bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kafka as Holocaust Prophet: A Dissenting View
Authors: Langer Lawrence L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Someone must have been spreading rumors about Franz Kafka, for without having done anything wrong, he was proclaimed one fine morning the prophet of the Holocaust. But when rumor congeals into widely accepted critical truth, the time may have arrived for an inquiry into its genesis and the sufficiency of its allegations. “Naturally,” Kafka wrote at the very end of his Letter to His Father, “things cannot in reality fit together [aneinanderpassen] the way they do in my letter; life is more than a game of solitaire [Geduldspiel]” The temptation to read-or misread-Kafka’s imaginative world as an anticipation of the death camp universe has led to a similar confusion between art and life, though, as Kafka admits in the conclusion to that letter, with certain modifications one may reach approximate truths concerning the connection between what is written and what happens “in reality.” Kafka cautiously limited his reference to the bond between his father and him. We tread on more hazardous ground when we extend the margins of this reference to the link between Kafka’s art and the catastrophe of European Jewry.
Transnational Consciousness Within the European Left
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its inception, social democracy has been an international phenomenon, organized in national sections but with multiple links and avenues of exchange connecting the varied strands across political frontiers. Regular international congresses were held to coordinate the political responses to the challenges of the day, although, in practice, it remains to be determined what, if any, impact the decisions reached at the international gatherings had on the daily practice of national parties. Certainly by the 1930s the social democratic International was little more than an empty shell. Yet some form of international center continued to exist, and regular meetings of the LSI executive and bureau were held in frequent succession. The memoirs of Adolf Sturmthal, a key employee of the LSI in Zurich and, later, Brussels, are a fascinating reminder of the impressive international contacts maintained between social demo crats in Europe up to the outbreak of World War 11.1 Personal contacts were, however, only one dimension facilitating potential intellectual cross-fertilization and exchange. A well-developed network of social democratic publications reinforced the public committrnent to an internationalist perspective. In each of the five countries under review, social democrats controlled a plentiful and generally lively party press with, in each case, one national daily newspaper as the informational backbone, at least for as long as conditions of legality prevailed. A network of foreign correspondents kept each national section abreast of information from abroad. German, Austrian and Spanish social democracy furthermore published important theoretical journals with significant attention to international events. Rudolf Hilferding’s Zeitschrift für Sozialismus (ZfS) provided a much-needed forum for reflections on the tragedy of German labor. As much of its readership was dispersed among the few remaining democracies in Europe, there existed more than purely intellectual reasons for heightened attention to what used to be considered “foreign affairs.” Theoretical analyses of fascism, the changing nature of the state and the strategies of united and popular fronts stood side by side with up-to-date assessments of the latest Comintern twists, politics in Spain and the most recent programmatic in novations of the British Labor Party.
Contingency in the Historical Process
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The various strategies discussed in preceding chapters were, for the most part, regarded as pathways toward a non capitalist, democratic and socialist order. United fronts, radical pianism and popular fronts were widely considered to be means to obtain this socialist goal. It was that aspect of these strategies which caught the attention of contemporaries and which ensured the meteoric rise of these novel propositions to positions of national and international prominence. This was most unabashedly so in the case of united fronts and pianism. Both pathways to social change were regarded, quite often explicitly, as clearly identifiable socialist projects. In the case of popular fronts, I argue, this was less decidedly so. Here, a gulf began to emerge between the popular identification of popular fronts as a socialist project, the “popular front in combat,” and the views of popular fronts as an exercise of power rather than “the conquest of power,” prevalent among the upper levels of the party hierarchies associated with this scheme. Much of the attention of historians of Europe’s Left has hitherto been devoted to the communist tradition, and the radical achievements of European social democrats have been neglected in the process. Partially responsible for this case of historical amnesia, of course, has been the prevailing view of social democracy as a gradualist and steadily moderating political force, a view encouraged by, among others, post-World War II social democracy itself. By contrast, I argue that the driving force behind these strategies for social change was continental European social democracy. To be sure, not all Continental social democrats identified with this socialist project at that time, and not all supporters of this socialist project were social democrats. Yet, by 1934, a majority of Continental social democrats favored a path of radical societal change, and they were by far the most numerous Continental political force on the working-class Left.
Gender
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first volume of the seven that make up his classic encyclopedia Los toros, Jose Maria Cossio devoted a brief chapter to what he called senoritas toreras, little lady bullfighters. The phrase is clearly pejorative, and was meant to be; Cossio found this topic distasteful, but he included it because the obligations of the encyclopedist required that he do so: “If the most masculine qualities and serious moral values are what characterize the bullfight and give it nobility, . . . the activity of the little lady bullfighters is a parody of the bullfight. ... I will attend summarily to this history, and with the repugnance of anyone who has to deal with a subject that is in conflict with Nature itself.”
Earthquakes
Authors: Noji Erick. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major earthquake affecting a large city has the potential to be the most catastrophic natural disaster for the United States. Earthquakes of sufficient size threaten lives and damage property by setting off a chain of effects that disrupts the natural and human-built environments. Widespread strong ground shaking is a geological effect that can severely damage buildings or cause them to collapse completely. Vibratory earthquake motion, in turn, can induce secondary geological effects such as soil liquefaction, land-slides, and related ground failure hazardous to the built environment or can trigger seismic sea waves (tsunamis) that may wreak coastal destruction thousands of miles from the earthquake source. Earthquakes may also result in major nongeological effects (e.g., widespread fires, flooding of populated areas caused by failure of large dams, or release of toxic or radioactive materials) that could be more catastrophic than the initial effects of the earthquake.
Fires
Authors: Sanderson Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since ancient times, fires have had an adverse impact on public health. With time, that impact has changed. The scientific literature suggests many criteria for defining disasters, including cause, duration, extent of damage, and number of casualties. Organizations such as the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MLIC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) consider a catastrophe (disaster) to be an event that causes at least 5 casualties-five people must die, according to MLIC; 5 people must either die or be hospitalized, according to OSHA. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) currently defines catastrophic fires as residential fires that result in 5 or more deaths and nonresidential fires that result in 3 or more deaths. Causal patterns vary with time, and the risks that contemporary America faces are quite different from those faced 30, 50, or 100 years ago. A basic understanding of how these risks have changed assists us in identifying prevention measures that were efficacious in the past or that may be useful in the future.
Power, Harassment, and Trophy Mates: The Feminist Advantages of an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T , Trost melanie R , Sheets virgil L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Darwin (1859) first proposed his theory of natural selection, it was regarded as a radical affront to the established order because it moved Homo sapiens from a special place at God’s right hand to just another randomly selected spot on an ever-changing map. Ironically, some social scientists now seem to regard any application of Darwinian theory to human behavior as an attempt to bolster the established order, supposedly replacing cherished models of random cultural variation with a god-given and inviolable set of genetic blueprints. In particular, a number of social scientists believe that evolutionary theorists wish to lock men and women into rigid “genetically determined” sex roles that position men as omnipotent Gods and women as their humble handmaidens. This misperception is unfortunate for several reasons. To ignore the evolutionary history of any species is to blind oneself to some of the key pieces needed to explain the puzzle of why they do the things they do. This is as true of Homo sapiens as it is of any other living species. Another reason particularly relevant to the psychology of gender differences is that the alternative perspectives have often focused on narrow, male-oriented definitions of power and have failed to give females their due.
The Threat of Rape: Its Psychological Impact on Non victimized Women
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most controversial hypotheses about rape and sexual violence holds that rape serves to show women their place in society and hence contributes to the preservation of the societal status quo of male dominance (e.g., Brown-miller, 1975; Griffin, 1979). In what is probably the most widely known statement of this hypothesis, Susan Brownmiller suggested that rape “is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear” (Brownmiller, 1975, p. 15 [italics added]). Whereas it is difficult to assess the assumed conscious nature of this assumed process of intimidation, the hypothesis that the threat of rape has an intimidating effect on women in general is amenable to empirical research.
Mental Health Interventions with Battered Women
Authors: Petretic-Jackson Patricia A , Jackson Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is designed to provide a format for mental health professionals in their work with women who have been victims of violence in their adult intimate relationships. The assessment and intervention strategies reviewed in this chapter are limited to measures and techniques that have been empirically demonstrated to be effective with battered women. Although this chapter addresses concerns specific to battered women, many of the assessment and intervention strategies discussed may be applicable to other trauma/victim populations. In addition, since many battered women have experienced a variety of past and current life stressors besides the actual battering episodes (Foy, 1992), we examine assessment and treatment concerns related to these compounding stressors.
Who Freed the Slaves?
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If We Were To Go Out On The Streets of Almost Any Town in America and ask the question posed by the title of this essay, probably nine out of ten respondents would answer unhesitatingly, “Abraham Lincoln.” Most of them would cite the Emancipation Proclamation as the key document. Some of the more reflective and better informed respondents would add the Thirteenth Amendment and point to Lincoln’s important role in its adoption. And a few might qualify their answer by noting that without Union military victory the Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment would never have gone into effect, or at least would not have applied to the states where most of the slaves lived. But, of course, Lincoln was commander in chief of Union armies, so the credit for their victories would belong mainly to him. The answer would still be the same: Lincoln freed the slaves.
Two Definitions of ‘Cause’
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Treatise I.iii.2 (“Of probability; and of the idea of cause and effect”), Hume sets out to “explain fully” the relation of cause and effect. By the time Hume took up this question, seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophy had already found an ever-increasing number of prima facie causal connections failing to meet the Cartesian ideal of intellectual intelligibility. Malebranche, for example, found Descartes’s supposed causal link between mind and body unintelligible; Locke found the causal connection between primary qualities and sensations of color, sound, taste, smell, and temperature-as well as physical causal interactions other than the communication of motion by impulse-to be unintelligible.
Introduction
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of his remarkable life as an author, diplomat, and government official, David Hume (1711-1776) made noteworthy contributions to many fields of inquiry, including history, economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology. But while his contributions to these fields were noteworthy, his contributions to philosophy were momentous. Indeed, most contemporary philosophers would agree that he was the greatest philosopher yet produced by the English-speaking world.
The Separability Principle
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the Copy Principle, which has an acknowledged antecedent in Locke’s denial of innate ideas, Hume’s Separability Principle-the second of his two fundamental principles-has no obvious predecessors. He first explicitly states the principle as follows: We have observ’d, that whatever objects are different are distinguishable, and that what ever objects are distinguishable are separable by the thought and imagination.
The Personal Self in Social Context	Barriers to Authenticity
Authors: Harter Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this chapter appears in the section entitled “Classic Contrasts: Personal Self Versus Social Identity,” these constructs should not be considered in opposition to one another. Instead, the personal self is very much embedded within multiple social contexts. Three historical scholars, Cooley (1902), Mead (1934), and Baldwin (1897), set the conceptual stage on which the drama of the self in social interaction was enacted. For these symbolic interactionists, the self was primarily a social construction, crafted through linguistic exchanges with others. Thus, the personal self is crafted through the incorporation of attitudes that significant others appear to hold about one’s self. There has been a resurgence of interest in their formulations emphasizing how interactive processes, initially with care givers, profoundly shape the developing self. Contemporary attachment theorists (e.g., Bretherton, 1991; Cicchetti, 1990; Sroufe, 1990) emphasize how working models of self arise from an organized care-giving matrix. Cognitive developmentalists (e.g., Case, 1991), in paying homage to Baldwin, Cooley, and Mead also observe that the first sense of self is formed in the crucible of children’s interactive experiences with significant others. Those who have examined self-processes across the life span have highlighted how others continue to impact the formation of one’s self-portrait (see review by Harter, in press-b).
Conclusion : Fundamental Issues in the Study of Self and Identity-Contrasts, Contexts, and Conflicts
Authors: Jussim Lee , Ashmore Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has identified some of the conceptual contrasts and historical and sociocultural contexts with which social scientists are grappling as we begin a second century of exploration of self and identity. The chapters in this book have highlighted two contrasts: self as multiplicity versus unity of identity, and self as personal versus self as social. They have also addressed three contexts: history, culture, and American society at the end of the twentieth century. In doing so, several important metatheoretical conflicts have emerged regarding how the self should be construed and studied and regarding which aspects of the self are most important to study.
The Present Water Cycle And St Ability Relations
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the present-day water cycle on Mars, insofar as we know it, and explores some implications of present day conditions for the stability of water and water-ice near the surface. The present water cycle has been inferred largely from observations of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This may represent only a minute fraction of that near the surface, but it is the only part of the inventory that we can measure directly. Though small, the water content of the atmosphere is important because it provides clues about the stability of water (ice) in the near-surface materials and so has long-term geologic implications and implications for future Mars exploration. The chapter also examines the holding capacity of the surface materials for water and ice, and how water might migrate through these materials, both on a short time scale and over geologically significant time scales.
Summary And Conclusions
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of water on Mars impacts almost every facet of the planet’s evolution, including accretion, geologic evolution, climatic history, atmospheric dynamics, and biologic potential. It also has major implications for future Mars exploration, both manned and unmanned. There can be little doubt that water has played a major role in the history of Mars, but uncertainties remain about almost every aspect of the water story. There are different possibilities as to how the initial inventory was acquired and how it changed with time. The climatic history of the planet is very uncertain. The stability relations of water in the near-surface materials under present conditions are reasonably well understood, but we do not know the extent to which equilibrium with these conditions has been achieved. The degree to which water is cycled between surface and subsurface reservoirs is unclear. We do not know how much water is near the surface today nor where it is. Despite these uncertainties, some parts of the story of water are understood, and we can place significant constraints on its acquisition and evolution. This chapter summarizes points raised earlier in the book and attempts to highlight both contentious issues and areas of agreement.
Swallowed by a Song
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grown men living in a kid’s world!” So the trapped singer-songwriter Jonah Levin and his band are described by Levin’s wife, Marion, in One Trick Pony, a film written by Paul Simon, who also stars as Levin. Rock ‘n’ roll is Jonah’s life, and it is a field that, according to Simon, “really is not given to thinking—and resents thinking. Which I believe is the big error of rock ‘n’ roll. It’s always aspired to be the music of the working class. And it’s never been looked upon as a vocabulary for art and artistic thinking … We have to be able to expand the vocabulary to express more complex thoughts:’
Canada Trends and Issues in Child Welfare
Authors: Swift Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Canadian child welfare system is not one system but many. Each of the 10 provinces and the two territories (Yukon and Northwest Territories) has its own legislation. Further, Aboriginal peoples are in the process of developing agreements with government concerning the way child welfare is funded and delivered. Also, differences between the two founding cultures of Canada, French and English, have resulted in the development of somewhat different approaches to child welfare.
England Child Abuse Reports, Responses, and Reforms
Authors: Berridge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decade in England has seen escalating concern about the abuse of children and its prevention. Following a lull in interest since the mid-1970s, widespread media and political attention was aroused by the deaths in London of Jasmine Beckford in 1984, Tyra Henry in 1984, and Kimberley Carlile in 1986. Public reaction was vehement and individual social workers were castigated, particularly as these children were ostensibly subject to official scrutiny at the time. With the benefit of hindsight, a number of common themes have been detected from these and other tragedies, including certain professional shortcomings and deficiencies in interagency communication and collaboration (Department of Health, 1991a; Reder, Duncan, & Gray, 1993).
Denmark Voluntary Placements as a Family Support
Authors: Pruzan Vital. Bering 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Denmark a well-known children’s doctor, Svend Heinild, deserves to be mentioned as the person most responsible for bringing the concept of “child abuse” to public attention in the 1960s. Dr. Heinild’s efforts were inspired by the influential work of the American children’s doctor Henry Kempe.
Belgium An Alternative Approach to Child Abuse Reporting and Treatment
Authors: Broos Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belgium is a small European country of 10 million inhabitants composed of three linguistic communities (French, Flemish, and German). Although small, the country is very divided, which makes it rather complicated for an outsider to understand. Our research examines child abuse and neglect policies during the period between 1986 and 1992. Belgium has no mandatory reporting system for cases of child abuse and neglect. Since the mid-1980s, 17 specialized centers for the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect have been established by decree in Wallonia and by resolution in Flanders (two of the country’s three major regions). The centers are organized around three functions.
Altered Mental Status
Authors: Zunt Joseph R , Marra Christina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Altered mental status describes a spectrum of cognitive changes that includes confusion (misinterpretation of stimuli, disorientation to time and, sometimes, to person and place), delirium (disorientation, illusions, delusions, visual hallucinations, often with a fluctuating course), dementia (loss of intellectual function with preserved arousal), and coma (a state of unarousable unconsciousness).
Esophageal Symptoms
Authors: Spach David H , Shuhart Margaret C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of their HIV illness, at least one-third of individuals will develop a symptom caused by an esophageal disorder. Most commonly, patients with an esophageal disorder will present with odynophagia (pain with swallowing) and/or dysphagia (difficulty swallowing, with sensation of food sticking). In some instances, singultus (hiccups) may signal the presence of an esophageal disorder.
Bartone/la-Associated Infections
Authors: Spach David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
species can cause a wide array of clinical manifestations, including cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, lymphadenopathy, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Among HIV-infected patients, it remains unclear whether any differences exist in the clinical manifestations caused by the two distinct species of Bartonella.