bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The projection of three extrathalamic cell groups to the cerebral cortex of the turtle Pseudemys
Authors: Ouimet Charles C. , Patrick Robert L. , Ebner Ford F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree extrathalamic subcortical inputs to the part of the cerebral cortex that is known to receive thalamic fibers in the turtle were examined in the present study. Direct projections from the locus coeruleus, the superior medial raphe nucleus, and a wide area of the basal telencephalon that lies ventromedial to the globus pallidus were demonstrated with the horseradish peroxidase method. Fluorescence histochemistry confirmed the presence of catecholamine‐containing fibers in the rostral half of dorsal cortex and also demonstrated a dense network of serotoninergic fibers. Biochemical analysis showed the concentration of both monoamines to be relatively high; the norepinephrine concentration was 709 ng/g and the serotonin concentration was 1,750 ng/g. No evidence was found to suggest the existence of either a dopamine fiber projection to cortex comparable to that of mammalian neocortex or the presence of an epinephrine pathway to turtle cortex equivalent to the epinephrine‐containing fibers in the pallium of amphibians. The coexistence of the projections from the thalamus with (1) noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus, (2) serotoninergic projections from the superior medial raphe nucleus, and (3) presumably cholinergic projections from the basal telencephalon provide at least four distinct subcortical inputs to the reptilian dorsal cortex. Neither thalamic nor similar extrathalamic inputs have been demonstrated in the dorsal pallium of amphibia. Mammalian neocortex, in contrast, has even more elaborately differentiated inputs of both types. These results support the idea that thalamic and extrathalamic inputs to cortex appear at the same time in vertebrate evolution, and that both types of inputs are required for the normal development and function of neocortex.
The callosal system of the superior parietal lobule in the monkey
Authors: Caminiti Roberto , Sbriccoli Alessandro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe callosal connections of the superior parietal lobule, area 5 of Brodmann, were studied in macaque monkeys (M. nemestrina and M. fascicularis) using anatomical techniques based on both anterograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport of wheat‐germ‐agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase. From sagittal sections, two‐dimensional flattened computer reconstructions of the volumes of cortical tissue containing callosal‐projecting neurons (callosal efferent zone) and/or callosal terminal axons (callosal terminal territory) were obtained. Callosal zones were found in area 5, including the supplementary sensory area, in a limited part of area 6, i.e., in the supplementary motor area, in area 7b, in the cortex of the dorsal bank of the sylvian fissure, and in a limited part of area 7a, in the cortex of the upper third of the rostral bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Callosal neurons in all cortical areas studied, though with regional variations, predominated in layer IIIb, but were also very numerous in layers VI and V. They were rare in other cortical laminae. In the cortical regions projecting heterotopically to area 5, the tangential distribution of callosal neurons was discontinuous because of the presence of large acallosal regions. These were not observed in area 5, although here the distribution of callosal neurons waxed and waned in the tangential cortical plane. Callosal axons to and/or from area 5 crossed the midline in the posterior, presplenial part of the corpus callosum. In the superior parietal lobule they terminated in radial patches or columns, spanning layers I–IV. These columns of various width (200–2,000 μm) were separated by gaps of similar size, free of such terminals. Callosal neurons were present not only within, but also between, the callosal terminal columns. Callosal neurons located within the callosal terminal columns were, in a statistically significant, way, more numerous than those located between them. The callosal efferent zone occupied 71% of the tangential domain of area 5, whereas the callosal terminal territory occupied only 49% of it. This difference is statistically significant. The discontinuous columnar arrangement of callosal terminals and the periodic distribution of callosal neurons in the lateral part of area 5 defined three main bands of callosal connections of irregular shape which were oriented mediolaterally and ran parallel to the main architectonic borders, the border between areas 2 and 5 and that between 5 and 7.
