bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amino Acid Sequence
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowing the amino acid composition of a protein hydrolysate, even with high accuracy, is just like having a sackful of letters of the alphabet, all mixed up. Knowing the arrangement of these amino acids along a polypeptide chain—or, sometimes, several connected polypeptide chains —is another matter altogether: words and sentences are now formed. This experimental transition was first achieved by Cambridge biochemist Frederick Sanger (1918–1.) during a period lasting more than ten years, from about 1945 to 1955.
An Ancient and Many-sided Science
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dictionary defines ‘physiology’ as the science of the process of life, in both animals and plants, and today we take it for granted that proteins control all parts of this process and can provide the structural virtuosity to match the needs of even the most intricate tasks. Indeed, we shall see in several examples below that the die-hards, the non-reductionists, who ignored the growing trend to explain function in terms of protein structure, were quickly left out in the cold. But we must also appreciate that the science of ‘the process of life’ is much older than protein chemistry, going back to before proteins were known at all. Writing about the history of protein involvement inevitably takes us back to a time when the ideal of molecular explanations for physiological function could not have existed.
Cell Membranes
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proteins from cell membranes were virtually unknown before 1970. Today they are at the forefront, the cutting edge of the investigation of physiological function. This heart of the subject is part of the ‘present’ of protein science, history in the making, so to speak. As such, it is not really within the scope of our book, but the beginnings and its links to the past are relevant—was there really no interest whatever before 1970? The latest textbooks must be consulted for guidance to the current scene.
The Climate of Fear
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of Russian biology in the period between the Revolution and the death of Stalin in 1953 is a woeful chronicle of wanton destruction of both a scholarly discipline and the lives of many of its most respected practitioners. A few charlatans, playing cleverly on the rigid ideology that passed for thought within the ruling caste, succeeded in poisoning all of science throughout the Soviet Union and its Eastern European imperium.
Cardiac output measurement
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Use of a pulmonary artery catheter and cardiac output measurement Pulmonary artery catheter pressure (mm Hg)A catheter passed into the right atrium from an easily accessible central vein can be passed through the right ventricle and out into the pulmonary arterial tree while the vascular waveforms are visualized. Figure 11.1 shows the waveforms as they appear to the user. A small balloon at the tip of the catheter allows it to be flow directed and wedged in a pulmonary arterial vessel.
Electrophysiology and electrostimulation
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the processing and application of electrical signals from the body, in particular the electroencephalogram (EEG), the electrocardiogram (ECG), and the electromyogram (EMG). The EEG and ECG will be considered in their monitoring capacity and the EMG will be discussed along with simulation and neuromuscular blockade and monitoring.
Bitter Pills
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I
When I first encountered the capital P in some news article, I visualized its author as a macho journalist of the late 1950s—sleeves rolled up, eyes squinting through the smoke of the cigarette dangling from the corner of his mouth, two index fingers producing a machine gun rattle on the Remington—who, while writing some pithy piece on oral contraceptives, decided to capitalize the word pill, and thus inadvertently converted this pedestrian generic term into a powerful four letter epithet. Since then, the Pill has been described as everything from a woman’s panacea or her poison to the cause for the social emasculation of men.
Science on stage
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now, readers may well wonder what other personal transformations of mine I credit to or blame on the Pill. There is one more: playwriting. It is my most recent foray into another creative field and, given my age, may prove to be the last. I have been a theater aficionado all my adult life, but for the past two decades, the theater has been my most captivating avocation and also my most frequent mode of relaxation. I attend 30–40 plays a year, many of them during my summers in London, where, since the 1980s, I have gone to write fiction. I took up writing with a very specific aim in mind: to use the novel to transmit specific information.
What if?
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our increasingly technocratic society, we seem to be much better at perfecting means than we are at deciding to what ends they should be used. Perhaps one reason for this difficulty is that we often confuse means and ends, thinking automatically that the possession of a technology determines its use. Techniques at either extreme of the reproductive spectrum—from preventing birth when it might occur to creating new life when it otherwise might not—are the most human examples of this dilemma. Much of the debate over contraception has assumed that means create ends—that access to contraception, for instance, invariably tempts otherwise chaste teens to copulate.
