bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VIRAL PAPILLOMA OF HUMAN SKIN
Authors: Bloch David P. , Godman Gabriel C. 
Published: June 2004

The morphological appearances and some tinctorial properties of the cells of the infectious (viral) papilloma of human skin are described. Pathological alterations of the nuclei of affected cells occur in a definite sequence of stages. In the earliest, and acidophilic Feulgen-negative intranuclear inclusion body is recognizable. Subsequently the inclusion body and nucleus enlarge, there is progressive disorganization of nuclear structure, and the inclusion body then becomes basophilic and stains with the Feulgen reaction. The nucleus finally disappears, leaving the inclusion body in the cell remnant.
The relative amounts of Feulgen-colored DNA per cell at each stage in the evolution of the lesion in the infected cells, as well as in normal appearing and hypertrophic cells of the papilloma, were measured microphotometrically in Feulgen preparations. Determinations were made using the "plug" and "two wave length" methods. These are compared with measurements of DNA in cells of the basal and spinous layers of normal human skin.
The frequency distribution curves of relative amount of DNA in cells of normal skin, and normal-appearing cells in hyperplastic epithelium, show the bimodal diploid and tetraploid peaks characteristic of growing tissues.
Infection of the epidermal cell entails prompt synthesis of DNA in the nucleus. Increased amounts of DNA (tetraploid to 16 ploid levels) are found in the earliest recognizable cytopathological stages of infection and do not increase appreciably during the subsequent evolution of the cellular lesion. At a relatively late stage, all the cellular DNA is relocated ("transferred" or "reassembled") in the inclusion body, and is not further significantly increased in amount. Active formation of DNA in affected cells appears, from these measurements, to occur only in relatively intact nuclei.
The inclusion bodies of infected cells are found to contain a relatively basic protein which stains with the alkaline-fast green method for histone.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS IMMUNE RABBIT SERUMS ON THE CELLS OF SEVERAL TRANSPLANTED MOUSE LYMPHOMAS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Mohos Steven C. , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Immune serums prepared in rabbits with antigens made from normal mouse organs and tissues that were presumably devoid of large numbers of lymphocytic cells (notably kidney, liver, brain, whole embryos, and erythrocytes) proved lethal for the cells of several transplanted mouse lymphomas in vitro in the presence of complement; but these immune serums, when given intraperitoneally in large amounts to susceptible mice that had been implanted subcutaneously with lymphoma cells of one or another of several types, failed entirely to inhibit growth of the lymphoma cells in vivo. In contrast, immune serums made with cells procured from transplanted mouse lymphomas as antigens, and those made with cells from normal mouse thymus or lymph nodes, acted even more powerfully upon the several types of lymphoma cells in vitro than did the immune serums prepared with normal mouse organs, and when given intraperitoneally to implanted mice they brought about death of the lymphoma cells in vivo, the effect being to a considerable extent specific and referable to an antibody that reacts with neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymphocytic cells of mice, as absorption experiments disclosed. In comparative tests, furthermore, the anti-lymphoma serums acted more powerfully upon the lymphoma cells in vivo than did such chemotherapeutic agents as amethopterin, azaguanine, ethionine, azaserine, and 6-mercaptopurine, given singly or in various combinations in maximal tolerated amounts, though their effects were not so powerful as those exerted by normal guinea pig serum on lymphoma cells of two types that are susceptible to its action in vivo.
The significance of the findings was briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTES AND TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Stähelin Hartmann , Karnovsky Manfred L. , Farnham Ann E. , Suter Emanuel 
Published: June 2004

