bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrostatic Stokes equations with non-smooth data for mixed boundary conditions
Authors: Guillén-González F. , Rodrı́guez-Bellido M.A. , Rojas-Medar M.A. 
Published: October 2004

The main subject of this work is to study the concept of very weak solution for the hydrostatic Stokes system with mixed boundary conditions (non-smooth Neumann conditions on the rigid surface and homogeneous Dirichlet conditions elsewhere on the boundary). In the Stokes framework, this concept has been studied by Conca [Rev. Mat. Apl. 10 (1989)] imposing non-smooth Dirichlet boundary conditions.
In this paper, we introduce the dual problem that turns out to be a hydrostatic Stokes system with non-free divergence condition. First, we obtain strong regularity for this dual problem (which can be viewed as a generalisation of the regularity results for the hydrostatic Stokes system with free divergence condition obtained by Ziane [Appl. Anal. 58 (1995)]). Afterwards, we prove existence and uniqueness of very weak solution for the (primal) problem.
As a consequence of this result, the existence of strong solution for the non-stationary hydrostatic Navier-Stokes equations is proved, weakening the hypothesis over the time derivative of the wind stress tensor imposed by Guillén-González, Masmoudi and Rodrı́guez-Bellido [Differential Integral Equations 50 (2001)].

Résumé
Le but principal de ce travail est d’étudier le concept de solution très faible pour le système de Stokes hydrostatique avec conditions aux limites mixtes (condition de Neumann non régulière sur la surface rigide et condition de Dirichlet homogène dans le reste). Dans le cas du problème de Stokes, ce sujet a été étudié par Conca [Rev. Mat. Apl. 10 (1989)] en imposant une condition aux limites de Dirichlet non homogène et peu régulière.
Dans ce papier, on introduit le problème dual qui est aussi un système de Stokes hydrostatique mais avec une condition de divergence non nulle. D’abord, on obtient la régularité forte pour le problème dual (ce résultat peut être consideré comme une généralisation des résultats de régularité pour le système de Stokes hydrostatique avec la condition de divergence nulle, obtenus par Ziane [Appl. Anal. 58 (1995)]). On montre ensuite l’existence et unicité de solution très faible pour le problème primal.
Comme conséquence de ce résultat, on montre l’existence de solution forte pour le problème de Navier-Stokes hydrostatique non-stationnaire, avec une hypothèse sur la dérivée par rapport au temps du tenseur du vent plus faible que celle qui était imposée par Guillén-González, Masmoudi et Rodrı́guez-Bellido [Differential Integral Equations 50 (2001)].
Characterization and representation of the lower semicontinuous envelope of the elastica functional
Authors: Bellettini G. , Mugnai L. 
Published: October 2004

We characterize the lower semicontinuous envelope

\overline{\mathcal F}

of the functional

{\mathcal F}(E):=\int_{\partial E}[1+|κ_{∂E}|^p] d{\mathcal H}^1

, defined on boundaries of sets

E\subset ℝ^2

, where

κ_{∂E}

denotes the curvature of

∂E

and

p>1

. Through a desingularization procedure, we find the domain of

\overline{\mathcal F}

and its expression, by means of different representation formulas.

