bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forestry Management and Valuation
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of 2008 the owner of a 35-year-old Douglas-fir forest in the Pacific Northwest wishes to know when to harvest his forest and how much it is currently worth. The owner estimates that ongoing forest management costs are$6 per acre per year and that regenerating the land after harvest and replanting trees will cost $350 per acre. It will cost approximately $175 to harvest each thousand board feet (Mbf) of timber and transport it to a mill. The forest currently contains 10 Mbf of merchantable timber per acre; this is expected to increase to 20 Mbf by the time the trees are 50 years old.
Where to from Here?
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although this chapter marks the end of this book, it should really be just the “end of the beginning” of our development of real options analysis. The case studies in Chapters 15–17 have shown the potential of real options analysis and how to put the components of that analysis together. However, they have also suggested some areas where we might wish to develop or extend the tools we have available. In this chapter we make some very brief comments about how our real options toolkit might be expanded.
Deterring World War III Essential Irrelevance
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although many people concluded after Hiroshima that the continued existence of nuclear weapons promised eventual calamity, not to mention apocalypse, Armageddon, annihilation, and doomsday, others, in very distinct contrast, came to argue that the historical impact of the weapons could actually be supremely beneficial. This perspective is reflected in the confident assertion by a group of prominent foreign policy experts in 2007 that nuclear weapons proved to be “essential to maintaining international security during the cold war because they were a means of deterrence.”
Apocalyptic Visions, Worst-Case Preoccupations, Massive Expenditures
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although nuclear weapons seem to have had at most a quite limited substantive impact on actual historical events, as argued in the previous two chapters, they have had a tremendous influence on our agonies and obsessions. They have deeply affected international atmospherics, inspiring desperate rhetoric, extravagant theorizing, and frenetic diplomatic posturing. And they—or their attendant atmospherics—have had a severe and mostly wasteful effect on defense spending and planning, sometimes to a preposterous degree.
Arms Races Positive and Negative
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The technological fixation on nuclear weapons and the concomitant assumption, or assertion, that weapons are a crucial cause of war have led to decades of focused anguish over nuclear arms control and disarmament issues. There have been two streams of endeavor. One, the concern of this chapter, is the quest to control “vertical proliferation”—to reduce the number of, or at least to bring some degree of control over, nuclear weapons in the arsenals of countries that already have them. The other, focusing on what has been called “horizontal proliferation,” seeks to prevent countries that do not have nuclear weapons from obtaining them, and is the subject of the following chapters.
Proliferation Slow and Substantially Inconsequential
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the last several decades, forecasts about horizontal proliferation have shown a want of prescience that approaches the monumental—even the pathological. Since 1945, we’ve been regularly regaled with predictions about the impending and rampant diffusion of nuclear weapons to new states and about the dire consequences that would inevitably flow from such a development. This endlessly and urgently repeated wisdom continues to flourish despite the fact that it has thus far proven to be almost entirely wrong.
Costs of the Proliferation Fixation
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Foreign policy analysts and advocates urgently and routinely argue that nonproliferation—”no new nuclear weapons states”—must be a prime foreign policy principle or a “supreme” or “number one” national security priority, and that, if lesser measures fail, the United States has somehow acquired a “duty” to use military force unilaterally to stop unpleasant regimes from developing nuclear, or even lesser, “weapons of mass destruction.”1 Although seeking to dissuade additional countries from becoming nuclear weapons states may be at base quite a good idea, the antiproliferation quest, following such policy logic, has sometimes been pushed to an extreme, especially after the end of the cold war and even more so after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the results have been disastrous.
Adherence and the societal burden of mental illness
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Failing to complete a simple course of antibiotics or forgetting to take medications as prescribed by the doctor is a remarkably common human experience. This experience and its impact on disease management are magnified in chronic illnesses. For people with chronic medical illnesses, nonadherence with treatment substantially adds to the burden and leads to poorer long-term outcomes in these conditions. For people with mental illness, the frequency and impact of poor adherence to treatment are even more pronounced than in other medical conditions. Adherence to treatment is further undermined by the impairments in insight that often accompany mental illness.
Confronting the Storm
Authors: Guiora Amos N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book has been unsettling to conceive, research, write, edit, and re-read. I have communicated with hundreds of people from different walks of life, cultures, societies, countries, and viewpoints. The picture painted by these individuals of the danger of religious extremism was most unsettling. What clouds the picture is the unwillingness of many of these same people to support a theory whereby the government would act forcefully against religious extremists. My proposal to address religious extremism, which admittedly requires limiting otherwise guaranteed rights, was largely met with skepticism and concern.
