bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictions of protein flexibility: First‐order measures
Authors: Kovacs Julio A. , Chacón Pablo , Abagyan Ruben 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe normal modes of a molecule are utilized, in conjunction with classical conformal vector field theory, to define a function that measures the capability of the molecule to deform at each of its residues. An efficient algorithm is presented to calculate the local chain deformability from the set of normal modes of vibration. This is done by considering each mode as an off‐grid sample of a deformation vector field. Predictions of deformability are compared with experimental data in the form of dihedral angle differences between two conformations of ten kinases by using a modified correlation function. Deformability calculations correlate well with experimental results and validate the applicability of this method to protein flexibility predictions. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate prediction of solvent accessibility using neural networks–based regression
Authors: Adamczak Rafał , Porollo Aleksey , Meller Jarosław 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAccurate prediction of relative solvent accessibilities (RSAs) of amino acid residues in proteins may be used to facilitate protein structure prediction and functional annotation. Toward that goal we developed a novel method for improved prediction of RSAs. Contrary to other machine learning–based methods from the literature, we do not impose a classification problem with arbitrary boundaries between the classes. Instead, we seek a continuous approximation of the real‐value RSA using nonlinear regression, with several feed forward and recurrent neural networks, which are then combined into a consensus predictor. A set of 860 protein structures derived from the PFAM database was used for training, whereas validation of the results was carefully performed on several nonredundant control sets comprising a total of 603 structures derived from new Protein Data Bank structures and had no homology to proteins included in the training. Two classes of alternative predictors were developed for comparison with the regression‐based approach: one based on the standard classification approach and the other based on a semicontinuous approximation with the so‐called thermometer encoding. Furthermore, a weighted approximation, with errors being scaled by the observed levels of variability in RSA for equivalent residues in families of homologous structures, was applied in order to improve the results. The effects of including evolutionary profiles and the growth of sequence databases were assessed. In accord with the observed levels of variability in RSA for different ranges of RSA values, the regression accuracy is higher for buried than for exposed residues, with overall 15.3–15.8% mean absolute errors and correlation coefficients between the predicted and experimental values of 0.64–0.67 on different control sets. The new method outperforms classification‐based algorithms when the real value predictions are projected onto two‐class classification problems with several commonly used thresholds to separate exposed and buried residues. For example, classification accuracy of about 77% is consistently achieved on all control sets with a threshold of 25% RSA. A web server that enables RSA prediction using the new method and provides customizable graphical representation of the results is available at http://sable.cchmc.org. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust eigenstructure assignment with minimum subspace separation
Authors: Lam James , Tam Hei Ka 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA computation method for delivering a state feedback controller that assigns closed‐loop eigenstructure with a minimum subspace separation and is robust towards unstructured perturbations is presented. The subspace separation is measured via the difference between two subspace projections, while the eigenstructure robustness is achieved by maximizing an upper bound on the allowable perturbation size such that the closed‐loop system remains stable. By exploiting the Sylvester equation parametrization, the constraint of pole assignment can be satisfied intrinsically and the robust eigenstructure assignment design essentially becomes an unconstrained optimization task. Analytical gradient formulas of the objective functions to be handled are developed. The design approach is demonstrated through numerical examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power dependence, diversification strategy, and performance in keiretsu member firms
Authors: Kim Hicheon , Hoskisson Robert E. , Wan William P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractConceptualizing the keiretsu as a power‐dependence system, we propose that benefits accruing from keiretsu affiliation differ across member firms, depending on their power in (or dependence on) the keiretsu. By integrating power with governance and internal market perspectives on group affiliation, we develop and find general support for the hypotheses that powerful keiretsu member firms are able to place more emphasis on growth in pursuing product and international diversification, whereas less powerful keiretsu member firms are subject to strong monitoring and emphasize profitability. These findings provide support to the study's proposition that power‐dependence relationships in a keiretsu influence member firms' appropriation of group affiliation benefits in pursuing diversification strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A guide to using event study methods in multi‐country settings
Authors: Park Namgyoo K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWhile the event study method has made significant contributions to strategic management research, most event study research published in management journals has analyzed the financial implications of corporate announcements in a single country. This study discusses solutions to methodological challenges that emerge when applying the event study method to multiple countries. Specifically, this study develops the world market model, illustrating how to simultaneously assess the financial impact of strategic actions in multiple countries. These challenges and solutions are illustrated by an example of a multi‐country event study analyzing 241 international alliance announcements of 23 firms in 16 countries. The findings show that the use of the single country market model in a multi‐country event study is likely to overestimate changes in firm value, demonstrating the need for this world market model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric performance: the market share impact of scale and link alliances in the global auto industry
Authors: Dussauge Pierre , Garrette Bernard , Mitchell Will 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study investigates how participating in strategic alliances with rivals affects the relative competitive positions of the partner firms. The paper builds on studies that show significant differences in the outcomes of scale and link alliances. The study argues that the more asymmetric outcomes of link alliances translate into greater changes in the relative market shares of the partner firms, due to unbalanced opportunities for inter‐partner learning and learning by doing. We find support for this argument by examining 135 alliances among competing firms in the global automobile industry, from 1966 to 1995. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Cooking Time, Steeping and Lime Concentration on Starch Gelatinization of Corn During Nixtamalization
Authors: Mondragón Magarita , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo , Agama‐Acevedo Edith , Betancur‐Ancona David , Peña Juan‐Luis 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWhite dent corn was nixtamalized under different conditions to evaluate thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling power and solubility. Cooking time was the factor that had the major influence on the behavior of the evaluated parameters as indicated by the analysis of variance. Onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization increased with increasing cooking time while gelatinization enthalpies decreased, indicating that more starch granules were gelatinized. A decrease in the swelling power was also observed at increasing cooking times, but solubility was significantly inhibited only if steeping was allowed. Considering these results, it was assumed that amylose‐lipid complexes are being formed during cooking and reorganized during steeping. X‐ray studies confirmed the presence of amylose‐lipid complexes. Steeping also caused an increment in the peak temperature that seemed to support the hypothesis of recrystallization or annealing occurring during this nixtamalization step. Temperature ranges indicated that in general, lime acted as a factor for structural disorganization.
Development and Testing of Methods to Screen Chickpea Flour for Starch Characteristics
Authors: Meares Cheryl A. , Bogracheva Tatiana Y. , Hill Sandra E. , Hedley Cliff L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractRapid screening methodology has been developed for assessing the chemical composition and the gelatinisation and pasting properties of starch using flour from chickpea seeds. The methodology allows samples to be assessed using a minimal amount of sample and for starch information to be interpreted in the presence of other components present in the flour. The starch content of the flour and the amylose content of the starch was determined by modifying existing kit‐based methods (Megazyme International Ltd). Using the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), starch gelatinisation characteristics can be assessed based on temperature of gelatinisation (Tp), specific heat capacity (Cpsp ) and half width of transition (½ΔT). Pasting properties could be assessed using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA), based on the determination of onset temperature for the RVA profile (T  \displaystyle _o^{RVA}), Tp − T  \displaystyle _o^{RVA} and final viscosity (FV) values. The developed methodology was tested using a range of chickpea samples. No significant variation was found between the samples for starch content or for the proportion of amylose/amylopectin in the various starches. Significant variation was found in the starch properties of two of the samples, while the variation between the remaining samples was very small.
Editorial: the American Century in Europe
Authors: WESSELING H. L. 
Published: May 2004

In 1999, the Whitney Museum of American Art had a very successful exhibition called The American Century. Indeed, there were two exhibitions, The American Century, Part I about the first half of the 20th century and Part II dealing with the following 50 years. The presentation was divided up into decades, each of them having its own motto. The one for the 1950s was: ‘America takes command’. This may sound rather martial but the motto is indeed very appropriate, as one could argue that as from then on American leadership also included cultural leadership.The name of the exhibition, ‘The American Century’, was of course derived from the title of the famous article that Henry Luce, the editor/publisher of journals such as Life and Time, published in Life on 17 February 1941. Luce wanted the Americans to play a major role in the war for freedom and democracy that was in progress at that time and the building of the better world that would have to come after that. In his article Luce insisted that ‘our vision of America as a world power includes a passionate devotion to great American ideals’. The idea of America as a world power and, indeed, as the world power of the future, is, of course, much older than the concept of the 20th century as the American century. Already in 1902, the British liberal journalist and advocate of world peace through arbitration, W.T. Stead published a book with the title The Americanization of the World, or the Trend of the Twentieth Century. According to Stead, the heyday of the British Empire was over and the US was the Empire of the future. The enormous success of America was due to three things: education, production and democracy. Britain's choice was between subjugation or cooperation. Stead even proposed the merger of the two countries. In the following decade, this idea that America was Britain's successor and that the two countries should – and could – form a union because of their intimate familiarity, became popular among British writers.
Summaries
Authors: HONLONKOU ALBERT N. , YAP ROBERTO C. , SENGUPTA RAMPRASAD , BHARDWAJ GEETESH , KANG SANG MOK , LEE MYUNGHUN , BHATTARAI MADHUSUDAN , HAMMIG MICHAEL , AMMAN HANS M. , DURAIAPPAH ANANTHA KUMAR , DINAR ARIEL , BALAKRISHNAN TRICHUR K. , WAMBIA JOSEPH 
Published: May 2004

Modelling adoption of natural resources management technologies: the case of fallow systemsOption valuation of Philippine forest plantation leasesConsumption pattern, trade, and greenhouse gas leakage in IndiaAn empirical study on effective pollution enforcement in KoreaGovernance, economic policy, and the environmental Kuznets curve for natural tropical forestsLand tenure and conflict resolution: a game theoretic approach in the Narok district in KenyaPolitics of institutional reforms in the water and drainage sector of Pakistan
Biological control of sciarid and phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genusHypoaspis(Acari: Hypoaspidae) and the entomopathogenic nematodeSteinernema feltiae
Authors: Jess S. , Bingham J.F.W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn small-scale experiments, the predatory mites,Hypoaspis aculeifer(Canestrini) andH. milesBerlese, applied at 700 mites m−2, and the entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema feltiae(Filipjev) applied at 3 × 10−6nematodes m−2controlled sciarids and phorids in mushroom compost and casing substrates. For both mite species, earliest application to the growing substrate following sciarid infestation reduced sciarid emergence. In contrast, later application of each biological control agent provided more effective control of phorid emergence. The behaviour of adult mites suggested thatH. aculeiferwere more positively geotactic thanH. milesalthough both species could penetrate compost and casing substrates to a depth of 2–12 cm. A majority ofS. feltiaenematodes resided at a depth of 2–4 cm in both substrate types. Independent application ofH. aculeiferprovided more comprehensive control of sciarids and phorids than the other biological agents studied, owing to its better dispersal within compost and casing, and ability to attack larvae of differing ages.
Nectar-related vs. human-related volatiles: behavioural response and choice by female and male Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) between emergence and first feeding
Authors: Foster W.A. , Takken W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe close association of Anopheles gambiae Giles with humans and its females’ ability to live on human blood alone suggest that females may ignore sources of sugar in favour of human blood as a source of energy. They have limited energy reserves at emergence, and at 27°C both sexes generally die if they do not feed during night 1, 24–36 h after emergence. Food preferences during this critical period were tested by measuring responses to volatiles from honey and soiled socks, which served as surrogates for nectar-related and human-related volatiles in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. Both sexes responded more strongly to honey than to human volatiles, and given a choice, preferred honey over human volatiles. After 5 days of sugar access and maturation, males continued to prefer honey volatiles, whereas females changed behaviour, responding almost exclusively to human volatiles. Night 1 experiments also demonstrated that: (i) females previously having had sugar during the night of emergence responded more strongly to human volatiles; (ii) large-bodied mosquitoes of both sexes responded more strongly to honey than small-bodied ones; and (iii) females were equally responsive to honey in both early and late scotophase but were slightly more responsive to human volatiles in late scotophase. These results indicate that for a female’s first meal, sugar is a viable option and is preferred when nectar-related stimuli are strong. This supports field evidence that sugar-feeding is a significant component of A. gambiae female behaviour.
Teaching and learning speech and language therapy skills: the effectiveness of classroom as clinic in speech and language therapy student education
Authors: Horton S. , Byng S. , Bunning K. , Pring T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: Terms such as ‘clinical intuition’ have often been applied to the practice of speech and language therapy. Various authors have aimed to make the process of therapy practice more explicit, and it is argued that recently developed descriptive/analytic frameworks have the potential to engender the critical mindset necessary for student speech and language therapists to become good reflective practitioners, with the potential for enhancing clinical education.Aims: To investigate whether and how aspects of clinical skills education could be usefully addressed in an academic, as opposed to a clinical, setting. The study aimed to address the question of whether use of an interaction analysis system, in conjunction with video observation, and ‘practice simulation’ in a teaching–learning programme could be shown to have a positive impact on: (1) students' perceptions of their own understanding and practice of therapy, and their perceptions of themselves as self‐reflective practitioners; and whether (2) this was borne out by students' ability to observe and interpret therapeutic interaction, as measured by (i) an objective written assessment; (ii) an objective video observation assessment; and (iii) assessment of their abilities in clinical practice.Methods & Procedures: Thirty‐six students from City University took part in an experimental, placebo‐controlled study using a deferred intervention design. Assessments designed to reflect changes resulting from the teaching–learning curriculum were carried out pre‐ and post‐intervention with experimental and control groups. Quantitative and qualitative results were obtained.Outcomes & Results: The intervention programme was found to have had a significant impact on students' perceptions of their understanding of therapy, but not on their perceptions of their practice of therapy. The experimental group scored significantly better on a written assessment of ‘interpretation of therapy interaction’, but were no better than the control group on a ‘Video observation’ assessment. Owing to attrition and the poor quality of videos submitted for assessment, it was not possible to measure changes in actual clinical practice. Qualitative feedback from the teaching–learning programme suggests that students generally found the approach to be beneficial.Conclusions: While there were some encouraging results, it is still uncertain whether addressing the actual practice of therapy in an academic setting gives ‘added value’ to the work carried out on clinical placements. However, there is no doubt that bringing this type of programme under the umbrella of an academic institution would greatly increase the consistency of teaching and the range of experiences available to students.