Résumé

On caractérise l’enveloppe semi-continue inférieure

\overline{\mathcal F}

de la fonctionnelle

\mathcal F(E):=\int_{∂E}[1+|κ_{∂E}|^p] d\mathcal H^1

, définie sur la classe des frontières des domaines

E\subset ℝ^2

, où

κ_{∂E}

dénote la courbure de

∂E

et

p>1

. Grâce à une méthode de désingularisation, on trouve le domaine de

\overline{\mathcal F}

et son expression, à l’aide de différentes formules de représentation.
What do doctors think their caseload should be to maintain their skills for delivery care?
Authors: Scotland G.S. , Bullough C.H.W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractObjectives: To seek the opinions of doctors on what they thought the minimum, maximum and optimum annual caseload should be for the maintenance of skills and competence in a variety of obstetric procedures. Methods: An expert panel of respondents from Africa and Asia was asked to give their opinions on what they believed the minimum, maximum and optimum caseload should be for 11 obstetric procedures via a series of structured questionnaires (Delphi exercise). In subsequent questionnaires, participants were asked if they wished to reconsider their opinions in light of the group response. Results: The median values of responses given for the minimum, maximum and optimum caseloads for the 11 obstetric procedures did not change substantially over time, though greater consensus was developed as indicated by reductions in the size of inter‐quartile ranges in later rounds. Conclusions: We encountered several problems associated with using the Delphi technique in this context, which throws doubt on the validity and usefulness of our results. Caseload is just one of many factors, as indicated by our expert panel that need to be considered when planning the delivery of obstetric services in remote areas. High quality training, continued medical education, appropriate quality assurance procedures, and provision of a supportive enabling environment are also important requirements. In addition, the views of clinicians need to be balanced against more objective evidence of quality of care and patient outcome in relation to procedural volume. Such evidence is lacking in the field of obstetrics and requires further investigation.
LABOURING THE POINT
Authors: ROBBINS KEITH 
Published: October 2004

The Lancashire working classes, c. 1880–1930. By Trevor Griffiths. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. viii+390. ISBN 0-19-924738-2. £55.00.Labour in crisis: the second Labour government, 1929–1931. By Neil Riddell. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. Pp. xi+267. ISBN 0-7190-5084-7. £45.00.Classes and cultures: England, 1918–1951. By Ross McKibbin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii+324. ISBN 0-19-820853-3. £18.99.The Labour party in Wales, 1900–2000. Edited by Duncan Tanner, Chris Williams, and Deian Hopkin. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000. Pp. xiii+324. ISBN 0-7083-1586-0. £35.00.Labour's first century. Edited by Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane, and Nick Tiratsoo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. x+418. ISBN 0-521-65184-0. £25.00.Red Flag and Union Jack: Englishness, patriotism and the British Left, 1881–1924. By Paul Ward. Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society/Boydell Press, 1998. Pp. viii+232. ISBN 0-86193-239-0. £35.00.Austerity in Britain: rationing, controls and consumption, 1939–1955. By Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii+286. ISBN 0-19-820453-1. £40.00.Publishers and historians have been unable to resist the opportunity provided by one hundred years of ‘Labour’ to subject the history of the party to fresh scrutiny. Centenary history, however, must rest upon an assumption of continuity. In this case, it is assumed that there is a clear line of descent from the Labour Representation Committee formed in February 1900 to the ‘New Labour’ of the present. There is nothing improper about writing the history of a political party on this basis. Yet, as with other social movements, it is no vast discovery to observe that parties change through time as circumstances and conditions change. The accompanying rhetoric, however, has often skated over such disconcerting realities. When Labour celebrated its half-century, for example, its rise was presented by its chroniclers as a ‘forward march’ in which were enrolled ‘those of all ages and all classes’ who were not afraid to fight for the progress of mankind. Mr Attlee, in his foreword to the volume by Francis Williams, put the matter somewhat differently. Labour's story, he claimed, was very characteristic of Britain. It recorded ‘the triumph of reasonableness and practicality over doctrinaire impossibilism’. It was to be only a decade later, however, that various contemporary observers asked themselves whether the ‘tide of history’ had turned against the party. In the 1970s and 1980s, indeed, commentators and academic writers almost invariably reached for words like ‘crisis’ or ‘decay’ as they contemplated its fate. It looked, indeed, as though the ‘forward march’ might be going nowhere.
Lichen carbon gain under tropical conditions: water relations and CO2 exchange of Lobariaceae species of a lower montane rainforest in Panama
Authors: LANGE Otto L. , BÜDEL Burkhard , MEYER Angelika , ZELLNER Hans , ZOTZ Gerhard 
Published: October 2004

Diel (24-h) time courses of microclimate, water relations, and CO2 exchange were measured under quasi-natural conditions at a forest edge in a lower montane, tropical rainforest in Panama for six Lobariaceae (Lobaria crenulata, L. dissecta, Pseudocyphellaria aurata, P. intricata, Sticta sublimbata, S. weigelii). Responses to experimentally controlled water content (WC), photosynthetic photon fluence rate (PPFR), and temperature were studied in most detail with P. aurata.Photosynthesis was well adapted to high temperatures, and all species exhibited ‘shade plant’ characteristics with low light compensation points and low light saturation. Lobaria and Pseudocyphellaria species suffered from a strong depression of net photosynthesis (NP) at suprasaturating WC; suprasaturation depression was less in cyphellate Sticta species.Photosynthetic capacity correlated with thallus nitrogen concentration, and maximal NP rates of the cyanobacterial Sticta species was 4 to 5 times higher than that of the green algal Lobaria species. However, high rates of NP were uncommon and brief events under natural conditions; the different environmental factors were rarely optimal simultaneously. Similar to earlier observations with other rainforest lichens, NP ceased during the period of highest irradiation on most days due to desiccation. During moist periods low light often limited carbon fixation, and high thallus hydration was often detrimental to NP. In spite of these limitations the maximal daily integrated net photosynthetic carbon income (ΣNP) was quite high especially for the Sticta species [17·3 and 24·1 mgC (gC)−1 day−1 for S. sublimbata and S. weigelii, respectively]. High nocturnal carbon loss, due to high night temperatures and continuous hydration, resulted in frequent negative diel carbon balances (ΣC) in all species. The average nocturnal carbon loss amounted to 83 and 70% ΣNP for P. aurata and P. intricata, respectively and to 64 and 59% of ΣNP for S. sublimbata and S. weigelii, respectively. Their average diel ΣC was as high as 3·7 and 5·3 mgC (gC)−1 day−1. In contrast, ΣC was much lower for the other species, it amounted to only 0·18 mgC (gC)−1 day−1 for L. crenulata. Thus, the Sticta species stood out amongst the species studied for their most successful adaptation of photosynthetic productivity to the habitat conditions in the lower montane rainforest.
Identification and taxonomy of soft-bodied hexacorals exemplified by Chilean sea anemones; including guidelines for sampling, preservation and examination
Authors: Häussermann Verena 
Published: October 2004

The identification of most soft-bodied hexacorals requires morphological and histological examinations of preserved specimens and experience for correct interpretation of the observed features. Poorly preserved or damaged material resulting from improper sampling complicates identification. In many cases the characteristics of the preserved specimens alone do not lead to satisfying results. Living specimens, however, exhibit numerous characteristics which would often allow identification, even in the field. However, most of these characteristics get lost during preservation. Modern techniques and advances in sampling methods allow the acquisition and preservation of a lot of information on the living animal and its habitat.Using Chilean sea anemone species, it is demonstrated how the work with specimens in situ and in vivo can help with identification and reveal important morphological–taxonomical, biological, and ecological information. Whenever possible, this information should be part of species descriptions and should be used to create detailed, reliable, tabular identification keys for the laboratory and field. The examples illustrate the urgent need for modern, comparable re-descriptions. In most parts the protocol also applies to other soft-bodied hexacorals.
China's Techno-Warriors, Another View
Authors: Suttmeier Richard P. 
Published: October 2004

Review of Chinese Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear Age to the Information Age. By Evan Feigenbaum. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 339 pp. US$ 55.00. ISBN 0-8047-4601-X.]China's growing technological capability has become the topic of the day among Western officials concerned with the national security and economic competitiveness implications of China's growing prominence. The publication of a study which attempts to explain how security and competitiveness have been linked in the evolution of Chinese technology policies is therefore quite timely. The effort to locate this linkage in the development of an ideology of techno-nationalism resonates nicely with perceptions – held by many in Western capitals – of a China with a special passion for the acquisition of dual use technology and a determination to use political means to secure economic advantage. The appearance of Evan Feigenbaum's book, which rightly locates China's technological trajectory at the centre of many of the more important questions about the Chinese future, is thus to be welcomed.
Resource Management, Urbanization and Governance in Hong Kong and the Zhujiang Delta. Edited by Kwan-yiu Wong and Jianfa Shen. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002. viii+307 pp. ISBN 962-996-026-5.]
Authors: Edmonds Richard Louis 
Published: October 2004

This book is a collection of 14 articles from a workshop held in Hong Kong in May 2000. While the greatest number of papers comes from urban geographers, there are a smattering of chapters by economists, sociologists, political scientists and physical geographers. The editors have grouped the papers according to the three topics stated in the title with a good numerical balance among them. Three of the contributions are the opening addresses, a keynote speech, and a summation paper.In many ways, the summation chapter by Alvin So functions as a good overview of most of the contributions and there is little need to again go over the ground thus covered. Even a reading of this summation reveals the key problem of the book: it is still a series of conference proceeding papers rather than a fully integrated volume. As evidence of that point, So's summation makes no reference to the two entries by physical geographers that fall into the resource management section of the book. Both of these very thorough reports deal with vegetation in Hong Kong. Neither, however, makes any contribution to our understanding of resource management of the Zhu (Pearl) River Delta as a whole. So also makes no reference to the third paper in this section on a comparison of waste management between Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Thus one whole section of the book is ignored in the summation, perhaps because So is a sociologist but also because none of those papers addresses issues of the Delta as a whole.
Is Taiwan Chinese? The Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities. By Melissa J. Brown. [Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 333 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-520-23182-1.]
Authors: Greene J. Megan 
Published: October 2004

Taiwan's identity has been constructed and described in a variety of ways by politicians seeking to demonstrate that Taiwan either is or is not Chinese. Those who wish to prove Taiwan's Chineseness emphasize the dominance of Han culture and the lengthy relationship between China and Taiwan. Those who argue that Taiwan's identity is distinctly un-Chinese tend to focus on the influence of Aborigine culture and ancestry on the Han population, the influence of Japanese culture, and the fact that Taiwan has been politically separate from China for most of the 20th century. Melissa Brown's Is Taiwan Chinese? investigates the merits of these claims through ethnographic study. She offers an excellent analysis of the shifting identity of Taiwan's plains Aborigines, which she supplements with a comparative analysis of Tujia identity in China's Hubei province that demonstrates that Taiwan's identity shifts are not unique.Through ethnographic case studies and analysis of historical data, Brown concludes that Taiwan's plains Aborigines have undergone three identity shifts, from plains Aborigine to Han, in the first two cases, and from Han back to Aborigine in the last instance. Brown studies three foothills villages that by the early 1990s identified themselves as Han, but that had previously been Aborigine. She finds that because Qing economic and social policies had eroded boundaries between Han and plains Aborigines, these two groups already shared numerous cultural practices in the early 20th century. However, it was not until the Japanese banned footbinding, thus opening a range of new marriage options, that plains Aborigines began to take on Han identity, and to claim it on the basis of cultural similarity, rather than ancestry. Brown further finds that the impact of Aborigine culture on Han culture during this period was minimal, and that Han cultural practices supplanted Aborigine practices among those people who underwent the identity shift. In the late 20th century these same people underwent a second identity shift from Han back to Aborigine, one that was again spurred by changes in the political environment and one that, Brown argues, has been counter-productive to Taiwan's claims to uniqueness.
Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience. By Charles A. Laughlin. [Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002. 334 pp. £16.95. IBSN: 0822329719.]
Authors: Link Perry 
Published: October 2004

From early times, Chinese culture has taken language, literature, history, morality, governance, and cosmology to be shades on a spectrum and not easily separable. Twentieth-century “literary reportage” (baogaowenxue), despite some foreign influences in its origins, very much continued this Chinese tradition. Its purpose, in the minds of its creators and readers, was to enter the sturm und drang of modern Chinese history – to expose social ills, re-organize society, resist invaders, and so on.The topic has not been well studied, either in China or the West. Yin-hwa Chou and Thomas Moran have written good dissertations on it, and T.A. Hsia, Paul Pickowicz and others have published insightfully on related areas. But no one has published the full-length study that the field needs, and it is disappointing that Charles Laughlin's new book also falls short.
Proof systems for lattice theory
Authors: NEGRI SARA , VON PLATO JAN 
Published: October 2004

A formulation of lattice theory as a system of rules added to sequent calculus is given. The analysis of proofs for the contraction-free calculus of classical predicate logic known as G3c extends to derivations with the mathematical rules of lattice theory. It is shown that minimal derivations of quantifier-free sequents enjoy a subterm property: all terms in such derivations are terms in the endsequent.An alternative formulation of lattice theory as a system of rules in natural deduction style is given, both with explicit meet and join constructions and as a relational theory with existence axioms. A subterm property for the latter extends the standard decidable classes of quantificational formulas of pure predicate calculus to lattice theory.
A domain equation for refinement of partial systems
Authors: HUTH MICHAEL R. A. , JAGADEESAN RADHA , SCHMIDT DAVID A. 
Published: October 2004

A reactive system can be specified by a labelled transition system, which indicates static structure, along with temporal-logic formulas, which assert dynamic behaviour. But refining the former while preserving the latter can be difficult, because:(i) Labelled transition systems are ‘total’ – characterised up to bisimulation – meaning that no new transition structure can appear in a refinement.(ii) Alternatively, a refinement criterion not based on bisimulation might generate a refined transition system that violates the temporal properties.In response, Larsen and Thomson proposed modal transition systems, which are ‘partial’, and defined a refinement criterion that preserved formulas in Hennessy–Milner logic. We show that modal transition systems are, up to a saturation condition, exactly the mixed transition systems of Dams that meet a mix condition, and we extend such systems to non-flat state sets. We then solve a domain equation over the mixed powerdomain whose solution is a bifinite domain that is universal for all saturated modal transition systems and is itself fully abstract when considered as a modal transition system. We demonstrate that many frameworks of partial systems can be translated into the domain: partial Kripke structures, partial bisimulation structures, Kripke modal transition systems, and pointer-shape-analysis graphs.
Defining the Profession of Architect in the Twentieth Century: France, Italy and the United States
Authors: SCRIVANO PAOLO 
Published: October 2004

Anthony Alofsin, The Struggle for Modernism. Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and City Planning at Harvard (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002), 311 pp., $60.00 (hb), ISBN 0–393–730484.Hélène Jannière, Politiques éditoriales et architecture ‘moderne’. L'émergence de nouvelles revues en France et en Italie (1923–1939) (Paris: Éditions Arguments, 2002), 377 pp., €24.50 (pb), ISBN 2–909109–26–7.Paolo Nicoloso, Gli architetti di Mussolini. Scuole e sindacato, architetti e massoni, professori e politici negli anni del regime (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 1999), 239 pp., €19.63 (pb), ISBN 88–464–1305–9.
A statistical method for forecasting extreme daily temperatures using ECMWF 2‐m temperatures and ground station measurements
Authors: Boi P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA recursive statistical method is given to post‐process the 2‐metre temperature ECMWF General Circulation Model by using the SAR network of surface stations in Sardinia. The method calculates daily maximum and minimum temperature forecasts up to 5 days ahead for 55 stations. Forecasts over one year for 55 ground stations have been analysed. A comparison with Direct Model Output (DMO) and persistence is then made, giving special attention to the winter season and to freezing conditions. The error analysis shows a BIAS very close to zero (between 0°C and 0.5°C) on all the stations and a marked reduction of mean absolute error compared to the DMO forecast. The error reduction is more marked in the case of freezing conditions than with the DMO forecast. Such situations are difficult to forecast and the very high BIAS of DMO has not been eliminated completely. The advantages of the procedure are: (a) there is no need to store large numbers of measurements and large amounts of model forecast data; (b) the estimated correction is easily adapted to new meteorological conditions; (c) the procedure is transparent to the updating of the model; and (d) the procedure is very easy to implement operationally. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society