bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the Cranial Base in Surgery for Jugular Foramen Tumors
Authors: Ramina Ricardo , Maniglia Joao J. , Paschoal Jorge R. , Fernandes Yvens B. , Neto Mauricio Coelho , Honorato Donizeti C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOBJECTIVE:The surgical removal of a jugular foramen (JF) tumor presents the neurosurgeon with a complex management problem that requires an understanding of the natural history, diagnosis, surgical approaches, and postoperative complications. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is one of the most common complications of this surgery. Different surgical approaches and management concepts to avoid this complication have been described, mainly in the ear, nose, and throat literature. The purpose of this study was to review the results of CSF leakage prevention in a series of 66 patients with JF tumors operated on by a multidisciplinary cranial base team using a new technique for cranial base reconstruction.METHODS:We retrospectively studied 66 patients who had JF tumors with intracranial extension and who underwent surgical treatment in our institutions from January 1987 to December 2001. Paragangliomas were the most frequent lesions, followed by schwannomas and meningiomas. All patients were operated on using the same multidisciplinary surgical approach (neurosurgeons and ear, nose, and throat surgeons). A surgical strategy for reconstruction of the cranial base using vascularized flaps was carried out. The closure of the surgical wound was performed in three layers. A specially developed myofascial flap (temporalis fascia, cervical fascia, and sternocleidomastoid muscle) associated to the inferior rotation of the posterior portion of the temporalis muscle was used to reconstruct the cranial base with vascularized flaps.RESULTS:In this series of 66 patients, postoperative CSF leakage developed in three cases. These patients presented with very large or recurrent tumors, and the postoperative CSF fistulae were surgically closed. The cosmetic result obtained with this reconstruction was classified as excellent or good in all patients.CONCLUSION:Our results compare favorably with those reported in the literature. The surgical strategy used for cranial base reconstruction presented in this article has several advantages over the current surgical techniques used in cases of JF tumors.
Reduction of Postoperative Perineural Adhesions by Hyaloglide Gel: An Experimental Study in the Rat Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Dam-Hieu Phong , Lacroix Catherine , Said Gérard , Devanz Pauline , Liu Song , Tadie Marc 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOBJECTIVE:To assess the effects of Hyaloglide gel (or auto-cross-linked polysaccharide [ACP] gel; Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Abano Terme, Italy), a hyaluronan-derivative polymer, on peripheral nerve scarring and nerve regeneration.METHODS:We performed two surgical procedures in adult rats: 1) neurolysis of the sciatic nerve and separation of its tibial and peroneal branches, and 2) transection and immediate suture of the sciatic nerve. After nerve manipulation, ACP gel was applied onto the site of operation. We tested two solutions of ACP gel having different viscosities. Additional animals received Adcon-T/N (Gliatech, Inc., Cleveland, OH), an antiadhesive agent currently available for clinical use. No gel was applied on the contralateral side, which served as a control side. Four weeks later, the animals underwent reoperation. We assessed the quality of wound healing, the presence of perineural adherences, and the separability of nerves from surrounding tissues.RESULTS:Significantly fewer perineural adhesions were found in animals treated with ACP gel (high viscosity) and Adcon-T/N compared with controls. Quantitative histological analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in the amount of scar tissue surrounding the nerves treated with ACP gel. No evidence of toxicity was found, and the gel did not interfere with nerve regeneration (counts of regenerating myelinated axons).CONCLUSION:ACP gel with high viscosity seems to be safe and effective in reducing perineural adhesions and scar formation after peripheral nerve surgery.
Minimally Invasive, Endoscopic, Internal Thoracoplasty for the Treatment of Scoliotic Rib Hump Deformity: Technical Note
Authors: Mummaneni Praveen V. , Sasso Rick C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Patients with idiopathic scoliosis often have a noticeable rib deformity that frequently persists after corrective surgery. Open thoracoplasty has been the traditional method of reducing rib deformity. Recently, however, video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) has been used to perform thoracoplasty. There have been no long-term follow-up studies on VATS thoracoplasty, nor have there been outcome scores to assess the results of thoracoplasty procedures. We present our experience using VATS thoracoplasty with long-term follow-up and propose an outcome grading system for thoracoplasty.

