bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatic Evolution of Antibody Genes
Authors: Beale Rupert , Iber Dagmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proteins evolve by the iterative alternation of mutation and selection over evolutionary time. Yet in a matter of days, the vertebrate immune system generates novel antibodies with high affinity for cognate antigens. This is accomplished by somatic mutation of the diverse pool of antibody genes generated from gene fragments as described in chapter 9, and clonal selection of high-affinity antibody producing B cells—a process of somatic rather than the familiar germline evolution. A spontaneously occurring process in DNA—deamination of deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine (C→U)—is catalyzed to produce mutations in antibody genes. A competitive environment is generated within the organism to select for mutations conferring high affinity—and to guard against self-reactivity. Thus the capability to produce high-affinity antibodies is an implicit property of the vertebrate genome.
Overcoming Christianity
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
my childhood was inundated with Christianity. It’s not that my family was especially religious. They weren’t. It was just that I grew up in Memphis. Like most southern U.S. cities in the 1960s, Memphis was overflowing with Christianity. There was more Christianity in Memphis than water in the Mississippi River. Just as the Mississippi was hard to escape when it flooded, so Christianity was unavoidable in Memphis, especially around Christmas, Easter, and Thanksgiving. Anyway, I didn’t try to avoid it. I went along, like any good child would.
Faith and Fanaticism
Authors: Adler Jonathan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do you explain the intellectual dimension of fanaticism, particularly as it leads to terrorism? The fanatics I focus on strive to justify their single-minded pursuit, as I illustrate initially from the guilty plea of Eric Rudolph, the convicted bomber. Fanatics put forth arguments with which they try to persuade others to share their commitments. An intellectual thread joins the traits we associate with fanaticism: self-righteousness, intolerance, excessive certainty, zealotry. So convinced are the fanatics that their cause is just that they are willing to pursue actions—including terrorism—that shatter the most fundamental of ethical boundaries.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: O’Brien Thomas R , Welzel Tania Mara , Kaslow Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV-1 appears to have originated in Central Africa sometime in the first half of the twentieth century (Korber et al., 2000). It was almost surely confined there unrecognized for years before it spread to North America, where its cardinal late complications (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma) appeared among homosexual men in 1981 (CDC, 1981). Once HIV-1 was characterized several years later, the extent of the HIV-1 epidemic was recognized.
HIV-1 is most commonly acquired through sexual intercourse but can also be transmitted parenterally (through needles used for transfusion or drug injection) and perinatally from mother to infant. The epidemic is most severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where about threefourths of worldwide acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths have occurred thus far (Piot et al., 2001). Although HIV-1 reached Asia relatively recently, it has spread rapidly (via sexual transmission and injection drug use) in Southeast Asia and India. The infection is also increasing in China, both among injection drug users and in residents of certain rural areas where the virus was transmitted via contaminated blood collection equipment. In North America, Western Europe, and Australia, the HIV-1 epidemic arose initially among homosexual or bisexual men and then spread to injection drug users and some heterosexuals. HIV-1 infection is also a major problem in parts of the Caribbean and Latin America.
Hospice Palliative Care: A Model for Quality End-of-Life Care
Authors: Egan Kathleen A , Labyak Mary J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hospice is a program of care provided across a variety of settings, based on the understanding that dying is part of the normal life cycle. As people experience this last phase of life, hospice provides comprehensive palliative medical and supportive services, compassion, and care with the goals of comfort and quality of life closure. A hospice supports the patient through the dying process and the family through the experience of caregiving, the patient’s illness, dying, and their own bereavement. Understanding that the last phase of life is as individual as each person who experiences it, a hospice advocates so that people may live the remainder of their lives with dignity and die in a manner that is meaningful to them.
Bereavement
Authors: Corless Inge B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 9, 2004,a faculty member died after a valiant battle to live. She had been afflicted with a type of cancer for which she received a bone marrow transplant. The transplant failed, and this gifted academician died leaving a bereft husband and five children, three of whom were triplets. On the same day, a young girl died. She was the daughter of a faculty member at the same academic program. The faculty member chose not to divulge the slow decline of her lovely 19-year-old daughter, thereby encapsulating the group to which she needed to reveal her sad news. The faculty was devastated to have encountered death in the first person among their ranks, wanting to offer support and condolences to the immediate family—which they did—and also confronting their own grief. Faculty members walked around their school in a daze grieving for their losses. They were the walking wounded.
