bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of daily baked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) consumption on the plasma lipid levels of young, normo-cholesterolaemic men
Authors: Shutler Susan M. , Bircher Gemma M. , Tredger Jacki A. , Morgan Linda M. , Walker Ann F. , LOW A. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Thirteen normo-cholesterolaemic male students consumed one 450 g can of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in tomato sauce, daily, for 14 d as part of their normal diet. After a 14 d washout period, eleven of the students went on to consume one 440 g can of spaghetti in tomato sauce, daily, for 14 d.2. Fasting blood samples were taken frequently for measurement of plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose, insulin and C-peptide. Diet diaries (3 d) were completed by the subjects during each period.3. Consumption of beans and spaghetti led to a significant reduction in the amount of fat eaten daily (P< 0.05). Bean consumption also resulted in significant increases in protein, fibre and sugar intakes (P< 0.02,P< 0.001 andP< 0.05 respectively).4. During the bean-eating period the mean total plasma cholesterol level of the students fell significantly from 5.1 to 4.5 mmol/l (P< 0.02). No reduction in plasma cholesterol occurred during the spaghetti-eating period.5. HDL-cholesterol levels fell significantly during both periods (P< 0.001), but HDL:total cholesterol ratio was significantly reduced only during the spaghetti-eating period (P< 0.001). Neither beans nor spaghetti affected triacylglycerol, insulin or C-peptide levels.6. The benefits of a legume-rich diet are discussed.
Changes in glutathione status and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine action in livers of rats given cysteine-deficient diets
Authors: Garcin H. , Suberville C. , Higueret P. , Higueret D. 
Published: September 2005

1. For a period of 32 d young rats were given a diet containing (g/kg) 220 casein, 120 casein +1.93 L-cysteine (Cys), or 120 casein.2. The formation of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-nuclear protein complexes was reduced in rats fed on the Cys-deficient diet.3. Scatchard analysis showed that decreased formation of T3-nuclear protein complexes was due to a decreased affinity of T3receptors; this decrease was induced, at least in part, by a reduced glutathione content.4. In rats fed on the Cys-deficient diet there was an expected decrease in growth but an unexpected increase in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49) and malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC1.1.1.40). It is suggested that this increase is related to an increased oxidized glutathione: reduced glutathione ratio.
Bioavailability of total iron from meat, spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) and meat–spinach mixtures by anaemic and non-anaemic rats
Authors: Zhang D. , Hendricks D. G. , Mahoney A. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Bioavailability of Fe from beef, spinach (Spinacea oleraceaL.) and their mixtures was studied using anaemic and non-anaemic rats by haemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) and apparent Fe absorption in two trials.2. The initial haemoglobin levels of severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic rats were 63, 88 and 113 g/l, respectively. The Fe level in diets was about 30 mg/kg. All other nutrients equalled or exceeded the requirement of the growing rat.3. The spinach Fe was well utilized by the rats with average HRE of 0.41, 0.53 and 0.36, and apparent Fe absorptions averaging 0.48, 0.59 and 0.37 for the severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic animals respectively.4. Beef Fe was efficiently used by rats as reported by others. Average HRE were 0.42, 0.51 and 0.44, and average apparent Fe absorptions were 0.44, 0.47 and 0.46 for the severely anaemic, mildly anaemic and non-anaemic rats respectively.5. When the percentage of meat Fe was increased from 0 to 25, 50, 75 or 100 of the dietary Fe, HRE and apparent Fe absorption were not increased significantly. A meat enhancement effect on total Fe absorption, reported by others for non-haem-Fe, did not occur in the present experiment.6. Negative correlation coefficients between initial haemoglobin and HRE (r-0.79), and initial haemoglobin and apparent Fe absorption (r-0.73) were seen with the rats fed on dietary Fe from FeSO47H2O. This was not seen with the rats fed on dietary Fe from beef or spinach.7. The Fe absorption pattern for the different Fe sources is evidence for a third Fe pool, a pool made up of highly soluble inorganic Fe salt, in addition to haem-Fe and non-haem-Fe complex pools. FeSO47H2O is not in the same gastrointestinal pool as non-haem-Fe complex such as spinach Fe. A suggested mechanism of absorption is discussed.
Effects of copper deficiency on hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activities in lactose- and sucrose-fed rats
Authors: Lynch S. M. , Strain J. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. A number of dietary sugars are known to mediate the effects of copper deficiency. The effects of lactose (compared with sucrose) and a dietary Cu deficiency on hepatic and cardiac antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue mineral element status were investigated in the rat.2. Groups (n6) of male weanling Wistar rats were providedad lib.with deionized water and diets containing sucrose (580 g/kg) or sucrose and lactose (387 g/kg and 193 g/kg respectively) with either control (12.0 mg/kg) or deficient (1.5 mg/kg) quantities of Cu for 77 d.3. Animals consuming the low-Cu diets exhibited significantly decreased tissue Cu levels (P< 0.01), hepatic and cardiac cytochromecoxidase (EC1.9.3.1, CCO) activities (P< 0.01 andP< 0.001 respectively) and hepatic Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1.1, CuZnSOD) activity (P< 0.05). The low-Cu diets also significantly decreased cardiac manganese superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1.1, MnSOD), catalase (EC1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9, GSH-Px) activities (P< 0.01,P< 0.05 andP< 0.001 respectively).4. Hepatic Mn was significantly increased in both lactose-fed (P< 0.001) and Cu-deficient (P< 0.01) animals. These increases were unrelated to hepatic MnSOD activity. Cardiac Zn was significantly (P< 0.01) increased in Cu-deficient animals.5. Lactose feeding resulted in significantly increased cardiac CCO activity (P< 0.001) but significantly decreased hepatic CuZnSOD (P< 0.05), catalase (P< 0.01) and GSH-Px (P< 0.001) activities.6. The activities of lactose dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.27, LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49, G6PDH) were found to be significantly (P< 0.05 andP< 0.01 respectively) increased in Cu-deficient animals and G6PDH activity was significantly (P< 0.01) decreased as a result of lactose consumption.7. The observed changes in antioxidant enzyme activities associated with both Cu deficieny and lactose consumption may have important implications for the development of free radical mediated cell damage. However, no significant differences in either hepatic or cardiac levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, a measure of lipid peroxidation, were found.
In vitro Na+, K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3)-dependent respiration and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of pigs fed at three dietary protein levels
Authors: Adeola O. , Young L. G. , Mcbride B. W. , Ball R. O. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eighteen pigs were offered diets containing 130, 170 or 210 g protein/kg with three barrows and three gilts per diet from 20 to 60 kg live weight. Oxygen consumption, Na1, K1-ATPase (EC3·6·1· 3)-dependent and -independent respiration and protein synthesis were measured in vitro in intercostal and sartorius muscle preparations from these pigs.2. Increasing dietary protein concentration increased (P< 0·01) daily gain and dissectible muscle in carcass.3. O2consumption and Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration of the intercostal and sartorius muscles increased linearly (P< 0·01) with increase in dietary protein concentration. The requirement for the support of the transport of Na+and K+across the cell membrane in these muscles, on average, accounted for 22–25% of the O2consumption.4. Synthesis rate (mg/g per d) of protein in the sartorius muscle increased (P< 0·05) from 3·05 to 5·07 and increased (P< 0·1) from 2·57 to 4.06 in the intercostal muscle as dietary protein increased from 130 to 210 g/kg diet.5. Regression of Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration against protein synthesis in each of intercostal and sartorius muscles showed a linear relation, an attestation of a close link between productive processes and auxiliary energy expenditure.
Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat
Authors: Auestad Nancy , Korsak Rose A. , Bergstrom James D. , Edmond John 
Published: September 2005

1. Procedures are described to prepare nutritionally adequate rat milk-substitutes by modifying commercially available processed cow's milk, rich in carbohydrate and low in protein and fat compared with rat's milk.2. Premilk formulas, prepared as intermediates in the preparation of rat milk-substitutes, are rich in protein but low in their concentration of fat, carbohydrate, and minerals when compared with rat's milk.3. Premilks were supplemented with lactose, vitamins, minerals, fat as oil mixtures, certain amino acids and other constituents to yield rat milk-substitutes which resemble the known composition of rat's milk in their properties and composition.4. Detailed analyses of the milk-substitutes show them to be comparable to rat's milk in energy content, pH, osmolarity, the concentration of the macronutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, and the major minerals.5. Rat pups were artificially reared from postnatal day 4 or 5 until days 16–18 by fitting them with gastric cannulas through which the milk-substitutes could be infused automatically.6. The nutritional impact of the milk-substitutes was assessed by a comparison of growth and mctabolic characteristics for artificially reared rats with age-matched sucking rats reared by their mother.7. Indices which were taken to be appropriate included (a) body-weight gain; (b) the concentration in blood of protein, amino acids, ketone bodies, carnitine, glucose, galactose, lactate, insulin, and the electrolytes calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride; (c) the turnover of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate; (d) the concentration in brain of protein, cholesterol, cerebroside sulphate and the activities of the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC1.2.4.1), 3-oxo-acid-CoA transferase (EC2.8.3.5) and acetoacetyl-CoA ligase (EC6.2.1.16).8. The studies suggest that milk-substitutes approximating to rat's milk in composition promote acceptable metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup.
Effects of dietarytrans-fatty acids on reproductive performance of Wistar rats
Authors: Hanis T. , Zidek V. , Sachova J. , Klir P. , Deyl Z. 
Published: September 2005

1. Wistar rats were fed for three successive generations on a semi-purified diet, in which the fat was provided by butter, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil or hydrogenated vegetable fat, differing in the content ofcis, cis-18:2 andtrans-18:1 fatty acids. Effects of these fats on the composition of adipose tissue and reproductive performance were studied. Fatty acids were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography.2. The fatty acid pattern of adipose tissue was closely related to dietary fat composition and, established in the first generation, did not change significantly in successive generations of rats.3. Hydrogenated fat adversely affected litter size, sperm morphology and regularity of oestrous cycle, and prolonged the period of gestation in experimental animals. Differences observed between the generations were not significant.4. Hydrogenated fat decreased the level of serum testosterone in males, but the differences observed in levels of serum progesterone in females were not apparently related to the dietarytrans-fatty acids.
Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas
Authors: Dörner Klaus , Dziadzka Stefan , Höhn Andreas , Sievers Erika , Oldigs Hans-Dieter , Schulz-Lell Gisela , Schaub Jörgen 
Published: September 2005

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.
Effect of change of diet on the mineral composition of rumen fluid, on magnesium metabolism and on water balance in sheep
Authors: Johnson C. L. , Aubrey Jones D. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of four diets on water intake, rumen fluid outflow-rate, rumen pH and mineral metabolism were studied in wether sheep. The diets were barley and hay, flaked maize and hay, dried grass and frozen grass.2. Experimental periods were of 12 d duration, and plasma magnesium concentrations were lower at the end of treatment periods when the grass diets were given and were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 11.00 and 20.45 hours. Also, the concentration was significantly lower with the dried-grass diet than with the frozen-grass diet (P < 0.05).3. The concentration of Mg in rumen fluid centrifuged at 30000 g (ultracentrifuged) varied with the diet. Maximum concentrations (tmax) were reached 4 h later on the grass diets than on the hay and concentrate diets. In the latter case tmax coincided with that for calcium, potassium, chloride and ammonia. At this time sodium and phosphate were at a minimum. The concentration of Mg in ultracentrifuged rumen fluid was negatively correlated (r −0.89) with pH, which was significantly higher (P < 0.01) at all times on the grass diets. This relation was also reflected in the apparent availability of Mg.4. Total water intake on the frozen grass was about twice that on the barley and hay diet. The outflow rate of liquid from the rumen was higher on the frozen grass than on the other three diets.5. The proportion of absorbed Mg excreted in urine was significantly influenced by diet.
Serum folates in young dairy heifers
Authors: Girard Christiane L. , Matte J. Jacques , Roy Gabriel L. 
Published: September 2005

1. In the first trial, hourly blood samples were drawn during the light period (06·30–20·30 hours) from thirtyfour dairy heifers in two groups of different ages.2. Concentrations of serum folates were 8·2 (se 0·1) ng/ml at the age of 18·2 (se 0·6) d and 14·8 (se 0·2) ng/ml at 120·7 (se 2·9) d (P ≤ 0·001).3. In the second trial, forty heifers were randomly assigned to a factorial experiment where age (2 weeks v. 4 months) and quantity of pteroylmonoglutamic acid injected intramuscularly (2·5, 5·0, 10·0 and 20·0 mg) were the two factors studied. Blood samples were taken immediately before injection and on days 1,2,3,4,7 and 10 after the injection.4. Serum folates reached a maximum on day 1 after the injection of pteroylmonoglutamic acid. The response to the injection was different for the two age groups (P ≤ 0·0002); concentration of serum folates for 2-week-old heifers markedly increased, while in 4-month-old heifers the effect of a supplement of pteroylmonoglutamic acid was less marked.5. These results might indicate a need for pteroylmonoglutamic acid in young animals during the development of rumen function.
Ascorbic acid concentration of human fetal tissues in relation to fetal size and gestational age
Authors: Zalani Sunita , Rajalakshmi R. , Parekh L. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were carried out on the distribution of ascorbic acid in human fetal tissues with the progress of gestation.2. Fetuses and stillborn babies varying in gestational age from 12 to 38 weeks were obtained from various Baroda hospitals. Ascorbic acid levels were determined in selected tissues: brain, adrenal, liver, kidney, lung, heart and placenta.3. Ascorbic acid concentration in the brain was higher than that in the adrenal at all gestational ages, suggesting the importance of this vitamin in brain development. The concentrations of this vitamin in liver, kidney, lung and placenta were comparable, but that in the heart tended to be lower. In all the tissues, there was a fall in ascorbic acid during late gestation. However, the levels in tissues of stillborn babies were higher than those reported for adults.
