bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hussein and the Baghdad Pact
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Hussein’s dismissal of Fawzi al-Mulqi in May 1954 was a sign of political maturity, his dismissal of Tawfiq Abu’l Huda one year later was a sign of political independence. And the way he handled Sa’id al-Mufti’s subsequent appointment confirmed that the young king was determined to have the final say in running his country. Al-Mufti (b. 1898), a Circassian, occupied a special spot in the pantheon of “king’s men.” His politics, like that of some other ethnic or religious minorities in predominantly Arab Muslim countries, was “more Arab than the Arabs”‘ in its anti-Zionism. As an independently wealthy landowner, he was seen to be uncharacteristically incorruptible, not withstanding his Iraqi ties; as one of the first to welcome Abdullah to Amman in 1921, he was viewed as devoutly loyal, despite infrequent disagreements with the amir.1 Thanks to his generally exemplary personal and political credentials, al-Mufti was often tapped to fill cabinet slots, and he served in eleven different governments from 1929 to 1955.
Charting a New Course
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fall of Hazza’ al-Majali’s government, the second to collapse in less than a week, underscored to Hussein the risk of charging ahead with policies and politicians so wildly out of touch with the public mood. The much-sobered monarch therefore retreated from the exposed position in which his support for the Baghdad Pact had left him. Instead, he took cover under the cloak of the dissolution announcement and the formation of a coalition government as broadly based as the tense situation would allow. Ibrahim Hashim, appointed as the caretaker prime minister on December 21, earned his title as Jordan’s senior statesman not only because of his age-he was born in 1888-but also because he held solid credentials as both an early Arab nationalist and a Hashemite loyalist. Born in Nablus, the Istanbul-trained lawyer abandoned the Ottoman civil service in the mid-1910s to join the Istiqlal (Independence) party, a decision for which the Turks sentenced him to death during the World War
Introduction: American Indian Ethnic Renewal
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of the earliest European contact with North America, there were no American Indians. The aboriginal inhabitants of North America encountered by European travelers spoke myriad languages; possessed a wide variety of cultures; displayed a broad diversity of social, economic, and political organization; and had no conception of themselves as a single “race,” group, or people. The common label “Indians” was in fact more informative about the visitors than it was about the natives. First, the label revealed a now well-known unfounded geographic optimism about the discovery of a route to the East Indies; if this was India, these must surely be Indians. More important, this strategy of simplistic collective designation reflected a racially compartmentalized world view that would come to guide the colonial policies of Europeans for nearly five centuries on as many continents.
Constructing Culture
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If identity is the cognitive, cerebral component of ethnicity, culture is its heart and lifeblood. Those ideational and material aspects of social life-language, religion, ceremony, myth, belief, values, folkways, mores, kinship, worldview, as well as the worlds of art, music, tools, food, housing, dress, adornment—are the substance of a people. Culture is the magnet that attracts and repels. Its commonalities pull us together; its differences push us apart. It both smooths and stymies communication, supports and subverts understanding. It cultivates cohesion, yet is the breeding ground of ethnocentrism. Culture underlies both the universal and the unique in human societies. It is the essence of ethnicity.
The Politics of American Indian Ethnicity: Solving the Puzzle of Indian Ethnic Resurgence
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the puzzle of an increasing American Indian population cannot be solved using the usual set of demographic explanatory tools. Instead, the rising number of American Indians appears to be the result of individuals changing their racial identification in the U.S. census. This chapter attempts to explain why increasing numbers of census respondents are reporting their race as American Indian. The reason can be found in policies and politics. Demographic, political, and cultural currents in American society provided the basis and logic for Indian ethnic renewal. The organizational, material, and ideational substructure of Indian life was reshaped by the interplay between the contents of federal Indian policy and the actions of urban and reservation Indians. The resulting changes in the structure of native communities provided the rationale and the launching pad for Red Power activism in the 1960s and 1970s. I argue that the transformations of identity and culture that mark late-twentieth-century American Indian ethnicity were forged in the crucible of Red Power.
Renewing Culture and Community
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part II we examined the resurgence of American Indian racial self-identification in the U.S. census and traced the origins of this American Indian ethnic renewal to federal Indian policies, the politics of civil rights, and Native American activism, all of which fostered Indian ethnic awareness and pride. The presence of 1,878,285 American Indians living in hundreds of rural and urban communities in the United States in 1990 was evidence that Native Americans had not disappeared from the American scene as so many observers, officials, and researchers had predicted over the years. It is not only the case that Indians have not disappeared as distinct individual ethnic identities in the United States; it is also the case that Indian communities as distinctive ethnic enclaves remain very much a part of the American ethnic mosaic. We take for granted the presence of these many Native American societies scattered across the United States.
