bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐situ stress analyses during high temperature oxidation of mild steel and grey cast iron
Authors: Corkovic S. , Pyzalla A. R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor a protective effect of oxide layers their density and their adherence to the substrate are essential. These are determined by the phase composition, the morphology and the strains in the substrate and the oxide layer. In order to determine the development of the phase composition and the strain in oxide layers in‐situ X‐ray investigations are performed. In addition to the in‐situ experiments the layer composition, morphology and texture are investigated ex‐situ after the oxidation process. The results of the experiments on a mild steel and grey cast iron reveal that the oxide layers develop fibre textures. Epitaxial strains influence the growth strains in the oxide layers. The strains and stresses present in the oxide layers after cooling to room temperature are dominated by the strain development caused by the misfit in the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and the different oxide sub‐layers.
Influence of the mode of introduction of a reactive element on the high temperature oxidation behavior of an alumina‐forming alloy. Part I: Isothermal oxidation tests
Authors: Chevalier S. , Strehl G. , Buscail H. , Borchardt G. , Larpin J. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDifferent modes of introduction of yttrium have been tested with regard to the influence on the high temperature oxidation behavior of a FeCral alloy. Y2O3 sol‐gel coatings, Y2O3 metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) coatings, implanted yttrium ions and yttrium as alloying element (0.1 wt.%) in the same Fe‐20Cr‐5Al alloy were oxidized at 1100°C in air under atmospheric pressure. Whatever the mode of introduction of the reactive element, the oxidation rates were not decreased compared to the oxidation rate of the blank specimen. The observation of the oxidized surface indicated that the alumina scale largely spalled from the blank alloy. Spallation was reduced for the Y2O3 sol‐gel coated, the Y2O3 MOCVD coated alloys and the yttrium ion implanted steels. The Y‐containing alloy did not exhibit any detachment of the oxide scale, indicating the best high temperature oxidation behavior, at least from the viewpoint of scale adherence.
4.3 Degradation and modification of cellulose acetates by biological systems
Authors: Puls Juergen , Altaner Clemens , Saake Bodo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA survey is given on recent findings in the enzymology of cellulose acetate degradation. Acetyl esterases have been identified as the principal enzymes, initiating cellulose acetate degradation as a prerequisite for endoglucanase‐catalyzed cellulose acetate depolymerisation. Acetyl esterases are provided by nature to deacetylate naturally occurring partly acetylated polysaccharides, i.e. xylan and chitin. Accordingly they are not designed to attack high DS cellulose acetate. Under these circumstances acetyl esterases require a pretreatment of cellulose acetate, leading to some reduction in DS, in case highly substituted material should be degraded. One of these treatments is composting under the conditions of which a partial deacetylation may occur under the action of heat and high pH, facilitating the accessibility for acetyl esterases. However from the present knowledge it cannot be excluded that certain microbial specialists exist, being capable to degrade high DS cellulose acetate.
Growth factors and flap survival
Authors: Zhang Feng , Waller William , Lineaweaver William C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGrowth factors are members of a large functional group of polypeptide regulatory molecules that influence the biological activities of responsive cells. In the last decade, the use of a variety of growth factors as therapeutic agents to improve wound healing and the viability of ischemic skin flaps has aroused considerable interest. Here, we review the literature concerning the regulation of growth factors in a flap, the role of angiogenesis in flap survival, the effect of growth factors on the metabolism of a flap, and angiogenesis in flap prefabrication and maturation. The potential application of growth factors in gene therapies is also reviewed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Node‐by‐node parallel finite elements: a virtually meshless method
Authors: Yagawa G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFEM‐based meshfree method named the free mesh method (FMM) or the node‐by‐node finite element method (NBN‐FEM), and a short review of recent meshless and meshfree methods are presented. Attempts to apply particle‐like finite element analysis to problems that are difficult to handle using global mesh generation, especially on massively parallel processors, are presented. Local finite elements are generated around each node, with local mesh data structures and a system of equations based on these nodes. Accordingly, the FMM or NBN‐FEM can overcome difficulties arising from the distortion of elements by simply adding or deleting nodes, similar to particle methods. This property is particularly advantageous for use in parallel computing environments. While parallelization of mesh generation is generally difficult, only the distribution of nodes needs to be considered to perform parallel remeshing computing. This node‐based finite element computation is realized by a robust local mesh generation technique based on the gift‐wrapping method. The method is implemented on parallel computers, including a PC cluster and a Hitachi SR8000 supercomputer. Numerical examples show that the method achieves high parallel performance, both in pre‐processing and main‐processing. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shell structures—a sensitive interrelation between physics and numerics
Authors: Ramm E. , Wall W. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt is apparent that physics and numerics are strongly linked in every serious undertaking in computational mechanics. This is in particular pronounced when the matter of study excels through a very sophisticated, even sometimes tricky physical behaviour. Such a delicate characteristic is the trademark of shell structures, which are the most often used structural components in nature and technology. This outstanding position in the hierarchy of all structures is due to their curvature allowing to carry transverse loading in an optimal way by in‐plane membrane actions, despite an often extreme slenderness. As typical for optimized systems their performance might be on the one hand excellent, but can also be extremely sensitive to certain parameter changes on the other hand. This prima donna like mechanical behaviour with all its sensitivities is of course carried over to any numerical scheme. In other words it is a fundamental precondition to understand the principle features of the load carrying mechanisms of shells before designing and applying any numerical formulation.The present study addresses this peculiar interrelation between physics and numerics. At first typical characteristics of shell structures are described; this include their benefits but also their extreme sensitivities. In the second part these aspects are reflected on related computational models and numerical procedures. This discussion is carried through a number of selected problems and examples.It need to be said that the paper is the outcome of a general plenary lecture addressing fundamental aspects rather than concentrating on a specific formulation or numerical scheme. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the chemical structure of transfer agents in coordinated anionic ring‐opening polymerization: application to one‐step functional oligomerization of ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Pantiru Magdalena , Iojoiu Cristina , Hamaide Thierry , Delolme Fréderic 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCoordinated anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in the presence of alcohols enables functional oligocaprolactones to be obtained easily in a single step. As observed by NMR and Maldi Tof mass spectroscopy, the functionalization of the oligomers, as well as the molecular weight distribution, depend strongly on the chemical structure of the alcohol. Hydroxy telechelic polymers can also be used as transfer agents. Finally, it was found that the chemical nature of the alcohol has a great influence on the kinetics, which suggests a coordination of this moiety on the Lewis site, during all the reaction. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Heterogeneous anionic ring opening polymerization in a fixed‐bed reactor: description of the process and modelling
Authors: Pollet Eric , Hamaide Thierry , Tayakout‐Fayolle Melaz , Jallut Christian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGrafting active centres on a solid porous support and using alcohol molecules as a transfer agent permitted coordinated anionic ring opening polymerization of oxygenated heterocycles by a continuous process. Dehydrated porous silica or alumina have been employed as solid supports. After grafting aluminium alkoxides on these supports, ε‐caprolactone and dimethyltrimethylene carbonate have been polymerized. Conversion as well as molecular weights were dependent on the contact time of reactants within the porous phase. A model of this continuous process has been developed by a combination of a Monte Carlo simulation with a reactor model based on the contact time distribution concept. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Interrelations between the a priori and a posteriori BSSE correction schemes
Authors: Mayer I. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe a priori BSSE‐free chemical Hamiltonian approach (CHA) of computing intermolecular interaction energies usually gives results close to those obtained by the a posteriori counterpoise (CP) basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction scheme of Boys and Bernardi. As the basis set improves, the difference between the results of these BSSE‐corrected methods diminishes much faster than BSSE disappears from the uncorrected interaction energies. Here we try to give a possible explanation of this behavior, by considering two different aspects of interrelations between the two schemes. We present a formal perturbation‐theoretical analysis indicating that the behavior can be rationalized on the basis of observing that BSSE and true intermolecular interactions can be considered additive effects under certain conditions, providing formal justification for the tacit additivity assumption inherent in the CP formalism. We also present an analysis of the alternative interpretations of the CP scheme, which allows one to define the CP‐corrected density matrix, permitting calculation of CP‐corrected quantities for electron density and bond orders. Diagonalizing the CP‐corrected density matrix, one can arrive at one‐electron orbitals, the use of which gives energies close to the CHA‐SCF ones. The results indicate that the two conceptually different BSSE correction schemes corroborate each other not only in the sense of giving close numerical results but also at the level of the theoretical analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Targets of communication during adolescence
Authors: Hortaçsu Nuran 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate targets of communication during adolescence. Turkish high school students between the ages of 12 and 18 were asked to rank order a maximum of five people with whom (a) they enjoyed talking with the most, (b) they were most intimate with, and (c) they talked with the most frequently. It was found that the same sex friend and the mother were the preferred targets of communication for both sexes. Also, with increasing age, more friends and less family were cited by both sexes, but the trend was more prevalent for males.
Plotinus, mysticism, and mediation
Authors: ARP ROBERT 
Published: April 2004

The Plotinian scholar, John Bussanich, has noted that the issue of classifying mystical union with the One consists in deciding between either theistic union or monistic identity. For advocates of theistic union, during mystical union the soul retains its identity and can be distinguished from the One; for advocates of monistic identity, during the union the soul loses its identity and becomes absorbed into the One. Both camps, however, believe that noetic activity is transcended in the union. In contradistinction to the theistic union and monistic identity views, I argue for what I call a mediated union position in Plotinus's doctrines whereby the noetic part of the soul – understood as a multi-faceted cognitive capacity – is not transcended in union with the One.When the seer sees himself, then when he sees, he will see himself as like this, or rather he will be in union with himself as like this and will be aware of himself like this since he has become single and simple.Plotinus Ennead, VI.9.10.9–11
Serum immunoglobulins and white blood cells status of drug addicts: influence of illicit drugs and sex habit
Authors: Islam SK Nazrul , Hossain Kazi Jahangir , Kamal Mustafa , Ahsan Monira 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the serum immunoglobulins and white blood cells status of drug addicts and to assess the extent of influence of drug habit and sexual practice on the immune components. The study was conducted among 253 male drug addicts and 100 non‐addict controls of aged 18  ‐  45 years. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to analyse the serum immunoglobulin concentrations. White blood cells profile was estimated by counting 200 cells . Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.03) of serum IgG, IgA and IgM in the drug addicts (6.93 ? 1.53g/l, 2.90 ? 1.13g/l and 1.72 ? 0.73g/l, respectively) compared to those in the cohort controls (6.52 ? 1.05g/l, 2.61 ? 0.83g/l and 1.52 ? 0.59g/l, respectively). A significant (p  = 0.00) decrease of peripheral lymphocytes (51.8 ? 15.2 vs. 71.9 ? 11.5) was noted in the drug addicts. Monocytes (8.3 ? 4.9), neutrophils (128.2 ? 18.9) and eosinophils (11.4 ? 5.8) were found to be increased in the drug addicts against those in the controls (5.2 ? 2.5, 113.2 ? 13.0 and 9.6 ? 5.8, respectively). Multiple drug abuse for longer period had resulted in a significant (p  < 0.05) decrease of serum immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. The longer period of addiction had also made a significant (p  < 0.05) decrease of eosinophils (p  = 0.05) and an increase of monocytes and neutrophils. Sex with multiple sexual partners had shown a significant (p  < 0.01) decrease of serum immunoglobulins and eosinophils.
Effects of opium addiction on some serum factors in addicts with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Karam Gholamreza Asadi , Reisi Mostafa , Kaseb Ali Alizadeh , Khaksari Mohammad , Mohammadi Abbas , Mahmoodi Mehdi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of opium on biochemical parameters in addicts with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Twenty‐three males and 26 females between 35 and 65 years of age, with NIDDM, addicted to opium, were selected as the case group. Twenty‐three males and 26 females with NIDDM and no opium addiction served as controls. Fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins  ‐  cholesterol (HDL‐c), triglycerides (TGs), sodium (Na  + ), potassium (K  + ), calcium (Ca2+), iron (Fe2+), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), uric acid and urea were measured in the serum of the two groups. Serum protein electrophoresis was also carried out. Compared to the control group, in addicted males with NIDDM, HbA1c, K  +  and Fe2+ were higher, and serum total protein, ALT and HDL‐c were lower. No significant difference was observed between other factors. Albumin was lower in addicts, but no significant difference was observed between the albumin/globulin ratios. In addicted females with NIDDM, serum total protein, TIBC, ALT and AST were lower compared to non‐addicts. Cholesterol tends to be lower in diabetic addicted males, HbA1c in addicted females and uric acid in addicted males was higher compared to non‐addicted diabetics. Their differences, however, were not significant. According to our results, smoking opium increases serum glucose and decreases HDL‐c, and thus adds to metabolic disorders in NIDDM patients. It also increases potassium and Fe2+ in males and decreases TIBC in females, and could therefore potentially interfere with water and iron metabolism.
Blood naltrexone and 6‐ß‐naltrexol levels following naltrexone implant: comparing two naltrexone implants
Authors: Hulse GK , Arnold‐Reed DE , O'Neil G , Chan C‐T , Hansson R , O'Neil P 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to profile and compare blood naltrexone and 6‐ β‐ naltrexol levels with time following treatment with two sustained‐release naltrexone preparations produced by GoMedical Industries, Australia at a community heroin treatment clinic in Perth, Western Australia. A sample of 10 patients who each received a 1.7 g naltrexone implant were compared to 24 patients who each received a 3.4 g naltrexone implant as treatment for heroin dependence. Blood naltrexone levels following treatment with the 1.7 g naltrexone implant remained above 2 and 1 ng/ml for approximately 90 and 136 days, respectively. Use of the 3.4 g naltrexone implant extended the period of coverage to approximately 297 (1 ng/ml) or 188 (2 ng/ml) days. Blood 6‐ β ‐naltrexol levels remained above 10 ng/ml for approximately 18 and 83 days, respectively, following use of the 1.7 g and 3.4 g naltrexone implants. The current study data indicate that blood naltrexone and 6 ‐β‐ naltrexol levels following treatment with either the 1.7 g or 3.4 g naltrexone implant are greater than those reported in other published data on other sustained‐release naltrexone preparations. Furthermore, duration of blood naltrexone and 6 ‐β‐ naltrexol levels achieved following use of the 3.4 g implant were superior to those achieved with the 1.7 g naltrexone implant, with naltrexone blood levels maintained above 2 ng/ml for a period of approximately 6.3 months compared to 3 months, respectively. The implications of this in managing the heroin‐dependent patient, especially those who find it difficult to shift away from dependent use patterns, are discussed.
Complete hyperelliptic integrals of the first kind and their non-oscillation
Authors: Gavrilov Lubomir , Iliev Iliya 
Published: April 2004

Let

P
(
x
)

P(x)

be a real polynomial of degree

2
g
+
1

2g+1

,

H
=

y
2

+
P
(
x
)

H=y^2+P(x)

and

δ
(
h
)

\delta (h)

be an oval contained in the level set

{
H
=
h
}

\{H=h\}

. We study complete Abelian integrals of the form
\[

I
(
h
)
=

∫

δ
(
h
)

(

α
0

+

α
1

x
+
…
+

α

g
−
1

x

g
−
1

)
d
x

y

,

h
∈
Σ
,

I(h)=\int _{\delta (h)} \frac {(\alpha _0+\alpha _1 x+\ldots + \alpha _{g-1}x^{g-1})dx}{y}, \;\;h\in \Sigma ,

\]
where

α
i

\alpha _i

are real and

Σ
⊂

R

\Sigma \subset \mathbb {R}

is a maximal open interval on which a continuous family of ovals

{
δ
(
h
)
}

\{\delta (h)\}

exists. We show that the

g
g

-dimensional real vector space of these integrals is not Chebyshev in general: for any

g
>
1

g>1

, there are hyperelliptic Hamiltonians

H
H

and continuous families of ovals

δ
(
h
)
⊂
{
H
=
h
}

\delta (h)\subset \{H=h\}

,

h
∈
Σ

h\in \Sigma

, such that the Abelian integral

I
(
h
)

I(h)

can have at least

[

3
2

g
]
−
1

[\frac 32g]-1

zeros in

Σ
\Sigma

. Our main result is Theorem 1 in which we show that when

g
=
2

g=2

, exceptional families of ovals

{
δ
(
h
)
}

\{\delta (h)\}

exist, such that the corresponding vector space is still Chebyshev.
A separable Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theorem and weak stability
Authors: Lin Huaxin 
Published: April 2004

We give a separable Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theorem. Let

A
A

be a separable amenable

C
∗

C^*

-algebra which satisfies the approximate UCT,

B
B

be a unital separable amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra and

h
1

,

h
2

:
A
→
B

h_1, \, h_2: A\to B

be two monomorphisms. We show that

h
1

h_1

and

h
2

h_2

are approximately unitarily equivalent if and only if

[

h
1

]
=
[

h
2

]

in

K
L
(
A
,
B
)
.

[h_1]=[h_2]\,\,\,\,\textrm {in}\,\,\, KL(A,B).

We prove that, for any

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

and any finite subset

F

⊂
A

\mathcal {F}\subset A

, there exist

δ
>
0

\delta >0

and a finite subset

G

⊂
A

\mathcal {G}\subset A

satisfying the following: for any amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

B
B

and for any contractive positive linear map

L
:
A
→
B

L: A\to B

such that
\[

‖
L
(
a
b
)
−
L
(
a
)
L
(
b
)
‖
>
δ

a
n
d

‖
L
(
a
)
‖
≥
(
1

/

2
)
‖
a
‖

\|L(ab)-L(a)L(b)\|>\delta \quad \mathrm {and}\quad \|L(a)\|\ge (1/2)\|a\|

\]
for all

a
∈

G

,

a\in \mathcal {G},

there exists a homomorphism

h
:
A
→
B

h: A\to B

such that
\[

‖
h
(
a
)
−
L
(
a
)
‖
>
ε

f
o
r

a
l
l

a
∈

F

\|h(a)-L(a)\|>\varepsilon \,\,\,\,\,\mathrm {for\,all}\,\,\, a\in \mathcal {F}

\]
provided, in addition, that

K
i

(
A
)

K_i(A)

are finitely generated. We also show that every separable amenable simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

A
A

with finitely generated

K
K

-theory which is in the so-called bootstrap class is weakly stable with respect to the class of amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebras. As an application, related to perturbations in the rotation

C
∗

C^*

-algebras studied by U. Haagerup and M. Rørdam, we show that for any irrational number

θ
\theta

and any

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

there is

δ
>
0

\delta >0

such that in any unital amenable purely infinite simple

C
∗

C^*

-algebra

B
B

if
\[

‖
u
v
−

e

i
θ
π

v
u
‖
>
δ

\|uv-e^{i\theta \pi }vu\|>\delta

\]
for a pair of unitaries, then there exists a pair of unitaries

u
1

u_1

and

v
1

v_1

in

B
B

such that
\[

u
1

v
1

=

e

i
θ
π

v
1

u
1

,

‖

u
1

−
u
‖
>
ε

and

‖

v
1

−
v
‖
>
ε
.

u_1v_1=e^{i\theta \pi }v_1u_1,\,\,\,\,\,\|u_1-u\|>\varepsilon \quad \text {and} \quad \|v_1-v\|>\varepsilon .

\]
A join theorem for the computably enumerable degrees
Authors: Jockusch Carl , Li Angsheng , Yang Yue 
Published: April 2004

It is shown that for any computably enumerable (c.e.) degree

w

\mathbf {w}

, if

w
≠
0

\mathbf {w\not =0}

, then there is a c.e. degree

a

\mathbf {a}

such that

(
a
∨
w

)
′

=

a

=

0

\mathbf {(a\lor w)’} = \mathbf {a}= \mathbf {0}

(so

a

\mathbf {a}

is low

2

_2

and

a
∨
w

\mathbf {a\lor w}

is high). It follows from this and previous work of P. Cholak, M. Groszek and T. Slaman that the low and low

2

_2

c.e. degrees are not elementarily equivalent as partial orderings.
Strange Bedfellows: Explaining Political Cooperation between Communist Successor Parties and Nationalists in Eastern Europe
Authors: Ishiyama John T. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract. In postcommunist politics many of the ‘new national right’ political formations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have joined forces with the communist successor parties. Such a combination is, on the surface, a baffling mixture; how is it possible that two fundamentally different ideological approaches (nationalism and internationalist socialism) can coexist and actively cooperate to form such a potent political force? What are the conditions under which such political cooperation emerges?This article attempts to answer the above questions by, first, empirically testing the effects of several factors which might explain postcommunist–nationalist political cooperation. Second, the quantitative analysis is buttressed with a comparison of the Hungarian and Russian cases. The analysis indicates that the most important variable associated with the emergence of postcommunist–nationalist political cooperation is the effect of previous regime type.