bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Suppression of Menstruation
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Menstrual cycles enter the lives of most women when they are about thirteen, as they reach the menarche, and end when the menopause is complete, around forty-five to fifty years of age. At the beginning and end of the span they may experience irregular cycles (oligomenorrhea). During the reproductive years, usually considered to be fifteen to forty-five, they often stop menstruating naturally, due to pregnancy and breast-feeding. With high fertility and long periods of lactation, therefore, the number of times that a woman actually experiences menstrual cycles can be dramatically curtailed. For many women in developing countries where most of the world’s population lives, this pattern of frequent and long periods of menstrual suppression accurately describes their menstruation history. In any given month around the globe, because of the natura circumstances of age, pregnancy, and breast-feeding, there are certainly more women not menstruating than there are menstruating. Moreover, there is substantial evidence that exercise and diet can further reduce the number of menstrual periods a woman has in her lifetime.
Sentencing and Punishment in Finland
Authors: ä Tapio Lappi-Sepp äl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nordic countries share a long legal and cultural history. The connection between Finland and Sweden has been exceptionally close. For centuries, the same laws were in force in both because Finland was part of Sweden up to 1809. Between 1809 and 1917 Finland remained an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire (but still maintaining its own laws). Finland declared independence from Russia in 1917. During the twentieth century, Finland experienced three wars (the 1918 Civil War and the two wars against Russia between 1939 and 1944). The exceptional wartime and postwar conditions made their mark on Finnish criminal policy. For instance, dire economic circumstances were reflected in the prison administration of the time. There was little scope for the treatment ideology, so prevalent in Denmark and Sweden, to catch on in Finnish policy at mid-century. Instead, the postwar crime increases led to stiffer criminal legislation in the 1950s. In general terms, the criminal justice system of Finland in the 1950s and 1960s was less resourceful, less flexible, and more repressive than those of its Nordic counterparts.
Multinational Enterprises and Cross-Border Knowledge Creation
Authors: Westney D Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last two decades, the model of the multinational enterprise (MNE) has changed dramatically, especially in terms of the nature and role of knowledge creation. From the 1960s into the early 1980s, the dominant perspective in international business viewed the MNE as developing a knowledge-based advantage in its home country and then exploiting it by extending its production system into geographically dispersed markets (see, for example, Vernon, 1966; Buckley and Casson, 1976; Dunning, 1981; Rugman, 1981).
Knowledge Creation and the Internationalization of Japanese Companies: Front-Line Management Across Borders
Authors: Yasumuro Kenichi , Westney D Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinctive patterns of knowledge creation in Japanese firms and their enormous contribution to the competitiveness of Japan’ s leading companies has been one of the central themes of Ikujiro Nonaka’ s work for over a decade (Nonaka, 1985). To oversimplify his argument considerably, he sees Japanese companies as both excel- ling in and heavily dependent on creating and enhancing tacit knowledge, in contrast to Western companies’ reliance on explicit knowledge. There is a growing body of work illuminating Japanese knowledge-creation processes, including many of the essays in this book. However, relatively little of the work on Japanese knowledge creation explicitly addresses the implications for the internationalization processes of Japanese firms. What happens when firms whose patterns of knowledge creation have been generated in the tacit-knowledge-valuing Japanese context set up subsidiaries in an explicit-knowledge-valuing society like the United States?
“Co-opetition” in the Japanese Aircraft Industry
Authors: Caspary Sigrun , Nishiguchi Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge creation is the key to Japanese entrepreneurial innovation (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995:3). It takes place on various organizational levels: within one company, between companies of one industry, and between companies of various industries. In cases where the development of an industry is thought to require government support, there is additional knowledge creation through the exchange between government and private industry. Strategic industries are one example of industries with massive governmental intervention.
Endowments and Opportunities
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most new businesses lack any ideas or assets that differentiate them from their competitors. They don’t really earn a profit; they merely provide a wage to their proprietors that is set by a competitive market for the proprietors’ labor. For many individuals this wage turns out to be lower than what they could make working for someone else, so they have a powerful incentive to shut down.
Change: The Name of the Game
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, you could open the door, turn on the lights, and walk away and the plant would do its thing perfectly. But that isn’t the real world; in the real world we are continually confronted with that thing called change. And we’ve invented a special breed to deal with this thing called change; we call him or her a manager and expect this manager to use information effectively in the conduct of his or her job. But there’s an important caveat about this raw material called information.
