bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of effective management plan for critical subwatersheds using SWAT model
Authors: Tripathi M. P. , Panda R. K. , Raghuwanshi N. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe present investigation is an effort to develop an effective management plan for the identified critical subwatersheds of Nagwan watershed located in the eastern part of India using a precalibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. In all 60 combinations of various management treatments including crops (rice, maize, peanut and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field cultivator, mould board plough and conventional practices) and levels of fertilizer (existing, half of recommended and recommended) have been studied.This study revealed that crops like maize, peanut and soybean could not replace rice since they resulted in higher sediment yield compared to rice. The tillage practice with mould board plough has been found to have a more appreciable impact on the sediment and nutrient losses than conventional tillage practices for the existing level of fertilizer. Sediment yield decreased in case of zero tillage, conservation tillage and field cultivator compared to conventional tillage. On the other hand, nutrient losses increased in case of zero and conservation tillage for all levels of fertilizer compared to the other tillage treatments.In conclusion it can be stated that the sediment yield is highest in case of mould board plough followed by conventional tillage field cultivator, conservation tillage and least in zero tillage practices, whereas the nutrient losses were found to be just in the reverse order with tillage practices, indicating highest nutrient losses in mould board plough tillage practices. In view of the sediment yield and nutrient losses, the conventional tillage practice was considered to be the best as the sediment yield is less than the average soil loss and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the ecohydrological model SWIM for regional impact studies and vulnerability assessment
Authors: Krysanova Valentina , Hattermann Fred , Wechsung Frank 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper the ecohydrological model SWIM developed for regional impact assessment is presented, and examples of approaches to climate and land use change impact studies are described. SWIM is a continuous‐time semi‐distributed ecohydrological model, integrating hydrological processes, vegetation, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment transport at the river basin scale. Its spatial disaggregation scheme has three levels: (1) basin, (2) sub‐basins and (3) hydrotopes within sub‐basins. The model was extensively tested and validated for hydrological processes, nitrogen dynamics, crop yield and erosion (mainly in mesoscale sub‐basins of the German part of the Elbe River basin). After appropriate validation in representative sub‐basins, the model can be applied at the regional scale for impact studies. Particular interest in the global change impact studies is given to effects of expected changes in climate and land use on hydrological processes and agro‐ecosystems, including water balance components, water quality and crop yield. This paper (a) introduces the reader to the class of process‐based ecohydrological catchment scale models, (b) introduces SWIM as one such model, and (c) presents two examples of impact studies performed with SWIM for the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), which overlaps with the lowland part of the Elbe drainage area. The impact studies provide a better understanding of the complex interactions between climate, hydrological processes and vegetation, and improve our potential adaptation to the expected changes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Return‐flow assessment for irrigation command in the Palleru river basin using SWAT model
Authors: Gosain A. K. , Rao Sandhya , Srinivasan R. , Reddy N. Gopal 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDue to the ever‐increasing demand for water resources, the pressure on their judicious utilization is also increasing. Besides being precious, water is also a very complex commodity. The dynamic nature of weather as well as the spatial variability of landmass contribute to the dynamic behaviour of the response of the watersheds to the natural and artificial inputs of water. This requirement has led to the formulation of continuous, distributed parameter, water balance simulation models capable of providing insight into the distribution and utilization of water in a watershed. Since they mimic the natural processes prevalent in the area, they are capable of providing many answers that are normally not easily available otherwise. In the present paper one such situation has been tackled using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. The target question was to assess the return flow on account of introducing canal irrigation in a basin (Palleru river basin in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India). Since the return flow is dependent on many aspects such as soil characteristics, method of irrigation, etc., it is not appropriate to put a rule‐of‐thumb value on such quantities. Through modelling, the return flow has been assessed and validated. The temporal variation of such return flows has also been captured. The virgin flows from the basin, before the manmade changes in construction of reservoir and importing water for irrigation were introduced, were also computed as per the requirement of the department. In fact this has been an exercise in demonstrating the usefulness of creating such a base framework capable of helping water managers in planning and management of this very vital resource. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the effects of land use patterns on hydrologic landscape functions: development of sustainable land use concepts for low mountain range areas
