bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in vitro assessment using transverse microradiography of the effect on mineral loss of etching enamel for in situ studies
Authors: Benson P.E. , Higham S.M. , Pender N. 
Published: December 2004

Structured AbstractAuthors – Benson PE, Higham SM, Pender NObjectives – To test the hypothesis that etching enamel with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s does not lead to detectable mineral loss when measured with transverse microradiography (TMR).Design – An in vitro laboratory investigation.Experimental Variable – Forty bovine incisors were used in the experiment. The crowns of the teeth were covered with acid resistant varnish except for a rectangular area on the labial surface approximately 10 × 12 mm. On the exposed labial surface of 20 teeth an enamel lesion similar to that used in the in situ caries model was induced. Twenty teeth were left without a lesion. The exposed area was divided into three areas of equal size. The control area (C) was covered with acid resistant varnish throughout the experiment. The first experimental area (E1) was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s and a simulated bracket was bonded to the surface with composite resin. The second experimental area (E2) was left exposed for the remainder of the experiment. The teeth were placed in a demineralizing solution for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h to replicate different cariogenic challenges.Outcome Measure – Mineral loss as measured with TMR.Results – There were no significant differences in the mineral loss between etched (E1) and etched (C) areas of enamel. There were significant differences in mineral loss between E1 and E2 for the 48 h (p < 0.001) and 72 h (p = 0.001) exposures without a pre‐formed enamel lesion.Conclusion – There is no detectable mineral loss with TMR when enamel has been etched for 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s. The use of in situ enamel specimens with acid etch retained simulated brackets to investigate demineralization during orthodontics will not significantly affect the outcome compared with unetched specimens.
Oil outlook to 2020
Authors: Shihab‐Eldin Adnan , Lounnas Rezki , Brennand Garry 
Published: December 2004

The OPEC Conference in 2000 developed a price band target of US $22‐28 per barrel for the Basket of OPEC crudes, in a bid to stabilise prices. This decision was made in the wake of a 12‐month period that had seen tremendous fluctuations, with prices ranging from below $l0/b to above $30/b. It was expected that the identification of the new price band would play a major role in stabilising oil prices, to the benefit of both producer and consumer. The assessment of potential medium‐to‐long‐term prospects for the oil market, contained herein, are intimately related to these important developments in international oil markets, as well as our understanding of evolving fundamentals.Part 1 of this article, developed using OPEC's World Energy Model (OWEM), describes the reference case. From the demand side, a detailed analysis of both economic growth and intensity movements is used to project the growth of oil demand that can reasonably be expected over the next two decades. A resource‐based approach is used to determine feasible longer‐term production, utilising the latest data made available last year by the US Geological Survey.The rest of the article deals with various scenarios. The price scenario section considers the impact of high prices, beyond $30/b, and questions their sustainability. The next section deals with tax scenarios, and shows the extent to which oil demand has been reduced by historical developments in oil product taxation. Finally, a slow growth scenario explores the implications of a pessimistic view of economic growth over the coming years.
Nationalism, liberalism and liberal nationalism in post‐war Croatia*
Authors: Massey Garth , Hodson Randy , Sekulić Duško 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.This article analyses ethnic nationalism and liberalism as expressed in the views of Croatians in the aftermath of the 1991–5 war – a war during which ethnic‐nationalist rhetoric played a large role. Because the war was part of systemic change in the nation, including the adoption of more democratic and capitalist social formation, we also anticipated economic and political liberalism to be present among a sizeable portion of the population. We provide an analysis of the structural conditions fostering these sentiments, an analysis potentially applicable to a range of societies presently in transition. Based on 1996 survey interviews (N=2,202) conducted throughout Croatia, we show that ethnic nationalism in the Croatian context is more widely shared than is liberalism. The effect of religious fundamentalism, educational attainment and media exposure are as predicted, based on theories of liberalism and nationalism. Wartime experiences and position in the occupational system have a weaker and more mixed influence than hypothesised. Perhaps most importantly, we find that three out of five Croatians embrace both ethnic‐national views and views that are distinctly liberal, suggesting that liberal nationalism is now dominant in Croatia. The characteristics of groups holding differing views suggest that recent events and current changes in Croatia bode positively for continued growth of liberal sentiments, but this will not necessarily be at the expense of ethnic nationalism.
Nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Estonian nationalism revisited
Authors: Raun Toivo U. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article revisits the topic of Estonian nationalism during the second half of the nineteenth century and up to the eve of independence in the early twentieth century. It briefly surveys the treatment of the Estonian case in recent larger works on nationalism and then offers an assessment of various issues relating to Estonian nationalism in its early phase, including the suitability of a strictly modernist approach, nation formation and the question of the spread of national consciousness on a mass basis, and the role of cultural versus political aspects. The article also notes the deepening of research on nationalism in post‐communist Estonia, especially studies of social mobilisation, ties with neighbouring Finland and Latvia, and the role of Russification. It concludes with a reassessment of the salient elements of Estonian national identity in this period.
A national cautionary tale: Russian women newcomers to Israel portrayed*
Authors: Golden Deborah 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article focuses on portrayals of recent women migrants from the (former) Soviet Union in Israel, as these found expression in jokes and in articles in the press. Analysis of these portrayals suggests that the ubiquitous association of the newcomer women with prostitution served to construct them as morally and socially fragmented. Loosened from the moral bounds of familial and, by implication, national ties, the newcomer women were located beyond the boundary of the Israeli Jewish collective. As the mirror image of the ‘loose’ newcomer women, mother‐like, Israeli Jewish women were seen as eminently suited to the task of ‘domesticating’ the newcomers – bringing them in from the street into the familial, and national, home. The discussion suggests that the portrayals of the women as prostitutes served as ‘national cautionary tales’, which not only instructed their audience (newcomers and oldtimers alike) in fundamental tenets of Israeli Jewish national identity, but also warned those who might seek to undermine the ethno‐national attachments and loyalties that lie at the heart of the Israeli polity.
The Patterns of Negotiation for Meaning in Child Interactions
Authors: Oliver Rhonda 
Published: December 2004

This research examines conversational interactions between children aged 8 to 13 years. The 192 participants were paired to form 96 age‐ and gender‐matched dyads of native speakers (NS) and nonnative speakers (NNS): 32 NNS–NS; 48 NNS–NNS; and 16 NS–NS dyads. The pairs worked together on 2 communication tasks, a one‐way and a two‐way task. Transcriptions were made from recordings of these conversations and examined to determine the effects of native/nonnativeness, language proficiency, age, and gender on the negotiation for meaning strategies used by the children. The mean and standard deviations were calculated for each group and, because of the nature of the data, the results were compared using nonparametric statistical procedures.These results suggest that in child‐child interactions the nativeness and proficiency of pairings influence the amount of negotiation for meaning that occurs. In terms of native/nonnativeness the results showed that in nearly all cases, NNS–NNS dyads used more negotiation for meaning strategies than did the NNS–NS dyads who, in turn, used more than did the NS–NS dyads. With respect to proficiency, age, and gender, the effect of these factors was slightly different than it was in adult‐adult dyads. The general trend with respect to language proficiency was that the least native‐like pairs (i.e., matched low proficiency nonnative dyads) produced the most amount of negotiation, with gradually decreasing amounts as the pairings became more native‐like in proficiency (i.e, L–L > H–L > H–H > L–NS > H–NS > NS–NS) and, unlike the results in adult studies, age and gender comparisons showed no significant differences.
Toward a Regulatory Budget
Authors: Thompson Fred 
Published: December 2004

A regulatory budget would require the federal government to treat compliance costs incurred by the private sector as if they were incurred by the government, without requiring the government to actually assume those costs. For example, EPA could be given a regulatory compliance budget of say $80 billion in FY98. A regulatory budget would provoke an annual debate in Congress on the size of EPA's or OSHA's budget. Such a debate would force the proponents to weigh the benefits and costs of various regulatory programs, something now lacking in the political process.Interest in a regulatory budget reflects the slight gains in the quality of regulatory decision making resulting from mandatory regulatory review. It is now apparent that better information about the costs, benefits, and distributional consequences of regulation will not automatically improve regulatory decision making‐although it would not hurt.
The US gasoline situation and crude oil prices
Authors:   OPEC Secretariat
Published: December 2004

AbstractBefore and during the United States' summer driving season, concern over the country's gasoline supply can potentially influence the direction of the petroleum market. There are three causes of concern: a persistent lack of gasoline‐producing capacity; a patchwork of as many as 18 different kinds of gasoline specifications; and the introduction of stringent new specifications for reformulated gasoline. However, gasoline stocks should be able to meet the needs of this year's driving season, at a time of ample crude oil availability, with strong imports. But, unplanned outages in the US logistics system and refining centres, or major disruptions in external gasoline supplies, could trigger price spikes that would, in turn, lead to frequently stronger crude oil prices, especially with the observed robust oil demand growth in China.
Coping with unexpected oil demand movements
Authors:   OPEC Secretariat
Published: December 2004

