bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zapata
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kennedy White House focused on Cuba within a week of taking office. Two days after the inauguration, the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Lyman Lemnitzer, arrived at the State Department with a packet of measures aimed at overthrowing Castro, which he presented in a meeting of several advisers, including Dulles, Rusk, McNamara, Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles, and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. No one discussed a plan of action, except that Rusk mentioned the possibility of landing the exiles on the Isle of Pines below Havana. His colleagues, however, added a new twist to the proposal by emphasizing the necessity of direct U.S. military support.
Requiem
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The morning after the invasion opened in ominous fashion for the brigade. At 4:00 a.m. Blue Beach underwent heavy artillery shelling near San Blas that thundered on throughout the day. In the meantime a brigade commander deepened the growing despair by erroneously reporting that four Russian MIG-15s had joined Castro’s T-33s and a dozen tanks in the assault. Those on the ground often mistook the identity of jets, resulting in several alleged MIG sightings. But this fear was not entirely unfounded. If not yet in the air, nearly two dozen MIGs sat on Castro’s airfields, still uncrated or not fully assembled while awaiting the imminent return of his pilots training in Czechoslovakia
Writing Resistance Village Attacks on Textual Monopolies in Eighteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1761-1762, Monsignor Dentice, emissary of the Papal Congregation of the Buon Governo, swept through the stato of Monte Libretti. For over half a century the Buon Governo had been trying to bring the communes subject to baronial jurisdiction under tighter fiscal control by the Congregation. Dentice hoped to audit the accounts of the six communal governments in the territory, but bookkeeping irregularities still abounded in the stato, nowhere more so than in the village of Monte Flavio. Dentice’s disillusioned report is strikingly similar to the one written by his predecessor in 1704, who had also noted the haphazard bookkeeping practices of the Monte Flavisti: “they do not keep books which are considered necessary for the administration of communal revenues [but rather] write confusedly: Income, Consiglio, Auditing, and other things without any order, and all of this on account of a lack of individuals capable of such a business.” The later eighteenth-century lord of the village agreed with all these bleak bureaucratic assessments. Giulio Cesare Barberini complained that the priors (the executive officers of the village) were “ignorant” and that there was a “universal incompetence” among all those eligible for public office in Monte Flavio. On really bad days he maligned the “crass ignorance” of the entire consiglio, whose membership he hoped to narrow to a more controllable group. Perhaps he hoped for a consiglio of the merely ignorant, rather than those crassly so? The nobleman’s exasperation is clearer than his plans for addressing the issue.
Prologue: Spring, 1917
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everywhere it was a time of waiting. Cold and despair gnawed at the peoples of the Old World, where the winter of 1916-17 clung cruelly, as apparently endless as the war that had gripped Europe since August 1914. Men had then gone eagerly to battle, expecting swift victory. But two and a half years of fighting had killed five million of them. Those still living waited wearily in the frigid early months of 1917, hoping for peace. Since the scything sweep of the German armies through Belgium and France had been stopped at the River Marne in September 1914, the Great War in Europe had settled into a grisly stalemate. Slanting from the Channel to the Swiss frontier, an unmovable line of battle had congealed across northern France.
Gender and Wilderness Conservation
Authors: Jarvis Kimberly A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a cold September day in 1928, people gathered to dedicate the Franconia Notch Forest Reservation and Memorial Park to those who had served New Hampshire in times of war. In a cooperative effort by government and private groups, $400,000 had been raised from more than 15,000 contributors to purchase 6,000 forested acres on the western slopes of New Hampshire’s White Mountains, thereby saving the region from purchase by logging companies. The New Hampshire Federation of Women’s Clubs played a significant role in publicizing the Franconia Notch campaign and in its fundraising efforts. During the ceremony, Lula Morris, president of the New Hampshire Federation, noted that “it can be no secret that the New Hampshire Federation of Women’s Clubs played a very real and important part in the final act that made it possible to acquire these thousands of acres the women of New Hampshire did not fail their state.
Putting Wilderness in Context
Authors: Sutter Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American wilderness idea, as previous chapters have suggested, has a deep, complex, and contested history. But what I call the modern wilderness idea—the notion that Americans ought to preserve “wilderness areas” as a distinct federal land designation, a policy made law with the passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964—had its origins during the interwar years.1 There were important threads from the national parks activism of the previous half century woven into interwar advocacy, but interwar activism was formative primarily because it led to the eventual statutory creation of a national wilderness system and because it produced many of the wilderness movement’s canonical figures, including Aldo Leopold and Bob Marshall. Yet to see the interwar era merely as a prelude to postwar passage of the Wilderness Act is to miss the fascinating context that drove the creation of the modern wilderness system. The central argument of this chapter, then, is that we need to appreciate not only that interwar activism was the foundation for postwar wilderness politics, but that interwar events and trends played a formative role in shaping the modern wilderness idea. We need to understand interwar wilderness thinking on its own terms.
The Confederate Retreat to Mars and Venus
Authors: Brown Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They are a study in the art of contrast. The marble statue to the fallen Confederate soldiers of South Carolina stands in front of the principal entrance to the state capitol (fig. 1). Leaning on his rifle as he looks directly down Main Street from a height of forty feet, he commands the precise point at which the channels of government and business power meet in Columbia. The bronze statue to the Confederate women of South Carolina sits diametrically across from the State House, about an equal distance from the building, in a chair on a low pedestal (fig. 2). With her back to the street, surrounded on three sides by shrubbery atop a restraining wall, she looks up from the Bible resting on her lap.
Oppositions: To the Crisis of 1836
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sober constitutionalism of the GTU carried an important strain of radical artisan culture into the 1830s: like the earlier journeymen’s associations and freethinkers’ societies, the unions promoted a code of radical rectitude that would have taken their men out of the taverns, cockpits, and brothels and into committee rooms and lecture halls to combat their common enemies. Union procedures and rules captured this attitude only in part. For some unionists, moderate and radical, the cause required a complete transformation of character centered on temperance. Among the reasons Ely Moore cited in favor of a trade-union institute was that “it would induce (the journeymen] to forsake their accustomed places of re sort (where temptations too often beset them) ....”Of all the causes of poverty and ignorance other than low wages, John Commerford wrote, “there is none more preeminently conspicuous than that of alcohol.” Others claimed that “all talk of the hard heartedness of the employers [and] their mean maneuvers” would prove abortive “while we remain indifferent to the destroying effects of spiritous liquors.’’1 Against this thoroughgoing reformism, most journeymen (including the union rank and file) retained some loyalty to their usual haunts and pleasures. Even dedicated unionists saw nothing wrong with organizing their efforts in taverns and hotel bars, their customary meeting places. Nor did they necessarily object to drinking at work. As one immigrant cabinet maker recalled, his shop mates, union supporters all, automatically assumed that the right to drink went along with the right to control their own labor.
On Refusing to Begin
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
what kind of text is The Claim of Reason?’ What does it ask of its readers, and what designs does it have upon them? Since any such designs can be effective only if those who encounter this text choose to stay with its orderings of words, we must first ask how it aims to elicit such a choice-how its opening encounter with its readers is designed to attract them. But where and how does this text conceive that its readers are to approach it? How are we to let this book teach us, this or anything? We might, provisionally, begin at the beginning.
Responses
Authors: Gavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a number of amiable questions, some fifteen years ago, concerning my path from the study of music to that of philosophy and how that path might have affected what I expected from philosophy and how I imagined a contribution I might have anticipated making to the field-fairly familiar issues to me by then, yet still ones I was happy enough to try to think through in response to new formulations of interest-an interviewer asked me whether in my contributions I felt the philosophy or the writing to come first in importance, or inspiration. I puzzled myself by falling quite silent, I might almost say shamed myself, since, according to my philosophical upbringing, to confess, or even to give the impression, that the way prose is written matters as much, or in the same way, as what it says or seeks to establish, compromises philosophy’s intellectual purity from the start, and at the same time claims something from writing that no standing field could be expected to ratify.
Cities and, Urban life
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word for “city” in Chinese literally means “walls and markets,” an adequate if somewhat minimal definition of a traditional urban settlement. All cities in Tang China theoretically had ramparts and bazaars. Officially, according to the census of 754, there were 1,859 cities-321 prefectures and 1,538 counties-throughout the empire. The actual figure was somewhat smaller since prefectures were also the seats for some counties. A number of the prefectures and counties were located in poor backwaters that had neither the resources to afford nor the strategic value to justify the construction of outer walls. They also had populations too small to warrant labeling them “cities.” Those settlements had bamboo fences or palisades instead of walls.