Authors: Fohrer N. , Haverkamp S. , Frede H.‐G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRisk assessment of future land use changes with respect to their ecological impact is still an unsolved problem. The implementation of sustainable land use concepts for mesoscale catchments requires a methodology that is able to quantify the effects on the water balance of this ecosystem. Paired catchment experiments on this scale are either not feasible or too time‐consuming and expensive, and the results are usually not transferable to other regions. Thus the application of hydrological models can clarify the processes involved and support well‐balanced management decisions.The GIS‐linked software package IOSWAT consisting of the pre‐processing tools TOPAZ, SUSAT and SWATGRASS, the ecohydrologic model SWAT‐G and the post‐processing program OUTGRASS were tested in the German Aar watershed (60 km2), which is located in a low mountain range area in the federal state of Hessen. The aim of this modelling exercise is the development of a method for land use change analysis in order to derive sustainable land use options. The impact of different average field sizes on the spatial distribution of agricultural production systems was analysed by the economic model ProLand. Spatially distributed land use scenarios for an average field size of 0·5, 0·75, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ha have been provided in the form of raster maps with a resolution of 25 m × 25 m and were analysed with the IOSWAT modelling system with regard to their hydrological effect. In general, the model predicts reasonable annual trends for the water balance components of the scenarios under investigation. However, the absolute changes due to deforestation, augmentation of grassland and field crops remain much smaller than expected. The peak flow rate is especially affected by the changes in land use. The strongest impact can be observed in the spatial pattern of water balance components within the catchment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff simulations on the macroscale with the ecohydrological model SWIM in the Elbe catchment–validation and uncertainty analysis
Authors: Hattermann F. F. , Wattenbach M. , Krysanova V. , Wechsung F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study presents an example where the hydrological processes of the ecohydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) are thoroughly analysed. The model integrates hydrology, vegetation, erosion and nutrient dynamics. It is process‐based and has to be calibrated. The hydrological validation of the model is of prime importance, because all other ecological processes are related to the water cycle. On the other hand, these ecological processes influence the water cycle in turn, and therefore they were considered in the modelling process and in the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.The validation was multi‐scale, multi‐site and multi‐criteria: the validation strategy followed a bottom‐up approach in which the model was firstly calibrated for 12 mesoscale sub‐basins, covering the main subregions of the German part of the Elbe basin, and the information gained from the mesoscale was then used to validate the model for the entire macroscale basin. Special attention was paid to the use of spatial information (maps of water table) to validate the model in addition to commonly used observations of water discharge at the basin outlet. One main result was that investigations in smaller catchments have to accompany macroscale model applications in order to understand the dominant hydrological processes in the different areas of the entire basin and at different scales.The validation was carried out in the German part of the Elbe river basin (∼80 258 km2). It is representative of semi‐humid landscapes in Central Europe, where water availability during the summer season is a limiting factor for plant growth and crop yield. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the effect of land use patterns on hydrologic landscape functions: a comprehensive GIS‐based tool to minimize model uncertainty resulting from spatial aggregation
Authors: Haverkamp S. , Fohrer N. , Frede H.‐G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt is a common technique to predict hydrologic effects of land use changes by simulation models. On the scale of watersheds, hydrologic models comprise different approaches for many hydrologic components. One important source of model uncertainty results from errors of measured input data and their spatial aggregation. Whereas simulations on the basis of measured land use can be validated by measuring resulting hydrologic components, model uncertainty on land use scenarios cannot be quantified because of their virtuality. An entropy‐based algorithm is proposed and validated, which should serve for the identification of an appropriate level of spatial aggregation. This technique is statistically based and applicable for common methods of subwatershed and hydrologic response unit (HRU) delineation. The main criterion of this algorithm is the heterogeneity of data distribution within the investigated watershed, which might vary for different land use scenarios.For spatial output analysis of a long‐term hydrologic model, a reassignment technique of statistically distributed output values to certain grids was developed. It combines efficient model calculations for aggregated spatial areas without losing spatial output heterogeneity. This procedure enables model validation on a grid‐based resolution and serves for the identification of spatial differences of uncertainty. Besides these new approaches for spatial analysis, different common tools for data pre‐ and post‐processing were integrated into the comprising software package IOSWAT, linked to a GIS. The results of the new approaches prove them to be valid for different watersheds and hydrologic conditions. The application of the comprehensive software package is presented in Fohrer et al. (this issue). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of metastasis‐suppressive gene Nm23‐H1 on glycosyl‐transferases involved in the synthesis of sialyl Lewis antigens
Authors: Duan Ling‐Ling , Guo Peng , Zhang Ying , Chen Hui‐Li 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBy using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), the mRNA expressions of three families of glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of sialyl Lewis antigens were determined in H7721 human hepatocarcinoma cell line before and after the transfection of metastasis‐suppressive gene nm23‐H1. These glycosyltransferases included α1,3fucosyltransferase (α1,3FucT)‐III, ‐IV, ‐VI, ‐VII, and ‐IX, α2,3‐sialyltransferase (ST3Gal)‐I, ‐II, ‐III, and ‐IV as well as O‐glycan core 2 β1,6 N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT)‐I and ‐II. In mock cells transfected with the vector, the expression‐order of α1,3FucTs was IV > VI > III > VII > IX, that of ST3Gals was IV > I > II > III, and that of C2GnT was I > II. Nm23‐H1 downregulated the mRNA expressions of all five subtypes of α1,3FucT and ‐I, ‐III, ‐IV subtypes of ST3Gal, but not ST3Gal‐II and C2GnT‐I, II. On the other hand, the expressions of cell surface sialyl Lewis X (SLex) and α2,3 sialyl residues were decreased on nm23‐H1 transfected cells as detected with monoclonal antibody of SLex and enzyme‐labeled lectins, respectively. Since SLex was reported to be a metastasis‐associated glycan structure, the reduced expressions of SLex and some enzymes related to its synthesis may be one of the mechanisms to explain the metastasis‐suppressive effect of nm23‐H1. J. Cell. Biochem. 94: 1248–1257, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional enhancers: Intelligent enhanceosomes or flexible billboards?
Authors: Arnosti David N. , Kulkarni Meghana M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn higher eukaryotes, transcriptional enhancers play critical roles in the integration of cellular signaling information, but apart from a few well‐studied model enhancers, we lack a general picture of transcriptional information processing by most enhancers. Here we discuss recent studies that have provided fresh insights on information processing that occurs on enhancers, and propose that in addition to the highly cooperative and coordinate action of “enhanceosomes”, a less integrative, but more flexible form of information processing is mediated by information display or “billboard” enhancers. Application of these models has important ramifications not only for the biochemical analysis of transcription, but also for the wider fields of bioinformatics and evolutionary biology. J. Cell. Biochem. 94: 890–898, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of Elk‐dependent‐transcription by Gene33
Authors: Keeton Adam B. , Messina Joseph L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGene33 is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in many cell types, including those of renal and hepatic origin. Its expression is regulated by a large number of mitogenic and stressful stimuli, both in cultured cells and in vivo. Gene33 protein possesses binding domains for ErbB receptors, 14‐3‐3 proteins, SH‐3 domains, and GTP bound Cdc42, suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction. Indeed, these regions of Gene33 have been reported to modulate signaling through the ERK, JNK, and NFκB pathways. In the present work, epitope‐tagged full‐length and truncation mutants, as well as wild‐type Gene33, were overexpressed in 293 cells. The expression of these proteins was compared to the level of endogenous Gene33 by Western blot using a newly developed polyclonal antibody. As proxies for activity of the ERK and JNK pathways, Elk‐ and c‐Jun‐dependent transcription were measured by a luciferase reporter gene. Moderate expression levels of full‐length Gene33 caused a twofold increase in Elk‐dependent transcription, while at higher levels, c‐Jun‐dependent transcription was partially inhibited. The C‐terminal half of Gene33 significantly increased both Elk‐ and c‐Jun‐dependent transcription when expressed at approximately threefold above control levels. This effect on Elk‐dependent transcription was lost at higher levels of Gene33 expression. In contrast, higher levels of the C‐terminal half of Gene33 caused a progressively greater effect on c‐Jun‐dependent transcription. These findings suggest that Gene33 may increase ERK activity, and that the C‐terminal half of Gene33 may act less specifically in the absence of the N‐terminal half, inducing JNK activity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of spongy cryogels of poly(vinyl alcohol)–casein system: water sorption and blood compatibility study
Authors: Bajpai Anil , Saini Rajesh 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and casein are biocompatible and biodegradable macromolecules, which have been widely applied in biomedical fields. In this paper, novel physically crosslinked hydrogels composed of PVA and casein were prepared by repeated freezing–thawing treatment of aqueous solutions of PVA and casein and characterized by IR, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The prepared so‐called ‘cryogels’ were evaluated for their water uptake, and the influences of various factors, such as their chemical architecture and the pH and temperature of the swelling bath, were investigated in terms of water sorption. The effect of salt and various simulated biological fluids on the swelling of cryogels was investigated. The in vitro biocompatibility of the prepared cryogels was also judged by methods such as protein (bovine serum albumin) adsorption, blood clot formation and percentage haemolysis measurements. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization of propylene using MgCl2 (ethoxide type)/TiCl4/diether heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst
Authors: Zohuri Gholam Hossein , Kasaeian Ali Bakhash , Torabi Angagi Mahmoud , Jamjah Roghieh , Mousavian Mohammad Ali , Emami Mehersal , Ahmadjo Saied 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHeterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst of MgCl2 (ethoxide type)/TiCl4/diether was prepared. 2,2‐Diisobutyl‐1,3‐dimethoxy propane (DiBDMP), diether, was used as internal donor. Slurry polymerization of propylene was carried out using the catalyst in dry heptane while triethylaluminium (TEA) was used as co‐catalyst. The co‐catalyst effects, such as catalyst molar ratio, polymerization temperature, H2 pressure, external donor, triisobutylaluminium (TiBA) and monomer pressure, on the activity of the catalyst and isotacticity index (II) of the polymers obtained were studied. Rate of polymerization versus polymerization time is of a decay type with no acceleration period. There are an optimum Al/Ti molar ratio and temperature to obtain the highest activity of the catalyst. The maximum activity was obtained at 60 °C. Increasing the monomer pressure to 1 010 000 Pa linearly increased the activity of the catalyst. Addition of hydrogen to 151 500 Pa pressure increased activity of the catalyst from 2.25 to 5.45 kg polypropylene (PP) (g cat)−1 h−1 using 505 000 Pa pressure of monomer. The II decreased with increasing Al/Ti ratio, monomer pressure, hydrogen pressure and increased with increasing temperature to 60 °C, following with decrease as the temperature increases. Productivity of 11.55 kg (PP) (g cat)−1 h−1 was obtained at 1 010 000 Pa pressure of monomer and temperature of 60 °C. Addition of methyl p‐toluate (MPT) and dimethoxymethyl cyclohexyl silane (DMMCHS) as external donors decreased the activity of the catalyst sharply, while the II slightly increased. Some studies of the catalyst structure and morphology of the polymer were carried out using FTIR, X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheological and mechanical properties of DGEBA‐S epoxy copolymer initiated by N‐benzylquinoxalinium hexafluoroantimonate
Authors: Park Soo‐Jin , Kang Jun‐Gil , Kwon Soo‐Han 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe rheological and mechanical properties of the DGEBA‐S epoxy copolymer initiated by N‐benzylquinoxalinium hexafluoroantimonate (BQH) as a cationic latent thermal catalyst were investigated. The rheological properties of the DGEBA‐S/BQH system were investigated using a rheometer under isothermal conditions, and the mechanical properties of the casting specimens, involving flexure and impact tests, were also performed. The crosslinking activation energy and mechanical properties of the DGEBA‐S/BQH system were higher than those of the DGEBA/BQH system. This could be attributed to the introduction of sulfone groups with a polar nature to the main chain of the epoxy resins which led to a decrease of molecular motion and an improvement in the toughness of the cured epoxy copolymers. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 filler effect on (PEO)LiClO4 solid polymer electrolyte
Authors: Wang Yan‐Jie , Pan Yi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractComposite polymer electrolyte (CPE) films consisting of PEO, LiClO4, and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 with fixed EO/Li = 8 but different relative compositions of the two lithium salts were prepared by the solution casting method. The CPE films were characterized using SEM, DSC, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and ion transference number measurement. It was found that the incorporation of LiClO4 and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 into PEO by keeping EO/Li = 8 reduced the crystallinity of PEO from 50.34% to the range of 3.57–15.63% depending upon the relative composition of the two salts. The room temperature impedance spectra of the CPE films all exhibited a shape of depressed semicircle in the high frequency range and inclined line in the low frequency range, but the high temperature ones were mainly inclined lines. The Li+ ionic conductivity of the CPE films mildly increased and then decreased with increasing Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 content, and the maximum conductivities were obtained at Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 content of 15 wt % for all measuring temperatures, for example, 1.378 × 10−3 S/cm at 100 °C and 1.387 × 10−5 S/cm at 25 °C. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity of the CPE films follows the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation

The pseudo activation energies (Ea) were rather low, 0.053–0.062 eV, indicating an easy migration of Li+ in the amorphous phase dominant PEO. The pre‐exponent constant A and ion transference number tLi+ were found to have a similar variation tendency with increasing Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 content and reached their maximums also at Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 content of 15 wt %. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 743–751, 2005
Molecular dynamics simulations of human butyrylcholinesterase
Authors: Suárez Dimas , Field Martin J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHerein, we present results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzyme in aqueous solution. Two configurations of the unbound form of BuChE differing in the presence or absence of a sodium ion inside the protein gorge were simulated for 10 and 5 ns, respectively. Besides complementing the structural information provided by X‐ray data, the MD simulations give insight into the structure of the native BuChE enzyme. For example, it is shown that: the nucleophilic Ser198 residue and the various binding subsites in the BuChE catalytic cavity are readily accessible from the exterior of the protein; the presence of the sodium ion dynamically explores two different binding sites in the gorge leading to the active site and stabilizes the productive conformation of the Glu325/His438/Ser198 catalytic triad; several long‐lived water bridges are fully integrated into the architecture of the active site; the positions of the residues at the rim of the gorge region display large deviations with respect to the crystal structure; and two side doors, constituted by residues situated at the tip of the acyl‐ and Ω‐loops, respectively, open wide enough to allow the passage of water molecules. In conclusion, we compare our theoretical results with those from previous work on mouse acetylcholinesterase and discuss their implications for substrate binding and catalysis in BuChE. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.