bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Automated Facial Image Analysis for Measurement of Emotion Expression
Authors: Cohn Jeffrey F , Kanade Takeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facial expressions are a key index of emotion. They have consistent correlation with self-reported emotion (Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005; Keltner, 1995; Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994) and emotion-related central and peripheral physiology (Davidson, Ekman, Saron, Senulis, & Friesen, 1990; Fox & Davidson, 1988; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990). They share similar underlying dimensions with self-reported emotion (e.g., positive and negative affect; Bullock & Russell, 1984; Gross & John, 1997; Watson & Tellegen, 1985). Facial expressions serve interpersonal functions of emotion by conveying communicative intent, signaling affective information in social referencing (Campos, Bertenthal, & Kermoian, 1992), and more generally contributing to the regulation of social interaction (Cohn & Elmore, 1988; Fridlund, 1994; Schmidt & Cohn, 2001). As a measure of trait affect, stability in facial expression emerges early in life (Cohn & Campbell, 1992; Malatesta, Culver, Tesman, & Shephard, 1989). By adulthood, stability is moderately strong, comparable with that of self-reported emotion (Cohn, Schmidt, Gross, & Ekman, 2002), and predictive of favorable outcomes in emotion-related domains, including marriage and personal well-being over periods as long as 30 years (Harker & Keltner, 2001). Expressive changes in the face are a rich source of cues about intraand interpersonal functions of emotion (cf. Keltner & Haidt, 1999).
Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological Issues in Inferring Subjective Emotion Experience Recommendations for Researchers
Authors: Nielsen Lis , Kaszniak Alfred W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, researchers in a variety of disciplines have outlined broad methodological strategies for approaching the scientific study of conscious experience, advocating the systematic inclusion of phenomenological data in ongoing research and the use of findings at the phenomenal level to constrain investigations at other, more objective levels of analysis (Baars, 1988; Chalmers, 1999, 2004; Flanagan, 1992; Varela, 1996). The proposals differ in the details, but they share the common theme that new and better self-report methods will be required to advance our understanding of experience. Compared with the apparent fine-grained nature of phenomenal experience, our measures of it remain crude. Varela (1996) lamented that the advancement of the field of consciousness studies may be hindered by a reticence on the part of traditional investigators to take phenomenological investigation seriously, especially when it comes to an investigation of their own conscious states.
Studying Emotion in Animals:Methods, Materials, and Training
Authors: Parr Lisa A , Gothard Katalin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotion has long been viewed as an important phenomenon underlying mammalian evolution. It is not only critically involved in mate choice, reproduction, predator avoidance, and parental care but it also provides a common currency for initiating and regulating social communication, aids in structuring early development, particularly in antiracial species, and plays a pivotal role in maintaining social cohesion.
Decelerated Aging: Should I Drink from a Fountain of Youth?
Authors: Post Stephen G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
on R. Kass, Chairman of the President’s Council on Bioethics, prepared a discussion paper for the Council members prior to their meeting onjanuary 16-17, 2003. Entitled “Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Human Development,” it established the Council’s future agenda (Kass, 2003). Much of this paper is devoted to anti-aging research and the moral perils of antiaging treatments to decelerate aging. If these emerge in the decades ahead, as Kass anticipates, should we implement them? The anti-aging focus ofKass’s concern is timely (Binstock, 2003). A reasonably clear statement on the current status of anti-aging science emerged from Robert N. Butler, M.D., and historian David Rothman, who co-chaired an International Longevity Center consensus panel entitled “Is There an ‘Anti-aging’ Medicine?” A balanced set of participants (including those who think that decelerated aging can be achieved) concluded that there currently is no “anti-aging medicine.” Yet they also concluded that caloric restriction qualifies as “a true anti-aging intervention” because it has extended the life spans of primates by as much as a third (International Longevity Center, 2001).
Preparing data for nonlinear regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before nonlinear regression was readily available, shortcuts were developed to analyze nonlinear data. The idea was to transform the data to create a linear graph, and then analyze the transformed data with linear regression. Examples include Lineweaver-Burk plots of enzyme kinetic data, Scatchard plots of binding data, and logarithmic plots of kinetic data. The problem with these methods is that they cause some assumptions of linear regression to be violated. For example, transformation distorts the experimental error. Linear regression assumes that the scatter of points around the line follows a Gaussian distribution and that the standard deviation is the same at every value of X. These assumptions are rarely true after transforming data. Furthermore, some transformations alter the relationship between X and Y. For example, when you create a Scatchard plot the measured value of Bound winds up on both the X axis(which plots Bound) and the Yaxis (which plots Bound/Free). This grossly violates the assumption oflinear regression that all uncertainty is in Y, while Xis known precisely. It doesn’t make sense to minimize the sum-of-squares of the vertical distances of points from the line if the same experimental error appears in both X and Y directions.
