bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Camp Joseph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Tamara Horowitz died early in 2000, she was Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pitts- burgh (the first woman to chair the department). She had published several articles, most of them on the epistemology of a priori knowledge and a priori methods of reasoning. The four previously published essays in this collection are concerned with these topics, as are the two previously unpublished essays. Tamara also left a very large quantity of writing, in stages of completion ranging from notes to drafts of articles and book chapters. The greater part of this material also concerned the epistemology of the a priori, though a substantial part was concerned with problems of feminist philosophy.
Toward a Philosophical Foundation for Music Education Research
Authors: Reimer Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores several important issues that need to be addressed if a philosophical foundation for music education research is to be built. Implicit in this task are three presumptions: (1) that music education research is not at present and has not in the past been guided by foundational philosophical principles, (2) that it would be beneficial for the research enterprise if such principles were articulated and applied, and (3) that careful consideration of several key issues will be necessary if music education research is to be grounded in a coherent philosophical-epistemological perspective. What is not offered here is a philosophy of music education research. Although I will not attempt to disguise whatever preferences and proclivities I hold, I will also not aim toward a particular resolution of the philosophical issues to be raised. It is my hope that sufficient debate about these (and other such) issues will lead interested and capable individuals to formulate philosophical principles that would guide our research efforts.
Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Asmus Edward P , Radocy Rudolf E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research is a systematic process by which investigators gather information, organize it in a meaningful way, and analyze and interpret it. Much information is expressible as quantities or numeric judgments. Researchers may combine and manipulate numbers in a myriad of ways to gain insights and reach conclusions regarding their problems, questions, and hypotheses. After briefly overviewing quantification and measurement, this chapter presents univariate and multivariate statistical techniques for the analysis of research data. The chapter is not a statistical treatise or a critique of the state of the quantitative art in music education research. It is intended to guide the reader in understanding, questioning, and applying basic aspects of quantitative techniques.
Consequentialism, Publicity, Stability, and Property-Owning Democracy
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reflects further upon aspects of Rawls’s intricate relationship with utilitarianism and other consequentialist positions. It is divided into three separate and self-sufficient parts. In sections I and II, I discuss further why Rawls regarded utilitarianism as such a powerful moral conception, namely, its potential for providing a completely rational morality and systematically ordering conflicting claims. To retain this desirable feature of utilitarianism and yet avoid objections of its potential for injustice, some contemporary consequentialists have proposed incorporating reasons of justice into the good consequences to be promoted by rational action. Starting from some remarks of Rawls’s, I explore potential problems with these proposals, focusing on A. K. Sen’s version.
I Do Not Exist
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems utterly obvious that the question ‘Do I exist?’ may be correctly answered only in the affirmative; of course the answer must be ‘Yes.’ Descartes, it may be said, made this idea the keystone of his philosophy, he found it so compelling. Hume, however, in his characteristically sceptical style, at least at times questioned the propriety of an affirmative reply. My teacher, Professor Sir Alfred Jules Ayer, to whom this essay is dedicated, customarily expressed himself in a conditional manner, which I find quite congenial: The sentence ‘I exist’, in this usage, may be allowed to express a statement which like other statements is capable of being either true or false. It differs, however, from most other statements in that if it is false it cannot actually be made. Consequently, no one who uses these words intelligently and correctly can use them to make a statement which he knows to be false. If he succeeds in making the statement, it must be true.
Reparations Pro&Con
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, the debate over reparations--whether African-Americans should be compensated for decades of racial subjugation--stands as the most racially divisive issue in American politics. In this short, definitive work, Alfred L. Brophy, an expert on racial violence, regards the debate over reparations from the 1700s to the present, examining the arguments on both sides of the current debate. Taking us inside litigation and legislatures past and present, examining failed and successful lawsuits, and reparations actions by legislatures, newspapers, schools, and businesses, including apologies and truth commissions, this book offers a valuable historical and legal perspective for reparations advocates and critics alike.
Against Reparations
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As reparations talk has grown, so has opposition to reparations. Arguments for reparations for slavery and its claims for an accounting of past injustice, for apologies and truth commissions, for reconciliation of decades-old debts and forward-looking relief, and for group-based relief represent yet another front on what has been called the “culture wars” of the 1990s and 2000s. The case for reparations rests on how the past is viewed and what one believes should be done about it. Indeed, the reparations discussion taps into decades of debate over how to deal with inequality in American society.
