bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
216 Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance of 12.4 to 31.3 kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Cooper Carson V , Fent Russell W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 1,156 PIC 800-sired pigs (12.4 kg BW) were used in a 27-day experiment to estimate the SID lysine requirement of pigs ranging from 12.4 to 31.3 kg BW. Forty-eight pens of mixed sex pigs were used. Pens were blocked by location within the barn, with barrow and gilt numbers in pens kept consistent within block. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a randomized design with 9 to 10 replicate pens (10 pens for treatments 1, 3, 5 and 9 pens for treatments 2, 4) per treatment. Dietary SID lysine concentrations evaluated were 1.12, 1.19, 1.26, 1.33, and 1.40%. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to equal NE concentrations across treatment. Data were analyzed using a general linear model. Orthogonal contrasts with coefficients for equally spaced treatments were used to analyze for linear and quadratic effects. For significant quadratic effects, breakpoint analysis was conducted (two slope regression or quadratic broken line analysis) using nonlinear regression analysis to estimate for SID lysine requirement. A linear (P &lt; 0.05) response was observed for BW to increase as SID lysine level in the diet increased. Increasing SID lysine increased average daily gain (ADG) quadratically (P = 0.05) with a plateau observed above 1.357% SID Lys. Additionally, increased SID lysine yielded a quadratic effect on G:F (P &lt; 0.05) with a plateau above 1.327% SID lysine. There was a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.05) observed for cost of gain (COG), with no benefit to COG when feeding above 1.201% SID lysine. However, there was a linear response (P &lt; 0.05) observed for return over feed cost (ROFC) as SID lysine increased due to increased BW. There was no effect of SID lysine level fed on feed intake or mortality and morbidity. These data indicate that the estimated SID lysine requirement for PIC 800-sired pigs ranging from 12.4 to 31.3 kg to be 1.327 and 1.357 for optimal feed efficiency and ADG, respectively.
212 Effect of Low Crude Protein Diets in Young Pigs When Using Crystalline Isoleucine and Leucine
Authors: Faris Richard , Hackenhaar Leandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response to low crude protein (CP) while maintaining equal standardized ileal digestible (SID) LYS and equal SID amino acid-to-LYS ratios (including MET+CYS, THR, TRP, VAL, ILE, and LEU) to test whether the addition of LEU and ILE allowed CP to decline below 19.5% without impacting performance when SID LYS was 1.35%. For the experiment, pigs (n = 288; ~22 days of age, 6.29 ± 0.71 kg BW, 8 reps/treatmentt, 6 pigs/pen) were stratified by BW and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments had a fixed SID LYS of 1.35% and CP ranging from 21 to 17.25% in 0.75% increments. Experimental diets were fed for 21 days, and BW and feed disappearance were recorded. Visual fecal scores (1 = normal to 4 = watery) and visual pig appearance scores (1 = pale and hairy to 4 = normal color and well-rounded muscle) were assessed on ordered likert scales to determine the probabilities of observing a more normal stool quality and a worse visual appearance, respectively. Performance data were analyzed as a general linear model. Stool quality and visual appearance were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model. Contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary CP. Results of the experiment are presented in Table 1. With constant SID Lys of 1.35%, reducing CP from 21.00 to 17.25% resulted in an increase then a decrease (linear, P &lt; 0.005; quadratic, P &lt; 0.005) in BW, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed. Average daily gain and ADFI began decreasing when CP decreased below 20.25%, whereas body weight and gain:feed began decreasing once CP was below 19.50%. There was a difference detected amongst treatments in stool quality, but this was not due to changes in crude protein levels of the diets. This suggests that protein fermentation was not directly impacting stool quality in these pigs. Decreasing dietary CP also linearly (P &lt; 0.05) and quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) affected the visual appearance of the pigs in a similar manner to performance. At the least levels of crude protein, pigs had a greater probability of having more coarse hair and paler skin suggesting that a nutritional stress response may be occurring. These results indicate that the addition of ILE and LEU to the formula do not allow CP to decrease below 19.5% without affecting performance when SID LYS is 1.35 in young pigs.
236 Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Mixed Ulva Spp. and Solieria Chordalis on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Gallissot Marie , Suarez Maria Garcia , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effects of mixed macroalgae on enhancing growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (n = 24; 12 barrows and 12 gilts with 6.5 ± 0.2 kg BW) were allotted using a randomized complete block design based on the randomized block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. A basal diet was supplemented with mixed macroalgae (Ulva spp. and Solieria chordalis) at 0.0 and 0.2%. All pigs were fed experimental diets for 3 phases (Phase 1: 7 d, phase 2: 14 d, and phase 3: 14 d). Feed intake and BW were recorded at the end of each phase. All pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect intestinal samples. Jejunal tissues were collected to evaluate intestinal morphology and crypt cell proliferation. Jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune response and oxidative stress markers. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae did not affect growth performance, intestinal morphology, and crypt cell proliferation compared with pigs fed with the control diet. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae had less (P &lt; 0.05) tumor necrosis factor-alpha and protein carbonyl than pigs fed with the control diet. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae tended to have lless (P = 0.064) interleukin 8 than pigs fed with the control diet. In conclusion, mixed macroalgae could be supplemented in nursery diets to enhance intestinal health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress markers, whereas growth performance was not affected by mixed macroalgae supplementation.
234 Effects of Feeding a Phytogenic Blend with or without Supplementation of Specialty Fats on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: May Sabrina , Vega Caroline Gonzalez , McGhee Molly L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of a phytogenic feed additive (Fresta Protect, Delacon, Linz, Austria), separately or in conjunction with specialty fats (modified soy oil blend and medium chain fatty acid blend), in diets for nursery pigs would improve growth performance. Weaned pigs [n = 4,400; 5.7 ± 0.1 kg body weight (BW)] were allotted to 50 replicate pens per treatment (20 to 23 pigs per pen) in 5 barns. Pens were blocked by location within barn and randomly allotted to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Treatment main effects were specialty fats inclusion in phase 1 (0 or 1.3%) and phytogenic inclusion in phase 1 and 2 (0 or 0.1%). Pigs were fed experimental diets during phase 1 and 2 (day 0 – 10 and 10 – 21, respectively), and pig and feed weights were recorded at the beginning and end of each phase. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical model included the fixed effects of specialty fats, phytogenic, and their interaction, as well as the random effects of barn and location within barn. In phase 1, an interaction was detected (P &lt; 0.05) for final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F; Table 1). In general, phase 1 performance was improved by phytogenic inclusion when no specialty fats were present in the diet, but pigs did not benefit from inclusion of the phytogenic when fed in combination with specialty fats. Body weight at the end of phase 2 was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed specialty fats, but inclusion of the phytogenic increased (P &lt; 0.05) phase 2 final BW and ADG regardless of specialty fat inclusion. Supplementation of the phytogenic increased (P &lt; 0.05) phase 2 G:F as well, and the improvement in G:F was more pronounced when fed in conjunction with specialty fats, though this observation may be partially confounded by compensatory gain for the specialty fats and phytogenic combination treatment. The phytogenic also increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG and G:F, whereas the main effect of specialty fats reduced (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG and G:F. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of a phytogenic feed additive improved growth performance of nursery pigs, whereas specialty fats decreased growth performance, and the best performance was achieved when the phytogenic was fed in the absence of specialty fats.
228 Effect of Benzoic Acid Feeding Strategy on Weanling Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weanling barrows (n = 350; Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 5.9 ± 0.04 kg) were used in a 38-day study to evaluate the effects of different benzoic acid feeding strategies on nursery growth performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen) and pens were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 14 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0, 0.25, or 0.50% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) at the expense of corn. Treatment 1 served as the control without benzoic acid throughout all three dietary phases. Treatment 2 included 0.50% benzoic acid throughout all three phases. Treatment 3 contained 0.50% benzoic acid for phase 1 and phase 2, and 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 4 contained 0.50% benzoic acid for phase 1 and phase 2, but no benzoic acid in phase 3. Treatment 5 contained 0.50% benzoic acid in phase 1, 0.25% benzoic acid in phase 2, and no benzoic acid in phase 3. From d 0 to 10 (Phase 1), pigs fed 0.50% benzoic acid had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F, and were heavier (P = 0.040) on d 10 than those fed the control diet (Table). From d 10 to 18 (Phase 2), pigs fed 0.50% benzoic acid had increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG compared with pigs fed either none or 0.25% benzoic acid, while pigs fed 0.25% benzoic acid had poorer (P &lt; 0.001) feed efficiency compared with pigs fed none or 0.50% benzoic acid. From d 18 to 38 (Phase 3), pigs fed 0.50% and 0.25% benzoic acid had increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid. Overall, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG than pigs fed no benzoic acid through all three phases or pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the final phase, with the other treatments intermediate. Additionally, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and 0.25% benzoic acid in the final phase had improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared with pigs fed no benzoic acid throughout all three phases, pigs fed 0.50% in the first two phases and no benzoic acid in the third phase, or pigs fed 0.50%, 0.25%, and no benzoic acid. These data suggest that nursery pigs fed benzoic acid had improved growth performance. However, when the benzoic acid was removed from the diet before the end of the nursery phase, the pigs experienced a reduction in performance resulting in similar overall performance to the control diet without benzoic acid.
233 Encapsulated Butyrate Supplementation Improved Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs without Added ZnO
Authors: Chen Ying , Jolliff James , Kaufman Jeff 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was to investigate the effects of supplementing encapsulated butyrate additives in nursery phase 1 and 2 diets with and without pharmacological levels of ZnO on growth performance of nursery pigs. Pigs (n = 720; ~21 d of age, 5.72 kg of BW) were assigned to 6 treatments (n = 12, 10 pigs/pen, mixed sex) in a randomized complete block design with initial BW as a block and fed for 42 days in 3 phases (d 0-9, d 10-21, and d 22-42, respectively). Treatments were: 1) Control, basal diet with 3,000 ppm of Zn in phase 1, 1,500 ppm of Zn in phase 2 and 125 ppm of Zn in phase 3 (i.e., pharmacological levels); 2) Control with GBM Performant (encapsulated butyrate additive with 63% butyric acid) at 0.475 kg/MT in phase 1 and 2 diets; 3) Control with GBM Performant at 0.75 kg/MT in phase 1 and 2 diets; 4) basal diet with GBM Performant at 0.475 kg/MT in phase 1 and 2 diets without pharmacological levels of ZnO; (5) basal diet with GBM Performant at 0.75 kg/MT in phase 1 and 2 diets without pharmacological levels of ZnO; (6) Control with Product A (encapsulated butyrate additive with 40% butyric acid) at 0.48 kg/MT, which provided equivalate dietary butyrate content as treatments 2 and 4. All phase 1 and phase 2 diets were added with antibiotics. Diets contained nutrients meeting or exceeding NRC requirements. Growth performance was measured for each phase. Data were analyzed using SAS v9.4 with pen serving as the experimental unit and differences considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. During phase 1, all GBM Performant treatments had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG than Control or Product A treatment. The GBM Performant treatments also had greater ADFI (P = 0.04) and Gain:Feed (P = 0.07) than Product A treatment with Control being intermediate. Throughout the trial, GBM Performant treatment without pharmacological levels of ZnO showed greater ADG (P &lt; 0.01) and ADFI (P &lt; 0.01) than GBM Performant treatment with pharmacological levels of ZnO and the Control, whereas the Product A treatment showed the least ADG and ADFI. The GBM Performant treatment without pharmacological levels of ZnO tended to have greater overall Gain:Feed (P = 0.08) than other treatment groups. There was no significant difference on overall performance from the two supplementing dosage levels of GBM Performant. In conclusion, under the current trial condition, GBM Performant supplementation in phase 1 and 2 diets improved growth performance of nursery pigs than Control group without butyrate. When removing ZnO, GBM Performant treatment showed more benefits on performance compared with pigs supplemented with GBM Performant and pharmacological level of ZnO.