Introduction: On Hindu Marriage and Its Margins
Authors: Harlan Lindsey , Courtright Paul B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores some of the fundamental presuppositions about and experiences of marriage in South Asian culture. It traces a variety of conceptual and imaginative boundaries delineating the institution of marriage and reveals crucial notions about marriage that are best or sometimes only revealed at its margins, at those thresholds of entry, exit, renunciation, and violation in which marriage is undertaken, severed, resisted, or idealized. Our purpose is to discover how marriage actually works as a social and imaginative reality by considering the various experiences and perceptions of those who have crossed or transgressed its borders. Implicit in this pursuit is a recognition of the multiple conceptions of marriage by people at various stages of their lives and situated in differing circumstances. The institution looks quite different to those who have experienced it at varying times and at different points along its periphery. If marriage is viewed as a circle comprising these points, then the experiences of people participating in or reflecting on the institution constitute something like a rather intricate spirograph tracing in which their collective experiences and perceptions confirm the existence of the circular perimeter, whereas their individual experiences and perceptions intersect within the perimeter in a number of ways.
“crying When She’s Born, and Crying When She Goes Away”: Marriage and the Idiom of the Gift in Pahansu Song Performance
Authors: Raheja Gloria Goodwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Authoritative South Asian textual traditions, composed or performed by males, have many things to say about the transformation women undergo as they are married, as their identity as daughter and sister is eclipsed by their identity as wife and daughter-in-law, and as they move from piharto sasuriil,from natal home to conjugal place. These textual discourses, and a good deal of everyday talk as well, tend to stress ideas concerning the ideal wife’s assimilation into her husband’s kin group and the attenuation of her ties to her own natal kin following her marriage so that the authority of her husband’s kin is not undermined by her reliance on her brothers. In such texts it is assumed that the virtuous wife, the pativratii,will show deference to her husband’s senior kin and honor her husband, while restraining her own desires for intimacy and rapport with him so as not to undermine the unity and solidarity of his family and kin group. These are very powerful and persuasive ideologies in South Asia, and they place women in disadvantaged situations in which they are distanced from their natal kin
Sati,Sacrifice, and Marriage: The Modernity of Tradition
Authors: Courtright Paul B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many images of India that Westerners have implanted in their imaginations over the centuries of contact, the spectacle of the dutiful wife calmly taking her place on the pyre of her deceased husband has provoked both moral revulsion and voyeuristic curiosity. Westerners called such ritual immolations “suttee” (sat’iaccording to current transliteration practices), taking the Sanskrit term meaning a wife who possesses great virtue. The specter of a married woman walking toward the funeral pyre and joining her husband in cremation presses the interpretive process to its margins. Both traditional Hindu and modern Western or Indian interpreters might well agree that such an action cuts against the grain of a universal and innate human reflex for self-preservation. At the same time it raises the question of the sat’f’sagency: did she choose this act of self-annihilation freely, and if so, what is the context for such a “free” choice?
A Radical And Realized Catholicity
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The universalness here affirmed must be taken to extend in the end, of course, over the limits of man’s nature abstractly considered, to the physical constitution of the surrounding world . . . for the physical and moral are so bound together as a single whole in the organization of man’s life, that the true and full redemption of this last would seem of itself to require a real. . . renovation also of the earth in its natural form. . . . Christianity is catholic . . . inasmuch as it forms the true and proper wholeness of man kind, the round and full symmetrical cosmos of humanity, within which only its individual manifestations can ever become complete.
A Transcript Of Mystical Presence: Liturgy And The American Cultus
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As if the people, forsooth, could not find themselves properly in the Creed, the Te Deum, the Lord’s Prayer, the Litany, the Ten Commandments, the Church Lessons and Collects, but only in the creations, extemporaneous or otherwise, let down upon them in the usual style from the modern pulpit. We have no such low opinion of the capacity of our laity. In the case before us, many of them at least have theological instincts, which are better and safer than all scholastic speculations; to say nothing of traditional beliefs, which no logic can set aside. To these instincts and beliefs we now make our confident appeal.
The Heroic Slave by Frederick Douglass
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The State of Virginia is famous in American annals for the multitudinous array of her statesmen and heroes. She has been dignified by some the mother of statesmen. History has not been sparing in recording their names, or in blazoning their deeds. Her high position in this respect, has given her an enviable distinction among her sister States. With Virginia for his birth-place, even a man of ordinary parts, on account of the general partiality for her sons, easily rises to eminent stations. Men, not great enough to attract special attention in their native States, have, like a certain distinguished citizen in the State of New York, sighed and repined that they were not born in Virginia. Yet not all the great ones of the Old Dominion have, by the fact of their birth-place, escaped undeserved obscurity. By some strange neglect, one of the truest, manliest, and bravest of her children,-one who, in after years, will, I think, command the pen of genius to set his merits forth, holds now no higher place in the records of that grand old Commonwealth than is held by a horse or an ox. Let those account for it who can, but there stands the fact, that a man who loved liberty as well as did Patrick Henry,-who deserved it as much as Thomas Jefferson,-and who fought for it with a valor as high, an arm as strong, and against odds as great, as he who led all the armies of the American colonies through the great war for freedom and independence, lives now only in the chattel records of his native State.
Entre Deux Guerres
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years following 346, Aeschines’ position in Athenian politics suffered a decline from which it never fully recovered. In 346 he served on three important embassies, played a major role in bringing about peace with Philip, and eliminated his political enemy Timarchus. A mere three years later, Aeschines was fighting for his political life, barely escaping conviction on a charge of treason brought by Demosthenes. Not long after, his election as ambassador to Delphi was canceled, and his opponent Hyperides appointed in his place. And in 340, the Peace of Philocrates, the treaty which had been a source of pride to Aeschines only six years earlier, came to an ignominious end when the Athenians declared war on Philip. As Aeschines’ influence waned, Demosthenes’ position steadily rose. By the end of the decade, it was Demosthenes’ voice that dominated the Assembly, rousing the Athenians to take a more aggressive stance toward Philip and drowning out the objections of critics like Aeschines.
Skinner’s Dark Year and Walden Two
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After I Wrote My first psychobiographical studies of Freud and Allport, I 1”‘\. decided to begin research on living theorists. Most psychobiographical research is done on dead people, for ethical and other reasons (some of which I’ll discuss in Chapter 15). In choosing subjects who were elderly but alive, I wasn’trying to be methodologically innovative. I just wanted to get their side of their story while they were still around to give it.
From Colonel House to General Haig
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emboldened by my two-lives-at-a-time comparison of counterplayers Bush and Hussein, I’ll move on to even larger numbers in this chapter. I’m not ready to adopt the research strategy of my office neighbor, Dean Simonton, who often analyzes data on hundreds or even thousands of lives at a time.1 But I do recognize that even in psychobiographical research it’s sometimes useful to do multiple comparisons. So let’s pick a number somewhere between one and 5,000. Actually, I have a good reason for choosing that number. I looked at three lives in Chapter 7, one each for the three main psychological functions of creative writing. Here I want to look at three styles of political behavior that have been widely studied, so again I need at least three biographical examples. But I also want to show how one of those styles can be expressed in different ways. So with one example each for two styles, and two examples for the third, we arrive at a grand total of four.
Going Beyond Scratch
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Of My friends in Davis, California, is a science fiction writer named Kim Stanley Robinson. Stan got his doctorate in English literature and has taught at the University of California, but he prefers to make his living as a writer. He is an inspired and effective writer. He has won several important science fiction awards, and he’s rapidly becoming a Major Figure in the Field. I occasion­ ally pat myself on the back for having recognized early just how good a writer he is. Some science fiction writers know a lot more about science than about writing fiction, and some know a lot more about literature than about science. Stan is a triple threat. He’s intimately familiar with the history and tradition of science fiction, he knows a great deal about contemporary science, and he has a literary scholar’s understanding of postmodernism and other current critical approaches.
Monotheism and Ethics
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of God allows us to integrate experience, promising to cap the work of reason in comprehensive understanding, consummating our quest for truth, beauty, and the good. Einstein’s work is a model of this quest. The syntheses he sought were not mere essays in the direction of particulate simplicity. They sprang from a sincere faith that rationality in nature does not stop short at some surd, vacating all efforts at understanding, but portends a comprehensive intelligibility. Such faith is a special case of the religious trust in a still larger wisdom, of which our human ideas of value and perfection are only pale reflections. For monotheists today, as for the ancient Prophets, God is the reality that completes the pattern of our understanding—as the Primal Cause and Ultimate Good. Because God’s reality is the apex of reasoning, the summit toward which all explorations point, the monotheist’s affirmations of God’s reality can bear no certainty. But we find their confirmations in every area of experience. In lesser notions of divinity, lesser gods, we find not the greater certitude of sensation or emotion but only incoherence—the intellectual incoherence whose expression is confusion, and the moral incoherence whose outcome is tragedy. We find a sounder certitude in the coherence afforded by God’s universal relevance than in any sensory or emotive intuition.
The Biblical Laws of Diet and Sex
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no general agreement about the aim of laws that seek to regulate our diet and sexuality. Perhaps diverse goals are sought. For systems of law vary in object and impact; and perhaps correspondingly, there are conflicting theories about what laws should do—utilitarian and functionalist, positivist and formalist, theistic, naturalistic, and conventionalist. But in considering the Torah’s rules regarding what Israelites shall eat and how they shall express themselves erotically, we can profitably set aside prior notions of the proper sphere of law and try to see the intent of the laws from their own standpoint. We begin to do so when we recognize that these laws, calling on Israelites to share both the loathings and the affections of their God (Deut. 7:25, 14:3, 17:1, 24:4), aim to frame an ethos. They are educational, then, in Plato’s sense. If so, they can be understood with reference to the ideal of life they project and judged by their effectiveness in guiding us toward that ideal.
Time, Creation, and the Mirror of Narcissus
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the idea that the world is of finite age. Sir John Eccles writes of “Einstein’s derivation in 1915 of an expanding universe from his geometric account of gravitation, the General Theory of Relativity”:
To him at that time with his belief in a stationary everlasting universe, the idea of an expanding universe was highly distasteful, so he introduced a cosmological term into his equations to counteract the derivation of expansion. Then in 1912 the red shifts observed by Hubble in the spectrograms of galaxies produced empirical evidence for the expanding universe. Forthwith Einstein rejected his cosmological term, calling it “the biggest blunder of my life,” and accepting the distasteful expanding universe.
The clear formulation of the expanding universe from an initial great cataclysm was first made by Lemaitre in the early 1930’s and in 1940 Gamow refined this proposal, and applied the emotive term “Big Bang” to the cataclysm. However the initial estimates by Hubble for the rate of expansion were too high. They gave a date for the Big Bang of only 2 billion years ago, which was in conflict with other estimates for the age of the Universe. Hence there was then good reason for the alternative hypothesis proposed by Gold, Bondi and Hoyle, the steady-state hypothesis: the Universe had always existed; there was no origin in a Big Bang; the observed expansion was exactly compensated by the continuous creation of atomic particles; these particles in time aggregated to form new nebulae. Hence the composition of space was approximately steady, and it was isotropic, despite the continuous recession of already formed nebulae from each other. In terms of Natural Theology it would appear that, in their efforts to escape from a supernatural creation in the Big Bang by a Transcendent God, they had unwittingly proposed continual creation by an Immanent God!
Multilevel Approaches to Understanding Social Determinants
Authors: Marmot Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A subtitle for this chapter might well consist of a series of questions. How might cortisol levels in anesthetized baboons relate to government policy? Should decisions about public health strategy take into account data on Kyoto-Wistar rats? Is a death from alcoholic cirrhosis in Hungary relevant to improving health in Manchester in the north of England? Why should the fibrinogen level of a clerical assistant in the British Civil Service be an important piece of the puzzle in understanding social determinants of health? How does Nathan Detroit’s girlfriend help in illuminating the mind-body problem?
Syllabic Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liquids and nasals are sounds of such sonority that while they usually function as consonants they may also function as vowels. That is, they may be pronounced so as to form a distinct syllable in the absence of an adjacent vocoid. This is the case in many languages, and not uncommon in NE in the case of land n, for example the unaccented syllables of words like bottle and hidden, in which the vowels appearing in the spelling correspond to no spoken sound.
Disyllabic Roots
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terminology. The term disyllabic root(sometimes disyllabic base) reflects the long-held view that roots like “gena- ‘beget’ or “tema- ‘cut’ (as then written) had two vowels, unlike the typical PIE root. Although the term is still used, it has been rendered inappropriate by the reanalysis of “a as a syllabic consonant-a root like “genHr being no more ‘disyllabic’ than a root like “serp- ‘creep’. Set and am°{. The Sanskrit grammarian Pii.Q.ini treated verb roots as falling into two classes, those to which certain suffixes were attached directly and those with a linking vowel -i- between the root and the suffix. Thus, using Pii.Q.ini’s analysis: the agent noun built to han- ‘strike down’ is hantar-, whereas to Jan- ‘beget’ the same formation is Jan-i-tar-. In Pal)ini’s nomenclature, roots of the type of han- are anit lit. ‘i-less’, and roots of the type of Jan- were set lit. ‘with an -i-’. These terms are widely used in IE historical linguistics, though not in quite the sense that Pal)ini intended. As is now seen, the ‘linking vowel’ is neither a link nor a vowel, but the root-final laryngeal consonant: