bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy detection in tapirs by direct urinary estrone sulfate analysis
Authors: Kasman L. H. , McCowan B. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUrinary levels of estrone sulfate (ES), indexed by creatinine (CR), were evaluated by a direct radioimmunoassay of four Malayan (Tapirus indicus) and one Brazillian (Tapirus terrestris) tapir pregnancies. Levels rose above baseline ES values of 20 ± 1.2 ng/mg CR (n = 200) in the Brazilian animal and 25 ± 1.3 ng/mg CR (n = 105) in the Malayan animals at approximately 7 months prior to parturition and continued to rise in both species until just before parturition. Quantitatively, levels rose 10‐fold higher in the Brazillian animal than in the Malayan animals through approximately 1 month prior to parturition in both species. These findings indicate that routine urinary monitoring provides an accurate means for detecting pregnancy in tapirs and suggests differences in estrogen excretion patterns between tapir species and with other perissodactyls.
Killer whale shares food with gulls at the Vancouver Public Aquarium
Authors: Nordquist Charles , Hutchins Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 6‐ to 9‐year‐old female killer whale (Orcinus orca) was observed sharing food with gulls at the Vancouver Public Aquarium. Hypotheses regarding the origin of this apparently learned behavior are discussed and evaluated. The behavior can be explained by an operant model, but there is evidence that social mimicry or observational learning may also be involved.
Maternal and paternal care in the rock cavy,Kerodon rupestris, a South American hystricomorph rodent
Authors: Tasse Judy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe maternal and paternal behavior ofKerodon rupestriswas examined. Quantitative differences between fathers and mothers and between mothers raising young with fathers present and with fathers absent were assessed. Growth rates of young raised by paired females and by lone females were compared.The male provides direct paternal care to the young by engaging in allogrooming, sniffing, and huddling. There is no significant difference between the sexes in the amount of contact promoting behavior given to the offspring, nor are the sexes significantly different in the amount of exploratory sniffing of the offspring. When the male is absent, the female spends a greater amount of time in contact with the young. Young raised by lone females gained significantly more weight than young raised by paired females.The suggestion that indirect paternal care acts to reduce female aggression to the young and relieve the energy expenditure burden of the female is discussed. The results indicate that social experience is gained at the expense of physical nurturing when the male is present.
Giraffe squeeze cage procedure
Authors: Wienker Wendy R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA squeeze cage at Woodland Park Zoo has become a valuable tool in giraffe management. The cage has been used 63 times in 4 years with no serious injuries to animals or personnel. Conditioning the giraffes to the cage is of foremost importance in planning a successful restraining procedure. Individual giraffes react differently to the stress of being confined, so careful monitoring of behavior throughout is imperative to anticipate and prevent potential problems. Staff should be fully trained in the use of the equipment and familiar with the temperament of the giraffe. The cage is used for hoof trimming and routine medical examinations, including blood collection, X‐rays, and giving injections.
Hematological parameters of four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla)
Authors: Heath Martha E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHematological, differential, and blood chemistry values were determined in four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla), both at the time of their arrival and after more than 1 year in captivity. The data presented were derived from two samples obtained from each of four animals, and they provide a preliminary basis for comparison with clinical blood values from this and other pangolin species. No peculiar features were identified that distinguish this species from other mammals.
Passerine dietary iron overload syndrome
Authors: Kincaid Anne L. , Stoskopf Michael K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIron storage disease attributable to dietary iron overload was identified in four genera and seven species of tanagers. Dietary analysis showed iron levels seven‐to 12‐fold above recommended values. The source of the iron was commercial mynah bird diet, a common component of passerine diets, which suggests an alternative interpretation of iron syndromes previously described as idiopathic heritable conditions. Pathologically, the syndrome was characterized by marked iron deposition in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen and other tissues. Pathologic, demographic, and clinical data were compatible with a dietary source of iron overload.
