bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Chronic Hyperplastic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Arango Pablo , Borish Larry , Frierson Henry F. , Kountakis Stilianos E. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVESOur study was designed to demonstrate that, similar to asthma, eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis is a disease characterized by activation and the expression of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs).METHODSNasal polyp tissue was evaluated from 28 consecutive individuals undergoing elective polypectomy in whom neutrophils were not present on pathologic examination. Tissue was analyzed for pathosis with particular attention to the presence of eosinophils. Patients with moderate to high levels of mucosal eosinophils were classified as having eosinophilic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). Those with few or absent mucosal eosinophils were classified as having noneosinophilic rhinosinusitis (NECRS). Cysteinyl LTs were quantified by a sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay, and the levels of cysteinyl LTs were compared in the groups.RESULTSThere were 20 patients with ECRS and 8 patients with NECRS. Cysteinyl LTs were identified in polyp tissue from 24 of 28 subjects and were >5 pg/gm tissue in 15 of 28. The average level of LTC4 in patients with few mucosal eosinophils was 38.3 pg/g. The average amount in those with moderate to large amounts of mucosal eosinophils was 36.7 pg/g. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups.CONCLUSIONECRS and NECRS can be considered diseases of excessive expression of cysteinyl LTs. LT expression occurs in patients who demonstrate few or no mucosal eosinophils, which indicates that cell lines other than eosinophils may be responsible for LT production in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Biomechanical Influences of Magnetic Resonance Imaging on the SOUNDTEC Direct System Implant
Authors: Dyer Robert Kent , Dormer Kenneth J. , Hough J. V. D. , Nakmali Udon , Wickersham Rick 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to measure the forces experienced by the SOUNDTEC Direct System magnetic implant during 0.3‐T MRI.STUDY DESIGNTorsional and linear forces imposed on 8 implants were measured by using calibrated neurologic Von Frey hairs and were compared with finite‐element analysis predictions and the forces required to separate the incudostapedial joints of unpreserved temporal bones. An implanted embalmed autopsy specimen was also examined before and after 1.5‐T MRI.RESULTSPeak linear force at the orifice of the MRI core measured 0.51 g ±0.2 SD). Maximum torque occurred at the MRI core center and measured 11.4g‐cm (±1.2 SD). The mean torque required to separate the incudostapedial joints of 12 unpreserved temporal bones was 33.8g‐cm (±20.4 SD). The autopsy specimen sustained a 1.5‐T MRI scan without disruption of the ossicular chain or explantation.CONCLUSIONSPhysical and mechanical testing of the SOUNDTEC implant indicates that the structural integrity of the ossicles will be maintained during 0.3‐T MRI of the human head.
Non-solvability for a class of left-invariant second-order differential operators on the Heisenberg group
Authors: Müller Detlef , Peloso Marco 
Published: February 2003

We study the question of local solvability for second-order, left-invariant differential operators on the Heisenberg group

H

n

\mathbb {H}_n

, of the form
\[

P

Λ

=

∑

i
,
j
=
1

n

λ

i
j

X
i

Y
j

=

t

X
Λ
Y
,

\mathcal {P}_\Lambda = \sum _{i,j=1}^{n} \lambda _{ij}X_i Y_j={\,}^t X\Lambda Y,

\]
where

Λ
=
(

λ

i
j

)

\Lambda =(\lambda _{ij})

is a complex

n
×
n

n\times n

matrix. Such operators never satisfy a cone condition in the sense of Sjöstrand and Hörmander. We may assume that

P

Λ

\mathcal {P}_\Lambda

cannot be viewed as a differential operator on a lower-dimensional Heisenberg group. Under the mild condition that

Re
⁡
Λ
,

\operatorname {Re}\Lambda ,

Im
⁡
Λ

\operatorname {Im}\Lambda

and their commutator are linearly independent, we show that

P

Λ

\mathcal {P}_\Lambda

is not locally solvable, even in the presence of lower-order terms, provided that

n
≥
7

n\ge 7

. In the case

n
=
3

n=3

we show that there are some operators of the form described above that are locally solvable. This result extends to the Heisenberg group

H

3

\mathbb {H}_3

a phenomenon first observed by Karadzhov and Müller in the case of

H

2

.

