bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photochromism of Diarylethenes with Isopropyl Groups at the Reactive Carbons and Long π-Conjugated Heteroaryl Groups
Authors: Kobatake Seiya , Irie Masahiro 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Diarylethenes with long π-conjugated heteroaryl groups were synthesized and their absorption spectra, photocyclization and cycloreversion quantum yields, and thermal stability were examined. The diarylethene with isopropyl groups at the reactive carbons was found to have a low decoloration quantum yield and thermal reversibility at high temperature above 100 °C.
Cu(II)-assisted Helicity Induction on a Poly(phenylacetylene) Derivative Bearing an Achiral Glycine Residue with Amino Acids in Water
Authors: Kawamura Hiroaki , Ishikawa Miki , Maeda Katsuhiro , Yashima Eiji 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Poly(phenylacetylene) bearing an achiral glycine residue exhibits an induced circular dichroism in the UV–vis region upon complexation with free amino acids in water due to a predominantly one-handed helix formation and the Cotton effect intensity is amplified in the presence of a Cu(II) ion.
Reductive Coupling of Acid Chlorides with Nitriles Promoted by Titanium Tetraiodide. A Rapid Access to α-Imino Ketones
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Manabe Nobuyuki , Goto Hiroshi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Reductive coupling reactions of carboxylic acid chlorides and alkyl nitriles were efficiently promoted by titanium tetraiodide to give α-imino ketones in good yields.
Recruitment and Retention of Dental Nurses and Dental Hygienists in General Practice
Authors: Allen Christopher D , Newton Paul D , Newton J Tim 
Published: October 2003

Purpose of study To explore the recruitment and retention of dental nurses and dental hygienists working in general dental practice in West Kent, and to identify training needs. Basic procedure Questionnaire survey of 195 general dental practices in West Kent. Main findings Problems with turnover of staff were reported by 19% of practices. Some 49% of practices reported difficulties in recruiting dental nurses, 6% had experienced difficulties recruiting dental hygienists, and 15% had difficulties recruiting both nurses and hygienists. The median length of service for both dental nurses and dental hygienists was five years. Approximately 39% of practices had advertised single posts three or more times. Difficulties in recruiting were related more strongly to ensuring the right person for the job, than to a shortage of applicants. Principal conclusions Difficulties in the recruitment and retention of dental nurses and dental hygienists were reported by dental practices in West Kent. These are likely to be exacerbated by the requirement that all dental nurses be registered with the General Dental Council.
GDPs’ Self-perceived Confidence and Anxiety in Their Clinical and Communication Skills Used When Screening for Oral Cancer: UK Variations
Authors: Farrand Paul , Clover Henry , Hutchison Iain L 
Published: October 2003

Objective To compare anxieties of general dental practitioners (GDPs) across the UK in communicating with patients about oral cancer and confidence in clinical skills required to perform soft tissue screening for oral cancer. Design A questionnaire was sent to 2200 randomly selected GDPs from across the UK. Responses to the questionnaires were analysed using 95% confidence intervals. Setting Dental practitioners in general practice within England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Results The response rate varied between 57% in England and 65% in Northern Ireland. A high percentage of dental practitioners across all UK regions reported performing soft tissue examinations (range 78% to 88%). The number of soft tissue examinations per month varied between 129 (95% CI 109, 148) and 162 (95% CI 154, 170) indicating criteria when selecting patients for screening. Using a nine-point rating scale (1 = not at all, 9 = extremely), confidence in the clinical skills required during oral cancer screening was generally good (ratings varying between 5.4 and 6.7). With the exception of reporting positive findings to patients (rating 4.5 to 5.2), anxiety in communication skills used during oral cancer screening was generally low (ratings varying between 1.8 and 3.9). Conclusion While concerns over generalising the results exist, the situation with respect to the clinical and communication skills required by GDPs during oral cancer screening is generally encouraging. An area of concern is discussing positive findings with patients. This may be overcome by developing specialist courses on breaking bad news within undergraduate dental curricula and programmes of continuing professional development.
A Survey of Current Practices among General Dental Practitioners in Manchester in 2002
Authors: Seow Liang Lin , Toh Chooi Gait , Wilson Nairn HF 
Published: October 2003

