bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Open Door
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA feature of transition‐era China was the opening‐up of the economy to foreign trade and foreign direct investment. Both factors played a role in the growth process, especially in Guangdong province. Nevertheless, it is shown in this chapter that Chinese growth was not export‐led; in purely quantitative terms, neither foreign trade nor investment was large enough in relation to the Chinese economy to explain growth. The very fact that growth accelerated across the whole of the People's Republic, whereas the impact of the open door strategy was confined almost exclusively to the south‐eastern provinces, demonstrates that internal factors were the prime mover in the growth process. Indeed, without heavy state investment in Shenzhen and other special economic zones, it is unlikely that even Guangdong could have grown so quickly.
The State, Industry, and Infrastructure
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Chinese state promoted growth after Mao's death by its regulation of aggregate demand, its manipulation of the internal terms of trade, and by liberalizing many aspects of agricultural production. In addition, as this chapter demonstrates, both central and local government actively promoted the growth and development of industry. The Chinese state adopted an industrial strategy that was far more interventionist than those pursued in Russia and most other transitional economies; until the mid‐1990s, indeed, the extent of privatization was negligible. Yet across the People's Republic, rural industry grew rapidly and even the smokestack industries of urban China became more efficient.
Classification of Market Microstructure Models
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The third chapter contrasts different market microstructure models. In the first group of models, all market participants submit whole demand schedules simultaneously. The traders either act strategically or are price takers as in the competitive Rational Expectations Equilibrium. The strategic models are closely related to share auctions or divisible goods auctions. In the second group of models some traders simultaneously submit demand/supply schedules in the first stage and build up a whole supply schedule in form of a limit order book. In the second stage a possibly informed trader chooses his optimal demand from the offered supply schedule. A comparison between uniform pricing and discriminatory pricing is also drawn. Sequential trade models à la Glosten and Milgrom (1985) form the third group of models. In these models, the order size is restricted to one unit and thus the competitive market maker quotes only a single bid and a single ask price instead of a whole supply schedule. In the fourth group of models, the informed traders move first. The classical reference for these models is Kyle (1985).
Dynamic Trading Models, Technical Analysis, and the Role of Trading Volume
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on dynamic models. The emphasis is on explaining technical analysis. These models show that past prices still carry valuable information. Some of these models also explain why it is rational for some investors to ‘chase the trend’. Other models are devoted to the informational role of trading volume. The insiders’ optimal dynamic trading strategy over different trading periods is derived in a strategic model setting.
Herding and Informational Cascades
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Classifies different herding models. Rational herding in sequential decision‐making is either due to payoff externalities or information externalities. In herding models with reputational effects in a principal‐agent setting both types of externalities are present. Herding due to information externalities may arise in settings where the predecessor's action is a strong enough signal such that the agent disregards his own signal. Informational cascades might emerge if the predecessor's action is only a noisy signal of his information. We distinguish between exogenous sequencing where the order of moves is pre‐specified, and endogenous sequencing where the decision makers decide when to move.
Herding in Finance, Stock Market Crashes, Frenzies, and Bank Runs
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter shows that herding can help to explain many empirical phenomena in finance, like stock market crashes. In a setting with widely dispersed information, even relatively unimportant news can lead to large price swings and crashes. Stock market crashes can also occur because of liquidity problems, bursting bubbles, and sunspots. Traders might also herd in information acquisition if they care about the short‐term price path as well as about the long‐run fundamental value. Under these circumstances all traders will try to gather the same piece of information. These models also provide a deeper understanding of Keynes’ comparison of the stock market with a beauty contest. Limits to arbitrage are discussed and it is shown that if investors focus on the short‐run, corporate decision‐making also becomes shortsighted. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of bank runs and its connection to financial crises.
The Multiculturalism of Fear
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This work argues for a liberal account of multiculturalism, which draws on a liberalism of fear, like that articulated by Judith Shklar and inspired by Montesquieu. Liberalism should not be centrally concerned either with preserving or with transcending cultural communities, practices, and identities. Rather, it should focus on mitigating evils such as interethnic civil wars, cruel practices internal to cultural communities, and state violence against ethnic minorities. This ‘multiculturalism of fear’ must be grounded in the realities of ethnic politics and ethnic conflict. It must therefore take seriously the importance, which persons feel their ethnic identities and cultural practices to have, without falling into a celebration of cultural belonging. Levy argues against nationalist and multicultural theories that accord significant moral weight to cultural communities as such. Yet he also insists that the challenges of life in a multicultural world cannot be met with appeals to cosmopolitanism, with attempts to deny the importance that particularist identities and practices have to individual persons and to social life. The book applies the multiculturalism of fear to a variety of policy problems confronting multi‐ethnic states. These include the regulation of sexist practices internal to cultural communities, secession and national self‐determination, land rights, customary law, and the symbols and words used by the state, including official apologies. It draws on cases from diverse states such as Australia, Canada, Israel, India, South Africa, and the US.
The Impossibility of Universal Nationalism
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Arguments for universalized nationalism, for a nationalism of all nations, must fail. In such a universal argument, ‘nation’ must be a descriptive concept, and it must be one that allows for a world of neatly separated and mutually exclusive nations. But the only accurate sense of ‘nation’ as a descriptive concept includes the observed identification and loyalty that persons feel. Arguments that one ought to be loyal to a particular nation, e.g. to a linguistic nation (Quebec) rather than to a civic nation (Canada), therefore cannot escape circularity. They cannot argue for loyalty to a group that is defined by loyalty in the first place. Moreover, the lack of any criteria that consistently demarcate nations from one another, the fact that some nations are linguistic groups, some are religious groups, some are state‐citizenship groups, and so on, makes universalization impossible.
Pluralism, Diversity, and Preserving Cultural Communities
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines and criticizes a number of more common arguments for the moral importance of political action that protects cultural variety. It argues that different cultures do not embody different moralities which are incommensurable and incapable of judging one another. Whatever the truth of the idea of moral or value pluralism, cultural pluralism is not its march through the world. Arguments grounded in diversity fail to take sufficiently seriously the freedom of group members, and lead to an aestheticization of group difference that actively condemns cultural fluidity. Arguments for cultural preservation that are based in collective action problems typically also fail to take group members’ freedom seriously, and require the imputation of preferences to them that the state has no way to truly discern.
Classifying Cultural Rights
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Cultural rights‐claims and policies of multicultural accommodation are not all of a piece; they are not all, e.g. ‘group rights’ in any meaningful sense. So‐called cultural rights can be disaggregated and clustered into: exemptions from generally applicable laws; special assistance to allow a minority to take part in the same activities as the majority; internal restrictions on what members of a community may do and still remain members; external restrictions on the activity of outsiders who might weaken a community; self‐government; the recognition and enforcement of customary law; and claims for symbolic recognition.
Incorporating Indigenous Law
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Indigenous, and also religious, legal codes can be and have been incorporated into the legal systems of states in a number of ways. These include common‐law incorporation, which recognizes culturally distinct ways of establishing rights that are known to the general law, such as marriage and property rights; customary incorporation, which directly applies and enforces the customary rights, privileges, and duties associated with the relevant legal tradition; and self‐government, which grants legal status to the group to make, and revise, its laws on a territorial basis. Hybrid forms have often represented hypocrisy on the states’ part, according to indigenous peoples, the burdens of all these and the benefits of none. The inalienability of indigenous land against a generally common‐law background is such a hypocrisy.
Introduction: Liberty Vs. License
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter places the arguments of the rest of the book into philosophical context. It distinguishes between liberty and licence, identifies the natural law method of given‐if‐then reasoning, and distinguishes natural law ethics from natural rights. It argues that a respect for natural rights contributes to the obligatoriness of positive law. This ‘hypothetical imperative’ form of argument is identified as consequentialist but not utilitarian.
Using Resources: The First‐Order Problem of Knowledge
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of potential resource use, how is it possible for individuals to act on the basis of their own personal knowledge and for individuals and associations to act on the basis of their own local knowledge without producing irreconcilable and destructive conflict over resource use? In making their decisions, how are individuals and associations somehow to take into account the ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of others, to which by definition they do not, and often cannot, have access? The concept of ‘subjective scarcity’ of physical resources is also discussed.
