bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of the dietary potassium content on transepithelial potassium transport in rat jejunum
Authors: Cermak R. , Evelgünne A. , Scharrer E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn a recent study, we found that the distal rat jejunum is able to secrete K+ under in vitro conditions. The question therefore arises as to whether the small intestine might participate in K+ homeostasis. Consequently, this study examined the influence of the dietary K+ content on transepithelial K+ transport in rat jejunum. Rats were fed two diets differing in K+ content (control diet 4.0 g K+/kg, low K+ diet (LK) 0.27 g K+/kg). After a minimal feeding period of 7 days, distal jejunal sheets were mounted in Ussing chambers and unidirectional 86Rb+ fluxes (as a marker for K+ transport) were measured under short‐circuit conditions. Jejunum obtained from rats fed the control diet showed a net K+ secretion of 200 nmol Rb+/h/cm2. Unidirectional Rb+ fluxes were smaller in distal jejunum from rats fed the LK diet. In these tissues, glucose‐induced short‐circuit current and tissue conductance were also smaller than in controls. However, net Rb+ fluxes were not significantly different in small intestine from K+‐restricted rats compared with jejunum from control animals. Based on the observation that the dietary K+ content does not affect transepithelial net K+ transport, we conclude that transcellular K+ secretion by the small intestine is not involved in K+ homeostasis.
Evaluation of urea infusion to estimate in vivo body composition of Belgian blue double‐muscled bulls
Authors: De Campeneere S , Fiems L. O. , Vanacker J. M. , Boucqué CH. V. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryUrea infusions were performed on 18 Belgian blue double‐muscled bulls, ranging from 308 to 710kg live weight after a fasting period of 16 h. Urea space (US) was determined from the difference in plasma urea concentration between samples taken before and 12, 18 and 24min after mean infusion time. The day after infusion, the bulls were slaughtered and subsequently the body composition was determined. Kg empty body water and empty body protein were quite accurately predicted by US. The precision of the prediction of kg empty body fat was less accurate. However, due to the large live weight interval and the small compositional variation, the fasted live weight (fLW) was a better parameter to estimate the weight of the body components. Prediction of relative body composition (as a percentage) instead of absolute (in kg) improved the standard error of the predictions. In estimating relative body composition, US has proven to be somewhat better than fLW, but the extra precision from using urea infusion was not large enough to justify the extra work of the infusion. The time for equilibration of the urea in the water compartment was obviously longer in this study than in others, presumably due to the lower capillary density of the Belgian blue double‐muscled animals.
The antinutritive effect of a carboxymethylcellulose with high viscosity on lipid digestibility in broiler chickens is not associated with mucosal damage
Authors: Smits C. H. M. , Te Maarssen C. A. A. , Mouwen J. M. V. M. , Koninkx J. F. J. G. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe condition of jejunal and ileal mucosa was examined to study whether the inhibitory effect of fibre viscosity on lipid digestibility in growing chickens is associated with damage to the small intestinal mucosa. Two semi‐purified diets were prepared and fed to growing chickens from 7 to 18 days of age. A nonfermentable carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with high viscosity was added to one diet Lipid digestibility was depressed in the birds that were fed the diet containing CMC (p = 0.021). The villi were significantly longer in the jejunum of CMC‐fed chickens (p = 0.033) and the number of goblet cells per 100 µm of villus length was raised (p = 0.082). There was no significant effect on the proliferation rate of enterocytes in the jejunum and ileum; neither did the CMC diet significantly affect the composition of mucins in the villi. In contrast to the working hypothesis, the results indicate that CMC may have had a beneficial instead of a detrimental effect on the condition of the small intestinal mucosa. The effect of gelling fibres on the condition of the mucosa may be dependent also on their fermentability. Luminal events must be held responsible for the lowered lipid digestibility in broiler chickens that were fed the diet containing highly viscous CMC.
A mixture of cottonseed meal, soybean meal and animal byproduct mixture as a fish meal substitute: growth and tissue gossypol enantiomer in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Lee K.‐J. , Dabrowski K. , Blom J. H. , Bai S. C. , Stromberg P. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDiets incorporating three different sources of extracted cottonseed meal (CM), soybean meal and an animal protein mixture were evaluated for juvenile rainbow trout. Fish averaging 0.96 g were divided into groups of 30; 3 groups per treatment, and each group was fed one of four diets for a 16‐week period. Fish meal (FM) was replaced on a 25% protein basis by each of three different sources of CM from California (CA), Tennessee (TN), and Arkansas (AR), U.S.A. In the three CM‐containing diets another 25% soybean meal protein and 50% animal protein mixture were also incorporated to completely replace FM protein. The results of growth rate and feed utilization showed that FM could be entirely replaced by a mixture of plant proteins (CM and soybean meal) and animal by‐product proteins. Hematocrit levels were significantly lower in the group fed CM‐containing diets than in the control. The findings suggest that CM can be used as a good protein source by the incorporation of at least 15% in diets (25% of fish meal protein replacement), and that the nutritive values of CM in juvenile trout can be different due to their different origin. Significantly higher concentrations of total gossypol were found in faeces of CM‐TN (5.8 ± 0.4 μmol/g) and CM‐AR (5.6 ± 0.6) groups than in that of CM‐CA (3.7 ± 0.4) group. It was documented that gossypol enantiomers, present in an equal proportion in diets, selectively accumulated in liver and bile, whereas equal proportions of (+)‐ and (–)‐enantiomers were found in whole‐body and faeces. Depending on CM source, fish can absorb approximately 35–50% of dietary gossypol, and the majority of the absorbed gossypol seemed to be excreted.
Effect of Zn deficiency and subsequent Zn repletion on bone mineral composition and markers of bone tissue metabolism in 65Zn‐labelled, young‐adult rats
Authors: Windisch W. , Wher U. , Rambeck W. , Erben R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of changing skeletal Zn load (mobilization/restoring) on bone mineral composition and bone tissue metabolism. For this purpose, 36 65Zn‐labelled, young‐adult female rats were fed with either a purified diet with sufficient Zn (21 μg/g, control) for 26 days, or deficient Zn (1.4 μg/g) for 12 days followed by 14 days repletion with the control diet. The animals were killed at the onset of the study (reference: n=4), at the end of the Zn deficiency episode (control: n=4; Zn deficiency: n=4), subgroups (n=4) of Zn repleted animals at repletion days 2, 4, 7, 10 and 14, and at day 14 the remaining controls also (n=4). Zn deficiency reduced skeletal Zn concentration from 198 to 155 μg/g of bone dry matter. About half of mobilized skeletal Zn was refilled within 2 days of repletion and was completely restored until the end of the study. Concentrations of bone ash, Ca, P and Mg remained constant (means in bone dry matter: 51% bone ash, 191 mg Ca/g, 95 mg P/g, 4.4 mg Mg/g). Blood plasma concentrations of osteocalcin and daily urinary excretions of pyridinoline PYD and dexoxypyridinoline DPD were unaffected by treatment (mean: 57 ng/ml, 222 nmol/day, 137 nmol/day). Also daily urinary excretions of Ca, P and Mg remained fairly constant (means: 0.26 mg/day, 16 mg/day, 1.5 mg/day). 65Zn autoradiography of femur sections revealed a pronounced Zn exchange in the area of the metaphysis and epiphysis. We conclude that transient mobilization and restoration of skeletal Zn occurs mainly in trabecular bone, and does not involve major changes in bone mass, macro mineral content, or bone tissue turnover in young‐adult rats.
The estimation of utilizable amino acids (uAA) of feeds for ruminants using an in vitro incubation technique
Authors: Zhao G. Y. , Lebzien P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe in vitro incubation technique of Zhao and Lebzien (2000; Arch. Anim. Nutr. 53, 293–302) was used for the estimation of utilizable amino acids (uAA) (sum of amino acids from undegraded feed protein and microbial protein, when N is not limiting) of feeds for ruminants. The rumen fluid from a cow fed only with hay (Expt. 1) and that from a sheep fed with a mixed ration (Expt. 2) was compared with respect to estimation of uAA. In Expt. 1, 30 feeds and feed mixtures were tested and in Expt. 2, 33 feeds and feed mixtures were tested. A close linear relationship was found between the utilizable crude protein (uCP=undegraded feed protein + microbial protein) (X, g/kg) calculated from in vivo experiments and the uAA (Y, g/kg) estimated from in vitro incubations both in Expt. 1: y= 0.95 x−1.39, r2=0.85, p<0.001,n=30; and in Expt. 2: Y=0.85X−6.67,r2= 0.85,p<0.001,n=33. Statistical analysis indicates that there was a significant regressive relationship between uAA determined with the rumen fluid of a sheep (X, g/kg) and uAA determined with the rumen fluid of a cow (Y, g/kg): Y=1.06X+12.4,r2= 0.80,p<0.001,n=27.The results indicate that the in vitro incubation technique of zhao and lebzien (2000) can be used for the estimation of uAA of feeds for ruminants. As a rumen‐fistulated cow is more expensive than a rumen‐fistulated sheep, it is suggested to use a sheep fed a mixed ration as the donor of rumen fluid for the estimation of uAA of feeds with in vitro incubation. Further experiments should be performed to standardize the method and to test the most valid length of the incubation period.
Vitamin C concentrations in blood plasma, tissues and urine of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sudanese herds
Authors: Mohamed H. E. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThere is suggestive evidence that a low status of ascorbic acid in ruminants is related with decreased disease resistance. In a first attempt to identify conditions in camels that could affect their health, an inventory was made of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) concentrations in plasma and tissues as related to breed, gender, sexual activity and season. A total of 3429 camels were studied and sub‐samples were used for selected comparisons. The highest concentrations of ascorbic acid were found in adrenals (152 mg/100 g wet tissue) and the lowest in heart (8 mg/100 g), the levels being unrelated with season. Arabi camels had higher plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid (6.42 μg/ml) than did Anafi and Bishari camels, the latter breed showing the lowest concentrations (3.24 μg/ml). Female camels of the Anafi breed had higher concentrations urinary ascorbic acid than did their male counterparts. It is suggested that in camels the main elimination route of vitamin C is with urine. Female and male Arabi camels that were sexually active had 52 and 23% lower plasma ascorbic acid concentrations than did their sexually inactive counterparts. It is suggested that especially Bishari camels during the breeding season might be sensitive to disease.
Factors affecting ascorbic acid biosynthesis in chickens: III. Effect of dietary fluoride on l‐gulonolactone oxidase activity and tissue ascorbic acid (AsA) concentration
Authors: Maurice D. V. , Lightsey S. F. , Abudabos A. , Toler J. E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe inconsistent beneficial responses to dietary ascorbic acid (AsA) may be due to dietary factors that alter biosynthesis or tissue turnover of AsA. It has been suggested on the basis of altered tissue AsA that dietary fluoride is a determinant of biosynthesis in chickens. Fluoride may enter the food chain of poultry via industrial contamination, feed ingredients and drinking water. The goal of this study was to ascertain whether dietary fluoride at 300 mg/kg influences l‐gulonolactone oxidase (GLO) activity in commercial meat‐type chickens. The experimental diet was fed from day‐old to 3 weeks and responses measured. Growth and feed conversion were not affected by fluoride in the diet. Dietary fluoride neither inhibited nor enhanced GLO activity nor did it increase or decrease AsA concentration in plasma, liver, kidney, adrenal gland and muscle (pectoralis major). Tissue AsA concentration in ascending order was adrenal > liver > kidney > pectoralis major > plasma. The results are consistent with that reported for the rat and calculations based on the results eliminate fluorine contamination for the inconsistent responses of immature chickens to dietary AsA.
Untersuchungen über die Fichtengespinstblattwespen Cephalcia spp. Panz. (Hym., Pamphiliidae) IV. Massenwechsel von Cephalcia abietis L. im oberschwäbischen Forstrevier Erolzheim (Fbz. Ochsenhausen)	*
Authors: Eichhorn O. , Bogenschütz H. 
Published: March 2003

Studies on the web‐spinning spruce sawflies of the genus Cephalcia spp. 1 Panz. (Hym., Pamphiliidae). IV. Population dynamics of Cephalcia abietis L. in Upper Suabia.The paper describes the population dynamics of the spruce false webworm Cephalcia abietis L. in an 80‐year‐old spruce stand in the forest area of Erolzheim near Ulm (Germany) between 1986 and 1996. Emerging sawflies and adult parasitoids were trapped in groundphotoeclectors and the descending host larvae in funnel‐traps. About 7000 host larvae and prepupae were dissected to evaluate the degree of parasitism. The emergence pattern of the sawfly was determined as well as the duration of the feeding period. The development of the majority of the sawfly individuals lasted 3 years; during the warm summer of 1994 univoltinism was observed in 36% of the population. Temperature was ascertained as the key factor for the variable duration of the dormancy and for the population dynamics of the forest pest. Since 1986, the year of heavy feeding, the density of emerging females, of descending larvae, and of prepupa in the soil decreased finally to a subepidemic level in 1996. The sex ratio (SI) of different host stages averaged from 0.37 to 0.54. In the yellow prepupae ‐ amounting to 11% of the total population ‐ males were predominating (SI=0.16). The annual average number of full‐grown and developing eggs per female varied between 21 and 53, the total number of all oocytes between 46 and 112 (average 79). The complex of parasitoids of Cephalcia abietis consists of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cephalciae, nine primary larval parasitoids (eight ichneumonids, one tachinid), and the hyperparasitoid Mesochorus nov. sp. Within 5 years the average of the total (effective) parasitism of descending larvae amounted to 74%, of prepupae in October to 45%, and of emerging adults to 40%. The possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed, taking into account the effects of a single parasitoid species.
Prey selection and foraging behaviour byPterostichus cupreusL. (Col., Carabidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Mundy C. A. , Allen‐Williams L. J. , Underwood N. , Warrington S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Several authors have indicated that carabid beetles offer potential as predators of insect pests on arable crops, but this potential is reduced by their limited ability to climb the crop plants. In the current investigation an initial laboratory experiment indicated that seven species of carabid beetles commonly found in arable fields in the UK would feed on both aphid and collembolan prey.Pterostichus cupreusL. andBembidion guttulaFabr. were found to accept both live and dead aphids and collembolans. In further laboratory investigationsP. cupreusexhibited greater consumption of the cereal aphidMetopolophium dirhodumWalker than the alternative prey speciesHeteromurus nitidus, Templeton (Collembola, Entomobryidae) and there was some indication of preference for the aphid prey as these were often consumed first. Significantly more handling time was required for the consumption ofM. dirhodumcompared toH. nitidus.The treatments whereP. cupreuswas given a diet of aphids or collembolans prior to the prey choice experiment, did not appear to influence the number or type of prey items consumed.Using a four‐arm olfactometerP. cupreusreacted positively to the volatiles from collembolans, but gave a less clear response to those from the cereal aphidM. dirhodum. In an artificial field arenaP. cupreusreadily climbed barley plants in search ofM. dirhodum, perhaps as a response to volatile emissions, but this behaviour changed whenH. nitiduswere introduced onto the substrate of the arena. Although the current results indicated thatP. cupreushas potential for the control of cereal aphids, the presence of alternative prey appeared to reduce this potential and suggest that the carabid is an opportunistic feeder.
Untersuchungen zur Abtötungseffizienz der Persäuren Degaclean und Clarmarin und dem Katalase‐Hemmer KH10 der Fa. Degussa gegen die beiden Quarantänebakterien Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus und Ralstonia solanacearum in wässeriger Suspension und im Abwasser der stärkeproduzierenden Industrie
Authors: Niepold F. 
Published: March 2003

ZusammenfassungDie Wirkung von zwei neuen Persäuren (der Percarbonsäure Clarmarin und der Peressigsäure Degaclean) der Firma Degussa, Frankfurt, wurde an den beiden Quarantänebakterien Ralstonia solanacearum und Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus zur Abtötung erprobt. Um möglichst praxisbezogen zu arbeiten, wurde das Abwasser einer namhaften deutschen stärkeverarbeitenden Fabrik verwendet. Die natürlich im Abwasser vorkommende Mikroorganismen‐Population diente als Standard, um die Effektivität von herkömmlichen bakterizid wirkenden Substanzen im Vergleich zu den beiden Persäuren zu testen. Dabei zeigte sich, dai die Katalasen der Mikroorganismen eine erhebliche Aktivitätseinbuie bei den Persäuren verursachten. Zu ihrer Inaktivierung war der Einsatz des Katalase‐Hemmers (KH10) notwendig, da eine Anwendung von Persäuren alleine 20.000 ppm erforderlich machte bei einer Standard – Inkubationszeit von 20 min. Mit einer Konzentration von 2000 ppm eines Clarmarin/KH10 (1 : 1) Gemisches und der Standard – Inkubationszeit konnten sämtliche im Abwasser der stärkeverarbeitenden Fabrik vorhandenen Mikroorganismen abgetötet werden, während alle anderen getesteten bakteriziden Substanzen, darunter auch das Perhydrol (herkömmliches Wasserstoffperoxid), nur wenig die Vitalität der Mikroorganismen‐Population beeinfluite.
Root‐colonizing Fungi from Oilseed Rape and their Inhibition of Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Alström S. 
Published: March 2003

Root‐colonizing fungi obtained from thoroughly washed root segments of symptomless young oilseed rape plants growing in field soil were examined for their inhibitory effect on the wilt fungus, Verticillium dahliae Kleb. The isolated fungi that were possible to identify belonged to the different genera Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Mortierella, Fusarium and Alternaria. Oilseed rape seedlings from seeds exposed to both sporulating and nonsporulating fungal isolates were shown to be colonized by their hyphae in gnotobiotic conditions and the emergence/root growth was significantly affected in their presence. Inoculation with a few isolates not only covered the root surface but also seemed to extensively colonize the inner root cortical tissues partly by producing characteristic structures in the roots. All of these suppressed the pathogen in in vitro assays but the mode of suppression in most cases did not seem to be due to production of antifungal substances. In nonsterile field soil, several of the isolates conferred protection against V. dahliae by delaying symptom development. None of the isolates was shown to increase wilt symptoms. In addition to protection, two isolates, yet to be identified, also showed increased shoot dry weight compared with that of healthy controls. A majority of the isolates showed proteolytic activity whereas only three produced chitinolytic enzymes.Results for the isolates obtained by the method selected for this study could be considered as a starting point for evaluating antagonists capable of both competing for root colonization and preventing root infection, with the final aim being to achieve successful biological control of the wilt fungus.
Rhizobacteria‐mediated Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR) in Tomato against Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe two rhizobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain IE‐6S+ and P. fluorescens strain CHA0 used as bare root‐dip treatment or as soil drench substantially reduced Meloidogyne javanica juvenile penetration into tomato roots under glasshouse conditions. To better understand the basis of antagonism, the mode of action of the bacterial antagonists was investigated. The ability of bacterial inoculants to stimulate induced systemic resistance against the nematode was demonstrated in split‐root‐trials, where the root system of a single tomato plant was spatially divided into two separate parts. Application of IE‐6S+ to one half of the split‐root system caused a significant (42%) systemic reduction in nematode penetration in the other half of the split‐root system. CHA0 applied in the same manner reduced nematode infection similarly, by 29% over the controls. The population sizes of the strains IE‐6S+ and CHA0 were compared in order to determine if low degree of ISR by CHA0 could be attributed to a reduction in root population size. Populations of the strain CHA0 in the rhizosphere was higher during early growth stages of tomato while IE‐6S+ colonized relatively heavily during the later growth stages. Only strain IE‐6S+ was reisolated from the inner root tissues. Neither of the bacterium was isolated from the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato from the non‐bacterized halves. Bacteria with systemic nature (IE‐6S+) induce systemic resistance in plant to a relatively higher degree against root‐knot nematode compared to the rhizosphere colonizer (CHA0).
Pathogenicity and Vegetative Compatibility of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli in Greece
Authors: Elena K. , Pappas A. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwenty‐seven isolates of Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) obtained from diseased beans from Greece were characterized for pathogenicity to bean cultivars and vegetative compatibility (VCG). Twenty‐three isolates were intermediate to highly virulent to five local bean cultivars and characterized as F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop). Zarganes, Gigantes (two selections) and Chondra were the most susceptible cultivars, while Psila was resistant to 10 of the isolates. Four Fo isolates were not pathogenic against tested cultivars. By demonstrating complementation assay, with nitrate non‐utilizing (nit) mutants, 15 pathogenic isolates were grouped into one VCG, two isolates into a previously identified VCG 0165 and six into unique unclassified VCGs. The four non‐pathogenic Fo isolates failed to anastomose with any tested pathogenic Fop strain. Our results suggest that most of Fop isolates in Greece belong to one VCG.