bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afterword (2005)
Authors: Ruthven Malise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the previous edition of this book went to press in 1999, the world has seen momentous eruptions in the relations between the Islamic and western worlds, as well as within the Islamic world. On Septem ber 11, 2.001 a group of Arab terrorists hijacked three airliners on do mestic flights in the United States and crashed them into the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon building near Washing ton, D.C., killing just under three thousand people. A fourth plane thought to have been intended for the White House or Capitol crashed on empty ground in Pennsylvania after a group of passengers, alerted by cell-phones, overcame the hijackers and forced the plane down, killing everyone on board. Spurred into action by the first external attack on the US mainland since the British burned the White House in the war of 1812., the US government, with widespread international support, declared war on the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The Taliban were the known protectors of al-Qaeda, the ‘Foundation’ or ‘Base’ - an international terrorist network overseen and funded by Osama bin Laden, a member of a wealthy and influential Saudi Yemeni family. Prior to 9/11, al-Qaeda had mounted several attacks on US targets in Arabia and East Africa, including the suicide bombing of the USS Cole in Aden harbour in October 2.000, and the devas tating attacks on the US Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, causing hundreds of deaths, most of them Kenyans and Tanzanians. Although bin Laden avoided claiming responsibility for these attacks, he praised the hijackers in interviews in the Muslim press and on videos delivered to the independent al-Jazeera channel in Qatar, seeing 9/11 as divine retribution for American atrocities against Muslims.’
Reconstruction, 1865–1876
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wars, even decisive ones such as the American Civil War, often raise as many questions as they settle. In the spring of 1865, victory by the United States made it clear that states could not successfully claim a constitutional right to secede from the Union. None have tried in the century and a half since. Also, the defeat of the Confederacy sealed the fate of slavery. President Abraham Lincoln had fought the war primarily to save the Union rather than to destroy slavery, but in the fall of 1862, seeing the importance of linking his cause and freedom for the enslaved, he had announced his intention of freeing all bonds- men behind Confederate lines as of January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation freed virtually no slaves on the day that Lincoln issued it, but as Union troops advanced so did freedom. Winning the war and freeing the slaves, however, raised two new issues. First, how and on whose terms would the defeated states be returned to full membership in the Union? Second, what would be the place of former slaves, now freedmen, in southern society? Did freedom bring full citizenship, including the right to vote and hold office? Would the former slaves be given any economic assistance in establishing themselves as freedmen? These questions—restoration to the Union and the status of freedmen—dominated the years of Reconstruction from 1865 to 1876 and left an indelible stamp on Texas to this day.
World War II and the Rise of Modern Texas, 1941–1971
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War II brought economic recovery to the United States and left the nation in 1945 a productive giant possessing military power on an unprecedented scale. Obviously, the war unsettled virtually every aspect of life across the United States, but nowhere was its effect more dramatic than in Texas. The state’s economy recovered and never looked back as diversification increasingly became the rule. Population growth, slowed notably by the Great Depression, resumed, and a gain of more than 1.2 million residents during the war decade brought the total to 7,711,194 by 1950. This increase came in spite of the fact that a good many black Texans left the state for work in California and northern cities during the 1940s. By 1950 the state’s 977,458 African Americans represented only 13 percent of all Texans. Departing blacks were replaced, however, by a rising Mexican American population that reached ap- proximately one million in 1950. More and more Texans moved into towns and cities, and the urban population rose from 45 to 60 percent, the largest increase during any decade in the state’s history. Essentially, then, Texas entered World War II a largely impoverished, rural, agricultural state and emerged from the war decade thriving and far more urbanized and alized than ever before. The foundation for these changes was in place prior to 1941, of course, but the war provided the impetus for spectacular growth.
Rebels and Saints: The Middle Class and Church Reform
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Into the secular public spaces that had begun to emerge in the urban centers in the 1930s, mostly in Cairo and Alexandria, had come an influx of young Copts attracted by the prospects of a modern education. These middle-class Copts of recent rural origin, principally from Upper Egypt, the home of 70 percent of Egypt’s Christians, vacillated between two competing modalities of solidarity: the religious one offered by the clergy, with the church as the communal meeting place, and the secular one offered by the Coptic upper class, with a political party (the Wafd) as the nexus connecting Coptic youth to each other. These young men from Egypt’s villages and small towns were profoundly religious. They were shocked by the contempt of the upper class Wafdist leaders for the clergy whom they venerated. But, at the same time, they were fascinated by their western lifestyle and by the western-style reforms they advocated. Little by little, they allowed themselves to become seduced by the prospect of equality dangled before them by the Wafd Party, which featured such a visible upper-class Coptic presence among its leadership.
“The Glorious and the Sacred”: Bishop Moses and the Socialization of the Young
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing presence of militant Islamic groups within the universities and the growing friction between them and the Christian students caused the latter to turn increasingly to the church for support. Previously, the Coptic university groupings known as Usar jami’ryah Qibt[yyah (Coptic university families) had led a fairly autonomous existence. They were created in the fifties by the Sunday School generation. Their founder, Dr. Shafik Abdal-Malik, had grounded them in Cairo’s faculty of medicine. He had encouraged the organization of Christian students there, for the purposes of excursions and collective prayers, but also for mutual aid in saving front seats in the crowded university lecture halls, assembling study groups for review before exams, and for photocopying and distributing learning materials. This kind of solidarity and this model of organization had then been transplanted to the other faculties and university towns, thanks to the efforts of the Sunday School generation.
Eros & Greek Athletics
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient Greek athletics offer us a clear window on many important aspects of ancient culture, some of which have distinct parallels with modern sports and their place in our society. Ancient athletics were closely connected with religion, the formation of young men and women in their gender roles, and the construction of sexuality. Eros was, from one perspective, a major god of the gymnasium where homoerotic liaisons reinforced the traditional hierarchies of Greek culture. But Eros in the athletic sphere was also a symbol of life-affirming friendship and even of political freedom in the face of tyranny. Greek athletic culture was not so much a field of dreams as a field of desire, where fervent competition for honor was balanced by cooperation for common social goals. Eros and Greek Athletics is the first in-depth study of Greek body culture as manifest in its athletics, sexuality, and gender formation. In this comprehensive overview, Thomas F. Scanlon explores when and how athletics was linked with religion, upbringing, gender, sexuality, and social values in an evolution from Homer until the Roman period. Scanlon shows that males and females made different uses of the same contests, that pederasty and athletic nudity were fostered by an athletic revolution beginning in the late seventh century B.C., and that public athletic festivals may be seen as quasi-dramatic performances of the human tension between desire and death. Accessibly written and full of insights that will challenge long-held assumptions about ancient sport, Eros and Greek Athletics will appeal to readers interested in ancient and modern sports, religion, sexuality, and gender studies.
Introduction
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western scholars have in recent years grown justifiably reluctant to make sweeping generalizations about the character of Chinese or Eastern thought. Not only is most of the history of Chinese thought complicated by the presence of such “alien” traditions as Buddhism, but the pre-Buddhist tradition has shown itself to be much more complicated and multifaceted than once was thought. For example, the reconstruction of previously lost works such as the later Mohist canons has made less convincing the often-heard claim that “the Chinese” were not interested in problems of logic or language, while the renewed interest in the thought of Xunzi has shown the classical Confucian tradition to be much more complicated than the received, neo-Confucian account of Mencius as the sole orthodox successor to Confucius would have it. Nonetheless, our increasingly sophisticated conception of early Chinese thought allows us to continue to maintain some generalizations, paramount among which is the claim that Chinese thinkers were interested primarily in practical rather than theoretical questions. While there was a certain amount of debate between various schools concerning such theoretical questions as, for instance, what the good life for humans might be, the primary focus of early Chinese thinkers remained the problem of how to become good. The sort of knowledge that was therefore valued was not abstract knowledge that the good was to be defined in a certain way, but concrete knowledge concerning how to act in a way that was good, and the various schools customarily defended their positions not by theoretical argument but by pointing to exemplars who personified their values or by focusing on the practical implications of their own and others’ theories. Similarly, with regard to ethical standards, these thinkers appeal not to a set of maxims or abstract principles but rather to something resembling Aristotle’s “good person” criterion—that is, the concrete model provided by teachers or exemplars from the past.
Wu-wei as Conceptual Metaphor
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before elucidating the conceptual structure of wu-wei as metaphor, I will first explain what is meant by “conceptual metaphor,” and this will require a brief introduction to a subfield of cognitive linguistics 1 concerned with metaphor theory. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor Contemporary metaphor theory is perhaps most familiar to the general academic public through the works of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who see themselves as being engaged in a kind of “descriptive or empirical phenomenology” aimed at sketching out a “geography of human experience” (Johnson 1987: xxx—viii). One of the basic tenets of the contemporary approach to metaphor is that human cognition-the production, communication, and processing of meaning—is heavily dependent upon mappings between domains, with “mapping” understood as “a correspondence between two sets that assigns to each element in the first a counterpart in the second” (Fauconnier 1997:1) Another tenet is that the process of human cognition is independent of language, and that linguistic manifestations of cross-domain mappings are merely manifestations of deeper cognitive processes.
scientific Revolutions
Authors: Dyson Freeman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Randall was in 1939 a thirty-four-year-old English physicift who had made an undiffinguished career in solidstate physics. He was generally considered to be a hard worker but not very bright.
In September 1939 England was suddenly faced with a deadly enemy in the person of Adolf Hitler. England was miserably unprepared to defend itself against bombing or against air-supported invasion. The primitive radar system deployed around the English coast used meter-wave transmitters. These were then the only transmitters powerful enough to produce detectable echoes from an aircraft a hundred miles away.
Technology & Social Justice,
Authors: Dyson Freeman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985 I gave a series of lechires in Scotland, and the lechires were published in a book with the title Infinite in All Direclions. One of the chapters, “The Twenty first Century,” contained my guesses for the most important things to come. It included my lift of the three most: important technologies for the coming century: genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, and space travel. Now that the coming century is almost: here, things look different. The twenty-first century has moved from the far to the near future. My prediaions are less concerned with the long run and more concerned with the short run; In the short run, space travel is a joke. We look at the bewildered cosmonauts struggling to survive in the Mir space station.
The Conception Of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the 1970s, the expression “sexual harassment” was not in use; how ever, behavior of the sort that would later be labeled sexual harassment existed. Evidence for the existence of this behavior is found in documents, narratives, articles, and books about women and work, as well as in legal records. Some scholars have begun examining historical materials for in stances of the sorts of behaviors that are now being called sexually harassing, though there is a great deal of work still to be done in this area.
The Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On january 2, 1893, the aging Frederick Douglass delivered an eloquent speech dedicating the Haitian Pavilion at the Chicago World’s Fair, or “Columbian Exposition.” As a recent United States minister and consul general to Haiti and as an Exposition Commissioner of the Haitian government, Douglass had helped to plan the exhibits of the pavilion, which he called, following the Puritan John Winthrop (and, from the New Testament, Matthew 5:14) “a city set upon a hill.” If few white Americans associated Haiti with a beacon of hope and salvation, it was a stroke of brilliance for the world’s most famous former slave to reverse popular imagery regarding a famous part of the islands Columbus had “discovered” four centuries earlier.
Thin Concepts to the Rescue: Thinning the Concepts of Epistemic Justification and Intellectual Virtue
Authors: Battaly Heather D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of contemporary analytic epistemology has been devoted to analyzing the concept of epistemic justification and providing necessary and sufficient conditions for its application. But, despite our best efforts, there has been persistent and widespread disagreement about these conditions, much of which appears to be irresolvable. Indeed, rival analyses have fueled the now notorious debate between internalists, who place accessibility requirements on justification, and externalists, who reject such requirements. At best, our analysis of justification has led to a stalemate, at worst to conceptual turmoil.
Recovering Corning: A Return to the Spirit of Specialty Materials
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creating the “more embracing system” that former Corning chairman Amory Houghton Jr. had called for in the late 1960s proved to be no small matter; in fact, it was the work of more than one generation of managers. To generate a structure that could renew itself for creative purposes, even as Corning became a multibillion dollar company, involved institutionalizing innovation in its broadest sense: taking it out of the realm of technology alone and making it an activity that pervaded every part of the company.
Makers of Contemporary Lslam
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the development of contemporary Islamic movements and thought through the biographies of nine major activist intellectuals whose work povides the core of what the Islamic resurgence became in the 1990s, and is an important foundation for what it can become in the 21st century. By profiling nine such internationally recognised figures this volume provides a new understanding of the intellectual foundations of contemporary Islamic awareness and politics. The nine figures covered are: Ismail al-Faruqi, Khurshid Ahmad, Maryam Jameelah, Hasan Hanafi, Rashid Ghannoushi, Hasan al-Turabi, Abdol Karim Soroush, Anwar Ibrahim, and Abdurrahman Wahid. These nine have contributed to some of the most significant intellectual and activist developments in the Muslim world during the 1980s and 1990s - the period during which Islamic movements became a major force in Muslim societies and international affairs. They represent a distinctive phase in the evolution of Islamic thinking: the ongoing effort to create an effective synthesis of modernity and Islamic tradition.
Introduction: Muslim Activist Intellectuals and Their Place in History
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates challenged the thinking of Athenians in the classical age and Confucius attempted to bring a new vision of society to the “Warring States” of China. Luther’s concepts and visions altered Western Christendom, and Lenin’s combination of intellectualism and activism transformed world history in the twentieth century. Throughout history, people of ideas who have become involved in the civic and political affairs of their day, as activist intellectuals, have attempted to play roles in the transformation of their societies. In the late twentieth century, a number of intellectuals in Muslim societies have played similar roles. They criticize existing institutions and mentalities and work to provide some alternative.
Khurshld Ahmad: Muslim Activist-Economist
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Islamic resurgence has put Islam in the headlines and drawn a great deal of scholarly as well as media coverage. While one man, the Ayatollah Khomeini, has come to be equated with the resurgence of Islam in the popular mind and imagination, in fact the reassertion of Islam in Muslim life is a broad-based, complex, multifaceted phenomenon that has embraced Muslim societies from Sudan to Sumatra. Its leaders and organizations are as varied as its manifestations. Contemporary Islamic revivalism has included a greater emphasis on religious identity and values in private and public life. As a result, organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Jamaat-i-Islami, that combine both the private and public emphases, best reflect the dynamism and leadership of contemporary Islam. Khurshid Ahmad of Pakistan is among the dominant figures in this select group. An early follower of Mawlana Mawdudi (1903-1979), the founder of the Jamaat-i-Islami, and a trained economist, Khurshid has been a leader of the Jamaat, a member of the cabinet and senate of Pakistan, a father of modern Islamic economics, and an internationally recognized Islamic activist.
Maryam Jameelah: A Voice of Conservative Islam
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, it has become more common to hear Muslim women’s voices in the public arena. However, if we look at twentieth-century Islam, Muslim discourse has been overwhelmingly dominated by male voices, from the Islamic modernism of Muhammad Abduh and his Salafiyya movement in the early twentieth century to the writings and activism of contemporary Islamic activists and movements; from the writings and speeches of the ulama to those of the many educated Muslim professionals who have increasingly employed Islamic rhetoric and symbolism to critique their societies and to plan a more indigenously rooted future. Maryam Jameelah is among the very few women who have crossed the gender gap. For several decades she has been a prolific voice in defense of traditional Islam. Her many books and articles have been translated into Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Bengali, and Bahasa Indonesia. At first glance, Maryam Jameelah would appear to be the most unlikely of Islamic voices, a New York-born American Jew.
Anwar Lbrahim: Activist Moderate
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Anwar Ibrahim organized a demonstration in Kuala Lumpur in 1980, he and his supporters were called “Malaysia’s own Islamic zealots.” Other observers at the time identified the organization he led as one of the largest “fundamentalist” groups in the country. Eighteen years later, when Anwar Ibrahim was tried in a highly visible court case on a variety of politically inspired charges, those charges did not include leading a religious opposition movement. He had been serving as deputy prime minister of Malaysia. Analysts spoke of him as “an unabashed globalist well suited to the modern world of markets and media,” and many spoke of him as a “liberal.” Following his arrest, his supporters formed the Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party) under the leadership of his wife, Wan Azizah Ismail, in what many people recognized was the effort “to pick up the banner of Anwar’s struggling reformasi (reform) movement aimed at . . . ushering in an era of democracy and political openness.” This transformation from a “charismatic” leader of an Islamic “fundamentalist” group into a globalist liberal advocating Southeast Asian reformasi appears dramatic. However, the change is more a measure of the transformation the religiopolitical context, both globally and in Malaysia, than a reflection of a dramatic change in the faith and views of Anwar Ibrahim himself.6 As in many places, what was politically marginal in the r97os became main-stream by the end of the twentieth century.
At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Ear y Christian Ebionites and Marcionites
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that one of the ensured results of historical scholarship is that Jesus was a Jew may sound a bit trite, like saying that one of the assured results of modern science is that paper is combustible. Still, not even a century ago, the Jewishness of Jesus was a matter of real dispute among serious scholars of ancient Christianity. Moreover, throughout the history of the Christian church, even when Jesus’ Jewish identity has not been denied it has been compromised, overlooked, or ignored. No one who working in the field of New Testament scholarship today, however, sees Jesus’ Jewishness as contentious on the one hand or insignificant on the other. Jesus was Jewish, and any evaluation of his words, deeds, and fate needs to keep that constantly in mind.