bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Mechanisms of Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone and Vasopressin Gene Expression in the Hypothalamus
Authors: Itoi K. , Jiang Y.‐Q. , Iwasaki Y. , . Watson S. J 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTuberoinfundibular corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurones are the principal regulators of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA)‐axis. Vasopressin is primarily a neurohypophysial hormone, produced in magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, but parvocellular CRH neurones also coexpress vasopressin, which acts as a second ‘releasing factor’ for adrenocorticotropic hormone along with CRH. All stress inputs converge on these hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurones, and the input signals are integrated to determine the output secretion of CRH and vasopressin. Aminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and a number of peptidergic inputs have all been implicated in the regulation of CRH/vasopressin neurones. Glucocorticoids inhibit the HPA‐axis activity by negative feedback. Interleukin‐1 stimulates CRH and vasopressin gene expression, and is implicated in immune‐neuroendocrine regulation. cAMP‐response element‐binding protein phosphorylation may mediate transcriptional activation of both CRH and vasopressin genes, but the roles of AP‐1 and other transcription factors remain controversial. Expression profiles of the CRH and vasopressin genes are not uniform after stress exposure, and the vasopressin gene appears to be more sensitive to glucocorticoid suppression.
Vasopressin Secretion: Osmotic and Hormonal Regulation by the Lamina Terminalis
Authors: McKinley M. J. , Mathai M. L. , McAllen R. M. , McClear R. C. , Miselis R. R. , Pennington G. L. , Vivas L. , Wade J. D. , Oldfield B. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe lamina terminalis, located in the anterior wall of the third ventricle, is comprised of the subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). The subfornical organ and OVLT are two of the brain's circumventricular organs that lack the blood–brain barrier, and are therefore exposed to the ionic and hormonal environment of the systemic circulation. Previous investigations in sheep and rats show that this region of the brain has a crucial role in osmoregulatory vasopressin secretion and thirst. The effects of lesions of the lamina terminalis, studies of immediate–early gene expression and electrophysiological data show that all three regions of the lamina terminalis are involved in osmoregulation. There is considerable evidence that physiological osmoreceptors subserving vasopressin release are located in the dorsal cap region of the OVLT and possibly also around the periphery of the subfornical organ and in the MnPO. The circulating peptide hormones angiotensin II and relaxin also have access to peptide specific receptors (AT1 and LGR7 receptors, respectively) in the subfornical organ and OVLT, and both angiotensin II and relaxin act on the subfornical organ to stimulate water drinking in the rat. Studies that combined neuroanatomical tracing and detection of c‐fos expression in response to angiotensin II or relaxin suggest that both of these circulating peptides act on neurones within the dorsal cap of the OVLT and the periphery of the subfornical organ to stimulate vasopressin release.
Folklore and Basque Nationalism: Language, Myth, Reality
Authors: Watson Cameron 
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This article establishes a precise relationship between folklore and ethno‐nationalism. In particular, it argues that the discursive elements of folklore have been used, as political narrative, within the history of Basque nationalism.The Basque nationalist movement, throughout its history, has been especially adept at harnessing the rhetorical power of language, history, myth and memory in its articulation of a Basque, as opposed to a Spanish, identity. The article concentrates on the specific information selected for transmission by the ideology of Basque nationalism.It is this articulation which establishes links between past and present, myth and ideology, and the relationship between culture and identity in the human experience. These are the bonds which are perhaps most pertinent to the general cause of ethno‐nationalism, and the Basque case in particular.
