bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Aquatic Ape Theory — the Counterarguments
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plank’s Principle means that a whole generation frequently elapses before the scientific community is prepared to consider a new hypothesis dispassionately, on its merits. In that intervening period the reception accorded to the unfamiliar idea has little to do with merit. Stephen Jay Gould has described the early reactions to Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift (see p.50)
During the period of nearly universal rejection, direct evidence for continental drift — that is, the data gathered from rocks exposed on our continents — was every bit as good as it is today. It was dismissed because no one had devised a physical mechanism that would permit continents to plow through an apparently solid oceanic floor … Since drift seemed absurd in the absence of a mechanism, orthodox geologists set out to render the impressive evidence for it as a series of unconnected coincidences.
Brains and Baboons
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At one time it was assumed that the crucial change in man’s cerebral evolution began with Homo hdbilis — that is, much later than the fossil gap. However, Robert Martin in 1982 re-examined the evidence from fossils and comparative anatomy. With the use of scaling analysis he demonstrated that hominid brain growth relative to that of other anthropoids began at least five million years ago. It was not a sudden event but a progressive phenomenon, though it apparently accelerated about the time of H. habilis.
Robert Martin’s approach was an original one. Instead of asking why brain growth might have been adaptive or desirable, he asked what made it more attainable in one particular primate than in others. In energy terms brain tissue, as compared with other body tissues, is uniquely expensive to produce and maintain, making heavy demands on the mother during pregnancy and lactation. That may be one reason why there is in many species a correlation between relative brain size and different diets.
Rules For Botanical Nomenclature
Authors: McNeill John , Barkworth Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following discussion provides some recommendations for documenting the plant material used in experimental and other studies and summarizes the rules of nomenclature that have been established at botanical congresses held every five or six years for over a century (for the most recent edition of the rules, see Greuter et al., 1994). It is imperative that the plant or fungal material used in any experiment be documented. The source of the seeds, plants, or cultures used should be cited in the publication, either by indicating the supplier (e.g., commercial source, culture collection) and including any cultivar or strain identification, or else, in the case of material obtained from the wild, by a statement of the precise geographical location. In addition, in comparative studies, or in those in which the material would be difficult or impossible to replicate (e.g., plants obtained from most wild sources), representative material should be deposited in a recognized herbarium or culture collection, as appropriate. The herbarium specimens should include plants at reproductive maturity plus representative material of any other stages used in the study.
Breaking the Mold
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little about his nineteenth-century forebears and nothing about the household and the America he was born into in 1907 could have foretold freeranging spirit Alec Wilder. As far as history, heredity, and environment were concerned, he might as well have been a changeling. On the Wilder side of the family, Grandfather Samuel Wilder had traveled in 1840 from Massachusetts to Rochester with his brother Charles to make his fortune. He had been pulled into one of the waves of settlement created by the westward movement. The line of population had by then advanced to the prairies of Indiana and Illinois, but there was still a good deal of growth to be consolidated in such western New York State areas as Rochester.
A Crisis of Meaning
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For gay men, the demands of the AIDS epidemic are enormous and unrelenting. Regardless of HIV status, all are called on to maintain vigilant safety with sex, to face down a cultural stigma greater even than homophobia, and somehow to find a way to go forward in a world heavy with loss. As exhaustion and grief threaten to overwhelm the activism and optimism of earlier years, and with new infections on the rise among young gay men, the challenge of finding meaning in a world turned upside down is more than an idle philosophical exercise. It is a matter of psychological and perhaps even physical survival. In this poignant and uncompromising new book, Dr. Steven Schwartzberg offers a ground-breaking perspective on how gay men (and particularly HIV-positive gay men) find ways to rebuild a world of meaning amid the trauma and uncertainty of the AIDS crisis. Eschewing both glib prescriptions for turning tragedy into triumph, and theoretical abstractions, Schwartzberg grounds his insights in his own experiences as a gay man and as a practicing psychotherapist, and in in-depth interviews with nineteen men living with HIV. Ranging in age from twenty-seven to fifty, the men include a construction foreman, a physician, an art historian, a waiter, a librarian, and a licensed massage therapist. With candor, insight, eagerness, and a remarkable ability to share of themselves, they speak eloquently about how HIV has affected their views of the world, their senses of themselves, and how they live their lives. Interweaving the men’s stories with observations from his research and clinical practice, Schwartzberg bears witness to the remarkable transformations some men have accomplished, and the anguish of meaninglessness that weighs others down. He strives to uncover why some view HIV as a catalyst for change or growth, while others see it only as punishment. And though he passes no judgment on the coping strategies he describes, Schwartzberg does insist on the vital necessity of balancing somber reality with healing, life-sustaining hope. He argues that men who opt for too much illusion and too little reality risk shoddy self-care and inadequate preparation for the future, while those who find no escape from reality may teeter into rage or suicidal despair. Beautifully written, with piercing awareness of the enormity of the challenges confronting individuals with HIV, this book celebrates the resilience of the human spirit. It is both a keen psychological guide and an elegiac chronicle of what life for many has become. Gently pointing the way to an oasis of growth, strength, and love that exists amid the epidemic’s bleak terrain of loss, it is essential reading for people living with HIV, for their friends, families, and the mental health professionals who care for them, and for all gay men grappling with the enormous changes AIDS has brought to a community under siege.
Moral Residue and Dilemmas
Authors: McConnell Terrance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A moral dilemma is a situation in which each of two things ought to be done but both cannot be done. Restricted to single agents, a dilemma is a situation in which a person ought to do A, ought to do B, and cannot do both A and B. In order for a moral conflict to count as a genuine dilemma, the conflicting obligations or moral requirements must at least be such that neither overrides the other. If one moral requirement does override another, we have a resolvable conflict but not a dilemma. But in a genuine dilemma, not only must the conflicting requirements both be non-overridden, they must also both issue in ought-all-things-considered moral judgments. Also, genuine moral dilemmas are ontological, not merely epistemic; the truth of the conflicting ought statements is independent of the agent’s beliefs.
The Mystery Suitor: HIV’s Next Move
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not enough to know HIV and its past incarnations. We must use what we know to anticipate—and perhaps manipulate—the future of this virus. Major leaps in retrovirus evolution happen because distinct retroviruses engage in sex and recombination. Sexual reproduction demands a partner, but not every partner suits SIV or HIV. It must be a retrovirus with sufficient stretches of genetic similarity to enable the production of offspring. It must share the same taste, infecting the same target cell of the same species of host. Last but not least, it must be available—for how can the partners possibly mate if they never meet?
The Shape of Appalachian Literature to ComeAn Interview with Wil Hickson
Authors: Chappell Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wil Hickson was born in Madison County, North Carolina, in 1975. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as an undergraduate and received a Master of Fine Arts degree in creative writing from the University of Arkansas in 1998. His first publications were in poetry, and he was a prominent member of the movement called the Hellbillies Group, poets who pursued Appalachian themes in their work and advanced Appalachian concerns in a variety of ways. His first volume of verse, Galax Galaxy, was published by O’Possum Books while he was still an undergraduate and was followed by The Wind’s Wil (1995) and Television Creek (1997). He is probably best known for his fiction; the book of short stories, Grab You a Handful, was designed, he says, as a companion to his second book of poems. His two novels, A Bitter Thirst (1998) and The Slaking (2000), are the first of a projected six-volume series telling the story of two families, the Carltons and the Haneys, who inhabit a cove in Hickson’s native mountains.
Porch-Sitting and Southern Poetry
Authors: Daniels Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back in the 1950s, before the advent of the present interstate highway system, U.S. 1 swept through Richmond, Virginia, like a dusty garden snake-slow, harmless, and yet, in spite of itself, tantalizing, a messenger from another, more exotic world. The Pike (as we called it, short for Petersburg Pike) meandered southward from Washington, D.C., through the elegant outskirts of Richmond, the nineteenth-century grandeur of downtown, and then across the graceful Lee Bridge, which forded the James River and was, during the period, the primary conduit between Southside Richmond, where my family lived, and the main part of the city. On our side of town, the Pike picked up the flurry of poor folks’ commerce at its intersection with Hull Street, where, as my mother always recalled with horror, black Richmonders had danced for nickels and dimes on the street corners on Saturday nights in 1947, when she had come to the city as a British war bride. Then it straightened out into its longest and most memorable portion-a four-lane section of road periodically interrupted by stoplights and populated by a curious mixture of private homes, boardinghouses, restaurants, roadhouses, trailer parks, factories, and all kinds of small, privately owned businesses, like Bleacher’s Store, where we charged penny candy on a running account.
The Rhetoric of Southern Humor
Authors: Smith Stephen a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing an essay for this book is, for me, like robbing a bank for Thomas Crown. Crown, you will recall, was a brilliant fellow (played by Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair) who recruited and instructed a group of folks to rob a nearby bank. He conceived the idea and knew exactly how it would work. The recruits had never seen his face, had some sense of their purpose but no idea how it would relate to the roles of the others, and had never met their partners in crime; nevertheless, each did his assigned part, and the robbery was almost perfect. In a sense, I am robbing the wealth of my nearby heritage for this essay, and the rest of the analogy plays fairly well. In the movie, the robbers get caught, and Crown gets Faye Dunaway. Southerners Rhett Butler and Jefferson Humphries can appreciate the irony of this situation.
The Economic Approach to Homosexuality
Authors: Posner Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to summarize, and at the same time refine and extend, the economic analysis of homosexuality presented in my book Sex and Reason,and relate analysis to the debate between essentialist and social-constructionist theories of homosexuality. I do not suggest that economics has the last word to say on homosexuality as a social phenomenon, but I do think that it can contribute to our understanding of the phenomenon and of proposals for reforming laws and social practices affecting it.
Introduction
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reading The Bible for its unnamed participants is akin to examining the negatives of beloved family photographs. Initially I could make out only a few familiar figures: a sacrificial daughter, a seasoned family servant, a hero’s mother. But as my eyes grew accustomed to this new perspective on a familiar text, I found unnamed characters wherever I looked, in virtually every corner of biblical narrative and in every social circle: among the ostracized lepers at the city gates, among the widowed and poor, in the households of lsrael’s founding families, in the courts and armies of the monarchs, and in the heavens themselves. As their numbers grew and their features became clearer to me, I began to view the anonymous as a society unto themselves-fully integrated into the human landscape of the biblical narrative, to be sure, but nevertheless set apart by the absence of their names.
Wise Women and Unworthy Levites
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among The Cast Of Unnamed Biblical Characters are those designated by autonomous social roles. These designations do not define them in terms of other characters, whether by means of household relationship or by means of their function. This chapter deals with two groups of autonomous characters. The first consists of four women described positively in terms of their wisdom and skill. The second consists of two Levites toward whom the narrator is very critical. Unlike servants and family members, these characters are not defined by their relationships with others or eclipsed by the content of their communications, as are messengers. Rather, they are contracted for their professional expertise or act autonomously. The main feature that differentiates them from the majority of bit players, servants, and messengers is their narrative importance. From the time they appear, they take center stage, though they may share the spotlight with one or another named character.
Character Confusion 1n the Heavenly Realm
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE BOUNDARIES OF PERSONAL IDENTITY among the human inhabitants of the biblical story world are occasionally unclear; the residents of the heavenly realm can be similarly elusive. That the heavenly realm is populated by a variety of beings in addition to God is intimated from the very beginning of Genesis. Among the heavenly beings are those to whom God suggested, “Let us make humankind in our image” (Gen 1:27) or to whom he expressed his dismay that “the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil” (Gen 3:22). Some heavenly beings, such as the cherubim, seem akin to animals. God places cherubim and a turning and flaming sword in the garden to guard the way to the tree of life after the expulsion of the first humans from the garden. David describes God as riding a cherub through the heavens (2 Sam 22:11; cf. Ps. 18:10-11); images of cherubim adorn the tabernacle and the temple (Exod 25=18-20; 37:7-9; 1 Kgs 6:23-28).
Building the Experience of Mind
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is one thing to notice someone’s bodily movements or gestures and quite another to attribute a mental state to him or her. For attributing a mental state―such as a wish, an intention, or a belief―requires us to free ourselves from the world of things as they are. When we think of someone having a belief that is incorrect or a mental picture of an imaginary state of affairs, our thought stands free from material facts. In this chapter, we gather more clues about how and why we attribute mental states to people. The clues come from our knowledge of nor mal development, from informed guesses about the evolutionary history of our species, and from a careful analysis of developmental disorders such as autism.
Psychoanalytic Performances and Narratives
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in chapters 7 and 8 that everyday thought takes surface events as evidence for the reality of other, invisible things. We saw how teachers take the behavior of their pupils as evidence for underlying types such as “independent worker” or “immature child” and researchers take heart rate changes in rats as evidence for “emotion” using the documentary method. Just as external events can be taken as evidence for other, unseen entities, an individual’s actions, gestures, and speech can be taken as evidence not only for a self, but for whatever underlying mental categories the culture provides. Sigmund Freud invented a detailed and imaginative network of such categories, a network that became the basis of psychoanalysis. As we take a closer look at this fascinating system, we will see that its logic is much like that of everyday thought. Moreover, just as in everyday interaction, selves are created in psychoanalysis through narratives and performances.
Exile’s End
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural sciences, the sciences of physics and chemistry that de scribe living matter, are concerned with causes. I have used a natural science framework to describe the evolved structures and functions of individual brains. Because of the social capabilities that human brains possess, two or more brains together can produce and receive signals, giving rise to public signs—or meaning. The zone of publicly communicated signs occupies a transitional area between what we can de scribe using the language of natural science and what we may call the language of mind. The language of mind, as we saw, is primarily concerned with the actions of persons and deals with reasons rather than with causes.
The Elusive Bisexual: Social Categorization and Lexico-Semantic Change
Authors: murphy M Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on some of the “lavender lexical issues” raised by Arnold Zwicky in Chapter 1. In particular, it examines the inclusiveness and the exclusiveness of sexual minority labels-asking to whom speakers mean to refer when they use labels like gay and queer and whom hearers understand to be referred to when these words are used. Special attention is paid to the inclusion or exclusion of those labeled bisexual in the extensions of other labels, to see whether the emergence of bisexual activism since the 1970s has had an effect on lexical innovation and semantic change in sexual category labels. Certainly, the emergence of bisexual identity has encouraged much lexical innovation (e.g., bi, biphobia, monosexual, gay-identified bisexual, byke-Geller 1990; Hutchins and Kaahumanu 1991). Furthermore, as a bisexual identity (or identities) has developed and been asserted, so have debates about whether categories such as gay, lesbian, dyke, and queer include people who identify as bisexual, as well about who counts as bisexual.
The Rise and Transformation of the American Corporation
Authors: Smith George David , Dyer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The joint-stock companies, which are established for the public spirited purpose of promoting some particular manufacture,” the great champion of free enterprise Adam Smith warned in 1776, “can... scarce ever fail to do more harm than good.”We have come a long way from the pristine, agrarian world of small traders and craftspeople in which buyers and sellers could meet and satisfy one another’s needs with scarcely little more coordination than that provided by the “invisible hand” of the free market. Today, even in the freest of markets, the production and exchange of goods and services are highly managed, rigorously planned, and controlled by the heir to the joint stock company: the modern corporation.
Corporate Education and Training
Authors: Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American corporation gives daily shaping to the lives of the more than 20 million people who seek their livelihood there. Political values, career aspirations, and personal networks are made or remade. So, too, are many of the human skills and work experience that make for productive enterprise. Like any large organization, the business firm is simultaneously drawing upon existing talents and molding new abilities among those who dwell therein. Intended or not, the corporation is one of the nation’s preeminent educational consumers and producers.
Intermediate-Level Philosophical Principles
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider a second factor that contributes to the answers we give to philosophical questions: our adoption of certain intermediate-level philosophical principles. These principles have more content than the metaphilosophies, but they are more general than the answers to lower-level questions such as whether free will or moral truth exists. Intermediate principles contribute to, without absolutely dictating, the answers we give to lower-level philosophical questions. While metaphilosophies reflect our overall vision of philosophy, in terms of both our beliefs about philosophy and our desires-for-philosophy, intermediate principles provide the largely unargued-for premises that bridge the gap between metaphilosophies and our answers to philosophical questions. Differences in intermediate principles also account for the differences in substantive views between practitioners with the same metaphilosophical motivation.
How The Free Will Debate Depends on Metaphilosophy (I)
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I provide five illustrations of how our metaphilosophies and intermediate-level philosophical principles produce different answers in debates over free choice. Specific positions on these debates are plausible if and only if we adopt supporting meta-level views. But I argued in the last two chapters that no metaphilosophy or intermediate principle can be shown to be more reasonable than its competitors. We are forced to admit, therefore, that the most we can do is relativize our answers to our metaphilosophies and intermediate principles, but we cannot show any one with different meta-level views that the answers we prefer are best.
The issues that I examine are: (1) Reasons for believing in free will.