I494-I640: Translating into Print
Authors: Lennard John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When putting in question the historical meaning of a typographical sign there are two areas of investigation: the process by which the sign appears on the page, and consequently the authority which may either in general or in particular instances be accorded to it; and the establishment of the meanings likely to have been ascribed to, or inferred from, the sign by contemporary readers.
Marvell in the Middle:Genre, Religion, and the Modes of Reading
Authors: Lennard John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the 1630s the use of conventions employing lunulae declined in frequency, and the u/v graph became standardized, like the i/j graph twenty years before, to the two letters of modern usage. Both events remain puzzling: explanations, such as increased compositorial mobility, circumstantial pressure on the patterns of use, and the establishment of a tradition of secular reading, remain speculative: but the sparer punctuation resulting from the decline in the use of conventions grants to those lunulae that are employed greater visual distinction.
Ancestors
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the beginning there was poetry: a need to respond aurally to aural stimuli. Robert Creeley records this from Bunting’s conversation: ‘He said, too, that the possibilities of poetry for himself had become most evident when he first realized that the modulation of sounds in a poem might be agent of emotions as actually as any other.’ So some poets are born. Some poets are alive to the world as voices, a play in which things, distinctly themselves, ‘speak’ as note chiming in aptly against note. In this way the boy poet in Bunting’s Briggfiatts hears it, as he lies with his girl on the bumping waggon carrying the tombstone to Stainmore.
Visionary Deconstruction
Authors: Otto Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first two copies of Milton begin with a rousing call to the Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and ‘Young Men of the New Age’ to ‘Rouze up’ and set their foreheads against the ‘ignorant Hirelings’ who are in possession of the ‘Camp, the Court, & the University’ (E95).
Beginning
Authors: Otto Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is, as Foucault suggests, something enigmatic about themoments in which a culture. or discursive space, is founded or transformed. Many writers speak of an analogous difficulty in philosophy, where beginnings are peculiarly elusive. Part of the reason for this difficulty is, no doubt, that we limit our world 'To the Time & Space fixed by the Corporeal Vegetative Eye⌘ (VLJ, E563); we see only the Locke an time that is constituted by the reasoning memory.
Did Grendel’s Mother Sit on Beowulf?
Authors: Robinson Fred C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Admirers of Professor Stanley’s learned and witty textual studies of Old English prose and verse will recognize in my title an echo of ‘Did Beowulf Commit “Feaxfang” against Grendel’s Mother?’ - the title of one of his masterly analyses of a disputed reading in Old English.’ My respectfully imitative title does not, alas, promise in the text of the article the range of learning and depth of insight that distinguish the work of the man we salute in this volume.
An Early English Entführung: A Note on Floris and Blauncheflur
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The attractive Middle English romance of Floris and Blauncheflur has always had its admirers, but has usually been considered simply as an early example of an important genre. It can be argued that its interest for the literary historian is greater than has been recognized. This may seem a surprising claim, since it is (a) an adaptation of a twelfth-century French original, and (b) apparently something of an oddity, or at least unusual, in that it is an ‘idyllic’ romance, celebrating love and passion in an extreme form. Nor can its date be fixed exactly, although there seems to be general agreement that it comes from about the middle of the thirteenth century-and thus may be taken to represent the chronological endpoint of the present volume.
A Grammarian’s Greek-Latin Glossary in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Gneuss Helmut 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of Anglo-Saxon culture and learning largely depends on the surviving manuscripts known to have been written or owned in early England; their close study remains a rewarding subject. Among them, books containing grammatical treatises and glossary materials are of particular interest as they yield valuable insights into the study and teaching of language in this period.’ In the present article I propose to edit and discuss a glossary of literary, grammatical, and metrical terms, preserved in MS BL Harley 3826-into which it was copied at about the time when .1£lfric wrote his Grammar-and hitherto almost completely ignored by Anglo-Saxonists. I have chosen the title ‘Grammarian’s Glossary’ in view of the nature and range of Roman and medieval grammar, and of the close links between this discipline and poetics, rhetoric, and prosody.
When Is a Character Not a Character? Desdemona, Olivia, Lady Macbeth, and Subjectivity
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Desdemona is not usually regarded as a problem.1 Traditionally, she has been celebrated as one of Shakespeare’s great women characters—celebrated mainly, of course, by men, since they have dominated the discourses of criticism. But surely there is a great mystery. On her first appearance, Desdemona is spectacularly confident, bold, and un-conventional.
