bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining diagnoses: applying the DC‐LD to an Irish population with intellectual disability
Authors: Felstrom A. , Mulryan N. , Reidy J. , Staines M. , Hillery J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground  The diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders for use with adults with learning disabilities/mental retardation (DC‐LD) is a diagnostic tool developed in 2001 to improve upon existing classification systems for adults with learning disability. The aim of this study was to apply the classification system described by the DC‐LD to a residential intellectual disability (ID) population to examine whether it improved our diagnostic understanding of residents.Methods  Chart reviews of 113 of 178 people in a residential ID service were conducted. For each resident, information was recorded according to the DC‐LD multi‐axial system. Each resident's case was then discussed with a member of nursing staff familiar with the resident. If diagnosis was unclear, the case was discussed with a senior clinical psychiatrist.Results  The percentage of residents with a moderate to profound ID was 87.6%. In total, 94 diagnoses of psychiatric illness (Axis III, Level B, DC‐LD) were made. Of those 94 diagnoses, seven new diagnoses were found because of DC‐LD criteria. Of the total number of psychiatric diagnoses made, 72.3% were non‐specific, residual category diagnoses. A total of 79 residents (69.9%) had at least one behaviour problem diagnosed on Axis III, Level D, Problem behaviours. Fifty‐six (49.6%) of residents in this sample had co‐morbid epilepsy.Conclusions  In people with moderate to profound learning disabilities, diagnosis continues to be challenging. The DC‐LD is a useful tool in helping to clarify diagnoses in this population by providing revised criteria and a system to classify problem behaviours. The DC‐LD would be more helpful if specific axes were included to document medical and psychosocial problems independently from other diagnoses. Further research is warranted to determine whether the DC‐LD hierarchical approach to diagnosis improves diagnostic validity.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in young people with intellectual disability
Authors: Turk J. , Robbins I. , Woodhead M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground  Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common and treatable. There is extensive research on people of average intelligence yet little on individuals with developmental disabilities.Methods  We report two people with intellectual disability (ID) who experienced PTSD. The relevance of their developmental difficulties, social and communication profiles, attentional skills, and causes of these, to their presentations is discussed.Results  Both individuals have fragile X syndrome and severe ID. One has Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – 4th Edition (DSM‐IV) autistic disorder; the other DSM‐IV attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder. They experienced developmental and psychological regressions, new challenging behaviours and exacerbations of existing ones coincident with emotional trauma. PTSD symptoms and phenomena were identifiable despite intellectual and communicatory impairments.Conclusion  Presentation of PTSD is influenced by degree and cause of ID, social circumstances, social and communicatory skills, nature and timing of traumatic experience and subsequent management. The paucity of literature suggests it is missed frequently in individuals with ID who risk having problems misattributed to other causes with potential for inappropriate interventions.
Psychiatric symptoms in alpha‐mannosidosis
Authors: Malm D. , Pantel J. , Linaker O. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAlpha‐mannosidosis is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID), moderate to severe neurosensory hearing loss, frequent infections, psychomotor disturbances and skeletal dysmorphism. For the first time, a panel of nine alpha‐mannosidosis patients with psychiatric symptoms is presented. The clinical picture has several similarities: a physical or psychological stressor precedes a rapid development of a state of confusion, delusions, hallucinations, anxiety and often depression leading to a severe loss of function. This usually lasts 3–12 weeks, and is followed by a period of somnolence and asthenia. It may be more prevalent in females. In four of the described patients search for organic causes of the syndrome was performed, but revealed only negative findings. Because of the limited number of cases no firm conclusion about the benefit of various psychotropic drugs can be drawn from our observation.Psychiatric symptoms could affect as many as 25% of patients with alpha‐mannosidosis. First onset is typically in late puberty to early adolescence. The episodes may be recurrent, and of limited duration although medication may be necessary to alleviate symptoms. Our observations indicate that alpha‐mannosidosis is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric symptoms. These should not be dismissed as part of the ID but should give rise to the initiation of adequate diagnostic work‐up, treatment and support.
