bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homicide: A Leading Cause of Injury Deaths Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States, 1991–1999
Authors: Chang Jeani , Berg Cynthia J. , Saltzman Linda E. , Herndon Joy 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We identified risk factors for pregnancy-associated homicide (women who died as a result of homicide during or within 1 year of pregnancy) in the United States from 1991 to 1999. Methods. Pregnancy-associated homicides were analyzed with data from the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results. Six hundred seventeen (8.4%) homicide deaths were reported to the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System. The pregnancy-associated homicide ratio was 1.7 per 100000 live births. Risk factors included age younger than 20 years, Black race, and late or no prenatal care. Firearms were the leading mechanism for homicide (56.6%). Conclusions. Homicide is a leading cause of pregnancy-associated injury deaths.
Work-Related Pain and Injury and Barriers to Workers’ Compensation Among Las Vegas Hotel Room Cleaners
Authors: Scherzer Teresa , Rugulies Reiner , Krause Niklas 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We examined the prevalence of work-related pain and injury and explored barriers to and experiences of reporting among workers. Methods. We surveyed 941 unionized hotel room cleaners about work-related pain, injury, disability, and reporting. Results. During the past 12 months, 75% of workers in our study experienced work-related pain, and 31% reported it to management; 20% filed claims for workers’ compensation as a result of work-related injury, and 35% of their claims were denied. Barriers to reporting injury included “It would be too much trouble” (43%), “I was afraid” (26%), and “I didn’t know how” (18%). An estimated 69% of medical costs were shifted from employers to workers. Conclusions. The reasons for underreporting and the extent of claim denial warrant further investigation. Implications for worker health and the precise quantification of shifting costs to workers also should be addressed.
Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Common Mental Disorders Among Workers: Findings From the EMPIRIC Study of Ethnic Minority Groups in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep , Stansfeld Stephen , McKenzie Kwame , Karlsen Saffron , Nazroo James , Weich Scott 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We measured perceived discrimination and its association with common mental disorders among workers in the United Kingdom. Methods. We conducted a secondary analysis of a national sample of 6 ethnic groups (n=2054). Discrimination was measured as reports of insults; unfair treatment at work; or job denial stemming from race, religion, or language. The outcome assessed was presence of common mental disorders. Results. The risk of mental disorders was highest among ethnic minority individuals reporting unfair treatment (odds ratio [OR]=2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2, 3.2) and racial insults (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.4, 3.6). The overall greatest risks were observed among Black Caribbeans exposed to unfair treatment at work (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.2, 7.3) and Indian (OR=3.1; 95% CI=1.4, 7.2), Bangladeshi (OR=32.9; 95% CI=2.5, 436.0), and Irish (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.1, 7.6) individuals reporting insults. Conclusions. Racial/ethnic discrimination shows strong associations with common mental disorders.
Underreporting of Maternal Deaths on Death Certificates and the Magnitude of the Problem of Maternal Mortality
Authors: Horon Isabelle L. 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. I studied the extent to which maternal deaths are underreported on death certificates. Methods. We collected data on maternal deaths from death certificates, linkage of death certificates with birth and fetal death records, and review of medical examiner records. Results. Thirty-eight percent of maternal deaths were unreported on death certificates. Half or more deaths were unreported for women who were undelivered at the time of death, experienced a fetal death or therapeutic abortion, died more than a week after delivery, or died as a result of a cardiovascular disorder. Conclusions. The number of maternal deaths is substantially underestimated when death certificates alone are used to identify deaths, and it is unlikely that the Healthy People 2010 objective of reducing the maternal mortality rate to no more than 3.3 deaths per 100000 live births by 2010 can be achieved. Increasing numbers of births to older women and multiple-gestation pregnancies are likely to complicate efforts to reduce maternal mortality.
Promoting Health for Transgender Women: Transgender Resources and Neighborhood Space (TRANS) Program in San Francisco
Authors: Nemoto Tooru , Operario Don , Keatley JoAnne , Nguyen Hongmai , Sugano Eiko 
Published: February 2005

Transgender women are at high risk for HIV, substance abuse, and mental health problems. We describe a health promotion intervention program tailored to transgender women in San Francisco. The program creates a safe space for providing transgender-sensitive education about HIV risk reduction, substance abuse prevention, and general health promotion. Transgender health educators conduct workshops and make referrals to appropriate substance abuse treatment programs and other services in the community. Evaluation findings indicate that this community-tailored intervention may be an effective way to reach transgender women and reduce sexual risk behaviors, depression, and perceived barriers to substance abuse treatment.
