bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Issues in Voluntary Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnant Women
Authors: King Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Second, HIV infection has social, psychological, and ethical dimensions that extend far beyond those found elsewhere in medicine, with the possible exception of medical genetics. As a result, the legal precedents are of especially limited value in the HIV context. For example, the prevalence of HIV infection varies dramatically from one part of the country to another, thus putting at issue the question of whether the legal standard will be applied in a manner that takes account of the national prevalence of HIV infection or some prevalence of infection based on smaller geographical units.
Reproductive Decision Making in the Context of HIV: The Case for Nondirective Coun
Authors: Kass Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For thousands of years, women have been counseled, instructed, persuaded, or forced to follow certain behaviors while pregnant, either for their own benefit or for the benefit of the fetus. Beliefs about how directive these interactions ought to be have changed over time. Consistent with a general trend in medical ethics in the United Sates during the past several decades toward increased respect for patient autonomy, the model of counseling most often endorsed in recent years advocates • providing patients with complete information but allowing them to make their own decisions based on their own values and preferences. This emphasis on respect for patient autonomy has been particularly pronounced in the areas of genetic testing and reproductive decisions.
The Neogrammarian Hypothesis and Pandemic Irregularity
Authors: Blust Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formulation of a principle that sound change is inherently exceptionless, even when appearances may suggest otherwise, is commonly attributed to the Junggram matiker or ‘Neogrammarians’-a group of Indo-European comparativists who worked at the University of Leipzig in the 1870s. In this historical context it is clear that the Neogrammarian hypothesis was inspired by the then recent successes of Hermann Grassmann (1863) and Karl Verner (1876) in explaining phonological changes which had long appeared to be exceptions to Grimm’s Law. According to Lehmann (1967: 197) ‘the central axiom, that sound laws have no exceptions, was first published by the oldest of the group, August Leskien in Die Deklination im Slavisch-litauischen und Germanischen (1876).’ Two years later, in the preface to a new journal founded by Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugmann, Brugmann wrote (and both founders signed) a statement of philosophical position which can, with some justification, be called the ‘N eogrammarian manifesto’.
Black
Authors: Rorabaugh W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in the last century, Oakland became a working terminus for the Southern Pacific Railroad and a crew change point for the Pullman Company, which employed large numbers of blacks as porters on its passenger cars. Because Pullman porters often received large tips, jobs with the Pullman Company were among the best that a black man could find. Some porters married and settled down to raise families in a small black community that grew near the railroad yards. In this community porters remained an elite until the waning of passenger trains in the mid-twentieth century.
Green
Authors: Rorabaugh W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years after World War II, when the country underwent anticommunist hysteria and turned against the Left, a tide of regimented conformism all but submerged the American tradition of individualism. This trend dominated not only politics but also the arts. Architects turned to the functional, barren Bauhaus school with its cold, hard look. The style echoed; although few Americans knew it, the aesthetics not only of the Weimar Republic but also of Mussolini and Hitler. On the Berkeley campus both Sproul Hall and Dwindle Hall were built with balconies in the fascist manner. Painters moved from the social realism of the thirties to an unprecedented use of the abstract.
Human Evolution
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So Said Benjamin Disraeli. It has become clear, however, that the rest of us surely share a common ancestry with the apes. We belong, in fact, to the order of creatures known as primates-in the biological rather than the ecclesiastical meaning of the term. The primates, in turn, are considered the highest order of the class known as mammals, so called because they suckle their young. Modern primates include lemurs, monkeys, anthropoid apes, and, of course, ourselves. It is convenient to begin the story of human evolution not with the primates themselves but with an extinct species, the dinosaur.
The Evolution of Language
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No Such Doubts appear to have dissuaded Noam Chomsky from his Cartesian view that human language is unique, although it must be said that recent research has rather neglected the pig. In his 1966 book Cartesian Linguistics, Chomsky wrote of the difference be tween human language and other forms of animal communication as follows: The unboundedness of human speech, as an expression of limitless thought, is an entirely different matter [from animal communication], because of the freedom from stimulus control and the appropriateness to new situations Modern studies of animal communication so far offer no counterevidence to the Cartesian assumption that human language is based on an entirely different principle.
Demographic Applications
Authors: Carey James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to fourfold. First, to apply some of the basic demographic principles to specific problems in population analysis. For example, I show how stable theory can be used to estimate growth rate in field populations. Second, to interrelate some of the standard tools in applied biology (e.g., probit analysis) to conventional demography (e.g., life table). Third, to show four different approaches to fitting curves that are common in biology and demography. Fourth, to demonstrate applications of demography to practical problems of insect mass rearing.
Introduction
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The few geologists who have read Robert Hooke’s Discourse of Earthquakes have been astonished by his almost clairvoyant postulations concerning the formation of geomorphological features, the origin and usefulness of fossils, biological evolution, and all the dynamic changes that constantly take place on this planet. Hooke’s ideas have been shown to reach beyond those of his contemporary, the Dane Nicholas Steno (1638-1686), who is widely hailed as a founder of geology. There is also evidence that James Hutton (1726-1797), who had some knowledge of Hooke’s hypothesis of the terraqueous globe, incorporated much of what Hooke pronounced into his own theory, a theory that laid the foundation of modern geology. Hooke was therefore important in the history of Earth science, as he was in the development of many other fields of scientific and technological endeavour. The purpose of this volume is not to engage in a search for Hutton’s precursors but to present the ideas of Robert Hooke concerning the Earth and to analyze them in light of the prevailing knowledge in the 17th century, placing the man in historical context and revealing his vital role in the development of the science of geology.
Hooke’s Theory of Evolution and Attitude toward God and Time
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the thirty years during which Hooke discoursed on “Earthquakes,” he never wavered from his fundamental concepts on (1) the origin of fossils, (2) petrifaction, (3) evolution, (4) the shape of the Earth, (5) polar wandering. (6) universal gravitation, (7) cyclicity of many terrestrial processes and (8) that subtcrrancous eruptions and earthquakes cause changes to the terrestrial surface and the exchange of land and sea areas. What crept into his later discourses was a need to bring God into his picture of the system of the Earth-not to show the presence of God’s hand in all phenomena hut to show that natural causes, and natural explanations, do not gainsay God. From the start he questioned the validity of the narration in Genesis and asserted that Noah’s flood was nothing special, not because he was a disbeliever hut because he distrusted the truthfulness and accuracy of the biblical account, which, after all, he reasoned, was written by men about things that happened before the invention of writing. Still, God and the Bible entered into his lectures as the general political and religious climate of England became more steeped in ecclesiastical doctrines around the time of the ascension to the throne by William III of Orange and hi wife Mary II in 1689.
Plagiarism or Paranoia?
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hooke has been singled out among all the great scientists of the 17th century and characterized by some writers as “cantankerous” in his claims of priority and disputes over ideas. Yet if one studies the intellectual milieu of the time, the controversies and rivalries of the type in which he was involved seem almost to be the rule rather than the exception, And Hooke’s reaction to such controversy involving his own discoveries and inventions seems mild in comparison to the behavior of some of his contemporaries. Because Hooke was involved in more experiments and observations and articulated more hypotheses than many, it follows that perhaps more of these controversie5 surrounded his person than they did others. But I have shown several notable incidents involving friends and colleagues such as Boyle and Mayow in which Hooke clearly had priority, but he never disputed their claim. His attempts to defend himself against his detractors or those who pirated his ideas, however, have earned him the labels “paranoid,” “suspicious,” “jealous,’· and “unusually vitriolic” by modern writers. Furthermore, his behavior is sometimes considered “notorious.” As unfair as these labels seem to me, it is the argument that his behavior associated with these disputes is “antithetic to genteel values” of the time and that such quarrels are more associated with tradesmen than intellectuals (Shapin, 1989, p. 276) that is a matter of debate.
Final Assessment
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As sociologist Robert Merton (1970) noted, it was not so much a sudden biologic emergence of gifted people in the 17th century that caused the flowering of science but rather the interest of extraordinary people in the same things. Hooke was not alone in his scientific interests and pursuits. The spectrum of his interests was so broad, in fact, that his activities converged with those of many others. His colleagues in the Royal Society devoted much thought and debate to geology, especially to the question of the origin of fossils. Scholars on the continent were also interested in geology. Historian Rachel Laudan (1987) argues eloquently that geology as a science actually developed from the European (continental) tradition of the Wernerian School at Preiberg, which emphasized a chemical-mineralogical approach to the study of the Earth, while the British tradition, centering on the general principle of plutonism, was insular, isolated, and of lesser importance. It is perhaps true that English-speaking geologists have long ignored the European, continental development, but what they consider the mainstream, the British tradition, was neither minor nor insular. The spread of knowledge was quite effective even in the 17th century, as evidenced in the correspondence of the Royal Society of London. By the 18th century such communication between Britain and the continent had become routine among the ever-increasing numbers of learned societies all over Europe. British ideas, therefore, were central to the intellectual debate of the time.
The sentient forager
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose you awake tomorrow morning to discover you’ve become an anole. Will you know what to do? Will you live or die? Well, if you’ve watched enough anoles, you could imitate what you’ve seen. But it would clearly be better to know why an anole does what it does. Then you could adjust to new circumstances, including those you hadn’t encountered before. This chapter is about how to prosper as an anole. It’s not about all there is to an anole’s life, but an important part-what to eat, how what you eat affects how fast you grow, and when to stop growing and to start reproducing.
Introduction: On Psychohistorical Method
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychohistory is often defined as an “auxiliary science” like numismatics or statistics, which may, with profit, be “applied” to history. I propose something more radical and ambitious-a dual discipline and a dual career-that is not subordinate but integral at the point of contact be tween the subject (the researcher or clinician) and his or her data (documents and texts or analysands).
The inner world of vladimir zhirinovsky: the self-presentation of a “hero”
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a psychopolitical evaluation and analysis of the autobiography of the radical-right Russian leader V. V. Zhirinovsky, Last Dash to the South.1 The utilization of psychoanalysis in political policy studies has a heritage that goes back at least to the distinguished work of Harold Lasswell, Nathan Leites, and Alexander George. The most famous case was the wartime study of Hitler done for the OSS in 1943 by Walter Langer, Henry Murray, Ernst Kris, and Bertram Lewin, which was later declassified and published.2 I view this paper as a contribution to that tradition of scholarship.
Book VIII
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the first show of Dawn, great Alcinous left his couch, as did that ravager of cities, Odysseus, kinsman of Zeus. The anointed King led him to the formal meeting place of the Phaeacians, where it had been contrived amongst the shipping. There they sat them down side by side on benches of polished stone: while Pallas Athene in the guise of the King’s herald went up and down the city furthering her scheme for getting brave Odysseus home.
Book XII
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Ocean’s pouring stream our ship measured the open rolling seas even to . Æaea, the isle of sunrise where Dawn the fore-runner has her house and dancing-floor: there we grounded the ship among the sand-banks and went out upon the beach, to sleep and wait for day. When the light came I sent a party up to Circe’s house to bring down dead Elpenor’s body.
Aging as a Worldwide Phenomenon
Authors: Miles Toni P , Brody Jacob A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the first time in the history of humanity, large numbers of persons are surviving to older and older ages. This dramatic shift in the age structure of human populations is a process which is now occurring almost universally in countries across the globe. The process of population aging is best studied using mortality and survival statistics. Each country has similarities and differences in these statistics, which make it possible for us to measure rates of population aging. For students of biological anthropology and human population biology, it is the variation in the details of these events that is of particular interest. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the occurrence of aging worldwide and to familiarize the reader with associated trends in causes of death and health status.
Human Population Biology and the Evolution of Aging
Authors: Wood James W , Weeks Stephen C , Bentley Gillian R , Weiss Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With some oversimplification, most current ideas about the mechanisms of human aging can be dichotomized into two contrasting positions, which we will call the gerontological (GR) and the epidemiological (EP) points of view. In the extreme GR view, the various aspects of aging reflect a single unitary process that is programmed in a central way. We call this position “geronto logical” because it has been a dominant paradigm within the field of gerontology, at least until very recently (Finch, 1990). According to that paradigm, it is meaningful to think of the life span as a single measurable phenotype and to treat age patterns of fertility and mortality during the later segments of life as controlled by one underlying mechanism that has evolved and can be compared across species. Researchers who adopt this view spend much of their time searching for common biological factors that may explain several aspects of aging at once. From this perspective, linkages among life-span events and processes (e.g., similar accelerations in risk with age among different senescent diseases, or parallel declines in fertility and survival with age) are a foregone conclusion.
Aging and Adaptation to the Environment
Authors: Beall Cynthia M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human adaptation to environmental stressors such as heat, cold, and high altitude has been studied for decades, but nearly all work has focussed on young adults and, to a lesser extent, on children (e.g,. Dill, 1964; Baker and Weiner, 1966; Damon, 1975; Frisancho, 1985). This reflects the theoretical paradigm that evolutionary processes enhancing genetic fitness result in well-adapted individuals of reproductive age. In this context, a logical focus of enquiry to identify the results of evolutionary processes was to examine the group with the highest fertility and their offspring. However, the worldwide demographic aging transition in the past few decades has led to the realization that significant proportions of human populations can and do live past the usual reproductive years. This has raised theoretical and empirical questions regarding the evolution and biology of the late reproductive and postre productive human life span.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome among Grocery Store Workers
Authors: Osorio Ana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) involves entrapment of the median nerve in the region of the wrist and is associated with forceful and repetitive wrist motion. Studies of various occupational groups have demonstrated an increased prevalence of CTS: car seat sewers, aircraft engine assemblers, and butchers (Armstrong, 1979; Cannon, 1981; Falck, 1983).
Cytogenetic Study of Workers Exposed to Ethylene Dibromide
Authors: Steenland Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is a colorless gas that has been widely used until recently as a pesticide to fumigate grain, treat soil, and fumigate fruit. EDB has been shown to be highly mutagenic, and carcinogenic at multiple sites in animals. Two mortality studies have been conducted among small cohorts of chemical workers exposed to EDB, but there have been inconclusive regarding cancer due to very small sample sizes and uncertainty regarding the actual exposures of the workers (Ter Haar, 1980; Ott et al., 1980). EDB has also been shown to have toxic effects on sperm in animals.
Triste Amérique: Atala and the Postrevolutionary Construction of Woman
Authors: Schor Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians and art historians have in recent years begun to recognize the extraordinary significance of the prevalence of feminine civic allegory in the iconography produced by the French Revolution. As Lynn Hunt writes: “The appearance of feminine allegorization was momentous for it became associated with the Republic ever after.” Though, as Hunt beautifully documents, the figure of Marianne, emblem of Liberty and of the French Republic, did not immediately impose itself as the unique, consensual icon of national sovereignty, from the time of its first appearance in 1792 it became an increasingly powerful visual source of legitimation for the successive revolutionary regimes that ruled France and eventually, after periods of eclipse and contestation, the official symbol of the state.
Being René, Buying Atala: Alienated Subjects and Decorative Objects in Postrevolutionary France
Authors: Waller Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The canon of nineteenth-century French literature begins with a strange coupling. At the turn of the century, Frarnçois-René de Chateaubriand published his first two novels separately, only to pair them a few years later. Together, the two works form a diptych in which men exchange stories about the dead women who had loved them. In Atala, a half-civilized American Indian, Chactas, tells how his lover, Atala, died to save her virginity.
The United States, Japan, And The Vietnam War, 1964-68
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Vietnam War, fought, in part, for and from Japan, had nearly as dramatic an impact on Japanese-American relations as the Korean conflict did. In addition to its military and political consequences, the war hastened Japan’s emergence as a global economic power. Japan’s role as a logistic base and tacit ally in the war revived a massive anti-American protest movement, compelled the Johnson administration to make numerous concessions on issues such as trade, China, and Okinawa, and contributed to a dramatic transformation in the relationship between the two allies.
“A Revolutionary, Not a Politician”
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1954 the CCR succeeded in consolidating its authority over the country and established itself as the only viable alternative to the old regime. The pivotal moment was the March crisis, when the CCR faced the combined opposition of the old political parties, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Left, much of the independent intelligentsia, and significant units within the armed forces. The extent and scope of this opposition underlined for the officers the immentsity of their failure to silence active antagonists, and impressed upon them their failure to capture public support for their revolution, either the reforms or the purges. The call of the March opposition, sparked by the dismissal of Muhammad Nagib, resounded loudly and clearly: power must return to civilian hands, the officers must return to the barracks, the revolution must end.
“Stability, in Whatever Guise”
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reeling from the shock of street demonstrations and the threat of mutiny in the armor barracks, the CCR on March 5, 1954, announced steps to end the period of transitional rule and facilitate the return of parliamentary life. Along with the decree, the CCR proclaimed an immediate end to all press censorship effective the following day. From March 6 to 28, when the officers reasserted full authority over the country, Egypt experienced a brief renaissance of open political discourse. During these three weeks, debate on the future of the country, constrained since the CCR’s assumption of direct military rule in January 1953, flourished in an atmosphere of hope, expecta-tion, and no small degree of reckless bravado.
“Each of You Shall Be Carnal”
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the third year of their rule the Free Officers’ revolution finally began to take form. Prior to March 1954 the officers denned their revolution primarily in terms of internal political struggles. Out of those struggles was born the will to rule Egypt, reinforced by the belief that only the CCR could prevent the country from reverting to the “party politics” of the old regime. Following the March crisis the officers conclusively abandoned plans to restore democratic life in the near future. An indefatigable opposition, communist and Muslim Brother led, conditioned their consolidation of power.