bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administration versus Human Leadership
Authors: Rebentisch Dieter , Teppe Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following summary of the main processes of internal change within the National Socialist polity and their impact upon the bureaucracy represents a judicious and balanced summary of the state of research in the mid-198os, by which point the structuralist-intentionalist debate had reached its heights (and its limits).Both those interpretations which emphasize the totalitarian character of the Fuhrer State and those which prefer to speak of a polycratic power structure with the tendency towards cumulative radicalization agree that a high degree of bureaucratization and, in the police and SS sphere at least, a bureaucratic perfectionism was characteristic of the way in which the regime functioned. There is also no fundamental dispute over the fact that the traditional bureaucratic and military elites entered into a partial and temporary alliance with National Socialism! Indeed, during the period of the Third Reich there was a great upsurge in bureaucratization, while at the same time the exponents of the regime, first and foremost Hitler, never tired of subjecting the bureaucracy, and its claims to regulate, to derogatory criticism and mockery over and over again.
Party and State in the Third Reich
Authors: Diehl-Thielei Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work from which this extract is taken is representative of a growing body of work which emerged in the 1970s developing the ‘structuralist’ interpretation further. Note the characterization of the proliferation of offices as a product of Hitler’s ‘divide and rule’ tactics, and the emphasis on Hitler’s desire for a regime of ‘permanent movement’.
The Gestapo and Social Cooperation: The Example of Political Denunciation
Authors: Gellately Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to popular perceptions at the time, and contrary to popular myth since, the Gestapo was, in numerical terms, very small. In a city such as Essen, for example, 43 Gestapo officers monitored a population of about 650,000. In order to be effective, the Gestapo had to rely on denunciation, which often came from the public, suggesting an ‘informal social reinforcement of the terror system’ (W S. Allen). Drawing on research on the Gestapo case files in Wiirzburg begun by Reinhard Mann, Robert Gellately discusses the nature of political denunciation in National Socialist Germany and its significance.
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
Authors: Herbert Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conquest of Europe offered the National Socialist regime an enormous reservoir of labour in the occupied territories, from which millions of civilians were deported and put to work (alongside prisoners of war) in German agriculture and industry. Deployed in accordance with the ideological principles of the regime, the forced workers’ experience was determined by their place in the National Socialist racial hierarchy. West European workers experienced substantial hardship; Polish, Soviet, and above all Jewish forced workers were put to work under barbaric and exploitative conditions which amounted to ‘slave labour’. However, while ‘slave labour’ may evoke accurately the power relationships involved and the experience of a large proportion of the workers, such terminology does not capture the important fact that this system of labour was implemented in a modern, industrial society in a factory environment not so different from a contemporary shop-floor.
Alma Schindler—Mahler in love—engagement (December 1901–January 1902)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE stormy concerts in Munich and Berlin made Mahler more aware than ever of his loneliness and isolation as a composer and of the obstacles he still had to surmount in order to be heard and understood. The fact that people had applauded his Second Symphony and booed his Fourth—which he had thought was more readily understandable—meant little as far as he was concerned, except to show the narrow-mindedness of a public corrupted by ‘programme music’:
Der Waffenschmied, Euryanthe, Der Corregidor, Falstaff—Mannheim, Heidelberg, Prague, Mainz, Cologne—encounters with Hauptmann, Bahr, Hofmannsthal—Schoenberg, Zemlinsky, and the Vereinigung—birth of Anna—completion of the Sixth Symphony and the Kindertotenlieder (January–September 1904)
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT the Hofoper the year 1904 began modestly enough with a revival of Lortzing’s Der Waffenschmied, which Mahler often referred to as ‘the little Meistersinger’.1 The music’s utter simplicity delighted him and he rehearsed it with tender care. He restored all previous cuts and, as usual, paid as much attention to the staging as to the music.
Unica in the Cotton Caligula Troper
Authors: Jacobsson Ritva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From frere’s text edition of 1894 until the fundamental examination of the repertory of Oxford, Bodleian Library Bodley775 and Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 473 made by Planchart in 1977, the two Winchester Tropers have attracted much attention.In these studies, both Frere and Planchart also discussed the third English troper, London, British Library Cotton Caligula A. (henceforth London 14); set aside from the main focus of their studies, however, this source was treated more as an appendix to the two important sources. As far as I know, the Cotton Caligula Troper has never been studied thoroughly for its own interest, except that its remarkable illuminations have drawn the attention of art historians.
