bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Größe und gestalt des fibrinogenmoleküls, 2. Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung an verdünnten lösungen
Authors: Lederer Klaus , Hammel Reinhart 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEs wurden Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuungs‐(RKWS)‐Messungen im Winkelbereich von s=0,4.10−2Å−1 bis s=0,23Å−1 (s=(4π/λ)sinθ) an verdünnten Lösungen (c=3–17g/l) von hochgereinigtem Fibrinogen vom Rind im Bereich von pH=6,4–9,0 bei 6°C ausgeführt. An filtrierten (0,47 μm Millipore) Lösungen ergab sich ein Molekulargewicht von M=335000±25000, ein Streumassenradius R=122Å und ein Querschnittsstreumassenradius des streuäquivalenten Stäbchens Rq=24Å. Die Abhängigkeit dieser Dimensionen vom pH erwies sich als gering. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit berechneten Streukurven fur verschiedene auf elektronenmikroskopischen Ergebnissen beruhende Strukturmodelle ergab, daß die Modelle von Hall und Slayter und von Köppel nicht mit den RKWS‐Daten vereinbar sind. Beste Übereinstimmung mit den RKWS‐Daten zeigt die Streukurve eines Zylinders der Länge L=450Å und des Durchmessers 2R=90Å mit von der Zylinderachse nach außen abnehmender Elektronendichte. Die RKWS‐Ergebnisse erscheinen also mit den elektronenmikroskopischen Resultaten vereinbar, die mit Hilfe der Sprühgefrierätzungsmethode an parallelen Proben erhalten wurden.
Luminescence appearing at higher conversions of the methyl methacrylate polymerization in the presence of some peroxidic free radical initiators
Authors: Matisová‐Rychlá Lyda , Rychlý Jozef , Lazár Milan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn chemiluminescence measurements during the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by benzoyl peroxide there appears at higher monomer conversions a remarkable increase in the intensity of light emission. Experimental observations are presented which lead to the conclusion that concentration microheterogeneities of the peroxidic initiator during its decomposition are responsible for the chemiluminescence reaction.
Studies on the hydrolysis reaction of model substances of cellulose in the presence of a polymeric catalyst, 4. Michaelis‐menten type catalytic behaviour of poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl‐sulfonic acid)
Authors: Arai Kenichiro , Ogiwara Yoshita , Ise Norio 
Published: April 2003

AbstractHydrolyses of amylose and sucrose in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinylsulfonic acid) were investigated. The hydrolysis rate of amylose was found to follow the Michaelis‐Menten type kinetics, whereas the hydrolysis of sucrose proceeded according to second‐order kinetics. The process of complex formation was characterized by remarkable decreases in enthalpy and entropy, and the enthalpy of activation for the decomposition of the complex to products was larger than that of the sulfuric acid catalyzed system. The hydrolysis of amylose was competitively inhibited by poly(vinyl alcohol), whereas it was not by sorbitol.Die Hydrolyse von Amylose und Rohrzucker wurde in Gegenwart von Copolymeren aus Vinylalkohol und Vinylsulfonsäure untersucht. Die Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit von Amylose folgt dabei der Kinetik nach Michaelis‐Menten, während die Hydrolyse von Rohrzucker nach zweiter Ordnung verläuft. Die Bildung des Komplexes aus den Copolymeren und Amylose geschieht unter beträchtlicher Abnahme von Enthalpie und Entropie. Die Aktivierungsenthalpie beim Zerfall des Komplexes in die Reaktionsprodukte ist größer als bei der mit Schwefelsäure katalysierten Reaktion. Die durch die Copolymeren katalysierte Hydrolyse von Amylose wird durch Polyvinylalkohol gehemmt, jedoch nicht durch Sorbit.
Fonctionalisation des polyalcadiènes. Étude sur molécules modèles des structures accessibles à partir des polymères du butadiène par utilisation de l'isocyanate de chlorosulfonyle
Authors: Pinazzi Christian P. , Noireaux Patrick , Reyx Danièle 
Published: April 2003

AbstractL'étude de la réaction de l'isocyanate de chlorosulfonyle avec les molécules modèles des microstructures correspondant aux enchaǐnements‐1,4 et ‐1,2 polybutadiéniques a permis de définir pour chaque type d'enchaǐnements polybutadiéniques, les pourcentages de formation des microstructures lactames et amides N‐chlorosulfonées. En outre, les modèles de structures lactames libres, et chlorohydrates d'amino acide dérivées des structures lactames N‐chlorosulfonées ont été isolés et caractérisés.
The molecular weight dependence on the photoconductivity of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)
Authors: Tanikawa Kiyoshi , Enomoto Takamichi , Hatano Masahiro , Motegi Keiko , Okuno Zenjiro 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPoly(N‐vinylcarbazole), (PNVC), was prepared, fractionated by gel permeation chromatography, and then characterized by viscometry and vapour pressure osmometry. The fractionated PNVC species with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions were successfully used to measure both their electrical dark‐conductivity and photoconductivity using a surface type cell in high vacuum (ca. 10−7 mm Hg) at room temperature. A molecular weight dependent photoconductivity was found for the fractionated PNVCs with weight average molecular weights in the range of 1,2·103 to 2,4·105. This observation is in contradiction to Epping's results who has found a molecular weight independent photoconductivity in the molecular weight range of 3·105 to 7·106. Our molecular weight dependence may be well understood in terms of the interrupted overlap of the π‐electrons of adjacent carbazolyl groups at the terminal parts of the polymer chains, this effect being all the more stronger the smaller the molecular weight is.
Radiation induced cross‐links in polyethylene and their degradation by ozone
Authors: Hosemann Rolf , Čačković Hinko , Loboda‐Čačković Jasna 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDegradation experiments with irradiated polyethylene (PE) by ozone of Patel et al. lead to quite other interpretations than given by them, if one takes into account the existence of lateral grain boundaries between adjacent microparacrystallites. The gel permeation chromatograms (GPC) can then be easily explained quantitatively without arbitrary assumptions; GPC along with gelation experiments demonstrate the existence of a three‐dimensional network of chain molecules, whose knots are the microparacrystallites. The link‐model of Keller et al. is contradictory to other experiments discussed in detail.
Donor acceptor interactions in polymeric systems, 3. Oligoesters from 9‐[1,1‐bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]carbazole
Authors: Matsuyama Yuziro , Tazuke Shigeo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOligoesters having a 9‐carbazolyl group attached to the main chain were prepared by oligocondensation of 9‐[1,1‐bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]carbazole (2a) with diethyl malonate, dimethyl terephthalate, and diethyl 2‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐2‐methylmalonate (1). Charge transfer complex formation of these oligoesters and their monomeric model compound with 2,4,7‐trinitrofluorenone was investigated by means of absorption spectroscopy. The stability constants (K) of the oligomeric systems were always larger than those of the monomeric systems. The magnitude of K was found to be in the following order:

oligo[oxy‐(2‐carbazol‐9‐yl‐2‐methyl)trimethyleneoxy‐(2‐carbazol‐9‐yl‐2‐methyl)‐malonyl] (3c) ≫ oligo[oxy‐(2‐carbazol‐9‐yl‐2‐methyl)trimethyleneoxymalonyl] (3a) ≈ oligo[oxy‐(2‐carbazol‐9‐yl‐2‐methyl)trimethyleneoxyterephthaloyl] (3b) >9‐[1,1‐bis‐(acetoxymethyl)ethyl]carbazole (2b).
Fluorescence spectroscopy of these carbazolyl derivatives in dilute solutions indicate the environmental difference of chromophors.
Polymere Hydrochinonsulfonamide, 2. Reaktionsprodukte aus 2‐Amino‐ bzw. 2,6‐Diaminohydrochinonen mit monomeren und polymeren Sulfochloriden
Authors: Manecke Georg , Wetzel Günter , Storck Winfried 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDurch Reaktion von 3‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyphenylbenzoat (2a) mit Poly(4‐styrolsulfonsäurechlorid), vernetzt mit Divinylbenzolisomeren, in verschiedenen Molverhältnissen konnten nach der Verseifung begrenzt quellbare, sulfogruppenhaltige Redoxharze erhalten werden. 2a reagierte mit Äthylensulfonsäurechlorid nur unter intramolekularer Cyclisierung zu einem Benzo[f]‐[1,4,5]‐oxathiazepin‐Derivat 5. Die Kondensation von 2,6‐Bis(chlorsulfonyl)‐1,4‐phenylendiacetat (8b) bzw. 1,3‐Benzoldisulfonsäurechlorid (8c) mit 3,5‐Diamino‐4‐hydroxyphenylbenzoat (9e) führte lediglich zu Oligomeren.
Specific effect of antimony(V) containing initiators on the cationic copolymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane with 5‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐furanone
Authors: Yokoyama Yasuaki , Okada Masahiko , Sumitomo Hiroshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe copolymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane (1) with 5‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐furanone (2) was carried out in dichloromethane and nitrobenzene by use of triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate, triethyloxonium hexafluoroantimonate, antimony pentachloride, antimony trichloride, and tin tetrachloride as initiators. The microstructures of the copolymers were analysed by means of 1H‐NMR, showing that monomer 2 was incorporated into the copolymer chain by the ring‐opening reaction as well as by the „normal”︁ vinyl addition, when triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate, triethyloxonium hexafluoroantimonate, and antimony pentachloride were used. On the basis of NMR and IR studies on the complexation of Lewis acids with γ‐lactones, it was concluded that the prominent effect of the initiators observed in the copolymerization of 1 with 2 was mainly attributable to the coordination between the initiator and the γ‐lactone ring of monomer 2.
Aqueous redox polymerization of acrylamide initiated by citric acid/permanganate
Authors: Misra Gauri S. , Rebello Joseph J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe homogeneous redox polymerization of acrylamide by the citric acid/permanganate initiating system was investigated at 35±0,2°C under nitrogen. Variation of the activator concentration in the range of 2,5.10−3 to 20,0.10−3 mol/dm3 had no effect on the rate of polymerization. The initial rate increased with the increasing catalyst concentration and a value of nearly unity of the catalyst exponent confirmed a unimolecular chain termination process. The rate varied linearly with the monomer concentration over a wide range (5,0.10−2 to 20,0.10−2mol/dm3). The initial rate increased with the increasing temperature but the maximum conversion showed a decrease as the temperature was raised above 35°C. The energy of activation, in the temperature range of 25 to 45°C, was found to be 55,90kJ/mol (13,36 kcal/mol).The addition of neutral salts, Co(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, organic solvents, and complexing agents, all water soluble, reduced the rate and percentage of conversion. The introduction of MnSO4 or of more catalyst (at intermediate stages) into the system increased both the rate and limiting conversion.
The thiol/dimethyl sulfoxide system as initiator of polymerization in benzene medium, 1. General features
Authors: Roy Kamal Kumar , Palit Santi Ranjan , Pramanick Dinabandhu 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThiol/dimethyl sulfoxide systems are good initiators for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and some other acrylate monomers in benzene medium, but they fail to initiate the polymerization of styrene, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile. The rate of polymerization of MMA is dependent on the chain length of the thiol used and dodecanethiol is found to be the most reactive one. The presence of traces of oxygen increases the rate of polymerization probably by forming a co‐redox system with the thiol. The polymerization is completely inhibited by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and benzoquinone indicating the free radical nature of the reaction.The effect of butanethiol as well as that of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) individually on the AIBN‐catalysed polymerization of MMA in benzene medium was examined. Butanethiol does not affect the rate of the radical polymerization, but reduces the molecular weight of the polymers formed due to a chain transfer. DMSO has no effect on the radical polymerization up to a concentration of 6,42.10−2 mol 1−1, above which it reduces the rate and also the molecular weight probably by forming a growing radical‐DMSO adduct of a reactivity lower than that of the original growing radicals.
On the kinetics of 4‐vinylpyridinium salt polymerization in aqueous solution
Authors: Martin Volker , Sutter Wolfgang , Ringsdorf Helmut 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA radical mechanism is proposed for the formation of the 1,2‐polymer 2 in the “spontaneous” polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridinium salts 4‐VP.HX (X=NO3, ClO4, HSO4, I) in aqueous solution on the basis of strong inhibition by oxygen and other radical inhibitors.Quantitative investigation of the influence of oxygen on the formation of the 1,2‐polymer allowed the derivation of a formal kinetic scheme for the initiation and polymerization steps which is consistent with a free radical mechanism. Dependence of the average molecular weight of 2 on monomer concentration is in agreement with this model. Dependence of the inhibition time on the oxygen concentration as well as an acceleration of the final polymerization rate by prolonged treatment of the monomer solution with oxygen suggests the transitory involvement of polymeric peroxides.
Greffage d'acides aminés possédant une troisième fonction sur un polymère, 1. Fixation de tyrosine en extrémités de chaine. Modèle de réaction
Authors: Gueniffey Henri , Queromes Armel , Garnier Raymonde , Pinazzi Christian 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLa fixation de tyrosine, par sa fonction phénol, sur des molécules α,ω‐difonctionnelles, a été étudiée. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées: la première consiste à fixer une molécule de tyrosine à chaque extrémité d'un diisocyanate par l'intermédiaire d'une fonction carbamate; la deuxième demande la préparation d'un dimère de la tyrosine permettant la formation d'un polymère par condensation sur la molécule α,ω‐difonctionnelle.
Studies on hydrolysis reaction of model substances of cellulose in the presence of polymer catalysts, 5. Heterogeneous hydrolysis of fibrous cellulose in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinylsulfonic acid)
Authors: Arai Kenichiro , Ogiwara Yoshitaka 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe heterogeneous hydrolysis of fibrous celluloses in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinylsulfonic acid) as catalyst was investigated. In this case, the rate acceleration, compared with the sulfuric acid catalysed reaction, which was clearly observed for the homogeneous hydrolysis of dextrin, became smaller with increasing density of the fine structure of the substrate. This decrease in the rate acceleration is presumed to be a result of the limited penetration of the copolymer molecules into the amorphous region of the fiber because of their larger molecular weights.
Synthese von tryptophanpeptid‐gelen auf polyacrylbasis zur untersuchung der peptid‐nukleotid‐wechselwirkung
Authors: Eckstein Heiner , Schott Herbert , Bayer Ernst 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie Synthese von ω‐(N‐Acryloyl)‐tryptophanpeptid‐Monomeren (8) und deren radikalische Copolymerisation mit Diacrylaten zu Tryptophanpeptid‐Gelen wird beschrieben. An einem Tryptophanpeptid‐Gel mit fünf Tryptophyl‐Resten wird die Peptid‐Nukleotid‐Wechselwirkung säulenchromatographisch untersucht. Hierbei werden Desoxyribonukleotide nur gering, Desoxyribonukleoside dagegen stärker retardiert. Deutlich von allen Verbindungen abgetrennt ist Adenosin. Aus den Trennergebnissen folgt, daß Peptidgele auf Polyacrylbasis zur Untersuchung der Peptid‐Nukleotid‐Wechselwirkung und Affinitätschromatographie geeignet sind. Darüber hinaus können diese Gele als spezifische Sorbentien zur Trennung von Nukleinsäurebausteinen auch in präparativem Maßstab verwendet werden.
