bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURFACE ALLOANTIGENS OF PLASMA CELLS
Authors: Takahashi Toshitada , Old Lloyd J. , Boyse Edward A. 
Published: June 2004

A serological study of immunoglobulin-forming cells of the mouse, normal and malignant, shows that they lack all known surface differentiation antigens of the thymocyte-lymphocyte axis: TL, θ, Ly-A, Ly-B, and MSLA. Two systems of normal alloantigens are expressed on these cells, H-2 and a new system named PC.
The gene Pca (Plasma cell antigen) which specifies PC.1 alloantigen segregates as a mendelian dominant not closely linked with H-2. This cell surface antigen is absent from thymocytes, leukemias, and very probably from thymus-derived lymphocytes also; it is present on cells of the liver, kidney, brain, and lymph nodes as well as on hemolytic plaque-forming cells of the spleen, and on myelomas. So PC.1 is properly classified as a differentiation alloantigen. The strain distribution of PC.1 does not conform to that of any known immunoglobulin allotype or cell surface alloantigen previously described.
Thus the cell surface antigens of immunoglobulin-producing cells are clearly different from those of cells belonging to the thymocyte-lymphocyte axis. Each family of cells has distinctive alloantigens, and the two families share alloantigens of only one known system, H-2. This implies that either immunoglobulin-producing cells are not derived from thymic lymphocytes, or if they are, the program responsible for the transition must include extensive revision of cell surface structure.
TRANSFER OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION WITH CELLS FROM BURSA OF FABRICIUS
Authors: Gilmour D. G. , Theis G. A. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: June 2004

F1 hybrid chicks isogenic for the strong B histocompatibility locus and for most weak H-loci were X-irradiated on day 1 after hatching, injected intraperitoneally on day 2 with dispersed cells of bursa, spleen, or thymus from 4- or 10-wk-old F1 hybrid donors, and immediately challenged by the same route with either Brucella abortus, sheep erythrocytes, or a mixture of both together. The agglutinin titers were measured in sera obtained 1 wk later. With 4-wk-old donors, a greater primary response to Brucella abortus was obtained after transfers of cells from bursa than from spleen, while thymus was much less effective. With 10-wk-old donors, the decreasing order of response was spleen, bursa, thymus.
Only splenic cells were effective in transferring a response to sheep erythrocytes, at either donor age. In tests of synergism by cell mixtures from pairs of organs, the only positive finding was a modest augmentation of titer against sheep erythrocytes by bursa + spleen as compared with spleen alone. Bursal cells from 6- or 10-wk-old donors were effective in transferring a response to sheep erythrocytes when antigen injection was delayed until 5 days after cell transfer.
Splenic cells from hormonally bursectomized donors were ineffective in transferring a primary response, even when the donors had been injected with antigen 1 wk before transfer. Preimmunization of normal donors led to marked increases in the responses to Brucella abortus produced by transferred splenic or thymic cells. With bursal cells, an increased response was obtained only if the interval between preimmunization and transfer was 17 rather than 7 days. With the 17-day interval, both bursal and thymic cells could also transfer a response to sheep erythrocytes.
The primary sera to Brucella abortus produced after transfers of bursal or splenic cells contained almost entirely 19S antibodies. A 7S component was found in all the secondary sera tested.
SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS BY MALIGNANT HUMAN PLASMACYTES
Authors: Zolla Susan , Buxbaum Joel , Franklin E. C. , Scharff M. D. 
Published: June 2004

Three basic patterns of γ-globulin synthesis are described in malignant human plasmacytes: extreme unbalanced synthesis where only L chains are synthesized; unbalanced synthesis in which intact γG globulin and an excess of free L chains are synthesized and secreted; and balanced synthesis where H and L chains appear to be synthesized in equimolar amounts. Studies of the cellular products appear to reflect the biosynthetic processes of the cells in a more reliable fashion than does analysis of serum or urinary proteins.
The absence of Bence Jones proteins from the urine does not necessarily indicate that free L chains are not being synthesized and secreted at the cellular level. Similarly, the completed globulin molecule secreted by malignant plasma cells may not be demonstrable by examination of serum.
Patterns of globulin synthesis in human myelomatous tissues vary as do patterns of globulin synthesis in mouse plasmacytomas.
Pulse-chase studies of the cells from one patient showed that a γG myeloma protein was assembled via an HL (half molecule) intermediate.
THE EFFECT OF INDUCED CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS ON THE IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASES OF NEW ZEALAND MICE
Authors: Tonietti Giorgio , Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

