bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory Quality and the Relocation Story
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than any other aspect of mental functioning, the qualitative dimension of mind has stubbornly and persistently resisted informative explanation. Not only is there little convergence about what would count as a good theoretical approach; many believe that no satisfactory theoretical treatment of sensory states and their qualitative properties is possible at all. This emerges especially vividly in connection with functionalist theories of mind. Whatever merits functionalism may have in dealing with intentionality, qualitative mental phenomena seem to many to pose insurmountable difficulties for functionalist theories.
Sensory Qualities, Consciousness, and Perception
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a popular notion, prevalent in both scientific and commonsense contexts, that qualitative mental states always occur consciously. It’s plain that many types of mental state, such as thoughts, desires, beliefs, and intentions, often occur without being conscious. But qualitative states, it often is held, never do, because being conscious is in effect essential to a state’s having qualitative character at all. What’s essential to something is a function of the kind of thing it is. We count a state as being qualitative only ifit has qualitative properties. But on the popular view just mentioned, a state’s having qualitative properties means that there is something that it’s like to be in that state-something that it’s like for the subject. And, when a state isn’t conscious, there simply is nothing it’s like for one to be in that state.
First-Person Operationalism and Mental Taxonomy
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any acceptable theory of consciousness must plainly satisfy two main constraints. It must, first of all, do reasonable justice to our commonsense, folk-psychological intuitions about consciousness and mentality. Some of these intuitions will be helpful in identifying just what phenomena the theory seeks to explain. Others the theory will predict, using its explanatory machinery. Still others the theory may be neutral about, avoiding any conflict between theory and intuition. Also, a theory may jettison certain intuitions, ruling in effect that they do not reflect the nature of conscious phenomena; but the theory must then explain why those intuitions, despite being mistaken, still strike us as compelling.
Syntactic Change in Welsh
Authors: Willis Dayid W E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welsh is often cited as an exemplary case of verb-initial language. While this is generally true of the language today, earlier written texts show widespread use of subject-initial, object-initial, and other word orders. David Willis challenges the conventional view that these orders were restricted to an artificial literary register, claiming instead that they were alive in spoken Welsh up until the Early Modern period. He looks at Middle Welsh word order within a Principles and Parameters framework, showing extensive parallelisms between Middle Welsh and verb-second systems in Germanic and Romance languages. He also provides rich documentation of syntactic change in Welsh, showing for the first time how the transition from the verb-second rule of Middle Welsh to the verb-initial system of Contemporary Welsh took place. He examines a case study of a verb-second system outside of the Germanic languages, investigates how such systems have come to be lost over time, and raises questions about the fundamental mechanisms of language change.
The Child as Organ Donor
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first successful kidney transplants from living donors occurred in 1957 when three minors served as kidney donors for their identical twin siblings. Seeking to insulate the hospital from liability, attorneys requested the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court to review the planned procedures. The attorneys’ concerns were twofold: the common law principles prohibited minor donors from giving effective consent to medical procedures; and it was not clear whether parents could give consent for their child to participate as an organ donor because the donation was not undertaken to serve the child’s medical well-being.
Metaphysics A 8
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 8 is distinctive, and my own treatment will depart from a normal lineby-line commentary format. There is, in any event, far too much material, in this chapter, to attempt to give comprehensive coverage, on textual and interpretative points, in a single relatively circumscribed study. So I shall be selective, and my selection will reflect some of my own particular interests. The topics I shall concentrate on are ones that are comparatively neglected in the literature, namely (r) why Aristotle attempted this combination of astronomy and metaphysics, and (2) how competent he is, and how competent he claims to be, on the astronomical side. It is not that I shall ignore such favourite other problems as those to do with the developments or changes in Aristotle’s thought on the issues raised in this chapter, or with how precisely the unmoved movers operate, that is on their roles as final and/or efficient causes. But I shall have less to say on those than on the two questions I have specified.
Without Specifiers
Authors: Cormack Annabel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I argue that UG does not make use of any special specifier projection related to a head. Rather, putative specifiers have various alternative descriptions. It is argued that because every instance of structure building (i.e. Merge) must be licensed under selection, functional heads and minor category heads must project doubly headed structures. Under these assumptions, there is no place for a Spec-head relation: instead, head-complement or head-head relations must and may suffice.
