bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XPS and AES studies of carbon steel polarized in aqueous molybdate solutions
Authors: Pan F.‐M. , Lin Y.‐L. , Oung J.‐C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractX‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) have been used to study the passive film on carbon steel produced electrochemically in aerated and deaerated molybdate aqueous solutions. Very few molybdate ions were adsorbed on the oxide surface of the carbon steel in aerated solution according to XPS measurements. On the contrary, significant amounts of Mo(+4), Mo(+5) and Mo(+6) ions were detected on the anodically polarized steel in deaerated solution. In addition to molybdate ions and iron oxides, MoO(OH)2 and Mo2O5 were suggested to be present in the opaque passive film.
ESCA study of the oxidation of DHP copper
Authors: Pedocchi L. , Billi A. , Marinelli E. , Wu J. X. , Rovida G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe surface composition of deoxidized high phosphorus (DHP) copper sheets was investigated by ESCA with the aim of verifying the role of phosphorus in oxide formation. While no surface segregation of phosphorus was observed on samples cleaned by ion bombardment and annealing in ultrahigh vacuum, the presence of large amounts of phosphorus was found after the formation of the oxide by exposure to 0.1 Torr oxygen at 770 K. The surface enrichment in P with the same binding energy was found after annealing a sheet of DHP copper coated with a layer of Cu2O deposited by sputtering. The binding energy of the P 2p peak as well as the analysis of the components of O 1s can be interpreted with the formation of a metaphosphate. Experiments performed at intermediate temperatures showed that the segregation of phosphorus is appreciable above 600 K and appears to be related to oxygen diffusion into the bulk.
Monte‐Carlo simulations of the point‐to‐point resolution in scanning Auger microscopy and x‐ray microanalysis of thin overlayers
Authors: Valamontes E. , Nassiopoulos A. G. , Glezos N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe point‐to‐point resolution of Auger electron spectroscopy is compared to that of x‐ray microanalysis of thin unsupported films and of thin films on a bulk material. Monte‐Carlo calculations are used in this respect. The incident beam is a Gaussian‐distributed curve with standard deviation σo = 40 Å and an energy range 10–100 keV. A Point‐Spread‐Function describing the radial distribution of the analysed signal is, in each case, determined from the Monte‐Carlo results. From this function and by using the Rayleigh criterion, the point‐to‐point resolution is calculated.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) for the localization of titanium in chrysotile asbestos
Authors: Berghmans P. A. , Adams F. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHigh spatial resolution and sensitivity make electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) excellent techniques for localizing low levels of titanium (∼2 wt.%) in ultrastructural features as small as cross‐sections of chemically modified chrysotile asbestos fibres (i.e. 20 nm diameter). Visible beam damage, i.e. mass loss and morphological changes, was drastically reduced when a Zeiss EM 902 fitted with a cryoholder was used to perform ESI using the three‐window background extrapolation method. The electron micrographs revealed that the titanium distribution is located not only at the external surface of the fibre but also inside the fibril tube.
XPS studies on intermetallic phases formed in AlNi and AlMn thin films
Authors: Bertóti I. , Mohai M. , Csanády A. , Barna P. B. , Berek H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThin films of AlNi and AlMn alloys were prepared by high‐temperature successive vapour deposition (HTSVD). In the case of AlNi a pronounced shift (∼0.5 eV) of the Ni Auger parameter [combined Ni 2p binding energy (BE) and Ni L3 VV kinetic energy (KE) values] to lower values can be detected for the Al3Ni compound, the structure of which was determined by x‐ray diffraction. In the AlMn system a quasi‐crystalline Al4Mn phase was formed and its structure was determined by selected area electron diffraction as well as by TEM and cross‐sectional TEM. XPS measurements show that for this AlMn phase only a small peak shift (∼0.3 eV) of the Mn 2p core level can be related to the compound formation as compared to the pure metallic state of the components. The same shift to lower values was also obtained for the Auger parameter (Mn 2p BE + Mn L3M23M23). The small peak observed by others at 2.4 eV higher than the Al 2p BE is unambiguously related to the oxygen content in our samples. On the basis of the results we can conclude that the observed core level and Auger line shifts; the small linewidths and especially the Auger parameter shift to lower values are all indicative of the formation of intermetallic compounds in these systems.
XPS and UPS of Pt catalysts of different preparation
Authors: Paál Z. , Schlögl R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe techniques of XPS and UPS measurements with Pt black catalysts as well as reasonable data processing are discussed. The surface of Pt contains carbon and oxygen impurities in amounts of 15%–20% each. The use of various sensitivity factors does not influence the conclusions drawn on purity. Oxygen 1s and C 1s line fitting has been done on a self‐consistent basis. Of various chemical O and C species, three‐dimensional carbon islands and water and/or H2O attached to Pt sites predominate. These latter entities are well detected also by UPS. The usefulness of difference XP and UP spectra in distinguishing chemical entities is pointed out.
Internal scattering of electrons in a hemispherical spectrometer
Authors: Greenwood J. C. , Prutton M. , Roberts R. H. , Liu Zhixiong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeah and Smith have reported a method of measuring the peak‐to‐background ratio below the silver LMM Auger peak as a function of the pass energy of a hemispherical electron spectrometer. They used this measurement to reveal the extent of a contribution to the observed spectrum due to secondary electrons generated at the outer hemisphere near to its exit plane. This scattering is caused by electrons whose kinetic energies are just above those passing round the central trajectories of the spectrometer. The work reported here extends this method to a range of kinetic energies and reveals a varying contribution of the internal scattering to the shape of the measured spectrum across the energy span 50–2500 eV. This has an important effect upon attempts to measure the true shape of the background of a spectrum and the manner in which it depends, for example, upon the atomic number of the sample.Calibration methods are presented for the evaluation of the internal scattering of the spectrometer with the objective of finding ways to remove it from the measured spectrum. With the aid of electron optical modelling, the origin of the internal scattering is attributed both to electrons with energies just above those passed by the spectrometer that strike the outer hemisphere and to very energetic electrons leaving the sample and striking surfaces inside the transfer lens between the sample and the hemispheres. These methods are applied to a number of spectra of pure elements to demonstrate the efficacy of the procedure.
SIMS analysis of oxygen in AlxGa1 − xAs alloys: Variations in sensitivity as a function of alloy composition
Authors: Chew A. , Sykes D. E. , Houlton M. R. , Blackmore G. W. , Blunt R. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe variation in the SIMS sensitivity factor for oxygen in the AlxGa1 − xAs alloy system has been investigated as a function of alloy composition using ion‐implanted reference sample. Oxygen doses of 5 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 5 × 1015 atoms cm−2 have been implanted in a range of alloy compositions (x = 0.07, 0.22, 0.33, 0.37, 0.60 and 0.80). The results are presented as a calibration referenced to GaAs to allow interpolation for other alloy compositions and without unnecessary duplication of reference sets. The results show no significant variation in sensitivity factor for oxygen relative to arsenic and this is confirmed by analysis of an implant into a GaAs‐on‐AlGaAs layer structure.
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of polymer surfaces and additives
Authors: Linton R. W. , Mawn M. P. , Belu A. M. , DeSimone J. M. , Hunt M. O. , Menceloglu Y. Z. , Cramer H. G. , Benninghoven A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the application of static time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) to the analysis of polymeric materials, including chemically modified polymers and polymer additives. Throuh the detection of intact functionalized oligomers, analysis of poly(styrene) functionalized with perfluoroalkyl chlorosilane provides confirmation of a successful endgroup termination for a living polymerization. The calculated molecular weight distribution also is in good agreement with chromatrographic results. High mass resolution studies allow monitoring of the hydrogenation of a poly(butadiene) polymer through increases in oligomer mass due to proton addition. The quantitative ToF‐SIMS results for the extent of hydrogenation for a specific oligomer are lower than the values averaged over all oligomers as determined by magnetic resonance. The usefulness of ToF‐SIMS for determination of trace‐level polymer additives is demonstrated for linear low‐density poly(ethylene) (LLDPE). Application of a 150 nm thick evaporated Ag pattern enables in situ detection of the five trace additives present in the LLDPE matrix, and also provides information on additive surface migration and surface oxidation. A study of the silver cationization process for the silver‐patterned LLDPE surface suggests differences in diffusion and/or ionization processes for two additives. This is confirmed with mass‐resolved ion imaging to show the lateral distribution of the silver‐cationized signals for various polymer additive molecular ions. Finally, poly(styrene) (Mn = 1300) coated with a continuous silver overlayer is investigated. The ToF‐SIMS‐determined molecular weight distribution shifts to lower masses, suggesting the greater diffusion of shorter polymer chains through the silver overlayer.
SIMS imaging of insulator surfaces
Authors: van der Heide P. A. W. , McIntyre N. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractImaging of secondary ions emitted from bare insulator surfaces has been carried out on a Cameca IMS 3F secondary ion mass spectrometer without the use of electron beam, conductive grid or coating methods. This was accomplished by analysing secondary ions with kinetic energies ranging from 200 to 350 eV emitted from chargestablized samples. Charge stabilization was attained by placing the sample under various forms of specimen isolation. Images from both O− and Cs+ primary ion‐bombarded surfaces were collected, with several examples shown; O− provided the better spatial resolution due to improved sample potential stability. Mechanisms associated with charge stabilization and image distortion are elaborated upon with the aid of computer simulations.
Molecular photofragmentation during non‐resonant multiphoton ionization of sputtered species
Authors: Coon S. R. , Calaway W. F. , Pellin M. J. , Burnett J. W. , White J. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo assess the quantitative analytical capabilities of laser post‐ionization of sputtered neutrals, the photoionization of sputtered Cu, Al and Ru atoms and clusters was investigated. By measuring velocity distributions using both resonant and non‐resonant photoionization of the atoms and one‐photon and two‐photon ionization of the clusters, photogragmentation of clusters was found to be significant. Atomic velocity distributions measured using non‐resonant ionization peaked at the same velocity as the respective dimer distribution, indicating that the majority of the non‐resonant atomic ion signal is from photogragmented dimers. The contribution to the dimer ion signal from photogragmentation of the trimer varied with the two‐photon laser power density. Domination of the atomic photoion channel by molecule fragmentation appears to be a general phenomenon that must be accounted for in all gas‐phase multiphoton non‐resonant ionization experiments at easily achievable laser power densities (≤ 108 W cm−2). To minize photogragmentation effects, atoms should be ionized resonantly and clusters should be onephoton ionized.
The effect of polymer architecture on the SIMS spectra of glycolide/trimethylene carbonate copolymers
Authors: Brinen J. S. , Rosati L. , Chakel J. , Lindley P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCopolymers of glycolide and trimethylene carbonate having the same nominal composition but varying in copolymer architecture have been studied by static quadrupole SIMS, time‐of‐flight SIMS and by ESCA. The surface composition of melt‐pressed films were found to vary markedly with the polymer architecture. Time‐of‐flight SIMS spectra clearly showed spectral differences which can be related to the glycolic acid block length.
Influence of bath additives on the composition of electrodeposited silver coatings
Authors: Ashiru O. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeveral thin‐film analysis techniques (energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis and Auger, Rutherford backscattering and non‐resonance (d,p) reactions) were used to assess the level of impurities incorporated during silver deposition in the presence and absence of additives. The study showed that the elemental constituents of the more strongly absorbed additives, i.e. brighteners, were incorporated with the silver deposits. The levelling agents are less strongly absorbed and thus their constituents were not appreciably incorporated with the silver deposits.