Chronic infections induced at birth with either LCM, an RNA virus, or polyoma, a DNA virus, in NZB, NZW, and NZB x W mice enhance ANA formation, aggravate the immune complex glomerulonephritis, and increase the associated mortality. The ANA titer was increased without apparent change in specificity of the antibodies involved in all three types of mice. Glomerulonephritis, while more severe in infected mice, was of the same type as occurred spontaneously and was characterized by a granular to lumpy accumulation of host IgG and C3 in the mesangia and along the capillary walls of the glomeruli. Of the LCM infected mice of all three types over 50% had died of glomerulonephritis by 6 months and over 85% by 9 months. Of the polyoma infected mice of all three types approximately 20% had died of glomerulonephritis by 6 months and over 40% by 9 months. Of the uninfected controls of all three types less than 10% had died by 6 months and less than 20% at 9 months except for the NZB x W females which had a 67% mortality at 9 months as a result of their spontaneous glomerulonephritis.
The two viral infections had significant effect on the incidence of anti-red cell antibodies or the severity of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in any of the three NZ mice.
THE ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE MOUSE CECUM
Authors: Gordon James H. , Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

Refinements of the anaerobic technique such as the utilization of prereduced media and the removal of traces of oxygen from the gases used by passage through a hot copper oven resulted in quantitative and qualitative improvements in the recovery of anaerobic bacteria from the cecum of SPF mice.
The commonest morphologic types of bacteria in the mouse cecum were tapered rods. These characteristically gave "speckled" colonies on agar plates. Those identified were species of the genera Fusobacterium, Eubacterium, and Clostridium. Several of the morphologic types seen with phase microscopy still could not be cultivated.
The implications of these findings for the study of the intestinal flora are discussed.
CARRIER FUNCTION IN ANTI-HAPTEN IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Paul William E. , Katz David H. , Goidl Edmond A. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Transfer of live lymphoid cells from BGG-immunized strain 2 guinea pigs into syngeneic animals primed with DNP-OVA prepares the recipients for a markedly enhanced secondary anti-DNP antibody response upon challenge with DNP-BGG. This phenomenon has been demonstrated when the recipients were challenged 1 day after cell transfer, but it was considerably more striking when an interval of 6 days was allowed between transfer of cells and challenge with antigen.
As demonstrated in the preceding paper (6), BGG preimmunization enhanced anti-DNP antibody responses to challenge with DNP-BGG. An analysis of the characteristics of substances to which preimmunization was effective in enhancing subsequent anti-hapten responses was made. It was shown that preimmunization of strain 13 guinea pigs with a copolymer of glutamic acid and lysine (GL), to which these animals are genetically unable to accord an immune response, failed to prepare them for an enhanced anti-DNP response to DNP-GL. Tolerance to BGG specifically abrogated the capacity of subsequent BGG immunization to prepare DNP-OVA primed rabbits for an enhanced anti-DNP response to DNP-BGG.
Sensitization of animals to haptens by preimmunization with hapten-protein conjugates failed to prepare them for enhanced primary or secondary antibody responses to other determinants associated with that hapten on a different carrier.
These studies indicate that the enhancing effect of carrier preimmunization reflects a cooperative interaction between lymphoid cells specific for carrier and cells specialized for haptenic determinants. Furthermore, the capacity of a substance to behave as a carrier requires more than its possession of a variety of antigenic determinants.
GENETIC VARIANTS OF γG4 GLOBULIN
Authors: Kunkel H. G. , Joslin F. G. , Penn G. M. , Natvig J. B. 
Published: June 2004

