bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of buccalin‐like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica
Authors: Miller M. W. , Alevizos A. , Cropper E. C. , Kupfermann I. , Weiss K. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe neuropeptide buccalin A was originally purified and sequenced from a nerve‐muscle system used in feeding‐related behaviors of Aplysia californica in which it has been proposed that it acts as a modulatory cotransmitter. The distribution of buccalin‐like immunoreactivity in the central ganglia and in peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica was examined by whole mount immunohistochemical techniques. Immunoreactive material was located in specific cell bodies and clusters of neurons in each of the ganglia. Immunoreactive fibers were present in each of the connectives between ganglia, in tracts coursing through the ganglia, and in the majority of the peripheral nervos. Most fibers were smooth in contour, but some had regularly spaced swellings. Varicosities containing immunoreactive material were located on specific neuronal somata and on certain tissues associated with the feeding, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems. The specific and widespread distribution of buccalin‐like immunoreactivity supports the hypothesis that members of the buccalin peptide family act as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters in a variety of central and peripheral circuits in Aplysia.
Differential calbindin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain stem auditory system of the chinchilla
Authors: Kelley Peggy E. , Frisina Robert D. , Zettel Martha L. , Walton Joseph P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalbindin is a 28 kD calcium‐binding protein found in neural tissue. Although its functional role in neurons is unknown, it has been proposed that calbindin is involved in intracellular buffering and could therefore influence temporal precision of neuronal firing. In the barn owl, calbindin‐like immunoreactivity was found to be selectively present in brain stem auditory pathways used to process interaural time differences, but was absent from the interaural intensity pathway. The present study demonstrates calbindin immunoreactivity in the auditory brain stem of the chinchilla, a rodent with exceptionally good low‐frequency hearing. In the superior olivary complex and periolivary areas, immunoreactivity was divided between neuropil labeling in the lateral and medial superior olives and dorsomedial periolivary nucleus, and labeling of the somata of the medial and ventral nuclei of the trapezoid body and anterolateral periolivary nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity was observed in the ventral and dorsal divisions of the ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus somata and the vental division's columnarly organized fiber plexus. The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus was void of immunoreactivity. Virtually all principal neurons of the sagulum showed darkly labeled somata surrounded by a densely labeled fiber plexus. Immunoreactivity in the inferior colliculus was primarily limited to the paracentral nuclei, with only an occasional labeled cell in the central nucleus. In conclusion, although selective labeling of calbindin in the mammalian auditory brain stem is impressive, no distinctive labeling of a functionally denned timing pathway was apparent as reported previously in the barn owl or electric fish.
Parvalbumin and calbindin immunocytochemistry reveal functionally distinct cell groups and vibrissa‐related patterns in the trigeminal brainstem complex of the adult rat
Authors: Bennett‐Clarke Carol A. , Chiaia Nicolas L. , Jacquin Mark F. , Rhoades Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunocytochemistry for calbindin (CA) and parvalbumin (PA) was combined with retrograde tracing from the thalamus, superior colliculus (SC), and cerebellum to define the ascending projections of neurons in the rat's trigeminal (V) brainstem complex that express immunoreactivity for these calcium binding proteins. Many PA‐immunoreactive neurons were observed in trigeminal nucleus principalis (PrV). Many of these cells projected to thalamus and a few sent axons to SC. In ventral PrV, PA‐immunoreactive neurons were arranged in a vibrissa‐related pattern. A very small number of large CA‐immunoreactive neurons were observed in dorsomedial PrV. None of these cells were labeled by our tracer deposits. Small neurons in V subnucleus oralis (SpO) were also immunoreactive for PA, but none were retrogradely labeled. A small percentage of the large neurons in SpO were CA‐immunoreactive; many of these were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections in the thalamus and/or SC. In V subnucleus interpolaris (SpI), many small to medium sized cells were PA‐positive and they were arrayed in a vibrissae‐like pattern. None of these neurons were retrogradely labeled from any of the above‐listed targets, but many were retrogradely labeled by tracer injections into ipsilateral PrV. SpI also contained many large CA‐immunoreactive cells. Many of these projected to the thalamus and/or SC and some were also retrogradely labeled by tracer injections into ipsilateral PrV. In V subnucleus caudalis (SpC), very dark PA‐immunoreactive neurons were located in the inner part of lamina II and less often in laminae I. Lightly labeled cells were located in the magnocellular laminae and formed vibrissa‐related aggregates. None of these neurons were retrogradely labeled by our tracer injections. CA‐immunoreactive cells were located throughout the depth of lamina II in SpC and smaller numbers were also visible in lamina I and layers III‐V. A small percentage of the CA‐positive cells in lamina I and in the magnocellular layers were retrogradely labeled from the thalamus.These data indicate that PA and CA antisera identify two cell populations in whisker‐related regions of the V brainstem complex and that PA cells are somatotopically patterned in PrV, SpI, and SpC. These markers also distinguish two cell groups in superficial laminae of the medullary dorsal horn.
Retrograde tracing of projections between the nucleus submedius, the ventrolateral orbital cortex, and the midbrain in the rat
Authors: Coffield J. A. , Bowen K. K. , Miletic V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe fluorescent tracers fluoro‐gold and 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3,3‐tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate were used as retrograde markers to examine reciprocal connections between the rat nucleus submedius and the ventrolateral orbital cortex. In addition, midbrain projections to each of these regions were examined. In the prefrontal cortex, we found that input from the nucleus submedius terminates rostrally within the lateral and ventral areas of the ventrolateral orbital cortex. Conversely, the cortical input to the nucleus submedius originates from the medial and dorsal parts of the ventrolateral orbital cortex. Our data also demonstrated that neurons from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and the raphe nuclei project to the midline nuclei of the thalamus, including a small projection to the nucleus submedius. We further determined that regions within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and raphe nuclei project to the ventrolateral orbital cortex, and that these regions overlap with those that project to the nucleus submedius. These findings suggest that the nucleus submedius might be part of a neural circuit involved in the activation of endogenous analgesia. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of neonatal degranulation on the morphological development of rat CA3 pyramidal neurons: Inductive role of mossy fibers on the formation of thorny excrescences
Authors: Gaiarsa J. L. , Beaudoin M. , Ben‐Ari Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntracellular peroxidase injections were made on CA3 pyramidal neurons from slices obtained from 3–60 day old control and experimental rats. Experimental rats had been irradiated at birth with γ‐rays to destroy the granule cells of the fascia dentata. Neonatal γ‐ray irradiation induced a clear cut reduction of the total number of granule cells (80% decrease at P60) and mossy fibers as revealed by Nissl and Timm stains. The number of branching points and segments, total dendritic length, and density of dendritic spines in the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens on CA3 pyramidal cells were not significantly different between control and irradiated rats. To quantify the development of thorny excrescences we measured the number and total area of the thorny excrescences per neuron at different stages of development. γ‐Ray irradiation induced a reduction in the number and total area of thorny excrescences. This effect was readily apparent by postnatal day (P) 12, and a reduction of 70% in the total area was observed at P30.In conclusion, γ‐ray irradiation destroys the majority of granule cells and induces a reduction in the development of thorny excrescences. Our data strongly suggest that this effect is directly caused by the lack of mossy fibers rather than by the irradiation itself since other parameters (i.e., the number of segments and branching points, density of non‐mossy spines, and total dendritic length) were not affected. Therefore, we suggest that mossy fibers play an inductive role in the formation of thorny excrescences. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raphespinal and reticulospinal axon collaterals to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat
Authors: Manaker Scott , Tischler Laura J. , Morrison Adrian R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeurons in the medial tegmental field project directly to spinal somatic motoneurons and to cranial motoneuron pools such as the hypoglossal nucleus. The axons of these neurons may be highly collateralized, projecting to multiple levels of the spinal cord and to many diverse regions at different levels of the neuraxis. We employed a double fluorescent retrograde tracer technique to examine whether medial tegmental neurons that project to the spinal cord also project to the hypoglossal nucleus. Injections of Diamidino Yellow into the hypoglossal nucleus and Fast Blue into the spinal cord produced large numbers of double labeled neurons in the medial tegmental field, particularly in the caudal raphe nuclei and adjacent ventromedial reticular formation. In these structures the number of neurons projecting to both the hypoglossal nucleus and the spinal cord was equivalent to the number of neurons projecting to multiple levels of the spinal cord observed in control animals. Fewer neurons projecting to both the hypoglossal nucleus and the spinal cord were observed in several other nuclei and subregions of the medial tegmental field, while almost no such neurons were observed in the lateral tegmental field or other pontomedullary structures. These results demonstrate that neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei and adjacent ventromedial reticular formation project to both the spinal cord and the hypoglossal nucleus, and support the concept that the diffuse projections to motoneuron pools from the medial tegmental field globally modulate both spinal and cranial somatic motoneuron excitability. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of serotoninlike immunoreactivity in the embryonic nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Marois René , Croll Roger P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn our initial effort to study the ontogeny of the gastropod nervous system, we used histological techniques to examine the post‐embryonic development of cells which exhibit serotoninlike immunoreactivity in Lymnaea (Croll and Chiasson, J. Comp. Neurol. 230:122–142, '89). The present study complements that report by examining the embryonic development of these neurons. The first serotoninlike immunoreactive (SLIR) cells to be detected in the embryos are the paired C4 neurons of the cerebral ganglia. These cells are faintly visible at about 37–38% of embryonic development and have already produced axons which traverse the cerebral commissure. By about 2–3% later the axon tips reach the pedal ganglia and appose the next SLIR cells to appear, the EPe1 neurons. Over the next 30% of development four more pairs of cerebral neurons are added adjacent to the C4 neurons and over ten cells are added to each of the pedal ganglia. At about 70% of development SLIR fibers are first detected in the parietal and visceral ganglia forming the abdominal ring. Around this time the somata of the Cl neurons also first appear in the cerebral ganglia together with their prominent axons projecting to the buccal ganglia. The last 30% of development is marked by a massive addition of SLIR cells (up to 60) in each pedal ganglion. The early appearance of the first SLIR cells suggests that they may be among the first nerve cells to differentiate and that they may play central roles in the formation of the CNS. We hypothesize that most of the animal's neural circuitry is laid down during embryogenesis by a stereotypic ontogenetic program with post‐embryonic neurogenesis subserving mostly compensatory and modulatory purposes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) in the brain of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens: Immunohistochemical localization and biochemical characterization
Authors: Vallarino Mauro , Bunel Denis Tranchand , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) containing neurons and the molecular forms of α‐MSH‐related peptides exhibit substantial differences in the brains of fish and amphibians. Lungfishes, which share similarities with both fishes and tetrapods, represent a valuable group in which to investigate the neuroanatomical and neurochemical facets of evolution. In the present study, we have localized and characterized α‐MSH‐immunoreactive peptides in the central nervous system of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. Perikarya exhibiting α‐MSH‐like immunoreactivity were observed in two distinct regions of the hypothalamus: the rostral part of the preoptic nucleus and the caudal part of the hypothalamus. In the caudal hypothalamus most α‐MSH‐immunopositive perikarya were located in both the subependymal and deepest layers of the ventral periventricular region. Scattered α‐MSH‐immunopositive cells were occasionally detected in the dorsal side of the caudal hypothalamus. The α‐MSH‐immunoreactive material localized in the brain was characterized by combining high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and radioimmunological detection. The displacement curves obtained with synthetic α‐MSH and serial dilutions of brain and pituitary extracts were parallel. HPLC analysis of lungfish hypothalamic extracts showed that the major immunoreactive peak coeluted with synthetic desacetyl α‐MSH and its sulfoxide derivative. An additional peak coeluted with synthetic sulfoxide α‐MSH. In contrast, in the pituitary, the predominant form of α‐MSH‐like material coeluted with the N,O‐diacetyl α‐MSH standard. These results provide the first evidence for the presence of α‐MSH‐related peptides in the brain of a lungfish. The distribution of α‐MSH neuronal systems in the lungfish is very similar to that reported in amphibians, supporting the existence of phylogenetic convergences between these two vertebrate groups. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of single vestibulospinal collaterals in the upper cervical spinal cord of the cat: I. Collaterals originating from axons in the ventromedial funiculus contralateral to their cells of origin