In continuing studies concerning the interactions between phagocytes and tubercle bacilli the effect of tuberculous infection on respiration and glucose utilization was investigated in guinea pigs.
Peritoneal exudates rich in polymorphonuclear leucocytes, derived from guinea pigs infected with tubercle bacilli, had a significantly higher rate of respiration than the same cells from normal animals. The difference between cells from normal and infected animals was greater when the animals were infected with a virulent strain (Vallée) than when infected with an attenuated one (R1Rv or BCG). By the use of glucose labelled with C14 at position 1 or 6, or uniformly labelled glucose, it was established that this difference in oxygen uptake between normal and infected cells was probably not caused by a difference in the pathway of glucose utilization.
Similarly, the respiration of liver and kidney slices from normal and infected guinea pigs was compared and it was found that liver slices showed differences similar to those shown by leucocytes, but that the kidney slices did not. The possibility has not been ruled out that the difference in rate of respiration of liver slices due to infection might be caused by tuberculous lesions in the livers of infected animals. The mononuclear cells which invade the liver have a higher rate of oxygen uptake than liver cells.
The rate of glucose utilization and the total amount of CO2 produced was also determined in intact guinea pigs. Both functions were found not to differ significantly in normal and infected animals. The rate of production of CO2 from C1 and C6 of glucose was the same in both groups of animals.
The ratio of the rate of production of C14O2 from C1 and C6 of glucose by the whole animal was found to be about 1.35. It was found to be much higher with polymorphonuclear leucocytes (C1/C6 = 8 in the absence of serum). During the process of phagocytosis this ratio increased from about 25 to about 130 (in the presence of 2 per cent serum) indicating an increase in the direct oxidative pathway of glucose utilization during stimulated cellular activity.
CORTICOTROPINS (ACTH)
Authors: Li Choh Hao , Fønss-Bech Peter , Geschwind Irving I. , Hayashida Tetsuo , Hungerford Gerald F. , Lostroh Ardis J. , Lyons William R. , Moon Henry D. , Reinhardt William O. , Sideman Martin 
Published: June 2004

Purified α-corticotropin has been reported to exercise the following biological effects: (a) stimulation of the adrenal glands in normal and hypophysectomized rats, (b) production of blood eosinopenia in hypophysectomized rats, (c) maintenance of muscle glycogen in hypophysectomized rats, (d) inhibition of growth-promoting activity of somatotropin, (e) stimulation of melanocytes in the skin of frogs, (f) mobilization of fat into the liver of fasted mice, (g) stimulation of the accessory sex glands of castrated-hypophysectomized male rats, (h) induction of deciduoma formation in hypophysectomized-oophorectomized rats, and (i) elevation of the total red cell volume in hypophysectomized rats. α-Corticotropin has also been shown for the first time to act in synergism with lactogenic hormone as an essential galactopoietic hormone.
The ability of α-corticotropin to elicit biological responses in the absence of the adrenal cortex is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE CAPACITY OF SOME POLYSACCHARIDES TO ELICIT ANTIBODY FORMATION IN MAN
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

Purified levan is antigenic in man and subcutaneous injection of 1 mg. leads to the production of precipitins and skin sensitivity. Apple amylopectin, maize glycogen, and synthetic polyglucose did not stimulate antibody production in small numbers of individuals injected.
Quantitative precipitin studies carried out with several levan preparations employing human antilevan show variations in immunochemical behavior indicating structural differences among levans.
Evidence that precipitins formed in response to levan injection are antilevan antibodies was obtained by analysis of specific precipitates formed in the region of antibody excess for ketosugar.
Injection of levan giving rise to production of antilevan failed in one individual to give a non-specific anamnestic rise in either antidextran or antiblood group A precipitins.
Laminarin, a neutral polysaccharide, was found to give precipitation with normal human sera.
HOMOLOGOUS IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OCULAR LENS
Authors: Halbert S. P. , Locatcher-Khorazo D. , Swick L. , Witmer R. , Seegal B. , Fitzgerald P. 
Published: June 2004

Lenses of rabbits with high titers of homologous lens antibodies showed no lesions, even after repeated paracentesis of the anterior chamber in a number of such animals. In these instances, lens antibodies were shown to be present in both the primary and secondary aqueous humors.
A small group of rabbits with high homologous anti-lens antibody titers were successfully bred. These had been immunized with adult rabbit lens pools in Freund's adjuvants, and had high antibody levels throughout pregnancy. No significant congenital lens lesions were found when these 18 young from 3 litters were compared with the 17 young from 3 litters of mothers who had no detectable anti-lens antibody through gestation. The latter group of does had received the equivalent doses of homologous lens in saline.
Patients with cataract did not show demonstrable anti-lens antibodies in their serum when tested by the agar precipitin technic against cataractous human lens homogenates.
ASSOCIATION OF REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE ACTIVITY WITH MENINGOPNEUMONITIS VIRUS
Authors: Allen Emma G. , Bovarnick Marianna R. 
Published: June 2004

