bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albania
Authors: Bica Jona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Albania, a former Communist regime with a centralized and inefficient economy, is currently striving hard to keep apace with economic development. Economic growth and the opportunity to break free from poverty depend on a dynamic business sector, unencumbered by corruption, red tape or needless legal restrictions. Today, the fastest growing sector of the economy is in the area of financial services. Although many of the divisions and sectors within the area of financial services are at an embryonic stage, the relevant regulatory framework has been in the process of development for some time. With the banking system much more stabilized, and an increasing number of foreign banks establishing a presence in Albania, confidence is growing and the market is beginning to open up to new financial products and instruments. Albania has worked towards deregulating the financial services sector to the extent that it will operate in line with international standards and follow the path of European Union (EU) countries. A new Albanian Financial Supervisory Authority (AFSA) was established in 2006 to govern the three financial areas of insurance, securities and certain non-banking financial services. The regulatory framework is being strengthened to support an increasingly diverse financial market.
Austria
Authors: Fabian Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Austria has modernized its banking and capital market supervisory authorities in recent years partly out of necessity but also partly in order to keep pace with rising international standards. The most significant and noticeable change in Austrian banking and capital market supervision was the creation of the Financial Market Authority (FMA) which began operating in April 2002. With the primary objective of more efficient supervision, the FMA was assigned the responsibility of responding more rapidly to changing market conditions and legal requirements and enforcing its supervisory decisions more effectively in comparison to its predecessors. In striving to meet this goal, the FMA acts as an independent authority (to the farthest possible extent permissible by the Austrian Constitution). Such independence is a fundamental aspect of modern banking and capital market supervision and to this extent Austria has taken a significant step forward in preparing for the challenges of modern supervisory tasks.
Luxembourg
Authors: Wagner Henri , Nicolas Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The financial services sector is important for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourg) and its economy. Financial services account for over 30% of Luxembourg’s GDP. It is the main pillar of Luxembourg’s economy and its banks hold about 40% of its total financial sector assets. Luxembourg has built up a substantial business in private banking. It is the second largest provider of private funds management services in the world, after the United States, and the largest provider of services to non-resident investors. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings and recent years have seen large multinationals set up headquarters in Luxembourg, having been lured by the favourable fiscal regime.
Macedonia
Authors: Ruben Ljubica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Macedonian financial services industry is under the strict control and supervision of state bodies, in particular the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia. The main characteristic of the Macedonian financial services market is its strict legal regulation. However, the aim is to liberalize the market, but there is a long way to go yet. The Macedonian securities market is still in the process of trying to make a breakthrough to attract foreign investors. Many economic, but also political factors have had a strong influence over the financial market in Macedonia. The further development and improvement of the financial market is imperative for Macedonia, as economic growth and development is crucial for any country. The Macedonian legal system is based on civil law traditions. It is very closely related to the continental legal system and under the influence of German law. The legal system in Macedonia is mainly regulated through legislation, but governmental institutions are also able to adopt secondary regulations to the legislation.
Norway
Authors: Lange Viggo , Sannes Knut Anders , Galtung Christian F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last two decades of the previous century, the Norwegian financial services industry experienced a period of significant development and modernization, as Norway went from the strongly regulated regime of a planned economy to a comparatively deregulated and market-oriented system. This modernization took place under the combined influence of the global tendency towards liberalization in general, and, in particular, Norway’s progressive alignment with successive European Union (EU) directives, culminating in the adoption of the whole of the EU’s acquis communautaire with the coming into force of the EEA Agreement on 1 January 1994. Although Norway is not a member of the EU, it is, through the EEA Agreement, a fully-fledged participant in the EU internal market (with the exception of the Agriculture and Fisheries sectors) and has implemented all of the EU directives in respect of financial services.
Slovak Republic
Authors: Bárta Ivo , Fuska Juraj , Pališin Michal , šatka L‘ubomír 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Slovak financial services industry, being one of the most important segments of the Slovak economy, has undergone major changes in the past twenty years. Such changes have resulted in major restructuring of the existing platforms for the provision of financial services in Slovakia as well as in creating new platforms for the provision of new financial products.
