bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Agency in Context
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Feminist Ideology That emerged in the United States during the 1960s united women on the basis of their status as a subordinate group. This ideology required that women identify themselves as victims in order to share a sense of solidarity with other women. Yet espousing feminism was itself an act of assertion and implicitly a denial of victim status. Although there was little room for agency in a worldview that saw women as a subordinate group, dominated by patriarchy, the assertive acts of women generated the feminist movement of that era. Indeed, women have long acted to solve community and social problems and to bring about social justice in unions, neighborhoods, politics, social service agencies, and many other settings. These actions challenge the idea that women are passive victims of patriarchy.
Assignment of Exposure (Experimental Strategies)
Authors: Norell Staffan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility of confounding by unidentified (unknown) risk factors is a major concern in many epidemiologic studies. Such confounding may be avoided in studies where the subjects are assigned to receive or not to receive an intervention to alter their exposure status. In experimental studies (trials) the intervention is assigned with the purpose of improving validity, usually by randomization (randomized experiments, randomized trials).
Low Birthweight and Prematurity
Authors: Alberman Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Babies who are born unexpectedly early or with an unusually low birthweight are at immediate and continuing high risk of mortality and of acute and longterm morbidity. It is well known that in developed countries they may account for more than half of infant deaths and perhaps a third of the cases of cerebral palsy, even when they are treated intensively with all the tools of modern medical technology (see Chapter 17). Survivors are also at increased risk of sensory, learning, or behavior disorders; respiratory problems; and health hazards in adult life.
Genetic Disorders
Authors: Clarke Joseph T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although single-gene disorders as causes of disease in children tend individually to be uncommon, as a group they are important to pediatric medicine (Scriver et al., 1989). They account for a diverse range of disorders that cause pathologic changes varying in severity and involving every system or tissue of the body. As infant and childhood morbidity and mortality due to nutritional and infectious diseases have declined over the past 20 years, the proportional contribution of genetic disease to pediatric pathology has grown markedly. Furthermore, improvements in the diagnosis of single-gene defects have contributed to an apparent increase in the incidence of genetic disease.
Congenital Infections
Authors: Peckham Catherine S , Logan Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge about the role of infections in pregnancy and the effects they may or may not have on the fetus and infant is of great practical importance for clinicians and policy makers. Accurate information is needed so that women exposed to specific infections can be informed about the implications of this exposure for their pregnancy and can then be offered the most appropriate management. In addition, decisions about the appropriateness of recommending the introduction of a screening program to detect a specific infection in pregnancy, with a view to treatment or the opportunity to offer termination of the pregnancy, must be based on sound epidemiologic information. This information should include data on the prevalence of the infection, the risk of maternal infant transmission, the consequences of congenital or perinatal infection on pregnancy outcome and subsequent disability, and the benefits of treatment. Unfortunately, information is often derived from anecdotal experience or based on clinic populations that do not reflect the population at risk (see Chapter 1). In addition, the relevant issues may be clouded by media attention that then prompts campaigns for screening programs based on opinion, rather than on sound analyses of their risks and benefits.
Respiratory Infections
Authors: Graham Neil M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although recognition of acute respiratory infections (ARI) as important causes of mortality (primarily among children in the developing world) and morbidity (in both developed and developing countries) has been slow in coming (Douglas, 1985; Monto, 1989), important advances have been made in understanding the epidemiology of these infections. Studies of risk factors for ARis have been conducted predominantly in the developed world for reasons of funding availability, logistics, and the existence of an infrastructure capable of supporting large multidimensional studies. In general, results of epidemiologic studies con ducted in the developed world have limited applicability in developing countries where risk factor exposures are often of a significantly greater magnitude or nature. The recent publication of the Board On Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) studies on ARI epidemiology in 12 developing countries has greatly broadened our knowledge outside the developed world (Bale, 1990). Thus, despite chronic underfunding of this type of research, several promising areas of epidemiologic investigation are being pursued, including nutritional risk factors and the effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution. Research on control strategies, including vaccines, case management, and risk factor modification, has also moved forward, albeit with varying success. In this chapter, the current state of knowledge on the magnitude, etiology, and risk factors for ARis is reviewed, in addition to addressing several major methodologic problems and requirements for future research. Potential and existing control strategies at the public health level are also discussed.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Anderson Jessie , Werry John Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identification of children with emotional and behavioral problems in the community setting has important implications for the children themselves and for the community, both in terms of current disability and future disorder (Robins, 1966, 1983; Rutter, 1984). Although the roots of adult disorders in child hood experiences have long been recognized in psychiatry, the existence of emotional and behavioral problems among children, requiring attention in their own right and not just as precursors of adult disorder and disability, has gained recognition only in the past few decades (Achenbach, 1981; Quay, 1979; Rutter, 1965; Skinner, 1981). Although much research has focused on individual disorders, such as hyperactivity, depression, and delinquency, using both clinical and general population samples, the investigation of the epidemiologic aspects of childhood psychopathology in general has received less attention.