Naphta and His Ilk: Jewish Characters in Mann’s The Magic Mountain
Authors: Marquardt Franka , Elsaghe Yahya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Mann’s representation of the “Jewish question” changed radically between the periods of his early and late works. Characters marked as Jewish play substantial roles in almost all the early novels and novel-las, whereas such characters are simply absent from the texts written after World War II. Jewish characters in The Magic Mountain occupy a middle position between these two extremes. To evaluate the very considerable change that The Magic Mountain represents vis-à-vis the early work, one must first look closely at the way the early stories and novels portray Jewish characters, tak-ing “early” to mean works composed up to 1905.
Telling Timelessness in Der Zauberberg
Authors: Cohn Dorrit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “strandspaziergang,” the section that introduces the last and longest chapter of Der Zauberberg, the narrator indulges his inclination to comment on his story at greater length than at any other textual moment. Beginning with the question “Kann man die Zeiterzählen, diese selbst, als solche, an und für sich?” it launches into aesthetic reflections on the comparative role of time in the arts, notably in the two time-bound sister arts of music and narration.
Introduction to Risk Calculation in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of genetic counselling involves many key components, such as taking a family genetic history, making a diagnosis, and providing communication and support to the family. Among these core processes is the mathematical calculation of the actual risk of a possible genetic disorder. For most physicians and counsellors, the mathematics and statistics involved can be a major challenge which is not always helped by complex computer programs or lengthy papers full of elaborate formulae. In this clear, reader-friendly guide, Ian Young addresses this problem and demonstrates how risk can be estimated for inherited disorders using a basic knowledge of the laws of probability and their application to clinical problems. The text employs a wealth of clearly explained examples and "key points" in order to guide the reader to an accurate assessment of the risk of genetic disease. It primarily will appeal to genetic counsellors, geneticists, and all those involved in providing medical genetic services. In this new edition, Dr. Young has pruned redundancies and extensively updated the concepts in each of the 10 chapters, and he has included more working examples, a popular feature of the book.
Insomnia
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals who complain of insomnia report repeated difficulty with either initially falling asleep (sleep onset insomnia) or remaining asleep (sleep maintenance insomnia) despite adequate opportunity, condition, and time for sleep. Their sleep is described as short and inadequate, light and easily disrupted, of poor quality, unrefreshing, unsatisfactory, or nonrestorative. Frequent extended periods of wakefulness or persistent early morning awakenings may be reported. In children, insomnia may present as bedtime resistance or lack of ability to sleep independently. This sleep disturbance is associated with impairment of daytime function.
Most investigators define insomnia as a sleep latency of 30 minutes or more; wake time after sleep onset of 30 minutes or more; sleep efficiency of less than 85%; or total sleep time less than 6 to 6.5 hours, occurring at least 3 nights a week.
Patients with insomnia often report greater subjective sleep disturbance compared to objective polysomnographic parameters. The discrepancy between subjective estimates and objective measures of sleep is believed to be due to persistent sensory processing during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which decreases the ability of patients with insomnia to distinguish sleep from wakefulness. Perception of sleep appears to be altered. Persons with insomnia may have a greater tendency to describe, when awakened from sleep, of being awake all along, compared with those without insomnia. In addition, they may overestimate the duration of their sleep latencies.
Neural Crest Formation and Craniofacial Development
Authors: Engleka Kurt A , Lang Deborah , Brown Christopher B , Antonucci, Nicole B , Epstein Jonathan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural crest describes a transitory group of pluripotent epithelial cells that originates from the dorsalmost ridges of the embryonic neural tube. During early development, many of these cells collectively transform to a mesenchymal phenotype, assuming new morphological characteristics distinct from their epithelial neighbors, segregate from the neural tube and stream through speci7c routes into neighboring tissue environments in a wave of proliferation and migration. The resultant cells spread along migratory pathways that may end relatively far from the neural tube of origin. They ultimately differentiate into a plethora of cells and tissues, a step coinciding with the cessation of cellular growth and movement. Neural crest is an apparent vertebrate innovation. It serves as a major cellular source for much of the head and face and peripheral nervous system and forms derivatives as diverse as neurons in the gastrointestinal tract, pigment cells in the skin, hair and inner ear, adrenomedullary cells and smooth muscle in the cardiac outMow tract. The proliferation, migration, and plasticity displayed by neural crest cells are distinctive relative to primary germ layers and other early embryonic cell populations. Abnormalities in neural crest are associated with a diverse group of human disorders and syndromes, collectively termed neurocristopathies, and include craniofacial abnormalities, a class of birth defects that account for nearly one-third of congenital anomalies, Hirschsprung’s disease, characterized by aganglionic megacolon, and Waardenburg’s syndrome, that includes deafness and pigment defects. This diversity is consistent with the variety of neural crest tissue derivatives that are evident. Understanding molecular pathways impingent upon and within neural crest provides insight into integral developmental signaling pathways involved in tissue induction, cellular proliferation, migration, and plasticity as well as the underlying causal factors in diseases of the neural crest. In order to place speci7c defects in perspective, this chapter will serve as an overview of neural crest–related developmental biology and genetics with some emphasis on the involvement of neural crest in cartilage and bone formation of the face and head. Several authoritative books summarize studies that have elucidated the cell biology of neural crest in the context of embryonic development (Hall and Hörstadius, 1988; Hall, 1999; Le Douarin and Kalcheim, 1999; Saint-Jeannet, 2006). Speci7c examples of gene defects associated with instructive developmental disorders will be emphasized here and in ensuing chapters.
