bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing New Regulatory Approaches to Antimicrobial Safety
Authors: Tollefson L. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryResistance to antimicrobial agents is of concern to public health officials worldwide. In industrialized countries, a significant source of antimicrobial‐resistant food‐borne infections in humans is the acquisition of resistant bacteria originating from animals. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is committed to resolving the public health impact arising from the use of antimicrobial drugs in food‐producing animals. The FDAs goal is to ensure that significant human antimicrobial therapies are not compromised or lost while providing for the safe use of antimicrobials in food animals. Recently the FDA published a guidance document titled ‘Evaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs with Regard to their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria of Human Health Concern’ (US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, 2003). This document outlines a pathway drug sponsors can use to address concerns about antimicrobial resistance prior to approval of their drug. The process uses a qualitative risk assessment approach to assess the potential of the intended use of a product to develop resistance in bacteria that may harm humans. The level of risk determines the level of risk management that is required for the drug to be used. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) always has the option of not approving a drug if the risk of a public health consequence is too high.
Monitoring adverse drug reactions: scales, profiles, and checklists
Authors: Jordan S. , Knight J. , Pointon D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground:  Globally, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) make a substantial contribution to ill health. Introducing a systematic approach to patient surveillance could mitigate these problems. Formalized medication monitoring schedules have been proposed as one strategy to diagnose and action side‐effects and the problems emanating from adverse drug reactions. To date, most developments have been linked to antipsychotic medications. Several scales, checklists, and side‐effect profiles are available, including the West Wales ADR (adverse drug reaction) profile. However, relatively little work has been undertaken on the clinical validity, reliability, and sensitivity of these instruments.Aim:  This paper describes the development of the monitoring schedule approach to medication management. It also reviews and compares the instruments available for monitoring the adverse drug reactions of antipsychotic medications. The UKU (Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser) scale and the West Wales ADR profile assess a broader range of physiological parameters and potential problems than other instruments. However, to be adopted in practice, such instruments must achieve a balance between clinical gain and practical cost, including the time spent in administration.Conclusion:  Further work is needed to explore the translation of formalized ADR surveillance programmes into clinical gains and improved outcomes for clients.
The nonerythropoietic asialoerythropoietin protects against neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia as potently as erythropoietin
Authors: Wang Xiaoyang , Zhu Changlian , Wang Xinhua , Gerwien Jens Gammeltoft , Schrattenholz Andre , Sandberg Mats , Leist Marcel , Blomgren Klas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRecently, erythropoietin (EPO) and the nonerythropoietic derivative asialoEPO have been linked to tissue protection in the nervous system. In this study, we tested their effects in a model of neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) in 7‐day‐old rats (unilateral carotid ligation and exposure to 7.7% O2 for 50 min). EPO (10 U/g body weight = 80 ng/g; n = 24), asialoEPO (80 ng/g; n = 23) or vehicle (phosphate‐buffered saline with 0.1% human serum albumin; n = 24) was injected intraperitoneally 4 h before HI. Both drugs were protective, as judged by measuring the infarct volumes, neuropathological score and gross morphological score. The infarct volumes were significantly reduced by both EPO (52%) and asialoEPO (55%) treatment, even though the plasma levels of asialoEPO had dropped below the detection limit (1 pm) at the onset of HI, while those of EPO were in the nanomolar range. Thus, a brief trigger by asialoEPO before the insult appears to be sufficient for protection. Proteomics analysis after asialoEPO treatment alone (no HI) revealed at least one differentially up‐regulated protein, synaptosome‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25). Activation (phosphorylation) of ERK was significantly reduced in asialoEPO‐treated animals after HI. EPO and the nonerythropoietic asialoEPO both provided significant and equal neuroprotection when administered 4 h prior to HI in 7‐day‐old rats. The protection might be related to reduced ERK activation and up‐regulation of SNAP‐25.
An NCAM‐derived FGF‐receptor agonist, the FGL‐peptide, induces neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival in primary rat neurons
Authors: Neiiendam Johanne Louise , Køhler Lene Boding , Christensen Claus , Li Shizhong , Pedersen Martin Volmer , Ditlevsen Dorte Kornerup , Kornum Martin Kirkegaard , Kiselyov Vladislav V. , Berezin Vladimir , Bock Elisabeth 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) plays a crucial role in development of the central nervous system regulating cell migration, differentiation and synaptogenesis. NCAM mediates cell–cell adhesion through homophilic NCAM binding, subsequently resulting in activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). NCAM‐mediated adhesion leads to activation of various intracellular signal transduction pathways, including the Ras‐mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)‐Akt pathways. A synthetic peptide derived from the second fibronectin type III module of NCAM, the FGL peptide, binds to and induces phosphorylation of FGFR without prior homophilic NCAM binding. We here present evidence that this peptide is able to mimic NCAM heterophilic binding to the FGFR by inducing neuronal differentiation as reflected by neurite outgrowth through a direct interaction with FGFR in primary cultures of three different neuronal cell types all expressing FGFR subtype 1: dopaminergic, hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurons. Moreover, we show that the FGL peptide promotes neuronal survival upon induction of cell death in the same three cell types. The effects of the FGL peptide are shown to depend on activation of FGFR and the MAPK and PI3K intracellular signalling pathways, all three kinases being necessary for the effects of FGL on neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival.
Expression of damage‐induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) mRNA in peri‐infarct cortical and thalamic neurons following middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Ohba Norihiro , Kiryu‐Seo Sumiko , Maeda Mitsuyo , Muraoka Michinari , Ishii Masamitsu , Kiyama Hiroshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDamage‐induced neuronal endopeptidase (DINE) is a unique nerve‐injury associated molecule, which was recently identified in a peripheral nerve injury model. The aim of this study was to determine the expression profiles and distribution of DINE in adult rats after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Focal cerebral ischemia induced late‐onset and prolonged expression of DINE mRNA in the peri‐infarct cortex and specific nuclei of thalamus. Double labeling using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that DINE mRNA was exclusively expressed in cells that were positive to a neuronal marker NeuN. Previously established knowledge on neuroanatomical fiber connection suggests that DINE mRNA was expressed in areas projecting their axons to or through the core region of the infarction. This unique expression profile was similar to that of activating transcription factor‐3 (ATF‐3), which is a marker of nerve‐injured neuron. More than 98% of ATF‐3 immunoreactive neurons simultaneously expressed DINE mRNA, suggesting that DINE expression is observed in injured neurons of CNS as well as PNS. Since DINE expression promotes antioxidant activity, our results suggest that DINE may act as a neuroprotective molecule in neurons under ischemic insult.
A proteasomal stress response: pre‐treatment with proteasome inhibitors increases proteasome activity and reduces neuronal vulnerability to oxidative injury
Authors: Lee Chul‐Sang , Tee Lee Y. , Warmke Timothy , Vinjamoori Anant , Cai AiLi , Fagan Anne M. , Snider B. Joy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report here that exposure to low concentrations of proteasome inhibitors (e.g. 10–100 nmMG‐132, 0.1–3 nmepoxomicin or 10–30 nmclasto‐lactacystin β‐lactone) resulted in an enhancement, rather than an inhibition, of proteasome activity in cultured neocortical neurons. Size‐fractionation chromatography confirmed that the enhanced peptide cleavage activity was associated with proteasome‐sized complexes. This sub toxic exposure reduced neuronal death caused by subsequent exposure to oxidative stress (100–200 µmH2O2for 30 min, 24‐h exposure to 100 µmparaquat or 7.5 µmmenadione), but did not alter vulnerability to excitotoxicity (5‐min exposure to 30–100 µmNMDA or 24 exposure to 12 µmNMDA). Sub toxic proteasome inhibitor exposure caused an increase in levels of proteasome core subunit proteins and mRNAs, but not in levels of potentially cytoprotective heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90 and hsp40). The neuroprotective effects of proteasome inhibitor pre‐treatment were blocked by coapplication of proteasome inhibitors during the oxidative insult. These findings support a model in which sublethal proteasome inhibition induces neurons to increase proteasome activity and promotes resistance to oxidative injury and suggests that enhancement of proteasome activity is a potential therapeutic target for diseases in which oxidative stress has been implicated.
Pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in Fontan patients at a long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Strömvall‐Larsson Eva , Eriksson Bengt O. , Holmgren Daniel , Sixt Rune 
Published: November 2004

SummaryDesaturation during exercise in the Fontan type of circulation may be due to known right‐to‐left shunts in some patients, while in others there are no obvious signs of shunts.Aim:  To evaluate the gas exchange and exercise capacity in patients with Fontan circulation.Material and methods:  Twenty patients with the Fontan type of circulation, median age at operation 7·5 years (3·0–35 years), follow‐up time 12·1 years (8·3–20·4 years), were included. The intrapulmonary gas mixing (N2‐slope) and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was evaluated and determination of cardiac output was performed at rest and during exercise with measurements of ventilation, oxygen uptake, respiratory rate, carbon dioxide production and heart rate. Samples for blood gases (PaO2, SaO2) were obtained at rest and at the end of each work load.Results:  The median exercise capacity was 1·47 l min−1. During exercise, all the patients had an alveolar–arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (PA–aO2) above 2 SD. Patients with known right‐to‐left shunts had lower PaO2 and SaO2 values and higher PA–aO2 values both at rest, median 7·5 kPa, 90%, and 7·2 kPa, respectively, and during exercise, median 5·8 kPa, 77% and 10·1 kPa, compared with those with no shunts, median 11·2 kPa, 97% and 4·1, respectively, at rest and 9·7 kPa, 94%, and 6·3 during exercise (P<0·01).No correlation was found between cardiac index, the N2‐slope or the DLCO at rest and the PaO2 and SaO2 at rest or during exercise.Conclusion:  In patients with the Fontan type of circulation, right‐to‐left shunts are the major cause of desaturation during exercise.
Is muscle power output a key factor in the age‐related decline in physical performance? A comparison of muscle cross section, chair‐rising test and jumping power
Authors: Runge Martin , Rittweger Jörn , Russo Cosimo Roberto , Schiessl Hans , Felsenberg Dieter 
Published: November 2004

SummaryAgeing compromises locomotor capacity and is associated with an increased risk of falls. Several lines of evidence indicate that both changes in muscle mass and performance are causative. Most studies, however, do not discern between effects of ageing, sedentarism and comorbidity. The present study compares the age effects in muscle cross section, force and power in physically competent self‐selected subjects of different age groups. A total of 169 women and 89 men between 18 and 88 years, without any disease, impairment or medication affecting the musculoskeletal system were enrolled in this study. Calf muscle cross‐sectional area was assessed by computed tomography. Muscle force and power were assessed by jumping mechanography. No significant correlation between muscle cross section and age was found in the men. A weak correlation in the women disappeared after correction for height. Close correlations with age, however, were found for peak force and peak power. Correction for muscle cross section or body weight further increased these correlation coefficients, particularly for peak power specific to body weight (r = 0.81 in women and r = 0.86 in men). The non‐sedentarian population investigated here depicted a reduction of >50% between the age of 20 and 80 without a reduction in muscle cross section. This suggests a crucial role for muscular power in the ageing process. Possibly, the jumping mechanography as a measurement of anti‐gravitational power output is a promising extension of the chair‐rising test, known to be predictive for immobilization and the risk of falls.
Arterial concentration of 99mTc‐sestamibi at rest, during peak exercise and after dipyridamole infusion
Authors: Sand Niels Peter Rønnow , Juelsgaard Palle , Rasmussen Karin , Flø Christian , Thuesen Leif , Bagger Jens Peder , Nielsen Torsten Toftegaard , Rehling Michael 
Published: November 2004

SummaryTracers for myocardial perfusion imaging during stress should not only have high cardiac uptake but they should also have a fast blood clearance to prevent myocardial tracer uptake after the ischaemic stimulus. The present study characterize the early phase of the arterial 99mTc‐sestamibi (MIBI) time‐activity curve after venous bolus injection at rest, during peak exercise and after dipyridamole infusion. We included 11 patients undergoing angioplasty for one‐vessel disease (rest study) and 20 patients evaluated for the detection of haemodynamic significant coronary stenoses by 99mTc‐sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using either bicycle exercise testing (10 patients) or standard dipyridamole testing (10 patients). Arterial blood samples of 1 ml were taken from the left femoral artery (rest study) or the right radial artery (exercise and dipyridamole studies) every 5 s during the first 5 min postinjection. In the exercise and the dipyridamole studies blood sampling were extended to include blood samples every 5 min 5–30 min postinjection. Peak MIBI concentration was lower and decrease in concentration slower after tracer injection during exercise than during dipyridamole stress testing. This may cause an underestimation of perfusion defects during exercise because of MIBI uptake after the ischaemic stimulus. The implications of the study not only refer to the choice of stress modality when using MIBI. This study also underlines the importance of considering early blood clearance in addition to regional myocardial tracerkinetic aspects such as myocardial extraction fraction when new tracers are introduced.
Non‐invasive assessment of endothelial function – relation between vasodilatory responses in skin microcirculation and brachial artery
Authors: Hansell Jimmy , Henareh Loghman , Agewall Stefan , Norman Mikael 
Published: November 2004

SummaryObjective:  To compare different non‐invasive methods for determination of human endothelial function in peripheral circulation.Design:  Observational, cross‐sectional study in 39 healthy subjects (21 females, age 17–56 years).Setting:  Vascular research laboratory at university hospital.Methods:  Laser Doppler (LD) flowmetry was used to compare skin microvascular perfusion changes during postocclusive reactive hyperaemia with those induced by iontophoretic administration of acetylcholine (ACh), an endothelial‐dependent vasodilator. LD measurements were compared with ultrasonographic measurements of postocclusive flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery (n = 21).Results:  Local ACh induced a larger and more sustained skin perfusion increase than reactive hyperaemia after 4 min of regional arterial occlusion (P<0·001). A significant correlation was found between the magnitude of ACh‐induced vasodilatation and peak reactive hyperaemia, both in absolute (r = 0·62, P<0·001) and relative terms (r = 0·58, P<0·001). A correlation was also found between brachial artery FMD and the magnitude of ACh‐induced skin perfusion increase (r = 0·43, P<0·05) but not between FMD and reactive hyperaemia.Conclusion:  Endothelial function, an early marker of cardiovascular risk, can be non‐invasively assessed and graded by LD and FMD‐measurements and despite inherent differences, both methods do correlate.
The validity and reliability of the Perometer in evaluating human knee volume
Authors: Man Ivy O. W. , Markland Kate L. , Morrissey Matthew C. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryBackground:  Accurate knee swelling evaluation is important in monitoring the progress of a patient's condition and rehabilitation. Water volumetry is the current gold standard of volume assessment but can be time consuming and unsuitable for assessing patients with open wounds. No previous study has reported the potential use of an optoelectronic device in assessing knee volume.Objectives:  To evaluate an optoelectronic device, the Perometer® in knee volume assessment in uninjured subjects and compare it to the current gold standard of volume assessment – water displacement.Materials and methods:  Bilateral knee measurements were measured in 20 uninjured individuals with both methods on two separate days using a one‐way repeated measures design. A cylindrical object was also measured 10 times with both tools.Results:  The mathematically calculated volume of the cylinder was 1568 ml. The mean volume obtained by the Perometer was 1602 and 1620 ml by the volumeter. This represented an over‐estimation of the true volume of 2·2% by the Perometer and 3·4% by the volumeter. A high correlation was found for repeated measures of knee volumes with both methods (r = 0·94, P<0·01). Limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated to assess the amount of agreement between the two methods and these ranged from −130 to 207 ml indicating a low degree of agreement.Conclusions:  The results indicate that the Perometer is as reliable as the knee volumeter in assessing knee volume. However, the wide LOA suggest the two methods should not be used interchangeably.
Effect of body position on foot and ankle volume in healthy subjects
Authors: Man Ivy O. W. , Glover Katie , Nixon Peter , Poyton Ross , Terre Rosie , Morrissey Matthew C. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryPhysical therapy treatments for and evaluation of lower limb swelling are usually performed in supine lying position. However, the limb is usually treated or assessed in the dependent position, i.e. sitting or standing. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible confounding effect of subject positioning on foot and ankle volume.Sixty healthy individuals were randomly positioned into motionless standing, sitting or supine lying for 30 min. Volumetric measurements of the dominant leg were taken with a foot and ankle volumeter before and after 30 min of positioning. A significant difference between the three groups for foot and ankle volume change (F2,53 = 35·41, P<0·001) was found. A post‐hoc Tukey HSD test revealed that the difference was statistically significant between sitting and standing as well as supine lying and standing (P<0·001). No statistical significance was found between sitting and supine lying (P = 0·90).Standing caused the greatest increase in foot and ankle volume followed by sitting then supine lying. The results indicate that treating or assessing a limb with the subject in a sitting position would not be significantly different from a subject who is positioned in supine lying. However, it is not known whether the height and the distance from the heart to the feet were comparable between the groups, and so it is recommended that, where possible, treatment and assessment of lower leg swelling should be undertaken with the leg in a non‐dependent position and definitely not in standing.
Subjective norms and the prediction of romantic relationship state and fate
Authors: Etcheverry Paul E. , Agnew Christopher R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study examined whether subjective norms are associated with commitment to a romantic relationship and with remaining in that relationship over time. Subjective norms are defined in the context of relationships as the perceived normative beliefs of a social network member regarding a given relationship weighted by the motivation to comply with that network member. In a longitudinal study of college students involved in dating relationships, subjective norms were found to be a significant predictor of romantic relationship commitment level, alone and in multiple regression analyses including satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Longitudinal analyses indicated that commitment mediated the effect of subjective norms on remaining in the relationship approximately 8 months later. Finally, level of dependence on a romantic relationship moderated the predictive value of subjective norms, with lower relationship dependence yielding greatest predictive value for subjective norms.
When the sexes need not differ: Emotional responses to the sexual and emotional aspects of infidelity
Authors: Vaughn Becker D. , Sagarin Brad J. , Guadagno Rosanna E. , Millevoi Allison , Nicastle Lionel D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study assessed whether previously reported sex differences in jealousy could be accounted for by other related emotions. Participants were presented with hypothetical scenarios involving both a sexual and an emotional infidelity, then were asked how jealous, angry, hurt, and disgusted they would be (using continuous scales). The results replicate the sex difference in response to sexual and emotional infidelity, demonstrate that it is robust when continuous measures are used, and confirm that it is unique to jealousy. Sex differences did not emerge for anger, hurt, or disgust. Instead, sexual infidelity elicited greater anger and disgust, and less hurt, than emotional infidelity, for both women and men. The results also suggest that it is the jealous response to an emotional infidelity that best discriminates women from men, and that both women and those participants in a serious, committed relationship reported significantly greater intensity in their emotional reactions, as compared to men and those not in a committed relationship.
Culture, risk factors and suicide in rural China: a psychological autopsy case control study
Authors: Zhang J. , Conwell Y. , Zhou L. , Jiang C. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  Previous research on sociocultural factors for Chinese suicide have been basically limited to single case studies or qualitative research with ethnographic methodology. The current study examines the major risk factors and some cultural uniqueness related to Chinese rural suicide using a quantitative design.Method:  This is a case control study with 66 completed suicides and 66 living controls obtained from psychological autopsy interviews in rural China.Results:  Both bivariate analyses and the multiple regression model have found that the Chinese rural suicide patterns are basically similar to those in most other cultures in the world: strong predictors of rural Chinese suicide are the psychopathological, psychological, and physical health variables, followed by social support and negative and stressful life events. Other significant correlates include lower education, poverty, religion, and family disputes.Conclusion:  Culture has an important impact on suicide patterns in a society.