Introduction
Authors: Shuffelton Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reviewing the position of American literature in 1846, Margaret Fuller began with a consideration of what it meant to be American and to have a distinctively national literature, but she chose to come at her topic obliquely through a series of cultural oppositions and affinities. To be American was to be different from “those who think and write among us in the methods and of the thoughts of Europe,” but it was also to “have no sympathy with national vanity.” She pleaded guilty to “an undue attachment to foreign continental literature” because of its ability, in the example of “the great Latins,” to offer “more sweetness and a richer flavor” than the English character. Yet an expansionist young America still could “prize the peculiar greatness … which has enabled English genius to go forth from its insular position and conquer such vast dominion in the realms both of matter and of mind.” Nevertheless, if England stands to us as parent to child, what suits Britain with her “insular position and consequent need to concentrate and intensify her life, … does not suit a mixed race continually enriched with new blood from other stocks the most unlike that of our first descent.”
Thomas Jefferson: Race, Culture, and the Failure of Anthropological Method
Authors: Shuffelton Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Jefferson’s original reluctance to give wide circulation to his Notes on the State of Virginia for fear that his critique of slavery would provoke a backlash against attempts to end it seems more than somewhat ironic, since many readers have been greatly disturbed by the apparent racism that comes into play in his discussion of African Americans. Many readers who admire Jefferson for declaring that all men are created equal are dismayed that he could also proclaim of black men,
Understanding the Impact of Risk Factor Test Results: Insights from a Basic Research Program
Authors: Croyle Peter H Ditto robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of an optional “wellness” program offered by his company, John makes an appointment to take a battery of medical screening tests. John feels well and has no obvious physical complaints. John arrives for his appointment at a medical building, completes a brief health history questionnaire, and has his blood pressure taken. John is then told about a condition called hypercholesterolemia, a high level of cholesterol in the blood, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. John is administered a blood cholesterol test-his finger is pricked and he waits the few minutes to get his total cholesterol count. John is surprised when he is told that his cholesterol level is high (245 mg/dl).
Chamaecyparis Forests: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Zobel Donald B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conifer genus Chamaecyparis Spach (family Cupressaceae) includes seven taxa, two each in Japan, Taiwan, and western North America and one in eastern North America (Table 2.1). All grow in coastal environments. These trees have similar, scalelike foliage. Their woods are decay resistant, relatively strong, easy to work, light colored, take finishes well, and have all been valuable for local use. The primary market for Chamaecyparis wood now is Japan, however, where the high value of the wood depends on its aesthetic properties.
Characteristics of the Soil and Water Table in an Alnus Japonica (Japanese Alder) Swamp
Authors: Fujita Hiroko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (Japanese alder) is the most common tree composing swamp forests in the cool-temperate zone of Japan (Fig. 13.1). It is further distributed in Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri, and Taiwan (Fig. 13.2; Murai 1962, Kurata 1968). It can grow in a wide range of habitats, even under mesic conditions (Fujita and Kikuchi 1986, Fujita 1987). It is common in northern and central Japan, and is widely distributed from lowlands to the montane zone. Its typical habitat is a water-saturated condition, with poorly drained soils and a high water table or flood waters at least part of the year (Yoshioka 1974, Suzuki 1975, Fujita and Kikuchi 1984). It is not strongly influenced by coastal conditions.
Root Aeration in Wetland Trees and its Ecophysiological Significance
Authors: Grosse Wolfgang , Biichel Hans B , Lattermann Sibylle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxygen deficiency is an important stress factor for roots of trees growing in frequently or permanently flooded habitats. Due to the low diffusion rate of oxygen in water and rapid oxygen consumption by active bacterial metabolism, oxygen partial pressure equals zero in saturated soil of wet sites during waterlogged periods (Armstrong 1978; Crawford 1978, 1982). The roots are unable to meet their oxygen demand from the rhizosphere under these conditions and are restricted to internal aeration from their air-exposed regions. However, oxygen diffusion over gas transport pathways exceeding 200 mm inside the plants is not adequate for respiration in the root tissue (Armstrong 1979, Drew et al. 1985).
