bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Applications of Intermolecular Cyclopropanation of Carboxylic Esters with Dialkoxytitanacyclopropane Reagents
Authors: Kulinkovich Oleg 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe reaction of carboxylic esters with ethylmagnesium bromide in the presence of titanium(IV) isopropoxide, which leads to the formation of substituted cyclopropanols, was disclosed in the late 1980′s. The key organometallic intermediates in this transformation are diisopropoxytitanacyclopropane species, which act as 1,2‐dicarbanionic equivalents. The intermolecular titanium‐mediated cyclopropanation of carboxylic esters and subsequent transformation of the three‐membered ring provides a convenient and flexible approach to the construction of the carbon skeleton of organic molecules with ketone and other functionalities. Applications of this methodology to the synthesis of natural biologically active compounds and their analogues have been published over the last fifteen years and are summarized in the present review article. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Resources and alternatives in coalition formation: The effects on payoff, self‐serving behaviour, and bargaining length
Authors: Beest Ilja Van , Dijk Eric Van , Wilke Henk 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA consistent finding in coalition research is that the payoff of coalition members is related to (a) the resources they contribute to the coalition, and to (b) the number of alternative coalitions they can form. These two factors are, however, often intertwined. A greater number of resources tends to go hand in hand with a greater number of alternatives, leaving unanswered how both factors affect coalition behaviour. This paper attempts to clarify the interplay of resources and alternatives by disentangling the two in a newly developed coalition paradigm. Results indicated that participants base their payoff allocation on both resources and alternatives, but suggest that self‐serving behaviour is more related to alternatives. Furthermore, resources and alternatives had a distinct effect on the bargaining process. It was shown that differences in alternatives led to longer bargaining. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expectancy confirmation in spite of disconfirming evidence: The case of price increases due to the introduction of the Euro
Authors: Traut‐Mattausch Eva , Schulz‐Hardt Stefan , Greitemeyer Tobias , Frey Dieter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPeople in Germany overwhelmingly believe that the Euro introduction caused an overall price increase, however, no such increase actually took place. To investigate whether this disparity could be based on biased perceptions of the average price trend, four studies were conducted. Participants received two menus from a restaurant (one ‘old’ menu with German Mark (DM) prices and one ‘new’ menu with Euro prices) and were asked to estimate the price trend (in per cent). In all of these studies, price trend judgements were biased towards rising prices. If the prices had in fact been raised, the magnitude of this price increase was overestimated. If the prices had remained stable, significant price increases were perceived. And if the prices had fallen, they were perceived as having remained stable. The bias was systematically related to participants' expectations concerning price increases. A ‘selective outcome correction’ hypothesis proved to best fit the data: incorrect calculation outcomes that are in line with one's expectations are overlooked, whereas incorrect inconsistent outcomes are detected and corrected. The results imply that expectations can influence judgements even when clear disconfirming evidence is available that can be compared with an objective standard, thus leaving no room for interpretation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is affective material in attitudes more accessible than cognitive material? The moderating role of attitude basis
Authors: Giner‐Sorolla Roger 
Published: August 2004

AbstractVerplanken, Hofstee, and Janssen (1998) found that the affective component of attitude is accessed more readily than the cognitive. Three studies further examined these findings in the light of two competing explanations: affective primacy, which states that emotional material is inherently more accessible than cognitive; and evaluative primacy, which states that emotional material is more accessible only if it is inherently more evaluative or supports the overall evaluative basis of attitude. Study 1 measured the accessibility of cognitive and affective traits while equalizing the evaluative nature of these traits. This study found a speed advantage for affective traits, but the attitude objects in this study turned out to be mainly affectively based. Studies 2 and 3, using a mixture of affectively and cognitively based objects, found that the speed advantage for affective terms was only found among affectively based objects; Study 3 also found a speed advantage for cognitive terms among cognitively based objects, and additionally found that individual differences in attitude basis explained part of this interaction. Collectively, these studies show that while affective material may be accessed more quickly than cognitive, this is most true when overall evaluation is based on affect rather than cognition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of outreach on admissions to an adolescent anorexia nervosa inpatient unit
Authors: Jaffa Tony , Percival Jo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe development of an outreach service from a UK National Health Service inpatient unit for teenagers with anorexia nervosa seems to contribute to a reduced need for admission. This finding may have implications for other eating disorder services. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Can adolescents' perceptions of their weight be used in screening for eating disorders? A pilot study of a short screening questionnaire
Authors: Dring G. J. , Singlehurst P. , Hutton S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA Short Screening Questionnaire (SSQ) was devised to select schoolgirls who are underweight but see themselves as overweight. It was predicted that this would identify girls with eating disorders. This was unsuccessful. A comparison was made with the Eating Attitude Test (EAT). Inaccuracy in self‐reports of weight and height may be a factor in the failure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A water setting tetracalcium phosphate–dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cement
