bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic status of Triturus vittatus (Amphibia: Salamandridae) in western Turkey: trunk vertebrae count, genome size and allozyme data
Authors: Rosanov  , Litvinchuk  , Zuiderwijk  , Borkin  
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe banded newt, Triturus vittatus is suggested to consist of two species (T. ophryticus and T. vittatus). The northern taxon, T. ophryticus, is subdivided into two geographic fragments: the "western group" of populations from western Anatolian Turkey, and the "eastern group" distributed in the remaining part of the Pontic Turkey and western Caucasus. The western samples are characterized by a peculiar combination of various features. In this group the modal number of trunk vertebrae is equal to 12, like in T. v. vittatus and T. v. cilicensis, whereas the eastern group of T. ophryticus has 13 vertebrae. The amount of DNA per diploid nucleus, determined by flow cytometry, is higher in the western group (66.8-68.8 pg vs. 62.5-63.7 pg in the eastern group). Significant differences between both groups of T. ophryticus were revealed in allozymes (DNei'72 = 0.383 in average) as well. We allocate the western group of T. ophryticus to a separate subspecies, Triturus ophryticus nesterovi, subsp. nov. A paleogeographic scenario for T. vittatus and other newts is proposed. The taxonomic structure of the paraphyletic genus Triturus is discussed. We proposed to split the genus in four monophyletic genera Triturus sensu stricto, Lophinus, Mesotriton and Ommatotriton.
Indian Ocean Variability and Its Association with ENSO in a Global Coupled Model
Authors: Zhong Aihong , Hendon Harry H. , Alves Oscar 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The evolution of the Indian Ocean during El Niño–Southern Oscillation is investigated in a 100-yr integration of an Australian Bureau of Meteorology coupled seasonal forecast model. During El Niño, easterly anomalies are induced across the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. These act to suppress the equatorial thermocline to the west and elevate it to the east and initially cool (warm) the sea surface temperature (SST) in the east (west). Subsequently, the entire Indian Ocean basin warms, mainly in response to the reduced latent heat flux and enhanced shortwave radiation that is associated with suppressed rainfall. This evolution can be partially explained by the excitation of an intrinsic coupled mode that involves a feedback between anomalous equatorial easterlies and zonal gradients in SST and rainfall. This positive feedback develops in the boreal summer and autumn seasons when the mean thermocline is shallow in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean in response to trade southeasterlies. This positive feedback diminishes once the climatological surface winds become westerly at the onset of the Australian summer monsoon.
ENSO is the leading mechanism that excites this coupled mode, but not all ENSO events are efficient at exciting it. During the typical El Niño (La Niña) event, easterly (westerly) anomalies are not induced until after boreal autumn, which is too late in the annual cycle to instigate strong dynamical coupling. Only those ENSO events that develop early (i.e., before boreal summer) instigate a strong coupled response in the Indian Ocean. The coupled mode can also be initiated in early boreal summer by an equatorward shift of the subtropical ridge in the southern Indian Ocean, which stems from uncoupled extratropical variability.
On Sampling Errors in Empirical Orthogonal Functions
Authors: Quadrelli Roberta , Bretherton Christopher S. , Wallace John M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A perturbation analysis is carried out to quantify the eigenvector errors due to the mixing with other eigenvectors that occur when empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) are computed for a finite-size data sample. Explicit forms are provided for the second-order eigenvalue error and first-order eigenvector error. The eigenvector sampling error depends monotonically on the ratio of the lower to the higher eigenvalues that mix. The relationship to the eigenvalue separation criterion of North et al. is discussed.
The eigenvector error formula is applied to quantify sampling errors for the leading EOF of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime geopotential height at various pressure levels, and it is found that the smallest sampling error in the troposphere occurs for the sea level pressure EOF. The errors in the 500-hPa height EOFs are almost twice as large.