METHODS:
Between 1998 and 2000, four patients (age range, 14–53 yr) underwent VATS thoracoplasty for significant rib hump deformity (mean height, 5 cm; range, 4–6 cm) associated with idiopathic scoliosis. All patients had four rib segments resected during the VATS thoracoplasty procedure. Three of the four patients also underwent anterior thoracic release and discectomy during the procedure.

RESULTS:
Patients were followed for a mean of 40 months after surgery (range, 33–50 mo). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Outcomes were assessed using a patient questionnaire with our new thoracoplasty grading system. All patients were pleased that they had chosen to have VATS internal thoracoplasty. Based on our new grading system, two patients had an excellent outcome and two had a good outcome.

CONCLUSION:
VATS provides an alternative, minimally invasive route to perform thoracoplasty. VATS incisions are much smaller and more cosmetically appealing than open thoracoplasty incisions. Long-term follow-up indicates good to excellent patient outcomes.
Ventralis Intermedius plus Ventralis Oralis Anterior and Posterior Deep Brain Stimulation for Posttraumatic Holmes Tremor: Two Leads May Be Better than One: Technical Note
Authors: Foote Kelly D. , Okun Michael S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:
To describe the effects of ventralis oralis anterior (VOA) and posterior (VOP), as well as ventralis intermedius (VIM), deep brain stimulation (two ipsilateral thalamic leads implanted) on posttraumatic Holmes tremor. Results of both thalamic lesioning and thalamic deep brain stimulation for Holmes tremor and tremors due to posttraumatic lesions in the region of the midbrain have been disappointing. In 2001, the use of two electrodes implanted in parallel for severe essential tremor was reported. We propose the use of a similar technique for posttraumatic Holmes tremor. One rationalization for the placement of two leads was to affect both the cerebellar receiving area (VIM) and the pallidal receiving area (VOA/VOP). A second rationalization was that the placement of a second electrode may affect somatotopy, and may, therefore, be beneficial for the treatment of more difficult to control tremor subtypes.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
A 24-year-old man with intractable posttraumatic Holmes tremor presented for consideration of a surgical intervention.

INTERVENTION:
A high-resolution, volumetric magnetic resonance imaging scan was obtained 1 day before the procedure. Microelectrode recording was used in addition to stereotactic computed tomography, image fusion, and stereotactic targeting to map the locations of the VIM, VOP, and VOA nuclei of the thalamus. A deep brain stimulation electrode was then implanted on the border between the left VIM and VOP thalamic nuclei, and a second ipsilateral deep brain stimulation lead was placed on the VOA and VOP border, 2 mm anterior to the first. Fourteen videotaped tremor rating scales were evaluated by two blinded reviewers.

CONCLUSION:
The patient experienced tremor rebound with VIM-VOP monotherapy. However, when the second lead (VOA/VOP) was activated, he experienced sustained improvement in tremor and tremor disability at a 12-month follow-up examination. This case elucidates a potential new approach for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic Holmes tremor. Additional study and longer follow-up periods will be needed to further evaluate this promising therapy.
Scaling of maximum net force output by motors used for locomotion
Authors: Marden James H. 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYBiological and engineered motors are surprisingly similar in their adherence to two or possibly three fundamental regimes for the mass scaling of maximum force output (Fmax). One scaling regime (Group 1:myosin, kinesin, dynein and RNA polymerase molecules; muscle cells; whole muscles; winches; linear actuators) comprises motors that create slow translational motion with force outputs limited by the axial stress capacity of the motor, which results in Fmax scaling as motor mass0.67 (M0.67). Another scaling regime (Group 2: flying birds, bats and insects; swimming fish; running animals; piston engines; electric motors; jets) comprises motors that cycle rapidly, with significant internal and external accelerations, and for whom inertia and fatigue life appear to be important constraints. The scaling of inertial loads and fatigue life both appear to enforce Fmax scaling as M1.0 in these motors. Despite great differences in materials and mechanisms, the mass specific Fmax of Group 2 motors clusters tightly around a mean of 57 N kg-1, a region of specific force loading where there appears to be a common transition from high- to low-cycle fatigue. For motors subject to multi-axial stresses, the steepness of the load-life curve in the neighborhood of 50-100 N kg-1 may overwhelm other material and mechanistic factors, thereby homogenizing the mass specific Fmax of grossly dissimilar animals and machines. Rockets scale with Group 1 motors but for different mechanistic reasons; they are free from fatigue constraints and their thrust is determined by mass flow rates that depend on cross sectional area of the exit nozzle. There is possibly a third scaling regime of Fmax for small motors (bacterial and spermatazoan flagella; a protozoan spring) where viscosity dominates over inertia. Data for force output of viscous regime motors are scarce, but the few data available suggest a gradually increasing scaling slope that converges with the Group 2 scaling relationship at a Reynolds number of about 102. The Group 1 and Group 2 scaling relationships intersect at a motor mass of 4400 kg, which restricts the force output and design of Group 2 motors greater than this mass. Above 4400 kg, all motors are limited by stress and have Fmax that scales as M0.67; this results in a gradual decline in mass specific Fmax at motor mass greater than 4400 kg. Because of declining mass specific Fmax, there is little or no potential for biological or engineered motors or rockets larger than those already in use.
Field metabolic rate and body size
Authors: Nagy Kenneth A. 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYThe field metabolic rates (FMRs) of 229 species of terrestrial vertebrates,all measured using the doubly labeled water method in free-living individuals,were evaluated. Daily rates of energy expenditure were as low as 0.23 kJ per day in a small reptile (gecko), to as high as 52 500 kJ per day in a marine mammal (seal). This is a range of nearly six orders of magnitude. More than 70% of the variation in log-transformed data is due to variation in body size(expressed as body mass). Much of the remaining variation is accounted for by thermal physiology, with the endothermic mammals and birds having FMRs that are about 12 and 20 times higher, respectively, than FMRs of equivalent-sized,but ectothermic, reptiles. Variation in log(body mass) within each of these three taxonomic classes accounts for over 94% of the variation in log(FMR),and results from nonlinear regression analyses using untransformed data support this conclusion. However, the range of residual variation in mass-adjusted FMR within classes is still more than sixfold (ratio of highest over lowest). Some of this variation is associated with affiliations with lower taxonomic levels (Infraclass: eutherian vs metatherian mammals;Family: passerine, procellariform and galliform birds vs other birds), some is associated with habitat (especially desert vsnondesert), and some with differences in basic diet preference and foraging mode and season. The scaling slopes for FMR often differ from BMR slopes for the same Class of animals, and most differ from the theoretical slope of 0.75. Differences among slopes and intercepts that were detected using conventional regression analyses were largely confirmed upon reanalysis using Independent Contrasts Analysis to adjust for phylogenetic biases.
Scaling and power-laws in ecological systems
Authors: Marquet Pablo A. , Quiñones Renato A. , Abades Sebastian , Labra Fabio , Tognelli Marcelo , Arim Matias , Rivadeneira Marcelo 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYScaling relationships (where body size features as the independent variable) and power-law distributions are commonly reported in ecological systems. In this review we analyze scaling relationships related to energy acquisition and transformation and power-laws related to fluctuations in numbers. Our aim is to show how individual level attributes can help to explain and predict patterns at the level of populations that can propagate at upper levels of organization. We review similar relationships also appearing in the analysis of aquatic ecosystems (i.e. the biomass spectra) in the context of ecological invariant relationships (i.e. independent of size) such as the `energetic equivalence rule' and the `linear biomass hypothesis'. We also discuss some power-law distributions emerging in the analysis of numbers and fluctuations in ecological attributes as they point to regularities that are yet to be integrated with traditional scaling relationships and which we foresee as an exciting area of future research.
Adsorption of p-Dihydroxybenzene from Single, Binary and Ternary Aqueous Systems onto Activated Charcoal
Authors: Halhouli Khalil A. , Darwish Naif A. , Al-Jahmani Ya'rub Y. 
Published: April 2005

