bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid in matched clinical sites in smokers and non‐smokers with persistent periodontitis
Authors: Söder B. , Jin L. J. , Wickholm S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: Smokers with persistent periodontitis may have granulocytes with impaired function. This study aimed to determine the levels of granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in smokers and non‐smokers with persistent periodontitis.Methods: We analyzed GCF from 70 matched sites in 29 periodontitis and 6 gingivitis sites in 34 subjects, 17 smokers, and 17 non‐smokers. We also analyzed separately GCF from 28 of these subjects, 14 smokers and 14 non‐smokers in 14 matched periodontitis sites. The following measurements were made: elastase complexed to α1‐antitrypsin (EA‐α1AT) and MMP‐8 with ELISA, functional elastase with a chromogenic substrate, and PGE2 with radioimmunoassay (125I RIA). The significance of the findings was determined with Mann‐Whitney test.Results: In the 29 matched periodontitis sites, smokers had significantly more functional elastase (p<0.005) and more EA‐α1AT (p<0.05) than non‐smokers. In the 14 matched periodontitis sites in 14 smokers and 14 non‐smokers, the former had significantly more functional elastase than the latter (p<0.001). A significant correlation was found between EA‐α1AT and MMP‐8 in smokers (p<0.05) and non‐smokers (p<0.001) and a positive correlation between levels of functional elastase and MMP‐8 in non‐smokers (r2=0.98; p<0.001).Conclusions: Granulocyte function seems to be impaired in smokers with persistent periodontitis. The cells react to the bacterial challenge by releasing serine proteases, which reflect the degradation of connective tissue. The risk of progression of the disease is therefore higher in smokers with persistent periodontitis than in non‐smokers.
Supracrestal soft tissue preservation with enamel matrix proteins in treatment of deep intrabony defects
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Bottega Sabrina , Zucchelli Giovanni 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a regenerative procedure based on supracrestal soft tissue preservation in association with enamel matrix proteins (EMP) in the treatment of deep intrabony defects.Methods: The subjects included 35 consecutively treated patients, 23 females and 12 males, aged 28–61 years, 11 of whom were smokers. Patients presented with at least one intrabony defect with probing pocket depth ≥ 6 mm and a radiographic depth of the defect ≥ 4 mm at the initial visit. Immediately before surgery and 9–12 months after surgery, Local Plaque Score (LPS), Local Bleeding Score (LBS), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (REC), and radiographic depth of the defect (DEPTH) were recorded.Results: Thirty‐one (88.6%) defects were LPS‐negative presurgery, while 29 (82.9%) defects presented with no plaque postsurgery. The prevalence of LBS‐positive defects shifted from 94.3% presurgery to 8.4% postsurgery (p < 0.0000). PPD was 8.9 mm before surgery, and decreased to 3.5 mm postsurgery (p < 0.0000). CAL varied from 10.1 mm presurgery to 5.4 mm postsurgery (p < 0.0000), with an average improvement (gain) of 4.7 ± 1.7 mm. Twenty‐six (74.3%) defects presented a gain of least 4 mm. Regression analysis showed a positive correlation between CAL gain as a dependent variable, and presurgery PPD and amount of supracrestal soft tissues as predictors. DEPTH improvement (gain) was 3.9 ± 1.8 mm, which represented 65% of defect fill. Twenty (57.1%) defects presented a DEPTH gain of at least 4 mm. DEPTH gain was significantly correlated to presurgery PPD (p < 0.000). No significant differences were found between smokers and non‐smokers in terms of CAL and DEPTH gain.Conclusions: Results from the present study indicated that the regenerative procedure based on supracrestal soft tissue preservation and EMP application leads to clinically and statistically significant improvement of hard and soft tissue conditions of deep intrabony defects.
A method to compare four mouthrinses:
Authors: Yates R. , Shearer B. H. , Huntington E. , Addy M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aim: The experimental gingivitis model is a well‐established method in comparing the chemical antiplaque activity of agents and products. The aim of the present study was to use time in order to achieve an exit level of bleeding on probing (BOP) as the primary outcome variable.Methods: The study was a single blind, randomised four treatment parallel group design employing 76 healthy volunteers. The cohort was accepted into the study proper if they achieved a level of ≤ 25% BOP after a 5‐week pre‐study oral hygiene phase. At baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks BOP, modified gingival index (MGI) and plaque index scores were obtained from each subject. After baseline, oral hygiene was suspended and subjects rinsed twice daily with one of the test rinses, namely: 1 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride 2 Control fluoride 3 0.2% chlorhexidine 4 0.3% triclosanSubjects were removed from the study when they achieved ≥ 50% BOP. Using the baseline and exit BOP, MGI and plaque, a deterioration rate for each parameter was derived and used as the unit of analysis.Results: There were highly significant treatment differences for all three parameters. Paired analyses revealed chlorhexidine was highly significantly more effective than the other rinses for all three parameters. CPC and triclosan were not different from the control for BOP, but CPC was significantly different from the control for MGI and plaque, and triclosan was different from the control for plaque. There were no differences between the CPC and triclosan rinses.Conclusions: The method achieved the expected result of differentiating between the chlorhexidine and the other rinses. Some modification of the method, primarily to group sizes, should improve specificity. The method has the considerable volunteer appeal of early exit, particularly when allocated to control or low activity treatments for plaque.
PMN responses in chronic periodontal disease: evaluation by gingival crevicular fluid enzymes and elastase‐alpha‐1‐proteinase inhibitor complex
Authors: Buchmann Rainer , Hasilik Andrej , Nunn Martha E. , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Lange Dieter E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: In the present trial, the hypothesis was examined that the local PMN responses in untreated and treated chronic periodontitis can be differentiated by gingival crevicular fluid lysosomal enzyme activities and elastase‐alpha‐1‐proteinase inhibitor complex.Methods: In nine subjects (average age 49.2 ± 7.1 years) with chronic periodontitis, clinical parameters and markers of the PMN‐derived inflammatory tissue response in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed before and 6 months after surgical periodontal therapy. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), beta‐N‐acetyl‐hexosaminidase (beta‐NAH) and cathepsin D (CD) were analyzed as indicators of the PMN‐associated host tissue destruction, and elastase‐alpha‐1‐proteinase inhibitor complex (alpha‐1‐EPI) as the major serum protein inactivating PMN elastase. The total activities of the lysosomal enzymes MPO and beta‐NAH were evaluated spectrophotometrically, the CD levels by liquid scintillation counting with [14C] hemoglobin as substrate, and the total alpha‐1‐proteinase inhibitor complex using a sandwich‐immunoassay.Results: The clinical parameters revealed a statistical significant decrease at the 6‐month reexamination. PD levels dropped from 5.40 to 2.88 mm (change 2.52 ± 1.04 mm), the CAL scores from 6.67 to 4.43 mm (change 2.24 ± 0.77 mm). The 30 s GCF volumes dropped from 129.8 to 68.6, displaying a change of 61.1 ± 18.6, p ≤ 0.05. The decrease in total MPO, beta‐NAH and CD levels (medians: 1.7/0.6 µU MPO, 0.035/0.020 µU beta‐NAH, 1.3/0.5 ng CD) following therapy was associated with a significant drop in total GCF amounts of alpha‐1‐EPI from 76.3 ng at baseline to 52.4 ng after 6 months.Conclusion: The clinical healing in chronic periodontal disease is associated with a downregulation of the local PMN responses following periodontal therapy. The reorganization of periodontal tissues is characterized by a decrease of lysosomal enzyme activities and the alpha‐1‐proteinase inhibitor complex in gingival crevicular fluid.