Dentofacial classification and ideals
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Function and health are controversial reasons for carrying out orthodontic treatment. These are covered extensively in other texts and in the Index of orthodontic treatment need (dental health component) for deciding whether a patient would benefit from orthodontic treatment (see Suggested reading). Aesthetics is certainly the main reason for orthodontic treatment, but what are the boundaries of the aesthetic ideals to which orthodontic treatment can be planned? In other words what can be considered to be normal, and when normal is not present can orthodontics bring the dentofacial complex back towards what can be considered to be an acceptable norm? In order to explore these questions it is worth considering the current description and classification of normal and abnormal occlusion or malocclusion. Similarly, the description and classification of the extraoral structures of the jaws and soft tissues will be discussed in this chapter.
Multidisciplinary treatments
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orthodontic treatment can be performed in combination with a number of other dental disciplines, most notably restorative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and paediatric dentistry. Whenever complex multidisciplinary treatment is required, it is advisable to see the patient with a specialist colleague(s) from the other discipline(s) prior to the commencement of treatment. In this way the appropriate aims and objectives will be determined from the beginning of treatment, reducing the risk that inappropriate treatment might be carried out to the detriment of the patient and to the embarrassment of the clinicians involved. It will also clarify the expectations of the patient from the very beginning.
Articulated Study Casts
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate decisions on denture type and design require study casts of the upper and lower jaws, reproducing all relevant structures—all the retained teeth, and the functional depth of the sulci (buccal, labial, and lingual). The casts must be articulated in a manner which precisely records the jaw relationship. When there are enough natural teeth present, this articulation process may be simple: reproduction of the existing intercuspal relationship in the mouth can be checked against tooth contacts on the casts.
Designing for Kennedy class I and II dentures (bi/unilateral free-end saddles)
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anterior/posterior support disparity leads to a risk of damage to either the anterior abutment, or the mucoperiosteum (or mucous membrane) under the free-end saddle. It is essential to minimize the functional loading, especially if the saddle is opposed by the natural teeth of the other jaw.
The shortened dental arch
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have previously posed the question as to whether it is necessary to replace missing teeth. The loss of an anterior tooth will usually cause the patient to seek treatment as they would find the aesthetics unacceptable. This may not be the case if one or more of the posterior teeth are lost. It might be expected that the loss of a number of teeth would compromise oral functions but, as shall be seen, this may not necessarily be true. The shortened dental arch concept evolved because it was recognized that reduced dentitions may be adequate for many patients and that the preservation of the teeth that remain was a more important objective than simply replacing teeth that were missing. Further, the quantity of chewing teeth we need nowadays, with modern softer diets, is not great so that the teeth are considerably under-exercised for good physiological health. In this chapter the potential advantages and disadvantages of the shortened dental arch will be explored.
Adolescence
Authors: Harrington Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a depressive syndrome that is distinct from the broad class of other adolescent emotional disorders has a relatively short history. Until the 1970s it was believed that depressive disorders resembling adult depression were uncommon among the young. Young adolescents were thought incapable of experiencing depression. Depression in older adolescents was often seen as a normal feature of development, the so-called adolescent turmoil. However, in the 1970s and early 1980s several investigators began to diagnose depression in young people using adult criteria (Weinberg et al., 1973; Pearce, 1978; Puig Antich, 1982). These studies showed that conditions resembling adult depression could occur from middle childhood upwards. Indeed, recent epidemiological studies have reported that as many as one in ten adolescent girls suffer from depressive disorders (Olsson and von Knorring, 1999; Angold et al., 1999b).
Depression in midlife
Authors: Paykel E S , Kennedy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with depression between the ages of forty and sixty. The median age of most adult samples of depressed patients is in the forties. This is the core age for depression research, involving the largest number of studies, and forms the anchor group to which other age groups are compared. Surprisingly little has been written about specific features of depression in middle age, or about midlife problems. We will highlight aspects which are relevant to the life cycle or are currently timely and we will make some comparisons with other adult age groups.
The depths of the self
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first three chapters I have sought to define some of the metaphysical and discursive foundations of the account of the mind that underlies the present work. It is worth revising and summarizing those before I provide a more adequate account of consciousness and the unconscious. In the process of examining the major claims of the present work I will also attempt to explore the apparent dichotomy between physiological and biologically inspired accounts of brain function and those inspired by the more discursive turn. This exploration, as will become obvious, is necessitated by the strange hinterland between explicit consciousness and intentional action and those other mental phenomena to which we are all prone.
The pathologies of each are the pathologies of all
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This story is interesting because it provokes thoughts about the many inchoate and ill-understood aversions, attractions, impulsive thoughts, and so on that pass through each of our subjectivities every day. The story also shows that even if we come to have insight into one of these mental phenomena, we do not thereby satisfy the need for psychic work to overcome the cathexis involved. In the Anders Road case, the fact that I knew the dog to be dead did not cure my subconscious fear just as, in so many areas of personal life, mere conscious awareness of a corrective fact cannot bring about personal transformation because there is real psychological restructuring to go on. What is more, the psychological intervention may not be rational or conscious at all but some kind of unconditional acceptance or deep communication that you are OK no matter what gears are clashing in the psyche.
Introducing three cases
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (also known as Tourette’s disorder, or Tourette syndrome for short) has been recognized as a medical condition for over 150 years. The main features include multiple motor tics (involuntary movements), and one or more vocal or phonic tics (noises) which occur in bouts many times a day. The number, frequency, and complexity of the tics often change over time. They can be quite mild in some cases (more like facial and vocal `habits’ or `mannerisms’ such as excessive blinking or squinting and repetitive sniffing) but these symptoms in others can be very distressing and disabling, interfering with one’s actions and speech.
Coping with the news
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To discover your child has a condition which may result in potential lifelong disability is, naturally, a tremendous blow. When parents finally realize that their child has Tourette syndrome, and that it is not ‘just a difficult phase he’s going through’, they may feel like they have ‘lost’ the ‘wonderful and normal’ child they thought they had and they may be overwhelmed by a wide range of emotions: sometimes despair and depression, as well as anxiety about their child’s future.
An introduction to rational models of cognition
Authors: Oaksford Mike , Chater Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1990, John Anderson summarized a new methodology for understanding cognition: rational analysis. This book brings together leading researchers from a range of areas in cognitive science, whose work addresses issues concerned with rational analysis. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the variety and fecundity of research using this approach, and addresses fundamental theoretical issues in four key areas of cognitive science: memory, categorization, reasoning and search. We believe that research using rational analysis is an important and exciting development, the implications of which are beginning to bear fruit in a variety of areas. Moreover, rational analysis forges important connections with other branches of the biological and social sciences, and suggests new directions for the methodology and philosophy of cognitive science.
Connectionist models and Bayesian inference
Authors: McClelland James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of what might be the rational or optimal response to a situation, given an intrinsically uncertain world, owes a great deal to the Reverend Bayes, and in contemporary times to a growing band of information processing theorists, cognitive scientists, and artificial intelligence researchers who have pressed extensions and applications of Bayesian ideas. Our most widely used optimal model within psychology may be the theory of the ideal observer within signal detection theory (Green and Swets, 1966). Within machine vision, the problem of seeing is often framed as one of selecting the most probable or ‘optimal’ interpretation of an input array, based on Bayesian calculations (e.g. Biilthoff and Yuille, 1996). Within cognitive psychology, models that address optimality spring in large measure from the recent work of John Anderson, who has used them to address a range of aspects of cognition, from perception to categorization to memory retrieval.
The rational analysis of categorization and the ACT-R architecture
Authors: Anderson John R , Matessa Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the cognitive revolution psychologists have striven to develop detailed theories of the information-processing steps involved in performing a particular task. The goal is to be able to say moment by moment what is happening in the minds of people as they do the task. While this goal is laudatory there are serious problems with how feasible it is. When one starts to deal with complex tasks (like doing high school mathematics-Anderson et al., 1995) the sheer volume of the detail can be overwhelming. Even in simpler laboratory tasks, the data that one collects is often at a much coarser grain size than the processes one is postulating. There arise identifiability problems about whether very different ways of processing information might not result in the same data. Individual differences are another problem. When one gets to this level of detail it is unlikely that every subject is doing the task in the same way.
Rationality assumptions of game theory and the backward induction paradox
Authors: Colman Andrew M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Backward induction is a form of logical reasoning, based on the technique of mathematical induction, that is applicable to certain sequential games. I shall illustrate it with a simple version of the ancient game of nim. There are 20 matches on the table, and two players take turns in removing either one or two matches, the winner being the player who takes the last one, leaving the other player unable to move. Ernst Zermelo (1912) proved the first major theorem of game theory to the effect that, in games of this type, either one player or the other must have a guaranteed winning strategy. In this case, which player wins, and how?
