bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of apoptosis and caspase‐3 in zebrafish early gastrulae
Authors: Negron Javier F. , Lockshin Richard A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNonmammalian vertebrate embryos do not manifest apoptosis before gastrulation, and it has been suggested that their cells are inhibited from undergoing apoptosis. To study this interesting possibility, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo is an excellent model. However, the appearance of apoptosis varies among species, and many components of cell death are not highly conserved. To undertake the larger investigation, we first need to document by several criteria that cell death in the zebrafish embryo is apoptotic. Exposure of gastrulating germ‐ring stage embryos to cycloheximide or staurosporine elicits an arrest in development and cell death within 8 hr. Caspase‐3 activity increases, followed by translocation of phosphatidylserine, loss of cell–cell adhesion, cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dNTP‐fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive nuclei, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and margination, and blebbing of the nuclear membrane. Thus, by many criteria, cell death in zebrafish is apoptotic; many of the markers of apoptosis found in mammals are conserved in zebrafish; and post‐midblastula transition embryos have the capacity to activate a caspase‐dependent apoptotic response well before naturally occurring programmed cell death is seen. Developmental Dynamics 231:161–170, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The move from categories to process: Attachment phenomena and clinical evaluation
Authors: Slade Arietta 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDespite the degree to which attachment theory and research have been embraced by clinicians in recent years, many remain unsure as to what this perspective adds to clinical understanding and psychodynamic thinking about the clinical process. In this article, I outline some ways that developments in the study of attachment have the potential to enrich our clinical work with children and families, and may be particularly illuminating with respect to certain aspects of evaluation, formulation, and diagnosis. This added value comes not from formally assessing patients' attachment classification but from sensitizing clinicians to observing the functioning of the attachment system and to the internal and interpersonal functions of attachment processes. Such awareness on the part of the therapist makes it possible for these dynamic regulatory, defense, and motivational systems to be addressed within the context of evaluation and ongoing psychotherapeutic work. Thinking about attachment processes within the clinical situation does not supplant other aspects of dynamically oriented assessment and evaluation, but rather is theoretically consistent with psychoanalytic models of development and offers new levels of richness and understanding to formulations and treatment planning.
Traumatic stress and quality of attachment: Reality and internalization in disorders of infant mental health
Authors: Lieberman Alicia F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article describes the interface between the fields of attachment and child trauma, their respective contributions to an understanding of infant mental health disturbances, and the clinical applications of an integration between attachment theory and trauma‐informed treatment and research. The organizing theme is that a dual attachment and trauma lens must be used in the assessment and treatment of infants and toddlers with mental health and relationship problems. The quality of attachment is an important factor in children's capacity to process and resolve traumatic experiences. At the same time, traumatic events often have a damaging effect on the quality of existing attachments by introducing unmanageable stress in the infant–parent relationship. It is argued that trauma in the first years of life needs to be assessed and treated in the context of the child's primary attachments. Reciprocally, the etiology of attachment disturbances should include an assessment of possible exposure to trauma in the child and in the parents. Current conceptualizations of attachment and trauma are reviewed from this perspective, and a clinical illustration is presented to highlight how a traumatic stressor can trigger behaviors reminiscent of disorganized attachment.
Foster mother state of mind and treatment use: Different challenges for different people
Authors: Dozier Mary , Sepulveda Sandra 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOn the basis of our research findings from the last 10 years, we have developed a training program for foster parents that targets three critical needs for infants in foster care. This treatment program has now been manualized to allow dissemination to other sites. With our intervention as well as any other, we see it as critical to tailor services to the needs of individual clients rather than adhering in doctrinaire fashion to the manual. In particular, we suggest that attending to foster parents' state of mind with regard to attachment is vital to providing an effective treatment. In this article, we present examples of foster parents with different states of mind and describe how treatment is tailored to meet their individual needs.
The Cyberschool Initiative: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Authors: Blythe Earving 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University launched a $10 million Cyberschool initiative to infuse technology into the learning environment, both on and off campus. This initiative involved a powerful vision, campuswide training for all faculty, extensive development of IT and faculty infrastructure, and spreading of technology‐rich learning throughout the environment.
Development of multinuclear giant cells during the degradation of Bioglass® particles in rabbits
Authors: Vogel Martin , Voigt Christian , Knabe Christine , Radlanski Ralf J. , Gross Ulrich M. , Müller‐Mai Christian M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBioglass® particles of the compositions 45s5, 52s, and 55s were implanted in the distal femoral epiphysis of rabbits. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 28, and 84 days postoperatively and specimens investigated using electron microscopy and electron dispersive X‐ray analysis. The intention was to correlate the finding of different types of multinuclear giant cells (MNGC) in the center of the implantation bed with earlier hypothesized accumulated particle eluates and changed particle compositions. The distribution of Si, Na, Ca, P, O, S, and Cl throughout the implantation bed was analyzed. Bioglass® particles degraded either in Si‐rich remnants or in CaP‐shells. MNGC of foreign body giant cell type in high numbers as well as of osteoclast‐like type at later time intervals in small numbers were found on the surface of Si‐rich as well as on Ca‐ and P‐rich particle remnants. Osteoclast‐like cells were detected on the particles after transformation in CaP‐shells. It is concluded that the formation of different types of MNGC is determined by the composition of the substrate, that is, osteoclast‐like cells develop exclusively on resorbable substrates. The absolute number of MNGC depended on the time after implantation and the solubility of the implant. Bone bonding, however, only occurred on Ca‐ and P‐rich surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 370–379, 2004
Injectable microparticle–gel system for prolonged and localized lidocaine release. II. in vivo anesthetic effects
Authors: Chen Pen‐Chung , Kohane Daniel S. , Park Yoon Jeong , Bartlett Robert H. , Langer Robert , Yang Victor C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCurrent treatment protocols for postoperative pain are beset by either the short duration of the anesthetic effect or requirement of hospitalization of the patients. We reported herein a novel treatment by applying to the surgical site a biodegradable microparticle–gel system for prolonged and localized release of encapsulated anesthetic drugs. In a previous publication, lidocaine‐loaded poly(D,L‐lactic acid) microspheres were fabricated and their formulations were optimized. In vitro characterization of these lidocaine‐loaded microspheres, however, revealed a shortcoming of this system; that is, microspheres tend to fuse physically. Fusion of the microspheres could hinder their clinical applications, as it would clog the needle. In this article, we demonstrated that fabricating microspheres with high molecular weight (∼60 KDa) poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) would increase the glass transition temperature of the microspheres after lidocaine loading, thereby increasing their mechanical stability and eliminating their fusion during storage. Such microspheres containing 31% (w/w) lidocaine in the presence or absence of 25% (w/v) poloxamer 407 gel were then evaluated in vivo by monitoring the sensory and motor functions of the rats after sciatic nerve block, using the previously established hot‐plate and weight‐bearing testing methods. Results showed that microspheres formulated with poloxamer 407 gel yielded the longest duration of sensory and motor block for a period of approximately 8.5 h, compared to 5 h by microspheres in saline, 5 h by lidocaine in poloxamer 407 gel, and 2 h by lidocaine in saline. This study suggests that the microsphere–gel system containing lidocaine could potentially be applied clinically to the treatment of postoperative pain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 459–466, 2004
Fluctuation analysis and accuracy of a large‐scale in silico screen
Authors: Merlitz H. , Herges T. , Wenzel W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractUsing a cascadic version of the stochastic tunneling method we perform an all‐atom database screen over 186,000 flexible ligands of the NCI 3D database against the thymidine kinase receptor. By analyzing the errors in the binding energy we demonstrate how the cascadic technique is superior to conventional sequential docking techniques and how reliable results for the determination of the top‐scoring ligands could be achieved. The substrate corresponding to the crystal structure used in the screen ranks in the upper 0.05% of the database, validating both docking methodology and the applicability of the scoring function to this substrate. Several high ranking ligands of the database display significant structural similarity with known substrates. A detailed analysis of the accuracy of the screening method is carried out, and its dependence on the flexibility of the ligand is quantified. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1568–1575, 2004
Mechanisms of vascular angiotensin II surface receptor regulation by epidermal growth factor
Authors: Ullian Michael E. , Webb Jerry G. , Chen Ruihua , Paul Richard V. , Morinelli Thomas A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe investigated mechanisms by which epidermal growth factor (EGF) reduces angiotensin II (AngII) surface receptor density and stimulated actions in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). EGF downregulated specific AngII radioligand binding in intact cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells but not in cell membranes and also inhibited AngII‐stimulated contractions of aortic segments. Inhibitors of cAMP‐dependent kinases, PI‐3 kinase, MAP kinase, cyclooxygenase, and calmodulin did not prevent EGF‐mediated downregulation of AngII receptor binding, whereas the EGF receptor kinase inhibitor AG1478 did. Total cell AngII AT1a receptor protein content of EGF‐treated and untreated cells, measured by immunoblotting, did not differ. Actinomycin D or cytochalasin D, which interacts with the cytoskeleton, but not the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, prevented EGF from downregulating AngII receptor binding. Consistently, EGF inhibited AngII‐stimulated formation of inositol phosphates in the presence of cycloheximide but not in the presence of actinomycin D or cytochalasin D. In conclusion, EGF needs an intact signal transduction pathway to downregulate AngII surface receptor binding, possibly by altering cellular location of the receptors. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of calbindin‐D28K on cyclosporine toxicity in cultured renal proximal tubular cells
