bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature shifting of convergent flow measured effective elongational viscosity
Authors: Collier John R. , Petrovan Simioan , Patil Parag 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe effective elongational viscosity data on a series of polyolefins as a function of temperature are shifted to a reference temperature using the approach for shifting shearing viscosity data. The temperature shift factors are obtained from complex and capillary shear rheology, and these are the same factors used for shifting the shear rheology. A Carreau rheological model was used to determine the zero shear rate viscosity at different temperatures, and an Arrhenius expression was used to determine the temperature shift factors. The same shift factors are shown to produce separate master curves for shear and elongational rheology at reference temperatures. The commercial grades of polyolefins studied include an extrusion grade of polypropylene and metallocene and conventionally catalyzed low and high density polyethylene materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1387–1396, 2003
Solvent‐induced modifications in polyester yarns. I. Mechanical properties
Authors: Chidambaram D. , Venkatraj R. , Manisankar P. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe mechanical properties of polyester (PET) yarns, fine filament, and microdenier (original and heat‐set), treated with a trichloroacetic acid–chloroform (TCAC) mixture were investigated. The treatments were carried out in an unstrained state with various concentrations of the TCAC reagent at room temperature. The TCAC treatment on PET yarns resulted in notable changes in the tensile behavior. The TCAC‐treated yarns exhibited higher extensibility and work of rupture without much loss in strength. The improvement in elongation was less in the case of heat‐set polyester yarns due to solvent treatment. The depression of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of TCAC‐treated PET yarns, even at the minimum concentration, showed its effectiveness to plasticize the fibers and the closeness of the solubility parameter of TCAC and PET. The Tg depression favors molecular relaxation, which has resulted in a higher shrinkage percentage of TCAC‐treated PET yarns and the effective shrinkage was reached more easily for the original fine‐filament polyester (FFP) and microdenier polyester (MDP) yarns at the lowest concentration. The effects of the concentration of TCAC on the strength, elongation, yield behavior, and work of rupture on PET were also investigated. A significant plastic flow was observed in the TCAC‐treated yarns. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1500–1510, 2003
Structure–property correlations of heat‐shrinkable polymer blends based on ethylene vinyl acetate/carboxylated nitrile rubber in the presence of different curatives
Authors: Chowdhury S. Ray , Das C. K. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractElastic memory was introduced into heat‐shrinkable polymer blends in the form of an elastomeric phase and through subsequent crosslinking. Blends of ethylene vinyl acetate and carboxylated nitrile rubber with different curative systems were studied with respect to their shrinkability. With an increase in the cure time (the crosslinking density, or memory point), shrinkage increased for the blends with all the curative systems except dicumyl peroxide (DCP). Increasing the elastomer content increased shrinkability because of the increasing driving retraction force of the oriented elastomer phase. A sample stretched at a high temperature (HT) showed greater shrinkage than a sample stretched at room temperature (RT) because of the greater concentration and degree of orientation of the extended chains. Generally, the crystallinity of the stretched (RT and HT) samples was higher than that of ordinary unstretched and shrunk samples, and this increased the effectiveness of intermolecular interactions in the former. For all systems except DCP, RT‐stretched samples showed higher crystallinity than corresponding HT‐stretched samples. With RT stretching, rapid extension and subsequent recrystallization occurred in samples molten at high local values of the stored elastic energy. An increase in the crosslinking density and orientation of the blends increased the thermal stability because of the formation of strong networks and compact structures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1414–1420, 2003
Compatibilization of nylon 6/liquid crystalline polymer blends with three types of compatibilizers
Authors: Zheng Xuejing , Zhang Jun , He Jiasong 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPolyblends of nylon 6 and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) (Vectra A 950) are immiscible and highly incompatible, with resultant poor interfacial adhesion, large phase domains, and poor mechanical properties. In the present work, compatibilizing strategies are put forward for blends containing nylon and LCP. Effects of three types of compatibilizers, including ionomer Zn–sulfonated polystyrene (SPS), reactive copolymer styrene–maleic anhydride (SMA), functional grafted copolymers—polypropylene grafted glycidyl methacrylate (PP‐g‐GMA) and polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH)—are studied in the aspects of morphology and dynamic mechanical behavior. The addition of compatibilizers decreases the domain size of the dispersed phase and results in improved interfacial adhesion between LCP and matrix. The compatibilization mechanism is discussed by way of diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), showing the reaction between compatibilizers and matrix nylon 6. Mechanical properties are improved by good interfacial adhesion. The contribution of SMA to mechanical properties is more obvious than that of Zn‐SPS and grafted PPs used. The blending procedure is correlated with the improvement of mechanical properties by the addition of compatibilizer. Two‐step blending is demonstrated as an optimum method to obtain composites with better mechanical properties as a result of a greater chance for LCP to contact the compatibilizer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1452–1461, 2003
Flame‐retardant mechanism of silica: Effects of resin molecular weight
Authors: Kashiwagi Takashi , Shields John R. , Harris Richard H. , Davis Rick D. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe effects of resin molecular weight on the flame‐retardant mechanism of silica were studied with two different molecular weights of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 122,000 and 996,000 g/mol, and two silicas, fused silica with a small surface area and silica gel with a large surface area. A total of six different samples were studied, with a mass fraction of 10% silica. The mass loss rate of the six samples in nitrogen and the heat release rate from burning in air were measured at an external radiant flux of 40 kW/m2. The addition of silica gel to the low‐molecular‐weight PMMA significantly reduced the mass loss rate and heat release rate; addition to the high‐molecular‐weight PMMA provided the largest reductions of these quantities in this study. For fused silica, some reduction in mass loss rate and heat release rate was observed when it was added to the high‐molecular‐weight PMMA; addition to the low‐molecular‐weight PMMA did not reduce either loss rate. Chemical analysis of the collected residues and observation of the sample surface during gasification reveal the accumulation of silica near the surface; the larger its coverage over the sample surface was, less the mass loss rate and heat release rate were. Both the level of accumulation and its surface coverage depended strongly not only on the silica characteristics but also on the melt viscosity of the PMMA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1541–1553, 2003
The E(NK) model: Extending the NK model to incorporate gene‐by‐environment interactions and epistasis for diploid genomes
Authors: Cooper Mark , Podlich Dean W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe haploid NK model developed by Kauffman can be extended to diploid genomes and to incorporate gene‐by‐environment interaction effects in combination with epistasis. To provide the flexibility to include a wide range of forms of gene‐by‐environment interactions, a target population of environment types (TPE) is defined. The TPE consists of a set of E different environment types, each with their own frequency of occurrence. Each environment type conditions a different NK gene network structure or series of gene effects for a given network structure, providing the framework for defining gene‐by‐environment interactions. Thus, different NK models can be partially or completely nested within the E environment types of a TPE, giving rise to the E(NK) model for a biological system. With this model it is possible to examine how populations of genotypes evolve in context with properties of the environment that influence the contributions of genes to the fitness values of genotypes. We are using the E(NK) model to investigate how both epistasis and gene‐by‐environment interactions influence the genetic improvement of quantitative traits by plant breeding strategies applied to agricultural systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte populations by flow cytometry in patients investigated for respiratory disease
Authors: Barry Simon M. , Condez Aida , Johnson Margaret A. , Janossy George 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundCharacteristic changes in the proportions of leukocyte populations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) reflect different disease states in the lung. The standard method for examination of BAL leukocytes is by microscopy of cytospin preparations. This method may not be the optimum technique due to difficulties in distinguishing cell types morphologically and due to the low number of cells routinely counted. We hypothesized that flow cytometry (FCM) may be a more precise tool for investigating BAL.Methods100 BALs were performed on 92 patients. All samples were stained using the pan‐leukocyte marker (CD45) in combination with a granulocyte marker (CD15) and a cell viability marker (7‐aminoactinomycin D). Selected samples were also stained with an eosinophil marker (CD23). These samples were run on an FCM and the results compared with leukocyte differentials obtained by light microscopy of parallel cytospin preparations.ResultsClose correlations between the two methods were demonstrated for the enumeration of all leukocyte subsets, but the coefficient of variation was considerably lower by FCM than by cytospin.ConclusionsThese findings, combined with the speed of FCM and the ability to perform simple lymphocyte phenotyping, argue in favor of this becoming the method of choice for investigating BAL. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:291–297, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicenter clinical experience with flow cytometric method for fetomaternal hemorrhage detection
Authors: Chen Jenn C. , Davis Bruce H. , Wood Brent , Warzynski Michael J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDEnumeration of fetal red blood cells (RBCs) is important in the management of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH), particularly in situations of Rh incompatibility.METHODSWe evaluated results from three institutions using the flow cytometric method (FCM) to detect fetal RBCs based on the anti‐hemoglobin F (HbF) monoclonal antibody method.RESULTSDuring 1997–2001, 69 of 1,248 patients (5.5%) had measurable fetal erythrocytes (RBCs) in maternal blood. Only 21 patients (1.7%) had more than 30 mL of fetal blood detected in maternal blood. Of the 11 patients with large FMH and clinical follow‐up, 7 had fetal demise (64%). In positive samples, significant differences were found in the fluorescence intensity (FI) of anti‐HbF antibody staining between HbF‐negative erythrocytes (HbF‐) and adult HbF containing erythrocytes (F cells; 4 ± 0 versus 57 ± 9 linear mean channels [LMC]; P < 0.001) and between HbF‐cells and fetal RBCs (4 ± 0 versus 433 ± 136 LMC; P < 0.001). In addition, significant differences were observed in forward light scatter intensity between HbF‐cells and fetal RBCs (298 ± 15 versus 355 ± 68 LMC, P = 0.03). The transportability of the test is also addressed by comparing results from two other laboratories. The experience of our three laboratories, as well as the results from the recently reinitiated College of American Pathologists survey, which compares FCM and manual methods, clearly documents the superiority of the FCM test over the manual Kleihauer‐Betke (KB) test.CONCLUSIONSThe FCM is a simpler, more objective, and more precise alternative to the KB method in clinical testing. The high mortality rate associated with large FMH and therapeutic implications of these results should give laboratories motivation to abandon the KB method with more robust FCM to detect FMH. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:285–290, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometric immunophenotyping test for staging/monitoring neuroblastoma patients
Authors: Warzynski Michael J. , Graham David M. , Axtell Richard A. , Higgins James V. , Hammers Yuki A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractTen years ago, we made an incidental flow cytometric observation while immunophenotyping biopsy and marrow samples from children suspected to have leukemia/non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, but were subsequently diagnosed with neuroblastoma. The samples contained neoplastic CD45− cells that had an extremely bright CD56+ (beyond the fourth decade on a four‐decade scale) population distinguishable from CD45+CD56usual density+ natural killer lymphocytes as well as other CD45−CD56usual density+ nonhematopoietic tumors such as small cell carcinoma or melanoma. Following the “rare event” philosophy of selecting one negative and two positive antigens, we initially tried a “cocktail” of CD45−CD56very bright+ neuron‐specific enolase (NSE)cytoplasmic+. We later modified the procedure to a more clinically applicable “lysed whole blood” CD45−CD56very bright+ ganglioside GD2+ cocktail to improve turnaround time (eliminating the cell permeabilization step for cytoplasmic NSE analysis), specificity, and sensitivity of the assay. A total of 123 marrow/tissue/fluid samples were analyzed by the various forms of the assay. Clearly interpretable samples had an 83% specificity and a 100% sensitivity. The three‐color GD2 assay has successfully detected cells in marrow samples to a level of 0.002% (1 per 105 cells) using patient samples (not artificially “spiked” material). We added CD81 expression of the neuroblastoma cells as a fourth color and now use this rare event clinical test to help stage and monitor all patients with neuroblastoma. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:298–304, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new method for improving metaphase chromosome spreading
Authors: Deng Wen , Tsao Sai Wah , Lucas Joe N. , Leung C. S. , Cheung Annie L. M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe success of complex molecular cytogenetic studies depends on having properly spread chromosomes. However, inconsistency of optimum chromosome spreading remains a major problem in cytogenetic studies.MethodsThe metaphase spreading process was carefully timed to identify the most critical phase of chromosome spreading. The effects of dropping height of cell suspension, slide condition, drying time, fixative ratio, and relative humidity on the quality of metaphase spreads were studied by quantitative examination of metaphase chromosome spreads. Normal and immortalized human epithelial ovarian cells, neuroblastoma cells, and normal lymphocytes were tested.ResultsHumidity over the slide was the most important variable affecting the quality of chromosome spreads. Consistent improvement in chromosome spreading (larger metaphase area, less chromosome overlaps, or lower frequencies of broken metaphases) was obtained for all cell types if dynamic cell rehydration, occurring as fixative absorbs moisture from air, was made to coincide with the prompt fixation of spread chromosomes to the slide. This was achieved by dropping cells on dry glass slides placed in a shallow metal tray and then quickly lowering the tray into a covered 50°C water bath for slide drying.ConclusionsA new and simple method for improving metaphase chromosome spreading was developed based on our study on the characteristics of chromosome spreading. Cytometry Part A 51A:46–51, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Miniaturizing the comet assay with 3D vertical comets
Authors: Baert Philippe , Van Oostveldt Patrick 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe comet or single‐cell gel electrophoresis assay is a sensitive method for the detection of DNA damage. The main drawback of comet sampling is the low cell density necessary to prevent nucleus overlap after electrophoresis, which limits large‐scale high throughput screening. Another problem may be inconsistent comet focusing. We investigated whether an approach based on three‐dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy might be beneficial for these concerns.MethodsA vertical comet assay enabling three‐dimensional confocal comet imaging of nuclei seeded at very high density was developed together with dedicated software algorithms to retrieve quantitative data at the single cell level.ResultsThree‐dimensional confocal comet imaging greatly relieved the user interactions of our nonautomated two‐dimensional comet sampling procedure. Batches of comets were blindly sampled, and confocal sectioning improved the clarity of the images and the accuracy of comet sampling. A 1‐Gy dose response was readily established. The sampling speed was competitive with that of commercial packages.ConclusionsVertical comet imaging is a new concept for fast and user‐friendly comet sampling that allows miniaturization of the assay. It may become an essential step toward high throughput screening and exploit the benefits of confocal imaging. Cytometry Part A 51A:26–34, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plus citrate‐theophylline‐adenosine‐dipyridamole (EDTA‐CTAD): A novel anticoagulant for the flow cytometric assessment of platelet and neutrophil activation ex vivo in whole blood
Authors: Macey Marion , McCarthy Desmond , Azam Urooj , Milne Timothy , Golledge Peter , Newland Adrian 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is the anticoagulant recommended for full blood counts, citrate is recommended for coagulation and platelet studies, and citrate‐theophylline‐adenosine‐dipyridamole (CTAD) inhibits platelet activation. Because the combination of EDTA and CTAD (E/C) is better than EDTA or CTAD alone for measuring platelet parameters on the ADVIA 120 Haematology System, we investigated whether it also offers advantages for the flow cytometric assessment of platelet and/or neutrophil activation and platelet–leucocyte aggregate formation ex vivo. Blood from healthy subjects was collected into E/C or citrate, kept at room temperature or at 4°C, and analysed 0 to 360 min later in the ADVIA 120 and by immunofluorescent flow cytometry. Platelet count, mean platelet volume, number of platelet clumps, mean platelet component, numbers of CD62P+ platelets and platelet–leucocyte aggregates, and expression of CD11b on neutrophils changed little over 360 min in blood with E/C kept at 4°C. In contrast, one or more parameter changed when blood was kept with E/C at ambient temperature or with citrate at either temperature. The use of E/C in in vitro and in vivo studies is illustrated. Platelet and neutrophil activation status ex vivo can be reliably assessed if blood is collected into E/C, held at 4°C, and analysed within 6 h. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 51B:30–40, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigations of phagosomes, mitochondria, and acidic granules in human neutrophils using fluorescent probes
Authors: Bassøe Carl‐Fredrik , Li Nianyu , Ragheb Kathy , Lawler Gretchen , Sturgis Jennie , Robinson J. Paul 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe oxidative burst is frequently evaluated by the conversion of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) to rhodamine 123 (R123) and hydroethidium (HE) to ethidium with the use of flow cytometry (FCM). Added R123 accumulates in mitochondria, but during phagocytosis R123 originating from DHR has been observed in neutrophil granules. The present study was designed to identify the site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and the intracellular traffic of R123 in neutrophils by using mitochondrial membrane potential probes and the lysosomotropic probe LysoTracker Red, which have not previously been applied to neutrophils. Quiescent and phagocytosing human peripheral blood neutrophils were incubated with DHR, HE, R123, MitoTracker Green (MTG), MitoTracker Red (CMX‐Ros), and LysoTracker Red alone and in all combinations of red and green probes, and studied by FCM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Phagosomes were filled with R123 originating from DHR. Phagocytosis also triggered the oxidative burst in oxidative response granules that differed from acidic granules. All the neutrophils stained with mitochondrial and lysosomotropic dyes. Added R123 and MTG selectively accumulated in mitochondria. Added R123, MTG, and DHR increased the fluorescence of CMX‐Ros and LysoTracker Red. This is the first FCM and CLSM demonstration of ROS formation in phagosomes. A distinct subpopulation of neutrophil granules, termed oxidative response granules, also was identified. Neutrophil mitochondrial membrane potential may be evaluated by incubating the cells with R123 and MTG, but results with CMX‐Ros should be interpreted with caution. HE and DHR seem to measure a common pathway in the oxidative burst. The simultaneous application of several probes for investigations of organelles carries the risk of probe interference. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 51B:21–29, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD87 as a marker for terminal granulocytic maturation: Assessment of its expression during granulopoiesis
Authors: Elghetany M. Tarek , Patel Jyoti , Martinez Joe , Schwab Hanna 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the normal surface maturation pattern of granulocytes is essential for the recognition of abnormal patterns, which in turn may be of diagnostic or pathogenetic significance in disorders such as myelodysplastic syndromes and inherited bone marrow failure disorders. CD87 plays a role in cellular interaction, cell migration, and inflammatory response. Surface expression of this antigen has not been adequately studied on bone marrow granulocytes, and the small number of previous studies has provided conflicting data.MethodsBone marrow aspirates from 11 control subjects were studied by flow cytometry and a lysed whole blood technique to compare surface expression of CD87 on marrow granulocytes with those of CD11b, CD16, CD35, and CD10, which are expressed at the myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, and segmented stage of neutrophilic development, respectively. Four sorting experiments of CD87+ granulocytes were also performed.ResultsOur study showed no statistical difference between surface expression of CD35 and CD87 (P > 0.3), whereas significant differences existed between CD87 and the other antibodies (P < 0.004). Sorting experiments showed that more than 80% of CD87+ cells were bands and segmented neutrophils. Dual staining for CD87 and CD35 showed that most CD87+ granulocytes coexpress CD35.ConclusionsCD87 is expressed on granulocytes at the band and segmented neutrophil stage of development and can be used to study normal and abnormal granulopoiesis. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 51B:9–13, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.