The adsorption of para-dihydroxybenzene ( p-DHB) from aqueous multi-component systems onto activated charcoal was investigated. The study involved the adsorption of p-DHB from systems containing all combinations of p-DHB, phenol and 4-amino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid sodium salt (ANSA) in aqueous solutions. Equilibrium isotherms were generated at three temperature values (30°C, 40°C and 55°C). As expected for exothermic physical adsorption, the adsorption of p-DHB from the single-component system and from the binary system containing ANSA decreased with increasing temperature. However, the adsorption of p-DHB from the binary system containing phenol increased with temperature. The effect of KCl and NaCl (at a concentration of 0.05 M) at 30°C was also investigated. The adsorption of p-DHB varied from one system to another. Both salts reduced the adsorption of p-DHB from the single and binary systems. The reduction in adsorption capacity (relative to the adsorption capacity in a salt-free system) attained only ca. 35% in the case of single-solute adsorption and ca. 20% and 33% from the binary systems containing p-DHB and phenol or ANSA, respectively. In contrast, the presence of KCl or NaCl had no appreciable effect on the adsorption of p-DHB from the ternary system.
Total hip arthroplasty with a sliding iliac graft for acetabular dysplasia
Authors: Ikeuchi M. , Kawakami T. , Kitaoka K. , Okanoue Y. , Tani T. 
Published: April 2005

We describe a new technique of reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The outer iliac table just above the deficient acetabulum is osteotomised and slid downwards. We have termed this an iliac sliding graft. Between October 1997 and November 2001, cementless total hip arthroplasty with an iliac sliding graft was performed on 19 patients (19 hips) with acetabular dysplasia. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (2 to 6). The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 45.1 which improved significantly to 85.3 at the time of the final follow-up. No patient had post-operative abductor dysfunction. Incorporation of the graft was seen after two to three months in all patients. Resorption of the graft and radiolucencies were infrequent. This technique is a useful alternative to femoral head autografting when the patient’s own femoral head cannot be used.
Double-elevating osteotomy for late-presenting infantile Blount’s disease
Authors: van Huyssteen A. L. , Hastings C. J. , Olesak M. , Hoffman E. B. 
Published: April 2005

We reviewed 34 knees in 24 children after a double-elevating osteotomy for late-presenting infantile Blount’s disease. The mean age of patients was 9.1 years (7 to 13.5). All knees were in Langenskiöld stages IV to VI. The operative technique corrected the depression of the medial joint line by an elevating osteotomy, and the remaining tibial varus and internal torsion by an osteotomy just below the apophysis. In the more recent patients (19 knees), a proximal lateral tibial epiphysiodesis was performed at the same time. The mean pre-operative angle of depression of the medial tibial plateau of 49° (40° to 60°) was corrected to a mean of 26° (20° to 30°), which was maintained at follow-up. The femoral deformity was too small to warrant femoral osteotomy in any of our patients. The mean pre-operative mechanical varus of 30.6° (14° to 66°) was corrected to 0° to 5° of mechanical valgus in 29 knees. In five knees, there was an undercorrection of 2° to 5° of mechanical varus. At follow-up a further eight knees, in which lateral epiphysiodesis was delayed beyond five months, developed recurrent tibial varus associated with fusion of the medial proximal tibial physis.
Mechanical testing of impaction bone grafting in the tibia
Authors: Toms A. D. , McClelland D. , Chua L. , de Waal Malefijt M. , Verdonschot N. , Jones R. Spencer , Kuiper J.-H. 
Published: April 2005

