bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Help‐seeking Patterns for Children with Epilepsy in Rural India: Implications for Service Delivery
Authors: Pal Deb K. , Das Tulika , Sengupta Suryanil , Chaudhury Gautam 
Published: May 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Most people in the world with epilepsy are untreated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In some developing countries, this is because treatment facilities are unavailable or difficult to access. It has even been suggested that indigenous health systems threaten the prospect of the global control of epilepsy with AEDs. We have investigated patterns and costs of help seeking for children with epilepsy in a region of rural India where only 12% of children with epilepsy were in treatment. Our objective was to find out (a) whom families had consulted; (b) if nonconsulting families differed in demographic or child medical factors; (c) if indigenous treatment was taken, exclusive of allopathic treatment; and (d) the direct and indirect cost of various providers.Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional interview study in a community‐based program for childhood epilepsy in rural West Bengal, India. We interviewed parents of 85 children aged 2 to 18 years with untreated epilepsy who had entered a clinical trial of AEDs during 1995 through 1996.Results: Eighty percent of families had sought some help in the past: 62% with an allopathic practitioner, 44% with traditional practitioners. Primary health centres (PHCs) and quacks were not popular. Twenty‐four percent of families never sought help of any kind, and this was unassociated with sex, income, maternal literacy, or medical variables. There was evidence of both exclusivity and pluralism: 42% of families first consulting allopathic practitioners also visited traditional practitioners, whereas 30% of families first consulting traditional practitioners also went to allopathic practitioners. One visit to a physician cost a median of 9–13% of monthly income and 5–12 person‐hours; the cost of visiting indigenous providers was negligible.Conclusions: Most families sought some form of help and were motivated to spend large amounts of money and time for allopathic treatments from qualified practitioners. The typical cost of allopathic treatment was unsustainable in the long term. Medical pluralism is common and does not adversely influence use of allopathic treatment. The phenomenon of nonconsulting merits further study. Traditional practitioners play a complementary role and might become involved in community treatment programs. Low‐cost, local treatment is essential to the public health control of epilepsy.
Dream Recall Frequency in Epilepsy Patients with Partial and Generalized Seizures: A Dream Diary Study
Authors: Bonanni Enrica , Cipolli Carlo , Iudice Alfonso , Mazzetti Michela , Murri Luigi 
Published: May 2003

Summary:  Purpose: The frequency of dream recall (DR) in patients with brain diseases has proved to be indicative of the relation between sleep disturbances and the functioning of cognitive processes during sleep. In this study we attempted to ascertain whether DR frequency in patients with complex partial seizures (CPSs) is higher than that in those with generalized seizures.Methods: DR frequency was assessed by means of a 60‐day dream diary in patients with CPSs, whose epileptic focus was in the right (n = 12) or left temporal lobe (n = 28), and with idiopathic generalized seizures (n = 21). The patients enrolled in the study were not impaired in global cognitive and memory functioning.Results: The ability to recall dreams was established in nearly all patients with either CPSs or generalized seizures. DR frequency resulted significantly higher (about twice) in patients with CPSs, regardless of (a) the side of the epileptic focus, (b) the presence of a cerebral lesion detectable on a computed tomography (CT) scan, or (c) the occurrence of seizures in the previous day.Conclusions: These findings indicate that overall, DR occurs in medicated epilepsy patients with CPSs more frequently than reported in previous studies. The high DR frequency observed in these patients, regardless of the side of the epileptic focus, is in agreement with the assumption that tempoparietal areas of both hemispheres are involved in the production and recall of the dream experience.
Partial Status Epilepticus in Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes: Are Independent Right and Left Seizures a Risk Factor?
Authors: Gregory Donna L. , Farrell Kevin , Wong Peter K.H. 
Published: May 2003

