bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fame
Authors: Slater Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1836, just after the appearance of the two-volume Sketches by Boz, two young booksellers who were moving into publishing, Edward Chapman and William Hall, approached Dickens to write the letterpress for a series of steel-engraved plates by the popular comic artist Robert Seymour. The plates, depicting the misadventures of a group of cockney sportsmen, were to be published in twenty monthly numbers, each containing four plates.
Personal aﬀairs and public career
Authors: Slater Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1856 at a cost of £1700 Dickens purchased the pleasant but modest Georgian house Gad’s Hill Place, near Rochester, for use as a country home. It was a house he had admired on childhood walks with his father and John Dickens had told him he might come to own it one day if he ‘were to be very persevering and were to work hard’ (The Uncommercial Traveller, ‘Travelling Abroad’). This, his ‘little Kentish freehold’ as he liked to call it, was the first and only home that Dickens ever owned, and it was one in which he took great delight for the rest of his life.
Reputation and legacy
Authors: Slater Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a very early period of Dickens’s career many of his great comic and/or grotesque characters took on a life of their own in the culture (both high and low) of the English-speaking world and have ever since been recognized and referred to by people who may well have never read a single Dickens novel. This resulted from his extraordinary ability to create, and give unforgettably expressive names to, figures who are highly individualized by their physical appearance, dress, and mannerisms, and who are also powerfully allegorical, being brilliant incarnations of various aspects of perennial human nature.
Parish naturalist, 1842–1856
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1842 Darwin moved the family to Down, a parish of about 400 inhabitants on the North Downs, 16 miles from London. Here, at ‘the extreme verge of the world’ (Correspondence, 2.352), he found security in an old parsonage with 15 acres of land. Down House would be his refuge for the next forty years. Much of his life here resembled that of a prosperous country parson, the sort of man he had once intended to be.
The new regime and its problems
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Annals of Queen Elizabeth by the late Elizabethan historian Sir John Hayward opens with a dark scenario: Every report was greedily both inquired and received, all truthes suspected, diverse tales beleeved, many improbable conjectures hatched and nourished. Invasione of strangeres, civill dissentione, the doubtfull dispositione of the succeeding Prince, were cast in every man’s conceite as present perills.
The struggle for stability
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in the context of the Anjou courtship, and as an expression of opposition to it, that the persona of the Virgin Queen was invented, or at least perfected. On the royal progress into East Anglia in 1578, plays and masques devised by Thomas Churchyard were performed at Norwich which celebrated Elizabeth’s admirable virginity, with appropriate reference to Diana and the Virgin Mary. A year later Spenser deployed similar allegorical imagery in The Shepheardes Calender, and a series of portraits rubbed the same point home with the symbol of a sieve held in the queen’s hand, which identified her with the vestal virgin Tuccia, who had employed a sieve full of water to prove her chastity.
Matters of church and state
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a speech to parliament in 1589, Sir Christopher Hatton, the lord chancellor, said that at the beginning of her reign Elizabeth had ‘placed hir Reformation as uppon a square stone to remayne constant’ (Folger Shakespeare Library, MS V.b.303, pp. 183–6). The stone may have been square but it was very shaky. Even before the religious settlement of 1559 was made, the ‘Device for alteration of religion’ accurately forecast that it would be rejected on the one hand by ‘the papist sect’, and on the other by those who, dissatisfied with its moderation, would ‘call the alteration a cloaked papistry or a mingle-mangle’ (Gee, 196–7).
Conflict with Spain
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflict of policy and interest, with its considerable constitutional implications, was most dramatically demonstrated in the long-running saga of Mary, and especially in its dénouement in February 1587. The exclusion of Mary from the English throne was the lynchpin of Burghley’s politics, and much desired by many. During the 1572 parliament, the bishops were particularly insistent that she should be executed, while in the Commons she was called ‘the monstrous and huge dragon, and masse of the earth’ and ‘the most notorious whore in all the world’ (Hartley, 1.312, 438).
Death, legacy, and assessment
Authors: Parry Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If continental influence was restored, financial health was not, and this became the government’s major problem up to and at the election called in the spring of 1880. Beaconsfield later complained that it had been his misfortune to govern the country during six consecutive bad harvests, while farmers were not even compensated by high prices, because of cheap food imports. Already in the summer of 1879 he feared that agricultural bankruptcy would ‘finish’ the government (Monypenny and Buckle, 6.477), while by early 1880 there was considerable landlord–farmer tension, which was damaging Conservative prospects and morale.
Christopher Wren
Authors: Downes Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is always something more to be said. In five years Wren’s masterpiece, St Paul’s Cathedral, has changed dramatically. Exterior recleaning, still in progress, has restored the way in which the mouldings and relief details ‘read’, how each piece fits into a visual structure partly representing, partly expressing, the material structure of mass and support. It restores clarity and balance, like removing scratch from old records, or brown varnish from a painting. The interior cleaning, finished first, is even more dramatic, taking away the deepest traces of the soot that was already eating into the stonework before the cathedral was finished, and the last remnants of the three coats of oil paint Wren had ordered at the eleventh hour in an attempt to hide the dirt and the many surface patches that it affected unevenly. Now the patches are hardly noticeable, and the whole interior has the luminosity—from direct daylight combined with reflected light from one bright stone to another—that Wren envisaged but, after thirty-five years in building, never saw. The soul has come back to St Paul’s.
Each of Us Is Just One Among Others
Authors: Singer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simpson’s-in-the-Strand is a London institution famous for its roasts, which are carved at guests’ tables on antique, silverdomed trolleys. Early on a spring morning in 2006, British politicians and business leaders have gathered in one of its wood-panelled rooms to attend a breakfast forum on global poverty. One of the speakers is Princeton University professor Peter Singer, a leading utilitarian moral philosopher. Utilitarianism holds that the well-being (or ‘utility’) of every sentient being counts equally, and that, insofar as we are considering a given population of such beings, there is only one supreme moral requirement: to maximize the sum of the utility of the members of that population.
The Origin of Fairness
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ken Binmore is best known as the ‘ruthless, poker-playing economist’ from University College London who, in 2000, netted the British government £22 billion (then around $US 35 billion) when he led the team that designed the third-generation (3G) telecommunications auctions. Binmore took up economics after a career in mathematics, during which he held the Chair of Mathematics at the London School of Economics. Since his switch to economics, he has been at the forefront of the development of what is known as ‘game theory’, the study of the logic of strategic interaction between ‘players’ — which is how game theorists refer to the entities engaged in strategic interaction.
A Pragmatic Justification Of Morality
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Woody Allen’s film Crimes and Misdemeanors tells the story of Judah Rosenthal, apillar of the community and loving family man who has his ex-mistress murdered when she threatens to expose his infidelity and financial misdeeds. Tormented by guilt and a fear of punishment that has its origins in his religious upbringing, Judah returns in imagination to a boyhood Passover dinner at which his father Sal and Aunt May are arguing about whether there is a God-given ‘moral structure’ to the world.
The Kingdom Of Ends on The Cheap
Authors: Scanlon T M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Scanlon is a philosopher’s moral philosopher. His writing is like the Carpenter Centre by Le Corbusier that he points out as we walk across the Harvard campus: both are without ornamentation and constructed with their purpose always in mind. In this measured style, Scanlon addresses the basic questions of moral philosophy: When we call an action morally right or wrong, what kind of judgement are we making? What kind of reasoning do we employ to arrive at such judgements? Further, when we consider an action wrong, this gives us an important reason not to perform it, and to condemn ourselves if we do.
Words and Compounds
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both [tsho] and [ve] have a rising tone, represented as LH (see Chapter 10 for the representation of tone). When they form a phrase, they keep their rising tones, but when they form a compound, the first word is L (low), the second, H (high). A phonological analysis of such problems requires knowing the distinction between a compound and a phrase. As will be seen in Chapter 6, the analysis of stress involves the notion of word and compound, and stress in turn provides the key to the analysis of the word length problem (Chapter 7), the word-order problem (Chapter 8), and tone (Chapters 10 and 11). The second reason why we include words is that there is considerable disagreement among Chinese linguists on what a word is. It would be useful, therefore, to offer a clear position on this issue.
The Word-Order Problem
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The column on the left shows nominal phrases with a relative clause that contains a verb (V) and an object (O). The particle de can be considered as a relativizer, the equivalent of that in English. The column on the right shows the corresponding compounds. The phrase column has one word order, [V O N], but the compound column can be either [V O N] or [O V N]. The compound word order depends on the word length of the constituents. For example, when V and O are both monosyllabic, [V O N] is the only possible order, but when V and O are both disyllabic, [O V N] is the only possible order.
Tone 3 Sandhi (T3S)
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T3S can create ambiguities, because T2-T3 and T3-T3 are both realized as T2-T3 at surface. For example, although mai3 ‘ buy’ and mai2 ‘ bury’ have different tones when they are spoken alone, ‘ to buy a horse’ and ‘ to bury a horse’ sound the same at surface.
T3S was observed as early as the sixteenth century (Mei 1977). Some studies have asked whether the changed T3 is completely identical to T2 in SC. The perception study of W. Wang and Li (1967) shows that, as far as the listener is concerned, T2 and the changed T3 are indistinguishable.
Theoretical Implications
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As stated in the original preface, I believe that there are linguistic laws (universals) that apply to all human languages. A major goal of my research is to look for such universals. In this regard, I share the theoretical position of generative linguistics.
I proposed some generalizations for Standard Chinese, but I did not always claim whether the proposals are universal. The main reason was that the subject of the book was on Chinese and there was little space to discuss other languages. Besides, there are enough problems to solve in Chinese, a tall order by itself.
Constraints on Substrate Influence
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an earlier article (Siegel 1997a ), I proposed that there are two types of constraints, or what Mufwene (1991: 137) calls ‘regulatory principles’— i.e. factors that influence the selection of features, both from the substrate languages and the lexifier. These are with reference to the model of mixing and levelling, referred to here in earlier chapters. First there are ‘availability constraints’—factors that influence whether or not features actually reach the pool of variants used in the contact situation. We have seen that substrate features enter the pool of variants as a result of transfer. Thus, with regard to substrate influence, availability constraints are concerned with what languages occur in the contact environment and the likelihood of transfer of particular features from these languages taking place. Second, there are ‘reinforcement principles’—factors that influence whether a particular feature in the pool is retained in the contact language or whether it is levelled out.
Decreolization?
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally described (but not named) by Schuchardt (1883) (see Meijer and Muysken 1977: 31), a post-creole continuum is characterized by a cline of lexical, phonological, and grammatical features ranging from those closest to a standard form of the creole’s lexifier language (the acrolect) to those furthest from the lexifier language, and therefore most ‘creole-like’ (the basilect). Thus, there is a great deal of variation in the speech community and the point at which a form of speech is located along the continuum depends on the context as well as the social characteristics of the speaker. For example, the speech of the urban professional elite would be towards the acrolectal end whereas the speech of a poor rural villager would be towards the basilectal end. Intermediate or mesolectal varieties are also found in between. Similarly, formal speech would be more towards the acrolectal end of the continuum, and informal speech towards the basilectal end. An example of the range of speech in the Jamaica Creole continuum can be seen in Figure 9.1.
Conclusion
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the initial stages of learning a second language (L2), speakers target the perceptually salient forms of the L2 that they can connect with some meaning, and string these forms together in the order of corresponding forms of their own language. These perceptually salient forms are generally lexical or content morphemes, rather than grammatical morphemes, and therefore early inter language, such as the Basic Variety, has no grammatical morphology. Thus, no abstract mental structures are needed to account for the initial morphological simplicity of this inter language . If individual inter language s are used for communication between people in groups who have no other common language, certain conventions may emerge, and this means of communication becomes a restricted pidgin, with the L2 being the lexifier.
“Big Social Science” in Comparative Politics: The History of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
Authors: Grosse Ashley , Appleton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of “big social science” in the field of comparative politics. The particular case reviewed, the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) is a collaborative program of research among election studies conducted in representative democracies around the world. The project is unique and rich with important lessons for the collaborative researcher. This case study contributes insights into the unique challenges of multinational data collections.
‘Poor dear Queen’
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Rosebery’s defeat Victoria turned happily again to Lord Salisbury, ‘who has so faithfully served her before’ (Letters, 3rd ser., 2.523), and Salisbury’s third premier- ship saw out her reign. This was the nineteenth occasion (ignoring abortive attempts and failed resignations) on which Victoria had played the monarch ‘s role in initiating a new government, and Salisbury was the last of her ten prime ministers. In her late seventies she was inevitably growing tired, although a challenge to British prestige could still draw out one of her inimitable rebukes. When her grandson Kaiser Wilhelm congratulated the president of the Transvaal on foiling the Jameson raid in January 1896 in the so-called Kruger telegram, she fired oﬀ a letter regretting his actions, ‘as your Grandmother to whom you have always shown so much aﬀection and of whose example you have always spoken with so much respect ‘ (Letters, 3rd ser., 3.8); his explanations she found ‘lame and illogical ‘ (ibid., 18).
Caskets Decorated with Images of the Martyrs
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest caskets, as we have seen, did not include representations of martyrs in their decoration programmes but rather a repertoire of biblical scenes, the one possible exception being Peter and Paul in the Traditio legis. The role of these two saints in early representations, as on the casket from Nea Herakleia, may reflect their local Roman eminence. But on the so-called Capsella Africana a martyr’s figure is at the focal point of the decoration, leaving hardly any doubt as to the reliquary function. The Africana is the focus of the first section of this chapter, but it would be misleading to launch the discussion without mentioning another silver casket possibly decorated with martyr figures, dated earlier than the Africana, the silver casket from Pula today in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
Beyond Program Explanation
Authors: Macdonald Cynthia , Macdonald Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of articles over the years, and especially in The Common Mind (1993), Philip Pettit has defended a distinctive and influential solution to the so-called problem of mental causation—the problem of how minds can make a causal difference to the world. This view has become known as ‘program explanation ‘, hereafter PE. As its name indicates, PE is more than just a proposal purporting to solve the problem of how our minds can influence events in the physical world. It is also an account of how the ‘special ‘ sciences can be explanatorily autonomous. The ‘problem ‘ addressed by PE is multifaceted, and we cannot deal with all of its aspects here.
Ethics and Law
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the evidence indicates that morality evolved within the context of interpersonal relationships in small, relatively simple groups. One source of evidence on the early elaboration of moral precepts comes from the early history of legal systems, for laws were originally elaborated and formalized from moral intuitions or principles as an additional way to control the behaviour of individuals. This chapter, therefore, contains first some speculations on the early evolution of moral systems, and then specifies some of the similarities and differences between ethics and laws.
Ethics and Business
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commercial world poses ethical conflicts of great complexity at every level from the individual to the society. Many of the problems go unnoticed by the general public until there is news of gross mishandling or misappropriation of funds, as in the collapse of the Maxwell empire and the Enron scandal. As I write, the papers report that one of the giant oil companies, in trying to safeguard its markets, is pouring money into organizations that minimize the significance of climate change. It is partly to such events that the growing interest in business ethics is due: there are now innumerable books as well as a journal devoted specifically to it.
Categorization in Linguistics
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Categorization in its most general sense can be seen as a process of systematization of acquired knowledge. Each time we come across something new in our worlds—concrete entities, as well as abstract concepts—we try to accommodate it by assigning it to some category or other. This phenomenon is especially common in early childhood when children progressively acquaint themselves with the world around them. However, knowledge systematization in fact occurs throughout the lives of all human beings. Conceived of in this way, as knowledge systematization, categorization is a cognitive process which allows human beings to make sense of the world by carving it up, in order for it to become more orderly and manageable for the mind.
Grammatical Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two views expressed above show the differences in opinion regarding linguistic categorization. The quotation from Bolinger recognizes the fact that the elements of language cannot artificially and rigidly be forced within certain predefined bounds. A certain degree of categorial Flexibility—that is gradience—needs to be permitted, a point of view denied by Joos (see Section 2.4.1). We return to
Subsective Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subsective Gradience (SG) is the phenomenon whereby a particular set of elements displays a categorial shading in prototypicality from a central core to a more peripheral boundary. We can contrast Subsective Gradience with Intersective Gradience (IG): whereas with SG elements from only one category are involved, with IG there are two categories on a cline. IG will be discussed in detail in the next chapter. In what follows I will discuss a number of case studies of SG within the principal word classes (V, N, A, and P), as well as phrases and clauses. These case studies are intended to be a representative sample of examples of SG in the grammar of English.
Intersective Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall that at the end of Chapter 3 I introduced the notion of IG as follows: IG involves two form class categories a and b, and obtains where there exists a set g of elements characterized by of a subset of a-like properties and a subset of b-like properties. When there is gradience between two categories a and b we will say that these classes ‘converge’ by virtue of the fact that there exist elements which display properties of both categories. Given this definition, we can view IG as a kind of ‘intercategorial resemblance’. I will maintain that grammatical categories are strictly bounded, and do not overlap. The inter- section is between g and the full set of a-like properties, and between g and the full set of b-like properties.