bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential of Nordic microalgae in nutrient removal from anaerobic digestion effluents
Authors: Mohammadkhani Ghasem , Mahboubi Amir , Plöhn Martin , Funk Christiane , Ylitervo Päivi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAnaerobic digestion is a promising method for organic waste treatment. While the obtained digestate can function as fertilizer, the liquid fraction produced is rather problematic to discharge due to its high nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand contents. Microalgae have great potential in sustainable nutrient removal from wastewater. This study aimed at evaluating native Swedish microalgae cultivation (batch operation mode, 25°C and continuous light of 80 μmol m−2 s−1) on anaerobic digestion effluent of pulp and paper sludge (PPS) or chicken manure (CKM) to remove ammonium and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). While algal strains, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum sp., Coelastrella sp., Scotiellopsis reticulata and Desmodesmus sp., could assimilate VFAs as carbon source, acetic acid was the most preferred. Higher algal biomass and cell densities were achieved using PPS compared to CKM. In PPS, Coelastrella sp. and Chlorella vulgaris reached the highest cell densities after 15 days, about 79 × 106 and 43 × 106 cells mL−1, respectively. Although in PPS, ammonium was completely assimilated (195 mg L−1), this was only 46% (172 mg L−1) in CKM. Coelastrella sp. produced the highest biomass concentration independently of the medium (1.84 g L−1 in PPS and 1.99 g L−1 in CKM). This strain is a promising candidate for nutrient removal and biomass production in the aforementioned media, followed by Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum sp. They have great potential to reduce the environmental impact of industrial anaerobic digestion effluents in Nordic countries.
Evaluating the effectiveness of artifact correction and rejection in event‐related potential research
Authors: Zhang Guanghui , Garrett David R. , Simmons Aaron M. , Kiat John E. , Luck Steven J. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEyeblinks and other large artifacts can create two major problems in event‐related potential (ERP) research, namely confounds and increased noise. Here, we developed a method for assessing the effectiveness of artifact correction and rejection methods in minimizing these two problems. We then used this method to assess a common artifact minimization approach, in which independent component analysis (ICA) is used to correct ocular artifacts, and artifact rejection is used to reject trials with extreme values resulting from other sources (e.g., movement artifacts). This approach was applied to data from five common ERP components (P3b, N400, N170, mismatch negativity, and error‐related negativity). Four common scoring methods (mean amplitude, peak amplitude, peak latency, and 50% area latency) were examined for each component. We found that eyeblinks differed systematically across experimental conditions for several of the components. We also found that artifact correction was reasonably effective at minimizing these confounds, although it did not usually eliminate them completely. In addition, we found that the rejection of trials with extreme voltage values was effective at reducing noise, with the benefits of eliminating these trials outweighing the reduced number of trials available for averaging. For researchers who are analyzing similar ERP components and participant populations, this combination of artifact correction and rejection approaches should minimize artifact‐related confounds and lead to improved data quality. Researchers who are analyzing other components or participant populations can use the method developed in this study to determine which artifact minimization approaches are effective in their data.
Subjective economic insecurity and attitudes toward immigration and feminists among voters on the Right in Canada
Authors: Polacko Matthew , Graefe Peter , Kiss Simon 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe recent success of far‐right populism has led to a wave of public attention to its causes. Drawing on novel survey items from the Canadian Election Study, we investigate how economic insecurity, mediated by immigration and feminist attitudes, affects voting behavior. While economic distress has been linked to far‐right voting in Europe, we find support that subjective measures of economic distress are significantly associated with voting for the Right in Canada, when interacting with immigration and feminist attitudes. However, the association only holds for men. The findings suggest that Canada, despite its comparatively weak nativist cleavage, is not immune to tensions arising from globalization and economic insecurity.