Aim The purpose of this study was to obtain data on current approaches for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth among general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Manchester, United Kingdom. Method A questionnaire containing 19 single-answer, multiple-choice type questions was mailed to 503 GDPs practising in the Greater Manchester area in January 2002. An explanatory covering letter and a stamped addressed return envelope were enclosed. The data obtained were processed using SPSS statistical software. Results Three hundred and fifty-one (70%) of the practitioners responded to the questionnaire. The restoration of root-filled teeth was normally undertaken within 1–2 weeks of completing root canal therapy by 63% of the practitioners. Only 35% of the GDPs used posts routinely in the restoration of root-filled anterior teeth; the corresponding figure for posterior teeth was 15%. While a cast, precious metal post was the preferred choice in the restoration of anterior teeth, the use of prefabricated posts and related techniques predominated in the restoration of posterior teeth. Composite resin was the most popular choice of material for core build-up procedures in anterior teeth. Amalgam tended to be favoured for core build-ups in posterior teeth. The majority of the practitioners (56%) routinely restored root-filled anterior teeth by means of porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. Seventy-three per cent of the GDPs preferred to restore root-filled posterior teeth by means of a full veneer crown. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the practitioners surveyed had a sound understanding of the principles involved in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth, with the possible exception of the need to establish a durable coronal seal as soon as possible after the placement of a root filling.
Emergency Dental Services: Review of the Community Health NHS Trust Service in Birmingham between 1997 and 2000
Authors: Khaleeq-Ur-Rehman  
Published: October 2003

Aims and Objectives To confirm the need for an emergency dental service in Birmingham and to review the emergency dental service run by the South Birmingham Community Health NHS Trust. Design A retrospective study of patients attending the emergency dental service from March 1997 to August 2000, using computerised patient records and a supplementary questionnaire for a nine-month period between August 1997 and April 1998. Setting Birmingham Dental Hospital. Results A review of the computerised records revealed that a total of 10,799 patients were seen during the study period. In the first year, on average five patients were seen on weekday evening sessions and 13 patients at weekends/public holidays. By the final year of the study, these figures increased to ten on weekday evenings and 16 at weekends/public holidays. Forty-three per cent of the attendees were in the 31–50 year age group and 33% in 19–30 year age group. Twenty-five per cent of patients required extractions, 20% received temporary dressings, 17% a prescription for antibiotics and 9% were treated for acute mucosal conditions such as pericoronitis. The remainder received other items of treatments, such as for dry sockets. The supplementary questionnaire revealed that during the period August 1997 to April 1998, 67% of the patients lived in Birmingham and the other 33% in the surrounding areas, and some 59% of patients claimed that they were registered with a dentist of whom 60% of patients were not exempt from NHS charges. Conclusions The results indicate that the service was widely and increasingly used during the study period. A similar pattern of emergency dental care in dedicated clinics could be established throughout the United Kingdom. A profile of users of the service during its first three-and-a-half years has been established.
Dentists’ Perceptions of Trends in Restorative Dentistry in the UK
Authors: Randall Ros C , Vrijhoef Matthijs MA , Wilson Nairn HF 
Published: October 2003

Purpose of study To obtain responses to a questionnaire on likely trends in the clinical practice of restorative dentistry from a national sample of general dental practitioners (GDPs) who were principals of group practices in the UK. Basic procedures A panel of nine experts had been convened previously to define areas of trends in restorative dentistry in the UK and to formulate these into statements. Twenty trends were identified and framed into a 22-item questionnaire based on the trend statements. The questionnaire was sent to a national sample of 2800 principal dentists in group practices. Names of principal dentists were taken from the Yellow Pages directories, a group practice being defined as at least one principal dentist and one other practitioner. Levels of agreement for questionnaire scores of ≥70% for all segments of a statement were taken as indicating a possible trend. Main findings Of the 2800 questionnaires sent out, 1448 were returned, a return rate of 52%. Of these, 1217 questionnaires were usable, an overall response rate of 44%. Good agreement was obtained for 14 statements (64%). Principal conclusion: The 14 trend statements that scored a level of good agreement were taken as indicating possible trends in dentistry in the UK as perceived by those GDPs who responded to the questionnaire. However, in view of the fact that the 1217 usable questionnaires received reflected the opinions of 10% of the principal dentists in group practice in the UK, this will not be representative of all principal dentists in practice. Nevertheless for the purposes of gaining some insight into trends in restorative dentistry, it could be considered to be of value.
Reasons for the Placement and Replacement of Crowns in General Dental Practice
Authors: Wilson Neil A , Whitehead Shaun A , Mjör Ivar A , Wilson Nairn HF 
Published: October 2003

Aims The purpose of the study was to apply established methods to survey reasons for the placement and replacement of crowns in general dental practice in the United Kingdom. Materials and Methods One hundred and twenty-eight general dental practitioners were recruited. Participants recorded the principal reason for the provision of each initial and replacement crown they provided over a 12-week period. Results Overall, data were collected from 92 practitioners in respect of 1714 patients and 2164 crowns, of which 1452 (67%) were initial placements and 712 (33%) replacements. The teeth most frequently crowned were maxillary incisors (33%), with 72% of the crowns surveyed being of the porcelain bonded to metal variety. Overall 64% of the initial placement crowns were provided because of restoration failure (26%) or tooth fracture (38%). The most common reason for crown replacement was crown failure (27%). Conclusion It is concluded that surveys of the type reported may provide new insights into the reasons for and pattern of provision of initial placement and replacement crowns in clinical practice. In this study the most common reason for the provision of initial placement crowns was tooth fracture. The most common reason for the replacement of crowns, notably porcelain jacket crowns, was crown fracture.
Risk Assessment of Dental Unit Waterline Contamination
Authors: Pankhurst Caroline L 
Published: October 2003

Biofilms form rapidly on dental unit waterlines. The majority of the organisms in the biofilm are harmless environmental species, but some dental units may harbour opportunistic respiratory pathogens. This paper describes a risk assessment approach to analysing the hazard from biofilm organisms contaminating dental unit waterlines on the respiratory health of both the dental team and patients. The health risk from the respiratory pathogens Legionella spp, Mycobacterium spp and Pseudomonads was found to be low. Nevertheless, in order to satisfy water regulations and comply with health and safety legislation dentists should institute infection-control measures to maintain the dental unit water at the standard of less than 200 colony-forming units per ml of aerobic bacteria.
Occupational Exposures Occurring among Dental Assistants in a UK Dental School
Authors: Stewardson Dominic A , McHugh Siobhan , Palenik Charles J , Burke FJ Trevor 
Published: October 2003

Purpose The cross-infection risks for dentists have been well recognised, and much has been published regarding the incidence of occupational exposures to patient body fluids. Less has been reported regarding the risks to dental assistants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of occupational exposures to patient body fluids among dental assistants, to assess the rate of reporting of such incidents, and to evaluate the association of various factors with these exposures. Method All 84 dental assistants working at Birmingham Dental Hospital were asked to complete a confidential questionnaire to provide retrospective information regarding the nature and incidence of any occupational exposures they had experienced. Results An overall response rate of 94% was achieved. Dental nurses experienced fewer occupational exposures than dental students at the same institution, and reported incidents more frequently. More injuries occurred after the treatment session. Handling local anaesthetic syringes was associated with more injuries, and percutaneous injuries predominated. Trainee nurses had experienced more occupational injuries in the preceding six months than their qualified colleagues. There was no significant association with any of the other factors evaluated. Conclusions The general incidence of occupational exposures among the dental assistants in this survey was low in comparison to dental students at the same institution. A further reduction may be possible by increasing the training of unqualified nurses with particular regard to post-treatment handling of sharp dental instruments and equipment.
An Audit of the Hepatitis B Vaccination Status of Staff in General Dental Practices in Lancashire
Authors: Whittle J Gary 
Published: October 2003

Purpose of the study To audit compliance, by general dental practitioners working in two health authorities in Lancashire, with the British Dental Association recommendations on vaccination against hepatitis B. Basic procedure A postal questionnaire to dental practices. Main findings Replies were received from 85% of practices. The respondents consisted of 187 dentists, 270 dental nurses and 132 non-clinical staff. Totals of 98.9% of dentists, 96.7% of nurses and 72.7% of the non-clinicians reported that they had been vaccinated but fewer had undergone a blood test in the past five years. The poorest compliance was in having written evidence of immune status, with only 46.5% of dentists, 51.0% of nurses and 62.5% of non-clinical staff having this. Principal conclusions Greater publicity about the BDA recommendations is needed to improve compliance. An extension of the occupational health services currently being set up for general medical practitioners and their staff to dental practices would also help.
Emotion‐related primary and secondary appraisals, adjustment and coping: Associations in women awaiting breast disease diagnosis
Authors: Lowe Rob , Vedhara Kav , Bennett Paul , Brookes Emily , Gale Lone , Munnoch Kathy , Schreiber‐Kounine Christa , Fowler Clare , Rayter Zen , Sammon Alistair , Farndon John 
Published: October 2003

Objective: Different emotions are to some extent associated with different ways of coping. Cognitive processes involved in determining emotional reactions may influence coping (perhaps through directing attention or generating salient information). This study explored possible appraisal‐coping associations by examining whether a set of appraisal components identified in emotion theory were also associated with coping.Design: The study examined concurrent associations between appraisal components, emotional adjustment, and coping in 148 women with suspected breast disease.Method: Questionnaire measures of primary and secondary appraisal components identified in emotion theory, anxiety, depression, and coping were sent to women during the waiting period between GP referral and attendance at a ‘one‐stop’ breast‐disease diagnosis clinic.Results: Consistent with expectations, appraisal components were associated with both emotions and coping. Elevated anxiety was associated with appraisals of low emotion‐focused coping potential; avoidance coping was associated with motivational incongruence, self‐accountability, and pessimistic appraisal of emotion‐focused coping potential; acceptance/resignation coping was associated with self‐accountability and pessimistic appraisals of both future expectancy and emotion‐focused coping potential.Conclusion: This study presents a theoretically driven approach to exploring associations between emotions and adjustment efforts. In keeping with expectations, a number of appraisal components identified in emotion theory were found to be associated with both emotion and coping.
Abnormal illness behaviour and locus of control in patients with functional bowel disorders
Authors: Hobbis I. C. A. , Turpin G. , Read N. W. 
Published: October 2003

Objectives: Psychosocial factors have been examined in functional bowel disorders (FBD), including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). Abnormal illness behaviour (AIB) has been investigated in IBS patients as evidence of underlying psychological distress and as influencing health‐care‐seeking behaviour. Health locus of control may also contribute to health‐care‐seeking behaviour, as possession of an external locus of control places responsibility for health status onto professionals. Thus, external locus of control may also be more prominent in FBD patients. This study examined whether FBD patients displayed more AIB and an external health locus of control compared with organic disease and non‐patient controls.Design: A cross‐sectional comparison group design was employed.Method: Fifty‐three CIC patients were compared with matched control groups of 50 IBS patients, 51 Crohn's disease patients and 53 non‐patient participants. Questionnaire measures included the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire, the Multi‐dimensional Health Locus of Control, the GHQ, and the SCL‐90R.Results: FBD patients did not differ from Crohn's disease patients on measures of AIB, but all three patient groups differed from non‐patient participants. Crohn's disease patients possessed a higher external locus of control compared with FBD patients and non‐patient controls. There was a general association between AIB and psychopathology.Conclusions: FBD patients did not report more AIB or a higher external locus of control regarding their health status, compared with organic disease controls, but did differ from non‐patients. The presentation of AIB was related to increased psychopathology, suggesting that AIB may be related to psychological distress, irrespective of patient status.
Measuring Sense of Coherence with only three items: A useful tool for population surveys
Authors: Schumann Anja , Hapke Ulfert , Meyer Christian , Rumpf Hans‐Jürgen , John Ulrich 
Published: October 2003

Objectives: Sense of Coherence is the core construct of Antonovsky's salutogenetic model. To measure Sense of Coherence, a 29‐item‐questionnaire (SOC‐29), a shortened 13‐item version, and a simplified measure of only three items (SOC‐3) are available. In our study, the last was tested in terms of the psychometric properties and compared with an alternative short form derived from the SOC‐29.Methods: Data with respect to the original SOC‐29‐scale, the SOC‐3, and additional other health measures were collected in a representative general population survey, the German study ‘Transitions in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking’ (TACOS). Analyses of the factor structures, reliability and validity correlations are reported.Results: The reliability and validity results of the SOC‐3 were not encouraging. Subsequent item analyses revealed that three items taken out of the SOC‐29 outperformed the SOC‐3 in measuring Sense of Coherence in a simplified way. This newly developed instrument is presented as the Brief Assessment of Sense of Coherence (BASOC).Conclusion: The BASOC is a superior short form compared with the SOC‐3 and is recommended for large surveys with limited space for questions.
Selective processing of threat‐related cues in day surgery patients and prediction of post‐operative pain
Authors: Munafò Marcus R. , Stevenson Jim 
Published: October 2003

Objective: To investigate the use of a measure of selective processing bias associated with anxiety as a predictor of post‐operative pain independently of self‐report measures of anxiety.Methods: Forty‐seven women admitted for minor gynaecological surgical procedures completed a selective processing task (modified Stroop) and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory immediately prior to surgery. Following surgery they completed the McGill Short‐Form Pain Questionnaire. Intraoperative analgesia consumption was also recorded.Results: Participants demonstrated significantly slower colour‐naming times for physical threat cues than control cues. This was not due to an emotionality effect, as colour‐naming times for neutral and positive cues were not significantly different. This bias was congruent with the participants’ current concerns, as colour‐naming times were significantly slower for physical threat words than for social threat words. This index of selective processing bias significantly predicted post‐operative pain independently of self‐reported state and trait anxiety.Conclusions: The advantages of measures of psychological constructs that are not reliant on self‐reporting are discussed.