Realizability of modules over Tate cohomology
Authors: Benson David , Krause Henning , Schwede Stefan 
Published: May 2004

Letkkbe a field and letGGbe a finite group. There is a canonical element in the Hochschild cohomology of the Tate cohomologyγG∈HH3,−1H^∗(G,k)\gamma _G\in H\!H^{3,-1}\hat H^*(G,k)with the following property. Given a gradedH^∗(G,k)\hat H^*(G,k)-moduleXX, the image ofγG\gamma _GinExtH^∗(G,k)3,−1⁡(X,X)\operatorname {Ext}^{3,-1}_{\hat H^*(G,k)}(X,X)vanishes if and only ifXXis isomorphic to a direct summand ofH^∗(G,M)\hat H^*(G,M)for somekGkG-moduleMM. The description of the realizability obstruction works in any triangulated category with direct sums. We show that in the case of the derived category of a differential graded algebraAA, there is also a canonical element of Hochschild cohomologyHH3,−1H∗(A)H\!H^{3,-1}H^*(A)which is a predecessor for these obstructions.
Restoration ofHydrastis canadensis: Experimental Test of a Disturbance Hypothesis After Two Growing Seasons
Authors: Sinclair Adrianne , Catling Paul M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper tests the hypothesis that disturbance simulation is beneficial for restoration ofHydrastis canadensis(goldenseal) 2 years after a disturbance event. This takes into account possible delay in resource allocation to reproduction. At five deciduous woodland sites in Ontario, Canada, three disturbance simulation treatments, fertilization, soil turnover, fertilization + soil turnover, and a control were randomly applied to experimental blocks in 1999. Seeds and mature rhizomes were transplanted into each treatment plot. Seed production and seedlings were recorded in 2001. Transplants were measured and flowers and fruit recorded in 2000 and 2001. Soil turnover and fertilization + soil turnover significantly increased the production of flowers and fruit in the second year after disturbance, contrasting with lack of significance in the first year. The effect on plant size was opposite, with significantly increased cover in the first year but not the second. Soil turnover + fertilization significantly increased seed production. The disturbance treatments did not have a significant effect on number or presence of seedlings possibly due to extraordinary drought conditions. Consideration of second‐year results strongly suggests that (1) substrate disturbance, in addition to canopy gaps, is an important factor in woodland herb ecology; (2) certain woodland herbs may be rare due to lack of specific disturbances which were more prevalent in the past; and (3) mature woodlands may require management, involving disturbance simulation, for the protection and restoration of certain rare woodland flora.
Grazing by Kangaroos Limits the Establishment of the Grass Trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii in Restored Bauxite Mines in Eucalypt Forest of Southwestern Australia
Authors: Koch John M. , Richardson Jennifer , Lamont Byron B. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract This study examined factors affecting germination, survival, and growth of the grass trees Xanthorrhoea gracilis and X. preissii on newly rehabilitated bauxite mine pits in the jarrah forest of southwestern Australia. Grazing by kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was the major factor in reducing survival and growth of both species during the first 2 years. Provision of artificial grazing protection increased survival and growth (plant mass) of both species by 3‐fold. Grazing by native vertebrates has not previously been identified as affecting mine restoration in Western Australia. Initial germination rates from sown seeds of X. preissii at eight replicate sites ranged from 25 to 64% with a mean of 42%. Corresponding figures for X. gracilis were 5–42% with a mean of 17%. Germination of X. gracilis was greater on heavier, moister soils, but X. preissii germinated better on sandier soils. High levels of initial germination did not ensure high survival. Plants of both species grew bigger and survived better on the lighter, sandy soils. Xanthorrhoea seedlings located in the depressions created by the ripping process grew larger than seedlings on the slopes of the riplines. The presence of plants of other species did not have a significant effect on survival. However, these plants facilitated the growth of both species when artificial grazing protection was unavailable. Plants of other species reduced the growth rates of Xanthorrhoea seedlings where artificial grazing protection was provided. Artificial shade by itself had no significant effect on growth of either species. In rehabilitated bauxite mines in the jarrah forest, the provision of grazing protection is recommended to ensure successful establishment and early survival of Xanthorrhoea spp.