The practice of mathematics and science: from calculus to the clothesline problem
Authors: Kurz Elke M , Tweney Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the chapter on problem solving in Adaptive Character of Thought (1990, pp.192-243), John Anderson expressed dissatisfaction with existing research on problem solving, noting that it had been focused upon problems that are not representative of most real-world problem solving. The ‘puzzles and games’ of the laboratory lack the need to induce causal rules, lack the probabilistic rules that characterize real-world problems, and lack the explicit costs and benefits of real¬ world problems. Still, his specific discussion relied upon the problem space searches characteristic of Newell and Simon, extending these to account for data gathered in laboratory game tasks.
The rational analysis of inquiry: the case of parsing
Authors: Chater Nick , Crocker, Matthew J , Pickering Martin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cognitive system is not merely a passive receiver of information. It has some measure of control of what information it receives; and how that information is processed. Control over the information received may be exercised in a wide variety of ways, from adjustments to the sense organs (e.g. by moving the eyes), to decisions concerning which newspaper to read. Control over how information is processed is equally ubiquitous, ranging from attentional mechanisms (presuming that such mechanisms at least to some degree bias the resources applied to processing different aspects of the sensory input) to how much effort to spend thinking about a possible move in a chess game, or on a decision in everyday life.
Rational analysis of exploratory choice
Authors: Young Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the virtues of rational analysis is that it offers a way to make predictions of the behavior of a complicated system-the human cognitive processing system-from the outside, i.e. without having to know anything about the internal mechanisms. Even if one is primarily interested in investigating cognitive processing, we can identify a number of potential benefits that rational analysis might provide. First, rational analysis is a powerful tool for analysing a task, to help us understand it better, and essentially to specify what it is that the cognitive processing has to do. Second, rational analysis allows us to derive an optimal strategy for performing the task. Although people will generally not actually follow the optimal strategy, whether because of cognitive limitations or for other reasons, they will often come close to it. Third, knowing the optimal strategy often helps us to interpret empirical phenomena, for example to understand why people find certain aspects of a task difficult and other aspects easy.
Attitudes Toward Physical Activity: The role of Implicit Versus Explicit Associations
Authors: Gheldof Els L M , de Jong Peter J , Vinck, Jan , Houben Ruud M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is growing evidence that attitudes and beliefs play an important role in the etiology, chronification, and treatment outcomes of chronic low back pain. In this context, negative attitudes and beliefs toward daily and work-related physical activity have been studied extensively, validating cognitive–behavioral models explaining how exaggerated fear of pain/movement/injury may lead to avoidance of activities, disability, and depression (Vlaeyen and Linton 2000; see also Chapter).
Fear reduction in chronic pain: Graded exposure in vivo with behavioral experiments
Authors: Vlaeyen Johan W S , Jong Jeroen de , Leeuw, Maaike , Crombez Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In acute injury, the escape from the harmful situation and the associated withdrawal behavior promotes the healing process. In majority of the cases, healing occurs within a couple weeks and the pain resolves quickly. However, in certain people with pain, the immediate withdrawal behaviors do not lead to the anticipated reduction of pain, which then is interpreted as a signal of a continuous threat to the integrity of the body. In fact, a mismatch occurs between what the patient expects (quick decrease of pain) and what actually happens (increasing or lasting pain). Negative interpretation may not always reflect a real threat and, in such cases, catastrophic misinterpretations of benign physical sensations may occur.
The genetic bases of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis
Authors: Marle Guido van , Power Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes a broad spectrum of neurological diseases. Diverse neurological complications have been described in HIV-1-infected patients ranging from multiple neuropathies involving the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) and development of dementia, commonly known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) in the central nervous system (CNS) (The Dana Consortium 1996; McArthur et al. 1993). The impact of HIV-1-associated neurological disease in the clinical setting is significant. Twenty per cent of untreated AIDS-defined patients will develop HAD, which heralds a worsened survival prognosis (McArthur et al. 1993). HIV-1 infects cells of the CNS soon after primary infection (Davis et al. 1992; Sasseville and Lackner 1997; Poli et al. 1999).