bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structuring the documentation of nursing care on the basis of a theoretical process model
Authors: Kärkkäinen Oili , Eriksson Katie 
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to develop the documentation of the substance of nursing care on the basis of a theoretical caring process model. The theory is Eriksson's caring process model and her theory of health, suffering and caring. The approach of the research task was dialogue. As a research method Koski's adaptation of Gadamer's theory of hermeneutic experience was used, in which Gadamer's hermeneutic text interpretation is divided into four phases. The phases are the explicit analysis of preunderstanding, hermeneutic dialogue, the merging of horizons and active application. The dialogue is carried on between Eriksson's theory of health, suffering and caring and clinical nursing practice and between the caring process model and nursing practice. The goal is to achieve a new scientific view on which to base the documentation of nursing care.As a result of the dialogue a classification in accordance with Eriksson's caring‐process model is presented. In the next phase of the study the classification is piloted in a clinical context. The purpose is to obtain knowledge of whether the suggested classification describes what, according to the theory, it should describe.
Does treatment with gum Arabic affect experimental chronic renal failure in rats?
Authors: Ali B.H. , Alqarawi A.A. , Ahmed I.H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe effect of treatment with gum Arabic in rats with experimental chronic renal failure (CRF) was investigated. Some rats underwent two‐stage surgical nephroectomy to induce CRF, and some were sham‐operated. Gum Arabic was then given to rats in the drinking water at doses of 3 or 6 g/100 mL/day for five consecutive weeks. Thereafter, rats were killed and the concentrations of urea and creatinine measured in their plasma. Body weights of all rats were taken every week during the experimental period. The significant increases in the concentrations of urea and creatinine, induced by experimental CRF were slightly and insignificantly (P > 0.05) decreased by gum Arabic by about 8 and 13% in rats treated at doses of 3 and 6 g/100 mL/day in the drinking water, respectively. Treatment with gum Arabic at the two doses did not significantly reverse the decrease in body weight in CRF rats.
Glucose levels observed in daily clinical practice induce endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit macro‐ and microcirculation
Authors: Gomes Marília B. , Affonso Felipe S. , Cailleaux Solange , Almeida Andressa L. F. , Pinto Leonardo F. C. , Tibiriçá Eduardo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe investigated whether different concentrations of elevated glucose – corresponding to levels observed in patients with type 2 diabetes under routine care (post‐prandial mean and maximum values) and those used for diagnosing diabetes – induce impairment of vascular reactivity of the macro‐ and microcirculation in non‐diabetic rabbits. Aortic rings and isolated perfused kidneys from normal rabbits were acutely exposed (3 h) to normal (5.5 mm) or high (7–25 mm) d‐glucose concentrations. Vascular reactivity was evaluated with endothelium‐dependent [acetylcholine (ACh) and bradykinin (BK)] and independent [sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] vasodilating agents. Endothelium‐dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta induced by ACh or BK was significantly attenuated after a 3‐h exposure to high d‐glucose (15–25 mm) but not after corresponding increased osmolarity with mannitol solutions. Relaxation induced by SNP (endothelium‐independent) was not affected by high d‐glucose concentrations. Moreover, endothelium‐dependent but not independent vasodilation of the isolated rabbit kidney was also impaired after 3‐h perfusion with high d‐glucose (11.1–25 mm). Perfusion with mannitol solutions (15–25 mm) partially blunted endothelium‐dependent renal vasodilation. It is concluded that acute hyperglycemia corresponding to post‐prandial levels in patients with type 2 diabetes induces endothelial dysfunction of conduit vessels as well as of the renal circulation of non‐diabetic rabbits.
Learning to make sense: the use of critical incident analysis in facilitated reflective groups of mental health student nurses
Authors: Gould Brian , Masters Hugh 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEncouragement for nurses to utilize reflective approaches has come from a wide range of professional and educational bodies. The benefits of reflection are usually stated in terms of increases in the nurse's critical abilities and a greater awareness of the complexity of nursing practice. Within mental health nursing, additional benefits are cited in terms of improvements in interpersonal effectiveness. This small‐scale study attempted to evaluate practice‐based critical incidents brought to reflective groups by mental health nursing students The findings indicated that the ability of students to bring incidents to groups was influenced by the dynamics of the group and the group member's relationship with their facilitator. The critical incidents themselves were characterized by accounts of difficulties in relationships between students and clients. In particular, students described their concerns in making the transition from a social to a therapeutic relationship with clients. The reflective groups were used by students to give and receive support and in helping them to develop an understanding of what a professional role involved. The conclusion of the study highlights both personal and professional advantages in using reflective groups during practice placements for mental health nursing students. The critical incident approach proved helpful in focusing students on personal experiences of practice, but limitations in utilizing the reflective cycle when exploring critical incidents are highlighted. Training and ongoing support for group facilitators is essential if the learning potential of critical incidents is to be fully exploited.
Learning from contemporary practice: an exploration of clinical supervision in physiotherapy
Authors: Sellars Julie 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe concept of clinical supervision as a means of professional learning and support is well known within some health and social care professions, but there is a dearth of literature related to clinical supervision and physiotherapy. The aim of this article was to report the findings of an exploratory study of clinical supervision in physiotherapy. A mixed methodological approach was adopted, through the use of self‐administered questionnaires supplemented by a small number of interviews. The findings suggest that clinical supervision is not widespread and where it has been implemented it is difficult to sustain. Different structural models were adopted in different locations. The data revealed that support for continuing professional development was a highly rated purpose for clinical supervision. Respondents used supervision for different purposes at different times depending on their individual needs, suggesting that no single model is suitable for all occasions. Any model adopted must be flexible enough to suit the needs of both the individual and the organization. Proctor's identification of the normative, formative and restorative functions of clinical supervision appears to fit current aspirations and practices very well. Support and enthusiasm for clinical supervision was high. Respondents expressed a need to take time for supervision and also valued the time it gave them; but heavy workloads, busy schedules and staff shortages frequently meant that supervision was not seen as a priority.
Disability‐specific preparation programme plays an important role in shaping students’ attitudes towards disablement and patients with disabilities
Authors: Chenoweth Lynn , Pryor Julie , Jeon Yun‐Hee , Hall‐Pullin Laynie 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe philosophy of a curriculum can influence nursing students’ attitudes to particular patient groups. Despite nursing claiming to focus on meeting the needs of all, the development of an understanding of patients with disabilities is one area that is generally not given specific attention in undergraduate nursing curricula. A small pilot study was conducted to explore the effect of a clinical placement in a rehabilitation setting on nursing students’ attitudes towards, and effectiveness in caring for, adult patients with acquired disabilities from head and spinal injuries. The students arrived with unexpectedly positive attitudes towards persons with a disability, which remained relatively unchanged at the end of the clinical placement. This article reports on the pre/post‐test results of the students’ attitude changes employing the Attitudes Towards Disablement Scale (ATDS) and the Scale of Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons (SADP). The students’ participation in a disability‐specific preparation programme, prior to the placement, may explain these findings, thereby supporting other studies that report the value of such programmes in increasing positive attitudes to persons with disability.
Learning disability nursing: a multi‐method study of education and practice
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Alaszewski Andy , Motherby Elaine , Gates Bob , Ayer Sam 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article reports on multi‐agency and multi‐disciplinary education and practice in the area of learning disability nursing in England. It draws on evidence from a national survey, commissioned by the English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (ENB), and an analysis of documents related to the professional education of these nurses, together with observation of their practice. Messages for educationalists, service commissioners, policy makers and learning disability nurses are identified from this study of a professional group that has a long tradition of working with other professionals and in a multi‐agency context.
