bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Criticism to Self-Censorship, from Republic to Empire
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible to write a narrative of literary criticism which stresses the continuities between the Greek critical enterprise and the Roman one. The texts I have examined up to this point show that critical activity in the sense of a process of literary discrimination and Judgement is the norm rather than the exception where ancient communities are concerned. In the pre-Roman period, literary criticism is an activity that is imposed from outside upon the process of literary production by leaders, legislators, and their representatives and from within by the very authors who participate in the production of literary material. In the case of Plato and Aristotle, it is the writers of literary texts who themselves attempt to constrain the work of other authors, while the Alexandnan Mouseion-Library endeavours to formalize literary norms and ideals which the critic-poets also enact in their own work. Working from this background, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that this activity is not one confined to Hellenic culture. It examines the specificities of criticism in the Roman period in particular, to show how they articulate ideals of discursive order and constraint both around and against a rehistoricized Greek past and shifting contemporary political ideals.
Rhetoric and Assumptions: Romans and Rabbis on Sex
Authors: Satlow Michael l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we examine the contact between Jews and non-Jews in the Graeco-Roman world, we ask two sets of questions. First, we seek to describe the similarities and differences between the various groups. Second, we attempt to explain the significance of these similarities and differences. The first task, that of description, appears on the surface to be relatively straightforward.
The Rabbis and the Documents
Authors: Cotton Hannah M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 2 December 127 CE Babatha daughter of Shim’on had her guardian, Judah son of Eleazar Khthousion, write the following sworn subscription to her land declaration, submitted in Rabbath Moab on the occasion of the census held in the Roman province of Arabia by the governor, Titus Aninius Sextius Florentinus: ‘I, Babatha daughter of Shim’on, swear by the genius (tyche) of the Lord Caesar that I have in good faith registered as has been written above. I, Judanes son of Eleazar, acted as guardian and wrote for her.’ This subscription has survived only in its Greek translation in the verified copy of Babatha’s land declaration. Seven months earlier, around 25 April, another Jew, whose name has not been preserved, but whose patronymic is Levi, thus X son of Levi, because he was illiterate had his sworn declaration written for him by the Nabataean Onainos son of Sa ‘adalos.
The Emperor
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Augustus learned of his daughter Julia’s adulteries, he withdrew into seclusion, overwhelmed, observers thought, by shame. Shame at his own disgusting lusts and repulsive appearance might explain Tiberius’ lurking on Capri.Even Nero’s murder of Corbulo at Cenchreae could be put down to a fastidious unwillingness to be seen by his distinguished general while dressed to play the lyre.Conjectures like these, whatever their worth, emphasize the emperors’ participation in the wider values of Graeco-Roman society. People who knew expected the emperor to have the same sense of shame as everybody else, at least while he remained sane. The collapse of this sense of shame could be depicted as an essential part of an emperor’s transformation into a tyrannical monster, and Domitian’s ruddy complexion, which fortified him against blushing at his acts, might therefore be implicated in his tyranny.
Philosophical Allegiance in the Greco—Roman World
Authors: Sedley* David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT the risk of over-generalization, I shall be claiming in this paper that in the Greco-Roman world, especially during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, what gives philosophical movements their cohesion and identity is less a disinterested common quest for the truth than a virtually religious commitment to the authority of a founder figure. More specifically, I shall try to illustrate how this kind of loyalty can look when put into practice, using the earliest datable instance known to me, from the writings of the first-century BC Epicurean Philodemus. I accept that there may be individual professed school-adherents who break this pattern. But the pattern itself must be appreciated before the nature of any such exceptions can be understood.
Cicero on Stoic Moral Philosophy and Private Property
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN Book III of the De Oificiis Cicero is discussing cases where what is morally right appears to conflict with what is advantageous. In the course of this he retails some examples and the conflicting treatment of them by two heads of the Stoic school, Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus. Both of these were long since dead: Diogenes was a pupil of Chrysippus, and one of the members of the famous embassy to Rome of the three leading Athenian philosophers in 155 Be; Antipater was Diogenes’ pupil, as was Panaetius, whose work On Duties Cicero is following, as he tells us, in the first two books of De Officiis.
Philosophy and Religion in the Late Republic
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the second century BC Greek culture was increasingly imbibed by the Roman élite. Many of them thus became familiar, or at least superficially acquainted, with Greek philosophic ideas, partly through the medium of instruction in Greek rhetoric, which had a more practical value for those who followed a political career. It was members of the elite who filled the great priesthoods at Rome and were responsible for the maintenance of the state cults. Scholars have commonly held that in the late Republic these cults were increasingly neglected, that traditional beliefs on religious matters were weakening, and that the attempt made by Augustus to restore the old religion was artificial and had little permanent effect.
