bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term Effects of Status Epilepticus in the Immature Brain Are Specific for Age and Model
Authors: Cilio Maria Roberta , Sogawa Yoshimi , Cha Byung‐Ho , Liu Xianzeng , Huang Li‐Tung , Holmes Gregory L. 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Status epilepticus (SE) is more common in children than adults and has a high mortality and morbidity rate. SE in adult rats results in long‐term disturbances in learning and memory, as well as an enhanced seizure susceptibility to further seizures. In contrast, a number of studies suggest that the immature brain is less vulnerable to the morphologic and physiologic alterations after SE. The goal of this study was to determine whether the long‐term consequences of SE during development on hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function are age and model specific.Methods: We used lithium‐pilocarpine (Li‐PC) to induce SE at different age points during development (P12, P16, P20) and evaluated the effects of this abnormal neural activity on spatial memory performance and seizure susceptibility in the animals beginning at P55, corresponding to young adulthood.Results: We demonstrated that SE at P12 did not result in any structural or functional changes detectable in adulthood, whereas SE at both P16 and P20 induced cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting within the hippocampus and cognitive impairment when the animals were tested as adults.Conclusions: Whereas the seizure threshold to generalized seizures was not altered, animals with SE at P20 showed an increased susceptibility to kindling in adulthood.
Effect of Topiramate or Carbamazepine on the Pharmacokinetics of an Oral Contraceptive Containing Norethindrone and Ethinyl Estradiol in Healthy Obese and Nonobese Female Subjects
Authors: Doose Dennis R. , Wang Shean‐Sheng , Padmanabhan Mukund , Schwabe Stefan , Jacobs David , Bialer Meir 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: To study the pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive (OC) containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol during OC monotherapy, concomitant OC and topiramate (TPM) therapy, and concomitant OC and carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy in order to comparatively evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction, which may cause contraceptive failure.Methods: This randomized, open‐label, five‐group study included two 28‐day cycles. Five groups of female subjects received oral doses of ORTHO‐NOVUM 1/35 alone (cycle 1) and then concomitant with TPM or CBZ (cycle 2). The treatment groups were group 1, TPM, 50 mg/day; group 2, TPM, 100 mg/day; group 3, TPM, 200 mg/day; group 4, TPM, 200 mg/day (obese women); and group 5, CBZ, 600 mg/day. Group 4 comprised obese women whose body mass index (BMI) was between 30 and 35 kg/m2. The BMI of the remaining four groups was ≤27 kg/m2.Results: Coadministration of TPM at daily doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg (nonobese) and 200 mg (obese) nonsignificantly (p > 0.05) changed the mean area under the curve (AUC) of ethinyl estradiol by –12%, +5%, –11%, and –9%, respectively, compared with OC monotherapy. A similar nonsignificant difference was observed with the plasma levels and AUC values of norethindrone (p > 0.05). CBZ (600 mg/day) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the AUC values of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol by 58% and 42%, respectively, and increased their respective oral clearance by 69% and 127% (p < 0.05). Because CBZ induces CYP 3A–mediated and glucuronide conjugation metabolic pathways, the significant increase in the oral clearance of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone was anticipated.Conclusions: TPM, at daily doses of 50–200 mg, does not interact with an OC containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol. The lack of the TPM–OC interaction is notable when it is compared with the CBZ–OC interaction.
Overview of Studies to Prevent Posttraumatic Epilepsy
Authors: Beghi Ettore 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is of primary importance to reduce the degree of functional morbidity following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with TBI must be assessed separately in terms of prevention and control of provoked seizures (which include immediate and early posttraumatic seizures) and prevention of subsequent unprovoked seizures (late posttraumatic seizures or PTE). Methods: Potential mechanisms for prevention of epileptogenesis as well as reports and systematic reviews were evaluated to determine strategies and results of attempts to reduce or prevent the development of epilepsy following TBI. Results: In observational studies, after a period ranging from 6 months to 13 years, the proportion of cases developing seizures was 0‐10% in patients receiving treatment compared to 2–50% in those who were left untreated. In randomized clinical trials, the difference between active treatment [phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital, or carbamazepine (CBZ)] and placebo was less remarkable after a follow‐up ranging from 3 to 60 months and was virtually lacking for the prevention of PTE. In a Cochrane systematic review of 890 patients from 10 RCTs assessing PHT or CBZ, the pooled relative risk (RR) for prevention of early seizures was 0.33 (95% CI 0.21–0.52). By contrast, the RR for prevention of late seizures was 1.28 (95% CI 0.90–1.81). Mortality and neurological disability were similar in the two treatment groups. The use of PHT was followed by an increased (nonsignificant) risk of skin rashes. In addition, cognitive performance was significantly affected by PHT in severely injured patients at 1 month and treatment withdrawal was followed by improvement in cognitive function. Conclusions: The failure to influence the risk of PTE in studies of patients with TBI are similar to findings of meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials on seizure prevention in other conditions, such as febrile seizures, cerebral malaria, craniotomy, and excessive alcohol intake. For these reasons, the prophylactic use of AEDs should be short‐lasting and limited to the prevention of immediate and early seizures. Chronic treatment should be considered only after a diagnosis of PTE.
Fluctuation in Autonomic Tone is a Major Determinant of Sustained Atrial Arrhythmias in Patients with Focal Ectopy Originating from the Pulmonary Veins
Authors: ZIMMERMANN MARC , KALUSCHE DIETRICH 
Published: December 2004

Autonomic Variations in Focal AF. Introduction: This study was designed to analyze dynamic changes in autonomic tone preceding the onset of sustained atrial arrhythmias in patients with focal atrial fibrillation (AF) to determine why patients with frequent discharge from the arrhythmogenic foci develop sustained AF. Methods and Results: Holter tapes from 13 patients (10 men and 3 women; mean age 53 ± 5 years) with paroxysmal “lone” AF (mean 18 ± 13 episodes per week) and a proven focal origin (pulmonary veins in all cases) were analyzed. A total of 38 episodes of sustained AF (> 30 min) were recorded and submitted to frequency‐domain heart rate variability analysis. Six periods were studied using repeated measures analysis of variance: the 24–hour period, the hour preceding AF, and the 20 minutes before AF divided into four 5–minute periods. A significant increase in high‐frequency (HF, HF‐NU) components was observed during the 20 minutes preceding AF (P = 0.003 and 0.002, respectively), together with a progressive decrease in normalized low‐frequency (LF‐NU) components (P = 0.035). An increase in LF/HF ratio followed by a linear decrease starting 15 minutes before sustained AF also was observed, indicating fluctuations in autonomic tone, with a primary increase in adrenergic drive followed by a marked modulation toward vagal predominance immediately before AF onset. Conclusion: In patients with focal ectopy originating from the pulmonary veins, sustained episodes of atrial arrhythmias are mainly dependent on variations of autonomic tone, with a significant shift toward vagal predominance before AF onset.
Breakthrough Waves During Ventricular Fibrillation Depend on the Degree of Rotational Anisotropy and the Boundary Conditions: A Simulation Study
Authors: ASHIHARA TAKASHI , NAMBA TSUNETOYO , IKEDA TAKANORI , ITO MAKOTO , KINOSHITA MASAHIKO , NAKAZAWA KAZUO 
Published: December 2004

Breakthroughs in VF Depend on Rotational Anisotropy. Introduction: The left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) are characterized by specific fiber orientation known as “rotational anisotropy.” However, it remains unclear whether the LV and RV are different with regard to the effect of rotational anisotropy on the dynamics of scroll waves during ventricular fibrillation (VF). To resolve this issue, we used a computation‐based model to study scroll wave behavior. Methods and Results: We composed an environment of simulated three‐dimensional ventricular wall slabs, with optional ratios of fiber rotation to wall thickness (0°, 6°, and 12°/mm thickness; LV 10 mm, RV 5 mm), using Luo‐Rudy phase I equations. When rotational anisotropy was not incorporated into the LV wall slab (θendo˜θepi= 0°), most scroll waves rotated around the filaments perpendicular to the tissue surface, with only a few accompanying breakthrough waves. In a twisted LV model (θendo˜θepi= 60° and 120°), the scroll waves were demonstrated as multiple wavelets scattered spatiotemporally, frequently accompanied by breakthrough waves that were promoted by rotational anisotropy. In a twisted RV model (θendo˜θepi= 30° and 60°), single scroll waves and/or figure‐of‐eight reentrant waves appeared, with comparatively few breakthrough waves, regardless of the degree of fiber twist. Conclusion: The proportion of electrical effects of rotational anisotropy and tissue boundaries plays an important role in the genesis of breakthrough waves during VF, and the difference in wave propagating patterns and frequency spectrum of the ventricles may arise, in part, from the number of breakthrough waves promoted by rotational anisotropy.