Microcephaly And Early Brain Injury
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth delays are common in international adoptees at arrival to the United States (see Chapter 10). How ever, short stature and underweight are not as worrisome as microcephaly, a reflection of impaired brain growth. Microcephaly is common in newly arrived international adoptees (Table 12–1). Prenatal exposures, intrauterine growth retardation, birth injuries, environmental deprivation, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and other factors all contribute to the prevalence of microcephaly in this population of children (see Chapters 2, 5–8, 10, and 11). These exposures affect brain size as well as function. Although microcephaly is a surrogate marker for early brain injury, not all normocephalic children escape exposures that adversely affect brain function. Conversely, some children with microcephaly appear to be functionally and cognitively intact.
School Issues
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of school problems among internationally adopted children is unknown. Most clinicians suspect an increased incidence of learning disabilities, behavior problems (such as attention– deficit hyperactivity disorder), language delays, auditory processing disorder (see Chapter 31), and other problems that impede school performance in this population of children. Genetic predisposition may contribute to these problems, exacerbated by preor postnatal exposures, stress, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, toxic exposures, and other factors (see Chapters 5–8, 10–13, 24). Although some learning and behavior problems may appear prior to the school years, these issues are generally recognized after school entry. This chapter reviews the genetics of learning disabilities, intelligence, attentional regulation, and other factors that affect school competence and performance in internationally adopted children.
The Basics of the French Line
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Should We Approach a line of regular French verse? A good starting point for an exploration is that most famous of French meters, the alexandrine, which from the seventeenth century until the end of the nineteenth was widely used in every genre of verse. More than one third of the poems in the first five collections published by Verlaine (the French poet most frequently set to music) are in alexandrines, albeit not always regular ones.
Free Verse
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Vers Libre” OR free verse poems that first appeared in print in France in 1886, and were subsequently set to music by composers as different as Chausson, Fauré, and Poulenc, represented, as we shall see, a fundamental shift in thinking about French verse. However, many of the innovations of the vers libre can only be properly understood in the context of developments in verse practice that had been taking place since well before the end of the nineteenth century.
Historical Roots and Rationale of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
Authors: Stone Arthur A , Shiffman Saul , Atienza, Audie A , Nebeling Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the capture of real-time data referred to as Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) (Stone & Shiffman, 1994), which we hope sets the stage for the remainder of the book. We briefly define EMA, trace some of its historical antecedents, and discuss the core rationale for EMA methodology. Subsequent chapters deal in greater detail with specific aspects of EMA methods and present a wide array of studies using EMA to address substantive problems. EMA methods are characterized or defined by the repeated collection of real time data on participants’ momentary states in the natural environment.
The Analysis of Real-Time Momentary Data: A Practical Guide
Authors: Schwartz Joseph E , Stone Arthur A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collecting real-time momentary data enables researchers to address a variety of questions, including some that are difficult, if not impossible, to address with traditional retrospective questionnaires. This chapter is intended to be a practical guide for analyzing real-time data. By necessity, it begins with a somewhat formal presentation of the general statistical model that is the basis for all of the subsequent analyses. The structure of momentary data is complex and, as might be expected, so are the analyses. The benefit of mastering the analytic concepts is the ability to address, with appropriate statistical techniques, numerous fascinating questions about daily life experience. Although the use of symbols and equations in the chapter may be intimidating, taking the time to decipher them will provide the necessary background for understanding the analyses. The symbols will take on concrete meaning as they are replaced with actual variables in the application sections of the chapter.
Prologue: why americanos?
Authors: Chasteen John Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why AMERICANOS, without capitalization? Why América—as will be written here—with an accent mark? Americanos are, after all, simply the people of América. América is the same word in Spanish or Portuguese and English, one could say. And yet it isn’t. For Latin Americans, América has never been synonymous with the United States, nor are americanos simply Americans, and the distinction becomes important in the story told here. Therefore, in this book, América will be used to mean what we today call, in English, Latin America, including all the lands colonized by Spain and Portugal. The americanos in these pages are speakers of Spanish or Portuguese, not English.
Judge Tourgée and the Radical Civil War
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1902, a package arrived at the U.S. Consulate in Bordeaux, France, containing a complimentary volume of The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden, by Thomas Dixon, Jr. Walter Hines Page, the prominent publisher who had personally arranged for the publication of The Leopard’s Spots at Doubleday, Page, and Company, probably sent the volume believing that the American consul in Bordeaux would find the subject matter of great interest. If so, Page was not alone in this assumption.
A Radical Yankee in the Reconstruction South
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While much of the Nation gave little thought to what might occur in the post-emancipation South, those who had championed abolitionism acted swiftly upon their own idea of the direction the new South must take. A veritable army of missionaries and schoolteachers followed in the wake of the Union army bringing with them a vision of “civilization” that distinctly smacked of the culture of New England. As early as 1862, the abolitionist-founded American Missionary Association had taken the lead in dispatching Northern teach-ers to the South to staff newly established freedmen’s schools. In St. Louis, in 1864, one observer was struck by the host of the energetic New England schoolteachers who suddenly descended upon the occupied city to establish “colored” schools and begin the work of making citizens out of slaves.
What Is Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In simple terms, lupus erythematosus develops when the body becomes allergic to itself. Immunologically speaking, it is the opposite of what takes place in cancer or AIDS. In lupus, the body overreacts to an unknown stimulus and makes too many antibodies, or proteins directed against body tissue. Thus, lupus is called an autoimmune disease (auto meaning self).
The Impact of Lupus Upon the GI Tract and Liver
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The largest organ system in our body is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. If it were laid out on a floor, the area from the throat to the anus would extend for 40 feet. So it should come as no surprise that such an important part of the body can be involved in lupus. Actually, it is surprising that only limited portions of the gastrointestinal system are involved in the disease. This chapter will cover the relevant information for the lupus patient.
Lupus Through the Ages: Lupus in Children and the Elderly
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lupus comes in many sizes, shapes, and varieties unique to the age of onset, the presence of a specific autoantibody, and the appearance of certain clinical features. Most SLE—some 85 percent—occurs in individuals between the ages of 20 and 60. Does the disease manifest itself differently in youth and differently in those of more advanced age? The answer is yes. Four distinct types of SLE have been described that represent the remaining 15 percent of patients with the disease: neonatal lupus, lupus in childhood, lupus in adolescence, and older-ageonset SLE.
Can a Woman with Lupus Have a Baby?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most women with SLE want to have children. This is certainly understandable, since 90 percent of patients with lupus are female and 90 percent develop the disease during their reproductive years. Unfortunately, many of my colleagues advise lupus patients not to become pregnant on the basis of incorrect or out- dated information. In addition, doctors are notorious for lacking a special sensitivity that is often needed when pregnancy is ill advised. The good news is that the overwhelming majority of lupus patients can have normal babies. On the other hand, there are circumstances when a pregnancy presents increased risks. This chapter attempts to confront and clarify misconceptions and notions often held by both patients and doctors.
Some Practical Solutions to Leadership Issues
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even a rudimentary understanding of the stages of group formation helps reduce frustration for choral directors and enables them to work productively at every stage. Groups are dynamic entities; that is, they are constantly evolving. If directors view their choirs as static and unchanging, performance will decline over time. If directors view their choirs as too changeable to meet higher expectations—for example, inconsistent in attention or attendance—potential will be underrealized. Although general traits of a choir may remain fairly constant, there is an underlying process through which all groups pass, the understanding of which enables directors to make each stage as productive as possible.
Dental Functional Morphology: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable
Authors: Ungar Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Begun (2004) recently wrote, “We will never be able to describe the behavior of fossils as if they were extant organisms” (497). This begs the question what can be known? In this chapter, I review the “knowns,” “unknowns,” and “unknowables” about reconstructing the diets of early hominins and other fossil primates through the study of their occlusal morphologies. The basic process involves the comparative method. If we can identify form-function relationships between teeth and diet in living primates, we can infer diet from the teeth of fossil forms. The Known Researchers have recognized for a long time that tooth form reflects function (e.g., Owen, 1840–1845). Gregory (1922) was among the earliest to study dental functional morphology in detail, suggesting that primate molar shape evolved to improve mechanical efficiency for chewing. Subsequent workers (Simpson, 1933; Crompton and Sita-Lumsden, 1970; Hiiemae and Kay, 1972) built on this idea and viewed teeth as guides for masticatory movements. Kay and Hiiemae (1974), for example, associated specific dental morphologies with specific chewing behaviors, noting that insectivorous primates have reciprocally concave blades well suited to shearing tough insect chitin between the leading edges of crown crests, whereas frugivore molars possess cusp tips oriented more parallel to the occlusal plane for crushing and grinding three-dimensional fruit flesh and seeds (fig. 4.1).