Plutarch: Roman Heroes and Greek Culture
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcellus enjoyed all the better reputation with the common people, because he adorned the city with works of visual art which were delightful in their Hellenic grace and their truth to nature. On the other hand it was Fabius Maximus who earned the approval of the older people, because after he had captured Tarentum he did not disturb or remove anything of the kind: he carried off all the city’s money and other valuables, but allowed all the statues to remain in place, adding the famous remark, ‘Let us leave the Tarentines their angry gods’. Such people blamed Marcellus, firstly for rendering the city vulnerable to envy, if not only men but even gods were to be paraded like captives in his triumphal procession; and secondly because until then the people had spent their time either in warfare or in agriculture and had never tasted luxury or leisure, so that their character had been like that of Euripides’
Song and Artefact
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we have seen that only the ‘poetics of truth’ was relevant to the traditional Greek view of poetry, this does not necessarily mean that the ‘poetics of fiction’ was altogether alien to the Greek tradition. The very fact that Homeric man, as our discussion has shown, was held to be either responsible or not responsible for his activities, makes the poetics of fiction possible. Whether or not this possibility would also be actualized depends on whether or not the class of activities for which Homeric man is held individually responsible makes provision for an activity which can act as a typological counterpart to poetry. There is no difficulty in seeing that the activity in question is represented by handicrafts. Proceeding from their position within the classification of Homeric man’s activities discussed in Chapter 2, handicrafts can be defined as an activity of Homeric man belonging to the class of activities (constituted by practical wisdom, skills, and sports) which possess the semantic characteristics ‘teaching’ and ‘knowledge’ and for which, therefore, man is held individually responsible; it is thus opposed to the class of activities (constituted by instincts, emotions, insight, heroic valour, and singing) which possesses the semantic characteristics ‘giving’ and ‘ignorance’ and for which, therefore, man is not held individually responsible. At the same time, handicrafts and poetry, or ‘singing’, are not only set against each other as members of the opposed classes of Homeric man’s activities: their relationship is determined by the fact that they are seen as the only productive activities in their respective classes. That is to say, within the general opposition between the two classes of human activity, handicrafts and singing form a particular opposition relevant to these two activities alone, that between the author’s being, and not being, responsible for his work. This allows one to suggest that the two typological variants of poetics, the ‘poetics of truth’ and the ‘poetics of fiction’, are both present in Homer.
Translation
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well personally, men of the jury, as I was just saying to those seated nearby, I am amazed at this affair here. By God! To think that Demosthenes is the only man in the polis invulnerable both to the laws, which insist that an individual entering into agreements to his disadvantage is still bound by them, and to the people’s decrees— which you are under oath to observe when you cast your votes—proposed not by any of Demosthenes’ enemies but by the man himself.
TheGreat King and the Cities
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How to talk about the Hellenistic world? The topic is well agreed on (if not always defined with rigour), the scholarship plentiful, so that the diversity of this world and of possible approaches can be illustrated by some recent (or not so recent) works, without any claim at comprehensiveness. There have been synoptic treatments of the period, textbooks or essays rather than intensive scholarly studies (the exception still being M. Rostovtzeff’s Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World); other large-scale works have examined its political history, and the coming of Rome.
Rationalization and Disenchantment in Ancient Greece: Max Weber among the Pythagoreans and Orphics?
Authors: Bremmer Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every attempt at periodization in history carries the danger of dividing the flow of time into a strict before and after. Naturally, we would all claim to be aware of this problem, but experience teaches that it is hard to escape such easy categorizations. In any case, a certain truth can hardly be denied to important distinctions such as that represented by the concept of the Renaissance or, even more clearly, that of the Enlightenment. The opposition of muthos vs. logos is another of these well-known distinctions, popularized in particular by Wilhelm Nestle (1865-1959), who in his book Vom Mythos zum Logos attempted to sketch the process of rationalization in Greece.
The Rhetoric of Muthos and Logos: Forms of Figurative Discourse
Authors: Calame Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Staunchly clinging to the Alps, the Swiss historian and anthropologist cannot remain unresponsive to the profound transformation undergone by mountain reality at the end of the eighteenth century. Naturally, the change affected the productive basis of societies and cultures whose economy was divided between self-sufficiency and commercial revenues accruing from the crossing of the passes. But it also profoundly affected the representation of the mountain landscape from which those communities derived their income, a landscape which was gradually being appropriated by the city-dwellers who came there in search of strong sensations or who made it an object of learned study. Aesthetic aspirations and scholarly interests accordingly combined to produce a wholly new image of the Alps, ranging from the romantic idyll of healthy life on the mountain pasture to the geological upheavals which shape the grandiose and sublime setting. This complex symbolic representation still underlies many of the postcards and brochures published to attract tourists to the Alpine winter- or summer-sports resorts.
