bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demand for and use of public sector child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Williams Richard , Rawlinson Sarah , Davies, Owen , Barber Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the rising demand on specialist child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) that has been reported recurrently over the last two decades in the UK and elsewhere. Many agencies have endeavoured to cope with the imbalance between supply and demand by directing variable amounts of additional resource to them or by altering how services respond within the same resource envelope. Inevitably, policymakers, strategic and operational managers, and practitioners discover that there is a substantial time-lag built into resolving many workforce challenges as an answer to increasing demand.
Creative practice and innovation in child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Kurtz Zarrina , James Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although what is known about the efficacy of treatments for child and adolescent mental health problems is not inconsiderable (Fonagy et al. 2002), the effectiveness of child and adolescent mental health services has been much less studied, even in the US and particularly so in the UK. Outcomes achieved in research-based studies of the efficacy of particular treatments show a good deal of discrepancy with the observed effectiveness of these treatments in naturalistic settings such as community clinics, health centres, or homes (Weisz et al. 1992; Weisz and Weiss 1993).
Cancer in Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers healthcare professionals, academics and anyone affected by cancer a fresh and original approach to the supportive care of people with cancer. It looks at the underlying reasons why cancer so often leads to high levels of distress and, more importantly, it suggests many practical ways distress can be minimised and prevented. The actual experiences of cancer patients, as recorded in their personal diaries, are combined with theory, research and practical clinical advice. In each of its seven chapters Cancer in Context takes a different perspective towards supportive care in cancer. It begins by considering how people in general manage and adjust to massive changes in their lives and, in particular, how they react to the threat of cancer. It goes on to examine the "lived experience" of people with cancer as they negotiate the many changes and challenges that follow their diagnosis. Of course cancer doesn't only affect the person who has the disease, it also impacts on families, partners and carers. One chapter explores these and other issues, such as sexual difficulties, the needs of older people, single people, and gay and lesbian couples. Chapter 4 shows that the social and cultural context of a person's life is critical to understanding their resources, the way the are treated, and the responses the make to serious illness. However, it is in the clinical context that professionals have an opportunity to minimise disruption to their patients' quality of life as they endure the notorious demands of oncology treatments. The book offers practical clinical advice on psychosocial aspects of conventional cancer treatments, common treatment difficulties, cancer rehabilitation and palliative care. Chapter 6 provides a summary of the burgeoning area of information and communication skills within healthcare and, finally, the book ends by considering how doctors, nurses, radiographers and other healthcare professionals can maintain their supportive care in light of such high levels of stress and burnout among these staff groups.
Communication
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quality of healthcare is intimately tied to the quality of communication between professionals and their patients and families. Communication is not simply information flow between people, but also involves messages of support and concern. It is often these ‘non-specifics’ of healthcare that make all the difference. Patients and profession- also have valuable information that the other person can helpfully use, so this chapter is about what needs to be communicated and how people can best communicate with one another. As if it were not obvious, there is growing evidence that healthcare staff can help prevent physical, psychological, and social suffering by providing a supportive environment in which patients’ wider concerns are acknowledged and addressed.
Replacement of body function by mechanical means
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Replacement of body parts is not a new idea, and the ‘artificial kidney’ or haemodialyser can be seen today as part of a spectrum of objects, which only recently have developed into biomechanical devices (Fig. 2.1). In parallel with ideas of transplantation of fresh body parts from other human beings or animals to replace diseased ones
[1] has run the idea of mechanical substitution. Externally applied examples of prostheses designed to replace lost parts must have started with the earliest crutch to substitute for a lost leg, whose origins are not recorded; but prosthetic noses and toes [2,3] have been found in Egyptian mummies to replace those destroyed by disease, lost in accident or battle, or cut off as punishment. There seems little doubt that at least the toe was worn during life, and was not merely substituted after death so that the mummified corpse would be complete in the after-life [3]. The existence of ancient Egyptian dentures is controversial [2], but they were certainly present in the classical world, and over the centuries and throughout the world were successively made of wood (Fig. 2.1c), ivory, metal, porcelain and—more recently—rubber and plastic polymers [4].
