bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levalbuterol hydrochloride*
Authors: Slattery D. , Wong S.W. , Colin A.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRacemic albuterol, a commonly used bronchodilator, is an exact 50:50 mixture of two enantiomers, R‐ and S‐albuterol. Concern regarding increased mortality associated with the use of this beta‐2 (β2) agonist triggered the study of both of these enantiomers separately.In vitro studies suggest that the two enantiomers have different binding affinities for β‐adrenoreceptors, may exert opposing effects on inflammation, demonstrate different effects on mucocilary transport, and display differing pharmacokinetics. Clinical studies comparing both enantiomers are few, of short duration, and often in small patient populations, and their results vary. R‐albuterol has greater bronchodilatory effects than the racemate and may have anti‐inflammatory properties. S‐albuterol has markedly less affinity for the β‐adrenoreceptor. It was found to cause bronchoconstriction in animal models, but neither bronchoconstrictive nor pro‐inflammatory effects have been conclusively demonstrated in human studies.The data available at present, while suggestive, are insufficient to conclusively recommend R‐albuterol over the racemate. Further basic research and investigations in humans comparing both enantiomers at increasing doses over longer time periods are required to clarify the precise roles of R‐ and S‐albuterol. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:151–157. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of airway inflation pressure on forced expiratory maneuvers from raised lung volume in infants*
Authors: Lum Sooky , Hoo Ah‐Fong , Stocks Janet 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe raised lung volume technique is increasingly used to measure forced expiratory maneuvers in infants. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal airway inflation pressure (Pinf) required for such maneuvers, or the influence of small changes in Pinf within and between infants. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of small differences (0.2–0.3 kPa) in Pinf on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 0.5 sec (FEV0.5), and forced expired flow at 75% of vital capacity (FEF75), all derived from the raised volume rapid thoraco‐abdominal compression (RVRTC) technique. Randomized paired forced expiratory maneuvers were obtained in 32 healthy infants ( 3.9–39.3 weeks old, 3.8–9.9 kg) with the safety pressure relief valve for Pinf set to 2.7 kPa or 3.0 kPa (27 or 30 cm H20).When mean (SD) Pinf was increased by 8.4 (2.8)%, there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in mean (SD) FVC, FEV0.5, and FEF75 by 5.8 (5.7)%, 6.1 (6)%, and 8.3 (16.2)%, respectively.In conclusion, relatively small differences in Pinf will result in significant differences in FVC, FEV0.5, and FEF75 by RVRTC technique. Precision in setting and reporting the applied Pinf is therefore essential, particularly if data are to be compared between centers. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:130–134. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of antibodies of known structure suggests a lack of correspondence between the residues in contact with the antigen and those modified by somatic hypermutation
Authors: Ramirez‐Benitez Maria del Carmen , Almagro Juan Carlos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractForty unique murine antibody–antigen complexes determined at 2.5 Å or less resolution are analyzed to determine whether the residues in direct contact with the antigen are modified by somatic hypermutation. This was done by taking advantage of the recent characterization of the pool of Vκ germline genes of the mouse. The average number of residues in contact with the antigen in the VL gene, which contains the CDRL‐1, CDRL‐2, and all but one residue of CDRL‐3, was six. The average number of somatic mutations was similar (around five). However, as many as 53% of the antibodies did not show somatic replacements of residues in contact with the antigen. Another 28% had only one. Overall, the frequency of antibodies with increasing number of somatic replacements in residues in contact with the antigen decreased exponentially. A possible explanation of this finding is that mutations in the contacting residues have an adverse effect on the antigen–antibody interaction. This implies that most of the observed mutations are those remaining after negative (purifying) selection. Therefore, efficient strategies of site‐directed mutagenesis to improve the affinity of antibodies should be focused on residues other than those directly interacting with the antigen. Proteins 2001;45:199–206. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fungicidal activity of β‐thujaplicin analogues
Authors: Baya Mounir , Soulounganga Patrice , Gelhaye Eric , Gérardin Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fungicidal activity of analogues of β‐thujaplicin, a natural product responsible for the durability of heartwood of several cupressaceous trees, was investigated in vitro on the growth of different white and brown rot fungi involved in wood biodegradation, Coriolus versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Poria placenta and Gloephyllum trabeum. The study shows that 2‐hydroxycyclohepta‐2,4,6‐trienone (tropolone), easily prepared according to a literature procedure, possesses interesting fungicidal activity when compared to β‐thujaplicin, azaconazole, tebuconazole and copper oxine, which suggests this compound should be examined further as a potential biocide for wood preservation.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies on the hypoglycaemic activity of Punica granatum seed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Authors: Das Asish K. , Mandal Subhash C. , Banerjee Sanjay K. , Sinha Sanghamitra , Saha B. P. , Pal M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hypoglycaemic activity of Punica granatum Linn. (Family Punicaceae) seed extract on rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) was investigated. The methanol extract of the seed at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg, and chlorpropamide 200 mg/kg was administered to STZ diabetic rats. The seed extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg, orally) caused a significant reduction of blood glucose levels in STZ induced diabetic rats by 47% and 52%, respectively, at the end of 12 h. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of curcumin on ethanol‐induced stress on mononuclear cells
