bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asia and the Global Operations of Multinational Corporations
Authors: Encarnation Dennis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, Asia (outside of Japan) is the principal host to foreign direct investment (FDI) destined for newly industrializing economies.1 Asia now ranks behind North America and Western Europe, which continue to account for the lion’s share of both existing stocks and new flows of FDI. But Asia’s leading status, even among newly industrializing economies (NIEs), is quite new. Just a decade ago, in 1985, FDI flows to Latin America still outpaced comparable flows to Asia, leaving ac cumulated stocks in that region well below FDI found elsewhere. But subsequently, FDI flows to Asia accelerated rapidly, especially during the 1990s, when they jumped well beyond levels recorded in any other developing region.
Do Multinationals Shift Production in Response to Exchange Rate Changes?: Evidence from 1977 to 1993
Authors: Rangan Subramanian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No matter what the risk profile, the firm that is able to exploit ... volatility possesses a competitive advantage gained by its ownership of a global network.... In the case of ... multinational[s this advantage] ... might potentially consist of production shifting. Bruce Kogut, “Designing Global Strategies: Profiting from Operational Flexibility” Exchange rate changes do not figure high on the list of reasons why multinational enterprises (MNEs) locate operations abroad. But as the epigraph suggests, once they locate operations in two or more currency areas, MNEs may in many respects be well positioned to exploit changes in exchange rates. In addition to hedging in currency markets, flexing profit margins, and improving productivity, MNEs may respond to exchange rate changes by also shifting production within their net works to areas made more competitive by the exchange rate change.
Selling A Quick Fix For Boot Hill: The Myth Of Justice Delayed In Death Cases
Authors: Amsterdam Anthony G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to talk about a body of United States Supreme Court decisions that offend humanity and reason. They forsake fairness, orderly procedure, intelligence, and judicial efficiency for no stated reason and no rational purpose. Insofar as their results are explained in opinions, the opinions are delusory in the double sense of being built upon delusion and promoting it. Their delusiveness is what I chiefly want to explore. This involves a kind of warping of reality that can allow civilized people to conceal from themselves and others that they are engaging in atrocities. It is a principal ingredient in getting American judges-who, after all, include a great many very decent individuals-to feel and sound self-righteous as they play their necessary, mindless part in killing human beings under the language of obedience to the largely self-made rules of capital punishment jurisprudence.
Strategic Innovation Leapfrogging through Linkage, Leverage, and Learning
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Starting from new strategic intentions” is exactly what many latecomers (and newcomers) have done. Merely following conventional approaches would have provided them with little leverage against incumbents’ advantages. So entrepreneurs like Stan Shih of Acer and Lakshmi Mittal of Ispat have devised novel ways of resolving their strategic dilemmas, such as the dilemma of achieving global integration of operations without sacrificing local responsiveness, turning their disadvantages as latecomers into sources of global strength.
Perspectives on Conversion Effectiveness
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the garbage can model, conversion effectiveness is a major filter for IT investments; it determines whether the organization can expect to implement its technology initiatives successfully. We have seen one study that found empirical support for the importance of conversion effectiveness. If the organization fails to implement an IT initiative, there will be no value. If the implementation is only partially effective, then the return from the investment will be less than originally anticipated.
Interactions of Scope and Ellipsis
Authors: Shieber Stuart M , Pereira Fernando , Dalrymple Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systematic semantic ambiguities result from the interaction of the two operations that are involved in resolving ellipsis in the presence of scoping elements such as quantifiers and intensional operators: scope determination for the scoping elements and resolution of the elided relation. A variety of problematic examples previously noted in the literature all have to do with such interactions.
Lexical Maintenance and Attrition in Japanese as a Second Language
Authors: Russell Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, researchers have shown increasing interest in the phenomenon of second language (L2) loss or attrition. A few of the issues that have been addressed in the literature include identification of the particular skills and subsystems of L2 that are lost, the order in which they are lost, the rates at which different skills are lost, the processes and variables affecting L2 loss, and the amount and timing of attrition.’
With the notable exceptions of Cohen (1986, 1989) and Olshtain (1986),
An Evolutionary Framework for Manufacturing
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even in today’s uncertain and highly competitive markets, some manufacturing firms consistently outperform their rivals over a long period of time. One of the best examples of such a high performer is Toyota Motor Corporation. Founded in the 1930s, Toyota started off by assembling five trucks per day. In 1950, it produced only about ten thousand units; but by the 1980s, this Japanese company had evolved into one of the largest automakers in the world, producing 3 to 4 million cars and trucks domestically. As of the late 1990s, rapid growth of overseas production has pushed Toyota’s annual worldwide production up to almost 5 million units. Toyota has led the domestic passenger car market since 1963. Additionally, it has not recorded an operating loss since it officially started to measure its profits in the 1940s. Toyota is known as one of the world’s best performers in both manufacturing quality and productivity in the past few decades.
Evolution of the Black Box Parts Supplier System
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, one of the main elements of the Japanese automobile supplier system, the black box parts transaction, is analyzed in detail, based on first-hand data. This case backs up the argument that distinctive organizational routines were created through the process of multi-path system emergence, and that Toyota demonstrated its ability to exploit such an emergent process to build up more competitive routines than other firms. It will also highlight a new aspect of capability building: an ability to help other firms (e.g., suppliers) build their own capabilities.
Evolution of Toyota’s New Assembly System
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a change that occurred in Toyota’s production routines-the last of the three basic components of the total manufacturing system-between the late 1980s and the mid-1990s, particularly in its final assembly process. In this last empirical analysis, I investigate some detailed aspects of the evolutionary learning capability itself at Toyota Motor Corporation. Up to now, the internal structure of this overall dynamic capability has not been analyzed systematically, but treated as a rather mysterious entity. But here I start by defining some of the internal evolutionary mechanisms that appear to matter most at Toyota.
Conclusion: Toyota as a “Prepared Organization”
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1984, Koichi Shimokawa1 and I met Taiichi Ohno for a long interview, and then visited the new Shiga plant of Daihatsu Motor Co., a Toyota group automaker near Kyoto.2 We had dinner with Daihatsu’s plant manager, Michikazu Tanaka, then a leading practitioner of the Toyota production system and someone who had worked very closely with Ohno. Tanaka told us that evening, “What do you think is the essence of just in time? There are three possible answers. The beginner’s answer would be that JIT is good simply because it reduces inventory cost. An intermediate-level answer is that JIT reveals production problems and triggers kaizen. But the third answer is that JIT infuses cost consciousness into all employees. When JIT keeps on forcing workers to face production problems one after another, the people finally start to see everything as a potential source of cost or productivity problems, and then seek problems actively.
Law and the Language of Identity
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this volume, Gregory Matoesian uses the notorious 1991 rape trial of William Kennedy Smith to provide an in-depth analysis of language use and its role in that specific trial as well as in the law in general. He draws on the fields of conversation analysis, ethnomethodology, linguistic anthropology and social theory to show how language practices shape--and are shaped by--culture and the law, particularly in the social construction of rape as a legal fact. This analysis examines linguistic strategies from both defence and prosecution viewpoints, and how they relate to issues of gender, sexual identity, and power.
Overview of the William Kennedy Smith Rape Trial
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a nontechnical overview of the William Kennedy Smith rape trial relevant to my detailed technical analysis of discursive practice in the ensuing chapters. I hope this will give readers a “feel” for the case and for its major participants, events, and legal strategies.1 Although the trial has been discussed in some detail ill’both print and broadcast media, much reporting of legal strategy of both the prosecution and defense was undeveloped or inaccurately portrayed (e.g.,New York Times April 5, 1991; April 6, 1991; April 17, 1991; December 12, 1991; Knappman 1993; Bly 1996; Andrews 1998). I draw on a lengthy, in-depth interview I conducted with Roy Black, Smith’s defense attorney, to explain legal and linguistic strategy in the case, especially Black’s impressions about critical points in the trial. Although I had hoped to interview prosecutor Moria Lasch as well, she refused my request. Still, although there are doubtless differences between prosecution and defense strategies in rape cases (and, of course, different impressions about the trial itself), I suspect that many of Black’s comments on effective verbal strategies in trial practice apply to both the prosecution and defense.
