bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of including future medical care costs when estimating the costs attributable to a disease: a colorectal cancer case study
Authors: Etzioni Ruth , Ramsey Scott D. , Berry Kristin , Brown Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA source of controversy in the economic literature concerns whether to include or exclude future medical care costs when computing attributable costs for lifesaving interventions. Although it is hypothesized that including future medical care costs will offset the cost savings achieved through prevention, the magnitude of the effect is not known.The objectives of the present study are to develop a methodology for estimating the excess costs of care among colorectal cancer patients, including and excluding future costs of care, and comparing these results with previous studies that do not include costs in added years of life.Subjects in the study included those identified with colorectal cancer drawn from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)–Medicare database and an age‐ and gender‐matched control group drawn from the general Medicare population. Using the Kaplan‐Meier Sample Average estimator, we directly estimate expected 11‐year costs, and then, with the addition of some simple extrapolating assumptions, determine expected 25‐year costs. The latter time horizon captures lifetime costs for over 90% of the cohort.Males results for discounted, stage‐specific 11‐ versus 25‐year excess costs: in situ, $22 411 versus $23 494; Stage 1, $29 365 versus $32 510; Stage 2, $28 114 versus $25 263; Stage 3, $27 397 versus $19 647; Stage 4, $3006 versus $7837. Trends were similar for females.It can be concluded that adding costs of care in future years for those whose colorectal cancer is prevented owing to screening greatly alters the estimate of lifetime excess costs for colorectal cancer patients, and can produce negative results for advanced stage disease. The results emphasize the need to adopt a standard approach for dealing with future costs when evaluating lifesaving interventions for cost‐effectiveness analyses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis with risk aversion
Authors: Zivin Joshua Graff 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses why, in a medical context, the standard assumption of a risk‐neutral social planner is inappropriate and develops a framework for conducting cost‐effectiveness (CE) analysis when social planners are risk‐averse. This framework demonstrates that if new medical interventions are variance increasing (decreasing), the risk‐neutral approach will approve (reject) projects that should be rejected (accepted). This methodology is applied to two medical interventions that have been previously evaluated and considered cost‐effective in the published literature. Since both conclusions assumed risk neutrality we determine the level of societal risk‐aversion that would be necessary to reject these new interventions and compare these levels to previous estimates of risk‐aversion in the economics literature. We find that for reasonable values of the risk‐aversion parameter, only one of the two interventions should be approved. It is our recommendation that the cut‐off risk aversion parameter (the level of risk‐aversion above which a project would be rejected) should become a standard reported figure in future CE studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of c‐jun and c‐fos mRNAs in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Associations with uPA, gelatinase B, and matrilysin mRNAs
Authors: Pacheco Mercia Medeiros , Kowalski Luis Paulo , Nishimoto Ines Nobuko , Brentani Maria Mitzi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are known for their invasive behavior. The invasiveness of these tumors requires proteases, some of which as urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA), gelatinase B and matrilysin are regulated through AP‐1 dependent transcriptional mechanisms. AP‐1 consists of several proteins, including those encoded by the proto‐oncogenes c‐jun and c‐fos. The aim of this study was to: first, evaluate the expression levels of matrix metalloproteases (matrilysin and gelatinase B) and uPA mRNAs; second, examine whether these genes might be associated with c‐jun and c‐fos expression; third, examine the relationship between the expression of these genes and HNSCC clinico‐pathological features.MethodsWe have analyzed 38 HNSCC primary tumors and matched mucosa tissues for uPA, gelatinase B, matrilysin, c‐fos, and c‐jun by Northern‐blot analysis.ResultsuPA, gelatinase B, matrilysin, and c‐jun mean levels were statistically higher in the tumors than in the normal adjacent mucosa, whereas no difference was found when c‐fos mRNA values were compared, c‐jun mRNA expression correlated directly with gelatinase B and matrilysin mRNA levels, but no association with uPA mRNA was observed, c‐fos mRNA levels were not associated with the tested proteases, but low levels were determined in tumors from older patients who subsequently developed a 2nd tumor. No evidence of correlation between expression of uPA, matrilysin, and c‐jun in tumors and clinico‐pathological features was found. Gelatinase B mRNA high levels were associated to presence of cervical recurrences.ConclusionExpression of c‐jun seems to be involved in the regulation of gelatinase B and matrilysin being not related to uPA. Lack of association with c‐fos may indicate that other fos family members might play a role in the transcriptional activity of the analyzed proteases in HNSCC tumors. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 24–32, 2002.
