bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Shareholder Activism Create Value? A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Bajzik Josef , Havranek Tomas , Irsova Zuzana , Novak Jiri 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThis study identifies the determinants of shareholder value created by investor activism. It quantifies and corrects the pool of published empirical estimates for bias due to the selective reporting of empirical results. It examines how various institutional, investor, and research design characteristics affect the shareholder value created by activism.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a meta‐analysis of 1973 estimates from 67 studies published between 1983 and 2021, we document that, after adjusting for selective reporting, activism creates a positive shareholder value ranging from 0% to 1.5%, which is smaller than commonly thought. More value is created in settings with better shareholder rights protection and in smaller markets. Activism by individual investors, more confrontational approaches, and campaigns aimed at the sale of the target company enhance firm value more.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study identifies a specific channel through which the quality of institutional settings mitigates the conflict envisaged by agency theory between firm owners and managers. Our comprehensive synthesis of prior research literature also guides researchers in interpreting and comparing results reported in prior studies and helps them make more informed research design choices in future studies.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsExploiting the heterogeneity in prior studies, our study informs investors about the value that specific forms of activism create, allowing them to better trade off the costs and benefits of alternative approaches. It also informs regulators about the relevance of institutional characteristics and offers estimates of the relative effectiveness of activism campaigns by various sponsors. These insights help in seeking optimal ways of regulating corporate governance and financial markets.
An Argument for More High‐Quality Research Focused on Mental Health in the Post‐Secondary Context
Authors: Byrom Nicola , Pointon‐Haas Julia , Upsher Rebecca , Iorfino Frank , McKenna Sarah , McCann Emma , Priestley Michael , Slack Hannah Rachael , Cleverley Kristin 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWe argue that while a substantial proportion of emerging adults are in post‐secondary education, there is relatively little consideration of this context within research and policy around youth mental health. The unique challenges young adults face in post‐secondary education overlay underlying risk factors experienced by emerging adults. While post‐secondary education facilitates social mobility, it also introduces stressors such as academic demands, financial insecurity and social isolation. As we increasingly appreciate the social determinants of mental health and the influence of institutional systems, understanding the post‐secondary context offers promise in transforming mental health in emerging adulthood. There are pockets of great practice. However, we argue that targeted efforts are now needed to bring together students, practitioners, policymakers and researchers to drive evidence‐informed improvements in mental health within the post‐secondary context.
An Overview of Early Psychosis Care in New Zealand—A Need for Culturally Adapted Service Models
Authors: Grattan Rebecca E. , Clifford Amanda , London Sophie M. , Cowland Joanna 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundIt has been over 20 years since a review of early psychosis services in New Zealand was completed, and it is unclear if services now meet international best practice. Furthermore, significant disparities in psychosis experiences exist in New Zealand, and it is unclear whether service structure might contribute to such disparities. Given the current restructuring of the health system in New Zealand, now is the optimal time to understand strengths and weaknesses in early psychosis care provision.MethodsAll early psychosis services in New Zealand (n = 12) were surveyed. Leads from each service completed a survey on the general elements of their service, alongside the First‐Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale, which allows comparison with international early psychosis services.ResultsSpecific services are provided across 11/20 districts, leaving 9 without any dedicated early psychosis care. Service strengths included short wait lists, comprehensive assessments, good provision of case managers, team managers and psychiatrists and good length of care. Relative weaknesses included provision of therapy, limited age ranges, high numbers of inpatient referrals, poor Clozapine usage and limited family participation. There was also a lack of services for people at risk for psychosis. Lack of cultural support staff, models and confidence in meeting cultural needs was also evident.ConclusionWhile New Zealand early psychosis services are relatively comparable to international services, certain areas of weakness need to be addressed by decreasing variability in service eligibility, increasing care for those at‐risk, wider availability of therapy and family involvement and improved cultural services.
