bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Determined the Onset of Modern Progress in the Standard of Living?
Authors: Simon Julian L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idealized graphs in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 depict the central elements in material human welfare through the ages in two different contexts. What was the root cause of the sharp break that occurred in the rich countries starting about 1750, departing from the mortality rates, household consumption levels, speeds of travel and communication, literacy rates, and other aspects of the standard of living of the previous centuries and millennia?
Price Fluctuations, Family Structure, and Mortality in Two Rural Chinese Populations: Household Responses to Economic Stress in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Liaoning
Authors: Campbell Cameron D , Lee James Z 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Household organization influenced demographic behaviour in late imperial China (see Lee and Campbell 1997; Campbell and Lee 1996). It was within the household that the resources necessary to marry, have children, and remain healthy were allocated. Even though heads had nominal control over household resources and the labour of members, in practice processes of resource allocation were negotiated, and outcomes were shaped by the configuration of kin involved. Thus, in recent empirical work we have demonstrated that household context and aspects of individual social status were important determinants of fertility, nuptiality, and mortality. Fertility and nuptiality, both of which depended directly on allocations of household resources, varied according to household size, structure, relationship, birth order, and occupation. Access to resources and the nature of household roles affected exposure to infection and resistance to disease; even death rates varied according to whether specific kin, for example parents, spouses, or children, were present.
The Fall of the Taisho Economic System
Authors: Teranishi Juro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s postwar high-growth era economic system is well known for its intense government-private sector interaction and its strong group orientation. The history of the developmental state in the early Meiji period, aimed at strengthening military power and promoting new industries, is also well articulated with the names of two early leaders of development state, Toshimichi Okubo and Shigenobu Okuma. However, it is less known that between these two periods, during Japan’s Taisho era, there prevailed another economic system characterized by free competition, unfettered maximizing behaviour, and smaller, not to say weaker, government.
Credit Ratings and Spreads in the Samurai Bond Market
Authors: Packer Franklin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the postwar era, banks performed the principal role of assessing and pricing the credit risk of large companies in Japan. Credit analysis was often concentrated in commercial and long-term credit banks with share holding and managerial ties to the company (the ‘main bank system’). These banks generally incurred additional costs when an affiliated firm ran into financial distress. They usually took larger write-offs in the case of a financial restructuring, and bought up the outstanding bonds of the company in the case of default (Sheard 1994; Campbell and Hamao 1994). A drawback to this system was that the capabilities for credit risk analysis in the investment community at large remained undeveloped.
Rethinking Administrative Guidance
Authors: Mark Ramseyer J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Yet another essay on ‘administrative guidance’? Along with wabi-sabi, girininjo, keiretsu, and consensus, administrative guidance surely comes near the top of any ranking of Japanological topics by their pages:ideas ratio. But the case for another essay on the subject is simple: much of what we read about administrative guidance is wrong, both conceptually and factually.Although many observers characterize administrative guidance as idio-syncratically Japanese, it is not. Instead, the phenomenon follows straight-forward principal-agent theory. Although many observers argue that Japanese courts cannot review the guidance, the courts can. When government employees use administrative guidance in ways that challenge the preferences of the ruling party, they review it brutally.
R&D Consortia, News, and Japanese High-Technology Policy: Optoelectronics in Japan
Authors: Saxonhouse Gary R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In December 1993, in the waning days of the Uruguay Round, the Clinton administration initiated what appeared to be a major change in US policy as to how R&D subsidies should be treated in the new Subsidies Code then being negotiated. Up until December 1993, US trade negotiators had worked strenuously to subject R&D subsidies to the strictest GATT disciplines. At many points during the negotiations US officials took the position, if only for tactical purposes, that any government subsidies for applied research and development should be actionable (i.e. subject to a countervailing duty) under GATT. American negotiators even clung to the position that a part of government subsidies for basic industrial research might also be subjected to countervailing duties. After the seeming revival of a European aircraft industry on the basis of massive R&D subsidies, it was a major goal of US trade policy to prevent such a recurrence in another industry. Uppermost in the minds of American trade negotiators was the knowledge that under the Subsidies Code adopted for GATT during the Tokyo Round there had never been a successful challenge to an R&D subsidy.
