bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Sources of Meaning in Later Life
Authors: Settersten Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction Settersten approaches the issue of meaning in the Third Age by examining the extensive literature on the determinants of our values and our goals. There are, of course, many influences, but most important may be those we experience as we participate in our social worlds. We make sense to ourselves as we seek to make sense to others. We feel secure in our ability to make a difference as we witness our effectiveness. We also evaluate ourselves partly on the basis of others’ evaluations of us. We are likely to lose confidence in ourselves should we see ourselves being treated as marginal and irrelevant.
Aging, Place, and Meaning in the Face of Changing Circumstances
Authors: Rowles Graham D , Ravdal Hege 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction Rowles and Ravdal provide us with a detailed description of our bonds to place and possessions. Should we move from one home to another, as happens often in the Third Age, we may discover that loss of familiar places and objects unsettles us. In the middle of the night we may wake uncertain of our location: uncertain whether we are still where we once lived or have instead been transported to a place that is new and momentarily baffling.
Bringers of Allah: The Druse Elders
Authors: Gutmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction Two different, though related, issues of meaning are, first, what meanings people give to values and goals and, second, what meanings people give to each other. Gutmann attends to the latter issue. More specifically, he is concerned with how someone who has moved beyond responsibilities for work and family can continue to be socially valued.
Meynert’S Basal Nucleus
Authors: Seitelberger Franz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theodor Meynert (1833-1892) was the first scientist to comprehend brain research as an independent interdisciplinary enterprise, demonstrated by his own fundamental contributions and the prospect of challenging research objectives. Meynert’s important observations and intuitive visions foreshadow modem concepts and amazing recent results in the neurosciences. Meynert was born in Dresden on 14June 1833. His father was a historian, his mother an opera singer. The family moved to Vienna in 1841 and gathered a circle of renowned personalities of art and culture at their home. At school, Meynert showed great love of literature, music, and philosophy; at university after a crisis of maturity he became an enthusiastic student of medicine and developed an interest in the brain. As a student he worked with the excellent histologist Carl Wedl and in the laboratory of Carl von Rokitansky, the founder of modern pathology; the latter accepted him as assistant, furthering his work and professional career decisively. Meynert’s first paper,
Wallerian Degeneration
Authors: Sykes Alan H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Augustus Volney Waller was born on 9 November 1816 at Elverton Farmhouse, Luddenham, near the town of Faversham in East Kent, England.1-4 His ancestors had lived in that area for several generations. His father, William Waller (1773-1829), was a gentleman farmer; his mother, Jessie (Eaglestone), has not been traced. He was probably the eldest of seven children, but very few details of the family have survived; he is known mainly through the record of his published scientific papers. When he was young, a short time after the end of the Napoleonic war (1815), and travel through France again became possible, the family moved to Nice, then still a part of Savoy within the Kingdom of Sardinia. His father was said to be in the wine trade but he retained the farm in Kent and visited it frequently up to the time of his death, in December 1829, in Nice, where he was buried.
Romberg’S Sign
Authors: Keppel-Hesselink Jan M , Koehler Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One might assume that neurology started as an independent specialty when a chair was founded for Jean-Martin Charcot in 1882. Some 40 years earlier, Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795-1873) formulated the first blueprint of systematic neurology by publishing a two-volume neurological reference book.1 He formulated the eponymous test in the second edition of that book. Moritz Romberg was born in Meiningen (Thiiringen) on 11 November 1795. After his father’s death he moved to Berlin with his mother. He went to high school and subsequently studied medicine. He graduated in 1817 with a thesis on congenital rickets, providing a classical description of achondroplasia.4 He decided to devote his further studies to nervous diseases.
Curschmann-Steinert Disease
Authors: Bruyn Richard P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Gustav Wilhelm Steinert was born on 10 April 1875 in Dresden. He was the son of a lawyer, Otto Steinert, and his wife, Louise Westen. Virtually nothing is known of his boyhood. He attended the Gymnasium in Dresden from 1884 to 1893, studied medical sciences and philosophy, and subsequently studied medicine in Dresden, Freiburg, Berlin, and Kiel.
Duchenne’S Dystrophy
Authors: Hudgson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of eponyms in human biology tends to confuse nosologic clarity. The same cannot be said ofDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) which was a clear-cut pathological and genetic entity, well before the introduction of recombinant DNA technology. In light of this, the words of Lord Walton in his foreword to the Emerys’ classic study1 of the history of the disease-that DMD remains “an apposite term”-elicits some sympathy. Nevertheless, the historical evidence that DMD may be a rather less than completely “apposite” eponym is accumulating steadily and we owe the Emerys a considerable debt of gratitude for their unique contribution.
