bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immune Responses Are Required for Protection againstBurkholderia pseudomalleiChallenge and Bacterial Clearance Postinfection
Authors: Healey Gareth D. , Elvin Stephen J. , Morton Margaret , Williamson E. Diane 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative bacillus endemic to areas of southeast Asia and northern Australia. Presently, there is no licensed vaccine forB. pseudomalleiand the organism is refractive to antibiotic therapy. The bacterium is known to survive and multiply inside both phagocytic and nonphagocytic host cells and may be able to spread directly from cell to cell. Current vaccine delivery systems are unlikely to induce the correct immune effectors to stimulate a protective response to the organism. In this study, we have developed a procedure to utilize dendritic cells as a vaccine delivery vector to induce cell-mediated immune responses toB. pseudomallei. Dendritic cells were produced by culturing murine bone marrow progenitor cells in medium containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Purified dendritic cells were pulsed with heat-killed whole-cellB. pseudomalleiand used to immunize syngeneic mice. Strong cellular immune responses were elicited by this immunization method, although antibody responses were low. Booster immunizations of either a second dose of dendritic cells or heat-killedB. pseudomalleiwere administered to increase the immune response. Immunized animals were challenged with fully virulentB. pseudomallei, and protection was demonstrated in those with strong humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These results indicate the importance of both cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in protection against intracellular pathogens.
Environmental Regulation and Virulence Attributes of the Ysa Type III Secretion System of
Yersinia enterocolitica
Biovar 1B
Authors: Venecia Krista , Young Glenn M. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Pathogenic biovars of
Yersinia enterocolitica
maintain the well-studied plasmid-encoded Ysc type III secretion (TTS) system, which has a definitive role in virulence.
Y. enterocolitica
biovar 1B additionally has a distinct chromosomal locus, the
Yersinia
secretion apparatus pathogenicity island (YSA PI) that encodes the Ysa TTS system. The signals to which the Ysa TTS system responds and its role in virulence remain obscure. This exploratory study was conducted to define environmental cues that promote the expression of Ysa TTS genes and to define how the Ysa TTS system influences bacterium-host interactions. Using a genetic approach, a collection of
Y. enterocolitica
Ysa TTS mutants was generated by mutagenesis with a transposon carrying promoterless
lacZYA
. This approach identified genes both within and outside of the YSA PI that contribute to Ysa TTS. Expression of these genes was regulated in response to growth phase, temperature, NaCl, and pH. Additional genetic analysis demonstrated that two regulatory genes encoding components of the YsrR-YsrS (
ysrS
) and RcsC-YojN-RcsB (
rcsB
) phosphorelay systems affect the expression of YSA PI genes and each other. The collection of Ysa TTS-defective transposon mutants, along with other strains carrying defined mutations that block Ysa and Ysc TTS, was examined for changes in virulence properties by using the BALB/c mouse model of infection. This analysis revealed that the Ysa TTS system impacts the ability of
Y. enterocolitica
to colonize gastrointestinal tissues. These results reveal facets of how
Y. enterocolitica
controls the function of the Ysa TTS system and uncovers a role for the Ysa TTS during the gastrointestinal phase of infection.
CD8+-T-Cell-Dependent Control ofTrypanosoma cruziInfection in a Highly Susceptible Mouse Strain after Immunization with Recombinant Proteins Based on Amastigote Surface Protein 2
Authors: Araújo Adriano F. S. , de Alencar Bruna C. G. , Vasconcelos José Ronnie C. , Hiyane Meire I. , Marinho Cláudio R. F. , Penido Marcus L. O. , Boscardin Silvia B. , Hoft Daniel F. , Gazzinelli Ricardo T. , Rodrigues Mauricio M. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTWe previously described that DNA vaccination with the gene encoding amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP-2) protects approximately 65% of highly susceptible A/Sn mice against the lethalTrypanosoma cruziinfection. Here, we explored the possibility that bacterial recombinant proteins of ASP-2 could be used to improve the efficacy of vaccinations. Initially, we compared the protective efficacy of vaccination regimens using either a plasmid DNA, a recombinant protein, or both sequentially (DNA priming and protein boosting). Survival after the challenge was not statistically different among the three mouse groups and ranged from 53.5 to 75%. The fact that immunization with a recombinant protein alone induced protective immunity revealed the possibility that this strategy could be pursued for vaccination. We investigated this possibility by using six different recombinant proteins representing distinct portions of ASP-2. The vaccination of mice with glutathioneS-transferase fusion proteins representing amino acids 261 to 500 or 261 to 380 of ASP-2 in the presence of the adjuvants alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 provided remarkable immunity, consistently protecting 100% of the A/Sn mice. Immunity was completely reversed by the in vivo depletion of CD8+T cells, but not CD4+T cells, and was associated with the presence of CD8+T cells specific for an epitope located between amino acids 320 and 327 of ASP-2. We concluded that a relatively simple formulation consisting of a recombinant protein with a selected portion of ASP-2, alum, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 might be used to cross-prime strong CD8+-T-cell-dependent protective immunity againstT. cruziinfection.
Genome-Wide Expression Profiling in Malaria Infection Reveals Transcriptional Changes Associated with Lethal and Nonlethal Outcomes
Authors: Schaecher Kurt , Kumar Sanjai , Yadava Anjali , Vahey Maryanne , Ockenhouse Christian F. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

High-density oligonucleotide microarrays are widely used to study gene expression in cells exposed to a variety of pathogens. This study addressed the global genome-wide transcriptional activation of genes in hosts infected in vivo, which result in radically different clinical outcomes. We present an analysis of the gene expression profiles that identified a set of host biomarkers which distinguish between lethal and nonlethal blood stage
Plasmodium yoelii
malaria infections. Multiple biological replicates sampled during the course of infection were used to establish statistically valid sets of differentially expressed genes. These genes that correlated with the intensity of infection were used to identify pathways of cellular processes related to metabolic perturbations, erythropoiesis, and B-cell immune responses and other innate and cellular immune responses. The transcriptional apparatus that controls gene expression in erythropoiesis was also differentially expressed and regulated the expression of target genes involved in the host's response to malaria anemia. The biological systems approach provides unprecedented opportunities to explore the pathophysiology of host-pathogen interactions in experimental malaria infection and to decipher functionally complex networks of gene and protein interactions.
Complement Receptor 3 Binds theBorrelia burgdorferiOuter Surface Proteins OspA and OspB in an iC3b-Independent Manner
Authors: Garcia Rodolfo C. , Murgia Rossella , Cinco Marina 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTPersistence of borreliae within the vertebrate host depends on the fate of interactions between the spirochetes and target cells. The present work demonstrates the direct binding of theBorrelia burgdorferiouter surface proteins OspA and OspB to CR3 and that this binding is independent of iC3b.
The
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ESAT-6 Homologue in
Listeria monocytogenes
Is Dispensable for Growth In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Way Sing Sing , Wilson Christopher B. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

ESAT-6 is a virulence determinant in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and a member of a conserved group of proteins in a variety of other bacteria. A targeted deletion of the homologous gene in
Listeria
was generated, and in contrast to that observed for mycobacteria, this locus was not required for
Listeria
virulence.
Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Proinflammatory Response to
Vibrio cholerae
O1 El Tor Strains Deficient in Production of Cholera Toxin and Accessory Toxins
Authors: Haines G. Kenneth , Sayed Blayne Amir , Rohrer Melissa S. , Olivier Verena , Satchell Karla J. Fullner 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Following intranasal inoculation,
Vibrio cholerae
KFV101 (Δ
ctxAB
Δ
hapA
Δ
hlyA
Δ
rtxA
) colonizes and stimulates tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in mice, similar to what occurs with isogenic strain P4 (Δ
ctxAB
), but is less virulent and stimulates reduced levels of IL-6, demonstrating a role for accessory toxins in pathogenesis. Morbidity is enhanced in C3H/HeJ mice, indicating that Toll-like receptor 4 is important for infection containment.
