bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchanger current induced by tyrphostin tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Missan Sergey , McDonald Terence F 
Published: November 2004

Tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin A23 (A23) inhibited Ca2+ currents in guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes investigated under standard whole‐cell conditions (K+‐free Tyrode's superfusate; EGTA‐buffered (pCa–10.5) Cs+ dialysate). However, the inhibitors (100 μM) also induced membrane currents that reversed between −40 and 0 mV, and the objective of the present study was to characterize these currents.
Genistein‐induced current behaved like Cl− current, and was unaffected by either the addition of divalent cations (0.5 mM Cd2+; 3 mM Ni2+) that block the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), or the removal of external Na+ and Ca2+.
A23‐induced current was independent of Cl− driving force, and strongly suppressed by addition of Cd2+ and Ni2+, and by removal of either external Na+ or Ca2+. These and other results suggested that A23 activated an NCX current driven by submembrane Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations higher than those in the bulk cytoplasm.
Improved control of intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations was obtained by suppressing cation influx (10 μM verapamil) and raising dialysate Na+ to 7 mM and dialysate pCa to 7. Under these conditions, stimulation by A23 was described by the Hill equation with EC50 68±4 μM and coefficient 1.1, tyrphostin A25 was as effective as A23, and TK‐inactive tyrphostin A1 was ineffective. Phosphotyrosyl phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate (1 mM) antagonized the action of 100 μM A23.
The results suggest that activation of cardiac NCX by A23 is due to inhibition of genistein‐insensitive TK.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 943–951. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706011
Locomotor effects of imidazoline I2‐site‐specific ligands and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in rats with a unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway
Authors: MacInnes Nicholas , Duty Susan 
Published: November 2004

The present study examined the ability of the selective imidazoline I2‐site ligands 2‐(‐2‐benzofuranyl)‐2‐imidazoline (2‐BFI) and 2‐[4,5‐dihydroimidaz‐2‐yl]‐quinoline (BU224) and selected monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors to evoke locomotor activity in rats bearing a lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway.
Male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with 12.5 μg 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) into the right median forebrain bundle to induce a unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal tract. After 6 weeks, test drugs were administered either alone or in combination with L‐DOPA (L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylamine) and the circling behaviour of animals was monitored as an index of anti‐Parkinsonian activity.
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the irreversible MAO‐B inhibitor deprenyl (20 mg kg−1) or the imidazoline I2‐site ligands BU224 (14 mg kg−1) and 2‐BFI (7 and 14 mg kg−1) produced significant increases in ipsiversive rotations compared to vehicle controls totaling, at the highest respective doses tested, 521±120, 131±37 and 92.5±16.3 net contraversive rotations in 30 (deprenyl) or 60 (BU224 and 2‐BFI) min. In contrast, the reversible MAO‐A inhibitor moclobemide (2.5–10 mg kg−1) and the reversible MAO‐B inhibitor lazabemide (2.5–10 mg kg−1) failed to instigate significant rotational behaviour compared to vehicle.
Coadministration of lazabemide (10 mg kg−1), moclobemide (10 mg kg−1) or 2‐BFI (14 mg kg−1) with L‐DOPA (20 mg kg−1) significantly increased either the duration or total number of contraversive rotations emitted over the testing period in comparison to L‐DOPA alone.