Role of Sex and Sex Steroids in Mediating Pituitary‐Adrenal Responses to Acute Buspirone Treatment in Sheep
Authors: Broadbear J. H. , Pierce B. N. , Clarke I. J. , Canny B. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSystematic characterisation of sex differences in the serotonergic modulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis may assist with our understanding of why stress‐related disorders are disproportionately represented in women. In this study, we examined the acute effects of buspirone, a serotonergic 1A receptor subtype agonist, on the endocrine endpoints of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and cortisol secretion in gonadectomised male and female sheep. Each sheep was treated with an acute i.v. injection containing vehicle or buspirone (0.03, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) in the presence and absence of sex steroid replacement (SSR). In males, SSR treatment consisted of testosterone (2 × 200 mg s.c. pellets) and, in females, the mid‐luteal phase of the oestrus cycle was simulated by treatment with oestradiol (1 cm s.c. implant) and an intravaginal controlled internal drug release device containing 0.3 g progesterone. ACTH, cortisol, testosterone and progesterone were measured in jugular blood. Basal ACTH levels were higher in males, whereas basal cortisol levels were higher in females, regardless of sex steroid status. The magnitude of the increase in ACTH and cortisol secretion following buspirone treatment was dose‐dependent. There were no differences in the ACTH responses of males and females to buspirone treatment, either in the presence or absence of sex steroid replacement. However, although the cortisol response to buspirone was greater in females, there was no discernable effect of sex steroid status in addition to this sex difference on either basal or buspirone‐stimulated cortisol release. We conclude that the larger basal and buspirone‐stimulated cortisol response measured in females may reflect a sex difference, either in the sensitivity of the adrenal gland to ACTH or in the catecholaminergic innervation of the adrenal gland. The lack of effect of sex and sex steroids in the ACTH secretory response to buspirone may indicate that the sex differences in serotonergic modulation of the HPA axis, as reported previously by our group, were mediated via serotonergic receptor subtypes other than the 1A receptor.
Outbreak of Clinical Listeriosis in Sheep: Evaluation from possible Contamination Routes from Feed to Raw Produce and Humans
Authors: Wagner M. , Melzner D. , Bagò Z. , Winter P. , Egerbacher M. , Schilcher F. , Zangana A. , Schoder D. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWe report the results of clinical and microbiological investigations onListeria monocytogenesinfections in a flock of 55 sheep and describe the implications for the safety of the raw milk and raw‐milk cheeses produced in the on‐farm dairy. The outbreak was caused by feeding grass silage, which was contaminated with 5 log10CFUL. monocytogenes/g. Clinically, although having been fed from the same batch of silage, abortive (nine ewes), encephalitic (one ewe) and septicaemic (four ewes) forms of listeriosis were observed during the outbreak phase. As the starting point of feeding the contaminated silage was known we could calculate an incubation period of 18 ± 2 and 26 days for the abortive and the encephalitic form of listeriosis, respectively. Pathologically, the septicaemic cases suffered fromListeriaaccumulation at comparable numbers in visceral organs but not in the brain. Only a single ewe developed central nervous symptoms and a rhomb‐encephalitis was immunohistologically confirmed. In this case the infection proceeded from the nasal mucosa into the brain, with no infections of the liver, spleen and other visceral organs. Sampling of the cheese production chain, the farm environment and the persons living at the farm revealed the exposure of a farm‐worker to an isolate genetically indistinguishable from the outbreak clone, obviously through the consumption of faecally contaminated bovine raw milk. The cheese under processing was free ofListeriabecause, as a result of intensive consultations, the farmer ensured a proper acidification of the cheese. The epidemiological findings suggest that food safety matters should be assessed in any case where infection of food‐producing animals with potential human pathogens is observed.
