bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociosexual behavior of captive sichuan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Authors: Clarke A. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Sichuan golden snub‐nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus roxellana, is an endangered Colobine endemic to China. The social and reproductive behavior of this species are little known, and it has rarely been kept in captivity outside China. Results from observations of a captive golden monkey pair revealed some unusual details of sociosexual behavior. Both members of the pair mounted one other, and female mounting of the male occurred nearly as often as the reverse. Male mounts were always preceded by a stereotyped behavioral sequence that included distinct facial and vocal displays. Female mounts occurred in response to male solicitation (presenting). No evidence of ejaculation was observed in association with mounts, although mounts were only observed in a distinctly sexual context. Sexual behavior was associated with aggressive displays by one or both animals and with apparently proceptive behavior by the female. All sexual behaviors showed a peak near the end of the study, although the female was continually receptive throughout the 2‐month study period.
Captive breeding and reintroduction of the endangered masked bobwhite
Authors: Carpenter James W. , Gabel Robert R. , Goodwin John G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEfforts to restore the endangered masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) to its former range have required 1) habitat acquisition, restoration, and preservation; 2) captive propagation; and 3) reintroduction of captive‐bred stock. In its role to recover the masked bobwhite, the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) has refined captive breeding techniques; provided captive‐produced stock for release; conducted field research on the distribution, limiting factors, and habitat characteristics of this species; and developed release methods. Techniques for the husbandry and captive management, breeding, artificial incubation and hatching of eggs, and rearing of young of the masked bobwhite have been developed. Successful reintroduction techniques for the masked bobwhite have included prerelease conditioning and/or cross‐fostering of captive‐reared masked bobwhite chicks to a wild‐caught, related, vasectomized bobwhite species and their release to the wild as family units. In addition, the establishment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge in 1985 has further enhanced the potential for establishing a self‐sustaining population of the masked bobwhite in the U.S. Through continued releases and active management of habitat, therefore, it is believed that the masked bobwhite can become permanently established at the refuge to ensure its continued survival in the wild.
Effective suppression of ovarian cyclicity in the lowland gorilla with an oral contraceptive
Authors: Goodrowe Karen L. , Wildt David E. , Monfort Steven L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo determine the effects of a human oral contraceptive on normal and abnormal reproductive endocrine patterns in two lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), daily urine samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for estrone conjugates (EC) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG). During a pre‐treatment period one female (F1) demonstrated regular menstrual cycles averaging 27.6 ± 1.8 days, whereas ovarian cyclicity in female 2 (F2) was consistently prolonged, ranging from 37–51 days. A 56 day regimen of an oral contraceptive (Demulen 50®) was administered to both females beginning in the late luteal phase, and within 6 and 7 days of treatment onset (F1 and F2, respectively) urinary EC and PdG declined to and remained at concentrations consistent with amenorrhea throughout the administration period. Ten and twenty days after contraceptive withdrawal (F1 and F2, respectively) an EC peak was observed with subsequent PdG elevations 1–2 days later. Mean cycle length and luteal phase durations were not different (P > 0.05) before or after treatment for either female, while combined peak PdG concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for the first 3 months after treatment compared to pre‐treatment values. These results indicate that a human oral contraceptive rapidly suppresses ovarian activity in female lowland gorillas, but that the abnormal endocrine pattern observed in F2 could not be redirected into a normal profile after contraceptive withdrawal. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Time‐budget data: Log‐linear and analysis of variance compared
Authors: Bakeman Roger , Forthman Debra L. , Perkins Lorraine A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) and log‐linear analyses of time‐budget data from a study of sloth bear enclosure utilization are compared. Two sampling models that plausibly underlie such data are discussed. Either could lead to an analysis of variance, but only one to a log‐linear analysis. Given an appropriate sampling model and appropriate data, there is much to recommend log‐linear analysis, despite its unfamiliarity to most animal behaviorists. One need not worry whether distribution assumptions are violated. Moreover, the data analyzed are the data collected, not estimates derived from those data, and thus no power is lost through a data reduction step. No matter what analysis is used, effect size should be taken into consideration. Multiple R2 can be used for ANOVA, but no directly comparable statistic exists for log‐linear analyses. One possible candidate for a log‐linear R2 analog is discussed here, and appears to give sensible and interpretable results. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Salivary cortisol assessment for stress detection in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A pilot study
Authors: Dathe Holger H. , Kuckelkorn Bernd , Minnemann Dieter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEffects of introducing an unfamiliar female into an Asian elephant herd at Tierpark Berlin were monitored by means of salivary cortisol assessment. Saliva samples were obtained from a second female for comparative purposes. The period of familiarization was characterized by an enhanced cortisol level in both animals, with a maximum on the second day after joining. Cortisol returned to normal on the following day. Manipulations of the keepers caused a transitory increase on two other days. Possibilities for the use of this noninvasive method of stress monitoring in various management situations are indicated. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Management parameters affecting the reproductive potential of captive, female black rhinoceros,Diceros bicornis
Authors: Smith Russell L. , Read Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWith deterioration of the wild population over the last two decades, captive reproduction of black rhinoceros has become a high priority for zoological gardens. Several reproductive parameters of female black rhinoceros were analyzed with data from the international studbook, and compared to data from field studies. These analyses yielded comparisons for ages of females at first calving, length of birth intervals, and span of reproductive life. The implications for rhino productivity are discussed, and some suggestions for increasing productivity are presented. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The establishment and reproduction of a group of semifree‐ranging mandrills
Authors: Feistner Anna T. C. , Cooper Robert W. , Evans Siǎn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMandrills, Mandrillus sphinx, colorful terrestrial primates from the tropical forests of West Central Africa, are poorly known in the wild. The formation at the International Medical Research Center of Franceville, Gabon, of a semifreeranging, cohesive, reproducing group of mandrills in a highly naturalistic setting provided a unique resource for the study of this threatened species. The acquisition and release of 15 mandrills into a 1.4 ha and then a 5.3 ha enclosure of natural gallery forest is described. Thirty‐three births in the group resulted in 23 surviving offspring over a period of six years. Apparent early reproduction in females was indicated by small size at conception, presence of several deciduous teeth at the time of first parturition, continued weight gain through subsequent births, and decreasing inter‐birth intervals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive status of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in North American Zoos: The benefits of physiological surveys for strategic planning
Authors: Wildt D. E. , Brown J. L. , Bush M. , Barone M. A. , Cooper K. A. , Grisham J. , Howard J. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUnder the mandate of a Species Survival Plan (SSP), reproductive status was assessed in 128 cheetahs maintained in 18 different institutions in North America. A mobile laboratory research team evaluated cheetahs using anesthesia, serial blood sampling, electroejaculation (males), and laparoscopy (females). Biomaterials were also collected for parallel studies of genetics, nutrition, and health. There was no mortality, and cheetahs were capable of reproducing naturally after these intense manipulatory examinations. No marked differences were observed in reproductive or endocrine characteristics between proven and unproven breeders. However, males consistently produced teratospermic ejaculates, and cheetah sperm were compromised in conspecific or heterologous in vitro fertilization systems. Structurally abnormal sperm were found to be filtered by the oocyte's zona pellucida. More than 80% of the females were anatomically sound, but morphological and endocrine evidence suggested that ∼50% or more of the population may have had inactive ovaries at the time of the examination. Males ranging in age from 15 to 182 months produced spermic ejaculates, but motile sperm numbers/ejaculate and circulating testosterone concentrations were highest in males 60 to 120 months old. Parovarian cysts were observed in 51.5% of female cheetahs, but comparisons between proven and unproven subpopulations revealed that this abnormality likely had no influence on fertility. Fresh luteal tissue was not observed in any nonpregnant or nonlactating female, strongly suggesting that the cheetah is an induced ovulator. Overall survey results were discussed in the context of the etiology of reproductive inefficiency, especially with respect to the potential importance of biological versus management factors. Four high priority research areas in cheetah reproductive biology were identified: 1) continuous monitoring of ejaculate quality in the extant population, while studying the impact of pleiomorphisms on fertility; 2) determining the potential relationship between libido and androgen production (excretion) in males; 3) confirming the extent of cyclic, or acyclic, ovarian activity in females; and 4) continued development of assisted reproductive techniques for enhancing man‐agement. In summary, a multidisciplinary, multi‐institutional survey coordinated through the SSP is both possible and useful for generating a physiological and health database beneficial to driving further research and management initiatives. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diseases of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus): Results of the cheetah research council pathology survey, 1989–1992
