bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Off-centered Impact of Droplet on a Single Microhole
Authors: Shondhi Sakib Sadat , Alam Md Nur E. , Tan Hua 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Droplet impact is central to numerous technological applications including spray coating, inkjet printing, additive manufacturing, etc. Droplet impact on solid surfaces leads to diverse outcomes, such as splashing, spreading, receding, jetting, and rebounding. In recent years, there is growing research interest on the droplet impact on mesh or holed surfaces. In this work, we investigate the dynamics associated with the off-centered impingement of a water droplet on a partially wetting substrate pierced with a single micro-hole via high-speed video photography. A 0.5-mm-diameter punch is used to produce circular holes of 630 μm diameter on a plastic film substrate of 240 μm thickness. A combination of a 10μL pipette tip and a syringe pump is used to dispense droplets of 2.8 mm in diameter. A high-speed camera with magnification lens is used to capture the entire process of droplet impact over the microhole. An in-house MATLAB code has been developed for the processing and data analysis of the captured images. In our study, the distance (referred to as off-center distance hereafter) between centers of droplet and microhole during the impact varies from 0 to 0.60 mm. The droplet release height is adjusted to vary the impact velocity from 0.49 to 1.40 m/s. Our results show that with sufficiently high impact velocity as the droplet spreads radially over the substrate, a downward jet driven by the impact inertia pinches off from the microhole and then breaks up into one or multiple droplets due to Plateau-Rayleigh instability. The jet is ejected with an angle from the axis of the microhole due to the off-center distance. A regime map has been produced to introduce the relation between Weber numbers and jet breakup conditions. We found the jetting mechanism and liquid volume penetrating through the microhole are directly influenced by the impact velocity of the droplet and the off-center distance. The jet ejection angle is dependent on Weber number and off-center distance. The jet pinch-off time was closely related to the capillary-inertial time scale. Our data indicate that the maximum spreading factor βmax generally follows the power law with the Weber number We as βmax ∼ We0.22. We also established a relationship between the number of satellite droplets and impact velocity. The volume of ejected single or satellite droplets was found to be dependent on the Weber number and off-center distance.
Nonreciprocal Transmission of Lamb Waves via Surface-Bonded Elastic Metamaterial Diode
Authors: Xu Hexuan , Shen Yanfeng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper presents two types of elastic meta-structural functional units with symmetric and antisymmetric layouts, synthetically collaborating for realizing one-way, nonreciprocal transmission of Lamb waves. The elastic meta-structural functional unit cells are comprised of Locally Resonant (LR) cylinders arranged in a periodic pattern bonded on an aluminum plate. The mechanism behind the metamaterial guided wave diode resides in the wave mode manipulation, including mode conversion and selective mode transmission. This study explores with a systematic parametric study on the antisymmetric elastic meta-structural unit cell with various shapes. The optimal configuration is determined from the parametric study to identify the most effective mode conversion performance. Highly effective mode conversion from S0 mode into A0 mode can be achieved by the antisymmetric units. The height of the unit cell stub and the amount of unit cells are respectively explored with a finite element model (FEM) using harmonic analysis. The performance of the proposed ultrasound mode convertor is further substantiated via the harmonic analysis of a metamaterial chain model, via showcasing the frequency spectrum of the transmitted wave modes. Subsequently, filtering of symmetric Lamb modes can be achieved by symmetric resonant elastic metamaterial. Modal analysis with Bloch-Floquet boundary condition is performed to obtain the dispersion features of the metamaterial system. By investigating the band structure and the resonant motions, a complete antisymmetric Lamb modes transmission band within the symmetric Lamb modes bandgap can be established in a wide frequency range. Afterwards, an elastic wave diode is constructed by combining the proposed unit cells for the nonreciprocal transmission manipulation of symmetric Lamb waves. The proposed nonreciprocal transmission capability may possess great potential for the purpose of one-way wave control and manipulation.
A Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Compression-Induced Cracking in Epoxy Composite Grout Under Thermo-Mechanical Loading
Authors: Waseetuddin Nahri S. , Abubakar Abba A. , Al-Athel Khaled S. , Akhtar Syed S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Grouts are designed to withstand high loads while resisting water, high temperatures, chemicals, and other factors. They are commonly employed in various practical structural applications due to their desirable attributes, such as excellent bonding, rapid strength development, ease of preparation, and free-flow ability. Much study has recently been conducted into replacing traditional cementitious grout with polymer composites. Most grout structures are subjected to compressive loads and significant temperature variations during their operational lifetime. As a result, it is critical to consider how the variation in thermo-mechanical loading impacts the performance of polymer grouting materials. The study presents an experimental and numerical analysis of the fracture behavior of epoxy polymer grout under compressive loads and at different temperatures. The primary fracture mechanism considered in this study will be a compressive fracture on an inclined through-crack. XFEM simulates cracking in the epoxy grout at 25 °C and 65 °C, while the cementitious samples are only modeled at 25 °C. Experiments have been performed to benchmark the compression problem, and its results validate the XFEM simulation. The cementitious grout possesses meager compressive strength. The epoxy grout material can endure a very high load at 25 °C. However, the compressive strength of the epoxy grout significantly decreases with an increase in temperature. The decrease in compressive strength is due to the weakening of the epoxy polymeric chain, interface debonding, and the formation of voids at high temperatures. The presence of multiple flaws of different sizes and shapes significantly impacts the fracture behavior of epoxy grout, as confirmed by the XFEM simulations. Smaller-sized defects exhibit a higher possibility of cracking due to the high-stress concentrations.
An Agent-Based Modeling Approach for the Diffusion Analysis of Electric Vehicles With Two-Stage Purchase Choice Modeling
Authors: Xu Jiawen , Bi Youyi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Diffusion research of innovative technologies is crucial for new product positioning and strategic planning in product design. As a versatile system simulation method, agent-based modeling (ABM) has been used in many previous studies on the diffusion analysis of electrical vehicles (EVs). In these simulations, modeling consumers’ purchase decisions is a significant step. Previous studies often adopt simple rule-based decision criteria in this step, while a more accurate purchase decision model can contribute to more reasonable diffusion analysis of EVs. To fill this gap, this paper presents an agent-based modeling approach for the diffusion analysis of electric vehicles with two-stage choice modeling. The basic idea is to separate consumers’ decision-making process for purchasing a car into two stages. Consumers form a small choice set from the whole auto market in the first stage. In the second stage, consumers make the final choice from the choice set built in the first stage. In addition, the word-of-mouth (WOM) effect and consumers’ social network are also considered in the ABM, which can further improve the accuracy of the diffusion analysis of electric vehicles. A case study using data collected from Shanghai, China, is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. The influence of factors such as government policy and technological improvement on the diffusion of EVs are also discussed. These insights can assist automakers in further improving their product design and enhancing their market competitiveness.
Model-Free Improvement of Contouring Accuracy of Nonsymmetric Planar 3PRR Parallel Kinematics Machine
Authors: Rosyid Abdur , El-Khasawneh Bashar 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As the basic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control with off-the-shelf control hardware is still the widely used standard of industrial control practice, it is important to find some practical ways to increase the contouring accuracy without a need to apply a model-based control scheme which requires tedious dynamic modeling and leads to high computational cost. This paper applied three model-free approaches, namely decentralized PID control with linear PID gain scheduling, decentralized PID control with velocity trajectory input, and decentralized PID control with high-order polynomial motion profile, to a geometrically nonsymmetric parallel kinematics machine (PKM) having 3PRR topology (3 = number of legs, P = prismatic joint, R = revolute joint) to improve its contouring accuracy. The experiments showed that the linear PID gain scheduling does not provide a significant improvement in the PKM contouring accuracy, whereas the velocity trajectory input and the higher-order motion profiles significantly improve the PKM contouring accuracy.
Forming Mechanism of Hollow Shafts With Heavy Section Shrinkage by Multi-Roll Tandem Skew Rolling
Authors: Zhang Song , Shu Xuedao , Li Zixuan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Hollow shafts with heavy section shrinkage have the advantages of material saving, weight reduction, easy maintenance and flaw detection, so they are widely used in automobile, aerospace and other fields. However, it is difficult to break through the bottleneck of 75% section shrinkage when forming hollow shaft by traditional rolling process, which limits its application. Therefore, a new process for short process flexible forming of hollow shafts with heavy section shrinkage, namely the multi-roll tandem skew rolling (MRTSR) process, has been proposed. In order to analyze the feasibility of forming hollow shafts with heavy section shrinkage by MRTSR, theoretical and simulation studies are conducted on the forming process. Firstly, the forming principle of hollow shaft by MRTSR is introduced, and the technological characteristics of multi-roll and single-roll skew rolling are compared. Then, the kinematic analysis of the rolling process is carried out to obtain the pitch of the roller pushing the rolling piece forward. Based on this, the stable rolling condition of the hollow shaft by MRTSR is deduced. Finally, a finite element model was established to simulate the forming process of a hollow shaft with heavy section shrinkage by MRTSR, and the distribution of the equivalent stress and strain in a hollow rolling piece with 81% section shrinkage was analyzed. The results show that it is feasible to form hollow shaft with heavy section shrinkage by MRTSR.
Sensitivity Improvement of Graphene-Based Gas Sensors by Direct Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on the Graphene
Authors: Suzuki Ken , Hirose Yuto , Qiao Xiangyu , Fu Wangyang , Miura Hideo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted extensive attention because of their excellent physicochemical properties, such as high electron mobility, superior mechanical strength, and excellent thermal conductivity. In addition, the electronic resistance of graphene and CNTs changes when various molecules are adsorbed on their surfaces, which has great potential in gas sensing. However, since ultra-sensitive sensing at the ppb level is still a challenge, we have proposed a vertically aligned CNT-graphene hybrid structure to improve the sensitivity and verified its effectiveness by evaluating the sensitivity to H2O gas in this study. The effect of the CNT layer structure synthesized directly on the graphene surface on the sensor sensitivity was investigated. The sensor sensitivity improved with the larger area of the CNT layer covering the graphene surface and the higher density of CNTs. On the other hand, increasing the thickness of the CNT layer to 15 μm or more did not significantly improve sensitivity. The CNT-graphene hybrid gas sensor with a graphene layer thickness of 15 μm showed a resistance change of 0.6% per 1% humidity, indicating that our proposed CNT-graphene hybrid structure can improve sensor sensitivity more than ten times.
Mechanical Characterization of Li-Ion Cells and the Calibration of Numerical Models Using Proper Generalized Decomposition
Authors: Schmid Alexander , Pasquale Angelo , Ellersdorfer Christian , Raffler Marco , Champaney Victor , Ziane Mustapha , Chinesta Francisco , Feist Florian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The behavior of lithium-ion cells under mechanical load is determined by both experiments and simulations. Extensive experimental data are required for the calibration and validation of complex numerical models. The possible experiments may differ in dimension (component, cell, cell stack and module) and in boundary conditions during the experiments (e.g. loading rate, sample condition). This study covers two aspects: The characterization and the modeling: First an overview on innovative experimental procedures is given. Second, it is shown how to quickly calibrate a macroscopic cell model against the experimental data. The calibration effort increases strongly with the number of calibration parameters as with the number of test configurations against which the model is calibrated. A new calibration procedure is presented to overcome this hurdle: First, a meta-model is created, covering the calibration parameters and calibration load cases, employing Proper Generalized Decomposition. Once the meta-model is adequately trained, the optimization of calibration parameters is conducted in real-time employing the meta-model. So a macroscopic cell model can be calibrated very quickly against a given set of experimental data sets. This is important because there are constant improvements and changes to the batteries in terms of materials, dimensions and structure.
Effect of Foot Additional Mass on the Clinical Angles of Knee Extension Exercise
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru I. , Trejo Alfirio , Rodriguez Eric , Alvarez Barriga Camila Tatiana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of foot additional mass on the abduction and internal rotation knee angles during knee extension exercise. Three subjects (two male and one female) performed four sets of ten repetitions of the knee extension exercise for the right leg. For the first set, the subject performed the exercise with no additional weight. For each set after, weight was added around the subject’s right foot and the subject was allowed a rest period before beginning the next set. The weights for sets 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.00kg (no additional weight), 0.82kg, 1.64kg, and 2.27kg respectively. The subject’s motion during the knee extension exercise was tracked by utilizing VICON motion analysis system to capture position data of markers placed on the femur and tibia. This data was filtered with a low pass Butterworth filter and used to create tibial and femoral coordinate systems’ unit vectors. These unit vectors were used to determine the knee joint coordinate system. The joint coordinate system was then used to calculate the clinical angles: knee extension, abduction, and internal rotation. After averaging ten repetitions for each set (additional mass), the effect of additional mass on clinical angles was reported. The data showed that each subject had a differing natural motion when performing the exercise. The amount of internal rotation during the first 90° to 30° of flexion can vary between subjects. However, the screw-home mechanism is observed, i.e. tibia externally rotates with respect to femur as the knee extends. This is true for all subjects. On the other hand, the abduction of the tibia varies greatly between subjects. This finding has been acknowledged in the literature. Although the initial and final values for the clinical angles were affected when additional weight was added, the amount was insignificant and unpredictable.
Mechanical Properties and Interfacial Strength of Active Material Layer / Copper Foil of Anode Sheet in Lithium-Ion Battery (LiB)
Authors: Ogata Kazuma , Takano Yoshinori , Yasuda Shotaro , Shibayama Yuto , Yonezu Akio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LiB) are widely used in industrial field, and its safety is increasingly attracting attention. In the LiB, anode sheet has a layered structure consisting of an active material layer (including a binder and active material) and a copper foil as current collector. Generally, active material layer is mechanically weak, and often shows mechanically degradation due to mechanical loading. In addition, LiB cases interfacial delamination during the fabrication process and practical usage. Interfacial delamination leads degradation of the electrical performance and causes an internal short circuit. Therefore, for battery safety and better mechanical design, this study evaluated the adhesion strength of the interface between active material layer / copper foil in anode sheet using Laser Shock Adhesion Test (LaSAT). In addition, repeated LaSAT was also conducted to apply cyclic loading to the interface, and its fatigue interfacial strength was evaluated.
Computational Analysis of the Compressive Behavior of TPMS Graded Lattice Structures Versus Primitive TPM Lattice Structures Produced by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Abdelaal Ahmed F. , Al-Athel Khaled , Abubakar Abba , Ali Usman , Akhtar Syed Sohail 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) provides an opportunity to fabricate complex geometries such as lattice structures that have unique mechanical, thermal, and fluid-dynamic properties, which are difficult to achieve using traditional subtractive methods. Lattice structures are utilized in the lightweight of automotive and aerostructures, sandwich cores, energy absorption, and blast protection. To ensure that the lattice-structured parts meet the required design criteria such as stiffness and strength, it is important to predict their mechanical behavior accurately. Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are widely used for designing lattice structures due to their unique geometric properties. Although graded TPMS lattice structures have been shown to improve their mechanical properties by tailoring their properties across the structure, there is still a lack of understanding of how the graded structure affects their compressive behavior. This study aims to compare the compressive behavior of the Schwarz-diamond (SD) TPMS lattice structures for graded and primitive produced by additive manufacturing. Finite element analysis is used to capture the effect of both lattice structures on the mechanical behavior. This study provides valuable insights into the compressive behavior of SD-TPMS lattice structures and contributes to improved design and optimization techniques for additive-manufactured lattice structures.
Nonlinear Vibrations of a Shallow Spherical Cap Under Pressure Loading
Authors: Iarriccio Giovanni , Zippo Antonio , Pellicano Francesco 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The nonlinear vibrations of shallow spherical caps, under the action of static and fluctuating pressure, are studied. A meshless method based on the Novozhilov’s nonlinear thin shell theory is considered to reduce the partial differential equations (PDEs) to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs): the displacement fields are expanded though a mixed series of Legendre polynomials and harmonic functions in the meridional and circumferential directions respectively. The ODEs are obtained by taking advantage from the Lagrange equations and are analysed using continuation and direct integration techniques. Results show that nonlinear interactions can result in the activation of non-symmetric vibrational states characterized by weakly chaotic features.
Voxel Printing of a Multi-Material 3D Printed Prosthetic Socket Based on FEM Simulations
Authors: Pigazzi Riccardo , Bertolini Michele , Rossoni Marco , Colombo Giorgio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Prosthetic socket for lower limb amputation needs to be customized based on the residual limb characteristics to satisfy functional and comfort requirements. One of the main causes for ill-fitting socket is the lack of appropriate application of material properties that match the characteristics of the amputee’s biological tissue. Additive manufacturing has the ability to confer inhomogeneous properties to the printed object. This paper presents a digital workflow for the design and fabrication of a prosthetic socket based on the results of numerical simulations and the use of multi-material voxel printing. A voxel model of the socket is generated and the contact pressure between the residual limb and the socket derived from FEA is mapped to the voxels, which were correspondingly assigned a material. This allow to define a material distribution at the voxel level and to generate printing instructions as a stack of bitmap images for voxel printing. The goal is to obtain a socket characterized by a spatial variation of material stiffness, according to the pressure map extracted from simulation, in order to adapt the socket to the patient’s anatomy and, consequently, to reduce contact pressure and discomfort.
Atomistic Investigation of the Effect of Non-Glide Stress on the Deformation and Dislocation Transfer at Hexagonal Close-Packed Metal Grain Boundary
Authors: Oyinbo Sunday Temitope , Oviroh Peter Ozaveshe , Jen Tien-Chien 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The molecular dynamics method was utilized in this study to investigate the dislocation transfer mechanism at the atomic scale at basal and prismatic (BP) boundaries in Magnesium. Firstly, uniaxial deformation (pre-tensile and pre-compression) is dynamically applied at the BP interface. The results demonstrate that when plastic deformation increases, there is a remarkable change in the structure of the BP interface. Furthermore, the interaction mechanism between the BP interface and basal dislocations (edge and screw) was observed. The results show that for the basal and the prismatic slip when the Burgers vector is aligned in a direction that is perpendicular to the interface, a basal dislocation is transmuted to a prismatic dislocation and vice versa. The critical resolved shear stress for first basal screw dislocation transmutation is considerably higher than edge dislocation. The pre-normal strain and temperature analyses for the BP interface were also performed to understand the interactions’ mechanism better. As the pre-tensile strain increases, the maximum critical resolved shear stresses to initiate basal edge and screw dislocation transmutation through the BP interface are progressively reduced. In contrast, when the pre-compression strain increases, the maximum critical resolved shear stresses increase.