bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen concentration and δ15N signature of ombrotrophic Sphagnum mosses at different N deposition levels in Europe
Authors: Bragazza Luca , Limpens Juul , Gerdol Renato , Grosvernier Philippe , Hájek Michal , Hájek Tomáš , Hajkova Petra , Hansen Ina , Iacumin Paola , Kutnar Lado , Rydin Håkan , Tahvanainen Teemu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlteration of the global nitrogen (N) cycle because of human‐enhanced N fixation is a major concern particularly for those ecosystems that are nutrient poor by nature. Because Sphagnum‐dominated mires are exclusively fed by wet and dry atmospheric deposition, they are assumed to be very sensitive to increased atmospheric N input. We assessed the consequences of increased atmospheric N deposition on total N concentration, N retention ability, and δ15N isotopic signature of Sphagnum plants collected in 16 ombrotrophic mires across 11 European countries. The mires spanned a gradient of atmospheric N deposition from about 0.1 up to about 2 g m−2 yr−1. Mean N concentration in Sphagnum capitula was about 6 mg g−1 in less polluted mires and about 13 mg g−1 in highly N‐polluted mires. The relative difference in N concentration between capitulum and stem decreased with increasing atmospheric N deposition, suggesting a possible metabolic mechanism that reduces excessive N accumulation in the capitulum. Sphagnum plants showed lower rates of N absorption under increasing atmospheric N deposition, indicating N saturation in Sphagnum tissues. The latter probably is related to a shift from N‐limited conditions to limitation by other nutrients. The capacity of the Sphagnum layer to filter atmospheric N deposition decreased exponentially along the depositional gradient resulting in enrichment of the mire pore water with inorganic N forms (i.e., NO3−+NH4+). Sphagnum plants had δ15N signatures ranging from about −8‰ to about −3‰. The isotopic signatures were rather related to the ratio of reduced to oxidized N forms in atmospheric deposition than to total amount of atmospheric N deposition, indicating that δ15N signature of Sphagnum plants can be used as an integrated measure of δ15N signature of atmospheric precipitation. Indeed, mires located in areas characterized by greater emissions of NH3 (i.e., mainly affected by agricultural activities) had Sphagnum plants with a lower δ15N signature compared with mires located in areas dominated by NOx emissions (i.e., mainly affected by industrial activities).
Examining the total arrival distribution of migratory birds
Authors: Sparks T. H. , Bairlein F. , Bojarinova J. G. , Hüppop O. , Lehikoinen E. A. , Rainio K. , Sokolov L. V. , Walker D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper reports on the total distribution of spring migration timing of willow warbler, chiffchaff and pied flycatcher at locations in the UK, Germany, Russia and Finland. This is the first time that high‐quality data based on known‐effort monitoring has been examined on a continental scale. First arrival dates, commonly reported in the literature, were positively correlated with mean arrival dates although they would not make good predictors of the latter. At all locations, at least one aspect of the arrival distribution of each species had got significantly earlier in recent years. The trend towards earliness was associated with warmer local temperatures and more positive winter North Atlantic Oscillation index. In years that were early, the arrival distribution became more elongated and skewed. Researchers should now investigate the consequences of earlier arrival on current and future bird populations.
Somatosensory evoked potentials predict neurolysis outcome in meralgia paraesthetica
Authors: Siu Timothy L. T. , Chandran K. Nadana 
Published: December 2004

Background:  The role of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in predicting the outcome of nerve entrapment syndrome following surgical release has not been fully verified.Methods:  All patients included in our study had preoperative SEP recordings and had undergone neurolysis for treatment of meralgia paraesthetica by our senior author (KNC) between 1996 and 2000. The outcome of surgery was assessed 6 weeks after the procedure; follow up was continued at 3 month intervals if symptoms persisted. Telephone interviews were conducted to assess long‐term results. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to establish the predictive value of side‐to‐side N1 and P1 latency differences in obtaining complete relief of symptoms following surgery.Results:  Twenty‐four patients who had preoperative SEP recordings and had undergone neurolysis for meralgia paraesthetica were followed for 4.0 ± 1.5 (SD) years. A prolonged side‐to‐side N1 latency difference (ΔN1) was found to be significantly associated with complete relief of symptoms at about 6 weeks postoperatively, after adjustment for age, sex and duration of symptoms (OR, 1.75; CI, 1.03−2.96). Logistic regression identified a critical cut‐off value of 8 ms (OR, 27.2; CI, 1.4−547.0). This association disappeared with longer follow up.Conclusion:  Somatosensory evoked potentials provide significant data for prediction of good surgical outcome for meralgia paraesthetica. Re‐evaluation of the diagnosis, adequate trial of conservative treatments and special attention to anomalous branches are recommended for patients with low preoperative ΔN1 values.
Pharmacological characterization of α2‐adrenoceptor‐mediated responses in pig nasal mucosa
Authors: Corboz M. R. , Varty L. M. , Rizzo C. A. , Mutter J. C. , Rivelli M. A. , Wan Y. , Umland S. , Qiu H. , Jakway J. , McCormick K. D. , Berlin M. , Hey J. A. 
Published: December 2004

Summary 1 Pig nasal mucosal strips were incubated with α‐adrenoceptor antagonists followed by α2‐adrenoceptor agonist concentration–response curves. 2 Contractions elicited by the α2‐adrenoceptor agonists BHT‐920 (pD2 = 6.16 ± 0.07), UK 14,304 (pD2 = 6.89 ± 0.13) and PGE‐6201204 (pD2 = 7.12 ± 0.21) were blocked by the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0.1 μm). In contrast, the α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.03 μm) had no effect on the BHT‐920‐, UK 14,304‐ and PGE‐6201204‐induced contractions, but blocked the contractile response to the α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (pD2 = 5.38 ± 0.04) and the mixed α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor agonist oxymetazoline (pD2 = 6.30 ± 0.22). 3 The α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0.01–0.1 μm, pA2 = 8.04), α2B/C‐adrenoceptor antagonist ARC 239 (10 μm, pKb = 6.33 ± 0.21), α2A/C‐adrenoceptor antagonist WB 4101 (0.3 μm, pKb = 8.01 ± 0.24), α2A‐adrenoceptor antagonists BRL44408 (0.1 μm, pKb = 6.82 ± 0.34) and RX 821002 (0.1 μm, pKb = 8.31 ± 0.35), α2C‐adrenoceptor antagonists spiroxatrine (1 μm, pKb = 7.32 ± 0.32), rauwolscine (0.1 μm, pKb = 8.16 ± 0.14) and HV 723 (0.3 μm, pKb = 7.68 ± 0.14) inhibited BHT‐920‐induced contractions in pig nasal mucosa. 4 The present antagonist potencies showed correlations with binding affinity estimates (pKi) obtained for these antagonists at the human recombinant α2A‐ and α2C‐adrenoceptors (r = 0.78 and 0.83, respectively) and with binding affinity estimates (pKd) obtained in pig native α2A‐ and α2C‐monoreceptor assays (r = 0.85 and 0.78, respectively). No correlation was observed for the α2B‐subtype. 5 In conclusion, contractile responses to phenylephrine, BHT‐920, UK 14,304, PGE‐6201204 and oxymetazoline indicate that α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptors are present and mediate vasoconstriction in pig nasal mucosa. Furthermore, correlation analysis comparing antagonist potency in pig nasal mucosa with affinities for human recombinant α2‐adrenoceptors and native pig α2‐adrenoceptors suggest that α2A‐ and α2C‐adrenoceptor subtypes constrict pig nasal mucosa vasculature.
Is photoinhibition of zooxanthellae photosynthesis the primary cause of thermal bleaching in corals?
Authors: Smith David J. , Suggett David J. , Baker Neil R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe bleaching of corals in response to increases in temperature has resulted in significant coral reef degradation in many tropical marine ecosystems. This bleaching has frequently been attributed to photoinhibition of photosynthetic electron transport and the consequent photodamage to photosystem II (PSII) and the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.). However, these events may be because of perturbations of other processes occurring within the zooxanthellae or the host cells, and consequently constitute only secondary responses to temperature increase. The processes involved with the onset of photoinhibition of electron transport, photodamage to PSII and pigment bleaching in coral zooxanthellae are reviewed. Consideration is given to how increases in temperature might lead to perturbations of metabolic processes in the zooxanthellae and/or their host cells, which could trigger events leading to bleaching. It is concluded that production of ROS by the thylakoid photosynthetic apparatus in the zooxanthellae plays a major role in the onset of bleaching resulting from photoinhibition of photosynthesis, although it is not clear which particular ROS are involved. It is suggested that hydrogen peroxide generated in the zooxanthellae may have a signalling role in triggering the mechanisms that result in expulsion of zooxanthellae from corals.
Context‐Oriented Model Development in Psychotherapy Planning (‘COMEPP’): a useful adjunct to diagnosis and therapy of severe personality disorders
Authors: Fischer‐Kern M. , Leithner K. , Hilger E. , Löffler‐Stastka H. , Schuster P. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  Pathogenous interpersonal (e.g. interfamilial) relationships and reference styles can compromise treatment efforts in severely disturbed (i.e. psychotic or borderline) patients. The integration of family‐ and individual‐centred starting points may be useful in establishing interdisciplinary treatment concepts in these patients. Context‐Oriented Model Development in Psychotherapy Planning (COMEPP) represents a diagnostic and therapy planning process, integrating both systemic and psychoanalytic conceptualizations.Method:  COMEPP is exemplified by the case of a young man with psychotic personality disorder who had previously been unresponsive to pharmacological and psychological treatment.Results:  After psycho‐dynamical conflicts (i.e. primitive projective processes from the patient's mother to her son) had been elucidated during the COMEPP process, a sufficient treatment setting could be established.Conclusion:  COMEPP provides a psychotherapeutical approach to treatment planning on case‐specific premises and may serve as an adjunct to concomitant pharmacological and psychological treatment strategies in so‐called ‘therapy refractory’ patients.
Anxiety and depression: a 40‐year perspective on relationships regarding prevalence, distribution, and comorbidity
Authors: Murphy J. M. , Horton N. J. , Laird N. M. , Monson R. R. , Sobol A. M. , Leighton A. H. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  Building on a report about the prevalence of depression over time, this paper examines historical trends regarding anxiety in terms of its prevalence, its distribution by age and gender, and its comorbidity with depression. Methods for conducting such time trend analysis are reviewed.Method:  Representative samples of adults were selected and interviewed in 1952, 1970, and 1992. Logistic regressions were used for statistical analysis.Results:  Although twice as common as depression, the prevalence of anxiety was equally stable. Anxiety was consistently and significantly more characteristic of women than men. A re‐distribution of rates in 1992 indicated that depression but not anxiety had significantly increased among younger women (P = 0.03). Throughout the study, approximately half of the cases of anxiety also suffered depression.Conclusion:  The relationships between anxiety and depression remained similar over time with the exception that depression came to resemble anxiety as a disorder to which women were significantly more vulnerable than men. Social and historical factors should be investigated to assess their relevance to this change.
The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: premorbid psychometric profile of affected individuals
Authors: Ising M. , Lauer C. J. , Holsboer F. , Modell S. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  We conducted a longitudinal high‐risk study to identify psychometric vulnerability markers for affective disorders.Method:  We examined 82 healthy subjects [high‐risk probands (HRPs)] with at least one first‐degree relative suffering from an affective disorder. The premorbid psychometric profile of 20 HRPs who developed a psychiatric disorder during follow‐up was compared with the profile of control subjects without personal and family history of psychiatric disorders matched for age and gender.Results:  Somatization, complaints (vegetative lability), and perception of strain are increased in HRPs who developed a psychiatric disorder. These alterations were not influenced by the time interval until the onset of the disorder.Conclusion:  The premorbid psychometric profile in subjects at high risk for affective disorders is characterized by somatization, complaints, and elevated perception of strain. Together with previous findings our results suggest that these alterations can be regarded as potential vulnerability markers for affective disorders.