Friedreich’s Ataxia
Authors: Koehler Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia is an autosomal-recessive disease with a prevalence of between 1 and 2 per 100,000, characterized by symptoms and signs including progressive ataxia, absent tendon reflexes in the legs, distal impairment of position and vibration sense, Babinski reflexes, and dysarthria. Other signs may be present, such as pes cavus, scoliosis, diabetes mellitus, and cardiomyopathy. In most cases it starts between the age of 8 and 15, the patients becoming wheelchair bound after approximately 14 years. During the nineteenth century it was gradually distinguished from other types of ataxia. Nikolaus Friedreich played a major role in defining the disease.
Introduction
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle thought that the mind, with the function of thinking, had no relation to the body or the senses and could not be destroyed. The first attempts to localize mental processes to the brain may nevertheless be traced back to antiquity. In the fifth century B.C., Hippocrates of Croton claimed that the brain was the organ of intellect and the heart the organ of the senses. Herophilus, in the third century B.C., studied the structure of the brain and regarded it as the site of intelligence. He believed that the middle ventricle was responsible for the faculty of cognition and the posterior ventricle was the seat of memory. Galen, in the second century B.C., thought that the activities of the mind were performed by the substance of the brain rather than the ventricles, but it was not until the anatomical work of Vesalius in the sixteenth century A.D. that this thesis was accepted. Vesalius, however, thought that the brains of most mammals and birds had similar structures in almost every respect and differed only in size, attaining the greatest dimensions in humans. In the seventeenth century, Descartes suggested that the soul resided in the pineal. He chose the pineal because of its central location: all things must emanate from the soul.
Aphasic Syndromes
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Webster’s Dictionary defines a syndrome as “a number of symptoms occurring together and characterizing a particular disease.” Most people would agree that these two features—symptoms that occur together, and symptoms that characterize a particular disease—are the basic features of a medical syndrome. For instance, the symptoms of cold intolerance, lethargy, deepening of the voice, large tongue, pericardial effusion, carpal tunnel entrapment, and lowered body temperature form (part of) a syndrome. They are all related to disease of a single organ, and they all respond to the same treatment.
Not all the symptoms of a syndrome occur in every individual who has the disease. Not all patients with disease of the organ responsible for the symptoms listed above have all the symptoms on the list. There are individual differences in the occurrence of the features of a syndrome across the population, and understanding the reasons for these differences is an important part of understanding the syndrome.
Agraphia
Authors: Roeltgen David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a century after Benedikt (1865) applied the term agraphia to disorders of writing, studies of agraphia focused on the relationship of agraphia to aphasia. Ogle (1867) found that although aphasia and agraphia usually occur together, they were occasionally separable. He concluded that there were distinct cerebral centers for writing and for speaking. Because agraphia and aphasia usually occur together, he concluded that the centers were anatomically close together. Ogle’s classification of agraphia included amnemonic agraphia and atactic agraphia. Patients with amnemonic agraphia wrote well-formed, but incorrect letters. Patients with atactic agraphia made poorly formed letters but usually had an element of amnemonic agraphia as well. Ogle’s two types of agraphia might be termed linguistic and motor.
In contrast to Ogle, Lichtheim (1885) proposed that disorders of writing usually were the same as disorders of speech. The exception was agraphia due to disruption of the “center from which the organs of writing are innervated,” which was clinically similar to Ogle’s atactic agraphia. Lichtheim proposed that agraphia and aphasia were similar because the acquisition of writing (and spelling) was superimposed on speech, and therefore utilized previously acquired speech centers. Head (1926) also stressed this relationship. Goldstein (1948) also emphasized two types of agraphia: primary agraphia resulting from disruption of the motor act of writing, and secondary agraphia, resulting from disturbances of speech.
Agnosia
Authors: Bauer Russell M , Demery Jason A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agnosia is a relatively rare neuropsychological symptom defined in the classical literature as a failure of recognition that cannot be attributed to elementary sensory defects, mental de- terioration, attentional disturbances, aphasic misnaming, or unfamiliarity with external stimuli (Frederiks, 1969). Agnosia is most often modality-specific; the patient who fails to recognize material presented through a particular sensory channel (e.g., vision) is successful when allowed to perceive it in another channel (e.g., touch, hearing). Visual, auditory, and tactile agnosias have received the most attention, and will be reviewed here.
One of the most fundamental and difficult questions about agnosia concerns whether it is best thought of as a perceptual or memory impairment. In his classic definition, Teuber (1968) stated that “two limiting sets of conditions: failure of processing and failure of naming . . . bracket . . . the alleged disorder of recognition per se, which would appear in its purest form as a normal percept that has somehow been stripped of its meaning.” Teuber’s definition is significant since it “locates” the agnosias at the intersection of perception and memory, and in fact, seems to imply that “pure” agnosia is a disorder of memory access.
Liberal Anticommunism
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
liberalism, as Arthur Schlesinger Jr. explained at the start of 1949, had been ‘‘fundamentally reshaped by the hope of the New Deal, by the exposure of the Soviet Union, and by the deepening of our knowledge of man.’’1 Still in his early thirties, Schlesinger was already a Pulitzer prizewinning historian and a Democratic Party activist. A decade later he became resident intellectual in the Kennedy White House and thereafter its most effective and prolific historian.
Preparation for a Revolution
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a challenging re-evaluation of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, a seminal event in the late Ottoman Empire and in the emergence of the modern nation-states in the Middle East and Balkans. Breaking new ground, the book describes how the practical considerations forced the Young Turks to sacrifice many of their plans for social transformation. The book includes extensive new research from archives throughout Europe and the Middle East and will prove indispensable to anyone working on the political, intellectual, and social history of the Ottoman Empire and of the states that were established on its ruins.
Value-Motive Congruence and Reactivity as Determinants of Well-Being
Authors: Zalewska Anna M , Brandstaätter Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well-being is a notion that has been studied by a large number of disciplines. It has been defined in many terms and labeled with many names, including happiness, quality of life, and life satisfaction. Veenhoven (1991) presents a classification of current well-being concepts and underlines that, from an individual perspective, well-being should be measured only subjectively. Subjective wellbeing refers to the question of how much a person likes the life he or she leads. Appraisals of life can be considered in two aspects: an affective aspect (how well a person usually feels) and a cognitive aspect (how a person thinks about the fulfillment of her or his aspirations or needs). The first aspect usually is called happiness, the second life satisfaction. Happiness is considered an emotional state, whereas life satisfaction is related to a cognitive, judgmental process (Lewinsohn, Redner, & Seeley, 1991). Incongruent data about connections between these aspects of well-being are reported (Brandstaätter, 1991; Veenhoven, 1991). Lewinsohn et al. (1991) point out that they may be conditioned by different factors—for example, age influences life satisfaction but not happiness. Well-being can be studied within certain domains (work, marriage, family) or with respect to life as a whole.
The Positive Psychology of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Salovey Peter , Mayer John D , Caruso David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is this construct, and why has it been so appealing? Emotional intelligence represents the ability to perceive, appraise, and express emotion accurately and adaptively; the ability to understand emotion and emotional knowledge; the ability to access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate cognitive activities and adaptive action; and the ability to regulate emotions in oneself and others (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). In other words, emotional intelligence refers to the ability to process emotion-laden information competently and to use it to guide cognitive activities like problem solving and to focus energy on required behaviors. The term suggested to some that there might be other ways of being intelligent than those emphasized by standard IQ tests, that one might be able to develop these abilities, and that an emotional intelligence could be an important predictor of success in personal relationships, family functioning, and the workplace.
Well-Being Mindfulness Versus Positive Evaluation
Authors: Langer Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is considered evil, beautiful, good, folly, and wickedness are products of our mind. It is surely easier to be happy living in a world full of beauty and goodness. Just as surely, it is easier to be happy if we think these things of ourselves. This chapter will consider the ways our mindless use of evaluation, be it positive or negative, leads to our unhappiness; the direct effects of mindfulness on happiness; and why teaching mindfulness may reap more benefits than trying to teach people to be positive. Most will agree that pessimism is virtually synonymous with unhappiness. What might be worth considering is how positive evaluations may lead to the same result.
Optimistic Explanatory Style
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Steen Tracy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimism has a checkered eputation. Consider Voltaire’s (1759) Dr. Pangloss, who blathered that this is the best of all possible worlds, or Porter’s (1913) Pollyanna, who celebrated misfortunes befalling herself and others. Consider contemporary politicians who spin embarrassing news into something wonderful. So-called optimism has given thoughtful people pause because of connotations of naïveté and denial. In recent years, however, optimism has become a more respectable stance, even among the sophisticated. Optimism, conceptualized and assessed in a variety of ways, has been linked to positive mood and good morale, to perseverance and effective problem solving, to achievement in a variety of domains, to popularity, to good health, and even to long life and freedom from trauma.
Hope Theory A Member of the Positive Psychology Family
Authors: Snyder C R , Rand Kevin L , Sigmon David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new theory typically begins with the proponents offering a model that supposedly is more heuristic than the prevailing, older view. Our development of hope theory began in this manner. So, what was the accepted scholarly view of hope that we sought to alter? The perception that one’s goals can be attained was a common thread in the scholarly work that defined hope in the 1950s through 1960s (Cantril, 1964; Farber, 1968; Frank, 1975; Frankl, 1992; Melges & Bowlby, 1969; Menninger, 1959; Schachtel, 1959). Our hypothesis was that this view, although shared by many previous scholars, did not fully capture that which is involved in hopeful goal-directed thought.
Wisdom Its Structure and Function in Regulating Successful Life Span Development
Authors: Baltes Paul B , Glück Judith , Kunzmann Ute 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of the humanities and the social sciences, questions of perfection and optimality in human behavior and human development always have been part of the intellectual agenda. Fueled by philosophers and theologists, many proponents participated in the search for truth criteria of perfection and optimality (Brandtsta ¨dter & Schneewind, 1977; Lerner, 1986; Tetens, 1777). Since the times of secularization and subsequently the advent of evolutionary biology, however, the answers to questions of perfection and optimality became more and more relative and uncertain.
Compassion
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philoktetes has been given a magical bow by the demigod Herakles. On the way to the war against Troy, in the company of Odysseus and his crew, a sacred serpent bites Philoktetes. The divinely inflicted wound is unbearably painful and foul smelling. Because his cries of agony and the smell are intolerable, the crew stops at the island of Lemnos and casts Philoktetes away.
The Psychology of Forgiveness
Authors: McCullough Michael E , Witvliet Charlotte vanOyen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings appear to have an innate proclivity to reciprocate negative interpersonal behavior with more negative behavior. When insulted by a friend, forsaken by a lover, or attacked by an enemy, most people are motivated at some level to avoid or to seek revenge against the transgressor. Although both of these two post- transgression motivations can be destructive, revenge is usually the more potent and almost always the more glamorous of the two.
Empathy and Altruism
Authors: Batson C Daniel , Ahmad Nadia , Lishner David A , Tsang Jo-Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Altruism refers to a specific form of motivation for one organism, usually human, benefiting another. Although some biologists and psychologists speak of altruistic behavior, meaning behavior that benefits another, we do not recommend this use. Such use fails to consider the motivation for the behavior, and motivation is the central issue in discussions of altruism. If one’s ultimate goal in benefiting another is to increase the other’s welfare, then the motivation is altruistic. If the ultimate goal is to in- crease one’s own welfare, then the motivation is egoistic. We shall use the term altruism to refer to this specific form of motivation and the term helping to refer to behavior that benefits another.
Toughness
Authors: Dienstbier Richard A , Zillig Lisa M Pytlik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Greeks had it right; mind and body are integrally connected. In modern psychology, we are catching up. We have begun to explore the mind-body connection, but we have typically approached it by emphasizing the mind’s influence on the body—how our emotions and thoughts influence health and physical well- being through processes that range from immune function to neuroendocrine availability. Toughness emphasizes the reciprocal path— how body influences mind. Because the evidence for toughness comes largely from experimental studies in which the researchers have demonstrated positive impacts on mind from manipulations that change the body, in tough- ness theory we propose that lifestyle choices enhance psychological well-being through observable neuroendocrine mediation.
Spirituality: Discovering and Conserving the Sacred
Authors: Pargament Kenneth I , Mahoney Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G. Stanley Hall and William James would have been quite comfortable with Harold Kushner’s bold assertions about the centrality of the sacred to human experience. To these founding fathers of psychology, spiritual phenomena represented critically important topics for psychological study. Since the early part of the 20th century, however, psychologists have tended to: (a) ignore spirituality; (b) view spirituality as pathological; or (c) treat spirituality as a process that can be reduced to more basic underlying psychological, social, and physiological functions.
Positive Psychology for Children: Development, Prevention, and Promotion
Authors: Roberts Michael C , Brown Keri J , Johnson Rebecca J , Reinke & Janette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the specialties of psychology dealing with children recognize the serious problems encountered during their development, much of the recent orientation involves moving away from viewing the psychological and behavioral deficits resulting from a developmental challenge. Instead, the focus increasingly has become one of perceiving the competence of the child and his or her family and enhancing growth in psychological domains. The clinical child, school, and pediatric psychology literatures frequently address concepts of stress and coping, generally accepting that coping is a positive response to the stress of a negative environmental situation or life event such as a chronic illness or parental divorce.