bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Portrait of the orator as a great man: Cicero on Cicero
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the previous three chapters I have looked at the three different kinds of speeches that Cicero delivered about empire and offered interpretations which relate his strategies of persuasion to the attitudes and opinions of his audience. That is, I have considered how the speeches attempt to persuade their audience to do whatever Cicero is advocating: which might seem to be the most important function of a speech. But whenever Cicero speaks he is also engaged in creating or maintaining his own persona as an orator and as a public figure. It is of course impossible to separate these two aims completely. The character which a Roman orator projected was an important factor in his success. Cicero himself laid great emphasis on the importance of ethos in his mature rhetorical theory. But for any orator with political ambitions, there are wider implications for his career as a whole, which make his image a matter for continuous attention.
Plautine Elements In Plautus
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eduard Fraenkel was one of the most influential classicists of the twentieth century. His Plautine Elements in Plautus (originally published in German in 1922) revolutionized the study of Roman comedy. It is still essential reading for students and scholars of Plautus. This translation makes it accessible to an English-speaking readership for the first time. All Latin and Greek is translated, thus making the work available to a wider audience consisting of all those interested in Roman drama. The book includes a translation of the Addenda to the Italian translation published in 1960. The English translation is prefaced by an essay which gives an introduction to developments in Plautine scholarship since 1960.
Introduction
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until well into the nineteenth century, Plautus’ comedies were in general viewed not very differently from any other primary literary work. Of course it was known that they were adaptations of Greek dramas; after all, the prologues said things like Demophilus scripsit, Maccus vortit barbare (‘Demophilus was the author, Maccus turned it into Latin’). But no real use was made of this knowledge.1 A typical example of the predominant attitude of the time is the ‘layperson’s homage to Plautus’ comedies, written down by a thinking friend of antiquity for her own edification’, which appeared in Rheinisches Museum in 1851. The author, as she stresses expressly, was ‘not of the philologists’ guild’. This essay, actually stylish and astute,2 was recognized by professional philologists, and Ritschl, who reprinted it in his Opuscula,3 stresses that he had found in it, for the most part, the essentials of his own opinions. In this little study, no Greek writer is named even once, although admittedly it deals only with the poetic invention, composition, and overall mood of the plays. There is no hint of how one was to conceive the relationship of the individual comedies to their originals. [2] Ritschl himself, who was no stranger to Greek drama, had worked on the identification of the Greek models in the early parts of his immense work on Plautus; so he discovered (in 1836) that Menander’s Twice a Swindler was the basis of Bacchides, and generally pursued the connections of Plautus’ plays to New Comedy, particularly in the essay (1841) on the Plautine didascalia.
The Nature and Origins of the cantica
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The investigations into contamination in the last chapter, like the earlier analysis of the monody in Bacch. 925–78, have shown that Plautus was occasionally able to insert into the context of an Attic comedy a single scene from a different play. As is well known, Terence still enjoyed this same freedom. This is clear from the statement in the prologue of Adelphoe about Scene ii.1. Terence will be considered here only in relation to the evidence he gives for the continuation of this strange practice; if we wish to gain insight into the question of how it could have arisen in the first place, we should keep to the older Palliata to which Terence is a successor in this respect, that is, we must base our investigation on Plautus, as we have no other representative of the earlier stage. What we discover about him is probably also true of Naevius, who was likewise condemned for contaminare fabulas (‘mixing plays together’). This ‘filling up’ of one Greek comedy with elements from other plays tends to be explained by one single motive, namely the lack of material, and indeed the authors were induced to insert scenes from other plays into their base-comedy by a desire to enrich the content, and often by their liking for some attractive situation or other. But if they were able to do this without difficulty, then a formal factor must have been an essential part of the process.
Plautus as a Poet
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Comedy speaks with a subdued voice about the deeper things in life and expresses its own essence in a reserved fashion. A modern ear often misinterprets this; foreign things are easily read into it, insignificant things become the main concern, the real emphasis is not grasped. A study like the present one cannot concern itself deeply with the atmosphere and the content of the Attic works, and yet we must refer to them. There is a danger that the background needed to bring out the actual topic will attract the eye of the reader because of the equivocal light in which it is presented. We must resist the temptation of straying into the kaleidoscopic world of Menander and his colleagues, as we would be drawn too far into it. In this chapter we shall limit ourselves to a cursory look at a few features, with our eyes firmly fixed on Plautus; we cannot do justice to the whole.
