bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In justice to the highway department and as further information for all concerned I feel it would be well to mention certain developments that have occurred since I wrote the first article on the highway problem. Several members of the Philadelphia office of the highway department have been to see me. After getting a rough idea of the damage that would be done to my property were the latest proposed re-routing of U.S. 202 to go through, the highway men explained the plan for realigning 202 from Montgomeryville to New Hope, and gave reasons for their present preference for the line from Doylestown to Lahaska that has aroused such protest. They believed this highway would be the righway-and, I am bound to admit, they had some grounds for so believing. I then gave my reasons for objecting not only to this line but to the general all too prevalent practice of engineering-and living, too-without due regard for all the vital factors of the situation. I believe[d] and still believe this highway would be the wrongway-and, I think they are bound to admit that I have grounds for so believing.
Insight, Families, and Education An Exploration of the Role of Attribution in Clinical Outcome
Authors: Mcfarlane William R , Lukens Ellen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of insight in patients with schizophrenia has perplexed theoreticians and vexed clinicians for well over a century. The conundrum is all too familiar: these individuals are suffering simultaneously from the most severe of mental illnesses while unaware of a profound discrepancy between their experience and that of their peers. Until the advent of massive evidence that schizophrenia is partly or perhaps entirely an organic syndrome, it has been assumed that this grand indifference was psychologically determined. Lack of insight either protected the person from a self-assessment that might be overwhelmingly demoralizing or it defended against ambivalence and unconscious conflicts that were threatening and anxiety provoking.
Measurement of Stress Appraisal
Authors: Monroe Scott M , Kelley John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is almost axiomatic that for an event or situation to be stressful it must be apprehended or perceived by the organism. From this perspective, environmental challenge is thought to be mediated largely via perceptual processes; in tum, these perceptual processes are hypothesized to be influential with respect to health and well-being. Most generally stated, then, stress emerges from the perceptual inter face between world and person, the product of which is related to subsequent susceptibility to disorder. Additionally and more practically, the pivotal position of perception in stress theory helps explain individual differences in stress responses and outcomes.
Time of Trial
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Even the most zealous of white abolitionists were inclined to overlook was that freedom from slavery was not synonymous with full citizenship. A black man or woman need not wear a slave’s shackles to he “unfree.” Every day of their lives free people of color grappled with the reality of discrimination. In most states of the Union the law relegated them to a situation of quasifreedom. They lived in a particular state, hut they did not “belong” to it in the same way that their white neighbors did. Their presence was tolerated, nothing more. And as the racial violence that beset so many communities in the 1830s and 1840s made abundantly clear, it was not at all certain that their presence would continue to be tolerated.
James Forten was a perennial manager of the American Anti-Slavery Society. His sons and his son-in-law were officers in that same organization. His wife and daughters helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, one of the first women’s abolition societies in the nation.
The Existential Emotions: Anxiety-Fright, Guilt, and Shame
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anxiety-Fright, Guilt, And Shame are existential emotions because the threats on which they are based have to do with meanings and ideas about who we are, our place in the world, life and death, and the quality of our existence. We have constructed these meanings for ourselves out of our life experience and the values of the culture in which we live, and we are committed to preserving them. What is specifically threatened in each of these emotions differs. In anxiety-fright the meaning centers on our personal security, our identity as individuals, as well as on issues of life and death, while in guilt it is about our moral lapses, and in shame it is about our failure to live up to our own and others’ ideals.
Emotions Provoked by Favorable Life Conditions: Happiness, Pride, and Love
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter we deal with emotions that arise from situations favoring the attainment of our goals. They are happiness, pride, and love. We all want to experience and share these emotions because they are associated with getting and having what we want and, although certain forms of love are notable exceptions, they are mostly associated with feeling good.
The Logic of Our Emotions
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Thousands Of Years in the Western world, we have believed that emotion is an unpredictable response to life’s events, incompatible with intelligent judgment. We speak disparagingly of making decisions based on emotions, which are said to be a property of lower animals, while reason is claimed to be characteristic of advanced and intelligent beings like ourselves. When people react with emotion, we say they are regressing and displaying their primitive, animal natures. And these are not just our ideas; they have been handed down from the Ancient Greeks and have come to dominate Western ways of thinking, and are still taken for granted by most of us.