Two types of γG4 proteins, termed 4a and 4b, were characterized through antigenic studies of myeloma proteins. Both were recognized by specific antigens on the Fc fragment which were shared with other γG classes. The distinctive antigen of the common 4a type was shared with all γG1 and γG3 proteins but missing in those of the γG2 class; that for the rarer 4b type was selectively found in proteins of the γG2 class.
Analyses on γG4 fractions isolated from normal sera showed that either the 4a or the 4b or a mixture of the two types was present in each serum. Evidence was obtained that these differences were on a genetic basis and that allelic genes linked to those of the Gm system were involved.
Such a reciprocal occurrence in other classes of γG globulin of the antigenic markers distinguishing genetic variants has not been observed previously. A number of questions regarding the evolutionary development of the genes responsible are discussed. The possibility is raised that those for the γG4 class arose relatively early and preceded the development of those for the other γG classes.
CUTANEOUS BASOPHIL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Richerson Hal B. , Dvorak Harold F. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: June 2004

Jones-Mote reactivity, defined as a delayed-type skin reaction, occurs transiently early in the course of immunization with protein antigens or hapten conjugates with or without the adjuvant effect of tubercle bacilli. The skin reaction is typically a flat, well-circumscribed erythema with little induration beginning at about 6 hr, reaching a peak at 18–24 hr, and fading or gone at 48 hr.
Immunogenic carrier requirements for hapten-specific Jones-Mote hypersitivity resemble those of antibody production rather than of classic delayed hypersensitivity. Skin test antigen requirements indicate that the Jones-Mote reaction involves an active stimulatory response rather than combination with preformed antibody, since ABA conjugates of nonimmunogenic D-polymers do not work. Studies with ALS and carrageenan suggest that the lymphocyte is an important contributor to the reaction, but the macrophage is not.
Because the reactions studied here are operationally different from those described by Jones and Mote and because they have a characteristic histology, the term "cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity" is proposed.
STUDIES ON THYMUS FUNCTION
Authors: Stutman Osias , Yunis Edmond J. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

Immunological restoration of 45-day old, neonatally thymectomized C3Hf mice by treatment with humoral thymic function (thymoma grafts, thymus or thymoma in diffusion chambers) ranges from 0 to 12% and is difficult to acheive. When small numbers (5–20 x 106) of young adult lymphohemopoietic cells, ineffective by themselves, are given in association with humoral thymic function, a cooperative effect is observed and restoration ranges from 30 to 60%. With a particular cell dosage (20 x 106), effectivity for cooperation with thymic function was the following in decreasing order: spleen, lymph nodes, thoracic duct cells, bone marrow, blood leukocytes, thymus, and Peyer's patch cells. Comparable results were obtained using spleen, thymus, and hemopoietic liver from newborn donors in association with thymic function. For similar cell dosages, newborn thymus cells were more effective than adult thymus in their cooperative effect with thymic function. Dispersed thymus cells in association with young adult bone marrow or newborn hemopoietic liver cells showed no synergism for the cooperative effect with thymic function in the present model.
Using hemiallogeneic cells (F1 hybrid into parent) it was possible to show that restoration was mediated by proliferative expansion of the injected cells. This was indicated by specific tolerance to tissues of the other parental strain and by cellular chimerism, especially of lymphoid tissues, as indicated by chromosome markers and absence of significant numbers of immunocompetent cells of host origin.
A population of paritally differentiated cells of hemopoietic origin, termed postthymic, sensitive to humoral activity of the thymus and present in the lymphohemopoietic tissues of adult and newborn mice is postulated to explain our results. These cells are postthymic and thymus dependent in the sense that they already received thymic influence, probably through traffic, and are incapable of self-renewal in absence of the thymus. Sensitivity to humoral activity of the thymus is characterized by proliferative expansion and/or a differentiative process eventually leading to larger numbers of competent cells.
SERUM CONCENTRATIONS AND ALLOTYPES OF IMMUNO-GLOBULINS IN TWO LINES OF MICE GENETICALLY SELECTED FOR "HIGH" OR "LOW" ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Biozzi Guido , Asofsky Richard , Lieberman Rose , Stiffel Claude , Mouton Denise , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Random-bred Swiss mice were selectively bred for 16 generations; selection was based on their agglutinin response to sheep and pigeon erythrocytes to produce a high and a low responder line.
The serum levels of individual immunoglobulins differed significantly in these two lines before immunization. The differences in the levels of immunoglobulins were much more marked after immunization with pigeon or sheep erythrocytes. Greater differences between the two lines were noted in IgM and IgG levels than in IgA.
Another remarkable finding was the presence of different immunoglobulin phenotypes in the two lines. The high responders were homozygous or heterozygous for heavy-chain linkage groups found separately in the prototype BALB/c and C57BL inbred strains. The low responders were homozygous for a heavy-chain linkage group not present in bred mice in the United States, but observed as a recombinant type among wild mice probably representing a crossover between the heavy-chain linkage groups of the prototype DBA/2 and NH inbred mice.
INTRARENAL COMPLEMENT FIXATION BY CYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Sellin D. , Kövary M. , Rother U. , Rother K. 
Published: June 2004

The reactivity of histocompatibility antigens with serum antibodies and complement was studied in a short term model of allotransplantation. Lewis and DA rat kidneys were perfused with cytotoxic antisera and tissue sections analyzed for adsorption of fluorescent antibodies against γ-globulin and complement (ß1C protein). Both, the presumed cytotoxic antibody and C were localized at similar sites in the endothelial lining and in the walls of the arterial vessels and of the larger veins.
The pattern of immune globulin deposition was distinct from that observed in glomerulonephritis. It may thus become helpful in the differential diagnosis between graft rejection and glomerulonephritis.
At the sites of the deposits, the endothelial cells appeared enlarged and their nuclei protruded into the lumen.
The findings are in line with the hypothesis that an antibody-mediated local activation of serum complement may be involved in the destruction of allografted tissue.
ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC CELLS IN MOUSE BONE MARROW
Authors: Miller Harold C. , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: June 2004

Graded numbers of marrow cells and 5 x 107 thymocytes were mixed in vitro and transplanted into X-irradiated (C3H x C57BL/10)F1 mice. Upon injection of sheep or chicken erythrocytes, splenic plaque-forming cells secreting IgM (direct PFC) or IgG (indirect PFC) hemolytic antibody were enumerated at the time of peak responses.
Anti-sheep and anti-chicken primary PFC responses elicited by nonimmune marrow cells differed sharply from each other under the conditions of limiting dilution assays. The frequencies of anti-chicken responses in recipients of different numbers of marrow cells conformed to the predictions of the Poisson model, while the frequencies of anti-sheep responses did not. Hence, the function of certain marrow-derived cells was expressed differentially during the two immune responses, to exclude that the same precursor units generated anti-sheep or anti-chicken PFC. The former precursor cells or units were functionally more heterogeneous than the latter.
Immunization of marrow donors against sheep erythrocytes did not alter the population of cells engaged in anti-chicken responses, since limiting dilution assays with immune and nonimmune marrow cells gave identical results. However, anti-sheep immunization altered specifically the cell population engaged in anti-sheep responses, in two ways: (a) potentially immunocompetent marrow cells underwent antigen-dependent differentiation or maturation, to become functionally homogeneous. Consequently, the frequencies of PFC responses in limiting dilution assays conformed to the Poisson model; the changes occurred independently in class-restricted precursors of direct and indirect PFC. (b) marrow cells capable of inhibiting precursors of direct anti-sheep PFC arose in primed mice. The inhibition, which was specific, could have been effected directly by marrow cells or by a diffusable product such as IgG antibody. Results indicated that potentially immunocompetent cells of mouse marrow with distinct functions were antigen specific and antigen sensitive.
DIFFERENTIAL MEMBRANOLYTIC EFFECTS OF MICROCRYSTALLINE SODIUM URATE AND CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE
Authors: Wallingford Walter R. , McCarty Daniel J. 
Published: June 2004

