bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galanin immunoreactivity in autonomic innervation of the cat eye
Authors: Grimes Patricia A. , McGlinn Alice M. , Koeberlein Brigitte , Stone Richard A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an immunohistochemical study, we find that galanin is much more widely distributed in the peripheral innervation of the cat eye than in other animals so far examined. Previous studies of rat and pig eyes have revealed sparse galanin‐positive nerves that presumbably originate in the trigeminal ganglion. In contrast, the cat has a rich supply of galanin‐containing nerve fibers throughout the uvea. Galanin‐positive varicose nerves concentrate densely in iris muscles and distribute more sparsely in the ciliary muscle. The ciliary processes have a plexus of galanin‐positive nerve underlying the ciliary epithelium at their base and positive nerve fibers coursing within their stroma. The ciliary artery and its branch vessels in the uvea are invested with a dense plexus of galanin‐positive nerves. All autonomic ganglia supplying the eye contain cells that express galanin. It is present in 97% of superior cervical ganglion cells, coexisting with both tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y; in 80% of pterygopalatine ganglion cells, most of whiclh also contain vasoactive intestinal peptide; and in approximately 25% of ciliary ganglion celis. After unilateral superior cervical ganglionectoiny, galanin‐positive nerves almost totally disappear from the iris muscles, demonstrating that they are predominantly of sympathetic origin. Galanin‐positive nerves investing the ciliary artery and choroidal blood vessels are not detectably reduced by sympathectomy, indicating that perivascular parasympathetic nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglion also express galanin. Other galanin‐containing nerves in the eye can originate from the trigeminal and ciliary ganglia. The prominence of galanin in the ocular autonomic innervation of the cat provides an opportunity to explore the physiological effects of this neuropeptide in the eye. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterning of the neocortical projections from the raphe nuclei in perinatal rats: Investigation of potential organizational mechanisms
Authors: Bennett‐clarke Carol A. , Hankin Mark H. , Leslie Michael J. , Chiaia Nicolas L. , Rhoades Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSerotoninergic (5‐HT), fibers in the cerebral cortex of perinatal rats have a pattern that coincides with the boundaries of primary sensory areas and within the primary somatosensorycortex form the rattunculus. This patterned immunoreactivity (IR) appears about 60 hours after birth and disappears between postnatal days (P‐) 12 and 15. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate mechanisms that might underlie the precise patterning of the 5‐HT‐IR. Retrograde labelling with fluorescent tracers in perinatal rats revealed only a coarse rostrocaudal to ography in the raphe‐cortical projection and the existence of raphe cells projecting to multiple cortical locations. Thus, a precise point‐to‐point, raphe‐cortical projection does not underlie the patterned cortical 5‐HT‐IR.Ablation of the thalamus prior to the age at which patterned 5‐HT‐IR could be seen in the developing cortex caused a complete loss of patterned immunoreactivity. This suggests that 5‐HT fibers may require the presence of thalamocortical axons to achieve the pattern observed in normal animals.Serotoninergic raphe neurons transplanted to the cortices of newborn rats exhiwited extensive axonal outgrowth, but did not form a somatotopic pattern. This result also suggests that specific spatiotemporal interactions between growing 5‐HT and thalamocortical axons may be necessary for the somatotopic patterning of the former fibers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TRK‐immunoreactivity in the monkey central nervous system: Forebrain
Authors: Kordower Jeffrey H. , Chen Er‐Yun , Sladek John R. , Mufson Elliott J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) mediate their effects through interactions with high‐affinity tropomycin‐related kinase (trk) receptors. The present study employed a polyclonal antibody to characterize the distribution of trk‐immunoreactive neurons within the nonhuman primate brain. Both young adult and aged cebus and rhesus monkeys displayed trk‐immunoreactive neurons within all subdivisions of the basal forebrain. Colocalization studies revealed that between 66% and 76% of trk‐immunoreactive basal forebrain neurons also expressed immunoreactivity for the low‐affinity p75 NGF receptor, an excellent marker for cholinergic basal forebrain cells. In this experiment, most single‐labeled basal forebrain neurons contained only trk immunoreactivity, whereas 4% of basal forebrain neurons expressed only the low‐affinity p75 NGF receptor. Scattered trk‐immunoreactive neurons also were observed within the caudate nucleus and putamen. Although dual‐localization studies with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were not performed, striatal neurons codistributed with ChAT‐immunoreactive cells, and both types of cells were similar in size and morphology. This suggests that trk immunoreactivity is expressed within cholinergic interneurons within the primate striatum. Finally, lightly stained trk‐immunoreactive neurons were observed within the stratum oriens of the hippocampal formation and within the hypothalamus. These data indicate that both cholinergic and, possibly, noncholinergic forebrain neurons express the protein for the high‐affinity trk receptor, which transduces the signal mediating the trophic effects of neurotrophins. In addition, the pattern of trk immunoreactivity was preserved in two aged (26 and 29 years old) rhesus monkeys, suggesting that the expression of trk, for the most part, is sustained throughout the lifetime of the organism. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of [D‐Ala2]deltorphin‐I‐like immunoreactive structures in the rat brain
Authors: Nonomura Kazuo , Tooyama Ikuo , Abe Hiromichi , Renda Tindaro , Erspamer Vittorio , Shimada Morimi , Kimura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2005

Abstract[D‐Ala2]deltorphin‐I, a highly selective ligand for δ opioid receptors, is a heptapeptide originally purified from frog skin. Previous immunohistochemical studies indicate that [D‐Ala2]deltorphin‐I‐like molecule(s) may be present in adult rat brain, including specific neuronal cells and fibers partially overlapping with the mesocortical and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. Here, we examined the developmental aspect of such immunoreactive brain structures in early postnatal rats. In newborn to 21‐day‐old rats, positive staining in the brain occurred mainly in subpopulations of neurons and occasionally in tanycytes. On postnatal day 0, neuronal cell bodies containing [D‐Ala2]deltorphin‐I‐like immunoreactivity were found in various brain regions, including the olfactory tubercle, ventral pallidum, hippocampus, ventral tegmental area, pars compacta of the substantia nigra, supramammillary nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, olfactory tubercle, prelimbic area, anterior cingulate cortex, neostriatum, accumbens, lateral septal nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, and superior colliculus. As pups grew, positive staining of cell bodies decreased gradually in both density and intesity, and those in the olfactory tubercle and ventral pallidum were no longer visible on postnatal day 14. On postnatal day 21, positive cells were found only in the ventral midbrain, including the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, A8 region, and supramammillary nucleus. Positive fibers also decreased in density with age except in the accessory olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, prelimbic area, and anterior cingulate cortex. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hearing, vocalization and the external ear of a marsupial, the Northern Quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus
Authors: Aitkin L. M. , Nelson J. E. , Shepherd R. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs part of a continuing study of the development of the marsupial auditory system, auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded and an ABR audiogram was constructed for five female Northern Quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus), which are nocturnal carnivores. The best frequency for hearing lies between 8 and 10 kHz, and at 50 dB SPL there is a range from about 0.5 to 40 kHz.Vocalizations of adult quolls and pouch‐young were recorded with a digital audio tape recorder, and the power spectra of representative calls were compared with the ABR audiogram. The common adult vocalization have most energy at the lower end of the hearing range, whereas frequencies that are dominant in the isolation calls of the pouch‐young lie close to the best frequency of hearing.Samples of nocturnal sounds of the habitat of the quoll were also recorded and analyzed. Power spectra have peak energy at frequencies between 2 and 5 kHz, with a smaller contribution above 10 kHz. The spectrum contains relatively little power at the best frequency of hearing.Measurements of the sound pressure level at the external ear canal as a function of stimulus frequency and location in space suggest that the directional amplifying properties of the pinna will operate most effectively on sound frequencies at the upper end of the quoll's hearing range, a region that may be important in prey detection.Comparisons are made with other mammalian nocturnal carnivores and with other marsupials. We speculate that, for nocturnal carnivores, one role of the low‐frequency part of the hearing range concerns the recognition of adult conspecifics, the mid‐frequency range is important for the detection of pouch‐young, and the upper range may be particularly concerned with prey/predator detect on. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroarchitecture of the tritocerebrum of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Rajashekhar K. P. , Singh R. Naresh 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe organisation of the tritocerebrum of Drosophila melanogaster was studied by Bodian‐Protargol reduced silver staining, Golgi‐silver impregnation, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and cobalt‐chloride labelling of neurones and transmission electron microscopy. Nerve fibres of six categories were found to project to the tritocerebrum. (1 and 2) The sensory fibres from the internal mouthpart sensilla known to course along pharyngeal and accessory pharyngeal nerves were found to project in mainly two tiers, in the tritocerebrum. (3) Stomodaeal nerve fibres also project along the pharyngeal nerve, to the tritocerebrum. (4) Cells of the pars intercerebralis (PI) project along the median bundle and arborise in the tritocerebrum. HRP labelling and subsequent examination by transmission electron microscopy indicated their neurosecretory nature. (5 and 6) Two tracts of ascending fibres, designated as dorsal and ventral ascending tracts, were found to project to the tritocerebrum.Some of the sensory fibres from the labial nerve extend close to the sensory projections of the tritocerebrum, suggesting a possible convergence of the two sensory inputs. In the tritocerebrum, the sensory input, the stomodaeal input, the neurosecretory fibres of PI, and the ascending fibres were found to have overlapping fields, suggesting mutual interaction. The medial subesophageal ganglion and the tritocerebrum may interact through the ventral ascending tract. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of messenger RNAs encoding enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and calcitonin gene‐related peptide in the midbrain periaqueductal grey in the rat
Authors: Smith Guy S. T. , Savery Dawn , Marden Chloë , Costa Juan Jose López , Averill Sharon , Priestley John V. , Rattray Marcus 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe midbrain periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) has numerous functional roles that include mediating nociceptive inhibition and integrating behavioural and physiological responses to potentially threatening or stressful stimuli. Underlying these behaviours is the diverse interconnectivity of this region, and it is possible that neurochemical subdivisions within the PAG reflect the functional properties of the different PAG regions. In this study, using in situ hybridization, we have investigated the distribution in the rat PAG of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) encoding seven neuropeptides: enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SST), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). Each peptide mRNA had a distinct topographical distribution in the PAG. Preproenkephalin A (ENK) mRNA‐expressing cells were found at all levels of the PAG in three distinct longitudinal columns. Preprotachykinin A (SP)‐expressing cells were found at all levels of the PAG, principally in the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus and the lateral and dorsal PAG. There was a column of neurones producing mRNA‐encoding somatostatin that extended along the rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral PAG; there were also labelled cells in the dorsal and dorsolateral subdivisions at some levels of the PAG. Galanin mRNA‐producing neurones were limited to the dorsal raphe nucleus and to a second population in the ventral border of the aqueduct. VIP mRNA‐producing neurones were found in very localized regions of the PAG, including the cell‐sparse region immediately ventral to the aqueduct and the ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. NPY mRNA‐producing neurones were localized mainly in some cells of the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus. CGRP mRNA‐expressing neurones were limited to the oculomotor and trochlear nucleus. The results showed a topographical distribution of neuropeptides over the rostrocaudal extent of the PAG that is compatible with the emerging theory that the anatomical and functional specificity of the PAG is expressed in the form of longitudinally arranged neuronal columns that extend for varying distances along the rostrocaudal axis of the midbrain PAG. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timecourse of development of the wallaby trigeminal pathway. I. Periphery to brainstem