Development of the Limbs
Authors: Nissim Sahar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphological development of a limb begins with a relatively simple outgrowth of cells, which acquires increasing complexity and detail over time. This phenomenon can be viewed as a collaboration of several processes, including changes in cell number, differentiation of cell types, and elaboration of patterning. How these processes are orchestrated in a consistent and orderly way to allow a bird to My, a mouse to run, and a human to write is astounding.
Chandigarh, India
Authors: Varma Vijoy K , Malhotra Savita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geographically, India consists of the great Himalayan range in the north, the Sutlej, Gangetic, and Brahmaputra plains in the middle, and the triangular Deccan plateau in the south. The Himalayas, barriers to climatic influences and to the movement of peoples, contain some of the highest peaks in the world and are the source of most rivers that flow through the vast Ind Gangetic plains to the south. Northern India, in which the Chandigarh center is located, has a rich cultural heritage tracing its roots to Indo-Aryan civilization. Aryans, who made a significant impact on Indian culture and beliefs, came to northern India between 2000 and 1500 b.c. The philosophy and belief system are largely dominated by religion. Hinduism is the dominant religion of India and of the part of North India that formed the catchment area of the present study. Certain religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, were offshoots of Hinduism, whereas Islam and Christianity came from outside, starting around the 12th and the 15th centuries a.d., respectively.
Thinking Gender, Thinking Race Strategies and Contradictions
Authors: Feder Ellen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset of this project I asked whether the difficulties of thinking gender and race together reflected the distinctive expressions of power associated with the production of each. My exploration of these differences—drawing primarily on Foucault’s genealogical work—has been interwoven with an examination of the specifically discursive elements, that is, the ‘rules’ governing discursive formation that stand out in the selected illustrations. At the same time that I have made a case for appreciating a kind of analytic separability of gender and race, however, I have also pointed to ways that the material production of differences cannot be so neatly disentangled one from another; indeed, it is evident that, at every moment, both gender and race are thoroughly and simultaneously at work in each other’s production. Even so, as my own series of studies indicates, the telling of the stories that reveal the production of difference seems always to feature one kind of difference against another.
A Portion Of The Music Inadvertently Gets Repeated 1967–9
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davis had never been much involved in the making of popular music. His difficulty at the moment was that even his kind of jazz wasn’t very popular. Nefertiti was close to a record of art music. As refined as his work had become, the audience which had followed him with records such as Porgy And Bess and Kind Of Blue had been comprehensively dispersed by his subsequent progress. His records were selling some 40,000 copies each, still handsome numbers for a jazz record, but a distinct decline on what was once expected of a Miles Davis album. Columbia knew they had an important artist in Davis, and were concerned to make the most of him: the long-suffering Macero remained optimistic that there could still be some productive alliance between Miles and Gil Evans, and the general manager of Columbia, Clive Davis, thought that he was the kind of musician whose catalogue and eminence were ultimately worth a great deal to the company, even if his current records weren’t paying their way. But Davis made life difficult for both himself and Columbia. He constantly asked for more advances, sometimes spending hours on the phone with Clive Davis or one of his lieutenants. In the meantime, Teo Macero waited to see what he wanted to record next.
