Short-Term and Long-Term Risk of Recurrent Vascular Event by Cause After Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults
Authors: Verburgt Esmée , Hilkens Nina A. , Ekker Merel S. , Schellekens Mijntje M. I. , Boot Esther M. , Immens Maikel H. M. , van Alebeek Mayte E. , Brouwers Paul J. A. M. , Arntz Renate M. , van Dijk Gert W. , Gons Rob A. R. , van Uden Inge W. M. , den Heijer Tom , van Tuijl Julia H. , de Laat Karlijn F. , van Norden Anouk G. W. , Vermeer Sarah E. , van Zagten Marian S. G. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , Wermer Marieke J. H. , Nederkoorn Paul J. , Kerkhoff Henk , Rooyer Fergus A. , van Rooij Frank G. , van den Wijngaard Ido R. , ten Cate Tim J. F. , Tuladhar Anil M. , de Leeuw Frank-Erik , Verhoeven Jamie I. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceCause of ischemic stroke in young people is highly variable; however, the risk of recurrence is often presented with all subtypes of stroke grouped together in classification systems such as the Trial of ORG (danaparoid sodium [Orgaran]) 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria, which limits the ability to individually inform young patients with stroke about their risk of recurrence.ObjectiveTo determine the short-term and long-term risk of recurrent vascular events after ischemic stroke at a young age by stroke cause and to identify factors associated with recurrence.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from the Observational Dutch Young Symptomatic Stroke Study, a prospective, multicenter, hospital-based cohort study, conducted at 17 hospitals in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2021. Eligible participants included 30-day survivors of an initial, neuroimaging-proven ischemic stroke (aged 18-49 years). Data analysis was conducted from June to July 2023.ExposureDiagnosis of a first-ever, ischemic stroke via neuroimaging.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe primary outcome was short-term (within 6 months) and long-term (within 5 years) recurrence risk of any vascular event, defined as fatal or nonfatal recurrent ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, and revascularization procedure. Predefined characteristics were chosen to identify factors associated with risk of recurrence (cause of stroke, age, sex, stroke severity, and cardiovascular health factors).ResultsA total of 1216 patients (median [IQR] age, 44.2 [38.4-47.7] years; 632 male [52.0%]; 584 female [48.0%]) were included, with a median (IQR) follow-up of 4.3 (2.6-6.0) years. The 6-month risk of any recurrent ischemic event was 6.7% (95% CI, 5.3%-8.1%), and the 5-year risk was 12.2% (95% CI, 10.2%-14.2%)The short-term risk was highest for patients with cervical artery dissections (13.2%; 95% CI, 7.6%-18.7%). Other factors associated with a recurrent short-term event were atherothrombotic stroke, rare causes of stroke, and hypertension. The long-term cumulative risk was highest for patients with atherothrombotic stroke (22.7%; 95% CI, 10.6%-34.7%) and lowest for patients with cryptogenic stroke (5.8%; 95% CI, 3.0%-8.5%). Cardioembolic stroke was associated with a recurrent long-term event, as were diabetes and alcohol abuse.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cohort study of 1216 patients with an ischemic stroke at a young age suggest that the risk of recurrent vascular events was high and varied by cause of stroke both for short-term and long-term follow-up, including causes that remained concealed when combined into 1 category in the routinely used TOAST criteria. This knowledge will allow for more personalized counseling of young patients with stroke.