bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Street drug use among young patients with Type 1 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Ng R. S. H. , Darko D. A. , Hillson R. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground  Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and poor glycaemic control in young adults with Type 1 diabetes may be associated with street drug use. There are few studies in the UK looking at the prevalence of drug use in young adults with diabetes.Methods  One hundred and fifty‐eight young adults, aged sixteen to thirty years, with Type 1 diabetes attending an urban diabetes clinic were sent an anonymous confidential postal questionnaire to determine the prevalence of street drug use.Results  We received 85 completed responses. Twenty‐nine percent of respondents admitted to using street drugs. Of those, 68 percent habitually took street drugs more than once a month. Seventy‐two percent of users were unaware of the adverse effects on diabetes.Interpretation  Self‐reported street drug usage in young adults with Type 1 diabetes is common and may contribute to poor glycaemic control and serious complications of diabetes.
Electrophysiological Studies in Migraine: A Comprehensive Review of Their Interest and Limitations
Authors: Ambrosini A , de Noordhout AM , Sándor PS , Schoenen J 
Published: December 2004

Electrophysiological methods may help to unravel some of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine. Lack of habituation is the principal and most reproducible interictal abnormality in sensory processing in migraineurs. It is found in evoked potential (EP) studies for every stimulation modality including nociceptive stimuli, and it is likely to be responsible for the increased intensity dependence of EP. We have hypothesized that deficient EP habituation in migraine could be due to a reduced preactivation level of sensory cortices because of hypofunctioning subcortico-cortical aminergic pathways. This is not in keeping with simple hyperexcitability of the cortex, which has been suggested by some, but not all, studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A recent study of the effects of repetitive TMS on visual EP strongly supports the hypothesis that migraine is characterized by interictal cortical hypoexcitability. With regard to pain mechanisms in migraine, electrophysiological studies of trigeminal pathways using nociceptive blink and corneal reflexes have confirmed that sensitization of central trigeminal nociceptors occurs during migraine attacks.
Testing the grass‐fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia
Authors: Rossiter Natalie A. , Setterfield Samantha A. , Douglas Michael M. , Hutley Lindsay B. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract. Invasive alien grasses can increase fuel loads, leading to changes in fire regimes of invaded ecosystems by increasing the frequency, intensity and spatial extent of fires. Andropogon gayanus Kunth. (Gamba grass), a tall perennial grass from Africa, is invading ecosystems in the Top End of northern Australia. To determine whether A. gayanus alters savanna fire regimes, we compared fuel loads and fire intensities at invaded sites with those from native grass savannas. Savanna invaded by A. gayanus had fuel loads up to seven times higher than those dominated by native grasses. This higher fuel load supported a fire that was on average eight times more intense than those recorded in native grass savannas at the same time of year (means 15700 ± 6200 and 2100 ± 290 kW m−1, respectively), and was the highest early dry season fire intensities ever recorded in the Northern Territory. These results suggest that A. gayanus is a serious threat to northern Australia's savannas, with the potential to alter vegetation structure and initiate a grass‐fire cycle.
Whole‐body impedance recording – a practical method for the diagnosis of sleep apnoea
Authors: Saarelainen Seppo , Himanen Sari‐Leena , Hasan Joel , Virkkala Jussi , Kööbi Tiit 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of whole‐body impedance cardiography (ICGWB) in sleep studies, particularly in sleep apnoea detection. A comparison between simultaneous whole night ICGWB and standard polysomnographic recordings were made in 14 patients with a clinical suspicion of obstructive sleep apnoea, a mean age of 46 years (range 30–63 years) and a mean BMI of 29 kg m−2 (25–47). Obstructive apnoeas, central apnoeas and hypopnoeas all caused characteristic patterns in the ICGWB tracing. For an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) > 15 events h−1, the sensitivity of ICGWB was 89% and the specificity 80%. In conclusion, ICGWB signal includes valuable physiological information that can be effectively used for the detection of sleep apnoea episodes. The method seems promising in cases where the multichannel polysomnography is not applicable or when ICGWB is used for haemodynamic monitoring in seriously ill and postoperative patients.
