bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in Pulp/Tooth Area Ratio as an Indicator of Age: a Preliminary Study
Authors: Cameriere R , Ferrante L , Cingolani M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This paper details a method for age determination of adults from single rooted teeth. The sample consisted of 100 Italian white Caucasian patients (46 men, 54 women) aged between 18 and 72 years. The single rooted maxillary right canine was utilized in this preliminary study. Pulp/root ration, tooth length, pulp/tooth length ratio, pulp/tooth area and pulp/root width ratios at three different levels were computed. Pearson's correlation coefficients between age and these variables showed that the ratio between pulp and tooth area correlated best with age (r2 = 0.85). Stepwise multiple regression models yielded a linear relationship between pulp/root width at mid-root level and chronological age and a linear relationship when pulp/tooth area was compared to age. Statistical analysis indicated that these two variables explain 84.9% of variations in estimated chronological age. The median of the absolute value of residual errors between actual and estimated ages was less than four years.
Pig Decomposition in Lotic Aquatic Systems: The Potential Use of Algal Growth in Establishing a Postmortem Submersion Interval (PMSI)
Authors: Haefner JN , Wallace JR , Merritt RW 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
While algal community composition has been examined as a qualitative indicator of postmortem submersion interval (PMSI), there have been no quantitative studies on using algal growth rates as PMSI estimators. The present study was undertaken to examine pig decomposition in streams and to develop a more quantitative approach to estimate a PMSI. Pigs and ceramic tiles were completely submerged and regularly sampled for periphyton growth. Five stages of decomposition were identified for the submerged pig carcasses according to physical characteristics. Algal growth rates, measured quantitatively as a function of chlorophyll-a concentration, were greater on pigs compared with tiles; however, microhabitat (pools versus riffles) did not significantly influence algal growth. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between algal growth rate and time on pigs and tile substrates. This strong correlation was observed after significant rain events. Our study documents for the first time a quantitative technique to determine the length of time a corpse has been submerged in water. We suggest that algal growth rates may be a useful quantitative indicator in criminal investigations involving corpses that are completely submerged in stream or riverine habitats.
Forensic Identification of Dyes Extracted from Textile Fibers by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
Authors: Huang M , Yinon J , Sigman ME 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
LC-MS is used for the identification of dyes extracted from textile fibers and the utility of the method for forensic trace analysis is demonstrated. The technique is shown to provide a high degree of chemical structural information, making dye identification highly specific in comparison to optical and/or chromatographic methods of dye analysis. A UV-visible absorbance detector, placed in series before the MS detector, facilitates monitoring the elution of dyes in the presence of other non-dye components extracted from colored textile fibers. In this way, dye identification becomes practical, even when a dye standard is not available for comparison. A set of 22 reference dyestuffs and 10 dyes extracted from textile fibers were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of the method. Six of the extracted dyes corresponded to dyes also contained in the set of 22 reference dyestuffs. Reference dyestuffs were not available for four of the extracted dyes. Triethylamine (TEA) was shown to increase the electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) response of dyes containing multiple sulfonated groups.
Dr. McCrone's Teaching Methods in Forensic Microscopy, Their Nature, History, and Durability
Authors: Laughlin GJ 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The microscopy teaching activities ofWalter C. McCrone started long before the McCrone Research Institute (McRI)was incorporated as a not-for-profit research institute in Chicago. McCrone obtained his first microscopy training at Cornell University, with Émile Monnin Chamot, and was shortly thereafter appointed a full instructor in chemical microscopy before obtaining his Ph.D. (in 1941). After leaving Cornell, he had classes at the Armour Research Foundation (now Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute- IITRI) from 1942–1956 and founded McRI in 1960. The course and student totals from McCrone's educational activities are impressive. As of January, 1, 2002, the cumulative for McRI (1942–2002) is 2,130 courses for 22,557 students. There has been an average of 600 students in an average of 60 classes for the last several years. Nearly all of the courses contain one week of intensive hands-on microscopy training with usually only one instructor for the entire duration of the class, making it a unique teaching experience for both student and Instructor. Thousands of students have successfully completed at least one of McCrone's specialized forensic microscopy (trace evidence) courses and the number will steadily increase as a result of McRI's continued efforts to interest forensic investigators in microscopy.
Dr. Walter C. McCrone—His Contributions to Environmental Microscopy
Authors: Kubic TA 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This paper briefly highlights Dr.McCrone's contributions to the recently emerging field of forensic environmental microscopy. Few, if any, criminalists are not familiar with Dr. Walter C. McCrone's voluminous contributions to the field of forensic microscopy and the analyses of micro and ultra micro transfer (trace) evidence. Dr. McCrone was renowned for his life long efforts in promoting the application of the Polarized Light Microscope (PLM) to problem solving.
It is therefore not surprising that Dr.McCronewould also apply his analytical and deductive skills employing thePLMto problems in environmental analysis. He is well known for his many publications dealing with the analysis of asbestos and asbestos like materials by PLM. His philosophy of presenting intense professional training courses stressing the practical applications of the PLM carried over to a series of courses offered to students requiring education in other areas of microscopical analysis. Through McCrone Research Institute, Dr.McCrone can be said to have been responsible for the training of a large majority of microscopists who literally analyzed tens of millions of samples. These analyses were performed utilizing methodologies developed predominately by him and adopted by regulatory agencies in the United States and abroad. The methods he fostered are a major part of the arsenal of microscopical techniques employed by forensic environmental microscopists in their efforts to identify a manufacturer of an insulation product for the purpose of litigation.
Improving Primary Treatment of Urban Wastewater with Lime‐Induced Coagulation
Authors: Marani Dario , Ramadori Roberto , Braguglia Camilla Maria 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe enhancement of primary treatment efficiency through the coagulation process may yield several advantages, including lower aeration energy in the subsequent biological unit and higher recovery of biogas from sludge digestion. In this work sewage coagulation with lime was studied at pilot plant level, using degritted sewage from the city of Rome. The work aimed at optimising the operating conditions (coagulant dosage or treatment pH, and mixing conditions in the coagulation and flocculation tanks), in order to maximise the efficiency of suspended Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal and to minimise sludge production. Lime dosage optimisation resulted in an optimal treatment pH of 9. Lime addition up to pH 9 may increase COD removal rate in the primary treatment from typical 30‐35% of plain sedimentation up to 55‐70%. Within the velocity gradients experimented in this work (314‐795 s‐1 for the coagulation tank and 13‐46 s‐1 for the flocculation tank), mixing conditions did not significantly affect the lime‐enhanced process, which seems to be controlled by slow lime dissolution. Sludge produced in the limeenhanced process settled and compacted easily, inducing an average 36% decrease in sludge volume with respect to plain settling. However excess sludge was produced, which was not accounted for by the amount of suspended solids removed. This is probably due to incomplete dissolution of lime, which may be partially incorporated in the sludge.
Comparison of Three Sequential Extraction Procedures (Original and Modified 3 Steps BCR Procedure) Applied to Sediments of Different Origin
Authors: Craba Laura , Brunori Claudia , Galletti Mara , Cremisini Carlo , Morabito Roberto 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe 3 steps sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Standards Measurements and Testing program (SM&T — formerly BCR) of the European Union has been applied for the speciation of metals in sediments. Results obtained by the application of the BCR standardized procedure were compared to those of two four step sequential extraction procedures, which are different from the BCR procedure only for the introduction of an additional step with NaOCl, as 2nd and 3rd step respectively. Five different metals have been taken into consideration: Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The analytical performances of the laboratory have been evaluated using three certified reference materials: the BCR 601 lake sediment for the BCR sequential extraction procedure, PACS‐1 and MESS‐1 for total metal concentration. Results showed that the efficiency of NaOCl treatment is higher or at least equal to that of H2O2 treatment and that its selectivity is quite satisfying. Moreover the NaOCl treatment doesn't significantly influence the extraction of the easily reducible fraction.
Influence of Decarbonisation and Phosphate Dosage on Copper Corrosion in Drinking Water Systems
Authors: Dartmann Jürgen , Alex Thore , Dorsch Thorsten , Schevalje Esther , Johannsen Klaus 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe effect of softening/decarbonisation and dosage of orthophosphate on copper corrosion was studied in pipe rigs according to the German standard DIN 50931, part 1. A literature study with regard to the effects of phosphate dosing on copper corrosion has shown that on the one hand and in most of the cases a dosage of phosphate led to lower copper concentrations. On the other hand phosphate aggravated the copper corrosion in some cases. The mechanisms are not yet clear and the influence of phosphate on the corrosion of copper remains a question to be answered. Using standardised on‐site corrosion tests (DIN 50931‐1) with virgin copper pipes softening/decarbonisation has decreased the copper concentration. Two effects of phosphate on copper corrosion were noticed: Phosphate dosing decreased the copper oxidation and resulted in lower copper concentration in water. Likewise phosphate hindered the precipitation of cupric ions, which prolonged the existence of copper in water and resulted in a higher copper concentration. As a consequence, dosing phosphate can decrease or increase the copper corrosion, this depends on which effect is dominating.
Eine erneute Revision des Saprobiensystems ‐ weshalb und wozu?
Authors: Friedrich Günther , Herbst Volkhard 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNach der Revision von 1990 war eine erneute Revision der DIN 38410 „Ermittlung des Saprobienindex”︁ erforderlich, um im Zuge der regelmäßigen Aktualisierung den Erfahrungen bei ihrer Anwendung und neuen Erkenntnissen Rechnung zu tragen. In dieser Arbeit werden die λnderungen der Norm begründet, soweit sie nicht darin erläutert werden konnten. Außerdem erfolgt eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit vorgebrachten Anregungen und Kritikpunkten. Besonders hingewiesen wird auf die Notwendigkeit der Qualitätssicherung bei der Ermittlung des Saprobienindex. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der erneuten Revision ist die Aktualisierung der Liste der Saprobie‐Indikatoren. Außerdem wurden typspezifische saprobielle Referenzbereiche für die einzelnen Typen der Fließgewässer Deutschlands eingeführt.Somit kann das Saprobiensystem als ein Metrik für die biologische Bewertung anhand der benthischen Fauna im Rahmen des Vollzugs der EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie herangezogen werden. Darüber hinaus wurden viele Details der Norm schärfer gefasst. Die Listen der Indikatoren (Mikro‐ und Makrosaprobien) wurden in der Neufassung der Norm erheblich erweitert. In dieser Arbeit wird ebenfalls dargestellt, wie künftig beabsichtigte Erweiterungen zu handhaben sind, insbesondere auch bezüglich der Einbeziehung von Neozoen als Indikatoren im Saprobiensystem.Zur Absicherung des Saprobienindex steht weiterhin die Abundanzsumme zur Verfügung. Entsprechend der wesentlich erweiterten Liste der Indikatoren wurde die erforderliche Abundanzsumme von 15 auf 20 angehoben. Bei weiterer Absicherung des Ergebnisses mit gängigen statistischen Verfahren sollte deren Aussagekraft für die Methodik der Bestimmung des Saprobienindex und der jeweiligen Probestelle sichergestellt werden. Insbesondere in naturnahen, habitatreichen Gewässern ist eine heterogene Besiedlung mit großer Standardabweichung bezüglich der Saprobie‐Indikation möglich.
