bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty as Doubt
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the key concept of uncertainty as doubt. Calling uncertainty a state of mind rather than an external probability situation produced by unique circumstances puts uncertainty on a different plane. The chapter elaborates on the specification of uncertainty as psychological, located within the individual, in comparison to Frank Knight’s theory where uncertainty exists outside anyone’s mind. This chapter also explains that mistakes and misjudgments are crucial to Knight’s original theory of profit. In addition, statistical variability becomes uncertain due to the absence of statistical evidence, which reduces statistical uncertainty and is routinely sought with religious fervor.
Conjectures about Justification
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores justification as a suitable object for modernizing uncertainty. It examines how people justify practical proposals and predictions, particularly cooperative justifications. The conjectures of justification, such as its role, supply, demand, and routines of organizations, go well beyond Frank Knight’s thesis about uncertainty and profit. The roles and challenges of justification revolve around agreements, authoritarian alternatives, and competition. The chapter provides an overview of the supply and demand for justification, including the notion of evidentiary weights and the role of cultural and technological influences. Meanwhile, routines that organizations use to evaluate and justify claims include organizational specialization, bias against uniqueness, qualifications, and functional reasonableness.
Applications to Enterprise
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the application of justification and uncertainty to the enterprise. It discusses how uncertainty affects the specialization of entrepreneurial initiatives and the nature of entrepreneurial discourse. Moreover, economic theories typically ignore stories or other kinds of rich communication used to justify or share ideas, which raises the notion that persuasive pathos can only deceive. The chapter cites the unlikelihood of Frank Knight’s thesis of “no-uncertainty, no-profit” being accepted in mainstream economics since economics already has well-established theories of profit. Routines to control mistakes and misjudgments also impose unintended but unavoidable restrictions, such as discouraging large corporations from undertaking small projects whose profit potential cannot absorb the fixed planning and oversight costs.
Frank Knight: The Spark That Did Not Ignite
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces the work and legacy of Frank Knight. It discusses why Knightian uncertainty never took off and the subsequent obstruction of its modernization. Knight’s claims about uncertainty and profit never entered formal economics, despite Knight’s analysis of uncertainty-free competition as a steppingstone to showing how true profit requires uncertainty. The chapter explains that Knight’s writing limits the influence of his book, referencing his inaccessible prose style that reflected his background and skeptical temperament. It then provides an overview of the notion of paradigms presented by Thomas Kuhn, which includes the paraphernalia of specialization that gives science its prestige and supporting paradigm.
Practically Omniscient Microeconomics
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cornerstone of the economics paradigm and why it rejected Knightian uncertainty. Frank Knight associated uncertainty with subjective opinions formed when situational uniqueness makes objective calculation impossible, while also observing that the impossibility of objective measurement is ubiquitous. The chapter then elaborates on how personal probabilities provided a building block of the subjective expected utility (SEU) theory that became a cornerstone of the modern economics paradigm. However, the theory conflicts with the modernization project. The chapter provides an overview of comprehensive theory for utility maximization that included one-offs in The Foundations of Statistics presented by Jimmie Savage.
Herbert Simon: Faded Guiding Star
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks into the methodology of behavioral economics presented by Herbert Simon. It mentions Simon’s complicated relationship with the economic mainstream even though his technical virtuosity in the discipline was unquestioned. According to Simon, behavioral economics is best characterized as a commitment to empirical testing of the neoclassical assumptions of human behavior and to modifying economic theory based on what is found in the testing process. The chapter considers how Frank Knight’s middle-way methodology limits the practical risks of theories that assume away biases, quirks, and uncertainty. It also looks into realistic reasonableness, which is rationality bounded by unavoidable restrictions to what people can know or process.
Daniel Ellsberg’s Ambiguity: A Simplifying Side Trip
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Daniel Ellsberg’s contribution, which is a 1961 article “Risk, Ambiguity and the Savage Axioms.” Ellsberg documented how incomplete information, even about the known unknown, encourages reasonable choices that contravene standard theories. Ellsberg’s efforts to find concrete support for Knightian uncertainty led him to propose ambiguity as one of its simple observable forms. The chapter also notes that the modernization project depends on the simple source of uncertainty. It then provides an overview of considering the notion of ambiguity as a simplified source of uncertainty and the research that repeatedly confirmed and extended Ellsberg’s results that was treated as a paradox.
Richard Thaler & Co.: Building the New Behavioral Boomtowns
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains that K-T’s pioneering research created a boom in behavioral research. Richard Thaler and other younger economists, supported by the Russell Sage Foundation, formed a strong, cohesive community that was built on the base that K-T research had established. Moreover, the community expanded the scope of behavioral research to finance while maintaining its cohesion and links to K-T’s foundational ideas. The chapter demonstrates that criticisms and alternatives could not disturb the dominance of the community or deflect behavioral economics from K-T’s uncertainty-free path. The chapter highlights that incorporating new ideas into economics requires alignment with its paradigmatic norms and forming cohesive communities of like-minded scholars.
Including Uncertainty: Recapitulation and Preview
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how entrepreneurship offers a natural staging ground for renewing uncertainty-based research. It cites how top business schools recruited large numbers of young economists to satisfy the growing demand for entrepreneurship courses, which then researched entrepreneurial topics but maintained the uncertainty-free focus of mainstream economics. The applications of the specialization of entrepreneurial initiatives and the role of imaginative discourse aim to improve the practical understanding of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Moreover, the applications demonstrate what an uncertainty-based approach can reveal. The chapter looks into how economists who undertook entrepreneurship research repurposed models taken from information economics that focused on incentives rather than uncertainty.
“Bootstrapping” Improvised Startups
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the theories surrounding startups. It looks into how mainstream theories attribute the financing problems of entrepreneurs to concerns about truthfulness and incentives. The venture of Case Shiller Weiss typifies how irreducibly high uncertainty needs many high-potential businesses to self-finance. High-potential businesses often have humble, improvised origins and are started by founders who lack novel ideas or deep experience. The chapter explains that hospitable markets improve the prospects of businesses while also increasing their irreducible uncertainties. It also discusses the significance of luck in developing high-growth businesses before considering the extent of financing constraints.
The Case for Widening
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a broadened approach attempting to examine the extent of entrepreneurial specialization. It explores the deviations from normal patterns of entrepreneurial specialization. The entrepreneurial specialization map and its underlying routines describe and explain the normally symbiotic division of entrepreneurial labor in a modern economy. The chapter then looks into the interplay of technologies and discourse and how they influence each other while highlighting that technological progress threatens the legitimacy of the institutions that progress requires. It explains the notion of delegating authority to specialists, wherein imbalances of authority and justification can produce several kinds of public dysfunctions.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This introduction traces Confucianism as a political philosophy that moved away from its traditional authoritarian monarchical manifestation in the face of the challenge of the rise of modernity. Since the 1950s, Confucianism has experienced a liberal turn which on the whole steered the tradition toward a more egalitarian and democratic direction in international scholarship. For a while, it seemed that liberal democracy would be the only future for political Confucianism. Yet the revival of the authoritarian strand of political Confucianism, especially in the People’s Republic of China, shows that the authoritarian tendency within the Confucian tradition must be taken seriously. To approach the issue of whether Confucianism should adopt a more authoritarian or democratic direction, this introduction establishes the basic framework by laying out the methodology, the scope of the study, and the basic puzzles of two conflicting images of Confucianism that are both supported by textual evidence.
Awakening the People
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1 traces the relationship between Heaven, human, and sageking as depicted in the Confucian classics to demonstrate that political authority is fundamentally justified by the perfectionist goal of morally cultivating the people in the tradition of Confucianism. This perfectionist tendency is driven by the belief that the essence of humanity rests with the continuous development of virtues which are endowed by Heaven. This chapter argues that Confucianism deems virtuous cultivation of the people as both political means and political ends. These two perspectives coexist within the tradition as the starting point of the ideal and non-ideal perspectives of moral cultivation in the Confucian tradition.
Anyone Can Be a Sage
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 2 borrows the ideal theory from the Western tradition to reconstruct the idealistic features of Confucianism into an ideal theory of moral cultivation. It highlights the most optimistic aspects of Confucianism which regard every human being as virtuous beings whose potential can be fulfilled given the ideally favorable conditions. This chapter demonstrates that the primary motivation behind Confucianism’s insistence on morally improving each person comes from the conviction that such a possibility of moral improvement is the ultimate defining mark that makes a person a human being. Without the effort to fulfill this potential, the potential itself would become pointless and the person would lose the moral status of a human being.
As Virtuous as Heaven and Earth
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 details the contents of the ideal goals of Confucian virtue cultivation. Confucians seek to help everyone fulfill their human nature by developing their potential. But what does this human potential contain? This chapter analyzes and details human potential in the form of human virtues. Specifically, it argues that the core of human development depends on the co-arising and cultivation of five central virtues (benevolence, ritual propriety, wisdom, courage, and sincerity) that are codependent on each other. With these five virtues, a person will naturally embark upon a journey of increasing self-improvement. In Confucianism, such a person is already regarded as a sage along with the semi-god-like image of the sage kings.
From Non-ideal to No Ideal
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that while the hierarchical and authoritarian political order in Confucianism is not without justification, it is ultimately self-defeating in the sense that Confucians will eventually give up the political and moral ideal of virtuous cultivation for the majority of the population. This chapter argues that once the hierarchical order is in place, in all sensible ways most of the population will be considered little more than brutes. The traditional contempt of Confucians for commoners is less an individual failure than a mark of systemic failure of the traditional Confucian political order in response to non-ideal reality.
Conclusion
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The conclusion offers a succinct summary of the book by pulling together the divergent threads developed in different chapters. It explains how the future of Confucianism as a political force is best secured by partnering with republicanism, which will also benefit in the process of forming a hybrid political order that has the advantage of both institutional checks and balances and a virtuous citizenry. The conclusion offers a short and concise overview of all the major claims of this book in a coherent picture. The future of Confucianism does not rest with defaulting to the ancient authoritarian tendency, instead, it rests with embarking on a journey of reconstitution through incorporating the advantageous aspects of modern republican democratic politics.
Borders, State Authority, and the Right to Travel
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter opens with the shocking story of Charlotte Bellis, a pregnant New Zealand citizen who was denied permission to return home during the pandemic and had to seek refuge with her American boyfriend in Afghanistan. It introduces the core question of the book—should there be limits on the authority of governments to close their borders in emergencies? During the pandemic, governments went to unprecedented extremes to stop travel, including in some cases both legal and de facto restrictions on citizens returning to their own countries. What does citizenship mean if not the right to return to one’s country? The chapter explains why so many countries were able to control borders effectively during the pandemic, and how they made decisions on controversial exemptions such as “essential workers”—which often included celebrities. It argues that the special exemptions for trade were never properly explained or justified by governments.
The Siege of Point Roberts
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter uses the case study of the isolated community of Point Roberts, Washington, as an entry into some of the hardships faced by those seeking to cross borders in North America. It outlines the Covid border restrictions put in place by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which mark a drastic divergence from the previously established North American vision of closer integration. It explores the restrictions’ social and economic fallout, particularly in borderland communities. Particularly egregious was the use of Title 42 restrictions by the United States to prevent the processing of asylum claims, which were enacted in the name of public health yet served exclusively as an immigration control measure and lasted longer than any other Covid-related public health policy. The chapter focuses on the Canada-US relationship and the shocking lack of collaboration between two allied countries whose citizens, economic relationships, and border security are so deeply intertwined.
Should Newcomers Stay Temporarily or Indefinitely?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the distinction between staying in a new country temporarily and staying there indefinitely or permanently. This question is foundational to immigration policy in ways that go underappreciated. The chapter starts with temporary immigration statuses. Most immigration systems have such statuses for workers, businesspeople, and students, and other groups of noncitizens. The chapter then expands to analyze what are often called in-between statuses. These might be for the temporary protection of forced migrants or serve as a partial substitute for legalization of the undocumented. The chapter discusses the reasons for temporary and indefinite statuses, sometimes as a matter of pragmatic politics and sometimes as a rational decision to defer the choice. The chapter explains why it’s best to have admissions that are temporary, but which also allow a temporary stay to become indefinite if noncitizens becomes part of communities in a new country and thus insiders.
What About People Without Lawful Status?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 6 looks at people who live in a country without having lawful immigration status. In the United States, the size of this undocumented population reflects a long-standing mismatch between narrow migration pathways for noncitizens and the pressing workforce needs of the national economy. The chapter then assesses several types of arguments for legalization as well as key choices in eligibility criteria and other aspects of legalization programs. The chapter next considers objections to legalization, especially objections that invoke the rule of law. In key respects, however, legalization is essential to maintaining the rule of law in immigration policy, especially by providing the transparency and accountability needed to prevent or remedy discrimination in enforcement. The chapter closes by recognizing the limits of legalization. When the undocumented population is large, legalization with no changes to the basic immigration system is not a durable solution.
Myths and Sanctioned Ignorance in British Immigration Discourse
Authors: Bennett Samuel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Myths and Sanctioned Ignorance in British Immigration Discourse is about the myths that societies tell themselves, the partial stories with which they convince themselves and others that the UK is (and always has been) a ‘good’ country, in order to discursively legitimize racialized immigration policy. From a basis in critical discourse studies (CDS) and integrating postcolonial and decolonial theories, the book offers an analysis of different socio-historical contexts, spaces, and genres. The book moves backwards and forwards between past and the present to show how the myths the UK tells itself are stable across time and genre, deployed in different contexts, and historically rooted. Crucially, it reveals these myths as just that: myths—selective narratives of history that integrate existing (objectivated) phenomena into a cohesive story about the UK. An introductory chapter sets out the theoretical and analytical framework of the book. An initial empirical chapter analyses recent election manifestos to highlight the four myths used in political discourses of immigration. Subsequent chapters investigate each of these myths in different contexts, including history textbooks, newspapers, parliamentary debates, and NGOs. Throughout, the books argues that in the construction of these legitimating myths through talk and talk the migrant Other—and by extension British ethnic minorities—has been racialized, silenced, deleted, hidden, and instrumentalized, and that this in turn impacts societal issues of integration and social cohesion. A final chapter offers a synthesis of the findings, a consideration of how to integrate decolonial thought with CDS, and a reflection on the role of the researcher.
Introduction
Authors: Bennett Samuel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides the theoretical, methodological, and macro-contextual background to the book. It starts with the claim that it is not possible to understand the issue of migration to the UK and the concerted efforts to restrict it without also looking at historical discourses and practices. To account for this, there needs to be a more comprehensive consideration of history in studies of current discourses, and decolonial theories can be combined with critical discourse studies (CDS) to achieve this. Next, the chapter introduces the key decolonial concepts that the book combines with CDS: Spivak’s ‘sanctioned ignorances’ and the subaltern as ‘subject-effect’; and de Sousa Santos’s ‘sociology of absences’. After this, the chapter introduces mythopoesis as a form of legitimation through selective narratives of history and then provides the analytical framework for analysing myths, which is based on the discourse-historical approach.
British Exceptionalism
Authors: Bennett Samuel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 2, the first analytical chapter, is the ‘jumping-off point’ for the other empirical chapters, both in terms of the specific myths analysed and the analytical framework. The chapter’s main aim is to draw out and analyse the current myths about immigration into the UK and how the country has reacted. The chapter starts by investigating election manifestos as a genre of political communication. It argues that election manifestos are an example of persuasive political language which seeks to legitimize certain courses of actions (policies). This builds on and builds into a maintenance of a stable, good identity of the national. To identify the myths, the chapter offers an analysis of a decade of UK election manifestos from the major parties, covering four general elections (2010, 2015, 2017, 2019). In doing so, the chapter also provides a practical operationalization of the analytical framework offered in the introduction.
Britain in Danger
Authors: Bennett Samuel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates the next myth: that immigration has enriched the nation but that it also threatens ‘us’, which in turn legitimizes restrictive legislation that allows the government to strip Britons of their citizenship without notice. To this end, the chapter presents a comparative analysis of newspaper discourses of two instances when the British government has restricted citizenship: the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act and the case of Shamima Begum in 2019. An initial section explains how citizenship regimes exclude those deemed undesirable and set the parameters for inclusion into the community. This is followed by the analytical section, which takes its data from more liberal or left of centre newspapers (The Guardian and The Mirror) to show how exclusionary myths are not just the preserve of conservative or far-right actors. The chapter finds many similarities between the two datasets, which points to the stability of these myths over time.