bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest collective work of art of the twentieth century. —Jacob Bronowski (1973, p. 328), referring to physics Are scientists really creative? After all, you might think that scientists simply discover truths by looking at the world; though of course, by using some very fancy equipment. The astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar said that when he discovered a new fact, it appeared to him to be something “that had always been there and that I had chanced to pick up” (quoted in Farmelo, 2002a, pp. xi-xii). If a good scientific theory is just an accurate reflection of reality, then a good scientist is one whose theories directly copy reality (Barrow, 2000). And it goes without saying that copying is not creative. However, this “copy theory” of science is wrong. The copy theory was famously argued by a group of mid-20th century philosophers known as logical empiricists.1 To an empiricist, science is a game of deduction: taking observations from experience and using them to derive statements about regularities in nature. However, when scholars began to study how scientists actually work, it turned out that empiricism and deduction weren’t very good explanations. Beginning with Karl Popper just after World War II, continuing with the influential analyses of science of Thomas Kuhn, through today’s studies of scientific laboratories by Bruno Latour and Karin Knorr-Cetina, we now know that scientific theories can’t be derived in any simple or mechanical way from observations.
Business Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism. It is what capitalism consists in and what every capitalist concern has got to live in. —Economist Joseph Schumpeter (1942/1975, p. 83) According to the famous economist Joseph Schumpeter, creativity is the core of capitalism. New innovations displace the old, often leading to radical transformations, and creative destruction. Creative destruction, with rapid advances in technology, was a fact of life in the United States in the late 20th century. And by the end of the 20 th century, creativity had become the key factor driving the U.S. economy (Florida, 2002). Management scientists have discovered that you can’t explain business creativity using a strictly individualist approach. To explain any case of important innovation, we need to examine teamwork and collaboration, overall organizational structures and culture, and contextual factors such as the market and the regulatory climate. Management scientists have demonstrated what executives intuitively know: that organizational creativity occurs in complex social systems. One of the most well-known recent examples of technological innovation is the Windows operating system.1 Who created it? Many people will answer by saying that the Microsoft corporation created Windows. Microsoft released its Windows 3.1 operating system in 1990.
Risks to Healthy Development: The Somber Planes of Life
Authors: Travis Cheryl Brown 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gender is ubiquitous and at the same time nebulous—everywhere but nowhere. Often it is so embedded in everyday details as to be invisible. Yet in the aggregate, that which seems prosaic and ordinary is often compelling in ways not easily recognized. Birth announcements and clothing for newborns proclaim gender. Toys, games, and even such unlikely artifacts as lunch pails and umbrellas are codes for gender. Nonverbal gestures, postures, and mannerisms are similarly displays of gender. Gender stereotypes include prescriptions for emotional expression, temperament, competitiveness, relational style, and cognitive ability. Certain roles within the family and in society are firmly associated with gender, and exceptions usually receive a special label or designation. For example, common parlance has included the term “working mom” but not “working dad.” The universal presence of gender in so many aspects of identity and experience make it a worthwhile starting point from which to consider the disruptive and somber planes of life.
Women and Suicide
Authors: Range Lillian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex differences in suicide rates indicate that girls and women have strengths, and some risks, in this area. The present chapter examines these rates, and treatment, highlighting the issues specific to girls and women. Suicide is a problem for both women and men. In 2001, a total of 30,622 people in the United States (24,672 men, 5,950 women) died by suicide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2001). Given that the population was 285 million, that number of deaths gives a death rate by suicide of 10.73 per 100,000. Practically speaking, this number means that 1 or 2 of every 100,000 people alive in 2001 died by suicide, and these deaths were more likely to be men than women, although misclassification may mean that women are not as protected from suicide as these numbers imply (Phillips & Ruth, 1993). About .01% of the population of the United States will die by suicide.
To Your Sexual Health! Incorporating Sexuality Into the Health Perspective
Authors: Crudden, M C M C , Tolman Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is organized around a simple premise: Sexuality is an integral component of psychological health. This claim is anchored in both theoretical and empirical scholarship. In 1986, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a report that stated: “Sexuality influences thoughts, feelings, actions and interactions and thereby our mental and physical health” (Coleman, 2002). In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo declared that sexual health should be considered an important part of a person’s physical and psychological well-being (Lottes & Adkins, 2003). Similarly, in 2001, the U.S. Surgeon General issued A Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior, in which he proposed that sexuality goes beyond the physical aspects and includes emotional, mental, and interpersonal components as well (Satcher, 2001).
The Family Environment: Where Gender Role Socialization Begins
Authors: Bronstein Phyllis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is ample research showing that by adolescence, girls—compared with boys—are likely to report greater concern about their appearance and behavior and to have lower self-esteem and career aspirations. In addition, they are less likely to speak out in class, challenge others, or express angry feelings. It appears that by this stage in life, many girls have internalized cultural messages that their worth lies mainly in being seen as physically attractive, sociable, modest, and docile. For researchers, clinicians, and educators concerned with the detrimental effects of such gender differences on girls’ psychological health and development, important questions are how and why these differences emerge. Years of exposure to stereotyped and distorted depictions of females in magazines, television, movies, and popular music certainly contribute to the gender role conceptions that adolescent girls develop. In addition, factors within the school environment, particularly during the middle school and high school years, may amplify those cultural messages.
Adolescent Girls’ Health in the Context of Peer and Community Relationships
Authors: Reynolds Bridget M , Repetti Rena L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There’s no denying that peers are very important to an adolescent girl: a best friend who knows her deepest secrets, a clique of friends who provide her with a sense of belonging and a shared identity outside of her family, an athletic team that enhances her skills and offers experiences in group coordination and shared accomplishment. The adolescent world often seems to revolve around the peer group. It is no surprise, then, that the peer group plays a critical role in the psychological and physical health of teenage girls. Peer relationships can be the best of times for some girls and the worst of times for others. Whether peers will enhance or cause harm to a teenage girl’s development depends on the characteristics of the girls and boys with whom she spends her time and on the quality of those relationships.
Women’s Career Development
Authors: Betz Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it used to be assumed that women’s careers were not as important as men’s because they occupied only short periods of the adult woman’s life span, societal changes over the last 40 or 50 years have led to increased employment for women outside the home. Women’s careers have become an increasingly important part of most women’s lives and, as we now see, critically important for their mental health. Women now constitute a significant portion of the labor force in the United States and, conversely, the vast majority of U.S. women work outside the home. In the year 2000, three fifths of women were employed. Of those aged 25–44, 75% were employed. Sixty percent of women with children under the age of one year (12 months) are employed. The odds that a woman will work outside the home during her adult life are over 90%. Consequently, paid employment (vs. work inside the home) is now the rule, not the exception. There is no category of women for whom the majority is not employed outside the home.
Family and Work Balance
Authors: Crosby Faye J , Sabattini Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In years gone by, the problem of balancing work and family was thought to be a women’s issue. We now know better. Men live in families, too. And the welfare of families is not simply a matter of concern for individuals. Balancing paid and domestic work is a social issue. According to U.S. Census statistics, in 2001 approximately 57% of women (across ethnic groups) were working full time outside the home and about 23% worked part time (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002, 2003). The trend toward increased labor force participation is particularly dramatic among mothers. That same year, 78.7% of single and 69.6% of married mothers with children under 18 years of age were employed (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002).
Physical Health and Illness in Older Women
Authors: majerovitz S Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in health care over the last century have radically altered our experience of old age. First, average life expectancy has increased dramatically over the past century. Vaccines, antibiotics, and improved obstetric care have all but eradicated many common causes of death for children and young adults, so that the majority of people can expect to become old. Improved treatment for chronic illness has further increased life expectancy. At every age and in every country that reports health statistics, women have lower rates of mortality than men (Idler, 2003). As a result, the majority of older adults are female and this gender gap widens with age. There are several theories attempting to explain this gender gap in health and longevity, including a biologically based health advantage for women resulting from sex hormones or genetic differences, better health behaviors and use of health care, less stressful and dangerous work environments, and lower risk-taking behavior (Gold, Malmberg, McClearn, Pedersen, & Berg, 2002). Older women report more symptoms of illness and live with more chronic health conditions than men, although life-threatening chronic conditions are more prevalent among older men, even within brothersister twin pairs (Gold et al., 2002).
Older Women and Security
Authors: Markham Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women need to feel secure, at whatever age. Minimally, physical requirements for survival must be met. To thrive, however, women need to develop confidence that the social and physical environment will adequately respond to them and can be adapted to meet their needs, at least to some degree. As girls grow into women, and as women mature, they develop increased mastery over their environment, decreased dependency, and greater self-sufficiency. These qualities also contribute to positive self-esteem. By the time a woman is in her seventh or eighth decade of life she is likely to have a stable sense of self that includes purpose, value, and control in the world, or using Susan Whitbourne’s terms, “personal power, strength, and effectiveness” (1996, p. 9). Aging and its associated changes can challenge mastery, independence, and self-sufficiency. Under the best of circumstances there is opportunity for continued growth, creativity, and fulfillment.