Comparison of the Effects on Drug Concentrations, Electrophysiologic Parameters, and Termination of Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs when Procainamide and Ibutilide are Delivered into the Right Atrium versus Intravenously
Authors: VERECKEI ANDRAS , WARMAN EDUARDO , MEHRA RAHUL , ZIPES DOUGLAS P. 
Published: December 2004

RA vs IV Antiarrhythmic Drug Delivery. Introduction: We tested the hypothesis that right intra‐atrial (IA) administration of antiarrhythmic drugs resulted in higher peak serum drug concentrations, greater electrophysiologic effects, and greater efficacy for termination of atrial fibrillation (AF) than intravenous (IV) drug delivery. Methods and Results: Eight dogs were treated with 9.7 mg/kg procainamide infusion and eight dogs with 0.02 mg/kg ibutilide infusion, injected over 5 minutes. Each dog had both an electrophysiologic (EP) and an AF termination study during IA and IV drug administration at ≥2–day intervals (total four studies each). Right atrial pacing capture threshold, right atrial effective refractory period (ERP), right atrial and right ventricular monophasic action potential (MAP) durations at 70% and 90% of repolarization (MAPD70, MAPD90), AH, HV, and QT intervals, QRS width, intra‐arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and cardiac output were measured at different time‐points. Blood samples were drawn from the coronary sinus and femoral vein for drug level determination. The right atrium was paced at 400–msec cycle length throughout the study. AF was induced by rapid right atrial pacing and maintained by methacholine infusion at 1.5 to 3 μg/kg/min. The sustained AF was allowed to persist for 10 minutes before starting the antiarrhythmic drug infusion. We found no significant difference between the procainamide concentrations in the coronary sinus and femoral vein during IA and IV drug delivery. The time course and extent of increase in right atrial ERP, MAPD70, MAPD90, and all the other measured EP parameters did not differ between the two routes of drug administration. No significant difference was found in termination of AF between IV (5/7 procainamide; 4/8 ibutilide) or IA (3/8 procainamide; 3/8 ibutilide) drug delivery or between drugs (8/15 procainamide; 7/16 ibutilide). Conclusion: Our data do not support any beneficial effect of IA versus IV procainamide or ibutilide delivery.
Propagation of Disturbances at High Frequencies in Gases, Liquids, and Plasmas
Authors: Green H. S. 
Published: December 2004

A method is developed for investigating the propagation of disturbances at small amplitude in fluids from the molecular or ionic standpoint. Adopting as variables the displacements of the particles from a configuration of thermal equilibrium, the equations of motion are derived, in statistical form, for both classical and quantum mechanics.
It is shown how to apply this theory in the high-frequency region by neglecting the correlation between the displacements of neighboring particles. Relaxation frequencies are defined, and it is shown that anomalous absorption and dispersion will be found in their neighborhood. Beyond the relaxation frequency, the medium will show elastic or dispersive properties, according to whether the thermal velocities are below or exceed the velocity of propagation. A completely ionized system will have no relaxation frequencies.
The New Annalistic: A Sketch of a Theory of History
Authors: Hölscher Lucian 
Published: December 2004

This article argues for the establishment of a new, “annalistic” model of history and historical investigation. This implies a new concept of historical event: instead of being seen as an element within a historical narrative, the historical event is defined as the common reference point of many narratives that can be told about it. The annalistic model also implies a new concept of historical change: instead of being defined as the change of an “object” within a set of given historical parameters, historical change has to be perceived as the change of parameters related to a given historical object. A new concept of history follows from the annalistic model: instead of history being a metaphysical unity of space and time (the destiny of mankind, the positivist's world of facts), in which everything is linked to everything, it is instead the product of historical judgment carried out by those who design stories about their own past, present, and future. To the “annalist” a world is imaginable in which no history has existed, exists, or will exist.The article analyzes three aspects of the concept of historical time: it demonstrates the huge variety of temporal structures in history; it argues for the foundation of the representation of historical time in linguistic concepts; and it discusses the relationship of fictionality and reality in historical discourse. Finally, the annalistic model is compared to the traditional concept of history established by historicism in the nineteenth century.
Performing ‘Ostalgie’: Leander Haussmann's Sonnenallee
Authors: Cooke Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe following article examines Leander Haußmann's hit youth comedy Sonnenallee (1999). In particular it attempts to challenge many reviewers who saw the film as nothing more than a self‐indulgent piece of ‘Ostalgie’ which trivialises the oppressive reality of life in the GDR. Instead, it argues that the film deliberately highlights the competing tensions at work within contemporary nostalgia for the East German state. On the one hand, Sonnenallee constructs ‘Ostalgie’ as a response to fears among many East Germans that the true nature of their everyday experience is being elided from the historical record. Through the use of an intricate network of Eastern and Western cultural references, the film attempts to counter this impulse by highlighting the importance of both these cultural traditions to youth in the GDR. In so doing the film translates the experience of East Germans into a cultural language that West Germans will understand, thereby ‘normalising’ this experience. On the other hand, and seeming to contradict this project, the film also challenges simplistically rose‐tinted views of the East. Consequently, the film forces the East German spectator to reflect upon, and ultimately reject, any manifestations of Ostalgie which would ostensibly call for a return to the GDR.
The Knockout Blow against the Import System: Admiralty Expectations of Nazi Germany's Naval Strategy, 1934–9*
Authors: Maiolo Joseph A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article examines the performance of the Admiralty in assessing the German navy's intentions and capabilities in the nineteen‐thirties. It demonstrates that the British Naval Staff developed through a methodical war planning process a distinct image of Germany's sea strategy. As the planning process advanced, the Naval Staff became convinced by a steady influx of reliable intelligence that German strategists intended in a future war to launch an aggressive air‐sea offensive against British sea lines of communication. British naval planners maintained that the only way in which German surface and subsurface forces could be made deadly was to combine them with a rapid all‐out air strike on the British import system. Germany did not launch this ‘knockout blow’ in 1939, but its elaboration by the Admiralty illustrates that the Royal Navy's appreciation of German strategy at sea was far more sophisticated, prudent and informed than historians have previously acknowledged.
The emotions in war: fear and the British and American military, 1914–45
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
In modern warfare, technological innovations are applied to terrifying effect. On the machine-dominated battlefields of the twentieth century, the ability of individuals to master their emotions is crucial to the whole martial enterprise. Fear has widely been recognized as the most fraught of all emotions: it may stimulate combatants to fight and it may cause them to flee. This article examines the proliferation of theories about the nature of this emotion within the British and American forces during the First and Second World Wars. The military recognized the impact of new technologies upon human physiology and psychology, elaborated ways of interpreting the particular threat posed by ‘fear’ in modern conflicts, and prescribed ways of disciplining the emotional lives of combatants.
Sir Robert Walpole and Hanover*
Authors: Harding Nick 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Historical commonplace notwithstanding, Sir Robert Walpole was not instinctively hostile to Hanover. On the contrary, he consistently argued that Britain's dynastic union with the Electorate should hurt neither country. Walpole and his surrogates formulated this policy to reconcile his early misgivings about Hanoverian influence during the Northern War with his later support for Hanover when endangered by British policy after 1725. Hanover's exposure to Britain's enemies and the accession of George II, whose German sentiments were initially less pronounced than his father's, temporarily combined to make the Electorate more popular. Walpole's policy served him well until the War of Austrian Succession, when the British public cared less for equity than for Hanoverian submission within dynastic union. A survey of his career, however, shows Sir Robert Walpole and British public opinion to have been more charitable towards Hanover than previously thought.
Physical Growth and Endocrinal Disorders during Pubertal Maturation in Girls with Epilepsy
Authors: El‐Khayat Hamed A. , Abd El‐Basset Fatma Z. , Tomoum Hoda Y. , Tohamy Saeid M. , Zaky Amira A. , Mohamed Mervat S. , Hakky Suzan M. , Barbary Nancy S. El , Nassef Nermin M. 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: This study investigated the effect of epilepsy and/or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the physical growth, pubertal development, and androgenic status of girls with epilepsy between ages 8 and 18 years. Methods: Sixty‐six female patients with epilepsy, their mean ages 13.47 ± 3.5 years, were included. Anthropometric measurements, staging of pubertal maturation, and clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism were assessed, as well as measurement of serum levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and free androgen index (FAI). Of the included patients, 44 had transabdominal ultrasonic examination of the ovaries and fasting serum insulin levels were measured. Forty healthy age‐matched females served as a control group. Results: Patients showed reduced mean height percentile compared with controls (z = 2.07; p = 0.04), which was negatively correlated with the duration of their epilepsy. Patients showed increased frequency of obesity, especially postpubertal girls taking valproate (VPA; 67%), who also showed higher insulin levels (t = 8.01; p = 0.0003). Patients showed increased frequency of clinical hyperandrogenemia in the different stages of puberty. High levels of testosterone and DHEAS were found in female patients with epilepsy, especially pubertal and postpubertal girls. Hyperandrogenism (clinical and/or laboratory) was most affected by the types of AEDs, with higher incidence in patients taking VPA compared with those taking enzyme‐inducing AEDs (χ2= 9.16; p = 0.01). Eighteen percent of the patients were diagnosed as having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). No difference was found in the types of seizures, degree of seizure control, type of AEDs, or insulin levels between patients with and those without PCOS. Conclusions: Longer duration of the disease has a negative impact on the stature of female patients with epilepsy. Postpubertal girls taking VPA are more liable to obesity, which is associated with increased incidence of hyperinsulinemia. Clinical and/or laboratory evidence of hyperandrogenism is seen at a high frequency in patients, especially with the use of VPA. Furthermore, female patients with epilepsy especially in the postpubertal stage of sexual maturation, have a high prevalence of PCOS, independent of the type of AED or the characteristics of the epilepsy disorder.
Sex and Estrus Cycle Differences in the Modulatory Effects of Morphine on Seizure Susceptibility in Mice
Authors: Riazi Kiarash , Honar Hooman , Homayoun Houman , Rashidi Narges , Dehghani Mehdi , Sadeghipour Hamed , Gaskari Seyed Ali , Dehpour Ahmad Reza 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: To evaluate the effects of sex and estrus cycle on biphasic anticonvulsant and proconvulsant modulation of seizure threshold by morphine. Methods: The threshold for the clonic seizures (CST) induced by acute intravenous administration of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was assessed in male and female mice. Estrus cycle was assessed by vaginal smears. The effect of removing circulating sex hormones was assessed by gonadectomy. Results: At baseline, diestrus females had a higher CST compared with males and estrus females. Morphine at lower doses (0.5–3 mg/kg) had a significant anticonvulsant effect in males and estrus females compared with that in vehicle‐treated controls, whereas female mice in diestrus phase showed a relative subsensitivity to this effect. Morphine at higher doses (30 and 60 mg/kg) significantly decreased CST in males and diestrus females, with less relative effect in estrus mice. In both phases, morphine exerted stronger effects in males compared with females. Ovariectomy brought the baseline CST to the male level and resulted in significant expression of both phases of morphine effect but did not abolish the sex difference in responsiveness to morphine. Conclusions: The biphasic modulation of seizure threshold is subject to both constitutive sex differences in sensitivity to morphine and hormonal fluctuations during the estrus cycle.