bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors reducing yield of organic white clover seed production in Denmark
Authors: Langer V. , Rohde B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFactors reducing yield of organic white clover seed production were investigated in Denmark. In thirty‐six fields from different regions, density of flower heads, and weevils of the genera Apion and Hypera, hatching from flower heads, were assessed. In fifteen of these fields, additional measurements were made in order to calculate potential yield and yield‐reducing factors. Flower heads had a mean of ninety‐two florets per head, of which proportionately 0·59 were intact, 0·08 were not pollinated and 0·34 damaged by weevils; 0·16 of the florets contained larvae of Apion species. In intact florets the mean number of seeds was 3·6. Density and size of flower heads were correlated with low density of flower heads leading to significantly more florets per head. The number of seeds per intact floret was correlated with the proportion of unpollinated florets. The number of insect‐damaged florets was influenced by both larvae of Apion in and the numbers of Hypera nigrirostris (Fabr.) hatched from flower heads. One larva of H. nigrirostris caused approximately ten times the damage of a larva of Apion. Densities of Apion and Hypera were influenced by location, with fields with adjacent weevil sources being most at risk. An estimate of potential seed yield showed that, even under good harvest conditions, only a small part of potential seed yield is realized and that under suboptimal harvest conditions seed loss is high. The main factors responsible for low yields in Danish organic white clover seed production were identified as unfavourable harvest conditions and weevil damage.
Potential risks when spreading anaerobic digestion residues on grass silage crops – survival of bacteria, moulds and viruses
Authors: Johansson M. , Emmoth E. , Salomonsson A.‐C. , Albihn A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe survival of pathogenic and spoilage micro‐organisms in soil and on grass fertilized with spiked anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) was investigated in a climate chamber during periods of up to 56 d. In addition, the survival of these organisms over time was investigated during ensiling of grass at 390 g dry matter (DM) kg−1 or 610 g DM kg−1. Micro‐organisms included in these studies were: Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Salmonella serotype Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Talaromyces emersonii, Byssochlamys nivea, Porcine parvovirus and Swine vesicular disease virus. Soil and grass still contained high numbers of E. coli, Cl. tyrobutyricum and T. emersonii (1·9–5·4 log10) 49 and 56 d after fertilization with spiked ADR. Listeria monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium were generally found in the samples. This indicates that, within this time span, there is a risk of silage contamination by bacteria, moulds and viruses present in ADR spread on grassland. An increase in DM content of the crop decreased its ensilability as measured by pH and short‐chain fatty acid content. However, no clear differences were found in survival of pathogenic and spoilage micro‐organisms between the two silages with different DM contents, regardless of storage time. The lack of moisture and oxygen was probably sufficient to cause the reduction in vegetative bacteria in the 610 g DM kg−1 silage. However, bacterial and fungal spores and the viruses studied were not significantly inactivated by ensiling at these high DM contents and could, therefore, pose a health risk to farm animals fed on the silage if present in ADR applied to crops prior to ensilage.
Seedling recruitment dynamics of forage and weed species under continuous and rotational sheep grazing in a temperate New Zealand pasture
Authors: Edwards G. R. , Hay M. J. M. , Brock J. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUnderstanding the grazing conditions under which plant populations are limited by seed availability (seed limitation) is important for devising management schemes that aim to manipulate the establishment of weed and forage species. Seeds of three weed species (Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare and Rumex obtusifolius) and five forage species (Lolium perenne, Lotus uliginosus syn. L. pedunculatus, Paspalum dilatatum, Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens) were broadcast sown into L. perenne–T. repens pastures in Manawatu, New Zealand and five sheep‐grazing and two slug‐grazing (with and without molluscicide) treatments were imposed in a split‐plot design. Of the five sheep‐grazing treatments, four compared continuous grazing with rotational grazing at intervals of 12, 24 and 36 d in spring, with all four grazed under a common rotation for the remainder of the year. The fifth treatment was continuous grazing all year. Seed sowing increased seedling emergence of C. vulgare, L. perenne, P. lanceolata, R. obtusifolius and T. repens under all sheep‐ and slug‐grazing treatments, with differences in seedling densities persisting for at least 21 months. Seed sowing did not increase seedling densities of C. arvense, L. uliginosus or P. dilatatum. The effects of sheep‐grazing management on seedling emergence and survival were uncoupled. For the five seed‐limited species, seedling emergence was greater on pastures that were rotationally grazed during spring compared with those that were continuously grazed. However, seedling survival was lower in pastures grazed rotationally during summer, autumn and winter, so that after 21 months seedling numbers were greater on plots that were continuously grazed all year. Exclusion of slugs increased seedling recruitment of T. repens but had no impact on the other species. As weed and forage species responded in a similar way to sheep‐grazing management (increased under continuous, decreased under rotational), it is unlikely that the goals of reducing weed invasions and enhancing forage species establishment could be carried out concurrently in established pastures with the same management.
Human CD8+ T cells specific for influenza A virus M1 display broad expression of maturation‐associated phenotypic markers and chemokine receptors
Authors: Hoji Aki , R. Rinaldo Charles 
Published: May 2005

