bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse effects of summer amongst people with learning disabilities: neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Authors: Fitzgerald B. , Middleton J. K. , Cooper S.‐A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe existing literature regarding neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) amongst people with learning disabilities is limited. We describe three case reports of people with learning disabilities from the same geographical area who developed NMS within 3 weeks of each other. This was during the hottest part of a very hot summer. The presentation of NMS is discussed. The importance of carers attending to adequate hydration for people with learning disabilities and poor communication skills during the summer months is stressed.
Behaviour disorder in an adolescent with terminal deletion of chromosome 3
Authors: Davies J. L. , Mathew G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIndividuals with terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 3 are rare and survival into adulthood has not been previously reported. A 15‐year‐old with this condition was studied and the difficulties in management of the manifest behaviours are described. This chromosomal abnormality may be associated with mental and functional deterioration as well as severe self‐injurious behaviour, commencing in early childhood.
Staff strategies and explanations for intervening with challenging behaviours: a replication in a community sample
Authors: Watts M. J. , Reed T. S. , Hastings R. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCarers' beliefs about challenging behaviours may partially determine their behavioural responses to them. The present study replicated previous work on the beliefs of institution staff and their explanations about interventions for challenging behaviours (Hastings 1996) with a sample of 56 community staff. Many immediate intervention strategies, and the staff motivation for these choices, were in conflict with behavioural approaches to challenging behaviour and would be considered counter‐habilitative from this perspective. Staff were able to describe appropriate longer‐term interventions. These basic findings confirmed those of previous research with institution staff. However, tentative comparisons suggested that community staff were more likely than institution staff (from previous research) to describe interventions involving the building of relationships with service users and the identification of the underlying causes of the behaviours.
Microalbuminuria and oxidative stress in essential hypertension
Authors: Giner V. , Tormos C. , Chaves F. J. , Sáez G. , Redón J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Objective.  To assess the relationship between microalbuminuria and oxidative stress in mononuclear peripherals cells in essential hypertension.Methods.  A total of 123 hypertensive patients in absence of antihypertensive treatment were included. A 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring was performed using a Spacelabs 90207 monitor, and microalbuminuria was measured in 24‐h urine collections. Oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio and the content of malondialdehide and damaged base 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in genomic and mitochondrial DNA were measured in peripheral mononuclear cells.Results.  In the 29 (24%) microalbuminuric subjects, the amount of reduced glutathione was significantly lower and the ratio oxidized/reduced glutathione was significantly higher than in the normoalbuminuric subjects. In contrast, the simultaneous measurement of the levels of malondialdehide and 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine from both genomic and mitochondrial DNA oxidation did not achieve statistical significance between the two groups. Subjects with the highest oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio tertile showed the highest urinary albumin excretion (UAE) (P = 0.04 for trend). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio was the main significant determinant of UAE accounting for the 9% of the variance when 24‐h mean BP, age, sex, body mass index, glucose and total cholesterol were included in the model.Conclusions.  Oxidative stress seems to be a determinant of UAE independent of BP levels even in hypertensive subjects.
Hybridization between the fire‐bellied toads Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata in the karst regions of Slovakia and Hungary: morphological and allozyme evidence
Authors: Gollmann Günter , Roth Petr , Hödl Walter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGeographic variability and genetic interactions in the contact zone between the fire‐bellied toads, Bombina bombina and B. variegata, were studied using analysis of morphological and genetic variation in sixteen samples from the Slovak Karst and Aggtelek Karst regions. Genotype frequencies at four marker loci (Ldh‐1, Mdh‐1, Adk, Hem) demonstrate the existence of a hybrid zone with highly variable population structures. While some samples appear to represent panmictic hybrid populations, other samples are very heterogeneous. Pure individuals of both species occurred together with hybrids at one site. Habitat segregation among genetically differentiated demes probably causes this heterogeneity of population structures. Increased frequencies of the allele Ldh‐1M, which is present in low proportion in B. bombina south of the contact zone, were found in some hybrid populations.
Molecular analysis of heterochronic changes in the evolution of direct developing sea urchins
Authors: Parks Annette L. , Parr Brian A. , Chin Jia‐En , Leaf David S. , Raff Rudolf A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma is a direct developer; it progresses directly from the gastrula to the juvenile adult without forming a pluteus larva. No larval skeleton is formed by mesenchyme cells, but formation of the juvenile skeleton is accelerated. We have examined two alterations in mesenchyme cell behavior that accompany this striking change in developmental pattern. 1) Rapid cell proliferation produces 1700–2200 mesenchyme cells by mid‐gastrula, compared to 30–60 primary mesenchyme cells in species with typical larval development. This change may reflect the accelerated production of adult structures in H. erythrogramma. 2) B2C2 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes primary (Anstrom et al., 1987) and adult mesenchyme cells associated with skeleton formation in typical developers. The altered pattern of B2C2 staining in H. erythrogramma (e.g., a later initial appearance of the B2C2 antigen) suggests that H. erythrogramma has deleted part of a larval program of development and accelerated its adult program of development. These results indicate that cellular and molecular heterochronies accompany the morphological changes in H. erythrogramma development.
Natural and artificial selection on a deviant character of the anal papillae in Drosophila melanogaster and their significance for salt adaptation
Authors: Te Velde J. H. , Scharloo W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractArtificial selection was carried out on a deviant character of remnants of the anal papillae in pupae of Drosophila melanogaster, i. e. stretched (S) instead of the normal retracted (R) papillae. A chromosomal interchange between the R‐ and S‐selection lines revealed the polygenic determination of the S‐character. A comparison of lines with a different number of chromosomes of the S‐line shows the importance of properties of the anal papillae for salt adaptation. By a comparison of populations obtained by artificial selection for anal papillae and by natural selection for salt adaptation we could analyse the significance of the deviant character under natural selection on media with increasing percentages of salt.Our results shows that taking into account only one character in natural selection is often a simplification. However, applying artificial selection on components of the phenotype contributing to the adaptation make an important contribution to the analysis of adaptive processes.
The evolution of food‐producing glands in eusocial bees (Apoidea, Hymenoptera)1
Authors: Webster Thomas C. , Peng Ying‐Shin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA food‐producing role for cephalic exocrine glands has arisen independently in both taxa of highly eusocial bees, Apis and Meliponini. With several exceptions, there is little evidence that food is produced by glands of solitary bees or by most bees at lower levels of sociality. We suggest that this association with sociality is due to four adaptive features of these glands: (1) food from the glands allows feces from queens and larvae to have a small volume, (2) the queen's fecundity can be increased, (3) nutrient recovery via cannibalism can be facilitated, and (4) rearing of emergency replacement queens is accelerated. Acceleration of the rearing of other castes and of queens in the normal process of colony fission is not clearly an advantage ascribed to these glands. Trophic eggs produced by meliponine colony workers are analogous to the secretions from food‐producing glands in Meliponini and Apis workers.
Suspending disbelief—of Wynne‐Edwards and his reception
Authors: Pollock Gregory B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCritique of Wynne‐Edwards' views on population regulation and sociality suppose a population of discrete, mutually exclusive groups essential to his thought. Yet both his past and present work focus on continually distributed, philopatric populations; his critics have argued the untenability of a position never his own. Wynne‐Edwardsian ‘group selection’ focuses on local population productivity under philopatry. A ‘group’ is a local confluence of genotypes which need not be reified, and group selection consists of the differential replication (hence heritability) of the local social environment in which a genotype is embedded. Differential productivity contingent on social environment can eliminate some relational structures on genotypes in favor of others, creating an expanding wave of population productivity as in Wright's shifting balance metaphor. Such a process is inherent in the evolution of reciprocity, where cooperators must cluster to successfully invade a population of defectors. Regulation of resource exploitation in continuously distributed populations may be modeled as overlapping n‐person Prisoner's Dilemmas, where each individual participates in several distinct commons and defection represents local over‐exploitation of resources.
Morphological clines across a karyotypic zone of house mice in Central Italy
Authors: Corti Marco , Thorpe Roger S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMultivariate morphometric differentiation between chromosomal races of the mouse Mus domesticus in Central Italy was investigated using a population of 2n = 22 “CB” karyotype, three populations of standard 2n = 40 karyotype, five populations of 2n = 22 “CD” karyotype and three populations from the hybrid zone between the latter two karyotypes. Whilst populations of different karyotype generally have significantly different morphometry, canonical analysis does not reveal that the populations ordinate into distinct aggregations based on karyotype, largely because the 2n = 22 “CD” populations are so diverse. Nevertheless, canonical analysis does reveal a significant cline in morphology across the contact zone between the 2n = 40 and 2n = 22 “CD” mice. The nature of this transition, i. e. a cline 1. within the 2n = 40 range, 2. within the hybrid range (but unrelated to chromosome number) and 3. within the 2n = 22 “CD” range, tends to indicate that the morphometric divergence is due to adaptation to the different ecological regimes across which these mice are distributed rather than the phylogenetic divergence of the karyotypic races.
Timing of diapause in relation to temporally variable catastrophes
Authors: Taylor Fritz , Spalding John B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper analyses the response of the distribution of diapause switching times in an arthropod population with respect to variation in a catastrophe, which kills nondiapause individuals. For concreteness, the catastrophe will be taken to the onset of winter. The relationship between an individual's switching time and the decision whether to diapause is defined as follows: If she passes through the end of the sensitive period, during which the diapause decision is made, before her switching time, she will complete development and reproduce rather than diapause. If she passes through the sensitive period on or after her switching time, she will diapause. The model follows the evolution of the distribution of switching times for a population over a sequence of years. Random variation in the end of the season is created by sampling from a normal distribution of times at the end of the growing season. The model is for a haploid population in which the distribution of switching times that a female passes to her offspring is normally distributed having her switching time as its mean. This approximates a sexual population with strong positive assortative mating and heritability near 1. This mode of inheritance permits a rapid response to yearly changes in the end of the season as a contrast to earlier models, which incorporated a slow response. Patterns of temporal change in the median switching time are analyzed. The influences of three parameters are considered: the mean and standard deviation of the end of the season, and standard deviation of the offspring distribution.The main conclusion differs from the results of earlier models in that the end of the season must be extremely variable before the median of the distribution of switching times displays conservative behavior, i. e., before it becomes significantly earlier than the median expected when the end of the season is constant and equal to the mean of the normal distribution for the end of the season used in the simulation. Previous models predicted a conservative response even in moderately variable environments.
Genetics of sexual Ostracoda from a low Arctic site
Authors: Havel John E. , Hebert Paul D. N. , Delorme L. Denis 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMembers of the crustacean subclass Ostracoda show a high incidence of transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction. The cause of these shifts remains uncertain, perhaps because there have been few genetic studies on the group. The present study examined sex ratios and allozyme variation in 7 sexual species of ostracodes from ponds at a low Arctic site. Sex ratios in most species were strongly female‐biased. Detailed study of Cyprinotus glaucus indicated that sex ratios were heterogeneous among populations, but stable during juvenile‐adult development. Among 6 species, the proportion of polymorphic loci ranged from 0–33 %, and individual heterozygosities 0–14 %. Genotypic frequencies at polymorphic loci conformed to Hardy‐Weinberg expectations in all species, but gene frequency differences among local populations of C. glaucus suggest restricted gene flow for this passively‐dispersed species. Averaged over 5 species, approximately 27 % of the polymorphic loci were sex‐linked. Linkage relationships were variable, with an individual locus being sex‐linked in some species and autosomal in others.
Cytogenetic studies of Hynobiidae (Urodela). X Morphological variation of chromosome 10 in ten pond‐type Hynobius from Korea and Japan, with comments on phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Ikebe Chikako , Kuro‐o Masaki , Yamada Hiroyuki , Kohno Sei‐ichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have studied karyotypes of ten pond‐type Hynobius collected from 51 localities: H. leechii from Korea, and H. tsuensis, H. dunni, H. nebulosus, H. abei, H. tokyoensis, H. takedai, H. lichenatus, H. nigrescens and H. retardatus from Japan. C‐banding analyses have been performed on the specimens from 38 out of the 51 localities. Among the karyological variations observed, chromosome 10 showed intra‐ and interspecific variations in many species, which we considered suitable for phylogenetic analysis. Our phylogenetic inferences concerning the morphological variation of chromosome 10 in ten pond‐type Hynobius are summarized as follows: 1) similarity in the morphology and the amount of heterochromatin of chromosome 10 in species found in close geographic proximity to each other indicates a close phylogenetic relationship; 2) species distributed in widely separated geographic areas and yet with similar amounts of heterochromatin on chromosome 10 have conserved this chromosomal pattern from a common ancestor; 3) the main evolutionary changes of chromosome 10 are decreases in the C‐positive region and transformation of the biarmed type of this chromosome to the uniarmed type by a pericentric inversion involving the C‐positive region.
Genetic analysis of ecologically relevant morphological variability in Plantago lanceolata L. VI The relation between allozyme heterozygosity and some fitness components*
Authors: Wolff Kirsten , Haeck Jaap 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDemographic characters and allozyme variability were studied in a hayfield population of P. lanceolata. From 1978 until 1987 all plants present in 15 permanent quadrats of 40 × 30 cm were observed with regard to year of origin and number of leaves, scapes and rosettes. In 1986 small parts of the leaves were sampled and used for electrophoresis. The genotypes for 10 allozyme loci were determined and correlations of heterozygosity and demographic characters were calculated. It appeared that the presence of scapes and the total number of scapes had significant positive correlations with heterozygosity. In some cases there was a positive correlation between number of leaves and heterozygosity, whereas there was no correlation between age and heterozygosity. In separate analyses of each allozyme locus, superiority of the heterozygote allozyme genotype was found in a number of cases. Therefore the overdominance hypothesis cannot be rejected.
Microevolution in predominantly clonal populations of pelagic Daphnia (Crustacea: Phyllopoda): Selection, exchange, and sex
Authors: Jacobs Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe study addresses the problem of gene pools and units of microevolution in mainly apomictic species. The genetic variation of Daphnia cucullata at the phosphoglucose‐isomerase locus was studied in 6 lakes for 3–6 consecutive years. The two most distant lakes were 12 km apart. All lakes were sampled once a year; in one of the lakes (Klostersee), the main basin (WT) and the largest bay (WB, volume 1/7 of WT) were sampled every month for 2½ years.Three alleles and all six expected genotypes were found. Spatial differentiation was substantial, indicating lake‐specific selection. There was a geographic gradient of allele frequencies without an apparent environmental gradient, suggesting exchange processes. Genotype frequencies in WB and WT showed marked fluctuations. They differed consistently between the two parts of the lake yet were highly correlated. The correlation was best if the WB frequencies were allowed to lag about one month behind the WT frequencies. This is to be expected if bay and basin experience different selection pressures but exchange parts of their populations, which requires some time. No parallel time lags were observed in environmental or demographic parameters. There was a significant correlation between fecundity (eggs/female) and genotype frequency, suggesting clone‐specific differences in fitness.Biparental reproduction was very rare and superimposed on a continuum of parthenogenesis. Deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg proportions were common and significant unless one allele was predominant. The direction of deviation of a given genotype frequency was usually the same in all lakes, suggesting overall differences in fitness between genotypes apart from lake‐specific conditions of selection.Heterozygote excess dominated. Biparental reproduction appears to be unimportant for the observed changes in genotype frequencies. The populations behave as if they are composed of independent clones. The main function of biparental reproduction may be the occasional replenishment of genotypic diversity and dispersal via resting eggs. The smallest local entities with distinct selection characteristics seem to be sections of lakes, but microevolution may involve several lakes because of exchange processes.
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. III. Genetic correlations and fluctuating asymmetries
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M. , Caplan Roberta L. , Lyman Richard F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined the relationship of three aspects of development, phenotypic plasticity, genetic correlations among traits, and developmental noise, for thorax length, wing length, and number of sternopleural bristles in Drosophila melanogaster. We used 14 lines which had previously been selected on either thorax length or plasticity of thorax length in response to temperature. A half‐sib mating design was used and offspring were raised at 19° C or 25° C. We found that genetic correlations were stable across temperatures despite the large levels of plasticity of these traits. Plasticities were correlated among developmentally related traits, thorax and wing length, but not among unrelated traits, lengths and bristle counts. Amount of developmental noise, measured as fluctuating asymmetry and within‐environmental variation, was positively correlated with amount of plasticity only for some traits, thorax length and bristle number, and only at one temperature, 25° C.
Cytoplasmic incompatibilities in the mosquito Culex pipiens: How to explain a cytotype polymorphism?*
Authors: Rousset François , Raymond Michel , Kjellberg Finn 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough cytoplasmic incompatibilities have been used as a means of eradicating the mosquito Culex pipiens, the population dynamics of these sterilities in relation to the coexistence of multiple incompatible cytotypes in a single area has not been investigated, except in the case of two unidirectionally incompatible cytotypes. An analytical model of the evolution of n cytotypes in an infinite panmictic population has been developed in order to investigate polymorphic equilibrium. A necessary criterion for the stability of such an equilibrium is established; it is shown that a stable polymorphism cannot exist between incompatible cytotypes. This result is discussed in the light of population dynamics and genetics of Culex pipiens, and of our present knowledge on incompatibilities. The consequences of a geographic structuring and of homogamy are considered. A careful reconsideration of previous experimental results disclosed probable nuclear effects and a serious experimental weakness: with the common procedure of backcrossing hybrid females to males of constant genotype it is not possible to rule out probable nuclear effects with paternal expression. It is concluded that incompatibilities in Culex pipiens may have a nuclear‐cytoplasmic determinism.
Resource allocation to growth, reproduction and survival in Gladiolus : The cost of male function
Authors: Rameau Catherine , Gouyon Pierre‐Henri 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTheoretical models of life‐history evolution assume trade‐offs between present and future reproduction and/or survival. Models of the evolution of sex assume trade‐offs between male function and female function. Generally, experiments designed to evaluate the cost of reproduction on other functions tend to ignore male function. The present work on Gladiolus takes into account simultaneously the different primary functions of the plant and separates sexual reproduction into one male component (pollen production) and one female component (seed production).The study of environmental (within‐clone), between‐clone and genetic correlations using strains of Gladiolus and principal component analysis show that trade‐offs exist between male function, female function and survival, including both characters of plant vigour, perennation (corm production) and vegetative propagation (cormel production). Phenotypic correlations, using different species and species‐hybrids, have been obtained which confirm these results. In particular, these results underline the importance of the impact of pollen production on the other functions.