bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Composition Of The Georgics: Vergil’s Farm
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Farming, and a sense that farming provides us with a clue to our place in the cosmos, is what the Georgics and the Works and Days have in common. It is nearly the only thing. The poet of the Works and Days presents himself as stern and uncompromising, a pessimist and a realist. The poet of the Georgics writes as an idealist, a lover of peace and beauty, and a man deeply sympathetic with all that suffers. There is a passionate intensity to the expressions, descriptions, and almost violent juxtapositions of the Works and Days ; the Georgics is so carefully crafted that the poet’s own views appear only in the nearly imperceptible modulations of his tone. Hesiod’s “country” is centered in his local town, a town united only by language to even the rest of Greece. Vergil’s “country” is centered, whether he likes it or not, in Rome, the focal point of the civilized world. During the century in which Hesiod lived Greece emerged, gradually, from a dark age into the beginnings of Classical civilization. Vergil lived to see an end to the civil war that had torn the Roman Republic apart for centuries, achieved at the price of the Republic. Even the farms they knew were different-Hesiod’s the small, self-sufficient farms of a poor rural society, Vergil’s the huge slave-run estates or latifundia which were consuming Roman farming.
The Place Of Nature
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are cultural beings, which is to say, it is our “nature” to live in society. Outside of and opposed to that society is also “nature,” as wild nature, untouched by human beings and aloof from human concerns. But there is also domesticated nature, nature as it exists on the farm, somewhere between its wild ancestors and the “culture” to which its own cultivation gave a name. To discuss our relation to “nature” is to discuss the interconnection of society, wild nature, and domestic nature. It is, in other words, to discuss farming, since farming is where nature and culture meet.
Strategic Transformational Planning For Changing The Game
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have presented a lens to use in thinking about transformations as well as a series of examples of actual transformations and their related lessons. Our intent in this chapter, as well as in the next four, is to provide a set of tools that will help executives plan and manage Transformations of the First, Second, and Third Kinds.
Transforming Behavior to Play the New Game
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing an organization that is attempting to change its game is that of helping to transform the behavior of its employees (i.e., its players and coaches). The very success of every type of transformation depends, to a great extent, on the ability of the company’s team to support it through changes in their own behavior. For example, the successful transformation at Starbucks Coffee (described in Chapter 5) involved people behaving in ways more consistent with a professionally managed firm. In contrast, the unsuccessful transformation of UAL to Allegis (described later in this chapter) was caused, at least in part, by the lack of behavioral change on the part of employees within this company.
Changing the Game in Action
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G , Randle Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first eleven chapters of this book were devoted to providing a framework for understanding transformations and their impact on long-term organizational success as well as describing tools that can be used for managing these transformations. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive example of a company that has completed several transformations during its sixty-seven-year history and that is currently facing the challenges of completing a compound transformation-from an entrepreneurship to a professionally managed firm as well as a vision transformation. This example is comprehensive in a dual sense. First, because Bell-Carter has been in business since 1912, the company has experienced all the transformations described in this book: (1) entrepreneurial transformations to professional management, including the special case of family business transformations, (2) revitalization transformations, (3) business vision transformations, and even (4) compound transformations. Although our principal interest is in the most recent period of the company’s development (from 1992 through 1997), we also briefly review the earlier periods to both describe the historical development of the firm and illustrate some transformations made at previous points. Figure 12-1 offers a brief overview of the transformations Bell-Carter Olive Company has made during its history.
Conventual Optics Of Power
Authors: Hills Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how convents competed, often fiercely, to dominate vistas and to ensure that their inmates, while remaining invisible, were yet forcefully represented architecturally and urbanistically in relation to the city. Now we address the politics of sight within convents. How were power optics organized inside convents and particularly within their churches, the most porous and the most symbolically and liturgically charged places in the conventual complex? The optics of power functioned externally, toward the city, and internally, within the conventual complex, but especially at the critical junctures and liminal spaces between the external and internal worlds. Parlatories and sacristies afforded heightened opportunity for contact between nuns and lay folk, but the risk of unseemly contact, including eye contact, was expressed with especial intensity with regard to conventual churches. To these risks, the ecclesiastical authorities were alive, persistently seeking to control the opening and closing of churches. Much of the regulating of contact during services, however, was left to architecture. This chapter explores the architectural marshaling and control of the bodies of both nuns and outsiders, and the architectural organization of seeing and being seen inside convents and their churches.
