bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micropatterning the organization of multicellular structures in 3D biological hydrogels; insights into collective cellular mechanical interactions
Authors: Ergaz Bar , Goren Shahar , Lesman Ayelet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Control over the organization of cells at the microscale level within supporting biomaterials can push forward the construction of complex tissue architectures for tissue engineering applications and enable fundamental studies of how tissue structure relates to its function. While cells patterning on 2D substrates is a relatively established and available procedure, micropatterning cells in biomimetic 3D hydrogels has been more challenging, especially with micro-scale resolution, and currently relies on sophisticated tools and protocols. We present a robust and accessible ‘peel-off’ method to micropattern large arrays of individual cells or cell-clusters of precise sizes in biological 3D hydrogels, such as fibrin and collagen gels, with control over cell–cell separation distance and neighboring cells position. We further demonstrate partial control over cell position in the z-dimension by stacking two layers in varying distances between the layers. To demonstrate the potential of the micropatterning gel platform, we study the matrix-mediated mechanical interaction between array of cells that are accurately separated in defined distances. A collective process of intense cell-generated densified bands emerging in the gel between near neighbors was identified, along which cells preferentially migrate, a process relevant to tissue morphogenesis. The presented 3D gel micropatterning method can be used to reveal fundamental morphogenetic processes, and to reconstruct any tissue geometry with micrometer resolution in 3D biomimetic gel environments, leveraging the engineering of tissues in complex architectures.
Assessing the effectiveness of the shear-tensile-compressive model in earthquake source inversions: synthetic experiments and field application
Authors: Ren Yi , Vavryčuk Václav , Zhao Li 
Published: October 2023

SUMMARY
As an alternative to the moment tensor (MT) model for earthquake sources, the shear-tensile-compressive (STC) model offers a kinematic description of the source mechanism and leads to a more robust inversion problem. However, the premise of the source inversion based on STC is to ensure the accuracy of parameter $\kappa $ defined as the ratio of the Lamé constants, $\kappa $=$\lambda /\mu $, in a fault zone. In this study, we carry out a series of synthetic experiments using P-wave amplitudes in source mechanism inversions based on both the STC and MT models, and consider the influence of noise, the uncertainties in source locations and in the velocity model. We show that the nonlinear STC inversion with an appropriate value of $\kappa $ leads to more accurate result compared to the linear MT inversion. We also propose a new joint-STC inversion method to jointly invert for parameter $\kappa $ and the remaining parameters of the STC model (magnitude and the strike, dip, rake and slope angles). The results indicate that our proposed method yields robust results for both the parameter $\kappa $ and focal mechanisms. We apply our joint-STC inversion method to field microearthquake data observed in the West Bohemia region to validate some of the conclusions drawn from the synthetic experiments.
Stereotypes and Belief Updating
Authors: Coffman Katherine , Collis Manuela R , Kulkarni Leena 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We explore how feedback shapes, and perpetuates, gender gaps in self-assessments. Participants in our experiment take tests of their ability across different domains. We elicit their beliefs of their performance before and after feedback. We find that, even after the provision of highly informative feedback, gender stereotypes influence posterior beliefs, beyond what a Bayesian model would predict. This is primarily because both men and women update their beliefs more positively in response to good news when it arrives in a more gender congruent domain (i.e. more male-typed domains for men, more female-typed domains for women), fueling persistence in gender gaps.
A new step forward in realistic cluster lens mass modelling: analysis of Hubble Frontier Field Cluster Abell S1063 from joint lensing, X-ray, and galaxy kinematics data
Authors: Beauchesne Benjamin , Clément Benjamin , Hibon Pascale , Limousin Marceau , Eckert Dominique , Kneib Jean-Paul , Richard Johan , Natarajan Priyamvada , Jauzac Mathilde , Montes Mireia , Mahler Guillaume , Claeyssens Adélaïde , Jeanneau Alexandre , Koekemoer Anton M , Lagattuta David , Pagul Amanda , Sánchez Javier 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We present a new method to simultaneously and self-consistently model the mass distribution of galaxy clusters that combines constraints from strong lensing features, X-ray emission, and galaxy kinematics measurements. We are able to successfully decompose clusters into their collisionless and collisional mass components thanks to the X-ray surface brightness, as well as use the dynamics of cluster members, to obtain more accurate masses exploiting the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies. Knowledge from all observables is included through a consistent Bayesian approach in the likelihood or in physically motivated priors. We apply this method to the galaxy cluster Abell S1063 and produce a mass model that we publicly release with this paper. The resulting mass distribution presents different ellipticities for the intra-cluster gas and the other large-scale mass components as well as deviation from elliptical symmetry in the main halo. We assess the ability of our method to recover the masses of the different elements of the cluster using a mock cluster based on a simplified version of our Abell S1063 model. Thanks to the wealth of mutliwavelength information provided by the mass model and the detected X-ray emission, we also found evidence for an ongoing merger event with gas sloshing from a smaller infalling structure into the main cluster. In agreement with previous findings, the total mass, gas profile, and gas mass fraction are all consistent with small deviations from the hydrostatic equilibrium. This new mass model for Abell S1063 is publicly available, as the lenstool extension used to construct it.
