bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in the use of the English article system by Chinese learners of English
Authors: Robertson Daniel 
Published: June 2003

It is well known that the Chinese language does not have functional equivalents of the English definite and indefinite article. Correspondingly, there is plenty of observational evidence that Chinese learners have difficulty with the article system in English. In particular, these learners have a marked tendency to omit the article where native speakers of English would use one. In this article we report the results of an experimental investigation of the variable use of the definite and indefinite articles by 18 Chinese learners of English. A referential communication task was used to elicit samples of the speech of these learners which was rich in referring noun phrases. From the resulting corpus 1884 noun phrases were coded, using a taxonomy based on Hawkins' (1978) description of the definite and indefinite articles and demonstratives in English. The analysis shows an overall rate of 78% suppliance of articles in contexts where a native speaker would use the definite or indefinite article. Of the remaining 22% of contexts where articles are not used, we found that many of the instances of nonsuppliance of articles could be explained by three principles: 1) a syntactic principle of ‘determiner drop’, whereby an NP with definite or indefinite reference need not be overtly marked for [± definiteness] if it is included in the scope of the determiner of a preceding NP; 2) a ‘recoverability’ principle, whereby an NP need not be marked for [± definiteness] if the information encoded in this feature is recoverable from the context; and 3) a ‘lexical transfer principle’, whereby some of these learners are using demonstratives (particularly this) and the numeral one as markers of definiteness and indefiniteness respectively. However, these principles do not account for all the instances of non-native-like usage in the corpus. There remains a residue of 206 noun phrases without articles in contexts where native speakers would use an article.There are identical contexts, moreover, where these learners use the articles. We suggest that this evidence of unsystematic variation in the use of the articles by these learners lends support to the hypothesis that the optionality in the use of articles is due to difficulty acquiring the correct mapping from the surface features of definiteness and referentiality ( the, a, and the zero article Ø) onto the abstract features of the DP.
The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and German: contrasting first and second language development
Authors: Meisel Jürgen M. 
Published: June 2003

The acquisition of negation is perhaps the best-studied syntactic phenomenon in early interlanguage research,and many of these publications concluded that first (L1) and second language (L2) development had much more in common than had previously been assumed. In the present paper, the problem of whether the same underlying principles and mechanisms guide L1 and L2 acquisition will be re-examined from the perspective of more recent grammatical theory. The empirical basis consists of longitudinal case-studies of the acquisition of French and German as first and second languages. The L2 learners' first language is Spanish. In L1 data one finds a rapid, uniform and almost error-free course of development across languages exhibiting quite different morphosyntactic means of expressing negation. This is explained in terms of Parameter Theory, primarily referring to functional categories determining the placement of finite verbal elements. L2 acquisition, on the other hand, is characterized by considerable variability, not only crosslinguistically, but also across learners and even within individuals. This can be accounted for by assuming different strategies of language use. More importantly, different kinds of linguistic knowledge are drawn upon in L1 as opposed to L2. It is claimed that adult L2 learners, rather than using structure-dependent operations constrained by Universal Grammar (UG), rely primarily on linear sequencing strategies which apply to surface strings.
Why is this happened? Passive morphology and unaccusativity
Authors: Balcom Patricia 
Published: June 2003

Zobl discussed inappropriate passive morphology (‘be’ and the past participle) in the English writing of L2 learners, linking its occurrence to the class of unaccusative verbs and proposing that learners subsume unaccusatives under the syntactic rule for passive formation. The research reported here supports and amplifies Zobl' proposal, based on a grammaticality judgement task and a controlled production task containing verbs from a variety of subclasses of unaccusatives. The tasks were administered to Chinese L1 learners of English and a control group of English native speakers. Results show that subjects both used and judged as grammatical inappropriate passive morphology with all verbs falling under the rubric of unaccusativity. The article concludes with linguistic representations which maintain Zobl’s insights but are consistent with current theories of argument structure.
The effects of semantic and thematic clustering on the learning of second language vocabulary
Authors: Tinkham Thomas 
Published: June 2003

ESL students are often presented much of their new English vocabulary preorganized for them in ‘semantic clusters’, sets of semantically and syntactically similar words, e.g., eye, nose, ear, mouth, chin. Although clustering of this sort facilitates the activities which serve current approaches to language teaching and would seem,at first glance, to facilitate vocabulary learning as well, little or no empirical justification is offered by researchers in support of its employment. In fact, research that might apply, psychological research generated by interference theory, would predict that such clustering of similar items impedes rather than enhances learning. On a more positive note, a more ‘thematic’ manner of organizing new L2 vocabulary is suggested by more recent psychological research which would predict that clusters like frog, green,hop, pond,slippery, croak would be more easily learnt than groups of unassociated words. With these predictions in mind,the reported research explored the effects upon L2 vocabulary learning of both ‘semantic’ and ‘thematic’ clustering. The results provide a wide range of evidence that suggests that semantic clustering does indeed serve as a hindrance while thematic clustering serves as a facilitator of new language vocabulary learning.
Markedness, operator movement and discourse effects in the acquisition of purpose clause constructions in a second language
Authors: Finney Malcolm A. 
Published: June 2003

This article appraises the effects of gap position and discourse information in the acquisition of purpose clause constructions (PCs) by adult Francophones learning English as L2. L1 acquisition studies reveal children having little difficulty interpreting a PC with a subject gap only (SPC) while a PC with an object gap (OPC) has been problematic to interpret. This may be the result of the number of syntactic operations–including operator movement–involved in its derivation plus lexically specified restrictions on the matrix verb. There are grounds for hypothesizing a late emergence of OPCs in English for French speakers. They are not allowed in French and, in addition to lexical restrictions associated with the choice of matrix verb, are marked semantically and typologically; an OPC with a prepositional object gap is additionally syntactically marked. This may thus result in the late acquisition of OPCs relative to SPCs. An additional hypothesis addresses whether L2 learners are adept at using discourse clues to interpret syntactic structure. Results indicate initial difficulty interpreting only PCs with prepositional object gaps, providing support for the hypothesis that syntactically (structurally) marked constructions may create initial learning difficulty in L2 acquisition.
On the reliability of grammaticality judgement tests in second language acquisition research
Authors: Mandell Paul B. 
Published: June 2003

The use of grammaticality and metalinguistic judgement tests in second language acquisition (SLA) research has been the subject of considerable scrutiny over the past decade (see, for example, Chaudron, 1983; Birdsong, 1989; Ellis, 1991; Cowan and Hatasa, 1994; Gass, 1994; Davies and Kaplan, 1998).Grammaticality judgement (GJ) test data in research design are used to make inferences about the syntactic structures and rules that constitute learners’ linguistic competence, in the Chomskian sense of the word. One criticism levelled at the use of this type of test, however, is that they are not reliable measures of linguistic competence. The present study compared GJ test data with dehydrated sentence (DS) test data, an assessment tool commonly used in the L2 (second language) classroom. Data were collected from three levels (second, fourth and sixth semester) of adult L2 learners of Spanish about verb movement (Vmovement). The results from the comparison of the two tests indicated that GJ data are reliable measures of linguistic knowledge.
Multiple Determinants for Rapid Agonist-Induced Internalization of a Nonmammalian Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor: A Putative Palmitoylation Site and Threonine Doublet within the Carboxyl-Terminal Tail Are Critical
Authors: Pawson Adam J. , Maudsley Stuart R. , Lopes John , Katz Arieh A. , Sun Yuh-Man , Davidson James S. , Millar Robert P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe chicken GnRH receptor (cGnRH-R) differs from all mammalian GnRH-Rs in possessing a cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal tail. We have previously demonstrated that the cGnRH-R undergoes more rapid agonist-induced internalization than the mammalian GnRH-Rs and requires the carboxyl-terminal tail for this process. To investigate the structural determinants mediating this rapid internalization, a series of mutant receptors was generated, including progressive truncations of the tail and substitution of serine and threonine residues with alanine. Truncation of the carboxyl-terminal tail to position 366 and then to position 356 resulted in a progressive attenuation of the rate and total extent of receptor internalization. However, truncation between positions 356 and 346 did not alter the kinetics of internalization further, whereas a further truncation to position 337 resulted in an additional marked reduction of internalization. We show that the membrane-proximal Cys328 and the Thr369Thr370 doublet located in the distal carboxyl terminus play a critical role in mediating rapid internalization. We demonstrate that the cGnRH-R, when expressed in both COS-7 and HEK 293 cells, preferentially undergoes rapid agonist-induced internalization in a caveolae-like, dynamin-dependent manner. These conclusions are based on our observation that pretreatments with filipin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin, agents that disrupt lipid rafts such as caveolae, and coexpression of dominant-negative dynamin-1 (K44A) and caveolin-1 (Δ1–81) mutants, effectively inhibited rapid agonist-induced internalization. Furthermore, cGnRH-Rs appeared to be mobilized to the β-arrestin- and clathrin-coated, vesicle-mediated endocytic pathway upon β-arrestin overexpression.
Circadian Clock Genes and Photoperiodism: Comprehensive Analysis of Clock Gene Expression in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, and the Pineal Gland of Japanese Quail under Various Light Schedules
Authors: Yasuo Shinobu , Watanabe Miwa , Okabayashi Naritoshi , Ebihara Shizufumi , Yoshimura Takashi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
In birds, the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) including the infundibular nucleus, inferior hypothalamic nucleus, and median eminence is considered to be an important center that controls the photoperiodic time measurement. Here we show expression patterns of circadian clock genes in the MBH, putative suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and pineal gland, which constitute the circadian pacemaker under various light schedules. Although expression patterns of clock genes were different between long and short photoperiod in the SCN and pineal gland, the results were not consistent with those under night interruption schedule, which causes testicular growth. These results indicate that different expression patterns of the circadian clock genes in the SCN and pineal gland are not an absolute requirement for encoding and decoding of seasonal information. In contrast, expression patterns of clock genes in the MBH were stable under various light conditions, which enables animals to keep a steady-state photoinducible phase.
Dominant Inhibition of Thyroid Hormone Action Selectively in the Pituitary of Thyroid Hormone Receptor-β Null Mice Abolishes the Regulation of Thyrotropin by Thyroid Hormone
Authors: Abel E. Dale , Moura Egberto G. , Ahima Rexford S. , Campos-Barros Angel , Pazos-Moura Carmen C. , Boers Mary-Ellen , Kaulbach Helen C. , Forrest Douglas , Wondisford Fredric E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThyroid hormones, T4 and T3, regulate their own production by feedback inhibition of TSH and TRH synthesis in the pituitary and hypothalamus when T3 binds to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) that interact with the promoters of the genes for the TSH subunit and TRH. All TR isoforms are believed to be involved in the regulation of this endocrine axis, as evidenced by the massive dysregulation of TSH production in mice lacking all TR isoforms. However, the relative contributions of TR isoforms in the pituitary vs. the hypothalamus remain to be completely elucidated. Thus, to determine the relative contribution of pituitary expression of TR-α in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, we selectively impaired TR-α function in TR-β null mice (TR-β−/−) by pituitary restricted expression of a dominant negative TR-β transgene harboring a Δ337T mutation. These animals exhibited 10-fold and 32-fold increase in T4 and TSH concentrations, respectively. Moreover, the negative regulation of TSH by exogenous T3 was completely absent and a paradoxical increase in TSH concentrations and TSH-β mRNA was observed. In contrast, prepro-TRH expression levels in T3-treated TR-β−/− were similar to levels observed in the Δ337/TR-β−/− mice, and ligand-independent activation of TSH in hypothyroid mice was equivalently impaired. Thus, isolated TR-β deficiency in TRH paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus neurons and impaired function of all TRs in the pituitary recapitulate the baseline hormonal disturbances that characterize mice with complete absence of all TRs.
Polythioamide as a Collector for Valuable Metals from Aqueous and Organic Solutions
Authors: Kagaya Shigehiro , Sato Emi , Masore Ikumi , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kanbara Takaki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Polythioamides could effectively collect gold(III) and platinum(IV) from not only aqueous but also organic solutions. The collection of gold(III) from synthetic organic liquid waste was demonstrated.
Allylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Zeolites under Liquid Phase
Authors: Sasidharan M , Tatsumi Takashi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Dealuminated zeolite-Y exchanged with rare earth metals (RE-Y) is found to catalyze the allylation of different aldehydes using allyltrimethylsilane to afford the corresponding allylic compounds in moderate to good yields by refluxing in nitromethane.
A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of β,γ-Unsaturated Amines from Alkenes via α,β-Unsaturated Diphenylsulfonium Salts
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroyuki , Matsuo Jun-ichi , Kawana Asahi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
1,1-Disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes were converted into the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated amines 4 via three steps: the initial formation of α,β-unsaturated diphenylsulfonium triflates 2 from alkenes and diphenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (1), followed by double bond migration of 2 to β,γ-unsaturated sulfonium triflates 3 with primary or secondary amines, and successive nucleophilic substitution of 3 with these amines.
Effective Recovery of Nd–Fe–B Sintered Magnet Scrap Powders as Isotropic Bonded Magnets
Authors: Machida Ken-ichi , Masuda Masahiro , Suzuki Shunji , Itoh Masahiro , Horikawa Takashi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Nd–Fe–B sintered magnet scrap powders, viz. “sludge”, as produced in the sizing and polishing processes for well-shaped magnets of small-sized motors and other equipments were effectively recovered as the raw powders for isotropic Nd–Fe–B bonded magnets (Br = 0.66 T, Hcj = 0.92 MA/m, and (BH)max = 70 kJ/m3) by means of Ca metal reduction and melt-spun.
New Supramolecular Approach for Saccharide-directed Chemical Modification of Concanavalin A
Authors: Hayashida Osamu , Hamachi Itaru 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A new saccharide-directed chemical modification method toward a protein surface was developed. Hydrophobic guests such as Dansyl-SE were effectively incorporated by the cyclophane (1) having terminal glucose moieties. The amine-coupling fluorescent dye was carried from the aqueous phase to the glucoside-binding site of Con A by 1 and reacted at the proximal binding site. The modified Con A acts as a fluorescent saccharide biosensor.
α-Amino Acids Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis with Chemiluminescence Detector Using Luminol–Hydrogen Peroxide–Cu(II) System
Authors: Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Nakahama Koji , Nakajima Riichiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Twenty kinds of α-amino acids were directly detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a chemiluminescence (CL) detector using luminol–hydrogen peroxide–Cu(II) system. A batch-type CL detection cell to which a hydrogen peroxide solution was added was used. Samples migrated in a running buffer solution containing luminol and Cu(II), and eluted at a tip of a capillary to mix with the hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic activity of Cu(II) for luminol CL reaction increased in the presence of α-amino acids to induce CL peaks on the electropherograms. For example, aspartic acid was determined over the range of 1.1 × 10−7–1.8 × 10−5 M with a detection limit of 0.6 fmol. A model mixture sample of glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid was successfully separated and detected within 10 min.
A Simple Route for the Synthesis of Rutile TiO2 Nanorods
Authors: Huang Qing , Gao Lian 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The monodispersed rutile TiO2 nanorods in diameter 4–6 nm and in length up to 50–150 nm were prepared by the hydrolysis of TiCl4 solution in the concerntrated HNO3 under ambient condition in air and required no complex apparatus.
A Potent Solvent for Dissolution of Metallic Copper
Authors: Yanagihara Naohisa , Nakayama Masahiro , Tai Hideo 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Metallic copper was found to dissolve in a mixture of ammonia and carbon tetrachloride under extremely mild conditions. The solubilized copper was determined to be in the form of an ammine complex of copper(II) chloride, [Cu(NH3)m]Cl2·nH2O.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Tetranuclear Tungsten–Bismuth–Sulfur Complex
Authors: Li Hong-Xi , Xu Qing-Feng , Shen Qi , Lang Jian-Ping 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Reaction of [PPh4]2[WS4] with 1/3 equiv. of BiCl3 in CH2Cl2 afforded a new W/Bi/S complex [PPh4]3[Bi(WS4)3] (1). The structure of the trianion of 1 represents the first example of W/Bi/S complex which contains a central Bi coordinated by six S atoms of the three [WS4]2− moieties.
Electron and Hole Mobility in Vacuum Deposited Organic Thin Films of Bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazolate]zinc and Its Derivatives
Authors: Yasuda Takeshi , Yamaguchi Yoshihisa , Fujita Katsuhiko , Tsutsui Tetsuo 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The electronic properties of five derivatives of bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazolate]zinc (ZnPBO) have been investigated by the time-of-flight measurement of their thin films prepared with vacuum deposition. The electron and hole mobilities at electric field of 5 × 105 V/cm for these compounds were 10−5 cm2/Vs and 10−6-10−8 cm2/Vs, respectively. The electron mobility was found to be almost identical among those used in this study and higher than that of the representative electron transporting organic material, Alq. The hole mobility had significantly increased as the π-conjugation of the ligands of the complexes was extended.
Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite Sintered Bodies with c Axis Orientation
Authors: Ohta Kazushi , Kikuchi Masanori , Tanaka Junzo 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) sintered bodies with c axis orientation were fabricated using c axis oriented plate-like HAp aggregates synthesized as described by us. The results of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry indicated that the plate-like HAp aggregates accumulated horizontally to the flat surfaces of the cylindrical HAp sintered bodies and the c axis orientation of the HAp crystals perpendicular to the wide surfaces of the aggregates were maintained even after sintering.
Highly Efficient Deprotection of Acetals by Titanium Cation-exchanged Montmorillonite as a Strong Solid Acid Catalyst
Authors: Kawabata Tomonori , Kato Masaki , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Deprotection of various kinds of acetals sufficiently occured in the presence of Ti4+-exchanged montmorillonite as a recyclable strong solid acid catalyst.
Management of HIV and hepatitis B or C co-infection in 15 HIV treatment centres. Disparity between protocols and practice
Authors: Brook M G , Jones K , Dale A W S , Miller R F 
Published: June 2003

Our aim was to ascertain current guidelines and clinical practices prevalent in HIV treatment centres in the North Thames Region of England on the care of patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B or C. A self-completed postal survey of clinic guidelines and retrospective case-note reviews was performed. Fifteen of the 27 units completed the survey and generally had clinic guidelines consistent with current national guidelines. Stated policy was usually to screen HIV patients for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to offer specific therapy for the hepatitis as well as the HIV. Many units were unable to contribute cases to the case-note review, probably through lack of case-identification, and therefore 11 units contributed 27 case-note reviews on HIV/HBV and five units contributed 11 case-note reviews on HIV/HCV. Fifty-six percent (25/45) of patients of HBV patients were HBeAg+ve and 88% (22/25) of these had received specific hepatitis B therapy although for 59% (13/22) this was with lamivudine as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. None of the HIV/HCV patients had received or been referred for HCV-specific therapy. Testing for hepatitis A immunity in HBV or HCV patients with a view to vaccination was done in only 50% although 96% of HIV/HCV patients had been screened for HBV. There are significant differences between the clinics' intended and actual management of HIV and chronic viral hepatitis co-infection.