bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian
Authors: Padgett Jaye , Tabain Marija 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRussian exhibits a rich pattern of phonological vowel reduction, by which somevowel contrasts are neutralized in unstressed syllables. Recent work in phonologysuggests a mechanism by which phonetic vowel reduction - compression of theoverall vowel space due to target undershoot - might lead to patterns like Russian.Presenting acoustic data from 9 speakers of Russian, we use Euclidean distancemeasures, measures of F1-F0 and F2-F1, and Bayesian classification to provide abasic picture of how the overall vowel space, as well as the distribution of vowels,change as stress is reduced. We are particularly interested in whether contraction ofthe vowel space in unstressed positions is primarily due to raising, and in whethercontrasting pairs of vowels are evenly spaced within and across contexts. Ourresults provide qualified support for the first hypothesis, but largely do not supportthe hypothesis of equal spacing, in particular across contexts. Of additional interest,we find that some impressionistically described neutralizations are incomplete.
From Wombs to Farmland: The Transformation of Suman Shrines in Southern Ghana
Authors: Ishii Miho 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this article I attempt to analyze the transformation of savanna-originated spirit or suman shrines in a cocoa-producing migrant society in the Eastern Region of the Republic of Ghana. At the beginning of the twentieth century, various suman shrines were established as places where people were accused of witchcraft or exorcized in Akan societies. Earlier studies have called these 'anti-witchcraft shrines' and interpreted this phenomenon as being a result of the social change caused by the booming cocoa industry. In the meantime, the main function of suman shrines has been transformed from one associated with witchcraft, which is connected with kinship order in Akan societies, into one offering treatment against magic relating to ethnic conflicts over land. I point out that this shift in the function of suman shrines reflects a shift in local political disputes, namely from maintaining the birthrate within matrilineal kin groups in order to keep up numbers in the work force to the inter-ethnic relations found in the usufruct and contracts concerning farmland between landowners and tenants.
Wave-Follower Field Measurements of the Wind-Input Spectral Function. Part I: Measurements and Calibrations
Authors: Donelan Mark A. , Babanin Alexander V. , Young Ian R. , Banner Michael L. , McCormick Cyril 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn experimental study of wind energy and momentum input into finite-depth wind waves was undertaken at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia. To measure microscale oscillations of induced pressure above surface waves, a high-precision wave-follower system was developed at the University of Miami, Florida. The principal sensing hardware included Elliott pressure probes, hot-film anemometers, and Pitot tubes. The wave-follower recordings were supplemented by a complete set of relevant measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer, on the surface, and in the water body. This paper is dedicated to technical aspects of the measurement procedure and data analysis. The precision of the feedback wave-following mechanism did not impose any restrictions on the measurement accuracy in the range of wave heights and frequencies relevant to the problem. Thorough calibrations of the pressure transducers and moving Elliott probes were conducted. It is shown that the response of the air column in the connecting tubes provides a frequency-dependent phase shift, which must be accounted for to recover the low-level induced pressure signal. In the finite-depth environment of Lake George, breaking waves play an important role in the momentum exchange between wind and waves, as will be shown in a subsequent paper.
Measurement of Directional Wave Spectra Using Aircraft Laser Altimeters
Authors: Sun J. , Burns S. P. , Vandemark D. , Donelan M. A. , Mahrt L. , Crawford Timothy L. , Herbers T. H. C. , Crescenti G. H. , French J. R. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A remote sensing method to measure directional oceanic surface waves by three laser altimeters on the NOAA LongEZ aircraft is investigated. To examine feasibility and sensitivity of the wavelet analysis method to various waves, aircraft motions, and aircraft flight directions relative to wave propagation directions, idealized surface waves are simulated from various idealized aircraft flights. In addition, the wavelet analysis method is also applied to two cases from field measurements, and the results are compared with traditional wave spectra from buoys. Since the wavelet analysis method relies on the “wave slopes” measured through phase differences between the time series of the laser distances between the aircraft and sea surface at spatially separated locations, the resolved directional wavenumber and wave propagation direction are not affected by aircraft motions if the resolved frequencies of the aircraft motion and the wave are not the same. However, the encounter wave frequency, which is directly resolved using the laser measurement from the moving aircraft, is affected by the Doppler shift due to aircraft motion relative to wave propagations. The wavelet analysis method could fail if the aircraft flies in the direction such that the aircraft speed along the wave propagation direction is the same as the wave phase speed (i.e., the aircraft flies along wave crests or troughs) or if two waves with different wavelengths and phase speed have the same encountered wavelength from the aircraft. In addition, the data noise due to laser measurement uncertainty or natural isotropic surface elevation perturbations can also affect the relative phase difference between the laser distance measurements, which in turn affects the accuracy of the resolved wavenumber and wave propagation direction. The smallest waves measured by the lasers depend on laser sampling rate and horizontal distances between the lasers (for the LongEZ this is 2 m). The resolved wave direction and wavenumber at the peak wave from the two field experiments compared well with on-site buoy observations. Overall, the study demonstrates that three spatially separated laser altimeters on moving platforms can be utilized to resolve two-dimensional wave spectra.
Combining Microwave Radiometer and Wind Profiler Radar Measurements for High-Resolution Atmospheric Humidity Profiling
Authors: Bianco Laura , Cimini Domenico , Marzano Frank S. , Ware Randolph 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A self-consistent remote sensing physical method to retrieve atmospheric humidity high-resolution profiles by synergetic use of a microwave radiometer profiler (MWRP) and wind profiler radar (WPR) is illustrated. The proposed technique is based on the processing of WPR data for estimating the potential refractivity gradient profiles and their optimal combination with MWRP estimates of potential temperature profiles in order to fully retrieve humidity gradient profiles. The combined algorithm makes use of recent developments in WPR signal processing, computing the zeroth-, first-, and second-order moments of WPR Doppler spectra via a fuzzy logic method, which provides quality control of radar data in the spectral domain. On the other hand, the application of neural network to brightness temperatures, measured by a multichannel MWRP, can provide continuous estimates of tropospheric temperature and humidity profiles. Performance of the combined algorithm in retrieving humidity profiles is compared with simultaneous in situ radiosonde observations (raob’s). The empirical sets of WPR and MWRP data were collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program’s Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Combined microwave radiometer and wind profiler measurements show encouraging results and significantly improve the spatial vertical resolution of atmospheric humidity profiles. Finally, some of the limitations found in the use of this technique and possible future improvements are also discussed.
The Combined Effects of Gulf Stream–Induced Baroclinicity and Upper-Level Vorticity on U.S. East Coast Extratropical Cyclogenesis
Authors: Jacobs Neil A. , Lackmann Gary M. , Raman Sethu 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The Atlantic Surface Cyclone Intensification Index (ASCII) is a forecast index that quantifies the strength of low-level baroclinicity in the coastal region of the Carolinas. It is based on the gradient between the coldest 24-h average air temperature at Cape Hatteras and Wilmington, North Carolina, and the temperature at the western boundary of the Gulf Stream. The resulting prestorm baroclinic index (PSBI) is used to forecast the probability that a cyclone in the domain will exhibit rapid cyclogenesis. The initial ASCII study covered the years 1982–90. This dataset was recently expanded to cover the years 1991–2002, which doubled the number of cyclone events in the sample. These additional data provide similar position and slope of the linear regression fits to the previous values, and explain as much as 30% of the variance in cyclone deepening rate.
Despite operational value, the neglect of upper-tropospheric forcing as a predictor in the original ASCII formulation precludes explanation of a large fraction of the deepening rate variance. Here, a modified index is derived in which an approximate measure of upper-level forcing is included. The 1991–2002 cyclone events were separated into bins of “strongly forced,” “moderately forced,” and “weakly forced” based on the strength of the nearest upstream maximum of 500-mb absolute vorticity associated with the surface low. This separation method reduced the scatter and further isolated the contributions of surface forcing versus upper-level forcing on extratropical cyclogenesis. Results of the combined upper-level index and surface PSBI demonstrate that as much as 74% of the deepening rate variance can be explained for cases with stronger upper-level forcing.
Formation Mechanisms for Convection over the Ligurian Sea during MAP IOP-8
Authors: Lin Yuh-Lang , Reeves Heather Dawn , Chen Shu-Yun , Chiao Sen 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The dynamical impacts of an unusually strong stable layer that developed over the Po Valley and northern Ligurian Sea during Mesoscale Alpine Program (MAP) intensive observation period 8 (IOP-8) on the formation of convection over the Ligurian Sea are explored. Based on numerically simulated equivalent potential temperature, wind vectors, and by a trajectory analysis of parcels both beneath and above the stable layer, it is shown that the stable layer behaved as a material surface or “effective mountain” to the airstreams impinging on it from the south. Additional analyses show that the leading edge of the stable layer was collocated with maxima in upward motion and a strong positive moisture flux. Hence, it was further argued and demonstrated through inspection of soundings upstream of the cold dome and trajectory analyses that lifting by the stable layer enhanced convective activities over the Ligurian Sea. Finally, processes contributing to the maintenance of the stable layer during IOP-8 were explored. It was found that the differential advection of a warm, less stable air mass on top of a cooler, more stable air mass helped maintain the stable layer. The Ligurian Apennines made a secondary contribution to the stagnation of the cool air in the Po Valley by partially blocking this air mass from exiting the valley to the south.
The Low-Level Jet off the West Coast of Subtropical South America: Structure and Variability
Authors: Garreaud RenéD. , Muñoz Ricardo C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The subtropical anticyclone over the southeast Pacific drives low-level southerly flow along the west coast of South America. In turn, the alongshore flow induces coastal upwelling that supports a wealth of fishery resources. Within this region, satellite data, marine reports, and coastal observations indicate the existence of a southerly coastal jet (i.e., a maximum of wind speed) off central Chile (26°–36°S). The mean features and variability of this southerly jet is documented in this work using 4 yr of satellite-derived sea surface winds, complemented by satellite-derived cloud amount fields and atmospheric reanalysis. Furthermore, analysis of in situ data and model results of a well-defined jet event during October 2000 allows a preliminary description of the jet’s three-dimensional structure and a comparison with the northerly jet off the coast of California.
Southerly jet events off central Chile occur year-round, but they are more frequent during spring–summer (over 60% of the time). The jet is characterized by an elongated maximum of surface wind speed (∼10 m s−1) with its axis at about 150 km off the coast and a cross-shore scale of about 500 km. The two Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) fields per day (a.m. and p.m. passes) allow a rough estimate of the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of the surface winds, which appears to be remarkably small in the region of the jet. The jet events are associated with the passage of a midlatitude ridge over the southeast Pacific strengthening the subtropical anticyclone. Upstream and over the jet region the coastal deck of stratocumulus clouds tends to dissipate in contrast to an increase in cloudiness downstream of the jet. In the case study the jet core resides at the top of the marine boundary layer (MBL)/inversion layer. Weak offshore flow prevails above the jet axis, and even weaker onshore flow prevails in the MBL. Consistent with its subtropical location the jet is embedded in a region of large-scale subsidence; nevertheless a mesoscale area of mean upward motion is simulated just downstream of the jet core.
Synoptic-Scale Variability and Its Relationship with Total Ozone and Antarctic Vortex Displacements
Authors: Vigliarolo Paula K. , Vera Carolina S. , Díaz Susana B. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The main synoptic-scale circulation anomaly pattern over extratropical South America during the austral spring (September–November) is identified by means of rotated extended empirical orthogonal function techniques, applied to the meridional wind perturbation time series at 300 hPa. The dataset is based on 15 spring seasons (1979–93) of meteorological data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project version-2 daily averaged reanalyses, given in 17 vertical levels from 1000 to 10 hPa. The total-ozone daily measurements for the same period are from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer instrument (version 7). The principal synoptic-scale anomaly pattern is associated with an anticyclone–cyclone pair evolving eastward along subpolar latitudes (and hence it is termed the subpolar mode), with a typical length scale of 5000 km and a phase velocity of 8 m s−1. The subpolar-mode waves, which display the main characteristics of midlatitude baroclinic waves, typically maximize near or above the tropopause and propagate upward into the lower stratosphere, showing large amplitudes even at 50 hPa and above.
Subpolar-mode-related circulation anomalies are found to be responsible for large total-ozone daily fluctuations near southern South America and nearby regions. In the positive phase of the subpolar mode, total-ozone fluctuations, which are negative, adopt a sigmoid structure, with a zonal scale as large as the anticyclone–cyclone pair. Moreover, it is herein shown that the associated anticyclone produces a local ozone-column decrease to the north and east of its center, due to adiabatic uplift of air parcels in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. At the same time, the downstream cyclonic disturbance is responsible for large negative total-ozone anomalies to the west and south of its center. As the cyclone develops in the lower stratosphere, it promotes the northward incursion of the Antarctic vortex up to about 55°S, along with air masses of highly depleted ozone levels.
Objective Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Location and Motion from High-Density Observations
Authors: Kepert Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A new technique for objectively locating the pressure center of a hurricane from high-density observations is presented. It was designed particularly for use with global positioning system (GPS) dropsonde observations of pressure within the cyclone core, but is also useful for aircraft data. Unlike previously documented techniques, it uses pressure data rather than wind, and is therefore useable in the boundary layer. A further advantage is that it can utilize data taken over a period of several hours, while previous techniques required the use of nearly instantaneous data. It is shown that, for data coverage typical of research aircraft missions, the technique can locate the cyclone center with a root-mean-square error of a few kilometers, and the cyclone motion with a root-mean-square error of a few tenths of a meter per second. The application of an automated objective quality control procedure to the method is also discussed.
A Review of Cold Fronts with Prefrontal Troughs and Wind Shifts
Authors: Schultz David M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The conceptual model of a classical surface-based cold front consists of a sharp temperature decrease coincident with a pressure trough and a distinct wind shift at the surface. Many cold fronts, however, do not conform to this model—time series at a single surface station may possess a pressure trough and wind shift in the warm air preceding the cold front (hereafter called a prefrontal trough and prefrontal wind shift, respectively). Although many authors have recognized these prefrontal features previously, a review of the responsible mechanisms has not been performed to date. This paper presents such a review. Ten disparate mechanisms with different frontal structures have been identified from the previous literature. These mechanisms include those external to the front (i.e., those not directly associated with the cold front itself): synoptic-scale forcing, interaction with lee troughs/drylines, interaction with fronts in the mid- and upper troposphere, and frontogenesis associated with inhomogeneities in the prefrontal air. Mechanisms internal to the front (i.e., those directly associated with the structure and dynamics of the front) include the following: surface friction, frontogenesis acting on alongfront temperature gradients, moist processes, descent of air, ascent of air at the front, and generation of prefrontal bores/gravity waves. Given the gaps in our knowledge of the structure, evolution, and dynamics of surface cold fronts, this paper closes with an admonition for improving the links between theory, observations, and modeling to advance understanding and develop better conceptual models of cold fronts, with the goal of improving both scientific understanding and operational forecasting.
Who Shall Lead them out? An Exploration of God’s Openness in Exodus 32.7-14
Authors: Ellington Scott 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOpen theism focuses on our relationship with God and points out the ways that traditional theism’s emphasis on divine omniscience and immutability is in conflict with a close, mutual relationship. Open theists argue that many biblical texts portray God as open to a future that is not fully known by him and that is shaped in cooperation with God’s covenant partners. Exodus 32.7-14 is frequently cited as supporting the openness position, and in this article I will examine the main points of the openness argument and then exegete this passage in the context of the book of Exodus. A careful study will show that Exodus 32 demonstrates not a lack of foreknowledge on God’s part, but a process of experiential learning as Yahweh and Moses together make decisions about the future of God’s chosen people.
Pentecostal Visions of The End: Eschatology, Ecclesiology and the Fascination of the Left Behind Series
Authors: Coulter Dale 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article examines the Pentecostal reception of dispensational eschatology from the perspective of its connection to other Pentecostal theological concerns. Through an investigation of representatives from the Church of God and the Assemblies of God, it is argued (1) that early Pentecostals tended to use eschatology to articulate their own ecclesiology, and (2) that it is their ecclesiological concerns that separate Pentecostals from dispensational thought while simultaneously attracting them to it. Drawing on the Eastern Orthodox idea of sobornicity, a final section of the article is devoted to teasing out the theological concerns implicit to Pentecostal ecclesiology in order to promote further dialogue with Roman Catholicism.
Awe-Full Encounters: A Pentecostal Conversation with C.S. Lewis Concerning Spiritual Experience
Authors: Richie Tony 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPerhaps best known by us as an exceptionally astute and incisive apologist, C.S. Lewis also has much to say to serious Pentecostals about religious experience—a foundational value in Pentecostalism. Aware of and interacting with Freudian and Jungian religious psychology, Lewis agreed with Rudolf Otto that religious experience is essentially mysterious encounter with the Numinous, arguing that numinous encounter constitutes the seed of all real religious experience. At its core authentic religious experience is divine encounter characterized by ineffable awe in God’s presence. Lewis’ articulation of experience informs and enhances Pentecostal theology and spirituality appreciably in key areas of ontology, epistemology, and anthropology. Personal testimony affirms the reality and centrality for Pentecostals of encountering God’s presence in Spirit baptism, speaking in tongues, and other spiritual gifts or experiences, as well as in private prayer and public worship.
Regulation of human fetal hemoglobin: new players, new complexities
Authors: Bank Arthur 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe human globin genes are among the most extensively characterized in the human genome, yet the details of the molecular events regulating normal human hemoglobin switching and the potential reactivation of fetal hemoglobin in adult hematopoietic cells remain elusive. Recent discoveries demonstrate physical interactions between the β locus control region and the downstream structural γ- and β-globin genes, and with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. These interactions all play roles in globin gene expression and globin switching at the human β-globin locus. If the molecular events in hemoglobin switching were better understood and fetal hemoglobin could be more fully reactivated in adult cells, the insights obtained might lead to new approaches to the therapy of sickle cell disease and β thalassemia by identifying specific new targets for molecular therapies.
Familial hypercholesterolemia and response to statin therapy according to LDLR genetic background
Authors: Choumerianou Despoina M. , Dedoussis George V. Z. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFamilial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disease defined at the molecular level mainly by the presence of mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene and is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, tendon xanthomas and increased risk of early cardiovascular disease. The type of mutation in the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene has been associated with different phenotype expression and response to statins. Several studies have been undertaken to assess the efficacy of statins and evaluate the influence of mutations on the response to treatment with statins. Not all patients respond to statin therapy with a reduction in cardiovascular disease. In this review paper, we will discuss the results available to date that correlate the low-density lipoprotein receptor genotype to the response to statins, and the interest in developing diagnostic systems which will allow identification of patients at increased risk of adverse drug reactions or patients in which a therapeutic effect is lacking.