bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probability and Theistic Explanation
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past twenty years have seen a revival of interest in the epistemic of religious belief. Two philosophers who have led the way are Basil Mitchell and Richard Swinburne. Both believe that religious belief can be justified using inductive ‘best explanation’ arguments. However, their similarity ends there. Swinburne’s approach is formal, utilizing the calculus of Bayes’s Theorem in assessing the weight of the evidence; Mitchell’s is informal due to his recognition of judgement as central to such assessment. This book is the first full-length comparison of these two styles of justifying religious belief.
Theism As An Explanatory Hypothesis
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Swinburne’s conception of explanation plays an important role in his interpretation and evaluation of the theistic hypothesis. Theistic explanation, on his account, is a personal explanation: God intentionally brings about various phenomena such as the existence of the universe (though, according to Swinburne, since we do not know what God’s intentions were in acting to cause these phenomena, theistic explanation is at best partial explanation).
The Concept Of God And Natural Theology
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters I have explored the fundamental integrative concept of theism: God conceived of as a person existing by logical necessity with specific purposes for the creation of the universe. This particular concept of God, I believe, provides maximal integrative power, and, for that rea on, it may be argued that it gives the best integrative explanation. However, the reader may find this description of God problematic and may question my identification of it with traditional theistic belief about God. Many may contest, for example, the relatively straightforward description of God as a person as being too anthropomorphic. Patrick Sherry makes this observation very pointedly in his criticism of Swinburne. He writes: ‘The spirit described in Swinburne’s thought-experiment sounds more like a super-Frankenstein than the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.’
Our Knowledge of Ourselves
Authors: Jeffner Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is obvious that many of Butler’s main arguments belong to the empiricist tradition as it was further developed by Hume and later refined in modern empiricism. When I dealt with the writings of Butler and Hume some twenty-five years ago, I found Butler’s way of connecting to the empiricist tradition particularly interesting as it linked him quite closely to contemporary discussions. But I noted too, of course, that he deviated from empiricism on fundamental points, notably in his metaethics and in his general view of the universe. When I now return to Butler’s texts I find these non-empiricist parts of his epistemology (which rest on the heritage from Clarke) to be even more interesting than his empiricism. Here I intend to analyse some of Butler’s arguments in ’Of Personal Identity’. I believe that his intuitionist arguments in this brief and lucid essay may have relevance for contemporary discussions that focus on the persistent question of ‘the mind’s I’.
Butler on Benevolence
Authors: Mcnaughton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butler believes that the elements of the human mind are hierarchically ordered. While it is universally agreed that he places the particular appetites, passions, and affections at the bottom of the heap there is much dispute about the number and ranking of the superior principles. In particular, there has been a protracted debate about the position of benevolence in the hierarchy. Is benevolence a third superior principle, to be included with self-love and conscience, or is it merely a particular affection, with no more claim to authority than any other? If it is a superior principle, should it be ranked on a par with self-love or just below it? Of the two (relatively) undisputed superior principles, it is with self-love that benevolence is most naturally compared. Both are affections concerned with the promotion of well-being or happiness.
Butler and Deism
Authors: Brown David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butler’s Analogy of Religion of 1736 was intended as a response to deism and so successful was it that it can in many ways be seen as having dealt the mortal blow. As Hume’s attitude well illustrates, Butler’s reputation was quickly established, and the work was to remain a classic text for over a century. In determining the reasons for this success Butler’s own account of his strategy is somewhat misleading. He talks of the same sort of difficulties being found in nature to which the deists take exception in the case of Scripture. But one suspects that for most readers the argument was read in a much more positive light: that, so far from the God of revelation adding nothing significant to the God of nature (as the deists claimed), revelation could be seen as the natural next step to what had already been disclosed in nature. So, for instance, dramatic discontinuities in nature such as worms into flies (A. I. I. 2) established an already existing pattern of divine action upon which the scriptural hope of a post mortem existence could build, just as the suffering of the innocent on behalf of the guilty (A. 2. 5. 2I) already points the way towards the scriptural doctrine of the atonement. Put that way, it also becomes much easier to comprehend why the popularity of the work plummeted in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Bishop Butler and the Zeitgeist: Butler and the Development of Christian Moral Philosophy in Victorian Britain
Authors: Garnett Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to a new edition of Butler’s Analogy and Two Dissertations published in 1851, the Revd Albert Barnes asserted that ’Butler’s Analogy stands complete ... a collection of Principles to be carried into every region of morals and theology, as a standard of all other views of truth.’ The Guardian in December 1853 produced a similarly absolute statement: ’It is impossible to overrate either the value of his writings, or the interest of his character, standing as he does, like Melchizedec, without progenitor or descendants, in the midst of an infidel age.’ Yet in 1873, in a letter to James Knowles, Gladstone could exclaim, ’And oh! that this age knew the treasure it possesses in him, and neglects!’ How much of a change in Butler’s status did Gladstone’s comment in fact represent, and what sort of transition was it? This essay addresses the pattern of Butler’s reputation over the second half of the nineteenth century, the changing context in which his works were read, and the implications which this had for his continuing influence. It suggests that to focus too much on the rhetoric of praise and dispraise which attached itself to Butler in the mid-century is to neglect significant ways in which his works continued to form a central pivot of debate.
Butler and Human Ignorance
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental feature of Butler’s apologetic is his persistence in reminding us of the limits of our knowledge and understanding. He thinks, for example, that the deists who are his main targets in the Analogy of Religion do not show enough awareness of these limits, and are accordingly too ready to say that God would not choose to reveal himself to us in the ways Christians say he has. A similar form of argument appears in his ethics: his case against the equation of morality with benevolence is that we are not able to foresee the consequences of those choices that the exigencies of daily life continually force us to make. My purpose in this essay is that of clarifying and evaluating the nature and range of those arguments in which Butler stresses our epistemic limitations, as we find them in his defence of Christianity.
A God most Particular: Aspects of Incarnation in Butler’s Morality
Authors: Kendal Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butler’s moral philosophy is a blend of English common sense and pastoral sensitivity, interleaved with elements from the long natural law tradition and (even more significantly, though not so overtly) with a conviction that the death of Jesus was a redemptive action by an omnipresent God. This theological determinant of his thought is rarely placed in the centre, either by Butler himself or by his expositors and critics, but it is crucial. For Butler the supreme and decisive instance of a moral action (’instance’ is too weak, as we shall see), the volitional event that ought to condition and shape the whole of our moral analysis, already exists in history; in (paradoxically) the death of a man, a man with divine ramifications. This is why morality and moral philosophy are so important. What we might call the ’moral relationship to reality’ is, if not fundamental in human life, at least very nearly so, and at any rate inescapable: in engaging in it we are, humanly speaking, being conducted as far as we might ever conceive ourselves being conducted into the unfathomed mysteries of existence.
The Good Bishop (1735—1753)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Returning from America, Berkeley and his family remained in London from late 1731 until early 1734. While this was for Berkeley a prolific period of writing and publication, rivalling that of 1709-13, it was also, as Luce notes, ‘a second period of waiting, of waiting for a mark of Royal favour’; for without some mark of favour, Berkeley’s ‘position would have been difficult, if not intolerable’, given the failure of his American project (Life, 153). The necessary preferment came in January 1734, when he was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. In February he resigned as Dean of Derry. Three months later he was back in Ireland, where in St Paul’s Church, Dublin, on 19 May, he was conse, crated Bishop of Cloyne.
Vermigli and Predestinarian Controversies
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predestination is a doctrine which has occupied an uneasy place in the history of the church. It has always been problematic and has raised difficult questions for which there are only uncomfortable answers. Few have attempted to construct their theological system on the edifice of predestination. As most scholars now recognize, not even Calvin made predestination the central dogma from which all other doctrines derive. If predestination generates troublesome questions, it also invites theologians to grapple with the most profound implications of a religion which proclaims a sovereign creator. Taken seriously, it forces one to consider the ultimate questions of meaning, existence, and salvation. How one understands the relationship between God and humankind is fundamentally affected by one’s acceptance or rejection of predestination. It touches on all the main theological doctrines: the doctrine of God (theology proper), the doctrine of humanity (anthropology), the doctrine of sin (hamartology), the doctrine of salvation (soteriology), the Christian life (sanctification), eternal judgement (eschatology), as well as the perennial quest for the ultimate cause of the initial impetus in individual salvation. Without necessarily occupying the centre, a strong doctrine of predestination is like a pebble dropped in a pond; it creates ripples throughout the entire theological system.
Vermigli’s Early Doctrine of Predestination: Strasbourg, I542–I547
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Martyr Vermigli was no theological novice when he arrived in Strasbourg in October 1542, but a mature theologian with considerable ecclesiastical experience. Virtually all the research of the last twenty-five years agrees that Vermigli’s theology was fundamentally formed before he apostatized from Italy. He had already acquired a Protestant doctrine of the eucharist. Indeed, Simler informs us that he celebrated the Lord’s Supper in a Protestant manner in Pisa during his flight from Italy. His view of the authority of scripture paralleled the Protestant doctrine of sola scriptura, and Augustine had long served as his theological guiding light in understanding those scriptures. Since Naples, he had embraced a Luther-inspired doctrine of justification by faith alone. Clearly Vermigli had breached the theological barriers of the Roman Church before crossing the geographical and ecclesiological ones. The true nature of his theological convictions became visible in the clear light of Strasbourg.
Reformation Interaction: (I) Ulrich Zwingli
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vermigli’s encounter with northern reform ideas in Italy is a microcosm of the larger historiographical question of the relationship between Italian and northern reform movements of the sixteenth century. Generally, scholars have tended to align themselves with one of three interpretative approaches. Some see Italian reform as an indigenous movement, whose origins antedate the northern reform current. Others view the impetus for reform in Italy essentially as the consequence of northern reformist influence. Still another perspective emerges as a vox media, affirming the indigenous origins of the Italian movement, but also recognizing that northern reform ideas infiltrated and subsequently gave definitive shape to the Italian movement. The latter view has much to commend it. There can be little doubt that reform ideas circulated in pre-reformation Italy, eventually preparing the way for a positive reception among some segments in the church of the more highly developed theological ideas from the north.
Introduction: Apologetics in the Roman World
Authors: Edwards Mark , Goodman Marti , Price Simno , D Christopher Rowla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period with which this book is concerned is the first three centuries of the Roman Empire, from the first emperor Augustus (31 BCE-14 CE) to the first Christian emperor Constantine (306-37 CE). The period was marked by the existence of a great variety of religious traditions: civic cults, private religious associations, official cults of the Roman state, and personal observances. The adherents of these religions attacked each other with great ferocity at times. In response there emerged the practice of apologetic, the defence of a religion against actual or perceived opponents. It is the aim of this volume to examine the development of the literary expression of such apologetic among pagans, Jews, and Christians. In commissioning contributions from scholars who work with very different literary materials, the editors laid down a working definition of apologetic, taking as the core meaning of the term the sense in which it is commonly applied to the formal treatises undertaken in defence of Christianity from the second century onwards.
T’he Development of Bargaining Theory1
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of wages, and the factors determining the share of the national income allocated to labour, has an ancient pedigree in the history of economic theory in both classical and, especially, Marxist traditions. But the development of specific bargaining theories is largely a twentieth century phenomenon. There are several types of bargaining theory, deriving from a wide range of academic disciplines; this chapter is a review of illustrative studies, not a comprehensive treatment. The major types are: neoclassical economic; game theoretic; behavioural; social psychological; and sociological. This book is an attempt to develop a socio logical approach, which also incorporates major elements from other disciplines, especially economics. This chapter reviews very briefly some of the major propositions by writers in each tradition, and indicates their major limitations as ways of interpreting management-labour power relations. It concentrates particularly on economic and related theories, rather than psychological theories, because they are particularly relevant to understanding the role of bargaining power in management-labour relations.
Bargaining Power in Changing Contexts
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The model of bargaining power adopted here comprises fi.ve elements: environment; values, beliefs, and objectives; organization; processes; and outcomes. Previous chapters have discussed the issues separately, and in general terms. This chapter brings the different elements in the model together in analysing three industries-hotels and catering, motor vehicles, and local government. The objective is to show how the different elements in the model relate to each other, under different conditions. The three sectors outlined are intentionally very diverse. Hotels and catering is chosen because contextual and -0rganizational factors favour employer bargaining power; the industry also employs a growing pro portion of the working population-over 2 million in 1987-and is usually neglected in employment relations research. Motor vehicles represents a central manufacturing sector, which has experienced major changes in product- and labour-market conditions since the 1970s; it has also been the subject of high-quality industrial relations research. The third sector, local government, is chosen to represent changes in bargaining power in the public sector since the 1970s, with the pressure on the traditional Whitley system.
State Regulation and Joint Central Regulation in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The famous Basic Agreement concluded at Salts job Aden in 1938 established joint central regulation rather than direct state regulation as the organizing principle of Swedish industrial relations. This agreement can be seen as the logical, indeed inevitable, outcome of earlier developments. The organizational pre-conditions for a system of joint central regulation had long existed, and the December Compromise of 1906 had shown that key issues could be resolved through central negotiations between the LO and the SAF. The dependence of Swedish industry on export markets exerted a strong pressure on the unions to co-operate with the employers in promoting rationalization and technical change.
