bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of C‐line terminations in Iranian populations
Authors: Sharif Kamali M. , Mavalwala Jamshed , Bhanu B. V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThirteen Iranian populations of diverse origins have been analyzed for C‐line terminations, utilizing bilateral palmar prints of 3,158 individuals. Significant bimanual and male/female differences were frequently found in these populations. Interpopulational variation displayed significant heterogeneity. Distance analysis and constructed dendrograms provided separation between the populations, but the dendrograms are not in agreement with the ethnohistoric records of the populations studied.
Changes in skull components of the squirrel monkey evoked by growth and nutrition: An experimental study
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. , Dressino Vicente , Niveiro Mario H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwenty weanling 6‐month‐old male squirrel monkeys were allotted to the following treatments: 1) first control animals were killed at weaning; 2) second control animals were killed when 24 months old; and 3) malnourished animals were fed on a low‐protein diet and killed at age 24 months. Lateral and vertical teleradiographies were taken. Growth of the neurocranial and splanchnocranial components were measured by volumetric (size estimators) and morphometric (shape estimators) indices. All facial components grew. The neurocranial components showed a heterogeneous behavior: The anteroneural component remained stable, and the increase of the midneural component was compensated by a decrease in the posteroneural component. Malnutrition affected the growths of 1) the craniofacial complex, 2) the splanchnocranium, and 3) the respiratory and midneural components. Growth influenced skull shape through 1) increases of the splanchnocranium and the midneural component relative to the neurocranium; 2) decreases of the masticatory and optic components relative to the splanchnocranium, and 3) decreases of the anteroneural and posteroneural components relative to the neurocranium. Malnutrition influenced skull shape through the relationship between the anteroneural component and the neurocranium. These results confirmed the existence of functional interrelationships among the cranial components. A new approach to craniological studies is suggested.
Genetic variation at the immunoglobulin allotype loci in Creoles of Trinidad
Authors: McGowan V. M. , Reed T. E. , Schanfield M. S. , Goliah S. , Poon‐King T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe sera of a sample of 204 Croeoles from Trinidad were tested for the presence of polymorphic gene complexes occurring on immunoglobulin ligh‐ and heavy‐chain molecules including the allotypic markers IGKC 1, IGHA2 1 and 2, IGHG1 A, X, F, and Z, and IGHG3 G, G5, BO, B1, B3, B4, B5, C3, C5, S, and T. Nine IGHG (GM) haplotypes occur in polymorphic frequencies (>0.1) in this population, including known African, Asian, Caucasian, and Amerindian marker haplotypes. Significant differences (P <.01) were found in the frequency distributions of three IGHG (GM) haplotypes and the frequency of IGKC*1 in these data and data from Creole populations of Belize and St. Vincent. The Creoles of Trinidad and St. Vincent are more similar in IGHG (GM) haplotype distibutions than are Trinidad and Belize populations. Previous testing has revealed no significant difference between St. Vincent and Belize Creoles at the Ig allotypic loci. Analysis of migration patterns in the Caribbean suggests that different rates of Asian migration have maintained regional diversity at these loci, while continuous gene flow from the eastern Caribbean to Trinidad has had a ralative homogenizing effect on the gene pools of this area.
Genetic epidemiological study of blood pressure in sedentary rural agriculture population of West Bengal, India
Authors: Majumder Partha P. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Mukherjee B. N. , Rao D. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo study the genetic epidmiology of blood pressure (BP), data on 78 families were collected from a sedentary agriculture population of eastern India. The general levels of both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures are found to be low (mean SBP = 106.41 mm Hg; means DBP = 63.94 mm Hg). Trends of blood pressures with age are similar to those reported earlier (e.g., in the Framingham study). Environmental variables—e.g., occupation and tobacco use—do not have any direct significant efffect on blood pressure variability in this population. Path analysis of familay data shows a highly significant familial aggregation and yields a gentic heritability (maximum) estimate of 0.3 for both SBP and DBP. Sib–sib and mother–child correlation estimates are, respectively, 0.3 and 0.25. Father–child correlation estimates are 0.13 for SBP and near zero for DBP. A pseudopolygenic model yields the best fit to the data on SBP, while for DBP a proper resolution of various models considered could not be obtained.
George Gaylord Simpson as mentor and apologist for paleoanthropology
Authors: Laporte Léo F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe influence of George Gaylord Simpson (1902–1984) on paleoanthropology provides a well‐documented, historical example of how one scientific discipline can impact upon another, bringing the latter quickly “up to speed” without having to retrace ground covered by the former. Paleoanthropologists were bystanders during the formulation of the evolutionary synthesis (1936–1947). After World War II, the younger paleoanthropologists looked to George Gaylord Simpson as one of several mentors regarding the implications of the synthesis for their own discipline. But why Simpson? Having earlier defined the superfamily Hominoidea (1931) as holding the Pongidae and Hominidae and monographed lower primate fossils (e.g., “Studies on the earliest primates,” 1940), Simpson's “Principles of classification and a classification of mammals” (1945) further solidified his reputation as a mammalian systematist. Simpson's Meaning of Evolution (1949) was widely read as an introduction to the synthesis, and his Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944) made accessible the more complex aspects. Consequently, in the 1950s and 1960s paleoanthropologists invited Simpson to participate in their symposia (e.g., “Some principles of historical biology bearing on human origins,” 1951; “The meaning of taxonomic statements,” 1964), used his books as classroom texts, and cited his publications to support claims for their own work. Later in the 1960s, Simpson moved from mentor to apologist, as the paleoanthropologists were by then familiar with the synthesis and incorporated its theoretical concepts in their interpretations of the many newly discovered hominoid fossils. Simpson now took special care to celebrate these results in his more general, less technical writings, acting as a forceful apologist for the materialistic view of human origins (e.g., “The biological nature of man,” 1966; “The evolutionary concept of man,” 1972). During the 1970s, Simpson's influence waned, and he became just another practitioner at the margin of the discipline. However, anthropologists acknowledged Simpson's earlier impact, for example, when he was invited, yet again, to address them at the 50th anniversary celebration of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1981.
Polymorphic aspects of male anthropoid canines
Authors: Greenfield Leonard O. , Washburn Arthur 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInterspecific variation in the architecture of male anthropoid maxillary canines is documented. Extant taxa are polymorphic, and most can be sorted into two major groupings based on quantitative measures of shape, distal edge sharpness, and interspecific changes in their linear dimensions (projection, mesiodistal length, and buccolingual breadth) relative to each other and to body mass (scaling). One group includes the great apes and ceboids; the other includes cercopithecoids and hylobatids. Statistically significant differences between these groups were found for canine shape, for trajectories of regressions for canine projection on canine length and canine breadth, and for canine projection and canine breadth relative to body mass. The data indicate that explanations of canine variation in male anthropoids must include a mechanical interpretation of form in addition to assessments of habitus, heritage, and body mass.
Reconstruction of molecular phylogeny of extant hominoids from DNA sequence data
Authors: Saitou Naruya 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEvolutionary distance matrices of the extant hominoids are computed from DNA sequence data, and hominoid DNA phylogenies are reconstructed by applying the neighbor‐joining method to these distance matrices. The chimpanzee is clustered with the human in most of the phylogenetic trees thus obtained. The proportion of the distance between human and chimpanzee to that between human/chimpanzee and orangutan is estimated. Both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA show a similar value (0.44), which is close to values derived from DNA‐DNA hybridization data.
Mechanical advantages of the Neandertal thumb in flexion: A test of an hypothesis
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Villemeur Isabelle 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been proposed that the pollical phalangeal length proportions of the Neandertals provided them with a greater mechanical advantage relative to recent humans for their pollical flexor muscles in power grips across the interphalangeal (IP) joint at the expense of the mechanical advantage of those pollical flexor muscles in precision grips at the finger tip. To test these related hypotheses, we compared the pollical load arm dimensions (phalanx lengths) to power arm dimensions (dorsopalmar articular heights) for the European and Near Eastern Neandertals and for European and Amerindian samples of recent humans. It was found, initially, that the proximal articular height of the pollical distal phalanx is a poor predictor of the power arm at the IP articulation, even though the proximal articular height of the pollical proximal phalanx was an adequate indicator of the power arm size at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. In addition, differences in distal pollical ulnar deviation at the IP joint appeared to make little difference in the mechanical advantage comparisons. More importantly, the relative shortness of Neandertal proximal pollical phalanges and the relative lengthening of their distal pollical phalanges was confirmed, and it was determined that, despite some minor differences in articular dimensions between Neandertals and recent humans, these pollical phalangeal length contrasts translated into significant differences in mechanical advantages for the flexor muscles across the MCP and IP articulations.
Kinematics of the cercopithecine foot on arboreal and terrestrial substrates with implications for the interpretation of hominid terrestrial adaptations
Authors: Meldrum D. Jeffrey 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe stereotyped characterizations of quadrupedal foot postures were tested by examining the kinematics of the cercopithecine foot on arboreal and terrestrial supports. Strictly arboreal species were compared with semi‐terrestrial species for Cercopithecus, Cercocebus, Lophocebus, and Papio, in semi‐natural or experimental settings. Results indicate that the kinematics of the cercopithecine arboreal quadruped differ in degree from stereotypical expectations for an arboreal quadruped. The relatively extended, adducted limb movements of the cercopithecines and the emphasis on the central digit as the functional axis of the foot suggest convergence with terrestrial mammalian cursors, and differ from the platyrrhine or colobine arboreal quadruped. The characteristics of the quadrupedal terrestrial primate foot contrast with the very unique pattern seen in the hominid foot. These contrasts provide a new perspective from which to interpret the hominid adaptation, in which the functional axis has remained fixed between the first and second digits. This pattern differs from virtually all other terrestrial mammals. The influence of bipedalism on this functional pattern is examined.
Demography of Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar: Sex ratio, survival, and fertility, 1984–1988
Authors: Richard Alison F. , Rakotomanga Pothin , Schwartz Marion 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEighty‐five sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) have been captured, marked, released, and monitored between September 1984 and August 1988 at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwest Madagascar. Estimates are presented of the age and sex structure of this population and of age‐specific fertility and survival. Using data from this and other studies, it is shown that sifaka tertiary sex ratios do not depart significantly from 50:50, but that they do differ significantly from those of haplorhine primates, which have strongly female‐biased tertiary sex ratios. Two demographic mechanisms that could give rise to this distinction are considered: 1) intermittently male‐biased birth cohorts among sifakas and 2) different patterns of survivorship in haplorhines and sifakas.
ROC analysis of observer‐response subjective rating data—application to periodontal radiograph assessment
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Vannier Michael W. , Shrout Michael K. , Pilgram Thomas K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMany physical anthropological studies require that an observer or device discriminate between states that can be easily confused. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis currently offers the best method for determining the accuracy of such choices, particularly for small sample sizes. Although ROC analysis is widely accepted in psychophysical and biomedical testing, its use in anthropological studies has not been reported. ROC analysis is used here to determine the usefulness of enhanced dental radiographs to assess vertical alveolar bone defects for quantitative studies of human variation with regard to periodontal disease. The presence or absence of vertical‐bony defects (truth) for 75 human skulls was established by the consensus of two trained observers. Dental bitewing‐radiographs were taken of the alveolar processes, the radiographs digitized, and the brightness and contrast of the digital images enhanced. The two observers who established truth then rated 1) plain bitewing radiographs, 2) unenhanced digital images of bitewings, and 3) enhanced digital images of bitewings for vertical bony defects. The rating scale varied from 1 (vertical defect definitely or almost definitely present) to 5 (definitely or almost definitely absent). ROC analysis was used to compare the diagnostic value of the 3 imaging modalities. All modalities had nearly identical diagnostic performance, measured as Az values (areas beneath ROC curves) that were less than 0.80, which indicates only moderate usefulness. It is concluded that enhancement does not increase success in vertical‐bony‐defect diagnosis from digital dental radiographs processed in this manner. Moreover, it is suggested that conventional bitewing radiographs may be unsuitable for accurate quantification of such defects.
