bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I Remember You
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was twenty-six, I returned to New York from Cambridge for a Thanksgiving feast with my parents and my five siblings. Over dinner one of my sisters asked my parents a question about the anxieties of being young parents of young children. My mother reported that one of her most worrisome times was when she, my father, my sister, and I returned from a three-year stint in Puerto Rico, so that my father could take a new job in the States, and so that I could start first grade. Her worry was that at age five, without the experience of kindergarten, and coming from Puerto Rico where I “had no playmates,” I might have trouble adjusting to school. I was incredulous and reminded my mother of my deep and important friendship with Billy Fletcher with whom I had played “all the time.” My mother looked at me as if I was crazy, then at my father, whose face expressed similar bewilderment. She explained that Billy Fletcher was the son of a business relation of my father’s who had visited Puerto Rico for a few days and had spent one afternoon at our home, during which time I had indeed played with him.
Children, Other Minds, and Honesty
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two philosophical issues arise persistently in discussions of children and lying. First, there are epistemic issues-issues of what sort of knowledge the child must possess in order to lie. Second, there are issues of moral psychology-issues of how and when children learn that it is wrong to lie, and in what they understand the wrongness of lying to consist. My argument is this: On the epistemic side, lying is a type of action that requires a rich understanding of other minds, of the connections between belief and action, and in particular, of the way mental representations can be transformed into misrepresentations. Children can lie without being able to correctly define the term lie. But they cannot lie without having solved the philosophical problem of other minds.
Ethics Naturalized: Ethics as Human Ecology
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Epistemology Naturalized,” Quine suggested that epistemology be assimilated to psychology. The trouble with this idea is apparent. Psychology is not in general concerned with norms of rational belief, but with the description and explanation of mental performance and mentally mediated performance and capacities. The right way to think of epistemology naturalized is not, therefore, one in which epistemology is a “chapter of psychology,” but rather to think of naturalized epistemology as having two components: a descriptivegenealogical-nomological component and a normative component. Furthermore, not even the descriptive-genealogical-nomological component will consist of purely psychological generalizations, for much of the information about actual epistemic practices will come from biology, cognitive neuroscience, sociology, anthropology, and history-from the human sciences broadly construed. More obviously, normative epistemology will not be part of psychology, for it involves the gathering together of norms of inference, belief, and knowing that lead to success in ordinary reasoning, expert practical reasoning of the sort exhibited by good cooks and auto mechanics, and in science.
Polyphony of Texts and Music in the Fourteenth-Century Motet: Tribum que non abhorruit/Quoniam secta latronum/Merito hec patimur and Its “Quotations”
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late-medieval motet has been criticized as an art form for the incomprehensibility of its simultaneous texts. It is true that such texts cannot be understood at an unprepared hearing, but neither can heterogeneous texts in an operatic ensemble, or certain kinds of musical art that address the mind and eye as much as the ear. Fourteenth-century motet texts were composed and coordinated at least as artfully as the music to which they are wedded, thus magnifying the “hearing” problem. We can only “hear” these compositions adequately if we also do some “listening” outside the real time of actual performance. Although we have no external evidence that our medieval counterparts practiced anything resembling modern analysis on this music, it is my belief that intelligent contemporary appreciation of motets must have depended on some reflection beyond performance, and that whatever form such reflection took, it must have been less visually determined than ours, conditioned as we are to reading scores. Many aspects of the sounds they heard are now wholly inaccessible to us. Analysis can, however, recover-albeit partially-some of the ingredients of informed listening. It is with such recoverable aspects that the present paper will be concerned, and it is in that sense that it addresses “hearing” the motet. It is true that errors in the words as well as the music in the manuscripts that have come down to us give a clear indication that understanding was never complete or that it rapidly decayed, but although the texts may be corrupt, they are not always incorrigible, and the kind of observation and analysis to be exemplified in this paper may take on the status of tools for textual criticism and point to solutions that can inspire some confidence.
Du Fay and the Cultures of Renaissance Florence
Authors: Nosow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with other Italian cities during the Quattrocento, the fortunes of poly phonic music in Florence tended to wax and wane with the circumstances of patronage, the changing interests of the political and intellectual elites. Al though the palimpsest manuscript Archivio Capitolare di San Lorenzo 2211, compiled ca. 1418-21, testifies to continued Florentine traditions of song and motet, by the following decade these traditions, as nearly as we can determine, had become moribund. The musical life of Renaissance Florence took a decided tum in June 1434 with the arrival of Pope Eugenius IV and the entire papal Curia, seeking refuge from the unsafe precincts of Rome. The papal chapel was dominated by a group of singers from France and the regions of Burgundy, especially Liege and Cambrai, a circumstance that could not but attract the attention of the newly installed Medici party in Florence.
The Rain Forest Roots of HIV-1
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Western AIDS epidemic of. the early 1980s was foreshadowed by a subtle epidemic that began in Germany in 1939. With hindsight, we know it spread to other European countries and killed many children, but its pattern and significance were long unnoticed. Its agent was apparently a primitive form of HIV-1 B that was not yet strong enough to cause AIDS as we know it. This “proto-1 B” caused acute immunodeficiency in most infected people but chronic or fatal disease in very few. Mainly newborns were susceptible, and most recovered with no recurrence. Only later, in the permissive 1960s and 1970s, would proto-1 B cycle to greater virulence and become HIV-1 B, the inexorable killer of adults.
Viral Sex and AIDS: Response to Instability
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIDS epidemics are unique to retroviruses but not to just one kind of retrovirus. AIDS in humans is caused by three lentiviruses (HIV-0, HIV-1, and HIV-2), which we have traced back to innocent viruses in the jungles of Africa. But AIDS in cats is caused by a very different type of retrovirus (FeLV), which does most harm when working with another (FIV). Such collaboration between retroviruses has been spotted in humans and monkeys. Even if they cause no disease, these double infections are a threat in their potential for recombinants. Sex between lentiviruses and other retroviruses appears to be the main way they obtain new features, and these features can be dangerous.
We have argued that two harmless viruses can recombine to cross species, and that in some cases this process results in AIDS. Can we find an example that offers us both parents for study? The recombinant HIV-1E will not do because we cannot know if both parents were harmless at their mating, and one parent has completely disappeared. Nor will the recombinant sabaeus SIV agm serve our purposes. Both its parents were apparently harmless but, here again, one is no longer available.
Some Apparatus
Authors: D’Agostino Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to discuss the family of ideas about ideas that is constituted by the notions concept, conception, ideal, and public conception. I also want to consider pluralism and essential contestability. We will then have an understanding of the vocabulary that is needed to state the main interim thesis of this book – namely, that in view of the incommensurability of some of the values that constitute its ideal, the concept of public justification is apparently an essentially contestable concept, much like the first-order normative concepts that Gallie, Lukes, and Connolly have analyzed.
The Discourse of Southernness Or How We Can Know There Will Still Be Such a Thing as the South and Southern Literary Culture in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Humphries Jefferson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History is made up of wisps of narratives, stories that one tells, that one hears, that one acts out; the people does not exist as a subject but as a mass of millions of insignificant and serious little stories that sometimes disperse into digressive elements. Generally, though these are the stories that come together at least approximately to form what is called the culture of civil society. Jean-Francois Lyotard, Pagan Instructions Not just the past but the present and the future also are made up of “wisps of narratives; and narratives about the future must inevitably evolve from narratives of the past. History is just another word for temporal experience in general, and in that sense it engulfs the future with the past and the present. What this means is that before we can hope to say whether there might still be a “southern” literary culture twenty, fifty, or a hundred years from now, we need to say what we mean and have meant by the “South:’ What but a story, or several basic stories with an infinite variety of individual permutations, all of these together making up one grand story of mythic proportions that all southerners, to a greater or lesser degree, feel is their story? This must be the unarticulated, perhaps even unadmitted premise behind all of oral history. Yet it is important to note that it has not been admitted, least of all by most scholars working in southern studies. Most southern writers-poets and novelists-have more or less admitted it, however, though I doubt that any of them knew at the time or knows it now, or would even be willing to admit it in so many words. I have never heard of any “oral historians” specializing in the South-and almost all of them in America do-who did not claim as their ground and premise the very purest empiricism. I believe it is self-evident that they are wrong-not to do what they are doing, but about why they are justified in doing it.
Homosexuality and the Constitution
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1958, Richard Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a black woman, were married in the District of Columbia.I Soon thereafter they returned to their home in Virginia. They were promptly indicted. Their crime was to have married in violation of Virginia’s prohibition on interracial marriage. They pleaded guilty to the charge and were sentenced to a year in jail. The trial judge suspended the sentence on condition that the Lovings leave Virginia and not return for twenty-five years. The judge said: “Almighty God creates the races white, black, yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix.” The Lovings challenged the miscegenation law on constitutional grounds. They claimed that the law deprived them of the “equal protection of the laws.” Thus was born the most aptly titled case in the entire history of American law, In the United States Supreme Court, the legal issues were relatively straightforward. In 1954, the Court had decided Brown v. Board of Education. There the Court had made clear that racial discrimination is constitutionally unacceptable and that “separate but equal” is not equal. The Brown Court held that under the Constitution, the government could not discriminate against blacks. This was the issue in Loving: Was the ban on racial intermarriage a form of discrimination in the relevant sense? On this question, there was sharp dispute. Virginia thought that the answer was, “Clearly not.” Virginia’s lawyers argued that miscegenation laws punished whites and blacks equally. They claimed that there was no discrimination against blacks. The only relevant discrimination was against people who sought to participate in mixed marriages, and such people were racially diverse, including members of all races. Unlike in Brown, where racial separation marked racial inequality, here separation was truly equal. Discrimination against people who seek to participate in mixed marriages is not “racial discrimination” at all. It does not draw a line between blacks and whites. It is a form of discrimination, to be sure-but not at all of the form that justifies special judicial skepticism under the Constitution. Because blacks and whites were treated exactly alike, that kind of skepticism was unwarranted.
Natural Law, Morality, and Sexual Complementarity
Authors: Weithman Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural law theorists have characteristically shared two commitments. They have insisted that the truths of normative ethics are in some way based on ends that are both natural for human beings to pursue and naturally good for them to attain. They have also insisted that the laws which govern human communities must in some way be based on those ethical truths. As with any family of ethical theories, theorists in this family have elaborated their shared commitments in interestingly different ways. The resulting natural law theories differ in their accounts of how ethical truths are grasped, how justification of these truths depends on knowledge of natural teleology, and how civil laws should encourage people to live in accord with them.
All in the Family and In All Families: Membership, Loving, and Owing
Authors: Minow Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of my title, “All in the Family,” refers to the television show by that name because it captures the theme I would like to sound here. Otherwise known as the Archie Bunker show, the central character exhibited gross racial, ethnic, and sexual prejudices-and yet the show itself celebrated the capacity of human beings to grow and change within families. What interests me here in particular is the shift in the constellation of people treated as family over the years the show was on the air. Initially, Archie and his wife Edith shared their home with their daughter and her husband-not quite a nuclear family, but a rather traditional extended family. Over time, however, Archie meets Edith’s lesbian cousin. He also learns to deal with divorce. Ultimately, Edith dies, Archie’s daughter separates from her husband and they both move away, and Archie becomes the custodian of a niece who is half-Jewish. All inside this “family,” then, the variety of shifting relationships mirrored the variety of potential family memberships in the larger society. Once a show exhibiting the prejudices of a white ethnic patriarch toward his diverse society, “All in the Family,” over time, brought that diversity inside the family itself.
“Why Ask My Name?”
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unnamed characters--such as Lot’s wife, Jephthah’s daughter, Pharaoh’s baker, and the witch of Endor--are ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible and appear in a wide variety of roles. Adele Reinhartz here seeks to answer two principal questions: first, is there a “poetics of anonymity,” and if so, what are its contours? Second, how does anonymity affect the readers’ response to and construction of unnamed biblical characters? The author is especially interested in issues related to gender and class, seeking to determine whether anonymity is more prominent among mothers, wives, daughters, and servants than among fathers, husbands, sons and kings and whether the anonymity of female characters functions differently from that of male characters.
The Bit Players
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Majority Of Unnamed Biblical Characters are obscure, incidental figures, who make only fleeting appearances in the narrative. Some are defined by the most general of terms: man (uitt) and woman (:-rum), boy (,11l) and girl (:-r,11l),1 amplified, if at all, by place name or tribal affiliation only. Many of them carry out a single act and then disappear. These bit players, minor as they are, have major literary functions in the narrative as a whole. In this chapter, I examine their contribution to the plot and characterization as well as their role in conveying the narrator’s ideology to the reader.
Servants, Stewards and Armor-Bearers
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Large Group Within the category I have called the bit players is comprised of personal attendants: the servants, stewards, armor-bearers or “lads” of kings, prophets and other dignitaries. Like the briefly mentioned and unnamed mothers, husbands, and children, they are given scant narrative attention. What distinguishes personal attendants from unnamed family members, though, is the nature of the designated role itself. The servant participates in a hierarchical relationship in which he or she is the subordinate party. Because the task of the servant is to serve, the servant’s activity draws attention to the needs and desires of the one being served. In this way, servants identify the one they serve as a person of wealth and power. The nature of the servant role itself therefore adds another layer to the veil over the personal identity of these sketchy characters. Personal attendants are formally identified in a variety of ways. A youth (illl, o1illl) is not necessarily a personal attendant except when defined as such by the possessive form, such as “his young man” (iilll; 1 Sam 9:5, “the boy who was with him”), or the narrative context, as in 1 Sam 20:21, in which Jonathan tells David that he will send “the boy” (,i,m) to tell him whether he should flee from Saul. The designations servant (,:ii,) and youth (illl) can denote either a slave or servant.1 Most narratives featuring slaves/servants do not address their legal status.
Friday’s foot print
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A psychiatrist who has received international recognition for her research on the neural basis of primate social cognition, Leslie Brothers, M.D., offers here a major argument about the social dimension of the human brain, drawing on both her own work and a wealth of information from research laboratories, neurosurgical clinics, and psychiatric wards. Brothers offers the tale of Robinson Crusoe as a metaphor for neuroscience's classic (and flawed) notion of the brain: a starkly isolated figure, working, praying, writing alone. But the famous castaway of literature, she notes, came from society and returned to society. So too with our brains: they have evolved a specialized capacity for exchanging signals with other brains--they are designed to be social. This can be seen in the brain's sensitive attunement to the meanings of facial expressions and physical gestures and the way it assigns mental lives to physical bodies--a feat we too often take for granted. (Brothers describes fascinating case studies that show that certain kinds of brain damage can destroy a patient's ability to interpret faces, leaving him or her with the sense that they are surrounded by zombies.) She takes us down to the level of the individual neuron, exploring the response of brain cells to social events. Perhaps most important, she connects neuroscience, psychiatry, and sociology as never before, showing how our daily interaction creates an organized social world--a network of brains that generates meaningful behavior and thought. Emotion, the sense of self--the entire spectrum of the mind--has no existence outside of a social context. Brothers conducts her argument with grace and style. By broadening our approach to the brain, this groundbreaking book makes an important contribution to our understanding of the human mind.
The Brain’s Social Specialization
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been referring to brain structures that allow us to attribute mind to bodies. I even suggested that the brain has an “editor” that encourages the recording of social features during infancy, inscribing them preferentially onto the hardware of the developing human brain. Where are these brain structures, and how do they work together to produce such remarkable effects? In this chapter, we begin to look at the “social brain” and how its secrets were unlocked by scientists working in places as varied as brain research laboratories and African jungles.
The Shift to a Social Perspective
Authors: Brothers Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroscientists want to understand how the brain produces behavior. They ask how the brain makes it possible for us to perceive objects, to attend to and remember events, to reason. Like all scientists, their goal is to seek ever-more-accurate knowledge of the natural world-in this case, brain function-by formulating testable hypotheses and testing them in a way that can be reproduced and discussed by the scientific community. Underpinning this goal is the concept of a reality that is “out there,” independent of us, that our minds may grasp and come to know, just as we use our eyes to grasp visually what is before us. The idea that there is a relationship between a mind and the things outside it in the world is the essence of the natural sciences-it is the faith in human knowledge. Although it was explicated most vigorously and confidently in the Enlightenment, contemporary empirical sciences are still grounded in the idea of this basic relationship.
The Birth of Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bioethics represents a dramatic revision of the centuries-old ethics that governed the behaviour of physicians and their relationships with patients. Those ethics were challenged in the years after World War II by remarkable advances in biomedical science and medicine that raised questions about the defintion of death, the use of life-support systems, organ transplantation, and reproductive manipulation. In response, philosophers and theologians, lawyers and social scientists joined with physicians and scientists to rethink and revise the old standards. Governments established commissions to recommend policies. Courts heard arguments and legislatures passed laws. This book is the first broad history of the growing field of bioethics. Covering the period 1947-1987, it examines the origin and evolution of the debates over human experimentation, genetic engineering, organ transplantation, termination of life-sustaining treatment, and new reproductive technologies. It assesses the contributions of philosophy, theology, law and the social sciences to the expanding discourse of bioethics. Written by one of the fields founders, it is based on extensive archival research into resources that are difficult to obtain and on interviews with many leading figures. A very readable account of the development of bioethics, the book stresses the history of ideas but does not neglect the social and cultural context and the people involved.