bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foamy Macrophages in a Case of Mononucleosis With Amoxicillin-Induced Rash, Hyperlipidemia, and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Gonzalez-Lopez Guillermo , Fried Isabella , Schadelbauer Eva , Cerroni Lorenzo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract:
A 38-year-old man presented with fever, cough, and jaundice. Four days before, he had started taking amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. He subsequently developed a morbilliform rash, and, according to clinical features and blood analyses, a diagnosis of mononucleosis with Epstein–Barr virus–associated antibiotic-induced exanthema and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was made. A skin biopsy revealed a superficial perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with interface dermatitis and many foamy macrophages in the papillary dermis and around the vessels of the superficial dermal plexus. A blood lipid test uncovered marked hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. After treatment with dexamethasone and immunoglobulin, the skin rash, liver function, and lipid profile progressively improved. Xanthomatous cells have been observed in skin biopsies of acute graft-versus-host disease with liver involvement, and these cells have been suggested to represent a clue to the presence of hepatic disease. In our case, underlying cholestatic hepatopathy with hyperlipidemia was present. We believe that the incidental finding of foamy cells in graft-versus-host disease cases and in our case are likely related to the presence of severe liver disease with cholestatic hepatopathy and secondary hyperlipidemia in different background conditions.
Statins in Graves Orbitopathy: A New Therapeutic Tool
Authors: Lanzolla Giulia , Comi Simone , Cosentino Giada , Pakdel Farzad , Marinò Michele 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
Graves orbitopathy (GO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves disease. Although its pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, GO is commonly considered an autoimmune disease due to loss of self-tolerance against autoantigens shared by thyroid epithelial cells and orbital fibroblasts. High-dose intravenous glucocorticoids (ivGCs) are the most used treatment for moderate-to-severe, active GO, but the addition of other immunomodulating treatments can improve the efficacy of ivGCs. Among the various risk factors that can affect the occurrence of GO, cholesterol may be worthy of interest. Since 2015 the role of cholesterol and cholesterol-lowering medications has been investigated. The purpose of this review is to discuss this topic, thereby offering new therapeutic opportunities for patients with GO.

Methods:
We searched PubMed for studies published between January 1, 1980 and June 1, 2023, using the search terms “Graves orbitopathy,” “thyroid eye disease,” “Graves ophthalmopathy,” “thyroid ophthalmopathy,” “thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy,” “endocrine ophthalmopathy,” “cholesterol,” “lipids,” “statins,” “low-density lipoprotein,” “atorvastatin,” and “cholesterol-lowering drugs.” Only English-language articles were included.

Results:
A correlation between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of GO development has been reported. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been proposed as a risk factor that can affect the course of GO and the response to ivGCs. The protective role of cholesterol-lowering medications in preventing GO has been also investigated. Statin treatment was found to have potential benefits in reducing the risk of GO in patients with Graves disease. Given these findings, measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with moderate-to-severe, active GO may be considered before starting ivGCs administration. Recently, a randomized clinical trial aimed at investigating the effects of statins in GO suggested that the addition of oral atorvastatin to ivGCs improves the overall outcome of moderate-to-severe, active GO in hypercholesterolemic patients given ivGCs.

Conclusions:
Overall, statins seem to have a preventive and therapeutic role in moderate-to-severe active GO. Their efficacy can be related to cholesterol-lowering activity, pleiotropic actions, and interaction with methylprednisolone.
Eyelid Surgery in Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Naik Milind N. , Walvekar Priyanka , Vasanthapuram Varshitha Hemanth , Shankar Lekshmy 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
To review and summarize a comprehensive synopsis of surgery of the eyelid in thyroid eye disease (TED).

Methods:
A PubMed search for specific eyelid manifestations of TED was performed. Studies reporting surgical management of these were reviewed, along with the author’s own experience.

Results:
The most common eyelid manifestations of TED include eyelid retraction, blepharoptosis, entropion, and epiblepharon, with most of them requiring surgical intervention. The correction of eyelid retraction has received maximum attention, with several surgical techniques that have stood the test of time. Blepharoptosis in TED that requires surgical intervention is usually aponeurotic. Entropion and Epiblepharon are rare in TED, and may resolve spontaneously, or following orbital decompression.

Conclusions:
Retraction is the commonest eyelid manifestation of TED, with multiple surgical options available for its correction. Blepharoptosis, entropion, and epiblepharon are rare eyelid findings in TED, that may occasionally require surgical correction.
Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Potvin Arnaud R. G. G. , Pakdel Farzad , Saeed Peerooz 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is a sight-threatening complication of thyroid eye disease (TED). This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current therapeutic options for DON.

Methods:
A literature review.

