bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of eye safety during solar eclipses. Eye protection is needed when the Sun is partially eclipsed. On the other hand, when the Sun is entirely eclipsed, its bright surface is hidden from view so it is completely safe to look directly at the eclipsed Sun without any filters. The most convenient way to watch the partial phases of an eclipse is with solar eclipse glasses, which are made from several types of materials like black polymer. The chapter considers alternative safe filters for the Sun, such as welders' goggles, pinhole projectors, telescopes and solar filters for cameras, binoculars, and telescopes. It advises against using standard or polaroid sunglasses to observe the partial phases of an eclipse.
The Fool, the Knight, and the Counselor
Authors: Knapper Daniel 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how Shakespeare imitates Paul’s style in three plays: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Pericles, Prince of Tyre; and The Winter’s Tale. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he draws on what may be called Paul’s rhetoric of admiratio in the Corinthian epistles to develop Bottom’s comic epiphany, delivered after waking from a night of confusion and metamorphosis in the woods outside of Athens. In Pericles, he imitates other aspects of Paul’s rhetoric of admiratio in Ephesians to shape Pericles’ speeches during a storm off the coast of Ephesus, including a prayer, a benediction, and a valediction. And in The Winter’s Tale, he draws on Paul’s accusatory rhetoric in Romans, 1 Corinthians, and Galatians to develop Paulina’s angry rebukes of the jealous King Leontes at the Sicilian court. The chapter shows that Shakespeare uses these Pauline imitations to highlight various aspects of Paul’s character, including his foolishness and egomania in Midsummer; his chivalric, knightly qualities in Pericles; and his courage and zeal in Winter’s Tale. The chapter also shows that Shakespeare presents the Pauline characters and their stylistic practices as focal points for exploring larger issues related to Paul’s theology in the plays, including the problems of perception and the grounds of knowledge (Midsummer); the purpose of suffering and the means of enduring it (Pericles); and the dynamics of authority, interpretation, and belief in the face of the unknown (Winter’s Tale).
Tanquam Paulus in Cathedra
Authors: Knapper Daniel 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how Lancelot Andrewes imitates Paul’s style in his courtly sermons, specifically sermons preached to royal audiences on major church holidays such as Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. The chapter shows that Andrewes develops key features of his preaching style—wordplay and imagery—by imitating passages from Paul’s epistles that humanists typically invoked in their accounts of Paul’s witty and elegant style. In his Ash Wednesday sermons, Andrewes imitates passages from Romans, 1 Corinthians, and Philemon to develop elegant yet powerful confutations of doctrinal error, and exhortations to moral and devotional living. In his Good Friday sermons, he imitates passages from Galatians and other epistles to develop lively, vivid depictions of Jesus crucified. The chapter also shows that Andrewes develops his Pauline exhortations, confutations, and depictions to contest various aspects of Puritanism, including Puritan assumptions about proper preaching style, attitudes toward religious good works, and notions of religious idolatry.
Introduction
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe Introduction begins by explaining the logical ideas and concepts that will be used in the literary case studies that follow. It charts historical developments in the use of key terms, paying particular attention to the shifting meanings and applications of the words ‘logic’ and ‘dialectic’. A second section examines previous engagements with logic in literary scholarship and suggests that the neglect of logic in literary studies can be attributed to its perceived associations with scholastic philosophy. The final part of the Introduction shows that this association is in fact the product of sixteenth-century polemic and argues for a more balanced consideration of the early modern arts curriculum, and of the place of logic in it.
“The grain of the city”
Authors: Obert Julia C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Belfast, tracing the British building program in the city from the arrival of Sir Arthur Chichester amidst the Plantations of Ulster in the early seventeenth century. It examines the physical marginalization of Irish communities in the city’s early days and considers subsequent planning projects designed to defuse restive subaltern spaces, and it connects these architectural choices to the highly siloized, sectarianized geography of contemporary Belfast. Indeed, Belfast’s Peace Lines, its interface spaces, and its partisan symbolism—features that have survived Belfast’s post-Peace Agreement “urban renaissance”—mark out forms of unbelonging and chart identity-based “no-go” areas. However, far from ascribing absolute power to this unhomely landscape, this chapter suggests that Belfast’s architectural spaces enable structures of both subjection and subversion. It investigates how particular pedestrians find ways to move against seemingly prohibitive geographies, and considers how these moves might recover agency for bodies in place. It reads the work of writers Ciaran Carson, Glenn Patterson, and Robert McLiam Wilson for insubordinate spatial practices, and theorizes the resistant value of these practices. As the body moves through space in pursuit of its own agenda, whether reclaiming ruins for childhood play, drifting about the city by car, or understanding space through sound rather than rubbled vision, it can develop a kind of rebellious intimacy with place. If parts of Belfast are subject to nicknames, shortcuts, and pedestrian reimaginings, then the “grain of the city” changes ever so slightly; amidst uhomely spaces, tunnels of personal influence can be excavated.
“Ghost Spaces”
Authors: Obert Julia C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that Windhoek is indelibly marked by its histories of genocide and apartheid (enacted under German and South African rule, respectively), and that those histories live on in the city alongside its post-independence present. Namibia gained its independence in 1990, and much has been done in the last decades to decolonize its capital city’s symbolism. Nonetheless, thirty years of postcoloniality can hardly fully heal the wounds of more than a century’s colonial violence—and today, the scars of these periods are barely beneath the skin of the city’s built environment. Literary representations of Windhoek tend to foreground these scars, often critiquing the seemingly squandered promise of Namibia’s independence by featuring the income gap—which also manifests itself as a geographical gap—between the city’s postcolonial elites and its chronically poor. This means that Windhoek is a haunted space: an uncanny neocolonial revenant of the colonial city. While many Windhoek writers dwell with this discomfort, others indicate that the power of the “architectural uncanny” in the city is far from absolute. Several texts set in Windhoek feature a recalcitrant dériviste or “drifter”: one who roams the city, slipping into “forbidden” places. Others relocate the focal point of place in the body instead of in the map, allowing each pedestrian to turn the city into a personal palimpsest, loosing hordes of her own ghosts in its streets. These texts treat “ghost space” as vibrant space, one in which individuals reanimate submerged histories as part of a vital collective present.
Of Cruise Ships and Chattel Houses
Authors: Obert Julia C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter suggests that the postcolonial topography of Barbados is rife with unsettling reminders of a vicious colonial past. In fact, Barbados offers a study in what we might call the Caribbean Gothic: ruins of sugar mills and the shells of former Great Houses—structures built on and by the labor of enslaved people—dot the island’s landscape today, and these structures still exert a kind of monstrous authority in local life. Further, since much of what has been preserved in Barbados whitewashes the spaces of the transatlantic slave trade, this chapter argues that history itself has been allowed to go to ruin in many sites that claim memorializing power. In other words, Bajan spaces are too often repackaged to appeal to visitors rather than being meaningfully decolonized for the benefit of locals. However, as contemporary Barbadian literature suggests, the Gothic can sometimes be a “mode of seeing” rather than a form of repression. The island’s strategic silences may help to sanitize the country for tourists, but in actuality, they are less rhetorical voids than they are uncanny reminders of Barbados’ colonial past. As such, Bajan texts often make silenced spaces speak, reanimating the ghosts of enslaved persons and repopulating plantation houses with those ghosts. Moreover, a number of local authors turn to the island’s landscape itself as a more fundamental source of belonging, taking the rhythms of life and of literature from its ecological features.
From Re-instrumenting to Re-purposing Farm Support Policies
Authors: Anderson Kym , Strutt Anna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Food production has been globally inefficient for many decades, with too many resources employed in agriculture in high-income countries and too few in numerous low-income countries where governments heavily taxed farm exports. This chapter shows that over recent decades, policy instrument choices of advanced economies have moved away from mostly price support at the border to also domestic output and input price supports and then to somewhat-decoupled payments, to direct income payments to farmers, and to more-concerted payments to farmers for their co-provision of public goods. Even so, many agri-food policy instruments are far from economically optimal for attaining society’s stated objectives, and their global economic welfare cost is still high. The chapter concludes by outlining ways in which present farm supports could be re-purposed in high-income and emerging economies to achieve more-efficient, more-equitable, healthier, and more environmentally friendlier outcomes.
Government Response to Ultra-Processed and Sugar Beverages Industries in Developing Nations
Authors: Gómez Eduardo J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How were the governments of three middle-income countries with high levels of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—India, Mexico, and South Africa—able to implement sugar-sweetened beverage taxes (SSBs) despite intense opposition from powerful corporations? Employing a multiple streams analytical framework to explain the agenda-setting process, this chapter highlights several factors that generated supportive coalitions for SSBs, including the importance of transnational advocacy in each country as well as governments’ interest in generating more revenue from the tax. By contrast, regulatory measures to regulate the soda and snack food industries, such as limits on advertising, sales, and food labeling, have been less accepted by the same governments. To explain why, the chapter argues that coalitions around these policies are weaker, regulation generates lower levels of public contestation and visibility, and the prospect for generating government revenue is less pronounced.
Asymmetric Power in Global Food System Advocacy
Authors: Harris Jody 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Food systems policy has multiple legitimate aims, and different policy actors hold different values, beliefs, and interests around these issues. In low-income countries, global narratives and non-national coalitions regularly intervene in food policy processes, and they exert influence due to historical and current power relations. There are significant questions, however, about the implications and legitimacy of this international intervention into national food policies. Focusing on Zambia, this chapter finds that internationally formulated ideas are increasingly evident over time in food policy, transferred to national policy through the normative promotion of certain ways of understanding the issue of malnutrition. With its focus on multi-sectoral action to reduce stunting, the recent nutrition policy narrative impinges directly on an existing food security narrative by attempting to alter agriculture policy away from maize reliance. The nutrition policy sub-system in Zambia is therefore split, with implications for both sides on progressing a coherent policy agenda.
Sustainable Food and Farming
Authors: Paarlberg Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines four important food production innovations that have been favored by scientists but opposed by influential swathes of the public: Green Revolution farming, industrial agriculture, the use of synthetic chemicals versus organic farming, and genetically engineered crops (GMOs). While three of the four innovations enjoy widespread use despite civil society opposition, GMOs do not. This chapter explains why: except for GMOs, public misgivings did not find political expression until after farmers had experienced the benefits from these innovations, making them impossible to take away. However, activists raised strong objections early with respect to GMOs, before the seeds were in wide use, and therefore most farmers never had a chance to enjoy and defend the benefits. Genome editing, a more recent crop science breakthrough, met early legal resistance in Europe, but broad popular resistance is unlikely to follow, so widespread deployment in farming is likely.
Enabling Positive Tipping Points in Public Support for Food System Transformation
Authors: Fesenfeld Lukas Paul , Sun Yixian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public opinion is an important factor that shapes the political economy of food system transformation, especially for salient issues such as meat consumption. This chapter provides a scoping review of the academic literature on public opinion regarding sustainable food policy. On this basis, the chapter presents a framework for studying public opinion on food system transformation. The framework accounts for the roles of policy framing, design, and feedback in promoting food system transformation across different political economy and institutional contexts. Using survey experimental evidence with representative samples in China, Germany, and the US, the chapter shows that the combination of policy framing and design is key for securing public support for transformative food policies. The strategic sequence of policies over time might enable positive tipping points in food system transformation. Future research should use more mixed-method approaches to investigate how public opinion interacts with the broader political economy context.
Urban Food Systems Governance in Africa
Authors: Haysom Gareth , Battersby Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Focussing on African cities, this chapter problematizes responses to urban food and nutrition insecurity. The rapid transformation of both African cities and food systems has precipitated new and novel forms of governance. By reflecting critically on nascent urban food systems governance approaches in the region, this chapter questions the role of power and agency in such processes, and it suggests that urban food governance requires focusing on both traditional government-led policies and projects as well as societal relationships and processes. Actions that integrate both government-led and societally driven processes are key to robust and inclusive urban food governance. Contextual specificity is an essential food governance consideration, activating responses informed by city-specific needs. Food systems governance models that do not suitably correspond to both citizen capacities and the obligations of the state will not effectively address the dietary transitions and increasing food and nutrition insecurity in African cities.
Protecting civilians or enforcing order?
Authors: Pingeot Lou 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the development of police peacekeeping and argues that the turn to policing goes beyond change in the composition of peace operations. Rather, the logic of policing reflects a fundamental tension between two concomitant evolutions in peace operations—the growing importance of protection of civilians and the turn towards stabilization. The pull between these two imperatives is at the centre of police power, which is characterized by a tension between the public mission ‘to serve and protect’ and a mandate to enforce not just public order but social order. The chapter challenges several preconceptions about police forces and policing, including the idea that police’s main function is to respond to crime. It addresses the alternative explanation that police peacekeeping is just a logical response to the merging of crime and conflict. Finally, the chapter situates UN peace operations within the broader field of global policing.
Haiti as a site
Authors: Pingeot Lou 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the UN stabilization mission in Haiti, MINUSTAH (2004–17), and justifies the selection of the mission as a site for the study of police peacekeeping and its place in the global field of policing. It provides historical and political background and shows that the mission’s stabilization mandate amounted to taking sides in an ongoing process of contested state formation opposing a small dominant class to a vast impoverished majority. The chapter demonstrates that MINUSTAH is a good site to study police peacekeeping and its place in the global field of policing because it reflected broader changes in UN missions and is understood as a blueprint for future operations. The chapter also provides a more reflexive account of the choice of Haiti and the politics of studying the country and presents background on the fieldwork experience and the interviews conducted in Port-au-Prince.
Policing the urban poor
Authors: Pingeot Lou 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how MINUSTAH disproportionately focused on the poorest neighbourhoods of Port-au-Prince as sources of instability. It shows how, under the mission’s stabilization mandate, threats to social order were reinterpreted as threats to security, and thus international security, and groups challenging social order were treated as ‘spoilers’ of a non-existent peace process. Thus, from a population in danger to be protected, inhabitants of poor neighbourhoods became a dangerous population to be policed. The chapter demonstrates the parallels between MINUSTAH’s strategy and counterinsurgency tactics, revealing how concerns for civilian protection were overridden by the goal of stabilization. It puts MINUSTAH’s intervention in a global context, showing how it fits within a trend of militarization of urban marginality. In particular, it explores the synergy between the mission’s actions in Haiti and Brazilian military policing of favelas.
The Social Representation of Power in India
Authors: Lal Vinay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a considerable scholarly literature on kingship in India and the place of Brahmins and Kshatriyas in the social order. Similarly, historians have been attentive in varying degrees to the political history of India in the period of the great empires, from Ashoka and the Mauryas to the Guptas, as well as during the period of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and the British Raj. However, a connected history of the social representation of power in India has never been attempted. This chapter makes an attempt at such a history in fragments in the hope that it may be useful to students and researchers, particularly when the fragments revolve around such subjects as the importance of the Red Fort, the singularity of Delhi, the continuities in such practices as darshan, traditions of male and female ascetic warriors, and reinscription as a strategy of power. The chapter treats the subject chronologically and yet the chronology is constantly disrupted, as for instance in the comparison between a fourteenth-century Delhi Sultan and a modern-day Indian politician.
Love in Future Tense
Authors: Devy Ganesh N. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This essay is based on a lexicographical sampling of words for ‘love’ and ‘relation’ in India’s diverse languages. It discusses the political context for the collection, nature of the corpus collected, and the range of significance of such a corpus for the social sciences in India. The corpus has over a thousand words collected from over a hundred languages, presented by members of the respective speech communities. Many of these communities are caught in various bitter battles for their own survival. This essay tries to examine how the changing shades of meaning of the term ‘love’ marks the literary history of some of the major Indian languages and how the love terms can be seen as expression of desires that cross over from the area of ‘kama’ (emotive interrelatedness) to ‘artha’ (social and economic affairs). The essay attempts to examine if at all and how the communities from whom these words were collected are connected with the politics of hatred in India in recent years. It is also an attempt to examine if the emotive weave of the communities is in any manner a clash or collaboration with the idea of a totalitarian regime.
Social and Political Role-Play through the Theology of the Hindu Icon
Authors: Lipner Julius 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of images in Hinduism is well known. It is also well known that they play various roles in the life of Hindu worshippers and their social nexus. After giving some historical background of the image and its pliable religious rationale, this essay will inquire not into its aesthetic or artistic qualities, which have been the subject of much study, but into its dharmic foregrounding with a view to understanding what makes it possible in its structural foundation to play several social and political roles among both worshippers and non-worshippers. This facet of Hindu images, which has been little studied, will help us appreciate the versatility and enduring power of the Hindu image even in modern times.
Backwater Infinitude
Authors: Rajan Roby 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea that India’s colonial encounter caused an ‘epistemic rupture’ is widely prevalent among today’s nationalist leaders as well as among contemporary postcolonial scholars. From this diagnosis of ‘rupture’, there follows a political programme of reclaiming the integrity of the damaged indigenous episteme. However, other scholars have pointed out that even at the height of the colonial period, the traditional yogis of India exhibited an indifference to colonialism and to all of its putative ‘effects’ that so bother the nationalists and scholars. Was this indifference a result of the yogis being out of touch with the ‘reality’ of colonialism? The towering figure of Narayana Guru who was a traditional yogi in every sense—including in his indifference to colonialism—but is also unanimously acknowledged as having inaugurated a whole new politics in his native Kerala ought to give us pause before rushing to answer that question in the affirmative. This paper argues that the yogis’ indifference to colonialism was not only consonant with the fundaments of Indian metaphysics, it also carries an implicit critique of some of the basic assumptions of postcolonial scholarship, especially its inflated notions of cultural and civilizational ‘difference’. The paper demonstrates that a certain conception of proprietariness lies at the heart of the two contrasting responses to colonialism, and concludes by suggesting that both the pastness of the past and the tasks one is called to in the present appear in a wholly different light once the proprietary stance is abandoned.