bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which school?
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to realize that every child with Down syndrome has different educational needs, and that these needs change with time. There are eight possible settings in which a child with Down syndrome can be educated. You should not hesitate to request a meeting with your child’ s teacher if there is something that is causing you concern. Do this as early as possible. All children with Down syndrome benefit from appropriate schooling. In addition to gaining new skills at school, children with Down syndrome usually enjoy the company of other children, the familiarity of the routine, and the rewards of learning.
Adulthood
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often worthwhile contacting a local citizen advocacy programme to obtain an advocate for your son or daughter once he or she becomes an adult. It is important that planning should be individualized, and that the disabled person should be as fully involved with the decision-making as possible. An adult with Down syndrome should have a number of regular health checks to detect specific problems that are more common in people with the syndrome.
Just and Unjust Warriors
Authors: Rodin David , Shue Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can a soldier be held responsible for fighting in a war that is illegal or unjust? This is the question at the heart of a new debate that has the potential to profoundly change our understanding of the moral and legal status of warriors, wars, and indeed of moral agency itself. The debate pits a widely shared and legally entrenched principle of war-that combatants have equal rights and equal responsibilities irrespective of whether they are fighting in a war that just or unjust-against a set of striking new arguments. These arguments challenge the idea that there is a separation between the rules governing the justice of going to war (the jus ad bellum) and the rules governing what combatants can do in war (the jus in bello). If ad bellum and in bello rules are connected in the way these new arguments suggest, then many aspects of just war theory and laws of war would have to be rethought and perhaps reformed. This book contains eleven original and closely argued essays by leading figures in the ethics and laws of war and provides an authoritative treatment of this important new debate. The essays both challenge and defend many deeply held convictions: about the liability of soldiers for crimes of aggression, about the nature and justifiability of terrorism, about the relationship between law and morality, the relationship between soldiers and states, and the relationship between the ethics of war and the ethics of ordinary life. This book is a project of the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War.
The Moral Inequality of Soldiers: Why jus in bello Asymmetry is Half Right
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These two theses are closely related but not identical. This is because the content of the norms of jus in bello could be symmetric in a particular conflict even if the independence thesis is false. This would be the case if the ad bellum status of both combatants was the same (e.g. if both sides were fighting an unjust war). Second, there may be reasons for denying the symmetry thesis that are unrelated to the independence thesis. For example, it may be that in bello rights and obligations are asymmetric, not because they are dependent on ad bellum status, but because they are dependent on the varying capabilities of combatants. Thus, non-state actors and weak states have long argued that they ought to be bound by relaxed standards of jus in bello, relieving them of the obligation to wear distinguishable uniforms, bear their arms openly, and perhaps even allowing the targeting of civilians in terrorist attacks. I have recently argued for the converse conclusion that strong states fighting radically weaker opponents should be bound by more stringent in bello requirements. Nonetheless, the connection between the independence thesis and the symmetry thesis is close, and of crucial importance to the ethics of war and its theoretical foundation.
Just War and Regular War: Competing Paradigms
Authors: Reichberg Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that in bello rules of armed conflict can be defined without reference to the ad bellum status of belligerents (the ‘independence thesis’), such that the same rules apply to all belligerents, irrespective of the justice of the cause for which they fight (the ‘symmetry thesis’), has been advanced by Michael Walzer as a central presupposition of traditional just war theory. Historically, this is incorrect. From the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries (Aquinas to Grotius), concerns that now go under the heading of jus in bello were in fact treated largely as an extension of the jus ad bellum. On this understanding, belligerent rights attached only to the party that was possessed of a just cause. By virtue of its guilt, the opposing party enjoyed no such rights, and for this reason, there could be no set of in bello rules that applied to both sides, just and unjust, simultaneously.
Employee and Organizational Performance
Authors: Brewer Gene A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between public service motivation and performance is a matter of great interest to scholars and practitioners alike. Scholars are interested in identifying predictable linkages between what drives organizational members and the outcomes organizations produce. Practitioners are interested in finding ways to achieve goals because they are accountable for producing results in public organizations. Public service motivation may thus be a pathway to improved performance. But does the relationship between public service motivation and performance exist in fact? This chapter assesses the current state of knowledge on the public service motivation–performance relationship and seeks to advance our understanding of it. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical and practical bases for expecting a positive relationship. Evidence from previous research is then reviewed in detail. Implications and suggestions for future research are then presented, and the chapter closes with some concluding thoughts.
The Normative Model in Decline? Public Service Motivation in the Age of Governance
Authors: Moynihan Donald P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As more of the public sector operates as markets or quasi-markets, is there still room for public service motivation? The past quarter century has seen the validation of the concept of public service motivation. At the same time, reforms based on assumptions of self-interest were being widely adopted. The market model relies on financial incentives and performance measures to control behavior, and has been applied both within the traditional public sector, and in contracting out public services to third-party government. Perry notes that ‘the rules embedded in new governance structures, which are tied to market forces, are likely the most compelling influences on behavior in the new public service because of their scope and power’(Perry, 2007, p. 8).
The Extreme Right
Authors: Linz Juan J , Mir, Miguel Jerez , Ortega Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An analysis of the extreme right must discuss whether the object we are dealing with is really an “extreme right” or a variety of “anti-system” opposition parties (depending on the period and the system), protest parties, conservative authoritarian parties, truly fascist parties in the interwar years, and finally, so called “neo fascist” and “anti-immigrant” (more or less racist) parties in recent years. The enumeration already tells us that this is a heterogeneous catgory of very doubtful validity for a collective characterization across time and countries.
Slavery and the British Empire
Authors: Morgan Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slavery and the British Empire provides a clear overview of the entire history of British involvement with slavery and the slave trade, from the Cape Colony to the Caribbean. The book combines economic, social, political, cultural, and demographic history, with a particular focus on the Atlantic world and the plantations of North America and the West Indies from the mid-seventeenth century onwards. Kenneth Morgan analyses the distribution of slaves within the empire and how this changed over time; the world of merchants and planters; the organization and impact of the triangular slave trade; the work and culture of the enslaved; slave demography; health and family life; resistance and rebellions; the impact of the anti-slavery movement; and the abolition of the British slave trade in 1807 and of slavery itself in most of the British empire in 1834. As well as providing the ideal introduction to the history of British involvement in the slave trade, this book also shows just how deeply embedded slavery was in British domestic and imperial history – and just how long it took for British involvement in slavery to die, even after emancipation.
Trade Unions and Industrial Relations
Authors: Heery Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite their diminished presence in the real world of work, trade unions continue to feature prominently in the academic study of industrial relations in the United Kingdom. The field of industrial relations has been redefined as the study of the employment relationship (Edwards 1995) and the compass of academic research and debate has widened but unions remain an abiding interest. Partly this is due to the conservatism of the industrial relations profession, though it arises also from the nature of the field. Industrial relations, unlike other subjects taught in business schools, has never accepted the priority of employer interests or framed its research agenda solely in terms of the needs of managers. The interests of employees and their organizations have provided an alternative starting point and the subject, quite rightly, has been responsive to a range of interests within the employment relationship.
Integration through Culture? The Paradox of the Search for a European Identity
Authors: Eder Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European identity is on the agenda—a European consciousness is called for. Scientists, intellectuals, and politicians have started to provide recipes to create it. Historical memories of a common European experience are remobilized. The repertoire of symbols and metaphors has become the object of interest and curiosity in the humanities which allows what is required to be found: a collective identity. What results is what sociologists call a social construction of reality. Europe is going to be invented, and the discourse set in motion is to be expected to have real consequences.
Local Production Systems in Europe: Rise or Demise?