Circularized Chromosome with a Large Palindromic Structure inStreptomyces griseusMutants
Authors: Uchida Tetsuya , Ishihara Naoto , Zenitani Hiroyuki , Hiratsu Keiichiro , Kinashi Haruyasu 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTStreptomyceslinear chromosomes display various types of rearrangements after telomere deletion, including circularization, arm replacement, and amplification. We analyzed the new chromosomal deletion mutantsStreptomyces griseus301-22-L and 301-22-M. In these mutants, chromosomal arm replacement resulted in long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) at both ends; different sizes were deleted again and recombined inside the TIRs, resulting in a circular chromosome with an extremely large palindrome. Short palindromic sequences were found in parent strain 2247, and these sequences might have played a role in the formation of this unique structure. Dynamic structural changes ofStreptomyceslinear chromosomes shown by this and previous studies revealed extraordinary strategies of members of this genus to keep a functional chromosome, even if it is linear or circular.
The Spatial Organization of the VirR Boxes Is Critical for VirR-Mediated Expression of the Perfringolysin O Gene,
pfoA
, from
Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Cheung Jackie K. , Dupuy Bruno , Deveson Deanna S. , Rood Julian I. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

The transcriptional regulation of toxin production in the gram-positive anaerobe
Clostridium perfringens
involves a two-component signal transduction system that comprises the VirS sensor histidine kinase and its cognate response regulator, VirR. Previous studies showed that VirR binds independently to a pair of imperfect direct repeats, now designated VirR box 1 and VirR box 2, located immediately upstream of the promoter of the
pfoA
gene, which encodes the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, perfringolysin O. For this study, we introduced mutated VirR boxes into a
C. perfringens pfoA
mutant and found that both VirR boxes are essential for transcriptional activation. Furthermore, the spacing between the VirR boxes and the distance between the VirR boxes and the −35 region are shown to be critical for perfringolysin O production. Other VirR boxes that were previously identified from the strain 13 genome sequence were also analyzed, with perfringolysin O production used as a reporter system. The results showed that placement of the different VirR boxes at the same position upstream of the
pfoA
promoter yields different levels of perfringolysin O activity. In all of these constructs, VirR was still capable of binding to the target DNA, indicating that DNA binding alone is not sufficient for transcriptional activation. Finally, we show that the
C. perfringens
RNA polymerase binds more efficiently to the
pfoA
promoter in the presence of VirR, indicating that interactions must occur between these proteins. We propose that these interactions are required for VirR-mediated transcriptional activation.
Reconstitution of a Staphylococcal Plasmid-Protein Relaxation Complex In Vitro
Authors: Caryl Jamie A. , Smith Matthew C. A. , Thomas Christopher D. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

The isolation of plasmid-protein relaxation complexes from bacteria is indicative of the plasmid nicking-closing equilibrium in vivo that serves to ready the plasmids for conjugal transfer. In pC221 and pC223, the components required for in vivo site- and strand-specific nicking at
oriT
are MobC and MobA. In order to investigate the minimal requirements for nicking in the absence of host-encoded factors, the reactions were reconstituted in vitro. Purified MobA and MobC, in the presence of Mg
2+
or Mn
2+
, were found to nick at
oriT
with a concomitant phosphorylation-resistant modification at the 5′ end of
nic
. The position of
nic
is consistent with that determined in vivo. MobA, MobC, and Mg
2+
or Mn
2+
therefore represent the minimal requirements for nicking activity. Cross-complementation analyses showed that the MobC proteins possess binding specificity for
oriT
DNA of either plasmid and are able to complement each other in the nicking reaction. Conversely, nicking by the MobA proteins is plasmid specific. This suggests the MobA proteins may encode the nicking specificity determinant.
Modulation of Activity of
Bacillus subtilis
Regulatory Proteins GltC and TnrA by Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Belitsky Boris R. , Sonenshein Abraham L. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

The
Bacillus subtilis gltAB
operon, encoding glutamate synthase, requires a specific positive regulator, GltC, for its expression and is repressed by the global regulatory protein TnrA. The factor that controls TnrA activity, a complex of glutamine synthetase and a feedback inhibitor, such as glutamine, is known, but the signal for modulation of GltC activity has remained elusive. GltC-dependent
gltAB
expression was drastically reduced when cells were grown in media containing arginine or ornithine or proline, all of which are inducers and substrates of the Roc catabolic pathway. Analysis of
gltAB
expression in mutants with various defects in the Roc pathway indicated that
rocG
-encoded glutamate dehydrogenase was required for such repression, suggesting that the substrates or products of this enzyme are the real effectors of GltC. Given that RocG is an enzyme of glutamate catabolism, the main regulatory role of GltC may be prevention of a futile cycle of glutamate synthesis and degradation in the presence of arginine-related amino acids or proline. In addition, high activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was incompatible with activity of TnrA.
Two Oligopeptide-Permease-Encoding Genes in the Clavulanic Acid Cluster of
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Are Essential for Production of the β-Lactamase Inhibitor
Authors: Lorenzana Luis M. , Pérez-Redondo Rosario , Santamarta Irene , Martín Juan F. , Liras Paloma 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

orf7
(
oppA1
) and
orf15
(
oppA2
) are located 8 kb apart in the clavulanic acid gene cluster of
Streptomyces clavuligerus
and encode proteins which are 48.0% identical. These proteins show sequence similarity to periplasmic oligopeptide-binding proteins. Mutant
S. clavuligerus oppA1
::
acc
, disrupted in
oppA1
, lacks clavulanic acid production. Clavulanic acid production is restored by transformation with plasmid pIJ699-
oppA1
, which carries
oppA1
, but not with the multicopy plasmid pIJ699-
oppA2
, which carries
oppA2
. The mutant
S. clavuligerus oppA2
::
aph
also lacks clavulanic acid production, shows a bald phenotype, and overproduces holomycin (5). Clavulanic acid production at low levels is restored in the
oppA2
-disrupted mutants by transformation with plasmid pIJ699-
oppA2
, but it is not complemented by the multicopy plasmid pIJ699-
oppA1
. Both genes encode oligopeptide permeases with different substrate specificities. The disrupted
S. clavuligerus oppA2
::
aph
is not able to grow on RPPGFSPFR (Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg; bradykinin), but both mutants grow on VAPG (Val-Ala-Pro-Gly) as the only nitrogen source, indicating differences in the peptide bound by the proteins encoded by both genes. The null
S. clavuligerus oppA1
::
acc
and
S. clavuligerus oppA2
::
aph
mutants are more resistant to the toxic tripeptide phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine (also named bialaphos) than the wild-type strain, suggesting that this peptide might be transported by these peptide-binding proteins.
Single-Step Capsular Transformation and Acquisition of Penicillin Resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Trzciński Krzysztof , Thompson Claudette M. , Lipsitch Marc 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThe capsule (cps) locus ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeis flanked by thepbp2xandpbp1agenes, coding for penicillin-binding proteins, enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis that are targets for β-lactams. This linkage suggested to us that selection for β-lactam resistance might coselect for capsular transformants. The recombination event would then involve PBP genes, as well as thecpsoperon, and would change both the serotype and the resistance profile of the strain. We transformed β-lactam-susceptible strain TIGR4 by using whole genomic DNA extracted from multidrug-resistant strain GA71, a serotype 19F variant of pneumococcal clone Spain23F-1, and selected β-lactam-resistant transformants. Smooth colonies appearing on selective plates were subcultured, serotyped by the Quellung reaction, and genotyped to confirm the presence of the GA71pbp2x-cps19-pbp1alocus in the TIGR4 genetic background by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the whole locus and its flanking regions. The results showed that a new serotype, combined with resistance to β-lactams, could emerge in a susceptible strain via a single transformation event. Quantitative analysis showed that transfer of thecpslocus had occurred at an elevated rate in β-lactam-selected transformants. This suggests that in natural settings selection by host immunity and selection by antibiotics may be interrelated because of “hitchhiking” effects due to linkage of resistance determinants and the capsule locus.