Results:
DON occurs in about 5% to 8% of TED patients. Compression of the optic nerve at the apex is the most widely accepted pathogenic mechanism. Excessive stretching of the nerve might play a role in a minority of cases. Increasing age, male gender, smoking, and diabetes mellitus have been identified as risk factors. Diagnosis of DON is based on a combination of ≥2 clinical findings, including decreased visual acuity, decreased color vision, relative afferent pupillary defect, visual field defects, or optic disc edema. Orbital imaging supports the diagnosis by confirming apical crowding or optic nerve stretching. DON should be promptly treated with high-dose intravenous glucocorticoids. Decompression surgery should be performed, but the response is incomplete. Radiotherapy might play a role in the prevention of DON development and may delay or avoid the need for surgery. The advent of new biologic-targeted agents provides an exciting new array of therapeutic options, though more research is needed to clarify the role of these medications in the management of DON.

Conclusions:
Even with appropriate management, DON can result in irreversible loss of visual function. Prompt diagnosis and management are pivotal and require a multidisciplinary approach. Methylprednisolone infusions still represent first-line therapy, and surgical decompression is performed in cases of treatment failure. Biologics may play a role in the future.
Hospital episode-of-care costs for hip fractures: an activity-based costing analysis
Authors: Denis Antoine , Montreuil Julien , Bouklouch Yasser , Reindl Rudolf , Berry Gregory K. , Harvey Edward J. , Bernstein Mitchell 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Despite the large impact of hip fracture care on hospital budgets, accurate episode-of-care costs (EOCC) calculations for this injury remains a challenge. The objective of this article was to assess EOCC for geriatric patients with hip fractures using an activity-based costing methodology and identify intraoperative, perioperative, and patient-specific factors associated with higher EOCC.

Material and Methods:
This is a retrospective cohort study involving a total of 109 consecutive patients with hip fracture treated surgically at a Canadian level-1 trauma center from April 2018 to February 2019. Clinical and demographic data were extracted through the institution's centralized data warehouse. Data acquisition also included direct and indirect costs per episode of care, adverse events, and precise temporal data.

Results:
The median total EOCC was $13,113 (interquartile range 6658), excluding physician fees. Out of the total cost, 75% was attributed to direct costs, which represented a median expenditure of $9941. The median indirect cost of the EOCC was $3322. Based on the multivariate analysis, patients not operated within the 48 hours guidelines had an increased length of stay by 5.7 days (P = 0.003), representing an increase in EOCC of close to 5000$. Higher American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores were associated with elevated EOCC.

Conclusion:
The cost of managing a patient with geriatric hip fracture from arrival in the emergency department to discharge from surgical ward represented $13,113. Main factors influencing the EOCC included adherence to the 48-hour benchmark surgical delay and ASA score. High-quality costing data are vital in assessing health care spending, conducting cost effectiveness analyses, and ultimately in guiding policy decisions.

Level of Evidence:
Level III (3), retrospective cohort study.
Randomized Trial of a “Dynamic Choice” Patient-Centered Care Intervention for Mobile Persons With HIV in East Africa
Authors: Ayieko James , Balzer Laura B. , Inviolata Colette , Kakande Elijah , Opel Fred , Wafula Erick M. , Kabami Jane , Owaraganise Asiphas , Mwangwa Florence , Nakato Hellen , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Camlin Carol S. , Charlebois Edwin D. , Bacon Melanie C. , Petersen Maya L. , Kamya Moses R. , Havlir Diane V. , Chamie Gabriel ,   SEARCH Study Team
Published: December 2023

Background:
Persons with HIV (PWH) with high mobility face obstacles to HIV care engagement and viral suppression. We sought to understand whether a patient-centered intervention for mobile PWH would improve viral suppression and retention in care, and if so, which subgroups would benefit most.

Methods:
In a randomized trial, we evaluated the effect of an intervention designed to address barriers to care among mobile (≥2 weeks out of community in previous year) PWH with viral nonsuppression or recent missed visits in Kenya and Uganda (NCT04810650). The intervention included dynamic choice of a “travel pack” (emergency antiretroviral therapy [ART] supply, discrete ART packaging, and travel checklist), multimonth and offsite refills, facilitated transfer to out-of-community clinics, and hotline access to a mobility coordinator. The primary outcome was viral suppression (<400 copies/mL) at 48 weeks. Secondary outcomes included retention in care and ART possession.

Results:
From April 2021 to July 2022, 201 participants were enrolled and randomized (102 intervention, 99 control): 109 (54%) were female participants and 101 (50%) from Kenya; median age was 37 years (interquartile range: 29–43). At 48 weeks, there was no significant difference in viral suppression in intervention (85%) vs. control (86%). The intervention improved retention in care (risk ratio: 1.06[1.02–1.1]; P < 0.001) and ART possession (risk ratio: 1.07[1.03–1.11]; P < 0.001), with larger effect sizes among persons with baseline nonsuppression and high mobility (≥2 weeks out of community in previous 3 months).

Conclusions:
Mobile PWH-centered care should be considered for high-risk mobile populations, including nonsuppressed and highly mobile PWH, to improve retention in care and sustain viral suppression over time.

Trial registration:
NCT04810650.
Association between geospatial access to trauma center care and motor vehicle crash mortality in the United States
Authors: Patel Vishal R. , Rozycki Grace , Jopling Jeffrey , Subramanian Madhu , Kent Alistair , Manukyan Mariuxi , Sakran Joseph V. , Haut Elliott , Levy Matthew , Nathens Avery B. , Brown Carlos , Byrne James P. 
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND
Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of preventable trauma death in the United States. Access to trauma center care is highly variable nationwide. The objective of this study was to measure the association between geospatial access to trauma center care and MVC mortality.

METHODS
This was a population-based study of MVC-related deaths that occurred in 3,141 US counties (2017–2020). American College of Surgeons and state-verified Level I to III trauma centers were mapped. Geospatial network analysis estimated the ground transport time to the nearest trauma center from the population-weighted centroid for each county. In this way, the exposure was the predicted access time to trauma center care for each county population. Hierarchical negative binomial regression measured the risk-adjusted association between predicted access time and MVC mortality, adjusting for population demographics, rurality, access to trauma resources, and state traffic safety laws.

RESULTS
We identified 92,398 crash fatalities over the 4-year study period. Trauma centers mapped included 217 Level I, 343 Level II, and 495 Level III trauma centers. The median county predicted access time was 47 minutes (interquartile range, 26–71 minutes). Median county MVC mortality was 12.5 deaths/100,000 person-years (interquartile range, 7.4–20.3 deaths/100,000 person-years). After risk-adjustment, longer predicted access times were significantly associated with higher rates of MVC mortality (>60 minutes vs. <15 minutes; mortality rate ratio 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–1.40). This relationship was significantly more pronounced in urban/suburban vs. rural/wilderness counties (p for interaction, <0.001). County access to trauma center care explained 16% of observed state-level variation in MVC mortality.

CONCLUSION
Geospatial access to trauma center care is significantly associated with MVC mortality and contributes meaningfully to between-state differences in road traffic deaths. Efforts to improve trauma system organization should prioritize access to trauma center care to minimize crash fatalities.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological, Level III.
Shaping corporate ESG performance: role of social trust in China's capital market
Authors: Tang Tiantian , Yang Liyan 
Published: December 2023

PurposeThis study investigates the influence of social trust on the attainment of corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) objectives.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducts panel regression analysis on a distinctive dataset for 2009–2017 on Chinese firms.FindingsThe analysis reveals a significant positive association between social trust and firm-level ESG practices. Moreover, the impact of social trust on shaping ESG outcomes is further amplified by factors such as economic growth, corporate governance standards and institutional quality. This relationship remains statistically positive when the authors employ alternative measures and methodologies, such as the instrumental variables, propensity score matching and difference-in-differences approaches. Notably, the results of heterogeneity tests indicate that the Trust–ESG nexus is more prominent for state-owned enterprises and firms with substantial market capitalization, superior profitability and higher leverage.Originality/valueThis study expands the comprehension of the determinants of ESG and underscores the influential role of social trust as an informal institution in enhancing a firm's ESG performance.
How blockchain manages supply chain risks: evidence from Indian manufacturing companies
Authors: Hong Leo , Hales Douglas N. 
Published: December 2023

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the contribution of blockchain technology to supply chain risk management and its impact on performance among Indian manufacturing companies.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on a resource-based view, dynamic capability and system of systems theory, this study examines the direct relationships between blockchain, supply chain risk management and supply chain performance. The authors validate the mediating effects of three supply chain risk management components, namely supply risk management, demand risk management and cyber security management, on financial transaction reliability and information reliability. Data were collected from 204 Indian manufacturing companies that have adopted blockchain technology.FindingsThe results demonstrate that companies adopting blockchain technology have experienced positive outcomes in managing supply chain-related risks, financial transaction reliability and information reliability. These findings provide valuable guidance to managers, highlighting blockchain as a competitive advantage for supply chain management.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous research on blockchain-based risk management capabilities has been conducted.
Tourism and the environment in Mexico: evidence of the relationship in the short and long term
Authors: Gómez López Claudia Susana , Barrón Arreola Karla Susana 
Published: December 2023

Purpose
This study aims to examine the relationship between the environment and tourism flows, as well as the economic variables of the 32 states of Mexico for the period 1999–2019 based on data availability. The related literature studying tourism and environmental impacts is scarce at a national level, with most of them being local case studies. Some international studies find that if the relationship exists, it is weak or nonexistent, using CO2 as a proxy in most cases.

