bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight loss predicts mortality after recurrent oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinomas
Authors: Nguyen Thao V. , Yueh Bevan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe prognosis of patients with recurrent tumors of the head and neck generally is considered poor. Better prediction of outcomes can help physicians counsel patients about the merits of additional treatment. The TNM system, which was created for patients with primary tumors, may not provide optimal information. Anatomic staging systems traditionally have ignored symptom‐based variables, such as weight loss, despite their known prognostic value. The objectives of this study were 1) to measure the prognostic impact of weight loss, 2) to evaluate the prognostic value of the TNM staging system, and 3) to create a practical staging system capable of predicting survival after patients develop recurrent tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx.METHODSA retrospective chart review was used to identify an inception cohort of patients seeking treatment for recurrent, persistent, and second primary tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx at the University of Washington. The primary outcome variable was 1‐year survival.RESULTSThe 1‐year survival rate for the cohort (n = 97 patients) was 38%, with a median survival of 0.7 years. Multivariate analysis (Cox regression) identified weight loss, previous radiation to the head and neck, and TNM stage of the recurrent tumor as factors that had a substantial impact on mortality. A second multivariate technique called conjunctive consolidation was used to determine the relative quantitative impact of each variable on survival and to develop a clinical staging system. Weight loss and previous radiation had the greatest influence, and the use of just these two variables resulted in a three‐tiered staging system with 1‐year survival rates of 62% (16 of 26 patients), 44% (18 of 41 patients), and 10% (3 of 30 patients). In contrast, the TNM staging system produced survival rates of 60% (patients with Stage I disease), 67% (patients with Stage II disease), 32% (patients with Stage III disease), and 32% (patients with Stage IV disease).CONCLUSIONSThe authors found substantial variation in survival after patients developed recurrent tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Two readily available clinical variables—weight loss and previous radiation—were combined to create a clinically practical staging scheme with more prognostic power than the TNM staging system. Until molecular markers can reliably used be to predict outcomes, greater attention needs to be given to the utility of simple, inexpensive, and surprisingly powerful clinical variables. Cancer 2002;95:553–62. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10711
Is micropapillary serous carcinoma for real?
Authors: Gershenson David M. 
Published: October 2002

Approximately 3000 American women are diagnosed with borderline ovarian tumors annually. The most common histologic type of borderline ovarian tumor is the serous type. The article by Bristow et al. focuses on two of the major clinical controversies regarding serous borderline tumors: the significance and classification of the micropapillary pattern and the optimal treatment of recurrence, specifically the role of secondary cytoreductive surgery.See also pages 675–6 and 791–800.
Primary afferent input to and receptive field properties of cells in rat lumbar area X
Authors: Wall Patrick D. , Kerr Bradley J. , Ramer Matt S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study we examined the primary afferent input to rat area X of Rexed, and characterized sensory receptive fields (RFs) of the cells therein. This poorly understood area contains primary afferent fibres, some of which are arranged into a compact bundle beneath the central canal. Anterograde transport of the B fragment of cholera toxin (CTB) from the sciatic nerve showed a strictly ipsilateral projection to segments in L4 and L5 but both ipsi‐ and contralateral projections in L6 and more caudal segments. The response of cells in area X to mechanical cutaneous stimuli was recorded through extracellular microelectrodes in decerebrate, decerebrate‐spinal, and urethane‐anaesthetised preparations. The lateral edge of area X was marked by an abrupt change in the RFs: Lateral to area X in the dorsal horn, they were strictly unilateral and relatively small. At a mean of 90 μm from the midline, there was an abrupt expansion of the RFs to cover at least the entire ipsilateral dermatome. Within area X, 70% of the cells' RFs extended across the midline to include contralateral skin. In 35% of cells recorded in rats with intact spinal cords, the RF extended rostrally onto the forelimb. In a small number of cells, the RF included ear pinnae and nose. The precise function of area X cells remains unknown; although they have been shown to be involved in visceral reflexes, the fact that they receive convergent input from a wide variety of tissues and from local and remote body parts implies a more generalized, integrative function. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:298–306, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal and regional expression of NMDA receptor subunit NR3A in the mammalian brain
