bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecology of Sumatra
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sumatra is the focus of a large number of agricultural, social and industrial developments and yet the possible biological impacts of these are largely only guessed at by local and foreign scientists working on those projects. One reason for this is that the biology of Sumatra and its surrounding islands is poorly known. Another reason is that the information that does exist is spread through a disparate array of Dutch, English, German and Indonesian journals and reports. The Ecology of Sumatra has brought together nearly 1500 references relevant to understanding the components and functioning of the wide range of natural and man-made ecosystems on Sumatra. It was originally written in 1983 by a team at the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (CRES) at the University of North Sumatra and the team members have conducted field work throughout Sumatra to supplement existing information. This new edition includes a commentary on the last 17 years of development on Sumatra, as well as an additional bibligraphy of recent publications. The Ecology of Sumatra will prove useful to resource managers, ecologists, environmental scientists and local government personnel, and will be enlightening to Sumatra's inhabitants and visitors. It should also be of great interest to anyone wanting to learn about Southeast Asian Biology.
Gas supply, pressure regulators, and the anaesthetic machine
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Supply of anaesthetic gasesIn Europe and other advanced medical societies, medical gases are generally supplied by pipeline, with cylinders available as backup.OxygenLarge hospitals usually have oxygen supplied and stored in liquid form (LOX), as one volume of LOX provides 840 volumes of gaseous oxygen at 15 °C. It is stored in a secure vacuum-insulated evaporator (VIE) on the hospital site.
Airway management devices
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important interface between the breathing system and the patient’s lungs is an airway management device (AMD). This is intended to secure the patient’s airway, which might otherwise obstruct due to anaesthesia, to provide a reasonably gas-tight seal to ensure accurate delivery of anaesthetic gases and, if necessary, to protect the lungs against aspiration of gastric contents.
An exaltation of thirty: Murasaki and company
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the cover story of its 12 September 1999 issue, the London Sunday Times Magazine featured The Top Thirty persons of the present millennium. Generated by 15 British and American scholars, this list was, to put it mildly, idiosyncratic, if not outright bizarre; in other words, one more manifestation of endof-millennium hoopla. Arranged in chronological order, the list started with the name of the only woman among this androgenic crow.
Genealogy and birth of the Pill
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The above is from a long interview I had in early 1997 with Jill Wolfson, a reporter for the San Jose Mercury News, for a series of articles on technical contributions by some Silicon Valley veterans among whom they placed me. Why do I use such an excerpt to start a chapter that contains my views of the origin of the Pill? Because it refers to two overwhelming facts of the past half century—the global population explosion and the rise of women’s rights—without which oral contraceptives would just have been another interesting medical advance and not an invention with enormous societal consequences.
The view from Tokyo
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no ideal contraceptive. Differences in life-styles, sexual mores, the status of women, religious views, and many other factors guarantee that what is good or acceptable to one person is questionable or totally unacceptable to another. No wonder that use of the Pill and IUDs, the two most popular reversible contraceptive methods worldwide, differs dramatically from one country to another, and even among regions of a single country. None is more interesting in that regard than Japan.
The Pill and Paul Klee
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 30 July 1985, a San Francisco Chronicle front-page article bore the headline, ‘6 Stolen S.F. Museum Drawings Found.’ At that time, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as SFMOMA, had not yet moved to its elegant new quarters south of Market Street. It still occupied the two top floors of the War Memorial Building, next door to the San Francisco Opera, its main entrance facing golden-domed City Hall across Van Ness Avenue. The War Memorial’s ground floor entrance hall is a rather grand space that is occasionally rented out for anniversary celebrations, weddings, and other private functions. On the less fashionable side of the street, SFMOMA faces some apartment buildings, one of them the abode of a 19-year-old psychology student attending San Francisco State University.
The Orthodontic Patient: Treatment and Biomechanics
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is aimed at the undergraduate dental student, the general dental practitioner with an interest in orthodontics and students at the start of their postgraduate orthodontic training. The book assumes the reader has progressed down the path of orthodontic diagnosis and is in the process of formulating a treatment plan. Such planning requires the orthodontist to have a sound understanding of the biological principles of tooth movement, as well as to be aware of the treatment ideals and limitations. Knowledge of the various types of orthodontic appliances, their design and likely mode of action is also essential. Closely linked to this, advances in materials science have lead to great changes in orthodontic clinical practice in recent years. A chapter on orthodontic materials is therefore included. Orthodontic treatment is not without risk and there is a chapter on iatrogenic effects. Finally, with increasing specialisation there is a need to call upon the services of colleagues from other specialities in treating complex cases and so multidisciplinary treatments are also covered.
Functional appliances
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional, or myofunctional appliances as they are also known, are appliances that utilize forces generated by the orofacial soft tissues in order to move the teeth. They are constructed in such a way as to posture the mandible away from the rest position, with the forces being generated by the resultant soft tissue stretch (Fig. 4.1). In addition to moving the teeth, functional appliances have also been used with a view to modifying facial growth. This is particularly so in the case of Class II skeletal relationships and, to a lesser extent, Class III skeletal relationships. Before describing how functional appliances work it is worth briefly reconsidering the mechanisms involved in normal facial growth.
Iatrogenic problems
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a profession we must undertake, wherever possible, to minimize harm to our patients. In a specialty such as orthodontics, which is based largely on improving aesthetics and where there is limited evidence for any increased longevity of the dentition as a result of treatment, we must ensure that the long-term prognosis of teeth is not adversely compromised. At each stage it is essential that consideration be given to the fact that orthodontic treatment can cause damage to a number of tissues. It is fortunate that, in general, such damage is so minimal as to be clinically insignificant with little effect on the long-term prognosis of the dentition. It is a matter of clinical judgement when this damage, or the risk of such damage, outweighs the benefits to be gained by the treatment.
Unipolar depression across the lifespan: issues and prospects
Authors: Goodyer Ian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades behavioural genetic studies involving twins, adoption, and family designs have established a significant genetic contribution to aetiology of the depressions and other complex psychiatric phenotypes (Corsico and McGuffin, 2001). Undertaking genome wide searches as well as determining the strength of associations between susceptibility genes and clinical phenotypes will considerably improve the likelihood of determining the functional genes of interest. In addition the use of quantitative trait markers (QTL) of behaviour that are themselves associated with disorder, will enhance the opportunity for establishing links between molecules, psychology, and psychiatric disorder (Plomin et al., 2001).
Genome views on human evolution
Authors: Bertranpetit Jaume , Calafell Francesc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been acknowledged that understanding the biological nature of humans does not require a special scientific framework. Nonetheless, it is fascinating how often this sentence is repeated, suggesting that it still needs to be restated against mythological explanations of human nature. The number of human traits that are included in biological studies has been growing with time. From the inclusion of humans in the animal kingdom to recent advances in the study of the molecular bases of consciousness, challenges to our own understanding seem an endless endeavor; the combined efforts from a wide range of disciplines are needed to understand the biological nature of humans.
Negative affectivity, catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity
Authors: Keogh Edmund , Asmundson Gordon J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role that emotions play in the perception and experience of pain is considered to be an important, though admittedly not well understood process (Riley and Robinson 1999; Price 1999, 2000; Rainville 2002). Research indicates that separate brain regions may control the sensory and emotional components of pain. For example, imaging studies suggest that the anterior association cortex plays an important role in affective pain (Rainville et al. 1997). Evidence is also emerging that indicates how cognitive and emotional factors influence descending control mechanisms of pain sensations (Millan 1999, 2002).
The Role of Fear-Avoidance in the Early Identification of Patients Risking the Development of Disability
Authors: Linton Steven J , Boersma Katja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because fear-avoidance beliefs are strongly related to chronic pain, it appears logical that fear-avoidance might be used to predict which patients will develop long-term pain and disability. Indeed, as only a small percentage of the large numbers of patients suffering an acute bout of back pain actually go on to develop chronic problems, early identification is essential for determining who should receive early, preventive interventions. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, we will consider the possible use of fear-avoidance, in relation to other psychological factors, in the early identification of patients with spinal pain who risk developing persistent pain and disability. To accomplish this, we will appraise the literature on the fear-avoidance model asking the question of whether these concepts and variables may be used to predict future disability. Second, we will contemplate how clinical screening procedures might best be employed. Rather than simply using a cut-off point to determine high versus low risk, we argue that combining psychological variables, with fear-avoidance in the forefront, provides a unique opportunity for priming a behavioral analysis, developing appropriate targets, and enhancing communication with the patient.
The molecular biology of HIV-1
Authors: Ghorpade Anuja , Brichacek, Beda , Bukrinsky Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viral determinants necessary for efficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parallel those of the immune system. What regulates viral infection of its host and instigates specific pathogenic outcomes is often a combination of host- and virus-specific products. Any understanding of how HIV affects the CNS must first start with a thorough analysis of its functional and molecular properties. This chapter serves this purpose. Many patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) develop a syndrome of neurological deterioration known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Well-accepted neuropathological correlates of HAD include encephalitis, increased numbers of macrophages in the brain, and the presence of HIV antigen-positive microglial cells (for a recent review see Williams and Hickey 2002).
Common immune pathways of neural injury in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Lee Sunhee C , Dickson Dennis W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microglial activation is a feature of virtually every central nervous system (CNS) disorder. In most cases this is considered a secondary process, but in certain autoimmune and infectious disorders, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis (HIVE), it can rightly be considered a primary process. The products of activated microglia, which have been shown to respond to even subtle functional alterations of neurons as well as neuronal degeneration and death, can initiate an inflammatory cascade by activating other glial cells and in some disorders recruiting systemic inflammatory cells into the CNS. Inflammatory mediators produced by microglia, in turn, control the fate of neurons and other glia. Glial-derived cytokines and chemokines have been shown to modulate neuronal toxicity in several CNS disorders.
Viral receptors and the mechanisms of HIV-1 entry into cells and the central nervous system
Authors: González-Scarano Francisco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its initial isolation and identification as the cause of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), an extraordinary amount of resources has been devoted to the dissection of every step in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in the events that take place in the extremely complicated interaction between the virus and the host, and in the evaluation of every potential intervention point in order to help the host over-come the virus. As a result, we now probably know more about HIV than about any other human viral pathogen. However, there are still many aspects of HIV biology that remain unresolved. In this chapter we will summarize our knowledge of an essential function of HIV: how the virus is able to engage different cell types throughout the body, attach and/or bind to specific molecules on their cell surface, and initiate infection by delivering the capsid containing the viral genome into the cytoplasm.
Astrocyte immunobiology
Authors: Etty Benveniste , Benos Dale J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes neurological disorders in nearly 90% of infected patients, either by opportunistic infections of the brain (e.g. toxoplasmosis) or by development of HAD. HAD, a subcortical dementia characterized by impaired cognitive function, psychomotor slowing, and behavioral impairment, occurs in up to 30% of all patients infected with HIV-1 (Glass and Johnson 1996; Price 1996; Brew 1999; McArthur et al. 2003). The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may reduce this incidence, and appears to have beneficial effects on HAD (Avison et al. 2002). HAD occurs predominantly in patients with late HIV-1 infection and severe immunosuppression, and is associated with limited survival time. HAD develops independently of opportunistic infections and is caused by direct infection of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) by HIV-1.
Transcriptional analysis of inflammatory and glial responses in the central nervous system: development of RNA fingerprints for neuroAIDS and other central nervous system disorders
Authors: Roberts Eleanor S , Fox Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NeuroAIDS comprises a constellation of symptoms that vary in severity. Their manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS) are a devastating consequence of this disease, which can follow infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At the very least, neuroAIDS affects the quality of life for a significant number of HIV-infected individuals and, at its most severe, the disease ends in death. The currently accepted model holds that HIV-induced diseases of the CNS are initiated by HIV infection of the CNS and that the neuronal damage occurs indirectly through the action of activated macrophages and microglia. Yet, the molecular processes leading to neuronal dysfunction and death remain unclear. Although a host of neurotoxic molecules made by activated macrophages and microglia have been posited to play a crucial role in neuroAIDS, the in vivo relevance of many remains to be determined.
The simian immunodeflciency virus/macaque model: detailing viral weapons and host defenses in HIV central nervous system disease
Authors: Zink M Christine , Babas Tahar , Mankowski Joseph L , Carruth Lucy M , Barber, Sheila A , Clements Janice E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 20 years since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS, significant progress has been made in our understanding of a number of facets of HIV itself and the diseases it causes. The clinical and pathological manifestations of AIDS were quickly described, and criteria for a diagnosis of AIDS established. The virus was readily cultured in a number of cell lines and in primary cells, allowing investigation of the viral replicative cycle and of interactions between the virus and host cells in vitro. Molecular techniques were used to delineate the structure of HIV and to define many of the functions of its genes. The pathological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) of HIV-infected individuals have been thoroughly described, and in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining on autopsy material have provided much information about viral burden and cytokine expression in the brains of patients with chronic HIV-induced CNS disease (Glass et al. 1995; Koenig et al. 1986; Power and Johnson 1995; Wesselingh et al. 1993).
