bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model of Prefrontal Cortex Dopaminergic Modulation during the Delayed Alternation Task
Authors: Dreher Jean-Claude , Guigon Emmanuel , Burnod Yves 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
Working memory performance is modulated by the level of dopamine (DA) D1 receptors stimulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This modulation is exerted at different time scales. Injection of D1 agonists/antagonists exerts a long-lasting influence (several minutes or hours) on PFC pyramidal neurons. In contrast, during performance of a cognitive task, the duration of the postsynaptic effect of phasic DA release is short lasting. The functional relationships of these two time scales of DA modulation remain poorly understood. Here we propose a model that combines these two time scales of DA modulation on a prefrontal neural network. The model links the cellular and behavioral levels during performance of the delayed alternation task. The network, which represents the activity of deep-layer pyramidal neurons with intrinsic neuronal properties, exhibits two stable states of activity that can be switched on and off by excitatory inputs from long-distance cortical areas arriving in superficial layers. These stable states allow PFC neurons to maintain representations during the delay period. The role of an increase of DA receptors stimulation is to restrict inputs arriving on the prefrontal network. The model explains how the level of working memory performance follows an inverted U-shape with an increased stimulation of DA D1 receptors. The model predicts that (1) D1 receptor agonists increase perseverations, (2) D1 antagonists increase distractability, and (3) the duration of the postsynaptic effect of phasic DA release in the PFC is adjusted to the delay period of the task. These results show how the precise duration of the postsynaptic effect of phasic DA release influences behavioral performance during a simple cognitive task.
Testing Memory for Unseen Visual Stimuli in Patients with Extinction and Spatial Neglect
Authors: Vuilleumier Patrik , Schwartz Sophie , Clarke Karen , Husain Masud , Driver Jon 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
Visual extinction after right parietal damage involves a loss of awareness for stimuli in the contralesional field when presented concurrently with ipsilesional stimuli, although contralesional stimuli are still perceived if presented alone. However, extinguished stimuli can still receive some residual on-line processing, without awareness. Here we examined whether such residual processing of extinguished stimuli can produce implicit and/or explicit memory traces lasting many minutes. We tested four patients with right parietal damage and left extinction on two sessions, each including distinct study and subsequent test phases. At study, pictures of objects were shown briefly in the right, left, or both fields. Patients were asked to name them without memory instructions (Session 1) or to make an indoor/outdoor categorization and memorize them (Session 2). They extinguished most left stimuli on bilateral presentation. During the test (up to 48 min later), fragmented pictures of the previously exposed objects (or novel objects) were presented alone in either field. Patients had to identify each object and then judge whether it had previously been exposed. Identification of fragmented pictures was better for previously exposed objects that had been consciously seen and critically also for objects that had been extinguished (as compared with novel objects), with no influence of the depth of processing during study. By contrast, explicit recollection occurred only for stimuli that were consciously seen at study and increased with depth of processing. These results suggest implicit but not explicit memory for extinguished visual stimuli in parietal patients.
Cerebellum and Speech Perception: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Mathiak Klaus , Hertrich Ingo , Grodd Wolfgang , Ackermann Hermann 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
A variety of data indicate that the cerebellum participates in perceptual tasks requiring the precise representation of temporal information. Access to the word form of a lexical item requires, among other functions, the processing of durational parameters of verbal utterances. Therefore, cerebellar dysfunctions must be expected to impair word recognition. In order to specify the topography of the assumed cerebellar speech perception mechanism, a functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed using the German lexical items “Boden” ([bodn], Engl. “floor”) and “Boten” ([botn], “messengers”) as test materials. The contrast in sound structure of these two lexical items can be signaled either by the length of the wordmedial pause (closure time, CLT; an exclusively temporal measure) or by the aspiration noise of wordmedial “d” or “t” (voice onset time, VOT; an intrasegmental cue). A previous study found bilateral cerebellar disorders to compromise word recognition based on CLT whereas the encoding of VOT remained unimpaired. In the present study, two series of “Boden—Boten” utterances were resynthesized, systematically varying either in CLT or VOT. Subjects had to identify both words “Boden” and “Boten” by analysis of either the durational parameter CLT or the VOT aspiration segment. In a subtraction design, CLT categorization as compared to VOT identification (CLT VOT) yielded a significant hemodynamic response of the right cerebellar hemisphere (neocerebellum Crus I) and the frontal lobe (anterior to Broca's area). The reversed contrast (VOT CLT) resulted in a single activation cluster located at the level of the supra-temporal plane of the dominant hemisphere. These findings provide first evidence for a distinct contribution of the right cerebellar hemisphere to speech perception in terms of encoding of durational parameters of verbal utterances. Verbal working memory tasks, lexical response selection, and auditory imagery of word strings have been reported to elicit activation clusters of a similar location. Conceivably, representation of the temporal structure of speech sound sequences represents the common denominator of cerebellar participation in cognitive tasks acting on a phonetic code.
An Electrophysiological Study of the Effects of Orthographic Neighborhood Size on Printed Word Perception
Authors: Holcomb Phillip J. , Grainger Jonathan , O'Rourke Tim 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
In two experiments participants read words and pseudo-words that belonged to either large or small lexical neighborhoods while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from their scalps. In Experiment 1, participants made speeded lexical decisions to all items, while in Experiment 2 they engaged in a go/no-go semantic categorization task in which the critical items did not require an overt behavioral response. In both experiments, words and pseudo-words produced a consistent pattern of ERP effects: items with many lexical neighbors (large neighborhoods) generated larger N400s than similar items with relatively fewer lexical neighbors (small neighborhoods). Reaction time (RT, Experiment 1), on the other hand, showed a different pattern consistent with previous behavioral studies. While words tended to produce a facilitation in RT for larger neighborhoods, pseudowords produced an inhibition effect. The findings are discussed in terms of recent theories of word recognition and the functional significance of the N400.
Exploring the Activation of Semantic and Phonological Codes during Speech Planning with Event-Related Brain Potentials
Authors: Jescheniak Jörg D. , Schriefers Herbert , Garrett Merrill F. , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
We present a new technique for studying the activation of semantic and phonological codes in speech planning using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that extend a well-established behavioral procedure from speech production research. It combines a delayed picture-naming task with a priming procedure. While participants prepared the production of a depicted object's name, they heard an auditory target word. If the prepared picture name and the target word were semantically or phonologically related, the ERP waveform to the target word tended less towards the negative when compared to an unrelated control. These effects were widely distributed. By contrast, if participants performed a nonlinguistic task on the depicted object (natural size judgment), the semantic effect was still obtained while the phonological effect disappeared. This suggests that the former effect indexes semantic activation involved in object processing while the latter effect indexes word-form activation specific to lexical processing. The data are discussed in the context of models of lexical access in speech production.
"POOR BIRD, NOT KNOWING WHICH WAY TO FLY": BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP'S MARGINALITY, SECULAR HUMANISM, AND THE LAUDABLE OCCIDENT
Authors: Berlinerblau Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the possible exception of Old Testament scholars, who reads Old Testament scholarship today? Not other scholars in the humanities or social sciences. Not the oft-discussed "cultivated lay person." Not the average Jewish/Christian Homo Religiosus, nor the various representatives of those religious orthodoxies for whom the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament stands as a foundational text. What, then, accounts for the marginality of a discipline whose object of scrutiny is, most likely, the most widely read text in the history of the species and one of the taproots of humanistic inquiry? This essay presents one possible set of answers to this question. It is argued that the marginality of Old Testament research is - whether rightly or wrongly - a dividend of its intellectual strangeness, its epistemological difference from both the academy and the Church. As for the academy, it is suggested that the ideation (i.e., the not-necessarily conscious manner in which a community of researchers thinks the world) of our field distinguishes us sharply from all others within the comity of (secular) academic disciplines. It is contended that the intellectual foundations of modern Old Testament research comprise something of an epistemological hybrid. Its practitioners have, somehow, managed to combine a modern, secularizing, rational ethic with the fundamental conviction that an existing God is a legitimate analytical variable. Having been expelled from the ideation of nearly every other academic discipline, the latter conviction renders biblical scholarship anomalous in the contemporary university. As for the Church, it is this same hybrid ethic which creates a certain degree of tension between rationalizing biblical researchers on the one hand, and pious laypeople and orthodoxies on the other. Yet as singular and marginal as it may be, biblical scholarship makes a crucial, albeit unintended, contribution to the world: the existence of an authoritative body of religious intellectuals who are at peace with the notion that sacred scriptures are inspired but not infallible has served to safeguard the modern Occident from some of the more deleterious tendencies of organized religion.
SIGNS AS EVIDENCE: THE DOCTRINE OF IBN TAYMIYYA (1263-1328) AND IBN QAYYIM AL-JAWZIYYA (D. 1351) ON PROOF
Authors: Johansen Baber 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fiqh doctrine on evidence, proof and procedure underwent important changes during the Mamluk period. By rationalizing the concept of proof and evidence, authors such as Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and Ibn Farhūn gave a new impetus to the doctrine of siyāsa shar'iyya and defined the court procedure in such a way as to legalize judicial torture. Whether this development was in any way linked to the legal development that brought about the same results in Europe during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries remains an open question.
DISSEMBLING DESCENT, OR HOW THE BARBER LOST HIS TURBAN: IDENTITY AND EVIDENCE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ZAYDĪ YEMEN
Authors: Haykel Bernard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCourt cases involving imposture or impersonation offer unique insights into the workings of legal systems and their underlying ideas about personal identity and the social order. This study, based on manuscript and published sources, examines a case of imposture in eighteenth-century Yemen. Through a close analysis of two accounts of this case, I elucidate the legal processes and evidentiary standards by which personal identity was established, assumptions about a person's social identity, and the enactment of justice in the Zaydī highlands of Yemen.
Hunting and Illegal Violence Against Humans and Other Animals: Exploring the Relationship
Authors: Flynn Clifton 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between hunting and illegal violence among college males. Although similar on many socio-demographic characteristics such as age and social class (parents' education and occupation), hunters were more likely than non-hunters to be white and Protestant. They also were more likely to have grown up with a family member who hunted. Hunters were about twice as likely to have been violent toward nonhuman animals; however, one type of violence—killing wild or stray animals—accounted for this difference. Regarding violence toward people, hunters were more than twice as likely to have damaged or destroyed private or public property during their last year in high school but were no more likely during that year to have fought with other persons. Thus, at least for this sample, hunting related to harming animals in the wild and to property damage but not to other forms of animal abuse or violence against humans. This paper discusses possible explanations for this result and limitations of the study.
Bears, Zoos, and Wilderness: The Poverty of Social Constructionism
Authors: Dombrowski Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is the purpose of this short article to defend the realism of Holmes Rolston and other environmental philosophers against the social constructionism of Neil Evernden and others who have written on the social construction of nature. This defense is attempted through appeal to a deceptively simple example: seeing a bear in a zoo.The following four claims are defended in the effort to show the deficiencies of the anthropocentrism of social constructionists like Evernden: (1) there is a difference between a bear in a zoo and one in the wild; (2) this difference legitimates the belief that the former is an attenuated version of the latter; (3) the danger posed by a bear in the wild is not due to an overly active imagination; and (4) experience of sublime beauty (in contrast to mere cuteness) in the presence of a wild bear is only partly of one's own doing.
Comments on the Jayjock et al. paper
Authors: Rozman K K , Doull J 
Published: August 2002

Establishing hormesis as an evolution-based biological phenomenon requires a broad discussion of its implications for currently used risk paradigms. The Jayjock et al.papers provide an industrial hygienist’s perspective and, as such, represent a valuable contribution to this discussion. Our comments outline a toxicologist’s view on the limits and practicability of the Jayjock et al. suggestions. The arguments are primarily based on the shape of dose and time responses and associated variabilities and uncertainties. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2002) 21,405–406.
An Exploration of the Relationship Between Patient Autonomy and Patient Advocacy: implications for nursing practice
Authors: Hyland Deirdre 
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this article is to examine whether patient/client autonomy is always compatible with the nurse’s role of advocacy. The author looks separately at the concepts of autonomy and advocacy, and considers them in relation to the reality of clinical practice from professional, ethical and legal perspectives. Considerable ambiguity is found regarding the legitimacy of claims of a unique function for nurses to act as patient advocates. To act as an advocate may put nurses at personal and professional risk. It may also be deemed arrogant and insulting to other health care professionals. Patient autonomy can be seen as a subcategory of the right of every individual to self-determination, and as such is protected by law. However, it is questionable whether the traditionally paternalistic approach to health care provision truly respects the autonomous rights of each patient. The author considers examples and cases from the literature that resulted in professional and/or personal difficulties for the nurses involved, and also reflects on an incident from her own practice where a positive outcome was achieved that demonstrated compatibility between the concepts under consideration.
Examining Ethics in Practice: health service professionals’ evaluations of in-hospital ethics seminars
Authors: Alderson Priscilla , Farsides Bobbie , Williams Clare 
Published: August 2002

This article reviews practitioners’ evaluations of in-hospital ethics seminars. A qualitative study included 11 innovative in-hospital ethics seminars, preceded and followed by interviews with most participants. The settings were obstetric, neonatal and haematology units in a teaching hospital and a district general hospital in England. Fifty-six health service staff in obstetric, neonatal, haematology, and related community and management services participated; 12 attended two seminars, giving a total of 68 attendances and 59 follow-up evaluation interviews. The 11 seminars facilitated by an ethicist addressed the key local concerns of staff about the social and ethical consequences of advances in genetics and their impact on professional policies and practice. Seminar agendas were drawn from prior interviews with 70 staff members. During evaluation interviews, participants commented on general aspects that they had enjoyed, how the sessions could be improved, timing, the mix of participants, the quality of the facilitation, whether sessions should be more challenging, after-effects of sessions, and interest in attending seminars and contacting the ethicist in future. Participants valued the increased interprofessional understanding and coherent discussion of many pressing issues that addressed important though seldom discussed ethical questions. The seminars worked well in the different hospitals and specialties.
Pricing U.S. North Atlantic bluefin tuna and implications for management
Authors: Carroll Michael T. , Anderson James L. , Martínez‐Garmendia Josué 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBluefin tuna is regarded as a high‐quality product in the Japanese market and is characterized by an unusual marketing system by seafood industry standards. Each fish is individually inspected for various quality attributes before being flown to Japan for the fresh tuna market. The first objective of this study is to formally evaluate the degree to which the price of U.S. fresh bluefin tuna is determined by quality attributes of each fish, rather than by just the quantity supplied. This is accomplished using a Hedonic model. The results support the hypothesis that the fresh bluefin tuna price is, in fact, significantly influenced by the quality attributes of the fish, including the freshness, fat content, color, and shape. Interesting implications for public management of this highly valued resource arise from the results. [Econ‐Lit citation: L150, L190, L660] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Variations of ferritin levels over a period of 15 years as a compliance chelation index in thalassemic patients
Authors: Kattamis Antonios , Dinopoulos Argyris , Ladis Vassilios , Berdousi Helen , Kattamis Christos 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe studied the changing pattern of the distribution of ferritin levels in 430 regularly‐transfused patients with thalassemia in an attempt to evaluate compliance of chelation with deferoxamine. The study covered 15 years and was divided in three periods: 1981 – 1985, 1986 – 1990, and 1991 – 1995. The patients were stratified in age‐groups. The mean ferritin levels of each period were calculated for each patient individually. The study showed that: (i) When all the patients were compared as a group, there was a significant decrease in mean ferritin between 1981 – 1985 and 1991 – 1995, despite a significant change in the patients’ mean age; (ii) When patients of same age were compared between periods, there was a decrease in mean ferritin between 1981 – 1985 and 1991 – 1995, as well as a decrease in the proportion of patients with ferritin >4000 μg/L, with a parallel increase in the proportion of patients who had ferritin <2000 μg/L; (iii) When the same patients were followed longitudinally, they showed a decrease in their ferritin levels in all age groups with the exception of the late adolescence period. The decrease in iron overload observed in patients on close follow up implies that compliance with chelation therapy has improved with time and therefore, a favourable influence in survival could be expected. Am. J. Hematol. 68:221–224, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐enolase deficiency, a new metabolic myopathy of distal glycolysis
Authors: Comi Giacomo P. , Fortunato Francesco , Lucchiari Sabrina , Bordoni Andreina , Prelle Alessandro , Jann Stefano , Keller Angélica , Ciscato Patrizia , Galbiati Sara , Chiveri Luca , Torrente Yvan , Scarlato Guglielmo , Bresolin Nereo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA severe muscle enolase deficiency, with 5% of residual activity, was detected in a 47‐year‐old man affected with exercise intolerance and myalgias. No rise of serum lactate was observed with the ischemic forearm exercise. Ultrastructural analysis showed focal sarcoplasmic accumulation of glycogen β particles. The enzyme enolase catalyzes the interconversion of 2‐phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. In adult human muscle, over 90% of enolase activity is accounted for by the β‐enolase subunit, the protein product of the ENO3 gene. The β‐enolase protein was dramatically reduced in the muscle of our patient, by both immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, while α‐enolase was normally represented. The ENO3 gene of our patient carries two heterozygous missense mutations affecting highly conserved amino acid residues: a G467A transition changing a glycine residue at position 156 to aspartate, in close proximity to the catalytic site, and a G1121A transition changing a glycine to glutamate at position 374. These mutations were probably inherited as autosomal recessive traits since the mother was heterozygous for the G467A and a sister was heterozygous for the G1121A transition. Our data suggest that ENO3 mutations result in decreased stability of mutant β‐enolase. Muscle β‐enolase deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of metabolic myopathies due to inherited defects of distal glycolysis.
Preparation and characterization of tris(iso‐propyl)stibine complexes of palladium and platinum
Authors: Phadnis Prasad P. , Jain Vimal K. , Varghese Babu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTris(iso‐propyl)stibine complexes of palladium and platinum of the type [MX2(SbiPr3)2] [M, X = Pd, Cl (1a), Pd, Br (1b), Pd, I (1c), Pt, Cl (2)] have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectral data. The structure of 1a, established by X‐ray structural analysis, revealed that the palladium atom is in a square planar environment with mutually trans SbiPr3 ligands. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.