Authors: Rajakrishnan V. , Shiney S. J. , Sudhakaran P. R. , Menon V. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBlood cells in circulation are exposed to a wide variety of stress‐causing agents, causing a number of changes including interactions with other cells and the extracellular matrix of the endothelial wall. In order to understand the role of curcumin, an antioxidant principle from Curcuma longa Linn., on blood mononuclear cells from rabbits given ethanol for 30 days and ethanol with curcumin, cells were isolated and an attachment assay was carried out. The monocytes from ethanol‐treated rabbits showed a lesser attachment to collagen, the major component of the vessel wall subendothelium, and those from curcumin treated animals along with ethanol showed a higher affinity to collagen, causing an alteration in the attachment of monocyte to collagen due to ethanol‐induced stress. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiprotozoal activity of Neurolaena lobata
Authors: Berger Ingeborg , Passreiter Claus Martin , Cáceres Armando , Kubelka Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtracts, fractions and sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. (Asteraceae), a traditional medicinal plant from Guatemala, were tested in vitro against Leishmania spp. promastigotes, Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and epimastigotes and Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites. The ethanol extract inhibited the parasite growth of L. mexicana, T. cruzi and T. vaginalis significantly. The pure germacranolides 1 and a mixture of 2 and 3, isolated from the ethonal extract, were highly active against L. mexicana and T. cruzi. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Mimosa pudica root powder on oestrous cycle and ovulation in cycling female albino rat, Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Valsala S. , Karpagaganapathy P. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMimosa pudica root powder (150 mg/kg body weight) when administered intragastrically, altered the oestrous cycle pattern in female Rattus norvegicus. Nucleated and cornified cells were absent in all rats. The smear was characterized by leucocytes only, as in dioestrus, which persisted for 2 weeks. There was a significant reduction in the number of normal ova in rats treated with the root powder compared with the control rats, and a significant increase in the number of degenerated ova. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid crystalline polymer pouches for local ­anaesthetic emulsion
Authors: Flodberg G. , Axelson‐Larsson L. , Hedenqvist M. S. , Gedde U. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to enhance the long‐term properties of a high‐pH local anaesthetic drug, emulsion tests were conducted where the emulsion was stored in pouches made of a compression moulded high‐barrier liquid‐crystalline polymer, Vectra A950. The oxygen permeability of the pouch material was too low to be detected at 23°C and 0% relative humidity with the instrument used. The water vapour transmission rate was 0.135 (g.mm/m2.day) at 38°C and 100% relative humidity. The emulsion, containing prilocain and lidocain as active substances, was stored in pouches which were sealed by the thermal impulse technique at 260°C for 1.08 s. It was possible to obtain good quality films and good quality seals by optimization of the compression moulding and sealing operations. The concentrations of prilocain and lidocain in the emulsion were studied for 14 weeks at two different temperatures, 40°C and 60°C, and at 100% relative humidity. The decrease in concentration was higher for prilocain (5.4–8.3%) than for lidocain (3.4–3.6%). The loss of the substances from the emulsion was due mainly to adsorption onto the polar surface of the liquid crystalline polymer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of atoms in crystals: Dielectric polarization
Authors: Bader Richard F. W. , Matta Chérif F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is shown that the polarization of a molecule or an extended system, permanent or induced can, like all measurable properties, be equated to a sum of atomic contributions. While it has been previously shown that a change in the polarization of a dielectric can be considered a consequence of a geometric quantum phase and obtainable from a Berry phase in a parameter space, such a possibility does not exclude a real space description, stated in terms of the charge distributions of the system's composite atoms or cells. The cells are defined as bounded regions of real space whose properties are described by the physics of a proper open system, a description that applies to any system regardless of the nature of the interactions between the atoms. This approach necessarily leads to the inclusion of a contribution to the polarization arising from the transfer of charge across the boundary of a cell, in addition to that from the cell's internal polarization, thereby correcting the textbook description of polarization that considers only the latter contribution. It is shown that a neutral repeating cell in a dielectric behaves as an atomic capacitor which mimics the macroscopic behavior, with the internal charge transfer leading to the creation of what Feynman terms the “surface polarization charge.” © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Factors determining the performance of triple quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap and sector field mass spectrometers in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides. 1. Comparison of performance characteristics
