bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
February 29 Squonk
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do you get to Broadway with an unconventional, indecipherable, non-star-driven piece of modernistically esoteric theatre? Assuming you don’t have a rich uncle who owns a theatre chain, or who has a corporation that owns a theatre chain. One way is to mount said esoterica in some off-off-Broadway matchbox and hope that somebody bothers to attend, loves the show, and turns out to be the firststring critic of the Times. This is what is commonly referred to as a long shot; yet it happens once in a very long while along the fabled street of dreams. And thus it was that Squonk journeyed to Forty-fourth Street, courtesy of and just west of the New York Times.
The eyes of the creators of Squonk were not set on Broadway, as it happens. Their limited engagement in August 1999, at P.S. 122 on lower First Avenue— an experimental performance space, not a public school— garnered great acclaim and producers eager to transfer it; but they were looking for an off-Broadway venue. Blue Man Group, Stomp, and De La Guarda have demonstrated that there is a definite audience for these nonverbal, nonlinear pieces of nontraditional theatrical nonsense down around the fringes of Union Square and Astor Place.
March 7 Porgy And Bess
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Gershwin’s folk opera Porgy and Bess is surely the finest twentieth-century work of its kind; it is also, perhaps, the only work of its kind. The majority of people walking into a modern-day opera house production of Porgy, I would guess, have a vague familiarity with— and ingrown fondness for— the piece. They don’t know it backward and forward, as theatre aficionados and Gershwin fans might; but they can be sure of a familiar story in a familiar language, and they are sure to at least recognize some of the tunes.
For such an audience, any reasonably professional production of Porgy is a treat. As was this one. Due to the large complement of singers and musicians necessary, full-scale mountings are few and far between. Judged on the question of general worth, City Opera’s Porgy merits appreciative praise. One could find considerable fault with it as a piece of theatre, which— given the nature of this book— I am bound to do. But keep in mind that this production was certainly acceptable and most welcome, and I was glad to see it.
March 9 True West
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of the major overnight reviews on the morning of March 10 were greeted with the unexpected sight of six outright raves for Sam Shepard’s True West. Not simply good reviews; ecstatic, all in all. While a couple of less overwhelming opinions eventually surfaced, the reception of the revival of Shepard’s 1980 comedy was staggeringly enthusiastic, and easily the best reviews for a Broadway play since the revival of Arthur Miller’s The Price opened four months earlier. True West got off to a quick start, as opposed to the Miller play. This is easily explainable, perhaps, by comparing the action-packed, laugh-filled Shepard play to Miller’s static, laugh-filled talkfest. Although they were first produced only a decade apart, Shepard wrote with the voice of a thirty-six-year-old rebel. (Miller, at the time of The Price, was a fifty-seven-year-old rebel with a different cause.) In 1999 – 2000, Shepard is understandably the more relevant playwright. Except that Miller’s truly ancient play Death of a Salesman, from way back in 1949, was the artistic and commercial hit of the 1998 – 1999
March 16 Riverdance on Broadway
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You had only to look around you at the goings-on before the curtain rose on Riverdance on Broadway to realize that there was no question in anybody’s mind — this was a hit, and a big one. The lobby was littered with souvenir stands. You could tell that they were souvenir stands because there were large, typeset signs that said “Official Riverdance Merchandise.” (No unofficial Riverdance merchandise was in sight.) The two rotundas of the Gershwin Theatre— engraved with the names of the members of the so-called Broadway Hall of Fame — contained display cases containing the “Rd by design” collection of innovative jewelry. The literature explained that these “limited edition pieces capture the essence of Irish creativity from its ancient roots to modern times.” The five pieces on sale —”hand-crafted by skilled crafts people in Ireland”— were based on the actual jewelry worn in the show, although I have a sneaking suspicion that the actual jewelry worn in the show was based on the stuff sold in the lobby. Elsewhere, there were multimedia, multiscreen exhibits like “Ireland — The Land, The People, The Music”; “Irish Music— Its Roots, from 500 BC to Riverdance”; and “Instruments at the Heart of Irish Traditional Music.” Inside the theatre proper, peddlers of programs and posters roamed the aisle like beer barkers at Yankee Stadium.
March 23 Tenderloin
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a program note, City Center Encores! artistic director Kathleen Marshall termed the 2000 presentation of the 1960 musical Tenderloin a happy reunion. Fiorello!— the Pulitzer Prize– winning 1959 musical by the same quartet of authors — was the inaugural production of Encores!, back in 1994. Tenderloin also reunited former Encores! artistic director Walter Bobbie, who was swept away to fame and fortune by Chicago, and John Weidman, who once again adapted a script coauthored by his father.