Ear Models of the Final Common Pathway 2.Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Circuits
Authors: Williamson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basal ganglia-thalamocortical neuronal circuits play an important role in learning new behaviors and integrating emotion into behavior (Alexander et al., 1990; Wise et al., 1996). Because these functions are often affected in schizophrenia, there may be a role for these circuits in the pathophysiology of the disorder. The behavior of patients with damage to regions associated with these circuits offers further evidence. Pantelis et al. (1992) highlighted the similarities between subcortical dementia and schizophrenia. Subcortical dementia as defined by Cummings (1986) is associated with slowness of thinking, impaired motivation, attention, and arousal, and sometimes depressed mood and psychotic symptoms. The syndrome occurs following lesions in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brain-stem structures. With the exception of the brain stem, these structures are part of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits.
Interpreting the Musical Past
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an era of heightened patriotic fervor following France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Parisians packed concert halls to hear performances of Handel’s oratorios and Bach’s organ works. At the same time, both royalists and republicans called for the re-evaluation of the once detested musique française of the ancien régime. Musicologist Katharine Ellis examines these unlikely aspects of cultural life in the new Republic as part of a broader study of the early music revival in nineteenth-century France. This revival gives us a vivid sense of how music’s cultural meanings were contested, distilled into dominant visions, and then often revised. Peppering the century are famous fakes, pastiches and other creative negotiations between past and present. Descriptions of these phenomena by contemporary witnesses reveal how dissent could run along social, religious and political lines, and why certain genres became idealized while others were disparaged. After providing an overview of trends and contexts throughout the century, Ellis examines specific repertoires that evoked unusually spirited advocacy and debate. She explores the attempts to revive French Baroque stage music in the 1870s; arguments on the appropriateness of Palestrina’s liturgical music; the reception of Bach and Handel, and their relation to French choral activity; and, finally, musical “Frenchness.” Four case-study chapters focus on key debates and repertories stretching from Adam de la Halle to Rameau, via Josquin, Janequin, Palestrina, Bach and Handel. Interpreting the Musical Past discusses what is at stake in the construction of a musical heritage, and how ideology informs musical value judgements. In its focus on the nature of musical experience and the meaning of music in society, the book explores amateur and professional music-making; working-class, aristocratic and bourgeois cultural life; national pride; religious politics; and ritual, both liturgical and secular. Based on extensive primary research in Paris and the French regions, Interpreting the Musical Past is at once a history of culture, of reception, and of historiography. Covering five centuries of music (from the mid-thirteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries) and a century of French history, it explains long-term changes of cultural meaning while celebrating the richness of local detail. This study of musical revivalism offers a penetrating analysis of what lies at the heart of the construction, championing, and development of a musical cultural memory.
Hume’s Arguments on Cosmology and Design
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many different kinds of reasons have been given, in various times and places, for belief in the existence of God. Mystics have sometimes claimed direct experiential awareness of the deity. Other believers have maintained that faith, not reason, is the proper foundation for religious conviction. Pascal, a devout adherent of this latter group, also claimed that belief could be fostered by a pragmatic “wager.” During David Hume’s lifetime—as well as before and after—”natural religion” enjoyed considerable popularity. According to this approach, the existence of a Supreme Being could be established by rational arguments, either a priori or a posteriori. In Hume’s Dialogues (1970) [1779], the a priori arguments—such as Anselm’s ontological argument and Aquinas’s first-cause argument—are treated briefly, but they are given rather short shrift. They are defended by Demea, who is clearly the intellectual inferior of Philo and Cleanthes; they are dispatched quickly and without much ceremony. Indeed, Demea is not even able to stick out the discussion to the end.
Defining Intimate Partner Violence: Controversies and Implications:
Authors: Nicolaidis Christina , Paranjape Anuradha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different conceptualizations— and thus definitions—of intimate partner violence (IPV). These various conceptualizations are at times contradictory and may generate controversy. Controversial aspects of the definition of IPV include: Who is considered to be an “intimate partner”; What types of actions constitute physical or sexual violence; Whether or not emotional abuse or threats of violence constitute IPV; The importance of power and control; and The necessity of understanding the patterns, antecedents, and consequences of violent acts. Differences in the conceptualization of IPV may result from differences in which populations are sampled, how data are collected, and what aspects of violence are measured. All these factors play into important ongoing debates such as the existence of gender-symmetry in IPV.
