bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Current advances in anti-infective strategies
Authors: Almohaidi Asmaa M. Salih , Hassan Fikrat M. , Rothan Hussin 
Published: October 2023

Infectious diseases pose a global challenge, necessitating an exploration of novel methodologies for diagnostics and treatments. Since the onset of the most recent pandemic, COVID-19, which was initially identified as a worldwide health crisis, numerous countries experienced profound disruptions in their healthcare systems. To combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments across the globe have mobilized significant efforts and resources to develop treatments and vaccines. Researchers have put forth a multitude of approaches for COVID-19 detection, treatment protocols, and vaccine development, including groundbreaking mRNA technology, among others.
This matter represents not only a scientific endeavor but also an essential addition to our arsenal for combating infectious diseases. This concern is underscored by the inclusion of eleven articles in this issue, each highlighting the urgent need to boost global resources for investigating, detecting, treating, and responding to emerging infections. Furthermore, there is a pressing call for the effective coordination and guidance of Arabian research initiatives, in conjunction with the efforts of Afro-Asian countries, to collectively address the challenges at hand and enhance overall outcomes.
This special issue of Baghdad Science Journal on COVID-19 and anti-infective strategies provides an overview of infectious disease and anti-infective strategies management for detection, treatment protocol, and vaccine development including mRNA with many other strategies, by publishing articles on recent research concepts.
Riser Gas Handling from Theory to Practice: Incorporating Principles to Operational Procedures
Authors: Silva Thiago , Gabaldon Oscar , Luis Romar A. Gonzalez , Puerto Gustavo , Torres Fabian , Bedoya Jorge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work discusses the experience and results of generating a rig-specific riser gas handling (RGH) procedure based on previous project experiences and the IADC Riser Gas Handling Guidelines developed by the Riser Gas Handling sub-committee of the IADC Underbalanced Operations and Managed Pressure Drilling Committee. In this work the authors differentiate between what should be considered RGH, and what should be considered dynamic influx management, and define the boundaries between both processes.
It presents an example procedure under the following premises as main indicators to identify and differentiate the gas in the riser, for example a) high concentration of gas in the mud was detected in the shakers, b) gas units and LEL setting level, c) Undetected influx producing gas expansion in the riser increasing flow out. The presentation includes a brief discussion on the theory involved, preparation required, and responsibilities, and provides an example procedure and process flow diagram.
Slug and Backfill Trip Method Allows Quickened and Effective Tripping in High Pressure, Narrow Window Wells with MPD Drilling Techniques and Design Modelling Innovations
Authors: Gunn Philip , Okafor Maria , Thi Andy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drilling long laterals at depths deeper than 17,000 ftTVD in Oklahoma offers numerous challenges due to high-pressure gradients in combination with narrow pressure windows of sometimes less than 0.5 ppg. This necessitates Managed Pressure Drilling techniques allowing use of a hydrostatically underbalanced drilling mud.
Due to geological factors, bit runs are short and trips frequent. However, the pore pressure, narrow window, and the volume of mud in the vertical section hinders the use of the standard trip method of laying out a series of mud caps making conventional trips slow and cumbersome. As a result, over a series of consecutive bit trips, a method of balancing the well with a combination of a heavy slug and fixed volume backfill while stripping to surface was implemented and optimized and then further applied over successive bit trips and on a subsequent well. Once the bit was at surface, the well was hydrostatically balanced. Trips performed this way were significantly faster, saving time when compared to offsetting wells.
This paper details this slug and backfill trip method as a concept along with a series of three increasingly complex models for slugging and backfilling with MPD. The key depths model is succeeded by a constrained lightweight analytical model followed by a more elaborate, full numerical model for this type of well. The full numerical model can accommodate all slugging and backfilling scenarios and has wider applications.
Understanding Barrier Philosophy During MPD Operations
Authors: Parker Martyn , Shimi Ahmed , Kaldirim Omer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is becoming a common practice in the drilling industry and is getting more utilized and accessible to even the smallest operators. Albeit, we often see a need for a more fundamental understanding of MPD, where it should be used, what its limitations are, and especially the differences between MPD, Underbalanced Drilling (or UBD), and Well Control operations. This paper focuses on understanding the impact of MPD on the Primary Well Barrier Envelope, how MPD equipment selection and drilling parameters impact the Primary Well Barrier Envelope and other considerations that need to be understood. The authors will summarize guidance from the industry, including IADC UBO / MPD Committee. The authors will also share why as a company, they developed hard rules that they internally call the Pressure Operations Directive (POD), which they use to ensure the integrity of the Primary Well Barrier Envelope when using MPD.
Optimizing Well Spacing Based on Parent Well Depletion Radius
Authors: Assem A. I. , Ibrahim A. F. , Sinkey M. , Johnston T. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study focuses on the optimization of child well spacing to mitigate fracture hits caused by hydraulic fracturing near depleted fractured rocks. Fracture hits lead to damage in the parent wells and significantly reduce the productivity of child wells due to the substantial loss of fracture fluids and proppant to the parent well. The reduction in child well productivity can exceed 50% and is influenced by well spacing and parent well(s) depletion time.
To achieve this optimization, the study combines decline curve analysis (DCA) and reservoir volumetric calculations to estimate the depleted pore volume impacted by the parent well(s). This allows for the estimation of depletion radii for the parent wells.
By analyzing production history in an actual field case, depletion radii for shale wells were estimated. The preliminary results indicated that child wells with spacing greater than the depletion radius of parent wells did not experience frac hits, in contrast to those within the depletion radius, and these findings were further confirmed through fracture-driven interactions (FDIs).
By estimating the depletion radii of parent wells, this study presents a more efficient and cost-effective method for optimizing well spacing in unconventional reservoirs. This approach helps to avoid detrimental frac hits, minimize parent well damage, and improve the productivity of child wells, thus maximizing the overall performance of hydraulic fracturing operations near depleted fractured rocks.
Decarbonization and Implementation of Class L Cement for Top Hole Zonal Isolation
Authors: DuBois Kristin , Pinkhouse Joseph , Enos Craig 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Portland cement (the primary component in concrete) is the second most consumed product, globally, after water (Czigler 2020). With the sheer volume of cement that is produced each year, it should not be surprising that the manufacturing process ranks as the third largest industrial source of emissions and pollution in the world (EPA 2022). Specifically, cement plants emit a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) through fuel consumption to generate heat and the unavoidable chemical process of calcination. An oilfield service company and a cement manufacturer partnered to propose and implement a reduced carbon cementing solution to a future-focused operator. The primary goals were to 1) create a cement which reduced CO2 emissions by 20–30%, and 2) replace previously used Class A slurries with Class L slurries, while maintaining or improving the cement performance properties.
A new class of cement, Class L, was approved by the American Petroleum Institute (API) in 2019. This composite well cement is produced by intergrinding Portland cement clinker with one or more forms of gypsum, pozzolanic material (i.e., fly ash, silica fume, and natural pozzolans), as well as particle suspension aids. The cement manufacturer began working to create a Class L cement that would meet the same performance requirements as Class A cement while targeting substantial CO2 emissions reduction. The oilfield service company worked with the cement manufacturer over the course of two years to refine the product and evaluate it for oilfield application. Cement lab testing including thickening time, compressive strength, free water, fluid loss, transition time, and rheology evaluations were conducted on both the base Class L cement and designed slurries. Class L cement slurries were first implemented for this Appalachian Basin operator in late September 2022 and have since been utilized on more than 200 casing strings as of July 2023 across multiple operators.
The cement manufacturer has reported a 23% reduction in CO2 emissions by switching to the production of Class L cement from Class A within the same facility. Lab generated performance data of the base Class L cement and corresponding slurries are very similar and, in some cases, better than the original Class A slurries. To-date, more than 100 jobs have been successfully executed for this operator using Class L cement slurries, delivering both zonal isolation and well-integrity.
As the oil and gas industry focuses more on our Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) impact, the pathway that the cement manufacturer has paved is pivotal. Class L cement is a viable alternative to both API Class A and ASTM Type I/II cements utilized in well construction, while reducing CO2 emissions during manufacturing by 23%.
Revised Method of Evaluating Friction Flow Loop Results for Viscous Fluids
Authors: Bell Brian 
Published: October 2023

Summary
Friction flow loop trials have become the industry standard for the development of new friction reducers and prequalification/selection of products for individual jobs. However, there are no industry standards on how to perform flow loop tests. Previous attempts to rank friction reducers based on flow loop results encounter problems with results changing between loops, attributable to variations of flow conditions and often small differences between loops (Nizamidin, et al. 2021; Matovic et al. 2022). Very small, absolute changes in flow conditions can have an outsized impact on flow loop results, yielding confusing outcomes that can show one product significantly outperforming another while field results are sometimes the reverse.
The current method for flow loop testing produces results often not repeatable on another flow loop and possibly not consistent with its previous results if not fully climate controlled. The author proposes that by accounting for some changes in flow conditions, results become more in line with field results, especially between viscosifying polyacrylamides and traditional friction reducers. When pressure drop calculations are reexamined for sensitivities at common flow loop conditions that have reduced or little impact at field conditions, the difference in friction reduction observed in the lab can be reconciled with the friction reduction observed in the field.
Upon identifying critical components of flow conditions in the Darcy–Weisbach pressure drop calculations, the author took efforts to adjust the data observed based on measurable/quantifiable parameters. For instance, the primary observation was that the impact of a change in viscosity as small as 1 cp could change the Reynolds number an order of magnitude, moving the Moody friction factor higher in comparison to water, in which most standard flow loop results are normalized. However, this difference in Moody’s friction factor is eliminated at field conditions, leaving the relative roughness of the pipe as the sole driver of the Moody friction factor for the higher viscosity fluid the same as it is with water in both flow loop and wellbore conditions. When viscous fluids have their friction factor adjusted to match the corresponding flow conditions created in the flow loop, the results curve slides up to the expected ranges based on field results thereby validating the approach.
The novelty of this revised method is in its ability to adjust experimental data based on accurate measurements from common tools, allowing for lab results to better reflect real-world results. With this data in hand, engineers can more accurately predict pipe friction and more easily assess treating pressure issues arising in the field, such as water quality hurting the friction reduction, perforation friction, or tortuosity.
Jurassic Hydrocarbon System Appraisal and Implications for Prospectively in Central and Southern Iraq, Middle East
Authors: Qin Guosheng , Wang Youjing 
Published: October 2023

The Jurassic hydrocarbon system in Middle East is one of the world's most important systems with several giant oilfields are discovered in Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, etc[1–3]. The oil and gas discoveries of Jurassic formation are located in the northern part (Fig. 1). Such as the Najmah, Atrush, and Miran West oilfield in north Iraq. Meanwhile, it also considered the main producing reservoirs big reserve in adjacent countries. However, central and southern Iraq is an underexplored area due to large burial depth and limited data. Several wells have confirmed its huge potential. The appraisal of stratigraphy sequence, sedimentation and hydrocarbon assemblages is of great significance to understand prospectively in this region. It also shed light on the exploration of Jurassic formation and deeper formations.
The Jurassic contact with the lower Triassic (Kurra Chine) and upper Cretaceous (Sulaiy) in unconformity in southeastern Iraq. The contact surface often characterized by sharp lithological change[3]. For example, the Gotnia formation in top of Jurassic characterized by evaporate lithology (anhydrite and salt). However the Sulaiy formation in the bottom of Cretaceous characterized by mudstone. The Jurassic in Iraq can be further divided into lower Jurassic, middle Jurassic and upper Jurassic (Fig. 1). The lower Jurassic belongs to evaporate and carbonate ramp environment, the lithology dominated by anhydrite and dolomite. The middle Jurassic belongs to intra-shelf environment and the lithology dominated by mudstone and shale. The upper Jurassic belong to shelf and evaporate environment and the lithology dominated by mudstone and anhydrite[4–6].
Empower Decarbonization Through Successful Replication of Lean Six-Sigma Approach
Authors: Al-Salmi Ahmed. , Al-Hajri Said , Al Shukaili Aisha , Al-Zaabi Yousuf , Kays Carl , Al-Bahri Lubna , Al Mahrouqi Ghaliya , Al Balushi Sara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) adopted decarbonization journey to unlock opportunities in reducing Greenhouse gas emissions. By utilizing experience of previous project on reducing gas emissions using statistical approach, a successful replication of Six Sigma concept was executed on 5 more fields. This is different from the traditional practice of investing on Mega projects to reduce the gas emission. This paper expresses the replication campaign conducted to reduce the gas emission in more field across PDO.
The Replication approach was based on utilizing learnings of a project executed and completed in 2022, where the plan was to optimize training delivery and data analysis for faster project execution. The potential areas for replicating the Six Sigma concept were identified and prioritized using Pareto analysis. It indicated that five fields have the highest power consumption across PDO. The working team developed fit for purpose Six Sigma training, with optimum statistical tools to ensure utilization of the right Six Sigma tool. Selective and fit-for-purpose Six Sigma tools have been replicated such as process capability, hypothesis testing, and control charts.
The replication process varies from simple to complex depends on the nature of each field and data complexity. The simple replication requires less than three months including the capability build through a simplified version of Six Sigma training, analysis, and the pilot. Specific Six Sigma tools have been implemented while working on simple replications. However, it took around seven months to replicate the complex opportunities in which the practitioners went through a full Six Sigma course, dealt with huge number of data analysis. In addition, the complexity of the area required more data analysis and hypothesis testing which resulted in a longer time.
For instance, the replication on the north fields required full six sigma analysis whereas, the south fields required simple statical analysis. The overall replication on the four areas resulted in reduced power consumption by 2080 MW annually and resulted in reducing the emission of 33,405 tons of CO2 to the atmosphere per year. This has resulted in an average of 11,169 K m3/Y fuel gas reduction which is another financial saving of all these projects. There will be additional unquantified benefits that include reduction of climate change on the environment.
