bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing Load-Bearing Bio-Inspired Materials for Simultaneous Static Properties and Dynamic Damping: Multi-Objective Optimization for Micro-Structure
Authors: Dong Bo , Jia Yunfei , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Biological load-bearing materials, like the nacre in shells, have a unique staggered structure that supports their superior mechanical properties. Engineers have been encouraged to imitate it to create load-bearing bio-inspired materials which have excellent properties not present in conventional composites. To create such materials with desirable mechanical properties, the optimum structural parameters combination must be selected. Moreover, the optimal design of bio-inspired composites needs to take into account the trade-offs between various mechanical properties. In this paper, multi-objective optimization models were developed using structural parameters as design variables and mechanical properties as optimization objectives, including stiffness, strength, toughness, and dynamic damping. Using the NSGA-II optimization algorithm, a set of optimal solutions were solved. Additionally, three different structures in natural nacre were introduced in order to utilize the better structure when design bio-inspired materials. The range of optimal solutions that obtained using results from previous research were examined and explained why this collection of optimal solution ranges is better. Also, optimal solutions were compared with the structural features and mechanical properties of real nacre and artificial biomimetic composites to validate our models. Finally, the optimum design strategies can be obtained for nacre-like composites. Our research methodically proposes an optimization method for achieving load-bearing bio-inspired materials with excellent properties and creates a set of optimal solutions from which designers can select the one that best suits their preferences, allowing the fabricated materials to demonstrate preferred performance.
Cobalt-induced oxidative stress and defense responses of Adhatoda vasica proliferated shoots
Authors: Radi Abeer A. , Farghaly Fatma A. , Al-Kahtany Fatma A. , Zaher Ahmed M. , Hamada Afaf M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Levels of heavy metal pollution are increasing due to industrial activities and urban expansion. While cobalt (Co) can be toxic to plants at high levels and isn’t considered essential, it plays a beneficial role in many enzymes and is critical for various biological functions. We conducted experiments to determine how Adhatoda vasica proliferated shoots react to exposure to various Co concentrations (50–1000 µM). We employed physiological and biochemical markers to elucidate the response mechanisms of this medicinal plant. The experiment was conducted in two replicates per treatment. The statistical analysis was based on data from four biological replicates per treatment.

Results
Interestingly, the lowest Co concentration (50 µM) increased proliferated shoot growth by 41.45%. In contrast, higher Co concentrations (100–1000 µM) had detrimental effects on proliferated shoot development, water content, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. As Co concentration increased, proliferated shoots produced excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS overproduction is believed to be the primary cause of oxidative damage, as evidenced by the elevated concentrations (18.46%-72.84%) of malondialdehyde (MDA) detected. In response to Co stress, non-enzymatic antioxidants were activated in a concentration-dependent manner. Co administration significantly increased the concentrations of different stress-protective compounds in shoots, including total antioxidants (133.18%), ascorbic acids (217.94%), free and bound phenolics (97.70% and 69.72%, respectively), proline (218.59%), free amino acids (206.96%), soluble proteins (65.97%), and soluble carbohydrates (18.52%). FTIR analysis further corroborated changes in the chemical composition of proliferated shoots. The analysis revealed variations in the peaks associated with major macromolecules, including phenolic compounds, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose, hemicellulose, and sugars.

Conclusions
Our study offers the first comprehensive investigation into mechanisms by which Co stress triggers oxidative damage and alters functional groups in the medicinal plant, Adhatoda vasica.
“The effect of intramuscular dexmedetomidine versus oral gabapentin premedication on the emergence agitation after rhinoplasty”. A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial
Authors: Abdelaziz Tamer Samir Abdelsalam , Mohammed Elsayed Hatem Elsayed , Kamal Eldin Doaa Mohammed , Ibrahim Ismail Mohammed 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Emergence agitation EA is a state of confusion and harmful aggressiveness during recovery. It is a common complication after rhinoplasty, with risk of trauma, bleeding, and hemodynamic instability. Dexmedetomidine and gabapentin premedication could improve the quality of recovery after rhinoplasty.