Design/methodology/approach
The present study uses panel data and cointegration panel methodologies, while also using geographic information systems to observe the distribution of variables at a state level between tourism and environmental variables.

Findings
The findings of the study are as follows: state gross domestic product, the inertia of environmental variables (i.e. volume of water treatment and solid waste), occupied rooms (proxy variable for tourism activity) and average temperature have an impact on the contemporary evolution of environmental variables; national and international tourist variables have no impact on the environment; the panels are integrated in such a way that there is a long-term equilibrium between states and some environmental care variables; and no conclusive evidence is found regarding the impact of tourism activity on the considered environmental variables.

Research limitations/implications
The main limitations and areas of opportunity of the work refer to the amount of data available over time and the precision of the measurement of the variables. The availability, temporality and frequency of the data are also limitations of the research. An example of this is the nonexistence of CO2 emissions at the state level. Additionally, studying other countries and regions for which there are limitations of data and applied studies is also a challenge.

Practical implications
The results are important for economies (in growth) and societies whose economic growth depends on tourism flows and have done little to reverse the damage that tourism has on the environment.

Social implications
The models can contribute to study the relation between tourism and environmental variables and could be extended to regions, states and provinces for decision-making on actions to be taken for the present and future.

Originality/value
The originality of the research is innovative for the region: Mexico, Central and Latin America. There are no works that have studied these problems with this methodology and these variables. In terms of originality, the classic models of panel data and cointegration of panel data are useful and easily replicable for others to use for different countries. The results are relevant because there is apparently no relationship between tourism and some environmental variables in the short run, but there exists a weak and strong long-run relation between some of them.
Dopamine and noradrenaline activate spinal astrocyte endfeet via D1‐like receptors
Authors: Montalant Alexia , Kiehn Ole , Perrier Jean‐François 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAstrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, respond to a wide variety of neurotransmitters binding to metabotropic receptors. Here, we investigated the intracellular calcium responses of spinal cord astrocytes to dopamine and noradrenaline, two catecholamines released by specific descending pathways. In a slice preparation from the spinal cord of neonatal mice, puff application of dopamine resulted in intracellular calcium responses that remained in the endfeet. Noradrenaline induced stronger responses that also started in the endfeet but spread to neighbouring compartments. The intracellular calcium responses were unaffected by blocking neuronal activity or inhibiting various neurotransmitter receptors, suggesting a direct effect of dopamine and noradrenaline on astrocytes. The intracellular calcium responses induced by noradrenaline and dopamine were inhibited by the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390. We assessed the functional consequences of these astrocytic responses by examining changes in arteriole diameter. Puff application of dopamine or noradrenaline resulted in vasoconstriction of spinal arterioles. However, blocking D1 receptors or manipulating astrocytic intracellular calcium levels did not abolish the vasoconstrictions, indicating that the observed intracellular calcium responses in astrocyte endfeet were not responsible for the vascular changes. Our findings demonstrate a compartmentalized response of spinal cord astrocytes to catecholamines and expand our understanding of astrocyte–neurotransmitter interactions and their potential roles in the physiology of the central nervous system.
Cervical Lacerations: A Review of Risks
Authors: Salazar Susan , Grayson Kaitlyn , Tsamolias Harris 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCervical laceration (CL), although infrequent, is an often‐unrecognized complication of vaginal birth and can cause significant blood loss in the immediate postpartum period. The rate of clinically significant CL ranges from 0.14% to 0.2% of births. Nulliparity, operative vaginal birth, occiput posterior position of the fetus, induction of labor, and episiotomy have been cited as possible risk factors. Much of the available literature regarding CL, however, is dated or anecdotal, and there are varying and inconsistent risk associations with its occurrence. Given this unpredictability, CL should be considered in all women with immediate postpartum hemorrhage when there is difficulty obtaining hemostasis. Although midwives receive training about CLs, the low incidence may lead to delay in diagnosis and management. This Clinical Rounds case presents a composite case of postpartum hemorrhage caused by a CL. Risk factors, diagnosis and midwifery management are discussed.
Political studies of automated governing: A bird's eye (re)view
Authors: Öjehag‐Pettersson Andreas , Carlssson Vanja , Rönnblom Malin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we develop an approach for analyzing the increasingly important strand of research that deals with automated systems of governing. Such systems, which figure prominently in public policy and regulation, are designed to utilize the rapid advancement in computer technology, like artificial intelligence, with the purpose of governing something or someone. Drawing on a large sample of articles we present a comprehensive analysis of scholarly works where these systems are studied as political, rather than neutral, instruments of governing. We find that the current state of the art articulates the politics of automated systems of governing in three ways. Namely, as part of ontological, epistemological and ideological questions. We conclude that future research should investigate the complex forms of marketization nested in these systems, that it should move from theoretical examples to detailed empirical studies and that political science should get more involved with the issue.