bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON RABBIT LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Sell Stewart , Gell P. G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit lymphocytes may be stimulated in vitro with specific antiallotype sera to transform into "blast" cells and to synthesize DNA. This transformation only occurs when the donor cells are obtained from a rabbit having a given γ-globulin allotype (As4) and these cells are cultured in the presence of an antiserum prepared against the given allotype (As4). Heterologous (sheep, goat, and guinea pig) anti-rabbit γ-globulin sera also induce significant blast transformation and DNA synthesis in rabbit lymphocytes. Allotypic transformation and DNA synthesis are due to 7S antiallotype antibodies and do not require complement. The degree of transformation and rate of DNA synthesis is related to the concentration of antibody. Incubation of the appropriate cells with the antiallotype antibody for as short a time as 15 minutes results in a significant degree of "blast" transformation, indicating that the recognition of the antiallotype specificity in the cells and stimulation of the cellular changes leading to eventual transformation is rapid. The activity of the antiallotype sera as measured by transforming or haemagglutinating capacity, may be absorbed by lymphocytes of the appropriate allotype, but is not absorbed by lymphocytes from a donor rabbit not having the allotype to which the antiserum is directed. Transformation does not occur with mixtures of lymphocytes from different rabbits even if 1 donor is immunized against an allotype present in the other donor.
Peripheral rabbit lymphocytes can also be induced to undergo "blast transformation" in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin and staphylococcal filtrate. The lack of demonstrable leucoagglutinins in staphylococcal filtrate and antiallotype serum indicates that agglutination is not a necessary prerequisite to the induction of blast transformation.
A NEW ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN ELICITED IN MICE BY STREPTOLYSIN O AND OTHER TOXIC OR INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Authors: Rowen Robert , Wiest Myrtle A. 
Published: June 2004

A new acute phase plasma component has been found in mice exposed to certain toxic materials and pathogenic bacteria. The abnormal component, detected by immunodiffusion employing absorbed antiserum, was chiefly studied in plasma of streptolysin O-treated mice where it appears within 24 hours after intravenous administration of a sublethal dose of the toxin. The new factor is a protein having the electrophoretic mobility of a slow α2-globulin. It is devoid of lipid and separate from the streptolysin O inhibitory lipoprotein that is also induced by administration of the streptococcal toxin. The factor, moreover, appears clearly distinct from haptoglobin or C-reactive protein and seems to be a unique type of acute phase protein. Its partial purification by starch block electrophoresis is described.
A number of toxic materials other than streptolysin O, i.e. saponin, Cl. welchii phospholipase C (α-toxin), and endotoxins, were found to elicit the abnormal protein in mice. Phospholipase A (Crotalus adamanteus venom) and staphylococcal α-toxin failed to cause its appearance. Plasma samples of mice acutely infected with Group A streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus or pneumococcus uniformly contained the abnormal component.
The significance of this acute phase protein has been considered in relation to the streptolysin O inhibitor and to the acute phase proteins of other animal species. It has been suggested that production of the new component and of the streptolysin O inhibitor may be manifestations of a single process constituting a physiological response to a variety of deleterious agents.
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE AGENT OF MICE
Authors: du Buy Herman G. , Johnson Martin L. 
Published: June 2004

The lactic dehydrogenase agent was obtained in quantities sufficient for purification studies by growing the virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice.
A rapid method of titration of the agent is described.
Subsequent to the standard procedure of concentration of virus by treatment with hyaluronidase and centrifugation, lipids were removed by extraction with PE, without major loss of infectivity.
Electron microscopic sections of purified preparations contained particles consisting of a dense inner ring of about 25 mµ and a less dense ring extending to about 50 mµ.
The particles occur frequently in single-membraned vesicles of varying size, and occasionally in large double-membraned bodies.
The purified LDH agent did not stimulate the formation of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and guinea pigs.
The crude LDH agent was found to be a low interferon producer.
Increased interferon, produced by secondary inoculation with Newcastle disease virus temporarily decreased the titer of the LDH agent.
The results of others regarding the nature and the size of the LDH agent are interpreted in regard to the findings presented, and the role of interferon in permanently LDH agent infected mice is discussed.
SPECIFICITY OF RECOMBINATION OF H AND L CHAINS FROM HUMAN γG-MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: Grey Howard M. , Mannik Mart 
Published: June 2004

Dissociated H and L chains of human γG-myeloma proteins were recombined by removal of conditions interrupting non-covalent interactions. In the process of recombination 7S molecules were formed. It was demonstrated that the H chains from individual γG-myeloma proteins recombine with their own L chains but also with L chains derived from other myeloma proteins. In some instances, however, the L chains from other myeloma proteins did not recombine as avidly with the H chains as the autologous L chains.
The specificity of the non-covalent interactions of H and L chains was particularly well brought out by competitive recombination experiments where an individual H chain had a choice of recombining with its own L chain or with the L chain obtained from another myeloma protein. In this manner a spectrum of affinities between individual H chains and several L chains was demonstrated. In the vast majority of recombinations there was a clearcut preference for recombination to take place between the H and L chains derived from the same protein. It is postulated that this specificity is related to differences in the primary structure, which cause differences in configuration of these homogeneous H and L chains and that these configurations then dictate on thermodynamic grounds the pairing of H chains with particular L chains.
THE EFFECT OF SKIN HOMOGRAFT REJECTION ON RECIPIENT AND DONOR MIXED LEUKOCYTE CULTURES
Authors: Oppenheim Joost J. , Whang Jacqueline , Frei Emil 
Published: June 2004

The lymphocyte proliferation in repeatedly studied mixed leukocyte cultures of peripheral white blood cells from a skin graft donor and 2 recipients was significantly increased at the time of graft rejection. This was determined from the increased proportions of mononuclear cells labeling with tritiated thymidine, increased mitotic indices, and the appearance of increased numbers of transformed lymphocytes after rejection of 1st and 2nd skin grafts. The temporarily enhanced response occurred sooner and was of shorter duration after the second than after the first graft, but was quantitatively similar each time. The cell proliferation in the mixed leukocyte cultures of the two recipients was similarly affected by the homograft rejections. The cultures containing three cell populations usually manifested a greater lymphocyte response than corresponding cultures of leukocytes from only two unrelated subjects.
An increase in the ratio of female recipient to male graft donor metaphases in the cultures at the time of enhanced lymphocyte transformation indicated that proliferation of the graft recipient lymphocytes was responsible for the above findings. Unmixed, unstimulated control cultures grown in autologous, the other subjects plasma, or heterologous calf serum failed to support significant lymphocyte transformation. The role of humoral factors and relationship of the in vitro cellular responses to the in vivo homograft reaction are discussed.
THE BACTERIAL INDUCTION OF HOMOGRAFT SENSITIVITY
Authors: Rapaport Felix T. , Chase Randolph M. 
Published: June 2004

Heat-killed strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus can induce in guinea pigs a state of altered reactivity to skin homografts which is indistinguishable from that which results from sensitization with homologous tissues or Group A streptococci. Challenge of suitably prepared recipients with first-set skin homografts obtained from unrelated randomly selected donors elicits white graft reactions or accelerated rejection of such grafts.
Other bacteria tested included Lancefield streptococcal groups B, C, D, E, G, H, L, and O, pneumococcus Types II, III, XIV and a rough strain, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Neisseria catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, and two human virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. None of these microorganisms was active in the induction of homograft sensitivity in the guinea pig. Pretreatment of recipients with Gram-negative bacterial suspensions was associated with a slight increase in the mean survival time of first-set skin homografts.
Results of this study suggest the presence in staphylococci, as well as in Group A streptococci, of antigens related in their biologic effects to tissue transplantation antigens.
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION IN LEUKOCYTE LYSOSOMES
Authors: Janoff Aaron , Schaefer Sonja , Scherer Joan , Bean Michael A. 
Published: June 2004

The vascular permeability-increasing action of rabbit PMNL lysosomes has been studied in skin and cremaster muscle of the rat.
Both an extract of frozen-thawed granules and a cathepsin-free cationic protein fraction of the granules (which had previously been demonstrated to cause leukocyte adhesion and emigration in vivo) induce increased vascular permeability in skin and muscle which resembles that produced by histamine or histamine-liberators with respect to the timing of the response and the predominant type of microvessel affected.
Extracts of frozen-thawed lysosomes and the inflammatory lysosomal cationic protein both cause disruption of rat mesenteric mast cells in vitro, whereas a granule-free cytoplasmic fraction of PMN leukocytes and a non-inflammatory cationic protein fraction of the granules do not do so under identical test conditions. The mastocytolytic action of lysosomal materials in vitro is not inhibited in the presence of 10 kallikrein-inhibiting units of trasylol per ml. The mast cell rupturing fraction of PMNL granules (cationic protein) possesses no detectable peroxidase activity or acid-mucopolysaccharase activity. When compared with compound 48/80 on the basis of estimated molecular weight, the lysosomal cationic protein appears to be at least as active as the latter compound with respect to in vitro mastocytolytic potency.
Chronic pretreatment of rats with an agent known to reduce tissue mast cell numbers causes marked suppression of the vascular permeability change normally induced in skin and muscle by lysosomal extracts and cationic protein. Similar results are obtained if lysosomal materials are tested in rats pretreated with an antihistaminic.
These observations are discussed with respect to the mode of action of PMNL lysosomes in the early and late phases of local tissue-injury reactions.
PATHOGENESIS OF THYMIC CHANGES IN NZB MICE WITH HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: Siegler Richard 
Published: June 2004

Lymphoid follicles evolve in the perivascular connective tissue of many organs, including the thymuses, in NZB/Bl mice with hemolytic anemia. In previously published studies, these thymic follicles have been held to be causal in the autoimmune genesis of the hemolytic anemia. The present study contradicts this interpretation by demonstrating: (a) lymphoid follicles develop in the perivascular connective tissue of many organs in NZB mice, and are not restricted to the thymuses; and (b) thymic lymphoid follicles develop in aged Swiss mice without hemolytic anemia.
Contrary to previous reports, the thymuses of NZB mice contain normal numbers of Hassall's corpuscles, which develop from preexisting thymic epithelial cells, and not from blood vessels.
STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS SV40 HYBRID VIRUSES
Authors: Rowe Wallace P. , Baum Stephen G. , Pugh Wendell E. , Hoggan M. David 
Published: June 2004

The titers of adenovirus and SV40 genetic carriers in hybrid preparations (E46+) can be quantitated by determining the percentage of cells showing neoantigens stainable with fluorescent antibody (FA) at 21 to 24 hours; both titers can be obtained with a single coverslip. The adenovirus and SV40 antigen-inducing titers so obtained are of the same order of magnitude in stock preparations of E46+ grown in either African green monkey kidney (AGMK) or human embryonic kidney tissue culture (HEK), and are generally within one log of the infectivity titer.
Quantitative studies of 50°C heat inactivation, ultracentrifugation, and equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of E46+ gave no indication that SV40 neoantigen induction could be dissociated from adenovirus, whereas adenovirus and SV40 virus grown as a mixed infection were readily dissociated by these procedures.
Pretreatment of HEK cells with a medium containing 5-fluorouracil desoxyriboside (FUDR) did not affect induction of either adenovirus or SV40 neoantigen or development of cytopathic effects after infection with E46+, but did prevent formation of Ad. 7 viral antigen.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RILEY VIRUS
Authors: Evans R. , Salaman M. H. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the replication of Riley virus in various tissue cultures. It was observed that Riley virus replicated in primary mouse embryo cultures for 8 to 12 days. As they aged primary cultures became less susceptible to Riley virus infection, and subcultured cells were not susceptible. Suspensions of virus, in the absence of cells, were inactivated at 36.5°C. Serial passage by transfer of supernatant fluids to fresh embryo cultures was not successful. Replication of the virus was more active in mouse embryo liver cultures than in the cultures of the embryo minus the livers.
In cultures of mouse macrophages, the supernatants remained infective throughout the life of the cultures (21 days). The virus was passed 23 times through fresh macrophage cultures over a period of 80 days, during which the original inoculum (106.0ID50/ml) was theoretically diluted to 10–14.
The possibility that the cells of the RES are involved in Riley virus replication is discussed.
THE IMMUNITY PRODUCED BY THE GROWTH OF TETANUS BACILLI IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method for the production of tetanus by the injection of a fixed number of spores is described together with the tests made in selecting animals for experimental work.
2. Guinea pigs fed a single serological type of tetanus bacilli will, after 6 months, show considerable amounts of antitoxin in their sera and will manifest immunity to the type fed. To other types they are just as susceptible as are controls.
3. Animals fed several types are immunized to each of these types. It is pointed out in the discussion that the digestive tract of man may carry several types and that he probably reacts in a manner resembling the guinea pig carriers.
4. Guinea pigs that carry tetanus bacilli and have antitoxin in their sera show little if any resistance to tetanus toxin.
5. As there is no relation between the amount of antitoxin in the blood and immunity to tetanus we believe that other bodies, specific for type, must occur and make for the immunity observed.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , Dochez A. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from cases of erysipelas agglutinate in a high percentage of instances with erysipelas immune sera. When agglutination occurs with one serum, the strain usually agglutinates with all other erysipelas sera.
2. Erysipelas immune sera agglutinate strains from erysipelas in a higher percentage of instances than they agglutinate scarlatinal strains.
3. Strains from miscellaneous pyogenic infections may agglutinate in these sera, but the percentage of positive reactions is low and a strain usually agglutinates in but one or two of several sera.
4. Erysipelas strains which agglutinate in immune sera are not necessarily identical, although identical strains may occur. Similarly, identical strains may occur among scarlatinal strains agglutinated by scarlatinal immune sera.
5. Erysipelas strains form a closely related group of hemolytic streptococci. Scarlatinal strains form an equally compact group. The two groups are related antigenically but less closely related than the strains within the groups. These groups are related to pyogenic strains, but less closely than they are related to each other.
6. Erysipelas, scarlatinal, or pyogenic strains which agglutinate in erysipelas or scarlatinal sera are capable of absorbing the agglutinin for all other strains except the homologous strain and strains identical with it. Strains identical with the homologous strain absorb the agglutinin completely.
7. Erysipelas or scarlatinal strains may absorb the common group agglutinin from their respective sera, when they are incapable of agglutination in these sera.
8. The agglutinogen is probably of complex or composite nature, with characteristic variations in the scarlet fever and erysipelas groups.
ON THE FREQUENCY OF SPONTANEOUS TUMORS IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Schneider Margaret 
Published: June 2004

1. Analysis of records from the Storrs Contest, the Harper Adams Trials, and a farm flock indicate an increase of tumors in the second half of the pullet year (May through October) over the first half (November through April).
2. Some evidence seems to indicate that heavy antecedent egg production is associated with a rise in tumor rate.
3. The normal annual tumor rate for fowls between the ages of 6 and 18 months is about 2 or 3 per cent.
4. The appearance of tumors in "epidemic" form probably indicates that the neoplasms found differ in etiology from those upon which the normal rate is based.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Drury Douglas R. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The present paper is the first of two dealing with experiments which were planned to disclose the meaning of the colors assumed by mammalian tissues when vitally stained with some phthalein indicators. Derivatives of the tissues themselves were employed after tests had shown, in agreement with certain facts in the literature, that inferences from model experiments, so called, would be misleading.
Organs were perfused with water, or salt, or lymph of the same creature and extracted with small quantities of the fluid. The turbid extracts were colored with phthalein, the reaction determined colorimetrically with the aid of an arc light, and the findings were compared with potentiometer readings upon the material. The results of the two methods were in close agreement.
The significance of the data will be discussed in our second paper.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Drury Douglas R. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The influence of lymph-insoluble tissue materials upon the colors manifested by phthalein indicators has been tested by comparing the hue of sections of various organs, stained by immersion in colored lymph, with the hue of the surrounding fluid. The reaction has been brought to approximate that of life by a greater or less saturation of the material with carbon dioxide. No evidence has been obtained of indicator errors referable to the association of the phthaleins with tissue substances.
The inferences to be derived from the experiments, and from others detailed in a preceding paper, are discussed. The results of them all are in essential agreement. They demonstrate that the observed hues in tissues vitally stained with phenol red, brom cresol purple, and chlor phenol red cannot be laid to indicator errors resulting from an association of the phthalein with tissue materials. The fact is of special note in connection with organs which exhibit, when stained, the colors indicative of an outspoken acidity.
The findings constitute a control upon the influence of the tissue materials on the colors manifested by the phthalein indicators when used as vital stains; but they leave untouched the problem of the influence of tissue activities upon the coloration.
RELATION BETWEEN ORGAN WEIGHTS AND OBSCURE LESIONS IN APPARENTLY NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

A study of organ weights was made on a group of 295 normal rabbits for the purpose of determining whether any relation could be detected between the weights of organs and the extent and activity of the lesions found post mortem.
The results obtained seemed to indicate that disease, even in its mildest form, is capable of affecting the weights of organs that are not directly involved by the disease process and that the effect produced bears a relation to both the extent and the activity of the lesions present. There was also some evidence that the converse might be true; namely, that the occurrence and subsequent course of disease may be influenced in some measure by the state of organ balance and the ability of the animal organism to adjust itself to meet the demands of disease-producing agencies.
THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF THE TISSUES OF THE DOG AFTER EXPERIMENTAL GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Comparative observations are reported on the chloride content of the blood, liver, and muscle of the dog after obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
After obstruction of the pylorus there is a marked fall in the chloride content of the liver, and a slight fall in the muscle.
Similar changes are observed after obstruction of the jejunum. With obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach no change was observed.
AUTOPLASTIC THYMUS TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Regeneration of a thymus transplant is characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the reticulum cells, leading to the formation of small and large atypical Hassall bodies during the early stages.
2. Regeneration is usually complete by the 3rd week, when the newly formed lobules show differentiation into cortical and medullary zones, and typical Hassall bodies appear.
3. Typical Hassall's corpuscles are also derived from the reticulum epithelial cells.
4. These corpuscles have no function, being aggregates of spent reticulum cells.
5. The thymus reticulum cells are actively phagocytic, and react rapidly when noxious influences are exerted on the gland.