bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurohormonal interactions in the stomach and pancreas
Authors: Konturek Stanisław J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCurrent concepts of the regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion suggest a striking degree of interdependence between the autonomic nerves and gastrointestinal hormones. These neurohormonal secretory mechanisms are of two types, the first originating centrally to mediate the cephalic phase, the second originating in the wall of the alimentary canal where both neural and hormonal mechanisms are activated during gastric and intestinal phases of secretory stimulation. Vagal activation by sham feeding or glucopenic agents results in the release of gastrin, direct stimulation of oxyntic glands, and sensitization of these glands to other endogenous stimulants. In man, vagal activation provokes a marked gastric secretory response that is only slightly affected by resection of the antrum and duodenal bulb, suggesting that vagal‐gastrin release contributes to, but is not essential for, the gastric response to vagal stimulation. Furthermore, atropine and vagotomy enhance rather than inhibit the release of gastrin, which suggests both stimulatory and inhibitory components in the action of the vagus on gastrin release. Atropine and vagotomy are also known to suppress the pancreatic response to intestinal stimulants without affecting the action of exogenous hormones (cholecystokinin and secretin) on the pancreas. These effects have been attributed to the removal of vagal facilitation of release of intestinal hormones and/or the interruption of vago‐vagal enteropancreatic reflexes involved in postprandial pancreatic stimulation. Recently, several hormonal peptides (VIP, somatostatin, gastrin, enkephalin) were found in the neurons of the gut (often referred to as purinergic nerves). These peptides may be delivered to the responding secretory cells not only by classical endocrine paths, but also by neurocrine and paracrine modes. The interplay with other neural and hormonal mechanisms and the physiologic roles of the peptides in the regulation of gastric and pancreatic secretion remain to be determined.
Mesenteric infarction
Authors: Rius Xavier , Escalante Jose F. , Llaurado Jose M. , Jover Jose , La Calle Jorge Puig 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis is a review of 46 patients with intestinal infarction who underwent emergency surgery over a 10‐year period. These operations constituted 0.38% of the acute abdominal operations performed during that period. Overall mortality rate was 84.7%, but varied according to the cause of acute intestinal infarction. The prognosis was significantly related to the patient's age and time lapse between clinical onset and operation. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, vague abdominal pain, and chronic diarrhea were common findings in nearly all the cases of arterial thrombosis. Severe hemodynamic alterations either of cardiac origin or due to shock were important etiologic factors in cases of nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. A potentially embolic cardiopathy existed in all except 1 patient with arterial embolism, and predisposing factors were present in all except 2 patients with venous thrombosis. At the present time, 3 patients are alive but under medical and dietary support. Only those patients in good general condition without chronic systemic diseases, who receive early surgical treatment, have any chance of surviving this disorder.
Prophylactic gastric operations in uremic patients prior to renal transplantation
Authors: Linder Malte M. , Kösters Winfried , Rethel Rainer 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGastroduodenal bleeding or perforation occurs in 3.5–60% of renal transplant patients. The mortality rate of this complication ranges from 35 to 75%. Experience with 61 chronic hemodialysis patients being prepared for renal transplantation is presented. History, endoscopy, and gastric analysis disclosed a considerable risk of gastroduodenal complications in 20 transplant candidates, defined as a history, presence, or sequelae of ulcer disease or hyperchlorhydria. These 20 patients underwent prophylactic gastric surgery. Lower risk patients were treated by selective proximal vagotomy, and higher risk patients underwent a selective gastric vagotomy plus Billroth I gastric resection. Follow‐up for 11–34 months showed no mortality and no gastroduodenal symptomatology. A kidney transplant has been performed to date in 15 of the patients who had prophylactic gastric surgery, and none of them developed gastroduodenal complications during follow‐up of 6–30 months after transplantation. Of 29 patients who were not believed to be at risk for gastroduodenal complications and did not have prophylactic gastric surgery, 3 bled from duodenal ulcers after renal transplantation, 1 with fatal outcome.
Surgical management of unstable angina
Authors: Hatcher Charles R. , King Spencer B. , Kaplan Joel A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractUnstable angina pectoris encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical subsets with varying prognoses. It is impossible to identify which patients have severe obstructive coronary disease and, therefore, coronary arteriography should be employed. In patients with severe obstructive disease, coronary bypass surgery has resulted in dramatic symptomatic improvement and has improved the survival of patients with 2‐and 3‐vessel disease, as compared to medically treated groups. Aggressive preoperative medical management coupled with improved anesthetic and surgical techniques have aided in the salvage of these unstable patients.
Noninvasive radionuclide procedures for diagnosis and management of myocardial ischemia
Authors: Jones Robert H. , Rerych Stephen K. , Newman Glenn E. , Scholz Peter M. , Howe W. Robin , Oldham H. Newland , Goodrich Jack K. , Sabiston David C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThree noninvasive radionuclide techniques are of value in diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial ischemia.201Thallium is an analogue of potassium that is distributed in myocardial tissue in proportion to regional blood flow following intravenous administration. Studies obtained using this agent during rest and exercise identify regions of myocardial fibrosis and ischemia and provide a functional assessment of regional blood flow. Improvement in the distribution of regional myocardial perfusion has been documented following coronary artery bypass grafting, and the procedure may have practical importance in the postoperative assessment of patients.99mTechnetium pyrophosphate is a radiopharmaceutical that localizes in acutely infarcted myocardial tissue and is of particular benefit in the diagnosis of postoperative myocardial infarction. Documentation of acute myocardial infarction by this method is indicated in patients in whom the diagnosis cannot be confirmed by electrocardiograms or other clinical modalities. Radionuclide angiocardiography is a third radionuclide technique that holds great promise in the management of patients with myocardial ischemia. A single bolus injection of tracer with rapid recording of precordial counts using a computerized gamma camera provides measurement of individual chamber transit times and mean volumes, cardiac output, and ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. The study provides serial measurements of cardiac function and permits evaluation of the cardiac response to acute exercise stress. Patients with myocardial ischemia acutely dilate the left ventricle in response to increased cardiac work load, and the magnitude of dilatation appears to be related to the magnitude of ischemia. Successful myocardial revascularization reverses the abnormal response to exercise, and greatly improved left ventricular function can be documented during exercise following coronary artery bypass grafting.
A method of valvuloplastic esophagogastrostomy to prevent reflux after proximal gastrectomy
Authors: Seta Koichi , Higuchi Takahiro , Watanabe Masatoshi , Hatafuku Tetsuhiko 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis is a report of our new method of valvuloplastic esophagogastrostomy for the prevention of postoperative reflux esophagitis, and the clinical results in 10 patients. After proximal resection of the stomach, the medial side of the cut end of the gastric remnant is closed in the usual fashion. The mucosal layer of the lateral side of the gastric remnant is partially closed, but the seromuscular layers are left open. The esophagus is anastomosed to the gastric remnant mucosa, which is inverted so as to form a mucosal valve. The seromuscular layers of the gastric remnant are then wrapped around the distal esophagus, similar to a Nissen fundoplication, so as to create an artificial fundus. The intragastric esophageal wall facing the fundus acts as a long oneway flap valve to prevent reflux. The 10 patients who have undergone valvuloplastic esophagogastrostomy have remained free of postoperative complications due to reflux. X‐ray fluoroscopy and esophagoscopy done at the time of discharge from the hospital revealed no evidence of reflux or esophagitis. Withdrawal pH studies performed in 5 of the patients showed a sharp rise in pH starting at the site of the anastomosis. Withdrawal intraluminal pressure studies performed in 7 patients showed a high pressure zone with a mean pressure of 11.3 mm Hg and a mean length of 4.0 cm. These results indicate that the new method of esophagogastrostomy effectively prevented postoperative reflux esophagitis after conventional methods of proximal gastric resection.
Prevention of the pancreatic complications after surgical procedures of the pancreas
Authors: Kinami Yoshio , Miyazaki Izuo , Kawamura Makoto , Sugii Mamoru , Sakane Yoshihiro , Shinmura Koji 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn order to find a way to prevent postoperative complications believed to be caused by pancreatic enzymes, we studied the effects on the pancreas of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), daunomycin (DAU), actinomycin D (ACD), vincristine (VCR), and methotrexate (MTX), all of which have an inhibitory effect on protein synthesis. The effects of these drugs were tested on the exocrine cells of Donryu rats and in 12 patients who had had surgical procedures for pancreatic diseases. In control experiments, the uptake of labeled amino acid and autoradiographic studies showed that enzyme synthesis by pancreatic exocrine cells was diminished transiently after surgery but recovered in a short time. All of the drugs produced a decrease of75Se‐selenomethionine uptake in the pancreas.3H‐leucine uptake in the pancreatic protein fraction and autoradiographic studies showed a significant reduction of radioactivity and a decrease of grain counts on zymogen granules in rats treated with 5‐FU and VCR. On the basis of these experimental results, 5‐FU was selected as the most favorable drug. Of 12 patients treated with 5‐FU, one developed a small pancreatic fistula for a short period of time and another had leakage from a pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The others had no postoperative complications even when operations were performed in the presence of pancreatitis. 5‐FU produced a decrease in the amount of protein and the activity of amylase in pancreatic juice obtained postoperatively from a catheter in the pancreatic duct of several patients.
On global smooth solutions to the 3D Vlasov–Nordström system
Authors: Pallard Christophe 
Published: April 2005

The Vlasov–Nordström system is a relativistic model describing the motion of a self-gravitating collisionless gas. A conditional existence result for global smooth solutions was obtained in [Comm. Partial Differential Equations 28 (2003) 1863–1885]. We give a new proof for this result.

Résumé
Le système de Vlasov–Nordström est un modèle relativiste décrivant l'évolution d'un ensemble de particules massives soumises au champ gravitationnel qu'elles génèrent collectivement. Un théorème d'existence conditionnelle a été démontré dans [Comm. Partial Differential Equations 28 (2003) 1863–1885]. Nous donnons ici une nouvelle preuve de ce résultat.
Concentration phenomena for solutions of superlinear elliptic problems
Authors: Molle Riccardo , Passaseo Donato 
Published: April 2005

In this paper we look for positive solutions of the problem

−\mathrm{\Delta }u + \lambda u = u^{p−1}

in

Ω

,

u = 0

on

∂Ω

, where

Ω

is a bounded domain in

\mathbb{R}^{n}

,

n⩾3

,

p > 2

and

λ

is a positive parameter. We describe new concentration phenomena, which occur as

\lambda \rightarrow + \infty

, and exploit them to construct (for

λ

large enough) positive solutions that concentrate near spheres of codimension 2 as

\lambda \rightarrow + \infty

; these spheres approach the boundary of

Ω

as

\lambda \rightarrow + \infty

. Notice that the existence and multiplicity results we obtain hold also in contractible domains arbitrarily close to starshaped domains (no solution can exist if

p⩾\frac{2n}{n−2}

and

Ω

is starshaped, because of Pohožaev's identity). The method we use is completely variational and based on a blow up analysis in the equivariant setting. In order to avoid concentration phenomena near points and to overcome some difficulties related to the lack of compactness, we first modify the nonlinear term in a suitable region, then we solve the modified problem by minimizing the related energy functional on a suitable infinite dimensional manifold and, finally, we show that the solutions of the modified problem solve also our problem, for

λ

large enough, because they are localized in the prescribed region where the nonlinear term has not been modified.

Résumé

Nous démontrons l'existence de solutions positives pour le problème

−\mathrm{\Delta }u + \lambda u = u^{p−1}

en

Ω

,

u = 0

sur

∂Ω

, où

Ω

est un domaine borné de

\mathbb{R}^{n}

,

n⩾3

,

p > 2

et

\lambda > 0

. Nous décrivons de nouveaux phénomènes de concentration qui apparaissent quand

\lambda \rightarrow + \infty

. Grâce à ceux-ci nous construisons des solutions positives pour

λ

assez grand donc qui se concentrent près des sphères de codimention 2 quand

\lambda \rightarrow + \infty

; ces sphères approchent du bord de omega quand

\lambda \rightarrow + \infty

. Il faut remarquer que l'existence de solutions est prouvée pour des domaines qui peuvent être arbitrairement proches de domaines étoilés (quand

p⩾\frac{2n}{n−2}

et

Ω

est étoilé il n'y a pas de solutions, ce qui se déduit de l'identité de Pohožaev). La méthode que nous suivons pour la démonstration est complètement variationnelle. Pour surmonter les difficultés liées à la présence d'opérateurs non compacts, d'abord nous modifions le terme non linéaire ; ensuite nous trouvons des solutions du problème modifié en minimisant la fonctionnelle de l'énergie sur une varieté de dimension infinie ; enfin nous démontrons que les solutions du problème modifié sont aussi solutions du problème original, parce-qu'elles sont localisées, dans la région où le terme non linéaire n'a pas été modifié.
IGF‐I activates PKB and prevents anoxic apoptosis in Achilles tendon cells
Authors: Scott Alexander , Khan Karim M. , Duronio Vincent 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAnoxia and apoptosis are both implicated in chronic tendon pathology, however the influence of anoxia on the viability of tendon cells is not known. The objectives of the current study were to (i) investigate the effect of oxygen withdrawal on the viability of porcine Achilles tendon cells (ATCs), and (ii) examine the ability of IGF‐I, a factor with known regenerative properties in tendon, to prevent ATC death. Cultured ATCs were enclosed in an anaerobic chamber. The mechanism of cell death was examined by flow cytometry of ATCs double labeled with Annexin‐V and propidium iodide (PI). Caspase activity was determined by a fluorometric assay, and nuclear morphology was examined by Hoechst staining. The cell death induced by anoxia was time‐dependent, and was characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer membrane, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Death was inhibited by the addition of IGF‐I in a dose‐dependent manner. The ability of IGF‐I to activate the pro‐survival PKB pathway in ATCs was inhibited by LY294002, indicating the importance of P13K in the response of ATCs to IGF‐I. These data suggest that cell death induced by lack of oxygen is predominantly apoptotic and can be prevented by pro‐survival IGF‐I signaling. This mechanism may contribute to the beneficial effect of IGF‐I on tendon. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Magic and the Regulation of Piety
Authors: Styers Randall G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter traces scholarly debates concerning magic first through nineteenth-century theories concerning the origins of religion and then through various twentieth-century attempts by philosophers and social scientists to define the nature of religion. As intellectualized and privatized Enlightenment notions of religion came to define the appropriate forms for human relation to the supernatural, magic no longer designated idolatry, Satanism, or sin (as it had in medieval views of witchcraft and sorcery), but a new form of aberrational behavior, a delusion contravening appropriately rationalist, and largely Protestant, piety. Whether theorists have seen magic as designating a category distinct from (and external to) religion or as an internal subset of religion, magic has functioned to demarcate religion's limits and the bounds for appropriate religious behavior in modern liberal society. This chapter traces the normative views of human identity and power animating these scholarly formulations of magic.
Magic and the Regulation of Desire
Authors: Styers Randall G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe chapter begins by exploring various psychological theories in which magic is seen as a product of inchoate or inordinate desire. Whether asserting that magic is socially reactionary and authoritarian or fundamentally anti-social and anarchical, theorists have regularly seen magic as a threat to a productive social order. The dominant scholarly construction of magic has legitimated two distinct channels through which human needs are to be constructed and resolved: a spiritualized religious realm (to shape certain aspects of human identity and assuage internal tensions) and a rationalized scientific realm (to govern appropriate manipulation of the material world). With magic deployed as the stigmatized mediator between religion and science, the secularizing separation between these two channels is reinforced, and capitalism and Western science are relegated broad instrumental control of the material world. Even recent scholarly efforts to reverse the negative valence of magic maintain important elements of the traditional distinctions among religion, magic, and science and reinforce the paradigm in which rationalized religion and science are aligned with capitalist social relations.
Kant's Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book expounds, analyzes, and appraises the constructive part of Kant’s theory of knowledge, as presented in the Prefaces, Introduction, Transcendental Aesthetic, and especially the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason. Drawing on the work of influential recent Kant commentators like Robert Paul Wolff, Peter F. Strawson, Paul Guyer, Jonathan Bennett, Henry Allison, and James Van Cleve, Dicker reconstructs the central argument of the Analytic that spans the first and second edition versions of the Transcendental Deduction and the Second Analogy of Experience. The book also contains detailed analyses of key sections of the Critiquethat enrich or supplement the central argument, such as the First Analogy and the Refutation of Idealism. As well, it offers balanced and detailed analyses of sections of the Critique that Kant took to be important but that are less closely tied to its central argument, including the Metaphysical Deduction, the Schematism, the Axioms of Intuition, the Anticipations of Perception, the Postulates of Empirical Thought, and the Third Analogy. Throughout the book, the writing is both rigorous and highly accessible. All the major arguments are reconstructed in numbered steps, in such a way that their premises are perspicuous and their validity easily seen by basic rules of sentential logic. The book is designed to be read as a companion to the constructive first half the Critique, and to be useful to undergraduate and graduate students studying Kant and to their professors. Its analyses of major Kantian arguments will be of interest to Kant scholars as well.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosen Christine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This conclusion summarizes the key arguments of the book, including the many assumptions it challenges about the history of eugenics and the history of American religious leaders in the early half of the 20th century. It is clear that American religious leaders embraced eugenics when they departed from the traditional tenets of their faith, and that they did so in an effort to find new methods of social reform to suit a time of often-bewildering social and cultural change. This chapter also ties the history of eugenics to current debates in bioethics, revealing the continuities and discontinuities in hereditarian thinking from the previous century into the present. It is argued that the peculiar history of eugenics in the United States in the early-to-mid 20th century has fundamentally shaped the way genetic technologies is discussed in the twenty-first century. An understanding of that history — particularly the history of the ethical and theological debates that occurred — is necessary as we enter a new era of genetic science.
Competing in the Information Age
Authors: Luftman Jerry N. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This book presents a new set of practical and powerful tools to help business get the full benefit from their information technology (IT) investments. It addresses how organizations can work together to improve business performance. It elaborates on the approach for assessing the maturity of IT-business alignment; once maturity is understood, businesses can identify opportunities for enhancing the harmonious relationship of business and IT. The book is divided into eight parts, with parts II-VII focusing on the six strategic alignment maturity assessment criteria.
Competing Through Information Privacy
Authors: Chan Yolande 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines how privacy issues affect the contemporary management of information and information systems. It discusses privacy as an IT alignment issue, information privacy strategy, and privacy as competitive advantage. Privacy represents a major challenge for businesses that needs to be addressed in terms of firm strategy and alignment. Privacy as competitive advantage requires that customers value at a minimum, and are willing to pay for, at a maximum, the careful, ethical, treatment of their information.
Competing in Mobile Business
Authors: Jarvenpaa Sirkka , Tomak Kerem 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Wireless technologies extend a firm’s transactions from a stationary space to a mobile space. Transactions and communications that take place in the mobile space, i.e. wireless Internet infrastructure, are defined as m-business. This chapter discusses how m-business services generate new business value. It presents a case study on Japan’s NTT DoCoMo i-mode, which introduced a new suite of multimedia services, new forms of connecting buyers and sellers to markets, and new incentives for customers to cocreate value.