bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ascertainment and evaluation of interval cancers in population-based mammography screening programmes: a collaborative study in four European centres
Authors: Törnberg Sven , Codd Mary , Rodrigues Vitor , Segnan Nereo , Ponti Antonio 
Published: March 2005

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to estimate the interval cancer (IC) rates in four population-based mammography screening programmes in four countries with different health-care environments, different access to cancer registry data, and different age groupsof women invited. Setting: The screening programmes in Coimbra (Portugal), Dublin (Ireland), Stockholm (Sweden), and Turin (Italy) participated in the study. Methods: All cancer cases were searched for in cancer registries. IC rates and other outcome measures from the screeningprogrammes were estimated and compared between the centres. Poisson regression model was used to estimate the proportional incidence based on IC rate in relation to expected total breast cancer incidence rate in the absence of screening. Results: There was a more than tenfold difference inthe number of invited women at the first round between the involved centres. The IC rates varied between 4.3 and 23.8 per 10,000 women screened. The levels of IC rates in relation to the estimated background incidence varied from 0.35 up to 0.46 depending on age groups involved in the programme,but did not differ significantly between three of the four involved centres. Conclusions: IC rates were quite similar between three of the four centres despite the differences in target population, invited ages, length of building-up of the programmes and different health-care organizations.Different access to complete cancer registry data is likely to explain the lower IC rates in the fourth centre.
Risk of invasive cervical cancer after pap smears: the protective effect of multiple negatives
Authors: Coldman Andrew , Phillips Norm , Kan Lisa , Matisic Jasenka , Benedet Lou , Towers Laura 
Published: March 2005

Objective: To determine the relationship between the number of initial negative Pap smears and risk of subsequent cervical cancer. Design: A cohort study was conducted using data from the British Columbia Cervical Cancer Screening Program and British Columbia CancerRegistry. The analysis used a random sample (1%) of women aged 20–69 with Pap smears and all cases of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed between 1994 and 1999. Each negative screen defined the beginning of a screening interval and intervals longer than five years were truncated. Thefollowing variables were created for each interval: age at the beginning of the interval, interval length, previous cytological abnormality, previous cervical procedure and number of preceding consecutive negative screens. The relationship between these variables and risk of squamous cervicalcancer was determined using survival analysis methods. Results: A total of 388 cases of invasive cervical cancer (252 squamous) were included in the study from a study population of over 3.3 million Pap smears. The risk of invasive squamous cancer increased with time since the lastnegative screen, history of cytological abnormality and history of cervical therapeutic procedure. Risk was not significantly related to age ( P=0.2) but was highest in women aged 30–49. Multiple consecutive negative pap smears were associated with reduced risk in women with ahistory of moderate atypia ( P<0.0001), but not in women without a history ( P=0.4). Conclusions: Multiple consecutive negative cytology was not associated with reduced risk of invasive cervical cancer in women with no history of cytological abnormality.
Providing a quality service: direct referral from the cytology laboratory to the colposcopy clinic
Authors: Kew Fiona M , Appleby Denise , Whittaker Vicki , Cruickshank Derek J , Knott Sandra 
Published: March 2005

Objectives: To compare the time taken for the referral process and the accuracy of referrals before and after a process review and the introduction of a system of direct referral from the cytology laboratory to the colposcopy clinic. Setting: The colposcopy service in a large teaching hospital in Teesside. Methods: Data on time points within the referral process and smear histories were collected. Data on time points were obtained retrospectively from the case-notes from before the new system of referral ('pre' group) and from an electronic database after the changes ('post' group). Smear histories were retrieved from the cytology database. Results: The overall time that patients waited from the time the smear was taken until the time they were seen in the colposcopy clinic was significantly reduced. The median time between smear and colposcopy decreased from 92.5 days (range 35−254 days) in the 'pre' group to 33 days (range 13−43 days) in the 'post' group ( P=0.0001). The median time taken from the smear report being issued until the report arrived in the colposcopy clinic was 14 days (range 4−123 days) in the 'pre' group, compared with two days (range 0−17 days) in the 'post' group ( P=0.0001). There was a significant reduction in the number of inaccurate referrals in the 'post' group compared with the 'pre' group ( P=0.02). Conclusions: Direct referral significantly reduces the time patients wait for colposcopy appointments and improves the accuracy of referrals.
Gender differences in utilization of colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Wardle J , Miles A , Atkin W 
Published: March 2005

Objectives: To assess the demographic and psychological mediators of gender differences in uptake of flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening for colorectal cancer. Setting: A subsample ( n=5462) from a large community trial of FS in the UK. Methods: Menand women randomized to screening as part of the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial were sent a postal questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics and attitudes to screening six months before their screening appointment. Attendance at screening was recorded by the screening centres. Results:More men than women attended screening (73% versus 67%). The higher male attendance was partially explained by their lower levels of socioeconomic deprivation, higher levels of marital status and lower perceived barriers to screening. Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, men weremore likely than women to attend FS screening. This was partially explained by socioeconomic and attitudinal differences to screening, but additional research is needed to understand the key aspects of FS screening that will maximize screening uptake in men and women.
Determining the Sex of Human Remains Through Cranial Morphology
Authors: Rogers TL 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Sex determination is the keystone of a biological profile, yet few qualitative methods of cranial sex determination have been tested. This analysis examines the accuracy and precision of 17 morphological features of the skull commonly used to determine the sex of unknown skeletal remains. The sample consists of 46 identified skulls from the 19th century St. Thomas' Anglican Church Cemetery in Belleville, Canada. Nasal aperature, zygomatic extension, malar size/rugosity, and supraorbital ridge proved the most useful; of secondary value are chin form and nuchal crest; mastoid size is of tertiary consideration; nasal size and mandibular symphysis/ramus size rank fourth; forehead shape ranks fifth; and palate size/shape are sixth. Skull size/architecture provides an internal standard to assess the relative sizes of other traits. This research is a necessary step in establishing the credibility of morphological sex determination with respect to the Daubert and Mohan criteria for admissibility in a court of law.
A Report of Decomposition Rates of a Special Burial Type in Edmonton, Alberta from an Experimental Field Study
Authors: Weitzel MA 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Regional studies that examine decomposition rates of certain faunal remains can help to determine time since death. Forensic anthropologists have long used qualitative decomposition data, but linking these to more quantitative data could improve time since death estimations. Experiments were developed in which domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) were buried with varying characteristics then excavated and observed over a period of 15 months in Edmonton, Alberta. Data recorded after two weeks, five weeks, three months, one year, and 15 months were correlated with stages of decomposition as well as time since death, climate data, grave type, clothing, burial depth, and other factors. Results from these experiments provide useful regional information about stages of decomposition in a burial context. Pigs buried in June were skeletonized by approximately three to five weeks, while those buried in May were skeletonized between five weeks and three months. Climate data, insects, and grave type contributed the most to advanced decomposition, mainly in the form of mummification, and skeletonization.
Using Accumulated Degree-Days to Estimate the Postmortem Interval from Decomposed Human Remains
Authors: Megyesi MS , Nawrocki SP , Haskell NH 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Forensic anthropologists often rely on the state of decomposition to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) in a human remains case. The state of decomposition can provide much information about the PMI, especially when decomposition is treated as a semi-continuous variable and used in conjunction with accumulated-degree-days (ADD). This preliminary study demonstrates a supplemental method of determining the PMI based on scoring decomposition using a point-based system and taking into account temperatures in which the remains were exposed. This project was designed to examine the ways that forensic anthropologists could improve their PMI estimates based on decomposition by using a more quantitative approach. A total of 68 human remains cases with a known date of death were scored for decomposition and a regression equation was calculated to predict ADD from decomposition score. ADD accounts for approximately 80% of the variation in decomposition. This study indicates that decomposition is best modeled as dependent on accumulated temperature, not just time.
Postmortem Tissue Distribution of Olanzapine and Citalopram in a Drug Intoxication
Authors: Horak EL , Jenkins AJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A 40-year-old white male was found dead in bed in a group home for mentally ill adults. The decedent had been diagnosed a paranoid schizophrenic. An autopsy was performed at the Office of the Cuyahoga County Coroner in Cleveland, Ohio. Toxicological testing detected olanzapine and citalopram in post mortem specimens. Multiple fluids and tissues were assayed by liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection, and qualitative confirmation by electron impact gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Drug concentrations [olanzapine : citalopram; mg/L or mg/Kg] determined in this case are the highest reported to date involving these drugs- 1.38:3.35 heart blood, 1.11:1.65 femoral blood, 60.24:32.43 urine, 6.47:10:71 liver, and 38.36:49.16 lung, respectively. Drug concentrations in tissues were found to be the highest in lung for both drugs and lowest in the heart. Citalopram but not olanzapine was detected in bone. The cause of death was ruled acute intoxication by the combined effects of olanzapine and citalopram and the manner, accident.
Frequency and Severity of Injuries in Correlation with the Height of Fall
Authors: Atanasijevic TC , Savic SN , Nikolic SD , Djokic VM 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The main aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the height of fall and the frequency, extensiveness, and type of injuries of certain body regions and organs. The specific objective was to determine characteristic injuries of the analyzed body regions in relation to the certain height of fall. The study included 660 cases of fatal falls from height (469 males and 191 females). Results support the hypothesis that the frequency and extent of the injured body regions and organs are related to the fall height. Head injuries are characteristic of the falls from heights up to 7m and beyond 30 m. Brain injuries in high falls from heights beyond 30m show an absence of contre coup contusions and macroscopically evident intracranial bleeding. The extensiveness of chest injuries is significantly statistically associated with fall height. In cases of high falls, the frequency of abdominal injuries is not significantly statistically related to the height of fall. Liver injuries are the most common abdominal injury and the critical height of fall at which the liver injury occurs is 15 m. Injuries of liver and spleen are concomitant in high falls from heights beyond 24 m, irrespective of the manner of impact. The height of fall over 15m appears to be a reasonable boundary height beyond which the injuries of two or three body regions are generally associated.
Multiplex PCR Development of Y-chromosomal Biallelic Polymorphisms for Forensic Application
Authors: Alessandrini F , Turchi C , Onofri V , Buscemi L , Pesaresi M , Tagliabracci A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of Y chromosome (Y-SNPs) are a class of markers of interest in forensic investigations, because many of them show regional specificity, providing useful information about the geographic origin of a subject or evidence under investigation. A first multiplex with 7 SNPs (M35, M89, M9, M170, M172, M45, M173), which occur in the basal branches of the phylogenetic tree and are able to assign a subject to known most frequent European haplogroups, was designed. SNP genotyping was accomplished by hot-start PCR with primers amplifying fragments between 96 and 136 nucleotides, minisequencing, and capillary electrophoresis of extension products. Ninety seven subjects of known geographic provenance were studied, of which 68 from Europe. Of these, 57 had mutations found more frequently in European haplogroups and 11 more frequent in Asian populations. Subjects from non-European countries were also examined and had haplogroups common in their regions of provenance. Experiments with low molecular weight DNA gave positive amplification from 1 ng of DNA for all seven SNPs.
On the Non-equivalence of Documented Cadaver Lengths to Living Stature Estimates Based on Fully's Method on Bones in the Raymond A. Dart Collection
Authors: Bidmos MA 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Regression equations for stature estimation have been derived from documented cadaver lengths available as part of the demographic information in the catalogue of skeletonised remains in different collections around the world. The Raymond A. Dart Collection is one such collection, but the reliability of documented cadaver lengths in it has been previously questioned. The aim of this study was to compare these lengths with estimated living stature using Fully's anatomical method. Living stature was estimated with this method from a total of 156 complete skeletons obtained from the Collection. These heights were then compared with the documented cadaver lengths. It was observed that the documented cadaver lengths were significantly higher than the estimated living stature using Fully's method.
mtDNA Investigations After Differential Lysis
Authors: Anslinger KD , Bayer BR , Rolf B , Eisenmenger W 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In order to gain information regarding the ethnic origin of an unknown offender in a murder case it was necessary to sequence the HV1 and 2 regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The only evidentiary material that could be linked to the suspect was DNA, extracted from spermatozoa after differential lysis. The observed mtDNA sequences were identical to the sequences of the victim. Therefore, we had to check if this was a coincidence or the result of a technical limitation of the testing procedure. Subsequently, we performed a systematic study. In cases with complete separation of sperm and female cells it wasn't possible to obtain a mtDNA sequence for the sperm fraction. This phenomena is based on the loss of the sperm's flagellum and mid-piece during the first lysis step and a concomitant loss of the sperm's mitochondria. In our murder case, a minor carry-over of female cells to the sperm fraction was responsible for the sequencing result.
SNPs and MALDI-TOF MS: Tools for DNA Typing in Forensic Paternity Testing and Anthropology
Authors: Petkovski E , Keyser-Tracqui C , Hienne R , Ludes B 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
DNA markers used for individual identification in forensic sciences are based on repeat sequences in nuclear DNA and the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions 1 and 2. An alternative to these markers is the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These have a particular advantage in the analysis of degraded or poor samples, which are often all that is available in forensics or anthropology. In order to study the potential of SNP analysis in these fields, 41 SNPs were selected on the basis of following criteria: conservation, lack of phenotypic expression, and frequency of occurrence in populations. Thirty-six autosomal SNPs were used for genotyping 21 inclusionary and 3 exclusionary paternity cases. The behavior of 5 X-chromosome SNPs was analyzed in a French representative population. Our approach to SNP typing is a multiplex PCR based amplification followed by simultaneous detection by primer extension (PEX) analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The selected autosomal SNPs showed independent inheritance and gave clear results in paternity investigation. All X-SNPs were useful as both paternity and identification markers. PEX and MALDI-TOF MS, with their high sensitivity, precision and speed, gave a powerful method for forensic and anthropological exploitation of biallelic markers.
DNA Typing: An Accessory Evidence in Doping Control
Authors: Marques MAS , Damasceno LMP , Pereira HMG , Caldeira CM , Dias BFP , de Giacomo Vargens D , Amoedo ND , Volkweis RO , Viana ROV , Rumjanek FD , Neto FRA 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A clear positive case for anabolic steroids doping was confounded by alleged urine tampering during doping control procedures. Review of the chain of custody showed no flaws, but nevertheless the athlete was adamant that the urine sample should be analyzed for DNA in order to support her contention that she was not the donor of the sample. The results obtained showed that the urine sample that scored positive for steroids contained nuclear DNA that could not be matched to the DNA obtained from the athlete's blood. On the other hand, the same urine sample contained mitochondrial DNA whose nucleotide sequences spanning the hyper variable regions HV1 and HV2 proved to be identical to those determined in mitochondrial DNA amplified from the athlete's blood. The occurrence of an extraneous genotype is compatible with exogenous nuclear DNA admixture to the athlete's urine. Alternatively, taking in consideration the mitochondrial DNA, we could not exclude that a sibling or a maternal relative of the athlete could have acted as a donor of the urine utilized for doping control and DNA analysis. Both situations point to possible tampering of the urine by the athlete. Adjudication at CAS maintained previous national and international federation decision that there was no proof of a chain of custody flaw to justify the athlete's allegation of urine substitution after collection.
Does Sexual Dimorphism in Facial Soft Tissue Depths Justify Sex Distinction in Craniofacial Identification?
Authors: Stephan CN , Norris RM , Henneberg M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Separation of male and female soft tissue depths into discrete groups for craniofacial identification implies that males and females differ enough from each other, with respect to this application, for this distinction to be useful. In this study, previously published soft tissue depth data were analyzed for sex separation. It was found that the variation within each sex was large while the variation between the sexes was small. Often the value of two standard deviations of the measurement for either sex was larger than the difference displayed between the means of each sex. Furthermore, opposite sex overlap in regions defined to be close to the male or female mean were found to be large and the amount of variance explained by sex was small (less than 6% on average). These results indicate that while male and female means at single craniofacial landmarks may differ slightly, and even at statistically significant levels, individual male and female soft tissue depths are often the same or very similar. On average, soft tissue depths of the face do display some sexual dimorphism but it is not marked and of little practical meaning for craniofacial identification where a single individual must be independently considered. Thus, there is little use in separate reporting of data for males and females and data should be combined to increase sample sizes.
Heterosexual Intimate Partner Homicide: Review of Ten Years of Clinical Experience
Authors: Farooque RS , Stout RG , Ernst FA 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Most of the literature on intimate partner homicide addresses violence between the two partners, spousal abuse, and family violence. There is less focus on the relationship of mental illness, intellectual functioning, and drug and alcohol abuse to these homicides.We investigated this type of homicide in a collection of forensic cases seen by the first author over a period of 10 years. Twenty-eight patients who underwent forensic psychiatric evaluation for heterosexual intimate partner homicide from August 1993 to June 2003 were studied using a retrospective case review methodology.We found that firearms were used as the method of killing more often by females than by males.We also compared method of killing with substance abuse and intoxication at the time of the homicide. Educational status indicates that this group of accused perpetrators is functioning at higher intellectual levels compared with a previously studied sample of filicides. We also found significant presence of serious mental illness in our sample of accused perpetrators of heterosexual intimate partner homicide.
A Field Diagnostic Test for the Improvised Explosive Urea Nitrate
Authors: Almog J , Klein A , Tamiri T , Shloosh Y , Abramovich-Bar S 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A sensitive, specific and simple color test for the improvised explosive urea nitrate is described. It is based on the formation of a red pigment upon the reaction between urea nitrate and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (p-DMAC) under neutral conditions. Urea itself, which is the starting material for urea nitrate, does not react with p-DMAC under the same conditions. Other potential sources of false positive response e.g., common fertilizers, medications containing the urea moiety and various amines, do not produce the red pigment with p-DMAC. Exhibits collected from 10 terrorist cases have been tested with p-DMAC. The results were in full agreement with those obtained by instrumental techniques including GC/MS, XRD and IR.