Methods
One hundred fifty-three participants (ASA I-II, both sexes and age 18–40 years) scheduled for rhinoplasty were randomized into three groups. Group C didn’t receive premedication, Group D received intramuscular (IM) dexmedetomidine, and Group G received oral gabapentin. The degree of EA by Riker sedation-agitation scale (RSAS) during recovery, pain severity, and adverse events recorded.

Results
The results showed statistically significant differences in EA scores with the lowest values in group D (p-value 0.002). Moreover, the incidence of EA was 17.6% (9/51) in Group D, 41.2% (21/51) in Group G, and 56.9% (29/51) in Group C with P value < 0.001 and significant differences in VAS score at 4, 8, and 12 h with the highest median (range) values in group C 4(3–6) in comparison to group D 2(1–3) and group G 2(1–3) and p-value < 0.001; no significant differences in adverse events.

Conclusions
IM dexmedetomidine premedication was more efficient than gabapentin in the reduction of the emergence agitation incidence, severity, and postoperative pain scores after rhinoplasty in adults.

Clinical trial registration number ID
NCT05626998 on 25/11/2022.
Towards unbiased skin cancer classification using deep feature fusion
Authors: Abdulredah Ali Atshan , Fadhel Mohammed A. , Alzubaidi Laith , Duan Ye , Kherallah Monji , Charfi Faiza 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper introduces SkinWiseNet (SWNet), a deep convolutional neural network designed for the detection and automatic classification of potentially malignant skin cancer conditions. SWNet optimizes feature extraction through multiple pathways, emphasizing network width augmentation to enhance efficiency. The proposed model addresses potential biases associated with skin conditions, particularly in individuals with darker skin tones or excessive hair, by incorporating feature fusion to assimilate insights from diverse datasets. Extensive experiments were conducted using publicly accessible datasets to evaluate SWNet’s effectiveness.This study utilized four datasets-Mnist-HAM10000, ISIC2019, ISIC2020, and Melanoma Skin Cancer-comprising skin cancer images categorized into benign and malignant classes. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques, specifically Grad-CAM, were employed to enhance the interpretability of the model’s decisions. Comparative analysis was performed with three pre-existing deep learning networks-EfficientNet, MobileNet, and Darknet. The results demonstrate SWNet’s superiority, achieving an accuracy of 99.86% and an F1 score of 99.95%, underscoring its efficacy in gradient propagation and feature capture across various levels. This research highlights the significant potential of SWNet in advancing skin cancer detection and classification, providing a robust tool for accurate and early diagnosis. The integration of feature fusion enhances accuracy and mitigates biases associated with hair and skin tones. The outcomes of this study contribute to improved patient outcomes and healthcare practices, showcasing SWNet’s exceptional capabilities in skin cancer detection and classification.
The impact of chronic intermittent hypoxia on enzymatic activity in memory-associated brain regions of male and female rats
Authors: Mabry Steve , Bradshaw Jessica L. , Gardner Jennifer J. , Wilson E. Nicole , Sunuwar Janak , Yeung Hannah , Shrestha Sharad , Cunningham J. Thomas , Cunningham Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an intermittent hypoxia disorder associated with cognitive dysfunction, including learning and memory impairments. There is evidence that alterations in protease activity and neuronal activation are associated with cognitive dysfunction, are dependent on sex, and may be brain region-specific. However, the mechanisms mediating OSA-induced cognitive impairments are unclear. Therefore, we used a rat model of OSA, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) to investigate protease activity (e.g., calpain and caspase-3) on spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein associated with neurotransmitter release, and neuronal activation (early growth response protein 1, EGR-1) in brain regions associated with learning and memory.

Methods
Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to CIH or room air (normoxic) for 14 days. We quantified protease activity and cleaved spectrin products, along with EGR-1 protein expression in hippocampal subregions (CA1, CA3), cortical regions [entorhinal cortex (ETC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), cerebellar cortex (CC)], and subcortical regions [raphe nucleus (RN), locus coeruleus (LC)] associated with learning and memory. Within each group, Pearson correlations of calpain activity, caspase-3 activity, and EGR-1 expression were performed between brain regions. Sex differences within normoxic and CIH correlations were examined.

Results
CIH dysregulated calpain activity in male ETC, and female CA1 and RSC. CIH dysregulated caspase-3 activity in male RN, and female CA1 and RSC. CIH decreased calpain and caspase-3 cleavage products in male ETC. CIH decreased calpain-cleaved spectrin in male RSC but increased these products in female RSC. EGR-1 expression was decreased in male and female RN. Correlational analysis revealed CIH increased excitatory connections in males and increased inhibitory connections in females. EGR-1 expression in males shifted from negative to positive correlations.

Conclusions
Overall, these data indicate CIH dysregulates protease activity and impairs neuronal function in a brain region- and sex-dependent manner. This indicates that males and females exhibit sex-specific vulnerabilities to mild OSA. These findings concur with our previous behavioral studies that demonstrated memory impairment in CIH-exposed rats.
Host selection is not a universal driver of phyllosphere community assembly among ecologically similar native New Zealand plant species
Authors: Noble Anya S. , Abbaszadeh Jaber , Lee Charles K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that host-associated microbial communities of plant leaf surfaces (i.e. the phyllosphere) can influence host functional traits. However, it remains unclear whether host selection is a universal driver of phyllosphere community assembly. We targeted mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and three neighbouring non-mānuka plant species along an 1800-m transect in a New Zealand native bush to conduct a hypothesis-driven investigation of the relative influence of host species identity and stochastic dispersal on the composition of natural phyllosphere bacterial communities.

Results
We detected significant correlations between host species identity and mānuka phyllosphere communities that are consistent with a dominant role of host selection in the assembly of the mānuka phyllosphere microbiome. In contrast, the phyllosphere community compositions of neighbouring, ecologically similar native plants were highly variable, suggesting that stochastic processes, such as dispersal, had a stronger influence on the phyllosphere microbiomes of those non-mānuka plants compared to the phyllosphere microbiome of mānuka. Furthermore, the distribution of phyllosphere taxa among plant species was congruent with a scenario in which microorganisms had dispersed from mānuka to non-mānuka phyllosphere microbiomes.

Conclusions
We conclude that host selection of phyllosphere communities is not and should not be presumed to be a universal trait across plant species. The specificity of the mānuka phyllosphere microbiome suggests the presence of functionally significant bacteria that are under direct, possibly chemically mediated, selection by the host. Furthermore, we propose that phyllosphere microbiomes under strong host selection, such as that of mānuka, may act as a source of microorganisms for the phyllosphere microbiomes of neighbouring plants.
In vitro characterization the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa spp.) varieties cultivated in Northern Alabama
Authors: Dudley Aaron , Kassama Lamin S. , Jackson-Davis Armitra , Cebert Ernst , Kuang Xianyan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Plants, especially those recognized for their medicinal properties, are an excellent source of bioactive components and are attracting considerable interest in the food industry due to their natural bioactivity. In this context, hemp species (Cannabis sativa spp.) were investigated for such applications because of their well-documented antibacterial and antioxidant activities. However, the bioactive efficacy of varieties being introduced in Northern Alabama and their implications for food safety have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidative potential of four hemp varieties grown at the Alabama A&M University, Winfred Thomas Agricultural Research Station in Northern Alabama using three different extraction solvents (deionized water, acetone, and ethanol). Antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl), Total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antibacterial activity against cocktails of enteric pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenese, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica was evaluated for optical density using a BioScreen-C microtiter. Also, the disc diffusion extraction yield was evaluated to determine the best extraction solvent. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 3) and ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05). The ethanolic extracts exhibited the the highest extraction yield at 25.29 ± 0.70% (RE), while the antioxidant result demonstrated that the ethanolic extracts had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 64.03 ± 0.26% (RE). The results of the antibacterial studies showed that ethanolic hemp extracts exhibited significantly higher growth inhibition against all foodborne pathogens > 70% (p ≤ 0.05). The results show that the ethanolic extracts has significant extraction yield and bioactivity, highlighting ethanolic extract utilization in future antimicrobial nanofiber application.
Impact of Covid-19 infection on thyroid functions
Authors: Hamed Hanaa S. , El khodary Reda , Lotfy Samah Mohamed , Sakr Maha Mahmoud Hamed , Saied Mohammad Walaa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The 2019 coronavirus illness (COVID-19) has caused significant disruption on a worldwide scale. With several recent studies observing the rise of thyroid problems in afflicted individuals, the influence of COVID-19 on thyroid function is receiving more attention.
This study aims to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in COVID patients.