Clinical experience of impaction bone grafting for revision knee arthroplasty is limited, with initial stability of the tibial tray emerging as a major concern. The length of the stem and its diameter have been altered to improve stability. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the type of stem, support of the rim and graft impaction on early stability of the tray. We developed a system for impaction grafting of trays which we used with morsellised bone in artificial tibiae. Trays with short, long thick or long thin stems were implanted, with or without support of the rim. They were cyclically loaded while measuring relative movement. Long-stemmed trays migrated 4.5 times less than short-stemmed trays, regardless of diameter. Those with support migrated 2.8 times less than those without. The migration of short-stemmed trays correlated inversely with the density of the impacted groups. That of impaction-grafted tibial trays was in the range reported for uncemented primary trays. Movements of short-stemmed trays without cortical support were largest and sensitive to the degree of compaction of the graft. If support of the rim was sufficient or a long stem was used, impacted morsellised bone graft achieved adequate initial stability.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation versus matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation for osteochondral defects of the knee
Authors: Bartlett W. , Skinner J. A. , Gooding C. R. , Carrington R. W. J. , Flanagan A. M. , Briggs T. W. R. , Bentley G. 
Published: April 2005

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is used widely as a treatment for symptomatic chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee. Variations of the original periosteum-cover technique include the use of porcine-derived type I/type III collagen as a cover (ACI-C) and matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) using a collagen bilayer seeded with chondrocytes. We have performed a prospective, randomised comparison of ACI-C and MACI for the treatment of symptomatic chondral defects of the knee in 91 patients, of whom 44 received ACI-C and 47 MACI grafts. Both treatments resulted in improvement of the clinical score after one year. The mean modified Cincinnati knee score increased by 17.6 in the ACI-C group and 19.6 in the MACI group (p = 0.32). Arthroscopic assessments performed after one year showed a good to excellent International Cartilage Repair Society score in 79.2% of ACI-C and 66.6% of MACI grafts. Hyaline-like cartilage or hyaline-like cartilage with fibrocartilage was found in the biopsies of 43.9% of the ACI-C and 36.4% of the MACI grafts after one year. The rate of hypertrophy of the graft was 9% (4 of 44) in the ACI-C group and 6% (3 of 47) in the MACI group. The frequency of re-operation was 9% in each group. We conclude that the clinical, arthroscopic and histological outcomes are comparable for both ACI-C and MACI. While MACI is technically attractive, further long-term studies are required before the technique is widely adopted.
The proximal extent of the ankle capsule and safety for the insertion of percutaneous fine wires
Authors: Lee P. T. H. , Clarke M. T. , Bearcroft P. W. P. , Robinson A. H. N. 
Published: April 2005

We have assessed the proximal capsular extension of the ankle joint in 18 patients who had a contrast-enhanced MRI ankle arthrogram in order to delineate the capsular attachments. We noted consistent proximal capsular extensions anterior to the distal tibia and in the tibiofibular recess. The mean capsular extension anterior to the distal tibia was 9.6 mm (4.9 to 27.0) proximal to the anteroinferior tibial margin and 3.8 mm (−2.1 to 9.3) proximal to the dome of the tibial plafond. In the tibiofibular recess, the mean capsular extension was 19.2 mm (12.7 to 38.0) proximal to the anteroinferior tibial margin and 13.4 mm (5.8 to 20.5) proximal to the dome of the tibial plafond. These areas of proximal capsular extensions run the risk of being traversed during the insertion of finewires for the treatment of fractures of the distal tibia. Surgeons using these techniques should be aware of this anatomy in order to minimise the risk of septic arthritis.
Government, knowledge and the business of policy making: the potential and limits of evidence-based policy
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: April 2005

English
Governments are becoming increasingly dependent on externally produced knowledge. Their demand for knowledge has been amplified by a relatively non-ideological political climate; by the influence of international organisations sharing practice and assessing policy effectiveness; and by public opinion. Supply has grown in tandem within academia, government bodies themselves and international organisations, all hugely helped by the Web. This knowledge takes many different forms, ranging from the classic knowledge of pilots to the tacit knowledge of practitioners. How it is handled varies according to the nature of the field – some are relatively stable, closer to the natural sciences; some are fields in flux, where there is argument over even basic concepts; a third set are inherently novel, particularly those involving technology. In all areas there are unavoidable limits to the relevance and usability of knowledge, including democracy; time; the social role of ambiguity; and reflexivity. However, the shift to greater dependence on knowledge is unlikely to reverse so long as all other areas of economic and social life are changing in tandem towards greater dependence on knowledge and greater awareness of the complexities involved in any production or use of knowledge.