Patient- and ward-level determinants of nursing time in nursing facilities
Authors: Laine Juha , Noro Anja , Finne-Soveri Harriet , Häkkinen Unto 
Published: October 2005

Objectives: To explore the patient- and ward-level determinants of wage-adjusted nursing time in long-term care wards for the elderly with a view to improving efficiency of the use of labour resources. Methods: The wage-adjusted nursing time given to patients was obtained from a time measurement study. Patient characteristics were based on the Minimum Data Set 2.0 of the Resident Assessment Instrument for nursing homes. Ordinary least-squares regression analysis and multilevel modelling were used to disentangle the effect of patient- and ward-level factors on nursing time. Results: A significant difference in wage-adjusted nursing time between wards was detected, which was partly explained by characteristics of patients in wards. The combination of patients' physical functioning and cognition and the Resource Utilization Groups RUG-III/22 resource use classification explained 20–25% of patients' nursing time over a 24-hour period. Variables related to the operational environment of the ward did not explain differences in wage-adjusted nursing time once the patient profile of the ward had been controlled for. The results also showed notable unmeasured patient and ward level effects, inefficiency and randomness in the allocation of nursing time. Conclusions: By improving the allocation and use of labour resources, the substantial variation in nursing time between wards could be diminished. Managers should allocate their staff primarily according to patients' resource needs.
Electrochemiluminescence of dipicolinic acid (DPA) and (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine)
Authors: Byrd Jessica , Bruno John G. , Richter Mark M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe spectroscopic and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties of dipicolinic acid (DPA), (bpy)2Ru2+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) and the species formed when DPA and (bpy)2Ru2+ [abbreviated to (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+] are allowed to react are reported. The UV‐Vis absorption maxima for (bpy)2Ru2+ and (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+ are 493 and 475 nm, respectively, indicating the in situ formation of a complex between DPA and (bpy)2Ru2+. DPA, (bpy)2Ru2+ and (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+ display ECL upon oxidation in the presence of the oxidative–reductive co‐reactant tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA). The ECL of (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+ is at least two‐fold higher than either of the parent species. An ECL spectrum of (bpy)2Ru(DPA)+ displays a peak maximum 40 nm red‐shifted from the photoluminescence peak maximum, suggesting that the excited state formed electrochemically is different from that formed spectroscopically. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosynthesis and Identification of Volatiles Released by the Myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca
Authors: Dickschat Jeroen S. , Bode Helge B. , Wenzel Silke C. , Müller Rolf , Schulz Stefan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe volatiles released by agar plate cultures of two strains of the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca (strains Sg a15 and DW4/3‐1) were collected in a closed‐loop stripping apparatus (CLSA) and analyzed by GC‐MS. Large numbers of substances from different compound classes (ketones, esters, lactones, terpenes, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds) were identified; several of them are reported from natural sources for the first time. The volatiles 2‐methyltridecan‐4‐one (17), its isomer 3‐methyltridecan‐4‐one (20), and the higher homologue 2‐methyltetradecan‐4‐one (18) were identified in the extracts of both strains and were synthesized. In addition, strain Sg a15 produced 2,12‐dimethyltridecan‐4‐one (19), 2‐methyltridec‐2‐en‐4‐one (23), and a series of phenyl ketones, among them 1‐phenyldecan‐1‐one (14) and 9‐methyl‐1‐phenyldecan‐1‐one (16), whereas strain DW4/3‐1 emitted traces of 10‐methylundecan‐2‐one (21). The biosynthesis of 14 and 16 was examined in feeding experiments with deuterated precursors carried out on agar plate cultures. The leucine‐derived starter unit isovalerate was shown to be incorporated into 16, as was phenylalanine‐derived benzoic acid into both 14 and 16. The results point to formation both of the phenyl ketones and of the structurally related aliphatic ketones through an unusual head‐to‐head coupling between a starter unit such as benzoyl‐CoA and a fatty acyl‐CoA, followed by decarboxylation.
As Fast and Selective as Enzymatic Ligations: Unpaired Nucleobases Increase the Selectivity of DNA‐Controlled Native Chemical PNA Ligation
Authors: Ficht Simon , Dose Christian , Seitz Oliver 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDNA‐controlled reactions offer interesting opportunities in biological, chemical, and nanosciences. In practical applications, such as in DNA sequence analysis, the sequence fidelity of the chemical‐ligation reaction is of central importance. We present a ligation reaction that is as fast as and much more selective than enzymatic T4 ligase‐mediated oligonucleotide ligations. The selectivity was higher than 3000‐fold in discriminating matched from singly mismatched DNA templates. It is demonstrated that this enormous selectivity is the hallmark of the particular ligation architecture, which is distinct from previous ligation architectures designed as “nick ligations”. Interestingly, the fidelity of the native chemical ligation of peptide nucleic acids was increased by more than one order of magnitude when performing the ligation in such a way that an abasic‐site mimic was formed opposite an unpaired template base. It is shown that the high sequence fidelity of the abasic ligation could facilitate the MALDI‐TOF mass‐spectrometric analysis of early cancer onset by allowing the detection of as little as 0.2 % of single‐base mutant DNA in the presence of 99.8 % wild‐type DNA.
ζ‐Chain associated protein 70 and CD38 combined predict the time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Del Giudice Ilaria , Morilla Alison , Osuji Nnenna , Matutes Estella , Morilla Ricardo , Burford Anna , Maravelaki Sonia , Owusu‐Ankomah Kwasi , Swansbury John , A'Hern Roger , Brito‐Babapulle Vasantha , Catovsky Daniel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDζ‐Chain associated protein (ZAP)‐70 has been proposed as a surrogate marker for immunoglobulin heavy‐chain variable region (IgVH) mutation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but it is still not clear whether it is an independent prognostic factor.METHODSThe authors evaluated ZAP‐70 expression by flow cytometry in 201 untreated patients and correlated ZAP‐70 levels with CD38 expression, genetic abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and the time from diagnosis to first treatment.RESULTSFifty‐seven patients (28%) were positive for ZAP‐70 (≥ 20%). Positive ZAP‐70 status was associated with advanced disease stage, atypical morphology, CD38‐positive status, trisomy 12, del(6q), or no detectable abnormalities; negative ZAP‐70 status was correlated with del(13q) as a sole abnormality. The treatment‐free interval (TFI) was 17.7 months for ZAP‐70‐positive patients and 44.6 months for ZAP‐70‐negative patients (P< 0.001). Multivariate analysis in 117 patients identified advanced stage, CD38 ≥ 7%, and the absence of del(13q) as a sole abnormality as independent factors for short TFI. Excluding FISH, ZAP‐70 status acquired independent prognostic value along with CD38 status. The authors proposed a risk model that combines ZAP‐70 and CD38 to identify patients who are likely to progress. When both markers were positive, the TFI was 12 months; when both were negative, the median TFI was 54 months; a median TFI of 26 months was observed in patients who had discordant results (P< 0.00001).CONCLUSIONSThe current findings suggested that both ZAP‐70 and CD38 should be tested prospectively in all patients with early‐stage CLL. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Accuracy analysis of Adini's non‐conforming plate element on anisotropic meshes
Authors: Mao Shipeng , Chen Shaochun 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we mainly study the famous Adini's non‐conforming finite element for plate‐bending problems on anisotropic meshes. Without the regular assumption on the meshes, the interpolation error and consistency error estimates are both of order O(h2) (h is the maximum diameter of elements), which improves the conventional results of this element. Lastly, a numerical test is carried out, which coincides with our theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐Dependent and Friction‐Controlled Electrochemically Induced Shuttling Along Molecular Strings Associated with Electrodes
Authors: Katz Eugenii , Baron Ronan , Willner Itamar , Richke Noa , Levine R. D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe temperature and solvent composition dependence of the electrochemically stimulated rate of shuttling of the redox‐active cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene), on a molecular string has been studied. The molecular string includes a π‐donor diiminebenzene‐site that is associated on one side with an electrode, and stoppered on the other side with an adamantane unit. The cyclophane rests on the π‐donor site, owing to stabilizing π‐donor–acceptor interactions. Electrochemical reduction of the cyclophane units, to the bis‐radical cation cyclophane, results in the shuttling of the reduced cyclophane towards the electrode, a process that is driven by the removal of the stabilizing donor–acceptor interactions, and the electrostatic attraction of the reduced product by the electrode. The latter process is energetically downhill, and is temperature‐independent. Upon oxidation of the reduced cyclophane that is associated with the electrode, the energetically uphill shuttling of the oxidized cyclophane to the π‐donor site proceeds. The rate of this translocation process has been found to be temperature‐dependent, and controlled by the solvent composition. The experimental results have been theoretically analyzed in terms of Kramers’ molecular friction model. The theoretical fitting of the experimental results, using solutions of variable composition, reveals that the rate‐constants for the uphill reaction in a pure aqueous solution follow the temperature‐dependence of the viscosity of water. The results demonstrate the significance of friction phenomena in shuttling processes within molecular machines.
A Pentaporphyrin as a Switching Device Activated by Proton and Redox Stimuli
Authors: Ceroni Paola , Bergamini Giacomo , Aubert Nicolas , Troiani Vincent , Solladié Nathalie 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new pentaporphyrin array, constituted by a peptidic backbone and lateral chains with two free‐base, one MgII, and two ZnII porphyrins, has been synthesized. The electrochemical and photophysical properties are not the mere superposition of those of its model compounds: slight shifts of the E1/2 values and strong perturbation of both the Soret and Q‐band absorption show substantial ground‐state interactions among the component units, which take advantage of the rather flexible nature of the peptidic links. This multiporphyrin array, despite the flexible and nonconjugated nature of the peptidic spacers, plays the role of an antenna for visible light: an efficient photoinduced energy transfer takes place from the metalated porphyrin units to the free‐base ones. Furthermore, the light emitted by the antenna can be: 1) tuned upon protonation of the free‐base units, or 2) turned off by a redox input, since the formation of the Mg porphyrin radical cation, by either electrochemical or chemical methods, quenches the free‐base porphyrin emission. Both quenching and tuning of the emission from the light‐collecting center can be fully reverted by redox or chemical stimuli.
Boron Nanotubes
Authors: Quandt Alexander , Boustani Ihsan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA survey of novel classes of nanotubular materials based on boron is presented. Pure boron nanotubes are a consequence of a general Aufbau principle for boron clusters and solid boron phases, which postulates various novel boron materials besides the well‐known bulk phases of boron based on boron icosahedra. Furthermore, several numerical studies suggest the existence of a large family of compound nanotubular materials derived from crystalline AlB2. We compare these novel boron‐based nanotubular materials to standard nanotubular systems built from carbon, and point out a number of remarkable structural and electronic properties that make boron‐based nanotubular materials an ideal component for composite nanodevices and extended nanotubular networks.
Shuttling Dynamics in an Acid–Base‐Switchable [2]Rotaxane
Authors: Garaudée Sandrine , Silvi Serena , Venturi Margherita , Credi Alberto , Flood Amar H. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMolecular shuttles are an intriguing class of rotaxanes which constitute prototypes of mechanical molecular machines and motors. By using stopped‐flow spectroscopic techniques in acetonitrile solution, we investigated the kinetics of the shuttling process of a dibenzo[24]crown‐8 ether (DB24C8) macrocycle between two recognition sites or “stations”—a secondary ammonium (NH2+)/amine (NH) center and a 4,4′‐bipyridinium (bipy2+) unit—located on the dumbbell component in a [2]rotaxane. The affinity for DB24C8 decreases in the order NH2+>bipy2+>NH. Hence, shuttling of the DB24C8 macrocycle can be obtained by deprotonation and reprotonation of the ammonium station, reactions which are easily accomplished by addition of base and acid to the solution. The rate constants were measured as a function of temperature in the range 277–303 K, and activation parameters for the shuttling motion in both directions were determined. The effect of different counterions on the shuttling rates was examined. The shuttling from the NH2+ to the bipy2+ station, induced by the deprotonation of the ammonium site, is considerably slower than the shuttling in the reverse direction, which is, in turn, activated by reprotonation of the amine site. The results show that the dynamics of the shuttling processes are related to the change in the intercomponent interactions and structural features of the two mutually interlocked molecular components. Our observations also indicate that the counterions of the cationic rotaxane constitute an important contribution to the activation barrier for shuttling.
Detection of soluble human granzyme K in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Bade Britta , Lohrmann Jens , ten Brinke Anja , Wolbink Angela M. , Wolbink Gert‐Jan , Berge Ineke J. M. ten , Virchow J. Christian , Luttmann Werner , Hack C. Erik 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGranzymes are serine proteases released from the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes during the induction of apoptosis. To evaluate the physiologic role of human granzyme K (GzmK), we developed a sensitive ELISA which was shown to specifically detect human GzmK in its active as well as its inactive conformation. Analysis of the lysate of lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells by gel filtration revealed that GzmK seems to be complexed to proteoglycans within these cells. While the expression of GzmA and B by cytotoxic lymphocytes was strongly up‐regulated in response to several activating stimuli, GzmK expression did not increase significantly above constitutive levels, indicating differential regulation of these granzymes. However, low levels of GzmK were detected in plasma samples of healthy volunteers, which were in the same range as levels of GzmA and B. Furthermore, circulating levels of GzmK as well as of GzmA and B were significantly elevated in patients suffering from viral infections. We conclude that GzmK protein is produced by cytotoxic cells, and just as GzmA and B it can be released in a soluble form into the extracellular space. Furthermore, our data suggest that despite a more restricted cellular expression pattern, GzmK seems to participate in immune responses against several viruses.
Expression of complement factor H binding immunoevasion proteins in Borrelia garinii isolated from patients with neuroborreliosis
Authors: Alitalo Antti , Meri Taru , Comstedt Pär , Jeffery Luke , Tornberg Johanna , Strandin Tomas , Lankinen Hilkka , Bergström Sven , Cinco Marina , Vuppala Santosh R. , Akins Darrin R. , Meri Seppo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Lyme disease‐pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi binds the complement inhibitor factor H (FH) to its outer surface protein E‐ (OspE) and BbA68‐families of lipoproteins. In earlier studies, only serum‐resistant strains of the genospecies B. burgdorferi sensu stricto or B. afzelii, but not serum‐sensitive B. garinii strains, have been shown to bind FH. Since B. garinii often causes neuroborreliosis in man, we have readdressed the interactions of B. garinii with FH. B. garinii 50/97 strain did not express FH‐binding proteins. By transforming the B. garinii 50/97 strain with an OspE‐encoding gene from complement‐resistant B. burgdorferi (ospE‐297), its resistance to serum killing could be increased. OspE genes were detected and cloned from the B. garinii BITS, Pistoia and 40/97 strains by PCR and sequencing. The deduced amino acid sequences differed in an N‐terminal lysine‐rich FH‐binding region from OspE sequences of resistant strains. Recombinant B. garinii BITS OspE protein was found to have a considerably lower FH‐binding activity than the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto 297 OspE protein P21 (P21–297). Unlike bacteria that had been kept in culture for a long time, neurovirulent B. garinii strains from neuroborreliosis patients were found to express ∼27‐kDa FH‐binding proteins. These were not recognized by polyclonal anti‐OspE or anti‐BbA68 antibodies. We conclude that B. garinii strains carry ospE genes but have a decreased expression of OspE proteins and a reduced ability to bind FH, especially when grown for prolonged periods in vitro. Recently isolated neuroinvasive B. garinii strains, however, can express FH‐binding proteins, which may contribute to the virulence of neuroborreliosis‐causing B. garinii strains.
Three‐dimensional eddy current calculation in multiply connected regions by using the magnetic vector potential
Authors: Morisue Toshiya 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere are two methods of using the magnetic vector potential for three‐dimensional eddy current calculations. The first method uses the continuous magnetic vector potential which accompanies a scalar potential and has the advantage that no cutting is necessary for the multiply connected region problem. The second method uses the discontinuous magnetic vector potential which accompanies no scalar potential and has the disadvantage that cutting is necessary for the multiply connected region problem. In this paper a formulation using the continuous magnetic vector potential and accompanying scalar potential is given, together with computed results for three three‐dimensional multiply connected eddy current problems.
Numerical analysis of convection‐diffusion with chemical reaction by combined finite and boundary element methods
Authors: Okamoto Naotaka , Kawahara Mutsuto 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA numerical method is presented to analyse a steady convection‐diffusion problem with a first‐order chemical reaction defined on an infinite region. The present method is based on the combined finite element and boundary element methods. For one‐ and two‐dimensional examples in an infinite region the numerical results by the present method are in excellent agreement with the exact solutions. As a practical application, the simulation of the concentration distribution of the chemical oxygen demand at Kojima Bay is carried out.