bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of smoking and smoking cessation on the curricula of UK medical schools
Authors: Roddy E , Rubin P , Britton J 
Published: February 2004

Objectives:To identify current practice in teaching on smoking and smoking cessation in UK medical schools, and establish whether newly qualified UK doctors feel prepared to deliver smoking cessation interventions.Design:Search of published curricula from all UK medical schools; questionnaire surveys of all UK medical school deans and UK qualified pre-registration house officers (PRHOs).Participants:Deans or nominated representatives from all 24 UK medical schools with current undergraduates, and all UK qualified PRHOs.Main outcome measures:Inclusion and organisation in curriculum of 15 predefined core topics related to smoking (deans); perceived readiness to deliver smoking cessation interventions (PRHOs).Results:There was no mention of smoking or smoking cessation in the published curriculum material of 10 (42%) medical schools. Deans reported compulsory teaching on a mean (SD) of 9.5 (2.8) core topics, while PRHOs recalled compulsory teaching in only 6.6 (3.2). Training in clinical aspects of smoking cessation was particularly neglected, with 60% of PRHOs reporting that they graduated unable to deliver smoking cessation interventions in accordance with national guidelines. Only 17% of PRHOs felt well prepared to deliver advice on using nicotine replacement therapy, and 5% on bupropion.Conclusions:Teaching on smoking cessation in UK medical schools is inadequate.
A tobacco industry study of airline cabin air quality: dropping inconvenient findings
Authors: Neilsen K , Glantz S A 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To examine an industry funded and controlled study of in flight air quality (IFAQ).Methods:Systematic search of internal tobacco industry documents available on the internet and at the British American Tobacco Guildford Depository.Results:Individuals from several tobacco industry companies, led by Philip Morris, designed, funded, conducted, and controlled the presentation of results of a study of IFAQ for the Scandinavian airline SAS in 1988 while attempting to minimise the appearance of industry control. Industry lawyers and scientists deleted results unfavourable to the industry’s position from the study before delivering it to the airline. The published version of the study further downplayed the results, particularly with regard to respirable suspended particulates. The study ignored the health implications of the results and instead promoted the industry position that ventilation could solve problems posed by secondhand smoke.Conclusions:Sponsoring IFAQ studies was one of several tactics the tobacco industry employed in attempts to reverse or delay implementation of in-flight smoking restrictions. As a result, airline patrons and employees, particularly flight attendants, continued to be exposed to pollution from secondhand smoke, especially particulates, which the industry’s own consultants had noted exceeded international standards. This case adds to the growing body of evidence that scientific studies associated with the tobacco industry cannot be taken at face value.
Changes in population attitudes about where smoking should not be allowed: California versus the rest of the USA
Authors: Gilpin E A , Lee L , Pierce J P 
Published: February 2004

Background:The decade long California Tobacco Control Program is unique to the nation in its duration, emphasis, and level of funding. Programme emphasis is on changing social norms about smoking as a means to discourage smoking and thus reduce the harmful health effects of tobacco to the population.Methods:Data from the 1992–93, 1995–96, and 1998–99 Tobacco Use Supplements to the national Current Population Survey (n > 175 000 each period) were used to examine changes in norms regarding where smoking should “not be allowed at all” in both California and in the rest of the USA. Venues queried were restaurants, hospitals, work areas, bars, indoor sports venues, and indoor shopping malls.Results:There were substantial increases in the percentages of the adult population (18+ years) stating that smoking should not be allowed in the venues queried in California by 1998–99 compared to 1992–93; only modest increases were observed in the rest of the USA. In fact, for most venues, the percentages for the rest of the USA were lower in 1998–99 than in California in 1992–93. Further, the percentage increase over this period in respondents stating that smoking should not be allowed in four or more of the six venues was 30% in California and 23% in the rest of the USA. The most dramatic percentage increase in California occurred among current smokers (93%).Conclusions:A strong, comprehensive tobacco control programme such as California’s can influence population norms, including those of smokers, with respect to where smoking should not be allowed.
Smoker and ex-smoker reactions to cigarettes claiming reduced risk
Authors: Shiffman S , Pillitteri J L , Burton S L , Di Marino M E 
Published: February 2004

Context:The tobacco industry is introducing modified tobacco products claiming to reduce the risk of smoking (potential reduced exposure products, PREPs). If PREPs are perceived as safe, they may deter smokers from quitting and encourage re-initiation by smokers who have quit.Objective:To assess smokers’ and ex-smokers’ perceptions of PREPs and the impact of PREP claims on interest in quitting (among smokers) or in resuming smoking (ex-smokers).Design:A random-digit-dialled survey of US smokers and ex-smokers. We used Eclipse, a modified PREP cigarette, as an exemplar PREP. During the survey, the interviewer read risk reduction claims made for Eclipse by its manufacturer, assessing smokers’ interest in quitting before and after the exposure.Participants:1000 current cigarette smokers and 499 ex-smokers (300 quit within the last two years), over 18 years old.Main outcome measures:Perception of risk reduction from Eclipse; interest in using Eclipse; smokers’ interest in quitting was assessed using a stage of change approach (pre- and post-exposure to claims).Results:91% of smokers thought Eclipse was safer than regular cigarettes. 24% believed Eclipse was completely safe. 57.4% of smokers were interested in using Eclipse; interest was greatest among smokers who were contemplating quitting. Exposure to Eclipse’s claims was followed by reduced interest in quitting. Among all ex-smokers, interest in Eclipse was 6.2%, but interest was 15.2% among young adults (18–25 years) who had stopped smoking within two years.Conclusions:There is substantial risk that smokers will overinterpret reduced risk claims made for modified tobacco products. PREPs appeal to smokers who are contemplating quitting and exposure to reduced risk product claims appears to reduce smokers’ readiness to quit. PREPs also appealed to young adults who had recently stopped smoking. Thus, reduced risk tobacco product claims can undermine adult cessation and youth prevention, possibly resulting in increased harm even if the products are less toxic.
Airport smoking rooms don’t work
Authors: Pion M , Givel M S 
Published: February 2004

Objectives:To document tobacco industry involvement in thwarting enactment of a smoke-free airport policy at Lambert-St Louis International Airport (Lambert Airport) in the 1990s; and to test whether smoking rooms at Lambert Airport protect non-smokers from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) in adjacent non-smoking areas.Methods:Tobacco industry document websites were searched for previously secret documents relating to efforts to maintain smoking in Lambert Airport. Testing of SHS contamination in non-smoking areas adjacent to a designated smoking room was conducted at Lambert Airport in 1997–98 and again in 2002. A 1998 comparative test was also performed inside nominally smoke-free Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac Airport). Tests were performed using either static or active nicotine monitors.Results:Industry documents show that the tobacco industry promoted the construction of designated smoking rooms as a way to sidetrack efforts to make Lambert Airport entirely non-smoking. Nicotine vapour air monitoring in a non-smoking area of the airport, adjacent to a smoking room located in Terminal C, reveals elevated levels of ambient nicotine vapour in excess of what would be expected in a completely non-smoking environment.Conclusions:This study shows that airport smoking rooms expose non-smokers in adjacent non-smoking areas to a significant concentration of nicotine vapour from SHS.
Adverse effects of smoke exposure on the upper airway
Authors: Samet J M 
Published: February 2004

Objective:This paper reviews secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and diseases and symptoms of the upper airway, including the sinuses. Risks to flight attendants, who were occupationally exposed until smoking was banned on all flights, are emphasised.Data sources:A systematic database search was conducted; the US Surgeon General’s reports and other major reviews were evaluated. Literature summarised by National Research Council (NRC) reports on the airline cabin environment are included.Study selection:A limited number of research publications on adults were identified; these are included. Many studies cited by the NRC were never published and information is taken directly from the reports.Data extraction:Data from observational studies of cabin crews and the general public were extracted from surveys; exposure monitoring of cabin crews is reported. Data from controlled exposure studies are included; most are challenge studies using volunteers screened for sensitivity to SHS.Data synthesis:Evidence shows that active and passive smoking cause upper airway diseases, including sinonasal and laryngeal cancers in adult active smokers. Experimental studies indicate that brief exposures to SHS result in nasal mucosa inflammation. However, direct evidence on sinusitis is limited.Conclusions:Evidence does not show a strong connection between active smoking and sinusitis, and active smokers have substantial exposures to SHS. However, extrapolation of these studies to cabin crews needs to be cautious, as other environmental conditions may increase risk for upper airway disease and symptoms. Surveys of cabin crews, while flawed, consistently indicate high rates of upper airway symptoms.
Clearing the airways: advocacy and regulation for smoke-free airlines
Authors: Holm A L , Davis R M 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To examine the advocacy and regulatory history surrounding bans on smoking in commercial airliners.Methods:Review of historical documents, popular press articles, and other sources to trace the timeline of events leading up to the US ban on smoking in airliners and subsequent efforts by airlines and other nations.Results:In early years, efforts by flight attendants and health advocates to make commercial airliners smoke-free were not productive. Advocacy efforts between 1969 and 1984 resulted in maintenance of the status quo, with modest exceptions (creation of smoking and non-smoking sections of aircraft, and a ban on cigar and pipe smoking). Several breakthrough events in the mid 1980s, however, led to an abrupt turnaround in regulatory efforts. The first watershed event was the publication in 1986 of the National Academy of Science’s report on the airliner cabin environment, which recommended banning smoking on all commercial flights. Subsequently, following concerted lobbying efforts by health advocates, Congress passed legislation banning smoking on US domestic flights of less than two hours, which became effective in 1988. The law was made permanent and extended to flights of less than six hours in 1990. This landmark legislation propelled the adoption of similar rules internationally, both by airlines and their industry’s governing bodies. Though the tobacco industry succeeded in stalling efforts to create smoke-free airways, it was ultimately unable to muster sufficient grassroots support or scientific evidence to convince the general public or policymakers that smoking should continue to be allowed on airlines.Conclusions:The movement to ban smoking in aircraft represents a case study in effective advocacy for smoke-free workplaces. Health advocates, with crucial assistance from flight attendants, used an incremental advocacy process to push for smoking and non-smoking sections on US commercial flights, then for smoking bans on short domestic flights, and finally for completely smoke-free domestic and international flights. Through the course of the battle, advocates from all quarters of tobacco control presented a unified message, exhibited remarkable focus on an attainable goal, and effectively leveraged their relationships with champions in both government and the private sector.
The decline of smoking in British portraiture: Table 1
Authors: Wilson N , Thomson G 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To examine time trends in the portrayal of smoking in a national collection of portraiture and to compare this with the similar trends for television and film.Methods:A compact disc produced by the National Portrait Gallery in London, UK, was systematically searched for artworks produced in the years 1950 to 1999. A “smoking portrayal” in an artwork was defined as having a cigarette, cigar or pipe in the mouth or hand of a named individual.Results:Out of 1063 artworks included in the analysis, 53 portrayed smoking by identifiable individuals (5.0%). The rate of portrayal was highest in the 1950s (10%) and 1960s (11%) and then declined sharply thereafter (p value for trend < 0.00001). Smoking virtually disappeared from portraiture in the 1990s (at 0.6%). The median age of the smokers portrayed was significantly higher in the 1970 to 1999 period when compared to the 1950 to 1969 period.Conclusions:The decline of smoking in this collection of portraiture is consistent with the decline in smoking in the UK over these decades, but contrasts with trends for increasing smoking portrayal described elsewhere for film and television.
ENUMERATING THE PRIME ALTERNATING KNOTS, PART II
Authors: RANKIN STUART , FLINT ORTHO , SCHERMANN JOHN 
Published: February 2004

In [1], we described an efficient inductive scheme which uses a total of four operators to generate all prime alternating knots of a given minimal crossing size. The process is carried out in two steps, where in the first step, two of the four operators are applied to the prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n to produce approximately 98% of the prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n+1, while in the second step, the remaining two operators are applied to these newly constructed knots, thereby producing the remaining prime alternating knots of crossing size n+1. The process begins with the prime alternating knot of four crossings, the figure eight knot. In this paper, we provide an actual implementation of our procedure, wherein we spend considerable effort to make the procedure efficient. One very important aspect of the implementation is a new way of encoding a knot. We are able to assign an integer array (which we call the master array) to a prime alternating knot in such a way that each regular diagram of the knot can be constructed from the data in the array. Moreover, two knots are equivalent if and only if their master arrays are identical. We have used this generation scheme to enumerate the prime alternating knots up to and including those of 19 crossings. The knots up to and including 17 crossings produced by our generation scheme concurred with those found by M. Thistlethwaite, J. Hoste and J. Weeks (see [3]). The current implementation of the algorithms involved in the generation scheme allowed us to produce the 1,769,979 prime alternating knots of 17 crossings on a five node beowulf cluster in approximately 2.3 hours, while the time to produce the prime alternating knots up to and including those of 16 crossings totalled approximately 45 minutes. The prime alternating knots at 18 and 19 crossings were enumerated using the 48 node Compaq ES-40 beowulf cluster at the University of Western Ontario (we also received generous support from Compaq at the SC 99 conference). The cluster was shared with other users and so an accurate estimate of the running time is not available, but the generation of the 8,400,285 knots at 18 crossings was completed in 17 hours, and the generation of the 40,619,385 prime alternating knots at 19 crossings took approximately 72 hours. With the improvements that are described in the sequel, we anticipate that the knots at 19 crossings will be generated in not more than 10 hours on a current Pentium III personal computer equipped with 256 megabytes of main memory.
ENUMERATING THE PRIME ALTERNATING LINKS
Authors: RANKIN STUART , FLINT ORTHO 
Published: February 2004

In [5], four knot operators were introduced and used to construct all prime alternating knots of a given crossing size. An efficient implementation of this construction was made possible by the notion of the master array of an alternating knot. The master array and an implementation of the construction appeared in [6]. The basic scheme (as described in [5]) is to apply two of the operators, D and ROTS, to the prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n-1, which results in a large set of prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n, and then the remaining two operators, T and OTS, are applied to these n crossing knots to complete the production of the set of prime alternating knots of minimal crossing size n. In this paper, we show how to obtain all prime alternating links of a given minimal crossing size. More precisely, we shall establish that given any two prime alternating links of minimal crossing size n, there is a finite sequence of T and OTS operations that transforms one of the links into the other. Consequently, one may select any prime alternating link of minimal crossing size n (which is then called the seed link), and repeatedly apply only the operators T and OTS to obtain all prime alternating links of minimal crossing size n from the chosen seed link. The process may be standardized by specifying the seed link to be (in the parlance of [5]) the unique link of n crossings with group number 1, the (n, 2) torus link.
THE NARRATIVE QUANDARY: CASES OF LAW IN LITERATURE
Authors: Barmash Pamela 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNarrative texts that address legal matters in the Hebrew Bible must be approached with caution. An author has freedom to create and shape characters and events, and the law that is touched upon in such narratives is subject to the needs of narrative art. Can such texts be used to reconstruct legal history? I will examine three approaches to law in literature, and I will argue that the literary texts in the Bible are critical to the study of biblical law because they reflect essentials of legal practice omitted from legal texts. They exhibit what is perceived to be the inadequacies of a legal system and what type of problems arose in putting the law in practice. They address issues of justice and governance that are omitted in legal tetxs.
THE DEATH OF JOSIAH IN SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION: WRESTLING WITH THE PROBLEM OF EVIL?
Authors: Delamarter Steve 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study in comparative midrash traces the accounts of the death of Josiah through more than a dozen texts and translations. These include the two Biblical texts, as well as texts from Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Septuagint, Vulgate and early rabbinic writings. The evidence suggests that the later tradents may have been wrestling with the problem of evil that lies at the core of the Biblical accounts of the death of Josiah. As such, the study represents a fascinating look into the ongoing relationship between canon and the communities that looked to it for identity and ethos.
SPRACHLICHE UND RELIGIONSGESCHICHTLICHE BEOBACHTUNGEN ZU JESAJA XVII 10F.
Authors: Müller Hans-Peter 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDer Artikel erörtert einerseits Probleme der Semantik und Grammatik von Jes. xvii 10f. und will andererseits den religionsgeschichtlichen Hintergrund der in ihm verarbeiteten Vorstellungen aufgrund einer Neubewertung der Zeugnisse zu Adonis, der ursprünglich als sterbender, nicht auch als auferstehender Gott gefeiert wurde, und zu den Adonisgärtchen klären. Deren rasch wachsende und verwelkende Pflanzen, die gewöhnlich als Feldzauber wirksam werden, sind in Jes. xvii 10f. Metaphernspender für das richtende Handeln des Gottes Israels. Die mannigfaltigen poetischen Uneindeutigkeiten mythischer und ritueller Signifikate, die der Phantasie des Hörers bzw. Lesers Raum zu jeweiligen Vereindeutigungen lassen, tragen dazu bei, die Bedeutungsambivalenz der besprochenen Wirklichkeit akzeptabel zu machen. Die griechischen Sachparallelen zu V.10b.11a verweisen auf einen weit zurückreichenden religionsgeschichtlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem westlichen Alten Orient und Griechenland.
Late Studentship: Academic Aspiration, Personal Growth, and the Death of the Past
Authors: Stevens Graham 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBecause of the recent rapid transition in Britain from an elite system of higher education (HE) to one in which a much larger propor tion of the population is intended to participate, many students—whose social backgrounds would previously have (to a large extent) precluded their involvement in HE—experience strangerhood within academia in a particularly acute form. This paper deals with the experiences of members of an one particular HE course, especially designed for students over 21 years old—such "mature" students are a group who has not been traditionally found in large numbers in British HE Such students describe dramatic changes in their sense of self and in their relationships with others—to the extent that their biographical continuity with their own past becomes problematical.The applicability of an idea touted by certain postmodern writers, "the new selfconsciousness," is considered. Attention is also paid to the practical implications of the findings.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling is essential for ABL oncogene–mediated transformation of B-lineage cells
Authors: Kharas Michael G. , Deane Jonathan A. , Wong Stephane , O'Bosky Karen R. , Rosenberg Naomi , Witte Owen N. , Fruman David A. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
BCR-ABL and v-ABL are oncogenic forms of the Abl tyrosine kinase that can cause leukemias in mice and humans. ABL oncogenes trigger multiple signaling pathways whose contribution to transformation varies among cell types. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is essential for ABL-dependent proliferation and survival in some cell types, and global PI3K inhibitors can enhance the antileukemia effects of the Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib. Although a significant fraction of BCR-ABL-induced human leukemias are of B-cell origin, little is known about PI3K signaling mechanisms in B-lineage cells transformed by ABL oncogenes. Here we show that activation of class IA PI3K and downstream inactivation of FOXO transcription factors are essential for survival of murine pro/pre-B cells transformed by v-ABL or BCR-ABL. In addition, analysis of mice lacking individual PI3K genes indicates that products of the Pik3r1 gene contribute to transformation efficiency by BCR-ABL. These findings establish a role for PI3K signaling in B-lineage transformation by ABL oncogenes. (Blood. 2004;103:4268-4275)
Particle Size Control of 11-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid-Protected Au Nanoparticles by Using Heat-treatment Method
Authors: Kim Kyung-Hoon , Yamada Mami , Park Dae-Won , Miyake Mikio 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Carboxylic acid-functionalized Au nanoparticles with very small and uniform core size (1.8 nm) could be prepared on the basis of the Brust’s two phase method using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) as a surfactant. Various sizes of MUA-protected Au nanoparticles (MUA-Au) were obtained by the heat-treatment method in the solid state from 150 to 170 °C.