Sweden
Authors: Hammarskiöld Peder , Sundling Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Swedish financial services industry has experienced significant developments during the last ten to twenty years. Liberalization of the markets has been the key factor and the Swedish financial market has gone from being one of the most regulated markets in Europe to being a deregulated and free financial market. Swedish securities markets have, during the same period, become very attractive markets for investors around the world. There are several reasons for this liberalization including political and economic factors, as well as national and international developments. Sweden’s entry into the European Union (EU) of course played an important role, but changes in the political view of the role of financial markets have also contributed to the liberalization.
Switzerland
Authors: Stahler Olivier , Poskriakov Fedor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Swiss financial centre is characterized by a variety of factors, among others: stability and solidity, the quality of its services and infrastructure, the long tradition of banking and insurance and the competence of its staff, favourable legal conditions, moderate taxation, the traditionally stable Swiss franc and an efficient and consistent system of financial markets supervision. Overall, the Swiss financial sector is viewed as highly competitive and having sound monitoring structures. Over half of the value added is typically created by the traditional strength of the Swiss financial centre, ie asset management. Switzerland is a global leader in this hard-fought line of business. The securities holdings managed in custody accounts in the domestic banks amounted to more than CHF 4,300bn at the end of 2005; of which foreign customers accounted for a share of 59%. Of all assets held, around 34% came from private clients, 56% from institutional investors and 10% from commercial clients. If savings accounts, sight deposits and deposits on trust were also to be added to the securities holdings managed in bank accounts, then the amount of funds managed by Swiss banks at the end of 2005 reached a total of over CHF 5,900bn.
United Kingdom
Authors: Lamberton Eleanor , Hopper Martyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
London is one of the three main financial centres in the world. For example, it is a leading centre for foreign exchange trading, accounting for more than 30% of global turnover (more than New York and Tokyo combined). It is also the leading centre for euro trading (even though the UK is not in the euro zone), and is the biggest market in the world for derivatives traded over the counter, with a GBP 643bn daily turnover and a 43% global share. UK-based hedge fund managers manage nearly 80% of assets for all hedge fund managers based in Europe and around 25% of hedge fund assets worldwide. he London Stock Exchange (LSE) provides a large proportion of trading worldwide in many international equities, as well as in UK equities. London is also the second largest market worldwide (after Chicago) for exchange-traded futures and options. Euronext.Liffe is the world’s biggest electronic exchange and the major centre for euro money market derivative trading. It offers a wide range of financial futures and options contracts, as well as various commodity derivative contracts. Commodity trading also takes place on the London Metal Exchange (LME) and the Intercontinental Exchange ICE. Recent years have also seen exponential growth in capital raised on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), from GBP 975.8m in 2002 to GBP 15,678.10m raised in 2006.
Australia
Authors: Jong Leigh De , Rubenstein Paul , Leibler Arnold Bloch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal authorities that regulate financial services in Australia, including banking, insurance, and securities activities, are as follows: the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), a single prudential supervisor responsible for prudential supervision of banks, life and general insurance companies, superannuation funds, and other deposit-taking institutions (such as building societies, credit unions, and friendly societies); the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), with responsibility for the general regulation of companies, financial services and financial markets and consumer protection across the financial services industry including financial services, financial products and markets; and the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), which is responsible for monetary policy, overall financial system stability, and regulation of the payments system. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), while not directly involved in regulation of the financial services industry, regulates competition and fair trading and provides for consumer protection in the financial services marketplace.
China
Authors: Shen Will , Watkins Latham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The CBRC has powers to order banks to reform, alter or cease specific operations, and it can also revoke banking licences. In addition, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) law gives CBRC unambiguous enforcement powers and specifics a long list of infractions and non-compliance for which penalties, administrative punishments, and referral to criminal authorities can be meted out. The CSRC is empowered to supervise and administer participants in the securities industry including securities issuers, listed companies, securities exchanges, securities companies, securities registration and settlement institutions, securities investment funds management institutions, securities investment consultancy institutions, credit rating institutions and professionals. The CSRC is granted broad investigatory powers to enter the premises where illegal acts have been committed to investigate and obtain evidence, to question people, units and individuals involved in illegal acts, to check and duplicate records of securities transactions, financial accounts and other relevant documents and seal up and retain documents and materials, to check funds accounts and securities accounts of people involved in illegal acts, and apply to judicial institutions to freeze or to grant ‘injunctions’ where there is evidence that funds and securities are the subject matter of illegal acts which may be transferred or hidden.
India
Authors: Luthra Rajiv K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulatory authorities that regulate banking, insurance, and securities activities in India are as follows: Banking: India’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), regulates the banking activities, which is in addition to its principal function of formulating, implementing and monitoring the monetary policy and currency issuance. Furthermore, the RBI prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the banking and financial system (which includes most of the nonbanking finance companies) is required to function and also manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and the regulations framed thereunder. Insurance: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) regulates and promotes the orderly growth of the insurance and reinsurance sector in India. Its primary functions consist of issuing, renewing, or cancelling a certificate of registration for insurers and other intermediaries associated with insurance, protecting the interest of the policy holders, promoting efflciency in the insurance business and adjudicating disputes between insurers and intermediaries.
Japan
Authors: Marumo Akira , Pardinas Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal regulatory authority is the Financial Services Agency (FSA), which is responsible for ensuring the stability of Japan’s financial system, the protection of depositors, insurance policy holders and securities investors, and smooth finance through such measures as planning concerning the financial system, inspection and supervision of private sector financial institutions, and surveillance of securities transactions. The FSA has various offices through which it performs its functions. Among these offices are the Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (SESC), which ensures fair trading in securities and financial futures markets and maintains the confidence of investors in these markets, and the Certified Public Accountants and Auditing Oversight Board, which ensures reliable auditing.
Singapore
Authors: Wong Lucien , Mok Francis , Tiah Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main financial regulator in Singapore is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), which acts as the central bank of Singapore as well as an integrated regulator responsible for the banking, insurance, securities, and financial services industry. Singapore currently has one approved securities exchange, Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (SGX-ST), which has some regulatory functions with respect to compliance through its rules and the listing process, and one approved futures exchange, Singapore Exchange Derivatives Trading Limited (SGX-DT), which similarly has regulatory functions with respect to compliance with its rules.
Thailand
Authors: Hiranras Akaravudh , Sripaisal Wallop , Kritchanchai Narong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The banking activities are regulated by the Bank of Thailand (BOT), while the insurance activities are regulated by the Office of Insurance Commission and the securities activities are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). All of these activities are under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance (MOF). Generally, the authorities have power to prescribe regulations for the banks, insurance companies, and securities companies to comply with. If they fail to comply with or rectify failure, the relevant authority may, among other things, order them to suspend the operation entirely or partially, and may eventually withdraw the licence or order the closure of the entity. In particular cases, they may be fined, if the violation is a criminal offence. The principal laws governing the banking and financial system are the Commercial Banking Act BE 2505, and the Act on the Undertaking of Finance Business, Securities Business and Credit Foncier Business BE 2522, both of which were already combined into one Act, the Financial Institution Business Act BE 2551 (FIBA). However, FIBA will not come into effect until 3 August 2008. Insurance activities are governed by the Life Insurance Act BE 2535 and the Casualty Insurance Act BE 2535. The Securities and Exchange Act BE 2535 governs all securities activities.
Vietnam
Authors: Johannsson Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The State Bank of Vietnam regulates all banking business. The Ministry of Finance is responsible for regulating insurance through the Insurance Department of the Ministry of Finance. The State Securities Commission (SSC) (which is under the control of the Ministry of Finance) is responsible for regulating the securities market in Vietnam. It is not yet clear to what extent the recently established National Finance Supervisory Council (NFSC) will exercise its potentially broad powers in the fields of banking, securities, and insurance (see para 16.105, below). Each of the above authorities has powers of inspection and the ability to impose a range of sanctions ranging from fines to suspension of a licence to operate in the relevant sector that they supervise. None of the above authorities has criminal jurisdiction, therefore the responsibility for investigating allegations of criminal activity in banking, securities, or insurance rests with the Vietnamese police.
United Arab Emirates
Authors: Ross Timothy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) the Dubai Financial Services Authority(DFSA) is responsible for the regulation of all financial services. This includes banking, insurance, and securities activities. Outside of the DIFC in the Emirate of Dubai and in the wider United Arab Emirates (UAE), regulation is divided between various organizations: the UAE Central Bank regulates the banking sector; the Securities and Commodities Authority (ESCA) oversees aspects of securities activities; and the Insurance Authority, a subsidiary organization of the Federal Ministry of Economy, has oversight responsibilities with respect to the insurance sector.
Fields
Authors: Cullerne John P , Machacek Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our previous chapter was in two parts. The first part showed you how an acceleration would affect an object. The second part explained that forces could cause accelerations. A question was left unanswered, ‘What causes the forces?’. You may have also found it strange that one vital concept was completely missing from the whole chapter – nowhere was energy mentioned. It is time to set both of these deficiencies right, and the topic of fields is the best place in which to do it.
Oscillations And Waves
Authors: Cullerne John P , Machacek Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two of the greatest frameworks in physics have already been described in this book. Classical mechanics predicts the general motion of any body (whether in straight lines or rotation), and the study of fields enables us to understand the interaction of different objects, and as such goes to the root of what physics is about. And yet, the story, if left there, would be incomplete even for a nineteenth-century physicist. Very often (especially in practical situations) fields conspire (through the principles of mechanics) to produce repeating patterns of motion. While these can be studied using the normal techniques of classical mechanics, special methods for describing them make life much simpler for the physicist or engineer.
Miscellany
Authors: Cullerne John P , Machacek Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problems that require integration in physics are often difficult for beginners not because the integrals are so difficult (in fact the integrals themselves are usually quite easy), but because it takes a lot of practice to become comfortable with the process of translating the physical problem statement into the corresponding mathematical integral. This is called ‘setting up’ the integral. Let us use an example to illustrate the idea.
The Division of the Spoils
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Sensation Of Accord The category of ‘prehistoric’ art has seldom been de fined. It is a task that inhibits even the most confident writer. Consider this passage from one of the best books on the subject. The author is obviously uneasy about the relationship between Western art and ancient material culture, but, as he begins his account, he puts the problem from his mind: Art is a term too readily borrowed in archaeology to explain things from the far past that are not obviously utilitarian.
Notes from Underground
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Megalithic Art: A Reader’s Guide This chapter provides a brief overview of two related phenomena: megalithictombs and megalithic art. Their relationship to one another will be considered in more detail in Chapters 4 and 5 (Figure 11). Megalithic art is the conventional term for the wide variety of painted and pecked designs associated with stone-built tombs. It is a well-known feature of the prehistoric archaeology of Western Europe (Shee Twohig 1981). The main regions where it occurs are in Spain and Portugal, the west and north of France, and Ireland, although a few additional examples are known in Orkney, Wales, and central Germany.
Ships on Bronzes: Ships on Stones
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part III of this book is concerned with the distinctive images created between about 1600 and 300 BC in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. It is a study of how they were used and of the audiences who encountered them. These designs are particularly suited to this kind of analysis as they contrast in many different ways with the repertoire of megalithic art (Figure 44).
The Origin of Fire
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1903, the Danish composer Carl Nielsen was on holiday in the Mediterranean. While he was staying in Athens, he completed one of his most famous works, the orchestral overture Helios. Nielsen explained that the music evoked the sun rising out of the sea and travelling across the sky before it set. The piece has a special significance more than a century after it was written, for it is performed on Danish radio to mark the beginning of a new year. It seems that even now the passage of the sun is an important event.
The Structure and Function of Medicines Regulation in Europe
Authors: Feldschreiber Peter , Breckenridge Sir Alasdair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This describes all the ingredients of modern-day regulatory legislation, including the need for public endorsement of safety and efficacy, a written code of the description of safety and efficacy together with information for both the prescriber and patient for the safe use of a medicine. It even refers to the ‘Bolam’ approach to professional practice2 and the ‘regulatory defence’ in cases of defective products!
Compliance and Enforcement in the UK
Authors: Feldschreiber Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the MHRA in ensuring compliance with the medicines legislation by all those involved in the manufacture and supply of medicines on the UK market. The Inspection and Standards Division of the MHRA is responsible for ensuring compliance with the manufacturing and quality standards for medicines on the UK market. The Division licenses and inspects all UK manufacturers of pharmaceutical products, wholesale dealers, and importers of medicines and toxicology laboratories.