Authors: Munson Linda 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKnowledge of the diseases of cheetahs is essential to prevent and treat conditions that can modulate fertility and longevity. Toward this aim, a comprehensive pathology survey was conducted under a directive from the Cheetah Species Survival Plan. To date, 31 adult cheetahs and nine cubs from 16 zoological parks have been evaluated. Also, liver biopsies from 67 female cheetahs from 22 zoological parks were examined. Veno‐occlusive disease (VOD) affected 82% of deceased cheetahs and 51% of live female cheetahs, and was the cause of death in nine cheetahs. Glomerulosclerosis and nephrosclerosis affected 84% and 39% of the population, respectively, and caused renal failure in eight cheetahs. The severity of VOD and glomerulosclerosis increased with age, and was not associated with infertility. Chronic gastritis was noted in 91% of the study population, and 95% of these cases also had spiral bacteria. Feline infectious peritonitis caused the death of two cheetahs. Male cheetahs had testicular degeneration, atrophy, and/or spermatogenic arrest, but these cheetahs also had severe systemic illness. Most females did not have reproductive tract lesions that would cause infertility, including those with parovarian cysts. Ovarian histology suggested that infertile cheetahs were not ovulating. Most cubs died from pneumonia or other systemic infections. The results of this study indicate that serious diseases are prevalent in the North American cheetahs, but these diseases do not appear to be the cause of infertility in the population. However, these diseases do limit the life span and well‐being of cheetahs in captivity. Further research is needed to elucidate the causes of these diseases. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to FIV and FIPV in wild and captive cheetahs
Authors: Brown Eric W. , Olmsted Robert A. , Martenson Janice S. , O'Brien Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo RNA‐containing viruses, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), have been observed to infect cheetahs. Although both viruses cause lethal immunogenetic pathology in domestic cats, only FIPV has documented pathogenesis in cheetahs. We summarize and update here a worldwide survey of serum and plasma from cheetah and other nondomestic felids for antibodies to FIV and FIPV, based on Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. FIPV exposure shows an acute pattern with recognizable outbreaks in several zoological facilities, but is virtually nonexistent in sampled free‐ranging populations of cheetahs. FIV is more endemic in certain natural cheetah populations, but infrequent in zoological collections. FIV exposure was also seen in lions, bobcats, leopards, snow leopards, and jaguars. FIV causes T‐cell lymphocyte depletion and associated diseases in domestic cats, but there is little direct evidence for FIV pathology in exotic cats to date. Because of the parallels with a high incidence of simian immunodeficiency virus in free‐ranging African primates without disease, the cat model may also reflect historic infections that have approached an evolutionary balance between the pathogen and immune defenses of their feline host species. Published 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutrition of Captive Cheetahs: Food Composition and Blood Parameters
Authors: Dierenfeld Ellen S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiet and nutrition of cheetahs was evaluated through survey, in conjunction with chemical analysis of feed and plasma samples, as part of a multidisciplinary effort to investigate underlying causes of low reproductive success in North American captive cheetah populations. Cheetahs consumed an average of 1.32 ± 0.4 kg of food daily, containing approximately 1,800 kcal, and maintained an average body mass of 36.7 ± 1.0 kg (n = 34). A commercially prepared horsemeat‐based mixture comprised the dietary staple in 10 of 13 zoos responding to the survey, with additional whole or carcass portions offered 1‐‐2 days per week to maintain variety and provide periodontal stimulation. Seven of 13 respondents fasted animals 1 day/week; five maintained no fast days. The primary meat product (n = 14 samples) contained: 58% crude protein, 28% crude fat, 7% total ash, 52 Iu/kg vitamin E, 9.7 Iu/g vitamin A, and 2,200 mg/kg taurine (dry basis). Mineral content of the same food item was: 1.9% Ca, 10.0 mg/kg Cu, 645.2 mg/kg Fe, 0.08% Mg, 22.6 mg/kg Mn, 1.3% P, 0.4% Na, and 127.8 mg/kg Zn. Nutrient levels, except vitamin E (and possibly Mg), met or exceeded recommendations established for domestic felids. Plasma α‐tocopherol, retinol, and taurine (18.1, 1.82, 128.4 μmol/L, respectively) concentrations were similar to normals for domestic felids, as were mean plasma mineral levels (n = 81; in mEq/L: 5.64 (Ca), 0.03 (Cu), 0.03 (Fe), 2.0 (Mg), 166.0 (Na), 12.3 (P), and 0.026 (Zn)). No gross physiological or dietary nutrient imbalances were evident from this survey. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimated number of snake species that can be managed by Species Survival Plans in North America
Authors: Quinn Hugh , Quinn Holly 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA survey designed to estimate the number of snake enclosures available for Species Survival Plan (SSP) programs was distributed to all North American zoos containing 100 or more reptile and amphibian specimens. Of the 52 zoos surveyed, 44 (84.6%) responded, indicating that 790 (26.3%) of the 3,012 snake enclosures were available for SSP programs. Available enclosures were classified by size and existing themes to help define limitations of the potential SSP space. This spatial information was then used in conjunction with existing population genetics models to estimate that up to 16 snake species can be accommodated by SSP programs in these zoos collectively. Values used in the models were estimates of those for an average snake species with a generation time of 15 years, lambda of 1.15, with 26 effective founders, and an ne/n ratio of 0.3. It was further assumed that 90% of the genetic variation would be maintained in each species for a period of 100 years. Tactics to increase the number of species that SSP programs can accommodate include: increase reserve space, devote more space for SSP snakes, lengthen generation time, promote gene exchange with wild populations, goal SSP programs for less than 200 years, invest in short‐term programs, involve the private sector, build new enclosures, increase the number of snakes per enclosure, and encourage participation of non‐North American institutions. To maximize biological diversity in relation to captive carrying capacity, it is recommended that SSP programs represent both infraorders of living snakes and as many families within those infraorders as possible. Although not all 16 families of snakes are likely to be represented due to exhibit value, obtainability, and husbandry success, it may be possible to represent as many as nine families in 16 SSP programs. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial hydatidiform mole in a pregnant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Debyser Isolde W. J. , Soma Hiroaki , Zwart Peernel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUntil now, the occurrence of hydatidiform mole in non‐human primates has not been documented. This report presents a case in which a stillborn fetus, associated with a partial hydatidiform mole, was found at necropsy in the uterus of a pregnant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) which had suddenly died. Hydropic swelling of the chorionic villi and proliferation of trophoblastic cells were present. The trophoblast was stained enzyme‐immunohistochemically with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnancy‐specific‐β1‐glycoprotein (SP1). The concentrations of hCG and SP1 in maternal serum were high, 1,350 mIU/ml and 1,000 ng/ml, respectively. The distribution of DNA content of the cytotrophoblast in the molar villi shifted from diploid to an aneuploid pattern. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for pseudopregnancy and induced ovulation in captive wolverines (Gulo gulo)
Authors: Mead Rodney A. , Bowles Mark , Starypan Greg , Jones Mike 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProgesterone levels and vaginal smears were monitored to detect estrus and formation of corpora lutea during the first year of a 4‐year study of reproduction in captive wolverines. No evidence of spontaneous ovulation was detected during the first year, and most females did not attain complete vaginal cornification. Follicle stimulating hormone was used in subsequent years to induce estrus in several females, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used to induce ovulation. Females treated with hCG were artificially inseminated with fresh wolverine semen. Prolonged elevation of serum progesterone above 1 ng/ml was only observed in females that received hCG. The profiles and duration of the progesterone secretory pattern of these females closely resembled that of other mustelids that exhibit a prolonged delay of implantation. Progesterone remained below 1 ng/ml throughout the year in all females that did not receive hCG. No kits were produced. The data suggest that ovulation in this species is normally induced by coitus, and that pseudopregnancy can occur, lasting as long as pregnancy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of space and activity budgets in relation to age and social status in a captive herd of American bison, Bison bison
Authors: Robitaille Jean‐François , Prescott Jacques 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA stable herd of 11 captive American bison (Bison bison) of known ages and social rank was studied between June 18 and August 6, 1979 at the Jardin zoologique du Québec, Charlesbourg, Quebec. During the 8‐week study, the first author collected scan data of predefined behaviors and locations on all individuals of the herd. Space use analysis revealed extensive occupation of (and preference for) the barn and sand mound by higher‐ranking animals and calves, and the tendency for lower‐ranked individuals to use alternate, lower‐quality sites. Overall, the herd spent an average of 40% of the daytime resting, 25% standing, 23% feeding, and 12% walking/running and group exploring. High‐ranking individuals spent significantly more time standing and walking, and less time foraging than average. Most low‐ranking individuals spent significantly less time lying, and more time feeding than average. Calves spent significantly more time lying than average. The extra feeding time of low‐ranking individuals occurred mostly in early morning and mid‐day, when the high‐ranking individuals were mostly inactive. Our results suggest differential space and time use in relation to age and social status. The effects of resource limitations caused by captivity conditions, as compared with natural conditions, are discussed in regard to the activity and movement coordination of individuals in this particular captive herd. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of suspected erysipelas septicemia in a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: Calle Paul P. , Kenny David E. , Cook Robert A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 20‐year‐old male beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) was diagnosed with suspected acute septicemic erysipelas. Physical examination was unremarkable and no skin lesions were evident. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities included mild anemia, a marked leukocytosis, an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and moderate elevations of total protein, gamma globulins, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Microtitration agglutination testing for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae antibodies revealed seroconversion and elevated antibody titers associated with the clinical illness, presumptive evidence of an active E. rhusiopathiae infection. Treatment consisted of oral fluids, cimetidine, and a 25‐day course of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. The whale made a rapid and uneventful recovery. None of the three female beluga whales that shared the pool with the ill male, nor male and female beluga whales maintained in a separate pool, became ill or showed serologic evidence of E. rhusiopathiae exposure. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A note on the feeding habits of some uncommon sea stars
Authors: Anderson Roland C. , Shimek Ronald L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNatural history, aspects of aquarium behavior, and the first dietary data of three widely distributed, but relatively uncommon, Northeastern Pacific sea stars,Poraniopsis inflata(Fisher, 1906),Lophaster furcilliger(Fisher, 1905), andCera‐master patagonicus(Sladen, 1889) are presented. Our observations and analysis indicatedP. inflataindividuals ate sponges, whileL. furcilligerate sponges and chopped fish, andC. patagonicusappears to be a substrate surface deposit feeder. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.