Images of Catalonia
Authors: Guibernau Montserrat 
Published: April 2004

Abstract. The aim of this article is to offer an account of the Catalan nationalist discourse contained in the works of Jordi Pujol, leader of the Convergence and Unity Party (Convergéncia i Unió or CiU) which has been in power since the first democratic election to the Catalan parliament in 1980 having renewed its mandate for the fifth time in 1995.The article is divided into three parts. First, it explores the political scenario set up by the 1978 Constitution which recognised the existence of ‘nationalities and regions’ within Spain and allowed the country to be divided into seventeen autonomous communities. Second, it analyses the image of Catalonia contained in the 1979 Statute of Autonomy. Third, it offers an account of the nationalist discourses put forward by the four major Catalan nationalist parties emphasising their different content depending upon the political ideology with which they are associated. This section provides a detailed examination of the Convergence and Unity Party's nationalist discourse which is based upon the defence of a non‐violent nationalism aiming at the development of Catalan identity without seeking independence from Spain and stressing the potential role of nations without a state in the constitution of a united Europe.
Archaeology and Nationalism: Excavating the Foundations of Identity
Authors: Parkins Helen 
Published: April 2004

Margarita Diaz‐Andreu and Timothy C. Champion Nationalism and Archeology in Europe.P. Graves‐Brown, S. Jones, C. Gamble (eds.) Cultural Identity and Archaeology: the Construction of European Communities.P. Kohl, C. Fawcett (eds.) Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology.
The Natsyas of the Grodno region of Belarus: A Field Study
Authors: Engelking Anna 
Published: April 2004

Abstract. This research was conducted in 1993–4 in several peripheral kolkhoz villages in the north‐west Belarus Grodno province, a religious (Catholic/Orthodox) and linguistic (Belarussian/RussiadPolish/Lithuanian)borderland. The members of the folk communities of this region conceive and categorise social reality differently than it is done by the members of a nationalised and urbanised society, according to religious, and not nation‐state, criteria. People are divided by these criteria into natsyas, i.e. religious groups. There are two main natsyas: the Catholics (also called Poles) and the Orthodox (called Rus' or Belarussians). The distinctive criterion for several natsyus is the language of a prayer: the Catholics pray in Polish and/or Lithuanian, the Orthodox in Old Church Slavonic and Russian. The terms Catholic natsya and Polish natsya (and similarly Orthodox natsya or Rus' natsya) are synonymous. The language of everyday speech does not differentiate the natsyas; all the villagers speak Belarussian dialect or so called ‘plain language’.The natsya, a concept specific of traditional folk societies, should not be confused with a ‘nation’, a political term of the modem world. None the less, the kolkhoz peasants of the region under study are confronted with a concept of ‘nation’. It results in a turmoil in their worldview and in confusion about their identity; what we see in the Belarussian villages is a process of change. The borderland where the material was collected seems an excellent field for the study of the process of the emergence of nations.
Timing of high‐risk vascular surgery following coronary artery bypass surgery: A 10‐year experience from an academic medical centre*
Authors: Breen P. , Lee J.‐W. , Pomposelli F. , Park K. W. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryMajor non‐cardiac surgery within 40 days of coronary angioplasty with stenting has high cardiac complication rates. We have performed a case‐control study to determine whether the risk of vascular surgery might have increased in recent survivors of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Using our vascular database from 1990 to 1999, we matched the cases who had vascular surgery within a month of CABG with controls by pre‐operative comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, history of myocardial infarction (MI), history of congestive heart failure (CHF), and chronic renal insufficiency and compared the incidence of peri‐operative MI, CHF, death, and other complications. Compared to case‐matched controls, patients who underwent vascular surgery within a month of CABG suffered significantly greater mortality (20.6% vs. 3.9%, p < 0.005). The incidence of non‐fatal cardiac complications was not significantly different between the groups. We conclude that the risk of mortality may be significantly greater in patients undergoing major vascular surgery within a month of CABG.
