bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Do We Know and Not Know about Dental Microwear and Diet?
Authors: Teaford Mark F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, in thinking about what we do and do not know about the evolution of human diet, it might seem impossible to truly know anything about it—that is until someone invents a time machine! However, paleontologists are, in many ways, like forensic scientists who travel through time. They must use any available clues to help decipher what went on eons ago. Only by considering the total range of evidence can we appreciate what is known, unknown, and unknowable about this complex topic. Unfortunately, much of that evidence is not direct evidence, in the sense of something visible on the bone or tooth, caused directly by something that happened during the individual’s lifetime. For instance, the relative size of certain bones may or may not be indicative of what an animal actually did, as the animal may have, for example, relatively long hindlimbs simply because its ancestors did. So, when looking through the evidence, paleontologists are constantly forced to evaluate their data, to see what they can, and cannot, say about the hypotheses being tested.
Theoretical and Actualistic Ecobotanical Perspectives on Early Hominin Diets and Paleoecology
Authors: Peters Charles R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diet is one direct link between an animal and the multiple environments that it is surrounded by and in part creates (Andrewartha and Birch, 1984; Kuchka, 2001). It is reasonable to assume that the early hominin priority web for resources included potable water, plant foods, arboreal refuge, animal foods, and tool materials in a contingency hierarchy of critical functions (Peters and Blumenschine 1995, 1996). Ecobotanical perspectives are relevant to evaluating all of these resources. My focus is on Plio-Pleistocene hominins without controlled use of fire as a technology for food procurement and processing. Claims have been made for controlled use of fire by Plio-Pleistocene hominins (e.g., Clark and Harris, 1985; Brain and Sillen, 1988), but I will assume that technology was unavailable.
Preagricultural Diets and Evolutionary Health Promotion
Authors: Eaton S Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preagricultural Diets and Evolutionary Health Promotion During the past thirty years, health promotion advice, especially that involving nutrition, has been based primarily on epidemiological research findings. While not a paradigm in the Kuhnian sense (Kuhn, 1996), epidemiology has been by far the dominant force in the field of disease prevention. Grant funding, academic publications, official recommendations, conferences, and popular press accounts related to personal health all reflect an underlying faith that the epidemiological method will ultimately prevail. However, to “prevail” in health promotion terms means reducing the incidence and/or prevalence of targeted disease conditions and, viewed from this bottom-line perspective, epidemiology’s record has been unimpressive. Essential hypertension (Hajjar and Kotchen, 2003), diabetes mellitus (Mokdad et al., 2001), age-related fractures (Surgeon General, 2004), obesity (Flegal, Carroll, and Ogden, 2002), depression (Murphy et al., 2000), melanoma (Bevona and Sober, 2002), breast cancer (Clarke et al., 2002), and asthma (Mannino et al., 2002) all occur as, or more, frequently now than they did thirty years ago. The decline in myocardial infarction mortality has ceased (Willett, 2002), while the rate of congestive heart failure (now chiefly a consequence of atherosclerotic heart disease) has skyrocketed (Gheorghiade and Bonow, 1998).
Cognitive Techniques I: Cognitive Restructuring
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After an assault, which is an extremely traumatic event, our thoughts and beliefs about ourselves and the world can undergo a drastic change. Often survivors believe that the world is extremely dangerous and that they are unworthy people who cannot cope. The goal of treatment is to help you evaluate your thoughts and beliefs about safety and your thoughts about yourself, and it is important to identify the unhelpful beliefs that make you feel distressed and prolong your PTSD symptoms.
The First Miracle Drugs
Authors: Lesch John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decade from 1935-1945, while the Second World War raged in Europe, a new class of medicines capable of controlling bacterial infections launched a therapeutic revolution that continues today. The new medicines were not penicillin and antibiotics, but sulfonamides, or sulfa drugs. The sulfa drugs preceded penicillin by almost a decade, and during World War II they carried the main therapeutic burden in both military and civilian medicine. Their success stimulated a rapid expansion of research and production in the international pharmaceutical industry, raised expectations of medicine, and accelerated the appearance of new and powerful medicines based on research. The latter development created new regulatory dilemmas and unanticipated therapeutic problems. The sulfa drugs also proved extraordinarily fruitful as starting points for new drugs or classes of drugs, both for bacterial infections and for a number of important non-infectious diseases. This book examines this breakthrough in medicine, pharmacy, and science in three parts. Part I shows that an industrial research setting was crucial to the success of the revolution in therapeutics that emerged from medicinal chemistry. Part II shows how national differences shaped the reception of the sulfa drugs in Germany, France, Britain, and the United States. The author uses press coverage of the day to explore popular perceptions of the dramatic changes taking place in medicine. Part III documents the impact of the sulfa drugs on the American effort in World War II. It also shows how researchers came to an understanding of how the sulfa drugs worked, adding a new theoretical dimension to the science of pharmacology and at the same time providing a basis for the discovery of new medicinal drugs in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. A concluding chapter summarises the transforming impact of the sulfa drugs on twentieth-century medicine, tracing the therapeutic revolution from the initial breakthrough in the 1930s to the current search for effective treatments for AIDS and the new horizons opened up by the human genome project and stem cell research.
Ronald Reagan’s 100-D Ay Revolution
Authors: Troy Gil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ronald Reagan’s “First Hundred Days “ have become central to the Reagan mythology. Supporters wistfully recall the “Reagan Revolution’s “ heady days, whereas critics mourn Reagan’s assault on Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society—both of which also benefited from a major inaugural push. In fact, Johnson and Reagan were following Roosevelt in starting their terms vigorously.
An Insider’s Lookat The Reagan Legacy
Authors: III Edwin Meese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January of 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president, the United States was in the midst of serious trouble. In almost every area of public policy—the economy, energy, national security, our position of leadership in world affairs, crime, and drug abuse—major problems existed that had grown worse during the latter years of the 1970s.
Bright Lights, Doomed Cities: The Rise Or Fall Of New York City In The 1980s?
Authors: Cannato Vincent J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sherman McCoy calls himself the “Master of the Universe.” And why not? Not yet 40 years old, he is making a million dollars a year as a bond trader on Wall Street, with all of the perks attending to his status—a Park Avenue co-op apartment, a devoted wife, a child in private school, and a mistress holed up in a rent-controlled love nest. McCoy is the prototypical “Yuppie” of the era, a benefi ciary of the Reagan boom that revived Wall Street. McCoy’s New York was one of prosperity and glitz. The city looks good from McCoy’s perch.
Intellectual affirmative action: How multiculturalism Became mandatory And Mainstream In Higher Education
Authors: Brilliant Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 28, 1978, a sharply divided United States Supreme Court ruled narrowly in favor of a limited application of affirmative action in higher education admissions. In the landmark case of University of California Regents v. Bakke, four justices concurred with enough of Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr.’s opinion to cobble together a razor thin one-vote majority on behalf of the “consideration of race and ethnic origin “ in admissions decisions. Doing so, the Court ruled, contributed to campus “diversity, “ which in turn met the requisite legal threshold of serving a “substantial interest “ on the part of the state.1
Parasites and Food Webs
Authors: Dobson Andy P , Lafferty Kevin D , Kuris Armand M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every free-living species is host to a large diversity of parasitic species, the presence and influence of which have only recently received attention in studies of food webs. Initial studies of the St. Martin and Ythan food webs suggest that the consideration of parasites significantly changes the proportions of species at higher trophic levels; by definition the addition of parasites of top predators will lengthen the maximum lengths of food chains. However, until recently, the addition of parasites seems not to have had a major influence on levels of connectedness, nor on the scaling properties of food webs. Empirical long-term studies of the Serengeti illustrate the dramatic impact that a single pathogen may have on the long-term dynamics of food webs; ongoing comparative studies of salt marshes along the California coast illustrate that parasites may form a significant component of food-web biomass. Furthermore, parasites with complex (heteroxenic) life cycles have life-history stages that occupy a variety of different trophic positions in webs, these lead to complex long-loops in interactions between species that may considerably enhance the stability of food webs. We will conclude by examining how to include parasites into current theoretical models for food webs. In particular, we will examine whether the “niche model” may be scaled by metabolic rate, rather than body size, and examine how this affects our ability to organize species along a logical trophic-dynamic interaction spectrum.
The Golden Age,Part II: 1603-1625
Authors: Spring Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True it is, I have lien long obscured from your sight, because I received a Kingly entertainment in a forraine climate ... yet I must tell you, as I have beene a stranger; so have I againe found strange entertainment since my returne; especially by the opposition of two sorts of people that shroude themselves under the title of Musitians. The first are some simple Cantors, or rncall singers, who though they seeme excellent in their blinde Division-making, are meerely ignorant, even in the first elements of Musicke, and also in the true order of the mutation of the Hexachord in the Systeme, (which hath ben apprmed by all the learned and skilfull men of Christendome, this 800 yeeres,) yet doe these fellowes give their verdict of me behinde my backe, and say, what I doe is after the old manner: but I will speake openly to them, and would have them know that the proudest Cantor of them, dares not oppose himselfe face to face against me. The second are young-men, professors of the Lute, who vaunt themselves, to the disparagement of such as have beene before their time, (wherein I my selfe am a party) that there never was the like of them.
