bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expressed Emotion in relationships between staff and patients in forensic services: Changes in relationship status at 12 month follow‐up
Authors: Moore E. , Yates M. , Mallindine C. , Ryan S. , Jackson S. , Chinnon N. , Kuipers E. , Hammond S. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Research on Expressed Emotion (EE) has demonstrated substantial consistency across cultures and over time, endorsing the social environment as important in determining the course and outcome of problems in mental health. The aim of this study was to measure EE in staff‐patient relationships in three forensic services for in‐patients with a history of mental disorder and offending, using a prospective, naturalistic design, with a 12‐month follow‐up of staff and patient outcomes.Methods. Keyworker or team nurse and patient pairs (N=75) consented to participate in an interview which included an audiotaped task. Twelve months after this interview, information on outcome for staff and patients was collected by researchers blind to the EE status of participants.Results. Comparatively high levels of criticism were rated during staff speech samples: N=55 high‐EE relationships as determined by conventional criteria. Principal component analysis of the EE rating scales comprising the Five‐MinuteSpeech‐Sample (FMSS) established a composite of ‘low‐EE’ vs. ‘high‐EE’ variables. The staff ‘continuum’ measure of high criticism, low positive remarks and ‘negative’ relationship quality was significantly associated with change in the relationship 12 months later. There was no association between patient EE ratings and rehabilitative outcome, nor EE and staff outcome.Conclusions. The study replicates recent findings that staff attitudes and behaviour in professional relationships influence clinical outcomes.
Faking interrogative suggestiblity: The truth machine
Authors: Baxter James S. , Bain Stella A. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible indicators of malingering or ‘faking bad’ on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales. It was hypothesized that participants who were issued with a set of instructions that primed them to appear gullible and susceptible to pressure would exhibit a unique pattern of scores on the scales that would differentiate them from both normal adults and genuinely vulnerable populations.Methods. The study had a single factor between participants design. Participants were tested in either one of two conditions: standard or faking. Forty‐two participants took part in the study. Participants were a mix of undergraduates, postgraduate students, and professionals.Results. Only Yield 1 scores were found to be significantly different between the two conditions. Participants in the faking condition gained higher scores on this measure on both the GSS 1 and GSS 2.Conclusions. Results indicate that whilst fakers may identify the need to yield to leading questions as a strategy for faking interrogative suggestibility, they do not identify the need to make shifts in their responses. An elevated Yield 1 score in the absence of any other raised scores on the scales may therefore be indicative of faking bad on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales.
‘What colour is your pet dinosaur?’ The impact of pre‐interview training and question type on children's answers
Authors: Gee Susan , Gregory Marian , Pipe Margaret‐Ellen 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. Two studies evaluated the effects of question type and of brief pre‐interview training, involving instructions and practice, on the number of correct answers and errors given by children in a structured interview.Methods. A total of 157 children aged from nine to 13 were interviewed about a visit to a science centre with both misleading and non‐misleading open and closed questions. The children also rated their confidence in each of their answers. Half the children received pre‐interview training designed to discourage compliance and guessing.Results. In Study 1 pre‐interview training decreased commission errors to misleading questions, but also decreased the number of correct responses to non‐misleading questions. In Study 2 a revised training package decreased errors for misleading questions without impacting on correct responses.Conclusions. Brief pre‐interview interventions can reduce children's compliance with misleading questions in experimental situations. Both studies provided some support for the cognitive processing hypothesis that the confidence‐accuracy relationship will be stronger for open than for closed questions.
Repetitions, warnings and video: Cognitive and motivational components in preschool children's suggestibility
Authors: Endres Johann , Poggenpohl Claudia , Erben Christina 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. The effects of situational factors on the suggestibility of preschool children were examined in two experiments which used the Bonn Test of Statement Suggestibility as a dependent measure. This test comprises three subscales which are made up of different question formats: misleading yes‐no questions, wrongly disjunctive alternative questions and question repetitions. The primary purpose of the two studies was to test expectations about different effects of situational and individual factors on these three subscales.Method. In Expt 1, a 2 2 factorial design with stimulus presentation (single vs. repeated reading of the story) and warning (standard condition vs. explicit warning of misleading questions) was used with 92 children aged between 4 and 7 years. Experiment 2 used a one‐factorial design with three conditions (standard, warning and video recording) and a non‐suggestive follow‐up questioning phase; participants were 60 children aged between 5 and 6 years.Results. Both better memory due to repeated presentation and the warning led to a reduction of errors in answers to suggestive questions, with differing patterns of effects for these experimental factors. Video recording did not affect participants' performance. In the non‐suggestive follow‐up interview the children were able to correct most, but not all, of their previous errors.Conclusions. These results show that the three suggestibility scales include cognitive and social‐motivational components. Age‐appropriate instructions, which should include an explicit permission to refuse an answer, are recommended for interviewing young children. Due to these large situational effects and unresolved issues of validity, caution is appropriate in using test scores for single‐case evaluations.
Predicting release and disciplinary outcome with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Female data
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Elliott William N. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. This study was designed to assess the predictive validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) in female offenders.Methods. In the first of two studies, outcome data on 118 female inmates released from a state correctional facility were correlated with the PICTS thinking style scales. In a second study, disciplinary adjustment data on 100 female federal inmates were correlated with the PICTS thinking style scales.Results. In the first study the PICTS Sentimentality (Sn) scale correlated moderately with subsequent release outcome independent of subject ethnic status and confining offence. In the second study the PICTS Cutoff, Entitlement, Power Orientation, Cognitive Indolence and Discontinuity scales correlated moderately with subsequent disciplinary outcome independent of subject age and ethnic status.Conclusion. These findings lend preliminary support to the practical utility of the PICTS thinking style scales as predictors of release and disciplinary outcome in female offenders, but suggest that release outcome and disciplinary adjustment are not predicted by the same PICTS thinking style scales.
Children's responses when interviewers distort details during investigative interviews
Authors: Roberts Kim P. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: February 2003

Objective. Misunderstandings sometimes occur during investigative interviews when an interviewer distorts details provided by the child. This was examined in the present study by investigating (i) when and how ‘distortions’ occur, and (ii) children's responses to the distortions.Method. In all, 140 such distortions were identified in 68 formal investigative interviews of 3‐ to 14‐year‐olds who had made allegations of sexual or physical abuse. Features of the utterance in which the distortion was made were coded (e.g. the complexity of the utterance, the topic that was being discussed) and analysis of variance and chi‐square tests were used to determine whether these affected children's responses to the interviewers' distortions.Results. One‐third of the distortions were corrected by the children. The children were most likely to correct interviewers when the distortions were embedded in short utterances and when the interviewers changed aspects of someone's identity. When children did not correct the interviewers, the interviewers continued to misrepresent the details in the remainder of the interview.Conclusions. Although some children felt comfortable correcting the interviewers, a substantial portion of the distortions were not corrected. The results of the study suggest that it might be valuable to inform children at the beginning of the interview that they can and should correct interviewers, and to provide children with the opportunity to practice doing this prior to the substantive phase of the interview.
Surviving electronic monitoring in England and Wales: Lessons learnt from the first trials
Authors: Nee Claire 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. To consider the salient findings from the government trials of electronic monitoring in England and Wales, particularly those related to the experience of being electronically monitored. To look at the extent to which these were taken on board in the design of the new curfew order with electronic monitoring.Arguments. The new curfew order became a sentencing option in three pilot areas in 1995. Its use and effectiveness in reducing offending behaviour have been watched very closely by a variety of practitioners and policy makers within the criminal justice system, including the courts, the police, the probation service and not least, the Home Office. Little attention has been given in the resulting commentary, however, to the recommendations arising from the first government trials of electronic monitoring in 1989. These highlighted many problems related to the conditions which those monitored were subject to. This study looks specifically at recommendations regarding information given to the candidate; appraisal of the dwelling in which monitoring is to take place and effects on cohabitees; minimum and maximum curfew hours; and the need to improve the hardware and software associated with monitoring. It then looks at the progress of the current curfew order; assesses whether the suggested improvements have been made; and looks at the effects on the offender's ability to comply with the order.Conclusions. In many respects lessons learnt during the first trials have contributed to the apparent success of the new curfew order. However, while evidence is promising so far, the future of the order remains unclear.
The IRA funeral murders: The confession of PK and the expert psychological testimony
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. The aim of this study was to discuss the case of PK, who was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1990 for involvement in the murder of two British soldiers who were attacked by a crowd of people attending a funeral procession. The main evidence against him at trial was a confession elicited in 1988 during a custodial interrogation.Methods. The case was referred to the Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland in May 1997 to consider the admissibility and weight of a psychologist's report which raised doubts about the reliability of the confession. The psychologist testified before the Court of Appeal after his testimony was held admissible. The appellant's psychological vulnerabilities during the police interrogation were presented and it was shown how they cast doubt on the reliability of the confession PK had made to the police.Results. After hearing the expert psychological evidence, the conviction was overturned and the appellant was released from custody. This was the first major criminal case in Northern Ireland where psychological evidence carried sufficient weight for a confession to be deemed unreliable.Conclusions. The judgment shows the influence of expert psychological testimony in a case of disputed confession. Psychologists have a valuable contribution to make to criminal proceedings and it is likely that there will be an increasing demand for their services in the future.
Provictim attitudes and empathy in relation to bullying behaviour among prisoners
Authors: Ireland Jane L. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. The main aims of the study were to investigate attitudes towards the victims of bullying, and to explore the role of empathy in bullying others. It was predicted that those who reported ‘bullying others’ would report less positive attitudes towards victims and lower levels of empathy than those who did not engage in bullying behaviour. It was predicted that differences would be found in attitudes and empathy between sex. No predictions were made with regard to adults vs. young offenders.Method. The sample was selected from five separate prison establishments and consisted of 98 young offenders (21 women and 77 men) and 211 adult offenders (53 women and 158 men). Prisoners were categorized as ‘bullies’, ‘bully/victims’, ‘pure victims’ or ‘not involved’ on the basis of a self‐report behaviour checklist (Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviour Checklist (DIPC)). A modified version of the Rigby & Slee (1991) Provictim Scale and the Davis (1980) Interpersonal Reactivity Index were used to measure attitudes and empathy respectively.Results. The attitudes of the ‘bully’ and the ‘bully/victim’ group were found to reflect their behaviour in that both were less ‘provictim’ than those not involved in bullying. Women were significantly more provictim than men, and adults were significantly more provictim than young offenders. Women scored significantly higher on some components of empathy than men. The implications of these findings for bullying intervention programmes are discussed.
Clinical and risk management factors in risk prediction of mentally disordered offenders‐more important than historical data?: A retrospective study of 40 mentally disordered offenders assessed with the HCR‐20 violence risk assessment scheme
Authors: Strand Susanne , Belfrage Henrik , Fransson Goran , Levander Sten 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. The predictive validity of the risk prediction instrument HCR‐20 was studied. Methods. Two matched groups of discharged forensic psychiatric patients, one who had recidivated into violent criminality and the other not, were assessed with the HCR‐20. This was done retrospective and blind to the outcome.Results. The results show an overall high predictive validity (AUC = .80). However, historical data had none, or a low, validity while clinical and risk management data had a very high validity.Conclusions. One of the most interesting findings in this study is that clinical and risk management factors came out as more predictive of future violence than historical factors, which is very much contrary to findings in past research. We think that one has to bear in mind that both clinical and risk management factors are heavily influenced by historical information. Thus, historical data are probably as important as is generally shown in follow‐up studies of violence in various offender groups. However, using the HCR‐20, which allows systematic and reliable coding of clinical and risk management factors, seems to make it possible to use these factors more successfully than has been hitherto possible.
The accuracy and suggestibility of children's memory for neutral and criminal eyewitness events
Authors: Ochsner Joyce E. , Zaragoza Maria S. , Mitchell Karen J. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. A critical issue for psychologists interfacing with the legal system is knowing the extent to which laboratory studies of children's testimony generalize to eyewitness situations involving criminal events. The present study was designed to assess whether young children's eyewitness performance following a criminal event would differ from their performance following a neutral event, an issue that has received little empirical attention to date.Methods. The accuracy and suggestibility of 30 first grade children who witnessed a staged event that culminated in a purse theft were compared to that of 30 first graders who witnessed the same event, but without the theft.Results. Children who viewed the theft were found to be more accurate on various measures of recall and recognition than children who viewed the neutral event. On the other hand, children who viewed the theft were not always less suggestible than children who witnessed the neutral event.Conclusion. Taken together, the results suggest that studies of neutral eyewitness situations are likely to underestimate children's memory performance in criminal eyewitness situations.
Misremembering story material
Authors: Mazzoni Giuliana A. L. , Vannucci Manila , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. In this research we assessed whether after a subtle suggestion, participants could be led to falsely remember that they had experienced certain items on a key list, when in fact those items were taken from stories they had constructed.Method. In three experiments 78 participants created a story either about themselves (Expts 1 and 2) or about their partner (Expt 3). In Session 1 they brought their stories to the experimental session and were presented with a list of words. The next day, in Session 2, they received a subtle suggestion that some ‘story’ words were on the presented list. One day later, in Session 3, they had a recognition task where list words were mixed with story words, and they tried to recognize the list words. In addition, for each ‘recognized’ word they gave a remember/know response.Results. In all three experiments when participants falsely recognized their story words and claimed they were list items, they also reported that they genuinely ‘remembered’ the story items from the list, as opposed to simply ‘knowing’ that they had been previously presented on the list. These special false alarms occurred not only when participants had generated a story about themselves, but also when they read a story about themselves, or generated a story about another person.Discussion. These findings indicate that self‐generation and self‐referencing are factors that modify the memory quality of false recognitions, so that false recognition has a recollective quality that is as strong as the recollective quality of correct recognitions.
When the killer suffers: Post‐traumatic stress reactions following homicide
Authors: Pollock Philip H. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The present study aimed to consider the extent to which post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after homicide and to examine characteristics of the offence and the offender which contribute to the development of these symptoms. It was proposed that type of violence (reactive versus instrumental) would be related to PTSD symptoms. Using Blackburn's typology of violent offenders, it was also hypothesized that primary and secondary psychopath, controlled and inhibited types would demonstrate differing forms of violence, prevalences and patterns of post‐traumatic stress symptoms following the homicide.Method. Eighty homicide perpetrators were allocated equally to the four offender types based on their profiles on the Special Hospitals Assessment of Personality and Socialisation (SHAPS). Each offender completed the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Interview and the violence displayed during the index offence was classified as either reactive or instrumental.Results. Of the total sample, 52% met criteria for current PTSD. Reactive violence and reporting that the offence was traumatic were related to a current diagnosis of PTSD. Differing prevalences and patterns of PTSD symptoms were noted for Blackburn's offender types. Primary psychopaths showed instrumental violence and were the least traumatized. Secondary psychopaths were the most symptomatic, but not necessarily due to involvement in the homicide. Controlled and inhibited types both typically displayed reactive violence and had higher levels of current PTSD symptoms related to involvement in the offence itself.Conclusions. The extent to which PTSD follows homicide is a function of both personality type and form of violence. The results can be understood in terms of the cognitive model of Meichenbaum (1996) and also the defining dimensions of Blackburn's typology.
Victims, violent crime and the criminal justice system: Developing an integrated model of recovery
Authors: Macleod Malcolm D. , Paton Douglas 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. This study examines the social psychological and organizational factors which affect recovery from stress and trauma as a consequence of criminal victimization.Arguments. The argument is advanced that some obvious contradictions in the literature can be resolved by conceptualizing the social psychology of criminal victimization in a contingent rather than a prescriptive manner. Two distinct groups are examined: one where the victimization experience is rare and isolated, and the other where the victimization experience is chronic or repetitive because of the victim's professional status (e.g. police officers). It is argued that drawing this distinction affords an opportunity to illustrate the theoretical implications of victimization and how these implications are, to some extent, contingent upon status.Conclusions. It is concluded that (i) the complexity of control processes can be better understood when considered in a contingent manner, and (ii) in order to understand how these contingent processes operate, one needs to take into account the wider social psychological environment and the extent to which other processes support and sustain individual control efforts. These ideas are summarized in the form of an integrated model of criminal victimization which, in turn, may form the basis for effective therapeutic and procedural interventions. It is also hoped that this integrated model will permit other researchers to place their work within the criminal justice system in a useful and coherent way.