bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standard Methods for Beryllium Sampling and Analysis: Availabilities and Needs
Authors: Ashley K , Brisson MJ , Jahn SD 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Conformity in methods for sampling and analysis of beryllium in workplace air and on surfaces is desired, but inconsistencies in sampling and analytical practices often occur among industrial hygienists and laboratory personnel. In an effort to address these issues, this paper gives an overview of standardized methods for sampling and analysis of beryllium in the workplace. A number of published methods is currently available to the industrial hygiene and analytical community, but shortfalls in the use of standardized practices require attention. Also, questions remain concerning the performance of some of the sampling and analytical methodologies that have been promulgated. We attempt to identify needs for new or improved standard sampling protocols, sample preparation techniques, analytical methods, and reference materials. Where applicable, performance data are summarized for standardized methods that are either published or are under development. These include not only ASTM and ISO international standards, but also methods published by government agencies in the USA and abroad. Significant gaps in standard methods and requirements for reference materials remain. For example, consistent practices are lacking for: (a) surface sampling of beryllium in dust; (b) extraction of beryllium from surface dust samples prior to instrumental analysis; and (c) reference materials containing beryllium oxide (especially high-fired BeO). These and other gaps will be identified and shortcomings addressed. An ultimate goal is to provide standard methods which will ensure comparability of data obtained from different sites around the globe.
Durability Performance of Bridge Concretes, Part II: High-Strength Concrete (HSC)
Authors: Ekenel M , Myers JJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A study was undertaken on the durability of high-strength concrete (HSC) produced using locally available materials in the State of Missouri. Thirty-six (36) different mixtures were produced as HSC. 30 % fly ash replacement by cement weight was utilized in the HSC mixtures, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) was also substituted by 5 % of the cement weight for some mixtures. The mixtures included locally available limestone as coarse aggregate. The mixtures without cement replacement displayed higher strength development at the end of 56 days. All the air-entrained mixtures performed well under 300 freezing and thawing cycles warranting a minimal level of air entrainment requirement. However, the samples in which GGBFS was utilized performed poorly relative to the other samples. Similar poor performance was obtained from the same samples in chloride permeability tests.
Growth of the fetus and placenta of the monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: van Wagenen G. , Catchpole H. R. , Negri J. , Butzko D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe weight and length of fetal monkeys, Macaca mulatta, from the fortieth day of gestation to term were tabulated and plotted as growth curves. Also plotted were the weight of the normal placenta, the area of the placenta and the weight of the placenta when retained in the absence of the fetus. Fewer data were available for the length of the umbilical cord and volume of amniotic fiuid.The records were drawn from 343 pregnancies following a known date of insemination and in each case the pregnancy was without complication such as illness of the mother or discernible defect in embryo, fetus or newborn. The average length of 225 gestations ending with a spontaneous birth of a live infant was 168 ± 7 days.The macaque colony from which this material was derived has been described (van Wagenen, '50).
The teeth of the Neanderthal child from Gibraltar: A re‐evaluation
Authors: Carbonell Virginia M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA morphological re‐evaluation of the dentition of the fossil child ex‐cavated from Devil's Tower, Gibraltar, was undertaken in this study.A thorough inspection of the original remains consisting of a right maxilla and a mandible with the remaining deciduous dentition and unerupted teeth was made. X‐rays were also taken for further examination.The significant morphological characters on the dentition of this juvenile Neanderthal appeared closer to the dentition of Modern Man, although primitive traits such as: sizes of cusps and arrangement of groove patterns, and crenulations were also observed on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth of this child.
Roentgenographic evaluation of temporal bones from South Dakota Indian burials
Authors: Gregg John B. , Steele James P. , Holzhueter And Ann 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo complement a previous study relating to ear disease in temporal bones from South Dakota Indian burials, radiographs were made looking for altered mastoid development suggesting the presence of infections during the period of their growth. Infection has been implicated as a causative, accentuating, or precipitating factor in the disease otosclerosis. Theories relating to the development of the mastoids are discussed and a pertinent bibliography is presented.In total 417 temporal bones were examined. Of these 251 representing 130 individuals were from Arikara burials, and 166 representing 91 individuals, were from Middle Plains Woodland people, Sioux Historic, and other miscellaneous burials.One hundred eleven Arikara temporal bones (44%) showed evidence of altered pneumatization (diploic‐10, sclerotic‐13, mixed‐88), while 86 other culture temporal bones (51.8%) demonstrated similar changes (diploic‐4, sclerotic‐13, mixed‐69). Unilateral and bilateral variable air cell patterns were found. There was no age, sex, or ear lateralization of air cell patterns. No evidence of the effect of cholesteatoma, cancer, surgery, or other bone disease was found.These findings suggest that the people represented by these skulls must have had a significant amount of infectious middle ear disease during the period of the development of their mastoids.
The microscopic determination of age in human bone
Authors: Kerley Ellis R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe microscopic age changes that occur in human cortical bone were measured by counting the number of osteones, osteon fragments and non‐Haversian canals, and estimating the percentage of lamellar bone in four selected 100 power fields in the outer third of the cortex in ground sections from the mid‐shaft of the femur, tibia and fibula. Age graphs were derived from 126 specimens covering the age range from birth through 95 years. The best correlation with age by regression analysis was found in the osteon fragment number in the fibula (ρ = 9.74). The use of the regression formula for this factor permits the age to be estimated within ± ten years of the actual age 95% of the time.An alternative method utilizes a specially devised profile chart to estimate age from the age change graphs. When this method was checked on 56 additional specimens, 87.3% of the estimates were within ± five years of the actual age, and all estimates were within ± ten years.It was concluded that there are measurable microscopic age changes in the cortex of the major long bones of the leg that can be used to estimate the age of an individual with known accuracy over the entire range from birth to 95 years. This method can be applied to fragmented and incomplete skeletons as well as eroded archeologic skeletons, since only the mid‐shafts of leg bones are used.
The skin of primates. XXVII. The skin of the white‐crowned mangabey (Cercocebus atys)
Authors: Machida H. , Perkins E. , Montagna W. , Giacometti L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin of the white‐crowned mangabey while resembling that of other Cercopithecoids has certain peculiar features. There are widely distributed subepi‐dermal cholinesterase‐reactive nerve fibers in the hairy skin and specialized nerve end‐organs at the base of the rete ridges in the fingerballs. The distribution of acid phosphatase in that part of the hair follicle between the hair bulge and sebaceous duct orifice is peculiar to this animal. Many of the sebaceous glands are surrounded by cholinesterase‐reactive nerve fibers. The apocrine glands open directly into the pilosebaceous canal and are histologically and histochemically similar to those of other Cercopithecoids. There are fewer eccrine than apocrine glands over the general body surface.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. I. in Ecuador
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner R. , Santiana Antonio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBlood specimens were procured from 658 Quechua, 36 Colorado, 233 Jivaro, 244 Cayapa, and 48 Secoya Indians of Ecuador. These were examined for antigens in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, K‐k, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd systems and for Diego (Dia), Wright (Wra), and Berrens (Bea) agglutinogens as well. Hemolystes were prepared and studied for hemoglobin types and the serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transfserrins.Gene frequencies are high for O, M, s, R1, (CDe), R2 (cDE), Lub, k, Kpb, Leb and Fya; and low or absent for A, B, N, S, Mia, Vw, Mta, R0 (cDe), V (ces), Lua, K, Kpa, Lea, Fyb, Jsa, Wra and Bea. The Diego (Dia) gene is present but its frequency varies greatly from tribe to tribe.Gene frequency Hp1 is well within the range previously reported for Indians in Middle America excepting the Colorado in which population the frequency of 0.889 is unusually high.All 723 serum specimens tested for transferrins were C or CD. No D or BC types were found.All Ecuadorian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.
Ossification sequence polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in skeletal development
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Blumenthal Thomas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOssification sequence polymorphism and sexual dimorphism are prevalent in the postnatal skeletal development of the hand, foot, elbow, knee, shoulder and pelvis. For some ossification polymorphisms the sex‐discriminatory efficiency is greater than 70%. Current evidence, including population comparisons, and children with kwashiorkor and marasmus, favors a genetical explanation for common sequence polymorphisms. However, ossification sequence polymorphism is more clearly defined in later‐developing children, where the appearance of ossification centers is distributed among a larger number of radiographic class intervals. This observation may explain the apparent relationship between ossification sequence polymophism and developmental delay or retardation.
Cephalometric comparison of Indian and English facial profiles
Authors: Iyer V. S. , Lutz W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCephalometric measurements on 50 English and 50 Indian adults, equally divided as regards sex, were compared for sex and group difference. Evaluation of the average measurements indicated that the female facial size was generally smaller than the male: the Indian face was not prognathic but was smaller and had smaller facial and gonial angles, and the lower incisor was proclined as compared with the English face. A statistical analysis using the Generalized T2‐test and Discriminatory Analysis brought out these differences very convincingly, and with nearly 80% accuracy it was possible to classify the individuals to their correct sex and Indian or English group. Incidentally it was found that the Sella Nasion Plane, Maxillary Plane and Frankfort Plane are all equally suitable for assessing the upper incisor inclination.
Eruption of deciduous teeth among Bengalee children
Authors: Banerjee Papia , Mukherjee Sunetra 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe eruption time of deciduous teeth of the Bengalee children was noted and compared with the published material from other countries. It has been seen that the onset of eruption in the Bengalee children is appreciably late compared with the others (Japanese, Korean, American and Whites).
The conference on standardization of anthropometric techniques and terminology (a report)
Authors: Hertzberg H. T. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe conference, attended by anthropologists, engineers, dental and medical researchers, physical educationists and statisticians, took place on 28–30 March 1967 in the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The ultimate purpose was to improve the comparability of anthropometric data from all workers, by establishing standards for the many new dimensions required in engineering anthropology, and by developing a terminology that reconciles the new standards with previous usages. In this effort, the group selected a list of dimensions (though with dissent on type and number) recommended as a minimum for all human biological surveys; and they chose from previous usage a terminological structure whose form, content and mode of presentation they recommended as standard practice by all anthropometrists. Both official and dissenting lists are presented, and the terminological structure is described, with examples.Despite solid progress toward a standardized technology encompassing both classical and modern practices, the conference left numerous points of technique or terminology unsettled, some of which are briefly described. Hence future meetings appear necessary, perhaps annually, until such remaining problems can be resolved.
The African custom of tooth mutilation in America
Authors: Stewart T. D. , Groome John R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA broad historical sketch of tooth mutilation stresses the role of Negro slaves in introducing the African custom into America, and the possibility of filling in gaps in our knowledge along this line from recovered skeletal remains.As an example of what can be learned, a skeleton found recently in Grenada, West Indies, is described as that of a male Negro, with a West African type of dental mutilation. The individual represented is shown to have been around 35–40 years of age, below average in size, with bandy legs, signs of mild deficency disease, and a variety of dental and periodontal diseases. Geographical and historical factors are reviewed in an effort to decide whether or not he was one of the original slaves or a descendant of a slave. The authors conclude that the circumstances of the find warrant the belief that he had been born in Africa and received his mutilation there.An earlier report of another such find in Barbados, and the mention of a subsequent find in St. Croix, suggest that a more intensive search for Negro remains in the West Indies would prove fruitful.
Vertebral arch defects in the lumbar vertebrae of pre‐historic American Eskimos. A study of skeletons in the American Museum of Natural History, chieely from Point Hope, Alaska
Authors: Lester Charles W. , Shapiro Harry L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of lumbar vertebral arch defects was studied in 295 Eskimo skeletons now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, which were obtained from adjacent burial grounds at Point Hope, Alaska. One burial ground containing 47 skeletons was used by the Ipiutak at about the start of the Christian era. The other burial ground was used by the Tigara a thousand years later and contained 248 skeletons. The lesion is a separation of the vertebral arch from the vertebral body. It usually involves the fifth lumbar vertebra but may involve others and more than one. The present incidence in the United States is about 7%. Among the Tigara the incidence was 45% and more than twice that of the Ipiutak, 21%. The youngest case was in a child of five and the deformity was uncommon before adult life. The incidence and extent of the lesion increased with age suggesting an hereditary weakness as an etiological factor. No other etiological factor could be determined although several were considered. The clinical disability could not be determined but it seemed to have no effect on longevity.
Coronal breadth of human primary anterior teeth
Authors: Meredith Howard V. , Knott Virginia B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOriginal data for mesiodistal diameter of deciduous anterior teeth on 180 White children show: (1) mean size is smallest for the lower central incisor and largest for the upper canine, (2) means from combining widths on the left anterior teeth of each arch are larger in the maxilla than the mandible by 4.0 mm, (3) individual differences for widths of the upper central and lateral incisors extend from one child with these teeth of similar size to another child with the central incisor larger than the lateral by 2.3 mm, and (4) anterior tooth correlations are positive, varying from r = 0.4 for upper canine width with width of lower central incisor, to r = 0.8 for combined widths of left anterior teeth in the maxilla with combined widths of their antagonists.Comparative findings are drawn from investigations on Australian aborigines, South African Bushmen, Liberian Negroes, Tristan da Cunha islanders, Japanese, Japanese‐Negro admixtures, Japanese‐White admixtures, White groups living in several parts of Europe, and North American Whites. Among these ethnic groups, Australian aborigines have the largest deciduous anterior teeth. Composite means on each sex for North American Whites show boys to have slightly larger anterior deciduous teeth than girls.
Anthropometric studies of the long bones of the “shell mound” Indians
Authors: Graham Tom M. , Yarbrough James D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe “shell mound” Indians exhibit both sexual and bilateral variations in comparative long bone lengths. Mean long bone lengths are shortest in the Indian group when compared to those reported for both Caucasians and Negroes. The radiohumeral and humero‐femoral indices of the “shell mound” Indians are higher than those reported for either Caucasians or Negroes. There is a relatively high degree of anterior‐posterior curvature of the femur in the Indian group when compared to the femora of Caucasian and Negroes. There is apparently no correlation between maximum femoral length and trochanter length in comparing right and left sides in either sex.The collo‐diaphyseal angles are greater on the average on the left side in both sexes. The femora of male “shell mound” Indians exhibits greater average collo‐diaphyseal angles than do the femora of male Caucasians.
Measurement of localized bone growth employing natural markers
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Hempy Harry O. , Schwager Patricia M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTransverse lines on the distal tibia, transiently present in 90% of boys and girls, afford the possibility of measuring localized bone growth, proximal and distal, epiphyseal and diaphyseal, and their relative and shifting contributions to total bone growth in children followed in longitudinal fashion.
Growth of the human mandibular angular process: A functional cranial analysis
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Simon Mark R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe angular process of the human mandible alters its inclination with age, changing from a medial to a lateral flare during the transition from the neonatal to the adult stages. The morphological change in this mandibular skeletal unit is shown to be associated with a change in orientation of a portion of the related functional matrix, the masseter muscle. This change to an oblique line of action from an originally vertical one is associated with an increase in the functional movement of protraction at the temporo‐mandibular joint. No other physiological parameters of muscle function seemingly are associated with this skeletal alteration. The processes of interaction between the functional matrix and its related skeletal are as yet unknown.
Problems and methods in the genetics of primitive groups
Authors: Morton Newton E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrimitive populations seem favorable for studies of genetic structure, especially of isolation by distance in an array of subpopulations. Recent developments in this field are discussed, using pairs of phenotypes, inbreeding coefficients in pedigrees, isonymy, gene frequencies, and even anthropometrics. Of methods to study selection, only specific disease associations appear applicable to primitive populations. Inbreeding and outcrossing effects demand greater precision than has yet been attained in primitive groups. Some of the stated objectives of international biological programs lie far beyond the scope of present methodology.
A note on the fragmentary sterkfontein scapula
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCertain features of the Sterkfontein scapular fragment have been examined in the light of available data relating to the form of the scapula in primates. One suggestion currently in the literature, that this fragment is relatively less specialized than the corresponding region of the gibbon and chimpanzee (being more like some extant monkeys), may not be justified.
The pelvis in the bipedalism of primates
Authors: Snell C. A. R. D. , Donhuysen H. W. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe pelvis in the “Normalstellung” tends in man to tilt backwards. In primates, the pelvis shows a marked tendency to tilt into quadruped posture. In both the bodyweight intensifies those tendencies. Consequently, assuming erect posture and maintaining bipedal balance encounter, in primates, constant resistance from pelvis and bodyweight.In gibbons and ponginae loss of the tail, lengthening of the sacrum and broadening of the ilium combined with a pronounced development of the sacro‐tuberous ligament furnish the gluteal muscles with a more powerful reflectory moment on pelvis and body. Moreover, the development of a short head of the femoral bicipital muscle, made the hip‐joint to a greater degree independent of the knee‐joint. Thus, maintenance of bipedal balance is better developed in gibbons and ponginae than in monkeys.In man broadening of the sacrum altered the position of the acetabulum. Together with ensuing changes of the ilium and the ischium this brought about in the pelvis a balance relationship so that the bodyweight not only causes no resistance to standing upright but even facilitates it.The essence of bipedalism, however, is not only the capacity to rise upright and to stand, but also to walk, that is, to keep the body balanced in the frontal plane on one leg. It is the ventralwards broadening of the ilium, and the sidewards bend of its middle segment, that allow, the strongest part of, the gluteus medius (and minimus) to produce a powerful abducent moment on the pelvis. The lack of a corresponding osteomuscular structure in monkeys as well as in gibbon and ponginae compels these primates to move faster and run straddle‐legged, in a more or less forward‐bending posture.Lastly it is found that in gibbons and ponginae, not only is the ilium markedly broadened laterally, but also that its sacral part is turned completely sidewards. This indicates that bipedalism in man has developed along quite other lines than in gibbons and ponginae.
Primate evolution—A method of investigation
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe discoveries of fossil primate postcranial remains has led in recent years to somewhat greater weight being placed upon background studies of the postcranial skeleton of extant forms. Such researches are subject more than most to problems of determination of variation, of meagre materials, and of behavioral implications. Strictness in the formulation of hypotheses, originality in the approach to primary data, and the use of computational and mensurational methods in analysis and interpretation, suggest some of the ways of overcoming such difficulties.
Bilateral “molarization” of teeth erupted in the region of the second mandibular premolars
Authors: Hermel Joseph , Yardeni Jacob , Haas Nicu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA very large tooth, found in the region of the second mandibular premolar, in a subject, Jewish immigrant from Iraq, is in all likelihood an expression of a familial trait of disturbances in genesis of the shape of dental buds. The appearance of any primitive realization in this case can be conceivable and it was discussed.