bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Water Below the Road Surface on Surface Distress Index (SDI) Values in the Road Condition Survey (RCS) Method
Authors: Buana C , Widyastuti H , Prastyanto C A , Sudibyo R W 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The results of the road damage assessment will reveal the Surface Distress Index (SDI) value according to the Bina Marga method (potholes, cracks and rutting). To determine the effect of subsurface water on road damage, geo-electrical measurements were carried out at road locations where it is estimated that there is subsurface water. At the location of the road segment, the damage value is then compared between the road with normal conditions SDI=aNx±ε and the road with water below the road surface. The results of the SDI value are then compared with the number of tracks of heavy vehicles (N) according to Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and the area of distribution of water below the surface (Aw). So it is expected to know the correlation model between road damage and the influence of water under the road surface surface SDI’=kAwn. These results will also be used as additional damage assessment items in the new damage assessment method based on the Bina Marga method.
The Effect of Changes in Rainfall Patterns due to Climatic Change on the Cutting Slope Stability of Landslides Case in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Sari Putu Tantri K. , Lastiasih Yudhi , Mochtar Indrasurya B. , Soewarno  
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the causes of landslides that often occur on the cutting slope on the side of the Gempol-Pandaan toll road in East Java. Furthermore, this study aims to ascertain the relationship between alterations in rainfall intensity due to climatic change on slope stability. Observation of conditions in the field, topographic contour measurements, field soil testing, real-time data processing of rain intensity, and numerical simulation for parametric study were carried out to determine the effect of changes in daily rainfall on slope stability. Also, numerical analysis using limit equilibrium as well as finite element methods with SEEP/W and SLOPE/W was carried out. The results of field observations showed there was no rainwater collection channel in the slope area, causing the water to infiltrate into the cutting slope body. The fluctuating and increasing rainfall intensity during 90 days of observation can reduce the safety factor of slope by up to 25%. This decrease in safety factors is believed to increase when the duration and intensity of the rain increase as a result of climatic change. Therefore, the integration between the impact of climate change on alterations in rain intensity in an area needs to be considered as an effort to mitigate landslides.
Mapping of Chl-a in Indonesia’s Five Priority Lakes uSing Linear Regression (Case Studies: Lake Singkarak, Toba, Maninjau, Matano, and Towuti)
Authors: Pangestu Martanti Aji , Jaelani Lalu Muhamad , Setiawan Fajar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Indonesia, 15 priority lakes need to be monitored regularly. Model algorithm development is the answer to accelerating lake water quality monitoring through chlorophyll-a concentration monitoring. This research aims to evaluate, develop, and find the most accurate global model algorithm for chlorophyll-a concentration mapping on Lake Singkarak, Toba, Maninjau, Matano, and Towuti. Algorithm development was made based on the existing 22-band ratio algorithm. Leave One Out Cross Validation (LOOCV) was used to evaluate the performance of all tested algorithms through the R2, NMAE, and RMSE accuracy results using 42 in-situ sample points of chlorophyll-a collected on five lakes. Lake Singkarak has an RMSE of 0.1 mg/m3, NMAE of 29.9%, R of 0.7, and R2 of 1.0. Lake Toba in the dry season has RMSE of 0.7 mg/m3, NMAE of 22.5%, R of 0.7 and R2 of 0.3. In the rainy season, Lake Toba has an RMSE of 0.1 mg/m3, NMAE of 7.1%, R of 0.5, and R2 of 0.3. Lake Maninjau has an RMSE of 0.6 mg/m3, NMAE of 32.5%, R of 0.5, and R2 of 0.3. Lake Matano has RMSE of 0.0 mg/m3, NMAE of 4.2%, R of 1.0 and R2 of 1.0. Lake Towuti has an RMSE of 0.0 mg/m3, NMAE of 3.4%, R of 1.0, and R2 of 1.0. The most accurate algorithm for Lake Singkarak, Toba (dry season), Toba (rainy season), Maninjau, Matano, and Towuti are C6, C6, C2, A2, C10, and B3, respectively
Geospatial aspects of building information modelling (BIM) based utilities management
Authors: Saptari A Y , Widyatuti R , Hernandi A , Naufal M A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) which was originally used for construction design has developed with increasing BIM dimensions from 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D to 10D and with the addition of semantics to 3D objects so that BIM allows it to be developed in broader management such as utility and assets management. In a utility management system, object data acquisition process will face some problem in varying object’s dimensions and location require the merging of several 3D data which is collected from different equipment with different accuracy and precision which for this research using the High Definition Surveying (HDS) method from Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Handheld Laser Scanning (HLS) instruments. The problem that arises is in point cloud data merging process with different point densities, in this paper merging data will use Helmert 3D transformation method. Another problem is in the objects georeferencing into the Earth coordinate system. A georeferenced system is needed to integrate all of utility object into a utility management system in a building. This process is necessary if the development of utility database management will be linked with the creation of 3D models in the bigger scopes such as smart cities or narrower scopes such as smart buildings. The end result is a georeferenced BIM-based utility database management system, which allows for spatial analysis or automation using coordinate systems embedded in 3D objects.
Implementation and impact of graph theory algorithm in Z-source breaker for the protection of DC microgrid
Authors: Faazila Fathima S , Premalatha L 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Integrating renewable energy resources is the solution for the power demand crisis in the power energy market, reducing carbon emissions and energy loss. Autonomous acting grids, like DC microgrids, can provide power to rural areas, which neglects grid congestion. However, a proper protection scheme still needs to be determined, as the bidirectional power flow in microgrids exists. Initially, the status of the buses in the network needs to be monitored and addressed continuously so inactive buses are identified and faulted lines are noted easily. Also, the occurrence of a fault may provide a great cause to the nearest renewable generation. So, the distance from a faulted point to the closest operating source are determined to avoid protection blinding. In this study, the active buses are identified using the Kruskal algorithm, the shortest distance from a faulted point to the nearest renewable generation for fault detection is demonstrated, and the run time is compared using Bellman Ford and Dijkstra’s algorithm. The traditional protection scheme can only do fixed relay settings, but the adaptive network works on different relay settings. The proposed system detects the fault and works based on voltage and current data at line ends. Also, the adaptive algorithm is analyzed using a bidirectional Z source breaker when implemented in nine bus DC microgrid system. Result analysis is carried out in MATLAB Simulink interfaced Python scripts for various faults, and the results prove the system’s efficiency, adaptability, and robustness.
A method to map the levelised cost of hydrogen from offshore wind farms coupled to onshore electrolysers via HVDC
Authors: Dinh Quang Vu , Dinh Van Nguyen , Leahy Paul 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Green hydrogen generated by electrolysis from offshore wind energy can contribute to energy security and decarbonisation by substituting fossil natural gas. The levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is a commonly used metric to evaluate a project’s economic potential. In the near term, one of the potential configurations to produce hydrogen is an offshore wind farm connected to a dedicated onshore electrolyser by a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. This study integrates a detailed, location-specific cost model with geospatial tools to create a map of LCOH generated from such plants. A case study that uses the model to map LCOH based on a 540 MW offshore wind farm in Irish waters coupled with onshore electrolysers is also presented. The transmission expenditure ranges from €500 to €800 million, depending on the offshore wind farm location. The obtained LCOH map shows that LCOH values based on wind energy from the offshore area of Ireland are mainly in the range of 5–6 €/kg. Although the locations with the lowest project capital expenditure are near the coasts, some areas with the lowest LCOH are further offshore and in deeper waters due to the superior wind resources in these areas.
