bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is spinal muscular atrophy the result of defects in motor neuron processes?
Authors: Briese Michael , Esmaeili Behrooz , Sattelle David B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe hereditary neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with childhood onset is one of the most common genetic causes of infant mortality. The disease is characterized by selective loss of spinal cord motor neurons leading to muscle atrophy and is the result of mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene. The SMN protein has been implicated in diverse nuclear processes including splicing, ribosome formation and gene transcription. Even though the genetic basis of SMA is well understood, it is not clear how defects in these ubiquitous processes result in motor neuron degeneration leaving other tissues unaffected. Recent evidence from animal and cell culture models of SMA points to roles for SMN in neurite outgrowth and axonal transport. Disruption of these functions might be particularly detrimental to motor neurons given their high metabolic demands and precise connectivity requirements, thus providing a possible explanation for the specificity of motor neuron susceptibility in SMA. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of SMN activity in neuronal processes may generate new targets for future therapeutic strategies. BioEssays 27:946–957, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein‐interaction mapping in search of effective drug targets
Authors: Chaudhuri Amitabha , Chant John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSignaling complexes and networks are being intensely studied in an attempt to discover pathways that are amenable to therapeutic intervention. A challenge in this search is to understand the effect that the modulation of a target will have on the overall function of a cell and its surrounding neighbors. Protein‐interaction mapping reveals relationships between proteins and their impact on cellular processes and is being used more widely in our understanding of disease mechanisms and their treatment. The review discusses challenges and breakthroughs in this new and evolving area and its impact on medicine. BioEssays 27:958–969, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to get ahead: the origin, evolution and function of bicoid
Authors: McGregor Alistair P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn Drosophila, a Bcd protein gradient orchestrates patterning along the anteroposterior embryonic axis. However, studies of basal flies and other insects have revealed that bcd is a derived Hox3 gene found only in higher dipterans. To understand how bcd acquired its role in flies and how anteroposterior patterning mechanisms have evolved, I first review key features of bcd function in Drosophila: anterior localization and transcriptional and translation control of gene expression. I then discuss investigations of bcd in other higher dipterans that have provided insight into the evolution of regulatory interactions and the Bcd gradient. Finally, I review studies of Drosophila and other insects that address the evolution of bcd function and integration of bcd into ancestral regulatory mechanisms. I suggest further comparative studies may allow us to identify the intermediate steps in bcd evolution. This will make bcd a paradigm for the origin and evolution of genes and regulatory networks. BioEssays 27:904–913, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From 2R to 3R: evidence for a fish‐specific genome duplication (FSGD)
Authors: Meyer Axel , Van de Peer Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn important mechanism for the evolution of phenotypic complexity, diversity and innovation, and the origin of novel gene functions is the duplication of genes and entire genomes. Recent phylogenomic studies suggest that, during the evolution of vertebrates, the entire genome was duplicated in two rounds (2R) of duplication. Later, ∼350 mya, in the stem lineage of ray‐finned (actinopterygian) fishes, but not in that of the land vertebrates, a third genome duplication occurred—the fish‐specific genome duplication (FSGD or 3R), leading, at least initially, to up to eight copies of the ancestral deuterostome genome. Therefore, the sarcopterygian (lobe‐finned fishes and tetrapods) genome possessed originally only half as many genes compared to the derived fishes, just like the most‐basal and species‐poor lineages of extant fishes that diverged from the fish stem lineage before the 3R duplication. Most duplicated genes were secondarily lost, yet some evolved new functions. The genomic complexity of the teleosts might be the reason for their evolutionary success and astounding biological diversity. BioEssays 27:937–945, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paralogs and mutational robustness linked through transcriptional reprogramming