The original Tenderloin was, too, a reunion of Fiorello! folk. Not only songwriters Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick and librettists George Abbott and Jerome Weidman, but also producers Bobby Griffith and Hal Prince, director Abbott, and orchestrator Irwin Kostal. Tenderloin went into rehearsal barely nine months after the opening of Fiorello! In interviews over the years, various participants agreed that reuniting the team was in itself a major problem. As Prince wrote, “We had such a good time doing Fiorello! that we could not bear splitting up after it opened.
April 16 Jesus Christ Superstar
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jesus Christ Superstar was the first of the big British pop music spectacles that overtook Broadway in the last three decades of the twentieth century. An invasion which, as I write this, seems to have ended. Cats, by far the most successful of the shows, finally packed up its litter and departed after nearly eighteen years; and by the time this book appears in print, Miss Saigon — the 1991 musical that was the weakest of the big four— will have dismantled its helicopter and evacuated the Broadway. Les Misérables and Phantom of the Opera still have legs, but all the rest of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and/or Cameron Mackintosh London blockbusters have met failure stateside: Starlight Express, Aspects of Love, Five Guys Named Moe, Sunset Boulevard, Putting It Together, and— closing during pre-Broadway tryouts—Whistle Down the Wind and Martin Guerre.
Superstar began the parade, although one wonders if it should even be considered a British musical. Yes, it was written by two Englishmen (Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber) and presented by a third (Robert Stigwood); but it was initially produced, to great success, in America, with an American director, American designers, an American musical director, and American actors.
Quantum Dynamics
Authors: Zwanzig Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For present purposes, the first thing to recall about quantum mechanics is that all dynamical quantities, instead of being functions of the location of a system in phase space as in classical mechanics, are now represented by operators in a Hilbert space of quantum states. In particular, the quantum analog of the classical phase space distribution function is the quantum mechanical density matrix. Since this is seldom discussed in introductory texts on either quantum mechanics or statistical mechanics, it may be helpful to summarize some of its basic properties.
Nonlinear Problems
Authors: Zwanzig Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with nonlinear Langevin equations and related topics. The first topic is mode-coupling theory. Mode-coupling theory refers to a family of techniques that were invented to explain anomalous properties of certain transport coefficients. This chapter presents one particular version of the theory, due to L. Kadanoff and J. Swift (1968). Another version is discussed in the following sections.
Aesthetic Relevance
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE first chapter I proposed a very inclusive view of art. Such a broad view of what counts as art is not unrelated, of course, to an equally broad view of what counts as “doing things with art.” Anything people do, I believe, can be done using art. (One need only think of the elaborate commodes that bedecked royalresidences!) An equally broad, and simple, answer to the question “Why do people use art?” is also called for: because art shapes and enriches all forms of human activity. This, I have also argued, is consistent with a view of aesthetic response or activity as “socially constructed.” People learn how to use and respond to art, the uses and responses are culturally bound and determined, and because art plays many important roles that satisfy a community’s needs, the uses of and responses to art are prescribed and proscribed.
The Nature of Aesthetic Properties
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE attempt to explain the nature of aesthetic properties, philosophers have used a variety of distinctions borrowed from metaphysics and epistemology, for example, primary-secondary, objective-subjective emergent-nonemergent, intrinsic-extrinsic, descriptive-evaluative, physical-mental, rational-irrational, relative-absolute, and supervenient-nonsupervenient.1 It would be very unfair to accuse aestheticians of muddling or muddying these distinctions, for they were muddy and muddled long before aestheticians got their hands on them. But aestheticians have added to the confusion. I cannot hope to clear up all of the distinctions and explain how they apply or do not apply to relations of aesthetic and ethical value. But because I use ‘intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ so centrally in my characterization of ‘aesthetic’, it behooves me to say more about it than I have. And because contemporary discussions of this distinction in aesthetics often connect this distinction to that between supervenience and nonsupervenience, I shall relate the intrinsic-extrinsic pair to this one. Briefly stated, I believe that aesthetic properties are real and intrinsic but that they are not supervenient.
Aesthetic Justification
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE OF the central questions in aesthetics is whether aesthetic descriptions and evaluations can be rationally justified. A number of people, both inside and outside of philosophy, believe that aesthetic remarks are “subjective” in the sense that they are simply reports of individual preferences. But if this were true, there would be no more point to saying that a work of art is good or bad than there would be to saying that one does or does not like liver. Immanuel Kant is justifiably famous for his attempt to reconcile two conflicting intuitions: aesthetic statements, on the one hand, are expressions of the individual pleasure or pain a person feels with respect to something, and on the other hand these statements imply something about how others will react to the same objects. Indeed, he argued, though aesthetic judgments are statements about individual pleasure, they are also universal, for when one says, for instance, “That rose is beautiful;’ one implies that everyone ought to find it so1.
Serious Problems, Serious Values Aesthetic Dilemmas
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AESTHETIC formalists, I have said, are motivated by a desire to give the aesthetic its proper due. One cannot help sympathizing with them. D. Z. Philips’s attitude that whoever cares a whit about morality will always put it first is not at all uncommon. Too often we are told that aesthetic considerations are “extras”—luxuries to be indulged in after real concerns have been taken care of. Classes in the arts are often the first to be cut when retrenchment strikes schools systems. Bands and ceramics courses are “frills;’ compared with language and mathematics skills, it is assumed. I believe that separatists both in ethics and in aesthetics have reinforced these attitudes—in spite of the fact that the latter are usually so intent on doing just the opposite. Showing the connections between ethics and aesthetics will go some way toward remedying the situation, I think. I will say much more about this later. But first there is another strategy for showing that aesthetic values are really important, serious values.
Sentimental Art and Sentimental People
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OSCAR Wilde is reported to have said that “one must have a heart of stone to read the death of Little Nell without laughing.” Wilde’s aphorisms often contain an element of surprise: as with many jokes, we expect one thing but get just the opposite. Here he bursts our complacent bubble of belief that sensitive people cannot keep from crying at such sorrowful events as the death of poor Little Nell. But appreciation of Wilde’s claim does not entail a complete reversal of belief. That is, we do not suddenly come to believe that genuinely sensitive people will find Little Nell’s death funny. Part of what makes Wilde’s remark “work” is that there is something funny andtragic about this death. We realize that in some ways it is appropriate even for people without hearts of stone to laugh at the death of an impossibly good child. At the same time, we still find something odd about such laughter.
Art’s Moral Lessons
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I AM by no means alone in thinking that there is a closer relation between aesthetic and ethical values than has often been asserted. Colin McGinn, for instance, criticizes analytic moral philosophers for their failure, in investigating the nature of moral language, to focus on a sufficiently broad range of discourses. Rather than looking simply at individual moral statements or simplified moral arguments that lend themselves to uncomplicated syllogistic form, more attention should be given, he suggests, to larger texts—to parables, short stories, novels, and films, for instance. Stories and films such as that about Frankenstein’s monster (which McGinn himself analyzes) help to sharpen and clarify ethical issues. At the same time, narrative artists must structure their creations according to aesthetic criteria1. McGinnis one of a growing number of philosophers who share this attitude about the importance of thinking of ethics broadly enough to attend to aesthetic as well as moral features and values.
Aesthetics and Ethics in Communities
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MANY claims have been made about the power of the arts. As the title of this chapter suggests, one of the things I believe aesthetic activity can do is con tribute to conditions required for the sustainability of communities. But I also want to alert the reader to some limits of making this and other claims about the power of art. In an age of hyperbole, more measured avowals are called for. For this reason, I have chosen to begin by considering a speech made by Evan Mauer, the director of the Minneapolis Institute for the Arts, early in 1998. It was a clearly writ ten, heart-felt articulation of many of the claims that are generally made for the power of the arts. The occasion—a Minneapolis mayoral inauguration—made it natural for the speaker to stress the role of the arts in community building, as well as particularly useful for the purpose of this discussion.
Aesthetics and Ethics in Education
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
QUESTIONS concerning aesthetic value become particularly daunting when one considers the extent to which the world daily grows not only more un aesthetic—( ugly, graceless, even repulsive) but also more an aesthetic—(dulling, numbing, alienating). Cities are falling apart and being bombed, and what appears to stand most securely are temples to efficiency and economy that so distress the eye that we train ourselves to shut them out whenever possible. Our streams are visibly polluted, and our beaches, forests, landscapes, and roadways so mutilated by human and industrial misuse and refuse that pilgrimages undertaken for aesthetic inspiration increasingly depress rather than uplift. So we turn ourselves off by turning on our TVs and Walk mans, often with no intention of giving what we see or hear serious or sustained attention.
Chapter 4
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I read these yellowing letters of M. M. E I doubt if the interior & spiritual history of New England could be truelier told than through the exhibition of family history such as this, the picture of this group of M. M. E. & the boys, mainly Charles. The genius of that woman, the key to her life, is in the conflict of the new & the old ideas in New England. The heir of whatever was rich & profound & efficient in thought & emotion in the old religion which planted & peopled this land, she strangely united to this passionate piety the fatal gift of penetration, a love of philosophy, an impatience of words, and was thus a religious skeptic. She held on with both hands to the faith of the past generation as to the palladium of all that was good & hopeful in the physical & metephysical worlds, and in all companies, & on all occasions, & especially with these darling nephews of her hope & pride, extolled & poetised this beloved Calvinism. Yet all the time she doubted & denied it, & could not tell whether to be more glad or sorry to find that these boys were irremediably born to the adoption & furtherance of the new ideas. . . . Milton & Young were the poets endeared to the generation she represented. Of Milton they were proud, but I fancy their religion has never found so faithful a picture as in “Night Thoughts.”
Physical Puritanism: Hygeiotherapy
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1850s Catharine Beecher, the sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe and a well-known promoter of exercise for women, was initiated into hydropathy, or the water-cure, a system of therapy recently arrived from Europe. “At four in the morning,” she recorded, she was “packed in a wet sheet” and “kept in it from two to three hours.” She was next taken “in a reeking perspiration” to be “immersed in the coldest plunge-bath. Then a walk as far as strength would allow, and drink five or six tumblers of the coldest water. At eleven a.m. stand under a douche of the coldest water falling eighteen feet, for ten minutes. Then walk, and drink three or four tumblers of water. At three p.m. sit half an hour in a sitz-bath of the coldest water. Then walk and drink again. At nine p.m. sit half an hour with the feet in the coldest water, then rub them till warm. Then cover the weak limb and a third of the body in wet bandages and retire to rest. This same wet bandage to be worn all day, and kept constantly wet.”
Magnetism and Mind: From Mesmerism to Christian Science
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power which a man’s imagination has over his body to heal it or make it sick,” Mark Twain remarked, “is a force which none of us is born without.” Yet if left to his own devices, he believed, “a man is most likely to use only the mischievous half of the force—the half which invents imaginary ailments for him and cultivates them”—and is “quite likely to scoff at the beneficent half of the force and deny its existence.” To help such a person, then, “two imaginations are required: his own and some out-sider’s. The outsider, B, must imagine that his incantations are the healing-power that is curing A, and A must imagine that this is so” as well, when in fact the outsider is doing no more than the engineer who drives a locomotive. He “turns on the steam,” but “the actual power is lodged exclusively in the engine f the engine were left alone it would never start of itself.”
Neurologic Manifestations of Acute Hepatic Failure
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the most part, acute hepatic failure in critically ill patients occurs in the course of multiorgan failure. Acute hepatic failure as a primary presenting disorder is notably uncommon in medical intensive care units, and its cause may vary geographically. Acute hepatic failure is mostly encountered in patients with long-standing cirrhosis. These patients may be admitted with sudden onset of hepatic encephalopathy from acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage that causes rapid nitrogenous overload.
Introduction
Authors: Sperber Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive systems are characterized by their ability to construct and pro cess mental representations. Cognitive systems capable of communicating also produce and interpret public representations. Representations, whether mental or public, are themselves objects in the world; they are found inside cognizers and in the vicinity of communicators; they are potential objects of second-order representations or “metarepresenta tions.” While the term “metarepresentation” gained currency only in the late 1980s (early uses are found for instance in Pylyshyn, 1978; Sperber, 1985a; Leslie, 1987), the general idea is much older. Under a variety of other names, philosophers, psychologists, linguists, logicians, semioticians, literary theorists, theologians, and anthropologists have been interested in different types of metarepresentations. To give but one ex ample, the seventeenth-century Port-Royal Logic devotes a chapter to the distinction between “ideas of things” and “ideas of signs,” the latter being mental representations of public representations.
Meaning, Exemplarization and Metarepresentation
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mind is essentially a metamind, or so I have argued (Lehrer, 1990a, 1990b). There are first-level states of representation and belief that are evaluated and either accepted or rejected at a metalevel Jhrough meta mental ascent. They become the states of the metamind. The advantages of metamental ascent are those of representational transparency and mental plasticity. Without metarepresentation, we should be ignorant of what occurs at the first level, of our first-order representations and be liefs. Moreover, conflict at the first level is unavoidable for any complex representational system. Metamental ascent is required to represent that conflict and, therefore, to find a resolution of it.
Social Externalism and Deference
Authors: Davis Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the de dicta intentional states of Ruth’s believing arthritis is a painful disease and her believing that psoriasis is a painful disease. Whatever we take these intentional states to be they are distinct. One way of marking the difference is to take them to have different intentional contents and the contents to have different constituents. The former has as its content that arthritis is a painful disease, while the latter has as its content that psoriasis is a painful disease. Furthermore, the content that arthritis is a painful disease contains the concepts arthritis, being painful and disease, while the content that psoriasis is a painful dis ease contains the same concepts, except that the concept arthritis is re placed with the concept psoriasis. We can regard the concepts that a con tent contains as playing a role in individuating that content. Hence, what marks the difference between the two contents and the intentional states that have them is that the former has the concept arthritis, while the latter has the concept psoriasis.