bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Travel
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last few years leading physics journals, such as Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Journal of Mathematical Physics, and Classical and Quantum Gravity, have been publishing articles dealing with time travel and time machines. Why? Have physicists decided to set up in competition with science fiction writers and Hollywood producers? More seriously, does this research cast any light on the sorts of problems and puzzles that have featured in the philosophical literature on time travel?
Tex In The Workplace
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several ways TEX can be used together with conventional software products. Some suggestions for doing so form the basis of this Chapter. Astonishingly, the query “how can I convert TEX output to WordPerfect form?” is common on computer text forums. Such a task is doomed for a simple reason-TEX can format text in ways that are impossible for an office word processor, so what would the conversion process do when confronted with a commutative diagram or fancy table? SinceTEX can do everything a word processor can do, the reverse-transformations from word processor format to TEX-has a better chance of succeeding.
Virtual Fonts, Virtuous Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When talking about computers, we use the adjective “virtual” to describe a thing that behaves like something else. Virtual disks are really memory blocks that simulate hard disks, while virtual memory uses a disk to mimic a computer’s memory. A virtual font looks to M-1F)( or 1fX like any other font, but it really is pieced together from other fonts or collections of typographic elements. It may be a composite of several different fonts somehow mixed together (in a special way, according to precise rules); a single font whose characters are (for very good reasons) scrambled in some new order; a collection of constructed characters, each built from several components (like accented letters are), which behaves like a font; individual horizontal or vertical rules each treated as a character in a font; a collection of text, graphics, or PostScript files, each treated as a single character within the virtual font; a conglomerate of all (or some) of the above.
Mfpic Pictures
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have a fondness for both METAFONT and MetaPost, and I hope therefore the reader has been duly impressed with the material in Chapter 13. But no matter how impressive the results of that Chapter , not everyone is in a position to spend the time necessary to master the META FONT or MetaPost languages. Furthermore, not everyone will have a need for all the power these tools provide. For that reason, the appearance of the mfpic package is welcome. The mfpic macros provide a TEX interface for METAFONT. An author includes drawing commands with a TEX-like syntax into the document. Processing the document file in the usual manner generates an additional auxiliary file, which is a METAFONT input .mf file. Thereafter, a mechanical set of procedures translates the META FONT file into a font, each character of which is one of the graphics. A final run of the document file through LATEX or TEX embeds the figures into the manuscript.
Moral Evaluation
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth century’s heightened interest in understanding human cognitive processes was by no means restricted to the role of cognitive processes in the development of natural philosophy and metaphysics. In the Introduction to the Treatise, Hume remarks that several “late philosophers in England” have “begun to put the science of man on a new footing, and have engaged the attention, and excited the curiosity of the public” (THN xvii). Of those he mentions by name Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, and Butler-all but Locke devoted most of their attention to the role of human psychological faculties in morality.
Introduction
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a visit to Norway in 1923, an Oxford undergraduate, Charles Elton, became intrigued by stories about the apparently suicidal migrations of lem mings. Six years later he began a series of studies in which, 6 years later still, I was lucky enough to join. Now, more than half a century later, I’m still trying to separate fact from fiction, much of the latter created by myself in pursuit of the former in the perennial scientific conflict between imagination and “irreducible and stubborn facts”. In the account that follows I try to describe this conflict chronologically; but because many things were going on at the same time, because topics such as food, for example, were studied intermittently over the years 1929-1961, and because I rt.eed to relate these topics to some that followed, no sequence can be entirely satisfactory. To add to these difficulties, much of the work was unpublished until many years after it had been finished, and some was not even analyzed. Novelists have their own chronological problems and solve them with such phrases as “meanwhile back on the farm ... ” I shall play similar tricks with a se quence that goes somewhat as follows.
Controversies, 1951–1956
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In science as in politics, we need critics to keep us honest. Unlike the destabi lizing effects predicted in the biblical maxim, divisive views in science are one of its strengths, as they ensure that its conclusions are subjected to intense scrutiny. Nevertheless, outsiders look on in amazement as grown men and women lose their cool over esoteric issues in population ecology. In acting thus, ecologists are behaving like other scientists, on whose sociobiology Hull3 has cast his glittering eye. The following quotations and paraphrases give an idea of his views.
Review, 1923–1961
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If scientific method included a recipe for making discoveries (as opposed to piling up data), this book would have been shorter. Anything resembling method, however, is restricted to the time after one has made a discovery, or thinks one has done so. Only then can something methodical be applied to see if there’s anything to it. This is a far cry from the popular idea of scientific method. According to a distinguished classicist, for example, “the scientist is no doubt rigidly objective: he collects the facts relevant to a problem and makes no conclusions that the facts do not justify.” If this were true, scientific research would be impossible. For there are no a priori means of knowing which so-called facts are relevant to a problem, nor can there ever be enough of them to justify a universal conclusion, a problem dealt with in the next section, nor can science proceed without risky leaps of the imagination. The present section deals with the long and difficult prerequisite to anything re sembling the cold logic often supposed to characterize scientific procedure. The imaginative element, is not a product of method any more than it is in the arts.
Epilogue, 1961–1995
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics of my war cry “no selection, no cycle” rightly doubt whether selection can act rapidly enough to account for the violent reversals of fortune experienced by cyclic populations. Until 1986, supporting evidence, as opposed to long-standing suggestions, was limited to showing that gene frequencies of doubtful relevance can change rapidly during a decline; but in that year Norah Spears submitted a thesis in which one chapter dealt with the way voles respond to selection for sexual development in long and short daylengths. This work, with John Clarke as coauthor, was published in 1988, 2 years after Desjardins et al. had described similar work on deer mice. Both papers showed how rapidly selection can proceed. In the work on voles, selection applied to the Fl generation derived from field animals produced two lines, both recognizable in the F2 generation. One line, the Emergent line, was sexually more developed than the other, the Inhibited line (Figure 12.1). In the work on deer mice, one line became largely infertile after 2 generations of selection under short daylength; the other line was largely fertile (Figure 12.2).
The Historical Formation of Selves
Authors: Danziger Kurt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of the self is different from many other psychological topics in that psychology has to share it with a number of other disciplines, sociology and psychiatry, to mention only the most obvious ones. In that way “self’ differs from “intelligence,” for example, which became an almost uncontested psychological category many years ago. That had a lot to do with psychologists’ early production of a specific technology that they very successfully marketed as a socially useful way of measuring intelligence. Having no rivals in the scientific study of intelligence, psychologists rapidly became the recognized experts. They could get away with saying that intelligence was what intelligence tests measured because they controlled the only viable technology in the area. Similar things happened in connection with other categories, such as perception and learning, where psychologists were able to decide among themselves what these terms referred to because they had the field pretty much to themselves.
Selves as Cultured As Told by an Anthropologist Who Lacks a Soul
Authors: Holland Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter tells my version of the story of anthropological studies of self. 1 It begins with the culturalist versus universalist debate and ends with an emerging “practice theory” of self. Between these conceptualizations falls “the critical disruption,” the intrusion of issues of power, hegemony, and history into anthropology in general and psychological anthropology in particular. Foucauldian, feminist, and other critical approaches not only undermined the older conceptualization of cultures as discrete, coherent, systems of meaning, common to all members, but also popularized a social-constructivist view of self. In the last section, I discuss the varieties of anthropological research undertaken in the wake of the critical disruption. Their commonalities reveal the possibilities of a practice theory of self, a theory that bears the strong marks of social constructivism, yet, because of its grounding in ethnographic research, avoids the extreme versions of constructivism. This emerging practice theory recognizes plural sites of self-making, focuses on mediational processes of the self, insists on embodiment, and gives culturally specific discourses and practices a pivotal role in constituting the self. My review is organized around the significance of culturally constructed, socially (dis)empowered languages and practices of the self, which constitutes one of the major points of disagreement in the literature.
Intellectuals on Auschwitz: Memory, History, and Truth
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The urge to write this chapter can be traced back to several causes. A number of scholarly/polemical discussions on the difficulties with memory and forgetting, representation and commemoration of the Holocaust prompted me to attempt to articulate my thoughts on the subject and clarify to myself what it was that so disturbed me in those seemingly reasonable and detached ruminations.2 Teaching a course on the Holocaust brought me once more face to face with the familiar, yet still jarring realization that neither teachers nor students, nor for that matter anyone who had either experienced it or studied it from some geographical or chronological distance could quite grasp the essence of the Holocaust or make it understandable to others.3 Always remaining from without, on the margins of experience and comprehension, one was never actually speaking of the thing itself, one never dared (or found oneself unable) to put one’s finger on the heart of the matter. Was this due to the elusive nature of the matter, or to the fears aroused in us by the prospect of direct confrontation? This predilection for the indirect or oblique approach could also be observed in some scholarly gatherings and subsequent publications, whether they consisted of the more down-to-earth variety of scholars or of those more inclined toward contemporary literary criticism.4
War, Memory, and Repression: Alexander Kluge and the Politics of Representation in Postwar Germany
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Alexander Kluge’s 1979 film The Patriot, Gabi Teichert, a German history teacher, spends much of her time digging for the past, its images, memories, artifacts, fairy tales. She digs and digs and digs, and as she does so we cannot avoid thinking that neither the action, nor the tool associated with it, nor even the German word used to describe this action can remain innocent in a post-Nazi, post-Holocaust world. In Germany, we should know, a spade is no longer just a spade. It is the weapon of the men of the Arbeitsfront (Labor Front), featured so vividly and frighteningly in Leni Riefenstahl’s film Triumph of the Will (1935), shouldering their spades like rifles, precisely as Gabi Teichert does in The Patriot, and crying out for Germany in the most moving scene of Riefenstahl’s film. It is the weapon of the workers in the Nazi labor organization, Organisation Todt, who make an appearance in Kluge’s film in excerpts from authentic documentaries of Aryan “spade-workers” building the Reich’s new Autobahnen, accompanied, of course, by Wagnerian themes.
Chambers of Horror: The Reordering of Murders Past
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a child growing up in Israel in the 1950s and 1960s, I was fascinated by war machines. I would spend hours putting together plastic models of fighter planes and bombers, war ships and aircraft carriers. I would paint them with the appropriate camouflage colors, stick to them the various national insignia, then hang them from the ceiling or arrange them on top of a chest of drawers. My room was a virtual battlefield complete with barbed wire and tanks, charging soldiers and destroyers bristling with guns. At night the immense firepower surrounding my bed calmed my spirit and infused my child’s dreams with images of heroism and sacrifice. By the time I was fourteen years old, I probably knew more about the different types of war machines in both world wars and there-after than many of the soldiers who had been subjected to their destructive powers; I was certainly more comfortable with reciting the qualities of aircraft and ships than with the algebra and geometry my teachers tried in vain to pump into my head.
Multi-Hash: Learning Object Attributes and Hash Tables For Fast 3-D Object Recognition
Authors: Grewe Lynne , Kak Avi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three-dimensional object recognition is complicated by the fact that an object may present itself to a sensor in any one of an infinity of poses. Fortunately, this problem can be alleviated by declaring equivalent classes of object poses through either the use of the aspect graph representation of objects [7, 14] or through the use of local feature sets (LFSs) [3, 9].
To elaborate a bit on the notion of local feature sets, since they are so central to the work described in this chapter, consider the two simple model objects shown in Figure 2.l(a) and 2.l(b). Each surface of each of these objects is called a feature and each feature can be characterized by a set of attribute-value pairs. For example, the surface features 9 and 4 of an instance of the object in Figure 2.l(a) can be described by the attribute-value pairs:
How attributes are used in matching a feature from the scene with a feature from a model depends on the nature of the attribute. If an attribute, such as “area,” is susceptible to occlusion, then it can be used only in the sense of its providing an upper-bound constraint, meaning that we must exclude all model features whose areas exceed the area of the feature in the scene. This point is discussed in greater detail in [8].
Explanation-Based Learning For Mobile-Robot Perception
Authors: O’Sullivan Joseph , Mitchell Tom M , Thrun Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Results in robot learning have demonstrated that robots can learn simple strategies from very little initial knowledge when in restricted environments [9, 2, 17]. While these results indicate the potential role of machine learning for robot perception and control, new approaches are needed to scale up to more complex problems and realistic environments.
The fundamental roadblock to scaling up learning algorithms is that, as the complexity of the learning task (for example, the number of distinct sensors, complexity of individual sensor inputs, amount of sensor noise, complexity of the function to be learned) increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to correctly generalize from the limited quantity of training data available. Both experimental and theoretical research indicate that purely inductive learning methods, which basically rely on detecting statistical regularities among the training data, scale poorly with such increases in complexity [7, 30, 10].
Groundice
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we defined the martian cryosphere as the region of martian crust where if water were present it would be frozen. In the expectation that if groundwater was present it would have dissolved salts within it, a basal temperature of 252 K was assumed. The nominal thickness was estimated to be 2.3 km at the equator and 6.5 km at the pole, but these figures incorporate large errors because of poor knowledge of the thermal conductivity of the crust and the heat flow. At the end of heavy bombardment the heat flow is expected to have been four to five times larger than the present (see Figure 1-14), so the cryosphere should have been at least four to five times thinner than at present. But if the climate was significantly warmer at that time, the cryosphere may have been nonexistent or very thin. Thus, since the end of heavy bombardment the cryosphere at low latitudes has grown from an initial thickness of no more than a few hundred meters, and perhaps considerably less, to the present thickness of a few kilometers. We also saw in Chapter 2 that under present climatic conditions ice is unstable at low latitudes and that any ice present in the cryosphere at these latitudes at the end of heavy bombardment is likely to have been lost by sublimation down to depths of a few hundred meters unless it has, in some way, been replenished, or if climatic conditions were significantly different for much of the time. The arguments presented in Chapter 2 were almost entirely theoretical and were based on present surface conditions. In this chapter we examine the observational evidence for the presence of ground ice.
Implications For Life
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasingly compelling evidence that Mars is water rich, and that it may have experienced major changes in its climate, coupled with recent improvements in our understanding of the early evolution of life on Earth and the range of conditions under which it can survive, has led to a revival of interest in the possibility that life may have started on Mars. Liquid water is almost universally accepted as a requirement for life, and we have almost unequivocal evidence that liquid water was at the surface on many occasions. High erosion rates, high rates of dissection to form valley networks, and high rates of weathering all suggest, although with considerable uncertainty, that conditions, at least on early Mars, were warm in addition to being wet. Episodic formation of outflow channels throughout the planet’s history indicates the presence of abundant groundwater.
Future Mars Exploration
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Missions are the lifeblood of planetary science. Unfortunately, planetary missions are expensive and because they are expensive only a few nations or agencies have independent planetary exploration programs. At the time of this writing the list was restricted to four: the United States, Russia, Japan, and the European Space Agency. To lay out a rational, step-by-step program for the exploration of Mars is not difficult, but the likelihood of such a plan being followed is small. Because the missions are expensive, their approval requires support of a much broader constituency than the small planetary science community. Planetary missions may serve a variety of purposes in addition to advancing scientific knowledge. They may be used to demonstrate to the rest of the world a nation’s technical virtuosity and the superiority of its economic system. They have been used to promote technological innovation and to preserve specialized technical capabilities. They may foster international cooperation and cement economic alliances. They stimulate interest in science and technology among a nation’s youth. They must also have public appeal, for it is the public who pays for them. This multiplicity of objectives often leads to frustration in planning, for not only do the different goals pull the exploration strategies in different directions, but the weight given to the different goals is constantly shifting with the political climate.
Ducks, Rabbits, and Hedgehogs: Resolution, Impasse, or Fostered debate?
Authors: Logie Robert H , Cornoldi Cesare , Brandimonte Maria A , Kaufmann Geir , Reisberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We took as a starting point a debate about construal and reconstrual of images. Eloquent cases have been made by major proponents on differing sides of the debate. In opening the final discussion for this volume, there might be some merit in trying to establish the current state of agreement or otherwise among the three major contributors to this volume. As the previous chapters have made clear, there are profound disagreements among these authors. Against this backdrop, there are a number of ways in which the debate might progress. It might reach an impasse, with consensus impossible and with the arguments progressing the debate no further.
Sweden Toward a Deresidualization of Swedish Child Welfare Policy and Practice?
Authors: Hort Sven E Olsson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one were to single out a country that in practice resembles the model welfare state, postwar Sweden would definitely be a contender. It has been said that this country of the Far North is the closest one comes to Richard Titmuss’s (1974) institutional model of social policy. Everybody is included under the universal social safety net. Public spending on social protection, including child welfare, is thus substantial and usually is looked on as investment in human capital. The general disadvantages of this system are of course the problem of overconsumption and the necessity of high taxes to fund such fancy programs. The international competitiveness of Swedish trade products is supposed to have become weakened, although this belief is contradicted by many experts in the field. Furthermore, in the early 1990s high unemployment levels and increasing interest payments on a burgeoning public deficit have created macroeconomic distortions of a magnitude hitherto unknown. This aspect of Swedish welfare policy is not further discussed here.
Situating the corpus
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initially at least, CAR is readily recognizable as a register in the sense that the frequency of function words or the reliance on abbreviations tends to correlate with specific functional parameters. These include the presentation of narrowly focused information in texts produced under largely uniform spatial constraints and normally benefiting from ample planning time. CAR also qualifies as a simple register in that it typically falls short-sometimes dramatically so of the degree of elaboration usually associated with written language.