bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social support networks and type of neurotic symptom among adults in British households
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , MORGAN Z. , BEBBINGTON P. , JENKINS R. , LEWIS G. , FARRELL M. , MELTZER H. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Current knowledge about associations between psychosocial factors and non-psychotic symptoms provide little information about their relationship to specific types of neurotic symptoms such as symptoms of fatigue, worry, phobic anxiety and obsessional symptoms.Method. The British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity was based on a cross-sectional random sample of 10108 householders. Neurotic symptoms were established by lay interviewers using the revised fully structured Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Subjects were asked about perceived social support, the size of their close primary social network and sociodemographic attributes. To assess possible associations between specific types of neurotic symptoms and psychosocial risk factors multivariate Huber logistic models (a modified form of repeated measures design modelling) was used taking account of correlation between symptom types and sampling design including clustering.Results. After controlling for sociodemographic factors the risk of having a high total CIS-R score ([ges ]12) was approximately doubled for both types of poor social functioning. Specific types of neurotic symptoms were associated both with a small primary group and with inadequate perceived social support. Depression, depressive ideas and panic symptoms had a higher prevalence in multivariate models. Poverty was associated with low support.Conclusions. Associations with deficiencies in social support and self-reported neurotic symptoms are better explained by symptom type and in particular by depression than by the total number of symptoms. If confirmed by longitudinal study findings this knowledge could be used to inform the development of interventions to improve social support in order to reduce specific neurotic symptom types.
A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of psychodynamic counselling for general practice patients with chronic depression
Authors: SIMPSON S. , CORNEY R. , FITZGERALD P. , BEECHAM J. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Counsellors have been employed in general practice with little evidence of effectiveness. This study examined the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of short-term counselling in general practice for patients with chronic depression either alone or combined with anxiety.Method. A randomized controlled trial with an economic evaluation was carried out in Derbyshire. One hundred and forty-five patients were recruited at seven GP practices by screening using the Beck Depression Inventory. Both the experimental and control group received routine GP treatment but the experimental group were also referred to the practice counsellor. Depression, anxiety and other mental health symptoms, social and interpersonal functioning and social support were measured at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Comprehensive costs were also estimated.Results. There was an overall significant improvement in the actual scores over time, but there were no significant differences between the two groups on any of the measures at either 6 or 12 months. However fewer experimental group patients were still ‘cases’ on the BDI than controls at 12 months. There were no significant differences in the mean total costs, aggregate costs of services, or any service-group costs except for primary care, between the experimental and control groups over time.Conclusions. This trial demonstrates only very limited evidence of improved outcomes in those referred to counselling and increased primary care treatment costs in the short-term. Stricter referral criteria to exclude the more severely depressed in the group (BDI[ges ]24) might have yielded more conclusive results.
Psychiatric adjustment in chronic fatigue syndrome of childhood and in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: RANGEL L. , GARRALDA M. E. , HALL A. , WOODHAM S. 
Published: February 2003

Background. High rates of psychopathology and of personality problems have been reported in children and adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is not clear whether this is consequent on the experience of chronic physical ill health. We compare psychiatric adjustment in children with CFS and in children suffering from another chronic physical disorder (juvenile idiopathic arthritis or JIA).Method. Our sample consisted of 28 children with CFS and 30 with JIA attending tertiary paediatric centres (age range, 11 to 18 years, mean 15, S.D. 2·3). In order to assess psychiatric status and functioning, we used the K-SADS psychiatric interviews, CGAS and Harter Self-Esteem Questionnaire with child subjects; behavioural questionnaires (CBCL) and child personality assessment interviews (PAS) with parent informants.Results. Psychiatric disorders in the year prior to interview had been present significantly more commonly in the CFS group (72% v. 34% in JIA) and were more impairing to them (CGAS scores of 45 v. 77). Most common diagnoses in both groups were depressive and anxiety disorders. Personality problems were also significantly more frequent in CFS subjects (48% disorder and 26% difficulty v. 11% and 11% in JIA). There were few differences between the two groups in self-esteem.Conclusions. Psychopathology and personality problems are common in children and adolescents with severe forms of CFS and cannot be explained strictly through the experience of chronic physical illness.
Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) in psychiatrically ill US Armed Forces personnel
Authors: WYATT R. J. , HENTER I. D. , MOJTABAI R. , BARTKO J. J. 
Published: February 2003

Background. In both psychiatrically ill and psychiatrically healthy adults, the connection between health and individuals' height and weight has long been examined. Specifically, research on the idea that individuals with certain body types were prone to particular psychiatric diseases has been explored sporadically for centuries. The hypothesis that psychiatrically ill individuals were shorter and weighed less than psychiatrically healthy counterparts would correspond with the neurodevelopmental model of psychiatric disease.Method. To evaluate possible links between psychiatric illness and physique, the height, weight and BMI of 7514 patients and 85 940 controls were compared. All subjects were part of the National Collaborative Study of Early Psychosis and Suicide (NCSEPS). Patients were US military active duty personnel hospitalized for either bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, or schizophrenia and controls were psychiatrically-healthy US military active duty personnel matched for date of entry into the service.Results. No consistent differences in height, weight or BMI were found between patients and controls, or between patient groups. Some weak ANOVA differences were found between age at the time of entering active duty and weight, as well as BMI, but not height.Conclusions. Unlike most previous studies that have looked at the links between height and psychiatric illness, this study of the NCSEPS cohort found that, at entry into the US Armed Forces, there were no consistent decreases in height for patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder or schizophrenia compared with a large control group. Furthermore, there were no consistent differences for weight or BMI.
The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being
Authors: FURUKAWA T. A. , KESSLER R. C. , SLADE T. , ANDREWS G. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Two new screening scales for psychological distress, the K6 and K10, have been developed but their relative efficiency has not been evaluated in comparison with existing scales.Method. The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, a nationally representative household survey, administered the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess 30-day DSM-IV disorders. The K6 and K10 were also administered along with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the current de facto standard of mental health screening. Performance of the three screening scales in detecting CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders was assessed by calculating the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Stratum-Specific Likelihood Ratios (SSLRs) were computed to help produce individual-level predicted probabilities of being a case from screening scale scores in other samples.Results. The K10 was marginally better than the K6 in screening for CIDI/DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders (K10 AUC: 0·90, 95%CI: 0·89–0·91 versus K6 AUC: 0·89, 95%CI: 0·88–0·90), while both were significantly better than the GHQ-12 (AUC: 0·80, 95%CI: 0·78–0·82). The SSLRs of the K10 and K6 were more informative in ruling in or out the target disorders than those of the GHQ-12 at both ends of the population spectrum. The K6 was more robust than the K10 to subsample variation.Conclusions. While the K10 might outperform the K6 in screening for severe disorders, the K6 is preferred in screening for any DSM-IV mood or anxiety disorder because of its brevity and consistency across subsamples. Precision of individual-level prediction is greatly improved by using polychotomous rather than dichotomous classification.
The economic cost of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in UK primary care
Authors: McCRONE P. , DARBISHIRE L. , RIDSDALE L. , SEED P. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome are most often encountered in primary care settings. Given the disabling nature of chronic fatigue it may have a substantial impact on service use and costs as well as on employment. This study estimates this impact.Method. Patients presenting to general practitioners with unexplained chronic fatigue were recruited to the study. Service use over a 3 month period was measured and lost employment recorded. These data were used to estimate economic costs. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome were compared to patients with only chronic fatigue using a multiple regression model with sample differences controlled.Results. The mean total cost of services and lost employment across the sample was £1906 for the 3-month period with formal services accounting for 9·3% of this figure. Service use was higher for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared to those with chronic fatigue alone. Total 3-month costs were on average higher for chronic fatigue syndrome (£3515 v. £1176) but when sample differences were taken account of the mean difference was reduced to £1406 (P=0·086). Over 90% of the cost was accounted for by care provided by friends and family members and by lost employment. Patients with dependants had significantly higher costs than those with none and costs were also significantly higher for greater levels of functional impairment.Conclusion. Chronic fatigue imposes substantial economic costs on society, mainly in the form of informal care and lost employment. Treatments need to be developed which recognize these impacts.
Predictors of outcome in a fatigued population in primary care following a randomized controlled trial
Authors: CHALDER T. , GODFREY E. , RIDSDALE L. , KING M. , WESSELY S. 
Published: February 2003

Background. The objective of this study was to examine factors that predicted outcome in a chronically fatigued group of patients who were randomized to cognitive behaviour therapy or counselling in primary care.Method. Illness perceptions, attributions, fatigue, disability and demographic variables were recorded at assessment and levels of fatigue and disability were measured at 6 months post randomization. Logistic regression was used to examine associations.Results. Factors that predicted a poor outcome (four or more on the fatigue questionnaire) were: poor social adjustment at assessment; the patients self-report that they had never seen the GP for an emotional reason; a physical illness attribution; and, a long perceived future illness duration.Conclusions. Patients who are more psychologically minded are more likely to improve with psychological treatments in primary care. General practitioners need to assess this before referring to an appropriate therapist.
Abstract: Irreversible rotation processes in uniaxial ferromagnetic crystals
Authors: Asti G. , Bolzoni F. 
Published: February 2003

The coexistence of two minima in the anisotropy energy of a ferromagnetic crystal allows irreversible rotations of the magnetization vector to occur at a critical value Hcr of the applied magnetic field. These first order magnetization processes (FOMP) are in fact similar to the spin reorientation transitions that take place between different easy directions with changing temperature. The study of FOMP allows precise determinations of the anisotropy constants to be carried out if one knows the relations with the critical parameters. Previous papers give experimental evidence of FOMP in ferrites1 and intermetallic2 compounds together with a preliminary theoretical treatment. In the present work we carry out a complete analysis of this phenomenon in terms of the first three anisotropy constants Ki and coefficients κ21,0, for a uniaxial crystal with field applied parallel or perpendicular to the symmetry axis. Analytical solutions have been found for the case of type 2 FOMP (when final state is below saturation) and for the boundary lines in the phase diagrams of easy directions and FOMP. Computer plots of the critical parameters vs. K2/K1, K3/K1 and x4,0/x2,0, x6.0/x2.0, and application to the FOMP observed at 16 Tesla in the easy cone crystal PrCo5 will be presented.
1G. Asti et al, IEEE Trans. MAG. 14, 883 (1978).
2D. Melville et al, IEEE Trans. MAG 12, 1012 (1976).
MANAGEMENT OF SIMPLE FINGER INJURIES: THE SPLINTING REGIME
Authors: Chan Dora Y. L. 
Published: February 2003

Mallet finger injury, ligamentous sprain and dislocation of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of fingers are very common types of simple hand injuries. Immediate correction of alignment and protection of the injured area will facilitate early joint movement while maximising functional recovery. This article is to introduce the fabrication of three simple finger splints to tackle these injuries for quick and effective conservative treatment. They are the mallet finger splint, buddy splint and dorsal finger block splint. The indications and functions of the three types of splints are discussed. The fabrication process will be illustrated; including materials needed, pattern drafting and steps of molding. Wearing regime and precautions will be highlighted to ensure effective patient compliance to splinting programme for the finger injuries.
Neural Substrates of Perceptual Enhancement by Cross-Modal Spatial Attention
Authors: McDonald John J. , Teder-Sälejärvi Wolfgang A. , Russo Francesco Di , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Orienting attention involuntarily to the location of a sudden sound improves perception of subsequent visual stimuli that appear nearby. The neural substrates of this cross-modal attention effect were investigated by recording event-related potentials to the visual stimuli using a dense electrode array and localizing their brain sources through inverse dipole modeling. A spatially nonpredictive auditory precue modulated visual-evoked neural activity first in the superior temporal cortex at 120–140 msec and then in the ventral occipital cortex of the fusiform gyrus 15–25 msec later. This spatio-temporal sequence of brain activity suggests that enhanced visual perception produced by the cross-modal orienting of spatial attention results from neural feedback from the multimodal superior temporal cortex to the visual cortex of the ventral processing stream.
Parietal Representation of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Magnitude
Authors: Fias Wim , Lammertyn Jan , Reynvoet Bert , Dupont Patrick , Orban Guy A. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The close behavioral parallels between the processing of quantitative information conveyed by symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli led to the hypothesis that there exists a common cerebral representation of quantity (Dehaene, Dehaene-Lambertz, & Cohen, 1998). The neural basis underlying the encoding of number magnitude has been localized to regions in and around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) by brain-imaging studies. However, it has never been demonstrated that these same regions are also involved in the quantitative processing of nonsymbolic stimuli. Using functional brain imaging, we explicitly tested the hypothesis of a common substrate. Angles, lines, and two-digit numbers were presented pairwise, one to the left and one to the right of the fixation point. In the three comparison tasks, participants (n = 18) pressed the key on the side of the largest quantity. In the three control tasks, they indicated the side on which dimming occurred. A conjunction analysis between the three subtractions (comparison task-control task) revealed a site in left IPS that is specifically responsive when two stimuli have to be compared quantitatively, irrespective of stimulus format. The results confirm the hypothesis that quantity is represented by a common mechanism for both symbolic and nonsymbolic stimuli in IPS. In addition, the interaction between task and type of stimulus identified a region anterior to the conjunction site, not specific for quantitative processing, but reflecting general processes loaded by number processing.
Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: The Neural Substrates of Visible Speech
Authors: Calvert Gemma A. , Campbell Ruth 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Speech is perceived both by ear and by eye. Unlike heard speech, some seen speech gestures can be captured in stilled image sequences. Previous studies have shown that in hearing people, natural time-varying silent seen speech can access the auditory cortex (left superior temporal regions). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study explored the extent to which this circuitry was activated when seen speech was deprived of its time-varying characteristics.
In the scanner, hearing participants were instructed to look for a prespecified visible speech target sequence (“voo” or “ahv”) among other monosyllables. In one condition, the image sequence comprised a series of stilled key frames showing apical gestures (e.g., separate frames for “v” and “oo” [from the target] or “ee” and “m” [i.e., from nontarget syllables]). In the other condition, natural speech movement of the same overall segment duration was seen.
In contrast to a baseline condition in which the letter “V” was superimposed on a resting face, stilled speech face images generated activation in posterior cortical regions associated with the perception of biological movement, despite the lack of apparent movement in the speech image sequence. Activation was also detected in traditional speech-processing regions including the left inferior frontal (Broca's) area, left superior temporal sulcus (STS), and left supramarginal gyrus (the dorsal aspect of Wernicke's area). Stilled speech sequences also generated activation in the ventral premotor cortex and anterior inferior parietal sulcus bilaterally.
Moving faces generated significantly greater cortical activation than stilled face sequences, and in similar regions. However, a number of differences between stilled and moving speech were also observed. In the visual cortex, stilled faces generated relatively more activation in primary visual regions (V1/V2), while visual movement areas (V5/MT+) were activated to a greater extent by moving faces. Cortical regions activated more by naturally moving speaking faces included the auditory cortex (Brodmann's Areas 41/42; lateral parts of Heschl's gyrus) and the left STS and inferior frontal gyrus.
Seen speech with normal time-varying characteristics appears to have preferential access to “purely” auditory processing regions specialized for language, possibly via acquired dynamic audiovisual integration mechanisms in STS. When seen speech lacks natural time-varying characteristics, access to speech-processing systems in the left temporal lobe may be achieved predominantly via action-based speech representations, realized in the ventral premotor cortex.
Repair, Revision, and Complexity in Syntactic Analysis: An Electrophysiological Differentiation
Authors: Kaan Edith , Swaab Tamara Y. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
One of the core aspects of human sentence processing is the ability to detect errors and to recover from erroneous analysis through revision of ambiguous sentences and repair of ungrammatical sentences. In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to help identify the nature of these processes by directly comparing ERPs to complex ambiguous sentence structures with and without grammatical violations, and to simpler unambiguous sentence structures with and without grammatical violations. In ambiguous sentences, preference of syntactic analysis was manipulated such that in one condition, the structures agreed with the preferred analysis, and in another condition, a nonpreferred but syntactically correct analysis (garden path) was imposed. Nonpreferred ambiguous structures require revision, whereas ungrammatical structures require repair. We found that distinct ERPs reflected different characteristics of syntactic processing. Specifically, our results are consistent with the idea that a positivity with a posterior distribution across the scalp (posterior P600) is an index of syntactic processing difficulty, including repair and revision, and that a frontally distributed positivity (frontal P600) is related to ambiguity resolution and/ or to an increase in discourse level complexity.
Simplicius on the Meaning of Sentences: A Commentary on In Cat. 396,30-397,28
Authors: Gaskin  
Published: February 2003

AbstractAt Categories 12b5-16 Aristotle appears to regard the referents of declarative sentences, such as "Socrates is sitting," as what later writers were to call complexe significabilia, i.e., items such as that Socrates is sitting. Simplicius' discussion of this passage in his commentary on the Categories clearly shows the influence of Stoic philosophy of language; but, if we follow the text printed by Kalbfleisch, Simplicius' commentary is seen to be a muddle of Stoic and Aristotelian elements, neither properly understood. It is possible, however, by making a crucial emendation to the text, to preserve the Aristotelian integrity of Simplicius' theory of meaning. On that line Simplicius would be adopting the view that a declarative sentence refers to a thought in the first instance and a complexe significabile in the second instance. This view is plausibly the upshot of combining the Categories text with the first chapter of De Interpretatione.
FEMALE MATE PREFERENCE IS FOR MALE TOTAL LENGTH, NOT TAIL LENGTH IN FERAL GUPPIES
Authors: Karino Kenji , Matsunaga Jun 
Published: February 2003

AbstractExaggerated male traits can evolve either directly by female choice of males with those traits or indirectly by female preferences for related traits. In this study, we tested whether female choice was based upon male tail length or total length in a feral guppy population in Okinawa, Japan. In this population, about 30% of the males had elongated sword-like tails, and even swordless males had longer tails than females. A series of dichotomous female choice experiments revealed that female guppies chose mates by total length, not by tail length itself. This is inconsistent with the handicap principle. Tail elongation of male guppies may have evolved as a male mating strategy to enhance their attraction to females, mediated by female preference for longer male total length. However, only one-third of the males developed pronounced sword-like tails. This suggests that there are some costs for tail elongation or trade-offs between multiple sexually selected traits. Alternatively, tail elongation may be a deceptive male strategy with frequency-dependent success.