bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undertakers And Managers
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the top of the hierarchy of Mount Vernon’s builders stood the undertakers and managers. The equivalent of modern-day contractors, undertakers were figures of consequence in Virginia, who in addition to plying their own trades, assumed responsibility for organizing and supervising entire projects. If Mount Vernon had been built of brick, its undertakers would have been masons; as it was, Washington hired house carpenters. Each of them came with small crews of their own, but they were also at liberty to draw on the plantation’s labor force if necessary.
At Home and Away, 1788-1799
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In february 1787, in the midst of considering whether to attend the constitutional convention called for later that year in Philadelphia, Washington wrote his mother a longish letter about her future. Relations between the two had never been smooth. Mary Washington continued to live in Fredericksburg but managed her affairs badly and now was suffering from cancer. Over the years Washington had done what he could, often with thinly veiled impatience, to help keep her domestic establishment afloat.
To Give and Bequeath
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last year of George Washington’s life, like so many others at Mount Vernon, mixed the commonplace liberally with the momentous. Typical of the former was Parson Latta’s visit. On July 3, 1799, without warning and describing himself simply “as a young clergyman from Pennsylvania traveling to see the country,” he made his way up the drive hoping to see the Washingtons’ “improvements.”
Toward a Rhetorical Theory of Apocalypse
Authors: O’leary Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, popular interest in biblical prophecies of Armageddon has been a highly visible (and sometimes controversial) trend. Fascination with apocalyptic predictions, whether from the Bible, from new interpretations of the writings of ancient seers, or from New Age “channelers,” seems likely to increase dramatically as the turn of the millennium draws nearer. The purpose of this study is to offer a theoretical framework for understanding the millenarian and apocalyptic discourse that will inevitably be generated as we approach and move beyond the two thou sandth year of the Christian era. My foundational assumption is that the discourses of apocalypticism and millennialism can usefully be viewed as rhetoric.
Millerism as a Rhetorical Movement
Authors: O’leary Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decades following the War of 1812, the American Zeitgeist seemed to be borne upon a wave of optimism. These were years that saw the Jacksonian revolution, the so-called “Era of Good Feeling,” the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, and a host of reform movements that sought a variety of social, political, and religious ends. During this period, many revivalist preachers departed radically from the bleak Puritan vision of humanity’s innate sinfulness and inability to work toward its own salvation, and adopted a conception of human progress that was both rationalist and perfectionist. In his classic study The Kingdom of God in America, theologian H. Richard Niebuhr associates the preaching of the first and second Great Awakenings with the prevailing Enlightenment conceptions of rationality, and argues that the dominant theme among these evangelists was “the insistence that the reign of Christ was above all a rule of knowledge in the minds of men.”
Introduction
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The point of departure for this study is, in essence, a simple question: Why do we think of the biblical Job as patient Job; indeed, why is this such a fixed concept in the popular consciousness that the “patience of Job” has been elevated to the level of a nearly universal cultural proverb, if not cliche? This question is easy to pose, but-as this study will endeavor to demonstrate-the answer is not so easily framed. In fact, in the course of trying to formulate an answer, one is naturally led to consider further questions about the book and tradition of Job that are equally challenging to answer, if not more so.
Inanna
Authors: Moon Beverly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sumerian goddess Inanna was worshipped in ancient Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, for more than 4,000 years. Although the origins of her cult lie in prehistory, between the arrival of the Sumerians ca. 3500 BCE and the transformation of the Near East under Islam in 637 CE this goddess, known as the Queen of Heaven, played a central role in the religious life of the many peoples who came to make this land their home. The Akkadians and Babylonians, who came to dominate the area after the Sumerians (ca. 2300 BCE), continued to worship her but called her Ishtar.
Politicians, Pastors, and Pimps: Christianity and Prostitution Policies
Authors: Brock Rita Nakashima 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Fortress Press published Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States, Marshall Johnson, director of the Lutheran Press, received several phone calls from pastors protesting a book on prostitution published by a religious press. Johnson’s reply: “One of the few things of which we can be fairly certain about Jesus is that he had a remarkably positive attitude toward prostitutes.” The editors at Fortress and those indignant clergy demonstrate the range of traditional Christian perspectives on prostitution, from sympathetic to righteously indignant.