Potentiation of atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits by a high dietary level of vitamin E
Authors: Godfried Susan L. , COMBS Gerald F. , Saroka James M. , Dillingham Lloyd A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether or not high dietary levels of vitamin E affect the development of atherosclerotic lesions in aortas of cholesterol-fed (5 g/kg diet) rabbits that were mechanically deendothelialized by balloon catheterization.2. In the first experiment, the aortas of rabbits fed 2000 mg vitamin E/kg diet (i.e. 50-fold their nutritional requirement) for 8 weeks showed no gross morphological differences, either within or outside experimentally damaged areas, from those of rabbits fed the nutritionally adequate control level (40 mg/kg) of the vitamin.3. In the second experiment, rabbits fed 10000 mg vitamin E/kg diet (i.e. 250-fold requirement) for 14–15 weeks showed significantly greater endothelial loss and plaque formation at aortic sites outside of the mechanically damaged area than did controls. Plasma cholesterol levels were very high (9000–14000 mg/1) and were not affected by dietary vitamin E level until 10–12 weeks when they were reduced moderately (18%).4. It is concluded that very high levels of vitamin E can potentiate spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions, and it is suggested that this effect may depend on high cholesterol status.
Effects of vitamin B6deficiency and repletion on the uptake of steroid hormones into uterus slices and isolated liver cells of rats
Authors: Bender David A. , Ghartey-Sam Kweku , Singh Amerjit 
Published: September 2005

1. In vitro, pyridoxal phosphate extracts steroid-hormone receptors from tight nuclear binding (Cidlowski & Thanassi, 1981); in vitamin B6-deficient rats there is increased and prolonged nuclear accumulation of oestradiol in the uterus and testosterone in the prostate, associated with enhanced biological responsiveness of these target tissues to steroid hormone action (Symeset al.1984; Bowdenet al.1986).2. Slices of uterus from vitamin B6-deficient rats accumulated more [3H]oestradiol than did tissue from repleted animals. Acute repletion with vitamin B6(0.5–1 h before killing) further increased the uptake of the steroid.3. Isolated hepatocytes from vitamin B6-deficient rats accumulated more [3H]dexamethasone than did cells from repleted animals. Pre-incubation of the hepatocytes with pyridoxal phosphate resulted in a further increase in the uptake of the steroid.4. The results suggest that in addition to the putative role of pyridoxal phosphate in releasing steroid-hormone-receptor complexes from tight nuclear binding (Cidlowski & Thanassi, 1981), vitamin B6deficiency may also increase the concentration of steroid-hormone receptors or enzymes and other steroid-binding proteins in target tissues.
Effects of a dietary excess of leucine and of the addition of leucine and 2-oxo-isocaproate on the metabolism of tryptophan and niacin in isolated rat liver cells
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Feeding rats on a low-tryptophan, niacin-free, high-leucine diet resulted in impaired synthesis from tryptophan of the nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP, and N1-methyl nicotinamide in isolated hepatocytes, compared with cells from animals fed on a low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet providing an appropriate amount of leucine. This was accompanied by reduced accumulation of the tryptophan metabolites kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid.2. With hepatocytes from animals fed on the low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet, the addition of leucine to the incubation medium resulted in reduced synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, and a small increase in the accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine.3. With hepatocytes from animals fed on the low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet, the addition of 2-oxo-isocaproate to the incubation medium resulted in increased synthesis of NAD(P) and niacin, and increased accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine.4. The results suggest that a dietary excess of leucine alters the activity of the enzymes of tryptophan→niacin metabolism, or the uptake of tryptophan into the liver, in a different manner from the simple inhibition and activation seen in experiments in vitro.5. Differences between studies in isolated hepatocytes and intact animals suggest that extra-hepatic metabolism of tryptophan, catalysed by indoleamine dioxygenase, is more important than has been believed hitherto.
Metabolic changes in Asian Muslim pregnant mothers observing the Ramadan fast in Britain
Authors: Malhotra Ashok , Scott P. H. , Scott J. , Gee H. , Wharton B. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Metabolic changes associated with Ramadan fasting were studied in eleven Asian pregnant mothers. This was compared with a group of control mothers undergoing a normal physiological fast.2. At the end of the Ramadan fast day there was a significant fall in glucose, insulin, lactate and carnitine, and a rise in triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate. When compared with the control group, none of the Ramadan mothers had a completely normal set of biochemical values at the end of the fast day.3. Pregnancy outcome in the two groups was comparable.4. We are wary of the metabolic departures from normal observed in the Ramadan fasting mothers. If asked we advise mothers to take up the dispensation from fasting during pregnancy which is allowed.