bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The
so
Locus Is Required for Vegetative Cell Fusion and Postfertilization Events in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Fleißner André , Sarkar Sovan , Jacobson David J. , Roca M. Gabriela , Read Nick D. , Glass N. Louise 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

The process of cell fusion is a basic developmental feature found in most eukaryotic organisms. In filamentous fungi, cell fusion events play an important role during both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. We employ the model organism
Neurospora crassa
to dissect the mechanisms of cell fusion and cell-cell communication involved in fusion processes. In this study, we characterized a mutant with a mutation in the gene
so
, which exhibits defects in cell fusion. The
so
mutant has a pleiotropic phenotype, including shortened aerial hyphae, an altered conidiation pattern, and female sterility. Using light microscopy and heterokaryon tests, the
so
mutant was shown to possess defects in germling and hyphal fusion. Although
so
produces conidial anastomosis tubes,
so
germlings did not home toward wild-type germlings nor were wild-type germlings attracted to
so
germlings. We employed a trichogyne attraction and fusion assay to determine whether the female sterility of the
so
mutant is caused by impaired communication or fusion failure between mating partners.
so
showed no defects in attraction or fusion between mating partners, indicating that
so
is specific for vegetative hyphal fusion and/or associated communication events. The
so
gene encodes a protein of unknown function, but which contains a WW domain; WW domains are predicted to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Database searches showed that
so
was conserved in the genomes of filamentous ascomycete fungi but was absent in ascomycete yeast and basidiomycete species.
Identification in the Ancient Protist
Giardia lamblia
of Two Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Homologues with Distinctive Functions
Authors: Li Lei , Wang Ching C. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the m
7
GTP of capped mRNAs and is an essential component of the translational machinery that recruits the 40S small ribosomal subunit. We describe here the identification and characterization of two eIF4E homologues in an ancient protist,
Giardia lamblia
. Using m
7
GTP-Sepharose affinity column chromatography, a specific binding protein was isolated and identified as
Giardia
eIF4E2. The other homologue,
Giardia
eIF4E1, bound only to the m
2,2,7
GpppN structure. Although neither homologue can rescue the function of yeast eIF4E, a knockdown of eIF4E2 mRNA in
Giardia
by a virus-based antisense ribozyme decreased translation, which was shown to use m
7
GpppN-capped mRNA as a template. Thus, eIF4E2 is likely the cap-binding protein in a translation initiation complex. The same knockdown approach indicated that eIF4E1 is not required for translation in
Giardia
. Immunofluorescence assays showed wide distribution of both homologues in the cytoplasm. But eIF4E1 was also found concentrated and colocalized with the m
2,2,7
GpppN cap, 16S-like rRNA, and fibrillarin in the nucleolus-like structure in the nucleus. eIF4E1 depletion from
Giardia
did not affect mRNA splicing, but the protein was bound to
Giardia
small nuclear RNAs D and H known to have an m
2,2,7
GpppN cap, thus suggesting a novel function not yet observed among other eIF4Es in eukaryotes.
Class I Histone Deacetylase Thd1p Affects Nuclear Integrity in
Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Wiley Emily A. , Myers Tamara , Parker Kathryn , Braun Theodore , Yao Meng-Chao 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) participate in the regulation of DNA-templated processes such as transcription and replication. Members of this class can act locally at specific sites, or they can act more globally, contributing to a baseline acetylation state, both of which actions may be important for genome maintenance and organization. We previously identified a macronuclear-specific class I HDAC in
Tetrahymena thermophila
called Thd1p, which is expressed early in the development of the macronucleus when it initially becomes transcriptionally active. To test the idea that Thd1p is important for global chromatin integrity in an active macronucleus,
Tetrahymena
cells reduced in expression of Thd1p were generated. We observed phenotypes that indicated loss of chromatin integrity in the mutant cells, including DNA fragmentation and extrusion of chromatin from the macronucleus, variable macronuclear size and shape, enlarged nucleoli, and reduced phosphorylation of histone H1 from bulk chromatin. Macronuclei in mutant cells also contained more DNA. This observation suggests a role for Thd1p in the control of nuclear DNA content, a previously undescribed role for class I HDACs. Together, these phenotypes implicate Thd1p in the maintenance of macronuclear integrity in multiple ways, probably through site-specific changes in histone acetylation since no change in the acetylation levels of bulk histones was detected in mutant cells.
The role of social workers in disasters
Authors: Yanay Uri , Benjamin Sharon 
Published: May 2005

English During city emergencies, Jerusalem municipality social workers are assigned to the disaster site, and with them hospitals, police services, the forensic institute and notification units form the Jerusalem Emergency Team (JET). Using formal and informal ties, social workers establish a professional, closely-knit helping network. Disasters happen everywhere. Social workers should be trained to deal with relief work and its traumatic outcomes. French Pendant les urgences en ville, des travailleurs sociaux municipaux a© Jérusalem - l'équipe de secours de Jérusalem (JET) - sont envoyés aux endroits sinistrés, aux hôpitaux, aux services de la police, aux départements médico-légal. En s'appuyant sur des liens formels et informels, les travailleurs sociaux établissent un réseau étroit d'aide professionnel. Les désastres se produisent partout. Les travailleurs sociaux devraient être formés pour travailler dans ce genre de situation. Spanish Durante las emergencias urbanas, los trabajadores sociales de la municipalidad de Jerusalem fueron asignados a los lugares de desastres, hospitales, servicios de policía, el instituto forense y las unidades de notificación, formando el Equipo de Emergencia de Jerusalem (JET). Utilizando vínculos formales e informales, los trabajadores sociales establecen una red profesional de ayuda. Los desastres ocurren en cualquier lugar. Los trabajadores sociales deben ser entrenados para tratar con el trabajo de socorro y sus resultados traumáticos.
Four models of international field placement
Authors: Pettys Gregory L. , Panos Patrick T. , Cox Shirley E. , Oosthuysen Kim 
Published: May 2005

English Twenty-one US social work programs with international placements were surveyed to assess: information about participating students; screening processes; student preparations; and supervision. Four models of international placements were identified: independent, neighbor, on-site and exchange. The information is provided to assist programs in developing international placements. French Vingt-et-un programmes de travail social américains offrant des stages internationaux ont été examinés pour avoir une idée des étudiants qui y participent, des procédures de sélection, des préparatifs pour les étudiants, et de la supervision. Quatre modèles des stages internationaux ont été identifiés: indépendant, voisinant, sur place et échange. Des informations sont fournies pour aider dans le développant des stages internationaux. Spanish Se encuestaron veintiún programas de trabajo social en Estados Unidos dotados con colocaciones internacionales para las prácticas de campo. Se evaluó: 1) la información acerca de los estudiantes participantes, 2) el proceso de selección, 3) la preparación de los estudiantes, y 4) la supervisión. Se identificaron cuatro modelos de colocación internacional: independiente, vecino, doméstico (on-site) y de intercambio. La información se dirige a asistir en el desarrollo de colocaciones de prácticas internacionales.
Thinking the Mediterranean Arena Today
Authors: Arkoun Mohammed 
Published: May 2005

SummaryIn the name of a historical realism that implies a philosophy of history yet to be validated, should we assume that any attempt to explore or reactivate the question of meaning, which is so alive in the Mediterranean arena, is doomed to capsize among spiritualist imaginings, idealistic speculation, nostalgic reminiscences? Or, despite the triumphant march of a globalization bereft of a humanistic project, can we identify, in the Mediterranean history of thought and culture, stances of reason, objectives from the mind, works of creative imagination, the words of civilizing prophets, saints, thinkers, artists, heroes that might fertilize, illuminate, inspire, provide some additional soul for the new struggles to emancipate the human condition, such as they are borne in urgently on all the citizens of a world that is chained to the same destiny?
A Temperature-dependent Constitutive Model for Relaxor Ferroelectrics
Authors: Smith Ralph C. , Hom Craig L. 
Published: May 2005

This paper addresses the development of a temperature-dependent constitutive model for relaxor ferroelectric materials. These compounds exhibit a diffuse transition region between the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases due to the chemical heterogeneity of the materials. At low temperatures, the materials exhibit significant dielectric hysteresis in the relation between the applied field E and the macroscopic polarization P, with the degree of hysteresis decreasing as the temperature increases to freezing temperature Tf. Above the freezing temperature, the relation is single-valued, but nonlinear. These phenomena are modeled by assuming that the material is comprised of an aggregate of micropolar regions having a range of Curie temperatures. Thermodynamic principles are employed to obtain a micropolar model, which predicts the saturation polarization and distribution of regions as a function of temperature. A corresponding macroscopic model is then constructed to predict the dielectric behavior of the material above the freezing temperature. Hysteresis below the freezing point is incorporated through the quantification of energy required to bend and translate domain walls pinned at sites, including inclusions, point defects, and local fields, inherent to the material. The resulting ordinary differential equation (ODE) model quantifies the constitutive nonlinearities and hysteresis exhibited by the materials through a wide range of temperatures and input drive levels. The predictive capabilities of the model are illustrated through a comparison with PMN (lead magnesium niobate) and PMN-PT-BT (PT: lead titanate; BT: barium titanate) data collected at temperatures ranging from 133 to 313 K.
Confirmation of human protein interaction data by human expression data
Authors: Hahn Andreas , Rahnenführer Jörg , Talwar Priti , Lengauer Thomas 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
With microarray technology the expression of thousands of genes can be measured simultaneously. It is well known that the expression levels of genes of interacting proteins are correlated significantly more strongly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae than those of proteins that are not interacting. The objective of this work is to investigate whether this observation extends to the human genome.

Results
We investigated the quantitative relationship between expression levels of genes encoding interacting proteins and genes encoding random protein pairs. Therefore we studied 1369 interacting human protein pairs and human gene expression levels of 155 arrays. We were able to establish a statistically significantly higher correlation between the expression levels of genes whose proteins interact compared to random protein pairs. Additionally we were able to provide evidence that genes encoding proteins belonging to the same GO-class show correlated expression levels.

Conclusion
This finding is concurrent with the naive hypothesis that the scales of production of interacting proteins are linked because an efficient interaction demands that involved proteins are available to some degree. The goal of further research in this field will be to understand the biological mechanisms behind this observation.
Characteristics and adaptability of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms used for the recovery of metals from minerals and their concentrates
Authors: Rawlings Douglas E 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Microorganisms are used in large-scale heap or tank aeration processes for the commercial extraction of a variety of metals from their ores or concentrates. These include copper, cobalt, gold and, in the past, uranium. The metal solubilization processes are considered to be largely chemical with the microorganisms providing the chemicals and the space (exopolysaccharide layer) where the mineral dissolution reactions occur. Temperatures at which these processes are carried out can vary from ambient to 80°C and the types of organisms present depends to a large extent on the process temperature used. Irrespective of the operation temperature, biomining microbes have several characteristics in common. One shared characteristic is their ability to produce the ferric iron and sulfuric acid required to degrade the mineral and facilitate metal recovery. Other characteristics are their ability to grow autotrophically, their acid-tolerance and their inherent metal resistance or ability to acquire metal resistance. Although the microorganisms that drive the process have the above properties in common, biomining microbes usually occur in consortia in which cross-feeding may occur such that a combination of microbes including some with heterotrophic tendencies may contribute to the efficiency of the process. The remarkable adaptability of these organisms is assisted by several of the processes being continuous-flow systems that enable the continual selection of microorganisms that are more efficient at mineral degradation. Adaptability is also assisted by the processes being open and non-sterile thereby permitting new organisms to enter. This openness allows for the possibility of new genes that improve cell fitness to be selected from the horizontal gene pool. Characteristics that biomining microorganisms have in common and examples of their remarkable adaptability are described.
Elevated expression of CD30 in adult T-cell leukemia cell lines: possible role in constitutive NF-κB activation
Authors: Higuchi Masaya , Matsuda Takehiro , Mori Naoki , Yamada Yasuaki , Horie Ryouichi , Watanabe Toshiki , Takahashi Masahiko , Oie Masayasu , Fujii Masahiro 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). HTLV-1 encoded Tax1 oncoprotein activates the transcription of genes involved in cell growth and anti-apoptosis through the NF-κB pathway, and is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ATL. While Tax1 expression is usually lost or minimal in ATL cells, these cells still show high constitutive NF-κB activity, indicating that genetic or epigenetic changes in ATL cells induce activation independent of Tax1. The aim of this study was to identify the molecules responsible for the constitutive activation of NF-κB in ATL cells using a retroviral functional cloning strategy.

Results
Using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression and blasticidin-resistance as selection markers, several retroviral cDNA clones exhibiting constitutive NF-κB activity in Rat-1 cells, including full-length CD30, were obtained from an ATL cell line. Exogenous stable expression of CD30 in Rat-1 cells constitutively activated NF-κB. Elevated expression of CD30 was identified in all ATL lines examined, and primary ATL cells from a small number of patients (8 out of 66 cases).

Conclusion
Elevated CD30 expression is considered one of the causes of constitutive NF-κB activation in ATL cells, and may be involved in ATL development.
Methods of Analysis for Protein Dynamics in Living Cells Based on Protein Splicing
Authors: Ozawa Takeaki 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Protein–protein interactions and protein localization have key roles in many essential biological processes in living cells. We have developed novel reporter proteins with general applicability for detecting the biological processes in living cells and animals. The principle is based on reconstitution of split reporter proteins by protein splicing, which involves a self-catalyzed excision of a protein splicing element, intein, from flanking polypeptide sequences, exteins, leading to ligation of the flanking exteins by a peptide bond. As the exteins, N- and C-terminal halves of rationally-split green fluorescent protein (GFP) or split bioluminescent proteins were used. The N- and C-terminal reporters connected respectively with a pair of interacting proteins worked as indicators for protein–protein interactions in bacteria and mammalian cells. The split GFP reporter provided a genetic method for identifying mitochondrial proteins from large-scale complementary DNA libraries. The split bioluminescent reporter enabled high-throughput sensing and noninvasive imaging of nuclear transport of target proteins in living animals. This basic concept of split reporter reconstitution by protein splicing provides a wide variety of applications not only for fundamental biological studies, but also for assay and screening methods for chemicals that inhibit or facilitate the biological processes in living cells.
Regioselective Preparation of N-Substituted 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles
Authors: Suyama Takayuki , Suzuki Noriyuki , Nishimura Masami , Saitoh Yuka , Ohkoshi Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Jun-ichi 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Regioselective preparation of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles which have a substituent on one or the other amino group has been developed. When 1-substituted 3-cyano-2-ethylisourea (2) was allowed to react with hydroxylamine under basic conditions, 5-amino-3-(substituted amino)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (3) was obtained in good yield. On the other hand, 3-amino-5-(substituted amino)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (4), a regioisomer of 3, could be synthesized by the reaction of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine (9) with 2 or 1-substituted 3-cyano-2-methylisothiourea (1) and subsequent alcoholysis.
Synthesis of Benzazetine Derivatives by Intramolecular Iodoamination of o-(Acylamino)styrene Derivatives
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Miyamoto Kazuna , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The iodoamination of o-(acylamino)styrene derivatives using iodine and sodium hydrogencarbonate, producing 7-acyl-8-iodomethylbicyclo[4.2.0]-7-azaoct-1,3,5-triene [1-acyl-2-(iodomethyl)benzazetine] derivatives, is described. Replacement of the iodo moiety by hydrogen or phenylthio group is also reported.
A Preparation of Alkyl or Alkenyl N,N-Dimethylchalcogenocarbamates and Their One-Step Conversion into Symmetrical Dialkyl or Dialkenyl Dichalcogenides