Microcrystals of sodium urate produced direct lysis of erythrocyte membranes, as had been described previously for silica. Calcium pyrophosphate crystals induced modest erythrocyte hemolysis, also, and time-course experiments showed a markedly different reaction curve from those produced by silica and urate. Polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide, a strong hydrogen acceptor, was bound from solution to urate and silica, but not to calcium pyrophosphate crystals; this compound effectively blocked urate and silica, but not calcium pyrophosphate or control hemolysis. Dextran and heparin inhibited urate-but not silica-induced hemolysis.
If erythrocyte and lysosome membranes react similarly to these particles, then the absence of phagosomes in gouty synovial fluid leukocytes, and the presence of these structures in pseudogout, may be explained.
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN ALBINO MICE
Authors: Costello Richard , Izumi Takateru 
Published: June 2004

Enhanced resistance against experimental tuberculosis was acquired by albino mice after peritoneal vaccination with living BCG.
Prolongation of life was used as a measure of resistance against massive intravenous challenge infection. The average degree of prolongation of life was found to be directly related to the size of the vaccinating dose. The ultimate numbers of BCG bacilli recovered from the animal's organs were also directly related to the quantity of vaccine initially administered. It appears therefore that the relative degree of antitubercular resistance achieved by immunized mice is closely related to the vaccinal population present in the animal's organs.
THE MEDIATOR OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: McGregor D. D. , Koster F. T. , Mackaness G. B. 
Published: June 2004

Thoracic duct cells from rats which have survived an infection with Listeria monocytogenes can confer a high level of antimicrobial resistance upon normal recipients. The cells which confer protection appear in the thoracic duct during the 1st wk of the immunizing infection, at a time when newly formed lymphocytes are being added to the lymph in substantially increased numbers. The protective cells differ in at least two respects from the majority of small lymphocytes in central lymph: they have a rapid turnover rate and a short life-span in the circulation.
Evidence was also obtained that lymphopoiesis affecting the long-lived small lymphocyte, which belongs to the recirculating pool, is not increased during an acute Listeria infection.
THE PRESENCE OF A GROUP A VARIANT-LIKE ANTIGEN IN STREPTOCOCCI OF OTHER GROUPS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GROUP N
Authors: Elliott S. D. , Hayward John , Liu T. Y. 
Published: June 2004

A Group A variant-like antigen has been detected in streptococci belonging to Groups D, E, G, M, and N. In Groups D and N the variant-like antigen was located in the streptococcal cell walls.
In two strains of Group N streptococci (C559 and B209) the cell walls were chemically different and serologically distinct. In strain C559 N-acetylgalactosamine, and in strain B209, N-acetylglucosamine were the major determinants of serological specificity.
The cell walls of strain C559 contained at least three serologically reactive components: a rhamnose-containing fraction that precipitated with an antiserum to Group A-variant carbohydrate; a strain-specific polysaccharide composed of galactosamine and glucosamine, both in the N-acetylated form and probably polymerized with an unidentified phosphorylated substance; and a component of unknown composition serologically related to a Group D streptococcus strain C3 (S. durans). An analogy is drawn between the cell wall structure in streptococcus and Salmonella.
REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY SYNTHETIC POLYNUCLEOTIDES
Authors: Johnson Herbert G. , Johnson Arthur G. 
Published: June 2004

Incubation of antigen with normal mouse peritoneal exudate cells in vitro and subsequent reinjection of the washed cells into syngeneic mice resulted in increased antibody titers as compared to mice injected with antigen alone. Several of the variables influencing this system were studied with and without the stimulus of complex homoribopolynucleotides (poly A:U or poly I:C) as adjuvants to determine the cellular site of action of the latter. It was found that addition of poly A:U or poly I:C caused a further rise in circulating antibody levels which correlated with increased RNA synthesis, suggesting that the macrophage was one cell affected by this adjuvant. Actinomycin D was found to inhibit the rise in titer induced by PEC and this inhibition could be overcome by poly A:U. Injection of the polynucleotides 18 hr before antigen resulted in depression of circulating antibody levels, and poly A:U or poly I:C injected 18 hr before harvesting PEC and incubation with antigen also inhibited the capacity of the PEC to increase antibody levels.
A 4S RNA-rich fraction was purified after treatment with phenol of PEC exposed to antigen in vitro, and under the stimulus of poly A:U this RNA was capable of inducing specific antibody titers and rosette-forming cells on injection into mice. Antigen contamination of Pronase-treated RNA, active biologically, was below 10–11 g as determined isotopically.