bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Single-Edge Notched Beam Test for Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Wagoner MP , Buttlar WG , Paulino GH 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a fracture test for determining the fracture energy of asphalt concrete. The test will be used in combination with numerical analysis and field studies to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlays. A review of the literature revealed that a single-edge notched beam (SE(B)) test specimen was the most promising fracture test for the objectives of the reflective cracking study. Existing servohydraulic testing equipment was modified to perform the SE(B) test along with new loading fixtures, sensors, data collection, and analysis procedures. Preliminary tests were conducted to develop test procedures, to obtain a better understanding of crack-front characteristics, to investigate test repeatability, to examine variations of fracture energy with temperature, and to investigate mixed-mode fracture. The results from the tests follow expected trends and test variability appears to be within a range typical for asphalt concrete fracture testing.
Radiochemical studies relevant to the production of 86Y and 88Y at a small-sized cyclotron
Authors: Kettern K. , Linse K.-H. , Spellerberg S. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: September 2005

Summary
Excitation functions were measured by the stacked–foil technique for natSr(p, xn)88,87m,gY reactions from threshold up to 25 MeV. From the measured cross sections integral yields of 88Y, 87mY and 87gY were calculated. The optimum energy range for the production of 88Y is E
p = 14 → 9 MeV; the 88Y yield amounts to 1.75 MBq (47.3 µCi/µA·h) and the 87Y and 87mY impurities to 2.0 and 4.4%, respectively. The isomeric cross section ratio for the pair 87m,gY was determined as a function of incident proton energy and the results are discussed in terms of the spins of the two isomeric states involved. Medium scale production of both 86Y and 88Y has been carried out more than 15 times each using the (p, n) reaction. In the former case 96.3% enriched 86SrCO3 was used as target material, and in the latter natSrCO3. The method of separation of radioyttrium has been improved. After coprecipitation with La(OH)3, cation–exchange HPLC was applied to isolate radioyttrium from the carrier lanthanum. The radionuclidic and chemical purities of the products were good. Batch yields of 86Y and 88Y amounted to about 3.5 GBq and 35 MBq, respectively.
Effective diffusivity of neptunium and plutonium in granite from Inada, Ibaraki, Japan under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Yamaguchi Tetsuji , Nakayama S. , Okamoto H. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe effective diffusivities of neptunium and plutonium in Inada granite have been determined using the through–diffusion method. Experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of carbonate. The actinides are expected to be present as carbonato or carbonatohydroxo complexes. Effective diffusivity (De) obtained were (4.0 ± 1.5) × 10−13m2s−1for neptunium and (2.0 ± 1.6) × 10−13m2s−1for plutonium. Effective diffusivities of neptunium and plutonium in granite were estimated based on the pore diffusion model and compared with the experimentally obtained values.
Evidence for the existence of Tc(IV) – humic substance species by X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy
Authors: Geraedts K. , Bruggeman C. , Maes A. , Van Loon Luc R. , Rossberg A. , Reich T. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe redox–sensitive fission product technetium–99 has been investigated in systems containing different reducing solid phases (pyrite, magnetite, ironsulphide and Gorleben sand) on the one hand and Gorleben groundwater, which contains a high amount of humic substances, on the other hand. Initially, technetium–99 was added to these systems as pertechnetate (Tc(VII)), which was reduced in presence and absence of humic substances with the aid of the different reducing surfaces (neutral to alkaline pH). Both in absence and presence of humic substances, Tc concentrations were observed which exceeded the TcO2solubility limit, whereby the presence of humic substances had a 100 fold higher Tc concentration compared to its absence. Using the La–precipitation method, it was shown that Tc(IV) inorganic colloids and organic colloids were quantitatively precipitated. It was demonstrated for the first time by a combination of chemical speciation methods (La–precipitation method and gel permeation chromatography) and XANES spectroscopy of the humic substance containing supernatant solutions, that Tc(IV) species were formed in these systems, indicating an association between Tc(IV) and humic substances.