Peptide neurons in the canine small intestine
Authors: Daniel E. E. , Costa M. , Furness J. B. , Keast J. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distributions of peptide‐containing nerve fibers and cell bodies in the canine small intestine were determined with antibodies raised against seven peptides: enkephalin, gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and fibers were found for each peptide except neurotensin. In the muscle layers there were numerous substance P, VIP, and enkephalin fibers, fewer neuropeptide Y fibers, and very few GRP or somatostatin fibers. The mucosa contained many VIP and substance P fibers, moderate numbers of neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and GRP fibers and rare enkephalin fibers. Nerve cell bodies reactive for each of the six neural peptides were located in both the myenteric and submucous plexuses. The distributions of nerve cell bodies and processes in the canine small intestine show many similarities with other mammals, for example, in the distributions of VIP, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin nerves. There are some major differences, such as the presence in dogs of numerous submucosal nerve cell bodies with enkephalinlike immunoreactivity and of GRP‐like immunoreactivity in submucous nerve cell bodies and mucosal fibers.
The connections between the olfactory bulb and the brain in the goldfish
Authors: Levine R. L. , Dethier S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have investigated olfactory bulb connections in the goldfish by using both horseradish peroxidase applied to olfactory tract lesions and wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated peroxidase administered to the olfactory bulb. The projections from the bulb pass to the brain in two major bundles: the lateral and the medial olfactory tracts. The lateral tract innervates the posterior terminal field in the area dorsalis. The medial tract divides into two rami. The dorsolateral ramus is the most substantial olfactory bundle in the brain and innervates several targets in both the area dorsalis and the area ventralis. The ventromedial ramus appears to innervate targets in the area ventralis exclusively. In addition, fibers of the medial olfactory tract (both rami) innervate the preoptic nucleus as well as targets in the diencephalon and, possibly, in the mesencephalon as well. Olfactory fibers from the dorsolateral and ventro‐medial rami cross the midline in the dorsal and ventral olfactory decussations, respectively. Between these two decussations is a dense olfactory plexus which has not previously been reported, and which may serve as a nexus allowing interchange of fibers between the two olfactory rami.The terminal nerve in the goldfish has two parts. The major part of the nerve projects to the ventral nucleus (Vv) and is far more extensive than has previously been reported. A much less substantial component of the terminal nerve projects to the two retinae.There are four large groups of cells in the telencephalon which project to the olfactory bulb. Of these two, the dorsal and the anterolateral groups have not been described in previous studies of the goldfish. We also report weakly labeled bulbopetal cells in the nucleus preglomerulosus and in the locus ceruleus.
Expression of the L11 neuropeptide gene in the Aplysia central nervous system
Authors: Taussig Ronald , Kaldany Rashad‐Rudolf , Rothbard Jonathan B. , Schoolnik Gary , Scheller Richard H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeuron L11 in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica is thought to be both cholinergic and peptidergic. In previous studies, we isolated a cDNA clone encoding the precursor for an L11 secreted protein(s) by differentially screening an abdominal ganglion cDNA library. We now report the isolation of genomic clones encoding the L11 cDNA sequences. Analysis of these clones reveals that the gene is present in a single copy per haploid genome. RNA blotting and cDNA cloning demonstrate that the L11 gene is expressed not only in the abdominal ganglion but in the head ganglia as well. To define the positions of cells expressing this gene and to follow their processes, we raised antibodies to synthetic peptides defined by the cDNA sequence. Histochemistry revealed about 100 neurons containing immunoreactive material. These cells arborize in the neuropil and are distributed throughout the central nervous system, representing about 0.5% of the Aplysia central neurons. In addition, cells in the abdominal ganglion send processes to the mantle floor at the base of the gill via the genital and branchial nerves. Our data suggest that this network of cells expresses the single L11 peptide gene.
