bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uterine positions and schedules of urination: Correlates of differential maternal anogenital stimulation
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Bone Suzanne , Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLactating Mongolian gerbils, like lactating Norway rats, reliably lick some pups in their litters more than they lick others. Male gerbil pups are licked more by their dams than are their sisters and some males and some females within each litter are licked more often than are their sibs of the same sex. In the present article, we explore the characteristics of same‐sex littermates that are correlated with elicitation of extreme amounts of maternal anogenital licking. We found that both the male pup and the female pup in a litter of gerbils that received the most maternal anogenital licking: (1) released greater quantities of urine and (2) exhibited longer latencies to begin to urinate in response to artificial anogenital stimulation than did the male pup and the female pup in a litter that received the least amount of maternal anogenital licking. We also found that foster mothers rearing Caesarean‐delivered litters spent more time licking the anogenital areas of: (1) those male pups that, as fetuses, had occupied uterine locations adjacent to relatively few females and (2) those female pups that, as fetuses, had occupied uterine locations adjacent to relatively many males. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding of how maternal behavior may mediate hormonal effects on the development of young gerbils.
Behavioral and autonomic responses to peer separation in pigtail macaque monkey infants
Authors: Boccia Maria L. , Reite Martin , Kaemingk Kristine , Held Polly , Laudenslager Mark 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBrief maternal separations of young nonhuman primates have been used extensively to study the behavior and physiology of attachment, loss, and bereavement. The physiological responses to the loss of alternative attachment figures, such as peers, is less well documented in nonhuman primates. This study examined both autonomic and behavioral responses of pee‐reared pigtail macaque infants to separation. Eight infants were removed from their mothers at birth and reared in four peer pairs. At 6 months of age, each monkey was implanted with a multichannel biotelemetry device which transmitted heartrate, body temperature, EEG, EMG, and EOG. Blood was collected twice weekly for immunological assessment. Behavioral and physiological data, including sleep, were collected for 1 week of baseline, 2 weeks of separation, and 1 week of reunion. Behavioral and physiological results indicated agitation but not depression following separation from their peer attachment figures. We found reduced mitogenic responses to pokeweed consequent to peer separation, suggestive of altered B‐cell function. REM variables were the only sleep measures affected by the separation, and were suggestive of agitation but not depression.
Contextual gating of memory retrieval
Authors: Butler Judith , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn two experiments, 3‐month‐old infants learned to move a crib mobile (the cue) in the presence of a distintive crib bumper (the context) by operant kicking. In Experiment 1A, infants were trained for 2 days and tested either 1, 3, or 5 days later with one of four same/different cue/context combinations. After all delays, infants tested with the original cue and context exhibited none. Changing the context but not the cue disrupted retention after 3 and 5 days but not after 1 day; in contrast, changing the cue but not the context disrupted retention after all delays. In Experiment 1B, the failure of a contextual change to impair retention after 1 day was replicated. In Experiment 2, three same/different cue/context combinations were used as reminders in a reactivation paradigm, and all infants were tested 1 day later with their original training combination. A change in either the context or the cue significantly impaired the effectiveness of the reminder. These results reveal not only that contextual information is incorporated into the memory representations of very immature infants but also that memory retrieval is highly specific to the context in which an event was originally encoded. This specificity buffers against generalized memory retrieval after long retention intervals. The data are consistent with Reeves and Sperling's 1986 model of attention‐gating. The context appears to serve as the initial gate for attention to potentially effective retrieval cues.
Intersensory functioning in bobwhite quail chicks: Early sensory dominance
Authors: Lickliter Robert , Virkar Pratima 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo sensory systems known to be important for the control of early filial behavior in precocial avian neonates are the auditory and visual modalities. This study examined the interaction between naturally occurring auditory and visual stimulation in the control of filial behavior in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) during the first four days of postnatal development. Results revealed a hierarchy in the functional priority of the auditory and visual systems in the days immediately following hatchling. At one and two days of age, species identification in quail hatchling was found to depend on the auditory component of maternal stimulation. Later in development (at three and four days of age), combined auditory‐visual stimulation was necessary to control species‐specific filial behavior. Even at these later stages of development, however, the auditory modality remained dominant over the visual in eliciting responsiveness to the maternal hen. These findings conform well to what is known about the neuroembryological development of the sensory systems, in that the auditory system of birds (and mammals) develops in advance of the visual system. This prenatal sequence of sensory system development appears to influence the nature of early postnatal perceptual preferences and serves to question several traditional assumptions regarding the imprinting process.
