bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis: molecular physiology and significance for cancer therapeutics
Authors: Fennell Dean A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apoptosis, also referred to as programmed cell death, is a highly regulated, evolutionarily conserved, and biochemically stereotyped process with tremendous relevance to cancer therapeutics. Understanding the molecular basis of apoptosis regulation in cancer is a prerequisite for the development of new effective medicines. This chapter will broadly overview current knowledge of core apoptosis mechanisms, with a focus on the mammalian cell. Novel approaches for overcoming defects in apoptosis signalling have opened up an active and exciting area of drug discovery relevant to cancer, and will be highlighted.
The molecular pathology of cancer
Authors: Crnogorac-Jurcevic Tatjana , Poulsom, Richard , Lemoine Nicholas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular pathology is the study of basic mechan- isms involved in pathogenesis of diseases at the molecular level. In addition to ‘classical’ examina- tion of the morphology of diseased tissues and cells, it is now starting to embrace novel techniques of molecular biology that will enable us to reveal the origin and the development of the disease pro- cesses by examining the nucleic acids and proteins. Molecular pathology has a special role in both clinical oncology and translational research.
Screening
Authors: Sasieni Peter , Cuzick Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Screening is aimed at identifying selecting a small group of individuals who are likely to benefit from some form of intervention to reduce the morbidity and mortality from cancer. Screening can take several forms, can be aimed at different populations, and can have different goals. Very often it is a multistage process in which individuals positive at one stage are referred on to a more invasive or intensive procedure to see if cancer is present. There are several pitfalls in the evaluation of the efficacy of screening modalities and it is vitally important that screening should do more good than harm, since one is approaching a healthy population and asking them to undergo a medical procedure, as opposed to the usual clinical paradigm in which an unwell patient approaches the doctor and actively seeks advice and treatment.
Unique extremality
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We investigate conditions for unique extremality, including the frame mapping theorem, which gives a condition on when a Teichmuoller equivalence class has a uniquely extremal representative of Teichmuoller type. We will see that unique extremality corresponds to unique infinitesimal extremality. Uniquely extremal mappings need not be of Teichmuoller type, and indeed that they need not have constant modulus.
Bayesian hierarchical models in geographical genetics
Authors: Holsinger Kent E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental data of population genetics consists of allele counts at different loci within populations. The natural descriptive statistics associated with these data are locus specific allele frequencies and measures to describe the partitioning of genetic diversity within and among populations. F-statistics, which were first introduced by Sewall Wright and Gustave Malécot are the most widely used statistics for this purpose, but neither Wright nor Malécot paid close attention to problems associated with inference of parameters from data.
Cortical mechanisms of hypnotic pain control
Authors: Miltner Wolfgang HR , Weiss Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypnosis has been known for centuries to modify significantly subjects ‘ perceptions and other psychological processes. Thus, several studies have shown that colourful visual stimuli can lose their brightness and colour, and physically strong auditory stimuli can become almost inaudible when subjects are exposed to corresponding hypnotic suggestions of colour blindness or deafness (Revenstorf 1993). Furthermore, the skin of fakirs can become deeply penetrated by knives, daggers or swords without pain and without negative emotions while being in a hypnotic-like trance, whereas the same physical event would be perceived as terribly painful by the same persons outside the trance state (Larbig 1988; Larbig and Miltner 1990).
Surface Bundles
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to survey the Thurston theory of surface automorphisms and geometric structures on their mapping tori. We will emphasize those parts of the theory which will be generalized to arbitrary taut foliations in the remainder of the book. The exposition in this chapter is somewhat curt. We give few indications of the proof of the main lemmas and theorems, since rigorous and thorough treatments are easily available in many sources: [230], [234], [71], [47] and [193] are standard references.
Gauge field theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we have given examples of Lagrangians invariant under the action of symmetry groups. These symmetry transformations were identical at every point of space time. This is referred to as global symmetry in the physics literature. In this chapter we shall introduce a concept of gauge symmetry, where the symmetry transformation is allowed to depend on a space-time point. This is what physicists call local symmetry. This type of symmetry is already present in Maxwell’s electrodynamics.
Symmetry reductions and the integrable chiral model
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most integrable systems arise as symmetry reductions of ASDYM, where the potential one-form is assumed not to depend on one or more coordinates on the space-time. The resulting system will admit a (reduced) Lax pair with a spectral parameter as well as a twistor correspondence, and thus will be integrable. This leads to a classification of those integrable systems that can be obtained by reduction from the ASDYM equations as well as a unification of the theory of these equations by reduction of the corresponding theory for the ASDYM equations. The programme of reducing the ASDYM equations to various integrable equations has been proposed and initiated by Ward [171] and fully implemented in the monograph [118].
