bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between alcohol and caffeine in relation to psychomotor speed and accuracy
Authors: Mackay Michelle , Tiplady Brian , Scholey Andrew B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUnlike other CNS depressants, alcohol intoxication can be associated with increased error rates, coupled with unaffected (or speeded) response rates during psychomotor and cognitive processing. The present study examined whether concurrent consumption of caffeine may differentially affect these aspects of alcohol and performance.A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design was utilised in which 64 healthy young volunteers received either 0.66 g/kg alcohol, caffeine (110–120 mg), both or neither. Performance was assessed using a four choice reaction time task (FCRT) with elements of repetitive (predictable) and random stimuli sequences and the digit symbol substitution task (DSST).Individuals on alcohol made significantly more errors during both fixed and random FCRT sequences, and there was evidence of weak antagonism of these effects by caffeine on the latter measure. On the DSST test of psychomotor speed, alcohol was associated with a significant slowing, the caffeine group were significantly faster and there was clear antagonism of the effects of alcohol by caffeine. These findings confirm that alcohol consumption is associated a greater number of errors and provide some evidence for task‐specific antagonism of alcohol's cognitive effects by caffeine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction
Authors: Kang Byung‐Jo , Lee Seung‐Jae , Kim Moon‐Doo , Cho Man‐Je 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of Ginkgo biloba on antidepressant‐induced sexual dysfunction. The Ginkgo biloba (n=19) and the placebo groups (n=18) were divided; each to be administered with Ginkgo biloba and placebo respectively for 2 months by means of a randomized placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. The results of this 2 month trial were: (1) there was no statistical significant difference from the placebo at weeks 2, 4 and 8 after medication; (2) in comparison with baseline, both the Ginkgo biloba group and the placebo group showed improvement in some part of the sexual function, which is suggestive of the importance of the placebo effect in assessing sexual function. This study did not replicate a prior positive finding supporting the use of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant, especially SSRI, induced sexual dysfunction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of serotonin and catecholamine depletion on interleukin‐6 activation and mood in human volunteers
Authors: Harrison Ben J. , Olver James S. , Norman Trevor R. , Nathan Pradeep J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that depression and related neurotic illnesses are associated with alterations in immune function that may contribute to their pathogenesis. For example, clinical and experimental studies have shown that abnormal HPA‐axis activation and monoamine neurotransmission may be related to an increased release of proinflammatory cytokines from stimulated lymphocytes in the periphery and brain. In the present investigation, the effects of tryptophan depletion (TD) on unstimulated plasma interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) concentrations were investigated in order to determine whether acute changes in serotonin (5‐HT) neurotransmission would induce a proinflammatory response in healthy individuals. The effects of TD were compared with the analogous procedure of tyrosine depletion (TPD), which reduces catecholamine metabolism in humans. Thirteen female participants completed three experimental sessions: TD, TPD and a balanced‐control condition (B). Mood‐ratings and blood sampling were performed at baseline and 5 h after the administration of the mixtures. Analyses revealed that TD and TPD markedly reduced tryptophan and tyrosine/phenylalanine levels, respectively. No changes in plasma IL‐6 production or ratings of lowered mood were observed, however, subjects did report feeling more fatigued after TD. These findings indicate that a transient disruption in global monoamine function does not stimulate a proinflammatory response of IL‐6 in normal volunteers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baseflow and peakflow chemical responses to experimental applications of ammonium sulphate to forested watersheds in north‐central West Virginia, USA
Authors: Edwards Pamela J. , Wood Frederica , Kochenderfer James N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStream water was analysed to determine how induced watershed acidification changed the chemistry of peakflow and baseflow and to compare the relative timing of these changes. Two watersheds in north‐central West Virginia, WS3 and WS9, were subjected to three applications of ammonium sulphate fertilizer per year to induce acidification. A third watershed, WS4, was the control. Samples were collected for 8 years from WS9 and for 9 years from WS3. Prior to analyses, concentration data were flow adjusted, and the influence of natural background changes was removed by accounting for the chemical responses measured from WS4. This yielded residual values that were evaluated using robust locally weighted regression and Mann–Kendall tests. On WS3, analyte responses during baseflow and peakflow were similar, although peakflow responses occurred soon after the first treatment whereas baseflow responses lagged 1–2 years. This lag in baseflow responses corresponded well with the mean transit time of baseflow on WS3. Anion adsorption on WS3 apparently delayed increases in SO4 leaching, but resulted in enhanced early leaching losses of Cl and NO3. Leaching of Ca and Mg was strongly tied, both by timing and stoichiometrically, to NO3 and SO4 leaching. F‐factors for WS3 baseflow and peakflow indicated that the catchment was insensitive to acid neutralizing capacity reductions both before and during treatment, although NO3 played a large role in reducing the treatment period F‐factor. By contrast, the addition of fertilizer to WS9 created an acid sensitive system in both baseflow and peakflow. On WS9, baseflow and peakflow responses also were similar to each other, but there was no time lag after treatment for baseflow. Changes in concentrations generally were not as great on WS9 as on WS3, and several ions showed no significant changes, particularly for peakflow. The lesser response to treatment on WS9 is attributed to the past abusive farming and site preparation before larch planting that resulted in poor soil fertility, erosion, and consequently, physical and chemical similarities between upper and lower soil layers. Even with fertilizer‐induced NO3 and SO4 leaching increases, base cations were in low supplies and, therefore, unavailable to leach via charge pairing. The absence of a time lag in treatment responses for WS9 baseflow indicates that it has substantially different flow paths than WS3. The different hydrologies on these nearby watersheds illustrates the importance of understanding watershed hydrology when establishing a monitoring programme to detect ecosystem change. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism
Authors: Josberger Edward G. , Mognard Nelly M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPassive microwave brightness temperatures of snowpacks depend not only on the snow depth, but also on the internal snowpack properties, particularly the grain size, which changes through the winter. Algorithms that assume a constant grain size can yield erroneous estimates of snow depth or water equivalent. For snowpacks that are subject to temperatures well below freezing, the bulk temperature gradient through the snowpack controls the metamorphosis of the snow grains. This study used National Weather Service (NWS) station measurements of snow depth and air temperature from the Northern US Great Plains to determine temporal and spatial variability of the snow depth and bulk snowpack temperature gradient. This region is well suited for this study because it consists primarily of open farmland or prairie, has little relief, is subject to very cold temperatures, and has more than 280 reporting stations. A geostatistical technique called Kriging was used to grid the randomly spaced snow depth measurements. The resulting snow depth maps were then compared with the passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Two snow seasons were examined: 1988–89, a typical snow year, and 1996–97, a record year for snow that was responsible for extensive flooding in the Red River Basin. Inspection of the time series of snow depth and microwave spectral gradient (the difference between the 19 and 37 GHz bands) showed that while the snowpack was constant, the spectral gradient continued to increase. However, there was a strong correlation (0·6 < R2 < 0·9) between the spectral gradient and the cumulative bulk temperature gradient through the snowpack (TGI). Hence, TGI is an index of grain size metamorphism that has occurred within the snowpack. TGI time series from 21 representative sites across the region and the corresponding SSM/I observations were used to develop an algorithm for snow depth that requires daily air temperatures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of transient climate change on basin hydrology. 1. Precipitation scenarios for the Arno River, central Italy
Authors: Burlando Paolo , Rosso Renzo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLong‐term simulations of temporal rainfall and temperature under transient global climate conditions are discussed to give an insight into potential modifications of atmospheric inputs at the basin scale in the Arno River in central Italy. The outputs from a global circulation model (GCM), simulating climate changes due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting from a continuous trend in the growth of CO2 atmospheric concentration and accounting for the influence of both CO2 and sulphate aerosols, are downscaled using a stochastic approach based on the observed non‐stationarity of precipitation and temperature patterns. By using the historical joint variability of the internal structure of storm events, one can infer future changes in storm duration and depth from GCM trend variables, thus indicating the extent of changes in the occurrence of wet and dry periods and in the daily rates, including those of distributional properties at the monthly and annual scales. Because the changes detected mainly affect the tails of the distributions, one can conclude that modifications can occur in both low and high values of rainfall at the monthly and annual scales, with a shift of the storm patterns towards shorter and more intense convective rainfall, especially in the summer season. Stochastic simulation also shows that the distributional and scaling properties of rainfall extremes may progressively change, thus indicating that some revision of current practices to estimate extreme storms is needed to account for possible effects of non‐stationary climate conditions. This approach provides local precipitation that, together with temperature scenarios, can be used for hydrological simulation of basin water fluxes in the Arno River, as reported in a companion paper (Burlando P, Rosso R. Hydrological Processes this issue). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The flood of November 1994 in Piedmont, Italy: a quantitative analysis and simulation
