bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No Smoking The Ethical Issues
Authors: Goodin Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the broad outlines of that analysis the great Victorian moral philosophers John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer,2 and Henry Sidgwick3-all seem agreed. It is the place of society to stop us from doing things that will harm others; it is not the place of society to stop us from doing things that will harm no one but ourselves. In Mill’s classic formulation: the sole end from which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number is self-protection.... The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise or even right. These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him, or entreating him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil in case he do otherwise The only part of the conduct of any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over him self, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.
Community: The Neglected Tradition of Public Health
Authors: Beauchamp Dan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the limits of government in protecting the health and safety of the public? As more and more states regulate personal behavior to protect the public health and safety, this question again becomes central. Can there be good reasons for public health paternalism in a democracy? Are health and safety individual interests, or also common and shared ends? ... In one version of democratic theory, the state has no legitimate role in restricting personal conduct that is substantially voluntary and that has little or no direct consequence for anyone other than the individual. This strong antipaternalist position is associated with John Stuart Mill. In his essay “On Liberty,” which has deeply influenced American and British thought for over 100 years, Mill wrote: “[t]he only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harms to others.” Mill restricts paternal ism to children and minors. In this view the common good consists in maximizing the freedom of each individual to pursue his or her own interests, subject to a like freedom for every other individual. In the words of Blackstone, “The public good is essentially interested [in] ... the protection of every individual’s private rights.” In a second version, health and safety remain private interests, but some paternal ism is accepted, albeit reluctantly. As Joel Feinberg argues, common sense makes us reject a thoroughgoing antipaternalism.
Health Policy in a New Key Setting Democratic Priorities
Authors: Jennings Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a time of transition and transformation in the American health care system. The question is not whetherit will change in some fundamental ways in the coming decade, but whitherit is going-what direction the change will take, what interests and ends it will serve, and what values will be promoted by those ends. In this essay I am particularly concerned with two facets of this exceedingly large and complex problem. The first concerns the general issue of allocation in the health care system as a whole. The era when interest group liberalism predicated on the assumption of expanding resources worked tolerably well in health politics is over. An era of scarcity and the politics of hard choices and redistribution has begun, and in this new era more explicit value-laden policy rationales grounded on considerations of justice and equity must come to the fore. At this stage of the debate, we need to consider various conceptual maps and various ways of sorting out the allocation issues. In what follows I offer and explore one such map.
Rights and Dangers Bioterrorism and the Ideologies of Public Health
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Colgrove James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of American public health is punctuated by controversies over the extent to which the state may legitimately impose restrictions on liberty in the name of the common good and over the extent to which protection of the public’s welfare has served as a pretext for erosion of fundamental rights. Such conflicts were animated by deep-rooted mistrust of overreaching, by concerns about arbitrary exercises of power, and by the antiauthoritarian ethos that is such a prominent feature of American politics and civic culture. Periods of divisive controversy alternated with times of consensus during which dissident ideologies and underlying tensions largely disappeared from view. Extraordinary events, however, forced into the open assumptions underlying the dominant views of public health and revealed the existence of unresolved tensions, kindling anew debates over matters long thought to be settled. The shattering of the illusion of American continental impregnability by the events of September 11, 2001, and by the subsequent anthrax scare provided the occasion for a debate over the ideologies of public health. A controversy was sparked by proposals to enact a model emergency health powers act that would radically enhance the power of the state to respond to threats to the public health.
Regulating Toxic Substances A Philosophy of Science and the Law
Authors: Cranor Carl F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the reporting, interpretation, and use of epidemiological data are not normatively neutral, and we could change traditional scientific practices, we should face the use of the 95% rule in these contexts as a normative question, no matter who makes the interpretative decisions. The 95% rule ... serves as a surrogate or as an exemplar for the use of demanding standards of evidence for regulatory purposes. We have seen how this can adversely affect the health-protective goals of regulation. Thus, the reader should keep in mind plausible generalizations of the 95% rule as examples of how demanding standards of evidence or other scientific practices could frustrate pursuit of legally mandated goals when more sensitive and more flexible interpretations of data would better serve legal aims. In other institutional contexts we have clearly faced such issues. In the criminal law, for example, avoiding wrongful damage to someone’s reputation and well being is so important that we spend considerable sums of money and deliberately impose difficulties on proving guilt in order to avoid wrongly inflicting harsh treatment and condemnation on the defendant. We could save money and have more unjust outcomes if we thought it worth the human costs, but we do not. Clearly a number of moral and cost considerations have influenced the institution of the criminal law. We have been quite self-conscious in debating the considerations that bear on the design and workings of the criminal law. Somewhat analogous problems arise in environmental health law concerning the interpretation and use of scientific studies; I suggest that similar debates should address these issues.
