bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rabbit in Britain
Authors: Thompson Harry V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil record indicates that the European rabbit originated in Iberia (see Chapter 1), died out over much of Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations, and only reappeared in Britain when introduced in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AD (Veale 1957; Sheail 1971, 1978, 1991). Island or coastal sites were favoured and rabbits flourished on Drakes Island, Devon, in 1135 (Hurrell 1979), on the Isles of Scilly in 1176, on Lundy Island in 1274 and Skokholm Island in 1324. They fetched high prices and were rated as highly as sucking pig (Barrett-Hamilton 1912). In 1389, references to conynges, warrens and ferrets first appeared in the statute book and, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, rabbits were on the menus at great feasts, such as the coronation of Henry IV in 1399, the installation of the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1443 and of the Archbishop of York in 1465.By the sixteenth century rabbits were abundant; the German naturalist Gesner describes them as living in rocky places in Spain, but in open country in England. Rabbits and conies are mentioned several times by Shakespeare. By the early seventeenth century many estates had rabbit warrens and the cony was much valued for providing food and fur; this obtained until late in the nineteenth century, when the import of carcases and skins from Australia reduced the value of the native product, and more efficient agriculture made wild rabbit production uneconomic.
The rabbit in Australia
Authors: Myers K , Parer I , Wood D , Cooke B D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rabbits have been present in Australia since the first European settlement. Five went out with the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788, and numerous rabbits were reported breeding around the houses of the settlement in 1825. In Tasmania in 1827 ‘common’ rabbits were reported as ‘running about on large estates in thousands’. From 1850 onwards their importation increased, with government support, under the stimulus of the numerous acclimatization societies set up to ‘enrich the country and enhance its attractions’. All of the early importations were domestic breeds unfit for Wild existence.
Parasitism and Diseases In Chaetognaths
Authors: Nagasawa Sachiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early records of parasites from chaetognaths (reviewed by Hyman (1959) and Alvariiio (1965)) consist mainly of isolated descriptive observations. They include protozoans, nematodes, trematodes and cestodes. Dollfus (1960) catalogued all early records of digenetic trematodes from chaetognaths and attempted to classify them on a modern systematic basis. Rebecq (1965) included lists of trematode cercariae found free in the plankton as well as those found in chaetognaths. Weinstein (1972) examined the chaetognath as host and elucidated the relation between the biology of the host and the dynamics of its parasites. Studies by Pearre (1976b, 1979a) were concerned with the physiological effects of larval trematodes on their hosts and on the host population structures and with parasite-induced morphological or behavioural changes in the chaetognaths.
Lichen conservation in Hawaii
Authors: Smith C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magusson’ s Catalogue of Hawaiian Lichens listed 678 species, 38 per cent of which he considered endemic. Subsequent work suggests that there may be over 800 species present but that the level of endemism is much lower. Only one genus, Ramalinopsis is endemic to the islands and that is monotypic. Though most rocks are volcanic in origin, there are small pockets of coralline limestone on which six lichen species are found very sparsely. Concrete pavements are colonized by a few of these species.
Epilogue
Authors: Swinscow T D V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In drawing the Conference to a conclusion I must begin by expressing the thanks of all of us to its organizer, Dr David Galloway. It has attracted many of the world’s leading lichenologists with a special interest in the tropics and some also to whom that region is unfamiliar. As well as organizing it with exemplary precision, he has picked just the right time for it.
Speciation and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the sticklebacks (Gasterosteus) of south-western British Columbia
Authors: McPhail J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over a century after publication of the Origin of Species (Darwin 1859), what species are, and how they are formed, remain contentious issues in evolutionary biology. This uncertainty poses a problem for anyone attempting a short review of the process of species formation in a specific group of animals: how to discuss speciation without becoming mired in the sometimes subtle philosophical and biological arguments that surround the species concept. The course I have chosen is to ignore issues that do not bear directly on speciation in stickleback. Consequently, this review deals only with the division of single species into two or more species (cladogenesis) and the processes involved in the acquisition of the main biological characteristic of species (reproductive isolation).
Theory I: Hamilton’ s rule and the evolutionary limits of selfishness
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a simple but admittedly crude model we may imagine a pair of genes g and G such that G tends to cause some kind of altruistic behaviour while g is null. Despite the principle of ‘ survival of the fittest’ the ultimate criterion which determines whether G will spread is not whether the behaviour is to the benefit of the behaver but whether it is of benefit to the gene G; and this will be the case if the average net result of the behaviour is to add to the gene-pool a handful of genes containing Gin higher concentration than does the gene-pool itself.