Romance And Readership In Twentieth-Century France
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romance in modern times is the most widely read yet the most critically despised of genres. Associated almost entirely with women, as readers and as writers, its popularity has been argued by gender traditionalists to confirm women’s innate sentimentality, while feminist critics have often condemned the genre as a dangerous opiate for the female masses. This study adopts the more positive perspective of critics such as Janice Radway, and takes seriously the pleasure that women readers consistently seem to find in romance. Drawing on the social constructionist feminism of Simone de Beauvoir, the psychoanalytical theories of Jessica Benjamin, and a range of social theorists from Bourdieu to Zygmunt Bauman, the book uncovers the history of romantic fiction in France from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century, and explores its place in women’s lives and imaginations. Romance is not defined - as it usually is - solely in terms of its mass-market form. Rather, the history of women’s popular fiction is traced in its full context, as one dimension of a literary story that encompasses the mainstream or ‘middlebrow’ as well as ‘high’ culture. Thus this study ranges from the formula romance (from the pious but popular Delly to global brand Harlequin), through ‘middlebrow’ bestsellers like Marcelle Tinayre, Françoise Sagan, Régine Deforges, to critically esteemed stories of love in the work of such authors as Colette, Simone de Beauvoir, Elsa Triolet, and Camille Laurens. Criss-crossing the boundaries of taste and class, as well as those of sexual orientation, the romance has been at times reactionary, at others progressive, utopian, and contestatory. It has played an important part in the lives of twentieth-century women, providing both a source of imaginative escape, and a fictional space in which to rehearse and make sense of identity, relationship, and desire.
Introduction
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing and reading romances is generally thought of as something that women do. The association of women with romance has often been used to confirm gender stereotypes: women are the sentimental sex, by nature more interested in private, emotional matters than in political or philosophical concerns, narcissistically inclined to consume stories that reproduce and embellish their own personal dramas. I have a vivid memory of wanting to distance myself from this demeaning construction of who I was: mid-teens, newly but firmly self-idenified as a serious reader unlimited by mere gender, I was asked by my grandma to change her books while I was at the library. This meant approaching the Romance section, being seen to select amongst the thin pink and blue volumes of the Mills and Boon series.
Love in a Brave New World: Romance in the 1950s
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tone is confidently opposed to Vichy’s preaching of submissive, domesticated femininity. But even by 1946, a competing discourse can also be traced in what soon became France’s most popular women’s weekly, at least among younger middle-class women. Marcelle Ségal’s advice column ‘Elle et vous’ (‘Elle and you’) focused relentlessly on the importance of marriage to a woman’s happiness. In February 1948, a series of articles by one Dr Clifford Adams, an ‘expert’ from the University of Pennsylvania, explained to readers ‘Comment trouver un mari . . . et le garder’ (‘How to find a husband . . . and keep him’),recommending voidance of the ‘seven capital sins of the married woman’ which included trying to change a husband rather than accept him as he was, and refusing his sexual advances.
Romance after Feminism
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The feminist movement that emerged from the upheavals of May 1968 utterly rejected heterosexual romance as women’s natural and desirable destiny. This wave of feminism insisted on the inseparability of the personal and the political: its goals were not just equal pay and equal rights, but a profound transformation of a culture that it soon defined as patriarchal and androcentric, from the level of political institutions to that of intimate experience. Marriage was seen as the playing out, at a private level, of collective power relations between the sexes. In Beauvoirian terms, the husband in a couple assumed the privileged position of subject, while to be a wife meant to become his socially and sexually subordinate ‘other’. From a Marxist perspective— and the early MLF (Mouvement pour la Libération de la Femme) was largely propelled by women already active in leftist groups — the family’s role in the reproduction of labour made women a social group defined by domestic exploitation. The new feminism saw marriage as an alienated state for a woman: sleeping with the enemy, she was isolated from the rest of her sex and encouraged to see her dissatisfactions as mere personal failures.
Marx’sInfluenceon Shakespeare Studies since1968
Authors: Egan Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1937 and 1955 the social research organization Mass- Observation formed by Tom Harrison, Charles Madge, and Humphrey Jennings produced over 3,000 reports on the everyday lives of ordinary people in Britain. After the Second World War, increased access to university education by working-class students generated scholarly works of Marxist history, most notably E. P. Thompson’s The Making of the English Working Class (1963), that encouraged a ‘grass-roots’ view of history. In the reformist socialist climate of post- war Britain, working-class life became a subject of reputable academic study and Thompson claimed that English working-class conscious- ness had itself been forged in the nineteenth century by the courageous deeds of particular activists rather than being the necessary outcome of increasing industrialization.