Doth OSHA Protect Too Much?
Authors: Daniels Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A health care system can protect an individual’s share of the normal opportunity range both by curing disease when it arises and by reducing the risks of disease and dis ability. If we are obliged to protect opportunity, we may neglect neither curative nor preventive measures. The fair equality of opportunity account thus has a bearing on the debate about whether the health care systems of the United States and other Western countries overemphasize acute therapeutic services as opposed to preventive and public health measures. There are two general implications of the account for preventive health care: protecting opportunity will require (1) reducing the risk of disease and (2) seeking an equitable distribution of the risk of disease. The first implication is fairly obvious. It is often more effective to prevent dis ease and disability than it is to cure them when they occur (or to compensate individuals for loss off unction, where cure is not possible). Cost-effectiveness arguments will have some bearing on claims about the appropriate distribution of acute versus preventive measures. But the general point emphasized by the equal opportunity account is that the burdens of disease-even where the disease can be treated, and leaving aside financial burdens-have effects on fair equality of opportunity. This suggests that many types of preventive service and practice which reduce the risk of disease will be given prominence in a system governed by the fair equality of opportunity principle.
Governing Through Crime
Authors: Simon Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Across America today gated communities sprawl out from urban centers, employers enforce mandatory drug testing, and schools screen students with metal detectors. Social problems ranging from welfare dependency to educational inequality have been reconceptualized as crimes, with an attendant focus on assigning fault and imposing consequences. Even before the recent terrorist attacks, non-citizen residents had become subject to an increasingly harsh regime of detention and deportation, and prospective employees subjected to background checks. How and when did our everyday world become dominated by fear, every citizen treated as a potential criminal? In this startlingly original work, Jonathan Simon traces this pattern back to the collapse of the New Deal approach to governing during the 1960s when declining confidence in expert-guided government policies sent political leaders searching for new models of governance. The War on Crime offered a ready solution to their problem: politicians set agendas by drawing analogies to crime and redefined the ideal citizen as a crime victim, one whose vulnerabilities opened the door to overweening government intervention. By the 1980s, this transformation of the core powers of government had spilled over into the institutions that govern daily life. Soon our schools, our families, our workplaces, and our residential communities were being governed through crime. This powerful work concludes with a call for passive citizens to become engaged partners in the management of risk and the treatment of social ills. Only by coming together to produce security, can we free ourselves from a logic of domination by others, and from the fear that currently rules our everyday life.
“Prosecutor-in-Chief “ : Executive Authority and the War on Crime
Authors: Simon Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The executive as law enforcer is surely not a new story. Historical rulers in European societies made their jurisdiction over felonies a critical part of their local presence from the beginning of the nation-state. Even before this, small territorial rulers claimed the power to punish as defining features of their rule. Indeed, the very meaning of territorial power, or do- minion, derives from the notion of danger. To enter a dominion is to place oneself under the protection of the violent power that is the prince. It is tempting to assimilate the current tendency of politicians to champion their toughness on crime in contemporary democratic polities as a throw- back or at least a gesture toward that older model of executive power. We acknowledge this when we speak of “drug czars” and when politicians openly compete to name the highest penalty that should be exacted for a crime. Yet these monarchical echoes miss the deeply liberal and democratic tone of the war on crime. If the expansive role of the executive in the era of the war on crime can be traced to anything in our political genealogy, it is less the image of the sovereign as vengeance taker than the imminently American and democratic institution of the local prosecutor.
