bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Beginning
Authors: Stříbrný Zdeněk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plays by Shakespeare and his fellow dramatists were already being staged in Eastern Europe during his lifetime. By the end of the sixteenth century, English actors had reached an unprecedented professional standard and, as their numbers were growing even in the face of Puritan opposition, they were looking for other places besides London to show their skills. Especially during plague epidemics and periods of sharp competition among acting companies, they went on tour not only in England and Scotland but also across the Channel. Their visits to the Continent represent one of the most intriguing chapters in the annals of British and European theatre.
Shakespeare’s Reading
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford Shakespeare Topics (General Editors Peter Holland and Stanley Wells) provide students, teachers, and interested readers with short books on important aspects of Shakespeare criticism and scholarship, including some general anthologies relating to Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Reading explores Shakespeare's marvellous reshaping of sources into new creations. Beginning with a discussion of how and what Elizabethans read - manuscripts, popular pamphlets, and books - Robert S. Miola examines Shakespeare's use of specific texts such as Holinshed's Chronicles, Plutarch's Lives, and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. As well as reshaping other writers' work, Shakespeare transformed traditions - the inherited expectations, tropes, and strategies about character, action and genre. For example, the tradition of Italian love poetry, especially Petrarch, shapes Romeo and Juliet as well as the sonnets; the Vice figure finds new life in Richard III and Falstaff. Employing a traditional understanding of sources as well as more recent developments in intertextuality, this book traces Shakespeare's reading throughout his career, as it inspires his poetry, histories comedies, tragedies, and romances. Repeated references to the plays in performance enliven and enrich the account.
Shakespeare and Masculinity
Authors: Smith Bruce R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford Shakespeare Topics (General Editors Peter Holland and Stanley Wells) provide students, teachers, and interested readers with short books on important aspects of Shakespeare criticism and scholarship, including some general anthologies relating to Shakespeare. Richard III, Romeo, Prince Harry, Malvolio, Hamlet, Lear, Antony, Coriolanus, Prospero: Shakespeare's roster of male protagonists is astonishingly various. Shakespeare and Masculinity juxtaposes these memorable characters with the medical beliefs, ethical ideals, and social realities that shaped masculine identity for Shakespeare, as for his fellow actors and their audiences. At the same time it explores the process of male self-definition against various sorts of 'others' - women, foreigners, social inferiors, sodomites. Reflecting the truth that the plays' principal existence is in the live theatre, the book finishes with a transhistorical, multicultural survey of how masculinity has been performed in productions of Shakespeare's plays - in France, Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Japan, and elsewhere - and with a challenge to imagine masculinity in fuller and more satisfying ways.
The Renaissance
Authors: Reynolds L D , Wilson N G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will be convenient for the purpose of this brief survey to regard the Renaissance as the period extending from about 1300 to the middle of the sixteenth century. A cultural movement which is recognizable as humanism, the stimulating force of the Renaissance, was at work in certain parts of Italy by the end of the thirteenth century; by the middle of the sixteenth it had spread to most of Western Europe and had transformed, among so many other things, the transmission and study of classical antiquity. The scholar of the late Renaissance had at his disposal almost as much of the literature of Greece and Rome as we possess ourselves; most of it he could read, at ease and at no great cost, in print; and the translation of Greek into Latin, and of both into the vernacular languages, had made a large part of ancient literature available to the public at large. On the scholarly side, the foundations of historical and textual criticism had been securely laid.
Although humanism eventually acted upon all areas of intellectual and artistic life, it was primarily a literary activity and was closely connected with the study and imitation of classical literature.
Italian society transformed
Authors: Allum Percy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last half of the twentieth century has witnessed greater changes in Italian society than at any time in the previous history of the peninsula. What was a relatively poor industrializing society suffering the ravages of war in 1945 has become, fifty years later, one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world (national income grew fivefold; individual income fourfold) and a member of the G7.
Enlightenment and Treasure
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Enlightenment is often portrayed as heralding the victory of reason and rationalism over magic and superstition. The spirit world of Neoplatonism was vanquished and the clockwork Universe ticked for the educated. The age of miracles was over and the Devil chained to hell. The crimes of witchcraft and conjuration were redefined as a delusion and a fraud.
Pulp Magic
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delaurence began his publishing empire at a time when most books of substantial length were bound in hardback. This kept production costs high and, consequently, while some of his titles went through numerous editions, their price was still out of the reach of many. In 1913, for instance, we find a small advertisement in one American newspaper offering new copies of The Book of Magical Art for sale at $5, knocked down from $12. This may have been a bargain indeed, but it was hardly affordable out of loose change. As we have seen, cheap, mass-produced grimoires had been produced for several hundred years in Europe in the form of chapbooks and the Bibliothe`que bleue.
Adamgirk
Authors: Stone Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first English translation of the major Armenian epic on Adam and Eve composed by Arak'el of Siwnik' in the early fifteenth century. Arak'el writes extremely powerful narrative poetry, as in his description of the brilliance of paradise, of Satan's mustering his hosts against Adam and Eve, and Eve's inner struggle between obedience to God and Satan's seduction. In parts the epic is in dialogue form between Adam, Eve, and God. It also pays much attention to the typology of Adam and Christ, or Adam's sin and death and Christ's crucifixion. By implication, this story, from an Eastern Christian tradition, is the story of all humans, and bears comparison with later biblical epics, such as Milton's Paradise Lost. Michael E. Stone's version preserves a balance between literary felicity and faithfulness to the original. His Introduction sets the work and its author in historical, religious, and literary context.
Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From antiquity until the nineteenth century, there have been two types of state: macro-states, each dotted with a number of cities, and regions broken up into city-states, each consisting of an urban centre and its hinterland. A region settled with interacting city-states constituted a city-state culture and Polis opens with a description of the concepts of city, state, city-state, and city-state culture, and a survey of the 37 city-state cultures so far identified. Mogens Herman Hansen provides a thoroughly accessible introduction to the polis (plural: poleis), or ancient Greek city-state, which represents by far the largest of all city-state cultures. He addresses such topics as the emergence of the polis, its size and population, and its political organization, ranging from famous poleis such as Athens and Sparta through more than 1,000 known examples.
The Unity of the City-State Culture of Ancient Greece
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unity of all the Greek city-states can best be illustrated by an example. We possess a small treatise on the geography of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, written in the fourth century bc and wrongly attributed to the geographer Skylax of Karyanda, who really lived 200 years earlier, which is why it goes under the name of Pseudo-Skylax. It is organised as a periplous, i.e. a journey by sail along the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and the writer enumerates, region by region, the most important settlements along the coast. In all, 733 toponyms are quoted, and most of them are classified, directly or indirectly, as poleis. Pseudo-Skylax begins his voyage at the Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar) and goes along the coasts of Spain, France, Italy and Illyria, as far as the river Acheron in southern Epeiros ‘where Hellas begins to be continuous’. Then the voyage goes all the way south round Greece to the river Peneios in north Thessaly ‘where continuous Hellas ends’.
State and Society
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional and still prevailing view about the ancient Greek city-state is that the polis was a fusion of state and society and controlled the behaviour of its citizens in every department of life: religion, family, upbringing, education, housing, production and trade. In a polis the citizens did not distinguish between state and society, between, on the one hand, a public sphere in which the state determines and upholds a rule of law within a territory over a body of citizens and, on the other hand, a private sphere in which everyone can live as he pleases as long as he keeps to the law. This view fits perfectly the ideal states described in Plato’s Republic and Laws and in the seventh and eighth books of Aristotle’s Politics. The Laws, especially, is often—and rightly—quoted as a dreadful example of a society where everything is regulated by the state down to the smallest detail.2 But those utopias were written precisely to show contemporaries how a polis ought to be governed. In all those treatises Plato and Aristotle are at one in subjecting all existing poleis to merciless criticism: the philosophers were quite clear how far it was from ideal to actuality.3 If we turn from philosophy to history, we shall perceive that it is not possible to say how far the ancient Greek polis was a fusion of state and society or recognised a sphere of society in which the citizens could live as they chose.
Civil War (Stasis)
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideally the city-state was a community of citizens who regarded the polis as their fatherland and were willing to sacrifice life and possessions for it.1 But very few poleis were societies in harmony which lived up to the ideal. To judge from our sources, most poleis were split into two rival poleis, one of the rich, who supported oligarchy, and one of the poor, who preferred democracy.3 The rival parties could also be deferent ethnic groups living side by side in the same polis, a situation typical of poleis founded by colonists from several deferent city-states.4 Or the community could be polarised around two rival groups of rich contending for power.5 In all those cases the purpose of both groups was to control and, if necessary, reform the institutions of the city.6 The result was almost constant political tension, which often led to civil war, in which every group was ready to work hand in hand with a like-minded group in a neighbouring city or in one of the powerful cities that led the shifting alliances of poleis. The members of both groups were therefore prepared to sacrifice the independence and autonomy of their city if, in return, they could keep or win power in the polis.
‘New From Battersy’: Fantasies of Sexual Flagellation
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Mighty Lewd Books, Julie Peakman opens the chapter on flagellation with the statement that ‘John Cleland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure was a defining moment in English erotica, not just in applying novelistic technique to erotica, but in recognizing that flagellation was a method to exploit English sexual fantasies’.1 Peakman goes on to note that there are earlier instances in the seventeenth century of flagellation references in poems, plays, pseudo-medical literature, and pornography, but argues that these are not of any significance, tending to the fleeting and disparaging.2 In the same vein, Peter Wagner tells us in Eros Revived that ‘flagellation and strangulation, in a sexual context, do not seem to have interested many readers and authors before the eighteenth century’. In this chapter I will argue that, on the contrary, flagellation narratives were both more extensive than these two comments suggest, and certainly were of more significance, with much to suggest about early modern sexual cultures.
‘Erotopolis’: Voyeurism and the Illusion of Privacy
Authors: Toulalan Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is clear from the discussion of pornography, of what constitutes pornography and what distinguishes it from other kinds of representation, at the beginning of this book, there is much debate but little agreement. In this chapter I want to argue that a major constituent of any idea of the pornographic is the notion of the private, and specifically that it rests upon the idea that, while, on the one hand, bodies and sex are regarded as a legitimate public concern (the need to regulate and control them), their representation brings out into public view the specificity of the sexual body in action that is understood as requiring privacy, and that should take place out of sight. It is partly this constituent component that allows commentators both ancient and modern to regard the descriptions of bodies and sex in medical literature as pornographic: they bring descriptions of the sexual body into public space, opening them indiscriminately to the gaze of many, rather than reserving them to the realm of the private and personal.
Sellars and Quine: Compare and Contrast
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W. V. O. Quine and Wilfrid Sellars are arguably the most important and influential American philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. The publication of Quine’s “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” in 1951 and Sellars’ “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind” in 1956 were watershed events that significantly shaped the subsequent course of philosophical inquiry. In certain respects, these two seminal essays have much in common.
The Elusiveness of Categories, the Archimedean Dilemma, and the Nature of Man: A Study in Sellarsian Metaphysics
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ontological enterprise is the attempt to delineate the most general complete answer to the question “What is there?”. The enterprise has two dimensions. Positively, it rests upon epistemology. Viewing “What is there?” as a question among questions, the philosopher produces an account of the epistemological grounds of an adequate answer. We discover what there is. How we discover it, what we have discovered, and, perhaps, what we are likely to discover, form the subject matter of positive ontology.
Imagining the Empire? Concepts of ‘Primeval Unity’ in Pre-imperial Historiographic Tradition
Authors: Pines Yuri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 221 bc, the state of Qin eliminated the last of its rivals, thereby unifying the ‘Chinese’ world after centuries of endless wars. Proudly, the king of Qin assembled his to discuss administrative and ritual adjustments appropriate to commemorate his achievements. The uncial’s in response praised the king: In antiquity, the lands of the Five Thearchs were one thousand li squared, beyond which was the overlords’ domain and the aliens’ domain. The overlords sometimes came to the court and sometimes did not, and the Son of Heaven was unable to regulate this. Now, your Majesty has raised a righteous army, punishing the savage criminals, has paced and stabilized All-under-Heaven, turning the territory between the seas into commanderies and counties; and laws and ordinances have a single source. From antiquity it has never been so; the Five Thearchs could not reach this This declaration, echoed elsewhere in Qin’s propaganda, proclaims the superiority of the First Emperor of Qin (Qin Shihuangdi, literally, the First August Thearch, r. 246–221–210 bc) over the former paragons, such as the legendary Five Thearchs (wu di) or the semi-legendary founders of the Three Dynasties (Xia, Shang, and Zhou, c. 2000–256 bc).
Announcements from the Mountains The Stele Inscriptions of the Qin First Emperor
Authors: Kern Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after completing his conquest and establishing the unified empire in 221 bc, the Qin First Emperor, accompanied by his court classicists, began to tour the newly conquered eastern regions. Here, he erected a series of stele inscriptions on the top of venerated mountains. The Shi ji, which preserves six of the altogether seven inscriptions, provides the following chronology for them: 219 bc on Mt. Yi, Mt. Tai, and Mt. Langye; 218 bc on Mt. Zhifu and on its ‘eastern vista’ (Zhifu dongguan); 215 bc at the ‘gate’ of Jieshi (Jieshi men); and December 211 or January 210 bc on Mt. Kuaiji. In the First Emperor’s ‘Basic Annals’ in the Shi ji, the brief entry on the first inscription, placed on Mt. Yi in 219 bc, reads as follows:
Introduction
Authors: Jowett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As King Lear dies, he expresses anguished despair at the cruelty of his daughter Cordelia’s death, and then, in his final words, imagines he sees breath in her lips: Lear And my poor fool is hanged. No, no, no life? Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life, And thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no more. Never, never, never, never, never. [To Kent] Pray you, undo this button. Thank you, sir. Do you see this? Look on her. Look, her lips.
Henry VIII: the man
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest challenge to Henry VIII’s rule was the risings of 1536—indeed they were the largest peacetime revolt in English history. His response is very revealing of his attitude to king- ship. Egoism dominated. This may be understandable in the case of the Great Matter, but for Henry, the right to rule was innate and un circumscribed.
The royal legacy
Authors: Ives Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fall of Cromwell in June 1540 put an end to the second period of kingly rule via a chief minister and ushered in a further, and this time enduring, period of government via a council. It was, however, not the council which Cromwell had side lined before the break with Rome. The risings of 1536 had strongly criticized the minister and other counsellors ‘of low birth and small reputation’ (LP Henry VIII, 11, no. 705(1)).
The Search for Lady Ingram
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So reads the central legend of a portrait known as ‘Lady Ingram and her Two Boys ’, one of the earliest family groups from England (see Fig. 1.1). Positioned over the head of each of the painting ’s persons is a textual plaque. The labels for the children could be entries in a family chronicle: ‘Martin was born the 26 of March at 9 of the clock before noon in Anno Domani 1548 ’, and ‘Steven was born the 21 of July on a Sunday at night and 10 of the clock Anno Domani 1549 ’.¹ The inscription for the principal figure seems to abbreviate her own natal history in order to hint instead that an occasion motivated this painting, although the precise nature of the ‘turn ’ of 1557 goes unspecified. And while the use of the first-person singular produces the effect of an authorizing subjectivity, it serves also to suppress the sitter ’s identity. Thus an apparent act of self-display is in the end an act of self-ambiguation.
The Chronicles of Francis Barnham
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us imagine entries in the minute books of the Drapers ’ Company and the Court of Aldermen as peepholes in the great temporal wall that separates us from the personalities, transactions, and transgressions that made up everyday life in Tudor London. As administrative accounts, they are generally less biased to the domestically dysfunctional and locally scandalous than are the records of ecclesiastical courts. They are also less forthcoming, rarely including witness depositions or narrative detail. Many of the early Bridewell reports similarly offer terse summaries rather than testimonial evidence. Even at their least informative, however, these London archives demonstrate that through his executive appointments Francis Barnham had an authorized point of access to intimate particulars about the relationships, activities, work products, and living conditions of hundreds of men, women, and children.
Closets
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searching for the history of privacy in unfamiliar places, I have followed paths first traveled by a woman who, 450 years ago, commissioned a painting of herself and her children. As a ‘speaking ’ portrait, ‘Alice Barnham and her Two Boys ’ engages its viewers directly. The trompe l ‘œil plaques give off just enough information to allow their referents to be identified in the parish registers of St Mildred Poultry, London. Martin ’s book is represented merely in two short lines of verse— ‘My son, receive ye these my words, the which shall be right wise ’ — and yet these are traceable to a known translation of The Proverbs of Solomon . Then there is the third act of textual simulation. This chapter revisits the line Alice purports just to have penned: ‘That we all may receive the same. ‘
Making Calculus Work
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is deliberate double meaning in the title of this chapter, in an attempt to capture both the usefulness and the vulnerability of calculus as it was understood and used in the eighteenth century. Almost as soon as it was created, calculus was seen as an invaluable tool for handling physical problems, and as familiarity with it grew it was put to use in a wide variety of ways, many of them far removed from the tangent and quadrature questions that had first given rise to it. In the first half of this chapter, there are two important examples of such applications, and to these may be added several others to be found elsewhere in this book: Leibniz’s refraction problem in his very first paper on the calculus in 1684 (4.2.1); de Moivre’s calculation of confidence intervals in 1738 (7.2.1); Laplace’s model of planetary perturbation in 1787 (17.1.3); and Fourier’s theory of heat diffusion in 1822 (8.4.1).
Limits And Continuity
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differential calculus was developed without any explicit definition of either limits or continuity, but with an intuitive assumption that both could in some sense be taken for granted. Widespread use of the calculus during the eighteenth century led to more careful consideration of such matters, but it was not until the early nineteenth century that Bolzano and Cauchy arrived at what are more or less the modern definitions. In this Chapter we trace the history of both ideas up to the early 1820s.