The political world of France, c.1200–c.1336
Authors: Dunbabin Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of French power and the consolidation of a sense of identity in France could not easily have been predicted in 1200. By then Philip II had been ruling for fifteen years, but his great triumphs were all still to come. It would have needed prophetic insight to foresee that he would be victorious, not only over the counts of Flanders, since 1191 angry and vengeful; but also over King John of England, who held the duchy of Normandy, the counties of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, and, through his mother, Eleanor, the duchy of Aquitaine (which included Gascony). Between them, Baldwin IX of Flanders and King John controlled the whole of the western side of modern France from Ghent to Bayonne, with the exception only of the duchy of Brittany, held by the young Arthur, John’s nephew and Philip’s ally. It is true that the formidable alliance between Flanders and England, forged by Richard I, John’s predecessor, was weakening by 1199. Philip had succeeded in capturing Baldwin’s brother Philip of Namur, which forced Baldwin to the negotiating table.
The crown and the provinces in the fourteenth century
Authors: Jones Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the huge realm over which the later Capetians and early Valois kings ruled had fairly stable external borders—essentially those demarcated as long ago as the treaty of Verdun (843)—internally it was fragmented into a myriad of smaller political units (duchies, counties, viscounties, baronies, lordships). Some (Auvergne and Burgundy, for instance) had histories as long as the crown of France itself. Most can be traced back to administrative arrangements made in the Carolingian or immediately post-Carolingian periods. Certainly by the fourteenth century virtually all had long existed within the general feudal structure of Capetian France. They had formed their own particular legal or institutional ties with the monarchy, whether as simple fiefs or as part of much larger complexes, whose rulers equally owed homage and fealty to the king.
The crown and the provinces in the fifteenth century
Authors: Small Graeme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the fifteenth century the terms ‘crown’ and ‘province’ achieved wider currency than ever before in the history of France. The first, used in the abstract sense, appears already in the work of Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis in the twelfth century. The crown subsequently became the supreme embodiment of royal public authority, quite distinct from the king (who was its minister, defender, even husband) and from the kingdom (the geographical extent of the lands which could be counted among its territorial possessions). It was a set of inalienable dominions and rights, a source of continuity from one reign to the next, and a focus for loyalties through difficult times. By contrast the idea of the province, although familiar to Churchmen as a subdivision in ecclesiastical organization and to readers of Roman histories, was a relative newcomer in French political thought.
The king and his government under the Valois, 1328–1498
Authors: Potter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular tradition has tended to settle on the idea that the French state was finally consolidated from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards, after a lengthy period of chaos, by Charles VII and Louis XI, ‘new monarchs’ ready to sweep away feudal survivals and usher in a new age. This is not how the victories of these monarchs would have been viewed in their own time. In the half-century after the death of Charles VII, after all at times a highly loathed and controversial figure, his reign became a touchstone for good governance, due reliance on wise noble advisers, and, most astonishingly, taxation by consent. For Francis I, Louis XI, feared and hated as he was in his life, may have been the predecessor who got the kings of France ‘out of their leading strings’, but his reputation remained one for tyranny. Like all such simplifications, the notion of these kings as ‘new monarchs’ has a nugget of truth in it, but at the same time it conceals the fundamental fact that both in theory and in practice the kings of the late fifteenth century built on a long process of consolidation which had in some ways been stimulated by the disastrous foreign and civil wars of the period 1340–1450.
The later medieval French noblesse
Authors: Prosser Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Noblesse is ancient and international, and the historiography of its origins and trajectory is vast and fissured. Key concepts in the modern study of the European nobility—Germanic origins, the rise and fall of chivalry, class conflict with bourgeois capitalism, domestication by centralizing monarchies—now seem simplistic or ideological. The abandonment of the great edifice of ‘feudalism’ alone might easily monopolize this discussion, and few implications of it for the period after 1300 have been pursued.
‘For poetry makes nothing happen’
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
JOSEPH Brodsky had time for ‘In Memory of W. B. Yeats’, and his paragraphs in ‘To Please a Shadow’ do Auden’s elegy a justice it deserves. They express an almost unreserved love for the poem. Brodsky has been describing how he found Auden’s verses in an anthology of English poems sent by a Moscow friend to the labour camp near the Arctic Circle where Brodsky was ‘doing my own time’:
Brodsky believes he has spotted a suspect trait in elegies, one from which Auden’s poem is happily free.
Pretended Speech Acts
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One such animal was audibly Robert Frost: ‘The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, | But I have promises to keep’. That word ‘promises’, the only one with more than two syllables in the entire piece, speeds the second line of the last verse on to the point where Frost’s poem confronts a formal crisis. Its rhyme scheme, established and kept up over three stanzas, requires the third line to introduce a new rhyme sound, not answered until the next verse where it is found to foreshadow the triple rhyme in lines one, two, and four.
Archival Record-Keeping at Ebla 2400–2350 bc
Authors: Archi Alfonso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city of Ebla, ancient Tell Mardikh, lies c.60 km. south of Aleppo. The area is peripheral to the region where cuneiform writing began at the end of the fourth millennium bc, when it was used by several palace administrations. The documents from the central archive of the royal palace of Ebla cover a period of c.40 years, corresponding to the reigns of the last two kings of the dynasty, Irkab-Damu and I&#x9a;ar-Damu. It is likely that the archive was already in use at the time of Irkab-Damu because the entire series of monthly and yearly documents from this period were kept there. About 45 tablets dated to the reign of Igris#-Halab, the antepenultimate king, which register the delivery (mu-DU) of silver and clothes to the palace by the highest ocials (lugal-lugal), were transferred from a previous archive. Documents of different typologies of that period are missing.
Archival Practices at Babylonia in the Third Millennium
Authors: Steinkeller Piotr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I first make some general remarks on the nature of Mesopotamian archival materials, such as those which survive from the third millennium bc. I then deal in more detail with the specific case of the archives of Umma in the Ur III period (c.2112– 2004 bc). Let me stress at the outset that these observations are not based on a systematic review of such materials; neither do I have any statistical data to support my conclusions. What I have to offer are merely impressions, which have come to me as a result of my preoccupation over twenty-five years with administrative records. There have been no earlier attempts to give a broad characterization of this body of evidence, and my observations will of necessity remain impressionistic. However, if this paper provokes responses and possibly even initiates a new area of enquiry, its purpose will be served.
Documents in Government under the Middle Assyrian Kingdom
Authors: Postgate J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In about 1450 bc the whole of north Mesopotamia, by which I mean the lowland parts of northern Iraq and of north-east Syria and Turkey as far west as the Euphrates, was under the political domination of the Mitanni kingdom with its centre in the Habur basin. We have virtually no archives which date to this time, but there are two major bodies of cuneiform texts which come from this region somewhat later in the second millennium (fourteenth–thirteenth century bc). These are the Nuzi texts, from a small provincial princedom near Kerkuk on the south-east wing of the Mitannian empire, and the texts from Assur, the capital of the newly formed state of Assyria which by 1200 bc had completely supplanted Mitanni and absorbed the entire north Mesopotamian area.
Reflections on Neo-Assyrian Archives
Authors: Fales Frederick Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period of the later Assyrian empire, from the ninth to the seventh century bc, is at present one of the most thriving branches of ancient Near Eastern historical and philological research, owing to a variety of recent archaeological discoveries and to a collective effort at systematization of previously acquired textual data. In conformity with the ‘return to the text’ which characterizes historical methodology at the present time, it seems fitting to attempt a bird‘s-eye view of the written material from the Neo-Assyrian age, in search of elements of archival organization. The objective of this search will be to gain possible insights into the administrative modus operandi of the time, and into the conceptual issues which regulated textuality in its discusion and duration.
Cuneiform Archives in Hellenistic Babylonia: Aspects of Content and Form
Authors: Oelsner Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cuneiform tablets from hellenistic and Arsacid Babylonia which have come down to us are in the tradition of the cuneiform practice of earlier periods. Beginning with the second half of the eighth century bc, a considerable number of such documents are available. From that time till the first century bc there are no significant gaps in the documentation available for Babylonia as a whole. But from place to place the situation may differ. In examining the last period in which the cuneiform script was used, it is necessary to see the connection with the preceding periods: to study cuneiform archives of the hellenistic period one must bear in mind the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid periods. To date more than 15,000 cuneiform tablets of archival character have been published, from the eighth and seventh centuries to the fourth. Many thousands of clay tablets of this kind, housed in the British Museum and elsewhere, remain unpublished. Most of the Neo-Babylonian and later legal and administrative documents originate from archives of varying size, of which the largestcomprise thousands of documents. They may be categorized as temple, palace, and private archives.