bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Supramolecular Properties of Molecular Clips with Anthracene Sidewalls
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Kahlert Björn , Boese Roland , Bläser Dieter , Juris Alberto , Marchioni Filippo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNovel molecular clips with anthracene sidewalls (1 a–c) were synthesized; they form stable host–guest complexes with a variety of electron‐deficient aromatic and quinoid molecules. According to single‐crystal structure analyses of clip 1 c and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) complex 14@1 b, the clips’ anthracene sidewalls have to be compressed substantially during the complex formation to provide attractive π–π interactions between the aromatic guest molecule and the two anthracene sidewalls in the complex. The compression and expansion of aromatic sidewalls are calculated by molecular mechanics to be low‐energy processes, so the energy required for compression of the anthracene sidewalls during complex formation is apparently overcompensated by the gain in energy resulting from the attractive π–π interactions. The finding that complexes of the clips 1 a–c are more stable than those of the corresponding clips 2 a–c can be explained in terms of the larger van der Waals contact surfaces of the anthracene sidewalls in 1 a–c (relative to the naphthalene sidewalls in 2 a–c). Color changes resulting from charge‐transfer (CT) bands are observed in complex formation by 1 a–c: from colorless to red or purple with TCNB (14), and from yellow to green with 2,4,7‐trinitro‐9‐fluorenone TNF (17). Independently, the host 1 b and guest 14 fluoresce from their respective excited singlet states, whilst in the complex 14@1 b the charge‐transfer state quenches the higher‐energy singlet states of the two components, and as a result luminescence is only observed from this new CT state. To the best of our knowledge, complex 14@1 b is the first example of CT luminescence from a host–guest complex. The binding constant determined for the formation of the TCNB complex 14@1 b from a UV/Vis titration experiment (Ka = 12 400 m−1) agrees well with the value (Ka = 12 800 m−1) obtained by 1H NMR titration.
Synthesis of Mono‐ and Disubstituted Porphyrins: A‐ and 5,10‐A2‐Type Systems
Authors: Ryppa Claudia , Senge Mathias O. , Hatscher Sabine S. , Kleinpeter Erich , Wacker Philipp , Schilde Uwe , Wiehe Arno 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGeneral syntheses have been developed for meso‐substituted porphyrins with one or two substituents in the 5,10‐positions and no β substituents. 5‐Substituted porphyrins with only one meso substituent are easily prepared by an acid‐catalyzed condensation of dipyrromethane, pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde, and an appropriate aldehyde using a “[2+1+1]” approach. Similarly, 5,10‐disubstituted porphyrins are accessible by simple condensation of unsubstituted tripyrrane with pyrrole and various aldehydes using a “[3+1]” approach. The yields for these reactions are low to moderate and additional formation of either di‐ or monosubstituted porphyrins due to scrambling of the intermediates is observed. However, the reactions can be performed quite easily and the desired target compounds are easily removed due to large differences in solubility. A complementary and more selective synthesis involves the use of organolithium reagents for SNAr reactions. Reaction of in situ generated porphyrin (porphine) with 1.1–8 equivalents of RLi gave the monosubstituted porphyrins, while reaction with 3–6 equivalents of RLi gave the 5,10‐disubstituted porphyrins in yields ranging from 43 to 90 %. These hitherto almost inaccessible compounds complete the series of different homologues of A‐, 5,15‐A2‐, 5,10‐A2‐, A3‐, and A4‐type porphyrins and allow an investigation of the gradual influence of type, number, and regiochemical arrangement of substituents on the properties of meso‐substituted porphyrins. They also present important starting materials for the synthesis of ABCD porphyrins and are potential synthons for supramolecular materials requiring specific substituent orientations.
Synthesis of Some New 6‐Substituted Quinazolino[4,3‐b]quinazolin‐8‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Azizian Javad , Mohammadi Ali A. , Karimi Ali R. , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cytotoxic capacity of hepatitis C virus (HCV)–specific lymphocytes after in vitro immunization with HCV‐derived lipopeptides
Authors: Langhans Bettina , Schweitzer Susann , Braunschweiger Ingrid , Schulz Monika , Sauerbruch Tilman , Spengler Ulrich 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV)–derived lipopeptides can induce epitope‐specific immune responses in lymphocytes from HCV‐naive individuals. We analyzed whether such T cells generated by in vitro immunization with HCV core‐derived lipopeptides exert HCV‐specific cytolytic activity.MethodsUsing a sensitive flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay we characterized HCV‐specific cytotoxicity in T cells generated in vitro with HCV core‐derived 25‐mer lipopeptides. In addition, we studied expressions of Fas ligand and perforin and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) secretion in HLA‐A2‐HCVcore_35‐44 tetramer‐positive T cells generated with lipopeptide amino acid 20‐44 (LP20‐44).ResultsCD8+ T cells induced in vitro with HCV core‐derived lipopeptides only infrequently exerted HCV‐specific cytotoxicity, irrespective of whether antigen‐coated T2 cells or autologous B lymphoblasts were used as targets. Detailed analysis of HLA‐A2‐HCVcore_35‐44 tetramer‐positive T cells generated with LP20‐44 revealed that in vitro immunization resulted in T cells that secreted IFN‐γ after antigen‐specific restimulation and that upregulated expression of Fas ligand but not of perforin.ConclusionsOur data confirm at the functional level that HCV lipopeptides induce antigen‐specific T lymphocytes that produce IFN‐γ but exert significant cytotoxicity in only a minority of experiments, probably because expression of cytolytic effector molecules is not enhanced in their granules. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of preanalytical variables on granulocytic surface antigen expression: A review
Authors: Elghetany M. Tarek , Davis Bruce H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundThere is a gradual but steady increase in the use of granulocytic surface marker studies to diagnose several inherited and acquired blood and bone marrow disorders. Diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with inflammation and infection are other areas of quantitative flow cytometric application. Despite the increased use of flow cytometry to study granulocytes, there seems to be no well‐established standards regarding specimen handling for these studies.MethodsThis review summarizes the effect of preanalytical variables on granulocytic surface markers.Results and ConclusionsStoring specimens in sodium heparin at room temperature for up to 72 h seems satisfactory. Other anticoagulants, although acceptable, may have a shorter storage time. Storage time could be prolonged further with the use of some preservation media. Lysed whole blood is the preferred technique. Techniques should avoid major temperature change and excessive manipulation and should maintain storage and methodologic temperature with minimal fluctuation. Fixation before staining with the antibody may result in decreased expression of some surface antigens. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Literature review of air pollution control biofilters and biotrickling filters for odor and volatile organic compound removal
Authors: Iranpour Reza , Cox Huub H.J. , Deshusses Marc A. , Schroeder Edward D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA literature study was conducted to compare the feasibility of biofilters and biotrickling filters for the treatment of complex odorous waste air containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), organic reduced sulfur compounds, and chlorinated and nonchlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). About 40 pilot‐plant studies and full‐scale applications at wastewater treatment plants and other facilities were reviewed. Reactor design and pollutant removal efficiencies were summarized in tables for easy reference and for a perspective on the current state of the art, and to allow comparison between different projects. The survey indicated that both biofilters and biotrickling filters are capable of combining a high H2S and odor removal efficiency with VOC removal. Apart from odor abatement, biological treatment therefore holds promise for reducing the overall toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of VOC‐containing odorous waste air from wastewater treatment plants and other facilities. VOC removal efficiencies were in general lower than those of H2S and odor, although concentrations of individual VOC species were relatively low. This indicates that for effective treatment of VOC‐containing odorous waste air, the design and operation should emphasize VOC removal as the rate‐limiting parameter. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Signal transduction pathways regulating cyclooxygenase‐2 in lipopolysaccharide‐activated primary rat microglia