The management of patients with ischaemic heart disease undergoing non‐cardiac elective surgery: A survey of Australian and New Zealand clinical practice
Authors: Price D. J. , Kluger M. T. , Fletcher T. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryImprovements in patient risk stratification and peri‐operative beta‐blockade have been suggested as methods which can reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with known cardiac risk factors. A postal questionnaire was sent to all Australian and New Zealand teaching hospitals to identify patterns of pre‐operative cardiac risk evaluation and methods of peri‐operative beta‐blocker use. In all, 67 replies were evaluated (64% response rate). Specialist anaesthetists are present in the majority of pre‐admission clinics (78%), with a designated peri‐operative physician in 9%. Further cardiological referral was possible in almost all institutions (96%), and specific peri‐operative physician referral in 54%. Waiting times for specialist consultation were < 7 days in the majority of cases. Whilst 79% of institutions used peri‐operative beta‐blockade, specific protocols were available in only 10%. In 60% of institutions, beta‐blockers were administered to high‐risk patients, and in 25% they were given to intermediate risk group patients. There was a wide range in the duration of pre‐ and postoperative beta‐blocker administration. Whilst peri‐operative risk assessment appears to be consistent, the pattern of beta‐blockade, a known beneficial intervention, is variable. Reasons need to be identified, protocols developed and consistent administration targeted for further improvements to be made.
Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: Results from 34 ‘N of 1’ studies
Authors: Notcutt William , Price Mario , Miller Roy , Newport Samantha , Phillips Cheryl , Simmons Susan , Sansom Cathy 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThree Cannabis Based Medicinal Extracts (CBMEs) for sublingual use became available in 2000. A total of 34 ‘N of 1’ studies were undertaken using this novel therapy for patients with chronic, mainly neuropathic, pain and associated symptoms to explore efficacy, tolerability, safety and dosages. Three CBMEs (Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannabidiol (CBD) and a 1 : 1 mixture of them both) were given over a 12‐week period. After an initial open‐label period, the CBMEs were used in a randomised, double‐blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. Extracts which contained THC proved most effective in symptom control. Regimens for the use of the sublingual spray emerged and a wide range of dosing requirements was observed. Side‐effects were common, reflecting a learning curve for both patient and study team. These were generally acceptable and little different to those seen when other psycho‐active agents are used for chronic pain. These initial experiences with CBME open the way to more detailed and extensive studies.
Tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Authors: Price G. C. , Thompson S. A. , Kam P. C. A. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThe classical ‘cascade/waterfall’ hypothesis formulated to explain in vitro coagulation organised the amplification processes into the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Recent molecular biology and clinical data indicate that tissue factor/factor‐VII interaction is the primary cellular initiator of coagulation in vivo. The process of blood coagulation is divided into an initiation phase followed by a propagation phase. The discovery of tissue factor pathway inhibitor further supports the revised theory of coagulation. Tissue factor is also a signalling receptor. Recent evidence has shown that blood‐borne tissue factor has an important procoagulant function in sepsis, atherosclerosis and cancer, and other functions beyond haemostasis such as immune function and metastases.
The effect of mechanically‐induced cricoid force on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in anaesthetised patients
Authors: Garrard A. , Campbell A. E. , Turley A. , Hall J. E. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryIn the United Kingdom, cricoid force is central to upper airway management in obstetric and emergency anaesthesia. A reduction in oesophageal barrier pressure (OBP) in these patients may increase regurgitation risk. This study investigated whether the application of cricoid force to anaesthetised patients reduced lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP) and consequently OBP. Anaesthesia was induced in 29 patients using a standard protocol. An oesophageal balloon catheter was inserted and gastric trace identified. The catheter was withdrawn incrementally and pressure readings recorded at each position before and during the application of 30 N cricoid force, with a sudden rise in pressure indicating lower oesophageal sphincter position. Oesophageal barrier pressure was calculated as the difference between LOSP and gastric pressure. Application of cricoid force significantly reduced OBP without influencing gastric pressure (p < 0.001). The use of cricoid force may increase the risk of gastroesophageal reflux in anaesthetised patients.