The Protective Effect of Antibody in Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Tract Reinfection Is Independent of Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Morrison Sandra G. , Morrison Richard P. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe resolution of primary and secondary chlamydial genital infection in immunoglobulin A (IgA)-deficient (IgA−/−) mice was not different from that in IgA+/+mice. Furthermore, depletion of either CD4+or CD8+T cells prior to reinfection of IgA+/+or−/−mice had limited impact on immunity to reinfection. Thus, although antibody contributes importantly to immunity to chlamydial genital tract reinfection, IgA antibodies are not an absolute requirement of that protective response.
Characterization of FimH Adhesins Expressed by
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum: Reconstitution of Mannose-Binding Properties by Single Amino Acid Substitution
Authors: Kisiela Dagmara , Sapeta Anna , Kuczkowski Maciej , Stefaniak Tadeusz , Wieliczko Alina , Ugorski Maciej 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Recombinant FimH adhesins of type 1 fimbriae from
Salmonella enterica
serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, in contrast to those of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, did not bind to high-mannose oligosaccharides or to human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. However, mutated FimH proteins from biovar Gallinarum and biovar Pullorum, in which the isoleucine at position 78 was replaced by the threonine found in
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium, bound well to glycoproteins carrying high-mannose oligosaccharides and colon carcinoma cells. The loss of sugar-binding properties by biovar Gallinarum and biovar Pullorum FimH adhesins, which are a part of the type 1 fimbriae, is most probably the result of a single T78I mutation, as was proven by site-directed mutagenesis of FimH proteins.
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of SHOWEX HF Radar Wave Measurements
Authors: Wyatt Lucy R. , Liakhovetski Guennadi , Graber Hans C. , Haus Brian K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOcean Surface Current Radar (OSCR) HF radar measurements of ocean waves and currents were made during the Shoaling Waves Experiment (SHOWEX) in the fall of 1999. During some periods, at some locations, good quality wave measurements were obtained. Limitations in the wave measurement capability due to OSCR hardware, deployment configuration, signal-to-noise ratio, and antenna sidelobes are identified and discussed. A short period of large currents in the presence of antenna pattern distortion is identified as the source of the main errors in the wave measurements.
Theoretical and Experimental Characterization of the Ultrafast Aircraft Thermometer: Reduction of Aerodynamic Disturbances and Signal Processing
Authors: Rosa Bogdan , Bajer Konrad , Haman Krzysztof E. , Szoplik Tomasz 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The ultrafast aircraft thermometer, built for measuring temperature in clouds at flight speeds up to 100 m s−1, employs a 2.5-μm-thick platinum-coated tungsten wire as a sensing element. When temperature increases, the wire resistance increases. The changes are amplified by an electronic system. Temperature measurements made in a wind tunnel and during flights show noise that is related to the von Kármán vortex street generated behind the shield that protects the sensing element against the impact of cloud droplets. To reduce both the level of turbulence and the amount of water collected on the shield, suction is applied through the slits in its sides. The effect of suction on the flow field is twofold. First, at the Reynolds numbers that the thermometer is operated suction eliminates aerodynamic disturbances. Second, suction diverts the inner part of the boundary layer into the slit. This inner part is a region of strong shear and, therefore, a region where intensive viscous heating takes place. When the suction is on much of the air that is heated in the boundary layer in the front part of the shield is removed through the slits and never reaches the sensor. To study the role of the shield with suction and confirm its chosen shape, two-dimensional (2D) direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are performed of the airflow and of the trajectories of droplets of various sizes and initial positions. The influence on the temperature distribution of the irreversible dissipation of energy due to air viscosity is also examined. This is found to have a small but measurable effect. The effects associated with sampling and processing of the analog signal obtained from the sensing wire are discussed. The results herein quantitatively explain the nature of the measured aerodynamic noise.
Predictability of Total Ozone Using a Global Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model Coupled with the MRI/JMA98 GCM
Authors: Sekiyama T. T. , Shibata K. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A global three-dimensional chemical transport model is being developed for forecasting total ozone. The model includes detailed stratospheric chemistry and transport and couples with a dynamical module of the Meteorological Research Institute/Japan Meteorological Agency 1998 (MRI/JMA98) general circulation model, which can yield realistic atmospheric fields through a meteorological assimilation system. Its predictability on total ozone is investigated for up to 4 weeks from 1997 to 2000. Global root-mean-square errors (rmses) of a control run are approximately 10 DU (3% of total ozone) throughout a year; the control run results are used as initial values for hindcast experiments. Rmses of the hindcast experiments globally range from 10 to 30 DU. The anomaly correlation between the 5-day forecasts and satellite measurements is approximately 0.6 throughout a year in the mid- and high latitudes of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Thus, the model has potential for utilization on total ozone forecasts up to 5 days. In the northern mid- and high latitudes, the model produces better total ozone forecasts than the persistence up to 2 weeks, indicating that the deterministic limit of the total ozone forecasts is durationally comparable to that of weather forecasts. Good correlations between changes in total ozone and 100-hPa geopotential height reveal that the predictability of the dynamical field in the lower stratosphere critically affects the predictability of total ozone.
Observation Impact during the North Atlantic TReC—2003
Authors: Langland Rolf H. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
An adjoint-based method is used to calculate the impact of observation data on a measure of short-range forecast error in the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) during November and December 2003. The evaluated observations include all regular satellite and in situ data assimilated in the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS) at 1800 UTC, and also targeted dropsonde profiles provided by the North Atlantic Observing-System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Regional Campaign (NA-TReC) field program. Commerical aircraft observations account for 46% of the total forecast error reduction by observations in the NA-TReC domain, which includes the North Atlantic and adjacent regions of North America and Europe. Targeted dropsonde data have high impact per observation, but the impact of all dropsonde data is less than 2% of the total during the 2-month study period. Eight of 12 targeted dropsonde cases reduce forecast error. The percent of total impact for other observations assimilated at 1800 UTC in the NA-TReC domain is as follows: Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) radiances (16%), satellite winds (14%), land surface data (9%), radiosondes (8%), and ship-surface data (5%). If observations over the entire global domain are evaluated, the largest impact of data provided at 1800 UTC during November and December 2003 is provided by AMSU-A radiance data (48% of total).
Stratospheric Polar Cap Mean Height and Temperature as Extended-Range Weather Predictors
Authors: Siegmund Peter 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The skill of stratospheric and tropospheric predictors in predicting near-surface quantities at the extended range (∼10 days–2 months) has been investigated, using 40 yr of reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The predictors are 1) the geopotential height (Z) at various levels, 2) the difference between Z and the 1000-hPa geopotential [Z − Z(1000)], and 3) the temperature at various levels. The predictors are averages over the area north of 65°N. The predictands are Z(1000) averaged over the same area and geographical fields of several near-surface quantities. The predictive skill has been investigated for different lead times between predictor and predictand and different averaging periods of the predictor and the predictand.
The results show that the predictive skill of Z in the troposphere is mainly due to the predictive skill of sea level pressure, whereas the predictive skill of Z in the stratosphere is mainly due to the predictive skill of stratospheric temperature. The predictive skill is largest in the end of December, for the predictor Z at 50 hPa and the temperature between 250 and 50 hPa. The temperature also has significant predictive skill in the upper stratosphere in the summer. In winter, for lead times larger than 5 days the stratospheric Z is a better predictor of the daily Z(1000) than Z(1000) itself. Whereas the predictive skill of the stratospheric Z is largest for zero lead time, the predictive skill of the stratospheric Z − Z(1000) and temperature are largest for lead times of about 10 days, evidencing the finite propagation time of geopotential anomalies from the stratosphere to the surface. The skill of the stratospheric height and temperature in predicting the wintertime monthly mean field of Z(1000) is mainly limited to the region north of 60°N. The stratospheric predictive skill for the monthly mean fields of the zonal wind at 850 hPa and the near-surface temperature is particularly large around 60°N. The correlation pattern of the near-surface temperature field and the stratospheric temperature is qualitatively similar to the corresponding pattern for the Arctic Oscillation index, except at middle latitudes over Eurasia and over the subtropical Pacific.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Rainbands to Ice-Phase Microphysics
Authors: Franklin Charmaine N. , Holland Greg J. , May Peter T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA high-resolution tropical cyclone model with explicit cloud microphysics has been used to investigate the dynamics and energetics of tropical cyclone rainbands. As a first step, the model rainbands have been qualitatively compared with observed rainband characteristics. The model-generated rainbands show many of the mesoscale and convective-scale features of observed tropical cyclone rainbands. Sensitivity studies of numerically simulated tropical cyclone convection to ice-phase microphysical parameters showed that the model was most sensitive to changes in the graupel fall speed parameters. Increasing the fall speeds saw graupel being confined to the convective regions and producing higher rain rates in the inner core of the storm. A greater region of stratiform precipitation was produced when the efficiency for the collection of snow and cloud ice by graupel was reduced and when the mean size of graupel was reduced. Both of these simulations resulted in a higher concentration of snow being transported into the stratiform region. Although the precipitation structure changed across the simulations, the surface rainfall rate and the fundamental dynamical variables showed little sensitivity to the parameter variations.
Bricolages religieux ou transactions symboliques? Quelques éléments à partir de la recomposition des croyances relatives a l’après-mort dans un Occident déchristianisé
Authors: Hiernaux Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2005

English In a context in which many subjects cannot be pinned down within classic religious frameworks, and subsequently engage in certain recompositions of meaning—can these be reduced to a set of connotations, unhappily rendered banal by the application of the label, “bricolage”? Is it not rather the case that we are faced with evidence of symbolic transactions of greater importance, and which rather exceed the limit of the narrow description “religious bricolage”? French Dans un contexte ou` nombre de sujets échappent aux encadrements religieux classiques, les recompositions de sens qu'ils engagent peuvent-elles se réduire à des connotations défavorablement banalisées du mot "bricolage"? Ne serions-nous pas plutôt devant des transactions symboliques aux convergences et implications plus profondes et qui débordent cette autre limite qu'annonce le composé restrictif "bricolages religieux";?
Bricolage vaut-il dissémination? Quelques réflexions sur l’opérationnalité sociologique d’une métaphore problématique
Authors: Hervieu-Léger Danièle 
Published: August 2005

English The author develops a reflection on the significance acquired by the notion of "bricolage" (tinkering) - applied in this instance to individual belief systems - in the contemporary sociology of religion and religious "modernity";. The author does not go along with a certain atomization of belief in general, increasingly associated with "high modernity";, and linked to a supposed absence of pre-constraints on bricolage. Instead, she puts forward the idea of the existence of specific and real constraints on bricolage in contemporary Western societies. The topics of health care, science and the afterlife are considered workshops for this style of bricolage, and are explored as sources of illustration for these hypotheses. French Láuteure développe une réflexion sur la place prise par la notion de "bricolage"- appliquée aux croyances des individus- dans la sociologie contemporaine de la modernité religieuse. Contre une atomisation du champ du croire en haute modernité, liée à l'absence de pré-contrainte au bricolage, il sera avancé l'existence de contraintes spécifiques mais bien réelles du bricolage contemporain dans les sociétés occidentales. Laboratoire de ces bricolages, les champs de la santé, la science et de l'après-mort seront explorés pour illuster ces hypothèses.