bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Two-Way Mirror
Authors: Abelson Elaine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the dry-goods palaces represented “a pantomime of gentility,” we must look beyond the physical appearance and surface amenities of these new institutions to the values and attitudes that governed their management. Store owners and managers set out to challenge traditional notions of need and value. The special drama of the stores, the continual bombardment of sensual images, the new celebration of material goods, and the explicit refutation of an older ethic of self-denial and its replacement by one promoting self-gratification were the products of a conscious strategy. Geared to continual expansion and high profits, the staged luxury of late-ninetenth-century department stores encouraged consumption and desire beyond immediate need or means. It all prompted troubling conflicts in personal and social values for many women, and, as a consequence, the stores found themselves confronting a situation in which the relationship between the individual shopper and the new possibilities of possession became problematic. Management was forced to defend itself against the very loss of a sense of proportion that it had in fact encouraged.
Union Initiatives to Restructure Industry in Australia
Authors: Ogden Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the Australian union movement’s strategy has undergone a major transformation from what was virtually a sole concern with the distribution of wealth to a greater focus on the creation of wealth. Australian unions have broadened their advocacy efforts from a narrow preoccupation with issues specific to the worker, such as wages and working hours, to a wider concern with the health and global competitiveness of Australian industry.
Theoretical Approach
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The empirical work of this book relates density to rates of organizational founding and mortality with data on diverse populations. Some readers may wish to consider the models and empirical results directly on their own terms-as empirical regularities, instead of as implications of general theories of organizations. That is, readers may regard our research project as estimating complicated representations of the effects of density on these rates and no more. Such an interpretation appears to be warranted in that density serves as the key observable independent variable in our analyses.
Density and Founding Rates
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to empirical tests of the theory of density dependence. This chapter reports our main results on founding rates. It begins by reviewing the considerable volume of prior research. It discusses several potentially important methodological limitations of earlier studies and proposes an alternative way to conduct empirical analysis of this issue. This chapter also reports new results on the effects of density on founding rates in all of the populations of organizations introduced in the first chapter.
Density and Organizational Mortality
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to density dependence in rates of organizational mortality. Even though the main questions are the same as those in Chapter 4, this chapter’s structure differs in three main ways. First, the relevant stochastic processes have different state spaces. Founding, as we defined it, denotes a unitary event. (Recall that we do not regard starts by mergers or secessions as foundings.) Each founding means the creation of a new organization from scratch, and each presumably responds to the same causal processes. Mortality, as we shall see, is not a unitary event because organizational lifetimes end in several different ways. The rates of different types of mortality may be governed by different causal processes. Therefore, we pay considerable attention to different types of organizational mortality. We argue that the theory of legitimation and competition does not apply to all types, and we conduct empirical analyses to learn whether this is so.
Complications
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters discussed a variety of issues that could confound the analysis of organizational density. Foremost among these are questions about (1) the appropriate level of analysis, (2) the reversibility of processes of legitimation and competition, and (3) the use of left-truncated observation schemes. This chapter examines these concerns in detail by analyzing further the data on American brewing firms.
Annual Meeting
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next morning, a few minutes before the start of GM’s 1991 annual meeting, its eighty-third, I stood beneath a small, starched white tent by the Grand Old Opry at the Opryland Convention Complex outside Nashville and listened to a GM spokesperson explain how the airbag in a dark luxury sedan deployed. He was talking about the longitudinal component of an impact. Surrounding him and the car, at which he would often gesture, was a sampling of a disappearing America, relaxed upper middle-class white people. Most of the men wore suits and tie shoes, and had the casual stance of gentlemen not worried about paying the rent. The women, in pleated skirts and dresses, were usually hip-locked to their men.
The Charlotte Store
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On my drive north I stopped at Saturn of Charlotte, a store Skip LeFauve had spoken highly of. The first morning I was there all the professional automotive consultants, as they call Saturn car salespeople, gathered out front for a special training gig called a “ride and drive.” Saturn Marketing had sent a three-person team, with a Mitsubishi Eclipse, a Toyota Corolla LE, and a Honda Civic DX, to Charlotte. The team was on tour to explain and point out the competitive advantages of the SC, SL2, and SU over their closest competitors. Carol Marcinkowski, twenty-four, freckled and ebullient, headed the team, one of several visiting all 108 Saturn stores that were now open. Marcinkowski told the dozen consultants, all but one wearing white Saturn shirts, that she was first going to “give them some thought starters.”
