bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmarking the nutrient composition and labelling practices of commercially produced ready‐to‐eat purées and meals for older infants and young children across seven Southeast Asian countries
Authors: Bassetti Eleonora , Blankenship Jessica , White Jessica M. , Mulder Anzélle , Threapleton Diane , Pries Alissa M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCommercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), including ready‐to‐eat CPCF purées and meals, are gaining popularity among caregivers of older infants and young children (IYC) as a convenient alternative to home‐prepared foods in low and middle‐income countries. However, there is growing concern regarding the suitability of these products for older IYC, as they can contain high levels of sugar and/or sodium. Given the rapidly evolving market in Southeast Asia, it is crucial to monitor the appropriate composition and promotion of CPCF in the region. This study examined the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals sold in 2021 in the capital cities of seven Southeast Asian countries: Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand), Vientiane (Lao PDR), Hanoi (Viet Nam), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study adapted a nutrient profiling model from the WHO Regional Office for Europe to determine the proportion of products suitable for promotion for older IYC. The proportion of CPCF purées and meals that would require a high sugar front‐of‐pack warning based on the percentage energy from total sugar was also determined. Of the 459 CPCF purées/meals assessed, only 37.7% of the products met all nutrient composition requirements and none met all labelling requirements. In addition, most CPCF purées and meals were identified as having high total sugar content. To ensure that older IYC consume appropriate CPCF products, Southeast Asian countries need to implement and enforce regulations concerning the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals.
Overpromoted and underregulated: National binding legal measures related to commercially produced complementary foods in seven Southeast Asian countries are not fully aligned with available guidance
Authors: Blankenship Jessica , Nguyen Tuan , White Jessica M. , Badham Jane , Zambrano Paul , Vu Duong , Nguyen Ha‐Anh , Cashin Jennifer , Kupka Roland 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe market for commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) is rapidly expanding in Southeast Asia; however, the existence and content of mandatory national policies, standards and legislation (binding legal measures) for CPCF in the region is unclear. To assess the status of national binding legal measures for CPCF in Southeast Asia, a legal and policy desk review was conducted in seven countries (Cambodia, Laos People's Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam). The alignment of the national binding legal measures relevant to CPCF was assessed against guidance on CPCF nutrient composition and labelling requirements provided by Codex Alimentarius and the World Health Organization (WHO). Each of the seven countries had at least two national binding legal measures related to the nutrient composition or labelling of CPCF; however, there was limited alignment with the guidance from Codex and WHO. No country was fully aligned with the three CPCF‐specific Codex standards/guidelines and only one country was in full alignment with the recommendations related to the protection of breastfeeding from the ‘WHO Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children’. The findings of the review indicate that the existing national binding legal measures are insufficient to ensure that the CPCF sold as suitable for older infants and young children are nutritionally adequate and labelled in a responsible manner that does not mislead caregivers. Improved and enforced national binding legal measures for CPCF, in alignment with global guidance, are required to ensure that countries protect, promote and support optimal nutrition for children 6–36 months of age.
Formulation and acceptability of local nutrient‐dense foods for young children: A formative study for the Child Health, Agriculture and Integrated Nutrition (CHAIN) Trial in rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Chagwena Dexter T. , Fernando Shamiso , Tavengwa Naume V. , Sithole Shadreck , Nyachowe Chandiwana , Njovo Handrea , Datta Kavita , Brown Tim , Humphrey Jean H. , Prendergast Andrew J. , Smith Laura E. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractStunting affects almost one‐quarter of children globally, leading to reduced human capacity and increased long‐term risk of chronic disease. Despite intensive infant and young child feeding (IYCF) interventions, many children do not meet their requirements for essential nutrients. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing an IYCF intervention utilizing nutrient‐dense powders from egg, biofortified sugar beans and Moringa oleifera leaf in rural Zimbabwe. A mixed‐methods formative study was conducted comprising the following: (i) a recipe formulation trial, (ii) trials of improved practices to assess acceptability of the intervention, and (iii) a participatory message formulation process to develop counselling modules for the IYCF‐plus intervention. Twenty‐seven mother–baby pairs were recruited between November 2019 and April 2020. Key domains affecting IYCF practices that emerged were time, emotional and physical space, cultural and religious beliefs, indigenous knowledge systems and gender dynamics. Household observations and sensory evaluation indicated high acceptability of the new ingredients. Recipe formulation and participatory message formulation by participants instilled community ownership and served to demystify existing misconceptions about the new food products. Families noted the potential for intervention sustainability because the foods could be grown locally. Supplementing complementary foods with nutrient‐dense local food ingredients as powders has the potential to sustainably address nutrient‐gaps in the diets of young children living in rural lower‐ and middle‐income countries. Comprehensive IYCF counselling utilizing a gender‐lens approach, family support and indigenous knowledge systems or resources are key elements to support positive behaviour change in complementary feeding interventions.
Nutritional status of school‐age children (5–19 years) in South Asia: A scoping review
Authors: Choedon Tashi , Brennan Eilise , Joe William , Lelijveld Natasha , Huse Oliver , Zorbas Christina , Backholer Kathryn , Murira Zivai , Wrottesley Stephanie V. , Sethi Vani 
Published: December 2023

AbstractInformation on malnutrition for school‐age children and adolescents (5–19 years) in South Asia is fragmented and inconsistent, which limits the prioritization of nutrition policies, programmes and research for this age group. This scoping review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the burden of malnutrition for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years in South Asia, and on interventions to improve their nutritional status. Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar were systematically searched for articles published between January 2016 and November 2022. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of undernutrition, overweight/obesity, micronutrient deficiencies and unhealthy dietary intakes, and interventions that aimed to address these in South Asia. In total, 296 articles met our inclusion criteria. Evidence revealed widespread, yet heterogeneous, prevalence of undernutrition among South Asian children and adolescents: thinness (1.9%–88.8%), wasting (3%–48%), underweight (9.5%–84.4%) and stunting (3.7%–71.7%). A triple burden of malnutrition was evident: the prevalence of overweight and obesity ranged from 0.2% to 73% and 0% to 38% (with rapidly rising trends), respectively, alongside persistent micronutrient deficiencies. Diets often failed to meet nutritional requirements and high levels of fast‐food consumption were reported. Education, fortification, supplementation and school feeding programmes demonstrated beneficial effects on nutritional status. Comprehensive and regular monitoring of all forms of malnutrition among children and adolescents, across all countries in South Asia is required. Further, more large‐scale intervention research is needed to ensure policy and programmes effectively target and address malnutrition among children and adolescents in South Asia.
Commentary on Articles CC-2000, CC-3000 and CC-4000
Authors:   Commentary Task Group
Published: December 2023

This commentary discusses some of the considerations of the joint ACI-ASME Committee in developing the provisions of ACI Standard 359 and ASME B&PVC Section III, Division 2, Subsection CC, Articles CC-2000, CC-3000, and CC-4000 on nuclear construction in the 2021 version of the code. This edition adds commentary for Articles CC-2000 and CC-4000. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to code users. Comments on specific provisions are made under the corresponding paragraph numbers of the code. The figures and appendices referred to in this commentary occur only in the commentary so that their numbering has no parallel in the code.
Because the code is written and intended for use as a legal document, it does not present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is the intent of this commentary to at least partially fill this need. This commentary also directs attention to other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements and intent of the code. However, neither those documents nor this commentary are to be considered as a part of the code.
Between Profit and Purpose: Employee Responses to Financial and Social Logics in Women’s Sport
Authors: Isard Risa F. , Melton E. Nicole , Delia Elizabeth B. , Nite Calvin 
Published: December 2023

Recent market growth in women’s sport has happened as fans increasingly support brands that embrace social issues, suggesting that women’s sport houses multiple logics (financial and social) that may be compatible. The purpose of this study is to explore employees’ perspectives of the logics in women’s sport and how these influence their workplace experiences. Using a case study design, we interviewed 15 women’s sport employees. We observed that they navigate both financial and social logics, which they see as compatible. This understanding of a complementary relationship has both behavioral (e.g., collaboration) and emotional (e.g., collective anxiety) consequences for employees. Notably, collective anxiety is simultaneously associated with negative effects and positive coping mechanisms, demonstrating its complexity in shaping individuals’ actions. This research advances understanding of how employees respond to multiple logics and the effects of this process. Insights from this study can help women’s sport managers better support workers.
Stepping Back, Stepping Up, and Stepping Forward: Exploring One Teacher’s Evolving Approach to Teaching Social and Emotional Learning in High School Physical Education
Authors: Howley Donal , Dyson Ben , Baek Seunghyun 
Published: December 2023

Purpose: Utilizing social constructivist learning theory and a conceptual framework for Social and Emotional Learning (SEL), this self-study explores how I as a teacher-researcher intentionally evolved my approach to teaching SEL in a high school Physical Education setting. Method: Data were collected over twenty 75-min lessons over 15 weeks. One critical friend interview, 20 postteaching reflections, 18 observations, and 22 journal entries were conducted. A deductive and inductive approach utilizing the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana Framework for Qualitative Data Analysis was implemented. Results: Findings demonstrate how aligning my teaching with a contemporary framework led to a more explicit and intentional focus on SEL within my already utilized repertoire of pedagogies. Discussion/Conclusion: Incorporating self-study structure as a teacher-researcher led me to understand how I evolved and felt better equipped to teach for targeted SEL competencies and skills to further compliment the teaching of core Physical Education content.
Susceptibility of
Toxoplasma gondii
to autophagy in human cells relies on multiple interacting parasite loci
Authors: Rinkenberger Nicholas , Rosenberg Alex , Radke Joshua B. , Bhushan Jaya , Tomita Tadakimi , Weiss Louis M. , Sibley L. David 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Autophagy contributes to innate immunity by targeting intracellular pathogens for elimination. Previous studies identified a non-canonical autophagy pathway that controls
Toxoplasma gondii
infection in a strain-dependent manner in interferon gamma-activated human cells. Ubiquitination of unknown targets recruits adaptors and LC3 to the parasitophorous vacuole, leading to membrane envelopment and stunted growth. Vacuoles containing strain types II and III are susceptible, while type I strains of
T. gondii
are largely resistant and hence avoid autophagy-mediated growth restriction. Here we interrogated the genetic differences in LC3 recruitment between a resistant type I (GT1) strain and a susceptible type III (CTG) strain of
T. gondii
. We took advantage of a previous genetic cross between these two strains to determine the LC3 recruitment phenotype of 34 unique progeny clones. Genetic linkage mapping revealed that LC3 recruitment was highly multigenic, depending on two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosome II and VIII, as well as three minor contributing loci. Ubiquitin affinity capture followed by mass spectrometry identified several potential targets exposed at the surface of the parasitophorous vacuole, including several candidates within the major QTLs. We tested several candidates and identified the dense granule proteins MAF1 on chromosome II, and MAG1 and PSD1 on chromosome VIII, as being partially responsible for susceptibility to LC3 recruitment. Differential susceptibility is likely due to strain-specific differences in recognition of parasite molecules, rather than actively blocking recognition, thus revealing a new mechanism for cell-autonomous restriction of intracellular pathogens.

IMPORTANCE

Autophagy is a process used by cells to recycle organelles and macromolecules and to eliminate intracellular pathogens. Previous studies have shown that some stains of
Toxoplasma gondii
are resistant to autophagy-dependent growth restriction, while others are highly susceptible. Although it is known that autophagy-mediated control requires activation by interferon gamma, the basis for why parasite strains differ in their susceptibility is unknown. Our findings indicate that susceptibility involves at least five unlinked parasite genes on different chromosomes, including several secretory proteins targeted to the parasite-containing vacuole and exposed to the host cell cytosol. Our findings reveal that susceptibility to autophagy-mediated growth restriction relies on differential recognition of parasite proteins exposed at the host-pathogen interface, thus identifying a new mechanism for cell-autonomous control of intracellular pathogens.
Pathogenic bacteria experience pervasive RNA polymerase backtracking during infection
Authors: Browning Kaitlyn R. , Merrikh Houra 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts are in a constant arms race. Hosts have numerous defense mechanisms, including some that cause DNA damage. How these host defense mechanisms impact molecular transactions along the bacterial chromosome during infection is unclear. This is partially due to the lack of a method that can detect these events in pathogens while they are within host cells. We developed and optimized a system capable of mapping and measuring levels of bacterial proteins associated with the chromosome while they are actively infecting the host (referred to as PIC-seq). Here, we focused on the dynamics of RNA polymerase (RNAP) movement and association with the chromosome in the pathogenic bacterium
Salmonella enterica
as a model system during infection. Using PIC-seq, we found that RNAP association patterns with the chromosome change during infection genome wide, including at regions that encode for key virulence genes. Importantly, we found that infection of a host significantly increases RNAP backtracking on the bacterial chromosome. RNAP backtracking is the most common form of disruption to RNAP progress on the chromosome. Interestingly, we found that genes experiencing backtracking are downregulated. We observed that the resolution of backtracked RNAPs
via
the anti-backtracking factors GreA and GreB is critical for pathogenesis and for regulation of gene expression during infection. Altogether, our findings have important implications for both efficient transcription and stalled RNAP-driven mutagenesis, which can promote antimicrobial resistance and/or hypervirulence. These results suggest that the host can accelerate the evolution of bacterial pathogens, potentially at their own expense.

IMPORTANCE

Eukaryotic hosts have defense mechanisms that may disrupt molecular transactions along the pathogen’s chromosome through excessive DNA damage. Given that DNA damage stalls RNA polymerase (RNAP) thereby increasing mutagenesis, investigating how host defense mechanisms impact the movement of the transcription machinery on the pathogen chromosome is crucial. Using a new methodology we developed, we elucidated the dynamics of RNAP movement and association with the chromosome in the pathogenic bacterium
Salmonella enterica
during infection. We found that dynamics of RNAP movement on the chromosome change significantly during infection genome-wide, including at regions that encode for key virulence genes. In particular, we found that there is pervasive RNAP backtracking on the bacterial chromosome during infections and that anti-backtracking factors are critical for pathogenesis. Altogether, our results suggest that, interestingly, the host environment can promote the development of antimicrobial resistance and hypervirulence as stalled RNAPs can accelerate evolution through increased mutagenesis.
The most exposed regions of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins are subject to strong positive selection and gene overlap may locally modify this behavior
Authors: Rubio Alejandro , de Toro Maria , Pérez-Pulido Antonio J. 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic that emerged in 2019 has been an unprecedented event in international science, as it has been possible to sequence millions of genomes, tracking their evolution very closely. This has enabled various types of secondary analyses of these genomes, including the measurement of their sequence selection pressure. In this work, we have been able to measure the selective pressure of all the described SARS-CoV-2 genes, even analyzed by sequence regions, and we show how this type of analysis allows us to separate the genes between those subject to positive selection (usually those that code for surface proteins or those exposed to the host immune system) and those subject to negative selection because they require greater conservation of their structure and function. We have also seen that when another gene with an overlapping reading frame appears within a gene sequence, the overlapping sequence between the two genes evolves under a stronger purifying selection than the average of the non-overlapping regions of the main gene. We propose this type of analysis as a useful tool for locating and analyzing all the genes of a viral genome when an adequate number of sequences are available.

IMPORTANCE
We have analyzed the selection pressure of all severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genes by means of the nonsynonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) substitution rate. We found that protein-coding genes are exposed to strong positive selection, especially in the regions of interaction with other molecules (host receptor and genome of the virus itself). However, overlapping coding regions are more protected and show negative selection. This suggests that this measure could be used to study viral gene function as well as overlapping genes.
Transmission of antimicrobial resistance in the gut microbiome of gregarious cockroaches: the importance of interaction between antibiotic exposed and non-exposed populations
Authors: Bogri Amalia , Jensen Emilie Egholm Bruun , Borchert Asbjørn Vedel , Brinch Christian , Otani Saria , Aarestrup Frank M. 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern, further complicated by its spread via the microbiome bacterial members. While mathematical models discuss AMR transmission through the symbiotic microbiome, experimental studies are scarce. Herein, we used a gregarious cockroach,
Pycnoscelus surinamensis,
as an
in vivo
animal model for AMR transmission investigations. We explored whether the effect of antimicrobial treatment is detectable with metagenomic sequencing, and whether AMR genes can be spread and established in unchallenged (not treated with antibiotics) individuals following contact with treated donors, and under various frequencies of interaction. Gut and soil substrate microbiomes were investigated by metagenomic sequencing for bacterial community composition and resistome profiling. We found that tetracycline treatment altered the treated gut microbiome by decreasing bacterial diversity and increasing the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes. Untreated cockroaches that interacted with treated donors also had elevated tetracycline resistance. The levels of resistance differed depending on the magnitude and frequency of donor transfer. Additionally, treated donors showed signs of microbiome recovery due to their interaction with the untreated ones. Similar patterns were also recorded in the soil substrate microbiomes. Our results shed light on how interacting microbiomes facilitate AMR gene transmission to previously unchallenged hosts, a dynamic influenced by the interaction frequencies, using an
in vivo
model to validate theoretical AMR transmission models.

IMPORTANCE

Antimicrobial resistance is a rising threat to human and animal health. The spread of resistance through the transmission of the symbiotic gut microbiome is of concern and has been explored in theoretical modeling studies. In this study, we employ gregarious insect populations to examine the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance
in vivo
and validate modeling hypotheses. We find that antimicrobial treatment increases the levels of resistance in treated populations. Most importantly, we show that resistance increased in untreated populations after interacting with the treated ones. The level of resistance transmission was affected by the magnitude and frequency of population mixing. Our results highlight the importance of microbial transmission in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.