Handraising large parrots: Methodology and expected weight gains
Authors: Hanson Janet Tashjian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHandraising psittacine chicks is gaining acceptance as a conservative tool, because it facilitates increased chick production through double‐clutching. Techniques involving environment, banding, diet, hygiene, and veterinary care used in the handrearing nursery of Aviculture Institute/Behavioral Study of Brids, Inc. are reported here. The mortality rate has steadily decreased since the nursery was established in 1981, while the total number of chicks handreared has increased from 116 in that year to 300 in 1985. Weight gain data of healthy, handreared chicks from the 1984 and 1985 breeding seasons are presented, representing 21 species of large, Old and New World parrots. Weight gains improved to a plateau reached in 1984. Tables are provided that contain normal weight gain values useful for comparison and evaluation of growth progress of handraised parrot chicks.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: IV. Estrogen metabolism in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
Authors: Loskutoff Naida M. , Kasman Lonnie H. , Raphael Bonnie L. , Ott‐Joslin Janis E. , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this investigation, an attempt was made to identify the major urinary estrogen metabolites in the okapi by radioisotope infusion and by chromatographic separation procedures. The results suggest that the urinary estrogens are excreted in concentrations below the limit of sensitivity of conventional assay systems. In addition, a variety of contaminants with estrogenic immunoreactivity are present in okapi urine that are not necessarily correlated with follicular activity. A great proportion of circulating estrogen is eliminated in fecal material. However, the rate of elimination is slow, and the extraction procedures necessary to detect the metabolites are tedious, which would prevent the practical application of this procedure for monitoring follicular activity.
Control of intragroup aggression by a captive male orangutan
Authors: Zucker Evan L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn adult male orangutan, housed with two adult females, intervened in female‐female aggressive interactions at least seven times over a 4.5‐year period. Five of these seven episodes involved multiple interventions rather than a single act. One series of interventions was directly observed during an ongoing study of spatial relationships, and six other episodes were described in the zoo records. The intervention that was observed directly began with one female displacing the other, after which the male located himself between the two females. He remained nearer the displaced female than he did to the other female. These seven episodes demonstrate the male's mediation and regulation of intragroup aggression. Whereas the opportunities for the control of aggression are limited in the wild, the conditions of captivity likely allowed for the expression of this behavior pattern.
Artificial incubation of eggs of the green iguana (Iguana iguana)
Authors: Miller Tracy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSuccessful hatching of large numbers of artificially incubated eggs from the green iguana, Iguana iguana, are reported. Gravid females were captured at a nesting site in Summit Gardens, Soberania, Parque Nacional, Panama, and released into an enclosure with an artificial nesting area. Females dug their own tunnels and nest chambers or used artificial nest chambers for egg deposition. Eggs (n = 829) from 21 clutches were removed from the nests and artificially incubated. Average hatching success per clutch was 94.6% and the mean clutch incubation time was 92.1 days. A distinct odor was noticed in the incubation containers several days before the eggs began to hatch. At this time, the substrate layer was removed exposing the top surface of all eggs, and the eggs desiccated to some degree prior to hatching. High incubation temperature, hydric conditions, and egg arrangement are all implicated as contributing factors in low hatching success in previous studies using artificial incubation techniques.
Behavioral changes of a juvenile gorilla after a transfer to a more naturalistic environment
Authors: Goerke Betty , Fleming Leslie , Creel Melody 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPlay behavior and stress‐associated behavior of a captive juvenile gorilla were observed before and after his transfer to a larger and more natural environment. The gorilla was observed for 4 months after the transfer and at 1 and 4 years after the transfer. Throughout his first month in the new environment play decreased dramatically. Although play subsequently increased again 2 months and 1 year after the transfer, it never reached the levels of play in the old environment. Four years after the move his play had decreased again to the low level of his first month in the new environment. Two of his stress‐associated behaviors, coprophagy and regurgitation/reingestion, decreased after the transfer. Self‐clasping behavior increased initially in the new environment and remained at high levels 1 year after the move. Four years after the move his self‐clasping behavior was significantly less than at 1 year after the move; however, it continued to be significantly greater than in the old environment. These findings suggest that larger and more natural environments do not necessarily result in more play activity or a reduction in all stress‐associated behavior.
