bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Interaction and Dynamic Monitoring of Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of Large-Length Continuous Welds in Large Cruise Ships
Authors: Li Liangfeng , Shen Jie , Zhang Yansong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Hybrid laser-arc welding, which combines the advantages of arc and laser welding, is a typical small heat input welding method for thin-walled structures like large cruise ships. In hybrid laser-arc welding, the interaction of the laser and arc plasma can improve the thermal efficiency of welding and reduce the plasma shielding effect in laser ablation. However, the length of welds in cruise ships is usually several meters long, making the shielding effect of plasma on laser far more complicated than that of short welds. The molten pool and plasma become inconsistent during the welding process of large-scale continuous welds due to thermal accumulation and parameter fluctuation, which increases the plasma’s shielding effect and may cause welding defects such as undercuts and poor shape. In this paper, large cruise structures with a length of 300 mm to 3000 mm were examined for welding quality consistency in the laser-arc hybrid welding process, and the mechanism of weld morphology change in continuous welding is revealed. A high-speed camera was used to capture images of the instantaneous plasma during the hybrid laser-arc welding of these large cruise ship structures. Various methods such as machine vision and SVR models were employed to analyze the dynamic characteristics of plasma and the plasma shielding effect during welding. Finally, the effect of weld length on plasma interaction during hybrid laser-arc welding was discussed. The results revealed that the dynamic changes of plasma were closely related to the length of welds. During continuous welding of a 3m-long seam, the maximum reduction rate of weld width can reach 26.8%. It is necessary to adjust the welding parameters during the welding process to ensure the quality of the weld when performing long-seam continuous welding. The use of high-speed cameras provides a straightforward and efficient approach to monitoring the plasma interaction during welding.
Comparing Experimental Results for Large Particle Separation From Non-Newtonian Slurries Using Full and Tapered Bump Arrays
Authors: Bamberger Judith Ann , Pease Leonard F. , Serkowski Jason E. , Minette Michael J. , Burns Carolyn A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To separate particles from carrier fluids, arrays of staggered posts inserted into the flow stream can be employed. The smaller particles follow the flow stream while the larger particles move laterally to one side. During flow, the concentration of particulate increases in one direction and decreases in the other traverse direction. This technique separates the particles from the carrier fluid.
Experiments using a slurry with non-Newtonian rheology were conducted to evaluate large particle separation from the non-Newtonian carrier fluid using bump arrays. Bentonite kaolin clay slurry with non-Newtonian rheology was spiked with large diameter inert glass particles. Experiments with flow through lateral displacement arrays evaluated the performance of particle separation using two array configurations: a full array with all posts and a tapered array with posts removed in a triangular portion of the array past the rows of anticipated particle of separation. The posts are staggered to promote particle segregation to one side of the flow channel. Using this type of array to remove particles from non-Newtonian yield stress slurries is novel and we present unique results. In this paper, the performance of full and tapered arrays are compared. These results have many industrial applications including removing particles from slurries of nuclear waste. Large particle removal could be an important step in waste processing.
Louver Fin Design for Condensate Management in Dehumidifying Heat Exchangers
Authors: Jones Alan L. , Park Younggil 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The thermal-hydraulic performance of flat-tube, louver-fin heat exchangers is generally superior to their round-tube counterparts. However, under a dehumidifying condition, a flat-tube, louver-fin heat exchanger suffers a significant reduction of sensible heat transfer coefficient. Typical brazed aluminum heat exchangers have narrow airflow passages that make the core susceptible for the formation of condensate blockages. In this paper, the possibility of mitigating the performance degradation of wet louver-fin heat exchangers are explored by a modeling analysis. If louver spacing, a key length scale responsible for wet performance degradation, is increased beyond a critical value, the formation of condensate blockage between the louvers can be suppressed.
A simplified modeling of 2D capillary interface for condensate bridge is used to identify the critical condition for condensate blockage elimination, which is presented as a stability map. From exploring 486 louver fin heat exchanger designs, several promising designs are identified that are free of condensate inter-louver bridges. The performance of these promising designs are compared with sample heat exchaners reported in the literature using heat exchanger correlations in the literature and selected heat exchanger performance evaluation criteria (PEC).
Application of Sparse Estimation for Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty Analysis of a Small Break LOCA in PWRs
Authors: Kinoshita Ikuo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To reduce the computational demand in the Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty analysis, an accurate and inexpensive surrogate model is expected to be used to replace the RELAP5 code for rapid determination of the uncertainties on the figure of merit of interest. One of the problems associated with the application of a surrogate model is overfitting. To ensure confidence in the model prediction, it is crucial to assess the generalized performance of the surrogate model. In this study, a surrogate model was generated from a small sample of a RELAP5 code uncertainty analysis on peak cladding temperature (PCT) for a small break LOCA scenario in PWRs. The surrogate model was constructed using second order polynomial regression combined with the Lasso method and the cross validation technique. The accuracy of uncertainty quantification of PCT by the surrogate model was investigated by comparing its results with the RELAP5 analysis results. Appropriate selection and use of the hyperparameter of the L1 regularization overcame overfitting for the regression model and made the model more generalized for predicting the 95th percentile value of PCT by the RELAP5 analysis results. The cross validation method was used for the training data set to select the hyperparameter with which the Lasso regression achieves higher generalization performance for predicting the cumulative distribution function of PCTs. It was confirmed that using the hyperparameter with which the 95th percentile PCT error was estimated to be the smallest by cross validation, the predicted 95th percentile value of PCT by the Lasso regression agreed well with the 95th percentile value of PCT by the RELAP5 analysis results.
An Axisymmetric Computation of Thermal Field Around an Entry Vehicle Descending in the Martian Atmosphere
Authors: Rhisat Fahad Nizam , Molki Majid 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this research, an OpenFOAM flow solver is used to simulate the aerodynamic heating experienced by a spacecraft descending through the Martian atmosphere at 39 kilometers above the planet’s surface. Using a computational model and the Spalart-Allmaras Turbulence Model, the flow field at Mach numbers 5, 10, 15, 20, and 27 are simulated to investigate the formation of a bow shock wave and a subsonic layer near the wall boundary in a turbulent flow. The study focuses on the temperature distribution over the entry vehicle’s surface to provide critical information on the thermal challenges encountered in space applications. Pressure and velocity over the length of the entry vehicle are also shown. The results can be used to predict the heating intensity and design effective heat shields for safe descent through the Martian atmosphere. A 2D axisymmetric flow model is used due to computational ease and accessibility. The study shows the potential of computational models and simulations to investigate aerodynamic heating during hypersonic flight and improve the design of entry vehicles for a safe landing on Mars.
Research on Welding Quality Optimization of Ultra-High Strength Steel Welding Joint Under Different Laser Energy Inputs
Authors: Li Siliang , Zhang Heng , Pan Xuanjun , Wang Qian , Liu Haijiang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Al-Si coating 22MnB5 steel was the ultra-high strength steel, which was widely used in the field of automobile manufacturing. As an advanced manufacturing process with high energy density laser beam as heating source, laser welding can greatly improve manufacturing accuracy and efficiency. For the laser welding process, laser energy inputs was a key factor affecting the shape and stability of the molten pool. In order to clarify the optimization mechanism of different laser energy input on the welding quality of ultra-high strength steel laser welding joints, the laser welding experiments of Al-Si coating 22MnB5 steel were carried out. The results showed that if the laser power density was constant (7 × 105W/cm2), when laser energy inputs was less than 461 J/cm, undercut appeared on the front of the weld, and the incomplete penetration phenomenon appeared on the back. The welded joint was Y-shaped welded joint. In particular, when laser energy inputs was less than 428 J/cm, Aluminum-rich intermetallic compounds (IMCs) appeared at the edge of the welded joint fusion zone (FZ). When laser energy inputs was greater than 858 J/cm, a small amount of visible pores were generated on the weld. The welded joint was X-shaped welded joint, the distribution of S ferrite and lath martensite was not uniform. When laser energy inputs was 522 J/cm-749 J/cm, the weld surface was smooth and no visible pores. The δ ferrite and lath martensite were uniformly distributed and the grain size was smaller. With the decrease of laser energy inputs, the parameters such as weld penetration, upper and lower surface weld width, upper surface depression and fusion zone area of welded joints were decreased.
Effect of Water Cut and Temperature on the Stability of Emulsifier-Free Oil-Water Dispersion in Batch Separators at Various Stirrer Speeds
Authors: Alanazi Khalid , Mohan R. , Kolla S. S. , Shoham O. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The stability of an emulsifier-free oil-water dispersion in a 200 ml batch separator with a 60mm diameter was characterized using experimental data. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of various water cuts (WC = 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90%) and temperatures (T = 25°C, 60°C and 80°C) on the starting times of water and oil separation, full emulsion’s separation time, and volumes of emulsion at various mixing speeds (600–2500 rpm). The two immiscible phases were EXXSOL™ D110 (mineral oil) and distilled water, with density and viscosity ratios of 0.805 and 0.330, respectively. For the fluid systems studied in this work, the emulsion formed with WCs ≥ 75% was significantly impacted by mixing speed and did not separate for several hours at speeds ≥ 1000 rpm. Emulsions of WCs ≤ 50%, on the other hand, were independent of the stirrer speed and separated fully immediately after formation. According to the experimental results, increasing the temperature accelerated the oil creaming rate but delayed the starting time of water sedimentation and was unsuccessful overall in the separation process. For WCs ≥ 75%, emulsions displayed a shear-thinning behavior with viscosities reaching more than 2300 cP at lower shear rates and water-like viscosities at higher shear rates.