Studies of adaptive immunity in a murine model of HIV-1 encephalitis
Authors: Poluektova Larisa Y , Gorantla, Santhi , Gendelman Howard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV-1 infection of the brain occurs early after viral exposure, but significant neurological disease ensues only years later. During the acutesero conversion reaction, brain disease manifests as a mild meningoencephalitis, a sensory neuropathy, or subtle cognitive, motor, and/or behavioral disturbances (Navia et al. 1986; Brew et al. 1995; Aylward et al. 1993; Luer et al. 1994; Berger et al. 1989). Throughout the course of HIV-1 disease, viral infection in the brain occurs primarily in perivascular macrophages and microglia and is associated with a robust adaptive immune response.
HIV dementia: living with the suffering, the diagnosis, and the uncertainties
Authors: Karen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am not supposed to be writing these words today. A few years ago, I might not have been able to understand them. That I have memories to share—that I am alive at all—is a medical miracle. If you are reading this book, it is because you want to make miracles like mine possible. To conquer viruses, you will need to understand the other chapters in this book. To heal people—to connect with their hearts— you will need to read the next few pages. You need, in short, to know my story. My name is Karen, and I have AIDS. Apparently, that was discovered on Friday, March 7, 1997. But I don’t remember that day, or for that matter much of the previous four months. I can only tell this story with the help of my family’s memories. The first time I thought something might be wrong was mid-December. I was trying to recover from a case of ‘strep’ throat and thought all I needed was a few days’ bed rest, which my schedule as a teacher—Christmas break was approaching—would soon accommodate.
Living with HIV in an African community: a mental health point of view
Authors: Brazington Roy , Ramsden Tracy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the experience of Black African men and women with HIV infection living in London. However, Black African men and women are not a homogeneous group and are only being discussed in this chapter as such. They are, in fact, made up of many distinct different people with diverse cultures and experiences. It should also be noted that the authors of this chapter are themselves White middle-class professionals working in a specialized mental health team for HIV-positive people. The experiences contained within his text refer only to HIV-positive individuals living in London and this may, or may not, translate very well elsewhere. The authors are also aware that their own race, gender, class, and sexuality will undoubtedly have had an impact upon the relationship with their clients.
HIV neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Grant Igor , Sacktor, Ned , McArthur Justin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diagnostic scheme for HIV dementia that is valid and reliable must meet at least the following three requirements. It must include: (1) clearly defined, objectifiable inclusion criteria; (2) specific exclusion criteria; and (3) a specified threshold for making the diagnosis. Unfortunately, several commonly used schemes do not meet all of these requirements. For exam-Probable (must have each of the following): Acquired abnormality in two or more cognitive domains, present for at least 1 month, and cognitive dysfunction impairing work or activities of daily living, not solely attributable to systemic illness Acquired abnormality in motor function or performance, verifled by clinical examination and/or neuropsychological tests and/or decline in motivation, emotional control, or change in social behavior Absence of clouding of consciousness for a period of time sufflcient to establish (1) No other etiology present (e.g. medical, psychiatric, substance abuse, CNS infection, or neoplasm).
Spinal cord disease: clinical presentations and pathology
Authors: Mazzella Luca , Rocco, Alessandro Di , Tagliati Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the clinical manifestations of myelopathy are not encountered as frequently as those of neuropathy and dementia, the spinal cord is commonly affected during HIV infection. The most common cause of spinal cord disease in the course of HIV infection is AIDS-associated vacuolar myelopathy (VM; Snider et al. 1983; Simpson and Tagliati 1994; Petito et al. 1985). Although VM is strictly a pathological diagnosis, the term VM is used at large to indicate the clinical manifestation of primary myelopathy associated with AIDS. VM has fairly typical clinical features and is potentially disabling, but its symptoms often overlap with those of neuropathy or other neurological disorders associated with late stage AIDS. This may explain, at least in part, why VM tends to be clinically underrecognized.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of HIV-associated brain injury
Authors: Chang Linda , Ernst Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional neuroimaging techniques are highly sensitive and can serve as objective non-invasive surrogate markers to monitor the severity of brain injury as well as the effects of treatments. Various nuclear medicine techniques, such as single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), have been applied to evaluate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia. SPECT studies have evaluated changes in cerebral blood flow (Shielke et al. 1990; Holman et al. 1992; Sacktor et al. 1995; Christensson et al. 1999), while PET studies have evaluated cerebral glucose metabolism (Rottenberg et al. 1987, 1996; Villemagne et al. 1996).