bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doing Homework on a Telecommunications Network
Authors: Mountain Lee 
Published: May 2005

In Texas, elementary school pupils are doing homework on a telecommunications network. A professor, a principal, and a production manager for a telecommunications network spearheaded this innovative use of an educational technology system. They got a pilot project started in one innercity school in 1991, and it has already spread to six surrounding school districts. The endeavor now involves parents, elementary teachers and administrators, university faculty and students, telecommunications technologists, videotex writers, and business sponsors. The children in the pilot program averaged two hours a week of extra-credit homework on the network during the school months. During their summer vacation, these children were allowed to keep equipment for accessing the telecom network at home. In June and July their average time online increased to over two hours a week on videotex programs that exercised math, writing, and reading. For this group, an educational technology system that involved doing homework on a telecommunications network definitely increased academic time on task.
High-Dose Olanzapine-Induced Improvement of Preexisting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Lerner Vladimir , Libov Igor , Kanevsky Michael 
Published: May 2005

Objective: During the last few years there have been numerous publications concerning glucose dysregulation and antipsychotic treatment with new-onset diabetes and exacerbation of existing disease being reported. At the same time three anecdotal reports describing decrease of blood glucose level during clozapine and olanzapine treatment were published. Here we report two cases of clinically significant dose-related reductions in glucose levels in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients suffering from pre-existing type 2 diabetes during high dose (40 mg/day) olanzapine treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report of decreasing glucose blood levels in association with olanzapine therapy in pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Antipsychotic treatment with high doses of olanzapine showed that the relationship between olanzapine and glucose regulation is more unambiguous than usually assumed. Conclusions: There is a need for further studies in order to define the influence of high dose olanzapine for schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients suffering from type 2 diabetes.
Primary Care Patients' Reactions to Mental Health Screening
Authors: Zimmerman Mark , Lush David T. , Farber Neil J. , Hartung Jon , Plescia Gary , Kuzma Mary Ann , Lish Jennifer 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The authors examined whether there is empirical support for the notion that medical patients are upset by being asked questions about psychiatric disorders. Method: Six hundred and one patients attending a primary care clinic completed the SCREENER—a newly developed, brief self-administered questionnaire that surveys a broad range of psychopathology. In addition, they completed a second questionnaire that assessed their attitudes toward the SCREENER. Results: We found a high level of acceptance by patients. The questions were judged easy to answer, and they rarely aroused significant negative affect. Fewer than 2 percent of the patients judged the questions difficult to answer, and fewer than 3 percent were “very much” embarrassed, upset, annoyed, or uncomfortable with the questions. Individuals with a history of psychiatric treatment and poorer current mental health reacted more unfavorably to the questionnaire. Conclusions: From the patient's perspective, it is feasible and acceptable to use self-administered questionnaires for routine screening of psychiatric problems in primary care settings.
Why Work Kills a Brief History of Occupational Safety and Health in the United States
Authors: Berman Daniel M. 
Published: May 2005