New Women of the New South
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is currently much interest in the southern suffrage movement, yet historians have no comprehensive history of the woman suffrage fight in the South. Wheeler has elected to focus on eleven of the movement’s most prominent women at the regional and national levels. She explores the range of opinions within this group on many subjects, with a particular emphasis on race and state’s rights. These are the women who created and guided the movement and were primarily responsible for its tone, tactics, and strategy. Although Wheeler discusses these women as suffragists, she also sees them as reformers, feminists, political theorists, and strategists. By focusing on the southern movement’s leadership, Wheeler establishes the larger feminist agenda of the suffrage leader—they offered woman suffrage as a way of eliminating black voting strength. While demanding an end to discrimination against women, many leading suffragists promoted woman suffrage as a means of preserving white supremacy and systematic discrimination against blacks. The author also emphasizes the relationship between the northern and southern leaders, which was one of mutual influence. The northern suffragists did not just permit, but encouraged and hoped to profit from, the exploitation of the race issue in the South. The study of the southern suffrage movement is essential to a full understanding of the history of woman suffrage, of American women, of the South, of the Progressive Era, and of American reform movements.
Southern Suffragists and “the Negro Problem”
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Products of the South’s socioeconomic and political elite, most leading suffragists shared the idea characteristic of their race and class and then gaining currency throughout the nation that suffrage was not a right of all citizens but the privilege and duty of those best qualified to exercise it. Indeed, the contemporary meaning of the phrase “the negro problem” to white Southern suffragists was not the use of the race issue against their cause—though this concerned them greatly—but the enfranchisement after the Civil War of several million African-Americans considered by whites to be ignorant, purchasable, and unfit for political participation.
The Delta Regions And Global Warming: Impact And Response Strategies For Bangladesh
Authors: Mahtab Fasih Uddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global change within the next century will be particularly hard-felt in densely populated deltaic areas like Bangladesh, where a substantial area is barely above sea level and vulnerable to frequent natural calamities like droughts, floods, tropical cyclones and tornadoes. Unfortunately, our ability to deal with the impact of global change, particularly climate change due to global warming, will remain limited unless we can significantly extend our knowledge and broaden the range of practical policy responses.
Global Warming: Impacts And Implications For South Asia
Authors: Pachauri R K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South Asian subcontinent provides a unique range of political, social, economic, geographic and ecological conditions in the context of which the complex impacts and implications of global warming assume a significant dimension. For instance, if one considers diversity of climate, the countries of the region include areas that experience cold, subzero temperatures perennially, deserts that attain high temperatures matching the hottest regions of the world, and precipitation levels that are the highest anywhere on the planet.
The City in Slang
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the Great White Way to skid row, the popular vocabulary that sprang up and gained prominence in New York City is a colorful record of the way people lived with the constantly changing conditions of city life. This fascinating work provides a vivd social and cultural history of America’s premier city as reflected in the slang it generated for a national audience. Seen in the context of their urban origins, popular terms such as smart Aleck, rubbernecker, urban jungle, soda jerk, and one-arm joint paint a fascinating portrait of New York’s people, places, and style. Many of the terms spread across the U.S., shaping the way Americans conceive of "the City" and other cities across the country. This rough and tumble tour of the back alleys of New York speech provides an intriguing view of the ways in which metropolitan life was conceived in the minds of millions of ordinary city dwellers.
The Fate of Women
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I was walking alone in the forest. A man with a rifle stopped me . . . I thought it was a partisan, but I was not sure. I was frightened. He pre tended to be arresting me. He was forty or so, maybe a Belorussian. He told me to follow him and took me to a tent. Then he forced himself on me. . . . He did not ask . . . he just did it. He raped me. “Inside me something broke. I was sick. This feeling stayed and stayed, for years. I could not look at men . . . I had some kind of an inner conflict. I was excited about sex, but I was scared, turned inward. I did not like the physical part of sex. I did not put sex in an important place. I am glad I don’t need it . . . I imagine that many women had similar experiences ... shocking, this rape ... horrible.” A young teenager at the time, this girl escaped from a ghetto and lost her way. She spoke about the rape only at the very end of a lengthy interview. When she did, her voice was monotonous, halting, as if pushing back some invisible force that demanded attention.
AIDS Epidemiology: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIDS has appeared in more than 130 countries, and over 100,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the U.S. alone. More and more, the public will be depending on statisticians to provide answers about the future course of this epidemic. This comprehensive work confronts the problems that are unique to AIDS research and unites them under a single conceptual framework. It focuses on methods for the design and analysis of epidemiologic studies, the natural history of AIDS and the transmission of HIV, methods for tracking and projecting the course of the epidemic, and statistical issues in therapeutic trials. The various methods of monitoring and forecasting this disease receive comprehensive treatment. These methods include back-calculation, which the authors developed; interpretation of survey data on HIV prevalence; mathematical models for HIV transmission; and approaches that combine different types of epidemiological data. Much of this material – such as a discussion of methods for assessing safety of the blood supply, an evaluation of survey approaches, and methods to project paediatric AIDS incidence – is not available in any other work. This is an essential purchase for all AIDS investigators and epidemiologists.
Surveys to Determine Seroprevalence and Seroincidence
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction and licensing of reliable assays to detect HIV in 1985 prompted studies to determine seroprevalence. Some studies used sera stored in previous years, but most studies relied on new samples available in a variety of settings, such as clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. Valuable and comprehensive reviews of such data (CDC, 1987b, 1989a) give detailed references for studies of homosexual and bisexual men, intravenous drug users, patients with hemophilia and other persons known to be at risk. Table 3.1 contains selected seroprevalence data for the major risk groups of homosexual men and intravenous drug users as well as data for female prostitutes and patients with hemophilia. It is clear that seroprevalence rates among gay men increased rapidly in San Francisco and New York in the first half of the 1980s and that seroprevalence rates varied by city. Such geographic variation is even more pronounced for intravenous drug users and female prostitutes. Patients with severe hemophilia A, who required large amounts of clotting factor, tended to seroconvert earlier and in larger proportions than patients with less severe clotting disorders.
Cofactors and Markers
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with statistical issues in studies of cofactors and markers of HIV infections. Cofactors are variables that affect the duration of the incubation period and may explain why some infected individuals progress to AIDS faster than other individuals. Markers are variables that track the progression of HIV infection. Markers are consequences of infection, while cofactors are causal agents rather than consequences of disease progression (Brookmeyer, Gail, and Polk, 1987). An example of a cofactor is age at infection. Some studies have shown that infants and the elderly have shorter incubation periods than other infected individuals. An example of a marker is the number of CD4+ T cells. The CD4+ T cell is the target cell of HIV, and many studies show marked declines of the CD4+ T cell count with progression of HIV disease (Gottlieb, Schroff, Schanker, et al., 1981; Polk, Fox, Brookmeyer, et al., 1987; Goedert, Biggar, Melbye, et al., 1987).
Screening and Accuracy of Tests for HIV
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The isolation of the HIV virus from patients with AIDS led to the development of tests to detect viral antibodies in blood samples (Sarngadharan, Popovic, Bruch, et al., 1984). Such blood tests were used to demonstrate the frequent occurrence of HIV antibodies in persons with AIDS and their absence in healthy individuals and to monitor the development of HIV antibodies in persons who were inadvertently exposed to the virus through blood transfusions, hospital and laboratory accidents and other means. This evidence was decisive in supporting the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS. The availability of such antibody tests also allowed epidemiologists to find risk factors for HIV infection, such as anal receptive intercourse with many homosexual partners ( Chapter 2). Thus the availability of tests to detect the presence of HIV infection has been crucial in studying the etiology and epidemiology of AIDS.
Statistical Issues in Surveillance of AIDS Incidence
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIDS incidence refers to the numbers of newly diagnosed cases per unit time. Before the development of the HIV antibody screening test (Chapter 6), AIDS incidence data were the only available data for tracking the course of the epidemic. However, trends in AIDS incidence do not reflect current trends in the spread of HIV infection because incubation times are long and variable. Nevertheless, because of the difficulty in conducting representative HIV seroprevalence surveys (Chapter 3), AIDS surveillance remains one of the more reliable tools for monitoring the epidemic. Since 1981, sophisticated registries have been developed for tracking and counting AIDS cases. The objective of this chapter is to address a number of statistical and epidemiological issues that arise in the interpretation of AIDS surveillance data. These issues include delays in reporting, incomplete reporting, changing surveillance definitions and empirical extrapolation of AIDS incidence curves.