Adjectival Modifiers and the Specifier-Adjunct Distinction
Authors: Duffield Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has recently been proposed that the categorial distinction between specifiers and adjuncts is unnecessary and that reference to specifiers as unique, distinguished positions should be eliminated from grammatical descriptions (see e.g. Kayne 1994; Chomsky 1995a, b).1 Whatever the conceptual attractions of this move, it is obviously important that this should not involve any significant loss of empirical coverage. In this chapter, I will suggest that the cost of retaining reference to specifiers as distinguished positions is compensated for by the possibility of a restrictive treatment of certain parametric differences across typologically related languages.
The Additional-wh Effect and Multiple Wh-Fronting
Authors: Grewendorf Günther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter suggests an analysis of Saito’s (1994b) additional-wh effect which is based on a new account of multiple wh-in-situ. It will be shown that Japanese is an LP-type ‘multiple fronting language’ displaying properties analogous to languages such as Bulgarian and Romanian, which are ‘overt’ multiple fronting languages. For the latter, a new analysis in terms of formation of a wh cluster is proposed. In Section 2 of this chapter, I point out some differences between scrambling in German and scrambling in Japanese (extensively discussed in Grewendorf and Sabel 1996) that will turn out to be crucial for my analysis of the additional-wh effect (Saito 1994b). The relevant generalizations describing the additional-wh effect along with the constraints it is subject to are outlined in Section 3. In Section 4, I suggest an account of the additionalwh effect crucially based on an analysis of Japanese scrambling, according to which the particular properties of Japanese scrambling are attributed to the presence of multiple specifiers in the Japanese agreement system. This account is in turn based on a new theory of multiple wh-fronting languages.
A Different Solution
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, when discussing how my perspective differs from others currently represented in research on language evolution, I said that I would invoke evidence from two apparently unconnected areas: the process of vocabulary acquisition in infancy and the anatomy of the vocal tract. In this chapter I will try to show how this evidence suggests an economical answer to why language possesses those three peculiarities. An economical answer to this question is not a complete answer to how and why human language evolved. Some issues in language evolution, such as its social role within primate and early hominid groups, are almost entirely independent of the issues that I address here.
Apes, Anthropology, and the Brain
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I said there, this scenario does not attempt to cover all aspects of how and why language evolved. What is more, the vocal tract changes to which I attributed such importance were presented without any discussion of archaeological or anatomical evidence for their timing or for their relationship with other potentially relevant factors such as brain size, tool use, or culture. The picture that I presented is, therefore, incomplete.
Just How Unique Are We?
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers who have found my argument persuasive on the whole may nevertheless feel uneasy about where it has led. Human language turns out (if I am right) to be a by-product of a change in the anatomy of the vocal tract brought about by our ancestors’ taking to the ground and walking on two legs. The only other essential ingredient was an expectation that distinct vocalizations should mean different things. But this picture looks topsy-turvy. Surely brain development must have more to do with language evolution that I have given it credit for! And what about the suggestion that the distinction between reference and truth, as relationships between linguistic expressions and the world, is in turn merely a by-product of vocal-tract-driven syntax? Surely such bizarre conclusions must be wrong! That kind of reaction is understandable, but it does not justify shrugging evidence aside.
Disputed Questions on Truth
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the academic year 1255-6, Aquinas was ordered to proceed to the degree of Master and to take up the chair of theology in Paris. For the next three years his principal duty was to lecture on the Bible; but he also had the task of presiding over the formal disputations that constituted an integral part of the academic curriculum. Such a disputation, on a thesis announced in advance, would last over two days: on the first, a bachelor would receive and reply to arguments from the audience against the master’s thesis; on the second, the master would summarize the arguments on both sides, and give his own overall solution to the question in dispute. A record was kept of these proceedings, and the texts of many of Aquinas’ disputations survive. The Parisian ones are traditionally known, from the topic of the first of them, as Disputed Questions on Truth (De Veritate). In the course of these disputations, we can see Aquinas consolidating and developing his account of being.
Negative Liberalism
Authors: Spector Horacio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am going to apply the term ‘negative liberalism’ to a variety of liberal political theories having as a common denominator the recognition that negative freedom is a fundamental social value. The negative liberal holds that the social and political order must be built on the ideal of maximum negative liberty and rejects particularly any attempt to have this role occupied by any form of positive freedom. Even though the meaning of positive freedom is more contested than that of negative freedom, there seems to be widespread agreement that positive freedom is something distinct from and independent of negative freedom, and the notions of negative freedom and positive freedom will be the object of detailed analysis in this chapter.
Change And Aristotle’S Theological Argument
Authors: Ackrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s general metaphysics starts from nature, seeking its causes and principles: matter, form, essence, and so on. His theology also starts from the world of change. The steps in his main argument for the existence of an unmoved mover are reasonably clear (although exactly where and how it fails can be disputed): there is change, and change (like time) is necessarily eternal; to guarantee that necessary eternality there must be one eternal movement, and its cause (final cause) must itself be an eternal unchanging mover.
Stages In The Development Of Language About Aristotle’S Nous
Authors: Huby Pamela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to interpret Aristotle’s doctrine of the soul and intellect started with Theophrastus. He and others, especially Eudemus, appear to have edited—in some sense—Aristotle’s esoteric works, and to have had them before him much as we have them now. It is clear that when Theophrastus talks about Aristotle he is drawing his information from exactly the same works as we have now. He makes no claim to know what Aristotle thought independently of what he wrote down, and is as puzzled as we are about what his master meant.1 One can only conjecture how this situation arose, given that the two were almost constant companions from the time of Theophrastus’ entry into the Aristotelian circle. Perhaps they never had the time to discuss such matters; after all, the quantity of work that both left, if we include all that we know has been lost, and the amount of empirical study involved, could not leave much time over. It is also likely that most of the De anima was written late in Aristotle’s life.
Form and the immateriality of the intellect from Aristotle To Aquinas
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disagreement about (9) represents the difference between Averroes and Alexander of Aphrodisias. Alexander was prepared to allow that the potential intellect was immaterial yet perishable on the grounds that, being a mere potentiality, it is a disposition of the body, though not itself material or bodily.2 In effect, Alexander's problem and response can be put in a way which parallels (1)-(8) above. It concerns only the active intellect.
Death and Other Difficulties
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doctrine I was preaching in Chapter I was not that ‘exist’ has no task to perform, but that amongst its tasks we do not find that of being a first-level predicate, i.e. being used to say something about some particular person or thing. But isn’t this absurd? It is a fact about Queen Anne that she is dead. And this is no different from the fact that she has ceased to exist. She has also ceased to eat. Eating was something she used to do, reputedly on an extensive scale.
‘Somewhether’ and ‘thether’
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being was the topic of Chapters I and II. Identity was the topic of Chapter III, and it turned out that the account needed of the meaning of the word ‘same’ covered certain aspects of the meaning of the word ‘self also. But not all aspects. Where the self is myself, special considerations apply; and these were the topic of Chapter IV. Now it is time to proceed to truth.
To What Extent is German an International Language?
Authors: Ammon Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a language can be used widely in international communication, its speakers have numerous advantages: they can use their native language (mother tongue) for negotiating international business contracts or political treaties, for lecturing and publishing internationally as scientists or scholars, or as tourists, while others have to resort to a foreign language for these activities. The use of a foreign language not only requires considerable additional learning but, as a rule, remains a more strenuous and less effective means of communication than the use of one’s native language. In extreme cases, the non-native user of a language may resemble a baby, with respect to his/her verbal skills, as compared to the ‘adult’ native speaker. Given these practical advantages it is not surprising that most language communities try to spread their language internationally if they see any chance of success, and national pride in their own language further stimulates such endeavours. In this chapter, I shall concentrate on the question of the degree to which the German language actually is international. However, before this question can be assessed systematically, a few remarks on definitions and methods are necessary.
Theories of Sociolinguistic Variation in the German Context
Authors: Dittmar Norbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociolinguistics in German-speaking countries started with language philosophical reflections on the expressive power and logical capacity of German as one of Europe’s national languages. The claim that French was superior to German in terms of logic and clarity of expression produced many philosophical and philological dissertations on the ‘Reichthum und Armut der deutschen Sprache’ (wealth and poverty of the German language: see Dieckmann 1989; ‘poor’ and ‘rich’ in this context can be seen in global and historical terms).