Response to paclitaxel and carboplatin in metastatic salivary gland cancer: A case report
Authors: Ruzich Janet C. , Ciesla Marlyn C. , Clark Joseph I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundMalignant tumors of the salivary gland are rare entities that are treated primarily by surgical resection. For patients with recurrent or unresectable disease, options include radiation therapy or chemotherapy; however, responses are few and of short duration. Patients with metastatic disease have been treated with chemotherapy, but, again, response rates have been low and of short duration.MethodsA 52‐year‐old man was seen with a mass on his tongue. A biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma of a minor salivary gland. Ten months after surgical resection, neck dissection, and radiation therapy, the patient was found to have metastatic disease to the lung. Chemotherapy was initiated with carboplatin and paclitaxel.ResultsThe patient obtained a complete response after six cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel.ConclusionsThe use of carboplatin and paclitaxel in the setting of metastatic salivary gland cancer is a viable option. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 406–410, 2002
Risk assessment: A regulatory strategy for stimulating working environment activities?
Authors: Jensen Per Langaa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article analyzes the Danish approach to workplace assessment (WPA) following European requirements to establish legislation on occupational health and safety. Quantitative studies show that WPA can be interpreted as a success within the larger Danish firms. However, data from qualitative studies modify this picture by showing how attention has been focused on physical working environment problems while wider psychosocial problems have been ignored. The article claims there is no evidence from either the quantitative or the qualitative studies that WPA—even though positively evaluated—has become a recurrent activity within firms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HRD as an emergent and negotiated evolution: An ethnographic case study in the British National Health Service
Authors: Sambrook Sally 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBased on research conducted in the British National Health Service, this article describes how HRD is "becoming." One way of theorizing this evolution is to look for distinct periods in which training and development and HRD are talked about and practiced in different ways, and then to explore how the changes were negotiated. A contingency framework is presented as an analytical tool. It is suggested that the evolution to date has three distinct stages accompanied by three discourses: tell, sell, and gel. The framework helps analyze both the current state of HRD and how future roles and practice might evolve.
In search of “best practices” in international human resource management: research design and methodology
Authors: Geringer J. Michael , Frayne Colette A. , Milliman John F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe goal of this article is to describe and examine the research design and methodology that were employed by
the Best International Human Resource Management Practices Project. The article briefly addresses the origins and
goal of the project, including the research questions that the study was attempting to address. The methodology
used for collecting the project's data is then presented, including the design and dissemination of the
questionnaire and related data collection issues. Implications of the project's research design for
interpretation of results, and for influencing the design and management of effective international human resource
management practices, are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Benchmarking training and development practices: a multi‐country comparative analysis
Authors: Drost Ellen A. , Frayne Colette A. , Lowe Kevin B. , Geringer J. Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study compares training and development practices within and across nine countries and one region, and addresses whether there are universal training and development practices. After a brief review of the literature on training and development for the countries and region examined, the study identifies country‐specific and region‐specific training and development practices. The results are descriptive in nature and discussed as benchmarks of current and desired levels of training and development practices within and across countries. While the results do not indicate any universal practices across all countries studied, they do indicate significant similarities in practices within country clusters. The common practices found within these clusters are believed to be influenced by cultural values and industry trends. The study emphasizes the importance of context and provides practitioners with guidelines in designing training and development practices across countries and researchers with insight into future research questions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An American Woman in Turkey: Adventures Unexpected and Knowledge Unplanned1
Authors: Taylor Sully , Napier Nancy K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhat is it like for foreign women professionals to work in a country like Turkey—managing subordinates,
working with clients and supervisors? What kind of social life do they have? In this article, the
authors answer these questions and more, drawing on interviews with foreign women professionals working in Turkey.
