bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Things were Done with Words
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The examples used by Palsgrave in his table of verbs tell us much about sixteenth-century life as well as language use. When reading the table of verbs we cannot but feel transposed into a Renaissance society, with its people, their daily preoccupations, their beliefs, their worries, their pastimes. The picture provided by Palsgrave is so immensely rich and colourful that here we shall be able to get only some selective glimpses. We shall focus on the example sentences together with Palsgrave’s metalinguistic comments on language use. Occasionally, the whole dictionary entry may be taken into account. References to the grammar and the tables of the other parts of speech may complement the insights gained from the verb illustrations.
A Picture of Palsgrave’s World
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall in this chapter attempt to draw a tentative picture of Palsgrave and his world as they emerge from his choice of verbs and examples. This does not mean that we take the content of all his examples as autobiographical, and we need to be aware of the ambiguity created by the frequent use of first-person singular forms. We shall first outline examples that seem to relate to more general aspects of him as a chaplain to the king, a man of the Church, and a sixteenth-century individual with personal principles and views, and then look in more detail at various domains of life which, through the number and/or content of examples, appear more prominent in the work.
Social Class and the Irish Language
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand more fully the patterns and trends outlined in Chapter 7, it is necessary to situate them in the larger social context of which they are a part. The close connection of the educational system with wider social processes means that it is highly responsive to changes in the society, which thus have an impact, both direct and indirect, on the Irish language. Access to education is highly related to class position. As already shown, this factor has, in the past, limited the numbers who could achieve a high level of academic attainment in Irish and thereby introduced and sustained a distinct class dimension in the reproduction of the language.
An Experimentalist Looks at Identity
Authors: Harris Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I like to think that it is common ground between philosophers and scientists that no two material objects can be qualitatively identical in the universe as it now is. This view stems, in the first instance, from the common experience that objects that initially seem to be the same always turn out to be distinguishable on closer examination or on examination by more refined techniques; but, for scientists, it is strongly reinforced by Heisenberg’s demonstration that the fundamental particles of which all matter is composed cannot in principle be delimited singly. We are now resigned to the fact that we shall never know whether, for example, one particular electron is qualitatively identical to any other. Our concept of the electron is governed by equations that are derived from the stochastic behaviour of large populations of such particles. These are statistical statements and are bound to remain so.
The Windowing of Attention in Language
Authors: Leonard Talmy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the perspectives and methods of Cognitive Linguistics, this paper sets forth the system with which languages can place a portion of a coherent referent situation into the foreground of attention by the explicit mention of that portion, while placing the remainder of that situation into the background of attention by omitting mention of it. Terminologically, the cognitive process at work here is called the windowing of attention, the coherent referent situation with respect to which the windowing must take place is an event-frame, the portions that are foregrounded by inclusion are windowed, and the portions that are backgrounded by exclusion are gapped.
Natural Law and Legal Reasoning
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral reasoning, legal reasoning, and their interrelationships can scarcely be understood reflectively without attention to two different sources of ambiguity. The source is, in each case, well known: the distinction between reasons and feelings; and the distinction between doing (the shaping of one’s own ‘existence’ by one’s choices) and making (the exercise of technique by activity on some form of ‘cultural’ object or method). But the distinctions are commonly not well understood, and the traps they lay for the analysis of morality and adjudication are usually neglected.
Law as a Functional Kind
Authors: Moore Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural law has for a long time had a bad press. It is supposed to be the sort of spooky stuff that Bentham derided when he hooted at natural rights as not being just simple nonsense, but ‘nonsense on stilts’. Oliver Wendell Holmes’s own brand of ethical scepticism and legal positivism led him to characterize the natural law as a ‘brooding omnipresence in the sky’, rather like the northern lights apparently, but without the lights. The prevalence of such views has for some time made it the case that ‘to be found guilty of adherence to natural law theories is a kind of social disgrace’.
The Social Evolution .of Japanese Contact with European Languages
Authors: Loveday Leo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, at the end of the twentieth century, the English language features extensively in everyday Japanese life, even though Japanese society is monolingual. For those unfamiliar with the historical evidence, it might easily be assumed that contact with English and other European languages is a recent, post-war phenomenon. Thus, it may come as a surprise to some to discover that contact with English began 200 years ago, and contact with other European languages reaches as far back as 500 years. In fact, as Japan and the West are now moving into a relationship of closer mutual evaluation, it seems appropriate and valuable to consider why and how European language-contacts evolved, and to do so by exploring their formative dynamics.It is not coincidental that Japanese linguists have treated Euro-Japanese language-contact as a distinct topic from that of Chinese influence, and have subsumed it under the native category of gai-raigo, literally ‘words coming from outside’.
