bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Praise of Folly
Authors: Clark Stephen R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In devising the twenty-four separate lectures, now revised and published in three volumes, I have been constantly aware of the depths of my ignorance, and my presumption in seeking to define society, the soul, and everything in ways, as I suppose, more true to the perennial tradition of philosophy, and to Christian orthodoxy. The price of my attempt is that I have been wandering off the beaten track, and in constant danger of stepping into the abyss. I am sure that I have often repeated myself; I fear that I may sometimes have contradicted myself; sometimes—especially in the political sections of the work—I have found myself overtaken by events. I did not have the nerve to predict so speedy a collapse of empires, though I did affirm the rise of pious-and dangerous-nationalism, and insist that ‘history’, so far from coming to a fashionable end, was likely to be occupied in new religious wars.
Hyperplane-dependent quantized Fields and Lorentz Invariance
Authors: Fleming Gordon N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central concept that is used in a novel way in this investigation is that of a space-like hyperplane. A spacelike hyperplane is a three dimensional, metrically flat section of’the flat Minkowski space-time continuum, such that any two points in the hyperplane are separated by a spacelike interval. For any such hyperplane, there is an inertial frame of reference in which all the points of the hyperplane are simultaneous, and all points simultaneous with any point of the hyperplane are in the hyperplane. The hyperplane is then said to be an instantaneous hyperplane for that inertial frame. However, it is the notion of a spacelike hyperplane as an invariant oeometrical construct, with different descriptions from the standpoint of different intertial frames, that I wish to emphasize.
The Algebraic Approach to Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Saunders Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental entity in the algebraic approach to quantum theory is an abstract C*-algebra 𝒜 together with its set of states ℱ, that is, the set of all positive linear functionals on 𝒜. I shall call such a pair an (abstract) quantum system. The theory of C*-algebras and their representations provides the most powerful abstract approach to quantum theory; unlike the propositional lattice approach it also has direct applications in mainstream physics, and in a certain sense is even forced upon us in quantum field theory (OFT) (sec sections (2.11), (2.16)-(2.18)). Mathematically, the subject is a complex of analysis and algebra; it is a rather wild area involving high degrees of infinity. Philosophically it is most strongly associated with opera tionalism; in part this rellects the predilections of its originators, and in part the continuing philosophical appeal of positivism within the mathematics community. (I do not know why this is so.)
Turing’s Test
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the October 1950 issue of Mind A. M. Turing predicted that by the year 2000 it will be possible to build a computer that will have at least a 30 per cent chance of fooling an average inter rogator into thinking it is a person (Turing 1950). Given that Turing allowed his interrogator only a five-minute interview, and given the further conditions he placed on the test, he was probably right. But the interest of the article lies not in this pre diction: it lies in the test itself, for the test is designed to throw light on the nature of thought. I propose in this paper to consider how good Turing’s test (or Turing’s Test, as I shall call it) is. Some, but not all, of the issues to be raised were discussed by Turing.
A Mechanistic Approach to Perception and the Human Mind
Authors: Blakemore Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I doubt whether any previous development in science has aroused, interested, and divided philosophers as rapidly as has the birth of the discipline of Artificial Intelligence. This new scientific endeavour has a history, strictly speaking, of little more than thirty years (McCorduck .1979) but already its objectives and achievements are increasingly the subjects of philosophical discussion. The idea that undeniably inanimate chunks of silicon and copper might be able to pass for people (when judged by their ability to solve problems, answer questions, and generally act intelligently) seems to have thrown philosophy into disarray. I wonder why several centuries of scientific research on real brains failed to engage the interest of many philosophers (with some notable exceptions, of course) when a few decades of work on artificial thinking machines has stirred up such a philosophical storm. I suppose that it must be because computers are so obviously mechanistic devices with out any magic in them: or if they do behave magically, the magic must come spontaneously out of the complexity of their material structure, rather than being added to the recipe as a kind of spiritual spice. However much computers are to be admired or feared, they are clearly not mysterious in the way that some people think people to be.
Religion and Morals
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent history of moral philosophy has been the history of the impact upon it of that philosophical movement which is usually referred to loosely as Logical Empiricism or Logical Positivism. From the point of view of moral philosophy the most challenging thing the Logical Empiricists did was this: they directed their attention to a certain type of language, namely to those sentences which express ‘scientific propositions’ and other statements of fact, in the narrow sense; and they examined the conditions under which we are prepared to allow that such sentences are meaningful. They claimed that the criterion which we employ is this: to know the meaning of such a sentence is to know what would have to be the case for the statement which it expresses to be called true, or false. There are various ways of formulating this criterion; but I will not here discuss their relative merits, nor whether the criterion can be formulated in a satisfactory way. It is enough to say that this criterion, when it was first propounded, aroused much enthusiasm among empiricist philosophers. For here, they thought, was a way of eliminating from the pages of philosophy, once for all, those sentences (of which there are, it must be confessed, too many) that do not carry any weight of meaning. Philosophical books, it was said, are full of statements or so-called statements to which, when we examine them in the light of this criterion, we cannot assign any significance at all; we cannot think what would have to be the case for us to call them true, or false. Such books the empiricists, following Hume’s prescription ( 1748, sect. 12, pt. 3), were prepared to commit to the flames as containing nothing but sophistry and illusion.
Euthanasia: A Christian View
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have called this paper ‘Euthanasia: A Christian View’. I almost decided to be provocative and call it ‘Euthanasia: The Christian View’, because, so far as I can see, it is the direct application of the only injunctions of Christ (discussed in the preceding paper) that bear immediately on the subject of euthanasia. But I have refrained, because these injunctions, if so applied, lead to a view of the matter which is so contrary to what is generally thought to be the Christian view, that I should be taken to be merely perverse if I advocated it as the Christian view. I will therefore call it a Christian view—thereby amicably leaving a place among Christian views, beside that which I say is immediately derivable from Christ’s words, for the very different views which are commonly maintained by the representatives of the Christian Church. I shall, however, be bold enough to go on, in the latter part of the paper, to try to explain why the Church has, typically, advocated a view so much at variance with what I take to be the implication of Christ’s own teaching. We shall see that it is readily explained by the exigencies of the human situation, and in particular the situation of any human institution which, like the Church, assumes the task of teaching people how they ought to behave.
Adolescents into Adults
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since I am going to en t1c1ze Mr Wilson ( 1964) in some respects, I must start by saying that I am, in all essentials, on the same side as he is. I believe in a distinction between education and indoctrination; and I believe that indoctrination is a bad thing. But I also believe that he stated his case somewhat too extremely; and I think that by so doing he exposed himself to some possible attacks from the propagandists of indoctrination. It is of the highest importance to safeguard Wilson’s liberal views against such attacks; for otherwise advocates of the closed mind and the closed society may find it easier to enlist the support of moderates against Wilson; and that would be a pity. I need to make clear, therefore, that my criticisms of Wilson will bulk large in this paper only because, to avoid repetition, I have left out all those many points on which I should agree with him.
Opportunity for What? Some Remarks on Current Disputes about Equality in Education
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past few years a great many heads have been broken in many places in disputes about equal rights; and of these disputes that about equality in education has been one of the most violent in some countries. It is my belief that at least some of these heads would not have been broken if some clearer thinking had been going on inside them. Not that everything can be achieved by clear thinking; firmness of purpose and other moral qualities are also required. But if more clarity were introduced into these disputes, some of the violence might be replaced by co-operation, when the disputants discovered that there were principles (perhaps a bit less simple than the slogans on their placards) upon which they could agree. That, at any rate, is the hope with which I, as a philosopher, approach this question.
Kant’s Theory of Contract
Authors: Byrd Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the modern legal mind, one of the oddest constructions in Kant’s contract doctrine is his fourfold acts-of-choice requirement for the dosing of a contract. For Kant every contract consists of two preparatory and two constitutive acts of choice having legal effect. The first two are the offer and the approval of what has been offered. The second two are the promise and the acceptance of that promise. This approach seems odd today, because modern contract law requires only an offer and an acceptance, but not an additional preceding set of legally effective declarations of will.
Foes of Formalism
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Absolute music presents an apparently stark contrast with the two most powerful and pervasive traditions in Western art: visual representation and narrative fiction. The distinction between visual representation and narrative fiction is not, I must add by way of clarification, a clear one. Both movies and plays, as opposed to novels, short stories, and narrative poems, employ visual representation as well as language to tell their stories. And the visual arts of painting and sculpture can, in a limited way, be narrative, as well as, of course, represent fictional characters. That being said, I shall, nevertheless, throughout this chapter, treat the arts of visual representation and narrative fiction as separate and distinct. It will be easier, that way, for present purposes.
First the Words; Then the Music
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have had occasion to remark previously that music without words —music for instruments alone-forms but a very small part of the music people ordinarily listen to now, as well as what they listened to in past times. Yet it has, so far, occupied us exclusively in this book. That is because it raises the most distinctively philosophical problems; and this book. after all, is an introduction to a philosophy of music and not anything else. Nevertheless, the combination of words with music cannot be totally ignored by the philosopher of music attempting to introduce his subject. It does raise philosophical issues, and now, in this chapter and the next, is the time to consider them, as well as some related issues.
Reply to Clark
Authors: Dennett Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I pretty much agree with Clark’s comments, and I just want to confirm some of his suspicions. I’m particularly glad he pointed to the places where I contrasted, say, having beliefs about beliefs with thinking about thinking, and started talking about florid representation as being a different sort of thing or a special sort of thing, because I think that’s where this workshop is heading most interestingly and fruitfully.
Reply to Cummins on Representation and Intentionality
Authors: Haugeland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cummins and I agree on a lot of things-including some that we’ve come to agree on only since I read his comments for this workshop. Among other things, we agree that the difference, and also the relations, between targets and representations ought to be closer to the forefront of my thoughts-starting today. (I even acknowledge that there’s a lot of transcendental philosophy in my veins, but I’m loath to accept the insinuation that there’s too much.)
The Scope of Objectivity
Authors: Sacks Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance of the apparent demise of the egological subject can be estimated properly only when seen in the larger setting, since it constitutes only one source of pressure on our ideal of the universality of reason. Moves against the egological subject in principle leave open other routes by which the objectivity of reason and rationality might be established.1 If the subject is essentially indexed to, because structured by, the social and material fabric of the world in which it is located, its normative structures stand to inherit whatever stability or instability that environment has to offer. At issue, then, is whether external nesting can make good the loss consequent upon the demise of the egological subject. The question before us thus shifts to the objectivity that can be sustained, not about reason narrowly, or the individual’s normative structures, but about the experienced object-world within which reasoning subjects and other objects are located. This is the concern of the present chapter.
The Principle of Double Effect
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Thomas Aquinas, in discussing killing in self-defence, remarks that one and the same action may have two effects, one of them intended, and the other beside the intention. Later Catholic theologians developed from this a doctrine of double effect, stated as follows by John of St Thomas. If an act, not evil in itself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended; (2) the good effect is not produced by means of the bad; (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm.
Body, Soul, and Intellect in Aquinas
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Thomas Aquinas, who in the twentieth century has been considered an official spokesman for Roman Catholic orthodoxy, was in his own day an adventurous philosopher whose teaching was regarded by many theologians with suspicion. Just three years after his death the congregation of Oxford university, following the lead of colleagues in Paris, condemned, without naming him, a number of propositions which he had maintained. Those who taught these Thomist theses were to be allowed forty days to recant; if they continued to hold them they were to lose their MAs. The part of Aquinas’ s teaching which got him into trouble at Oxford was his application of the Aristotelian theory of form and matter to the nature of the human soul. For Aristotle material substances like a bit of wood consisted of matter possessing certain forms.
Knowing What to Do, Seeing What to Do
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Normative’ concepts, we can say, are concepts ‘fraught with ought’-the phrase is Wilfrid Sellars’. Here is a broad hypothesis on how these concepts work: Normative concepts get their character from their place in a broad kind of planning we do, in our thinking how to live. Roughly, questions of what we ought to do are questions of what to do.
Vertical Velocity Structure and Eddy Scale Distribution in the Water Column of the Stratified Lake of Geneva
Authors: Lemmin U , Jiang R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An acoustic Doppler velocity profiler is used to study vertical velocity dynamics in the stratified lake. Profiles were taken by lowering the instrument combined with a CTD at constant speed from a boat. The vertical velocity fluctuation amplitude is directly linked to the mean stratification in the water column. It is largest in the epilimnion, strongly reduced in the thermocline and homogeneous below the thermocline in the constant N layer. In the thermocline a strong correlation between vertical velocity, stratification, light transmissivity and acoustic backscattering is found. Turbulence scales which have been calculated from the vertical velocity data and the corresponding N-profile are about 0.5 to 1 m. An active layer is observed around 40 m where these scales correspond well with the Thorpe displacements.
