bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedouin Poetry from Sinai and the Negev
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desert-dwelling Bedouin have always been a subject of intense fascination. Their culture and ethics are still largely a mystery, both for the peoples with whom they share the Middle-Eastern and African lands, and for those living in the West. Like other non-literate peoples, the Bedouin have a strong oral tradition and use poetry for many forms of communication and entertainment. Clinton Bailey has spent the last twenty years among the Bedouin of Sinai and the Negev studying their culture and recording their poems as recited around campfires. This book presents the fruit of his work: 113 poems reflecting Bedouin attitudes to a variety of personal, social, and political experiences. Each poem is translated into English, appears in Arabic script and transliteration, and is accompanied by an introduction and notes on the cultural, linguistic, and historical background. This thorough and original study makes a vital contribution to our knowledge of the Bedouin, and will be of great interest to Arabists, anthropologists, linguists, sociologists, and all those who visit this part of the Arab world. Dr Bailey has has lectured on Bedouin culture and history at various universities, and is a founder of the Museum of Bedouin Culture in the Negev.
Josephus’ TreatiseAgainst A pion
Authors: Goodman Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work in two books preserved in Greek (in part only in Latin) in the manuscripts of Josephus’ writings and commonly known by the titleAgainst Apion contains much explicit apologetic, and the author’s numerous references to his own aims and techniques make this ‘skilfully planned, well-written and clever’treatise a fine test case of the techniques which could be used in defence of a religious tradition.The original title of the work is unknown: the text deals only in the first half of book with the eponymous Apion, and the present title is first attested by Jerome(On Famous Men, 13) only in the fourth century. Before Jerome, the pagan philosopher Porphyry(On Abstinence, 4. 11) described the work as ‘Against the Greeks’, and Origen referred to it as ‘On the Antiquity of the Jews’(Against Celsus, 1. 16; 4. 11), which accurately reflects Josephus’ claims about its contents (cf.Against Apion, 1. 3, 160, 217; 2. 1) and may have been the original title.
Variations, Processes, and Alternatives
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain and Sweden are similar industrial societies with strong labour movements but very different patterns of industrial relations, though their differences have changed dramatically in character in recent years. In the 1960s Sweden was the land of smoothly functioning institutions and labour peace, much envied in strike torn Britain, and this image of Sweden has proved remarkably persistent, though in reality strikes had by the 1980s become more of a problem in Sweden than they were in Britain.
Institutional Inadequacy, Corporatism, and Industrial Conflict in Post-war Britain
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1950s Britain was, in the eyes of many, a model of industrial relations maturity (Fox 1985: 368-73). Indeed, in some years at this time Britain lost proportionately fewer working days per year in industrial disputes than Sweden. By the middle of the 1950s, however, the days lost figure had doubled and was far higher than it was in Sweden. In a context of growing economic weakness industrial relations became defined as a national problem in the 1960s and 1970s, and the governments of the time were preoccupied with the issue of controlling labour. Sweden, in contrast, was apparently the land of labour peace, where strikes had ‘withered away’.
The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this wide-ranging collection of essays, Bryan Wilson explores the complex relationships between religious sects and contemporary Western society. He examines the controversial social, political, and religious issues that arise as sects seek to pursue a way of life at variance with that of other people, and which at times brings them into conflict with outsiders or with the state. Sects are often subject to negative theological and moral judgements that are by no means always well-informed. Dr Wilson makes clear that they can be understood only as social entities, and that, as in the case of other social phenomena, a scientifically neutral and unbiased approach is essential if their emergence and persistence are to be explained. He traces the growth and expansion of various movements, such as the Unification Church, the Scientologists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Exclusive Brethren, relates them to their social context, and indicates the sections of society from which their support is likely to come. Particular essays are devoted to the attraction of sects for converts, the means by which commitment is sustained, and the personal and social consequences of sectarianism.
A Revisionist Approach to Religious Change
Authors: Brown Callum g. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social-Scientific study of religion has been dominated by the theory of secularization—the assumption of the inevitability of the decline of religion in modern societies. The contention of this chapter is that secularization theory is deficient both as a workable hypothesis of historical change and as an explanation of the available evidence on the growth and decline of religion in the world’s first two industrial—urban nations-Britain and the USA.
An Unsecular America
Authors: Finke Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the founding of the discipline, sociologists have used the secularization model to explain the inevitable decay of religion. Harboured within the broad theoretical framework of modernization, the traditional model has long proposed that as industrialization, urbanization, and rationalization come to dominate a society, religion will recede. Yet support for this model is far from uniform and, in recent years, debate over the secularization model has come to the fore. The debate, however, has often strayed from a systematic evaluation or testing of the traditional model of secularization. Indeed, Hadden has argued that support and opposition for the secularization model are driven by ideology as well as science. Hadden states that ‘secularization theory has not been subjected to systematic scrutiny because it is a doctrine more than it is a theory’1 He suggests that the notion of secularization was quickly adopted because it fitted well with the evolutionary model of modernization an’tl with the beliefs of sociologists.
Reflections on Sociology and Theology
Authors: Martin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflections on Sociology and Theology is a collection of essays by a distinguished sociologist exploring the relationship between sociology and religious issues. After laying out the main themes to be explored, David Martin divides the essays into three sections: Part I: Theoretical Considerations have a strong methodological content, and examine the nature of sociology and theology, and their inter-relationship. Part II: Practical Issues discusses sociological and practical issues of interest to theologians, such as peace studies, Christian Unity, and the nature of religious comment on politics. Part III: Addresses to Clergy and to Teachers of Sociology divides into two parts: the first address is directed against the notion of collective guilt as propagated by both religious and secular sources. The second, aimed at the clergy, sets out the empirical situation of western Christianity and suggests a socio-theological response. David Martin presents an elegant, compelling argument that religion and sociology can - and should - co-exist.
The Gender Wage Differential and Discrimination in the Six Scelt Local Labour Markets
Authors: Sloane Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difference in earnings between women and men can be decomposed analytically into three elements: that which arises from different personal characteristics (e.g. levels of qualification, work experience, preferences), that which arises from variations in employment (e.g. type of job, firm, industry), and a residual element of discrimination, which means that women are paid less than men even after all other supply and demand factors have been controlled for. In this chapter, all three elements are examined in a modified earnings function analysis.
Gender Segregation in the Retail Industry
Authors: Scott Alison Macewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The retail industry is an important case for the study of gender segregation for several reasons. First, until the recent recession, retailing was a modern, dynamic industry, a significant contributor to the ever growing service sector. This was manifested in the development of out-of-town hypermarkets and remodelled shopping precincts in city centres. Such centres have become the symbols of the post-modern age, the focus of a major leisure activity as well as a source of employment. Second, the retail industry is a significant employer of women and has a predominantly female work-force. In 1980, 9 per cent of working women were employed in retailing (Martin and Roberts 1984: 23) and almost two-thirds of the total retail work-force were women, many of them part-timers (NIESR 1986).
Unemployment and Attitudes to Work
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Vogler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How far must vulnerability to unemployment be accounted for in terms of the personal characteristics and work attitudes of the unemployed themselves, and how far must it be seen as the result of the labour market conditions that the unemployed confront? The argument that the unemployed themselves bear the responsibility for their marginality to the labour market implies that they have qualities that make them difficult to employ. For instance, they may have a degree of behavioural instability that makes it difficult for them to hold any job for long or a low level of commitment to employment, which means that they make little effort to get work once they have lost it. The alternative view is that the unemployed are largely victims of their circumstances: they may have been unlucky enough to have been employed in industries that engaged in large-scale redundancies and find themselves in labour markets where there is little demand for their skills. Finally, there is a set of arguments that emphasize the heterogeneity of the unemployed, suggesting that they should be seen as a set of diverse categories for whom unemployment has a very different significance. For instance, some see a major difference between those that are registered for benefit and those that are not. For others, unemployment is held to have a different significance for men than for women, due to differences in underlying social identities.
The Effects of Labour Market Position, Job Insecurity, and Unemployment on Psychological Health
Authors: Burchell Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often, when considering the impact of unemployment on the individual, we are not so much concerned with the simple lack of a job itself, but the impact of worklessness on the quality of life. Unravelling this link is a complex task. For instance, the economic consequences of unemployment do not simply depend on the loss of the wage. They are a complex function of the unemployment insurance or benefits available, and also the duration of the spell of unemployment and the difference in pay and prospects between the jobs that precede and follow the spell of unemployment (e.g. whether the individual has experienced a loss of seniority or a downgrading because of the spell of unemployment).
