bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical and Computational Methods for Compressible Flow
Authors: Feistauer M , Felcman J , Straskraba I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with mathematical and numerical methods for compressible flow. It aims to provide the reader with a sufficiently detailed and extensive, mathematically precise, but comprehensible guide, through a wide spectrum of mathematical and computational methods used in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the numerical simulation of compressible flow. Up-to-date techniques applied in the numerical solution of inviscid as well as viscous compressible flow on unstructured meshes are explained, thus allowing the simulation of complex three-dimensional technically relevant problems. Among some of the methods addressed are finite volume methods using approximate Riemann solvers, finite element techniques, such as the streamline diffusion and the discontinuous Galerkin methods, and combined finite volume - finite element schemes. The book gives a complex insight into the numerics of compressible flow, covering the development of numerical schemes and their theoretical mathematical analysis, their verification on test problems and use in solving practical engineering problems. The book will be helpful to specialists coming into contact with CFD - pure and applied mathematicians, aerodynamists, engineers, physicists and natural scientists. It will also be suitable for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of mathematics and technical sciences.
Introduction
Authors: Feistauer M , Felcman J , Straskraba I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many areas of science and technology, one encounters the necessity to investigate the flow of liquids and gases in, for example, aviation and aeronautics, the car industry, the design of turbines, compressors and pumps, the chemical and food industry, medicine, biology, agriculture, meteorology, hydrology, oceanography and environmental protection. In the preface of the well-known book (Landau and Lifschitz, 1959) by L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifschitz, fluid dynamics is characterized as a branch of theoretical physics. The fundamental concepts and equations of fluid dynamics are connected with the names of Newton, Euler, Cauchy, Lagrange, Bernoulli, Huygens, d’Alembert, Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, Lamb, Stokes, Navier and others and belong to the area of classical rational mechanics. Therefore, it is natural that fluid dynamics uses extensive mathematical tools, particularly partial differential equations, and can also be considered as a mathematical science.
Basic Facts from the Theory of the Euler and Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Feistauer M , Felcman J , Straskraba I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall study the basic qualitative properties of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations of compressible flow. We start with the Euler equations as a nonlinear hyperbolic system. Then the existence of smooth solutions and the typical phenomenon of loss of smoothness and lifespan of smooth solutions will be discussed. This is followed by an introduction to the theory of weak solutions with such concepts as shock and rarefaction waves, Rankine–Hugoniot conditions and entropy admissible solutions. In particular, existence results for one, two and m scalar conservation laws are given, and the Riemann problem in one space dimension is studied.
Relaxation and related phenomena
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relaxation of coherence and polarization limits the measuring time and thus the resolution of pulse EPR experiments, but is also a source of information on the electronic structure and, in particular, on molecular and lattice dynamics. In this chapter we first provide an overview of the most important processes which cause a decay of the signal (§8.1). True relaxation processes which lead to an irreversible loss of magnetization are distinguished from those processes which merely transfer magnetization to other parts of the spectrum or to other paramagnetic species. We discuss the most important relaxation mechanisms. The general strategy of relaxation studies is considered in §8.2, where we also explain specifics of relaxation in multi-level systems and examine the orientation dependence of relaxation times. The chapter concludes with a discussion of pulse sequences for the measurement of relaxation times and the separation of the different contributions to the signal decay (§§8.3-8.6).
Flat and Curved Space-Times
Authors: Ellis George F R , Williams Ruth M , Carfora Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present book explains special relativity and the basics of general relativity from a geometric viewpoint. Space-time geometry is emphasised throughout, and provides the basis of understanding of the special relativity effects of time dilation, length contraction, and the relativity of simultaneity. Bondi's K-calculus is introduced as a simple means of calculating the magnitudes of these effects, and leads to a derivation of the Lorentz transformation as a way of unifying these results. The invariant interval of flat space-time is generalised to that of curved space-times, and leads to an understanding of the basic properties of simple cosmological models and of the collapse of a star to form a black hole. The appendices enable the advanced student to master the application of four-tensors to the relativistic study of energy and momentum, and of electromagnetism. In addition, this new edition contains up-to-date information on black holes, gravitational collapse, and cosmology.
On the relationship between the ideal free distribution and the evolution of dispersal
Authors: Holt Robert D , Barfield Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideal free distribution (IFD), first proposed by Fretwell and Lucas, describes how a pattern, the distribution of abundances and fitnesses across habitats, emerges from a process: evolution moulding the habitat selection strategies of individuals. Key ecological mechanisms assumed in the IFD include localized density dependence and the freedom of individuals to choose habitats so as to maximise fitness.
Proximate mechanisms of natal dispersal: the role of body condition and hormones
Authors: Dufty Alfred M , Belthoff James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We examine proximate issues related to the initiation of natal dispersal in birds and mammals, and focus on the interplay among hormone secretions and body condition in determining dispersal by individuals. In at least some mammals, early exposure to testosterone in males affects their subsequent dispersal, the timing of which is related to acquisition of a threshold level of body mass and body fat. Because in birds both sexes generally disperse, it is less likely that a gonadal hormone associated more with one sex than with the other plays a major role in that process.
Public information and breeding habitat selection
Authors: Danchin Etienne , Heg Dik , Doligez Blandine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most animal species, natal and breeding dispersal is bounded by departure and settlement decisions. Such decisions are based on the individual perception of habitat suitability, which varies with intrinsic habitat quality and social components. Individual perception of habitat suitability may be based on internal information (maternal effects) or on external cues revealing habitat suitability.
The properties of competitive communities with coupled local and regional dynamics
Authors: Mouquet Nicolas , Mulder Gerard S E E , Jansen Vincent A A , Loreau Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the results from models that link local and regional scales, and illustrate some of the mechanisms that can maintain biodiversity. First, we present a model of local competition for space in plant communities. The model is a classical metapopulation model, but we apply it to a population of individuals rather than to a population of populations, and we add an external source of immigration by a propagule rain.
Introduction and a Brief Review of Experimental Systems
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of solid state theory and statistical physics is concerned with the properties of macroscopic systems. These are often considered while using the “thermodynamic limit” (system’s volume, Ω, and particle number, N,tending to infinity with n= N/ Ω kept constant), which is a convenient mathematical device for obtaining bulk properties. Usually, the system approaches the macroscopic limit once its size is much larger than some correlation length ξ (or, more generally, than all such relevant lengths). In most cases, is of the order of a microscopic length (e.g., ∽n-1/3), but in some special cases, such as in the vicinity of a second-order transition, can become very large and one may observe behavior which is different from the macroscopic limit for a large range of sample sizes (Imry and Bergman 1971). Another case where the effective length scale dividing microscopic from macroscopic behavior is very large is that of small conducting (or semiconducting) systems at low temperatures. Here, two important new elements occur: First, the spectrum of electronic states is discrete (although the interaction with the outside world may broaden the levels enough to make that less relevant). Second, the motion is coherent in the sense that once an electron can propagate across the whole system without inelastic scattering, its wavefunction will maintain a definite phase. The electron will thus be able to exhibit a variety of novel and interesting interference phenomena. In what follows, we shall concentrate on the study of the latter type of systems.
The geometry of the word problem
Authors: Bridson Martin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of decision problems in group theory is a subject that does not impinge on most geometers’ lives - for many it remains an apparently arcane region of mathematics near the borders of group theory and logic; echoing with talk of complexity and undecidability, devoid of the light of geometry. The study of minimal surfaces, on the other hand, is an immediately engaging field that combines the shimmering appeal of soap films with intriguing analytical problems; Plateau’s problem has a particularly intuitive appeal.
Indices of vector fields and Chern classes for singular varieties
Authors: Seade Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theorem of Poincare-Hopf about the total index of a vector field on a manifold is one of the fundamental results of mathematics in the twentieth century, giving rise to many different theories and developments in several branches of mathematics and science in general. In particular, it gave rise to obstruction theory and the theory of characteristic classes, such as the Churn classes of complex manifolds, which are very useful invariants.