Methods
We evaluated thyroid function tests (TFTs) in 129 patients who were hospitalized to Zagazig University Hospitals with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Patients with pre-existing thyroid conditions or those on medications influencing (TFTs) were excluded. Serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were measured on the first day of admission, followed by follow-up TFTs within the first six months, one year, and two years after discharge.

Results
We included 129 patients aged between 22 and 70 years, with 38 (29.5%) identified as male and 91 (70.5%) as female. Upon admission, (TFTs) were normal in 14.9% of patients. The findings also revealed 13.2% with subclinical hypothyroidism, 32.6% with subclinical hyperthyroidism, 6.2% with hypothyroidism, and 37.2% with hyperthyroidism. Two years after discharge, only 43.4% had normal TFTs, while 10.1% were being treated for hypothyroidism and 46.5% for hyperthyroidism.

Conclusion
This study emphasizes the complex interplay between COVID-19, thyroid function, and vaccination status. The results indicate that thyroid dysfunction specifically hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or subclinical hypothyroidism might be a frequent outcome for patients recovering from COVID-19, particularly in those who experienced more severe cases.
Feasibility of Multi-Institutional Data Collection for Medication Prior Authorization in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Dickens David S. , Juhl Kathryn , Bennett Peggy , Sullivan Megan , Mancuso Ann , Parsons Susan K. , Pollock Brad H. 
Published: January 2025

PURPOSE
Medication prior authorization (mPA) occurs commonly in US cancer care. While medical oncologists report potential harm resulting from this requirement, the impact of mPA in pediatric oncology is unknown. This study's primary aim was to test the feasibility of prospectively collecting multi-institutional data on mPA in pediatric oncology, while secondarily assessing for resultant delays in care.

METHODS
Pediatric patients with cancer were enrolled between September 2021 and December 2022 at three Children's Oncology Group institutions participating in the National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program. Data collected for each mPA event included the name of the medication, indication, desired initiation date, and actual date administered.

RESULTS
Among 68 patients enrolled at three institutions, 38 (56%) were subject to at least one mPA. A total of 69 mPAs occurred in these 38 patients, with 36 (52%) for supportive care and 33 (48%) for treatment medications. Ultimately, 61 of 69 (88%) mPAs were approved as prescribed (33 of 33 treatment mPAs) with a range of 5-240 minutes of provider/staff time required to resolve. MPAs delayed care in 15 of 69 (22%) cases with a range of 1-21 days. Most providers reported minimal or no additional burden to characterizing mPA data.

CONCLUSION
Despite the complexity and variability of institutional mPA processes, it is feasible to prospectively collect multi-institutional mPA data. No cancer treatment mPA request led to alterations in prescriptions. Delays in care because of mPA affect roughly one quarter of pediatric patients with cancer, the consequences of which remain unknown.
Integration of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Actions Through the Central Amygdala
Authors: Duran Miguel , Willis Jennifer R , Dalvi Nilay , Fokakis Zoe , Virkus Sonja A , Hardaway J Andrew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Understanding the detailed mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists on distinct topographic and genetically defined brain circuits is critical for improving the efficacy and mitigating adverse side effects of these compounds. In this mini-review, we propose that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a critical mediator of GLP-1R agonist-driven hypophagia. Here, we review the extant literature demonstrating CeA activation via GLP-1R agonists across multiple species and through multiple routes of administration. The precise role of GLP-1Rs within the CeA is unclear but the site-specific GLP-1Rs may mediate distinct behavioral and physiological hallmarks of GLP-1R agonists on food intake. Thus, we propose important novel directions and methods to test the role of the CeA in mediating GLP-1R actions.
Dynamic crosstalk between cytoskeletal filaments regulates dorsoventral cytoplasmic mechanics
Authors: Ray Dipanjan , Sinha Deepak Kumar 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The cytoplasm exhibits viscoelastic properties, displaying both solid and liquid-like behaviour, and can actively regulate its mechanical attributes. The cytoskeleton is a major regulator among the numerous factors influencing cytoplasmic mechanics. We explore the interdependence of various cytoskeletal filaments and the impact of their density on cytoplasmic viscoelasticity. The heterogeneous distribution of these filaments gives rise to polarised mechanical properties of the cytoplasm along the dorsoventral axis. Actin filament disassembly softens the ventral cytoplasm while stiffening the mid cytoplasm, due to increased vimentin filament assembly. Disruption of microtubules or depletion of vimentin softens both the ventral and mid cytoplasm. Cytochalasin D (Cyto D) treatment results in a localised increase of vimentin assembly in the mid cytoplasm, which is dependent on the cytolinker plectin. Nocodazole treatment has a negligible effect on F-actin distribution but significantly alters the spatial arrangement of vimentin. We demonstrate that Cyto D treatment upregulates vimentin expression via reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of NF-κΒ. This article investigates how different cytoskeletal filaments influence the rheological characteristics of various cytoplasmic regions.
Keris Taming Sari dan Legitimasi Kesaktian Hang Tuah
Authors: Aisyah Fitria Ajeng , Nugraha Priyatama Ardian 
Published: January 2025

Masyarakat Jawa menganggap keris sebagai benda yang keramat. Akan tetapi, di sisi lain, masyarakat Melayu juga menempatkan keris sebagai jati diri orang Melayu. Dalam hal ini, eksistensi keris juga tertuang dalam Hikayat Hang Tuah yang menempatkan keris Taming Sari dari Majapahit sebagai senjata yang meningkatkan kesaktian dari Hang Tuah hingga dirinya dianugerahkan gelar Laksamana. Dari hal tersebut, diperoleh dua pertanyaan penelitian, yaitu 1) bagaimana keris Taming Sari dapat memberikan legitimasi kesaktian Hang Tuah? 2) mengapa penulis Hikayat Hang Tuah menonjolkan legitimasi melalui keris Taming Sari? Untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan penelitian tersebut, digunakan metode deskriptif analisis, yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis fakta-fakta yang ditemukan dalam karya sastra Hikayat Hang Tuah, yang selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan teori legitimasi Weber. Hasil yang diperoleh, yaitu Hang Tuah pada mulanya telah memiliki legitimasi karismatik diperkuat dengan keberhasilannya dalam mengalahkan prajurit Taming Sari dan memiliki keris pusakanya menjadikan legitimasi bagi Hang Tuah bertambah, yaitu legitimasi tradisional, karismatik, dan legal-rasional (setelah bergelar Laksamana). Penonjolan legitimasi melalui keris tersebut secara tersirat memperlihatkan bahwa Hang Tuah telah diakui oleh Melayu dan Majapahit.