An English Noted Breviary of circa 1200
Authors: Chadd David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manuscript Oxford, Bodlcian Library Lat. liturg. c36 was acquired by purchase in December 1964. It is the Sanctorale of an insular breviary which I date circa 1200. The purpose of the present paper is to give an account of this manuscript and in particular of the antiphoner which is contained within it, to draw attention to some of the more interesting of its contents, and to suggest a hypothesis which could account for its idiosyncrasies. In the course of doing this, I wish implicitly to examine the methods of comparative analysis which seem to be available to us for assessing the significance and meaning of the contents of books of this kind.
British Rhymed Offices
Authors: Hughes Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A general introduction to rhymed offices, still quite the most extensive survey of the repertory, has appeared in the R volume of the Dictionary of the Middle Ages. The repertory consists of poetic texts and chants in thousands of proper offices for new feast-days and saints ’ days of the later middle ages, mostly between the tenth and sixteenth centuries, from all over Europe. The texts, newly compiled, are for the antiphons responsorics of the canonical hours: often the chants that accompany them arc also newly composed or borrowed and adapted from earlier models. Of the hymns, lessons, prayers, and dialogues that also form a part of these new offices, only the hymns are always poetic. They are normally not newly-composed but are standard hymns appropriate to the saint or feast; although occasionally a new antiphon text is identical with a stanza of a hymn, various features make it clear that hymns are not regarded as a part of the rhymed office proper. New lessons and prayers arc often closely related to the texts of the new office chants and would have to be taken into account in any detailed study of an individual office.
The Manuscript London, British Library Harley 1709
Authors: Sandon Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students of medieval and Renaissance polyphony have all too few complete sources at their disposal. The many incomplete sources are of two main types: fragmentary and partial. Fragmentary sources originally recorded either in score or in some kind of cantus collateralis layout the entire texture of the music which they contained, but have subsequently suffered decay, mutilation, or reuse; in consequence the compositions which they contained may now have whole portions missing, while the passages that remain are preserved more or less in their entirety.
Introduction
Authors: Harper John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an introductory guide this book attempts to assist the study and understanding of formal Christian worship in the West, especially that of the Middle Ages. It extends beyond the sixteenth-century Reformation with those forms of worship that derive from medieval practice. Such are the liturgical orders established and standardized by the Roman Catholic Church in the Tridentine Rite, and by the Church of England in the Book of Common Prayer.
Chamber Music: 1830–1850
Authors: Horton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE practice and enjoyment of chamber music was widespread during the first half of the nineteenth century. Among its most influential patrons in Germany, Austria, and Russia were aristocratic dilettanti of the kind who helped to make possible the achievements of Beethoven’s last decade. Their beneficent tradition was kept alive beyond the mid-century by such enthusiasts as Count Mateusz Wielhorski, the Polish-Russian amateur cellist to whom Mendelssohn dedicated his D major Sonata, Op. 58, and Schumann his Piano Quartet, Op. 47. But the most rapid growth of interest was now to occur among the middle classes, with their accumulating wealth, their social aspirations, and their increasing artistic sensibility. Domestic music-making was a prominent feature of the Biedermeier scene, where families and friends gathered to read through duos, trios, quartets, and quintets for their own pleasure or for the entertainment of guests. Their activities created an insistent demand for new compositions, especially those that made no unreasonable calls on technique or comprehension, a market that prolific and industrious composers toiled to supply.
Liturgical Drama
Authors: Rankin Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The liturgical books of the medieval western church preserve a large repertory of dramatic representations intended for performance on the highest church festivals. Of widely varied form, these ‘dramatic ceremonies’ or ‘plays’ drew on the literary and musical as well as dramatic skills of their creators. Like the liturgical ritual itself, they were expressed in Latin words and were sung throughout. This musical dimension continued to distinguish the Latin liturgical plays from their secular and vernacular counterparts, even when interaction between liturgical and non-liturgical dramatic compositions led to the adoption of characteristics atypical in one or other repertory.
1890–1891
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Times are a-changin’ ,” a character in one of the season’s lesser plays observed. The observation was unoriginal even then. At varying tempi times always are changing. But during the 1890-91 theatrical year two matters sharpened this sense of change in an appropriately dramatic way. The more apparent was the electrification of auditoriums. For several seasons theatres had been converting from gas lighting, but the transformation had been slow and very often tentative. Many a playhouse owner, wary of the new invention, had either converted only a small area or else timidly opted to employ the old and the new side by side.
The Emergence of an Antisemitic Society(1865-1900)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the end of the Civil War until the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States witnessed the emergence of a full-fledged antisemitic society. Like the hysteria exhibited during the war, the institutionalized bigotry that developed afterwards reflected the biases of practically every stratum in society. As immigration figures soared, and as a significant Jewish presence emerged in the United States, people in every walk of life, from respectable working, middle, and upper classes to agrarian protesters, Protestant and Catholic spokesmen, and members of the lunatic fringe increasingly focused on the allegedly deleterious characteristics of Jews that they believed impinged on American lives. Having been thoroughly indoctrinated as children, and having absorbed conventional attitudes simply by living in the United States, Christians believed in the superiority of their faith and few Gen¬ tiles questioned the fact that the United States was, and of right ought to be, a Christian nation.
Industrialization and the Making of the Working Class
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industry brought the “social problem.” New forms of regulation were needed for public health, housing, schooling, poor relief, recreation, and criminality. Worse, industrialization contained a political threat. Industry brought the rise of a working class, with no stake in the emerging order or its laws. For polite society, collective action by the laboring masses became a constant anxiety, and to cope with such fears distinctions were drawn between “respectable” workers and the rest. To such thinking, the skilled working man became demoralized by an unhealthy urban environment, corrupted by the criminally indigent and seduced into radicalism by socialists.
Challenges Beyond Socialism
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strongest movements presented a common pattern: single parties organizationally united but ideologically diverse, without serious rivals, and rallying mixed interests around broadly social democratic values. But this model was unequivocally established only in the north-central European social democratic core. Elsewhere, Left politics proved more contentious, parties more fractious. In Britain, locally vigorous socialist initiatives in the 1880s and 1890s still made little headway against the popular liberalism shaped in the 1860s. In Italy and Spain, socialists contended with acute regional disparities, state violence, and strong urban anarchist movements. In France, socialists were notoriously split, identifying with rival strands of the French revolutionary traditions, appealing to earlier nonMarxist legacies, and taking contrasting lessons from the Paris Commune.
The Rupture of War
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the same period the major revolutionary upheaval centered on Russia profoundly changed Europe’s political geography. Initially, the Left’s enthusiasm for events in Russia was entirely ecumenical, inspiring moderate socialists no less than anarchists, syndicalists, and other radicals. But sympathy for overthrowing tsarism, the epitome of reactionary backwardness, was one thing; supporting the Bolsheviks was quite another. Welcoming Russia into the democratic camp in February 1917 became by October something far more sinister: for the first time, a revolutionary socialist party had come violently to power. Renouncing the Left’s traditional parliamentarism, Bolshevism claimed the new class-based legitimacy of the soviets instead. The ominous-sounding “dictatorship of the proletariat” entered public circulation.
Closure
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trouble began outside Europe in the colonial world. After September 1945, Britain restored French colonialism in Indo-China, despite the declaration of Vietnamese independence by Ho Chi Minh, the Communist leader of the anti-Japanese resistance. Similar conflicts followed in the future Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, while in China civil war resumed between Communists and Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist government. The biggest test in Europe came in Greece, where the right-wing government was terrorizing the Left: the local Communist party boycotted corrupt elections, and civil war began in October 1946.
New Social Movements
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In europe, the insurrectionary type of revolutionary politics was bound in time. Before 1914, with the Paris Commune as a guide, the revolutionary crisis was still imagined as a popular uprising, a pitched battle for the state amid the sudden collapse of the system. When things fell apart, barricades would still be needed. The revolutionary turbulence of 1917–23 seemed to vindicate this belief, making the storming of the Winter Palace into the Bolshevik revolution’s emblematic event.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sun beat down heavily in the late afternoon, sending across his glass a sharp glint of light that made it difficult to see. Lieutenant Richard W. Meade adjusted his sights again, trying to bring form to the moving objects on the beach, over a mile away. From the prow of an American revenue cutter, the USS Washington, he had about an hour earlier seen a black schooner with sails torn and tattered, lying low in the water off Culloden Point and less than a mile from Long Island. What was its business in this secluded spot? Meade had scanned the beaches, fighting the glare of the sun as he peered through the glass. At last he saw what appeared to be a dozen men, rushing back and forth across the sand, carrying two trunks from a small boat toward some wagons a few yards up the shore. As Meade finally brought the shoreline into focus, he could see that over half the men were black. Were they smugglers? The evidence seemed clear: wagons for transporting goods; a small boat; two large trunks carried ashore; a ship nearby; hurried activity. But what kind of operation would involve blacks and whites in collusion? Why was there no flag identifying the nationality of the vessel? Somehow, he surmised, the men had commandeered the ship and were now delivering the stolen goods. Clearly they were guilty of piracy, a crime punishable by death under international law.