The Hardness of Metals
Authors: Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an attempt to explain hardness measurements of metals in terms of some of their more basic physical properties. It does not deal with the atomic and crystalline mechanism of elastic or plastic deformation, but starting with the elastic and plastic characteristics it shows that the hardness behaviour of metals may be expressed in terms of these characteristics. It is hoped that this presentation will provide, for physicists, engineers, and metallurgists, a better understanding of what hardness means and what hardness measurements imply. The book places an emphasis on the physical concepts involved, so that the non-mathematical reader may grasp and appreciate the general physical picture without needing to follow the more detailed treatment. From reviews: 'This book is clearly written and illustrated and can be warmly recommended to all those who are interested in the hardness of metals. It is without doubt the most important work on the subject to have appeared for many years.' Nature 'It is in its fresh and unusual approach to the subject that this book will appeal most. Work from a very wide field is collected and critically discussed, and the author is to be congratulated on a volume which should appeal to metallurgists, engineers and physicists.' Research '...this is a book which the mechanical testing engineer will wish to have ready to hand.' British Journal of Applied Physics 'The story makes fascinating reading, not only because of the wealth of new explanations it contains, but also because of the author's skill in presenting his arguments so clearly and simply. It is extraordinary how far he is able to go on the most elementary of mathematics.' Institute of Metals Metallurgical Abstracts 'Has succeeded in raising the subject of hardness from its background of empiricism to that of scientific theory....This book is recommended for the scientist who...is concerned with the indentation of solids....The mathematics is simple and the style is easy to read.' Applied Mechanics Reviews
Introduction
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two basic laws of friction, that the frictional resistance is proportional to the load and that it is independent of the area of the sliding surfaces, have been known for a long time. It would seem that Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) with his astonishing practical genius and insight was clear about them and had verified them experimentally, for he writes: ‘Friction produces double the amount of effort if the weight be doubled’, and ‘The friction made by the same weight will be of equal resistance at the beginning of the movement although the contact may be of different breadths or lengths.’
Mechanism of Metallic Friction [A]
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has shown that the friction between metal surfaces cannot be regarded purely as a surface effect. It is clear that during sliding, metallic junctions, large compared with molecular dimensions, are formed and sheared. In addition, if one surface is harder than the other the harder surface asperities plough out the softer material to an appreciable depth below the surface. We may therefore expect that the frictional force will be greatly influenced by the bulk properties of the metals. It is evident that the physical processes which occur during sliding are very complex and.do not yield readily to a quantitative treatment. We may, however, express the frictional resistance as the sum of two terms, one of which represents the shearing and the other the ploughing process. In this way it is possible to obtain an approximate expression for the friction in terms of the bulk physical properties of the metals. For a similar analysis sec Ernst and Merchant (1940).
Incubation and the costs of reproduction
Authors: Reid J M , Monaghan P , Nager R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life-history theory is concerned with explaining the diversity of life cycles observed in nature. It provides a framework within which intra- and inter-specific variation in how organisms allocate resources amongst growth, self-maintenance and reproduction can be interpreted.
A central tenet of life-history theory is that organisms have finite resources at their disposal, and thus that the allocation made to one aspect of life will reduce the resources available for investment in others (Roff 1992; Stearns 1992).
Evolution and Ancient Diseases: the Roles of Genes, Germs, and Transmission Modes
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution through natural selection is the fundamental organizing principle of the life sciences. It explains not only how the diversity of life came to be but also provides a framework for understanding what is possible and what is not. Considering that the health sciences is largely a subset of the life sciences we can expect that principles of evolutionary biology will be able to provide some general guiding principles into any particular focus of study within the health sciences. Because the study of ancient infectious diseases involves time periods over which humans and especially pathogens can evolve in response to each other, an evolutionary perspective would seem especially appropriate. However, apart from the use of phylogenetic analyses, inquiry into ancient diseases has proceeded largely without reliance on evolutionary principles. Now that powerful techniques for analyzing the molecular makeup of humans and pathogens in ancient tissue are becoming available, it seems an especially appropriate time for incorporating evolutionary insights into decisions about what to look for and where to look. This chapter addresses two topics that are currently being developed in evolutionary medicine that also bear on the study of ancient diseases: the evolution of virulence and the scope of infectious causation.
