bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quick search algorithm for acoustic signals using histogram features—time‐series active search
Authors: Kashino Kunio , Smith Gavin A. , Murase Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProposed here is an algorithm that offers quick detection and location of a target acoustic signal, such as a specific theme song or commercial in a long broadcast. With previous search techniques based on shifted matching of spectra or waveforms, searching through a long signal required enormous computation. On the other hand, with the proposed algorithm, considerable time saving is obtained by using a skipping technique in the histogram‐based search. For example, in experiments on a workstation, when spectral features were preliminarily extracted from acoustic signals, successful search for a target signal (15 s) in a 6‐h signal took only about 2.3 s. In addition, the proposed algorithm proved robust to white Gaussian noise even at a S/N ratio of 20 dB. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(12): 40–47, 2001
Fresnel transform of images for application to watermarking
Authors: Aoki Yoshinao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Fresnel transform describes the diffraction phenomena of the waves and is used for simulation of diffraction phenomena. From the relationship to simulation of wave diffraction, it is found necessary to investigate various conditions when Fresnel transform is carried out numerically to apply to electronic watermarking. Difference in the numerical Fresnel transformation between the simulation of the wave diffraction phenomena and the application to electronic watermarking is studied by using the numerical simulation results of Fresnel transformation by the convolution method and the spectrum method. Further, an example is presented for an application of Fresnel transform to electronic watermarking by the convolution method. Characteristics of the electronic watermarking using Fresnel transform are discussed. It is discussed how the image compression of the wavelet transform can affect the electronic watermarking by Fresnel transform. Quantitative evaluation of the image quality of noted images extracted with PSNR is carried out. Further, it is studied when Fresnel transform method is effective for the cropping attack extracting a portion of the image. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(12): 48–58, 2001
Steady‐state analysis of complex adaptive IIR notch filters for the detection of single sinusoid
Authors: Jiang Haiyun , Nishimura Shotaro , Hinamoto Takao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we present a new structure for a complex adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) notch filter which is useful for the detection of complex sinusoids in communication and radar systems. The proposed structure is based on the gradient algorithm. The adaptive detection of a complex sinusoid with additive complex white noise has been investigated. A quantitative analysis for the steady‐state coefficient fluctuation has been developed. Analytical expressions for the steady‐state variance of complex variable coefficient fluctuation have been obtained. It has been shown that the variance of the complex coefficient fluctuation does not depend on the angular frequency of the input sinusoid. Finally, the results of computer simulations which confirm the theoretical predictions are presented. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 32–40, 2002
Hierarchical BSG floorplan for hierarchical VLSI circuit design
Authors: Wu Zhonglin , Nakatake Shigetoshi , Takahashi Atsushi , Kajitani Yoji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a hierarchical layout design method that can handle hierarchical designs of large‐scale integrated circuits, the BSG method, one of the general structural layout methods, is hierarchical and has evolved as a layout method including interconnections. It is the objective of this paper to construct a design system that will provide feedback as a guideline for circuit design modification in which the layers in the circuit design are faithfully represented and are evaluated from the point of view of layout, and the placement is reconstructed for optimization. Hierarchical BSG is realized by combining smaller BSGs (elemental BSGs) with root trees. The size, number, and hierarchical trees of BSGs can be specified by the designer. An experiment to demonstrate the hierarchical effect is carried out by artificially setting a hierarchical design environment with a combination of several thousands of cells. Performance competitive with that without a hierarchical approach is obtained in the resultant areas and interconnect lengths. As a layout algorithm, the number of rectangles to be treated is increased by one order of magnitude so that several tens of thousands of rectangles can be placed with high quality. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 12–21, 2002
The influence of antioxidants on electrical tree generation in XLPE
Authors: Hirota Ken , Kanemitu Yasukuni , Kamada Norihisa , Sekii Yasuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn conjunction with previous experiments studying the effect of decomposition products of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and antioxidants (AOs) in cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation on electrical tree generation, the authors conducted experiments investigating tree inhibition by phenolic AOs. The experiments were conducted using XLPE slabs containing four different phenolic AOs. Among the specimens containing these AOs, the specimen containing 4,4é‐thio‐bis(3‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) was found to show the highest tree inception voltage. To examine the reasons for the significant increase in tree inception voltage in this specimen, further experiments were carried out on XLPE specimens containing both phenolic AO and a sulfur‐containing AO. The results demonstrated that the tree inception voltages of specimens containing both phenolic AO and sulfur‐containing AO were higher than those of the specimens containing only one of these two types of AOs. The roles of antioxidants in XLPE dielectrics are discussed with reference to the mechanisms of autoxidation of polymeric materials. The great increase in the tree inception voltage of XLPE specimens containing 4,4é‐thio‐bis(3‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) appears to be due to a synergistic effect between the phenolic AO and the sulfur‐containing AO. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 1–7, 2001