DPNH cytochrome c reductase activity has been found associated with the MP virus isolated from the infected allantoic fluids or yolk sacs of fertile eggs and treated with trypsin, perfringens toxin, and cobra venom. The corresponding normal tissue enzymes can be nearly completely destroyed by such treatment, also the small activity found in crude preparations of influenza virus is destroyed by this treatment.
Under certain relatively mild conditions of inactivation, loss in enzymatic activity is parallelled by loss in infectivity.
STAINING TOXOPLASMA GONDII WITH FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED ANTIBODY
Authors: Goldman Morris 
Published: June 2004

A new serologic test for antibodies to Toxoplasma is described, which is based upon inhibition of specific staining with fluorescent antibody. In performing the test, a mixture of the test serum and known fluorescein-labelled antiserum is added to a dried smear of toxoplasms for 1 hour at 37°C. The smear is then rinsed and examined with a fluorescence microscope. Reduction in the brightness of fluorescence, as compared to that of a negative control slide, indicates the presence of antibody in the test serum.
A comparison of the results of this test with those of the methylene blue dye test showed a strong parallelism between the two sets of results. On the other hand, the complement-fixation test for toxoplasmosis did not yield nearly as many positives as the inhibition test.
The specificity of the new test was studied by comparing it with dye test results and clinical histories in human patients, and by testing a group of animals immunized with a variety of non-Toxoplasma antigens. No evidence of cross-reactions was obtained in the latter series.
Some advantages and disadvantages of the inhibition test are discussed.
AGGLUTINATING EFFICIENCY AND COMBINING CAPACITY OF SHIGELLA AND VIBRIO ANTISERA FROM RABBITS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Freter Rolf ,   With The Technical Assistance Of David Hentges
Published: June 2004

Studies of the relative combining capacities of different antisera to Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri were carried out using the Talmage test. In this test the absorption of an I131 labelled antibody preparation by antigen is blocked by the addition of unlabelled unknown serum.
Sera from rabbits in the early stages of immunization ("early antisera") had a high agglutinin titer, but low combining capacity. Sera from hyperimmune rabbits ("late antisera") had higher combining capacities than early antisera, but similar or lower agglutinin titers. More antigen was needed to absorb the agglutinins from late antisera than from early ones of the same agglutinin titer, indicating that late antisera contained relatively more antibody. At high concentrations, sera from hyperimmune rabbits agglutinated the homologous antigen more rapidly than did early antisera, even though early sera had similar or higher agglutinin titers. Sera drawn after the anamnestic response to bacterial antigen had the characteristics of late sera; i.e., their combining capacities were high.
The possible significance of these findings for the in vitro estimation of protective antibody is discussed.
STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL HEMORRHAGIC RESPONSE (SHWARTZMAN-LIKE REACTION) OF MICE TO A SINGLE INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Kelly Margaret G. , Smith Norman H. , Wodinsky Isidore , Rall David P. 
Published: June 2004

A survey of inbred strains of mice was made to determine whether the phenomenon of dermal hemorrhagic necrosis, as described in rabbits by Shwartzman, could be elicited in mice by bacterial polysaccharide preparations of demonstrated activity in rabbits. The polysaccharide preparations used were obtained from cultures of S. marcescens, S. typhosa, Ps. aeruginosa, and H. pertussis.
Ten of the strains tested were unreactive. Three strains of mice and one F1 hybrid subline developed a hemorrhagic lesion at the site of injection of a single, relatively high intradermal dose of polysaccharide. Some increase in incidence of hemorrhagic lesions was obtained when the intradermal dose was followed in 24 hours by an intravenous injection. In the gross and microscopically, the skin lesion produced in mice resembled the Shwartzman reaction in rabbits.
An adrenergic blocking agent, SY-28, and an anticoagulant drug, coumadin, both of which block the dermal Shwartzman reaction in rabbits, also blocked the hemorrhagic skin reaction in mice.
THE ROLE OF INTESTINAL BACTERIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIETARY CIRRHOSIS IN RATS
Authors: Rutenburg Alexander M. , Sonnenblick Edmund , Koven Irving , Aprahamian H. Arto , Reiner Leopold , Fine Jacob 
Published: June 2004

Diffuse hepatic cirrhosis develops in rats on a choline-deficient diet within 300 days. Absorbable broad spectrum antibiotics added to the daily diet do not prevent the development of fatty infiltration, but they delay the development of cirrhosis for about 100 days more. Non-absorbable antibiotics added to the daily diet prevent the development of cirrhosis in most rats for as long as 750 days.
The superiority of non-absorbable antibiotics to absorbable antibiotics excludes a systemic effect of the antibiotics and demonstrates that intestinal bacteria are largely, if not wholly, responsible for the cirrhosis in rats on a choline-deficient diet.
CLONAL GROWTH IN VITRO OF HUMAN CELLS WITH FIBROBLASTIC MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Cieciura Steven J. , Fisher Harold W. 
Published: June 2004

A methodology has been described for reliable cultivation in vitro of dispersed fibroblastic cells obtained from normal human organs. The procedure has permitted establishment of stable cell lines from almost every sample taken, among which the following organs were represented: skin, spleen, amnion, lung, liver, bone marrow, brain, muscle, and heart. Equally good growth has been achieved with cells from embryonic or adult tissues.
The methods previously developed whereby single cells plated in Petri dishes grow into isolated macroscopic colonies can successfully be applied to the plating of human fibroblastic stocks. Plating efficiencies in the neighborhood of 50 to 60 per cent are readily achieved with such strains. The resulting colonies can be picked and clonal stocks established.
Fibroblastic morphology is maintained in the colonies arising from every single cell of such clonal stocks. All of the single cells from epithelioid clonal strains also maintain their integrity throughout repeated subculture. Since the difference between clonal stocks of these two types is always maintained whenever the respective single cells are plated in the same medium, regardless of the previous history of these stocks, it may be concluded that a true genetic difference exists in these cell lines.
In addition to the morphological differences between epithelioid and fibroblastic cell strains, the latter have more demanding nutritional requirements for single cell growth. Thus, single cells of fibroblastic lines almost never produce colonies with high efficiency unless the growth medium which is sufficient for epithelioid cells is supplemented with embryo extract, or a cell feeder layer. Fibroblastic cells are also more resistant to tryptic digestion of the bond uniting the cells to glass surfaces.
By use of differential media, growth of both fibroblastic and epithelioid cells, respectively, has been obtained, from dispersed single cells obtained by trypsinization of a specimen of human embryonic lung.
INFECTION INDUCED BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ATTENUATED POLIOVIRUS TO PERSONS POSSESSING HOMOTYPIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Paul J. R. , Melnick J. L. , Deutsch Joyce V. 
Published: June 2004

