bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scattering of Ultrasound
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the complex structure of most biological media, the scattered signal arising from an incident pulsed ultrasound beam is generally difficult to fully interpret, even when details of the structure are available. To address this problem, it is helpful to start by assuming a plane harmonic wave incident on a simple symmetrical scattering structure. Now any incident harmonic wave can be treated as a superposition of plane harmonic waves, and any pulse can be transformed into a spectrum of frequencies, so that a solution to the plane harmonic wave scattering problem enables a more general problem to be solved. Many methods of solution have been used, all of which are based on either exact or approximate solution of the wave equation. The boundary value method, initially used by Rayleigh [1,2] to obtain approximate solutions for spherical and cylindrical scatterers by acoustic waves, will first be studied. Small spherical scatterers are frequently used to model the structure of soft biological media [3], and in addition a simple spherical scatterer or a smalldiameter wire is sometimes used to measure the pulse-echo response of an ultrasound transducer. Moreover, an array of such objects can be used to determine the performance of an imaging system. A Green’s function approach can be used to arrive at an integral solution for the scattered wave, and this is especially helpful when the density and compressibility of the scattering region vary in a continuous manner. Since the integrand involves the sum of the incident and scattered fields, it is generally appropriate to make the Born approximation in which the scattered field is assumed to be small compared to that incident.
“Busy” Louie at the Golden Gloves
Authors: Wacquant Loöc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seven weeks of preparation. Fifty days of labor and sweat, of grimaces, of mingled doubt and enthusiasm, of “monastic devotion,” as Joyce Carol Oates puts it so well. Six miles gobbled up each morning, in the arctic cold of a Chicago winter; billions of gestures, sometimes minute, simple or complex but always painstakingly executed, assiduously repeated and polished; and oh so many punches—thrown, absorbed, taken in and dished out. Tonight, I’m stepping into the ring. The moment of truth. The Chicago Golden Gloves has arrived, the most prestigious amateur tournament in the city. Proud of its seventy-something years, carrying in its wake the legend of the glory days of the Sweet science, when Chicago Stadium vied with Madison Square Garden in New York City for the pugilistic limelight. Tony Zale, Ernie Terrell, Sonny Liston, Cassius Clay first honed their skills there, first wreaked havoc there.
Envisioning Fatherhood: A Social Psychological Perspective on Young Men without Kids
Authors: Marsiglio William , Hutchinson Sally , Cohan Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the social psychology of fatherhood has grown significantly in recent years (Marsiglio, 1998). Much of the scholarship in this area focuses on how individuals construct meaning in relation to paternity, fathering, and the negotiation of family roles. Research on men’s evolving identities as fathers, and their commitments to their children, is critical for understanding these social processes and the microlevel dimensions to the fatherhood terrain. This work is particularly vital when considering the diverse paths men take on their way to acknowledging and embracing their fecundity, paternity, and father roles, respectively.
The Importance of Partners to Lesbians’ Intergenerational Relationships
Authors: Lasala Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In describing family relationships, Bowenian theory delineates the need for balance between the life forces of individuality and togetherness (Kerr & Bowen, 1988). Practitioners of Bowenian family therapy use the term differentiation of self to describe how an individual establishes autonomy from his or her family members while also maintaining meaningful connections with them (Bowen, 1978). Problems arise when family members sublimate their own needs to avoid conflict, or distance themselves by emotionally cutting off from one another. In turn, unresolved emotional issues from problematic, family-of-origin relationships are often projected onto spouses, resulting in marital strain (Kerr & Bowen, 1988).
The Evolution of Homoerotic Behavior in Humans
Authors: Muscarella Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary psychology is a fascinating new field. The evolutionary model has proven to be rich in heuristic value and has generated a wealth of academic dialogue (Buss, Haselton, Shackelford, Bleske, & Wakefield, 1998). The evolutionary explanation focuses on why a behavior exists. Contemporary advantages and disadvantages are considered largely irrelevant to the larger evolutionary question (Buss et al., 1998). Cosmides, Tooby, and Barkow (1992) have indicated that the examination of psychological mechanisms (e.g., homoeroticism) can be used to investigate the possibilities of adaptive function. A behavior may be considered adaptive if it can be demonstrated that during evolution the behavior may have solved an adaptive problem by contributing to reproduction either directly or indirectly (Buss et al., 1998; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992).
Clinical Features of Survivors of Sexual Abuse with Major Depression
Authors: Zlotnick Caron , Mattia Jill , Zimmerman Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, there as been increased interest in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and depression (e.g., see the review article by Weiss, Longhurst, & Mazure, 1999). In part, this interest is due to the consistent finding of community-based studies that there is a significantly higher rate of major depression in survivors of childhood sexual abuse compared to individuals without histories of childhood sexual abuse (e.g., Burnam et al., 1988; Russell, 1984; Saunders, Villeponteaux, Lipovsky, Kilpatrick, & Veronen, 1992). Based on this body of research, it has been estimated that nearly 60% and 39% of the overall prevalence of lifetime major depression in women and men, respectively, is associated with a history of childhood sexual abuse (Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991).
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptomatology: A Goal-Directed Response to Anticipated Traumatization?
Authors: Trumbull Dianne W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will use clinical material to illustrate how one individual’s efforts to prevent anticipated traumatization evolved into obsessive-compulsive illness. I am proposing that his obsessive-compulsive symptomatology was trauma-induced and progressed with this predictable pattern: an anticipatory state, activated by traumatic antecedents, compelled a goal-directed response that became maladaptive. I have divided the discussion into separate sections about traumatic antecedents, anticipatory arousal, and a potentially adaptive motivational state that becomes maladaptive in obsessive-compulsive illness. In the first section about traumatic antecedents, I argue that we must expand our diagnostic use of the term traumatization to include forms of interpersonal threat.
Social Work with Clients Contemplating Suicide: Complexity and Ambiguity in the Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations
Authors: Mishna Faye , Antle Beverley J , Regehr Cheryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most social workers, whatever their area of clinical practice, have worked with individuals who view suicide as their only option to relieve suffering. This situation probably more than any other clinical condition forces the practitioner to confront complex and difficult ethical, legal, and psychological questions while simultaneously managing an emotionally charged and urgent circumstance (Amchin, Wettstein, & Roth, 1990). On first inspection, the social worker’s responsibilities seem clear. Congress (1998), for instance, asserts that the NASW Code of Ethics principle permitting a social worker to break confidentiality in working with a suicidal client is “widely accepted, except by the most radical of thinkers” (p. 43). However, applying this principle to highly complex individual situations is not always s straightforward.
The Financial Vulnerability of People with Disabilities: Assessing Poverty Risks
Authors: Batavia Andrew I , Beaulaurier Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 states, “The Nation’s proper goals regarding individuals with disabilities are to assure equality of opportu-nity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for such individuals.”1 Thus, assisting the 54 million2 Americans with disabili-ties (i.e., functional or activity limitations)3 to be self-sufficient and to live independently in their communities is among the most important objectives of U.S. disability policy.4 To achieve these goals, people with disabilities need to be able to maintain financial stability, balancing their budgets and absorbing threatening shocks to their financial security such as the costs of illnesses and other short-term emergencies.
Nurturing Life with Dreams: Therapeutic Dream Work with Cancer Patients
Authors: Goelitz Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dreams can offer an effective vehicle for therapeutic work with patients managing life-threatening illness, a vulnerable group in need of a safe, supportive environment. Because of the stigma and complex emotions attached to advanced medical illness, patients tend to be isolated and inadequately supported by friends and family. Breaking the isolation and providing the requisite nurturing environment, dreams can act as a nonthreatening means to form a connection between therapist and patient. For a population that is often more able to discuss the physical aspects of disease, dreams can provide an effective vehicle for accessing the emotional aspects of that experience. This can help lessen isolation and loneliness and provide a means for discussing multiple issues of loss.
Johnny Ace
Authors: Dyson Michale Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I can remember the first time I heard Johnny Ace’s dulcet tones pouring from my stereo in the early eighties. My mother had been a huge fan of the fallen singer before he was struck dead by a bullet from his own gun in a game, she told me, of ‘‘Russian roulette.” I was intrigued by his fame, by his short life, and by the story of how he died so needlessly, so tragically, by his own hand I promised my mother that if I ever came across his album - this was long before compact discs were the widespread and popular items they now are-I would make the purchase and send her a tape of the recordmg.
James Agee
Authors: Birkerts Sven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I selected James Agee less for his literary contribution, which was distinctive and important, than for what he stands for. On the vast spectrum of the American sensibi!ty, that conjectural abstraction that shows us who we, collectively, are, and which ranges from John Wayne and General Patton on one end to Emily Dickinson on the other, James Agee represents, in his writing and his person, our conflicted and susceptible romantic nature. In considering this writer, we contemplate a tender, empathetic soul-sometimes violent in its stresses and longings-which expressed itself either in pure distilled lyricism, in the Pulitzer Prize-winning A Death in the Family, or in afar more complex way in the epoch-making documentary he made with photographer Walker Evans. Reading And Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, we feel an engaged,powerfully emotional man trying to rein in his affective nature in the interest of a more objective presentation. His bid.finally fails-James Agee cannot stop being James Agee-but the result is all the more mMing. We confront the precision, the sharp registrations of his descriptions and his portraits of tenant farmers and their families, but at the same time we detect the self-restraining impulses of a suffering witness just behind Agee s early death-he was in his midforties-robbed us of an authentic American dreamer.
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Authors: Gates Henry Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first heard Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poetry as a child. My father, 1 born in19I3 and blessed with a photographic memory, was fond of reciting long passages of poetry, to my brother and me, as we sat around the television in our living room, or at my bedside as I struggled to go to sleep. While my father’s repertoire was quite broadhe loved poems such as Kipling’s ‘1f,” Longfellow’s ‘‘Psalm of Life,” and Whittier’s “The Barefoot Boy” -his absolute favorite poem, without a doubt, was Paul Laurence Dunbar’s ‘1n the Morning,” with Dunbar’s “The Party” a close second. In other words, I was raised on Dunbar’s lyrics, especially this one: Lias! Lias! Bless de Lawd! Don’you know de day’s erbroad? Ef you don’ git up, you scamp, Dey’!! be trouble in dis camp.
Charles Grandison Finney
Authors: Morgan Edmund S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Grandison Finney probably affected the daily lives of more Americans in the nineteenth century than any other single individual His evangelical preaching of moral perfection reached hundreds of thousands and sparked the movement that led to the abolition of slavery. Charles Grandison Finney, evangelist and president of Oberlin College, was born in Warren, Connecticut, the son of Sylvester Finney and Rebecca Rice, farmers. The family moved to the town of Kirkland, Oneida County, New York, when he was two and in 1808 to Henderson, Jefferson County, near Lake Ontario. Finney attended common school and perhaps Hamilton-Oneida Academy in Clinton, and he taught school as an older teen in Henderson. At age twenty he enrolled at Warren Academy in Connecticut, decided against going on to Yale, and taught in New Jersey from 1814 to 1818, when he returned to Jefferson County to apprentice at law. Practicing in an Adams, New York, law firm and directing the local Presbyterian church choir, he began to study the Bible. Having grown up during the Second Great Awakening, Finney was aware of the strengths and weaknesses of every Protestant denomination’s evangelistic style.
Lindley Murray
Authors: Garner Bryan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Be the conser,.,ati,.,e estimate of his most recent biographer (Charles Monaghan), Lindley Murray was once a blockbuster author the likes of which the literary world has ne,.,er again seen. From 1800 to 1840, some 15.5 million copies of his literacy books sold in the United States and Great Britain-at a time when the reading population was a small fraction of what it is today. The most popular was his English Grammar,for which he earned the moniker “the father of English grammar.” Murray might The become famous for other extraordinary feet about his life. He was a major landowner in New York City; in feet, he owned an estate called ‘‘Belle,.,ue,” where a famous hospital now operates. He was a prosperous New York lawyer who, after the American Re,.,olution, was forced into exile for trading with the British. (The idea that he left for the milder clime inYork was, in Monaghan s words, a “diplomatic white lie.’) He bequeathed a substantial sum of money for an American fund to be used in liberating slaves, educating them and their descendants, and benefiting American Indians; the fund still operates in New York.
Bronislava Nijinska
Authors: Acocella Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bronislava Nijinska, ballet dancer and choreographer, was born in Minsk, Russia, the third child of the Polish dancers Tomasz Nijinski (Russian: Foma Nizhinsky) and Eleonora Bereda. Although Bronislava Nijinska is often identified as the sister of the celebrated Vaslav Nijinsky, she was a major artist in her own right and a key figure in the development of twentieth-century ballet. Most of her work was done in Europe, but she spent more than a third of her life in the United States and obtained citizenship in 1949.
Bayard Rustin
Authors: Wolfson Evan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I met Bayard Rustin and his life-partner when Rustin agreed to speak at a rally protesting the US Supreme Court’s 5 4 ruling that gay people could be arrested in their own bedrooms for consensual sex. A gay African American, Rustin was the organizer of America’s pi&lt;,Jotal ci&lt;,Jil rights gathering, the historic March on Washingtonfore&lt;,Jer associated with Dr. King’s ‘‘J ha&lt;,Je a dream” speech. Yet, ironically, the tactician who shaped the public presentation of the ci&lt;,Jil rights mo&lt;,Jement in many of its most dramatic moments had spent most of his years agreeing to hide his own sexual identity, rather than handing gay-baiting opponents a weapon against the mo&lt;,Jement. By 1986, the year before he died, Rustin would no longer capitulate to the closet, choosing instead to place himself on the frontlines of yet another ci&lt;,Jil rights struggle.
Felix Francisco Varela y Morales
Authors: Kanellos Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then Americans received letters in the year 2000 adorned with a Felix Varela commemorative stamp, most wondered who this foreigner was and why the Postal Service had enshrined his image. But every school child in Cuba for more than a century has known and claimed Varela. Such is the paradox of Latinos in American history: a giant of a man who spent the greatest part of his life in the United States does not.figure into American collective memory. Never mind that he produced a magnifi,cent corpus of philosophical, theological and literary texts, nor that he was a pioneer of American Catholicism. Is it because much of his writing was done in the Spanish language? Or that he was a Catholic priest in a then very Protestant, anti-papist country? Or that he did not readily identify with European culture, having been an exponent of the political and cultural independence of the New World?if these reasons were not enough to write him out of our early history, it did not help that he was an early abolitionist and ecumenist.
