bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of biomarkers in human urine and cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry: Towards new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches
Authors: Wittke Stefan , Mischak Harald , Walden Michael , Kolch Walter , Rädler Thomas , Wiedemann Klaus 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe report on our results using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) to examine human bodyfluids. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, data on two different bodyfluids, urine and cerebrospinal fluid, are shown. CE‐MS analysis of human urine enables the identification of a series of polypeptides which serve as biomarkers for a variety of different renal diseases. The polypeptides are utilized to generate disease‐specific polypeptide patterns. Diagnosis of these diseases is possible based on these polypeptide patters. Further, due to the high mass accuracy, polypeptides of interest can subsequently be identified using tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. The patterns, which are based on distinct polypeptides, allow differentiation of even similar diseases like focal‐segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD). We present preliminary data suggesting that the indicative polypeptides also enable to evaluate therapy success. Initial data obtained on human cerebrospinal fluid strongly suggest that CE‐MS analysis of low‐molecular‐weight proteins and peptides reveals several potential biomarkers for schizophrenia as well as Alzheimer's disease. In conclusion, the data presented here indicate that CE‐MS analysis, applied towards different human bodyfluids, holds the promise to allow diagnosis, staging, and evaluation of therapy success of a large number of diseases, due to its ability to display ca. 1000 individual native polypeptides within ca. 60 min.
Capillary electrophoresis‐laser induced fluorescence‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry: A case study
Authors: Huhn Carolin , Neusüß Christian , Pelzing Matthias , Pyell Ute , Mannhardt Joachim , Pütz Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe simultaneous hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) as a novel combined detection system for CE is presented. β‐Carbolines were chosen as model analytes with a forensic background. Nonaqueous CE as well as conventional CE with an aqueous buffer system are compared concerning efficiency and obtainable detection limits. The distance between the optical detection window and the sprayer tip was minimized by placing the optical cell directly in front of the electrospray interface. Similar separation efficiencies for both detection modes could thus be obtained. No significant peak‐broadening induced by the MS interface was observed. The high fluorescence quantum yield and the high proton affinity of the model analytes investigated resulted in limits of detection in the fg (nmol/L) range for both detection methods. The analysis of confiscated ayahuasca samples and ethanolic plant extracts revealed complementary selectivities for LIF and MS detection. Thus, it is possible to improve peak identification of the solutes investigated by the use of these two detection principles.
Morphology and sedimentology of a complex debris flow in a clay‐shale basin
Authors: Remaître Alexandre , Malet Jean‐Philippe , Maquaire Olivier 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCoupling morphological, sedimentological, and rheological studies to numerical simulations is of primary interest in defining debris‐flow hazard on alluvial fans. In particular, numerical runout models must be carefully calibrated by morphological observations. This is particularly true in clay‐shale basins where hillslopes can provide a large quantity of poorly sorted solid materials to the torrent, and thus change both the mechanics of the debris flow and its runout distance. In this context, a study has been completed on the Faucon stream (southeastern French Alps), with the objectives of (1) defining morphological and sedimentological characteristics of torrential watersheds located in clay‐shales, and (2) evaluating through a case study the scouring potential of debris flows affecting a clay‐shale basin. Morphological surveys, grain‐size distributions and petrographic analyses of the debris‐flow deposits demonstrate the granular character of the flow during the first hectometre, and its muddy character from there to its terminus on the debris fan. These observations and laboratory tests suggest that the contributing areas along the channel have supplied the bulk of the flow material. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flood hazard and risk analysis in the southwest region of Bangladesh
Authors: Tingsanchali Tawatchai , Karim Mohammed Fazlul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFlood hazard and risk assessment was conducted to identify the priority areas in the southwest region of Bangladesh for flood mitigation. Simulation of flood flow through the Gorai and Arial Khan river system and its floodplains was done by using a hydrodynamic model. After model calibration and verification, the model was used to simulate the flood flow of 100‐year return period for a duration of four months. The maximum flooding depths at different locations in the rivers and floodplains were determined. The process in determining long flooding durations at every grid point in the hydrodynamic model is laborious and time‐consuming. Therefore the flood durations were determined by using satellite images of the observed flood in 1988, which has a return period close to 100 years. Flood hazard assessment was done considering flooding depth and duration. By dividing the study area into smaller land units for hazard assessment, the hazard index and the hazard factor for each land unit for depth and duration of flooding were determined. From the hazard factors of the land units, a flood hazard map, which indicates the locations of different categories of hazard zones, was developed. It was found that 54% of the study area was in the medium hazard zone, 26% in the higher hazard zone and 20% in the lower hazard zone. Due to lack of sufficient flood damage data, flood damage vulnerability is simply considered proportional to population density. The flood risk factor of each land unit was determined as the product of the flood hazard factor and the vulnerability factor. Knowing the flood risk factors for the land units, a flood risk map was developed based on the risk factors. These maps are very useful for the inhabitants and floodplain management authorities to minimize flood damage and loss of human lives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of process integration and intensification of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis in a membrane bioreactor
