bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Benchtop Study of Fontan Circulation
Authors: Damon Anthony , Das Arka , Prather Ray , Kassab Alain , Divo Eduardo , DeCampli William 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that each year in the United States, approximately 1/3800 babies are born with only one functioning ventricle. The Fontan circulation is a result of the third stage procedure to correct single ventricle anatomy in children whose implementation has only led to a survival rate of ∼50% into adulthood. One of the failure points recognized is increased inferior vena cava (IVC) pressure within the total cavopulmonary connection. The research team proposes to enhance flow into the pulmonary system by adding an injection jet shunt (IJS) to induce flow entrainment by drawing flow directly from the aortic arch, balanced by a fenestration to maintain a ratio of pulmonary flow (Qp) to systemic flow (Qs) of 1. Therefore, oxygen tracking is critical to determining the optimal IJS-assisted Fontan model geometries for a given patient. In this study, we describe a dynamically controlled mock flow loop model (MFL) designed to quantitatively and qualitatively estimate the volume fraction of IJS flow (VFIJS) absorbed by the fenestration in the IVC conduit using a high-speed fluorescence technique called ultraviolet-induced fluorescence (UVIF). A patient, generic surrogate model of the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) with average dimensions matching those of a 2–4-year-old patient is inserted in the MFL derived from a reduced lumped parameter model (LPM) representing the cardiovascular circulation using four 2-element Windkessel compartments. Using UVIF to image hemodynamic flow field at high temporal scales comes at the expense of low spatial resolution which is addressed by implementing a mechanism to increase spatial resolution while preserving temporal scale. This is done using a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-trained radial basis function (RBF) interpolation network to increase the resolution of the VFIJS snapshot. Spectral proper Orthogonal decomposition (SPOD has been performed to characterize the spatiotemporal components of the dominant coherent structures of the jet-entrained flow field in the Fontan conduit. To this end, a precise mechanism for capturing the volume fraction of the entrained jet in the Fontan conduit has been developed utilizing the UVIF-based imaging technique with a SPOD-POD-trained RBF interpolation network. The experimental results obtained in this study follow the trends as reported in the in-silico findings.
Systematic Review of Endodontic Irrigation – Standardization of the Irrigation Procedure
Authors: Kocharian Tikran , Manoharan Sanjivan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure to treat the infected pulp of a tooth. A series of steps are done by the dentist during this treatment including X-ray imaging of the tooth, mechanical preparation and extraction of the pulp, irrigation of the root canal, and filling of the cavity. Of these steps, the root canal irrigation is particularly crucial as a significant number of root canal procedures encounter challenges at this stage. Despite its importance, no standardized endodontic irrigation procedure exists to date. Discrepancies in irrigation techniques can result in inconsistent success rates, with research suggesting as low as 65% efficiency. While a variety of factors control the irrigation procedure, it is troubling to note that attempts to create a universal endodontic database are absent. As a first step, an initial survey was conducted among a few endodontists to gauge their perspectives on establishing and maintaining such a database. Additionally, the respondents were asked to rank the key factors influencing irrigation while also offering insights into how they assess the effectiveness of an irrigation process. This paper is the first step towards developing a standardized irrigation protocol that can be incorporated into endodontic education programs.
Manufacturing, Characterization and Terrestrial Passive Radiative Cooling Performance of Nanofibrous PTFE-PEO Composite Thermal Coatings
Authors: Ibekwe Chieloka , Wang Xuanjie , Hartwig Jason W. , Swanger Adam M. , Narayan Shankar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Passive heat management is desirable in many applications since it can reduce the energy expended for cooling, for example, in buildings and automobiles. Specifically, materials with wavelength-dependent reflectance and emittance can manage incident solar fluxes while enabling passive radiative cooling by thermal emission. This study demonstrates the use of polymeric nanofibers, specifically polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) composite, as thermal coatings for passive temperature control. Employing the electrospinning fabrication process, we engineer nano and micro-scale fibrous structures, studying the influence of fabrication parameters, such as precursor material concentration and rotating collector speed, on fiber geometry and optical properties. To understand the role of material and fiber geometry on optical performance, we characterize various samples’ spectral reflectance, absorptance, and transmittance using spectrophotometers interfaced with integrating spheres. The results show the potential of nanofabricated PTFE-PEO coatings as promising candidates for passive thermal control. We highlight their competitive edge by comparing their solar reflectance and emittance values to existing passive radiative thermal control materials. In essence, this study contributes to advancing passive heat management technologies, offering insights into optimizing material composition and fabrication techniques for enhanced performance in various applications.
