bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Microglial immunometabolism in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Strogulski Nathan R. , Portela Luis V. , Polster Brian M. , Loane David J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by a physical impact to the brain that promotes diffuse damage and chronic neurodegeneration. Key mechanisms believed to support secondary brain injury include mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neuroinflammation. Microglia and brain‐infiltrating macrophages are responsible for neuroinflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after TBI. Their production is associated with loss of homeostatic microglial functions such as immunosurveillance, phagocytosis, and immune resolution. Beyond providing energy support, mitochondrial metabolic pathways reprogram the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory machinery in immune cells, providing a critical immunometabolic axis capable of regulating immunologic response to noxious stimuli. In the brain, the capacity to adapt to different environmental stimuli derives, in part, from microglia's ability to recognize and respond to changes in extracellular and intracellular metabolite levels. This capacity is met by an equally plastic metabolism, capable of altering immune function. Microglial pro‐inflammatory activation is associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration, whereas anti‐inflammatory microglial polarization is supported by increased oxidative metabolism. These metabolic adaptations contribute to neuroimmune responses, placing mitochondria as a central regulator of post‐traumatic neuroinflammation. Although it is established that profound neurometabolic changes occur following TBI, key questions related to metabolic shifts in microglia remain unresolved. These include (a) the nature of microglial mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI, (b) the hierarchical positions of different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, glutaminolysis, and lipid oxidation during secondary injury and recovery, and (c) how immunometabolism alters microglial phenotypes, culminating in chronic non‐resolving neuroinflammation. In this basic neurochemistry review article, we describe the contributions of immunometabolism to TBI, detail primary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic impairments in microglia and macrophages, discuss how major metabolic pathways contribute to post‐traumatic neuroinflammation, and set out future directions toward advancing immunometabolic phenotyping in TBI.image
Mitigating wildfire losses via insurance‐linked securities: Modeling and risk management perspectives
Authors: Li Hong , Su Jianxi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper investigates the use of catastrophe (CAT) bonds as a risk management tool for wildfires. We introduce a set of Bayesian dynamic models designed to accurately represent wildfire losses, allowing a thorough examination of wildfire CAT bond pricing and hedge effectiveness. Our model captures crucial attributes of wildfire data, such as zero inflation, overdispersion, temporal fluctuations, and spatial dependence. Employing extensive quantitative analyses of US wildfire data, we highlight that CAT bonds can substantially mitigate tail risk associated with insurers' liability. Importantly, index‐based CAT bonds, drawing their payouts from aggregate wildfire losses over a larger geographical scope than an insurer's operational area, also provide effective hedges. Our research underscores the potential of wildfire CAT bonds as an enhancement to traditional reinsurance strategies, offering insurers an improved means to manage and mitigate wildfire exposures amidst inherent uncertainties.
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, a crinivirus infecting Cannabis sativa plants
Authors: Gezovitch Orit , Luria Neta , Lachman Oded , Sela Noa , Smith Elisheva , Dombrovsky Aviv 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHigh cannabidiol‐containing plants of Cannabis sativa (high‐CBD) growing in farms in Israel displayed foliar symptoms of interveinal chlorosis and yellowing, brittleness and occasionally necrosis. These symptoms, which were more apparent in older leaves, resembled those caused by the crinivirus lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV). However, this virus was not detected by reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR using specific primer sets. High‐throughput sequencing of viral RNA extracted from symptomatic leaves revealed the presence of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a crinivirus in the Closteroviridae family. The complete viral genome sequence was obtained using RT‐PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. The two CCYV RNA genomic segments shared 99.5%–99.85% nucleotide sequence identity with CCYV isolates from the GenBank. The virus was transmitted from symptomatic cannabis leaves to healthy plants of cannabis and Cucumis sativus ‘King Star’ (cucumber) by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle Eastern Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species, causing disease symptoms identical to those of the donor plants. Cannabis‐CCYV was also transmitted between infected cucumber plants and cannabis seedlings of unknown genotype. Severe disease symptoms of yellowing and leaf‐edge necrosis were observed on high‐CBD and high Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐containing (high‐THC) flowering cannabis plants and were associated with mixed infections of LCV and CCYV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CCYV infecting C. sativa plants.
A cyberGIS approach to exploring neighborhood‐level social vulnerability for disaster risk management
Authors: Han Su Yeon , Kang Jeon‐Young , Lyu Fangzheng , Baig Furqan , Park Jinwoo , Smilovsky Danielle , Wang Shaowen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTimely identification of disaster‐prone neighborhoods and examination of disparity in disaster exposure are critical for policymakers to plan efficient disaster management strategies. Many studies have investigated racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities and populations most vulnerable to disasters. However, little attention has been paid to the development of easily accessible and reusable tools to enable: (1) the prompt identification of vulnerable neighborhoods; and (2) the examination of social disparity in disaster impact. In this research, we have developed a visual analytics tool that allows users to: (1) delineate neighborhoods based on their selection of variables; and (2) explore which neighborhoods are susceptible to the impacts of disasters based on specific socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Through an exploration of COVID‐19 data in the case study, we revealed that the tool can provide new insights into the identification of vulnerable neighborhoods that need immediate attention for disaster control, management, and relief.
The effect of medical grade compression garments on the repeated‐bout effect in non‐resistance‐trained men
Authors: Brown Freddy , Hill Matt , Renshaw Derek , Pedlar Charles , Hill Jessica , van Someren Ken , Howatson Glyn , Tallis Jason 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhilst compression garments (CG) may enhance recovery from exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD), many recovery strategies can attenuate adaptative responses. Therefore, the effects of CG on recovery from EIMD, and the rapid protective adaptations known as the repeated bout effect (RBE) were investigated. Thirty‐four non‐resistance‐trained males (18–45 years) randomly received class II medical‐grade CG or placebo for 72 h following eccentrically‐focused lower‐body exercise, in a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial. Indices of EIMD were assessed at baseline, 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post‐exercise, before exercise and testing were repeated after 14 days. Results were analysed using a three‐way (time × condition × bout) linear mixed‐effects model. Exercise impaired isometric and isokinetic strength, with soreness and thigh circumference elevated for 72 h (P < 0.001). Compression did not enhance recovery (P > 0.05), despite small to moderate effect sizes (ES, reported alongside 90% confidence intervals) for isokinetic strength (ES from 0.2 [−0.41, 0.82] to 0.65 [0.03, 1.28]). All variables recovered faster after the repeated bout (P < 0.005). However, RBE for peak isokinetic force was impaired in CG at 60° s−1(group × bout interaction: χ2 = 4.24,P = 0.0395; ES = −0.56 [−1.18, 0.07]) and completely absent at 120° s−1(χ2 = 16.2,P < 0.001, ES = −0.96 [−1.61, −0.32]) and 180° s−1(χ2 = 10.4,P = 0.001, ES = −0.72 [−1.35, −0.09]). Compression blunted RBE at higher isokinetic velocities without improving recovery in non‐resistance‐trained males, potentially contraindicating their use following unaccustomed exercise in this population.
Longitudinal changes in intrinsic motoneuron excitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are dependent on disease progression
Authors: Trajano Gabriel S. , Orssatto Lucas B. R. , McCombe Pamela A. , Rivlin Warwick , Tang Lily , Henderson Robert D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIncreased amplitude of persistent inward currents (PICs) is observed in pre‐symptomatic genetically modified SOD1 mice models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, at the symptomatic stage this reverses and there is a large reduction in PIC amplitude. It remains unclear whether these changes in PICs can be observed in humans, with cross‐sectional studies in humans reporting contradictory findings. In people with ALS, we estimated the PIC contribution to self‐sustained firing of motoneurons, using the paired‐motor unit analysis to calculate the Δfrequency (ΔF), to compare the weaker and stronger muscles during the course of disease. We hypothesised that, with disease progression, ΔFs would relatively increase in the stronger muscles; and decline in the weaker muscles. Forty‐three individuals with ALS were assessed in two occasions on average 17 weeks apart. Tibialis anterior high‐density electromyograms were recorded during dorsiflexion (40% of maximal capacity) ramped contractions, followed by clinical tests. ∆F increased from 3.14 (2.57, 3.71) peaks per second (pps) to 3.55 (2.94, 4.17) pps on the stronger muscles (0.41 (0.041, 0.781) pps, standardised difference (d) = 0.287 (0.023, 0.552), P = 0.030). ∆F reduced from 3.38 (95% CI 2.92, 3.84) pps to 2.88 (2.40, 3.36) pps on the weaker muscles (−0.50 (−0.80, −0.21) pps, d = 0.353 (0.138, 0.567), P = 0.001). The ALSFRS‐R score reduced 3.9 (2.3, 5.5) points. These data indicate that the contribution of PICs to motoneuron self‐sustained firing increases over time in early stages of the disease when there is little weakness before decreasing as the disease progresses and muscle weakness exacerbates, in alignment with the findings from studies using SOD1 mice.
imageKey points
Research on mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suggests that the amplitude of persistent inward currents (PICs) is increased in early stages before decreasing as the disease progresses.
Cross‐sectional studies in humans have reported contradictory findings with both higher and lower PIC contributions to motoneuron self‐sustained firing.
In this longitudinal (∼17 weeks) study we tracked changes in PIC contribution to motoneuron self‐sustained firing, using the ΔF calculation (i.e. onset‐offset hysteresis of motor unit pairs), in tibialis anterior muscles with normal strength and with clinical signs of weakness in people with ALS.
ΔFs decreased over time in muscles with clinical signs of weakness. The PIC contribution to motoneuron self‐sustained firing increases before the onset of muscle weakness, and subsequently decreases when muscle weakness progresses.
Comparing and Evaluating Human and Computationally Derived Representations of Non-Semantic Design Information
Authors: Kwon Elisa , Goucher-Lambert Kosa 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Design artifacts provide a mechanism for illustrating design information and concepts, but their effectiveness relies on alignment across design agents in what these artifacts represent. This work investigates the agreement between multi-modal representations of design artifacts by humans and artificial intelligence (AI). Design artifacts are considered to constitute stimuli designers interact with to become inspired (i.e., inspirational stimuli), for which retrieval often relies on computational methods using AI. To facilitate this process for multi-modal stimuli, a better understanding of human perspectives of non-semantic representations of design information, e.g., by form or function-based features, is motivated. This work compares and evaluates human and AI-based representations of 3D-model parts by visual and functional features. Humans and AI were found to share consistent representations of visual and functional similarities, which aligned well with coarse, but not more granular, levels of similarity. Human–AI alignment was higher for identifying low compared to high similarity parts, suggesting mutual representation of features underlying more obvious than nuanced differences. Human evaluation of part relationships in terms of belonging to the same or different categories revealed that human and AI-derived relationships similarly reflect concepts of “near” and “far.” However, levels of similarity corresponding to “near” and “far” differed depending on the criteria evaluated, where “far” was associated with nearer visually than functionally related stimuli. These findings contribute to a fundamental understanding of human evaluation of information conveyed by AI-represented design artifacts needed for successful human–AI collaboration in design.
Requirements, Objectives, Both, or Neither: How to Formulate Complex Design Problems for Innovation Contests
Authors: Vrolijk Ademir-Paolo , Szajnfarber Zoe 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Technical organizations increasingly rely on innovation contests to find novel ideas for designing complex systems. These activities involve outsiders in the early stages of the design process, leading to ground-breaking designs that often surpass expectations. Here, the contest’s rules document plays a crucial role: this design artifact communicates the organization’s problem and the desired system performance to the participants—significantly impacting the resulting solutions. However, the contest’s nature amplifies the challenges of communicating complex design problems across boundaries. Existing strategies for formulating—i.e., requirement and objective allocation—might not suit this context. We developed an inductive model of their formulation process based on a multiyear field study of five complex innovation contests. We found that a formulation team (or “seeker”) balanced the need to communicate their problem in detail with the risk of excluding valuable participants. Here, they chose among three approaches—incentivize, impose, or subsume—depending on their knowledge of potential solutions and the participants’ capabilities. Notably, the seeker formulated more granularly than the literature describes, employing multiple approaches within each rules document. These findings shed light on a poorly understood aspect of innovation contests, shed new light on a longstanding debate in the engineering design literature, and guide practitioners’ formulation processes.
Numerical Investigation of the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Lithium Metal in Spiral Tubes
Authors: Liu Yongfu , He Yi , Tan Peng 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The application of liquid lithium as a coolant for the forthcoming era of space nuclear reactors exhibits significant potential, and spiral tube heat exchanger components are commonly used in steam generators for reactors. However, the heat transfer characteristics of liquid lithium in spiral tubes are not yet fully understood. This research establishes a non-isothermal heat transfer model incorporating a modified turbulent Prandtl number to analyze the flow of liquid lithium through spiral tubes with varying geometries. Numerical analysis is carried out focusing on the influence of inlet velocity, the distribution of related parameters, and the geometry of spiral tubes. The results demonstrate that in the range of the dimensionless Dean number 8165–13,063, the Nusselt number and the pressure drop present approximately linear relations with the Dean number. For the distribution law of relevant physical quantities, the inner side of the tube displays an eye-anatomy low-flowrate area and a high-temperature area, while a low-pressure area forms on the inner pipe wall. Finally, the pitch and spiral radius are found to be reduced as much as possible to ensure high liquid lithium-based heat transfer performance with a small pressure drop. The optimized design parameters reveal that within the actual design range of non-dimensional pitch of 0.667–10.667 and curvature of 0.0556–0.1667, the non-dimensional pitch and curvature are 0.667–2.667 and 0.1667, respectively. This study offers valuable insights into the heat transfer properties of liquid lithium within heat exchangers of the spiral tube design, promoting its application in space nuclear reactor power supply.
The Effect of Heat Exchanger Tube Structure on the Condensation Heat Transfer of R1234ze(E)/R152a Inside Smooth Tubes
Authors: Dai Yuande , Tang Qingqing , Xu Chaoping 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the flow condensation heat transfer characteristics of the environmentally friendly nearly-azeotropic refrigerant R1234ze(E)/R152a (mass ratio of 40:60) in smooth tubes with varying structures were numerically investigated. Under the operating conditions of mass flux of 400 kg/m2/s, heat flux of 12 kW/m2, and saturation temperature of 308.15 K, this study investigated the influence of circular tube inner diameter, elliptical tube aspect ratio, and installation orientation on condensation heat transfer, while the influence on pressure drop has not been taken into account in the present study. The results indicate that the condensation heat transfer coefficient in the tube increases as the inner diameter of the circular tube decreases. The condensation heat transfer coefficient increases by 1.086 times when the circular tube inner diameter is reduced from 10.7 mm to 5 mm. Under identical operating conditions, the condensation heat transfer coefficient of the mixed refrigerant in elliptical tubes increases with an increase in the aspect ratio. The average condensation heat transfer coefficient increases by 18.21% as the aspect ratio of the elliptical tube increases from 1 to 2. Compared to a vertical elliptical tube, a horizontal elliptical tube is more favorable for condensation heat transfer within the tube.
High-Fidelity Simulation of the Interaction Between a Simplified Axial Compressor Cascade and an Ingested Vortex
Authors: Magand Dimitri , Deck Sébastien , Renard Nicolas , Dugeai Alain , Bois Béatrice , Spriet Tony 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyze the flow generated by the interaction between a simplified linear blade cascade of an industrial aircraft engine demonstrator and an ingested vortex with the aerodynamic characteristics of a ground vortex in real conditions. Due to the lack of experimental and high-fidelity numerical studies in the literature, a representative academic case of this phenomenon with a high-fidelity resolution of turbulence is performed and taken as reference. After the description of the computation setup and the numerical parameters used, the instantaneous topology of this complex flow is discussed, especially the interaction of the compressor cascade with the dynamics of the vortex. The hybrid RANS/LES simulation shows the chopping of the vortex, its destabilization and its dislocation into turbulent structures downstream the blade cascade. Turbulence is finely resolved in the blade wake and in the chopped vortex by the ZDES technique at a moderate computational cost thanks to RANS treatment of attached boundary layers. A decrease of the eddy viscosity injected in the URANS simulation allows a representation of the averaged vortical structures inside the vortex closer to the averaged reference case. Spectral analyses are performed on unsteady velocity signals from probes located inside and outside the vortex chopped by the blades, highlighting more turbulent structures inside the transformed vortex than in the wake of the blades, which are convected downstream in the direction of the Outlet Guide Vane (OGV).
Aerothermal Simulations and Testing of an Air-Cooled APU Bay
Authors: Ostino Léandre , Combébias Sébastien , Demolis Jacques 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
An Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) is an additional gas turbine engine located in a bay on an aircraft or a helicopter. The APU may be used to start the main engines, provide pressurized air to the cabin and generate electricity. Some of the equipment of the APU, such as the fuel metering pump or the ignitor, have certified temperature limits that must not be exceeded. In order to control the thermal environment around the APU, where these equipment are located, the bay needs to be cooled down when the APU is in operation. In this study, bay cooling is achieved with an ejector system.
Numerical simulations using ANSYS Fluent with a RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) approach and a k-ω SST turbulence model have been performed to study the thermal environment of the APU in the bay. The volume inside the compartment, including many details such as oil and fuel ducts, was meshed using a complex wrapping process. The air-oil heat exchanger located at the inlet of the bay was modeled as a porous zone. Radiative, conductive and convective heat transfers were taken into account. The cooling mass flow through the bay and the surface temperature of all components were calculated.
These calculations have been compared to the results of a test campaign performed in a dedicated facility. During the tests, the APU was installed in a bay representative of the installation on the helicopter. The inlet of the bay was equipped with a calibrated bell mouth and thermal probes were installed on most of the equipment to monitor their temperature. Static and total pressure probes were also installed in the bay to evaluate the total pressure loss of the cooling flow. The comparisons between numerical and test results showed good correlation regarding the surface temperatures.
Simulation of the Thermoacoustic Response of an Aero-Engine Gas Turbine Fuel Injector Using a Hybrid CFD-CAA Method
Authors: Reinhardt Hanna , Alanyalıoğlu Çetin Ozan , Fischer André , Lahiri Claus , Nicolai Hendrik , Hasse Christian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Given the stringent emission regulations of aircraft engines, the trend in the aero industry is toward developing leaner combustion systems, which are prone to produce combustion instabilities. Hybrid methods of simultaneous acoustics and fluid dynamics simulations offer an elegant solution for the numerical prediction of these instabilities, taking advantage of the appropriate discretization of relevant scales. The presented work employed a hybrid simulation framework to identify the thermoacoustic response of a practically relevant configuration. The fluid dynamics were described using a CFD solver employing the low Mach formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations, while the acoustics were simulated using a CAA solver employing the acoustic perturbation equations. The coupling was implemented to exchange information between both solvers during runtime. The considered real-life configuration was designed to investigate the thermoacoustic behavior of realistic gas turbine injectors. It is acoustically excited to characterize the given injector via the flame transfer function approach under controlled operating conditions. The CFD simulation results were post-processed to obtain the acoustic behavior of the combustor. The reacting scattering matrix was constructed and then compared to the experimental reference, both obtained using the multi-microphone method. Finally, two different post-processing approaches were used to calculate the flame transfer function and discuss the applied hybrid computation method. This work demonstrated that the hybrid method can capture general features of the flame response of a complex three-dimensional combustion system.