Authors: Wong Hon‐Kit , Liu Xiao‐Bo , Matos Maria F. , Chan Shing Fai , Pérez‐Otaño Isabel , Boysen Megan , Cui Jiankun , Nakanishi Nobuki , Trimmer James S. , Jones Edward G. , Lipton Stuart A. , Sucher Nikolaus J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNR3A is a developmentally regulated N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit that was previously known as NMDAR‐L or χ‐1. Unlike other NMDAR subunits, NR3A inhibits the NMDAR‐associated ion channel in a novel manner, and a role in synaptogenesis has been suggested for this subunit. Here, we report a comprehensive study to delineate the temporal and anatomic expression of NR3A protein in the mammalian brain by using a monoclonal anti‐NR3A antibody. NR3A protein was found to peak at postnatal day (P) 8, and to decrease gradually from P12 to adulthood in the rat central nervous system. Moreover, NR3A protein was heavily expressed in all areas of the isocortex, portions of the amygdaloid nuclei, and selective cell layers and nuclei of the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord. NR3A protein was also expressed in the cerebellar cortex, whereas only weak signal was detected in the previous in situ studies by using riboprobes. At an ultrastructural level, NR3A was associated specifically with asymmetrical synapses and localized to postsynaptic membranes. This information will facilitate future research on NMDARs by providing clues to possible inclusion of the NR3A subunit in NMDARs in many brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:303–317, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal development of projections to the basolateral amygdala from prefrontal and thalamic structures in rat
Authors: Bouwmeester Hans , Smits Kim , Van Ree Jan M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently an animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders has been developed. In this model the effects of an early neonatal [postnatal day 7 (Pd7)] basolateral amygdala lesion are compared with the effects of a lesion later in life (Pd21). Early amygdala damage results in enduring behavioral disturbances that become more manifest after puberty. These disturbances were not present in animals lesioned at Pd21. Accordingly it was postulated that the early damage may affect the neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization and functioning of other brain structures. To obtain information on the innervation of the amygdala during normal development, we used the retrograde tracer fluoro‐gold. From neonatal day 7 onward (studied until Pd19), retrogradely labeled cells were present in the caudal and rostral thalamus, the substantia innominata, and the prefrontal but not the caudal cortex. Development of the topography of the projecting cells differed substantially for the thalamic regions and substantia innominata vs. the cortical regions. In thalamic regions and substantia innominata. no changes were observed during the studied period (Pd7–Pd9). In the prefrontal cortex, the number of labeled cells increased (from Pd7 to Pd13), the topography of the location of the cells changed from unilateral to bilaminar (from Pd9 to Pd13), and the number of subareas in which the cells were present increased (from Pd7 to Pd13). In the caudal cortex, relatively few cells were present up to Pd15. From Pd17 onward, a bilaminar topography of the location of the cells was observed. These data provide information on the circuitry that may be involved in the aberrant neurodevelopment of neonatally amygdala‐lesioned rats, which has been proposed as an animal model for neurodevelopmental psychopathological disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:241–255, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial expression of estrogen and androgen receptors after rat brain injury
Authors: García‐Ovejero Daniel , Veiga Sergio , García‐Segura Luis Miguel , Doncarlos Lydia L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEstrogens and androgens can protect neurons from death caused by injury to the central nervous system. Astrocytes and microglia are major players in events triggered by neural lesions. To determine whether glia are direct targets of estrogens or androgens after neural insults, steroid receptor expression in glial cells was assessed in two different lesion models. An excitotoxic injury to the hippocampus or a stab wound to the parietal cortex and hippocampus was performed in male rats, and the resultant expression of steroid receptors in glial cells was assessed using double‐label immunohistochemistry. Both lesions induced the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and androgen receptors (ARs) in glial cells. ERα was expressed in astrocytes immunoreactive (ERα‐ir) for glial fibrillary acidic protein or vimentin. AR immunoreactivity colocalized with microglial markers, such as Griffonia simplicifolia lectin‐1 or OX‐6. The time course of ER and AR expression in glia was studied in the stab wound model. ERα‐ir astrocytes and AR‐ir microglia were observed 3 days after lesion. The number of ERα‐ir and AR‐ir glial cells reached a maximum 7 days after lesion and returned to low levels by 28 days postinjury. The studies of ERβ expression in glia were inconclusive; different results were obtained with different antibodies. In sum, these results suggest that reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia are a direct target for estrogens and androgens, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:256–271, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential gene expression of adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors in the human enteric nervous system