Properties of Waterlogged Soils Developed on Arkose and Aeolian Sands in an Agro‐Silvopastoral System
Authors: Jiménez‐Ballesta Raimundo , San José Francisco J. , Mongil‐Manso Jorge , Escudero‐Campos Laura , Álvarez‐Castellanos María P. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTGlobally speaking, academic research assumes that soils affected by water stagnation have a significant constraint, especially concerning their productivity and environmental benefits. In the surrounding landscape of northern Ávila Province (northern Spanish Central System), where many small farmers and livestock breeders of the region live, there are areas that are periodically flooded. This study examines the impact of hydromorphism on soil features and formation in La Moraña, a region with arkosic and aeolic sands; it also investigates the soil's role in sustainable waterlogged agro‐silvopastoral development. The main land uses are agriculture, pastures or pine forests. The soils show acidic to alkaline reaction (pH 5.6 to 9.1), with sandy to loamy textures, and contain moderate to high levels of organic matter (1.7% to 8.0%) and total nitrogen (0.01% to 0.26%) contents. A moderate to medium cation exchange capacity (CEC) (3.13 to 15 cmol kg−1) and high base saturation status (72% to 81%) were observed. In both soil groups (Cambisols and Arenosols), the predominant soil cations were Ca2+ (0.7 to 25.7 cmol kg−1) and Na+ (0.19 to 9.5 cmol kg−1), while K+ was present in minor amounts. Given the nature of the original material, although the carbonate content of the parent material lay below the detection limit, high carbonate contents greater than 25% were observed in certain horizons (Bkg of profiles 1 and 2). Weak gleization was observed in all profiles, with grey colours (light to dark) in the subsurface horizons, denoting some effects of iron reduction, resulting from a dual action of pluviometry and a practically flat topography; and occasionally flooding or water‐table rise. In addition, hydromorphic conditions can also develop due to soil compaction. So, the major soil‐forming processes are accumulation of organic matter and brunification in drained conditions. While litter formation in conditions of high moisture, and weak gleization against excessive moisture are the dominant processes. La Moraña's soils stay productive through agroforestry and crop rotations, preserving their potential despite their hydromorphic nature.
Lamotrigine promotes reentrant ventricular tachycardia in murine hearts
Authors: Dias Patrícia , Meng Xiaolei , Selimi Zoja , Struckman Heather , Veeraraghavan Rengasayee , Radwański Przemysław B. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectiveIn 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a safety warning concerning lamotrigine use in patients with underlying cardiac disorders. This warning was based on in vitro data that predicted class Ib antiarrhythmic activity for lamotrigine. Therefore, we investigated the proarrhythmic potential of lamotrigine in the murine heart and compared its effect with flecainide.MethodsMurine hearts were perfused with clinically relevant concentrations of lamotrigine 3.8 μg/mL (15 μmol·L−1) or flecainide .4 μg/mL (1 μmol·L−1).ResultsEx vivo electrocardiography revealed a high prevalence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in lamotrigine‐perfused hearts (7/9 hearts), whereas only two hearts exposed to flecainide evidenced VT. Optical voltage mapping showed that lamotrigine preferentially decreased ventricular conduction velocity (CV) in the longitudinal direction at all pacing frequencies tested (−22% ± 8.6%, −30% ± 15.4%, and −33% ± 13.3% for pacing frequency of 200‐ms, 180‐ms, and 150‐ms cycle length, respectively, p ≤ .05) compared to the transverse direction, which only slowed CV at the fastest pacing frequency (−15% ± 16% for pacing frequency of 150‐ms cycle length, p ≤ .01). Notably, the preferential CV slowing in the longitudinal direction altered the anisotropic ratio, giving rise to a functional substrate for reentrant VT. In contrast, flecainide slowed CV uniformly in both longitudinal and transverse directions (−30% ± 8.5% vs. −27% ± 5.3%, −32% ± 9.4% vs. −29% ± 6.9%, and − 29% ± 8.3% vs. −27% ± 10% for pacing frequency of 200‐ms, 180‐ms, and 150‐ms cycle length, respectively, p ≤ .05).SignificanceOur findings provide mechanistic insight into the proarrhythmic impact of lamotrigine.