Emotions and Our Health
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Major Reason For Scientific and professional interest in the emotions (and stress, too) is the conviction that our emotional lives can promote either health or illness. Although the distinction between illness and disease is not a technical one, we often reserve the term illness for temporary, functional ailments and symptoms, such as respiratory infections from which we usually recover, pain, distress, depression, and lack of energy. Disease, on the other hand, refers to structural damage to tissues, such as the clogging of arteries with cholesterol-based plaque (arteriosclerosis) and cancer. The words ailment and disorder, which are also commonly used, are ambiguous with respect to this distinction.
Charting the History of Political and Social Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like English-speaking analytical philosophers, German conceptual historians distinguish concepts from words. A concept may be designated by more than one word or term. Sometimes several words must be tracked in order to chart the history of a concept such as “secularization.” At any given point in time, the political vocabulary of a natural language may make relatively sharp distinctions among potentially synonymous concepts such as “tyranny” and “despotism”; “absolute” and “arbitrar” ule. Or else it may be the case that boundary lines between such concepts ruay be relatively un differentiated, failing to distinguish terms once or later regarded as mutually exclusive. Thus Christian Meier has argued that in classical Greek, a number of political concepts we tend to distinguish—”power”; “force” or “violence”; “rule”; “domination”—were used as approximate synonyms. Again, distinctions once observed may be abandoned, as was the case late in the eighteenth-century when “tyranny” and “despotism” were conflated. From that time on, these terms were used in European languages as synonyms, with one being defined in terms of the other.
Innovation and Critique in the Handbuch
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Handbuch’s original program proposed that methods developed in the GG’s mapping of concepts be combined with two further types of investi gation associated with French historiography: mentalités in the Annales style exemplified by Vovelle and the quantitative treatment of political vocabular ies exemplified by French lexicologists. As has been seen, Reichardt con cluded that upon closer examination, quantitative lexicology had not contributed much to research on political language, and even less to that on revolutionary mentalités. If the study of political concepts and language was to inform knowledge of the mentalités developed during the French Revo lution, the Handbuch’s findings would have to be synthesized by other means. Reichardt has now attempted to do so. Thus my assessment of the Handbuch will include its editor’s latest contributions. But there is a prior set of issues which must be considered. For the Handbuch’s project needs to be reexamined in the light of the powerful critiques recently mounted by such French social historians as Roger Chartier, and directed against the previous generation of Annales historians who have provided much of Reichardt’s research program.
The Top-of the-Line Pinivore
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 13, 1979, Harry Hutchins Saw Both the beginning and the end of Clark’s Nutcracker’s period of dependency on pine nuts. Harry had recently come west from Michigan, with bachelor’s degrees in both forestry and wildlife science, to study pines and birds for a master’s degree at Utah State University. Having become acclimated to the altitude and to Rocky Mountain hailstorms, he found himself 9,700 feet above sea level at Surprise Lake, Grand Teton National Park, binoculars hanging from his neck and notebook in hand. Harry was getting to know Clark’s Nutcracker. Among his many observations that day, two have contextual significance: he saw a nutcracker foraging for unripe seeds from the 1979 crop in an immature, purple whitebark pine cone; and he observed a nutcracker parent digging up cached nuts from the 1978 crop, which it then fed to a nagging youngster.
Linguistic Analyses of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aphasia cannot be considered only as a neurological disorder. As a disruption of language, aphasia is also a linguistic disorder. The disruption may be manifested in different aspects of language function—phonological, morphological, syntactic, or semantic—and the aphasia syndromes can be distinguished, at least to some degree, by the linguistic function impaired. Although aphasia rarely involves only a single linguistic component (Blumstein, 1981), the linguistic abnormalities can be related to specific aphasia syndromes. Thus, they need to be analyzed, and this requires familiarity with basic linguistic concepts. Over the years many investigators have developed outlines of the human language system (see Figures 4.1 and 4.2).
Language function may be viewed as a hierarchy of linguistic units of ascending complexity-features, phonemes, morphemes, and syntagms (Lecours et al., 1983).