Up From Eugenics
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Depression of the 1930s was a dismal time for millions around the world. Yet to Marian Olden (1888–1981), a volunteer social worker and wife of a Princeton University professor, the Depression was the best of times for realizing her great goal in life. For Olden, the most pressing need in Depression-era America was the enactment of laws permitting the sterilization of people with mental disabilities, notably in her home state of New Jersey. By the mid-1930s, over thirty American states, two Canadian provinces, and numerous countries around the world had already passed comparable legislation.
A New League
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True to her indomitable nature, Marian Olden did not let her setback in the New Jersey legislature stop her. In 1943, hard on the heels of her failure to convince state representatives to enact an involuntary sterilization law, she and her allies formed a national, private, nonprofit organization called Birthright, Inc. Initially, Birthright was a tiny organization, desperately short of funds and headquartered in Olden’s home.
Life, Death, and the Family in Afro-American Slave Societies
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of slavery in Latin America has been very much part of the history of European colonization and the development of American commodities for the European market. The distribution of the African slave population and their labor has been the theme stressed in this book up to this point. But this is only one part of the Afro-American experience, and in the following chapters the patterns of social, political, and cultural adjustments that the Africans were forced to make within this New World environment will be examined.
Transition from Slavery to Freedom
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Haitian revolution was but one manifestation of a growing attack on African slavery that had begun earlier in the 18th century. For the &gt;rst time in western European history, there developed in many of the imperial and colonial societies associated with African slavery a popular abolitionist movement that challenged the very legitimacy of slavery. Though individuals had attacked slavery from its earliest development in the Americas, these were isolated voices, which never took on a mass following or signi&gt;cantly changed accepted opinion. But at the beginning of the 18th century, an increasing number of influential philosophers and religious leaders began to challenge the legitimacy and morality of the institution.
Minnie the Moocher’s Revenge (JVC 2001)
Authors: Giddins Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Say this of JVC: the plot changes annually. It may look the same on paper, may list toward the same artists, suffer the same limitations, and capitulate to the same distractions, but George Wein’s flagship festival manages to take different turns each summer. If I am especially conscious of past vagaries, triumphs, subplots, and themes, contrived or otherwise, it is because midway through this edition, I realized that I had been reporting on the behemoth variously known as Newport–New York, Kool, and JVC for 30 years, and perused a few of my old reviews. Two seem most relevant: In 1991, the cast focused on under-40s and over-60s, leaving the boomers out in the cold, not for the last time; in 2000, every event paid its respects to the past. The current edition reversed both trends. Identifying bona fide boomer jazz heroes requires some precision. I refer to those who came into their own when we first started to listen, as opposed to those who, though slightly older or even younger, were already established parts of our inheritance. Dewey Redman, who turned 70 in May but had no national reputation until 1967, makes the cut; Phil Woods, who turns 70 in November but was a star long before 1960, does not. Boomer heroes (notably Redman, Wayne Shorter, Keith Jarrett, Jack DeJohnette, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, Michael Brecker, and did I mention Wayne Shorter?) accounted for most of the expectations and red orchestrations for strings by Johnny Mandel (stately) and Claus Ogerman (predictable), and Krall was often compelling, not least in her piano solos. Gladys Knight arrived half an hour late, but once she got going all was forgiven; except for an unnecessary guest saxophonist, her 90minute set—which included a vaudeville routine with her sole remaining Pip—was show business heaven. Yes, she could probably sing jazz, but her old material is so good she doesn’t need to.
Strictly Solalian (Martial Solal)
Authors: Giddins Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the worst label one can stick on a jazz musician is Intellectual, a nebulous term that almost always serves as a warning: You may be expected to work—if you consider close listening work. The second most insidious label is Virtuoso, which is invariably smudged with special pleading. Combine the two and you are very likely left with an artist who requires rapt attention while compensating for emotional reserve with technical flair. You might well call it spinach and say the hell with it. But then your roughage may be Jack Daniel’s to me. At one time, Ahmad Jamal and Bill Evans were characterized as skillfully complex, usually to hold them at bay, yet each man attracted passionate followings that fermented into substantial popularity. Jamal usually keeps me at arm’s length, while Evans usually invites me in; it may be the opposite with you. Lennie Tristano is routinely described as cerebral, which once seemed tenable to me, yet now I find his Atlantic sessions flat-out thrilling. We could make this a parlor game, identifying undoubtedly brilliant musicians—Benny Carter, Lee Konitz, Herbie Nichols, Henry Threadgill—who remain alien to a broad audience.
Fine Style
Authors: Rarick Ethan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 9:00 a.m. on Saturday, July 4, the Donners and the Reeds and some other families gathered near their campsite along Beaver Creek, a stream lined with box elder and willows. Brightly colored wildflowers poked through the grasses, and high red bluffs lined the little valley. There was no hurry to wash the breakfast dishes and hitch the teams, for they intended to stay in camp all day to celebrate the Fourth of July. Patriotic feelings ran high, for the country was at war. A few days after the wagon train left Independence, latecomers rode into camp bearing the latest St. Louis newspapers, which told of hostilities between American and Mexican troops on the Rio Grande. The news was no surprise. The year before, President Polk had acted on his campaign promise by annexing Texas, ostensibly an independent country but one that had been unrecognized by Mexico and coveted by the United States. Mexico and the United States still disputed the southern border of Texas, and it had been easy to see that the situation could lead to war, but that didn’t lessen the importance of the issue for Californiabound emigrants. California remained a part of Mexico, and now the United States and Mexico were at war.
The Forlorn Hope
Authors: Rarick Ethan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all that it is usually considered an unspeakable atrocity, cannibalism has a long and rich history. People have eaten people for thousands of years and for countless reasons: to appease gods, to honor ancestors or shame enemies, to cure disease, perhaps even to set a hospitable table for guests. Some stories may be exaggerated or even false; many of the more grisly versions were reported by European explorers eager to paint the natives as bloodthirsty savages in need of Christian salvation. But modern evidence suggests that at least some accounts are indisputably true. Archaeologists have found human remains showing the apparent signs of butchery or cooking, and a few years ago scientists studying a Colorado site used by the ancient Anasazi reported that they had found fossilized human fecal matter containing digested human tissue. Somebody, for some reason, was eaten.
Taking the Field
Authors: Rarick Ethan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Margret Reed and her children fought for their lives, her husband was involved in a more literal fight. By the time James Reed arrived in California, the United States and Mexico were at war. Beginning in the 1820s, American settlers hungry for cheap land poured into Texas, which was then a part of Mexico. The Mexican government, eager for growth in what had been a dusty backwater, welcomed the influx, but in time tension developed. The Americans chafed under Mexican laws that required Catholicism and prohibited slavery, provisos often ignored by the Protestant, slaveholding settlers. In turn, Mexican officials resented the truculent independence of the newcomers, who soon outnumbered the Mexicans. In 1830 the Mexican government prohibited further American settlement, angering the Americans who were already there. By mid-decade, the Americans were in revolt, and in 1836 they defeated the Mexican army at San Jacinto and won their independence.
Freedom, Culture, and Religion
Authors: Levine Lawrence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly before Lee’s surrender, slaves on an Alabama plantation gathered in their church to sing of “good old Daniel” who had been cast in the lion’s den but was “Safe now in the promised land,” and assured themselves that “By and by we’ll go home to meet him./ Way over in the promised land.” The passion and certainty of their refrain filled a white auditor with a sense of foreboding: “I ... seemed to see the mantle of our lost cause descending.” The South’s lost cause was the fulfillment of a prophecy the slaves had been singing of for more than half a century. After the northern conquest of Richmond, Virginia, slaves crowded the streets running, leaping, singing: “Slavery chain done broke at last; slavery chain done broke at last-I’s goin’ to praise God till I die.” In Petersburg, Virginia, Annie Harris and her fellow slaves danced around a barn fire singing: A Scottish visitor to the South was struck by the freedmen’s “devoutness and recognition of God’s hand in everything.” “Lincoln died for we, Christ died for we,” a Sea Islander told Laura Towne, “and me believe him de same mans.” “God said de plantations would grow up and de hoot owls would have ‘em and dey is doin’ it. Growin’ up into wilderness,” Alice Sewell exclaimed. “God planned dem slave prayers to free us like he did de Israelites, and dey did.” Mingo White echoed these beliefs: “The children of Israel was in bondage one time, and God sent Moses to ‘liver them. Well, I s’pose that God sent Abe Lincoln to ‘liver us.” The precedent of the Hebrew Children had not been false; the Lord had not reneged on His promise.
Introduction
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late august 1864 the conservative, antiwar wing of the Democratic Party was at the height of its influence. The Peace Democrats, also known as Copperheads, were so powerful that their strength nearly matched that of the War Democrats, who supported Abraham Lincoln’s war policies. The growing authority of the Copperheads within the Democratic Party was most apparent at the national convention, which was held that year at the end of the month in Chicago. The peace men gained control of the committee responsible for writing the party platform, and the final document, which laid out the Democrats’ philosophy for the coming presidential contest, amounted to a Copperhead manifesto. The conservatives’ clout was also evident in the makeup of the ticket. A War Democrat, General George B. McClellan, occupied the top spot, but his running mate was an Ohio congressman who was one of the country’s most outspoken and notorious antiwar men.