Dialectic and Philosophy in Aristotle
Authors: Reeve C D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even a brief survey of recent writings on Aristotle’s dialectic and its relationship to his philosophy reveals a staggeringly diverse spectrum of opinion. Some writers pretty much dismiss dialectic as belonging to ‘a bygone mode of thought’, claiming that Aristotle’s ‘own Analytics have made his Topics out of date’.1 Some argue that dialectic does have a role to play in Aristotle’s philosophy, but a small and relatively unexciting one: it is simply a kind of intellectual training that enables one to argue effectively on both sides of an issue.2 Some—perhaps the largest number—give pride of place to dialectic as the method of philosophy for Aristotle, and as providing the only possible justification for the first principles of all the various sciences.3 Some distinguish various types of dialectic, making some but not others central to philosophy.4 Some are cautiously sceptical about these distinctions, and about any attempt to associate philosophy too closely with any type of dialectic.5 There is a clear need, then, to make a fresh start and to try to rethink the entire topic from the beginning.
Lingua Francas and Vernaculars
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the linguistic forms we use, whether they are different languages or different forms of the same language, are distributed over a vast range of functions. At one end of the continuum is the tendency towards a com mon language, a lingua franca, that is, the forms we choose when we wish to increase communication to as many people as possible; at the other end is the tendency to what might be called a vernacular language, defining the forms we choose when we wish to limit communication to a few people, to register our specificity, to mark a group’s frontier. These two tendencies, towards a lingua franca or a vernacular language, can be applied to multi lingual situations as well as to monolingual ones.
Practical Reason Divided: Aquinas and his Critics
Authors: Irwin T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in his discussion of virtue of character, Aristotle takes it to be obvious that virtue is somehow connected with practical reason: ‘First, then, actions should express correct reason. That is a common [belief], and let us assume it; later we will say what correct reason is and how it is related to the other virtues’ (Nicomachean Ethics 1103b31-4). When he argues that virtue lies in a mean, he adds that the mean is ‘determined by reason, and by the reason by which the prudent person would determine it’ (1106b36-1107a2). To make his account of virtue not only true but perspicuous, he seeks an account of prudence (1138b18-34). At the end of his account of prudence, he claims to have answered the question about the nature of correct reason: ‘it is not merely the state expressing correct reason, but the state involving correct reason, that is virtue. And it is prudence that is correct reason in this area’ (1144b26-8).
Spatial Deixis in Muna (Sulawesi)
Authors: Berg René Van Den 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the system of spatial deixis as used by speakers of the Muna language. Muna is spoken by approximately 225,000 people on the island of Muna and some neighbouring islands in the province of south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. Like all the languages of Sulawesi, Muna is a member of the western Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The lower-order genetic relationships of Muna have not yet been worked out in detail, but there is agrowing body of evidence that the putative Muna-Buton group (of which Muna is a member) links up with Bungku-Mori-Tolaki and Pamona-Kaili into a supergroup that I call Celebic. Detailed descriptions of spatial deixis in Celebic languages are rare; for non-Celebic languages of Sulawesi, see Busenitz and Busenitz ( I 99 I) on Balantak and Chapter Io below on Aralle-Tabulahan.
The Meanings of Directionals in Taba
Authors: Bowden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I first began learning the Taba language, one of the most puzzling aspects of it was a set of morphemes which I will label here the ‘directionals’. These directionals encode relative location with respect to the speaker or some object, and they are used extensively in idiomatic Taba discourse. In one narrative text, for example, 37 out of I 66clauses employed at least one directional. The ubiquity of the directionals was not their only noteworthy feature, how ever.
Naturalizing Mathematical Methodology
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Naturalism’ is a term much bandied-about these days, especially in discussions of scientific methodology. Many have supported the incursion of naturalistic thinking into the philosophy of mathematics as well; I myself have attempted to adopt a naturalistic approach to the study of set theoretic methodology. However, in recent efforts to spell out more precisely what ·naturalism’ comes to in these contexts, I have come to suspect that much of what I once regarded as ·naturalistic’ philosophy of mathematics does not deserve that title, that the act of ‘naturalizing’ has deeper consequences than have heretofore been acknowledged.
Contrasting Ethnic Nationalisms: Eastern Central Europe
Authors: TÖrnquist-Plewa Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, perhaps more clearly than in some others, ‘nation’ is understood as a community based on cultural communication, delimited and kept together by means of a cultural identity (see Johansson, 1993a: 18). During the process of nation-building, this cultural identity receives a political dimension, which is the basis for the group’s demands for political autonomy or sovereignty. It is precisely this political aspect that is decisive and distinguishes national identity from other kinds of identities—for instance, ethnic identity. This national identity varies greatly between nations for historic reasons, making it difficult to point to any universal components of national identity. National identity consists of a number of components that are integrated and interacting. These identity-forming elements are: territory, common institutions and laws, common history, ethnicity and/or an idea of common origin, culture, language, and religion—the last mentioned often important in the earliest phase of nation-building (see Enloe 1980: 366).
Linguistic Structure and Change
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Berg challenges context-free theories of linguistics; he is concerned with the way the term 'explanation' is typically used in the discipline. He argues that real explanations cannot emerge from a view which asserts the autonomy of language, but only from an approach which seeks to establish a connection between language and the contexts in which it is embedded. The author examines the psychological context in detail. He uses an interactiveactivation model of language processing to derive predictions about synchronic linguistic patterns, the course of linguistic change, and the structure of poetic rhymes. The majority of these predictions are borne out, leading the author to conclude that the structure of language is shaped by the properties of the mechanism which puts it to use, and that psycholinguistics thus qualifies as one likely approach from which to derive an explanation of linguistic structure.
Tense and Persistence
Authors: Lowe E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amongst the issues that currently divide philosophers of time, two are particularly prominent and, moreover, seem to be interrelated in some way. One is the question of whether a tensed or a tenseles,’;J characterization of time is ontologically more fundamental. The other is the question of whether objects persist through time by enduring or by perduring (a question which hinges on whether persisting objects can be said to possess temporal parts).
Morality, the Unborn, and the Open Future
Authors: Benn Piers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflict between tensed and tenseless theories of time has ramifications in a variety of areas of philosophical concern. Moreover, as Thomas Nagel’; has frequently stressed, the problems at the heart of the dispute about time and tense-one of which arguably, though not indisputably, concerns the very possibility of a wholly objective and perspective-free grasp of reality-are also at the heart of other philosophical issues, such as the mind--body problem, the problem of free will, and the nature of moral obligation.
Tapu
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Polynesian word tapu evokes in the Western mind technicolour visions of splitting skulls on white sandy beaches and ritual sacrifices under green island palms. Nothing could be further from the truth. The tapu was a rigorously enforced social code against which the position and actions of each member of the island community were daily defined. The tapu was different from the rahui restriction that was periodically laid on fish, fruit, land, springs, and so forth for poison prevention, conservation, and other specific purposes. Wider in its scope and socially much more profound, the tapu set aside and elevated from the common domain some sacred function, station, its holder, and his or her person, tools, prerogatives, and possessions. Unlike the rahui, the tapu could obtain for generations. It was more than a mere rule. The tapu embraced a way of thinking, a philosophy of life. There is no equivalent to tapu in the English language.
Whence and When?
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has taken six years of intensive investigation to determine to my own satisfaction whether any truth might lie in the suggestion that Easter Island was first populated by a non-Polynesian people. Such a possibility might assist in the search for the ultimate origin-and solution-of the rongorongo script, I initially believed. The claim is old. Thor Heyerdahl’s championship of a South American provenance for the megalithic culture of Rapanui, disclaiming the participation of any Polynesians, has been only a recently exhumed and popularised version of this same theme. However, I am today convinced that the theory of an erstwhile non-Polynesian settlement of Easter Island is scientifically untenable. Precontact Rapanui and its culture were exclusively Polynesian.
The “Lost Inscriptions”
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been numerous stories told on Rapanui since the 1870s about rongorongo artefacts having been removed from the island, wilfully destroyed, hidden in caves, buried with important people, or otherwise disposed of in such a way that their erstwhile existence can no longer be physically confirmed. These are the so-called “lost inscriptions” of Easter Island. With regret, one must accept that 90 per cent or more of the premissionary corpus of rongorongo inscriptions no longer exists. Most were doubtless lost in burning huts and forgotten cave depots. However, some of what has vanished was at least preserved in Rapanui memory, albeit often in fragmentary and contradictory accounts. The present chapter documents this lost literature of Easter Island.
Case Study II: The Rhosllannerchrugog Dialect
Authors: Jones Mari C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhosllannerchrugog has been described as the largest village in Wales. Situated about six hundred feet up Rhiwabon mountain, it lies five miles south-west of Wrexham, in North-East Wales. According to the 1991 Census, it has a population of some 9,169 residents, 38.1 per cent of whom are Welsh-speaking. Like Rhymney, the village was at its peak of expansion in the nineteenth century, when people from both sides of Offa’s Dyke settled there to work in the coalmines. The railway and local brickworks also played their part in the town’s prosperity.
Deliberation and Practical Reason*
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Book 3 of the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle treats a restricted and technical notion of deliberation, which makes it unnecessary for him to consider anything but technical or so¬ called productive examples of practical reason. It is not surprising in the context of Book 3 that deliberation is never of ends but always of means. When he came to write Books 6 and 7of the Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima 3.7, Aristotle analysed a much less restricted notion of deliberation and of choice. This made it necessary for him to give up the view that deliberation and choice were necessarily of ta pros to telos, where it is supposed that this phrase means or implies that deliberation is only of means. Thereafter he recognized two irreducibly distinct
Ethical Aspects of the Use of ‘Sensitive Information ‘ in Health Care Research
Authors: Holm SØren , Rossel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the second half of the twentieth century we have experienced an explosive growth in the broad area of technology which, for want of a better name, is often called ‘information technology’. This has affected society in many ways, but in this chapter we will mainly be concerned with the specific set of problems this development has created in medical and epidemiological research.
Should We Routinely Test Pregnant Women for HIV?
Authors: Bennett Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose I were to suggest that all identifiable homosexual men1 should be routinely tested for HIV.I might try to justify this suggestion as an attempt, not only to give these men more information about their own health, but also in the hope that those who are aware of their HIV positivity may be more likely, in the light of this know ledge, to take action to protect others from possible HIV infection. If I were to concede that routine testing for HIV, even where it allows an ‘opt out’ option, is both practically challenging and ethically questionable (being at best manipulative and at worst strongly authoritarian), I could, in my defence, point to the established public health precedent of imposing comparable measures in times of crisis, for instance mandatory vaccinations and quarantine.
Introduction
Authors: Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers of action have traditionally defined their topic by quoting a bit of Wittgensteinian arithmetic: “What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?”1 The difference between my arm’s rising and my raising it is supposed to illustrate the difference between a mere occurrence involving my body and an action of mine. And the difference between mere occurrences and actions is what the philosophy of action seeks to explain.
Well-Being and Time1
Authors: Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A person can fare well either over an extended period or at a particular moment. We evaluate how well a person fares over an extended period when we speak of him as having a good day, a good year, or a good life, or when we speak of such a period as going well for him. We evaluate how a person fares at a particular moment when we say that he is doing well just then. We favor different idioms in these two kinds of evaluation: we are more inclined to speak of a person as having a good life than as having a good moment; and, conversely, we are more inclined to use the terms ‘welfare’ or ‘well-being’ to express how well things are going for him at a particular moment than to evaluate how well his life goes as a whole.
The Guise of the Good1
Authors: Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The agent portrayed in much philosophy of action is, let’s face it, a square. He does nothing intentionally unless he regards it or its consequences as desirable. The reason is that he acts intentionally only when he acts out of a desire for some anticipated outcome; and in desiring that outcome, he must regard it as having some value.2 All of his intentional actions are therefore directed at outcomes regarded sub specie boni: under the guise of the good.3 This agent is conceived as being capable of intentional action—and hence as being an agent—only by virtue of being a pursuer of value. I want to question whether this conception of agency can be correct. Surely, so general a capacity as agency cannot entail so narrow a cast of mind. Our moral psychology has characterized, not the generic agent, but a particular species of agent, and a particularly bland species of agent, at that.
How to Share an Intention1
Authors: Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literally sharing a single intention is easier than it seems—and fortunately so, since it seems quite impossible, at least to some philosophers. Philosophical puzzlement about how to share an intention doesn’t inhibit us from speaking of shared intention in daily life. When the Dean asks what the Philosophy Department intends to do about a vacancy in its ranks, she seems to be asking seventeen people to participate in a single intention. She is certainly not envisioning that the seventeen members of the department will arrive at seventeen individual intentions that somehow converge. And what rules out this possibility is not just that convergence among these particular people is unlikely; it’s that none of them is in a position to have an individual intention, rather than an individual preference, about how the vacancy is to be filled. How to fill the vacancy is up to the department, and so any intention on the subject must be formed and held by the group as a whole. The trick of sharing a single intention is thus essential to what the Dean has in mind.