The Politics of Justice
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had not a presidential election and racial feelings entered the controversy, the Amistad matter might have come to a close during the autumn of 1839. If newspapers were any indication, many Americans seemed to concede the blacks' right to freedom. But this feeling met rigid opposition from the Van Buren administration in Washington, scattered spokesmen in the American press, especially in the South, and the Spanish government in Madrid. Political and racial considerations soon combined to force a White House policy regarding the Amistad that ignored fundamental liberties and called for an end to the matter by returning the vessel and its cargo to the Spanish government. If the president had doubts about the issue, his Southern constituency probably removed them. The blacks were Spanish subjects, according to the Charleston Mercury.
The Politics of Democracy
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the period following the district court trial, the abolitionists' distrust of the administration in Washington deepened as rumors spread that the president planned to interfere. Van Buren, according to his critics, was concerned only with the coming political campaign of 1840 and would resort to any measure to make sure the Amistad affair did not embarrass his chances for reelection. There were growing charges of executive pressure on judges, of collusion between the United States and Spain to return the blacks to Cuba, and of State Department tampering with documents relating to the case. The validity of the accusations remains questionable, but from a historical perspective, and certainly to those Americans directly involved in the matter, the events and suspicions often coincided, leaving a pattern of executive behavior that approached and sometimes crossed the bounds of legality.
In Perspective
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reaction to the Supreme Court decision was predictable. Southerners were not pleased, Northerners praised the verdict without discerning any implications for slavery, and the abolitionists pronounced it ,a milestone for their cause. Expressions of dissatisfaction in the South were mild, which perhaps suggested that the Emancipator was correct when it had earlier observed that the Southern press wished to keep the Amistad affair quiet for fear of its setting a dangerous precedent for American slaves. The Mobile Commercial Register & Patriot considered the court decree an "insult" to Spain and "no small triumph" for the abolitionists, whereas the Charleston Courier and the New Orleans Times Picayune merely reported the outcome. The Courier remarked, however, that Story's ruling had not "come up to the expectation of many in its arguments."
Scrub Ball is Not Enough
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As The Twentieth Century Unfolded, Boys’ Baseball Entered A New Phase. Aid For It increased and Broadened. Government Assistance Rose Markedly While Private Organizations Already Supporting Boys’ Baseball Remained Stead­Fast and Others Joined Them. The Twin offspring of This Aid, Adult intrusion and Control, Pointed Boys’ Baseball toward Highly Organized Competition That Entailed Selection of The Best Players, Devotion of Substantial Amounts of Spare Time to Formal Practice, and Contention For Awards and Honors. Co-Option of Boys’ Baseball By Adults Also Led to Use of Boys’ Games For Their Own Ends. All The While, The Baseball Cult Solidified As The Unslackened Popularity of The Game and The Lengthening List of Reputed Benefits From Playing It Reinforced Each Other.
A Sure Way to a Boy’S Heart
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boys institutionalized For Supposed Transgressions Against Society Played Baseball As Eagerly As Did Those Outside Such institutions. For Despite As Sertions of Boys’ Work Authorities That Baseball Made Good Citizens, Boys Who Played Ball Might Very Well End Up On The Wrong Side of The Law, Become Separated From Their Parents, and Find Themselves incarcerated in Juvenile institutions, Or Even Jails Or Prisons, As Delinquents. Ironically, The institutions That Housed These Unfortunates Frequently Utilized Baseball in Programs Aimed At Rehabilitating Them. Like School Authorities, Directors of These Agencies Came to Believe in The Idea That Sports Participation Could inculcate The Kind of Middle-Class Behavior That Prepared Their Charges to Rejoin Society.
Business Prefers Ball Players
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From post-World War I to about the mid-twenties, welfare capitalism reached its greatest heights. industrialists still found it effective in staving off organized labor.· Seeking to consolidate their position, large and stable firms, in addition to offering athletic fields and sponsoring athletic teams, co-opted employees with theatres, bowling alleys, cafeterias, and sun parlors as well as old-age pension plans and profit-sharing plans. Unionism declined in the 1920s as many strikes failed, and owners of large corporations gathered support for their nationwide drive for the “open shop,”; euphemistically called “the American plan,”; a term inferring that opponents of the open shop were un American. Strikes failed partly because of the courts’ readiness to grant injunctions against them.
The Armed Forces Enlist Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of the ancient Greeks to the present, men have perceived a relationship between sports and the military. Galen, the second-century Greek anatomist and physiologist, believed ball play the best of all exercises because it produced “strength and activity and therefore trained all those qualities which are most valuable to the soldier” General Douglas Mac-Arthur made plain his conviction that sports train men for winning wars: “Upon the fields of friendly strife / Are sown the seeds / That, upon other fields, on other days, / Will bear the traits of victory”