The afferent and sympathetic components of the lumbar spinal outflow to the colon and pelvic organs in the cat. III. The colonic nerves, incorporating an analysis of all components of the lumbar prevertebral outflow
Authors: Baron R. , Jan̈ig W. , McLachlan Elspeth M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cell bodies of the lumbar sensory and sympathetic pre‐and postganglionic neurons that project to the colon along the inferior mesenteric artery of the cat have been labeled retrogradely with horseradish peroxidase applied to the central end of their cut axons. The numbers, segmental distribution, location, and size of these labeled somata have been determined quantitatively. Afferent cell bodies were symmetrically distributed bilaterally in dorsal root ganglia T13–L5, with the maximum number (about 80%) in L3 and L4 and most of the rest in L2. Labeled afferent somata were small relative to the entire population of DRG cells. Occasionally a few preganglionic somata were labeled in the intermediate zone of L3 and L4 spinal cord segments. Postganglionic cell bodies were labeled bilaterally in the proximal lobes of the inferior mesenteric ganglion (70–95%), in accessory ganglia of the intermesenteric nerve and of the lumbar splanchnic nerves, and in lumbar paravertebral ganglia. The segmental distribution in the lumbar sympathetic trunk was symmetrical on both sides and was the same as that of the afferent cells. Labeled postganglionic cell bodies in both the IMG and the accessory ganglia were larger than labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells in the paravertebral ganglia. From these data, it is estimated that about 2,100 afferent neurons and about 29,000 postganglionic neurons project in the lumbar colonic nerves. In conjunction with equivalent data for the hypogastric and lumbar splanchnic nerves, the results provide a quantitative and spatial description of the afferent and efferent components of the lumbar innervation of the colon and pelvic viscera.
Anatomical organization of long ascending propriospinal neurons in the cat spinal cord
Authors: English Arthur W. , Tigges Johannes , Lennard Paul R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetrograde transport of lectin‐HRP conjugate (WGA‐HRP) was used to examine the anatomical organization of long ascending propriospinal neurons (LAPNs) projecting to the cervical enlargement (C5‐T1) and to the upper part of the cervical cord (C3‐4) in cats. Small injections (0.05–1.0 μl) of dilute (1–4%) WGA‐HRP were made into the C5‐T1 or C3‐4 regions. The field potential evoked from stimulation of the superficial radial nerve served to position the micropipette delivering injections. Small and localized populations of labelled LAPNs were found in the dorsal horn (laminae IV‐V), the intermediate zone (dorsal and medial lamina VII), and the ventral horn (ventral lamina VII, laminae VIII and IX). Ventral horn LAPNs projecting to the C5‐T1 region were preferentially located in rostral lumbar regions. Ventral LAPNs projecting to the C3‐4 region were more caudally situated. No regional differences in distribution of dorsal horn and intermediate zone LAPNs were noted in comparing the results of C3‐4 with C5‐T1 injection protocols. It is concluded that the caudally located ventral LAPNs may exert their influence on cervical motor output through C3‐4 propriospinal inter‐neurons. Other LAPNs are considered to exert their effect more directly, either at the C5‐T1 or the C3‐4 levels.
Noradrenergic and serotoninergic innervation of cortical, thalamic, and tectal visual structures in old and new world monkeys
Authors: Morrison John H. , Foote Stephen L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAntisera directed against human dopamine‐ß‐hydroxylase and against serotonin were used to characterize the noradrenergic (NA) and serotoninergic (5‐HT) innervation of several cortical and subcortical visual areas in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Few species differences were observed for either monoamine. Cortical areas 17 and 18, as well as visual areas in the temporal and parietal lobe were found to exhibit regional specialization of both 5‐HT and NA innervation. Precisely at the border between areas 17 and 18, the laminar innervation patterns and density characteristic of NA fibers in area 17 (Morrison et al., '82a; Kosofsky et al., '84) shift so that layer IV of area 18 contains more fibers than layer IV of area 17, and the overall density of fibers in area 18 is higher. For 5‐HT, the highly laminated patterns characteristic of area 17 (Morrison et al., '82a; Kosofsky et al., '84) also observe this cytoarchitectonic boundary. Fibers in area 18 are more evenly distributed across laminae, and the overall density of fibers decreases. The visual region of the inferotemporal cortex was found to be very lightly innervated by NA fibers and very densely innervated by 5‐HT fibers. Area 7 of the parietal lobule was more densely innervated by NA fibers, and less densely innervated by 5‐HT fibers, than any other visual cortical region examined.The visual thalamic nuclei exhibited even greater regional differences in the density of NA innervation. The lateral geniculate nucleus was found to be virtually devoid of NA fibers, while the pulvinar‐lateral posterior complex was densely innervated. The density of 5‐HT fibers was more uniform across thalamic visual nuclei. The lateral geniculate, pulvinar, and lateral posterior nuclei all exhibit a moderate to high density of immunoreactive fibers. In the mesencephalon, the superficial layers of the superior colliculus were found to be densely innervated by NA fibers, whereas 5‐HT fibers were most dense in the intermediate layers.These patterns of innervation indicate that, in these primate species, functionally related visual regions share common and distinguishable densities of NA innervation. Specifically, tecto‐pulvinar‐juxtastriate structures are more densely innervated than geniculo‐striate and inferotemporal structures. These relationships suggest that, within the visual system, NA fibers preferentially innervate the regions involved in spatial analysis and visuomotor response rather than those involved in feature extraction and pattern analysis. Although there are some examples of complementary innervation of cortical visual areas by 5‐HT and NA fibers, the 5‐HT innervation of visual areas at the mesencephalic, diencephalic, and telencephalic levels was of high density and exhibited less specialization than was evident for NA innervation.
Correlation of cell body size, axon size, and signal conduction velocity for individually labelled dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat
Authors: Lee Kyu Ho , Chung Kyungsoon , Chung Jin Mo , Coggeshall Richard E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMeasurements of cell body and peripheral and central axon sizes were made for primary sensory neurons outlined by the intracellular injection of HRP. Conduction velocities were also measured on the outlined processes. The sensory neurons were then subdivided into A and C cells on the basis of the conduction velocity of the impulses carried by the processes of these cells.Central processes of both A and C cells are smaller than the peripheral processes, but the size differentiall is greater for the C cells. For A cells there is a linear relation between the size of the peripheral axon and the conduction velocity of the impulses carried by these axons, but the confidence limits are wide. For C cells there is a linear relation between the size of the central process and conduction velocity of the impulses carried by the processes, but for the peripheral processes two aberrant processes resulted in no correlation between process size and conduction velocity. For A cells, the size of the central and peripheral processes and the conduction velocity of the impulses carried by the peripheral processes are linearly correlated with cell body size. By contrast no such correlations can be demonstrated for C cells. This presumably implies an important difference in that the size of the cell body is correlated with axon size and impulse conduction velocity for A cells but not for C cells.A widely accepted generalization is that large sensory cells give rise to myelinated axons and small sensory cells to unmyelinated axons. In this study, myelinated and unmyelinated are defined on the basis of impulse conduction velocity. For those cells that are clearly large (greater than 50 μm in diameter), the conduction velocity of the impulses carried by their processes is always greater than 2.5 m/s, and for those cells that are clearly small (less than 35 μm in diameter), the conduction velocity is always less than 2.5 m/s. Thus for these cells the above generalization holds. For the intermediate‐sized cells (35‐50 μm), however, the size of the cell body bears no predictable relation to the conduction velocity of the impulses carried by those processes, and thus to whether the axons are myelinated or unmyelinated. Thus the above generalization does not hold for this intermediate group of cells, and since there are many cells in this size range, we feel that the generalization that large cells give rise to myelinated axons and small cells to unmyelinated axons is an oversimplification.
Oral and facial representation within the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horns in the cat
Authors: Shigenaga Y. , Chen I. C. , Suemune S. , Nishimori T. , Nasution I. D. , Yoshida A. , Sato H. , Okamoto T. , Sera M. , Hosoi M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTransganglionic transport of HRP was used to study the patterns of termination of somatic afferent fibers innervating oral and facial structures within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and upper cervical dorsal horn of the cat. In separate animals, the superior alveolar, pterygopalatine, buccal, inferior alveolar, lingual, frontal, corneal, zygomatic, infraorbital, mental, mylohyoid, and auriculotemporal branches of the trigeminal nerve were traced in this experiment. The organization of the primary afferents innervating the oral structures is not uniform across laminae and at different rostrocaudal levels of the nucleus caudalis. The superior alveolar and pterygopalatins nerves mainly terminate in laminae I, II, and V at the level of the rostral one‐third of the caudalis. By contrast, the lingual, inferior alveolar and buccal nerve terminate in laminae I–V of, respectively, the rostral third, the entire length, and caudal two‐thirds of the caudalis. In addition, the lingual, buccal, and pterygopalatine nerves terminate in the dorsal and middle parts of the interstitial islands or pockets of lamina I neuropil extending to the rostral levels parallel to the nucleus interpolaris. Mediolaterally, in laminae I, II, and V of the rostral third an extensive overlap of projections was found between the branches from each trigeminal division, and some overlap was observed between projections from the mandibular and maxillary divisions. On the other hand, the projections of primary afferents innervating the facial structures are arranged in a somatotopic fashion in rostrocaudal and mediolateral axes over the laminae (I–1V) through the nucleus caudalis and upper cervical dorsal horn. Fibers from the perioral and perinasal regions terminate most rostrally in caudalis, and fibers from progressively more posterior facial regions terminate at successively lower levels. A mediolateral somatotopic arrangement was observed, with fibers from the ventral parts of face ending in the medial regions and fibers from the progressively more dorsal parts of the face ending in successively more lateral regions of the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horns. Corneal afferent terminals are concentrated in the outer parts of lamina II at the levels of the rostral parts of the caudal two‐thirds of the caudalis and the interstitial islands of lamina I. The maxillary division terminates first at the most caudal level of the caudalis, followed by the ophthalmic division descending as far as the C2 segment and the mandibular division reaching the most caudal level of the C2 segment. The clinical implications of this topographical arrangement are discussed, particularly with respect to the rostrocaudal somatotopic organization in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horns.
A correlated light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study of cholinergic terminals and neurons in the rat amygdaloid body with special emphasis on the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus
Authors: Carlsen Jørn , Heimer Lennart 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cholinergic innervation of the rat basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL) was determined by the immunocytochemical localization of the acetylcholine biosynthetic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).ChAT‐immunoreactive (ChAT‐IR) elements were observed throughout the BL in the form of fine puncta and varicose fibers. Electron microscopy revealed that the immunoreactive puncta represented small terminals (0.3–1.2 μm), most of which formed synaptic contacts with unlabeled dendritic shafts or spines. Less frequently, ChAT‐IR terminals established synaptic contacts with large neuronal cell bodies, which had all the characteristics of projection neurons as defined on the basis of axonal projections to the ventral striatum. ChAT‐IR terminals were sometimes seen to form synaptic contacts with small neuronal cell bodies, including those of ChAT‐IR neurons. The ChAT‐IR boutons contained pleomorphic clear vesicles of varying size, and the large majority of the synapses were of the symmetric type.Small ChAT‐IR neurons were observed in all parts of the BL. Although the ChAT‐IR cell bodies varied widely in shape from typical fusiform to round, most had a more or less oval shape with a major diameter of 10–14 μm. Most of the ChAT‐IR neurons seemed to display a radial bipolar dendritic pattern, but multipolar cells were also observed. The ChAT‐IR neurons contained an indented nucleus, which was often eccentrically located and surrounded by a thin or moderately thin rim of cytoplasm. The results obtained are discussed in relation to a quasi‐cortical organization of the BL.