These data suggest that I2‐specific ligands have dual effects in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease; a first effect associated with an increase in activity in the intact hemisphere, probably via an increase in striatal dopamine content, and a secondary action which, through the previously documented inhibition of MAO‐A and/or MAO‐B, increases the availability of dopamine produced by L‐DOPA.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 952–959. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706019
Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among Norwegian schoolchildren: parental and self-reports
Authors: Bere Elling , Klepp Knut-Inge 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives:To identify correlates of 6th and 7th graders' (age 10–12 years) fruit and vegetable intake, to investigate parent–child correlations of fruit and vegetable intake, and to compare parents' and children's reports of children's accessibility, skills and preferences with respect to fruit and vegetables.Design:The results presented are based on the baseline survey of the ‘Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks Project’, where 38 schools participated.Setting:Fruit and vegetable intake was measured by food frequency questions. Theoretical factors, based on Social Cognitive Theory, potentially correlated to intake were measured, including behavioural skills, accessibility, modelling, intention, preferences, self-efficacy and awareness of 5-a-day recommendations.Subjects:In total, 1950 (participation rate 85%) 6th and 7th graders and 1647 of their parents participated.Results:Overall, 34% of the variance in the pupils' reported fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the measured factors. The strongest correlates to fruit and vegetable intake were preferences and accessibility. The correlation between the children's and their parents' fruit and vegetable intake was 0.23. The parents perceived their children's accessibility to be better than what was reported by the children (P<0.01), while the children reported their skills to be better than what was perceived by their parents (P<0.01).Conclusion:The results from this study clearly point to a need for nutrition interventions aimed at parents. An important next step will be to investigate whether the identified correlates predict future fruit and vegetable intake, and whether they mediate any changes in intake in an intervention study.
The nutritional status of asymptomatic HIV-infected Africans: directions for dietary intervention?
Authors: Vorster Hester H , Kruger Annamarie , Margetts Barrie M , Venter Christina S , Kruger H Salomé , Veldman Frederick J , MacIntyre Una E 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective:To compare the relationships between food (nutrient) intakes and biochemical markers of nutritional status of asymptomatic HIV-infected with HIV-uninfected subjects, to gain more information on the appropriate diet for HIV-infected persons at an early stage of infection.Design:Cross-sectional population-based survey.Setting:North West Province, South Africa.Subjects:Two hundred and sixteen asymptomatic HIV-infected and 1550 HIV-uninfected men and women volunteers aged 15 years and older, recruited as ‘apparently healthy’ subjects from 37 randomly selected sites.Outcome measures:Food and nutrient intakes, measured with a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and nutritional status indicated by anthropometric and biochemical variables, measured by a standardised methodology.Results:The prevalence of HIV infection in the study population was 11.9%. The anthropometric indices and nutrient intakes of HIV-infected and uninfected subjects did not differ significantly, indicating that these 216 HIV-infected subjects were at an early stage of infection. Of the biochemical nutritional status variables, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol, haemoglobin, albumin and triglycerides were significantly lower in infected subjects. They also had higher globulin and liver enzyme levels than uninfected subjects. In infected subjects, serum albumin correlated significantly with serum lipids, serum vitamin A, serum vitamin E, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and haemoglobin. The significant positive correlations of the liver enzymes with serum lipids, albumin, vitamin A and iron, observed in HIV-uninfected subjects, disappeared in the infected subjects. Polyunsaturated fat intake showed significant positive correlations with the increased liver enzymes in infected subjects. A principal components analysis indicated that, in infected subjects, increased liver enzymes correlated with higher consumption of maize meal and lower consumption of meat and vegetables.Conclusions and recommendations:This survey indicated that asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects who followed a diet rich in animal foods had smaller decreases in serum albumin, haemoglobin and lipid variables, and smaller increases in liver enzymes, than those who consumed a diet based on staple foods. This suggests that animal foods are associated with improved nutritional status in HIV-infected persons. These results should be confirmed with intervention studies before dietary recommendations for asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals can be made.
Glutathione S‐Transferase 8‐8 Expression Is Lower in Alcohol‐Preferring Than in Alcohol‐Nonpreferring Rats
Authors: Liang Tiebing , Habegger Kirk , Spence John P. , Foroud Tatiana , Ellison Julie A. , Lumeng Lawrence , Li Ting‐Kai , Carr Lucinda G. 