STAB2: an updated spatio-temporal cell atlas of the human and mouse brain
Authors: Yang Yucheng T , Gan Ziquan , Zhang Jinglong , Zhao Xingzhong , Yang Yifan , Han Shuwen , Wu Wei , Zhao Xing-Ming 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The brain is constituted of heterogeneous types of neuronal and non-neuronal cells, which are organized into distinct anatomical regions, and show precise regulation of gene expression during development, aging and function. In the current database release, STAB2 provides a systematic cellular map of the human and mouse brain by integrating recently published large-scale single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing datasets from diverse regions and across lifespan. We applied a hierarchical strategy of unsupervised clustering on the integrated single-cell transcriptomic datasets to precisely annotate the cell types and subtypes in the human and mouse brain. Currently, STAB2 includes 71 and 61 different cell subtypes defined in the human and mouse brain, respectively. It covers 63 subregions and 15 developmental stages of human brain, and 38 subregions and 30 developmental stages of mouse brain, generating a comprehensive atlas for exploring spatiotemporal transcriptomic dynamics in the mammalian brain. We also augmented web interfaces for querying and visualizing the gene expression in specific cell types. STAB2 is freely available at https://mai.fudan.edu.cn/stab2.
Introduction
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This represents a record of the exact onset and evolution of the symptoms, supported by any observations that may be obtained from witnesses or family. In no branch of medicine is a good history more important than in neurology. It makes all the difference in the diagnosis of a difficult case in which the physical signs may not be in doubt. Time spent on it is well worth while. The poor witness can be helped by leading questions. After taking the detailed history it should be possible to list the probable site or sites of the nervous system affected, from muscle to cerebral cortex. Also, from the course of development of the symptoms (for example, whether episodic or progressive), it should be possible to suggest the likely pathological diagnosis. For example, vascular lesions tend to cause sudden or episodic symptoms; cerebral tumours more often cause slowly progressive symptoms.
Language and higher cortical function
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Speech is a mode of communication by means of sounds which stand for something which may be called their meaning. The object of communication may be, amongst other things, to convey an idea, a feeling, or a command. Speech therefore involves in its expressive aspect the production of the appropriate movements of the lips, tongue, palate, vocal cords, and respiratory muscles to cause the appropriate sounds. In its receptive aspect it implies the auditory discrimination of these sounds. Between the two, as it were, exist the psychological functions concerned with the meanings of the sounds heard or uttered. Speech having been acquired by the individual, reading and writing involve a superstructure whereby words are represented by means of visual symbols.
Headache and migraine
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many causes of pain in the head, but comparatively few ways in which it can be produced. The principal pain-sensitive structures within the skull are the large blood vessels, and · there is abundant evidenee that many of the common causes of headache produce it through their effect. upon the intracranial vessels.. The extracranial branches of the external carotid artery are also pain J sensitive and contribute to some forms of headache. The other important pain-sensitive structures in the head are the sensory nerves and nerve roots; and they are responsible for the pain associated with the various forms .of neuritis, neuralgia, and radiculitis.
Intracranial abscess
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Intracranial abscess is the result of the extension of a pyogenic infection to the brain. This is usually due to a direct spread from an air-containing structure having a connection with the upper respiratory passages, i.e. one of the nasal sinuses, the middle ear, or the mastoid. Less frequently the infection of the brain is haematogenous, the source often being intrathoracic suppuration. Congenital heart disease is a predisposing cause, because the valves may be the site of thrombus formation and with septal defects paradoxical embolism may occur. Sometimes a fracture of the base of the skull offers a portal of entry. Any of the common pyogenic cocci may be the infecting agent; Escherichia coli is also found. Actinomycotic and amoebic abscesses of the brain occur.
Hydrocephalus
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term hydrocephalus means an excess of cerebrospinal fluid. This necessarily occurs in all conditions . in which there is a diffuse atrophy of the brain, as in cerebral arteriosclerosis, general paresis, and the presenile dementias. The hydrocephalus is then compensatory and is of no clinical significance. Hydrocephalus produces symptoms when the· cerebrospinal fluid is under increased pressure. Two varieties of this are recognized. In one, the raised pressure of the fluid is due to an obstruction at some point in its course between its formation by the choroid plexuses and its exit from the fourth ventricle by the median and lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle.
Some neurological disorders of childhood
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paediatric neurology is now a speciality in its own right, but it is helpful to survey briefly a few illustrative examples of neurological disorders of infancy and childhood. The first of these likely to be recognized in the infant are movement disorders, which may arise from a variety of causes. Cerebral palsy covers a wide spectrum of non-progressive disability occurring in about 1-2 per 1000 live births in Britain and America and is usually the result of. some complication of labour or delivery.
Disorders of the limbic system and hypothalamus
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Limbus means the border of the cerebral hemisphere but it is a ‘system’ rather than a series of precisely defined brain structures. It includes the olfactory areas, hippocampus and amygdaloid complex, cingulate cortex, and septal area, and regulates the hypothalamic area and is critical for emotional and affective display. In phylogenetic development it represents the older or palaeomammalian cortex as opposed to the neomammalian cortex. Its function is thought to be concerned with levels below cognitive behaviour and inductive and deduc(ive reasoning, though it nevertheless is concerned with a feeling of individuality and identity.
Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A very large number of living organisms may invade the nervous system or its membranes, thus causing many forms of encephalomyelitis, meningitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis. The pyogenic organisms mostly cause pyogenic menil1gitis or cerebral abscess. The tubercle bacillus causes tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma. Treponema pallidum, various yeasts, and moulds also attack the nervous system. Though any of these by invading the brain may cause a disorder which can accurately be described as encephalitis, the process is not usually acute, and the term acute encephalomyelitis is in practice reserved for two groups of disorder, namely those due to the direct invasion of the nervous system by a virus, and those in which, although the primary cause is an infection of the body, usually with a virus, the changes which occur in the nervous system are not directly due to its invasion by the virus, but are the result of some incompletely understood hypersensitivity reaction to the systemic infection, which leads to acute disseminated or demyelinating encephalomyelitis, especially if the patient is immunosuppressed.
Genetically determined degenerations of the nervous system
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Certain regions of the nervous system are, for reasons which we do not yet clearly understand, particularly vulnerable to genetically determined degenerative disorders. These are rare disorders. The structures at risk include the optic nerves, the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the olives, the long tracts of the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. The different systems of the nervous system which appear to be vulnerable will be grouped under separate headings but, although in any particular syndrome the most prominent damage affects one part of the nervous system, there is frequently less obvious involvement of other vulnerable parts of the nervous system and they are therefore difficult to classify precisely. Degenerative processes which affect the optic nerve (p.39) and the cerebral cortex (p.259) and the leucodystrophies (p.545) are considered elsewhere in this book.
Psychological factors in neurology
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The brain and the mind constitute a unity, and we may leave to the philosophers who have separated them in thought, the task of putting them together again. In practice, there are two ways of explaining disorders of the mind. They may be the result of damage to the brain, for example, by transmitter defects, trauma, inflammation, tumour, impaired blood supply, etc. In such cases the cause itself is notmental, though its result is a disorder of mental function. In the other group of cases, the cause is mental, because the patient’s present mental symptoms can be traced back to, and explained in terms of, one of his previous mental experiences, or a whole series of such experiences, which constituted his reactions to what happened to him in the past.
The nature of fatigue
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fatigue is a convenient but problematic concept. We all ‘know’ what it means in common parlance, but when attempts have been made to define it for the purpose of more precise discourse, the essential meaning can seem vague, elusive, and difficult to operationalize. This problem has vexed many previous writers on fatigue and has even led to the suggestion that the term ‘fatigue’ be abandoned altogether1. We are, as the title of this book suggests, less nihilistic. In our view, the problem with the definition of fatigue has arisen because of a failure to differentiate between its various meanings. This chapter will outline those specific meanings of fatigue and will briefly review the history, definition, and method of measurement of each. In this way we aim to prepare the reader for the chapters that follow.
Epidemiology of fatigue
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is the population-based, quantitative study of the distribution, determinants, and outcome of disease. The epidemiological approach offers a methodology for the acquisition and evaluation of new information about the cause of disease. There are several reasons why the study of chronic fatigue is suited to this approach; these include the ubiquity of the symptom of fatigue, the lack of a definitive fatigue test, and the number of possible causes. We hope to show that the application of epidemiological principles can shed light on the nature of fatigue as both symptom and syndrome.
Viruses, immunity, and CFS
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The neurasthenia story showed how clinicians observed that fatigue syndromes could follow infective episodes, with the chief culprits assumed to be first the influenza virus, and second the typhoid bacillus. With the demise of neurasthenia, these clinical observations did not cease. Each of the general fatigue syndromes (neurasthenia, effort syndrome, chronic exhaustion) have at times been associated with infection, whilst such a link is implicit in the more specific syndromes, such as chronic brucellosis.
The role of psychological factors in CFS
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 10 we considered the role of emotional disorders in CFS. We concluded that whilst they may be important, and sometimes adequate, explanations for the symptoms of CFS, other factors have to be considered for a more complete under standing of the illness. We then reviewed possible neurobiological mechanisms, concluding that whilst an exciting line of inquiry, the findings so far are only just beginning to add to our knowledge. In this chapter we focus on the role of psychosocial variables and their influence on CFS. In particular we consider the nature and origin of patients’ beliefs about the illness, and their importance in determining its expression and outcome.
The Effect Of Smoking On Oxygen Transfer And Placental Circulation
Authors: Symonds E Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The important structural component of the placenta is the chorionic villus, for it is at this level that the fetus has its most intimate contact with the maternal circulation; it is here that nutrient transfer and gaseous exchange occurs. The chorionic villi develop over the decidua basalis, initially from main stem villi, which subsequently split into a series of second- and third-order stems. These stems may also subdivide to form minor villous stems, which are called anchoring villi. This pattern of division and growth vastly increases the available space for gaseous transfer.
Smoking And Pre-Eclampsia
Authors: Hall Marion H , Harper Valerie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A substantially lower incidence of hypertensive complications of pregnancy in cigarette smoking was shown 20-30 years ago in some large hospital-based studies (Underwood et al. 1965; Duffus and MacGillivray 1968; Kullander and Kallen 1972; Palmgren et al. 1973) although this was not found in the first study to look at the topic (Zabriskie 1963). Community-based studies (Butler and Alberman 1969; Andrews and McGarry 1972; Chamberlain et al. 1978) subsequently confirmed the phenomenon, and some recent case-control studies (Ounsted and Scott 1982; Moore and Redman 1983; Marcoux et al. 1989) again identified the association. The effect is dose-dependent (Kullander and Kallen 1972; Palmgren et al. 1979; Chamberlain et al. 1978; Marcoux et al. 1989), suggesting it may be causally related to maternal smoking. However, many different definitions of pre-eclampsia were used, making it difficult to assess whether the effect is on gestational hypertension or on pre-eclampsia, as defined by international agreement (Davey and MacGillivray 1986). Smoking habit was recorded after delivery in most studies, with possible ascertainment bias.
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
Authors: Silman Alan J , Hochberg Marc C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Polymyositis is an acquired, inflammatory myopathy of unknown aetiology involving striated skeletal and, less commonly, cardiac muscle. Associated clinical features include skin rash (dermatomyositis), dysphagia, arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, interstitial lung disease, and other visceral manifestations; however, proximal limb girdle muscle weakness is the dominant feature of this disorder (Plotz 1989; Dalakos 1991). The epidemiology of polymyositis was reviewed by Cronin (1990); this chapter will summarize current knowledge of classification criteria, descriptive and analytic epidemiology, the relationship of malignancy with polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and the course and prognosis of patients with this disease.
Soft tissue rheumatism
Authors: Croft Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nonarticular musculoskeletal pain is common. One in JO adults in Britain will consult a general practitioner at least once in the course of a year with this symptom (Royal College of General Practitioners 1986). Half of them present because of low back pain, and the rest have a mixture of conditions which are considered in this chapter under the rubric of soft tissue rheumatism.
Dental Surgery
Authors: McNeil M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dental chair anaesthesia is primarily performed on children who require dental extractions and are unable to tolerate local anaesthesia. The practice of dental chair anaesthesia has been the subject of considerable controversy following some well publicized, tragic fatal accidents. Sadly, these cases have illustrated areas of practice that are quite unacceptable. Certainly, there is no justification for the anaesthetic and surgery being performed by the same individual. Similarly, it is quite unthinkable that a child could be given a general anaesthetic in a location which has inadequate monitoring or resuscitation facilities.
General
Authors: Singer Mervyn , Webb Andrew R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In any severe cardiorespiratory disturbance the order of priority should be: secure the airway maintain respiration (with manual ventilation if necessary) restore the circulation (with cardiac massage if necessary) consider mechanical ventilation CPR may be indicated in cases of severe bradycardia with weak pulse. In the severely hypoxaemic patient oxygen therapy should be in high concentration and at high flow unless there is known chronic CO2 retention [see algorithm 2.5].