bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON MEASLES
Authors: Blake Francis G. , Trask James D. 
Published: June 2004

The symptomatology of the reaction induced in monkeys by inoculation with material containing the virus of measles is described. The symptoms and course of this reaction closely parallel those of human measles.
The microscopic pathology of the lesions of the skin and buccal mucous membrane of monkeys experimentally infected with the virus of measles is also described. These lesions are essentially identical with the corresponding lesions of measles in man.
STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY
Authors: Murphy James B. , Nakahara Waro , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that resistance to transplanted cancer follows stimulation of the lymphoid tissue when the stimulation is induced by either heat or small doses of x-rays. In this paper we have attempted to determine whether the degree of immunity had a quantitative relation to the amount of the stimulation. Fortunately, the two methods at our disposal give stimulation of markedly different characters. The small dose of x-rays gives a sluggish lymphoid cell reaction of short duration with a definite latent period between the treatment and the evidence of marked stimulation, while after heat a short period of depression is followed by a sharp stimulation continuing over a much longer period. The cancer inoculation into groups of mice made immediately after exposure to x-rays shows little resistance, while the inoculation made at the height of the stimulation phase shows a definite increase in the immunity. Animals inoculated with cancer immediately after the heat treatment exhibit a pronounced immunity, but not so marked as that shown when the inoculation is made at the height of the stimulation.
The amount of resistance shown when the cancer inoculation is made at the height of the moderately stimulating effect following exposure to x-rays, is much less than that seen when the inoculation is made at the height of the heat effect when the degree of stimulation is much greater. When the lymphocytosis sets in after the tumor graft is established only a slight effect is noted. All these results together are taken to indicate that the degree of immunity is dependent on the amount of lymphoid stimulation existing either at the time of or following soon after the cancer inoculation.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

Mice treated with small doses of x-rays and inoculated with cancer immediately afterwards, show a marked suppression of lymphoid proliferation. If, however, the cancer inoculation is made 7 days after the exposure to x-rays, thus permitting the primary lymphoid stimulation known to occur soon after the x-ray treatment to arise, a second stimulation takes place in a large proportion of mice thus inoculated.
Changes in the blood of mice x-rayed and inoculated with cancer 7 days afterwards show that the state of resistance to cancer inoculation is attended by blood lymphocytosis, as is the case in all other varieties of immunity to transplanted cancer so far studied.
PRECIPITIN RESPONSE IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS FOLLOWING SUBARACHNOID INJECTIONS OF HORSE SERUM
Authors: Alexander Harry L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits which have received a single dose of normal horse serum in the subarachnoid space produce precipitins in the blood in greater abundance, of higher titer, and persisting longer than those in control rabbits which have received a similar injection intravenously.
2. Repeated subarachnoid injections of normal horse serum in rabbits induce precipitins in the blood early. These may appear in high titer as soon as 1 week after the initial injection, whereas in rabbits similarly treated intravenously no precipitins are found at this time. They may appear a few days afterward and reach a high titer.
3. No anaphylactic manifestations occurred in rabbits treated repeatedly with subarachnoid injections of normal horse serum when the precipitin content of the blood was high.
4. Anaphylactins, as determined by passive transfer of anaphylaxis, were demonstrated in sera with high precipitin content.
5. These experiments may explain clinical evidences of anaphylaxis, observed when an initial intravenous injection of horse serum followed a series of intraspinal injections of such serum.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Witherbee William D. 
Published: June 2004

From a study of a series of rabbits inoculated with two old strains of Treponema pallidum, it was found that localized infection of bones and tendons was of frequent occurrence and led to the formation of a variety of lesions.
The bones usually involved were those of the face and the feet and legs. Most often the lesions arose from the periosteum but developed also within the bone or marrow cavities and at lines of epiphyseal union.
Grossly, the periosteal lesions were of two types—one being a circumscribed, indurated, and nodular mass and the other a process of a more diffuse character. Histologically, the lesions presented the typical appearance of syphilitic granulomata composed of more or less distinct layers which corresponded roughly with structural divisions of the periosteum. The composition of lesions of membrane and of cartilage bones differed somewhat in this respect, especially in the development of an osteoclastic layer. Invasion of the bone with absorption and necrosis were constant features of periosteal affections and were most marked in the case of the facial bones and the small bones of the feet.
Lesions in the bone and marrow cavities were detected chiefly by radiographs or by the occurrence of bone destruction in the absence of periosteal involvement. They were characterized by a loss of structural detail in the bone, rarefication, increased fragility, necrosis, pathological fracture, and epiphyseal separation associated with more or less granulomatous reaction. Histologically, the bone lesions presented essentially the same picture as those of the periosteum, while the lesions which arose from the marrow cavities were composed chiefly of polyblastic infiltrations. In this group of affections, the most important were those which developed at the epiphyses.
The destructive effects produced by all classes of lesions varied from a slight surface erosion or rarefication to extensive necrosis resulting in the formation of bony defects or in disintegration or fracture of the bone. These conditions differed very decidedly with the particular bones involved.
Of especial importance in this connection was the occurrence of a peculiar form of mass necrosis which at times resulted in the destruction of considerable areas of bone even in parts where the granulomatous type of lesion was comparatively slight. The most characteristic injuries were the saddle-nose deformities and the epiphyseal separation in the small bones of the tarsus and hind feet.
The marks of permanent injury were, on the whole, comparatively slight, but they also differed both with the degree of the original injury and with the bone affected.
Granulomatous lesions of tendons or tendon sheaths were occasionally seen, and in a few instances, lesions of synovial cavities were demonstrated microscopically.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Witherbee William D. 
Published: June 2004

