bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to going to the therapeutic community upstate, I went to detox and was given Suboxone (buprenorphine), which feels as though it burns the heroin right out of your system. No tolerance develops for it, nor is there any high. It prevented me from going into withdrawal and kept me from getting sick. And so, by the time I went upstate, I felt normal physically. But emotionally? That’s another matter altogether. I was still a miserable, angry person—just in different surroundings.
Basic Statistics
Authors: Wilcox Rand R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introductory statistics textbook for non-statisticians covers basic principles, concepts, and methods routinely used in applied research. What sets this text apart is the incorporation of the many advances and insights from the last half century when explaining basic principles. These advances provide a foundation for vastly improving our ability to detect and describe differences among groups and associations among variables and provide a deeper and more accurate sense of when basic methods perform well and when they fail. Assuming no prior training, Wilcox introduces students to basic principles and concepts in a simple manner that makes these advances and insights, as well as standard ideas and methods, easy to understand and appreciate.
Learning: Introduction and Pavlovian Conditioning
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like attention, consciousness, and other words from ordinary language used in psychology, learning is a term that everyone understands even though it eludes satisfactory technical definition (Section 4.2.1; Rescorla 2007). Functionally, learning allows animals to adjust their behavior to the local environment through individual experience. Animals need to know such things as what locally available food is good to eat, where and when to find it, which individuals to avoid and which to approach. This chapter introduces a basic framework for thinking about learning and then considers some ideas about the function and evolution of learning. The longest part of the chapter reviews data and theory about Pavlovian conditioning, perhaps the best-studied form of learning and one of the phylogenetically most widespread. Armed with this framework and some facts about conditioning, we will be in a position to analyze other forms of learning in future chapters. We will also be equipped to assess claims that some animals sometimes behave in ways that cannot be only the products of conditioning but rather require reasoning, a theory of mind, a qualitatively different kind of learning, or the like.
Discrimination, Classification, and Concepts
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A male stickleback with a bright red belly, ready to mate, swims about in a tank. A grayish model fish with a swollen ‘‘belly’’ appears, and our subject begins to display courtship movements. Their vigor increases when the model assumes a diagonal posture with its head up. A short time later, another model, with a red, unswollen, belly, is introduced. The male darts toward it, ready for a fight (Figure 6.1). A female baboon hears another female in her troop make a threatening grunt and looks in the direction of the sound. The grunt is answered by the scream of a low ranking female from the caller’s own family, and the listener resumes foraging. The next day, she hears the same female grunt, but this time the grunt is followed by the scream of a dominant female, and our listener looks toward the sounds for several seconds.
Interventions for Negatively Reinforced School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kendra is an 8-year-old girl in third grade who has been having enormous difficulty entering school and remaining in class for an entire day. Kendra often sobs on the playground before school and cries softly in her classroom for most of the day if she does attend. She has already had several unexcused absences this year and her parents, though motivated to solve the problem, are frustrated and confused about what to do next. Kendra commonly complains of stomachaches and headaches at school and has asked repeatedly to be placed in home schooling.
Preventive and Systemic Strategies for School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sheen is a 9-year-old girl who recently completed fourth grade following episodes of school refusal behavior. In October, Sheen began refusing school due to general distress in the classroom that was not clearly linked to specific objects or situations. Sheen’s parents allowed their daughter to remain home twice to try to quell her anxiety, but this seemed to make matters worse. By January, Sheen was missing 1–2 days of school per week and was enjoying the amenities of staying home.
Brains, Minds, and Numbers
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF YOU ARE READING THIS in the first couple of decades of the third millennium of the common era, chances are that (1) the human brain is the most complex toy you’ll ever come near, let alone get to play with, and (2) you’re trapped inside one for the foreseeable future. Wouldn’t it be fun to get to know how it works? Even if you are not by inclination a tinkerer, eager to find out how everything works, you may resent being confined in this manner. Indeed, you may wish to evaluate the prospects of upgrading the game console to a better model, or at least to learn how to make the most of the current one. For that, it is necessary to understand the relationship between minds (which is what we are) and brains (which is where we are).
Emotions: Happiness, Fear, And Trembling
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roger is an overweight, red-cheeked man in his late thirties, with an easy laugh. Right now, however, he is not laughing. He has just lost a considerable amount of money in a game that most children would find easy.
The rules are simple. You have to choose between two geometric images on a computer screen. Choosing one of them will win you a large amount of money most of the time, whereas choosing the other will cost you. Once you have found the image that wins you the money, you have to keep choosing it until you consistently start to lose money. Then you have to switch to the other image to win money.
Roger knows he is losing money on the image he is choosing, but he cannot stop choosing it. He says he used to win money on this image, and even though he is aware that things have changed, he appears to be incapable of changing his behavior.
Sensation: Making Sense
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our brains are firmly anchored in sensory inputs, so it should not be surprising that the worst kind of torture does not aim to inflict as much pain as possible, but to rob the victim of the ability to sense the surrounding world. Under such torture, most people very quickly lose their sanity, because without constant sensory inputs, the brain stops making sense. Our senses form the basis of our subjective experience, and we obtain the most fundamental pleasure through seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching the world around us. The brain is constantly trying to integrate the sensations it receives from the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin, and then predict what will happen next, which is its most important job after making sense of the world. The senses influence how the brain represents the environment, and this representation is the basis for how we act in the world. The relative evolutionary success of humans may be partly due to our ability to use our sensory impressions to make predictions about the world and correct our own and others’ behavior accordingly. If we pay attention to our senses, they offer us the possibility for more intelligent action. Before we venture further on our journey into the pleasures of the association cortices, however, we will need a firmer grasp of how these sensory inputs are initially processed.
Crisis
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You’re about to read the journal entry I wrote right after my first brush with suicide in college. I wrote it in a hardcover journal that I had received as a going-away gift just before freshman year. As I look at it now, I realize the irony of the cover art: It is from the inside of an Egyptian coffin and depicts Anubis, the jackal-headed guardian of the dead. I think I flipped today I talked to Mom on the phone and that question, ‘‘How do you feel?,’’ came up again. How do I feel? Does she really want to know? Frustrated but goal-driven, hopeless yet motivated, alone with friends, lost but in the middle of it all, like I’ve lost all faith, yet stronger than I’ve ever been.
Finding The Phoenix: Where I am Today
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a beautiful and majestic bird that looks like a cross between a peacock and an eagle. Its feathers have the most brilliant reds and pure golds that you have ever seen. As you approach cautiously, you notice that the bird looks incredibly sad. You peer into its eyes, and it is as if they are telling you, ‘‘I am ugly, old, and wounded beyond recovery.’’ In some ways, this seems unbelievable. How could such a remarkable bird seem so hopeless? In other ways, it seems all too familiar. Not long ago you may have felt the same way, or maybe you knew someone who suffered that way. Suddenly, the bird lights itself on fire. Although you try to rescue it, the bird is engulfed in flames, and soon it seems like there is nothing but ashes left. Some people would give up on the bird at this point. Not you. You decide to stay. Then something stirs in the charred nest. Looking closer, you see a baby bird pushing through the smoky ash. Then you notice that, although it is covered in gray and black dust, the little hatchling has feathers with the most brilliant reds and pure golds that you have ever seen. You have discovered a phoenix.
Postconditioning Event Manipulations on Processing of the Target Conditioned Stimulus in Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Schachtman Todd R , Ramsey Ashley , Pineño Oskar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several major innovations occurred in the field of animal learning in the 1960s and early 1970s. First, there was the discovery of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and its distinguishing properties (Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966; Garcia & Koelling, 1966). Second, prior to the 1970s a vast majority of the research on classical conditioning focused almost exclusively on the processes supporting or limiting the acquisition of associations following simple CS–US pairings (CS: conditioned stimulus; US: unconditioned stimulus). The influence of other forms of information processing (e.g., retrieval, rehearsal, and interference) was previously ignored for the most part in the literature. Such processes began to receive more attention in the 1970s. Third, the importance of the interactions between the target CS with other cues (e.g., contextual cues and other CSs) was given more focus.
Conditioned Taste Aversions Based on Running or Swimming
Authors: Boakes Robert A , Nakajima Sadahiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) are most commonly in rats by injecting chemical substances such as lithium chloride (LiCl, e.g., Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Kalat & Rozin, 1970; Nachman & Ashe, 1973), cyclophosphamide (e.g., Dragoin, 1971; Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1967), methyl mercury (e.g., Braun & Snyder, 1973; Levine, 1978), morphine (e.g., Farber, Gorman, & Reid, 1976; Riley, Jacobs, & LoLordo, 1978), apomorphine (e.g., Garcial, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966; Wittlin & Brookshire, 1968), ethanol (e.g., Berman & Cannon, 1974; , Skurdal, & Brown, 1974), scopolamine and amphetamine (e.g., Berger, 1972; Braveman, 1975), insulin and formalin (e.g., Domjan & Levy, 1977; Weisinger, Parker, & Skorupski, 1974), among others (see Riley & Freeman, 2004, fordatabase).
Mechanisms of Overshadowing and Potentiation in Flavor Aversion Conditioning
Authors: Batsell W Robert , Paschall Gayla Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) are a form of classical conditioning in which an organism experiences an edible substance (conditioned stimulus or CS) followed by an illness-producing event (unconditioned stimulus or US). As a result of this CS–US pairing, when the organism subsequently reencounters the CS, it will demonstrate a reluctance to consume that food (the conditioned response or CR). One of the enduring questions in associative learning in general is whether CTA operates under the exact rules as other types of classical conditioning such as fear conditioning and conditioned eyeblink (Domjan, 1980; Logue, 1979). This question was originally explored through such manipulations as cue-to-consequence learning (Garcia & Koelling, 1966) and long-delay learning (Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966), but subsequent research found that these effects could be accommodated in other types of classical conditioning (see Bouton, 2006, for review). Nonetheless, one area in which CTA consistently appears to operate by different mechanisms is in compound conditioning.
Mapping Conditioned Taste Aversion Associations through Patterns of c-Fos Expression
Authors: Bernstein Ilene L , Wilkins Emily E , Barot Sabiha K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) constitute a potent learning model that is associative, adaptive defensive, and amygdala dependent (Bermúdez-Rattoni & Yamamoto, 1998; Bernstein, 1991; Garcia, Hankins, & Rusiniak, 1974; Yasoshima, Yamamoto, & Kobayashi, 2005; see Reilly & Bornovalova, 2005). Moreover, this learning paradigm has a number of features that make it particularly amenable to neurobiological assessment (Bermúdez-Rattoni, 2004). One such feature is rapid acquisition, as CTAs are typically acquired after a single pairing of conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). One-trial learning provides researchers a clear time window during which the neuronal signaling and molecular mechanisms underlying the learning can be identified. Another distinctive feature of CTA learning is that it can occur despite lengthy delays between exposure to CS taste and US drug (Domjan, 1980; Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1966; Revusky & Garcia, 1970). In other conditioning paradigms, close temporal proximity between presentation of CS and US are critical to effective conditioning. In fact the requirement for temporal contiguity, with an optimal range being 500 ms to 2 s, is so common a feature of associative learning paradigms that it has been used to build models of the cellular signaling processes that might underlie plasticity (Abrams & Kandel, 1988). CTAs, however, are routinely acquired after delays ranging from several minutes to hours between exposure to CS taste and US illness. Given this, CTAs are clearly anomalous in their temporal properties and may require the development of neural learning models that do not depend so strongly on tight temporal contiguity.
Novelty, Routines, and Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That one hemisphere (in most cases, left) is more intimately linked to language than the other has been known for many years. Paul Pierre Broca1 and Carl Wernicke2 demonstrated in the second half of the nineteenth century that isolated lesions of the left hemisphere drastically interfere with language. Aphasias (language disturbances) are commonly seen following left-hemispheric strokes but not right-hemispheric strokes.
The basic facts linking language to the left hemisphere are not in dispute. The question arises, however, whether the close association with language is the central attribute of the left hemisphere or a special case, a consequence of a more fundamental principle of brain organization. Any attempt to characterize the function of one hemisphere through language and the other through spatial processing leads to an unsettling conclusion. Since language, at least in its narrow definition, is a uniquely human attribute, any dichotomy based on language is applicable only to humans. Does this mean that no hemispheric specialization exists in animals? The scarcity of work on hemispheric specialization in nonhuman species suggests that this is still the prevailing assumption among neuroscientists.
Social Maturity, Morality, Law, and the Frontal Lobes
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the myriad of anthropomorphic qualities lavished on the frontal lobes, they have been proclaimed the ultimate seat of morality. Does this mean that the underdevelopment of or damage to the frontal lobes will result in immorality? Probably not, but how about amorality?
Enter the orbitofrontal syndrome. This syndrome is in many ways the opposite of the dorsolateral syndrome. Patients with orbitofrontal syndrome are emotionally disinhibited. Their affect is rarely neutral, constantly oscillating between euphoria and rage, with impulse control ranging from poor to nonexistent. Their ability to inhibit the urge for instant gratification is severely impaired. They do what they feel like doing when they feel like doing it, without any concern for social taboos or legal prohibitions. They have no foresight of the consequences of their actions.
A patient afflicted with the orbitofrontal syndrome (due to head injury, cerebrovascular illness, or dementia) will engage in shoplifting, sexually aggressive behavior, reckless driving, or other actions commonly perceived as antisocial. These patients are known to be selfish, boastful, puerile, profane, and sexually explicit. Their humor is off-color and their jocularity, known as Witzelsucht, resembles that of a drunken adolescent.
Fateful Disconnections
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my neurosurgeon friend Jim Hughes called me late one night, I had no idea that the consequences of this call would profoundly affect my career. Jim wanted me to consult on his patient, a man in his late 30s who was recovering from a head injury. It sounded like a pretty routine clinical case and I agreed to see the patient.
Kevin (a fictional name) was a fabulously successful entrepreneur and entertainment executive, a happy husband and father of three. An all-round athlete, he was an accomplished equestrian, but had been riding an unfamiliar horse in New York’s Central Park and was thrown on hard basalt rock, hitting his head against a tree in the process. He was rushed to the nearest hospital, where Dr. Hughes performed emergency surgery. Kevin had been comatose for 2 days and was slowly recovering.
I first saw Kevin briefly approximately 2 months after his accident. He was disoriented, confused, and overwhelmed by his surroundings. His general demeanor was panic-stricken, and if there ever was an embodiment of the expression “shell-shocked,” Kevin was it. He was severely aphasic and responded to every question addressed to him by saying, “Thank you . . . thank you . . . thank you.” That was his only utterance. There was something extremely childlike and pleading in his demeanor and in his “thank you”—he was a man who had lost his core, defenseless like a child.
Hypotheses About Treatment from MMPI-2 Scales and Indexes
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the correlates pertaining to psycho- logical treatment that can be culled from the MMPI-2 validity scales, clinical scales, and selected MMPI-2 code types. The general descriptions were drawn from both the empirical and the clinical literature on the MMPI-2 and from the authors’ clinical experience with the MMPI-2 in treatment planning. The major goal is to present the MMPI-2 scale profile claffication system as a lens through which the clinician can view clients’ problems. In the first part of this chapter the client’s response attitudes and orientation toward therapy through the validity scales and patterns are discussed; the second section surveys the treatment implications for the MMPI-2 clinical scales; and the final part summarizes information related to a number of frequently obtained MMPI-2 profile code types.
Case Analyses
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents four examples of how MMPI-2 and BTPI test findings are incorporated when creating client’s treatment plans. In the first case, the assessment efforts centered on the MMPI-2, which significantly informed the consequent treatment plan recommendations. For the next two cases presented, the BTPI was at the heart of this endeavor. For the final case, both instruments were incorporated into the evaluation (including the computer based interpretation of the Minnesota Report and BTPI) and treatment planning processes. Each case illustrates particular therapy challenges that may be faced with clients and highlights some of the issues that arise when objective assessment instruments are incorporated into clients’ treatment plans.
Introduction
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P , Legro Jeffrey W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many Americans, the past decade has been a bewildering era. They have seen their country attacked and their husbands, sons, wives, and daughters sent to war in faraway places. They have read about orange alerts and red alerts. They have waited on long lines at airport security checks. They know that defense expenditures have soared and that Homeland Security has mushroomed. They have seen gruesome daily headlines about the carnage in Iraq, the strife in Afghanistan, and the turmoil in Pakistan. They read about the suicide attacks that were prevented or aborted in Europe, and they know, darkly, that terrorists are at work from North Africa to Southeast Asia, from the United Kingdom to Russia to China. With perils abounding, Americans want a national strategy that makes sense.
Dilemmas of Strategy
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P , Legro Jeffrey W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s crystal ball on strategy is murky. Officials in the next administration will face a complex world, will receive conflicting advice, and will need to mobilize domestic support for their policies. They must nonetheless act, most likely without the convenience of a single threat such as the Soviet Union during the cold war or terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. In this conclusion, our aims are to highlight the decisive issues of consensus and contention that resonate across the chapters. We seek to delineate the trade-offs involved in making choices, and we hope to illuminate the national security dilemmas that any administration must grapple with as the United States helps to shape, and is shaped by, the next stage in world politics.
When Young Children Need Help:What Do We See? What Do We Think? What Do We Do?
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeremy sat on my office floor constructing a racetrack out of blocks. He grabbed a red car from the nearby toy bin and propelled it wildly around the track, all the while recounting the woes of its thrill-seeking driver. After finding a satisfying end to the tale, he asked me to write it down, carefully dictating every detail.