Authors: Gan Q , Allen SJ , Taylor G 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEnzymatic cellulose hydrolysis has been studied for many years, generating rich literatures and knowledge in respect to the underlying reaction mechanism, reaction kinetics, and bioreactor systems. This paper attempts to offer some additional information and new understanding of how reaction kinetics and reactor productivity can be improved in a process involving simultaneous reaction and product separation using a purpose‐built membrane reactor with a single combined reaction zone and separation zone. Different operating strategies of batch, fed batch and continuous cellulose hydrolysis were investigated with intermittent or simultaneous removal of products (reducing sugars) to reduce enzyme inhibition and improve reactor productivity. The effect of continuous and selective product removal, reduced enzyme inhibition and higher enzyme concentration in retention were examined for the potential benefit in process integration and intensification in order to lower the high process cost of the enzymatic hydrolysis process, mainly due to slow reaction kinetics and expensive enzymes. A mathematical model was offered to account for the effect of selective product (reducing sugars) separation, permeate flux, reduced cellulase inhibition, dynamic structural change of the solid substrate and possible shear deactivation of the enzyme. Computer analysis was also carried out to analyse the quasi‐steady state of the reaction intermediates in order to gain an insight into the reaction mechanism in simultaneous reaction and separation systems. Some original analysis and simulation of the effect of membrane separation parameters on the overall reactor performance is offered, including the effect of membrane selectivity (rejection coefficient) and flux. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Ethanol‐based pulping from Cynara cardunculus L
Authors: Oliet M , Gilarranz MA , Domínguez JC , Alonso MV , Rodríguez F 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA non‐conventional pulping process based on the delignification of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L) in ethanol–water mixtures has been studied to evaluate its pulping potential and to establish the optimum pulping conditions for this lignocellulosic material. The variables analyzed were the concentration of ethanol in the cooking liquor, the pulping time and temperature. Variable optimization was performed by a central composite design. High viscosity, low kappa number and acceptable screened yield were used as pulp quality criteria to optimize cooking conditions. Pulps having low kappa numbers and viscosities greater than 900 cm3/g−1 were obtained. The total pulp yield was low compared with wood pulping due to the high contents of extractives and ash in cardoon. The amount of rejects in the pulp is of importance, especially for pulps with a high kappa number. The most suitable pulping conditions were 188 °C, 135 min and 50% (w/w) ethanol concentration. In these conditions the kappa number of the pulp was around 26, the pulp viscosity greater than 1100 cm3 g−1 and a screened pulp yield of about 31% was obtained. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The kinetic modelling of a steam distillation unit for the extraction of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum) essential oil
Authors: Romdhane Mehrez , Tizaoui Chedly 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA simplified model that considered the oil constituents as one constituent, anethole, the major component, was used to describe the mass transfer of steam extraction of aniseed essential oil. The model can be used to optimise and control the process. Depending on the oil content, two mass transfer regimes were identified (i) the first one corresponds to an unsaturated surface extraction and (ii) the second corresponds to the slower transfer of oil from the deeper parts of the material to the surface, which may be due to concentration gradients and chemical bonding. The model was validated by experimental data obtained from a pilot‐plant system. Solid‐steam mass transfer coefficients were determined and a critical oil content was found to limit the two mass transfer regimes. The value for this critical oil concentration (xB) was found to be 0.011 (g oil g−1 solid). In addition, an optimal operating pressure of 200 kPa was found to give maximum extraction yield. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment of the refinery wastewater in a gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow airlift loop bioreactor
Authors: Jianping Wen , Qing Yuan , Lei Pan , Guozhu Mao 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAerobic treatment of refinery wastewater was carried out in a 200 dm3 gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow airlift loop bioreactor, in which a biological membrane replaced the activated sludge. The influences of temperature, pH, gas–liquid ratio and hydraulic residence time on the reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4‐N were investigated and discussed. The optimum operation conditions were obtained as temperature of 25–35 °C, pH value of 7.0–8.0, gas–liquid ratio of 50 and hydraulic residence time of 4 h. The radial and axial positions had little influence on the local profiles of COD and NH4‐N. Under the optimum operating conditions, the effluent COD and NH4‐N were less than 100 mg dm−3 and 15 mg dm−3 respectively for more than 40 days, satisfying the national primary discharge standard of China (GB 8978‐1996). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization and Properties of G4X Mutants of Ralstonia eutropha PHA Synthase for Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Normi Yahaya M. , Hiraishi Tomohiro , Taguchi Seiichi , Abe Hideki , Sudesh Kumar , Najimudin Nazalan , Doi Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Modification of the type I polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase of Ralstonia eutropha (PhaCRe) was performed through systematic in vitro evolution in order to obtain improved PhaCRe having an enhanced activity of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis in recombinant Escherichia coli. For the first time, a beneficial G4D N‐terminal mutation important for the enhancement of both PHB content in dry cells and PhaCRe level in vivo was identified. Site‐directed saturation mutagenesis at the G4 position enabled us to identify other mutations conferring similar enhanced characteristics. In addition, the PHB homopolymer synthesized by most G4X single mutants also had higher molecular weights than that of the wild‐type. In vitro enzymatic assays of purified G4D mutant PhaCRe revealed that the mutant enzyme exhibited slightly lower activity and reaction efficiency compared to the wild‐type enzyme.(A) PHB accumulation and (B) level of PhaCRe in vivo for wild‐type and in particular, the G4D mutant generated in this study.magnified image(A) PHB accumulation and (B) level of PhaCRe in vivo for wild‐type and in particular, the G4D mutant generated in this study.
