bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone in Standardbred horses: 43 cases (1990-1996)
Authors: Woodie J. Brett , Ruggles Alan J. , Bertone Alicia L. , Hardy Joanne , Schneider Robert K. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether fracture fragment dimensions, suspensory ligament damage, and racing status at the time of injury were associated with outcome in Standardbred horses with apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
43 Standardbred racehorses.

Procedure
Medical records, racing records, and radiographs were reviewed, and ultrasonographic findings were scored. Measurements of the fractured portion of the proximal sesamoid bone were made.

Results
Seventy-four percent (32/43) of horses were pacers, and 26% (11/43) were trotters. Statistical differences between trotters and pacers regarding ability to start, number of starts, or amount of money earned after injury were not detected. Females earned significantly more money per start after injury than males. Eighty-six percent (37/43) of fractures involved hind limbs and 14% (6/43) involved forelimbs. Horses with forelimb injuries earned less money per start. Severity of suspensory ligament damage did not affect postinjury racing performance. A higher proportion of horses that had raced before injury returned to racing after surgery than horses that had not raced before injury, although a significant difference between these groups was not detected. Eighty-eight percent of horses that raced before injury raced after injury. Fifty-six percent of horses that did not race before injury raced after injury. Fracture fragment dimensions did not affect outcome.

Clinical Implications
Dimensions of the apical fracture fragment of the proximal sesamoid bone in Standardbred horses and degree of suspensory ligament damage did not affect outcome. Prognosis for return to racing soundness is good in horses that had raced before injury and fair in horses that had not raced before injury. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1653-1656)
Nonsurgical treatment of suprascapular nerve injury in horses: 8 cases (1988-1998)
Authors: Dutton David M. , Honnas Clifford M. , Watkins Jeffrey P. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the outcome of horses with suprascapular nerve injury treated with stall rest alone.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
8 horses.

Procedure
Information on signalment, history, limbs affected, severity of lameness, degree of muscle atrophy, gait abnormalities, and results of radiography and electromyography was obtained from medical records. All horses were treated with stall rest. Follow-up information on severity of lameness, gait abnormalities, degree of muscle atrophy, time between injury and resolution of gait abnormalities, and outcome was obtained during reexamination at the hospital or through telephone conversations with owners.

Results
In 4 horses, the injury was a réduit of trauma; in the other 4, the injury was suspected to be a result of trauma. All horses had pronounced instability of the shoulder joint during the weight-bearing phase. Follow-up information was available for 7 horses. Shoulder joint instability resolved in all 7 horses within 3 to 12 months (mean, 7.4 months) after the original injury. Two horses had complete return of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle mass 15 and 18 months after the injury. Two horses used as broodmares before the injury and 4 of 5 horses used for riding or in race training before the injury were able to return to preinjury activities.

Clinical Implications
Horses with suprascapular nerve injury treated with stall rest alone have a good prognosis for recovery of normal gait and return to performance; however, the recovery period may be prolonged. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1657-1659).
Associations among age, scrotal circumference, and proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa in young beef bulls during an initial breeding soundness examination
Authors: Coe Paul H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate age and scrotal circumference as predictors of semen quality in young beef bulls.

Design
Cohort study.

Animals
1,173 beef bulls < 15 months old.

Procedure
During initial breeding soundness examination, variables for bulls producing > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa were compared with those for bulls producing < 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa. Mean and 95% confidence interval for age and scrotal circumference were constructed to detect differences between groups of bulls over all observations and within the 5 most common breeds. For these 5 breeds, x2 analysis was used to evaluate differences in the proportion of bulls that had values less than the population mean for scrotal circumference, age, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Multivariate regression was used to quantify variation in the proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa that could be explained by age and scrotal circumference.

Results
Mean (± SD) age and scrotal circumference differed significantly for bulls that produced > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa (12.7 ± 1.1 months and 35.6 ± 2.7 cm) and bulls that produced < 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa (12.1 ± 1.2 months and 34.8 ± 3.3 cm). The proportion of bulls younger than mean age at first examination and the proportion producing > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa differed among breeds. Age and scrotal circumference explained only 11 % of the variation in semen quality.

Clinical Implications
Among young beef bulls, those that were older and had larger testes were more likely to produce > 70% morphologically normal spermatozoa. Age and scrotal circumference were not sufficient predictors of semen quality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1664-1667)
Comparison of serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations for assessment of glycemic control in cats with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , Nelson Richard W. , Reusch Claudia E. , Feldman Edward C. , Neal Larry A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To correlate serum fructosamine concentrations with established measures of glycemic control and to compare serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentrations as a means for assessing glycemic control in diabetic cats.

Design
Longitudinal cohort study.

