bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Iran
Authors: Golestaneh Seema 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the literature on various forms of women’s activism in nineteenth-, twentieth-, and twenty-first-century Iran, with “activism” broadly conceived. It highlights intellectual histories and ethnographies of Iranian women’s political and religious engagements, which range from broad overviews to studies of specific individuals, periodicals, and movements, as well as those works that engage in critical interventions within the field itself. Key debates in the field include the question of the “origin” of the women’s movements in the early twentieth century, the role of women in prerevolutionary leftist organizations, particularly the abandonment and/or co-option of women-led groups by said organizations, and how contemporary Iranian feminists must navigate the geopolitics of international feminism as well as pressure from certain domestic forces that are antagonistic to their cause.
Women in the Mosque
Authors: Katz Marion 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, scholars have drawn attention to a marked increase in women’s presence and activity in mosques internationally. The earliest research on this topic focused largely on the perceived tension between the liberatory implications of women’s increasing visibility in mosques and the conservative gender ideologies that those women often promoted. More recently, scholars have questioned the identification between women’s presence in the mosque and their presence in the public sphere, pointing both to the public dimensions of women’s ritual activities outside of the mosque and to the varied degrees of publicness of mosque-based activities. They have also drawn attention to different factors conditioning women’s access to and perceptions of mosques, including the varying relationships between mosques and the state and the women’s class identity. In addition, scholars have begun to broaden their inquiry to examine the relationship between mosques and Islamic masculinities.
Modern Rereadings of the Ḥadīth through a Gendered Lens
Authors: El Fadl Khaled Abou 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This article focuses on modern rereadings of the ḥadīth literature and the sunna of the Prophet, which have played an inestimable role in shaping the theology and law of Islam. While the ḥadīth and sunna preserve the collective memory of liberating moments for Muslim women, much of this tradition also upholds and perpetuates the institutions of patriarchy and male dominance. This chapter starts out by exploring “tension reports” in the Islamic narrative tradition that are alleged historical memories of the exercise of women’s agency in a fashion that challenged or defied the institutions of patriarchy at the time of the Prophet or his Companions. This is followed by a discussion of what I describe as the misogynistic reports in the ḥadīth literature and the three main interpretive or thematic stratagems employed by Muslim women scholars in wrestling with the Prophetic tradition and its meaning in the modern world. The focus is mostly on the scholarship of Muslim women writing in the English language. The chapter concludes by arguing that the ḥadīth and sunna are critical components of the Islamic tradition, and this tradition must continue to serve as the source for dynamic and inventive solutions, even to deeply entrenched challenges such as patriarchy.
Women as Transmitters of Knowledge
Authors: Sayeed Asma 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The transmission of religious knowledge by premodern Muslim women has attracted increased attention in recent decades among academics as well as the lay public. This topic has implications well beyond women’s education alone. It is also of substantial interest to those concerned with Islamic feminism, women’s mobility and empowerment, and the social construction of gender. It is also an avenue for exploring the history of Muslim education, early and classical Muslim social history, and subfields of Islamic learning such as ḥadīth, law, Qurʾān and its exegesis, and Sufism. This chapter provides an overview of major trajectories in academic studies of the topic and also presents the history of women’s participation within a major arena of religious knowledge, namely ḥadīth transmission.
Muslim Women as a Cultural Trope
Authors: Bullock Katherine 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This review chapter summarizes and analyzes the academic literature on cultural discourses about Muslim women post–September 11, with specific attention to the War on Terror. The focus is on three themes: (1) the War on Terror’s tropes as a continuation of colonial and orientalist themes; (2) the role of imperial feminism; and (3) continuities and discontinuities in representations of Muslim women and men. The chapter shows that rather than debates over key themes, there are largely variations on the three aforementioned themes. Scholars point to contemporary continuities in colonial and orientalist binaries of the “civilized” and “superior” West needing to save the Muslim women of the “backward” and “inferior” East. They highlight the unsavory role of Western feminists in supporting the War on Terror, and spotlight the anti-Muslim racism resulting from these two aspects in domestic policies meant to “manage” Muslims in the West.
Women as Economic Actors in the Premodern Islamic World
Authors: Sonbol Amira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the topic of Muslim women’s participation in their communities’ economy during the premodern period. A general conclusion of the chapter is that women’s participation in the economic life of their communities was normative and their contributions were essential to the continuity and vitality of their communities and families. Depending on class, place, and environment, women invested in agricultural land, or urban businesses, such as retail shops or coffee-houses. Others united together to invest in buying real estate and rentals or production and sale of goods like butter or olive oil. Still others worked as vendors and peddlers, often taking on goods on commission and peddling them for a profit. Hard labor was also usual for women who worked as domestics in agriculture, stone quarries, or factories. Islam guaranteed the right to own property for both men and women, and neither was forbidden from being financially active, investing, holding, or spending wealth, inherited or earned. As this chapter shows, the social system was actually rhizomatic, relations were interconnected, and business and financial undertakings were shared and depended on the community as a whole.
Charities, Philanthropic Organisations, and International Development
Authors: Beard Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a concise genealogy of charity by sketching out three interconnected ways in which narratives, discourses, disciplinary techniques, and institutions of charity have verged into contemporary phenomena familiar to the law and development scholar. These are the objectification of the poor, the constitution of humanitarian publics, and the linking of human advancement with Western epistemology and the sovereign state. These explorations pay particular attention to the ways in which charity is entwined with English law, and what this can teach those interested in law and development about the imperial effects of Western specificity, as well as the complex, narrative power of concepts that describe human betterment. For those interested in the ‘law’ in law and development, this chapter also makes useful observations about the good embedded in concepts like charity or development.
International Law, Development, and the Making of a Chinese Model
Authors: Zhang Kangle 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the meeting of international law and the development project made possible and continues making what could be broadly termed the Chinese development model. International law and the development project have done so by prescribing and validating norms of (economic) governance, shaping societal arrangements, and, more recently, enabling China-led development projects globally. These are achieved through legal concepts, orthodox ideas of development, and an enveloping and penetrative global economic structure that normalises unequal relationships of the past.
EU-Led Development
Authors: Erdem Türkelli Gamze 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on EU-led development as a particular articulation of EU policy vis-à-vis developing countries. It first traces the colonial origins of the then European Economic Community’s (EEC) engagement with the so-called overseas countries and territories (OCTs) through the legal provisions underpinning that engagement in the Rome Treaty. The second section of the chapter moves on to explore development as a domestic and foreign policy imperative in the European Union. This section tackles development in the EEC and later the EU as a domestic tool of European integration, situating EU-led development within the processes of enlargement and deepening characterising European integration. The section also recounts the story of development as a coaxial instrument of foreign and economic policy. The third section focuses on the three-pronged development cooperation policy based on aid, trade, and investment. The fourth and final section discusses the future of EU-led development.
The Evolution of Development and the South Asian Experience
Authors: Saeed Raza 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since its independence, South Asia has been the quintessential theatre for development—its economic and political shifts have mirrored and shaped the conceptual changes within the development paradigm. It has seen the region move from state-led modernisation to the weakening of state-centred development and then the adoption of neoliberal policies in the name of globalisation. And this union has become so naturalised that even in the face of contradictions emerging from the practice of development, the region has chosen to reform and expand the discourse rather than challenge it. At the same time, South Asia as the laboratory for development not only shows the major trends, but also the contradictions of development—the socio-economic inequality, displacement of individuals in the name of mega projects, problems of modern-day slavery and bonded labour, and weakening of welfare priorities of the states. The most important question that this chapter raises is how and why, despite development’s faltering promises, the answers sought by developing regions such as South Asia are formulated from within the paradigm. The chapter turns to the notion of development as religion to understand how development paradigm operates as a theological paradigm and prospers regardless of all its internal contradictions.
From Poverty and Development to People’s International Law
Authors: Mattei Ugo , Salomon Margot E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Poverty is the direct consequence of property accumulation masked by the rhetoric of growth, development, and shared prosperity. International law has played a decisive role in the design of this schema, as a powerful engine for the transformation of commons into capital. This chapter undresses international law, exposing it as a depoliticised technology that has served as a powerful transnational vehicle to globalise exploitive practices of humans and commons. The chapter posits that nothing less than a critique of the phenomenology of international law and its substitution with a commons-based approach to institutions will allow the poor to recover. From there this work presents the commons alternative, a turning away from the logic of domination and consumption, and a repatriation of the law to sovereign communities and the conditions under which a new and legitimate people’s international law can emerge.