Summary: Purpose:To describe an association between continuous simple partial seizures and independent right and left partial seizures in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS).Methods:Three children with BCECTS and episodes of continuous simple partial seizures are described.Results:All three children had a history of typical rolandic seizures occurring on the right and left sides of the body on different occasions.Conclusions:The occurrence of independent right and left rolandic seizures in children with BCECTS may be a predisposing factor for the development of partial status epilepticus.
The Role of α2‐Adrenoceptors in the Modulatory Effects of Morphine on Seizure Susceptibility in Mice
Authors: Homayoun Houman , Khavandgar Simin , Dehpour Ahmad Reza 
Published: May 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist clonidine and the antagonist yohimbine on the dual modulation of seizure susceptibility induced by morphine and the anticonvulsant effect of acute stress in mice.Methods: The thresholds for the clonic seizures induced after intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or bicuculline were assessed in mice weighing 23–30 g. Acute stress was induced by restraining mice for 2 h in a restrainer.Results: Morphine at lower doses (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg) increased and, at higher doses (15, 30, and 75 mg/kg), decreased the seizure threshold. Pretreatment with clonidine (0.001–0.1 mg/kg) inhibited the anticonvulsant effect of morphine, while potentiating its proconvulsant effect. Conversely, yohimbine (0.5–2 mg/kg) potentiated the anticonvulsant effect of morphine but inhibited its proconvulsant effects. Acute stress induced an anticonvulsant effect that was reversible by naloxone (1 mg/kg) or clonidine (0.05–0.1 mg/kg) or a combination of their lower doses (0.3 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively), while being potentiated by yohimbine (1 mg/kg).Conclusions: α2‐Adrenoceptors play a dual role in the anticonvulsant effects of morphine. The activation of these receptors also can decrease the anticonvulsant effect of acute restraint stress in mice.
EEG Features of Glut‐1 Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Von Moers Arpad , Brockmann Knut , Wang Dong , Korenke Christoph G. , Huppke Peter , De Vivo Darryl C. , Hanefeld Folker 
Published: May 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Glut‐1 deficiency syndrome (Glut‐1 DS) is caused by the deficiency of the major glucose transporter in cerebral microvessels.Methods: We performed pre‐ and postprandial EEG recordings in two unrelated children with Glut‐1 DS with developmental delay and seizures predominantly in the morning before breakfast.Results: Extensive epileptiform discharges observed in the fasting state were improved markedly by food intake, as documented in EEG recordings 1 and 2 h after a meal. The ratio of cerebrospinal fluid glucose to blood glucose was decreased in both children. Glut‐1 deficiency was confirmed by biochemical and molecular genetic investigations.Conclusions: Pre‐ and postprandial EEG recordings offer a simple screening test for Glut‐1 DS.
The Role of Gender and Immersion in Communication and Second Language Orientations
Authors: Baker Susan C. , MacIntyre Peter D. 
Published: May 2003

Learning a second language (L2) in Cape Breton offers a unique challenge to students given that the southeastern portion of the island (where this study was conducted) is essentially unilingual (English). Despite Canada's reputation as a bilingual nation, nonimmersion students in this study would receive at the most only about an hour of second language speaking opportunities per day inside a classroom. However, in reality, the nonimmersion classroom tends to be structured so that emphasis is placed on grammar, and very little L2 conversation takes place. Contrast this with students in immersion programs, who are expected to use the second language inside and outside the classroom, both for instruction and for social interaction at school. Immersion programs have been praised for the greater advantages they offer students, and immersion students are often thought to be more proficient at using the L2 than nonimmersion students. At the time of this study, there had been no research that directly compared high school immersion and nonimmersion students from the same linguistic landscape on nonlinguistic language‐related outcomes, such as attitudes, orientations for learning, and communication affect. Such a comparison might have pedagogical implications, especially for teachers who provide little opportunity for actual L2 use.The present study examines the nonlinguistic outcomes of an immersion versus a nonimmersion program. The dependent variables included attitudes toward learning French, orientations for learning, willingness to communicate, communication anxiety, perceived communicative competence, and self‐reported frequency of communication in both English (L1) and French (L2). A qualitative section was included that asked students to describe some negative and positive experiences in speaking French and their reactions to these experiences.Compared with the nonimmersion students, immersion students indicated higher willingness to communicate, lower communication anxiety, higher perceived communicative competence, and more frequent communication only in the French language. Among the nonimmersion students, perceived competence was strongly correlated with willingness to communicate, but among the immersion students, communication anxiety correlated most strongly with willingness to communicate. The obtained gender differences indicated that male nonimmersion students showed the least positive attitudes toward learning French; female nonimmersion students showed higher endorsement of 3 of the 4 language learning orientations. The qualitative analysis revealed that negative experiences speaking French, while unpleasant for both immersion and nonimmersion students, may have actually enhanced their motivation. [The present article appeared in Language Learning, 50(2), 2000, 311–341]
The New Scramble for the African Countryside
Authors: Dzingirai Vupenyu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThere is in Africa, as in other parts of the third world, a desire for environmental management that simultaneously incorporates and benefits all stakeholders, including private businesses and villagers. While these partnerships continue to displace the failed state‐centric management of the African landscape, research to document their local‐level impact is still formative and developing. This article is an attempt to examine the new environmental management partnerships emerging in southern Africa's countryside. It argues that these new interventions not only fail to deliver benefits to villagers: more importantly, they curtail the long‐established rights to land and other natural resources of indigenous communities. While villagers may engage in a battle to recover these rights, it is a struggle in which the odds are stacked against them, and which the private sector and its partners are set to win.
Rethinking Household Headship among Eritrean Refugees and Returnees
Authors: Kibreab Gaim 
Published: May 2003

AbstractOne of the most common generalizations concerning refugee populations is that they are dominated by female heads of households and children. It is claimed that men are either killed in the wars that prompt displacement or are left behind to fight. This assumption has continued to determine the policies of relief and development agencies, as well as governments in countries of asylum and return. On the basis of empirical data from UNHCR and household data from Eritrea, this article questions the validity of such a dominant assumption. The article also problematizes the concept of household headship by showing that it is a cultural construction whose meaning varies from one cultural context to another. There is, thus, no definition of headship that can apply cross‐culturally. It also argues that since female heads of households (FHHs) are not socially and economically homogeneous, household headship is not an appropriate method of identifying the poorest of the poor for targeting or provision of emergency relief or for productive inputs in development programmes.
History and the Duality of Power in Community‐based Forestry in Southeast Bolivia
Authors: McDaniel Josh M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article discusses theories of power and economic articulation in the framework of a community‐based forestry project among the Chiquitano communities of southeastern Bolivia. The analysis focuses on the tensions that characterize indigenous development projects, and the problems that result from competing systems of control and power. Using Norman Whitten's concept of the duality in power, and Carol Smith's elaboration of historical economic analysis, the author examines the connections between historical, political and economic institutions and norms promoting redistribution of resources and goods in Chiquitano culture, and the unique Chiquitano response to the opportunities and challenges of international development. He contends that the distribution of development funds and resources in the form of small gifts and loans by Chiquitano leaders to neighbours and kin follows economic and political models established in Jesuit missions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The article also argues that patterns of resistance and adaptation in Chiquitano political leadership follow patterns established under rubber and ranching patrons in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Sex and Age Effects on Willingness to Communicate, Anxiety, Perceived Competence, and L2 Motivation Among Junior High School French Immersion Students
Authors: MacIntyre Peter D. , Baker Susan C. , Clément Richard , Donovan Leslie A. 
Published: May 2003

The students who participate in immersion education are an impressive group. In the present study we looked at students in a junior high school in Nova Scotia. In the local area, English is far and away the dominant language, though there are French‐speaking communities within a 2‐hr drive and Canada is an officially bilingual country. Therefore, the students are not in a “foreign” language‐learning environment, but in all probability, they are not likely to encounter spoken French in their daily lives. The students have all the challenges of adolescence to contend with: moving from an elementary to a junior high school in grade 7, the wonders of puberty, growing academic expectations from teachers, demands from school administration to speak only French while at school, and the burgeoning social life of a newly minted teenager. On top of all this, participants in this research are required to give up their well‐developed native language, English, and undertake to be educated in a second language, French. Impressive.The present study reports a cross‐sectional investigation of second language communication among students in a junior high French late immersion program. The effects of language, sex, and grade on willingness to communicate (WTC), anxiety, perceived communication competence, and frequency of communication in French and on attitude/motivation variables are examined globally and at each grade level. Most of these variables have been widely studied among adult learners, most often at the university level. The present study attempted to look at a much younger group to examine the patterns earlier in the language learning process.We found that students’ second language WTC, perceived competence, and frequency of communication in French increased from grades 7 to 8 and that these increases were maintained between grades 8 and 9, despite a drop in motivation between grades 7 and 8 and a steady level of anxiety across the three grades. Gender differences in language anxiety were observed across the three grades. Contrary to our expectations, compared to girls, boys reported more anxiety in grade 9. However, the differences between WTC across the first and second language narrowed as students progressed through the program. [The present article first appeared in Language Learning, 52(3), 2002, 537–564]
Introduction
Authors: Dörnyei Zoltán 
Published: May 2003

The study of motivation to learn a second language (L2) or foreign language has a history over 4 decades. It is, in fact, one of the most thoroughly examined areas of second language acquisition, with several books and literally hundreds of research articles and book chapters written on it. Yet in spite of this wealth of theorizing and research findings, it is surprising how uneven and inconsistent our knowledge of the subject is. This, I believe, has two main explanations:1. Motivation theories attempt to investigate nothing less than why humans act and think the way they do. In other words, the scope of motivation research concerns every aspect of our immensely complex human existence, and, quite frankly, it would be rather surprising to find a theory that provides an all‐round explanation of what we do and why.2. Motivation is a multifaceted construct, and the exact nature of the constituent components activated in a particular situation depends greatly on contextual factors. This, of course, is related to the fact that humans are social beings and human action is always embedded in a number of physical and psychological contexts which considerably affect a person's cognition, behavior, and achievement. In the case of L2 learning, this situational dependence appears particularly salient, as various L2 learning situations differ a great deal: Consider, for example, the vast differences between learning a world language, the official second language of a country, a heritage language, a classic but extinct language like Latin, and a language that is seen by the students merely as a compulsory school subject without any additional significance.
Option Pricing Bounds: Synthesis And Extension
Authors: Rodriguez Ricardo J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe main option pricing bounds in the literature were originally obtained through various disparate methods. I show that those bounds can be derived from a single analytical framework. The key to this synthesis lies in the use of a general expression for the price of a call option depending on the corresponding put option's discount factor. Although the put's discount factor is unknown, it can be bounded from below. I use this lower bound on the put's discount factor to derive traditional lower bounds for call prices. In addition, I extend the literature by finding a new tighter lower bound.
Event‐Induced Volatility and Tests for Abnormal Performance
Authors: Savickas Robert 
Published: May 2003

AbstractI analyze a simple test statistic for mean abnormal returns in the presence of stochastic volatility during both event and nonevent windows and in the presence of event‐induced variance increases. Unlike previous tests, the parametric test evaluated here does not require that the volatility effect of the event be the same across all securities. Simulations show that the test exhibits nontrivial gains in power over previously developed parametric and nonparametric tests, and the true null hypothesis is rejected at appropriate levels.
Systematic Risk and Revenue Volatility
Authors: Griffin Harry F. , Dugan Michael T. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe introduce the degree of economic leverage (DEL) as an extension of the existing method of decomposing beta and assess its incremental explanatory power through empirical testing. The DEL is defined as the percentage change in the firm's sales resulting from a unit percentage change attributable to an exogenous economic disturbance. The exogenous economic disturbance employed is the ratio of long‐term T‐bond rates to short‐term T‐bill rates. The evidence supports the DEL's role in explaining systematic risk at both the industry and portfolio levels. However, we find mixed results at the firm level.
Intraday Variation in the Bid‐Ask Spread: Evidence after the Market Reform
Authors: Chung Kee H. , Zhao Xin 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn this article we show that intraday variation in spreads for Nasdaq‐listed stocks has converged to intraday variation in spreads for NYSE‐listed stocks after the implementation of the new order‐handling rules. We attribute this convergence to the Limit Order Display Rule, which requires that limit orders be displayed in Nasdaq best bid and offer when they are better than quotes posted by market makers. Our findings suggest that the different patterns of intraday spreads between NYSE and Nasdaq stocks reported in prior studies can largely be attributed to the different treatment of limit orders between the NYSE and Nasdaq before the market reform.
The Post‐Reform Bid‐Ask Spread Disparity between Nasdaq and the NYSE
Authors: He Yan , Wu Chunchi 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe report further evidence of the difference in execution costs between Nasdaq and the NYSE before and after the 1997 market reforms. We find that informed trading costs are consistently higher on Nasdaq both before and after the reforms. In the pre‐reform period the Nasdaq‐NYSE disparity in bid‐ask spreads cannot be completely attributed to the difference in informed trading costs. However, in the post‐reform period the spread difference between these two markets becomes insignificant with the effect of informed trading costs controlled. Our findings are consistent with the contention that the reforms have largely reduced noninformation trading costs and dealers' rents.
The Nasdaq‐Amex Merger, Nasdaq Reforms, and the Liquidity of Small Firms
Authors: Sapp Travis R. A. , Yan Xuemin (Sterling) 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAfter the Nasdaq and American Stock Exchange (AMEX) merged in 1998, officials of the new entity argued that some “smaller, harder to trade” companies on Nasdaq should switch to AMEX to improve liquidity. This recommendation is based on the traditional view among academics and practitioners alike that a substantial trading cost reduction should be realized when a company switches from the multidealer Nasdaq system to the AMEX specialist system. However, in light of the 1997 Nasdaq reforms, we reexamine the validity of these arguments using data from 1996–98 on firms that switch from the Nasdaq to the AMEX or the New York Stock Exchange. Evidence from transaction costs, volatility, and stock returns shows declining benefits to switching during the sample period. Our findings indicate that the liquidity improvement from exchange listing is limited in the wake of the Nasdaq reforms of 1997.
An Analysis of Closed‐end Fund Seasoned Equity Offerings
Authors: Higgins Eric James , Howton Shawn , Howton Shelly 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe examine the stock price reaction to seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) of closed‐end funds and the determinants of the issuance decision. We find that sample funds have negative and significant average announcement‐day returns that are less than the returns associated with industrial firm SEOs, most likely because funds have fewer information asymmetries. Issuing funds have higher pre‐issue returns, higher premiums, lower betas, and lower three‐year, post‐issue returns than nonissuing funds. The results of the study are consistent with the argument that fund managers time issues to take advantage of mean reversion in fund returns.