bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphology of the venom apparatus in the braconid wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and related taxa
Authors: Zaldivar‐Riverón A. , Areekul B. , Shaw M. R. , Quicke D. L. J. 
Published: April 2004

Zaldivar‐Riverón, A., Areekul, B., Shaw, M. R. & Quicke, D. L. J. (2004). Comparative morphology of the venom apparatus in the braconid wasp subfamily Rogadinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and related taxa. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 223–237.The morphology of the venom apparatus intima in representatives of 38 genera of the problematic braconid wasp subfamily Rogadinae and other cyclostome braconids was investigated and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis for the group was performed with the information obtained. Despite the limited number of characters, the data suggest several relationships at various taxonomic levels. The venom apparatus in the Clinocentrini and the Stiropiini is relatively unmodified and similar to that found in other genera previously placed within a broader concept of the Rogadinae (e.g. genera of Lysitermini, Pentatermini, Tetratermini, Hormiini) and also to that of the Betylobraconinae. The presence of a cone of filaments located inside the secondary venom duct near to its insertion on the venom reservoir/primary venom duct is proposed as a synapomorphy for the tribe Rogadini to the exclusion of Stiropiini, Clinocentrini and Yeliconini. Other features of the secondary venom duct and its insertion on the venom reservoir/primary venom duct support a number of relationships between the genera of the Rogadini and also within the large genus Aleiodes. A clade containing 15 Rogadini genera (Bathoteca, Bathotecoides, Bulborogas, Canalirogas, Colastomion, Conspinaria, Cystomastacoides, Macrostomion, Megarhogas, Myocron, Pholichora, Rectivena, Rogas, Spinaria and Triraphis) is supported by the presence of a thickened and short secondary venom duct, whereas the different members of Aleiodes (excluding members of the subgenus Heterogamus) and Cordylorhogas are distinguished by having a recessed secondary venom duct with well‐defined and numerous internal filaments. New World Rogas species exhibit a unique venom apparatus and may not be closely related to the Old World ones. Features of the venom apparatus of the enigmatic genus Telengaia and the exothecine genera Shawiana and Colastes suggest that the Telengainae and Exothecinae are both closely related to the Braconinae, Gnamptodontinae, and possibly to the Opiinae and Alysiinae. An unsculptured venom reservoir was found in one specimen of the type species of Avga, A. choaspes, which is consistent with it occupying either a very basal position within the cyclostome braconids or belonging to a recently recognized ‘Gondwanan’ clade that also includes the Aphidiinae.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Balanidae (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha)
Authors: Pitombo F. B. 
Published: April 2004

Pitombo, F. B. (2004). Phylogenetic analysis of the Balanidae (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha). —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 261–276.Our concept of the family Balanidae has undergone many changes since it was originally proposed, and it is now a more circumscribed group. Nevertheless, there are no studies of the phylogenetic relationships among its currently recognized subfamilies: Balaninae, Concavinae and Megabalaninae. Here, a new suite of characters is presented, thus allowing a better evaluation of the systematics of the group. A fourth subfamily, the Amphibalaninae, is proposed to accommodate Amphibalanus gen. nov. and its allies, and Perforatus gen. nov. is proposed and transferred to the Concavinae (all formerly Balaninae). A phylogenetic analysis of the Balanidae was performed. The results showed that Balaninae is basal to the other three subfamilies as well as Concavinae, and Megabalaninae forms a monophyletic group. Hypotheses of character evolution are presented and discussed. As a general pattern, Concavinae and Megabalaninae have the most derived structures, such as the extension of the lateral margin of the sheath, inner face of radii with a longitudinal abutment, basis multilayered (vesicular) and a spur with infolded margins.
The freshwater turtle genus Mauremys (Testudines, Geoemydidae) — a textbook example of an east–west disjunction or a taxonomic misconcept?
