bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Devil in the Details: The Gas Chambers of Birkenau, October 1941
Authors: Allen Michael Thad 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
What were the models for the gas chambers, and when were they first implemented? Examining technical details of the ventilation systems of the Birkenau morgues, this article argues that from the beginning of October 1941 the SS planned Morgue 1 of Crematoria II and III as a gas chamber for the extermination of human beings. The precedents were Zyklon-B chambers for delousing clothing, a technology widely known throughout a network of specialized firms. Far from pursuing the halting and somewhat inconscient development of gas chambers in Birkenau heretofore presented in the historical literature, the SS first took an interest in Zyklon-B chambers in the summer of 1941, and by early October the Central Building Directorate of Auschwitz intentionally and systematically had adapted such equipment to the gassing of human beings.
The “Gemeinde Problem”: The Jewish Restitution Successor Organization and the Postwar Jewish Communities in Germany, 1947–1954
Authors: Takei Ayaka 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In May 1945, little more than ownerless synagogues, deserted cemeteries, and bombed-out buildings remained of the once-prosperous German Jewish community. In order to prevent the German states from claiming heirless Jewish property in the U.S.-occupied zone, the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization was created. However, a small number of “reestablished” Jewish communities asserted their right to succeed to the communal properties. This article examines the legal and political confrontation that followed.
New Sources on the Holocaust in Italy
Authors: Breitman Richard 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In 2000 the United States National Archives opened a collection of intelligence documents containing new evidence about the October 1943 roundup and deportation of more than 1,000 Jews in Rome. This article draws upon British decodes of radio messages exchanged between SS and SD officials in Rome and Berlin to identify key participants in the decisions to deport and murder Italian Jews, and to revise the chronology of these decisions. It also shows that this evidence could have been useful in post-World War II trials of a number of Nazi officials, such as Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Karl Wolff, and Wilhelm Harster. Finally, it suggests that the attitudes of the Italian public represented a significant obstacle for Nazi officials seeking to carry out the Final Solution in Italy.
Antisemitism and the Institutional Catholic Church
Authors: Dietrich Donald J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews, James Carroll (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), xii + 756 pp., $28.00.
Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy, Susan Zuccotti (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), xi + 408 pp., $29.95.
The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965, Michael Phayer (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), xviii + 301 pp., $29.95.
The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Antisemitism, David Kertzer (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), vii + 355 pp., $27.95.
Redeeming the Unredeemable: Auschwitz and Man's Search for Meaning
Authors: Pytell Timothy E. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Viktor Frankl's Auschwitz memoir has been criticized for misrepresenting the cultural significance of the Holocaust. “The real hero of Man's Search for Meaning,” Lawrence Langer once remarked, was “not man but Viktor Frankl.” Incorporating little-known biographical details and an analysis of how Frankl “worked through” his experiences in earlier writings, this article illuminates how Frankl arrived at his particular version of survival. It reinforces Langer's contention that Frankl distorted the reality of Auschwitz in an attempt to prove his own psychological and philosophical theories.
Bikunin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induction in Macrophages
Authors: Matsuzaki Hidenori , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Yagyu Tatsuo , Wakahara Kiyoshi , Kondo Toshiharu , Kurita Noriyuki , Sekino Hideo , Inagaki Kiyokazu , Suzuki Mika , Kanayama Naohiro , Terao Toshihiko 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTBikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in protection against cancer and inflammation. To investigate the molecular mechanism of this inhibition, we analyzed the effect of bikunin on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production in human peripheral mononuclear cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory inducer. Here, we show the following results. (i) LPS induced TNF-α expression in time- and dose-dependent manners through phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. (ii) Bikunin inhibits LPS-induced up-regulation of TNF-α protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 60% inhibition at the highest doses of bikunin tested (5.0 μM). (iii) Inhibition by bikunin of TNF-α induction correlates with the suppressive capacity of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways, implicating repressions of at least three different signals in the inhibition. (iv) Bikunin blocks the induction of TNF-α target molecules interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 proteins. (v) Bikunin is functional in vivo, and this glycoprotein blocks systemic TNF-α release in mice challenged with LPS. (vi) Finally, bikunin can prevent LPS-induced lethality. In conclusion, bikunin significantly inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α production, suggesting a mechanism of anti-inflammation by bikunin through control of cytokine induction during inflammation. Bikunin might be a candidate for the treatment of inflammation, including septic shock.
Presentation and outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in patients with diabetes
Authors: Bhansali A , Bhadada S , Sharma A , Suresh V , Gupta A , Singh P , Chakarbarti A , Dash R J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Aim: To report presentation and outcome of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) exclusively in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Methods: Retrospective, non-comparative, interventional analysis of the medical records of 35 patients with ROCM among 22 316 patients with diabetes seen over the last 12 years.
Results: A cohort of 23 men and 12 women with a mean (SD) age of 47.3 (14.4) years (range 18–70 years) was studied. Five patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus, 29 had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and one had secondary diabetes. Nine patients had ROCM as the first clinical manifestation of diabetes. The mean (SD) blood glucose at presentation was 20.6 (8.3) mmol/l (range 10.0 to 53.3 mmol/l) and 17 patients had ketosis/ketoacidosis. Ophthalmic symptoms and signs were pronounced: external ophthalmoplegia (89%), proptosis (83%), visual loss (80%), chemosis (74%), and eye lid gangrene (14%). Non-ophthalmic manifestations included sinusitis (100%), nasal discharge/ulceration (74%), infranuclear VI nerve palsy (46%), palatal necrosis (29%), cerebral lobe involvement (20%), and hemiparesis (17%). Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging showed involvement of paranasal sinuses in all patients with ethmoid (86%) and maxillary (80%) sinuses being most frequently involved. Orbital involvement was observed in 80% of patients with cavernous sinus thrombosis in 11%, and internal carotid occlusion and hydrocephalus in 3% each. All were treated with amphotericin B (3–3.5 g) and 26 (74%) patients underwent appropriate surgery. Twenty one patients (68%) survived with a mean (SD) follow up of 39.6 (34.1) months (range 10 months to 11 years). Factors related to poor survival included delay in diagnosis and treatment (p&lt;0.05), facial and/or eye lid gangrene (p&lt;0.05), hemiplegia (p&lt;0.05), cerebral invasion by mucorales (p&lt;0.05), and treatment with amphotericin B alone (p&lt;0.05).
Conclusions: In patients with diabetes and ROCM, ROCM was the presenting manifestation in one fourth of the patients. Ophthalmic and extensive cerebral involvement predominated in the clinical picture. Delay in treatment due to late presentation and associated complications were major determinants of the survival outcome in these patients.
ABOUT CACHE ASSOCIATIVITY IN LOW-COST SHARED MEMORY MULTI-MICROPROCESSORS
Authors: DRACH N. , GEFFLAUT A. , JOUBERT P. , SEZNEC A. 
Published: November 2004

Sizes of on-chip caches on current commercial microprocessors range from 16 Kbytes to 36 Kbytes. These microprocessors can be directly used in the design of a low cost single-bus shared memory multiprocessors without using any second-level cache. In this paper, we explore the viability of such a multi-microprocessor. Simulations results clearly establish that performance of such a system will be quite poor if on-chip caches are direct-mapped. On the other hand, when the on-chip caches are partially associative, the achieved level of performance is quite promising. In particular, two recently proposed innovative cache structures, the skewed-associative cache organization and the semi-unified cache organization are shown to work fine.
LOCAL ANALYSIS VIA THE REAL SPACE GREEN’S FUNCTION METHOD
Authors: WU SHI-YU , JAYANTHI CHAKRAM S. 
Published: November 2004

A complete account of the development of the method of real space Green’s function is given in this review. The emphasis is placed on the calculation of the local Green’s function in a real space representation. The discussion is centered on a list of issues particularly relevant to the study of properties of complex systems with reduced symmetry.They include: (i) the convergence procedure for calculating the local Green’s function of infinite systems without any boundary effects associated with an arbitrary truncation of the system; (ii) a general recursive relation which streamlines the calculation of the local Green’s function; (iii) the calculation of the eigenvector of selected eigenvalues directly from the Green’s function. An example of the application of the method to carry out a local analysis of dynamics of the Au(511) surface is also presented.
A SYMMETRY BASED STUDY OF POSITRON ANNIHILATION SPECTRA
Authors: ADAM GH. , ADAM S. 
Published: November 2004

We describe a method for off-line analysis of spectra measured by two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation [Formula: see text] positron spectroscopy. The method takes into account, at all its stages, two salient data features: the piecewise constant discretization of the [Formula: see text] physical momentum distribution into square pixels, performed by the setup, and the occurrence of a characteristic [Formula: see text] projected symmetry of the positron–electron pair momentum distribution. Several validating criteria are derived which secure significantly increased reliability of the output. The method is tested on [Formula: see text] spectra measured on (R)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ( R123 ; R= Y, Dy) single crystals. It resolves ridge Fermi surfaces [Formula: see text] up to 3rd Umklapp components on both kinds of R123 spectra. Moreover, on a c-axis-projected Y123 spectrum, measured at 300 K, it resolves a small but clear signature of the pillbox [Formula: see text] at the S point of the first Brillouin zone as well.
COMPLEXITY ASPECTS OF VISIBILITY GRAPHS
Authors: LIN YAW-LING , SKIENA STEVEN S. 
