bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The neurons of the medial geniculate body in the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii)
Authors: Winer Jeffery A. , Wenstrup Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe neurons in the medial geniculate body were studied in Golgi preparations from adult mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitecture, immunocytochemistry, and tectothalamic connections.Three primary divisions are defined. The ventral division is large and has a stereotyped neuronal organization. Medium‐sized perikarya (about 10 μm in diameter) represent tufted neurons; the fibrodendritic plexus forms laminae in the lateral part along which midbrain axons terminate. A smaller, possibly intrinsic, neuron with thin, sparse dendrites is rarely impregnated. Neurons in the larger, medial part, which represents frequencies of 60 kHz and higher, have more spherical dendritic fields; their branching pattern remains tufted, and the laminar organization was less evident. The dorsal division is about equal in size, and it has many nuclei and a corresponding neuronal diversity. These neurons are medium‐sized except in the suprageniculate nucleus, where many cells are larger. Four dorsal division nuclei are recognized. Each has neurons with radiate or weakly tufted dendritic arbors. Superficial dorsal nucleus neurons are oriented from medial to lateral, imparting a slightly laminated appearance to the neuropil. A few smaller, stellate neurons with modest dendritic domains are present. Suprageniculate nucleus neurons have radiating dendritic fields that project spherically; they have fewer branches than dorsal nucleus neurons. The posterior limitans nucleus is dorsomedial to the suprageniculate nucleus; it has small neurons with long, sparsely branched dendrites. The rostral pole nucleus, included in the dorsal division on cytoarchitectonic grounds, had too few neurons impregnated to reveal its neuronal architecture. The medial division, the smallest of the main parts, is one nucleus with at least six types of cells, including the magnocellular, bushy tufted, disc‐shaped, medium‐sized multipolar, elongated, and small stellate neurons. There is no laminar arrangement.Many of the neurons resemble those in rodent, marsupial, carnivore, and primate auditory thalamic nuclei. Despite such morphological correspondences, functional differences, such as the evolution of combination sensitivity, suggest that structurally comparable auditory thalamic neurons may subserve diverse physiological representations. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of physiologically defined subdivisions of the inferior colliculus in the mustacbed bat: Targets in the medial geniculate body and extrathalamic nuclei
Authors: Wenstrup Jeffrey J. , Larue David T. , Winer Jeffery A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined the output of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body and other parts of the nervous system in the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii). Small deposits of anterograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase, [3H]leucine, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, or biocytin) were made at physiologically defined sites in the central nucleus representing major components of the bat's echolocation signal. The topography, frequency specificity, and axonal morphology of these outputs were studied.The medial geniculate body was a major target of inferior collicular neurons, with three distinct input patterns. The projection to the ventral division was tonotopically organized, but had a relatively sparse contribution from neurons representing frequency modulated components of the biosonar pulse. The second input was to the rostral medial geniculate body, in which projections from inferior collicular neurons representing constant frequency sonar components were separated from those representing frequency modulated components. A third input was to the suprageniculate nucleus, which received strong, topographically arranged projections. Inputs to the dorsal nucleus and medial division were also observed.Extrathalamic regions receiving input included the pontine gray, external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, pericollicular tegmentum, nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, and pretectum. These central nucleus projections differed in organization and the structure of axon terminals, suggesting different physiological influences on their target nuclei. These results demonstrate that the central nucleus has divergent projections to various sensory and premotor nuclei, besides its well‐established projection to the medial geniculate body. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The contralaterally projecting neurons of the isthmic nucleus in five anuran species: A retrograde tracing study with HRP and cobalt
Authors: Tóth Pál , Lázár Gyula , Wang Shu‐Rong , Li Tong‐Bin , Xu Jia , Pál Endre , Straznicky Charles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology of projection neurons of the isthmic nucleus was studied in Rana esculenta, R. nigromaculata, Bufo marinus, B. bufo gargarizans, and Xenopus laevis from a comparative anatomical point of view. The main point of this work was to provide an anatomical basis for electrophysiological studies. Neurons projecting to the ipsilateral optic tectum were labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and cobaltous lysine complex injected into the optic tectum. Contralaterally projecting cells were filled by injecting the tracer substances into the crossed isthmotectal tract.Cells of the anterior nonrim cortex and the rostral part of the medulla project to the ipsilateral tectum. A band of cells in the middle of the medulla, a few cells in the caudal part of the medulla, and most of the neurons in the rim cortex project to the contralateral tectum.Five types of neurons were distinguished in the rim cortex of R. esculenta. Most of them have piriform perikarya and their dendrites arborize in the rim neuropil. In the medulla of the isthmic nucleus of R. escalenta, seven types of neurons were distinguished. Most of these neurons also exist in the other species. Medullary cells are piriform, fusiform, or multipolar, and are variable in size and in dendritic arborization. The isthmic neurons of the two Ranae and Bufo species are similar. The dominant cell types in Xenopus are multipolar with extensive dendritic arborization, which occupies more space in the nucleus than in the other species.Neurons with narrow dendritic trees may represent a system of fine resolution, and those neurons with extensive dendritic arborization may belong to a coarser system. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Descending propriospinal axons in the hindlimb enlargement of the red‐eared turle: Cells of origin and funicular courses
Authors: Berkowitz Ari , Stein Paul S. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpinal neurons with descending axons are important components of spinal sensorimotor networks. We used an anatomical tracing technique to study the distribution of descending propriospinal axons and cell bodies in red‐eared turtles. We injected horseradish peroxidase into a portion of one funiculus in the middle of the hindlimb enlargement and examined six spinal segments rostral to the injection site (dorsal 3 through dorsal 8) for labeled neuronal cell bodies.Injections into each region of the white matter labeled substantial numbers of descending propriospinal neurons. Each injection labeled cell bodies over most of the six spinal segments examined. Each injection also labeled cell bodies in the ipsilateral dorsal horn, intermediate zone, and ventral horn as well as the contralateral intermediate zone and ventral horn. Injections into each of four regions of the white matter, the dorsal funiculus, the medial part of the lateral funiculus, the lateral part of the lateral funiculus, and the ventral funiculus reliably gave rise to a distinct distribution of labeled cell bodies.These experiments establish that descending propriospinal axons in red‐eared turtles are found in all regions of the spinal white matter. This finding contrasts with a popular contempopary view of the organization of descending propriospinal axons in mammals. These experiments also demonstrate that neurons in each region of the gray matter give rise to a different distribution of descending, funicular axons, although these distributions are widely overlapping. Different funicular axon distributions could be associated with different sets of synaptic contacts with the white‐matter dendrites of spinal neurons. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical properties of brainstem trigeminal neurons that respond to electrical stimulation of dural blood vessels
Authors: Strassman Andrew M. , Potrebic Sonja , Maciewicz Raymond J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSingle unit recording studies in anesthetized cats have identified a population of neurons in the brainstem trigeminal complex that can be activated by stimulation of major dural blood vessels. Such dura‐responsive neurons exhibit response properties that are appropriate for a role in the mediation of vascular head pain in that they typically exhibit nociceptive facial receptive fields whose periorbital distribution is similar to the region of referred pain evoked by dural stimulation in humans. In the present study, intracellular labelling with horseradish peroxidase was used to examine the anatomical characteristics of brainstem trigeminal neurons that respond to dural stimulation.A total of 17 neurons was labelled that responded to electrical stimulation of dural sites overlying the superior sagittal sinus or middle meningeal artery. Fourteen of these neurons also responded to electrical stimulation of the cornea. The neurons in this sample were located in the rostral two‐thirds of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and the caudalmost part of the nucleus interpolaris. Within caudalis, the neurons were located in the deeper part of the nucleus, primarily lamina V, and were concentrated ventrolaterally. The dendritic arborizations of the dura‐responsive neurons typically exhibited a dorsolateral‐to‐ventromedial orientation and did not extend into the superficial laminae of caudalis. Dura‐responsive neurons had axonal collaterals and boutons in the nucleus caudalis, nucleus interpolaris, the infratrigeminal region ventral to nucleus interpolaris, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the medullary reticular formation. The axonal boutons within the trigeminal complex exhibited a ventrolateral distribution which largely overlapped the distribution of the somata. The results are consistent with previous evidence that dura‐responsive brainstem trigeminal neurons may have a role in the mediation of dural vascular head pain and also indicate that such neurons may contribute to nociceptive processing within the dorsal horn. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey
Authors: Carmichael S. T. , Price J. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) of macaque monkeys is a large but little understood region of the cerebral cortex. In this study the architectonic structure of the OMPFC was analyzed with nine histochemical and immunohistochemical stains in 32 individuals of three macaque species. The stains included Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase, Timm, and selenide stains and immunohistochemical stains for parvalbumin, calbindin, a nonphosphorylated neurofilament epitope (with the SMI‐32 antibody), and a membrane‐bound glycoprotein (with the 8b3 antibody). In addition to patterns of cell bodies and myelinated fibers, these techniques allow the visualization of markers related to metabolism, synapses, and neurotransmitters. A cortical area was defined as distinct if it was differentiated in at least three different stains and, as described in later papers, possessed a distinct set of connections. Twenty‐two areas were recognized in the OMPFC. Walker's areas 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 [J. Comp. Neurol. (1940) 73:59–86] have been subdivided into areas 10m, 10o, 11m, 11l, 12r, 12l, 12m, 12o, 13m, 13l, 13a, 13b, 14r, and 14c. On the medial wall, areas 32, 25, and 24a, b, c have been delineated, in addition to area 10m. The agranular insula also has been recognized to extend onto the posterior orbital surface and has been subdivided into medial, intermediate, lateral, posteromedial, and posterolateral agranular insula areas. The OMPFC, therefore, resembles other areas of primate cortex, such as the posterior parietal and temporal cortices, where a large number of relatively small, structurally and connectionally distinct areas have been recognized. Just as the area‐specific neurophysiological properties of these parietotemporal areas underlie broader regional functions such as visuospatial analysis, it is likely that the many small areas of the OMPFC also make differential contributions to the general mnemonic, sensory, and affective functions of this region. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of calretinin immunoreactivity in the mouse inner ear
Authors: Dechesne Claude J. , Rabejac Denis , Desmadryl Gilles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalretinin is a calcium‐binding protein of the EF‐hand family. It has been previously identified in particular cell types of adult guinea pig, rat, and chinchilla inner ear. Development of calretinin immunoreactivity in the mouse inner ear was investigated from embryonic day 13 (E13) to the adult stage. In the adult mouse vestibule, calretinin immunoreactivity was present in the same structures as described for the rat and guinea pig: the population of afferent fibers forming calyx units and small number of ganglion neurons. The earliest immunoreactivity was found at E17 in vestibular hair cells (VHCs), then, at E19, in afferent fibers entering the sensory epithelia and in rare ganglion neurons. At postnatal day 4 (P4), a few vestibular nerve fibers and ganglion neurons were reactive. From this stage until P14, immunoreactivity developed in the calyx units and disappeared from VHCs. At P14, immunostaining was adult‐like. In the adult mouse cochlea, immunoreactivity was present in the same cell populations as described in the rat: the inner hair cells (IHCs) and most of Corti's ganglion neurons. Calretinin immunoreactivity appeared at E 19‐P0 in IHCs and ganglion neurons of the basal turn. At P1, outer hair cells (OHCs) of the basal turn were positive. Calretinin immunoreactivity then appeared in IHCs, OHCs, and ganglion neurons of the medial turn, then of the apical turn. At P4, all IHCs and OHCs and most of the ganglion neurons were immunostained. Immunoreactivity gradually disappeared from the OHCs starting at P10 and, at P22, only IHCs and ganglion neurons were positive. The sequences of appearance of calretini, n were specific to each cell type of the inner ear and paralleled their respective maturation. Calretinin was transiently expressed in VHCs and OHCs. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrabulbar associational system in the rat olfactory bulb comprises cholecystokinin‐containing tufted cells that synapse onto the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells
Authors: Liu Wei‐Lin , Shipley Michael T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe intrabulbar associational system (UAS) originates from tufted cells whose axons terminate in the internal plexiform layer (IPL) on the opposite side of the same olfactory bulb. The postsynaptic targets of the IAS are unknown. Subpopulations of tufted cells contain different neuropeptides and transmitters but it is not known if tufted cells forming the IAS are homogeneous with respect to neurotransmitters. Therefore, the goals of the present study were to identify thepostsynaptic targets of the IAS and to determine the major transmitter in this intrabulbar circuit.Biocytin anterograde tracing revealed that the axons of superficially situated tufted cells coursed directly to the IPL where they turned abruptly to run ventrally and dorsally to terminate in the IPL on the opposite side of the olfactory bulb. WGAapoHRP‐Au retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochernistry for CCK revealed that all tufted cells retrogradely labeled by WGAapoHRP‐Au injection in the IPL were immunoreactive for CCK Anterograde transport of biocytin combined with postembedding immunocytochemical goldlabeling for GABA demonstrated that labeled IAS axons terminate predominantly, if not exclusively, on GABAergic granule cell dendrites in the IPL.These results confirm that the IAS arises from tufted cells and is topographically organized. We further demonstrate that tufted cells forming the IAS use the neuropeptide CCK as a transmitter. In addition, we show that the postsynaptic targets of the CCKergic IAS are the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells coursing through the IPL toward the EPL. As CCK is generally an excitatory neuropeptide, we suggest that the IAS functions to excite topographically discrete populations of granule cells. This action may lead to inhibition of equally discrete populations of mitral/tufted cells. Thus, the IAS may be an intrabulbar inhibitory circuit that coordinates topographically organized neural networks in the olfactory bulb. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinogeniculate projection fibers in the monkey optic chiasm: A demonstration of the fiber arrangement by means of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase
Authors: Naito Jumpei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe fiber arrangement of the retinogeniculate pathway was investigated in the chiasm of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) by an iontophoretic injection of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). It has been claimed that there is a distinct retinotopy in the monkey chiasm, despite lack of any clear anatomical evidence. However, the present data indicate a rather gross retinotopy or almost no discernible retinotopy. Fibers from the foveal‐to‐peripheral axis of the temporal retina show substantially no retinotopy owing to a marked overlap of fibers in the anterolateral and the posterocentral parts of the ipsilateral hemichiasm. In contrast, the foveal‐to‐peripheral axis of the nasal retina is re‐formed in a gross dorsoventral order in the chiasm. That is, nasal foveal‐parafoveal fibers which arise from small cells (which are Pβ mode) pass in the dorsal part of the chiasm adjacent to the brain. They widely overlap nasal perifoveal fibers which cross the chiasm more ventrally with very little contact with the brain. The nasal perifoveal fibers also widely overlap nasal peripheral fibers which cross the chiasm more ventrally. Furthermore, the nasal peripheral fibers overlap nasal far peripheral fibers which arise from large cells (including many of the Pα mode) which run near the pial surface. Fibers from the dorsal and ventral nasal retina cross the midline of the posterior and anterior parts of the chiasm, respectively, and are finally positioned in the medioventral and ventrocentral parts in the tract. Consequently, the dorsoventral retinal axis is re‐formed posteroanteriorly in the midline of the chiasm and in a roughly mediolateral direction in the tract. Furthermore, the present study shows that the nasal and temporal retinal fibers coming from the same eye are acutely segregated in the prechiasmal region and the anterior part of the hemichiasm. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A reticuloreticular commissural pathway in the rat thalamus
Authors: Battaglia Giorgio , Lizier Carlotta , Colacitti Claudia , Princivalle Alessandra , Spreafico Roberto 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo further characterize the communication between the thalami of the two hemispheres, a connection linking the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides was investigated in the rat by retrograde and anterograde tracing. The rostral reticular nucleus can be divided into a medial region, with densely packed fusiform neurons, and a lateral region, with less densely packed, polymorphic neurons. After injections of Fluorogold (FG) in the medial region, retrogradely labeled, small fusiform neurons were found in the corresponding contralateral region. The retrograde labeling data were confirmed by the anterograde‐tracing experiments. Thin, beaded axons, anterogradely labeled after injection of biocytin or biotinylated dextranamine in the medial region, innervate the corresponding region in the contralateral reticular nucleus.The present data suggest the existence of a commissural pathway specifically devoted to the crosstalk between the rostral reticular nuclei of the two thalamic sides. The commissural gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic input on the GABAergic neurons of the rostral reticular nucleus could modulate the generation of sleep spindles. The reticuloreticular pathway may, moreover, synchronize the diffuse modulatory effect of the rostral reticular nucleus on nonprimary cortical areas through the bilateral projections of the nucleus to the ventromedial, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic nuclei. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential development of α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive and α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina
Authors: Hamassaki‐Britto D. E. , Gardino P. F. , Hokoç J. N. , Keyser K. T. , Karten H. J. , Lindstrom J. M. , Britto L. R. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of cells containing neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in the chick retina was investigated by means of immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies directed against the α3 and α8 nAQhR subunits. The α3 subunit is one of the major α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic receptor subunits in the chick retina, whereas α8 appears to be the most common α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive subunit in the same structure. α3‐like immunoreactivity (α3‐LI) was first detected in cells of the vitreal margin, on the embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5). α8‐LI was first detected in the same type of cell almost a day later. However, the processes of α8‐LI cells developed much faster than those of α3‐LI cells, generating visible stained laminae in the prospective inner plexiform, layer as early as E7. α3‐LI was only clearly seen in laminae of the inner plexiform layer by E12. By this date, both α3 and α8‐LI were seen in the same types of cells as in the adult retina, i. e., amacrines, displaced ganglion cells, and cells of the ganglion cell layer for α3‐LI; and amacrines, bipolar cells, and cells of the ganglion cell layer for α8‐LI, These results reveal different patterns of development of cells containing the α3 and α8 nAChR subunits in the chick retina and indicate that those nAChR subunits are expressed in the chick retina before choline acetyltransferase‐positive cells can be detected and well before synaptogenesis. These data also suggest that nAChRs may have a developmental function in the retina. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.