The first practical haemodialysis machines: Kolff, Murray and Alwall
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However primed by the availability of suitable materials, the introduction of machines and successful peritoneal dialysis to treat clinical renal failure required men of great imagination, foresight and above all unusual toughness, given the powerful forces arrayed against them in the medical establishment of the day. Pioneers of dialysis were regarded as mavericks—perhaps even dangerous men—by their colleagues for more than two decades. The first of these unusual men was a tenacious and talented Dutchman, Willem Johan Kolff.
The 1970s and 1980s: new technical advances and some new problems
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The haemodialysis procedure itself turned out to have its own immediate complications as well as those of the now prolonged uraemia. At the beginning of the 1960s, much attention was paid to dialysis disequilibrium [1,2] in which the brain swelled as the concentration of solutes, mainly urea in the blood plasma fell below that within the brain, which exchanged its fluids only slowly. With smaller dialysers, slower dialysis and better understanding of solute transfer this ceased to be a problem by the 1970s.
Assertive Outreach in Mental Health
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assertive Outreach is the treatment of choice for the severely mentally ill in the community. It involves taking services to the patients rather than requiring them to attend hospitals and clinics. The model is one of a high staff-to-patient ratio offering comprehensive health and social care. Assertive Outreach is a targeted and refined application of the existing practice of community mental health teams - an evolution of community policy rather than a revolutionary change. Research evidence and outcome data suggests it results in reduced hospitalizations, promotes effective engagement with difficult patients and improves patient wellbeing. As a policy, it has been implemented successfully in Australia, the USA and Europe, and it is now being adopted nationally in the UK. This book will equip all members of the multidisplinary Assertive Outreach team with a clear understanding of the essential processes and interventions involved. Tom Burns and Mike Firn are pioneers in this field and have been running an Assertive Outreach team for seven years. They have been awarded Beacon status by the UK Department of Health to reflect their excellence, and are heavily involved in teaching others setting out on the same path.
Ingredients and standards (model fidelity)
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assertive outreach is one of the most argued about forms of mental health practice. This is because there is a highly prescriptive model of how one form of it (ACT) should be practiced (Allness and Knoedler 1998; McGrew et al. 1994; McGrew and Bond 1995; McHugo et al. 1999; Teague et al. 1998). People do not argue about whether or not a day hospital is a ‘real’ day hospital or not, but they do argue fiercely about whether or not an ACT team is ‘a real assertive outreach team’.ACT, as first implemented by Stein and Test (1980), has been taken as gospel. Because it was so successful it has been assumed that all aspects of their innovative approach are ‘essential’. This belief has been strengthened by the often-quoted study by McHugo and colleagues (1999) in New Hampshire, which showed that ‘high-fidelity’ assertive outreach teams achieved better outcomes than ‘low-fidelity’ teams.
Training
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professional training and education has not kept up with the development of assertive outreach as a specialism. Unless exposed to assertive outreach on a placement during training, staff are unlikely to have had any theoretical or practical exposure to this way of working. The comprehensive and generalist approach to the care of the severely mentally ill enshrined in the model means that it utilizes wide-ranging skills and knowledge. This chapter sets out the competencies that inform the scope of training from induction and conceptual model, practical skills and knowledge, through to sophisticated assessment and treatments. Much applies equally to unqualified support workers.
Research and development
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a handbook primarily for practitioners and not for academics or researchers. However, assertive outreach has been promoted and introduced as one of the models, par excellence, of evidence-based practice (Chapters 1 and 4). Its practice has been healthily associated with an enhanced concern with a more critical approach to mental health care—not doing things in a set way simply ‘because they have always been done that way’. As the range of possible interventions has increased within finite resources, we must make sure we use our time in the most effective way. This is an ethical as much as an economic issue—we owe it to our patients to ensure that they get the best out of what is available. These concerns are heightened in assertive outreach as many teams are established with time-limited funding, with continuation often dependent on ‘an evaluation’.
Of Blackstone’s Tower: Metaphors of Distance and Histories of the English Law School
Authors: Goodrich* Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TO the extent that they are not repressed, my memories of law school as a student are of a world of progressive disappointment. My unexceptional emotional trajectory from aspiration to estrangement and from optimism to fear reflected in part the privilege of my background and in part the intellectual paucity of ‘school law’ in England. Law school stole my hopes of change and robbed me of any surviving sense of the relevance of my inner world, of poetry, desire or dream, to the life of the institution. My experience of law school was of the denial of the relevance of my experience of law school. The irony of that paradox, of the experience of repression as a mode of knowing, of the embodiment of denial as a mode of being, is the secret of the school’s success as a rite of reproduction: an institutionally managed trauma gives birth to a conforming or believing soul.
The Emperor’s New Skills: The Academy, The Profession And The Idea Of Legal Education
Authors: Toddington Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE is much current enthusiasm for skills provision in all aspects of education and training, and particularly in law, and in this essay I want to explore the question of what role the academy-the university-should play in this regard. The most direct route into the problem is to ask what a comprehensive and vocationally relevant law degree curriculum should look like. A popular answer has been that it should be something like it always was, but with more attention to ‘legal skills’. In one sense, there is much to commend this response, providing that we are not expected to accept that what is meant by ‘legal skills’ is selfevident. For the understanding of the enterprise of law we bring to the discussion of appropriate skills is a crucial determinant of our thinking about educational policy, and thus it falls to us to explain precisely what we mean by these central references to law, the legal and legal skills.
An Organizational Psychology Meta-Model of Occupational Stress
Authors: Beehr Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many approaches to occupational stress. They involve somewhat different types of causal and affected variables, and they also use different labels for them. The language used in describing stress-related variables can be confusing because of both inconsistent usage by professionals working in the area and the use of stress terms by the public at large (Jex et al., 1992). Therefore, to make clear and consistent the way key terms are used in this chapter, the following definitions are offered: stressors are stress-producing events or conditions (also called SPEC’s; Beehr and McGrath, 1992; 1996; McGrath and Beehr, 1990) in the work environment; strains are the individuals’ responses to such stressor stimuli that are deemed harmful to themselves (i.e. poor mental or physical health or well-being); and stress is a more general term describing situations in which stressors and strains are present.
Job Characteristics in a Theoretical and Practical Health Context
Authors: Theorell Töres 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim is to decide which theoretical models should be used in the exploration of the work environment. On one extreme there is the individual employee who consults a psychologist or an occupational physician for symptoms of ill-health. In this case, the consulting practitioner needs a theoretical model which guides the consultation. It has to include all individual level factors that could be of relevance both to the explanation of the symptoms and to therapeutic interventions. On the other extreme there is the management group which is worried about the high prevalence of ill-health in the company. In this case, organizational factors that could have a collective importance to the health of the employees are relevant. Three important determining dimensions in the choice of theoretical model are individual/ organizational, overview/ detailed and theoretical/ practical. In this general context, the model that I am going to present is a two-stage model going from the organizational to the individual context. Its degree of complexity is relatively low. It does not pretend to cover all variation. Accordingly, it should be characterized as an overview model. It has been used mainly in theory building but it could also be used as a framework for practical implication, although it has to be supplemented with practically oriented ‘local’ pieces of information.
Patient Referral
Authors: Mossey Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the aims of undergraduate dental education both the General Dental Council and the Quality Assurance Agency recognize that referral of patients to colleagues in the dental profession is an integral part of clinical practice. This is likely to become more commonplace with increasing emphasis on specialism, increased public awareness of what services and alternatives are available and increasingly specialized equipment and expertise are required. Referral is also a quality of care issue, and appropriate referral requires a range of professional, knowledge and attitudinal skills.
Orthodontics
Authors: Mossey Peter , Stirrups David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orthodontics is often perceived to be a post-graduate specialty. General dental practitioners will, however, have patients who present with problems in the developing occlusion, and others who are undergoing orthodontic treatment, whether or not this has been carried out in their own practise. It is therefore essential that the dental graduate has attained core skills in orthodontics. In paragraph 82 of The First Five Years(GDC 2002) the General Dental Council describes the relevant study of orthodontics: Paragraph 82 Orthodontics is concerned with the development and growth of the face and occlusion, the extent of normal variation in the form and function of both the hard and soft tissues of the mouth and face, and particularly the ways in which such variation produces differences in occlusion. The study of these factors should emphasize their interrelationship with the general and psychosocial development of the individual. Changing patterns of orthodontic care have been influenced by changes in the perception of simple orthodontic treatment by both patients and practitioners. Most orthodontic treatment is now delivered by specialists. Students should be able to:
Evaluating Multi-Item Scales
Authors: Hays Ron D , Fayers Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessing the extent to which items in multi-item scales represent hypothesized concepts is a fundamental component of the development and evaluation of QoL measures. Multitrait scaling analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are two methods of assessment that are commonly used to determine the extent to which data confirm a priori expectations about survey items. In contrast, exploratory factor analysis is a technique that can be used to help identify clusters of items not necessarily hypothesized in advance. This chapter provides an overview of the use of each of these techniques in the evaluation of multi-item scales.
