bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter
Authors: Amendola Chiara ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Calorimetry at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) faces many challenges, particularly in the
forward direction, such as radiation tolerance and large in-time event pileup. To meet these
challenges, the CMS Collaboration is preparing to replace its current endcap calorimeters for the
HL-LHC era with a High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL), featuring an unprecedented transverse and
longitudinal segmentation, for both the electromagnetic and hadronic sectors, with 5D information
(space-time-energy) read out. The proposed design uses silicon sensors for the electromagnetic
section and high-irradiation regions of the hadronic section, while in the low-irradiation regions
of the hadronic section plastic scintillator tiles equipped with on-tile silicon photomultipliers
(SiPMs) are used. The full HGCAL will have approximately 6 million silicon sensor channels and
about 240 thousand channels of scintillator tiles. This will facilitate particle-flow-type
calorimetry, where the fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance particle
identification, energy resolution and pileup rejection.
Study on the relation between magnetic field gradient and operating range of flow rate for Hall thrusters
Authors: Zhong Chao , Li Hong , Hu Shuo , Yu Daren 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The development of all-electric low-orbit satellite constellations requires a wide thrust output from low-power Hall thrusters to satisfy the power requirements of orbit elevation, position maintenance, maneuvering, and deorbiting. Adjusting the thrust of a Hall thruster is most effectively achieved by flow rate manipulation. However, the efficiency at low flow rates decreases rapidly due to the deterioration of ionization, particularly evident in small thrusters. At present, the research of broadening the operational range of flow rate focuses on changing the density and distribution of neutral atoms. Although magnetic fields are widely used to optimize Hall thrusters, it is rarely used in wide-range variable flow conditions. In this study, we investigate the influence of magnetic field gradient on the flow-rate range experimentally, and the experimental results are explained by theoretical deduction. These conclusions provide guidance and a theoretical basis for designing high-performance Hall thruster with a wide-range Hall thruster.
Seismic resilience and energy optimization of educational RC buildings using BIM: a sustainable design approach
Authors: Pandimani  , P Bilgates , Y Raviteja , Akhil P D V S , Y Sowmya 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Building information modeling (BIM) allows structures to be digitally designed and visualized before physical construction begins, effectively addressing and eliminating many inefficiencies and issues that typically arise during the construction process. This research evaluates the seismic design and energy consumption of Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings using different BIM tools. The impact of different building configurations (including window-wall ratio, shading, and automation sensor effects) and orientation on the electrical energy consumption are evaluated. Integrating these factors into energy analysis can enhance conceptual design, leading to better environmental effectiveness and aiding in the achievement of environmental sustainability goals. The study determined that aligning the building at true north (zero degrees), using two-thirds window shade height, maintaining a 0% window-wall ratio, and integrating day-lighting and occupancy sensors resulted in the most effective energy optimization outcomes. Optimization resulted in a reduction of overall energy consumption from 975 MJ/m2/year to 729 MJ/m2/year, demonstrating that the BIM model is 25% more efficient than the actual building envelope. The sustainable design alternative achieves a 36.84% savings in lifecycle energy costs. The findings accentuate the need for adopting passive designs to improve energy efficiency, cost, and sustainability.
Personal Advice
Authors: Jonas Monique 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Although the norms of advice apply across the board, their demands are context sensitive. This chapter examines the ethics of advising outside of professional exchanges. Drawing on the concept of role obligations, the ethical contours of advising strangers are traced. It is concluded that there are ways in which strangers can be better placed to advise than friends and family, if the role of ‘facework’ in upholding an advisee’s standing is attended to. However, we generally regard close friends and family as the proper people to deliver challenging advice. A case provides a basis for assessing when unwelcome advice should be given despite predicted resentment and likely futility. The chapter culminates in a summary of principles about when advice should be given or withheld in personal contexts.
What Makes Representational Painting Truly Visual? (2003)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A response to Robert Hopkins, in a Session on pictorial representation and published in the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society of 2003. Hopkins defends a sophisticated variant of the view that Wollheim’s ‘seeing-in’ can be cashed out as ‘experienced resemblance’. In part, Wollheim reacts as he did previously, arguing that Hopkins has a predilection for linear as opposed to painterly styles. In addition, to have the appropriate experience, Hopkins’s view wrongly entails that ‘it is not necessary to have any kind of experience’ of the represented object. Moreover, his view suggests that each represented component can be ‘localized’; but not all can be, as when a picture, for example, depicts the aftermath of a storm. Wollheim closes with some fresh remarks in connection with Kendall Walton’s ‘Make-Believe’ theory of depiction.
In Defense of Seeing-In (2003)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This is a good recommendation for introducing students to Wollheim’s theory of pictorial representation. He concisely explains ‘seeing-in’, arguing that this capacity plausibly predates representation, and goes on to discuss its relation to twofoldness and the role of the artist’s intention in fixing what can correctly be seen in a picture, as opposed (for instance) to the mere seeing of things in a stained wall. He rather soft-pedals the appeal to what elsewhere he terms ‘prompting’, but takes pains to establish limits to the role of cognition: a picture cannot represent what cannot be seen in it. All of this is done briefly but in an unfussy way with examples. In the closing section, he observes that attempts to explain depiction in terms of objective properties of surfaces, and types of thing, run up against the sheer diversity of representation.
Style Now (1975)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
What is the importance of a style? Wollheim begins by considering and rejecting the view of Weitz (1916–1981), and takes more pains with that of Gombrich (1909–2001), but he rejects it all the same. The right account of style is to conceive of it as deeply analogous to Chomsky’s idea of transformational grammar, which operates on the basic lexicon—the ‘deep grammar’ as Chomsky termed it—to produce surface structures, the purposes of which can be thought of as close to ordinary sentences. If we read something like ‘primordial content’ for ‘deep structure’ and the ‘the physical work of art’ for ‘sentence’, we can get a rough idea of the analogy. This would explain the reaction—which Wollheim goes to some length to explain and justify—to a painting produced by a ‘non-painter’, i.e. the one-off product by some person or animal that happens to be indistinguishable from the product of some master: One cannot rate it, one cannot say with any precision what it expresses. What is missing is a style, a grammar under which it was produced. Style turns out to be essentially psychological, not sociological.
A Note on Mimesis as Make-Believe (1991)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article reviews the book Mimesis as Make-Believe (1990) by Kendall Walton. In his discussion on Seurat’s La Grande Jatte (1884), Walton explains how such fictional truth works: the very dabs of the brush highlight the material quality of the painting without preventing us from imagining the couple strolling in the park. In other words, the textures, colours—that is, the material qualities of paintings—act as props to create illusionary reality, or ‘fictional truths’. Richard Wollheim praises the book: ‘[I] t is important, it is interesting, and it is ambitious.’ But here he wants to discuss his almost two-decade disagreement with Walton on the nature of pictorial representation—disagreement that is nevertheless spawned by a shared belief that paintings fundamentally have representational contents or meaning. According to Wollheim, for Walton a picture ‘represents what occurs or is fictional in those games of make-believe or coordinated imagination which it is the function of the picture to prescribe’. Wollheim finds fault with this, partly for relatively complex internal reasons, but chiefly because his own view is simpler and plainly intuitive by comparison.
Berlioz and the Aesthetics of Sacred Music
Authors: Walker Jennifer 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Berlioz spilled a considerable amount of ink throughout his career in the process of crafting an aesthetic of sacred music. Given the often contrary history of sacred music in France following the French Revolution of 1789 and the closure of church choir schools in 1791, musicians such as Berlioz found themselves neither within the official Catholic structure in which to develop an aesthetic of sacred music nor a part of an institution that taught its composition. Berlioz was thus free to form an original aesthetic of sacred music-despite his distaste for the term "aesthetics." This chapter focuses on the state of sacred music in France during the early decades of the nineteenth century in order to provide the backdrop for the composition of the Requiem and reveals how the work may be heard as the culmination of what Berlioz saw to be the resuscitation and transformation of a dying art form.
Institutional actors and the survival of international organizations
Authors: Dijkstra Hylke , von Allwörden Laura , Schütte Leonard , Zaccaria Giuseppe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides the theoretical framework to address the research question of why the institutional actors of international organizations (IOs) respond differently to existential challenges. It starts by discussing the different types of existential challenges that IOs may face: direct challenges by powerful states and indirect challenges through competing institutions. The chapter notes that IOs are purposeful actors that can strategically adapt or try to resist such existential challenges. They can do so through behavioural and discursive responses. The chapter points out that institutional actors within IOs play a key role in this regard. The chapter puts forward two propositions. First, it proposes that institutional actors tailor their responses to the different types of existential challenges. Second, it proposes that the ability of institutional actors to strategically respond varies depending on their leadership, organizational structure, formal competences, and external network. The chapter concludes by discussing the potential outcomes for IOs.
Climate and Energy
Authors: Dijkstra Hylke , von Allwörden Laura , Schütte Leonard , Zaccaria Giuseppe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter analyses two case studies of the responses of institutional actors in international organizations (IOs) to existential challenges in the field of climate and energy. This chapter starts by studying the existential challenge that the Trump administration posed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by withdrawing from the Paris Agreement. Rather than responding publicly, the UNFCCC Secretariat set out to prevent further withdrawals by activating its large external network in support for climate action. The second case study concerns the challenge to the International Energy Agency (IEA) posed by the newly created International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The IEA had long been accused of not doing enough in terms of energy transition and was also criticized for its exclusive membership. It took a while for the IEA to respond. Only with the arrival of a new Executive Director, the IEA adapted itself.
Security and Defence
Authors: Dijkstra Hylke , von Allwörden Laura , Schütte Leonard , Zaccaria Giuseppe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines two case studies of the responses of institutional actors in international organizations (IOs) to existential challenges in security and defence. The first case study is about the Trump administration contesting the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) by demanding that other allies share a larger part of the burden and that the Alliance would adopt a different stance on Russia. The chapter highlights that NATO international actors proactively responded by placating Trump in public and leveraging him to get other allies to increase their commitments. Yet they resisted Trump’s demands on Russia and circumvented the President by working directly with more like-minded U.S. institutions. The second case study concerns the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which faced challenges from competing security institutions, notably the European Union (EU) and whose mandate was simultaneously undermined by Russia under President Putin. The OSCE failed to adequately respond.
Sustainability
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sustainability: A Very Short Introduction explores the concept of sustainability and its development. The growing concern about global environmental change and human impacts on the planet has led to the emergence of a broad field of study on the sustainability of human societies. The VSI then highlights the key concepts crucial to sustainability, such as the material and energy flows in consumption and production and the technological interventions for a sustainable society. Some of the important concepts include tipping points, resilience in natural and social systems, and renewability and circularity in the economy. The VSI also discusses the political means of managing anthropogenic change for a more sustainable society.
Editome Disease Knowledgebase v2.0: an updated resource of editome–disease associations through literature curation and integrative analysis
Authors: Zhu Tongtong , Chu Yuan , Niu Guangyi , Pan Rong , Chen Ming , Cheng Yuanyuan , Zhang Yuansheng , Li Zhao , Jiang Shuai , Hao Lili , Zou Dong , Xu Tianyi , Zhang Zhang 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
Editome Disease Knowledgebase (EDK) is a curated resource of knowledge between RNA editome and human diseases. Since its first release in 2018, a number of studies have discovered previously uncharacterized editome–disease associations and generated an abundance of RNA editing datasets. Thus, it is desirable to make significant updates for EDK by incorporating more editome–disease associations as well as their related editing profiles.

Results
Here, we present EDK v2.0, an updated version of editome–disease associations based on both literature curation and integrative analysis. EDK v2.0 incorporates a curated collection of 1097 editome–disease associations involving 115 diseases from 321 publications. Meanwhile, based on a standardized pipeline, EDK v2.0 provides RNA editing profiles from 48 datasets covering 2536 samples across 55 diseases. Through differential analysis on RNA editing, it further identifies a total of 7190 differential edited genes and 86 242 differential editing sites (DESs), leading to 266 339 DES–disease associations. Moreover, a curated list of 28 160 cis-RNA editing QTL associations, 458 187 DES–RNA binding protein associations, and 21 DES–RNA secondary structure associations are annotated and added to EDK v2.0. Additionally, it is equipped with a series of user-friendly tools to facilitate RNA editing online analysis.

Availability and implementation
https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/edk/.
Social relations, social positioning theory and Marx
Authors: Lawson Tony 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aspects of social positioning theory and central features of Marx’s general ontological, and specifically social relational, presuppositions are compared and found to be rather similar. Furthermore, various long-standing debates and puzzles surrounding Marx’s ontological assessments and preconceptions are seen to be reasonably easily resolved if we view Marx as everywhere drawing on a social relational framework along the lines of a social positioning conception.