Stably Stratified Flow in a Rectangular Container: Cell Pattern Formation and Anomalous Diffusion
Authors: Heijst* G J F van , Clercx* H J H , Maassen* S R , ór** J B Fl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to three-dimensional (3D) turbulence, two-dimensional (2D) turbulence is characterised by an inverse energy cascade, i.e. a spectral transfer of kinetic energy to larger scales of motion. This process may lead to self organisation of the 2D flow, as can be observed from the formation of coherent vortex structures. This process has been demonstrated in numerical simulations [1, 2], and also by laboratory experiments in soap films [3], in rotating fluids [4, 5] and in density-stratified fluids [6, 7, 8]. Strictly speaking, the flow in these experiments was not exactly 2D, owing to boundary effects (tank bottom) and other disturbing features. In the stratified flow experiments, for example, the vortices take on the appearance of thin pancake-shaped structures, in which the motion is planar. Because of vertical gradients in the planar flow, the motion is not purely 2D. Notwithstanding these “mild” 3D effects, the flow evolution shows the emergence of coherent vortex structures as in purely 2D flows, and is hence referred to as quasi-2D.
Sylow theory
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sylow theory of finite groups is concerned with the existence and properties of Sylow subgroups and other subgroups of specified orders. Many of the concepts and results can be transferred directly to profinite groups. Because the emphasis in this chapter is on the passage from finite groups to profinite groups, the results from finite group theory will for the most part be assumed. Their proofs can be found in elementary books on group theory.
Diophantine approximation
Authors: Harman Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dirichlet’s theorem. Khintchine’s theorem. The Duffin-Schaeffer results and conjecture. The Erdoős--Vaaler theorem. The zero-one laws of Cassels and Gallagher. CasselsΣ,-sequences. A crucial lemma ( Lemma 2.3). Overlap estimates. Reduction to GCD sums. Lacunary sequences.
Formation and chemistry of radicals involved in amino acid, peptide, and protein oxidation
Authors: Davies Michael J , Dean Roger T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radicals can be generated in both chemical and biological systems by a multitude of different pathways. In the first part of this chapter we will outline how radicals which may be important in protein oxidation can be formed, before discussing the types of reactions that each of these species can participate in. In neither case will the discussion and examples given be exhaustive, as the intention is to pick out what seem to be the key species, some of the mechanisms by which they can be formed, and examples of the major reaction processes which they undergo. These areas are covered in much greater detail in a number of books to which the reader is referred for further information (Pryor 1966; Huyser 1970; Kochi 1973; Nonhebel et al. 1977; Bensasson et al. 1983, 1993; Giese 1986; von Sonntag 1987; Halliwell and Gutteridge 1989; Motherwell and Crich 1992; Fossey et al. 1995). In the section following these, we will discuss in more detail the reactions of these different types of radicals with free amino acids, peptides and proteins.
Fundamentals of Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Clifford Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to explain the basic physical principles underlying the use of supercritical fluids. The relevant areas of physical chemistry are adapted to the context of supercritical fluids and attention is drawn to the special behaviour obtained in the medium. Although the areas are discussed comprehensively, description of all the complexities possible is avoided, so that the basic principles are clear. Experimental examples are used only to illustrate the principles and there is no attempt to review all the work published. Some of the topics, and in particular the principles of supercritical fluid fractionation, are not presently covered in other books or published in the refereed literature. The first half of the book covers the very basic topics of phase behaviour, thermodynamic properties, transport properties, especially diffusion, the effect of intermolecular forces, structure and fluctuations. In the second half, some topics in which these principles have been widely applied in the literature are described, namely separation methods and chemical reactions.
Organoselenium chemistry: an overview
Authors: Back Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been known since the nineteenth century. Early examples included simple alkyl selenols, selenides, selenoxides and diselenides, which often proved to be highly malodorous, unstable, and generally unpleasant to handle. These properties did little to enhance interest in the fledgling field of organoselenium chemistry and progress was relatively slow for many decades. The recognition of the toxic properties of selenium compounds in the 1930s, and, on the other hand, the subsequent realization that selenium is an essential trace element in the diet, prompted more vigorous investigation of the biological properties of both organic and inorganic compounds of the element. Simultaneously, interest in the physical and analytical chemistry of organoselenium compounds grew, and a more systematic understanding of their structures and reactions began to emerge.
Selenoxide eliminations
Authors: Back Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The selenoxide syn-elimination has emerged as one of the synthetically most useful olefin-forming reactions (Equation 2.1), and numerous examples have appeared in the past 25 years. The reaction requires much milder conditions than other pyrolytic syn-eliminations such as ester pyrolyses, Chugaev, Cope, and sulfoxide eliminations, etc., often proceeding readily at or below room temperature. The strong polarization of the Se-0 bond and high basicity of the oxygen atom, as well as the cleavage of a relatively weak C-Se bond, contribute to the driving force of the reaction. Moreover, the selenide starting materials are easily prepared, most commonly by using either electrophilic (see Chapter 3) or nucleophilic (see Chapter 4) selenium reagents.