bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wasted Vote
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike ‘the Alternative Vote’, ‘the Wasted Vote’ is not the name of an electoral system. It is, rather, a phrase whose meaning is highly uncertain, though much in use by advocates of AV and STV. It was said at the end of Chapter 9 that AV is not based on any clear principle. It might have been fairer to say that it is not based on any clear criterion for the most representative candidate, such as Condorcet’s and Borda’s criteria. It is based on an idea, though that idea is far from being a clear one.
The Failure of the Great Powers to Coerce Small States in the Balkans, 1875-1877 and 1914: Situational Versus Tactical Explanations
Authors: Kagan Korina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the perennial issues in the study of negotiation and bargaining is the relative importance of background conditions versus tactics in affecting the outcome. Namely, do the parties in bargaining tend to prevail due to an initial favourable situation, or to their negotiating skill?1 This is an aspect of a more general debate in International Relations theory on the relative influence of environment versus process on international outcomes.2 In this chapter, I will address this question in the context of coercion-that is, bargaining with threats of force.
Democratization and the Developmental State The Search for Balance
Authors: Manor James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his initial chapter, Gordon White reminded us of three sets of polit¬ical dichotomies which Larry Diamond (1996) has noted-between conflict and consensus, between representativeness and governability, and between consent and effectiveness. In White’s view, ‘effective democratic governance would seem to rely on the ability to establish balances between these conflicting principles through a process of in-cremental institutional accumulation rooted in political contest and accommodation and guided by skilled leadership’. The present chapter calls attention to six other dualities, between which some sort of balance must be achieved if democratization and a new kind of devel¬opmental state-the two main concerns of this book-are to make much headway. We deal here with the need for balance:
The Developmental Implications of Federal Political Institutions in India
Authors: Jenkins Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that a democratic state’s developmental performance can be influenced profoundly by the specific configuration of its political institutions. This chapter argues that a particularly important axis of institutional variation is whether state power is constituted as a unitary government or a federal system comprising multiple levels of political contestation and authority. Any attempt to assess the developmental implications of federalism as an independ¬ent institutional variable is complicated by the variety of federal sys¬tems in existence and the broad range of social and political contexts within which they operate. While we cannot isolate federalism as a distinct and uniform variable for comparative analysis, it is possible to examine the ways in which political dynamics created by multi-level systems facilitate or inhibit the achievement of developmental aims within particular countries.
Democratization and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
Authors: Davies Susanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elites and analysts of the so-called third wave of democratization have very different agendas from those of the rural poor.1 This majority are largely invisible both in the theory and practice of democratization in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the 1990s, despite the simultaneous pre¬ occupation with promoting sustainable development and livelihoods on their behalf.2 Democratization in SSA has been conceived of and is being implemented by a narrow urban and largely middle-class elite (with some urban working-class support for its initial establishment), often in alliance with northern donors. This bias is reflected in recent polit¬ical analyses and exacerbated by their emphasis on formal political systems and formal civil society.
Religion
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of social science research on the social bases of political behavior, class has undoubtedly received more attention than religion. This is true even for the United States, despite its unusually high rates of religious adherence and diverse array of faiths. So strong was the assumption that religion did not affect political behavior in the early days of survey research that when Paul Lazarsfeld informed George Gallup that his 1940 study of voters in Erie County, Ohio showed that religious differences were associated with voting preferences even after controlling for class and other sociodemographic attributes, Gallup expressed utter disbelief.1 Under the sway of the dominant secularization model, the earlier generation of American historians and social scientists saw little benefit in extensive study of contemporary religious influences on politics.
Gender
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of a clear and persistent gender cleavage in recent national elections is a relatively unique feature of American politics. No similar ‘gender gap’ has developed in other democratic polities. The size of the gender gap has often been larger than the margin of victory for Democratic candidates in recent presidential or congressional elections. For both Democratic and Republican political strategists, the gender gap has become a matter of intense concern. After decades of slowly increasing their initially lower levels of participation in national elections, women voters since 1980 have participated at higher rates than men.
Conclusion
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having reached the end of our investigations, we can now consider in greater detail the political and theoretical relevance of our results. Understanding the social bases of the two major political parties in the United States cannot, by itself, explain which party is likely to win the next election. There are many other causal factors than social cleavages that affect election outcomes. Moreover, a central assumption of our approach is that the political consequences of social cleavages for electoral outcomes are mediated by other, more proximate factors (which in turn have multiple causes). None the less our findings have implications for the future trajectories of the Democratic and Republican parties in light of postindustrial social and economic developments and cultural changes in American society. We identify the most important of these changes and their likely impacts on the social bases of party coalitions below.
Planning in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sri Lanka is a crowded island. Its total area of 652000 km gives the 20 million population 0.33 ha per person, but only 0.15 ha of arable land per person. Even this last figure is inflated by the high proportion of chenathat is, shifting cultivation (Table 10.1 ). Population growth is only moderate and the total is expected to level off at some 26 million in 2050 (medium projection of the Department of Census and Statistics, 1992).Nearly 80 per cent of the population lives in rural areas, with nearly 60 per cent in the wet zone that occupies the south-west quadrant of the island (Figs 10.1 and 10.2); for more than seventy years this growing rural population.
The Dictionary
Authors: Heery Edmund , Noon Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ability to pay is the principle that pay rates and pay increases should be set with primary regard to the financial performance of the individual employing organization. Ability to pay can be contrasted with other principles of pay determination, such as the rate for the job and comparability, which seek to establish a link between pay rates within the firm and those outside. According to some, the principle of ability to pay has exercised increasing influence over pay determination as a result of the decline of trade unions and collective bargaining.
The Poor City: National and Local Perspectives on Changes in Residential Patterns in the British City
Authors: Lee Peter , Murie Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Residential patterns in cities are changing under the combined influence of economic restructuring and the reshaping of welfare state systems. In the United Kingdom, as elsewhere, major demographic, economic, and labour market changes have contributed to the emergence of new social divisions characterized by a growing inequality in wealth and incomes, social exclusion, long-term unemployment, and growing insecurity of employment. While economic and employment changes are the driving forces for urban change, their consequences for patterns of housing and residence, and patterns of social segregation cannot be taken as given.
When States Unravel: How China’s Cadres Shaped Cultural Revolution Politics
Authors: Walder Andrew G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most unfortunate consequences of recent social science writing on states and societies is the way in which the people who happen to earn a living as officials in state structures are treated implicitly as being outside ‘society’. To be sure, recent writers have urged us to pay greater attention to the internal characteristics of state structures—their unity, organizational capacity, administrative reach, and so forth—and to the intimate interaction between states and societies. But even this work is still wedded to the notion that the state is an organization or a collective actor—albeit with variable aggregate characteristics-rather than a collection of individuals whose actions are no less problematic or consequential than those in ‘society’.
Nowhere is this treatment of the ‘state’ more evident than in research on political movements and revolution. Collective political movements emerge from among groups and individuals in ‘society’ and rise up to challenge ‘the state’. ‘Society-centred’ explanations see the organization and mobilization of individuals as problematic, while more recent ‘state-centred’ explanations also emphasize the internal vulnerability of states to challenges ‘from below’. Neither, however, make the actions of the state itself problematic by viewing them as the outcome of collect ive political behaviour among individual officials, analogous to the political movements that rise up from ‘society’.
Towards a New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People
Authors: Ghosh Bimal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present international migration system is clearly under strain. There are visible signs that the system is finding it increasingly hard to cope with the new challenges that movements of people now entail or to exploit the oppor tunities they present. Why is this so? In analysing the reasons for the situation this chapter highlights some of the inadequacies of existing migration policies and practices, and argues for a more comprehensive, balanced, and transparent multilateral regime to manage migration. What will such a regime look like? And why should nations opt for such a regime? These and other related questions are taken up in the concluding chapter which also revisits some of the key points raised in the intervening parts of the volume.
Representatives of the Dutch People: The Smooth Transformation of the Parliamentary Elite in a Consociational Democracy 1849—1998
Authors: Secker Ineke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 23 February 1996, the President of the Dutch Lower House, the Second Chamber, opened a debate on ‘Representation of the People’. In his remarks, he referred not only to his contemporary fellow MPs, but also to those elected some centuries earlier, in 1896 and 1796. This discussion took place in the Hague on the very spot where, on 1 March 1796, the first elected National Assembly had met in the former ballroom of the Stadhouder, the Prince of Orange. This continued to be used until 1992, when a new building was inaugurated as the meeting-place of the Second Chamber.
Algebraic foundations
Authors: Dales H G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our first chapter, we seek to establish the algebraic background for all our later work. Our philosophy is that we should explain and develop all the algebraic theory that we shall require before we begin the study of Banach and other topological algebras; thus it will be clearly apparent what is true for a general (usually complex) algebra satisfying various conditions specified algebraically. In later chapters, we shall see what further results hold if we hypothesize that our algebras are in fact Banach or topological algebras.
Beyond the Classical Theory of Computational Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Iseries Arieh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is appropriate to commence this brief survey of the numerical analysis of ‘strange’ ordinary differential equations by quoting verbatim from Jack Lambert’s informative survey in the last State of the Art in Numerical Analysis proceedings [22]: where his the steplength and k the stepnumber.” Everything is here, in this single sentence, both the object of study and the tools for algorithmic development and mathematical analysis. Indeed, in many respects the computational work on this ‘plain-vanilla ODE problem’ was one of the great success stories of modern numerical mathematics. Guided by the seminal work of Germund Dahlquist, a whole generation of first-class numerical analysts have established a profound understanding of the subject on theoretical and practical levels alike. Arguably, computational ODE theory became the gold standard of the numerical analysis of differential equations and a subject for emulation by the more elusive theory of computational PDEs.
Approximation and interpolation
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall bring together a variety of themes all to do with identification in the disc algebra. We shall begin with the idea of n-widths and uniform error bounds of approximations. We shall then relate this to Hankel-norm approximation as a tool in model order reduction. Another fundamental notion is that of a Schauder basis, and we shall discuss its role in identification and approximation in the disc algebra. We shall relate this also to the ideas of fundamental sets (complete model sets).
Orthogonal Latin squares
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to present an account of the work of Bose, Shrikhande, Parker and others which culminated in the 1960 proof that two mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) of order n exist whenever n ≠2 or 6. Since this has been established indirectly via Theorems 1.3.5 and 3.4.1, there is strictly no need for a further proof. However, a particularly elegant constructive one is readily available. This proof was published independently by Bose (1938) and Stevens (1939), but, remarkably, the construction is present in E.H. Moore’s long 1896 paper.
Room squares and bridge tournaments
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter it was shown how to construct a league schedule for 2n teams in 2n - 1 rounds, each round consisting of n games, with each pair of teams meeting exactly once. Here, for example, is a possible league schedule for eight teams ∞,0, 1, …, 6. Suppose now that seven pitches are available, of different quality. Can the games be allocated to the pitches in such a way that each team will play exactly once on each pitch? If football is replaced by bridge and pitches by tables, the problem is to arrange for a bridge tournament in which each of 2n partnerships play in each round, and overall each partnership plays each other once, and each plays each table once. Here is a possible solution for n = 4 using the above league schedule.
Topological Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will see that topological spaces can be viewed as special types of approach spaces and that, more precisely, TOP can actually be embedded as a full and isomorphism-closed subconstruct of AP. As far as notation is concerned, from now on, whenever we say that (X, 𝒯) &gt;is a topological space, 𝒯 will stand for the collection of open sets. Structures derived from 𝒯, such as the associated closure operator, will be denoted, for example, by cl7. If no confusion can arise we may also drop reference to 𝒯 altogether.
Metric Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we have seen that the description of topological spaces by means of the various equivalent approach structures did not yield “numerical” information. Of course this was to be expected, since the only numerical values which come into play in the setting of topological spaces are 0 and ∞. The situation already becomes considerably more interesting for metric spaces. What we discover in this chapter are the first indications that the “approach setup” allows for a canonical quantification of certain topological concepts. In particular in the setting of metric spaces, some of these quantifications with respect to convergence already exist in the literature on approximation theory. For the basic concepts and terminology concerning metric spaces we refer to Appendix B.
Uniform Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-called epireflective hull (see Adamek et al. [1]) of pMET𝒯 in AP consists of all subspaces of products of oop-metric spaces. We will show that it is precisely this epireflective hull which fills in the position of the first question mark. Actually, there is a good reason why this is plausible at this point, namely the fact that CREG (the full subconstruct of TOP with objects all completely regular spaces) consists precisely of subspaces of products (in TOP) of 𝒯p-metrizable topological spaces. What we are about to show then is that this pattern repeats itself at the level of approach spaces.
Standard DNA duplexes and RNA:DNA hybrids in solution
Authors: Schmitz Uli , Blocker, Forrest]. H , James Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the current paradigm that biological function is encoded in three-dimensional molecular structure, the last 10 years have seen great efforts in the determination of well-defined solution structures of DNA using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods and modelling tools. Since the 1970s, NMR has emerged as the method of choice for the study of biomolecules under more physiological conditions than can be created in the crystalline state. Initially, it was successfully applied to the study of nucleic acids to yield only ‘low-resolution’ structural insights, such as secondary structure information or qualitative differences between similar samples.
Structures of guanine-rich and cytosine rich quadruplexes formed in vitro by telomeric, centromeric, and triplet repeat disease DNA sequences
Authors: Patel Dinshaw J , Bouaziz Serge , Kettani, Abdelali , Wang Yong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA sequences can adopt higher order architectures beyond duplex alignments, and research in this area is increasingly addressing the structural and energetics issues related to DNA triplexes (reviewed in refs 1-3 and Chapter 12), quadruplexes (4,5), and junctions (6,7, and Chapter 15). The range of strand directionalities and pairing alignments within these multistranded structures provides novel DNA architectures associated with molecular recognition and function.
A survey of the theory of algebraic curves
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall state the main theorems of the theory of algebraic curves up to Riemann’s theorem. These theorems are important in constructing and establishing the properties of geometric Goppa codes, but they do not enter directly into the calculations, once the codes have been constructed. As the proofs of the principal theorems are deep, I defer them to Part II of the book. Here I shall show by means of examples and consequences derived from the results how they enable us to analyse the properties of curves.
Geometric Goppa codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Goppa’s discovery of his codes based on algebraic curves has prompted a great volume of work both in coding theory and algebraic geometry (see Goppa 1981a, 1981b). The reason is that with these codes it is possible to describe sequences of codes which are dramatically better than any previously constructed codes. That topic is expanded in Chapter 15. This chapter discusses the construction of the Goppa codes, and the next two describe error processing techniques for the codes. We begin with a short recapitulation of the basic concepts for error correcting codes. For a more detailed introduction the reader is referred to my book (Pretzel 1996). For the purposes of this book we restrict our attention to linear block codes.
More on Goppa codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we shall analyse the theoretical properties of geometric Goppa codes more deeply. Their main promise lies in providing codes with very high correction capabilities and reasonable decoding algorithms. Decoding algorithms were discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Though these algorithms themselves are still too slow for practical use, refinements that improve their speed are al ready known (Justesen et al. 1992, Sakata et al. 1995).
Funda-mental Geometry: the Penrose-Hameroff ‘Orch OR’ Model of Consciousness
Authors: Hameroff Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Emperor’s New Mind and Shadows of the Mind, Roger Penrose followed a delicate thread to begin to unravel the problem of consciousness. He concluded that conscious thought is more than computation—our minds utilize some type of non-algorithmic processing unavailable in computers. Regarding the identity of the proposed processing, the intrepid sleuth also searched for a ‘subtle and largely unknown physical principle’ capable of performing the needed non-computational actions. That principle was deduced to be ‘objective reduction’ (OR) of quantum coherent superposition, Penrose’s quantum gravity solution for the problem of wave function collapse in quantum mechanics. The next piece of the puzzle then became: where and how could quantum coherent superposition and OR occur in the brain? To that end, Penrose began collaboration with this author, who suggested that the logical and most likely source of macroscopic quantum effects in the brain lies in neuronal microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton.
Implications of Transience for Spacetime Structure
Authors: Shimony Abner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Answers are outlined to arguments of McTaggart and Barbour that temporal transience is illusory or derivative. Eight propositions concerning transience are distilled from Whitehead’s process philosopky. The question is posed: what theories of spacetime structure can implement these propositions? Some conjectures are made concerning this question, especially stochastic modifications of the Schroedinger equation. Agreement is expressed with the thesis of process philosophers that a world in which there is transience and mentality is a locus of value.