bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo bone strain in the mandible of Galago crassicaudatus
Authors: Hylander William L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSingle element foil strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in eight specimens of Galago crassicaudatus. The gage was bonded below the Pm4 or M2 adjacent to the lower border of the mandible. The bonded strain gage was connected to form one arm of a Wheatstone bridge. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the restrained Galago bit either a piece of wood, a food object, or a bite force transducer. During these biting episodes, mandibular bone strain deformed the strain gage and the resulting change in electrical resistance of the gage caused voltage changes across the Wheatstone bridge. These changes, directly proportional to the amount of bone strain along the gage site, were recorded by a strip chart recorder. Bone strain was measured on both the working and balancing sides of the jaws. Maximum values of bone strain and bite force were 435 microstrain (compression) and 8.2 kilograms respectively. During bending of the mandible, the correlation between bone strain (tension or compression) and bite force ranged from ‐0.893 (tension) to 0.997 (compression).The experiments reported here demonstrate that only a small percentage of the Galago bite force is due to balancing side muscle force during isometric unilateral molar biting. In addition, these experiments demonstrate that the Galago mandible is bent in a predictable manner during biting. The amount of apparent mandibular bone strain is dependent on (1) the magnitude of the bite force and (2) the position of the bite point.
A study of the taxonomic significance of the dental arch
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSixteen dimensions were measured from the maxillary and mandibular dental arches of different ethnic groups of man, apes and monkeys. Multivariate analysis showed that discrimination was possible among the ethnic groups of man on the one hand and between the ape and monkey samples on the other. Nevertheless, the actual degree of discrimination between the primate samples depended upon whether the maxillary or mandibular arch dimensions were analysed. Furthermore, subsequent inclusion of the dental arch dimensions of fossil hominoid samples into the analysis confirmed the taxonomic significance of the dental arch, although its importance must await the acquisition of more non‐human primate data.
Cortical bone measurements in Turner's syndrome
Authors: Park Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCortical bone width measurements taken at midshaft on the second metacarpal were obtained from 156 hand X‐rays of 80 karyotypically documented individuals with Turner's syndrome age 1 to 25 years. Total shaft width, medullary width, cortical width and percent cortical area were grouped by bone age and compared with normal female standards. Total width was significantly and increasingly below normal; medullary width was not consistently different from normal; cortical width was significantly lower from normal from age 14 onward, although it did rise at age 17 (adult bone age); percent cortical area was significantly below normal at ages 14 and 15, but was normal by adulthood. Values for percent cortical area did not indicate severe or widespread osteoporosis.Within the Turners sample cortical bone measurement were not significantly decreased in the presence of the XO sex chromosome constitution compared with other sex chromosome variants. Nor were the measurements decreased in the presence of positive metacarpal sign or a combination of typical Turner stigmata (web neck, low posterior hairline, shield chest). There was evidence that cortical width and percent cortical area increased significantly following estrogen treatment or spontaneous menarche.
Incisal bite force direction in humans and the functional significance of mammalian mandibular translation
Authors: Hylander William L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIncisal bite force direction was recorded and analyzed in ten human subjects using a specially designed force transducer. In all ten subjects the maxillary incisal bite force was vertically and anteriorly directed both during static biting and during biting associated with simultaneous mandibular translation and rotation. Since the resultant muscle force could not have been equal and opposite to the mandibular bite force, the mandibular condyles must have been loaded. These data demonstrate that the mandible acts as a lever during incisal biting and that there is no consistent relationship between incisal bite force direction and object size. In some individuals the bite force direction was more vertical during biting on a large transducer (30 mm high), while in other subjects it was more vertical during biting on a small transducer (10 mm high).
A study of intragroup biological change induced by social group fission in Macaca mulatta using discrete cranial traits
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEight discrete cranial traits are used as biological indicators to investigate the effect of social group fission on intragroup genetic change leading to intergroup differentiation in Macaca mulatta. The timing of discrete cranial trait frequency change and group fission coincide, indicating a possible causal relationship between fission and genetic change. A significant change in the male mating population during and after fission is proposed as the mechanism causing intragroup genetic change, along with the effects of fluctuations in segregation ratios.