Survivors of Male Violence: Research and Training Initiatives to Facilitate Recovery From Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Herrera Veronica m. , Koss mary p. , bailey Jennifer , Yuan, nicole p. , Lichter erika l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence against women encompasses physical and sexual abuse perpetrated against a woman or female child by persons known or unknown to her, such as spouses, partners, boyfriends, fathers, brothers, acquaintances, or strangers (Saltzman, Fanslow, McMahon, & Shelley, 1999). At least one woman in three globally is beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime (Heise, Ellsberg, & Gottemuller, 1999). Because women represent 85% of the victims of the 1 million incidents of nonfatal intimate assaults that occur each year in the United States (Greenfield et al., 1998), violence is a women’s health concern, a human rights issue, and a major public health problem. The present review focuses on two predominant psychological responses among survivors of male violence: depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy Instrumentation and Applications
Authors: Potma Eric O , Xie X Sunney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Key to the success of optical microscopy in cellular biology is the ability to detect structures with a clear chemical contrast. Identifying the distribution and dynamics of targets in the cell is accomplished only if these compounds can be visualized selectively. Fluorescence microscopy achieves this chemical selectivity through associating structures with a fluorescent tag. Thanks to the vast number of specific fluorescent probes, this recipe has unveiled many of the secrets of the living cell.
High-Speed Imaging Using Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy
Authors: Kim Ki H , Bahlmann Karsten , Ragan Timothy , Kim, Daekeun , Peter T C So 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiphotonmicroscopy (Denk et al., 1990; Helmchen & Denk, 2002; So et al., 2000; Zipfel et al., 2003) produces three-dimensionally resolved images based on nonlinear optical interactions localized at the focus of a microscope objective. Multiphoton microscopy in the fluorescence mode is now the method of choice for in vivo deep tissue microscopic imaging because of its subcellular resolution, minimal phototoxicity, and excellent tissue penetration depth. For many tissues, penetration depths from a few hundred microns up to a millimeter have been reported (Helmchen & Denk, 2005). Multiphoton microscopy has become an invaluable tool in biomedical studies such as neuronal plasticity (Grutzendler et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005; Lendvai et al., 2000), angiogenesis in solid tumors (Padera et al., 2002), and transdermal drug delivery (Yu et al., 2001).
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
Authors: Masters Barry R , Peter T C So 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the theoretical and experimental basis for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Since the concepts of resonance and dipole–dipole interaction are integral to the formulation of both the Perrin and the Förster theories of resonance energy transfer, their qualitative and quantitative aspects are introduced in terms of classical physics and quantum mechanics.
Femtosecond Laser Nanoprocessing
Authors: König Karsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiphotonmicroscopy based onthe applicationof tight-focused near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser beams has been considered a valuable tool for vital cell imaging (Denk et al., 1990). Typically, 80-MHz/90-MHz mode-locked titanium sapphire lasers with about 1 W mean output power have been employed as a laser source to realize two-photon fluorescence imaging and second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy (König et al., 2000; Mertz, 2008). The laser beam has to be attenuated to provide =&lt; 10-mW laser power and &lt; 130-pJ pulse energy, respectively, at the sample. However, when increasing the mean power at the sample to the range of 50 mW to 250 mW and 0.5 nJ to 3 nJ pulse energy, respectively, destructive effects occur (König, 2001; König et al., 1997, 1999; Oehring et al., 2000; Tirlapur et al., 2001). At these power and pulse energy levels, the transient laser intensity reaches the TW/cm2 range, which is sufficient to induce multiphoton ionization and plasma formation. When working near the threshold for optical breakdown, material ablation can be realized within the central part of the diffraction-limited subfemtoliter multiphoton interaction volume without any collateral effects (König et al., 1999, 2001, 2002). In fact, nanodissection and hole drilling in human chromosomes with ablation zones as low as sub-70 nm have been realized without out-of-focus effects using a laser wavelength more than 10 times larger (λ 800 nm) (König et al. 2001). Multiphoton femtosecond laser microscopy offers the possibility of breaking the “Abbe barrier” of diffraction-limited nanoprocessing and of enabling laser nanobiotechnology and laser nanomedicine. The possible diffraction-limited minimum beam spot size is inversely proportional to the laser wavelength. So far, most of laser-induced ablation, cutting, and drilling effects inthe submicronrange have beenrealized with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The ArF excimer laser at 193 nm plays the most
Pioneering Applications of Two-Photon Microscopy to Mammalian Neurophysiology Seven Case Studies
Authors: Nguyen Q -T , Clay G O , Nishimura, N , Schaffer C B , Schroeder L F , Tsai P S , Kleinfeld D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly assumed, although insufficiently acknowledged, that major advances in neuroscience are spurred by methodological innovations. Novel techniques may appear quite daunting at first, but their successful application not only places them among mainstream methods, but also stimulates further developments in new directions. Such is the case for two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) (Denk et al., 1990), which was introduced in neuroscience in the early 1990s (Denk et al., 1994). Since that time, the impact of TPLSM in neurobiology hasbeen nothing short of remarkable. Several excellent reviews on TPLSM have already covered the general aspects of this technique (Denk et al., 1995; Denk & Svoboda, 1997; Stutzmann and Parker, 2005; Zipfel et al., 2003), details of the instrumentation (Tsai et al., 2002), and recent advances (Brecht et al., 2004). The object of this chapter is to showcase seminal applications of TPLSM in neuroscience, with a particular emphasis on mammalian neurobiology. The seven case studies presented here not only expound the broad range of applications of TPLSM but also show that TPLSM has been used to resolve significant issues in mammalian neurobiology that were previously unanswered due to lack of an appropriate technique.
Nonlinear Microscopy Applied to Dermatology
Authors: Masters Barry R , Peter T C So 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of nonlinear optical microscopy for tissue imaging has an early start in dermatology and is the subject of an increasing number of studies that are based on nonlinear optical microscopy. The term “dermatology” (Greek derma [skin] Greek logos [study]) was created in the late 1700s (Holubar & Schmidt, 1992). The early adaptation of nonlinear microscopy in dermal studies originates from two factors. First, unlike many internal organs, the accessibility of skin allows nonlinear microscopic imaging in the format of standard laboratory microscopes and does not require surgery or the use of endoscopic technology. Second, skin is a highly scattering tissue with large layer-by-layer variation in refractive index. Therefore, while there is good progress in noninvasive skin imaging using linear optical technology, the superior performance of nonlinear microscopy in highly scattering materials enables more rapid progress to be made in this field. For biomedical applications, the ideal case is to study in vivo human skin using minimally invasive optical imaging and spectroscopy techniques. In practice, this is not always possible, as in vivo imaging techniques do not provide resolution and biochemical information content comparable to that of traditional histology. Furthermore, some measurements, such as the determination of tissue genetic expression profiles, inevitably require specimen excision. When optical imaging can be obtained together with histological skin preparations from the same body region, very good comparison can still be made (Rajadhyaksha, González, et al., 1999). Alternatively, a better understanding of skin physiology can also be obtained by using two different in vivo optical techniques, including nonlinear optical microscopy methods, to study the same region of human in vivo skin (Masters & So, 1999, 2001). In this chapter, we are discussing human skin unless otherwise stated.
The Second Barrier
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In His Carefully Planned scheme of acclimatisation, Hunt had allowed for rest periods at lower altitudes after a spell of hard work. Some of us didn’t feel particularly like a rest, but Hunt wisely insisted that we take it. We all descended to Lake Camp, and although it snowed heavily every afternoon, we spent quite a pleasant time resting, writing letters, and mending our gear. Several days later we returned to the attack. Our first task was to make the icefall route sufficiently safe and easy to enable our band of porters to get up it. Some of the party, working from Base Camp, concentrated on the lower portion. Long pine poles had been brought up from the valleys, and these, together with sections of our aluminium ladder, were used to bridge the more difficult crevasses. Fixed ropes were placed on ‘Mike’s Horror’ and ‘Hillary’s Horror’, and some of the more threatening of the séracs were cut away. But, despite all this work, the route never really became either easy or particularly safe. The daily falls of snow continually wiped out the tracks, and the ‘Atom Bomb’ area usually managed overnight to provide a new crevasse or widen an existing one. The icefall was in constant movement, so it needed constant attention.
Summit
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 6.30 A.M. We crawled slowly out of the tent and stood on our little ledge. Already the upper part of the mountain was bathed in sunlight. It looked warm and inviting, but our ledge was dark and cold. We lifted our oxygen on to our backs and slowly connected up the tubes to our face-masks. My 30-lb. load seemed to crush me downwards and stifled all enthusiasm, but when I turned on the oxygen and breathed in deeply, the burden seemed to lighten and the old urge to get to grips with the mountain came back. We strapped on our crampons and tied on our nylon rope; grasped our iceaxes and were ready to go.
I looked at the way ahead. From our tent very steep slopes covered with deep powder snow led up to a prominent snow shoulder on the South-east ridge about a hundred feet above our heads. The slopes were in the shade and breaking trail was going to be cold work. Still a little worried about my boots, I asked Tenzing to lead off. Always willing to do his share, and more than his share if necessary, Tenzing scrambled past me and tackled the slope. With powerful thrusts of his legs he forced his way up in knee-deep snow. I gathered in the rope and followed along behind him.