Authors: Wu Ming‐Ju , Lai Li‐Wen , Lien Yeong‐Hau H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCyclosporine A (CsA) is known to have direct toxicity to renal tubular cells. Its toxicity may be mediated by intracellular calcium because CsA increases intracellular calcium concentration and enhances the activities of calcium‐dependent calpains and caspases. Calbindin‐D28k, a cytosolic calcium binding protein, has been used as an intracellular Ca2+ buffer to reduce calcium‐mediated cytotoxicity in non‐renal cells such as neuronal cells. We investigated the effects of gene transfer of calbindin‐D28k cDNA on CsA cytotoxicity and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured murine proximal tubular (MCT) cells. A plasmid containing calbindin‐D28k cDNA under the control of CMV promoter was transfected to MCT cells with liposomes. Cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH release and cell viability assay, and [Ca2+]i was measured ratiometrically with fura‐2. Compared with MCT cells, cells transfected with calbindin‐D28k cDNA showed a reduction in LDH release by 27, 30, 32, 33, and 19% (all P < 0.05), respectively, after 24 h exposure to 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 μM CsA. Cell viability after CsA treatment was also significantly higher in CB cells. A mock transfection using plasmid without calbindin‐D28k cDNA insert did not affect the LDH release or cell viability after CsA treatment. CsA treatment did not affect the protein and mRNA abundance of transfected calbindin‐D28k cDNA. The expression of calbindin‐D28k did not affect the baseline [Ca2+]i, but significantly suppressed CsA‐induced elevation in [Ca2+]i. The expression of calbindin‐D28k in renal tubular cells provides cytoprotective effects against CsA toxicity, probably through its buffering effects on [Ca2+]i. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of protein tyrosine phosphatase‐1B on Na,K‐ATPase activity in lens
Authors: Bozulic Larry D. , Dean William L. , Delamere Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe abnormal sodium content of many cataracts suggests Na,K‐ATPase is vital for maintenance of eye lens transparency. Since tyrosine phosphorylation is considered a possible regulatory mechanism for Na,K‐ATPase, experiments were conducted to test the influence of protein tyrosine phosphatase‐1B (PTP‐1B) on Na,K‐ATPase activity. Membrane material was isolated separately from porcine lens epithelium and fiber cells. Tyrosine phosphoproteins, Na,K‐ATPase α1 polypeptide and PTP‐1B were examined by Western blot. Na,K‐ATPase activity was determined by measuring ATP hydrolysis in the presence or absence of ouabain. Western blot analysis revealed tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple membrane proteins in both lens cell types, the differentiated fiber cells and non‐differentiated epithelium. When membrane material was subjected to immunoprecipitation using an antibody directed against Na,K‐ATPase α1, a colocalized phosphotyrosine band was detected in lens fibers but not epithelium. Incubation with PTP‐1B caused a ∼50% increase of Na,K‐ATPase activity in fiber membrane material. Na,K‐ATPase activity in lens epithelium membrane material was not significantly altered by PTP‐1B treatment even though PTP‐1B was demonstrated to cause dephosphorylation of multiple membrane proteins in the epithelium as well as fibers. While endogenous PTP‐1B was detected in both cell types, endogenous tyrosine phosphatase activity was low in both epithelium and fiber membrane material. The results illustrate endogenous tyrosine phosphorylation of Na,K‐ATPase α1 polypeptide in fibers. Na,K‐ATPase α1 in lens fibers may be a potential target for PTP‐1B. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractional chromatic number and circular chromatic number for distance graphs with large clique size
Authors: Liu Daphne Der‐Fen , Zhu Xuding 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Graph Theory 48: 329–330, 2005.Let M be a set of positive integers. The distance graph generated by M, denoted by G(Z, M), has the set Z of all integers as the vertex set, and edges ij whenever |i−j| ∈ M. We investigate the fractional chromatic number and the circular chromatic number for distance graphs, and discuss their close connections with some number theory problems. In particular, we determine the fractional chromatic number and the circular chromatic number for all distance graphs G(Z, M) with clique size at least |M|, except for one case of such graphs. For the exceptional case, a lower bound for the fractional chromatic number and an upper bound for the circular chromatic number are presented; these bounds are sharp enough to determine the chromatic number for such graphs. Our results confirm a conjecture of Rabinowitz and Proulx 22 on the density of integral sets with missing differences, and generalize some known results on the circular chromatic number of distance graphs and the parameter involved in the Wills' conjecture 26 (also known as the “lonely runner conjecture” 1). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 129–146, 2004
Infinite paths in planar graphs I: Graphs with radial nets
Authors: Yu Xingxing 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLet G be an infinite 4‐connected planar graph such that the deletion of any finite set of vertices from G results in exactly one infinite component. Dean et al. proved that either G admits a radial net or a special subgraph of G admits a ladder net, and they used these nets to show that G contains a spanning 1‐way infinite path. In this paper, we show that if G admits a radial net, then G also contains a spanning 2‐way infinite path. This is a step towards a conjecture of Nash‐Williams. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 147–162, 2004
Consuming lives, consuming landscapes: interpreting advertisements for cafédirect coffees
Authors: Wright Caroline 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper analyses newspaper advertising for the fairtrade coffee company Cafédirect, focusing particularly on the ways UK consumers are urged to transform unequal social relations with coffee producers through consumption. The paper argues that whilst producers' lives are rendered ‘knowable’ to potential consumers, the reverse is not true. In addition, consumer gain is privileged over producer gain, with the commodity imbued with the ‘authentic’ lives and landscapes of coffee production. Thus, the ‘public face’ of development portrayed is that UK consumers can ‘make a difference’. However, attracting potential consumers may depend on representations which are embedded in unequal power relations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The production of a contemporary famine image: the image economy, indigenous photographers and the case of Mekanic Philipos
Authors: Clark D. J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper discusses the photographic representation of disaster in the minority world. It argues that the international image economy has a strong influence on the content of the images produced; this is demonstrated through the analysis of Mekanic Philipos's image as published in the UK at the end of May 2003. The paper critically analyses images of a recent trip by Bob Geldof to Ethiopia in relation to the trade of photographs of the majority world in the international image economy, the photographer's ethnicity, issues of power, ethics and style and a particular public face of development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development moments: radio's public face of development
Authors: Poland Kate 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe focus of this paper is on the radio news reporting of development issues. We specifically concentrate on one news agency—the BBC World Service. We outline some of the problems of news reporting, examining what makes something ‘newsworthy’. The nature of news means that a certain kind of story is produced—and therefore a particular portrayal of development is reflected. Practical constraints, such as time, and the need for a news narrative, make it difficult to cover development issues in any depth. The paper then focuses on what we call ‘development moments’ which provide the meeting points for ‘news’ and ‘development’ and explores how these could provide us with a possible reconciliation between the two fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The public face of debt
Authors: Yanacopulos Helen 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe end of the last century inspired the ‘forgiving’ of an estimated 100 billion dollars of debt from highly indebted southern countries. In this paper we will be exploring the changing norm around debt cancellation—how debt cancellation was turned into something that G7 governments and International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became concerned with. The focus of this paper is on the roles that two organizations played in this process—Oxfam International and Jubilee 2000. The paper utilizes a norm cycle framework to examine how these two organizations influenced the public face of debt. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From development awareness to enabling effective support: the changing profile of development education in England
Authors: Cameron John , Fairbrass Stephen 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDevelopment Education (DE) finds a significant part of its public face in England through the activities of local NGOs/Development Education Centres (DECs). DECs have emerged over a period of about 30 years as civil society institutions with little central government support. The creation of a Department for International Development (DFID) in 1997 encouraged fresh engagement with central government. The paper shows how inter‐organisational relations deteriorated after 2000 producing disillusion. The paper then reflects on structural reasons for this process and finds clues in how the concept of citizenship has historically emerged. The paper concludes that changing the public face of development education depends on changes in governance in the UK. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The phase plane method for the solution of equations applied to semiconductor device modelling
Authors: Cole E. A. B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new method is introduced for solving the sets of discretized non‐linear equations which arise in the modelling of semiconductor microwave devices. The technique involves writing the functions to be solved as the right‐hand sides of damped differential equations. Following the solution path of these equations in phase space leads to the equilibrium point which corresponds to the solution of the original set of equations. An error analysis is made of the method, and the method is illustrated by applying it to a model of a four‐layer HEMT with two recesses and a fieldplate. In the early stages of developing the modelling equations for a new device, it is necessary to be able to add or subtract features into the equations; the main benefit of the method introduced here is that the minimum amount of preparation needs to be done in order to discretize the amended equations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.