bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo demonstration by radioautography of binding sites for insulin in liver, kidney, and calcified tissues of the rat
Authors: Martineau‐Doizé B. , McKee M. D. , Warshawsky H. , Bergeron J. J. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn in vivo binding assay using radioautography was employed to visualize insulin receptors in rat tissues. Two and one‐half minutes after the intravenous injection of 125I‐insulin, free hormone was separated from bound hormone by whole body perfusion with lactated Ringer's solution followed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. The localization of bound hormone, fixed in situ by perfusion with glutaraldehyde, was determined. Nonspecific binding of labeled insulin was noted in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney cortex, prebone and adjacent bone, predentin and adjacent dentin, and enamel. Specific binding sites were observed at the periphery of hepatocytes, over osteoblasts, and in relation to the endothelial cells of fenestrated capillaries within the papillary layer of the maturation zone of the incisors.
Unmyelinated axons in the feline trigeminal motor root
Authors: Risling Mårten , Fried Kaj , Hildebrand Claes , Cukierman Anna 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe trigeminal motor root was studied in the electron microscope at different proximodistal levels in eight adult cats. Counts at a level halfway between the trigeminal ganglion and the pontine junction showed that the root contains about 9% (n = approximately 300) unmyelinated axon profiles at this level. Small groups of unmyelinated axons occur on both sides of the PNS‐CNS border, in the surrounding pia mater, and in perivascular spaces of the CNS compartment. Examination of serial sections from the PNS‐CNS transitional region showed that some unmyelinated axons actually cross the PNS‐CNS border. The functional significance of these fibres remains unknown.
Changes in the extracellular matrix and glycosaminoglycan synthesis during the initiation of regeneration in adult newt forelimbs
Authors: Mescher Anthony L. , Munaim Syeda Iffat 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe extracellular matrix (ECM) of the distal tissues in a newt limb stump is completely reorganized in the 2–3‐week period following amputation. In view of numerous in vitro studies showing that extracellular material influences cellular migration and proliferation, it is likely that the changes in the limb's ECM are important activities in the process leading to regeneration of such limbs. Using biochemical, autoradiographic, and histochemical techniques we studied temporal and spatial differences in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during the early, nerve‐dependent phase of limb regeneration. Hyaluronic acid synthesis began with the onset of tissue dedifferentiation, became maximal within 1 week, and continued throughout the period of active cell proliferation. Chondroitin sulfate synthesis began somewhat later, increased steadily, and reached very high levels during chondrogenesis. During the first 10 days after amputation, distributions of sulfated and nonsulfated GAGs were both uniform throughout dedifferentiating tissues, except for a heavier localization near the bone.Since nerves are necessary to promote the regenerative process, we examined the neural influence on synthesis and accumulation of extracellular GAGs. Denervation decreased GAG production in all parts of the limb stump by approximately 50%. Newt dorsal root ganglia and brain‐derived fibroblast growth factor each produced twofold stimulation of GAG synthesis in cultured 7‐day regenerates. The latter effect was primarily on synthesis of hyaluronic acid. The results indicate that the trophic action of nerves on amphibian limb regeneration includes a positive influence on synthesis and extracellular accumulation of GAGs. Since the ECM exerts a major influence on cellular proliferation and migration, the effect of nerves on GAG metabolism may have considerable importance for growth and development of the early regenerate.
Peritubular myoid cells of human and rat testis are smooth muscle cells that contain desmin‐type intermediate filaments
Authors: Virtanen I. , Kallajoki M. , Näurväunen O. , Paranko J. , Thornell L.‐E. , Miettinen M. , Lehto V.‐P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe studied the cytoskeletal composition of human and rat testicular myoid cells by using immunofluorescence microscopy with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In adult human and rat testis, the peritubular myoid cell layer was brightly positive for desmin, the muscle type of intermediate filament protein, and a faint reaction was also seen with antibodies to vimentin, the intermediate filament protein of fibroblasts and diverse other mesenchymal cells. The desmin‐positive myoid cell layer could already be identified in newborn rat testis but was more compact in appearance 23 days after birth. Both squash preparations and cultured cells from adult rat seminiferous tubules revealed distinct cell populations positive for desmin. The adult myoid cells of both species also showed a strong reaction with antibodies to myosin and p230, a nonerythroid avian α‐spectrin analogue. The immunostaining results could be confirmed by the western blotting technique: Experiments with isolated seminiferous tubules showed a specific reaction with a 55,000‐dalton and a 58,000‐dalton polypeptide when desmin and vimentin antibodies were used, respectively.The present results show that the peritubular myoid cells are genuine smooth muscle cells with desmin‐type intermediate filament cytoskeleton and suggest that these cells can be identified by this feature before their ultrastructural maturation.
Assessment of cortical and trabecular bone distribution in the beagle skeleton by neutron activation analysis
Authors: Parks N. J. , Jee W. S. S. , Dell R. B. , Miller G. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe distribution of bone calcium between morphologically identifiable cortical and trabecular bone obtained by dissection and quantitated by neutron activation analysis (NAA) is described. The skeleton of a female beagle dog was dissected into approximately 400 pieces and assayed for 49Ca produced in the University of California, Irvine TRIGA reactor. For each of the skeletal sections, we give the initial weight of the alcohol‐fixed tissue, which includes cortical bone, trabecular bone, marrow, and cartilage, and a final tissue weight after the marrow and trabecular bone have been dissected away; total section and cortical section calcium weights are reported. The level of detail is represented, for example, by the vertebrae, which were divided into three parts (body, spine, and transverse processes) and by the long bones, which were divided into 10–12 parts such that characterization of the epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis was accomplished. The nedian percentage cortical calcium values for cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae were 82%, 56%, and 66%, respectively; however, variation within these groups and among individual vertebral sections was about a factor of 2. For long bones, the median percentage cortical calcium varied from 90–100% in the midshaft to below 50% in the proximal and distal sections. The final calculated cortical tissue‐to‐calcium mass ratio (TCR) varied from about 4.5 for midshafts of the long bones to about 9 for thoracic vertebral bodies and indicated that the mineral fraction of cortical bone is not constant throughout the skeleton. The ratio of cortical to trabecular calcium in the skeleton was 79.6:20.4.
Pituitary lactotroph sedimentation profiles and in vitro secretory activity after ablation of the medial basal hypothalamus
Authors: Phelps Carol J. , Hymer Wesley C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPituitary cells from adult male rats subjected to chronic (6 and 10 weeks) medial hypothalamic ablation (MHA) were analyzed by unit gravity sedimentation to assess distribution of size and density of lactotrophs, and for subsequent in vitro prolactin (PRL) release in primary culture. Tinctorial staining (Herlant's tetrachrome) showed that initial preparations of cells from MHA rats were small and relatively undifferentiated. MHA cells did not sediment as far into the gradient as did cells from intact control pituitaries. Intracellular PRL content was lower in all gradient fractions of MHA cells. At 6 weeks after surgery, peak recovery of PRL was also in the upper portions of the gradient. In the 10‐weeks group, however, peak PRL recovery from MHA cells was in a population that sedimented further, but more restrictedly, in comparison with control cells. At both postsurgical intervals, the majority of tinctorially or immunocytochemically identified lactotrophs from lesioned rats were lower in the gradient, indicating enlarged and denser cells. Relative numbers of lactotrophs (per pituitary) were increased 10 weeks after MHA. In vitro PRL release, over a maximum of 21 days culture, was comparable for cells from MHA rats and intact controls, according to daily per cell secretion rates and “production index” (hormone released/initial hormone content). By comparison, luteinizing hormone (LH) release was suppressed in culture compared to intact controls, and LH was recovered from gradient fractions of smaller cells. The results indicate that chronic removal of hypothalamic influence results in gradual prolactin cell hypertrophy and decreased hormone retention and in relative increase in numbers. Since PRL release in vitro proceeded at a normal rate, the primary effect of such a lesion appears to be increased hormone turnover. The data also emphasize the autonomous capacity of lactotrophs, relative to other pituitary cell types, to adjust cellular mechanisms in order to continue secretory function in the absence of hypothalamic influence.
Tridimensional observation of fluorescent granular perithelial (FGP) cells in rat cerebral blood vessels
Authors: Mato Masao , Aikawa Eizo , Mato Takashi K. , Kurihara Kyouichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe tridimensional appearance and distribution of FGP (fluorescent granular perithelial) cells was studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. In young rats they first appeared as hexagonal cells in that were closely associated; later they transformed into slender forms and were loosely arranged. Scanning electron microscope observation gave a general view of FGP cells, their globular vacuolated inclusions, and their hypertrophied protrusion into the luminal surface of blood vessels. The nodular protrusions may be related to the limitation of blood flow in small cerebral blood vessels.
Regional differences in myocyte size in normal rat heart
Authors: Gerdes A. Martin , Moore Jo A. , Hines Joseph M. , Kirkland P. A. , Bishop Sanford P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree independent methods were evaluated in an effort to obtain reliable values for myocyte size in adult Sprague‐Dawley rats. Cell volume was determined from isolated myocytes by a Coulter Channelyzer system. Cell volume was also determined from the product of length and cross‐sectional area of isolated myocytes. Additionally, myocyte cross‐sectional area was measured morphometrically from electron micrographs of whole perfusion‐fixed tissue. A major goal was to determine if anatomical methods used to measure cell volume produce values comparable to the more expeditious and objective Coulter Channelyzer method. The results of these experiments showed that myocyte dimensions obtained from all three techniques were similar.The second major objective was to use the above‐mentioned techniques to evaluate regional differences in myocyte size. Myocyte cross‐sectional area and volume were significantly larger in the endomyocardium than in the epimyocardium of the left ventricle. Right ventricle myocytes had significantly smaller volumes and crosssectional areas than did left ventricle myocytes. There were no regional differences in cell lengths.We conclude that (1) the Coulter Channelyzer system gives values for isolated myocyte volume that are similar to values obtained with histometric techniques; (2) values for isolated myocyte cross‐sectional area were representative of values obtained from myocytes in whole‐sectioned tissue; (3) significant regional differences in myocyte size are present in adult rat hearts; and 4) regional variations in myocyte size are due to differences in myocyte cross‐sectional area rather than cell length.
Venous distribution of superficial cervical region in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey
Authors: Al‐Lami Fadhil , Poole Melanie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe superficial veins of the cervical region in over 50 Macaca mulatta monkeys were studied. We found, in addition to the external jugular vein, another major vein, which we have termed jugular accessory. It is comparable in size and runs ventral to the external jugular vein. It commenced at the angle of the mouth, ran in a groove on the dorsal aspect of the submandibular gland, and descended on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle where it was connected to the external jugular vein by a short transverse twig. It then descended toward the clavicle, crossed it ventrally, and immediately joined the cephalic vein. The resultant common vein pierced the thoracic wall between the clavicle and first rib and joined the external jugular and axillary veins, producing the subclavian vein. It was the jugular accessory and the external jugular, being connected as described, that formed an “H”‐shaped system.
Morphological evaluation of vascular smooth muscle cell: Length and width from a single scanning electron micrograph of microvessels
Authors: Miller Bryan G. , Gattone Vincent H. , Overhage J. Marc , Bohlen H. Glenn , Evan Andrew P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAccurate three‐dimensional data on the structure of vascular smooth muscle cells is essential for understanding the microvascular system in both normal or disease conditions. The laborious serial reconstruction methods have limited the amount of data collected on the structure of individual vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. The circumferential viewing of whole vessel segments via scanning electron microscopy provides an alternative approach, but even this technique is highly specialized and tedious. This study presents a simplified method to determine the average cell length and width of individual VSM cells by using only one view of a microvessel (single view). The vessels do not have to be isolated for circumferential viewing and can be left in their host tissue if desired. Values for the average VSM cell length and width were obtained by both circumferential‐ and single‐view approach on the same vessels. The average cell length and width obtained from the single‐view method (using one‐third circumference) duplicated the mean length and width measurements obtained by circumferential viewing.
Determination of the lengths of nonisotropic linear features in micrographs
Authors: Harvey R. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe method described was devised to facilitate rapid and reasonably accurate estimations of the length of a nonisotropic linear feature in a micrograph. It arose from studies in which we were determining the length of the Purkinje cell layer in each of a set of serial sections through the rat cerebellum. The Purkinje cell layer appears as a linear feature in such sections and the simplest and most rapid method of estimating the length of this type of feature is to count the number of intersections that it makes with a series of equally spaced parallel test lines (see, e.g., Weibel, E.R., 1979: Stereological Methods Vol. 1, Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry). In many sections, the Purkinje cell layer was markedly nonisotropic, and the length obtained by this method varied very considerably depending on the orientation of the section relative to the test lines. The present method employs two orthogonal sets of parallel test lines, and the length of the feature is estimated from the square root of the sum of the squares of the counts of the number of intersections with each of the two sets of lines. The result obtained varies very little with the relative orientations of the feature and the test grid and a good estimate of the length can be obtained from the counts from a single random placement of the grid on the section. It has been found that the technique can be carried out efficiently and reliably by relatively inexperienced personnel, and the results are obtained more rapidly than when alternative methods for estimating dimensions of nonisotropic features are used.
Ultrastructural location of complex carbohydrates in developing rat incisor enamel
Authors: Goldberg M. , Septier D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructural distribution of complex carbohydrates in an early formation stage of rat incisor enamel was investigated by staining with the periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazide‐silver proteinate reaction (PA‐TCH‐SP) for vicinal glycol‐containing glycoconjugates, the phosphotungstic acid‐chromic acid mixture (PTA) for glycoproteins, and the cationic dyes alcian blue or bismuth nitrate for sulfated glycoconjugates. In order to remove selectively sulfated complex carbohydrates, half of the serial sections obtained were digested with a bovine testicular hyaluronidase prior to staining.Far fewer electron‐dense deposits were observed with the PA‐TCH‐SP method on hyaluronidase‐treated sections, especially those subsequently treated for 48 hours with TCH. On the other hand, the minimal staining obtained with PTA was much more intense on sections treated with hyaluronidase where linear fiberlike structures were observed. With cationic dyes, staining of dotlike alignment structures and ground substance was obtained but was completely abolished by hyaluronidase treatment. Cuprolinic blue in a critical electrolyte concentration, ruthenium hexamine trichloride used with aldehyde during fixation, as well as rapid‐freezing followed by freeze‐substitution validate that this dotlike distribution is not an artefact of processing.The staining results demonstrated that the glycoproteins and sulfated complex carbohydrates in developing rat incisor enamel each display a specific distribution pattern. The glycoproteins were present as fiberlike structures and the sulfated carbohydrates appeared as dotlike formations located close to the surface of the fiberlike structures, and/or in the spaces between them.
Stereological investigations on human gastric mucosa: I. Normal oxyntic mucosa
Authors: Helander Herbert F. , Leth Robert , Olbe Lars 
Published: February 2005

AbstractQuantitative morphological data on normal human oxyntic mucosa were obtained from endoscopic biopsies in ten healthy male volunteers. Corpus mucosa was biopsied in the resting state and during maximal acid secretion and then processed for light and electron microscopy. Stereological analyses were carried out on sections comprising the entire thickness of the epithelial layer. About one‐third of the mucosal volume was taken up by lamina propria and 15% by parietal cells. Counts of cells that displayed their nucleus in the sections revealed that an average of 12% of the epithelial cells were parietal cells, 43% were mucous cells, 40% were zymogen cells, and 4% were endocrine cells. Parietal cells displaying two nuclei were twice as large as those with only one nucleus. Six percent of the parietal cell volume was taken up by the nucleus, and 33% of the cytoplasmic volume was occupied by mitochondria. Stimulation of acid secretion resulted in a 76% increase in the secretory surface density; simultaneously there was a slight decrease in the mean size of the parietal cells and an increase in the relative volume of the nucleus. During maximal stimulation of acid the parietal cells from the superficial mucosal layers displayed a 40% larger secretory surface than those from the deeper parts of the mucosa.The data, which will serve as a basis for studies of pathological mucosae, are compared with those obtained in other species.
Diameters of arteries, veins, and airways in isolated dog lung
Authors: Horsfield Keith , Kemp Wendy , Phillips Sally 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTriple resin casts were made of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and airways from six dog lungs. The airways were cast at a pressure of 25 cm resin in all six. In the first three, both vessels were cast at a pressure of 30 cm resin, and in the second three, arteries were at 10 cm resin and veins at 5 cm resin. Measurements were made of luminal airway diameters down to 1 mm and of the luminal diameters of the corresponding segments of the vascular trees. The relation of one to the other was shown by calculating the regression lines for the corresponding diameters. Intrapulmonary arteries and veins are of approximately equal diameter when cast at 30 cm resin, while the veins are 20% larger than the arteries when cast at 5 cm and 10 cm of resin, respectively. Both vessel diameters are 75% of bronchial at the higher pressure, while at the lower pressures arteries are 59%, and veins 71% of bronchial. In any individual, vessel diameters are a relatively constant proportion of airway diameter. This constant of proportionality varies considerably between dogs, its value ranging from 0.48 to 1.03. It is concluded that in any individual all three trees have similar diameter ratios—that is, the ratio between mean diameters of branches in successive orders.
Toward computerized morphometric facilities: A review of 58 software packages for computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstruction, quantification, and picture generation from parallel serial sections
Authors: Huijsmans D. P. , Lamers W. H. , Los J. A. , Strackee J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis review gives an inventory of 58 computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstruction applications in the domain of biomedical research. It is devoted to the formulation of a set of recommendations thought to be necessary for improved performance of software packages in this field. These recommendations can be used to select packages and to guide future developments of existing reconstruction systems.The survey is restricted to three‐dimensional reconstructions based upon a series of parallel sections of an object. Subjects treated are programming languages, resolution and sampling, input preparation, realignment, local deformation of slices, numerical quantifications, topological complexity, internal representation, display complexity (hidden surfaces, shading, smoothing), structure extraction, descriptive elements, database, data compression, time efficiency of systems and algorithms, hardware configuration, input devices, input media, interactive aids, display devices, and output devices. Information for this survey comes from articles that appeared between 1965 and 1985.
Localization of actin in mammalian spermatozoa: A comparison of eight species
Authors: Flaherty Sean P. , Winfrey Virginia P. , Olson Gary E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe distribution of monomeric and polymeric actin in spermatozoa from the bull, boar, rabbit, human, rat, mouse, golden hamster, and guinea pig has been examined by using a monoclonal antiactin antibody and NBD‐phallacidin. Actin was present in sperm from each species. When the monoclonal antibody was used, there was a species‐specific distribution and intensity of fluorescence, but no generalized pattern. Specific fluorescence was noted in the neck and principal piece of human sperm; in the postacrosomal region, neck, and midpiece of bull and boar sperm; in the postacrosomal region, neck, and principal/equatorial segment border of rabbit sperm; in the neck region of hamster sperm; and in the neck, midpiece, and principal piece of rat, mouse, and guinea pig sperm. Sperm from all eight species displayed no specific fluorescence with NBD‐phallacidin, indicating that actin was present in a nonfliamentous form. SDS extracts of sperm were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE and Western blotting; in sperm from each species, a 42‐kD protein with specific affinity for the monoclonal antibody was present.