bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Basic Model
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses the basic model of public management reform, using a simple matrix. The state’s roles are defined in terms of the relevant forms of ownership in contemporary capitalism. They are state ownership, public non-state ownership, corporative ownership, and private ownership. On the other hand, we have the exclusive activities of the state, the social and scientific services, and the production of goods and services for the markets. State property or organization applies only to the exclusive state activities; public non-state organizations are supposed to provide social and scientific services mostly financed by the state; corporative organizations, such as unions and association, will take care of corporative activities; and private organizations will perform the production of goods and services form the market. Within the state organization, we have the strategic core, in which policies and laws are defined, and agencies. Only in the strategic core, effectiveness is more important than efficiency, and public management must be combined with bureaucratic public administration.
What Constitutes the Mind‐Body Problem?
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The source and nature of the mind-body problem – the problem of relating consciousness and the brain – is diagnosed. With Russell’s distinction between knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance in mind, McGinn suggests that our knowledge of the essence of consciousness is acquired by acquaintance, and that this justifiably produces our sense of the problem. Since knowledge by acquaintance is complete but not reducible to propositional knowledge, it may be that our knowledge of consciousness gives us insight into its essence which cannot be formulated propositionally: we know the nature of consciousness but cannot say what it is in the form of truths about consciousness. It is further argued that the properties of consciousness, which make it problematically related to the brain – its subjectivity and intentionality, its being essentially reflective and known infallibly – are consequential rather than intrinsic aspects of the nature of consciousness. It is explained how the fact that we know by this form of introspective self-consciousness that there is a mind-body problem means that we shall be unable in principle to solve the problem with our current cognitive faculties (‘mysterianism’).
How Not to Solve the Mind‐Body Problem
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Against those who appeal to the necessary a posteriori in responding to the mind-body problem, it is argued that a solution to the problem must take the form of an analytic rather than an empirical identity statement, which is to say that a conceptual rather than an a posteriori reduction of consciousness must be provided. Frege showed that true identity statements need not link synonyms, which disposes of some epistemic objections to physicalism, but Kripke’s recognition that all identity statements are necessary (though some are a posteriori) means that if psychophysical identity statements are contingent, as they appear to be, we have good reason to believe that they are false. It is argued that only a conceptual reduction can remove the need to introduce irreducibly psychic properties if the identity statements that are characteristic of physicalism are to be informative. The consequences of this thesis for our prospects of solving the mind-body problem and its implications for arguments against physicalism are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that the only alternative to property dualism is a conceptually true statement identifying body and mind containing radically innovative concepts of body and mind.
Inverted First‐Person Authority
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
It is often assumed that mental states must be known introspectively just as material objects must be known perceptually, and that this mode of knowing is especially authoritative; this chapter controverts this assumption. It is argued that a subject might introspect physical facts and perceive mental ones; and that a strong conception of the first-person authority of introspection – non-criterial, non-inferential, direct, infallible, incorrigible, certain – might apply instead to perception. The implications of the logical possibility of such an inverted subject for scepticism and the mind-body problem are discussed. The tension between the view of this chapter, which would make it possible for a subject to have a concept of pain without having introspective acquaintance with it, and the view that this is impossible is discussed.
What are the Options?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn introductory chapter that maps the possible views about the relation between moral thought and moral principles, showing how extreme the particularist position is. Particularism is contrasted with Rossian intuitionism and its use of prima facie principles; and the particularist account of moral reasoning is contrasted with non-monotonic theories, and with the views of Kagan and Scanlon.
Representation as Responsiveness
Authors: Kuper Andrew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDevelops a theory of representation that can guide the democratization of societies of great and even global scope. Kuper elucidates the institutional conditions necessary for (1) good judgements about interests to be made, (2) by adequately informed and capable agents, (3) who are empowered and constrained to act on such judgements responsibly. He argues that elections, competitive party politics, the classical tripartite separation of powers, media, and civil society are insufficient mechanisms for securing such substantive representation. He proposes an alternative institutional configuration, a new ‘plurality of powers’ that supplements and transforms these mechanisms. Among Kuper’s proposals for new institutions are: ‘advocacy and accountability agencies’ that will reduce power imbalances; a global ‘Charter of Obligations’ that will reduce bureaucracy; and a vision of ‘responsive global citizenship’ that will reduce citizen passivity. These innovations will enable citizens to exercise greater control, and enable representatives to act more effectively, than under a system of states.
Ophthalmomyiasis (interna posterior) of the posterior segment and central nervous system myiasis: Cuterebra spp. in a cat
Authors: Wyman Milton , Starkey Robert , Weisbrode Steven , Filko Dawn , Grandstaff Rachel , Ferrebee Edna 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA unilateral ophthalmomyiasis posterior in a 5‐year‐old female spayed Domestic Long‐haired cat of a third or fourth stage instar Cuterebra spp. larvae is reported. The cat was presented for depression and anorexia. The organism was found on physical examination at presentation. The cat was euthanized because of the worsening systemic condition. The larva was demonstrated by histopathology with coagulation necrosis and hemorrhage of the optic nerve, retina and choroid, and anterior uveitis. No significant cerebrum and anterior brain stem lesions were found.
Bilateral nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis in a horse
Authors: Stoppini Riccardo , Gilger Brian C. , Malarkey David E. , Ratto Alessandra , Brigati Giampiero 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA Russian jumper horse presented because of an ocular perilimbal conjunctival mass and, on clinical examination, two bilateral conjunctival masses were found, of different size and conformation. Attempts at complete excision of the left eye mass and excisional biopsy of the right eye mass were performed. The left eye mass recurred rapidly, but resolved completely after topical corticosteroid therapy. The two lesions had similar histopathologic features, characterized by focal, chronic, primarily lymphocytic conjunctivitis with follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. Special histopathologic staining techniques (Gomori methenamine silver and acid fast stains) and immunohistochemistry (for CD3, BLA36 and lysozyme) failed to reveal any etiologic agents and indicated an inflammatory lesion composed of a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes and macrophages (nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis). The lesions were indistinguishable, clinically and behaviorally, from what has been reported as ‘conjunctival pseudotumor’ in the horse. Equine conjunctival pseudotumor/nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis has been reported to be unilateral and have a good prognosis after partial or complete surgical excision. This is the first reported case of bilateral nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis in a horse and for which surgical excision alone was not curative.
CoPub Mapper: mining MEDLINE based on search term co-publication
Authors: Alako Blaise TF , Veldhoven Antoine , van Baal Sjozef , Jelier Rob , Verhoeven Stefan , Rullmann Ton , Polman Jan , Jenster Guido 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
High throughput microarray analyses result in many differentially expressed genes that are potentially responsible for the biological process of interest. In order to identify biological similarities between genes, publications from MEDLINE were identified in which pairs of gene names and combinations of gene name with specific keywords were co-mentioned.

Results
MEDLINE search strings for 15,621 known genes and 3,731 keywords were generated and validated. PubMed IDs were retrieved from MEDLINE and relative probability of co-occurrences of all gene-gene and gene-keyword pairs determined. To assess gene clustering according to literature co-publication, 150 genes consisting of 8 sets with known connections (same pathway, same protein complex, or same cellular localization, etc.) were run through the program. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analyses showed that most gene sets were clustered much better than expected by random chance. To test grouping of genes from real microarray data, 221 differentially expressed genes from a microarray experiment were analyzed with CoPub Mapper, which resulted in several relevant clusters of genes with biological process and disease keywords. In addition, all genes versus keywords were hierarchical clustered to reveal a complete grouping of published genes based on co-occurrence.

Conclusion
The CoPub Mapper program allows for quick and versatile querying of co-published genes and keywords and can be successfully used to cluster predefined groups of genes and microarray data.
WEBnm@: a web application for normal mode analyses of proteins
Authors: Hollup Siv Midtun , Salensminde Gisle , Reuter Nathalie 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Normal mode analysis (NMA) has become the method of choice to investigate the slowest motions in macromolecular systems. NMA is especially useful for large biomolecular assemblies, such as transmembrane channels or virus capsids. NMA relies on the hypothesis that the vibrational normal modes having the lowest frequencies (also named soft modes) describe the largest movements in a protein and are the ones that are functionally relevant.

Results
We developed a web-based server to perform normal modes calculations and different types of analyses. Starting from a structure file provided by the user in the PDB format, the server calculates the normal modes and subsequently offers the user a series of automated calculations; normalized squared atomic displacements, vector field representation and animation of the first six vibrational modes. Each analysis is performed independently from the others and results can be visualized using only a web browser. No additional plug-in or software is required. For users who would like to analyze the results with their favorite software, raw results can also be downloaded. The application is available on http://www.bioinfo.no/tools/normalmodes. We present here the underlying theory, the application architecture and an illustration of its features using a large transmembrane protein as an example.

