bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doctors for Democracy: Health Professionals in the Nepal Revolution; East African Doctors: A History of the Modern Profession; Immigrant Physicians: Former Soviet Doctors in Israel, Canada, and the United States
Authors: Baer Hans A. 
Published: January 2005

Doctors for Democracy: Health Professionals in the Nepal Revolution. Vincanne Adams. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii. 251 pp.East African Doctors:. History of the Modern Profession. John lliffe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii+ 336 pp.Immigrant Physicians: Former Soviet Doctors in Israel, Canada, and the United States. Judith T. Shuval and Judith H. Bernstein. eds. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. + 220 pp.
Properties of pectin gel bead modified with pectin hydrolysate and chitosan
Authors: Murata Yoshifumi , Miyashita Michiko , Kato Midori , Kofuji Kyouko , Kawashima Susumu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA calcium‐induced pectin gel bead (PB) containing pectin hydrolysate and/or chitosan (CS) was prepared, after which the relationship between erosion of the PB and drug release from the PB in artificial gastrointestinal juice was investigated. The PB gradually disintegrated in gastric fluid, and the rate of erosion of the PB was changed by modification of the gel matrix. The amount of calcium ion used to make the PB had little effect on drug release; however, adding CS to the PB markedly suppressed drug release in intestinal fluid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:46–50, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20029
Modeling of bubble growth dynamics and nonisothermal expansion in starch‐based foams during extrusion
Authors: Wang Lijun , Ganjyal Girish M. , Jones David D. , Weller Curtis L. , Hanna Milford A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA mathematical model was developed to describe expansion phenomena in starch‐based foams during extrusion. The model was divided into three parts to describe the microbubble growth dynamics, to couple bubble growth with extrudate expansion, and to describe the macrotransport phenomena in the extrudate, respectively. The differential equations involved in the model were solved by finite element schemes. For validating the model, the predicted radius, density, and residual moisture of final extrudate were compared with experimental data. Standard deviations between the predicted and experimental radius, density, and residual moisture of final extrudates were 16.7%, 11.2%, and 39.3%, respectively. The model was used to predict the profiles of downstream velocity, expansion ratio, moisture content, and temperature of extrudate during expansion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:29–45, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20030
Investigations into the etiology of neural tube defects
Authors: Cabrera Robert M. , Hill Denise S. , Etheredge Analee J. , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeural tube defects (NTDs) are serious malformations affecting approximately 1 per 1000 births, yet the mechanisms by which they arise are unknown. There have been consistent efforts in many fields of research to elucidate the etiology of this multifactorial condition. While no single gene has been identified as a major independent risk factor for NTDs, candidate genes have been proposed that may modify the effects of maternal and/or embryonic exposures. Folate supplementation effectively reduces the occurrence of NTDs and, consequently, has focused much research on metabolism of folate‐related pathways during pregnancy and development. Further understanding of normal development and how teratogens can perturb these orchestrated processes also remains at the fore of modern scientific endeavors. The composite of these factors remains fragmented; the aim of this review is to provide the reader with a summary of sentinel and current works in the body of literature addressing NTD disease etiology. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:330–344, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controllable Growth of Chains and Grids from Polyoxomolybdate Building Blocks Linked by Silver(I) Dimers
Authors: Abbas Hamera , Pickering Alexandra L. , Long De‐Liang , Kögerler Paul , Cronin Leroy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMolecular growth processes utilizing a β‐octamolybdate synthon and {Ag2} dimers are described and the directing influence of “encapsulating” cations and coordinating solvent is also demonstrated. The growth of two 1D chains, (nBu4N)2n[Ag2Mo8O26]n (1) and (nBu4N)2n[Ag2Mo8O26(CH3CN)2]n (2), is achieved when nBu4N+ ions are used, and the diameter of the chains can be expanded by the coordination of CH3CN solvent (2). The formation of a type of gridlike structure in which 1D chains are crossed‐over each other in alternatively packed layers is achieved in DMSO as the solvent; DMSO acts as a linking group to give (nBu4N)2n[Ag2Mo8O26(dmso)2]n (3), which, similar to 1 and 2, still incorporates the Bu4N+ ions that exert an “encapsulating” influence. However, in (HDMF)n[Ag3(Mo8O26)(dmf)4]n (4) the relatively bulky Bu4N+ ions are exchanged for protonated DMF cations, thereby allowing the chains to condense to a 2D array. The building block concept is further enforced by the isolation of a “monomeric” unit (Ph4P)2[Ag2Mo8O26(dmso)4] (5), which is isolated when the Ph4P+ ions are so “encapsulating” as to prevent aggregation of the {Ag‐Mo8‐Ag} building blocks. The nature of the Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag dimers in each of the compounds 1–4 is examined by DFT calculations and the interplay between these Ag–Ag interactions and the structure types is described.
Design of Molecular Photonic Wires Based on Multistep Electronic Excitation Transfer
Authors: Tinnefeld Philip , Heilemann Mike , Sauer Markus 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLight‐harvesting complexes, one of nature's supreme examples of nanoscale engineering, have inspired researchers to construct molecular optical devices, such as photonic wires, which are optimised for efficient transfer of excited‐state energy over large distances. The control parameters for the design and the advantages of single‐molecule fluorescence spectroscopy for the study of such complex systems are discussed with respect to energy‐transfer mechanisms, chromophore selection and arrangement as well as static and dynamic heterogeneity.
Using environmental management systems to increase firms' competitiveness
Authors: Giménez Leal Gerusa , Casadesús Fa Martí , Valls Pasola Jaume 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe traditional view that has predominated in the industrial world has been that of a total clash between economic activity and the protection of the environment. This perception has evolved somewhat and currently environmental considerations have become a fundamental part of business practices. The first step that may help organizations to face these new challenges lies in recognizing the competitive advantages that environmental management systems, EMSs, can bring. This article presents the findings of a recent survey of Spanish firms. The results suggest that a positive relationship exists between the effects of EMSs and improving firms' competitiveness. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Limited LCAs of pharmaceutical products: merits and limitations of an environmental management tool
Authors: de Jonge Anne Marie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article explores both the merits and the limitations of life cycle analysis (LCA) as an environmental management tool in the framework of the pharmaceutical industry.In this study, limited LCAs in the form of product lifecycle‐oriented energy balances were established for two rather different pharmaceutical products. Primary energy requirements served as the single indicator for the products' direct and indirect environmental impacts. The functional units of the products were defined as the one year treatments of average patients.The results of the case studies indicate that the portion of the active substance in the pharmaceutical end product is an important predictor for the breakdown of energy requirements and thus environmental impacts over the life cycle. Despite its limitations, the energy balances provide first‐hand indications of where eco‐efficiency measures should be taken. In this sense, the limited LCAs served as a useful environmental management tool. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Electrical Conductivity of Noble Gases at High Pressures
Authors: Kuhlbrodt S. , Redmer R. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. , Holst B. , Mintsev V. B. , Gryaznov V. K. , Shilkin N. S. , Fortov V. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe present experimental and theoretical results for the electrical conductivity of noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) up to high pressures where a transition from nonmetallic to metallic‐like conductivities occurs. In addition, we show the behavior of the thermal conductivity and thermopower for xenon as an example. The experiments were performed using explosively driven shock waves. Different geometries allow to probe various parameter regions up to several megabars. Besides single‐shock experiments along the principal Hugoniot curve, also multiple‐shock experiments were performed which follow almost an isentrope. The theoretical calculations were performed within a partially ionized plasma model. The composition is determined by solving a system of mass action laws. The transport coefficients are calculated within linear response theory taking into account the relevant scattering mechanisms of electrons at different ion species, atoms, and other electrons. The general trends of the experimental results can be explained within this theoretical approach. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of retainer frame, irradiance level and specimen thickness on cone calorimeter test results
Authors: Urbas Joe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of retainer frame use, irradiance level and specimen thickness were studied as the second phase work of a round robin project on the cone calorimeter. The project was conducted in support of various U.S. building code groups, developing a system to determine the degrees of combustibility of building materials. The results of the second phase and a comparison with the corresponding round robin results conducted at 75 kW/m2 according to the Board for the Coordination of the Model Codes (BCMC) protocol, are presented here.For most of the materials, no significant differences in parameters measured in the cone calorimeter were found when the retainer frame was not used, versus when the retainer frame was used. The irradiance of 50 kW/m2 compared with 75 kW/m2 produced significantly longer ignition times (with one exception) and lower heat‐release‐related variables as expected. The exception was gypsum board, for which heat release related values were usually higher at 50 kW/m2 than at 75 kW/m2. The specimen thickness effect could not be studied adequately due to the small number of tests conducted. A significant thickness effect was shown for the heat‐release‐related variables but not for time to ignition. The effect, however, was opposite for polyurethane foam in comparison with cellulosic materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining high‐order accuracy with non‐oscillatory methods through monotonicity preservation
Authors: Rider W. J. , Greenough J. A. , Kamm J. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have extended the usual notions used in high‐resolution methods. Rather than applying a single principle such as monotonicity or essentially non‐oscillatory stencil selection, we hybridize multiple principles applying them where they are most effective. We define methods that blend high‐order accuracy with essentially non‐oscillatory methods when monotonicity conditions are violated. The methods can be defined with a number of variants leading to results with differing properties. We also focus on the impact of the selection of the high‐order accurate stencil on the overall method. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjoint error estimation for EHL‐like models
Authors: Hart D. E. , Goodyer C. E. , Berzins M. , Jimack P. K. , Scales L. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe calculation of friction when solving elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problems is of considerable practical engineering importance. Adjoint techniques allow the error in this integral quantity to be estimated and controlled as part of an adaptive solution strategy. This paper considers two simplified EHL models and demonstrates the successful application of the adjoint approach to error estimation of friction‐like quantities for this challenging class of problem. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of mordenite from diatomite: a case of zeolite synthesis from natural material
Authors: Sanhueza Vilma , Kelm Ursula , Cid Ruby 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA high mordenite product was obtained from a natural raw material, diatomite, either with or without the presence of diethanolamine. The synthesis process took 2 days, and was carried out under hydrothermal conditions, at autogenic pressure, and at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting crystals were identified as mordenite by X‐ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal and gravimetric analyses. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies on internal and external water treatment at a paper and cardboard factory
Authors: Nassar Mamdouh M 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe treatment of effluent from a paper/board factory that produced 280 tons of cardboard and consumed 1200 m3 of water per day was carried out. Wastewater analysis showed that the mill effluent contained 3000 mg dm−3 suspended solids, 1400 mg dm−3 COD (chemical oxygen demand) and 500 mg dm−3 BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). An internal treatment cycle is suggested that involves recirculation of paper‐machine wastewater (white‐water) and may be accomplished by installing a flotation saveall (fiber recovery) unit. This arrangement reduced fresh water use by about 90%, reduced fiber loss by 80–90%, and increased board production by 13%. An external treatment process for the effluent was assessed by conducting laboratory coagulation tests (alum, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, and polyelectrolyte) on the whole mill effluent. Oxidation of the mill effluent using calcium hypochlorite before discharging the effluent to a lagoon offers the benefits of killing the harmful bacteria and reducing the pollution load. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Preferential extraction of gallium from Bayer liquor using ion exchange chelating resin containing hydroxamic acid functional group
Authors: Rao K Srinivasa , Sarangi D , Dash PK , Chaudhury G Roy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGallium extraction studies were carried out using resin containing an hydroxamic acid functional group. Extraction was dependant on reaction time and alkali concentration. The resin did not extract aluminium. Vanadium extraction kinetics were slower than those of gallium. The gallium and vanadium separation efficiency increased with decreasing contact time with extractions of 64% and 32% respectively after 1 min. Gallium extraction was independent of alkali concentration up to 250 g dm−3 and thereafter decreased with increasing alkali concentration. Vanadium extraction decreased with increasing alkali concentration. Cyclic batch and column studies were carried out with synthetic as well as actual Bayer liquor to test the stability and preferential extraction of gallium using the resin. It was observed that using resin partially loaded with gallium, the co‐extraction of vanadium could be minimised. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a pilot process for the production of alfalfa peptide isolate
Authors: Prévot‐D'Alvise Nathalie , Lesueur‐Lambert Christine , Fertin‐Bazus Anne , Fertin Bertrand , Dhulster Pascal 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEnzymatic membrane reactors are widely used to produce protein hydrolysates. During the past few years, leaf extracts have been recognised as a good source of high quality protein. The interest in alfalfa protein concentrate (APC), a hydrophobic protein with excellent functional and nutritional properties, is due to its abundance, to its amino acid composition and to its ribulose 1,5‐biphosphate carboxylase–oxygenase content. In order to use this potential protein source in various fields (food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries), a pilot process for APC hydrolysis in a continuous stirred tank membrane reactor (CSTMR) was carried out. At pH 9.5 and 40 °C, the hydrolysis of APC (30.6 g dm−3) by Delvolase (2.4 g dm−3) with a residence time of 180 min, gave a conversion of 759 g kg−1 protein at steady state. Coupling the reactor with an inorganic ultrafiltration membrane (Carbosep M5) with a 10 kDa nominal molecular weight cut‐off (NMWCO), allowed production of a soluble and reproducible peptide permeate with 23 g dm−3 of hydrolysed protein. Phenolic compounds, responsible for the brown colour of the permeate, were removed at pH 5.0 and room temperature by anion‐exchange chromatography using Amberlite IRA900Cl, with a yield of 920 g kg−1. After electrodialysis and spray‐drying of the decolorised permeate, an alfalfa peptide isolate (API) was obtained. It was soluble over the full pH range and its amino acid composition was comparable to that of the FAO/WHO standard. It could be used as a protein supplement in human diets and other fields. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction of vanadium(V) from sulfate solutions by ACORGA M5640
Authors: Alguacil Francisco José , Muñoz José Francisco , Alonso Manuel , Coedo Aurora Gomez , Dorado Maria Teresa , Padilla Isabel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractACORGA M5640 (hydroxy‐oxime derivative) has been applied as an extraction reagent for vanadium(V) from sulfate media. The extraction system was studied as a function of contact time, temperature, aqueous pH, diluent of the organic phase, and metal and extractant concentrations. The extraction reaction is endothermic and it is dependent on the organic diluent, aqueous pH and extractant concentration. The data have been analysed numerically to determine the stoichiometry of extracted species and their equilibrium constants. It was found that vanadium was extracted into the organic phase by a complex mechanism which involves the formation of two species (VO2R and VO2R. HR, where R represents the extractant). Vanadium stripping by acidic and ammonium hydroxide solutions was also studied. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of objective numerical apertures on achievable imaging depths in multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Tung Chih‐Kuan , Sun Yen , Lo Wen , Lin Sung‐Jan , Jee Shiou‐Hwa , Dong Chen‐Yuan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMultiphoton microscopy is a powerful technique for achieving three‐dimensional submicron imaging in biological specimens. However, specimen optical parameters such as refractive indices and scattering coefficients can result in the loss of image resolution and decreased signal in depth. These factors are coupled to the focusing objective's numerical aperture (NA) in limiting the achievable imaging depths. In this work, we performed multiphoton imaging on aqueous fluorescent solution, human skin, and rat tail tendon to show that, under the same immersion condition, lower NA objectives can examine more deeply into biological specimens and should be used when optimal imaging depths is desired. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:308–314, 2004. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contents of 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines in musts and wines from Vitis vinifera variety Cabernet Sauvignon: influence of irrigation and plantation density
Authors: Sala Cristina , Busto Olga , Guasch Josep , Zamora Fernando 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe influence of irrigation and plantation density on the methoxypyrazine content in musts and wines has been studied. Samples were monitored throughout grape ripening and wine‐making. 3‐Isobutyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine, 3‐sec‐butyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine and 3‐isopropyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine were identified and quantified. Samples from irrigated vines had significantly higher average contents of 3‐isobutyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine than samples from non‐irrigated plants. Average levels of this compound were also higher in samples from vines with the higher plantation density. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Fatty acid and nitrogen utilization of processed flaxseed by adult chickens
Authors: Shen Yingran , Feng Dingyuan , Oresanya Temitope F , Chavez Eduardo R 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of flaxseed processing on the utilization of fatty acids and nitrogen were examined in adult chicken. Two batches (A and B) of flaxseed were processed by autoclaving, pelleting, or microwave roasting. Thirty grams of the ground ingredient was given to fasted Leghorn roosters. The apparent digestibility of total fatty acids of raw flaxseeds A and B were 660 and 490 g kg−1, respectively. Its improvement (p < 0.05) reached 29% for flaxseed A after three‐times repeated pelleting. Similarly, it was 39% (p < 0.05) for flaxseed B after 4 min of microwave roasting. The improvement in the absorption of major individual fatty acids in flaxseed followed the same pattern as that of total fatty acids. The apparent digestibility of linolenic acid in extruded full‐fat soybean was much higher (p < 0.05) than that in raw flaxseed A, but not that in processed flaxseed A (p > 0.05). Furthermore, roosters given canola seed had significantly higher true nitrogen utilization (p < 0.05) than those fed raw flaxseed A. This difference was reduced or non‐existent (p > 0.05) with processed flaxseed. Proper flaxseed processing effectively increases the utilization of major fatty acids and nitrogen in flaxseed for adult chicken. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodegradable polymers: IV. Spectral, thermal, and mechanical properties of cross‐linked soy protein concentrate
Authors: Swain SN , Rao KK , Nayak PL 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSoy protein concentrate, a potential alternative to petrochemical polymers, was cross‐linked with formaldehyde at 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w). The materials were then compression‐moulded into plastic tensile bars and tested for tensile and yield strength, percentage elongation and water absorption. The infrared spectra of the cross‐linked product were studied. The degradation pattern of the cross‐linked product was monitored by thermogravimetric analysis. A computerised LOTUS package method that we developed was used for evaluating the kinetic parameters. The biodegradability of the cross‐linked product was also investigated. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Adsorption of bilirubin on poly‐L‐lysine‐containing nylon membranes: applications in affinity chromatography
Authors: Shi Wei , Zhang Fengbao , Zhang Guoliang , Ge Dongtao , Zhang Qiqing 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMicroporous polyamide membranes were activated by 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and subsequently bound with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) to amplify reactive groups. Then poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) as ligand was immobilized onto the HEC‐nylon membranes. The contents in HEC and PLL of PLL‐attached membranes were 153.2 and 63.8 mg (g nylon membrane)−1, respectively. Such PLL‐HEC affinity membranes were used to adsorb bilirubin from bilirubin‐phosphate and bilirubin‐albumin solutions. The adsorption mechanism of bilirubin and the effects of temperature and ionic strength on adsorption were investigated by batch experiments. The results showed that the adsorption capacity increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing NaCl concentration, and the adsorption isotherm fitted the Freundlich model well. Dynamic experiments showed that PLL‐attached membranes can readily remove the bilirubin from bilirubin‐albumin solutions. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry