bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The long‐term effect of a plaque control program on tooth mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults
Authors: Axelsson P. , Nyström B. , Lindhe J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground: The biofilm that forms and remains on tooth surfaces is the main etiological factor in caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of caries and periodontal disease must be based on means that counteract this bacterial plaque.Objective: To monitor the incidence of tooth loss, caries and attachment loss during a 30‐year period in a group of adults who maintained a carefully managed plaque control program. In addition, a comparison was made regarding the oral health status of individuals who, in 1972 and 2002, were 51–65 years old.Material and Methods: In 1971 and 1972, more than 550 subjects were recruited. Three hundred and seventy‐five subjects formed a test group and 180 a control group. After 6 years of monitoring, the control group was discontinued but the participants in the test group was maintained in the preventive program and was finally re‐examined after 30 years. The following variables were studied at Baseline and after 3, 6, 15 and 30 years: plaque, caries, probing pocket depth, probing attachment level and CPITN. Each patient was given a detailed case presentation and education in self‐diagnosis. Once every 2 months during the first 2 years, once every 3–12 months during years 3–30, the participants received, on an individual need basis, additional education in self‐diagnosis and self‐care focused on proper plaque control measures, including the use of toothbrushes and interdental cleaning devices (brush, dental tape, toothpick). The prophylactic sessions that were handled by a dental hygienist also included (i) plaque disclosure and (ii) professional mechanical tooth cleaning including the use of a fluoride‐containing dentifrice/paste.Results: Few teeth were lost during the 30 years of maintenance; 0.4–1.8 in different age cohorts. The main reason for tooth loss was root fracture; only 21 teeth were lost because of progressive periodontitis or caries. The mean number of new caries lesions was 1.2, 1.7 and 2.1 in the three groups. About 80% of the lesions were classified as recurrent caries. Most sites, buccal sites being the exception, exhibited no sign of attachment loss. Further, on approximal surfaces there was some gain of attachment between 1972 and 2002 in all age groups.Conclusion: The present study reported on the 30‐year outcome of preventive dental treatment in a group of carefully monitored subjects who on a regular basis were encouraged, but also enjoyed and recognized the benefit of, maintaining a high standard of oral hygiene. The incidence of caries and periodontal disease as well as tooth mortality in this subject sample was very small. Since all preventive and treatment efforts during the 30 years were delivered in one private dental office, caution must be exercised when comparisons are made with longitudinal studies that present oral disease data from randomly selected subject samples.
A possible association between preterm birth and early periodontitis
Authors: Radnai Márta , Gorzó István , Nagy Erzsébet , Urbán Edit , Novák Tibor , Pál Attila 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAccording to many studies, generalised periodontitis can be a risk factor for preterm birth (PB). A case‐control study was carried out to examine if early localised periodontitis could be a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome.Material and Methods: Postpartum women without any systemic disease were included into the study. Similar numbers of patients belonged to the case (41) and to the control (44) groups. A PB case was defined if a patient had a threatening premature labour during pregnancy, preterm premature rupture of membranes, or spontaneous preterm labour, and/or the weight of the newborn was 2499 g. Control women had delivery after the 37th gestational week and the newborn's weight was 2500 g. Known risk factors like smoking, alcohol, drug consumption, socio‐economic status and the periodontal status were recorded.Results: A significant association was found between PB and early localised periodontitis of the patient with the following criterion having bleeding at 50% of the examined sites (6 at each tooth) and having at least at one site 4 mm probing depth (p=0.001). The odds ratio was 5.46 at the 95% confidence interval. The average weight of the newborns in the periodontitis group was less than in the control group, the difference is significant (p=0.047).Conclusion: The results indicate that early localised periodontitis of the patient during pregnancy can be regarded as an important risk factor for PB.
The
eutT
Gene of
Salmonella enterica
Encodes an Oxygen-Labile, Metal-Containing ATP:Corrinoid Adenosyltransferase Enzyme
Authors: Buan Nicole R. , Suh Sang-Jin , Escalante-Semerena Jorge C. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The
eutT
gene of
Salmonella enterica
was cloned and overexpressed, and the function of its product was established in vivo and in vitro. The EutT protein has an oxygen-labile, metal-containing ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase activity associated with it. Functional redundancy between EutT and the housekeeping ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase CobA enzyme was demonstrated through phenotypic analyses of mutant strains. Lack of CobA and EutT blocked ethanolamine utilization. EutT was necessary and sufficient for growth of an
S. enterica cobA eutT
strain on ethanolamine as a carbon and energy or nitrogen source. A

eutT
+

gene provided in
trans
corrected the adenosylcobalamin-dependent transcription of a
eut
-
lacZ
operon fusion in a
cobA
strain. Cell extracts enriched for EutT protein contained strong, readily detectable ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase activity. The activity was only detected in extracts maintained under anoxic conditions, with complete loss of activity upon exposure to air or treatment with the Fe
2+
ion chelator bathophenanthroline. While the involvement of another metal ion cannot be ruled out, the observed sensitivity to air and bathophenanthroline suggests involvement of Fe
2+
. We propose that the EutT protein is a unique metal-containing ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase. It is unclear whether the metal ion plays a structural or catalytic role.
Sequence Diversity and Molecular Evolution of the Heat-Modifiable Outer Membrane Protein Gene (
ompA
) of
Mannheimia
(
Pasteurella
)
haemolytica
,
Mannheimia glucosida
, and
Pasteurella trehalosi
Authors: Davies Robert L. , Lee Inkyoung 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The OmpA (or heat-modifiable) protein is a major structural component of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. The protein contains eight membrane-traversing β-strands and four surface-exposed loops. The genetic diversity and molecular evolution of OmpA were investigated in 31
Mannheimia
(
Pasteurella
)
haemolytica
, 6
Mannheimia glucosida
, and 4
Pasteurella trehalosi
strains by comparative nucleotide sequence analysis. The OmpA proteins of
M. haemolytica
and
M. glucosida
contain four hypervariable domains located at the distal ends of the surface-exposed loops. The hypervariable domains of OmpA proteins from bovine and ovine
M. haemolytica
isolates are very different but are highly conserved among strains from each of these two host species. Fourteen different alleles representing four distinct phylogenetic classes, classes I to IV, were identified in
M. haemolytica
and
M. glucosida
. Class I, II, and IV alleles were associated with bovine
M. haemolytica
, ovine
M. haemolytica
, and
M. glucosida
strains, respectively, whereas class III alleles were present in certain
M. haemolytica
and
M. glucosida
isolates. Class I and II alleles were associated with divergent lineages of bovine and ovine
M. haemolytica
strains, respectively, indicating a history of horizontal DNA transfer and assortative (entire gene) recombination. Class III alleles have mosaic structures and were derived by horizontal DNA transfer and intragenic recombination. Our findings suggest that OmpA is under strong selective pressure from the host species and that it plays an important role in host adaptation. It is proposed that the OmpA protein of
M. haemolytica
acts as a ligand and is involved in binding to specific host cell receptor molecules in cattle and sheep.
P. trehalosi
expresses two OmpA homologs that are encoded by different tandemly arranged
ompA
genes. The
P. trehalosi ompA
genes are highly diverged from those of
M. haemolytica
and
M. glucosida
, and evidence is presented to suggest that at least one of these genes was acquired by horizontal DNA transfer.
Thoracoamniotic Shunts: Fetal Treatment of Pleural Effusions and Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformations
Authors: Wilson R. Douglas , Baxter Jason K. , Johnson Mark P. , King Mary , Kasperski Stefanie , Crombleholme Timothy M. , Flake Alan W. , Hedrick Holly L. , Howell Lori J. , Adzick N. Scott 
Published: August 2004

