bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electric Properties Of The Dielectric Fibre
Authors: Hasegawa Akira , Kodama Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optical solitons, considered in this book, are stable nonlinear pulse envelopes of a coherent light wave in a dielectric fibre. As will be derived in Chapter 3, the spatial evolution of a complex envelope function of the effective electric field amplitude E(z,t) having a single polarization satisfies the equation,
Here z is the axial distance, t is the time, Wt is the angular frequency of the coherent light wave carrier, kt’ is 8k/8w evaluated at w = Wt, similar for kt” and k1”‘, n2 (= 1.3 x 10-22 m2/V2 for a silica fibre) is the Kerr coefficient of the dielectric material, ‘Y is the spatial damping rate which originates from the fibre loss, {3 is the coefficient representing the nonlinear dispersion which originates from the dispersive property of n2, 8nif 8w, aR is the coefficient representing the Raman gain dispersion 8gR/8(Aw), gR being the coefficient of the Raman gain, Aw the frequency separation between the pump and the Stokes modes, and g 1/2 is the reduction factor of the nonlinear effect due to variation of the electric field in the fibre cross section. In considering the evolution of the wave packet, we must note the fact that the distance of propagation measured by the foot step size of the wave, that is the light wavelength, is extremely large although the physical distance does not appear to be large. For a light wave with one micrometre wavelength, one kilometre of distance corresponds to 109 step sizes! This is the reason why all these small coefficients in (2.0.l) become important.
The Recognition Architecture: Algebraic Invariants: Lewisi
Authors: Rothwell Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the LEWIS recognition system built around the three-phase selection-indexing-correspondence paradigm. In particular, the indexes are constructed from the plane algebraic invariants discussed in the previous chapter, and so the details given in this chapter are most relevant to a specific implementation called LEWIS1 that recognizes objects containing sets of coplanar lines and conics. The emphasis is very much on the value of the indexing stage, that is whether it is beneficial to the efficiency of the entire recognition process in contrast to a linear search through the model base. However, all of the different steps of the recognition process from edge detection through to verification are described in detail.
Criteria for Representation of Shape
Authors: Rothwell Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the development of the LEWIS systems it became apparent that there are a number of basic properties that a shape descriptor should possess for recognition. In this chapter these have been converted into criteria that should be appreciated whenever a new object description is developed; the criteria are therefore reported in light of the work in building the systems of the earlier chapters in this book. The descriptors of interest are always invariant indexes as these are essential for fast recognition: however, as each criterion is reviewed there will occasionally be comparison with other cues to highlight why indexes must be formed from invariants. Similar criteria have previously been suggested by other researchers as being important for other approaches to object recognition; the most notable of these are by Marr (78) and Brady (15).
From Coherence To Confusion: A Conservative Sar View
Authors: Raney R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resolution is a measure of image sharpness, whereby two closely spaced objects yield echoes that are separable. Imaging radars are distinguished one from another primarily by the means used to achieve resolution in the azimuth (cross-range) direction, for which the available data consist of receptions from many transmitted pulses. A real aperture radar (RAR), or side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) in some references, has access only to the power of the received signals. Processing strategies cannot materially enhance their azimuth resolution. Therefore a real aperture radar’s azimuth resolution is bounded below by the azimuth width of the antenna pattern, which is proportional co range. On the other hand, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) preserves the inter-pulse phase structure of the received signals. The SAR (image) processor uses this phase information to enhance azimuth resolution, a process known as focusing. The resultant resolution is much smaller than the antenna pattern width.
Counting Of Single Flux And Single Charge Quanta For Metrology
Authors: Niemeyer Jürgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few decades, many efforts have been made to C the physical units by quantum devices instead of material artifacts. The latter ones imply a great number of drawbacks: they might be damaged by improper handling the realized unit depends on external parameters, often in a non-reproducible way intercomparisons are difficult because of transport problems they age they are available only in a central laboratory.
High-Frequency Methods In Electromagnetics
Authors: Tiberio Roberto , Maci Stefano , Toccafondi Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are certain similarities as well as significant differences in the background of these two theories. Both of them make use of solutions of local canonical problems. In most practical instances, the relevant reference canonical problems have an infinite, uniform cylindrical configuration. On one hand, in a GTD scheme the canonical problem is used to provide an estimate of a diffracted ray field contribution. On the other hand, in a PTO scheme the same canonical problems are used to find an estimate of the currents that should be introduced to correct those predicted by the Physical Optics (PO).
Impact Of Numerical Methods On Propagation Modelling
Authors: Craig Kenneth H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen a growth in the development of numerical tools for radiowave propagation. This chapter considers some of the reasons for this development, the benefits of simulation in radiowave propagation, and gives specific examples. Numerical models are of course being applied in many electromagnetic wave propagation problems. However the scope of this paper will be limited to tropospheric applications dominated by refraction, diffraction and scatter mechanisms. This includes several practical problems in radio system design; for example mobile and personal communications, microwave radar design and operation, and the design of millimetre wave systems in the urban environment.
Radio Emission From Instabilities In Space Plasmas: Marginal Stability, Stochastic Growth And Fine Structures
Authors: Melrose Donald B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasma instabilities can lead to radiation from a space or an astrophysical plasma either indirectly or directly. Two specific such processes are discussed here: plasma emission, which is an indirect emission process first discussed by Ginzburg and Zheleznyakov [1958), and electron cyclotron maser emission (ECME), which is a direct emission process first discussed in the presently favored form by Wu and Lee {1979]. Plasma emission is the accepted emission mechanism for most solar radio bursts, notably type III bursts, for analogous emissions from planetary bow shocks and from the auroral ionosphere. ECME is the accepted emission mechanism for the Earth’s auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) for Jupiter’s decametric radiation (DAM) and for analogous radiation from the other giant planets. It is also favored for solar microwave spike bursts and for the very bright emission from some flare scars.
Designing a steam locomotive
Authors: Semmens P W B , Goldfinch A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most steam locomotives were designed by the organization that operated them, and, during the twentieth century in Britain, the railway companies also constructed the majority of those used on their own main lines. This contrasted fundamentally with the situation in some other countries, where the state railway was specifically barred from building its own locomotives. Between 1923 and 1948 in Britain, all the four Grouping companies constructed the vast majority of the locomotives they required, continuing the practice adopted by the larger pre-grouping railways during the nineteenth century.
Heterogeneous dielectrics
Authors: Scaife B K P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The calculation of the dielectric properties of a medium formed from a mixture of different dielectric materials is a problem of recurring interest and one of considerable theoretical and practical importance.The determination of the response to an electric field of a spatial region, filled in some arbitrary way with a variety of dielectrics, is in general an impossible task, even if detailed information were available about the dielectric behaviour and spatial distribution of each constituent.
Equilibrium polarization fluctuations
Authors: Scaife B K P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 2 and 3 we have considered, in some detail, the linear response of dielectric systems subjected to static and time-dependent electric fields. We now turn our attention to the microscopic properties of dielectric bodies in so far as these properties manifest themselves macroscopically. Any dielectric body consists of a huge number of molecules (N ∼1023) seething with movement. This movement, or thermal agitation, results in observable fluctuations in various physical parameters. For example, the volume of a body will undergo very small thermal fluctuations due to continual irregular movements of the constituent molecules.
The epidemiology of obesity: a global perspective
Authors: Seidell Jacob C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last two to three decades, overnutrition and obesity have been transformed from relatively minor public health issues that primarily affect the most affluent societies to a major threat to public health that is being increasingly seen throughout the world. The plight of the most affected populations, like the US, has been well publicized. However, less recognized has been increases in population obesity elsewhere in the world that are now increasingly being monitored. In this chapter we focus on the prevalence of overweight and obesity, as indicated by the body mass index, in a variety of populations world wide.
Evolving environmental factors in the obesity epidemic
Authors: Jeffery Robert W , Linde Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 20 to 30 years, much of the world has experienced a remarkable increase in the prevalence of obesity. Obesity rates have long varied significantly between and within populations, primarily along dimensions of relative population affluence and demographics. However, starting in about 1980, steady increases have been observed in many populations around the world that have made overweight and obesity a serious threat to world health. The seriousness of the phenomenon is underscored by the situation in the US, where average body mass index (BMI) has increased nearly 15 per cent since 1980 and the prevalence of clinical obesity has more than doubled (1). Obesity rates are not uniformly distributed in the US, being concentrated especially in lower income populations and some ethnic minority groups. The upward trend in body weights has been virtually universal, however.
As Fast as Light*
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galileo repudiated the view held in his time that light propagates instantaneously, proposing the now famous experiment for measuring its velocity, based on the use of two lighted lamps placed atop separate hills. This method, necessarily refined to permit measurement of the very short times involved, is essentially the one which, a few centuries later, was to enable the velocity of light to be determined over terrestrial distances.
Conviction and Abjuration
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1632, with ecclesiastical authorization, the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems was published. But as early as August of the same year it was rumored that there existed some “considerations regarding the said book whether to correct or suspend it, or perhaps prohibit it”.404 In August, its circulation was, in fact, forbidden, and the Pope appointed a special commission to examine it. In September, the Dialogue was submitted to the Congregation of the Holy Office and in October Galileo, under severe suspicion of heresy, was summoned to Rome to defend him-self.
First and Second Quantization
Authors: Bruus Henrik , Flensberg Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum theory is the most complete microscopic theory we have today describing the physics of energy and matter. It has successfully been applied to explain phenomena ranging over many orders of magnitude, from the study of elementary particles on the sub-nucleonic scale to the study of neutron stars and other astrophysical objects on the cosmological scale. Only the inclusion of gravitation stands out as an unsolved problem in fundamental quantum theory.
Superconductivity
Authors: Bruus Henrik , Flensberg Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity is a corner stone in theoretical physics. Since it appeared in 1957, its influence has reached far beyond its original scope, which was to give a coherent explanation at the microscopic level of a wide range of intricate and fascinating phenomena in metals at low temperature, known as, and related to, superconductivity. Besides metallic superconductivity BCSlike theories has been used to explain superfluid 3He, the motion of nucleons in nuclei, and the dynamics of fundamental matter fields in high energy physics.
Coherent states and squeezed light
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding two chapters we have explored the consequences of quantizing the energy of a light beam in terms of the number of photons. This enabled us to classify light according to either the photon statistics or the second-order correlation function. In this chapter we shall consider the eﬀects of quantizing the electric and magnetic fields that comprise the light. We shall make use of our knowledge of the quantum harmonic oscillator, and adopt a predominantly intuitive approach, leaving the rigorous mathematics to the next chapter.
Photon number states
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous three chapters we have studied several diﬀerent ways in which the quantum states of light can be classified. In Chapter 5 we looked at the photon statistics and classified the light as being sub-Poissonian, Poissonian, or super-Poissonian. Then in Chapter 6 we studied the second-order correlation function, and classified the light as antibunched, coherent or bunched. Finally, in Chapter 7 we studied coherent states and several forms of squeezed light.
Entangled states and quantum teleportation
Authors: Fox Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third branch of quantum information processing is quantum teleportation. This is a very new subject, and the aim of researchers working in the field at present is to achieve proof-of-principle demonstrations at the few-particle level. As we shall see, teleportation relies heavily on the properties of entangled states. We therefore begin by describing the concept of entangled photon states and explaining how they are generated in the laboratory.
Working With Children and Young People
Authors: Sclare Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All clinical psychologists undertake training to work with children and young people before qualifying. Currently, approximately 600 clinical psychologists in Britain work with children and young people. Psychological work with this client group requires approaches and methodologies that are tailored to young people ‘s developmental understanding and service needs. Clinical child psychologists work in a variety of child and family service settings, undertaking assessment, psychological therapy, work with parents, staff and carers, research and evaluation, and consultancy. They are trained to apply psycho- logical theory and clinical skills to address complex childhood problems such as anorexia, child abuse, deliberate self harm, and youth crime, as well as to less troubling problems, such as bed-wetting, school refusal, and specific fears and phobias. Applying developmental theory and knowledge of the course of developmental disorders, psychologists also work with children with autism, Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and chronic illnesses, such as diabetes or epilepsy.
Working With People With Intellectual Impairments
Authors: Cullen Chris , Combes Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr A has cerebral palsy. He uses a wheelchair and it is very difficult to understand him because his speech is indistinct. Care staff have to help him with his activities of daily living, including taking him to the toilet. It seemed to staff at the day service that Mr A was upset. He would hit members of staff, even those he trusted, when he was taken to the toilet. They asked for help to manage his behaviour. His sister had suggested that they should seek help from a psychologist, because his family had also noticed that his demeanour had changed. When first meeting Mr A, the psychologist thought that he looked sad. He would cry, particularly when his sister and carers talked about how worried they were about him.
Working With Others
Authors: Lavender Tony , Allcock Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to work effectively with others is an essential part of a clinical psychologist ‘s role. The focus of this chapter will be on working with other professionals, organizations, and communities rather than with clients themselves as this aspect of a clinical psychologist ‘s work has been covered more fully in earlier chapters. The tasks undertaken by the majority of health and social care services are complex and require that professionals are able to work together in a sophisticated manner in order to provide an effective service. This involves working with people from a diverse range of backgrounds, both in terms of professional and sociocultural factors. No one individual or profession has all the necessary skills to meet all of the needs of any client group or, in many cases, of an individual client.