The current status and future prospects of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) studbook population
Authors: Glatston Angela R. , Roberts Miles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScientifically based captive breeding programs are an essential prerequisite to the long‐term preservation of exotic species in zoos. The data provided by studbooks form the foundation on which such a program can be built. In the following paper, information extracted from the International Studbook for the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) is used to provide both demographic and genetic analyses of the current captive‐born population and simulations of future trends in population structure. From the results of these analyses, conclusions can be drawn which are of importance to future captive management practice.
Switched identity of two Przewalski's horse mares detected by blood typing
Authors: Bowling Ann T. , Ryder Oliver A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAccurate pedigrees are of prime importance to breeders of both domestic and captive animals. Blood typing is a tool utilized to verify accuracy of pedigrees in domestic animal breeding programs that may often be directly applied to related zoo species. We describe the application of blood typing techniques developed for domestic horses to detect a switch in the identity of two Przewalski's horse mares. Before the switch detection, one of the mares had been bred to a closely related stallion, a breeding which would not have been planned had the correct identity of the mare been known.
Artificial incubation of California condor Gymnogyps californianus eggs removed from the wild
Authors: Kuehler Cynthia M. , Witman Patricia N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe currrent California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) recovery plan entails increasing the reproductive rate via replacement‐clutch manipulation of eggs. During the period from 1983 to 1985, 15 eggs were removed from wild nesting pairs for artificial incubation. The eggs were incubated at a dry bulb temperature of 36.4°C in modified forced‐air Lyon Electric incubators. The incubation humidity was adjusted for individual eggs based on weight loss data (water = weight), 25.6–30.0°C wet bulb (41.0–63.0% Relative Humidity (RH)). The chicks were hatched initially under forced‐air conditions of 36.1°C dry bulb, 31.1–01.7°C wet bulb (70.0–73.0% RH). In 1984, hatching parameters were changed to still‐air conditions, 36.1°C dry bulb (top of the egg), 35.0°C dry bulb (bottom of the egg), 31.1–31.7°C wet bulb (70.0‐73.0% RH). Tactile and auditory stimulation was utilized during the pip‐to‐hatch interval. From among 15 eggs collected, 13 hatched, and 12 condor chicks were raised successfully (hatchability: 86.7%; survivability: 92.3%).
Protein electrophoresis as a management tool: Detection of hybridization between banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton) and domestic cattle
Authors: Davis Scott K. , Read Bruce , Balke Jennifer 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ability of protein electrophoresis to detect hybridization was evaluated by a detailed examination of 30 banteng‐domestic cattle hybrids. These hybrids were run as unknowns in a sample of 53 individuals that included both banteng and domestic cattle. Twenty‐six of the 30 hybrid animals could be unambiguously identified as such, while the remaining hybrids were indistinguishable from domestic cattle. Theoretical analysis showed that the sensitivity of the protein assays at the individual level increased slowly with the number of available markers. The probability of detecting limited amounts of hybrid influence (5–10%) in an individual was less than 70% for any biologically realistic number of protein markers. Hybridization was much easier to detect at the population level, where the sensitivity of an electrophoretic assay increased rapidly with increased sample size. The combined results of the protein electrophoresis and the theoretical analysis suggest that there is an 94.8% probability that there are essentially no genes from domestic cattle in the North American banteng herd at the present time. Zoos interested in obtaining new animals should examine the source population as well as the individuals in question whenever it is feasible. An electrophoretic survey would also provide useful information when a species survival plan is organized.
Breeding and management of the common trumpeter (Psophia crepitans)
Authors: Horning Cynthia L. , Hutchins Michael , English Walter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe breeding biology and management of three wild‐caught adult Common trumpeters (one male and two females) was documented at the Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, from April, 1984 to August, 1986. A total of 27 eggs were laid, and eight young survived to fledging. Both sexes exhibited crane‐like dances during courtship, but the male appeared to perform these behaviors more frequently and with greater intensity than the females. Courtship feeding and allo‐preening also occurred. Nests consisted of simple scrapes on the ground, but the birds had no opportunity to rest in trees or other elevated sites. Clutches contained two or three eggs, and the incubation period was aproximately 28 days. Although the breeding pair was generally aggressive toward the second female, all three adults participated in incubation and in caring for the young. Parental behavior consisted of brooding, allopreening, and feeding. The male preened and fed one chick significantly more often than either of the females. Trumpeter chicks were highly precocial, but grew relatively slowly, reaching 50% of adult weight by 45 to 50 days of age. Trumpeters are difficult to maintain and breed in captivity and appear to be susceptible to mycotic diseases, such as aspergillosis. Changes in the social composition of captive groups may result in improved breeding.
Asian small‐clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) urolithiasis prevalence in North America
Authors: Calle Paul P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe prevalence of urolithiasis in the North American Asian small‐clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) population was determined through a retrospective survey. A questionnaire regarding diet and radiographic or necropsy evidence of urolithiasis was sent to the 16 North American institutions or individuals listed in the Asian Small‐Clawed Otter North American Regional Studbook. Completed forms were returned by 75% of questionnaire recipients.Individual surveys or necropsy reports were received for 79.8% of the living or dead animals listed as comprising the North American population. Renal calculi were detected in 66.1%, and cystic calculi in 23.2%, of the captive adult population that had been radiographed or necropsied. All otters with cystic calculi also had renal calculi. Bilateral renal calculi occurred in 83.8% of affected otters. Both males (61.2%) and females (72%) were frequently affected. The prevalence of urolithiasis in wild‐born otters was 76.7%, and in adult (≥1 year) captive‐born otters it was 53.8%. The higher prevalence in wild‐born otters may be a reflection of the older mean age at which they were first evaluated. In the overwhelming majority of otters with renal calculi, the calculi were multiple and diffusely distributed throughout the renal parenchyma. Renal and cystic calculi analyzed were primarily composed of calcium oxalate or urates. Glucosuria was infrequently reported. Necropsies of dependent neonates (≤ 2 months old) that died revealed cystic calculi in one animal.Renal disease was the cause of, or a contributing factor in, the deaths of all older animals whose necropsy reports were reviewed. The captive diet may be a contributing factor to urolith formation and progression.
Successful artificial insemination in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at ueno zoo
Authors: Masui M. , Hiramatsu H. , Nose N. , Nakazato R. , Sagawa Y. , Tajima H. , Saito K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSuccessful breeding of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) following artificial insemination was achieved at the Ueno Zoo in 2 consecutive years (1985 and 1986). The first cub, born in June 1985, unfortunately died 43 hours after birth from being crushed by the mother panda; the second cub, born in June 1986, has been growing in good health. Electroejaculation and artificial insemination procedures were performed after immobilization with diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine HCL (4.0–5.0 mg/kg). Semen of the male panda was collected by electroejaculation using a rectal probe with a diameter of 2.0 cm and with eight rings as electrodes. Stimulation of the male was given with 3 V (30–40 mA) over a 5‐sec period with 5‐sec intervals. The female panda exhibited estrus between late February and early March in 1985 and also between mid‐january and early February 1986. Increased excretion of urinary total estrogen showed coincidentally at maximum behavioral estrus, and a gradual rise of pregnanediol level was followed by artificial insemination. The gestational length for the first pregnancy was 110 days and that of the second 121 days.
Demographics of captive De Brazza's guenons
Authors: Brennan E. Jean 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSurvival and fertility rates of captive De Bràzza's guenons (Cercopithecus neglectus), based on the 575 known captive animals in 70 zoos and institutions worldwide, were calculated. The results suggest that the high level of infant mortality (males: dx(day 1‐yr 1) = 0.73 males; females; dx(day 1‐yr 1) = 0.51), low fertility rate (Σ m′x = 1.69), and differential mortality due to the incidence of stillbirths (males: dx(day 1) = 0.676, females: dx(day 1) = 0.442) may threaten the viability of this population. Possible causes of differential mortality rates are discussed and questions requiring additional research are identified.
Dynamics of intrafamily aggression and social reintegration in lion tamarins
Authors: Inglett Betty J. , French Jeffrey A. , Simmons Lee G. , Vires Kathy W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIntrafamily aggression poses a critical problem in the captive maintenance of callitrichid social groups. Group cohesion and individual health is threatened by aggressive altercations. This paper discusses several aspects of lion tamarin aggression. To investigate the demography of intrafamily aggression in golden lion tamarins, we reviewed instances of family‐group aggression from our facilities and we solicited data from facilities around the world. The sex and reproductive status of tamarins that initiated and received aggressive attacks and a description of the nature and severity of injuries inflicted during aggressive altercations are documented. In lion tamarins, aggressive interactions between members of a social group are severe: 20.5% of such encounters resulted in the death of an individual. Juvenile males were found to be the most likely targets of injurious aggression (50.6% of all attacks), and juvenile females also accounted for a significant proportion of attacks (38.5% of attacks). Juvenile males, adult females, and juvenile females were most likely to initiate attacks, while adult males rarely initiated attacks on family members. A protocol for managing intact family groups by the successful reintegration of expelled tamarins back to their natal group is also described; this method requires direct and progressive contact of an expelled individual with their family group. This procedure has not proven successful for reintroducing hand‐reared infants to a social group.
Estrous cycle of the tayra, Eira barbara
Authors: Poglayen‐Neuwall Ivo , Durrant Barbara S. , Swansen Marda L. , Williams Robert C. , Barnes Roy A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐three estrous cycles of three female tayras were defined using vaginal cytology and/or behavioral observations. Estrous cycles averaged 56.0 ± 4.73 and 52.2 ± 15.5 days in length for two young tayras and 93.9 ± 21.0 for an older female. The complete absence of parabasal cells in vaginal smears coincided with vulvar tumescence and was diagnostic of estrus.
Lighting requirements of nocturnal primates in captivity: A chronobiological approach
Authors: Erkert Hans G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom the results of chronobiological studies in 11 Aotus lemurinus (trivirgatus) griseimembra, 3 Galago garnettii, 5 Galago senegalensis, and 6 Microcebus murinus, inferences can be made on the most suitable lighting conditions for nocturnal primates kept in captivity. In each species studied light controls the daily periodic course of activity in a dual way. First, the light‐dark (LD) cycle acts as the main Zeitgeber, entraining the endogenous circadian timing system (CTS) to the environmental periodicity. Second, the prevailing light intensity has a direct species‐specific inhibiting or enhancing effect, masking the level of activity predetermined by the CTS. Marked inhibition of activity is caused especially by low light intensities during dark‐time (D‐time), which can also lead to drastically reduced food intake (e.g., in Aotus). Therefore, high‐amplitude LD cycles should be applied which guarantee a stable external and internal synchronization of the various circadian rhythms of the organism, with a D‐illumination intensity high enough to prevent light‐induced impairments of the behavior of the animals. Up to now LD cycles of 12:12 h (100–1,000:0.5–0.01 lx; ≥5,000°K) have proved to be most suitable. Only in Microcebus should the D‐illumination be reduced to about 10−4 lx. Moreover, it must be considered that species with a photoperiodically controlled reproduction cycle require specific alterations of the L‐time:D‐time ratio.