bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement, moisture and thermal conditions at a turf‐banked solifluction lobe, Kluane Range, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Kinnard Christophe , Lewkowicz Antoni G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA turf‐banked solifluction lobe was instrumented for the continuous recording of surface and internal movement, thaw settlement, soil volumetric moisture content and thermal conditions during the spring and summer of 2002. Strain probe measurements showed that gelifluction occurred as a series of discrete and abrupt displacements near the thaw plane, followed by retrograde movement. Most gelifluction events took place when thaw rates were high and the soil was saturated almost to the surface, but rain was also capable of inducing gelifluction at depth. The rapid and localized character of the observed displacements suggests that gelifluction results from micro‐shearing of the soil, possibly along the interface of thawing ice lenses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent stimulated emission cross section and concentration quenching in highly doped Nd3+:YAG crystals
Authors: Dong Jun , Rapaport A. , Bass M. , Szipocs F. , Ueda Ken‐ichi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements are reported of the spectroscopic properties (absorption and emission spectra, stimulated emission cross section, and radiative lifetime) of Nd:YAG crystals doped with 1, 2 and 3 at% Nd3+ in the temperature range between 70 and 300 K. The stimulated emission cross sections for these crystals were determined using the Füchtbauer–Ladenburg (F–L) formula at each different temperature. The absorption spectra at room temperature were used to calculate the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 stimulated‐emission cross section and the 4F3/2 radiative lifetime according to Judd–Ofelt theory. As the temperature decreases the emission cross section increases, while the emission lifetime remains constant for all the samples. The temperature dependences of the stimulated emission cross sections for the differently doped crystals are in good agreement with earlier predictions. The concentration quenching effect in highly doped Nd:YAG was also addressed. Although there is concentration quenching in the highly doped Nd:YAG crystals, they are still promising efficient laser materials for high‐power microchip solid‐state lasers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic permeability enhancement effect in the Fe86–xNbxB14 (x = 5, 6) amorphous alloys
Authors: Haneczok G. , Frąckowiak J. E. , Chrobak A. , Kwapuliński P. , Rasek J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe magnetic permeability enhancement effect in the Fe86–xNbxB14 (x = 5, 6) amorphous alloys was studied by making use of magnetic measurements (permeability, coercive field, magnetization) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was shown that annealing for 1 h at elevated temperatures causes a significant increase of magnetic permeability and a reduction of material instabilities. The observed effect takes place in the so‐called relaxed amorphous phase without forming any nanocrystallites and may be attributed to annealing out of free volume leading to formation of small iron clusters with different magnetic structures. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MBE growth of high finesse microcavities
Authors: Oesterle U. , Stanley R. P. , Houdré R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHigh finesse microcavities can consist of hundreds of different layers and can be several microns thick, with the absolute thickness of each layer and the smoothness of each interface having an impact on the optical quality of the structure. Mirocavity structures with Fabry–Pérot linewidths of 0.84 Å at 930 nm were grown using MBE. A combination of characterization techniques show that (i) growth rates are stable to 0.25% over 10 hours, (ii) DBR reflectivity as high as 99.82% is attainable, and (iii) internal losses are less than 1 cm–1. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Guided Growth of Large‐Scale, Horizontally Aligned Arrays of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Use in Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Kocabas Coskun , Hur Seung‐Hyun , Gaur Anshu , Meitl Matthew A. , Shim Moonsub , Rogers John A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA convenient process for generating large‐scale, horizontally aligned arrays of pristine, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is described. The approach uses guided growth, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), of SWNTs on miscut single‐crystal quartz substrates. Studies of the growth reveal important relationships between the density and alignment of the tubes, the CVD conditions, and the morphology of the quartz. Electrodes and dielectrics patterned on top of these arrays yield thin‐film transistors that use the SWNTs as effective thin‐film semiconductors. The ability to build high‐performance devices of this type suggests significant promise for large‐scale aligned arrays of SWNTs in electronics, sensors, and other applications.
Ways toward an early diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease: The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Authors: Mueller Susanne G. , Weiner Michael W. , Thal Leon J. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Jagust William , Trojanowski John Q. , Toga Arthur W. , Beckett Laurel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWith the increasing life expectancy in developed countries, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and thus its socioeconomic impact are growing. Increasing knowledge over the last years about the pathomechanisms involved in AD allow for the development of specific treatment strategies aimed at slowing down or even preventing neuronal death in AD. However, this requires also that (1) AD can be diagnosed with high accuracy, because non‐AD dementias would not benefit from an AD‐specific treatment; (2) AD can be diagnosed in very early stages when any intervention would be most effective; and (3) treatment efficacy can be reliably and meaningfully monitored. Although there currently is no ideal biomarker that would fulfill all these requirements, there is increasing evidence that a combination of currently existing neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood biomarkers can provide important complementary information and thus contribute to a more accurate and earlier diagnosis of AD. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is exploring which combinations of these biomarkers are the most powerful for diagnosis of AD and monitoring of treatment effects.
Environmental uncertainty and survival of international joint ventures: the case of political and economic risk in emerging countries
Authors: Meschi Pierre‐Xavier 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article examines the survival of international joint ventures formed in emerging countries. More precisely, our research consisted in studying the survival rate of international joint ventures, and relating it to country risk. A survival analysis was applied to a sample of 210 international joint ventures that were formed during the year 1996 by foreign partners originating from the European Union and local partners from different emerging countries. This survival analysis was used together with a Cox proportional hazards model testing for the impact of different country risk variables (included in the model as time‐varying constructs) on the hazard rate of international joint ventures. Time‐related variations were observed in their termination rate (i.e., inverted single U variations) and their hazard rate (i.e., curvilinear distribution with honeymoon effect). Concerning the impact of country risk on joint venture survival, the findings provided only a partial confirmation of this impact: the link between country risk and joint venture survival is only supported empirically for the overall score of economic risk. A negative impact was observed and it may be interpreted as follows: a high economic uncertainty is associated with a hazard rate of joint ventures that decreases with time, and vice versa.
Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor: three unusual cases occurring in infancy
Authors: Leclerc Stéphanie , Hamel‐Teillac Dominique , Oger Patrice , Brousse Nicole , Fraitag Sylvie 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor is a soft‐tissue tumor of intermediate malignancy occurring in children and young adults but is only rarely found in infants. The tumor usually involves the upper limbs and is slow growing and painless. Recurrence rate is high. Lymph node and systemic metastases can occur, but have never been reported in infants. Clinical behavior in infancy is not known. Histologically, the tumor is characterized by nodules of histiocyte‐like and multinucleated cells and fascicles of spindle cells arranged in a plexiform pattern. Mitosis, atypia, and nuclear pleomorphism are common but not pronounced.Methods and Results:  We report three cases in infants, one of which is congenital, having an unusual topography and a broad histological spectrum.Conclusion:  In infants, wide excision with large safety margins should be performed as the behaviour of this tumor remains uncertain.
Expression of androgen receptor coactivator ARA70/ELE1 in androgenic alopecia
Authors: Lee Peng , Zhu Chang‐Cheng , Sadick N. S. , Diwan A. Hafeez , Zhang Peter S. , Liu Jinsong S. , Prieto Victor G. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Androgens have been implicated in androgenic alopecia as evidenced by the increased cutaneous expression of androgen receptor (AR), 5α‐reductase, and decreased aromatase. Abnormalities of the AR‐signal transduction pathway probably participate in the development of androgenic alopecia. ARA70/ELE1 is an AR coactivator with two isoforms, one full‐length form (ARA70α/ELE1α), and an internally deleted form (ARA70β/ELE1β). We decided to examine the cutaneous expression of both isoforms in male androgenic alopecia.Methods:  Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from seven subjects with androgenic alopecia with matched punch biopsies from non‐balding and balding areas were examined by in situ hybridization.Results:  Expression of at least one of the two probes for ARA70/ELE1 was present in all phases of the hair‐growth cycle in all epithelial hair structures except for the inner root sheath. The dermal papilla and hair bulb expressed only the short (β) but not the long (α) form of ARA70/ELE1. In situ labeling for ARA70β/ELE1β was weaker in the dermal papilla of balding recipient areas than those from donor ones.Conclusions:  Our data further support that the hair growth is regulated by androgens. The differential expression pattern of ARA70/ELE1 suggests that this key androgen receptor coactivator is involved in androgenic alopecia.
Amplification and Specific Detection of Transforming Gene Region of Human Papillomavirus 16, 18 and 33 in Cervical Carcinoma by Means of the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Shimada Masamitsu , Fukushima Michio , Mukai Hiroyuki , Kato Ikunoshin , Nishikawa Akira , Fujinaga Kei 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTWe have established a highly sensitive method for specific detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16, 18 and 33, by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A HPV‐related sequence (140 bp) in the E6 transforming region was specifically amplified and detected by gel electrophoresis and by the use of a specific oligonucleotide probe. The PCR could detect 10‐5–10‐6 copies per cell (maximum sensitivity). Furthermore, HPV 16, 18 and 33 DNAs were synthesized in a common reaction solution and specifically detected by HPV type‐specific probes. The PCR detected the HPV sequence from tissues which were negative to Southern hybridization. This detection technique may contribute significantly to the precise analysis of HPV in small proliferative lesions in the cervix.
The effect of involuntary job loss on smoking intensity and relapse
Authors: Falba Tracy , Teng Hsun‐Mei , Sindelar Jody L. , Gallo William T. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAims To assess the impact of involuntary job loss due to plant closure or layoff on relapse to smoking and smoking intensity among older workers.Design, participants, sample Data come from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of older Americans aged 51–61 in 1991 followed every 2 years beginning in 1992. The 3052 participants who were working at the initial wave and had any history of smoking comprise the main sample.Methods Primary outcomes are smoking relapse at wave 2 (1994) among baseline former smokers, and smoking quantity at wave 2 among baseline current smokers. As reported at the wave 2 follow‐up, 6.8% of the sample experienced an involuntary job loss between waves 1 and 2.Findings Older workers have over two times greater odds of relapse subsequent to involuntary job loss than those who did not. Further, those who were current smokers prior to displacement that did not obtain new employment were found to be smoking more cigarettes, on average, post‐job loss.Conclusions The stress of job loss, along with other significant changes associated with leaving one's job, which would tend to increase cigarette consumption, must outweigh the financial hardship which would tend to reduce consumption. This highlights job loss as an important health risk factor for older smokers.
Ethno‐specific patterns of adolescent tobacco use and the mediating role of acculturation, peer smoking, and sibling smoking
Authors: Asbridge Mark , Tanner Julian , Wortley Scot 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAims The objectives of this study are to identify the relationship between ethnic identity and tobacco use, and to examine the mediating effects of peer and sibling smoking and acculturation.Design and measurements Data were drawn from a cross‐sectional survey of 3400 Toronto students, sampled from 30 schools between 1998 and 2000. Primary ethnic identity was based on adolescents’ self‐identification of their ethnic heritage condensed to 12 groups for analysis. Tobacco use was measured as a dichotomy, predicting non‐smoking in the past year. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to test for baseline differences in non‐smoking by ethnic identity. Subsequent models adjusted for controls (age, gender, social class, religious attendance, educational achievement) and introduced mediators.Findings Results indicated that smoking varied among adolescents of differing ethnic identities. Adolescents of western European, eastern European and southern European ethnicity were considerably less likely to be non‐smokers, while Chinese, South Asian and East Indian and West Indian youth were more inclined to be non‐smokers. The discrepancies in rates of non‐smoking among western European and South Asian and East Indian adolescents were explained by a combination of peer and sibling smoking and acculturation; among southern European and eastern European youth via peer and sibling smoking; and by neither peer and sibling smoking nor acculturation for Chinese and West Indian youth.Conclusions This paper demonstrates that disparities in tobacco use among certain ethnic groups can be explained by peer and sibling smoking and acculturation; however, for other ethnic groups, knowledge of the processes that account for differences in tobacco use remains less clear.
Supporting frail older people and their family carers at home using information and communication technology: cost analysis
Authors: Magnusson Lennart , Hanson Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  This paper describes a cost analysis of a home‐based support service for frail older people and their family carers in two municipalities in West Sweden and using information and communication technology.Background.  A key challenge facing nurse managers across Europe is an increasingly aged population, combined with reduced numbers of young adults of working age. New solutions are needed to provide quality, cost‐effective community care services to frail older people and their family carers.Methods.  A case study methodology involving five families was used, and included a detailed cost description of the technology‐based service compared with usual services. Cost data were collected in June 2002. This work formed part of a larger project exploring the impact of a technology‐based service known as, Assisting Carers using Telematics Interventions to meet Older Persons’ Needs (ACTION). In addition to cost data, information was gathered on the quality of life of frail older people and their family carers, and the job satisfaction and work methods of nurses and other practitioners based in the community. The cost analysis comprised a description of the family and their caring situation, the perceived benefits of the telematic based support service and an assessment of its impact on the use of other care services. These analyses were carried out with the help of needs assessors who were known to the families, and nurses working in the ACTION call centre. All results were validated by the five participating families.Results.  Cost savings were achieved in all cases, and the benefits to older people and their carers were also considerable. As a result of the cost analysis and overall evaluation data, ACTION has been implemented as a mainstream service in the municipalities involved.Conclusion.  Researchers, nurses, other practitioners and community care managers can work together with frail older people and their family carers to develop quality, cost‐effective support services that reduce demands on staff whilst providing benefits to users.
Can the study of ethics enhance nursing practice?
Authors: Allmark Peter 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to suggest that the study of ethics and ethical theories can enhance nursing practice.Discussion.  Knowledge of ethical theories can be of practical use to nurses in at least three ways. First, it can help nurses uncover to what extent a problem is an ethical one. The questions faced in practice can be empirical, formal or philosophical. Very often, a practical decision requires us to tackle all three types. In the example of a ‘Do not attempt resuscitation’ order, deciding on whether such an order is appropriate requires us to answer empirical questions such as how likely any attempt is to achieve success. It also requires us to answer formal questions such as whether the law permits such an order in the present circumstance. Finally, it requires us to answer ethical/philosophical questions, such as how we should weigh up quality of life against quantity. Second, it can enable practitioners to develop skills and tools to tackle ethical/philosophical questions. In this paper I describe two such tools: Socratic questioning and Aristotelian dialectic. Third, it can help practitioners to develop the soundness of their ethical values and beliefs. All ethical reasoning requires us to use our values and beliefs, and attending to them enhances the quality of our reasoning.Conclusion.  The study of ethics can enhance nursing practice.
Patient satisfaction with diabetes care
Authors: Hornsten Asa , Lundman Berit , Selstam Eva Kihl , Sandstrom Herbert 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report the findings of a study that elucidated the experiences and reflections of people with type 2 diabetes about clinical encounters.Background.  Several patient satisfaction surveys have focused on privacy, cheerfulness and amenities rather than on how the care was delivered. A great deal of research has also focused on communication and various consultation styles, particularly within health promotion and diabetes care, but how these factors tie up with patient satisfaction has rarely been discussed. This study was performed in order to elucidate patients’ perspectives about clinical encounters in diabetes care.Method.  Interviews were carried out during 2001 with 44 patients with diabetes. The transcribed interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results.  Five themes were connected to patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction, namely ‘being in agreement vs. in disagreement about the goals’; ‘autonomy and equality vs. feeling forced into adaptation and submission’; ‘feeling worthy as a person vs. feeling worthless’; ‘being attended to and feeling welcome vs. ignored’; and, lastly, ‘feeling safe and confident vs. feeling unsafe and lacking confidence’.Conclusion.  Despite efforts to individualize diabetes care and find ways to communicate with patients, many people have experiences of clinical encounters that they find dissatisfying. Experiences of dissatisfying encounters have elements that may threaten their perception of self and identity, while elements included in satisfying encounters are those characterizing patient‐centred care.
Sleep tendency during extended wakefulness: insights into adolescent sleep regulation and behavior
Authors: TAYLOR DANIEL J. , JENNI OSKAR G. , ACEBO CHRISTINE , CARSKADON MARY A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySleep tendency (latency to sleep onset) was examined during extended waking in prepubertal and mature adolescents to determine whether sleep pressure is lower near bedtime in the latter group. Participants were nine prepubertal (pubertal stage Tanner 1, mean age 11.1 years, SD ± 1.3 years, five males) and 11 pubertally mature adolescents (Tanner 5, 13.9 ± 1.2 years, three males). They spent 10 nights at home on an identical fixed 10‐h sleep schedule followed by a 36‐h constant routine with sleep latency tests at 2‐h intervals using standard polysomnography. Saliva was collected to assess dim‐light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase. DLMO was earlier in the Tanner 1 (mean clock time = 20:33 hours, SD = 49 min) than Tanner 5 group (21:29 hours ± 42 min). Sleep latency compared at a ‘critical period’ spanning 12.5 (20:30 hours clock time) to 18.5 h (02:30 hours) after waking did not differ at 20:30 hours, but was shorter for the Tanner 1 group at 22:30 hours (Tanner 1 = 9.2 ± 6.3 min; Tanner 5 = 15.7 ± 5.8 min), 00:30 hours (Tanner 1 = 3.6 ± 1.7 min; Tanner 5 = 9.0 ± 6.4 min), and 02:30 hours (Tanner 1 = 2.0 ± 1.7 min; Tanner 5 = 4.3 ± 3.2 min; trend). These differences were apparent controlling for circadian phase by partial correlation. Sleep tendency after 14.5, 16.5, and 18.5 h awake was lower in mature versus prepubertal adolescents, supporting our hypothesis that a developmental change of intrinsic sleep–wake regulation may provide physiologically mediated ‘permission’ for later bedtimes in older adolescents.
20 Questions on Adaptive Dynamics
Authors: WAXMAN D. , GAVRILETS S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdaptive Dynamics is an approach to studying evolutionary change when fitness is density or frequency dependent. Modern papers identifying themselves as using this approach first appeared in the 1990s, and have greatly increased up to the present. However, because of the rather technical nature of many of the papers, the approach is not widely known or understood by evolutionary biologists. In this review we aim to remedy this situation by outlining the methodology and then examining its strengths and weaknesses. We carry this out by posing and answering 20 key questions on Adaptive Dynamics. We conclude that Adaptive Dynamics provides a set of useful approximations for studying various evolutionary questions. However, as with any approximate method, conclusions based on Adaptive Dynamics are valid only under some restrictions that we discuss.