bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvothermal Synthesis of Sodium and Potassium Tantalate Perovskite Nanocubes
Authors: He Yu , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A low-temperature solution-based synthetic method was developed for the synthesis of nanocubic structures of alkali tantalates. Two kinds of highly pure tantalate single crystalline nanocubes with the edge length of about 5 and 16 nm were synthesized successfully without introducing any templates or catalysts.
Separation and Study of the Optical Properties of Silver Nanocubes by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Liu Fu-Ken , Ko Fu-Hsiang 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the feasibility of employing capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate silver nanoparticles and nanocubes. We monitored the efficiency of these separations by obtaining electropherograms, employing a diode-array detection (DAD) system, as well as by analyzing scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fractional collection of particles. Our results demonstrate not only the potential for separating silver nanoparticles and nanocubes by CE with DAD but also the ability to use such a technique to investigate the spectroscopic properties of silver nanoparticles having different shapes.
Effect of Lignin on Acetic Acid Production in Wet Oxidation of Lignocellulosic Wastes
Authors: Jin Fangming , Cao Jianxun , Zhou Zhouyu , Moriya Takehiko , Enomoto Heiji 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The role of lignin in acetic acid production in wet oxidation (WO) of lignocellulosic biomass was discussed. It was found that lignin was indirectly attributed to the increase of acetic acid production in WO of lignocellulosic waste. A possible mechanism for this is that decomposition intermediates of lignin would act as a retardant in WO of cellulose, leading to the formation of HMF and 2-FA which are dehydration products from monosaccharides and can produce a large amount of acetic acid by their oxidation.
Supramolecular Assembly of [60] Fullerene and Highly Ordered Zinc Octaethylporphyrin Adlayer Formed on Au(111) Surface
Authors: Yoshimoto Soichiro , Tsutsumi Eishi , Honda Yosuke , Ito Osamu , Itaya Kingo 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Supramolecular assembled layers with 1:1 composition of fullerene C60 and zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP) were formed on Au(111) surface by immersing Au(111) substrate successively into a benzene solution containing ZnOEP and that containing C60.
Nitrogen-containing Compounds as a Reductant for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO
Authors: Nanba Tetsuya , Masukawa Shouichi , Uchisawa Junko , Obuchi Akira 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
When acrylonitrile and other nitrogen-containing compounds are passed over Cu- and H-ZSM-5, they can act as efficient reductants in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by forming NH3 and carbonaceous deposits through hydrolysis.
Bonding and Bonding Perturbation in Ion‐molecule Interactions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Corral Inés , Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThroughout this paper, we have tried to illustrate, by means of suitable examples, the substantial dissimilarities one can find in the bonding between a monocation and a neutral compound depending on the characteristics of the former, as well as the rules that govern the electron density redistribution undergone by the neutral system upon ion attachment. Besides the electrostatic interactions that are present in all cases, the polarization of the neutral compound can trigger the formation of dative bonds or, when the ion has an extremely large electron affinity, the ionization of the neutral system and its unimolecular fragmentation. Dative bonds are favored, through the participation of low‐lying empty 4s and/or 3d orbitals, when the ion is a transition metal singly charged species. These dative bonds, as well as the backdonation from the lone pairs of the metal into antibonding orbitals of the neutral, are particularly favored when the neutral has X–H bonds with a high X+δ–H−δpolarity, or some kind of unsaturation, or both. These agostic‐type bonds explain, for instance, the quite large binding energies of Cu+to the alkaline and earth‐alkaline hydrides or the enhancement of the scorpion effect in complexes withn‐heptylbenzene. Hence, in general, for these kinds of compounds, the binding energies of singly charged transition metal ions are much larger than the binding energies of alkaline monocations.The reactions involving halogen cations, in which the very first step of the reaction mechanism is an electron transfer from the neutral to the approaching ion, are paradigmatic examples of limit cases in which the electron density redistribution, which takes place in all ion–molecule interactions, is so large that it leads to the spontaneous unimolecular fragmentation of the system. This is clearly exemplified by the reactions between vinylsilane and F+(1D,3P).
Generating and remembering passwords
Authors: Brown Alan S. , Bracken Elisabeth , Zoccoli Sandy , Douglas King 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA survey evaluating the generation and use of passwords revealed that students have 8.18 password uses. With 4.45 different passwords to cover these functions, the average password has 1.84 applications. Two thirds of passwords are designed around one's personal characteristics, with most of the remainder relating to relatives, friends or lovers. Proper names and birthdays are the primary information used in constructing passwords, accounting for about half of all password constructions. Almost all respondents reuse passwords, and about two thirds of password uses are duplications. Passwords have been forgotten by a third of respondents, and over half keep a written record of them. We found empirical confirmation of some ‘bad password practices’ discussed in the literature, and provide suggestions for password construction and use. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involuntary autobiographical memories are highly dependent on abstract cuing: the Proustian view is incorrect
Authors: Mace John H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study investigated whether involuntary autobiographical memories are more likely to be elicited by fundamental sensory/perceptual cues (the popular Proustian interpretation) or abstract type of cues (thought and language based cues). Participants recorded their involuntary memories and the cues that elicited them outside of the laboratory for a period of two weeks. The results showed that involuntary memories were more likely to be elicited by abstract types of cues than sensory/perceptual cues, thus indicating that the popular Proustian view is incorrect. The higher rate of abstract cuing suggests that involuntary memory retrieval shares some common features with voluntary memory retrieval. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing children's statements: the impact of a repeated experience on CBCA and RM ratings
Authors: Strömwall Leif A. , Bengtsson Lina , Leander Lina , Granhag Pär Anders 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which the Criteria‐based Content Analysis (CBCA) technique and the Reality Monitoring (RM) technique were affected by the number of times children had experienced or imagined an event. Children (age 10–13, N =87 ) participated in an experiment where half the sample experienced a health examination (either one or four times), and the other half imagined (either one or four times) that they took part in a health examination. One week after the final occasion, the children were interviewed. The results showed that RM was sensitive to both the authenticity of the statements (increased presence of the criteria for real events) and whether the event had been repeatedly experienced/imagined (increased presence of the criteria for the repeated actions). The CBCA did not successfully distinguish the real from the imagined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using eye movements during reading as an implicit measure of the acceptability of brand extensions
Authors: Stewart Andrew J. , Pickering Martin J. , Sturt Patrick 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe apply eye movement monitoring techniques to examine how acceptable consumers find different brand extensions. Participants were presented with sentences (e.g. I wanted to record a song on Polaroid, but it cost too much.) which could only be fully understood if they made an inference that was based on extending the meaning associated with the brand name. By building on work on the processing of metonymic expressions (Frisson & Pickering, 1999) we predict that plausible brand extensions will cause little difficulty during initial reading, but that implausible extensions will cause immediate disruption. Analyses of the eye‐tracking data confirmed these predictions. Plausible extensions led to minor reading difficulty during late processing of the sentence, which we interpret in terms of the construction of a new interpretation associated with the brand. Implausible extensions, in contrast, caused immediate disruption, which we interpret in terms of the difficulty of providing a coherent interpretation for the term. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How you ask is what you get: on the influence of question form on accuracy and confidence
Authors: Ibabe Izaskun , Sporer Siegfried Ludwig 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMemory accuracy and confidence for details of an event were investigated as a function of three question forms (open‐ended, true‐false (T‐F) and four‐alternative‐forced‐choice (4‐AFC) questions), type of content (action vs. descriptive details) and centrality of information (central vs. peripheral). Sixty‐two undergraduates were shown a film of a robbery, then answered 32 questions about the film using a questionnaire in one of the three question forms. Open‐ended (74.1%) and T‐F questions (73.0%) led to significantly more correct answers than 4‐AFC questions (66.5%). Accuracy was higher for central than peripheral information, and higher for action details than for descriptive details. Central action details were remembered better than peripheral action details whereas centrality made no difference for descriptive details. Moreover, type of content and centrality of information had different effects depending on question form. Confidence in correct answers with open‐ended questions was lower than with T‐F and 4‐AFC questions. Across question forms, witnesses were much more confident with correct than incorrect answers, except for central action details. The discussion focuses on differences between recall and recognition and their implication for confidence with different question forms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of an early interview on long‐term recall: a comparative analysis