Strange And Secret Peoples
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teeming with creatures, both real and imagined, this encyclopedic study in cultural history illuminates the hidden web of connections between the Victorian fascination with fairies and their lore and the dominant preoccupations of Victorian culture at large. Carole Silver here draws on sources ranging from the anthropological, folkloric, and occult to the legal, historical, and medical. She is the first to anatomize a world peopled by strange beings who have infiltrated both the literary and visual masterpieces and the minor works of the writers and painters of that era. Examining the period of 1798 to 1923, Strange and Secret Peoples focuses not only on such popular literary figures as Charles Dickens and William Butler Yeats, but on writers as diverse as Thomas Carlyle, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Charlotte Mew; on artists as varied as mad Richard Dadd, Aubrey Beardsley, and Sir Joseph Noel Paton; and on artifacts ranging from fossil skulls to photographs and vases. Silver demonstrates how beautiful and monstrous creatures--fairies and swan maidens, goblins and dwarfs, cretins and changelings, elementals and pygmies--simultaneously peopled the Victorian imagination and inhabited nineteenth-century science and belief. Her book reveals the astonishing complexity and fertility of the Victorian consciousness: its modernity and antiquity, its desire to naturalize the supernatural, its pervasive eroticism fused with sexual anxiety, and its drive for racial and imperial dominion.
Satī The Event and the Ideology
Authors: Bose Mandakranta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1987, in a village in India’s northwestern province of Rajasthan, an eighteen-year-old woman, Roop Kanwar, died in the funeral pyre of her 24-year-old husband, apparently in an act of exemplary devotion to her husband and to a Hindu practice supposedly hallowed by creed and custom. The couple had been married for less than a year. A photograph of the funeral shows a smiling Roop, bedecked in her wedding outfit and holding on to her husband’s body as the flames rise around her. The picture was widely distributed all over Rajasthan to prove the triumphant survival of an ancient tradition-namely, the voluntary choice of self-immolation as the highest wifely duty, one that ensured for the wife the ultimate accolade of a sati, a wife wholly dedicated to her husband. The word sati means a woman who is virtuous and truthful and, as an extension of the term, a woman who is chaste and totally devoted to her husband. After Roop Kanwar’s death, which was witnessed by thousands of worshipful supporters, including large numbers of women chanting Roop’s praise, she was virtually deified by those who organized the event. It was, they claimed, an entirely voluntary act and one that reiterated the ancient values of Hindu society and rediscovered the power of spiritual and physical self-sacrifice that, in their view, is at the core of the Hindu religion and elevates it above all others. Soon, however, this view of noble self-sacrifice was questioned. Roop Kanwar was said to have been in a drugged state and the famous photograph a fake. The ecstatic smile the crowd saw on her dying face was suspected to be the rictus of death. Her death took place without the knowledge of her parents, who learned of it from newspaper reports. Her in-laws were found to be earning enormous sums from worshipers at a shrine erected to Roop on their property, where they had held the funeral instead of at the public cremation site. Most telling of all, local custom would have allowed the widowed Roop to return to her parents’ home with the very substantial dowry that she had brought as a bride.
Mīrābai in the Academy and the Politics of Identity
Authors: Bose Mandakranta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fifteenth or sixteenth century rebellious woman poet-saint, who pursued her devotion to Kr i:ia with complete dedication, composed exceptionally beautiful songs of love and longing for God, and endured severe persecution because she did not behave as a member of the royal household should or because she crossed caste boundaries, seems a likely candidate for those who would look to the past for exemplary women of power and independence. Mīrābai is such a saint, but as soon as we begin to try to uncover the precise details of her life, we encounter multiple Mīrās. People have told her story in myriad ways, making her over in their own image and sometimes trying to appropriate her absolute devotion for their own purposes. l Her story of struggle and perseverance is compelling, but was she a good wife who turned to serious devotion only after her husband’s death, suffering unjustly at the hands of her in-laws, as some would have it, or was she a woman who knew her own mind and risked her life, disregarding hierarchies of gender, caste, and religion, in her shameless passion for God, as others claim? No single image of Mira wins universal acceptance, and a stubborn multiplicity remains. Her devotion to none but God, coupled with the resistance so fundamental to her character, appears to inhibit her complete incorporation into any political and social agenda (or institutionalized religious sect, for that matter). Many people also speak in her name-of their own suffering, of dignity and resistance in the face of oppression, of love fulfilled or denied.2 No authentic original body of works attributable to an individual woman of medieval Rajasthan has yet been reliably identified either, and stories and songs continue to multiply around her.3
The Feminist Movement in West Bengal: From the l 980s to the l 990s
Authors: Bose Mandakranta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “feminist” creates a mental block in West Bengal. The image of a feminist is not one that many women would like to have. Feminism has been variously associated with aggressiveness, sexual permissiveness, immodesty, lack of womanly virtues and antimotherhood and antifamily attitudes. In fact, it is a cocky counter to the “ideal woman,” who is selfless, obedient and home loving. The best adjective that can be bestowed on a Bengali woman is gharoa, usually translated as “homely,” actually meaning a homebody. The matrimonial columns in Bengali and English dailies abound in the standard formula, “Wanted: fair, educated, homely bride.”
Methods of Memory Research
Authors: Lockhart Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress in memory research owes much to the richness of its methodology. The field’s many experimental paradigms and various techniques for measuring memory have provided the empirical foundation on which con temporary theory has been built. This is no minor achievement; the task of developing a behavioral methodology that will support inferences about memory systems and processes that are themselves not directly observable is a formidable challenge.
Transfer and Expertise
Authors: Kimball Daniel R , Holyoak Keith J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers having a passing familiarity with research on transfer and expertise might think it somewhat odd to find these two topics covered in a single chapter. After all, one of the most common generalizations from research on expertise is that expertise is domain and task specific: experts in a domain are exceptional at performing familiar tasks within that domain, but often poor at transferring that expertise to other domains or even, in many cases, to novel tasks within the same domain (see, e.g., Ericsson & Charness, 1994).
The rains of orion
Authors: Townes Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a 1963 meeting in Washington, D.C., a group of radio astronomers had dinner at the home of Gart Westerhout, a Dutch scientist then on the faculty of the University of Maryland. Alan Barrett of MIT, one of the guests, soon had the party buzzing over his news. He and colleagues from Lincoln Lab had detected a signal from space carrying the signature of OH, the very reactive, or “free radical” hydroxyl molecule. This was the first molecule discovered by radio astronomy, and only the fourth known in interstellar space (after CN, the cyanide radical, and CH and CH+, methine radicals).
Rabbinic Authority
Authors: Berger Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the nature and sources of the unique authority accorded in Judaism to the Sages of the first five centuries AD. These teachers--often referred to reverentially as Chazal, a Hebrew acronym for "our Sages of blessed memory"--occupy a central and unrivalled position in traditional Judaism. Their statements, collected in the vast corpus of Rabbinic literature, serve as the basis for Halakhah (Jewish law) which developed since the Babylonian Talmud was redacted over thirteen centuries ago. Berger critically examines the notion of the Sages' authority, laying bare the assumptions that undergird it and the implications that follow from it. Berger's purpose is not to justify specific normative claims about talmudic law, but to show the deeply nuanced concept of authority in a textual and interpretive tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Berger Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last two hundred years of Jewish history, the authority of Jewish law, Halakhah, has been one of the central issues with which many Jews have struggled, particularly those taking their first, often eager, steps into Western culture.1 For well over a millennium, Jewish society had been guided primarily by Jewish law as it was developed by the talmudic sages, known as “the Rabbis” with a capital R. Although certain groups, such as the Karaites, understood Judaism’s prescriptions differently, the majority of Jews continued to a rm their basic loyalty to Rabbinic Halakhah, even if their personal practice fell short of the ideal.2 To be sure, observance was, for the most part, not a matter of personal preference or choice; it was simply a way of life imbibed mimetically from one’s surrounding from earliest childhood.3 The internal cohesiveness of the Jewish community, coupled with the constant external pressures of a non-Jewish population intent on maintaining economic and social segregation (to varying de grees)4 essentially made fidelity to Halakhah a given for most Jews, barring exceptional cases.
The Dreams and Dramas of a Jealous Hindu Queen
Authors: Doniger Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dreams are a serious matter in classical Hinduism, indeed seriously material. This is a subject that I have treated elsewhere at some length,1 but it might be useful to summarize some basic Hindu approaches to dreams before focusing on the particular group of texts I wish to discuss. The Hindu attitude to dreams is part of a more general Hindu attitude to illusion, called maya. The entire material world is regarded, theoretically at least, as an illusion wrought by God for His (or Her) pleasure, for the game, the sport (lila); in a very basic sense, the universe (including ourselves) is a dream dreamt by God. This does not necessarily mean that it, and we, are unreal, though certain idealistic forms oflndian religions, both Buddhist and Hindu, do take this tack. On the contrary, for most South Asians it means that our own dreams are, in a sense, synchronized with those of the author of the universe and hence one of the most reliable sources of insight into the reality of that universe.
Engendering Dreams The Dreams of Adam and Eve in Milton’s Paradise Lost
Authors: Assmann Aleida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an aphorism titled “the error of dreams” (“Missverstandnis des Traumes”), Nietzsche wrote: “In dreaming, people of a primordial and primitive civilization believed they encountered another reality; this is the origin of all metaphysics. Without the evidence of dreams, human beings would not have been led to divide the world into two different realms.” Nietzsche, who passionately opposed a two worlds theory, identifies dreaming as the source of this heresy. In dreams, human beings could come to learn about “a second reality” that significantly differed from the “first reality” of everyday experience. For Nietzsche, the world of every-night experience that transcends, subverts, and perverts the rules accepted in the waking world nourishes the metaphysical fallacy. To associate dreams with metaphysics is an interesting but surprising move. In the wake of Aristotle, metaphysics was supposed to deal with a stable world of order unaffected by contingency. Certainty, regularity, and expectability were considered qualities of the world beyond this world, cleared of the erratic fits of hazard, mutability, and corruptibility, concentrating on “what is valid at all times or at least at most times.”
Real Values?
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far we have explored reasons why one might think that there are (following a loose and imperfect analogy with the five senses) senses of value, and that there sometimes is knowledge of value. But none of this gets us anywhere unless there is something of which to be aware and to know. The phenomena of seemingawareness of values and seeming-knowledge can be viewed through the lens of an “error theory” (see Mackie 1977).
Morality
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter left us with two questions about morality: (1) in what kinds of case does the claim that it would be immoral constitute a good reason for not doing what would be optimific, and (2) are there indeed cases in which what is optimific is immoral. (Can there be, to repeat Leibniz’s phrase, a felix culpa?) These questions point toward the nature and authority of morality. We can begin by asking how moral judgments are to be distinguished from other judgments that recommend that we do or not do certain things.
Querying the Medieval
Authors: Inden Ronald , Walters Jonathan , Ali Daud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indologist Ronald Inden has in the past raised questions about the images of a “traditional” or “medieval” India deployed by colonial scholars and rulers - “Orientalists” - and has also argued that a history of “early medieval” India very different from both the colonial and nationalist accounts could be written. This volume is designed as an important first step towards that goal. The authors look closely at three genres of texts that have been crucial to the representations of precolonial India. All three essays challenge not only colonialist scholarship but the attempts by religious nationalists to identify Hinduism as the essence of national identity in Idia and Buddhism as the essence of nationality in Sri Lanka.
Introduction
Authors: Coffey David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many of my generation, in my undergraduate studies I took a course on the Trinity that left me puzzled as to what conceivable relevance this topic could have for the rest of theology (apart, perhaps, from that of the Incarnation) or for the challenge of the Christian life. With hindsight it is not difficult to see that this was because the tract on the Trinity was separated from that on the One God and because it focused exclusively on the immanent Trinity (the Godhead considered “in itself,” apart from the economy of salvation). This situation, repeated all over the world, led in the sixties to the quiet dropping of the Trinity as a topic of study in theological curricula almost everywhere. Only now is the trend being reversed. This change is not just a matter of fad or fashion. It is occurring because of a growing perception and appreciation of the fact that salvation itself, the very gift of the spiritual life, has a trinitarian (and also ecclesial) structure, that is, it is God (the Father’s) salvation mediated to the Church by Jesus Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit. We cannot understand salvation, spirituality, Christian living in the world without understanding at least something of the Trinity.
who was jesus? why it’s so hard to know
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I mentioned at the end of the preceding chapter, a wide range of scholars who have devoted their lives to studying the ancient sources for the historical Jesus have concluded that he proclaimed the imminent end of history as we know it. 1 think this view is probably right (even though it is not widely held outside the scholarly community) and I’m going to try to show why. I will argue that Jesus stood within a long line of Jewish prophets who understood that God was soon going to intervene in this world, overthrow the forces of evil that ran it, and bring in a new kingdom in which there would be no more war, disease, catastrophe, despair, hatred, sin, or death. And Jesus maintained that this new kingdom was coming soon, that in fact his own generation would see it. To that extent, at least, he was not so different from the predictors of the end who have numbered themselves among his followers ever since.
Bernard Airvaux
Authors: Evans G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renowned medievalist G.R. Evans here provides a concise introduction to St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), a figure of towering importance on the twelfth-century monastic and theological scene. After a brief overview of Bernard's life, Evans focuses on a few major themes in his work, including his theology of spirituality and his theology of the political life of the Church. The only available introduction to Bernard's life and thought, this latest addition to the Great Medieval Thinkers series will appeal to a wide audience of students and scholars of history and theology.
“Difference Relates” Eclecticism Past and Present
Authors: Hatcher Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways to answer the question, Who or what is an eclectic? The Frenchphilosophe Denis Diderot described the eclectic as someone who makes up his own philosophy by drawing freely upon his own experience and using his own reason as a guide. In the epigram here, Diderot announces that the eclectic is someone who is not afraid of trampling over dogma and authority if that’s what it will take to make “a philosophy of his own.” By endorsing eclecticism as an enlightened philosophy, Diderot wanted to emphasize that it promised a way to break free from dogmatism, that it guaranteed one the liberty to construct a philosophy based purely on one’s experience and the rational study of human history (Braun 1973: 153).