bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return migration in Andalusia, Spain
Authors: Rodríguez Vicente , Egea Carmen , Nieto José Antonio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDespite its social and geographical importance, return migration has not been properly considered in demographic research, probably due to the difficulty involved in defining and measuring it. However, it has been analysed since the 1950s with respect to returnees' features and their consequences and impacts. In Spain, the tradition of studying return has appeared intermittently in recent decades, in spite of the strong emigratory flows in the 1960s and 1970s. Now the phenomenon can be addressed from a coherent perspective by using the Residential Variation Statistics to define several types of return, depending on the place to which the emigrants return. This paper uses this information to conduct an in‐depth analysis of return migration in Andalusia in recent years in order to discover the importance of return in general and at the municipal level, the significance of return from outside and inside Andalusia, and the characteristics of the migrant population in comparison with the native population. The analysis is completed with an assessment of the conditions that prompted Andalusians to emigrate and how Andalusian municipalities are being affected by return at present. Finally, the paper seeks to gain further insight into return by using qualitative methods to appraise the importance of emigrants' reasons when they decide to return to Andalusia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative images of antenna patterns using infrared thermography and microwave holography
Authors: Norgard John , Will John , Stubenrauch Carl 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we apply microwave holography to infrared (IR) thermal images of electromagnetic (EM) fields to measure near‐field and far‐field radiation patterns of antennas. The phase of the field is retrieved from IR thermograms (magnitude‐only thermal images of the field) measured in the near field of the antenna using microwave holography. One method to extract the phase is to use an iterative plane‐to‐plane (PTP) two‐dimensional (2D) holographic phase retrieval method. After the phase is recovered, the near‐field thermographic/holographic data can be processed to determine the complex intensity (magnitude and phase) of the field at any distance in front of the antenna under test (AUT). Of particular interest is the far‐field radiation pattern of the antenna or, especially for phased array antennas, the aperture source‐plane distribution. Numerical simulations were performed to determine the feasibility, accuracy, and sensitivity of these IR thermographic/holographic phase‐retrieval techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are also discussed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the technique, actual IR thermograms were obtained at the Air Force Research Laboratory/Rome Research Site (AFRL/RRS) in Rome, (New York) and holograms were derived from a simple planar 6 × 6 phased array patch antenna using the PTP technique. The phase‐retrieval results are presented and compared with the known results for this antenna, as measured on the near‐field range at the National Institute of Technology and Standards (NIST) using standard hard‐wired probes. The agreement between the results for this antenna is very good. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 210–218, 2000
Effect of dietary treatment with n‐propyl gallate or vitamin E on the survival of mice exposed to phosgene
Authors: Sciuto A. M. , Moran T. S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPhosgene, widely used in industrial processes, can cause life‐threatening pulmonary edema and acute lung injury. One mechanism of protection against phosgene‐induced lung injury may involve the use of antioxidants. The present study focused on dietary supplementation in mice using n‐propyl gallate (nPG)—a gallate acid ester compound used infood preservation—and vitamin E. Five groups of male mice were studied: group 1, control‐fed with Purina® rodent chow 5002; group 2, fed 0.75% nPG (w/w) in 5002; group 3, fed 1.5% nPG (w/w) in 5002; group 4 fed 1% (w/w) vitamin E in 5002; and group 5, fed 2% (w/w) vitamin E also in 5002. Mice were fed for 23 days. On day 23 mice were exposed to 32 mg m−3 (8 ppm) phosgene for 20 min (640 mg · min m−3) in a whole‐body exposure chamber. Survival rates were determined at 12 and 24 h. In mice that died within 12 h, the lungs were removed and lung wet weights, dry weights, wet/dry weight ratios, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) were assessed. Vitamin E had no positive effect on any outcome measured. There was no significant difference between 1.5% nPG and any parameter measured or survival rate compared with 5002 + phosgene. However, dietary treatment with 0.75% nPG significantly increased survival rate (P ⩽ 0.002) and lowered TBARS (P ⩽ 0.05) compared with 5002 + phosgene at 12 h after exposure. Mice fed 0.75% nPG had a lower wet/dry wt ratio compared with those fed 1.5% nPG and a significantly increased lung tissue GSH 36%, compared with the 5002 + phosgene group. In conclusion, dietary treatment with a low level of the antioxidant nPG protected mice by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing lung tissue GSH. The higher level of nPG and both levels of vitamin E diets were ineffective, suggesting that a ceiling threshold level of antioxidants in lung tissue is required for survival against phosgene‐induced lung injury. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subchronic oral toxicity of a combination of insecticide (HCH) and herbicide (ISP) in male rats
Authors: Raizada R. B. , Srivastava M. K , Kaushal R. A. , Singh R. P. , Gupta K. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRats were treated orally with technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg−1 day−1) and technical isoproturon (ISP 22.5. 45 and 90 mg kg−1 day−1) daily for a period of 90 days alone and in combination. Treatment with HCH alone showed mild to severe toxicity and death. Significant changes occurred in liver weight, clinical enzyme profiles, haematological parameters and pathomorphological changes. Treatment with ISP alone did not produce such changes. The combination of HCH and ISP produced changes not suggestive of synergism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological consequences of multiple vaccine and pyridostigmine pretreatment in the guinea pig
Authors: Griffiths Gareth D. , Hornby Rebecca J. , Stevens Daniel J. , Scott Leah A. M. , Upshall David G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn investigation of the possible interactions between combinations of vaccines and pyridostigmine bromide (PB) has been undertaken in the guinea pig. This study is part of a research programme funded by the UK Government to determine any effects of the pretreatment regimes given to UK Forces during the Persian Gulf conflict of 1990–1991.The study was designed to simulate PB administration and to model multiple vaccination protocols that were experienced by UK Forces, modelling a ‘worst case’ situation in which all ten vaccines and PB were administered within a short period of time. Seven of the vaccines were health and hygiene (H+H) vaccines given to protect against endemic diseases and two vaccines to protect against the biological warfare agents anthrax and plague. In addition, pertussis vaccine was administered as an adjuvant to reduce the time to achieve immunity against anthrax.Four groups of eight animals were treated with 1/20th, 1/10th or 1/5th human doses of vaccines or vehicles, respectively. The PB or saline was delivered by implanted 28 day mini‐osmotic pumps to achieve a mean red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition of around 30%. Body weight, temperature, immunological response, biochemical indices and spontaneous activity were monitored for 72 days.Although immunological responses to bacterial vaccines were observed, there were no remarkable findings in the parameters measured other than minor changes in body weight (4.9% decrease at the 1/5th human dose of vaccines) and temperature increases in response to vaccination. Animals in all groups remained generally healthy and active without visible adverse signs throughout the study. © Crown copyright 2001. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitogenic Gi protein‐MAP kinase signaling cascade in MC3T3‐E1 osteogenic cells: Activation by C‐terminal pentapeptide of osteogenic growth peptide [OGP(10–14)] and attenuation of activation by cAMP
Authors: Gabarin Nidal , Gavish Hanna , Muhlrad Andras , Chen Yu‐Chen , Namdar‐Attar Malka , Nissenson Robert A. , Chorev Michael , Bab Itai 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn osteogenic and other cells the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases have a key role in regulating proliferation and differentiated functions. The osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is a 14 mer mitogen of osteogenic and fibroblastic cells that regulates bone turnover, fracture healing, and hematopoiesis, including the engraftment of bone marrow transplants. It is present in the serum and extracellular fluid either free or complexed to OGP‐binding proteins (OGPBPs). The free immunoreactive OGP consists of the full length peptide and its C‐terminal pentapeptide OGP(10–14). In the present study, designed to probe the signaling pathways triggered by OGP, we demonstrate in osteogenic MC3T3 E1 cells that mitogenic doses of OGP(10–14), but not OGP, enhance MAP kinase activity in a time‐dependent manner. The OGP(10–14)‐induced stimulation of both MAP kinase activity and DNA synthesis were abrogated by pertusis toxin, a Gi protein inhibitor. These data offer direct evidence for the occurrence in osteogenic cells of a peptide‐activated, mitogenic Gi protein‐MAP kinase‐signaling cascade. Forskolin and dBu2‐cAMP abrogated the OGP(10–14)‐stimulated proliferation, but induced only 50% inhibition of the OGP(10–14)‐mediated MAP kinase activation, suggesting additional MAP kinase‐dependent, OGP(10–14)‐regulated, cellular functions. Finally, it is demonstrated that OGP(10–14) is the active form of OGP, apparently generated proteolytically in the extracellular milieu upon dissociation of OGP–OGPBP complexes. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 594–603, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppressive role of endogenous regucalcin in the regulation of protein phosphatase activity in rat renal cortex cytosol
Authors: Morooka Yoshiko , Yamaguchi Masayoshi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe role of endogenous regucalcin, which is a regulatory protein of calcium signaling, in the regulation of protein phosphatase activity in the cytosol of rat renal cortex was investigated. Protein phosphatase activity toward phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine, and phosphothreonine was found in the cytosol of kidney cortex. The addition of regucalcin (50–250 nM) in the enzyme reaction mixture caused a significant decrease in protein phosphatase activity toward three phosphoamino acids. The effect of calcium (25 μM) and calmodulin (2.5 μg/ml) in increasing protein phosphatase activity toward three phosphoamino acids was significantly decreased by the addition of regucalcin (100 nM). Protein phosphatase activity toward three phosphoamino acids was significantly increased in the presence of anti‐regucalcin monoclonal antibody (10–50 ng/ml) in the enzyme reaction mixture. The effect of antibody (25 ng/ml) in increasing the enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by cyclosporin A (10−5 M) or vanadate (10−5 M). Regucalcin in the kidney cortex cytosol was clearly decreased by the administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) for seven days in rats. Protein phosphatase activity toward three phosphoamino acids was significantly decreased by saline administration. The effect of anti‐regucalcin antibody (25 ng/ml) in increasing protein phosphatase activity toward three phosphoamino acids was not seen in the renal cortex cytocol of saline‐administered rats. The present study demonstrates that endogenous regucalcin plays a suppressive role in the regulation of protein phosphatase activity in the cytoplasm of rat kidney cortex. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 639–646, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased mRNA expression and protein secretion of interleukin‐6 in primary human osteoblasts differentiated in vitro from rheumatoid and osteoarthritic bone
Authors: Chenoufi Henna‐Lise , Diamant Marcus , Rieneck Klaus , Lund Bjarne , Stein Gary S. , Lian Jane B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have investigated the expression and synthesis of potential bone‐resorbing cytokines, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in rheumatoid arthritic (RA) and osteoarthritic (OA) bone, two common diseases which are associated with bone loss. Primary human osteoblast (hOB) cultures were established to determine the temporal mRNA expression of IL‐6, IL‐1 (α and β), and TNF (α and β) in relation to osteoblast growth and phenotypic genes. IL‐6 mRNA levels were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.04) in both OA hOB (17 patients) and RA hOB (10 patients) compared to normal (NO) hOB (9 patients) and reached five‐fold increases in OA hOB and 13‐fold increases in RA hOB. Maximal levels of IL‐6 are expressed at Day 21 which corresponds to the mineralization stage reflected by decreasing collagen I (α1), osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels, while osteocalcin (OC) mRNA levels increased. IL‐6 protein levels also were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in OA hOB and RA hOB compared to NO hOB. These increases were not attributable to sex or age of the donor bone. Neither the mRNA encoding IL‐1(α and β) and TNF(α and β) nor the related proteins were detectable. These results indicate that differentiated OA hOB and RA hOB within a bone tissue‐like matrix constitutively express and secrete high levels of IL‐6. This inherent property suggests that these osteoblasts, independent of local inflammatory parameters, can contribute to enhanced recruitment of osteoclast progenitors and thereby bone resorption. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 666–678, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the effect of the BSSE on intermolecular potential energy surfaces. Comparison of a priori and a posteriori BSSE correction schemes
Authors: Salvador Pedro , Paizs Béla , Duran Miquel , Suhai Sándor 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA comparative study of geometrical parameters is performed on the complexes HF–HF, H2O–H2O, and HF–H2O using 12 different basis sets at the RHF, MP2, and DFT (BLYP and B3LYP) levels of theory. The equilibrium geometries were obtained from uncorrected, a posteriori (counterpoise, CP) and a priori (Chemical Hamiltonian Approach, CHA) BSSE‐corrected potential energy surfaces. The calculation of equilibrium geometries using the CP and CHA schemes is described in details. The effect of the BSSE on various intermolecular parameters is discussed and the performance of the applied theoretical models is critically evaluated from the BSSE point of view. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 765–786, 2001
Evaluation of stratus® CS Stat fluorimetric analyser for measurement of cardiac markers Troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK‐MB), and myoglobin
Authors: Bénéteau‐Burnat Bénédicte , Baudin Bruno , Vaubourdolle Michel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMyoglobin, CK‐MB, and Troponin I (cTnI) are cardiac muscle necrosis markers that are useful for detecting acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The Stratus® CS (Dade Behring, Inc.) is a discrete fluorimetric immunoassay analyser designed for the determination of the three cardiac markers from a single sample of whole blood or plasma. Overall analytical performances of the Stratus® CS provided by Dade Behring were evaluated according to the French Society of Clinical Biology guidelines. Within‐run imprecision (n = 20) for the three parameters at three levels gave values under 5%, whereas CVs for between‐run imprecision (n = 20) were under 6%. The sensitivities were 0.03 μg/L for cTnI and 0.4 μg/L for CK‐MB. Linearities extended from 0–50 μg/L for cTnI, 0–140 μg/L for CK‐MB, and 1–900 μg/L for myoglobin. The results, particularly those obtained on whole‐blood samples, correlated well with those obtained on Stratus® II. We did not find any interference with haemolysis, icterus, or lipemia. The system was very easy to use, and fulfills the requirements for the analysis of the three cardiac markers in patients with acute chest pain in emergency situations. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:314–318, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homogenous enzyme immunoassay for cyclosporine in whole blood using the EMIT®2000 cyclosporine specific assay with the COBAS MIRA‐plus analyzer
Authors: Kimura Shigeki , Iyama Shigeru , Yamaguchi Yoshihisa , Kanakura Yuzuru 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe describe the evaluation of the EMIT®2000 cyclosporine specific assay kit, an enzyme‐multiplied immunoassay for cyclosporine in whole blood, with a COBAS MIRA‐plus analyzer. The enzyme used for the assay was glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49 G6PDH) from Leuconostoc mesenteroides; the monoclonal antibody is fairly specific for cyclosporine, and is not reactive with most metabolites. The assay principle is based on competitive immunoassay with G6PDH‐labeled cyclosporine and cyclosporine in sample to the anticyclosporine mouse monoclonal antibody binding site. The within‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) of this method was 2.7–4.2% (n = 10) at the levels of 56.2–339.7 μg/L. Day‐to‐day CVs ranged from 4.2–8.1% at the levels of 47.2–350.2 μg/L. The within‐day CVs ranged from 2.0–6.4% at the levels of 43.3–330.5 μg/L. The functional detection limit was 24.9 μg/L. Samples treated with pretreatment reagent were stable at least 5 hr. Calibration was stable at least 10 days. The analytical recovery was 81–109%. The correlation between values obtained with the EMIT®2000 cyclosporine specific assay kit (y) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) (TDxFLx) (x) was: y = 0.880x – 13.053 μg/L (r = 0.984, Sy/x = 15.968, n = 71) with a mean difference of 31.42 ± 19.89 μg/L ((TDxFLx – EMIT®2000) ± SD); for the FPIA (AxSYM) (x): y = 0.989 – 4.144 μg/L (r = 0.981, Sy/x = 17.478, n = 71) with a mean difference of 5.56 ± 17.38 μg/L ((AxSYM – EMIT®2000) ± SD); and for the radioimmunoassay (RIA, CYCLO‐Trac SP) (x): y = 0.893 – 6.764 μg/L (r = 0.993, Sy/x = 10.582, n = 71) with a mean difference of 22.18 ± 14.98 μg/L ((RIA – EMIT®2000) ± SD) using the Bland‐Altman technique. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:319–323, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the effect of physical child abuse within an ecological framework: Measurement issues
Authors: Stockhammer Tanya F. , Salzinger Suzanne , Feldman Richard S. , Mojica Elena , Primavera Louis H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe definition and classification of maltreatment and the assessment of its effects have serious implications for child protection and intervention. The present study seeks to clarify a number of interrelated issues involved in the assessment of the effects of child maltreatment.The study tested, within the context of an ecological model, the relative utility of two sources of information about child abuse, Child Protective Services records and parent interviews, for their ability to account for child functioning. The model is based on an ecological approach that places risk factors along a proximal/distal continuum with respect to the expected impact on the child. Risk for poor child functioning was found to increase as increasingly distal as well as proximal risk factors were included. A sample of 100 physically abused schoolchildren, ages 9–11, and their families was obtained from a pool of consecutive entries onto the New York State Register for Child Abuse. Information about child physical abuse and family functioning was obtained from NYS Child Protective Services records and a structured parent interview. Child functioning was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991a) and the Teacher Rating Form (Achenbach, 1991b). The findings suggest that for the purpose of evaluating risk factors for poor outcome in physically abused children, with the ultimate aim of improving protection and intervention, it is critical to gather information systematically from multiple sources about the abuseandthe family context in which it occurs because both are predictive of child functioning, and different information about both is contributed by the different sources. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biotransformation of l‐menthol by soil‐borne plant pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani)
Authors: Miyazawa Mitsuo , Kawazoe Hideki , Hyakumachi Mitsuro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe biotransformation of l‐menthol was investigated by using nine isolates of Rhizoctonia solani (AG‐1‐IA Rs24, Joichi‐2, RRG97‐1; AG‐1‐IB TR22, R147, 110.4; AG‐1‐IC F‐1, F‐4 and P‐1) as a biocatalyst. In the cases of Rhizoctonia solani F‐1, F‐4 and P‐1, almost all of the substrate was consumed in 3 days and the major metabolite increased rapidly for the first of 3 days incubation. The structure of the major metabolite was elucidated on the basis of its spectral data. The major metabolite was determined to be (−)‐(1S,3R,4S,6S)‐6‐hydroxymenthol which indicated that l‐menthol was hydroxylated at the C‐6 position. From the main component analysis, the nine isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were divided into two groups based on their ability to transform l‐menthol to (−)‐(1S,3R,4S,6S)‐6‐hydroxymenthol. This is the first report on the biotransformation of l‐menthol by Rhizoctonia solani.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Esterification of n‐butyric acid with n‐butyl alcohol and transesterification of (R, S)‐phenylethanol by lipase immobilized on cellulose acetate–TiO2 gel fibre
Authors: Ikeda Yuko , Nozaki Ryu , Kurokawa Youichi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLipase (EC 3.1.1.3) was immobilized on cellulose acetate–TiO2 gel fibre by the sol–gel method. The immobilized lipases were used for esterification of n‐butyric acid with n‐butyl alcohol and enantioselective acylation of (R, S)‐phenylethanol using vinyl acetate as an acyl donor. Compared with native lipase, the activity of the immobilized lipase was stable and relatively unaffected by the water content of the solvent and the substrate concentration. The data indicate that the lipases are immobilized on the fibre surface and that enzyme activity is influenced by bound water. However, the thermal reactivity and enantioselectivity of the immobilized lipase were less than those of native lipase. This may not reflect thermal inactivation of the enzyme but rather significant thermal contraction of the gel fibre by cellulose crystallization, resulting in liberation of bound water and a decrease in the amount of enzyme which is available for the reaction.Copyright © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Linear rugosity concept of crystalline surfaces by using the unidirectional laser oblique illumination (ULOI) technique
Authors: Favret Eduardo Alfredo , Povolo Francisco 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe study of the I(φ) curves obtained with Unidirectional Laser Oblique Illumination describes the roughness of a crystal as a combination of straight edges in different directions, which generate the concept of linear rugosity. In the present work, a model of the crystalline surface based on this concept is introduced. Diffraction gratings as well as metallic surfaces subjected to different metallographic procedures are analyzed. The theoretical results are compared with experimental values obtained in samples of Fe and Zn using an objective of 16×. Both values, theoretical and experimental, are in total concordance. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:270–281, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.