226 Modulation of Zinc, Copper and Iron Transporters in Weaned Pigs Fed Different Dietary Zinc/Copper Ratios
Authors: Dalto Danyel Bueno , Deschêne Karine , Villeneuve Geneviève , Guay Frédéric , Martel-Kennes Yan , Talbot Guylaine , Matte J Jacques , Lapointe Jérôme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of different dietary zinc/copper ratios on the gene expression of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) transporters in jejunum and liver of weaned pigs. Piglets (n = 160) were weaned at 21 days of age (d 21; 7.81 ± 0.25 kg) and fed a basal post-weaning diet (without antibiotics) supplemented (n = 40/treatment) with 100 (LZn) or 3,000 (HZn) mg/kg of Zn as ZnO in combination with 6 (LCu) or 130 (HCu) mg/kg of Cu as CuSO4 until d 42. Piglets were sacrificed at d 21, d 28, d 35, and d 42 (n = 10 animals∙treatment -1∙day-1) for harvesting jejunum and liver samples. The mRNA expression of Zn, Cu, and Fe transporters was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using a 2x2x3 factorial design (two Zn levels, two Cu levels, and three slaughter days) and results are presented as fold-change relative to pre-treatment values (d 21). For Zn-related genes, jejunum Zip4 expression was least for HZn from d 28 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.01; Table 1) and Zip5 was greatest for HZn at d 28 (Zn effect; P = 0.04). On d 42, the greatest values for jejunal Zip4 were observed with LZnHCu (interaction Zn x Cu x time; P = 0.05). For Znt1 in jejunum and liver, mRNA expression was greatest for HZn from d 28 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.01) whereas Zip5 was greatest in liver for HZn at d 28 and d 35 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.04). On d 35, the least values for hepatic Zip5 were observed with LZnHCu (interaction Zn x Cu x time; P = 0.04). For Cu-related genes, no treatment effect (P ≥ 0.12) was detected for Crt1 and Atox1 in jejunum and liver. In both tissues, Mt3 expression was greatest for HZn from d 28 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.01). No treatment effect was detected (P = 0.53) for Atp7a expression in jejunum. However, for Atp7b in liver, values were greatest for HZn from d 35 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.01). For Fe-related genes, no treatment effect (P ≥ 0.18) was detected for Heph, Tfrc and Fpn1 in jejunum and for Dmt1, Tfrc and Hamp in liver. In jejunum, Dmt1 was greatest for LZn at d 28 and d 42 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.01) whereas Fth1 was greatest in HZn groups from d28 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.01) and for HCu at d42 (Cu effect; P = 0.04). In liver, Fth1 and Fpn1 were greatest for HZn from d28 (Zn effect; P ≤ 0.02). In conclusion, among the present different dietary zinc/copper ratios, most treatment effects on intestinal and hepatic Zn, Cu and Fe transporters originated from dietary ZnO levels suggesting a major contribution of Zn in modulating the metabolism of these trace minerals in post-weaning piglets.
