bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The morphology of the intrinsic tongue musculature in snakes (Reptilia, ophidia): Functional and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Smith Kathleen K. , Mackay Kathleen A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTongue musculature in 24 genera of snakes was examined histologically. In all snakes, the tongue is composed of a few main groups of muscles. The M. hyoglossus is a paired bundle in the center of the tongue. The posterior regions of the tongue possess musculature that surrounds these bundles and is responsible for protrusion. Anterior tongue regions contain hyoglossal bundles, dorsal longitudinal muscle bundles and vertical and transverse bundles, which are perpendicular to the long axis of the tongue. The interaction of the longitudinal with the vertical and horizontal muscles is responsible for bending during tongue flicking. Despite general similarities, distinct patterns of intrinsic tongue musculature characterize each infraorder of snakes. The Henophidia are primitive; the Scolecophidia and Caenophidia are each distinguished by derived characters. These derived characters support hypotheses that these latter taxa are each monophyletic. Cylindrophis (Anilioidea) is in some characters intermediate between Booidea and Colubroidea. The condition in the Booidea resembles the lizard condition; however, no synapomorphies of tongue musculature confirm a relationship with any specific lizard family. Although the pattern of colubroids appears to be the most biomechanically specialized, as yet no behavioral or performance feature has been identified to distinguish them from other snakes.
Mastication in springhares, Pedetes capensis: A cineradiographic study
Authors: Offermans Marc , de Vree Frits 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnalysis of lateral and dorsoventral radiographic films shows that ingestion, transport, and mastication in Pedetes capensis (Rodentia) are cyclic and their movement patterns are essentially similar for the three food types offered. During the ingestion cycle, closing of the mouth is accompanied by a backward translation of the condyles, so that movement is predominantly orthal. During the opening stage, the extent of the anterior condylar translation is smaller. As a result the mandibular incisors move ventrally and posteriorly. During the ingestion cycles, food is transported to the back of the tongue, with the transverse rugae and the folds of the upper lip playing important roles.Springhares show a bilateral masticatory pattern; food is chewed on both sides simultaneously. During chewing, the condyles lie in their most forward position at maximum opening of the mouth. The mouth is closed by rotation of the lower jaw around the temporomandibular joint coupled with posterior condylar translation. At the beginning of the slow‐closing stage, the upward rotation of the mandible slows and the jaw slowly shifts forward. During the grinding stage, the mandible is shifted forward with both toothrows in occlusion. During the opening stage, the jaw returns to its starting position.Comparison of kinematic and anatomical data on rodent mastication suggests that some dental characteristics form the most important factors regulating the masticatory pattern and consequently allow reasonably reliable prediction of rodent masticatory patterns.
Surface ultrastructural changes in the gills of sockeye salmon (teleostei: Oncorhynchus nerka) during seawater transfer: Comparison of successful and unsuccessful seawater adaptation
Authors: Franklin Craig E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSockeye salmon were transferred rapidly from freshwater to seawater and the changes in gill morphology, in particular the distribution and sizes of chloride and mucous cells on the afferent filamental surface examined. Salmon that successfully adapted to seawater were compared with salmon that did not adapt to seawater and died as a consequence of osmoregulatory failure. The number of mucus cells (density), determined from scanning electron microscopy, increased significantly after seawater challenge. A greater increase in mucus cell density occurred in the salmon that failed to adapt to seawater. Light microscopy of transverse sections of gills detected no difference in mucus cell numbers after seawater challenge. It is proposed that mucus cells that lie just beneath the gill epithelium are activated in response to the seawater challenge, and migrate and open onto the epithelium. Freshwater‐adapted salmon that had low densities of chloride cells prior to the seawater challenge failed to adapt, whereas salmon that had high densities of chloride cells adapted successfully to seawater. In the latter, the density of chloride cells on the afferent surface decreased after 30 days in seawater. The apical surface of the chloride cells of freshwater‐adapted sockeye were either smooth or covered with microvilli. A greater proportion of microvilli‐covered chloride cells occurred in the freshwater‐adapted salmon that subsequently adapted to seawater.
Ultrastructure of nuchal organs in some marine polychaetes
Authors: Rhode Birgit 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPolychaetes normally possess one pair of nuchal organs at the posterior edge of the prostomium or peristomium. They have been regarded as chemosensory organs. The nuchal organs of four marine polychaete species with different habits were investigated by electron microscopy.Although the shapes of nuchal organs can vary greatly from simple ciliary bands (Scolelepis squamata, Spionidae) to retractile tongue‐like, piston‐ or finger‐shaped forms (Eteone longa, Anaitides mucosa, Phyllodocidae; Heteromastus filiformis, Capitellidae), the structural components, including the ciliated supporting cells, sensory cells, and nuchal epidermal cells, are essentially similar. The differences basically concern 1) the position of the sensory cells with relation to the ciliated supporting cells, 2) the location and structure of the nuchal nerve, and 3) the structure of the nuchal cuticle.The diverging nature of this modified cuticle is described and discussed in detail. Comparisons are made with the fine structure of nuchal organs of other polychaete species. Similarities of cellular components of nuchal organs are found not only in the four species studied here but also in all nuchal organs investigated so far. This is hypothesized to be due to the fact that the polychaete stem species already possessed nuchal organs with the respective cell types. Differences in the number and distribution of cellular components and in the overall shape of nuchal organs are thought to have evolved in correlation with the equipment of other cephalic appendages and with different habits and modes of nutrition.
Observations and comments on the reliability of muscle reconstruction in fossil vertebrates
Authors: Bryant Harold N. , Seymour Kevin L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInCanisandUrsusthe largest proportion of attachments of muscles of the shoulder and brachium on the scapula and humerus is direct; fewer attachments are aponeurotic or tendinous. In both genera most attachments can be associated with superficial osteological features (scars or delimitable surfaces); attachments that lack such features are direct. Most aponeurotic attachments are associated with rugose scarring whereas tendinous attachments are often associated with smooth surfaces. Although most attachments can be associated with osteological features the areal extent of attachment is often not inferrable from the bone. The inference of muscle size or functional significance from osteological features is problematic. The amount of myological information that can be deciphered from the osteology inCanisandUrsusis greater than that reported for particular members of other vertebrate groups which suggests that there may be differences in the degree to which muscles can be reconstructed from superficial osteology alone. Nonetheless, even in mammals such as the Carnivora, detailed muscular reconstructions in extinct taxa cannot be achieved without reference to the musculature of extant relatives. Such reconstructions rely on assumptions, that often have not been adequately tested, regarding the similarity of musculature in closely related taxa. This testing and well corroborated hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship are essential for the evaluation of the accuracy of reconstructions of the musculature in fossil vertebrates.
Changes in the arrangement of the extracellular matrix, larval shape, and mesenchyme cell migration during asteroid larval development
Authors: Crawford Bruce J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWhen fixed in the presence of alcian blue, extracellular matrix (ECM) in the embryonic asteroid blastocoel can be visualized by light and electron microscopy as a fibrous meshwork encrusted with alcianophilic material. In early to mid‐gastrulae, the ECM is associated with the basal laminae underlying the ectoderm and endoderm. It also forms a fibrous meshwork between them in the posterior part of the blastocoel. In early larvae, when mesenchyme cells arrive at the esophagus to differentiate into smooth muscle, very little ECM is associated with the stomach region. In contrast, a meshwork of long ECM strands radiates from the esophageal basal lamina which connects to a dense ECM web associated with the inner aspect of the dorsal ectoderm. This dorsal web is associated, in turn, with numerous long ECM strands which run parallel to the stomodeum. The strands located between the esophagus and the ectoderm appear when the mouth and coeloms form and may be responsible for a constriction of the ectoderm that forms in this region. During late gastrula one population of mesenchyme cells becomes associated with the esophageal region and differentiates into muscle. Most of the other mesenchyme cells stop migrating through the esophageal web at this time. Less alcianophilic material is associated with the esophageal basal lamina, and the ECM adjacent to the esophagus in the late gastrula and early bipinnaria larvae. The arrangement of the ECM elements suggests that they could be involved in controlling the migration of mesenchyme cells, particularly those destined for the esophagus.
Ultrastructural study of hemocytes and phagocytes associated with hemolymphatic vessels in the hepatopancreas of Palaemonetes zariquieyi (Crustacea, Decapoda)
Authors: Sagristà E. , Durfort M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUltrastructural and cytochemical studies of the hepatopancreatic hemal space of Palaemonetes zariquieyi revealed the presence of three cell types: 1) hemocytes containing spherical and elongated granules, also localized in heart and the branchial hemal space; 2) cells containing lipidic inclusions and sub‐polyhedric granules with a paracrystalline component; and 3) phagocytic cells surrounding hemal vessels, exhibiting positive acid phosphatase reactivity in the Golgi complex and lysosomes. Possible functions of these cell types are discussed.
The early embryonic development of the jumping bristletail Pedetontus unimaculatus machida (Hexapoda: Microcoryphia, Machilidae)
Authors: Machida Ryuichiro , Nagashima Takayuki , Ando Hiroshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe early development of Pedetontus unimaculatus from maturation to germ rudiment formation has been described by light and electron microscopy. Newly laid eggs of P. unimaculatus are in the metaphase of the first maturation division, and two successive maturation divisions produce two polar bodies. Nuclear divisions up to the eighth or ninth are accompanied by cytoplasmic divisions, and are holoblastic. Each resulting blastomere contains a single nucleus. Most cleavages are radial, but a few are tangential resulting in the formation of primary yolk nuclei. After the eighth or ninth nuclear division, cytoplasmic divisions are restricted to the egg periphery, and these later cleavages are superficial. Boundaries of blastomeres gradually disappear. Nuclei, which settle in the peripheral cytoplasm, proliferate and differentiate into blastoderm cells, and they also give rise to secondary yolk nuclei. A posterior circular region of blastoderm thickens and concentrates to form a germ rudiment 50–100 μm in diameter. During the formation of a germ rudiment the serosal cuticle begins to form.A similar pattern of cleavage was observed in other species of the Machilidae belonging to four genera in two subfamilies (Machilinae, genus Haslundichilis; Petrobiinae, genera Pedetontus, Pedetontinus, Petrobiellus). The cleavage pattern of the machilids closely resembles that found in the myriapod groups, the Symphyla, Diplopoda, ana Pauropoda, as well as in the apterygote Collembola, but it differs from the purely superficial cleavage pattern characteristic of the apterygote Thysanura sensu stricto (Zygentoma) and the Pterygota.It is concluded 1) that the pattern of early total cleavage changing later to superficial cleavage is a plesiomorphic character for the Antennata, and 2) that the purely superficial pattern is an apomorphic character within the Hexapoda.
The relationship of book lung and tracheal systems in the spider family uloboridae
Authors: Opell Brent D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe book lung surface areas of representatives of six genera were measured and divided by spider prosomal and leg mass and by the product of prosomal length and width to obtain two indexes of book lung area. Both indexes are greatest in species that have the simplest tracheal systems and smallest in those with the most extensive tracheal systems. When species are ordered phylogenetically and the lung area indexes of their hypothetical ancestors computed, a transformational increase in lung area is indicated. Neither the lung area of a species nor its phylogenetic position is significantly related to the general moisture regime of its habitat. The number of leaves in a book lung is positively correlated with both spider size and total lung area. However, leaf number is not correlated with tracheal development and shows no transformational change.