Authors: Crouch Colin , Gales Patrick Le , Trigilia Carlo , Voelzkow Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to present a systematic analysis of specialized clusters of small manufacturing enterprises in the main European economies. Combining knowledge from case-study literature with original analyses of statistical data enables the authors to present full accounts of the role of these clusters in Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, showing the considerable diversity of forms they take. Local production systems (as these clusters are termed) are seen to exist where there are either particular competitive advantages for participation by clusters of small and medium-sized, as opposed to large, firms, or where such clusters at least stand as good a chance as large firms. Small firms may work through a diversity of forms of governance: certain forms of market; cooperation among themselves; through associations; with larger firms located in the same area; or by making use of local facilities provided by governmental or other external agencies - or a combination of all five. The introduction shows how previous literature has been divided into two strands. First came optimistic, mainly 1980s, writings, which assumed that the search for flexibility and quality, typical of post-Fordist models of economic organization, would enhance the role of SMEs. In the ensuing decade, a more pessimistic analysis was put forward. It was argued that the increasing globalization of the economy would bring about a demise of local production systems, under pressure from new global large firms. The authors discuss the possibility of more nuanced findings, and propose a combination of the literature on local production systems with theories of economic governance to assist this process. There follows a chapter which surveys overall economic development in the four countries, concentrating on local economies. Then four national surveys take up the theme of the governance of local production systems in Italy, Germany, France, and Britain. A concluding chapter identifies a diversity of forms of clusters of small firms, and on that basis develops a sociological critique of current neo-institutionalist theories of markets. Local production systems are found to be growing, not declining, in importance, as they facilitate the circulation of tacit knowledge - a precious resource in all sectors which depend on both constant innovation and the flexibility of small enterprises. However, the most rapidly growing form of these systems is that where groups of small suppliers depend on a major customer firm - a form that in the long run might undermine the autonomous capacities of local small-firm systems.
Taxation Research as Accounting Research
Authors: Lamb Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accounting involves processes of calculating, valuing, reporting, and evaluating ﬁnancial transactions, performance, and events. Accounting processes involve techniques, apply principles, and attract theories of improvement and explanation. Accounting research focuses on these processes, their outputs, and the institutions created around them. As an object of accounting research, taxation represents a cost for which accounting is required, a separate process that interacts with and inﬂuences accounting, and a specialist practice area of accounting. And, like accounting research, a focus on tax generates research with emphasis on theories, principles, and techniques.
Monitoring by and of Banks: A Discussion
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudipto , Boot, Arnaud W A , Thakor Anjan V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key paradigm in the modern literature on financial intermediation is that informational asymmetries and moral hazard across borrowers and investors are central to understanding the role of financial intermediaries (Fis). This literature has shown that Fis attenuate information-related problems more efficaciously than is possible with direct (non-intermediated) financing transactions in financial markets, because of free-rider problems, coordination failures and duplicated monitoring costs among dispersed investors.
Core Syntax
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an introduction to the structure of sentences in human languages. It assumes no prior knowledge of linguistic theory and little of elementary grammar. It will suit students coming to syntactic theory for the first time either as graduates or undergraduates. It will also be useful for those in fields such as computational science, artificial intelligence, or cognitive psychology who need a sound knowledge of current syntactic theory. Sentences in human languages are not just collections of random sounds with associated meanings. They involve a host of intriguing phenomena including constraints on possible word orders and the establishment of relationships between words and phrases which affect both phonological form and meaning. David Adger leads the reader in easy stages through the development of an approach which explains how these phenomena work. This approach is based on ideas from Noam Chomsky’s Minimalist Programme - notably the derivational nature of the linguistic system, the interpretability of syntactic features, and the reduction of syntactic operations to Merge and Move. These ideas are explained in clear, simple terms, backed up with examples and diagrams. The book emphasizes the importance of cross-linguistic evidence in the development of syntactic arguments. Above all it demonstrates the value of building a consistent theoretical system via repeated processes of hypothesis testing and evaluation. Exercises are provided at key points through the book. The book may be used as part of a course or for self-tuition. It offers a sound basis for advanced work in linguistics and related fields.
The Significance of Penrose’s Theory for the Development of Economics
Authors: Loasby Brian J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To appreciate the significance of Edith Penrose’s (1959) Theory of the Growth of the Finn, it is best (as it often is) to begin with Adam Smith. In this instance what matters is Smith’s agenda for economics and its treatment by his successors. When Smith’s name is invoked by mainstream economists, it is typically as the formulator of the proposition that an economy of self-interested individuals can generate a coherent, and even, in a carefully specified sense, an optimal pattern of activity. This attribution is not entirely wrong, but it is dangerously misleading as a guide to Smith’s concerns. It is misleading even when considered in isolation because it suggests that modern conceptions of rational choice equilibrium adequately represent Smith’s proposition; but it is fundamentally misleading because that proposition is removed from its con text, which is described with exemplary clarity at the outset of Smith’s (1976B) Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
Innovation, Profits and Growth: Penrose and Schumpeter
Authors: Cantwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the Schumpeterian theory of profits and growth through innovation is revisited and recast, with explicit reference to the changing institutional form of inno vation during the twentieth century. It is shown how many dues for the restatement and modernisation of Schumpeter’s approach can be found in Edith Penrose’s The Theory of the Growth of the Finn, her 1959 book having benefited from her reading of what for our purposes are the crucial aspects of Schumpeter (1943). The chapter has four parts following this introduction. Section II sets out an evolutionary and insti tutional account of how profits are created through innovation, which is contrasted with the standard interpretation of Schumpeter’s theory found in the literature.
A View of Language
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book collects the best and most influential essays of one of the world's most original linguistic scholars and thinkers. They show Pieter Seuren's remarkable erudition from classical antiquity to current theory, his descriptive and theoretical sophistication, and his beautiful clarity of style. They provide many examples of the cogency of his argument and his willingness to speak out trenchantly against accepted wisdom. In the extensive introduction the author describes the evolution of his theoretical position and its development in relation to Chomskyan syntactic theory and model-theoretic semantics. He argues here and throughout the book that grammar and semantics should be studied as branches of cognitive science, not as mere formalisms. He propounds, develops, and applies a theory of semantic syntax in which a grammar is seen as a mediating device between propositionally structured thoughts and corresponding surface structures. He rejects conventional notions of autonomous grammar as unsustainable and, in a realist theory of language, unnecessary. He demonstrates that his semantic theory achieves empirically adequate and formally precise explanatory generalizations, developing a theory of discourse semantics as a means of providing elegant accounts of topic-comment structure. The twenty-two essays are divided into four parts dealing broadly with general theory, syntax, semantics, and the linguistics of creole languages. Many of the author's classic papers will be found here, including those on autonomous versus semantic syntax, predicate raising and datives, clitic pronoun clusters, donkey anaphora ('every man who owns a donkey beats it'), serial verb constructions, and many more. Provocative and thoughtful, accessible and entertaining, they add up to a book of real, enduring value.
Copyright in Sporting Events and Broadcasts or Films of Sporting Events after Norowzian
Authors: qc Richard Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 10 to 15 years, the grant of exclusive rights in sporting events has become an increasingly valuable source of income to the promoters of such events. ‘Exclusive rights in sporting events’ are rights to exploit sporting events by means other than the admission of spectators to the events themselves. Such exclusive rights may be divided into two broad categories, namely media rights and merchandising rights. Media rights consist essentially of the exclusive right to cover the event in question in the medium in question. Thus in the case of, say, football matches, the main media rights will be the right to broadcast (or narrowcast) the matches in audiovisual media and audio-only media either ‘live’ (meaning in real time as the event takes place) or on a time-delayed basis (including ‘highlights’ programmes such as ‘Match of the Day’). The audiovisual rights will embrace television (terrestrial analogue and digital, satellite, cable) and now audiovisual transmission via the Internet. The audio rights will embrace radio (analogue and digital) and now audio-only transmission via the Internet.
Integration and Integrity in the Legal Reasoning of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Bengoetxea Joxerramon , Maccormick, Neil , Soriano Leonor Moral 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task set to the authors of this chapter was to give an account of the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice-to look at the style and method of reasoning adopted by the Court, in the light of contemporary understandings of legal reasoning more generally. In doing so, we naturally and necessarily draw upon our own prior contributions to this study. We approach the task aware of the critique, by Rasmussen and others, that the Court’s reasoning is altogether too often invention in the guise of interpretation, policy enacted behind a smokescreen of alleged legal principle. In place of the modest communities created in the foundational treaties and their subsequent extensions and elaborations, a ‘new legal order’ has been conjured into being clothed with the doctrines of supremacy and direct effect, overriding to a substantial extent the sovereign rights, perhaps even the legal sovereignty, of the Member States.