bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transthoracic Transdiaphragmatic Approach for Hepatectomy of Couinaud’s Segments VII and VIII
Authors: Ko Saiho , Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Kanehiro Hiromichi , Aomatsu Yukio , Yoshimura Atsushi , Taki Junichiro , Kin Tatsuya , Yagura Kazuaki , Ohashi Kazuo , Nakano Hiroshige 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor hepatectomy of Couinaud’s segment VII or VIII, severe compression and mobilization of the liver is required to establish the operative field via the usual transabdominal approach. Compression of the cirrhotic liver impairs hepatic and systemic blood circulation, which may cause liver dysfunction. We adopted a transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach for hepatectomy of segment VII or VIII in cirrhotic patients to establish a good operative field without compressing the liver. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of this approach. Forty‐four patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicating liver cirrhosis who underwent limited hepatectomy of Couinaud’s segment VII or VIII were studied. The patients were randomized to two groups preoperatively: group I (n= 22), transabdominal approach; group II (n= 22), transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach. There were no differences in preoperative liver function tests, hepatic functional reserve, or extent of tumor between the two groups. The operative time in group II was significantly shorter than that in group I (243 ± 50 versus 313 ± 80 minutes;p< 0.01). Operative blood loss in group II was also significantly smaller than that in group I (1190 ± 1098 versus 2679 ± 2267 g;p< 0.01). Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels on postoperative day 1 in group II were significantly lower than those in group I (587 ± 154 versus 791 ± 383 IU/L;p< 0.05). Major postoperative complications were significantly fewer in group II. It was concluded that the transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach is a useful method for hepatectomy of segments VII and VIII in cirrhotic patients.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Chu Kent‐Man , Lai Edward C.S. , Al‐Hadeedi Sabah , Arcilla Crisostomo E. , Lo Chung‐Mau , Liu Chi‐Leung , Fan Sheung‐Tat , Wong John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of liver compared with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic resection seems to provide the only chance for therapeutic success. The records of 77 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated over a 28‐year period were studied to determine demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnostic tests, operative management, and results of therapy. Survival was analyzed according to three treatment groups: conservative management, palliative operation, and hepatic resection. Conservative management was used for 15 patients, and hepatic resections were performed in 39 patients. The remaining 23 patients had laparotomy alone (10 patients), bile duct intubation (4 patients), hepatic artery ligation (3 patients), bilienteric bypass (3 patients), gastrojejunostomy (1 patient), insertion of a hepatic artery port for regional chemotherapy (1 patient), or open drainage of an abscess (1 patient). The median survival after conservative management, palliative operation, and hepatic resection were 1.8, 2.9, and, 12.2 months, respectively. After hepatic resection, patients without lymphatic permeation (p< 0.02) or hilar nodal metastases (p< 0.0003) survived significantly longer. We concluded that hepatic resection is indicated for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma when it is deemed resectable.
Recent Advances in Molecular Genetics of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Baba Shozo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdvances in molecular biology have identified two important genes responsible for the hereditary colorectal cancers familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. They are the APC gene and mismatch repair genes. The role of these genes in colorectal carcinogenesis has been studied intensively. The adenoma–carcinoma sequence was initially proposed by Vogelstein, and the multistep carcinogenesis theory is now well accepted. The various functions of the APC gene have been elucidated. APC genes are considered to play a role in shedding of the epithelial cells into the lumen. The mechanism behind formation of a unicryptal adenoma is now better understood. Adenoma formation is a monoclonal event with two hits of the APCgene. There is no zonal extension of the proliferative zone in the background colonic mucosa of FAP patients. In addition to the adenoma–carcinoma sequence, there seem to be various carcinogenetic pathways in the development of colorectal cancer. A depressed type of early cancer was recently found by the use of magnifying endoscopy. The incidence of K‐ras mutation was extremely low in this group of early cancers. Some of the minute cancers show the p53mutation before the occurrence of APC mutation. Cancers of microsatellite mutator phenotype show exaggerated genomic instability at simple repeat sequences, such as TGFβRII. These genes may play a suppressor role in a p53 independent pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis. We are now in an exciting era of this progressing field of science. This genetic information may be more widely applicable clinically in the near future (e.g., for presymptomatic diagnosis, selection of patients for the most appropriate treatments, and assessment of malignant potential).
Expression of CD44 Variant 6 and Lymphatic Invasion: Importance to Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kurozumi Kazushi , Nishida Toshirou , Nakao Kazuyasu , Nakahara Masaaki , Tsujimoto Masahiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLymph node metastasis is a critical prognostic factor for gastric cancer. In the present investigation we examined clinicopathologic factors influencing the metastatic processes to the lymph node and their prognostic importance. A randomly selected group of 98 patients with adenocarcinomas of the stomach who underwent gastrectomy plus systematic lymph node dissection at Osaka Police Hospital from 1991 to 1996 were analyzed. Altogether 37 (38%) cancers were positive for CD44 variant 6 (v6) staining, 31 (32%) were intermediately stained, and 30 (30%) were negative. CD44‐v6 expression correlated well with lymph node metastasis. Expression of CD44‐v6 and lymphatic invasion were independent risk factors for metastatic lymph nodes. Among the patients with CD44‐v6‐positive and lymphatic invasion‐positive cancers, 88% had lymph node metastasis, whereas only 13% of patients negative for both factors had lymph node metastasis. Although CD44‐v6 expression and lymphatic invasion have been reported to be risk factors for recurrence and a poor prognosis, in this investigation these factors were found not to be significant for hematogenous and lymphatic recurrences or overall survival rates. Thus expression of CD44‐v6 and lymphatic invasion may regulate lymph node metastases from gastric cancer.
Development and Progress in Resective Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Howard John M. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Pancreatoduodenectomy was developed from experience gained with transduodenal ampullectomy, preceded by a relatively bloodless cholecystoenterostomy. Although Codivilla (1898) and Kausch (1909) each achieved a single survivor following pancreatoduodenectomy, further development of the operation had to await discovery of vitamin K and a description of human blood types, the latter leading to the development of blood banks. After vitamin K and blood banks became available, Allen O. Whipple and his resident C.R. Mullins developed the two‐stage pancreatoduodenectomy (1934–1935) and Whipple the one‐stage procedure (1940). Although the mortality rate from pancreatoduodenectomy remained approximately 33% for more than 25 after Whipple's reports, concentration of resection in “centers of specialization” has now reduced mortality rates below 5%. Thus operative survival has been achieved, but long‐term survival has not kept pace. Long‐term data remain inadequate because they are usually expressed as Kaplan‐Meier estimates and because of the nonuniformity of reporting (e.g., exclusion of postoperative deaths and palliative resections, intraoperative adjuvant therapies, and variations of operative techniques). Widely based Kaplan‐Meier estimates of 5‐year survival range from 12% to 15% after resection and more than 20% in selected categories. Total pancreatectomy has not improved short‐ or long‐term survival rates. Extended lymphadenectomy and resection of peripancreatic soft tissues, as currently developed in several surgical clinics in Japan, suggest a higher incidence of complications but perhaps more long‐term survivors. Interpretation of their data is currently subject to the same limitations noted above. As our surgical forebears needed vitamin K and blood banks to achieve postresection survival, we and our students need effective adjuvant therapy of micrometastases and better modalities for early diagnosis to improve long‐term survival.
Computer Simulation of Hypothermia during “Damage Control” Laparotomy
Authors: Hirshberg Asher , Sheffer Nadav , Barnea Ofer 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.“Damage control” is a surgical strategy for the staged repair of severe trauma that aims to avoid an irreversible physiologic insult marked by a self‐propagating combination of hypothermia, coagulopathy, and acidosis. The point beyond which the physiologic insult becomes irreversible, however, remains ill‐defined. The aim of this study was to address this problem by means of a dynamic computer model of heat loss during laparotomy for exsanguinating hemorrhage. A single compartment model was developed using a graphic modeling tool and was implemented to calculate the time interval from the beginning of laparotomy to a core temperature of 32°C, which is a marker of irreversible physiologic derangement in injured patients. A series of simulation runs showed that the exposed peritoneum is the dominant factor contributing to heat loss; the bleeding rate has a less marked effect. Elevation of the ambient temperature and rapid abdominal closure are effective interventions available to the surgeon to modify the heat loss curve. This study shows that during a “damage control” laparotomy for exanguinating hemorrhage the window of opportunity for salvage before the onset of an irreversible physiologic insult is no longer than 60 to 90 minutes.
Activation of Monocytes and Endothelial Cells Depends on the Severity of Surgical Stress
Authors: Aosasa Suefumi , Ono Satoshi , Mochizuki Hidetaka , Tsujimoto Hironori , Osada Shun‐ichi , Takayama Eiji , Seki Shuhji , Hiraide Hoshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurgical injury not only induces a systemic endocrine‐metabolic response but also influences the function of the leukocytes and endothelial cells leading to various systemic responses. These responses appear to depend on the severity of surgical stress, which differs according to the surgical procedures. In this study, we investigated the response of monocytes and endothelial cells, and the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in relation to the severity of surgical stress. The postoperative clinical course was evaluated between patients undergoing an esophagectomy (ER group) and a distal gastrectomy (DG group). The tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production of monocytes, the serum interleukin 6 (IL‐6) levels, the CD11b expression on either monocytes or granulocytes, and the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with culture supernatants of monocytes were compared between the 2 groups. The development of SIRS was observed in all patients in the ER group, whereas no patients demonstrated SIRS in the DG group. The serum IL‐6 levels, TNFα production of monocytes, and CD11b intensity on monocytes or granulocytes in the ER group were higher than those in the DG group. In the ER group, the ICAM‐1 intensity on HUVECs with monocytes immediately after operation significantly increased compared with before the operation. In conclusion, both the CD11b expression on monocytes and the TNFα production of monocytes are considered to reflect the degree of surgical stress, and the activation of endothelial cells stimulated with these activated leukocytes may therefore lead to both tissue and organ injury.
Angiographic Embolization for Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Injuries
Authors: Velmahos George C. , Chahwan Santiago , Falabella Andres , Hanks Sue Ellen , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Angiographic embolization (AE) has been used extensively for bleeding control after injuries to the face and neck. Its role in abdominal trauma requires further exploration. We reviewed the medical records of 137 consecutive patients who underwent angiography with the intent to embolize bleeding sites within the abdomen. Of them, 97 (71%) had blunt and 40 (29%) had penetrating trauma. AE was performed for hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures (97 patients), liver lacerations (n= 26), renal lacerations (n= 12), splenic lacerations (n= 5), other injuries (n= 9), and multiple injuries (n= 12). On angiography, 102 patients were found to have bleeding sites and underwent AE, with angiographic and clinical bleeding control in 93 (91%). The rate of successful hemostasis by AE was identical in blunt and penetrating trauma patients. There was no major morbidity after AE. No factors predicted patients with a high likelihood to have a positive angiogram. Patients who had AE before or after a period of attempted hemodynamic stabilization in the intensive care unit were no different with respect to hemodynamic parameters immediately before AE or effectiveness of AE for bleeding control. AE is a safe and effective method for controlling bleeding after blunt and penetrating intra‐ and retroperitoneal injuries. Early AE may be used in selected patients as a front‐line therapeutic intervention that offers expeditious hemostasis and prevents delays in definitive bleeding control.
PNsolutions of the time-dependent neutron transport equation with anisotropic scattering in a homogeneous sphere
Authors: Cemal Yildiz  
Published: August 2002

In an earlier paper, the spherical harmonics method for the solution of the time-dependent transport equation with the Marshak boundary conditions was presented in order to investigate the effect of a strongly anisotropic scattering law on the slab thickness. Here, the previous work is extended to the study of the time-dependent problems in a homogeneous sphere with the same scattering function as used in the previous work. The time-dependent neutron transport equation is solved in the manner used for a critical sphere and all radii for a given time-dependent system are determined by finding the critical radii for the corresponding critical system.ThePNcalculations of the critical radii were carried out for various combinations of the anisotropy parameters and the fundamental time eigenvalues. Some indications of the accuracy of the method were given for the problem of interest and the variation of the radius with anisotropic scattering was studied. We also obtained numerical values of the critical radii in the range of (1-),1. Finally, some results were discussed and compared with those already obtained by various methods.
Intensity-dependent characteristics of a picosecond laser-produced Cu plasma
Authors: J Badziak  , J Makowski  , P Parys  , L Ryc  , J Wolowski  , E Woryna  , A B Vankov  
Published: August 2002

The interaction of a 1 ps laser pulse of moderate contrast ratio (~104) with a Cu target is investigated at laser intensitiesIof up to 3×1016 W cm-2with the use of corpuscular, x-ray and optical diagnostics. Intensity-dependent characteristics of ion and x-ray emission as well as reflectivity, electron temperature and average charge state of plasma produced by the laser pulse are presented and discussed. It is found that (a) the specular reflectivity dependence on intensity for a moderate-contrast ultrashort (⩽1 ps) pulse is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that for a high-contrast ultrashort pulse; (b) the scaling laws for parameters of thermal ions are essentially different from those for fast ions; (c) the soft x-ray yield scales asIαwith α≈2-2.5 in the intensity range 1014-3×1016 W cm-2; and (d) electron temperature scales asI0.44at 1015<I<3×1016 W cm-2.
Determination of the gas-phase Si atom density in radio frequency discharges by means of cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Authors: A Schwabedissen  , A Brockhaus  , A Georg  , J Engemann  
Published: August 2002

Absolute densities of eroded silicon in the gas phase from the interaction of a target with a radio frequency (rf) plasma have been measured by cavity ring-down (CRD) spectroscopy. As a target either a quartz plate or a silicon wafer was used, which was attached on the powered electrode of an asymetrically driven argon rf discharge. The Si density was determined from the decrease in the CRD decay time when tuning the laser wavelength across one of the transitions of the silicon resonance line multiplet (centred at 252 nm). Typical Si densities were in the range from 107to 108 cm-3only, demonstrating the sensitivity of our method. The Si distribution in the plasma extended over a wider area than the dimensions of the target and the densities increased with rf power and argon pressure, but saturated at higher pressures and rf powers. Similar densities of Si were measured when using the quartz plate or the Si wafer.
Luminescence Studies of Polymer Matrices: 4. Phosphorescence of Benzophenone Dispersed in Acrylic Acid Based Polymer Films
Authors: Ebdon John R , Lucas David M , Soutar Ian , Lane Anthony R , Swanson Linda 
Published: August 2002

The thermal dependence of the phosphorescence characteristics of benzophenone (BP) dispersed in thin films of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate, AA-MMA, copolymers is described. At all temperatures (between 77 K and 410 K), and in each of the systems studied, the triplet state decay kinetics of the phosphor are complex: a minimum of three exponential terms is required for adequate modelling of the time dependence of BP phosphorescence. This complexity is considered to reflect the breadth and heterogeneity of the distribution of sites accessed by the probe within each of the polymer matrices. Both phosphorescence intensity and lifetime measurements are affected by the onset of macromolecular relaxations within each of the film samples. However, the temperature dependence of the BP phosphorescence data seems to also reflect the presence of specific interactions between the probe and polymer. Consequently the data do not allow a definitive picture of the relaxation behaviour or phase morphology of the copolymer samples to be derived. The data also illustrate the fact that, in designing a high-performance phosphorescent coding system, trends in the photophysical characteristics of one dopant in a given matrix do not necessarily translate into predictions of the behaviour of another phosphor even in the same matrix.
Atomic Oxygen Resistant Films for Multi-Layer Insulation
Authors: Schuler Peter , Mojazza H Bob , Haghighat Ross 
Published: August 2002

A series of advanced polymer films from Triton Systems is being developed to meet the challenges of harsh space environmental effects, lighter weight requirements and superior thermal control performance demands. With support from NASA, Triton Systems Inc has developed advanced new materials for thermal control films with exceptional properties and durability in the space environment. These films known as TOR™ and TOR-LM™ are amber coloured, mechanically sound, produced in continuous rolls and have undergone substantial ground-based simulation and confirming space validation tests. These films are highly resistant to atomic oxygen erosion, and have excellent vacuum ultraviolet radiation stability in ground-based simulation tests. Two applications for these films include large inflatable structures that are either deployed in low earth orbit (LEO) or travel through a LEO orbit into higher orbits, and as outer metallized layers in multi-layer insulation (MLI) blankets. This paper discusses the processing of these advanced materials into thin films, metallization of the films and characterization of their environmental durability as well as other physical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Functional Bismaleimides
Authors: Hulubei Camelia , Gaina Constantin 
Published: August 2002

Functional bismaleimides containing γ-lactone, carboxyl, aldehyde, hydroxyl, azomethine or cinnamoyl groups were synthesized from maleimido benzoic acid via its acid chloride with phenolphtaleine, 5,5′-methylene-bissalicylic acid, 5,5′-methylene-bissalicylaldehyde, glycerol, tartaric acid and 3,4-bis(hydroxyethan-2-tioether)- p-maleimidobenzoic acid, by simple condensation or polymer analogous reactions on some of these reactive bisimides. The monomers were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and elemental analysis. The DSC curves of all the samples showed an exotherm in the temperature range of 134–310 °C, which is attributable to curing reactions. Thermogravimetric analysis of the uncured resins indicated good thermal stability and a char yield of bismaleimide resins in accordance with the calculated C/H ratio. Their relative thermoxidative stability was evaluated by isothermal gravimetric analysis.
Co-crystallization in PEEK Copolymers
Authors: Mehmet-Alkant A A , Hayt J N , Blundell D J , Parker D G 
Published: August 2002

Thermal and wide-angle x-ray scattering (wAxs) studies of a new set of copolymers of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with ether diphenyl ether ketone (EDEK) have been undertaken. The copolymerization modifies the properties of PEEK. At low levels of comonomer content the incorporation of the comonomer unit lowers the melting temperature and reduces the degree of crystallinity. At higher levels the melting point increases towards that of the PEDEK homopolymer. The x-ray structure is very similar to that of PEEK, consistent with rejection of the comonomer at low levels of comonomer content. At high levels the structure is very similar to that of PEDEK while at intermediate levels the structure is found to 'swtich' from that of PEEK to that of PEDEK, consistent with co-crystallization of the two monomer units.