bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Striate cortex in dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets: Neurochemical compartmentalization and geniculate input
Authors: Solomon Samuel G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe superficial layers of primate striate cortex (V1) contain a regular pattern of dense staining for cytochrome oxidase (CO) reactivity (“blobs”) that receive direct input from the koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. It has been suggested that the blob regions are dedicated to processing color information. Here, the neurochemical compartmentalization of blobs and their input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was measured in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) identified as having either dichromatic or trichromatic color vision. In all animals, layer III of V1 showed a patchy distribution of CO. The spatial density of CO blobs (mean, 4.6 blobs/mm2; range, 3.9–5.5), blob diameter, and the proportion of cortical area within blobs was not significantly different in dichromats and trichromats. The LGN input was studied by injecting retrograde tracer into V1. The koniocellular layers of the LGN contribute 11% of all relay cells, and form the only geniculate input to upper layer III of V1. Only half of all relay cells in the KC layers express calbindin. There is no obvious difference between dichromats and trichromats in the pattern of the geniculate projection to V1. It is concluded that the trichromatic phenotype is not associated with changes in the gross anatomy, neurochemistry, or organization of the geniculate afferents to the superficial layers of V1. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:366–381, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of layer V neurons of the rat lateral entorhinal cortex
Authors: Hamam Bassam N. , Amaral David G. , Alonso Angel A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties of lateral entorhinal area (LEA) layer V neurons were investigated by sharp electrode intracellular recording and biocytin labeling in vitro. The morphological analysis revealed that layer V of the LEA contains three distinct subtypes of principal neurons, which were classified as pyramidal, horizontal, and polymorphic neurons. Pyramidal cells were the most abundant subtype (57%) and could be further subdivided into neurons with large, small, and star‐like somas. Similarly to pyramidal cells, horizontal neurons (11%) had a prominent apical dendrite. However, their distinctive basal dendritic plexus extended primarily in the horizontal plane. Polymorphic neurons (32%) were characterized by a multipolar dendritic organization. Electrophysiological analysis of neurons in the three categories demonstrated a diversity of electrophysiological profiles within each category and no significant differences between groups. Neurons in the three subgroups could display instantaneous and/or time‐dependent inward rectification and different degrees of spike frequency adaptation. None of the recorded cells displayed an intrinsic oscillatory bursting discharge. Many neurons in the three subgroups, however, displayed slow (3.5–14 Hz), sustained, subthreshold membrane potential oscillations. The morphological and electrophysiological diversity of principal neurons in the LEA parallels that previously reported for the medial entorhinal area and suggests that, with respect to the deep layers, similar information processing is performed across the mediolateral extent of the entorhinal cortex. Layer V of the entorhinal cortex may undertake very complex operations beyond acting as a relay station of hippocampal processed information to the neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:45–61, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2X7 receptors in the enteric nervous system of guinea‐pig small intestine
Authors: Hu Hong‐Zhen , Gao Na , Lin Zhong , Gao Chuanyun , Liu Sumei , Ren Jun , Xia Yun , Wood Jackie D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe P2X7 purinergic receptor subtype has been cloned and emphasized as a prototypic P2Z receptor involved in neurotransmission in the central nervous system and ATP‐mediated lysis of macrophages in the immune system. Less is known about the neurobiology of P2X7 receptors in the enteric nervous system (ENS). We studied the distribution of the receptor with indirect immunofluorescence and used selective agonists and antagonists to analyze pharmacologic aspects of its electrophysiologic behavior as determined with intracellular “sharp” microelectrodes and patch‐clamp recording methods in neurons identified morphologically by biocytin injection in the ENS. Application of ATP or 2`‐ (or‐3`‐) O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5`‐triphosphate (BzBzATP) activated an inward current in myenteric neurons. Brilliant blue G, a selective P2X7 antagonist, suppressed the responses to both agonists. Potency of the antagonist was greatest (smaller IC50) for the current evoked by BzBzATP. The P2X7 antagonists 1‐[N,O‐bis (1,5‐isoquinolinesulfonyl)‐N‐methyl‐l‐tyrosyl]‐4‐piperazine (KN‐62) and oxidized ATP also suppressed the BzBzATP‐activated current. Micropressure application of BzBzATP evoked rapidly activating depolarizing responses in intracellular studies with “sharp” microelectrodes. Oxidized‐ATP suppressed these responses in both myenteric and submucosal neurons. Rapidly activating depolarizing responses evoked by application of nicotinic, serotonergic 5‐HT3, or γ‐aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor agonists were unaffected by brilliant blue G. Immunoreactivity for the P2X7 receptor was widely distributed surrounding ganglion cell bodies and associated with nerve fibers in both myenteric and submucous plexuses. P2X7 immunoreactivity was colocalized with synapsin and synaptophysin and surrounded ganglion cells that contained either calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, or nitric oxide synthase. The mucosa, submucosal blood vessels, and the circular muscle coat also showed P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:299–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stability of localized solutions of Landau‐Lifshitz equations
Authors: Gustafson Stephen , Shatah Jalal 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe study the Landau‐Lifshitz equation of ferromagnetism on ℝ2, with an easy‐axis anisotropy. We establish the existence of topologically nontrivial, periodic solutions, and show they are stable against equivariant perturbations. Along the way, we establish the global well‐posedness of the Cauchy problem for a class of data with no size restriction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schwannomas: A pitfall in the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenomas on fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Kapila Kusum , Mathur Sandeep , Verma Kusum 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is being employed with increasing frequency for the preoperative diagnostic workup of salivary gland lesions. Although most cases show morphologic features very characteristic of specific entities, few lesions, both benign and malignant, can cause problems in interpretation. We report four cases initially diagnosed on FNA as spindle‐cell tumors, possibly benign nerve sheath tumors (BNST) in the salivary gland region. These cases were later diagnosed on histologic examination as schwannoma (two cases) and as pleomorphic adenoma (two cases). Review of the cytomorphology of these four cases enabled the correct diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma in the two cases misinterpreted as BNST. Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. A diligent search for epithelial elements is recommended prior to diagnosing BNST in the head and neck region. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:53–59. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macrofilaricidal activity of the plant Plumbago indica/rosea in vitro
Authors: Mathew Nisha , Paily K. P. , Abidha  , Vanamail P. , Kalyanasundaram M. , Balaraman K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe macrofilaricidal property of the plant, Plumbago indica/rosea, was investigated in vitro against Setaria digitata, a filarial parasite of cattle. Adult worms were incubated in a medium containing crude extract at concentrations 0.05, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg mL−1 for various incubation periods of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h, respectively, at 37°C and the worm motility was compared with that of solvent control worms kept in drug‐free medium. Complete inhibition of motility was observed for concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 mg mL−1, whereas in the control all the worms were active. Bioassay‐guided fractionation of the crude extract by silica gel column chromatography resulted in the identification of a very active fraction. The activity of this fraction against adult worms was further confirmed by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide–formazan colorimetric assay, which gave >50% inhibition for the active fraction at concentrations 0.05, 0.002, 0.005, and 0.0006 mg mL−1 at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h incubation periods, respectively. The physical and chemical data obtained from melting point determination, thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry spectral analysis have indicated the chemical structure of the active molecule as 5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthalenedione (plumbagin). Drug Dev. Res. 56:33–39, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of the expression and regulation of Wnt5a, Fz4, and Frzb1 during digit formation and in micromass cultures
Authors: Chimal‐Monroy J. , Montero J.A. , Gañan Y. , Macias D. , Garcia‐Porrero J.A. , Hurle J.M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that three members of the Wnt signaling pathway, the ligand WNT5A, the receptor FZ4, and the Wnt antagonist FRZB1, are implicated in the formation and differentiation of the digits. In this study, we have attempted to establish a functional correlation between them by comparing their expression patterns and their regulation by the signals controlling proliferation and differentiation of the limb mesoderm during formation of the avian digits in vivo and in micromass cultures. In vivo Wnt5a and Fz4 are expressed in the undifferentiated mesoderm of the autopod and in the differentiating digit cartilages. In the undifferentiated mesoderm, the expression of both genes is regulated positively by FGFs and negatively by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). As chondrogenic differentiation starts, Fz4 becomes intensely up‐regulated in the aggregate and in the developing perichondrium, whereas transcripts of Wnt5a are excluded from the core of the aggregate but maintained in the surrounding mesenchyme and perichondrium. In addition, at this stage, the expression of both genes become positively regulated by BMPs. These changes in expression and regulation are coincident with the induction of Frzb1 in the chondrogenic aggregate, which is expressed under the positive control of BMPs. Our findings fit with a role of Wnt5a/Fz4 negatively regulating in vivo the initiation and progression of cartilage differentiation. In vitro, only Frzb1 is expressed and regulated in a manner resembling that observed in vivo. Wnt5a and Fz4 are both expressed in the differentiating mesenchyme of micromass cultures, but their expression is not significantly regulated by the addition of FGF‐2 or BMP‐7 to the culture medium. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reported sexual abuse and bulimic psychopathology among nonclinical women: The mediating role of shame
