bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LOCALIZATION OF HOMOLGOUS PLASMA PROTEINS IN THE TISSUES OF YOUNG HUMAN BEINGS AS DEMONSTRATED WITH FLUORESCENT ANTIBODIES
Authors: Gitlin David , Landing Benjamin H. , Whipple Ann 
Published: June 2004

Employing fluorescent antibodies for the detection of homologous plasma proteins in tissue sections, the distribution of plasma albumin, γ-globulin, ß-lipoprotein, ß1-metal-combining globulin, and fibrinogen has been studied in the tissues of infants and children. Plasma albumin, γ-globulin, and ß1-metal-combining globulin were found in many cells and particularly cell nuclei, connective tissues and interstitial spaces, lymphatics, and blood vessels. ß-Lipoprotein was found mostly in the nuclei of all cell types while fibrinogen was restricted largely to the lymphatic and vascular channels, connective tissues and the interstitial spaces.
The widespread distribution of these plasma proteins in cells and connective tissues indicates the magnitude of the extravascular plasma protein pool which is in equilibrium with circulating plasma. Unfortunately, these results do not permit accurate localization of the sites of production of these plasma proteins, but do give some idea of their intimate relationship to the tissues.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI IN VITRO AT 37°C
Authors: Trager William 
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of leishmanias from the spleen of hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani were placed in culture flasks and incubated at 37°C. In a medium of human erythrocyte extract and human serum there appeared within a day or two aflagellate forms resembling leishmanias but larger, as well as other aflagellate forms more nearly resembling rounded leptomonads. These intermediate forms multiplied during the first 4 days of culture. They then slowly died off, despite frequent renewal of the culture medium. Sometimes a small proportion of motile, typical leptomonads also appeared in such cultures. Leptomonads from cultures maintained at 28°C., when placed in the human red cell extract-human serum medium and incubated at 37°C., survived at least 4 days. For both types of effect, human serum could be replaced by normal hamster serum but not by rabbit serum.
Nicotinamide, added to the human red cell extract-human serum medium at a concentration of 400 mg. per 100 ml., completely prevented the development of intermediate forms from leishmanias and brought about the rapid death of leptomonads at 37°C.
ANTITUBERCULOUS IMMUNITY IN MICE VACCINATED WITH KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J. , Schaefer Werner B. , Pierce Cynthia H. 
Published: June 2004

The resistance of white mice to tuberculous infection could be increased by preliminary vaccination with small amounts of tubercle bacilli killed by contact with 2 per cent phenol. Vaccine prepared from a variant strain of human tubercle bacilli unable to multiply in vivo (H37Ra) proved as active as vaccines prepared from either virulent or attenuated strains.
The immunity induced by phenol-killed bacilli persisted for several weeks. Under the conditions of the experiments, however, it was never able to bring about the death of the virulent bacilli used for the challenge infection, even when the infective inoculum was very small. Its protective effect could be detected (a) by the increased survival time of mice infected with a very large dose of virulent bacilli, and particularly (b) by the lower numbers of bacilli present in the organs of mice sacrificed at various periods of time after injection of sublethal infective doses. Under the proper conditions of vaccination the immunity produced in mice by phenol-killed cells of avirulent bacilli was of the same order as that produced by BCG.
The protective antigen proved to be susceptible to heat, particularly at acid reactions. It retained its activity when the bacilli were disintegrated and rendered non-acid-fast by grinding with concentrated phenol. It remained in the insoluble cellular debris when the bacilli were extracted with 88 per cent phenol.
Reasons are presented to support the view that the antigenic components present in the tubercle bacilli (avirulent as well as virulent) killed with phenol play a significant part in several manifestations of increased resistance to tuberculosis.
MULTIPLICATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI WITHIN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURES DERIVED FROM NORMAL ANIMALS AND ANIMALS VACCINATED WITH BCG
Authors: Suter Emanuel 
Published: June 2004

When monocytes derived from normal guinea pigs or rabbits were infected with tubercle bacilli and cultivated in vitro, the bacilli multiplied abundantly within the cytoplasm of these cells.
By contrast, intracellular multiplication of the bacilli was retarded or completely inhibited within the monocytes of rabbits or guinea pigs vaccinated with BCG. This inhibition of growth was observed with both virulent or attenuated strains of tubercle bacilli.
Under the conditions used in the present study, the ability of monocytes to inhibit bacillary proliferation was the same whether serum from a normal animal or from vaccinated animals was used in the tissue culture medium. Moreover, the serum of vaccinated animals did not inhibit multiplication of tubercle bacilli within monocytes derived from a normal animal.
The ability of guinea pig monocytes to interfere with intracellular bacillary proliferation was first perceptible 8 days after vaccination.
ON THE NATURE OF BACTEREMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Hamburger Morton , Gregg Lucien A. 
Published: June 2004

In a study of the relationship of natural antipneumococcal immune substances to the incidence and course of bacteremia in dogs with experimental pneumococcus pneumonia the following findings came to light: (1) In non-bacteremic animals, natural immune substances, as measured by the pneumococcidal-promoting action of the serum, continue to be present in relatively undiminished concentration throughout the course of the infection. (2) With the advent of bacteremia these immune properties of the blood tend to decrease or disappear, depending on the degree of bacteremia and the length of the disease course, but in certain instances they persist despite the presence of large numbers of circulating pneumococci. (3) Disappearance of natural immune substances from the blood during bacteremia is followed by their reappearance upon cessation of the bacteremia. (4) Bacteremic blood containing antipneumococcal immune substances and a sufficient quantity of leucocytes is capable of destroying in vitro relatively large numbers of pneumococci and will often sterilize itself. (5) The sequence of bacteremia first, then diminution and disappearance of humoral immunity excludes this antipneumococcal action of the blood as being the principal inhibitor of blood invasion.
These observations have been interpreted as indicating that the bacteremic state consists of a constant escape of pneumococci from the pulmonary lesion and an attempt on the part of the body to compensate for the depletion of circulating immune substances resulting from their progressive immobilization by the pneumococci and their products. Thus, the loss or retention of humoral immune substances in the presence of bacteremia would appear to depend on the rate at which the body can provide new supplies of antibodies and on the number of pneumococci being discharged into the circulation. While the pneumococcidal action of the blood may not be sufficient to prevent the occurrence of bacteremia our study provides ample evidence that it exerts a potent restraining effect on the increase in numbers of pneumococci in the circulation.
SOME ENERGY RELATIONS IN A HOST-VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Johnson R. Bernal ,   With the Technical Assistance of H. Kurtz And L. E. Keith
Published: June 2004

It was found that DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) will inhibit completely the propagation of influenza virus in chorioallantoic membrane. This reagent did not permanently alter those metabolic processes required for the synthesis of virus and at the concentrations employed demonstrated no virucidal effects.
In minced preparations of chorioallantoic membrane DNP was shown to have a pronounced stimulatory effect upon ATPase (adenosinetriphosphatase).
When DNP was used with intact tissues, an excellent correlation was found between the inhibition of viral propagation and the stimulation of respiration and release of phosphate.
Concentrations of DNP which permitted a twofold increase in the endogenous respiration of intact membranes allowed little or no viral synthesis.
It is concluded that the energy required for viral synthesis derives from the oxidative phosphorylative activity of the host tissue.
WATER EXCHANGE OF COLLAGENOUS TISSUES AND OF GELATIN
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Rothbard Mary B. 
Published: June 2004

Water exchange of parenchymatous tissue, namely liver, kidney, or pancreas, occurs by osmosis, and the movement of water, as is well known, occurs in direct relation to the concentration of the surrounding solution. But the present work shows that the hydration of collagenous tissues, like that of gelatin, occurs in strong as well as in weak solutions of sodium chloride.
The water intake of collagenous tissue in solutions of sodium chloride or of sucrose increases with increased density of the tissue and the sequence of changes is like that observed with gels of increasing gelatin content under the same conditions.
Dense collagenous tissue, apparently impervious to the movement of water, exhibits a conspicuous ability to attract and hold it.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF VIRUS-INDUCED FROG CARCINOMA
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Berwick Leonard , Nowell Peter 
Published: June 2004

The temperature coefficient of van't Hoff, Q10, for growth of frog carcinoma in vitro over a range of 20–35°C, averages 2.5. This value is closely similar to those obtained for various forms of normal growth.
The values of the temperature coefficient slightly but progressively decrease with advancing age of the cancer colonies. A similar relation obtains in many but not in all forms of normal growth.
Thus, the law of van't Hoff is found to hold equally for growth of the malignant tissue now under discussion and for normal tissue.
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE PRODUCTION AND EXCRETION OF CHOLESTEROL IN MAMMALS
Authors: Byers Sanford O. , Friedman Meyer , Biggs Max W. , Gunning Barbara 
Published: June 2004

Accumulation of cholate in plasma is the immediate cause of hypercholesteremia in the rat with bile duct ligation and in the normal rat given intravenous sodium cholate.
The hypercholesteremia induced by cholate administration does not appear to be dependent upon any preceding change in the rates of absorption, excretion, synthesis, or redistribution of cholesterol in the tissues of the animal.
Cholate administration seems to induce hypercholesteremia by impeding the normal rate of passage of cholesterol from the plasma into the liver; this impedance is probably due to an alteration of the cholesterol-binding power of plasma proteins induced by cholate. The chemical and physiological implications of this finding are discussed.
THE INACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT AND ITS COMPONENTS BY PLASMIN
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Ratnoff Oscar D. , Blum Livia , Lepow I. H. 
Published: June 2004

Human complement is inactivated by plasmin, the proteolytic enzyme of plasma or serum active at or near neutrality.
The addition of streptokinase to human serum, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, also causes the inactivation of complement components C'2 and C'4 and varying amounts of C'1. C'3 is the most resistant to inactivation by plasmin. Chloroform-activated human plasmin and bovine plasmin also destroy these components of complement, but are less effective than the streptokinase-activated enzyme. The inactivation of complement by the addition of streptokinase to human serum is inhibited by high hydrogen ion concentrations, low temperature, and elevated ionic strength. The inactivation of the components of complement in various fractions of serum is influenced by the available plasminogen and the content of plasmin inhibitors in these fractions.
Certain similarities are pointed out between the components of complement and the factors in the plasmin system and between the inactivation of the components of complement by antigen-antibody reactions, by specific agents, and by plasmin.
The possible significance of these relationships in immune hemolysis and complement fixation, and the possible role of the plasmin system in the instability of complement and the development of anticomplementary properties in serum are discussed.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

Helenine is moderately stable in solution at refrigerator temperature and can be kept for long periods of time without evident loss of activity if stored frozen at the temperature of solid CO2. It is filterable through a Seitz pad but not dialyzable. Crude SPS preparations of helenine do not lose activity when dried from the frozen state. Some conditions are described, however, which influence the preservation or inactivation of acetone-precipitated helenine when freeze-dried. Helenine is partially inactivated by exposure for 3 minutes to the temperature of a boiling water bath and is completely inactivated by autoclaving at 15 pounds' pressure for 15 minutes.
The data presented suggest that helenine acts, either directly or by triggering some mechanism of the host itself, to destroy virus by a process which renders the latter non-antigenic. This effect may be exerted by action upon the virus itself or by interference with some stage in the developmental cycle of the virus.
While the chemical nature of helenine is not known, the presence of a large proportion of polysaccharide in crude active preparations might suggest the possible importance of this class of substance in helenine activity. It is believed that helenine differs from the polysaccharide reported by Horsfall and McCarty and the penicillin impurity reported by Groupé and Rake to be active against certain viruses. It may be related, however, to the antiviral substance recently reported by Powell and his co-workers.
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Denny Floyd W. , Floyd Joan 
Published: June 2004

Cutaneous and systemic infections of rabbits by Group A streptococci bring about a state of preparation for, respectively, the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions, produced by intravenous injection of meningococcal or S. marcescens toxin.
With maximal systemic streptococcal infections, the lesions of the generalized Shwartzman reaction do not differ from those caused by two successive intravenous injections of Gram-negative bacterial toxins. The characteristic lesions of the reaction are bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys, hemorrhagic necrosis in the lungs, liver, and spleen, and myofiber necrosis in the myocardium.
Under optimal conditions involving the dosages of streptococci and toxin, and the time interval between the injections, a new lesion consisting of necrosis and the accumulation of fibrinoid material in the walls of the coronary arteries occurred in approximately 50 per cent of animals within 48 hours after the injection of meningococcal toxin.
Fibrinoid necrosis was not observed in the arteries of tissues other than the heart. It did not occur in control rabbits injected with streptococci alone or toxin alone, nor in animals with the generalized Shwartzman reaction produced by two intravenous injections of toxin.
Streptococcal bacteriemia was present at the time of death in one-third of the animals with fibrinoid necrosis. In one animal, a group of bodies resembling cocci in chains was seen within the wall of a coronary artery with fibrinoid necrosis.
A series of photomicrographs to illustrate the pathological changes in the hearts and kidneys of streptococcus-infected rabbits subjected to the Shwartzman reaction is presented.
TRANSFORMATION OF TYPE SPECIFICITY OF MENINGOCOCCI
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Redman Winifred 
Published: June 2004