In the early 20th century, U.S. monopoly corporations responded to the movement against work accidents by setting up a business-controlled “compensation-safety establishment,” which kept down compensation costs but did little to improve working conditions. This “establishment” was able to keep the issue of occupational safety and health out of public debate until the late 1960s through its control of research, education, compensation, and government appointments in the area, and by creating the public impression that the problems of occupational disease were almost nonexistent.Despite the occurrence of sporadic rank-and-file uprisings, unions have been seriously involved in health and safety only since the late 1960s, when they mobilized in an effort to pass the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The passage of the OSHA law was made possible by the help of progressive professionals, worker dissatisfaction, the new environmental consciousness, and a general climate of social unrest. Although the corporate elite, through the “compensation-safety establishment,” has been able to dominate the operation of the federal institutions created by the new law, the question of occupational health and safety is now on the permanent agenda of workers, unions, and the public.
Functional Status and Depression among Men and Women with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Murberg Terje A. , Bru Edvin , Aarsland Torbjørn , Svebak Sven 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The study was designed 1) to examine the prevalence of depression in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF); 2) to explore associations between the physician's rating of functional status (NYHA class) and patient's assessment of functional status (physical limitation, dyspnea) with symptoms of depression; and 3) to explore gender related differences in relation to physician's rating and patient's rating of function status, and symptoms of depression. Method: A sample of 119 clinically stable heart failure patients (85 males and 34 females) was recruited from an outpatient cardiology hospital practice. The patients underwent a physical examination and completed a set of questionnaires. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and the association of these symptoms with NYHA class and patient's perceived functional status was studied. Results: Findings indicate that depressive symptoms were not predominant among this sample of CHF patients. Path analyses showed non-significant direct associations between NYHA class as well as patient's perception of dyspnea with depression. In contract, the subjective indicator of physical limitations was strongly associated with symptoms of depression among the males, but this relation was not significant among the females. Conclusions: Results suggest that men and women respond differently to the burden of heart failure. However, interpretation of the results from the present study should be considered as tentative and additional research is required to examine mechanisms that explain gender differences in response to heart failure.
Anxiety and Functional Status in Older Primary Care Patients
Authors: Upadhyaya Ajaya K. , Lyness Jeffrey M. , Cox Christopher , Seidlitz Larry , Caine Eric D. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that anxiety in older primary care patients is associated with functional impairment after controlling for depression and medical comorbidity. Method: Primary care patients ( n = 303), aged sixty or older were interviewed with a series of instruments designed to measure psychiatric symptoms including anxiety, depression, medical illness burden, and both examiner-rated and self-reported functional status. Anxiety was measured by the anxiety item of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the anxiety items of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form SF-36. Multiple regression techniques were used to examine the association of anxiety with functional status after controlling for age, gender, education, medical burden, and depression. Results: When controlled for depression and medical morbidity, increased anxiety predicted poorer social function. Anxiety was not independently associated with more basic activities of daily living. Conclusions: Further studies with more comprehensive measures of anxiety are warranted to clarify the relationships between anxiety and functional status.
The Learning Alliance and its Relation to Psychiatric Teaching
Authors: Lazerson Alan M. 
Published: May 2005

The concept of the learning alliance is useful in understanding the teaching-learning process in general and the doctor-patient relationship specifically. The alliance is that relationship between student and teacher characterized by mutual respect and joint dedication to a task of learning. It enables the student to maximize his mastery of a new and difficult experience. This paper outlines the stresses on the alliance throughout the teaching process, and illustrates these in examples of psychiatric teaching. Aspects of the learning alliance as encountered in the teaching of psychiatry have equal relevance to the teaching of medical students, practicing physicians, and other clinical workers. Similarities and differences are explored in both the teaching and the therapeutic models of helping relationships.
Is Alexithymia Distinct from Health Locus of Control?
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Mann Lee S. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Both locus of control and alexithymia have been considered personality factors fostering health concerns and behaviors. This study investigates the relationship between the health locus of control and alexithymia. Method: Seventy-eight psychiatric outpatients were administered the Wallston Health Locus of Control Scale (HLC), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (HLC), and the Five Factor Inventory, which measures neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Depressive and anxious affect was also measured. Regression models were developed to assess the influence of the above variables upon alexithymia. Results: Although there was a significant bivariant correlation between an external locus of control and increased alexithymia, regression models found that HLC did not significantly predict TAS. Neuroticism, however, provided the most significant contribution to predict increased alexithymia. Conclusion: Neuroticism may link HLC and TAS due to the face validity of each construct. A sense of vulnerability is stated in each measure. This may foster somatic preoccupation. The data suggest HLC and TAS to be separate phenomena and further support the validity of alexithymia as a unique personality trait.
Psychogenic Cough: A Profile of 32 Cases
Authors: Bhatia Manjeet S. , Chandra Ramesh , Vaid Laxmi 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Psychogenic or nervous cough has generally been viewed as a clinical oddity and largely ignored. Though it is not rare, its clinical profile is not yet well known. Method: In the present study, a series of 32 cases of psychogenic cough is reported. Results: Of 32 cases, there were 19 females (59.4 percent) and 13 males (40.6 percent). A majority of patients had cough for more than one month. School phobia (in children) and fear of rejection and need for attention were the most common precipitating or perpetuating factors. Twenty patients (62.5 percent) had a psychiatric disorder, the most common being conversion disorder (21.9 percent) followed by mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (12.5 percent). Drug therapy and/or psychotherapy were used as treatment with 12 cases (37.5 percent) showing remission, 16 cases (50.0 percent) having improvement, and 4 cases (12.5 percent) continuing with the complaint. Conclusion: Further studies are warranted to study the treatment and outcome of this important psychiatric disorder.
Resistance to Home Dialysis
Authors: De-Nour A. Kaplan , Czaczkes J. W. 
Published: May 2005

This report on the difficulties of training patients for home dialysis is based on two years of experience with eight patients. In that period only one patient has gone on home dialysis; another is on his way, and the other six patients are still in various stages of resistance to home dialysis. Clinical psychiatric observations carried out during these two years helped to identify five factors that influence the patient's and the family's attitudes to home dialysis. In the present report two of these factors were briefly described: the financial situation and what we called the “set-up” as well as the “normal” apprehension and fear of dialysis. More attention was given to the other three factors: the attitude of the medical team, which in our unit was strongly anti-home dialysis and was attributed to overprotectiveness, possessiveness and injury to the professional image; the personality of the patient as it influenced his attitude to home dialysis and especially the patient's dependency needs; and the patient's family emphasizing the family's aggression and methods of handling it. Towards the end of the report some suggestions for avoiding the extreme resistance to home dialysis were brought up.
Medical Care in Three Societies
Authors: Fry J. 
Published: May 2005

The availability and accessibility of medical care in order to achieve and maintain health is now accepted as a human and civic right. The provision of medical care is full of problems and dilemmas that are common to all nations and to all systems. There is an insoluble equation of wants, needs, and resources. The common goal and challenge facing all nations is how to make the best use of available resources. Faced as we are with common problems and common goals, it is useful to examine and compare the ways in which three societies, Soviet, American, and British, have gone about organizing their medical services. The author, a British general practitioner, has carried out a comparative study based on a series of visits to the three nations. Although the detailed form and structure of the services depends on national characters and on local social, economic, political, and geographic factors, there are within each and every system recognizable levels of care and administration and it is possible therefore to compare and contrast the three systems at these levels. The findings reveal that there are many more similarities than differences, but what does emerge is the need to examine some of the differences to see, if they are successful in one system, whether they might be more widely applied. There is a need, for example, to examine the ways in which the medical assistants ( feldshers) are used in the U.S.S.R. There is a need to reexamine the needs at the first-contact primary level of care, and in particular the place of the “specialoid” or generalist physician. This paper is more a plea for further studies and exchanges in comparative international studies than a definitive statement.
The Changing Role of Periodicals in Scientific-Technical Communication
Authors: Richardson Jacques G. 
Published: May 2005

Specialized publication of scientific and technical journals during the 1970's showed marked growth in Europe and North America, was measurably stable in Africa and the Middle East, but was rising somewhat in the Asian-Pacific and Latin American-Caribbean regions. The number of journals in the basic sciences, the medical sciences, and technology-related industries continues to climb, worldwide, but the universal data-base on scientific periodicals remains fragmentary and needs completion. Primary-source scientific journals are relatively few in number, in most languages, and current economic considerations suggest that this number will not rise significantly. Journals of popularization, on the other hand, continue to grow in number and variety. Audiovisual and electronic information technologies are making inroads into the domain long dominated by typography, but replacement of printed journals by electronic journals can be expected to remain problematic for reasons related to technology, budget, and distribution. Current specialization in primary- and secondary-source journals may gradually give way to consolidation of journals now serving highly focused, comparatively small audiences.
Social Security and Health Care Patterns in Chile
Authors: Hall T. L. , Díaz P. S. 
Published: May 2005

This paper is divided into three parts. The first traces the evolution of health care under social security in Chile from 1918 to the present. The early period saw the unplanned proliferation of almost 50 funds, each with its own unique characteristics. This was followed by a period of consolidation and reform highlighted by passage of the Preventive Medicine Law (1938), the creation of the National Health Service (1952), and passage of the Curative Medicine Law for Employees (1968). The significance of these legislative milestones is discussed. The second section examines the degree to which social security coverage affects the utilization of health services. Based on the results of the 1968 health survey it may be concluded that a strong positive correlation exists between social security coverage and the utilization of medical and dental services, along with an inverse correlation between coverage and the unmet demand for care and on health expenditures. The paper concludes with a discussion of the tasks facing the new government as it seeks to integrate Chile's different systems of publicly sponsored health care so as to improve efficiency and to make comprehensive services available to all Chileans.
Psychiatric Consultation Services in the Large General Hospital: A Review and a New Report
Authors: Cavanaugh James L. , Flood Jean 
Published: May 2005