Women’s Empowerment, Marriage Postponement, and Gender Relations in Japan: An Intergenerational Perspective
Authors: Tsuya Noriko O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study seeks to explain why young Japanese, especially young women, postpone marriage from the viewpoints of intergenerational taste formation and women’s empowerment. Comparing the demographic, socio-economic, and psychological situations of two generational groups, the young never married and the married middle-aged, it argues that young unmarried women are empowered, and that empowerment enables them to choose when and even whether they marry. In the face of weakening social and economic pres urc to marry, and witnessing unequal gender relations in their parents’ home that they may anticipate for themselves, young women may shy away from marriage and continue to enjoy the material and emotional advantages of co residence with their parents.
The Netherlands Still the Politics of Accommodation?
Authors: Timmermans Arco , Andeweg Rudy B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1994, three parties negotiating the formation of a new Dutch government agreed to draft legislation that would introduce a referendum at national and local level. This intention was included in the coalition agreement, the policy package that was approved by the PvdA (Social Democrats), the VVD (Liberals), and the Liberal Democrats (D66) and that was to form the programmatic basis of the ensuing three-party government. The issue was raised by D66, a party that has always advocated institutional and electoral reforms.
Luxembourg Stable Coalitions in a Pivotal Party System
Authors: Dumont Patrick , Winter Lieven De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Coalition formation in Luxembourg, usually following general elections when a legislature has lasted its full term, is a well-structured process. The Grand-Duke straight away asks the leader of the largest party to form a new government (an information mission is exceptional). This party’s main decision making body then asks its formateur to start talks with a particular party, usually a
France Forming and Maintaining Government Coalitions in the Fifth Republic
Authors: Thiébault Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French parliamentary party system has undergone important changes under the Fifth Republic, with equally significant consequences for the way the country is governed. The aim of this section is to identify the factors imposed by the French parliamentary party system in which government coalitions have been formed. The two factors that most decisively determine a party’s bargaining power are its share of parliamentary seats and its spatial location vis-a-vis the other parliamentary parties.
International Trade and Sustainable Forestry
Authors: Barbier Edward B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with examining the linkages between the global trade in forest products and efforts to promote more sustainable forestry. Although this term has been defined in many ways in the literature, perhaps the most relevant interpretation is the general definition and criteria of sustainable forest management adopted by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO): “Sustainable forest management is the process of managing permanent forest land to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services without undue reduction in its inherent values and future productivity and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social environment.”
Issues in the Taxation of Income from Foreign Portfolio and Direct Investment
Authors: Devereux Michael P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the Neumark Committee reported in 1963, there has been an unresolved debate about harmonizing the taxation of corporate income in what is now the European Union (EU). A central issue has been the importance of, and the perceived need for harmonization of, the statutory corporation tax rate and the definition of the corporation tax base. Closely related to this is the relationship between taxation at the level of the company and at the level of the shareholder, especially where the company and the shareholder are resident in different countries. This chapter aims to shed light on these issues, both for the collective welfare of a group of countries such as the EU and for the welfare of an individual country. The main theme of the chapter is that, in identifying the ‘optimal1 taxation of international investment flows, using corporate and personal taxes, it is useful to make a distinction between portfolio and direct investment. The definition of these two forms of investment is usually in terms of the degree of control maintained by the investor over the investment activity. In this chapter, however, I assume that, in practice, this definition can be mirrored by the distinction between individual investors (or financial intermediaries) who undertake portfolio investment and are subject to personal taxes, and companies funded by such investors that undertake direct investment and are subject to corporation taxes.
Knowing the cycle
Authors: Harding Don , Pagan Adrian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Judged by the number of papers being published today with ‘the business cycle’ somewhere in their title, we should be starting to have a good understanding of what accounts for that phenomenon. Yet, to paraphrase Christiano and Fitzgerald (1998), the business cycle remains a puzzle. Moreover, if one surveyed policy-makers whose concerns are with the business cycle, it seems unlikely that many would agree that this explosion of academic articles has been of much use to them in their decisions.
Crossing the Literary Modernist Divide at Century’s End: The Turn to Translation and the Invention of Identity in America’S Story of Origins
Authors: Minda Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
James Baldwin, one of America’s most famous black writers, was an outsider living in Paris for a substantial period of his career. In one of his essays, Nobody Knows My Name, Baldwin credits Henry James for having discovered something that has been central to much of Baldwin’s writing about America—namely, that ‘[i]t is a complex fate to be an American’. For Baldwin, the complexity of American identity was rendered even more complex by the fact that he was an American writer living in Paris. Baldwin tells the reader that he [Baldwin] ‘left America because [he] doubted [his] ability to survive the fury of the color problem [there]’.