257 Survey of Biological Measurements Used to Determine Bone Mineralization in Pigs Across the US Swine Industry
Authors: Williams Hadley , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Bergstrom Jon R , Rahe Michael , Siepker Christopher , Sitthicharoenchai Panchan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pigs (n = 192) from 64 commercial sites across 14 production facilities in the Midwest USA were used to evaluate baseline biological measurements used to determine bone mineralization in pigs. There were 3 pigs selected from each site representing: 1) a clinically normal pig, 2) a pig with evidence of clinical lameness, and 3) a pig with a history of recent low feed intake within a hospital pen (sick pig). Pigs ranged in age from nursery to market weight, with the three pigs sampled from each site representing the same phase of production. For each pig, blood, urine, and the right and left metacarpal, fibula, 2nd rib, and 10th rib were collected and analyzed. Serum was analyzed for Ca, P, and 25(OH)D3 as part of the serum chemistry profile. and. Each bone was measured for bone density and ash (non-defatted and defatted methods). Bone density was measured on each bone based on Archimedes principle. For defatted bone ash, all bones were cleaned of tissue and then placed in Soxhlet extractors containing petroleum ether for 7 days as a means of removing water and fat. Bones were then dried at 105°C for 7 days and then ashed in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 24 h. Healthy pigs had increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum calcium and 25OHD3 compared with sick pigs, with lame pigs intermediate (Table). Healthy pigs also had increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum phosphorus compared with sick and lame pigs, with no differences between the sick and lame pigs. For defatted bone ash and bone density, there was a pig type × bone interaction (P &lt; 0.001). There were no differences between pig types for the fibulas, 2nd rib, and 10th rib, but metacarpals from healthy pigs had greater bone ash compared with sick pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. For bone density, healthy and lame pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) bone density than sick pigs for the metacarpals and fibulas, with no difference observed for the ribs. In summary, there appear to be differences in serum analysis between a healthy, lame, and sick pig. Differences in bone mineralization between pig types were observed in the metacarpal and fibula, but not ribs. The metacarpal appears to be the most sensitive bone to detect differences in bone mineralization between pig types. There was also considerable range in values within pig type across production sites.
249 The Impact High Soyhull and Soybean Meal Diet Formulations on Grow-Finish Pig Performance
Authors: Miller Kayla A , Mendoza Omarh F , Shull Caleb M , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this study were two-fold in evaluating the effects of soybean meal and soyhulls inclusion level in diets fed to grow-finish pigs on growth performance. Firstly, we compared high soybean meal (minimal crystalline amino acids) vs. crystalline amino acids diet formulations. Secondly, we evaluated the addition of soyhulls and soyhulls plus xylanase to diet formulations. In a complete randomized design, a total of 463 grower pigs (BW of 28.4 ± 5.6 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (n = 12 pens/treatment; 9 – 11 pigs/pen). Within each phase, dietary treatments were formulated to the same SID Lys:ME, and to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations (NRC, 2012) and were fed over three phases consisting of: 1) corn soybean-meal based diet formulated with crystalline amino acids (CON); 2) corn soybean-meal based diet formulated to meet AA requirements via soybean-meal with limited crystalline amino acids (HSBM); 3) As diet #1 with 15% soyhulls (SH); and 4) As diet #3 + commercial xylanase enzyme (SH+X). Diets were formulated with to a SID Lys:ME of 3.26, 2.46, and 1.95 in phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded at phase change to calculate ADG, ADFI, and feed efficiency (G:F) over the study duration of 95 days. All data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 with pen as the experimental unit and the model included the fixed effect of treatment with least squares means reported. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) amongst treatments in phase 1 for any growth performance measures. There was an increase in ADFI of pigs fed SH and SH+X when compared with CON and HSBM (P &lt; 0.05) in phase 2 (P2; 2.89 and 2.82 vs. 2.75 and 2.73 kg/d, respectively) and phase 3 (P3; 3.42 and 3.40 vs. 3.18 and 3.28 kg/d, respectively). However, no differences in ADG or G:F (P &gt; 0.05) compared with CON were reported in P2 or P3. Overall, there were no differences in ADG (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments. Pigs fed SH and SH+X had an increase ADFI compared with CON and HSBM (2.84 and 2.83 vs. 2.68 and 2.71 kg/d, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) and a decrease in G:F when fed SH; however, no differences between CON, HSBM, and SH+X (0.38 vs. 0.40, 0.40, and 0.39, respectively; P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, there were no negative growth performance effects of feeding a diet containing minimal crystalline amino acids and meeting the requirement of the pigs via soybean meal. Further, there was an increase in feed intake when pigs were fed a diet containing 15% soyhulls, regardless of if there was an addition of xylanase.