The use of simulations in economic cybersecurity decision-making
Authors: Kianpour Mazaher , Franke Ulrik 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth examination of the use of simulations in economic cybersecurity decision-making, highlighting the dual nature of their potential and the challenges they present. Drawing on examples from existing studies, we explore the role of simulations in generating new knowledge about probabilities and consequences in the cybersecurity domain, which is essential in understanding and managing risk and uncertainty. Additionally, we introduce the concepts of “bookkeeping” and “abstraction” within the context of simulations, discussing how they can sometimes fail and exploring the underlying reasons for their failures. This discussion leads us to suggest a framework of considerations for effectively utilizing simulations in cybersecurity. This framework is designed not as a rigid checklist but as a guide for critical thinking and evaluation, aiding users in assessing the suitability and reliability of a simulation model for a particular decision-making context. Future work should focus on applying this framework in real-world settings, continuously refining the use of simulations to ensure they remain effective and relevant in the dynamic field of cybersecurity.
The effect of increased vascular afterload measures on flow rate and survival in severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Hungerford Sara L , Song Ning , Loo Brandon , Sritharan Hari , Rye Eleanor , Everett Kay , Jabbour Andrew , Hayward Christopher , Kapur Navin K , Muller David W M , Adji Audrey I 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
Although an association between the systemic circulation and transaortic flow rate (TFR) is frequently hypothesized in patients with aortic stenosis (AS), it has not been demonstrated previously. We sought to explore the relationship between blood pressure (BP), vascular afterload measures, clinical history of hypertension, TFR, and survival in patients with severe AS (aortic valve area ≤ 1 cm²).

Methods and results
We studied 323 patients ≥ 65 years (110 prospective, 213 registry analysis) who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement over a 5-year period. Aortic flow was obtained by Doppler echocardiography, with TFR calculated using a mathematical derivation method. A BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or mean arterial pressure ≥ 90 mmHg was considered hypertensive. Simultaneous pressure–flow analysis demonstrated that higher systolic BP (ß −0.545; P = 0.01†), pulse pressure (ß −0.545; P = 0.01†), vascular resistance (ß −0.02; P = 0.041), characteristic impedance (ß −0.27; P = 0.01), and lower arterial compliance (ß 32.73; P &lt; 0.001†) were associated with reduced TFR in linear regression. In registry analysis, TFR was lower in those with a history of hypertension (223 ± 67 vs. 244 ± 77 mL/s; r −0.138; P = 0.045), coronary artery disease (CAD, P &lt; 0.01), dialysis dependency (P &lt; 0.01), and with increased anti-hypertensive medication use (P = 0.04), of which CAD (ß −28.5; P = 0.08†) and dialysis dependency (ß −68.5; P = 0.04†) remained significant in linear regression. A TFR ≤ 210 mL/s in normotensive patients was the strongest predictor of mortality (73.3% vs. 86.7%; P = 0.043; † denotes adjusted).

Conclusion
Elevated vascular afterload measures and comorbidities linked to arteriosclerosis and/or degenerative aortic stiffening independently reduce flow rates in severe AS. A TFR ≤ 210 mL/s predicts mortality but improves with BP assessment during evaluation.
Arterial stiffness mediates insulin resistance-related risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a real-life, prospective cohort study
Authors: Wu Zhaogui , Lan Yulong , Wu Dan , Chen Shuohua , Jiao Rong , Wu Shouling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The precise pathways connecting insulin resistance (IR) to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remain undefined. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of arterial stiffness in the association between IR and ASCVD, providing epidemiology insights into the potential mechanisms driving IR to incident ASCVD.

Methods
A total of 59,777 participants from the Kailuan Study Arterial Stiffness Subcohort who were free of ASCVD at baseline were enrolled in the present study. Arterial stiffness was assessed using baPWV and IR was assessed by triglyceride glucose index (TyG) or metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR). Mediation analysis was adopted to explore the mediating effects of baPWV on the associations between IR and ASCVD and its subtypes.

Results
Over a median follow-up of 5.97 years, a total of 2073 cases of ASCVD were identified, with 478 cases of coronary heart disease (CHD) and 1636 cases of ischemic stroke. Mediation analyses revealed that 11.1% of the total association (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.30) between the TyG index and ASCVD was mediated through baPWV. Specifically, 6.58% and 14.0% of the total associations of the TyG index with CHD and ischemic stroke, respectively, were mediated through baPWV. Similar patterns were observed for METS-IR. These results remained consistent when assessed through causal mediation analysis, time-lagged mediation analysis, and various sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions
The association between IR indices and ASCVD was found to be partly mediated by baPWV, indicating a pathway connecting IR to ASCVD outcomes and the potential for interventions targeting arterial stiffness for ASCVD prevention.