bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐Ray Microanalysis of Rotavirus‐Infected Mouse Intestine
Authors: Spencer A. J. , Osborne M. P. , Haddon S. J. , Collins J. , Starkey W. G. , Candy D. C. A. , Stephen J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryNeonatal mice were infected at 7 days of age with rotavirus [epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) virus] and killed at 24‐h intervals postinfection (PI). Cytoplasmic concentrations of Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca intestinal epithelial cells from infected and age‐matched control animals were measured by x‐ray microanalysis. In villus tip cells, Ca concentration increased at 24–96 h PI; Na concentration increased at 24–72 h PI; Ca and Na concentrations were near normal by 168 h PI. K concentration decreased 24–72 h PI, and Cl concentration decreased 48–96 h PI. In crypt cells, changes were observed without a discernible pattern: at 96 h PI, Na, Mg, S, and Cl concentrations increased and K concentration decreased; at 120 h PI, the concentrations of all elements except Na and Ca increased. In villus base cells, the mean concentrations of all elements except Ca peaked at 48–72 h PI and at 120 h PI. Na and Cl concentrations increased dramatically in some cells from 48 h PI onward. All the above concentration values were obtained from freeze‐dried specimens and expressed in millimoles per kilogram of dry weight. Conversion of a limited number of data, pertaining to villus base cells, from dry weight to wet weight was possible. This conversion revealed that villus base cells in infected animals were more hydrated than corresponding cells from control animals. Also, the Na and Cl concentrations in mmol/kg H2O were significantly higher in villus base cells from infected animals than in those from corresponding controls: 137 ± 7 versus 38 ± 4 (Na) and 121 ± 5 versus 89 ± 6 (Cl). Wet weight concentrations of other elements were either the same (Mg) or lower (P, S, and K) after infection with virus. From these studies, a new concept of the pathophysiology of rotavirus‐induced diarrhoeal secretion is proposed: stimulation of villus base cells to rapid cell division is accompanied by transient accumulation of Na and Cl; excess NaCl is secreted into the lumen, which is the driving force for fluid loss.
Cow's Milk Protein‐Induced Colitis in the Breast‐Fed Infant
Authors: Pittschieler Klaus 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 3‐month‐old boy is described who developed an inflammatory proctocolitis during exclusive breast feeding. The major symptom was bloody diarrhea. No growth failure or constitutional symptoms were present. Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection was excluded. The colonoscopic findings of focal ulceration, edema, and increased friability and the histologic picture with a marked eosinophilic infiltration were indicative of an allergic intestinal reaction. The infant responded favorably to the withdrawal of the mother's milk and the initiation of hydrolyzed casein formula. The challenge with cow's milk led to a clinical relapse resembling the initial manifestation.
Effects of Postweaning Protein Malnutrition on Intestinal Inositol Phosphatase Activities in Normally Weaned and Neonatally Undernourished Rats
Authors: Rao R. K. , Ramakrishnan C. V. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryPostweaning protein malnutrition imposed on normally weaned or neonatally undernourished rats fed a low‐protein diet induced retardation of body and small intestinal growth. A sparing effect on intestinal growth as compared to body growth was observed during protein malnutrition. Postweaning protein malnutrition in normally weaned rats resulted in a significant elevation of specific activities of inositol triphosphatase and phytase in duodenum and jejunum without affecting the activity in ileum. On the other hand, protein malnutrition imposed on neonatally undernourished rats resulted in a significant decrease of enzyme activities in small intestinel segments. These results suggest altered activity of intestinal inositol phosphatase in post weaning protein malnutrition with the direction of effects dependent on the neonatal nutritional status.
Hyperosmolal Formula in Neonatal Piglets
Authors: Szabo Joanne S. , Rayford Phillip L. , Uthman Edward , Lobe Thom E. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIngestion of hyperosmolal formula (HOF) by neonatal piglets has been shown to cause significant time‐dependent reduction in phase 3 myoclectric activity, which persists in the terminal ileum. To determine whether a single hyperosmolal meal leads to elevated concentrations of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones that inhibit intestinal motility and/or promote bacterial proliferation and disruption of intestinal mucosa, we studied 20 healthy neonatal piglets following feeding with an increased HOF (872 ± 32 mOsmol/kg, n = 10) and commercial pig milk formula (481 ± 41 mOsmol/kg, n = 10). Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and motilin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay during fasting and postprandial periods (15, 30, 45, 120, 180, and 240 min). Gastrin concentrations were significantly increased at 15 and 30 min following a hyperosmolal meal (p < 0.01), but there were no statistical differences in GI hormone concentrations between groups. These transient elevations of gastrin concentrations are associated with significant postprandial reductions in phase 3 small intestinal myoelectric activity (SIMEA) that we have observed. Aerobic bacterial titers were not significantly different between proximal and distal small intestinal segments or between experimental groups, and anaerobic bacteria were seldom recovered. Thus, SIMEA was not sufficiently altered to produce significant bacterial proliferation. Small intestinal histology, assessed by light microscopy, showed normal proximal and distal small intestinal mucosa in 8 of 10 piglets from each group. Therefore, orogastric instillation of a single hyperosmolal feed does not result in intestinal mucosal damage. Further studies are warranted to determine the effects of hyperosmolal feeds when additional risk factors exist in the neonate.
Acetylcholinesterase‐Stained Suction Rectal Biopsies in the Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's Disease
Authors: Schofield Deborah E. , Devine William , Yunis Eduardo J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Conflicting reports in the literature regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stain in establishing or excluding the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) prompted this review of 497 rectal biopsies performed on 455 children. Using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to stain formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections is our preferred method of identifying ganglion cells. In this series, however, there were eight children with HD, and nine without HD in whom the AChE‐stained portion of the sample provided invaluable diagnostic information not obtained from the concomitant, formalin‐fixed, H&E‐stained portion of the sample. The AChE stain also provided at least suggestive evidence of HD in some of the anal or anorectal biopsy specimens.
Short‐Term Malnutrition in Neonatal Rabbits
Authors: Baker Susan S. , Baker Robert D. , Campbell Cara 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Oxygen‐derived free radicals are an important component of gastrointestinal injury in necrotizing en‐terocolitis (NEC). To assess the effect of a 72‐h fast on the ability of neonatal small bowel to metabolize free radicals, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and the glutathione cycle were quantitated in mucosal scrapings from proximal and distal small bowel of fed and fasted neonatal rabbits. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity, quantitated in enterocytes from fed and fasted neonatal rabbits, was significantly less, p < 0.01, in fasted animals. SOD activity was lower in distal small bowel from fasted animals than fed. The two mechanisms available to metabolize H2O2, catalase and the glutathione cycle, were significantly lower in both proximal and distal small bowel from fasted animals than in those from fed animals. To determine if fasting caused decreased enzyme activity at the level of gene expression, gastrointestinal tract DNA, RNA and protein, and specific mRNA levels for catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and SOD were quantitated. DNA, total RNA, and mRNA for SOD were lower in mucosal scrapings from fasted animals. However, mRNA for catalase, and GPx were not lower in fasted animals. Thus, a 72‐h fast in neonatal rabbits causes a regional‐specific decrease in SOD activity, which may be explained by decreased transcription. Changes in transcription do not completely account for regulation of catalase and glutathione cycle enzymes.
Transport of Water and Electrolytes by Rotavirus‐Infected Mouse Intestine
Authors: Starkey W. G. , Collins J. , Candy D. C. A. , Spencer A. J. , Osborne M. P. , Stephen J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:The movement of water and transport of Na+ and Cl by mid‐small intestine (M‐SI) of rotavirus‐infected neonatal mice was investigated by an in vitro perfusion technique. The concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl in the luminal contents of upper, middle, and lower small intestine and colon of infected mice were determined by flame photometry (Na+, K+) and an ion selective microelectrode (Cl). In M‐SI, maximal disturbance of water transport occurred at 72 h postinfection (PI): Infected tissue exhibited net water secretion. Water transport was also impaired at 144 h PI. Net secretion of Cl occurred at 72 h PI, with some evidence of a second phase of reduced magnitude at 120–144 h PI. The magnitude and statistical significance of changes in Na+ transport were both less than those for Cl, but the pattern of change was similar to that for Cl. Luminal concentrations of Na+ were elevated between 48 and 144 h PI in the small intestine; this was particularly so in distal regions. Luminal Cl concentration was maximally elevated to a considerable degree at 72 h PI and remained high at 96 h PI throughout the small intestine; thereafter, Cl concentration returned to near normal. K+ concentration was unchanged in the small intestinal lumen; in the colon, however, K+ concentrations were depressed 72–168 h PI. In the light of previous data from this laboratory, the present data are interpreted as evidence for a secretory component in rotavirus‐induced diarrhea.
Normal Energy Intake Range in Children with Chronic Nonspecific Diarrhea
Authors: Ciampolini Mario , Vicarelli Donatella , Seminara Salvatore 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAn increase in energy intake often occurs at weaning. The increase may be due partly to prompting by the caregiver to accelerate the child's weight gain and partly motivated by the palatability of common weaning foods. Increased food intakes initiated during weaning and continued into the second year of life may be associated with chronic, nonspecific diarrhea in selected children. An educational project was designed to reduce intakes augmented by either cause. Reductions were achieved by the regulation of energy‐dense foods in the child's diet and reliance on the child's appetite control to determine meal size. The educational intervention was applied prospectively under nonblinded, controlled conditions. Children, 1 to 2 years of age, with chronic nonspecific diarrhea were assigned randomly to either a treatment or control group. Compliance, food consumption, preprandial glycemia, and outdoor activities were reported by the children's mothers in four 7‐day diaries; symptoms related to the children's clinical condition and anthropometric and biochemical indices of nutritional status were noted at the beginning and end of a 7‐month period. Forty‐four of 53 children in the experimental group maintained compliance, and 44 of 47 children in the control group completed the follow‐up. Energy intake decreased significantly by almost one‐third in the experimental group. Growth, skinfold thickness measurements, and outdoor activities were similar between experimental and control groups over the 7‐month period. Diarrheal episodes occurred in 6, 1, and 2 children in the experimental group at 1.5, 3, and 7 months and in 22, 18, and 15 children in the control group, respectively (p < 0.002). Twenty of 32 parameter of clinical status were more advantageous in the experimental group compared to 9 of 32 in the control group in a comparison of the mean values in the two groups at the final examination (p < 0.05). Serum folate (p < 0.001) also was significantly higher in the experimental group. The described intervention appeared to achieve lower energy intakes in a safe and reproducible manner. It may be a useful tool to prevent overeating and control signs and symptoms associated with chronic, nonspecific diarrhea.
Hypertransaminasemia as the First Symptom in Infant Celiac Disease
Authors: Leonardi Salvatore , Bottaro Gaetano , Patané Rosario , Musumeci Salvatore 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwo infants admitted for evaluation of hyper‐transaminasemia had high levels of anti‐gliadin IgA and IgG antibodies and histological changes of the duodenal mucosa typical of celiac disease. Although the cause of the liver involvement could not be exactly identified, both the hypertransaminasemia and the histological changes of the mucosa disappeared after a short period of gluten‐free diet. Even though two cases are not enough for definite conclusions, the authors suggest that an unexplained increase in transaminases would require an evaluation for celiac disease.
Increased Serum Levels of Interleukin‐2 and Soluble Interleukin‐2 Receptor in Celiac Disease
Authors: Penedo‐Pita Manuel , Peteiro‐Cartelle Javier 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIgA anti‐gliadin antibodies (AGA), interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) were analyzed in serum from 28 children with symptoms of celiac disease and villous atrophy in at least their first small bowel biopsy. We also assayed IL‐2 and sIL‐2R in 45 healthy children and IgA anti‐gliadin antibodies in 145 healthy children. The serum levels of IL‐2, sIL‐2R, and AGA were significantly increased in celiac patients. The increase of IL‐2 and sIL‐2R levels suggests indirectly T‐cell activation in these patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to compare the diagnostic performances of the three parameters. Such an analysis revealed that only AGA was useful to discriminate between patients with a gluten‐free diet (second biopsy negative) and patients receiving a gluten‐containing diet (third biopsy positive).
