bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing microgliosis and tau deposition in the mouse brain using paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility source separation
Authors: Joshi Jayvik , Yao Minmin , Kakazu Aaron , Ouyang Yuxiao , Duan Wenzhen , Aggarwal Manisha 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates in the brain. In addition to protein aggregates, microglia-mediated inflammation and iron dyshomeostasis are other pathological features observed in AD and other tauopathies. It is known that these alterations at the subcellular level occur much before the onset of macroscopic tissue atrophy or cognitive deficits. The ability to detect these microstructural changes with MRI, therefore, has substantive importance for improved characterization of disease pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibility source separation has the potential to distinguish neuropathological alterations in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. 3D multi-echo gradient echo data were acquired from fixed brains of PS19 (Tau) transgenic mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5 each) at 11.7 T. The multi-echo data were fit to a 3-pool complex signal model to derive maps of paramagnetic component susceptibility (PCS) and diamagnetic component susceptibility (DCS). Group-averaged signal fraction and composite susceptibility maps showed significant region-specific differences between the WT and Tau mouse brains. Significant bilateral increases in PCS and |DCS| were observed in specific hippocampal and cortical sub-regions of the Tau mice relative to WT controls. Comparison with immunohistological staining for microglia (Iba1) and phosphorylated-tau (AT8) further indicated that the PCS and DCS differences corresponded to regional microgliosis and tau deposition in the PS19 mouse brains, respectively. The results demonstrate that quantitative susceptibility source separation may provide sensitive imaging markers to detect distinct pathological alterations in tauopathies.
Occupational Titles in Census Data: England and Wales
Authors: Calabrese Matteo , van Leeuwen Bas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Historical census data are a pivotal source for studying occupational dynamics, yet analyzing them is often challenging due to the large number of unique occupations and the need to standardize unspecific titles. A new methodology for attributing occupational titles to industrial sectors, demonstrated with the 1939 National Register for England and Wales (a dataset of approximately 42 million entries), produces findings that align with the trends across the agriculture and mining, secondary, and tertiary sectors identified in previous studies. At the subsector level, however, this procedure revises the shares for agricultural workers and individuals employed across the tertiary subsectors. At the district level, the sectoral allocation process results in a redistribution of workers into certain secondary subsectors driven by more precise sectoral estimations for previously underrepresented groups and the empirical allocation of generic laborers.
Utopianism of the Will
Authors: Foster Hal 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Foster examines the historical tension between utopian and anarchist approaches to social transformation, beginning with Anthony Vidler's 1975 question about how to “refuse the present” while acting within it. Through analysis of competing theoretical frameworks—particularly Manfredo Tafuri's critique of the avant-garde and the dialectic between “Chance” and “Form”—Foster reconsiders the relationship between anarchist and socialist approaches to radical change. He reframes Tafuri's dialectic as an antinomy between Psychopathology and Utopia, exemplified by the contrasting legacies of Dada and Constructivism. While acknowledging the historical failures of utopian projects, Foster argues for a contemporary synthesis of anarchist and socialist elements to address climate crisis. He suggests that environmental collapse demands both the mutual aid practices of anarchism and the strong state intervention of socialism. Drawing on thinkers from Rosa Luxemburg to Andreas Malm and contemporary examples from Occupy to COVID-19 responses, Foster advocates for what he terms “socialist Constructivism” to implement necessary environmental measures. The article concludes by proposing that climate refugees be seen as vanguards of new social forms and endorsing Fredric Jameson's reformulation of Gramsci's famous motto as “cynicism of the intellect, utopianism of the will.”
Investigating Critical Period Effects in Language Acquisition through Neural Language Models
Authors: Constantinescu Ionut , Pimentel Tiago , Cotterell Ryan , Warstadt Alex 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Humans appear to have a critical period (CP) for language acquisition: Second language (L2) acquisition becomes harder after early childhood, and ceasing exposure to a first language (L1) after this period (but not before) typically does not lead to substantial loss of L1 proficiency. It is unknown whether these CP effects result from innately determined brain maturation or as a stabilization of neural connections naturally induced by experience. In this study, we use language models (LMs) to test the extent to which these phenomena are peculiar to humans, or shared by a broader class of language learners. We vary the age of exposure by training LMs on language pairs in various experimental conditions, and find that LMs, which lack any direct analog to innate maturational stages, do not show CP effects when the age of exposure of L2 is delayed. Our results contradict the claim that CP effects are an inevitable result of statistical learning, and they are consistent with an innate mechanism for CP effects. We show that we can reverse-engineer the CP by introducing a regularizer partway through training to simulate a maturational decrease in plasticity. All in all, our results suggest that L1 learning on its own may not be enough to induce a CP, and additional engineering is necessary to make language models more cognitively plausible.
Reconstructing Pliny’s Comment on Apion Plistonices (Nat. praef. 25)
Authors: Nathan Jonathan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The passage concerning the grammarian Apion Plistonices in the preface to Pliny’s Natural History (praef. 25) is corrupt. The present article attempts to restore the wanting title of Apion’s book, conjecturing that this was Apion’s well-known Αἰγυπτιακά, a history of Egypt. The article also deals with numerous other text-critical and interpretative problems that have confronted scholars working on praef. 25 from the late fifteenth century.
Is Marriage Really (Like) a Sale? Reflections of Muslim Jurists of the Fifth–Sixth Century AH / Eleventh–Twelfth Century CE
Authors: Katz Marion 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Since the publication of Kecia Ali’s Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam (2010) it has been a commonplace in the field that the pre-modern Islamic law of marriage and divorce was fundamentally shaped by an analogy between marriage and sale. However, that study focuses rigorously on sources from the formative period of Islamic law. This paper extends its inquiry to a selection of scholars from the eleventh and twelfth century CE, showing that by this period some leading jurists were expressing explicit skepticism and discomfort towards the idea that the marriage contract comprised an exchange of the husband’s material support for the wife’s sexual availability. More importantly, their reservations were not merely technical, but reflected their sense that marital sex was a mutual benefit, that free women and their bodies were not subject to purchase, and that marriage was animated by an ethic distinct from that of commercial exchange.
Assessing Communication Competencies in Canadian MPH Program Curriculum: A Content Analysis of Communication Courses
Authors: MacKay Melissa , McAlpine Devon , Grant Lauren E. , Papadopoulos Andrew , McWhirter Jennifer E. 
Published: January 2025

