bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). This is a mechanism of great importance both in particle physics and in condensed matter physics. Its generality and importance stem from the fact that it deals with how a symmetry of the action in QFT (or of the Hamiltonian in a statistical system) is reflected on the ground state of the system. As we will see in Section 11.1, SSB strictly speaking can only take place in a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. It is therefore a genuinely field-theoretical phenomenon, which does not appear in quantum mechanical systems with a finite number of variables.
Notes
Authors: Coolen A C C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us accept the rough but not unreasonable distinction of the development of most new mathematics-based research fields into the following three stages: a first stage where a simple but original new model is being proposed with which to explain a phenomenon that is not yet understood (or perhaps a range of phenomena), a second stage where the most appropriate mathematical techniques are being selected, adapted, or developed from scratch (as the case may be) with which to tackle this new model, and a third stage where there is general agreement on the mathematical tools to be used and where the emphasis consequently has shifted to the application of these accepted tools to increasingly refined and realistic versions of the initial model. It would seem that in the field of MGs we are now approaching the third stage. The question is no longer how to solve MG type models, but rather which version or generalization of the MG to solve, from the infinte set of possibilities.
Introduction
Authors: Diggle Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most statistical methods encountered in elementary textbooks assume that the individual observations which make up a set of data are realizations of mutually independent random variables. Typically, the assumption of mutual independence is justified by careful attention to various aspects of the experimental procedure, including the random selection of a sample of experimental units from some larger population, the random allocation of experimental units to experimental treatments, and, most pertinently from our point of view, the taking of a single observation from each experimental unit.
Graphical Models
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of modelling systems using graph theory has its origin in several scientific areas: in statistical physics (the study of large particle systems), in genetics (studying inheritable properties of natural species), and in interactions in contingency tables. The use of graphical models in statistics has increased considerably over recent years and the theory has been greatly developed and extended. This book provides the first comprehensive and authoritative account of the theory of graphical models and is written by a leading expert in the field. It contains the fundamental graph theory required and a thorough study of Markov properties associated with various type of graphs. The statistical theory of log-linear and graphical models for contingency tables, covariance selection models, and graphical models with mixed discrete-continous variables in developed detail. Special topics, such as the application of graphical models to probabilistic expert systems, are described briefly, and appendices give details of the multivarate normal distribution and of the theory of regular exponential families. The author has recently been awarded the RSS Guy Medal in Silver 1996 for his innovative contributions to statistical theory and practice, and especially for his work on graphical models.
Generalized score tests for composite hypotheses
Authors: Basawa I V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three large sample tests, namely, Rao’s likelihood score test, Neyman’s C(α) test and a generalized score test are reviewed in a unified general setting involving possibly dependent, and not necessarily identically distributed observations. An application to a first-order autoregressive-moving average model is discussed. The test statistics considered in this paper are based on certain estimating functions. The Rao statistic is based on the likelihood estimating function and the Neyman statistic requires partly a general score function and partly the likelihood estimating function. The general score test is based on an arbitrary estimating function. It is shown in the application that the choice of an optimal estimating function according to the Godambe criterion also leads to asymptotical optimal tests for composite hypotheses.
Confidence intervals for quantiles
Authors: Godambe V P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an early paper Woodruff (1952) described a method for computing confidence intervals for quantiles for a survey population. The paper is very remarkable for its clarity and lucidity. The method described in the paper is indeed applicable for many sampling designs. Usually the confidence intervals for large sample are constructed by inverting asymptotic normal distributions of some ‘optimal’ estimate. Here the variance of the estimate plays a central role. On the other hand, Woodruff obtains confidence intervals by inverting asymptotic distribution of an estimating function. For this, he is required to use the variance of the estimating function itself, not of the resulting estimate.
Norm violation as a precipitating factor of negative intergroup relations 1
Authors: DeRidder Richard , Schruijer Sandra G L , Tripathi Rama C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold: first, to give a critical overview of current social psychological theories and notions about intergroup relations; second, to present our approach, called norm violation theory, to the study of intergroup relations. Within psychology several theories have been developed to understand the nature of relationships between groups. The frustration—aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al.1939) suggests that negative intergroup behaviour, e.g. a riot, occurs as a result of explosive tensions built up between groups over years. Adorno et al.(1950), with their concept of the authoritarian personality, locate the origin of racial prejudice in the personality structure of individuals. Other theories state that the cause of negative behaviour can be traced back to the groups’ desire to achieve a positive group identity (social identity theory; Tajfel and Turner 1979), or to competition over scarce resources between the two groups involved (realistic conflict theory; Sherif 1967). Cognitive approaches, which have recently gained popularity, try to explain intergroup relations in terms of information processing models. (For overviews of existing approaches see Tajfel 1982; Brewer and Kramer 1985; Stephan 1985; Taylor and Moghaddam 1987; Messick and Mackie 1989).
On what happens when Dutchmen and Turks violate each other’s norms: a perfect match of mutual expectations?
Authors: Schruijer Sandra G L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Netherlands is inhabited by many ethnic minorities (Schumacher 1987). The biggest group of non-Dutch allochthones is the Turks: their number is about 160 000 (CBS 1986), which is slightly more than 1 per cent of the Dutch population. The present chapter reports a study investigating the relationship between these Turks and autochthonous Dutch. Before reporting the actual study, which is conducted within the framework presented in Chapter 1, the historical and sociological context of the relationship between Turks and Dutch in The Netherlands is presented. The Turks, like many others from the Mediterranean countries, came to The Netherlands in the sixties mostly for economic reasons. The Dutch economy needed unskilled labourers, whereas unemployment existed in the Mediterranean countries. Moreover, the education level of the Dutch had risen making them unwilling to do unskilled, unpleasant work. In 1964 a contract was signed by Turkey and The Netherlands, which resulted in the recruitment of Turkish men between the age of 25 and 30, mainly coming from rural areas (66 per cent compared with 33 per cent from urbanized areas, according to Wentholt (1982)). The intention of the Turkish men was to work for a few years, earn money, and subsequently return to their families in Turkey. It became clear, however, that the presence of the migrants was permanent. They had no money to return and settle in their country. This was due to large-scale unemployment and less than expected savings, caused by the economic recession. Recruitment of the Turks stopped in 1975. The population of migrants, however, still grew, because of family reunion in The Netherlands and also because of a relatively high birth rate. The growth in population has now more or less stabilized.
Is our View of Bayesian Statistics too Narrow?*
Authors: Lindley Dennis V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper considers the scope of the Bayesian paradigm and whether our present use of it is too restricted. After a brief account of the paradigm, the role of probability, and in particular its use by frequentists, is discussed; followed by a similar consideration of utility. It is suggested that the paradigm provides a reasonable account of scientific method. The role of a statistician in providing advice is discussed. The measurements of probability and utility are considered. Suggestions are made as to how the method can be used outside science, and the roles of coherence and comparison emphasized.
A “BAD” View of Weighted Distributions and Selection Models*
Authors: Bayarri M J , Degroot M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weighted distributions and selection models arise when a random sample from lhe entire population of interest cannot be obtained or it is not desired. They model situations in which the probability or density of a potential observation gets distorted so that it is multiplied by some (non-negative) weight function. Selection models are the important particular case in which the weight function is the indicator function of some selection set. Bayarri and DeGroot (BAD) have studied, in a number of papers, many statistical issues that arise with these models. This paper will be a brief, unifying review of their work in the subject.
Prequential Analysis, Stochastic Complexity and Bayesian Inference
Authors: Dawid A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prequential Analysis addresses the empirical assessment of statistical models, and of their associated forecasting techniques, using techniques borrowed from the methodology of Probability Forecasting. In the theory of Stochastic Complexity, the empirical assessment of a model is based on the minimal length of a coded message needed to transmit the data. It turns out that this is essentially the same as prequential assessment based on the logarithmic scoring rule. These approaches are particularly well suited to model selection, where they provide further justification for the use of Bayes factors, or the asymptotically equivalent Jeffreys-Schwarz-BIC penalized log-likelihood criterion.
Model Determination using Predictive Distributions with Implementation via Sampling-Based Methods
Authors: Gelfand A E , Dey D K , Chang H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Model determination is divided into the issues of model adequacy and model selection. Predictive distributions are used to address both issues. This seems natural since, typically, prediction is a primary purpose for the chosen model. A cross-validation viewpoint is argued for. In particular, for a given model, it is proposed to validate conditional predictive distributions arising from single point deletion against observed responses. Sampling based methods are used to carry out required calculations. An example investigates the adequacy of and rather subtle choice between two sigmoidal growth models of the same dimension.
Evaluating the Accuracy of Sampling-Based Approaches to the Calculation of Posterior Moments
Authors: Geweke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data augmentation and Gibbs sampling are two closely related, sampling-based approaches to the calculation of posterior moments. The fact that each produces a sample whose constituents are neither independent nor identically distributed complicates the assessment of convergence and numerical accuracy of the approximations to the expected value of functions of interest under the posterior. In this paper methods from spectral analysis are used to evaluate numerical accuracy formally and construct diagnostics for convergence. These methods are illustrated in the normal linear model with informative priors, and in the Tobit censored regression model.
Reparameterization and Diagnostics of Posterior Non-Normality
Authors: Kass Robert E , Slate Elizabeib H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We define and discuss diagnostics that indicate departure from marginal and joint posterior normality. We emphasize versions of these non-normality measures that are easily computed via second-order asymptotic expansions and illustrate their use. We discuss the goals of reparameterization and the benefits of approximate posterior Normality. We also mention “curvature” measures that are motivated by non-Bayesian considerations and indicate their relevance to Bayesian inference.
Bayesian Models for Quality Assurance
Authors: Irony Telba Z , Pereira Carlos A De B , Barlow Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two models for analyzing discrete time series of quality data are suggested. They enable analysts to extract information from data and from experts in a very effective way. The Additive model should be used for processes that degrade as time goes by (processes that age, for instance). The Multiplicative model fits processes that improve with time (processes that depend on learning). In the case that the process varies, sometimes getting better and sometimes getting worse, both models should be alternated according to the process behavior. Simulation is used to validate the proposed models and to evaluate their performances.
An Evaluation of Robustness in Binomial Empirical Bayes Testing
Authors: Sivaganesan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This inability to fully determine the distribution G (even after infinitely many stages have passed by) leads to a certain amount of uncertainty in the value(s) of the empirical Bayes procedure(s) to be used. It is therefore of interest from a robustness standpoint to determine how much uncertainty there remains in the value of an empirical Bayes procedure.
The influence of consanguineous marriage on reproductive behaviour in India and Pakistan
Authors: Bittles A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although consanguineous marriages are widely contracted in many major human populations, there still is a remarkable lack of reliable information in the scientific literature with respect to their prevalence and associated biological outcomes. The inter-relationship between inbreeding and reproductive behaviour is a particular problem area, with the widespread belief that marriage between close biological relatives leads to reduced fertility. To permit a more critical assessment of this topic, at least with respect to India and Pakistan, extensive studies conducted into reproductive behaviour during the last two decades have been collated and analysed. By using these data it has been possible to determine the underlying factors, both biological and non-biological, which significantly contribute to the fertility of the populations investigated, with specific attention focused on the influence of consanguinity. As will become apparent, many past generalizations derived from the assumption that fewer children were born to close kin unions appear to lack foundation.
International Aid To Health Systems in the Developing Countries: The Problem of Recurrent Costs
Authors: Seaman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International development aid is generally assumed to be ‘pump priming’. Aid provides capital-which may be physical capital in the form of buildings or equipment, human capital through training or the provision of new technologies and techniques. In the classic aid ‘model’ it has been generally assumed that the additional costs which must arise from the investment of aid will be found by the country or people concerned. If for example a donor pays for the construction of a hospital, the ‘recurrent costs’ as they are often called-salaries, drugs and maintenance-will be found from the resources of the country concerned.
Criminal justice and offenders
Authors: Ker Monica Wal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a series of processes by which a suspect may become an offender, or alternatively may be released from the criminal justice system. In summary, the suspect may be arrested or summonsed by the police, after which he may be released with ‘no further action’, he may be given a caution, or charged and prosecuted. If he is prosecuted, the case may be discontinued, without trial. Otherwise he will be either tried in the magistrates’ courts, or committed for trial to the Crown Court. Ifhe is to be tried in the magistrates’ courts the case may be withdrawn or the case dismissed (and the defendant acquitted); or the defendant will be either sentenced, or committed to the Crown Court for sentence. If he is committed for trial in the Crown Court he will be either acquitted, or convicted and sentenced (unless the case is discontinued for some reason). He may later appeal against conviction and/or sentence. At each stage he will be remanded either on bail or in custody. Barclay (1993) and Bottomley and Pease (1986) give good detailed accounts of the processes involved (see also Figure 10.1 below).
Gender, crime, and the criminal justice system
Authors: Hedderman Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses gender differences in overall offending rates and criminal careers, in types of offending, in cautions and convictions, in the proportions going to the magistrates’ courts and the Crown Court for trial and in the sentences handed out at either venue. Detailed consideration is then given to two forms of gender-related offences: rape and domestic homicide. The discussion is based primarily on a consideration of the information contained in Criminal Statistics and Prison Statistics which are published annually by the Home Office. However, some research material is also referred to where this helps to explain the statistical picture.
Genstat™ 5 Release 3 Reference Manual
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genstat 5 Release 3 is the latest version of the well-known statistical system developed by practising statisticians at Rothamsted Experimental Station. It provides statistical summary, analysis, data-handling, and graphics for interactive or batch users, and includes a customizable menu-based interface. Genstat is used worldwide on personal computers, workstations, and mainframe computers by statisticians, research workers, and students in all fields of application of statistics. Release 3 contains many new facilities: the analysis of ordered categorical data: generalized additive models; combination of information in mulgti-stratum experimental designs; extensions to the REML (residual maximum-likelihood) algorithm for testing fixed effects and to cater for correlation strucgures between random effects; estimation of paramenters of statistical distributions; further probability functions; simplified data input; and many more extensions, in high-resolution graphics, for calculations, and for manipulation. The Manual has been rewirtten for this release, including new chapters on Basic Statistics and REML, with extensive examples and illustrations.
Data structures
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data structures store the information on which a Genstat program operates. Examples include data for statistical analyses, coordinates for graphs, text for annotation, and so on. You can also store almost anything that can be printed in an analysis. This enables you to extend the range of facilities that Genstat offers, by taking information from one directive and using it as input for another. To allow you to do this, Genstat has a comprehensive set of different structures. However, there are many similarities across the directives that are used to define them, and the more complicated structures are required only for the more advanced uses of Genstat.
Customizing and extending Genstat
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genstat is designed so that you can give simple commands to perform standard tasks. The defaults of options and parameters are set to correspond to what are believed to be the commonest needs - as judged by the authors of Genstat. But Genstat can be used in many different applications, and so it is inevitable that our choice of defaults will not correspond with the preferences of every individual user. Section 13.1 describes ways in which you can customize the Genstat command language, making it more convenient for the way in which you work. Section 13.2 describes how to customize the Menu System.
Cranial morphology of the Siberians and east Asians
Authors: Ishida Hajime , Dodo Yukio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mongoloid populations today inhabit the Asian continent, the Pacific islands, and North and South America. It is generally accepted that peoples who originated in Asia were distributed throughout vast areas of Siberia and the Far East, and then some of their descendants dispersed into the Americas via the now submerged Bering land bridge (Beringia). The time, method, and routes of migra tion to Siberia have long evoked the interest of Russian, Asian, and American anthropologists who are concerned with the peopling of the Americas. Hrdlicka (1942) stated that human skeletal remains from Siberia would constitute key evidence of Asian-American connections.
Dental characteristics of the Japanese population
Authors: Matsumura Hirofumi , Shigehara Nobuo , Kanazawa Eisaku 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be no doubt that immigrants from the Asian continent entered Japan during the Aeneolithic Yayoi period (300 BC to AD 300) and the protohistoric Kofun period (AD 300 to 700). In particular, the Yayoi people of the northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi districts of western Japan are considered to be immi grants from the Asian continent. Regarding the origin of modern Japanese, a problem arises when considering the scale of the influx of immigrants into Japan. According to the transformation theory, the genetic influence of the immigrants was negligible, and thus present-day Japanese are direct descendants of the Neolithic Jamon natives (Suzuki 1969, 1981). On the other hand, the immigration theory (Kanaseki 1976) emphasizes that modern Japanese are descended from hybrids formed between the natives and immigrants, or from the immigrants themselves. Numerous recent studies of cranial measurements have supported the immigration theory (Howells 1966; Yamaguchi 1982; Hanihara 1985; Mizoguchi 1988). In the last few years, non-metric cranial studies (Dodo and Ishida 1990; Kozintsev 1990) have produced evidence which supports the immigration theory more strongly than have the previous cranial metric studies.