High‐efficiency, low‐torque ripple control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor based on current tracking vector of electromotive force
Authors: Chen Shanzhong , Sekiguchi Takashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince ordinary magnetic field poles of a PM (permanent magnet) motor generate higher harmonic flux, sinusoidal current will cause torque ripple. This is usually removed by short pitch winding, skew slot method, and so on. These methods have a drawback in terms of lower efficiency.Recently, new current control methods have been proposed to realize zero‐torque ripple and high‐efficiency drive at the same time. However, because the optimized reference current waveform obtained by these methods includes zero phase component, normal three‐phase full bridge inverter andd–qcoordinate control method cannot be used.This paper proposes a new current control method that can achieve zero‐torque ripple and maximum efficiency by using a normal three‐phase inverter. The three‐phase optimum current can be derived by satisfying the following conditions: (1) the direction of the current resultant vector always agrees with that of the electromotive force resultant vector, and (2) the scalar product of the two vectors is held constant. By means of modifying the coordinate transformation angle, this method can also make it possible to compensate torque pulsation error with maximum efficiency using generald–qcoordinate control method.The proposed method has been verified by experiments. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(1): 57–64, 2001
Low‐voltage, low‐power, second‐generation current conveyors
Authors: Imazeki Isao , Takagi Shigetaka , Fujii Nobuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes second‐generation current conveyors (CCII's) for low supply voltage operation. The power consumption of the proposed circuits is much lower than that of a conventional circuit. A method for reducing the effect caused by channel‐length modulation is also proposed. Simulation confirms several advantages of the proposed circuits. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 41–48, 2002
Voluntary environmental policy instruments: two Irish success stories?
Authors: Flynn Brendan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVoluntary environmental policy instruments have attracted much interest in recent years, yet they remain firmly established only in the industrial setting of the typical environmental policy ‘leader’ states such as the Netherlands or Germany. This paper examines two Irish examples of innovative voluntary agreements, a farm plastic recycling scheme and a bird conservation project. These both suggest that the voluntary approach can be applied successfully outside the typical industrial sector. Noteworthy in explaining the emergence of the two case studies here was a policy transfer effect from the UK, involving organized Irish farming interests and Irish bird conservationists. A fear of impending state legislation, which is often cited as a vital precondition for successful voluntary approaches, was actually less important than the autonomous initiative of the interest groups themselves. It is suggested that a more important role for the state lies in ensuring good policy co‐ordination. A concluding discussion examines the general problems and potential of relying on interest groups to transfer and implement innovative voluntary environmental policy instruments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The structure of prejudice: associative strength as a determinant of stereotype endorsement
Authors: Neumann Roland , Seibt Beate 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious research obtained inconsistent findings as to whether implicit and explicit measures of prejudice are related. According to our view, some of these inconsistencies are due to whether implicit measures assess exclusively the strength of association between the social category and the evaluation or the activation of the social category in addition. Derived from recent theorizing we suggest that it is especially associative strength between the social category and its evaluation that determines the endorsement of prejudice assessed in explicit measures. To test this assumption we used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess the associative strength of German students' prejudice towards Turkish people and the Blatant‐and‐Subtle‐Prejudice‐Scale (BS scale) as an explicit measure of prejudice. We obtained evidence for prejudice at a relative level in that the category of Turks was more closely associated with a negative evaluation and the category of Germans more closely associated with a positive evaluation. In line with our assumptions the implicit measure was correlated with the explicit measure in that the stronger the representation of Turks was associated with a negative evaluation the more prejudiced individuals responded in the explicit prejudice measure. Using a trait assignment technique, we found that neither associative strength nor the endorsement of the prejudice in the explicit measure were related to the contents of the stereotype. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexities of the DNA base excision repair pathway for repair of oxidative DNA damage
Authors: Mitra Sankar , Boldogh Istvan , Izumi Tadahide , Hazra Tapas K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOxidative damage represents the most significant insult to organisms because of continuous production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. Oxidative damage in DNA, a critical target of ROS, is repaired primarily via the base excision repair (BER) pathway which appears to be the simplest among the three excision repair pathways. However, it is now evident that although BER can be carried with four or five enzymes in vitro, a large number of proteins, including some required for nucleotide excision repair (NER), are needed for in vivo repair of oxidative damage. Furthermore, BER in transcribed vs. nontranscribed DNA regions requires distinct sets of proteins, as in the case of NER. We propose an additional complexity in repair of replicating vs. nonreplicating DNA. Unlike DNA bulky adducts, the oxidized base lesions could be incorporated in the nascent DNA strand, repair of which may share components of the mismatch repair process. Distinct enzyme specificities are thus warranted for repair of lesions in the parental vs. nascent DNA strand. Repair synthesis may be carried out by DNA polymerase β or replicative polymerases δ and ϵ. Thus, multiple subpathways are needed for repairing oxidative DNA damage, and the pathway decision may require coordination of the successive steps in repair. Such coordination includes transfer of the product of a DNA glycosylase to AP‐endonuclease, the next enzyme in the pathway. Interactions among proteins in the pathway may also reflect such coordination, characterization of which should help elucidate these subpathways and their in vivo regulation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:180–190, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiparametric approaches to flow normalization and source apportionment of substance transport in rivers
Authors: Stålnacke Per , Grimvall Anders 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStatistical analysis of relationships between time series of data exhibiting seasonal variation is often of great interest in environmental monitoring and assessment. The present study focused on regression models with time‐varying intercept and slope parameters. In particular, we derived and tested semiparametric models in which rapid interannual and interseasonal variation in the intercept were penalized in the search for a model that combined a good fit to data with smoothly varying parameters. Furthermore, we developed a software package for efficient estimation of the parameters of such models. Test runs on time series of runoff data and riverine loads of nutrients and chloride in the Rhine River showed that the proposed smoothing methods were particularly useful for analysis of time‐varying linear relationships between time series of data with both seasonal variation and temporal trends. The predictivity of the semiparametric models was superior to that of conventional parametric models. In addition, normalization of observed annual loads to mean or minimum runoff produced smooth curves that provided convincing evidence of human impact on water quality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of a water treatment plant. A multi‐model representation
Authors: Ragot José , Grapin Gérard , Chatellier Patrice , Colin François 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the problem of modelling a non‐linear dynamic system by a Takagi–Sugeno model. Although this type of model is well adapted to the representation of a system with non‐linear behaviour, its use does however raise real problems in the identification of its structure and parameters, mainly because of the enormous combinatorial increase in model complexity as a function of the number of inputs, and the coupling between the premises and consequence parts. We propose a simplified model structure and an algorithm for the identification of this structure and its parameters. The method is illustrated with reference to data from a wastewater treatment plant of the Greater Nancy Urban Authority. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compositional receptor modeling
Authors: Billheimer Dean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReceptor models apportion an ambient mixture of pollutants to the contributing pollution sources. Often, neither the number of sources nor their chemical profiles are known precisely. The dual goals of modeling are to estimate the chemical ‘signature’ of the sources, and to characterize the mixing process. The author develops a novel modeling approach for receptor data where all model components are compositions (i.e. vectors of proportions). This approach maintains positivity and summation constraints for source contributions and chemical profiles. Further, it incorporates available prior knowledge regarding the source chemical profiles. Including prior knowledge allows parameter estimation while avoiding restrictive assumptions regarding presence or absence of chemical tracers. This approach is illustrated by modeling air pollution data collected from a receptor near Juneau, Alaska. The compositional model produces point estimates of source profiles and mixing proportions similar to those obtained in a previous study. However, interval estimates for mixing proportions are roughly 30 per cent shorter than those found previously. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of change detection algorithms based on the generalized likelihood ratio test
Authors: Capizzi Giovanna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA design procedure for detecting additive changes in a state‐space model is proposed. Since the mean of the observations after the change is unknown, detection algorithms based on the generalized likelihood ratio test, GLR, and on window‐limited type GLR, are considered. As Lai (1995) pointed out, it is very difficult to find a satisfactory choice of both window size and threshold for these change detection algorithms. The basic idea of this article is to estimate, through the stochastic approximation of Robbins and Monro, the threshold value which satisfies a constraint on the mean between false alarms, for a specified window size. A convenient stopping rule, based on the first passage time of anF‐statistic below a fixed boundary, is used to terminate the iterative approximation. Then, the window size which produces the most desirable out‐of‐control ARL, for a fixed value of the in‐control ARL, can be selected. These change detection algorithms are applied to detect biases on the measurements of ozone, recorded from one monitoring site of Bologna (Italy). Comparisons of the ARL profiles reveal that the full‐GLR scheme provides much more protection than the window‐limited GLR schemes against small shifts in the process, but the modified window‐limited GLR provides more protection against large shifts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian hot spot detection in the presence of a spatial trend: application to total nitrogen concentration in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: De Oliveira Victor , Ecker Mark D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtreme concentrations of water quality variables can cause serious adverse effects in an ecosystem, making their detection an important environmental issue. In Chesapeake Bay, a decreasing gradient oftotal nitrogen concentrationextends from the highest values in the north at the mouth of the Susquehanna river to the lowest values in the south near the Atlantic ocean. We propose a general definition of ‘hot spot’ that includes previous definitions and is appealing for processes with a spatial trend. We model these data using the Bayesian Transformed Gaussian (BTG) random field model proposed by De Oliveiraet al. (1997), which combines the Box–Cox family of power transformations and a spatial trend. The median function is used as the measure of spatial trend, which offers some advantages over the customarily used mean function. The BTG model is fitted by an enhanced Monte Carlo algorithm, and the methodology is applied to the nitrogen concentration data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generating multiple spectrum compatible accelerograms using stochastic neural networks
Authors: Lin Chu‐Chieh J. , Ghaboussi Jamshid 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new neural‐network‐based methodology for generating artificial earthquake spectrum compatible accelerograms from response spectra was proposed in 1997, in which, the learning capabilities of neural networks were used to develop the knowledge of the inverse mapping from the response spectra to earthquake accelerograms. Recently, this methodology has been further extended and enhanced. This paper presents a new stochastic neural network that is capable of generating multiple earthquake accelerograms from a single‐response spectrum. A new stochastic feature to the neural network has been combined with a new scheme for data compression using the replicator neural networks developed in the original method. A benefit of this extended methodology is gaining efficiency in compressing the earthquake accelerograms and extracting their characteristics. The proposed method produces a stochastic ensemble of earthquake accelerograms from any response spectra or design spectra. An example is presented that used 100 recorded accelerograms to train the neural network and several design spectra and response spectra to test this improved methodology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct use of design criteria in genetic algorithm‐based controller optimization
Authors: Kim Yoon‐Jun , Ghaboussi Jamshid 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, genetic algorithms are applied to design controllers for the wind‐excited vibration reduction of a 76‐story tall building in the second‐generation benchmark problem. Design criteria and constraints including the comfort requirement for building occupants and the control robustness are directly incorporated in the formulation and evaluation of the fitness and penalty function of the genetic algorithm‐based control design. The method is efficient in obtaining optimal design with multiple constraint conditions. Two controllers are designed with realistic constraints and different robustness criteria. The corresponding results are investigated and compared with LQG optimal control results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing response of SDF systems to near‐fault and far‐fault earthquake motions in the context of spectral regions
Authors: Chopra Anil K. , Chintanapakdee Chatpan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn spite of important differences in structural response to near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions, this paper aims at extending well‐known concepts and results, based on elastic and inelastic response spectra for far‐fault motions, to near‐fault motions. Compared are certain aspects of the response of elastic and inelastic SDF systems to the two types of motions in the context of the acceleration‐, velocity‐, and displacement‐sensitive regions of the response spectrum, leading to the following conclusions. (1) The velocity‐sensitive region for near‐fault motions is much narrower, and the acceleration‐sensitive and displacement‐sensitive regions are much wider, compared to far‐fault motions; the narrower velocity‐sensitive region is shifted to longer periods. (2) Although, for the same ductility factor, near‐fault ground motions impose a larger strength demand than far‐fault motions—both demands expressed as a fraction of their respective elastic demands—the strength reduction factors Ry for the two types of motions are similar over corresponding spectral regions. (3) Similarly, the ratio um/u0 of deformations of inelastic and elastic systems are similar for the two types of motions over corresponding spectral regions. (4) Design equations for Ry (and for um/u0) should explicitly recognize spectral regions so that the same equations apply to various classes of ground motions as long as the appropriate values of Ta, Tb and Tc are used. (5) The Veletsos–Newmark design equations with Ta=0.04 s, Tb=0.35 s, and Tc=0.79 s are equally valid for the fault‐normal component of near‐fault ground motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.