The effect of different knee angles on knee volume measured with the Perometer® device in uninjured subjects*
Authors: Man I. O. W. , Elsabagh S. M. , Morrissey M. C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe Perometer® is an optoelectronic device used to calculate limb volume. However, knee angle effect on knee volume during a Perometer measurement has not been reported. This could be a potential confounding factor in assessing knee volume in subjects with impaired knee mobility and where volume measurements are taken over time. To address this issue, bilateral knee volume measurements were recorded from 20 uninjured subjects in seven different knee angles from 0–60° flexion. All 40 knees were not measured in all seven angles because of obstruction of the measurement frame when some knees were in 50° and 60° flexion. Thus, the volume data was separated into three subgroups for analysis: 40 knees at knee flexion angles 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40°; 36 knees at 50°; and 16 knees at 60°. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the volume measurements in the three subgroups: 0–40° knee flexion [F(4,156) = 35·146, P<0·001], 50° knee flexion (F(5,175) = 56·826, P<0·001] and 60° knee flexion, [F(6,90) = 45·825, P<0·001]. Subsequent paired t‐tests showed statistically significant [P<0·001] differences in knee volume for all angle comparisons except for 0 and 10° (absolute volume difference of 1·2 ml; P = 0·772) and 0 and 20° (absolute volume difference of 10·9 ml; P = 0·036) (Bonferroni adjustment applied). The absolute values of the differences that were shown to be statistically significantly different ranged from 12–47 ml for the 0–40° subgroup; 39–85 ml for the 50° subgroup and 35–107 ml for the 60° subgroup. In conclusion, knee angle affects Perometer knee volume measurements and statistically significant differences occur as knee flexion exceeds 20° with greater differences occurring as the knee is more flexed. Hence, knee angle should be reproduced in re‐testing and in side‐to‐side comparisons when evaluating knee volume with the Perometer.
Cerebral oxygenation monitor during head‐up and ‐down tilt using near‐infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy*
Authors: Kurihara Koichi , Kikukawa Azusa , Kobayashi Asao 
Published: December 2004

SummaryReflectance near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a suitable and easily manageable method to monitor cerebral oxygenation changes in presyncopal and syncopal symptoms caused by postural changing or standing. A new clinical tissue oxygenation monitor has been recently developed which measures absolute tissue haemoglobin saturation (Tissue Oxygenation Index, TOI) utilizing spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS). The present study examined the effects of postural changes on cerebral oxygenation as reflected in SRS‐NIRS findings. Cerebral oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb), and the TOI were recorded from both sides of the forehead in five healthy male subjects (age range, 28–40 years) during 90° head‐up tilt (HUT) and −6° head‐down tilt (HDT). Three series of measurements were carried out on separate days. O2Hb was decreased during HUT. TOI was significantly lower in HUT than in the supine position (SUP). There was no significant change in TOI during HDT. A significant session effect was observed in the left forehead TOI during SUP, but not in the right. SRS‐NIRS measurements confirmed sub‐clinical alterations of cortical oxygenation during HUT. NIRS data from the left side of the forehead, which may vary with cognitive or emotional activation, were more variable than those from the right side.