Control of gastropod shell form via apertural growth rates
Authors: Hutchenson J. M. C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses and corrects ideas in Løvtrup and Løvtrup (J. Morphol. 197:53–62, '88) on how differential growth rates around the aperture cause the gastropod shell to coil at particular angles. The relationship between position relative to the shell apex and growth rate is derived. This lets us understand what information on relative growth rates around the aperture is sufficient to determine the shape of the logarithmic spiral that these growth rates generate. I argue that differential growth rates could not be physiologically controlled precisely enough to regulate apical angle; they passively follow, not actively direct, shell shape.
The digestive system of the lobster, Homarus americanus: II. Terminal hepatic arterioles of the digestive gland
Authors: Factor Jan Robert , Naar Michele 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe digestive gland (midgut gland, hepatopancreas) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus (Decapoda: Nephropidae), is supplied with blood by the hepatic artery. Numerous branches, ending in terminal hepatic arterioles, permeate the organ and discharge blood into the hemal sinuses. Histological and ultrastructural studies show the arterioles to be elongate tubes that lie in the hemal spaces, interspersed among the digestive tubules of the digestive gland. The terminal hepatic arterioles comprise three distinct populations of cells: endothelial cells form the wall of the blood vessel; hemocytes circulate through the lumen of the vessel; and fixed phagocytes are attached to the outer surface of the endothelium. In addition, extracellular membranes form an endothelial intima that lines the lumen and a perforated membrane that covers the outer surface of the arteriole.
The digestive system of the lobster, Homarus americanus: III. Removal of foreign particles from the blood by fixed phagocytes of the digestive gland
Authors: Factor Jan Robert , Beekman Judith 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe digestive gland (midgut gland, hepatopancreas) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus (Decapoda: Nephropidae), is permeated with terminal arterioles of the hepatic artery. Fixed phagocytes associated with the terminal hepatic arterioles removed two types of non‐biogenic, foreign particles (carbon particles and latex beads) that were injected into the blood. These cells play an important role in the cell‐mediated immunity of lobsters.
Venom apparatus and toxicity of the centipede Ethmostigmus rubripes (Chilopoda, Scolopendridae)
Authors: Ménez André , Zimmerman Kenneth , Zimmerman Shantay , Heatwole Harold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe venom apparatus of Ethmostigmus rubripes, a generalized predator, consists of the telopodites of the postcephalic segment, the basal article of which contains the venom gland. Within the gland, venom granules are concentrated in intracellular secretory granules, from which they are discharged into vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells and thereafter by exocytosis into the lumen of the gland. A venom duct carries venom to the venom claw, which introduces it into prey via a subterminal pore on the outer curvature of the claw. Pits containing pegs, presumed to be sensory, are concentrated near grooves leading to a cutting ridge proximal to the point of the claw. The venom is toxic both to mammals and insects.
Topography and mechanics of the cupula in the fish lateral line. I. Variation of cupular structure and composition in three dimensions
Authors: Kelly James P. , van Netten Sietse M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cupula of the supraorbital neuromast in the lateral line canal of the clown knifefish contains vertical columns. In the central region of the cupula overlying the macula, these columns are densely packed, are relatively constant in size, and run from the base of the cupula to the surface of the cupula which is exposed to canal fluid. There are two types of columns, dark and light, which form elliptical compartments in planes of section that cut across the columns; the cupula therefore has the appearance of mosaic tile in such sections. The dark compartments contain tubules that extend from the base of the cupula at the junction with the macula to the top of the cupula. Each tubule is associated with the kinocilium of a single hair cell. The lateral parts of the cupula, not overlying the macula, also contain compartments, but these compartments differ in size and structure from those in the central region. In addition to the compartments, the central region of the cupula also contains spherical aggregates of droplets. These small aggregates, termed mora, are found principally in a layer within the central region of the cupula, but are also found outside this layer. Because of their light‐reflecting properties, the mora can be used for noninvasive optical measurements in vivo of the motion of the cupula.
Finite element analysis of a double membrane tube (DMS‐tube) and its implication for gastropod shell morphology
Authors: Morita Rihito 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMolluscan shells, including those of Gastropoda, are formed by accretionary growth at the mantle edge. The mantle is a thin membrane of skirt‐like shape, which extends minutely beyond the aperture, and its edge adds a shell increment to the aperture margin so that each increment copies a configuration of the mantle edge at that time. Thus, regulation of shell morphogeny is almost equivalent to the factors which control the mantle form at the moment of shell growth. Form of the mantle skirt is considered to be kept in a state of balance between the force of its internal stress and forces acting on it such as fluid pressure or muscle contraction.The expansion behavior of the mantle skirt has been numerically analyzed by using an elastic model (DMS‐tube), which represents the fundamental structure of the mantle tissue as a double membrane structure with internal springs (DMS). Four characteristic expansion patterns of the DMS‐tube have been detected: (1) general outward expansion; (2) developing a ridge‐like fold on an initial longitudinal protrusion of the tube edge; (3) drastic shift of the expanded state from a uniformly curved to an elliptical shape in outline, owing to the existence of a fixed boundary condition on the tube wall; and (4) constricted protrusion on the open region of the shell wall surrounding the DMS‐tube. These results have the potential for answering the following questions relating to the morphogenesis of gastropod shells. How does the mantle skirt usually make contact with the inner surface of the shell wall so as to ensure continuous accretion of shell materials to the aperture margin? What is the cause of spiral ridges? Why do open coiling or minimally overlapping shells have generally circular apertures, while shells with apertures overlapped by whorls have non‐uniformly curved apertural lips? What is the cause of long closed spines and why do they always appear on spiral ridges?
Mechanical constraints on aperture form in gastropods
Authors: Morita Rihito 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGastropod apertures reflect expanded states of their mantle edge under variable boundary conditions. The apertures are divided into two groups: apertures without distinct overlap zones (e.g., whorl overlap) and those with overlap zones. Each group follows a unique morphological rule. Apertures without overlap zones are generally circular in outline. Apertures with overlap zones are either elongated perpendicularly to the overlap zone or inflated abapically. Moreover, the latter abapically inflated apertures are generally accompanied by a straight section anterior to the overlap zone along the columellar axis (columellar part). Numerical analysis of an elastic double membrane tube whose main frame simulates the gastropod mantle indicates that these morphological rules are the products of mantle edge expansion under the condition that the head‐foot mass presses against the mantle edge in both the overlap zone and the columellar part. The mantle edge in these two zones is thus in a completely or partly fixed boundary condition at the moment of shell growth. The rest of the mantle edge is free to expand either symmetrically or asymmetrically. It is hypothesized that the head‐foot mass is a driving force for regulating the pattern of shell coiling and apertural shape.
Organ of Bellonci of an Antarctic crustacean, the marine isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus
Authors: Chaigneau Jean , Besse Colette , Jaros Peter P. , Martin Gilbert , Wägele J. Wolfgang , Willig Axel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe paired organ of Bellonci protrudes from the optic lobe of the giant Antarctic isopod, Glyptonotus antarcticus. It is linked to the cortex by a broad peduncle. No connection to the cuticle or “sensory pore organ” was found. A cluster of sensory‐like cells forms two outer ciliary segments branching into numerous microvilli with microtubules. The putative sensory somata are irregular in shape and contain a very high density of glycogen granules. The two outer segments sprout from two pits of the soma in different directions, forming a right angle. Glial cells wrap around the sensory cells and also delimit lacunae into which bundles of microvilli project. These lacunae contain electron‐dense granules of small size and with species‐specific patterns. Lacunae and dense granules show features typical of a degeneration process in the sensory cells.This general morphology corresponds to the unilobular type of organ of Bellonci, known in other isopods; it differs from the plurilobular type with onion bodies found in other Crustacea.