What Is “the Constitution”? (And Other Fundamental Questions)
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several of the most divisive moral conflicts that have beset us Americans in the period since the end of World War II have been transmuted into constitutional conflicts-conflicts about what the Constitution of the United States forbids-and resolved as such. The most prominent instances include the conflicts over racial segregation, race-based affirmative action, sex-based discrimination, homosexuality, abortion, and physician-assisted suicide, each of which has been resolved-at least in part, and at least for a time-on thebasis of a claim about what the Fourteenth Amendment does or does not forbid.1 Which of the conflicts, if any, understood as constitutional conflicts, have been resolved as they should have been resolved; that is, which have been resolved on the basis of the Constitution as they should have been resolved? If one wants, as I do, to pursue that inquiry, one must first answer three questions: What is “the Constitution”? What does it mean to interpret the Constitution? Is the Supreme Court supreme in interpreting the Constitution? Although this chapter is, then, preparatory, the questions I address here-connected questions-are fundamental.
The Fourteenth Amendment and Race: Segregation and Affirmative Action
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important initiative undertaken by the Supreme Court of the United States in the period since the end of World War II was its effort, most famously in the seminal case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954),1 to abolish governmental racism: racist laws and other kinds ofracist governmental action, including policies aimed at creating and/or maintaining racial segregation. (Charles Black described Brown as “the decision that opened our era of judicial activity.
Further Beyond: Abortion and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 22, 1973, in Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court of the United States decreed that under the Fourteenth Amendment, no state may outlaw abortion in the period of pregnancy prior to the time at which the fetus becomes “viable”, that is, “[capable] of meaningful life outside the mother’s womb.”1 (In January 1998, on the eve of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Roe v. Wade, the New Turk Times reported that because of advances “in neonatology, most experts place the point of fetal viability at 23 or 24 weeks.”2 Although, according to the Court’s decree, a state may outlaw abortion in the post-viability period of pregnancy, it must provide an exception for any abortion “necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother.”3) No constitutional decision by the Supreme Court in the modern period of American constitutional law has been more controversialcertainly none has been more persistently controversial-than the Court’s ruling in Roe.
With Muted Voices Mesoamerica’s Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Women
Authors: Kellogg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rigoberta Menchú, as famous as she became by producing autobiographical texts and winning the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize, was not the first twentieth-century Mesoamerican indigenous woman to write her story. That honor belongs to doña Luz Jiménez (born Julia Jiménez González). She worked as a model for Diego Rivera and others among the international group of artists seeking to revolutionize Mexico’s art, society, and culture during the 1920s and 1930s, an example of the indigenismo (Indianism) of elite Mexican intellectuals. They celebrated Mexico’s native past yet tried to suppress indigenous identities and integrate native people and communities into the new national mainstream.
A Democratic Hierarchy: The Circular Organization
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of applying interactive planning and idealized design, several kinds of problems have occurred repeatedly. Over time, these problems have generated designs that dissolve problems. One of these designs, that of a democratic hierarchy, arises from several different but related issues. The first problem derives from a systemic requirement that management focus on the interactions of parts rather than their actions taken separately. Interactions within organizations can be either horizontal or vertical. If horizontal, coordination is required. If vertical, integration is required. The question is how to organize so as to facilitate the management of both horizontal and vertical interactions. The organizational phenomenon often referred to as “silos” reflects the inability of the parts of organizations to interact horizontally. The unidirectionality of communication in most organizations, primarily down, reflects the inability to deal effectively with vertical interactions. The second recurrent problem derives from the increasing level of education attained by the workforce.
Nationalism
Authors: Safran William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship of language and nationalism has long been a matter of controversy. In the eyes of historians and students of culture, language has served as a major building block of nations. For them, national sentiment, based on a common cultural heritage, a common history or memory, and common descent (or a myth of such descent), is expressed in a distinct idiom, and it is in terms of that idiom that national sentiment is generalized to become a major factor in social cohesion. In the view of many historians and anthropologists, the enhancement of collective cultural consciousness may be institutionalized, but that pro cess does not necessarily have a political dimension. To political scientists, how ever, language is important insofar as it plays a role in the “politicization” of a nationalism that culminates in the creation of a state.
