bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite element approximations with quadrature for second‐order hyperbolic equations
Authors: Sinha Rajen Kumar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, the effect of numerical quadrature on the finite element Galerkin approximations to the solution of hyperbolic equations has been studied. Both semidiscrete and fully discrete schemes are analyzed and optimal estimates are derived in the L∞(H1), L∞(L2) norms, whereas quasi‐optimal estimate is derived in the L∞(L∞) norm using energy methods. The analysis in the present paper improves upon the earlier results of Baker and Dougalis [SIAM J Numer Anal 13 (1976), pp 577–598] under the minimum smoothness assumptions of Rauch [SIAM J Numer Anal 22 (1985), pp 245–249] for a purely second‐order hyperbolic equation with quadrature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 537–559, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10022
Synthesis and NMR characterization of 6‐Phenyl‐6‐deoxy‐2,3‐di‐O‐methylcellulose
Authors: (Nozar) D. Sachinvala Navzer , Winsor David L. , Hamed Othman , Niemczura Walter P. , Maskos Karol , Vigo Tyrone L. , Bertoniere Noelie R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCellulose (1) was converted for the first time to 6‐phenyl‐6‐deoxy‐2,3‐di‐O‐methylcellulose (6) in 33% overall yield. Intermediates in the five‐step conversion of 1 to­6 were: 6‐O‐tritylcellulose (2), 6‐O‐trityl‐2,3‐di‐O‐methylcellulose (3), 2,3‐di‐O‐methylcellulose (4); and 6‐bromo‐6‐deoxy‐2,3‐di‐O‐methylcellulose (5). Elemental and quantitative carbon‐13 analyses were concurrently used to verify and confirm the degrees of substitution in each new polymer. Gel permeation chromotography (GPC) data were generated to monitor the changes in molecular weight (DPw) as the synthesis progressed, and the compound average decrease in cellulose DPw was ∼ 27%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the decomposition of all polymers. The degradation temperatures ( °C) and percent char at 500 °C of cellulose derivatives 2 to 6 were 308.6 and 6.3%, 227.6 °C and 9.7%, 273.9 °C and 30.2%, 200.4 °C and 25.6%, and 207.2 °C and 27.0%, respectively. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of­6‐O‐tritylcellulose by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) occurred at 126.7 °C and the modulus (E′, Pa) dropped 8.9 fold in the transition from −150 °C to + 180 °C (6.6 × 109 to 7.4 × 108 Pa). Modulus at 20 °C was 3.26 × 109 Pa. Complete proton and carbon‐13 chemical shift assignments of the repeating unit of the title polymer were made by a combination of the HMQC and COSY NMR methods. Ultimate non‐destructive proof of carbon–carbon bond formation at C6 of the anhydroglucose moiety was established by generating correlations between resonances of CH26 (anhydroglucose) and C1′, H2′, and H6′ of the attached aryl ring using the heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation (HMBC) method. In this study, we achieved three major objectives: (a) new methodologies for the chemical modification of cellulose were developed; (b) new cellulose derivatives were designed, prepared and characterized; (c) unequivocal structural proof for carbon–carbon bond formation with cellulose was derived non‐destructively by use of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of tumour‐associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer therapies
Authors: Bingle L. , Brown N. J. , Lewis C. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe role of macrophages in tumour growth and development is complex and multifaceted. Whilst there is limited evidence that tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) can be directly tumouricidal and stimulate the anti‐tumour activity of T cells, there is now contrasting evidence that tumour cells are able to block or evade the activity of TAMs at the tumour site. In some cases, tumour‐derived molecules even redirect TAM activities to promote tumour survival and growth. Indeed, evidence has emerged for a symbiotic relationship between tumour cells and TAMs, in which tumour cells attract TAMs and sustain their survival, with TAMs then responding to micro‐environmental factors in tumours such as hypoxia (low oxygen tension) by producing important mitogens as well as various growth factors and enzymes that stimulate tumour angiogenesis. This review presents evidence for the number and/or distribution of TAMs being linked to prognosis in different types of human malignancy. It also outlines the range of pro‐ and anti‐tumour functions performed by TAMs, and the novel therapies recently devised using TAMs to stimulate host immune responses or deliver therapeutic gene constructs to solid tumours. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Senescence‐associated’ β‐galactosidase activity in the upper gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Going James J. , Stuart Robert C. , Downie Martin , Fletcher‐Monaghan Aileen J. , Nicol Keith W. 
Published: October 2002

Abstractβ‐galactosidase activity at pH 6 is associated in vitro with senescence and cellular death, but in vivo data are sparse. This study undertook firstly to map ‘senescence‐associated’ β‐galactosidase activity (SAβG) at pH 6 in normal epithelia and mucosae of the upper gastrointestinal tract. As escape from senescence confers a proliferative advantage, a reduction in SAβG activity might be predicted in neoplasia and their precursors in vivo. This prediction was tested in metaplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic epithelium of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Histochemical staining for SAβG was performed at pH 6 on cryostat sections of 350 endoscopic biopsies from sites including oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum of 46 patients: 28 with Barrett's oesophagus (two with adenocarcinoma), 15 with gastric adenocarcinoma, and three with oesophageal squamous cancer. A staining score (range 0–6) was assigned to epithelial cells in all mucosae and scores were calculated for surface (luminal), intermediate, and deep (basal) layers. The strongest SAβG activity was in surface luminal cells of normal duodenal mucosa (mean score 3.6±0.5; n=19), ‘specialized’ Barrett's mucosa (mean 2.2±0.12; n=105), and intestinal metaplasia in the stomach (mean 2.4±0.40; n=16). Squamous epithelium was consistently negative for SAβG activity. Low‐ and high‐grade Barrett's dysplasia showed no decrease in SAβG activity, but reduced activity was seen in gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas (mean 1.24±0.29; n=17; p=0.012). In six gastric adenocarcinomas, there was no detectable activity. Whether SAβG is truly a marker of cellular senescence in vivo remains to be determined. Activity is low in mucosal proliferation compartments and increases with cellular differentiation, especially in native or metaplastic intestinal mucosae. SAβG activity persists in dysplastic mucosae but may show some reduction or loss in adenocarcinomas (p=0.0012). Loss of SAβG activity is not, therefore, an early event in glandular dysplasia–neoplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression of TrkC (NTRK3) in human soft tissue tumours
Authors: Hisaoka Masanori , Sheng Wei‐Qi , Tanaka Atsuko , Hashimoto Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTrkC is a member of the Trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors and plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neural tissues. Although a variety of non‐neuronal tissues have also been shown to express TrkC, the status of TrkC in soft tissue tumours has been poorly investigated, except for a small fraction of tumours including congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma characterized by an ETV6–NTRK3 (also known as Tel–TrkC) fusion gene. To broaden knowledge about the TrkC status in human neoplasms, the expression of TrkC transcripts was assessed in 51 soft tissue tumours of variable lines of differentiation by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), using primer sets flanking their extracellular domain, the tyrosine kinase domain, and the intracellular domain of a truncated variant (Trunc 1) described previously. In 44 of the 51 tumours, TrkC transcripts, including alternatively spliced isoforms, were detected. The truncated transcripts (Trunc 1) were co‐expressed in 40 of the 44 tumours and were expressed in one tumour without native TrkC gene expression. In two of the remaining six tumours, part of the sequence coding the tyrosine kinase domain of TrkC appeared to be truncated. Using a 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3′RACE) method, another truncated isoform (Trunc 2) was isolated from one of the tumours, in which the TrkC transcript was terminated with a novel 160‐base pair sequence. This truncated isoform was identified in nine of the 51 tumours examined by RT‐PCR using primers for Trunc 2. There was no clear correlation between the types of TrkC isoforms detected and histological types or grades of the tumours. These results suggest that human soft tissue tumours widely express TrkC, irrespective of their cellular lineage, morphology, and biological behaviour. Dysregulated TrkC expression may enhance overgrowth or transformation of various mesenchymal cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal serum hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotrophin (HhCG) in the first trimester of pregnancies affected by Down syndrome, using a sialic acid‐specific lectin immunoassay
