bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural cell differentiation from retinal pigment epithelial cells of the newt: An organ culture model for the urodele retinal regeneration
Authors: Ikegami Yoko , Mitsuda Sanae , Araki Masasuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransdifferentiation from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to neural retina (NR) was studied under a new culture system as an experimental model for newt retinal regeneration. Adult newt RPEs were organ cultured with surrounding connective tissues, such as the choroid and sclera, on a filter membrane. Around day 7 in vitro, lightly pigmented “neuron‐like cells” with neuritic processes were found migrating out from the explant onto the filter membrane. Their number gradually increased day by day. BrdU‐labeling study showed that RPE cells initiated to proliferate under the culture condition on day 4 in vitro, temporally correlating to the time course of retinal regeneration in vivo. Histological observations of cultured explants showed that proliferating RPE cells did not form the stratified structure typically observed in the NR but they rather migrated out from the explants. Neuronal differentiation was examined by immunohistochemical detection of various neuron‐specific proteins; HPC‐1 (syntaxin), GABA, serotonin, rhodopsin, and acetylated tubulin. Immunoreactive cells for these proteins always possessed fine and long neurite‐like processes. Numerous lightly pigmented cells with neuron‐like morphology showed HPC‐1 immunoreactivity. Fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), known as a potent factor for the transdifferentiation of ocular tissues in various vertebrates, substantially increased the numbers of both neuron‐like cells and HPC‐1‐like immunoreactive cells in a dose‐dependent manner. These results indicate that our culture method ensures neural differentiation of newt RPE cells in vitro and provides, for the first time, a suitable in vitro experimental model system for studying tissue‐intrinsic factors responsible for newt retinal regeneration. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 209–220, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10031
A new automatic hexahedral mesher based on cutting
Authors: Dhondt Guido 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new method is presented leading to a 20‐node brick element mesh for an arbitrary structure based on a triangulation of the structure's surface. Starting from a hexahedral master mesh encompassing the structure, the elements which are intersected by the triangulation are determined, cut and remeshed. The resulting hexahedral mesh can be tied to the underlying elements by multiple point constraints or can be continued throughout the complete structure leading to a pure 20‐node brick mesh. Several examples show the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape optimization of axisymmetric preform tools in forging using a direct differentiation method
Authors: Vieilledent D. , Fourment L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for computing shape sensitivity in the frame of non‐linear and non‐steady‐state forging is presented. Derivatives of tool geometry, velocity and state variables with respect to the shape parameters are calculated by a direct differentiation of discrete equations. Because of the important part played by the accuracy of finite element calculations, an efficient transfer method is used between meshes during remeshings and the contact algorithms are carefully differentiated. The resulting inverse design procedure is successfully applied to two industrial examples of forging of automobile parts, with fold‐over and piping defects occurring during the intermediate designs. It makes it possible to suggest reasonable preform shapes, with or without any available knowledge of the forging process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite difference scheme for solving a three‐dimensional heat transport equation in a thin film with microscale thickness
Authors: Dai Weizhong , Nassar Raja 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHeat transport at the microscale is of vital importance in microtechnology applications. The heat transport equation is different from the traditional heat diffusion equation since a second‐order derivative of temperature with respect to time and a third‐order mixed derivative of temperature with respect to space and time are introduced. In this study, we develop a finite difference scheme with two levels in time for the three‐dimensional heat transport equation. It is shown by the discrete energy method that the scheme is unconditionally stable. The three‐dimensional implicit scheme is then solved by using a preconditioned Richardson iteration, so that only a tridiagonal linear system is solved each iteration. Numerical results show that the solution is accurate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform convergence of Galerkin‐multigrid methods for nonconforming finite elements for second‐order problems with less than full elliptic regularity
Authors: Chen Zhangxin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article we prove uniform convergence estimates for the recently developed Galerkin‐multigrid methods for nonconforming finite elements for second‐order problems with less than full elliptic regularity. These multigrid methods are defined in terms of the “Galerkin approach,” where quadratic forms over coarse grids are constructed using the quadratic form on the finest grid and iterated coarse‐to‐fine intergrid transfer operators. Previously, uniform estimates were obtained for problems with full elliptic regularity, whereas these estimates are derived with less than full elliptic regularity here. Applications to the nonconforming P1, rotated Q1, and Wilson finite elements are analyzed. The result applies to the mixed method based on finite elements that are equivalent to these nonconforming elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 203–217, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.10004
Self‐report quality of life as a predictor of hospitalization for patients with LV dysfunction: A life course approach¶
Authors: Stull Donald E. , Clough Lynn A. , Van Dussen Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor this secondary data analysis of a large clinical drug study, researchers investigated the independent prognostic utility of self‐report quality‐of‐life measures versus clinical measures for assessing patient risk for heart‐failure‐related hospitalization. The experience of heart failure varies over the life course; hence, four age groups were investigated. Quality‐of‐life measures, specifically health‐related quality‐of‐life and psychosocial quality‐of‐life measures, were found to be independent and significant predictors of heart‐failure‐related hospitalizations, as compared to traditional clinical indicators. In addition, the psychosocial quality‐of‐life measure varied by age group in its importance as a predictor of hospitalization, suggesting differential relevance over the life course. Specifically, psychosocial quality of life was most strongly predictive of hospitalization for those ages 21–44, was less predictive for those ages 45–54, and was nonsignificant for those 55–64 years of age and those 65 and over. Including self‐report quality‐of‐life measures provides a more complete picture of the factors associated with risk of hospitalization at different points in the life course for individuals with heart failure. These findings suggest that researchers and practitioners could use self‐report quality‐of‐life measures as additional prognostic indicators of a patient's condition and risk for heart‐failure‐related hospitalization, especially for younger patients. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:460–469, 2001
From refuge to refugee: the African case
Authors: Geisler Charles , De Sousa Ragendra 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman security and environmental security, often reinforcing, can be at odds. One instance arises when greenlining, the creation or expansion of relatively exclusionary protected areas, leads to the mass displacement of local communities and the creation of a new variant of ‘environmental refugees’. The present research employs several methods to estimate the magnitude of environmental refugees in Africa and suggests that they number in the millions. Country‐specific case studies are offered to lend historical context to these estimates. Environmentally oriented land reform is proposed as a partial mitigation for the social side effects of greenlining, and is briefly described in African and other settings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amorphous blends of poly(zwitterions) and zwitterionomers of the ammonioalkoxydicyanoethenolate type with some alkali metal salts
Authors: Galin Monique , Mathis André , Galin Jean‐Claude 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(zwitterions) and zwitterionomers of the ammonioethoxydicyanoethenolate type (functional dipolar unit R
3N+–(CH
2)
2–O–CO–C−–(CN)
2, µ = 25.9 D) show the very specific property of solvation of some alkali metal salts to yield amorphous blends. For homopolymers in the (meth)acrylic series, solvation is observed up to a ratio r = [salt]/[zwitterion] of 1 for LiClO
4 and NaSCN and of 0.5 for NaCF
3SO
3: it results in a significant plasticization (increasing order LiClO
4 < NaSCN < NaCF
3SO
3) and in the development in some cases of a poorly defined (lamellar?) local order, as evidenced by the presence of a single broad peak in the small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) patterns (Bragg distances of about 15–20 Å). For the amorphous blend of a biphasic poly(tetramethyleneoxide) segmented zwitterionomer and NaCF
3SO
3 (r = 0.5), selective solvation of the salt in the hard zwitterionic domains induces a transition from a lamellar structure (zwitterionic sublayer of about 9 Å thickness) to an hexagonal packing of ionic‐zwitterionic cylinders (radius of about 15 Å). Ionic conductivity, measured in a narrow range of temperature just above the glass transition temperature, is characterized for most systems by an activation energy of about 1–1.8 eV; the drastic decrease of the conductivity by a factor of 10
3, when going from the homopolymer to the zwitterionomer blends, is typical of the inhibition of the ionic percolation process by the lack of connectivity of the ionic‐zwitterionic domains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of reaction condition on the oxidation of cumene catalyzed by polymer‐bound cobalt complexes
Authors: Lei Ziqiang , Han Xiangen , Wang Yunpu , Wang Rongmin , Feng Hanyu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCumene (A) was oxidized by molecular oxygen in the presence of polymer‐bound cobalt complexes PSBPY‐Co (1), PSBPY‐Co‐bipy (2), PSBPY‐Co‐oxine (3) and PSBPY‐Co‐phen (4) (where PSBPY is polystyrene‐bound‐2,2′‐bipyridine, bipy is 2,2′‐bipyridine and phen is 1,10‐phenanthroline), affording dimethylphenylmethanol (B) and α‐methyl‐α‐phenylacetaldehyde (C) in the absence of solvent at 110 °C. The reaction rate ranged from 9.11 × 104 to 5.66 × 105 mL mol−1min−1 and the selectivity of B and C was 100%. Copyright ­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily co‐stimulatory molecules CD30L, CD27L, OX40L, and 4‐1BBL in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by Coxsackievirus B3
Authors: Seko Yoshinori , Takahashi Naoyuki , Oshima Hideo , Shimozato Osamu , Akiba Hisaya , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Kobata Tetsuji , Yagita Hideo , Okumura Ko , Azuma Miyuki , Nagai Ryozo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAntigen‐specific T‐cells infiltrate the heart and play an important role in the myocardial damage involved in acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. To investigate the roles of the co‐stimulatory molecules CD30/CD30L, CD27/CD27L, OX40/OX40L, and 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL, which belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor/ligand superfamily, in the development of acute viral myocarditis, the expression of these molecules was first analysed in the hearts of mice with acute myocarditis induced by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in vivo. Secondly, the induction of these molecules was evaluated on cultured cardiac myocytes treated with interferon (IFN)‐γ and the interleukin (IL)‐6 production by cultured cardiac myocytes was analysed by stimulation with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against these molecules in vitro. Thirdly, the effects of in vivo administration of anti‐CD30L, anti‐CD27L, anti‐OX40L, or anti‐4‐1BBL MAb on the development of acute viral myocarditis were examined. CVB3‐induced myocarditis resulted in the induction of CD30L and 4‐1BBL on the surface of cardiac myocytes, confirmed by treatment with IFN‐γ in vitro. CD27L and OX40L were constitutively expressed on cardiac myocytes in vivo and in vitro. Anti‐CD30L and anti‐4‐1BBL MAbs stimulated IL‐6 production by cardiac myocytes in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo anti‐4‐1BBL MAb treatment significantly decreased the myocardial inflammation, whereas the other MAbs did not. These findings suggest that TNF ligand superfamily co‐stimulatory molecules, especially 4‐1BBL, play an important role in the development of acute viral myocarditis and raise the possibility that immunotherapy with anti‐4‐1BBL MAb may be of benefit in acute viral myocarditis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double locus analysis of chromosome 21 for preimplantation genetic diagnosis of aneuploidy
Authors: Magli M. C. , Sandalinas M. , Escudero T. , Morrison L. , Ferraretti A. P. , Gianaroli L. , Munné S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of numerical chromosome abnormalities significantly reduces spontaneous abortions and may increase pregnancy rates in women of advanced maternal age undergoing in vitro fertilization. However, the technique has an error rate of around 10% and trisomy 21 conceptions have occurred after PGD. To further reduce the risk of transferring trisomy 21 embryos to the patient, we designed a protocol that analyzes chromosome 21 twice by targeting two different loci. This protocol was applied to 388 embryos from 60 cycles of PGD of aneuploidy. The scoring criterion used was based on giving equal importance to both probe results. Of the 242 embryos diagnosed as abnormal, 125 were re‐biopsied to assess the rate of false positives and false negatives of the protocol and their clinical relevance.The results of the present study showed no reduction in the overall fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) error rate for single cells. However, by using a different scoring criterion, the incidence of false negative can be reduced to 1.6% without missing any trisomy 21. In addition, the present study suggests that if two or more loci from the same chromosome could be simultaneously analyzed in single cells, errors caused by false monosomies could be reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis: polemics around routine ultrasound screening for second trimester fetal malformations
Authors: Levi Salvator 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUltrasound for routine fetal malformation screening has been polemical from its early beginning because of the very broad range of diagnosis rates disclosed, i.e. from 13% to 82%, average 27.5%. A review of available studies is proposed to assess objectively the efficacy of ultrasound, considering also economical, ethical and methodological aspects as influential factors for choosing a routine screening policy. The utility of fetal malformation diagnosis before birth is brought forward, including second opinion, karyotyping, poly‐disciplinary case discussion prior to management. Method and material of reviewed studies considerably vary and might influence the sensitivity results, as the choice of the population sample and selection of pregnant women, gestation age at screening, distribution of malformation among systems or tracts, exclusion of some fetal malformation and the routine practice of autopsy. Efficiency of screening studies is compared, and among them Radius and Eurofetus studies. Average sensitivity is finally considered as satisfactory in the daily practice when operated by trained personnel. The importance of additional factors for successful screening are emphasized such as education, equipment quality and fetal ultrasound examination at different gestation age for a better understanding of natural history of fetal morphology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): 2‐year multi‐center retrospective study and review of the literature
Authors: Tepperberg J. , Pettenati M. J. , Rao P. N. , Lese C. M. , Rita D. , Wyandt H. , Gersen S. , White B. , Schoonmaker M. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince 1993, the position of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) has been that prenatal interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is investigational. In 1997, the FDA cleared the AneuVysion® assay (Vysis, Inc.) to enumerate chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y for prenatal diagnosis. Data is presented from the clinical trial that led to regulatory clearance (1379 pregnancies) and from retrospective case review on 5197 new pregnancies. These studies demonstrated an extremely high concordance rate between FISH and standard cytogenetics (99.8%) for specific abnormalities that the AneuVysion assay is designed to detect. In 29 039 informative testing events (6576 new and 22 463 cases in the literature) only one false positive (false positive rate=0.003%) and seven false negative results (false negative rate=0.024%) occurred. A historical review of all known accounts of specimens tested is presented (29 039 using AneuVysion and 18 275 specimens tested with other probes). These performance characteristics support a prenatal management strategy that includes utilization of FISH for prenatal testing when a diagnosis of aneuploidy of chromosome 13, 18, 21, X or Y is highly suspected by virtue of maternal age, positive maternal serum biochemical screening or abnormal ultrasound findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucagon administration – underevaluated and undertaught
Authors: Harrism G. , Diment A. , Sulway M. , Wilkinson M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlucagon treatment requires a manually dexterous ‘operator’ who is composed, confident and competent in the whole procedure. Anecdotal reports from parents of teenagers describing difficulties in administering this procedure during severe hypoglycaemia led us to investigate the ‘techniques’ of 136 parents (106 parents of teenagers and 30 parents of young children). A simulated administration by parents using Novo Nordisk Glucagen® Hypokits was timed, rated and compared with a group of diabetes health professionals. Parent's ‘real life’ experiences of education and administration were obtained with a standard questionnaire. Glucagon residues in syringes and vials were estimated in a laboratory. Sixty nine per cent had handling difficulties ranging from opening the container to drawing the correct dose into the syringe. There was no statistical difference in time taken to complete the procedure between the two parent groups. However there was a significant difference between parents and the professional group. Parents were not accurate in administering dosages as recommended. Young children weighing more than 25 kg would have received less than the required dose. All parents reported verbal instruction with demonstration of the procedure at initial education. We suggest that glucagon administration needs to be taught ‘hands on’ and the skill reassessed on an annual basis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety considerations for new vaccine development
Authors: Ellenberg Susan S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVaccines are highly effective and extremely safe. Although most known vaccine reactions are minor (e.g. fever, injection site pain or swelling), rare but serious reactions such as vaccine‐associated paralytic polio do occur. When large populations are vaccinated, some adverse health events may occur by chance shortly after vaccination. It is difficult to determine whether these are truly coincidental or attributable to the vaccine. The most reliable way to assess causality is in a controlled study, but clinical trials of new vaccines are typically too small to detect rare but serious effects. If the size of these trials were increased, much more could be learned about the safety of a vaccine prior to its exposure to entire populations. This information would increase confidence in the safety of vaccines, would be a valuable resource for assessing spontaneous reports of adverse events after licensure, and would reduce the risk of licensing a new vaccine that had the potential to cause severe injury to a small proportion of vaccinees. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolymerization of ethylene with aromatic vinyl monomers using metallocenes
Authors: Kumar K Rajesh , Sivaram S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCopolymerization of ethylene with styrene, allyl benzene and 4‐phenyl‐1‐butene was examined using different metallocene catalysts. We separated the bulky phenyl group of styrene from its double bond using methylene spacers and studied the effect on its copolymerization behaviour with ethylene. The extent of incorporation of the comonomer is in the order 4‐phenyl‐1‐butene > allyl benzene > styrene for all catalysts. The comonomer incorporation was found to be less than 10 mol% under the experimental conditions employed in the present study.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanical characteristics of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels crosslinked with various difunctional compounds
Authors: Lou Xia , van Coppenhagen Claire 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels were prepared in the presence of 30 wt% water using two series of crosslinking agents including divinylic (ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate, 2,3‐dihydroxybutanediol 1,4‐dimethacrylate) and diallylic (1,5‐hexadiene‐3,4‐diol and 1,5‐hexadiene) compounds, over a concentration range between 0.1 and 5 mol%. The resulting polymers were swollen in water to yield homogeneous transparent hydrogels. These hydrogels were characterised in terms of equilibrium swelling in water, tensile properties and compression stress–strain measurements. The influences of the nature and the concentration of crosslinking agent on the swelling behaviour and the mechanical properties of these hydrogels were investigated. The crosslinking efficiency of two representative agents (ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate and 1,5‐hexadiene‐3,4‐diol) was quantified by compression experiments. A much lower crosslinking efficiency (0.013) was observed for 1,5‐hexadiene‐3,4‐diol than for ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (0.336). It is suggested that the low crosslinking efficiency of diallylic agents is responsible for a trend in properties different from that displayed by the gels crosslinked with dimethacrylates. A comparison was made to the similar effect observed previously in heterogeneous PHEMA hydrogels.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Aqueous polymerization of ethyl acrylate initiated by ceric ion‐reducing agent systems in nitric acid medium
Authors: Reddy G V Ramana , Muthulakshmi A , Evangelin C Dulcy , Rajendran P 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKinetic study of aqueous polymerization of ethyl acrylate (EA) was carried out at 30 °C in dilute nitric acid medium by employing ammonium ceric nitrate (ACN)–methyl cellosolve (MC) and ACN–ethyl cellosolve (EC) as redox initiator systems. The ceric ion consumption was found to be first order with respect to ceric ion concentration with both initiator systems. The formation of complexes between Ce(IV) and reducing agents (RA) was observed. The order with respect to Ce(IV), reducing agents and monomer was evaluated for aqueous polymerization of EA by Ce(IV)–MC and Ce(IV)–EC redox initiator systems. The overall activation energy, Eoverall, for aqueous polymerization of EA was evaluated in the temperature region of 27–40 °C with both initiator systems. A kinetic mechanism for aqueous polymerization of EA initiated by redox initiator systems is presented.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry