bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The End of Epistemology As We Know It
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The epistemic norms should matter. The ones philosophers typically focus on do not matter enough. They should be replaced. This book discusses a range of views of why and how epistemic norms could matter and shows how epistemic norms as standardly understood fall short on each. No matter how the importance of the epistemic is to be explained, it does not matter at all what we believe about most topics or why we believe it. When what we believe does matter, it is often not particularly important that our beliefs are true, but rather that they are good enough for our purposes, and thus no truth-connected epistemic notion such as reliability, evidence, coherence, accuracy, or knowledge is really relevant. Finally, even when truth is genuinely important, standard epistemic norms do not properly aim at the truth, because they do not allow us to sacrifice one true belief for the sake of others. In light of all of this, epistemic norms as standardly conceived are not really concerned with what matters. We can and should do better. The epistemic norms that genuinely matter will replace truth-based epistemic notions with conceptions of success, reasons, and justification aimed at the “good enough.” They will require us to form some seemingly bad beliefs—beliefs that violate all standard norms by going against our evidence, being incoherent, or even being clearly false—in order to improve other beliefs. In fact, they will sometimes allow our beliefs to be bad for no reason whatsoever.
Epistemic norms and action
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Epistemic norms might matter because epistemically good belief tends to promote good action. Or they might matter because actions must be based in epistemically good beliefs to be permissible, based in reasons, or credit-worthy. Neither view can vindicate norms governing many of our beliefs, since many of our beliefs have no practical relevance. For the beliefs that are practically relevant, both views vindicate norms that are significantly laxer than standard epistemic norms. And both views vindicate norms that allow or require epistemic trade-offs. The chapter discusses how false beliefs can give reasons for action, the connection between sub- and supererogatory action and the norms on belief, and also possible connections between emotions and the norms on belief.
Social vindication
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Social vindications of epistemic norms have to do with the importance of applying epistemic norms to one another’s beliefs. For example, social use of epistemic norms can help identify and create good sources of testimony. Social vindications of epistemic norms are ultimately reliant on some more fundamental vindication, which must be one of those discussed in previous chapters. For that reason, it should be initially plausible that the socially vindicated norms look just like the nonstandard norms already discussed. However, using ideas from work on conventional rules such as laws, one might argue that these nonstandard epistemic norms don’t serve the right function at the social level due to the possibility of error or disagreement. Even if standard epistemic norms end up being socially vindicated (which turns on empirical questions beyond the scope of this book), it does not matter that certain individuals conform to or are guided by standard norms.
Tying up loose ends
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There may be putative vindications of epistemic norms not discussed in previous chapters. This chapter presents a “master challenge,” building on the ideas in the rest of the book, that can be used to show that any such vindication does not vindicate standard epistemic norms. The challenge is illustrated by applying it to a virtue-based vindication of the epistemic norms. The chapter also discusses and rejects the idea that standard epistemic norms are constitutive of belief (that having beliefs requires a commitment to standard epistemic norms). And the chapter discusses and rejects the idea that we do not need to explain why epistemic norms matter.
Defining Creativity Through Assessment
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Many scientific studies of creativity take a quantitative approach in which variables are defined and measured in a rigorous way. Psychologists, for example, have developed creativity tests that measure the creative potential of an individual. These tests sometimes measure personality traits like extroversion or openness to experience. Other tests measure cognitive characteristics such as intelligence or associative fluency. This chapter reviews the many assessments that have been developed since the 1950s, most famously the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The chapter then reviews research on the relationship between creativity and intelligence, and the degree to which creativity is domain-specific (for example, creative ability at music specifically) or domain-general (creative ability that applies to all activities).
Biology and Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews biological research on creativity. The chapter begins by reviewing research on hemispheric specialization: Is creativity associated with the left brain or the right brain? Research shows that the answer is neither; creativity involves both hemispheres equally. The chapter next reviews studies of whether drugs enhance creativity; research concludes that they do not. The chapter concludes by examining whether or not creativity can be inherited. That is, if your parents are more creative, does that mean you will be more creative? This question is closely related to genetics research: Is creativity associated with specific genes? The research is complicated, but suggests that creativity is not heritable and is not based on specific genes.
The Sociology of Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews sociological studies of creativity. These studies are associated with the sociocultural approach to creativity research. In contrast to psychological studies, which focus on the individual mind or personality, sociocultural studies focus on contextual factors like social structure, group dynamics, and culture. The chapter begins by presenting the classic sociocultural model of creativity as involving the person, as studied by the individualist approach; the field—the intermediaries or gatekeepers who evaluate individuals and products; and the domain, the body of existing work in that same creative area or discipline. The chapter then reviews various studies within this framework, including the influence of the audience on creativity—fans and connoisseurs, amateurs and the general public. The chapter reviews studies of social class and creativity (both creation and perception) and the role of perceived prestige in creative evaluation.
Group Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 continues to take the sociocultural approach of Chapter 11, and reviews the large body of research on group dynamics, collaboration, and creativity. The chapter begins with a review of group composition and creativity (cognitive diversity, ethnic and cultural diversity, and longevity of the group). The results are complex; it is not always the case that diversity enhances creativity. The chapter then reviews the long history of research on brainstorming, with studies of factors such as motivation losses and coordination losses. The chapter includes a review of electronic brainstorming and competition. The second half of the chapter takes a process approach and examines what happens in groups from moment to moment and throughout the collaborative creative process. This includes studies of group flow and how groups develop over time.
Organizational Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on creativity and innovation in business organizations. The chapter begins by contrasting “creativity” as originality, and “innovation” as the generation of something new that is useful and has an impact on the world. This contrast is demonstrated by a review of patent and intellectual property law. The chapter then reviews research on the entrepreneurial personality. The chapter then examines studies of the entire organization, taking a sociocultural approach in considering many individuals in combination, rather than isolated creators. This includes research on collaborative webs—distributed creative communities, often over the internet—and research on social networks. The chapter ends with a review of various methods to assess the creativity of an organization, including measures of organizational climate and evaluations of the innovative abilities of entire nations, cities, or geographic regions.
Music
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on creativity in music. This research includes both composition and performance. The first half of the chapter reviews studies of music composition. This includes reviews of how bands compose in the recording studio; how electronica artists create by sampling and looping; how tribute bands use creativity in sometimes minor modifications to songs; and how fan communities influence the creativity of musicians, primarily using comments on social media. The chapter then reviews studies of creativity in performance. This includes a review of studies of musical improvisation, both group improvisation and individual improvisation. The chapter compares creativity in music and language and reviews how new musical genres evolve over time.
Science
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on creativity in science. The first creativity researchers in the 1950s focused on scientific creativity because of its importance to the economy and to military power. The chapter reviews psychological studies of scientists and the mental processes associated with scientific thinking, including analogies; the process of problem-solving and problem finding; how working on multiple projects simultaneously can enhance creativity; the parallels between science and art; and studies of whether scientific disciplines primarily advance through brilliant individuals or through collaborative teams. The chapter then reviews statistical studies of scientific productivity over time, of citation patterns, and of multiple discovery.
Flexible Authoritarianism
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Flexible Authoritarianism challenges the idea that the transnational rise of authoritarianism is a backlash against economic globalization and neoliberal capitalism. Flexible authoritarianism—a form of government that simultaneously incentivizes a can-do spirit and suppresses dissent—reflects the resonances between authoritarian and neoliberal ideologies in the contemporary return of strongman rule. The book conveys the look and feel of flexible authoritarianism in Russia through the eyes of up-and-coming youth. Because politicians use neoliberal techniques to perpetuate authoritarian ends (and vice versa), which accounts only partially for the persistence of a flexible authoritarian regime, my analysis focuses on meaning-making processes, cultural forms, and public stories that lead people to tolerate, accept, or even embrace authoritarian practices and neoliberal techniques. Drawing on field observations, in-depth interviews, and analyses of documents and video clips, the book demonstrates how flexible authoritarianism is stabilized ideologically by the cultural codes of cool start-up capitalism, public stories such as those portraying patriotism as a precondition for development, and familiar cultural forms such as the summer camp. It critically evaluates how loyalty to the regime—the order underlying political and economic life in a polity—is produced and contested among those young people who seek key positions in politics, business, the public sector, or the creative industries. While these potential strategic elites, striving to attain the conveniences enjoyed by the middle classes in economically prosperous states, openly criticize corruption and favoritism, they also accept and amplify the Russian government’s practice of blaming poverty and slow development on passivity, indifference to the common good, and a lack of patriotism among ordinary citizens, rather than on the self-serving indifference among those in the higher echelons of power.
Introduction
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
“Flexible Authoritarianism, Loyalty, and Quests for Change” introduces the book’s core concepts and themes, such as flexible authoritarianism, loyalty, and potential strategic elites. It argues that transnational cultural understandings—for example, seeing flexible mindsets and labor policies as key to ensuring innovation-based economic growth and individual success—also shape society and politics in authoritarian states. The chapter situates the book’s wider argument not only in debates about neoliberalism’s complicated relationship with the democratic state, but also in regards to literature that discusses how the legitimation of authoritarian values and practices occurs beyond the narrow circles of ruling elites. The chapter takes issue with the problematic history of social research that focuses on culturalist understandings of Soviet and Russian society.
Soviet Traditions in Service of Flexible Authoritarianism
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
“Soviet Traditions in Service of Flexible Authoritarianism” discusses how familiar tropes, images, and cultural forms can tacitly legitimate flexible authoritarianism. Using the example of a Soviet blockbuster film, it develops the notion of a Soviet summer camp tradition that serves, consciously or not, as an organizational template for Russian government-sponsored youth-leadership summer camps. Through the example of Central Siberia’s Krasnoyarsk Region, the chapter shows how forms of Soviet youth participation, such as student brigades, were repurposed for flexible authoritarian ends. By tracing the birth of a new entrepreneurial youth politics in the early 2000s in a region far from Moscow, it provides an alternative to the standard academic account about the evolution of Putin-era state youth politics, which centers on Moscow’s initiation of the pro-government youth organization Nashi (“Those on Our Side”). The chapter illuminates how managers who became local politicians promoted neoliberal mindsets and work arrangements in their quest for regional economic development.
Debates on posttraumatic stress disorder in physical illnesses
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 draws attention to some of the controversies surrounding the classification of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., 2013; DSM-5). This raises the broader question of how PTSD should best be conceptualised. While this question remains unanswered, many studies have been conducted in the literature using different types of diagnostic instruments or screening tools. This does not mean that one should wait until a satisfactory answer is found before conducting studies. The research findings on PTSD in physical illness should be viewed with the knowledge that they are based on an imperfect and indeed enigmatic foundation.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to past trauma and cardiovascular risk, and PTSD as a result of a traumatic cardiac event. It appears that these associations may be influenced by certain demographic characteristics of patients, their unhealthy lifestyles, attachment styles, dysregulated autonomic nervous systems, subjective experiences of the cardiac event, hospitalisation, pain, helplessness, as well as subjective perceptions of harmful post-illness consequences, worries about the illness, and their emotional impairment. Patients’ personality traits and coping strategies, both adaptive and maladaptive, may also play a role in influencing PTSD after myocardial infarction. Non-adherence to medication is also a form of PTSD avoidance symptoms or avoidance coping, which can be detrimental to patients. Therefore, some interventions aim to improve PTSD symptoms, which in turn could improve medication adherence. This chapter also reviews the literature on posttraumatic growth in cardiovascular patients.
Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with cancer experiences
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There are debates about whether cancer should be conceptualised as trauma. Nevertheless, cancer-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to certain patient demographic variables, gender differences, patients’ psychiatric history, previous traumatic life events, experiences with diagnosis, treatment, pre-transplant preparation time, and hospitalisation. Patients’ subjective appraisal or perception of a life threat from cancer also play a role in influencing PTSD symptoms, other psychiatric symptoms, and adjustment to cancer. Feeling uncertain about the impact of cancer, fear of cancer progression, and intrusive cancer-related ruminations can also influence cancer-related symptoms. In addition, the way patients cope with distress may also influence PTSD. Several coping strategies have been suggested. To conclude, a number of treatments for cancer-related PTSD are described, including eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), cognitive behavioural therapies, and others.
