bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin and maintenance of eusociality: the advantage of extended parental care
Authors: Queller David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eusocial insects, many individuals give up their own reproduction in order to help rear the offspring of relatives. Hamilton's (1964a, b, 1972) inclusive fitness theory has become the accepted framework for understanding the evolution of such reproductive altruism but there is no consensus on the nature of the selective forces involved. In this paper, I will argue that this may be because we have often been asking the wrong question, and when we do ask the right question, we have neglected what may be the most important kind of answer.
Ultrastructure of the heart-kidney complex in smaller classes supports symplesiomorphy of molluscan coelomic characters
Authors: Morse M Patricia , Reynolds Patrick D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coelom-derived characters, such as those that relate to the heart-kidney complex, have been central to phylogenetic analyses of the origin and evolution of the Mollusca (Salvini- Plawen, 1985; Wingstrand, 1985; Scheltema, 1988; Ghiselin, 1988).The most recent phylogenetic analysis of the early molluscan lineage strongly supports the coelomic ancestry of the phylum (Scheltema, 1993); however, reviews of excretion and circulation (Hill and Welsh, 1966; Martin, 1983; Andrews, 1988) clearly show that form and function of these systems in the smaller molluscan classes (Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora and Scaphopoda) are poorly known. This is in striking contrast to the attention received by the Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda, generally considered to be more successful classes, due to both their extensive radiation into diverse eco-physiological niches and the development of complex apomorphic characters. The neglect of the smaller classes likely has stemmed both from inaccessibility of specimens and the availability in the more diverse and larger classes of morphologies that are more amenable to quantitative physiological experimentation.
Gastropod phylogeny — challenges for the 90s
Authors: Ponder Winston F , Lindberg David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relatively little attention was paid to gastropod higher classification for much of the 1900s, in marked contrast to the considerable literature that flowered last century. During that time there were several studies based on single organ systems, those of Troschel [(and Thiele) (1856-1893) on radulae and Bouvier (1887) on nervous systems, being particularly influential examples. Such speculation virtually ended following the publication of Thiele’s (1929-1931) Handbuch. His scheme of gastropod classification was adopted, essentially unchanged, by the synoptic works of Wenz (1938-1944), the Treatise (Knight, et al., 1960; Moore, 1960) and Boss (1982). Few alternative schemes were proposed prior to the mid 1980’s, the most notable being that of Golikov and Starobogatov (1975). However, in the last 15 years there has been a surge of new interest in gastropod phylogeny (e.g. Graham, 1985; Haszprunar 1988; Ponder, 1988; Bieler, 1992), largely as a result of the stimulus provided by L. v. Salvini-Plawen and G. Haszprunar (e.g. Salvini-Plawen, 1980; Salvini-Plawen and Haszprunar, 1987; Haszprunar, 1985a, b, 1988).
Phylogeny and relationships of neogastropoda
Authors: Kantor Yuri L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Neogastropoda is an order of gastropods which is rather well defined both conchologically and anatomically, and is usually considered to be monophyletic. Doubts concerning the monophyly of Neogastropoda were cast by Golikov and Starobogatov (1988), who split Neogastropoda into two superorders, which in their opinion, originated independently from different ancestors. This suggestion was almost exclusively based on their ideas of the evolution of radula.
Crab predation as a selective agent on shelled gastropods: a case study of calliostoma zizyphinum (prosobranchia: trochidae)
Authors: Preston S Jane , Roberts David , Montgomery W Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predation is an important cause of evolutionary change in both predators and prey. In predator-prey interactions, selective forces may be high, increasing individual survival by promoting anti-predatory traits in prey and enhancing the capacity of a predator to procure its prey (Vermeij, 1982a,c). Predation by a number of crab species on gastropod prey has been used frequently to model such predator/prey interactions. There is much evidence indicating that crabs attack and consume shelled prey. Cancer antennarius (Stimpson) is reported to be a predator on Tegula funebralis (Adams) (Abbot and Haderlie, 1980) and operculae of this snail have been found in the crab’s gut (Geller, 1982). The abundance of broken shells with shell injuries matching damage inflicted by Carcinus maenas (L.) in the laboratory, suggests that such crab predation is common (Hadlock, 1980).
Conservation
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a group of birds so intimately engaged in the human-dominated environment, herons face conservation issues throughout the world. Some species and populations are at risk, a few are on the very brink of extinction. Other species have limited ranges or habitat scope. Many appear secure, but depend for their status on habitats supplied by human activities. Other species are vigorously expanding their range and population sizes. As noted in each of the species accounts, even the most common species require conservation attention directed to their habitat needs, whereas the very rare ones require immediate attention and action to prevent their extinction.
Rufescent Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma lineatum
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
well-watered Caribbean slope in forests up to 750 m. In Colombia, it occurs along mountain streams up to 1539 m. The southern race is found in forested hill country, and in more open forest (Yamashita and de Paula Valle 1990). The Fasciated Tiger-Heron is a solitary species. It feeds by Walking slowly along the banks of fast- flowing rivers or along mid river gravel beds. It also Stands very still waiting for prey on river rocks, from the bank, or on gravel or sand bars. It feeds in the open, not necessarily under tree cover, but none the less is not very conspicuous (Ridgely and Gwynne 1993).
New Guinea Tiger-Heron Zonerodius heliosylus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
fish, at first well digested (Rossi 1958). The chick is fed only at night, apparently only once per night. Adults shade the young from the sun, both adults and young using gular fluttering to stay cool (Dyrcz 1999). Nothing is documented on chick development and nothing is known about breeding success. Nothing is known of the population biology of the species. The species is very widespread, large overall, and probably stable (Morales 2000). However, as a species of forested wetlands and streams, it is not often reported, although not particularly shy (Han- cock 1999).
White-crested Tiger-Heron Tigriornis leucolophus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: White-crested Tiger Bittern, African Bittern, White-crested Bittern in English; Avetigre Africana in Spanish; Onoré à huppe blache in French;Weißschopfreiher in German. Tigrisoma leucolopha Jardine, 1846. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. xvii: ‘Western Africa’ = Old Caladara or Bonny Rivers region (Nigeria). The White-crested Tiger-Heron is a slender, medium, cryptically coloured, black and buff barred heron with a white crest, visible when erected.
What is melanism?
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘colour’ black is a strong motif in life. It conjures dark, mysterious, and fre
selves wraiths. Indeed, Shakespeare, in sonnet 147, describes one who has driven their lover to madness and death as being ‘as black as hell’. The association with death extends further to the clothes worn in many cultures when mourning the passing of a loved one. The blackening of skin in bruising is a short lived reminder of painful injury, while a black mark results from bad behaviour. Black in several Oriental nations is a badge of servitude, slavery, and low birth. In the City of London, Black Monday was so-named to commemorate a stock exchange crash, although Black Monday also refers to 14 April 1360 when many men and horses of Edward Ill’s army, lying outside Paris, died of exposure. We refer to a relative who behaves antisocially as the black sheep of the family. Our word blackguard seems to point to this meaning; the Latin niger sometimes being used to mean bad or unpropitious. To be black-balled generally means to be excluded from some club or society. The term originates from the practice of voting on whether or not a prospective candidate should be admitted by placing coloured balls into a box, a white or red ball being usually used to indicate acceptance, and a black ball to indicate rejection. Judges used to wear a black cap when they passed the sentence of death on a prisoner. Black arts were and are practised by conjurors, wizards, witches, and warlocks, who professed to have dealings with the devil; black here meaning diabolical or wicked, possibly derived from nigromancy, a corruption of necromancy.
The diversity of melanics
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a sign by a car park at a distillery in Pitlocherie it says: ‘Here you will find more black trees than in the Black Forest’. A quick glance around and the reason for the sign is easy to see. All the trunks, branches and twigs of all the trees and shrubs in the vicinity are as black as soot. These include pines and firs of various species, beeches, birches, rhododendrons, flowering cherry, and mountain ash (Plate la). The reason for the apparent melanism of these trees is explained on the notice. The atmosphere around the distillery is so loaded with alcohol, that black yeasts grow all over the woody parts of the trees. Close examination of the trunks does indeed reveal fungal colonies, although the fungi in question are not true yeasts. Rather, they are a sooty mould, Ayreobaccidium pullulans, which is sometimes called ‘black yeast’. The reason that this fungus is black is that the mycelia are heavily melanised, possibly as a screening defence against ultraviolet (UV) light in high light conditions (Hudson, personal communication).
Melanism in ladybirds
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lepidoptera have been pre-eminent in the study of the evolution and maintenance of melanism. However, as mentioned in Chapter 1, there have been many studies of melanism in other groups. Some, such as the work on the spittlebug, Philaneus spunarius, do little more than confirm that evolutionary phenomena, first described in moth or butterfly species, are also relevant to other taxa.
