bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ecological and social factors on ranging in western gorillas
Authors: Doran‐Sheehy Diane M. , Greer David , Mongo Patrice , Schwindt Dylan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe examined the influence of ecological (diet, swamp use, and rainfall) and social (intergroup interaction rate) factors on ranging behavior in one group of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) during a 16‐month study. Relative to mountain gorillas, western gorillas live in habitats with reduced herb densities, more readily available fruit (from seasonal and rare fruit trees), and, at some sites, localized large open clearings (swamps and “bais”). Ranging behavior reflects these ecological differences. The daily path length (DPL) of western gorillas was longer (mean=2,014 m) than that of mountain gorillas, and was largely related to fruit acquisition. Swamp use occurred frequently (27% of days) and incurred a 50% increase in DPL, and 77% of the variation in monthly frequency of swamp use was explained by ripe fruit availability within the swamp, and not by the absence of resources outside the swamp. The annual home‐range size was 15.4 km2. The western gorilla group foraged in larger areas each month, and reused them more frequently and consistently through time compared to mountain gorillas. In contrast to mountain gorillas, intergroup encounters occurred at least four times more frequently, were usually calm rather than aggressive, and had no consistent effect on DPL or monthly range size for one group of western gorillas. High genetic relatedness among at least some neighboring males [Bradley et al., Current Biology, in press] may help to explain these results, and raises intriguing questions about western gorilla social relationships. Am J Primatol 64:207–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
cAMP response element‐binding protein activation in ligation preconditioning in neonatal brain
Authors: Lee Hsueh‐Te , Chang Ying‐Chao , Wang Lin‐Yu , Wang Shan‐Tair , Huang Chao‐Ching , Ho Chien‐Jung 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPerinatal hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) brain injury is a major cause of permanent neurological dysfunction in children. An approach to study the treatment of neonatal HI encephalopathy that allows for neuroprotection is to investigate the states of tolerance to HI. Twenty‐four‐hour carotid‐artery ligation preconditioning established by delaying the onset of hypoxia for 24 hours after permanent unilateral carotid ligation rats markedly diminished the cerebral injury, however, the signaling mechanisms of this carotid‐artery ligation preconditioning in neonatal rats remain unknown. Ligation of the carotid artery 24 hours before hypoxia provided complete neuroprotection and produced improved performance on the Morris water maze compared with ligation performed 1 hour before hypoxia. Carotid artery ligation 6 hours before hypoxia produced intermediate benefit. The 24‐hour carotid‐artery ligation preconditioning was associated with a robust and sustained activation of a transcription factor, the cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB), on its phosphorylation site on Ser133. Intracerebroventricular infusions of antisense CREB oligodeoxynucleotides significantly reduced the 24‐hour carotid‐artery ligation–induced neuroprotection effects by decreasing CREB expressions. Pharmacological activation of the cAMP‐CREB signaling with rolipram 24 hours before hypoxia protected rat pups at behavioral and pathological levels by sustained increased CREB phosphorylation. This study suggests that 24‐hour carotid‐artery ligation preconditioning provides important mechanisms for potential pharmacological preconditioning against neonatal HI brain injury. Ann Neurol, 2004
A novel endogenous erythropoietin mediated pathway prevents axonal degeneration
Authors: Keswani Sanjay C. , Buldanlioglu Ulas , Fischer Angela , Reed Nicole , Polley Michelle , Liang Hong , Zhou Chunhua , Jack Christelene , Leitz Gerhard J. , Hoke Ahmet 
Published: October 2004

AbstractClinically relevant peripheral neuropathies (such as diabetic and human immunodeficiency virus sensory neuropathies) are characterized by distal axonal degeneration, rather than neuronal death. Here, we describe a novel, endogenous pathway that prevents axonal degeneration. We show that in response to axonal injury, periaxonal Schwann cells release erythropoietin (EPO), which via EPO receptor binding on neurons, prevents axonal degeneration. We demonstrate that the relevant axonal injury signal that stimulates EPO production from surrounding glial cells is nitric oxide. In addition, we show that this endogenous pathway can be therapeutically exploited by administering exogenous EPO. In an animal model of distal axonopathy, systemic EPO administration prevents axonal degeneration, and this is associated with a reduction in limb weakness and neuropathic pain behavior. Our in vivo and in vitro data suggest that EPO prevents axonal degeneration and therefore may be therapeutically useful in a wide variety of human neurological diseases characterized by axonopathy. Ann Neurol 2004
The conservation of freshwater macroinvertebrate populations: a community‐based classification scheme
Authors: Chadd Richard , Extence Chris 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A novel conservation indexing protocol is presented which aims to summarize aquatic macroinvertebrate data obtained from inland flowing‐ and still‐water sites in Great Britain. Unlike other summary expressions of conservation value, the Community Conservation Index (CCI) accounts for community richness in the final analysis, as well as the relative rarity of species present.
Examples are provided to show how taxonomically rich ecosystems can obtain very high values of CCI that are broadly equivalent to CCI scores obtained from other sites supporting nationally rare species. In addition, the CCI is capable of local adjustment, to accommodate nationally common species occurring outside their normal range.
Examples show typical CCI outputs from a range of riverine and still‐water habitats, and illustrate how this analysis can help in the day‐to‐day assessment and management of both lotic and lentic ecosystems. The index has already been used in legal submissions for public inquiries on Sites of Special Scientific Interest protected under British law and has contributed to the designation of such sites. It has also been used to inform management decisions on sites selected as candidate Special Areas of Conservation and as an operational tool using routinely obtained datasets.
The CCI provides an empirical basis for conservation initiatives, programmes and strategies, by producing a summary of aquatic invertebrate data over any appropriate scale of time and space. Furthermore, the final analysis need not be constrained by distribution of nationally rare species, but can indicate exceptionally rich or regionally unusual invertebrate populations.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acitretin embryopathy: A case report
Authors: Barbero Pablo , Lotersztein Vanesa , Bronberg Ruben , Perez Miriam , Alba Liliana 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAcitretin is an aromatic retinoid analog of vitamin A. Drugs of this group are well‐known teratogenic agents. Nevertheless, acitretin embryopathy has been described only in fetuses.CASEAn infant was exposed to 10 mg/day of acitretin from the beginning of pregnancy until the 10th gestational week. At term, the newborn showed the following abnormalities: microcephaly, epicanthal folds, low nasal bridge, high palate, cup‐shaped ears, anteverted nostrils, atrial septal defect, and bilateral sensorineural deafness. At 18 months of age, the patient showed microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delay.CONCLUSIONSOur patient shows a pattern of anomalies resembling that observed in isotretinoin‐ and etretinate‐exposed children. After ingestion, acitretin is partially converted into etretinate, and etretinate is partially metabolized into acitretin. A similar phenotype would therefore be expected after prenatal exposure to either drug. Moreover, in the present case, teratogenic effects were observed even though the dose was lower than in the previously reported acitretin embryopathy cases. Therefore, we propose that different retinoids, acitretin included, produce only one malformation pattern with variable phenotypic expression. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parameter oscillations in a very high gravity medium continuous ethanol fermentation and their attenuation on a multistage packed column bioreactor system
Authors: Bai F.W. , Chen L.J. , Anderson W.A. , Moo‐Young M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe quasi‐steady‐states, marked by small fluctuations of residual glucose, ethanol, and biomass concentrations, and sustainable oscillations marked by big fluctuations of these monitored fermentation parameters were observed during the continuous ethanol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when very high gravity media were fed and correspondingly high ethanol concentrations reached. A high ethanol concentration was shown to be one of the main factors that incited these oscillations, although the residual glucose level affected the patterns of these oscillations to some extent. The lag response of S. cerevisiae to high ethanol stress that causes the shifts of morphology, viability loss, and death of yeast cells is assumed to be one of the probable mechanisms behind these oscillations. It was predicted that the longer the delay of this response was, the longer the oscillation periods would be, which was validated by the experimental data and the comparison with the oscillatory behaviors reported for the ethanologen bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis. Furthermore, three tubular bioreactors in series were arranged to follow a stirred tank bioreactor to attenuate these oscillations. However, exaggerated oscillations were observed for the residual glucose, ethanol, and biomass concentrations measured in the broth from these tubular bioreactors. After the tubular reactors were packed with Intalox ceramic saddle packing, these oscillations were effectively attenuated and quasi‐steady‐states were observed during which there were very small fluctuations of residual glucose, ethanol, and biomass within the entire experimental run. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative effects of thermal injury and insulin on the metabolism of the skeletal muscle using the perfused rat hindquarter preparation
Authors: Banta Scott , Yokoyama Tadaaki , Berthiaume François , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractInjury from a severe burn or trauma can propel the body into a hypermetabolic state that can lead to the significant erosion of lean muscle mass. Investigations describing this process have been somewhat limited due to the lack of adequate experimental models. Here we report the use of a perfused rat hindquarter preparation to study the consequences of a moderate burn injury (≈ 20% total body surface area), with or without the addition of exogenous insulin (12.5 mU/mL), on the fluxes of major metabolites across the isolated skeletal muscle. The metabolic flux data was further analyzed using metabolic flux analysis (MFA), which allows for the estimation of the impact of these conditions on the intracellular muscle metabolism. Results indicate that this model is able to capture the increased rate of proteolysis, glutamine formation, and the negative nitrogen balance associated with the burn‐induced hypermetabolic state. The inclusion of exogenous insulin resulted in significant changes in several fluxes, including an increase in the metabolism of glucose and the flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as a reduction in the metabolism of glutamine, alanine, and leucine. However, insulin administration did not affect the nitrogen balance or the rate of proteolysis in the muscle, as has been suggested using other techniques. The use of the perfused hindquarter model coupled with MFA is a physiologically relevant and experimentally flexible platform for the exploration of skeletal muscle metabolism under catabolic conditions, and it will be useful in quantifying the specific metabolic consequences of other therapeutic advances. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential gene expression shows natural brominated furanones interfere with the autoinducer‐2 bacterial signaling system of Escherichia coli
Authors: Ren Dacheng , Bedzyk Laura A. , Ye Rick W. , Thomas Stuart M. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe quorum sensing disrupter (5Z)‐4‐bromo‐5‐(bromomethylene)‐3‐butyl‐2(5H)‐furanone (furanone) of the alga Delisea pulchra was previously found by us (Environ Microbiol 3:731–736, 2001) to inhibit quorum sensing in Escherichia coli via autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2, produced by LuxS). In this study, DNA microarrays were used to study the genetic basis of this natural furanone inhibition of AI‐2 signaling (significant values with p < 0.05 are reported). Using DNA microarrays, the AI‐2 mutant Escherichia coli DH5α was compared with the AI‐2 wild‐type strain, E. coli K12, to determine how AI‐2 influenced gene expression. Escherichia coli K12 was also grown with 0 and 60 μg/mL furanone to study the inhibition of quorum sensing gene expression. It was found that 166 genes were differentially expressed by AI‐2 (67 were induced and 99 were repressed) and 90 genes were differentially expressed by furanone (34 were induced and 56 were repressed). Importantly, 79% (44 out of 56) of the genes repressed by furanone were induced by AI‐2, which indicated that furanone inhibited AI‐2 signaling and influenced the same suite of genes as a regulon. Most of these genes have functions of chemotaxis, motility, and flagellar synthesis. Interestingly, the aerotaxis genes aer and tsr were discovered to be induced by AI‐2 and repressed by furanone. Representative microarray results were confirmed by RNA dot blotting. Furthermore, the E. coli air–liquid interface biofilm formation was repressed by furanone, supporting the results that taxis and flagellar genes were repressed by furanone. The autoinducer bioassay indicated that 100 μg/mL furanone decreased the extracellular concentration of AI‐2 2‐fold, yet luxS and pfs transcription were not significantly altered. Hence, furanone appeared to alter AI‐2 signaling post‐transcriptionally. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of cancer history and comorbid conditions on mortality and healthcare use among older cancer survivors
Authors: Seo Pearl H. , Pieper Carl F. , Cohen Harvey Jay 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDOlder cancer survivors use healthcare services to an increased extent relative to their counterparts who have no history of malignant disease. In the current study, the authors set out to assess the effects of cancer history and comorbid conditions on healthcare use and mortality.METHODSUsing information from the 1992 North Carolina Established Populations for Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly database, study participants were classified as having no history of malignant disease or as having a recent (cancer diagnosed < 1 year earlier), intermediate (cancer diagnosed 1–6 years earlier), or remote (cancer diagnosed > 6 years earlier) history of malignancy. Overall, 15 different comorbid conditions were ascertained. Logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, tobacco and alcohol use, and functional measures were used to determine the risk of emergency room, hospital, and nursing home (NH) admission in 1992 and also in 1996 according to history of malignancy and presence of comorbid conditions. Using data from the National Death Registry, a similar controlled analysis of 7‐year mortality also was performed.RESULTSThere were 2567 participants in the current study (mean age, 79 years; range, 71–102 years); 69% of all participants were women, 55% were African American, and 14% reported having a history of malignancy. Participants with a history of malignancy had an average of 3 comorbid conditions, and differences across groups in terms of cardiovascular and lung disease incidence were noted. Controlled analyses revealed that recent cancer history (odds ratio [OR], 15.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.0–34.2) and intermediate cancer history (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4–3.3) were associated with same‐year hospital admission. In addition, having a recent history of malignancy in 1992 was found to be correlated with NH admission 4 years later (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1–9.1). History of malignancy was not associated with mortality.CONCLUSIONSCancer history had limited influence on healthcare use and mortality. Efforts aimed at improving health‐related outcomes in older cancer survivors should continue to focus on attenuating the impact of comorbid conditions. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Natural history of disease progression in patients who fail to achieve an undetectable prostate‐specific antigen level after undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Rogers Craig G. , Khan Masood A. , Craig Miller M. , Veltri Robert W. , Partin Alan W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, the natural history of disease progression to distant metastasis is unknown in men who fail to achieve an undetectable prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP),. The authors assessed the clinical outcome of men with a persistently detectable PSA level after RRP for clinically localized prostate carcinoma.METHODSBetween 1989 and 2002, 160 men failed to achieve an undetectable PSA level (≥ 0.1 ng/mL) after undergoing RRP for clinically localized prostate carcinoma. No patient received adjuvant therapy before documented metastasis. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate distant metastasis‐free survival. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the ability of clinical and pathologic variables to predict distant metastasis‐free survival.RESULTSThe probability of distant metastasis‐free survival at 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years was reported to be 68%, 49%, and 22%, respectively. Seventy‐five men (47%) developed distant metastases after RRP (median time to metastases of 5.0 years; range, 0.5–13 years). The combination of RRP Gleason score, seminal vesicle status, and lymph node status resulted in 3 risk groups for the prediction of distant metastasis‐free survival (hazards ratio [HR] = 1.6; P < 0.01). The slope of PSA changes approximately 3–12 months after RRP at a cutoff value ≥ 0.05 was found to be even more predictive of distant metastasis‐free survival (HR = 2.9; P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSMany patients remained free of metastatic disease for an extended period despite failing to achieve an undetectable PSA level after undergoing RRP for clinically localized prostate carcinoma. However, other patients experienced rapid disease progression to distant metastasis. The authors defined clinical (PSA slope) and pathologic (Gleason score) prognostic variables to help identify those patients with a higher risk of developing distant metastasis after undergoing RRP. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A renal mass in the setting of a nonrenal malignancy
Authors: Sánchez‐Ortiz Ricardo F. , Madsen Lydia T. , Bermejo Carlos E. , Wen Sijin , Shen Yu , Swanson David A. , Wood Christopher G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDFrequently, a renal mass is identified when patients with cancer undergo studies for staging or surveillance. In determining whether it represents a metastasis, patients are frequently subjected to percutaneous renal biopsies. The authors evaluated their experience with this dilemma to formulate management guidelines.METHODSThe authors reviewed the medical records of 100 consecutive patients with nonrenal malignancies diagnosed with renal masses at presentation or follow‐up. Renal mass histology was available for all patients after nephrectomy or biopsy. Clinical characteristics were assessed to identify factors predictive for a renal metastasis versus a primary renal neoplasm.RESULTSThe only factors predictive of a metastasis to the kidney were progression of the nonrenal malignancy and lack of enhancement of the renal mass (P < 0.0001). Forty‐six patients (46%) had evidence of progression of their nonrenal malignancy in addition to the renal mass. In these patients, the probability of a metastasis to the kidney was 86% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.2–98.2%) without renal mass enhancement and 32% (95% CI, 14–55%) with enhancing renal masses. None of the 54 patients without signs of progression of their nonrenal malignancy proved to have metastases to the kidney, regardless of the imaging characteristics of the mass (zero probability; 95% CI, 0–7%; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSIn patients presenting with renal masses and another clinically localized malignancy, renal mass biopsies were not indicated, as the mass rarely represented a metastasis. These patients may opt for close surveillance or extirpation based on the prognosis of their nonrenal malignancy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis, Properties, and Structural Characterization of Bromo‐ and Iodotetracarboxylatodiruthenium(II,III) Compounds
Authors: Barral M. Carmen , González‐Prieto Rodrigo , Jiménez‐Aparicio Reyes , Priego J. Luis , Torres M. Rosario , Urbanos Francisco A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the compounds [Ru2X(μ‐O2CPh)4]n [X = Br (1), I (2)] and [Ru2X(μ‐O2CC6H4‐p‐OMe)4(H2O)] [X = Br (3) and I (4)] is described. The structures of these compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The molecular structures of [Ru2Br(μ‐O2CCMePh2)4(EtOH)·0.5EtOH] (5·0.5EtOH) and [Ru2I(μ‐O2CCMePh2)4(MeOH)·0.5H2O] (6·0.5H2O) are also reported. Complexes 1 and 2 show a zigzag polymeric arrangement with the diruthenium units linked by bromide and iodide ligands, respectively. The molecular nature of compounds 3 and 4 shows the influence of the axial ligand in the arrangement in the solid state, which contrasts with the polymeric structure found in all chlorodiruthenium(II,III) derivatives with arenecarboxylate bridging ligands. The Ru−Ru bond lengths for all complexes range from 2.2756(17) to 2.2906(7) and 2.273(3) to 2.2965(6) Å for the bromide and iodide derivatives, respectively. This study demonstrates that the nature of the axial ligand plays an important role in the arrangement in the solid state and in the electronic properties of the halotetracarboxylatodiruthenium(II,III) complexes. Thus, the iodo derivatives show an intense solvatochromism, whereas the solvatochromism is slight in the bromo derivatives and is not observed in the chloro complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Selected‐Control Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanoscale Hollow Spheres and Single‐Crystal Tubes of PbTe
Authors: Zou Guifu , Liu Zhaopin , Wang Debao , Jiang Changlong , Qian Yitai 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor the first time, hollow PbTe nanospheres with diameters of 80−140 nm have been prepared in an ether/glycerol microemulsion system and PbTe single‐crystalline nanotubes with diameters of 60−80 nm have been synthesised in a homogeneous ethanol/glycerol system. They can be facilely controlled via a solvothermal process without any additional catalysts and templates. Two different template mechanisms are discussed herein. The Raman and far infrared spectra of the samples have been investigated at room temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)