bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexibility: A Tool of Integration or a Restraint on Disintegration?
Authors: Wallace Helen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract’Flexibility’ emerged as one of the key words in the practitioners’ discourse during the Intergovernmental Conference leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997. The term became part of the new Eurospeak of the process, and shorthand for a broad‐ranging debate on the institutions and politics of the EU. It surfaced much as 'subsidiarity’ had done in the negotiations leading to agreement at Maastricht in 1991. Subsidiarity had then appeared to provide both a rationale and an operating tool for rearranging the division of labour between the European and national policy arenas. This chapter argues that similarly flexibility, according to its proponents, promised a new principle and a new tool for responding to differences in the enthusiasms and capabilities of the member states of the EU to take on new tasks of policy integration. In the period following Maastricht, it had become evident that subsidiarity was both a contested concept and a muddled guide for practice. In the aftermath of Amsterdam, flexibility needs to be examined both for its role as a potential principle in the integration process and for the scope it might offer for resolving problems of practice. This chapter develops this proposition more in detail. To that end, it puts the development of the principles of subsidiarity and flexibility in historical perspective.
Precedents and Present Events in the European Union: An Institutional Perspective on Treaty Reform
Authors: Sverdrup Ulf 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe 1996‐7 intergovernmental conference was convened to prepare the European Union (EU) for the challenges of the twenty‐first century, for which a radical review and reform of the EU's institutions was considered to be of paramount importance. This chapter investigates and maps the organizational factors that constrained and facilitated institutional reform in the EU. It challenges the liberal intergovernmental perspective, which argues that the preferences and power of the member states are the key explanatory factors for such reform. On the basis of empirical investigation of the 1996‐97 IGC, it suggests that an institutional perspective on governance reveals important aspects of political reform that have previously been neglected. It demonstrates that a careful analysis of the constraints and possibilities created by the path‐dependent development of the EU, the internal dynamics and the decision‐making procedures in the IGC, and a distinct temporal location help increase our understanding of the EU.
A Blairite Treaty: Neo‐Liberalism and Regulated Capitalism in the Treaty of Amsterdam
Authors: Pollack Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe EU's founding Treaties have been characterized by political contestation along two dimensions: a centre‐periphery dimension in which centralization to Brussels is opposed to national sovereignty, and a left‐right dimension pitting a center‐right project of market liberalization against a center‐left project of ‘regulated capitalism’. From the Treaty of Rome through the Maastricht Treaty, the fundamental thrust of the treaties has been neoliberal, focusing on the creation of a unified European marketplace, while side agreements have secured some elements of the regulated capitalism project. In this context, the Treaty of Amsterdam represents an outlier: a Treaty that addresses the central concerns of the regulated capitalism model (e.g. employment, social policy, and the environment), but does so primarily through new regulatory instruments and comparison of best practices rather than binding EU regulations. For good or ill, this ‘Blairite Treaty’ reflects the ‘Third Way’ governing philosophy of British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
The Embedded Acquis Communautaire: Transmission Belt and Prism of New Governance
Authors: Wiener Antje 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe European Union offers crucial insights into the gradual shift from Weberian form of modern ‘government’ towards the institutionalization of post‐Weberian ‘governance’. The article argues that the emerging ‘polity of polities’ context not only threatens the constitutional basis of democratic rule but also raises the questions of what exactly the new institutions of governance beyond the nation‐state are, and what they imply for the functioning (rules of the game) and legitimacy (democratic processes) of the political order. In an effort to elaborate on these questions, the article develops two themes. First, it raises critical questions about the conceptual boundedness of ‘governance’ in the discussion of constitutional and policy studies within the field of European integration. Secondly, it advances a methodological access point for the study of the institutionalization of governance in the Euro‐polity. It suggests situating the legal concept of acquis communautaire at the boundary of legal studies and politics. The concept is then applied to a case study of citizenship policy in the EU to demonstrate how the acquis communautaire—more precisely, the ‘embedded acquis communautaire’—facilitates methodological access to the study of the institutionalization of governance beyond the state and despite states.
Algeria
Authors: Axtmann Dirk 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Algeria follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1962–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7 and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1962–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1962–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1962 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1964–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1964–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1963–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1962–1998.
Congo (Democratic Republic)
Authors: Schmidt Siegmar , Stroux Daniel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Congo (Democratic Republic) follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions (suspended), and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1960–1987 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1960–1987 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1964–1967 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1960–1977 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1960–1987; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1970–1984 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1997.
Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Hartmann Christof 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Côte d’Ivoire follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums or coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5/2.6 Referendums/Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1960–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
Djibouti
Authors: Thibaut Bernhard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Djibouti follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1967–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1977–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1967 and 1977 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1973–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1977–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1981–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1977–1998.
Egypt
Authors: Ries Matthias 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Egypt follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1950–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1950–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1956–1990 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (the National Assembly elected in 1974 was to act as a Constitutional Assembly); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1984 and 1987 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1950–1995; 2.9 Presidential Referendums 1956–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1953–1998.
Gabon
Authors: Fleischhacker Helga 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Gabon follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1958 and 1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1996 (including details of elected candidates per province in 1996); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
Gambia
Authors: Bendel Petra 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in the Gambia follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1965–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1966–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1965 and 1970 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1966–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1966–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1982–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1965–1998.
Ghana
Authors: Krennerich Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Ghana follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1956–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1956–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1956–1992 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1956–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1956–1996 (including national and regional distribution of seats); 2.9 Presidential Elections 1979–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1957–1998.
Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Clemente‐Kersten Ana Catarina 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Guinea‐Bissau follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1972–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1972–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly 1972 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1976–1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1976–1994; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1973–1998.
Mauritania
Authors: Wegemund Regina 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Mauritania follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendum 1991 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1961–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and per moughataa); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1959–1998.
Morocco
Authors: Montabes Pereira Juan , Parejo Fernández María A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Morocco follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’état); 2.2 Electoral Body 1962–1997 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1963–1997 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1962–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1963–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1963–1997; 2.9 Presidential Elections (none held as Morocco is a constitutional monarchy); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1961–1998.
Niger
Authors: Basedau Matthias 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Niger follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1965–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1958–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1987–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1965–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1960–1998.
São Tomé and Príncipe
Authors: Fleischhacker Helga 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in São Tomé and Príncipe follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1990–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1990–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendum 1990 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1991–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and by electoral district); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1991–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1991–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast, nationally and by electoral district); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1975–1998.
Sierra Leone
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter on elections and electoral systems in Sierra Leone follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1978 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1957–1996; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1985–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1957–1998.