Smoke-Free Airlines and the Role of Organized Labor: A Case Study
Authors: Pan Jocelyn , Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Levenstein Charles , Balbach Edith D. 
Published: February 2005

Labor unions play an important role in debates about smoke-free worksites. We investigated the role of flight attendants and their unions in creating smoke-free air travel. We used case study methodology to search tobacco industry documents and labor union periodicals and to interview key informants (i.e., people identified as having first-hand information and experience in the campaign to make airlines smoke free). We then compared findings across these data sources. Tobacco industry strategies against the establishment of smoke-free worksites failed in the case of airlines, largely because of the efforts of flight attendants and their unions. Other factors contributed to the failure but likely would have been insufficient to derail industry efforts without strong stands by the flight attendants. This case illustrates the potential for successful partnerships between unions and tobacco control policy advocates when developing smoke-free worksite policies.
Inclusion of People With Disabilities in Telephone Health Surveillance Surveys
Authors: Kinne Susan , Topolski Tari D. 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. Telephone survey data are widely used to describe population health, but some fear that people with disabilities cannot participate. We tested the hypothesis that a telephone survey would underrepresent adults with disabilities, and that the adults with disabilities who responded would report lower prevalences of sensory, mental, self-care, and multiple limitations than those observed in people with disabilities in the general population. Methods. We compared characteristics of adults with disabilities identified by the 2001 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) to Washington adults with disabilities in the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS), to 2 BRFSS Disability Supplements, and to the Washington State Population Survey. All except the C2SS are telephone surveys. Results. Contrary to expectations, post hoc analyses of all telephone surveys found significantly higher prevalence of disability in the Washington adult population than did the C2SS. The hypothesis of more sensory, mental, and self-care limitation in telephone disability samples was supported in only 2 of 11 instances in which a disability sample was asked about 1 of these limitations. Findings were not explained by differences in disability definition or type of informant. Conclusions. These results suggest that population telephone surveys do not underrepresent adults with disabilities. The counterintuitive finding of their higher survey participation raises further questions.
A Model Designed to Enhance Informed Consent: Experiences From the HIV Prevention Trials Network
Authors: Woodsong Cynthia , Karim Quarraisha Abdool 
Published: February 2005

HIV prevention research in developing countries has resulted in increased attention to and discussion of ethical issues, particularly the issue of the quality of informed consent. We present a conceptual framework for an enhanced informed consent process, drawing on experiences garnered from domestic and international studies conducted by the HIV Prevention Trials Network, funded by the National Institutes of Health. This framework guides the development of an informed consent process designed to help ensure initial and continued comprehension of research participation, with an emphasis on HIV prevention research. Attention is focused at the individual and community levels and on 3 study phases: preenrollment, enrollment, and postenrollment.
Human Biomonitoring to Optimize Fish Consumption Advice: Reducing Uncertainty When Evaluating Benefits and Risks
Authors: Arnold Scott M. , Lynn Tracey V. , Verbrugge Lori A. , Middaugh John P. 
Published: February 2005

National fish consumption advisories that are based solely on assessment of risk of exposure to contaminants without consideration of consumption benefits result in overly restrictive advice that discourages eating fish even in areas where such advice is unwarranted. In fact, generic fish advisories may have adverse public health consequences because of decreased fish consumption and substitution of foods that are less healthy.Public health is on the threshold of a new era for determining actual exposures to environmental contaminants, owing to technological advances in analytical chemistry. It is now possible to target fish consumption advice to specific at-risk populations by evaluating individual contaminant exposures and health risk factors. Because of the current epidemic of nutritionally linked disease, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, general recommendations for limiting fish consumption are ill conceived and potentially dangerous.
The State Sets the Rate: The Relationship Among State-Specific College Binge Drinking, State Binge Drinking Rates, and Selected State Alcohol Control Policies
Authors: Nelson Toben F. , Naimi Timothy S. , Brewer Robert D. , Wechsler Henry 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We assessed the relationship between college binge drinking, binge drinking in the general population, and selected alcohol control policies. Methods. We analyzed binge drinking rates from 2 national surveys, the Har-vard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Binge drinking data were linked to a summary measure of 7 salient alcohol control policies and a rating of resources devoted to law enforcement. Results. State-level college and adult binge drinking rates were strongly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.43; P<.01). Attending college in states with the lowest binge drinking rates (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.41, 0.97) and presence of more stringent alcohol control policies (adjusted OR=0.57; 95% CI=0.33, 0.97) were independent predictors of student binge drinking, after adjusting for state law enforcement and individual-, college-, and state-level covariates. Conclusions. State of residence is a predictor of binge drinking by college students. State-level alcohol control policies may help reduce binge drinking among college students and in the general population.
Integrating Occupational Safety and Health Information Into Vocational and Technical Education and Other Workforce Preparation Programs
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Stephenson Carol Merry , Okun Andrea H. , Palassis John , Biddle Elyce 
Published: February 2005

The high rates of injury among young workers are a pressing public health issue, especially given the demand of the job market for new workers. Young and new workers experience the highest rates of occupational injuries of any age group. Incorporating occupational safety and health (OSH) information into the more than 20 000 vocational and other workforce preparation programs in the United States might provide a mechanism for reducing work-related injuries and illnesses among young and new workers. We assessed the status of including OSH information or training in workforce preparation programs and found there is an inconsistent emphasis on OSH information.
Evidence of a Dose—Response Relationship Between “truth” Antismoking Ads and Youth Smoking Prevalence
Authors: Farrelly Matthew C. , Davis Kevin C. , Haviland M. Lyndon , Messeri Peter , Healton Cheryl G. 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. In early 2000, the American Legacy Foundation launched the national “truth” campaign, the first national antismoking campaign to discourage tobacco use among youths. We studied the impact of the campaign on national smoking rates among US youths (students in grades 8, 10, and 12). Methods. We used data from the Monitoring the Future survey in a pre/post quasi-experimental design to relate trends in youth smoking prevalence to varied doses of the “truth” campaign in a national sample of approximately 50000 students in grades 8, 10, and 12, surveyed each spring from 1997 through 2002. Results. Findings indicate that the campaign accounted for a significant portion of the recent decline in youth smoking prevalence. We found that smoking prevalence among all students declined from 25.3% to 18.0% between 1999 and 2002 and that the campaign accounted for approximately 22% of this decline. Conclusions. This study showed that the campaign was associated with substantial declines in youth smoking and has accelerated recent declines in youth smoking prevalence.
Stereotaxic localization of supraoptic, ventromedial and mamillary nuclei in the hypothalamus of weanling to mature rats
Authors: Bernardis Lee L. , Skelton Floyd R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBilateral symmetrical electrolytic lesions were placed in the supraoptic, ventromedial and mamillary areas in groups of albino rats weighing 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 gm.The localization of the lesions was correlated with the coordinate setting used with the stereotaxic instrument.The diagrams presented contain the data for the antero‐posterior, lateral and dorso‐ventral coordinates plotted against the body weight of the respective groups and allow the extrapolation of coordinates for other hypothalamic structures.
The arterial system of the head and neck of the rhesus monkey with emphasis on the external carotid system
Authors: Castelli Walter A. , Huelke Donald F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe arterial plan of the head and neck of 64 immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was studied using four techniques — dissection, corrosion preparations, cleared specimens, and angiographs. In general, the arterial plan of this area in the monkey is similar to that of man. However, certain outstanding differences were noted. The origin, course, and distribution of all arteries is described as well as the vascular relations to pertinent structures.
The shape of rat kidney tubular cells
Authors: Bulger Ruth Ellen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMany cells specialized for ion transport have complex shapes. The cells of the nephron are no exception. Besides the well‐documented lateral processes seen in the basal region of many tubular cells, two further specializations are found in rat kidney tubular cells which serve to increase the lateral cell membrane area. These are an interdigitation of processes confined to the apical region, and an inter‐digitation of more extensive processes that extend the full height of the cell.
Coronary arteries of gallus domesticus
Authors: Lindsay Flora E. F. , Smith Helen J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe pattern of the coronary arteries of the domestic fowl is described. In the fowl heart the longitudinal sulci do not contain descending rami of the coronary arteries. The largest coronary vessels are the right and left deep coronary arteries, which early in their course come to lie on the ventral face of the I–V septum immediately below the endocardium. The circumflex arteries which occupy the corresponding coronary sulci are minor trunks. Differences in the relative distribution of me right and left deep coronary arteries allow recognition of three heart types: Heart Type Two, i.e., right coronary artery dominance, is found to be the commonest; Heart Type Three (left coronary artery dominance), and Heart Type One (balanced coronary circulation) are less common. Some details of the origin and course of the atrial, infundibular, conal and valvular arteries are given. The presence of homo‐coronary and intercoronary anastomoses is noted.
A kinetic study of the myenteric neurones. Size variations in the neurovegetative periphery with body weight and organ size
Authors: Dupont Jean‐René , Jervis Helen R. , Sprinz Helmuth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relationship between organ size, body weight and the size variations in myenteric neurones of the ileum and cecum has been studied in white Fisher rats. Three groups of conventional as well as germfree rats of varying body weight were utilized.Myenteric neurones in the cecum and ileum “grow” with increasing body weight. Cecal neurones have a steeper growth curve than ileal neurones. The average diameter of Auerbach's ganglion cells in the cecum is 13.6 μ in 90 gm rats, 20.0 in 300 gm rats. In medium sized rats (150 gm) the myenteric neurones of the germfree cecum are 2–3 times as large as those in the cecum of conventional animals. This increase is proportional to the enlarged cecal circumference in germfree rodents. When small (90 gm) germfree rats are conventionalized the myenteric neurones return to normal size as the cecum “shrinks” to normal size. In the intramural parasympathetic nervous system of the gut organ size as well as body weight are determinants of ganglion cell size.
The pattern of the microcirculatory bed in the ventricular myocardium of domestic mammals
Authors: Brown Roger E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObservations, as determined by injections of India ink through the coronary arteries of isolated and perfused beating hearts, were presented. Tissue blocks were removed from the right and left ventricular walls and the interventricular septum, sectioned and cleared for microscopic examination and photomicrography. The term microcirculatory bed was defined as those vessels 100 μ and smaller in diameter. The descriptions were based on 76 normal adult hearts of both sexes of six domestic species.The arterioles divided by dichotomous branching until the final division resulted in two daughter capillaries. At no time was a capillary observed leaving an arteriole larger than 15 μ in diameter. The arterioles had a modified type of end artery pattern. Arterial anastomoses were uncommon in the areas and species examined. A specific area of a cardiac muscle fascicle was supplied by several arterioles whose capillaries intermeshed. The implications of this concept in relation to micro‐embolism were explored.Capillary anastomoses were frequent but the connecting vessel was only about 20 μ in length. Three types of capillary anastomoses were identified. Capillaries did not cross the muscle fascicles of the myocardium.Collecting venules were often distinctive in their morphological pattern. “Turnip root” patterns were observed in all species and represented the local venous collection of a muscle fascicle. A venule's capillary components were usually from several arteriolar sources.Supported in part by research grant HE 04217‐05 from the National Heart Institute, U. S. Public Health Service.
The transverse tubular system in mammalian myocardial cells
Authors: Simpson F. O. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fine structure of ox myocardial cells, as seen in transverse sections, is described. The presence of an extensive system of transverse tubules at Z region levels has been confirmed, the walls of the tubules being continuous with the sarcolemma.Preliminary observations in smaller animals indicate that similar tubules are readily seen in guinea‐pig myocardial cells and are present, but are more difficult to find, in the rat; communication between the tubules and the exterior is readily demonstrated in the guinea‐pig but less readily in the rat.Contact between the transverse tubules and the Z regions was not particularly close, and a thin delicate “circumferential Z tubule” was noted to lie round the myofibrils at most Z regions.The Z regions, on cross section, shows a tightly packed square array of filaments, double in number compared with the thin filaments seen elsewhere in the sarcomere; the appearances probably confirm for heart muscle the Z region structure which has been described for skeletal muscle.
Mitosis and differentiation in the stratified squamous epithelium of the rat esophagus
Authors: Marques‐Pereira J. P. , Leblond C. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fate of the cells of the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus was investigated radioautographically in young adult rats at various time intervals after a single injection of thymidine‐H3.Soon after injection, labeled cells appeared in the basal layer of the epithelium (stratum basale). During the following 12 hours, the labeled cells completed DNA synthesis and mitosis, and mostly remained in the basal layer. After 12 hours, however, the labeled cells arising from the mitoses were transferred to the spinous layer (stratum spinosum) at the rate of 1.2% per hour.The respective fates of the two daughter cells of a mitosis were then examined using two‐dimensional maps showing the location of the labeled nuclei at 24 and 48 hours after injection. It was assumed that any two nuclei located side by side and overlaid by a similar number of grains are the two daughter cells of a mitosis. Such pairs of labeled daughter cells fell into three categories: (1) Basal pairs, composed of two basal cells; (2) Outgoing pairs, composed of two spinous (or granular) cells; and (3) Mixed pairs, composed of one basal and one spinous (or granular) cell. Since three possibilities were encountered at the two time intervals, the mitoses could not be differential (in which case the pairs of daughter cells would consist of a cell remaining in the basal layer and another migrating to the spinous layer, that is, all pairs would be “mixed”). Instead, the frequency of the three types of pairs was such as to indicate that the transfer of a basal cell to the spinous layer is a chance event which can affect any basal cell (except those undergoing DNA synthesis or mitosis). Accordingly, the transfer of either or both daughter cells of a mitosis would also be due to chance.The transfer of a cell out of the basal layer is a critical step in the life of the cell, since it precludes further division and appears to trigger differentiation.