Spatially disjunct effects of co‐occurring competition and facilitation
Authors: Dickie Ian A. , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Reich Peter B. , Hobbie Sarah E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLittle is known of the co‐occurrence and implications of competitive and facilitative interactions within sites. Here we show spatially disjunct competition and facilitation at forest edges, with beneficial influences of trees on seedling growth via increased ectomycorrhizal infection apparent from 12 to 20 m while closer to trees seedling growth is negatively correlated with canopy closure. As a result, seedling growth is maximized at intermediate distances. Facilitative interactions were nonlinear: being within 15.7 m of a tree maximized seedling mycorrhizal infection; while competitive effects were correlated with canopy closure, which was related to distance and generally scales with density. These patterns result in a positive correlation of tree density and seedling growth at low densities of trees, and negative correlation at higher densities because of competition. A spatial model suggests that plant communities are a mosaic of positive and negative interactions, which may contribute to population homeostasis and plant diversity.
Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change
Authors: Wilson Robert J. , Gutiérrez David , Gutiérrez Javier , Martínez David , Agudo Rosa , Monserrat Víctor J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe first expected symptoms of a climate change‐generated biodiversity crisis are range contractions and extinctions at lower elevational and latitudinal limits to species distributions. However, whilst range expansions at high elevations and latitudes have been widely documented, there has been surprisingly little evidence for contractions at warm margins. We show that lower elevational limits for 16 butterfly species in central Spain have risen on average by 212 m (± SE 60) in 30 years, accompanying a 1.3 °C rise (equivalent to c. 225 m) in mean annual temperature. These elevational shifts signify an average reduction in habitable area by one‐third, with losses of 50–80% projected for the coming century, given maintenance of the species thermal associations. The results suggest that many species have already suffered climate‐mediated habitat losses that may threaten their long‐term chances of survival.
Insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk: approaches to treatment
Authors: Rosenberg Daniel E. , A. Jabbour Serge , Goldstein Barry J. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract:  The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus are major predictors of cardiovascular ischaemic disease. Other risk factors for cardiovascular death including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking and visceral obesity are especially lethal in diabetics. C‐reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, matrix metalloproteinases and other emerging risk factors and their roles are continually being researched and discovered.Treatment of this syndrome must be aimed at lifestyle modification, glycaemic control and management of concomitant risk factors. Diet and exercise play a vital role in the treatment of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Weight reduction and increased physical activity will improve insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Hypertension management has been shown to be especially important in diabetics to prevent cardiovascular events. Likewise, multiple clinical trials show that reduction of cholesterol is even more vital in diabetics than the general population for risk reduction of coronary disease.There is a great deal of evidence that tight control of glycaemia is essential to treatment of this condition. There are a variety of available pharmacological agents available including metformin, insulin secretagogues, alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and insulin. The mechanisms and side effects of these medications are discussed. As macrovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality, an early, aggressive, multi‐factorial approach to treatment of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes is vital to prevent adverse cardiac outcomes.
Effect of three treatment schedules of recombinant methionyl human leptin on body weight in obese adults: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Zelissen P. M. J. , Stenlof K. , Lean M. E. J. , Fogteloo J. , Keulen E. T. P. , Wilding J. , Finer N. , Rössner S. , Lawrence E. , Fletcher C. , McCamish M. ,   on behalf of the author group
Published: October 2005

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on body weight and safety of subcutaneously administered recombinant leptin in obese adults and to evaluate whether the timing of recombinant leptin administration influences efficacy.Methods:  A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre study was designed, comprising of a 3‐week dietary lead‐in followed by a 12‐week leptin or placebo treatment period. A total of 284 overweight and obese (body mass index 27–37.0 kg/m2) predominantly white (98%) women (66%) and men (34%) with a mean (±s.d.) 46.8 ± 10.4 years of age were randomized into three treatment groups with three matching placebo groups. Recombinant leptin was administered by subcutaneous injection [10 mg/morning, 10 mg/evening or 20 mg/day (10 mg twice daily)]. Patients were counselled at baseline to reduce dietary intake by 2100 kJ/day (500 kcal/day), and dietary advice was reinforced every 2–4 weeks.Results:  No statistically significant change in body weight occurred with recombinant leptin treatment compared with placebo treatment in any treatment group. No clinically significant adverse effects were observed with the exception of an increase in injection‐site reactions in patients treated with recombinant leptin (83%) vs. placebo (36%).Conclusions:  Administration of recombinant leptin to an overweight and obese population, in addition to a mildly energy‐restricted diet, was not efficacious in terms of weight loss at the doses and schedules studied. The hypothesis that nocturnal administration of recombinant leptin might have a specific effect on weight loss was not supported.
