bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QTL mapping for growth and carcass traits in an Iberian by Landrace pig intercross: additive, dominant and epistatic effects
Authors: VARONA L. , OVILO C. , CLOP A. , NOGUERA J. L. , PÉREZ-ENCISO M. , COLL A. , FOLCH J. M. , BARRAGÁN C. , TORO M. A. , BABOT D. , SÁNCHEZ A. 
Published: November 2002

Results from a QTL experiment on growth and carcass traits in an experimental F2 cross between Iberian and Landrace pigs are reported. Phenotypic data for growth, length of carcass and muscle mass, fat deposition and carcass composition traits from 321 individuals corresponding to 58 families were recorded. Animals were genotyped for 92 markers covering the 18 porcine autosomes (SSC). The results from the genomic scan show genomewide significant QTL in SSC2 (longissimus muscle area and backfat thickness), SSC4 (length of carcass, backfat thickness, loin, shoulder and belly bacon weights) and SSC6 (longissimus muscle area, backfat thickness, loin, shoulder and belly bacon weights). Suggestive QTL were also found on SSC1, SSC5, SSC7, SSC8, SSC9, SSC13, SCC14, SSC16 and SSC17. A bidimensional genomic scan every 10 cM was performed to detect interaction between QTL. The joint action of two suggestive QTL in SSC2 and SSC17 led to a genome-wide significant effect in live weight. The results of the bidimensional genomic scan showed that the genetic architecture was mainly additive or the experimental set-up did not have enough power to detect epistatic interactions.
Nucleotide polymorphism at the Atmyb2 locus of the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: KAMIYA TAKU , KAWABE AKIRA , MIYASHITA NAOHIKO T. 
Published: November 2002

DNA variation was studied in a 2.2 kb region of the regulatory gene Atmyb2 using 20 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana and one accession each of Arabis gemmifera and Arabidopsis himalaica. Nucleotide diversity (π) in the region was 0.0027, which was lower than for other loci in A. thaliana. The MYB domain of the Atmyb2 gene (π = 0.0036) had a larger variation than the non-MYB region (π = 0.0013). Tajima's test and Fu and Li's test did not give a significant result. In contrast to the low level of polymorphism, the degree of divergence of the Atmyb2 region was higher between A. thaliana and A. gemmifera (K = 0.0730) than for other loci. The MYB domain (K = 0.0436) had smaller divergence than the non-MYB region (K = 0.0939). The HKA test detected significant discordance in the ratio of polymorphism to divergence in some comparisons. The pattern of low polymorphism and high divergence, which is mainly observed in the non-MYB region of the gene, is inconsistent with the neutral mutation theory. Strong purifying selection after establishment of A. thaliana and a species-specific adaptive process could be invoked to account for this pattern of polymorphism and divergence of Atmyb2.
An experimental study on
hurricane mesovortices
Authors: MONTGOMERY MICHAEL T. , VLADIMIROV VLADIMIR A. , DENISSENKO PETR. V. 
Published: November 2002

Mesovortices in the eyewall region of a hurricane are intriguing elements of the
hurricane engine. In-situ measurements of them are sparse, however, and our understanding of their overall role in the physics of a hurricane is incomplete. To further
understand their dynamics an experimental apparatus using a homogeneous fluid
(water) has been constructed to emulate the lower tropospheric flow of the hurricane
eye/eyewall region.For experimental configurations possessing a central aspect ratio less than unity, a
primary and secondary circulation similar to the in flow layer of an intense hurricane,
and a similar radius-to-width ratio of the curvilinear shear layer bordering the eye and
eyewall region, the flow supports two primary quasi-steady vortices and secondary
intermittent vortices. The vortices form through Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the
curvilinear shear layer bordering the slowly upwelling fluid in the centre and the converging fluid from the periphery. The primary vortices are maintained by convergence
of circulation from the periphery and merger of secondary vortices spawned along
the shear layer.The horizontal flow field is measured using a particle image velocimeter. Despite
the relatively strong secondary circulation through the parent vortex the horizontal
flow is found to be approximately uniform in the direction parallel to the rotation
axis. The peak tangential velocity is found to occur in the mesovortices and is roughly
50% greater than the parent vortex that supports them. The measurements provide
insight into recent observations of excessive wind damage in landfalling storms and
support the hypothesis that intense storms contain coherent vortex structures in the
eyewall region with higher horizontal wind speeds locally than the parent hurricane.
Nonlinear geostrophic adjustment in the
presence of a boundary
Authors: REZNIK G. M. , GRIMSHAW R. 
Published: November 2002

The process of nonlinear geostrophic adjustment in the presence of a boundary (i.e.
in a half-plane bounded by a rigid wall) is examined in the framework of a rotating
shallow water model, using an asymptotic multiple-time-scale theory based on the
assumed smallness of the Rossby number ε. The spatial scale is of the order of the
Rossby scale. Different initial states are considered: periodic, ‘step’-like, and localized.
In all cases the initial perturbation is split in a unique way into slow and fast
components evolving with characteristic time scales f−1 and (εf)−1, respectively. The
slow component is not influenced by the fast one, at least for times t [les ] (fε)−1, and
remains close to geostrophic balance. The fast component consists mainly of linear
inertia–gravity waves rapidly propagating outward from the initial disturbance and
Kelvin waves confined near the boundary.The theory provides simple formulae allowing us to construct the initial profile of
the Kelvin wave, given arbitrary initial conditions. With increasing time, the Kelvin
wave profile gradually distorts due to nonlinear-wave self-interaction, the distortion
being described by the equation of a simple wave. The presence of Kelvin waves
does not prevent the fast–slow splitting, in spite of the fact that the frequency
gap between the Kelvin waves and slow motion is absent. The possibility of such
splitting is explained by the special structure of the Kelvin waves in each case
considered.The slow motion on time scales t [les ] (εf)−1
is governed by the well-known quasigeostrophic potential vorticity equation for the elevation. The theory provides an
algorithm to determine initial slow and fast fields, and the boundary conditions to
any order in ε. For the periodic and step-like initial conditions, the slow component
behaves in the usual way, conserving mass, energy and enstrophy. In the case of a
localized initial disturbance the total mass of the lowest-order slow component is
not conserved, and conservation of the total mass is provided by the first-order slow
correction and the Kelvin wave.On longer time scales t [les ] (ε2f)−1
the slow motion obeys the so-called modified
quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity (QGPV) equation. The theory provides initial
and boundary conditions for this equation. This modified equation coincides exactly
with the ‘improved’ QGPV equation, derived by Reznik, Zeitlin & Ben Jelloul (2001),
in the step-like and localized cases. In the periodic case this equation contains an
additional term due to the Kelvin-wave self-interaction, this term depending on the
initial Kelvin wave profile.
Explicit homotopy equivalences in dimension two
Authors: JOHNSON F. E. A. 
Published: November 2002

Let G be a finite group; by an algebraic 2-complex over G we mean an exact
sequence of Z[G]-modules of the form:E = (0 → J → E2 → E1 → E0 → Z → 0)where Er is finitely generated free over Z[G] for 0 [les ] r [les ] 2. The module J is determined up to stability by the fact of appearing in such an exact sequence; we denote
its stable class by Ω3(Z); E is said to be minimal when rkZ(J) attains the minimum
possible value within Ω3(Z).
Hypercomplex manifolds and hyperholomorphic bundles
Authors: FEIX BIRTE 
Published: November 2002

Using twistor techniques we shall show that there is a hypercomplex structure
in the neighbourhood of the zero section of the tangent bundle TX of any complex
manifold X with a real-analytic torsion-free connection compatible with the complex
structure whose curvature is of type (1, 1). The zero section is totally geodesic and
the Obata connection restricts to the given connection on the zero section.We also prove an analogous result for vector bundles: any vector bundle with real-analytic connection whose curvature is of type (1, 1) over X can be extended to a
hyperholomorphic bundle over a neighbourhood of the zero section of TX.
Empirical multifractal moment measures and moment scaling
functions of self-similar multifractals
Authors: OLSEN L. 
Published: November 2002

Let Si: ℝd → ℝd for i = 1, …, n be contracting similarities, and let (p1, …, pn) be
a probability vector. Let K and μ be the self-similar set and the self-similar measure
associated with (Si,pi)i. For q ∈ ℝ and r > 0, define the qth covering moment and
the qth packing moment of μ by[formula here]where the infimum is taken over all r-spanning subsets E of K, and the supremum
is taken over all r-separated subsets F of K. If the Open Set Condition (OSC) is
satisfied then it is well known that[formula here]where β(q) is defined by
[sum ]ipqirβi(q) = 1 (here ri denotes the Lipschitz constant of Si).
Assuming the OSC, we determine the exact rate of convergence in (*): there exist
multiplicatively periodic functions πq, Πq: (0,∞) → ℝ such that[formula here]where ε(r) → 0 as r[searr ]0. As an application of (**) we show that the empirical multi-fractal moment measures converges weakly:[formula here]where, for each positive r, Er is a (suitable) minimal r-spanning subset of K and
Fr is a (suitable) maximal r-separated subset of K, and
[Hscr ]q,β(q)μ and [Pscr ]q,β(q)μ
are the
multifractal Hausdorff measure and the multifractal packing measure, respectively.
The ‘ALVA CAPE’ and the Automatic Identification System: The Use of VHF in Collision Avoidance at Sea
Authors: Harding S. J. 
Published: November 2002

One of the most controversial issues relating to marine navigation is the efficacy of ships' crews using VHF radio technology for bridge-to-bridge communications to agree manoeuvres. Through a re-evaluation of historic case studies, this paper provides background on the development of applying VHF technology in collision avoidance and the legislation, national and international, underpinning the practice; a practice that has found little or no support from the legal establishment. Finally the consequential development of a policy to require specific VHF technology to be installed on ships to facilitate agreements in relation to collision avoidance manoeuvres will be reviewed, that is the Automatic Identification System (AIS).Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. Samuel Johnson
Geoconservation and protected areas
Authors: Brilha José 
Published: November 2002

IntroductionIn most countries, protected area managers are primarily interested in biology (McNeely & Miller 1984; Nelson & Serafin 1997). This perspective is not suitable for effective nature conservation because there is no real separation between geological and biological processes. Geology is important in all kinds of planning projects because geology is part of all natural systems. Understanding of climate, landforms and biodiversity depends on geological studies. Even human habitation and cultural heritage depend on geology. During the last 30 years, numerous studies have shown that biological conservation is essential to the welfare of all human beings. Nevertheless, the concept of geoconservation and preservation of the geological heritage has appeared only recently (Wilson 1994; Sharples 1998; Barettino et al. 1999, 2000; Osborne 2000).I argue that real nature conservation can only be attained if geology is integrated into protected area management at the same level of importance as biology and all natural processes are considered together.
Support diameter, incline, and vertical movements of four didelphid marsupials in the Atlantic forest of Brazil
Authors: Cunha André A. , Vieira Marcus V. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDidelphids use vertical strata in different ways, suggesting the existence of a wider variety of niches than simply arboreal or terrestrial. This variety could be related to the differential ability to deal with support diameters and inclines, and might be important for the coexistence of species in local assemblages. From data obtained with the spool‐and‐line technique, the use of the vertical space and above‐ground supports is described in four species of an assemblage of didelphid marsupials in south‐east Brazil. The stratification in this and other assemblages in the Atlantic forest and in the Amazon is also compared. Animals were trapped in Serra dos Órgãos, state of Rio de Janeiro, and equipped with a spool‐and‐line device before release. The paths were tracked by measuring variables related to support diameter, incline, distance and height moved above ground. The diameter of supports used was positively related to body size, and the incline to the dominant direction of movement (horizontal vs vertical). The more cursorial species, Metachirus nudicaudatus, only once moved above ground in > 3200 m of paths followed. Didelphis aurita moved mostly on the ground, but was the only species that occasionally reached the canopy. Philander frenata also moved mostly on the ground, occasionally used the understorey, but never reached the canopy. The more arboreal species, Marmosops incanus, moved mostly in the understorey, but never in the canopy. This pattern of stratification is similar to that observed in other sites in the Atlantic forest and in the Amazon.
The relationship between limb‐segment proportions and joint kinematics for the hind limbs of quadrupedal mammals
Authors: Pike A. V. L. , Alexander R. McN. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFilm sequences were used to measure functional hind limb‐segment proportions and joint angles at successive stages of walking strides for 22 species of quadrupedal mammals from five orders. Similar data were obtained from three trotting dogs. For each animal, nine Fourier series coefficients describing the movement of each of the hip, hock and ankle joints were obtained. Multivariate statistical analysis of these coefficients revealed that animals with similar limb‐segment proportions move their joints in similar ways. However, it should be noted that animals with similar leg‐segment proportions also tended to be phylogenetically related. Most of the discriminatory power was between animals of different stances (plantigrade, digitigrade or unguligrade) and between walking and trotting.
Integrity in the midst of sympatry: does sexual incompatibility facilitate the coexistence of metamorphic and paedomorphic mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum)?
Authors: Krenz John D. , Verrell Paul A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe integrity of genetically determined morphs of the same species in sympatry may be facilitated by sexual incompatibility (and thus reduced gene flow) between morphs. A test for such incompatibility was carried out between fully metamorphosed and paedomorphic forms of the North American mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum, which differ greatly in life‐history characteristics. A few significant differences were found in the content and timing of courtship between homomorphic (within‐morph) and heteromorphic (between‐morph) encounters during 2‐h observation sessions. However, no significant differences were apparent in the incidence of spermatophore deposition (which is an index of the potential for sperm transfer), both as recorded at the end of observation sessions and as determined for pairs left to interact for 16 h overnight. Fertilized and viable eggs were laid by females of both morphs that were exposed to spermatophores from either homomorphic or heteromorphic males, but not to both. We conclude that sexual incompatibility probably plays little or no role in preventing gene flow between sympatric morphs of A. talpoideum. Gametic incompatibility may also be of little or no importance. We suggest that differences in the phenology of breeding are of greater significance in the maintenance of discrete morphs of the mole salamander in sympatry.
Replacement of body feathers is associated with low pre‐migratory energy stores in a long‐distance migratory bird, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)
Authors: Rubolini Diego , Massi Alberto , Spina Fernando 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMoult and pre‐migratory fuelling are energy‐demanding processes in birds, usually showing a limited degree of temporal overlap. The barn swallow Hirundo rustica, a strictly aerial insectivorous, long‐distance passerine migrant (15–20 g), accumulates conspicuous energy stores (up to 30–40% of lean body mass) before embarking on the autumn migratory flight between western European breeding areas and African sub‐Saharan winter quarters. During the pre‐migratory fattening period (September–October), both adult and juvenile birds replace body (contour) feathers. The seasonal overlap between moult and energy storing was studied in barn swallows in Italy. Data from 23 000 birds, measured during eight study seasons, were analysed to investigate whether the simultaneous replacement of body feathers and fuelling was associated with reduced energy stores. Among all age and sex‐classes, non‐moulting individuals showed a relatively greater level of energy stores compared to moulting birds. This was particularly evident during the last phase of the pre‐migratory fuelling period, when birds were building up energy stores at maximum rate. The proportion of moulting birds was greater among adults as compared to juveniles, and adult males moulted faster/earlier than females. The frequency of individuals with growing feathers among the innermost primary feathers was greater among birds replacing body feathers. The presence of moulting wing feathers in adult birds only marginally affected energy stores, as compared to the replacement of body feathers. Hence, our data show a negative association between replacement of contour feathers and energy stores in a long‐distance migratory bird, suggesting that a physiological trade‐off between these two energy‐demanding processes may occur, and that a late moult may ultimately have a negative effect on the successful termination of the migratory journey.
Spatial ecology of a large carnivorous lizard, Varanus varius (Squamata: Varanidae)
Authors: Guarino Fiorenzo 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe spatial resources used by a population of lace monitors (Varanus varius) were examined over an active season (September–April) and an inactive season (May–August). In total, 33 monitors were observed, of which 23 monitors were radio‐tracked for up to 11 months. Radio tracking provided new information on the spatial ecology of V. varius. During summer (December–February), V. varius moved often, over large (184.5 ha) overlapping home‐range areas. In the intermediate seasons of spring (September–November) and autumn (March–May), monitors moved less often and used less than 39% of the summer home‐range. Finally, in the cold winter season (June–August) many monitors did not move at all and most used less than 5% of their summer home‐ranges. The thermal environment, and reproductive status of V. varius affected its use of space, and the importance of these factors varied seasonally. No spatial segregation was noted between monitors, with home‐ranges overlapping on average for eight other radio‐tracked monitors. The home‐range size of V. varius was accurately predicted using published data on body mass and home‐range size for the Varanidae.
Effects of seed masting of bilberry, oak and spruce on sympatric populations of bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) in southern Norway
Authors: Selås Vidar , Framstad Erik , Spidsø Tor K. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn southern Norway, population fluctuations of the herbivorous bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus and the granivorous wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus were analysed in relation to mast seeding of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus, sessile oak Quercus petraea and Norway spruce Picea abies. Bilberries ripen in August, acorns are dispersed in September, whereas spruce seeds are usually dispersed during winter or spring. The bilberry index of both the current and previous year contributed significantly to explain the population growth indices of bank vole. The spruce seed index significantly influenced only the bank vole, whereas the acorn index significantly influenced only the wood mouse, apparently through increased winter survival. Because of the lack of significant responses to bilberry masting by granivorous wood mice, we conclude that the most likely explanation for the observed peak populations of bank voles in post‐mast years of bilberry is that high seed crops have a positive influence on the chemical composition of bilberry plants, which are important as food for bank voles during winter.
The warren architecture and environment of the southern hairy‐nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons)
Authors: Shimmin G. A. , Skinner J. , Baudinette R. V. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractUsing a porthole camera the architecture of the warrens of the southern hairy‐nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons was examined at two sites in southern Australia. The complexity of warrens varied from simple, single‐entrance warrens to a system 89 m long with 28 entrances. Logging of deep tunnel temperatures showed daily ranges of < 1 °C over periods in which surface temperatures ranged up to 24 °C, but mean tunnel temperatures varied 15.9 °C between winter and summer. Humidity gradients were maintained between the tunnel and the surface and depended on the length and depth of the tunnel. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels were similar to those in free atmospheric air in unoccupied tunnels, but in occupied tunnels reached 16.3% and 3%, respectively. There is no specific orientation of tunnel entrances or defined mound shape. Wombat warrens ameliorate surface conditions in habitats of low humidity and high temperatures while humidity advantages promote the construction of warrens beyond the requirements for temperature modulation.
Frog calls echo microsatellite phylogeography in the European pool frog (Rana lessonae)
Authors: Wycherley Julia , Doran Simon , Beebee Trevor J. C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractVocalization is an important component of male reproductive behaviour in a wide range of animal taxa. In some species there is considerable intraspecific variation of call characters partitioned on a regional basis. Such ‘regional accents’ could originate from cultural or genetic evolution and have been widely studied in birds. Amphibians, however, have limited learning abilities, and where regional accents occur in this group they are primarily a consequence of genetic evolution. This raises the possibility that regional variations in anuran call characters might be informative about phylogeographic history. Microsatellite studies of the pool frog Rana lessonae have been used previously to infer patterns of post‐glacial colonization in Europe, with unexpectedly complex implications for northernmost populations of this species. Therefore, regional variation in call characters of the pool frog was quantified and the pattern observed was concordant with the differentiation of a distinct northern clade as implied by the microsatellite study. We therefore conclude that regional accents in this amphibian are useful phylogeographic indicators of distribution history.