Authors: Akundi Ravi Shankar , Candelario‐Jalil Eduardo , Hess Sandra , Hüll Michael , Lieb Klaus , Gebicke‐Haerter Peter J. , Fiebich Bernd L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMicroglia are the major cell type involved in neuroinflammatory events in brain diseases such as encephalitis, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders, and contribute significantly to the release of prostaglandins (PGs) during neuronal insults. In this report, we studied the immediate‐early intracellular signalling pathways in microglia, following bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, leading to the synthesis and release of PGE2. Here we show that LPS induces cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 by activating sphingomyelinases leading to the release of ceramides, which in turn, activate the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK), but not the p42/44 MAPK. We further show that exogenously added ceramide analogue (C2‐ceramide) also induce PGE2 synthesis through a p38 MAPK‐dependent pathway. This potential nature of ceramides in activating microglia suggests that endogenously produced ceramides during neuronal apoptosis in ischemia or neurodegenerative diseases could also contribute to the amplification of neuroinflammatory events. In contrast to protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphocholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC), which transcriptionally regulate LPS‐induced COX‐2 synthesis, inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has no effect on COX‐2 transcription, although it inhibits the release of PGE2. Transcriptional regulation of LPS‐induced COX‐2 by PKC is further proved by the ability of the PKC inhibitor, Gö 6976, to inhibit LPS‐induced 8‐isoprostane synthesis, but not affecting LPS‐induced COX‐2 activity. Our data with 8‐isoprostane also indicates that COX‐2 plays a major role in ROS production in LPS‐activated microglia. This detailed view of the intracellular signaling pathway in microglial activation and COX‐2 expression opens a new therapeutic window in the search for new and more effective central anti‐inflammatory agents. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms among elderly nursing home residents in Taiwan and Hong Kong
Authors: Tsai Yun‐Fang , Chung Joanne W. Y. , Wong Thomas K. S. , Huang Chiu‐Mieh 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundDepression in the elderly has become a serious health care issue worldwide. However, no studies have compared the prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms among institutionalized Chinese elders living in different regions.ObjectivesTo explore and compare the prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms among elderly residents of nursing homes in Taiwan and Hong Kong.MethodsRandom sampling was used to recruit participants from eight nursing homes in each region. A total of 150 elders from Taiwan and 214 elders from Hong Kong participated.ResultsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in participants from Hong Kong (65.4%) than in Taiwan (43.3%). Logistic regression analysis indicated that gender, satisfaction with living situation, perceived health condition, and perceived income adequacy significantly predicted depressive symptoms in elderly nursing home residents in Taiwan. Significant predictors of depressive symptoms in the Hong Kong sample were satisfaction with living situation, cognitive status, and functional status.ConclusionsIt is important to consider risk factors specific to a target population when developing depression intervention programs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needs assessment in dementia
Authors: Meaney A. M. , Croke M. , Kirby M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundResource allocation and service development traditionally focuses on diagnostic categories and consequent perceived need. Identification of the actual level of need in the elderly with dementia, and the degree to which it is unmet is necessary to plan services both individually and as a group. The aim of this study was to characterise the needs of a sample of community dwelling elderly patients with dementia who were referred to an old age psychiatry service in Ireland between July 2002 and July 2003.MethodologyEighty‐two consecutively referred community dwelling patients with ICD‐10 diagnosis of dementia were assessed on The Care Needs Assessment Pack for Dementia (CareNap‐D). Data on needs across seven domains (health and mobility, self‐care and toileting, social interaction, thinking and memory, behaviour and mental state, housecare, community living) is presented (Reynolds T et al., 1998).ResultsSubjects had a mean of 33 (range: 13–56) identified needs. Approximately 1/3 of these were unmet with a mean of 13 (range: 0–37) and a mean of 20 (range: 4–39) were met. High levels of unmet need was identified in the domains of behaviour and mental state (84% of those with agitation) and of social interaction (79% of those with ‘partaking in activities’ need). The specific item of repetitive questioning occurred in 68 individuals and was unmet in 88% of these cases. Increasing age, lower MMSE score, and living alone were associated with greater total levels of unmet need.ConclusionThis data underlines the degree of unmet need in the community dwelling elderly with dementia and the importance of developing a spectrum of services on the basis of the actual needs identified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and correlates of depression in late life: a population based study from a rural Greek town