Authors: Christofi Fievos L. , Zhang Huiming , Yu Jun‐Ge , Guzman Jorge , Xue Jianjing , Kim Minsoo , Wang Y.‐Z. , Cooke Helen J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAdenosine receptors (ADORs) in the enteric nervous system may be of importance in the control of motor and secretomotor functions. Gene expression and distribution of neural adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, or A3 receptors (Rs) in the human intestine was investigated using immunochemical, Western blotting, RT‐PCR, and short‐circuit current (Isc) studies. Adenosine A1R, A2aR, A2bR, or A3R mRNAs were differentially expressed in neural and nonneural layers of the jejunum, ileum, colon, and cecum and in HT‐29, T‐84, T98G, and Bon cell lines. A1R, A2aR, A2bR, and A3R immunoreactivities (IRs) were differentially expressed in PGP 9.5‐immunoreactive neurons. A2bR IR occurs exclusively in 50% of submucosal vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons (interneurons, secretomotor or motor neurons) in jejunum, but not colon; A2aR is also found in other neurons. A3R IR occurs in 57% of substance P‐positive jejunal submucosal neurons (putative intrinsic primary afferent neurons) and less than 10% of VIP neurons. Western blots revealed bands for A3R at 44 kDa, 52 kDa, and 66 kDa. A2aR and A2bR are coexpressed in enteric neurons and epithelial cells. 5′‐N‐methylcarboxamidoadenosine or carbachol evoked an increase in Isc. A2bR IR is more prominent than A2aR IR in myenteric neurons, nerve fibers, or glia. A1R is expressed in jejunal myenteric neurons and colonic submucosal neurons. Regional differences also exist in smooth muscle expression of ADOR IR(s). It is concluded that neural and nonneural A1, A2a, A2b, and A3Rs may participate in the regulation of neural reflexes in the human gut. Clear cell and regional differences exist in ADOR gene expression, distribution, localization, and coexpression. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:46–64, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of corticostriatal projections from the vibrissal representations in the primary motor and somatosensory cortical areas of rodents
Authors: Hoffer Zachary S. , Alloway Kevin D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo characterize corticostriatal projections from rodent sensorimotor cortex, the anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and fluororuby (FR) were injected into the whisker representations of the primary motor (MI) and somatosensory (SI) cortices. Reconstructions of labeled terminals and their beaded varicosities in the neostriatum and thalamus were analyzed quantitatively to determine the degree of labeled overlap in both of these subcortical structures. Corticostriatal projections from the vibrissal representation in MI were more extensive than corresponding projections from SI. Both cortical areas sent dense projections to the dorsolateral neostriatum, but the MI vibrissal representation also projected to regions located more rostrally and medially. Despite these differences, both MI and SI projected to overlapping parts of the dorsolateral neostriatum. Tracer injections in both cortical areas also produced dense anterograde and retrograde labeling in the medial sector of the posterior complex of the thalamus (POm). Because POm is somatotopically organized and has reciprocal connections with both SI and MI cortices, the amount of labeled overlap in POm was used to indicate whether the tracers were injected into corresponding whisker representations of MI and SI. We found that the proportion of labeled overlap in the neostriatum was highly correlated with the amount of labeled overlap in POm. These results indicate that the rodent neostriatum receives convergent projections from corresponding regions in MI and SI cortex. Furthermore, the thalamocortical projections of the POm indicate that it may modulate corticostriatal outputs from corresponding representations in MI and SI. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:87–103, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment
Authors: Lam Yuk‐Ming , Xin John H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study psychophysical experiments were conducted to investigate the visual color differences of 77 textile metamers using a gray‐scale rating method under five D65 simulators. The quality of each of the D65 simulators was quantified according to the method provided in CIE Publication No. 51.2 using the visible range metamerism index (MIvis). The five D65 simulators were categorized from A to D according to their MIvis values. The color difference of each metameric pair was calculated using the spectral power distribution (SPD) of CIE illuminant D65 and artificial SPDs of D65 simulators. The performance factor (PF/3) was used to indicate the agreement between visual differences under five D65 simulators as well as between instrumental color difference and visual difference. Observer accuracy and observer repeatability were also analyzed by PF/3 measure. The experiment results showed that the visual data obtained from category A and B D65 simulators were in good agreement with the PF/3 measure and had no statistical difference in a pair comparison t test. The results also indicated that better agreement between instrumental and visual color differences was obtained using the artificial SPDs of the D65 simulator than with the SPD of CIE illuminant D65. The general color rendering index, Ra, for each D65 simulator was calculated by the CIE No. 13.3 method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 243–251, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10061
Finite‐element modeling of multibody contact and its application to active faults
Authors: Xing H. L. , Makinouchi A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEarthquakes have been recognized as resulting from a stick–slip frictional instability along the faults between deformable rocks. An arbitrarily‐shaped contact element strategy, named the node‐to‐point contact element strategy, is proposed, applied with the static‐explicit characters to handle the friction contact between deformable bodies with stick and finite frictional slip and extended here to simulate the active faults in the crust with a more general nonlinear friction law. An efficient contact search algorithm for contact problems among multiple small and finite deformation bodies is also introduced. Moreover, the efficiency of the parallel sparse solver for the nonlinear friction contact problem is investigated. Finally, a model for the plate movement in the north‐east zone of Japan under gravitation is taken as an example to be analyzed with different friction behaviors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: a treatment efficacy model