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in the Past: Yersin, Koch, and the Skeletons
Authors: Dutour Olivier , Ardagna Yann , Maczel Marta , Signoli Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paleoepidemiology is a recent approach to the study of diseases in the past. This requires well documented osteoarcheological series in order to minimize the numerous systematic biases represented by sample size, the material’s state of preservation, the ‘demographic’ structure of the sample, and its chronological coherence. Very few skeletal series are compatible with this set of conditions. The plague epidemics in Europe have accounted for a million deaths over the past five centuries. This acute disease, which is classically not selective, is characterized by an age-at-death distribution similar to that of the living population. Plague epidemics are characterized by their great celerity and rapidity of death. For these reasons, the material originating from plague mass grave excavations is especially suitable for paleopidemiological studies. Besides improving our knowledge of plague in the past, these series can provide consistent data on the paleoepidemiology of other specific infectious dis eases. In this approach, molecular biology offers the unique opportunity to confirm both the cause of massive death and the diagnosis of the specific infections studied by amplifying specific sequences of ancient DNA (aDNA). In this way, these new techniques allow us to develop an archaeological approach to infectious diseases and could efficiently resolve some historical outbreaks as well as explore the past history of re-emerging human infections such as plague and tuberculosis (TB).
The Archaeology of Enteric Infection: Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, and Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Nataro James P , Stine O Colin , Kaper James B , Levine Myron M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enteric illness has probably afflicted Homo sapiens since the origin of our species. Indeed, diarrhea is nearly ubiquitous among mammalian species, the result of convergent and divergent evolution by a wide variety of viral, parasitic, and bacterial agents. Tracing the phylogenetic history of pathogens is more than an academic exercise: diarrheal diseases have mounted devastating assaults on human populations throughout history, making the stories of these diseases inseparable from our own. In an earlier volume on the same subject, Ewald (1998) speculated that epidemic diarrhea may have been responsible for the collapse of more than one primitive civilization. Diarrheal outbreaks have also figured prominently in human migrations and have influenced countless wars. Thus knowing which pathogens were present in a population at a given time can enrich our understanding of human history.
Isentropic gas dynamics
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the study of the 2 ×2 system of isentropic gas dynamics in one dimension. This system is particularly interesting, not only for its physical applications which contain barotropic flows and the Saint-Venant model for shallow water flow in rivers (see Section 1.5), but also for us because it admits a full family of entropies, and we can deduce a kinetic formulation with a new mathematical structure; more precisely, the transport is no longer purely kinetic (except for γ = 3, see below the notation), but semi-kinetic (see the comments in Section 1.3).
The homoepitaxial challenge for low-dimensional nitrides
Authors: Grzegory Izabella , Porowski Sylwester 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GaN and its alloys with Al and In recently became the basic materials for short-wavelength optoelectronics. This was due mainly to their direct energy gaps covering the whole visible spectrum and a large part of the UV range (6.2, 3.4, and 1.9eV for AIN, GaN, and InN respectively). At present, high brightness blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and low-power blue laser diodes (LDs) are commercially available [1]. On the other hand, however, the development of GaN-based technology was and still is, strongly limited by difficulties in obtaining large, high quality crystals which could be used as substrates for epitaxial deposition of multilayer quantum structures necessary for devices. This is a direct consequence of thermodynamical properties of GaN [2] (and also AIN [3]) in particular, the melting conditions of which are so extreme, that the application of the common growth methods from stoichiometric liquids is technically impossible.
Growth optimization of low-dimensional nitrides by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy and dislocation control
Authors: Amano Hiroshi , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent progress in the growth technology which uses metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has led to the realization of nitride-based bright-blue/green light-emitting diodes, violet laser diodes, UV photodiodes, and high-electronmobility transistors. Low-dimensional structures have been used in the active region of each device, thereby significantly improving this performance. In this section, first, development of the growth method of group III nitrides is reviewed. Next, artificial fabrication of low-dimensional structures and their luminescence and electrical properties are discussed. Finally, recent progress in the growth of low-dislocation nitrides by lateral epitaxy is reviewed.
Electron-phonon interaction in GaN and its low-dimensional structures
Authors: Zhang Xue Bing , Gil Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GaN and its low-dimensional structures have been extensively investigated in the past years because of their excellent optical and electrical properties. Progress in this field is so fast that the nitrides are expected to revolutionize the optoelectronics and electronics in the new century. The nature of high thermal conductivity, high luminous efficiency, and mechanical robustness have made the GaN and its alloys the superior material system for light-emitting devices operation from the UV to the entire visible spectra region [1). In addition, new applications in high power, high temperature, and high frequency electronic devices based on GaN field effect transistors and heterobipolar transistor are under extensive exploration.