A Speculation Whirlwind
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The weekend of July 27, 1985, Saturn officially came down to Spring Hill and the eleven hundred women, children, and men in the village were swept up in a whirlwind beyond their wildest dreams. For days “For Sale” signs seemed to rain from the sky, and soon outnumbered the school children. Strangers appeared behind folks mowing their lawns and made them outlandish offers for modest homes. A Texan strolling through the village, a beer in hand, was spotted by a Spring Hill policeman. He approached the man and informed him, “You can’t drink in the street here, sir.”
One Hundred Acres Under Roof
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During much of 1988, if you had climbed to the white cupola perched on the roof of the new Spring Hill Town Hall, you could have seen, about a mile to the southwest, a red steel frame being sheathed in blue. It was the powertrain building, where Saturn’s engines and transmissions would be made. Powertrain was going to be the first of the four buildings completed in the complex.
Learning to Be Teams
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the summer of 1989 U-Hauls carrying Michigan tags were a common sight in Maury County. So were tour buses-circling courthouse square in Columbia, slowing by the mansions in Ashwood, unloading in Spring Hill so passengers could look at one of the places where some of them would soon be registering kids for school, paying taxes, voting.
The Crank Team A-Crew
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teamsmanship was the hue and cry of Saturn. In a way, the entire enterprise strove to be one big winning team in order to recapture a substantial share of the small-car business from the Japanese. The suppliers, retailers, machinery manufacturers, and new-car haulers were members of the big team. The plant itself was the team’s center-its body, so to speak, with Troy as its brains and the retailers its fingers actually shaking buyers’ hands. As the body, the plant was where quality began, in teams, inside an integrated and complex facility. Here consensus was supposed to be guiding decisions, teams were refining lean production, bottom-up leadership was a password, trust and communication replaced time clocks and grievances.
Designing Global Strategic Alliances: Integrating Cultural And Economic Factors
Authors: Jr. John W Slocum , Leie David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wide proliferation of alliances of varying degrees of sophistication between global firms makes it necessary for senior management to understand the critical success factors inherent in each type of alliance. Simple alliance designs, such as those involving licensing in manufacturing and service industries, depend primarily on economic factors for implementation. More complex alliance designs, such as joint ventures and consortia arrangements, require a more sophisticated understanding and tight meshing of cultural factors to ensure both fast organizational learning of new skills and smoothness of implementation. Because many U.S. firms have come to rely on global alliances to develop new products and to gain access to new markets, management practitioners and researchers need a conceptual framework to understand which alliance design is most suitable for particular purposes, as well as the underlying implementation issues associated with each.
Personal Names and Expressive Derivation
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many languages, for example, in many Slavic and Romance languages, expressive derivation plays a role that can hardly be overstated. In particular, the function al load of many so-called diminutive suffixes is simply colossal. Yet the meaning of such suffixes (and other related morphological devices) has never been studied in depth, and a suitable methodology for a rigorous study of this kind has never been developed. Labels such as ‘diminutive’ or ‘augmentative’, which may be useful as pointers to certain areas of meaning, prove hopelessly inadequate when treated as serious analytical devices (for semantic purposes).
The Asian Money Markets: An Overview
Authors: Wellons David C Cole Hals. Scott Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reports the findings of a study of money markets in eight countries in East and Southeast Asia. This first chapter summarizes and draws conclusions from the studies. It provides a general background of the overall study and then explores the nature and function of the money markets and their development in the region. The major findings of the study concern the types of government policy regarding the development of money markets and the effect of those policies on the markets’ efficiency and stability.
Money Markets In The Philippines
Authors: Yap Josef T , Lamberte Mario B , Untalan Teodoro S , Socorro Ma. , Zingapan V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we relate policies of the central bank to the behavior of the money market. The money market is defined as the short-term financial market for instruments that are close substitutes for money. By convention, only instruments with a maturity of less than sixty days are analyzed, although we present data for instruments with longer maturities.
Understanding Conflict and Cooperation
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Two essential aspects of any strategic situation are conflict and cooperation. Rarely are different people’s aims identical; interactions typically involve some (polite or impolite) conflict. Equally rare are situations of pure conflict, in which one person’s gains equal the other’s losses. Even the fiercest conflict has some commonality of interest, some scope for cooperation. (In war, the combatants usually respect conventions of how prisoners should be treated.) Playing a game is like dividing a pie. Players are often faced with contradictory motives. Their actions affect the size of the pie, and all participants agree in wanting the pie to be as large as possible. But their interests are at odds when it comes to dividing the pie; all want their own shares to be as large as possible. The players’ attempts to increase their own shares may have the side-effect of decreasing the size of the pie. A tension exists between seeking a large total pie and seeking a large share of the pie. Expressed in simple terms, this is one of the central ideas of game theory.
Using Information Strategically
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Vital Aspect of actual negotiations has been omitted from most of our analysis so far, in that knowledge has been assumed to be perfect. We have represented each bargainer as knowing the other’s valuation, alternative opportunities, costs of delay, and commitment possibilities. But, in fact, uncertainty is an essential ingredient of most negotiations. Negotiators go to great lengths to learn their opponents’ aims and to conceal their own. Good labor union negotiators, for example, prepare themselves by researching the firm’s production costs and profitability. At the same time, the firm’s negotiators ascertain what wage the workers could earn elsewhere; and, more subjectively, they try to assess the mood of the workers, to see how determined they are to achieve their demands. During the negotiations, various tactics are used to elicit information. At the extreme, there are recorded instances of a company trying to learn the union’s limits by bugging the union committee’s deliberations. More routinely, information and misinformation are re­leased in a calculated way during the negotiations. Tricks like exaggerated impatience, feigned anger, excessive friendliness, and personal abuse are used to try to make opponents inadvertently reveal their true aims. Defensive responses to such ploys include pretending ignorance of details and submitting many demands so as to mask the important ones.
Setting Executives’ Incentives
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Is Obvious to anyone who has worked in a firm, or to readers of the business pages of any newspaper, firms do not always operate at peak efficiency; and the degree of efficiency varies from firm to firm. What determines how efficient a firm is? The firm’s owners, its stockholders, regard the firm as a source of income. Thus they want the firm to make high profits. This means producing at minimum cost. If production is carried out with higher-than-necessary costs, then it must be that, for some reason, the stockholders’ interests are not being fully realized. Why? Most large modern corporations are not run by their owners but instead by salaried managers. Ownership and control are separated. The stockholders have only a limited influence; most decision-making is delegated to the executives. The control of a corporation is subject to a principal-agent problem, with the stockholders collectively being the principal and the management being the agent. In this chapter we will use the ideas developed in the last two chapters to discuss the extent to which managers’ incentives are aligned with shareholders’ interests.
External Integration in Product Development
Authors: fujimoto Takahiro , iansiti, marco , Clark kim b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, product development has become established as a focal point of competition in an increasing number of industries, as well as a focus of academic research. This emphasis has led to the development of new methods and concepts for understanding and improving a firm’s development processes. Much of the discussion of product development in the popular and academic literature has focused on the question of time to market. Concepts such as simultaneous engineering, which attempts to shrink the time required to develop a new product, have moved from the literature to widespread application. While academics and practitioners have focused on reducing lead time in development, competition in many critical industries has intensified, customers have grown more demanding and sophisticated, and markets have grown more diverse. Although the value of speed and responsiveness in development has increased, these factors by themselves are increasingly insufficient to ensure a company’s competitiveness. Changes in competition and in customer requirements have created an environment in which companies that excel must create products that deliver improved sophistication, performance, and reliability. Moreover, the growing diversity of customer requirements and their demands for products tailored to individual needs have created competitive pressure (and opportunity) to bring to market a broader range of products, and thus to take on an increased number of development projects over time. Thus, the competitive requirements facing manufacturers in a variety of different industries today are not limited to development speed, but include the additional imperatives of increasingly refined, sophisticated products, and to do so productively and efficiently.
Incentives for Supplier Participation in Product Development: Evidence from the U.S. Automobile Industry
Authors: Helper Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppliers can play an important role in product development. For example, Clark (1989) found that more extensive involvement of suppliers allows Japanese automakers to use 11 percent fewer engineering hours to design a new car than their U.S. and European counterparts.1 Supplier participation in product development can also be a key source of cost reduction. Over the past year, Chrysler says it has reaped $270 million in cost reduction as a result of supplier suggestions, many of which involved product design changes. For example, Trico Products pointed out that Chrysler was the only North American automaker to use plastic shields on the rubber part of the windshield wiper blade. Elimination of the shields saved $139,350. Rockwell International proposed using the same door locks on both passenger cars and 1991 Dodge trucks, for a savings of over $280,000 (Chappell, 1991).
Is Technical Innovation All? A Hidden Meaning of Social Relationships Behind the Product Development Stage in the Japanese Automotive Industry
Authors: sei Shoichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many researchers have pointed out the high efficiency of the Japanese auto industry in developing new models. For example, Fujimoto and Clark in their epoch-making work have argued that such efficiency relies on uniquely Japanese organizations and on the cooperative development system in which customers and qualified suppliers work together in the same effort. Japanese methods of management and innovation creation, such as the highly evaluated ones presented in the preceding chapters, have been seriously examined by auto manufacturers throughout the world who want to attain the same degree of success. The project manager system, the cooperative development system, and the long-term contract system are all very familiar practices that Western auto manufacturers have tried to absorb in recent years.
Magic Bullets and Patent Wars: New Product Development and the Evolution of the Biotechnology Industry
Authors: Powell Walter W , Brantley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biotechnology was in many respects the hot industry of the 1980s. At the decade’s outset, venture capitalists and Wall Street investors poured money into the field, lured by the promise of new wonder drugs and magic bullets. But by the time of the stock market crash of 1987, many “gene dreams” had come face to face with the reality of biotechnology: Drug development is an extraordinarily expensive and protracted process. Yet just as the investment community soured on biotech, large pharmaceutical companies became active participants in the field. Although many established pharmaceutical companies initially looked askance at the new field, no major pharmaceutical or chemical corporation can ignore biotechnology today. Most large companies now have active research programs of their own and multiple ongoing strategic alliances with various smaller biotech companies. Indeed, the pattern of interfirm collaboration in biotech is probably more extensive than in any other industry (Powell and Brantley, 1992; Barley and Freeman, 1992; Pisano, 1990; Arora and Gambardella, 1990).
The “Pen Is the Tongue of the Absent” Reading and Writing Nineteenth-Century Love Letters
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victorian Lovers occasionally reveled in eloquent nonsense and felt as unsteady as a balloon in the wind, but the emotions of love were more substantial than moonshine and writing love letters was more serious introspection than light-hearted frivolity. With almost no other means of voicing themselves across even the smallest distance, nineteenth-century lovers bridged the silences with ink and pencil.
Reproduction and Breeding
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproductive performance can be measured according to several different parameters including age at first mating, number of litters sired, number of pups per litter, and the frequency with which a strain has productive matings. Table 4.1 shows the values obtained for these different parameters with the most commonly used inbred strains of mice. As the table shows, inbred strains vary widely in their reproductive fitness.
The first important measure of reproductive fitness is the frequency with which a mating pair will produce any offspring at all. With some strains, such as C3H/HeOuJ, CBA/CaJ and FVB/N, over 90% of all matings that are set up will produce offspring. The C3H/HeOuJ strain is at the extreme end of this group with a 99% frequency of productive matings.
National Systems Supporting Advance in Industry: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Hou Chi-Ming , Gee San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Taiwan model of economic development has attracted worldwide attention. Taiwan’s record of economic growth has been phenomenal and the fruits of economic growth have been widely shared by all income groups on the island. Furthermore, the improvement of the material well-being of the people was accomplished in a climate of high consumer sovereignty without undue government control, high economic stability without serious inflation or unemployment, and financial solvency without foreign debt. Also, a high degree of structural transformation took place and caused a shift from primary to secondary industries. Some countries have done as well as Taiwan in some of these areas but few, if any, have done as well as Taiwan in all of them.
Understanding Internationalization: Sense-Making Processes in Multinational Corporations
Authors: Caprioni Paula J , Lenway Stefanie Ann , Murtha Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American prosperity depends, in part, on U.S. firms’ abilities to adapt to increasing international competition. Much attention has been paid to the economic, political, technological, strategic, and organizational fac tors that help or hurt firms as they adjust to global change. International management scholars have built appealing theories of how managers handle the complex tradeoffs among these factors, mostly revolving around the concept that effective organizations fit strategy and structure to environments. But the reality is that what Yves Doz and C. K. Prahalad have called “structural indeterminacy” pervades most successful international organizations. That is, most organizations do not make explicit choices among discrete structural alternatives that trade off fac tors such as “national responsiveness” and “global integration.” Instead, managers examine conflicting environmental demands and organizational objectives and devote increasing attention and resources in responding to them all.