Charity Experience of Directors and Corporate Social Responsibility: Global Evidence
Authors: Liu Xianda , Hou Wenxuan , Main Brian G. M. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the role of directors with prior experience of working in the charity sector (here labelled ‘charity directors’) in determining the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity of firms on whose boards they sit. We predict that these charity directors shape the ethical climate of their boards and influence their CSR policies. The findings on firms across 50 countries show that the presence of such directors on a board is positively associated with the firm's environmental and social (E&S) performance. Such charity directors exert more influence following disasters that exogenously increase societal demand for CSR, suggesting a causal interpretation of their role. We further show that charity directors play a more active role in those countries where societal norms stress the importance of E&S issues. This does not seem to be a manifestation of organizational slack, as the link between charity directors and CSR is stronger in the presence of good corporate governance. Furthermore, the death of a charity director leads to a negative market reaction, suggesting that their efforts are in line with shareholder interests.
Activation of Local 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 by Diosmetin Enhances Endogenous Glucocorticoid Levels to Alleviate Skin Inflammation: Insights Into a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Kang Hyun , Hwang Hyun Jee , Kim Eunjung , Lim Sung Ha , Choi Eung Ho 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTGlucocorticoids (GCs) are synthesised de novo by peripheral tissues and the adrenal cortex of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Skin expresses an enzyme called 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1), which reduces cortisone to the active hormone cortisol which activates GC receptors. 11β‐HSD1 plays a significant role in alleviating atopic inflammation through the elevation of the concentrations of active GC in the skin. This study aimed to investigate the role of diosmetin as an activator of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1). In human keratinocytes, diosmetin was found to upregulate 11β‐HSD1 protein expression and cortisol levels, as well as the transcriptional expression of 11β‐HSD1 mRNA. However, this upregulation of 11β‐HSD1 mRNA was abrogated in keratinocytes transfected with 11β‐HSD1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). In an atopic dermatitis (AD) murine model, topical administration of diosmetin significantly attenuated basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), while enhancing stratum corneum (SC) hydration. Diosmetin also increased corticosterone levels in the SC and upregulated 11β‐HSD1 expression in both the serum and epidermis. Furthermore, diosmetin treatment led to a marked reduction in serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels, and suppressed mRNA expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐4, and IL‐13 in the epidermis. Collectively, these findings suggest that diosmetin promotes the endogenous activation of glucocorticoids via local 11β‐HSD1 activation, underscoring its potential as a novel topical therapeutic agent for the management of inflammatory skin disorders, such as AD.
ChartNet: Reducing Subjectivity in Stock Prediction Through Unified Technical Chart Representation
Authors: Li Shangzhe , Liu Yingke , Cheng Fanglei , Wu Junran , Xu Ke 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTTechnical analysis, which includes technical indicators and charts derived from specific rules, has proven effective and widely used for stock movement prediction. However, technical chart evaluation is often limited by subjectivity, arising from sparse chart types and substantial information loss due to rigid rules. While pattern recognition algorithms have been developed to address this issue, they still rely on manual chart labelling and primarily focus on closing prices, leaving much of the chart's broader information untapped. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel framework called ChartNet, designed to extract general information from technical charts and reduce subjectivity in chart analysis. ChartNet employs a unified representation for charts across financial series with varying simplification levels and leverages a chart triplet loss function for unsupervised training, eliminating the need for labelled data. Compared with several state‐of‐the‐art baselines, our framework has reached the best prediction accuracy on CSI‐300, SZ‐50 components and Dow Jones Index in 2022: 65.91%, 63.70% and 64.96% respectively. In backtesting using actual stock data, our framework achieves the highest average return of 1.12 and 1.15. Furthermore, we highlight the interpretability of ChartNet through two case studies, some important charts and failure cases, illustrating its capability to uncover meaningful insights from charts. This research contributes to advancing the objective evaluation of technical charts and promoting a more comprehensive understanding of chart‐based stock prediction performance.
Modeling Central Bank Digital Currencies
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich , Senner Richard 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTOver the last decades, macroeconomists have renewed their efforts to reduce the gap between monetary macroeconomics and real‐world central banking. This paper reviews how macroeconomics has since 2016 approached the possible introduction of retail central bank digital currencies (CBDC). A review of the literature reveals that macroeconomic models of CBDC often rely on CBDC design features and narratives which are no longer in line with the one of central banks actually working on CBDC. In particular, the literature often (i) does not take into account the nature of central banks’ CBDC issuance plans as a “conservative” reaction to profound technological and preferential shifts in the use of money as a means of payments, (ii) does not start from design features communicated by central banks, such as no‐remuneration, quantity limits, access restrictions, and automated sweeping functionality linking CBDC wallets with commercial bank accounts; (iii) does not explain well enough the difference between CBDC and banknotes within their macroeconomic models, apart from remuneration (which central banks actually do not foresee); and (iv) assume that CBDC will lead to a significant increase in the total holdings of central bank money in the economy, although (i) and (ii) make this unlikely.
A Novel Gene DUSP8 Missense Mutation Causes Nonsyndromic Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis by Dysregulating Lysine Lactylation
Authors: Liu Xiu , Liang Chao , Wang Shengnan , Wang Xuejiu , Guan Xiaobing , Hu Ying 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTAimsThe goal of this study was to explore new candidate genes and pathogenesis mechanisms of nonsyndromic hereditary gingival fibromatosis (nsHGF) and to provide an experimental basis for the diagnosis of nsHGF.MethodsWhole‐exome sequencing (WES) was performed on peripheral blood DNA from three nsHGF family members to screen for new candidate genes, and Sanger sequencing and related databases were used to verify the pathogenicity of this gene deficiency. Moreover, the effects of gene deficiency on the biological characteristics of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were evaluated via cell proliferation assays, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition detection, cell apoptosis and cell cycle assessment, cell migration and gene expression analyses.ResultsA novel missense mutation in dual‐specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8, c.1348C>T, p.R450C), which is in the nsHGF‐related GINGF4 locus, was identified via WES analysis. A functional study revealed that knocking down DUSP8 expression increased cell proliferation, cell migration and the expression of profibrotic factors (particularly COL1A1), inhibited cell apoptosis, and ultimately resulted in nsHGF. Similarly, this DUSP8 mutation inhibited the expression of the encoded protein and promoted cell proliferation and the expression of profibrotic factors. In addition, both DUSP8 knockdown and DUSP8 mutation induced nsHGF by accelerating glycolysis and panlysine lactylation (Kla) to promote cell proliferation and the expression of ECM‐related factors.ConclusionDUSP8 deficiency might be a novel pathogenic factor that contributes to nsHGF.
Spanning Multi‐Asset Payoffs With ReLUs
Authors: Bossu Sébastien , Crépey Stéphane , Nguyen Hoang‐Dung 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWe propose a distributional formulation of the spanning problem of a multi‐asset payoff by vanilla basket options. This problem is shown to have a unique solution if and only if the payoff function is even and absolutely homogeneous, and we establish a Fourier‐based formula to calculate the solution. Financial payoffs are typically piecewise linear, resulting in a solution that may be derived explicitly, yet may also be hard to exploit numerically. One‐hidden‐layer feedforward neural networks instead provide a natural and efficient numerical alternative for discrete spanning. We test this approach for a selection of archetypal payoffs and obtain better hedging results with vanilla basket options compared to industry‐favored approaches based on single‐asset vanilla hedges.
Legacy of the ethnographic field school in Belize
Authors: Hume Douglas W. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe Ethnographic Field School in Belize has been training American undergraduate students and Belizean interns in basic ethnographic research methods since 2013. During this time, in collaboration with university study abroad offices and Belizean governmental and non‐governmental agencies and organizations, the field school has conducted community‐based ethnographic research on several community development issues (e.g., sugar cane farming, child labor, education, and health). Students gain skills in ethnographic methods as well as personal growth. The community within which we conduct our research benefits through our findings being shared with agencies and organizations that develop development policies and programs. The long‐term legacy of the field school includes the development of student participants’ ability to adopt a culturally relativistic lens and skills to apply to future study and careers, as well as our partners using our findings for their community development projects.
Blocking constitutive autophagy rescues the loss of acquired heat resistance in Arabidopsis fes1a
Authors: Li Xuezhi , Su Tong , Wang Xiaofeng , Liu Yan , Ge Jingjing , Huo Panfei , Zhao Yiwu , Wang Tongtong , Yu Hongbin , Duan Meijie , Jia Yuebin , Yang Xianpeng , Wang Pingping , Gong Qingqiu , Liu Jian , Ma Changle 
Published: January 2025

Summary
High temperature is one of several major abiotic stresses that can cause substantial loss of crop yields. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are key components of heat stress resistance. Mutation of FES1A, an auxiliary molecular chaperone of HSP70, leads to defective acquired thermotolerance. Autophagy is a positive regulator of basal thermotolerance and a negative regulator of heat stress memory, but its function in acquired thermotolerance is unclear.
We found that blocking constitutive autophagy rescued the heat sensitivity of fes1a in Arabidopsis thaliana. Immunoblot and proteomic analyses showed that the rescue was not due to increased HSP levels. Instead, proteomic analysis and confocal microscopy studies revealed that knocking out the core autophagy‐related (ATG) genes leads to accumulation of peroxisomes, thus upregulating the metabolic pathways within the peroxisomes.
Accumulation of peroxisomes promotes both reactive oxygen species scavenging and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production in atg7 fes1a. Overexpression of ABCD1/PXA1/CTS, a peroxisomal ATP‐binding cassette transporter, in atg7 fes1a leads to abnormal peroxisomal function and subsequently thermosensitivity. Moreover, we found that exogenous application of indole‐3‐butyric acid, IAA or naphthalene‐1‐acetic acid rescued fes1a heat sensitivity.
We propose that autophagy is detrimental to the survival of the fes1a mutant, which has acquired thermosensitivity.
California annual grass phenology and allometry influence ecosystem dynamics and fire regime in a vegetation demography model
Authors: Gao Xiulin , Koven Charles D. , Longo Marcos , Robbins Zachary , Thornton Polly , Hall Alex , Levis Samuel , Rahimi Stefan , Xu Chonggang , Kueppers Lara M. 
Published: January 2025

Summary
Grass‐dominated ecosystems cover wide areas of the land surface yet have received far less attention from the Earth System Model (ESM) community. This limits model projections of ecosystem dynamics in response to global change and coupled vegetation–climate dynamics.
We used the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES), a dynamic vegetation demography model, to determine ecosystem sensitivity to alternate, observed grass allometries and biophysical traits, and evaluated model performance in capturing California C3 annual grasslands structure and fire regimes.
Grass allometry, leaf physiology, plant phenology, and plant mortality all drove the seasonal variation in matter and energy exchange and fire dynamics in California annual grasslands. Allometry influenced grassland structure and function mainly through canopy architecture‐mediated space and light competition instead of through carbon partitioning strategy. Regional variation in grassland annual burned area was driven by variation in ecosystem productivity.
Our study advances the modeling of grassy ecosystems in ESMs by establishing the importance of grass allometry and plant phenology and mortality in driving C3 annual grassland seasonal dynamics and fire regime. The calibrated annual grass allometry and biophysical traits presented can be applied in future studies to project climate–vegetation–fire feedbacks in annual grass‐dominant ecosystems under global change.