bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An adenovirus vector encoding tyrosine hydroxylase activity may enter human CNS cells in primary dissociated cultures
Authors: Levallois Christine , Mallet Jacques , Privat Alain 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn adenovirus encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity was inserted in neuronal and glial cultured cells obtained from human fetal central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Using a double fluorescence immunostaining, we characterized inoculated CNS cells, with a TH antiserum and one of the following antibodies: microtubule‐associated protein (MAP2) and GABA for neuronal cells, vimentin (Vim) for glial cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes. The characterization of inoculated neuronal cells was established by the detection of TH‐MAP2‐stained neurons in cultures obtained from the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord where no intrinsic TH cells are described. Inoculated glial cells were characterized by the detection of TH‐Vim and TH‐GFAP‐stained CNS cultured cells. We also observed GABA neurons expressing TH immunoreactivity which could be considered as inoculated neurons expressing the GABA phenotype. Whatever the time of inoculation, transfection was observed in both neuronal and glial cells, after up to 4 months of culture. Although no precise quantitation was performed, the percentage of inoculation was found on microscopic inspection to be greater in glia than in neurons, as previously reported. We concluded that a gene coding for a key neuronal enzyme can be incorporated in embryonic human glial and neuronal cells through the use of a recombinant adenovirus.
Differential expression of the soluble 170 kDa brain protein in the fetal and adult human brain
Authors: Yew D.T. , Webb S.E. , Wong C.K. , Hui K.‐S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe expression of the soluble 170 kDa brain protein (BP170) was studied in the developing human brain. Using immunohistochemical methods, it was possible to demonstrate that BP170 was expressed very strongly in the visual cortex up to approximately 27 weeks of gestation. After this time, the level of expression was reduced so that by adulthood the levels of BPI 70 were negligible. Similarly, BP170 was expressed in the hippocampus at all stages of development; however, unlike in the visual cortex, this protein was still apparent, albeit at low levels, in the adult. In addition, BP170 was co‐expressed with tyrosine hydroxylase which suggests its possible role in the dopamine pathway.
Biometric data on hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting at Cousine Island, Seychelles
Authors: Hitchins P. M. , Bourquin O. , Hitchins S. , Piper S. E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNesting hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata and their eggs and young were studied on Cousine Island, Seychelles from 1995 to 1999. Numbers of females known to nest (tagged individuals) on Cousine was 146. An average of 75% of emerging adults were intercepted, and this rose to 81.6% in 1999. Mean carapace lengths and widths of adult females were 81.2 ± 60.8 cm, and included some of the longest carapace lengths known for hawksbill turtles. There were poor correlations between adult weight and carapace length or width, but better correlations between adult weight and the product of carapace length and width. Width to length carapace proportions averaged 0.75. The mean weight of nesting females before their first recorded nesting on Cousine was 65.6 kg (51.2–83.0 kg). These were the first recorded weights for nesting hawksbills from the Seychelles. Individuals lose 8.5–15% of their body weight after laying three to five clutches. Mean clutch size was 176.7, and clutch sizes for any season showed great variation for some individuals. Clutch sizes tended to decrease after the main nesting month for the population but not necessarily for the individual. The largest clutch size of 264 is the largest recorded for hawksbill turtles worldwide. Turtles with longer carapaces tended to lay larger clutches than those with shorter carapaces, and heavier turtles generally laid heavier clutches than did lighter turtles. Eggs were usually (85.6%) somewhat elongate, measuring on average 36.3 ± 35.5 mm, and weights averaged 25.5 g. Very few ‘pea’ eggs were found. The average hatchling weight was 14.5 g and the average carapace length and width were 39.2 and 30.1 mm, giving a mean ratio of carapace length to width of 0.77.
The effects of prey availability on pup mortality and the timing of birth of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in Peru
Authors: Soto Karim H. , Trites Andrew W. , Arias‐Schreiber Milena 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPup mortality and the timing of birth of South American sea lions Otaria flavescens were investigated to determine the possible relationship between fluctuations in prey availability in the Peruvian upwelling ecosystem and current and future reproductive success of sea lions during six consecutive breeding seasons. Our study from 1997 to 2002 encompassed the strongest El Niño on record and one La Niña event. Pup mortality ranged from 13% before El Niño to 100% during El Niño, and was negatively correlated with prey availability. Abortions were also more frequent when prey availability was low. However, pup mortality remained high following El Niño due to the punctuated short‐term effects it had on population dynamics and subsequent maternal behaviour. Births occurred later in the season after years of low food availability and earlier following years of high food availability. The peak of pupping occurred around the peak of mortality in all years, and may have been the product of intensive competition between bulls at the peak of the breeding season. The stronger and more frequent El Niños that appear to be occurring along the Peruvian coast may produce significant stochastic changes in future births and pup mortality, which may place the vulnerable South American sea lion population in Peru at greater risk.
Lucretius, D.R.N. 5.948
Authors: Allen Archibald 
Published: November 2004

In his account of primitive people in D.R.N. 5 Lucretius says that they led a wandering, nomadic sort of existence (932, ‘vulgivago vitam tractabant more ferarum’); ignorant of agriculture and husbandry, they were content to eat nuts and berries and the like (933ff.), while streams and springs called them to quench their thirst (945ff.):denique nota vagis silvestria templa tenebantnympharum…The rest of the sentence is a lush description of the streams which welled up from those woodland shrines, washing over rocks and moss, and sometimes breaking out over the plain (949–52).
Chains of imagery in Prometheus Bound
Authors: Mossman J. M. 
Published: November 2004

Aeschylus' imagery has for some time now been discussed as a feature of his dramatic technique which does more than merely adorn his work. Lebeck, for example, has described how images articulate the Oresteia:The images of the Oresteia are not isolated units which can be examined separately. Each one is part of a larger whole: a system of kindred imagery. They are connected to one another by verbal similarity rather than verbal duplication. Formulaic (verbatim) repetition is rare, except in the cases of single ‘key’ words; it is replaced by associative or reminiscent repetition. Such repetition may evoke several different passages, yet correspond exactly to none. Each occurrence adds a new element to those with which it is associated. Often this expansion will be a blend of two images previously separate, preserving features reminiscent of both. In this way the different systems of imagery are intricately interwoven. The significance of a recurrent image unfolds in successive stages, keeping time with the action of the drama.
Anthropology and the classics: war, violence, and the statelesspolis
Authors: Berent Moshe 
Published: November 2004

I. INTRODUCTIONIt has become a commonplace in contemporary historiography to note the frequency of war in ancient Greece. Yvon Garlan says that, during the century and a half from the Persian wars (490 and 480–479 B.C.) to the battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.), Athens was at war, on average, more than two years out of every three, and never enjoyed a period of peace for as long as ten consecutive years. ‘Given these conditions’, says Garlan, ‘one would expect them (i.e. the Greeks) to consider war as a problem …. But this was far from being the case.’ The Greek acceptance of war as inevitable was contrasted by Momigliano and others with the attention given to constitutional changes and to the prevention ofstasis: ‘the Greeks came to accept war like birth and death about which nothing could be done …. On the other hand constitutions were men-made and could be modified by men.’Moralist overtones were not absent from this re-evaluation of Greek civilization. Havelock observed that the Greeks exalted, legitimized, and placed organized warfare at the heart of the European value system, and Momigliano suggested that:The idea of controlling wars, like the idea of the emancipation of women and the idea of birth control, is a part of the intellectual revolution of the nineteenth century and meant a break with the classical tradition of historiography of wars.
Notes on the epic poems of Statius
Authors: Watt W. S. 
