bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Angevin Empire 1154–1189
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry II was an international figure on the European stage; a ruler of a large composite state stretching from Scotland to the Pyrenees, a dominion comparable in extent, and indeed in the looseness of the bonds which united the component parts, only to the Holy Roman Empire. The continental lands of the ‘Angevin Empire’ as it is commonly, or the ‘Norman Empire’ as perhaps it should be more properly termed, had been acquired by inheritance or marriage before Henry became king of England. Normandy he inherited from his mother; Anjou, Maine, and Touraine from his father; and Aquitaine, Poitou, and Auvergne came to him with his wife, Eleanor. Tours, which had been wrested from the house of Blois more than a century earlier by Geoffrey Martel, was of great strategic importance, the ‘key to the Angevin Empire’ as it has been described; for it controlled the communications of northern and western France, and gave something of cohesion to the continental territories. But the real tie which bound them together was Henry II himself, to whom they all owed allegiance.
King John And The Interdict 1204–1213
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King John, like so many younger sons of great families, had been destined by his parents for the life of the cloister; he had, we are told, been placed when little more than a year old as an oblate in the abbey of Fontevrault. His unsuitability for this profession must, however, have become soon apparent, and by the time he was six he was brought back to be educated at his father’s court. That care was taken with his education we may infer from his fondness for reading, a taste which he retained in later life. Even in the critical year 1203, when he should have been wholly absorbed in public affairs, he had his library sent across to him in Normandy. We have seen how from a landless youth he became in manhood an overrichly endowed irresponsible and rebellious prince.
King John And The Charter 1213–1216
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King Philip, confident of success, had at the Soissons Council in April 1213 drafted a scheme to govern the relations between himself and his son Louis when the latter should be crowned king of England. All preparations had been made: his fleet and army were in readiness at Grave-lines just across the Flemish frontier. John’s submission to the pope was a severe blow to his plans. His expedition would now be deprived of the character, with which he doubtless wished to clothe it, of a Holy Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.. He did not, however, abandon his design, but it was first necessary to secure himself from a possible attack from the count of Flanders who, as we have seen, had refused to take part in the campaign. With this object he overran the county and moved his fleet into the Zwyn estuary. It was at this critical moment that Count Ferrand took the decisive step and made an urgent appeal for English help.
Glimmerings of a New Age
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jewish communities felt deep kinship despite cultural differences, linguistic barriers, and the slowness and dangers of travel. In the absence of today’s instant communication and secular organizations, the bond existed thanks to the belief which overrode every external difference, that the Jews were God’s unique people with a common religion and destiny. Unless someone had migrated from there, he or she would have known little about Jewish communities even in nearby lands.
Emancipation in Western Europe, 1815–1870
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peoples of Europe and their rulers sought peace and repose when the stormy generation of revolution and war ended in 1815. The Jews sought improved status as well. The era just ended had taken them far towards equality and rights, but German states and principalities which had been compelled to give these under Napoleonic dictation wished to turn back the clock. For more than a half-century following the French Revolution and Napoleon, obtaining emancipation and acceptance in the general society became the central concern of Jewish life in western and to a lesser extent eastern Europe.
Travail in Eastern Europe, 1815–1881
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rift between west and east in European Jewry widened during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While the Jews in western Europe moved decisively towards emancipation and acculturation, those of eastern Europe lived under tsarist autocracy without personal liberty. Jews like others in Russia did not possess rights in general but lived in- stead under special laws which confined or deprived them in some way.
From War to War, 1914–1939
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The catastrophic wars from 1914 to 1945 which practically destroyed Europe came on unexpectedly. There was ample warning of the advent of the Second World War in 1939 to all who would see, but the European peoples before 1914 had little or no inkling of the explosion to come, and of course neither had the Jews. Only a few sophisticated diplomatic observers had forebodings. The murder of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, in Serbia on 28 June 1914 did not at first indicate that the continent would be a flame five weeks later.
Catastrophe, Recovery, and Triumph
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the greatest, most destructive war of all ages there occurred the most immense disaster in Jewish history, in Winston Churchill’s words, ‘the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world’. The Jews were marked out for annihilation as a German war aim, and the millions who were killed and their institutions and communities that were destroyed made the Second World War a Jewish defeat even though the Jews fought on the winning side.
Hollywood Cartoons
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hollywood Cartoons, Michael Barrier takes us on a glorious guided tour of American animation in the 1930s, '40s, and '50s, to meet the legendary artists and entrepreneurs who created Bugs Bunny, Betty Boop, Mickey Mouse, Wile E. Coyote, Donald Duck, Tom and Jerry, and many other cartoon favorites. Beginning with black-and-white silent cartoons, Barrier offers an insightful account, taking us inside early New York studios and such Hollywood giants as Disney, Warner Bros., and MGM. Barrier excels at illuminating the creative side of animation--revealing how stories are put together, how animators develop a character, how technical innovations enhance the "realism" of cartoons. Here too are colorful portraits of the giants of the field, from Walt and Roy Disney and their animators, to Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera. Based on hundreds of interviews with veteran animators, Hollywood Cartoons gives us the definitive inside look at this colorful era and at the creative process behind these marvelous cartoons.
Beginnings, 1911-1930
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The photographs, filled as they are with solemn young men (not many women) dressed in vests and ties, and working at desks in spartan settings, could have been taken in almost any New York office building in the twenties; they do not suggest an artistic undertaking. It ‘s only because the papers in front of these earnest toilers are drawings that their workplaces are recognizable as animated-cartoon studios rather than insurance companies.
Declines and Falls,1937-1942
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When MGM set up its own cartoon studio, the core of its staff came from Harman-Ising: Bill Hanna and the animator Robert Allen as directors, Max Maxwell as the production manager, Allen ‘s brother Henry (“Heck”) as a writer, and Fred MacAlpin as the sound editor. They started working together in mid-1937 in a house across the street from where a building for the new studio was going up (to a plan in accordance with the wishes of the new staff). Hugh Harman believed that Hanna, Maxwell, and MacAlpin “really undercut us” by working for MGM secretly while they were still on the Harman-Ising payroll,2 but as with Harman himself when he left Walt Disney in 1928, Harman ‘s employees had seen in their boss ‘s behavior all the justification they might need for making a switch.
Warner Bros.,1945-1953
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 July 1944, Leon Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. for $700,000. He remained associated with the studio in a limited way by retaining 25 percent of the profits from the merchandising of the characters, but Edward Selzer, a Warner Bros. veteran with no animation experience (he had been in charge of the Warner trailer and title department for the previous seven years) took Schlesinger ‘s place at the head of the renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. When Warners bought the cartoon studio, it acquired along with it the contracts of the directors and a few key writers and animators. Within a year, though, two of the four directors had been replaced. Frank Toshlin left in September 1944, after two years back on the staff, to direct stop-motion puppet films for the John Sutherland studio. He saw this change, Toshlin said many years later, as yet another step toward writing and eventually directing live-action films. Bob McKimson, promoted from Bob Clampett ‘s unit, took Toshlin ‘s job. By 7 May 1945, Clampett, too, was no longer a director of Warner Bros. cartoons; that was when a Selzer memorandum told the studio that Art Davis would be Clampett ‘s successor.
Power In The Highest Degree
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most sweeping works of social criticism to appear in years, this work offers a bold theory of modern classes and a comprehensive portrait of the modern professional. Drawing on one of the largest studies ever undertaken, including interviews with over 1,000 professionals, the authors show how experts, claiming a monopoly on many types of knowledge, are radically transforming the economic and social order. This book demonstrates how this has resulted in many citizens becoming deeply insecure about their competence to manage private and public affairs without professional guidance. The authors make a case for a society that radically democratizes knowledge while retaining many non-exclusive aspects of professionalism.
Spinning Knowledge into Gold: Knowledge as Property
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No spider can weave its web or bird construct its nest without the knowledge to do the job. The lion that does not know how to trap its prey will starve. The same is true for humans. The silversmith cannot make buckles and the engineer cannot design bridges or computers without knowledge. Deprive the worker of knowledge and the work will grind to a halt as surely as by taking away his tools. Hunting and gathering skills were necessary for survival in early nomadic societies.
Experts Against Expertise: The Counter-Official Story
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A small but vocal minority of professionals dismisses objectivity as a false idol. In law, medicine, even the sciences, these heretics aim a steady volley of intellectual fire against their mainstream colleagues, arguing that rational discourse serves truth less than professional wealth and power. Biologist Steven Rose argues that scientific questions and theories inevitably reflect the priorities of government and corporate sponsors as well as the class, race, and gender of the investigators.