Religion
Authors: Bennett S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chaucer’S England was Catholic England, and if we wish to understand much of Chaucer’s poetry we must know something of the religious beliefs and observances of his time. The majority of people were believers, for although there may have been many like Chaucer’s Doctor, whose ‘studie was but litel on the Bible’, yet few would have been bold enough to declare themselves non-believers, prepared to die without the fold, and in a more desperate state than were infidels or Jews. The world in which Chaucer grew up accepted the Church and its teaching, and such men as Wyclif, however great their ultimate effect, made but little impression on the vast mass of their contemporaries. To most people attendance at church and dependence on their parish priest were axiomatic, and the size and position of the church building, towering over the villagers’ petty houses of daub and wattle, or even the larger structures in the towns, served to emphasize the important central position which the Church held in men’s lives.
The Literary Scene In 1815
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Wellington defeated Napoleon in 1815 England was already beginning to suffer from the reaction that seems to be inevitable after a great war. As the publisher Charles Knight put it in his Passages of a Working Life: The great Captive had scarcely sailed from Plymouth to his rock in the Atlantic, when thoughtful when began to feel that the millenium of universal peace and love was not quite close at hand. France could only be kept quiet by foreign occupation; Spain was trodden down under the feet of a drivelling idiot called a king; Poland was manacled to Russia; the dream of Italian independence was at an end when Austria was to rule over four millions of the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. Promises made in the hour of danger had been violated when Peoples had won safety for Crowns. Twenty years of war appeared to have produced little real and imperishable good. Such were my thoughts at that crisis, and they were those of many who would willingly have given themselves up to the general exultation at the prospect that peace had at last been securely won. (i. 167.)
John Galt and the Minor Writers Of Prose Fiction
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
AS Miss Tompkins has pointed out in her admirable study, The Popular Novel in England, 1770-1800, ‘during the years that follow the death of Smollett… the two chief facts about the novel are its popularity as a form of entertainment and its inferiority as a form of art’. In the first two decades of the new century the achievements of Maria Edgeworth, Jane Austen, and Sir Walter Scott greatly increased the prestige of prose fiction.
Lamb
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lamb’s early letters to Coleridge reflect a personality very [ different from that of Elia.1 The first of them reveals that he has recently recovered from a fit of insanity. ‘I am got somewhat rational now’, Lamb writes, ‘and don’t bite any one. But mad I was.’ In Coleridge’s letters Lamb finds the qualities of Rousseau’s Confessions, ‘the same frankness, the same openness of heart, the same disclosure of all the most hidden and delicate affections of the mind’, and the tone of his own letters is correspondingly intimate. This ‘faithful journal of all that passes within me’ is highly un-Elian. It is astonishing to find Lamb, of all men, opening a letter with the words ‘My brother, my Friend’, and saying in another that he is ‘heartily sick of the every-day scenes of life’. His literary taste at this point differs from that of his maturity as much as his manner of writing. ‘Coleridge’, another letter begins, ‘I love you for dedicating your poetry to Bowles.’ In Rosamund Gray, a tale of unfortunate love that borders on simplesse, one character lends another Julia de Roubigne, and this novel that so delighted Shelley is not the only sign in Lamb’s early writings of the influence of Henry Mackenzie and the Sentimental Movement.
Introduction: Going Down the Anti-Formalist Road
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is one of the theses of this book that many of the issues in interpretive theory can be reduced to a few basic questions in the philosophy of language. Consider, for example, the discussion of “presupposition” in Ruth Kempson’s Presupposition and the Delimitation of Semantics (Cambridge, 1975). Kempson begins by observing that presupposition can be defined “in one of two ways-either as a relation between statements (parallel to entailment, synonymy, etc.) or as a property of the speaker’s belief in uttering a sentence” (p. 2). The difference is between a formal notion of presupposition in which it is a feature of sentences as they exist in the abstract apart from any particular occasion of use, and presupposition as a fact about what is in a speaker’s mind-his understanding of the world and of the situation in which he now finds himself-at the moment of utterance. As Kempson observes, the possibility of deriving meaning from the formal properties of sentences can not survive the serious assertion of a speaker-based theory of presupposition, for “if presuppositions in terms of speaker-belief are considered to be a part of the semantic interpretation of sentences, then it seems that the meaning of sentences must be in terms of speaker-hearer relations and not … in terms of the relation between a symbol or set of symbols and the object or state described” (pp. 2-3). And if that is so, “one must give up the standard claim that the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meaning of its constituent parts” (p. 60).
