bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Homogenization
Authors: Cioranescu Doina , Donato Patrizia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to the mathematical theory of homogenization, which describes the replacement of a real composite material by a fictitious homogeneous one. The aim of the theory is to describe the macroscopic properties of the composite by taking into account the properties of the microscopic structure. The first four chapters cover variational methods for partial differential equations, which is the natural framework of homogenization theory. The text then discusses the homogenization of several kinds of second order boundary value problems. Particular attention is given to the classical examples of the steady and non-steady heat equations, the wave equation and the linearized system of elasticity. All topics are illustrated by figures and numerous examples.
Bayesian Inference in molecular Phylogenetics
Authors: Yang Ziheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘l’he Bayesian method of statistical inference combines the prior for parameters with the data to generate the posterior distribution of parameters, upon which all inferences about the parameters are based. The method has become very popular due to recent advances in computational algorithms. In molecular evolution and phylogenetics, Bayesian inference has been applied to address fundamental biological problems under sophisticated models of sequence evolution. This chapter introduces Bayesian statistics through comparison with the likelihood method. I will discuss Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms, the major modern computational methods for Bayesian inference, as well as two applications of Bayesian inference in molecular phylogenetics: estimation of species phylogenies and estimation of species divergence times.
Distance-Based Genome Rearrangement Phylogeny
Authors: Wan. Li-San , Warnow Tandy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution operates on whole genomes through mutations, such as inversions, transpositions, and inverted transpositions, which rearrange genes within genomes. In this chapter, we survey distance-based techniques for estimating evolutionary history under these events. \\le present results on the distribution of genomic distances under the Generalized NadeauTaylor model, a Markovian model that allows an arbitrary mixture of the three types of mutations, and the derivation of three statistically-based evolutionary distance estimators based on these results. \Ve then demontrate by simulation that the use of these new distance estimators with methods such as Neighbor Joining and neighbor can result in improved reconstructions of evolutionary history.
How Much Can Evolved Characters Tell us about the Tree that Generated Them?
Authors: Mossel Elchanan , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we review some recent results that shed light on a. funda,... mental question in molecular systematics: how much phylogenetic “signal” can we expect from characters that have evolved under some Markov process? There are many sides to this question and we begin by describing some explicit bounds on the probability of correctly reconstructing an ancestral state from the states observed at the tips. We show how this bound sets upper limits on the probability of tree reconstruction from aligned sequences, and we provide some new extensions that allow site-to-site rate variation or a covariant mechanism. We then explore the relationship between the number of sites required for accurate tree reconstruction and other model parameters such as the number of species, and substitution probabilities, and we describe a phase transition that occurs when substitution probabilities exceed a critical value. In the remainder of this chapter we turn to models of character evolution where the state space is assumed to be either infinite or very large. These models have some relevance to certain types of genomic data (such as gene order) and here we again investigate how many characters are required for accurate tree reconstruction.
Species numbers games: the macroecology of island biotas
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having established the biogeographical significance of islands, we now move on to the theories that have been developed from their study. We take our lead from Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson’s (1967) classic monograph The theory of island biogeography, by working from a consideration of ecological patterns and processes, through island evolutionary processes to the emergent evolutionary outcomes. In this first ecological chapter, we focus on a research programme within ecological biogeography in which MacArthur and Wilson provided the seminal influence. This programme centres around species numbers as the principal response variable, and is concerned with: the nature of species-area relationships; the factors determining the number of species found on an island; and the rates of species turnover in isolates.
Community assembly and dynamics
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4, we took a macroecological approach to island biotas: species were treated largely as exchangeable units. Such an approach ultimately has its limits. This chapter is therefore concerned with those aspects of island biogeographic theory dealing with compositional pattern and how it is assembled (mostly) in ecological time. By considering the much more complicated response variable of ‘composition’, it is possible to cast a different light on to some of the problems left over from the species numbers games (Worthen 1996). Pattern interpretation in this chapter will again invoke forces such as immigration, competition, and predation, but will also pay greater attention to species autecology, dispersal attributes, and succession. In essence then, whereas the previous chapter took a macroecological approach, this chapter is concerned with ecological biogeography.
Emotion and Reason
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decision making is an area of profound importance to a wide range of specialties for psychologists, economists, lawyers, clinicians, managers, and of course philosophers. Only relatively recently, though, have we begun to really understand how decision making processes are implemented in the brain, and how they might interact with our emotions. Emotions and Reason presents a groundbreaking new approach to understanding decision making processes and their neural bases. The book presents a sweeping survey of the science of decision making.