Specifying Conventions: The Third‐Order Problem of Knowledge
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThough the abstract background rights that define justice are underdeterminate in that more than one set of specific action‐guiding precepts can often satisfy their theoretical demands, these rights can still provide a basis for criticizing specific precepts that are discovered in some other way. Specific action guiding rules of law cannot ordinarily be deduced from abstract rights. Instead, specific conventions to guide conduct can evolve in a common‐law process that has certain characteristics enabling judges (1) to obtain information about the complexities of practice and (2) to formulate rules to decide future cases in a manner that is both consistent with each other and with underlying principles of justice. To ensure a link between the common‐law process and the liberal conception of justice requires both an internal and external link. Apparent conflicts between justice and the rule of law can be resolved in a variety of ways, but when the conflict is clear and demonstrable, justice—which addresses the first‐order problem of knowledge (and also problems of interest)—should take priority over the rule of law.
The Partiality Problem
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe partiality problem refers to the need to (1) allow persons to pursue their own partial interests including the interests of those to whom they are partial, (2) while somehow taking into account the partial interests of others whose interests are more remote to them. The partiality problem represents an independent reason to adopt the solution to the knowledge problem provided by the fusion of justice and the rule of law. The liberal conception of justice based on a decentralized regime of several property rights addresses the general problem of partiality by compartmentalizing the effects of partial decision making, requiring that persons seeking to use the resources under the jurisdiction of others take their interests into account, and permits a checks and balances system of tit‐for‐tat to operate among right‐holders. The liberal conception of the rule of law based on publicly accessible and generally applicable legal precepts addresses the acute problem of partiality that arises in the administration of justice by triggering a warning when these formal tenets are violated that a partial exercise of judgement may have occurred.
The Incentive Problem
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe incentive problem concerns ensuring that persons have an adequate incentive to make choices reflecting the knowledge to which they have access and to discover new information. This problem is addressed by the rights of first possession, freedom from contract, and freedom to contract. The rule of law also addresses the incentive problem by providing a set of legal precepts that do not change too frequently and can therefore be relied upon. To preserve the incentives created by justice and the rule of law, takings must be compensated by requiring the perpetrator of the transfer to make restitution to the victim. The incentive problem created by public goods is less serious than some suppose and free riding can usually be addressed in a number of ways without the need for nonconsensual rights transfers.
The Compliance Problem
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe compliance problem concerns conduct that conflicts with the rights that define justice or the requirements of the rule of law; it is the need to close the gap between the conduct that justice and the rule of law requires and what people perceive to be in their interest to do. Though some perceptions of conflict between justice and interest are illusory and can be resolved by a better appreciation of one's true interest or the limits of justice, genuine gaps between justice and interest can be caused by emergency conditions or by the desire for pecuniary gain or psychological gain. Usually, the gap between justice and interest is closed by the processes of socialization. Residual gaps between justice and interest can be ameliorated by the use or threatened use of force or power in advance of, during (by self‐defence), or after a rights violation. How a system of restitution could be implemented as an alternative to punishment is examined.
Constitutional Constraints on Power
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn a polycentric constitutional order, as distinct from a monocentric one, multiple legal systems exercise the judicial function and law enforcement agencies exercise the executive function. These multiple decision‐makers operate within constitutional constraints that permit them to co‐exist and adjust to each other. A decentralized or polycentric constitutional order provides an institutional framework to address more effectively the problem of enforcement abuse. Such an order will arise naturally if two new constitutional principles are adopted: the nonconfiscation principle stipulates that law enforcement and adjudicative agencies should not be able to confiscate their income by force, but should have to contract with the persons they serve; the competition principle stipulates that law enforcement and adjudicative agencies should not be able to put their competitors out of business by force. How a polycentric legal order better handles the problems of selection, corruption, capture, and the halo effect is explained.
The Russian Mafia
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the market, the privatization of protection, and pervasive corruption. The ability of the Russian State to define property rights and protect contracts is compared with the services offered by fragments of the state apparatus, private security firms, ethnic crime groups, the Cossacks and the Russian Mafia. Past criminal traditions, rituals, and norms have been resuscitated by the modern Russian Mafia to forge a powerful new identity and compete in a crowded market for protection. The book draws on and reports from undercover police operations, in-depth interviews conducted over several years with the victims of the Mafia, criminals, and officials, and documents from the Gulag archives. It also provides a comparative study, making references to other mafia in other countries (the Japanese Yakuza, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, American–Italian Mafia and the Hong Kong Triads). The book has an introduction and conclusion and between these is arranged in three parts: I. The Transition to the Market and Protection in Russia (three chapters); II. Private protection in Perm (two chapters investigating the emergence and operation of the mafia in the city of Perm); and III. The Russian Mafia (three chapters).
Searching for Protection
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A variety of actors operate in the market for protection in Russia, and in order to establish how they interact with each other and with their clients/victims, this chapter and the next present an in-depth study of a particular Russian setting: the city of Perm, in the Ural region. Chapter 4 starts with a brief sketch of Perm’s history and traces the impact of market reforms on the structure of the city economy; further information on Perm is presented in Appendix B. This gives a sociological profile of those who benefited most from the transition to market in Perm, in particular the destination of the former Soviet elite, and shows that members of the former nomenklatura (a detailed list of posts in the Communist Party, Government, or elsewhere, to which individuals may not be appointed without personal interview and prior Party approval) entered the new economic elite. Based mostly on evidence from interviews carried out in 1994–95, and between 1996 and 1999, the chapter then traces the sources of harassment that small kiosk owners and businessmen are exposed to, and their search for effective protection, including their encounters with bogus and predatory ‘krysha’ (literally ‘roofs’ – the Russian slang for protection). Although this discussion is mostly devoted to criminal protectors, the market for protection proved to be populated not only by criminals: fragments of the state apparatus and private protection firms were also significant players.
The Contract and the Services
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A variety of actors operate in the market for protection in Russia, and in order to establish how they interact with each other and with their clients/victims, Chs 4 and 5 present an in-depth study of a particular Russian setting: the city of Perm, in the Ural region. Having established the need for protection and investigated the sources of protection in Ch. 4, Ch. 5 looks at protection contracts and the services that criminal protectors are able to offer. It offers a glimpse of who is more likely to escape the grips of criminal protection and obtain state protection. The data used are based mostly on evidence from interviews with (among others) small kiosk owners, businessmen, and private individuals that were carried out in 1994–95, and between 1996 and 1999.
The Mafia in Perm
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
If mafia groups are present in a market, they must be organized in some form. Two questions have generated a heated and long-running debate among scholars of the mafias: first, are criminal groups organized in a hierarchical and military fashion or, on the contrary, are they loose networks of individuals, getting together to perform a specific task; second, are these groups territorially or functionally organized? Chapter 6 addresses these two questions with reference to the city of Perm, which is in the Gulag Archipelago in the Ural region of Russia. It pieces together some elements in the history of Perm’s criminality at the time of the transition from the Soviet economic and political system to the market economy, discussing the legacy of the Gulag (in the shape of the criminal fraternity of the vory-v-zakone – thieves-with-a-code-of-honour – that flourished in the Soviet labour camps between the 1920s and the 1950s, and re-emerged in the 1970s) in relation to the contemporary criminal situation, the post-Soviet criminal groups that emerged in the city, and inter-group relations and conflicts. Lastly, it analyses the organizational arrangements (structure, size, and internal division of labour) of the mafia groups in Perm, and compares them with other gangs and mafias (principally the Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra).
The Russian Mafia
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An assessment is made of the role of the vory-v-zakone (thieves-with-a-code-of-honour – the criminal fraternity that flourished in the Soviet labour camps between the 1920s and the 1950s, and re-emerged in the 1970s) in the post-Soviet criminal world. The features of the new society are described (the existence of territorial groups of vory, and their organizational structure, activities, inter-group relations, and role) and the Russian Mafia is identified as groups that share vory rituals and norms of interaction and are federated with one another. The future of the Russian Mafia is then briefly evaluated amidst the emergence of two powerful competitor groups who do not share the rituals and traditions of the vory: the Chechen Mafia and the Cossacks. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the connections between politics, the church, terrorism, and the modern criminal fraternity.