They Offered Me A Lot Of Money 1989–91
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Amandla sessions had been interrupted by Davis going into hospital with bronchial pneumonia. He recovered soon enough, but it was another illness visited on a body which was now ailing badly. The prescription drugs were debilitating him further, and his doctors even suggested that he retire from live playing altogether. But that was unthinkable. And by degrees, he got better. He spent more time in Malibu, was nursed by Jo Gelbard, and also had the regular company of his brother Vincent and his sister Dorothy. His youngest son Erin also grew closer to him (and Miles began giving Erin composer credits on some of his tunes, another means of keeping royalties away from his publishing deal). He had fresh management, under the lawyer Peter ShukaIt, and although he was not as wealthy as he might or should have been, money was not so much of a problem any longer. As well as the release of Amandla, 1989 was also notable for the publication of Miles: The Autobiography. Davis would never have written a book on his own, but it was an as-told-to story completed in collaboration with Quincy Troupe, a journalist who had done a lengthy interview with Davis some years earlier and had earned his trust.
Outro: Goodbye, Miles 1991
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miles Davis’s life came to an end faster than anyone expected, even though most of those close to him - there were few enough of them - recognized that his health was failing in a serious way. The Hollywood Bowl concert of 25 August, a track of which is preserved on Live Around The World, was the last time he saw some of his sidemen and friends. Wayne Shorter visited backstage and was shocked to see how much thinner he had become, even since the Paris concert from a few weeks earlier.
How to Think Like a Scientist
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific research is based on a particular way of thinking, and that way of thinking sets it apart from other types of work. While clear thinking and lucid presentation of your thoughts are likely to be important features of whatever career or job you choose, “scientific thinking” forms the absolute basis for everything else you will do as a scientist— designing experiments, analyzing data, writing papers, and so forth. I do not believe that anyone is born with this pat- tern of thinking. Indeed, I believe firmly that it is a learned “art,” something you may start to pick up (perhaps unconsciously) from your parents or teachers in grade school, but a habit that is subsequently learned and refined. If you are serious about considering a career as a scientist, you should work toward making this thinking pattern a conscious part of your educational program.
Introduction
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hip-hop is a problem. It is the cultural embodiment of violence, degradation, and materialism. Hip-hop is rappers exploiting women in videos and shooting each other in front of radio stations. Hip-hop is parties on $20 million yachts and Cam’ron claiming that he would never “snitch” to the police, even if he knew that a serial killer was living next door. It is a multibillion-dollar industry based on debauchery, disrespect, and self-destruction. Yet, when I think of hip-hop, I think of shopping for rare funk records on a Saturday afternoon. I think of a 12-year-old girl defeating two older boys in a dance battle as her mother proudly videotapes her.
Libertarianism
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you conclude, even provisionally, that utilitarianism does not provide an adequate basis for individual rights, you might wonder what other, stronger justification for rights is available. Libertarians offer one answer to this question. Libertarians are best known as advocates of free markets and critics of government regulation. Underlying their laissez-faire stance is the idea that each of us has a fundamental right to liberty— a right to do whatever we want with the things we own, provided we do not violate other people’s rights to do the same.
Moody Minds Distempered
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Moody Minds Distempered philosopher Jennifer Radden assembles several decades of her research on melancholy and depression. The chapters are ordered into three categories: those about intellectual and medical history of melancholy and depression; those that emphasize aspects of the moral, psychological and medical features of these concepts; and finally, those that explore the sad and apprehensive mood states long associated with melancholy and depressive subjectivity. A newly written introduction maps the conceptual landscape, and draws out the analytic and thematic interconnections between the chapters. Radden emphasizes and develops several new themes: the implications, theoretical phenomenological and moral, of recognizing melancholy and depressive states as mood states; questions of method, as they affect how we understand and characterize claims about melancholy and depression; and the persistence and force of cultural tropes linking such states to brilliance, creativity, and sagacity. Insights from literature and the history of medicine, psychology, and psychiatry are woven together with those from the more recent disciplines of feminist theory and cultural studies. This is interdisciplinary writing at its best-part analytic philosophy, and part history of ideas.
Emotional Pain and Psychiatry
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All pain involves affect. Studies have confirmed that affective elements and higher cognitive states of expectation and memory frame and interpret even the most ordinary pain sensations. Yet pain comes in varied forms. Some is experienced as an emotion, or a mood, rather than a localized sensation. These features of pain experience raise a host of conceptual questions. Is it important to distinguish localized painful sensations from the pain, suffering, and hurt that come to us in the form of emotional states? Does our pain language admit of more and less literal usage, if so? Is its abhorrence intrinsic to all pain experience? The following essay explores questions such as these in light of contemporary neuroscientific and philosophical research about painful sensations. Although alert to the affective elements tempering painful sensations, that research has almost entirely ignored pain and suffering that is nonlocalized and nonsensory. An older philosophical literature deals with more obviously emotional pain and suffering, but it, too, is incomplete. These omissions, it seems likely, limit our understanding of all pain experiences.