\mathbb {H}_2.

It is interesting to notice that the analysis of the exceptional operators for the case

n
=
3

n=3

turns out to be more elementary than in the case

n
=
2.

n=2.

When

3
≤
n
≤
6

3\le n\le 6

the analysis of these operators seems to become quite complex, from a technical point of view, and it remains open at this time.
Consent and end of life decisions
Authors: Harris John 
Published: February 2003

This paper discusses the role of consent in decision making generally and its role in end of life decisions in particular. It outlines a conception of autonomy which explains and justifies the role of consent in decision making and criticises some misapplications of the idea of consent, particular the role of fictitious or “proxy” consents.Where the inevitable outcome of a decision must be that a human individual will die and where that individual is a person who can consent, then that decision is ethical if and only if the individual consents. In very rare and extreme cases such a decision will be ethical in the absence of consent where it would be massively cruel not to end life in order to prevent suffering which is in no other way preventable.Where, however, the human individual is not a person, as is the case with abortion, the death of infants like Mary (one of the conjoined twins in a case discussed in the paper), or in the very rare and extreme cases of those who have ceased to be persons like Tony Bland, such decisions are governed by the ethics of ending the lives of non-persons.
Knowledge of the legislation governing proxy consent to treatment and research
Authors: Bravo G , Pǎquet M , Dubois M-F 
Published: February 2003

Objective:To assess the knowledge of four groups of individuals regarding who is legally authorised to consent to health care or research involving older patients.Design:A provincewide postal survey.Setting:Province of Quebec, Canada.Participants:Three hundred older adults, 434 informal caregivers of cognitively impaired individuals, 98 researchers in aging and 136 members of research ethics boards (REBs).Measurements:Knowledge was assessed through a pretested postal questionnaire comprising five vignettes that describe hypothetical situations involving an older adult who requires medical care or is solicited for research. The respondent had to identify the person who is legally authorised to provide consent.Results:Nearly 80% of all respondents provided the correct answer when the hypothetical scenario depicted a person who was competent to consent or incompetent but legally represented. Knowledge was worse (from 2% among older adults to 44% among REB members) for the scenario describing a research situation that involved an incompetent adult without a legal guardian.Conclusion:The observed lack of knowledge raises doubts about the ability of current legislation to truly protect the rights of older adults with diminished decision making capacity. It points to the need for educational programmes aimed at increasing public awareness of the legislation put in place for those requiring special protection.
Relatives' attitudes towards informing patients about the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Pucci E , Belardinelli N , Borsetti G , Giuliani G 
Published: February 2003

Objectives:To evaluate relatives’ attitudes towards informing patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) about their diagnosis.Setting:A university hospital in Italy.Methods:The closest relatives of each of 71 subjects diagnosed for the first time as having AD were interviewed, using a semistructured questionnaire. Spontaneous requests by relatives not to communicate issues concerning the diagnosis were also recorded.Results:Forty three (60.6%) relatives spontaneously requested that patients not be fully informed. After being interviewed, nobody thought that the patient should be given all the information. Justifications were related to the fear of the onset or worsening of depressive symptoms in the patient.Conclusions:In Italy relatives’ opposition to informing AD patients appears to be common. Knowledge of the relatives’ attitudes may be useful for clinicians but disclosure of diagnosis should be based on the clinical evaluation of the patient and on a prudent evaluation of the relationship between the patient and her/his relative caregiver.
Topological notions for Kauffman and Vogel's polynomial
Authors: Carpentier Rui Pedro 
Published: February 2003

In [2] Kauffman and Vogel constructed a rigid vertex regular isotopy invariant for unoriented four-valent graphs embedded in three dimensional space. It assigns to each embedded graph G a polynomial, denoted [G], in three variables, A, B and a satisfying the skein relations: [Formula: see text] and is defined in terms of a state-sum and the Dubrovnik polynomial for links. In [4] it is proved, in the case B = A- 1 and a = A, that for a planar garph G we have [G] = 2c - 1 (- A - A- 1)v, where c is the number of connected components of G and v is the number of vertices of G. In this paper we will show how we can calculate the polynomial, with the variables B = A- 1 and a = A, without resorting to the skein relation.
YANG MIAOZHEN: A WOMAN WARRIOR IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA
Authors: Wu Pei-Yi 
Published: February 2003