Conclusion
We built an efficient and modular web application for normal mode analysis of proteins. Non specialists can easily and rapidly evaluate the degree of flexibility of multi-domain protein assemblies and characterize the large amplitude movements of their domains.
Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock
Authors: Cheng Michelle Y , Bittman Eric L , Hattar Samer , Zhou Qun-Yong 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the master circadian clock that regulates daily rhythms of many physiological and behavioural processes in mammals. Previously we have shown that prokineticin 2 (PK2) is a clock-controlled gene that may function as a critical SCN output molecule responsible for circadian locomotor rhythms. As light is the principal zeitgeber that entrains the circadian oscillator, and PK2 expression is responsive to nocturnal light pulses, we further investigated the effects of light on the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN. In particular, we examined how PK2 responds to shifts of light/dark cycles and changes in photoperiod. We also investigated which photoreceptors are responsible for the light-induced PK2 expression in the SCN. To determine whether light requires an intact functional circadian pacemaker to regulate PK2, we examined PK2 expression in cryptochrome1,2-deficient (Cry1-/-Cry2-/-) mice that lack functional circadian clock under normal light/dark cycles and constant darkness.

Results
Upon abrupt shifts of the light/dark cycle, PK2 expression exhibits transients in response to phase advances but rapidly entrains to phase delays. Photoperiod studies indicate that PK2 responds differentially to changes in light period. Although the phase of PK2 expression expands as the light period increases, decreasing light period does not further condense the phase of PK2 expression. Genetic knockout studies revealed that functional melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems are required for the light-inducibility of PK2. In Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice that lack a functional circadian clock, a low amplitude PK2 rhythm is detected under light/dark conditions, but not in constant darkness. This suggests that light can directly regulate PK2 expression in the SCN.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both the circadian clock and light. PK2 is predominantly controlled by the endogenous circadian clock, while light plays a modulatory role. The Cry1-/-Cry2-/- mice studies reveal a light-driven PK2 rhythm, indicating that light can induce PK2 expression independent of the circadian oscillator. The light inducibility of PK2 suggests that in addition to its role in clock-driven rhythms of locomotor behaviour, PK2 may also participate in the photic entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms.
Activity of glucose oxidase functionalized onto magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Kouassi Gilles K , Irudayaraj Joseph , McCarty Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Magnetic nanoparticles have been significantly used for coupling with biomolecules, due to their unique properties.

Methods
Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous chloride using two different base solutions. Glucose oxidase was bound to the particles by direct attachment via carbodiimide activation or by thiophene acetylation of magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the size and structure of the particles while the binding of glucose oxidase to the particles was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Results
The direct binding of glucose oxidase via carbodiimide activity was found to be more effective, resulting in bound enzyme efficiencies between 94–100% while thiophene acetylation was 66–72% efficient. Kinetic and stability studies showed that the enzyme activity was more preserved upon binding onto the nanoparticles when subjected to thermal and various pH conditions. The overall activity of glucose oxidase was improved when bound to magnetic nanoparticles

Conclusion
Binding of enzyme onto magnetic nanoparticles via carbodiimide activation is a very efficient method for developing bioconjugates for biological applications
Inflammatory cytokine levels correlate with amyloid load in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Patel Nikunj S , Paris Daniel , Mathura Venkatarajan , Quadros Amita N , Crawford Fiona C , Mullan Michael J 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundInflammation is believed to play an important role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cytokine production is a key pathologic event in the progression of inflammatory cascades. The current study characterizes the cytokine expression profile in the brain of two transgenic mouse models of AD (TgAPPsw and PS1/APPsw) and explores the correlations between cytokine production and the level of soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ.MethodsOrganotypic brain slice cultures from 15-month-old mice (TgAPPsw, PS1/APPsw and control littermates) were established and multiple cytokine levels were analyzed using the Bio-plex multiple cytokine assay system. Soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ were quantified and Aβ-cytokine relationships were analyzed.ResultsCompared to control littermates, transgenic mice showed a significant increase in the following pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-1β, IL-1α and GM-CSF. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and GM-CSF showed a sequential increase from control to TgAPPsw to PS1/APPsw suggesting that the amplitude of this cytokine response is dependent on brain Aβ levels, since PS1/APPsw mouse brains accumulate more Aβ than TgAPPsw mouse brains. Quantification of Aβ levels in the same slices showed a wide range of Aβ soluble:insoluble ratio values across TgAPPsw and PS1/APPsw brain slices. Aβ-cytokine correlations revealed significant relationships between Aβ1–40, 1–42 (both soluble and insoluble) and all the above cytokines that changed in the brain slices.ConclusionOur data confirm that the brains of transgenic APPsw and PS1/APPsw mice are under an active inflammatory stress, and that the levels of particular cytokines may be directly related to the amount of soluble and insoluble Aβ present in the brain suggesting that pathological accumulation of Aβ is a key driver of the neuroinflammatory response.
Enthalpy relaxation of bovine serum albumin and implications for its storage in the glassy state
Authors: Farahnaky Asgar , Badii Fojan , Farhat Imad A. , Mitchell John R. , Hill Sandra E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo endothermic peaks could be observed for five commercial samples of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The smaller peak observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) corresponded to enthalpy relaxation. This peak was followed on storage of BSA, in its glassy state, after it had been heated above its denaturation temperature. Enthalpy and peak temperature increased with duration of storage. On storage for one week at 60°C, a sample at 8.3% moisture showed a peak at 100°C with an energy value of approximately 2 J per g protein. BSA samples were heated within the DSC sufficiently to eliminate the lower enthalpy peak but without altering the denaturation enthotherm. The amount of physical aging shown by these BSA samples was similar to that of the heat‐denatured samples. It was concluded that the heating endotherms of dry BSA reflect both the storage and thermal history of the sample. Possible implications of the enthalpy relaxation of BSA on the behavior of this important protein are considered. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 69–77, 2005
Computer simulation to expand emission area and decrease electron beam width for cold cathode of triode‐type FEDs
Authors: Muroi Tetsuhiko , Ushirozawa Mizumoto , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Sato Fumio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTo decrease the electron beam width and expand the emission area of a triode‐type FED using GNF, a cold cathode structure is studied by simulation. In the simulation, not only the electron beam width but also the emission current are evaluated by means of the electric field emission characteristics of a GNF cold cathode emitter. If the surface shape of the cold cathode emitter is assumed hemispherical, the electron emission from the center of the cold cathode emitter is found to increase as the center height of the emitter is increased when the separation between the gate and the cathode is 3 µm and the gate hole diameter is 10 µm. If the anode current obtained from one cold cathode is 0.1 µA for a gate‐to‐cathode separation of 3 µm, the electron beam width increases as the center height of the cold cathode emitter is increased when the gate hole diameter is 10 or 20 µm. On the other hand, the electron beam width is almost constant if the gate hold diameter is 3 or 5 µm. As the gate hole diameter is reduced, the electron beam width is reduced. If the gate hole diameter is 3 µm, the electron beam width can be made less than 100 µm regardless of the height of the center of the cold cathode emitter. Further, when the emission area is studied for a gate hole diameter of 3 µm, the emission area reaches a maximum when the center height of the cold cathode emitter is identical to the cathode electrode. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(4): 28–36, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20119
Glycoform characterization of intact erythropoietin by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Neusüß Christian , Demelbauer Uwe , Pelzing Matthias 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGlycosylated proteins often show a large variation in their glycosylation pattern, complicating their structural characterization. In this paper, we present a method for the accurate mass determination of intact isomeric glycoproteins based on capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry. Human recombinant erythropoietin has been chosen as a showcase. The approach enables the on‐line removal of nonglycosylated proteins, salts, and neutral and negatively charged species. More important, different glycosylation forms are separated both on the base of differences in the number of negatively charged sialic acid residues and the size of the glycans. Thus, 44 glycoforms and in total about 135 isoforms of recombinant human erythropoietin, taking also acetylation into account, could be distinguished for the reference material from the European Pharmacopeia. Distinct glycosylation differences for samples from different suppliers are clearly observed. Based on the accurate mass an overall composition of each single isoform is proposed, perfectly in agreement with data on glycan and glycopeptide analysis. This method is an ideal complement to the established techniques for glycopeptide and glycan analysis, not differentiating branching or linkage isoforms, but leading to an overall composition of the glycoprotein. The presented strategy is expected to improve significantly the ability to characterize and quantify isomeric glycoforms for a large variety of glycoproteins.
Broadband ridged‐waveguide slot‐antenna array fed by a back‐to‐back ridged waveguide
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhong Shun‐Shi , Qi Mei‐Qing , Liang Xian‐Ling 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA symmetric rectangular single‐ridged waveguide (SRSRW) longitudinal‐slot antenna array fed by four‐way SRSRW power divider is presented. The measured results are compared with the calculated ones, showing good agreement. The array has a compact transverse dimension and achieves a wide bandwidth. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 102–104, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20736