Multiblock Copolymers: PEO Stuck in the Middle
Authors: Grubbs Robert B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Anionic polymerization has proven especially useful for the precise construction of multiblock copolymers with controlled compositions and narrow molecular weight distributions. The block copolymer sequences which can be easily prepared are however largely restricted by the relative nucleophilicities of the anionic species involved. This highlight discusses a recent article by Wiesner and co‐workers (Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2004, 25, 1889) in which the effective preparation of ABC triblock copolymers, with poly(ethylene oxide) as the central block, through the combination of living anionic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization, and polymer modification techniques is described. This method will prove to have a great deal of versatility in allowing the incorporation of PEO blocks in interior positions of block copolymers.
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Grafting Efficiency of Hydroxy‐Terminated Poly(methyl methacrylate) with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Baskaran Durairaj , Dunlap John R. , Mays Jimmy W. , Bratcher Matthew S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) containing a terminal hydroxy group or multiple hydroxy groups as pendants were grafted to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by esterification in toluene at 100 °C. The recovered polymer with a low level of MWNTs and the PMMA‐g‐MWNTs with up to 12 wt.‐% grafted polymer were characterized using spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermogravimetric analyses. The percentage of polymer present in the PMMA‐g‐MWNT samples is very low based upon the concentration of the acid groups in the tubes.The grafting of hydroxy‐terminated PMMA to MWNTs by esterification.imageThe grafting of hydroxy‐terminated PMMA to MWNTs by esterification.
Real‐Time Imaging of the Coil‐Globule Transition of Single Adsorbed Poly(2‐vinylpyridine) Molecules
Authors: Gallyamov Marat O. , Khokhlov Alexei R. , Möller Martin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: We applied scanning force microscopy to study, in real time, the mobility and reorganisation of single poly(2‐vinylpyridine) molecules that were adsorbed on mica and exposed to vapours of ethanol or water. The macromolecules adopted a compact globular conformation in ethanol‐saturated vapour and extended to a surface‐bound two‐dimensional coil in water‐saturated vapour. Hence, reversible coil‐to‐globule conformational transitions of flexible polymer chains were directly visualized with unique molecular resolution.Left: individual P2VP molecules on mica compacted by exposure to ethanol vapour, right: the same macromolecules extended in water vapour.imageLeft: individual P2VP molecules on mica compacted by exposure to ethanol vapour, right: the same macromolecules extended in water vapour.
Matrix‐enhanced secondary ion mass spectrometry: the influence of MALDI matrices on molecular ion yields of thin organic films
Authors: Adriaensen L. , Vangaever F. , Lenaerts J. , Gijbels R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this work the effect in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of several frequently used matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) matrices on the secondary ion intensities of low molecular weight (m/z 400–800) organic dyes and a pharmaceutical is tested. Matrix (10−1 M) and analyte (10−2 M) solutions were made in methanol. Mixtures with several concentration ratios were prepared from these solutions and spincoated on Si substrates prior to time‐of‐flight (TOF)‐SIMS analysis. In some cases the presence of the MALDI matrices caused a considerable increase in the positive secondary (protonated) molecular ion signals. Enhancements of a factor of 20 and more were recorded. Generally, of the matrices used, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone brought about the highest intensity increases. It was also shown that matrix‐enhanced (ME‐)SIMS is capable of lowering the detection limits for molecule ions. However, the enhancement effect is strongly influenced by the analyte/matrix combination and its concentration ratio. As a result, finding an optimal analyte/matrix mixture can be a very time‐consuming process. Mostly, the presence of the matrices causes changes in the relative ion intensities in the TOF‐S‐SIMS spectra. Compared to the spectra recorded from samples without matrices, only a few additional peaks, such as signals that originate directly from the applied matrix or adduct ions, are observed in the mass spectra. Sometimes molecule ions and some characteristic fragments at high m/z values, that cannot be recorded without matrix, do appear in the spectrum when a matrix is present. In the negative mode no enhancement effect is observed on applying the studied MALDI matrices. The results obtained from samples treated with MALDI matrices are also compared to SIMS results for the same samples after Ag and Au metallisation (MetA‐SIMS). For three of the four tested compounds Au MetA‐SIMS resulted in higher ion yields than ME‐SIMS. For both techniques possible mechanisms that can account for the enhancement effect are proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NF‐κB plays a major role during the systemic and local acute inflammatory response following intestinal reperfusion injury
Authors: Souza Danielle G , Vieira Angélica T , Pinho Vanessa , Sousa Lirlândia P , Andrade Anderson A , Bonjardim Cláudio A , McMillan Michael , Kahn Michael , Teixeira Mauro M 
Published: March 2005

The nuclear translocation of transcription factors may be a critical factor in the intracellular pathway involved in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we examined whether NF‐κB and AP‐1 participated in the cascade of events leading to TNF‐α production, neutrophil recruitment, tissue injury and lethality following intestinal I/R.