Methodological Issues in the Assessment of the Affective Component of Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Schimmack Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important area of positive psychology examines happiness and subjective well-being (SWB; Diener, 2000). Diener (1984) noted that SWB has an affective and a cognitive component. The cognitive component of SWB is assessed with life satisfaction judgments (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). The affective component assesses the amount of pleasant and unpleasant experiences in people’s lives (e.g., Schimmack, Diener, & Oishi, 2002). Early on, SWB researchers noted the limitations of research programs that focused exclusively on negative states such as depression and anxiety. In an influential article, Diener (1984) proposed that SWB is more than the absence of negative affect (NA). Although low levels of NA are important for SWB, high levels of positive affect (PA) are also important. Diener’s (1984) conception of SWB in terms of high PA and low NA implies that PA and NA are separable components of SWB. In other words, measures of PA show discriminant validity from measures of NA. If PA and NA were bipolar opposites, then minimization of NA would also maximize PA. In contrast, the distinction of PA and NA as separate components of SWB implies that PA and NA have different causes and consequences.
Within-Person Covariation Analysis; Applications to the Study of Affect
Authors: Larsen Randy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tongue-twisting title of this section of the book-Interindividual Differences in Intraindividual Variability-hints at the combined sources of variability that are disentangled in this particular approach. The approach I have employed to disentangling such variation consists of two steps. First, within-person covariation is assessed for each subject in the sample. This step is similar to calculating a score for each subject, but in this case the “score” is the degree of some form of covariation present in each person’s data stream. In the second step, between-person analyses are conducted on the covariation scores to see if meaningful individual differences can be found. These two steps can be done simultaneously with hierarchical linear models (e.g., Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002), or they can be done in two actual steps.
Using Item Response Models to Analyze Change: Advantages and Limitations
Authors: Gluck Judith , Spiel Christiane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present models that measure change in people’s responses to individual test or questionnaire items, as opposed to change in scores computed across a number of items. In our view, these models are well-suited for many concepts of positive psychology, because they offer a highly differentiated perspective on change. Consider, for example, changes in personality in old age. Such changes, which occur relatively late in old age and are not very large in size, have to date been described in terms of scores on personality tests such as the NEO (Costa & McCrae, 1985). For example, Smith and Baltes (1999) found in a cross-sectional analysis that from age 85 on, neuroticism is positively correlated with age, while extraversion and openness are negatively correlated with age.
Differentiation of the Distributions of Inspiration and Positive Affect Across Days of the Week: An Application of Logistic Multilevel Modeling
Authors: Thrash Todd M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Positive psychology has been a liberating force in that researchers have more freedom than ever before to investigate what is good and right about human functioning. However, with this increased freedom comes the responsibility to integrate new constructs and theories with, and differentiate them from, those established previously. In our research on inspiration, Andrew Elliot and I (Thrash & Elliot, 2003, 2004) have observed a relatively strong relationship between inspiration and the established construct of activated positive affect (PA; Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999). Accordingly, we have sought and presented evidence that inspiration is distinct from activated PA. Inspiration has unique correlates (Thrash & Elliot, 2003, 2004), antecedents (Thrash & Elliot, 2004), and consequences (Thrash & Elliot, 2003). The substantive aim of this chapter is to provide additional evidence of the discriminant validity of inspiration and activated PA by documenting different distributions of the two states across days of the week.
Latent-Class Models for Analyzing Variability and Change
Authors: Eid Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variability and change processes in positive psychology, as in most other areas of psychology, have been analyzed predominantly with models for metrical or continuous response variables over a long time. This tendency is well documented in this volume, as the majority of chapters deal with models that assume metrical variables on the observed and the latent level. The basic measurement process in positive psychology, however, in most cases is not based on metrical response variables but on items that are linked to categorical response scales. There is a tendency to ignore the categorical nature of these response scales by applying statistical methods that have been developed for metrical response variables. Analyzing categorical response scales with models for metrical variables has several shortcomings, and the aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the power and utility of methods for categorical variables to analyze variability and change processes in positive psychology.
Immigrant Stories
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immigrant Stories portrays the contexts and academic trajectories of development of three unique immigrant groups: Cambodian, Dominican and Portuguese. The children of immigrant families or second generation youth are the fastest growing population of school children in the US. However, very little is known about these children’s academic and psychological development during middle childhood. We examine the previously under-explored intricacies of children’s emerging cultural attitudes and identities, academic engagement, and academic achievement. These processes are studied alongside a myriad of factors in the family and school environment that combine to shape children’s academic psychological functioning during this important period. Through a three-year longitudinal study, including interviews with teachers, parents and children, this book presents a fascinating look at the community, school, and family contexts of child development among second-generation children. Both pre-immigration and post-immigration characteristics are explored as critical factors for understanding children of immigrants’ development. In the current climate of US immigration policy debate, we offer research findings that may inform educators and administrators about the sources of community strengths and challenges facing our newest immigrant generations.
The Dominican Community: Recent, Growing, and Vibrant
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dominican community in Providence has grown from a handful of families in the 1960s, to nearly 8,000 in the census of 1990, to over 15,000 in 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 1990a, 2000d). It is a vibrantly growing community with newcomers arriving regularly either directly from the Dominican Republic or from other northeastern cities, especially New York and New Jersey (see Bailey, 2000b; Itzigsohn, 2005). Many immigrants are driven by the perceptions of low cost of housing, good economic opportunities, and a safer environment for their children.
The character of the Dominican immigrant population has also changed dramatically over the years, from the 1960s with a primarily educated population of young adults originating from urban middleclass communities, to a much more economically, educationally, and regionally diverse population in the following decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, economic turmoil in the Dominican Republic lead to the migration of families from all spheres of society, including both skilled and unskilled workers, from both rural and urban locales. Family reunification and other sources of established community social capital provided resources for these new populations to immigrate. For many of the Dominican immigrants in our studies, their journey to the United States began with hopes and perceptions of great economic opportunities.
The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths
Authors: Peterson Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fledgling field of positive psychology calls for as much focus on strength as on weakness, as much interest in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst, and as much concern with fulfulling the lives of healthy people as healing the wounds of the distressed (Seligman, 2002; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The past concern of psychology with human problems is of course understandable and will not be abandoned any time in the foreseeable future, but psychologists interested in promoting human potential need to pose different questions from their predecessors who assumed a disease model. The most critical tools for positive psychologists are a vocabulary for speaking about the good life and assessment strategies for investigating its components.
In The Mind’s Eye
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m going to talk today about some current attempts to analyze the structure of visually perceived form, and to identify those components of perceptual processing that mediate the known effects of set, of knowledge, and of learning. Most of the work is unpublished, and some is only starting, so what I will say is tentative and groping, and the implications are much less well-thought through than I would wish.
Attention, Organization, And Consciousness
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two major features of consciousness are these: it is selective, and it is organized. All three of the terms that I have just used have many alternative meanings, so I shall have to define them for the purposes of this paper. By consciousness, I mean what we can report having been aware of; by selective, I mean that when we are asked what we have seen or heard, we can normally report only some very small part of what potentially we could describe. By organized, I mean that what we perceive usually has internal constraints—that is, that some features of what we say we see can be predicted from other features of what we say we see.
Movies In The Mind’s Eye
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Brooks Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most writers on film, and most filmmakers, need no science. But any serious discussion of whether the medium was used effectively or artistically in any instance requires some understanding of how we perceive and remember moving pictures, and that must derive from research: Introspection will not serve. Scattered aspects of cognitive science have begun to appear, therefore, in recent writings on film. On the other side of the aisle, students of perception and visual memory cannot afford to ignore moving pictures, but until recently they have mostly confined their attention to low-level motion phenomena, as have introductory film texts. The latter, if they write at all about perception, still proclaim that we perceive motion from successive still frames because of (heavens protect us!) ‘‘persistence of vision.’’ In any case, stroboscopic motion is only a small part of the perception of visual events, which is what film is about.