Pre‐ and post‐discharge feeding of very preterm infants: impact on growth and bone mineralization
Authors: Kurl Sangita , Heinonen Kirsti , Länsimies Esko 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIn this prospective study we examined (1) how the nutritional status of very preterm infants, judged by growth measures and biochemical values, evolved during the initial hospitalization; (2) the effect of feeding on growth after discharge from hospital; and (3) the risk factors associated with low lumbar bone mineral content (BMC) later in infancy. Sixty‐four former preterm infants had their lumbar spine (L2–L4) BMC assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry when they weighed between 5 and 7 kg. Predicted BMC values were calculated based on our previously reported reference lumbar BMC data. These values were used to convert the preterm infants’ BMC values into percentages. The extremely preterm group (gestational age ≤28 weeks) had significantly more respiratory morbidity and longer duration of hospital stay than the more mature infants. Both groups developed growth retardation and malnutrition during the hospital stay. Exclusive breastfeeding after discharge from hospital supported linear catch‐up growth and weight gain but was associated with a 7·0 (1·2–41·7)‐fold risk of having low BMC values. The other factors associated with the risk of having low BMC values later in infancy were low serum phosphate levels at 6 weeks, with a 7·8 (1·6–37·0)‐fold risk, and male gender, with a 4·3 (1·2–16·1)‐fold risk. Appropriately designed interventional studies are needed to improve the growth and nutrition of these infants during initial hospitalization. In order to improve the postdischarge nutrition, we suggest that the amount and duration of multicomponent human milk fortification should be studied further to provide individualized nutrition throughout the catch‐up growth period until the end of the first year of life.
Reference values for the geometric centre analysis of colonic transit measurements with 111indium‐labelled diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid
Authors: Madsen Jan Lysgård , Fuglsang Stefan , Graff Jesper 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe geometric centre analysis is often used for evaluating colonic transit data obtained by scintigraphy after oral intake of 111indium‐labelled diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid (111In‐DTPA). The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for the geometric centre analysis in adult humans. Forty‐eight healthy volunteers (24 women, 24 men) who were equally distributed among three age groups (young, middle‐aged, elderly) were studied. In all subjects the geometric centre of radioactivity in the colon was calculated from abdominal gamma camera images acquired 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after oral administration of 111In‐DTPA. Overall, the men had a higher geometric centre value than women after both 24 and 48 h indicating a faster progress of colonic contents in men at these time points. At each time point the geometric centre value was higher in both the young and middle‐aged subjects than in the elderly subjects, whereas we did not find any difference between young and middle‐aged subjects. Furthermore, the smokers had a higher geometric centre value than non‐smokers at each time point. The geometric centre value was not influenced by body mass index at any time point.
Normal aortic dimensions and flow in 168 children and young adults
Authors: Poutanen Tuija , Tikanoja Tero , Sairanen Heikki , Jokinen Eero 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground: Knowledge of normal aortic dimensions is important while evaluating children with aortic root dilatation.Objective: The purpose of the study was to create normal values for aortic dimensions with two‐dimensional echocardiography and for aortic flow velocities with Doppler echocardiography in healthy children and young adults.Design and patients: One hundred and sixty‐eight healthy children were studied by a single observer using digitized two‐dimensional (2DE) and Doppler echocardiography.Methods: The 2DE measurements were obtained at the level of aortic annulus, sinus, sinotubular junction, before the origin of innominate artery, before and after the origin of left carotid artery, after left subclavian artery and descending aorta at the level of the diaphragm. Doppler measurements were made from ascending aorta and from descending aorta.Results: For the analysis the subjects were divided into five groups according to body surface area (BSA): 0·5–0·75 m2, 0·75–1·0 m2, 1·0–1·25 m2, 1·25–1·5 m2 and over 1·5 m2. Aortic dimensions normalized to BSA were greater in smaller children at all levels. All diameters correlated closely with age, BSA, height and weight (for each r>0·75, P<0·001). The best predictor of aortic dimensions was BSA with r values over 0·84 for all estimates (P<0·001). The diameters of ascending and descending aorta were similar in both genders when indexed to BSA. Flow velocities in descending aorta were greater than those measured in ascending aorta (P<0·001 for all measurements). There were significant inverse correlations with heart rate and velocity time integral in ascending and descending aorta (r = −0·32 and −0·53, P<0·001, respectively).Conclusions: The presented aortic dimensions at eight levels from the valve annulus to the descending thoracic aorta by 2DE in conjunction with Doppler measurements of ascending and descending aorta in 168 healthy subjects will serve as reference data for further studies and clinical use in patients with various cardiac abnormalities.