Authors: Spencer K. , Talbot J. A. , Abushoufa R. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a series of 54 cases of pregnancies complicated by Down syndrome and 224 unaffected pregnancies we examined maternal serum levels of hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotrophin (HhCG) in samples collected in the first trimester (11–13 weeks) using a sialic acid‐specific lectin immunoassay. We compared these levels with those of other potential first trimester serum markers [free β‐hCG, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) and total hCG (ThCG)] and modeled detection rates and false‐positive rates of various biochemical markers in conjunction with fetal nuchal translucency (NT) and maternal age using an maternal age standardized population. Maternal serum HhCG in cases of Down syndrome were significantly elevated (median MoM 1.97) with 24/54 (44%) of cases above the 95th centile for unaffected pregnancies. Free β‐hCG was also elevated (median MoM 2.09) with 33% of cases above the 95th centile. PAPP‐A levels were reduced (median MoM 0.47) with 38% below the 5th centile. ThCG levels, whilst elevated (median MoM 1.34), had only 20% of cases above the 95th centile. Maternal serum HhCG levels were not correlated with fetal NT but showed significant correlation with ThCG and free β‐hCG and with PAPP‐A in the Down syndrome group (r=0.536). Maternal serum HhCG levels in cases with Down syndrome had a significant correlation with gestational age, increasing as the gestation increased. When HhCG was combined together with fetal NT, PAPP‐A and maternal age, at a 5% false‐positive rate the modeled detection rate was 83%, some 6% lower than when free β‐hCG was used and some 4% better than when ThCG was used. Maternal serum HhCG is unlikely to be of additional value when screening for Down syndrome in the first trimester. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of a 45,X male with a SRY‐bearing chromosome 21
Authors: Nataf V. , Senat M. V. , Albert M. , Bidat L. , Mazancourt P. de , Roume J. , Allard L. , Tessier D. Le , Ville Y. , Selva J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMale phenotype associated with a 45,X karyotype is an infrequent finding. We present a case diagnosed prenatally on amniocentesis performed for maternal age. The male phenotype was associated with a translocation of a distal part of Yp including the pseudoautosomal SHOX gene and SRY gene on the short arm of a chromosome 21. By DNA analysis we could show that the X chromosome was of maternal origin and that the breakpoint was in interval 3 of the Y chromosome. Mechanisms and genetic counselling are discussed based on a review of published cases of 45,X and XX males. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isochromosome 5p mosaicism at prenatal diagnosis: observations and outcomes in six cases at chorionic villus sampling and one at amniocentesis
Authors: Wilson Susan Clement , Susman Marleen , Bain Sharon , Wohlferd Monica , Dyke Daniel L. Van , Daniel Art , White Beverly , Gardner R. J. McKinlay 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present six cases of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism diagnosed at chorionic villus sampling (CVS), this being the first prospective series to be reported. The clinical indication in each was advanced maternal age. Further prenatal studies in four (amniocentesis, plus fetal blood sampling in one) did not show the isochromosome. In one case, subsequent amniocentesis showed 1/48 in situ colonies with the isochromosome, but fetal blood was karyotypically normal. These five pregnancies resulted in phenotypically normal livebirths; further normal follow‐up reports (from age 4 months through 4 years) are noted in four of these. Analysis of placental tissue in one case confirmed the presence of the i(5p) mosaicism. In the remaining case, in which 100% of CVS cultured cells had the i(5p), the pregnancy was terminated. Fetal skin fibroblasts did not show the i(5p). Thus, in none of these six cases was true fetal mosaicism detected, nor an abnormal phenotype noted. We suggest that a 47,+i(5p)/46 karyotype, detected at CVS, may frequently reflect confined placental mosaicism. In addition, we report a case of the primary diagnosis of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism at amniocentesis. The infant appeared normal at birth, but a brain malformation was subsequently identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity treatment — benefits and risks with special reference to type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lawrence Victor , Coppack Simon 
Published: October 2002

Abstractmagnified image
Obesity and its complications pose one of the most important challenges to 21st century health care. Although its exponential rise in prevalence undoubtedly represents a major threat to the health of the population, treatment must be tailored to the individual concerned. Exclusive reliance on body mass index (BMI) alone to define management goals is not sufficient. Treatment planning must take into account the possibility that physical and psychological harm may result from repeated failure to achieve or maintain weight loss.Therefore, specific and holistic indices of individual risk are required so that achievable and appropriate goals may be set in individual circumstances. Such goals may range from simple weight maintenance with risk factor modification, to moderate (5–10%) weight loss with or without drug therapy and, in carefully selected cases, to massive weight loss usually with bariatric surgery. This article will review the benefits and risks of weight loss in different individual circumstances, particularly type 2 diabetes, and critically examine the existing population studies, many of which superficially appear to suggest that weight loss is associated with increased rather than decreased overall mortality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reports of withdrawal syndrome with the use of SSRIs: a case/non‐case study in the French Pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Trenque T. , Piednoir D. , Frances C. , Millart H. , Germain M. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe SSRIs can be associated with withdrawal reactions and the objective of this study is to test the existence of an association between reports of withdrawal syndromes with the selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors in the French spontaneous reports database. All reactions are coded according to the WHO ART dictionary. Cases are reports of reactions of interest (withdrawal syndrome). Non‐cases are all reports of reactions other than those being studied. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) as the ratio of the odds of the association of reports of withdrawal syndrome with SSRIs in cases and non‐cases. SSRIs are clearly associated with a higher risk of withdrawal syndrome (OR: 5.05, 95% CI: 3.81–6.68) and in particular with venlafaxine and paroxetine (OR: 12.16, 95% CI: 6.17–23.35 and OR: 8.47, 95% CI: 5.63–12.65, respectively). The risk of withdrawal reactions appears to be greater with short half‐life drugs such as paroxetine and venlafaxine. The precise mechanisms have not been identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlations and topology of triangular benzenoid hydrocarbons: a comparative study of two series representing the least and most stable benzenoid hydrocarbons
Authors: Dias Jerry Ray 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhile reviewing aspects of our topological paradigm and the benchmark role played by the benzenoid polyradicals shaped like equilateral triangles, the topological properties of the reactive polyradicals and their stable associated leapfrog total‐resonant‐sextet benzenoids are studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring‐opening reactions of 5‐(aryl)thianthrenium bromides with aryl thiolates
Authors: Qian Ding‐Quan , Liu Bo , Shine Henry J. , Guzman‐Jimenez Ilse Y. , Whitmire Kenton H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA series of 5‐(aryl)thianthrenium bromides (6a–e) with aryl (Ar) groups phenyl (a), p‐tolyl (b), p‐anisyl (c), p‐chlorophenyl (d) and p‐bromophenyl (e) was prepared by reaction of thianthrene 5‐oxide with the appropriate Grignard reagent ArMgBr. Reactions of 6a–e with aryl thiolates (Ar′SNa, Ar′ = phenyl, p‐tolyl and p‐chlorophenyl, 7a–c) were carried out in MeCN at room temperature. Products from 6a–c were a small amount of arene [benzene (8a) and toluene (8b)], and substantial amounts of ArSAr′ (9), thianthrene (Th) and a trisulfide, namely a 2‐(ArS)‐2′‐(Ar′S)‐diphenyl sulfide (10). Products from reactions of 6d,e were smaller amounts of 9 and 10 but substantial amounts of 1,4‐di(Ar′S)benzene (11) and a tetrasulfide (12a–c). The reactions that lead to products 9–12 are attributed to ligand coupling (LC) pathways in sulfuranes formed by attack of Ar′S− at the sulfonium S atom of 6. In the formation of 11 and 12 the halogen atom (Cl, Br) is first displaced from 6d,e by Ar′S−, giving a new thianthrenium ion (14) from which sulfurane formation (15) follows. Products 10 and 12 result from opening of the thianthrenium ring of sulfuranes 13 and 15 through LC. Products were assayed with a combination of GC and isolation with TLC, and were identified with a combination of GC (authentic compounds), x‐ray crystallography (10a), elemental analyses and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The reactions of 6 are compared with earlier reactions of 5‐(alkoxy)‐and 5‐(alkyl)thianthrenium salts (1 and 2). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of reduction of chloramines by sodium borohydride
Authors: Duriche Cécile , Darwich Chaza , Elkhatib Mazen , Tabcheh Mohamad , Delalu Henri 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe reduction of chloramine, methylchloramine, dimethylchloramine and N‐chloro‐3‐azabicyclo­[3.3.0]octane by sodium borohydride was studied according to pH, temperature and concentrations of haloamine and reducing agent. The interaction is bimolecular and exhibits a specific acid catalysis. The enthalpy and entropy of activation were determined at pH 12.89. A mathematical treatment of the reaction kinetics allows the complete characterization of the final state and determination of the percentage of reduced haloamine in terms of [NaBH4]/[R1R2NCl] ratio, pH and temperature. A reaction mechanism is proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of water‐soluble hyperbranched poly(ester amine)s from diacrylates and diamines
Authors: Gao Chao , Tang Wei , Yan Deyue 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVarious water‐soluble hyperbranched poly(ester amine)s were synthesized by the direct polyaddition of diamines to diacrylates in the absence of a catalyst. Each diamine contained a secondary amino group and a primary amino group such as 1‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine, N‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediamine, or N‐ethylethylenediamine. When the ratio of diacrylate to diamine was 1/1, no gelation was observed throughout the polymerization. When the ratio of diacrylate to diamine was 3/2, no crosslinking occurred in the diluted solution, whereas an insoluble network formed in the concentrated solution. Fourier transform infrared and mass spectrometry were used to investigate the reaction procedure. The secondary amino group of diamine reacted faster with the vinyl group of diacrylate; this resulted in the formation of the intermediate with an acrylate group and two active hydrogen atoms attached to a nitrogen atom. Further self‐polyaddition of the intermediate, a kind of AB2‐type monomer, gave the hyperbranched poly(ester amine). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2340–2349, 2002
Structure, orientation, and conformation of adsorbed polyamides
Authors: Elzein Tamara , Brogly Maurice , Castelein Gilles , Schultz Jacques 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe structural properties and interfacial organization of polyamides adsorbed as thin films were investigated. Polarization‐modulation infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy was used first to identify the crystalline structure of adsorbed layers and to reveal the conformation and orientation of adsorbed chains. The influence on the structure and molecular orientation of the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain of the diacid part was investigated (PA 66, 610, and 612). The effect of the substrate surface chemistry was also examined. Gold substrates are either inert or functionalized with OH groups. Grafting of the OH functions did not affect the orientation of chains that apparently lay rather parallel to the interface, whereas the crystalline morphology was dependent on the substrate chemical functionality. Knowledge of the structure and orientation of chains adsorbed at an interface was of fundamental importance for the prediction of adhesive strength, that is, the final performance of these latter depended strongly on the properties of the interface formed between the solids brought into contact. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1464–1476, 2002
Novel application of biological glue in the management of a complicated pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Garske Luke A. , Tam Robert K.W. , Windsor Morgan F. , Bell Scott C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSpontaneous pneumothorax is a frequent complication in advanced lung disease of cystic fibrosis. We describe a case of a complicated pneumothorax in a 21‐year old‐woman with cystic fibrosis who was effectively treated with the application of biological glue via a minithoracotomy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:138–140. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.