Power to the Server: Keeping Clients in Their Place
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A bulletin from the consumer organization HALT (Help Abolish Legal Tyranny) claims that the legal system rewards the legal professions first and foremost, at the expense of all of us who have no choice but to use that system or surrender our rights. The bars write the club rules, police the doors, and even protect its members from bad publicity when they go wrong.
The Agonistic Context of Early Greek Binding Spells
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In later periods they are more often placed in underground bodies of water (e.g., wells, baths, fountains).8 Sometimes the findspot indicates the target of the curse in use; defixiones aimed at charioteers, for example, have been discovered beneath the starting gates and amidst the ruins of the spinae in late Roman hippodromes.9
Beyond Cursing: The Appeal to Justice in Judicial Prayers
Authors: Versnel H S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text is written on lead and had obviously been deposited in the spring that is addressed in the opening line; both characteristics naturally reminded scholars of the defixiones discussed at the start of this volume. The text, however, has remained puzzling, and no satisfactory interpretation has been offered to date. How can we explain that the stolen possessions of a person are at the same time called the property (lit., “the affairs”) of a goddess? The text is also peculiar, because of, among other things, the double use of persequaris with two different objects and hence two different meanings. I want to show that the text of the ltalica tablet, as well as a number of related texts, cannot be understood if they are considered as defixiones in the traditional meaning of that term. Secondly I shall demonstrate that in this respect the isolation of Greek and Latin texts has been a hindrance, since it is only in comparison with the Greek material that many Latin “curse” texts can be correctly interpreted; but even then we have to look outside the limited domain of the defixiones.
Magic and Mystery in the Greek Magical Papyri
Authors: Betz Hans Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of magic raises expectations and questions pertaining to Religionswissen-schaft and Religionsgeschichte. One is reminded of the intense debates in the first thirty years of this century centering upon the relationship between magic and religion on the one hand and between myth and ritual on the other. The topic of magic was usually treated as subordinate to the larger issues mentioned above. A key problem in this debate was the definition of magic in order to distinguish it from religion, which itself was in no way easier to define. Implied in this distinction was another question, that of the nature of ritual and ritual’s relation to myth. In the course of these debates, the Greek mystery religions had become a focus of interest because there appeared to be sufficient evidence for arguing for or against various comprehensive theories concerning the fundamental problems of religion. Since the mystery cults consisted primarily of rituals, of first concern was the relationship to their corresponding myths. Later, similar questions were raised concerning Gnosticism. There was plenty of myth in Gnosticism; the question was whether there was any ritual and if so, what its role might be. Most of these issues are still being discussed today in one way or another, due to the dearth of evidence and problems of methodology.
Slavery in the “Best Poor Man’s Country”
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1811, ironmaster Colonel Thomas Bull of East Nantmeal Township, Chester County, registered with the county clerk a six-month-old black girl Haney. In doing this, Bull ensured that he could keep Haney as his servant until she reached age 28, which, if she did serve that long, would make her one of the last blacks in Pennsylvania to serve under terms of the state’s gradual abolition act of 1780. Bull, nearing age 70 at Haney’s birth, had carefully safeguarded ownership of his slaves under the act, which held that owners could retain permanently all slaves born before the law went into effect and keep for 28 years all babies born to slave mothers thereafter, as long as the masters registered the blacks with the county government. Colonel Bull had claimed ownership of two young men, Jem and Judge, in 1780, and apparently acquired one or more slave women soon after that date because he listed two boys and a girl in 1789, and another child in 1802. As far as we know, he freed none of his slaves born before 1780 or their children born thereafter.1
The First Emancipators
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Southeby, a substantial, well-respected Philadelphia Friend, approached the Quaker-dominated Pennsylvania Assembly in 1712 with a bold request. He petitioned for the “Enlargement,” or general emancipation, of all slaves in the province. A septuagenarian, Southeby took up abolition toward the end of a lifetime in which he had prospered, served as a public official, and achieved recognition as a “weighty Friend.” With his antislavery crusade he risked losing status within both the Society of Friends and the larger society. Raised a Roman Catholic, he had settled in Maryland first in 1659 and then again in 1663, and became a Friend sometime before 1668. He was a farmer and boatwright on the Eastern Shore until 1684, when white Marylanders began to substitute black for white labor. Moving on, Southeby bought land first at Jones’s Creek in Kent County, Delaware, and then in Philadelphia. In 1684 he was named acting register general for Pennsylvania and sat on the Provincial Council. When he moved to Philadelphia he served as justice of the peace and in 1688 was elected a member of the Assembly. He purchased land, including frontage on the Delaware between Sassafras and Vine, and became a tallow chandler.1
The Legacy of Antislavery Reform
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the freedom road for black Pennsylvanians was twisted, narrow, and obstacle-filled, it would have been even more so without the work of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. Few African-Americans emerging from bondage had the wherewithal or the legal knowledge to fight for the small gains the PAS laboriously extracted from a generally unsympathetic society and legal system. Yet the stance of the Society was ambiguous and paradoxical. Like the Society of Friends, who continued to provide most PAS members in the early nineteenth century, the PAS helped to end slavery in Pennsylvania and assisted hundreds of individual slaves by preventing their reenslavement and by wringing small advantages from a society dominated by and for whites. At the same time, however, the PAS cooperated in the creation of a new system of labor and social relations that exploited black labor and left those who had been unshackled little opportunity for upward movement in society. Their efforts went toward reforming their society by ridding it of perpetual and hereditary racial slavery; but they had little energy or imagination for restructuring their society so that former slaves could compete equally with white citizens.
The Development of the Band Theory of Solids, 1933-1960
Authors: Hoch Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the core of the modern theory of solids is the idea that the conduction electrons in solids can be represented as occupying a series of energy bands that correspond to the electronic shells of atoms. This picture, as discussed in Chapter 2, grew out of Felix Bloch ‘s theory of conduction in metals (1928),1 although Bloch had considered only the ground-state band, limiting himself to a single electron in a fixed periodic potential and ignoring interactions between electrons. A number of workers clarified this “one-electron” model during the next three years, most notably, Peierls,2 Brillouin,3 and A.H. Wilson.4 They found the energy to be a multivalued function E(k) of the conduction electron ‘s wave vector k, whose values are restricted to the inside of a polyhedron, the Brillouin zone in three dimensions.
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Authors: Braun Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The utility of metals is based on many of their properties, but pride of place is taken by the combination of strength and ductility that most metals possess. For unless metals could be shaped by pressing, rolling, or forging in a hot or cold state, their utility as general-purpose materials of construction for tools, weapons, machines, bridges, and buildings would be greatly impaired. The term ductility implies that the material can be permanently deformed-or shaped-by applying a force to it. This plastic deformation is distinct from elastic deformation, where strain follows stress but the material returns to its original shape when the external force is removed.
Specialists Against Specialization: Hellenism as Professional Ideology in German Classical Studies
Authors: Vopa Anthony J La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the emergence of the academic professions that formed the core of the nineteenth-century GermanBildungsbiirgertum (educated middle class), the new discipline of classical studies (Altertumswissenschteft) had an obviously central significance. As the dominant group in the reformed Gymnasium, the practitioners of the discipline (the Philologenstand) commanded the narrow entryway to the university faculties. Their organization and production of scholarship offered the natural sciences as well as the humanities one of the earliest models for a research-based profession.
Public Office or Free Profession? German Attorneys in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Siegrist Hannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lawyer Code of 1878 marks a caesura in the history of German attorneys between a period of a “professionalization from above” by the state and the modern era of the so-called open bar. Before the Rechtsanwaltsordmmg (Lawyer Code, RAO), individual German states treated those who represented clients in court and provided legal assistance and advice as a kind of public office. After 1878, the bar exhibited more clearly the characteristics of an autonomous profession.
The Making of the Modern Medical Profession, 1800-1914: Prussian Doctors in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Huerkamp Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a highly abstract perspective, the process of professionalization in countries that industrialized during the nineteenth century followed a relatively similar course with comparable results: medical professionals established themselves as experts with extensive professional autonomy based on specialized scientific training, which had been acquired at either a µniversity or a similar academic institution.
Psychology in Twentieth-Century Germany: Science and Profession
Authors: Astt Mitchell G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether the natural sciences are or are not professions might appear to be a nonissue in Germany, for the sciences were institutionalized there as university disciplines, hence as parts of the academic profession. Yet even commonly accepted accounts of the German universities as uniquely receptive of science recognize that the entry of experimental methods into the academic fold was not easy and followed no simple pattern.
Electronic Mechanisms
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have focused on the phonon mechanism of super-conductivity. However, electron pairing can be created not only by phonon exchange but by exchange of other excitations as well. In this chapter we will discuss the electronic mechanism of superconductivity. The most common (but not unique) instance of such a mechanism arises in the presence of two groups of electronic states. Excitations within one of these groups serve as “agents” giving rise to pairing in the other group.