Re‐evaluation of exercise intensity for overweight Japanese men by ventilatory threshold
Authors: Miyatake N. , Nishikawa H. , Morishita A. , Fujii M. 
Published: October 2005

Aim:  To re‐evaluate exercise intensity for overweight Japanese men by ventilatory threshold (VT).Methods:  Cross sectional clinical intervention study.Subjects and materials:  One hundred and ten overweight Japanese men aged 32–59 years were recruited. The average body mass index was 28.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2. Aerobic exercise level was evaluated by measuring VT. Fifty per cent heart rate (HR) reserve by Karvonen's formula was calculated and compared with HR at VT. Fat distribution was evaluated by visceral fat and subcutaneous fat areas measured with computed tomography scanning at umbilical levels. Anthropometric parameters such as height, body weight and body fat percentage were also measured.Results:  There was significant correlation between HR at VT and 50% HR reserve by Karvonen's formula (r = 0.642, p < 0.01). However, HR at VT was significantly lower than 50% HR reserve by Karvonen's formula (HR at VT 103.6 ± 10.6 beat/min vs. 50% HR reserve 125.0 ± 7.1 beat/min, p < 0.01) and HR at VT was corresponded to 28.5 ± 8.3% HR reserve by Karovonen's formula.Conclusion:  The present study indicated that exercise intensity of 30% HR reserve should be recommended for overweight Japanese men.
Therapeutic implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes
Authors: Liu Chun‐Jen , Kao Jia‐Horng , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Background/Aims: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health problem. In addition to the implementation of universal hepatitis B vaccination, effective and individualized treatment of chronic hepatitis B to prevent progression into end‐stage liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma is still needed. HBV has been designated eight genotypes (A–H) based on genome sequence divergence. The epidemiology of HBV genotypes and their implications on the responses to antiviral therapy have become increasingly recognized in both Asian and Western countries.Methods: Published data are thus reviewed.Results: Each genotype has its distinct geographical and ethnic distribution. Genotypes A and D occur frequently in Africa, Europe, and India, while genotypes B and C are prevalent in Asia. Genotype E is restricted to West Africa, and genotype F is found in Central and South America. The distribution of genotypes G and H is less clear. Accumulating evidence indicates a better sustained response to conventional interferon in patients with genotype B than those with C, and in patients with genotype A than those with D. In contrast, conflicting results exist regarding the response to pegylated interferon. On the other hand, the therapeutic responses to nucleoside/nucleotide analogues are comparable among patients with different HBV genotypes. The impact of HBV subgenotypes, mixed genotype infections, and recombinants of different genotypes on the response to antiviral treatments awaits further examinations.Conclusion: Remarkable clinical and pathogenic differences do exist among HBV genotypes; however, researches on molecular and virologic mechanisms underlying the clinical phenotypes of different HBV genotypes are urgently needed.