Enhancing Photovoltaic Solar Panel Efficiency via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Cooling Analysis
Authors: Azari Fatemeh , Jazaei Robabeh , Gharehdaghi Samad 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper computationally evaluates the effectiveness of integrating fins in increasing the efficiency of Photovoltaic Solar Systems. Building on previous Finite Element Analysis (FEA) that contrasted the performance of bare panels against those equipped with rectangular and cylindrical heat sinks, this investigation primarily concentrates on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models executed within ANSYS Fluent. Through simulations under laminar and turbulent conditions, characterized by Reynolds numbers of approximately 2000 and 6000, respectively, the study introduces significant simplifications by considering a solitary PV layer, a single fin, and a fluid domain. This approach significantly economizes computational resources. Comparative analysis with FEA data indicates that bare panels and panels with pin fins achieved efficiencies of 14.63% and 19.34%, respectively, underscoring the efficacy of utilizing water as a coolant and optimizing flow velocity. Additionally, results reveal that the laminar and turbulent CFD models exhibit average temperatures of 25.19°C and 25.18°C, respectively, correlating to the efficiency of 19.71% thereby marking an insignificant uptick from the turbulent to the laminar model.
Active Machine Learning Empowered Digital Twin Modeling for Heat Sink Design
Authors: Coaty Jacob , Wu Hao , Minary Majid , Xu Yanwen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) become increasingly prevalent, efficient thermal management of power inverters and converters is crucial for safe operation and prolonged lifespan. The design process of heat sink often necessitates an optimization phase that can be computationally intensive due to the repeated, intricate analyses of the system. This paper addresses the challenges in designing and manufacturing effective cooling systems for these components, introducing a cutting-edge methodology that leverages active machine learning to empower digital twin modeling for heat sink design. Traditional methods involve time-consuming physical prototyping and disconnected design-manufacturing processes, leading to prolonged development cycles and high costs. To overcome these challenges, a novel digital twin platform is proposed, integrating physics-based modeling with advanced data-driven techniques. The platform utilizes a multiphysics simulation model for constructing the physical twin and employs an active machine learning (AML) approach based on Gaussian process (GP) modeling for the digital twin. Our approach begins with offline experiments and extends to an online AML framework, facilitating real-time interaction with the physics model for deployment in production settings. By strategically leveraging labeled samples, our method outperforms random data point selection, resulting in a notable enhancement in surrogate modeling efficacy. This innovative approach offers a more efficient system performance evaluation and automatic uncertainty quantification, guiding the exploration of optimal heat sink designs while reducing energy consumption and development costs. The paper discusses the proposed method, presents a numerical example, and concludes with insights into the efficacy of the approach for enhancing thermal management in electric vehicle systems.
Materials Traceability Aiming Zero-Defects Manufacturing In Cloud Based Solutions in Construction Sector
Authors: Ferreira José , Mendonça João Pedro , Soffer Tal , Jardim Gonçalves Ricardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The construction sector is developing rapidly around the world, to the extent that companies are actively exploring opportunities with emerging technologies. However, the construction sector is the lowest-ranked economic sector in terms of digital adoption in Europe and with a lot of opportunities to explore, according to a leading EU industry organization. In addition, being one of the sectors that creates the most waste, and with EU intending to reduce waste and the use of virgin raw materials, it is important to start implementing solutions to mitigate the waste volume. This paper presents a solution that tracks materials from production to installation in the construction site, making it possible to identify where the materials are delivered, and whether they are delivered on time and control the quality of the materials. Giving the ability to reduce waste, excessive use of materials will improve construction quality. This paper demonstrates the connection between different suppliers and the construction company, and serves as a good example of good practice of IoT use to monitor the production of materials and delivery to the construction site, validating the innovative concept between Edge to the Cloud. The result was the development of a solution centralised in the Cloud and interconnected with solutions installed in factories (Edge solutions) with support for sensors to be able to monitor production in real-time, to provide updates on the status of production, and identify whether possible delays in materials have an impact on construction deadlines.
Accelerated Fatigue Measurements Using a Vibration Assembly Which Loads Two Specimens Simultaneously
Authors: Furman Brandon A. , German James E. , Wagner Jeffrey M. , Berke Ryan B. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fatigue testing is notoriously slow, requiring many hours to obtain 1 data point on an S-N curve. Such tests can be accelerated somewhat by using vibration-based techniques, which load on the order of kHz, such that tests which would traditionally have taken multiple days can now be completed in a few hours. This work presents a novel assembly that can further accelerate fatigue testing campaigns by loading multiple specimens simultaneously. The assembly has two resonant modes of interest. The lower frequency mode puts a slightly higher strain on one specimen, and the higher frequency mode puts a slightly higher strain on the other specimen. By alternating between the two modes, fatigue loads are rapidly applied until one specimen fails, during which the unfailed specimen will have experienced the same number of cycles, and therefore has less time remaining until its own failure. The test is paused while the failed specimen is removed and replaced by a fresh specimen. Testing continues in this fashion, alternating between the two resonant modes, until a sufficient number of data points have been maintained to map out an S-N curve. Because the assembly loads two specimens simultaneously, the system is nearly twice as efficient compared to testing all specimens individually.
Koalby: A 3D Printed Humanoid Robot Based on the Poppy Platform
Authors: Beazley Raymond , Engdahl William , Lehman Alexandria , Fournet David , Galgano Anthony , Radhakrishnan Pradeep 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Robotic research on humanoid robots often involves expensive hardware. Using modern manufacturing techniques and off the shelf components, a small humanoid robot can demonstrate many of the capabilities of larger systems at a lower price point. We present a 27 degree of freedom humanoid robot based on the open-source Poppy Project. The robot operates untethered using internal battery power and an onboard Raspberry Pi and is capable of manipulating objects up to 100 grams. The robot weighs 4 kg and is 85 cm tall. The robot is constructed from Digital light processing (DLP) printed components that are easily modified to support alternative motor choices. Resin 3D printing is used to minimize weight via pocketing and allows types of resin to be mixed in ratios based on whether a part needs stiffness or overall strength. Each joint is controlled by one of several types of smart actuators with integrated position control. We demonstrate this functionality using a record/play system that allows a human operator to manually position the robot and then record those positions for later playback. The paper will describe the implementation, challenges faced and future work.
Controlling the Position of a Stepper Motor Using Conventional Control Approach Embedded in a PLC
Authors: Jaswal Anshul , Abu-Ayyad Ma'moun , Lad Yash , Attaluri Anilchandra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper, a non-conventional control strategy is integrated with a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) for the precise position control of an integrated Stepper Motor (SM). Special function modules were used to generate the pulses and to read the encoder signal from the motor. IEC 61131-3 programming code was incorporated in the form of ladder logic diagram, function blocks, and structured text. This research focuses on the control of position and speed of the motor, leveraging the capabilities of control strategies embedded within a PLC. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) which is one of the traditional control strategies used in industrial automation processes is implemented within PLC next engineer. This research integrates control strategy into PLC platforms to achieve superior control accuracy. The study uses a combination of simulation, experimentation, and real-world application to validate the proposed approach’s effectiveness. The inbuilt PID block within PLC was implemented and later the PD model developed and compiled in Simulink was integrated with PLC. The study shows that importance of sampling time and micro stepping in achieving precise positioning. The findings demonstrate that there was successful integration of Simulink with PLC for implementing control strategies. Detailed analyses of motor position and speed under varying conditions highlight the system’s adaptability and responsiveness. PD (Proportional Derivative) showed effective results in controlling the position by minimizing the overshoot. This research concludes that the integration of Simulink with PLCs offers a robust solution for achieving precise and dynamic control over motor position.
Shape Fabrication of Soft-Magnetic Composite Stator Cores Through Spray-Forming
Authors: Guralnick Brett W. , Krishnasamy Jay , Hosek Martin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents spray-forming, an additive deposition process, to produce soft-magnetic composite stator winding cores. The process involves depositing particles comprising a ferro-magnetic core and an insulating shell at high speeds and temperatures into a mold located on a build plate to produce a near-net shape soft-magnetic composite material. The resulting material is a dense matrix of ferro-magnetic domains separated by insulating boundaries, with superior mechanical strength and thermal conductivity compared to soft-magnetic composites produced through conventional compaction processes. In addition, the spray-forming process outlined facilitates the fabrication of shapes in a near-net manner, with dimensional tolerances within 0.125μm, eliminating most post-machining operations. The paper illustrates a method to produce stator components in near-net shape, using the example of a stator winding core of an axial-flux motor that features three-dimensional flux flow.
Volumetric Evaluation of Thickness of 3D Object Using Maximum Inscribed Cubes
Authors: Inui Masatomo , Umezu Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The thickness of a part is one of the fundamental parameters in machine design, requiring a thickness definition that is suitable for complex shapes and can be visualized in an easy-to-understand manner. Conventional methods define thickness using the maximum inscribed sphere, which causes the corners of the part to be judged as thin. In this study, we proposed a method in which the thickness of a point inside a part is defined by the width of the maximum inscribed cube encompassing the point. Using this method, the thickness of a part can be defined more appropriately than with conventional methods. Software was developed to convert the part geometry into a voxel model and calculate the thickness value of the center point of each voxel. Furthermore, a volume rendering technique was developed to properly display the voxel model with the obtained thickness values. Software was implemented to visualize the thickness distribution inside a polyhedral model of a machine part, and its effectiveness was verified by applying it to several parts.
A Human-Robot Interaction Platform for Operator Well-Being: A Case-Study
Authors: Venkateswaran Swaminath , Charafeddine Jinan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article presents a Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) platform for the assembly process of a condensate pump. An ergonomic analysis using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is carried out using a simulation package to identify the fatigue levels in the upper-arm region during the assembly process of the pump. From the operator feedback and the RULA score, an HRI platform using a collaborative robot (cobot) is proposed for the assembly process. Based on complexity and dexterity, the screwdriving operation was assigned to the cobot. The RULA analysis was revisited for this platform and it showed an improvement in the ergonomic scores from 7 to 3. The magnitude of fatigue imposed on the upper-arm was then analyzed experimentally using Electromyography (EMG) sensors. By using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique, the fatigue levels were interpreted before and after the implementation of the HRI platform. The results suggest that the HRI platform helps to mitigate musculoskeletal problems in the future, thereby promoting a healthier and safer worker environment. By exploiting the capabilities of a cobot, a synergy between humans and automation technologies can be achieved, leading to a sustainable and ergonomic future in manufacturing.
Compressive and Flexural Studies on Different Core Materials Made Using Nanoclay, Polyurethane Foam and 3D Printed PLA Lattice Constructions
Authors: Gorijala Durga Prasad , Hosur Mahesh , Bommarapu Deepak , Gonzales Job , Mogiligidda Rajashekar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sandwich composite structures are extensively used in automotive, aircraft, rapid transport, and naval industries due to their reduced weight, high rigidity, and low maintenance costs. This type of material has top, bottom face sheets and a low density thick core material sandwiched between the face sheets. Face sheets are fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. Core materials are usually cellular foam, aluminum in the form of honeycomb and different types of lattice structures.
Nowadays, 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) grabs researchers’ attention towards its accuracy in printing of most complex structures. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is traditionally known AM technology in the world. Taking advantage of AM technology, in this study three different hallow lattice core structures were designed using Autodesk Inventor CAD software and printed using Polylactic acid (PLA) as 3D printing material. In addition, 2-part polyurethane foam cores were created i.e. both un-modified and modified by four different types of nanoclay at 0.5 and 1 wt.% loading. These nanoclays were used to change the density and properties of PU foam. Also, both modified and unmodified PU foam was used to fill the space in lattice in a closed mold to keep the foam within the lattice to create foam fill lattice cores.
Quasi-static compression and 3-point bend flexure tests were conducted on these core materials. Results of the tests showed that all the foam core samples with nanoclay had higher flexural properties compared to the foam without nanoclay. N2 0.5% PU has the highest flexural strength and compressive force of 2840N compared with all other foams. 3D printed lattice performed better than all types of foam samples when subjected to compression and flexure tests. The compressive force of foam filled lattice structures are higher than lattice samples and lattice samples are higher than neat/nanophase PU foam samples. Addition of nanoclay makes foams brittle and hence they had lower deformation. Except for zero vertical, all lattice constructions with or without foam sustained load that was up to the capacity of testing machine, which was 5.5kN. Compressive modulus of nanophased foams increased in the range of 370 and 500%, whereas for the lattice constructions the increase was in the range of 650 to 900%. For the foam filled lattices, it was slightly lower in the range of 485 to 682%. Under flexural loading, there as modest increase in the secant modulus and flexural strength for nanophased cores. For lattice constructions, the secant modulus increased in the range of 331–407%, while the flexural strength increased in the range of 121 to 218%. The increase in the secant modulus for foam filled lattices was in the range of 3 to 37%, and the flexural strength in the range of 9 to 41%. Bonding between foam and lattices was not strong and caused premature failure under flexure.