Extrasylvian (Transcortical) Aphasic Syndromes
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Repetition is sometimes normal, or nearly so, in patients who are otherwise aphasic. In some aphasics repetition is considerably superior to other language functions. Aphasia without repetition disturbance almost invariably indicates pathology located outside the perisylvian cortical region. Much of the involved brain region is vascular border zone, cerebral tissue lying at the junction of the middle cerebral artery territory with the vascular beds of the anterior or posterior cerebral arteries (see Figure 9.1). The clinical varieties of aphasia with relatively good repetition can usually be correlated with the area of border zone tissue involved.
The term transcortical aphasia was proposed by Wernicke (1881) and Lichtheim (1885), and several varieties of aphasia gathered under this title were in tensely studied by Goldstein (1917). The term was originally proposed to draw a contrast between aphasia syndromes with or without normal repetition. The word transcortical represented one area of a postulated model of the cortical network involved in language and ideation in which exact phonological reproduction could be accomplished by the aphasic patient but the meaning (idea) could not be extracted and/or reproduced. The hypothesis was abandoned many years ago; Goldstein, in his treatise entitled Die Transkortikalen Aphasien (1917), noted that the term transcortical was archaic and misleading.
The Postwar Japanese System
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A broad, intelligent overview of the Japanese political economy, The Social Construction of Japan is one of the best books available to tell us what we can learn from Japan, and what price the Japanese are paying for their success. While other countries are looking to Japan as an economic model, William Tabb shows how the political and social arrangements that have allowed Japan to succeed are placing a great strain on their society. He distinguishes between those aspects of Japanese success that can, and cannot be transferred successfully to help in the revitalization of the American economy. And he thoughtfully explores the fundamental social, political, and economic transitions the Japanese are experiencing today. A key resource for all those interested in Japanese society, The Social Construction of Japan succeeds in placing the economic “miracle” in its social and political framework.
Methods for Studying Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods used for studying migrating organisms range from simple counts to the use of complex electronic devices to track migrants across space and time. The recent rapid advances in technology from miniaturization to the development of sophisticated computers has permitted the counting or tracking of migrants in ways that often provide startling insights into the details of migratory pathways. At a different level, new technologies are also allowing extensive measurements on migrants under controlled laboratory conditions, yielding new understanding of physiological mechanisms underlying migratory behavior. Sophisticated technology, however, is not always necessary, for there is still much to be learned from relatively simple methods of marking and counting. In the following sections I briefly describe some of the means used to study migration. These are divided into field and laboratory methods, with each used to address particular issues. Field techniques are used to determine what migrants are actually doing under natural conditions; laboratory methods may be necessary to answer questions about physiology or life history. All have major advantages and disadvantages, and so with all there will be trade-offs involved. Whatever the method it will be apparent that because migration often takes place over large scales of space and time relative to the size and life span of the migrating organism, it is one of the most difficult of behaviors to study. The design and use of adequate methods thus presents a formidable challenge to the ingenuity of investigators.
Seasonal Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seasonal migrations involve movements among two or more areas that are occupied in different seasons during the annual cycle. Classically these are migrations to one location for breeding and to another for the remainder of the year. Annual migrations of birds like those of the arctic tern and the swift parrot outlined in Chapter 3 are fairly typical examples and illustrate the extremes of distances traveled. Such to-and-fro movements are not limited to birds, but occur also in organisms as diverse as whales and butterflies. It is also the case that seasonal movements can be among more than two places. The movements of wildebeest between three different parts of the Serengeti region of East Africa (Chapter 3), and the numerous cases of circuits to at least three areas of ocean-for breeding, nurturing of young, and adult feeding-in many marine fishes (Harden Jones, 1968; Dingle 1980) are good examples of multipartite migratory cycles. In these examples we see already some of the variability present in seasonal movements. This theme of variability and its significance will pervade the discussion in this chapter.
Evolutionary Genetics of Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in the previous chapters, migration is a dynamic and diverse process with a great deal of intriguing variation expressed across all taxonomic levels and in all aspects of migratory behavior. Running through the diversity is a common thread of adaptation to changing habitats, but there seems to be no limit to the forms adaptation can take. As seasons change, habitats deteriorate, or new environments become available, many organisms migrate, but the distances moved may be long or short, orientation may be simple or complex, and all, most, or only a few of the individuals in a population may take part. From the perspective of the organism, migration renders the environment more equable (Leggett 1985) and so is an important homeostatic behavior. For this reason one would expect relatively intense selection for optimal movement strategies. The observed variety of distinct patterns present in these indicates that natural selection has shaped considerable diversity, and new configurations are continually evolving.