Applying Item Response Theory Modelling For Evaluating Questionnaire Item And Scale Properties
Authors: Reeve Bryce B , Fayers Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developing a health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire that is psychometrically sound and captures the full burden of disease or treatment upon a person, requires a thorough questionnaire development process that integrates survey development tools from the qualitative sciences, cognitive aspects of survey methodology, and the field of psychometrics. This chapter describes the role of item response theory (IRT) models in questionnaire evaluation and development. For multi-item scales, IRT models provide a clear picture of the performance of each item (question) in the scale and how the scale functions overall for measuring the construct of interest in the study population. IRT methods can lead to short reliable questionnaires that are tailored to the population of interest.
Generic Adult Health Status Measures
Authors: Coons Stephen Joel , Shaw James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 1.1, health status measures can be generic or disease-targeted. Generic health status measures are intended to be applicable across all diseases or conditions, across different medical interventions, and across a wide range of populations (Patrick and Deyo 1989). In clinical trials, a targeted measure may provide more detailed outcome information regarding changes in the particular patient population. In addition, targeted measures may be perceived as being more relevant to patients, clinicians, and researchers (Guyatt et al. 1993). However, use of both targeted and generic measures may be optimal in most clinical trials. By using only a targeted measure, the general or overall impact on functioning and well-being may be missed.
Family Assessment
Authors: Stokes Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The family’ is often a key context for determining the development and well-being of children who grow up within a family. As such, the family is a crucial component of any assessment of a bereaved child or young person who may be in need of a bereavement service. The assessment also needs to extend to other key relationships and contexts, for example, school, peers, and so on. Each family is different. Everyone will experience their grief differently: this will be shaped by their individual, family, cultural, social, and religious beliefs, and means that no two deaths are ever mourned in exactly the same way. During the early weeks and months after a death, the family unit is inevitably fragile, vulnerable, and seemingly frozen in time.
The family perspective in bereavement
Authors: Hemmings Peta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the nature of a therapeutic social work service for families living with serious illness and bereavement has been outlined. Following on from this, two case studies are presented, one is a brief intervention with a family and the second is an intervention with a child and his brother several years after their mother’s death. For many families the death of a family member is the first collective crisis. The extent of the impact and the intensity of the experience may, for the first time, lead them to seek professional help. The combination of these two factors have a tendency to make the parents, who are usually the active agents at this stage, feel less rather than more competent and less in control of the family’s situation.
Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Way Patsy , Bremner Isobel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are members of the Candle project team at St Christopher’s Hospice, described elsewhere (Chapter 8, The extended warranty by Frances Kraus). We are involved in individual, group, and family work but will give less emphasis to group work here as this is more fully described in Chapter 6 (One-off or once a term: brief interventions in groupwork by Frances Kraus). Isobel comes from a psychodynamic background and Patsy works from a systemic family therapy tradition.
One-off or Once a Term: Brief Interventions in Group Work
Authors: Kraus Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A group experience has significant value for bereaved children. Many children find bereavement very isolating, as they may not know of another bereaved child in their school or community, and may believe that their situation is unique. Children who are at school spend much of their time in groups, and are familiar with engaging in activities and discussions in that setting. There are increased opportunities for peer support and social learning available in a group setting, and the wider psychotherapeutic value of group experiences is well evidenced (Yalom 1975).
Shrinking the space between people
Authors: Stubbs Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cornerstone of child bereavement work will always lie in the face-to-face and person-to-person connection that is made between practitioner and child or young person. Even though bereavement services for children and young people and their families have grown rapidly in the last ten years, we are a long way from the desired situation of every bereaved family having a truly local, open access service on their doorstep. And even if we do, one day, reach that Eden, there will always be families for whom individual or group work is not possible or appropriate.