bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Words for Music Perhaps
Authors: Worth Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title is borrowed from Yeats, who used it for a collection of his poems admired by Beckett and possibly in his mind at the time of writing Words and Music (Words’s ‘Arise then and go now’ makes sly allusion to ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’). The tentative, exploratory ring of Yeats’s ‘Perhaps’ seemed rather apt for Beckett’s dramatic uses of music in Words and Music (1962) and Cascando (1964). I offer a few reflections on the role of music in these plays, arising from the experience of producing new versions of them (in 1973 and 1984 respectively), with music by Humphrey Searle. I cannot speak of the music in musical terms, only from the viewpoint of someone seeking to understand better the thrust of the plays and how music enters into this. It is the account of a personal response, though I hope it may have some general interest.
Beckett and the Sound of Silence
Authors: Bryden Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The composer John Cage was adept at asking questions. In his spoken and written dialogues he often presents them in the guise of answers. Thus the reader is rendered recruit, co-respondent, neophyte. This is, I think, consonant with an art—that of music—which Samuel Beckett once described as ‘perfectly intelligible and perfectly inexplicable’ Those three activities cited by Cage—composing, performing, listening—are all implicated within the phenomenon we call music. Conventionally, and most simply, they are executed, in linear fashion, by three separate functionaries: composer composes…performer performs…listener listens.
Beckett and Holliger
Authors: Albera Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Heinz Bolliger chose to write musical settings for Beckett’s Come and Go and What Where, he was choosing two plays which undoubtedly lend themselves to music: not only does their structure combine the principle of variation with the rondo form, but also the language relinquishes much of its denotative function by concealing from us the very subject of the discourse: it remains secret, or unnamable. Come and Go and What Where can thus be affiliated with musical scores, in which everything is noted with the greatest of precision (especially at the level of playing directions), but which at the same time require a performance and an interpretation. It is in effect the reader-or the spectator-who is called upon to define the context in which archetypical situations and essentially banal conversation may assume meaning. In shifting Beckett texts into a musical space, Bolliger thereby suggests his own interpretation.
Songs Within Words: the Programme TXMSand the Performance of Pingon the Piano
Authors: Barlow Clarence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in early 1971 that I first treated music as an abstract art. My compositions previous to this show an abundance of permutatory and probabilistic mechanisms, but their methods of application and the resultant sounds were invariably and obviously a product of my cultural background, a phenomenon even more evident in my recent work. In 1971, however, a passing need to purge my methods of personal traits drove me to a closer awareness of the role of cultural roots within the act of composing.
In my eyes, the work of John Cage, then meaningful to me, sought to circumvent musical tradition by generating unpredictable sounds through multiple and complex operations. These he entrusted nonetheless to musicians, without whose cultural specialization the intended work could neither be realized nor performed.
Between Word and Silence: Bing
Authors: Bosseur Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we initiate a musical process in relation to a text by Samuel Beckett without taking away its nakedness, and violating its essential purity? How can we undertake a temporal project which is likely to place word and sound on equal terms? How can we conceive a musical thought which does not just tack itself onto the literary discourse, but which can melt into it? These arc just a few of the questions I pondered when I first considered working on a text by Samuel Beckett. In fact, I did not wish to set to music a pre-existent text, but rather to inflect it in a musical or even operatic direction-preferably with Beckett’s cooperation-while somehow bringing out its inherent musicality. In fact Beckett’s writing already seemed musical to me, each text having its own rhythm, and that is why I wasn’t the slightest bit surprised when he told me, during our first meeting, that he dreaded the domination by music of a spoken word which in itself represented an attempt to interweave these two modes of expression.
True Lies and False Truths: Measure for Measure and the Gospel
Authors: Marx Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of Measure for Measure comes from a prominent gospel saying of Jesus: ‘judge not that ye be not judged. For with what judgement ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.” Biblical references pervade this play, which more than any other of Shakespeare’s is constructed like a medieval allegory. Characters are named for abstractions.
Oriental Precedents: The Novelty of America and its Modernist Reform
Authors: Stamy Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone who writes about the Orient must locate himself vis-à-vis the Orient; translated into his text, this location includes the kind of narrative voice he adopts, the type of structure he builds, the kinds of images, themes, motifs that circulate in his text —all of which add up to deliberate ways of addressing the reader, containing the Orient, and finally, representing it or speaking in its behalf. None of this takes place in the abstract, however. Every writer on the Orient (and this is true even of Homer) assumes some Oriental precedent, some previous knowledge of the Orient, to which he refers and on which he relies. Additionally, each work on the Orient affiliates itself with other works, with audiences, with institutions, with the Orient itself.
A Chinoiserie of Manners and Marvellous Creatures
Authors: Stamy Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘One notes the surprising usefulness of animals as aids to self expression’, Marianne Moore wrote in ‘Art and Interpretation’, her review of the Museum of Modern Art’s ‘Exhibition of the Marvelous’ in 19 37. Her observations are appropriately linked to her opinions of the marvellous, for Moore was inspired by the dragons (long), kylin or Chinese unicorns (qilin), basilisks,2 tortoises (mythological figures in Chinese lore), and other strange, if not magical, beings which populate her poems. These and other imaginary beasts were of enormous interest to Moore, and her library and file collection attest to the range and depth of her study of them. References to dragons appear in published poems such as ‘The Plumet Basilisk’ and in its notes, ‘Half Deity’ (193 5 ),3 and ‘O To Be A Dragon’.
Combination and Conspiracy
Authors: Orth John V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combination and Conspiracy covers the formative era of English labour law from the eighteenth century when organizations of skilled workers emerged from the guild system, to the early twentieth century when national unions used their democratic political power to secure a favourable legal regime. The notorious Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 are placed firmly in the context of the preceding series of statutes for particular trades and places, as well as related to the developing law of conspiracy. This book rescues from obscurity the Molestation of Workmen Act in the mid-nineteenth century, the product of a curious collaboration by trade unionists and Conservative politicians, and integrates it with changing notions of contract as the basis of industrial relations. Finally, the book presents the foundations of modern labour law, the legislation of the 1870s (as amended in 1906), as the culmination of a centuries-long process of statutory and precedential development.
Master and Servant
Authors: Orth John V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Master and servant’ came to be the shorthand by which the legal profession described the employment relationship. The label was not inevitable; originally it had applied only to domestic service. Blackstone, for whom master and servant was one of the ‘three great relations in private life’-the other two being husband and wife and parent and child-lengthened the list to include (in addition to domestics): apprentices, agricultural labourers, and superior servants such as stewards, factors, and bailiffs. The society implied by this catalogue was familiar to the Oxford students who heard Blackstone lecture in the mid-eighteenth century: it was the world as seen by the landed aristocracy and country gentry. The world as remade by the Industrial Revolution, the world of the mill and the factory, was peopled by masters, lately called employers, and workmen or journeymen, once also called (as we have seen) manufacturers. None the less the legal profession in the nineteenth century subsumed all the above into master and servant. Certainly it lent an air of antiquity, perhaps comforting in an age of upheaval; perhaps it was also meant to put-and in so far as possible to keep-the new industrial proletariat in its place.
The Law of Strikes: 1859-1871
Authors: Orth John V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strike was a product of the Industrial Revolution as surely as were the miles of cotton cloth that rolled off the looms of Lancashire. The use of the word ‘strike’ to mean a concerted stoppage of work was a neologism in the late eighteenth century, apparently borrowed from the practice of protesting sailors to strike or lower the sails. The 1824 select committee, as we have seen, introduced the word in its resolutions, explaining it as ‘suspension of work’. By the mid-nineteenth century it was established usage, although cautious writers continued to set it off in inverted commas in recognition of its recent origin. In 1867 a barrister could take for granted that a jury knew what it meant, the term being, he said, ‘now perfectly well understood’. By 1923, a few years before the General Strike, only children and animals could have been in doubt, so Dr. Dolittle obliged with his definition.
Introduction
Authors: Miller C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Moskovitz in his notable article in the Columbia Law Review described 1.01 contempt of court as the Proteus of the legal world, assuming an almost infinite diversity of forms’.1 The scope of the subject was described in similar terms by Sir John Donaldson MR in Attorney-General v. Newspaper Publishing PLC (one of the Spycatcher cases), where he responded to a suggestion that contempt was being expanded by saying: ‘The law of contempt is based on the broadest of principles, namely that the courts cannot and will not permit interference with the due administration of justice. Its application is universal.’2 One implication of this, as Lord Bridge has noted, is that the law in this area is ‘fraught with difficulties and uncertainties’.
Contempt Through Interfering With Particular Legal Proceedings: Some General Considerations
Authors: Miller C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although criminal contempt of court covers a wide range of conduct, undoubt- 5.01 edly its single most important function is to prevent interference with the due administration of justice in proceedings which are sub justice. Such interference, whether actual or potential, may occur in a variety of ways. Perhaps the most obvious is an attempt to bribe or intimidate a judge, juror, or witness, each of which may be dealt with either summarily as a contempt, or as an indictable offence. However, the offence may similarly be committed through publishing matter carrying the same attendant risk, whether the publication be in the Press, as will usually be the case, or through any other medium of communication. Thus radio and television broadcasts, cinema films, public speeches, sermons, theatrical performances, musicals, and even posters and wax models have all given rise to contempt proceedings in the past.
Conclusion
Authors: Morgan Jane , Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child victimization has traditionally been seen solely in terms of child abuse. There can be no doubt that child abuse in its various forms is a serious social problem. However, the focus of public and professional attention on abuse has obscured the problem of children who are the victims of other, often no less serious crimes. Children are far more likely to be thought of as potential offenders than as victims of crime. Yet, as we have seen, they can be victims of a whole range of crimes. They may also be witnesses to crimes committed against other members of their families. The most serious types of personal assault, rape, and even murder often take place in the presence of children or in circumstances of which they are aware. More commonly, they may be present in households where a burglary occurs. Where an offence is committed against a member of a child’s family or against the household in general the child is unlikely to be seen as a victim. None the less, children’s experiences may be such that they ought properly to be recognized as victims in their own right.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: MCVea Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trend towards deregulation in the form of financial diversification is best illustrated by recent events which have transformed the provision of financial services in the UK in the run-up to Big Bang. The most important outcome of this process has been the emergence of a new corporate creature, the financial conglomerate. The formation of conglomerates is the result of a desire by market participants to expand rather than limit the range of financial services they offer. It is now possible for a single financial house to provide a range of financial services including stockbroking, market making, banking, corporate finance, etc. Most importantly, the traditional self imposed separation of banking and securities business has now been broken down.
The Relationship Between Regulations Governing the Financial Services Industry and Fiduciary Duties Under the General Law
Authors: Beatson Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the approach courts are likely to adopt to regulatory rules made in the public law sphere which conflict with what, apart from the rules, would be required by the general law. Although it is difficult to consider this without also considering what approach they ought to adopt, as that question will be considered in the Law Commission’s forthcoming Consultation Paper on this topic, I shall attempt to do so. The topic was referred to the Law Commission by the Department of Trade and Industry and the Commission circulated an Issues Questionnaire in November 1990 to assess the extent to which the relationship between the two sets of rules is giving rise to practical difficulty. The reference is confined to public law regulation but although the question whether an activity is within the public law sphere can be a tricky one, this need not concern us since financial services clearly are. Again, while the reference includes duties of care, as this part of the book is concerned with fiduciary obligations this chapter focuses on the relationship of regulatory rules with four overlapping equitable duties imposed on those who act on behalf of clients.
Muslims: The Claim to a Separate System of Personal Law
Authors: Poulter Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is not entirely clear how far back the Muslim presence in Britain extends, there were certainly some Indian Muslims living in England during the eighteenth century. Most of them were servants and ayahs (maids), brought to this country by army officers and nabobs who had made their fortunes as mercantile agents and clerks in the service of the East India Company.
Discretion and Accountability in Prosecution: A Comparative Perspective on Keeping Crime out of Court
Authors: Brants Chrisje , Field Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The argument that offenders should only be brought before criminal courts as a last resort, and that diversion from prosecution is often a preferable response to crime, has only recently gained widespread official acceptance within the British criminal justice systems. Such views are of rather longer standing in Holland and this is reflected in the greater variety of diversion ary mechanisms available there and the larger numbers of known offenders kept out of court. On the surface this might be seen as a straightforward reflection of the much-vaunted liberalism of the Dutch system, its greater concern about the negative effects of stigmatization, and greater scepticism about the deterrent effect of the public court appearance. While there is certainly something to this argument, any convincing explanation of the differences in diversionary practices must be rooted in more concrete analysis of contrasts in the institutions and legal culture underpinning respective criminal justice practices.
Sentencing Practice, Policy, and Discretion
Authors: Kelk Constantijn , Koffman Laurence , Silvis Jos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The penal culture, and more specifically the sentencing culture, of the Netherlands is in many respects different from that of England and Wales. The English system has a tradition of deterrent sentencing whereas, in the Netherlands, humanitarian concems 1 combined with a greater awareness of the destructive effects of imprisonment have resulted in differentiated and relatively lenient sentencing.2 In the Netherlands the idea that punishment ought to be a last resort, an ultimum remedium, is still a widely shared notion, despite the remarkable increase in very long prison sentences. Obviously in close connection with the Dutch perspective on sentencing there has been a tradition of paying attention to the psychological situation of the offender in relation to the crime. Dutch sentencers cannot escape exposure to the psychiatric and behavioural analysis of prosecuted persons, since an elaborate presentation of professional expertise on these matters is a common feature of serious cases dealt with in court. Therefore it is possible to suggest that there might have developed a significant difference in empathy with and insight into the psychology of offenders be tween Dutch sentencers and their English counterparts.
Conclusion: Europeanization and Convergence: The Lessons of Comparative Study
Authors: Harding Christopher , Swart Bert , Jorg Nico , Fennell Phil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will have been clear to readers of this book that two principal approaches have been taken in discussing these different areas of criminal justice: in the great majority of contributions the format has comprised a comparison of British and Dutch experience, while at the same time a good number of the chapters have been preoccupied with the impact of European developments and initiatives or, as it may be termed, the process of ‘Europeanization ‘. These two analytical approaches have been undertaken in order to assess what may be perceived as an important potential tendency in the development of criminal justice in western Europe: the convergence of different systems, either as a response to external forces such as ‘Europeanization ‘ or for other reasons associated with the internal dynamic of individual systems. A number of the chapters represent an attempt to assess the impact of European legal developments on the criminal justice systems of two West European countries. Two significant points emerge clearly from this collective study. First, the impact of such developments-or, it may be said, the extent of Europeanization-is variable according to which area of criminal justice is under discussion. And secondly, the national reaction to European initiatives and international convergence differs in some import ant respects as between the Dutch and British systems, reflecting differences both in policy and in legal tradition and organization. Ultimately, a study of this kind provokes a basic question: what objectives drive the Europeanization of criminal justice and how well do such objectives accord (or do they conflict) with national aspirations in this field?
Privatizing the Polish Family after Communism
Authors: Kurczewski Jacek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communism, despite its promise, did not abolish the family either in Poland or elsewhere. This does not mean, however, that the family remained unmolested by the Party-State, nor that it did not play a peculiar role in the new configuration of social life which developed under real socialism. The Polish case might seem unrepresentative for various reasons, but close inspection reveals that Communist societies were as different as are democratic societies. To study the general type one needs to investigate the particular case and such investigation will not be meaningful unless the interpretation is made by reference to the general characteristics of social types.
What do Family Members and Friends Expect from One Another at the Transition to Democracy?
Authors: Smigielska Joanna , Czynczyk Artur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the minuteness of detail and comprehensiveness of sociological and psychological family studies, the picture of the family that emerges remains shadowy. We realize how very difficult it is to show how the family functions on a day to day basis while at the same time preserving the quality of representativeness. Specific simplifications or exaggerations cannot be avoided. The study reported here is an attempt to describe the functioning of the family: both the everyday activities and the opinions voiced by the family members studied, and addresses the question: what do family members and friends expect from one another? The study is based on the authors’ systematic observations of family communities.
Delegalizing Child Support
Authors: Maclean Mavis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the background to and the development of the new British system of assessing and enforcing the financial support due from parents to children who do not live with both their parents. It argues that the scheme follows developments in America and Australia, and marks a change from previous policy towards lone parents in the UK. The parental obligation to share income with children living elsewhere is redefined as beyond dispute with respect to liability and amount, both of which become subject to clear rules administered through a semi-privatized agency. The courts are in the main excluded, with a very limited role for marginal cases and appeals on points of law.
The Social Problem of Child Abuse in Poland: The Conflict between Privacy and Control
Authors: Sobiech Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not easy for the average c1tizen to understand why so many social problems which he sees in his everyday life are not met by a proper response from competent institutions. Similar astonishment arises from the fact that substantial resources are used to solve problems of minor significance, and some matters are tackled without there being any real need to intervene. People expecting effective solutions will certainly not be satisfied by assertions that converting their complaints into appropriate social policies is a complicated process, barely recognized as necessary and not easily modified from the outside.
Implementing the Children Act 1989: The Changing Relationship between Local and Central Government
Authors: Masson Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the Children Act on the roles of and relationship between central and local government in promoting the welfare of children through measures for child protection and provision of services. Its focus is the development and implementation of the Children Act 1989, a piece of legislation which has been described as ‘ the most substantial reform of child law this century’ (Mackay, 1989).
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