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we consider two distinct problems related to complexity aspects of the visibility graphs of simple polygons. Recognizing visibility graphs is a long-standing open problem. It is not even known whether visibility graph recognition is in NP. That visibility graph recognition is in NP would be established if we could demonstrate that any n vertex visibility graph is realized by a polygon which can be drawn on an exponentially-sized grid. This motivates a study of the area requirements for realizing visibility graphs. In this paper, we prove: • Θ(n3) area is necessary and sufficient to realize the complete visibility graph Kn. • There exist visibility graphs which require exponential area to realize. • Any maximal outerplanar graph of diameter d can be realized in O(d2 · 2d) area, which can be as small as O(n log2 n) for a balanced mop. Linear maximal outer-planar graphs can be realized in O(n8) area. The second part of this paper considers the complexity of specific optimization problems on visibility graphs. Given a polygon P, we show that finding a maximum independent set, minimum vertex cover, or maximum dominating set in the visibility graph of P are all NP-complete. Further we show that for polygons P1 and P2, the problem of testing if they have isomorphic visibility graphs is isomorphism-complete. These problems remain hard when given the visibility graphs as input.
DYNAMICS FOR A FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING
Authors: STARK W. RICHARD 
Published: November 2004

This paper presents results on the dynamics of asynchronous irregular cellular automata (as representations of natural information-processing systems). It is an approach to explaining global dynamics from local dynamics without the use of unrealistic intermediate structure (i.e., without synchronization or regular communication). The unrealistic intermediate structure is replaced by the the realistic assumption that local behavior is entropy reducing (an idea of E. Schrödinger). It has been shown that, for systems composed of cells programmed as cyclic finite-state automata, the observed global oscillation can be explained in terms of the structure of attractors in the global state space. The degree of local connectivity (i.e., of communication between cells) is shown here to determine the size of global attractors, and in turn the sharpness of global behavior. However, the primary result here is the extension of these results to systems whose cells are programmed as arbitrary strongly connected automata. Finally, these phenomena are demonstrated by the simulations.
A String Theory for 3-Manifolds with a Kleinian Action
Authors: Lins Sóstenes L. 
Published: November 2004

In this paper we show that a class of orientable 3-manifolds can arise as (and be presented by) the “interaction of charged strings”. The presentation is very concise and it encodes complete information for producing the manifold as the union of closed balls, by providing instructions on how to identify the boundaries of these balls. The central issue of considering this class of manifolds is that (often) the string presentation is capable of revealing the structure of the manifolds in the sense of displaying ways to form them as the “interaction of smaller” closed manifolds in the class. We also prove some Theorems on the recognition of sufficiently large 3-manifolds. The essential torus, which characterizes such manifolds arises simply as an special pair of “segments” (which are special connected substrings). Cutting along such torus, is internal to the the string presentation and it suggests a natural way to close the boundary of the resulting manifold. Finally, we use the string presentation theory to display a complete catalogue of closed orientable 3-manifolds whose fundamental groups are not cyclic nor free products and which have “gem-complexity” at most 13.
Mitochondrial DNA genealogy of chimpanzees in the Nimba mountains and Bossou, West Africa
Authors: Shimada Makoto K. , Hayakawa Sachiko , Humle Tatyana , Fujita Shiho , Hirata Satoshi , Sugiyama Yukimaru , Saitou Naruya 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe chimpanzee populations of the Bossou and Nimba regions in West Africa were genetically surveyed to 1) reveal the genetic relationship between the Bossou and Nimba populations, and 2) elucidate the evolutionary relationship between the Bossou‐Nimba and other West African populations. The chimpanzee group at Bossou is characterized by its small population size, no evidence of contact with neighboring populations, and no female immigration. It is believed that most females and adolescent males emigrate from this population. To reveal the genetic signature of these characteristics, we examined the genetic diversity of Bossou and two neighboring populations (Seringbara and Yealé) in the Nimba Mountains by sequencing approximately 605 bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. A total of 20 distinct mtDNA variants were observed from 56 sequences of noninvasively collected, anonymous samples. Nucleotide diversity in the Nimba Mountain populations was 0.03–0.04, and did not differ significantly from that in the Bossou population. Very few mitochondrial variants are shared among the sites sampled, which suggests that there is little gene flow involving mtDNA. Nevertheless, no clear population structures were revealed in either population. A comparison with published sequences from West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) indicates that the variants observed in the Bossou and Nimba regions are scattered throughout the subspecies, rather than clustered according to geographic region. This suggests that the Bossou‐Nimba populations derived only recently from the common ancestral population of the West African chimpanzees, and did not pass through a bottleneck. Am. J. Primatol. 64:261–275, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variegata, and Eulemur fulvus): Does fiber type affect digestive efficiency?
