bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the contexts of extreme jealousy
Authors: Sagarin Brad J. , Guadagno Rosanna E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractResearch on sex differences in jealousy using continuous measures sometimes reveals that women report more intense jealousy than men in response to both sexual and emotional infidelity. Two studies tested whether these findings might have stemmed from sex differences in the interpretation of the upper anchor of the jealousy scales (e.g., “extremely jealous”). In Study 1, women and men offered different types of exemplars when describing situations in which they felt extremely jealous. A significantly greater proportion of women than men reported feeling extreme jealousy in the context of romantic relationships. Additional results demonstrated that women and men confuse the terms “jealousy” and “envy,” although this confusion cannot account for the sex differences in the contexts of extreme jealousy. Study 2 demonstrated that the sex difference in the intensity of reported jealousy disappears if the upper anchor of the scale is modified to include specific contextual information (e.g., “as jealous as you could feel in a romantic relationship”).
When is negative emotion positive for relationships? An investigation of married couples and roommates
Authors: Sanford Keith , Rowatt Wade C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThree types of negative emotion (hard, soft, and fear based) were believed to be integral to functioning in close interpersonal relationships. Hard emotion includes feeling angry, soft emotion includes feeling sad or hurt, and fear‐based emotion includes feeling anxious or threatened. Married persons (studies 1 and 3) and college roommates (study 2) rated the extent to which they would feel different emotions in response to a variety of negative partner behaviors. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the distinction between the three types of emotion. Although hard and soft negative emotions were highly positively correlated, they had opposite effects when used to predict relationship functioning. After controlling for shared variance between the emotions, soft emotion was associated with positive relationship functioning (high satisfaction, low conflict, and low avoidance) and hard emotion was associated with negative relationship functioning (low satisfaction, high conflict, and high avoidance). In contrast, fear‐based emotion was strongly, positively, and uniquely associated with relationship anxiety.
The tendency to forgive in dating and married couples: The role of attachment and relationship satisfaction
Authors: Kachadourian Lorig K. , Fincham Frank , Davila Joanne 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGiven the positive benefits associated with interpersonal forgiveness, the current investigation examined the tendency to forgive in romantic relationships. Two studies tested the hypothesis that the tendency to forgive mediates the association between attachment models of self and other and relationship satisfaction in dating (n = 184) and marital relationships (n = 96). In addition, the extent to which the tendency to forgive predicts forgiveness of an actual transgression was examined among married couples. The tendency to forgive partially mediated the relation between model of other (relationship partner) and satisfaction for those in dating relationships and for husbands. For those in marital relationships, the tendency to forgive partially mediated the relation between model of self and satisfaction. In addition, for wives, endorsing a greater tendency to forgive was related to forgiveness of an actual transgression, regardless of the severity of that transgression. For husbands, endorsing a greater tendency to forgive was related to forgiveness of an actual transgression, but only for more severe transgressions. Results are discussed in terms of who is more likely to forgive and the role that the tendency to forgive plays in romantic relationships.
Anorexia Nervosa: A Transgenerational System Perspective
Authors: WHITE MICHAEL 
Published: August 2004

In this paper it is suggested that there is a link between the condition of anorexia nervosa and certain rigid and implicit family beliefs. These rigid and implicit beliefs are transmitted from one generation to the next and have a highly constraining effect on all family members. More specifically, these beliefs include role prescriptions that are applied to certain daughters. These daughters are vulnerable to the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.The goal of treatment is to challenge successfully the constraining influence of these beliefs. As such beliefs appear extraordinarily resistant to direct challenge, this is best achieved by rendering the beliefs and their specific consequences explicit to family members. An intervention procedure based on this approach is described and its application to “anorectic families” is demonstrated. The description is supported by transcripts of a family in treatment.
Family Boundaries in Transition: A Search for Alternatives
Authors: WOOD BEATRICE , TALMON MOSHE 
Published: August 2004

This paper attempts to clarify Minuchin's concept of family boundaries and to modify the original definition to one based on social systems concepts that are neutral with respect to pathology. The authors distinguish between logical and physical conceptualizations of “boundary” and differentiate the broad metaphor of family boundaries into proximity (i.e., interpersonal boundaries) and hierarchy (i.e., generational boundaries). Assuming that the nature of a relationship is reflected by the extent of overlap or sharing of interpersonal territories, Wood (14) adapted Goffman's (2) concept of territorial preserve to encompass six types of territories family members may share to a greater or lesser extent, reflecting the family's pattern of proximity. The family's hierarchy is reflected by who is “in charge,” parents or children.We explore the process of boundary reorganization in families in transition, offering a nonstatic and health‐oriented view of boundary permeability. Using the anthropological concept of “rite of passage,” we suggest an alternative view of stressful transitional events such as marriage and divorce.We illustrate with examples the reorganization of proximity and hierarchy that occurs during periods of transition.
The Death of Resistance
Authors: DE SHAZER STEVE 
Published: August 2004

