bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISPROPORTIONATE DWARFISM IN TWO BOVINE SIBLINGS
Authors: Carrig C. B. , Grandage J. , Seawright A. A. 
Published: May 2005

Disproportionate dwarfism is reported in two bovine siblings. Affected animals were similar in appearance and were characterized by shortening of the limbs. Pelvic limbs were noticeably shorter than the pectoral limbs. The axial skeleton was not noticeably affected, but the back sloped because of the shorter pelvic limbs. Sloping of the back was accompanied by thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis.Comparison of the length of bones from an affected animal with those from a normal animal indicated that major growth retardation occurred in the femur, tibia, and metatarsal bones. Histological examination of the physes indicated a reduction in cartilage cell maturation and matrix calcification. This was associated with a reduction of osteogenesis and the formation of thickened, shortened primary trabeculae surrounded by fibrous and poorly vascularized bone marrow.
QUANTITATIVE CROSS‐SECTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: O'Grady Michael R. , Bonagura John D. , Powers Jean D. , Herring David S. 
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional echocardiography was performed on 18 unanesthetized, normal dogs (4.5 to 30 kg). Measurements of wall thickness, intracavitary dimensions, and cross‐sectional area of the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta were made. Satisfactory data were obtained from 17 dogs, and were used to determine normal values. Normal data were tested for significant correlation to body weight (kg) by linear regression. Repeatability was studied in six dogs examined, on three separate occasions, during a 5‐day period. Differences between values obtained on different days were evaluated by analysis of variance.Satisfactory qualitative echocardiograms were repeatedly obtained by using consistent sites of transducer placement and by identifying internal cardiac structures. These tomographic planes were highly reproducible, with only ventricular length, and some views of the ventricular septum, showing statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences. Almost all linear and area measurements were significantly correlated to body size, while most indices of left ventricular function were independent of body weight. Dimensions obtained from the left and right parasternal position were nearly identical. Cross‐sectional echocardiography allows repeatable assessment of cardiac anatomy, and it should prove useful for identification and quantitation of heart disease in the dog.
SENSITIVITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF LUNG METASTASES IN THE DOG
Authors: LANG JOHANN , WORTMAN JEFFREY A. , GLICKMAN LARRY T. , BIERY DARRYL N. , RHODES W. HARKER 
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs were taken in right lateral recumbent (RLR), left lateral recumbent (LLR), and ventrodorsal (VD) projections in 80 dogs with known or suspected malignant tumors. Radiographs in each projection were interpreted, independently of those in the other two projections, by four veterinary radiologists, and classified as positive or negative for one or more lung metastases. The four radiologists then met, to agree on a diagnosis for each patient by simultaneously reviewing all three views. This panel diagnosis became the standard for subsequently classifying individual views as either true positive or true negative. As determined by a consensus of the panel, 25 dogs had at least one positive thoracic radiograph.The three radiographic projections differed in sensitivity for the detection of lung metastases. In this study, the RLR view was the most sensitive, and the VD view the least sensitive. The sensitivity of detection improved significantly with multiple readers. From these data we recommend that, for detection of lung metastases in the dog, the RLR view be included in any diagnostic protocol; a minimum of two readers be used; and a three‐view protocol be used if only one reader is available.
EQUINE RENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY: NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
Authors: PENNINCK D.G. , EISENBERG H.M. , TEUSCHER E.E. , VRINS A. 
Published: May 2005

The kidneys of three clinically normal horses were evaluated ultrasonographically, utilizing a standardized approach. The normal renal architecture, including cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal sinus fat, collecting system, and intrarenal vessels, was evaluated.A horse with hematuria was examined in the same manner and a mass was found in the right renal pelvis.Ultrasonographic determinations were correlated with gross anatomy, clinical signs, and pathologic findings of a renal pelvic adenoma.
COMPARISONS OF RADIOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN CANINE HEARTWORM DISEASE
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Losonsky John M. , Brown John , Lewis Robert E. 
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs and electrocardiograms from 137 dogs with heartworm infection were independently evaluated and comparisons were made of (1) the presence or absence of right ventricular enlargement as assessed by these two diagnostic tests and (2) the presence or absence of right‐sided congestive heart failure relative to the degree of right ventricular enlargement and ECG criteria of RVH.Radiographic evidence of severe, but not moderate, right ventricular enlargement was associated with right‐sided congestive heart failure. Similarly the presence of three or more, but not fewer than three, ECG criteria of RVH were associated with right‐sided congestive heart failure. If either the thoracic radiographs or the ECG indicated that severe right ventricular enlargement was absent, right‐sided congestive heart failure was seldom present. The most accurate correlation of the radiographic evaluation of severe right ventricular enlargement was afforded by the presence of three or more ECG criteria of RVH. ECG criteria of RVH such as R/Sv4, + Tv10 MEAx, and S11 are highly specific tests; while SV2 is a highly sensitive but not highly specific test. The ECG is a good confirmation test of the presence of severe right ventricular enlargement and is a good exclusion test for the absence of right‐sided congestive heart failure.
EVALUATION OF THE EXTIRPATED EQUINE EYE USING B‐MODE ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Rogers Monica , Cartee Robert E. , Miller William , Ibrahim Ahmed K. 
Published: May 2005

B‐mode ultrasonography using a 7.5 megahertz (MHz) transducer was performed on 95 equine cadaver eyes submerged in a water bath. Identification and measurement of the anterior to posterior diameters of the intraocular structures and of the axis bulbi was done. The dorsal ventral axis of the eye was also measured. The eyes were then frozen, sectioned in a saggital plane and the same measurements were made using calipers. Two sets of measurements were then compared statistically.With the exception of the cornea and the dorsal ventral axis measurements of male horses there was no statistically significant difference in the measurements obtained by the two methods.The use of B‐mode ultrasonography at a frequency of 7.5 MHz to examine the architecture of the equine eye is suggested as a valuable clinical tool. Biometry of the intraocular structures at this frequency may be reasonably accurate.
RADIATION EXPOSURE DURING EQUINE RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Ackerman N. , Spencer C. P. , Hager D.A. , Poulos P.W. 
Published: May 2005

All personnel present in the X‐ray examination room during equine radiography were monitored using low energy direct reading ionization chambers (pockets dosimeters) worn outside the lead apron at neck level. The individuals' task and dosimeter readings were recorded after each examination. Average doses ranged from 0 to 6 mrad per study. The greatest exposures were associated with radiography of the shoulder and averaged less than 4 mrad. The individual extending the horse's limb was at greatest risk although the individual holding the horse's halter and the one making the X‐ray exposure received similar exposures.A survey of the overhead tube assembly used for some of the X‐ray examinations also was performed. Meter readings obtained indicated an asymetric dose distribution around the tube assembly, with the highest dose occurring on the side to which the exposure cord was attached.Although the exposures observed were within acceptable limits for occupational workers, we have altered our protocol and no longer radiograph the equine shoulder unless the horse is anesthetized. Continued use of the pocket dosimeters and maintenance of a case record of radiation exposure appears to make the technologists more aware of radiation hazards.
A COMPARISON OF PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY, DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY, AND 99mTc‐DTPA/MAA VENTILATION‐PERFUSION SCINTIGRAPHY FOR DETECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY EMBOLI IN THE DOG
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William , Harnagel Steven H. , Fisher Paul E. 
Published: May 2005

The abilities of pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction angiography and ventilation‐perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q) to detect experimental acute pulmonary emboli were evaluated in a group of 18 research dogs. Emboli were produced by forceful intravenous injection of clotted blood. In five dogs, emboli were labeled with thallium‐201 prior to reinjection so that embolus position could be confirmed on scintigraphic studies.Studies were independently reviewed by three observers. Results were combined so that the relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each imaging technique could be compared using chi‐square and receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis. Digital subtraction angiography and V/Q studies proved to be significantly more specific and accurate than conventional pulmonary angiography. V/Q studies were uniformly of good to excellent quality while the quality of digital subtraction angiography studies was variable depending on the adverse effects of respiratory motion. It was concluded that ventilation‐perfusion scintigraphy is the best available method to screen dogs suspected of having pulmonary thromboembolism.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHEEP CARPUS FROM BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Saber A. S. , Bolbol A. E. , Schenk‐Saber B. 
Published: May 2005

Osseous development of the carpus of six clinically normal lambs was studied radiographically from birth to 18 months of age with the aim of forming a standard radiographic evaluation and reference for the sheep carpus.Radiographic data consisted of 200 radiographs. Dorsopalmar and lateromedial projections were made daily during the first week, then weekly until the sixth month, and finally monthly until 18 month of age. Ten radiographs were selected to illustrate normal development of the carpus.The distal ulnar epiphysis reached the ulnar carpal bone at the third week, but remained separate from the ulnar diaphysis until six months of age. The ulnar epiphysis was radiographically fused with the ulnar diaphysis at thirteen months of age.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT AND NAVICULAR BURSA OF THE HORSE
Authors: Gibson Katherine T. , Mc Ilwraith C. Wayne , Park Richard D. 
Published: May 2005

Radiographic contrast studies were used in 50 forelimbs from 13 live horses and 12 fresh adult cadavers to determine the frequency of communication between the navicular bursa and the distal interphalangeal joint. Injections of contrast medium were made into the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint of one limb and into the navicular bursa of the other forelimb of each horse. In 25 limbs in which contrast medium was injected into the distal interphalangeal joint, no communication was demonstrated between the joint and the navicular bursa. In 20 of the 25 limbs in which injection was made into the navicular bursa, no communication between joint and bursa was seen. In five horses, contrast medium was visible in both the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa. However, in four of five horses the communication was clearly iatrogenic. In both limbs of one horse, contrast medium was seen to enter the digital flexor tendon sheath after injection into the navicular bursa.There is probably no naturally occurring communication between the navicular bursa and distal interphalangeal joint in the horse.
PULMONARY MINERALIZATION IN FOUR DOGS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Ackerman Norman , Monce Kevin 
Published: May 2005

The clinical and imaging features of four dogs with Cushing's syndrome and pulmonary mineralization are reviewed. Three dogs presented with a primary complaint of respiratory distress/dyspnea. Three dogs had pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome, while the remaining one dog had iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Each dog had clinical features typical for Cushing's syndrome. Two of the dogs were euthanized due to progressive hypoxemia. In each dog, the serum calcium, phosphorous, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were normal.A generalized increase in unstructured interstitial pulmonary opacity with diffuse mineralization was noted on thoracic radiographs of all dogs. In one dog, an ill‐defined nodular interstitial pattern of mineralization was present. Delayed bone phase scintigraphy using 99mTechnetium methylene diphosphonate documented generalized pulmonary uptake in two dogs. 99mTechnetium labeled microaggregated albumin lung perfusion scans were normal in these two dogs. 99mTc‐MDP scintigraphy can provide useful information in diagnosing pulmonary mineralization in Cushingoid dogs.
EVALUATION OF THE EQUINE DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDON SHEATH USING DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND AND CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Redding W. Rich 
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to evaluate the normal anatomy of the digital flexor tendon sheath using contrast radiography and diagnostic ultrasound. Iodinated contrast medium was injected into eight cadaver limbs and the limbs immediately frozen. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar/plantar radiographs were made. These limps were then cut transversely and proximal to distal radiographs of each slab were made. This cross sectional contrast methodology allowed the visualization of the relative size and shape of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons as well as the potential space taken by effusions of the digital flexor tendon sheath.The second part of the study used twelve live animals with normal digital flexor tendon sheaths. Ultrasonographic measurement of the structures of the digital flexor tendon sheath at each level were compiled. This documented the ability of diagnostic ultrasound to image: 1) the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, 2) the proximal and distal ring of the manica flexoria, 3) the straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments, and 4) the mesotendinous attachments to the superficial and deep flexor tendons. Iodinated contrast medium was then injected into the digital flexor tendon sheath and the ultrasonography repeated. These images were compared with those obtained from contrast radiography and prosections of twenty normal limbs. The iodinated contrast medium enhanced sonographic imaging of the structures of the digital tendon sheath, particularly the abaxial borders of the superficial digital flexor tendon branches and the mesotendinous attachments to the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons.
EVALUATION OF PLASMA TIME‐ACTIVITY CURVES OF TECHNETIUM‐99M‐MEBROFENIN FOR MEASUREMENT OF HEPATIC FUNCTION IN DOGS
Authors: Matwichuk Cary L. , Daniel Gregory B. , DeNovo Robert C. , Schultze A. Eric , Schmidt Dorothy E. , Creevy Kate E. 
Published: May 2005

In this study, plasma time‐activity curves of99mTc‐mebrofenin were used to quantify hepatic function in dogs before and after induction of hepatic damage using a hepatotoxic agent. Nine dogs were determined to be healthy on the basis of physical examination, laboratory data and hepatic imaging. Plasma samples were collected 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes following a peripheral venous injection of 111–222 MBq (3–6 mCi) of99mTc‐mebrofenin. The area under the plasma time‐activity curve (AUC) was calculated using two different methods and compared to direct measurement of the hepatic extraction efficiency. First pass hepatic extraction efficiency of99mTc‐mebrofenin was calculated from differential equation analysis of a two‐compartment model following mesenteric venous injection of the radiopharmaceutical. In 7 of the original 9 dogs and 2 additional healthy dogs, plasma clearance and hepatic extraction efficiency determination were repeated following induction of hepatic injury by thiacetarsamide (3 mg/kg IV twice daily for 1 day). In one additional dog, hepatic injury was induced using carbon tetrachloride (0.3 ml/kg IP).Plasma time‐activity curves of99mTc‐mebrofenin had kinetics of a two compartment model. Area under the curve was highly correlated with hepatic extraction efficiency. The AUC integrated from 1–60 minutes (AUC60) had the best correlation with hepatic extraction efficiency (r2= 0.978, p < 0.001). A formula for calculation of hepatic extraction efficiency was derived using linear regression analysis: hepatic extraction efficiency = 105.583 − 3.099 × 105* AUC60. Plasma clearance of a peripheral venous injection of99mTc‐mebrofenin is a simple, non‐invasive, convenient method to quantify hepatic function which can be performed without a gamma camera.
NON‐INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF ISCHEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN DOGS BY USING TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Fukushima Ushio , Sasaki Shu , Okano Shozo , Oyamada Toshifumi , Yoshikawa Takashi , Hagio Mitsuyoshi , Takase Katsuaki 
Published: May 2005

We have attempted to identify whether it is possible to utilize transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the brain damage that occurs after resuscitation from 3 min (control group) and 12 min (damage group) of cardiac arrest in dogs. In this study we used transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to follow the basilar arterial flow and middle cerebral arterial flow for ISO min following the induction of cardiac arrests. Two abnormal waveform patterns (the “to‐and‐fro” and “diastolic no‐flow” patterns) were found in all dogs in the damage group whereas abnormal waveforms were not detected in the control group. Pathological diagnosis revealed that, compared with the control group, the damage group recognized ischemic alteration at the level of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus.In conclusion, this study shows that the basilar arterial flow of observed with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography may be use for the prediction of outcome and the diagnosis of brain damage in the dog.
COMPARISON OF TWO PALPATION, FOUR RADIOGRAPHIC AND THREE ULTRASOUND METHODS FOR EARLY DETECTION OF MILD TO MODERATE CANINE HIP DYSPLASIA
Authors: Adams William M. , Dueland R. Tass , Daniels Ruth , Fialkowski James P. , Nordheim Erik V. 
Published: May 2005

Hip joint laxity was evaluated in Golden Retriever (n = 60), Labrador Retriever (n = 23), and Labrador/ Golden Retriever mix (n = 24) puppies. Ortolani and Bardens maneuvers, four radiographic measurement indices and three dynamic ultrasonographic measurements were used. Each puppy was evaluated twice; at 6.5 to 9 and 43 to 79 weeks of age. These nine methods were compared for accuracy in predicting the development of canine hip dysplasia with or without degenerative joint disease by a median age of 16 months.The Bardens maneuver was a significant predictor of canine hip dysplasia/±degenerative joint disease for Golden Retriever puppies, however, it was not a reliable predictor for the other two breeds. Norberg angle measurements taken with femurs in a neutral position with hips distracted (PennHip position) was a significant predictor of degenerative joint disease in two breeds, but not in Golden Retriever puppies. Ultrasound measurement was a reliable predictor of hip canine hip dysplasia//±degenerative joint disease for Labrador/Golden Retriever mix puppies, but was not reliable for the other two breeds. Palpation, radiographic, and ultrasonographic methods of evaluating hip joint laxity in puppies at 6.5 to 9 weeks of age were not consistently reliable for all three breeds in predicting hip dysplasia with or without degenerative joint disease at one year of age. A strong association was found between Norberg angle and degenerative joint disease occurrence, as well as between distraction index (PennHip) and degenerative joint disease occurrence when measured at 52 to 79 weeks of age, but not when measured at 6.5 to 9 weeks of age in these breeds. These results emphasize the difficulty of early detection of mild hip dysplasia in the dog.
THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ENHANCEMENT PATTERN OF THE NORMAL CANINE PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Love Nancy E. , Fisher Paul , Hudson Lola 
Published: May 2005

Dynamic computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary gland was performed on four healthy male dogs of similar size, weight and age. The pituitary gland region was first identified on lateral scout and transverse non‐contrast images. After localization, water soluble iodinated contrast medium was ad‐ ministered intravenously as a bolus at a dose of 1 m1/lb using a pressure injector at an injection rate of 10 ml/sec and a total of 40 post contrast images of the pitutary gland were acquired. No images were made after 400 seconds. The same pituitary region was imaged in each slice. The slice thickness was 1.5 mm, with a two second scan time and an eight second delay between images (resulting in images every ten seconds). The contrast medium injection and initial image were acquired simultaneously, resulting in a non‐contrast enhanced initial image, At the completion of the CT scan, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the pituitary gland and time density data were obtained. The mean pituitary Hounsfield number was plotted as a function of time. A bi‐exponential least squares model was used to derive the best fitting line through the data. The mean relative peak increase in pituitary Hounsfield Units (HU) was 65.9%± 2.1%. After the initial increase there was a decrease in pituitary Hounsfield number with a half‐time of 16.1 seconds, followed by a slower phase with a half‐time of 16.5 minutes. The mean pituitary gland HU value during the period of gradual opacity decline was 35.0%± 4.4% above that of the pre‐contrast image.Establishing the enhancement pattern in the canine pituitary gland is the precursor to the clinical application of dynamic CT of the pituitary gland to diagnose pituitary microadenomas and/or small macroadenomas before they become exceptionally large.