Authors: Koonin Eugene V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA recent analysis of genome‐wide expression patterns and regulatory motif content of paralogous yeast genes1 strongly suggests that mutational robustness (backup) between paralogous genes is achieved via transcriptional reprogramming of one paralog to compensate for the loss or silencing of the other. BioEssays 27:865–868, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peptides of love and fear: vasopressin and oxytocin modulate the integration of information in the amygdala
Authors: Dębiec Jacek 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNeuropeptides vasopressin and oxytocin regulate a variety of behaviors ranging from maternal and pair bonding to aggression and fear. Their role in modulating fear responses has been widely recognized, but not yet well understood. Animal and human studies indicate the major role of the amygdala in controlling fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in detecting threat stimuli and linking them to defensive behaviors. This is accomplished by projections connecting the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to the brain stem and to hypothalamic structures, which organize fear responses. A recent study by Huber et al1 demonstrates that vasopressin and oxytocin modulate the excitatory inputs into the CeA in opposite manners. Therefore this finding elucidates the mechanisms through which these neuropeptides may control the expression of fear. BioEssays 27:869–873, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleophile selectivity in the acyl transfer reaction of a designed enzyme
Authors: Hederos Sofia , Baltzer Lars 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe acyl transfer reaction of S‐glutathionyl benzoate (GSB) is catalyzed by a rationally designed mutant of human glutathione transferase A1‐1, A216H. The catalyzed reaction proceeds via the formation of an acyl intermediate and has been studied in the presence of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles to determine the selectivity with regards to nucleophile structure. Methanol was previously shown to react with the acyl intermediate and form the corresponding ester, methylbenzoate, under a significant rate enhancement. In the present investigation, the dependence on nucleophile structure and reactivity has been investigated. Ethane thiol gave rise to a larger rate enhancement in the enzyme‐catalyzed reaction than ethanol, whereas ethylamine did not increase the reaction rate. The reactivities toward the acyl intermediate of primary and secondary alcohols with similar pKa values depended on the structure of the aliphatic chain, and 1‐propanol was the most efficient alcohol. The reactivity of the oxygen nucleophiles was also found to depend strongly on pKa as 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol, with a pKa of 12.4, was the most efficient nucleophile of all that were tested. Saturation kinetics was observed in the case of 1‐propanol, indicating a second binding site in the active site of A216H. The nucleophile selectivity of A216H provides the knowledge base needed for the further reengineering of A216H towards alternative substrate specificities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 292–299, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Identification of risk factors for the development of complications following extended and superextended lymphadenectomies for gastric cancer
Authors: Kodera Y , Sasako M , Yamamoto S , Sano T , Nashimoto A , Kurita A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Extended lymphadenectomy for gastric carcinoma has been associated with high mortality and morbidity rates in several multicentre randomized trials.

Methods
Using data from 523 patients registered for a prospective randomized trial comparing extended (D2) and superextended (D3) lymphadenectomies, risk factors for overall complications and major surgical complications (anastomotic leakage, intra-abdominal abscess and pancreatic fistula) were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results
Mortality and morbidity rates were 0·8 per cent (four of 523) and 24·5 per cent (128 of 523) respectively. Pancreatectomy (relative risk 5·62 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·94 to 16·27)) and prolonged operating time (relative risk 2·65 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·34 to 5·23)) were the most important risk factors for overall complications. A body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or above, pancreatectomy and age greater than 65 years were significant predictors of major surgical complications.

Conclusion
Pancreatectomy should be reserved for patients with stage T4 disease. Age and obesity should be considered when planning surgery.
Randomized clinical trial comparing 5-year recurrence rate after laparoscopic versus Shouldice repair of primary inguinal hernia
Authors: Arvidsson D , Berndsen F H , Larsson L G , Leijonmarck C-E , Rimbäck G , Rudberg C , Smedberg S , Spangen L , Montgomery A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
The Shouldice technique is the ‘gold standard’ of open non-mesh hernia repair. The aim of this study was to compare 5-year recurrence rates after Shouldice and laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal patch (TAPP) repair for primary inguinal hernia.

Method
Men with a primary unilateral inguinal hernia were randomized to either Shouldice or TAPP operation. An independent observer scored the surgeons' performance. Follow-up comprised clinical examination after 1 year, a questionnaire after 2 and 3 years, and a clinical examination after 5 years.

Results
Between February 1993 and March 1996, 1183 patients were included. Nine hundred and twenty patients were followed for 5 years, 454 in the TAPP group and 466 in the Shouldice group. Recurrences were evenly distributed between groups throughout the follow-up period. The cumulative recurrence rate after 5 years was 6·6 per cent in the TAPP group and 6·7 per cent in the Shouldice group. Postoperative pain was a risk factor for recurrence after Shouldice operation but not after TAPP repair. There was a correlation between a low surgeon's performance score and recurrence.

Conclusion
The 5-year recurrence rate is acceptable, with no difference between TAPP and Shouldice repair. Poor operative performance resulted in a higher recurrence rate. The TAPP operation represents an excellent alternative for primary inguinal hernia repair.
Meta-analysis of sentinel node imprint cytology in breast cancer
Authors: Tew K , Irwig L , Matthews A , Crowe P , Macaskill P 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative diagnosis of breast cancer metastases in axillary sentinel nodes is desirable to avoid a second operation for lymphadenectomy. Imprint or touch-preparation cytology is a popular technique that has high specificity and a wide range of sensitivity.MethodsA systematic search of electronic databases was performed. Included articles were assessed for methodological and reporting quality. Random-effects model pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Single-variable and multivariable meta-regression analyses were performed for predictors of sensitivity.ResultsThirty-one studies were included; all were of good methodological quality but reporting quality varied. Pooled sensitivity of imprint cytology was 63 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 57 to 69) per cent and specificity was 99 (95 per cent c.i. 98 to 99) per cent. Pooled sensitivity for macrometastases was 81 per cent and that for micrometastases 22 per cent. Mean or median primary tumour size (P = 0·004), the prevalence of metastases (P = 0·103) and the proportion of micrometastases (P = 0·022) were significant risk factors in single-variable meta-regression analysis. Only the proportion of micrometastases remained significant in multivariable analysis. Frozen sectioning had better sensitivity than imprint cytology in three of four direct comparisons.ConclusionImprint cytology is simple and rapid, and has good sensitivity for macrometastases. The significance of poor sensitivity for micrometastases will be determined by trials investigating their natural history.
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage — an obituary (Br J Surg 2005; 92: 517–518)
Authors: Meshikhes A-W N 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a disk.
Camouflaged Carborarods Derived from B‐Permethyl‐1,12‐diethynyl‐para‐ and B‐Octamethyl‐1,7‐diethylnyl‐meta‐carborane Modules
Authors: Herzog Axel , Jalisatgi Satish S. , Knobler Carolyn B. , Wedge Timothy J. , Hawthorne M. Frederick 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRigid camouflaged carborarods constructed from the corresponding C,C′‐diethynyl derivatives of B‐decamethyl‐1,12‐dicarbadodecaborane(12) (6) and B‐octamethyl‐1,7‐dicarbadodecaborane(12) (48) have been synthesized by largely conventional organic transformations. These carborarods are the longest discrete rod species available by this method in which B‐methylated p‐carborane and m‐carborane cages are linked through their carbon vertices by using butadiynylene moieties. They exhibit enhanced solubility in common organic solvents relative to all other presently known carborane‐based rigid‐rod molecules. The oxidative coupling of bis(ethynyl) derivatives of 6 generates oligomers containing, on average, 16 carborane modules. The structural characterization of the corresponding dimeric species revealed that the carborarods possess a sinusoidal chain distortion in the solid state. The stereoelectronic properties of these and related model carborarods were evaluated by using molecular dimensions as a monitor for the comparison of computational and experimental methods. In addition, the effect of exhaustive B‐methylation of 12‐ and 10‐vertex para‐carborane cages in a series of model C,C′‐diethynyl derivatives was similarly investigated by computational and structural studies. As expected, a correlation of intercage CC bond lengths with cage size was observed and was attributed to hybridization effects. B‐Permethylation had no significant structural effect with either 10‐ or 12‐vertex cage derivatives. Relative to unsubstituted compounds, thermal and chemical stabilities of B‐permethylated derivatives were increased through the operation of a steric “bumper‐car” process, and solubilities in organic solvents were enhanced. The formation of linear, sterically encumbered platina–carborarods using ethynyl derivatives of 6 as precursors is described.
On the Formation of Aliphatic Polycarbonates from Epoxides with Chromium(III) and Aluminum(III) Metal–Salen Complexes
Authors: Luinstra Gerrit A. , Haas Gerhard R. , Molnar Ferenc , Bernhart Volker , Eberhardt Robert , Rieger Bernhard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA DFT‐based description is given of the CO2/epoxide copolymerization with a catalyst system consisting of metal (chromium, iron, titanium, aluminum)–salen complexes (salen=N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicyliden‐1,6‐diaminophenyl) in combination with either chloride, acetate, or dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP) as external nucleophile. Calculations indicate that initiation proceeds through nucleophilic attack at a metal‐coordinated epoxide, and the most likely propagation reaction is a bimolecular process in which a metal‐bound nucleophile attacks a metal‐bound epoxide. Carbon dioxide insertion occurs at a single metal center and is most likely the rate‐determining step at low pressure. The prevalent chain terminating/degradation—the so‐called backbiting, a reaction leading to formation of cyclic carbonate from the polymer chain—would involve attack of a carbonate nucleophile rather than an alkoxide at the last unit of the growing chain. The backbiting of a free carbonato chain end is particularly efficient. Anion dissociation from six‐coordinate aluminum is appreciably easier than from chromium–salen complexes, indicating the reason why in the former case cyclic carbonate is the sole product. Experimental data were gathered for a series of chromium–, aluminum–, iron–, and zinc–salen complexes, which were used in combination with external nucleophiles like DMAP and mainly (tetraalkyl ammonium) chloride/acetate. Aluminum complexes transform PO (propylene oxide) and CO2to give exclusively propylene carbonate. This is explained by rapid carbonate anion dissociation from a six‐coordinate complex and cyclic formation. CO2insertion or nucleophilic attack of an external nucleophile at a coordinated epoxide (at higher CO2pressure) are the rate‐determining steps. Catalysis with [Cr(salen)(acetate/chloride)] complexes leads to the formation of both cyclic carbonate and polypropylene carbonate with various quantities of ether linkages. The dependence of the activity and selectivity on the CO2pressure, added nucleophile, reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration is complex. A mechanistic description for the chromium–salen catalysis is proposed comprising a multistep and multicenter reaction cycle. PO and CO2were also treated with mixtures of aluminum– and chromium–salen complexes to yield unexpected ratios of polypropylene carbonate and cyclic propylene carbonate.
Theoretical Study of the Remote Control of Hydrogen Bond Strengths in Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Systems: Principles for Designing Effective Bridges with Substituent Tuning
Authors: Lo Shih‐Jung , Li Wan‐Sheung , Chen Yung‐Hsiang , Chao Ito 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRemote control of hydrogen bond strengths has been studied based on conjugated donor–bridge–acceptor (pyrrole–bridge–imine) systems. The neutral and protonated states of the imine can change the hydrogen bonding ability of the pyrrole because, in the protonated state, significant partial intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is induced that causes partial delocalization of the positive charge onto the pyrrole moiety. An efficient bridge, regardless of its length, should help electrons to flow out of pyrrole. A previously developed design strategy for the bridge (low bridge HOMO/LUMO) leads to the study of cyano‐ and fluoro‐substituted conjugated systems. Substitution positions are found to be of key importance for maximizing the protonation‐induced response from the donor–bridge–acceptor systems. Our results not only help to identify useful bridge substitution patterns, but also highlight interesting issues regarding the bridge conformation and the fluorine lone‐pair effect.
Self‐Assembled Peptide Tubelets with 7 Å Pores
Authors: Amorín Manuel , Castedo Luis , Granja Juan R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHere we report the preparation and structural characteristics of self‐assembling peptide tubelets composed of 32‐membered rings formed of alternating α‐amino acids andcis‐3‐aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acids. The tubelets possess a partial hydrophobic core environment, provided by the projection of the cyclohexane C2 methylene moiety into the lumen, and a Van der Waals pore diameter of about 7 Å.
Ion‐Triggered Multistate Molecular Switching Device Based on Regioselective Coordination‐Controlled Ion Binding
Authors: Petitjean Anne , Kyritsakas Nathalie , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMolecular devices capable of accessing different controlled conformational states, while optically signaling the occupied state, are attractive tools for nanotechnology since they relate to both areas of molecular mechanical devices and logic gates. We report here a simple molecular system that allows access to four distinct conformational and optical states. It is based on the regioselective complexation of metal ions to a heterocyclic ligand triad, which is dictated by the accessible coordination geometry and electrostatic properties of two distinct binding subunits. Thus, local conformational switching is brought about by tetrahedral coordination (of CuI) or octahedral coordination (of M2+ ions) to bidentate and tridentate binding subunits, respectively. The shape modifications undergone represent an ion‐controlled nanomechanical device. They give controlled access to four different states that display different physico‐chemical (e.g. optical) properties and provide a basis for logic gate operations.
First Generation and Trapping of a Dehydrometallophthalocyanine Starting from Triazole‐Functionalized Zinc Phthalocyanine
Authors: Vagin Sergei I. , Frickenschmidt Antje , Kammerer Bernd , Hanack Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDirect 1N‐amination of the triazole‐fused zinc phthalocyanine 2 and oxidation of the formed amino derivative 3 resulted in the generation of the very reactive intermediate, the dehydrometallophthalocyanine 4, which was not known previously. The latter was trapped in situ with different dienes, for example, furan, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone, and anthracene to form the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts. The products were characterized by 1H and 13C‐dept135 NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis, which are fully in agreement with their structure. The developed synthetic procedure opens a simple and versatile pathway towards unsymmetrical peripheral modification of phthalocyanines, which is readily applicable to the micromol scale and is important for the design of new interesting Pc‐based systems.
Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of Mn‐Bearing Hematite, α‐Fe2‐xMnxO3, in the Range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.176.
Authors: Baron V. , Gutzmer J. , Rundloef H. , Tellgren R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Method of Synthesis of 6‐Hydroxy‐nido‐decaborane 6‐(OH)B10H13 by Cage Opening of closo‐[B10H10]2‐.
Authors: Naoufal Daoud , Kodeih Maher , Cornu David , Miele Philippe 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural Patterns and Dimensionality in Magnesium Borophosphates: The Crystal Structures of Mg2(H2O)[BP3O9(OH)4] and Mg(H2O)2 [B2P2O8(OH)2] ×H2O.
Authors: Ewald Bastian , Oeztan Yigit , Prots Yurii , Kniep Ruediger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[C10N2H10] [ZnCl(HPO4)]2: A New Templated Zincophosphate Containing Tetrahedral Nets with 63 Topology.
Authors: Natarajan Srinivasan , Ewald Bastian , Prots Yurii , Kniep Ruediger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Delafossite Oxides Containing Vanadium(III): Preparation and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: El Ataoui Khadija , Doumerc Jean‐Pierre , Ammar Abdelaziz , Grenier Jean‐Claude , Fournes Leopold , Wattiaux Alain , Pouchard Michel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Examples of Chalcofluoride Rhenium Cluster Complexes with Cubane‐Like Anions [Re4Q4F12]4‐ (Q: S, Se).
Authors: Mironov Yuri V. , Yarovoi Spartak S. , Naumov Dmitry Y. , Kuratieva Natalia V. , Kozlova Svetlana G. , Simon Arndt , Fedorov Vladimir E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.