Published: November 2004

At their first meeting Polynices and Tydeus come to blows. They are reconciled by Adrastus, who expresses the hope that their quarrel will lead to loyal friendship between them, as it did.Esse pro fuisse dixit, says Lactantius, more ingenuously than Klotz, who tries to make the same thing more palatable by saying esse est pro imperfecti quodammodo infinitiuo. Some have taken the accusative and infinitive to be a general statement, but Heuvel is clearly right in saying that it is Tydeus and Polynices whom the poet has in mind. The most favoured solution has been Grater's conjecture isse, but (as Helm says) that produces an unnatural expression (the passages adduced by Mueller are not parallels); Mozley renders it by ‘grew’, thereby translating not what stands in his text but what ought perhaps to stand there, namely <cr>esse, a conjecture of Gil, which has been almost entirely overlooked. This contracted form is found in extant literature only at Lucretius 3.683 and (concresse) Ovid, Met. 7.416 (at 3.200 Statius flesse). The first letters of a line are particularly liable to omission; despite Hill, I do not find it at all surprising that at 1.544 perseus lost its first letter and the remnant became aureus.
Developing pragmatic awareness: closing the conversation
Authors: Bardovi-Harling K. , Hartford B. A. S. , Mahan-Taylor R. , Morgan M. J. , Reynolds D. W. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Many commercially available English-language materials do not provide natural, or even pragmatically appropriate, conversational models for learners. This paper argues for increasing the role of pragmastics in English-language instruction. Classroom teachers can integrate pragmatics into the language curriculum by drawing on natural conversations, students' observations, and incomplete dialogues in textbooks. The paper provides guide-lines for pragmatically-centred lessons, as well as examples of specific activities, using closings in American English to illustrate these examples.
Compound word stress
Authors: Taylor David 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Stress in English compound words poses difficult problems for foreign learners. English does not seem to be at all consistent in the way it treats compounds, either from the point of view of writing or from the point of view of pronunciation and especially stress. If we look at how this uncertainty and inconsistency arises we can perhaps understand better the difficulties. And if we look beyond the principles of word stress to the principles of accent placement, and in so doing pay attention to the information structure of compounds, we can obtain valuable guidance about stress placement in these words.
The Helvetic Republic : An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty
Authors: Lerner Marc H. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In January 1798, the army of the French Republic crossed the frontier into the republican Swiss Confederation. The French did not stop at guaranteeing the freedom of the Pays de Vaud, but occupied the entire country. On 12 April 1798 a new constitution, based on the French Revolutionary model, was officially promulgated and created the Helvetic Republic. In spite of a native Swiss tradition of republicanism and freedom, the newly created unitary republic met with much popular resistance. The universalism of the French Revolutionary rhetoric and French ideas of liberty were not necessarily welcome throughout Europe even in Swiss republican and democratic enclaves. The Swiss case demonstrates that the French understandings of liberty were not the only option. The interaction between different political cultures, both based on ‘liberty’ or ‘freedom’, is examined with an eye to exploring different European understandings of republicanism, liberty and freedom.
SSHM PRIZE ESSAY
Authors: KASSEL LAUREN 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Simon Forman's astrological casebooks record thousands of medical consultations. Amidst the wealth of information in these documents, however, it is unclear to what extent Forman relied on the stars for diagnoses and therapies, or how the casebooks reflect the dynamic between Forman and his clients. This article attempts to answer these questions by reading the casebooks alongside Forman's guide to astrological physic. This approach reveals that astrology was paramount in Forman's evaluations and treatments of his patients. According to Forman, in order for him to effect a cure, he had to be trusted. It was particularly difficult to treat women because their health depended on the state of their wombs, and on their sexual activity, subjects about which women were notoriously duplicitous. The task of the astrologer was first to assess whether or not a woman was sexually active, and only then could he make a judgement about her disease. At the same time, in demonstrating an ability to discern whether or not she was being honest about her sexual activities, Forman won her confidence. By accounting for the role of astrology and the dynamics between the patient and the physician, this article provides the framework within which to read one of the most comprehensive records of medical practices in early modern England.
Calcium(II) selectively induces α‐synuclein annular oligomers via interaction with the C‐terminal domain
Authors: Lowe Rachel , Pountney Dean L. , Jensen Poul Henning , Gai Wei Ping , Voelcker Nicolas H. 
Published: November 2004

Abstractα‐Synuclein filaments are the major component of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies characteristic of Parkinson's disease and related disorders. The process of α‐synuclein filament formation proceeds via intermediate or protofibrillar species, each of which may be cytotoxic. Because high levels of calcium(II) and other metal ions may play a role in disease pathogenesis, we investigated the influence of calcium and other metals on α‐synuclein speciation. Here we report that calcium(II) and cobalt(II) selectively induce the rapid formation of discrete annular α‐synuclein oligomeric species. We used atomic force microscopy to monitor the aggregation state of α‐synuclein after 1 d at 4°C in the presence of a range of metal ions compared with the filament formation pathway in the absence of metal ions. Three classes of effect were observed with different groups of metal ions: (1) Copper(II), iron(III), and nickel(II) yielded 0.8–4 nm spherical particles, similar to α‐synuclein incubated without metal ions; (2) magnesium(II), cadmium(II), and zinc(II) gave larger, 5–8 nm spherical oligomers; and, (3) cobalt(II) and calcium(II) gave frequent annular oligomers, 70–90 nm in diameter with calcium(II) and 22–30 nm in diameter with cobalt(II). In the absence of metal ions, annular oligomers ranging 45–90 nm in diameter were observed after 10 d incubation, short branched structures appeared after a further 3 wk and extended filaments after 2–3 mo. Previous studies have shown that α‐synuclein calcium binding is mediated by the acidic C terminus. We found that truncated α‐synuclein (1–125), lacking the C‐terminal 15 amino acids, did not form annular oligomers upon calcium addition, indicating the involvement of the calcium‐binding domain.
Diagnosis of Norwalk Virus Infection by Indirect Enzyme Immunoassay Detection of Salivary Antibodies to Recombinant Norwalk Virus Antigen
Authors: Moe Christine L. , Sair Arnie , Lindesmith Lisa , Estes Mary K. , Jaykus Lee-Ann 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTSimple diagnostic tests are needed for the detection of norovirus (NoV) outbreaks. Salivary antibody assays provide an attractive alternative to collecting and testing serum or stool samples. Antibodies to Norwalk virus (NV) in oral fluid samples were compared with NV antibodies in serum collected from 38 volunteers challenged with NV inoculum. Pre- and postchallenge (day 4, 8, 14, and 21) saliva and serum samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using recombinant NV antigen. Of 18 infected subjects (those who shed NV in stool or who demonstrated immunoglobulin G [IgG] seroconversion), 15 (83%) had ≥4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgA and 15 (83%) had ≥4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgG when prechallenge and postchallenge saliva samples were compared. When the results of the IgA and IgG assays were combined, all 18 infected subjects showed ≥4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgG or IgA postchallenge titers compared to their prechallenge titers. One of 19 uninfected subjects had a ≥4-fold increase in NV-specific salivary IgG. The sensitivity of the combined assay results was 100%, and the specificity was 95%. NV-specific salivary IgA titers peaked around 14 days postchallenge. NV-specific salivary IgG and serum IgG titers continued to rise through 21 days postchallenge. The application of this EIA to an elementary school outbreak indicated that 67% of the subjects with confirmed infections had >4-fold rises in anti-NoV IgA when an antigen in the same genetic cluster as the outbreak virus was used. This is the first documented mucosal antibody response to NoV in children. This EIA provides a useful approach for diagnosing NoV outbreaks.
Assignment of Weight-Based Antibody Units for 13 Serotypes to a Human Antipneumococcal Standard Reference Serum, Lot 89-S(F)
Authors: Quataert Sally A. , Rittenhouse-Olson Kate , Kirch Carol S. , Hu Branda , Secor Shelley , Strong Nancy , Madore Dace V. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Weight-based immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, and total Ig antibody assignments were made to human antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S, also known as lot 89-SF, for
Streptococcus pneumoniae
capsular polysaccharide (PnPs) serotypes 2, 6A, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 19A, 17F, 20, 22F, and 33F, as well as for C-polysaccharide (C-Ps), extending the standard's usefulness for pneumococcal vaccine evaluation beyond the original serotype 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F assignments (S. A. Quataert, C. S. Kirch, L. J. Quackenbush Wiedl, D. C. Phipps, S. Strohmeyer, C. O. Cimino, J. Skuse, and D. V. Madore, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.
2
:590-597, 1995). The additional 14 assignments were determined using an equivalence of absorbance method with an anti-PnPs serotype 6B reference enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA). To assure accuracy, anti-PnPs EIA for serotype 14 antibodies, a previously assigned serotype, was performed concurrently. This method assures consistency of the new microgram-per-microliter assignments with previous antiserotype assignments to lot 89-S. The sum of the experimentally derived isotype assignments for anti-PnPs serotypes in lot 89-S agrees well with the separately determined total Ig assignment for each serotype. The lot 89-S assignments for serotypes 1, 5, 6B, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F were used for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine clinical trial evaluation and to generate data in efficacy trials where serological correlates for protection have been proposed. The assignment of antibody concentrations to additional pneumococcal serotypes in this reference reagent facilitates the consistent and accurate comparison of serum antibody concentrations across clinical trials.
New Latex Bead Agglutination Assay for Differential Diagnosis of Cattle Infected withMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis
Authors: Koo Hye Cheong , Park Yong Ho , Ahn Jongsam , Waters W. Ray , Hamilton Mary Jo , Barrington George , Mosaad Abdelaziz A. , Palmer Mitch V. , Shin Sang , Davis William C. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTExtensive studies have shown that the current assays used to identify cattle infected withMycobacterium bovisorMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisare not sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect all infected animals, especially animals recently infected with the pathogens. In the present report we show that these limitations might be overcome with a latex bead agglutination assay (LBAA). With the specific immunodominant epitope (ESAT6-p) ofM. bovis, we developed an LBAA and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for that purpose and compared them with the “gold standard” culture method and skin test for their efficacy in detecting bovine tuberculosis. When sera from control healthy cows (n= 10),M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-positive cattle (naturally infected,n= 16; experimentally infected,n= 8), andM. bovis-positive cattle (naturally infected,n= 49;experimentally infected,n= 20) were applied to an EIA and an LBAA developed with ESAT6-p, the two tests showed similar sensitivity (97.1% by EIA, 95.7% by LBAA), high specificity (94.2% by EIA, 100% by LBAA), and a positive correlation (kappa value, 0.85; correlation rate, 93.2%; correlation coefficient, 0.64). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of EIA results and comparison with the culture method determined a suitable cutoff value at 0.469, with an area under the curve of 0.991 (95% confidence interval, 0.977 to 1.0). As LBAA didn't show any positive reactions with sera from uninfected control cows orM. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle, which were confirmed to be free ofM. bovisby culture or PCR, LBAA using the ESAT6-p can be a rapid and usefulM. bovisdiagnostic assay. The data suggest that rapid, sensitive, and specific assays can be developed with peptides containing immunodominant epitopes present in proteins uniquely expressed inM. bovisorM. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisfor differential diagnosis of cattle infected withM. bovisorM. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis.
Use of Viral Lysate Antigen Combined with Recombinant Protein in Western Immunoblot Assay as Confirmatory Test for Serodiagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Authors: Guan Ming , Chen Hsiao Ying , Tan Phuay Heng , Shen Shuo , Goh Phuay-Yee , Tan Yee-Joo , Pang Peow Hoon , Lu Yang , Fong Priscilla Yiquan , Chin Daria 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

A Western immunoblot assay for confirmatory serodiagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was developed utilizing viral lysate antigens combined with a recombinant nucleocapsid protein, GST-N (glutathione
S
-transferase-nucleocapsid) of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The viral lysate antigens were separated by electrophoresis and transblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The resultant membrane was subsequently added with the GST-N recombinant protein at a specific location. The positions of bands corresponding to some of the structural proteins immobilized on the membrane were then located and verified with mouse or rabbit antisera specific to the respective proteins. The Western immunoblot assay was able to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV in all 40 serum specimens from SARS patients and differentiate the SARS-positive samples from those of the healthy donor or non-SARS patient controls (150 samples) when set criteria were followed. In addition, when the immunoblot was used to test samples considered falsely positive by an in-house-developed SARS-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, band patterns different from those with samples from SARS patients were obtained.