Authors: Waite P. M. E. , Marotte L. R. , Leamey C. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of the vibrissae and their innervation and the maturation of the brainstem trigeminal sensory nuclei have been studied in the wallaby, Macropus eugenii, from birth to adulthood. At birth, developing vibrissal follicles consist of solid epidermal pegs surrounded by dermal condensations. The developing follicles and adjacent skin are innervated by trigeminal afferents. Ten days after birth the follicle contains a dermal papilla and the deep vibrissal nerve can be recognised. A hair cone is present at postnatal day (P) 30 and hairs are apparent on the skin surface by P35. By P63 the deep vibrissal nerve can be seen innervating Merkel cells in the outer root sheath; in addition, the first signs of the blood sinus can be recognised. Innervation of the inner conical body and lanceolate and lamellated receptors supplying the mesenchymal sheath and waist region are not seen until P119, when the follicle resembles that seen in the adult.At birth, central processes of the trigeminal ganglion cells have entered the trigeminal tract and extend from the rostral pons to the upper cervical cord. Labelling with a carbocyanine dye at P0 shows afferents extending medially from the tract into the trigeminal subnuclei at all levels. At this stage the trigeminal nuclei appear as areas of increased cell density in the lateral brainstem. By P30–40 the four subnuclei can be distinguished on the basis of shape, cytoarchitecture, and succinic dehydrogenase reactivity. Adult morphology is not fully established until P210. In mature animals, nucleus principalis contains closely packed, polymorphic cells, frequently aligned parallel to thick fibre bundles that traverse the nucleus obliquely. Subnuclei oralis and interpolaris contain sparsely distributed, medium to large cells, randomly oriented, as well as prominent rostrocaudally directed fibre bundles. Subnucleus caudalis consists of the marginal layer, substantia gelatinosa, and magnocellular layers as described in other species.Patches of increased succinic dehydrogenase or cytochrome oxidase reactivity, presumably corresponding to the vibrissae, are present in subnuclei principalis, interpolaris, and caudalis in developing and adult animals, although the pattern is less clear than in rats. The brainstem patches are first seen at P40, approximately 6 weeks before the corresponding vibrissal‐related pattern develops in the cortex. This suggests that the onset of patch formation may be regulated independently at different levels of the pathway. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitread proliferation of filamentous processes in avian Müller cells and its putative functional correlates
Authors: Dreher Zofia , Distler Claudia , Dreher Bogdan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to examine to what extent the neuronal and metabolic activities of avascular vertebrate retinae are reflected in the morphology of their Müller cells we have studied (by using several monoclonal antibodies) the morphology of Müller cells in two species of diurnal birds (chicken, Gallus domesticus, and pigeon, Columba livia) and one species of nocturnal saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosi). In all three species, the outer nuclear layer is relatively thin and the Müller cell trunks divide into rootlets that wrap around the photoreceptors. In both diurnal birds studied, the trunks of Müller cells in the inner plexiform layers invariably divide into numerous fine filamentous processes that terminate in small expansions covering most of the vitreal surface of the retina. Furthermore, the networks of filamentous processes of birds' Müller cells exhibit conspicuous horizontal lamination in the inner plexiform layer. In contrast, the filamentous processes arising from the individual Müller cell trunks of the crocodile, if present, are much less numerous and less widely spread than those of diurnal birds. It is proposed that the splitting of the Müller cell trunks into numerous filamentous processes terminating in small vitreal expansions represents a morphological adaptation for: (1) effective spatial buffering of K+ ions in thick and presumably metabolically highly active, yet avascular, avian retinae, and (2) effective absorption and distribution of nutrients leaking from the vitreally located supplemental nutritive organ, the pecten. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical expression of the blood—brain barrier glucose transporter (GLUT‐1) in neural transplants and brain wounds
Authors: Rosenstein Jeffrey M. , More Newton S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study examined the immunocytochemical expression of the blood—brain barrier glucose transporter (GLUT‐1) in a series of fetal neocortical transplants, autonomic tissue transplants, and stab wounds to the rat brain. GLUT‐1 is one of a family of different glucose transporters and is found exclusively on barrier‐type endothelial cells. In the brain it is responsible for the regulated facilitative diffusion of glucose acress the blood—brain barrier. This investigation is the first to determine if this important molecule is altered during the process of angiogenesis that occurs following neural transplanatation procedures of direct brain injury.Beginning in late fetal brain, e.g., E18 and continuing into maturity, GLUT‐1 was strongly and exclusively expresed on normal cerebral vessels. In solid fetal central nervous system (CNS) transplants up to around 3 weeks postoperative, CLUT‐1 was only weakly expressed, particularly as exemplified by colloidal gold immunostaining when compared with the host. At later times examined, up to 15 months postoperative, GLUT‐1 immunoexpression was comparable with the normal adjacent brain. In autonomic tissue transplants, where the vessels do not have a blood—brain barrier, as expected, GLUT‐1 was not expressed. In stab wounds, at 1 week there was extensive gliosis, and the injured vessels appeared fragmented and collapsed but still expressed GLUT‐1, although to a somewhat lesser extent than normal brain. Between 3 and 6 weeks, GLUT‐1 was expressed on tortuous vessels and in apparently fibrillar processes in the wound vicinity with a similar pattern to astrocyte (GFAP) reactivity. These results suggest the occurrence of a down‐regulation of GLUT‐1 in early transplats, perhaps related to reduced glycolytic activity or transient ischemia, or possibly due to the utilization of alternative energy sources. That GLUT‐1 expression was not entirely lost in stab wounds to the mature brain suggests that the protein may be more labile in fetal or perinatal brain than in the adult and may not be affected by direct injury. Coupled with previous transplantation studies that have shown reduced neuronal glycolysis and potential barrier alteraations, the reduction of GLUT‐1 activity within nearly the identical time frame could indicate a relatively early critical period in cellular metabolism following transplantation of CNS tissue. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology, physiology, and homology of the N‐cell and muscle receptor organs in the thorax of the crayfish Cherax destructor
Authors: Macmillan David L. , Field Laurence H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe serial homology of arthropods, together with our ability to identify individual neurons from segment to segment, and from animal to animal, provides opportunities for studying the changes wrought by natural selection on specific neural elements when functional requirements change in different parts of the trunk. Using this concept as a guide, we studied the morphology and physiology of the thoracic N‐cells and muscle receptor organs (MROs) of the crayfish Cherax destructor for evidence of serial homology and functional plasticity. Methylene blue staining, together with anterograde and retrograde filling with cobalt through cut axons, revealed the morphology of the receptors, disposition of their endings, and the pathways of their axons from receptor to ganglion. The seventh thoracic segment has tonic and phasic MROs with receptor muscles in parallel with different heads of the deep thoraco‐abdominal extensor muscle. The sixth segment has a tonic MRO with a receptor muscle in parallel with one head of the abdominal abductor. These three receptors are typical MROs complete with accessory nerves. Thoracic segments 1–5 each give rise to one mechanosensory N‐cell with a small cell body and long processes ramifying in a target muscle. N‐cell 5 is associated with the abdominal‐thoracic abductor muscle, and the other four are associated with parts of the epimeral attractor. The responses of N‐cells 1–4 range from tonic to phasico‐tonic and show a range of thresholds to passive muscle stretch and active contraction. Cobalt introduced into bundles of nerve fibers known to include N‐cell axons reveals projections with branching patterns and morphology similar to abdominal MROs. The present findings, together with information on thoracic MROs and N‐cells from other species, were tabulated according to neurotome. The clear pattern revealed leads us to propose that N‐cells are derivatives of segmentally repeating MROs modified to monitor postural and locomotory movements in the less mobile thorax.