bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleic acid hydration
Authors: Berman Helen M , Schneider Bohdan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is perhaps only a small exaggeration to say that the timing of the birth of modern molecular biology was dependent on selecting the DNA sample with the correct water content. Franklin and Gosling (1) first observed that as the humidity of the sample increased, the characteristics of the fibre diffraction pattern changed. The low humidity A-form was apparently more crystalline and was, therefore, the initial focus of their attention. However, the high humidity B-form was more interpretable because it yielded the characteristic helical diffraction pattern. Once attention was given to this form, the double helical structure of DNA was discovered (2).
Structures and interactions of helical junctions in nucleic acids
Authors: Lilley David M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helical junctions in nucleic acids are branch points where double helical segments intersect with axial discontinuities, such that strands are exchanged between the differ ent helical sections. While bulges can be brought into this definition, we will restrict our attention to helical junctions in this chapter, of which the most common are three-or four-way junctions (Fig. 15.1). These can be perfect junctions, where every base is paired with its Watson—Crick complement, or they can contain mismatches or unpaired bases; the latter can have significant effects on the folding of the structures in some cases. A systematic nomenclature exists for the unambiguous description of dif ferent junctions (1).
Crystallographic structures of RNA oligoribonucleotides and ribozymes
Authors: Masquida B , Westhof E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the resolution of tRNA crystal structures in the late 1970s, X-ray analysis of RNA has made a considerable leap, albeit only recently. RNA structures are, since 1988, solved at an average rate of two structures per year, and this number is rapidly increasing. This cooperative phenomenon mainly results from the overcoming of experimental limitations such as the obtaining of ‘heaps’ of crystal-pure RNA mole cules of any size or the development of efficient screening methods for crystallization conditions. The recent appearance of the structures of 13 RNA duplexes, three ham merhead ribozymes, and the P4-P6 domain of the group I self-splicing introns, con siderably broadens our views of the fascinating RNA structural landscapes.
Gauge Theory in Higher Dimensions
Authors: Donaldson S K , Thomas R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interaction between geometry in the adjacent dimensions 2, 3 and 4 is a theme which runs through a great deal of the work by mathematicians on gauge theory over the past few years. In this article we will examine the possibility of developing this theme in higher dimensions. We will find extensions following two intertwining threads. One thread, which we say more about here, replaces real variables by complex variables, and hence operates in complex dimensions 2, 3, 4. The other thread involves, from one point of view, replacing the quaternions by the octonians, and operates in the realm of manifolds with “exceptional holonomy”. The picture we will find pulls together various ideas which have been touched on in the literature but the striking analogies which emerge do not seem to be well-known. Our treatment will be informal throughout this article—our main aim is to advertise the potential for research in these directions. A great deal of technical work is needed to develop these ideas in detail, and a more thorough and wide-ranging account of the Calabi-Yau story will appear in the D.Phil. thesis of the second author. The first author would like to emphasise the debt due to other mathematicians in forming parts of the picture described here; particularly Dominic Joyce, Simon Salamon and Christopher Lewis for lessons on exceptional holonomy. A substantial part of this picture is essentially due to Joyce and Lewis, and again futher details will appear in the doctoral thesis of Lewis.
Quantum Measurement Problem and the Gravitational Field
Authors: Anandan Jeeva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Department of Physics and Astronomy University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 20208, USA [AF] Two of the most important unsolved problems in theoretical physics are the problem of quantizing gravitation and the measurement problem in quantum theory. It is possible that the solution of each one needs the other. Since we have successful quantum theories of electroweak, and strong interactions, the solution to the problem of the collapse of the wave function, known as the measurement problem, may lie in the yet unknown quantum theory of the remaining interaction, namely quantum gravity. On the other hand, the numerous unsuccessful attempts to construct a quantum theory of gravity for more than six decades on the assumption that the present linear quantum theory is correct suggests that perhaps not only general relativity but also quantum theory should be modified in order to construct of satisfactory quantum theory of gravity.
Hyperbolic Surfaces and Fuchsian groups: Summary
Authors: Matsuzaki Katsuhiko , Taniguchi Masahiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The real :1-dimensional Euclidean space JR3 is given a sense of reality by being considered as a model of the physical world and most of its elementary properties are well known. Mathematically, the hyperbolic space, which is one type of non-Euclidean geometry, has the same right to claim its own existence as the Euclidean space, but few of its properties have been established as common knowledge. In the present volume, we give a glimpse into the charms of hyperbolic manifolds, which are generalizations of the hyperbolic space in the sense that they can be regarded as the hyperbolic space in a “neighborhood” of any point on it.
The non-Euclidean style of Minkowskian relativity
Authors: Walter Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of relativity is structured for most commentators by two landmark discoveries due to Albert Einstein: the special theory (1905) and the general theory of relativity (1915). To get from one theory to the other, we know that Einstein relied on a certain number of fundamental concepts, such as the equivalence principle, and a few key mathematical techniques, for instance, the absolute tensor calculus of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi Civita. Einstein also had need of a third theory and technique, elaborated by his former mathematics professor, Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909), although he did not recognize this for several years. In this paper, we examine the fortunes of Minkowski ‘ s space-time theory from 1908 to 1916. Our focus is on the emergence of Minkowski ‘s four-dimensional formalism as a standard technique in theoretical physics, and we investigate one aspect of this history in some detail: the reformulation and reinterpretation of the laws of special relativity in the language of non-Euclidean geometry. The related work done on the space-time theory, or what we call the ‘non-Euclidean style ‘ of Minkowskian relativity, provides an example of the geometrization of physics brought about by Minkowski and his followers.
Techniques of integration I
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter links the theory developed in Chapter 5 to the tools of practical integration. We summarize the most useful techniques, for revision and reference. The methods—recognizing the integrand as a derivative, integration by parts, and integration by substitution—can seem haphazard to beginners in calculus. A review at this stage may help to dispel any lingering mystery.
Convergence Theorems: MCT and DCT
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proof of the MCT is technical and you may wish to skip over it at a first reading to the applications in the next chapter. The DCT is derived from the MCT. Its proof is a good theoretical illustration of the use of the MCT. Before embarking on the theory we indicate why the convergence theorems are needed.
Integration vs. differentiation
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory involved in providing the answers is far from elementary, and scarcely appropriate for a book entitled “Introduction to integration”. Accordingly we give an account for spectators rather than for would-be professionals. We draw heavily on earlier results and exercises, give only outline proofs, and cite without proof certain theorems from outside integration theory, concerning increasing functions and functions of bounded variation. We work throughout with real-valued functions on a compact interval [a, b].
Fourier series: pointwise convergence
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next we give a glimpse into the rich mathematical theory of Fourier series, exploiting the integration theory of the earlier chapters. Our account is self-contained but assumes that most readers will have met Fourier series before, at the level of rigour of, for example, [12]. We urge that it be read alongside a specialized text, for example (11], which gives a lively presentation of applications, from the temperature of subsoil to tides.
Bpi Equivalence+C576
Authors: David Guy , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We want to prove some basic facts about BPI equivalence (Definition 1.6). We begin with the following, which amounts to saying that it does not take too much to get BPI equivalence in the presence of the BPI condition for the spaces.
Proposition 7.1 Let (M,d(x,y)) and (N,p(u,v)) be two BPI spaces with the same dimension d. Then M and N are BPI equivalent if and only if there is a subset A of M with positive measure which is bilipschitz equivalent to a subset of N.
Snapshots
Authors: David Guy , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let (M,d(x, y)) be a metric space which is doubling and complete, say. Givenp EM and 0 &lt;r ≤ diamM we get a “renormalized” pointed metric spaceMp,r as in Section 9.1, i.e., we get (M, r‒1d(x, y),p).
Domain Decomposition Methods for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Quarteroni Alfio , Valli Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domain decomposition methods are designed to allow the effective numerical solution of partial differential equations on parallel computer architectures. They comprise a relatively new field of study, but have already found important applications in many branches of physics and engineering. In this book the authors illustrate the basic mathematical concepts behind domain decomposition, looking at a large variety of boundary value problems. Contents include; symmetric elliptic equations; advection-diffusion equations; the elasticity problem; the Stokes problem for incompressible and compressible fluids; the time-harmonic Maxwell equations; parabolic and hyperbolic equations; and suitable couplings of heterogeneous equations.
Defect and Microstructure Analysis by Diffraction
Authors: Snyder Robert L , Fiala Jaroslav , Bunge Hans J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Defect and Microstructure Analysis by Diffraction is focused on extracting information on the real structure of materials from their diffraction patterns. The primary features of a powder diffraction pattern are determined by the "idealized" periodic nature of the crystal structure. With the advent of computer automation the techniques for carrying out qualitative, quantitative and structure analysis based on the primary pattern features rapidly matured. In general, the deviations of a particular specimen, from the ideal or perfect crystal structure, cause diffraction peak profiles to broaden and sometimes to become asymmetric. Thus, information on the real structure or microstructure of a specimen can be obtained from a careful study of the diffraction line profiles. The evolving techniques for microstructure analysis from diffraction patterns such as micro-strain, crystallite size, macro-strain and preferred orientation analysis require an ever more detailed understanding of the effects of crystallographic mistakes on peak assymmetry and the effect of the distribution of small crystallites on the tails of diffraction peaks. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental theory and techniques for microstructure analysis from diffraction patterns and summarizes the current state of the art. This complete survey lays the foundation for the next and last major development in this field: the extraction of the full information in a powder pattern by the simulation of the full experimental pattern. The goal of this branch of science is to extract all of the information locked in the powder diffraction pattern including: the types and densities of stacking faults, the strain field produced by each, the anisotropic crystallite size and orientation, along with the size and strain distributions of each phase in a specimen. This book provides a complete summary of the developments of the twentieth century and points the way.
On the Stimulation of Non-Linear Surface Waves by Wind
Authors: Sajjadi S G , Wakefield J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transfer of energy from turbulent wind to non-linear surface wave through the turbulent Reynolds stress in the immediate neighbourhood of the surface is explored. The results, for growth of Stokes wave by a wind are compared with the Miles critical-layer mechanism [9]. In the present model the wind mean velocity profile is assumed to be logarithmic and effects of turbulence on the interaction between wind and water is not neglected. It is shown that the present asymptotic theory predicts a fivefold increase in the growth rate of water waves compared with the critical-layer mechanism. This finding is in better agreement with the observation made at the sea and it is argued that the contributing agencies, for this significant increase in the growth of water waves, are the shape of the surface wave and the effects of turbulence.
Wind and Turbulence Profiles in the Surface Layer Over Ocean Waves
Authors: Miller S , Friehe C , Hristov T , Edson J , Wetzel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wind profiles and turbulence were measured in the atmospheric surface layer between 2.6 and 18.1 m above deep ocean waves. The profiles were compared to those predicted from Monin-Obukhov (M-O) similarity theory using constants representative of over land experiments. Under low wind, slightly unstable conditions, measured profiles show significantly greater (less) shear at the upper (lower) heights than is predicted by M-O similarity. For high wind speeds there is better agreement. A von Karman constant of 0.40 is calculated, in agreement with over land results.
Microphysics of Scalar Transfer at Air-Water Interfaces
Authors: Angelis V de , Lombardi P , Andreussi P , Banerjee S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gas and moisture transfer at continuous interfaces between turbu lent air and water streams are controlled by layers ˜ 0(10-2mm) and˜ O(lmm) thickness, respectively. This suggests that direct numerical and large eddy simulations could be used to clarify microphysical processes controlling scalar transfer rates, since such scales are resolvable with avail able computational resources. To this end, numerical procedures using a pseudospectral method, together with a projection algorithm, have been developed and applied to coupled gas-liquid flows. The initial studies focused on flows under conditions where interface deformations were small - a situation corresponding to a series of laboratory experiments where de tailed measurements of the near-interface turbulence characteristics were made.
Functions of Bounded Variation and Free Discontinuity Problems
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with a class of mathematical problems which involve the minimization of the sum of a volume and a surface energy and have lately been refered to as 'free discontinuity problems'. The aim of this book is twofold: The first three chapters present all the basic prerequisites for the treatment of free discontinuity and other variational problems in a systematic, general, and self-contained way. In the later chapters, the reader is introduced to the theory of free discontinuity problems, to the space of special functions of bounded variation, and is presented with a detailed analysis of the Mumford-Shah image segmentation problem. Existence, regularity and qualitative properties of solutions are explained and a survey is given on the current knowledge of this challenging mathematical problem. Free discontinuity problems reveal a wide range of applications. The theory embodies classical problems, e.g. related to phase transitions, or fracture and plasticity in continuum mechanics, as well as more recent ones like edge detection in image analysis. This book provides the reader with a solid introduction to the field, written by principle contributors to the theory. The first half of the book contains a comprehensive and updated treatment of the theory of Functions of Bounded Variation and of the mathematical prerequisites of that theory, that is Abstract Measure Theory and Geometric Measure Theory.
Necessary conditions for weak lower semicontinuity
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If f is W1,p-quasiconvex then property (4.4) extends to all bounded open subsets E with \ƟE\ = 0. Before proving this fact we recall the following version of the Vitali Covering Theorem, whose proof we include for completeness since the statement differs slightly from the usual one.