The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) of mice was made ischaemic for 60 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion. The effects of NF‐κB and AP‐1 were studied by the administration of the thioredoxin inhibitor, MOL‐294 (methyl 4‐hydroxy‐4‐(8‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3,5,8‐tetrahydro‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[1,2‐a]pyridazin‐5‐yl)but‐2‐ynoate), and the AP‐1 inhibitor, PNRI‐299 (N‐benzyl‐2‐(3‐cyanophenyl)‐1,3,7‐trioxo‐2,3,7,8‐tetrahydro‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[1,2‐a]pyridazine‐5‐carboxamide). After I/R, there was increase of translocation of NF‐κB, but not of AP‐1, in the intestine and lungs, as assessed by a gel shift assay.
Treatment with MOL‐294 inhibited the increase in vascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, hemorrhage and proinflammatory cytokine levels, induced by intestinal I/R injury in the intestine. In the lungs, MOL‐294 partially inhibited edema formation, TNF‐α production, but did not alter neutrophil recruitment.
Treatment with MOL‐294 inhibited reperfusion‐associated lethality, an effect likely to be secondary to the inhibition of systemic TNF‐α levels. PNRI‐299 had no effects on the inflammatory changes or lethality induced by I/R injury.
Our results point to an important role for NF‐κB in triggering endogenous proinflammatory networks during intestinal I/R injury. Inhibition of NF‐κB prevents tissue injury and lethality, and this was associated with inhibition of TNF‐α production and decrease in neutrophil recruitment.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 246–254. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706190
Regulation of the muscarinic K+ channel by extracellular ATP through membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate in guinea‐pig atrial myocytes
Authors: Yasuda Yoh , Matsuura Hiroshi , Ito Makoto , Matsumoto Tetsuya , Ding Wei‐Guang , Horie Minoru 
Published: March 2005

The present study was designed to examine the functional role of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) in the regulation of the muscarinic K+ channel (IK,ACh) by extracellular ATP and adenosine in guinea‐pig atrial myocytes, using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp method.
Bath application of ATP in micromolar concentrations typically evoked a transient activation of IK,ACh; a rapid activation phase was consistently followed by a progressive decline even to the baseline level despite the continued presence of ATP. This progressive decline of IK,ACh was significantly attenuated either by blockade of phospholipase C (PLC) with compound 48/80 (100 μM) or by addition of PtdIns(4,5)P2 (50 μM) to the cell inside, suggesting that depletion of membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 via PLC activation is mainly, if not totally, responsible for the progressive decline of IK,ACh during the presence of ATP.
When atrial myocytes were exposed to wortmannin (50 μM) following ATP (50 μM) application to impair the resynthesis of PtdIns(4,5)P2, the activation of IK,ACh evoked by subsequently applied ATP (50 μM) was greatly reduced. Activation of IK,ACh by adenosine (100 μM) was partially reduced by pretreatment of atrial myocytes with ATP (100 μM) and was largely abolished by a further addition of wortmannin (50 μM) in the presence of ATP (100 μM). These results support the view that the activation of IK,ACh by ATP and adenosine depends on membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 that is subject to reduction by extracellular ATP.
The present study thus provides functional evidence to suggest that extracellular ATP activates PLC and thereby depletes membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 that is critically involved in the activation process of IK,ACh by its agonists ATP and adenosine in guinea‐pig atrial myocytes.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 156–165. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706191
The Virtue of (Erotic) Love
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractI suggest that erotic love is (or can be) a virtue. I contest both the cynicism and the vacuousness in much of the love literature. I argue that love is a historical emotion, involving a great deal of historical and cultural variation. And I give an analysis of what love is as shared identity. On the way, I also talk about sex and Plato's Symposium.