The Development of Visual Short-Term Memory in Infancy
Authors: Oakes Lisa M , Ross-Sheehy, Shannon , Luck Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Short-term storage of visual information is critically important for many cognitive functions. Comparing two items that cannot be simultaneously foveated-for example, deciding which of two cookies is larger-requires that the information about one item (e.g., one cookie) be maintained in a visual short-term memory (VSTM) store while foveating the other item (e.g., the other cookie; Pomplun, Reingold, & Shen, 2001; Pomplun et al., 2001). Similarly, integrating views of the world separated by saccades requires that those views be stored in VSTM (Hollingworth & Henderson, 2002; Irwin, 1991). VSTM is therefore critical for the online use of visual information and is critically important for cognitive development. Given that visual exploration is a primary means of infants’ learning about the world, not to mention the enormous number of novel objects they encounter, infants must develop the ability to effectively compare objects online. Consider, for example, an infant presented with a new toy among several familiar toys. Determining that the new toy is similar to one of the old toys requires that he or she be able to compare the features of the new toy with the features of the familiar toys.
What Infants can Tell us About Working Memory Development
Authors: Cowan Nelson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite my focus for the past 25 years on theoretical aspects of working memory and its development in adults and elementary school children, my graduate training at the University of Wisconsin, 1974-1980, was in the infant speech perception laboratory of Philip A. Morse, often in collaboration with Lewis A. Leavitt. My graduate research began with questions about whether 4- and 5-month-old infants would show a right-ear advantage for the perception of spoken syllables, as adults do (e.g., Shankweiler & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967), and whether auditory backward recognition masking (Massaro, 1975) could be obtained in infants. However, slight differences in the stimulus arrangement turned out to make enormous differences in the measure of auditory discrimination being pioneered in the laboratory (heart rate deceleration to a change following 15 to 20 repetitions of a prechange sound). Failure of several experiments using that type of measure was followed by the success of conceptually similar investigations with slightly different discrimination measures (Cowan, Suomi, & Morse, 1982; Glanville, Best, & Levenson, 1977). Several hundred infants wiser, I drifted away from infant research, and return to it here with great admiration for exciting advances that have been made through persistent, intrepid work.
How Do We Remember?:Let Me Count the Ways
Authors: Mandler Jean M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II contains an interesting and informative set of chapters. Not only do they lay out some remarkable developments over the past two decades in infant memory research, but they also illuminate the fundamental unsolved issue in the study of infant memory. The chapters show a clear-cut split on the issue of what infant tests of memory measure, and a more nuanced, but nevertheless I believe genuine, split as to the usefulness of differentiating explicit and implicit memory. Underlying this split is the elephant in the room, the ever-disturbing question of how to measure conscious awareness in nonverbal creatures.
From Small to Large Ecological Networks in a Dynamic World
Authors: Pascual Mercedes , Dunne Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Food webs are one of the most useful, and challenging, objects of study in ecology. These networks of predator-prey interactions, conjured in Darwin’s image of a “tangled bank,” provide a paradigmatic example of complex adaptive systems. While it is deceptively easy to throw together simplified caricatures of feeding relationships among a few taxa as can be seen in many basic ecology text books, it is much harder to create detailed descriptions that portray a full range of diversity of species in an ecosystem and the complexity of interactions among them (fig. 1). Difficult to sample, difficult to describe, and difficult to model, food webs are nevertheless of central practical and theoretical importance. The interactions between species on different trophic (feeding) levels underlie the flow of energy and biomass in ecosystems and mediate species’ responses to natural and unnatural perturbations such as habitat loss. Understanding the ecology and mathematics of food webs, and more broadly, ecological networks, is central to understanding the fate of biodiversity and ecosystems in response to perturbations.
Diversity, Complexity, and Persistence in Large Model Ecosystems
Authors: Martinez Neo D , Williams Richard J , Dunne Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on how vast numbers of interacting species manage to coexist in nature reveals a deep disparity between the ubiquity of complex ecosystems and their theoretical improbability. Here, we show how integrating models of food-web structure and nonlinear bioenergetic dynamics bridges this disparity and helps elucidate the relationship between ecological complexity and stability. Network structure constraints, including trophic hierarchy, niche contiguity, and looping formalized by the “niche model,” greatly increase persistence in complex model ecosystems. Behavioral nonlinearities, particularly competition among consumers and reduced consumption of rare resources, formalized by predator interference and new “Type II.2” functional responses, further encourage persistence of species in complex food webs. Trophic dynamics are also shown to feed back to network structure, resulting in more accurate topologies than those achieved by simple structural models alone. Thus, integrating structure and dynamics of ecological networks yields remarkably comprehensive and ecologically plausible models that highlight the importance of network structure, short food chains, and behavioral ecology for ecosystem persistence and stability, and also alters our understanding of the role of omnivory in food webs. This modeling approach provides a potentially powerful framework for exploring the impacts of perturbations on ecosystems, and can be altered to include non-trophic processes, spatial effects, and evolutionary dynamics.
Peter, Paul, And Mary Magdalene
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Bart Ehrman deals with the three followers of Jesus who are arguably the most significant and intriguing: Peter, his closest disciple: Paul his most important apostle; and Mary Magdalene, his most prominent female follower. What do the New Testament and other, non-canonical texts tell us about each of them? What legends developed about them? What can we say about them as historical figures? In a separate section on each, Ehrman lays out what is fact and what is fiction and how we know. Ehrman deals with complex historical issues in clear and informative ways, explaining anecdotes culled from the traditions of these three followers of Jesus. In this way, he explains what we can know about each of these figures as real historical people, and what legends sprang up about them in the centuries after their deaths.
The Political Economy of Health and Development
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the main explanations for health and disease patterns, with anin-depth focus on the political economy of health approach. It then explores the role of international development processes and their influence on health since World War II, paying special attention to emerging perspectives and tools, including the human capabilities and health and human rights approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of international health aid from a political economy perspective.
Societal Determinants of Health and Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2004, Costa Ricans lived, on average, to the age of 77, an almost identical life expectancy to that in the United States. Yet the U.S. per capita income was more than four times that of Costa Rica (WHO 2006). Even more striking, in 2000, inhabitants of the southern Indian state of Kerala, earning, on average, less than US$3,000 per year, had a life expectancy of 74.6 (Government of Kerala 2005), while Washington, DC residents, with almost $30,000 per capita annual income, had a life expectancy of 72.6 years (Phillips and Beasley 2005; U.S. Government 2005).
Understanding and Organizing Health Care Systems
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed throughout this text, health derives not just from a society’s health care system, but from an array of interlocking political, social, economic, medical, and cultural factors that operate at personal, community, national, and international levels. Moreover, the principal in Nuences on population health, including income, education, production, social welfare programs, tax policy, transportation, and housing, are not a direct part of the health care sector at all. Within the health sector, the elements that most affect health are public health activities such as water supply and sanitation, food inspection, vector insect control, disease surveillance, reduction of industrial pollution, and regulation of pharmaceuticals. Yet most people do not take these societal and public health factors into account when they think about health policy. Instead, they are likely to consider health policy as concerned with the health care system, particularly in terms of clinical or medical care services. Health care policy, then, must be distinguished from a society’s broader health policy: health care services, particularly primary health care, form an important— but far from the sole—component of health policy.
Toward Healthy Societies: From Ideas to Action
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point in the text, we have critically examined the history of international health, the key contemporary actors, the global epidemiology of morbidity and mortality, and the structural forces that shape differences in health patterns both within and between countries. In contrast to Nyerere’s aspirations, the dominant international health donors (also called global health initiatives and global health partnerships) prioritize technical silver bullets—such as vaccines (e.g., through the GAVI Alliance) and provision of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV/AIDS—usually at the expense of integrated and comprehensive approaches.
“A Book Nobody Understands”
Authors: Christianson Gale E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1684 A Handsome Young Astronomer Named Edmond Halley boarded the London coach for Cambridge and sat back to ponder the events that had sent him on an important mission. Earlier in the year, he had entered into a lively conversation with Robert Hooke and Sir Christopher Wren, noted architect of the new St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Halley suggested that the force of attraction between the planets and the sun decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them. If this were true, then each planet’s orbit should take the form of Kepler’s ellipse, a shape like a football, though somewhat more rounded.