SummaryTo define the role of memory T cells in a non‐persistent viral infection, we have delineated the phenotype of memory CD8+ T cells specific for influenza A virus (FluA; matrix protein M158−66) based on the expression of several memory/effector lineage markers and relevant chemokine receptors. We found a majority of FluA‐specific CD8+ T cells expressed CD27 and CD28, and variably expressed CD45RA, CD62L, CD94 and granzyme A. A majority of FluA‐specific CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of CXCR3, and moderate levels of CCR5 and CXCR4, whereas a limited proportion expressed CCR7, CCR6 and CXCR5. A phenotypic profile based on these observations showed that there are both immature and mature memory CD8+ T cells specific for FluA.
Increased carrageenan‐induced acute lung inflammation in old rats
Authors: Corsini Emanuela , Di Paola Rosanna , Viviani Barbara , Genovese Tiziana , Mazzon Emanuela , Lucchi Laura , Marinovich Marina , Galli Corrado Lodovico , Cuzzocrea Salvatore 
Published: May 2005

SummaryAgeing is associated with increased susceptibility to lung infections and delayed resolution of pulmonary infiltrates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the onset of carrageenan‐induced lung inflammation. When compared with carrageenan‐treated young rats (3 months old), old rats (> 18 months old) exhibited a preponderance of pleural exudation and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. Lung myeloperoxidase activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration and activation, was significantly increased in old rats in comparison with young rats. Consistent with the biochemical markers of inflammation, increased lung damage, as assessed by nitrosative stress and lipid peroxidation, was observed in carrageenan‐treated old rats. In the lung exudate obtained from old rats, a significant reduction in interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) was observed, while similar expression of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 was induced, suggesting that a decrease in IL‐10 rather than increased chemotaxis may account for the preponderance of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate in old rats. Similar to the in vivo situation, freshly isolated alveolar macrophages obtained from old rats produced less IL‐10. This defective IL‐10 production could be explained by a reduction in the cAMP‐dependent signalling pathway, which mediates IL‐10 production. Indeed, we found decreased cAMP‐responsive element binding protein (CREB) and phosphorous‐CREB (P‐CREB) expression in old rats, which may account for reduced IL‐10 production in old rats.
CpG motif acts as a ‘danger signal’ and provides a T helper type 1‐biased microenvironment for DNA vaccination
Authors: Liu Ling , Zhou Xiaohui , Liu Hua , Xiang Li , Yuan Zhenghong 
Published: May 2005

SummaryThe method of delivering a DNA vaccine can influence the type of immune response induced by the vaccine. Application of a DNA vaccine by gene gun typically induces a T helper type 2 (Th2)‐type reaction, whereas needle inoculation triggers a Th1 response. In the present study, we found that physical trauma, gold‐particle bombardment and the CpG motif can act as ‘danger signals’ that recruit inflammatory cells to damaged tissues. Analysis of the cytokine profiles of draining lymph nodes or lymph‐node‐derived mononuclear cells from different groups by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction revealed that, while gene‐gun‐bombardment induced a Th2‐type cytokine microenvironment with increased interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐10 mRNA expression and almost no increase in IL‐12 and interferon‐γ mRNA expression in draining lymph nodes, intradermal injection as well as subcutaneous injection of muscle induced the opposite. We further studied whether the addition of the CpG motif can switch the Th2‐type cytokine microenvironment produced by gene‐gun bombardment in draining lymph nodes. Results showed that the addition of the CpG motif can increase IL‐12 mRNA expression in draining lymph nodes whether induced by intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, or gene‐gun bombardment. These data suggest that delivery of the CpG motif induced a Th1‐biased microenvironment in draining lymph nodes. Taken together, the CpG motif can act as a ‘danger signal’ and Th1 immune response enhancer in DNA vaccination. These results may help to explain the mechanism of different types of immune response induced by DNA vaccines delivered by different routes and facilitate the application of DNA vaccines.
Long‐term sickness absence: women's opinions about health and rehabilitation
Authors: Ockander Marlene , Timpka Toomas 
Published: May 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study to identify associations between ideas of health and rehabilitation in groups of women having first‐hand experience of long‐term sickness absence.Background.  As a central part of their work, nurses have to be able to understand people in distress. When someone is unable to work because of illness, nurses are one of the central professional categories involved in their rehabilitation.Methods.  Data were collected by Q‐sort grid and biographical interviews from 82 women aged 30–49 years who had either been absent from work because of sickness for 60 days or more, or were receiving a disability pension. The data were first analysed by patterns and structures obtained from a modified factor analysis. The second phase of the analysis dealt with relocating the results from the statistical analyses to their social context.Results.  Six opinions representing different conceptions of health, illness, and rehabilitation were identified. These ranged from reflecting high levels of trust in the health care system to reliance on ‘nature's course’ and emphasizing the meaning of ‘feeling all right’.Conclusions.  For women on long‐term sick leave, it is reasonable to expect that their communication with rehabilitation professionals will be founded in a mutual understanding of basic concepts. However, the disparate opinions about health and rehabilitation identified in this study show that future studies need to investigate the prospective value of this categorization to see whether and how these conceptions affect rehabilitation practices.
The deconstructing angel: nursing, reflection and evidence‐based practice
Authors: Rolfe Gary 
Published: May 2005

The deconstructing angel: nursing, reflection and evidence‐based practice This paper explores Jacques Derrida's strategy of deconstruction as a way of understanding and critiquing nursing theory and practice. Deconstruction has its origins in philosophy, but I argue that it is useful and relevant as a way of challenging the dominant paradigm of any discipline, including nursing. Because deconstruction is notoriously difficult to define, I offer a number of examples of deconstruction in action. In particular, I focus on three critiques of reflective practice by the meta‐narrative of evidence‐based practice (EBP) and attempt to show how those critiques can be directed back at EBP itself. I conclude with the observation that EBP is open to many of the criticisms that it directs at other discourses, including problems of a lack of empirical evidence, of distortions due to memory, and of falsification of the ‘facts’.
Men, culture and hegemonic masculinity: understanding the experience of prostate cancer
Authors: Wall David , Kristjanson Linda 
Published: May 2005

Men, culture and hegemonic masculinity: understanding the experience of prostate cancer Following a diagnosis of, and treatment for prostate cancer, there is an expectation that men will cope with, adjust to and accept the psychosocial impact on their lives and relationships. Yet, there is a limited qualitative world literature investigating the psychosocial experience of prostate cancer, and almost no literature exploring how masculinity mediates in such an experience. This paper will suggest that the experience of prostate cancer, the process by which it is investigated, and the way in which it is understood has been shaped by an essentialist interpretation of gender, exemplified by hegemonic masculinity as the archetypal mechanism of male adaptation. In response to this static and limiting view of masculinity, this paper will offer a reframe of hegemonic masculinity. This reframe, being more aligned with common experience, will portray masculinity as a dynamic and contextual construct, better understood as one of a number of cultural reference points around which each man organises and adopts behaviour. It will be suggested that the extant literature, in being organised around hegemonic masculinity, obfuscates the experience of prostate cancer and acts to render covert any collateral masculinities, public or private, that may also be operating.
Mediating the meaning of evidence through epistemological diversity
Authors: Tarlier Denise 
Published: May 2005

Mediating the meaning of evidence through epistemological diversityNursing's disciplinary recognition of ‘multiple ways of knowing’ reflects an epistemological diversity that supports nursing praxis. Nursing as praxis offers a conceptual way to explore what it is about the interface of practice, knowledge and evidence in nursing that distinguishes us as a discipline. I suggest that the relationship between evidence and knowledge is defined and mediated by the same epistemological diversity that supports nursing as praxis. Just as the meaning and truth‐value of evidence is evaluated from within the body of existing disciplinary knowledge, new evidence may prompt an evaluation of the meaning and truth‐value of extant nursing knowledge. Nursing practice that relies on scientific evidence as a singular basis of practice knowledge is susceptible to exploitation by the diverse agendas operating within an ideology of evidence‐based practice and the healthcare system. Mediating the meaning of evidence for nursing practice through acknowledgement of the diverse epistemologies that underpin nursing knowledge will contribute to a disciplinary‐specific definition of what constitutes evidence for nursing, and will better direct how evidence is integrated into a disciplinary body of knowledge.
In the public interest: autonomy and resistance to methods of standardising nurses’ advice and practices from a health call centre in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Larsen Ann‐Claire 
Published: May 2005

In the public interest: autonomy and resistance to methods of standardising nurses’ advice and practices from a health call centre in Perth, Western Australia The history of nursing is replete with examples of nurses battling for autonomy over their education, knowledge and work practices. The latest battleground is HealthDirect, Australia's first medial call centre, where nurses are required to meet externally imposed clinical standards while satisfying legal and financial obligations. These objectives are arguably achieved when nurses assess callers’ health problems via computerised algorithms that determine an appropriate plan of action. That way, nurses’ subjective responses to callers are ruled out. To ensure nurses comply with the standard processes, calls are monitored randomly and surreptitiously in formal and informal ways. This paper explores how nurses respond to standard procedures and surveillance, in order to argue that nurses’ input partially drives reform processes. Nurses continue to seek autonomy over the advice they give and how their work is evaluated but are constrained by structural power relations.
Evidence for the presence of a CmuA methyltransferase pathway in novel marine methyl halide‐oxidizing bacteria
Authors: Schäfer Hendrik , McDonald Ian R. , Nightingale Phil D. , Murrell J. Colin 
Published: May 2005

SummaryMarine bacteria that oxidized methyl bromide and methyl chloride were enriched and isolated from seawater samples. Six methyl halide‐oxidizing enrichments were established from which 13 isolates that grew on methyl bromide and methyl chloride as sole sources of carbon and energy were isolated and maintained. All isolates belonged to three different clades in the Roseobacter group of the alpha subdivision of the Proteobacteria and were distinct from Leisingera methylohalidivorans, the only other identified marine bacterium that grows on methyl bromide  as sole source of carbon and energy. Genes  encoding the methyltransferase/corrinoid‐binding protein CmuA, which is responsible for the initial step of methyl chloride oxidation in terrestrial methyl halide‐oxidizing bacteria, were detected in enrichments and some of the novel marine strains. Gene clusters containing cmuA and other genes implicated in the metabolism of methyl halides were cloned from two of the isolates. Expression of CmuA during growth on methyl halides was demonstrated by analysis of polypeptides expressed during growth on methyl halides by SDS‐PAGE and mass spectrometry in two isolates representing two of the three clades. These findings indicate that certain marine methyl halide degrading bacteria from the Roseobacter group contain a methyltransferase pathway for oxidation of methyl bromide that may be similar to that responsible for methyl chloride oxidation in Methylobacterium chloromethanicum. This pathway therefore potentially contributes to cycling of methyl halides in both terrestrial and marine environments.
Ecotype diversity in the marine picoeukaryote Ostreococcus (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae)
Authors: Rodríguez Francisco , Derelle Evelyne , Guillou Laure , Le Gall Florence , Vaulot Daniel , Moreau Hervé 
Published: May 2005

SummaryThe importance of the cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus in marine ecosystems in terms of abundance and primary production can be partially explained by ecotypic differentiation. Despite the dominance of eukaryotes within photosynthetic picoplankton in many areas a similar differentiation has never been evidenced for these organisms. Here we report distinct genetic [rDNA 18S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing], karyotypic (pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis), phenotypic (pigment composition) and physiological (light‐limited growth rates) traits in 12 Ostreococcus strains (Prasinophyceae) isolated from various marine environments and depths, which suggest that the concept of ecotype could also be valid for eukaryotes. Internal transcribed spacer phylogeny grouped together four deep strains isolated between 90 m and 120 m depth from different geographical origins. Three deep strains displayed larger chromosomal bands, different chromosome hybridization patterns, and an additional chlorophyll (chl) c‐like pigment. Furthermore, growth rates of deep strains show severe photo‐inhibition at high light intensities, while surface strains do not grow at the lowest light intensities. These features strongly suggest distinct adaptation to environmental conditions encountered at surface and the bottom of the oceanic euphotic zone, reminiscent of that described in prokaryotes.
Marine diatom species harbour distinct bacterial communities
Authors: Grossart Hans‐Peter , Levold Florian , Allgaier Martin , Simon Meinhard , Brinkhoff Thorsten 
Published: May 2005

SummaryWe examined bacterial dynamics in batch cultures of two axenic marine diatoms (Thalassiosira rotulaandSkeletonema costatum). The axenic diatoms were inoculated with natural bacterial assemblages and monitored by 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenolindole (DAPI) counts, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with subsequent analysis of excised, sequenced 16S rRNA gene fragments, and fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) with group‐specific 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes. Our results show that algal growth exhibited pronounced differences in axenic treatments and when bacteria were present. Bacterial abundance and community structure greatly depended on species, growth and physiological status of even closely related algae. Free‐living and phytoplankton‐associated bacteria were very different from each other and were dominated by distinct phylogenetic groups. The diatom‐associated bacteria mainly belonged to theFlavobacteria–Sphingobacteriagroup of the Bacteroidetes phylum whereas free‐living bacteria, which were rather similar in both cultures, comprised mainly of members of theRoseobacter group  of  α‐Proteobacteria.  Presence and disappearance of specific bacteria during algal growth indicated pronounced differences in environmental conditions over time and selection of bacteria highly adapted to the changing conditions. Tight interactions between marine bacteria and diatoms appear to be important for the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling in the sea.