Mining public behavior patterns from social media data during emergencies: A multidimensional analytical framework considering spatial–temporal–semantic features
Authors: Han Xuehua , Wang Juanle , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Liang , Xu Dandan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractStudying human behavioral patterns from social media data is an important part of emergency management. However, the multidimensional characteristics of social media data have rarely been fully utilized. This study proposes a multidimensional analytical framework for social media user behavior that integrates time–geographic–semantic features. The framework defines the spatiotemporal semantic multidimensional relationship of social media user behavior and maps it into a time–geographic–semantic (TGS) cube, based on which a TGS‐weighted similarity measure was created. We then applied a spectral clustering algorithm to cluster the trajectories of the user behavior. Subsequently, a prefix‐projected pattern growth algorithm was used to mine frequent semantic patterns from the clustering results and analyze their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. Taking the COVID‐19 pandemic as a case study, we analyzed Weibo user behavior in China from January 9 to March 10, 2020. The results showed that the clustering of TGS similarity was better than that of the commonly used edit distance on real and longest common subsequences. Five semantic patterns of public responses were identified during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The semantic patterns of categories 1, 2, 4, and 5 were “spindle‐shaped,” meaning that their core semantics were stable and concentrated on one or several topics despite the frequent semantic changes in the middle stage. Category 3 was “wave‐shaped,” indicating that their semantics fluctuated between serval topics during the pandemic. This discovery shows that the framework is suitable for analyzing and comprehensively understanding public behavior during pandemic emergencies. This framework has good universality and great potential for extension to other emergencies.
The neuromodulatory role of dopamine in improved reaction time by acute cardiovascular exercise
Authors: Ando Soichi , Fujimoto Toshihiko , Sudo Mizuki , Watanuki Shoichi , Hiraoka Kotaro , Takeda Kazuko , Takagi Yoko , Kitajima Daisuke , Mochizuki Kodai , Matsuura Koki , Katagiri Yuki , Nasir Fairuz Mohd , Lin Yuchen , Fujibayashi Mami , Costello Joseph T. , McMorris Terry , Ishikawa Yoichi , Funaki Yoshihito , Furumoto Shozo , Watabe Hiroshi , Tashiro Manabu 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAcute cardiovascular physical exercise improves cognitive performance, as evidenced by a reduction in reaction time (RT). However, the mechanistic understanding of how this occurs is elusive and has not been rigorously investigated in humans. Here, using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride, in a multi‐experiment study we investigated whether acute exercise releases endogenous dopamine (DA) in the brain. We hypothesized that acute exercise augments the brain DA system, and that RT improvement is correlated with this endogenous DA release. The PET study (Experiment 1: n = 16) demonstrated that acute physical exercise released endogenous DA, and that endogenous DA release was correlated with improvements in RT of the Go/No‐Go task. Thereafter, using two electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) studies (Experiments 2 and 3: n = 18 and 22 respectively), we investigated what triggers RT improvement. The EMS studies indicated that EMS with moderate arm cranking improved RT, but RT was not improved following EMS alone or EMS combined with no load arm cranking. The novel mechanistic findings from these experiments are: (1) endogenous DA appears to be an important neuromodulator for RT improvement and (2) RT is only altered when exercise is associated with central signals from higher brain centres. Our findings explain how humans rapidly alter their behaviour using neuromodulatory systems and have significant implications for promotion of cognitive health.
imageKey points
Acute cardiovascular exercise improves cognitive performance, as evidenced by a reduction in reaction time (RT). However, the mechanistic understanding of how this occurs is elusive and has not been rigorously investigated in humans.
Using the neurochemical specificity of [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography, we demonstrated that acute supine cycling released endogenous dopamine (DA), and that this release was correlated with improved RT.
Additional electrical muscle stimulation studies demonstrated that peripherally driven muscle contractions (i.e. exercise) were insufficient to improve RT.
The current study suggests that endogenous DA is an important neuromodulator for RT improvement, and that RT is only altered when exercise is associated with central signals from higher brain centres.
Brass and Bronze Castings
Authors: Bierbaum Christopher H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Following a short discussion regarding the terminology employed in designating alloys of copper, tin, zinc and lead, the author states certain precautions which an engineer should take when specifying an alloy for a given service, and then deals briefly with the various deoxodizers and fluxes used in the brass foundry. The latter half of the paper is devoted to an enumeration of the more important bronzes and copper alloys, their compositions, properties and uses being set forth in considerable detail.
Cylindrical Grinding in 1920
Authors: Chapman W. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper comprises a study of the laws involved in cylindrical grinding and an analysis of grinding action (1) for draw-in cuts and (2) for traversed cuts.
Grinding efficiency is usually considered as (production) ÷ (wheel wear). Accordingly formulas are derived for wheel wear in terms of grain size of wheel, work speed, wheel speed, feed, etc. By calculating values for wheel wear for different conditions and comparing them with production figures calculated under the same conditions, a proper selection of wheels may be made.
The fact that wheel wear is a comparatively unimportant item in the total cost of grinding, however, frequently leads to wrong conclusions if this is made the controlling factor. The all-important factor is the rate at which the wheel may be made to cut and still not get out of truth. Assuming wheel cost to be, for example, 7 cents per cu. in. and other production costs 5 cents per minute, it is shown that production efficiency is materially increased by increasing production at the expense of wheel wear within limits which are defined. The paper concludes with a discussion of production costs on this basis and with a series of practical conclusions, one of the most important of which is that increase of traverse speed increases production without increase of wheel-wearing action.
Calibration of Nozzles for the Measurement of Air Flowing into a Vacuum
Authors: De Baufre Wm. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The following paper is a discussion of the flow of an elastic fluid through nozzles having well-rounded entrances. The effects of frictional resistance and of moisture in the atmosphere when the fluid is atmospheric air are presented and it is shown that the rate of flow of dry air decreases with increase of moisture. This result is based upon a series of tests on metal nozzles. The paper also includes a description of the nozzles, the method of calibrating them, and the results obtained. Formulœ employed in the calculations are also derived and the theory involved is outlined.
Organization and Construction of Dye Houses
Authors: Benoit A. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The machinery organization, location, construction, ventilation and piping of dye houses are topics treated in the following paper in a general way from the engineer’s viewpoint. The fundamental principles which are laid down can be applied to individual cases according to the conditions which surround them. Dye houses are of two kinds: the converting plant, which does dyeing and finishing for the trade; and the plant dye house, which dyes and finishes for one mill only. The operation of dyeing enters largely into the four great branches of the textile industry, cotton, worsted, woolen and silk. The author lists the machinery used in dye houses and describes the processes followed in cotton, worsted, and woolen dye houses. The location of the dye house is discussed in a very general way because it is largely influenced by the particular conditions of each house. Dye-house construction and dye-house ventilation are discussed more in detail. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of dye-house piping.
The Necessity for Improvement in the Design and Operation of Present–Day Locomotives
Authors: Snyder H. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In view of the demands of constantly growing passenger and freight traffic, the most urgent problems confronting locomotive designers and operating officials are, in the opinion of the author, those of increasing the capacity and efficiency of the present-day locomotives. As the limit of size of cylinders and of boilers due to road clearances has practically been reached, it is evident that any increase in the hauling capacity of a locomotive without increasing its size must come about through the employment of special devices. The superheater, brick arch, and mechanical stoker have all shown their desirability in this respect. Two other devices yet to be adopted in this country are the feedwater heater and the variable exhaust, both of which have given satisfaction in Europe.
After a brief discussion of engine problems, the paper proceeds to the consideration of the design of main and side rods and crankpins to withstand the tremendous piston thrust to which they are subjected in large engines; the difficult problem of counterbalancing; frame design and cross-bracing; driving-box brasses; means for temporarily increasing tractive power on critical grades and for starting heavy loads; ash-pan design; and lubrication.
In conclusion, it is stated that the present need is to apply the many laborsaving and capacity-increasing devices which have already been worked out and are giving satisfactory service, and at the same time look forward to the possibilities of applying other devices which have already proved that they are well worth consideration and are of sufficient importance to warrant their adoption.
Some Notes on Railway Refrigerator Cars
Authors: Winterrowd W. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An efficient and economical railway refrigerator car is one which provides adequate air circulation, adequate protection to the lading, adequate quantity and degree of refrigeration, quick initial cooling, uniform temperature, dry air, space to permit proper methods of loading, and good car construction to minimize maintenance and increase time in service.
The literature of this subject being to some extent scattered, this paper is an attempt to include under one heading some of the most interesting and important facts regarding principles and methods involved in railway-refrigerator-car operation, as well as to present some information regarding the types of cars and methods of construction used by various railways and private-car owners.
The data were collected directly from the railways and private-car owners in an endeavor to sense the general trend of design and construction, and as there are signs on the horizon which indicate a renewed activity in the construction of railway equipment, this information is presented in the hope that it will serve to re-emphasize the great importance to the railways of efficient and well-maintained cars of the refrigerator type.
Stresses in Cylindrically Shaped Rotors of Uniform Diameter
Authors: Laffoon C. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author develops a general theory and analyzes mathematically the stresses in cylindrical rotors of uniform diameter such as are commonly associated with different classes of electrical machinery. The derivation of the fundamental equations is based upon the method used by Stodola in analyzing stresses in rotating disks of steam turbines. The general equations are derived and applications to seven different types of cylindrical rotors are analyzed and the formulas for these cases derived.
Steam Utilization in a Modern Newsprint Mill
Authors: Slater S. W. , Warner J. E. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper is a detailed study of the conditions found in a modern paper mill, with which the authors have been associated, for the purpose of determining the heat required. The mill and the paper machines are described. An analysis is made of the conditions existing in the drying operations and the results of tests on the drier together with the theoretical heat requirements are given. The amount of heat necessary for heating and ventilating the machine room is investigated and figures for the amount of heat involved are given.
The Design and Operation of Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Lawrence H. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes briefly the distinctive features of the single- and multiple-retort types of underfeed stokers, giving illustrations of a number of each type as well as particulars regarding their operation and results that have been obtained. Emphasis is laid on the importance of proper adjustment of the secondary coal feed, to prevent clinker and ash depositing at the lower end of the retorts, and on draft control not too responsive to momentary variations in boiler conditions. Underfeed stokers are said to be particularly adapted to bituminous and semi-bituminous coals, and for carrying sudden overloading. Clinkers are a necessary result of the high temperatures secured, and different means for preventing their adhesion to the side walls are discussed. The relative merits of various fans are considered, and a table of setting heights is given.
Design of Flywheels for Motor-Driven Impulse Wheels
Authors: Rhys C. O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author investigates the problem of the design of flywheels for motor-driven impulse machines. He analyzes the characteristics of torque and speed curves of such machines and derives expressions by which the characteristics of these curves may be determined. A method of drawing such curves by means of a transmission dynamometer and steam-engine indicator is described. In appendices the author gives the derivation of the fundamental equations involved and of the working formulas which he presents, and makes calculations for an actual case. He also makes use of the Fourier development of the torque-time diagram as one method of solution.
High-Temperature and High-Pressure Steam Lines
Authors: Broido B. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The pronounced tendency of modern power-plant designers to use high superheat and high pressure, as well as the recent extensive use of highly superheated steam in process work, lead the author to make a review of the available data and formulas on radiation and friction losses in pipe lines. All tests to determine the radiation losses of pipe lines carrying high temperature steam made in this country have been practically exclusively with electrically heated pipes. This paper gives results and analysis of tests made with superheated steam flowing through a pipe line. The heat-transmission coefficients of bare and covered pipes at different steam velocities, various superheats, and pressures are given. Suggestions are made regarding steam velocities to be selected in order to transmit steam more economically.
The formulas available at present for figuring the friction losses of steam in pipe lines are limited to the range for which they were established, or for comparatively low pressures. Corrections of these formulas are shown in this paper, based on observations of a pipe line carrying high-pressure steam, which corrections may be used by designers of high-pressure power plants in dimensioning their pipe mains.
The paper further treats of pipe lines carrying superheated steam for other purposes than power. Recommendations as to the velocities or pipe sizes to be chosen are given, as well as a few examples from practice to show how those velocities were advantageously applied.
Endurance–Test Data and Their Interpretation
Authors: Heindlhofer K. , Sjövall H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The determination of the endurance of different products is a subject that hitherto has been neglected, yet it is important. It is a general characteristic of products of nature as well as manufactured products that their life varies within wide limits, and it is thus impossible to judge the life of a certain type of product by a single observation.
The average life determined by repeated endurance tests is a valuable characteristic of comparison as it shows the general magnitude of life, but taken alone it is insufficient to define durability. It must be amended by a second quantity expressing the dispersion or range of variation of the individual lives, which is an indication of reliability. Since the number of available test data is limited, its average is approximate, and its precision will depend on the number of data.
The object of the authors in preparing this paper was to develop methods for computing the probable error of the average life of an object or product depending on the number of repeated tests. This error is a measure of the reliability of the average. The results are presented in the form of a diagram which shows this probable error at a glance. Finally, it is suggested that endurance curves may be employed to determine whether an elimination test will be advantageous in the case of products made in quantity.
Steel–Car Construction at the Angus Shops of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Montreal
Authors: Naylor H. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In 1909 the Canadian Pacific Railway, to meet the increasing severity of modern traffic requirements, originated a box car having its entire frame built of steel. The production of such equipment in quantity necessitated the erection of an additional shop for the fabrication of the steelwork, and the structure built embodied in its arrangement many novel features for the rapid handling of material to and from the machines and also during the various stages of assembly.
The present paper describes this shop very completely, giving particulars regarding its layout, crane facilities, machine equipment, etc. The various machining operations and the jig method of car assembly, first put into practice at the Angus shops, are presented in detail, and the methods used in the final erection and finishing of cars are dealt with at some length.