Hallucinatory experiences and onset of psychotic disorder: evidence that the risk is mediated by delusion formation
Authors: Krabbendam L. , Myin‐Germeys I. , Hanssen M. , Bijl R. V. , De Graaf R. , Vollebergh W. , Bak M. , Van Os J. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  To examine the hypothesis that the risk for onset of psychotic disorder in individuals with self‐reported hallucinatory experiences (HE) would be higher in those who developed delusional ideation (DE) than in those who did not.Method:  A population sample of 4673 individuals were interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at baseline and 1 and 3 years later. At year 3, clinical re‐interview took place to identify onset of psychotic disorder.Results:  Given the presence of HEs at baseline, the increase in risk of having the psychosis outcome at year 3 was much higher in those with DE at year 1 than in those without DE (risk difference between individuals with and without DE: 18.72%, 95% CI: 2.22–35.23, χ2 = 4.94, df = 1, P = 0.026).Conclusion:  The results are in line with current psychological theories stating that clinical outcome of psychosis‐like experiences is related to the development of secondary beliefs and appraisals.
Serum lipids in schizophrenia and other functional psychoses: a general population northern Finland 1966 birth cohort survey
Authors: Saari K. , Jokelainen J. , Veijola J. , Koponen H. , Jones P.B. , Savolainen M. , Järvelin M.‐R. , Lauren L. , Isohanni M. , Lindeman S. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  To compare fasting serum lipid concentrations of subjects with schizophrenia with a comparison group.Method:  The study sample consists of 5654 members of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort who participated in the field study with blood samples after overnight fasting and clinical examination in 1997–98. Total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and glucose were analyzed. Analysis of variance were used for comparing differences in lipids means between diagnostic categories.Results:  Mean fasting TC in subjects with schizophrenia was 20 mg/dl higher than in the comparison group. TC and TG levels in the group of other psychoses resembled the schizophrenia group.Conclusion:  Blood lipid levels in subjects with schizophrenia and other functional psychoses were high. As these persons are at special risk for hyperlipidemia their lipid levels should be regularly monitored, and cholesterol lowering diet, as well as medication, should be considered.
Obesity, dyslipidaemias and smoking in an inpatient population treated with antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Paton C. , Esop R. , Young C. , Taylor D. 
Published: December 2004

Objective: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in people with schizophrenia is known to be above population norms. In addition, many antipsychotic drugs have been associated with weight gain and some with dyslipidaemia. Our aims were to determine the apparent and actual prevalence of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease: obesity, hyperlipidaemia and smoking, in hospitalized patients treated with antipsychotic drugs.Method: (i) Survey of clinical notes. (ii) Direct measurement of fasting lipids, body mass index and waist : hip ratio.Results: Lipids were rarely monitored and body weight often not recorded making the apparent prevalence of these cardiovascular risk factors low. Smoking status was recorded. When directly measured, the actual prevalence of obesity was above population norms and two‐thirds of patients had a dyslipidaemia.Conclusion: Routine screening for these modifiable risk factors followed by active intervention where appropriate could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in this patient group.
The dental health of people with schizophrenia
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Stevens H. , Henderson J. , Hall D. , McCaul R. , Filik R. , Young G. , Sutch G. , Kanagaratnam G. , Perrington S. , McKendrick J. , Stephenson D. , Burns T. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  To examine the dental health of community dwelling people with schizophrenia and to compare results with those in the general population.Method:  Dental health of 428 people with schizophrenia in six different areas of the UK was assessed by a self‐report questionnaire.Results:  Compared with the general population, significantly more of the younger patients were edentate (3–39% vs. 1–20%) and fewer had more than 20 teeth (70% vs. 83%). None of four dental health targets had been achieved in the patient population. More patients had last visited the dentist because of trouble with their teeth; fewer had visited for a check‐up. Fewer patients cleaned their teeth daily; this group had more negative symptoms.Conclusion:  The dental health of people with schizophrenia is poor. Community mental health teams should encourage them to attend their community dentist regularly.
ASYNCHRONOUS AUTOMATA NETWORKS CAN EMULATE ANY SYNCHRONOUS AUTOMATA NETWORK
Authors: NEHANIV CHRYSTOPHER L. 
Published: December 2004

We show that any locally finite automata network [Formula: see text] with global synchronous updates can be emulated by another one [Formula: see text], whose structure derives from that of [Formula: see text] by a simple construction, but whose updates are made asynchronously at its various component automata (e.g. possibly randomly or sequentially, with or without possible simultaneous updates at different nodes). By "emulation", we refer to the existence of a spatial-temporal covering 'local time', allowing one to project the behavior of [Formula: see text] continuously onto that of [Formula: see text]. We also show the existence of a spatial-temporal section of the asynchronous automata network's behavior which completely determines the synchronous global state of [Formula: see text] at every time step.We give the construction of the asynchronous automata network, establish its freedom from deadlocks, and construct local time functions and spatial-temporal sections relating any posssible behavior of [Formula: see text] to the single corresponding behavior of [Formula: see text] on a given input sequence starting from a given initial global state.This establishes that the behavior of any locally finite synchronous automata network actually can be emulated without the restriction of synchronous update, freeing us from the need of a global clock signal. Local information is sufficient to guarantee that the synchronous behavior of [Formula: see text] is completely determined by any asynchronous behavior of [Formula: see text] starting from a corresponding global state and given the same input sequence as [Formula: see text]. Moreover, the relative passage of corresponding local time at any two nodes in [Formula: see text] is bounded in a simple way by approximately one-third of the distance between them.As corollaries, any synchronous generalized cellular automaton or synchronous cellular automaton can be emulated by an asynchronous one of the same type.Implementation aspects of these asynchronous automata are also discussed, and open problems and research directions are indicated.
SELF-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONSERVATION LAWS
Authors: KEYFITZ BARBARA LEE 
Published: December 2004

Self-similar reduction of an important class of two-dimensional conservation laws leads to boundary value problems for equations which change type. We have established a method for solving free boundary problems for quasilinear degenerate elliptic equations which arise when shocks interact with the subsonic (nonhyperbolic) part of the solution. This paper summarizes the principal features of the method.A preliminary version of these notes formed the basis of a series of three lectures at the Newton Institute in April, 2003. They are a report of research carried out jointly with Sunčica Čanić, Eun Heui Kim and Gray Lieberman.
Rapid Neurosecretory and Cardiovascular Response to Osmotic Stimulation in Conscious Mice
Authors: Chen Hao , Morris Mariana , Key Mary P. , Chen Yanfang 
Published: December 2004

Experiments were performed to evaluate the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular effects of osmotic stimulation in mice. Hypertonic saline (HS) was administered centrally or via the blood stream to conscious mice during measurement of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and plasma vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT). A test of hypovolemia on VP secretion was also performed. Chronic carotid arterial cannulas were inserted for blood sampling, cardiovascular monitoring and vascular injections. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas were used for central injections. Vascular injection of HS (30 µl, 3.4 <i>M</i> NaCl) caused rapid and transient increases in plasma VP and OT. Plasma VP increased from 5.6 ± 0.9 to 10.0 ± 1.0 pg/ml, while plasma OT increased from 1.5 ± 0.6 to 8.6 ± 2.4 pg/ml at the earliest time point, immediately after ICV injection. ICV osmotic stimulation produced a rapid and sustained increase in plasma VP, with no change in OT. Plasma VP levels were increased from basal levels of 5.1 ± 1.5 to 13.1 ± 4.6, 11.4 ± 1.5, 12.6 ± 1.7 pg/ml at 0, 1 and 5 min after injection, respectively. ICV HS also increased plasma corticosterone. BP was increased by both vascular and central osmotic stimulation. Vascular HS increased BP immediately (Δ15.3 ± 1.7 mm Hg, 0 min) and transiently (Δ–3.9 ± 4.6 mm Hg, 5 min) while central HS produced a sustained increase in BP (Δ10 ± 1.4 and Δ9.8 ± 1.9 mm Hg, 0 and 5 min). Osmotic stimulation produced no significant changes in HR. Acute hemorrhage (∼10% decrease in blood volume) increased plasma VP (4.9 ± 1.0 vs. 8.4 ± 2.2 pg/ml). These results show the pattern of endocrine and cardiovascular responses to osmotic stimulation in conscious mice. They demonstrate that (1) there are extremely rapid changes in plasma VP and OT; (2) plasma OT is increased only after peripheral vascular hypertonic injection, and (3) central and peripheral osmotic stimulations are associated with pressor responses.