A Sect at Law: The Case of the Exclusive Brethren
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in all human associations, at some time or another troubles arise within religious movements. Sectarian religion is serious religion: it determines an entire way of life, and when dissension occurs within a sect, or between a religious minority and outside bodies, it is likely to attract public attention (indeed, the dissentients themselves may seek the notice of the press, take their grievances to law, or seek to gain the ears—and the voices—of MPs). Sects are not racial minorities, and no anti-discrimination act forbids prejudice in matters of religion: for those so minded, religious prejudice is still a free and even an exciting ride. To journalists, religious dissension is scandal that provides titillating copy, while MPs have, at times, been not beyond seizing the opportunity for quick publicity by expressing easy indignation about particular sectarian beliefs or practices when these can be advanced as issues of public concern.
New Religious Movements: Some Preliminary Considerations
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very concept of ‘new religious movements’ presents its own distinctive difficulties for sociology. New movements have been a recurrent phenomenon in the context of Christian cultures in the West. Most of them—ridiculed, persecuted, or suppressed—were destined, in a relatively short time, to disappear: some, however, persisted until they ceased to be ‘new’. Thus, in England, the early divisions of Protestantism-the Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, the new movement of their day—gradually came to be known as ‘historical dissenters’. In Japan, some of what are today referred to as ‘new religions’ began as long ago as the mid-nineteenth century, and writers have distinguished these from later movements chronologically—old new religions as against newer ones. The paradox of the idea of ‘old new religions’ makes abundantly apparent the difficulty of using chronology as the point of departure for a sociology of religious movements: but what other points of departure might we use?
Unificationism: The Moonies in Belgium
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Unification Church has been accorded an importance in western countries quite out of proportion to its size, principally because of the attention of the mass media. Orchestrated press campaigns have typically alleged that Moonies induce converts to break off contact with their families; deceive donors and potential converts about their identity; and ‘brainwash’ their recruits. The media have both fed and in part created public and political concern: yet, outside the Far East, there have never been more than about 12,000 Moonies. This general situation is reflected in Belgium, where press comment has been extensive even though the Church recruited only about sixty Belgians in its first decade of operation (up to 1982), with only half that number active in the country at any one time. To assess whether press and public disquiet were justified, we examined the organization, development, and activities of Moonies in Belgium to determine who had joined, how they were attracted and recruited, and the consequences for family relationships.
The Eclipse of ‘Dixon of Dock Green’
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s and early 1960s there was considerable public pride in the British police. Geoffrey Gorer (1955) was able to report that the public viewed the constable as the epitome of the ideal citizen, and Michael Banton (1964) felt it necessary to justify research on the police as an institution despite the fact that it was working well. A particular cause for pride was that the British bobby could police the streets unarmed and without presenting an aggressive image. The popular stereo type of the British police was the avuncular figure of George Dixon in Dixon of Dock Green.
Paramilitary Policing
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the sight of a police officer carrying a gun is regarded as foreign to our policing traditions, the appearance (especially throughout the 1980s) of officers wearing special helmets and clothing, carrying shields, and deployed in squad formations has reinforced the fear that Britain has imported the methods of alien policing systems. (For details see Appendix B.) By their appearance, function, and deployment these officers are seen to be set apart from ordinary constables. Symbolically, they represent a coercive, even oppressive, style of policing, designed to secure compliance by force rather than consent. Like the armed officer, the riot police shed the image of vulnerability in favour of a ‘formidable appearance’.
The Use of Force in Public-Order Policing
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central concern lying at the heart of complaints about the paramilitarization of the British police is the use of force. Observers have concluded from seeing officers dressed in protective attire that they have adopted not only the appearance of ‘alien’ riot police but also their exemplars’ more aggressive tactics.1 In fact, contrary to this popular belief, public-order tactics in Britain have not been imported from overseas. They have grown organically, with their roots firmly planted in tradition. Indeed, this has been the cause of some of the problems that have afflicted this aspect of policing, for although the police have moved some considerable distance up the hierarchy of force, they have done so in the manner of a person climbing a mountain backwards: keeping the terrain that has been covered clearly in view, but having little idea of where they are or where they are going. Perhaps it is time to stop and take some bearings.