Apprehension:Spiritual Perception in Jonathan Edwards
Authors: McClymond Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Of The most contentious issues in the interpretation of Jonathan Edwards has been the nature and significance of his teaching on the “new sense,” “spiritual sense,” or “sense of the heart.” Nearly half a century ago, Perry Miller published his groundbreaking article “Jonathan Edwards on the Sense of the Heart,”1 and since that time virtually all writers have agreed on the centrality of the spiritual sense to Edwards’s thought. References to it crop up throughout the primary texts, including the Personal Narrative, Religious Affections, Miscellanies, the various revival writings, and the sermon A Divine and Supernatural Light. In part because of the pivotal status of the spiritual sense in Edwards’s thought, a sizeable number of authors have written on it recently.
Speculation: The Theocentric Metaphysics of The Mind
Authors: McClymond Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With The Publication of Freedom of the Will in 1754, Edwards gained a reputation for metaphysical genius. Writing in the early 1800s, Dugald Stewart referred to Edwards as the “one metaphysician of whom America has to boast, who, in logical acuteness and subtility, does not yield to any disputant bred in the universities of Europe.”1 The Mind, published in Sereno Dwight’s Life of President Edwards (1829),2 provoked many nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars to amazement at Edwards’s precocity and to puzzlement over the sources of his idealism or immaterialism. Though The Mind was not written quite as early in Edwards’s life as Dwight presumed, it still ranks as a major philosophical accomplishment and attests to Edwards’s force and independence of mind.
Valuation: Ethics and Divinity in End of Creation
Authors: McClymond Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the seventeenth century, English theology became preoccupied with ethics and the ethical implications of the Christian faith. This moralizing of Christianity was evident in John Locke’s The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695), a text prophetic of tendencies in English thought during the subsequent century.1 Concerning Jesus and his disciples, Locke asserted that “righteousness, or obedience to the law of God, was their great business” and that “there is not, I think, any of the duties of morality, which he has not, somewhere or other, by himself and his apostles, inculcated over and over again to his followers.”2 Increasingly, educated persons valued Christianity because it provided otherworldly sanctions (i.e., heaven and hell) as inducements to everyday virtues.
Persuasion: Edwards as a Christian Apologist
Authors: McClymond Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During The eighteenth century, Christianity was something to be defended and Western theology entered an era of apologetics. Jonathan Edwards was no exception. To grasp the significance of his Christian apology, however, one must view it in relation to the cultural context and see his apology as a response to specific questions regarding and objections to faith. Hence this chapter will begin with extended excursuses, first into the intellectual situation of early modernity insofar as it impinged upon belief in God, and second into the various apologetic strategies used by leading eighteenth-century thinkers to address this situation. In differing ways, all the thinkers analyzed and compared in this chapter-Paley, Butler, Schleiermacher, and Edwards-were responding to a growing tendency in eighteenth-century thought to marginalize God and remove God from significant involvement in nature, history, and human affairs.
Principles of Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prime article of faith in scientific theory is that experimentally observed phenomena can be derived from a small number of general principles. The acceptance of this idea implies that, despite the constant changes evident in physical systems, they possess some immutable attributes from which all of their interesting properties can be calculated. A central concept in such a calculation is that of the state of an isolated system. If all of the experimentally measurable properties of a system are known at all times, then this would certainly constitute an adequate description of the state of the system. However, such a definition would be useless for theoretical purposes and is contrary to the assumption that all properties can be related to a few general laws. The most fruitful definition of state is this:
Particle Statistics
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider a system composed of N identical particles that interact with each other very weakly. That is, they can exchange energy, but the energy of each individual particle is otherwise independent of the other particles. This situation is completely analogous to that for a canonical ensemble in the sense that a physical system of nearly independent particles can be thought of as an “ensemble” with each particle being a member “system” of the ensemble. This is the same as simply renaming the terms used in the canonical ensemble theory. Then, the ensemble canonical distribution function becomes the particle distribution function.
Free Electron Theory in Metals and Semiconductors
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest successful approximations in the theory of metals was the free electron theory. This approximation starts with the notion that the metal contains a collection of ion cores, each core consisting of a nucleus and shells of tightly bound electrons, and a number of electrons that are not bound to any particular nucleus. The electrons are assumed to be essentially independent and are treated as being completely free, the metal simply acting as a box to contain them. The statistical counterpart of this assumption is that electrons in metals are described by particle statistics.
Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The boundary between any two phases is not sharp, but contains a transition region in which there is a continuous change in composition from one phase to the other. Of course, all the laws of thermodynamics apply to the system as a whole, and at equilibrium, the temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials are constant throughout the system. But because of the spatial variation of the densities of the components, the energy per unit volume (and other thermodynamic functions per unit volume) varies with position over a finite distance in the transition region. The total energy is therefore different than that of the sum of the energies of the two phases taken separately.
Linear Polymer Chains
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The salient fact about polymer chains is that, on a molecular scale, they are very long. Linear polymers consist of chains whose lengths can vary from hundreds to many thousands of monomer units. The statistical mechanics of systems composed of such large molecules can be quite complex and, if pursued with a degree of rigor and completeness, soon becomes intractable to analytic methods.
Vacancies and Interstitials in Monatomic Crystals
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally agreed that the lattice vacancy is the predominant type of point defect in simple metals and rare gas solids. Direct and indirect measurements of the vacancy concentration as a function of temperature exist that support this contention. The concentration of point defects other than vacancies is relatively low in close-packed hexagonal and face-centered cubic structures because their formation requires large lattice distortions. In more open structures, however, such as body-centered cubic and the diamond structure characteristic of semiconductors, interstitials may be important.
This Side of Paradise Creation Mythology
Authors: Brockelman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that all too often we are spiritually asleep, alienated from what is ultimately real in life because we are so busy with our daily tasks that we cannot “see” it. This divorce from what Havel calls “a wider order of being” leaves us in a state of demoralization and distress, longing for something more, spiritually hungry for a reconnection with that ultimate reality. In actuality, when we do become aware of it, we find that we are “in”it as particular forms and modes of it. That ultimate reality is one, and everything that exists is an aspect or form of it since each and every entity precisely “is.” It is the business of our various religious traditions to awaken us to that ultimate reality. As cultural historian Thomas Berry and physicist Brian Swimme put it, communion with the mysterious forces that animate the universe “through the story of the universe [a culture’s fundamental creation myth] and ceremonial interaction with the various natural phenomena was the traditional way of activating the larger dimensions of our own human mode of being.” It is in fact interesting that as far as we know virtually every human culture that has ever existed has developed creation stories which explain how all of reality has come to be just as it happens to be. These stories provide those cultures with a sense of a larger whole to which they belong.
The Argument for Empiricism
Authors: Chai Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is It Still Possible for us to feel the significance of a moment, out of the waning years of the seventeenth century, when, for perhaps the first time, a thinker dared to situate the source of all thought in experience? “Let us then suppose the Mind to be,” he says, “white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas; How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety?” Or, to put it more formally: “Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge?” For our author there can be but one source. “From Experience: In that, all our Knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives it self.” We know that this was not, in fact, the first instance of empiricism. Already there had been Gassendi and Hobbes.1 But the author of An Essay concerning Human Understanding could offer something not to be found in either of his pre-decessors: a new concept of experience. What Locke proposed, however, was not just a new concept of experience. He also made sweeping claims for its philosophical significance. And here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, the radical force of the Essay becomes apparent. Because if one accepts its argument, it does not simply add a new province to the realm of philosophical inquiry. Instead, it simultaneously abolishes many others and ultimately seeks to transform our whole sense of philosophy itself.
Religious Affections
Authors: Chai Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At This Point In Time, it is hard to imagine what might have made something like the Great Awakening possible. With some effort, we can reconstruct the relevant sequence of events and even the general external circumstances. With further effort, we can even speculate about the motives of those principally involved. What is hardest to recapture is, of course, the emotion itself. Passion, once spent, tends to leave no traces. Especially, perhaps, the sort of emotion whose intensity produced marked excesses. Hence the difficulty of arriving at some sense of what the Awakening would have meant to those whose lives it transformed and who had come to feel, in greater or lesser measure, its dominant impulse. Nevertheless, this difficulty does not pertain to us exclusively. From the commencement of its decline, its participants would no doubt have faced a similar situation. With that moment comes the necessity of trying to rescue from the Awakening some glimpse of what had made it meaningful. To this necessity we owe Jonathan Edwards’s magisterial work on the nature of religious piety: A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections. Religious Affections is normally taken as a defense of the Great Awakening. Yet it is, in some respects, a curious defense. For one thing, it waives the value of religious emotion per se. Instead, it works to distinguish true piety from various false look-alikes.2 Given its immediate context, such caution is perhaps natural. Nevertheless, caution alone does not quite explain what Edwards elects to emphasize. Of the twelve “distinguishing signs” of true piety discussed, the first is particularly suggestive: “From hence it follows, that in those gracious exercises and affections which are wrought in the minds of the saints, through the saving influences of the Spirit of God, there is a new inward perception or sensation of their minds, entirely different in its nature and kind, from anything that ever their minds were the subjects of before they were sanctified” (Religious Affections, p. 205).
Idealism
Authors: Chai Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According To A Tradition associated with virtually the earliest Edwards biography, the future minister and theologian seems to have discovered Locke’s Essay concerning Human Understanding sometime around 1717-which is to say, during his sophomore year at Yale. It is not difficult to imagine the young Edwards at that auspicious moment: bred within the narrow confines of a scholastic discipline that reached back to medieval sources, suddenly exposed to a new mode of inquiry less concerned with theological doctrine than with trying to ascertain how the mind perceives external objects. The result: a notebook entitled “The Mind,” which displays the empiricist influences of Newton and Locke on a precocious philosophical intelligence.
Causation
Authors: Chai Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Would Be Hard to overemphasize the importance of causation for the seventeenth century. In many respects, the topic exerts a kind of fascination over thought in this period. Like a leitmotiv, it appears constantly in philosophical discussions of the time. Many of these discussions discriminate at some length between various forms of causation. Often one form is stressed while another is denied. Yet, curiously enough, what we do not find anywhere is a complete denial of causation altogether. In light of David Hume’s subsequent analysis of causation in A Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, this may seem a little odd, to say the least. The oddity is only increased by the fact that a number of seventeenth-century texts define the notion of a cause in terms that correspond quite closely to those of Hume. How exactly, then, are we to explain the fact that no one else appears inclined to deny causation completely? That such a possibility should simply not have occurred to anyone seems highly unlikely. Accordingly, there must be some other explanation for the universal adherence to some notion of a cause.
Reflections on Plutarch, Advice to the Bride and Groom Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed
Authors: Pomeron Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom is written in the form of an epistle containing wisdom literature consisting of forty-eight brief lessons on the creation of a philosophical marriage. Plutarch was an antiquarian and the text is replete with analogies and quotations from earlier literature and from famous men and women of Greek antiquity. The eminent Plutarch scholar D.A. Russell has characterized him as the voice of the first Greek Renaissance. In the Commentary below, quotations and allusions to earlier Greek and Latin literature are identified. Furthermore, the Advice is examined against the background of the history of Greek gender relations and the changes in the Greek family and in values and behavior in response to the Hellenistic world.
Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom Traditional Wisdom through a Philosophic Lens
Authors: Patterson Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Romantic Robert Bums says “O, my love’s like a red, red rose,” Plutarch suggests that marital love is more like asparagus-which, he says, produces the sweetest fruit from the most prickly thorns. 1 This striking notion is but one of a series of such analogies, drawn from fields as diverse as household pots and pans and Aristotelian mathematics, which form the body of Plutarch’s Advice to the Bride and Groom-a wedding present to his newly married friends Eurydice and Pollianus. Although something of a tour de force in its lively use of analogy, the essay is at first sight sophisticated in neither style nor content and is usually relegated (especially by classicists) to the status of “lesser work.” Authoritative opinion declares its ideas derivative, primarily from Stoic moralists such as Musonius Rufus, and discussion has generally concentrated on the relation of Plutarch’s views to Stoic and early Christian ethics.