bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Perspectivism in the Don Quijote
Authors: Leo Spitzer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Argumentum : here, the procedure will be to start from a particular feature of Cervantes’ novel which must strike any reader: the instability and variety of the names given to certain characters (and the variety of etymological explanations offered for these names), in order to find out what may be Cervantes’ psychological motive behind this polyonomasia (and polyetymologia). I see this as a deliberate refusal on the part of the author to make a final choice of one name (and one etymology): in other words, a desire to show the different aspects under which the character in question may appear to others. If this be true, then such a relativistic attitude must tinge other linguistic details in the novel; and, indeed, it is surely such an attitude that is behind the frequent debates (particularly between Quijote and Sancho), which never end conclusively, over the relative superiority of this or that word or phrase. It is as if language in general was seen by Cervantes from the angle of perspectivism. With this much settled, it will not be difficult to see (what, in fact, has been recognized by Américo Castro) that perspectivism informs 164 Leo Spitzer the structure of the novel as a whole: we find it in Cervantes’ treatment of the plot, of ideological themes, as well as in his attitude of distantiation toward the reader. And yet, beyond this perspectivism, we may sense the presence of something which is not subject to fluctuation: the immovable, immutable principle of the divine—which, perhaps, to some extent, is reflected in the earthly artifex himself: the novelist who assumes a near-divine power in his mastery of the material, in his own unshaken attitude toward the phenomena of his world (and even in his aloofness from the reader). And it is in this glorification of the artist that the main historical significance of the Spanish masterpiece is to be seen.
Physician-Humanist Interaction in the Eighteenth Century in the United States
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The close link between medicine and the humanities in late eighteenth-century Scotland and England provided the foundation for the emergence of a New World medical ethics. The Scottish medical schools, particularly Edinburgh, had far and away the greatest influence (Girdwood 1988, p. 39).1 Some 650 medical students from North America graduated with medical degrees from the University of Edinburgh between 1750 and 1850. Lesser numbers attended Glasgow as well as Aberdeen and St. Andrews. Benjamin Rush, the physician who signed the Declaration of Independence, got his medical degree from Edinburgh in 1768, during the era of John Gregory, William Cullen, and Alexander Monro, Primus.
A Compendium of Inherited Disorders and the Eye
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the past two decades, our understanding of the molecular genetics of inherited eye diseases, their classification, and management has undergone a huge expansion as the field of human genetics has benefited from technological advances and increased interest by physicians and scientists in all fields. As a result, the amount of clinical and basic-science information on inherited systemic and eye diseases has become so large that general ophthalmologists, ophthalmic subspecialists, and physicians in other fields have found it difficult to keep up. This volume will act as a guide because it catalogues all the latest information about genetic diseases that involve the eye and presents it in a practical and accessible format. After an introductory chapter that reviews basic clinical and molecular-genetic principles, individual diseases and groups of diseases are listed alphabetically in order to make it as easy as possible to search for an entry. The material in each entry is a synthesis of numerous articles and reviews on the topic, accompanied by at least one high-quality illustration, at least one webpage of a patient support group or other organization related to the disease, and references that provide the original description of the disease, an excellent review, or useful illustrations. There is also a companion website containing electronic copies of all the illustrations to make it easy to use them in lectures. Health-care professionals who need immediate access to clinical and basic-science information on inherited systemic and eye diseases will find this volume indispensable.
G
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Progressive enlargement of the cornea and globe (buphthalmos) Corneal edema and breaks in Descemet’s membrane (Haabstriae), especially in early or intrauterine onset of intraocular pressure elevation Increasing myopia and optic nerve head cupping with uncontrolled intraocular pressure Symptoms are highly variable, but increased light sensitivity, squinting, and epiphorIa with exposure to even normal levels of light are typical. Some children may be completely asymptomatic, especially during the first few months of life.
P
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A maternal age effect has been described. This does not apply to 20% of cases, which are due to unbalanced translocations. In these families, the risk of recurrence is much higher. Trisomy 13 The critical region seems to be located in the portion 13q14 to terminus. 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 25,000 newborns Microcephaly and cerebral malformations, which may be very severe, such as holoprosencephaly Low-set ears Cleft lip and palate, often bilateral (80%) Polydactyly and clenched fist Rocker-bottom feet Rib abnormalities Severe cardiac malformations (80%) Renal and genital anomalies Microphthalmos of varying degrees of severity, from isolated iris or choroidal coloboma to anophthalmos or cyclopia Anterior segment dysgenesis, including corneal opacities, Peters anomaly, congenital glaucoma, and cataracts About one-half of the patients die within the first month of life, and only 25% survive after the sixth month of life.