Neuropsychological Changes After Surgical Treatment for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Wachi Manabu , Tomikawa Masaru , Fukuda Masafumi , Kameyama Shigeki , Kasahara Kazuhiko , Sasagawa Mutsuo , Shirane Seiko , Kanazawa Osamu , Yoshino Mihoko , Aoki Satsuki , Sohma Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2004

Summary:   Purpose: The effect of unilateral temporal lobectomy on seizure frequency is well recognized, but little is known about the neuropsychological changes that occur after surgical treatment. We assessed neuropsychological status in 26 patients with an average age of 35 years before and after unilateral temporal lobectomy for medically intractable TLE.Methods: Neuropsychological examination to assess cognitive function, memory, attention, visuospatial analysis, language, and emotional functions was performed preoperatively and at 1 month and 1 year after the surgery.Results: At both 1 month and 1 year after the surgery, the patients had improved scores, compared with the preoperative scores, on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS‐R: verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full‐scale IQ), Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS‐R: verbal, general, and delayed paired associates memory), and Raven Colored Progressive Matrices. In the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), significant decreases were observed at 1 year after the surgery in the scores for infrequency, hypochondriasis, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia. Patients in whom the seizures had been relieved postoperatively also had improved scores on the WAIS‐R, WMS‐R, and Raven Colored Progressive Matrices.Conclusions: These data suggest that neuropsychological improvement postoperatively is influenced by the reduction in the frequency of seizures after surgery.
Psychiatric Disorders Before and After Surgery for Epilepsy
Authors: Inoue Yushi , Mihara Tadahiro 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: To examine the frequency of psychiatric disorders before and after surgery for epilepsy and the postoperative changes.Methods: We examined the psychiatric status of 226 patients aged 18 years or older and with IQ >50 who underwent focal resection surgery after age 15 years at our center and were followed up for >2 years after surgery.Results: Seventy‐eight (34.5%) patients had psychiatric disorders before and/or after surgery, comprising 36 patients with psychosis, 15 with affective disorders, and 27 with neurotic/behavioral disorders. All but four of these patients had temporal lobe epilepsy. Of the 61 patients who had psychiatric disorders before surgery, 22 patients were free of psychiatric symptoms after surgery (eight with psychosis, 13 with neurotic/behavior disorders, one with affective disorders), and 39 patients continued having psychiatric symptoms after surgery (22 with psychosis, 12 with neurotic/behavior disorders, five with affective disorders). Nine patients had a transient affective disorder that appeared 1–2 months after surgery and disappeared within 1–2 months. In eight patients, chronic psychiatric symptoms manifested after surgery (psychosis in six cases, neurotic/behavior disorders in two), one of whom exhibited postictal psychosis after drug noncompliance. Psychosis that disappeared after surgery was often seizure related. The patients with aggravated psychiatric conditions after surgery had a lower age at epilepsy onset and at surgery, and exhibited deviated personality traits even before surgery.Conclusions: One third of the surgical patients had psychiatric disorders before and/or after surgery. Preexisting psychiatric problems disappeared after surgery in one third of the patients, but persisted after surgery in the remaining patients, with aggravation in a few. Transient affective disorders appeared in some patients immediately after surgery, and chronic psychiatric disorders appeared after surgery in a minority of patients. The patients having aggravated psychiatric conditions after surgery tended to be young and to have deviated personality traits. The social situation of the patients having psychiatric disorders after surgery was not good.
Photoperiod‐dependent adult diapause within a geographical cline in the multivoltine bruchid Bruchidius dorsalis
Authors: Kurota Hiroyuki , Shimada Masakazu 
Published: December 2004

Abstract The bruchid beetle Bruchidius dorsalis Fahraeus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) has been known to undergo larval diapause during the final instar under short photoperiods (Kurota & Shimada, 2001). This species has a multivoltine life cycle and the overwintering stages show a geographical variation across Japan (Kurota & Shimada, 2002). In cooler areas, overwintering occurs during the final instar, whereas in warmer climates overwintering can occur during several developmental stages: non‐diapausing young instars, diapausing instars, and adults. In this study, we investigated the adult reproductive diapause in three populations from different geographical regions to clarify the role of geographical variation on overwintering strategies. We found that: (1) B. dorsalis entered reproductive diapause in addition to larval diapause under short photoperiods, (2) diapause propensity was higher and the critical photoperiod was longer in populations from cooler regions, and (3) the sensitive photoperiod range was the first 5 days after emergence. Predictions of the overwintering stage, derived from critical photoperiods, were consistent with actual overwintering stages observed in each population. The geographical variation in diapause induction is likely to reflect the adaptive overwintering strategy in each local environment.
Genetic variation in larval period and pupal mass in an aphidophagous ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) reared in different environments
Authors: Ueno Hideki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Genetic trade‐offs for host plant use are hypothesized to facilitate the diversification of insect populations through specialization to their host plants. Previous studies mainly estimated the architecture of genetic variances and covariances in herbivorous species with discrete and limited types of host species. In contrast to herbivores, the relative abundance of resources for predatory species fluctuates in time and space, causing a more unpredictable encounter with prey species. The ecological characteristics of resource use might result in a differential mode of selection for herbivorous and predatory species, which could be reflected in a differential genetic architecture of developmental traits such as the duration of larval stage (henceforth referred to as larval period) and size of pupa (measured as pupal weight). This paper presents results from a study on the genetic architecture of larval period and pupal mass of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, in different resource environments. Beetles reared on Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) showed a shorter developmental period and a heavier pupal mass than their siblings on Aphis craccivora Koch or on artificial diet, while the average larval period and pupal mass on A. craccivora and the artificial diet were similar. Further analyses of the genetic architecture suggest that the developmental traits on the two aphid species are genetically correlated, while there are only weak or no genetic correlations between these two traits on the two aphid preys and the artificial diet. Thus, the results suggest that the patterns of genotypic relationships between developmental traits differ from the phenotypic ones. The effects of past selection on the genetic architecture and the possible cause of the genetic correlation are discussed, as well as consequences for mass rearing for biological control.
Plant and insect characteristics in response to increasing density of Homalodisca coagulata on three host species: a quantification of assimilate extraction
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Brodbeck Brent V. , Mizell Russell F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThree experiments were performed to assess the effect of the number of the leafhopper Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) on the plant characteristics of Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae), Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosaceae) and Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Leguminoseae) and on subsequent consumption rates and fecundity. Leafhoppers were placed in sleeve cages (L. indica or P. salicina) or on caged plants (G. max) for 2–3 weeks at densities of 0–16 per cage. Consumption rates and fecundity were not influenced by leafhopper treatments. Shoot growth and shoot xylem tension were examined on L. indica and G. max, and were not influenced by treatment. For G. max, plant height increased with leafhopper days, however plant dry weight was unaffected. The concentrations of primary organic compounds in xylem fluid were evaluated at the termination of experiments on L. indica (amino acids and organic acids) and G. max (amino acids, ureides, organic acids, and sugars). For L. indica, there was no significant density effect on the concentration of total amino acids or total organic acids. For the smaller legume G. max, concentrations of five primary organic compounds in xylem fluid were moderately reduced (between P = 0.05 and 0.1) with leafhopper days. Consumption rates were inversely related (between P = 0.05 and 0.1) to the concentrations of three organic compounds in xylem fluid. The total quantity of each chemical compound, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and energy extracted by H. coagulata feeding on G. max was estimated by incorporating consumption rates, leafhopper days, diet composition, and the heat of combustion of each compound quantified. The quantity of water and nutrients (and particularly organic N) depleted by leafhopper feeding at high densities was substantial. Individual H. coagulata extracted 3.9 cm3 water, 57 µmol organic carbon, 21 µmol organic nitrogen, and 2.7 J of chemical bond energy during a day of feeding. Moderate to large sized plants (P. salicina and L. indica) did not exhibit effects of leafhopper feeding, however high amounts of feeding on G. max increased plant height and moderately reduced the concentrations of several compounds in xylem fluid.