The Six sigma approach was successfully proven to be significantly successful in Mega systems and to resolve complex problems towards reducing power consumption, fuel consumption and gas emissions. This has opened windows for a wider application of DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach in the reduction of decarbonization and even beyond, such as; Flare reduction. This will also pave the way for exploring DMAIC utilization around the world.
A Reliable Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Estimator of Gas Condensate Reservoir Initial Composition and Dew Point Pressure
Authors: Embaireeg Aisha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An accurate prediction of the pressure depletion of gas condensate reservoir is important for evaluation, reserve estimation, planning production and future gas cycling to improve recovery. Constant volume depletion (CVD) tests provide various gas condensate fluid compositions at initial pressure and during reservoir depletion behavior. In addition, they provide the dew point pressure, amount of gas and oil recovery, saturation of accumulated retrograde, and compressibility factor. In case of unavailability or unreliability of the PVT test, alternative methods are vital to estimate these properties. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a model that can estimate the gas condensate’s initial composition and dew point pressure using neural network models.
The model was created by utilizing a large data bank of CVD tests comprising 141 of gas condensate samples at various pressures, temperatures, and compositions. The developed model used a multilayer perceptron neural network model to accurately predict the initial gas condensate composition from composition of produced gas at pressures below dew point, in case the initial composition and dew point is not measured due to sample unavailability. Additionally, a comparison between the proposed model and Equation of State (EOS) is performed for all gas condensate samples to show the advantage of the proposed model when the EOS is not properly tuned.
The developed model has a high degree of accuracy to predict initial gas composition with an average absolute percent error (AAPE) of 2.59% and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.999 for sweet gas condensate samples, and AAPE of 2.26%, and R2 of 0.982 for sour gas condensate samples. The model also predicts the dew point pressure with an AAPE of 2.45% and R2 of 0.992 for sweet gas condensate samples, and an AAPE of 1.86%, and R2 of 0.984 for sour gas condensate samples. The models’ performance has been compared to the Peng-Robinson EOS (PR-EOS). It was found that the untuned PR-EOS predicted the dew point pressure with AAPE error of 31.01% and a R2 of 0.555. This displays an excellent performance of the developed model’s estimations of the gas condensate’s initial composition and its dew point pressure.
The newly proposed model utilizes the neural network architecture and has an excellent agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the model is quite practical since it can be integrated in any spreadsheet program or implemented within a program language.
Innovative High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Thermal Spray Coating Applied to Electrical Submersible Pump Stages Enables 70% Scrap Reduction and Enhances Stage Mechanical Properties by 50%
Authors: Lopez R. Naranjo , Leon F. , Estrada S. , Velasquez E. , Escalona P. , Bravo M. E. Quinzo , Mogollon O. G. Sierra , Andagoya K. I. , Morales D. Marquez , Batallas E. , Guillca L. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are one of the primary artificial lift methods used around the world. After the equipment completes its life cycle, it is typically pulled out of the well to be inspected and dismantled, and it is classified as scrap if its dimensional tolerances are not within the acceptance criteria. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the application of a new stage coating method to substantially reduce the number of parts classified as unrecoverable.
The high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray coating, which applies molten metal particles at high velocity, was developed during the past century. Today, the process is more reliable and is used worldwide in different industries to recover parts such as aerospace and energy turbine components.
For the first time anywhere in the world, this technological process has been applied to ESP stages to improve their mechanical properties, ensuring performance while reducing metal waste. This study used laboratory tests such as microstructure characterization and X-ray spectroscopy.
The study used a sample of 200 ESP stages of which 70% were suitable for this technological application. The coating was sprayed over all eligible stages that comprised a single pump body, and the efficiency improvement was found to be approximately 1.17% per API RP 11S2 (R 2013). In addition, the coated surfaces increased stage mechanical resistance by 50%, stage abrasion resistance by 30%, stage erosion resistance by 20%, and stage corrosion resistance by 55% compared to that of brand-new nickel-rhenium stages. The results demonstrated that the stage remanufacturing process can be performed several times on the same part regardless of the length of operation or the number of times the string has been pulled and run in hole.
The implementation of this project could provide a remarkable environmental contribution. A single-brand ESP provider for Ecuadorian operations with 65% of the national well count estimates that 58,000 stages per year are classified as scrap as a result of mechanical wear. The coating process could reduce waste by 70% per year, resulting in an emissions savings of an estimated 19 metric tons of CO2e per year.
The research and development of this innovative technology can give new life to previously discarded parts, improving ESP mechanical properties. On the basis of the results obtained, this technology can be applied over horizontal multistage surface pumping systems and ESP stages that are brand new or already in use.