Authors: Barth Dana , Bernhard Detlef , Fritzsch Guido , Fritz Uwe 
Published: April 2004

Barth, D. Bernhard, D. Fritzsch, G. & Fritz, U. (2004): The freshwater turtle genus Mauremys— a textbook example of an east–west disjunction or a taxonomic misconcept? —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 213–221.We compare 1036 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) from all six Mauremys species with 16 other taxa, representing both currently recognized subfamilies of the Geoemydidae (Geoemydinae and Batagurinae) to contribute a comprehensive dataset towards resolving the conflicting Mauremys taxonomy and phylogeography. Mauremys, a representative of the Geoemydinae, is thought to be an example of a taxon with an east–west disjunction due to Pleistocene glacial extinction, with species occurring in the western Palearctic and species in the eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions. Our results contradict this traditional zoogeographical scheme and the current taxonomy of the Geoemydidae. Mauremys is paraphyletic with respect to two East Asian genera belonging to the Batagurinae: Chinemys and Ocadia. Therefore, Mauremys, as currently understood, clearly represents a taxonomic misconcept. Mauremys+Chinemys+Ocadia contains four well supported clades, two of which —M. japonica+Chinemys+Ocadia and M. annamensis+M. mutica— are confined to eastern Asia. The other two —M. caspica+M. rivulata and M. leprosa— occur in the western Palearctic. Mauremys leprosa may represent an ancient lineage which differentiated before the split between the other western and eastern species occurred. The patchy distribution of the four clades is likely the result of several ancient radiations rather than of a Pleistocene extinction. The sister‐group of Mauremys+Chinemys+Ocadia is Cuora, a morphologically highly specialized genus with a complicated shell hinging mechanism.
The relationship between urinary symptom questionnaires and urodynamic diagnoses: an analysis of two methods of questionnaire administration
Authors: Khan Mohid S. , Chaliha Charlotte , Leskova Lucia , Khullar Vikram 
Published: April 2004

Objective  To assess whether method of administration of a standard urinary symptom questionnaire alters the relationship of symptoms with urodynamic diagnoses.Design  Randomised crossover study.Setting  Tertiary Urogynaecology Unit, London, UK.Participants  One hundred and fourteen women attending a tertiary urogynaecology clinic.Methods  Women were randomised to either an initial interview‐assisted questionnaire in the clinic with a follow up postal questionnaire or an initial pre‐outpatient questionnaire followed by an interview‐assisted questionnaire at the clinic visit. Videocystourethrography or saline cystometry was performed at the clinic visit.Main outcome measures  Question responses were compared with urodynamic diagnoses.Results  With an interview method, only severity of incontinence was significantly associated with detrusor overactivity (U= 593.5, P= 0.012). With self‐completion, severity of nocturia (U= 477, P < 0.05), urgency (U= 395, P= 0.003), urge urinary incontinence (U= 392, P= 0.003), leakage without warning (U= 443, P= 0.035) and incomplete voiding (U= 413, P= 0.01) were significantly associated with detrusor activity. On interview the symptom of stress urinary incontinence (U= 523, P= 0.002) and use of pads (U= 564.5, P= 0.011) were significantly associated with a diagnosis of urodynamic stress incontinence. Severity of stress urinary incontinence (U= 276, P < 0.001), frequency of leakage (U= 348.5, P= 0.004), use of protection (U= 432.5, P < 0.018), nocturnal incontinence (U= 393.5, P= 0.002) and quantity of leakage (U= 441.5, P < 0.05) on self‐completion were strongly associated with diagnosed urodynamic stress incontinence. There was no association between the symptoms of urgency or urge incontinence and the urodynamic stress incontinence.Conclusions  Postal questionnaire responses have a better relationship with urodynamics, both for urodynamic stress incontinence and detrusor over activity, than interview‐assisted questionnaire responses. However, no symptom has a high enough specificity and sensitivity to replace urodynamic testing.
Promotion of Safety Helmets for Child Bicyclists
Authors: Coffman Sherrilyn 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) Bicycle‐related injuries account for a significant number of emergency department visits each year, and head injuries are a frequent cause of disability and death in children. Because safety helmets have been demonstrated to decrease the rate of head injuries, helmet promotion programs, including education, helmet subsidies and legislation, have received increased attention. This review summarizes the studies which have evaluated the effectiveness of helmet promotion programs. Research demonstrates that legislation, combined with education and helmet subsidies, is the most effective strategy to increase use of safety helmets in child bicyclists.
Predictors of Maternal‐Fetal Attachment: An Integrative Review
Authors: Erickson Margaret 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) Extensive studies have been conducted that explore the mother‐infant relationship from the perspective of maternal attachment but limited research has been conducted on maternal‐fetal attachment. In this integrative review the current state of knowledge on prenatal attachment is examined. Next predictors of maternal‐fetal attachment that have been found and supported by scientific research are explored. Finally, practice and research implications based on analysis of the current status of maternal‐fetal attachment are identified.
Feeding Tube Placement Verification Using Gastric pH Measurement
Authors: Chen Carol A. , Paxton Patricia , Williams‐Burgess Christine 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe importance of nutrition in hospitalized patients cannot be underestimated. Proper nutrition is necessary for wound healing, recovery, reduction in morbidity, and consequent reductions in lengths of stay and mortality. Enteral nutrition, preferred over parenteral nutrition because of decreased bacterial translocation and reduced expense, is frequently delivered via a feeding tube. However, improper position of the feeding tube may result in pulmonary aspiration. Many of the methods currently employed in the verification of feeding tube placement are unreliable.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Pharmacologic Treatment of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children: Integrative and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Witmer Annemarie , Wells April M. , Seymour Rosalee J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) The treatment of otitis media with effusion is controversial and has inconsistent variations of pharmacotherapeutic practices. Current pharmacologic practices include use of antibiotics, antihistamine and/or decongestants, or a combination of antibiotics with antihistamine and/or decongestants. The effectiveness of these treatment protocols was examined through an integrative and meta‐analysis of published research. Data was collected from research published over a 17 year period from 1980 to 1997. The hypothesis is that children, ages three months to 12 years, with otitis media with effusion who are untreated will demonstrate successful resolution of effusion equal to those treated with pharmacologic agents (P< 0.05). The integrative and meta‐analytic results reject this hypothesis, as pharmacologic treatment is statistically significant in its resolution when compared to no treatment (Pd=0.0017). However, there is a weak effect size (R=0.07).
Update: Assessment of Gastric pH in the Critically Ill
Authors: Neill Kathleen M. , Rice Kathleen T. , Ahern Helen L. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) The purpose of this manuscript is to update a review of the measurement of intraluminal gastric pH in the critically ill. Intraluminal gastric pH is readily measured by aspirates tested with litmus paper or a nasogastric tube with an antimony or glass electrode tip. Significant variations of intragastric pH have been shown in different stomach locations. Significant variations in the accuracy of pH readings have also been demonstrated. Prophylactic therapy in the critically ill is aimed at maintaining a gastric pH greater than 4.0 by drug therapy that 1) neutralizes acid, 2) interrupts the signal to produce acid, 3) reduces the amount of acid produced, or 4) enhances the mucosal barrier of the stomach lining. The critically ill patients at risk of respiratory failure or coagulopathy are the patients most at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and are, therefore, the ones most likely to benefit from prophylactic therapy. Multiple pH readings are more reliable indicators of gastric pH than are individual readings. Continuous prophylaxis is more effective than intermittent.
Developing Leadership in the Successor Generation
Authors: Foster Alicia Turner 
Published: April 2004

The cross-disciplinary nature of family business studies suggests the opportunity to consider theories and applications from a variety of disciplines in order to examine how they might be applied to family business. This article is an exploratory examination of how the Center for Creative Leadership's research in the field of leadership might add to the knowledge and hypotheses regarding leadership in family businesses. The goal is to outline strategies for developing leadership that practitioners might find useful in their work with families around succession opportunities. Additionally, the hope is to spark discussion and thinking around the possible application of a leadership development model to the successor generation in family businesses.
