bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The assessment of food‐related problems in individuals with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Russell Helen , Oliver Chris 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop an informant‐based questionnaire to assess food‐related problems in people with Prader‐Willi syndrome and to conduct an examination of psychometric properties.Design: Following a content analysis of informant interview responses a 16‐item questionnaire, the Food Related Problem Questionnaire (FRPQ), with three subscales (preoccupation with food, impairment of satiety and other food‐related ‘challenging’ behaviour) was developed. Test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability, concurrent and criterion validity and internal consistency were examined.Results: Total score test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability coefficients were both .86. Subscale test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability are acceptable for the subscales (range .67 to .85). Total scores on the FRPQ and all subscale scores and differentiated between a group of individuals with Prader‐Willi syndrome and a comparison group (p<.001 in all cases). For relevant items of the FRPQ significant positive correlations with items on the Checklist of Challenging Behaviour were achieved. Internal consistency for the total scale was good (Cronbach's Alpha = .87).Conclusions: The FRPQ has sufficiently robust psychometric properties for use in future research and clinical practice to appraise the food‐related problems often seen in individuals with Prader‐Willi syndrome.
Test‐retest reliability, practice effects and reliable change indices for the recognition memory test
Authors: Bird Chris M. , Papadopoulou Kyriaki , Ricciardelli Paola , Rossor Martin N. , Cipolotti Lisa 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) is widely used; however, important characteristics such as reliability and stability over time were largely unknown. In this study, we document for the first time test‐retest reliabilities, practice effects, and Reliable Change (RC) indices for this test.Design: A sample of 206 normal adults (aged 40‐70) were administered twice either the same version or two different versions of the RMT, with a 1‐month interval between assessments. The normal sample was split into two groups; a young (aged 40‐54) and an old (55‐70) group.Results: Test‐retest reliabilities were modest when using either the same versions or different versions. Practice effects were abolished when different versions of the RMT were used. In contrast, practice effects were clearly present on the same version of the non‐verbal subtest for both control groups. However, practice effects were present on the same versions of the verbal subtest only in the old group. RC indices were rather large when using the same or different versions.Conclusion: Although modest, the test‐retest reliability of the RMT is no worse than those reliabilities reported for other commonly used recall memory tests. Thus, the inherent clinical advantages of using a recognition paradigm make its use desirable. Usage of different versions of the RMT enables us to avoid practice effects. However, the RC indices indicate that large changes in scores are needed to detect a significant improvement or decline in an individual's performance.
The long‐term psychological impact of Bloody Sunday on families of the victims as measured by The Revised Impact of Event Scale
Authors: Shevlin Mark , McGuigan Karen 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: In 1972, 13 civil rights marchers were killed in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on what is known as Bloody Sunday. This study aimed to assess the psychological impact of this event on the families of victims as measured by the Revised Impact of Event Scale.Design: Cross‐sectional self‐report based study.Methods: The Impact of Event Scale—Revised was administered to 72 members of the families (immediate family, children of immediate family, cousins, and second cousins) of those killed on Bloody Sunday.Results: High levels of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal were found. In addition, significant group differences were found. Those family members closest to the victims reported the highest levels of psychological distress.Conclusion: The findings were discussed within the transgenerational trauma context.
Detection of intracellular macromolecule behavior under strong magnetic fields by linearly polarized light
Authors: Iwasaka M. , Ueno S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractStrong static magnetic fields on the order of 10 T have a diamagnetic force on cell components and generate a clear alignment of a smooth muscle cell assembly, parallel to the direction of the magnetic fields within an exposure period of 3 days. This work shows the effects of diamagnetic torque forces on cell component motion. Linearly polarized light was utilized to detect the displacement of intracellular macromolecules. The polarized light passed through a mass of cells in a magnetic field, and transmission of the light increased and reached a plateau 2 h after the beginning of magnetic field exposure at 14 T. However, no distinct change was observed in transmission of the light under zero magnetic field exposure. The change in polarized light intensity through the lamellar cell assembly under magnetic fields corresponds to behavioral changes in cell components. It was speculated that intracellular macromolecules rotated and showed a displacement due to diamagnetic torque forces during 2–3 h of magnetic field exposure at 14 T. Bioelectromagnetics 24:564–570, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of 10 kV, 30 μT, 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on milk production and feed intake in nonpregnant dairy cattle
Authors: Burchard J.F. , Monardes H. , Nguyen D.H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMilk production is the main agricultural income in the province of Québec, and the electrical distribution network traverses the rural dairy production region. This study evaluates the hypothesis that electric and magnetic fields may affect dairy production. Sixteen multiparous nonpregnant lactating Holstein cows (weighing 662 ± 65 kg and with 150.4 ± 40 days of lactation) were confined to wooden metabolic crates during the experiment with a 12:12 h light:dark cycle. The cows were divided into two replicates of eight cows each and exposed to a vertical EF of 10 kV/m and an uniform horizontal MF of 30 μT at 60 Hz. Replicate one was exposed for three periods. Each period was represented by an estrous cycle ranging from 24 to 27 days. During the first period, the electric and magnetic fields (E&MF) were off; during the second period they were on; and during the final period, they were off. The second replicate was exposed for three periods also, but the exposure protocol was reversed (first period, on; second period, off; last period, on). Exposure to E&MF (on) resulted in an average decrease of 4.97, 13.78, and 16.39% in milk yield, fat corrected milk yield, and milk fat, respectively; and an increase of 4.75% in dry matter intake. Bioelectromagnetics 24:557–563, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of 50 Hz, 0.2 mT magnetic fields on RBC properties and heart functions of albino rats
Authors: Ali Fadel M. , S. Mohamed Wael , Mohamed Mostafa R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this work the effect of sinusoidal 50 Hz, 0.2 mT magnetic fields on the red blood cells (RBCs) and heart functions of Albino rats were investigated. Twenty‐four male Albino rats were equally divided into four groups, A, B, C, and D. Animals from groups B were continuously exposed to the magnetic field for 15 days; and groups C and D, for 30 days. Group A was used as control. Animals from group D were kept after exposure to the magnetic field for a period of 45 days for delayed effect studies. The osmotic fragility and shape of RBCs' membrane and hemoglobin (Hb) structure tests were carried out for all groups. The dielectric relaxation of Hb molecules was measured in the frequency range of 0.1–10 MHz and the dielectric increment (Δε), relaxation time (τ), molecular radius (r), and Cole‐Cole parameter (α) were calculated for all groups. The ECG was measured for all animals before and after exposure to the magnetic field. The results indicated that exposure of the animals to 50 Hz, 0.2 mT magnetic fields resulted in the decrease of RBCs membrane elasticity and permeability and changes in the molecular structure of Hb. The ECG of the exposed animals was considerably altered. The data also indicated that there was no sign of repair in the newly generated RBCs structure and the ECG after removing the animals from the magnetic field, which indicates that the blood generating system was severely injured. The injuries in the heart of the animals were attributed to the loss of some physiological functions of the RBCs as a result of exposures of the rats to the magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 24:535–545, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Waveform magnetic field survey in Russian DC and Swiss AC powered trains: A basis for biologically relevant exposure assessment
Authors: Ptitsyna N.G. , Kopytenko Y.A. , Villoresi G. , Pfluger D.H. , Ismaguilov V. , Iucci N. , Kopytenko E.A. , Zaitzev D.B. , Voronov P.M. , Tyasto M.I. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRecent epidemiological studies suggest a link between transport magnetic fields (MF) and certain adverse health effects. We performed measurements in workplaces of engineers on Russian DC and Swiss AC powered (16.67 Hz) electric trains using a computer based waveform capture system with a 200 Hz sampling rate. MF in DC and AC trains show complex combinations of static and varying components. The most probable levels of quasistatic MF (0.001–0.03 Hz) were in the range 40 μT. Maximum levels of 120 μT were found in DC powered locomotives. These levels are much higher than the geomagnetic field at the site of measurements. MF encountered both in DC and AC powered rail systems showed irregular temporal variability in frequency composition and amplitude characteristics across the whole frequency range studied (0–50 Hz); however, more than 90% of the magnetic field power was concentrated in frequencies ≤16.67 Hz. In AC locomotives, such as the most popular engine Re 4/4 II, the major energy falls around the fundamental frequency 16.67 Hz, with an average magnetic field intensity of about 44 μT; moreover, a significant contribution (about 15%) is due to components below the fundamental frequency. In Russian DC powered trains amplitudes of field variations sharply decrease from static to ∼3–4 Hz fields; for higher frequencies a tendency of slow decrease is observed up to 50 Hz. For frequencies higher than 1 Hz average amplitudes of magnetic field variations are less than 1 μT; maximum levels reach tens of microtesla. At frequencies lower than 15 Hz, the average magnetic field generated by Swiss AC powered locomotives was ∼10 times greater than fields observed in Russian DC powered trains. Bioelectromagnetics 24:546–556, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GSM modulated radiofrequency radiation does not affect 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin excretion of rats
Authors: Bakos József , Kubinyi Györgyi , Sinay Hanna , Thuróczy György 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this study, the effect of exposure to 900 and 1800 MHz GSM‐like radiofrequency radiation upon the urinary 6‐sulfatoxymelatonin (6SM) excretion of adult male Wistar rats was studied. Seventy‐two rats were used in six independent experiments, three of which were done with 900 MHz and the other three with 1800 MHz. The exposures were performed in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic mode (GTEM) cell. The power densities of radiation were 100 and 20 μW/cm2 at 900 and 1800 MHz frequency, respectively. The carrier frequency was modulated with 218 Hz, as in the GSM signal. The animals were exposed for 2 h between 8:00 AM and noon daily during the 14 day exposure period. The urine of rats was collected from 12:00 AM to 8:00 AM, collecting from exposed and control animal groups on alternate days. The urinary 6SM concentration was measured by 125I radioimmunoassay and was referred to creatinine. The combined results of three experiments done with the same frequency were statistically analyzed. Statistically significant changes in the 6SM excretion of exposed rats (n = 18) compared to control group (n = 18) were not found either at 900 or 1800 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics 24:531–534, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TGFβ directs gene expression of activated microglia to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype strongly focusing on chemokine genes and cell migratory genes
Authors: Paglinawan Rey , Malipiero Ursula , Schlapbach Ralph , Frei Karl , Reith Walter , Fontana Adriano 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the acute phase of the disease is produced by T‐helper lymphocyte type 1 (TH1), which produces mainly TNFα and IFNγ. Recovery from the disease is mediated by T‐helper lymphocyte types 2 and 3 (TH2/TH3), which, among other cytokines, produce transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). To address the influence of TGFβ on TH1‐induced gene expression, microarray technology was used on murine primary microglial cells stimulated with IFNγ and TNFα in the absence or presence of TGFβ. The resulting data from an investigation of up to 5,500 genes provided the notion that TGFβ prevents the induction of a proinflammatory gene program within microglia exposed to a TH1 milieu. TH1 cytokines upregulated 175 genes comprising cytokine, chemokine, and genes involved in host response to infection and the TNFα/IFNγ intracellular signaling pathway. It is observed that TGFβ inhibits expression of 25% of the TNFα/IFNγ‐induced genes and a further 66 TNFα/IFNγ‐independent genes. The focus of TGFβ inhibition is observed to be directed in genes involved in chemotaxis (IL‐15, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL9), chemokine receptors (CCR5, CCR9), LIF receptor, and FPR2, and on genes mediating cell migration (MMP9, MMP13, MacMARCKS, endothelin receptor B, Ena/VASP, Gas7), apoptosis (FAS, TNF, TNF receptor, caspase‐1 and ‐11), and host response to infection (toll‐like receptor 6, Mx‐1, and MARCO). Taken collectively, the data strongly suggest that one of the main effects of TGFβ is to impair cell entry into the CNS and to hinder migration of microglia in the CNS parenchyma. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the B7‐related molecule ICOSL by human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Schreiner Bettina , Wischhusen Jörg , Mitsdoerffer Meike , Schneider Dagmar , Bornemann Antje , Melms Arthur , Tolosa Eva , Weller Michael , Wiendl Heinz 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHuman glioblastoma is a highly lethal tumor known for its capability of interfering with effective antitumor immune responses. Costimulatory signals are of critical relevance in both the inductive and effector phases of immune responses. Inducible costimulator‐ligand (ICOSL), a member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules related to CD80/CD86, regulates CD4 as well as CD8 T‐cell responses via interaction with its receptor, ICOS, on activated T cells. We report the expression of ICOSL by glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2), ICOSL protein and mRNA was expressed in 7 of 12 glioma cell lines. ICOSL expression is upregulated by the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), whereas interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) has no such effect. Further, immunohistochemical analysis of human brain tumors demonstrates the expression of ICOSL in three of four tissue samples. ICOSL expression is functional in that a neutralizing ICOSL antibody (HIL‐131) reduces Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels in cocultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes or T‐cell subsets (CD4 and CD8) with glioma cells. However, ICOSL gene transfer into glioma cells does not alter their immunogenicity under primary or secondary alloreactive coculture assays. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic profiling of primary retinal Müller glia cells reveals a shift in expression patterns upon adaptation to in vitro conditions
Authors: Hauck Stefanie M. , Suppmann Sabine , Ueffing Marius 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCultured primary retinal Müller glia cells (RMG), a glia cell spanning the entire neuroretina, have recently gained increased attention, especially with respect to their presumed in vivo role in supporting photoreceptor function and survival. Cultured RMG cells, however, are at risk to lose much of their in vivo features. To determine the conditions of isolated primary RMG cells best corresponding with their physiological role in the intact retina, we profiled the respective proteomes of RMG freshly isolated from intact pig eye, as well as from cultured material at different timepoints. Protein samples were separated by high‐resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE), and isolated proteins were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐ flight (MALDI‐TOF) peptide mass fingerprint. Compared with freshly isolated RMG, the in vitro protein expression patterns remain relatively stable for the first 3 days in culture but change dramatically thereafter. Proteins involved in specific RMG physiological functions, such as glycolysis, transmitter recycling, CO2 siphoning, visual pigment cycle, and detoxification, are either downregulated or absent. In contrast, cytoskeletal proteins, as well as proteins involved in motility and in proliferation, are upregulated during culture. In the present report, we show for the first time, on a systematic level, that profound changes in the RMG proteome reflect transdifferentiation from a multifunctional, highly differentiated glial cell to a dedifferentiated fibroblast‐like phenotype in culture. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective expression of Gi/o‐coupled ATP receptor P2Y12 in microglia in rat brain
Authors: Sasaki Yo , Hoshi Masato , Akazawa Chihiro , Nakamura Yasuko , Tsuzuki Hayami , Inoue Kazuhide , Kohsaka Shinichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractExtracellular nucleotides, including ATP, have been demonstrated to transmit important physiological signals in the brain through either G‐protein‐coupled P2Y receptors or P2X receptors, which are ligand‐gated ion channels. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the expression of the Gi/o‐coupled receptor P2Y12 in the brain. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that P2Y12 is expressed predominantly in the brain, and to a lesser extent in the spleen. The cellular localization of P2Y12 was investigated by in situ hybridization, and P2Y12 mRNA was detected in small cells distributed throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. Expression of P2Y12 was also observed in naive and axotomized facial nuclei, and the number of P2Y12‐expressing cells increased following facial nerve axotomy. Selective expression of P2Y12 mRNA in microglia was confirmed by double‐label in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with antibodies against NeuN and Iba1 as an immunohistochemical marker for neurons and microglia, respectively. Hardly any P2Y12 mRNA was detected in macrophages obtained from the spleen and abdominal cavity, which share many surface molecules with microglia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular phospholipase A2 inhibitors suppress central nervous system inflammation
Authors: Pinto Florence , Brenner Talma , Dan Phyllis , Krimsky Miron , Yedgar Saul 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPhospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a key role in the production of proinflammatory mediators, namely the arachidonic acid‐derived eicosanoids, lysophospholipids, and platelet‐activating factor, and indirectly influences the generation of cytokines, nitric oxide (NO), and free radicals. Accordingly, regulation of its activity is important in the treatment of inflammation. Since the main site of PLA2 action in inflammatory processes is the cell membrane, we synthesized extracellular PLA2 inhibitors (ExPLIs) composed of N‐derivatized phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine linked to polymeric carriers. These membrane‐anchored lipid conjugates do not penetrate the cell and interfere with vital phospholipid metabolism or cell viability. The ExPLIs markedly inhibited central nervous system inflammation. This was reflected by the suppressed production and secretion of lipopolysaccharide‐induced sPLA2, prostaglandin E2, and NO by glial cells and by the amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats and mice. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manipulation of olfactory ensheathing cell signaling mechanisms
Authors: Hayat Shaista , Thomas Anu , Afshar Farid , Sonigra Rakesh , Wigley Caroline B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPretreatment of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) with Pertussis toxin increased the number of subsequently cocultured adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) regrowing neurites without affecting neuronal survival. Pertussis toxin (PTx) inactivated an OEC Gi/o protein as pretreating OECs with the PTx B‐oligomer subunit had no effect on RGC neurite regrowth. However, the B‐oligomer was responsible for decreasing the marked orientation of neurite regrowth on the OEC substrate. Simultaneous incubation of OECs with PTx and a depolarizing concentration of KCl abolished the increase in neurite regrowth from cocultured RGCs, but exposure to a depolarizing KCl concentration after OECs had been PTx‐treated had no effect. Our evidence supports the hypothesis that G‐protein‐regulated calcium signaling plays a significant role in OEC support for CNS axonal regeneration. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multifaceted roles of TNF‐α in myoblast destruction: A multitude of signal transduction pathways
Authors: Stewart C.E.H. , Newcomb P.V. , Holly J.M.P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn catabolic conditions, such as cancer cachexia, a balance favouring a cytokine environment culminates in muscle destruction. Utilising an in vitro model to mimic muscle wasting, we elucidate here the multifaceted roles that one such cytokine, TNF‐α, invokes in the degeneration process. Treatment of C2 skeletal myoblasts with TNF‐α not only suppresses morphological and biochemical differentiation, but following an initial wave of proliferation, and of survival (24 h), induces apoptosis. Investigating the mechanisms underlying these diverse actions of TNF‐α, we demonstrate that cell replication is dependent on rapid and sustained activation of MAP kinase. Map kinase is not, however, central to the death process, which is associated with a progressive rise in caspase‐8 activity, and is accompanied by sustained activation of JNK1 and transient activation of JNK2. Caspase inhibition caused a dose responsive reduction in cell death, while inhibition of the JNKs caused a significant increase in apoptosis. We further report that PI3 kinase is not involved in conferring early protection against TNF‐α‐induced death. By contrast, inhibition of NF‐κB in the presence of TNF‐α culminates in increased cell cycle progression, decreased gadd45β expression and significant and precociously increased cell death, when compared with TNF‐α alone. Our results begin to characterise the mechanisms underlying the acute mitogenic and anti‐apoptotic roles of TNF‐α, which appear to be defined by a balance between MAP kinase, Jun kinase (JNK), NF‐κB and gadd45β. They establish that inhibition of any one of these molecules, as may occur following caspase activation, could eliminate vital stem cells required for skeletal muscle regeneration during chronic catabolic conditions. J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 237–247, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.