Authors: Tizzard‐Drover Tracy , Peterson Carole 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBecause of burgeoning participation by children in forensic situations there is significant concern about children's memory for stressful events. Influence of timing of the first interview and interview frequency on long‐term recall were evaluated by comparing three groups of 3‐ to 9‐year‐olds 1 year after an injury requiring emergency room treatment. One group had one interview, a year after injury; another group had two interviews, immediately and a year later; the third group had three interviews, immediately, 6 months and a year after injury. The type of event and timing of the initial interview influenced completeness and accuracy of recall after 1 year. All children showed extensive recall but having an immediate interview was associated with greater completeness and accuracy for 3–4‐year‐olds but not older children. This suggests a social influence: a highly structured and organized early interview may have beneficial effects on memory for preschoolers. Implications for questioning and testimony are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving comprehension of jury instructions with audio‐visual presentation
Authors: Brewer Neil , Harvey Sophie , Semmler Carolyn 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study examined whether mock‐jurors' comprehension of judicial self‐defence instructions improved when an audio‐visual instructional format involving computer animations and a flow chart was used. In a mock‐juror paradigm, 90 law students (experts) and 90 legally untrained adults (novices) were randomly allocated to one of three instructional conditions (audio, audio‐elaborated, audio‐visual). Dependent measures of self‐defence comprehension included verdict delivery, multiple‐choice (recognition), paraphrasing (recall) and novel scenarios (transfer). Law students performed better on self‐defence comprehension tests than novices in the audio‐only conditions. The audio‐visual format significantly enhanced novices' comprehension, with their comprehension scores matching those of law students. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing characteristics of orally transmitted material when compared to material transmitted by literary means
Authors: McIver Robert K. , Carroll Marie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractControversy surrounds the relationship between the three Synoptic Gospels written by Mark, Matthew and Luke. In particular, researchers on the New Testament disagree about whether the similarities between these three Gospels can be attributed to copying from a common information source, or whether they are due to a reliance on common oral traditions. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the characteristics that might distinguish material that was orally transmitted from that which was copied. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to write short narratives about recent and historic events, using (a) no external sources (b) an external source which was to be returned before the narrative was written, or (c) an external source which was retained while the narrative was written. Results showed that long sequences of common verbatim text occurred only when external sources could be retained while the account was written, suggesting behaviour indicative of copying. In Experiment 2, however, different genres of material were examined (jokes, aphorisms, and poetry). Results showed that while long sequences of more than 18 words in verbatim sequence might be evidence of copying where narrative material is concerned, it is not necessarily true for poetry or aphorisms, where it is possible to transmit from memory more than 18 words in exact sequence. We conclude that when Gospel instances of long sequences of similar material are examined, copying is a likely explanation. But such instances only represent a small proportion of the total number of parallels. The majority of parallel traditions appear to rely on memory, consistent with the experimental evidence presented here. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit memory: a prime example for brand consideration and choice
Authors: Coates Sarah L. , Butler Laurie T. , Berry Dianne C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThree experiments investigated the influence of implicit memory for familiar brand names on consumer choice. Priming was measured using modified preference judgment tasks that comprised both brand consideration and choice components. Experiment 1 used a ‘complex choice task’ where consideration and choice stages were characterized as acting in sequence. Experiment 2 explored a different formulation whereby consideration and choice were assumed to act in parallel. Both experiments demonstrated that priming had an influence on brand consideration but not on final or preferred choice. Finally, Experiment 3 replicated and extended these findings under more realistic conditions where participants actually received some of the products that they selected. Overall, the experiments suggested that for many decisions involving the consideration of familiar brands prior to choice, previous exposure to brand names can increase the likelihood that they will enter the consumers' consideration set. However, the advantage does not appear to extend to choice itself. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language and spatial cognition: comparing the roles of landmarks and street names in route instructions
Authors: Tom Ariane , Denis Michel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to investigate the processes involved when people use spatial descriptions intended to assist navigation. More specifically, we compared the effectiveness of route directions in an urban environment based on references either to landmarks or to street names. In the first experiment, the participants learned route directions that referred either to landmarks or to streets named after landmarks (e.g. a hospital vs. ‘Hospital Street’). Processing times were shorter for instructions based on landmarks than for those based on street names. When the participants subsequently drew the route described, their memory was better when they had processed landmark rather than street information. The same route directions were used in the second experiment, in which the participants' memories were tested in a recognition task. The results showed that when target words referred to landmarks, the participants were more accurate and took less time to respond than when the same words were used to refer to streets. This finding indicates that the results of the previous experiment cannot be attributed to differing costs of the retrieval processes. Overall, the results of these experiments confirm the special cognitive status of landmarks in the mental representation of routes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A longitudinal investigation of the reliability of memories for trauma and other emotional experiences
Authors: Peace Kristine A. , Porter Stephen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study examined the relative consistency and characteristics of memories for trauma and other non‐traumatic emotional experiences over time. A community sample of 52 participants who reported a recent traumatic event were asked to recall both the traumatic and a positive emotional experience in two interviews separated by approximately three months (M = 105.39 days). The recollections were elicited with either a free narrative, cognitive interview, guided imagery, or written narrative approach. Results indicated that traumatic experiences were recalled more reliably over time than other emotional experiences. Traumatic memory imagery tended to persist in memory (with no apparent impairment), whereas features of positive memories were subject to considerable distortion, regardless of interview style. The findings contribute to the understanding of the impact of trauma on memory with the passage of time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capture of CO2 from combustion gases in a fluidized bed of CaO
Authors: Abanades J. Carlos , Anthony Edward J. , Lu Dennis Y. , Salvador Carlos , Alvarez Diego 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExperiments in a pilot‐scale fluidized‐bed reactor have been carried out to investigate the carbonation reaction of CaO, as a potential method for CO2 capture from combustion flue gases at high‐temperatures. Results show that CO2 capture efficiencies are very high, while there is a sufficient fraction of CaO in the bed reacting in the fast reaction regime. The total capture capacity of the bed decays with the number of carbonation‐calcination cycles. The experimental CO2 concentration profiles measured inside the bed during the fast reaction period are interpreted with the KL fluid bed model, by supplying information on sorbent deactivation from laboratory tests. It is concluded that a fluidized bed of CaO can be a suitable reactor to achieve very effective CO2 capture efficiencies from a combustion flue gas. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1614–1622, 2004
Thermodynamics of methane, propane, and carbon dioxide hydrates in porous glass
Authors: Smith Duane H. , Seshadri Kal , Uchida Tsutoma , Wilder Joseph W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEquilibrium pressure for the dissociation of methane, propane, or carbon dioxide hydrates confined in porous glass pores of nominal 15 nm radii were measured over a wide temperature range. A previously presented model is used to determine the pore radius involved at each temperature. Based on these results, pore volume distributions were reconstructed and compared with distributions obtained from nitrogen desorption isotherms. The analysis of the reported data indicate that for all three hydrates, nearly all of the sorbed water was converted to hydrate, but the amount of water taken up by the porous glass was less than that expected from nitrogen desorption studies. When propane was used to form hydrate, the pores not occupied by hydrate were involved in propane vapor–liquid equilibria. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1589–1598, 2004
Continuous pilot plant–scale immobilization of yeast in κ‐carrageenan gel beads
Authors: Decamps C. , Norton S. , Poncelet D. , Neufeld R. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA novel continuous two‐phase dispersion process was developed to produce κ‐carrageenan gel microspheres, using static mixers. It was shown that yeast‐loaded carrageenan beads, with controlled diameter and tight size distribution, can be produced on a continuous basis, in a scalable mixer, at production rates appropriate to both pilot plant–scale and, potentially, industrial‐scale operations. Immobilized yeast are intended to be used in continuous brewing operations. The effects of the static mixer diameter (D), the number of mixing elements (Ne), the fluid linear velocity (V), and the volumetric fraction (ϵ) of κ‐carrageenan, on the mean diameter and size distribution of the resulting gel microspheres, were studied. Image analysis showed that mean diameter was strongly influenced by the average linear fluid velocity through the mixer, and by the mixer diameter. The number of mixer elements and the mixer diameter governed bead size dispersion. A productivity of 10 L h−1of beads was attained using a 1.27‐cm‐diameter static mixer. Because the productivity is proportional to the mixer diameter squared, this process, although suited for the production of small‐size beads (down to 50 μm), would be technically and economically feasible for a large industrial immobilization process. However, because the coefficient of variability increased with mixer diameter, and thus with scale‐up, operational improvements are suggested, such as the use of smaller‐diameter mixers operating in parallel, to reduce the size dispersion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1599–1605, 2004
Familial acromelic frontonasal dysostosis: Autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance
Authors: Hing Anne V. , Syed Nadia , Cunningham Michael L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAcromelic frontonasal dysostosis (AFND) represents a subgroup of patients with frontonasal malformation with limb abnormalities including preaxial polydactyly and tibial hypoplasia. Previous case reports have suggested autosomal recessive inheritance, given parental consanguinity. However, no affected siblings have been described. Longitudinal clinical history is limited as many do not survive the first years of life. The molecular basis of AFND is not known. Previous investigators have proposed that AFND may result from a perturbation in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. We present clinical and radiographic findings in two unrelated boys, ages 8 and 9 years, with AFND, one of whom has a family history suggesting dominant inheritance. A focused study of genetic marker data and candidate gene mutation analysis in this family is presented. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.