bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rallying Together or Drifting Apart? Toward a Comparative Perspective on Institutional Topologies Underlying International Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a relational conceptualization of institutional topologies. Taking institutional complexes as a starting point, it argues that they are marked by different degrees of centralization. Building on the literature on institutional authority, the chapter subsequently develops a network-based conceptualization of institutional topologies that allows for structural comparisons across international regime complexes. It argues that the relations among institutions and states, and the allocation of recognition among international institutions reflects a complex’s underlying topology. To grasp the institutional topologies underlying regime complexes, the chapter proposes to assess the degree of recognition received by a specific institution in direct relation to the degree of recognition received by all other institutions of the complex.
Preparing the Ground
Authors: Daßler Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s general empirical strategy by laying out the network-based operationalization of institutional topologies, justifying the case selection, and elaborating on the observable implications that follow from the hypotheses developed in the previous chapter. The first section develops a conceptualization of institutional topologies underlying regime complexes. Drawing on concepts from social network analysis, it proposes to capture the (de-) centralization of institutional topologies from an interinstitutional, hence relation, perspective. To map the topologies underlying international regime complexes, the chapter proposes a conceptualization of them as social networks structured by the interaction of their constitutive actors, institutions, and states.
Coherence between Data Protection and Competition Law in Digital Markets
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn digital markets, data protection and competition affect each other in diverse and intricate ways. Their entanglement has triggered a global debate on how data protection and competition law should interact to effectively address new harms and ensure that the digital economy flourishes. This book offers a blueprint for a more coherent approach towards these two areas of law for the benefit of society and the economy. By way of introduction, this book provides a comparative overview of EU data protection and competition law, focusing on their evolution, their underlying rationale, and their key features and concepts. Their touch points are explored by looking at their common objectives. In addition, a series of examples demonstrate how the same empirical phenomena in digital markets pose a common challenge for protecting personal data and promoting market competitiveness. A panoply of theoretical and empirical commonalities between these two fields of law, as this book shows, are barely mirrored in the legal, enforcement, policy, and institutional approaches in the EU and beyond, where the silo approach continues to prevail. Conceptually, the ideas that this book offers for a more synergetic path forward are anchored in the concept of ‘sectional coherence’. This new coherence-centred paradigm aspires to render the interpretation and enforcement of data protection and competition law mutually cognizant and reinforcing. The book also includes a reflection on the conceptual, practical, institutional, and constitutional implications of the transition towards coherence, and the relevance of its findings for other jurisdictions.
Introduction
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe two areas of law that prove particularly relevant in the face of current challenges posed by personal data exploitation and power consolidation are data protection and competition law. Not only do they transform the markets, but also fundamentally shape the landscape of individual rights and freedoms. Important as data protection and competition law are individually, they also display plenty of intriguing points of interface in the context of the digital economy. The fact that the regulation of data protection affects markets, and that the regulation of market power and competitive conduct has a bearing on data processing and on fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals more broadly, is beyond doubt. As this introduction explains, the objective of this book is to bring to the fore the entanglements between data protection and competition law and offer a blueprint for their future interactions.
An Overview of EU Data Protection and Competition Law
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter offers an introductory overview of EU data protection and competition law. It provides insights into the evolutionary paths of these two areas of the law, their fundamental rationale, and their key features and concepts. The analysis of data protection law centres on the GDPR, whereas in the exposition of competition law the focus is placed on Article 102 TFEU which addresses abuses of a dominant position, and on the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR). This chapter concludes with a number of comparative reflections that illustrate how the evidently distinctive features of these two legal fields are matched with an equally prominent number of similarities that might not at first be apparent.
Common Objectives and the Triple Challenge
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a taxonomy of objectives and empirical challenges common to data protection and competition law. It demonstrates that there are a number of remarkably similar normative considerations shared by these two areas of law. Protecting the welfare of individuals, strengthening individual sovereignty, ensuring fairness, mitigating power asymmetries, as well as improving transparency and mitigating information asymmetries are the points of convergence that can be leveraged to formulate the presumption of normative proximity of data protection and competition law. Having discussed the normative commonalities, the chapter introduces the three-pronged empirical challenge that affects these two legal areas: the ‘datafication’ of the economy and society, the lack of competitive dynamism in digital markets, and the emergence of new technologies and new ways of interacting with technologies.
A Data Protection Law Perspective on Sectional Coherence
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter sheds light on how data protection law can contribute to sectional coherence. With this aim, it revisits the risk-based approach to data protection and various balancing mechanisms in order to establish how data protection assessments should consider the unprecedented power of technology firms. It also explores how data protection law, which places plenty of emphasis on the idea of individual empowerment, could refocus to better stimulate competition on data protection. In addition, it illustrates how data protection law can inadvertently contribute to further consolidation of the digital power of large companies, calling for closer scrutiny of unintended competition repercussions.
Ottoman realities
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOttoman sources supply ample evidence that male–male sexual relations were commonplace, and widely known about. Typically, they were strictly age-differentiated, with an adult as the active partner and a teenaged boy as the passive one; the dividing-line between boyhood and adulthood was defined by the appearance of facial hair. Adult–adult relations were viewed as abnormal, with the passive adult male suffering intense disapproval. For a man to desire an attractive boy was seen as normal, even though acting on that desire was sinful, while it was assumed that full-grown masculinity would render a man obviously undesirable. Coercive sex with boys was a well-known phenomenon, especially with slaves. But some youths were willing partners; some were prostitutes; and some worked in businesses—taverns, coffee-houses, hamams (bathhouses)—where such sexual activity could be a concomitant of the job.
Contexts of sexual life
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMuch of the male–male sex recorded in the Western Mediterranean evidence was merely transactional and opportunistic. Some youths worked as prostitutes, but it was also common for men to give gifts for sexual services rendered, without prostitution being implied; the boundary between gifts and payments is hard to establish. Taverns and inns were often venues for sex, whether paid or not; military life, on land and sea, was also a well-known context for such relations, which also occurred in gaols and monastic houses—so-called ‘total institutions’. Schoolmasters were sometimes prosecuted for sex with their pupils, though this phenomenon was rarer than might have been expected, perhaps because they were under almost systematic suspicion. Apprentices, servants and young male slaves were also targeted for sex by those who held power over them.
Typical and untypical
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTypically, male–male sex in the Western Mediterranean societies involved the adult penetrating the youth anally, though sometimes interfemoral intercourse (between the thighs) occurred instead. Most of these adults did not exhibit a special sexual orientation: they would also have sex with women, and would typically abandon sex with boys when, or not long after, they were married. An untypical minority of ‘inveterate’ sodomites, many of whom never married, continued to have sex with boys in their later decades. A very small minority of adults had sex with other adults. Those who were by preference passive adults sometimes exhibited effeminate behaviour. Mutual masturbation played only a minor role; evidence of group sex is very rare. A small minority of men felt a strong emotional commitment to the boys they had sex with; loving relationships between men of the same age were very rare.
Literary works
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEarly modern Spanish literature touches only occasionally, and very negatively, on sodomy. Italian literature also offers very negative portrayals, beginning with Dante; but in Boccaccio such portrayals also contain elements of real human observation, depicting sodomites who had no desire for women. Some humanists wrote imitations of graphically homoerotic Roman poetry; but most humanist scholars preferred to bowdlerize or allegorize such elements of ancient texts. Exceptionally, two writers, Antonio Vignali and Antonio Rocco, produced (for private circulation) texts celebrating sodomy. But the most popular homoerotic works, in a genre derived from Florentine carnival songs and perfected by Francesco Berni, used a system of coded language to produce poems packed with doubles entendres. Some lyric poets, including Michelangelo, wrote love poems addressed to male youths, but without alluding to sexual relations. Finally, sexually explicit homoeroticism is also extremely rare in the visual arts of this period.
European colonial societies
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe history of sodomy in European colonial societies reflects the differences between Southern and Northern Europe, while also raising other issues. Known cases in the English colonies of North America and the Dutch colonies of Indonesia were rare—even in Puritan New England, with its high levels of moral vigilance. The Iberian American colonies yield much larger totals. Some cases involved the exploitation of black slaves, or of the indigenous ‘Indians’. Male–male sex had already existed among many Indian cultures, where berdache boys, formally re-gendered, submitted to male sex; such traditions might partly explain the vibrant sodomitical subculture in Mexico City, exposed by a trial in 1657–8. The role of race in cases of interracial sodomy is difficult to assess, as it was often a concomitant of a difference in status and power; but some cases of non-Europeans taking the sexual initiative are also known.