Posttraumatic growth after cancer
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the concept of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in cancer survivors. Demographic factors, previous trauma, type of trauma, and onset of trauma are related to PTG after cancer. Personality traits, the way people ruminate, and the way they cope with trauma can influence PTG in different ways. Carers of cancer survivors, such as parents of children with cancer, may also develop PTG. The parent–child relationship can influence the adjustment of childhood cancer survivors. In addition to parents, siblings of children with cancer may also be affected by PTG. PTG has also been researched in children of parents with cancer, partners or spouses of loved ones with cancer. As PTG can act as a stress buffer, various interventions have been developed to improve resilience, self-efficacy, PTG and psychological distress and quality of life.
Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with HIV/AIDS. People who have suffered a lifetime of trauma or PTSD tend to have problems with neurocognitive functioning and poor physical and social functioning. Risk factors for PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity in this population include gender differences, with HIV-positive women being disproportionately affected by trauma or PTSD, stigma with trauma-related symptoms, bullying and discrimination, and adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. The chapter then looks at risk factors for increased HIV/AIDS risk behaviour, including previous trauma prior to HIV infection, PTSD, substance abuse, major depression, borderline personality disorder, child abuse, and racial discrimination-based traumatic stress, followed by an overview of interventions for PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity in people with HIV/AIDS. Interventions include exposure therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, psychodynamic therapy, writing therapy, and others. This chapter ends with a review of the literature on posttraumatic growth (PTG) in patients and caregivers. The extent of PTG may vary depending on factors such as personality traits, cognitive processing, internalised HIV-related stigma, coping strategies, and level of resilience.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in vascular and neurological diseases
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its risk factors in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and stroke. These factors include alexithymia, cognitive appraisals, and negative cognitions. However, the association between a history of trauma-related PTSD and epilepsy is unexpected when comparing patients who have epileptic seizures with those who have a non-epileptic seizure or a psychogenic non-epileptic seizure. There are studies that also look at PTSD as a result of the traumatic event of epilepsy. Research has also shown that caregivers of children with epilepsy may have PTSD and comorbid psychiatric symptoms, with mothers reporting more PTSD and comorbid psychiatric symptoms than fathers. This chapter then explores the association between early trauma or PTSD and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. It is noteworthy that the wealth of evidence for the association between PTSD and vascular and neurological diseases is comparatively less than for the diseases mentioned in the previous chapters.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and respiratory illnesses
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to respiratory conditions such as respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury, asthma symptoms, or attacks. It also examines the association between PTSD and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in patients, healthcare workers, and hospital staff. Factors explaining differential levels of distress in SARS patients include demographic variables, risk exposure to SARS, coping strategies, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and altruism. The association between PTSD and Covid-19 is also being investigated in hospitalised patients, health care workers, the general population, and some specific populations such as pregnant women, military veterans, and psychiatric patients. The risk factors for these individuals include demographic variables, a history of mental health problems, previous trauma, level of exposure to traumatic Covid-19, experience of hospitalisation for Covid-19, loss of a loved one, lockdown, domestic violence, and media exposure, and various coping strategies. Interventions for people with Covid-19 are also discussed.
EU Borrowing and Safe Assets
Authors: Grund Sebastian , Waibel Michael 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the past, the present, and the future of safe assets in the EU. It is structured as follows. Section 2 reviews past borrowing programmes and the safe assets these have produced. We show that the NGEU’s financing mechanism is not new; rather it is a scaled-up version of past EU borrowing programmes. The section also discusses the Euro area’s two borrowing mechanisms via separate supranational issuers: the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the ESM. Section 3 then focuses on the legal aspects of EU safe assets, highlighting both commonalities and differences between the various debt issuance programmes and analysing the pertinent legal features of the debt instruments the EU has relied on. Section 4 concludes.