Why No One’s Afraid of Wolfgang I ser
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At a time when we are warned daily against the sirens of literary theory, Wolfgang I ser is notable because he does not appear on anyone’s list. He is not included among those (Derrida, de Man, Bloom, Miller, Fish) who are thought of as subverting standards, values, and the rule of common sense; nor do we find him cited as one of those (Abrams, Hirsch, Booth, Graff, Crews, Shattuck) who are fighting the good fight against the forces of deconstructive nihilism. His absence from the field of pitched battle does not mean that he goes unread; on the contrary, his two major works, The Implied Reader and The Act of Reading, out sell all other books on the prestigious list of the Johns Hopkins University Press with the exception of Derrida’s Of Grammatology (a book that is, I suspect, more purchased than read).
Short People Got No Reason to Live: Reading Irony
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not too many years ago Randy Newman wrote and recorded a popular song that quickly became notorious. It was called “Short People” and began by declaring that “short people got no reason, short people got no reason, short people got no reason to live.” The song went on to re hearse in detail the shortcomings of short people, which included small voices, beady little eyes, and the inconvenience of having to pick them up in order to say “hello.” It wasn’t long before groups of short people were organizing to lobby against the song; it was banned in Boston, and there was a bill to the same effect introduced into the Maryland legislature.
Anti-Professionalism
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I Every so often one hears the story of the editor who is sent a relatively minor Shakespeare sonnet or an early poem by Keats and rejects it as mannered and artificial. The story is usually tagged by one of two morals. Either it indicates that we have been deceived by custom and critical orthodoxy into venerating something without value, or, alternatively, it indicates how easy it is for something of value to go unrecognized by those whose judgments are in bondage to this or that critical fashion. It would seem that these morals are contradictory and are drawn from opposing positions; but, in fact, the positions are finally the same in one important respect: they both affirm, although in different ways and with different emphases, the independence of value from the judgments delivered by the agencies of professional authority, whether that authority is seen as supported only by unexamined tradition or as representing nothing more than the partisan opinion of the most recent victor in the struggle for institutional power. Both the moralist who thinks that a poem of little intrinsic worth has been kept afloat by the vested interests of an entrenched elite and the moralist who thinks that a great work of art is in danger of being sacrificed to the ever-changing interests of academic opportunists make the very same assumption about the relationship between a socially organized activity and the objects of its attention-the assumption that questions of merit have nothing essentially to do with the acts of description and judgment that have their source in the largely political machinery of professional bureaucracies.
Transmuting the Lump: Paradise Lost, 1942-1979
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1972 Raymond Waddington began an article on books XI and XII of Paradise Lost in a way that is remarkable both for what it reveals and for what it conceals. What it reveals is that something has changed: “Few of us today could risk echoing C. S. lewis’s condemnation of the concluding books of Paradise Lost as an ‘untransmuted lump of futurity.’ ” Waddington is taking note of the fact that lewis’s judgment has apparently been reversed and the concluding books of the poem are now held in more esteem than they once were. His view of that reversal (in sofar as he could be said to have one) is not directly stated, but emerges inadvertently, as it were, in a footnote where the bibliographical reference to Lewis’s book gives the date of publication as 1969. In fact, A Preface to “Paradise Lost” was published in 1942. It is not that Waddington is inaccurate in any narrow technical sense; the edition he was consulting is a reprint or reissue, and he commits no scholarly error by citing its date. One can say, then, that it really doesn’t matter, and obviously for Waddington it doesn’t; but that is just the fact that calls out for explanation (the French would term it a “scandal”), because in this and other sentences Waddington is reporting on the history of recent criticism, and it is, at the very least, a curious history that displays an unconcern with the dates of its events.
Popular Entertainers 1n Medieval Wales
Authors: Edwards Huw M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the professional poets of medieval Wales the fourteenth century was a time of redefinition and innovation. The cywydd poetry of this period owes its remarkable richness to a happy fusion of creative genius and a variety of formative influences, not the least of which is likely to have been an indigenous undercurrent of popular verse. Before going on to evaluate the nature of the early Cywyddwyr’s debt to the sub-literary verse tradition of their time, it will be useful to establish what exactly we mean when we speak of the popular poets of medieval Wales. The present chapter will be concerned with the evidence relating to the existence of a class of entertainers of infe rior status who, unlike their bardic counterparts, have been doomed to an almost unbroken, but deceptive silence until the close of the Middle Ages.
Art Commentaries (i): 1840-1848
Authors: Tooke Adrianne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Flaubert’s travel writing plays a major role in his literary development, and the same is true of the art commentaries contained within it. Description of paintings and other art forms has been associated with travel writing from the days of early religious pilgrimages. In nineteenth-century travel writing, the emphasis had simply shifted to art for its own sake, but the sense of duty remained. The great public and private collections began to open their doors more liberally to the travelling public. Flaubert cites the ‘musee’ as a ‘must’, at least as important as details of breakfast and the meditations on ruins, which were a staple feature of travel accounts of the first decades of the century: