bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autopsy sampling and elemental analysis: Errors arising from post‐mortem changes
Authors: Iyengar G. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe implication of post‐mortem changes such as cell swelling, imbibition and autolysis on the elemental composition of body organs has been studied in rats. Liver has been chosen as an example. Retaining the liver inside the intact dead body for different periods of time at ambient temperature induced significant changes in its weight due to post‐mortem tissue degeneration. Livers from animals that were frozen at −15°C also showed significant decrease in weight when they were thawed on the third day. The effect of these changes on the concentrations of various elements depended on the association of the elements with extracellular fluid and intracellular components. For example, concentration of K+ was affected more by the lysis of the cell and sustained losses up to 30 per cent, in relation to the control values, while the total content was reduced by more than 40 per cent. as a result of both lysis and tissue liquefaction. For Na+, differences ranging from +10 to −20 per cent. in concentrations and +20 to −40 per cent. in total content were observed which could be explained by the movement of fluid in and out of the organ. Among trace elements, variations observed for iron ranged from −20 to +40 per cent., while both copper and zinc were found to fluctuate between −20 and +20 per cent. The loss observed in the total content in the liver for the five trace elements studied (Cu, Fe, Mn, Rb and Zn) was found to be about 20 to 40 per cent.
Malignant histiocytic tumour presenting as a primary uterine neoplasm: A cytochemical and electron microscopy study
Authors: Bellomi Alberto , Gamoletti Roberto 
Published: June 2005

Abstract41‐year‐old woman was admitted because of uterine bleeding. The diagnosis of malignant histiocytic tumor was suspected from microscopic examination of the material obtained with diagnostic curettage. Total hysterectomy was performed a week later and a complete pathological examination of the specimens was performed.Cytochemical and immunoperoxidase stains and electron microscopy confirmed that the neoplastic cells were derived from histiocytic elements, i.e. from the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Experimental mycobacterial granulomas in guinea pig lymph nodes: Ultrastructural observations
Authors: Narayanan R. B. , Badenoch ‐Jones P. , Turk J. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA systematic ultrastructural study has been performed of the mononuclear phagocytes in granulomas induced by different types of mycobacteria, e.g. live BCG (Pasteur), irradiated M. leprae and irradiated BCG (Pasteur) in guinea pig lymph nodes. Live BCG (Pasteur) induces a granuloma which peaks at 2‐3 weeks and by light microscopy, a large number of the infiltrating cells have the appearance of epithelioid cells. Ultrastructurally a large proportion of these cells have a distinct appearance. They are characterised by the presence of very large nuclei, and prominent nucleoli, paucity of cytoplasmic organelles and swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cells from 2 week granulomas induced by live M. kansasii and BCG (Glaxo), had a similar ultrastructural appearance. BCG (Pasteur) granulomas slowly resolved and by light and electron microscopy fibrosis and collagen deposition was seen by 7 weeks and was very extensive in some nodes at 10 weeks.The nodes from M. leprae injected animals showed peak infiltration at 5 weeks and by light microscopy the infiltrating cell population was more mixed, with most of the cells having a macrophage appearance. Electron‐microscopy showed these infiltrating cells to be mainly activated macrophages, containing phagocytosed organisms. Nodes from irradiated BCG (Pasteur) injected animals had peak infiltration at 1 week. The light and electron microscopic appearance showed areas consisting mainly of fibroblasts and mononuclear phagocytes. Thus, the granulomas induced by M. leprae are very different from those induced by BCG in the guinea pig. It is suggested that lymph nodes draining areas of local injection of BCG and irradiated M. leprae could respectively form a good model in the guinea pig for cellular and biochemical studies of the granulomas of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
Infantile and late onset form of generalised glycogenosis type ii in cattle
Authors: McC. Howell J. , Dorling P. R. , Cook R. D. , Robinson W. F. , Bradley S. , Gawthorne J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA herd of cattle which produces calves with generalised glycogenosis type II has been established. Seven affected animals have been born and their disease status as indicated by a decreased acid α‐glucosidase activity and excessive glycogen deposition in muscle, can be detected on the day of birth. Two animals have died of heart failure aged 3 and 5 months and have shown cardiomegally. Five animals were clinically normal until 9 months of age when they failed to maintain weight gain, showed muscle weakness and four were killed aged between 12 and 16 months after showing difficulty in rising. All affected animals had abnormal ECG tracings and had elevated levels of CK. LDH and HBDH in serum. Excessive amounts of glycogen were deposited in voluntary, cardiac and smooth muscle, and in cells of the nervous system. The muscles showed a vacuolar myopathy. Both the infantile and late onset forms of generalised glycogenosis type II are present in this herd of cattle. The condition appears to be controlled by a recessive allele at a single autosomal locus.