Decision making and shape recognition: ambiguity and rivalry
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An old French expression cautions against ‘mistaking bladders for lanterns’. I imagine that in villages, in the past, animal bladders were hung out to dry in front of houses and then used as containers. Their shape and texture must have been similar to lanterns. Today, the expression refers to letting oneself be fooled. Deciding whether an ambiguous visual form is a bladder or a lantern is a fundamental task of perception.
Here, decision making settles a contest between two possible interpretations of the same shape. The ambiguous forms of Gestalt theory are classic examples of decisions made by the brain to interpret the same visual form. It really is a matter of perceptual decision making because the percept can be changed although sometimes only with great difficulty. Once a percept has been acquired, the brain persists in its interpretation, in the same way that some patients with frontal lesions have a hard time changing the rules of a game (see Chapter 3).
‘I think, therefore I suppress’
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone is familiar with the magnificent attitude of a pointer dog stopped, frozen before its prey, fascinated by the idea of devouring it, ready to go, no doubt already imagining its satisfaction. The dog is trained to perfect its gesture, adopting a posture that terrorizes the prey, leaving the hunter, its master, the enjoyment of vanquishing the pheasant or the hare. Arrested action is expressed by the card player staying his hand an instant before laying his cards on the table, the diver pausing just before diving, the writer lifting his pen to search for a word, the sigh in the musical phrase, the kiss momentarily suspended to enable the lips to resume their soft encounter, the hand raised in anger that hesitates to strike.
Root, leaf, blossom, or bole: Concerning the origin and adaptive function of music
Authors: Dissanayake Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an earlier survey of ideas about the adaptive function of art (Dissanayake 1994), I invoked the old analogy of blind men examining an elephant to describe what kind of creature it is. The concept of art, I said, is similarly composed of a variety of features, some as different from one another as the elephant’s trunk from its ear or tail. Yet to discuss the subject of art’s function (or origin) cogently, we need to know what it is that we are referring to—we need to have an idea of the larger whole.
Ritual foundations of human uniqueness
Authors: Merker Bjorn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents reflections on the natural history of human culture. They had their origin in a puzzle generated by a study of music in mother–infant interaction which I conducted with Colwyn Trevarthen in the late 1990s. Since the pieces of that puzzle have finally fallen into place to reveal an unexpected perspective on the nature and origins of human culture, I will take this opportunity to step back from the motivating details in infant development—covered in Eckerdal and Merker, Chapter 11, this volume—to paint that evolutionary perspective in broad strokes. In so doing, I will draw a crucial distinction (apart from language) between the culture possessed by our closest relatives among animals, the apes, and the culture we possess as humans.
The neuroscience of emotion in music
Authors: Panksepp Jaak , Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music moves us. Its rhythms can make our bodies dance and its tones and melodies can stir emotions. It brings life to solitary thoughts and memories, can comfort and relieve loneliness, promote private or shared happiness, and engender feelings of deep sadness and loss. The sounds of music communicate emotions vividly in ways beyond the ability of words and most other forms of art. It can draw us together in affectionate intimacy, as in the first prosodic song-like conversations between mothers and infants. It can carry the volatile emotions of human attachments and disputes in folk songs and grand opera, and excite the passions of crowds on great social occasions.
Early trios: Patterns of sound and movement in the genesis of meaning between infants
Authors: Bradley Benjamin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which spontaneous communication between babies can be said to be musical. Previous research on communicative musicality in infancy has focused on babies interacting with adults, analysing their responses to a parent who chats or sings to them (e.g., Malloch 1999; Trevarthen and Malloch 2002; Powers and Trevarthen, Chapter 10, this volume). Clearly, the musicality of the adult partner’s behaviour can be a source of or stimulus for musical responses from the infant. Here, I discuss the kinds of sound and movement generated by babies in threesomes, without adults present.
Communicative musicality as creative participation: From early childhood to advanced performance
Authors: Rodrigues Helena Maria , Rodrigues Paulo Maria , Correia Jorge Salgado 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports two very different artistic experiences, and uses them to explore fundamental ideas about communication, music and human behaviour. These two experiences were created in different contexts, with participants of widely different age and background, were aimed at different goals, and were conceived independently by the authors of this chapter. Despite these differences, the experiences have one important feature in common: both sought to stimulate creative musical artistry and artistic production.
Born Slave To The Queen Of Lifeऻ
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What use is evolution? Can it make money and does it raise your social standing? Starting with my own case and answering the last two questions, I would say, on the whole, no. As result of my infatuation with it, I am a half man—a person who can ‘t name to you one film-star, two ministers of his own government, three models of car in short, in the terms of the man in the street, I ’m a disaster, a ‘Professor Cosinus ’. All these shortcomings undoubtedly follow from my having spent my life in a 95% effort to understand evolution better.
Bill Hamilton ’s Involvement With The Opv Theory ‘Medical Science ’s most Hated Hypothesis ‘
Authors: Hooper Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I knew Bill Hamilton for the last six years of his life, and our relationship was almost exclusively based around a mutual interest in how the AIDS pandemic began. It was also, however, an intensely personal relationship–so much so that after his death, I was for some time unable even to mention his name without weeping. The reasons for that are many, but in retrospect, I believe they mainly involve certain qualities of his which I find both exceptional and moving—his lack of hubris, his searing honesty and his intellectual generosity. By the time Bill and I first met, in September 1993, I had been working on AIDS for seven years, and researching its origins for three.
Tarski on models and logical consequence
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two decades there has been a heated debate on the exact nature of Tarski’s theory of logical consequence (Tarski 1936a, 1936b). Since the publication of Etchemendy’s papers and book in the 1980s, contributions by, among others, Sher, Ray, Gomez-Torrente, and Bays have provided a much more detailed picture of Tarski’s seminal 1936 paper. However, this intense focus on the original publication has led to several disagreements with respect to important interpretative issues related to Tarski’s contribution. One of the bones of contention, and the only one I will treat in this chapter, concerns Tarski’s notion of model, the key element of Tarski’s famous definition of logical consequence. In this chapter I shall offer new arguments (see Sections 2 and 3) to show that Tarski upheld a fixeddomain conception of model in his 1936 paper and that he was still propounding it in 1940.
The cancer cell cycle
Authors: Norbury Chris J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between cell cycle progression and tumour biology is both complex and fascinating. The major cell cycle events of chromosomal DNA replication in S (synthesis) phase and chromosome segregation in mitosis (M phase) must be orchestrated reasonably accurately if a neoplastic cell is to proliferate to an extent that is clinically significant. Disorderly DNA replication or uncontrolled progression through mitosis, if sufficiently extreme, would be incompatible with cell survival, and hence with tumour development. Like many other aspects of cell cycle regulation, this point is clearly illustrated by reference to model organisms such as yeasts. In these simple eukaryotes, cell cycle progression is governed by proteins that, in many cases, are highly conserved in human cells.
Cellular immortalization and telomerase activation in cancer
Authors: Newbold Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of cancer is a multi-step process, with the result that the cells of malignant tumours contain a number of superimposed heritable alterations that have accumulated in a neoplastic lineage over a protracted period of time (Newbold, 1985). The process by which this is thought to occur, known as ‘clonal evolution’, involves the repeated selection and succession, due to growth advantage, of variant cells that exhibit greater fit- ness to survive and proliferate in a particular environment (Figure 10.1). Malignant tumours are thus viewed as continually evolving populations of cells that can adapt to multiply in new sites distant from the primary growth.
The immunology of cancer
Authors: Beverley Peter C L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals or men born without a properly functioning immune system suffer from multiple infections and usually die at an early age. However, it was proposed, as long back as the turn of the twentieth century by Paul Ehrlich, that the immune system might also prevent, or at least delay, the growth of many tumours. This chapter examines the function of the immune system in relation to cancer. The cells of the immune system (white cells or leucocytes) are found throughout the body because they circulate in the blood stream and also migrate
into tissues, particularly at sites of inflammation.
Local treatment of cancer
Authors: Fentiman Ian S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer exerts its damaging effects upon patients by the destruction caused by growth and invasion at the primary site and secondly by similar damage caused at distant sites as a result of metastatic spread. For many cancers it is clear that local growth continues for some time before metastasis occurs. This presents therapists with ‘a window of opportunity’ during which the removal or complete destruction of the cancer at the primary site can result in complete cure.
Cancer gene therapy
Authors: Chester John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene therapy is a new and exciting treatment modality with potential utility in a range of diseases for which there are either no current effective treatments or in which existing treatments have had limited efficacy and/or significant toxicity. Clinical scenarios in which gene therapy is being applied include monogenic inherited disorders such as haemophilia, severe combined immunodeficiency and cystic fibrosis. Its use is also being investigated in a variety of acquired diseases, such as vascular disease (including coronary artery and cerebro vascular disease), neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, and infectious diseases, particularly acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is also appropriate for the huge collection of neoplastic conditions we call cancer.
Under what conditions do infants detect continuity violations?
Authors: Baillargeon Renée , Li Jie , Luo Yuyan , Wang Su-hua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Spelke (1994), infants interpret physical events in accord with a core principle of continuity, which states that objects exist and move continuously in time and space. Here we adopt a stronger definition of the principle, which states that objects not only exist and move continuously in time and space, but also retain their physical properties as they do so. We then present a new account of infants’ physical reasoning that specifies under what conditions infants succeed and fail in detecting violations of the principle. Finally, we describe new lines of research that test specific predictions from the account.
Different profiles of plasticity within human cognition
Authors: Neville Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioral, event related potentials (ERP), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the development and plasticity of visual processing, auditory processing, attention, and language are reviewed. The results show that within each domain of processing there is considerable variability in the degree to which, and the time periods when, different subsystems are modifiable by experience. Some subsystems appear highly constrained and are not different even when experience is very different. Others are dependent on, and modified by, experience but only during specific time periods in human development.
Enhanced red/green color input to motion processing in infancy: Evidence for increasing dissociation of color and motion information during development
Authors: Dobkins Karen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in postnatal development, the brain produces exuberant connections, some of which are later retracted. This retraction process is thought to play a role in the formation of functionally segregated modules in the brain. In the case of visual development, retraction between visual areas might underlie the known psychophysical and neural segregation of processing for different aspects of vision (e.g. color, motion, form, depth) known to exist in adults. The segregation between color and motion processing is a particularly interesting case to study, since in adults a wealth of psychophysical and neural data has documented the limited contribution of chromatic information to motion processing, which is thought to arise from minimal cross-talk between neural areas encoding object color vs. object motion.
Geometric definition of quasiconformal maps
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This example shows that the C 1 condition on quasiconformal maps turns out to be an unnatural condition since we want to have compactness properties for K-quasiconformal maps. Our aim is to extend the definition of quasiconformal maps so that limits of K-quasiconformal C 1 maps, which are not themselves C 1, can still be K-quasiconformal. The new definition of quasiconformality involves quadrilaterals and we use the method of extremal length to show that our two notions of quasiconformality agree.
Holomorphic motions and applications
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate holomorphic motions and their relationship to quasiconformal mappings. The main problem in the theory of holomorphic motions is that of extending them, and we show how this can be achieved in an equivariant way. We also show how holomorphic motions can be applied to Astala’s theorem on area distortion in the theory of quasiconformal mappings.
Elements of hierarchical Bayesian inference
Authors: Carlin Bradley P , Clark James S , Gelfand Alan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serious investigation of ecological processes is challenging due to the complex nature of these processes and the lack of sufficient data to see them well. Hence, acknowledging our limitations, we turn to stochastic modeling as a means to capture the uncertainty in inference about the process. Since typically, such processes involve components at different levels, stages, and scales, it is natural to frame our modeling in the context of hierarchical models. In turn, since such models introduce unknowns, for example, parameters or latent processes, we need to incorporate the uncertainty associated with these unknowns in order to achieve a better overall assessment of uncertainty.
The genomes of dinoflagellates
Authors: Hackett Jeremiah D , Bhattacharya Debashish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dinoflagellates are a diverse group of marine and freshwater protists that play a central role in the ecology of aquatic environments and display amazing morphological diversity (Taylor 1987; Fensome et al. 1993). Each of their genomes contains a fascinating complement of traits that makes dinoflagellates a model for studying alternative evolutionary pathways. Because of the presence of cellular structures called alveoli, dinoflagellates are included in the Alveolata, together with the ciliates and apicomplexans. Alveoli are flattened vesicles that lie under the plasma membrane and, in many dinoflagellates, contain cellulose armor plates that form the cell covering, or theca. Some species lack armor plates (e.g. Karenia brevis, Fig. 3.1a), whereas others have remarkably complex forms, such as Polykrikos schwartzii (Fig. 3.1b).