HLA‐A, B, Cw, DRB1, DRB3/4/5, DQB1 in German patients suffering from rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) and adult periodontitis (AP)
Authors: Machulla H. K. G. , Stein J. , Gautsch A. , Langner J. , Schaller H.‐G. , Reichert S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/Aim:  There is growing indication that differences in host response determine susceptibility and resistance to periodontal disease. Particularly, the effect of histocompatibility antigens (HLA) on early onset periodontitis (EOP) has been studied. As most of the results are not conclusive and to date no report has been done on German patients, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of HLA alleles in a group of 50 German RPP patients and 102 German AP patients and to compare them to 102 control probands without periodontitis.Methods:  Diagnosis was established according to standardised clinical criteria. HLA typing was performed using serologic and molecular biologic (PCR‐SSP) techniques.Results: Compared to the controls, RPP patients had a significantly higher frequency of HLA‐DRB1*13 and a significantly lower frequency of HLA‐DRBblank*(non‐DRB3/4/5). AP patients showed a significantly increased occurrence of HLA‐B*14 and ‐Cw*08 as well as a significantly decreased frequency of HLA‐A*03. In both patient groups HLA‐A*11 and ‐A*29 had an increased frequency and HLA‐A*31 and ‐A*30/31 were decreased. These differences were statistical significant in the whole patient group (RPP + AP).Conclusions:  Based on modern DNA techniques the present study shows an association of HLA to both RPP and AP. Certain HLA alleles seem to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to periodontitis in general. However, before this knowledge can be used for differential diagnosis or prognosis, further investigations are necessary.
Risk factors for periodontal disease progression among elderly people
Authors: Ogawa Hiroshi , Yoshihara Akihiro , Hirotomi Toshinobu , Ando Yuichi , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for periodontal disease progression by individual characteristics at baseline among elderly people over a 2‐year period. Subjects were selected from 4542 people aged 70 years residing in Niigata who were in good general health and who did not require special care for their daily activities. Gender, smoking and alcohol drinking habits were obtained using a questionnaire, while serum levels of disease markers were investigated and attachment levels were clinically recorded. For the assessment of periodontal disease progression, additional attachment loss was used if one or more sites had a 3‐mm or more increase in probing attachment level over a 2‐year period. In all, 394 subjects (208 males and 186 females) were surveyed. Approximately 75% of subjects exhibited additional attachment loss over a 2‐year period. Significant associations were found between additional attachment loss and smoking, and attachment level of 6 mm or more at baseline, with odds ratios of 3.75 and 2.29, respectively. Smoking habit and baseline attachment level of 6 mm or more may be considered risk factors for further attachment loss among healthy elderly people.
Substantivity of toothpaste slurries and their effect on reestablishment of the dental biofilm
Authors: Arweiler Nicole B. , Auschill Thorsten M. , Reich Elmar , Netuschil Lutz 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: Toothpastes are good vehicles for antibacterial substances to exert a prolonged effect. This effect depends on the substantivity and ability to interfere with plaque metabolism and/or vitality. It was the purpose of this clinical, randomized 2 × 4 cell crossover study to evaluate and to compare the antibacterial effects of two toothpastes (Colgate Total®, COL and Parodontax®, PAR) applied as slurries on established plaque over 24 h (Part I) and their effect on 4‐day plaque regrowth (Part II). Chlorhexamed® (0.1%; CHX) and water served as positive and negative controls.Material and methods: After professional toothcleaning eight students were asked to refrain from all mechanical hygiene measures for the next 72 h. After 48 h plaque was sampled and vitality of the plaque flora examined (baseline, VF0%). The subjects then rinsed for 1 min with 15 mL of one of the test or control solutions. Every second hour up to 14 h and 24 h after rinsing, plaque sampling and staining was performed to assess plaque vitality (VF2‐24, Part I). In Part II, the classical 4‐day plaque regrowth design was used with two rinses (1 min) a day as the only oral hygiene measure. Vitality values were assessed on day 1 and day 4 (VF1, VF2). At day 4, teeth were stained to assess the whole mouth plaque index (PlI) and to evaluate the percentage of plaque area (PA) of the anterior teeth.Results: Compared to placebo, all active rinses reduced plaque vitality significantly over a period of 24 h (Part I). PAR, COL and CHX revealed reductions of 18–31%, 28–50% and 19–50%, respectively. In Part II, similar reductions of all parameters were found for all active rinses (PAR 12–30%, COL 34–51%, CHX 40–64%).Conclusions: Colgate Total has shown a significant action on plaque regrowth and a high substantivity during 24 h, while Parodontax revealed a more moderate but still significant effect.
