bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Read James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brining things to a close, we have seen that there are multifarious definitions of background independence on the table, all of which are useful in their own ways, while nevertheless all facing their own distinct problem cases. We have also seen, using this plurality of definitions, that general relativity is not in any obvious sense distinguished from other theories of space and time by virtue of its background independence—indeed, on some accounts (in particular that in terms of the absence of absolute objects), general relativity fails to be background independent after all! Next, we’ve adapted our menu of definitions of background independence to the case of quantum theories of gravity, and have again found that the situation in certain cases (e.g., that of perturbative string theory) is more complex than one might initially have thought. As a result, it is not obviously correct to rule out certain approaches to quantum gravity on the basis of their lacking this quality. In this closing chapter, I reflect more broadly on these results: is the methodology of using intuitions and case studies to 'hone' definitions of background independence the correct one to follow? Should one be a pluralist about definitions of background independence? And to what other fields of cutting-edge physics might this methodology be applied?
An Uncertain Conclusion
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusion summarises the arguments and interventions of the book, based on the understanding it has provided of the way everyday practices of hospitality demonstrate national ethos and mappings of responsibility. It counterposes the insights of the book against two more popular positions that make clear proposals for change: liberal attempts to produce a global migration regime that would manage movements and responsibilities, and the Marxist, feminist, postcolonial and liberal cosmopolitan proposal for the abolition of borders. In doing so, the Conclusion carves out an alternative position that offers a hedged defence of borders as both enabling hospitality, belonging and response-ability, as well as violence, exclusion, and abandonment.
Radio, Recording, and Inter-American Indigenismo in Mexico
Authors: Minks Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the emergence of the Inter-American Indian Institute in 1940, growing out of interaction between Mexican and US intellectuals, as well as earlier precedents in Latin America. In 1941, the US ethnomusicologist Henrietta Yurchenco followed artistic networks from New York to Mexico City and became deeply involved in the collection and broadcasting of Indigenous music under the auspices of the Inter-American Indian Institute. These projects resulted from multiple agendas and collaborations among institutions and individuals. The analysis shows how documentary recordings moved notions of authenticity from Indigenous communities to institutional archival collections. Yurchenco’s activities had a variety of impacts. On the one hand, her work contributed to the hegemony of mechanical recording which displaced other modes of inscription, such as aural transcription, in fieldwork. On the other hand, Yurchenco made explicit the role of listening and active mediation to create a sense of liveness in field recording. She also reconfigured the instrumentality of institutional discourses to engage in dynamic social relations, which opened up new channels for the audibility of diverse repertoires across cultural and national borders.
Indigenous Collections and Integrative Arts in Chile
Authors: Minks Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines networks and collections related to Indigenous Mapuche music and vanguardist art music in Chile. In the early 1940s, cultural diplomacy sparked a close relationship between two composers who were also administrators, Charles Seeger in the United States and Domingo Santa Cruz in Chile. Through their collaboration, the Pan American Union sent new recording and copying equipment to Chile. This transnational project shaped other projects of institutionalization already in progress at the University of Chile, where Santa Cruz directed a national structure for the arts. Chile always had a marginal role in discourses of indigenismo, but several Chileans were involved in the Inter-American Indian Institute, and Chilean collection projects of the 1940s and 1950s increasingly turned to Indigenous music and folklore. The chapter discusses the contrasting examples of Indigenous collections undertaken by the Chilean composer-anthropologist Carlos Isamitt, the Argentine composer-ethnomusicologist Isabel Aretz, and the Chilean multimedia artist and composer Violeta Parra. This analysis leads to a reflection on different kinds of relations among archival collections, individuals, and communities and the processes of loss and recovery that they often entail.
Market Liquidity
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process by which securities are traded is very different from the idealized picture of a frictionless and self-equilibrating market offered by the typical finance textbook. This book offers a more accurate and authoritative take on this process. The book starts from the assumption that not everyone is present at all times simultaneously on the market, and that participants have quite diverse information about the security’s fundamentals. As a result, the order flow is a complex mix of information and noise, and a consensus price only emerges gradually over time as the trading process evolves and the participants interpret the actions of other traders. Thus, a security’s actual transaction price may deviate from its fundamental value, as it would be assessed by a fully informed set of investors. The book takes these deviations seriously, and explains why and how they emerge in the trading process and are eventually eliminated. The authors draw on a vast body of theoretical insights and empirical findings on security price formation that have come to form a well-defined field within financial economics known as “market microstructure.” Focusing on liquidity and price discovery, the book analyzes the tension between the two, pointing out that when price-relevant information reaches the market through trading pressure rather than through a public announcement, liquidity may suffer. It also confronts many striking phenomena in securities markets and uses the analytical tools and empirical methods of market microstructure to understand them. These include issues such as why liquidity changes over time and differs across securities, why large trades move prices up or down, and why these price changes are subsequently reversed, and why we observe temporary deviations from asset fair values.
Trade Size and Market Depth
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the determinants of market depth (i.e., how and why transaction prices react to order size). Market depth depends on three of the factors that affect the bid-spread: asymmetric information, risk aversion, and rents due to imperfect competition among market makers. Section 4.2 presents a leading model of price formation under asymmetric information: the static version of the Kyle (1985) model of informed trading and market liquidity. The model is extended to imperfectly competitive market-making, in the context of a call market, where all traders submit supply or demand schedules and a Walrasian auctioneer crosses them at a common market-clearing price. Section 4.3 analyzes a call market where market makers have inventory concerns, being risk averse. It shows that in this setting the price impact of orders increases in order size, and depends on the underlying volatility of the stock and the risk aversion and market power of market makers.
Estimating the Determinants of Market Illiquidity
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theories set forth in previous chapters provide a qualitative interpretation of cross-sectional and time variations in market liquidity. This chapter quantifies the contribution of each source of market illiquidity to these variations, using econometric techniques. Sections 5.2 and 5.3 explain how time series of transaction prices and signed trade sizes can be used to estimate the contributions of adverse selection costs, inventory costs, and order processing costs to market illiquidity and price movements. These techniques exploit the fact that market orders have different effects on the dynamics of securities prices depending on the relative prevalence of adverse selection, order processing, and inventory holding costs. Section 5.4 shows how order flow data can be used to build a measure of the prevalence of informed trading in a security. Armed with this gauge, one can test predictions about the effect of informed trading on liquidity and the sources of informed trading (e.g., whether some trading mechanisms are more prone to informed trading).
Applying a Rights-Based Approach to Justice in Social Work
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how to integrate a human rights approach to justice into social work practice. Using a rights-based approach, social workers respect whomever they work with whether they agree or don’t agree with someone else’s opinions, positions, actions, or goals. Rights-based approaches in social work practice aim to understand how the different systems hampered the delivery of justice that manifests as inequities, exclusion, and marginalization. According to the person-in-environment perspective, which is a crucial social work philosophy, a person’s behavior is largely understood through their environment. The chapter highlights the responsibility of choosing governments and creating institutions that respect and promote human rights. Participation in decision-making helps shift power from government officials and their agents to service users.
Introduction
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Suburbia explores how the suburbs transitioned from bastions of segregation into spaces of multiracial living. The “new suburbia” refers to America’s suburbs since the 1970s, which diversified at an accelerated pace. The suburbs came to hold a broad cross-section of people—rich, poor, Black, Latino, Asian, immigrant, the unhoused, the lavishly housed, and everyone in between. Suburbia came to embody inequality itself. This book focuses on Los Angeles, which was at the leading edge of these changes. As more nonwhites became homeowners, they began benefitting from the advantages of suburban life. Some adopted long-standing homeowner traditions of excluding outsiders, while others embraced more inclusive, progressive values. The new suburbia matters because it has become home to a majority of Americans. The better that we can understand the social dynamics of these places, their histories, and the forces that shaped them, the better they can grasp where America itself is headed.
From Neighborhood Trust to Neighborhood Watch
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the mass-produced suburb of Lakewood transitioned from an rall-white, tight-knit community to one of LA’s most racially balanced towns, its community culture transformed from neighborhood trust to neighborhood watch. Early on, close-knit neighbors nurtured an environment of social trust and childhood freedom, enabled by the suburb’s stark racial segregation. By the 1970s and 1980s, Lakewood experienced a suburban crisis as racial segregation crumbled, economic downturns and dislocation threatened family security, suburban housewives joined the workforce, and rising crime unsettled peace of mind. Neighbors became more guarded and children lost the freedom to roam, protected by parents who feared for their safety against criminals, gangs, abductors, and, for residents of color, racist neighbors. Gradually, public safety, law enforcement, and surveillance became core community values. In Lakewood, law and order shaped community culture and guided the fragile process of racial integration, ultimately proving to be a tenuous foundation for community cohesion.
Varro’s Word Trees
Authors: Zanker Andreas T. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on one striking and very frequent metaphor used by Varro to describe language and language change: the word conceived as a tree. Zanker shows how this metaphor is deployed in many different ways to portray different kinds of relationships words have with each other, such as declinatio and impositio, as well as to describe processes of diachronic change and language contact. The method of propagation by “layering” is also potentially relevant for understanding the complex way in which words interact. Varro’s use of this metaphor reveals his wider agricultural and cultural interests.
The Use of Greek in Diomedes’ Ars grammatica
Authors: Rochette Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essay surveys the presence of Greek in Diomedes’ fourth-century Ars grammatica. Like many Roman grammarians, Diomedes explicitly addressed an audience of Greeks learning Latin. Rochette considers his use of Greek under four different headings: direct quotations, grammatical terminology, comparisons between the Greek and Latin languages, and intra-sentential code-switching. Comparisons especially with Charisius’ slightly earlier grammar provide a clearer picture of Diomedes’ aims and imagined audience.
Anonymous Grammatical Scholarship
Authors: Garcea Alessandro , Scappaticcio Maria Chiara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper reconsiders the marginalia found on the sixth-century Antinoë fragment of Juvenal, the only annotated manuscript of this poet to survive from antiquity. By sheer luck of survival, this portion of Juvenal involves a lengthy complaint about ancient instruction (7.149–98), making it especially relevant to the sociological themes of Guardians. The authors distinguish the hands of three different annotators interacting with each other in explaining the linguistic difficulties of this challenging literary text. Their analysis suggests that the pedagogical and scholarly aims of the composite annotations are more sophisticated than previously appreciated.
To Place a Cut
Authors: Conrath Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the films and writings of Harun Farocki with particular attention to his discourse on montage. Through the rubric of “reterritorialization,” this chapter shows that a spatial and geographic thinking prevails at virtually every level of Farocki’s praxis. At the heart of his montage discourse is a conviction that editing can be used to coordinate, or more precisely to recoordinate oneself (socially, spatially, temporally) in a world increasingly permeated and structured by technologies and processes that compress space and confound human spatiotemporal coordinates. This capacity of montage comes through the figure of the editing table, or Schnittplatz—literally a place of editing or cutting—which for Farocki is not simply a technical or even aesthetic operation but a technique for living. As Hannah Arendt writes in The Human Condition, “To live together in the world means essentially that a world of things is between those who have it in common, as a table is located between those who sit around it; the world, like every in-between, relates and separates men at the same time.” Arendt’s thought—particularly its casting of politics as a matter of “inter-est” (that which comes in between)—through the figure of the table plays a central role in this chapter’s conception of relation. This critical methodology is buttressed further by an engagement with Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s discussion of “deterritorialization” and “reterritorialization” in A Thousand Plateaus.
Space Race
Authors: Conrath Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cinematic practice of contemporary artist Cauleen Smith as an ongoing exploration of the aesthetic and political possibilities of cinematic space, movement, and relation through editing. Drawing upon a range of critical frameworks, from cultural geography to Black feminism, it locates in Smith’s work an aesthetics and politics of errantry that favors radically nonnormative forms of relation and mobility. Borrowing the term from Martinican novelist and critic Édouard Glissant, and drawing more broadly from his thoroughgoing elucidations of the spatial dynamics of colonialism, the plantation system, and their afterlives, this chapter frames Smith’s cinematic errantry as both a formal and technological operation and as a political one grounded in a Black feminist praxis of place.
Hybrid Work
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automation of empathy at work refers to use of computational systems to dynamically gauge well-being, temperament, behaviour, and performance. This chapter reviews increasing use of data analytics in the workplace to profile and manage workers, especially emotion recognition and related systems used to ‘feel-into’ the lives of workers. In its assessment of current and emergent uses of automated empathy, it finds diverse applications of technologies in a variety of employment types, including work in fixed locations, mobile, gig, and online. It also finds tactics to respond to organisational strategies, one in which workers game the demands of systems by caricaturing their own emotional expressions and empathy with callers. The chapter also considers visions for the future of work, seeing a substantial shift towards immersion of expressive bodies in mediated communication and online work. Yet, finally, the chapter also finds tentative interest from worker unions due to scope for ‘sousveillance’ and, under negotiated conditions, use of automated empathy to indicate and evidence worker experience.
Probability
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops an inferential expressivist account of epistemic probability operators. The chapter begins by showing that, similarly to the case of epistemic modals, a traditional expressivist approach accounts for certain well-known puzzles about the semantics of probability operators but falls prey to a version of the Frege-Geach Problem. The chapter then develops an account whereby the meaning of probability operators is explained in terms of moderate assertion, a speech act whose existence is argued for on the basis of linguistic evidence. It is shown that the proposed account of probability operators allows one to deal with the Frege-Geach Problem whilst retaining the advantages of an expressivist approach to probability operators. The chapter ends by addressing the gradability of probability operators and comparing the proposed account with Moss’s work on probabilistic belief.
Introduction
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the nature, intention, readership, elements, contents, and structure of the book. The art of the filmmaker, its nature, and how it was/can be learned through an understanding of specific criteria are explained. The intended readership of this book (the student filmmaker; practicing filmmaker; student or scholar of film studies, theory, or history; student of media studies or scholar of arts programs; and the informed cinephile) and its focus not on the reading of a film but on the design and what might be figuratively described as the writing of the film’s address to its audience are each announced. The author explains the terms filmmaker and practical aesthetics—the latter the formal resources of the screen not as embellishment but the means of a visual address to the audience. The reader is cautioned on the limitations of purely forensic analysis—Aristotle’s techné as opposed to Plato’s “voice of the god.” The introduction finishes with advice on how the reader might best use the book—on first reading by attending to the accompanying screenshots, and on the second by supplementing the examples with viewing of the scenes and sequences themselves.
Screen Language
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspects of screen language (one we understand but not how we understand it) are covered: grammar vs. language, relationship to meaning (inherent/founded in use), color, eye trace, inflected vs. uninflected, the image, style. Grammar offers defining terms, and grammatical decorum in editing may prove effective but does not always tell the story, perhaps ignoring narrative POV. Visual language functions through use or context—e.g., loneliness conveyed through a character in populated and unpopulated frames, the contrast in both expressive of the emotion. The rhetoric of visual language is suggestive of inherent meaning—through ikones of space (flat, mid, deep), line (horizontal, vertical, diagonal), shape, tone (black/gray/white), and color. Properties of left of frame (stability, home, the past) and right of frame (instability, away, the future) are discussed. Meaning and emotion conveyed by color are both inherent and dependent on acculturation; the color palette formulated by the filmmaker affords the movie, its world, and its setting authority. Eye trace or path is a means by which the filmmaker controls the sequential flow of audience visual engagement (through contrast in the frame) across the cut and within a frame. Uninflected cinematic language eschews active camera, extreme lensing, and high contrast lighting, as opposed to inflected cinematic language. Images are innocuous in themselves, innately powerful or poetic, or suggestive of other images (synecdoche, metaphor, symbol). Style is not indicative of elegance but inherent in content—which it may complement, comment on, or subvert (as in complementary or subversive style).
The Shot
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Composition, mise en scène, selection, establishing shots and masters, subject matter, size, and framing are considered in this chapter. Composition is understood as the formation of the frame from abstract elements—proportions, shapes, lines, shades, and colors (ikones) relating to the shot’s construction and geometry, whereas mise en scène, in one sense simply setting, refers more usefully to specific elements (characters, objects, etc.). Selection is seen as founded on significance and function of subject matter and its importance; the necessity for the coverage; connection to other shots; sustaining rhythm/flow of energy; conveying spatial relationships; passage of time; posing a question; storytelling; offering a moment of intensity; or a comment. Establishing shots, more usefully considered context shots placed anywhere in a scene, may mark structural punctuation. The master shot, a foundation of a scene’s “coverage,” facilitates consistency of performance while providing insurance for the cutting room. Various criteria of the subject of a shot are considered, and whether they prompt simple static, simple fluid, complex static, or complex fluid shots. Shot size, and its spectrum—considerable or more restricted according to the filmmaker’s chosen language—may be determined by numerous factors, perhaps conveying inherent messaging, probably functioning within a film’s visual discourse. Modulation of size may articulate narrative POV and spatial relationships. It may also be informed by detail to context or context to detail scene approaches. Multiple factors involved in shot framing are considered; what/who is in and what/who out, frames within frames, short-siding, headroom, and placing of tension for suspense/surprise are illustrated.