The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Stone Gerald , Polinsky Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard Comrie and Gerald Stone's The Russian Language since the Revolution (OUP 1978) provided a comprehensive account of the way Russian changed in the period between 1917 and the 1970s. In this new volume the authors, joined by Maria Polinsky, extend the time frame back to 1900 and forward to glasnost in the mid 1980s. They first consider changes in the pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary of the language and then examine the effects of social change on the language in chapters on the changing staus of women, modes of address and speech etiquette, and orthography. They show that changes in all these areas have been very substantial, and explore the extent to which the standard language, as portrayed in dictionaries and grammars, coincides with the actual usage - both spoken and written - of educated Russians. The book will be of interest not only to students of Russian but more generally to sociolinguists and those with an interest in language change.
Morphology
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Stone Gerald , Polinsky Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gender of many Russian nouns has changed in the period since 1917. The largest specific group consists of those affected by the change from masculine to common or varied gender—a change motivated by the new roles of Russian women in Soviet society. This phenomenon is of such proportions that we have allotted a separate chapter to it (Chapter 6).
Supervenience
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My own first use of the word, so far as I can determine, was in a paper, never published, which I read to the Oxford Philosophical Society in 1950. This was in the course of an attempt to find clear logical criteria for distinguishing between evaluative and purely descriptive words. I thought at that time that this characteristic of value-words could be used for that purpose. I even tried in the same paper to use it in order to refute ethical descriptivism, in much the same spirit as that in which Dr Blackburn has more recently had recourse to it in his campaign (which of course I support) against ethical realism (1971, 1981, 1984, 1985). But I came to think that both moves were mistaken. For supervenience is a feature, not just of evaluative words, properties, or judgements, but of the wider class of judgements which have to have, at least in some minimal sense, reasons or grounds or explanations. And, as we shall see later, it is possible, at a certain cost in queerness, to remain a descriptivist or a realist, even of a non-naturalist stamp, and still believe in supervenience.
Why Change Rather than Quiescence?
Authors: Pivčević Edo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That nothing is permanent is a familiar truism. The world all around us is in a state of flux and turbulence. Things move about through space and alter their features, some are relatively enduring, some fleeting and evanescent, some grow and develop for a while, then decay and perish, while others emerge into being. Change is the most striking and pervasive feature of all existence. Yet what assurance do we have, apart from the strength of our conviction, that changes take place independently of our belief that they do? Or, to phrase it differently, on what grounds are we entitled to claim that that is how the world really is rather than how it is merely thought to be?
The Breakdown of the Causal Model
Authors: Pivčević Edo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I said that the premiss underlying the Eleatic reasoning was that change was intelligible only if it was in principle causally accountable. This accords with common sense. In general we make two assumptions about change: (1) that changes are ‘brought about’ by antecedent causes, that is, we associate change with forward-moving time; and (2) that if B is caused by A, then A and B must be causally continuous, that is, there must be an unbroken causal line leading from the occurrence of A to the occurrence of B. Zeno’s argument, as we saw, amounted to an attempt to show that the latter assumption in particular could not be sustained. It was in principle impossible to construct a coherent model to show how the causal relation operated across intervals of space and time, and that consequently there was no means of proving that what we perceive, or rather seem to perceive, as continuous processes were not sequences of discrete stationary states with no causal connections between them.
Accidental Causes and Real Explanations
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among Aristotle scholars current opinion is virtually unanimous that the theory of the four causes is really a theory of explanation. Julius Moravcsik, for example, writes that the theory, ‘properly understood’, ‘is the Stagirite’s account of what constitutes an adequate explanation’. Julia Annas remarks in a similar vein, ‘It is a great improvement to cease thinking of an aitia as a cause and to treat it instead as an explanation, a “because”.’ A host of other Aristotelian scholars have joined in, as has the philosopher of science Bas van Fraassen, who sees in Aristotle’s texts a theory of causes emphasizing, like his own, ‘the pragmatics of explanation’.
Teleological Causation in the Physics
Authors: Charles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s discussion of the fourth cause is introduced in Phys. 11. 3 as follows.
The fourth cause—the teleological cause—plays a distinctive role in Aristotle’s discussion of physics and of metaphysics. He held that in these areas, as in biology and psychology, one must employ teleological causation in addition to material and efficient causation. Many of his predecessors erred, in his view, in thinking that such phenomena could be explained in terms of material causation alone. Thus he (famously) wrote, ’It is not likely that fire or earth or any such element should be the cause of things manifesting goodness and beauty both in their being and their coming to be’ (Met. 984bn-i4). In most recent discussions of Aristotle’s account of teleology, the major interest has been to discover why he thought that teleological causation was indispensable in studying natural processes, and why he thought that his