AbstractContinuous upward revisions to world oil demand projections for 2003 and 2004 are compared with the downward revisions that took place in 1998 and 1999, following the 1997 Asian economic crisis. Demand leads supply, in the current case, resulting in a time‐lag in the whole supply chain, while supply led demand half a decade ago, with the OECD's commercial stocks reaching record highs.Recent months have seen a reversal of the longstanding inverse relationship between the United States of America's commercial crude oil stock levels and crude prices, and they are now moving in parallel. The fact that the US market is now adequately or even well supplied means that factors other than inventory levels are causing the present high prices. These factors are briefly outlined.OPEC is doing everything it can to maintain market stability, with prices at levels acceptable to producers and consumers. The agreement reached in Beirut on 3 June is the latest example of this.
Inference of Seasonal Cointegration: Gaussian Reduced Rank Estimation and Tests for Various Types of Cointegration*
Authors: Ahn Sung K. , Cho Sinsup , Chan Seong B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn extension of Gaussian reduced rank estimation of Ahn and Reinsel (Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 62, pp. 317–350, 1994) to seasonal periods other than four is presented. Simple adjustments for estimation that are necessary because of complex‐valued seasonal unit roots are presented in detail and the asymptotic distribution of the estimators that takes the same form as that in Ahn and Reinsel (1994) is derived. Tests for contemporaneous cointegration and common polynomial cointegrating vectors (PCIVs) for different seasonal unit roots are presented. Finite sample properties are briefly examined through a small Monte Carlo simulation study and a numerical example is presented to illustrate the methods.
Host‐dependent differences during synergistic infection by Potyviruses with potato virus X
Authors: González‐Jara P. , Tenllado F. , Martínez‐García B. , Atencio F. A. , Barajas D. , Vargas M. , DíAZ‐RUIZ J. , Díaz‐Ruíz J. R. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYA comparative analysis of the synergistic interaction between PVX and either PVY or TEV potyviruses was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum plants. In each PVX/potyvirus combination, doubly infected plants developed much more severe symptoms than singly infected ones. However, while PVX accumulation increased in doubly infected N. tabacum plants compared with singly infected plants, the accumulation of PVX did not vary drastically in doubly infected N. benthamiana plants with respect to single infected ones. These findings suggest that the relationship between viral titre enhancement and synergism in PVX/potyvirus infections is host dependent. Since PVX and potyviruses contain suppressors of a plant antiviral defence system mediated by gene silencing, differences observed in the response of these two related hosts to PVX/potyvirus interactions might reflect the effect of these viruses on host specific antiviral defences.
Sources of target specificity associated with the recovery against Pea seed‐borne mosaic virus infection mediated by RNA silencing in pea
Authors: Van Den Boogaart Tom , Maule Andrew J. , Davies Jeffrey W. , Lomonossoff George P. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYTransgenic peas containing a copy of the Pea seed‐borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) isolate DPD1 NIb sequence develop a ‘recovery’ phenotype when challenged with either the homologous (DPD1) or a heterologous (NY) PSbMV isolate. However, the specificity of the subsequent resistance differs with respect to the initiation by and targeting of different virus isolates. Analysis of tissue in which recovery had been induced by either of the isolates, revealed the presence of low molecular RNA molecules (siRNA) derived from degradation of the NIb transgene mRNA. When non‐transgenic scions were grafted on to transgenic stocks in which recovery had been induced, all the scions became infected, indicating that the virus can be exported from recovered tissue. Experiments in which recovered scions were grafted on to non‐transgenic stocks revealed that the recovery phenotype could be maintained in the apparent absence of a source of virus. However in a number of cases, side‐shoots which developed on the non‐transgenic stock became infected. These results indicate that recovered tissue contains extremely low levels of infectious virus with the potential, directly or indirectly, to confer the observed resistance specificity. Indirectly, the viral genome could act as a source of specific siRNA molecules, which are present in infected tissues but are below the level of detection in recovered tissues. These could act in conjunction with siRNAs derived from the transgene mRNA to maintain a level of PTGS (post‐transcriptional gene silencing) activity which is effective in preventing further accumulation of homologous or related viruses. We suggest a model to explain the differential specificity.
Presentation of α‐galactosylceramide by murine CD1d to natural killer T cells is facilitated by plasma membrane glycolipid rafts
Authors: Lang Gillian A. , Maltsev Sergei D. , Besra Gurdyal S. , Lang Mark L. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryCD1 molecules are non‐polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I‐related proteins that bind and present glycolipid antigens to T‐cell antigen receptors (TCR) expressed by αβ T cells or natural killer‐like T cells (NKT). Anti‐metastatic properties of NKT cells reactive to the CD1d‐binding antigen α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) are now being explored as a contributor to tumour cell killing. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that presentation of α‐GalCer by murine CD1d (mCD1d) to mCD1d‐restricted NKT cells was facilitated by plasma membrane glycolipid rafts. Confocal microscopy of mCD1d‐transfected A20 B cells (A20mCD1d) demonstrated that mCD1d was raft‐localized. This observation was confirmed by immunoblotting of raft fractions isolated on sucrose density gradients. Raft disruption by the cholesterol‐binding agent nystatin, or short‐chain ceramides, inhibited presentation of low concentrations of α‐GalCer to NKT cells. Inhibition of antigen presentation was reversed by treatment of A20mCD1d cells with higher α‐GalCer concentrations, or removal of raft‐disrupting agents. These data indicate that partitioning of mCD1d into membrane rafts increases the capacity of antigen‐presenting cells to present limiting quantities of glycolipid antigens, perhaps by stabilizing mCD1d/antigen structures on the plasma membrane and optimizing TCR engagement on NKT cells.
Toll‐like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR‐mediated cytokine/chemokine production by human uterine epithelial cells
Authors: Schaefer Todd M. , Desouza Kristin , Fahey John V. , Beagley Kenneth W. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the expression of toll‐like receptors (TLRs) by the uterine epithelial cell line ECC‐1 and to determine if stimulation of the expressed TLRs induces changes in cytokine and/or chemokine secretion. The expression of TLR1 to TLR9 by ECC‐1 cells was demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, with only TLR10 not being expressed. Stimulation of ECC‐1 cells using agonists to TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 induced the expression of the chemokines interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), as well as the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐6, and occurred in a dose‐dependent manner. In response to zymosan and flagellin, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMP) that are recognized by TLR2 and TLR5 respectively, ECC‐1 cells secreted significantly more IL‐8, MCP‐1 and IL‐6 than in response to other TLR agonists. In contrast, agonists to TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 had no effect on the secretion of the 13 cytokines or chemokines analysed. These results indicate that uterine epithelial cells are important sentinels of the innate immune system. Further it indicates that all but one of the known TLRs are expressed by ECC‐1 cells and that stimulation through specific TLRs mediates changes in the expression of key chemokines and pro‐inflammatory cytokines that aid in the defence of the uterus against potential pathogens.
Cellular immune responses induced in cattle by heterologous prime–boost vaccination using recombinant viruses and bacille Calmette–Guérin
Authors: Vordermeier H. Martin , Rhodes Shelley G. , Dean Gillian , Goonetilleke Nilu , Huygen Kris , Hill Adrian V. S. , Hewinson R. Glyn , Gilbert Sarah C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe development of novel vaccine strategies to replace or supplement bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is urgently required. Here we study, in cattle, the use of heterologous prime–boost strategies based on vaccination with BCG and the mycobacterial mycolyl transferase Ag85A (Rv3804c) expressed either in recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA85A) or attenuated fowlpox strain FP9 (FP85A). Five different vaccination schedules were tested in the first experiment: MVA85A followed by BCG (group 1); BCG followed by MVA85A (group 2); BCG followed by FP85A and then MVA85A (group 3); MVA85A followed by MVA85A and then FP85A (group 4); and FP85A followed by FP85A and then MVA85A (group 5). Vaccine‐induced levels of cellular immunity were assessed by determining interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) responses in vitro. Prime–boost protocols, using recombinant MVA and BCG in combination (groups 1–3), resulted in significantly higher frequencies of Ag85‐specific IFN‐γ‐secreting cells than the two viral vectors used in combination (P=0·0055), or BCG used alone (groups 2 and 3, P=0·04). The T‐cell repertoires of the calves in all five groups were significantly broader following heterologous booster immunizations than after the primary immunization. In a second experiment, the effects of BCG\MVA85A heterologous prime–boost vaccination were compared with BCG\BCG homologous revaccination. The results suggested a higher Ag85A‐specific response with a wider T‐cell repertoire in the MVA85A‐boosted calves than in the BCG\BCG‐vaccinated calves. In conclusion therefore, the present report demonstrates the effectiveness of heterologous prime–boost strategies based on recombinant MVA and BCG to induce strong cellular immune responses in cattle and prioritise such vaccination strategies for rapid assessment of protective efficacy in this natural target species of tuberculosis.
Increased expression of mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)‐4 and its splice variant IL‐4δ2 in cells from contacts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in the absence of in vitro stimulation
Authors: Fletcher Helen A. , Owiafe Patrick , Jeffries David , Hill Philip , Rook Graham A. W. , Zumla Alimuddin , Doherty T. Mark , Brookes Roger H. ,   the Vacsel Study Group
Published: December 2004

SummaryExpression of interleukin (IL)‐4 is increased in tuberculosis and thought to be detrimental. We show here that in healthy contacts there is increased expression of its naturally occurring antagonist, IL‐4delta2 (IL‐4δ2). We identified contacts by showing that their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) released interferon (IFN)‐γ in response to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐specific antigen 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT‐6). Fresh unstimulated PBMC from these contacts contained higher levels of mRNA encoding IL‐4δ2 (P=0·002) than did cells from ESAT‐6 negative donors (noncontacts). These data indicate that contact with M. tuberculosis induces unusual, previously unrecognized, immunological events. We tentatively hypothesize that progression to active disease might depend upon the underlying ratio of IL‐4 to IL‐4δ2.