New Prescription Drug Benefit: The Role of the Oncologist
Authors:   Jointly authored by officers of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and The CEO Roundtable On Cancer
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Increasingly, cancer drugs are being developed for oral self-administration, and those oral drugs are frequently among the most sought-after by oncologists and patients, as their targeted mechanisms offer the promise of greater effectiveness with fewer toxicities. It is quite timely, therefore, that the Medicare program on January 1, 2006, will launch a new prescription drug benefit to cover, for the first time, oral and other self-administered prescription drugs for cancer and other diseases. The new benefit, Part D, is clearly a positive development for cancer patients, but it introduces new complexity to the process of selecting and financing prescription drug coverage. Oncologists, like other physicians, should be prepared to advise their patients concerning options for coverage.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Shaeffer David T. , Randall Marcus E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The CME activity for this article is forthcoming.
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Endometrial cancer is a common female malignancy, affecting approximately 40,000 women per year. Despite the publication of several prospective randomized trials, there continues to be controversy regarding the use of adjuvant radiation therapy in endometrial cancer management. It is clear that most women with early-stage, low-risk disease will do well without adjuvant therapy. Intermediate-risk patients are at risk for local-regional relapse, and radiotherapy has been shown to effectively reduce this risk without significantly impacting overall survival. The absence of a clear impact on survival has resulted in a lack of consensus regarding the use of radiotherapy in intermediate-risk patients. At the same time, the patterns of failure in intermediate-risk patients have resulted in differing recommendations regarding appropriate radiotherapy targets. High-risk patients are at risk for both local and distant failure, and chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcome in these patients. High-risk patients are also at risk for local failure, and targeted radiotherapy may be appropriate. In this article, we discuss the controversies surrounding the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in endometrial cancer using an evidence-based approach.
Defective ATM‐p53–mediated apoptotic pathway in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Deng Xinqing , Ljunggren‐Rose Asa , Maas Kevin , Sriram Subramaniam 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDefective elimination of autoreactive cells is thought to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the activation of the ATM‐CHK2‐p53 pathway in MS patients after subjecting their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to γ‐irradiation. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a subset of MS patients show resistance to cell death induced by irradiation. This defect is due to impaired constitutive expression and activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), resulting in impaired stabilization of p53. We predict that these fundamental defects likely alter the regulation of the immune population of cells in MS and may contribute to the development or progression of the disease. Ann Neurol 2005;58:577–584
An epoch‐making application of discharge plasma phenomenon to gene‐transfer
Authors: Ogawa Yasuhiro , Morikawa Noriyuki , Ohkubo‐Suzuki Akiko , Miyoshi Sousuke , Arakawa Hiroyuki , Kita Yasuhiro , Nishimura Shintaro 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe discovered an epoch‐making gene transfer method utilizing discharge plasma. Although an electroporation method is commonly used in present gene transfer experiments, it cannot transfer genes into primary cells sufficiently. The atmospheric pressure discharge plasma employed in this study was originally used for surface treatment of non‐biological materials. We hypothesized that it could provide a suitable effect on the surface of target cells and applied it to gene transfer into various types of cells. The plasma technology succeeded in the efficient transfer of green fluorescence protein (GFP) plasmid into post‐mitotic neuronal cells obtained from cerebral cortices of rats, into which an electroporation with conventional equipment cannot transfer genes sufficiently, as the cells were attached. After the transfection of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells with the GFP gene by plasma treatment, the cells retained their function, that is, nerve growth factor‐induced differentiation. Furthermore, gene transfer with the plasma technology was also applicable to other types of cell lines such as HeLa cells and Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells as adherent cell lines, and Jurkat cells as a suspended cell line, and another type of primary cell, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In conclusion, the plasma method is an epoch‐making gene transfer technology which efficiently transfers genes into primary cells into which electroporation cannot transfer genes. Moreover, the method is able to universally transfer genes into various types of cells as the function of the cells was maintained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Assembly of 2,7‐Dimethyldiazapyrenium and Cucurbit[8]uril: A New Fluorescent Host for Detection of Catechol and Dopamine
Authors: Sindelar Vladimir , Cejas Mabel A. , Raymo Françisco M. , Chen Weizhong , Parker Samantha E. , Kaifer Angel E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe formation of a highly stable inclusion complex between 2,7‐dimethyldiazapyrenium (Me2DAP2+) and the cucurbit[8]uril host (CB8) was demonstrated by X‐ray crystallography; MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry; and 1H NMR, electronic absorption, and emission spectroscopy. The equilibrium association constant was determined to be 8.9(±0.2)×105 L mol−1 from UV‐visible data and 8.4(±1.5)×105 L mol−1 from fluorescence data. The Me2DAP2+⋅CB8 inclusion complex acted as a host to bind compounds containing aromatic π‐donor moieties (D), such as catechol and dopamine. This point was demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and electrochemical and emission measurements. Fluorescence detection of the Me2DAP2+⋅D⋅CB8 ternary complexes was evident in aqueous solution and on the surface of silica particles, to which fluorescent diazapyrenium units had been covalently immobilized.
Antioxidative effect of Rajgira leaf extract in liver of Swiss albino mice after exposure to different doses of gamma radiation
Authors: Maharwal J. , Samarth R. M. , Saini M. R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe radioprotective effect of Rajgira leaf extract (800 mg/kg b.wt.) was studied in the liver of Swiss albino mice at various post‐irradiation intervals between day 1 and 30 after its oral administration for 15 consecutive days prior to whole body gamma irradiation with 6, 8 and 10 Gy of gamma rays. In this study, abnormal and binucleated hepatocytes were counted in both the control and experimental sets because these hepatocytes are good indicators of radiation‐induced damage. In the experimental (RLE + irradiation) sets, the percentage of abnormal and binucleated hepatocytes was lower compared with their respective control (irradiation alone) sets at each autopsy interval with all three radiation doses studied. The increase in the percentage of these hepatocytes was also found to be dose‐dependent in the control as well as in the RLE treated (experimental) sets. Thus, Rajgira leaf extract (RLE) treatment given before irradiation protects mouse liver against radiation‐induced lesions by increasing the GSH content and decreasing the LPO level. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholinomimetic and calcium channel blocking activities of Carthamus oxycantha
Authors: Gilani Anwar H. , Bukhari Ishfaq A. , Khan Rafeeq A. , Khan Arif‐ullah , Ullah Farman , Ahmad Viqar U. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe crude extract of Carthamus oxycantha (Co.Cr) and its fractions were studied in vitro for their possible spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities. Co.Cr (0.03–10 mg/mL) caused an atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect in guinea‐pig ileum. In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum preparations, Co.Cr caused a dose‐dependent (0.03–3.0 mg/mL) spasmogenic effect, followed by relaxation at the next higher doses of 5.0–10.0 mg/mL. In the presence of atropine, the spasmogenic effect was blocked and the relaxant effect was observed at lower doses (0.1–5.0 mg/mL), shifting the inhibitory dose‐response curves to the left. Co.Cr also inhibited K+ (80 mm)‐induced contractions in atropinized preparations at similar doses, suggesting calcium channel blockade (CCB) activity. The CCB effect was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Co.Cr produced a dose‐dependent shift in the Ca++ dose‐response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil. Activity‐directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic effect was concentrated in organic fractions in the following order of potency: hexane > ethylacetate > chloroform, while the aqueous fraction exhibited spasmogenic and weak spasmolytic effects. These results indicate that Carthamus oxycantha contains a combination of spasmogenic (cholinergic) and spasmolytic (calcium antagonist) constituents. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental lead exposure impairs contextual fear conditioning and reduces adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat brain
Authors: Jaako‐Movits Külli , Zharkovsky Tamara , Romantchik Olga , Jurgenson Monika , Merisalu Eda , Heidmets Lenne‐Triin , Zharkovsky Alexander 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe effects of developmental lead exposure on the emotional reactivity, contextual fear conditioning and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of 60–80 days‐old rats were studied. Wistar rat pups were exposed to 0.2% lead acetate via their dams’ drinking water from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND 21 and directly via drinking water from weaning until PND 30. At PND 60 and 80 the level of anxiety and contextual fear conditioning were studied, respectively. At PND 80 all animals received injections of BrdU to determine the effects of Pb on the generation of new cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus and on their survival and differentiation patterns. The results of the present study demonstrate that developmental lead exposure induces persistent increase in the level of anxiety and inhibition of contextual fear conditioning. Developmental lead exposure reduced generation of new cells in the dentate gyrus and altered the pattern of differentiation of BrdU‐positive cells into mature neurons. A lower proportion of BrdU‐positive cells co‐expressed with the marker for mature neurons, calbindin. In contrast, the proportions of young not fully differentiated neurons and proportions of astroglial cells, generated from newly born cells, were increased in lead‐exposed animals.Our results demonstrate that developmental lead exposure induces persistent inhibition of neurogenesis and alters the pattern of differentiation of newly born cells in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus, which could, at least partly, contribute to behavioral and cognitive impairments observed in adulthood.