Is literature more ethical than law? Fitzjames stephen and literary responses to the advent of full legal representation for felons
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There comes a moment towards the end of Anthony Trollope’s Orley Farm (1862) when the leading defence lawyer Thomas Furnival awaits the jury’s verdict on a charge of perjury which his client, Lady Mason, was alleged to have committed over twenty years ago. Although convinced of her guilt, he has defended her with positive and personal assertions of her innocence and she is duly acquitted. The reader, privy to Lady Mason’s explicit confession of culpability, knows this to be an inaccurate verdict generated at least in part by the rhetorical excesses of counsel.
Art Crimes
Authors: Julius Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘When Benvenuto Cellini crucified a living man to study the play of muscles in his death agony’, remarked Oscar Wilde, ‘a pope was right to grant him absolution. What is the death of a vague individual if it enables an immortal work to blossom and to create, in Keats’s words, an eternal source of ecstasy?’ Few would concur with such a statement, and if pressed to explain why, some such principle as ‘aesthetic ends do not justify criminal means’ would probably be offered. This principle seems intuitively right and hardly demands amplification, let alone more formal defence. But let me take Wilde seriously, which entails treating his observation as a provocation rather than as a proposition demanding immediate, unqualified assent.
Reading Blasphemy: The Necessity for Literary Analysis in Legal Scholarship
Authors: Bradney Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For such work very large claims can be made. Both forms of law and literature have the potential to bring powerful new insights into fundamental and far-reaching aspects of legal scholarship. This essay, however, is concerned with a third form of ‘law and literature’: the use of literary analysis when investigating both the content and efficacy of individual legal rules. The essay will argue that, in some areas of law, by ignoring literary analysis, as has hitherto largely been the case, legal scholars have done substantial damage to the quality of their work. Unlike the first two forms of law and literature the scope for this type of law and literature is relatively limited. It applies only to those instances where literary works are themselves the subject of legal rules. However, within the areas where this type of law and literature can be used its use is vital; a failure to use it distorts and damages all other forms of argument.
The Guernsey Witchcraft Trials of 1617: The Case of Collete Becquet
Authors: McGuinness Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary source for the study of early modern witch trials in Guernsey is a series of Royal Court registers relating to criminal trials of all kinds, known as ‘Livre en Crime’. Le Patourel explains that trials were registered in this series by virtue of the nature of the alleged act, rather than by virtue of having come all from a single division of the court dedicated to criminal law. It does not apparently follow, however, that all acts of the same kind are to be found in the same set of registers. There are thirty-seven cases of witchcraft registered in the volumes known as ‘Jugements et Ordonnances’
The Hidden Truth of Autopoiesis
Authors: Witteveen Willem J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In interpretations of the ‘postmodern condition’, it is often stated that there are in our time sharply differentiated and irreducible rationalities that complicate human communications and interactions. Economic rationality, legal rationality, political rationality, and technical rationality are all indispensable for functioning social systems but they each employ a different ‘logic’, they speak different languages, and their central terms and categories are mutually untranslatable. As a result, human actors functioning in social systems are forced to speak just one of these languages and exclusively to follow the dictates of its rationality—to view a problem only in economic terms, or as a matter of law, or as a political issue, or as a technical problem. Alternatively, they are forced to switch rationalities as the situation demands and are then left with irresolvable problems of translation and integration—the economic factors do not fit into legal categories, political considerations have no exact counterpart in technical expertise. There is no common standard that can be used to compare relevance across rationalities.
What Frederick Douglass Says to Kant, With Help from Einstein
Authors: Dimock Wai Chee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What sort of things are rights? Are they the bedrock ingredients of our humanity, a class of objects coming into being with the birth of every life? And are they so basic, so much the cornerstone of our moral fabric, as to be ontologically prior to all other features of human association, all measures that we might take to give definition to our being? Ronald Dworkin, making a case for just this sort of ontological priority, has put forward what he calls a ‘deep theory’ of rights. Rights, he says, ‘are not simply the product of deliberate legislation or explicit social custom, but are independent grounds for judging legislation and custom’. Rights come before any social and political arrangements we might see fit to devise. They inhere in the fact of being human, and, as a prior fact, they come ready-made, they owe nothing to human hands. They are foundational in the sense that they are not derived, not negotiable, not a part of the shifting currents of human affairs. They are a given rather than an effect.
Singular and Aggregate Voices: Audiences and Authority in Law & Literature and in Law & Feminism
Authors: Resnik Judith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This essay is written for a segment devoted to ‘Theory’ in a ‘Law and Literature Colloquium’. Such a title is an invitation to be self-conscious, but self-conscious about what? The concept of ‘Law & Literature’ could be understood as either marvellously capacious or vacuous. A central issue internally is whether ‘Law & Literature’ merits acceptance as a field of study or instead refers to an analytically disparate set of interests, temporarily sharing a moniker but not having much in common. The question externally is whether anyone, save those inside, cares. ‘Anyone’ is a large category; as a member of a law faculty in the United States, I focus on how, if at all, Law & Literature has fared over the past decades in law. At issue is whether sets of ideas grouped under ‘Law & Literature’ have had much effect other than on those affiliated with these labels.
Legal Consequences Of The Single Currency
Authors: Vicuña Antonio Sdinz De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Treaty on European Union marks ‘a new stage in the process of creating an 8.01 ever closer union among the peoples of Europe’. The Union’s task is ‘to organise relations between the Member States and between their peoples’ and its objective, ‘the creation of an area without internal frontiers’.
The Community has the purposes, inter alia, of achieving an ‘internal market 8.02 characterised by the abolition of obstacles to the free movement of services and capital’ and of approximating ‘the laws of Member States to the extent required for the functioning of the common market’.
Representation Of The Ec In The Imf
Authors: Dented’ Erik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The final stage of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) that created in 11.01 1999 a single monetary jurisdiction within the European Union (EU) may be considered a milestone in international economic relations. EMU introduced the Euro, a single currency that replaces domestic currencies, to be used as the sole legal tender by the 11 countries that jointly comprise the Eurozone (hereinafter also referred to as ‘EMU participants’). The establishment of EMU has created a formidable new player in the international monetary system which consequently pertains to the IMF as ‘a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems’.
Money And Arbitration
Authors: Carreau Dominique G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When addressing monetary law issues, arbitrators are in a position not markedly 26.01 different from that of domestic judges. In particular, they have to give effect to the monetary choices of contracting parties regarding the currency in which they plan to conduct their transactions (the currency of payment) and the possible linkage of that currency with other currencies through various value clauses (ie use of a third currency for accounting purposes or of a unit of value such as the former ECU of the European Communities or the Special Drawing Rights of the IMF). In so doing, and actually by validating the monetary choices of contracting parties, arbitrators in fact enjoy greater discretion than domestic judges since they are not bound by a forum of their own.
Discoveries
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When we discuss the importance of research projects and discoveries in the context of Nobel awards, we imply that Nobel recognition is given for the most important discoveries. This is probably so, at least in principle, although other considerations also play a role: for example, whether the important discovery can be assigned unambiguously to one or a few persons. In any case, bona find research is aimed at discoveries rather than prizes. The nature of scientific discovery is an intriguing subject. Johannes Kepler left behind a comprehensive description of all his inner workings in the discovery process. Four hundred years ago he analyzed and described in great detail his thoughts and changes of mood, his exuberance and anguish, during the process of discovering the planetary model.
Overcoming adversity
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In American academia, an ideal career starts with having an academic or professional family, being educated in a fine liberal arts college, doing graduate studies at Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, or suchlike, and then doing postdoctoral work at a similar institution. This helps to build up a network and self-confidence. Then there is a job at a top research university with a large start-up package, followed by major grants. In other countries there are corresponding paths, but this kind of background is not typical among the sampled Nobel laureates.
The Nostalgia Film
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ONE of the most successful types of film in the 1980s in the UK was the quality costume drama, labelled heritage film by Andrew Higson. This trend was inaugurated early in the decade by the TV series Brideshead Revisited (1981), and the film Chariots of Fire (1981). Subsequent years saw a series of such films, often based on novels by E. M. Forster, doing extremely well at the box office (Another Country, 1984; A Passage to India, 1985; A Room with a View, 1986; Maurice, 1987; A Handful of Dust, 1987; Little Dorrit, 1987; Where Angels Fear to Tread, 1991; Howard’s End, 1992). In France, a similar type of film did well at the box office during the same period, sometimes extremely well, although its manifestations were arguably more diverse than the costume dramas in the British tradition; indeed, not all the films about to be mentioned are necessarily nostalgia films as I would like to define them. The prevalence of such films during the 1980s in France is due to much the same reasons as their prevalence in the UK. The 1980s saw, as in the UK, the end of period of economic boom, initiated by the oil crisis in 1974, combined with increasing unemployment, and a change of government in 1981 with which the French became rapidly disillusioned.