Studies are reviewed documenting increased interest in psychiatric consultation services in the general hospital, and disparities between the need for and the availability/utilization of consultation services are examined. The emergence of the eclectically trained psychiatrist as the most acceptable consultant in the general hospital is discussed. An exploratory attitudinal questionnaire, developed and circulated to a sample of attending physicians in a midwestern university teaching hospital, yielded the following data. Thirty-nine per cent (N = 96) of the 244 physicians who received the questionnaire responded. Ninety-nine per cent of the respondents agreed that readily available psychiatric consultation services should be fully operative in all large general hospitals; 88 per cent agreed that psychiatric consultations in the general hospital must be performed by a physician with special training in psychological medicine; 50 per cent indicated a preference for a biologically-oriented psychiatrist, and 26 per cent preferred a family practitioner or internist who had subsequently become a psychiatrist. The majority of respondents indicated that between July 1974 and July 1975, 1–5 per cent of their private hospitalized patients received inhospital psychiatric consultation. Eighty-six per cent of the respondents felt the patients should be billed directly at a rate equal to other medical/surgical consultations. These data are correlated with issues involved in the utilization of psychiatric consultation in the general hospital.
“Generational Equity” and the New Victim Blaming: An Emerging Public Policy Issue
Authors: Minkler Meredith 
Published: May 2005

Recent attempts to frame complex policy issues in terms of “justice between generations” and “intergenerational equity” are based on a series of questionable assumptions and economic calculations concerning the relative financial well-being of the elderly vis-à-vis other groups in U.S. society. On closer inspection, however, these assumptions—e.g., of a homogeneous and financially secure elderly population and of younger cohorts likely to become increasingly resentful of elderly entitlement programs—appear ill-founded. Census data revealing wide disparities in income among the elderly, and national opinion poll data suggestive of a large cross-generational and cross-ethnic group “stake” in Social Security and Medicare, are used to suggest that the intergenerational equity framework may well be an inappropriate one in the public policy arena. Such a framework, moreover, is seen as deflecting attention from more basic inequities in U.S. society and from the need for major policy shifts in response to these more fundamental problems.
Client Empowerment in Psychiatry and the Professional Abuse of Clients: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Kumar Shailesh 
Published: May 2005

Objective: There is a considerable imbalance of power in psychiatry that sits in favor of professionals. The abuse and discrimination of the mentally ill are not just restricted to the mental health system but may also exist in the primary care sector. This article aims to evaluate the effects of power imbalance on discrimination and abuse of people with mental illness by professionals. Methods: A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE using the key words consumerism, client empowerment, abuse, and mental illness. Publications of two leading British consumer organizations: MIND and the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health were hand searched. Relevant cross-references from the papers reviewed were consulted. Studies with information on the reasons for power imbalance and prevalence of discrimination and abuse of clients were critically reviewed. Explanations are offered as to why abuse and discrimination of clients by professionals may still occur despite the onset of the client empowerment movement. Results and Discussion: The available evidence suggests that reasons for abuse of mental health clients fall under two broad categories: 1) direction from the imbalance of power and 2) those pertinent to the nature of physical or sexual abuse. Different grades of client empowerment and ways of strengthening it are described. Conclusions: There appears to be a link between power imbalance and abuse of clients with mental illness by professionals in all health care sectors. Client empowerment may help rectify the power imbalance. Prospective studies are required to establish whether client empowerment can reduce discrimination and abuse of clients and whether abuse is a consequence of power imbalance. Recommendations for future studies are made.
Risperidone: Treatment Response in Adult and Geriatric Patients
Authors: Kiraly S. J. , Gibson R. E. , Ancill R. J. , Holliday S. G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: to Compare the Efficacy and Side Effects of Risperidone in Younger Adult and Geriatric Patients. Methods: Open Retrospective Study of 102 Consecutive Intakes, prescribed risperidone, by a mental health team. All patients were non-hospitalized community residents. Prior to initiation of risperidone, and at termination of study period, Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores were used to track progress. Variables monitored were: concurrent use of other antipsychotics, compliance, side effects, and maintenance dosage. Results: The most common DSM-IV diagnoses were schizophrenia in the younger adult group and late onset delusional disorders in the geriatric group. Compliance was good for both groups. The geriatric group demonstrated a greater treatment response which was reached at a significantly lower dosage. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of side effects. Examination of response by diagnostic category indicated that geriatric patients with late onset delusional disorder showed the best response while adults with either schizophrenia or affective syndromes also showed positive response. Conclusions: Risperidone, at lower than recommended doses, shows promise in the treatment of late onset delusional disorders and behavior syndromes of dementia. The side effect profile was benign, as was suggested by experience in treating schizophrenia. Scientifically more rigorous prospective studies for the indications and efficacy of risperidone in late onset psychotic disorders and psychoses and behavior syndromes associated with dementing illness are overdue.