Effect of a controlled‐release chlorhexidine chip on clinical and microbiological parameters of periodontal syndrome
Authors: Grisi Daniela C. , Salvador Sérgio L. , Figueiredo Luciene C. , Souza Sérgio L. S. , Novaes Arthur B. , Grisi Márcio F. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a controlled‐released chlorhexidine chip (CHX) as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Material and methods: Twenty patients with at least four sites with probing depth ≥ 5 mm and bleeding on probing were selected. This randomized single‐blind study was carried out in parallel design. The control group received SRP alone, while the test group received SRP plus CHX chip. The clinical parameters, Plaque Index (PlI), Papillary Bleeding Score (PBS), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Gingival Recession (GR), Probing Depth (PD) and Relative Attachment Level (RAL), and the microbiological parameter BANA test were recorded at baseline and after 3, 6 and 9 months.Results: Both groups presented significant improvements in all parameters analyzed over the study period. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for any parameter analyzed after 9 months, except for BOP, which was significantly reduced in the control group. The mean reductions on PD and RAL were 2.4 mm and 1.0 mm for the control group and 2.2 mm and 0.6 mm for the test group, respectively.Conclusion: The CHX chip did not provide any clinical or microbiological benefit beyond that achieved with conventional scaling and root planning, after a 9‐month period.
Phenytoin‐mediated androgen metabolism in gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Soory M. , Suchak A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: This investigation attempts to identify the role of the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole (L) and the antiandrogen finasteride (F) on 5α‐reductase activity in gingival fibroblasts, to elucidate mechanisms for phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth.Material and methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with Eagle's MEM and 14C‐testosterone/14C‐4‐androstenedione as substrates; effective concentrations of phenytoin (Ph), levamisole (L) and finasteride (F), alone and in combinations of (Ph + F) (Ph + L) were added to the incubate. After 24 h, the medium was analysed for steroid metabolites and quantified using a radioisotope scanner.Results: The metabolites isolated were 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4‐androstenedione (4‐A) or testosterone (T) from each substrate. With 14C‐T as substrate, Ph stimulated DHT synthesis by 1.7‐fold, while F and L inhibited this activity by 1.8‐fold and 34%, respectively (n = 6; P < 0.001). The combination of Ph + F reduced yields by 2.7‐fold compared with Ph alone and Ph + L reduced DHT synthesis by 2.4‐fold compared with Ph alone (n = 6; P < 0.001). When 14C‐4‐androstenedione was used as substrate, similar trends were identified.Conclusion: These results suggest that the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole and the 5α‐reductase inhibitor finasteride can substantially decrease the yields of DHT in fibroblasts, stimulated by phenytoin. This could be a potential target for reducing the gingival overgrowth caused by phenytoin.
A comparison of the plaque‐inhibitory properties of stannous fluoride and low‐concentration chlorhexidine mouthrinses
Authors: Claydon N. , Smith S. , Stiller S. , Newcombe R. G. , Addy M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Plaque inhibition by chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses is dose related with a relatively flat dose–response curve above 5–6 mg twice daily. Low dose regimens could therefore reduce local side effects but maintain reasonable efficacy.Aims:  To compare the plaque inhibitory properties of two low‐dose CHX rinse products with more conventional levels delivered from proprietary rinses. A secondary outcome was a comparison with a stannous fluoride/amine fluoride (SFAF) rinse product.Methods:  The study was a five‐treatments, negative controlled, randomised, single blind crossover design balanced for residual effects, involving 20 healthy subjects in a 24‐h plaque re‐growth model. On day 1 of each study period, subjects were rendered plaque free, suspended tooth cleaning and followed the appropriate rinse regimen. On day 2, subjects were scored for plaque by index and area. The rinse codes and rinsing regimens were: (A) 15 mg CHX 2 × daily for 30 s (0.1% CHX), (B) 9 mg CHX 2 × daily for 60 s (0.06% CHX), (C) 10 ml SFAF rinse 1 × daily for 30 s, (D) 15 ml placebo 2 × daily for 60 s, and (E) 6 mg CHX 2 × daily for 30 s (0.06% CHX).Results:  Average mouth plaque indices and areas were highly significantly different between rinsing regimens. All test rinses were significantly more effective than the placebo rinse. There was a mean dose–response pattern for the CHX rinses, but there were no statistically significant differences between any of the test rinses.Conclusions:  Lower doses of chlorhexidine in rinses can be used to exert plaque inhibition comparable with products used at higher doses and equivalent to benchmark products such as the SFAF rinse. However, the availability of chlorhexidine from formulations has to be considered as in part explaining the results.
Lateral ridge augmentation by the use of grafts comprised of autologous bone or a biomaterial. An experiment in the dog
Authors: Araújo M. G. , Sonohara M. , Hayacibara R. , Cardaropoli G. , Lindhe J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: The present investigation was performed to determine if a block of Bio‐Oss® used as an onlay graft can be used as a scaffold for new bone formation.Material and methods: Five mongrel dogs were used. The mandibular premolars were extracted. On both sides of the mandible, the buccal bone plate was resected and defects, about 25 mm long, 8 mm high and 5 mm wide, were produced After 3 months of healing, a second surgical procedure was performed. In the left side, a block of Bio‐Oss® was adjusted to the buccal bone wall. The graft had the shape of a cylinder and was retained with a miniscrew and covered with a collagen membrane. In the contra‐lateral side of the mandible, a block biopsy was first obtained from the ascending ramus. This bone graft had the shape of a cylinder that was 8 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick. The graft was transferred to the experimental site, adjusted to the buccal wall, retained with a miniscrew, and covered with a membrane. The flaps were repositioned and closed with sutures to ensure a complete coverage of the experimental sites.After 6 months of healing, the dogs were sacrificed and the experimental sites dissected. The biopsies were processed for ground sectioning. The sections were stained in toluidine blue, examined in the microscope, and a number of histo‐ and morphometric assessments made.Results: The study demonstrated that cortical bone used as an onlay graft in the lateral aspect of the alveolar ridge, during a 6‐month period of healing integrated with the host bone but underwent marked peripheral resorption. Thus, close to 30% of the height and 50% of the length of the graft was replaced with connective tissue. It was further observed that while the dimensions of a graft which contained a scaffold of cancellous bovine bone mineral remained unchanged, only moderate amounts of new bone formed at the base of this graft.Conclusion: Grafts of autologous cortical bone, placed on the surface of a one‐wall defect, may undergo marked resorption during healing. A similar graft of Bio‐Oss® may retain its dimension, and limited amounts of new bone will form within the biomaterial.
The relationship between problem behaviour and traumatic dental injury amongst children aged 7–15 years old
Authors: Odoi Rebecca , Croucher Ray , Wong Ferranti , Marcenes Wagner 
Published: March 2003

Abstract–Aim: The aim of this study was to test whether dental injuries are related to problem behaviour. In addition, it aimed to confirm the relationship between dental injuries and size of overjet and type of lip coverage.Methods: A hospital‐based matched (age and sex) case‐control design was adopted. Data were collected through clinical examinations and interviews. The informant‐rated version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to identify problem behaviour. One parent of the child, most often the mother, was interviewed. Hierarchical modelling using conditional logistic regression was used to test the relationship between the five problem behaviours and traumatic dental injuries.Results: The Odds ratio of having a dental injury increased 3.14 times if children have peer relationship problems (P = 0.032), whilst a prosocial behaviour showed a tendency to have a protective effect (OR = 0.25; P = 0.064). Emotional symptoms, conduct disorder and hyperactivity behaviours were not related to dental injury (P > 0.75). Results were adjusted by father's level of education, size of overjet and type of lip coverage, and these variables were significantly related to dental injury (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Problem behaviour may play an important role in the occurrence of traumatic dental injury.