bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multimodal behavioral approach to performance anxiety
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A. , Abramovitz Arnold 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) stresses a trimodal assessment framework (affect, behavior, and cognition [ABC]), whereas the multimodal approach assesses seven discrete but interactive components—behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological factors (BASIC I.D.). Only complex or recalcitrant cases call for the entire seven‐pronged range of multimodal interventions. Various case illustrations are offered as examples of how a clinician might proceed when confronted with problems that fall under the general heading of performance anxiety. The main example is of a violinist in a symphony orchestra whose career was in serious jeopardy because of his extreme fear of performing in public. He responded very well to a focused but elaborate desensitization procedure. The hierarchy that was eventually constructed contained many dimensions and subhierarchies featuring interlocking elements that evoked his anxiety. In addition to imaginal systematic desensitization, sessions were devoted to his actual performance in the clinical setting. As a homework assignment, he found it helpful to listen to a long‐playing record of an actual rehearsal and to play along with the world‐renowned orchestra and conductor. The subsequent disclosure by the client of an important sexual problem was dealt with concomitantly by using a fairly conventional counseling procedure. Therapy required 20 sessions over a 3‐month period. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Synthesis of 1, 1′, 2, 2′, 3, 3′, 4, 4′ ‐ octadeutero‐sulforaphane
Authors: Kuhnert Nikolai , Lu Ye 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSulforaphane (SFN), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate present in broccoli, shows strong evidence of anti‐carcinogenic activity. The mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the compound is however still poorly understood and requires a stable isotope labelled version of the compound for further studies. The paper describes an optimized synthesis of octadeutero‐SFN. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluss von Bodeneigenschaften auf die Segetalflora von Ackerflächen
Authors: Nordmeyer Henning , Häusler Andreas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVorkommen und Verteilung von Unkräutern auf Ackerflächen sind ungleichmäßig. Der Einfluss variabler Bodeneigenschaften auf die räumliche Struktur und Dichte einer Unkrautpopulation wurde anhand von drei Unkrautarten (Polygonum amphibium, Cirsium arvense, Veronica hederifolia) auf zwei Ackerflächen untersucht. Auf der Grundlage von schlagspezifischen Probennahmerastern erfolgten Unkrauterhebungen und Bodenprobennahmen. Für alle Rasterpunkte wurden Bodenuntersuchungen (Körnung, Corg., Nges., pH und Bodennährstoffe P, K, Mg) durchgeführt. Die Korngrößenzusammensetzung und der Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff des Bodens sind neben den Nährstoffgehalten des Bodens als Haupteinflussgrößen für das Vorkommen der untersuchten Arten zu nennen.
Influence of nitrogen application rate and timing on grain protein composition and gluten strength in Swedish wheat cultivars
Authors: Johansson Eva , Prieto‐Linde Maria Luisa , Svensson Gunnar 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe influence of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rate (0 vs. 70 vs. 140 kg N ha–1) and timing (early = at sowing vs. late = at sowing and before heading) on the amount of protein groups, amount and size distribution of mono‐ and polymeric proteins, and gluten strength was investigated in one set of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Due to their genetic background, the cultivars had different protein concentrations and gluten strengths. Despite this, all of them reacted similarly on rate and timing of nitrogen application. The rate of nitrogen fertilizer increased the variation in protein concentration, gluten strength, and also the variation in most of the investigated protein components. Higher nitrogen fertilizer rate increased protein concentration, decreased gluten strength, and increased the total amount of glutenins and gliadins as well as the amounts of most mono‐ and polymeric proteins. Timing of fertilizer did not influence protein concentration. The gluten strength and the relations of proteins were changed by the timing of fertilizer. Early nitrogen feritilizer applications led to higher gluten strength and a higher percentage of total unextractable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein and large unextractable polymeric protein in the total large polymeric protein, compared to late nitrogen fertilizer applications.
Mixing calcium chloride with commercial fungicide formulations results in very slow penetration of calcium into apple fruits
Authors: Schlegel Thomas K. , Schönherr Jörg 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFoliar applications of calcium salts are usually combined with fungicides. In the years 2002 and 2003, it was tested if this practice assures high rates of penetration of calcium. Amounts that penetrated in 24 h were measured at 20 °C using 45CaCl2. To ensure maximum penetration rates, humidity was maintained at 100 %. Sample size was 40 to 50 fruits, and data were presented as box plots because distribution of data was not normal. Median rates of penetration of CaCl2, measured with mixtures of fungicides and CaCl2 at 5 or 10 g l–1, respectively, were very slow, and amounted to only a few percent of the dose applied. Rates were a little higher with very young fruits (55 days after full bloom, DAFB). Adding alkyl polyglycoside surfactants at 0.2 g l–1 significantly decreased surface tensions, and increased rates of penetration by up to 15‐fold. Still, total penetration of CaCl2 rarely exceeded 20 % of the dose applied (median penetration), even in the presence of an additional surfactant. In all treatments, outliers with 60 to 100 % penetration in 24 h occurred, and this was attributed to penetration into lenticels. This is expected to result in unequal concentrations of calcium in fruits, especially in the sub‐epidermal layers. Addition of a suitable surfactant to mixtures of fungicides with CaCl2 is strongly recommended as it enhances wetting and greatly increases penetration rates of CaCl2.
Effects of glucose, cellulose, and humic acids on soil microbial eco‐physiology
Authors: Dilly Oliver 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMicrobial eco‐physiology in soils is regulated by substrate quality of the organic matter. This regulation was studied for a forest and an agricultural soil by the combination of activity and biomass techniques. Soil respiration was stimulated by the substrate quality in the order, humic acid < cellulose < glucose over 20 days. Concurrently, substrate addition increased the respiratory quotient (RQ), defined as the ratio of mol CO2 evolution per mol O2 uptake. Anabolic processes were mainly induced by glucose addition. Soil preconditioned with glucose showed a decrease in the RQ value during glucose‐induced microbial growth in comparison to non‐amended control. The decrease in the RQ value induced by preconditioning with cellulose and humic acid was lower. Glucose, cellulose, and humic acid addition modified the microbial biomass as estimated by fumigation‐extraction (FE), substrate‐induced respiration (SIR), and ATP content. Since each biomass estimate refers to specific microbial components, shifts in microbial eco‐physiology and community structure induced by substrate quality were reflected by SIR : FE and SIR : ATP ratios. The active and glucose‐responsive biomass in the forest soil which was earlier suggested as being dominated by K‐strategists was increased in the order, humic acid < cellulose < glucose.
Effect of solid residues from the cellulose industry on plant growth
Authors: Jordan Miguel , Rodriguez Eduardo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn alternative use of solid organic and inorganic residues as fertilizers from a Kraft pulp industry was studied. Residues of inorganic nature, such as ashes, fly‐ashes, dregs, grits, as well those rich in organic matter, primary sludge and brown stock rejects, were examined for plant growth enhancement. These residues, all alkaline in nature, used in different concentrations together with soil, bark, organic soil or mixed with a nutrient solution, were tested on the growth of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), Eucalyptus globulus, rice (Oryza sativa. cv. ‘Diamante’), and duckweed (Lemna minor) under greenhouse and in‐vitro conditions, respectively. Responses varied according to plant species, type, and waste content in combination with substrate. For Monterey pine, substrates including ash, fly‐ash, and dregs promoted growth; in Eucalyptus seedlings dregs and fly‐ash were also beneficial. Primary sludge and ash were favorable for rice growth. Duckweed increased frond number and plant biomass when grown in water containing fly‐ash and primary sludge extracts, combined with nutrient salts.
Carbon and nitrogen mineralization after maize harvest between and within maize rows: a microcosm study using 13C natural abundance
Authors: John Bettina , Ludwig Bernard , Potthoff Martin , Flessa Heiner 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe sequestration of carbon in soil is not completely understood, and quantitative information about the rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover could improve understanding. We analyzed the effects of the uneven distribution of crop residues after harvest of silage maize on C and N losses (CO2‐C, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), and NO3–) from a Haplic Phaeozem and on the occurrence of priming effects induced by the decomposition of accumulated maize residues. Soil columns were taken from a continuous maize (since 1961) field after harvest i) between maize stalk rows (Mbare), ii) within the maize rows including a standing maize stalk (Mstalk), and iii) from a continuous rye (since 1878) field after tillage (rye stalk and roots were mixed into the Ap horizon). The soil columns were incubated for 230 days at 8 °C with an irrigation rate of 2 mm 10–2 M CaCl2 per day. Natural 13C abundance was used to distinguish between maize‐derived C (in SOC and maize residues) and older C originating from former C3 vegetation.The uneven distribution of maize residues resulted in a considerably increased heterotrophic activity within the maize rows as compared with soil between seed rows. Cumulative CO2 production was 53.1 g CO2‐C m–2 for Mstalk and 23.3 g CO2‐C m–2 for Mbare. The contribution of maize‐derived C to the total CO2 emission was 83 % (Mstalk) and 67 % (Mbare). Calculated as difference between CO2‐C release from Mstalk and Mbare, 19 % of the maize residues (roots and stalk) in Mstalk were mineralized during the incubation period. There was no or only a marginal effect of the accumulation of maize residues in Mstalk on leaching of DOC, DON, and NO3–. Total DOC and DON leaching amounted to 2.5 g C m–2 and 0.16 g N m–2 for Mstalk and to 2.1 g C m–2 and 0.12 g N m–2 for Mbare. The contribution of maize‐derived C to DOC leaching was about 25 % for Mstalk and Mbare. Nitrate leaching amounted to 3.9 g NO3–‐N m–2 for Mstalk and to 3.5 g NO3–‐N m–2 for Mbare. There was no priming effect induced by the decomposition of fresh maize residues with respect to CO2 or DOC production from indigenous soil organic carbon derived from C3 vegetation.
Regression analyses of weather effects on the annual concentrations of nitrate in soil and groundwater
Authors: Schweigert Peter , Pinter Nicholas , van der Ploeg Rienk R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTo control the groundwater pollution by NO3–, different monitoring programs have been carried out during more than a decade in drinking water catchments in Germany. The monitoring programs are based on agricultural and hydrological data. Atmospheric influences and irregularities of sampling complicate the interpretation of NO3– values in the soil and in the groundwater. To take such complications into account, NO3– time series from a drinking water catchment in Lower Saxony were analyzed by multiple regression. A strong correlation between the precipitation during the fall season and the NO3– content of the soil was found. The NO3– content of the soil is also influenced by the October temperature. While the raw data of NO3– content of the soil did not decrease significantly over time, a highly significant yearly decrease of about 3 kg N ha–1 or 50 % from 1992 to 2002 was observed after atmospheric influences were taken into account. The variability due to precipitation was amplified by changing the date at which samples were taken. The NO3– concentration of the groundwater near the surface decreased yearly by about 10 mg l–1 or 55 % from 1993 to 2001. Beside this decrease, influences of the October temperature and the sampling depth on the NO3– concentration of groundwater were identified. It is concluded that a multiple regression analysis is indispensable in interpreting soil and groundwater NO3– time series of restricted length.
Uncertainties of nonlinearly estimated parameters fro mincubations of soil organic matter
Authors: Böttcher Jürgen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractParameters of first‐order mineralization models are commonly estimated from incubation experiments by using nonlinear estimation techniques. The impact of incubation length and especially more or less small measurement errors on estimated mineralization parameters is largely unknown. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of errors in mineralization measurements on the nonlinearly estimated parameters, and to find out how the certainty of parameters can be enhanced. CO2 evolution from organic material (forest floor, L layer) of an acid sandy podzol under pine (Pinus silvestris L.) is taken as an example. For the nonlinear parameter estimation, Marquardt's method is used, and to evaluate uncertainties of estimated model parameters, Monte‐Carlo simulations are performed. The results demonstrate that really small measurement errors in the order of random and unavoidable experimental errors may cause serious uncertainties (about 50 %) in the estimated parameters. Parameter uncertainties are the same for cumulative or rate measurements and models. The evaluations based on Monte‐Carlo simulations show that measurement accuracy and incubation length are key factors for the certainty of estimated parameters. Any decrease of measurement errors results in a disproportionate enhancement of parameter certainty. An increase of incubation length up to about 80 % of the time needed to reach 90 % of the maximum cumulative mineralization, t90, is optimal to minimize parameter uncertainty. This optimal incubation length is commonly not known a priori because t90 depends on the a priori unknown mineralization kinetics. A practical way for its determination is an accompanying estimation of the parameters while the incubation is going on, and the experiment may be terminated when incubation length has reached about 80 % of the estimate of t90.
Plaggen Soils: landscape history, properties, and classification
Authors: Blume Hans‐Peter , Leinweber Peter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPlaggen soils were produced by farmers in the sandy lowlands of Denmark, NW Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands by long‐term application of plaggen manure. The present paper summarizes the genesis, the properties, and the landscape impact of plaggen soils. The objectives and methods of plaggen management are outlined. Evidence for the plaggen management can be traced back to the late Bronze Age. It has continued until the last century. Numerous references indicate the geographical expansion of plaggen management over Europe. The various conditions of plaggen soil formation are reflected by their basic physical and chemical properties. Recent investigations of soil organic matter composition in sandy plaggen horizons revealed large proportions of lipids and fatty acids and some similarity with organic matter in Podzol B horizons. Finally, the classification of plaggen soils is discussed. In the World Reference Base of Soil Resources (ISSS/ISRIC/FAO, 1998), most of them are classified as a separate subunit: within the reference soil group of Anthrosols, they differ from other artificially transformed soils, and are classified as Plaggic Anthrosols.
Simulation of chromium transport in the unsaturated zone for predicting contaminant entries into the groundwater
Authors: Buczko Uwe , Hopp Luisa , Berger Wolfgang , Durner Wolfgang , Peiffer Stefan , Scheithauer Markus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHeavy metal contaminations in the top‐soil layers can impose serious threats to groundwater quality. A seepage water prognosis of probable future contaminant entries at the groundwater surface has to take into account the emission characteristics of the source zone and the reactive transport of the contaminated leachate through the unsaturated zone. Here, a possible approach is presented, exemplarily for a site contaminated with chromium, encompassing batch elution experiments, unsaturated soil column leaching experiments with flow interruption, soil monolith lysimeter experiments, and numerical modeling of non‐equilibrium solute transport. The prognosis provides a long‐term prediction of Cr concentrations at the groundwater surface. It must be emphasized, that the modeling results are uncertain, because several of the parameters in the simulations can be determined only with significant errors. Additionally, the approach is not applicable routinely for every hazardous waste site. Our study reveals, however, that reactive contaminants can possibly reach the groundwater at hazardous concentrations within very short time.
EBSD investigation of intergranular corrosion attack on low interstitial stainless steel
Authors: Kuníková T. , Wendrock H. , Wetzig K. , Hrivňaková D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGrain boundary effect on corrosion behaviour of low interstitial AISI 316LN austenitic stainless steel after homogenization and heat treatment at 700 and 800°C was investigated by means of Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique. Rapid oxalic acid etch test (ASTM A262‐ practice A) was used to determine steel susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. An attempt to quantify oxalic acid etch test results was also made.Beneficial effect of low carbon and nitrogen content on grain boundary precipitation and corrosion was observed. No changes neither in grain orientations nor in grain boundary types between sensitised and non‐sensitised steel states using orientation measurements were recorded. Twin boundaries were found in all samples with highest amount and only small occurrence changes. CSL categorizations showed only little increase of special boundary fractions with increasing time and temperature of heat treatment. Irrespective to annealing conditions a continued network of random boundaries was retained. Additionally, based on misorientation measurement of 50 grooved grain boundaries, a tendency for preferred attack of high angle boundaries (30–55°) was noted.
Influence of testing parameters on the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys
Authors: Kühlein M. , Galovsky U. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn sodium chloride solutions alloy composition, phases, microstructure and grain size influence the corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys. Concentration and distribution of the critical impurities iron, nickel and copper affect the corrosion performance strongly.Salt spray tests according to ASTM B 117 or DIN 50021 are used to control quality of magnesium alloys. Results of these tests often estimate alloy subcontractors and are therefore very important to placing.Standards specify test solution, test temperature and position of specimens during test in the salt spray chamber. Standards not prescribe preparation of test specimens, exposure period, handling of the specimens after salt spray test nor the interpretation of the results. Results of salt spray tests can be only compared, provided that test conditions are exactly given. Whether the standards fulfil the above described criteria, will be shown by extensive investigations. Therefore the influence of exposure period, surface condition and microstructure was investigated.
Characterisation and corrosion of spot welds of austenitic stainless steels
Authors: Somervuori M. , Johansson L.‐S. , Heinonen M. H. , van Hoecke D. H. D. , Akdut N. , Hänninen H. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe corrosion resistance of spot‐welded and induction‐heated austenitic stainless steels EN 1.4301 and EN 1.4318 was investigated in 3.5% sodium chloride solution at ambient temperature. In potentiostatic measurements pitting corrosion of spot‐welded and induction‐heated samples occurs at lower potentials than in the base materials. The corrosion pits initiate on the heat‐tinted areas. In immersion tests the surface of the spot welds was not attacked but crevice corrosion was found between the sheets around the spot welds. The compositions and structures of the heat‐tinted oxides were investigated by surface spectroscopy. The results indicate the yellow, red and blue oxides to have a double‐layered structure with an iron‐rich and chromium‐depleted outer layer and a less iron and more chromium containing inner layer. A chromium‐depleted layer was found in the base material under the yellow heat‐tinted oxide on an induction‐heated sample. Significant amounts of copper contamination were found on the spot‐weld surface near the weld edge.
Untersuchungen des Korrosionsverhaltens ausgewählter Wärmeaustauscherwerkstoffe in Natriumacetat‐Trihydrat‐Schmelze für den Anwendungsfall Latentwärmespeichersysteme
Authors: Brandt B. , Stimming U. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren haben sich die Entwicklungsaktivitäten auf dem Gebiet der Latentwärmespeicherung erheblich verstärkt. Grund dafür ist die Suche nach Energiespeichern mit höherer Effizienz und die verstärkte Nutzung der z. T. unregelmäßig anfallenden regenerativen Energien sowie von Abwärme. Der besondere Vorteil der Latentwärmespeicherung besteht in der hohen Energiespeicherdichte, die bei ausgewählten Speichermaterialien am Schmelzpunkt erreicht werden kann, und die daraus resultierende Platzeinsparung sowie die nahezu konstante Temperatur. Eine wesentliche Aufgabe bei der Entwicklung solcher Speichersysteme ist die Erhöhung der Langzeitstabilität, speziell die Korrosionsstabilität ausreichend wärmeleitfähiger Metalle, die als Wärmeaustauschermaterial verwendet werden. Das Wärmeaustauschermaterial hat dabei die Funktion, die Wärme oder Kälte von einem Wärmeübertragungsmedium, z. B. Wasser, das die Energie von einer externen Quelle aufgenommen hat, auf das Speichermaterial zu übertragen. Bei den Speichermaterialien hat sich das Natriumacetetat‐Trihydrat mit einem Schmelzpunkt von 58°C als besonders vorteilhaft erwiesen. Eine wichtige Aufgabe war daher die Untersuchung des Korrosionsverhaltens und die Ableitung geeigneter Wärmeaustauschermaterialien. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden wichtige Ergebnisse der Untersuchung ausgewählter Metalle bei 80°C in Natriumacetat‐Trihydrat‐Schmelze vorgestellt. Dem analysenreinen Natriumacetat‐Trihydrat wurden außerdem gezielt die korrosionsbeeinflussenden Verunreinigungen Chlorid, Sulfat und Karbonat, die im wesentlich preisgünstigeren Salzhydrat technischer Qualität vorkommen können, zugesetzt. Darüber hinaus wurde der Zusatz von Grafit (zur Erhöhung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit) sowie der Zutritt von Luft untersucht. Aus den Untersuchungen wurden mehrere, für den genannten Anwendungsfall besonders aussichtsreiche Metalle abgeleitet.