International Tax Law and Development
Authors: Stewart Miranda , Nidumolu Prasanna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses international tax law and development in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and their predecessor, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It explores the place of taxation in the global development project, including its role in financing for development and the argument that governments should ‘learn to tax’. The chapter then discusses international taxation rules and administration and explains the twenty-first century attempts to reform international taxation to address globalisation and digitalisation of the economy, and especially to tax large multinational enterprises (MNEs). It outlines major reform initiatives, including initiatives of the OECD and the United Nations (UN) as well as briefly discussing alternative possibilities for more equitable tax rules and administration.
Labour and Labour Law in the Project of International Development
Authors: Ashiagbor Diamond , Rittich Kerry 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Colonialism and the modern project of development are deeply entangled—with labour provided by the Global South directly feeding processes of industrialisation in the Global North. Yet while labour has been central to development, it has played a marginal role, as its normative subject, the worker in a ‘standard employment relationship’, bears little resemblance to work and workers in developing countries. Orthodox understandings of modernisation hold that formalisation of labour, land, markets, and finance provide a path to development and progress for workers. This chapter offers a corrective to that view, indicating how regulatory initiatives concerning trade, labour standards, land, and entrepreneurialism, along with private law mechanisms, form part of the broader law of work, effectively determining the rights and protections of workers.
Women and the Family in International Law and Development
Authors: Buss Doris 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Informed by feminist political economy and field research on women’s livelihoods in informal gold mining and law reform, this chapter traces women and the family as targets of international development. The chapter begins with a brief consideration of family, gender and law reform within projects of empire, particularly in the 18th century, before moving to explore feminist critical reframing of economic and familial relations and how these were understood in dominant development thinking on the family in the 1980s and 1990s. Women’s economic roles and their familial and caring roles have been reframed anew in the “post-Washington consensus” period, in which language of ‘women’s empowerment’ has gained traction. This is discussed in the final section of the paper in relation to the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law database.
Gender and Sexuality in International Law and Development
Authors: Heathcote Gina , Lwabukuna Olivia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the way knowledge on gender and sexuality is ingrained, assumed, invisibilised, or rendered hypervisible, across the intertwined projects of international law and development. The authors argue that the progressions and sites of transnational feminist knowledge generation present significant intellectual nodes for the field of international law and development. At the same time, the interrogation of contemporary lawmaking in development agendas offers important feedback to inform future approaches to gender and sexuality. The chapter offers a study of local legal encounters around access to land in Tanzania to disrupt assumptions about the framing of legal knowledge, and to show how diverse transnational feminisms both inform and are distinct from global constructions of gender and sexuality within international law and development.
International Law and Sustainable Development
Authors: Natarajan Usha 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Sustainable development was conceptualised in the late 1980s by international development experts in response to concerns that development wreaked an insupportable degree of systemic environmental harm, which needed to be addressed in a manner cognisant of global development inequalities. This chapter explores to what extent the concept of sustainable development as utilised by international laws and institutions has answered these concerns, observing three ways in which sustainable development has replicated rather than rectified pre-existing development harms. First, sustainable development has entrenched the assumption that infinite economic growth is desirable and possible. Second, it services the need to periodically reinvent development in the face of past failures. Third, it reinforces the long-standing turn away from root causes of underdevelopment and towards palliative measures in international law and institutions. In these ways, while sustainable development makes the important point that development should be both environmentally and socially beneficial, it is used in a manner that renders such development impossible.
Climate Finance and Governance
Authors: Araneta-Alana Nina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning of ‘climate finance’ under international law and academic scholarship. It makes the observation that while the term is widely used in contemporary literature, the meaning of ‘climate finance’ is hardly fixed. Economists, social scientists, and lawyers have understood and defined climate finance in different ways. A significant number of authors use climate finance in the context of business and investments. Some authors use climate finance in the context of development goals and poverty reduction. Some authors discuss climate finance by referring to an obligation of developed countries to provide recompense to developing countries. In order to make sense of the dissonance, the chapter traces the change in the meaning of climate finance under international law from its origins under the Rio Declaration to the Paris Agreement, and further to present conceptions under recent instruments and literature. It argues that there has been a shift in the way climate finance has been conceptualised and that the very meaning of climate finance has been a site of political contestation. What started as an obligation of developed countries grounded in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities has, in modern imaginings led by developed countries and international organisations, taken shape largely as investment and debt, and intertwined with development objectives.
Human Rights and Development
Authors: Hoffmann Florian F. , Hanna Rached Danielle 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter charts the historical entanglement of human rights and both development discourse and policy as well as the ‘law and development’ movement from its antecedents in the ‘right to development’ and to the dominance of today’s rights-based development. It then illustrates the complexities of rights-based development policy with an analysis of Brazil’s Structural Cooperation in Health initiative. It concludes with an outlook on ‘rights and development’ both as an intellectual project and a policy framework at a moment when the role and legitimacy of human rights has, again, come to be questioned more fundamentally.
Educational Materials as a Technology for International Law and Development
Authors: Samtani Sanya 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Education has been a central feature across models of development. This chapter discusses the crucial role played by one aspect of education: educational materials. Educational materials consist of published works that are key to the integrated process of teaching and learning. International human rights law contains a right to education that includes a right of access to educational materials with corresponding state obligations. Concurrently regulating access is international copyright law that creates a market for these materials and restricts their unauthorised use with limited exceptions. This chapter explains how these intersecting regulatory frameworks throw into stark relief clashing developmental models. Although recent international treaties seek to bridge this gap, international institutional structures continue to prioritise the market-based model requiring payment for access. The chapter concludes by drawing on law and practice in resource-constrained states to demonstrate how domestic law can shift the needle towards a rights-based model for access and consequently development from below.
Behaviour as a Technology of Development
Authors: Klein Elise 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Minds and behaviour are key frontiers in the regulation and maintenance of international development and law. There has been, of late, a shift to the more explicit mobilisation of behaviouralism within policy interventions in both the global North and South, with a focus on augmenting individual subjectivities. The focus of this chapter will be on how behavioural technologies have become a technology of international development and law. This chapter will first reflect on the co-constitutive histories of behavioural technologies with international development. Second, it will examine the contemporary politics of behavioural technologies arising in international development including two emerging areas: the technologies promoted by the World Bank’s World Development report, and the rise of behavioural digital technology. Of particular note are the related ‘psychopolitics’ associated, including the neoliberal subjectivities promoted through individual efficiency, the coloniality of knowledge production, and the ongoing depoliticisation of global accumulation by dispossession.
Reinventing Sovereignty
Authors: Merino Roger 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Indigenous nations have historically adapted, reinterpreted, and appropriated the conceptual apparatus of international law to fight dispossession, displacements, and subjugation. They have appealed to notions such as territory and self-determination to express a different kind of sovereignty. Scholars have conceptualised this process with different terms, such as ‘shared’ or ‘overlapped’ sovereignty, ‘multiple’ or ‘relational sovereignty’, ‘nested sovereignty’, and ‘parallel sovereignty’. Whereas these perspectives tend to emphasise the need to accommodate Indigenous sovereign claims within state institutions, this chapter examines how Indigenous nations are not only accommodating their claims but seek to transform the very foundations of Western state forms. By exploring the historical meaning of sovereignty, autonomy, and self-determination in Indigenous anti-colonial and post-colonial struggles, the chapter argues that the time has come for Indigenous nations to remove colonial legacies in state structures. Not without challenges, contradictions, and internal conflicts, the quest for plurinationality is the expression of this process.
The Global Economic Order and Development
Authors: Alessandrini Donatella , Okonjo Jeremmy 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how international economic law (IEL) and institutions have shaped and continue to shape the post/colonial relationship between the world economic order and ‘development’, a relationship which is neither fixed nor immutable but whose nexus IEL and institutions are able to sustain in powerful ways, thereby precluding different political economic imaginaries and arrangements. The authors argument is that IEL (and in particular trade, investment, financial law, and regulation) contributes to this nexus through a combination of international agreements, hard and soft law, local and national norms, standards, market actors such as credit rating agencies, and digital technologies and practices, which are engaged in the ideological and performative reproduction of particular modes of economic organisation. Making IEL worldmaking functions visible is, the authors argue, a necessary step towards articulating demands for more desirable political economic arrangements.