Authors: Premstaller Andreas , Ongania Karl‐Hans , Huber Christian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe performance of triple‐stage quadrupole (TSQ), quadrupole ion trap (QIT), and double focusing sector field (DFSF) mass spectrometers for the generation of fragment ions to obtain sequence information about oligonucleotides was compared. Upon electrospray ionization (ESI), the charge‐state distribution of candidate precursor ions not only varied significantly with the type of mass spectrometer, but also with the size and sequence of the investigated oligonucleotides. While concentration limits of detection for an octanucleotide were in the 100 pmol/L range on the QIT and in the 5–10 nmol/L range on the TSQ and DFSF instruments, those of a 24‐mer were in the 2–13 nmol/L range on all three instruments. Reproducibility of mass determination, an important prerequisite for reliable identification of fragment ions, was highest on the TSQ with 0.0037% relative standard deviation over three days. Finally, the tandem mass spectra of a dimethoxytritylated pentanucleotide recorded on the three instruments were compared. Relatively simple spectra dominated by complete series of fragment ions of the (a‐B) and w type were obtained on the QIT. Complete series of (a‐B) and w ions were also observed on the TSQ. However, additional fragments belonging to the b, c, d, x and z series were found in the spectrum. In the spectrum recorded after in‐source fragmentation in the DFSF, only fragments corresponding to the loss of a nucleobase and a complete series of w ions were observed. All three mass spectrometers were suitable for the generation of fragment ions, from which the complete nucleotide sequence of the pentanucleotide could be deduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors determining the performance of triple quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap and sector field mass spectrometer in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 2. Suitability for de novo sequencing
Authors: Premstaller Andreas , Huber Christian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe sequence coverage by fragment ions resulting from collision‐induced dissociation in a triple stage quadrupole (TSQ) and a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer of 10–20‐mer oligonucleotides was investigated. While (a‐B) and w ion series were the most abundant on both instruments, additional ion series of sequence relevance were preferably formed in the TSQ. Thus, a total number of 83 fragment ions were used to deduce the complete sequence of a 10‐mer oligonucleotide of mixed sequence from a tandem mass spectrum recorded on the TSQ. The complete sequence was also encoded in the 28 fragments that were obtained from the QIT under comparable fragmentation conditions. Spectrum complexity increased considerably at the cost of signal‐to‐noise ratio upon fragmentation of a 20‐mer oligonucleotide in the TSQ, whereas spectrum interpretation with longer oligonucleotides was significantly more straightforward in spectra recorded on the QIT. The extent of fragmentation had to be optimized by appropriate setting of collision energy and choice of precursor ion charge state in order to obtain full sequence coverage by fragments for de novo sequencing. Moreover, full sequence information was also dependent on base sequence because of the low tendency of backbone cleavage at thymidines. Tandem mass spectrometry on the QIT yielded redundant information that was successfully utilized to deduce the complete sequence of 20‐mer oligonucleotides with high confidence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of DNA‐binding polymers for preparation of DNA for analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Smirnov Igor P. , Hall Laura R. , Ross Philip L. , Haff Lawrence A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe susceptibility of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) to the presence of salts in a sample, especially salts of alkali metals, requires careful and often tedious desalting procedures which complicate and slow the throughput of MS‐based methods. A novel approach to sample preparation was developed based on the extraction of DNA out of solution onto a solid surface with an attached DNA‐binding polymer, such as polyethyleneimine or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The observed binding is strong enough to sustain washing, and, as a result, desalting and concentration can be performed in a single fast step. After DNA has been immobilized on the surface and supernatant solution removed, subsequent addition of MALDI matrix releases material from the surface, which co‐crystallizes with matrix. The mass spectrometric analysis is then performed directly from this support. Analysis of oligonucleotides and three‐fold multiplexed SNP typing reactions performed by this method shows improved sensitivity and excellent resolution for various DNA fragments, together with high tolerance to various buffer components, such as alkali metals and surfactants. Simplicity and speed make it attractive for high‐throughput sample preparation and analysis of oligonucleotide mixtures by MALDI‐MS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maturation of the lantibiotic subtilin: matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry to monitor precursors and their proteolytic processing in crude bacterial cultures
Authors: Stein Torsten , Entian Karl‐Dieter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBacillus subtilis synthesizes the lanthionine containing 32‐amino‐acid peptide antibiotic (lanti‐biotic) subtilin from a ribosomally generated 56‐amino‐acid precursor pre‐propeptide by extensive posttranslational modifications. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) was used to monitor the production of matured subtilin within crude samples taken from B. subtilis culture media without prior fractionation. The processing reaction of subtilin was blocked with the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and different subtilin precursor peptides in the molecular mass range up to 6220 were observed. Two of these species were isolated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and structurally analyzed by post‐source decay MALDI‐TOFMS. We provide evidence that the precursor species comprise the posttranslational modified C‐terminal part of subtilin to which leader peptide moieties with different chain lengths are attached. These antimicrobial‐inactive species could be processed to antibiotic‐active subtilin by incubation with culture media of different subtilin‐nonproducing B. subtilis strains as indicated by a combination of antimicrobial growth assays and MALDI‐TOFMS analyses. These achievements are strong evidence for the sensitivity of MALDI‐TOFMS methodology that allows straightforward investigations of analytes even in complex mixtures without time‐consuming sample preparations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double resonance ejection in a micro ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Moxom Jeremy , Reilly Peter T. A. , Whitten William B. , Ramsey J. Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIon ejection from a cylindrical micro ion trap by resonance excitation of the secular motion is observed to be strongly dependent on the frequency of the secular motion at resonance. Both the intensity of the ion signal and the mass resolution of the resulting mass spectrum are increased when the ion secular frequency is approximately that of a nonlinear resonance of the trap. The resonances are attributed to electrical as well as geometrical considerations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line measurement of intramolecular carbon isotope distribution of acetic acid by continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Yamada Keita , Tanaka Misato , Nakagawa Fumiko , Yoshida Naohiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMolecular and intramolecular carbon isotope measurements of acetic acid present in natural environments have been performed by off‐line procedures. The off‐line method is complicated and time‐consuming and requires micromolar to millimolar amounts of sample. This limits geochemical isotopic studies, especially at the intramolecular level, on acetic acid present in natural samples. Here, we examine an on‐line measurement of intramolecular carbon isotope distribution of acetic acid using continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS) coupled with an on‐line pyrolysis system. This is achieved by measurement of the respective carbon isotope ratios of CH4 and CO2 produced by on‐line pyrolysis of acetic acid. Results for authentic standards of pure acetic acid demonstrated the practicality of this on‐line method, although the carbon isotope ratio of the methyl group could not be determined directly. The precision of the carbon isotope measurements was 0.4‰ (1σ). The carbon isotope distribution determined by the on‐line method was identical to that determined by the conventional off‐line method within analytical error. The advantages of the on‐line method compared with the conventional off‐line method are that it is less laborious, requires less analytical time (less than one hour per sample) and, most importantly, uses smaller sample sizes (ca. 10 nanomole). An application of this on‐line method to natural geochemical samples will provide an insight into the geochemical cycle of acetic acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The State of the Practice: Characterizing and Remediating Contaminated Groundwater at Fractured Rock Sites
Authors: Steimle Rich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCharacterizing and remediating contaminated groundwater in fractured rock are often the most difficult
challenges facing environmental professionals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other
U.S. federal agencies, and the Ontario Ministry of Environment recently supported a workshop, held an
international conference, and developed a Web site to promote the understanding of the state of the practice.
Field practitioners and researchers were surveyed and questioned concerning their experiences. This article
summarizes the results of these efforts and provides an overview of the use of characterization methods and
remediation technologies at fractured rock sites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen Release Compound: A Cost‐Effective Alternative to PCE Remediation at Dry Cleaning Facilities
Authors: Vigue Bryan W. , Pasrich Gunisha , Koenigsberg Stephen S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene or PCE, is one of the most difficult to treat chlorinated
solvents when present in groundwater. Unfortunately, this elusive and recalcitrant compound is also the most
commonly used dry cleaning solvent. As a result, releases of PCE at dry cleaning sites are somewhat common.
Regenesis Bioremediation Products, of San Clemente, California, has developed Hydrogen Release Compound
(HRC), which has been successfully used to promote bioremediation of PCE in groundwater. This product is
directly injected into contaminated groundwater to speed up the natural attenuation of PCE through an anaerobic,
natural process known as reductive dechlorination. A key benefit of HRC is its ability to slowly release hydrogen
over extended periods of time. Reductive dechlorination relies on a steady source and readily available supply of
electron donors as part of the degradation process. Hydrogen is one of the best electron donors available, and
thus, the application of HRC significantly enhances the rate of PCE degradation. For dry cleaners, this technology
can substantially reduce major design, capital, and operating costs, allowing the implementation of a
low‐impact application and remediation solution. This article discusses the use of the HRC to remediate PCE
contamination and presents the results of two specific HRC‐treated dry cleaner sites. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Terrain prediction for an eight‐legged robot
Authors: Urwin‐Wright Stephen , Sanders David , Chen Sheng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost legged robots must negotiate unknown environments with little or no terrain knowledge, as autonomous
terrain mapping for robots is limited. A predictive terrain contour mapping strategy is proposed, which employs
the use of a feed‐forward neural network to predict the contours in environments, based on the positions of
the neighboring legs. The predicted performance is better than previous implementations. © 2002 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.