What is a Muthos for Plato?
Authors: Murray Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We cannot tell (nor could Plato himself have told) where the figure or myth ends and the philosophical truth begins.’This comment of Benjamin Jowett’s on the Timaeus encapsulates the problem which I shall be considering in this paper: what constitutes muthos for Plato, and how far can we speak of Platonic myth as something separable from Platonic philosophy?I shall begin by summarizing the discussion of myth in Republic book 2, where the question is raised as to what kind of education the young guardians should receive in the ideal state. The educators begin with mousike, and mousike includes logoi--stories (or discourse perhaps). There are two kinds of logoi, says Socrates at 377a1, one true, the other false (to men alethes, pseudos d’ heteron).
Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa
Authors: Cherry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book seeks to define the cultural, social, and economic consequences of the Roman occupation of North Africa (c.50 BC-AD 250), mainly in the semi-arid frontier-zone of what is today Algeria. It also offers a fresh look at the development and purpose of the north African frontier-system. Through detailed examination of the region's archaeological and epigraphic record, including the marriage-patterns recorded on its surviving, funerary inscriptions, Professor Cherry demonstrates that there was probably little acculturation in the north African frontier-zone. The Roman army, long considered to be a powerful instrument of Romanization and a bridge to the indigenous societies of the provinces of the Empire, is shown to have functioned primarily as an army of occupation on the north African frontier, segregated, by choice or circumstance, from the region's aboriginal population.
Introduction
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the transformation of cities and life in cities during what is sometimes known as the age of Migrations or the Dark Ages, that is the years from c.400 to c.650 AD, the period when the classical Roman world was changing into the world of the Middle Ages. At the centre of the investigation is the development of urbanism over the whole area, East as well as West, of what had been the Roman Empire.
The Rise of the Bishop
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the loosely structured post-curial municipal administration the most permanent functionary and the only one who had achieved his position with popular consent was the bishop. The bishop would therefore seem to have been the natural leader and spokesman of his city. It is therefore not surprising that in civic emergencies we often find the local bishop in precisely that position. Moreover it is the case that as cities shrank and secular government declined, whatever administrative tasks remained tended to fall to the bishop.
Monotheism and Pagan Philosophy in Later Antiquity
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a temptation to think that one thing which ultimately distinguished Christians from pagans in antiquity was that the Christians, following the Jews, believed in one God, whereas the pagans believed in many gods. Sometimes this is expressed by saying that the Christians were monotheists, while the pagans were polytheists. Obviously, even in antiquity, Christians were tempted to present matters as if they believed in one God, whereas the pagans believed in many gods. This is the way matters are presented, for instance, by Marius Victorinus.
The Chaldaean Oracles: Theology and Theurgy
Authors: Athanassiadi Polymnia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chaldaean Oracles are a divine revelation in Greek hexameter verse of a cosmological and soteriological system and of a set of moral and ritual rules and instructions. In this, as in many other respects, the poem is not unlike the Koran. A persistent tradition, first detectable in Iamblichus, echoed by the emperor Julian and repeated by Proclus, attributes its authorship to a certain Julian the Theurgist; this claim is corroborated by the tenth-century Suda Lexicon, where, in two separate entries, Julian the Theurgist is described as the author of oracles in hexameters who lived at the time of Marcus Aurelius, and Julian the Chaldaean as his father and a philosopher.
Homer and the Resources of Memory
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How could a poet who worked in an oral tradition maintain the momentum of his song? How could a poet such as Homer weave a tale which filled an evening or, perhaps, a whole long night? The answer lies in memory, as we have known. But this bald explanation does not do justice either to the complexity of memory or to the richness of the Homeric epics. Now that so much more information has become available to us, from cognitive psychology and linguistics, about the workings of the mind, we can identify with greater precision those contributions which memory makes to the composition and performance of oral traditional song. In this study the author shows that the demands made on the poet, who relies neither on rote memory nor on written notes, have led him adopt to certain memory-based strategies which have left their traces in the text. What we discover is that the poet in an oral tradition makes intense and creative use of those resources of memory, which are available to us all - episodic memory, auditory memory, visual memory, and spatial memory - to assist him both in the preparation of his song and at the moment of performance.
Post-Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces, for the first time, a revolution in philosophy which took place during the early centuries of our era. It reconstructs the philosophical basis of the Stoics' theory that fragments of an ancient and divine wisdom could be reconstructed from mythological traditions, and shows that Platonism was founded on an argument that Plato had himself achieved a full reconstruction of this wisdom, and that subsequent philosophies had only regressed once again in their attempts to 'improve' on his achievement. The significance of this development is highlighted through parallel studies of the Hellenistic debate over the status of Jewish culture; and of the philosophical beginnings of Christianity, where the notions of 'orthodoxy' and 'heresy' in particular are shown to be tools in the construction of a unified history of Christian philosophy stretching back to primitive antiquity.
Antiquity in Graeco-Egyptian Anti-Semitism
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinctive character of Jewish culture attracted the attention of the Greeks a long while before the two peoples ever came into close contact. The Jewish practice of circumcision, for example, and the forms observed in their sacrifices were early on noted by the Greeks as something alien, intriguing, and in any case distinctly un-Hellenic.1 Such knowledge as the mainland Greeks had of the Jews (and this knowledge was probably not in the first place very extensive or profound) suggested an exotic people to them, one linked in their minds with the Magi and Gymnosophists.2 But in the Ptolemaic city of Alexandria the Greeks were to encounter Jewish culture at first hand, and in a way that demanded a more considered response: and while attitudes towards the distant cultures of the Magi and Indian sages remained aloof, perhaps, but increasingly benign, the Greeks’ response to the Jews hardened there into a more systematic form of cultural anti-Semitism.
Alcibiades and Athens
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not the aim of this book to add to the extensive literature on Alcibiades' life and career. Instead the author focuses on the explosive mix of fear and fascination excited by Alcibiades in his contemporaries and in particular in key literary texts: Thucydides, the mysterious pseudo-Andocides 4, the encomium of Isocrates 16, the final scene of Plato's Symposium. The book is about the acute tension between the classical city and the individual of superlative power, status, and ambition. It looks at the way Alcibiades is approximated to archetypes of the individual 'outside' the city: the tyrant, the athletic victor, the ostracism victim, the scapegoat, the barbarian. Whereas modern discussions of ancient Athens and Athenian civic texts stress collective ideology, this study focuses on the opposing strand in tension with this dominant ideology: the fascination with the powerful individual. The book is thus at once a contribution to the study of civic ideology, and also to that of the individual and of the role of the individual in classical texts - rhetoric, the historiography of Thucydides, the Platonic dialogue. The book also considers the development of the post-classical depiction of Alcibiades, concluding with a study of Plutarch's reaction both to this tradition and to the classical texts.
Comic Business
Authors: Revermann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comic Business situates Aristophanic comedy in the context of competitive (re)performance culture in 5th- and 4th-century Greece. It seeks to illuminate how the dazzling busyness of Aristophanic comedy is the creation of a carefully manipulating craftsman trying to outdo his rivals in the fierce competition of the dramatic festivals. Theoretically informed by theatre semiotics and frame-based models of conceptualizing the theatrical event, it analyses in a number of case studies how theatrical resources of all kinds are utilized in order to generate theatrical meaning as well as capture and sustain audience interest. The approach therefore combines philological analysis with methodologies developed in Theatre Studies.
Reading the Past
Authors: Chaplin Jane D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 18 July 380 BCE, the Praenestines drew up their forces at the river Allia and prepared to attack the Romans. The latter were caught in the midst of recruiting an army to face the emergency, but managed not only to break up the assault but also to drive the enemy back to its city; the Romans then took over the eight towns under Praenestine control, accepted the surrender of the Praenestines, and set up a victory monument (6. 28. 5-29. IO).
Borrowing: The Presentation and Status of the Greek Words in Latin Medical Terminology
Authors: Langslow D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the presentation and use of Greek medical terms in our four Latin medical texts. It is limited, then, to a few aspects of just one part of linguistic borrowing, namely to lexical borrowing; semantic borrowing is considered in the chapter on semantic extension (3. 3 below).
Compounding and Affixal Derivation
Authors: Langslow D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider the numerous medical terms that show the results of Latin derivational processes. 1 These processes involve, in nearly every case, suffixation and/or conversion (the use of an adjective as a noun); there are a few examples of purification (5. 4. 1, 2) and a very few instances of compounding, with which I begin (5. 2). While the chapter does not pretend to be an exhaustive account of the derivational morphology of Latin medical vocabulary, it does include all the prominent types to be found in our four authors. I am concerned above all, once again, with the formation of nouns (5. 3), though some important adjectival formations also receive attention (5. 4).