Sufficient conditions for weak lower semicontinuity
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First we consider the case of convex f : RN → R, that is, for all u, v 6 Rw and t € (0,1) for which the right-hand side makes sense. If this condition holds then we easily deduce the following properties of f:
A 1-dimensional example
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is completely devoted to a single example, which on one hand contains some features of the problems that will be faced afterwards, and on the other hand may highlight some of the differences between the scalar case and the vector-valued case. The solution ‘by hand ‘ in this simple case requires the relative complexity of some approximations and of some passages to the limit. In the next chapters many of these complications will be overcome by the use of the direct methods of ┌-convergence.
Correctors for the homogenization
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let f be a function as in Chapter 14, satisfying a standard growth condition of order p &gt; 1, and let
is also the unique solution of the minimum problem involving F ∊ whose Euler equation is (23.1). Here D ∊ denotes the derivation with respect to the gradient variable.
Cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1941 Fruton and co-workers [1377] proposed a classification of the proteolytic enzymes of animal tissues in which they included an enzyme that hydrolysed Bz-Arg-NH2, a synthetic substrate of trypsin. At that time, this thiol-dependent enzyme was termed cathepsin II, but the nomenclature was further revised by Tallan et al. in 1952 [1401], who renamed cathepsin II as cathepsin B. Further characterization was done by Greenbaum and Fruton [1379]. Otto and co-workers, however, showed that two enzymes had contributed to the activity assigned to 'cathepsin B' in earlier work. Thus, gel filtration of enzymes from rat liver lysosomes separated components of 25 kDa and 52 kDa, both of which hydrolysed Bz-Arg-NH2. The 25 kDa endopeptidase was briefly known as cathepsin B' and cathepsin B1, but in reviewing this work in 1971, Otto [1272] termed the enzyme cathepsin BJ. The second enzyme (cathepsin B2) was a carboxypeptidase, and when this was renamed 'lysosomal cysteine-type carboxypeptidase' (EC 3.4.18.1), the original name of cathepsin B could be used once more for the endopeptidase. In 1972, the nomenclature committee of Inter national Union of Biochemistry (IUB) recommended the name cathepsin B, with the EC number 3.4.22.1.
Cathepsin B appears to be ubiquitous in mammals, having been detected in nearly all organs and tissues. Also enzymes with similar properties occur in many lower organisms.
Dipeptidyl peptidase I(EC 3.4.14.1)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A peptidase that was discovered in 1948 in pig kidney by Gutman and Fruton [1380] and described as having chymotrypsin-like specificity was termed, in 1952, cathepsin C by Tallan and co-workers [1401]. The enzyme was also known as giucagon-degrading enzyme [1316] and dipeptidy! transferase [364]. In 1966 I\lcDonald and co-workers [1332] renamed cathepsin
the significance of this finding is not yet clear, since no endopeptidase action of DPP I has been detected in many earlier studies of the specificity of the enzyme [228], or in work in which DPP I was used for peptide sequencing. There has been no report of endopeptidase action of DPP I on any natural protein.
Cartan matrices and finite Coxeter groups
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Coxeter group is a group W which has a presentation of a very special form: we have a set of generators S ⊆ W such that the defining relations are just relations of the form s2 = 1 and (st)m(s,t) = 1, where s ≠t in S and m(s,t) =m(t,s)&gt; 1 are positive integers. (It can be shown that Tn(s,t) is in fact the order of st.) Thus, the group is generated by involutions, and the only additional relations are those prescribing the order of the product of any two generators. The standard example is the symmetric group ⊆n on n letters, with generators given by the basic transpositions {(i, i + 1) | 1 ≤ i ≤ n — 1}.
Character values in classical types
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn to the programme of determining the character tables of all the irreducible types: the exceptional types to come in the next chapter, the classical types in this. The main result for each series of irreducible Coxeter groups is a formula which determines the value of the irreducible character x on the basis element Tw of the Iwahori-Hecke algebra, where w is an element of minimal length in its conjugacy class in the group. The prototype formula is the classical Murnaghan-Nakayama formula for the character values of the symmetric group, which expresses a particular value recursively, in terms of character values of smaller symmetric groups and the combinatorics of partitions and Young diagrams, labelling both the irreducible characters and the conjugacy classes of the group in question.
Ion channel
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ion channels belong to families of proteins that translocate substances across biological membranes. These families include channels, pumps, and transporters (Aidley 1998). Channels open to permit the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They are fundamental to all types of excitable cells. Pumps drive ions against their electrochemical gradient. Transporters bind specific ligands and undergo a conformational change that releases the ligand on the other side of the membrane (Reith 1997; Amara 1998). In some cases the distinction between a channel and a transporter is blurred (Valverde et al. 1992).