Rotavirus‐Induced Changes in the Microcirculation of Intestinal Villi of Neonatal Mice in Relation to the Induction and Persistence of Diarrhea
Authors: Osborne Michael P. , Haddon Susan J. , Worton Kim J. , Spencer Anthony J. , Starkey William G. , Thornber Dawn , Stephen John 
Published: January 2024

SummaryUsing a histochemical peroxidase technique, under conditions that preferentially stain erythrocytes, we have shown changes in the microcirculation of villi of neonatal mice infected with murine rotavirus. Between 18 and 48 h postinfection (PI), throughout all areas of the small intestine there occurred, sequentially, a marked ischemia and atrophy of villi. By 72 h PI, villi had recovered their normal height and showed incipient hyperemic microcirculation. At 96 h PI, hyperemic microcirculation was most marked. Between 120 and 144 h PI, a second phase of villus atrophy occurred, which was more attenuated and confined to the upper and middle regions of the intestine. This phase was not accompanied by a widespread ischemia of villi: a minority of villi were short and ischemic but many appeared hyperemic. Recovery of villus microcirculation occurred at 168 h PI, which coincided with recovery from diarrhea. These changes in villus microcirculation are discussed in relation to the pathology and pathophysiology of rotavirus infection. We make two novel suggestions. First, the reduction in red cells flowing through villi in the early stages of the infection instigates hypoxia and hence atrophy of villi. The ensuing but ephemeral increase in rate of cell division, necessary for the reconstitution of villi, induces hypersecretion. Second, the increase in numbers of erythrocytes found in villi during their regrowth phase and throughout the remaining time course of the infection perturbs the countercurrent system, lowering the osmolality of the hyperosmotic zone located at villus tips, thereby impairing water absorption and prolonging diarrhea.
The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Pediatric Dysphagia
Authors: Catto‐Smith A. G. , Machida H. , Butzner J. D. , Gall D. G. , Scott R. B. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe history, physical examination, and the results of the upper gastrointestinal series, esophageal manometry, 24‐h pH recording, endoscopy, and biopsy are reviewed in 16 children (mean age of 10.6 years, range of 3 years 5 months to 15 years 3 months) who presented to the Alberta Children's Hospital with dysphagia (“food‐sticking”) without previously identified provocative disorders since January 1985. Of the 16 patients, 11 had had intermittent obstruction, and 7 had had intervention to relieve obstruction (2 Heimlich maneuvers, 1 intravenous glucagon, and 4 endoscopy after failure of intravenous glucagon). Although only five children had a recent history suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux, 12 had histologic evidence of reflux esophagitis (including 1 with a peptic stricture, 1 with “nutcracker” esophagus, and 1 with esophageal dysmotility characteristic of Down's syndrome) and all responded clinically to antireflux therapy. Of the remaining four patients, one had extrinsic esophageal compression from a vascular ring (right aortic arch with left ligamentum arteriosum), one had a single and another had recurrent episodes of food‐sticking without any identified abnormality, and one declined investigation. In childhood, dysphagia may be the presenting symptom of reflux esophagitis in the absence of a history suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux and without evidence of a peptic stricture.
Findings on Barium Swallow in Younger Siblings of Children with Hiatal Hernia (Partial Thoracic Stomach)
Authors: Thomas P. S. , Carré I. J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe results are presented of an investigation by barium swallow of 271 younger siblings of children with hiatal hernia (HH). The incidence of HH among younger siblings with a history of repeated vomiting and regurgitation was 41% and in those without symptoms was 4.3%.
Functional Intestinal Obstruction in Henoch‐Schonlein Purpura
Authors: Sharief N. , Ward H. C. , Wood C. B. S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwo patients with Henoch‐Schonlein purpura are described. Both developed prolonged intestinal obstruction requiring total parenteral nutrition. One child had transient partial duodenal obstruction on barium study and in the other extensive ecchymosis was confirmed at laparotomy.
Pancreatitis with Hypoglycemia‐Associated Convulsions Following Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
Authors: Nigro Giovanni 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA case of acute pancreatitis and hypoglycemia‐associated convulsions following rotavirus gastroenteritis, occurring in a previously healthy 2‐year, 8‐month‐old girl, is reported. Rotavirus infection was demonstrated both by detection of virus particles in stools by electron microscopy and Rotazyme Abbott, and by detection of specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies. Pancreatitis was revealed by raised serum amylase and lipase levels and by ultrasonographic findings. Moreover, transient islet cell antibodies were found. No abnormalities were revealed by clinical and laboratory follow‐up studies. As suggested by this case report, further investigations on the possible pancreatic involvement by rotavirus may be helpful.
Anti‐Liver‐Kidney Micro some Antibody‐Positive Autoimmune Hepatitis Associated with Alopecia
Authors: Chaves Virginie , Paunier Luc , Berclaz Raymond , Delèze Guy , Abuaf Nisen , Belli Dominique C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 14‐year‐old girl presented with anti‐liver‐kidney microsome autoimmune hepatitis preceded by alopecia 3 years earlier. Both pathologies were greatly improved by immunosuppressive therapy. Alopecia is a newly reported extrahepatic manifestation of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Its appearance could alert the clinician to an increased risk of autoimmune hepatitis in children.
Comparison of Indium‐111 Scintigraphy and Colonoscopy with Histologic Study in Children for Evaluation of Colonic Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Tolia Vasundhara , Kuhns Lawrence R. , Chang Chung‐Ho , Slovis Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIndium‐Ill leukocyte scanning and colonoscopy were performed in 19 children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease to study the correlation of evaluation between these two diagnostic modalities in comparison to histologic study for colonic disease. Seven patients had ulcerative colitis, 10 had Crohn's disease, and two patients had no specific diagnosis after evaluation. The sensitivity of indium‐Ill scan was 18%, specificity was 62.5%, and accuracy for diagnosing colonic disease was only 37%. In comparison, sensitivity and specificity for colonoscopy were 100 and 57%, respectively. Furthermore, accuracy with colonoscopy was 84%. Our data suggest that the usefulness of scans is limited to patients in whom standard diagnostic procedures are contraindicated. In addition, it is essential to confirm the visual diagnostic impression on colonoscopy with histologic study.
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Authors: Korman Stanley H. , Lebensart Pinchas , Martin Oz , Katz Schmuel , Tamir Israel 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA pseudocyst of the pancreas in a 6‐year‐old girl persisted for 2 months despite bowel rest and nutritional support. Following percutaneous introduction of a catheter into the cyst under ultrasound guidance and external catheter drainage for 11 days, the pseudocyst resolved completely and permanently. Nonoperative percutaneous techniques for drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in children may be an effective alternative to surgical intervention.
Complete Spontaneous Disruption of the Common Bile Duct
Authors: Dolgin Stephen E. , Levine Richard L. , Norton Karen I. , Marolda Joanne R. , Paries James G. , LeLeiko Neal S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 20‐month‐old infant had bile peritonitis from spontaneous complete avulsion of the distal common bile duct. The patient had recovered from extensive neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis that included the duodenum. We believe that this late unusual biliary catastrophe was a consequence of the neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Sudden Death Caused by Unsuspected Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, 10 Years After Surgery for Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia
Authors: Moscoso G. , Mieli‐Vergani G. , Mowat A. P. , Portmann B. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA case of extrahepatic biliary atresia presenting with an acute respiratory episode and rapid deterioration, 10 years after a successful portoenterostomy and a very active life, was the setting of unsuspected severe pulmonary arterial hypertension leading to sudden death. The pulmonary arteries showed widespread plexiform lesions, thickening of the muscular media, and subendothe‐lial proliferation. Occasionally, eccentric arterial obstructive lesions and fibrinous thrombi were observed. There was marked reduction of preacinar arterioles with a consequent increase in the alveolar/arterial ratio. The pulmonary veins showed arterialization of their walls. There was marked hypertrophy of myocardial fibres in the right ventricle together with foci of myocardial degeneration and fibrosis. Areas of endocardial thickening were observed in both ventricles. The absence of clinical indicators of pulmonary arterial hypertension at any but the terminal stages of the disease precluded any form of conservative management. Lung‐heart and presumably liver transplantation might have been the only option. Prospective assessment of pulmonary function and haemodynamic studies should be considered in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.