Abstract C052: Effect of ginger extracts on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines-derived from Caucasian, Asian, and African American patients
Authors: Kanwal Sadia , Davis Eva , Lee Seung , Faison Milton Omar , Sarkar Devanand , Siddiqui Rafat Ali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal disease with mortality running parallel to its incidence. For HCC, race/ethnicity plays a vital role in determining incidence, mortality, and survival rates. The incidence of HCC is highest in Asia and Africa. Furthermore, there is a statistically significant increase in incidence and mortality and a decrease in 5-year survival rates in African American (AA)/Black patients compared to non-Hispanic white patients. There is a knowledge gap in our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the HCC racial disparity between AA/Black, White, and Asian patients. To understand the underlying cause, we performed bioinformatics on existing gene expression data. We found that type I Interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway showed statistically significant activation in AA/Black patients compared to white patients. Over 60% of Gen Xers/Millennials are taking a more holistic approach to their diet to prevent chronic diseases, including cancer. We hypothesized that dietary compounds exert anticancer effects on HCC, and because of their anti-inflammatory property, they might modulate the IFN-I signaling pathway. We tested ginger extracts on HCC derived from white (HepG2), Black (Hep3B and O/20), and Asian (Hu7) cancer patients. A dose-response of these extracts was used to determine IC50s on these cell lines using an MTT cell proliferation assay. Activation of INF-1-mediated downstream signaling proteins, including JAK1, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT2 phosphorylation status, was determined on a Western blot analysis using phospho-specific primary antibodies. The expression of Interferon Signaling Genes (ISGs), including Myxovirus resistance gene 1 (MX1), 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS1), Interferon-alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6), and Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) was assayed using a quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Ginger has a significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower IC50s (mg/ml) on cell lines from Black patients (Hep3B=156 ± 3, and O/20=162 ± 3) than cell lines from white (HepG2=176±5) or Asian (Hu7=174 ± 5) patients. Our data show that untreated cells exhibited phosphorylation/activation of IFN-1 downstream mediators, including JAK1, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT2 proteins. Ginger treatment reduced the phosphorylation of these IFN downstream mediators in all HCC cell lines. Furthermore, expression of MX1, ISG15, IF16, and OAS1 was also reduced in all HCC cells lines in a dose-dependent manner; however, the effects on gene expression were more sensitive to a lower concentration of ginger extract in Black patients derived HCC cell lines than other HCC cell lines. Currently, research is underway to identify the active chemical agent in ginger and test it on other patient-derived HCC lines and in an in vivo model. In conclusion, our data suggest that ginger can potentially attenuate IFN-mediated signaling pathways in HCC, and cells from Black HCC patients may be more sensitive to ginger (Funded: P20 CA264068-01).
Citation Format: Sadia Kanwal, Eva Davis, Seung Lee, Milton Omar Faison, Devanand Sarkar, Rafat Ali Siddiqui. Effect of ginger extracts on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines-derived from Caucasian, Asian, and African American patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C052.