Published: November 2004

Objective: A primary focus of alcohol research is to provide novel targets for alcohol treatment by identifying genes that predispose individuals to drink alcohol. Animal models of alcoholism developed by selective breeding are invaluable tools to elucidate both the genetic nature and the underlying biological mechanisms that contribute to alcohol dependence. These selected lines (high alcohol preferring and low alcohol preferring) display phenotypic and genetic differences that can be studied to further our understanding of alcohol preference and related genetic traits. By combining molecular techniques, genetic and physiological factors that underlie the cause of alcoholism can be identified.Methods: Total gene expression analysis was used to identify genes that are differentially expressed in specific brain regions between alcohol‐naïve, inbred alcohol‐preferring (iP) and ‐nonpreferring (iNP) rats. Quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, Western blot, and sequence analysis were used to further characterize rat glutathione S‐transferase 8‐8 (rGST 8‐8).Results: Lower expression of rGST 8‐8 mRNA was observed in discrete brain regions of iP compared with iNP animals, and these expression differences were confirmed. To determine additional expression patterns of rGST 8‐8, we used in situ hybridization. Rat GST 8‐8 was highly expressed in hippocampus, the choroid plexus of the dorsal third ventricle and the lateral ventricle, and ependymal cells along the dorsal third ventricle and the third ventricle. Western blot analysis showed that rGST 8‐8 protein levels were lower in the hippocampus and the amygdala of iP compared with iNP. A silent single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the coding region and three single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3′‐UTR were identified in the rGST 8‐8 cDNA.Conclusion: There is regional variation of rGST 8‐8 expression in the brain, at both the mRNA and protein level, and the iP strain has lower innate rGST 8‐8 levels than the iNP strain in discrete brain regions.
Maternal Age, Alcohol Abuse History, and Quality of Parenting as Moderators of the Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on 7.5‐Year Intellectual Function
Authors: Jacobson Sandra W. , Jacobson Joseph L. , Sokol Robert J. , Chiodo Lisa M. , Corobana Raluca 
Published: November 2004

Background: In contrast to the extensive literature documenting IQ deficits in patients with fetal alcohol syndrome, effects on IQ have not generally been reported for children with alcohol‐related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). This study examined the role of maternal age, MAST, and quality of parenting in moderating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the WISC‐III IQ test in moderate‐to‐heavily exposed children.Methods: A total of 337 inner‐city African American children whose mothers were recruited prenatally were administered the WISC‐III at 7.5 years. Alcohol exposure was assesed with a timeline follow‐back interview administered at every prenatal clinic visit. Moderating effects of the three risk factors were examined by adding interaction terms to regression analyses and dichotomizing the moderators and performing separate regressions on the two groups.Results: Prenatal alcohol exposure was related to WISC‐III Freedom from Distractibility but not to Full Scale IQ for the sample as a whole. However, among children born to older mothers, an alcohol effect emerged on Full Scale IQ and five of seven composite IQ scores. Similarly, adverse effects were seen among children of MAST‐positive mothers and children whose parents provided less optimal cognitive stimulation. Each additional ounce of absolute alcohol consumed per day during pregnancy was associated with a 2.9‐point decrease in Full Scale IQ and a 5.6‐point decrement on Freedom from Distractibility.Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate IQ effects among children with ARND born to older and MAST‐positive mothers, particularly in relation to first‐trimester drinking. These findings suggest that there are subgroups of more vulnerable and severely affected children whose intellectual performance is compromised. A moderate‐ to heavy‐drinking mother who has given birth to an unaffected child when she was younger needs to be warned that her risk of having an adversely affected child increases as she grows older.
Research, assessment and management on the Mascarene Plateau: a large marine ecosystem perspective
Authors: Payet Rolph 
Published: November 2004

Management of marine resources over the large ocean areas provides a great challenge, albeit one with hope for sustainable governance. Despite extensive studies in many of these large ocean areas, the interaction of physical and biological processes in large shallow mid–oceanic areas, such as the Mascarene Plateau in the Western Indian Ocean, is not yet well enough understood to influence management practices.The Mascarene Plateau arches across the Western Indian Ocean from the Seychelles down to Mauritius, with water depths up to 100 m. Such a large shallow mid–oceanic area supports a wide diversity of ecosystems with potential for exploitable resources. A recent marine research programme by the Royal Geographical Society of London led to the establishment of a research framework for long–term research and assessment of the Mascarene Plateau. This paper presents an extension to this approach, with a particular focus on the management, governance and socio–economics of this area.
Housing conditions, perceived stress, smoking, and alcohol: determinants of fetal growth in Northwest Russia
Authors: Grjibovski Andrej , Bygren Lars Olov , Svartbo Boo , Magnus Per 
Published: November 2004

Background.  Social determinants of health have become important in countries of the former Soviet Union during the time of transition.Aim.  This article estimates the influence of living conditions, smoking, alcohol, and maternal stress on fetal growth indices in an urban Russian setting.Methods.  All pregnant women registered at antenatal care centres in Severodvinsk (Northwest Russia) and their infants comprised the study base (n = 1399). Multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to quantify the effects of the studied factors on birth weight and the ponderal index (PI) adjusted for maternal education, age, occupation, marital status, parity, pre‐pregnancy weight, paternal employment, gestational age, and others.Results.  Infants of smoking mothers were 126 g lighter compared with non‐smokers [95% confidence interval (CI): −198; −54]. On average, birth weight decreased 27 g per cigarette smoked during pregnancy. Living in shared apartments, living in crowded housing situations, and perceived stress were associated significantly with birth weight loss: −89 g (95% CI: −153; −25), −82 g (95% CI: −136; −28), and −61 g (95% CI: −116; −7), respectively. A positive association between maternal alcohol consumption and birth weight was found. Living with parents was associated positively with both birthweight and PI. Infants whose fathers consumed more than 100 ml of absolute alcohol per week were thinner at birth compared with those of non‐drinking and moderate drinking fathers.Conclusions.  Poor housing conditions, maternal stress, smoking, and alcohol consumption are independent determinants of fetal growth in Northwest Russia.
Oral contraceptives and liver hemangioma: a case‐control study
Authors: Gemer Ofer , Moscovici Oana , Ben‐Horin Clara L. Dosoretz , Linov Lina , Peled Ronit , Segal Shmuel 
Published: November 2004

Objective.  To study whether there is an epidemiological association between liver hemangiomas and oral contraception use, as may be suggested by clinical observations of liver hemangioma growth during pregnancy and under estrogen administration.Methods.  A case‐control study of 40 women with liver hemangiomas, as diagnosed by imaging studies [ultrasonography (US) or computed tomography (CT) and nuclear scan], and 109 age‐matched control with normal studies. The women were interviewed with respect to their menstrual, reproductive and oral contraception use history.Results.  The liver hemangioma and control groups did not differ significantly with regard to their menstrual or reproductive history. Ever oral contraception use was reported by 30% of the cases and 27% of controls. The odds ratio (OR) was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52–2.60] for ever use, 1.64 (95% CI 0.37–7.13) for initiation before the age of 20, and 0.62 (95% CI 0.16–2.42) for use duration of less than 1 year. On the multivariate analysis only the women's age emerged as a predictor for liver hemangiomas (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.16–8.96).Conclusions.  In this study liver hemangiomas were not associated with menstrual, reproductive and oral contraception use history.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND TEMPERATURE INTERACTIONS ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Fawley Marvin W. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTCell division rate, carbon fixation per cell, cell width and chloroplast length of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin were determined at 30 different combinations of light intensity and temperature. Division rate peaked at 23° C or less depending on light intensity. For each light intensity studied, carbon fixation increased directly with growth temperature from 14 to 25° C. The slope of this relationship was modified by light intensity. Cells grown at 23–25° C tended to be larger than those grown at lower temperatures, possibly due to increased carbon fixation per cell coupled with lower division rates. Chloroplasts were largest at a combination of temperatures above 21° C and low light intensities. This effect could cause cells to sink at a higher than normal rate due to reduced vacuole size and is presented as a possible mechanism affecting the distribution of P. tricornutum.
THE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF DESMIDS (CHLOROPHYTA) IN A SOFTWATER, NORTH TEMPERATE STREAM1
Authors: Burkholder JoAnn M. , Sheath Robert G. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTSuspended and benthic algal communities from a mildly acidic, third‐order Rhode Island stream were examined to determine the seasonal distribution, abundance and diversity of the lotic desmids. Within a one‐year sampling period, 148 species and 202 subspecific taxa of desmids were identified, representing 23 genera. Species ofCosmariumandClosteriumaccounted for approximately 70% of the desmids present, and were the most diverse and abundant taxa during all seasons except spring, whenHyalotheca dissilienswas the dominant desmid species. Average abundance and species richness generally were greatest during summer for both suspended and benthic desmids. Most desmids occurred in benthic habitats, and were randomly distributed among substrata. Average seasonal abundance was 7.4 × 104cells·g−1dry wt substratum, among 13 types of substrata. Highest desmid abundance was measured among substrata with intricate morphologies, such asFontinalisspp., which was associated with 1.2 × 106desmid cells·g−1dry wt substratum, or 1.7 × 103cells·cm−2substratum. Cell division was observed for 70 desmid taxa, and average seasonal reproduction (based on cell numbers) among all substrata ranged from 4% in winter to 20% during summer. In addition, sexually produced zygospores were found occasionally forH. dissiliens.Desmids were distributed among most substrata examined in this stream, with abundance comparable to reported estimates from softwater lakes and acid bogs. In contrast to established dogma, lotic desmids are not incidental drift organisms, but rather comprise a viable and persistent component of the stream periphyton.
NITROGEN AND GAMETE PRODUCTION IN CHLOROCOCCUM ECHINOZYGOTUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: O'Kelley Joseph C. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe effects of nitrogen upon gamete production and upon the level of glutamine synthetase (GS) in dividing cells of Chlorococcum echinozygotum Starr have been studied. The level of GS in cells that are dividing is not negatively correlated to sexuality as proposed earlier. Instead, the level of GS in regenerating dividing cells appears closely related to the suitability of the nitrogen provided in the medium for general growth. The effects of metabolic inhibitors upon gamete production indicate that gamete differentiation involves transcription.
ATRACTOMORPHA PORCATA SP. NOV., A NEW MEMBER OF THE SPHAEROPLEACEAE (CHLOROPHYCEAE) FROM CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Hoffman Larry R. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT Atractomorpha porcata sp. nov. is described from culture isolates derived in 1981 from zygotes present in a 28 year old, dried soil sample collected from near Lemon‐cove, Tulare County, California. Vegetative individuals are coenocytic, spindle‐shaped unicells with long, thin‐pointed apices. Asexual reproduction is by means of large, biflagellate zoospores or, frequently, by aplanospores. Sexual reproduction is usually monoecious, with a single spindle‐shaped gametangial cell producing small, biflagellate male gametes at either end, and larger female gametes in the midportion. Female gametes are often biflagellate, but more commonly they lack flagella and are liberated by squeezing through slit‐like openings in the gametangial wall. Sexual reproduction may thus be considered as either oogamous or anisogamous, depending on whether or not a particular female gamete has flagella; most often it is oogamous. Atractomorpha porcata is readily distinguished from A. echinata, the only other known member of the genus, by (1) its greater tendency toward oogamy (versus anisogamy), (2) its bisexual gametangia, (3) its frequent production of aplanospores in asexual reproduction, (4) its unusual primary membranes that frequently bear long, delicate bristles, and (5) its distinctive zygote wall ornamentation.