Femoral lengths and stature in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study reports the femoral lengths of 31 Plio‐Pleistocene hominids dated between 3.1 and 0.7 million years ago, and uses those lengths to estimate stature by way of the femur‐stature ratio reported by Feldesman et al. (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 78:219–220, 1989). By this method the average female Australopithecus afarensis is 105 cm and the average male is 151 cm. The respective values are 115 and 138 cm for A. africanus. As defined by Howell (In VJ Maglio and HBS Cooke (eds): The Evolution of African Mammals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978) and Johanson et al. (Kirtlandia 28:1–14, 1978), Homo habilis is a sexually dimorphic species, with females standing 118 cm and males 157 cm. Such apparently strong dimorphism may be due to the possibility that there are actually two species of nonrobust hominids between 2 and 1.7 m.y.a. The estimate for the female Austratopithecus boisei is 124 cm and for the male, 137 cm, but these estimates are especially difficult to be certain of because there are no femora that can be positively identified as male A. boisei. Australopithecus robustus is estimated to be 110 cm (female) and 132 cm (male). African Homo erectus stood 160 cm (female) and 180 cm (male).From these estimates several generalizations are apparent. First, there is apparently strong sexual dimorphism in stature in A. afarensis and H. habitis, but less in the other species. Second, the “robust” australopithecines were relatively small statured. Third, it is apparently not true that humans have been getting progressively taller throughout their evolutionary history. Some individuals were as tall as modern humans 3 m.y.a., by 2 m.y.a. one individual stood about 173 cm, and by 1.7 m.y.a. a stature of 180+ cm was not uncommon.
Detection of significant demographic differences between subpopulations of prehispanic Maya from Copan, Honduras, by survival analysis
Authors: Whittington Stephen L 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHeterogeneity and small sample size are problems that affect many paleodemographic studies. The former can cause the overall distribution of age at death to be an amalgam that does not accurately reflect the distributions of any of the groups composing the heterogeneous population. The latter can make it difficult to separate significant from nonsignificant demographic differences between groups. Survival analysis, a methodology that involves the survival distribution function and various regression models, can be applied to distributions of age at death in order to reveal statistically significant demographic differences and to control for heterogeneity. Survival analysis was used on demographic data from a heterogeneous sample of skeletons of low status Maya who lived in and around Copan, Honduras, between A.D. 400 and 1200. Results contribute to understanding the collapse of Classic Maya civilization.
Craniofacial configuration and postcranial development of a hydrocephalic child (ca. 2500 B.C.–500 A.D.): With a review of cases and comment on diagnostic criteria
Authors: Richards Gary D. , Anton Susan C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHydrocephalus is a severe disorder of the central nervous system characterized by absorption blockage of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The archaeological record of the condition ranges in time from 10,000 B.C. to 1670 A.D. and consists of 30 possible cases worldwide. A review of this material reveals that diagnostic criteria which fully delineate the condition have not been established. Previously, no attempt has been made to differentiate the two major categories of hydrocephalus and their subgroupings, or to identify other conditions which might result in similar morphologies. A partial child's skeleton from the Middle Period (ca. 2500 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of Central California Prehistory is described in light of an extensive clinical literature. Examination of this individual reveals a unique craniofacial configuration and malformed postcrania. Bony criteria for a differential diagnosis of hydrocephalus are established and applied to this individual. Based on these criteria, the individual is diagnosed as having a chronic form of noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Blockage of the CSF pathway most likely occurred in the aqueduct of Sylvius with a partial occlusion of the foramen of Monro or a frontal cyst. In addition, femoral development is suggestive of partial paralysis.
Differences in physical growth of Aymara and Quechua children living at high altitude in Peru
Authors: de Meer K. , Bergman R. , Kusner J. S. , Voorhoeve H. W. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPhysical growth of Amerindian children living in two Aymara and three Quechua peasant communities in the Andean highlands of southern Peru (altitude 3,810–3,840 m) was studied, taking into account differences in the microclimate, agronomic situation, and sociodemographic variables. Anthropometric measurements were taken in 395 children aged under 14 years of age in a sample of 151 families in these communities, who were surveyed for sociodemographic variables as well. Data on the land system were available for 77 families. In comparison with reference populations from the United States (NCHS) and The Netherlands, stature, weight, head circumference, and midupper arm circumference (but not weight for stature) in the sample children were reduced. Growth retardation increased after the age of 1 year. Stature and weight in the present sample were very similar compared with previously published data on growth of rural Aymara children living near Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. Head circumference, midupper arm circumference, and weight for stature were significantly larger in Aymara children compared with Quechua children. Land was significantly more fragmented in Aymara compared with Quechua families, but amount of land owned was not different. Perinatal and infant mortality was elevated in Aymara vs. Quechua communities. Most families in Aymara communities used protected drinking water. One Quechua community had a severe microclimate, grim economic outlook, and weak social cohesion. Children in this community showed significant reductions in weight and midupper arm circumference compared with their peers in the other communities. We conclude that (presumably nutritionally mediated) intervillage and Aymara‐Quechua differences in childhood physical growth existed in this rural high‐altitude population in Peru and were associated with microclimate and the village economy, sociodemographic factors, and differences in the land system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geographic variation of six dermatoglyphic traits in Eurasia
Authors: Sokal Robert , Livshits Gregory 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe describe the geographic variation patterns of six dermatoglyphic traits from 144 samples in Eurasia. The methods of analysis include computation of interpolated surfaces, one‐dimensional and directional correlograms, correlations between all pairs of surfaces, and distances between correlograms. There are at least two, probably three, distinct and significant patterns of variation. 1) A general NW‐SE trend for pattern intensity, the main line index, and frequency of hypothenar patterns. 2) A trend from the Middle East to the north and east for frequency of axial triradius and of accessory interdigital triradii. 3) A patchy pattern for frequency of the thenar‐interdigital 1. The results are compatible with a diffusion process between Europe and the peoples of Northern Asia, and possibly with a radiation of populations from the Middle East. The hypothesis of diffusion processes is supported by substantial interpopulation correlations between dermatoglyphic traits that contrast sharply with largely negligible intralocality correlations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gm haplotype distribution in Amerindians: Relationship with geography and language
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Salzano Francisco M. , Constans Jacques , Maurieres Pierre 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA review is made of the Gm haplotype distribution in 60 groups of Eskimos, North, Central and South American Indians, totaling 22,808 individuals. Differences were observed in the shapes of the distribution of Gm*ag and the other markers. Nearly identical values for FST and average heterozygosities were obtained in the North+Central/South comparisons. North‐South and Southwest/Northeast clinal differences were observed in the Americas using correspondence factorial analysis. The two haplotypes mainly responsible for these differences are Gm*axg and Gm*abOst. When the populations are classified by language groups, besides the recognized differences between Eskimos and Athabaskan (Na‐Dene) speakers compared with Amerinds, others are found. For instance, Uto‐Aztecan speakers of the United States and Mexico differ in Gm frequencies from the Nuclear Chibchan, Macro‐Arawak, and Carib speakers of Central and South America. The notion of a homogeneous Amerind genetic pool does not conform with these and other results. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.