AbstractHidden just below the surface in the Songshi is the story of a woman who contradicts every stereotypical view of her gender. Yang Miaozhen was a warrior, peerless both in single combat and in strategic planning. Before she was twenty, she commanded an armed band of ten thousand. She met her future husband when he and his soldiers flocked to her banner. The apparently uxorilocal marriage lasted as a partnership of equality. The couple went on to carve out a large area between Shandong and the Yangzi River and ruled it as their private domain. Although they ostensibly pledged allegiance to the Southern Song, any overseer sent from the court, whatever his station or achievement, could enjoy his tenure only at Yang Miaozhen's pleasure. After her husband's death, she led her troops to join the Mongols, who appointed her governor of Shandong. Thus her story stands on its head the complex patrilineal, patriarchal, and patrilocal system generally believed to have prevailed throughout Chinese history.
The Theaetetus on how we Think
Authors: Barton David 
Published: February 2003

AbstractI argue that Plato's purpose in the discussion of false belief in the Theaetetus is to entertain and then to reject the idea that thinking is a kind of mental grasping. The interpretation allows us to make good sense of Plato's discussion of 'other-judging' (189c-190e), of his remarks about mathematical error (195d-196c), and most importantly, of the initial statement of the puzzle about falsity (188a-c). That puzzle shows that if we insist on conceiving of the relation between thought and its objects on the model of holding or grasping something in our hands, we will be unable to account for the possibility of false identity judgments: For no one who is literally grasping two things in his hands would seriously entertain the idea that one of the things is numerically identical with the other.
Aristotle's Literary Aesthetics
Authors: Ferrari  
Published: February 2003

AbstractAgainst the consensus that Aristotle in the Poetics sets out to give tragedy a role in exercising or improving the mature citizen's moral sensibilities, I argue that his aim is rather to analyse what makes a work of literature successful in its own terms, and in particular how a tragic drama can achieve the effect of suspense. The proper pleasure of tragedy is produced by the plotting and eventual dispelling of the play's suspense. Aristotle claims that poetry 'says what is universal' not in order to suggest that poetry achieves anything of the effect of philosophy, but to explain how in creating his plots the poet takes into consideration what, in general, could be expected to happen. Chapter 4 of the Poetics is not a theory of mimesis but an analysis of the lowest common denominator of the pleasure we take in fictions. The inevitability or likelihood by which events in the tragic plot are to be connected has an aesthetic rather than a moral function. Doing away with the irrationality of chance and increasing the human intelligibility of the action is not its point; the point is to furnish the plot with the second half of the formula for successful suspense: that events in the plot should happen 'against expectation because of one another'. The first half of the formula is examined under the rubric of peripety or reversal. The formula as a whole describes the pivotal moment when the pieces of the plot suddenly fit with a configuration that only in retrospect can we see to have been falling into place all along. Pity and fear are the emotions on which Aristotle focusses because they are the emotions engaged by the tightening-towards-release of literary suspense. And the pleasure of catharsis is the pleasure of that release.
Aristotle's Two Intellects: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Caston Victor 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn De anima 3.5, Aristotle argues for the existence of a second intellect, the so-called "Agent Intellect." The logical structure of his argument turns on a distinction between different types of soul, rather than different faculties within a given soul; and the attributes he assigns to the second species make it clear that his concern here - as at the climax of his other great works, such as the Metaphysics, the Nicomachean and the Eudemian Ethics - is the difference between the human and the divine. If this is right, we needn't go on a wild goose chase trying to invent a role for the so-called Agent Intellect to play. God moves our intellects as he moves the heavenly spheres, "as a beloved": he constitutes the complete actualization towards which all of our intellectual striving is directed. Aristotle regards such final causation as an efficient cause, but not in a way that would make it part of what we would call the causal processes or mechanisms of human psychology. But, he would insist, it is essential for appreciating who we are and what our place is in the world.
FROM FAITH TO FAITH: A FRESH EXAMINATION OF THE PREPOSITIONAL SERIES IN ROMANS 1:17
Authors: Quarles Charles 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThis article examines and evaluates important interpretations of the εκ πιστεως εις πιστιν prepositional series in Rom. 1:17. It evaluates these interpretations in light of four criteria: (1) Is the interpretation consistent with usage of the construction in ancient Greek texts? (2) Does the interpretation address a theme of Romans that is prominent enough to account for its inclusion in the programmatic statement? (3) Is the interpretation consistent with Paul's normal modes of expression? (4) Is the interpretation compatible with the Hab. 2:4 citation? These criteria raise serious doubts about several well-established interpretations and suggest that scholars should more seriously consider the interpretation of Chrysostom and other Greek fathers.
VOLLMACHT IM JOHANNESEVANGELIUM
Authors: Metzner Rainer 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDer johanneische Vollmachtsbegriff gehört zu den Heilsbegriffen des 4. Evangeliums, dessen Verständnis für die johanneische ”Sehweise“ von tragender Bedeutung ist. Der 4. Evangelist hat ihn der synoptischen Tradition entlehnt und ”johanneisch“ vertieft. Er versteht unter Vollmacht ein Autorisierungsgefüge in der Gemeinschaft von Vater, Sohn und Glaubenden. Alle Vollmacht ist in Gott begründet, der Sohn empfängt in höchster Autorität die Doxa des Vaters, seine Liebe, sein Wissen und seine Lebensmacht und läßt die Glaubenden daran teilhaben. Der 4. Evangelist macht deutlich, daß Vollmacht eine positive Gabe göttlicher Liebe ist, die der ungläubigen Welt und ihrem ”Herrscher“ vorenthalten bleibt.
FEMALE RESPONSES TO MALE COOS IN THE COLLARED DOVE STREPTOPELIA DECAOCTO
Authors: Secondi Jean , De Bakker Merijn , Ten Cate Carel 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBirdsong is one of the main models in sexual selection studies. Most investigations focused on oscines in which male song and female preference learning occur. Yet, some non-oscines are well suited for such studies as well. In Columbidae song learning does not occur. However, like in oscines, song is involved in inter- and intra-sexual interactions. Surprisingly, experimental evidence of female song-based preferences are still largely lacking in this group. We conducted playback tests on wild-caught Streptopelia decaocto females. We tested for the sexual function of song by playing decaocto songs versus songs of an unrelated species. We then investigated female responses to trill. Although they do not produce this trait, males react more strongly to artificially trilled decaocto songs, i.e. to conspecific songs in which a trill from a S. roseogrisea song has been inserted, than to normal decaocto songs. We also tested female responses to S. roseogrisea songs. Females flew more often and with a shorter latency during decaocto songs than during wren songs, suggesting that species recognition occurred, but we found no evidence of preference for trilled decaocto songs. The low activity observed during the experiment might have obscured actual preferences. Nevertheless, females consistently reacted more to normal decaocto songs than to trilled decaocto or roseogrisea songs. This contrasts with the strong responses for trilled decaocto songs and the virtual lack of reaction to S. roseogrisea songs observed in males. Thus, female collared doves, as receivers, may have different characteristics from males and impose constraints on the evolution of song.
THE STRESS RESPONSE OF EUROPEAN STONECHATS DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF STRESSOR
Authors: Canoine Virginie , Hayden Timothy , Rowe Kevin , Goymann Wolfgang 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The acute increase in plasma levels of corticosteroid hormones in response to a stressful situation is essential for adequate physiological and behavioural responses to unpredictable events. The pattern and amplitude of the corticosteroid stress response has been extensively studied to compare endocrine adaptations between different life history stages, but also to determine environmental and physiological disturbances. Most studies on birds have used a simple and repeatable standardized stress-protocol. After capture, blood samples are taken at fixed time intervals from the bird kept in a cloth bag. Capture and handling during this procedure are stressful events which typically result in enhanced secretion of corticosterone. However, it is not known whether the stress response obtained with the cloth bag protocol is comparable with a life-threatening situation such as the confrontation with a predator. In this study, we investigated the plasticity of the stress-response towards different stimuli. We compared the stress responses of European stonechats (Saxicola torquata rubicola) exposed to different stressors: (1) a standard cloth bag; (2) space restraint by caging; and (3) caging and additional confrontation with a live predator, a tawny owl (Strix aluco). Our results show that the stress response induced by the predator was greater and the stress response induced by the cage tended to be greater than that induced by the cloth bag protocol. Thus, the present study showed that the stress response may vary depending on the type of stressor.
LE COMMERCE CONJUGAL GÂTE-T-IL LE LAIT MATERNEL? SEXUALITE, MEDECINE ET DROIT DANS LE SUNNISME ANCIEN
Authors: Benkheira Mohammed 
Published: February 2003

AbstractLe problème de la simulanéité des rapports sexuels et de l'allaitement a beaucoup préoccupé les juristes musulmans anciens, soit parce que le lait maternel était pensé comme une conséquence de ces mêmes rapports, soit parce qu'on croyait qu'ils étaient nocifs et pouvaient le corrompre, menaçant ainsi la santé de l'enfant nourri au sein. Cet article aborde seulement ce dernier aspect, en partant d'une contradiction entre deux traditions prophétiques, l'une compilée par Mālik, l'autre par Abū Dāwūd et Ibn Māğa. Alors que selon la première, les rapports sexuels simultanés à l'allaitement sont permis, selon la seconde, ils sont à déconseiller, voire à interdire. Si les textes juridiques ne nous apprennent rien sur les usages dans l'Arabie centrale au VIIème siècle, de nombreuses traditions semblent indiquer que la croyance en la nocivité des rapports sexuels pendant l'allaitement était assez répandue en Irak. L'hypothèse proposée ici est que le texte retenu par Mālik s'inscrit en faux contre cette croyance non pour des raisons médicales, mais principalement pour des raisons juridiques, morales et peut-être aussi théologiques.
SEEING IS BELIEVING: THE POWER OF VISUAL CULTURE IN THE RELIGIOUS WORLD OF AŞE ZÄR'A YA'EQOB OF ETHIOPIA (1434-1468)
Authors: Kaplan Steven 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe prevailing image of Zär'a Ya'eqob has tended to emphasize the intellectual at the expense of the experiential and political power at the expense of religious power. It is to these relatively neglected aspects of religious life that this article is devoted. It is our purpose here to emphasize the importance of the Cross, the image of the Virgin, the construction of churches and other visual aspects of religious life in Zär'a Ya'eqob's Ethiopia. No other Ethiopian ruler confronted the religious challenges presented by a divided Church and a largely unChristianized empire as systematically and as successfully as Zär'a Ya'eqob. Moreover, he was as sensitive to the daily unspoken truths of religious life as he was to great theological debates and controversies. He understood power in all its manifestations and sought to protect his state, his church, and his people with every means at his disposal. By promoting devotion to both the Cross and the Virgin Mary, he built on the foundations prepared by his parents, especially his father Dawit. He also mobilized Christian symbols which transcended local rivalries and regional loyalties. These symbols, as well as the churches he built, were also particularly suited to visual representation and hence comparatively easy to propagate among Ethiopia's largely illiterate population. They were, moreover, effective instruments of divine power, which brought home not only the message of Christianity's truth, but also its efficacy in the face of the numerous threats that Christians faced on a daily basis.
Predicting success: Stakeholder readiness for home telecare diabetic support
Authors: Hebert M A , Paquin M J , Iversen S 
Published: February 2003

summary Readiness to adopt a new technology is one factor that contributes to the success of a telehealth programme. Since one goal of telehealth is to improve care, it is appropriate to determine its success through a quality-of-care framework that addresses structure, process and outcome. A qualitative case study of home care in the Calgary Health Region in Alberta set out to understand how clients, nurses, physicians and managers perceived their readiness to use video-visits for home care. Focus groups, home visits, and telephone and face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. Readiness to adopt home telecare was compared between groups, as well as with behaviour predicted in the literature. Differences in perceptions were identified among the four participant groups. Clients and managers identified a higher degree of readiness-clients because of the potential to support independence in their homes and managers because of the potential efficiencies in the system.