IL-2–induced CD4+ T-cell expansion in HIV-infected patients is associated with long-term decreases in T-cell proliferation
Authors: Sereti Irini , Anthony Kara B. , Martinez-Wilson Hector , Lempicki Richard , Adelsberger Joseph , Metcalf Julia A. , Hallahan Claire W. , Follmann Dean , Davey Richard T. , Kovacs Joseph A. , Lane H. Clifford 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2) leads to selective and sustained CD4+ T-cell expansions in patients infected with HIV. It has been hypothesized that persistent CD4+ T-cell proliferation is the primary mechanism maintaining these expansions. T-cell proliferation was studied by ex vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and intracellular Ki67 staining in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) with or without IL-2. In contrast to the tested hypothesis, HIV-infected patients treated with IL-2 had lower CD4+ T-cell proliferation compared to patients treated with ART alone. Independently of viral load changes, administration of IL-2 led to a decrease in basal CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Total numbers of CD4+ T cells with naive and recall, but not effector, memory phenotype were increased. The degree of CD4+ T-cell expansion correlated with the decreases in proliferation and a strong association was seen between these decreases and the expansion of the CD4+/CD25+ subset. Intermittent IL-2 in HIV-infected patients leads to expansions of CD4+/CD25+ T cells with naive and recall memory phenotypes that strongly correlate with decreases in proliferation. These data suggest that decreased T-cell proliferation is central in the CD4+ T-cell expansions induced by IL-2.
An Effective TiO2 Photocatalyst Prepared under Supercritical Conditions
Authors: Li Hexing , Zhu Jian , Li Guisheng , Wan Ying 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A novel porous TiO2 photocatalyst with higher surface area was prepared by sol–gel method followed by removing solvent under supercritical conditions. This catalyst exhibited higher activity and stronger durability during photocatalytic degradation of phenol than that obtained via direct drying, possibly owing to the higher surface area and crystallization degree of anatase which exhibited higher quantum yield during photocatalysis.
Display of Azido Glycoside on a Sensor Chip
Authors: Sato Toshinori , Fujita Sinya , Kasuya Maria Carmelita Z , Hatanaka Kenichi , Yamagata Tatsuya 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Using 12-azidododecyl β-mannoside, we successfully immobilized azido glycoside onto a sensor chip by either the Staudinger reaction or reduction of azido group followed by condensation reaction. Specific binding of Concanavalin A to the sensor chip proved immobilization of the glycoside by either method.
A Chiral Pybox Ligand as a New Chiral Shift Reagent for Secondary Dialkylammonium Cations
Authors: Sada Kazuki , Tateishi Yuichi , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A new chiral shift reagent, a C2 chiral phenylpybox ligand, targeted for secondary dialkylammonium cations has been exploited.
Direct Synthesis and Spectroscopic Evidence of Framework Co(II) ions in SBA-15 Mesoporous Molecular Sieves
Authors: Vinu Ajayan , Hartmann Martin 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
CoSBA-15 with different nSi/nCo ratio have been synthesized in acidic media using nonionic surfactants and characterized, for the first time, by XRD, AAS, N2 adsorption, UV–vis DRS and ESR spectroscopy. Spectroscopic data show that all cobalt atoms in CoSBA-15 are extensively in tetrahedral coordination.
Double Nucleophilic Addition of Azide and Tetramethallyltin to α,β-Unsaturated Aldimines Promoted by Aluminum Chloride
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Yamauchi Chiaki , Ogawa Toshiki 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
In the presence of AlCl3, a mixture of hydrogen azide and tetramethallyltin underwent 1,4- and subsequently 1,2-addition, respectively, with α,β-unsaturated aldimines to give 1,3-amino azides in good yields. The 1,3-amino azides thus obtained were readily converted into 1,3-diamines by reduction with LiAlH4.