Migration and Conservation
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The exponential rise in human population and the impact on the environment that growth has generated have resulted in profound consequences for the myriad species with which we share our planet. Many have gone extinct, many others have become scarce, while some, such as the migrant pests described in the last chapter, have increased in the newly created or expanded habitats. Alarmed by the loss of habitat and the extinction and reduced numbers of many species, we have responded with at first crude and now increasingly sophisticated attempts to prevent the extinctions, reverse apparent declines, and preserve a diversity of habitats. From its beginnings under the inspiration of Gifford Pinchot and others at the beginning of the twentieth century, the conservation movement has evolved from a series of relatively simple set-aside programs to the development of a science that attempts to guide the preservation of habitats and species through an understanding of their ecology. After a long gestation was born the science of conservation biology, which is now usually defined as the study of biological scarcity and diversity (Soule 1986; Wilson 1988).Migration is the key to the biology of several species that are becoming increasingly scarce or face the risk of extinction. In migratory organisms all the political, economic, and biological problems inherent in trying to generate sound conservation strategies are brought into sharp focus. Migrants may breed in one country, transit several others, and spend the nonbreeding season (or breed again) in yet another. Stopover sites may be as important as start and end points, and the resources necessary to support migrants anywhere along the line may be in conflict with economic or social aims. Thus, for example, migratory geese of several at risk species feed on grasses and can cause considerable crop losses either en route or on the wintering grounds if the grasses they feed on happen to be sprouting cereal grains (Greenwood 1993).
Summing Up and Future Directions
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to move is one of the most important characteristics of living things. Migration in all its often astonishing variety is the most elaborate expression of that ability, and its prevalence in so great a diversity of organisms demonstrates that it has been repeatedly favored by natural selection over alternative lifestyles. Movements away from a habitat as occur during migration must be subject to considerable risks, yet time after time in organism after organism migration appears as an element in the life cycle. The prevailing theme of this book has been the attempt to understand the role of migration in the greatly diverse life cycles in which it occurs. Congruent with that theme I have outlined the forms that migratory behavior and migratory lifestyles can take and tried to shed light on why, so often, migratory episodes assume such importance in the evolution of life histories.
Optical Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of adaptive optics in astronomical telescopes is to improve the image quality by compensating the wavefront distortion due to atmospheric turbulence. A basic understanding of the effects of turbulence on optical image formation is necessary for the design and evaluation of adaptive systems; it is also the key to the development of new concepts and techniques. The characteristics of atmospheric turbulence and its effect on the propagation of light through Earth’s atmosphere are reviewed in this chapter.
Optical Image Structure
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performance of an astronomical telescope is judged by its ability to concentrate the light from a distant star into the smallest possible radius. Laboratory tests reveal the intrinsic quality of the optical system, but when a telescope is operated in the dynamic environment of an observatory, external disturbances, such as atmospheric turbulence, become the limiting factor. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on telescope images is now well understood and many techniques are used to minimize its influence. Adaptive optics adds another dimension to the imaging process. The wavefront compensation produced by adaptive optics is never perfect, so that compensated images have unusual structure. It is these images, formed at the focal plane of the tele scope, that constitute the output of the system and by which the scientific results are judged. An awareness of the process of optical image formation, and of the effects of partial compensation on image structure, is essential for the design of adaptive optics systems for specific tasks. Conventional methods of specifying and evaluating image quality do not necessarily apply in such cases.
Laser Beacons
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All adaptive optics systems require a means for measuring the propagation path to provide the data to drive the wavefront compensator. Conventionally, this is achieved with a distant source of radiation that traverses the turbulent medium, bringing to the wavefront sensor a record of the wavefront distortion encountered during its journey. In the case of orbiting satellites, for which the first image compensation systems were designed, the solar-illuminated spacecraft themselves functioned as the reference source. By chance, these objects fulfill the two main requirements for adaptive optics reference sources: they are bright, and their size and orbit are such that they are usually contained within a single isopalmitic patch.