U
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hallgren estimated the frequency of Usher syndrome to be 3.0 in 100,000 in Scandinavia. According to Boughman et al., the prevalence in the United States is 4.4 in 100,000. The Usher syndromes constitute 2.5% of families with retinitis pigmentosa, and 24% to 54% of deafblind persons registered at the Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults have the syndrome. Thirty percent of deaf French Acadians in Louisiana have Usher syndrome, now identified as type 1C. There is genetic heterogeneity for USH1 in France. The gene in the families originating from the Poitou-Charentes region in western France (USH1A) maps to 14q32. The Acadian variety in Louisiana (USH1C) maps to 11p15.1, and the non-Acadian, non-14q variety (USH1B) maps to 11q13.5.
Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alcohol, barbiturate and nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotic drugs, and the benzodiazepine minor tranquilizers are a chemically heterogeneous collection of compounds that have a great deal of pharmacology in common. Their profiles of action include disinhibition of behavior and reduction of anxiety following ingestion of small doses, sedation and ataxia following administration of intermediate doses, and anesthesia and coma after taking larger doses. Alcohol, primarily because it lacks potency (relatively large doses are required to produce these effects), has no clinical application as a sedative; barbiturates as clinically useful anxiolytic and hypnotic agents have been largely supplanted by the benzodiazepines; the benzodiazepines, in turn, have gained considerable popularity in the treatment of the widespread problems of anxiety and insomnia. This popularity itself has been a problem. The safety and effectiveness of the benzodiazepines, combined with the pervasiveness of the medical problems they are able to ameliorate, led to a large number of prescriptions in the 1970s (Woods et al., 1987). This, in turn, led to concerns about the possible overprescription and overuse of benzodiazepines. There are similarities and differences in the characteristics of the abuse patterns among these three classes of drugs. Alcohol, one of the few legally available recreational drugs, presents one of the most serious drug abuse problems in the United States. Barbiturate abuse occurs in a much smaller number of people, and these drugs are usually taken in conjunction with other drugs of abuse. Benzodiazepines are also usually abused in combination with other psychoactive drugs, but except in specific instances, drug abusers prefer barbiturates, if they are available, to
Developments within the Modern Era of Human Rights
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter demonstrated that the normative discourse and related patterns of official behavior in international law have long had implications for the status and rights of peoples who are indigenous to lands subject to colonization and its legacies. Shaped by Western perspectives and political power, inter-national law developed a complicity with the often brutal forces that wrested lands from indigenous peoples, suppressed their cultures and institutions, and left them among the poorest of the poor.
The Most Democratic Branch
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many critics attack federal judges as anti-democratic elitists, activists out of step with the mainstream of American thought. But others argue that judges should stand alone as the ultimate guardians of American values, placing principle before the views of the people. In The Most Democratic Branch, Jeffrey Rosen disagrees with both assertions. Contrary to what interest groups may claim, he contends that, from the days of John Marshall right up to the present, the federal courts by and large have reflected the opinions of the mainstream. More important, he argues that the Supreme Court is most successful when it defers to the constitutional views of the American people, as represented most notably by Congress and the Presidency. And on the rare occasion when they departed from the consensus, the result has often been a disaster. To illustrate, Rosen provides a penetrating look at some of the most important Supreme Court cases in American history--cases involving racial equality, affirmative action, abortion, gay rights and gay marriage, the right to die, electoral disputes, and civil liberties in wartime. Rosen shows that the most notorious constitutional decisions in American history--the ones that have been most strenuously criticized, such as Dred Scott or Roe v. Wade--have gone against mainstream opinion. By contrast, the most successful decisions--from Marbury v. Madison to Brown v. Board of Education--have avoided imposing constitutional principles over the wishes of the people. Rosen concludes that the judiciary works best when it identifies the constitutional principles accepted by a majority of Americans, and enforces them unequivocally as fundamental law. Jeffrey Rosen is one of the most respected legal experts writing today, a regular contributor to The New York Times Magazine and the Legal Affairs Editor of The New Republic. The provocative arguments that he puts forth here are bound to fuel heated debate at a time when the federal judiciary is already the focus of fierce criticism.
Joschka Fischer and the Making of the Berlin Republic
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the course of his long and controversial career, Joschka Fischer evolved from an archetypal 1960s radical—a firebrand street activist—into a shrewd political insider, operating at the heights of German politics. In the 1980s he was one of the first elected Greens and went on to become Germany’s foreign minister from 1998 to 2005. His famous challenge to Donald Rumsfeld’s case for invading Iraq—“Excuse me, I am not convinced”—won him worldwide recognition, and the Bush administration’s contempt. Here is both a lively biography of Joschka Fischer and a gripping history ’from below’of postwar Germany. Paul Hockenos begins in the ruins of postwar Germany and guides us through the flashpoints of the late sixties and seventies, from the student protests and the terrorism of the Baader-Meinhof group to the evolution of Europe’s premier Green party, and brings us up to the present in the united Germany. He shows how the grassroots movements that became the German Greens challenged and changed the republic’s status quo, making postwar Germany more democratic, liberal and worldly along the way. Despite the ideological twists and turns of Fischer and his peers, the lessons of the Holocaust and the Nazi terror remained their constant coordinates. Hockenos traces that political journey, providing readers with unique insight into the impact that these movements and the Greens have had on Germany. Informed by hundreds of interviews with key figures and fellow travelers, Joschka Fischer and the Making of the Berlin Republic presents readers with one of the most intriguing personalities on the European scene, and paints a rich picture of the rebellious generation of 1968 that became the political elite of modern Germany.
The Inside Story
Authors: Harford Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jerome K. Jerome̕s nineteenth-century comic travelogue Three Men in a Boat begins with Mr. Jerome flipping through a medical dictionary in the British Museum:I came to typhoid fever—read the symptoms—discovered that I had typhoid fever, must have had it for months with-out knowing it—wondered what else I had got; turned up St Vitus’s Dance—found, as I expected, that I had that too— began to get interested in my case, and determined to sift it to the bottom, and so started alphabetically—read up ague, and learnt that I was sickening for it, and that the acute stage would commence in about another fortnight. Bright’s disease, I was relieved to find, I had only in a modified form, and, so far as that was concerned, I might live for years. Cholera I had, with severe complications; and diphtheria I seemed to have been born with. I plodded conscientiously though the twenty-six letters, and the only malady I could conclude I had not got was housemaid’s knee.
The Men Who Knew the Value of Nothing
Authors: Harford Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagine hiring an economist to sell your house. He designs a clever-looking kind of auction, which he assures you should raise the $300,000 you think your house is worth. The bids come in, and to your horror and the economist’s embarrassment you somehow end up with less than $3,000. You’re left homeless and nearly penniless, your wife divorces you, and you spend the rest of your days in a dank basement.
The Odyssey of the Edwin
Authors: Leiner Frederick C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In March 1812, the brig Edwin sailed from her home port of Salem, Massachusetts, to New York, and then for Gibraltar and Malta, probably carrying a cargo of food and provisions for the British army garrisons there. The trading voyage of the Edwin was tinged with danger. She may have sailed with a British license to carry grain to supply Lord Wellington’s army in Spain—a lucrative business that violated American trade laws. Her owners, captain, and crew knew that in departing American waters, she was sailing in the face of an embargo the federal government planned to lay on American shipping, which President Madison presented to Congress on April 1, 1812, but was widely known to be in the offing. The Madison administration pushed for the 1812 embargo to allow thousands of American seamen aboard hundreds of American merchant ships to reach United States ports before the anticipated declaration of war with Britain. The new law did not stop the Edwin, which not only wanted to land her cargo at British-owned Mediterranean naval ports, but also expected to return with a load of import goods.
The Return
Authors: Leiner Frederick C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
William Bainbridge arrived at Carthagena with the second squadron on August 5, thirty-four days out from Boston. Crowninshield had sent him his sailing orders on June 17, the very day Decatur’s squadron mauled and captured the Meshuda, a fact that no one in the United States could possibly have known for weeks to come. Crowninshield’s orders were clear and decisive. Bainbridge was to sail to the Mediterranean with the ships ready for sea at Boston, following the orders the department had sent to Decatur, as well as the State Department’s directives for concluding a peace treaty. Lest there be any doubt, the “object of the expedition,” Crowninshield explained, “is to obtain an honorable Peace with the Dey of Algiers, with whom we are at War, or to destroy his Fleet, Blockade his Ports, cut up his commerce, in short to practice against him and his people all the rigour of civilized Warfare, until he is compelled to make a Peace.
People Sources
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far we have examined seven major avenues of subject access to information: controlled vocabulary searches, systematic and focused browsing of subject-classified full texts, keyword searches, citation searches, related record searches, searches through published bibliographies, and those done via computers (accessing either library-subscription databases or open Web sites). Computer searches use elements of some of the other methods but add the possibility of post-coordinate Boolean combinations. The eighth major avenue—talking to people—is the one most favored by journalists, but it is also valuable for anyone else. It is particularly important for academic researchers not to overlook this method, as most academicians have developed an overly strong print bias, often unconsciously assuming that if needed information cannot be found in print, then it cannot be found at all. In recent years this bias has expanded along parallel lines to include Internet sources, but the underlying assumption is the same: “If it can’t be found on the Web, or in print, then the information doesn’t exist.” This belief has the undesirable result of inducing people to change their questions to fit whatever information they can find online or in print—even if it’s not what they really want—and to diminish the scope of their papers accordingly.
Venus
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although Venus was the goddess of love, no one remembers her wedding to Vulcan, just the gossip that followed it. As Mercury said to Apollo in Lucian’s Dialogues of the Gods, what was a stunning girl like Venus doing with a crippled blacksmith for a husband? He was probably all sweaty and covered in soot from the forge. It was easy to see his point. From the Farnesina onwards, the workshop of Vulcan was often depicted over fire places, and you could sense the heat and the smoke as you approached. Venus is not always there, partly because she did not appear in the ancient relief that influenced the school of Raphael, but also because almost the only time she went to see her husband was when she seduced him into manufacturing arms for Aeneas (her son by another man). The story is found in Virgil and the scene is popular in sixteenth century northern art, beginning with Maarten van Heemskerck’s painting of 1536. Vulcan’s team of Cyclopes were making Jupiter’s thunderbolts when they were interrupted by Venus’s order. But that was not all they produced. Cornelis van Haarlem’s Venus and Vulcanof 1590 displays the range of Vulcan’s output, and the protoindustrial scale of his operation (Fig. 65). It is a clever painting, composed to look like a fireplace. Inside the hearth the group with raised hammers is from a print after Heemskerck – the motif relegated to the back of the shop like any superseded design.
Diana
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The one thing that seems to have exercised people about the sacrifice of Iphigenia is the way Agamemnon was depicted at the moment of his daughter’s death. Lured to the Greek camp at Aulis believing she is to marry Achilles, Iphigenia discovers that her life is the sacrifice required to satisfy Diana and secure a favourable wind that will allow the army to sail for Troy. The needs of the state must take precedence over familial affection, and the sacrifice goes ahead. According to Pliny, when Timanthes painted the scene he showed Calchas, the prophet who first demanded Iphigenia’s blood, as sad, Ulysses as sadder, and Menelaus as saddest of all. But Agamemnon was painted with his face veiled. Everyone had an opinion on this, both in antiquity and in the Renaissance. Alberti cited Timanthes’ composition as a good example of the communication of emotion in an istoria, and suggested that concealing Agamemnon’s reaction allowed the viewer to imagine his grief more effectively than depicting it. Sandys, following Quintilian, introduced a more cynical note: perhaps it was not (as Cicero had suggested) that ‘no pencill could express so franticke a sorrow’, but rather that Timanthes, ‘having spent the height of his fantasie . . . [and] despairing to finish the rest with like felicity . . . forbore to proceed any farther’. Montaigne had a psychological explanation. The painter had given to each spectator the appropriate degree of sorrow but when he came to the father he had to deal with a grief that was too painful for a person physically to express. In other words, the painter concealed Agamemnon’s face to conceal, but simultaneously to symbolize, the fact that Agamemnon’s face showed no emotion at all.
Apollo
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Messages were sometimes relayed across the centuries from antiquity with out anyone being there to receive them. The Renaissance did not make use of all the available information. A lot was just ignored. For example, in the Forum of ancient Rome there had been a statue of Marsyas standing with one arm raised and a wineskin over his shoulder. Servius said that such statues were placed in the centre of a city as a symbol of its freedom, and the statement was repeated by both Boccaccio and Cartari. But although civic liberty is central to Renaissance political thought, no statues of Marsyas were erected in the piazzas of Venice or republican Florence. Marsyas had acquired this role on account of his link with Liber/Bacchus. Yet whereas Tintoretto’s Bacchus and Ariadneexploits the association between Bacchus and liberty to celebrate Venetian freedom, Titian’s Marsyasknows nothing of it.
The Mirror
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once in a while, the gods all got together for a party. The excuse varied. Bellini’s Feast of the Gods, the event at which Priapus disgraced himself, was a rustic feast in honour of Bacchus or Cybele. Weddings were usually big occasions. The banquet of Cupid and Psyche at the Farnesina was the prototype for many future celebrations. It is the end of the tale of Cupid and Psyche, but the scene doubtless owed its prominence on the ceiling of the loggia to the fact that Agostino Chigi, who hosted legendary parties, may well have dined in similar style. Bacchus served the wine, the Graces sprinkled balsam, the Muses sang, and Venus danced. But it was still more of a ritual than a party, which may be why, at the Palazzo Te, Giulio Romano just showed the sumptuous preparations and left viewers to have the party themselves. People must frequently have imagined themselves dining among the gods at such events. When Ficino wrote to Lorenzo de’ Medici to thank him for his past hospitality at the feast of St Cosmas, he spoke of it as a banquet of the gods like that described by Apuleius.