Fundamentals of Mesostructuring Through Evaporation‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Grosso D. , Cagnol F. , Soler‐Illia G. J. de A. A. , Crepaldi E. L. , Amenitsch H. , Brunet‐Bruneau A. , Bourgeois A. , Sanchez C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article gives an overall view of the mechanisms involved in the mesostructuring that takes place during the formation of surfactant‐templated inorganic materials by evaporation. Since such a method of preparation is well suited to fabricating thin films by dip coating, spin coating, casting, or spraying, it is of paramount interest to draw a general description of the processes occurring during the formation of self‐assembled hybrid organic/inorganic materials, taking into account all critical parameters. The following study is based on very recent works on the meso‐organization of thin silica films using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the inorganic source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the structuring agent, but we will show that the method can also be extended to other systems based on non‐silica oxides and block copolymer surfactants. We demonstrate that the organization depends mainly on the chemical composition of the film when it reaches the modulable steady state (MSS), where the inorganic framework is still flexible and the composition is stable after reaching an equilibrium in the diffusion of volatile species. This MSS state is generally attained seconds after the drying line, and the film's composition depends on various parameters: the relative vapor pressures in the environment, the evaporation conditions, and the chemical conditions in the initial solution. Diagrams of textures, in which the stabilized structures are controlled by local minima, are proposed to explain the complex phenomena associated with mesostructuring induced by evaporation.
A Semiparametric Estimator of the Crossing Point in the Two‐Sample Linear Shift Function: Application to Crossing Lifetime Distributions
Authors: Wu Chi‐tsung 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLetXandYbe two random variables with continuous distribution functionsFandG. Consider two independent observationsX1, … ,XmfromFandY1, … ,YnfromG. Moreover, suppose there exists a uniquex* such thatF(x) >G(x) forx<x* andF(x) <G(x) forx>x* or vice versa. A semiparametric model with a linear shift function (Doksum, 1974) that is equivalent to a location‐scale model (Hsieh, 1995) will be assumed and an empirical process approach (Hsieh, 1995) is used to estimate the parameters of the shift function. Then, the estimated shift function is set to zero, and the solution is defined to be an estimate of the crossing‐pointx*. An approximate confidence band of the linear shift function at the crossing‐pointx* is also presented, which is inverted to yield an approximate confidence interval for the crossing‐point. Finally, the lifetime of guinea pigs in days observed in a treatment‐control experiment in Bjerkedal (1960) is used to demonstrate our procedure for estimating the crossing‐point. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fit and Frailties in Proportional Hazards Regression
Authors: Stare Janez , O'Quigley John 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe exploit a conjectured equivalence between proportional hazards models with frailties and a particular subclass of non proportional hazards models, specifically those with declining effects, to address the question of fit. A goodness of fit test of the proportional hazards assumption against an alternative of declining regression effect is equivalent to a test for the presence of frailties. Such tests are now widely available in standard software. Although a number of tests of the proportional hazards assumption have been developed there is no test that directly formulates the alternative in terms of a non‐specified monotonic decline in regression effect and that enables a quantification of this in terms of a simple index. The index we obtain lies between zero and one such that, for any given set of covariates, values of the index close to one indicate that the fit cannot essentially be improved by allowing the possibility of regression effects to decline. Values closer to zero and away from one indicate that the fit can be improved by relaxing the proportional hazards constraint in this particular direction. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Introducing the Multivariate Dale Model in Population‐Based Genetic Association Studies
Authors: Van Steen Kristel , Tahri Nadia , Molenberghs Geert 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUntil recently, the most common parametric approaches to study the combined effects of several genetic polymorphisms located within a gene or in a small genomic region are, at the genotype level, logistic regressions and at the haplotype level, haplotype analyses. An alternative modeling approach, based on the case/control principle, is to regard exposures (e.g., genetic data such as derived from Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms – SNPs) as random and disease status as fixed and to use a marginal multivariate model that accounts for inter‐relationships between exposures. One such model is the multivariate Dale model. This model is based on multiple logistic regressions. That is why the model, applied in a case/control setting, leads to straightforward interpretations that are similar to those drawn in a classical logistic modeling framework. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Partition of unity‐based discontinuous elements for interface phenomena: computational issues
Authors: Simone A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe performance of partition of unity‐based discontinuous elements was studied by means of a numerical study. In particular, it was shown that conventional interface elements and partition of unity‐based discontinuous elements share the same structure of the stiffness matrix governing interface behaviour and, under specific circumstances, the same shortcomings (i.e. oscillations in the traction profile). The effect of various integration schemes on the interface contribution was studied through the analysis of a linear‐elastic notched beam. Further, an eigenvalue analysis of the partition of unity‐based discontinuous element was conducted to gain more insight into its mechanical behaviour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.