For any conceptual distinction to be useful (5) within the field of family therapy, it needs to lead to some clear answers to the question: What does this distinction mean for clinical practice?The distinction between (a) the family‐as‐a‐system, and (b) family‐therapy‐as‐a‐system leads to a clinical perspective, or stance, that includes a focus on changing. Once this focus is clear, the therapist can help to create the expectation of changing and consequently promote changing. That is, techniques can be developed using positive feedback loops.1 Moreover, this distinction leads to a therapeutic stance in which not changing is a surprise.
The Remarried Family: An Annotated Bibliography, 1979–1982
Authors: BERGQUIST BEATRICE 
Published: August 2004

This bibliography was developed to provide professionals and interested others with a reference source for information on stepfamilies.The focus is on the remarried family and the characteristics common to its formation and integration.The bibliography is divided into six sections to facilitate easy reference. The sections are not mutually exclusive, however, and articles could be placed under more than one heading. The six sections are I. Demography/Legal Issues; II. Remarriage as a Transition; III. Remarriage Formation: Restructuring Relationships; IV. Children in Remarried Families; V. Treatment Issues; and VI. How‐To Books.To complete this project, the published research literature from 1979 through 1982 was searched under the subject headings of blended families, second marriages, remarried families, stepfamilies and reconstituted families. Regret is expressed for any overlooked material.
Summary of the Recommendations on Sexual Dysfunctions in Men
Authors: Lue Tom F. , Giuliano François , Montorsi Francesco , Rosen Raymond C. , Andersson Karl-Erik , Althof Stanley , Christ George , Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Hirsch Mark , Kimoto Yasasuke , Lewis Ronald , McKenna Kevin , MacMahon Chris , Morales Alvaro , Mulcahy John , Padma-Nathan Harin , Pryor John , De Tejada Inigo Saenz , Shabsigh Ridwan , Wagner Gorm 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Introduction
There are few published guidelines for the management of sexual dysfunctions in men and women, despite the prevalence and lack of attention to these problems. Disorders of sexual function in men include erectile dysfunction, orgasm/ejaculation disorders, priapism, and Peyronie's disease.

Aim
To provide evidence-based and expert-opinion consensus guidelines for the clinical management of men's sexual dysfunctions.

Methods
An International Consultation in collaboration with major urological and sexual medicine societies assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 consultation committees. Committee members established the scope and objectives for each chapter. Following intensive review of available data and publications, committees developed evidence-based guidelines in each area.

Main Outcome Measure
New algorithms and guidelines for assessment and treatment of men's sexual dysfunction were developed. The Oxford system of evidence-based review was systematically applied. Expert opinion was based on systematic grading of the medical literature, in addition to cultural and ethical considerations.

Results
Recommendations and guidelines for men's sexual dysfunction are presented. These guidelines were developed as evidence-based, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary in focus. For the clinical assessment and diagnosis of ED, a basic evaluation was recommended for all patients, with optional and specialized testing reserved for special cases. A new treatment algorithm is proposed. This algorithm provides a clinically relevant guideline for managing ED in the large majority of men. New treatment guidelines and algorithms are provided for men's orgasm and ejaculation disorders, including premature ejaculation, retrograde and delayed ejaculation. Finally, expert opinion-based guidelines for the clinical management of priapism and Peyronie's disease are provided.

Conclusions
Additional research is needed to validate and extend these guidelines. Nonetheless, this summary encompasses the recommendations concerning men's sexual dysfunctions presented at the 2nd International Consultation on Sexual Medicine in Paris, France, June 28–July 1, 2003.
Clinical Evaluation and Management Strategy for Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women
Authors: Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Rosen Raymond C. , Broderick Gregory , Clayton Anita , Cuzin Beatrice , Derogatis Leonard , Litwin Mark , Meuleman Eric , O'Leary Michael , Quirk Frances , Sadovsky Richard , Seftel Allen 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The optimal approach for identification and evaluation of the sexual problems in men and women in primary care or general medicine practice has not been consensed.

Aim
To provide recommendations/guidelines concerning state-of-the-art knowledge for clinical evaluation and management strategies in the evaluation and treatment of sexual dysfunction in men and women, emphasizing evidence-based medicine and a patient-centered framework.