Identification and Characterization ofglxR, a Gene Involved in Regulation of Glyoxylate Bypass inCorynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Kim Hyung-Joon , Kim Tae-Hyun , Kim Younhee , Lee Heung-Shick 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTA corynebacterial clone, previously isolated by scoring repression oflacZYAfused to theaceBpromoter ofCorynebacterium glutamicum, was analyzed further. In the clone, an open reading frame designatedglxR, consisting of 681 nucleotides and encoding a 24,957-Da protein, was found. The molecular mass of a native GlxR protein was estimated by gel filtration column chromatography to be 44,000 Da, suggesting that the protein formed dimers. The predicted amino acid sequence contained both cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and DNA-binding motifs and was homologous with the cAMP receptor protein family of proteins. TheaceB-repressing activity of theglxRclone was markedly relieved in anEscherichia coli cyamutant, but the activity was restored in growth medium containing cAMP. In glucose medium, the intracellular cAMP concentration ofC. glutamicumreached 22 nmol/mg of protein in the early exponential phase and then decreased further; but in acetate medium, the intracellular cAMP concentration was only 5 nmol/mg of protein and remained low throughout the growth phase. The expression ofglxRwas not affected by the carbon source. Binding of purified GlxR to the promoter region ofaceBcould be demonstrated only in the presence of cAMP. These data suggest that GlxR may form dimers which bind to theaceBpromoter region in the presence of cAMP and repress the glyoxylate bypass genes.
Lactococcal Phage Genes Involved in Sensitivity to AbiK and Their Relation to Single-Strand Annealing Proteins
Authors: Bouchard Julie D. , Moineau Sylvain 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT
Lactococcal phage mutants insensitive to the antiviral abortive infection mechanism AbiK are divided into two classes. One comprises virulent phages that result from DNA exchanges between a virulent phage and the host chromosome. Here, we report the analysis of the second class of phage mutants, which are insensitive to AbiK as a result of a single nucleotide change causing an amino acid substitution. The mutated genes occupy the same position in the various lactococcal phage genomes, but the deduced proteins do not share amino acid sequence similarity. Four nonsimilar proteins involved in the sensitivity to AbiK (Sak) were identified. Two of these Sak proteins are related to Erf and RAD52, single-strand annealing proteins involved in homologous recombination.
The Global Arginine Regulator ArgR Controls Expression of
argF
in
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. phaseolicola but Is Not Required for the Synthesis of Phaseolotoxin or for the Regulated Expression of
argK
Authors: Hernández-Flores José Luis , López-López Karina , Garcidueñas-Piña Rogelio , Jofre-Garfias Alba E. , Alvarez-Morales Ariel 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

In
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. phaseolicola the enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCTase), encoded by
argF
, is negatively regulated by
argR
, similar to what has been reported for
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. However, production of the phaseolotoxin-resistant OCTase encoded by
argK
, synthesis of phaseolotoxin, and infectivity for bean pods occur independently of the ArgR protein.
Exposure-response relations for work related respiratory symptoms and sensitisation in a cohort exposed to α-amylase: Table 1
Authors: Brisman J , Nieuwenhuijsen M J , Venables K M , Putcha V , Gordon S , Taylor A J N 
Published: May 2004

Aims:To explore relations between exposure to fungal α-amylase and the risk of new work related respiratory symptoms or sensitisation.Methods:A prospective cohort study among 300 bakers and millers was followed up for a maximum of seven years. Exposure to α-amylase was estimated by air measurements and questionnaires and classified into three categories. Symptoms were recorded with a self-administered questionnaire and skin sensitisation assessed using skin prick test (SPT).Results:There were 36 new cases of chest symptoms, 86 of eyes/nose symptoms, and 24 of a positive SPT to α-amylase. There were exposure-response relations for chest and eyes/nose symptoms and for sensitisation, and a significantly increased prevalence ratio for chest symptoms in the highest exposure category.Conclusion:A reduction in α-amylase exposure is likely to reduce the risk for respiratory morbidity in bakery workers.