Authors: Campbell J.L. , Williams C.V. , Eisemann J.H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn vivo digestibility and transit of two experimental diets were compared across four lemur species for which gastrointestinal morphology and preliminary data on physiology differ:Varecia variegata (VV), Eulemur fulvus (EF), Propithecus verreauxi (PV), and Hapalemur griseus (HG). Since free‐ranging groups consume varied amounts of slowly fermentable insoluble fiber (IF) and rapidly fermentable soluble fiber (SF), differences in digestibility may be related to variation in the fiber types consumed. To investigate this, two diets were designed to provide 28% of dry matter (DM) as total dietary fiber (TDF). The ratio of IF/SF (g/g) differed across the diets (12.15:1 for the IF diet, and 3.76:1 for the IF/SF diet). The DM digestibility (DMD) of both diets differed across species: DMD was lower for EF and VV (approximately 56–58%), and higher for PV (72%) and HG (76%). The fiber digestibility results were as follows: TDF digestibility was similar for VV and EF (23% and 28%), higher for PV (56%), and highest for HG (66%). IF digestibility was lower for VV and EF (20% and 28%), and higher for PV and HG (53% and 62%). The transit times (TTs) of the two markers Cr and Co were similar (approximately 3.5 hr for VV and EF, 25 hr for PV, and 30 hr for HG). The mean retention times (MRTs) showed the same trend. The results from these captive groups suggest there are large differences in digestive efficiency that are likely related to the varied fiber composition of the free‐ranging diet, and the amount of time the digesta are retained in the gut. Am. J. Primatol. 64:323–335, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical and hydrodynamic properties of flocs produced during biological hydrogen production
Authors: Zhang Jian‐jun , Li Xiao‐yan , Oh Sang‐Eun , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDense flocs readily form in continuous culture bioreactors used for hydrogen production, but the fractal and hydrodynamic properties of these flocs have not been previously analyzed. We therefore examined the size distribution, fractal dimension, and hydrodynamic properties of flocs formed in a continuous flow, well‐mixed reactor treating synthetic wastewater at a fixed condition of a 4.5 h hydraulic detention time (23°C, pH 5.5). The reactor was operated for a total of 3 months at three different organic loading rates (27, 53, and 80 g‐COD/L‐d) with influent glucose concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 g‐COD/L. At all three loading rates the removal of glucose was nearly complete (98.6–99.4%) and biomass was produced in proportion to the organic loading rate (0.86 ± 0.11, 2.40 ± 0.26, and 4.59 ± 1.55 g/L of MLVSS in the reactor). Overall conversion efficiencies of glucose to hydrogen, evaluated on the basis of a maximum of 4 mol‐H2/mol‐glucose, increased with organic loading rates in the order 17.7%, 23.1%, and 25.6%. The gas contained 56.1 ± 4.9% hydrogen, with the balance as carbon dioxide. No methane gas was detected. Under these conditions, flocs were produced with mean sizes that increased with organic loading, in the order 0.12 cm (5 g‐COD/L), 0.35 cm (10 g‐COD/L), and 0.58 cm (15 g‐COD/L). As the average floc size increased, the flocs became on average denser and less fractal, with fractal dimensions increasing from 2.11 ± 0.17 to 2.48 ± 0.13. Floc porosities ranged from 0.75–0.96, and resulted in aggregate densities that allowed little intra‐aggregate flow through the floc. As a result, average settling velocities were not appreciably larger than those predicted by Stokes' law for spherical, impermeable flocs. Our results demonstrate that dense, relatively impermeable flocs are produced in biohydrogen reactors that have settling properties in reasonable agreement with Stokes' law. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical Study on the Reactivities of Stannylene and Plumbylene and the Origin of their Activation Barriers
Authors: Su Ming‐Der 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe potential energy surfaces corresponding to the reactions of heavy carbenes with various molecules were investigated by employing computations at the B3LYP and CCSD(T) levels of theory. To understand the origin of barrier heights and reactivities, the model system (CH3)2X+Y (X=C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb; Y=CH4, SiH4, GeH4, CH3OH, C2H6, C2H4, and C2H2) was chosen for the present study. All reactions involve initial formation of a precursor complex, followed by a high‐energy transition state, and then a final product. My theoretical investigations suggest that the heavier the X center, the larger the activation barrier, and the less exothermic (or the more endothermic) the chemical reaction. In particular, the computational results show that (CH3)2Sn does not insert readily into CH, SiH, CH, GeH, or CC bonds. It is also unreactive towards CC bonds, but is reactive towards C≡C and OH bonds. My theoretical findings are in good agreement with experimental observations. Furthermore, a configuration mixing model based on the work of Pross and Shaik is used to rationalize the computational results. It is demonstrated that the singlet–triplet splitting of a heavy carbene (CH3)2X plays a decisive role in determining its chemical reactivity. The results obtained allow a number of predictions to be made.