France and the Netherlands after 1700
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLike London, Paris after 1700 saw a large increase in the recording of sodomy cases (or attempted ones), thanks to a change in policing practice. Agents provocateurs entrapped many men in the streets or public gardens. Most were released with a warning; some received punishment, though few were sent to the criminal courts. Police reports also described taverns where sodomites would gather for socializing and sex; there is some slight evidence of effeminate behaviour there, but not as the dominant style, and certainly not as a way of life. In the Netherlands a moral panic, triggered in 1730, led to many sodomy trials, revealing networks of sodomites in several towns. Some socializing in taverns or private houses, called lolhuizen, was also revealed, as well as much public ‘cruising’. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of changing attitudes to sodomy in 18th-century Northern Europe.
From the Attalids to Proconsular Administration, 133–88 bce
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 1 discusses the first five decades of the Roman province of Asia (133–90/89 bce), providing an assessment of the shape of the nascent administrative organization of the region under Roman hegemony. It briefly sketches the Attalid prehistory of the region, before discussing the concepts of civic ‘freedom’ and Roman ways of organizing provincial space. It then analyses the ambitions of Roman government until 90/89, with particular attention to the problems of jurisdiction, taxation, and coinage. Overall, the chapter argues that the early Roman administration in the region was neither intensive nor extensive: the Roman state did not seek to impose jurisdiction or heavy taxation upon most polis-communities prior to the First Mithridatic War.
Hegemony and the Discourse(s) of Power in Roman Asia
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChapter 5 emphasizes the disruption caused by the advent of Roman hegemony to existing frameworks through which cities negotiated their status with powerful figures. It considers the evidence for official communication in the early period of Roman hegemony, arguing that a new framework was needed to mediate between the Republic and individual communities, but that existing institutions hindered their establishment. It argues that an increasing emphasis on the personal benefactions granted to communities by powerful Romans, including Caesar, Octavian, and M. Antonius, emerges during the civil war period, even in documents issued by public institutions. Finally, it focuses on the presence of the Princeps in documents issued by other officials and bodies, such as the Senate and governors, arguing that Augustus’ pre-eminent position catalysed the development of new discursive framework of Roman governance.
Conclusions
Authors: Jordan Bradley 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Conclusion summarizes the overall argument that Roman hegemony was established incrementally, in a responsive fashion, and in continuous dialogue with local agents, over the course of a long first century (133 bce–14 ce). It explores the wider implications of the study for understanding the interplay between Roman imperialism and local agency, and the development of provincial administrative institutions during the late Republic, civil wars, and early Principate. Finally, it briefly looks forward to the imperial period and explores how the processes outlined here applied to later developments in Asia’s governance, particularly the koinon of Asia and provincial coinage.
Introduction
Authors: Allpress Roshan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the eighteenth century, the word ‘philanthropy’ came to indicate a mode of social action in the world, especially in relation to the sufferings and needs of globalizing humanity. This shift occurred in the context of Britain’s increasing global economic and political prominence, was deeply informed by movements of religious renewal—especially that of Evangelicalism—and saw the emergence of a new vocational identity—that of the ‘philanthropist’. This introductory chapter outlines the layered approach of the book—overlaying personal narratives, maps of associational networks, organizational models, and intellectual and cultural collaborations—to build up a dense picture of what made philanthropic networks distinctive and effective, and how these can shed light on understanding societal order, the emergence of the non-profit organizational model, and the relationship between philanthropic networks and the national and imperial states.
Materializing Cacophony
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed the emergence of a new concept that treated noise as physical effects to be materialized, quantified, and manipulated in forms other than sound. Key to this change was the introduction of the phonograph, telephone, and radio. By the 1930s, “fidelity” to sound reproduction was a central concern among users, engineers, and businesses. Achieving fidelity was tantamount to reducing the unwanted physical effects in sound reproduction, which also linked noise to such effects. Chapter 3 examines Edison Phonograph Company’s treatments of “surface noise”—cracking sounds due to scratches on phonographic surfaces. In contrast to turning noise into quantifiable or mathematical entities, the Edison company sought to reduce surface noise via experimenting and tinkering with the materials of phonographic records.
Information, Cryptography, and Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 focuses on Claude Shannon’s treatment of noise in his information theory in the contexts of wartime and postwar research on command, control, communication, and computing at Bell Labs. Shannon’s fundamental principle—the so-called “channel coding theorem” that stipulated the optimum rate of information transmission through a communication channel contaminated by stochastic noise—was built upon noise as a basic and unavoidable element of a communication process. To tackle “macroscopic” features of communication processes, Shannon came up with several original representations to conceptualize noise: the “fan diagram” to express equivocation, “sphere packing” to picture noise as regions of uncertainty surrounding signal points in a high-dimensional space, and the analogy of “water pouring” to advise how to allocate signal power on the spectrum. By introducing new notions and tools, Shannon’s approach extended the understanding of noise from its original physical, mathematical, and engineering contexts.
EU Justice and Home Affairs Law
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a comprehensive description and analysis of every facet of EU Justice and Home Affairs Law regarding immigration and asylum – in particular EU law on asylum (definition of refugees, rights of asylum seekers), legal immigration (admission of labour migrants, students, and family reunion, and obtaining long-term residence), irregular immigration, visas, and border controls. It examines the human rights aspects of the issues, and discusses every piece of EU legislation and all EU court case law in the field, including proposed legislation in areas such as asylum, legal migration and expulsion, and the upcoming use of new or expanded EU border control databases.
Criminal Law
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the EU law on jurisdiction over, and prosecution of, crime, in particular examining the rules on jurisdiction over specific offences such as terrorism and cybercrime, as well as criminal jurisdiction in general. In particular, it looks at when Member States must (or may) exercise criminal jurisdiction over acts which took place outside their territory, and what territorial jurisdiction means in the context of the Internet. The chapter examines the prospect of transferring proceedings between Member States and the extensive case law on double jeopardy (being tried twice in relation to the same events), which EU law applies to cross-border situations (and, to some extent, non-EU cases too). Finally it looks in detail at the powers of the EU prosecutors’ cooperation agency Eurojust and the newly established European Public Prosecutor’s Office, which has jurisdiction over fraud against the EU budget (including some VAT cases).
Energy Dependence and Supply Security
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disruption of Russian gas supplies in 2022 administered an unprecedented shock to the European and global energy markets. As gas prices surged to historically high levels, states responded with emergency interventions and initiated market reforms to limit the social and economic impact of the crisis. More fundamentally, the supply shock triggered a profound rethink of foreign supply and infrastructure dependencies, leading to the adoption of an important number of new legal initiatives, aimed at ensuring the resilience of clean energy supply chains. Energy geopolitics and supply security are firmly back at the centre of global energy policy. In this new geopolitical reality, a critical reassessment is needed of the role of energy law in the creation of dangerous dependencies, and its relevance in neutralizing the potential weaponization of energy dependencies. This book provides a legal analysis of the use of energy as a tool of geopolitical power, an issue that has so far predominantly been researched in the economic statecraft and energy geopolitics literature. The analysis shows how legal instruments of energy security have in reality contributed to creating the dependencies that allowed for the weaponization of energy. At the same time, the book warns, international energy, trade, and investment law may substantially constrain supply security measures. As new dependencies in the clean energy industry are the subject of increasing scrutiny, reforms are needed to allow states greater flexibility to ensure supply security, while still preserving the international collaboration that is needed to accelerate the clean energy transition.
Neutralizing Infrastructure Disruptions
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To neutralize the risk of the weaponization of energy investments, states can nationalize critical assets controlled by investors from unfriendly jurisdictions and implement preventive measures, including ownership unbundling, national security reviews, and diversification programmes. However, these measures can conflict with the requirements of investment protection and non-discrimination under the international law of energy. How can states protect their supply security against the potential threat of the energy investment weapon, within the limits of international energy, investment, and trade law? The European experience shows the difficulty of designing policy measures that are both effective in addressing the security risks posed by foreign energy investments and compliant with international energy, investment, and trade law. Paradoxically, the international instruments of investment protection and open trade, promoted to achieve supply security based on market forces, can also constrain supply security strategies aimed at reducing dependencies through security reviews, diversification, and nationalization. To address these constraints, international reforms are needed to enable states to neutralize the energy investment weapon.