Heritable type-specific traits have been induced in meningococcus populations by exposure to desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-containing extracts derived from meningococcus cells of the type desired. The DNA has been shown to be an essential component of the transforming extract.
As in the H. influenzae system, the reaction between the susceptible cell and the DNA responsible for the heritable change requires less than 15 minutes. Only a minute proportion of the total cells exposed to the DNA extracts for a short time are susceptible to the change; but in the growth and reproduction of bacteria susceptible cells appear with fairly predictable frequency.
Type I specific traits have been induced in populations of RIIa and SIIa cells.
Type IIa specificity has been induced in RIIa cells.
NEUTRALIZATION OF VIRUSES BY HOMOLOGOUS IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. 
Published: June 2004

On the assumption that antibody is added to virus particles in a stepwise manner and that the reaction follows the law of mass action, a theoretical equation for the equilibrium state of virus neutralization reactions has been deduced.
The theory has been found to be in reasonable accord with the available data for the neutralization of bacterial viruses and can be applied also to data for the neutralization of animal viruses.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Liu Oscar C. , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

Equal mixtures of influenza A (PR8) and B (Lee) viruses, based on predetermined ID50 values of the individual preparations, were titrated in closely spaced steps near the 50 per cent infectivity end-point. Typing of the hemagglutinins found in the allantoic fluids after incubation of the eggs for 72 hours showed an approximately equal distribution between types A and B, when less than 2 ID50 of the mixed seed had been injected. With larger inocula influenza A became dominant because it reproduces at a faster rate than the influenza B virus. While this result agreed with expectations, it was found that passage of the allantoic fluids revealing influenza A agglutinins in mixture with anti-A serum, and of B agglutinins with anti-B, yielded the heterologous virus in many instances, even when only one-half of an ID50 of mixed seed had been administered in the original titration. "Negative" fluids obtained from embryos injected with as little as one-eighth of an ID50 upon passage yielded on occasion virus of one or the other type.
Similar closely spaced titrations near the 50 per cent end-point of single strains (PR8) indicated that if hemagglutinins were found after incubation of 72 hours they were of high titer, as a rule. However, in some embryos hemagglutinins became detectable only between the 3rd and 4th days of incubation. In addition, negative allantoic fluids removed from embryos 72 hours after injection yielded on occasion virus on passage, yet no hemagglutinins were found in some of these eggs after an additional incubation period of 24 hours, or a total of 96 hours.
None of the possible explanations for these various observations, which have been discussed in detail, is completely satisfactory. However, the data indicate that in infectivity titrations the ID50 end-point obtained at 72 hours, or even after 96 hours, does not reflect the total amount of virus present in the material titrated. The data also denote that separation of variants, or mutants or "genetic recombinants" by the limiting dilution technic, although possible, does not represent an absolutely safe procedure.
MORPHOLOGIC VARIATION IN PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Austrian Robert 
Published: June 2004

The problem of morphologic variation in pneumococcus has been reviewed and the desirability of studying such variation through an examination of bacterial cells rather than of bacterial colonies has been pointed out. To further this objective, a new terminology to describe the morphologic variants of pneumococcus, potentially applicable to other bacterial species, has been proposed.
A hitherto undefined morphologic variant of pneumococcus, the filamentous capsulated (fil+ S+) variant, has been defined and its relationship to the three previously recognized non-filamentous capsulated (fil- S+), nonfilamentous non-capsulated (fil- S-), and filamentous non-capsulated (fil+ S-) variants has been presented.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF COMBINATION FORMS OF VIRUS
Authors: Hirst George K. , Gotlieb Tamar 
Published: June 2004

The fact that the hemagglutination inhibition test will not detect more than one component in an artificial mixture of two antigenically distinct strains of virus was demonstrated experimentally. With this proved, the inference seemed justified that the inhibition of the hemagglutinin of a virus suspension by each of two antisera, specific for differing strains of virus, would be an indication that some of the specific antigenic components from each of these viruses were both present in single particles of the virus suspension.
Two pair of influenza A strains were used to simultaneously inoculate the allantoic sac, and some embryos thus infected yielded virus which had its hemagglutinin inhibited by sera specific against each of the parent forms. Such doubly inhibitable hemagglutinin contributed as much as 84 per cent of the total hemagglutinin in certain fluids. Each of the specific antisera inhibited the hemagglutinin of the combination form very nearly as well as it inhibited its own hemagglutinin.