Incorporation of Bi sintering aid to TiO2 photoanode for low temperature dye sensitized solar cell
Authors: Khir H , Pandey A K , Saidur R , Ahmad M S 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The low conversion efficiency for low temperature dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to poor interparticle contact and charge transfer of TiO2 photoanode has been an issue for the solar cell. Therefore, the research aims to combat the issue with the implementation of bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles as sintering aid to the TiO2 photoanode. The addition of Bi sintering aid was found to form necks at the TiO2-Bi matrix seen in the morphological studies, despite the low sintering temperature of 200°C, due to the low melting point of Bi (271.4°C). The formation of these necks improved the interparticle contact and charge transfer of the photoanode that was observed in the electron transfer studies. Photoanodes with Bi sintering aid yielded lower charge transfer resistance (RCT) and series resistance (RS) than bare TiO2 photoanode by 15%-31%. The RCT and RS of TiO2-4%Bi photoanode (RCT=7.244 kΩ/cm2, RS=14.64 kΩ/cm2) was even almost comparable to the commercially prepared TiO2 photoanode at high temperature of 450°C (RCT=5.125 kΩ/cm2, RS=10.34 kΩ/cm2). Thus, indicating the potential for this approach in enhancing the overall performance of flexible low temperature DSSC in the future.
Anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and impact of incorporation with palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
Authors: Soo P L , Wong L P , Bashir M J K 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is a favourable technology for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and production of biogas. Biological treatment using an anaerobic batch reactor (ABR) augmented with palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was implemented to investigate the impact of POFA on their performances. Two ABRs are fabricated in this study: Control and POFA ABRs, where POFA ABR was operated at 2g/L of pre-treated POFA with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to increase its porosity. Both reactors are kept at room temperature and a daily feed with neutralized raw POME. Treated samples were collected daily to test for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH, whereas weekly tests for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). Results showed that the control ABR is able to reduce up to 94.4% of COD as compared to the POFA added ABR with only 63.3% in 50 days. The addition of POFA into the anaerobic digestion resulted in lower performance in terms of COD removal efficiency by 20.5%. Economic analysis evidenced that with 85,500 m3 of POME, up to 863 tons of biomethane can be produced, showing a large amount of energy can be utilized from the anaerobic digestion of POME as an alternative energy source.
Exploring the effects of silver nanoparticle addition on the properties of paraffin wax phase change material
Authors: Islam A. , Pandey A.K , Saidur R. , Buddhi D. , Tyagi V.V. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ability of phase change materials (PCMs) to store and release significant amount of energy during phase transition has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. However, low thermal characteristics of pure PCMs has been a major limitation in their application for thermal energy storage (TES) systems. In this study, thermal properties of paraffin wax A46 (PW-A46) based composites with the addition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been investigated. PW-A46 was chosen as the PCM due to its high latent heat of fusion and low cost, while Ag NPs are known for their high thermal conductivity and have been utilized in various composites to improve thermal properties. Ag NPs were added to the paraffin wax at three different weight percentages of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 weight percent (wt.%), and composites were prepared using an ultrasonic probe sonicator. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been done to study chemical bonding and interactions between paraffin and Ag NPs. No new peaks were observed in the FTIR spectra, indicating that addition of Ag NPs did not cause any significant changes in chemical structure of PW-A46. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that composites were stable up to 230°C, indicating their potential for high-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) applications. UV-Vis results demonstrated a 77% increase in the absorbance of the 0.7 wt.% of AgNPs with A46-PW (PW/0.7Ag) composite. Overall, the results suggested that addition of Ag NPs to paraffin wax can improve the optical and thermal characteristics of pure PCM for potential applications.
Prospects of green adsorbent produced from avocado seed via hydrothermal carbonization for treatment of dye wastewater
Authors: Solih Fathimath Afrah , Abdul Raman Abdul Aziz , Buthiyappan Archina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The adsorption process is a highly effective operational technique for dye removal from industrial wastewater. At present, the commercial adsorbents employed for removing dyes are manufactured via a slow pyrolysis process, which is time-consuming and requires more energy. Hydrothermal carbonization, on the other hand, is a highly efficient alternative method of synthesizing adsorbents that consumes less time and energy while producing effective adsorbents. This study synthesized adsorbents from avocado seeds via hydrothermal carbonization, followed by chemical activation. The adsorption study revealed that the avocado seed adsorbent has the highest color removal of 80 % using 3.5 g/L of adsorbent at acidic pH under optimized conditions. In conclusion, hydrochar from the avocado seed is a potential green adsorbent for the treatment of dye wastewater.
Effect of conductive particles embedded phase change material on the productivity of a solar still in a controlled environment
Authors: Tan Jia Hui , Bahar Rubina , Jun Hieng Kiat , Low Jaslyn 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A solar still’s performance using 3 different conductive particles embedded in the phase change material (PCM) has been studied. The conductive particles involved are aluminium scrap (Al), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nano powder and copper (Cu) nano powder, whereas the PCM is paraffin wax. Four similar solar still models were built with different PCMs, differentiated as Model A, B, C, and D, filled with Al scrap-PCM, Al2O3 nano-PCM, Cu nano-PCM, and Al2O3 + Cu-nano PCM combinations, respectively. The productivity of the solar stills for Models A, B, C, and D are 1.93, 2.15, 1.93, and 2.20 kg/kJ.m2 respectively. It was concluded that Al2O3 + Cu-nano PCM is the most efficient PCM-conductive particle combination and Cu nano powder can be replaced by aluminium scrap as an economical alternative.
Optimizing hydrogen gas concentration using response surface methodology (RSM) with design expert 6.0.9 application
Authors: Zainul Rahadian , Rahmad Efran Ustia , Ramadhani Rida Oppi , Ahmad Muhammad Shakeel , Yohandri  , Lubis Amalia Putri , Ganefri  
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The MQ-8 sensor will be used in this investigation to estimate the maximum hydrogen gas concentration generated during the dry cell generators’ electrolysis procedure. The process of water electrolysis involves breaking down the water molecule H2O using direct electric current, into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Utilizing DC generators with 4/4 plate electodes (Cu/Al) as the cathodes and NaNO3 solutions as the electrolytes, hydrogen gas production by electrolysis is achieved. 0.6 amps and 2 volts are employed in this electrolysis procedure for a duration of 1 hour. The ideal conditions for hydrogen gas concentration are NaNO3 1 M concentration and 60 minutes with a maximum hydrogen concentration of 143.393 ppm generated. The hydrogen gas concentration verification result value is 144 ppm.
Hole transport layers performance analysis of lead-free perovskite solar cell using scaps-1D
Authors: Shehu Y , Samsuri S A M , Ahmed N M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Lead-free (Pb-free) perovskite solar cell (PVSC) was studied using solar cell capacitor simulator (Scaps-1D). We utilized spiro-OMeTaD-HTL and NiO-HTL to compare between the performance of the devices. The device architecture, FTO/TiO2/Cs2TiI6/Spiro-OMeTaD/Au attained high Performance parameters of Voc as 0.95V, Jsc as 16.58mA/cm2, F.F as 78.51%, and PCE as 12.36%, at the optimum absorber layer of 0.7μm, compared to NiO-HTL of Voc as 1.52V, Jsc as 13.02mA/cm2, F.F as 91.42% and PCE as 17.48% at the optimum absorber layer of 0.4μm. The thicknesses have been varied from 0.1μm to 1.0μm. Moreover, when the thicknesses increase from minimum to maximum, a good number of electron-hole pair is generated in the processes. Thus, a highest quantum efficiency, Q.E of about 92% and 82% for spiro-OMeTaD-HTL and NiO-HTL devices are visible in the wavelength ranges of 320nm – 370nm, and 340nm – 380nm, also at the photon energy ranges of 3.5eV – 3.8eV, and 3.4eV – 3.8eV respectively. Besides, NiO is highly recommended as the HTL material layer is this study, due to its excellent performance compared to spiro-OMeTaD HTL layer. This study minimized the problem of stability and toxicity issues of using lead (Pb) in PVSC as it’s very toxic to the surrounding environment.
Techno-economic assessment of solar photovoltaic (PV) waste management in Bangladesh
Authors: Miah M A R , Islam M S , Ahmed M F , Rokon S , Rahman S R 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The global deployment of solar power has accelerated, particularly in Bangladesh, due to the energy crisis, escalating vitality requests and commitments related to climate change. The nation’s capacity for on-grid and off-grid solar energy has more than quadrupled in just five years, rising from 300 MWP in 2000-2017 to 730 MWP in 2018-2022. This caused the production of 14 TWh of electricity which results 7 million tonnes CO2 emission reduction over time. However, this growth has certainly also resulted in the production of significant amounts of solar photovoltaic (PV) waste which is increasing over the coming years, becoming an enormous threat to waste management system. Human and ecological risks allied with this instinctive depositing of PV waste, urging the need to design a successful plan to manage this new stream of waste. In order to comprehend the situation on the ground and identify difficulties and constraints that prevent the adoption of a regularized policy for its management, this study reviews the literature on Bangladesh’s PV waste management sector. The country is technically capable of PV waste recycling which returns economic worth of USD 65.8 million and CO2 emission reduction 63 million tonnes. Finally, to assess the framework’s functionality, a SWOT analysis has performed.
The revolution of matrix converter: moving towards decarbonization technology
Authors: Baharom Rahimi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The matrix converter is a power electronic device that can be used to control the flow of electricity in various industrial and commercial applications. In recent years, the matrix converter has become increasingly popular as a means of decarbonizing energy production. One of the primary benefits of the matrix converter is its ability to efficiently convert AC power to DC power, and vice versa. This is critical in renewable energy systems that rely on DC power, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Therefore, this paper presents the revolution of the matrix converter, which focuses on the single-phase topology, and its applications, especially for renewable energy and battery storage. The operations of a matrix converter to convert DC power from solar panels and wind turbine sources to AC power suitable for use on the power grid are presented as well as the appropriate switching algorithms. To achieve this, the SPMC can be designed to handle multiple input voltages and frequencies and to generate multiple output voltages and frequencies. This can be done by using a combination of modulation techniques, such as carrier based PWM, along with appropriate switching patterns. Therefore, a multi-input multi-output converter (MIMO) using matrix converter is a power electronics converter that can handle multiple inputs and multiple outputs voltages and frequencies using only one circuit topology. Thus, the topology can offer several advantages over traditional power converters such as reduced size and cost, high efficiency, improved power quality and flexibility. This is crucial for a decarbonized energy system because it makes renewable energy sources more effective. Its ability to efficiently convert power, regulate power flows, and operate reliably makes it an important tool in the transition to a decarbonized energy system.
Investigative study of cost-effective ZrO2 nanoparticles/acrylic based diaphragm for alkaline electrolyzers
Authors: Zainul Rahadian , Qayoom Abdul , Ahmad Muhammad Shakeel , Selvaraj Jeyraj , Rahim Nasrudin Abd 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Energy is crucial to the cycle of existence in the universe and plays an important role in achieving sustainable growth. Considering the traits of the conventional approach and challenges dealing with conventional energy technologies, water electrolysis is reflected to be simple, sustainable, and green energy tool. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) process is mature technology of the last century for industrial hydrogen production. AWE uses asbestos as the separator medium. However, asbestos allows crossover of the produced gases therefore, low purity gas is obtained, and with limited stability. In the present study, a novel composite diaphragm separator has been synthesized using Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) with aqueous acrylic solution in different compositions and optimized for enhanced performance. The prepared composite is initially stabilized through sonication and applied on the medium with a uniform thickness using a doctor blade film applicator. The study aims to optimize the composite diaphragm to withstand the severe chemical and thermal conditions of the electrolyzer. Zirconium oxide-based diaphragms offer several advantages over other types of diaphragms, including excellent corrosion resistance, high chemical and thermal stability, and long service life. These coated separator diaphragms showed good electrolysis performance and stability in an alkaline medium.