Authors: Welch Kenneth L. , Beere Donald B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), though controversial, is increasingly utilized for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews the debate concerning efficacy and concludes that the evidence, though not definitive, supports EMDR's positive treatment effects. The authors argue that EMDR is a therapeutic intervention different from exposure. The authors set forth three interrelated hypotheses to explain EMDR's therapeutic mechanism: bilateral hemispheric activation, normalized brain activation patterns, and activation/desensitization of emotion/arousal; avoidant/constricted attention is disrupted, allowing normalizing processes to occur. Lowered arousal then leads to a resumption of more adaptive cognitive processing. Some predictions to test this model are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase of sensitivity of sputum cytology using high‐resolution image cytometry: Field study results
Authors: Palcic Branko , Garner David M. , Beveridge Jack , Sun Xiao Rong , Doudkine Alexei , MacAulay Calum , Lam Stephen , Payne Peter W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the developed world. There is no widely accepted method to screen for this cancer. The most commonly used method remains conventional sputum cytology, but this method is hampered by low sensitivity. We tested the hypothesis that sensitivity of sputum cytology for early lung cancer can be greatly improved by using image analysis of sputum cells, at a modest reduction of specificity.The study was double‐blinded and used sputum samples from subjects with well‐characterized clinical diagnoses. There were 177 cancers, 98 dysplasias, and 558 normals. The study samples were separated into two independent sets: training set and test set. Sputum samples were collected prospectively from subjects with a high probability of having lung cancer. Seven institutions from five countries participated in the study. All subjects had complete clinical diagnoses which included, as a minimum, negative chest x‐rays for all negative cancers, while all cancers had confirmed tissue pathology. Samples were prepared according to the Saccomanno method. For conventional cytology, slides were stained using Papanicolaou stain. For image analysis, slides were stained using a DNA‐specific (Feulgen‐Thionin) stain. An automated, high‐resolution image cytometer was used for measurements.At 90% specificity, sensitivity of 60% can be achieved for adenocarcinoma, compared to only 14% sensitivity of conventional cytology (at 99% specificity). Similarly, 45% sensitivity at 90% specificity can be reached for stages 0 and I lung cancer, compared to only 14% (at 99% specificity) using conventional cytology.Cytometry combined with conventional cytology shows an increase in sensitivity to early‐stage cancer and to adenocarcinomas compared to conventional cytology alone. While the results are encouraging, the sensitivity to detect early lung cancer should be further improved to 70–80% at 90–95% specificity before this test can be considered for screening of high‐risk individuals for lung cancer. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:168–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QoS maintenance for fair queueing algorithms in wireless mobile networks
Authors: Lee Suwon , Ahmad Aftab , Kim Kiseon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn order to extend fair queueing algorithms to wireless networks, we propose a channel error and handoff compensation scheme. A compensation is performed by a compensation server and a priority swapping mechanism. The proposed compensation scheme provides a short‐term fairness guarantee for an error‐free session, long‐term fairness guarantee for an erroneous session, fast handoff and traffic‐specific quality of service control. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of integrating voice and data services over PACS systems in a multicarrier environment
Authors: Wen Jyh‐Horng , Lin Jen‐Yung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study the performance of integrating voice and data services over PACS systems in a multicarrier environment. Several time‐slot allocation schemes are proposed. With continuous‐time Markov model, the performance can be evaluated. The results show that while using one system broadcast channel (SBC), the blocking rate of circuit mode services and system throughput are improved, at the sacrifice of increasing the blocking probability of packet mode services. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of calcineurin B subunit from genetic engineering for use in medicine
Authors: Wei Qun , Lian Mu L. , Jing Feng Z. , Zhang Ning , Yan Ming S. , Chen Yan , Gao Qin S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCalcineurin is the only calcium‐ and calmodulin‐dependent protein phosphatase. Calcineurin B is its regulatory subunit with a molecular weight of 19 kD. In order to study the function of calcineurin B subunit alone, we effectively expressed at high levels and purified calcineurin B subunit from Escherichia coli. Approximately 500 mg of electrophoretically pure protein was obtained from 1 liter of culture. Our experiments demonstrated that calcineurin B subunit by itself produces physiological and pharmacological effects. Preliminary cell and immune studies indicated that while calcineurin B subunit has no direct effect on cell growth, it is a valuable immune regulation reagent. The anti‐cancer effect of calcineurin B subunit was remarkable, especially in vivo, since it reduced the ascites and growth of cancer in the mouse and prolonged the life of the mouse with cancer. The toxicity of calcineurin B was negligible according to results from the acute toxicity experiment. The calcineurin B subunit appears to be a significant biological response modifier. Drug Dev. Res. 56:40–43, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.