Anti-self-dual conformal structures
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All gravitational instantons discussed in Chapter 9 (with the exception of the analytically continued Schwarzschild solution (9.1.1)) had ASD Riemannian tensor. This ASD property underlies the existence of many explicit examples as well as ‘implicit’ solution generation techniques. In this chapter we shall consider a more general situation where only the conformal Weyl curvature in four dimensions is ASD.
Scattering From General Populations
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we derive the stochastic dynamics for scattering of a wavelike field from a large population of scatterers whose dynamics is arbitrary. This leads to a result concerning the observability of the scattering cross-section in terms of the resultant phase fluctuations that is independent of the population dynamics. An emergent concept is a certain notion of an ideal filter. The dffusion-based model of K-scattering arises, encountered in Chapter 8, as a special case. The experimental implications of the results in a variety of contexts are discussed later in Part III.
Teaching Statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students in the sciences, economics, psychology, social sciences, and medicine take introductory statistics. Statistics is increasingly offered at the high school level as well. However, statistics can be notoriously difficult to teach as it is seen by many students as difficult and boring, if not irrelevant to their subject of choice. To help dispel these misconceptions, Gelman and Nolan have put together this fascinating and thought-provoking book. Based on years of teaching experience the book provides a wealth of demonstrations, examples and projects that involve active student participation. Part I of the book presents a large selection of activities for introductory statistics courses and combines chapters such as, 'First week of class', with exercises to break the ice and get students talking; then 'Descriptive statistics' , collecting and displaying data; then follows the traditional topics - linear regression, data collection, probability and inference. Part II gives tips on what does and what doesn't work in class: how to set up effective demonstrations and examples, how to encourage students to participate in class and work effectively in group projects. A sample course plan is provided. Part III presents material for more advanced courses on topics such as decision theory, Bayesian statistics and sampling.
Introduction
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have taught introductory statistics to college students for several years. There are a variety of good textbooks at this level, all of which cover the material pretty well. However, we found it a challenge to keep students motivated in class. Statistics is problem-solving. Watching the instructor solve a problem on the blackboard is not as effective or satisfying for students as actively involving themselves in problems. To improve participation, we and our colleagues have been collecting and developing tools, tricks, and examples for statistics teaching. Many teachers have their own special teaching methods but they are not always disseminated widely; as a result, some of the best ideas (for example, the survey of family sizes presented here on page 56 and the coin-flipping demonstration on page 105) have been rediscovered several times. We put together this book to collect all the good ideas that we have heard about or developed in our own courses.
First week of class
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the first day of class, in addition to introducing the concepts of probability and statistics, and giving an overview of what the students will learn during the term, we include class-participation demonstrations and examples. Then we start with descriptive statistics, as discussed in the next chapter. We often begin the first class with an activity on variation, such as the age-guessing demonstration or the cancer example described here. In the first week, we also discuss numeracy, address the question of why statistics is important, and collect data on students to use later in the course. We like to get students involved right away and set the expectation for plenty of class participation.
Statistical literacy and the news media
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important theme in an introductory statistics course is the connection between statistics and the outside world. We describe here some assignments that have been useful in getting students to learn how to gather and process information presented in the newspaper articles and scientific reports they read. We developed these assignments with the help of several undergraduate research assistants; we devote an entire chapter to this topic in order to give a sense of the details that are needed to get students on track with this sort of long-form assignment. Tracking down reports from newspaper articles can be difficult, and this assignment seems to work well only when students have direction about how to do this kind of research.