Prevalence of Nonfatal and Fatal Intimate Partner Violence in the United States
Authors: Saltzman Linda E , Houry Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many data sources exist on intimate partner violence (IPV)-specific events and prevalence both within health and justice data resources. Intimate partner violence rates vary greatly by data source. Intimate partner violence rates vary by incidence, 1-year prevalence, and lifetime prevalence. Many reported IPV rates are not inclusive and do not take into account all forms of IPV (physical, emotional, or sexual). Intimate partner violence is a term coined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); domestic violence is a criminal justice term; “adult maltreatment” is the nomenclature used in the International Classification of Diseases for IPV, further complicating surveillance efforts.
Explanatory Frameworks of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Mitchell Connie , Vanya Magdalena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Key Concepts Although the family is often imagined as a “haven in a heartless world,” women and children are more likely to be hurt or killed by someone they live with than by a stranger on the street. The cultural pressure to perpetuate the loving family ideal in “front stage” contributes to the fact that intimate partner violence (IPV) frequently remains concealed from the public audience in the family’s “back stage” for a long time. According to Goffman’s typology of stigmas, living in a violent relationship would fall into the category of “blemishes of individual character,” and therefore victims of spouse abuse are often seen as having a personal ?aw or a deviant trait.
Diagnosis Through Disclosure and Pattern Recognition
Authors: Anglin Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is identified in the clinical setting by one of two means: patient disclosure that may be either spontaneous or prompted, or clinically suspected by means of pattern recognition in the history or physical examination. Fostering disclosure of IPV involves practitioner behaviors that promote privacy and safety, as well as addressing institutional, professional, and victim barriers to disclosure. During discussions with patients about stigmatized health issues such as IPV, healthcare providers (HCPs) must convey compassion, interest, and respect, and maintain a nonjudgmental perspective at all times.
Chronic Physical Symptoms in Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Nicolaidis Christina , Liebschutz Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous studies confirm an association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and poorer general physical health, a wide range of physical symptoms, a greater number of symptoms, and more severe symptoms. Intimate partner violence may also be associated with somatic complaints or symptom syndromes such as irritable bowel disease or fibromyalgia, but it is unclear if functional conditions are any more common in IPV than in conditions with known organic causes. Little is known as to why and how IPV and physical complaints are related. Theories focus on factors that reinforce and sustain both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain, on physiologic changes that predispose sensitivity to trauma or occur as a result of trauma, and psychological mechanisms related to the experience of battering.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Wilson Sharon R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mechanisms of injury in intimate partner violence (IPV) must be identified and documented. Clinical symptoms and sequelae exhibited by victims with mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are varied. Etiology and prevalence of TBI in the general population and in IPV victims is an area for further research. Identification of the primary, secondary, and tertiary clinical manifestations of TBI frequently sustained by IPV victims is key to treatment. Understanding “second impact syndrome,” its etiology, and clinical significance in IPV is key to preventing further brain injury.
Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy
Authors: Goodman Peggy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is as prevalent during pregnancy as other commonly screened-for complications of pregnancy such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Lack of choice in reproductive health matters within an abusive relationship because it results in an increased prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and unwanted pregnancies. Diagnosis of pregnancy may be an incidental finding during evaluation for other medical problems, and may be associated with delayed prenatal care and poorer antenatal outcomes.
Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse
Authors: Sachs Carolyn , Gomberg Linda J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most perpetrators of sexual assault are not strangers but are well known to their victims. Approximately 8%–14% of women suffer sexual abuse from an intimate partner or former intimate partner during their lifetimes. Intimate partner sexual abuse (IPSA) includes sexual assault/battery, rape, sexual contact without consent, coercion, intimidation, and acquiescence. Traditional societal biases continue to blame victims of intimate partner sexual abuse to a greater extent than victims of sexual assault by a stranger. Intimate partner sexual abuse is associated with harmful psychological and physical sequela at least as severe as sexual assault by other perpetrators.
Acute Intervention for Intimate Partner Violence in the Medical Setting
Authors: Larkin Gregory Luke , Parks Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute care creates opportunities for intervention that can reduce both immediate and downstream harms to patients exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The Harm Reduction Framework may be applied to IPV as a means to construct multivalent strategies that reduce harms to victims at a variety of levels, even when threats of violence cannot be completely eliminated. The initial medical assessment must include a thorough review of systems, relationship and social history, and a detailed obstetric and gynecologic evaluation. Proper injury and trauma care must include a detailed evaluation of neurologic status, cervical spine and neck trauma, and a high index of suspicion for traumatic brain injury (TBI).
The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Children
Authors: Kuelbs Cynthia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children are overrepresented in violent homes. Living in a violent home constitutes witnessing violence. Abuse to pregnant women may cause direct trauma or harm to the fetus through the effects of stress, inadequate prenatal care, smoking, alcohol and drug use, and poor nutrition. The chronic stress from living in violent homes, by directly affecting brain growth, synapse formation, myelination, and neurotransmitters, may explain the behavioral, mental health, and academic problems seen in exposed children. Not all children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) will have significant problems however.
Intimate Partner Violence Among the Elderly and People with Disabilities
Authors: Koin Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a health problem and criminal justice matter that includes elderly and disabled people, but is seldom recognized in that population. Abuse of elders and people with disabilities has the potential of presenting as many different kinds of crimes: assault, neglect, financial abuse, sexual assault, abandonment, and psychological abuse. When IPV affects elders and people with disabilities, reporting guidelines for both IPV and elder/dependent adult abuse must be followed. Dementia, depression, and chronic disabling health problems increase the risk of IPV among older people. Data substantiating incidence of IPV of older people is in its infancy, but suggests that IPV decreases with age.
Caring for the Care Provider
Authors: Liebschutz Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress are related concepts that re?ect the negative psychological impact of caring for trauma survivors. Opening one self up to the patient, combined with a sincere desire to alleviate suffering, can make any provider vulnerable to experiencing secondary traumatic stress symptoms. A clinician’s personal history of trauma exposure may increase his or her vulnerability to secondary traumatic stress symptoms. Greater professional experience caring for trauma survivors may protect a provider against experiencing secondary traumatic stress symptoms. Providers can improve their resiliency to developing secondary traumatic stress symptoms by discussing cases with colleagues or communitybased advocates.
Complement and Adverbial PPs: Implications for Clause Structure
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what follows I will consider certain aspects of the syntax of prepositional phrases. In particular I will discuss some evidence from my own work and from that of Schweikert (2004) that suggests that PPs, despite appearances, are rigidly ordered among each other, this order being concealed in certain cases by the application of focus sensitive movements.1 Although the order of PPs in postverbal position (typical of VO languages) is in general the mirror image of the order of the same PPs in preverbal position (typical of OV languages), their relative height (and scope) turns out to be the same, a property that I will take to suggest a universal order of merge of the different PP types. If we start by asking what structure postverbal PPs enter in a VO language like English we immediately run into a curious paradox (Pesetsky 1995). Some of their properties would seem to favor the traditional, pre-antisymmetry, analysis of Chomsky (1981), according to which the PPs are right-adjoined to VP (those on the right being higher than and c-commanding those on the left): This is expected under (1), where the object does not c-command the PP (at least under a definition of c-command that makes reference to “first branching node,” as in Reinhart 1983), but not under (2), where the object necessarily c-commands all of the PPs to its right.4
Cyclic Poly(phenylmethylsiloxanes)
Authors: Clarson Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties and Applications of Cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxanes) The molar cyclization constants from ring–chain equilibration reactions of poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) PPMS in both the bulk state and in solution were investigated in detail by Beevers and Semlyen. Based upon these studies, Clarson and Semlyen have described the scaling up of such reactions to successfully isolate cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxanes) [(C6H5)(CH3)SiO]x from ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out in toluene solution at 383 K. Following fractionation, a variety of investigations on the physical properties of these cyclic polymers have been carried out. The properties have also been compared with their linear polymer analogs. It should be noted that the large rings are atactic due to the equilibration used in their preparation. It is possible to obtain the stereoisomers of the small rings for this system. Polymerization of isolated cyclic stereoisomers can lead to stereoregular PMPS. Although a rotational isomeric state model has been developed for the PPMS system by Mark and Ko, no detailed calculations of the properties of the rings using this model have been described so far.
Nylon 4,6
Authors: Patwardhan Dinesh V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade Name Stanyl (DSM); TW300 (dry, unfilled Stanyl); TW241F10 (dry, 50% glass fiber-filled Stanyl). Approximately 30 other varieties of Stanyl (filled or unfilled) are available. CA Number 50327-22-5 [Poly(imino-1,4-butanediylimino (1,6-dioxo-1,6-hexanediyl))] 50327-77-0 [Hexanedioic acid, polymer with 1,4-butanediamine] Class Aliphatic polyamides; Nylons