Methods
An International Consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge in the respective sexual medicine topic represent the opinion of experts from five continents developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the Clinical Evaluation and Management Strategies Committee, there were 12 experts from five countries.

Main Outcome Measure
Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation and debate.

Results
Three concepts underlie sexual medicine management: (i) adoption of a patient-centered framework for evaluation and treatment; (ii) application of the principles of evidence-based medicine in diagnostic and treatment planning; and (iii) use of a unified management approach in men and women. When taken together, these three principles provide a balanced and integrated approach to sexual dysfunction management. Common algorithms for diagnosis and management of men and women with sexual dysfunction, brief sexual symptom checklists, basics in history and physical examination, indications for specialized referral and development of a follow-up strategy are presented.

Conclusions
More research is needed in understanding the role of evidence-based and patient-centered medicine in the clinical evaluation and management strategies of men and women with sexual dysfunction.
Disorders of Orgasm and Ejaculation in Men
Authors: McMahon Chris G. , Abdo Carmita , Incrocci Luca , Perelman Michael , Rowland David , Waldinger Marcel , Xin Zhong Cheng 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Ejaculatory/orgasmic disorders, common male sexual dysfunctions, include premature ejaculation, inhibited ejaculation, anejaculation, retrograde ejaculation and anorgasmia.

Aim
To provide recommendations/guidelines concerning state-of-the-art knowledge for management of ejaculation/orgasmic disorders in men.

Methods
An International Consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge in the respective sexual medicine topic represent the opinion of experts from five continents developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the Disorders of Ejaculation/Orgasm in Men Committee, there were nine experts from six countries.

Main Outcome Measure
Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation and debate.

Results
Premature ejaculation management is dependent upon etiology. When secondary to ED, etiology-specific treatment is employed. When lifelong, initial pharmacotherapy (SSRI, topical anesthesia, PDE5 inhibitors) is appropriate. When associated with psychogenic/relationship factors, behavioral therapy is indicated. When acquired, pharmacotherapy and/or behavioral therapies are preferred. Retrograde ejaculation, diagnosed with spermatozoa and fructose in centrifuged post-ejaculatory voided urine, is managed by education, patient reassurance, pharmacotherapy or bladder neck reconstruction. Men with anejaculation or anorgasmia have a biologic failure of emission and/or psychogenic inhibited ejaculation. Men with age-related penile hypoanesthesia should be educated, reassured and be instructed in revised sexual techniques which maximize arousal.

Conclusions
More research is needed in understanding management of men with ejaculation/orgasmic dysfunction.
Endocrine Aspects of Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Davis Susan R. , Guay André T. , Shifren Jan L. , Mazer Norman A. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Various endogenous hormones, including estrogen, testosterone, progesterone and prolactin, may influence female sexual function.

Aim
To provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of women with endocrinologic sexual difficulties.

Methods
The Endocrine Aspects of Female Sexual Dysfunction Committee was part of a multidisciplinary International Consultation. It included four experts from two countries and several peer reviewers.

Main Outcome Measure
Expert opinion was based on committee discussion, a comprehensive literature review and evidence-based grading of available publications.

Results
The impact of hormones on female sexual function and their etiological roles in dysfunction is complex. Research data are limited as studies have been hampered by lack of precise hormonal assays and validated measures of sexual function in women. Sex steroid insufficiency is associated with urogenital atrophy and may also adversely affect central sexual thought processes. Systemic estrogen/estrogen progestin therapy alleviates climacteric symptoms but there is no evidence that this therapy specifically improves hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Exogenous testosterone has been shown in small randomized controlled trials (RCT) to improve sexual desire, arousal and sexual satisfaction in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. However, as there is no biochemical measure that clearly identifies who to treat, use of exogenous testosterone should be considered only after other causes of HSDD have been excluded, such as depression, relationship problems and ill health. The clinical assessment of HSDD should include detailed medical, gynecologic, sexual and psychosocial history and physical examination including the external/internal genitalia. Hormonal therapy should be individualized and risks/benefits fully discussed, and all treated women should be carefully followed up and monitored for therapeutic side effects.

Conclusions
There is a need for prospective, multi-institutional clinical trials to define safe and effective endocrine treatments for female sexual dysfunction.
Standards for Clinical Trials in Male Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile Dysfunction and Rapid Ejaculation
Authors: Hirsch Mark , Donatucci Craig , Glina Sidney , Montague Drogo , Montorsi Francesco , Wyllie Michael 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The introduction of safe and effective therapies for sexual dysfunctions depend upon appropriate clinical protocol design, study procedures, data collection and analysis.

Aim
To provide recommendations/guidelines concerning state-of-the-art knowledge for standards for clinical trials in sexual dysfunction in men, particularly in the areas of erectile dysfunction and rapid ejaculation.

Methods
An International Consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge in the respective sexual medicine topic represent the opinion of experts from five continents developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the Standards for Clinical Trials in Male Sexual Dysfunction Committee, there were six experts from four countries.

Main Outcome Measure
Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation and debate.

Results
Drug development requires a multiphased approach. Phase 1 studies investigate multiple-dose safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic issues. Phase 2 programs explore dose ranging (lowest effective, maximally tolerated and toxic doses). Phase 3 trials provide the substantial evidence including drug–drug interaction data and studies in special populations. Clinical studies require validated outcome assessment instruments conducted in defined but representative patient populations. Daily diaries or per-event questionnaires are patient-reported outcomes that assist in retrospective questionnaire interpretation. A qualified biostatistician should calculate the sample power for the trial, type of statistical model and design employed, use of covariate or subgroup analyses, and calculation of effect sizes.

Conclusions
More research is needed in developing standards for use in the development of clinical trials and outcomes assessment researching either erectile dysfunction or rapid ejaculation.
Standards for Clinical Trials in Sexual Dysfunctions of Women: Research Designs and Outcomes Assessment
Authors: Heiman Julia R. , Guess Marsha K. , Connell Kathleen , Melman Arnold , Hyde Janet Shibley , Segraves R. Taylor , Wyllie Michael G. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Clinical trials on sexual dysfunctions in women are limited in spite of the fact that sexual dysfunctions are likely more common in women than in men. Currently there are no medications approved for treatment in women, and limited data on drug efficacy or psychological efficacy in well-controlled studies.

Aim
To provide recommendations/guidelines concerning state-of-the-art knowledge for the research design and outcome assessment standards for clinical trials in women's sexual dysfunctions.

Methods
An International Consultation in collaboration with the major urology and sexual medicine associations assembled over 200 multidisciplinary experts from 60 countries into 17 committees. Committee members established specific objectives and scopes for various male and female sexual medicine topics. The recommendations concerning state-of-the-art knowledge in the respective sexual medicine topic represent the opinion of experts from five continents developed in a process over a 2-year period. Concerning the Standards for Clinical Trials in Women's Sexual Dysfunctions Committee, there were seven experts from two countries.

Main Outcome Measure
Expert opinion was based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation and debate.

Results
A comprehensive update was created which included references and recommended guidelines for rationale and design of clinical trials, study populations, outcome assessments, protocol design and implementation, data analysis and reporting, as well as ethical and clinical issues related to sexual dysfunction research.

Conclusions
There is a need for more research in developing standards to be used when performing clinical trials and outcomes assessment research in sexual dysfunctions of women.
Salt-Inducible Multidrug Efflux Pump Protein in the Moderately Halophilic Bacterium
Chromohalobacter
sp
Authors: Tokunaga Hiroko , Mitsuo Kenjiro , Ichinose Sachiyo , Omori Akira , Ventosa Antonio , Nakae Taiji , Tokunaga Masao 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

It has been known that halophilic bacteria often show natural resistance to antibiotics, dyes, and toxic metal ions, but the mechanism and regulation of this resistance have remained unexplained. We have addressed this question by identifying the gene responsible for multidrug resistance. A spontaneous ofloxacin-resistant mutant derived from the moderately halophilic bacterium
Chromohalobacter
sp. strain 160 showed a two- to fourfold increased resistance to structurally diverse compounds, such as tetracycline, cefsulodin, chloramphenicol, and ethidium bromide (EtBr), and tolerance to organic solvents, e.g., hexane and heptane. The mutant produced an elevated level of the 58-kDa outer membrane protein. This mutant (160R) accumulated about one-third the level of EtBr that the parent cells did. An uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide
m
-chlorophenylhydrazone, caused a severalfold increase in the intracellular accumulation of EtBr, with the wild-type and mutant cells accumulating nearly equal amounts. The
hrdC
gene encoding the 58-kDa outer membrane protein has been cloned. Disruption of this gene rendered the cells hypersusceptible to antibiotics and EtBr and led to a high level of accumulation of intracellular EtBr. The primary structure of HrdC has a weak similarity to that of
Escherichia coli
TolC. Interestingly, both drug resistance and the expression of HrdC were markedly increased in the presence of a high salt concentration in the growth medium, but this was not observed in
hrdC
-disrupted cells. These results indicate that HrdC is the outer membrane component of the putative efflux pump assembly and that it plays a major role in the observed induction of drug resistance by salt in this bacterium.