Varying anatomical injection points within the thoracic paravertebral space: effect on spread of solution and nerve blockade
Authors: Naja M. Z. , Ziade M. F. , Rajab M. El , Tayara K. El , Lönnqvist P. A. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThe factors responsible for the spreading pattern of a single paravertebral injection are still uncertain. In this study, 28 patients were randomly assigned to receive a paravertebral injection of radio‐opaque dye (10 ml, with or without co‐administration of 20 ml of local anaesthetics) either dorsal or ventral to the endothoracic fascia. The point of injection was determined by use of a nerve‐stimulator and the radiographic distribution pattern was assessed blindly by a radiologist. Injections made in the more ventral part of the thoracic paravertebral space, supposedly anterior to the endothoracic fascia, resulted in a multisegmental longitudinal spreading pattern, whereas injections made dorsal to the endothoracic fascia resulted in a less predictable cloud‐like spreading pattern, with only limited distribution over adjacent segments. The use of a nerve stimulator‐guided technique appears to enhance the likelihood of achieving the more desirable longitudinal spreading pattern.
Assigning macroinvertebrate tolerance classifications using generalised additive models
Authors: Yuan Lester L. 
Published: April 2004

Summary1. Macroinvertebrates are frequently classified in terms of their tolerance to human disturbance and pollution. These tolerance values have been used effectively to assess the biological condition of running waters.2. Generalised additive models were used to associate the presence and absence of different macroinvertebrate genera with different environmental gradients. The model results were then used to classify each genera as sensitive, intermediately tolerant or tolerant to different stressor gradients as quantified by total phosphorus concentration, sulphate ion concentration, qualitative habitat score and stream pH. The analytical approach provided a means of estimating stressor‐specific tolerance classifications while controlling for covarying, natural environmental gradients.3. Computed tolerance classification generally conformed with expectations and provided some capacity for distinguishing between different stressors in test data.
δ15N of zooplankton species in subarctic lakes in northern Sweden: effects of diet and trophic fractionation
Authors: Karlsson J. , Jonsson A. , Meili M. , Jansson M. 
Published: April 2004

Summary1. To assess the use of stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) for reconstructing trophic relationships in planktonic food webs, crustacean zooplankton species and pelagic dissolved and particulate matter were analysed in 14 subarctic lakes in northern Sweden. The lakes are situated along an altitudinal gradient and show a substantial variation in nutrient content and energy mobilization by bacterioplankton and phytoplankton.2. The δ15N of dissolved and particulate matter was comparatively low, suggesting efficient N recycling and low losses of depleted N from the pelagic zone of these unproductive lakes.3. Copepods had a systematically higher δ15N than cladocerans, with an average difference of 3.1–4.9‰ within lakes, implying different trophic positions of the two groups. Comparisons of nitrogen pools and energy fluxes suggest that the low cladoceran δ15N was a result of feeding on bacteria.4. The difference in δ15N between copepods and cladocerans declined with decreasing bacterioplankton production among lakes, due either to increasing trophic isotope fractionation or decreasing relative importance of bacteria in the diet of cladocerans.
Incorporation of marine‐derived nutrients from petrel breeding colonies into stream food webs
Authors: Harding Jon S. , Hawke David J. , Holdaway Richard N. , Winterbourn Michael J. 
Published: April 2004

Summary1. Stable isotope ratios of aquatic invertebrates, aquatic mosses and leaves of riparian plants were used to determine whether marine‐derived nutrients from breeding colonies of the Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica) were incorporated into the food webs of small streams in New Zealand.2. The δ15N signatures of all plants and animals examined were higher by 3.6–4.6‰ in small streams draining catchments with petrel colonies than in nearby streams where petrels were absent. δ13C values of leaves from terrestrial plants were also enriched by about 2‰ where petrels were present, but the carbon ratios of aquatic species were depleted in 13C, rather than enriched, suggesting that any marine signal was over‐ridden by isotopic shifts related to photosynthetic fractionation.3. A high marine‐nitrogen signal was maintained along the 3 km length of Scotchman Creek with the δ15N values of leptophlebiid mayflies and predatory insects ranging from 7.4–9.5 and 9.2–11.9‰, respectively.4. Most nutrients derived from petrels are likely to be translocated to streams via the soil, which they enter in the form of excreta, spilled food, feathers, dead chicks, and abandoned eggs. However, because changes in δ15N values are brought about by soil processes such as volatilisation of ammonia, nitrification and denitrification, it is difficult to predict the exact isotope signature of nitrogen entering a stream. Tentative estimates of the proportion of marine‐derived nitrogen in stream biota, calculated using a mass‐balance approach, ranged from 28–38%.5. Our findings indicate that marine nutrients transported inland by seabirds can be incorporated into the food webs of streams. In pre‐human times when there were many more seabird colonies on mainland New Zealand than exist today, marine‐derived nutrients introduced by birds may have had significant effects on nitrogen cycling and the productivity of New Zealand streams.