Relativity
Authors: Rindler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relativistic cosmology has in recent years become one of the most exciting and active branches of current research. In conference after conference the view is expressed that cosmology today is where particle physics was forty years ago, with major discoveries just waiting to happen. Also gravitational wave detectors, presently under construction or in the testing phase, promise to open up an entirely novel field of physics. It is to take into account such recent developments, as well as to improve the basic text, that this second edition has been undertaken. The most affected is the last part on cosmology, but there are smaller additions, corrections, and additional exercises throughout. The books basic purpose is to make relativity come alive conceptually. Hence the emphasis on the foundations and the logical subtleties rather than on the mathematics or the detailed experiments per se. Aided by some 300 exercises, the book promotes a deep understanding and the confidence to tackle any fundamental relativistic problem.
Relativistic kinematics
Authors: Rindler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how Einstein’s second postulate (the invariance of the speed of light) seems to violate common sense and certainly violates Newtonian kinematics. In this chapter we meet the new ‘relativistic’ kinematics that accommodates both of Einstein’s postulates. Its main ingredients are length contraction, time dilation, and the relativistic velocity addition law. This latter has the strange property that one can ‘add’ any subluminal velocity to the velocity of light and still get the velocity of light, and one can add any number of subluminal velocities and will always get another subluminal velocity.
Linearized general relativity
Authors: Rindler Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it seems that one cannot construct a satisfactory full theory of gravitation within special relativity (one that gives consistent results no matter how strong the field) we shall nevertheless see in this chapter how to construct a special-relativistic linear approximation to general relativity that is valid when the fields are weak. It is referred to as ‘linearized general relativity’. Although its results are approximations, these are often very good approximations, and the method has many applications in cases where the full equations of GR are too difficult to solve.
Introduction
Authors: Baker Gregory L , Blackburn James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pendulum is a familiar object. Its most common appearance is in old-fashioned clocks that, even in this day of quartz timepieces and atomic clocks, remain quite popular. Much of the pendulum’s fascination comes from the well known regularity of its swing and thus its link to the fundamental natural force of gravity. Older students of music are very familiar with the adjustable regularity of that inverted ticking pendulum known as a metronome. The pendulum’s inﬂuence has extended even to the arts where it appears as the title of at least one work of fiction—Umberto Eco’s Fourcault’s Pendulum, in the title of an award winning Belgian film Mrs. Foucault’s Pendulum, and as the object of terror in Edgar Allen Poe’s 1842 short story The Pit and the Pendulum.
The history of the physics of the pendulum stretches back to the early moments of modern science itself. We might begin with the story, perhaps apocryphal, of Galileo’s observation of the swinging chandeliers in the cathedral at Pisa. By using his own heart rate as a clock, Galileo presumably made the quantitative observation that, for a given pendulum, the time or period of a swing was independent of the amplitude of the pendulum’s displacement. Like many other seminal observations in science, this one was only an approximation of reality. Yet it had the main ingredients of the scientific enterprise; observation, analysis, and conclusion. Galileo was one of the first of the modern scientists, and the pendulum was among the first objects of scientific enquiry.
Continuum plasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fundamentals of time-independent and rate-dependent continuum, or phenomenological plasticity: multiaxial yield, normality hypothesis, consistency condition, isotropic and kinematic hardening, and simple constitutive equations for viscoplasticity and creep. We assume throughout the chapter that we are dealing with small strain problems in the absence of large rigid body rotations. The kinematics of large deformations are left until the following chapter.
Kinematics of large deformations and continuum mechanics
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strains, be they elastic or plastic, which most engineering components undergo in service are usually small, that is, &lt;0.001 (or 0.1%). At yield, for example, a nickel alloy may have undergone a strain of about σy/E ∼ 0.002 and it is hoped that this occurs rarely in nickel-based alloy aero-engine components in service! During manufacture, however, the strains may be much bigger; the forging of an aero-engine compressor disc, for example, requires strains in excess of 2.0 (i.e. &gt;200%). This is three orders of magnitude larger than the strain needed to cause yield. In manufacturing processes, another very important feature is material rotation. Deformation processing leading to large plastic strains often also leads to large rigid body rotations.