Psychosocial factors as risk indicators of periodontitis
Authors: Dolic Marijana , Bailer Josef , Staehle Hans Jörg , Eickholz Peter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjective: Cross‐sectional investigation of associations between psychosocial and periodontal parameters.Methods: One hundred and ten patients 18–76 years of age were examined clinically and 57 radiographically at the Department of Conservative Dentistry of the University Hospital of Heidelberg: probing depths (PDs) and attachment level (PAL‐V) were obtained at six sites per tooth. Inter‐proximal bone loss was assessed in 57 patients on panoramic radiographs. Further chemical and general environmental sensitivity, somatization, and smoking status were assessed by several questionnaires.Results: Significant correlations between severe bone loss and age (r=0.38, p=0.004) were observed. PAL‐V and PD also correlated with age (r=0.45, p<0.001; r=0.37, p<0.001) and pack years (r=0.21, p=0.031; r=0.3, p=0.002). After adjustment for age, smoking, and sex a negative correlation between chemical odour sensitivity and bone loss, PD=4 mm as well as PAL‐V=4 mm was observed. Further, a negative correlation was observed between gastrointestinal sensitivity and PAL‐V=4 mm. Psychological stress correlated positively with bone loss.Conclusion: The results give evidence for associations of psychosocial factors and periodontal disease. Some environmental traits seem to be related to more favourable periodontal status.
Long‐term treatment with sub‐antimicrobial dose doxycycline has no antibacterial effect on intestinal flora
Authors: Walker Clay , Preshaw Philip M. , Novak John , Hefti Arthur F. , Bradshaw Mark , Powala Christopher 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim: The purpose of this study was to determine if a 9‐month regimen of sub‐antimicrobial doxycycline (20 mg, bid) had an effect on either the intestinal or the vaginal microflora.Material and Methods: A total of 69 periodontally diseased subjects were randomized to receive drug or placebo control for a 9‐month period. Stool specimens and vaginal swabs were collected at baseline and after 3 and 9 months of therapy. Samples were examined for total anaerobic counts, opportunistic pathogens, and doxycycline‐resistant (4 μg/ml) bacteria. All isolates that survived sub‐culture were identified and their susceptibilities determined to six antibiotics. Analyses were performed to determine if treatment differences were present.Results: The only statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the two treatment groups occurred in the doxycycline‐resistant counts at the baseline sample period for the faecal samples. This imbalance was before treatment initiation and the administration of the study drug. No between‐treatment differences were detected at either the 3‐ or 9‐month sample period either in the predominant bacterial taxa present or in their antibiotic susceptibilities.Conclusions: There was no evidence that sub‐antimicrobial doxycycline treatment exerted an effect on the composition or doxycycline resistance level of either the faecal or the vaginal microflora.
Capsaicin‐induced local elevations in collagenase‐2 (matrix metalloproteinase‐8) levels in human gingival crevice fluid
Authors: Avellan N.‐L. , Kemppainen P. , Tervahartiala T. , Vilppola P. , Forster C. , Sorsa T. 
Published: October 2005

Background and objectives:  Application of capsaicin on alveolar mucosa provokes pain and neurogenic vasodilatation in the adjacent gingiva. Pain‐associated inflammatory reactions may initiate expression of several pro‐inflammatory mediators. Collagenase‐2 (matrix metalloproteinase‐8: MMP‐8) is the major destructive protease, especially in the periodontitis‐affected gingival crevice fluid (GCF). With this background, we wished to study whether capsaicin stimulation of alveolar mucosa can induce changes in the GCF MMP‐8 levels.Material and methods:  For 10 generally and periodontally healthy human volunteers, capsaicin (3%)‐moistened filter paper was applied unilaterally to the buccal alveolar mucosa on the anterior maxilla. GCF samples were collected from the tooth at the stimulation site and from several other incisors in the upper jaw. MMP‐8 levels and molecular forms in GCF samples were determined by immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and western immunoblotting, respectively.Results:  Capsaicin stimulation of the alveolar mucosa induced significant local elevations in levels and activation of MMP‐8 in GCF of the adjacent teeth. Western immunoblot revealed that both neutrophil‐ and mesenchymal‐type MMP‐8 isoforms were elevated and activated, together with 110 kDa high‐molecular size MMP‐8 species. This capsaicin‐evoked MMP‐8 elevation lasted several minutes after stimulation. During the experiments, no marked changes occurred in MMP‐8 levels in the GCF of distantly located teeth.Conclusions:  These results suggest that capsaicin‐evoked neurogenic gingival inflammation can trigger the expression and activation of MMP‐8 in GCF of the adjacent teeth.