The American People in the Great Depression
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 24, 1929, America met the greatest economic devastation it had ever known. In this first instalment of his Pulitzer Prize-winning Freedom from Fear, Kennedy tells how America endured, and eventually prevailed, in the face of that unprecedented calamity. Kennedy vividly demonstrates that the economic crisis of the 1930s was more than a reaction to the excesses of the 1920s. For more than a century before the Crash, America’s unbridled industrial revolution had gyrated through repeated boom and bust cycles, consuming capital and inflicting misery on city and countryside alike. Nor was the alleged prosperity of the 1920s as uniformly shared as legend portrays. Countless Americans eked out threadbare lives on the margins of national life. Roosevelt’s New Deal wrenched opportunity from the trauma of the 1930s and created a lasting legacy of economic and social reform, but it was afflicted with shortcomings and contradictions as well. With an even hand Kennedy details the New Deal’s problems and defeats, as well as its achievements. He also sheds fresh light on its incandescent but enigmatic author, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Marshalling unforgettable narratives that feature prominent leaders as well as lesser-known citizens, The American People in the Great Depression tells the story of a resilient nation finding courage in an unrelenting storm.
The American People on the Eve of the Great Depression
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like an earthquake, the stock market crash of October 1929 cracked startlingly across the United States, the herald of a crisis that was to shake the American way of life to its foundations. The events of the ensuing decade opened a fissure across the landscape of American history no less gaping than that opened by the volley on Lexington Common in April 1775 or by the bombardment of Sumter on another April four score and six years later.
The ratcheting ticker machines in the autumn of 1929 did not merely record avalanching stock prices. In time they came also to symbolize the end of an era. The roaring industrial expansion that had boomed since the Civil War hushed to a near standstill for half a generation. The tumult of crisis and reform in the ten depression years massively enlarged and forever transformed the scanty Jeffersonian government over which Herbert Hoover had been elected to preside in 1928. And even before the battle against the Great Depression was won, the American people had to shoulder arms in another even more fearsome struggle that wreathed the planet in destruction and revolutionized America’s global role.
Panic
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Herbert Hoover was inaugurated on March 4, 1929, wrote journalist Anne O’Hare McCormick, “[w]e were in a mood for magic. . . . [T]he whole country was a vast, expectant gallery, its eyes focused on Washington. We had summoned a great engineer to solve our problems for us; now we sat back comfortably and confidently to watch the problems being solved. The modern technical mind was for the first time at the head of a government. . . . Almost with the air of giving genius its chance, we waited for the performance to begin.” The wait was not long, as Hoover promptly summoned Congress into special session to deal with the stubborn depression in agriculture.
Convening on April 15, the representatives quickly learned that the new president would not tolerate any revival of McNary-Haugen proposals for export subsidies. Instead, Hoover demanded “the creation of a great instrumentality clothed with sufficient authority and resources to . . . transfer the agricultural question from the field of politics into the realm of economics.”
Interregnum
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roosevelt was now president-elect. But Herbert Hoover was still president and would remain so for four months. The ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution in February 1933 moved the start of the presidential term to January 20 of the year following election, but the amendment would take effect only in 1937. Roosevelt’s inaugural thus fell under the old rules and would not take place until March 4.
History, meanwhile, refused to mark time to the antiquated cadences of the American electoral system. In the agonizing interval between Roosevelt’s election in November 1932 and his inauguration in March 1933, the American banking system shut down completely. The global economy slid even deeper into the trough of the Depression. The world also became a markedly more dangerous place. Adolf Hitler was installed as chancellor of Germany, after massive unemployment had seeded despair into millions of German households and after months of bloody clashes between Communist and Nazi gangs had left scores of people dead in the streets of German cities.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all its agony of carnage and destruction, the Great War of 1914-18 settled little. In time, it would come to be seen as but the opening chapter in the twentieth century’s own Thirty-Year War, a conflict that endured thirty-one years, to be exact, from 1914 to 1945, and at the price of some sixty million lives forever transformed the world. To be sure, the First World War had shattered the Austro-Hungarian empire and left Germany defeated. But the treaty signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on June 28, 1919, neither extinguished the ambitions that had ignited the war nor quieted the anxieties it had spawned. Victors and vanquished agreed only that the conflict had been a dreadful catastrophe, a blood-spilling, man-killing, nation-eating nightmare of unprecedented horror. All were determined to avoid its reoccurrence. More precisely, each nation was determined to avoid the repetition of its own role in it.