bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion and equilibrium studies for the system acrylonitrile‐styrene‐polyethylene
Authors: Chandler Horace W. , Henley Ernest J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe solubilities of acrylonitrile and styrene in low‐density polyethylene were measured at 0° and 27°C. over the entire range of compositions.The ternary solubility data were analyzed in terms of the relationships developed by Krigbaum and Carpenter. It is shown that the behavior of the ternary system may be predicted from the Flory‐Huggins interaction constants of the three pairs of binaries.The rates of desorption of acrylonitrile and styrene from 48 mil thick sheets of polyethylene were measured at 27°C.
Multimolecular adsorption equation
Authors: Rounsley R. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn equation is derived for the multimolecular adsorption isotherm in the range where capillary adsorption is insignificant. The equation is demonstrated to apply quantitatively to the entire range of relative vapor pressure. It is shown that this equation reduces to the equation of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller at lower relative vapor pressures.Application of this equation to data in the literature showed good agreement. The standard deviation of the data from the equation was in the same order of magnitude as the scatter of the data themselves. Although the application of this equation was largely to water vapor adsorption systems, several applications to other systems correlated equally well.
Flow of non‐Newtonian fluids in a magnetic field
Authors: Sarpkaya Turgut 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe analytical solution to the equation of motion is given for the steady laminar flow of a uniformly conducting incompressible non‐Newtonian fluid between two parallel planes. The fluid is under the influence of a constant pressure gradient and is subjected to a steady magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of motion. Two non‐Newtonian models are considered: the Bingham plastic model and the power‐law model. Flow rates and the velocity profiles for various values of the Hartmann number and the generalized Hartmann number are presented and compared with those corresponding to Newtonian fluids.
The compressibility of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide at low pressures
Authors: Turlington B. Lynn , McKetta John J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA modified Edwards density balance was used to measure compressibility of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide at pressures under 2.0 atm. and over a temperature range of −30° to 75°C. Second virial coefficients were calculated for the temperatures covered in this investigation and compared with data presented in the literature for both gases. The compressibility data are estimated to be accurate within ±0.10% of the actual compressibility factor.
Gas dynamic processes involving suspended solids
Authors: Soo S. L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBasic gas dynamic equations involving suspended solid particles were formulated. Considerations include momentum and heat transfer between the gaseous and solid phases. Significance of these contributions was illustrated with the case of expansion through a de Laval nozzle. Duct flow and normal shock problems were also discussed. The extent of earlier methods of approximation was pointed out.
A generalized velocity distribution for non‐Newtonian fluids
Authors: Brodkey R. S. , Lee Jon , Chase R. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe universal velocity profile equation for turbulent flow is obtained for the power law approximation equation. The profile equation should be valid from wall to the center line, from laminar to turbulent flow, and for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian power law materials. The equation is compared with other theoretical and experimental results. In the center line region, where the other theoretical development is valid, both equations give essentially the same results. The experimental confirmation with literature data is good over the entire flow regime.
Adsorption kinetics of a nonflow system with nonlinear equilibrium relationship
Authors: Tien Chi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of adsorption in a nonflow system with nonlinear equilibrium relationship and negligible liquid‐phase resistance has been studied, and the numerical solutions corresponding to different initial conditions are presented. The concentration ratio is found to be a function of two dimensionless groups. Consideration is also given to the problem of convergence in connection with the numerical calculation.
Transport characteristics of suspensions: II. Minimum transport velocity for flocculated suspensions in horizontal pipes
Authors: Thomas David G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe minimum transport velocity (defined as the mean stream velocity required to prevent the accumulation of a layer of stationary or sliding particles on the bottom of a horizontal conduit) has been determined for flocculated thorium oxide and kaolin suspensions flowing in glass pipes. The pipes ranged from 1 to 4 in. in diameter, and the concentration was varied from 0.01 to 0.17 volume fraction solids.Two flow regimes were observed depending on the concentration of the suspension. In the first the suspension was sufficiently concentrated to be in the compaction zone and hence had an extremely low settling rate. The second regime was observed with more dilute suspensions which were in the hindered‐settling zone and settled ten to one‐hundred times faster than slurries which were in compaction. The concentration for transition from one regime to the other was dependent on both the tube diameter and the degree of flocculation. The suspension particles were smaller than the thickness of the laminar sublayer, and they settled according to Stokes' law for the particular conditions of this study. Under these circumstances the relation developed for dilute suspensions is consistent with particle transfer in the radial direction owing to Bernoulli forces on the particle and the action of turbulent fluctuations which penetrate the laminar sublayer. For concentrated suspension in compaction the minimum transport velocity was given by a characteristic critical Reynolds number.
Computer calculation of binary‐drop evaporation
Authors: Rawson Norman E. , Chinn John S. , Stevens William F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed relating the velocity, temperature, composition, radius, and position of an evaporating drop falling through a heated environment. Under the assumption of rapid mixing within the drop a digital computer program has been written and solved for several initial conditions to give the aforementioned variables as a function of time. Details of the computer program are presented, with emphasis on the analysis of and approach to the problem. The computer results are summarized, and their relation to the general problem of spray vaporization is indicated.
An equation for the liquid and vapor states of nitrogen
Authors: Bukacek R. F. , Peck R. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn equation of state which describes vapor and liquid states of nitrogen in the temperature and density range to three times the critical and the two‐phase boundary is presented. The root mean square error is less than 0.7% in describing the available data for nitrogen. The equation contains thirteen coefficients, only three or four of which are independent, and can be written in virial form.
Extraction of mixed solutes: I. Separation of formic and hydrochloric acids. II. Separation of acetic and sulfuric acids
Authors: McAteer P. J. , Cox R. W. , Geankoplis C. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn many complex systems in solvent extraction a second solute is often present or is added to promote extraction of the first solute. Previous studies showed that the electrolyte sulfuric acid can be considered as a salting‐out agent for extraction of formic acid from water by methyl isobutyl ketone.In the present work two systems were studied: (I) hydrochloric acid‐formic acid‐water‐methyl isobutyl ketone and (II) sulfuric acid‐acetic acid‐water‐methyl isobutyl ketone. Selectivities of over 200 were found favoring the extraction of formic over hydrochloric acid, and values of over 6,000 favoring the acetic over the sulfuric acid were found. The data for extraction of formic acid were correlated by the Setschenow equation. A similar type of equation was found for extraction of acetic acid in system II.The results indicate that the electrolyte hydrochloric acid can also be considered as a salting‐out agent for formic acid. The data show that sulfuric is more effective than hydrochloric acid in salting‐out the formic acid. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental data in other systems employing sulfate and chloride electrolytes and with the theoretical equation derived by Debye and McAuley. About 28% less sulfuric acid is needed to salt‐out a given amount of acetic acid when compared with salting‐out the same amount of formic acid.The changes in activity coefficient of the acetic acid in the aqueous phase with additions of sulfuric acid were measured in system II. These activity coefficient changes could account for only about 39% of the increase in distribution ratio of the acetic acid. A possible explanation for this is that the molecular species of the acetic acid in the organic and aqueous phases changed when sulfuric acid was added to the water phase.
Liquid flow and gas phase mass transfer in wetted‐wall towers
Authors: Kafesjian Ralph , Plank C. A. , Gerhard E. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNew data have been obtained on vaporization of water from rippling and nonrippling films in a countercurrent wetted‐wall tower. Other similar data in the literature have been analyzed, and an effect of liquid Reynolds number on gas phase mass transfer has been shown to exist. Discrepancies in much of the literature data can be explained on this basis.The data on vaporization of water from rippling films have been correlated. The data on non‐rippling films were correlated when the gas Reynolds number was calculated relative to the water surface.
Boundary‐layer behavior on continuous solid surfaces: III. The boundary layer on a continuous cylindrical surface
Authors: Sakiadis B. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe behavior of laminar and turbulent boundary layers on a moving continuous cylindrical surface is investigated by the integral method, based on assumed velocity profiles that satisfy the appropriate boundary conditions. Equations for the characteristic boundary‐layer parameters are presented for both the laminar and turbulent boundary layers, and comparison is made with the boundary‐layer behavior over a cylindrical surface of finite length. The analysis for the laminar boundary layer with a logarithmic velocity profile leads to satisfactory results. The turbulent boundary‐layer behavior on continuous cylindrical surfaces, and cylindrical surfaces of finite length, can best be investigated experimentally.
Taylor instability of an evaporating plane interface
Authors: Bankoff S. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new mode of high‐flux heat transfer is proposed, which consists of film boiling from a porous solid plate, the vapor being sucked off through the plate. For horizontal plates the average vapor film thickness is determined by Taylor instability of the vapor‐liquid interface. A theory is presented for predicting the minimum vapor film thickness which takes into account the stabilizing influence of the reactive pressure of the vapor leaving the interface. The predicted heat transfer coefficients are five to ten times greater than observed heat transfer coefficients in film boiling from nonporous surfaces.
Performance of fractional watt ion exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Cairns E. J. , Douglas D. L. , Niedrach L. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe effect of design and operational variables on the performance of one type of hydrogen‐oxygen ion exchange membrane fuel cell has been studied. Only the results of cells based on a phenolsulfonic acid formaldehyde type of ion exchange membrane containing one type of reinforcement are described. Platinum, palladium, iridium, and rhodium are adequate electrode materials for room‐temperature operation. Performance of cells with platinum gauze current collectors bonded to the cell surfaces was only slightly better than that with external contacts about 1 cm. apart.Open circuit voltages range from 0.9 to 1.1 v. (theoretical 1.23) depending on the catalyst. The typical current at 0.5 v. is 30 ma./sq. cm. Better cells have delivered 80 ma./sq. cm. at 0.5 v. Life tests indicate that these cells can be expected to deliver a minimum of about 40 amp.‐hr./sq. cm., when operated in the load range 8.5 to 230 ohm sq. cm., before failure of the electrolyte owing to pinhole formation. Current efficiency is very nearly 100%. Cell performance vs. temperature in the range 0° to 85°C. shows a maximum at about 55°C.
Heat and mass transfer transients in cylinder drying: Part II. Felted cylinders
Authors: Nissan A. H. , George H. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn investigation of transient heat transfer and water removal from a sheet on a steam cylinder was made. The sheet was pressed onto the cylinder by the aid of a felt. A theory describing the heat transfer in terms of the Fourier heat equation and appropriate boundary conditions was developed. The differential equation describing fluid flow in a capillary under the capillary potential was also developed. This equation was solved for small values of time.The experimental work included the measurement of the transient temperatures at internal points in the sheet, the average felt temperature before and after a run, the mass of moisture lost by the sheet, and the mass of water gained by the felt.It was found that on felted cylinders the majority of the moisture was removed by liquid transport. It was also found that heat was transferred through the sheet by vaporization‐condensation cycles as well as conduction.
Catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide
Authors: Sakaida R. R. , Rinker R. G. , Wang Y. L. , Corcoran W. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCatalytic decomposition of nitric oxide at a concentration of 0.404 and 0.432% by volume in nitrogen was studied in a tubular flow reactor. The packing consisted of alumina pellets impregnated with 0.1% by weight of platinum oxide and 3.0% by weight of nickel oxide. Tests were conducted at pressures of 1 to 15 atm. and temperatures from 800° to 1,000°F. A rate equation correlating the data as a function of temperature, pressure, and compositions was developed. A reaction mechanism compatible with the rate equation is proposed.
Solid phase transport of glycerol and sodium chloride in resin
Authors: Tayyabkhan M. T. , White R. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDiffusivities and equilibrium absorption of sodium chloride and glycerol in cation exchange resin Dowex‐50 were determined by making a two‐constant fit of experimental data to a diffusion model. The variables studied were: resin cross linkage—2% to 12% divinylbenzene, temperature—25° to 80°C, concentrations in the equilibrating solution, resin particle size, flow rate of the eluting distilled water. Diffusivities increase with decrease in cross linkage and with increase in temperature. The ratio of the diffusivities of sodium chloride or glycerol in the resin to that in water is between 0.2 and 0.35 for 2% DVB and between 0.025 and 0.1 for 12% DVB. Diffusivities were found to be independent of the third, fourth, and fifth variables. The amounts of solutes absorbed at equilibrium also increased with a decrease in cross linkage and an increase in temperature.
Heat radiation between simply‐arranged surfaces having different temperatures and emissivities
Authors: Sparrow E. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn analysis of radiant interchange is made which takes account of possible surface variations in incident radiation flux, heat transfer, and leaving radiant flux. This represents a generalization of standard calculation methods which postulate that the radiant fluxes and heat transfer are uniformly distributed on a surface. Consideration is given to pairs of simply‐arranged surfaces having different emissivities, one of which is essentially black. The surface temperatures may be arbitrarily different. The generalized analysis reveals that there may be significant variations in the local heat transfer along a surface, and this stands in contrast to the results of standard (and more approximate) calculation methods. The over‐all heat transfer results are also compared with those predicted by the standard calculation procedure. For the surface which is essentially black the errors arising in the standard procedure are found to be tolerable as long as the net over‐all heat transfer exceeds 20% of the radiant emission. For the nonblack surface the two methods are in agreement.
Skin friction patterns for transitional flow in annuli
Authors: Croop E. J. , Rothfus R. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMain stream velocity profiles have been obtained by means of impact probes for the steady, isothermal flow of water in three smooth, concentric annuli having widely different diameter ratios. The point of maximum local velocity has been determined, thus permitting the ratio of skin frictions at the inner and outer boundaries to be calculated. Previously published data on pressure drop have been used to obtain separate friction factor correlations for the two surfaces. Attention has been centered on the transition range, where the position of maximum velocity is a function of both the diameter ratio and the Reynolds number.
The separation of ions with permselective membranes
Authors: Dibenedetto A. T. , Lightfoot E. N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study forms part of a project aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the behavior of nonideal permselective membranes. The object here was to determine the applicability of the Nernst‐Planck equations for studying the behavior of ions in aqueous solutions surrounding such a membrane during electrodialysis.Attention was confined to stagnant and laminar flow systems. The processes studied were transfer of hydrogen ions, silver ions, and mixtures of the two through the cation exchanging membrane Nepton CR‐61. The bulk solution concentrations on either side of the membrane varied from 0.01 to 0.20 N, and in all cases the only anions present were nitrate ions. Limiting currents for solutions of silver nitrate were predictable within 15%, with much of the uncertainty resulting from the difficulty in defining the limiting current. For mixtures of silver nitrate and nitric acid the limiting currents were predictable within the range of experimental accuracy but were found to be quite sensitive to small changes in the operating conditions. This sensitivity results from the very high relative mobility of the hydrogen ions. The relative transport of the two cations was primarily a function of relative concentration, relative diffusivities, current density, and ion exchange equilibria and was predictable with an accuracy limited only by the uncertainty of the ionic diffusivities and the ion exchange equilibria.The diffusivities of the cations in the membrane relative to the diffusivity of nitrate ion were estimated to be about ten times lower than in solution. This was explained by assuming that the cations tended to concentrate about the anionic fixed charges of the membrane thereby portially screening their effectiveness and reducing the mobility of the cations. In mixtures, the membrane diffusivity of the silver ions relative to the hydrogen ions was lower (by a factor of 1.4 to 3.6) than the relative diffusivity in solution. This indicated that silver ions were more easily concentrated about the fixed charges and thereby screened them from both the anions and hydrogen ions.
An experimental study of liquid‐phase turbulent diffusion: Part II. Calculation of local turbulent mass transfer coefficients in the turbulent wake of a cylinder
Authors: Sparks Robert E. , Hoelscher H. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTurbulent mass‐transfer coefficients were calculated from concentration profiles obtained in the wake of a hollow cylinder having a porous wall through which a solution of electrolyte was flowing. These coefficients are presented as functions of the turbulence intensity and the width of the transport region. This paper is a continuation of the previous report on this subject and utilizes the results presented earlier.
Prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibria of binary systems: Part I. Effect of pressure on vapor‐liquid equilibria of binary systems
Authors: Tamura Mikio , Nagata Isamu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an empirical method for the prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibrium data of a binary system at various pressures on the basis of equilibrium data near atmospheric pressure. The proposed method is tested for six hydrocarbon systems and one aqueous system. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Prediction of vapor‐liquid equilibria of binary systems: Part II. Hydrocarbon systems
Authors: Tamura Mikio , Nagata Isamu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article proposes an empirical method for predicting the vapor‐liquid equilibrium data on binary hydrocarbon systems without any experimental data on the mixtures. The method was tested for twenty‐six systems under atmospheric pressure and three isothermal systems. The predicted results are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
The properties of some new gas hydrates and their use in demineralizing sea water
Authors: Barduhn Allen J. , Towlson Howard E. , Hu Yee Chien 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe general attributes of the hydrate process for demineralizing sea water are discussed, and it is shown that the economics of the process depend on the properties of the hydrating agent used. Eight new hydrates are reported, and the thermodynamic properties of three hydrate systems are presented in some detail: methyl bromide Freon 21, and Freon 31.
The effect of the hydrolysis reaction upon the rate of absorption of chlorine into water
Authors: Brian P. L. T. , Vivian J. E. , Habib A. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe rate of absorption of chlorine into water was studied in a short wetted‐wall column. This absorption system is characterized by a liquid phase chemical reaction occurring simultaneously with the absorption process, and thus the absorption coeffiecient is greater than in the case of physical absorption.The ratio of the absorption coefficient accompanied by the hydrolysis reaction to the physical absorption coefficient varied from 1.3 to 3, depending on the chlorine partial pressure and the liquid flow rate.Penetration‐theory solutions for absorption accompanied by the hydrolysis reaction were obtained by the use of an IBM‐709 digital computer. Excellent agreement between the experimental and computed results was obtained on the assumption that the forward rate constant for the hydrolysis reaction was 13.7 sec.−1 at 25°C. This value compared favorably with the published results of kinetic studies of the hydrolysis reaction.
The kinetics of ion exclusion
Authors: Vassiliou Basil , Dranoff Joshua S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAs a preliminary to detailed kinetic analysis of ion‐exclusion operations a study of the rate of absorption of glycerol from dilute aqueous solution has been made in small fixed beds of ion exchange resin. The resin used was Amberlite IR‐120 (hydrogen form) ranging in size from 0.210 to 1.190 mm., as determined by dry screening. Solution flow rates were varied from 0.45 to 22.20 ml./(sq.cm.min.).Analysis of this problem has shown that the operation of such a process may be described by a simple linear rate equation and the usual transient column material balance relations. It was found that experimental breakthrough data could be well matched with curves predicted by such analysis. Furthermore, three characteristic regions of operation are apparent in which different rate controlling processes may be operating.