bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourth-of-July Sporting Celebrations
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its inception in 1777, Americans have regarded the Fourth of July as the national Sabbath-a sacramental occasion to affirm popular sovereignty, protest against aristocratic privilege, and celebrate the idea of American unity through impassioned oration, parades, patriotic sermons, and nationalistic bombast (all of which derived from the British). Coming once a year between planting season and harvest, the midsummer Fourth-of-July celebration marked the defining historical moment and confirmed the stability of the republic. Like Thanksgiving, the Fourth presented many pseudoreligious trappings that blurred distinctions between the sacred and secular. Historian John Miller has observed similarities to religion in the Fourth’s symbolism; its glorification of the nation’s patron saints; its emphasis on the sanctity of the written text; its missionary fervor that focused on the United States as a redeemer nation; and its power to weld people into a community.
The World War I American Military Sporting Experience
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1917 and 1919, the armed services made sports and athletic training a central component of military life. Millions of enlisted men participated in organized sports at domestic training camps and behind the front lines in France. On playing fields at home and in Europe, “narrow-chested clerks made three-base hits on the same ball teams with college athletes and lean-visaged philosophers learned how to use their fists,” boasted Scientific American. At Camp Devens, one could see Walter R. Agard, a former Amherst College Greek instructor, spar with light-heavyweight champion “Battling” Levinsky (aka Barney Lebrowitz). “Uncle Sam has created not only an army of soldiers,” one writer observed, but “an army of athletes.” Sportswriter Albert Britt suggested that every high school and college construct memorial lists alongside the playing fields-these would bear the names of the soldier athletes who had made the ultimate sacrifice. “Let their memory be an inspiration,” Britt declared, “to bodily fitness and clean, hard sportsmanship for every boy who comes after.”
Single-Chain Fv Design and Production by Preparative Folding
Authors: Tai Mei-Sheng , McCartney John E , Jin Donald , Segal David M , Keck Peter , Oppermann Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the first single-chain Fv proteins were described only six years ago, in 1988,1•2 they engendered widespread application of single-chain immunotechnology to Fv regions from antibodies and other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.3•4 Engineering of antibody combining regions has shown the single-chain Fv (sFv) to be a readily accessible and stable form of the Fv region. Self-targeted sFv fusion proteins may also be constructed by recombinant DNA methods,3-11 to yield fusion of an effector protein at either the amino terminus or carboxyl terminus of an sFv. For example, an sFv-toxin fusion protein exhibited cytotoxicity that was significantly enhanced over the crosslinked immunotoxin control.8 Fusion of sFv to the gene III coat protein of fd filamentous phage led to assembled particles termed phage antibodies, which express their genomically encoded sFv on the bacteriophage surface.T hese are vehicles for refinement of sFv binding sites, as well as for selection of murine or human sFv protein of any desired specificity that may be derived from V gene libraries.9•12 An alternative to phage antibodies involves fusion of sFv genes to the peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein (PAL), which upon expression in E. coli results in sFv-PAL
The Oratorio Year: 1843
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in June 1843, Schumann noted in the marriage diary: “Now Clara 1s putting her lieder and several piano pieces in order. She wants to press forward [with composition]; but Marie is tugging at her dress, Elise [born just two months before] is keeping her busy, and her husband sits absorbed in Peri thoughts.”1 Apparently Schumann’s self-indulgent cogitation paid off; shortly before making the diary entry, he completed his most sustained effort in a larger musical form to date, the secular oratorio Das Paradies und die Peri, op. 50. The result of four months of almost steady labor, Schumann’s latest composition would belie a suspicion he had voiced in a review of 1841, namely that a few notable exceptions aside (such as Mendelssohn’s St. Paul), the oratorio was in danger of becoming extinct. Not only would the Peri contribute to the revivification of a languishing genre, it would establish Schumann in contemporary opinion as one of the undisputed masters of his time. The Peri, a work heard all too infrequently today, marks a watershed in Schumann’s career. And if we linger over this composition, it will not only be because of its historical importance for the unfolding of Schumann’s artistic life; the oratorio merits a closer look on strictly aesthetic grounds.
Unbounded Creativity
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing to Hiller on 10 April 1849, Schumann vividly juxtaposed the incredible surge in his own rate of production with the equally incredible upheavals then sweeping though western and central Europe: “For some time now I’ve been very busy-it’s been my most fruitful yearit seemed as if the outer storms impelled people to turn inward, and only therein did I find a counterforce against the forces breaking in so frightfully from without:’ At the end of the next month, safely ensconced in Bad Kreischa, the village where he and his family had temporarily repaired following on the outbreak of revolution in Dresden, Schumann again boasted of his productivity in a letter to Liszt: “Recently and in the whole preceding year I’ve been incessantly activequite a bit, large and small, will soon appear:’ During the months ahead, Schumann continued to compose with Mozartean fluency. In 1849 alone, he would complete nearly forty works, many of them cycles, collections, or multi-movement compositions of considerable dimensions. If the period from mid-1848 to mid-1849 marked his most fruitful year to date, the stretch from the beginning to the end of 1849 proved to be more fruitful still. Apparently unruffled by the outward storminess of world events, Schumann appears to have put those “recent times of gloomy moods” (to which he counted the Second Symphony, the canonic Studien for pedal piano, and portions of the D-minor Piano Trio) definitively behind him. Since then, as he put it to Louis Ehlert the performance of the piece to a specific time of the year.
America Divided
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definitive interpretive survey of the political, social, and cultural history of 1960s america, America Divided is written by two of the top experts on the era -- Maurice Isserman, a scholar of the Left, and Michael Kazom, a specialist in Right-wing politics and culture. Arguing that the period marked the end of the country's two-century-long ascent toward widespread affluence, domestic consensus, and international hegemony, the authors take readers on a tour of the turbulent decade, exploring what did and did not change in the 1960s, and why American culture and politics have never been the same since. Considering the factors which led up to the sixties, and issues such as the changing mind and condition of black America, the heyday and limitations of liberalism, youth culture, Vietnam, the New Left, the conservative revivial, Nixon, and the search for spirituality, Like a Civil War, explains what made the 1960s a decade in which people felt they could ‘make history’ and why, in the following decades, the history that was made has been so troubling to Americans. Also shedding some much-needed light on the era's often overlooked rise of the New Right and its far-reaching implications, Like A Civil War is an exciting and educational narrative for students of American history and general readers alike.
Black Ordeal, Black freedom
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One morning in July of 1944, a civilian bus driver at Fort Hood, Texas, ordered a black army lieutenant to “get to the back of the bus where the colored people belong.” The lieutenant refused, arguing that the military had recently ordered its buses desegregated. MPs came and took him into custody. Four weeks later, the black officer went on trial for insubordination. If convicted by the court martial, he faced a dishonorable discharge-which would have crippled his job opportunities for the rest of his life. The lieutenant’s name was Jackie Robinson. Three years later, Robinson would don the uniform of the Brooklyn Dodgers to become the first African American man in the twentieth century to play major league baseball.
1968
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant change seldom respects the calendar. But, on occasion, a single year fills up with revolutions-attempted and dreaded, imagined and repressed. In 1848 the common people of every major nation in western and central Europe revolted against their hereditary monarchs and landlords. In 1919 mass uprisings led by radical socialists erupted in Italy, Germany, and Hungary. In China the Communist Party was born amid a nationalist uprising. That same year, one-fifth of all U.S. workers went out on strike, and many Americans feared (while a few hoped) that the Bolshevik victory in Russia was about to be repeated on their side of the Atlantic. Then, in 1989, citizen movements helped bring about the collapse of European communism in a heap of debased ideals, authoritarian governments, and falling walls. Many of the revolutions launched in those years failed or took decades more to triumph. But, in each case, what had occurred transformed utterly what was to come.
Choosing the Teacher
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having decided that it is time to select a music teacher foe you child, how will you go about it? Certainly with the same care and research that you would use to select a family physician or purchase a car.
There are similarities in choosing a doctor or music teacher. In both cases, you have every reason to expect qualified, educated individuals, and you want technical and interpersonal skills to be equally balanced. In some ways, of course, choosing a music teacher is not like choosing a physician. Music study is not a matter of life and death. While no one ever died of musical malpractice, many have been turned off for life by making the wrong choice.
When buying a car, most people research cost, reputation, comfort, and reliability. The car must meet your standards as confirmed by Consumer’s Report or other guides. You also want to be sure you won’t be “taken for a ride” by incompetent maintenance personnel. Some of the same factors are important when looking for a music teacher.
Tools for the Advancement of Objective Logic: Closed Categories and Toposes
Authors: Lawvere F William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thesis is that the explicit adequate development of the science of knowing will require the use of the mathematical theory of categories. Even within mathematical experience, only that theory has approximated a particular model of the general, sufficient as a foundation for a general account of all particulars. Arising 50 years ago from the needs of geometry, category theory has developed such notions as adjoint func•• tor, topos, fibration, closed category, 2-category, etc., in order to provide:
(1) A guide to the complex, but very non-arbitrary constructions of the concepts and their interactions which grow out of the study of space and quantity.
It was only the relentless adherence to the needs of that basic subject that made category theory so well-determined yet powerful. When some schools of category theory have gone astray, it has usually been due either to neglecting too long that specific goal of studying space and quantity better, or to ossifying some partial determination of what space and quantity are. If we replace “space and quantity” in (1) above by “any serious object of study,” then (1) becomes my working definition of objective logic.
The Semantics of Syntactic Categories: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Bach Emmon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And so we might go on examining the various parts of speech and showing how they not merely grade into each other but are to an astonishing degree actually convertible into each other. The upshot of such an examination would be to feel convinced that the “part of speech” reflects not so much our intuitive analysis of reality as our ability to compose that reality into a variety of formal patterns. A part of speech outside of the limitations of syntactic form is but a will o’ the wisp. For this reason no logical scheme of the parts of speech – their number, nature, and necessary confines – is of the slightest interest to the linguist. Each language has its own scheme. Everything depends on the formal demarcation which it recognizes.
Yet we must not be too destructive. It is well to remember that speech consists of a series of propositions. There must be something to talk about and something must be said about this subject of discourse once it is selected. This distinction is of such fundamental importance that the vast majority of languages have emphasized it by creating some kind of formal barrier between the two terms of the proposition.
Patient Spending Decisions
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most sectors of the economy, it would seem ludicrous to even consider whether the primary authority for making spending decisions should reside with someone other than consumers. Take, for instance, the production of automobiles. It would be inconceivably socialistic for the government to decide how many cars of each size, shape, and color to produce and who is to receive them, and we would view it as an equally repulsive form of corporate fascism to give the auto industry itself binding authority to make these decisions. Our society determines how many cars of what kind and quality go to which people through the aggregate forces of supply and demand, as expressed through millions of individual purchasing and nonpurchasing decisions. Government regulates the accuracy of information we receive through ads and sales pitches and it sets safety standards for quality defects that are impossible to detect by simple inspection. But these decisions are only at the periphery of the industry. The great bulk of decisions made by the auto industry are directly responsive to consumer desires.
Likewise, it is difficult to conceive of any other good or service where it is even plausible to frame the central inquiry of this book in the way I have. In almost every other area of commercial life, it is assumed without further inquiry that consumers decide how much to spend on what goods and services of which quality. We might debate precisely what role government officials or expert technicians should have in the shadows of the market, but the core resource allocation decisions are presumptively consumer-driven throughout almost all of the economy. Therefore, it is appropriate to start the analysis of health care allocation decisions by explaining why this same response does not end the inquiry here.
Extra-Special Effects
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to what the foregoing chapters might suggest, U.S. popular culture has, I think, often negotiated difference among African Americans in ways that, while not perfect, are at least potentially expansive, rather than limiting. Before I consider one instance of such negotiation from the notoriously pervasive medium of network television, let me offer two propositions that I think can serve as generally acceptable premises for my analysis: The first is that the representation of black people on U.S. network TV has been a highly contested phenomenon since at least the days of Amos ‘n’ Andy; the second, which has ramifications for the significance of the first, is that “representation” is an extremely complex affair whose intricacies we have only begun to theorize in the context of African-American cultural studies.
Agreement and Clause Structure
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part I discussed non configurationality in polysynthetic languages. In the course of the investigation, it became clear that there are normally three distinct elements involved in expressing the argument of, say, a verb: an empty category that is the true argument of the verb; a morpheme in the word containing that verb that makes the argument visible for 0-role assignment; and, optionally, an NP in adjunct position that expresses most of the semantic content associated with the argument. For the most part, part I concentrated on the relationship between the null argument and the adjoined NP. In part II we now turn to the more fundamental relationship: the one that holds between the null argument and the morpheme on the verb. This inquiry yields a better picture of basic clausal relations in the polysynthetic languages and clarifies some of the detailed operations of the Morphological Visibility Condition. It also develops the idea, introduced in chapter I, that much of the phrase structure in polysynthetic languages shows up on the surface as word structure. Recall that there are two types of morphological entities that can satisfy the MVC: agreement elements and incorporated roots. There are also two major categories that one needs to be concerned with: nouns and verbs. Hence, part II naturally divides into four topics: agreement on verbs, agreement on nouns, incorporation of nouns, and incorporation of verbs. I begin with the most basic of these topics-the syntax of agreement relationships within verbal domains.
Noun Incorporation
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 5 and 6 focused on agreement phenomena as a way of satisfying the Polysynthetic Parameter and as a window on clause-internal structure. In this chapter and the next, I turn to the second major way of satisfying the Polysynthetic Parameter: incorporation. In particular, this chapter concentrates on the basic properties of the incorporation relation in the simplest case, that of ordinary noun incorporation. Chapter 8 then extends the results to more complicated cases in which the incorporated element has a nontrivial argument structure of its own. Noun incorporation (NI) is a very salient property of the Northern Iroquoian languages, noticed by all observers. From a cross-linguistic perspective, NI is unusually frequent and productive in these languages, as noted by Boas (1911) and Sapir (1911). Thus, alternations like (l) are quite common in Mohawk. Many other examples are found throughout this book. Similar alternations occur in the other polysynthetic languages; indeed, this was the criteria! feature that was used to identify languages as polysynthetic in the first place.
Adpositional Phrases
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parts I and II focused primarily on nouns and noun phrases as the prototypical arguments and verbs as the prototypical predicates. Only in chapter 8 was this perspective opened up somewhat as we considered certain VPs that functioned as arguments and certain nouns that assigned 0-roles. This emphasis has been natural and appropriate for exploring the basic properties of polysynthetic syntax. However, NP is not the only category that can function as the argument of a predicate; for example, English also allows at least adpositional phrases (PPs) and clausal complements. Part III explores the implications of the Polysynthesis Parameter for these category types. This chapter focuses on the morph syntax of adpositional phrases, and chapter 10 will cover embedded clauses.At the level of superficial impressions, the most striking aspect of PPs in Mohawk is their rarity. Indeed, Mohawk has no clear and uncontroversial instances of the category P. It has no dative or benefactive adposition, no instrumental or comitative adposition, nothing corresponding to about or of in English. Instead, dative and benefactive notions are expressed primarily through the benefactive applicative constructions mentioned in chapter 5; instruments are normally expressed with periphrastic verbal constructions with literal translations like “I used a knife as I cut the bread.”
Chapter III
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few weeks before the death of Mrs. Elton, a Mr. Lloyd, a Quaker, who was travelling with his wife and infant child, for the benefit of Mrs. Lloyd’s health, had stopped at the inn in ——. Mrs. Lloyd was rapidly declining with a consumption. On this day she had, as is not un frequent in the fluctuation of this disease, felt unusually well. Her cough was lulled by the motion of the carriage, and she had requested her husband to permit her to ride further than his prudence would have dictated.
Introduction to German Romanticism
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These lines, from a poem by Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, typify the poetry written in the period called German Romanticism, poetry full of rich nature images and vivid poetic sensibilities. In this chapter, we summarize the characteristics of the poetry of this period by identifying the predominant themes and images and by demonstrating those features that gave these poems their unique quality. We begin by making the same disclaimer found in every other introduction to German Romanticism, that the jumble of ideas and passions called German Romanticism is too complex to be easily described and that any attempt to categorize or explain this historical period risks oversimplification and even misinformation. We nevertheless include a chapter on this difficult topic because it is so important that performers of this quintessentially Romantic genre understand something of the spirit and historical con text in which these creative works were shaped. For many students, this may be the beginning of a lifelong study of the German Romantic mind and soul, and we hope to convey an approach to learning about this complex subject that will continue to serve performers for years to come.While it might seem easiest to define “romanticism” generally as a contrast to “classicism,” such labels tend to oversimplify the issues and mask the richness of the two historical periods and the creative forces at work within them.