A systematic study was made of the affections of bone, cartilage, tendons, and synovial membranes which occurred in a series of rabbits with generalized syphilis. Localized infection of this group of structures was found to be of very frequent occurrence. The parts involved were, in the order of their frequency, the facial and cranial bones and cartilages, the bones, tendons, and joints of the feet and legs, the cervical and caudal vertebræ, the ribs, and the sternum. These infections often gave rise to characteristic manifestations of disease which could be detected without difficulty by inspection or palpation of the part. In many instances, however, clinical manifestations were so slight that the presence of lesions could be detected only by radiographic or pathological examination.
Detailed descriptions of various clinical types of disease were given and the clinical manifestations correlated with the pathological process. It was pointed out that bone lesions exhibited a decided predilection for certain exposed bony prominences, for lines of bony union, and for epiphyseal lines in particular.
A study of the clinical history of bone lesions brought out the fact that they were among the earliest of the generalized forms of disease; they tended to pursue a comparatively rapid course, and relapse was never observed.
Especial emphasis was laid upon three aspects of the experimental infection: the analogy existing between certain forms of the animal and human affections, the relation of syphilis of the osseous system to other evidences of disease, and the occurrence of obscure bone lesions.
In this connection, it was pointed out that the nasal and epiphyseal lesions of the rabbit presented a striking analogy to those of congenital syphilis in man.
It was also pointed out that syphilis of the osseous system occupied a definite position in the scheme of defensive reactions such that lesions of these tissues might be favored or inhibited according to the experimental conditions employed.
Finally, the frequency with which infections occurred which were not accompanied by sufficiently distinctive signs even to suggest the possibility of their existence was interpreted as evidence that some cases of latent or obscure infection in man might find their explanation in the presence of a similar group of affections.
A NEW STRAIN OF TRANSMISSIBLE LEUCEMIA IN FOWLS (STRAIN H)
Authors: Ellermann Vilhelm 
Published: June 2004

1. A new strain of fowl leucosis has been transmitted through twelve generations of fowls.
2. An increase in virulence was observed during its passage. This was shown in a shortening of the interval between inoculation and death. The increase in virulence does not affect the number of successful inoculations, which remains approximately constant in from 20 to 40 per cent of the birds employed.
3. As with former strains, the disease manifests itself in various forms; i.e., myeloid and intravascular lymphoid types. A single lymphatic case was observed.
4. In several intravascular cases a diminution in the hemolytic power of the serum was established. This phenomenon was absent in a number of myeloid cases.
5. Active immunization cannot be produced by means of the subcutaneous injection of virulent material.
6. The finding of previous experiments that the virus is filterable has been confirmed.
7. The inoculation of human leucemic material into fowls gave negative results.
SUPERINFECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF SUBCURATIVE DOSES OF ARSPHENAMINE OR NEOARSPHENAMINE
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were carried out on rabbits for the purpose of determining the effects of subcurative doses of arsphenamine and of neo-arsphenamine upon the resistance of infected animals to reinoculation with Treponema pallidum and hence the possibilities of the occurrence of a second infection in treated but uncured cases of infection.
All the animals used were inoculated with the same virus, and the experimental tests were carried out when the first cycle of testicular reaction was nearing its height. The animals with the most marked testicular lesions were used for the basic experiment of treatment and reinoculation. The results of this experiment were controlled from four different standpoints: (1) the effect of the treatment employed upon the existing infection; (2) the immunity present at the time of treatment; (3) the virulence of the organisms used for reinoculation as compared with those causing the existing infection; (4) the comparative susceptibility of normal animals to the virus used for reinoculation.
The results obtained showed (1) that the treatment employed was insufficient to cure any of the therapeutic controls; (2) that the infected controls were highly refractory to a second inoculation; (3) that the treated animals were highly susceptible to a second inoculation and although not cured of their original infection, reacted to the second inoculation with the formation of lesions indistinguishable from those of a first infection; (4) that in certain instances the treatment given had rendered infected animals more susceptible to infection than the normal controls.
FLAGELLUM OF THE MICROORGANISM OF RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: Adachi Kiyohisa 
Published: June 2004

The work of previous investigators was confirmed in that the microorganism of rat-bite fever was found to have flagella which are clearly visible by dark-field illumination and which can be stained. The best staining is obtained with alkalinized Akashi solution, which is a modification of Giemsa's solution; the vapor of osmic acid gives the best fixation.
The number of demonstrable flagella seems to vary with the technique. Sometimes many slender flagella unite into one large one or one large flagellum divides into several smaller ones. It may be concluded that commonly many slender flagella occur at the ends and that these may unite into one or several large flagella. In the living microorganism the flagella appear to be spiral. Their form in fixed preparations depends upon the method employed. Some long forms have flagella arising at the middle of the body; this seems to indicate that division is transverse and not longitudinal as generally believed. The rigid body, the signs of transverse division, and multiple flagella seem to distinguish the forms reported here from spirochetes and indicate that they are spirilla.
AN IMPROVED ANAEROBE JAR
Authors: Brown J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

There has been described a modification of the anaerobe jars of McIntosh and Fildes and of Smillie in which the oxygen is consumed by combustion with hydrogen under the catalytic action of platinized or palladinized asbestos.
The special advantages of the apparatus described reside in its greater safety and in the fact that the catalyzer is heated electrically after the jar is closed and may be reheated at any time during incubation without opening the jar.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

From the filtered nasopharyngeal washings of patients in the first 36 hours of uncomplicated epidemic influenza and rarely in later stages of the disease, we have cultivated a minute bacilloid body, Bacterium pneumosintes, 0.15 to 0.3 microns in length, of constant cultural characters and capable of indefinite propagation on artificial media. This organism, not of the nature of ordinary bacteria, was also recovered in pure culture from the unfiltered and filtered lung tissue of rabbits and guinea pigs inoculated with unfiltered and filtered nasopharyngeal washings of early influenza cases, both from the first epidemic of 1918–19 and from the second one of 1920. The organism grows only under strictly anaerobic conditions, passes Berkefeld V and N filters, and withstands the action of sterile 50 percent glycerol for a period of months.
It has been recovered from cultures contaminated with a variety of ordinary bacteria such as Bacillus pfeifferi, pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci, and has been experimentally cultivated in symbiosis with them.
Similar cultivation of control materials uniformly failed to yield growths of this organism. The materials tested consisted of the unfiltered and filtered nasopharyngeal washings of persons free from influenza, some of whom were suffering from acute coryza, the lung tissue of normal rabbits and of rabbits with bacterial respiratory infections, and the uninoculated media.
The intratracheal injection in rabbits and guinea pigs of mass cultures of this organism has induced effects on the blood and lungs of these animals which are not to be distinguished from those obtained with the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in the early hours of epidemic influenza. From the pulmonary lesions thus induced the same organism has been recovered in pure culture, and has been found to cause similar lesions on subsequent animal passage. Its pathogenicity is not lost by prolonged artificial cultivation.
Our experiments indicate that the cultivable bodies obtained directly from human nasopharyngeal washings and from affected rabbit lungs are strains of the same organism. This organism appears to be the source of the reactions which occur in experimental animals—rabbits and guinea pigs—as a result of the intratracheal injection of nasopharyngeal washings obtained during the early hours of uncomplicated epidemic influenza in man.
THE BILIARY OBSTRUCTION REQUIRED TO PRODUCE JAUNDICE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The bile ducts from three-quarters of the liver substance in dogs and monkeys can be obstructed without any clinical evidence developing of pigment or cholate accumulation in the organism. And in the dog nineteen-twentieths of the liver substance can be placed in stasis without the occurrence of tissue icterus such as regularly follows total obstruction in this animal. There is no reason to suppose that this will not be found true in the monkey as well. Always a local obstruction results sooner or later in atrophy of the affected tissue with compensatory hypertrophy elsewhere. Thus as time passes the derangement of function produced by the sudden stasis is progressively lessened.
The plasma of the dog and monkey, unlike that of man, is normally free from bilirubin, and this pigment so readily escapes from the blood into the urine that bilirubinuria is often to be found in the dog in the absence of bilirubinemia, while the latter is never met with alone in either animal. It follows that in both species the renal threshold for bilirubin is much lower than in man,—if indeed one can be said to exist at all.
The amount of biliary obstruction required to produce jaundice in human beings is probably as great as in the experimental animals with which we have dealt. The clinical jaundice encountered in association with local liver lesions should be viewed not as the result of local bile resorption, but as due to a general injury to the hepatic parenchyma or ducts, or to blood destruction.
TUBERCULIN HYPERSENSITIVENESS IN NON-TUBERCULOUS GUINEA PIGS INDUCED BY INJECTIONS OF BACILLUS-FREE FILTRATES
Authors: McJunkin Frank A. 
Published: June 2004

1. When a guinea pig with well developed peritoneal tuberculosis is injected intraperitoneally with about 20 cc. of a heavy suspension of a virulent tubercle bacillus (Culture H37) death occurs within 24 hours or the animal becomes extremely toxic. Such a peritoneal tuberculosis develops in about 1 month after 1 cc. of. a very heavy suspension of Culture H37 has been introduced into the abdominal cavity. If the viscid fluid which is contained within the peritoneal cavity is mixed with saline solution and passed through a Berkefeld filter a bacillus-free filtrate is obtained which induces in normal guinea pigs a certain degree of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to tuberculin.
2. The abdominal organs and the parietal peritoneum, to which masses of leucocytes and tubercle bacilli are adherent, when crushed and extracted with saline solution yield a filtrate which likewise induces a cutaneous hypersensitiveness.
3. The cutaneous hypersensitiveness does not appear before the 7th or 8th day after the filtrate injection and is therefore considered to be the result of an active sensitization of the animal.
DISSOCIATION OF MICROBIC SPECIES
Authors: De Kruif Paul H. 
Published: June 2004

Two types of organism have been shown to exist in cultures of the bacillus of rabbit septicemia, recently isolated from spontaneous infections.
One, Microbe D, grows diffusely in serum and plain broth, forms rather opaque, fluorescing colonies on serum agar, and is highly virulent for rabbits. These characters are retained throughout many passages in serum or plain broth.
The other type, Microbe G, flocculates rapidly in fluid media, forms translucent) bluish colonies with little fluorescence, and exhibits extremely low virulence for rabbits. Like Microbe D, its distinguishing characters persist throughout many passages in artificial media.
Two methods for the dissociation of these varieties from the parent culture have been described.
The two types are morphologically indistinguishable and possess identical fermentation reactions.
Rabbits surviving inoculation with Type G are resistant to multiple lethal doses of Type D. The agglutination reactions bear out this suggestion of the antigenic identity of the varieties. Community of antigenic character is rendered certain by the results of absorption reactions.
Microbe D, in contact with immune serum, flocculates well at 55°, but poorly or not at all at 37°C. Microbe G, on the other hand, agglutinates easily at both temperatures.
Microbe D, after being carried through twenty-five passages in serum and in plain broth, retains perfectly its characteristics of diffuse growth and of virulence, in the plain as well as in the serum broth.
REACTIONS OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND POSTNASAL SPACE TO CHILLING OF THE BODY SURFACE
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Goldman Alfred , Grant Samuel B. 
Published: June 2004

Devices are described by means of which the terminals of thermopiles may be held in stable apposition with the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and postnasal space and local temperature variations thus followed.
Chilling of the body surface has without exception caused depression of the temperature of the nasal mucosa surface, amounting in some instances to as much as 6°C., and indicating marked reflex vasoconstriction and diminution of blood supply. With rewrapping, partial recovery of blood supply promptly occurs, although recovery has been incomplete within the duration of the experiments in ten of twelve instances.
Application of the wires within the nasal cavity has usually caused pain and discharge of clear mucus, sometimes also lacrimation and sneezing. The rhinorrhea has occurred both on the side directly irritated and on the opposite side, although on the former more abundantly, and has apparently been little if at all affected by the diminished blood supply and shrinkage of the mucous membrane incident to chilling the body surface. Discharge from the nose has been at most a rare occurrence in experiments in which the nasal mucosa was not directly irritated.
The temperature of the nasopharyngeal mucosa surface has also been depressed, typically between 1° and 2°C., with chilling of the body surface. This depression has also been shown to have local reflex vasoconstriction and ischemia as its basis. With rewrapping, prompt return toward normal occurs, but here also recovery of blood supply has in the majority of instances not been complete within the duration of the experiments.
The thresholds of the chilling vasoconstrictor reflex to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and postnasal space, tonsil, oropharynx, and palate and the threshold of the reflex to the skin of the trunk have been found to be lower than the threshold of the like reflex to the skin of the forehead. Disrobing 'the warmly wrapped subject in a room a little below ordinary room temperature has been found sufficient to cause marked vasoconstriction in the sites of the former group, but only slight or no vasoconstriction in the forehead.
A number of instances of cold or sore throat occurred among the subjects of the experiments, in several instances correlated with somewhat interesting bacteriologic findings which will be described elsewhere.