Macrophages from malignant effusions
Authors: Katz D. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCells from 11 malignant effusions have been examined for macrophage functional attributes and for evidence of macrophage malignancy.Three patients with Hodgkin's disease and one patient with histiocytic medullary reticulosis had atypical macrophages in their serous fluids. This adds further evidence to support the theory that the macrophage is the malignant cell in these tumour types.Two other patients with LRMPS tumours had atypical non‐adherent cells in their effusions; these were probably lymphoid in origin. Samples from patients with benign disease and with epithelial tumours did not have atypical LRMPS cells.One patient with Hodgkin's disease lacked the atypical macrophage. In this patient the ascites was not due primarily to tumour involvement. There was no evidence to suggest a Hodgkin's disease‐related macrophage deficit as has been reported in tissue samples.It is concluded that cells from malignant effusions are a particularly valuable source of information about the histogenesis of tumours which may be of macrophage origin.
Phagocytic recognition of bone by macrophages
Authors: Chambers T. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere is now persuasive evidence that osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes. The presence of osteoclasts on bone thus infers the phagocytic recognition of bone by mononuclear phagocytes. I compared the phagocytic recognition by macrophages of hydroxyapatite, and native, demineralised and deproteinated bone powder. Removal of mineral resulted in loss of phagocytic recognition by macrophages, while removal of the organic component resulted in avid binding of bone fragments to a similar degree to that observed for hydroxyapatite crystals. The organic component of bone therefore protects the hydroxyapatite crystals of the mineral component from phagocytic recognition by macrophages. A simple model for bone resorption would be that resident bone‐lining cells (active and resting osteoblasts) remove the organic protection under appropriate stimuli and thus allow phagocytic recognition of the underlying mineral by macrophages, which accumulate, fuse and commence digestion.
A transplantable human malignant Schwannoma
Authors: Rao M. Sambasiva , Chaudhuri Bina , Scarpelli D. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA human malignant Schwannoma was serially transplanted through three generations in nude mice. The tumours grew readily and the take‐up rate was 100 per cent. No metastasis was observed in nude mice. Morphological features of the original tumour were strictly maintained through all the transplant generations. The tumour cells of the original and of the transplants showed features of primitive Schwann cells of embryonic nerve trunks.
Pancreatic lesions in shock and their significance
Authors: Gmaz‐nikulin E. , Nikulin A. , Plamenac P. , Hegewald G. , Gaon D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pancreas was examined histologically in 146 cases of patients dying of shock. The finding of morphological evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the pancreas supports the opinion that the pancreas is highly sensitive to disturbances of blood perfusion.The presence of DIC combined with a variety of pathological lesions in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas was sufficiently characteristic to justify use of the term “shock pancreatitis”.The relative scarcity of data hitherto available on pathological changes in the pancreas caused by shock can be ascribed to changes in the management of shock. It is concluded that the pancreatic lesions described in this study could influence the outcome in shock treated by modern methods of resuscitation.
The cytochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptors in human breast carcinomas
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cytochemical method has been used to demonstrate oestrogen receptor in histological sections of breast carcinomas, and has given similar qualitative results to the biochemical dextran‐coated charcoal method. Two conjugation techniques were employed to couple horseradish peroxidase to 17β‐oestradiol‐6‐O‐carboxymethyloxime—bovine serum albumin. The periodate conjugation method led to a greater degree of coupling but a higher concentration was required for demonstration of oestrogen receptor than that needed when the two‐stage glutaraldehyde conjugation method was used, even though this resulted in a lesser degree of coupling.Care in the preparation of tissue has been found to be essential. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue was unsuitable; rapid freezing of fresh tissue, only brief air‐drying or acetone fixation of tissue sections and short‐term storage were important.A correlation has been shown between the presence of oestrogen receptor in breast carcinomas and good histological differentiation. The poorer differentiated tumours were also found to contain fewer reactive cells.
A survey of pathological changes associated with long‐term high tar tobacco smoke exposure in a murine model
Authors: Keast D. , Ayre D. J. , Papadimitriou J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBalb/c mice were exposed to the fresh smoke of a daily equivalent of thirty high tar filtered cigarettes for periods of up to 95 weeks. Detailed surveys of the gross and histopathological data are presented which indicates that there is the induction or production of significant numbers of malignant tumours of several types in the animals exposed to tobacco smoke. There are also significant histopathological changes which consist mainly of interstitial pneumonia and focal low grade emphysema. These features contribute significantly to the reduction in life span of the test animals in which the main causes of death are malignancies and inflammatory diseases of the lungs.
Lanthanide‐induced calcergy
Authors: Garrett I. R. , McClure J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe subcutaneous injection of solutions of chloride salts of the rare earths is follwed by calcification of the dorsal fascia in the mouse. The concentration of salt required to produce a constant, predictale response varies from salt to salt. The macroscopic outline of the reaction is generally irregular and therefore a quantitative radiological method has been developed to allow an accurate assessment of the dose/response relationship. This with the majority of salts is best described as a log regression and with three as a linear regression.
A quantitative study of lamina densa alterations in hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: White F. H. , Gohari K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLesions produced by topical application of 0.5 per cent. DMBA to the hamster cheek pouch epithelium were classified as hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma groups using strict histological criteria. Untreated epithelium served as a control. Tissue samples from five animals in each group were processed for electron microscopy and electron micrographs from the epithelialconnective tissue junction were obtained from 5 blocks per animal. The micrographs were subjected to stereological intersection counting to determine the relative surface (SSLD,BM) of lamina densa which was in normal relationship to the basal cell plasma membranes. Quantitative results indicated a progressive loss of lamina densa during carcinogenesis and this was accompanied by the extrusion of pseudopodia from the basal cells through the gaps. The pseudopodia were frequently related to peripheral cytoplasmic microfilaments. Quantitative data confirmed the progressive nature of this loss, with values for SSLD,BM being of the order of 98 per cent., 88 per cent., 76 per cernt. and 42 per cent. for normal epithelium and for the hyperplastic, dysplastic and carcinomatous lesions respectively. The loss of lamina densa is discussed in relation to the specificity of the response and to the development of features indicative of motility in transforming cells.
Human pituitary gonadotropic adenoma; histological, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural and hormonal studies in eight cases
Authors: Trouillas J. , Girod C. , Sassolas G. , Claustrat B. , Lhéritier M. , Dubois M. P. , Goutelle A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong 230 surgically removed pituitary adenomas, eight tumours showing immunostaining gonadotropic cells and elevated intratumours gonadotropin concentrations have been detected (frequency: 3°5 per cent.). By light microscopy the tumours were composed of agranular cells and generally PAS negative cytoplasm. The immunofluorescence technique revealed the presence of immunoreactive FSH (β‐subunit) alone in two cases, of both FSH and LH in six cases with immunoreactive β endorphin in two of them. By electron microscopy, the cells contained an often dilated moderately or well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules measuring 150 nm to 200 nm which varied in electron density, and numerous microtubuls. Basal plasma FSH and LH levels were simultaneously elevated in two cases; FSH levels alone were elevated in two cases; in three cases, both FSH and LH plasma values were normal. FSH and LH intratumour concentrations were simultaneously elevated in five cases; FSH alone was elevated in two cases. In all cases, the concentrations of the other hormones were negligible, except in two cases where β endorphin concentration was elevated. The comparison of the immunocytochemical findings, the hormonal plasma levels and intratumour concentrations showed a good relationship between the immunoreactivity of the tumour and the intratumour RIA. The gonadotropic adenoma is uncommon but not rare. Its diagnosis is possible if immunocytochemical techniques are applied.
Isolated epithelioid cells from disaggregated BCG granulomas—an ultrastructural study
Authors: Williams Geraint T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNon‐caseating epithelioid granulomas have been induced in rats by the subcutaneous injection of BCG vaccine and their cellular disaggregation to yield isolated epithelioid cells has been achieved using collagenase. Ultrastructurally epithelioid cells in both intact granulomas and disaggregated cell suspensions showed a spectrum of appearances ranging from cells with conspicuous rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (“plasmacytoid epithelioid cells”) to cells containing numerous cytoplasmic membrane‐bound vesicles (“vesicular epithelioid cells”). Numerous intermediate forms were present. Endocytosed material was inconspicuous.Investigation of disaggregated 4, 10 and 28 day lesions showed that the proportion of vesicular epithelioid cells increased with maturation of the granulomas. Nevertheless a full spectrum of epithelioid cell morphology was present as early as 4 days.It is suggested that mononuclear phagocyte cells entering the granuloma transform into vesicular epithelioid cells via an intermediate plasmacytoid stage.The successful isolation of viable epithelioid cells from granulomas may allow th function of these cells to be evaluated further.
Calcitonin alters behaviour of isolated osteoclasts
Authors: Chambers T. J. , Magnus C. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOsteoclasts were incubated on a glass or plastic substrate and the effect of calcitonin (CT) on their behaviour was observed. Before exposure to CT the osteoclasts were actively motile, the cytoplasm advancing behind broad pseudopodial (lamellipodial) processes which showed intense ruflling activity. CT caused cessation of lamellipodial activity within minutes, followed by gradual fragmentation and retraction of lamellipodia. Complete osteoclast quiescence was regularly induced by concentrations of CT above 50 pg/ml, and lesser degrees of quiescence were induced at concentrations down to 10 pg/ml. This quiescent state was reversed on removing CT from the medium, and was abrogated by prior treatement of osteoclasts with trypsin. The quiescent state did not reduce the longevity of the cells in culture. nor did it affect their resistance to removal from glass by trypsin. CT showed no influence on the pseudopodial activity of osteoblasts, peritoneal macrophages or inflammatory giant cells. Osteoclast quiescence seems to be a reversible state induced by the interaction of CT with a trypsin‐sensitive CT receptor, present on osteoclasts. The range of concentrations which induce partial osteoclast quiescence are within the physiological range of serum concentrations in man, and this suggests that CT plays a physiological role in the regulation of osteoclast activity. The behavioural change induced by CT in osteoclasts may help to identify the precursor cell of the osteoclast and may assist investigations into the mechanism of control of osteoclasis.
The role of antibody in primary and reinfection BCG granulomas of rat skin
Authors: Spector W. G. , Marianayagam Y. , Ridley Marian J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrimary subcutaneous infection of rats with BCG leads to a three stage local reaction. There is first a short‐lived simple granuloma corresponding with high levels of cell mediated immunity (CMI). This is followed by an explosive phase of necrosis and local Mycobacterial multiplication corresponding with low levels of CMI and high levels of circulating anti‐BCG antibody. Finally the lesion resolves via an epithelioid cell granuloma as bacteria fall in number and CMI returns.Reinfection with BCG produces quite different lesions when initiated at different stages of the primary infection. Reinfection during the short first stage causes a self‐healing epithelioid granuloma. Reinfection during the long second stage produces a florid necrotic, bacilli‐laden lesion. Reinfection during the third stage produces only a vestigial, transient granuloma.It is suggested that the evolution of tuberculous lesions depends on the interplay of CMI, bacillary load and circulating antibody. A large antigenic load in the presence of high antibody titres causes necrosis and bacillary multiplication, whereas reduced bacterial numbers plus antibody and high CMI lead to compact granulomas and healing. The first situation may be analogous to immune complex disease in antigen excess and the second to complexes in antibody excess.An analogy is drawn between the reinfection experiments and natural infection after BCG vaccination in humans. It is postulated that BCG vaccination in man may be followed by a phase in which antibody is high relative to CMI. If because of high prevalence rates, natural infection with large doses of bacilli was more likely to occur at this time, the results might help to explain the failure of BCG prophylaxis in India and comparable countries, as opposed to its success in the UK.
Morphometric investigation of hypertrophy in the arteries of DOCA‐hypertensive rats
Authors: Berry C. L. , Henrichs K. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe increase in peripheral resistance of the vascular bed in hypertension has been attributed to adaptive hypertrophy of the media or a so‐called contracture of the arterial wall due to altered reactivity of smooth muscle cells. We have measured medial cross‐sectional area, numbers of smooth muscle cell nuclei and the relative proportions of scleroporteins present in the media in hypertensive rats. The results show that hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells and an increase in medial area occur in hypertension, a change most marked in the peripheral branches of the renal artery.
The uptake of cationised ferritin and its subsequent redistribution by gallbladder epithelium in vivo
Authors: Hopwood D. , Milne G. , Wood R. A. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCationised ferritin was injected into the gallbladders of guinea pigs at operation and its subsequent fate studied with an electron microscope over a 24‐hr period. The apical cell membrane of the epithelium was tagged and showed patching. The cationised ferritin was internalised into small vesicles, some derived from coated pits, within 5 min. Other vesicles were found at the same time near the lateral cellular membrane. Cationised ferritin was found in lysosomes and in residual bodies in large quantities and occasionally in multivesicular bodies and vesicles near the Golgi apparatus Clumps of (cationised) ferritin appeared in the lateral intercellular space, 2 hr after exposure, increasing in number with time up to 5 hr. Similar clumps also were found between the basal cell membrane and the lamina rara interna of the basement membrane in a fairly regular pattern. By 5 hr the marker was beginning to pass through the basement membrane. The process was largely complete by 10 hr. Twenty‐four hours after injection of cationised ferritin, virtually no marker was found in either the epithelium or underlying connective tissue.
Renal malakoplakia. Experimental production and evidence of a link with interstitial megalocytic nephritis
Authors: Garrett I. R. , McClure J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe intrarenal injection of Boivin antigen is followed by the development of true malakoplakic lesions as characterised by the accumulation of macrophages containing MG bodies. Similarly the injection of diluted antigen is followed by the accumulation of macrophages with a granular PAS‐positive cytoplasm but lacking MG bodies. These experimental models are compared with typical human renal malakoplakia and that entity known as megalocytic interstitial nephritis.
Microfibrils in glomerulopathies of children: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Cameron A. H. , White R. H. R. , Standring Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExtracellular microfibrils were found in 47 per cent. of 360 renal biopsies performed in children with a variety of nephropathies. They were observed in the mesangial matrix and basal lamina. They are 17 to 35 nm in diameter and a few show cross‐striations with a periodicity of about 10 nm. They are different from fibrin or interstitial collagen. Their close association with thinner filaments in the mesangial matrix and basal lamina suggests that they are derived from such filaments.