Authors: Burguera E. F. , Guitián F. , Chow L. C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe development of a calcium phosphate cement, comprising tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), that hardens in 14 min with water as the liquid or 6 min with a 0.25 mol/L sodium phosphate solution as the liquid, without using hydroxyapatite (HA) seeds as setting accelerator, is reported. It was postulated that reduction in porosity would increase cement strength. Thus, the effects of applied pressure during the initial stages of the cement setting reaction on cement strength and porosity were studied. The cement powder comprised an equimolar mixture of TTCP and DCPD (median particle sizes 17 and 1.7 μm, respectively). Compressive strengths (CS) of samples prepared with distilled water were 47.6 ± 2.4 MPa, 50.7 ± 4.2 MPa, and 52.9 ± 4.7 MPa at applied pressures of 5 MPa, 15 MPa, and 25 MPa, respectively. When phosphate solution was used, the CS values obtained were 41.5 ± 2.3 MPa, 37.9 ± 1.7 MPa, and 38.1 ± 2.3 MPa at the same pressure levels. Statistical analysis of the results showed that pressure produced an improvement in CS when water was used as liquid but not when the phosphate solution was used. Compared to previously reported TTCP–DCPD cements, the greater CS values and shorter setting times together with a simplified formulation should make the present TTCP–DCPD cement a useful material as a bone substitute for clinical applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 275–282, 2004
Rapid induction of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by L‐glutamine starvation
Authors: Paquette Julie C. , Guérin Paul J. , Gauthier Eric R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWhile the amino acid L‐glutamine is known to play a role in the survival of several cell types, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly defined. We show in this report that L‐glutamine starvation rapidly triggered apoptosis in Sp2/0‐Ag14 hybridoma cells. This process involved the activation of both caspases‐9 and ‐3, suggesting that L‐glutamine deprivation initiated an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in Sp2/0‐Ag14 cells. Supporting this idea, the cytosolic release of the mitochondrial proteins SMAC/DIABLO and cytochrome c (Cyt c) was observed, with an initial limited leakage occurring during the first 30 min of L‐glutamine deprivation, followed by a greater release after 60 min. The latter occurred simultaneously with the translocation of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bax to the mitochondria. Finally, a decline in XIAP levels and the activation of caspases‐3 and ‐9 were observed. Thus, L‐glutamine deprivation of Sp2/0‐Ag14 cells rapidly triggers intracellular events, which target the mitochondria, leading to the cytosolic release of apoptogenic factors, the activation of caspases‐9 and ‐3, and the commitment to the death program. This work introduces the Sp2/0Ag14 hybridoma as a unique model for the study of the molecular events underlying the pro‐survival function of L‐glutamine. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Balancing neuronal death
Authors: Prunell Giselle F. , Troy Carol M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough it is apparent that neuronal death must be tightly regulated to ensure the proper development and mature functions of the nervous system, the molecular details of this regulation are not fully understood. In multiple neurodegenerative diseases, there is inappropriate death of cells in the nervous system. A better understanding of how death is regulated in the normal nervous system can provide a framework for determining how this regulation can go awry during neurodegenerative disease. The key executioners of neuronal apoptosis, the caspases, are regulated at several levels. The endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins, the IAPs, can suppress caspase activity. In this Mini‐Review, we examine what is known about the function of IAPs in normal neuronal function and in disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The recent Sahel drought is real
Authors: Dai Aiguo , Lamb Peter J. , Trenberth Kevin E. , Hulme Mike , Jones Philip D. , Xie Pingping 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUsing station rainfall data extracted from two comprehensive data sets, we show that large decreasing rainfall trends were widespread in the Sahel (10–20°N and 18°W–20°E) from the late 1950s to the late 1980s. Thereafter, Sahel rainfall has recovered somewhat through 2003, although the drought conditions have not ended in the region. These results confirm the findings of many previous studies. We also found that large multi‐year oscillations appear to be more frequent and extreme after the late 1980s than previously. Analyses of Sahel regional rainfall time series derived from a fixed subset of stations and from all available stations show that the decreasing trend in Sahel rainfall is not an artifact of changing station networks. The rainfall model used by Chappell and Agnew (2004 International Journal of Climatology 24: 547–554) is incorrect and their modelled rainfall time series is totally unrepresentative of Sahel average rainfall. Their conclusion about the Sahel rainfall trends being an artifact of changing station locations is emphatically wrong and their speculative statements about the implications of their results for other studies and other regions of the world are completely unfounded. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Thermal Characterization of Upper Critical Solution Temperature m‐LLDPE/Poly(ethylene‐ran‐butene) Elastomer Blends
Authors: Li Chaoxu , Kong Qingshang , Zhao Jun , Zhao Delu , Fan Qingrong , Xia Yanzhi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: The phase and thermal characteristics of blends consisting of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) (0.7 mol‐% hexene copolymer) and poly(ethylene‐ran‐butene) (PEB) (26 mol‐% butene copolymer) have been investigated using optical microscopy (OM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). An upper critical solution temperature of 162 °C was exhibited. The addition of PEB not only slowed the overall crystallization rate of LLDPE but also changed the distribution of lamellar thickness or perfection of LLDPE crystals. The equilibrium melting temperature of LLDPE in the blends was reduced and kept relatively constant in the bi‐phase state. The blends showed a single‐stage degradation and an intermediate thermal stability between those of the individual components. It could be attributed to their homogeneous states at degradation temperatures and the similar decomposing mechanisms of two components. The kinetic analysis of thermal degradation also confirmed the above results.Phase diagram of LLDPE/PEB blends.magnified imagePhase diagram of LLDPE/PEB blends.
Population Balance Model for Miniemulsion Polymerization, 1
Authors: Sood Ashwini , Awasthi Shailendra K. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: Miniemulsion polymerization is a relatively new process that can produce polymer latexes of unusual characteristics. The initial droplet size distribution and the final particle size distribution in miniemulsion polymerization are broad. This has not been addressed by the present models that assume monodisperse droplet size and particle size distributions. A population balance framework for the miniemulsion polymerization that incorporates both the droplet size distribution and the particle size distribution is developed in this work.Average number of radicals per particle.imageAverage number of radicals per particle.
Characterization of gallotannins and benzophenone derivatives from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’) peels, pulp and kernels by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Berardini Nicolai , Carle Reinhold , Schieber Andreas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPolyphenolics were extracted from peels, pulp and kernels of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’) and characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the peel 18 gallotannins and five benzophenone derivatives were detected which were tentatively identified as galloylated maclurin and iriflophenone glucosides. Twenty‐one and eight gallotannins were found in the kernels and pulp, respectively, whereas no evidence for the presence of benzophenone derivatives was obtained. Gallotannins quantified by the rhodanine assay amounted to 1.4 mg/g dm in the peels (expressed as gallic acid), while only small amounts (0.2 mg/g dm) were found in the pulp. In contrast, mango kernels contained 15.5 mg/g dm and thus proved to be a rich source of gallotannins. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of new radiation‐induced DNA lesions by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Regulus Peggy , Spessotto Sébastien , Gateau Mathilde , Cadet Jean , Favier Alain , Ravanat Jean‐Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS) has been used to search for the formation of as yet unidentified radiation‐induced DNA lesions. For that purpose, the characteristic fragmentation of most of 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides that corresponds to the loss of the 2‐deoxyribose moiety (loss of 116 mass units) has been utilized to specifically detect modified nucleosides. Aerated aqueous solutions of DNA were exposed to ionizing radiation, and subsequently DNA was digested to nucleosides with a cocktail of endo‐ and exonucleases. HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS analysis of the resulting 2′‐deoxyribonucleoside mixture allowed us to detect four novel DNA modifications. In a subsequent step, the sensitivity of the tandem mass spectrometer was used to search for the formation of the newly detected lesions in the DNA of γ‐irradiated cells. Thus, one of the four newly detected lesions was found to be significantly generated in cellular DNA upon exposure to ionizing radiation. In addition, the latter lesion was also shown to be present in untreated cells, indicating that the modified nucleoside could be formed endogenously. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the intellectual structure of strategic management research: a bibliometric study of the Strategic Management Journal, 1980–2000
Authors: Ramos‐Rodríguez Antonio‐Rafael , Ruíz‐Navarro José 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to identify the works that have had the greatest impact on strategic management research and to analyze the changes that have taken place in the intellectual structure of this discipline. The methodology is based on the bibliometric techniques of citation and co‐citation analysis which are applied to all the articles published in the Strategic Management Journal from its first issue in 1980 through 2000. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CEOs who have COOs: contingency analysis of an unexplored structural form
Authors: Hambrick Donald C. , Cannella Albert A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe use contingency theory to examine, for the first time, the incidence and effectiveness of CEO/COO duos. We argue that industry dynamism, extraordinary organizational task demands, and the CEO's own professional limitations will influence the decision to have a COO, as well as its effect on performance. Based on a large 10‐year sample, we find some support for the contingency view in explaining the presence of COOs; we particularly find that CEOs who lack experience in operational activities and in managing the focal firm are relatively likely to have COOs. We find, however, essentially no support for the contingency view in explaining when COOs are most beneficial. Instead, we find strong evidence of a very substantial negative main effect: CEOs who have COOs deliver lower organizational performance than those who do not. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does country matter?
Authors: Makino Shige , Isobe Takehiko , Chan Christine M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPrevious studies have explored the predictors of business unit performance in multiple‐business firms and investigated the extent of the effect of industry, corporate, and business unit on the performance of a business unit. These studies have focused almost exclusively on examining performance differences within a single country, thus treating country effects as external to business unit performance. In contrast, this study focuses on multinational corporations and examines the extent to which country effects explain the variation in the performance of foreign affiliates. Our findings show that country effects are as strong as industry effects, following affiliate effects and corporate effects. Our results also suggest that corporate and affiliate effects tend to be more critical in explaining the variation in foreign affiliate performance in developed countries, whereas country and industry effects are more salient in developing countries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How many eggs should be laid in one's own nest and others’ in intra‐specific brood parasitism?
Authors: Takasu Fugo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecent field studies have demonstrated that many bird species practice intra‐specific brood parasitism. They lay eggs in the nests of other individuals of the same species, let the foster parents rear their offspring and avoid the cost of parental care. It has been shown that many birds, including starlings, swallows and geese, practice intra‐specific brood parasitism in various forms. Intra‐specific brood parasitism can be viewed in terms of optimal resource allocation: how many eggs should be put in the nests of other individuals under the risk of being parasitized by others. The situation here is a “game”, because the fitness of a parasitic individual depends on how other individuals behave (how many individuals practice parasitism and to what extent). The ecology of intra‐specific brood parasitism has been investigated extensively by field ornithologists recently and it is full of material for modeling population/evolutionary biology. In this paper, I present a simple individual‐based model to challenge the resource allocation problem in intra‐specific brood parasitism. Previous theoretical studies of intra‐specific brood parasitism have been based on ESS or quantitative genetics models, where a population is implicitly assumed to be homogeneous and the distribution form of the trait being studied (the allocation rate or the number of eggs laid parasitically) is inherently monomorphic. This paper aims to explore the evolution of intra‐specific brood parasitism without these restrictions. In the model, an individual is assigned a strategy, an allocation ratio of eggs that are laid parasitically in the nests of other individuals, and the strategy is inherited by offspring either asexually or sexually. Based on the simulation analysis, the evolution of the allocation rate (the extent of intra‐specific brood parasitism) is discussed. The extension of this model to a tractable analytical model is also discussed.
SIMS microscopy in the biomedical field
Authors: Fragu Philippe , Briançon Colette , Fourré Catherine , Clerc Jérôme , Casiraghi Odile , Jeusset Josette , Omri Frédérique , Halpern Sylvain 
Published: August 2004

Summary—We attempted to indicate the requirements for biomedical applications of SIMS microscopy. Sample preparation methodology should preserve both the structural and the chemical integrity of the tissue. Furthermore, it is often necessary to correlate ionic and light microscope images. This implies a common methodological approach to sample preparation for both microscopes. The use of low or high mass resolution depends on the elements studied and their concentrations. To improve the acquisition and processing of images, digital imaging systems have to be designed and require both ionic and optical image superimposition. However, the images do not accurately reflect element concentration; a relative quantitative approach is possible by measuring secondary ion beam intensity. Using an internal reference element (carbon) and standard curves the results are expressed in μg/mg of tissue. Despite their limited lateral resolution (0.5 μm) the actual SIMS microscopes are very suitable for the resolution of biomedical problems posed by action modes and drug localization in human pathology. SIMS microscopy should provide a new tool for metabolic radiotherapy. by facilitating dose evaluation. The advent of high lateral resolution SIMS imaging (< 0.1 μm) should open up new fields in biomedical investigation.
Preservation of the diffusible cations for SIMS microscopy. I. A problem related to the state of water in the cell
Authors: Mentré Pascale 
Published: August 2004

Summary—The notion of diffusible ions is reviewed in the light of recent knowledge on the stage of water in biological matrices. It appears that ion distributions would be little affected as long as water‐macromolecular equilibrium is maintained, but they risk to be significantly modified during dehydration, because the transformation of bound water into highly solvating free water can produce ion displacements. In addition, differently hydrated areas may undergo unequal volume variations. The principal modes of preparing material for SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) microscopy are envisaged from this viewpoint.