Animals
26 healthy cats, 5 cats with stress-induced hyperglycemia, 15 untreated diabetic cats, and 36 treated diabetic cats.

Procedure
Control of glycemia was classified and monitored and serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations were measured for 12 poorly controlled diabetic cats before and after improving glycemic control, 8 well-controlled treated diabetic cats before and after glycemic control deteriorated, and 5 cats with diabetes mellitus before and after onset of stress-induced hyperglycemia.

Results
Mean serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations were significantly higher in untreated diabetic cats, compared with healthy cats, and in 24 poorly controlled diabetic cats, compared with 12 well-controlled diabetic cats. Mean serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations decreased significantly in 12 poorly controlled diabetic cats after improving glycemic control and increased significantly in 8 well-controlled diabetic cats after glycemic control deteriorated. A significant stress-induced increase in mean blood glucose concentration was evident 12 hours after insulin administration, but not in 5 docile diabetic cats that became fractious.

Clinical Implications
Serum fructosamine and blood GHb concentrations are clinically useful tools for monitoring control of glycemia in cats with diabetes mellitus. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1794-1798)
Comparison of an amitraz-impregnated collar with topical administration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)
Authors: Estrada-Peña Agustin , Ascher Frederic 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare the efficacies of amitraz and fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
30 dogs.

Procedure
In 3 trials, dogs were allocated to 3 groups of 10 each. In trial 1, dogs were experimentally infested on day -1, and on day 0 were fitted with an amitraz-impregnated collar, treated topically with fipronil, or not treated. Ticks were counted daily until day 7, when viability of ticks and their progeny was determined. In trial 2, dogs were treated on day 0 and experimentally infested on days 7, 8,10, and 13. Ticks were counted on days 8, 10, 13, and 18, and viability of ticks and their progeny was determined on day 18. In trial 3, dogs were exposed weekly to a tick-infested environment from day -3 to day 70. Dogs were treated on day 0, and ticks were counted and removed weekly from day 3 to day 77.

Results
Fipronil and amitraz were acaricidal and inhibited attachment and feeding. Amitraz had a significantly greater effect than fipronil on numbers of live, feeding ticks, egg hatchability, and larval viability, indicating partial ability to interrupt the tick life cycle. In field conditions, amitraz remained effective over the entire observation period.

Clinical Implications
Amitraz had stronger and more sustained effects against tick infestation than fipronil. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1799-1803)
Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with anticonvulsants
Authors: Kantrowitz Lawrence B. , Peterson Mark E. , Trepanier Lauren A. , Melián Carlos , Nichols Rhett 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether administration of phenobarbital, potassium bromide, or both drugs concurrently was associated with abnormalities in baseline serum total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, or thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) concentrations in epileptic dogs.

Design
Prospective case series.

Animals
78 dogs with seizure disorders that did not have any evidence of a thyroid disorder (55 treated with phenobarbital alone, 15 treated with phenobarbital and bromide, and 8 treated with bromide alone) and 150 clinically normal dogs that were not receiving any medication.

Procedure
Serum total T4, total T3, free T4, and TSH concentrations, as well as serum concentrations of anticonvulsant drugs, were measured in the 78 dogs with seizure disorders. Reference ranges for hormone concentrations were established on the basis of results from the 150 clinically normal dogs.

Results
Total and free T4 concentrations were significantly lower in dogs receiving phenobarbital (alone or with bromide), compared with concentrations in clinically normal dogs. Administration of bromide alone was not associated with low total or free T4 concentration. Total T3 and TSH concentrations did not differ among groups of dogs.

Clinical Implications
Results indicate that serum total and free T4 concentrations may be low (ie, in the range typical for dogs with hypothyroidism) in dogs treated with phenobarbital. Serum total T3 and TSH concentrations were not changed significantly in association with phenobarbital administration. Bromide treatment was not associated with any significant change in these serum thyroid hormone concentrations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1804-1808)
Evaluation of the association between medial patellar luxation and hip dysplasia in cats
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Langenbach Anke , Green Pamela A. , Rhodes W. Harker , Gregor Thomas P. , Giger Urs 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate the association between hip dysplasia (HD) and medial patellar luxation (MPL) in cats.

Design
Cross-sectional prevalence study.

Animals
78 cats.

Procedure
A complete history was obtained. Cats were examined to detect MPL and HD. Radiographs of the stifle and hip joints were obtained. Hip joints were evaluated by use of Norberg angle, distraction index, and scoring consistent with that established by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals.