Die EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie: Ausweisung und Bewertung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer
Authors: Irmer Ulrich , Rechenberg Bettina 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDie EG‐Wasserrahmenrichtlinie gestattet den Mitgliedstaaten die Ausweisung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer, für die sich die ökologische Bewertung und die sich daraus ergebenden Maßnahmenprogramme am „höchsten ökologischen Potential”︁ als Bezugsmaßtab (Referenzzustand) und nicht ‐ wie bei natürlichen Gewässern ‐ am „sehr guten ökologischen Zustand”︁ orientieren. Die Ausweisung beschränkt sich auf solche Gewässer, die für bestimmte Nutzungen in ihrer Hydromorphologie erheblich verändert wurden. Die Ausweisungskriterien sind erfüllt, wenn die zur Erreichung des guten ökologischen Zustands erforderlichen Verbesserungsmaßnahmen signifikant negative Auswirkungen auf die Nutzungen hätten und es keine wesentlich besseren Umweltoptionen für die Nutzungen gibt.Zur Präzisierung der Kriterien für die Ausweisung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer und die Ermittlung des höchsten ökologischen Potentials wurde Ende 1999 die EU‐Arbeitsgruppe HMWB (heavily modified water bodies) eingerichtet. Sie hat im November 2002 eine Leitlinie für die „Identifizierung und Ausweisung künstlicher und erheblich veränderter Gewässer”︁ vorgelegt, die von den europäischen Wasserdirektoren am 21. November 2002 in Kopenhagen verabschiedet wurde. Die Leitlinie sieht zwei Zeithorizonte beim Ausweisungsprozess vor: Die vorläufige Einordnung als „erheblich verändert”︁ soll bis 2004, die rechtlich wirksame Ausweisung als „künstlich”︁ oder „erheblich verändert”︁ im ersten Bewirtschaftungsplan, d. h. spätestens 2009, erfolgen.Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Arbeiten zur Leitlinie waren 34 Fallstudien an Fließgewässern, Seen, Ästuaren und Küstengewässern in 11 verschiedenen europäischen Ländern. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien sowie eine zusammenfassende „Synthese”︁ bildeten die Grundlage für die Erstellung der Leitlinie. Die praktischen Beispiele der Fallstudien wurden in einer „Beispielsammlung”︁ (Tool‐Box) zusammengestellt, die die Leitlinie zum Zwecke einer besseren Anwendbarkeit ergänzt.
Cholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging‐MCI‐AD continuum
Authors: Mesulam Marsel , Shaw Pamela , Mash Deborah , Weintraub Sandra 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe cholinergic denervation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides the rationale for treatments with anticholinesterases. The presence of this cholinergic lesion is solidly established in advanced AD. Whether it also exists in early disease remains unsettled. This question was addressed with thioflavin‐S histofluorescence to identify neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and two tau antibodies (AT8, Alz‐50) to identify pre‐tangle cytopathology in the nucleus basalis, the source of cortical cholinergic innervation. Methods for the concurrent visualization of tauopathy and choline acetyltransferase were used to determine if the cytopathology was selectively located within cholinergic neurons. Five elderly index cases who had died at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early AD were identified by longitudinal neuropsychological and behavioral assessments. They were compared to 7 age‐matched cognitively normal subjects. NFT and AT8 (or Alz‐50) immunostaining in cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons existed even in the cognitively normal subjects. The percentage of tauopathy‐containing nucleus basalis neurons was greater in the cognitively impaired and showed a significant correlation with memory scores obtained 1‐18 months prior to death. These results show that cytopathology in cortical cholinergic pathways is a very early event in the course of the continuum that leads from advanced age to MCI and AD.
Prion protein heterogeneity in sporadic but not variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: U.K. cases 1991–2002
Authors: Head Mark W. , Bunn Tristan J. R. , Bishop Matthew T. , McLoughlin Victoria , Lowrie Suzanne , McKimmie Clive S. , Williams Michelle C. , McCardle Linda , MacKenzie Jan , Knight Richard , Will Robert G. , Ironside James W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHuman prion diseases can occur as an idiopathic disorder (sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease) or can be acquired, as is the case for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of a protease‐resistant form of the host‐encoded prion protein termed PrPSc in the brains of affected individuals. PrPSc has been proposed to be the principal, if not sole, component of the infectious agent, with its accumulation in the central nervous system the primary event leading to neurodegeneration. A major question remains as to whether self‐propagating structural differences in PrPSc might account for the clinicopathological diversity evident in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and whether different prion protein types underlie the existence of different strains of causative agent. Here, we describe the results of a large‐scale biochemical study of PrPSc from autopsy‐proved cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (n = 59) and compare these with cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (n = 170) in the United Kingdom over the period 1991 to 2002. The results show PrPSc in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease to be remarkably stereotyped. In contrast, considerable heterogeneity in PrPSc exists both between and within cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 2004;55:851–859
Das Quartär: Klima und Tierwelt im Eiszeitalter Mitteleuropas
Authors: v. Koenigswald Wighart 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDas Quartär ist durch sehr starke klimatische Schwankungen gekennzeichnet, die in Mitteleuropa die ökologischen Verhältnisse im mehrfachen Wechsel tiefgreifend verändert haben. Neben den weltweitenTemperaturschwankungen wirkte sich in Mitteleuropa besonders der Wechsel von atlantischfeuchtem und kontinental‐trockenem Klima aus. Während der relativ kurzen Warmzeiten war Mitteleuropa von laubwerfenden Mischwäldern bedeckt. Dagegen breitete sich in den Kaltzeiten die fast baumlose Mammutsteppe aus. Mit der Vegetation veränderte sich auch der Artbestand der Säugetiere, wobei weniger evolutionäre Vorgänge als Einwanderungen und lokales Austerben eine Rolle spielten.
Das Gehirn der Zelle: Datenverarbeitung durch Proteinnetzwerke
Authors: Marks Friedrich 
Published: May 2004

AbstractProteine sind durch ihre strukturelle Flexibilität befähigt, Rechenoperationen durchzuführen, also Eingangs‐ in Ausgangssignale umzuformen und Daten zu speichern. In der Zelle bilden sie logische Gatterschaltungen, die sich zu hochkomplexen datenverarbeitenden Netzwerken zusammenfügen. Diese enthalten biochemische Oszillatoren, arbeiten also nicht nur mit Amplituden‐ sondern auch mit Frequenzkodierung. Proteinnetzwerke sind flexibel und konstruieren sich je nach den Anforderungen auf chemische und mechanische Weise um. Das — seinerseits durch das Netzwerk kontrollierte — Genom liefert das Betriebssystem und die Bauanleitungen für die Proteine (Hardware). Im Verlauf von Entwicklungs‐ und Lernvorgängen entstehen durch dauernde Neukombination der Komponenten Netzwerkkonstruktionen, deren Komplexität sich nur bedingt aus der Größe des Genoms herleiten lässt.
Sehen statt riechen
Authors: Knoll Ulrike 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDie Welt ist bunt — zumindest für den Menschen und seine nächsten Verwandten im Tierreich. Um ein breites Spektrum an Farben zu sehen, fangen im Auge drei Zapfenarten Licht unterschiedlicher Wellenlängen ein. Möglicherweise haben sich die Primaten das Farbensehen durch den Untergang vieler Riechgene erkauft.
Laus im Gefieder — schon im frühen Tertiär
Authors: Kremer Bruno P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn den rund 44 Millionen Jahre alten Tonsedimenten von Eckfeld in der Südwesteifel hat eine Forschergruppe der Landessammlung für Naturkunde Rheinland‐Pfalz/Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz das weltweit erste und vollständige Fossil einer Laus entdeckt [1]. Die knapp sieben Millimeter lange, als Megamenopon rasnitsyni— beschriebene Art lässt zahlreiche systematisch relevante Details erkennen und liefert auch Hinweise auf ihr mutmaßliches Wirtsspektrum: Die „Eckfeld‐Laus”︁ saß einem Wasservogel im Gefieder und ist mit Resten ihrer letzten Mahlzeit überliefert.
David Baltimore
Authors: Breckwoldt Michael 
Published: May 2004

AbstractVor 35 Jahren entdeckte David Baltimore die reverse Transkriptase und widerlegte damit das „zentrale Dogma”︁ der noch jungen Disziplin Molekularbiologie. Völlig neue Möglichkeiten sollten sich der Wissenschaft eröffnen — vor allem in der Tumorvirologie. Schon wenige Jahre später gelang es erstmals, transgene Organismen zu erzeugen: Die Gentechnik, die unser Leben so grundlegend verändern sollte, war geboren.
Malunion of the ulnar styloid as a cause of ulnar wrist pain
Authors: Xarchas K.C. , Yfandithis P. , Kazakos K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe present a case of ulnar wrist pain that had been wrongly attributed to non‐union of the ulnar styloid. Surgical exploration revealed an ulnar styloid malunion that had caused pain by impinging on the triquetrum and a triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFC) lesion. There was no fracture of the distal radius and no associated carpal instability or disruption of the distal radio‐ulnar joint. Treatment by resection of the ulnar styloid and re‐attachment of the TFC provided a satisfactory outcome. Clin. Anat. 17:418–422, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.