The coalescent process and background selection
Authors: Hudson R R , Kaplan N L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene trees or gene genealogies, which represent the history of a sample of genes from a population are fascinating objects whose statistical properties have recently been investigated under a few models (for example Kingman (1982), Tajima (1983), Slatkin (1989), Hudson (1990) and Hey (1991)). Different models can lead to gene trees with very different shapes and sizes. Examples of gene trees under three different models are shown in Fig. 4.1. Though gene trees are not directly observable entities, important observable quantities are indirectly related to them. It frequently aids our intuition, as well as mathematical analysis, to think about genetic variation as a by-product of gene genealogical (or coalescent) processes which generate gene trees. In fact, consideration of gene genealogies often leads to simple results concerning directly observable quantities. Incidentally, the gene genealogical approach also leads to efficient computer simulation algorithms for studying sampling distributions (Hudson 1990).
Applications of intraspecific phylogenetics
Authors: Crandall Keith A , Templeton Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in population genetics theory, especially coalescent theory (Tavaré 1984; Watterson 1984; Ewens 1990; Hudson 1990), coupled with an explosion of molecular techniques have allowed detailed phylogenetic information at the population level. Such genealogical relationships are termed gene trees, allele trees, or haplotype trees (we use haplotype throughout this chapter) in which different haplotypes are the operational taxonomic units. Avise and colleagues were the first to utilize this powerful molecular phylogenetic approach for studies of population genetics, especially relating to biogeographic patterns (Avise et al. 1987; Avise 1989, 1994). Their approach explores qualitatively the relationship between lineage divergence and the extent of geographical partitioning among haplotypes.
Testing the time axis of phylogenies
Authors: Benton M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic trees produced from morphological or molecular information are generally represented with a horizontal axis that represents clade diversity and a vertical axis that represents character-state change. The nodal order of branching may be calibrated as a time axis by the addition of stratigraphic information about the occurrence of fossils in geological time. There is no other, independent, source of information for calibrating the time of cladogenetic events in phylogenies, and yet many doubts have been expressed about the trustworthiness of the fossil record. This subject will be explored further, and a case will be made for the use of stratigraphic and palaeontological data in producing and in testing phylogenies.
Molecular phylogenies and host-parasite cospeciation: gophers and lice as a model system
Authors: Page Roderic D M , Hafner Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines a general theoretical and methodological framework for comparing phylogenies of hosts and parasites to address a broad variety of evolutionary questions that could not otherwise be investigated by independent study of either group. The rationale, advantages, and limitations of this approach (known generally as the comparative method) have been discussed elsewhere (Harvey and Pagel 1991), as has the long and illustrious history of host- parasite studies in general (Brooks and McLennan 1993). Here, we illustrate how the application of new and powerful molecular techniques to comparative studies of host-parasite phylogeny enables study of an entirely new domain of topics That could not be explored with non-molecular data.
The evolution of body plans: HOM/Hox cluster evolution, model systems, and the importance of phylogeny
Authors: Meyer Axel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most evolutionary biologists wish to explain evolutionary patterns in the astonishing diversity among organisms. Developmental biologists ultimately hope to explain the developmental mechanisms that are at the basis for the wide array of Baupläne that characterize and differentiate phyla. In trying to understand biological diversification, albeit at different levels of inquiry, is where the interests of developmental biologists and evolutionary biologists meet. Moreover, developmental processes evolve just like other aspects of organisms. However, development is, in most evolutionary research, treated like a black box and most developmental biologists in turn typically do not recognize the potential contribution that evolutionary biology can make to the understanding of development.
Gas-phase electron diffraction
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gas electron diffraction technique of molecular structure determination is based on the phenomenon that a beam of fast electrons is scattered by the potential from the charge distribution in the molecule. The resulting interference pattern depends on the molecular geometry, to wit the relative positions of the atomic nuclei and the intramolecular motion. Gas electron diffraction is one of the few experimental techniques able to determine molecular geometry in the vapor phase. The other principal technique is high-resolution (microwave and modern laser) spectroscopy, see Chapters 3 and 4. There are about 150 papers published per annum on gas electron diffraction structure analysis, theory, and methodological development. The Sektion für Spektren und Strukturdokumentation at the University of Ulm keeps a record of all relevant literature, compiles and disseminates a biannual newsletter and a catalog with structural data, and publishes a virtually complete annotated bibliography (Buck et al. 1981; Herde et al. 1985). A special value of the Ulm bibliographies is that they feature theoretical and methodological papers as well as reviews, technical reports, etc., in addition to the structural papers. Early structural data have been compiled by Sutton (1958, 1965), followed by two Landolt-Börnstein volumes (Callomon et al. 1976, 1987) providing coverage through to 1984.
Cancer: chemotherapy
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first compound tested for antitumour activity by the National Cancer Institute of the USA was the simple quinone, 2-methyl-p-benzoquinone. Since 1955 over 1500potential drugs have been screened for antitumour activity, the majority of which are quinones.
Cancer: photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is about one hundred years since the in vivo photosensitivity associated with porphyrins was established (see, for example, Meyer-Betz I913). The relatively new, photochemotherapeutic cancer treatment known as photo dynamic therapy (PDT) is closely .related to such a photosensitivity (photo dynamic) effect (see Chapter 9). This cancer treatment has experienced a huge upsurge in research activity in the last decade or so, substantially initiated by the pioneering work of Dougherty (see, for example, Dougherty et al. 1978).
Iron and human disease
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An average adult human male contains some 4.5 g of iron, absorbs about 1 mg of iron each day, and when in iron-balance (Fig. 9.1) excretes the same amount. Since the total plasma iron turnover is around 35 mg per day, the body displays extremely efficient mechanisms for preserving iron. Slight disturbances in this delicate balance can push the body into iron overload or into iron-deficiency. It has been estimated that worldwide, today, some 500 million people are iron-deficient and several million are iron-overloaded. There are no specific mechanisms for the excretion of iron; loss occurring by the turnover of intestinal cells, in sweat, facces, urine, and by menstrual bleeding in women.
Multi-Component Boiling And Condensation
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have only considered the behaviour of pure single component fluids during evaporation and condensation. However, in the petrochemical industries in particular, many processes involve the evaporation (and condensation) of binary (n = 2) and multicomponent (n &gt; 2) mixtures where n is the number of components. In the boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures, the heat transfer and the mass transfer processes are closely linked, with the evaporation rate usually being limited by the mass transfer processes. This is significantly different from single-component systems where interfacial mass transfer rates are normally very high.
Control Theory of Non-linear Mechanical Systems
Authors: Arimoto Suguru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces a new framework for non-linear analysis and control of intelligent machines such as robot arms, mechanical hands, and other advanced mechatronic systems. It clarifies the physical and mathematical prinicples underlying the complicated dynamics of non-linear mechanical systems and deals with the design of controllers that enable sophisticated tasks to be executed. A new concept called `non-linear position-dependent circuits' plays a crucial role, together with passivity analysis as a generalization of the impedance concept. Adaptability and learnability of robot arms and hands as intelligent machines are also analysed through visible expressions of their dynamics via corresponding non-linear circuits and generalized impedance concepts. This approach may mark a milestone not only in development of a control theory for advanced mechatronics systems but also in the long path toward understanding the mysteries of motor control in the human central nervous system.
Frictional Contact-impact Problems
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 4 and 5, tangential contact forces between two contacting boundaries were not considered, i.e. frictional effects were neglected. In reality, however, friction phenomena exist wherever contacts occur. In many engineering applications, the effects of friction may play very important roles. In metal-forming processes, for example, frictional effects between the work piece and the die will strongly influence the forming process and the quality of the product. This chapter is thus devoted to discussion of numerical procedure for contact problems with friction.
Advanced Kinetic Theory
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction the right-hand term in (6.1) is the rate at which¢ is changed by particle dynamics, i.e. by body force accelerations like gravity and accelerations due to particle c:ollisiorrn. An exact, finite expression for δ ϕ/ δt docs not exist, but a good approximation to it will be given in §7.3.1. Maxwell was able to complete the calculation of expressions for the viscosity and conductivity only for molecules having inverse fifth-power repulsion (see §3.l.3).
Second-Order Kinetic Theory
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction our purpose in this chapter is to calculate and apply the second-order terms q and Π in the Knudsen number expansions for the heat flux vector q and the viscous stress tensor Π, namely One expects (q + q) and (Π + Π) to be more accurate representations of q and Π than the first-order terms alone, but with the second-order terms more in the role of small corrections than substantial changes. Were the terms described as being ‘second order’ comparable in magnitude to the first-order terms, this would be a signal, either that there was some deviant flow pattern making the first-order terms singularly small, or that the theory was beyond its range -of validity. The first circumstance prevails in magnetoplasm ’as, when strong magnetic fields strongly suppress cross-field, first-order transport, leaving second-order terms dominant (see 11.4.2). We shall test the importance of second-order terms in a neutral gas later in the chapter by considering the cases of ultrasonic sound waves and strong shock waves, ,examples with Knudsen numbers larger than usual and for which good experimental data is available.
Quartum cohomology
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motivation for quantum cohomology comes from symplectic geometry and from physics (see [26]). We shall just proceed directly to a deﬁnition, in which quantum cohomology is simply ordinary cohomology but with a new ‘quantum product ‘ which extends the usualcup product. The structure constants of the quantum product are numbers denoted by A B C D, where D varies in H 2 (M; Z), and when D 0 we obtain the structure constants of ordinary cohomology. These numbers are called 3-point Gromov–Witten invariants. They are invariants of the symplectic structure of M, although this aspect will not play a direct role in this book.