Situation Assessment
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Situation Assessment is a tool for evaluating all the thinking projects, the unresolved concerns, that are gathering dust on your desk. Its use is akin to spreading the problems out on top of your desk; then dusting each one off and deciding what needs to be done to it-what thinking tool needs to be applied to it; then making sure that no concerns are stuck together; and finally deciding in what order you’re going to analyze and resolve them.
What is your Retirement Annuity?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the peculiar behavior of the dog in the night in the Sherlock Holmes story “Silver Blaze;• one of the obvious but overlooked clues about the insurance orientation of TIAA-CREF appears in the names of the accounts that are given to the various accumulation alternatives available to you. Each account is labeled an “annuity,” and each contribution is called a ‘‘premium.” To avoid confusion you should note that what TIAA-CREF labels as an “account,” you probably would call an investment choice or fund.
What is your Supplemental Retirement Annuity Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the name indicates, a Supplemental Retirement Annuity (the “SRA”) operates as an adjunct to your Retirement Annuity. If your employer offers an SRA, you have the opportunity to augment your retirement stash on a tax-deferred basis through a salary deferral agreement, provided you are within the contribution limitations stipulated by law. Again, your benefits office will be able to advise you as to how large a percentage of your salary you may contribute to your SRA. Not all institutions offer the SRA. If your employer is one who does, try your hardest to take advantage of this feature of your employer’s plan. It typically allows you to contribute the gap between the maximum contribution you can make under the Code and the permissible deferral of salary under the employers plan. If you have the funds, for obvious reasons you want to save as much as possible in the tax-favored setting of a qualified plan. Let’s look at the other characteristics of an SRA.
What are a Group Retirement Account and a Group Supplemental Retirement Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Group Retirement Account (or “GRA”) and the Group Supplemental Retirement Account (or “GSRA”) resemble the Retirement Annuity account and the Supplemental Retirement Annuity account in many respects. There are, however, some fundamental differences between the group accounts and their nongroup counterparts.
How do TIAA-CREF Plans Differ from Employer to Employer?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we indicated in the previous chapters, plans provided by TIAACREF can differ substantially from one employer to another. We have noted that some employers offer an Retirement Annuity account, others the Group Retirement Account. Contribution percentages will vary from one employer to another. Perhaps the most striking structural difference lies in the extent to which employers will give their employees options at retirement to withdraw funds from TIAA-CREF and take their futures into their own hands.
How Should You Go About Your Retirement Planning?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some, retirement comes as a wrenching experience, although this occurs less frequently due to the flexibility most participants enjoy as to when they begin their retirement. For most, retirement appears as a welcome relief, in part because they can design their retirement with more individual control than formerly. You can work part-time or on a reduced schedule.
The Heart of the Matter What Sorts of Annuities Does TIAA-CREF Offer?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those of you who are considering annuitizing all or part of your account, this chapter and the next may prove to be the most critical and, we hope, helpful. We will lay out the different options available, the implications for each choice, and the issues that you need to consider in picking an annuity.
What are the Pros and Cons of the Minimum Distribution Option?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now need to look at the implications that the choice of the MDO will have upon you and your Designated Beneficiary. To start with the obvious negatives, the MDO does not offer the security of an annuity. You do not obtain the assurance of a lifetime stream of income, and everything depends on the size of your account and how you manage it. If your accumulation is large you may have to live to 100 and a little bit longer to reduce the MDO to a pittance; or if your account is not large, you may find yourself in trouble at 80 using the MDO. Most of us would take our chances if confronted with the former because so few human beings live to be 100. If the latter seems likely rather than remotely improbable, it strongly suggests that, other things being equal, you should not elect the MDO.
How Do You Pay for Second-to-Die Life Insurance?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of affordability, especially after one’s income declines after retirement, constantly arises. It probably represents the largest barrier to purchasing second-to-die life insurance that we have encountered. For starters, the premiums represent an unanticipated and unwanted expense, in much the same way that the estate tax problems inherent in having an estate consisting primarily of retirement assets come as a shock and a surprise.
Overview: Methods for Process Research
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have made some progress on our journey to understanding change and development processes. The first part of our itinerary has been devoted to exploring the conceptual and theoretical grounding of organizational processes. The remainder of the excursion will be devoted to methods that put the concepts of Part I to work.
Stochastic Modeling
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We noted in chapter 2 that among the basic requirements of process research are the ability to identify and characterize event sequences and the capacity to identify temporal dependencies in event sequences. Stochastic modeling of event sequences is directly applicable to both tasks, because it captures dependencies among sequential observations. Stochastic modeling can also contribute to the evaluation of developmental models based on formal and final causality and to the identification of macrolevel narrative structures.
Epidemiology of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although ischemic stroke can affect men and women of any age, some patient populations are at higher risk. Several conditions or factors can be used to identify these individuals. Some risk factors are modifiable, and others are not (Table 2-1.) In reality, many risk factors predispose to stroke because of their influence on the evolution of atherosclerosis. The relationships between some risk factors and ischemic stroke may not be as strong as are those for coronary artery disease because stroke can be secondary to conditions, such as trauma or infection, that are independent of traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. Some physicians consider transient ischemic attack (TIA) to be a risk factor for stroke, but it is not included in this chapter.
Cardiac Sources of Embolism
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symptoms including wooziness, dizziness, or syncope often are secondary to heart diseases that lead to transient declines in cardiac output. Intermittent cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly intermittent complete heart block or the bradycardia-tachycardia (sick sinus syndrome), are frequent cardiac causes of recurrent syncope in the elderly. Although these cardiac rhythm disturbances are important markers of severe heart disease that lead to transient episodes of loss of consciousness, they generally do not lead to embolism to the brain. Despite the relatively low risk of stroke directly related to these cardiac arrhythmias, they are associated with high risk of cardiac death.
Neuropathies Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: Kissel John T , Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searching for the presence of a monoclonal protein (also called paraprotein, monoclonal gammopathy, or M-protein) has become an important part of evaluating patients with chronic peripheral neuropathies of unknown cause. Approximately 10% of idiopathic neuropathy patients have an associated monoclonal gammopathy. Most of these patients do not have an identifiable underlying plasma cell disorder, instead they have a so-called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (Table 15-1). The pathophysiological relationship of the monoclonal protein to the neuropathy is often obscure, even for those patients with a defined hematologic disorder. The clinical spectrum, pathologic features, and methods of treatment of these disorders are the subjects of this chapter.
Romance Infinitives with Specified Subjects: The State of the Art
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss existing generative accounts of specified subjects in Romance infinitive constructions. After a brief summary, each proposal will be explored in the light of the data presented in chapter 2 and the theoretical framework outlined in chapter 3. It will become evident from this chapter that although there has been a considerable number of attempts to explain some of the relevant data for individual languages, no unified solution applicable to all Romance languages has been given so far, particularly for nominative subjects.
The chapter is organized as follows. In section 4.1, I discuss infinitive subjects in the accusative case, which have been explained by exceptional case marking and in which the infinitive construction is selected by perceptional, causative, and permissive verbs. Section 4.2 is dedicated to an outline of some basic approaches toward infinitive subjects that appear in the main clause, both in raising and in wh contexts. These two sections include some additional data that have not yet been introduced.
The Position of Subjects in Romance Infinitive Clauses
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I analyze the data presented so far to establish the structural position of the constituents in the infinitive constructions under discussion. As suggested by its title, the main aim of this chapter is to identify the different subject positions. Since the analysis of other constituents is involved in determining the location of subjects, I also examine the position of verbs, adverbs, negation, and clitics so that this chapter will contribute to understanding the structure of old and modem Romance infinitive clauses in general. As for the subject positions, I reject some of the proposals presented in chapter 4, whereas others tum out to be compatible with the Split-Intl hypothesis and with the assumption that SpecVP is the base position of subjects.
As I explained in chapter 1, causative and similar constructions are not discussed because the analyses reviewed in section 4.1.1 are sufficient to account for those structures. Moreover, in this chapter, the difference between accusative and nominative subjects is ignored because the issue of case assignment is discussed at length in chapter 6. Thus, I now explore the question of where the subjects are located in the clause, and in the next chapter I examine what licenses these positions and the movements involved.
Win All Without Fighting
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 2:45 in the morning of January 30, 1968, all hell broke loose at the United States embassy in Saigon, the capital city of what was then South Viet Nam. On Tet, the Vietnamese New Year, nineteen Viet Cong guerilla commandos shot their way into the embassy. Simultaneously, in the largest offensive of the war, eighty-four thousand Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops threw themselves against the major towns and cities in South Viet Nam, using human wave tactics to overwhelm defenders and incite terror in the populace.
After overcoming their initial shock, the U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese troops recovered well, delivering major blows to the communists and retaking all captured cities and towns. The commando force that entered the embassy compound was wiped out. Overall, the communists suffered the loss of roughly forty thousand troops (almost half of the forces engaged) while the U.S. and AR VN (Army of the Republic of Viet Nam) forces losses amounted to only 3,400 men dead. If judged by a “body count” criteria, this was a major success for the U.S. and its ally. However, in warfare, body counts and casualty ratios do not determine success or failure. This war was not only being fought in the jungles and villages of Southeast Asia but also in the living rooms and student unions in the United States. More important than the reality on the Asian battlefields was the perception in American minds.
Deception and Foreknowledge
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now the reason the enlightened prince and the wise general conquer the enemy whenever they move and their achievements surpass those of ordinary men is foreknowledge. (XIII.3)
As Sun Tzu states, to defeat the enemy and achieve the nation’s goals, one must have “foreknowledge.” Sun Tzu then explains exactly what foreknowledge is:
What is called “foreknowledge” cannot be elicited from spirits, nor from gods, nor by analogy with past events, nor from calculations. It must be obtained from men who know the enemy situation. (XIII.4)
What Sun Tzu is saying is that foreknowledge is not simply projecting the future based on the past, nor is it simple analysis of the enemy’s order of battle. Foreknowledge is firsthand insight and a deep understanding of three things—the enemy, one’s own strengths and weaknesses, and the environment. The first of these is the enemy.
The War on Terrorism
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And therefore the general who understands war is the minister of the people’s fate and arbiter of the nation’s destiny. (11.21)
I completed the previous chapter in early 2001 with the above quotation and submitted the manuscript that would become this book before the events of September I I, 2001. Once the terrorist attacks occurred and their magnitude became apparent, it was clear that a chapter addressing the application of Sun Tzu’s principles to the war on terrorism was needed. The significance and meaning of the above quotation became even more important and twenty-five centuries later Sun Tzu’s words still ring true: how U.S. leaders carry out the war on terrorism will, to a large extent, determine America’s fate and Western civilization’s destiny.
Epidemiological Principles for the Study of Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Amos Christopher I , Spitz Margaret R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the general principles and designs used in epidemiological studies of gastrointestinal cancers, with an emphasis on molecular and genetic epidemiological methods. These newer methods have come to play an important role in understanding the etiology of gastrointestinal cancers, yet textbook discussions of these methods are limited. Also, because of the importance and difficulty of measuring dietary intake, we shall include a short section describing some of the major dietary assessment tools. We close the chapter with a section discussing informed consent for epidemiological studies.
Developmental Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Babyatsky Mark W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in molecular techniques have provided tremendous insights into the complex sequence of events that occur during the maturation of an initial hollow tube to the specialized multifunctional gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its appendages. Unique developmental pathways particular to the functional characteristics of the individual digestive organ or set of organs have emerged, particularly through recent gene deletion models of specific developmental factors in mice.
Therapeutic Principles of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia: Chemotherapy
Authors: Xiong Henry Q , Abbruzzese James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy has constituted a major modality in the treatment of cancer since its first use for cancer patients five decades ago. The clinical use of chemotherapy continues to expand as a result of the continuous discovery of new agents and their increasingly rational use. Chemotherapy can be given as a single agent or in combination with different cytotoxic agents or different treatment modalities, including radiation, vaccines, and novel targeted therapeutics. Chemotherapy is clearly part of the mainstream of treatment for metastatic and recurrent gastrointestinal malignancies.
Pathology and Natural History of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Glickman Jonathan N , Odze Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Esophageal cancer accounts for about 5%–6% of all malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Worldwide, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common, although the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased dramatically in recent years. Esophageal cancers are categorized primarily by their cell of origin (Table 14–1). However, in some tumors (e.g., adenoid cystic carcinoma), the origin is not always known conclusively. The histologic classification used in this chapter is a variation of the one proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO).