bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RELATION BETWEEN DEGREE OF IMMUNITY OF MICE FOLLOWING VACCINATION WITH ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND THE TITRE OF THE PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES OF THE SERUM
Authors: Hodes H. L. , Webster L. T. 
Published: June 2004

Vaccination of susceptible mice with St. Louis encephalitis virus induced an acquired immunity to intracerebral inoculation which appeared within 1 week. When first demonstrable this immunity was at a very high level and it remained so for about 6 weeks, after which time it declined and disappeared completely between the 12th and 20th week after vaccination.
Humoral antibodies of significant titre could not be demonstrated during the first 6 weeks after vaccination when actual immunity to intracerebral inoculation was at its highest level. Antibodies were first detected 8 weeks after vaccination, when immunity was decreasing. The humoral antibody titre reached its peak at 23 weeks, at which time immunity had completely disappeared. A high level of circulating antibody was still present 37 weeks after vaccination.
The evidence presented leads to the conclusion that humoral antibodies do not play a major part in the immunity acquired by susceptible mice after vaccination against St. Louis encephalitis virus.
PROPAGATION OF THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA IN THE GUINEA PIG FETUS
Authors: Woolpert Oram C. , Gallagher Fred W. , Rubinstein Leona , Hudson N. Paul 
Published: June 2004

The PR8 strain of human influenza virus was found to proliferate and disseminate widely in the tissues of fetal guinea pigs inoculated in utero. Large quantities of virus free of bacteria were recovered from lung, liver, and placenta, and smaller quantities from blood and brain, after incubation periods ranging from 2 to 6 days. Although the fetuses proved to constitute an excellent medium for the propagation of influenza virus, they evinced little gross reaction to the infection.
Several series of passages from fetus to fetus were accomplished; one consisted of 10 transfers, another of 16. For serial passage the virus was inoculated intracerebrally into half-grown fetuses and the fetal lungs were harvested 48 hours later as a source of virus for subinoculation. It is concluded that multiplication of the virus occurred particularly in the lungs, which may be considered a significant reaffirmation of the pneumotropic tendencies of this virus.
Following passage in series the virus was found, on the basis of cross-immunity and cross-neutralization tests, to be immunologically identical with the mouse passage virus from which it was derived. Other properties also appeared to be unaltered by passage of the virus under these conditions.
ALTERED CUTANEOUS CONDITIONS IN THE SKIN OF TUBERCULOUS GUINEA PIGS AS DEMONSTRATED WITH A VITAL DYE
Authors: Joyner A. L. , Sabin F. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the skin of the tuberculous guinea pig while it is allergic, the spread of a vital dye, pontamine sky blue, and the drainage of the dye into the vascular system take place much more slowly than in the normal animal.
2. In the skin of moribund tuberculous guinea pigs, animals no longer allergic, dye spreads more rapidly than in the normal animal.
3. The spread of dye is somewhat restricted in the skin of guinea pigs infected with a hemolytic Streptococcus. The animals were allergic.
4. The findings suggest that the dye method may disclose altered tissue conditions in the allergic state.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF SOME MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude , Chambers Leslie A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been described for separation of heads and tails of mammalian spermatozoa.
2. By means of absorption technique applied to homologous spermatozoal sera, head-specific and tail-specific antigens could be demonstrated. Both are heat-labile.
3. A heat-stable antigen was found to be common to both heads and tails. This substance is species-specific.
4. Antibodies against the head- and tail-specific antigens led to two different types of agglutination as shown by the slide method.
5. Using heterologous antisera against spermatozoa three different cross-reacting antigens could be observed, two in the heads, one in the tails.
6. One of the head-antigens is not active in the native cell; it comes to action only after breaking the cell. Antibodies against this substance were not found in antisera against native bull spermatozoa but were formed when vibrated spermatozoa or heads were injected into rabbits.
7. The cross-reactions can be removed from an antiserum leaving the head- as well as the tail-specific reaction intact.
THE EFFECT OF THE PULSE ON THE SPREAD OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH TISSUES
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Parsons Robert J. 
Published: June 2004

The pulsation of blood vessels in the ear of the rabbit greatly increases the rate of the spread of dye introduced into the subcutaneous tissue.
The appearance of edema in tissues perfused at a constant pressure leads to very little increase in the rate of dye spread. By contrast, a rapid interstitial spread of dye occurs in tissues becoming edematous while perfused with a pulsatile flow of blood.
The significance of these facts is discussed.
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF A PAPILLOMA VIRUS ON THE TARRED SKIN OF RABBITS
Authors: Kidd John G. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

A considerable variety of tumors, both benign and malignant, result from the localization of the rabbit papilloma virus in skin which has been prepared by repeated tarrings. They appear only in individuals highly susceptible to the action of the virus, and are more likely to be engendered by highly pathogenic inocula. No evidence has been found that differences in the potentialities of the virus entities are responsible for the diversity of the growths. This is referable to changes in the epidermal cells; and much more preliminary tarring is required to produce these changes than suffices to cause localization of the virus out of the blood stream with a resulting papillomatosis of the ordinary sort. The character of the individual anomalous tumors depends in some degree upon the extent of the preparatory changes in the cells, malignant growths being more frequent when the epidermis has been tarred for a relatively long period. All are focal or punctate in origin, and they exhibit their peculiar characters from the first, none being due to secondary alterations in ordinary papillomas. Tarring after the virus has localized in the epidermis does not significantly increase their number. They are the outcome of the state of the cells at the time of virus infection.
Tarring exerts important influences in addition to changing the cells in such a way that unusual tumors result from the action of the virus. The procedure is notably effective in determining localization of the virus out of the blood stream; enables it to produce growths when otherwise it would not do so though present in the tarred skin; stimulates the proliferation of the tumors engendered; makes them disorderly and aggressive; and hastens the anaplasia of such of them as are malignant. It has similar effects upon the tar tumors, as will be demonstrated in a subsequent paper.
INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Harford Carl G. 
Published: June 2004

Earlier experiments had shown that the sera of animals immunized with active virus have much greater protective potency when serum-virus mixtures are injected intraperitoneally into 12 to 15 day old mice than when given intracerebrally. The present work was concerned with similar tests on sera derived from guinea pigs immunized by vaccines in which the virus had been inactivated by formalin.
In comparing the content of antiviral body by means of intracerebral and by intraperitoneal inoculation, it was found that both sera show about the same low degree of neutralizing capacity by the former method. By intraperitoneal inoculation, on the other hand, serum collected from guinea pigs immunized by means of active virus reveals high protective power, while that from animals receiving formolized, inactive virus exhibits lower neutralization titers which approach those obtained by the intracerebral method. The significance of this unexpected finding is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE NASAL HISTOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE FERRET
Authors: Stuart-Harris C. H. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Because of the marked morphological abnormality of the nasal respiratory epithelium in ferrets recovering from epidemic influenza virus infection, attempts were made to determine whether the anatomical changes were associated with functional changes in the epithelial cells. It was found that on the 7th or 8th day after infection, at which time an immature transitional type of epithelium covers the respiratory area, the cells are resistant not only to reinfection with influenza virus but to a severe physicochemical stimulus supplied by iontophoresis or prolonged irrigation with zinc sulfate. Later, as the ciliated columnar cells return, susceptibility to physicochemical injury returns although resistance to influenza virus persists. The ciliated columnar cells are the ones which are damaged by the physicochemical agent while the deeper cells in the regenerating area remain unaffected. 5 weeks after infection the epithelium is anatomically normal but tissue resistance to zinc sulfate is still present to some degree as evidenced by foci of undamaged cells remaining after ionization.
The olfactory epithelium which is undamaged by the PR8 strain of epidemic influenza virus also becomes resistant to ionization after infection. As soon as the respiratory epithelium exhibits any loss of resistance to zinc sulfate the chemical produces complete necrosis of the olfactory area.
The refractory state to physicochemical agents exhibited by the regenerating nasal mucosa of the ferret after influenza virus infection is thought to be a non-specific resistant state, significant for a time at least, in the mechanism of immunity to influenza virus.
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SPREAD OF A VITAL DYE IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

A method has been devised to measure the spread of vital dyes in the skin of mice. Spread is greatly influenced by physiological and pathological changes which add fluid to the tissue or abstract it.
Spread is greater in the quiet, living ear than in the ear of an animal just killed. It is equally considerable in the frankly edematous ears of living and dead animals, and not greater in either case than in normal, quiet tissues. During the early stages of edema formation on the other hand, dye spread is notably rapid. It is still greater in the ears of normal animals actively moving about, and is greatest in tissues subjected to very gently intermittent changes in external pressure.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX
Authors: Yoffey Joseph M. , Sullivan Eugene R. , Drinker Cecil K. 
Published: June 2004

1. In a number of cats, dogs, monkeys, and in a rabbit, the cervical lymph ducts were cannulated and protein solutions dropped into the nose, and the lymph was examined afterwards for the presence of the protein employed.
2. Egg albumin was found in the lymph in all cases with one exception. Horse serum was never detected. Serum albumin did not come through in the cats, but did in a rabbit.
3. With a 1 per cent solution of T-1824 in horse serum no dye appeared in the lymph. This is regarded as confirming Gregersen and Gibson's (2) view that T-1824 combines with the serum proteins.
A PRECIPITINOGEN IN THE SERUM PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF ACUTE RHEUMATISM
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A precipitin reaction occurs between sera taken just before and shortly after the onset of acute rheumatism.
2. It recurs with repeated rheumatic cycles.
3. Certain properties of the precipitinogen and the precipitin are described.
INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

The soluble antigen of myxoma is a heat-labile protein which has an isoelectric point near pH 4.5 and is precipitated from half saturated solutions of ammonium sulfate. It can be partially purified by methods of differential precipitation based on variations in the pH and electrolyte concentration.
Rabbits receiving the labile, soluble substance of myxoma develop homologous precipitins and their serum agglutinates elementary bodies of myxoma, provided the dermal pulp from which the bodies are obtained contains the soluble substance; neutralizing antibodies do not appear, however, and the animals are not resistant to infection with the virus of myxoma.
Elementary bodies of myxoma appear to have a heat-stable agglutinogen that operates when brought in contact with serum from animals recovered from myxoma, but little, if at all, when in contact with anti-soluble substance serum.
DETECTION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NOSE AND THROAT AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND MONKEYS
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Hoskwith B. , Grossman L. H. 
Published: June 2004

Five strains of virus were recovered from nasal washings and feces. Four strains were of human origin, the fifth strain came from a monkey sacrificed at the height of the disease. Of the four human strains the first was isolated from the feces of a 14 year old child 7 days after the onset of illness. The second strain was from the nasal washings of a 6½ year old child, 5 days after the onset of illness. The third and fourth strains were recovered from the same patient, a 2½ year old child, 9 days after the onset of illness. One of these strains was obtained from nasopharyngeal washings and the other from the feces. The single monkey strain was isolated from the upper intestinal segment and appears to be the only instance of its isolation from this source in the literature.
We believe that the detection of the virus in the nasal washings of two additional patients during convalescence lends further support to the belief that the virus of poliomyelitis is spread by human contact.
Furthermore, the recovery of the virus from the gastro-intestinal tract with as great or greater frequency as from the upper respiratory tract, need not, it appears to us, alter our concept of the mode of entrance of the virus into the body, namely, by way of the upper respiratory tract. If the presence of the virus is conceded, then a consideration of the physiologic passage of nasal and oral secretions into the gastro-intestinal tract by reflex swallowing would serve to explain adequately the presence of the virus in those organs. It might even be further predicated that since the gastro-intestinal tract functions as a temporary reservoir for secretions from the upper respiratory tract, the gut should, after a time, contain the virus in higher concentration than any single sample of secretion obtained from the upper respiratory tract by nasal washing. It appears to us that failures to detect the virus in the gastro-intestinal tract are perhaps more indicative of inadequate procedures for its detection than of its absence.
The recovery of the virus from the feces 7 and 9 days after the onset of illness takes on added significance. It indicates first, that the virus withstands the gastric acidity which under normal physiological conditions tends to keep gastric contents relatively free of bacteria. It further suggests that improper disposal of feces from patients with poliomyelitis may have serious public health consequences, particularly in smaller communities where inadequate sewage disposal may result in contamination of surrounding beaches or even local water systems.
MIXED MOLECULES OF HEMOCYANINS FROM TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES
Authors: Tiselius Arne , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

By means of the improved electrophoretic technique it has been possible to study the association products which are formed when mixed and dissociated hemocyanins from two different species are reassociated. Both the dissociation and the reassociation of the hemocyanins have been produced simply by altering the pH of the solutions. Scale method electrophoretic diagrams have been used throughout this investigation. This method has adequately demonstrated its advantages and has permitted exact calculations of the mobility, concentration, and homogeneity of components which were either present in too small an amount or were too nearly similar electrochemically to have been defined by other methods.
Evidence has been presented which indicates that a number of mixed hemocyanins have been produced. These mixed hemocyanin molecules contain fractions of the dissociated hemocyanins from two different species.
GROWTH OF THE FOWL CORYZA BODIES IN TISSUE CULTURE AND IN BLOOD AGAR
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the growth capacity of chick embryo tissue for the fowl coryza bodies is conditioned by a diffusible cellular component which is essential for their multiplication. This growth factor is inactivated at pH 6, but withstands a temperature of 100°C. for 60 minutes. An amount sufficient to promote a normal growth of the specific bodies may be present in tissue culture supernatants long after its content in the tissue is exhausted.
Postembryonic tissue (liver and spleen) contains a variable amount of growth factor and is not a satisfactory substitute for the chick embryo. Multiplication of recently isolated fowl coryza bodies is not demonstrable in nutrient media enriched with blood. Experiments with one strain, however, indicate that an adaptation to fluid blood in an agar medium may take place after many generations in tissue culture.
The probable bacterial nature of the fowl coryza bodies is discussed on the basis of their cultural requirements.
DIFFERENCES IN IMMUNIZATION AND SENSITIZATION IN RABBITS INJECTED WITH RELATIVELY AVIRULENT OR HIGHLY VIRULENT CULTURES OF THE SAME STRAIN (H) OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. When a relatively avirulent strain of hemolytic streptococcus was injected into the skin of rabbits a considerable amount of skin sensitivity to streptococcus filtrate developed, and there was scant demonstrable immunity.
2. When the same strain of streptococcus was made highly virulent by repeated passages through rabbits, little sensitization and considerable immunity was produced.
3. Rabbits injected with a virulent culture of hemolytic streptococcus developed agglutinins and precipitins earlier and in larger amounts than animals injected with the avirulent form of the same organism.
4. Increase in virulence of hemolytic streptococci enhances the ability to protect against local infection and increases antibody formation but diminishes the production of sensitization. Avirulent and virulent strains of this microorganism have similar relations.
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE IMMUNIZING DOSE OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS AND THE RESULTANT IMMUNITY
Authors: Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

A direct proportion exists between the concentration of epidemic influenza virus used for intraperitoneal immunization of mice and the degree of immunity to intranasal infection which develops. Mice vaccinated with virus of a given strength resist infection with virus of the same concentration but not more. An irreducible minimum exists since mice vaccinated with less than ten intranasal lethal doses do not develop sufficient immunity to overcome intranasal infection with virus of the same strength. The fact that there exists a limiting threshold for the degree of immunity which a certain strength of virus will induce indicates that the virus does not multiply after intraperitoneal inoculations.
In ferrets a state of partial immunity is induced as a result of subcutaneous vaccination with active influenza virus. Vaccination with doses containing 100 or more intranasal infectious units is required for the production of circulating antibodies, protection of the animals from pulmonary involvement, and modification of the severity of the disease. On the other hand, intranasal inoculation with one infectious unit results in a firm, immediate immunity, although the duration of immunity may bear a relation to the severity of the original infection and consequently to the size of the infecting dose.
Ferrets in a state of partial immunity resulting from subcutaneous vaccination, or from the waning of a firm immunity following infection, respond to intranasal inoculation of influenza virus with an accelerated production of neutralizing antibodies. The antibody titer under these conditions reaches a much higher level than occurs following a primary infection. Fully immune animals, however, show no further antibody response to a second inoculation.
HEREDITARY BRACHYDACTYLIA AND ALLIED ABNORMALITIES IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. , Saxton John A. 
Published: June 2004

A series of deformities in the rabbit ranging from brachydactylia to acheiropodia have been described. Experimental breeding demonstrated that the occurrence of the deformities was determined by simple recessive hereditary factors and that the various types were genetically related and were not distinct hereditary entities.
Embryological investigation showed the first abnormal change was a dilatation of blood vessels in affected buds. This was followed by hemorrhage and necrosis of the parts involved. Sloughing subsequently occurred, and the deformity was completely expressed by the 25th day of fetal life.
A VIRUS DISEASE OF CATS, PRINCIPALLY CHARACTERIZED BY ALEUCOCYTOSIS, ENTERIC LESIONS AND THE PRESENCE OF INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSION BODIES
Authors: Hammon William D. , Enders John F. 
Published: June 2004

An acute, highly fatal epizootic disease of cats is described, which can be recognized by a fulminating and extreme leucopenia involving all types of white blood cells, aplasia of the bone marrow, including both the granulocytic and the erythrocytic series and occasionally the megakaryocytes, aplasia of lymphoid tissue, and characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the cells of the intestinal mucosa and in certain cells of the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow.
The infection has been induced in healthy cats by means of bacteria-free filtrates of emulsions of the spleen of infected animals. Collateral evidence supports the conclusion that the disease is due to a virus. The pathogenicity of the infectious agent has proved thus far to be strictly limited to the natural host.
ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE DERIVED FROM GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hirst George K. , Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A substance extracted from group A hemolytic streptococcus is described, which induces active immunity in mice, and in rabbits gives rise to precipitins and to protective antibodies passively transferable to mice.
2. The active immunity in mice is principally type-specific, but some degree of non-type-specific immunity is also developed. The passively transferable protective antibodies are type-specific with only a slight suggestion of non-type specificity. In the precipitin test, the rabbit immune sera give both type-specific and non-type-specific reactions which have not been fully analyzed serologically.
3. Substances contained in the extract absorb the protective antibodies from the serum of rabbits immunized with whole hemolytic streptococci.
4. The most satisfactory method of extraction so far developed is fully described. Chemical tests on the material are consistent with the presence of protein and nucleic acid.
5. The type-specific M substance, prepared as previously described, was compared in some of its antigenic properties with the above mentioned substance. It was found capable of inducing active immunity in mice and of absorbing protective antibody from anti-bacterial immune serum in a manner qualitatively similar to that obtained with the preparations made by the newer methods.