Political Science
Authors: Phillipson Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of widespread agreement that linguistic identity is of central importance for the individual, the group, and the state and that language is a major defining characteristic of ethnicity, one might be forgiven for thinking that language policy must be of central concern to sociology and political science, the disciplines that are particularly concerned with societal power and institutions. That would be a misconception. Although there is no doubt about the importance of language in the functioning of such social institutions as education, the media, public administration, and civil society in general, this does not mean that language has been a major concern of most political scientists. Despite pleas for political scientists and linguists to collaborate and some signs of this having taken place (e.g., Weinstein 1990, Dua 1996), it is still widely felt that language policy and planning as undertaken by language specialists is inadequately grounded in political theory and that political scientists accord too little attention to language policy.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in Vascular Development and Hematopoiesis
Authors: Alitalo Kari , Gunji Yuji , Alitalo, Riitta , Eichmann Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the vascular and hematopoietic systems of the vertebrate embryo occurs during early ontogeny and requires a variety of control mechanisms: those that specify mesodermal cells to form the lineage constituents, and those that control their proliferation and their coalescence to form a primitive vascular network. Recent studies have shown that these mechanisms are controlled by protein ligands that bind to and modulate the activity of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Two families of RTKs are specifically expressed by endothelial cells: these include the angiopoietin receptors and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGF); the latter will be reviewed in this chapter.
Clitic Positions and Verb Movement
Authors: Raposo Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current literature on clitics reveals a gap between the level of descriptive adequacy and the level of explanatory adequacy, which is much harder to achieve. Whereas the biological UG probably converges on a single analysis for clitics, the model UGs proposed by linguists still leave too much room for descriptive options. This is true even within the very restrictive theories available today (and sometimes precisely as a consequence of achieving restrictiveness in other areas of the grammar).
Good Guys and “Bad” Girls: Identity Construction by Latina and Latino Student Writers
Authors: Orellana Marjorie Faulstich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classroom writing workshops-spaces created within school environments for students to write, revise, and “publish” texts-have received consider able attention from literacy researchers over the last decade (see, for ex ample, Atwell 1987; Calkins 1986; Graves 1983). Yet only a few researchers have explored the social negotiations that take place within free writing environments (Dyson 1989, 1993; Lensmire 1994; Phinney 1994) and their gendered dimensions, where stereotypes may be reproduced, reinforced, and implicitly sanctioned in children’s texts (Gilbert 1993; Kamler 1994; MacGillivray & Martinez 1998). With few exceptions (e.g., Brooke 1991), most studies of school writing pro cesses focus on cognitive processes and give little attention to students’ uses of language to explore selves or construct social identities.
Gender, Context, and the Narrative Construction of Identity: Rethinking Models of 11Women’s Narrative,,
Authors: Sawin Patricia E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To women and men tell stories about their lives differently?” It now seems naive, if not reactionary, to formulate a question about personal narrative in such general terms. From the now-central antiessentialist perspective in feminism and queer theory we recognize that ‘women’ and ‘men’ are naturalized cultural categories, not biological givens. We cannot assume a commonality of needs, purposes, or identities within such broad groupings. To do so reifies the binary categorization and privileges the practices of the white, heterosexual, middle class (Fuss 1989; Mills 1990). A feminist poststructuralist perspective further reminds us that any individual’s identity is multiple and constantly re-created as the speaker adopts subject positions in cultural discourses (Davies & Harre 1990; Hollway 1984; Moore 1994).
Conversationally Implicating Lesbian and Gay Identity
Authors: Liang A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An anecdote While S and her parents were sitting around the kitchen table, her mother reported that in a recent telephone conversation, S’s aunt had asked when S was going to get married. S’s mother said she had explained that S just hadn’t found the right person yet, to which her aunt had replied that not being married was easier anyway. In response to this story, S’s father remarked that if S found the right person, she didn’t have to rule out marriage. This conversation continued despite the fact that S, who, unbeknownst to her parents, is lesbian, said nothing to indicate her agreement or disagreement. In the absence of S’s protestations, S’s parents could retain their as sumptions regarding how a woman is defined in American culture. Had S elected to express her real feelings-for instance, if she had announced her intention to live with a woman or said that her definition of marriage was quite different from theirs she might have, minimally, aroused her parents’ embarrassment, or she might even have been thrown out of the house. But she chose not to speak, and they could define her sexual identity without feeling contradicted.