Analysis of planktonic community structure and trophic interactions using refined isotopic signatures determined by combining fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Pel Roel , Floris Virgilio , Hoogveld Hans 
Published: April 2004

Summary1. Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation of cellular lipids, by means of Curie‐point pyrolysis of intact whole cells in the presence of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide reagent, provided analytical access (pyrolysis‐gas chromatography; Py‐GC) to the very small amounts of algal carbon delivered by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Based on differences in pigment composition, population‐specific in situ fatty acid profiles could be obtained of the major taxa present in the phytoplankton of Lake Loosdrecht (The Netherlands).2. By combining Py‐GC and compound‐specific isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry (Py‐GC‐IRMS) the in situ carbon isotopic signatures could be established of the fatty acid profiles retrieved by flow cytometry. Colonial phytoplankton not amenable to cell sorting and zooplankton specimens were also isotopically characterised with this technique by subjecting handpicked samples to pyrolytic methylation. In this way proxies could be obtained in great detail for isotopic end‐members delineating important carbon sources and sinks in the pelagic food web of Lake Loosdrecht.3. These analyses suggested a significant isotopic heterogeneity among major representatives of the phytoplankton in Lake Loosdrecht. This heterogeneity was also reflected in the isotopic composition of the zooplankton, implying the occurrence of preferential grazing. A differential labelling of the phytoplankton using 13C‐CO2 in a laboratory confinement, and subsequent monitoring of label transfer to the zooplankton, corroborated selective feeding in some rotifer species. The large‐bodied rotifer Asplanchna, previously thought to be predaceous, apparently mainly fed on algae rather than small rotifers, whereas Euchlanis dilatata actively selected filamentous cyanobacteria. Flow cytometric cell sorting in concert with Py‐GC‐IRMS offers new possibilities in carbon isotope‐based food web studies.
Variation in responses to spawning Pacific salmon among three south‐eastern Alaska streams
Authors: Chaloner D. T. , Lamberti G. A. , Merritt R. W. , Mitchell N. L. , Ostrom P. H. , Wipfli M. S. 
Published: April 2004

Summary1. Pacific salmon are thought to stimulate the productivity of the fresh waters in which they spawn by fertilising them with marine‐derived nutrients (MDN). We compared the influence of salmon spawners on surface streamwater chemistry and benthic biota among three south‐eastern Alaska streams. Within each stream, reaches up‐ and downstream of barriers to salmon migration were sampled during or soon after spawners entered the streams.2. Within streams, concentrations of dissolved ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), abundance of epilithon (chlorophyll a and ash‐free dry mass) and biomass of chironomids were significantly higher in reaches with salmon spawners. In contrast, biomass of the mayflies Epeorus spp. and Rhithrogena spp. was significantly higher in reaches lacking spawners.3. Among streams, significant differences were found in concentrations of dissolved ammonium, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate and SRP, abundance of epilithon, and the biomass of chironomids and Rhithrogena. These differences did not appear to reflect differences among streams in spawner density, nor the changes in water chemistry resulting from salmon spawners.4. Our results suggest that the ‘enrichment’ effect of salmon spawners (e.g. increased streamwater nutrient concentrations) was balanced by other concurrent effects of spawners on streams (e.g. sediment disturbance). Furthermore, the collective effect of spawners on lotic ecosystems is likely to be constrained by conditions unique to individual streams, such as temperature, background water chemistry and light attenuation.