bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Description of RODS: A Real-time Public Health Surveillance System
Authors: Tsui Fu-Chiang , Espino Jessi , Dato Virginia M. , Gesteland Per H. , Hutman Judith , Wagner Michael M. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
This report describes the design and implementation of the Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) system, a computer-based public health surveillance system for early detection of disease outbreaks. Hospitals send RODS data from clinical encounters over virtual private networks and leased lines using the Health Level 7 (HL7) message protocol. The data are sent in real time. RODS automatically classifies the registration chief complaint from the visit into one of seven syndrome categories using Bayesian classifiers. It stores the data in a relational database, aggregates the data for analysis using data warehousing techniques, applies univariate and multivariate statistical detection algorithms to the data, and alerts users of when the algorithms identify anomalous patterns in the syndrome counts. RODS also has a Web-based user interface that supports temporal and spatial analyses. RODS processes sales of over-the-counter health care products in a similar manner but receives such data in batch mode on a daily basis. RODS was used during the 2002 Winter Olympics and currently operates in two states—Pennsylvania and Utah. It has been and continues to be a resource for implementing, evaluating, and applying new methods of public health surveillance.
Life, death and membrane bilayers
Authors: Hulbert A. J. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARYMembrane bilayers are essential elements of life, and the synthesis of the hydrocarbons that make up membrane bilayers may have preceded the appearance of life on Earth. Membrane-associated processes are significant components of metabolism, and the acyl composition of membrane bilayers is associated with metabolic activity in a predictable manner. This has resulted in the `membrane pacemaker' theory of metabolism, which proposes that the relative balance between monounsaturated and long-chain polyunsaturated acyl chains in membrane bilayers is a fundamental determinant of metabolic rate of a species. The omega-3 polyunsaturated docosahexaenoate is an especially important component of membranes in this regard. Whilst it is suggested that the physical properties of membrane polyunsaturates are important with respect to their influence on metabolic rate, it is their chemistry that is important in aging. Membrane acyl composition is related to maximum lifespan in mammals and birds,probably via their role in lipid peroxidation. Calorie restriction modifies acyl composition of membrane bilayers and is associated with decreased membrane lipid peroxidation and lifespan extension. The membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism has given birth to the membrane pacemaker hypothesis of aging, which will require further investigation.
Heat-shock response and temperature resistance in the deep-sea vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata
Authors: Ravaux Juliette , Gaill Françoise , Bris Nadine Le , Sarradin Pierre-Marie , Jollivet Didier , Shillito Bruce 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARY
The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata swarms around hydrothermal black smoker chimneys at most vent sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This species maintains close proximity to the hydrothermal fluid, where temperatures can reach 350°C and steep thermal and chemical gradients are expected. We performed in vivo experiments in pressurized aquaria to determine the upper thermal limit [critical thermal maximum (CTmax)] of R. exoculata and to investigate some characteristics of the shrimp stress response to heat exposure. These experiments showed that the shrimp does not tolerate sustained exposure to temperatures in the 33-37°C range(CTmax). A heat-inducible stress protein belonging to the hsp70 family was identified in R. exoculata, and its synthesis threshold induction temperature is below 25°C. The R. exoculataoptimal thermal habitat may thus be restricted to values lower than previously expected (&lt;25°C).
The role of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α during the metabolic depression associated with estivation
Authors: Pakay Julian L. , Hobbs Andrew A. , Kimball Scot R. , Guppy Michael 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARYWe have investigated the role of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α(eIF2α) in two estivating organisms previously shown to downregulate protein synthesis during metabolic depression, the land snail Helix aspersa Müller and the desert frog Neobatrachus sutor Main 1957. We have developed a method using a single antibody (which binds specifically to the phosphorylated, conserved phosphorylation region) by which the total levels of eIF2α and the ratio of phosphorylated eIF2α[eIF2α(P)] to total (phosphorylated and unphosphorylated) eIF2αcan be determined. In H. aspersa, we have shown that the level of eIF2α mRNA expression is unchanged between the awake and estivating states. The amount of total eIF2α is the same in the estivating and awake states, and eIF2α(P) is undetectable and must represent ≤10% of total eIF2α in both states. Conversely, in N. sutor during estivation, the level of total eIF2α increases approximately 1.6-fold and the ratio of eIF2α(P)/eIF2α increases from 0.22±0.11 to 0.52±0.08, implicating eIF2α phosphorylation in the downregulation of protein synthesis during estivation in this animal. The differences in the amounts of eIF2α and the level of its phosphorylation between these two species also suggest possible differences either in the mechanism by which protein synthesis is downregulated during estivation or in the sensitivity of the initiation of translation to eIF2α(P) levels.
Evolution of thermotolerance and the heat-shock response: evidence from inter/intraspecific comparison and interspecific hybridization in the virilis species group of Drosophila. I. Thermal phenotype
Authors: Garbuz David , Evgenev Michael B. , Feder Martin E. , Zatsepina Olga G. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARY
Species in the virilis group of Drosophila (fruit flies),which overlap or replace one another along climatic gradients, exhibit corresponding differences in basal thermotolerance, inducible thermotolerance and the heat-shock response. The low-latitude species D. virilisexceeds the high-latitude species D. lummei in these measures of thermotolerance, the temperature threshold for heat-shock factor (HSF)activation and the ability to express hsp70 mRNA and diverse heat-shock proteins (e.g. Hsp70, Hsp83 and small Hsps) after intense heat shock (e.g. 40–41°C). The xeric species D. novamexicanadiffers from the mesic species D. texana in much the same way for many of these traits. By contrast, intraspecific variation in these traits is small. Because D. virilis and D. lummei can readily be crossed to yield partially fertile progeny, genetic analysis of interspecific differences is possible. Interspecific hybrids are intermediate to the parental species in basal thermotolerance and inducible thermotolerance and resemble D. virilis in Hsp concentrations after intense heat shock and Hsp70 protein electromorphs.
The spectral input to honeybee visual odometry
Authors: Chittka Lars , Tautz Jürgen 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARY
Bees returning from a feeder placed in a narrow tunnel that is lined with a chequered pattern will strongly overestimate travel distance. This finding supports the view that their distance estimation is based on integrating optic flow experienced during flight. Here, we use chequered tunnels with various colour combinations as a tool to identify the spectral channel used by bees to gauge travel distance. The probability of bees performing waggle dances after a short travel distance correlates only with the low range of the green contrast of the pattern in the tunnel. But it does not correlate with the pattern's chromatic contrast or brightness contrast. Distance estimation is therefore colour blind. We also evaluated the waggle runs as a function of colour pattern. Their duration is the code for the food source distance. Waggle run duration is entirely independent of the colour pattern used,implying that once green contrast is above detection threshold, distance estimation depends solely on the angular motion of the landscape passed in flight.
Effects of social interaction on the electric organ discharge in a mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae, Teleostei)
Authors: Terleph Thomas A. , Moller Peter 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARY
African weakly discharging electric fish (Mormyridae) use their self-generated electric signals and electroreceptive abilities for orientation and communication in the context of courtship and territorial interactions. This paper documents socially mediated changes in the electric organ discharge(EOD) of subadult Gnathonemus petersii under non-breeding environmental conditions. Increases in EOD duration and changes in the relative phase amplitudes occurred in dominant fish during same-sex(male–male, female–female) and opposite-sex interactions. Similar changes were also observed in fish that were restricted in their physical interactions, suggesting that direct contact is not necessary to induce dominance-typical EOD waveforms. The possible communicative functions of these changes are discussed.
cGMP-dependent changes in phototaxis: a possible role for the foraging gene in honey bee division of labor
Authors: Ben-Shahar Y. , Leung H.-T. , Pak W. L. , Sokolowski M. B. , Robinson G. E. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARY
Division of labor in honey bee colonies is influenced by the foraging gene (Amfor), which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Amfor upregulation in the bee brain is associated with the age-related transition from working in the hive to foraging for food outside, and cGMP treatment (which increases PKG activity)causes precocious foraging. We present two lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that Amfor affects division of labor by modulating phototaxis. We first show that a subset of worker bees involved in the removal of corpses from the hive had forager-like brain levels of Amfor brain expression despite being middle aged; age-matched food-handlers, who do not leave the hive to perform their job, had low levels of Amforexpression. This finding suggests that occupations that involve working outside the hive are associated with high levels of Amfor in brain. Secondly, foragers were much more positively phototactic than hive bees in a laboratory assay, and cGMP treatment caused a precocious onset of positive phototaxis. The cGMP effect was not due to a general increase in behavioral activity; cGMP treatment had no effect on locomotor activity under either constant darkness or a light:dark regime. The cGMP effect also was not due to changes in circadian rhythmicity; cGMP treatment had no effect on age at onset of locomotor circadian rhythmicity or the period of rhythmicity. The effects of Amfor on phototaxis are not related to peripheral processing;electroretinogram analysis revealed no effect of cGMP treatment on photoreceptor activity and no differences between untreated hive bees and foragers. The cAMP/PKA pathway does not appear to be playing a similar role to cGMP/PKG in the honey bee; cAMP treatment did not affect phototaxis and gene expression analysis revealed task-related differences only for the gene encoding the regulatory subunit, but not the catalytic subunit, of PKA. Our findings implicate one neural process associated with honey bee division of labor that can be affected by naturally occurring changes in the expression of Amfor.
Effects of the local mechanical environment on vertebrate tissue differentiation during repair: does repair recapitulate development?
Authors: Cullinane Dennis M. , Salisbury Kristy T. , Alkhiary Yaser , Eisenberg Solomon , Gerstenfeld Louis , Einhorn Thomas A. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARYThe local mechanical environment is a crucial factor in determining cell and tissue differentiation during vertebrate skeletal development and repair. Unlike the basic response of bone to mechanical load, as described in Wolff's law, the mechanobiological relationship between the local mechanical environment and tissue differentiation influences everything from tissue type and molecular architecture to the formation of complex joints. This study tests the hypothesis that precisely controlled mechanical loading can regulate gene expression, tissue differentiation and tissue architecture in the adult skeleton and that precise manipulation of the defect's local mechanical environment can initiate a limited recapitulation of joint tissue development. We generated tissue type predictions using finite element models (FEMs)interpreted by published mechanobiological fate maps of tissue differentiation. The experiment included a custom-designed external fixator capable of introducing daily bending, shear or a combination of bending and shear load regimens to induce precisely controlled mechanical conditions within healing femoral defects. Tissue types and ratios were characterized using histomorphometrics and molecular markers. Tissue molecular architecture was quantified using polarized light and Fourier transforms, while immunological staining and in situ hybridization were used to characterize gene expression. The finite element models predicted the differentiation of cartilage within the defects and that substantial fibrous tissues would develop along the extreme excursion peripheries in the bending group. The three experimentally induced loading regimens produced contiguous cartilage bands across all experimental defects, inhibiting bony healing. Histomorphometric analysis of the ratios of cartilage to bone in the experimental groups were not significantly different from those for the knee joint, and Fourier transform analysis determined significantly different collagen fibril angle specializations within superficial, intermediate and deep layers of all experimental cartilages (P&lt;0.0001),approximating those for articular cartilage. All stimulations resulted in the expression of collagen type II, while the bending stimulation also resulted in the expression of the joint-determining gene GDF-5. These findings indicate that the local mechanical environment is an important regulator of gene expression, tissue differentiation and tissue architecture.
The swamp eelMonopterus albusreduces endogenous ammonia production and detoxifies ammonia to glutamine during 144 h of aerial exposure
Authors: Tay Angeline S. L. , Chew Shit F. , Ip Yuen K. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARYThe swamp eel Monopterus albus inhabits muddy ponds, swamps,canals and rice fields, where it can burrow within the moist earth during the dry summer season, thus surviving for long periods without water. This study aimed to elucidate the strategies adopted by M. albus to defend against endogenous ammonia toxicity when kept out of water for 144 h (6 days). Like any other fish, M. albus has difficulties in excreting ammonia during aerial exposure. In fact, the rates of ammonia and urea excretions decreased significantly in specimens throughout the 144 h of aerial exposure. At 144 h, the ammonia and urea excretion rates decreased to 20% and 25%,respectively, of the corresponding control values. Consequently, ammonia accumulated to high levels in the tissues and plasma of the experimental specimens. Apparently, M. albus has developed relatively higher ammonia tolerance at the cellular and subcellular levels compared with many other teleost fish. Since the urea concentration in the tissues of specimens exposed to air remained low, urea synthesis was apparently not adopted as a strategy to detoxify endogenous ammonia during 144 h of aerial exposure. Instead, ammonia produced through amino acid catabolism was detoxified to glutamine, leading to the accumulation of glutamine in the body during the first 72 h of aerial exposure. Complimenting the increased glutamine formation was a significant increase in glutamine synthetase activity in the liver of specimens exposed to air for 144 h. Formation of glutamine is energetically expensive. It is probably because M. albus remained relatively inactive on land that the reduction in energy demand for locomotory activity facilitated its exploitation of glutamine formation to detoxify endogenous ammonia. There was a slight decrease in the glutamine level in the body of the experimental animals between 72 h and 144 h of aerial exposure, which indicates that glutamine might not be the end product of nitrogen metabolism. In addition, these results suggest that suppression of endogenous ammonia production, possibly through reductions in proteolysis and amino acid catabolism, acts as the major strategy to avoid ammonia intoxication in specimens exposed to air for ≥72 h. It is concluded that glutamine formation and reduction in ammonia production together served as effective strategies to avoid the excessive accumulation of ammonia in the body of M. albus during 144 h of aerial exposure. However, these strategies might not be adequate to sustain the survival of M. albus in the mud for longer periods during drought because ammonia and glutamine concentrations had already built up to high levels in the body of specimens exposed to air for 144 h.
Freezing and anoxia stresses induce expression of metallothionein in the foot muscle and hepatopancreas of the marine gastropodLittorina littorea
Authors: English Tamara E. , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARYDifferential screening of cDNA libraries constructed from the foot muscle of marine snails Littorina littorea revealed several cDNAs that are upregulated during anoxia or freezing exposures, environmental stresses that are naturally endured by this species. One full-length clone of 1196 nucleotides (GenBank accession number AY034179) hybridized with a 1200-nucleotide band on northern blots and encoded a 100-amino-acid protein that was identified as belonging to the metallothionein (MT) family. L. littorea MT shared 45% and 56% identity with the copper- and cadmium-binding MT isoforms, respectively, from another gastropod, Helix pomatia and 43–47% identity with marine bivalve MTs. The L. littorea sequence included the mollusc-specific C-terminal motif Cys-X-Cys-X(3)-Cys-Thr-Gly-X(3)-Cys-X-Cys-X(3)-Cys-X-Cys-Lys that identifies it as a family 2 (mollusc) MT. Northern blot analysis showed that L. littorea MT was upregulated in both foot muscle and hepatopancreas in response to both freezing and anoxia stresses; within 1 h of the beginning of the stress transcript levels rose 2.5- to sixfold of control levels, reaching maximal levels at 12 or 24 h. After 24 h recovery from either stress,transcript levels were reduced again in three cases but remained elevated in hepatopancreas from anoxia-treated snails. Upregulation of MT during environmental stress could serve one or more possible roles, including a function in antioxidant defense.
Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?
Authors: Skedros John G. , Dayton Michael R. , Sybrowsky Christian L. , Bloebaum Roy D. , Bachus Kent N. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARYIt has been hypothesized that a major objective of morphological adaptation in limb-bone diaphyses is the achievement of uniform regional safety factors between discrete cortical locations (e.g. between cranial and caudal cortices at mid-diaphysis). This hypothesis has been tested, and appears to be supported in the diaphyses of ovine and equine radii. The present study more rigorously examined this question using the equine third metacarpal (MC3),which has had functionally generated intracortical strains estimated by a sophisticated finite element model. Mechanical properties of multiple mid-diaphyseal specimens were evaluated in both tension and compression,allowing for testing of habitually tensed or compressed regions in their respective habitual loading mode (`strain-mode-specific' loading). Elastic modulus, and yield and ultimate strength and strain, were correlated with in vivo strain data from a previously published finite element model. Mechanical tests revealed minor variations in elastic modulus, and yield and ultimate strength in both tension and compression loading, while physiological strains varied significantly between the cortices. Contrary to the hypothesis of uniform safety factors, the MC3 has a broad range of tension (caudo-medial,4.0; cranio-lateral, 37.7) and compression (caudo-medial, 5.7; cranio-lateral,68.9) safety factors.
Food supplements modulate changes in leucocyte numbers in breeding male ground squirrels
Authors: Bachman Gwendolyn C. 
Published: June 2003

SUMMARY
Immunosuppression may be an important cost of reproduction in breeding males. It can result from elevated levels of testosterone or stress hormones and may serve to lower the energetic cost of maintaining immune function at a time of high demand. This suggests that greater access to energy resources could reduce immunosuppression as a cost of reproduction, minimizing the trade-off between energetic investment in current reproductive effort and survival. I examined the impact of food availability on immune function by provisioning male Belding's ground squirrels in the field from the time they emerged from hibernation to the start of breeding. Temporal changes in immune status, measured by leucocyte counts, differed between provisioned males and un-provisioned controls. Provisioning advanced the increase in lymphocytes and neutrophils from after breeding to before. At the start of breeding, the leucocyte count was three times greater in provisioned males than in controls and was still nearly twice as great at the end of breeding. Control males increased all leucocyte numbers after breeding. This experiment demonstrates that variation in food intake can lead to individual variation in the extent of immunosuppression during breeding and therefore that reduced immune function may not be an obligatory cost of reproduction.