C‐13‐NMR‐spektroskopische untersuchungen an polymerhomologen reihen von α,1→6‐ und α,1→4‐glucanen
Authors: Friebolin Horst , Frank Norbert , Keilich Gunda , Siefert Egon 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie 13C‐NMR‐Spektren von polymerhomologen Reihen der Malto‐ und Isomaltooligosaccharide, sowie die von Amylose und Dextran wurden aufgenommen und analysiert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß bei den Polymerhomologen die Resonanzen der C‐Atome der mittelständigen Glucoseeinheiten unabhängig von der Kettenlänge sind. Während sich das Polysaccharid Dextran wie die Oligosaccharide verhält, zeigen im Falle der Amylose die Resonanzen der C‐Atome 1 und 4 Abweichungen von 0,4 bzw. 0,5 ppm. Diese–wenn auch kleinen–Effekte geben möglicherweise einen Hinweis auf das Vorliegen einer überstruktur in Lösung.
The anodic polymerization of 1,3,5‐trioxane with tetraethylammonium hexachloroantimonate
Authors: Bhadani Suraj N. , Baranwal Panchdeo P. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe rate of anodic polymerization of 1,3,5‐trioxane in the ethylene dichloride solution of tetraethylammonium hexachloroantimonate increases with an increase of current density and of initial monomer concentration.The species responsible for initiating the polymerization has been found spectrophotometrically to be H+SbCl6− which is generated “in situ” during electrolysis. The anodic oxidation of SbCl6− ions produces SbCl6· radicals which abstract hydrogen atoms from components of the reaction mixture to yield H+SbCl6−.Also FeCl3, deposited at the anode during the electrolysis of tetraethylammonium chloride at an iron anode, initiates the polymerization of 1,3,5‐trioxane. The electrochemical polymerization of 1,3,5‐trioxane occurs also at other reactive metal electrodes with the hexachloroantimonate salt.
Crystal structure of form III of isotactic poly‐1‐butene
Authors: Cojazzi Gianna , Malta Viscardo , Celotti Giancarlo , Zannetti Roberto 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe crystal structure of form III of isotactic poly‐1‐butene, (poly(1‐ethylethylene)), has been determined by X‐ray powder diffraction techniques, owing to the impossibility of obtaining fiber spectra on this form.The polymer crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, with lattice dimensions: a = 12,38±0,08 Å; b = 8,88±0,06 Å; c = 7,56±0,05 Å; (direction coinciding with the helix axis). The unit cell contains eight monomeric units and the space group is P212121. The structural determination allows to ascertain a conformation 4/1 for the polymer helix, different from those of the other polymorphs I and II.The structure consists of anticlinic isomorphous helices which are packed in an approximately hexagonal coordination. The discrepancy factor R', evaluated by comparing the calculated and observed intensities, is equal to 0,104.
Mechanical denaturation of high polymers in solutions, 33. Effect of antifoaming reagent on flow‐induced crystallization of poly(vinyl alcohol) from its aqueous solution
Authors: Yamaura Kazuo , Nakada Kazufumi , Matsuzawa Shuji 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effect of antifoaming reagent, octyl alcohol, (OA), on the crystallization of poly(vinyl alcohol), (PVA), from its aqueous solution under steady‐state flow was investigated. The yield of precipitates was considerably influenced by the addition of small amounts of OA; it decreased with an increase of the contents of OA, and crystals were hardly produced from the solution which contained over 0,03% OA. The decreasing yield of precipitate by the addition of OA was clearly recognized for PVA with higher rel. mol. mass. The buildup of foams from the solution which contained OA was considerably restrained in comparison with that for the solution which did not contain OA.
Kinetic and magnetic measurements on the radical decomposition of a cobalt oxygen carrier
Authors: Henrici‐Olivé Gisela , Olivé Salvador 
Published: April 2003

AbstractParamagnetic complexes of Co(II) acetate with amine ligands absorb irreversibly molecular oxygen. The adducts are diamagnetic and decompose thermally, via a radical mechanism, to paramagnetic Co(II) species. Oxygen absorption can be repeated after addition of fresh amine. The time dependence of the magnetic susceptibility and the kinetics of free radical polymerization of styrene, initiated by the radicals, permit an insight into the mechanistic features of the decomposition.
Haupt‐ und seitenkettenkristallinität bei isotaktischen poly(1‐alkyläthylen)en, 1. Thermoanalytische und röntgenographische untersuchungen an den höheren homologen
Authors: Trafara Gundolf , Koch Reimer , Blum Klaus , Hummel Dieter 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDie Haupt‐ und Seitenkettenkristallinität bei den isotaktischen Poly(1‐alkyläthylen)en vom Poly(1‐dodecyläthylen) bis zum Poly(1‐eicosyläthylen) wurden thermoanalytisch und röntgenographisch untersucht. Die DSC‐Kurven der aus der Schmelze abgeschreckten Proben zeigen 3 Umwandlungspeaks 1. Ordnung. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen liegt in den Proben eine Modifikation vor, bei der die Seitenketten dicht gepackt parallel angeordnet sind. Erwärmt man die Proben, so findet eine Modifikationsumwandlung statt. Es bildet sich eine Modifikation aus, bei der die Hauptketten Helixkonformation annehmen und die Seitenketten rhombisch kristallisieren. Bei den höheren homologen Poly(1‐alkyläthylen)en überwiegt mit zunehmender Anzahl von CH2‐Gruppen in den Seitenketten die Seitenkettenkristallinität.
Berechnung der molekulargewichtsverteilung für einen katalytischen polymerisationsprozeß
Authors: Böhm Ludwig L. , Passing Heinrich 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEs wird die Molekulargewichtsverteilung als Funktion der Reaktionszeit für einen katalytischen Prozeß berechnet, wobei eine Wachstumsreaktion, Übertragungsreaktionen zum Monomeren und Regler, eine Startreaktion als Folge der Reaktion mit dem Regler und eine spontane Desaktivierungsreaktion vorkommen. Die Monomer‐ und Regler‐konzentration wird als konstant angenommen. Für lange Reaktionszeiten geht die Molekulargewichtsverteilung angenähert in die Schulz‐Flory‐Verteilung über.
Synthese und Charakterisierung von Copolymeren aus Azo‐Initiatoren und Styrol
Authors: Kerber Robert , Nuyken Oskar , Steinhausen Rainer 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAus Styrol und verschiedenen Arylazoalkylmalonodinitrilen wurden durch redoxini‐tiierte Emulsionspolymerisation Copolymere hergestellt, die Azo‐Initiatorgruppen enthalten. Diese Copolymere können zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymeren benutzt werden. Die Einbaurate der Azoverbindungen, die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit, sowie die Molekulargewichte der gebildeten Copolymere wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung der Monomerengemische und der Struktur der Azoverbindungen untersucht. Es wurde versucht, das Rohprodukt der Pfropfung in die Bestandteile ungepfropftes Rückgrat, Pfropfcopolymer und Homopolymer aufzutrennen.
Molecular weight determination of macromolecules by vapor pressure osmometry
Authors: Kamide Kenji , Terakawa Toshikazu , Uchiki Hideo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA new vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) apparatus having a quite good sensitivity was constructed on the basis of a Hitachi 115 molecular weight measurement apparatus. In order to match a pair of thermistors, a conventional Wheatstone bridge circuit was modified by introducing a matching resistor, which enabled us to detect the temperature difference of ca. 6. 10−6°C. By employing this apparatus the measurement of the temperature difference ΔTs between a solution drop and a solvent drop at steady state was carried out as a function of concentration with solutions of the three normal alkanes (C18, C28 and C36) dissolved in the normal alkanes (C6, C8 and C10), and of eight atactic polystyrenes (the number‐average molecular weights ranging from M̄n = 2030 to 4,1.104) in benzene over a wide temperature range. The ratio of the calibration parameter Ksto the corresponding constant Ke(≡(RTV0)/ΔH, R = gas constant, T0 = measuring temperature in K, V0 = molar volume of solvent, ΔH = partial molar heat of condensation), Ks/Ke, which represents the efficiency of measurement was found to be about 0,5, almost independent of the molecular weight of the solute, ranging from 200 to 20.104. The maximum number‐average molecular weight measurable by this apparatus with a precision of ±10% was estimated to be ca. 1·105. The time necessary to reach a steady state was about 9 min regardless of the molecular weight.