Objectives: Communication plays a pivotal role in addressing modern and complex public health challenges. Our study assessed the extent to which communication-related course outlines in Canadian master of public health (MPH) programs aligned with national and international public health competency frameworks in their coverage of communication competencies. Methods: We conducted an environmental scan and content analysis of MPH courses relevant to public health communication in 2022 and 2023. We used university and program websites and Google to conduct initial searches and obtain course outlines, supplementing these searches with a survey. We developed a codebook based on public health competencies and pedagogical best practices, capturing variables for communication competencies, audiences, channels, tools, and techniques. Two researchers independently coded course outlines. Descriptive statistics evaluated how these courses address communication-related public health competencies. Results: We obtained 11 course outlines offered from 2010 through 2023. The focus of the included courses varied, with health communication (n = 3), knowledge mobilization (n = 3), and risk and/or crisis communication (n = 2) being the most common. All courses broadly aligned with communication competencies related to communication with different audiences (n = 11), and mobilizing (n = 9), interpreting (n = 11), tailoring (n = 9), and facilitating (n = 9) communication. Using technology (n = 4) and media (n = 6), addressing mis/disinformation (n = 1), and communicating with diverse audiences (n = 3) had less alignment. Conclusions: Findings revealed gaps in the coverage of key competencies, particularly in addressing mis/disinformation, leveraging technology and media, communicating with diverse populations, health literacy, and crisis communication. Ongoing review of curriculum would ensure alignment with evolving competencies and public health demands.
Low-Cost Lower Extremity Screening to Predict Shoulder Distraction Force in College Softball Pitchers
Authors: Ulman Sophia M. , Nebel Adam R. , Bordelon Nicole M. , Oliver Gretchen D. 
Published: January 2025

Background: During a windmill softball pitch, the throwing shoulder experiences forces greater than the pitcher’s body weight. Various kinematic, kinetic, and performance factors have been related to shoulder forces and torques in softball pitchers, and softball research has examined clinical screening measures such as range of motion, muscular strength, and/or neuromuscular control. However, no studies have explicitly identified low-cost, clinic-friendly screening measures predictive of shoulder distraction forces in softball pitchers. Purpose: To predict shoulder distraction force using low-cost, in-clinic screening measures, including isometric hip rotation strength and trunk mechanics during a single-leg squat. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Biomechanical and strength data of 46 collegiate softball pitchers (mean age, 19.8 ± 1.1 years; mean height, 1.7 ± 0.1 m; mean weight, 78.9 ± 11.9 kg) were retrospectively analyzed. Data included shoulder distraction forces captured during a windmill pitch, trunk flexion during a single-leg squat, and isometric hip rotation strength. Subsequently, 4 separate linear regressions with model comparisons were performed to determine if the isometric hip rotation strength and trunk flexion during a single-leg squat could independently predict peak shoulder distraction force after accounting for body mass and pitch velocity. Results: The null model, including body mass and pitch velocity, significantly predicted peak shoulder distraction force ( P < .001), accounting for 49.9% of the variance. Of the predictors, the isometric drive hip rotation strength ratio was able to significantly predict peak shoulder distraction force beyond the effects of body mass and pitch velocity ( P = .015), resulting in a 6.3% increase in variability accounted for (56.2% of the variance of shoulder distraction force). Conclusion: The isometric drive hip rotation strength ratio is related to shoulder distraction force and can be used as a low-cost screening measure for collegiate softball pitchers. However, pitch velocity and body mass should also be considered, as these measures accounted for the majority of the variance in shoulder distraction force. Clinical Relevance: It is important that screening measures used for softball pitchers consider the multisegment synergy required for pitching and therefore evaluate imbalances and deficiencies associated with the high forces acting on the shoulder. The current study found that collegiate softball pitchers can be proactively screened for greater shoulder distraction forces using isometric hip rotation strength. These findings emphasize to coaches and clinicians the importance of evaluating lower extremity risk factors in upper extremity athletes, and support using a low-cost, low-technology screening measure to identify softball pitchers who are more likely to experience high shoulder distraction forces.
Practical and economic challenges of implementing group auricular acupuncture treatment for chronic pain in primary care
Authors: Majd Iman , Cherkin Daniel , Sasagawa Masa 
Published: January 2025

Background: Although growing numbers of patients seek acupuncture for pain management, few acupuncturists with insurance credentialing work in the conventional medical settings. This has resulted in increasing frustration among patients wishing to receive acupuncture in primary care settings as part of their insurance benefits. Methods: A course of eight weekly sessions of group auricular acupuncture (AA) for chronic musculoskeletal pain was implemented in a US primary care clinic and billed to insurance. The process of implementing group AA is described, including patients and researchers’ perceptions of their experience. We also examined various hypothetical scenarios for reimbursement based on relative value units (RVUs) based on Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) billing/coding. Results: Recruitment was greatly limited by COVID-19 requirements for social distancing and administrative hurdles, such that only four patients participated, three of whom attended all eight sessions. Seven additional Medicare patients were excluded due to concerns that acupuncture would not be covered. Participants reported mostly positive experiences with both AA and the group model of care. Based on our hypothetical reimbursement scenarios, in the fee-for-service model, group sessions appear to be economically more viable when staffed by non-physician acupuncturists credentialed for insurance reimbursement. For example, for a group of six patients each receiving acupuncture would be anticipated to generate 3.60 RVUs, whereas a physician seeing three individual patients consecutively for return office visits at CMS Evaluation and Management (E/M) level 3 could generate at least 4.11 RVUs. Conclusions: Offering group AA services in primary care clinics might increase access to acupuncture for patients with chronic pain. Although patients appreciated quicker access to acupuncture through group visits, and the group visit experience itself, logistical and economic barriers remain a challenge for sustainable group-based acupuncture visits.
Identifying Molecular Mechanisms of Cinnamomum cassia in the Treatment of Osteoporosis Based on Network Pharmacology and Validations
Authors: Sun Xianwen , Fei Jun 
Published: January 2025

Background Osteoporosis is a common condition among the elderly, characterized by reduced bone density and an increased susceptibility to fractures. The efficacy of Cinnamomum cassia in treating osteoporosis is recognized, though its precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Purpose To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of C. cassia using network pharmacology, molecular docking technology (MDT), and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). Materials and Methods Bioinformatics databases identified active compounds and disease targets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. MDT and MDS validated the binding affinity between C. cassia’s active compounds and key targets. Results Ten active compounds of C. cassia were identified, modulating the PPAR, HIF-1, AMPK, and cAMP signaling pathways. Key genes include PPARG, PTGS2, PPARA, BDNF, and RXRA. Molecular docking and simulations confirmed high binding affinity between active compounds and targets, supporting their role in regulating bone metabolism. Conclusion This study highlights the multi-target mechanisms of C. cassia in treating osteoporosis, emphasizing its therapeutic potential through pathway-based modulation of key genes. These findings provide a basis for further research in modernizing traditional Chinese medicine for osteoporosis management.
The Ethanol Extract of Sugemule-3 Decoction Treats Isoproterenol-induced Heart Failure in Rats via PPARγ/PGC-1 Pathway
Authors: Pan XueDong , Wang HongYang , Li Qian , Zhang FuLi 
Published: January 2025

Background The herbs Baidoukou (the fruit of Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton), Baijusheng (the fruit of Lactuca sativa L.), and Biba ( Piper longum L.) make up the traditional Mongolian medicine known as Sugemule-3 decoction. Purpose: Heart failure (HF) is severely impacted; however, the pharmacological mechanism behind it is yet unclear. This investigation looked at the Sugemule-3 ethanol extract’s therapeutic mechanism for isoproterenol-induced HF in rats. Methods To create a HF model, isoproterenol was administered to Wistar rats. Following the model’s successful establishment, various medications were administered for 4 weeks. The electrical signals of cardiac fluctuations, cardiac morphology, and function were observed using electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography. The rats were killed 4 weeks later, and the hearts were observed using an electron microscope and HE staining. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was observed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The levels of markers in serum were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of proteins in rats. Results Our findings show that isoproterenol injection subcutaneously interfered with the structure and function of the left ventricle, particularly during systole. In the model group, the level of oxidative stress index malondialdehyde ( p < 0.01) increased with the decrease in anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase ( p < 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase ( p < 0.01). Sugemule-3 ethanol extract considerably reduced the harmful effects of isoproterenol on the rat myocardium. Additionally, isoproterenol increased the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK), stearyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and ubiquitin-conjugating (UCB) expression while decreasing the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) expression, leading to cardiometabolic diseases. Sugemule-3 ethanol extract improved cardiac metabolism. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that Sugemule-3 ethanol extract may improve energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes and alleviate isoproterenol-induced HF through inhibiting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/PGC-1 signaling pathway.
Weaving the strands together for a stronger future: Responding to the mental health needs of Pacific children and young people
Authors: Kowalenko Nicholas , Hagali Monica , Robertson Paul , Heron Craig , Douch Mandy , Katzer Juana , Rogers Ben , Awram Ruby 
Published: January 2025

Objective The aim of this paper is to summarise the findings of a virtual workshop at the Creating Futures 2023 Conference held on October 18 with 45 participants attending from Fiji, PNG, Solomon Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Cook Islands, Australia and New Zealand. Brief presentations about future mental health needs of Pacific children & young people were followed by small group discussions. These focussed on how island nation participants could “make it real” by considering actions to promote mental health and wellbeing in their communities. Conclusions A wide variety of actions and strategies were recommended, spanning the implementation of national plans, integrating culture, preventing suicide, including the voice of children and managing trauma. The small group discussions found that the range of responses to meet future needs demanded a broad public health response, significant workforce development and the promotion of mental health.
Bosworth fracture: Pathoanatomy, Complications, and Medium-term Results of Treatment
Authors: Bartoníček, MD, PhD Jan , Rammelt Stefan , Tuček Michal , Douša, MD, PhD Pavel , Stöckigt, MD Caroline 
Published: January 2025

Background: Bosworth fractures (BFs) with entrapment of a fibular fragment behind the posterior malleolus (PM) are rare but potentially serious injuries to the ankle. Despite an increased awareness through a more regular use of computed tomography (CT) scanning, there is still a scarcity of clinical outcome studies. Methods: Over a course of 25 years, data on 23 patients treated for BF at our institutions (mean age 44 years) were collected prospectively. Of those, 16 patients had a Weber type B fracture with displacement of the proximal fibular fragment and 7 patients Weber type C fractures with displacement of the distal fibular fragment behind PM. All but 1 patient, who refused operative treatment, were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. A total of 21 patients were followed up for an average of 66 (range, 18-204) months. Results: The PM was fractured in 96% and the Tillaux-Chaput tubercle in 13% of cases. In 80% of patients with preoperative CT scans, the fibular fragment was entrapped between the posterior aspect of the distal tibia and the displaced PM fragment. An initial attempt at closed reduction was successful in 4 of 7 Weber type C fractures and in none of 16 Weber type B fractures. The overall complication rate was 22%. Eighty-one percent of patients rated their results as good or excellent. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score at the final follow-up averaged 84.1 (range, 45-100). Risk factors for postoperative osteoarthritis and poor functional results included unsuccessful closed reduction, inadequate open reduction, and avascular necrosis of the talus. Clinical and radiographic results were correlated. Conclusion: Unsuccessful initial reduction and failure to achieve anatomic open reduction were associated with posttraumatic arthritis whereas open anatomic reduction and internal fixation resulted in favorable functional and radiographic results in the medium to long term.