Authors: Papadopoulos F. C. , Petridou E. , Argyropoulou S. , Kontaxakis V. , Dessypris N. , Anastasiou A. , Katsiardani K. P. , Trichopoulos D. , Lyketsos C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundDepression in late life is common and has serious consequences on function, medical co‐morbidity, quality of life, and use of medical services.ObjectiveTo estimate the age‐ and gender‐specific prevalence of depression among people over 60 years of age, and to examine correlates of depression, in particular the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment.MethodFrom a total of 965 inhabitants, aged over 60 years, in Velestino, a rural town in central Greece, 608 were accessible and constituted the target population. During a five‐month period in 2000, a trained health visitor interviewed all study participants. The interview covered socio‐demographic characteristics, medical history, and administration of the 15‐question Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15) and the Mini Mental Scale Examination instrument (MMSE).ResultsThe prevalence of mild or more severe depression (GDS≥7) was 27%, while the prevalence of moderate to severe depression (GDS≥11) was 12%. Increasing age, female gender, lower education, and being currently unmarried were associated with higher risk of depression in univariate regression models, but these associations disappeared after controlling for cognitive function, except for the association with marital status. Cognitive impairment was strongly associated with increased risk for depression. The co‐morbid presence of digestive, neurological and heart conditions was also associated with increased risk for depression, while cancer was not.ConclusionIn a rural Greek area, the prevalence of depression in late life is high. Depression was more common among unmarried individuals, those with significant cognitive impairment, and in association with specific medical conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting timely recognition and diagnosis of dementia across Europe: from awareness to stigma
Authors: Vernooij‐Dassen Myrra J. F. J. , Moniz‐Cook Esme D. , Woods Robert T. , Lepeleire Jan De , Leuschner Antonio , Zanetti Orazio , Rotrou Joycelyn de , Kenny Geraldine , Franco Manuel , Peters Vincent , Iliffe Steve 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundTimely recognition and diagnosis of dementia is the pre‐condition for improving dementia care, but diagnosis often occurs late in the disease process.ObjectiveTo compare facilitators and obstacles to the timely recognition of dementia across eight European Union states, in order to implement established policies for earlier diagnosis.MethodsA modified focus group technique, including a pre and posterior procedure.ResultsTwenty‐three participants from different disciplines, purposively sampled for professional expertise in dementia research and innovative practice, attended two focus groups. Stigma in ageing and dementia, accompanied by a sense that there is little to offer until later on in the disease, underpinned the widespread reluctance of GPs to recognise dementia at an early stage and were major obstacles to the timely diagnosis of dementia across all eight countries. Dementia care services varied widely across Europe. Countries with the greatest development of dementia health care services were characterised by national guidelines, GPs fulfilling a gatekeeper function, multi‐disciplinary memory clinics and innovative programmes that stimulated practice and new services. Dementia‐related stigma was perceived as being less prominent in these countries.ConclusionsOvercome of delays in the timely diagnosis of dementia needs more than specialist services. They should address the processes associated with stigma, age and dementia, especially where these relate to physician practice and diagnostic disclosure. Stigma is perceived as variable across European States, with a promising finding that its impact is relatively small in countries with the widest range of dementia care services. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineered vascular‐targeting antibody‐interferon‐γ fusion protein for cancer therapy
Authors: Ebbinghaus Christina , Ronca Roberto , Kaspar Manuela , Grabulovski Dragan , Berndt Alexander , Kosmehl Hartwig , Zardi Luciano , Neri Dario 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA number of cytokines are either approved drugs or are in advanced clinical trials, yet these biopharmaceuticals do not typically localize efficiently in solid tumors and manifest their therapeutic potential at the expense of severe side effects. The targeted delivery of cytokines to solid tumors is a promising avenue for increasing the therapeutic index of these biopharmaceuticals. We engineered a fusion protein between scFv(L19), a human antibody fragment specific to the EDB domain of fibronectin, and a cysteine‐free mutant of murine interferon‐γ. The resulting fusion protein was capable of targeting new blood vessels in solid tumors, and the targeting efficiency was strikingly increased in tumor‐bearing knockout mice lacking the interferon‐γ receptor. ScFv(L19)‐interferon‐γ displayed a strong antitumor effect in both subcutaneous and metastatic murine F9 teratocarcinomas, but was not efficacious as single agent when used to treat C51 and CT26 tumors. The potency of this fusion protein could be substantially enhanced by combination with doxorubicin and other immunocytokines. These findings are of clinical relevance, as the EDB domain is a marker of angiogenesis, with identical sequence in mouse and man, which is abundantly expressed in a variety of aggressive solid tumors but is undetectable in most normal tissues. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience. wiley.com/jpages/0020‐7136/suppmat/index.html. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of tumor vascular shutdown induced by 5,6‐dimethylxanthenone‐4‐acetic acid (DMXAA): Increased tumor vascular permeability
Authors: Zhao Liangli , Ching Lai‐Ming , Kestell Philip , Kelland Lloyd R. , Baguley Bruce C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe novel vascular targeting agent 5,6‐dimethylxanthenone‐4‐acetic acid (DMXAA) has completed phase 1 clinical trial and has shown tumor antivascular activity in both mice and humans. We have investigated its ability to change tumor vascular permeability, relating it to tumor vascular perfusion and other responses. The murine colon 38 adenocarcinoma was grown in C57Bl wild‐type mice and mice lacking expression of either tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1 (TNFR1−/−) or TNF (TNF−/−). Tumor vascular permeability, as measured by extravasation of albumin‐Evans Blue complexes 4 hr after DMXAA treatment, was significantly increased in tumor tissue in C57Bl, TNFR1−/− and TNF−/− mice but not in normal (skin) tissue. Significant linear relationships were found between increased tumor vascular permeability, decreased functioning tumor blood vessels (measured by Hoechst 33342 staining at 4 hr), increased plasma 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid concentrations (as a measure of serotonin release by platelets) and the degree of induced tumor hemorrhagic necrosis. The results support the hypothesis that DMXAA increases tumor vascular permeability both directly and through the induction of other vasoactive mediators, including TNF. DMXAA might be useful clinically to potentiate the vascular permeability of other anticancer modalities such as cytotoxic drugs, antibodies, drug conjugates and gene therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerosol gemcitabine inhibits the growth of primary osteosarcoma and osteosarcoma lung metastases
Authors: Koshkina Nadezhda V. , Kleinerman Eugenie S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOsteosacarcoma (OS) lung metastases are often resistant to chemotherapy. Most anticancer drugs are administered systemically. In many cases this is followed by dose‐dependent toxicity, which may not allow the achievement of therapeutic levels in lungs to eradicate metastases. We determined the efficacy of gemcitabine (GCB) by administering it directly to the lungs via aerosol and studied the role of the Fas pathway in response to the therapy. We used 2 osteosarcoma lung metastases animal models: human LM7 cells that form lung metastases in mice following intravenous injection and murine LM8 cells, which grows subcutaneously in mice and spontaneously metastasize to the lung. Treatment was initiated when the presence of lung metastases had been established. Aerosol GCB inhibited the growth of lung metastases in mice. Intraperitoneal GCB administration at similar dosage had no effect on lung metastases. Besides its direct effect on lung metastases, aerosol GCB suppressed the growth of subcutaneous LM8 tumor. Histopathological examination of mice receiving aerosol GCB showed no evidence of toxicity. Lungs are distinguished from other tissues by the constitutive expression of FasL. Since exposure of tumor cells to GCB upregulated Fas expression, we hypothesized that the susceptibility of the tumor cells to ligand‐induced cell death by resident lung cells may be increased. Therefore, the Fas pathway may contribute to the therapeutic effect of aerosol GCB. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.