Using an unusual narrative approach to present their research results, they reveal unexpected insights and identify
key success factors such as the importance of foreign education over gender and the influence economic development
of the host country may exert on women's success. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Destabilization of film boiling and pressure change in vapor film when an external pressure wave is supplied
Authors: Takashima Takeo , Iida Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe destabilization process of a vapor film formed around a hemispherical heated surface made of a copper or stainless‐steel rod 30 mm in diameter and immersed in R‐113 is investigated experimentally. The vapor film is destabilized by an external pressure wave, which is produced by a magnetic hammer, and photographs of the behavior are taken. The pressure change in the vapor film when the external pressure wave is supplied is measured by a small pressure transducer set at the stagnation point of the copper rod. The induced pressure change in the film is analyzed theoretically and is shown to be in good agreement with measured data. A sharp pressure pulse in the vapor film, which has a higher peak value than that of the supplied external wave, is confirmed. The maximum pressure in the vapor film is proportional to the 1.6 power of that of the external pressure wave. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(8): 689–701, 2001
Glucocorticoids and cognitive function: from physiology to pathophysiology
Authors: Jameison Karen , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature on the relationship between glucocorticoids and cognitive functioning, including memory and selective attention. The main body of evidence suggests that hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction or a state of hypercortisolaemia can be correlated with cognitive deficits specific to the medial temporal lobe declarative memory system. These impairments are discussed in relation to patients with HPA abnormalities, as seen in a significant number of patients with major depression or Cushing's syndrome, and also in relation to healthy volunteers after administration of glucocorticoids. It remains to be seen whether there are differential effects on acquisition, consolidation or retrieval processes. However, it would seem that glucocorticoids have a preferential effect on recall of information as opposed to recognition, possibly because recognition is more automatic.Type 2 glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), which are occupied by cortisol in humans in times of stress, are thought to be responsible for the glucocorticoid‐induced memory impairment. GRs alter the feedback of the HPA axis, which in turn disrupts hippocampal functioning. While this can be reversible, animal studies suggest that chronic elevation of glucocorticoid levels can lead to the loss of hippocampal neurons and irreversible decline in declarative memory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental isotope study on hydrodynamics of Lake Naini, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Saravana Kumar U. , Jacob Noble , Navada S. V. , Rao S. M. , Nachiappan Rm. P. , Kumar Bhishm , Murthy J. S. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnvironmental isotopes (δ18O, δD and3H) were used to understand the hydrodynamics of Lake Naini in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India. The data was correlated with the in situ physico‐chemical parameters, namely temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The analysis of the data shows that Lake Naini is a warm monomictic lake [i.e. in a year, the lake is stratified during the summer months (March/April to October/November) and well mixed during the remaining months]. The presence of a centrally submerged ridge inhibits the mixing of deeper waters of the lake's two sub‐basins, and they exhibit differential behaviour. The rates of change of isotopic composition of hypolimnion and epilimnion waters of the lake indicate that the water retention time of the lake is very short, and the two have independent inflow components. A few groundwater inflow points to the lake are inferred along the existing fractures, fault planes and dykes. In addition to poor vertical mixing of the lake due to the temperature‐induced seasonal stratification, the lake also shows poor horizontal mixing at certain locations of the lake. The lake–groundwater system appears to be a flow‐through type.Also, a tritium and water‐balance model was developed to estimate the water retention time of well‐mixed and hydrologically steady state lakes. The model assumes a piston flow of groundwater contributing to the lake. The developed model was verified for (a) Finger Lakes, New York; (b) Lake Neusiedlersee, Austria; and (c) Blue Lake, Australia based on literature data. The predicted water retention times of the lakes were close to those reported or calculated from the hydrological parameters given in the references. On application of this model to Lake Naini, a water retention time of ∼2 years and age of groundwater contributing to the lake ∼14 years is obtained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrofauna and nutrient cycling in the Swan River Estuary, Western Australia: experimental results
Authors: Pennifold Melita , Davis Jenny 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of benthic macrofauna on nutrient fluxes. The influence of the macrofauna on nutrients released from the sediments was investigated experimentally in the laboratory using sediment cores from the Swan–Canning Estuary. Excretion rates of common benthic species were also measured to quantify the role of the macrofauna in estuarine nutrient cycling.The presence of macrofauna increased the release of phosphate and ammonium into the water column but decreased the release, or resulted in uptake, of nitrate by the sediments. There were no significant differences in porewater concentrations of ammonium, nitrate or phosphate between treatments with and without macrofauna. The macrofauna clearly had an important role in nutrient fluxes, as nutrient release differed between cores with and without fauna, and nutrient fluxes were significantly correlated with increased faunal biomass.Other factors, such as season and dissolved oxygen concentrations, influenced the concentration of nutrients released. Ammonium was released into the overlying water column at higher rates in winter than summer, while nitrate was released at higher rates in summer than winter. Aeration did not have a significant effect on nutrient fluxes, however there was a significant increase in filterable reactive phosphorus, and decrease in nitrate, in the porewater of cores which were not aerated.Benthic species excreted phosphate, nitrate and ammonium, with ammonium present in the largest amounts. Comparison of excretion rates to the amount of nutrients released into the water column in the core experiments revealed that excretion could account for 30% of the phosphate and >200% of the ammonium measured in the water column.Clearly the benthic macrofauna have a significant role with respect to benthic nutrient fluxes within the Swan–Canning Estuary, with benthic regeneration of nutrients estimated to equal external loading of nutrients. However, further work is required to more precisely define the influence of seasonality, dissolved oxygen, microbial activity and sediment characteristics on nutrient fluxes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff generation and routing on artificial slopes in a Mediterranean–continental environment: the Teruel coalfield, Spain
Authors: Nicolau José‐Manuel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms of runoff generation and routing and their controlling factors at the hillslope scale, on artificial slopes derived from surface coal mining reclamation in a Mediterranean–continental area. Rainfall and runoff at interrill and microcatchment scales were recorded for a year on two slopes with different substrata: topsoil cover and overburden cover. Runoff coefficient and runoff routing from interrill areas to microcatchment outlets were higher in the overburden substratum than in topsoil, and greater in the most developed rill network. Rainfall volume is the major parameter responsible for runoff response on overburden, suggesting that this substratum is very impermeable—at least during the main rainfall periods of the year (late spring and autumn) when the soil surface is sealed. In such conditions, most rainfall input is converted into runoff, regardless of its intensity. Results from artificial rainfall experiments, conducted 3 and 7 years after seeding, confirm the low infiltration capacity of overburden when sealed. The hydrological response shows great seasonal variability on the overburden slope in accordance with soil surface changes over the year. Rainfall volume and intensities (I30, I60) explain runoff at the interrill scale on the topsoil slope, where rainfall experiments demonstrated a typical Hortonian infiltration curve. However, no correlation was found at the microcatchment level, probably because of the loss of functionality of the only rill as ecological succession proceeded. The runoff generation mechanism on the topsoil slope is more homogeneous throughout the year. Runoff connectivity, defined as the ratio between runoff rates recorded at the rill network scale and those recorded at the interrill area scale in every rainfall event, was also greater on the rilled overburden slope, and in the most developed rill network. The dense rill networks of the overburden slope guarantee very effective runoff drainage, regardless of rainfall magnitude. Rills drain overland flow from interrill‐sealed areas, reducing the opportunity of reinfiltration in areas not affected by siltation. Runoff generation and routing on topsoil slopes are controlled by grass cover and soil moisture content, whereas on overburden slopes rill network density and soil moisture content are the main controlling factors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causes and consequences of fire‐induced soil water repellency
Authors: Letey J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA wettable surface layer overlying a water‐repellent layer is commonly observed following a fire on a watershed. High surface temperatures ‘burn’ off organic materials and create vapours that move downward in response to a temperature gradient and then condense on soil particles causing them to become water repellent. Water‐repellent soils have a positive water entry pressure hp that must be exceeded or all the water will runoff. Water ponding depths ho that exceeds hp will cause infiltration, but the profile is not completely wetted. Infiltration rate and soil wetting increase as the value of ho/hp increases. The consequence is very high runoff, which also contributes to high erosion on fire‐induced water‐repellent soils during rain storms. Grass establishment is impaired by seeds being eroded and lack of soil water for seeds that do remain and germinate. Extrapolation of these general findings to catchment or watershed scales is difficult because of the very high temporal and spatial variabilities that occur in the field. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.