The ontogenesis of lithium‐induced effects on suckling: Inhibition and facilitation
Authors: McLaughlin Colleen R. , Lichtman Aron H. , Pretlow Joseph P. , Cramer Catherine P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogenesis of the effect of lithium on suckling behavior was assessed by administering lithium carbonate directly and actuely to 15‐, 20‐, 30‐, and 35‐day‐old rat pups. Lithium significantly interfered with nipple attachment in 15‐day‐old rat pups in a dose‐dependent pattern, but it facilitated attachment at some doses (40, 60, 80 mg/kg) in weanling‐age rat pups. Furthermore, lithium pretreatment reversed quipazine‐induced interference of attachment in weanling‐age rats. These effects are similar to those previously reported with serotonergic anatagonists, suggesting a similar mechanism, perhaps via the inositol phosphate second messenger system.
Development of mother discrimination by single and multiple newborn lambs
Authors: Nowak R. , Poindron P. , Putu I. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMost research on recognition of the ewe by her lamb has focused on lambs several days or even several weeks old, whereas newly born lambs have received little attention. The aim of this work was therefore to study the attraction of Merino lambs to postparturient ewes and their ability to discriminate between their own and alien mothers in a two‐choice situation 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hr after birth. A comparison between singles and multiples was also made in 18 and 24‐hr‐old lambs. When released in the testing pen, approximately 90% of the lambs in each group (older than 12 hr) spent more than 3 min with the two ewes during the 5‐min test. It was only from 24 hr old, however, that a high proporation of singles spending more than 3 min with the ewes or making a correct choice was higher than that of multiples. This effect was related to litter size but not to birth weight. It is concluded that a majority of Merino lambs are clearly attracted to ewes by the time they are 18 hr old and can discriminate their own dams from alien mother at about 24 hr of age. At this stage singies perform better than multiples.
Sexual segregation in the left and right horns of the gerbil uterus: “The male embryo is usually on the right, the female on the left” (Hippocrates)
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined reproductive tracts of 253 female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and recorded the uterine locations (relative to siblings of opposite sex) in which 812 male and 823 female fetuses were found. Within‐litter comparisons revealed that sexes were not distributed randomly across uterine horns. The percentage of males in right horns (55.0%) was greater than the percentage of males in left horns (41.8%) and the percentage of females in right horns (45.0%) was significantly less than the percentage of females (58.2%) in left horns. We did not find differences in the total number of fetuses in left and right uterine horns or a sex bias in the total sample of 1635 fetuses. Results were discussed in terms of: (a) effects of sexual segregation of fetuses on expected probabilities of fetuses developing adjacent to 0, 1, or 2 fetuses of opposite sex and (b) consequent alterations in expected frequencies of behavioral phenotypes in populations of gerbils.
Behavioral reactions to gustatory stimuli in young chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Ganchrow Judith R. , Steiner Jacob E. , Bartana Atida 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFreely‐moving, posthatch chicks were individually presented 2 concentrations each of quinine, citric acid, fructose, sucrose, sodium saccharin, and distilled water and their behavioral reactions were videotaped and analyzed. Already during the first posthatch day distinct rejection responses to quinine and citric acid could be recognized. Prolonged head shaking and beak clapping episodes were the most dominant features of these reactions. While responses to water and sweet stimuli could be interpreted as acceptance behaviors, the resolution was generally not fine enough to discriminate between reactions to the 2 different sweet concentrations of these stimuli or between them and water. When only water or sugar solutions were presented to other hatchlings in a single session. There was a suggestion of more definite acceptance behavior to some sweet stimuli as compared to water. It is concluded that the systems mediating aversive gustatory responses are present and functioning in posthatching chicks while acceptance responses, though present, are less discriminative among stimuli.
Behavioral and immunological consequences of brief mother‐infant separation: A species comparison
Authors: Laudenslager M. L. , Held P. E. , Boccia M. L. , Reite M. L. , Cohen J. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe immediate behavioral and immunological consequence of a single 2‐week maternal separation experience were studied in socially housed 7‐month old bonnet and pigtail macaques. Maternal separation was associated with species dependent behavioral changes. Both species showed significant increases in ingestive behaviors associated with separation. Separated and matched controls showed an increase in disturbance behaviors (vocalization, startles, shaking, temper‐tantrums) that subsided after 24–36 hours in control subjects, but continued, albeit with species‐dependent patterns, in the separated monkeys. Allomaternal care of the separated bonnet infants but not the pigtail infants was associated with a progressive reduction of these disturbance behaviors during the separation period. Following a period of agitation, pigtail infants showed a depressive phase characterized by slouched, withdrawn postures and reduced motor activity. As a group, the separated infants of both species were not different from controls with respect to lymphocyte activation by mitogens, a measure of immunocompetence. However, when individual behavioral responses which reflected disturbance, such that the change in lymphocyte activation following in vitro stimulation with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A (makers of the immunocompetence of T lymphocytes) was related to levels of vocalization and time spent in slouched postures. The activation of B lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen was not influenced by the separation experience nor was it associated with specific behavioral responses to separation. The importance of assessing the affective consequences of stressors is discussed.