Mosaic evolution of subterranean mammals
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life underground has evolved among different groups of mammals all over the globe. It is an extraordinary environment - with relatively constant temperature, few opportunities to meet organisms other than the immediate family, and a completely different sensory environment. Locomotion, communication, food-finding, navigation, circadian rhythms, and indeed the whole of the animals' physiology may be specialized to cope with underground life. From burrowing to blindness, magnetic communication to the weird bee-like eusociality of naked mole rats, specialization has been extreme - and, in turn, has led to speciation in a whole range of new contexts. That the subterranean way of life occurs in different species of mammals across the globe has provided scientists with one of nature's best studied global evolutionary demonstrations of adaptive radiation and speciation. The revolution in molecular biology that has occurred over the last ten years has massively expanded these horizons, allowing scientists to explore, map, and clone the genes underlying the basis of adaptation and speciation and translate their fascinating structural and functional evolution into genes and genomic language. This book draws together the burgeoning literature about all aspects of the biology of subterranean mammals. Beginning with their evolutionary history and the processes that led to the subterranean way of life, the author goes on to review ecology, behaviour, and physiology within the context of the highly stressful subterranean context, consider the specializations that have evolved in response, and then to compare the 11 families of extant subterranean mammals. The extraordinary circumstances surrounding subterranean mammals present a unique, global, 'natural experiment' in evolution that has implications throughout biology. As such this comprehensive survey will stand as an invaluable reference in years to come.
Evolutionary theory: past, present, and future
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionism, the world view that considers constant change a central process of nature, emerged in Greek philosophy in its attempt to explain the origin and structure of the physical and organic worlds (Russell, 1949). However, evolutionary biological thinking appeared only in the 18th century, following the great geographical discoveries (Eisley, 1958), replacing the static world view of creationism and species permanency. Evolutionary theory has been crystallized in the early to mid-19th century, first genuinely proposed by Lamarck (1809), and formalized by Darwin (1859) in the Origin of Species. Darwin proposed that natural selection between individuals is the mechanism of evolution rather than by the individuals’ direct perfection, as suggested by Lamarck. Darwinian evolutionism introduced the idea of individual variation as central to the process of environmental selection. Darwinism holds that organic evolutionary change from a common descent with gradual modification results from the interplay between variation and natural selection through differential survival and reproduction of individual variants. Since the theory was propounded by Darwin, it has been modified and explicated by the science of genetics. The fruitful interdisciplinary link between Darwinism and Mendelism provided the organizing principle of biology (Lewontin, 1974).
Moles: insectivorous subterranean mammals
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Talpid distribution is temperate Holarctic (Fig. 5.1). In North America, talpids range from southern Canada to northern Mexico and discontinuously from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. In Eurasia, the family ranges from the 63rd parallel to Malaya and the Mediterranean Sea. Fifteen genera and 40 species are extant (Wilson and Reeder, 1993; see also Yates, 1984, who reported 17 genera and 31 extant species; Yates and Moore, 1990), (Appendix 2). See Appendices 2 to 4 and Figs 15.1 to 15.17 for family data analysis.
Structure, adaptiveness, and evolution of tunnel system architecture in subterranean mammals
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subterranean ecotope (Whittaker et al., 1973) is structurally simple. It is essentially a sealed system (Elton and Miller, 1954), microclimatically relatively stable (i.e. permanent and predictable), highly specialized, and presumably low in productivity (MacArthur, 1972; Southwood et al., 1974). According to theory (Leigh, 1975; Levins, 1968; MacArthur, 1972), the greater buffering and predictability of underground as compared to above ground environments, both physically (microclimate) and biotically (food supply, low predation, parapatry), should lead to a greater degree of specialization (i.e. narrow niche) underground. The relative constancy and periodicity of physical factors result in high predictability underground (Colwell, 1974). Predictability of temperature, relative humidity (daily or seasonal), darkness, and air currents are consistently greater in underground than in above ground habitats (Dubost, 1968; Kennerly,, 1954; McNab, 1966; Nevo, 1979; Altuna, 1991; and their references), primarily because of constancy (i.e. the levels characteristic of the different phases in the cycle are equal to one another) (Colwell, 1974).
Digging strategies: structure and function
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subterranean rodents loosen soil primarily with the incisors (e.g. Spalax, Bathyergus, Ctenomys) or use incisors and claws (Geomys), whereas subterranean insectivores (e.g. Talpa, Chrysospalax) use only claws (Nevo, 1979). In rodent teeth-diggers the incisors are large, strong, and with roots extending close to or into the mandible condyle, and, in the upper jaw, to or behind the maxillary cheekteeth (Fig. 9.1). Lower incisors are used more than the upper incisors in digging, hence they wear and grow faster. In Thomomys, the upper incisors grow about 0.58 mm per day, and about twice as much for the lower incisors (Miller, 1958). Generally, incisors of subterranean geomyids grow two to four times as fast as those ofnon-fossorial rodents. The incisors are self-sharpening because enamel covers the soft dentine only anteriorly (Fig. 9.1).
Ecological adaptive strategies
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimal area hypothesis assumes that the home range of animals, the area they know and patrol (Burt, 1943), is large enough to yield an adequate supply of energy. The home ranges of subterranean mammals are generally also their exclusive and defended territories (Brown and Orians, 1970), except for brief periods during the breeding season when multiple occupancies by both sexes occur. The social subterranean animals are the exception where colonies involve from several individuals to several hundreds of individuals (e.g. Sherman et al., 1991).
Genetic adaptive strategies
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chromosomal evolution through major structural rearrangements may lead either to speciation through reproductive isolation, caused by hybrid sterility and extensive homozygous fixation, and/or to local adaptive genetic polymorphism through reorganization of new coadapted supergenes (White, 1973, 1978). Chromosomal sibling species, based on Robertsonian whole-arm rearrangements and/or pericentric inversions and reciprocal translocations, are widespread in unrelated subterranean herbivores (Nevo, 1979, 1999).
Regional molecular polymorphism analysis
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have used Israel, with its remarkable physical and biotic diversities, as a large-scale ecological-genetic laboratory (Nevo, 1986c, 1988a,b, 1990a) and conducted an ecological test of protein polymorphism in 13 unrelated genera of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, involving 21 species, 142 populations, and 5474 individuals (Nevo and Beiles, 1988a), following our extensive studies of allozyme diversity in 38 species in Israel (Nevo, 1983a).
Theory of ecological, behavioural, and physiological adaptive strategies
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relatively constant and climatically predictable subterranean ecotope presumably leads to convergent K-selection along the K-selection continuum in subterranean mammals (Nevo, 1979). The latter comprise ‘equilibrium species’, that is, those at or near the carrying capacity of the environment, selected for their ability to harvest food efficiently through resource competition but without overshoot and resource destruction. Even when perturbed, they return quickly to equilibrium.
Speciation theory
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species and speciation have always been problematic in evolutionary studies. The synthetic theory of evolution replaced the typological species concept and advanced the now classic biological concept of species, despite its rejection by some evolutionary biologists and others (e.g. Sokal, 1973; Ehrlich, 1961; Hennig, 1966; Raven, 1977; L0vtrup, 1979, but see Mayr, 1988b). This concept is based on reproductive isolation preventing interbreeding between groups of populations occupying a specific niche in nature, rather than on morphological differences, defining morphospecies. An extensive literature has been published on different species concepts and speciation mechanisms (e.g. Darwin, 1859; Dobzhansky, 1937; Cain, 1954;.
Introduction
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pattern of the autonomic responses evoked by selective stimulation of the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors depends on changes in a number of variables occurring at the same time. There is the arterial blood pressure per seas well as alterations in arterial baroreceptor discharge as a result of variations in blood pressure. The concomitant increase in respiratory minute volume modulates the effectiveness of the input from the carotid chemoreceptors through changes in the central inspiratory neuronal activity and the activity of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors, and changes in PaCO2 The autonomic responses are also influenced by the extent to which the brainstem defence areas are activated, which in turn depends on the potency of the chemoreceptor stimulus and the level of activity existing in the defence areas, and by the effects of the reflex secretions of suprarenal catecholamines.
Respiratory mechanisms modulating cardiovascular responses of chemoreceptor origin
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary respiratory, cardiac, and peripheral vascular responses to stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors are hyperventilation, bradycardia, and vasoconstriction in most vascular territories. The cardiac and vascular responses may, however, be suppressed or even reversed by mechanisms occurring secondarily to the hyperventilation. Important amongst these mechanisms are an increase in central respiratory activity, an increase in activity of lung stretch afferents, and a fall in PaCO2 These respiratory mechanisms account for the tachycardia and vasodilatation seen in the spontaneous breathing animal on selective stimulation of the carotid bodies.
Role of brainstem defence areas
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors in animals in which conventional anaesthetics are used, such as chloralose, urethane, or a barbiturate, causes an increase in respiratory minute volume, bradycardia, and selective peripheral vasoconstriction, responses which may be suppressed or even reversed by mechanisms secondary to the hyperventilation. These anaesthetics are known to depress transmission through the brainstem defence areas. When transmission is preserved by using high decerebrate unanaesthetized animals or animals under light Althesin anaesthesia, stimulation of the carotid bodies causes not bradycardia and selective peripheral vasoconstriction but a pattern of response indistinguishable from that of direct excitation of the brainstem defence areas, namely hyperventilation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction in the mesenteric and renal circulations, and vasodilatation in skeletal muscle due to activation of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator fibres or inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibres.