bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterns and infestation processes in the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella: a tale of two cities
Authors: Gilbert M. , Svatoš A. , Lehmann M. , Bacher S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSpatial patterns of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) population density was analysed in the cities of Bern and Brussels in order to explore its spatial population dynamics. The surveys were carried out in Bern in 1998 and 2000 and in Brussels in 2001 to assess population density in relation to local characteristics. In Brussels, population density was also measured using pheromone traps distributed over the city and collected twice per moth generation. A quantitative relationship was found between local population density (measured by pheromone traps and survey observations) and the amount of leaves left on the ground the previous fall. Several other factors were related to observed infestation levels: the occurrence of the pathogen Guignardia aesculi was inversely related to infestation by C. ohridella in Bern in 1998 and 2000, the number of horse chestnut trees within 800 m distance was positively related to infestation level in Bern in 2000, and the proportion of green areas within 100 m and the number of other horse chestnut trees within 2000 m were positively related to infestation levels in the 2001 Brussels survey. The pattern of infestation levels as a function of distance to potential population reservoirs suggested that C. ohridella re‐invades areas where overwintering leaves have been cleaned from refuge areas such as parks or urban forests. Our results indicate that the removal of leaves is a feasible first aid control measure to reduce moth population densities. However, leaf removal may not reduce moth densities when done improperly. In places where proper leaf removal is not feasible, other control measures are needed.
Stadium‐specific transmission of endosymbionts needed for pederin biosynthesis in three species of Paederus rove beetles
Authors: Kellner Rupert L. L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Females of the rove beetle genus Paederus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) accumulate large amounts of the defensive compound pederin produced by an endosymbiotic bacterium. Pederin is transferred in the eggs, while the endosymbionts are transmitted via the egg shell. In all three species analyzed (P. melanurus, P. riparius, and P. sabaeus), descendants of aposymbiotic matrilines (lacking both endosymbionts and biosynthetic capabilities) acquire biosynthetic capability by the ingestion of eggs with endosymbionts during larval development. Successful colonization by endosymbionts depends on the number of eggs consumed and the age of the feeding larvae. During the adult stage, however, the females cannot acquire biosynthetic capabilities. Adult females are able to sequester pederin from eggs eaten, and they transfer the substance into their own eggs. Lack of intrinsic biosynthesis after ingestion of endosymbionts indicates that these are not biosynthetically active within the gut and have to reach an unknown internal location before completion of metamorphosis. These results are discussed with regard to the benefit of intraspecific cannibalism.
Attraction of forest cockchafer Melolontha hippocastani to (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and 1,4‐benzoquinone: application aspects
Authors: Ruther Joachim , Hilker Monika 
Published: December 2004

Abstract The application aspects of chemicals which attract the forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani F., were investigated in field and laboratory experiments. Previous studies have shown that males of M. hippocastani are attracted by a synthetic mixture of green leaf volatiles (GLV) and the sex pheromone 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ), that synergistically enhances the male response to GLV. In the present study, we demonstrated that BQ also synergised the male response to one single component of the GLV mixture, the leaf alcohol (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol (Z‐3‐ol). BQ enhanced the attractiveness of Z‐3‐ol at doses between 0.05 and 5 mg per trap, reaching a maximum at 5 × 10−1 mg day−1. The addition of an insecticide (cyhalothrin) to traps baited with BQ and Z‐3‐ol did not affect the lures’ attractiveness. However, when a conidiospore formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch was added, the attractiveness of baited traps was significantly reduced.Furthermore, two types of dispensers baited with a solution of BQ in Z‐3‐ol at 20 mg ml−1 were tested over the entire 4‐week flight season. Both a membrane dispenser and a dispenser based on a porous polyethylene (PPE) absorbent disk attracted more males than controls over the entire 4 weeks. The membrane dispenser attracted as many males each week as a reference formulation that was renewed daily. Furthermore, the membrane dispenser attracted more males than the PPE dispenser in weeks 2–4, although laboratory experiments showed that the latter released even higher or at least equal amounts of the joined lure over the entire 4 weeks. However, estimation of the BQ/Z‐3‐ol ratios of the released material by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) revealed that the membrane dispenser released a higher proportion of BQ than the PPE dispenser in weeks 2–4. Therefore, a higher BQ/Z‐3‐ol ratio might be responsible for the advantage of the membrane dispenser in the field.
A second case of genetic host races in Rhagoletis? A population genetic comparison of sympatric host populations in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi
Authors: Schwarz Dietmar , McPheron Bruce A. , Hartl Günther B. , Boller Ernst F. , Hoffmeister Thomas S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDespite an increasing acceptance in the biological community for sympatric speciation as a mode of species formation, well documented examples of sympatrically evolved ‘incipient species’ remain rare. The sympatric host races of apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), represent one of the most prominent case studies for sympatric speciation via a host shift. The European cherry fruit fly, R. cerasi (L.), shows strong ecological similarities to R. pomonella: (1) infestation of two different host plants, Lonicera xylosteum L. and Prunus avium L., and (2) divergent phenological and behavioral adaptations of flies on different hosts. The population genetic study presented here addresses whether the host associated populations of R. cerasi also represent genetically differentiated true host races. Out of a total of 29 allozyme loci examined, six were polymorphic and used to analyze six sympatric pairs of R. cerasi populations on Lonicera and Prunus from Switzerland and Germany. A direct comparison of allele frequencies between sympatric sites showed no pattern indicative of host races in R. cerasi. However, the hierarchical F‐statistic for one locus, mannose 6‐phosphate isomerase (Mpi), showed significant population differentiation that was in accordance with host race differentiation. Mpi is one of several loci that are also diagnostic for host race differentiation in R. pomonella. Results from Mpi suggest the formation of sympatric host races in R. cerasi, but additional polymorphic markers are necessary.
Two Anthocoris bugs as predators of glasshouse aphids – voracity and prey preference
Authors: Meyling Nicolai Vitt , Enkegaard Annie , Brødsgaard Henrik 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVoracity and prey preference were evaluated for adult females of the predatory bugs Anthocoris nemorum (L.) and Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) preying upon five species of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), of which Myzus persicae Sulzer, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and Aphis gossypii Glover are common pests in Danish glasshouse crops. Aphis fabae Scopoli was included to determine the influence of food quality on the preference of the predators, since A. fabae has proved to be of poor nutritional value to Anthocoris spp. The experiments were carried out over 24 h in climate cabinets at 20 °C, 60–70% r.h., L18:D6. The aphids were offered in equal amounts in combinations of two species in instars of comparable size. Myzus persicae served as a reference species in all combinations. Both predators accepted all five species of aphids as prey. The numbers of aphids killed per 24 h period varied between 3.7 and 18.0 for A. nemorum and between 3.6 and 12.7 for A. nemoralis. Field collected A. nemorum females, presumably in a state of reproductive diapause, killed in three of four prey combinations significantly more aphids than did ovipositing A. nemoralis females which originated from a commercial rearing. When A. nemorum females had terminated their reproductive diapause and commenced oviposition, voracity increased approximately threefold. When prey preferences were evaluated as a total number of killed prey, no difference in preference was found between the two Anthocoris species. Both predatory bugs preferred M. persicae to the other species, the most accepted alternative prey were A. gossypii, A. fabae, A. solani, and M. euphorbiae, in descending order. However, evaluating preference by number of aphids consumed, A. nemoralis showed a more pronounced preference for M. persicae, especially when combined with A. fabae. In nearly every case, A. nemoralis rejected A. fabae as a food item after killing the aphid. Thus, A. nemoralis exhibited a more specific food choice than A. nemorum. By killing and consuming different aphid species found in glasshouse crops – particularly M. persicae– both A. nemorum and A. nemoralis showed preliminary qualities as agents for the biological control of aphids.
Impaired skin barrier and atopic diathesis in perioral dermatitis
Authors: Dirschka Thomas , Szliska Christiane , Jackowski Jochen , Tronnier Hagen 
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: Perioral dermatitis (PD) is a common dermatological disease whose aetiology and pathogenesis remain speculative. We investigated skin barrier function and various markers of the atopic diathesis to elucidate their impact on the development of perioral dermatitis. Patients and methods: Forty patients (24 to 69 years of age) with PD were evaluated. Transepidermal water loss was measured in three regions of the face (lateral chin, perinasal cheek and side of the nose) and the patients were assessed for clinical criteria for atopy. Prick tests were performed, and specific IgE against a mixture of aeroallergens (CAP SX1) was measured. The control group consisted of 62 individuals (20 to 68 years of age) without a history of PD or active disease. Results: Transepidermal water loss was significantly increased (P < 0.001) on all regions of the face in the patient over the control group. Significantly (P < 0.001) higher values were also found for the patient group regarding history (52.5 % vs. 17.7 %) and clinical signs of atopic diathesis (≥ 4 features: 72.5 % vs. 0 %), prick test reactivity (≥ 2 reactive prick tests: 60 % vs. 12.9 %), and specific IgE against aeroallergens (CAP SX1 classes ≥ 2: 60.0 % vs. 17.7 %). Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the relevance of impaired skin barrier function as a pathogenic factor in the causation of perioral dermatitis. The susceptibility of atopic skin to irritants increases as soon as the skin becomes eczematous. Therefore, we propose that atopic diathesis serves as an intensifier, supporting development and continued presence of perioral dermatitis after nonspecific irritant mechanisms have induced impaired skin barrier function.
Therapeutischer Einsatz der Tumor‐Nekrose‐Faktor‐α‐Hemmer Infliximab und Etanercept bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen
Authors: Jacobi Arnd , Manger* Bernhard , Schuler Gerold , Hertl Michael 
Published: December 2004

Hintergrund: Die Behandlung entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen ist häufig empirisch, da kausale Therapiemaßnahmen aufgrund unvollständiger Kenntnisse der Immunpathogenese meist nicht vorliegen. Die derzeit durchgeführten Therapien können zwar zur Remission der Erkrankung führen, allerdings müssen unter Umständen unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen in Kauf genommen werden. Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen einer zytokinmodulierenden Therapie bei chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen wie der rheumatoiden Arthritis, könnte der Einsatz von TNF‐α‐Inhibitoren eine weitere, spezifischere und effektivere Behandlungsmöglichkeit einzelner entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen darstellen. Patienten und Methodik: Anhand eigener Erfahrungen und aktueller Literaturberichte stellen wir den derzeitigen Stand des neuen Behandlungsregimes von entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen mit TNF‐α‐Blockern dar. Neben pathogenetischen Wirkmechanismen wird auf die Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung der TNF‐α‐Inhibitoren eingegangen. Außerdem wird auf unerwünschte Begleitwirkungen und mögliche Kontraindikationen dieser Therapie hingewiesen. Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen: Die bisherigen Erfolge zeigen, daß TNF‐α‐blockierende Substanzen bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen, insbesondere im Sinne der akuten Interventionstherapie, eine Bereicherung im Therapiespektrum darstellen können. Einheitliche Richtlinien über Indikationen und Kontraindikationen einer anti‐TNF‐α‐Therapie (Infliximab und Etanercept) bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen müssen erst erarbeitet werden, um die Therapie zu optimieren und die unerwünschten Begleitwirkungen gering zu halten.
Equilibrium of a Magnetically Confined Plasma in a Toroid
Authors: Kruskal M. D. , Kulsrud R. M. 
Published: December 2004

A variety of properties are derived satisfied by any static equilibrium of a plasma governed by the well-known magnetostatic equations. Some of these are local and quite trivial. Others involve integrals over surfaces of constant pressure, which are shown to be topologically toroidal under fairly general assumptions.
A variational principle for such equilibria is derived. One of its consequences is to provide a characterization of equilibria by their values of certain invariants.
Finally, conditions are obtained additional to the magnetostatic equations appropriate to the steady state of a plasma slowly diffusing across a magnetic field out of a topologically toroidal region.
On the Stability of Plasma in Static Equilibrium
Authors: Kruskal M. D. , Oberman C. R. 
Published: December 2004

Criteria useful for the investigation of the stability of a system of charged particles are derived from the Boltzmann equation in the small m/e limit. These criteria are obtained from the examination of the variation of the energy due to a perturbation, when subject to the general constraint that all regular, time-independent constants of the motion (including the energy) have their equilibrium values.
The first-order variation of the energy vanishes trivially, and the second-order variation yields a quadratic form in the displacement variable ξ (which may be introduced because of the well-known properties of this limit). The positive-definiteness of this form is a sufficient condition for stability.
Several theorems are stated comparing stability under the present theory with that under conventional hydromagnetic fluid theories where heat flow along magnetic lines of force is neglected. Generalizations can be made to systems where the effect of collisions is included.
Heating of a Confined Plasma by Oscillating Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Berger J. M. , Newcomb W. A. , Dawson J. M. , Frieman E. A. , Kulsrud R. M. , Lenard A. 
Published: December 2004

There are two ways of heating a plasma confined by a strong axial magnetic field. In the first of these the electric field is parallel to the magnetic field, the situation that obtains in ohmic heating. In the second of these, the electric field is perpendicular to the main axial magnetic field. In this paper we consider the second case only and consider the electric field to be produced by an externally imposed oscillation of the axial field. This method of heating is often called magnetic pumping.
It is found that as far as the heating of the plasma is concerned, there are four characteristic times which play a fundamental role. These four times are: (1) the collision time, (2) the period of the oscillating field, (3) the time of transit of a typical ion through the heating region, and (4) the cyclotron period of an ion. If these four characteristic times are all of comparable order, the theoretical analysis is exceedingly complex. Therefore, four cases were considered in which these were taken to be of different orders. The heating mechanism differs in each of these four cases since the period of the externally produced electric field is chosen to be comparable to one of the characteristic times in the analysis. In each of the four cases configurations were found which led theoretically, at least, to efficient heating of the plasma.
In those cases where the energy imparted to the plasma appears in the form of wave motion, the subsequent damping of these waves is discussed.
Update on Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child HIV Transmission
Authors: Mofenson Lynne M. 
Published: December 2004

The pediatric HIV epidemic in the US and other more developed countries changed dramatically after February 1994, when the results of PACTG 076 demonstrated that a triple regimen of ZDV reduced the risk of perinatal transmission by nearly 70%. Incorporation of ZDV prophylaxis into clinical practice, together with increased prenatal HIV counseling and testing, rapidly resulted in a significant decline in perinatal transmission and a concomitant decrease in the number of reported pediatric AIDS cases in the US. Transmission rates of 3–6% have been reported in various cohort studies with ZDV prophylaxis alone, and of 1–2% when ZDV is combined
with elective Cesarean delivery or when women are treated with highly active antiretroviral regimens that reduce maternal viral load to unquantifiable levels. Additionally, several short antiretroviral regimens, including those that require administration only during the intrapartum and early postpartum periods, have been shown to decrease perinatal transmission. These regimens provide effective intervention even for HIV‐infected pregnant
women who have not received antiretroviral therapy and are identified late in pregnancy or for the first time at delivery through rapid HIV testing.However, this success has been partially offset by increasing HIV infection rates among young women, high adolescent pregnancy rates among at‐risk populations, continued failure to identify HIV infection during pregnancy and inadequate prenatal care among HIV‐infected women, particularly those using drugs. Additionally, the impact of evolving patterns of antiretroviral drug resistance on efficacy of prophylaxis is not known. As
combination antiretroviral therapy becomes the standard of care for pregnant women in developed countries, evaluation of their infants for short‐ or long‐term adverse consequences of intrauterine antiretroviral exposure is also a priority. Finally, clinical trials have identified short‐course antiretroviral prophylaxis regimens that are effective and safe in resource‐poor countries; however, transmission of HIV via breast milk remains a concern.
Improving Universal Prenatal Screening for Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus
Authors: Anderson Brenna L. , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Landers Daniel V. 
Published: December 2004

Objective: To evaluate the effect of implementation of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) educational intervention on universal screening for HIV in a prenatal clinic setting.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, frequencies of offering and acceptance of HIV testing were compared before and after an educational intervention performed by an HIV‐focused nurse. The records of 293 women seeking prenatal care before the intervention and 206 women seeking prenatal care after the intervention were reviewed for offering and acceptance of HIV testing. Fisher′s exact test and logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship between the educational intervention and the offering and acceptance of HIV testing.Results: The frequency of HIV test offering at first visit and test acceptance before the educational intervention were 96.5% and 74.8%, respectively, and after the intervention were 99.5% and 84.3%, respectively. This
improvement in offering (3% change) and acceptance (9.5% change) was statistically significant (offering at first visit: OR = 7.27, 95% CI = 1.02 to 316.9; test acceptance: OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.88). Test acceptance was statistically significantly improved in the post‐intervention group after controlling for confounding variables (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.39).Conclusion: The addition of an HIV‐focused nurse to a clinic setting improved the frequency of test offering at first visit and of acceptance of HIV testing by pregnant women.
The Political Economy of Supranational Institutions: Two Recent Contrary Standpoints
Authors: Bergs Rolf 
Published: December 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st CenturyLloyd Gruber, Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions
Linguistic and conceptual development from one to six years: an introduction
Authors: Floccia Caroline , Goslin Jeremy , Schneider Roland , Thommen Evelyne 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this section nine experimental papers are presented, a selection chosen by both developmental psycholinguists and psychologists as being of special interest to the area of concept acquisition. Although many points (both theoretical and methodological) put the two fields of research in opposition, these papers show the possibilities of a coherent overview of development, covering both language and conceptual development. This is especially important in the overlapping areas of research concerning the sound‐to‐meaning mapping processes of lexical acquisition, and the appearance of words referring to mental verbs in the child's vocabulary.
Aspects of grammatical development in young French children with SLI
Authors: Hamann Cornelia , Ohayon Stéphanie , Dubé Sébastien , Frauenfelder Ulrich H. , Rizzi Luigi , Starke Michal , Zesiger Pascal 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an exploratory study of the spontaneous production of 11 French children clinically diagnosed as specific language impaired (SLI). In a cross‐sectional study of the children under and over 5 years of age, we investigate the production of finite and non‐finite verbal forms, of sentences with overt and null subjects, and of pronominal clitics. A comparison between younger and older children with SLI highlights developmental patterns which parallel normal syntactic development in important respects, though at a slower pace. An area of difficulty which clearly persists for the older group involves the domain of pronominal complement clitics.
Self–other and third‐person categorization in normal and autistic children
Authors: Peeters Guido , Grobben Goele , Hendrickx Ann , Van den Eede Steven , Verlinden Karen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSocial information processing has been found to vary as a function of whether perceivers categorize individuals in terms of self and other (SO‐categorization) or using categories associated with the third pronominal person (3P‐categorization). Normal children aged 3–8, autistic children aged 5–9 and adult students were presented with decision tasks that enabled us to assess the use of SO‐ and 3P‐categorizations. A breakthrough of the SO‐categorization was observed at age 5. The hypothesis that 3P‐categorization precedes SO‐categorization was strongly disconfirmed, only adults showing consistent 3P‐categorization. Although previous research suggested a strong association between SO‐categorization and ‘I–Thou’ related social understanding, performances of autistic children suggested that impaired understanding of mental life does not detract from the ability to use SO‐categorization.