Unemployment, the Household, and Social Networks
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Gershuny Jonathan , Vogler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most research on the social consequences of unemployment has tended to focus on its implications for the individual. In particular, it has shown that the loss of work leads to a marked rise in anxiety and depression (Warr 1987). However, some of the earliest qualitative studies (Bakke 1935, 1940a,b; Komarovsky 1940) also suggested that unemployment had major implications for the quality of household relations and for the relationship between the household and the wider community (Jahoda et al. 1972). In particular, it was seen as leading to a shift in roles within the household and to the increased social isolation of unemployed people. Both of these factors were seen as reinforcing the psychological distress generated by unemployment.
An Examination of the Relationship between Marital Dissolution and Unemployment
Authors: Lampard Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much evidence exists showing a relationship between male unemployment and marital dissolution. Payne (1989) notes that in 1985 the proportion of widowed, divorced, and separated men aged 16-64 who were unemployed was approximately twice the proportion of married men aged 16-64 who were unemployed. (Source: OPCS General Household Survey, 1985). Other authors, such as Ross and Sawhill (1975), Daniel (1981), Haskey (1984), Eekelaar and Maclean (1986), Warr (1987), and Liem and Liem (1988), have also referred to data which suggests that there may be a causal connection between male unemployment and marital dissolution.
Towards Meritocracy? Recent Evidence on an Old Proble
Authors: Heath Anthony , Mills Colin , Roberts Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equality of opportunity, particularly equality of opportunity for children from different social classes, has been one of the central topics of educational debate. It has been one of the key issues in the pre-war debates over access to grammar schools, in the post-war debates over comprehensive reorganization, and in current debates about student grants for higher education. It has also been one of the classic topics of research in British education, and is one of the areas where there has been a clear link between research and reform. Notable contributions included Lindsay 1926, Gray and Moshinsky 1938, and Floud, Halsey, and Martin 1956. More recently, concerns with gender and ethnicity have been added to those with social class.
Internal and External Labour Markets: Towards an Integrated Analysis
Authors: Rubery Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Internal labour markets have provided a major focus of labour- market analysis in the 1970s and 1980s. This interest has come from a number of sources; from institutional economists associated with the labour market segmentation debate (Doeringer and Piore 1971; Wilkinson 1981; Osterman 1984); from the neoinstitutionalists within the neo-classical tradition and some Marxist economists concerned with information and transactions costs (Williamson 1975; Bowles 1985; Lindbeck and Snower 1985); from sociologists and economists analysing the organization of the labour process (Friedman 1978; Burawoy 1979Z&gt;); from economists concerned to relate forms of labour-market organization to macro-economic conditions (Boyer 1979; Gordon et al. 1982); and from policy-makers and practitioners concerned with explaining the existence of different employment forms and the apparent success of the Japanese form of internal labour market (OECD 1986b).
Shame, Status, and the Power of Women
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sylhet, middle-class Dhaka friends told me, is a particularly conservative district. Questioned further, they would cite adherence to adab (Islamic codes of conduct), the importance of ‘traditional’ law, and the seclusion of women as central components of this conservatism. Notions of modernity are embedded in such descriptions: the progressive nature of Dhaka and bidesh, versus the un changing and old-fashioned ‘interior’, as exemplified by regions such as Sylhet. As we have seen, however, migrant Sylheti villages are extremely dynamic; so-called ‘traditionalism’ is part and parcel of contemporary circumstances. Gender relations must be understood in this context.
The Global and the Local: Conclusions
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sylheti pir embody many of the processes which I have been discussing throughout this book. Whilst they have been influenced by what Hannerz calls ‘global flows’ (1992): remittances, the countervailing forces of modernity and revivalism, the establishment of the Sylheti diaspora, and the wider framework of the world political economy, so too do they negotiate and counter these changes on their own terms. Local pir have not simply vanished in a puff of smoke. Instead, some have been transformed, and now carry new messages of internationalist purism, but within local idioms.
Employer Policies and Trade Union Influence
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Rose Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of grounds for thinking that employer attitudes to the trade unions might have hardened in the 1980s. First, there was a shift in the size distribution of establishments. It is generally thought that employers are more favourable to the unions in larger establishments, where there is a greater need to ensure formal communications with the workforce and to negotiate agreements about employment conditions. However, the direction of change in the 1980s had been for the growth of smaller, and the relative decline of larger, establishments. Second, it was a period of rapid technological change.
Introduction
Authors: Bertaux Daniel , Thompson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behind this book lies a dream, which we have shared for many years: a dream of a renewed study of social mobility rising to grapple with the astonishing diversity and complexity of its fundamental theme. We are convinced that such a renewal must depend upon a broadening of methodological and theoretical perspectives. The closely linked case studies which we present here are demon-strations of the richness of insights which new approaches to social mobility can bring.
Migration, Mobility, and Social Process: Scottish Migrants in Canada
Authors: Elliott Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s begin with a question. What happens when immigrants from an ethnic group commonly regarded as part of the dominant ‘Anglo’ elite in Canada confront downward social mobility or find the pathways to greater achievement blocked? The question arises out of an on-going study of social mobility among Scots who mi grated to Canada in the period 1945-1975. Most came, of course, expecting that in the New World they would be able to ‘succeed’, but some of them found that there were serious obstacles to the realization of their ambitions. A number, discovering that their qualifications were unacceptable or that both qualifications and experience were heavily ‘discounted’ by prospective employers, had to accept jobs (at least initially) that were inferior in class or status terms to those they had left behind.
Social Mobility and the Survey Method: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It goes without saying that the study of social mobility is fundamental to the study of social structures and relationships. The processes which inhibit and facilitate social mobility play a vital role in constructing and transmitting social inequalities (e.g. Blau and Duncan 1967; Goldthorpe et al. 1980; Parkin 1979). And, the factors which affect an individual’s life chances include virtually every aspect of social life-including labour market processes, the family, education, locale, social networks, gender, ethnicity, and race. Finally, people’s experience of mobility through social space is encoded in their life-styles, attitudes and actions, both individual and collective (e.g. Bourdieu 1984; Giddens 1973). In short, the study of social mobility is central to any social scientific analysis. However, in the years since 1945 its study has become a highly specialized branch of sociological inquiry detached from the concerns of most historians and many sociologists, and it can be argued that much work in the field no longer realizes the promise of its subject-matter.
Transformation and the Remembrance of Things Past
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some men may feel sure that they are innocent, that they have done nothing wrong. But in the eyes of the ancestors at the Cemetery Temple, there is another kind of knowledge—these eyes see all our thoughts and deeds, and the things we say. The ancestors can sometimes discern observances and violations of the law, even though we are not aware of what we are doing. Later, if we have been doing all the right things, a report may occur reassuring us that we are on the right path, and entreating us not to change our thoughts and deeds, for they are now beyond reproach. Now, today, I want to advise Kivung supporters in Dadul as follows: when the reports tell us that something is wrong, then there is no point in all the men arguing about it. We must ask the ancestors to show us what is wrong and help us mend our ways. We must get the ancestors to show us exactly how we have violated the laws.
Variant Patterns of Capitalist Development
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Anglo-American pattern that I have described in Chapters 4 and 5 rests upon a particular framework of property, contract, and commercial law, though the ‘social function’ of these legal norms is shaped by the specific economic, cultural, and political circumstances shared by the Anglo-American economies. In Chapter 1, however, I showed that there are a number of other legal frameworks of business regulation, and I suggested that these might be associated with differences in banking practice and share-ownership, with variations in patterns of class structure and wealth-holding, and with divergent state strategies.
Part-Time Work in Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors: Drobnic Sonja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most Western European countries, the number of people engaged in some type of non-standard employment has increased considerably in both absolute and relative terms in recent years. Also, part-time employment, defined as any employment arrangement involving normal weekly working hours below the ‘standard’ duration of working time, grew remarkably, especially compared to full-time jobs (Biichtemann and Quack, 1990; Hakim, 1993; Kiernan, 1991; Meulders and Plasmann, 1992). These devel¬ opments prompted intensive theoretical and policy debates, and revealed disparate views on the advantages and disadvantages of part-time work.
Full-Time and Part-Time Employment of Women in Greece: Trends and Relationships with Life-Cycle Events
Authors: Symeonidou Haris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Greece after the Second World War there was no notable development of the welfare state similar to that observed in almost all Western societies. It was only as recently as 1974 that Greece became actively interested in devel¬oping collective consumption. However, the welfare state developed mostly at a statutory level, while state expenditure on social welfare remained very low. Expansion of the social budget was impeded by economic recession. Taking into account the very low level of state support for the family and, by extension, for working women with children, and given that Greek women continue to bear most responsibility for the care of family members, the very low rate of participation of women in the labour force (35 per cent in 1993) is not surprising.