Theory II: phenotypic models of sublethal sibling competition
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, we have sketched out the unifying concept of inclusive fitness, showing how it prescribes the boundaries of selfishness and altruism with respect to relatedness. Here and in later discussions (especially in Chapter 4 and Chapters 7-10), we shall examine explicit optimality models of sibling rivalry and other conflicts within the family.1 First we look at the relatively mild forms of sibling rivalry, wherein selfishness is expressed as non-lethal skewing of limited resources toward Self, before moving on (in the next chapter) to fatal consequences.
Introduction to sibling rivalry in birds
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the biological study of sibling competition, more scientific effort has been devoted to birds than to any other taxon. That bias stems historically from an enduring descriptive natural history tradition, begun and nurtured by true amateur bird enthusiasts (artists, bird-watchers, and other keen observers), substantially pre-dating any theoretical framework. Furthermore, many birds happen to be well suited to the subject by the virtues of being diurnal nesting above-ground where their young can be observed (as opposed to giving birth in subterranean burrows), and various reproductive traits that suit them well to key life-history measurements (e.g. Lessells 1991).
Supply, demand, and defendability
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were it not for the great blue heron neighbours, the importance of prey size in promoting egret sibling aggression (Chapter 5) might have been overlooked indefinitely. During regular nest censuses in multi-species colonies, we realized that the heron nestlings were less war-like, not pecking each other and not showing physical evidence of abuse. We began to observe a few great blue heron broods in the hope that interspecific differences might illuminate the egrets’ violence. Two seasons of descriptive data collection confirmed the casual impression. The Lavaca Bay heron nestlings fought only about 5% as frequently as great egrets in adjacent nests (Mock 1985). No heron siblicides were observed directly, and only one case out of 46 censused broods could even be inferred from the presence of wounds.
Sibling rivalry in plants
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants experience sundry ecological competitions and exhibit non-behavioural social relationships that are sculpted by their fundamental immobility. In two general contexts, parental care and sibling interactions, Hamilton’s rule applies broadly and usually requires no assumptions about kin recognition mechanisms (Queller 1989), the players still being in very close proximity to one another, indeed usually physically attached. The main difference between sibling rivalry patterns in plants and those in animals is that botanical resolutions of kin-based conflicts have necessarily been expressed more through a rich proliferation of adaptations in morphology, genetics and life history. For this reason, a brief survey of plant sibling rivalry (written by nonbotanists!) may prove illuminating, although we hasten to acknowledge our debt to the veritable cascade of excellent reviews from which we have borrowed freely (e.g. Kress 1981, Stephenson 1981, Stephenson and Bertin 1983, Charlesworth et al. 1987, Haig 1987,1992a, Lee 1988, Uma Shaanker et al. 1988, Queller 1989, Cheplick 1992)
Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Oosterbroek Pjotr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A review of the present status of biodiversity and conservation throughout six terrestrial areas in the Mediterranean region is presented. Measures of biodiversity, species richness, and taxonomic diversity are compared. Species richness is considered for four vertebrate (birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians), and three insect (lacewings, butterflies, and crane flies) groups. Taxonomic measures were applied to cladograms of nine taxa of amphibians (frogs and newts), scorpions, moths, and crane flies. The six regions included north-west Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, the Balkans, west Asia Minor, and east Asia Minor. A priority list of the six areas using species richness and complementarity targets east Asia Minor as the richest area of biodiversity. The taxonomic indices give different results. In all measures Italy, Iberia and east Asia Minor contain the relictual fauna! elements, with phylogenetically more recent taxa distributed throughout the Mediterranean but predominantly Balkanic or of west Asia Minor in origin. Although this is a preliminary analysis there are clear implications for conservation. Most nature reserves occur in northern European countries rather than the Mediterranean. Among the six Mediterranean areas there is a reasonable number of nature reserves in Iberia and Italy, but both are less than the European average. Conservation is a neglected issue for much of the Mediterranean and, as indicated by the figures on species richness and taxonomic diversity, the Balkans and Asia Minor ought to have conservation action plans as a high priority.
The role and impact of government intervention in Egyptian agriculture
Authors: Moursi T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since millennia past, government intervention has been a distinctive feature of Egyptian agriculture. The distribution and control of irrigation water was perhaps the raison d’etre of early Egyptian governments. The unique system of basin irrigation that was practised required systematic, orderly, and timely flooding, during the flood period of the Nile River, of the different basins in which the agricultural land was divided. This enabled the soil to acquire and retain adequate moisture to guarantee good growth of the ensuing crops. There was a need for a strong central authority for the proper administration and operation of this important and delicate task. Water control and distribution is still one of the Egyptian Government’s main concerns that purportedly-at least from the viewpoint of state bureau¬ cracy-necessitates an administrative role in the agricultural sector; other economic, social, and political concerns have amplified and spread that role over the years to cover many other activities in that sector. Direct and indirect government intervention in agriculture is regarded as an instrument of economic growth and consequently has always been a major component of national and development policies in Egypt.
The molecular basis of life
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems appropriate to begin a book on theoretical models in biology with a look at some of the theories that have been proposed to explain the origin of life. In one sense, such theories are the simplest of biological models, because in dealing with primitive organisms we need not consider most of the complex properties of higher plants and animals such as intelligence, immunity to infection, the structure and function of organs and muscles, and so on. We can concentrate on ‘ life-forms’ that are simply single molecules possessing only the ability to reproduce.
A spin glass model of the origin of life
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The model presented in its deterministic and stochastic versions in the previous two chapters deals with primitive biomolecules in a general way. It says very little about their detailed structures, the methods by which they interact, and so 011. The number of mutations allowed in the model is severely limited, and the fitness of each species must be specified in advance, by giving the rate parameters A, Q, and D.
Connectionism
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minsky and Papert’ s work on perceptrons (Chapter 18) is widely regarded as having put a wet blanket on research into neural networks for many years, since it shows that perceptrons are severely limited in the sorts of predicates they could handle efficiently. The perceptron theorems, however, apply specifically to networks with an input layer (the retina), a single ‘ hidden’ layer (the subpredicates) and an output layer (the single predicate ;). The weights from the input layer to the layer of subpredicates are fixed, so the only adaptable parts of a perceptron are the weights from the hidden layer to the output cell. Minsky and Papert hypothesized, but did not prove, that adding more hidden layers would not lead to any improvement in the performance of the network.
Prototypes and Invariants
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role that the concept of prototype has played in contemporary semantics is analogous to that which the concept of Gricean maxims has played in generative grammar. A well-placed witness, James Mccawley (1981: 215), identified this role with the excellent slogan “Grice saves”. In grammar, if there was a conflict between postulated rules and the actual usage, it was assumed that “Grice” could rescue the grammarian: the usage could be accounted for in terms of Gricean maxims. (See Bach and Harnish 1982; for a critical discussion, see G. Green 1983; Wierzbicka 199la.)
Semantic Primitives and Semantic Fields
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been said that the meaning of a word “depends” on the meaning of the other words in the lexicon (see e.g. Trier 1931). Strictly speaking, I do not believe that this is the case: since the meaning of a word is, as I have been arguing all along, a configuration of semantic primitives for each word, its meaning can (and must) be defined positively, regardless of the meanings of any “neighbouring” words in the lexicon. The meanings of different words can overlap (as Abe overlaps with bed),but both the similarities and the differences can be stated only after the meaning of each word has been identified.
Memory
Authors: Pears David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter was mainly concerned with ideas or images as bearers of meanings. However, the point was made that they sometimes occur as something less than that, namely as mere data, and that they sometimes occur as something more than that, namely as would-be bearers of truth.1 This chapter and the next one will deal with occurrences of both these further kinds, especially the second kind. For the topics to be discussed in them, Hume’s accounts of memory, belief, and existence, will throw light on the transition from the theory of ideas developed as a psychological analogue of a theory of meaning to the theory of ideas developed as a psychological analogue of a theory of truth and evidence.
Philosophy of Physics
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The systematic study of the physical world had its orgins in philosophy; two-and-a-half millennia later, the scientific advances of the twentieth century are bringing the two fields closer together again. In this brilliant new textbook, Lawrence Sklar gives a broad overview of contemporary philosophy of physics which readers at all levels, especially students, should find accessible and engaging. Professor Sklar provides a clear and accurate guide to the key topics: the nature of space and time, the problems of probability and irreversibility in statistical mechanics, and, of course, the many notorious problems raised by quantum mechanics. He discusses sophisticated scientific questions, but avoids the use of technical formalism, so that the discussion will be accessible to those without a training in philosophy or physics.
Empiricism about Meanings
Authors: Bennett Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume inherited from Locke a certain theory about what it is for a general word to have a meaning, or at least about what makes a general word have one meaning rather than another. According to this theory, what a person means by a given general term depends upon what (kind of) idea he regularly associates it with; and for both philosophers this is linked with the view that all intellectual activities consist in the mental manipulation of ideas.
Of the Academical or Sceptical Philosophy
Authors: Norton David Fate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of Section V of theEnquiry concerning Human Understanding Hume expresses his admiration for the academical or sceptical philosophy. This species of philosophy has, he says, a clear advantage over all other kinds: by its very nature it protects those who adopt it from the excesses that are characteristic of alternative forms of philosophy.
The Class Paradoxes
Authors: Giaquinto M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A paradox in common parlance is an apparently absurd proposition supported by an argument. But I will shift the focus and say that a paradox is an argument from apparently true premisses by apparently valid steps to an apparently false conclusion. Paradoxes fall into three kinds.1 First, there are paradoxes consisting of a sound argument with a true but surprising conclusion, such as Cantor’s argument that a line segment of unit length contains no fewer points than a square whose sides have unit length. Secondly, there are paradoxes consisting of an unsound argument with a false conclusion, where investigation reveals a clear fallacy, such as the well known arguments that 2 = 1.2 Finally, there are paradoxes consisting of an unsound argument with a false conclusion, where investigation reveals no clear fallacy. These paradoxes are known as antinomies. Often their conclusions are clear logical impossibilities, and solving them requires finding a principled reason for rejecting some seemingly obvious premiss or pattern of inference used in the argument. The paradoxes that we shall be concerned with in this book all belong to this third category. The paradoxes that caused the crisis of confidence in the nineteenth century drive to make infinitesimal analysis clear and rigorous arise from the basic theory of classes. There are three major class paradoxes, though many variants of them. These are the Burali-Forti paradox, Cantor’s paradox, and Russell’s paradox.
Incompleteness, and Undefinability of Truth
Authors: Giaquinto M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hilbert’s Programme placed formal systems at the centre of foundational research. This work was proceeding apace in the late 1920s in the direction that Hilbert envisaged. Then in 1931 a paper was published by Godel, then only 25, that was to change the landscape of foundational studies permanently. This paper contained a couple of theorems about formal systems of great significance, and presented a new and powerful technique for metamathematics (the study of formal systems). This chapter presents the first of these two theorems, plus a related theorem of Tarski, and then assesses their wider significance. The following chapter then presents the second theorem and assesses its significance.
Mind and Soul
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers of mind, throughout history, can be grouped into two main classes: introvert and extrovert. Introvert philosophers believe that the way to understand the nature of the human mind is to look within oneself and to pay close attention to the phenomena of introspective consciousness. Extrovert philosophers start from the observable behaviour of human beings and inquire into the criteria by which we ascribe to others mental capacities, states, and activities. In the second millennium we could point to Descartes and Hume as paradigms of the introvert school, and Aquinas and Wittgenstein as illustrating, in diVerent degrees, the extrovert approach. Extroverts look, in the ancient world, to Aristotle as their champion; the
Ethics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most moralists in the ancient world, Augustine bases his ethical teaching on the premiss that everyone wants to be happy, and that it is the task of philosophy to deWne what this supreme good is and how it is to be achieved. If you ask two people whether they want to join the army, he says in the Confessions, one may say yes and the other no. But if you ask them whether they want to be happy, they will both say yes without any hesitation. The only reason they differ about serving in the army is that one believes, while the other does not, that that will make him happy (Conf. X.21. 31).
God
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second book of On Free Will Augustine raises the question ‘How do we know that we derive our origin from God?’ and in answer he develops a structured argument for God’s existence. His interlocutor in the dialogue, Evodius, starts from the position of a simple believer who accepts the existence of God as taught in the Bible. Augustine wants to change this position of mere belief to one of knowledge (DLA 2. 1. 5). His strategy is to build up a hierarchy of beings of diVerent kinds.
Knowledge
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sixteenth century, several factors contributed to make scepticism enjoy a new popularity. The clash between different Christian sects in Europe, and the discovery of peoples across oceans with different cultures and different religions, had as an immediate effect a surge of proselytizing and persecution; but these encounters also caused some reflective thinkers to question the claim of any human system of belief to hold unique possession of the truth. The rediscovery of ancient sceptical works, such as those of Sextus Empiricus, brought to the attention of the learned a battery of arguments against the reliability of human cognitive faculties.