Improving the Load Carrying Capacity of Highly Tapered Laminates
Authors: Ergin Fırat , Kayran Altan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Increased interlaminar stresses in ply drop-off regions cause delamination and reduce the strength of the composite parts where a high number of plies are terminated in a short distance. A variable taper angle design is proposed and investigated in this study to postpone delamination in highly tapered laminated composites. The proposed design allows a smoother transition in tapered regions and reduces stress concentrations which are responsible for delamination. Different parametric studies are performed with 2D finite element models in ABAQUS to investigate the dependency of the onset loads of delamination and locations on taper angles. Cohesive elements are utilized for predicting damage in the interface and delamination growth. A parametric study with a single drop-off configuration showed that thin-section delamination is the main failure mode in highly tapered laminates. The study performed with variable taper angle designs showed that more than 55% improvement in the delamination initiation load in the thin-section compared to the constant taper angle design can be achieved with the proposed design.
Methodology to Design 3D Printed Joints: A Case Study Applied to Arm Splints for Healthcare
Authors: Perero Segarra Bryan S. , Helguero Carlos G. , Maldonado Fausto , Hurel Jorge , Amaya R. Jorge Luis , Ramírez Emilio , Vignat Frédéric , Lara Hernan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) in medicine has provided advancements in creating prostheses and/or orthoses (PAO). One such procedure is the creation of splints through 3D printing, which is considered an effective and practical alternative for bone and joint recovery. The fixation system employed in the splint is crucial in ensuring the immobilization of the body part, and it can have different locking mechanisms depending on the designer’s criteria. This article introduced a methodology to identify the appropriate joint type based on the design specification, including the type of loads, product geometry, requirements, and printing material. The restrictions are set based on the material used and the service conditions. The selected joint must meet the technical and geometric requirements according to the contact zones and behavior of the joints developed. This methodology selects the joint type that meets the minimum requirements to keep the components assembled based on the initial design requirements. A study case allows a probe of the methodology applied in a splint, and the design offers resistance in service while minimizing the amount of material and joints used to attach the sections to protect the body part. The sizing plans of the joints used in the splint are presented according to the geometry around the contact zone and elaborate on the selected joint’s guidelines.
Applied Experimental Work Designed to Evaluate the Fundamental Heat Transfer From Rotation Only and Rotation and Translation Motion due to Complex Shapes
Authors: G. Giorges Aklilu , Haynes Comas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An ongoing objective of food processors is to achieve efficiency without compromising food safety and quality standards. The food production environment is designed to produce specific products with a balance of resources, environment, human labor, automation, quality, and safety while also maximizing productivity and profitability. Energy efficiency plays a major role in food processing, and the heating and cooling processes are continually evolving. In poultry processing, where heterogeneous and complex-shaped products are processed, the thermal process cannot be easily predicted based on previous work done primarily with well-defined shapes and material properties. To understand the fundamentals of this complex system of heat transfer, applied experimental work is designed. It is designed to evaluate the flow type effect while keeping all the other features similar. The current work assesses the degree of differences and similarities between two motions: 1. Rotational system and 2. Rotational and translational system, which represent the in-line industrial water chilling system in practice. The test chicken carcasses were prepared by placing thermocouples at the core of the breast meat while suspended by the leg on the shackle. The cooling process was studied for motion of continually changing rotational direction with two revolutions in clockwise and counterclockwise directions for the duration of the test, with a rotational speed of 1 Hz and a near-zero-degree medium. The results showed a similar cooling profile. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of the data showed that, for the mass range test, the results were not statistically different. Since rotational only test requires less resources, the simpler rotational-only test can be used as a surrogate to evaluate some industrial processing conditions and treatments.
Modeling and Simulation of Orbit Rising Stem Ball Valve System for Real-Time Health Monitoring and Condition-Based Maintenance
Authors: Wang Yaou , Wassar Taoufik , Pan Shu , Shi Jibin , Zhang Haitao , Li Ke 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ORBIT rising stem ball valve is a proven technology for use in applications where zero leakage and frequent cycling operations are demanded. The valve uses a tilt-and-turn design, which eliminates rubbing between sealing surfaces, ensuring reliable, extended-life performance in critical and demanding shutoff applications such as switching valves in molecular sieve systems, high-pressure hydrogenation, and hot oil. Within these applications, a single valve failure can lead to significant downtime, production losses, and unforeseen costs for the end user. Traditionally, maintenance is scheduled at predetermined intervals, which can be costly and conservative. This project is focused on developing a physics-based modeling and simulation approach for condition-based maintenance of the ORBIT valve.
Two types of models were used to understand and mimic the ORBIT valve design’s real behavior: finite element method (FEM) and reduced-order models. FEM provided accurate results by considering detailed geometry, material properties, boundary conditions, and nonlinear behavior. The reduced-order model fused first principles and FEM results to reduce the number of costly FEM simulations while providing acceptable accuracy for condition-based monitoring of the ORBIT valve. The reduced-order model was used to establish a baseline condition for each valve and conduct what-if analyses to capture valve behavior under different degraded or failure conditions.
Direct comparisons of the reduced-order and FEM models showed that the difference between their outcomes in identifying extracted features was found to be less than 8%. Calibration using a 10 × 8 in API 6D Class 600 ORBIT valve indicated that the model accuracy was within predefined requirements. The FEM and reduced-order models improved the understanding of ORBIT valve systems, providing a foundation for future real-time health monitoring and condition-based maintenance of valves.
Developing a Floating Calorimeter for in Situ Study of Microbial Activities Near Coral Reefs
Authors: Zhang Yuwei , Kowalski Gregory 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Calorimetry is a powerful tool used in various industries to measure thermodynamic properties. One potential application is studying the behavior of marine microbes living near coral reefs to assess their health and productivity. Estimating thermodynamic properties, such as Gibbs free energy, in marine microbes is challenging due to the complexity of the microbial community and the absence of complete knowledge regarding the biomass involved in each reaction. Accurately quantifying the Gibbs free energy of marine microbes is critical for understanding their metabolic activity and overall health. However, current commercial calorimeters have limitations preventing in situ experiments, but researchers at Northeastern University and the Microcalorimetry Laboratory at the Mechanical and Industry Department have proposed a novel floating calorimeter (FC) design that allows for accurate and immediate data collection at the beginning of a reaction. A photonic-based nanohole array (NHA) chip combined with the technology of extraordinary optical transmissions (EOT) is integrated into the FC to sense temperature variation. A unique chamber configuration allows microbes to freely flow under seawater environments in a cylindrical shape. By providing a new method for in situ experiments, the FC has the potential to revolutionize the study of marine microbes and contribute to efforts to protect coral reefs and other ecosystems.
Development of Representative Volume Element for Electromagnetic Characterization of a Heterogenous Geomaterial
Authors: Camacho Patrick S. , Betts J. Logan , Priddy Matthew W. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) analysis applied to structural geomaterials is a growing field of investigation for its significant potential in the field of non-destructive testing and characterization of the materials. Previous studies have simplified the multi-phase composition of geomaterials as layered structures, where each constituent material formed its own distinctive layer. While conclusions from such experimental studies were effective in detecting changes in EM responses, the methods of modeling heterogeneous, multi-phase structures were not be as representative of geomaterial composition like an aggregate-matrix model. A study was conducted to reveal discrepancies in EM responses of laminar and aggregate-matrix models. The laminar and heterogenous matrix models were compositionally equivalent with respect to the constituents present. Scattering parameter responses were recorded as a function of frequency for two-port systems; the frequency range of investigation was 0 to 25 GHz. Significant discrepancies in the responses were evident with no immediately apparent relationships between the responses. This conclusion prompted the need to further investigate the influences of a model’s geometric parameters on its EM response. The geometric parameters investigated here were the centroid positioning of the aggregates and the size of the material element simulated. The goal was to evaluate the extent of the parameters’ influences to identify criteria for an EM Representative Volume Element in their respect.
Engineering & Environmental Justice: Protections, Hazards, and Technological Systems
Authors: Fisher Riley , Kee Ernest , Johnson David , Bui Ha , Mohageghegh Zahra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Citizens have become increasingly concerned about sharing risks and resources in a fair and equitable way — awareness is increasing that Environmental Justice (EJ) should play a greater role. Evaluating fairness in the design of different schemes involving exposure to harms is the domain of philosophy, psychology, and politics, well outside the domain of engineering practice — a discipline central in evaluation of potential for harms and cost of protections as dictated by requirements citizens place on deployed hazardous technological systems in laws. Still, engineers are often asked to support schemes with quantitative risk estimates for harms, such as in Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). Within the narrow domain of deployed hazardous technological systems, engineers can provide limited support for EJ schemes when they ask for de minimis harm and thereby remove the need to make judgements on fairness (for harms).1 Empirical evidence with decades of Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation of risk management in the United States commercial nuclear power industry shows engineering practice can produce designs with effectively no risk for harm. The same experience indicates investors may be unwilling to fund such designs based on their expected return in competitive markets.