bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary High and Low Copper‐Fructose Interactions Induce Hepatic Steatosis Associated with Distinct Alterations of Gut Microbial Activity in Male Rats
Authors: Song Ming , Zhang Xiang , Vos Miriam , Prough Russell , Cave Matthew , McClain Craig 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveDietary copper‐fructose interactions play critical roles in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary doses of copper and their interactions with high fructose on gut microbial activity and the development of steatosis.MethodsMale weanling Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed diets with adequate copper (6 ppm, CuA), marginal copper (1.5 ppm, CuM) (low‐copper) or copper supplementation (20 ppm, CuS) (high‐copper) for 4 weeks. Deionized water or deionized water containing 30% fructose (w/v) was given ad lib. Copper status, liver enzymes, histology, gut barrier function and gut microbial activity were evaluated.ResultsCopper levels were significantly lower in rats fed with a marginal copper diet than in those fed with an adequate copper diet. However, high‐copper diet did not lead to excessive copper accumulation in the liver, likely due to the downregulation of copper transporter‐1(Ctr‐1) mRNA. Both low‐ and high‐copper diets led to liver injury and fat accumulation in high fructose fed rats, and this accumulation was associated with gut barrier dysfunction. The increased abundance of the gut Gram‐negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, did not parallel plasma endotoxin levels, with low copper‐fructose induced steatosis being characterized with endotoxemia, whereas high copper‐fructose induced steatosis was not, despite the fact that both of these regimens resulted in increased gut permeability. Fecal metabolomics study and 16S rRNA gene expression analysis revealed distinct gut microbial metabolic characteristics in response to dietary low‐ and high‐copper high‐fructose feeding.ConclusionOur data demonstrated that dietary copper‐fructose interaction regulates gut microbial metabolic activity, which might contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis. The distinct alterations of gut microbial activity which were associated with the different dietary doses of copper and fructose imply that separate mechanism(s) may be involved.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported in part by NIH Grants U01AA021901, U01AA022489, R01AA023681, an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM113226 and by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50AA024337. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (C.J.M.); K23AA018399, R01ES021375 (M.C.); the Veterans Administration (C.J.M.); and the U of L Clinical and Translational Pilot Program (C.J.M.).
Anatomical Variations of Renal Artery Branching in Cadavers
Authors: Nasr Kristie , Hurley Mary , Olivieri Marion P. , Gervasi Megan 
Published: November 2023

The main blood supply of the kidney comes from the renal artery. The renal artery branches off of the abdominal aorta at the L2 region and enters the renal hilum where the renal artery branches into segmental arteries. The renal blood flow displays variations within accessory and aberrant arteries. Right and left kidneys differ with these variations. Understanding the anatomical renal differences will be beneficial for clinicians in various procedures such as partial nephrectomies. Although this is a minimally invasive technique, there have been numerous issues. Main renal artery clamping increases the chance for ischemia, but this can be reduced through selective clamping of only pertinent segmental arteries. Through a better understanding of the variations of accessory and aberrant renal arteries, clinicians will develop more efficient surgical techniques. In this study, more variations are examined, specifically to see the number of renal arteries branching from the aorta, and the number of segmental arteries that branch proximal to renal parenchyma. The number of arteries ranged from one to two on both the right and left sides, and segmental arteries ranged from zero to four. Further studies will trace the branching patterns within kidney parenchyma.Support or Funding InformationSupported and Funded by the Department of Biology and Mathematics of D'Youville College, Buffalo NY
Asymmetric Supernumeric Renal Arteries: A Case Study
Authors: Dunnwald Martine , Pizzimenti Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Blood supply to each kidney is typically provided by renal arteries that arise from the aorta. However, bilateral variation in this vascular pattern occurs in approximately 15% of cases, ranging from the presence of multiple‐branched renal arteries, supernumeric renal arteries, and vessels of various origin along the aortic axis. Here, we report a case of kidneys with asymmetric and supernumeric renal arteries identified in a donor following cadaveric dissection. Both kidneys were retroperitoneal and measured 12.3 cm (L) and 12.7 cm (R) in length, respectively. Hilar structures were not projected medially, where the renal pelvis, veins, and most of the arteries contributed to an anteriorly faced hilum. The blood supply to the left kidney consisted of three renal arteries with various origins. The superior left renal artery originated from the abdominal aorta and supplied the superior pole. The middle left renal artery originated from the iliac junction, just anterior to the median sacral artery, and supplied the middle portion of the kidney. The inferior left renal artery originated from the common illiac artery, and coursed posteriorly to the kidney before entering the hilum anteriorly (from the lateral aspect of the organ), to supply the inferior pole. On the contralateral side, the vasculature to the right kidney consisted of only two renal arteries, both originating from the abdominal aorta. The superior renal artery branched laterally from the aorta (at the same level as the left superior renal) and supplied the superior pole. Arterial supply to the inferior pole originated inferior to the inferior mesenteric artery. Together, these observations describe asymmetric supernumeric renal arteries and reflects, to some extent, the chronology for ascent of the kidney during embryological development.Support or Funding Informationno funding disclosures
Accessory Brachial Artery ‐ A Unique Variant
Authors: Ziemann Sarika , Esterson Aryeh , Velavan Sumathilatha Sakthi , Rich Sushama 
Published: November 2023

The anatomical variations of arterial patterns of the upper limb are associated with embryological and clinical significance. A unique variant of the brachial artery was observed and is reported due to its rarity. This was a case study that examined the vasculature of the right upper limb during routine dissection of a 57 year old female Caucasian cadaver. Two arteries were observed in the anterior aspect of the arm. The first artery (accessory brachial artery) was larger, continued from axillary artery, coursed superficial to the median nerve and terminated as ulnar and radial arteries. The second artery (brachial artery) arose at the level of the third part of the axillary artery, was enclosed by the two roots of the median nerve and coursed deep to the median nerve. The posterior and anterior circumflex humeral, two profunda brachii, and superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries emerged as branches of the second artery. Anastomosis was noted between the two arteries in the cubital fossa. Accessory brachial artery served as the main feeding artery of forearm and hand in this case while the brachial artery terminated after supplying the brachium. Failure of regression of the superficial brachial artery during stage five of embryological development explains this uncommon variant. The knowledge of such a variation is valuable to consider in routine evaluation of angiographic images, and for surgical intervention.Support or Funding InformationTouro College of Osteopathic Medicine Department of Anatomy provided our source of support.
Histopathologic changes in gastric mucosa after experimental gastric restriction
Authors: Filho Guilherme Mota , Itezerote Ana Maria , Saleh Samir , Hojaij Flávio , Andrade Mauro , Martinez Carlos Augusto Real , Akamatsu Flávia Emi , Jacomo Alfredo Luiz 
Published: November 2023

Bariatric procedures play an important role to control metabolic disorders secondary to morbid obesity. Our group developed a technique to simulate gastric restriction in rats in order to establish the physiological effects of these procedures.In this study, we aimed to analyze the histological features of gastric restriction. We used 30 Adult, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albicans) weighing between 250–350 grams. To produce gastric restriction, The rats were submitted to laparotomy and gastrostomy to insert a cylindrical sleeve Luffa (loofah) (1.5cm in diameter) made of cylindrical luffa, producing experimental phytobezoar.The animals of Sham group (S) were exposed to the same surgical procedure described above, except for the implant of phytobezoar. From the first day after surgery, the animals were divided into three groups of 10 animals each. The group of 10 days until euthanasia was subjected to the stomach reduction surgery (R10) with their controls sham (S10) and normal controls (C10) 10 days. Each animal was weighed every other day until the day of euthanasia. Gastric mucosa in all groups were studied with hematoxylin and eosine and we performed morphometric analyzes of crypts, mucous cells and inflammatory cells.The data were submitted to the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test and ANOVA followed by Bonferroni or Dunnet T3 multiple comparisons (p<0.05).The experimental group showed deeper crypts and increased counts in either neutrophils and mucous cells as compared to the sham and control groups. The histopathological changes produced by experimental gastric restriction may be related to acute inflammatory reaction caused by the operative procedure and also increased gastric cell secretion of mucus as a compensatory or secondary effect of phytobezoar.
Desmosomal cadherin association with a dynein‐cortactin complex promotes actin rearrangements required for epidermal morphogenesis
Authors: Green Kathleen J , Nekrasova Oxana Y. 
Published: November 2023

The epidermis is a multi‐layered, renewing epithelium that serves as an essential barrier against water loss and environmental insults in vertebrates. Its morphogenesis occurs through a tightly regulated program of biochemical and architectural changes in which epidermal keratinocytes in the basal layer commit to differentiate, and move towards the skin's surface in a process called stratification. During this process, tissue integrity is ensured by intercellular junctions called desmosomes, which anchor the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of desmosomal cadherin‐mediated adhesion. In contrast to the adherens junction protein, E‐cadherin, which is expressed in all epidermal layers, seven desmosomal cadherins are expressed in a highly patterned differentiation‐dependent manner in epidermis. This genomic complexity and spatial patterning of desmosome components in stratified tissues suggests that they do more than perform textbook functions in mediating cell‐cell adhesion. Here, we reveal an unexpected role for the cadherin desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton to promote the transit of basal cells into suprabasal layers through a process of delamination/extrusion. This function requires a newly recognized association between Dsg1 and the dynein light chain, Tctex‐1, and actin scaffolding protein, cortactin. We demonstrate that Tctex‐1, as a part of the dynein complex, controls the proper biochemical compartmentalization and segregation of Dsg1‐containing desmosomes from adherens junctions. Moreover, uncoupling the Dsg1‐Tctex‐1 complex from dynein or abrogation of Dsg1‐Tctex‐1 interactions interfered with the proper positioning of cortactin, which in turn is required to recruit the Arp2/3 complex and promote F‐actin network reorganization. Assembly of this molecular complex at the onset of Dsg1 expression during differentiation in cells already containing E‐cadherin results in decreased tension at adherens junctions, as measured through an E‐cadherin FRET sensor and accumulation of the mechanosensitive molecule vinculin. The proper coordination of this chain of events is required for the efficient delamination of basal cells in an organotypic model of tissue development. Thus, Dsg1 serves as a scaffold that exerts spatial control over mechanical changes necessary to promote early stages of epidermal morphogenesis.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH R01AR041836, R37AR043380, R01CA122151, the Dermatology Foundation and J.L. Mayberry Endowment.
Prostaglandins regulate mechanotransduction to the nucleus
Authors: Tootle Tina , Toombs Emily , Lamb Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid signals that play critical roles in physiology, including regulating pain and inflammation, reproduction, and cancer. However, the cellular mechanisms of PG action remain poorly understood. PGs are synthesized downstream of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. In Drosophila, there is one COX‐like enzyme Pxt. Loss of PG synthesis in both mammals and flies results in female sterility. Specifically, in flies the loss of Pxt causes numerous defects in oogenesis, i.e. follicle development. One mechanism whereby PGs mediate follicle development is by regulating actin cytoskeletal remodeling necessary for both cell migration, and cellular and follicular morphogenesis. Here we focus on the role of PGs in regulating the invasive and collective migration of somatic cells termed border cells. The border cells delaminate from the epithelium surrounding the follicle, invade between the germline‐derived nurse or support cells, and migrate to the dorsal anterior of the oocyte. Loss of PGs results in both delayed migration, and cluster elongation and disruption. Invasive migration is highly dependent on the ability of the cells to respond to mechanical force. Substrate stiffness is sensed by cell surface receptors, these receptors transmit the mechanical information to the cytoskeleton, and the cytoskeleton interacts with the Linker of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) Complex on the nuclear envelope to convey that information to the nucleus. The nucleus then responds by altering its shape and/or stiffness. Our findings support that model that PGs regulate border cell migration by controlling the actin binding protein Fascin, and that Fascin, in turn, regulates the activity of the LINC Complex to mediate the changes in nuclear position and shape needed for invasive cell migration. The model is supported by the following findings. First, PGs regulate Fascin later in oogenesis to control actin remodeling necessary for follicle morphogenesis. Second, Fascin is highly expressed in the border cells and regulates invasive cell migration in other systems. Third, Fascin localizes to the nuclear periphery, and this localization requires both PG signaling and a functional LINC Complex. Finally, loss of either Fascin or the LINC Complex results in pxt‐like border cell migration defects. These studies are expected to establish the molecular mechanisms whereby PG signaling regulates mechanical signaling to the nucleus to control nuclear position and shape changes necessary for invasive migration. Such findings are applicable to other 3D cell migrations, including those occurring during development and in the context of cancer.Support or Funding InformationNIH/NIGMS R01GM116885
Supernumerary rectus capitis posterior muscle in Hylobates agilis
Authors: Grider‐Potter Neysa 
Published: November 2023

The neck is the junction between the head and thorax, and one of its primary functions is to maintain a balanced head. In animals that practice ricochetal brachiation, such as gibbons, head stability may be especially important because this energetic form of arboreal locomotion requires the rapid assessment of the location and stability of the superstrate. The gibbon cervical musculoskeletal system should be adapted to providing head stability. The suboccipital region was of particular interest as these muscles are significant contributors to head extension and rotation, both important aspects of primate head stabilization during locomotion. Brachiation in particular, involves much larger ranges of rotation than other forms of primate locomotion. Furthermore, this region has not been previously described in gibbons.The posterior neck and back of a single Hylobates agilis and one Symphalangus syndactylus were dissected. The H. agilis individual presented a supernumerary rectus capitis posterior muscle. The muscle originates from the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra and inserts on the inferior nuchal line of the occiput, similar to rectus capitis posterior major. The supernumerary muscle, however, is lateral and deep to rectus capitis posterior major and deep to obliquus capitis superior. The supernumerary muscle is similar in location to the rectus capitis posterior medius muscle described in cats. Supernumerary suboccipital muscles have also been described in humans. This muscle has not, however, been identified in any described nonhuman primate taxa including: macaques, baboons, and great apes nor was not present in the siamang. Thus, it is unclear if this aberration is an individual or species‐specific variation. The supernumerary muscle inserts more laterally than rectus capitis posterior major and this placement potentially offers greater mechanical advantage in head rotation when activated unilaterally. Such an advantage might offer greater or more efficient head stability during brachiation.
The Relationship Between the McGregor Ligament, the Masseteric Ligaments and the Deep Fascia of the Infraorbital Region
Authors: Amodeo Chiara Andretto , Chevallier Jean‐Marc , Delmas Vincent , Keller Gregory 
Published: November 2023

The facial ligaments are very important structures that not only anchor the soft tissues to the deep structures but they also represent reference points to identify other anatomical elements such as nerves and vessels and define anatomical areas. In the midface the Mc Gregor and the massateric ligaments are important anatomical landmarks to identify the path of the facial nerve just anterior to the parotid gland toward the zygomaticus major muscle. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between these two ligaments and the deep fascia of the infraorbital region.Materials and Methods20 hemifaces have been dissected at the Centre du Don des Corps de l'Université Paris DesCartes in Paris to study the relationship between the Mc Gregor and the massateric ligaments and the deep fascia that continues from the temporal region and covers the mimetic muscles of the infraorbital area.ResultsThe Mc Gregor ligament was identified as a osteocutaneous strong thick band posterior to the zygomaticus major muscle, more caudally a fasciocutaneous cluster of ligaments was observed, the lattest appeared as a fusion between the parotid fascia of the infraorbital area and the deep fascia of the infraorbital area running toward the dermis and corresponded to the massateric ligaments.The Mc Gregor ligament took relationship with the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia in the portion where the fascial layer reaches the zygomatic bone.The path of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve was always identified just caudal to these ligaments and protected by the deep fascia coming from the temporal region.ConclusionsIn all the specimens the Mc Gregor ligament and the massateric ligaments were in relationship with the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia and a fusion between the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia and the upper third of the parotid fascia was identified, corresponding to the masseteric ligaments. These deep fascial connections are landmarks to identify the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve toward the zygomaticus muscle.
The incidence of the fifth head of Quadriceps Femoris, the Tensor Vanstus Intermedius, and its Relationship to the Tensor Fasciae Latae
Authors: Alimohammadi Majid 
Published: November 2023

For many years anatomist have extensively studied the quadriceps femoris muscle and some believed that it consisted of only four heads where as some others believed in the existence of an additional fifth head. The most recent studies (Grob et al. 2016), in the second group, introduced a new head, named tensor of the vastus intermedius (TVI). However, according to the latest publications on the topic, it is still unclear whether TVI is a separate muscle or part of vastus lateralis (VL type) or vastus intermedius (VI type). The aim of this study was to carefully examine the quadriceps femoris muscle group of cadaver bodies and explore the incidence of TVI and to show whether there is a relationship between the presence of TVI and the size of tensor fasciae latae (TFL). This relationship between TVI and TFL was suspected due to similar lines of pull caused by the similar orientation of these two muscles. Eighty‐eight lower limbs of forty‐four cadavers were dissected with special attention to the innervation and blood supply to the TVI. Each and every muscle bellies that resembled the TVI were carefully traced from origin to insertion to determine their affiliation. TVI was found in 51% (45 out of 88) of limbs. Three morphological types were identified: independent type (44.4%), VL‐type (11.1%) and VI‐type (44.4%). This study confirmed the latest published findings in regards to the architecture of the quadriceps femoris muscle group. However, there was no apparent association between the size or presence of TVI and the size of the TFL. Nor were there significant differences of the findings between right and left sides or between female or male cadavers.Support or Funding InformationUniversity of British Columbia (Canada)