Authors: Donevan A. H. , Fleming F. L. , Rose P. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVestibulospinal neurons in the medial and descending vestibular nuclei have widespread bilateral terminations in the upper cervical spinal cord. These terminations arise from axons travelling in several funiculi, including the ventromedial, ventrolateral, lateral, and dorsolateral funiculi in addition to the dorsal columns. The purpose of the present study was to examine the morphology of single Vestibulospinal collaterals which terminate in the upper cervical spinal cord and which originate from axons located in one of these funicular pathways, the ventromedial funiculus, contralateral (cVMF) to their cells of origin in the vestibular nuclei. The 32 collaterals described were selected from two separate sets of experiments which took advantage of different techniques. Nineteen of the collaterals were labelled following Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) injections into the medial vestibular nucleus and medial regions of the descending vestibular nucleus. The remaining 13 collaterals originated from physiologically identified Vestibulospinal axons that were stained after intra‐axonal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The combined projection of all cVMF axon collaterals spread from laminae V to IX, and included the central cervical nucleus. There was a high degree of variability in the pattern of terminations of individual collaterals. This variability was more pronounced among PHA‐L‐labelled collaterals than HRP‐labelled collaterals whose terminations were restricted to laminae VIII and IX. Some PHA‐L‐labelled collaterals had terminations which were focused within a single lamina, whereas others had termination zones spanning as many as four laminae. The differences between collaterals were compounded when the characteristics of branching patterns were considered. Some collaterals which occupied similar termination zones had different branching structures. Generally, collaterals which shared the same parent axon had similar, although not always identical, terminations and branching patterns.The unexpected heterogeneity of these Vestibulospinal collaterals suggests that Vestibulospinal cells, even those whose axons travel in the same funiculus, may serve different functions. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of GABAergic interneurons immunoreactive for calretinin, calbindin D28K, and parvalbumin in the cerebral cortex of the lizard Podarcis hispanica
Authors: Martínez‐Guijarro F. J. , Freund T. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe types and distribution of cells containing three calcium‐binding proteins, calretinin, calbindin D28K and parvalbumin, have been studied by immunocytochemistry in different areas of the cerebral cortex of lizards. Cross‐reactivity of the antisera has been excluded by demonstrating the existence of several cell groups immunoreactive for one but not the other two calcium‐binding proteins.In the dorsal and dorsomedial cortices all three proteins coexist in a single subpopulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, the terminals of which form pericellular baskets around cell bodies of bipyramidal neurons. The somata of these neurons are largely restricted to the cellular and inner plexiform layers, but the dendrites usually penetrate all layers, allowing the neurons to sample input from all possible sources. A small number of parvalbumin‐containing neurons in the outer plexiform layer do not contain the other two proteins. The medial cortex, which is likely to be homologous to the mammalian dentate gyrus, only contains parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons. The dendritic trees of these cells appear to avoid the Timm‐positive fields receiving input from zinc‐rich fiber collaterals, originating from principal cells. The lateral cortex contains calbindin D28K‐immunoreactive GABAergic neurons, which lack the other two calcium‐binding proteins. These neurons have horizontally running dendrites in the outer plexiform layer, but their axon terminals could not be visualized.The present study uncovered important similarities and differences between the lizard and the mammalian archicortex in the types of neurons containing calcium‐binding proteins. As in mammals, different cell types evolved in the lizard to inhibit the perisomatic versus the distal dendritic region of principal cells, the calcium‐binding protein‐containing neurons being responsible for the former, and neuropeptide‐containing neurons for the latter. The results also suggest that further neurochemical diversion of GABAergic interneurons coupled to a functional specialization took place during phylogenetic development from reptiles to mammals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the septal organ projection to the main olfactory bulb in adult and newborn rats
Authors: Giannetti N. , Saucier D. , Astic L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe septal organ, which is regarded as an olfactory subsystem, is a small patch of sensory epithelium located ventral to the main olfactory sheet on the septal wall of the nasal cavity. The only consensus to date regarding some proper area of projection of this subsystem is that the septal organ projects to the medial aspect of the main olfactory bulb. The purpose of our study was to analyze precisely the topographical organization of the bulbar projection of the septal organ in adult rats and in 3‐ to 15‐day‐old rats following WGA‐HRP placements at the level of the septal epithelium. Results show that the septal organ projects exclusively to the posterior half of the main olfactory bulb and its projection area is mainly restricted to the ventromedial bulbar aspect. When the septal organ was fully injected, the pattern of bulbar projection was characterized by two types of glomerular labeling: (1) presence of single heavily labeled glomeruli identified as “septal” glomeruli, since they were mainly built up by afferents coming from the septal organ and (2) presence of a thin network of labeled septal fibers distributed in glomeruli which were mainly formed by afferents coming from the main olfactory epithelium. Although the pattern of mucosobulbar projection of the septal organ is already established in newborns, a significant increase in the number of “septal” glomeruli occurs during the first 15 postnatal days. Anatomical data indicate that even if the projection of the septal organ does not appear completely segregated in the olfactory bulb, this projection is not either exactly similar to that of the main olfactory epithelium. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental differentiation of MAP2 expression in the central versus the peripheral and efferent projections of the inner ear
Authors: Hafidi A. , Fellous A. , Ferhat L. , Romand M.‐R. , Romand R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe goal of this study was to extend our knowledge of MAP2 localization in the peripheral nervous system of mammals, since most results on MAP2 distribution are obtained in the central nervous system (CNS). This study shows the presence of microtubule‐associated protein 2b (MAP2b) and MAP2c in the inner ear and describes the immunocytochemical distribution of MAP in adult and developing spiral ganglion of the rat by using a well‐characterized antibody for MAP2a and MAP2b. (This antibody does not recognize the immature MAP2c). MAP2 labeling is already present in spiral ganglion neurons at 16 days of gestation. From this stage and up to the first postnatal week, MAP2 labeling was strong in all spiral ganglion neurons and their central processes.Double immunostaining at the 16‐day stage with anti‐MAP2 and anti‐neurofilament (NF) antibodies mainly showed NF labeling in central branches that corresponded to anatomically and functionally described axons of spiral neurons. The peripheral branches lacked MAP2 labeling. In neonatal and postnatal stages, MAP2 reactivity was located in spiral ganglion perikarya and their neurites. The intensity of adult labeling was, however, lower than in younger animals.The antibody used in this study did not label axons originating in the CNS as seen by a negative response in efferent fibers from the intraganglionic spiral bundle of the cochlea.Our results suggest that during ontogenesis, MAP2 is highly expressed in the central projection of spiral ganglion neurons, and then is reduced to lower quantities in the central branch after the first postnatal week and persists into adulthood. Concurrently, a weak reaction develops in the peripheral projection and remains throughout the adult. Since MAP2 expression is associated with central projection outgrowth (axons) of the early developing spiral ganglion and not the peripheral, this is a distinguishing feature for central versus peripheral projection as structurally and functionally different entities. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.