bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DARK MATTER AND DYNAMICS IN HERCULES CLUSTER
Authors: Bird Christina M. , Dickey John M. , Salpeter E.E. 
Published: November 2004

We present new 21-cm observations of faint (15.7<mpg<16.5) spiral galaxies in the Abell cluster 2151. These results, when combined with the large body of velocities available in the literature for Hercules, permit us to study the dynamics throughout the cluster core, out to a projected radius of 1.8h−1 Mpc. We calculate the global dynamical mass of Hercules using 3 different but related methods: two versions of the virial theorem and the projected mass estimator. These masses lie in the range 3–6×1014 M⊙. We investigate the importance of subclustering in A2151 using the statistical test of Dressler and Shectman1 and the effects of the detected substructure on the dynamical mass determination. The clumpy distribution of galaxies is interpreted as a sign that the galaxies in the cluster have not reached dynamical equilibrium in the gravitational potential, which means that dynamical mass estimates are prone to significant errors. In spite of this uncertainty, we estimate that the virial theorem errors due to the presence of substructure are not larger than 30% in A2151. Finally, we use the 21-cm linewidths to estimate the minimum total mass in the cluster which is contained within the HI radii of the cluster galaxies is about 3×1014 M⊙. This number may be compared with the dynamical mass and used to separate the contribution of dark matter inside and outside the HI envelopes of galaxies, and the fraction of DM which cannot be associated with individual galaxies, about 90–95%.
Prognostic value of pretransplantation host thymic function in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Clave Emmanuel , Rocha Vanderson , Talvensaari Kimmo , Busson Marc , Douay Corinne , Appert Marie-Lorraine , Rabian Claire , Carmagnat Maryvonnick , Garnier Federico , Filion Alain , Socié Gérard , Gluckman Eliane , Charron Dominique , Toubert Antoine 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Thymic function is critical for immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We evaluated recipient thymic function before HSCT by quantifying T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in pretransplantation peripheral blood lymphocytes from 102 patients who received HSCs from an HLA-identical sibling for malignant (n = 87) or nonmalignant diseases (n = 15). Median TREC value before transplantation was 257 TRECs per 150 000 CD3+ cells (range, 0-42 746). We assessed 172 TRECs per 150 000 CD3+ cells as the most discriminating TREC value for survival in a first cohort of patients (n = 62). This cut-off was validated in a second independent prospective group of 40 patients. In the 102 patients, a TREC value greater than or equal to 172 was associated with a better survival (P &lt; .000 01), a decreased incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD; P = .017), chronic GVHD (P = .023), and bacterial (P = .003) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (P = .024). In a multivariate analysis, low pretransplantation TREC values were associated with a higher incidence of CMV infection (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.0, P = .06) and severe bacterial infections (HR = 2.8, P = .036). Finally, high TREC values (HR = 6.6, P = .002) and ABO compatibility (HR = 2.7, P = .02) were associated with a better survival. Therefore, recipient host thymic function assessment could be helpful in predicting HSCT outcome and identifying patients who require a close immunologic monitoring.
Effects and indications of sacral surface therapeutic electrical stimulation in refractory urinary incontinence
Authors: Yokozuka Mieko , Namima Takashige , Nakagawa Haruo , Ichie Masayoshi , Handa Yasunobu 
Published: November 2004

Objective: To describe the effects and indications of sacral surface therapeutic electrical stimulation (SS-TES) for refractory urinary incontinence. Design: Evaluation before and after therapy. Setting: On clinical site and at nursing home. Subjects: Seven neurogenic bladder, five unstable bladder and six nocturia cases were investigated. Twelve were outpatients and six were residents. Interventions: Surface electrodes were placed at the posterior sacral foramens of S2 and S4. Stimulation conditions were duration 0.3 ms, frequency 20 Hz and maximum intensity. The stimulation was continued for 15 min twice daily for over one month. Main outcome measures: Therapeutic effects were evaluated on the basis of voiding charts as subjective findings and urodynamic study as objective findings before and after therapy. Results: Subjective findings showed incontinence frequency significantly decreased from 2.39±1.4 times/day before therapy to 1.39±2.0 times/day after therapy (p≤0.01); 55.5% of patients were improved or greatly improved. Objective findings showed that maximum vesical capacity (MVC) significantly increased from 208.29±94.5 ml before therapy to 282.19±66.8 ml (p≤0.001). Uninhibited contraction significantly decreased from 40.4±31.4 cmH2O before therapy to 25.79±23.9 cmH2O (p≤0.01); 44% of patients were improved or greatly improved. This therapy was effective in particular for cases whose MVC was small before applying SS-TES. Conclusion: SS-TES was effective in some patients with refractory urinary incontinence.
The effects of position on oxygen saturation in acute stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Tyson S F , Nightingale P 
Published: November 2004

Objective: To investigate the effect of body position on oxygen saturation in the acute stages post stroke. Design: Systematic review. Methods: Databases: PREMEDLINE and MEDLINE, Psychinfo, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, all EBM Reviews and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Keywords: combinations of cerebrovascular accident/stroke/hemiplegia/ cerbrovascular disorders and position or posture or sitting or standing/lying/supine/ side lying, with oxygen saturation/oxygen levels/blood gas analysis/hypoxia/sleep apnea syndrome/obstructive sleep disorder/Cheyne Stokes breathing. Limits: English language, human, adults and clinical trials. The quality of relevant papers was independently reviewed using criteria based on the SIGN guidelines for randomized controlled trials and methods described by Rywdik et al. Results: There were four relevant studies involving 183 patients: three high quality and one poor quality. Heterogeneity in the testing positions, selection criteria, outcome measures and analysis methods prevented meta-analysis. There was strong evidence that body position did not affect oxygen saturation in acute stroke patients without relevant (respiratory) co-morbidities. There was limited evidence that sitting in a chair had a beneficial effect and lying positions had a deleterious effect on oxygen saturation in acute stroke patients with respiratory co-morbidities. Conclusions: Acute stroke patients without respiratory co-morbidities can adopt any body position, people with respiratory co-morbidities should be positioned as upright as possible.
Temporal changes in mercury bioaccumulation by predatory fishes of boreal lakes following the invasion of an exotic forage fish
Authors: Johnston Thomas A. , Leggett William C. , Bodaly Richard A. , Swanson Heidi K. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
We evaluated the prediction that mercury concentrations of predatory fishes in boreal lakes would rise following the invasion of an exotic forage fish species (rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax) that was believed to feed at a higher trophic position than native forage fishes. We compared temporal trends (postinvasion minus preinvasion values) in fish mercury bioaccumulation between lakes experiencing recent smelt invasions and reference lakes of central Canada. Piscivore mercury concentrations in this region have remained stable or declined during approximately the last 20 years. These trends were not strongly influenced by the smelt invasion, despite the fact that smelt were a major prey item for all piscivore species examined. The effect of smelt invasion on mercury bioaccumulation in the predator species reflected the importance of smelt in their respective diets (lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush &gt; walleye, Stizostedion vitreum &gt; northern pike, Esox lucius). However, these effects were not statistically significant for any piscivore species. The impact of rainbow smelt invasion on mercury bioaccumulation in native piscivores of this region has been much less than previous food-web studies have predicted.
Field contamination of the starfish Asterias rubens by metals. Part 2: Effects on cellular immunity
Authors: Coteur Geoffroy , Gillan David , Joly Guillemette , Pernet Philippe , Dubois Philippe 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
To study the effects of matals on starfish in field conditions, immune responses measured in starfish from natural populations along a metal pollution gradient (long-term contamination) and in starfish that were transferred up the gradient (short-term contamination). Coelomic amoebocyte concentration (CAC) and production oh reactive oxygen species (ROS) by amoebocytes were measured in two varieties oh Asterias rubens occurring in the fjord: The black variety which lives only in the low salinity upper waters (22-26‰) and the red variety which live both in the upper layer and in the deeper layer characteruzed by a salinity close to that oh seawater (30‰). The studied immune response were stimulated in starfish living along the metal pollution gradient according to the contamination oh these starfish by cadmium. However, the sensitivity oh these responses toward metals appeared to be strongly modulated by the salinity stress. In red starfish living at 30‰ and transferred up the contamination gradient, the immune responses were inhibited and closely hollowed the short-term accumulation oh metals in the animal organs. Starfish transferred down the gradient did not recover normal immune responses in the short-term and appeared highly sensitive to caging stress. It is suggested that the impact oh metals on the immune responses oh A. rubens in field conditions occurs in three phases. Short-term inhibitory effects are exerted by a direct action of metals on the immune cells and are followed by a recovery due to the induction oh protective mechanisms. Eventually, when these mechanisms are overwhelmed by a long-term contamination, indirect and durable stimulatory effects on the immune responses appear due to a global disruption oh the animal physiology.
Comparison of the sensitivity of three nematode species to copper and their utility in aquatic and soil toxicity tests
Authors: Boyd Windy A. , Williams Phillip L. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Nematodes are useful organisms for aquatic and soil toxicity testing because of their abundance and diversity as well as their ease of culturing and maintenance in the laboratory. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively in toxicity testing, but its sensitivity to metal exposures in relation to other nematodes remains unclear. In this study, we compare the sensitivity and ease of use of two other rhabditid nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Pristionchus pacificus, to C. elegans. Toxicity endpoints were chosen to investigate the effects of Cu on the survival of these nematodes after soil exposures and on the survival, reproduction, movement, and feeding behavior of nematodes after exposures in aquatic medium. In all lethality testing, P. pacificus was the most sensitive, C. elegans exhibited intermediate sensitivity, and P. redivivus was the least sensitive. Reproduction and movement of C. elegans and reproduction of P. pacificus were decreased 50% by similar concentrations of Cu (EC50s ∼2 mg/L), but P. pacificus movement was less sensitive to Cu exposures (EC50 = 8 mg/L). Although all nematodes may be useful in lethality assays, using P. redivivus in toxicity tests is complicated by the presence of two sexes and difficulties in obtaining age-synchronized cultures. Pristionchus pacificus is an ideal acute toxicity-testing organism because of its sensitivity and ease of culturing. However, C. elegans appears to be more sensitive and therefore most useful in behavioral assays. Future studies of the relative sensitivities of nematodes in toxicity testing should continue to investigate additional toxicants, nematode species, and quantifications of sublethal effects after soil exposures.
Coherent Control of Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Shapiro Moshe , Brumer Paul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe review theoretical work in the field of ‘Coherent Control’, whose essence is the use of quantum interferences between indistinguishable competing pathways to enhance one (chemical) product in preference to all others. We explain the principles of bichromatic and polychromatic control, pulse shaping, and the use of one‐ versus three‐photon interferences to control branching ratios. As an example of coherent control, we show how it may be used to convert racemic mixtures to samples containing the pure enantiomer of choice. We also show that the handedness of a molecular system is determined by the phase of incident light fields, thus highlighting a deep connection between the quantum mechanical phase, reflecting the spatiotemporal history of the combined light–matter system, and the handedness.
Definitionen von Grundbegriffen mit Bezug zu niedermolekularen und polymeren Flüssigkristallen
Authors: Tschierske Carsten , Pelzl Gerhard , Diele Siegmar 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDieses ist das erste von der IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature veröffentlichte Dokument zum Thema Flüssigkristalle. Wegen der Themenbreite wurde es in Zusammenarbeit mit der International Liquid Crystal Society erarbeitet. Es enthält Definitionen von Begriffen mit Bezug zu niedermolekularen und polymeren Flüssigkristallen und stützt sich auf grundlegende Definitionen, die bei der Beschreibung von Flüssigkristallen und in den Polymerwissenschaften weit verbreitet sind. Die Begriffe sind in fünf Abschnitte zusammengefasst: allgemeine Definitionen von flüssigkristallinen und mesomorphen Zuständen der Materie, Arten von Mesophasen, optische Texturen und Defekte von Flüssigkristallen, physikalische Charakteristika (einschließlich elektrooptischer und magnetooptischer Eigenschaften) von Flüssigkristallen und schließlich flüssigkristalline Polymere. Es wurden die Begriffe ausgewählt, die in der allgemein üblichen strukturellen, thermischen und elektrooptischen Beschreibung flüssigkristalliner Materialien häufig verwendet werden.
Laparoscopic skills training and assessment
Authors: Aggarwal R , Moorthy K , Darzi A 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe introduction of laparoscopic techniques to general surgery was associated with many unnecessary complications, which led to the development of skills laboratories to train novice laparoscopic surgeons. This article reviews the tools currently available for training and assessment in laparoscopic surgery.MethodsMedline searches were performed to identify articles with combinations of the following key words: laparoscopy, training, curriculum, virtual reality and assessment. Further articles were obtained by manually searching the reference lists of identified papers.ResultsCurrent training involves the use of box trainers with either innate models or animal tissues; it lacks objective assessment of skill acquisition. Virtual reality simulators have the ability to teach laparoscopic psychomotor skills, and objective assessment is now possible using dexterity-based and video analysis systems.ConclusionThe tools are now available for the development of a structured, competency-based, laparoscopic surgical training programme.
Surgical safety and overwork
Authors: Pfaff H 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The article by Holger Pfaff of Cologne, Germany that follows is the ninth and final paper of the BJS series of leading articles on patient safety; in it he considers the problem of surgeons' often excessive workload. Those who would like to read the series as a whole should start with the April 2004 issue of the Journal. A trainees' viewpoint of safety issues has been considered along with safety lessions from the airlines. Infections, patient volume, the nature of adverse events and information technology have been highlighted in separate papers, and the importance of an evidence-based approach has been recognized on both sides of the Atlantic.
Ganzzell‐ISPR‐Prozessentwicklung: Chancen und Risiken
Authors: Takors R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDer vorliegende Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die Chancen und Risiken von In Situ Product Removal (ISPR) Ansätzen, insbesondere bei zellulären, d. h. mikrobiellen, Produktionsverfahren zur Herstellung niedermolekularer Produkte, zu diskutieren. Anhand einer subjektiven Auswahl industrie‐relevanter bzw. industriell‐realisierter Prozesse sollen Motivation und Eigenarten von ISPR‐Verfahren exemplarisch deutlich gemacht und deren Gemeinsamkeiten für eine erfolgreiche Kommerzialisierung aufgezeigt werden. Prozessbeispiele aus den zumeist betrachteten Produktzielgruppen, nämlich den organischen Lösungsmitteln und Säuren sowie Produkten der Feinchemie, werden auch unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert. Darauf basierend wird der Versuch unternommen, die perspektivischen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten von ISPR‐Verfahren zu benennen.
The Estonian Genome Project
Authors: Metspalu Andres 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Estonian Genome Project (EGP) is a large population‐based databank that was established with health records and biological samples from a large portion of the population for use in biomedical and genetic research to improve the future of public health care in Estonia. A nonprofit foundation, the Estonian Genome Foundation presented the EGP to the Estonian government in June 2000 leading to a new legislative act, the “Human Genes Research Act,” that provides a road map for future gene‐related activities and guidelines for the oversight of the databank via a Supervisory Board, Ethics Committee, and Scientific Advisory Board. Unlike other gene discovery efforts, participants in population‐based projects are not selected by specific disease type but rather via a random sampling process. The unbiased nature of the recruitment process provides a more accurate measure of the disease risk provided by particular genetic variants and is anticipated to collect 100,000 samples by the end of 2007. The EGP is part of the first international consortia, P3G, set up between Cart@gene from Canada and GenomEUtwin, a FP5‐funded project coordinated by the University of Helsinki, Finland. With Estonia joining the European Union in 2004, the EGP will also function to build scientific excellence in Estonia. Drug Dev. Res. 62:97–101, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal exposure to first‐trimester sunshine is associated with increased birth weight in human infants
Authors: Tustin Karen , Gross Julien , Hayne Harlene 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo alternative hypotheses have been generated to account for seasonal variation in the birth weight of human infants born in industrialized countries. First, it has been hypothesized that low ambient temperature during the second trimester of gestation decreases birth weight. Second, it has been hypothesized that exposure to bright sunshine during the first trimester increases birth weight. We tested these two hypotheses to determine which, if either, accounted for seasonal variation in birth weight of full‐term infants. Birth weight data, collected over a 5‐year period, were analyzed as a function of peak and trough sunshine and ambient temperature. Although there was no effect of ambient temperature during any trimester on birth weight, infants whose mothers were exposed to peak sunshine during their first trimester were born significantly heavier than infants whose mothers experienced trough levels of sunshine during the same trimester. Furthermore, infants whose mothers were exposed to trough levels of sunshine during their second and third trimesters were born significantly heavier than infants whose mothers were exposed to peak levels of sunshine during the same trimesters. We hypothesize that high levels of sunshine during early gestation may increase the level of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1, facilitating prenatal growth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 221–230, 2004.
Role of C‐C chemokine receptors 1 and 5 and CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α in the cutaneous Arthus reaction: possible attenuation of their inhibitory effects by compensatory chemokine production
Authors: Yanaba Koichi , Mukaida Naofumi , Matsushima Kouji , Murphy Philip M. , Takehara Kazuhiko , Sato Shinichi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe deposition of immune complexes induces an acute inflammatory response with tissue injury. Immune complex‐induced tissue injury is mediated by inflammatory cell infiltration that is highly regulated by multiple chemokines. To assess the role of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, and a ligand for these receptors CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, in this pathogenic process, the reverse passive cutaneous Arthus reaction was induced in mice lacking CCR1, CCR5, or CCL3. Edema was significantly attenuated in CCR1‐deficient (CCR1–/–) and CCL3–/– mice but not CCR5–/– mice, compared with wild‐type mice. Numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and mast cells were reduced in CCL3–/– and CCR1–/– mice, respectively, compared with wild‐type mice. CCR1 and CCR5 were expressed on neutrophils and mast cells. Remarkably, the intradermal mRNA expression of CCL5/RANTES, another ligand for CCR1 and CCR5, was increased in CCR5–/– and CCL3–/– mice, compared with wild‐type mice, while the cutaneous CCL3 mRNA expression was augmented in CCR1–/– and CCR5–/– mice. These results indicate that CCR1, CCR5, and CCL3 cooperatively contribute to the cutaneous Arthus reaction, and also suggest that enhanced expression of CCL3 and CCL5 compensates for the loss of CCR1, CCR5, and CCL3 in the reaction.
Reconstitution of anti‐HIV effector functions of primary human CD8 T lymphocytes by transfer of HIV‐specific αβ TCR genes
Authors: Ueno Takamasa , Fujiwara Mamoru , Tomiyama Hiroko , Onodera Masafumi , Takiguchi Masafumi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe redirected the antigen specificity of primary human CD8 T cells by retrovirus‐mediated transduction of genes encoding αβ TCR specific to HIV‐1 Pol protein. A large polyclonal population of TCR‐transduced CD8 T cells showed substantial cytotoxic and cytokine production activities toward target cells either pulsed with the peptide or infected with HIV‐1, and their functional activities were comparable to those of the parental CTL clone. Peptide fine‐specificity and promiscuous recognition of HLA class I supertypes of the parental CTL clone were also preserved in the TCR‐transduced cells. There were no signs of allogeneic responses in these cells, although hybrid TCR dimers consisting of transduced TCR and endogenous TCR were suspected to have been formed in these cells, as the effect of transgene expression on the surface expression of the desired TCR was limited. Moreover, the TCR‐transduced cells showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV‐1 replication in vitro, although the differential surface expression of the desired TCR resulted in differential functional avidity of individual TCR‐transduced cells toward the peptide‐pulsed target cells. These data suggest that the reconstitution of HIV‐specific immunoreactive T cells engineered by genetic transfer of HIV‐specific TCR is a potential alternative to immunotherapeutic applications against HIV infections.