Biological evaluation of crab meat (Scylla-Serrata)in the rat
Authors: Gangal S. V. , Magar N. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The meat of the Indian species of crab was assessed for the quality of its protein with the use of protein-depleted adult rats.2. The crab meat and casein had the same biological value, 88.3. Crab meat supported a higher growth rate than casein in rats.
Studies of amino acid requirements of adult rats
Authors: Smith Elizabeth B. , Johnson B. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. A series of experiments was carried out to determine the minimum essential amino acid requirements of the adult rat.2. After testing four amino acid patterns taken from the literature, a basal pattern was formulated in which each amino acid appeared at the lowest level at which it was presented in any of the original diets.3. Nitrogen balance was the main criterion used to judge any benefit arising from modest increases in individual amino acids tested in a modified Latin-square design. They were given at a protein level of 3.6% of the diet. Non-essential amino acids were in the same proportions as in whole egg.4. It appeared that three amino acids, namely tryptophan, threonine and isoleucine, brought about more favourable balances when presented at concentrations higher than basal.5. Reduced levels of each amino acid were then tested in order to ensure that no surpluses were present.6. N retentions indicated that lysine, phenylalanine plus tyrosine, leucine and valine could be reduced below the basal level and still meet the needs of the rat for these amino acids.7. When the pattern of amino acids arising from these latter trials was tested in combination, rather than as trios, pairs, or single changes, positive N balances gave confidence that these were minimal levels of the essential amino acids required for meeting the maintenance needs of adult rats.8. Plasma proteins from the rats on the evolved pattern were found to be in no way different from those found for normal animals. This gave further support to the belief that the pattern was adequate for the rats.
Vitamin E and stress
Authors: Diplock A. T. , Bunyan J. , Mchale D. , Green J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The metabolism of small amounts of [5-Me-14C]D-α-tocopherol and [5-Me-3H]D-α- tocopherol has been studied in the vitamin E-deficient chick. Small doses of the labelled tocopherol were given to chicks, which were then subjected to stress by giving them diets formulated to produce encephalomalacia, exudative diathesis or muscular dystrophy.2. Tocopherol concentrations in the cerebella and brains of chicks with incipient encephalomacia were the same as those in normal chicks in which the dietary fat stress was absent.3. α-Tocopherol delayed the onset of encephalomalacia by a mean value of 3.5 days when its concentration in the cerebellum was about 2 × 10−7g/g of lipid. This concentration is considerably below the usual effective concentrations of antioxidants in vitro.4. Selenium deficiency, under conditions leading to a high incidence of exudative diathesis, was not associated with lowered tocopherol levels and did not result in detectable destruction of tocopherol.5. Nor was there any destruction of tocopherol or significant effect on its metabolism in the processes leading to muscular dystrophy: on the contrary, the affected muscles of dystrophic chicks, which had received a diet deficient in sulphur amino acids, contained significantly more tocopherol than muscles from control birds.6. These results do not support the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is a causative process in the aetiology of vitamin E-deficiency diseases in the chick. The relationships between unsaturated lipid, Se, sulphur amino acids and tocopherol in the chick require further exploration.
Vitamin E and stress
Authors: Diplock A. T. , Green J. , Bunyan J. , Mchale D. , Muthy I. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. When weanling rats were given a vitamin E-deficient diet and 0.15% (w/v) silver acetate in their drinking water, there was a high incidence of liver necrosis and death after 2–4 weeks. This was prevented by 120 ppm D-α-tocopheryl acetate in the diet, was partially prevented by selenium at 1 ppm but not at 0.05 ppm and was only marginally prevented by 0.15% DL-methionhe.2. All these effects were observed when the diet was free of fat and when it contained either methyl oleate or polyunsaturated methyl esters. The polyunsaturated lipid slightly increased the velocity of the terminal illness.3. In spite of the ‘anti-vitamin E’ effect of Ag and the clear demonstration that α-tocopherol played a major part in preventing toxicity, experiments with tracer amounts of [5-Me-14C]-D-α-tocopherol showed that rather than there being any destruction of tocopherol in the critical period preceding the onset of disease, there was an increase in tocopherol in the liver due to Ag administation. The metabolism of tocopherol in the remainder of the animal was unaffected during the pre-necrotic phase.4. The results are inconsistent with the view that the stress induced by Ag is caused by a pro-oxidant effect, either in the gastro-intestinal tract or in the tissues of the rat. They show that lipid peroxidation is not a causal factor in the aetiology of Ag-induced liver necrosis and suggest that stress in the vitamin E-deficient animal probably raises the requirement for tocopherol.
Lysosomal enzymes and vitamin E deficiency
Authors: Bunyan J. , Green J. , Diplock A. T. , Robinson D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The activities of several lysosomal hydrolases were measured in the tissues of chicks suffering from nutritional muscular dystrophy, encephalomalacia or exudative diathesis.2. In dystrophic breast muscle, β-glucuronidase was raised five- to six-fold, cathepsin fourfold and acid phosphatase 1.5-fold. No change was found in the subcellular distribution of β-glucuronidase.3. Chicks with encephalomalacia showed no changes in the β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, acid phosphatase or β-acetylglucosaminase activities of cerebellum or brain. Subcellular distribution of β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase in these tissues was also unchanged.4. In exudative diathesis, hydrolases were found in the exudate, and there was increased activity in the subcutaneous tissue first showing haemorrhages. Increased hydrolytic activity was found in liver, spleen and kidney. Breast muscle was not always affected by the exudative condition, but, when it too degenerated, its hydrolase activity increased.5. β-Glucuronidase activity was measured in the serums of chicks suffering from each of the three deficiency diseases. None of the diseases caused a rise in activity.
Lysosomal enzymes and vitamin E deficiency
Authors: Bunyan J. , Green J. , Diplock A. T. , Robinson D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Activities of β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsin were measured in the uterine contents of normal rats during gestation and of vitamin E-deficient rats during foetal resorption.2. β-Glucuronidase activity reached a peak value on days 11 and 12, falling to lower values by day 14. Deficient rats showed slightly greater mean values than normal rats on days 11 and 12, but not after that time.3. Vitamin E deficiency did not affect the activities of β-galactosidase, acid phosphatase and cathepsin, all of which showed a slow decrease during pregnancy.4. The supernatant fraction of homogenates of uterine contents from deficient rats showed increased β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase activity from day 14 to 17, suggesting some degree of rupture of the lysosomal membrane.5. β-Glucuronidase and acid phosphatase activities were raised in the uteruses of some deficient rats towards the end of pregnancy, but serum β-glucuronidase was unaffected.6. Changes in lysosomal hydrolases were not so marked during gestation–resorption as in some other vitamin E deficiency states, such as muscular dystrophy in the chick and rabbit.