Four of five individuals possessing homotypic antibody in titers of 8 to 64 were infected on being fed Type III (Leon KP-34) poliovirus attenuated by Sabin by passage through tissue culture.
None of the infected subjects or controls showed any evidence of illness which could be attributed to virus infection.
There was no evidence of spread of infection to any of the control adult wardmates of the experimental subjects, although the two groups were in close contact: none of the controls excreted virus, none showed any antibody shift. One control who had no Type III antibodies at the start of the experiment was still antibody-negative on the 63rd day of the experiment.
Three of the four individuals who became infected had naturally acquired-Type III antibodies; the other had antibodies induced by formalinized vaccine.
Virus excretion in the stool was of short duration (7 to 13 days) in the three with natural antibodies, and lasted at least 6 weeks after feeding in the vaccinated child.
Virus in the throat was detected only in the two persons receiving the larger virus dose (107.5 TCD50). In them it was present in small amounts between the 2nd and 6th day after feeding.
No virus was detected in the blood of any of the infected individuals.
The antibody responses of the four infected individuals were variable. There was no clear correlation with virus dosage, amount of virus excretion in the stools, or presence of virus in the throat. Only the child whose neutralizing antibodies were "Salk" vaccine induced showed a marked CF response.
The virus excreted by two of the individuals who became infected, as tested in the 2nd tissue culture passage by monkey inoculation, was slightly more neurotropic than the virus which was ingested. Virus excreted by one of these individuals behaved as a virulent strain when tested by the in vitro plaque virulence test, while that isolated from the other had the characteristics of an attenuated strain in this test.
SIMILARITY OF HOST RESPONSES ELICITED BY POLYSACCHARIDES OF ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGIN AND BY BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS
Authors: Landy Maurice , Shear Murray J. ,   With the Assistance of Robert-John Trapani and Adrian Perrault
Published: June 2004

Ten polysaccharides, isolated from various animal and plant sources, were selected for comparison with 2 bacterial polysaccharides, typical of Gram-negative endotoxins. The tissue sources were: mouse (kidney, liver, lung, stomach, Sarcoma 37, and Carcinoma 241-6); rabbit skin and chick embryo skin; and tangerine and Bryonia root. The bacterial endotoxins were those of S. typhosa and Serr. marcescens. Their relative potency was determined in inducing the following host effects: fever, tolerance to pyrogenic action, leucocytic changes, the Shwartzman reaction, damage to Sarcoma 37, dermal hemorrhagic-necrosis by epinephrine, enhancement of antibody production, and lethality.
Some of the polysaccharides were consistently active in all the host reactions studied; except for pyrogenic activity at high dosage, the other polysaccharides were consistently negative throughout. The mouse tissue polysaccharides elicited all the effects studied; in some instances their potency approached those of the bacterial polysaccharides.
It is pointed out that elicitation of the above array of biological phenomena, hitherto considered characteristic of bacterial endotoxins, can be obtained with polysaccharides from animal and plant tissues.
ROLE OF GAMMA GLOBULINS IN PATHOGENESIS OF RENAL LESIONS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND CHRONIC MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, WITH AN OBSERVATION ON THE LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS CELL REACTION
Authors: Mellors Robert C. , Ortega Louis G. , Holman Halsted R. 
Published: June 2004

Utilizing the fluorescent antibody method for the histologic demonstration of localized γ-globulins, we have made the following observations (in contradistinction to the lack of such findings in a variety of normal and pathologic, control kidneys).
In systemic lupus erythematosus (a) γ-globulins were localized in the thickened capillary walls, the "wire-loop" lesions, and the so called "hyaline thrombi" in glomeruli; (b) these sites of localization of γ-globulins were correlated to a considerable degree with the pattern of accentuated eosinophilia of the glomeruli, as seen in hematoxylin-eosin sections, or with the pattern of PAS-positive areas in the glomeruli in sections stained with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction; (c) and γ-globulins were localized rarely in large cytoplasmic granules in tubular epithelium and occasionally in glomerular capsular crescents, tubular protein casts, and inflammatory cells, particularly in the cytoplasm of cells identified as immature and mature plasma cells.
In nephrotic glomerulonephritis (a) γ-globulins were localized in the glomerular basement membrane and appertaining structures in chronic membranous glomerulonephritis; (b) γ-globulins were apparently localized in the altered mesangium in chronic lobular glomerulonephritis; and (c) in the tubular protein casts, presumably representing abnormal glomerular filtrates, γ-globulins were present in a lesser concentration and other serum proteins in a greater concentration than found in the glomeruli.
In positive lupus erythematosus preparations the nuclei of leukocytes, while undergoing transformation and subsequent phagocytosis to form lupus erythematosus cells, were the sites of localization of γ-globulin (presumably the lupus erythematosus factor) whereas in control preparations no nuclear localization of γ-globulin occurred.
These observations are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of renal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic membranous glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis.