bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major Controversies and Future Directions in the Study of Greek Civilization
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It would be impossible here to recount and explain all of the controversies and needed foci of research in the study of Greek history. This is mainly because every Hellenist, archaeologist, papyrologist, numismatist, and Classicist is going to have a different idea of what those controversies are and what is needed to resolve them. Therefore, this chapter is quite subjective. I have listed and discussed here a few of the issues currently being debated in the fields of ancient history and Classics.
One universal desire among researchers is for more archaeological excavations and, just as importantly, for those excavations to be published in a timely manner. Every few years, the Greek Department of Antiquities suggests that Greek archaeologists should not be allowed to start new excavations until their old ones are published. Unfortunately, such policy never seems to materialize, and excavated sites remain unknown and inaccessible to all but the excavator himself/herself and those students working on the site. To give one example, the sanctuary of Apollo at Thermon was excavated decades ago but has yet to be appropriately published. The many excellent finds from the site are on display at the on-site museum, carefully watched over by guards who allow no photographs to be taken and no drawings to be made of the items.
Origins, Growth, and Decline of Roman Civilization
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical overview of Rome. What follows is a framework of the major historical events that occurred throughout Rome’s long history. This account is short and is not meant to be exhaustive. Rather, it should be used as a beginning step in one’s study of Roman history. A broad perspective of the flow of Roman history will help provide a structure for future investigations. The sheer volume of works written on Roman history can be overwhelming, and many of them assume a basic level of knowledge. This section provides that level of knowledge. After reading it, it will be possible to peruse a more detailed work on Roman history and understand the major arguments that are made and situate the discussion within one’s own broader perspective. The major events and people in Roman history are described to give a sense of how they all fit together in the larger narrative of Roman life. However, the descriptions that follow should not be considered complete. For example, numerous volumes have been written on the Punic Wars, yet here they are discussed only in brief.
Whites Mobilize Against the “Second Reconstruction”
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
when Clyde Kennard announced his intentions of entering Mississippi Southern College, Governor J. P. Coleman dispatched Zack Van Landingham, special investigator of the State Sovereignty Commission, to Hattiesburg to coordinate resistance. He first enlisted the services of reliable black informers who were willing to provide information on Kennard and try to persuade him to drop his enrollment plans. The lead informant was R. W. Woullard, a pastor and owner of an insurance company and funeral home, whom both the Forrest County sheriff and the Hattiesburg police chief deemed to be a “reliable black leader.” In the past, Woullard had prevented an NAACP chapter from being organized in his church and had provided white officials with names of activists within the civil rights movement. So Woullard and three black school principals, whom Van Landingham also recruited, visited Kennard to persuade him to drop his plans. Kennard refused to back down.
Intended and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Forty-five years after the Battle of Ole Miss, the battleground has an altered appearance. In a fitting tribute to James Meredith’s fight for admission, the university in 2006 under the leadership of Chancellor Robert Khayat dedicated a life-size bronze statue of Meredith. Mounted atop a 17-foot-tall limestone pedestal, the monument stands just the length of a football field from the Confederate Statue, the rallying point for so many who tried to prevent Meredith’s enrollment. Appropriately, the new statue sums up in four words what Meredith sought in 1961 and what his actions represent: courage, perseverance, opportunity, and knowledge. In remarks at the dedication ceremony, actor Morgan Freeman from nearby Clarksdale linked the fortunes of Meredith with those of the state and the university: “Mississippi is a much better state today because of James Meredith, and this is a much better university.” Freeman added, “Thank you, Mr. Meredith.”
Pharmacological options for managing nonadherence
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Optimal treatment outcomes are rarely achieved when a “one-size-fits-all” approach is used. The success of pharmacological treatment for any illness relies on a multitude of factors, including drug administration, efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Such issues with pharmacological treatment regimens may have a profound effect on medication adherence. Thus, careful management of medicationrelated issues, many of which may lead to partial or full medication nonadherence, is imperative to minimize the likelihood of suboptimal treatment outcomes. One manner in which to address medication-related issues is through various pharmacological options.
Contexts, Traditions, and Placing Christine Brooke-Rose
Authors: Birch Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Up to now I have analysed Christine Brooke-Rose’s fiction on its owns terms according to broad divisions in the techniques and themes which characterize it. I demonstrated in Part I that a grasp of contemporary French thought is crucial to an understanding of the intellectual context of Brooke-Rose’s novels. But it is also necessary to view them in terms of the British literary institutions which produce, market, and evaluate them, and through the eyes of the public which does or does not read them. Her novels consciously position themselves on the borders between semantic fields, a topos which invites comparison with her own situation as a writer: since the 1960s she has participated in the liiterary cultures of both Britain and France, and the implications of this liminal position are numerous. The present chapter will examine Brooke-Rose’s position vis-a-vis the institutions of literature in which her writing has been involved. Chapter 6 will then study the relationship between her novels and post-war experimental fiction in the two countries.
Popular Elements in Pre-Cywydd Poetry
Authors: Edwards Huw M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been established that, while the Cler were generally regarded by the official poets, at least on the face of it, with a kind of professional disdain, it would certainly have been possible in medieval Wales for poets of all orders to come into contact with each other, and therefore to become familiar with each other’s repertoires. This would have been particularly true in post-Conquest Wales, in the wake of the collapse of the legally defined bardic hierarchy of the Poets of the Princes; but it is reasonable to assume that there had already been limited interaction for many centuries. Even the most accomplished and aloof court poet, though he may consciously have confined himself to the time-honoured conventions of his profession, is unlikely to have remained entirely oblivious of-or, for that mat ter, entirely impervious to--the popular fashions and diversions of his age. In the absence of a significant body of hard evidence the popular verse tradition of medieval Wales, no more than that of the rest of Europe, cannot be defined or discussed with any degree of certainty. However, it will be helpful to enquire whether the submerged tradition can be said to reveal itself at any points in the mainstream of bardic verse, not only in the years which immediately preceded the emergence of the cywydd poets, but also in the poetry of the earlier Gogynfeirdd and in other poetic vestiges which have survived from the pre-Conquest period.
The Early Cywyddwyr and the Sub-Literary Verse Tradition: I
Authors: Edwards Huw M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has long been suggested that the considerable body of early free metre verse which first appears in sixteenth-century manuscripts is in part a late manifestation of an older tradition of Cler poetry. These poets composed in non-bardic metres with very little or no use of cynghanedd, and, as Thomas Parry has observed, their conventional style and distinctive language are suggestive of a gradual development which pre-dates the manuscript tradition. That is not to say that the poems are considerably older than the manuscripts in which they are preserved, although this may possibly apply in the case of a few of the anonymous poems,2 or that they are all composed by the kind of wandering versifiers evoked by the term Cler. Indeed, much of the free-metre verse preserved from the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth century is the work of accomplished strict-metre poets, such as Siem Tudur, uchelwyr such as Richard Hughes, and learned priests such as Edmwnd Prys.3 However, as a body of verse the early canu rhydd is certainly popular in the sense that it was not reliant on bardic learning and was accessible to a wider audience than was strict-metre verse; and also in that it may reasonably be assumed to have retained much of the spirit and subject-matter as well as the metrical apparatus of the submerged sub-bardic verse tra dition of medieval Wales.
The Early Cywyddwyr and the Sub-Literary Verse Tradition: II
Authors: Edwards Huw M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The colourful world of early cywydd love-poetry, with its astonishingly wide range of subject-matter, is nowhere more suggestively echoed in the canurhydd than in the following series of ‘love triads’ from a sixteenth-century carol merch: (Three unfastenings of noble love: a cywydd, an englyn to my slender girl, a faultless love-messenger—these shall we bring, these would be sure to entice her.
‘Colloquerons Ceans Le Sien Ymage’: Architectural Metaphors :For ‘I’he Mind And Memory
Authors: Cowling David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jean Boucher’s Bonne Renommée seeks to honour the poet’s dead patron Charles de La Tremoille ‘“‘ith the ultimate accolade in the rhétoriqueur arsenal of praise: incorporation in a building, her temple. Yet this conventional encomiastic gesture is here couched in language that appears to recall the fundamental components of the Ciceronian ‘art of memory’ the places (locz) and images (imagines) upon whose successful combination memorization depends. Given the privileged status of the building in classical, and classically inspired, artificial memory schemes, and the proliferation of allegories of architecture in the literature of the later Middle Ages in France, it is not unreasonable to look for some link between memorization techniques current in the teaching of rhetoric and the didactic intention of rhétoriqueur writers anxious to transmit a moral or political message to their readers in an easily digestible and memorable form. Hard evidence to support this hypothesis is, however, more difficult to generate.
Osip Mandel’shtam and Paul Celan: The Poetics of Dialogue
Authors: Eskin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is in poetry that, according to Levinas and Bakhtin, semethics and the architectonic of co-existence most overtly enact and manifest themselves. From the ethical point of view, poetry’s exemplary role is due to the fact that it discursively replicates and thus indicates the semethical subversion of totality by dispensing with apophansis and its semantico-referential corollaries.
The Politics of Incomprehension
Authors: Crowley T Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The excessive moment with which Duras’s work of 1958 to 1967 has been concerned is characterized both by its unavailability to comprehension and by the subsequent narratives which attempt to catch it up; the tensions and drama of these narratives are evident throughout Duras’s writing of this period. By the end of VAmante anglaise, Duras’s reader is caught at the limits of understanding, between a sense of the irrecuperability of the event and the desperation to produce explanatory reconstruction. With the arrival of Detruire dit-elle, this fraught position is exacerbated, a novelistic concern with narrative broken: ‘il n’y a plus de phrases’. Whereas Duras’s writing from Moderato cantabile to VAmante anglaise dramatizes (impossibly) within the time of the reader’s experience the impossibility of reconstructing adequately the lost event, her work of1969 to 1971-Detruire dit-elle, Abahn SabanaDavid, and VAmour shifts this dynamic experience into a more static, brute encounter with incomprehension.
Planning and Construction
Authors: Fernie Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The architects of norman england were responsible for some of the greatest achievements of their age, yet we know almost nothing about them. Documents which mention buildings assign them almost without exception to those who paid for them. Gundulf, bishop of Rochester from 1077 toup8, was described as highly knowledgeable in the work of stonemasons and he oversaw the building @f the White Tower, the new Norman cathedral and castle at Rochester, and the nunnery at Malling. Yet even that might make him no more than an interested layman and a competent administrator.
The Beginnings of Electoral Controls
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN September 1433 the conflict between Rinaldo degli Albizzi and Cosimo de’ Medici culminated in Cosimo’s arrest and ban ishment. Cosimo having been exiled for ten years, Rinaldo’s ascendancy may have seemed firmly restored, but only a year later Cosimo was recalled to Florence, and it was Rinaldo’s turn to be exiled from his city. This reversal of the political situation had been made possible by the appointment by lot, as was the custom in Florence, of the Signoria which entered office on 1 September 1434. This Signoria turned out to be in favour of recalling Cosimo; and Rinaldo’s unsuccessful attempt to forestall a decision to this effect by seizing its palace only helped to precipitate events.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Feelings ran high about the second book of Esdras between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. The French mystic Antoinette Bourignon regarded it as the finest book in the Bible.1 For the physician Sir John Floyer it was ‘the best Key to all the Old and New Prophecies’. The learned Francis Lee admitted ‘that there is no ancient Book I have ever met with, at which I have been so much startled at as this: While on the one hand I find in it such a multitude of Things to shock me, so that it was hard for me not to throw it presently away with the utmost Contempt and Indignation; and on the other hand, I think I find here so many beautiful Passages, which seem not inferior to any Parts of the undoubted Canonical Scriptures.’3 And a far more hostile interpreter, Richard Arnald, also conceded that ‘there are in it lofty Sentiments, beautiful Similes, ancient traditions, the Appearance at least of a prophetic Spirit.’
Official Attitudes
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Luther set out to translate the Bible into German he had a clear idea of what it should include and what should be omitted. He was deliberately endeavouring to clear up a confusion which existed among those members of the clergy and the laity who had turned their attention to the Scriptures but who had accepted the inclusion in the Vulgate of books which Jerome had described as apocryphal. This confusion emerges from the use to which 2 Esdras was put in the 1520s in various parts of Europe and in circles other than those of the prophets inspired by Savonarola and the Hebraists influenced by Pico della Mirandola. The writers who quoted it could be Catholics or sympathizers with Protestantism, but in both cases they relied on Bibles in which the two Esdras books were printed after the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Ezra, the supposititious author, was for them a prophet, a legislator, and above all a reformer, roles which, like Francesco da Meleto, they believed they might fill themselves.
Rosicrucians, New Prophets and the Thirty Years War
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aims of Rosicrucianism were expressed in two manifestos. These were almost certainly by the Lutheran mathematician, inventor and divine Johann Valentin Andreae, who seems to have completed the Fama Fraternitatis by 1608 and the Confessio Fraternitatis a year or so later, though the two works did not appear in print until 1614 and 1615 respectively. When they did it was without the knowledge and against the will of their author.2 In the two brief pamphlets, which astonished and intrigued the world of learning, we read about the members of the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, a group of enlightened and pious scientists devoted to the welfare of humanity, who had been collecting scientific information throughout the world. They had been working in secret, adapting themselves to the customs of the societies and countries they had visited. But the time had now come to reveal themselves and their movement, for a ‘general reformation’ was at hand in which both religion and knowledge would be purified.
Of Monsters, Indians and Jews
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There were three matters in our period into which 2 Esdras was drawn and in the discussion of which it was to become a rhetorical commonplace: the explanation of monstrous births; and the inter¬ related questions of the origin of the American Indians and the fate of the Jews and their return to Jerusalem. The debate, especially in the first two cases, was to cut across confessional divisions and involve both Catholics and Protestants, including some of the thinkers we have already encountered.
The Commercial Context of the Heritage Film: Home Affairs
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In spite of armloads of prizes and Austenmania, ‘British cinema’ does no’t really amount to much more than a niche-servicing industry and a precarious network of boutique producers, who are all heavily dependent on either Hollywood or European media empires for serious funding, and on UK television for small-scale investment. British cinema, with the best will in the world, is more a carefully contrived illusion than a serious industry. This chapter and the next deal with the commercial context of English costume dramas, the conditions under which those films were funded, produced, distributed, and exhibited, and the audiences they attracted in the 1980s and 1990s. My task is not to produce a comprehensive history of the British film industry in this period; instead, I’ll be concentrating on those aspects of the industry that are pertinent to understanding the delicate economy of the heritage film.
Introduction
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The English novelist Mary Butts, who grew up in the 1890s, reported that for her conscious-experience began with a messor, rather, in a mess. A puddle had formed overnight in a bare patch in the gravel driveway which swept smoothly up to the front door of the family home. The puddle was lined with some rather enticing yellow mud. This the young Mary Butts made strenuous efforts to eat, dropping full length onto her belly in order to get at it.
Body Politics: Mess, Marriage, and the New Woman
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of Chapter 7, I invoked Arnold Bennett’s literary education as testimony to developments in turn of-the-century English fiction. One person who played a significant part in that education was Emily Morse Symonds, niece of John Addington Symonds, who published under the pseudonym of ‘George Paston’. By December 1895, Symonds had published three ‘New Woman’ novels which, if not wildly successful, at least met a favourable reception from Bennett, then literary editor of Woman. The two writers got together in January 1896, and immediately recognized in each other a con summate professionalism. Bennett was not slow to acknowledge that he had learnt from his companion ‘several things worth knowing’. ‘“G. P.” has just finished her novel. Six months, 2 to 2½hours per diem. Not excessive, is it?’ On 23 December 1896 he took her out to dinner and the theatre.
Invisible Men and Fractured Atoms
Authors: Whitworth Michael H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conceptions of matter developed rapidly in the period 1890 to 1930. In December 1895 Wilhelm Konrad von Rontgen discovered the rays named after him, later known as X-rays. In 1898, the Curies hypothesized the existence of a new chemical element ‘radium’, one of many radioactive substances which caused phosphorescence in neighbouring bodies; they isolated it in 1902. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford distinguished alpha and beta rays.
Non-Euclidean Humanity
Authors: Whitworth Michael H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the sciences, mathematics might seem the one furthest removed from the conventional concerns of literature, allowing the fewest possibilities for metaphorical exchange. Indeed, if we take ‘science’ to refer to empirical and experimental science, then mathematics should not even be categorized as a science. Yet for many reasons, not least its very resistance to the methodology of this study, mathematics demands attention.
Introduction
Authors: Redford Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It seems both ungracious and unwise to begin by disagreeing with Virginia Woolf, whose reflections on finishing her life of Roger Fry reveal a keen understanding of the biographical enterprise. ‘What a curious relation is mine with Roger at this moment,’ Woolf notes in her diary, ‘I who have given him a kind of shape after his death—Was he like that? I feel very much in his presence at the moment: as if I were intimately connected with him.’1 Shape, presence, connection: in meditating upon these three Woolf makes an implicit case for the imaginative power of a form she both prized and practised. Yet in her public writings she allows herself to argue that biography offers both ‘a different life from the life of poetry and fiction’ and ‘a life lived at a lower degree of tension’.2 Woolf claims further that the biographer is ‘a craftsman, not an artist; and his work is not a work of art but something betwixt and between’.3
Dramatizing Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within days of deciding to draw Johnson ‘in the style of a Flemish painter’, Boswell returns to the visual arts for a second pro vocative comparison: ‘He and I were both in high spirits, and talked keenly. It is impossible to put down an exact transcript of conversation with all its little particulars. It is impossible to clap the mind upon paper as one does an engraved plate, and to leave the full vivid impression.’1 Boswell the diarist had long been haunted by the gap between sensation and documentation: ‘I should live no more than I can record, as one should not have more corn growing than one can get in.’2 Boswell the biographer faces an even more daunting challenge: he must not only capture the evanescent, he must do justice to someone who ‘talked keenly’ in both senses of the adverb (‘avidly’ and ‘incisively’). Boswell needs, in short, to find a way of turning that which is wholly wit into that which is wholly writ.