bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operative approach to the calcaneus: A comparison of classical and modified techniques with regard to arterial vascularization
Authors: Lutz M. , Benedetto K. P. , Künzel K. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSkin and soft tissue necrosis of the heel are the main problems following operative treatment of calcaneal fractures with the classical medial (McReynolds, 1982), lateral (Palmer, 1948), enlarged lateral, and the bilateral approaches. In order to show how classical approaches harm the vessels supplying the adjacent soft tissues, we studied the vascularization to both the calcaneus and its surrounding soft tissues. Our findings show that the calcaneus is well supplied by a collateral circulation derived from the posterior tibial, peroneal, lateral tarsal, the medial and lateral plantar arteries. The soft tissue supply is less rich. On the medial side, the soft tissue supply comes from the posterior tibial and lateral plantar arteries. On the lateral side, it is supplied by a thin anastomotic arch that runs between the lateral tarsal and peroneal arteries. Based on our anatomical findings we have proposed two modified approaches which minimize damage to the vessels of the adjacent soft tissues and still allow exact reposition of the fractures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tortuosity in the cervical part of the vertebral artery
Authors: Wiseman Oliver , Logan Bari , Dixon Adrian , Ellis Harold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSome standard anatomical descriptions of the cervical part of the vertebral artery mention little of its tortuosities. This study investigated the vertebral artery and its course using vertebral angiograms (37 sides) and preserved human cadaver injection studies (47 sides). In the Townes' projection of the former, the artery was seen consistently to pass laterally at the level of cervical vertebra 2 (C2), then to curve medially and then laterally as it climbed to enter the C1 foramen transversarium (F. T.). Analysis of dissection material and lateral angiograms revealed a tight posterior loop in the artery between C1 and C2. A “tortuosity variable” was calculated and was found to be positively correlated with age, but no relationship was found between tortuosity and the side of the body or the sex of the patient.Analysis of radiographs of injected cadaver heads showed the posterior loop between C1 and C2 in 96% of cases; the region with the greatest variability in pathway was the C1/ C2 region, but tortuosity was also seen at a more caudal level in some cases.As the tortuosity between C1 and C2 was also seen in young subjects (7 years old and older), reasons for its presence other than atherosclerosis are discussed. It is proposed that it may provide slack in the artery that is taken up on turning the head in order to avoid compromise to the cerebral circulation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy of the surface morphology of superficial cells of buccal mucosa is unlikely to be useful in monitoring radiotherapy
Authors: Badran D. , Soutar D. S. , Robertson A. G. , Payne A. P. , McDonald S. W. , Scothorne R. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study scanning electron microscopy is used to document the surface features of superficial cells of buccal mucosa and to evaluate the usefulness of examination of oral swabs in monitoring radiotherapy in the mouth. Biopsy samples of buccal mucosa from 5 patients and oral swabs from 8 volunteers and 7 patients were examined.The surfaces of the buccal epithelial cells in healthy subjects were found to have a variable morphology. Cells nearer the surface showed a pattern of parallel microplicae or microvilli, while less mature cells showed more complex patterns such as irregular microplicae, microplicae forming a maze‐like pattern or a mixture of microplicae and microvilli. Adjacent celis frequently exhibited different patterns, and superficial and deep surfaces of the same cell consistently had different appearances. In particular, all the appearances described by Robertson et al.: J. Submicrosc. Cytol., 19:515–521, 1987, following radiotherapy were noted in the normal subjects in the present study.The findings emphasize the need for caution in attributing particular cell‐surface patterns to the effect of specific doses of radiation and suggest that scanning electron microscopy of oral swabs is unlikely to be useful in monitoring the progress of radiotherapy. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical anatomy of the chiasma tendlinum (camper) in the fingers
Authors: Schmidt Hans‐Martin , Zhang Shao‐Xiang , Zieseniss Kerstin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSixty human hands from adult cadavers were used to study the chiasma tendinum (Camper) of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the finger. Two hundred forty fingers were microdissected and examined morphometrically. The formation of the chiasma tendinum could be divided into nine types. The most common type shows that the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon divides into four bundles, the two inner of which cross each other. The length and width of the chiasma tendinum in the middle finger is the longest and widest, while in the little finger it is the shortest and narrowest. The relationship of the chiasma tendinum and the long vinculum of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon was also observed in the present study. In the most common type the long vinculum lies distal to the chiasma lying between the two terminal tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis. The authors suggest three functions for the chiasma tendinum: (1) it provides a pathway for the flexor digitorum profundus tendon; (2) it increases the stability and balance of the proximal interphalangeal joint; and (3) it prevents hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in femoral anteversion
Authors: Eckhoff D. G. , Kramer R. C. , Watkins J. J. , Alongi C. A. , Van Gerven D. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVariation in femoral anteversion in an adult African skeletal population is examined in this study. Variation is measured in reference to population, gender, and side of the extremity (right vs. left). This study demonstrates greater average anteversion (19°) and a significant right‐left variation (21 vs. 17) when compared to previously reported Caucasian and Oriental populations. The increased anteversion complements previous reports documenting morphologic differences between populations in length and width of the femur. This study documents a variation in femoral anteversion not appreciated in earlier studies that may be clinically useful in the assessment and correction of “abnormal” anteversion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the lesser occipital nerve in relation to cervicogenic headache
Authors: De Araújo Lucas Guilherme , Laudanna Adriana , Chopard Renato Paulo , Raffaelli Edgard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn all papers published up to now it is stated or surmised that in cervicogenic headache, described by Sjaastad and collaborators (Cephalalgia, 3(4):240–256, 1983), the painful stimulus is carried mainly or exclusively by the greater occipital nerve. As a contribution to the study in this modality of headache, the authors made 16 dissection in eight cadavers looking for the anatomical relations of the lesser occipital nerve. The results showed that the head and face pain originating from the ventral ramus of the second cervical nerve (C2) can be explained in three different ways: (1) through anatomical regional peculiarities which make it vulnerable to mechanisms of compression and stretching; (2) through the relationship between C2 ventral ramus, the superior cervical ganglion, and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve; (3) through clinical evidence related to painful sensibility.The authors emphasize the possible role of the lesser occipital nerve on the genesis of cervicogenic headache. It is expected that the conclusions reached will be of help to clinical studies of headache. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Item analysis as a basis for weighting examination questions
Authors: Yeager Vernon L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNot all tost questions are of equal importance and, therefore, should not be weighted equally. To determine weight, a method has been used in which the weight of each question is based on what the class as a whole learned from what was presented in lectures, laboratories, and assigned reading material. Multiple choice written tests are machine‐graded and the percentage of students correctly answering each question is used as the weighting factor. Important basic material that is emphasized in lecture or that can readily be recognized by the students as important will be weighted high if most students learn it. Questions about small details that are not stressed will be weighted low if few students learn that detail. However, questions on poorly taught material will be weighted low if the students do riot learn it, even if material is important. Students who just memorize detail but do not understand what is important will not gain from this method. Since the methods weights the question based on what the class as a whole learned, the students think it is fair. Students are more willing to learn when they believe trey are being treated fairly. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leprosy as a clinical correlation of anatomy
Authors: Subramaniam Krishnan , Marks Sandy C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLeprosy is a chronic mycobacterial infection of superficial tissues which occurs in part because of a select immune incoripetence in certain individuals. The major debilitating effects of the disease are the result of neurological deficits secondary to infiltration of Schwann cells by M. leprae and resorption of phalanges and bone near the palate. An understanding of the manifestations of the disease is based upon anatomical principles. We illustrate some of these in several clinical correlations. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of mesothelial stomata in the rat
Authors: Abu‐Hijleh M. F. , Reid O. , McGadey J. , Scothorne R. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn 15 rats the morphology and distribution of stomata and mesothelial cells of the diaphragm and of different serosal areas were studied by light and electron microscopy. Cell surface patterns, identified by SEM, varied according to location. Mesothelial cells of the diaphragmatic peritoneum were either cuboidal or flattened. Stomata were found only among cuboidal cells and were consistently and exclusively observed on the muscular part of the diaphragm, predominantly on the peritoneal surface. Stomata appeared oval or rounded, 4–10 μm in diameter. When India ink was introduced into the peritoneal cavity as a tracer, carbon particles were rapidly removed through stomata into the subjacent lymphatic lacunae of the diaphragm. Mesothelium overlying the diaphragm differed morphologically from that over the remaining peritoneal and pleural cavities. Mesothelium of the latter formed a continuous sheet of flattened cells whose surfaces were studded with numerous microvilli. Stomata were absent. It is suggested that stomata are exclusive to the diaphragm and may serve as the main drainage channels for fluid and particles from the peritoneal cavity. This has important clinical implications. Thus stomata could represent a liability by providing a route for the escape of tumor cells and pathogens from the peritoneal cavity. However, they may represent an asset by providing an accessible route for blood transfusion and for peritoneal dialysis in treating chronic renal failure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venous architecture in a duplex renal system with crossed fused ectopia: A case report
Authors: Satyapal Kapil S. , Kalideen Jakrishna M. , Mathura Ganas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis report presents the renal venous architecture in a case of a duplex kidney with crossed fused ectopia. The renal venous anatomy as defined by venography and resin cast preparation is described. The internal venous flow pattern was demonstrated to be non‐lobar and non‐segmental. Renal vein valves were not observed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanical study of human meniscal models
Authors: Tong Xinkang , Tang Xianxin , Zhang Shu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis experimental study was undertaken to identify the surface and internal stress distribution and load transmission in menisci under different loading states using a three‐dimensional photoelastic method. These studies were carried out in four series of loading tests on models of menisci. Our observations showed that the stresses of the medial and lateral menisci were concentrated at the central strip of the menisci and that the magnitude of stresses on the superior surfaces of the menisci were greater than that on the inferior surfaces. The load bearing capacity of the lateral menisces where greater than that of the medial one. The results also showed that a complex apparatus, composed of the menisci and other associated structures surrounding the knee joint, plays an important role in the course of force transmission. In addition, the cause of meniscal splitting and the experimental method are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the coronary perfusion as a basis of myocardial vulnerability to coronary artery occlusion
Authors: Reig J. , Jornet A. , Petit M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the anatomical explanation for the greater or lesser vulnerabilities of the left ventricular segments in the event of occlusion of each of the main coronary arteries. To this end, we analyzed the arterial perfusion of 1,080 left ventricular segments from 90 human hearts obtained at autopsy. Post‐mortem angiography, dissection, and constriction of an arterial map using the classification of Selvester et al. (1982) were applied. By careful monitoring of the arterial perfusion of each segment we conclude that (1) obstruction of the anterior interventricular artery (AIV) especially affects the superomesial, superoapical, and anteroapical segments; (2) obstruction of the circumflex artery (CX) especially affects the posterobasal and posteromesial segments; and (3) obstruction of the right coronary artery (RC) especially affects the inferobasal and inferomesial segments. Vulnerability of the myocardially segments decreases in those segments which have collateral supply, i.e., those which are only relatively dependent upon a particular coronary artery. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myenteric plexus of the upper part of the human esophagus: A quantitative study
Authors: Coimbra Dagoberto Telles , Ferraz‐de‐Carvalho Claudio Antonio , Fujimura Ikurou , Rodrigues‐de‐Souza Romeu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe myenteric plexus of the upper 12 cm of the human esophagus was studied quantitatively in five necropsy esophagi using whole‐mount preparations in which the neurons were stained by a modified Giemsa method. The numerical densities of ganglia and neurons that first appear just below the caudal edge of the cricopharyngeus muscle increase progressively along the oral aboral axis of the esophagus. In the proximal third of the upper esophagus, the plexus contains 10–34 ganglia/cm and 223–1,306 neurons/cm2. The ganglia in this segment are relatively small, containing 17–55 neurons. In the middle third there are 7–35 ganglia/cm2 and 298–1,991 neurons/cm2. The ganglia contain 30–64 neurons. In the distal third of the upper esophagus, the plexus contains 11–46 ganglia/cm2 and 468–1,955 neurons/cm2. The ganglia contain 33–65 neurons. The total number of neurons in this upper part of the esophagus was calculated to be approximately 225–250,000. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoarchitecture of diabetic myopathy during the pathogenesis of the disease: Fast versus slow muscle
Authors: Klueber Kathleen M. , Porta David J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDiabetic patients exhibit varying degrees of peripheral neuropathy. One of the sequelae of the neuropathy is muscle weakness in the lower limbs, described either as diabetic amyotrophy if the weakness affects the proximal musculature, or motor neuropathy if it affects the distal musculature. The weakness is thought to be related to metabolic disturbances of the disease and changes in the peripheral nerve. In animal models of diabetes, degeneration of myofibers and imyoneural junctions has been noted in both fast (extensor digitorum longus, EDL), and slow (soleus, SOL) muscles. However, observations of changes in skeletal muscle during the pathogenesis of the disease have not been made in either human or animal models of diabetes. It is the purpose of this study to compare the time course in the pathogenesis of diabetic myopathy in these two different types of muscles. Soleus and EDL muscles from 6, 14, and 24+‐week‐old C57BL/KsJ‐db/db and db/+ female mice (N = 12/group) were fixed in situ, processed using standard electron microscopic procedures, and analyzed under the electron microscope. Although both muscles exhibited signs of degeneration, disruption of the mitochondria, and excessive lipid stores, the initial onset and the extent of the myopathy were delayed in soleus. In addition, fewer myofibers in the soleus muscle exhibited signs of denervation and reinnervation. Therefore, diabetic myopathy is progressive during the pathogenesis of the disease but SOL appears to be more resistant to progression of the disease. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , El‐Sherif Motasem , Youssef Adel , Olfat El‐Sibai 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study of the surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve (PN) was performed in 13 female and 7 male cadavers. The knowledge of the precise anatomy and anomalies of this important nerve would help in better localization of the nerve and its roots and branches for neurostimulation or for pudendal canal decompression in pudendal canal syndrome. Two routes were used in the dissection: gluteal and perineal. The PN was identified and its course was followed from its roots to its termination.The PN was composed of three roots derived from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th anterior sacral rami (S 2,3,4). The roots received a contribution from S 1 in five cadavers and from S 5 in one. The three roots formed two cords. The first root continued as the upper cord while the second and third root fused together producing the lower cord. The PN was formed by union of the two cords a short distance proximal to the sacrospinous ligament, and then crossed the back of the ligament. In no specimen did the nerve cross the ischial spine.The inferior rectal nerve arose from the PN in the pudendal canal in 18 cadavers. In two cases it came out proximal to the canal; this would spare the two subjects the anorectal manifestations of the pudendal canal syndrome. As the PN crossed the back of the sacrospinous ligament, it gave origin to a branch that supplied the levator ani muscle. This branch was only found in male cadavers and we call it “accessory rectal nerve”; the levator ani muscle in such cadavers was doubly innervated on its perineal aspect. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of basic medical sciences in an integrated systems‐based curriculum
Authors: Moqattash S. , Harris P. F. , Abu‐Hijleh M. F. , Gumaa K. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBasic medical sciences at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) are taught in a systemsbased curriculum. During the development of the courses different formats have been used for the written examinations and also different types of questions. This paper compares students' performance in relation to examination format and to types of questions used.The formats were non‐coordinated (NCAs), each discipline having a separate paper; coordinated (CAs), questions from various disciplines being given in the same paper but with separate sections for each discipline; and integrated assessments (IAs), questions being grouped under structure, function, and problem‐based integrated long essays. The types of questions used were multiple choice (MCQs), short essays (SEQs), and structured integrated long essays (SILEQs).Students performed better in SEQs than in MCQs. Our analyses also show that SILEQs measure skills similar to those of MCQs and SEQs combined. Students performed best in NCAs. In CAs, students concentrated on those disciplines carrying most weight in the final grade.Currently we use IAs consisting of two parts: part I, comprising MCQs and SEQs, and part II, comprising SILEQs. To date, students are performing better in part II than in part I. We suggest that it is prudent to use different types of questions to measure students' knowledge and skills when IAs are used for systems‐based courses. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A new retinacular ligament and vein of the human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Shiraishi Yosuke , Hayakawa Midori , Hoshino Takeshi , Tanaka Shigenori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the human temporomandibular joints of 14 Japanese cadavers, we observed a new retinacular ligament that connected to the retrodiskal pad posterolaterally and was accompanied by a vein draining the retrodiskal pad. This retinacular ligament originated from lateral to posterolateral part of the joint. The origin included the articular tubercle of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The ligament descended along the mandibular ramus to insert into the fascia of the masseter muscle at the mandibular angle. The vein originated from the venous plexus in the retrodiskal pad and ran parallel to the retinacular ligament, giving off branches to the retromandibular, transverse facial, and superfacial temporal veins. There were no remarkable differences in the size of the retinacular ligaments among individuals as well as between the left and right sides. The retinacular ligament had firm fibrous connections with the posterolateral part of the retrodiskal pad, where the external fibrous membrane of the articular capsule was lacking. These findings suggest that the retinacular ligament and its accompanying vein function together to maintain blood circulation during jaw movement and may also be related to the development of occlusal disorders. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative study of the tortuosity of the splenic artery
Authors: Borley Neil R. , McFarlane Jonathan M. , Ellis Harold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe splenic artery of four mammals‐pig, greyhound, rhesus macaque, and olive baboon‐was studied to determine its tortuosity and pattern of convolutions. The results were compared to those previously gathered in humans. It was found that the isolated cadaveric arteries showed a noticeable species variation in mean index of tortuosity. In the pig and dog, the artery was nearly straight throughout its length, with a very low index of tortuosity, not significantly different in the two species (P >0.1). The artery was significantly more tortuous in the rhesus macaque and baboon than in both pig and dog, (Ps < 0.001), with a single large convolution present in the proximal one‐third. In humans, the artery is commonly tortuous throughout its length and is significantly more tortuous than in the pig and dog (P < 0.001), but not significantly more tortuous than in the baboon (P > 0.1) and only just significantly more so than in the rhesus macaque (0.02 < P > 0.05). The speculation that the tortuosity of the artery may be related to habitual posture, being less in the pronograde pig and dog than in the partly orthograde rhesus macaque and baboon, is not supported by results in the wholly orthograde human. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Presacral tumors: Case, report, review of the literature
Authors: Wagner Marvin , Zastrow Raymond , Reasa Douglas A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA case report involving a 42‐year‐old female is presented. The symptoms and objective physical findings manifest a diagnostic problem. The anatomical site of the tumor depends on the consideration of the numerous possible etiological factors, and one of which is the embryologic knowledge of the region involved. The clinical, pathological, and embryologic features of a case of presacral tumor is presented. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.