bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A computing architecture composed of field‐coupled single domain nanomagnets clocked by magnetic field
Authors: Csaba György , Porod Wolfgang , Csurgay Árpád I. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractNext neighbour field coupling of nanodevices is emerging as an alternative way to integrate nanoelectronic devices (Nanotechnology1993;4: 49). In this paper, integrated circuits composed of single domain nanomagnets are proposed. New magnetic field‐coupled devices with multiple equilibrium states are introduced. The devices are made locally active by exposing them to external magnetic fields. Non‐reciprocity is achieved by proper design of the nanomagnet's shape together with its clocking.We demonstrate that (i) digital signal can propagate along a line of coupled single domain nanomagnets; (ii) and a family of logic circuits (inverter, majority gate, etc.) can be realized. Based on these observations we envision a new nanoelectronic computing architecture as a two‐dimensional array of field‐coupled nanomagnets. We estimate an integration density of 1010device/cm2, few hundred MHz operation speed, straightforward fabrication technology and robust operation in a wide temperature range. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circuit and application aspects of tunnelling devices in a MOBILE configuration
Authors: Glösekötter P. , Pacha C. , Goser K. F. , Prost W. , Kim S. O. , van Husen H. , Reimann T. , Tegude F. J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this paper, circuit and application aspects of different monostable–bistable transition logic elements (MOBILEs) are analysed. By taking advantage of the multi‐state behaviour of resonant tunnelling devices (RTD) the logic depth and the circuit complexity per logic function is reduced at the gate level. Both, simulation and measurement results prove correct circuit operation in the gigahertz regime and I–O compatibiliy of the logic voltage levels. The scaling laws of the different MOBILEs are compared to each other in terms of speed and power dissipation. Detailed SPICE simulations based on experimental data precisely analyse the impact of fluctuations on the circuit functionality and performance. This study demonstrates that RTD‐based MOBILEs are ready for use in digital circuitry such as linear threshold gates which offer a highly reduced circuit complexity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly functional tunnelling devices integrated in 3D
Authors: Wernersson Lars‐Erik , Lind Erik , Lindström Peter , Andreani Pietro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe present a new technology for integrating tunnelling devices in three dimensions. These devices are fabricated by the combination of the growth of semiconductor heterostructures with the controlled introduction of metallic elements into an epitaxial layer by an overgrowth technique. First, we use a new type of tunnelling transistor, namely a resonant‐tunnelling permeable base transistor. A simple model based on a piece‐wise linear approximation is used in Cadence to describe the current–voltage characteristics of the transistor. This model is further introduced into a small signal equivalent circuit in order to optimize the performance of the device. In addition to the tunnelling structure below the grating, these transistors may be integrated in 3D by the introduction of another tunnelling structure directly over the metal grating. In the integrated device structure, the gate acts simultaneously on both tunnelling structures and the obtained characteristics are the result of the interplay between the two tunnelling structures and the gate. An equivalent circuit model is developed and we show how this interaction influences the current–voltage characteristics. The gate may be used to adjust the peak voltage of certain peaks in a controlled fashion, which creates a highly functional tunnelling device. These results show the need for a strong interaction between the development of circuit models and processing technology to develop new nano‐electronic devices and circuits. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment, culture, and the caregiving system: The cultural patterning of everyday experiences among Anglo and Puerto Rican mother–infant pairs
Authors: Carlson Vivian J. , Harwood Robin L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis investigation focuses on cultural differences in the relationship between maternal sensitivity, emotional expression, and control strategies during the first year of life and infant attachment outcomes at 12 months. Participants were middle‐class Puerto Rican and Anglo mother–infant pairs (N = 60). Ratings of physical control, emotional expression, and maternal sensitivity during mother–infant interactions in five everyday home settings, videotaped when the infants were 4, 8, and 12 months old, were examined in combination with 12‐month Strange Situation classifications. Results suggest that physical control shows a different pattern of relatedness to maternal sensitivity, emotional expression, and attachment outcomes among the Puerto Rican compared to the Anglo mothers in this study. These findings have implications for practitioners and researchers interested in normative parenting among diverse cultural groups. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Selective use of transthyretin and retinol‐binding protein as markers in the postoperative assessment of protein nutritional status
Authors: Ihara Hiroshi , Matsumoto Takayuki , Shino Yoshio , Hashizume Naotaka , Takase Makoto , Nagao Jiro , Sumiyama Yoshinobu 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe evaluated several markers to judge the postoperative state of protein nutriture in eight patients following surgery for cancer. Seven patients had a good prognosis and had no evidence of infections or other complications. Following surgery, all of the patients showed a shift toward abnormal values for the serum concentrations of albumin, transthyretin (TT), retinol‐binding protein (RBP), and the amino acid (AA) ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids. In patients without complications, the AA ratio returned to normal first. When blood specimens were collected at 7‐day intervals, concentrations of RBP and TT were revealed to be decreased and recovered at the same time, or TT was recovered after RBP was normalized. RBP and TT were usually abnormal until the AA ratio became normal. Although albumin moved toward normal concentrations after RBP and TT, the albumin concentrations in some patients were slightly above the lower reference value, whereas RBP and TT were significantly below their lower reference limits. In these patients, assessments over the next 7–14 days showed persistently low values for albumin, TT, and RBP. We recommend the selective use of TT and RBP for the postoperative assessment of protein nutriture in surgical patients. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:1–5, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indices of obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in apparently healthy Caribbean subjects
Authors: Ezenwaka Chidum E. , Kalloo Risha 
Published: January 2003

AbstractReports from developing countries indicate that a rise in the socioeconomic level is a risk factor for metabolic disorders. We aimed to assess the indices of obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance among fairly literate healthy adults in a multidisciplinary institution in Trinidad. The study included 156 volunteers (46 males and 110 females, 17–40 years old). The subjects provided information on age, ethnicity, educational attainment, and occupation in self‐administered, closed‐ended questionnaires. Waist and hip circumferences (cm), weight (kg), and height (m) were measured. Fasting blood samples were taken for glucose, insulin, and lipid determinations in 78 subjects who volunteered for laboratory measurements. Insulin resistance was determined with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Of the 156 subjects studied, 83% had received tertiary education, and had no previous record of body mass index (BMI); 8% were obese, 17% were overweight, and 27% were underweight. Laboratory measurements in 78 subjects revealed 28% hypercholesterolemia and 20% hyperinsulinemia. There were no significant gender‐related differences in these prevalence rates (P>0.05). The identification of obesity, underweight, hyperinsulinemia, and hypercholesterolemia in this healthy population suggests that screening for the indices of metabolic disorders in a healthy population would be potentially useful for the early identification and treatment of metabolic‐related disorders. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:6–11, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic analysis of normal bone marrow blood cells using the XE‐2100 automated hematology analyzer
Authors: Shibata Hisako , Yamane Takahisa , Yamamura Ryousuke , Ohta Kensuke , Takubo Takayuki , Kamitani Tomio , Hino Masayuki 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe bone marrow aspiration test conventionally has been performed by visual methods, using a light microscope, because automatic blood cell analyzers cannot adequately capture erythroblasts and immature granulocytes (IGs) (Tatsumi et al.: Osaka City Med J 1988;34:135–146; Tatsumi et al.: Am J Clin Pathol 1986;86:50–54). With the development of the XE‐2100 automatic blood cell analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) in 1999, the classification of erythroblasts and IGs by means of flow cytometry (Zini et al.: Infus Ther Transfus Med 2001;28:277–279; Briggs et al.: Sysmex J Int 1999;9:113–119) became possible. In the present study we classified cells in 65 bone marrow aspiration specimens by the microscopic method and with the XE2100, and compared the results. A good correlation was found in the nucleated red blood cell (NRBC), white blood cell (WBC), and total nucleated cell (TNC) counts; the myeloid/erythroid ratio (M/E ratio); neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and IGs in the immature myeloid information (IMI) channel; and the total cell count. These items can all be analyzed in about 54 sec with the XE2100, which is faster than with the microscopic method. Therefore, analysis of bone marrow aspiration specimens with this apparatus appears to be very useful for clinical screening as well as laboratory testing. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:12–17, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of chromosome 22q11.2 markers in congenital heart disease
Authors: Shi Yi‐Ru , Hsieh Kai‐Sheng , Wu Jer‐Yuarn , Lee Cheng‐Chun , Tsai Chang‐Hai , Yu Ming‐Tseng , Chang Jeng‐Sheng , Tsai Fuu‐Jen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCongenital heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiac defect found in infants and children. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, our understanding of the causative mechanism and etiology of CHD is limited. To determine the genetic etiology of CHD, we selected 11 consecutive short tandem‐repeat polymorphic (STRP) markers located in the interval of the 22q11.2 region to perform genotype analysis on a large number of CHD patients (>120) and their normal relatives (>220). The results show that as regards the distribution of allelic size and frequency of these STRP markers, there were no significant differences between the CHD patients and the normal volunteers. This indicates that there is no linkage disequilibrium with these markers in CHD. In the level of heterozygosity for each marker in nonsyndromic CHD and conotruncal heart defect (CTD), there were no significant differences between the two populations. In syndromic CHD, the level of heterozygosity for D22S1648 was significantly lower than that observed in the unaffected population (χ2 = 11.25; P = 0.001). This suggests that there may be a deletion at the D22S1648 locus, and the low heterozygosity of D22S1648 indicates that this marker can be used as a genetic marker for detecting microdeletions in 22q11.2. With the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on syndromic patients, we confirmed the molecular results. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:28–35, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of apolipoprotein E phenotype in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Mehta P.D. , Patrick B.A. , Pirttila T. , Coyle P.K. , Aisen P.S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe developed a simple method to detect apolipoprotein E (Apo E) polymorphism distribution in approximately 20 μL of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A combination of isoelectric focusing in 3 M urea gel and immunoblotting was employed. Apo E phenotypes were identified in CSF samples from 45 patients with probable Alzheimer disease (AD), 15 with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 25 with other neurological diseases (OND). When the data were compared with a set of matched plasma samples, the results were identical. The method is useful for Apo E phenotyping from fresh or frozen unconcentrated CSF, when blood or plasma is not available. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:18–21, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the traditional chinese medicines Chan Su, Lu‐Shen‐Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian Ginseng on Serum Digoxin measurement by Tina‐quant (Roche) and Synchron LX system (Beckman) digoxin immunoassays
Authors: Chow Leonard , Johnson Myrtle , Wells Alice , Dasgupta Amitava 
Published: January 2003

AbstractChan Su, Lu‐Shen‐Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian ginseng are traditionally used to treat a number of conditions, including cardiovascular disease. All of these traditional Chinese medicines exhibit cardioactive properties. Digoxin is a cardioactive drug with a narrow therapeutic range (0.8–1.9 ng/mL). A patient taking digoxin may also take these Chinese medicines for their cardiotonic effects. Moreover, the active components of these medicines that are responsible for cardiotonic effects bear structural similarities to digoxin. Therefore, we studied the potential interference of these Chinese medicines with two digoxin immunoassays—the Tina‐quant (Roche Diagnostics) and the Beckman (Synchron LX system)—and compared the values with the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA; Abbott Laboratories). When very small amounts (2–5 μL) of aqueous extract of Chan Su or Lu‐Shen‐Wan were added to drug‐free serum, we observed high digoxin‐like immunoreactivity with the FPIA. In contrast, when ethyl acetate extract of Dan Shen or microliter amounts of ginseng extract were added todrug‐free serum, we observed modest digoxin‐like immunoreactivity with the FPIA, but no apparent digoxin activity with the Roche and Beckman digoxin immunoassays. When aliquots of a digoxin pool prepared from patients receiving digoxin were supplemented with these Chinese medicines, we observed the most significant interference with the FPIA. The presence of endogenous digoxin‐like immunoreactive substances can have additive effects with these Chinese medicines and falsely increase apparent digoxin levels by the FPIA. On the other hand, the Roche and Beckman assays were free from interference from DLIS but showed significant interference from Chan Su and Lu‐Shen‐Wan. We conclude that the FPIA showed the most significant interference from all four of the Chinese medicines we studied. However, the Roche and Beckman assays showed no interference from two (Dan Shen and Asian ginseng) of the four Chinese medicines we studied. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:22–27, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of pharmaceuticals in aqueous samples using positive and negative voltage switching microbore liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Miao Xiu‐Sheng , Metcalfe Chris D. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAnalytical methods were developed for atorvastatin, novobiocin and roxithromycin using microbore liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (microbore LC/ESI‐MS/MS) in positive and negative voltage switching mode. Atorvastatin and roxithromycin require the positive‐ion mode, whereas the negative‐ion mode is required for the determination of novobiocin. Using the positive and negative voltage switching function, the three analytes were determined with one injection, and the time required was half that required using separately run positive‐ and negative‐ion modes, without any reduction in sensitivity. A microbore LC column (100 × 1.0 mm i.d.) was chosen for chromatographic separation with mobile phase solvents acetonitrile and 10 mM aqueous ammonium acetate. The flow‐rate was 0.1 ml min−1 and the injection volume was 1 µl. The analytes were quantified in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with external standards. By switching the positive and negative voltage, the three analytes were determined with a 4 min chromatographic run and with instrumental detection limits of 1–3 pg. This analytical method, using a microbore LC column combined with solid‐phase extraction, was applied successfully to the determination of trace levels of the above pharmaceuticals in aqueous samples. Atorvastatin was detected in a sewage treatment plant final effluent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the collision‐induced radical cleavage of flavonoid glycosides using negative electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Hvattum Erlend , Ekeberg Dag 
Published: January 2003

AbstractNegative electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to study the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the O‐glycosidic bond from different commercially available flavonoid glycosides. Depending on the structure, flavonoid glycosides can undergo both a collision‐induced homolytic and heterolytic cleavage of the O‐glycosidic bond producing deprotonated radical aglycone ((Y0 − H)−·) and aglycone (Y0−) product ions. The relative abundance of the radical aglycone to the aglycone fragment from flavonol‐3‐O‐glycosides increased with increasing number of hydroxyl substituents in the B ring and in the order kaempferol − <quercetin − <myricetin‐3‐O‐glycoside. The nature and position of the sugar substitution of the flavonol glycosides also affected the fragmentation to the radical aglycone. Obtained under similar conditions, the product ion spectrum of kaempferol‐7‐O‐neohesperidoside showed only a minor radical aglycone product ion as opposed to kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside. The relative abundance of the radical aglycone to the aglycone fragment from flavone‐7‐O‐glycosides was also dependent on the substitution in the B ring. CID of apigenin‐7‐O‐glucoside produced relatively more of the radical aglycone fragment than luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside, while only the aglycone fragment was found from diosmetin‐7‐O‐rutinoside. The position of the sugar substitution also affected the fragmentation of the flavone glycosides, such that the product ion spectrum of luteolin‐4′‐O‐glucoside showed only the aglycone fragment as opposed to luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside. No radical aglycone fragments were found from the flavanone‐7‐O‐glycosides and dihydrochalcone glycoside investigated in the study. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secondary ion and laser ablation mass spectrometry for the quantitative characterization of styrene–butadiene copolymers
Authors: Ruch D. , Muller J. F. , Migeon H. N. , Boes C. , Zimmer R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractStyrene–butadiene copolymers were analyzed by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (S‐SIMS) and laser ablation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LA‐FTICRMS) to obtain quantitative information based on specific ions. Silver deposition was performed on polystyrene, butadiene rubber and styrene–butadiene rubber. Under these experimental conditions, new secondary ions were detected, in particular silver‐cationized butadiene [Mbutadiene − Ag]+ and styrene [Mstyrene − Ag]+ monomers. In contrast, LA‐FTICRMS experiments did not require pretreatment. At high laser power density, UV photons (193, 266 and 355 nm) allowed the detection of styrene and butadiene monomers at m/z 104 and 54, respectively. The use of the observed ions by SIMS or LA‐FTICRMS ensures that quantitative information on the relative distribution of each monomer is obtained. However, the silver coating thickness in the SIMS experiment seems to have an important influence on the quantitative information obtained. For LA‐FTICRMS experiments, the best results are obtained at a wavelength of 355 nm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron ionization‐induced fragmentation of N‐(alkoxymethyl)anilides
Authors: Danikiewicz Witold , Szmigielski Rafał , Olejnik Marian 
Published: January 2003

AbstractElectron ionization‐induced fragmentation patterns of the series of N‐(alkoxymethyl)acetanilides and related formanilides and benzanilides have been studied. The main fragmentation reaction observed for all compounds studied is the loss of an alkyl radical from the N‐alkoxymethyl group leading to the appropriate protonated N‐acylformanilide derivatives. This reaction is accompanied by unusually high kinetic energy release. Other important fragmentations common for majority of the compounds studied are (i) loss of an aldehyde molecule derived from an alkoxyl group yielding an appropriate N‐acyl‐N‐methylaniline, (ii) elimination of a CnH2nO2 fragment derived from N‐alkoxymethyl group and carbonyl group oxygen atom and (iii) formation of N‐methyleneaniline radical cation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of carcinogen‐modified oligodeoxynucleotide adducts using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Brown Karen , Harvey Chris A. , Turteltaub Kenneth W. , Shields Sharon J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the chemical structure of in vitro 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP)‐modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) by exonuclease digestion and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. A single‐stranded 11‐mer ODN, 5′‐d(CCATCGCTACC), was reacted with N‐acetoxy‐PhIP, resulting in the formation of one major and eight minor PhIP–ODN adducts. A 10 min treatment of the major and one minor PhIP–ODN adduct with a 3′‐exonuclease, bovine intestinal mucosa phosphodiesterase (BIMP), and a 5′‐exonuclease, bovine spleen phosphodiesterase, results in inhibition of the primary exonuclease activity at deoxyguanosine (dG) producing 5′‐d(CCATCG(PhIP)) and 5′‐d(G(PhIP)CTACC) product ions, respectively. Post‐source decay (PSD) of these enzymatic end products identifies dG as the sole modification site in two 11‐mer ODN–PhIP adducts. PSD of the minor PhIP–ODN adduct digestion end product, 5′‐d(CCATCG(PhIP)), also reveals that the PhIP adducted guanine moiety is in an oxidized form. Prolonged treatment of the PhIP–ODN adducts at 37° C with BIMP induces a non‐specific, or endonuclease, enzymatic activity culminating in the formation of deoxyguanosine 5′‐monophosphate‐PhIP (5′‐dGMP–PhIP). The PSD fragmentation pattern of the 5′‐dGMP–PhIP [M + H]+ ion of the major adduct confirms PhIP binds to the C‐8 position of dG. For the minor adduct, PSD results suggest that PhIP binds to the C‐8 position of an oxidized guanine, supporting the hypothesis that this adduct arises from oxidative degradation, resulting in a spirobisguanidino structure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.