Results
There were 43 male and 35 female cats (mean age, 2.5 years). Eleven cats had clinical signs of disease in the pelvic limbs. Medial subluxation of the patella (subgrade 1) was seen in 31 of 33 cats with otherwise normal stifle joints. Medial patellar luxation was found in 45 of 78 (58%) cats, and 35 of 45 (78%) had grade-1 MPL. Bilateral MPL was seen in 32 of 45 (71%) cats. A weak association existed between MPL and HD, because cats were 3 times more likely to have HD and patellar luxation than to have either condition alone. Concurrent MPL and HD were detected in 19 of 78 (24%) cats, and HD was diagnosed radiographically in 25 of 78 (32%) cats (19 mild, 4 moderate, 2 severe). Eighteen of the 25 cats with HD had bilateral HD.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Clinically normal cats may have a certain degree of laxity in the stifle joint, evident as medial patellar subluxation (< grade 1). There is a weak association between MPL and HD, and both conditions may develop, alone or in combination, more frequently than has been reported. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:40-45)
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided chemical parathyroid ablation for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs
Authors: Long Craig D. , Goldstein Richard E. , Hornof William J. , Feldman Edward C. , Nyland Thomas G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, feasibility, and safety of ultrasound-guided chemical ablation of parathyroid masses in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Design
Prospective clinical trial.

Animals
8 dogs.

Procedure
In all dogs, a solitary parathyroid mass was evident ultrasonographically. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol, and a 27-gauge needle was directed into the parathyroid mass under ultrasound guidance. Ethanol (96%) was injected into the mass until there was evidence of diffusion of fluid throughout the mass. Serum total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were monitored daily for 5 to 7 days after the ablation procedure and again 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. Dogs were also monitored for adverse effects. Follow-up ultrasonography was performed 5 days and 1 month after the ablation procedure.

Results
One injection was required in 7 dogs, and 2 injections were required in 1. Serum total and ionized calcium concentrations were within reference ranges within 24 hours after treatment in 7 dogs and within 5 days in 1 dog. Serum PTH concentration decreased and serum phosphorus concentration increased within 24 hours after treatment in all 8 dogs. Transient hypocalcemia developed in 4 dogs during the first 5 days after treatment, but only 1 dog required treatment for hypocalcemic tetany. Hypercalcemia recurred in 1 dog 1 month after the procedure and surgical removal of the parathyroid mass was required. Other adverse effects were not reported.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Ultrasound-guided chemical ablation of parathyroid masses is a safe and effective alternative to surgery for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:217–221)
A survey of teaching and implementation: The veterinarian's role in recognizing and reporting abuse
Authors: Landau Ruth E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Many families seeking assistance from domestic violence agencies are known to local humane societies or animal control officials because of previous incidents of animal abuse. This is because pets are often the first victims of family disputes that erupt into violence.1 Analysis of domestic violence statistics indicates that veterinarians potentially treat hundreds of thousands of abused pets each year. Because veterinarians may be the first or only individuals to have access to abusive family situations, it is it important for veterinarians to be aware of potential signs of abuse of pets and their owners and to be familiar with the mechanisms for reporting suspected incidents of abuse.
Thirty-one North American veterinary schools and a sample of large and small animal practitioners in Indiana were surveyed to understand to what degree current veterinary curricula prepare students to recognize abuse of animal patients and human clients and to what extent practitioners recognize and report their suspicions of abuse to appropriate authorities. The data indicate a discrepancy between beliefs about prevalence of abuse and the amount of time spent educating veterinary students to recognize and report that abuse. I hypothesize that: 1) practicing veterinarians are reluctant to report suspicions of domestic family violence directed against animals, children, or spouses for various reasons (eg, lack of adequate training, fear of litigation, time constraints, fear that violence will escalate, belief that it is not their place to intervene, lack of contact information, fear of losing a client's business); 2) practicing veterinarians (in large and small animal practices) may not be aware that animal patients and human clients may have been abused and, being unfamiliar with this diagnosis, are unfamiliar with the mechanism for reporting the abuse, especially when it involves human victims; and 3) veterinary school curricula could be modified so that veterinary students are trained to recognize human and animal abuse, thereby reducing risks to animal patients, other animals in the household, and human clients. I believe that recognition of animal and human abuse is in line with veterinarians’ responsibilities to protect animal health, relieve animal suffering, and promote public health.
Ultrasonographic appearance of exogenous isobutane gas in the mammary glands of dairy cows
Authors: Trostle Steven S. , O'Brien Robert T. , Britt Jenks , Waller Kenneth R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether exogenous isobutane gas infused into the udders of dairy cattle could be detected ultrasonographically, and if so, what effects volume of gas infused and infusion pressure had on how long after infusion exogenous isobutane gas could be detected.

Design
Randomized block design.

Animals
8 Holstein cows 28 to 32 days after parturition.

Procedure
In each cow, 1 mammary gland was not treated and the other 3 received 1 of 3 treatments by means of intramammary infusion: low volume-high pressure, low volume-low pressure, and high volume-high pressure infusion of isobutane gas. Mammary glands were examined ultrasonographically 1 hour before and 1,3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after treatment.

Results
After intramammary infusion of isobutane gas, bright echoes and associated acoustic shadows were seen ultrasonographically; echoes were no longer seen 72 hours after gas infusion. Percentages of mammary glands in which bright echoes were detected were not significantly different among the 3 treatment groups at any time during the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that exogenous isobutane gas infused into the mammary glands to enhance the appearance of the udder of show dairy cattle can be readily detected by ultrasonography. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:366–368)
Effects of phenobarbital treatment on serum thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in epileptic dogs
Authors: Gaskill Cynthia L. , Burton Shelley A. , Gelens Hans C. J. , Ihle Sherri L. , Miller James B. , Shaw Darcy H. , Brimacombe Michael B. , Cribb Alastair E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether phenobarbital treatment of epileptic dogs alters serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Animals
78 epileptic dogs receiving phenobarbital (group 1) and 48 untreated epileptic dogs (group 2).

Procedure
Serum biochemical analyses, including T4 and TSH concentrations, were performed for all dogs. Additional in vitro analyses were performed on serum from healthy dogs to determine whether phenobarbital in serum interferes with T4 assays or alters free T, (fT4) concentrations.

Results
Mean serum T4 concentration was significantly lower, and mean serum TSH concentration significantly higher, in dogs in group 1, compared with those in group 2. Thirty-one (40%) dogs in group 1 had serum T4 concentrations less than the reference range, compared with 4 (8%) dogs in group 2. All dogs in group 2 with low serum T4 concentrations had recently had seizure activity. Five (7%) dogs in group 1, but none of the dogs in group 2, had serum TSH concentrations greater than the reference range. Associations were not detected between serum T4 concentration and TSH concentration, age, phenobarbital dosage, duration of treatment, serum phenobarbital concentration, or degree of seizure control. Signs of overt hypothyroidism were not evident in dogs with low T4 concentrations. Addition of phenobarbital in vitro to serum did not affect determination of T4 concentration and only minimally affected fT4 concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Clinicians should be aware of the potential for phenobarbital treatment to decrease serum T4 and increase TSH concentrations and should use caution when interpreting results of thyroid tests in dogs receiving phenobarbital. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999:215:489–496)
Isolation of Salmonella organisms from the mesenteric lymph nodes of horses at necropsy
Authors: House John K. , Smith Bradford P. , Wildman Terry R. , Carrigan Mark J. , Kamiya Darin Y. 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
To determine the prevalence of Salmonella infections in horses at necropsy.

Design
Cross-sectional prevalence survey.

Animals
102 horses.

Procedure
Mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from horses that were necropsied. Horses had died or were euthanatized because of severe disease or at the request of the owner. Twenty-eight of the horses were racehorses euthanatized following acute catastrophic injuries on the racetrack. Mesenteric lymph nodes were submitted for Salmonella culture via direct plating of tissue specimens on MacConkey agar and by use of 4 enrichment culture techniques that used tetrathionate and selenite enrichment broth and brilliant green and Salmonella-Shigella selective plating media.

Results
Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of 2 foals (2/102, 1.96% of the horses). Salmonella organisms were not isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of adult horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Prevalence of Salmonella infections in horses of our study (1.96%) suggests that the results of cross-sectional surveys, using bacteriologic culture to determine prevalence of Salmonella infection, should be interpreted with caution. Prevalence of Salmonella infections determined in a single facility may not reflect the prevalence of Salmonella-infected horses in the general population; furthermore, obtaining a Salmonella isolate from a horse does not establish that the horse is a chronic Salmonella carrier. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:507–510)
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer sharing rangeland with cattle
Authors: Sargeant Jan M. , Hafer Dale J. , Gillespie Jerry R. , Oberst Richard D. , Flood Susan J. A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the prevalence of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with access to cattle pastures.

Design
Survey study.

Sample Population
212 fecal samples from free ranging white-tailed deer.

Procedure
Fresh feces were collected on multiple pastures from 2 farms in north central Kansas between September 1997 and April 1998. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified by bacterial culture and DNA-based methods.

Results
Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified in 2.4% (5/212) of white-tailed deer fecal samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
There is considerable interest in the beef industry in on-farm control of E coli O157:H7 to reduce the risk of this pathogen entering the human food chain. Results of our study suggest that the design of programs for E coli O157:H7 control in domestic livestock on pasture will need to account for fecal shedding in free-ranging deer. In addition, the results have implications for hunters, people consuming venison, and deer-farming enterprises. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:792–794)