Authors: Murray Clare , Waller Glenn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveDespite consistent evidence that a reported history of sexual abuse is linked to later bulimic psychopathology, less is known about the psychological processes that underpin this relationship. This study examines the hypothesis that shame acts as a mediator in the link between reported sexual abuse and bulimic attitudes.MethodA nonclinical sample of female undergraduates (N = 214) completed standardized measures of experiences of sexual abuse, internalized shame, and bulimic psychopathology. Regression analyses were used to test for the mediating role of shame.ResultsThe findings were compatible with a model where levels of shame partially account for the relationship between any history of reported sexual abuse and bulimic psychopathology, but entirely account for the link between intrafamilial abuse and bulimic attitudes.ConclusionsThe experience of shame appears to be important in understanding the relationship between reported sexual abuse and bulimic attitudes. Where individuals report a history of sexual abuse, particularly intrafamilial abuse, it may be clinically useful to focus on shame as a psychological consequence of that experience. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 186–191, 2002.
On being peripheral: effects of identity insecurity on personal and collective self‐esteem
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Branscombe Nyla R. , Spears Russell 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe examined collective self‐esteem and personal self‐esteem as a function of anticipated changes in one's prototypicality within a valued ingroup. In Study 1 (N = 80), all participants received information that they were currently peripheral group members. Expectations for the future were then manipulated, with some expecting to become more prototypical and others expecting they would be even more peripheral in the future. In addition, the source of future movement (either the group or the self) was varied. It was found that when the group was the source of movement, those who expected to shift to a more prototypical position in the future had higher collective self‐esteem than those who expected to change to an even more peripheral position. In contrast, those who anticipated an even more peripheral position had higher personal self‐esteem than those who expected to become more prototypical in the future. In Study 2 (N = 100), intragroup position at present (peripheral versus prototypical) and future intragroup position (peripheral versus prototypical) were manipulated orthogonally. It was found that future expectations only affected self‐esteem among those with an insecure current identity, but not among those who were currently prototypical of the ingroup. In addition, ingroup favoritism was mediated by self‐esteem changes among those whose identity was insecure. The importance of a dynamic framework for investigating group processes is stressed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake response of elastic SDF systems with non‐linear fluid viscous dampers
Authors: Lin Wen‐Hsiung , Chopra Anil K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe steady‐forced and earthquake responses of SDF systems with a non‐linear fluid viscous damper (FVD) are investigated. The energy dissipation capacity of the FVD is characterized by the supplemental damping ratio ζsd and its non‐linearity by a parameter designated α. It is found that the structural response is most effectively investigated in terms of ζsdand α because (1) these two parameters are dimensionless and independent, and (2) the structural response varies linearly with the excitation intensity. Damper non‐linearity has essentially no influence on the peak response of systems in the velocity‐sensitive spectral region, but differences up to 14% were observed in the other spectral regions. The structural deformation is reduced by up to 25% when ζsd= 5%; and by up to 60% when ζsd= 30%. Non‐linear FVDs are advantageous because they achieve essentially the same reduction in system responses but with a significantly reduced damper force. For practical applications, a procedure is presented to estimate the design values of structural deformation and forces for a system with non‐linear FVD directly from the design spectrum. It is demonstrated that the earthquake‐induced force in a non‐linear FVD can be estimated from the damper force in a corresponding system with linear FVD, its peak deformation, and peak relative velocity; however, the relative velocity should not be approximated by the pseudo‐velocity as this approximation introduces a large error in the damper force. Finally, a procedure is presented to determine the non‐linear damper properties necessary to limit the structural deformation to some design value or the structural capacity for a given design spectrum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of wet meadow riparian vegetation on streambank erosion. 1. Remote sensing measurements of streambank migration and erodibility
Authors: Micheli E. R. , Kirchner J. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe quantified how rates of stream channel migration in a montane meadow vary as a function of the riparian vegetation community. The South Fork of the Kern River at Monache Meadow, located in California's southern Sierra Nevada range, supports two distinct types of vegetation: a dry meadow community dominated by sagebrush and non‐native grasses (xeric scrub and meadow), and a wet meadow community dominated by rushes and sedges (hydric graminoids). We measured rates of lateral stream migration for dry versus wet meadow reaches from aerial photographs spanning a 40‐year period (1955–1995). While stream migration rates averaged only 0·24 ± 0·02 m a−1in the wet meadow, the dry meadow channel migrated an average of 1·4 ± 0·3 m a−1. We used a linear model of meander migration to calculate coefficients that characterize bank migration potential, or bank erodibility, independent of channel curvature. These calculations demonstrate that, at Monache Meadow, banks without wet meadow vegetation are roughly ten times more susceptible to erosion than banks with wet meadow vegetation. Where stream bank heights consistently exceed 1 m, low water availability creates riparian habitats dominated by dry meadow vegetation. Thus, channel incision may reduce bank stability not only by increasing bank height, but also by converting banks from wet meadow to dry meadow vegetation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal properties of gypsum plasterboard at high temperatures
Authors: Thomas Geoff 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLight timber frame wall and floor assemblies typically use gypsum‐based boards as a lining to provide fire resistance. In order to model the thermal behaviour of such assemblies, the thermo‐physical properties of gypsum plasterboard must be determined. The relevant literature and the chemistry of the two consecutive endothermic dehydration reactions that gypsum undergoes when heated are reviewed. The values determined for the thermo‐physical properties are modified to create smooth enthalpy and thermal conductivity curves suitable for input into a finite element heat transfer model. These values are calibrated within a reasonable range and then validated using furnace and fire test data. The type of plasterboard used in these tests is an engineered product similar to the North American type C board. The temperature at which the second dehydration reaction occurs is altered to be consistent with later research with little apparent affect on the comparison with test results. Values for specific heat, mass loss rates and thermal conductivity for gypsum plasterboard that are suitable for use in finite element heat transfer modelling of light timber frame wall and floor assemblies are recommended. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potential application of some novel essential oils as natural cosmetic preservatives in an aqueous cream formulation
Authors: Muyima N. Y. O. , Zulu G. , Bhengu T. , Popplewell D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe use of essential oils in the production of cosmetics and related products may have several advantages, such as enhancing the dermato‐cosmetic properties and preservation, as well as the marketing image of the final product. The use of botanical materials such as essential oils in cosmetic formulations at relatively high concentrations is likely to provide skin benefit. The potential of essential oils indigenous to the tropical and subtropical part of Africa has not been sufficiently exploited in this regard. Using a challenge test, this study demonstrates the potential application of two South African indigenous plant essential oils, viz. Artemisia afra and Pteronia incana oils, and oils of two Mediterranean aromatic plants grown in South Africa, viz. Lavandula officinalis, and Rosmarinus officinalis, to be used as natural cosmetic preservatives in an aqueous cream formulation. Except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, the oils displayed remarkable antimicrobial activities against all common test organisms (including bacteria and fungi) and environmental isolates used. All the test microorganisms used in this study were generally more susceptible to the oils during the challenge test in aqueous cream compared to the antimicrobial test performed on agar. The results indicate, therefore, that the oils can be recommended as candidate natural cosmetic preservatives. Artemisia afra oil was the most efficient in reducing the load of artificial contaminations in the aqueous cream formulation within 2–7 days. Since relatively high concentrations of the oils were used, the oils could at the same time serve as natural fragrances in aqueous cream, in addition to assuring protection against microbial contamination. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implied volatility forecasts in the grains complex
Authors: Simon David P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article finds that the implied volatilities of corn, soybean, and wheat futures options 4 weeks before

option expiration have significant predictive power for the underlying futures contract return volatilities through

option expiration from January 1988 through September 1999. These implied volatilities also encompass the

information in out‐of‐sample seasonal Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle (GJR;1993)

volatility forecasts. Evidence also demonstrates that when corn‐implied volatility rises relative to

out‐of‐sample seasonal GJR volatility forecasts, implied volatility substantially overpredicts

realized volatility. However, simulations of trading rules that involve selling corn option straddles when

corn‐implied volatility is high relative to out‐of‐sample GJR volatility forecasts indicate

that none of the trading rules would have been significantly profitable. This finding suggests that these options

are not necessarily overpriced. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:959–981, 2002