bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plastic World
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the nineteenth century some organic chemists produced unfriendly, insoluble, sticky substances by rather uncontrolled reactions, which we now know to have been polymers and the precursors of plastics. The first marketable material seems actually to have been derived from milk. The process is said to have been invented in about 1530 by a Bavarian Benedictine monk, by the name of Wolfgang Seidel, but he probably got the idea from earlier recipes. It was based on collecting the curd from sour milk, by filtration, and soaking it first in hot water and then in lye (an alkaline extract of wood ash). The result was a tough, sticky mass, which would have consisted largely of the protein casein. Seidel was searching for a substitute for cow horn, which was used, amongst other things, for making windows for lanterns. The horn had to be heated in steam and then flattened and shaped while hot.
The New Age: Giant Molecules for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great leap forward in the chemistry and technology of polymers came midway through the twentieth century. It arose out of many failed attempts to prepare a polymer from a monomer that differed from ethylene (H2C==CH2) only by an additional methyl group: This molecule is propylene. The polypropylenes that resulted when propylene was treated in the same way as ethylene were of very low molecular weight, and mostly sticky gums.
Aristotle’ S Notion Of Priority In Nature And Substance
Authors: Peramatzis Michail M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to thank David Charles and Lindsay Judson for their invaluable criticisms, objections, and suggestions. Thanks are also due to Brad Inwood and an anonymous referee of Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. Any mistakes made in the present paper are, of course, solely due to me. K. Fine, ‘Ontological Dependence’ [‘Dependence’], Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 95 (1995), 269–90 at 271. Fine notes that Aristotle’s account of ontological priority too is couched in similar terms (270). This remark, however, is not intended as an interpretational proposal.
The Road to Truth
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much more is now known about human origins and evolution than was the case almost 40 years ago, when I began to study primate reproductive biology. In the final essence, it is the fossil evidence of hominid evolution, reviewed briefly in the first chapter of this book, which provides the backcloth against which the sexual behaviour and reproductive anatomy and physiology of the extant primates may be viewed in true evolutionary perspective. This has been the approach adopted throughout this book, and the goal of this final chapter is to present overall conclusions concerning the origins of human mating systems, patterns of copulatory behaviour, and mate choice.
Why is sleep so important?
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been various theories about the function of sleep. For example, some have emphasized its role in brain development and in learning and memory. No one theory accounts for all of the complexities of sleep in different species and at different ages. What is clear is that sleep is essential for recovery and restoration. Sustained effort leads to tiredness, fatigue, and the need to sleep. If sleep is persistently disturbed, you will be affected psychologically and perhaps physically. Loss of sleep or poor-quality (non-restorative) sleep leads to the build-up of a ‘sleep debt’. This increases the pressure to sleep in order to pay off the debt when the next opportunity to sleep becomes available. Repeatedly disturbed sleep progressively builds up the size of the sleep debt. Fortunately, it takes far less time to pay off this debt than it takes to incur it. In other words, a relatively short period of sound sleep is sufficient to offset the immediate effects of sleep loss.
Sleep problems and their underlying causes (sleep disorders)
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fact: Nothing could be further from the truth. Careful enquiry will almost always reveal the reason why you are not sleeping well. This could be any of number of things. Once identified, the cause should be able to be treated effectively. Much of what has been said already shows that it is important to find out which of the various possible causes is responsible for someone not sleeping well. Such causes range from a minor illness or change of circumstances that will soon improve to serious conditions requiring intensive treatment. As described in later chapters, there are many types of sleep treatments. Which one is most appropriate for a particular person depends on the underlying cause of their sleep problem. Unfortunately, the underlying cause might not be considered, even when professional advice has been sought. No one would say that difficulty breathing is an illness in its own right for which there is only one type of treatment, but something similar to this might happen in the case of difficulty sleeping, for example. That being so, sleeping tablets should rarely be prescribed for insomnia (see Chapter 8) or stimulant drugs for sleepiness (see Chapter 9) without regard to the many possible explanations and which of them applies in the individual case. The many forms of parasomnia (see Chapter 10) also call for different types of advice and treatment.
Not sleeping well (insomnia)
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone has the occasional night of sleeping badly without the need for help or advice. However, surveys have repeatedly shown that about 30% of young and middle-aged adults are affected often enough by insomnia for it to be a significant problem. This figure is much higher (at least 50%) in elderly people and also in some other groups who are at special risk of disturbed sleep (see Chapter 11). People who show a lifelong ability to function perfectly well on relatively little sleep (‘short sleepers’) are not considered to suffer from insomnia. It is worth repeating that the problem of insomnia cannot be considered a condition or diagnosis in itself. It is a symptom and its cause needs to be discovered in each individual. There are many possible causes of insomnia, which, for the most part, are different, depending on how long the problem has lasted (see box below). There may be more than one cause, particularly in elderly people.
Disturbed behaviour and strange experiences at night (parasomnias)
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep is not always a relaxed, uneventful state. Often, various changes in behaviour or experiences take place during or in the period closely related to sleep. Sometimes these events are worrying to the person experiencing the parasomnia. On the other hand, he may not know what is happening because he is asleep at the time. So-called ‘arousal disorders’ (see later this chapter) are of this type. The changes in behaviour or experience in the parasomnias can be very subtle, but others are dramatic and alarming to the individual or to anyone who witnesses them. However, especially in childhood, even dramatic events of this type do not usually mean that they are caused by something serious. The box below lists various parasomnias in relation to the phase of sleep with which they are usually linked and, therefore, the time of night when they usually occur (see also Figure 3.1). It is essential that the episodes are correctly diagnosed and not confused with each other because the causes and treatments are very different. Distinguishing one type of parasomnia from another requires attention to detail. Sometimes, special sleep studies are needed (see Chapter 6).
An English Malady?
Authors: Scull Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Cheyne was a Scottish physician, one of a parade of ambitious and talented young men who had moved south to make their fortune around the time of the 1707 Act of Union between the two kingdoms of England and Scotland. A wit and initially something of a wastrel, Cheyne had sought to build his practice among the socially superior by hanging around the London coffee houses, flattering his would-be customers, polishing his credentials as a modern follower of Newtonian notions, and eating and drinking himself to a gargantuan size. More than 32 stone, or almost 450 pounds at his peak fighting weight, Cheyne grew so corpulent that he could barely move, and so naturally set himself up as a diet doctor. Affluence and luxury, after all, set loose the appetites, and excess exacts a predictable price in expanding waistlines and that quintessential eighteenth-century disease, gout.
The Revels Office
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE of the ‘ standing ‘ offices which, from the general oversight exercised over them by the Lord Chamberlain, may also be regarded as ‘ offices outward of the Chamber’ was the Revels Office. This, in its fullest establishment, consisted of a Master, a Clerk Comptroller, and a Clerk, whose services it shared with the analogous Office of Tents, a Yeoman, and a Groom. It was of Tudor origin. The first mention of a Master of Revels is in a Household order of 31 December 1494. But the post appears to have been at this period a purely temporary one, conferred upon some existing officer of the Household, who had been selected to supervise and defray the expenses of the revels for a particular feast.
The Mask
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE mask is not primarily a drama; it is an episode in an indoor revel of dancing. Masked and otherwise disguised persons come, by convention unexpectedly, into the hall, as a compliment to the hosts or the principal guests. Often they bring them gifts always they dance before them, and then invite them to join the dance. They bring torch-bearers and musicians, who light and accompany the choric evolutions. Their intention lends itself to elaboration by spokes-men or presenters, and to such spectacular decoration as a pageant or scene affords thus it readily assumes a mimetic setting.
Treatment of other lung tumours
Authors: Falk Stephen , Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to asbestos. There is a current epidemic of mesothelioma. Treatment of mesothelioma is largely to control the symptoms. Mesothelioma Mesothelioma is a tumour that develops in the lining of the lung known as the pleura. At the turn of the twentieth century this cancer was virtually unheard of. At the moment there is an epidemic of this tumour due to a clear-cut relationship to previous asbestos exposure.
Other methods of treatment
Authors: Falk Stephen , Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of treatments aimed at destroying cancer locally. They are not routine practice and are used in very carefully selected cases, usually in specialist centres. Despite huge developments in our knowledge of cancer, treatment for lung cancer remains firmly rooted in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Newer, more cancer-targeted agents are making some inroads into the palliative treatments of non-small cell lung cancer, but new approaches continue to be needed. All of the following approaches have their pros and cons and none is widely available.
Children with myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Harper Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first indication that a new born child has congenital myotonic dystrophy can be problems with breathing and feeding. This is due to weak breathing muscles. It is difficult for parents who know little or nothing of the disease, but try to find out as much information as you can; this will help when making decisions about the care and treatment of your child. Childhood problems from myotonic dystrophy are virtually unknown in the rarer ‘type 2’ form.
Receptor Preparations for Binding Studies
Authors: Hulme E C , Buckley N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the point of view of technique in binding studies, receptor preparations fall into two major categories: First preparations in which the cell surface membrane remains locally or globally intact. These include: whole tissues, in particular thin slices whole cells membrane preparations Secondly, preparations in which the cell surface membrane is disrupted by the me of a solubilizing agent.
Purification and Molecular Characterization of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Haga T , Haga k. , Hulme E C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we present the procedures developed in our laboratory for the solubilization, purification, and characterization of mAChRs from porcine brain and heart. At least five different mAChR subtypes in mammalian tissues are known at present and their amino-acid sequences have been determined (I - 3,26). However, they have not been fully characterized as regards their pharmacological properties and localization, and methods of sufficient specificity to permit the purification of a given subtype from the mixture often present in the tissue of interest have not been reported. The procedures described here can be applied to purify any of the mAchR subtypes.
Photoaffinity Labelling and Purification of the β-adrenergic Receptor
Authors: Benovic Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catecholamines regulate a wide variety of physiological responses via their interaction with specific cellular receptors (1). The catecholamine receptors have been divided into two major types, α and β each of which have been additionally divided into two subtypes. The β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors are coupled to stimulation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase which regulates the intracellular level of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. Although very similar in function, the β1 and β2 receptors are distinct in structure and pharmacological characteristics. The α1 and α2-adrenergic receptors are even more distinct, being coupled to different second messenger systems. The α1 -receptor is coupled to stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover, which regulates the level of the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, while the α2 -receptor is coupled to inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
Purification and Molecular Characterization of the -γ-aminobutyric acidA Receptor
Authors: Stephenson F Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. GABA mediates its effects via the specific interaction with GABA receptors of which two major subclasses have been defined on both a pharmacological and a functional basis. GABAA receptors are ligandgated chlorideion channels and are sensitive to the competitive GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, whereas GABAB receptors are bicuculline-insensitive but baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, sensitive. GABAB-receptor activation results in the interaction with a guanine nucleotide binding protein and subsequent modulation of adenylate cyclase activity, of Ca2+ and/or K+ channel activity. GABAA receptors have a complex pharmacology, which has greatly facilitated the understanding of their structure, whereas to date there is little information available on GABAB receptors other than, by analogy with other receptors that act via second messenger systems, that they are proteins consisting of a single polypeptide chain.
The efficacy of high dose recombinant interleukin-2 based immunotherapy in man
Authors: Rubin J T , Rosenberg, S A , Lotze M T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional treatment of cancer includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery used singly or in combination. Recently, a fourth modality, immunotherapy, has been shown to be effective in a limited number of haematalogical malignancies, and recent success against certain solid tumours suggests that immunotherapy will enjoy wider application. 3−6 The evolution of immunotherapy has been delayed by the lack of effective reagents in sufficient quantity. Seminal demonstrations of tumour immunogenicity in murine models7-11 were followed by successful therapy of tumour-bearing animals using in vivo and later in vitro sensitized lymphocytes administered locally or systemically .-19 Early attempts to apply these principles to the therapy of cancer in man began in 1966, when Nadler and Moore cross-transplanted histologically similar tumours in 13 pairs of patients. The subsequent transfer of lymphocytes between these patients was reported to be associated with tumour regression in 6 of 23 patients with metastatic melanoma. No responses were noted in a smaller number of patients treated with in vitro sensitized lymphocytes. In 1968, Frenster and Rogoway21,22 reported tumour regression in two of five patients infused with autologous lymphocytes activated in vitro with phyto-haemagglutinin (PHA). In 1970, this technique was also successfully applied to the local therapy of subcutaneous nodules by Cheema and Hersh. A pervasive problem in all of these studies was the inability to generate large numbers of activated lymphocytes.
Analysis Of The Cell Cycle In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Futcher Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic mechanisms of cell-cycle control seem to be similar in all eukaryotes. The yeasts S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe are two of the simplest and most powerful model systems for studying eukaryotic cell cycle control. Progress has been rapid, and the lessons learned have often been directly relevant to mammals and other eukaroyotes. Some methods useful for studying the yeast cell cycle are described here. However, these can be applied only in the context of the usual techniques of yeast molecular genetics and cell biology (I, 2). Similar methods for S. pumbe are described in Chapter 5, while methods for preparing synchronous cultures of both yeasts are described in Chapter 2.
Structure of RNA
Authors: Arani Gabriele V , Pardi Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of RNA’s central role in many cellular functions has increased dramatically since the discovery of RNA enzymatic activity (1). The field of structural biology has also made tremendous advances in the last decade and X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have provided three-dimensional (3-D) structures of many proteins. However, there has been much less progress in structure determinations of RNA, with a major limitation having been the production of sufficient quantities of RNAs of defined sequence. While there have been few new X-ray structure determinations of RNAs because of the difficulties in obtaining suitably diffracting crystals, advances in the methods for large-scale synthesis (2) and in spectroscopic techniques have made it possible to apply multidimensional NMR to the solution-structure determinations of RNA. Tremendous progress in NMR techniques permits solution-structure determination of nucleic acids at a level of resolution comparable to crystallographic studies. This chapter will review recent methodological developments and structural studies of RNA secondary and tertiary structure domains and Chapter 2 will discuss phylogenetic, chemical, and enzymatic probing methods that have been used to determine the structure of larger RNAs.
Structure and function of hnRNP proteins
Authors: Kiledjian Megerditch , Burd Christopher G , Gorlach Matthias , Portman Douglass , Dreyfuss Gideon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary transcripts of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II, termed hnRNAs or pre mRNAs, undergo a complex and highly-regulated series of events in the nucleus as they mature into functional, cytoplasmic mRNAs (1, 2). Prominent among these events are the excision of intrans, generation of the 5’- and 3’-terminal structures and export of the processed mRNA into the cytoplasm. Upon the emergence of the nascent transcript from the transcription complex and throughout its nuclear life time, pre-mRNA exists as a complex with a group of nuclear pre-mRNA-binding proteins and it is in this form that the RNA undergoes nuclear RNA-processing reactions. The RNA-binding proteins which associate with nuclear pre-mRNAs but are not stable components of other nuclear structures (for example, snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles)) are known as hnRNP proteins (3). The structure formed upon the association of these proteins with a pre-mRNA molecule is known as an hnRNP complex (reviewed in Dreyfuss et al. (4, 5)). hnRNP com plexes, therefore, occupy a central position in the pathway of gene expression and the study of their structure and function is of great interest.
Control of hutnan imtnunodeficiency virus gene expression by the RNA-binding proteins tat and rev
Authors: Karn Jonathan , Gait Michael J , Churcher Mark J , Mann Derek A , Mikaelian Ivan , Pritchard Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is controlled by two viral proteins, the trans-activator protein (tat) and the regulator of virion expression (rev). These regulatory proteins play complementary roles in the HIV life cycle: tat stimulates transcription from the viral long-terminal repeat (LTR), whereas rev is required for the efficient cytoplasmic expression of the mRNAs encoding the structural proteins of the virus. This system of dual regulation is illustrated in Figure 1. In permissive cells, transcription of the integrated proviral genome is initiated by host cell transcription factors (1-3). Initially, a low level of small, multiply spliced mRNAs encoding tat and rev are produced (4). tat synthesized during the primary round of transcription establishes a ‘positive feedback loop’ which boosts tat and rev mRNA production 200-1000-fold (5-7). Once a critical rev threshold is surpassed, HIV gene expression switches away from the production of the mRNAs for the regulatory proteins towards the production of the unspliced or partially spliced mRNAs encoding the virion proteins (8-10).
Expression, purification and interfacial kinetic analysis of phospholipase C-γ1
Authors: Jones Gwenith A , Horstman Debra A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phospholipase C-γl (PLC-γl) is an important signalling molecule. Activation of PLC-γl by receptor tyrosine kinases allows growth factors, such as EGF, to modulate the level of the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(l,4,5) P 3) and diacylglycerol (1-9). In response to EGF, PLC-γl rapidly becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and translocates to the membrane (1, 2, 7, 10-17). Very little information is available concerning the structure/function relationships of PLC-γl; an exception is the finding that tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-γl at Y783 increases PLC-γl PtdIns(4,5) P 2 hydrolysing activity in response to growth factors (3).
Baculovirus-promoted expression, purification, and functional assay of G-protein regulated PLC-β isoenzymes
Authors: Paterson Andrew , Filtz Theresa M , Harden T Kendall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of the catalytic and regulatory activities of inositol phospholipid specific phospholipases C (PLC) is critical to understanding at a molecular level the transmembrane signalling response to many hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. These ubiquitous enzymes catalyse release of the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(l,4,5) P) and sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG). Three structural families of mammalian PLC isoenzymes (PLC-β, -γ, and -δ) have been identified, and the PLC-[3 class of isoenzymes accounts for the signal transduction response to the largest group of hormones and neurotransmitters.