bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapists’ dreams about their patients
Authors: Kron Tamar , Avny Nadav 
Published: May 2003

Abstract This study examines therapists’ dreams about their patients from the Jungian and the relational perspectives. Few clinical and empirical references to this subject are to be found in the literature. In the present study 31 dreams were collected from 22 therapists. Dreams were collected using anonymous self‐report inventory. The research focused on three theoretical research questions: 1. What themes appear in the manifest content of therapists’ dreams about their patients? 2. What contributions are made by Jungian interpretation of therapists’ dreams about their patients? 3. To what extent are masochistic contents present in the manifest content of therapists’ dreams about their patients?The first question was addressed using categorical content analysis of a) themes common to different dreams and b) pre‐determined themes for all dreams. The third research question was addressed using Beck's (1967)‘Masochistic Dream’ measure. Results: Among the themes common to different dreams were: therapist‐patient role reversal; therapist and/or patient attends and remains in meeting, departs/doesn’t depart; cancellation of therapy session; sexuality between therapist and patient; aggression; presence vs. absence; non‐verbal relationship and communication; time; driving vs. stopping. With regard to pre‐determined themes it was found that in 20 of the 31 dreams, the therapist had a negative experience and was characterized as vulnerable. Likewise it was found that 26 out of 31 dreams took place in either a) a street, a road, a route, a corridor; b) en route to somewhere; c) a therapy room and/or building; d) a house. With regard to the contribution of Jungian interpretations of the dreams it was found that 17 of the dreams had diagnostic and prognostic elements, 4 of which were initial dreams, 9 of them were compensatory dreams and in 14 it was found that the patient represents the shadow of the therapist. With regard to the third question it was found that 18 of the 31 dreams met Beck's (1967) criteria for masochistic dreams. The theoretical discussion examines the findings from a Jungian perspective, with an emphasis on also understanding the dream in terms of its expression of relational aspects of the therapist‐patient relationship. The findings affirm the presence of the ‘wounded healer’ archetypes in therapists’ dreams about their patients. The results of the study indicate that therapists’ dreams about their patients can be a valuable tool for deepening understanding of the therapeutic relationship and process.
Joseph Brodsky, One Poem at a Time
Authors: Sandler Stephanie 
Published: May 2003

Books reviewed in this articleLev Loseff and Valentina Polukhina, (eds.), Joseph Brodsky: The Art of a PoemL. V. Losev and V. P. Polukhina (eds.), Kak rabotaet stikhotvorenie Brodskogo: Iz issledovanii slavistov na Zapade
The Demand for Health Care Services in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D. , Genicot Garance 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the pattern of health care demand in rural Tanzania. We distinguish between hospital and clinic‐based care, in both the public and private sector using a two‐level nested multinomial logit model. Own price elasticities of demand for all health care options are high, although less so for public clinics and dispensaries than other choices. However, there is a high degree of substitution between public and private care. Consequently, price increases or user fees will result in small percentage of people opting for self‐treatment. Another important contribution of this paper is that the quality of medical care has large effects on health demand. This applies to the quality and availability of doctors/nurses, drugs and the clinic environment.
Selecting managers for cross‐border assignments: building value into the process
Authors: Fish Alan 
Published: May 2003

Selecting cross‐border managers simply by relying on an assessment of technical competence, isolated and domestic management success as well as perceived commitment to the organization has become inadequate. Multiple value orientations associated with cross‐cultural business performance need to be examined as an integral part of the selection process. Value orientations associated with cultural identity, cross‐border business focus and personal and professional development, are missing from and need to be taken into consideration when selecting managers for cross‐border assignments.A cross‐cultural manager typology is developed, which identifies four cross‐border manager ‘types’. These ‘types’ are described as (1) transnationalist, (2) internationalist, (3) ethnocentrist and (4) transitionalist. The implications of these ‘types’ for the selection of cross‐border managers are then explored within the context of, and interplay between, three value orientations. First, how and why managers value their cultural identity. Secondly, how and why managers value involvement in cross‐border business activity. Finally, how these two value orientations are better understood based upon personal and professional development.
Management paradigms for the new millennium
Authors: Clarke Thomas , Clegg Stewart 
Published: May 2003

A proliferation of paradigms is occurring in management thought and practice, defining paradigms as means of understanding the world and a basis for informing action. Frequent paradigm shifts are essential for survival in a business context of constant innovation. While the idea of paradigms has been widely received in management, it has been so more as a contested than a settled domain. Management paradigms are far more numerous than those of the natural sciences that Kuhn studied. Kuhn expected the long periods of normality to be marked by an absence of paradigmatic questioning and strife. In management, at any time, there are a number of competing paradigms available.Kuhn was concerned to chart how changing realities of investigation were tied up with changing perceptions. In business the focus has been much more on the changing realities rather than changing perspectives. In any system that is ecologically interdependent, if you change any paradigmatic part then you change the whole. When there is sufficient change and fluidity in a system then we can speak of a ‘paradigm shift’: that period when a shift occurs from one paradigm set to another, the transition from one wave to the next. In these conditions uncertainty and ambiguity will apply. Discontinuous change is a step shift in the rate of change that invalidates existing assumptions and begins to transform the rules of competition.
Performance measurement in industrial R&D
Authors: Kerssens‐van Drongelen Inge , Nixon Bill , Pearson Alan 
Published: May 2003

Currently, the need for R&D performance measurements that are both practically useful and theoretically sound seems to be generally acknowledged; indeed, the rising cost of R&D, greater emphasis on value management and a trend towards decentralization are escalating the need for ways of evaluating the contribution of R&D to corporate performance. However, although recent research and writing on the subject shows that the challenge of developing such sound measurements has been taken up by many academics and organizations, it is also clear that there is no generally applicable approach.In this review, we consider various approaches for measuring the performance in industrial R&D and identify their key characteristics. We also include a brief summary of the ‘history’ of performance measurement in R&D, which shows that although there are some new ways of looking at the issue there are many examples from the past that can contribute to our current thinking.The approaches found in the literature and practice are very varied in their application, some being more suitable for the project level, others for the R&D department, and some for the development process or for the organization as a whole. Furthermore, the uses of the approaches tend to be different. For example, some approaches are intended to justify the continuation of investment in R&D to upper management, whilst others are more suited to support learning and self‐correction by empowered R&D teams. In this paper these uses, or ‘functions’, of performance measurement and a taxonomy of typical subjects of measurement in R&D environments are explored.Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of some limitations of the growing literature on R&D performance measurement.
Performance measurement: a critical analysis of the literature with respect to total quality management
Authors: Sinclair David , Zairi Mohamed 
Published: May 2003

This paper represents a comprehensive review of the literature on performance measurement. The roadmap used for this analysis is from the evolution of performance measurement, to the way it is currently defined and how it is applied from a corporate‐wide perspective. One useful contribution of this review is a special focus on performance measurement in a non‐financial, non‐traditional sense. This discussion was further amplified by referring to newly developed tools and techniques and by highlighting critical factors of success in the application of performance measurement.The key factors from this literature review reveal that, although interest in the area of measurement is growing significantly, this is not reflected by the tangible and credible experiences in the organizations concerned. There is a concurrent view amongst various writers that there are both hard and soft issues reflecting, for instance, the lack of strategic thinking and goal clarity, putting measurement systems in the driving seat and therefore trusting unreliable designs and not focusing on the true ethos of modern measurement towards continuous improvement and thereby not engaging employees and neglecting the culture change aspects.The paper concludes by highlighting the dearth in research in the important field of performance measurement and, in particular, the design and implementation of performance measurement systems that cover all the essential aspects through an integrated perspective.
Genetic and environmental risk factors in adolescent substance use
Authors: Silberg Judy , Rutter Michael , D'Onofrio Brian , Eaves Lindon 
Published: May 2003

Background: The present study was undertaken with the goal of understanding the causes of association between substance use and both conduct disturbance (CD) and depression in adolescent boys and girls.Method: Multivariate genetic structural equation models were fitted to multi‐informant, multi‐wave, longitudinal data collected in extensive home interviews with parents and children with respect to 307 MZ male, 392 MZ female, 185 DZ male, and 187 DZ female, same‐sex twin pairs aged 12–17 years from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD).Results: Although conduct disturbance and depression were moderately associated with substance use, the pattern of genetic and environmental risk differed for males and females and across the two disorders. Genetic factors were predominant in girls’ substance use whereas boys’ use was mediated primarily by shared environmental factors reflecting family dysfunction and deviant peers. The patterns of correlations across the two waves of the study were consistent with conduct disturbance leading to substance use in both males and females, but depression leading to smoking, drug use and, to a lesser extent, alcohol use in girls.Conclusions: The comorbidity between substance use and depression, and between substance use and conduct disturbance in childhood/adolescence, probably reflects rather different mediating mechanisms – as well as a different time frame, with conduct disturbance preceding substance use but depression following it. In both, the co‐occurrence partially reflected a shared liability but, in girls, genetic influences played an important role in the comorbidity involving depression, whereas in both sexes (but especially in boys) environmental factors played a substantial role. The extent to which these differences reflect genuine differences in the causal mechanisms underlying substance use and CD/depression in boys and girls revealed in the present analysis awaits replication from studies of other general population samples.
Alcohol expectancies in late childhood: an ambivalence perspective on transitions toward alcohol use
Authors: Cameron Charmaine A. , Stritzke Werner G.K. , Durkin Kevin 
Published: May 2003

Background: Late childhood has been identified as a critical transition period in expectancies about alcohol use, but much previous theorising has been based on the assumption that the transition involves a simple shift from negative to positive. This paper addresses the possibility that young people entertain more complex alcohol‐related expectancies, and are increasingly aware of both negative and positive consequences of consumption.Method: Expectancies were measured in a sample of 233 primary school children aged 8, 10, and 12 years. Colour photographs of alcohol and non‐alcohol items were presented in three conditions: item only, single adult, mixed group.Results: Consistent with the ambivalence model of alcohol use (Breiner, Stritzke, & Lang, 1999), children endorsed both positive and negative alcohol expectancies. There was a main effect for grade with older children endorsing alcohol expectancies more than younger children. At all ages, children's positive alcohol expectancies were higher than negative ones for wine and champagne, but the reverse was found for beer. Compared to non‐alcohol stimuli, differences between positive and negative expectancies were much smaller for alcohol stimuli, indicating a more balanced or ambivalent expectancy configuration that was unique to alcohol.Conclusions: Results are discussed with reference to motivational models of alcohol use that emphasise the role of ambivalence, and an integration of this ambivalence perspective with information processing theories of alcohol expectancy development is offered.
The relationship between motor control and phonology in dyslexic children
Authors: Ramus Franck , Pidgeon Elizabeth , Frith Uta 
Published: May 2003

Background: The goal of this study was to investigate the automaticity/cerebellar theory of dyslexia. We tested phonological skills and cerebellar function in a group of dyslexic 8–12‐year‐old children and their matched controls. Tests administered included the Phonological Assessment Battery, postural stability, bead threading, finger to thumb and time estimation.Results: Dyslexic children were found to be significantly poorer than the controls at all tasks but time estimation. About 77% of dyslexics were more than one standard deviation below controls in phonological ability, and 59% were similarly impaired in motor skills. However, at least part of the discrepancy in motor skills was due to dyslexic individuals who had additional disorders (ADHD and/or DCD). The absence of evidence for a time estimation deficit also casts doubt on the cerebellar origin of the motor deficiency. About half the dyslexic children didn't have any motor problem, and there was no evidence for a causal relationship between motor skills on the one hand and phonological and reading skills on the other.Conclusion: This study provides partial support for the presence of motor problems in dyslexic children, but does not support the hypothesis that a cerebellar dysfunction is the cause of their phonological and reading impairment.
Predictors of attributions of self‐blame and internalizing behavior problems in sexually abused children
Authors: Quas Jodi A. , Goodman Gail S. , Jones David P.H. 
Published: May 2003

Background: The purpose of the present study was to identify predictors of two potential sequelae of child sexual abuse, self‐blame attributions and internalizing behavior problems.Methods: In the study, detailed information was collected on 218 victims of sexual abuse aged 4 to 17, involved in criminal cases, about their background, the abuse, and their mother's reaction following discovery of the abuse.Results: Increased attributions of self‐blame were predicted by the child having a close relationship with the perpetrator, experiencing severe sexual abuse (e.g., long‐lasting abuse that involved penetration), perceiving the abuse as disgusting, and coping with the abuse by pretending it was not happening. Similar factors did not emerge as predictors of internalizing behavior problems.Conclusions: Results suggest that different child and abuse characteristics predict the two sequelae often associated with childhood sexual abuse. Thus, although self‐blame attributions and behavior problems are often considered similar consequences of sexual abuse, there appears a need to distinguish the two types of outcomes following sexual victimization in childhood.
Cognitive development of children in poverty with failure to thrive: a prospective study through age 6
Authors: Mackner Laura M. , Black Maureen M. , Starr, Jr Raymond H. 
Published: May 2003

Background: This study examined the cognitive development of children in poverty with normal growth and those with a history of failure to thrive (FTT) prospectively from infancy through age 6.Method: Participants were 226 low‐income infants with normal birthweight and no perinatal complications, congenital problems, or chronic illnesses. One hundred and twenty‐eight children experienced FTT and were treated in an interdisciplinary clinic, and 98 had normal growth.Results: Cognitive development declined in both groups to 1.0–1.5 SD below the norm. Children with FTT had lower cognitive scores than children with adequate growth through age 4, followed by recovery. By ages 5 and 6, there were no differences in cognitive scores based on the children's growth history. Using hierarchical linear modeling, child‐centered home environment and small family size were related to better cognitive performance.Conclusions: The low scores of both groups point to the need for programs promoting a child‐centered home environment.
An immunological marker (D8/17) associated with rheumatic fever as a predictor of childhood psychiatric disorders in a community sample
Authors: Inoff‐Germain Gale , Rodríguez Romeo S. , Torres‐Alcantara Saul , Juana Díaz‐Jimenez María , Swedo Susan E. , Rapoport Judith L. 
Published: May 2003

Background:Previous studies have documented that various behavioral disturbances accompany Sydenham's chorea, a neurologic variant of rheumatic fever. Further, an immunological marker associated with rheumatic fever (monoclonal antibody D8/17) has been reported to be elevated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, most frequently tics and obsessive‐compulsive disorder. We examined this association in a community sample of children previously identified as being D8/17 positive or negative. It was hypothesized that D8/17 positivity would predict increased rates of tics and obsessive‐compulsive disorder, even in the absence of Sydenham's chorea. Possible associations with other disorders accompanying Sydenham's chorea – hyperactivity, anxiety, and depression, also were explored.Method:From 1991 to 1995, 2631 children (mean age = 9.6 ± 1.6 years) from a low socioeconomic area of Mexico City were screened for the D8/17 marker. In a 2‐ to 5‐year follow‐up of 240 of these children (108 positive and 132 negative), structured psychiatric interviews and rating scales were administered to the child and main caretaker. Assessments were conducted and scored blind to the child's D8/17 status.Results:No association was seen between D8/17 positivity and tics or OCD.Conclusion:This study failed to provide support for the generalized use of D8/17 as a marker of susceptibility to tics and OCD in a community sample.
Race/Ethnicity, Language, and Patients' Assessments of Care in Medicaid Managed Care
Authors: Weech‐Maldonado Robert , Morales Leo S. , Elliott Marc , Spritzer Karen , Marshall Grant , Hays Ron D. 
Published: May 2003

Objective. Consumer assessments of health care provide important information about how well health plans and clinicians meet the needs of the people they serve. The purpose of this study was to examine whether consumer reports and ratings of care in Medicaid managed care vary by race/ethnicity and language.Data Sources. Data were derived from the National CAHPS® Benchmarking Database (NCBD) 3.0 and consisted of 49,327 adults enrolled in Medicaid managed care plans in 14 states in 2000.Data Collection. The CAHPS® data were collected by telephone and mail. Surveys were administered in Spanish and English. The response rate across plans was 38 percent.Study Design Data were analyzed using linear regression models. The dependent variables were CAHPS® 2.0 global rating items (personal doctor, specialist, health care, health plan) and multi‐item reports of care (getting needed care, timeliness of care, provider communication, staff helpfulness, plan service). The independent variables were race/ethnicity, language spoken at home (English, Spanish, Other), and survey language (English or Spanish). Survey respondents were assigned to one of nine racial/ethnic categories based on Hispanic ethnicity and race: White, Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indian/Alaskan native, American Indian/White, Black/White, Other Multiracial, Other Race/Ethnicity. Whites, Asians, and Hispanics were further classified into language subgroups based on the survey language and based on the language primarily spoken at home. Covariates included gender, age, education, and self‐rated health.Principal Findings. Racial/ethnic and linguistic minorities tended to report worse care than did whites. Linguistic minorities reported worse care than did racial and ethnic minorities.Conclusions This study suggests that racial and ethnic minorities and persons with limited English proficiency face barriers to care, despite Medicaid‐enabled financial access. Health care organizations should address the observed disparities in access to care for racial/ethnic and linguistic minorities as part of their quality improvement efforts.