Weaning in rats: I. Maternal behavior
Authors: Cramer Catherine P. , Thiels Edda , Alberts Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMaternal behavior during the weaning period (postpartum Days 14–35) was described from continuous timelapse videorecordings of Norway rat dams and their litters. Time spent nursing declined steadily after Day 20 but presisted until Day 34, about a week longer than suggested by reports of milk transfer. Most of the decline innursing was due to progressively fewer nursing bouts per day; milk letdowns per day were consequently diminished. Although a private feeding chamber was available to the dams, they did not use this chamber to spend more time away from the pups as weaning progressed. Instead, the dams remained with the pups in the nesting chamber but devoted increasingly less time to nursing. Subtle, progressive changes in maternal behavior are closely orchestrated and coordinated with pup development.
Nest temperature: Effects on maternal behavior, pup development, and interactions with handling
Authors: Jans James E. , Woodside Barbara C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThese studies compared the patterns of mother–young contact under different thermal environments and assessed the implications of the differing patterns of contact for pup development and the dam's behavior. In the first experiment, the warm surface dramatically reduced the total amount of contact time between dams and litters and the dam's food intake, but the effects on the pups were limited to smaller adrenal glands. A replication of the first experiment in which daily weighing and handling of the pups was eliminated produced no differences in development. In a third experiment, during which dams had access to a warm surface outside of the next area and the daily weighing and handling was resumed, the pups showed samaller adrenal glands, lower body temperatures and less thermoregulatory ability. A comparison of results suggests that handling increased the weight of adrenal glands of pups reared under the unmanipulated condition, but not the warm‐rearing condition.
Language acquisition in a nonhuman species: Implications for the innateness debate
Authors: Savage‐Rumbaugh E. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article approaches the linguistic innateness issue from the perspective of a nonhuman species, the bonobo, an ape which is generally taken to be the best living model for early hominids. Recent studies indicate that a bonobo reared with humans comes spontaneously to comprehend spoken words, to produce novel two word combinations, and to respond appropriately to syntactically ordered sentences.The differences between the use of word combinations to say what one word can accomplish and combinations that convey a novel idea not transmittable by a single word is emphasized. It is argued that the use of such novel combinations must have preceded the appearance of syntax in the evolution of language. The use of multiword novel combinations has not received sufficient attention in the literature because of the erroneous assumption that novel meanings could only be achieved through syntactical structure. Consequently the significance of the ape's linguistic competence has been severely undervalued.
Input, innateness, and induction in language acquisition
Authors: Morgan James L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInput and innateness compliment one another in language acquisition. Children exposed to different languages acquire different languages. Children's language experience, however, underdetermines the grammars that they acquire; the constraints that are not supplied by input must be available endogenously, and the ultimate origin of these endogenous contributions to acquistion may be traced to the biology of the mind. To the extent that assumptions of innateness encourage greater explicitness in the formulation of theories of acquisition, they should be welcomed. Excessively powerful assumptions of innateness may not be subject to empirical disconfirmation, however. Therefore, attention should be devoted to the development of a theory of language input, particularly with regard to identifying invariants of input. In combination with a linguistic theory providing an account of the end‐state of acquisition, a theory of input would permit the deduction of properties of the mind that underlie the acquisition of language.
Influence of postnatal maternal stress on blood pressure and heart rate of juvenile and adult rat offspring
Authors: Mills Elliott , Bruckert Joseph W. , Smith Peter G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAutonomic control of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) was tested in offspring of rat dams that were unmanipulated (controls) or exposed repeatedly to either (1) Postnatal restraint, (2) Postnatal s.c. injections of alkaline saline, or (3) Prenatal s.c. alkaline saline. Under urethane anesthesia, BP was higher than control in 20‐day‐old offspring of restrained dams and lower at 80 days. The magnitude of the BP response to autonomic ganglionic blockade (chlorisondamine) changed in parallel; the control HR accelerator response was reversed at 20 days and enhanced at 80 days. Postnatal maternal injections increased BP in 20‐day‐old offspring and lowered it at 80 days. The BP response to blockade was unchanged; HR acceleration was attenuated at 20 days and increased at 80 days. No influence of Prenatal material injections was seen in adult offspring. Conclusion: Post–not prenatal maternal stress disrupts BP and HR control in rat offspring; disruption is greater after restraint than injection. There is sympathetic hyperactivity in preweanlings and hypoactivity in adults.
Nociceptive responses of 3‐day‐old rat pups to IP injection of lithium carbonate
Authors: McLaughlin Colleen R. , Cramer Catherine P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVarious authors have suggested that neonatal responses to nociceptive stimuli are different than those observed in adults. However, our own recent observations in rat pups have indicated that neonates may be more responsive to nociceptive stimuli than previously thought. In the present study, the abdominal constrictions or writhing test of visceral nociception was adapted for use in 3‐day‐old rat pups in an effort to more completely assess the nociceptive responses of neonatal rat pups. Pups receiving the irritant showed robust and long‐lasting behavioral differences that were attenuated by morphine sulfate. The results from our study indicate that neonatal rats pups are not insensitive to noxious stimulation as has been previously suggested.
Rhythmic organization of neonatal heart rate and its relation to atypical fetal growth
Authors: Zeskind Philip Sanford , Goff Dennis M. , Marshall Timothy Ray 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe rhythmic organization underlying long‐term heart rate variability was examined in 36 newborn infants. Heart rate was registered every 30 s for 2 continuous hr while infants rested in a temperature‐controlled isolette. Spectrum analysis of the time‐series of the 240 observations detected rhythmically organized changes in the heart rates of 33 of the 36 infants. Thirty of the 33 infants showed a basic rhythm at 1.5 ± 5 cycles per hr (one cycle every 30 to 60 min). While 9 infants showed this single cycle in behavioral activity, 24 infants showed additional cycles at a wide range of faster frequencies. Infants with signs of atypical fetal growth less often showed evidence of these multiple cycles, had reliably fewer cycles in heart rate, and had a marginally lower power in their basic cycle than infants with typical patterns of fetal growth. Infants with multiple cycles in the power spectra, independent of fetal growth group, were more often observed in Alert and Active Alert behavioral states and less often in Active Sleep than comparison infants. Results indicate that (1) heart rates of newborn infants show evidence of the 30‐ to 60‐min cycle characteristic of the Basic Rest‐Activity Cycle found in other behaviors, and (2) the complexity of behavioral rhythms may be affected by prenatal malnutrition. Viewed within a dynamical systems approach to development, results suggest that the complexity of rhythms in behavior may reflect the complexity of behavioral organization.
Cortisol and behavioral responses to repeated stressors in the human newborn
Authors: Gunnar Megan R. , Hertsgaard Louise , Larson Mary , Rigatuso Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis manuscript reports on the effects of stressors repeated at a 24‐hr interval on three samples of human newborns. In Study 1, newborns meeting criteria for obstetric and perinatal optimality experienced either 2 mock Discharge Exams, viewed as a type of handling stressor, or 2 Heelstick Blood Draws, viewed as a type of nocioceptive stressor. As in a previous study, newborns meeting optimality criteria showed habituation of the adrenocortical response to the repeated Discharge Exam. The adrenocortical response to the repeated Heelstick tended to increase or sensitize. In Studies 2 and 3, samples of newborns with more nonoptimal obstetric complication scale scores were examined. These newborns failed to show habituation of the adrenocortical response to the Discharge Exam, but responded like ‘Optimal’ newborns to the repeated Heelstick. The applicability to these data of the Groves and Thompson (1970) Dual‐Process Model of Habituation is discussed. The results also provided evidence of stability in behavioral distress independent of stability in adrenocortical activity. The implications of these data for studies using cortisol as an index of the physiological basis of early temperament are considered.
Unconfounded evidence of sex‐biased, postnatal maternal effort by mongolian gerbil dams
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn previous studies of effects of offspring sex on postnatal maternal effort there has often been unintentional confounding of the sex ratio of the pups that a dam reared with the sex ratio of the litter that she gestated. By controlling the sex ratio of litters that female subjects gestated, we showed that (1) the probability of dams retrieving pups was influenced by the sex ratio of the litters dams gestated, not by the sex of litters that dams reared and (2) both frequency of nursing and duration of vaginal closure were influenced by the sex of litters that dams reared, not by the sex ratios of litters that dams gestated.
Differences in salivary cortisol levels in cocaine‐exposed and noncocaine‐exposed NICU infants
Authors: Magnano Catherine L. , Gardner Judith M. , Karmel Bernard Z. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo assess whether cocaine exposure in utero affected adrenocortical responsiveness in the neonatal period, salivary cortisol levels were compared between noncocaine‐exposed (n = 35) and cocaine‐exposed (n = 11) healthy preterm infants just prior to hospital discharge. Cortisol levels were measured under three conditions: Basal—120 min after no disrupting event or behavioral distress; Noninvasive Stressor—30 min after a neurobehavioral examination; Invasive Stressor—30 min after a heel‐stick procedure. There were no differences in Basal cortisol levels between the noncocaine‐exposed and cocaine‐exposed infants, but the cocaine‐exposed infants had significantly lower levels in both the Noninvasive and Invasive Stressor conditions. The suppressed cortisol responding to stressful events in cocaine‐exposed infants suggests that these infants may have decreased modulation capability to normally stressful events, which could underlie some of the subtle state regulation problems reported. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.