bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prepositions and prefixes
Authors: Wood Jim 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on nominalizations of verbs that take PP complements. These cases form the basis of another argument for the complex heads analysis. The argument is connected to the three basic patterns that we find in the nominalizations of PP-selecting verbs: the preposition is prefixed to the derived nominal and repeated in the complement, the preposition is prefixed but not repeated, or the preposition is not prefixed at all. The idea is that prepositions can do two things: (a) introduce thematic semantics of their own, and/or (b) condition allosemy on the verbal root. The three patterns reflect this: prepositions are prefixed to condition allosemy, but they introduce complements when they have their own meaning. The overall picture supports the complex head analysis: in the phrasal layering analysis, there is no reason to expect prefixing to be connected to meaning in this way.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobsen Knut A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of Hindu diasporas, analyses some central concepts, and discusses the topic of Hinduism and migration. The chapter defines some of the main concepts. It discusses the shifting understandings of the ‘overseas Indians’ or the ‘Indian global nation’ by the Indian nation state and the shift in India’s relationship to the communities now included in the ‘diaspora’. The chapter discusses some of the main literature on Hinduism and migration and distinguishes between ‘old Hindu diasporas’ and ‘new Hindu diasporas’. Finally, it introduces the chapters of the book and states that the purpose of the chapters is to offer a foundation for understanding the Hindu traditions in some of their global diasporic contexts and the dynamic developments around the world.
Hinduism in the Caribbean
Authors: Persaud Prea 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The history of Hinduism in the Caribbean began with indentured labourers who were brought from India to the Caribbean between the years 1838 and1920. Although Indians began as a minority group in the Caribbean, they now represent a large portion of the population in countries like Trinidad and Guyana and have made significant contributions to the landscape, food, and culture of the Caribbean. Their religious practices reflect the backgrounds of the indentured labourers, including the dominance of the Rāmcaritmānas, the existence of rituals such as the firepass ceremony, and newly developed traditions such as Gangadhaara, which work to sacralize the local landscape. Indo-Caribbeans have also established religious schools, remodelled their temples to combat conversion tactics, developed Hindu organizations, and advocated for Indo-Caribbeans and Indian representation at all levels of government including working to establish the recognition of Indian Arrival Day in several islands. As a result, the Hinduism that emerges out of the Caribbean demonstrates a combination of the particularities of the Caribbean context with the traditions Indians brought with them in the nineteenth century and later developed to better suit their physical and social environment. Caribbean Hinduism has been shaped by the restrictions of the plantation system, tensions with Afro-Caribbean communities, the influence of the Canadian Presbyterian Church and Hindu missionary groups from India, as well as a desire to sustain and celebrate their hyphenated identities as Indo-Caribbeans.
Hindu Diasporas in Europe
Authors: Jacobsen Knut A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses the diversity of religious traditions of the Hindu diasporas in Europe. It identifies the Hindu presence in Europe and describes some of the diversity of these Hindu diasporas and gives an overview of the research literature on Hinduism in Europe. The chapter thereafter divides the encounter of Europe with Indian Hinduism historically into four periods and argues that of any of the continents other than Asia, Europe has the most complex relationship with India and Hinduism. The chapter analyses the history of Hindu migration and the institutionalization of Hinduism in Europe and, finally, suggests Hindu diversity, importance of the temples, sacralization of sites, and the dominance in many countries of Īḻam Tamil Hindus as four characteristics of Hinduism in Europe.
Hindutva, Hindu Organizations, and the Hindu Diasporas
Authors: Long Jeffery D. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks, first, to clarify the discourse surrounding ‘Hindutva’ by discussing several distinct definitions of this term which are presupposed by various contributors to this discourse: a discourse which has both popular and scholarly iterations. Four such definitions are presented and analysed. Concerns are raised about the essentialist deployment of this term in scholarship. The focus then shifts to one specific definition which has gained the most currency in scholarly discourse, namely, Hindutva as Hindu nationalism, a form of ethno-nationalism which identifies India as a Hindu nation. A brief overview of the history and character of Hindu nationalism is presented, including a discussion of the polarized nature of the discourse that surrounds this ideology, as well as the fact that it includes both moderate and extremist formulations. Following this discussion, the focus of the chapter shifts again to the Hindu diasporas. After a broad overview of diasporic Hinduism, the presence of Hindu nationalism as a diasporic Hindu phenomenon is explored, mainly via the various organizations that have emerged amongst diasporic Hindus, many of which have ties to this ideology. The degree to which specific Hindu organizations express a current of Hindu nationalism is explored, as well as reasons for the appeal of Hindu nationalism for diasporic Hindus.
Persistent Fictions
Authors: Lucia Amanda 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the trajectory of a variety of Indian gurus as they expanded their reach to develop followings beyond the borders of India throughout the long twentieth century. Focusing particularly on diasporic developments in the United States, it shows how in the first half of the century, these newly global gurus repurposed Orientalist divisions between ‘spiritual’ Indians and ‘materialist’ Westerners to justify their proselytizing missions to the West. Also, in response to Orientalist and colonial critiques of Indian patriarchy, they largely attracted white female followers because of their advocacy for women’s uplift, education, and even ordination. In the second half of the century, additional new global gurus immigrated and attracted large global followings as a result of the relaxation of US immigration policy, the advent of American multiculturalism, and the ascendant religious exoticism of the Age of Aquarius and New Age movements. This chapter argues that despite the fact that these newer global gurus attracted more ethnically diverse followings—drawing together Anglo-Europeans, Indians, and smaller populations of African Americans and Asian Americans—they continued to enliven antiquated Orientalist racial stereotypes that, although largely false in their increasingly hybrid and cosmopolitan communities, continue as persistent fictions in many global guru movements.
Kant on Modality
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents the relevant elements of Kant's philosophy which inspire many of the ideas and arguments in the book. In particular: (1) Kant’s distinction between mere thought and cognition. (2) The ramifications of Kant's distinction between mere thought and cognition for the distinction between objective and subjective representations. (3) Kant’s distinction between logical modality and real modality. (4) One can understand Kant as bearing some commitment to taking at least some kinds of necessity and possibility to be relative modalities. (5) Kant provides accounts of the function of various kinds of modal judgments and concepts. Logical modal concepts have a role to play in the unity of consciousness, and real modal concepts have a role to play in the possibility of objective representation.
Metaphysical Necessity in a Formal System
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter gives attention to some of the more formal aspects of the proposed account and formulation of metaphysical necessity and possibility. The chapter presents definitions of metaphysical necessity and metaphysical possibility that could be added to a formal modal logical system for metaphysical modality. It is considered how, in such a system, we might accommodate the conjunction property: that if it is metaphysically necessary that A, and metaphysically necessary that B, then it is metaphysically necessary that A and B . The chapter defends the result that, strictly speaking, metaphysical necessity and possibility are not duals in the system, and shows how this interacts with our understanding of absolute necessity. It is considered whether we should endorse the validity of familiar modal schemas such as T, 4 and 5, and it is discussed in general what to make of iterated metaphysical modalities. The chapter also considers the extent to which it is justified to continue using a possible worlds semantics for this modal logical system in spite of also endorsing a non-worlds modal metaphysics.
Selling the Last War of Religion
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Around the turn of the eighteenth century, the Cévennes region became home to a series of millenarian movements, which culminated in the Revolt of the Camisards, France’s last war of religion. This chapter explores how through print media an international group of advocates tried to steer England and the Dutch Republic toward a military intervention to aid the insurgents. Press coverage of the situation in the Cévennes reveals an evolving sense among early modern news consumers that the printing press could be a powerful political weapon in an increasingly interconnected media landscape, one to which people within and outside government circles had access. The chapter also shows that pamphleteering was at the same time an unreliable tool to steer foreign policy. Trying to convince multiconfessional audiences, advocates for intervention had to walk a tightrope between appeals to confessional solidarity and supraconfessional solidarity. Moreover, publicity could cause irritation among the very governments which advocates were hoping to mobilize.
Newtonian mechanics and the deterministic world
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
After briefly discussing the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, the main contributions of Newton are presented. His major contributions, including the law of gravitation and the laws of motion, initiated the modern age of science. Newtonian laws painted a deterministic picture of the universe—if the location of all the objects in the universe and the forces acting upon them at a given time are known then the future can be predicted precisely. Newton’s views on space and time are also presented. Most of these ideas were challenged by the modern theories of nature, namely the special and general theories of relativity and quantum mechanics.
Black holes
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The existence of black holes is among the most stunning consequences of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. These are point-like massive objects whose gravitational pull is so strong that nothing can escape and time slows to a complete stop. This exotic object is the last stage in the death of a massive star. The nature of black holes is discussed. The processes that result in the formation of black holes are described. Steven Hawking’s discovery that a black hole will eventually evaporate is explained. The characteristics of rotating black holes as described by the Kerr metric are very different from those of stationary black holes as described by the Schwarzchild metric. A rotating black hole can be potentially an immense source of energy. Some properties of wormholes are also discussed.
Dark matter and dark energy
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
One of the most startling and amazing facts about our universe is that what we see or able to see constitutes less than five percent of the universe. The rest of the universe, over ninety five percent, is hidden from us—it consists of dark matter and dark energy whose effects we see but cannot see or measure them directly or indirectly. At present we have no clue about their structure. This is a deep mystery. One of the most baffling questions facing scientists today is: What is the nature of the dark matter that constitutes twenty five percent and the dark energy that constitutes another seventy percent of the known universe? In this chapter, the discovery of dark matter and dark energy is discussed. Some possible explanations of these elusive constituents of the universe are also presented.
The Abuse of Constitutional Identity in the European Union
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The idea of constitutional identity has been central to the negotiation of authority between EU and national constitutional orders. Many national constitutional courts have declared that the reach of EU law is limited by certain core elements of the national constitution, often labelled ‘constitutional identity’. With the rise of illiberal democracies within the EU, the idea of constitutional identity has increasingly come under criticism, being seen as easily embedded in authoritarian, nativist rhetoric and vulnerable to being abused in bad faith. This book provides novel insights into how European authoritarians have utilized the concept of constitutional identity to further their illiberal goals. Employing a comparative theoretical perspective, it identifies the factors behind legitimate constitutional identity claims and critically analyses the ways in which these claims can be abused. The abuse of constitutional identity is examined in three distinct dimensions: generative, substantive, and relational. The generative dimension looks at how constitutional identity claims come about, while the substantive dimension looks at a claim’s broader relation to a normative theory of constitutionalism. The relational dimension, on the other hand, considers how constitutional identity claims are advanced and whether they are employed as a means of constitutional dialogue or constitutional disengagement.
Introduction
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the argument, purpose, approach, and structure of this book. The book aims to develop the idea of constitutional identity abuse in the specific context of the European Union. This chapter elaborates on the central concepts and themes of the book and provides additional background to the rationale behind the argument that drives it. It furthermore explains the relevance of the idea of constitutional identity abuse in the context of relevant literature, and explains the three conceptual dimensions (generative, substantive, and relational) that will drive this book’s approach to constitutional identity abuse: constitutional identity claims can be abusive by virtue of how they have come about (the generative dimension), by virtue of their substantive content (the substantive dimension), and by virtue of how they are advanced (the relational dimension).
Generative Abuse of Constitutional Identity
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the generative dimension of the abuse of constitutional identity: constitutional identity arguments can be abusive by virtue of how they have come about. An extended theoretical discussion of the relationship between constitutional identity and the closely related concept of constituent power sets the scene for a broader discussion of processes of constitution-making, constitutional change, constitutional adjudication and the regulation of historical memory, all of which contribute to the generation of constitutional identity claims. Using the example of Hungary, but drawing upon further case studies where appropriate, limits to the generation of constitutional identity claims will be discussed.
What’s the Point of Living?
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Some have argued that if the universe lacks a purpose, our lives are meaningless. Others think that cosmic purpose would be entirely irrelevant to the meaning of our lives. This chapter argues for a middle way between these two extremes. Our lives can be meaningful in the absence of cosmic purpose, but if there is cosmic purpose, then there is the potential for our lives to have much greater meaning. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section of the chapter explores the question of whether value is subjective. It is argued that a certain kind of David Hume-inspired subjectivity about value is incoherent. We then examine the horrors of value nihilism: the view that there is no value in anything. The chapter concludes by arguing that threat of value nihilism is removed by the evidence for cosmic purpose that we will explore in later chapters.
Why Science Points to Purpose
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Our current best science suggests that the universe is fine-tuned for life, in the sense that for life to be possible, certain of the constants of physics had to have values falling in a certain very narrow range. This chapter argues this fine-tuning is evidence that some sort of goal-directedness towards things of value, such as life, played a fundamental role in shaping the early universe. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section of the chapter provides an accessible introduction to the Bayesian view concerning the nature of evidence, and frames the argument of the chapter more precisely in these terms. A variety of objections are then responded to, including arguing that the attempt to explain fine-tuning in terms of a multiverse involves fallacious reasoning.
Why Consciousness Points to Purpose
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The most discussed examples of conscious states involve the qualities of sensory experience: colours, sounds, smells, and tastes. But human consciousness is also permeated with meaning and understanding. As you look at this page, for example, you don’t experience meaningless squiggles but meaningful words. We can call this aspect of consciousness ‘experiential understanding.’ This chapter explores two philosophical challenges that arise when we try to explain experiential understanding: the meaning zombie problem and the mystery of psycho-physical harmony. A meaning zombie is a hypothetic creature: a physical duplicate of a human being that has consciousness but lacks experiential understanding. Meaning zombies pose a challenge to evolutionary accounts of the emergence of experiential understanding. Given that meaning zombies would survive just as well as us despite lacking experiential understanding, why did experiential understanding evolve? Why aren’t we meaning zombies? The challenge is further deepened by the mystery of psycho-physical harmony, the puzzle of explaining why consciousness and behaviour tend to be correlated in a rationally appropriate manner (something which any evolutionary explanation of consciousness presupposes and so cannot explain). To solve these problems, the author defends pan-agentialism, the view that fundamental physical entities are conscious and disposed to respond rationally to the character of their experience. Finally, it is argued that the pan-agentialist world is one that embodies purpose at the fundamental level of reality. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section gives a Bayesian version of the argument for pan-agentialism, and responds to a few objections, including the charge that libertarian free will is not coherent.
Why the Omni-God Probably Doesn’t Exist
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we have argued for cosmic purpose, the view that goal-directedness plays a fundamental role in determining what happens in the universe. A familiar way of accounting for cosmic purpose is via the postulation of the Omni-God: an all-knowing, all-powerful, perfectly good creator of the universe. This chapter argues against the existence of the Omni-God, on the grounds that it would be immoral for a being who could do anything to create a universe with so much suffering in it and, hence, if our universe was created by an all-powerful designer, that designer is not perfectly good. We explore and reject the attempts of Richard Swinburne to explain why God might allow suffering, and the argument that the Omni-God is needed to explain why the universe exists. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section responds to skeptical theists, who concede that we can’t think of anything that could justify an Omni-God allowing suffering but nonetheless argue that this gives us no reason to doubt that there is such a justification available to God, if not us. Finally, it is suggested that the argument of the chapter is a middle way between the logical problem of evil and the evidential version of the problem of evil, at least as the latter is standardly understood.
Cosmic Purpose without God
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Having dispensed with the Omni-God as a foundation of cosmic purpose, this chapter explores two alternative sources of cosmic purpose. The first alternative is a non-standard designer, i.e. a designer that is not the Omni-God. The chapter considers a variety of such non-standard design hypotheses: an evil designer, an amoral designer, a limited designer, and the simulation hypothesis (the hypothesis that we live in a computer simulation created by a naturally evolved designer). The second alternative is teleological laws: laws of nature with purposes built into them. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section of the chapter explores how the hypotheses discussed in the main body of the chapter would account for the pan-agentialist theory defended in Chapter 4. There is also a rejection of the simulation hypothesis, on the grounds that a computer simulation of a universe would not contain consciousness.
Living with Purpose
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Having argued for the reality of cosmic purpose, this chapter examines the implications for human existence. We explore a way of living out cosmic purposivism, the belief in cosmic purpose. This involves (i) a certain conception of spiritual advancement, rooted in working to see the emptiness in conditioned ways of seeing the world, (ii) spiritual communities built in part upon religious fictionalism (i.e. an engagement with traditional religion which takes many of their claims to be useful fictions), and (iii) an effort to ‘see through’ the myth of natural, inviolable rights to property. It is argued that cosmic purposivism is a deeply meaningful way of living a human life.
P.S. Is Taxation Theft?
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This addendum to Chapter 7 explains why there is no serious political theory according to which my pre-tax income is ‘mine’ in any morally significant sense. We explore three theories of property rights: right-libertarianism, left-libertarianism, and social constructivism. It is argued that the latter two theories are more plausible than the first, whilst only right-libertarianism can ensure a moral claim on one’s pre-tax income. However, even if right-libertarianism is true, a person has a moral claim on their pre-tax income only if they live in the kind of society advocated by right-libertarianism, as opposed to the real world. Hence, nobody living in the real world has a moral claim on their pre-tax income.