<i>Objective:</i> To determine whether fetuses that underwent thoracoamniotic shunt placement for treatment of pleural effusion (PE) or macrocystic congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) have an improved outcome as compared with an untreated population. <i>Methods:</i> A retrospective review from a single tertiary center was performed using thoracoamniotic shunt placement to treat PE or macrocystic CCAM between 1998 and 2001. Thoracoamniotic shunts were used on 26 occasions in 19 pregnancies. <i>Results:</i> The average gestational age at the diagnosis of PE and CCAM was 22 + 4 and 20 + 0 weeks, respectively. Shunts were offered in pregnancies complicated by hydrops or at significant risk for pulmonary hypoplasia. Shunts were placed at 26 + 2 weeks (average) and 23 + 1 weeks (average) in the PE and CCAM groups, respectively. In CCAM patients, the mean pre- and postshunting mass volumes were 50.5 and 25.7 cm<sup>3</sup>, representing a 51% reduction in mass volume following shunt placement. In the PE group, the average delivery age was 33 + 5 weeks, with an average shunt placement to delivery time of 7 + 3 weeks. In the CCAM group, the average delivery was 33 + 3 weeks, with an average shunt placement to delivery time of 10 + 2 weeks. The postnatal survival rates were 67% (6/9) and 70% (7/10) in the PE and CCAM groups, respectively. <i>Conclusions:</i> (1) Thoracoamniotic shunts should be considered as a treatment option for selected PE or macrocystic CCAM fetuses with hydrops or a significant risk for pulmonary hypoplasia; (2) the neonatal survival with shunting was similar for PE and CCAM groups and was improved as compared with literature reports, and (3) fetuses with CCAM presented earlier with hydrops than those with PE. Successful shunting resulted in a prolongation of pregnancy into the 3rd trimester in both groups.
Intrafetal Alcohol Chemosclerosis of Acardiac Twins: A Multicenter Experience
Authors: Sepulveda Waldo , Corral Edgardo , Aiello Horacio , Otaño Lucas , Paredes Ricardo , Escobar Maria F. , Heredia Fernando , Quiroz Victor 
Published: August 2004

<i>Objective:</i> To report a multicenter experience with intrafetal alcohol chemosclerosis in the treatment of pregnancies complicated with the twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. <i>Methods:</i> Percutaneous injection of 1– 2 ml of absolute alcohol into the intra-abdominal segment of the single umbilical artery was performed in 8 acardiac twins. Cases were collected from 5 centers following a standardized protocol. The procedure was performed under continuous ultrasound control, using color Doppler ultrasound to identify the main arterial vessel entering the abdomen of the acardiac twin and passing a 20-gauge spinal needle into the targeted vessel. Intraoperative and short-term complications were noted. Information on pregnancy outcome was obtained by reviewing the medical records or contacting the referring obstetrician. <i>Result:</i> At the time of the procedure, the acardiac twin was severely hydropic and the size exceeded 70% of the size of the pump twin in all cases. In addition, there were associated complications in all the pump twins including polyhydramnios in 8 cases (100%), cardiac insufficiency in 5 (63%), and fetal growth restriction in 1 (13%). The procedure was performed at a mean gestational age of 24.7 weeks (range 20–32), and it was technically successful in all cases. However, it was complicated with thrombosis of the umbilical vessels of the pump twin in 1 case, and transient bradycardia in 2 others. These 3 pump twins died in utero as a result of the procedure. The other 5 procedures were technically and clinically successful, resulting in an overall survival rate of 63%. In 4 pregnancies, the pump twin was delivered after 35 weeks and had no neonatal complications. <i>Conclusions:</i> Intrafetal alcohol chemosclerosis is a simple procedure that can be performed in any fetal medicine center around the world to stop the vascular supply to acardiac twins. However, the main concern with this technique is intravascular transfer of the ablative material to the circulation of the pump twin. The use of this technique should therefore be restricted to those pregnancies with poor prognostic factors and in countries where more sophisticated methods for the treatment of this condition are not available.
Genome architecture studied by nanoscale imaging: analyses among bacterial phyla and their implication to eukaryotic genome folding
Authors: Takeyasu K. , Kim J. , Ohniwa R.L. , Kobori T. , Inose Y. , Morikawa K. , Ohta T. , Ishihama A. , Yoshimura S.H. 
Published: August 2004

The proper function of the genome largely depends on the higher order architecture of the chromosome. Our previous application of nanotechnology to the questions regarding the structural basis for such macromolecular dynamics has shown that the higher order architecture of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> genome (nucleoid) is achieved via several steps of DNA folding (Kim et al., 2004). In this study, the hierarchy of genome organization was compared among <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>. A one-molecule-imaging technique, atomic force microscopy (AFM), was applied to the <i>E. coli</i> cells on a cover glass that were successively treated with a detergent, and demonstrated that the nucleoids consist of a fundamental fibrous structure with a diameter of 80 nm that was further dissected into a 40-nm fiber. An application of this on-substrate procedure to the <i>S. aureus</i> and the <i>C. perfringens</i> nucleoids revealed that they also possessed the 40- and 80-nm fibers that were sustainable in the mild detergent solution. The <i>E. coli</i> nucleoid dynamically changed its structure during cell growth; the 80-nm fibers releasable from the cell could be transformed into a tightly packed state depending upon the expression of Dps. However, the <i>S. aureus</i> and the <i>C. perfringens</i> nucleoids never underwent such tight compaction when they reached stationary phase. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that this was possibly due to the lack of a nucleoid protein, Dps, in both species. AFM analysis revealed that both the mitotic chromosome and the interphase chromatin of human cells were also composed of 80-nm fibers. Taking all together, we propose a structural model of the bacterial nucleoid in which a fundamental mechanism of chromosome packing is common in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Retinoic acid regulates C/EBP homologous protein expression (CHOP), which negatively regulates myeloid target genes
Authors: Gery Sigal , Park Dorothy J. , Vuong Peter T. , Chih Doris Y. , Lemp Nathan , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) promotes granulocytic differentiation of normal hematopoietic cells and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) blasts by transcriptional modulation of myeloid regulatory genes. In this study, we have identified the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) as a novel retinoid-responsive gene using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based cDNA subtraction method. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced a biphasic expression of CHOP mRNA in the NB4 and HL60 AML cell lines. Levels of CHOP expression increased within 1 hour of exposure to ATRA. ATRA expression became nearly absent between 6 and 24 hours, and a second phase of induction occurred after 48 hours. Retinoid-dependent regulation of CHOP expression was also observed in normal human neutrophils but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, retinoid-dependent regulation of CHOP expression was not observed in retinoid-nonresponsive cell lines HL60R and NB4-R2. CHOP expression was regulated at the transcriptional level and was independent of new protein synthesis. CHOP heterodimerized with C/EBPϵ and negatively regulated the myeloid-specific gene lactoferrin. Furthermore, CHOP transcriptionally inhibited C/EBPα- and C/EBPϵ-dependent induction of secondary granule gene expression. RA signaling in granulocytic differentiation involves regulated expression of CHOP and C/EBPϵ in a coordinated fashion. (Blood. 2004;104:3911-3917)
A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins
Authors: Xiao Yanjing , Hughes Austin L , Ando Junko , Matsuda Yoichi , Cheng Jan-Fang , Skinner-Noble Donald , Zhang Guolong 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
Defensins comprise a large family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that are characterized by the presence of a conserved cysteine-rich defensin motif. Based on the spacing pattern of cysteines, these defensins are broadly divided into five groups, namely plant, invertebrate, α-, β-, and θ-defensins, with the last three groups being mostly found in mammalian species. However, the evolutionary relationships among these five groups of defensins remain controversial.

Results
Following a comprehensive screen, here we report that the chicken genome encodes a total of 13 different β-defensins but with no other groups of defensins being discovered. These chicken β-defensin genes, designated as Gallinacin 1–13, are clustered densely within a 86-Kb distance on the chromosome 3q3.5-q3.7. The deduced peptides vary from 63 to 104 amino acid residues in length sharing the characteristic defensin motif. Based on the tissue expression pattern, 13 β-defensin genes can be divided into two subgroups with Gallinacin 1–7 being predominantly expressed in bone marrow and the respiratory tract and the remaining genes being restricted to liver and the urogenital tract. Comparative analysis of the defensin clusters among chicken, mouse, and human suggested that vertebrate defensins have evolved from a single β-defensin-like gene, which has undergone rapid duplication, diversification, and translocation in various vertebrate lineages during evolution.

Conclusions
We conclude that the chicken genome encodes only β-defensin sequences and that all mammalian defensins are evolved from a common β-defensin-like ancestor. The α-defensins arose from β-defensins by gene duplication, which may have occurred after the divergence of mammals from other vertebrates, and θ-defensins have arisen from α-defensins specific to the primate lineage. Further analysis of these defensins in different vertebrate lineages will shed light on the mechanisms of host defense and evolution of innate immunity.
Ancestry reported by white adults with cutaneous melanoma and control subjects in central Alabama
Authors: Acton Ronald T , Barton Ellen H , Hollowell William W , Dreibelbis Amy L , Go Rodney CP , Barton James C 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
We sought to evaluate the hypothesis that the high incidence of cutaneous melanoma in white persons in central Alabama is associated with a predominance of Irish and Scots descent.

Methods
Frequencies of country of ancestry reports were tabulated. The reports were also converted to scores that reflect proportional countries of ancestry in individuals. Using the scores, we computed aggregate country of ancestry indices as estimates of group ancestry composition. HLA-DRB1*04 allele frequencies and relationships to countries of ancestry were compared in probands and controls. Results were compared to those of European populations with HLA-DRB1*04 frequencies.

Results
Ninety evaluable adult white cutaneous melanoma probands and 324 adult white controls reported countries of ancestry of their grandparents. The respective frequencies of Ireland, and Scotland and "British Isles" reported countries of ancestry were significantly greater in probands than in controls. The respective frequencies of Wales, France, Italy and Poland were significantly greater in controls. 16.7% of melanoma probands and 23.8% of controls reported "Native American" ancestry; the corresponding "Native American" country of ancestry index was not significantly different in probands and controls. The frequency of HLA-DRB1*04 was significantly greater in probands, but was not significantly associated with individual or aggregate countries of ancestry. The frequency of DRB1*04 observed in Alabama was compared to DRB1*04 frequencies reported from England, Wales, Ireland, Orkney Island, France, Germany, and Australia.

Conclusion
White adults with cutaneous melanoma in central Alabama have a predominance of Irish, Scots, and "British Isles" ancestry and HLA-DRB1*04 that likely contributes to their high incidence of cutaneous melanoma.
Rates of influenza vaccination in older adults and factors associated with vaccine use: A secondary analysis of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging
Authors: Andrew Melissa K , McNeil Shelly , Merry Heather , Rockwood Kenneth 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
Influenza vaccination has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in the older adult population. In Canada, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. We identified factors predictive of influenza vaccination, in order to determine which segments of the older adult population might be targeted to increase coverage in influenza vaccination programs.

Methods
The Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) is a population-based national cohort study of 10263 older adults (≥ 65) conducted in 1991. We used data from the 5007 community-dwelling participants in the CSHA without dementia for whom self-reported influenza vaccination status is known.

Results
Of 5007 respondents, 2763 (55.2%) reported having received an influenza vaccination within the previous 2 years. The largest predictive factors for flu vaccination included: being married (57.4 vs. 52.6%, p = 0.0007), having attained a higher education (11.0 vs. 10.3 years, p < 0.0001), smoking (57.1% vs. 52.9%, p = 0.0032), more alcohol use (57.9% of those who drank more vs. 53.2% of those who drank less, p = 0.001), poorer self-rated health (54.1% of those with good self-rated health vs. 60.6% of those with poor self-rated health, p = 0.0006), regular exercise (56.8% vs. 52.0%, p = 0.001), and urban living (55.8% vs. 51.0%, p = 0.03).
While many other differences were statistically significant, most were small (e.g. mean age 75.1 vs. 74.6 years for immunized vs. unimmunized older adults, p = 0.006, higher Modified Mini Mental Status Examination score (89.9 vs. 89.1, p < 0.0001), higher comorbidity (2.7 vs. 2.3 comorbidities, p < 0.0001).
Residents of Ontario were more likely (64.6%) to report vaccination (p < 0.0001), while those living in Quebec were less likely to do so (48.2%, p < 0.0001). Factors retaining significance in a multivariate analysis included older age, higher education, married status, drinking alcohol, smoking, engaging in regular exercise, and having higher comorbidity.

Conclusions
The vaccination rate in this sample, in whom influenza vaccination is indicated, was low (55.2%). Even in a publicly administered health care setting, influenza vaccination did not reach an important proportion of the elderly population. Whether these differences reflect patient preference or access remains to be determined.