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Oikawa Seiji , Nakamura Hidenori , Moro-oka Akiko , Kikuchi Miho , Maruyama Akiko , Suzuki Takahiro , Kogawa Hisashi , Inoue Yukiko , Gong Yaling , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Takikawa Yuji 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Alkyl or alkenyl N,N-dimethylchalcogenocarbamates were easily prepared by a stepwise treatment of bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl) dichalcogenides with NaH or NaBH4, followed by various alkylating agents or acetylenes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents. The one-step conversion of alkyl or alkenyl N,N-dimethylselenocarbamates or N,N-dimethyltellurocarbamates into the corresponding symmetrical dialkyl or dialkenyl dichalcogenides was also achieved efficiently by treating with SnCl4.
Enantioselective Protonation of a Lithium Enolate Derived from 2-Methyl-1-tetralone Using Chiral Sulfonamides
Authors: Coumbarides Gregory S , Eames Jason , Scheuermann J Erik W , Sibbons Kevin F , Suggate Michael J , Watkinson Michael 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The synthesis of enantiomerically enriched (R)-2-methyl-1-tetralone (1) with 77% e.e. was achieved through protonation of its lithium enolate (3) using a C2-symmetric tris-sulfonamide (6) as an internal chiral proton source. Access to the complementary (S)-enantiomer 1 with 33% e.e. was achieved using a related C2-symmetric bis-sulfonamide (9) as the chiral proton source.
Rotational Isomerism Involving an Acetylenic Carbon VI. Syntheses, Structures, and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Bis(1-phenyl-9-anthryl)ethynes: Highly Restricted Rotation about Acetylenic Axis in Acyclic Diarylethynes
Authors: Makino Toshiaki , Toyota Shinji 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Some sterically congested di(9-anthryl)ethynes with substituted phenyl groups (4-Me, 4-iPr, 4-tBu, 3-iPr, 3,5-iPr2) at the 1-positions were synthesized by the Stille coupling of the corresponding triflate and bis(tributylstannyl)ethyne to realize the restricted rotation of the acetylenic axis in diarylethyne derivatives. In the X-ray structure of the 4-Me compound, the two 9-anthryl groups were staggered about the acetylenic axis by ca. 60°. The dynamic NMR study of the iPr substituted compounds afforded the kinetic data of the two independent processes: the faster and slower processes were assigned to the rotation about the acetylenic axis (ΔG≠ 45–51 kJ mol−1) and the rotation of the phenyl groups (ΔG≠ ca. 75 kJ mol−1), respectively, from the details of the lineshape changes. The observed barriers to the rotation about the acetylenic axis are rather high for acyclic diarylethynes, being attributed to the severe steric interactions between the 1-phenyl groups and the rigid di(9-anthryl)ethyne framework in the transition state. The mechanism of the dynamic stereochemistry and the substituent effect on the rotational barrier are discussed on the basis of the kinetic data and the molecular structures.
The Formation of Periodicity within the Pore Walls of Mesoporous Organosilica by Post-Synthesis Treatment
Authors: Goto Yasutomo , Okamoto Kentaro , Inagaki Shinji 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The molecular scale periodicity within the pore walls of amorphous mesoporous phenylene-silicas, derived using triblock copolymers under acidic conditions, was generated by the post-synthesis treatment with alkaline solution. Usually, acid conditions are not favorable for the formation of periodic arrangement of phenylene-silica moieties. The treatment with alkaline solution at 363–373 K facilitated the restructuring of phenylene-silica moieties and resulted in the formation of periodic structure within the pore walls. The treatment also enlarged the pore size of mesoporous phenylene-silica from 5.4 to 12.4 nm. Such a material with large pore size and molecular periodicity should have several advantages in potential applications, particularly in the catalysis for relatively large molecules.