Authors: Cassardo C. , Loglisci N. , Gandini D. , Qian M. W. , Niu G. Y. , Ramieri P. , Pelosini R. , Longhetto A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe disastrous flood that occurred in the southern area of Piedmont (north‐western Italy) at the beginning of November 1994 was associated with heavy rainfall episodes over a relatively small area in a course of events spanning the period 3–6 November 1994. The most intense rainfall (for which values over 200 mm were reported) occurred in two regions located in the upper reach of the Tanaro and Bormida river basins (Maritime Alps) and over the north‐west sector of the Alps. The distribution of rainfall intensities was different in the two areas where the precipitation peaks were observed. In the former, almost all rainfall was concentrated between the 4 and 5 November; in the second, rainfall was intense but spread over the entire period. The intense rainfall over these two mountain areas was enhanced by the confluence of the surface south‐easterly flow and of the upper‐level southerly current. This confluence was strongest over the two zones in which the maxima of rainfall and vertical wind velocity were observed. The cyclonic area was stationary over Western Europe for three consecutive days (4–6 November), due to the blocking situation over Eastern Europe. The mesoscale Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS), driven by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts analyses, was used to simulate this event. We focused our attention on the target area (Tanaro and Bormida valleys). As we were interested in the hydrologic budget during the flood, we replaced the original soil scheme of RAMS (a version of Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), too simplified to allow very detailed pattern resolution) with the Land Surface Process Model (LSPM). This method allowed all components of the hydrologic budget to be inferred during the flood episode, particularly the runoff and soil moisture content. The results of the simulation demonstrated that the coupled model RAMS–LSPM was able to give a quite realistic representation of a mesoscale event such as the flood event in this study. The coupling with LSPM improved RAMS not only because the coupled model can represent the upper‐ and surface‐level fields (geopotential, potential temperature and specific humidity), but also because it provides quantitative estimates of the hydrologic budget and other surface parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of soil surface moisture initialization on rainfall in a limited area model: a case study of the 1995 South Ticino flash flood
Authors: Cassardo C. , Balsamo G. P. , Cacciamani C. , Cesari D. , Paccagnella T. , Pelosini R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of the soil moisture initialization on predicting rainfall in a limited‐area model (LAM) was analysed. The model selected for the simulation was the LAM of Bologna (LAMBO). The case study selected in this paper was the flash flood episode that occurred during September 1995 in the South Ticino area (Switzerland). Two different experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, all initial fields including the initial soil moisture were provided by European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) analyses. In the second one, the initial soil moisture fields were calculated by running a soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer scheme (the Land Surface Process Model—LSPM) in stand‐alone mode. The LSPM was driven by the synoptic observations carried out on a mesoscale area that includes Northern Italy. In order to overcome the well‐known problem of the initial soil moisture content, LSPM was run for a long period (5 months) preceding the flood, in order to reach a stability state. The soil moisture field calculated by LSPM is more structured than the ECMWF one, and the numerical values of soil moisture are generally lower than those of ECMWF. The results seemed to indicate that the precipitation field obtained for the flood episode in the second experiment is closer to the observations than in the control run, even if there were still some underestimations. The precipitation peak modelled on South Ticino was closer to the observations, and this result seems to confirm the importance of the correct initialization of the soil moisture field even in cases of short‐range forecasting. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inbank and overbank velocity conditions in an arid zone anastomosing river
Authors: David Knighton A. , Nanson Gerald C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRelative to those at sub‐bankfull flow, hydraulic conditions at overbank flow, whether in the channel or on the floodplain, are poorly understood. Here, velocity conditions are analysed over an unusually wide range of flows in the arid zone river of Cooper Creek with its complex system of anastomosing channels and large fluctuations in floodplain width. At‐a‐station hydraulic geometry relationships reveal sharp discontinuities in velocity at the inbank–overbank transition, the nature of the discontinuity varying with the degree of flow confinement and the level of channel–floodplain interaction. However, despite inter‐sectional differences, velocities remain modest throughout the flow range in this low‐gradient river, and the large increases in at‐a‐station discharge are principally accommodated by changes in cross‐sectional area.Velocity distribution plots suggest that within‐channel conditions during overbank flow are characterized by a central band of high velocity which penetrates far toward the bed, helping to maintain already deep cross‐sections. Floodplain resistance along Cooper Creek is concentrated at channel bank tops where vegetation density is highest, and the subsequent flow retardation is transmitted across the surface of the channels over distances as large as 50–70 m. The rough floodplain surface affects flood wave transmission, producing significant decreases in wave speeds downstream. The character of the wave‐speed–discharge relationship also changes longitudinally, from log–linear in the upper reaches to nonlinear where the floodplain broadens appreciably. The nonlinear form is similar in several respects to relationships proposed for more humid rivers, with flood wave speed reaching an intermediate maximum at about four‐fifths bankfull discharge before decreasing to a minimum at approximately Q2·33. It does not regain the value at the intermediate maximum until the 10 year flood, by which time floodplain depths have become relatively large and broad floodways more active. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope studies of inner snow layers in a temperate region
Authors: Hashimoto Shigemasa , Shiqiao Zhou , Nakawo Masayoshi , Sakai Akiko , Ageta Yutaka , Ishikawa Nobuyoshi , Narita Hideki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPost‐depositional change of isotope concentration was investigated in a temperate snow pack. Daily snow pit studies were carried out at Moshiri, Hokkaido, for about a week in April 1998. During this time the snow layers were at the melting point. Isotope analysis was conducted on snow particles and the liquid water in between the particles every 5 cm in depth, and on the precipitation and the runoff water (from the bottom of the snow pack) collected during the observation period. It was found that the oxygen isotope concentration in the liquid part was smaller by about 2‰ than the solid part of the wet snow. The difference between the isotope concentrations of the liquid and the solid was low in the surface snow layer, but increased at the bottom. The results suggested that isotope fractionation took place between the liquid and the solid, when liquid water (formed by melting at the snow surface layer) flowed groundwards. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automated tunnel evaporation measurement system for confined spaces
Authors: Salve Rohit 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn automated tunnel evaporation‐rate measurement system (TEMS) has been designed to measure automatically the evaporation from a cylinder 0·30 m in diameter and ∼0·10 m tall. This cylinder continuously maintains a constant height of water, with losses to evaporation replenished from a stilling cylinder connected to a water reservoir. The evaporation rate is measured by a transducer located at the bottom of the stilling well. The TEMS was tested over a period of 3 months in an underground research facility with relatively strong wind effects, changing temperature, and changing humidity. During this period, the TEMS continued to function uninterrupted, automatically measuring the evaporation amounts along a tunnel and an enclosed niche. These observations suggest that this tool can be useful for investigations of evaporation processes both in enclosed and ventilated environments. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A data‐driven algorithm for constructing artificial neural network rainfall‐runoff models
Authors: Sudheer K. P. , Gosain A. K. , Ramasastri K. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new approach for designing the network structure in an artificial neural network (ANN)‐based rainfall‐runoff model is presented. The method utilizes the statistical properties such as cross‐, auto‐ and partial‐auto‐correlation of the data series in identifying a unique input vector that best represents the process for the basin, and a standard algorithm for training. The methodology has been validated using the data for a river basin in India. The results of the study are highly promising and indicate that it could significantly reduce the effort and computational time required in developing an ANN model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The soil hydrologic response to forest regrowth: a case study from southwestern Amazonia
Authors: Godsey Sarah , Elsenbeer Helmut 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs a large and dynamic land‐use category, tropical secondary forests may affect climate, soils, and hydrology in a manner different from primary forests or agricultural areas. We investigated the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ksat of a Kandiudult under different land uses in Rondonia, Brazil. We measured Ksat at four depths (12·5, 20, 30 and 50 cm) under (a) primary forest, (b) a former banana–cacao plantation (SF1), and (c) an abandoned pasture (SF2). At 12·5 cm, all three land uses differ significantly (α = 0·1), but not at the 20 and 30 cm depths. At 50 cm, Ksat was significantly greater in the former pasture than in other land uses. Lateral subsurface flow is expected during intense rainfall (about 30 times per year) at 30 cm depth in SF1 and at 50 cm depth in the forest, whereas the relatively low permeability at shallow 12·5 cm in the SF2 may result not only in lateral subsurface flow, but also saturation overland flow. For modelling purposes, recovering systems seem to have Ksat values distinct from primary forest at shallow depths, whereas at deeper layers (>20 cm) they may be considered similar to forests. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.