by Singaporeans. Unfortunately, the term Singapore English is sometimes used in a somewhat pejorative manner to suggest a ‘substandard’ variety of English, especially the type of local English spoken by those with lower standards of education. It therefore seems appropriate to refer to Singaporean English in the same way that other varieties are referred to as American English, Australian English, etc.
Competition and Correspondence in Syntactic Change: Null Arguments in Latin and Romance
Authors: Vincent Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast preponderance of work to date on syntactic change from the perspective of formal linguistics has been couched within the Principles and Parameters framework — see Battye and Roberts (1995) and van Kemenade and Vincent (1997) for representative collections of papers. Inevitably, too, given the time at which the research reported in these volumes was conducted, both principles and parameters were construed in absolute terms. A parameter was either on or off, and once set could not be overridden; principles had to be obeyed absolutely. Put in other terms, the constraints on such a system were of the ‘hard’ variety. In the present chapter we suggest instead that a number of classic issues in the study of grammar change come into sharper focus once we (a) adopt the assumptions of a different analytical framework, namely Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), and (b) interpret the system of grammatical constraints as ‘soft’ or violable along the lines of Optimality Theory (OT).
Article 14
Authors: Goldrick Dominic Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, every one shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre public) or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.
John Austin’s Analytical Jurisprudence
Authors: Lobban Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Austin is usually seen as the man who took on Bentham’s ideas on legal definitions, and presented them to the public in a workmanlike manner which lacked the subtlety and sophistication seen in the master’s work; and indeed this view was reinforced by Austin’s own words in a letter to Bentham in which he said that if he had enough means to support himself, he would ‘feel no violent desire for any other object than that of disseminating your doctrines’. It is rare, however, to examine how Austin differed from Bentham, or to look at how he adapted Benthamic notions to fit different ends. The two men seemed to have fundamentally different attitudes towards the common law, and different aspirations for their work. For whereas Bentham was celebrated as the great codifier and reformer, the prince of the Pannomion, Austin was to be seen as an educationalist and expositor, who had no desire to transform the substantive legal order, but who was engaged in a definitional and jurisprudential exercise. It is significant that Bentham’s most celebrated jurisprudential disciple should have taken up his analytical concerns, and attempted to put them into a more complete and coherent workable structure of legal concepts, without attempting the political exercise of creating complete codes of substantive and constitutional law.
Rules and Remedies in Early Nineteenth-Century Law
Authors: Lobban Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now in a position to assess the relationship between theory and practice in the common law of our period more clearly. By the 1830s, both in the jurisprudence of John Austin and in the triumph of special pleading, it was clear that the essential view of the common law remained the one which saw it as a system of remedies, deriving the substantive content of law from below largely out of cases presented by litigants. The rule-based models aspired to by Black stone and Bentham had failed to alter the way that the common law worked, so that after 1834 it remained apparently particularistic and irrationat showing little of the unity which the theorists had sought. By the 1830s, the common law had resisted the attempts of theorists to turn it into a system of defined rules: most significantly, it had resisted codification. However, in Austin, it had found a theorist who combined the formal jurisprudential notions of a rule-based science with a remedy-based explanation of how the common Jaw created its substance.
Law-Making: Politics and Structure
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1948 and 1991 Parliament passed eight substantive Criminal Justice Acts for England and Wales, one Criminal Law Act which was close enough in content to the specifically criminal justice legislation to be similarly classified, four Scottish Criminal Justice Acts, and several acts dealing with criminal justice administration, international co-operation, and minor matters requiring legislation. Details are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The result of this legislative output has been the creation of a statutory framework for the administration of criminal justice and the sentencing and treatment of offenders. In the main the structure is permissive; with some exceptions, setting limits on what can be done rather than laying down by law what must be done. Successive acts have altered the shape of the structure; either by adding bits on (parole, community service orders, compensation orders, contract prisons), or, less often, by taking bits off (corporal punishment, detention centres, partly suspended sentences, the remand of juveniles to prison).
Culmination and Retreat: The Criminal Justice Act 1991
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Criminal Justice Bill published on 9 November 1990 held out greater promise than any of its predecessors in the cycle of criminal justice legislation since 1948. For the first time, after a long and painstaking period of gestation, Parliament was presented with what was intended to be a coherent statutory framework for sentencing, relating the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the offence. The opening clauses contained restrictions on the imposition of custodial sentences on adults and young offenders (Clause 1), and criteria for determining the length of custodial sentences (Clause 2). Although at the heart of the Bill, these provisions attracted relatively little Parliamentary debate, ministers being fearful that the legislation might be branded as an attempt to empty the prisons. As a result, more time and emphasis was devoted to explaining and amending the exceptions to the restrictions on custodial sentences than to the positive arguments for limiting the use of custody as a punishment. Much less was heard of the still nebulous concept of punishment in the community than when it had been first unveiled in the Green Paper in July 1988 and refined eighteen months later in the White Paper of February 1990.
What Can Restitution Do For You?
Authors: Beatson J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happens when money is paid by mistake1 or under coercion, when negotiations do not ripen into a contract but one party had rendered services or paid money to the other, when services or payments are made under an ineffective contract or when my property is used tortiously but without causing me loss?2 Traditional categories of contract and tort and their remedies, which have compensation as their primary aim, may not, except by fiction and distortion, be able to deal with these situations adequately and in some cases advisers may well find a more satisfactory remedy in the law of restitution.
The Patient on the Clapham Omnibus*
Authors: Kennedy Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical law used to be fun. All you had to do was read lots of strange American cases, the odd Commonwealth decision, and maybe some English nineteenth-century cases on crime; then you could reflect that none of these was relevant and get on with the fun of inventing answers. Suddenly, in the last few years, the courts have got into the act. Cases have come rattling along; medical law is beginning to get a corpus of law. Medical lawyers are having to do homework.
The Law and Ethics of Informed Consent and Randomized Controlled Trials*
Authors: Kennedy Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The controlled clinical trial, and particularly the Randomized Control Trial (RCT), has come to be regarded over the past two decades as ‘the paradigm source of information on which to base ... therapeutic decisions’. RCTs can be described as clinical trials to compare treatments in which the division of patients into groups is done by some method independent of human choice-that is, by the use of random numbers, without regard to the particular characteristics of the patients. ‘In this way, the characteristics of the patients are randomized ... and it is possible to test the hypothesis that, for example, one treatment is better than another and express the results in the form of the probability of the difference found being due to chance or not.’ My concern in this paper is to identify the relevant legal and ethical rules pertaining to the conduct of RCTs, with particular reference to consent.
The Donation and Transplantation of Kidneys: Should the Law be Changed?*
Authors: Kennedy Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year about 2000 people in the United Kingdom between the ages of 5 and 55 fall victim to fatal kidney disease. Most are between 15 and 35. The pain and anguish suffered by the victim, his ‘family, and friends are obviously incalculable. The cost is also immense in economic terms, including not merely the cost of medical care until death, but also the loss of productive output which the victims would otherwise have contributed. What, it may be asked, is special about this? What sets it apart from other examples of fatal accident and illness? The simple answer is that nowadays, to a great extent, death is preventable. Many of the 2000 need not die.
The Technological Imperative and its Application in Health Care*
Authors: Kennedy Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These are two ways of expressing what is now a widely accepted notion. Technology has its own momentum. To develop new skills and tools is to create the pressure to use them.This is a familiar enough idea. It has application in a host of contexts. One of them is in health and medical care. As Dr Yu has written, ‘Beginning in the 1960s, a great increase in the understanding of neonatal pathophysi ology took place. This knowledge was rapidly applied to clinical care by responsible physicians. Since that time, neonatology as a speciality has found its place in paediatrics, with the appointment of full-time neonatal consultants in all neonatal intensive care units. A technology has developed which enabled the growth of the speciality.’
The Legal Effect of Requests by the Terminally Ill and Aged not to Receive Further Treatment from Doctors*
Authors: Kennedy Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role played by consent in the criminal law warrants careful examination. Particularly challenging to the criminal lawyer is the role played by consent in the medical-legal context. In this article, as the title suggests, I shall deal in detail with a rather specific topic. I hope to show, however, that in concentrating on such a narrow area, issues of wider import can be identified. Indeed, the aim of the article is to raise the question of whether consent is a proper conceptual tool for the analysis of medical-legal problems, by considering its use and usefulness in one particular area.
Roman Law and the Medieval Jurists
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Aristotelian philosophy and Roman law were studied intensively in medieval universities, the medieval jurists also failed to synthesize these intellectual traditions. They nevertheless interpreted certain Roman texts in ways that fit easily into the synthesis that the late scholastics eventually achieved. Often, as we will see, they did so because they were familiar with A stotle and Thomas and read the opinions of these philosophers into their texts.