Genetic differentiation among populations in Western New Guinea
Authors: Gajdusek D. C. , Leyshon W. C. , Kirk R. L. , Blake N. M. , Keats Bronya , McDermid E. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRed cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme groups were determined for a series of 1,821 individuals belonging to six language families in Western New Guinea. Three of the language families represent groupings of languages spoken by people in the swampy coastal plain of south central Western New Guinea, two belong to the Central Highlands and one to the Lake Plain area near the confluence of the Idenburg and Rouffaer Rivers.The distribution of genetic markers reveals similarities with other parts of New Guinea. The A2 allele is absent in the ABO system, the frequency of Ns in the MNS system is very high as is the R1 (CDe) allele in the Rh system. Hp1 frequencies are high, and the transferrin allele TfD1 is present as in other parts of New Guinea. In the red cell enzyme systems several alleles were detected which are characteristic of Papuan, and in some cases other Melanesian populations: these include MDH3, PGK4, PGK2, PGM92, PGM102, as well as some very restricted alleles such as Peptidase B6 and Pep B2.Three indices of genetic distance were computed. The most striking results are the genetic closeness of the Dani and Moni populations from the Central Highlands to the Asmat on the southern coastal plain, and the relative remoteness of the Awyu from the other south coastal populations. The results are discussed in terms of recent theories on the origin and dispersal of Papuan languages.
Analysis of the shoulder in brachiating spider monkeys
Authors: Jenkins Farish A. , Dombrowski Philip J. , Gordon E. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdult spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and A. paniscus) were conditioned to brachiate on a rope mill (an arboreal analogue of a treadmill). The postures and excursions of the shoulder girdle were studied by cineradiography. These data, together with conventional cinematographic and anatomical studies, permit reassessment of some characteristic structural and functional features of the shoulder in brachiators.During the propulsive phase, the shoulder joint moves caudad from fifth cervical to seventh cervical levels; at the same time, the joint moves dorsad (from a frontal plane midway between the first thoracic vertebra and the manubrium, to a frontal plane through the spinous processes) and slightly mediad. Spider monkeys position the scapula principally on the dorsum of the thorax, in contrast to quadrupedal primates which maintain a more lateral position (even in suspended postures). During brachiation, the scapula rotates a total of 35°; most of this rotation (20°) occurs in the non‐propulsive phase when the free arm is being elevated to secure a new handhold.The sigmoidal shape, twisting of proximal relative to distal ends, and elongation of the clavicle in spider monkeys and other brachiators appear to be related to the specialized positioning of the shoulder girdle on the dorsum of the thorax. Shoulder and elbow movements contribute to the efficiency of the swing in terms of the dynamics of a pendulum.
Contributions to variance in phalangeal growth: Estimates from twins
Authors: Wetherington Ronald K. , Rutenberg Gary W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLengths of the second metacarpal and fourth middle phalanx of a sample of 99 sets of radiographs of twins (45 MZ sets and 54 like‐sex DZ sets) are subjected to variance analysis. The purpose is to examine incremental growth status between the appearance of these bones and the fusion of their epiphyses. Grouped data show higher F‐ratios and H scores for males in MC2 length and for females in MP4 length. When the data are sub‐divided by age (10 and under, older than 10), the later ages show uniformly higher F and H scores than the younger, and males higher than females for all measurements. It is suggested that the influence of the environment is relatively less in later ages, and that X‐chromosomal influence plays a part in determining tubular bone growth in the hand‐wrist.
Some implications of relative biomechanical neck length in hominid femora
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDemonstration of a size‐based influence on relative biomechanical neck length of the femur predicts relatively longer necks for smaller femurs. Fossil hominids through the middle Pleistocene appear to have relatively longer femur necks than expected from this relation, excepting the two small australopithecine females. It is suggested that this variation results from smaller crania at birth in the fossils, and the possibility is raised that australopithecine populations were characterized by marked brain size differences at birth.
Artificial cranial deformation and the increased complexity of the lambdoid suture
Authors: Gottlieb Karen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudies examining an association between artificial cranial deformation and the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoid suture have been inconclusive. Cranial deformation, however, does seem to have a direct effect of increasing the sutural complexity of the pars lambdica of the lambdoid suture and also increasing the mean number of lambdoidal wormian bones, given their presence.
A new method for assessing the sex of fragmentary skeletal remains: Femoral shaft circumference
Authors: Black Thomas K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA simple discriminant function using midshaft femoral circumference for the determination of sex has been tested with 114 skeletons from the Libben Site, Ontario County, Ohio. The results have been shown to be 85% consistent with other, accepted means of determining sex. Femur circumference can be an aid to the sexual identification of poorly preserved and fragmentary skeletal remains.
The blacks of Panama: Their genetic diversity as assessed by 15 inherited biochemical systems
Authors: Ferrell Robert E. , Nunez Aminta , Bertin Terry , Labarthe Darwin R. , Schull William J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPanama's black citizens are culturally and historically divisible into two groups, the Spanish‐speaking coloniales and the English‐speaking anglos or afro‐antillanos. Until recently these groups have been geographically as well as culturally isolated one from the other, although both are predominantly of West and Southwest African origin. Assessment of the genetic diversity within‐villages and within language groups reveals as much, possibly somewhat more, diversity in 15 inherited biochemical markers within villages and language groups as that which obtains between villages and language groups.A number of rare variants at the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and esterase D loci were encountered and are described.
Blood groups of pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Sackett G. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe human‐type A‐B‐O blood groups of 57 pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were determined and the calculated gene frequencies, O = 0.8908, A = 0.0825 and B = 0.0267, gave excellent fit with the hypothesis of inheritance by triple allelic genes. In tests for simian‐type blood groups with rhesus, baboon and crab‐eating macaque immune antisera, it was shown that the red cells of pig‐tailed macaques are polymorphic for several simian‐type specificities defined by those cross‐reacting sera. Pig‐tailed macaques share with other macaque species the complex Drh‐graded blood group system, which seems to occupy a special role among red cell antigens of macaques. Normal sera of three female macaques contained spontaneous isoagglutinins which selectively agglutinated the red cells of some pig‐tailed as well as stump‐tailed macaques.
Variation in dental occlusion and arches among melanesians of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. II. Clinal variation, geographic microdifferentiation and synthesis
Authors: Smith Richard J. , Kolakowski Donald , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPatterns of geographic microdifferentiation for dental occlusion and the size and shape of the dental arches are described for 14 villages on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Occlusal variables, such as overjet, overbite, molar relationships, crowding or spacing, and malalignment vary less among villages than do arch length and width. Arch length and width decrease in size from north to south. The pattern of biological distance among villages for occlusal variables and arch size correspond poorly to anthropometric, linguistic, geographic and migrational distances. The value of occlusal variables and arch size for discriminating among populations, the biological interpretation of multivariate data and the objectives of research on geographic microdifferentiation are discussed.
Ossification in the hand and foot of the macaque (Macaca nemestrina). I. General features
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Tarrant Lewis H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeletal maturation, constructed by plotting the maturational indices against gestational age, demonstrated three distinct periods of ossification: the First Acceleration when primary centers appear, the Plateau, and the Second Acceleration when the secondary centers ossify. Similar curves are constructed for human prenatal and postnatal ossification. The results are also compared with those reported for M. mulatta, and the bases of the observed differences are discussed. Compared with other primates, the fetal and neonatal macaque shows a developmental precocity which may be an ontogenetic adaptation to the socioecological setting of terrestrial life.
The influence of experimental deformation on craniofacial development in rats
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranial deformation was produced experimentally in rats 8 to 40 days old for the purpose of studying the rotation of the craniofacial bones and the modification of the growth rates of the functional cranial components. One hundred and twenty four skulls (65 males and 59 females) were employed, classified as: deformed, deformed‐hydrocephalic, sham‐operated and controls. A mid‐sagittal diagram was drawn for each skull and the angle subtended by each bone with respect to the vestibular plane was measured. Growth indices were worked out for both the neural skull and the facial skull. Deformation altered the rotation of the parietal, interparietal and basisphenoidal bones and restricted the rotation of the fronto‐ethmo‐facial complex. Alteration of the longitudinal growth rates of the dorsal and basilar components of the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium produced the persistence of the klinorynchal state.
Population structure and genetic heterogeneity in the Upper Markham valley of New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis is presented of the standardized Wahlund's variances (f) in gene frequencies of the ABO, Rh and MNS blood group systems among 19 villages of the Atsera isolate of the upper Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea. In the past, there has been some disagreement over the relative importance of population structure and natural selection in the determination of these variances. The Lewontin‐Krakauer test is presented as a means of resolving this disagreement. According to this test, selectively neutral variation in gene frequencies should generate essentially homogeneous values of f for all loci, a homogeneity which can be tested by comparing the value of s to a theoretical σ expected when variations in f̂ are due solely to sampling error. The observed value of s for the Atsera isolate is 2.9 × 10−5, which is not significantly different from the expected values that range from 1.23 × 10−5 to 2.46 × 10−5 depending on the constant used in calculating σ. Therefore it appears that nonselective aspects of population structure such as genetic drift and intervillage migration are responsible for the recorded genetic variation in this isolate.
ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion in Reddis and Kammas Of Southern Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Naidu J. M. , Veerraju P. , Mukherjee D. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion were investigated in two caste populations, Reddis and Kammas of Southern Andhra Pradesh, and compared with the data of other populations. In ABO gene frequencies, the present series of Reddis and Kammas approach the values from other Andhra caste data. Moderate gene frequency of non‐secretor gene in both Reddis and Kammas are noted.
Altitude, heredity and body proportions in northern Chile
Authors: Palomino Hernan , Mueller William H. , Schull William J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent studies of the effects of hypoxia on human growth and adult size have focused mainly on the variability of single measurements. In this paper we explore changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish‐Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient (0–4000 meters) in northern Chile. Body proportion or shape is assessed by anthropometric indices and principal components of 14 bone measurements. Ethnicity independent of altitude had its major effect on proportions and a lesser effect on size. Aymara had larger relative sitting heights, broader builds and prominent facial development as compared to non‐Aymara (Spanish). Altitude also affected head and chest proportions during growth. On the whole, the effects of altitude and Aymara ancestry on the measurements and indices were independent (not necessarily of similar direction or magnitude), in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.
Activities of pongid thigh muscles during bipedal behavior
Authors: Tuttle Russell H. , Basmajian John V. , Ishida Hidemi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractElectromyographic recordings were taken from 12 thigh muscles (or major parts of them) in a gorilla, from 6 thigh muscles in a chimpanzee, and from 2 thigh muscles in an orangutan as they engaged in bipedal positional behavior, including stance, reaching overhead, lunging, leaping and walking.In the African apes, symmetric bipedal stances with hindlimb flexure were accompanied by notable EMG activity in many of the hamstring, quadriceps, and adductor muscles. If weight shifted eccentrically onto one hindlimb, EMG potentials generally increased to or remained at moderate and high levels. Our studies on the gluteal (Tuttle et al., '78) and thigh muscles of African apes partly confirm Kummer's ('75) prediction that considerable gluteal and hamstring activity would be required in order for them to stand bipedally with flexed hip and knee joints.The gorilla's thigh muscles exhibited considerable EMG activity during the stance phase and remarkably little activity during the swing phase of bipedal steps. The activity patterns of most thigh and gluteal muscles (Tuttle et al., '78) in the African apes are much more similar to those of bipedal gibbons than to their counterparts in man. The bipedal locomotor cycles of human subjects are accompanied by many more biphasic and triphasic EMG patterns in the thigh muscles than the locomotor cycles of other anthropoid primates are. The evolutionary anthropological significance of these findings should become clearer when they are complemented by EMG studies on human running, arboreal bipedalism and vertical climbing in apes, and central pattern generation in man and apes.
Digital dermatoglyphics of 107 Bengalis
Authors: Morgan Leslie Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractI analyzed the finger prints of 59 male and 48 female unrelated Bengalis in a rehabilitation camp of Dacca, Bangladesh. The most common pattern type in the Bengalis was the ulnar loop (53%), then whorls (40%); arches (5%) and radial loops (2%) were the least common. Radial loops occurred most frequently on the index fingers. I have shown the arch/whorl, whorl/loop, and pattern intensity indices, and I have presented ridge counts by individual digits and by total digital ridge count. Digital dermatoglyphics in the male Bangladeshis were similar to previous findings in male Brahmins of Bengal. However, there were more whorls and arches, fewer loops, and a higher mean total digital ridge count in the female Bangladeshis than in female Brahmins.
Temporal changes in human temporomandibular joint size and shape
Authors: Hinton Robert J. , Carlson David S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements approximating the size of the temporomandibular joint were taken on a series of genetically homogeneous populations from early Nubia, which span almost 10,000 years and embody a shift from a primarily hunting and gathering adaptation to a completely agricultural lifeway. A generalized trend of reduction of temporomandibular joint size was observed. In addition, a decrease in sexual dimorphism was apparent for all measures of joint size; a change primarily mitigated by reductions in male dimensions. The observed variation in size and form of the temporomandibular joint is most likely the result of the reduction in masticatory muscle robusticity and resultant changes in craniofacial form which have been documented for the transition from a hunting and gathering to an agricultural subsistence in Nubia.
Comparative biometrical study of stature and weight of Italian migrants in Belgium
Authors: Susanne C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStature and weight of 418 men (age range 15 to 57.6 years) of Italian ancestry immigrated in Belgium are studied as a function of age, education, and of profession. Taking account of the variation observed for these factors, the results are analyzed in terms of the geographical origin and of the age at migration. Compared to a reference population, no significant differences are observed between migrants and sedentes: no evidence of selective migration could be demonstrated. Rather, the influences of environmental factors are seen in that the mean heights of Italians born in Belgium and of individuals who migrated before five years of age are significantly higher than the means of the individuals who migrated after five years.