Quantitative evaluation of titanium nitrides in the presence of carbon and oxygen contaminants using the Ti L3M23V Auger transition
Authors: Lascovich Juan C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method for quantitative compositional analysis of both Ti and N, as well as the content of the frequent carbon and oxygen contaminants for titanium nitrides, has been proposed using the Ti L3M23V Auger structure. Samples with different elemental compositions were obtained by N2+ and Ar+ bombardment of metallic titanium. Monitoring simultaneously the XPS spectra and x‐ray ‐excited Ti L3M23V Auger transition, the latter being resolved into its inter‐ and intra‐ atomic Auger components, a linear dependence between the area fraction corresponding to the intra‐atomic component and the atomic titanium fraction was found. From analysis of experimental data, the ratio between the area of the intra‐atomic Auger component and the integrated intensity of the Ti 2p photoemission doublet was assumed to be linear function of the titanium fraction. From these relations, atomic fractions of Ti, N, O and C are determined using only Auger features in combination with the oxygen and carbon signals. The results obtained by this method are in good agreement with XPS values in the analysed range (40% < Ti < 80%; N < 60%; C < 25%; O < 15%).
UV stabilizers: Their effects on vinyl compounds
Authors: Reid W. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the polymer of choice in a wide variety of applications on account of its comparatively low cost, high chemical resistance, good mechanical properties and electrical insulating capabilities. The even wider application of the material has been restricted by its low thermal and photolytic stability. This paper reviews the various light degradation and stabilization mechanisms that have been postulated recently for PVC. The importance of the thermal stabilizer system to the photostabilization of the material is also stressed. Finally the market opportunity for a cost effective UV stabilizer system for rigid PVC is discussed emphasizing the versatility that such a product would give to the vinyl siding manufacturer.
Rheology of poly(vinyl chloride) dry blends I. A fusion model for evaluating rigid dry blend compound performance
Authors: Wingrave James A. , Peden Montgomery C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dry blend fusion proceeds via scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of material in a sigma mixing bowl fitted torque rheometer. A mathematical model is developed and tested. During the course of the study, degradation behavior was observed some time before the conventional t2 or the end point of thermal stability. A suitable model for torque changes during degradation was not developed.
Smoke suppressants for plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Desai Harshad P. , Deanin Rudolph D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAddition of plasticizers to poly(vinyl chloride) generally increases its flammability and frequently increases smoke production during its burning. Flame retardants added to plasticized PVC can reduce flammability, but increase smoke production. This study shows that proper choice of combined use of other polymers, phosphate plasticizers, fillers and other flame retardants, produces measured synergistic improvements in flame retardance and smoke suppression which could benefit applications such as PVC wire and cable insulation.
The advantages of one pack additive packages in PVC processing
Authors: Holsopple Peggy S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWith the push towards higher production rates and tighter SPC/SQC in the PVC industry today, the disadvantages of having many microingredients in a formulation become readily apparent, especially to the plant personnel who have to deal with the weighting and blending of these microingredients. The concept of adding microingredients in a “one pack” form has been explored in the past using lubricant/stabilizer combinations designed to eliminate some of the problems inherent in adding a liquid stabilizer. This paper explores the concept of a one pack system consisting of impact modifier, process aid, calcium stearate, and stabilizer. Advantages of such a one pack combination are discussed in relation to formulation, blending, materials handling, and processing.
Mixed metal vinyl stabilizer synergism. IV: Antimony mercaptide/group II metal carboxylate blends
Authors: Grossman Richard F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe reaction of a model compound for degrading PVC, cinnamyl chloride, with blends of antimony tris(isooctyl thioglycolate) and calcium octoate yields primarily calcium chloride and cinnamyl octoate. This is in contrast to typical mixed metal systems where ligands exchange, and also to lead octoate/calcium octoate blends, where lead chloride is formed under the same conditions. In rigid PVC, it is likely that antimony mercaptides function as stabilizers mainly by acting as phase transfer catalysts for calcium stearate.
Mixed metal vinyl stabilizer synergism. V: Dehydrochlorinations reactions of model compounds
Authors: Grossman Richard F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe capture of HCl from cumyl chloride, a model compound for degrading PVC, by epoxidized soybean oil, yielding the related chlorohydrin, is relatively inefficient. The reaction is much accelerated by the presence of metal salts that are primary stabilizers, in particular by zinc carboxylates. In such instances, the initial reaction product is not the chlorohydrin, but the corresponding alphahydroxy ester and metal chloride. Such metal salts, however, also strongly catalyze the rate of loss of HCl from the model compound. Mixed metal blends are found to accelerate the reaction of liberated HCl with epoxy compounds with, on the other hand, only slight catalysis of the dehydrochlorination reaction, and with formation of the secondary metal chloride.
Upper critical solution temperature lubricants for CPVC
Authors: Nakamura H. , Fukuoka T. , Uesaka T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) is often used in injection molding for products that demand high heat resistance. However, proper control of its flow properties is difficult. To improve flow behavior some internal lubricants are usually used, but they reduce heat resistance of the products. Upper critical solution temperature (UCST) lubricants were found to enhance its flow properties, and also high heat resistance was retained. They act as internal lubricants during processing, improving flow and phase separation during cooling. Therefore they are present essentially as inert filler and thus have little effect on heat distortion temperature.
Experimental design for non‐statisticians
Authors: Neuman Richard C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMany of us were taught that if more than one variable were changed at a time, the cause of some end result could never be determined. This is certainly true if the experiment is not planned to accommodate analysis of the data. The complex problems faced by modern scientists and engineers can not be solved efficiently using one‐at‐a‐time methods. Good experimental design promotes broader exploration of the variables studied, produces more results from fewer experiments, and validates results by comparing them against measured experimental error. This is done by deliberately varying all variables from run‐to‐run in systematic patterns. Timely product development and problems solving bears directly on profitability. A systematic approach can pay handsome dividends. The basis of good experimental design and several simple designs for everyday use are presented.
Transmission of viral hepatitis by kidney transplantation: donor evaluation and transplant policies (Part 1: hepatitis B virus)
Authors: Natov S.N. , Pereira B.J.G. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract: This two‐part article discusses serologic testing of prospective donors for viral hepatitis B and C as part of the comprehensive donor evaluation and reviews of the current policies and practices aimed at preventing donor‐to‐recipient transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HBC). This second part of the review discusses HCV. Organs procured from HCV‐infected donors can transmit the virus to their recipients. Because a number of studies have associated infections with HCV with increased morbidity and mortality among renal transplant recipients, it is important to prevent HCV transmission with renal transplantation. The majority of organ procurement organizations (OPOs) perform routine screening of organ donors for antibodies to HCV (anti‐HCV). The prevalence of HCV infection among cadaver organ donors, ascertained based on a positive anti‐HCV test by ELISA2, varies worldwide between 1.08% and 11.8%. The use of kidneys from donors negative for anti‐HCV by ELISA2 carries negligible or no risk of transmitting HCV infection. The use of organs from anti‐HCV‐positive donors has been restricted to life‐saving transplants (heart, liver or lung) by the majority of OPOs worldwide. However, discarding kidneys from all anti‐HCV positive donors would lead to unnecessary waste of organs because not all anti‐HCV positive donors are infectious. Recently, the policy of unconditional restriction on the use of kidneys from anti‐HCV positive donors has been challenged, and transplantation of organs from anti‐HCV‐positive donors into anti‐HCV‐positive recipients has been found to be safe. An even better alternative might be a policy of transplanting kidneys from anti‐HCV‐positive donors only in HCV RNA‐positive recipients. However, until more data become available, these two strategies remain experimental treatments.