The Piecemeal, Constructive, And Schematic Nature Of Perception
Authors: Peterson Mary A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julian Hochberg has long maintained that visual perception is a piecemeal, schematic, and constructive process, subject to influences from the viewer’s perceptual intentions and expectations. Before many others were ready to admit visual perception into the cognitive domain, Hochberg adopted a cognitive view in which mental structure plays a major role in visual perception. The alternative views—that perception is wholistic and wholly stimulus-driven without influence from cognitive factors—prevailed during much of the 20th century, despite occasional arguments to the contrary. In this chapter, I will review the theoretical position that Hochberg articulated in 1968, focusing on his arguments for piecemeal perception, schematic maps, and the effects of expectation and intention on perception. I will also briefly discuss the intellectual history of, and research supporting and extending, these ideas.
How Big Is An Optical Invariant? Limits Of Tau In Time-To-Contact Judgments
Authors: DeLucia Patricia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Hochberg (1982) asked, ‘‘How big is a stimulus?’’ he raised issues that have critical and widespread implications for perceptual theory. The objective of this chapter is to consider these issues in the context of time-to-contact (TTC) judgments. First, I will summarize points raised by Hochberg that are most relevant to this chapter. Then I will discuss implications of these points for TTC judgments. Finally, I will discuss how heuristics may accommodate limits in the size of an effective optical invariant. I begin with a note on terminology.
Framing The Rules Of Perception Hochberg Versus Galileo, Gestalts, Garner, And Gibson
Authors: Cutting James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julian Hochberg is our greatest synthesizer of theories and experimental results in the field of perception, and he has been for a half century. Moreover, his only real predecessor was E. G. Boring, who in a single volume (Boring, 1942) put together both an intellectual and rumor-filled history of the field. Hochberg never had either aspiration. Nonetheless, in what may be the largest collection of handbook chapters on perception that anyone will ever write, Hochberg’s corpus has covered all of the important ground many times in the best of historical traditions—revising and reworking the past in light of current and ongoing research and controversies.
Shape Constancy And Perceptual Simplicity Hochberg’s Fundamental Contributions
Authors: Pizlo Zygmunt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first became familiar with Professor Julian Hochberg’s contributions to visual perception in 1989 when Professor Robert Steinman, my doctoral advisor, suggested that I read his chapter on shape (Hochberg, 1971). I did. Reading Hochberg’s chapter proved to be very inspiring. By 1971, the year the chapter appeared, most students of vision considered shape constancy to be a solved problem. They thought that shape constancy is accomplished by ‘‘taking slant into account.’’ This explanation, which was first suggested by Alhazen (1083/1989, p. 279), was formulated explicitly by Descartes (1637/ 2001, p. 106). It was accepted by Woodworth (1938), who claimed that it was supported by Thouless (1931a, b), who had published widely cited papers, as well as by a number of similar, subsequent experiments. But, according to Hochberg (1971), there was a fundamental problem with all of this work. He pointed out that Stavrianos’s (1945) paper on shape constancy (specifically, her Experiment 1) in which she showed that perceived shape and perceived slant were unrelated, makes difficulties for anyone claiming that shape constancy is accomplished by taking slant into account. Once Hochberg pointed this out, it became clear that it was important to understand the reasons for the differences between Stavrianos’s and Thouless’s results. I was intrigued by Hochberg’s treatment of this subject, read the original papers myself, and realized that his concern was fully justified. Once I realized this, and after giving considerable thought to the geometry underlying the choice of stimuli for shape-constancy experiments, I realized that Thouless (and others) had overlooked the fact that ellipses and triangles, the only stimuli used in their experiments, have geometrical properties that make them completely unsuitable for studying shape constancy. Let me explain this point in some detail.
Hochberg On The Perception Of Pictures And Of The World
Authors: Sedgwick H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pictures seem to pose a critical problem for perceptual theory because when looking at pictures we reliably report seeing things that are not there. A picture is a flat surface that, as Hochberg says, ‘‘acts not as a dappled surface, but as a substitute or surrogate for spatial arrangements of other entirely different objects’’ (1962, p. 23). Two tempting and diametrically opposed resolutions of this problem readily present themselves. One is that picture perception is based on learned conventions associating certain pictorial forms with certain real objects; there is no intrinsic visual connection between a picture and what it represents, and so the problem is removed from the realm of perceptual theory. The other resolution is that a successful picture works by presenting to the eye the same array of light as would come from the object that the picture represents; picture perception is thus the same as ordinary perception, and so poses no special problem for perceptual theory.