bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pneumatic tube system induced haemolysis: assessing sample type susceptibility to haemolysis
Authors: Sodi Ravinder , Darn Simon M , Stott Anthony 
Published: April 2004

Background: The pneumatic tube system (PTS) has been implicated in inducing haemolysis. It is not known whether certain sample types are more susceptible to haemolysis than others. We assessed the level of haemolysis in commonly used sample types in the clinical biochemistry department when transported through the PTS. Method: Blood was collected in pairs for different sample types and sent to the laboratory via the pneumatic tube or delivered by a porter. Haemolysis indices were measured spectrophotometrically and compared for each pair of sample type. Results: Our results suggest that plain serum samples are more susceptible to haemolysis than the other sample types when sent through our PTS ( P <0.0001). Compared with serum with gel samples, plain serum samples are more prone to haemolysis ( P <0.001). This suggests that gel may confer some protection against haemolysis. Conclusion: Different hospitals will have varying system configurations and use different sample types. We recommend that each hospital investigate their own system to assess whether haemolysis is a recurring problem in any of the sample types transported.
Abrasives
Authors: Menard Jean‐Claude , Thibault Newman W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Natural Abrasives2.1.Quartz2.2.Garnet2.3.Corundum and Emery2.4.Diamond3.Manufactured Abrasives3.1.Fused Aluminum Oxides3.1.1.Raw Materials3.1.2.Furnace Designs3.1.3.Fused Alumina Types3.2.Fused Zirconia ‐ Aluminas3.3.Sintered Aluminas3.4.Silicon Carbide3.5.Boron Carbide3.6.Diamond3.7.Cubic Boron Nitride4.Manufacture and Testing of Sized Grains5.Physical and Chemical Properties5.1.Hardness5.2.Grain Strength or Fracture Toughness5.3.Resistance to Attrition or Plastic Flow6.Loose‐Grain Applications7.Bonded Abrasive Products7.1.Vitrified Bonds7.2.Organic Bonds7.3.Metal Bonds8.Coated Abrasive Products8.1.Components8.2.Production8.3.Applications9.International Quality Specifications10.Safety
Acylation and Alkylation
Authors: Röper Michael , Gehrer Eugen , Narbeshuber Thomas , Siegel Wolfgang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Catalysts1.1.1.Acidic Catalysts1.1.2.Basic Catalysts1.1.3.Organometallic Catalysts1.2.Alkylating and Acylating Agents1.3.Mechanism1.3.1.Alkylation1.3.2.Acylation2.Alkylation and Acylation of Aromatic Compounds2.1.Alkylation2.1.1.Alkylation of Benzene2.1.2.Cycloalkylation2.1.3.Alkylation of Substituted Benzenes2.1.4.Alkylation of Phenols2.1.5.Alkylation of Aromatic Amines2.1.6.Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds and Related Substrates2.1.7.Miscellaneous Alkylation Reactions2.2.Acylation2.2.1.Acylation of Benzene and Benzene Derivatives2.2.2.Acylation of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds2.2.3.Acylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds2.2.4.Acylation of Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds2.2.5.Miscellaneous Acylation Reactions3.Acylation and Alkylation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons4.N‐Alkylation andN‐Acylation4.1.N‐Alkylation4.1.1.N‐Alkylation by Alcohols or Ethers4.1.2.N‐Alkylation by Alkyl Halides4.1.3.N‐Alkylation by Olefins4.1.4.N‐Alkylation by Carbonyl Compounds (Reductive Alkylation)4.2.N‐Acylation5.O‐Alkylation andO‐Acylation5.1.Synthesis of Esters5.2.Synthesis of Anhydrides5.3.Synthesis of Ethers6.CH‐Alkylation andCH‐Acylation of Nonaromatic Compounds7.Synthesis of Metal Alkyls
Allyl Compounds
Authors: Krähling Ludger , Krey Jürgen , Jakobson Gerald , Grolig Johann , Miksche Leopold 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Allyl Chloride1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.Chlorination of Propene1.3.2.Other Production Processes1.4.Handling, Environmental Protection, Storage, and Transportation1.5.Quality and Analysis1.6.Uses1.7.Economic Aspects2.Allyl Alcohol2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.3.1.Hydrolysis of Allyl Chloride2.3.2.Isomerization of Propene Oxide2.3.3.Hydrolysis of Allyl Acetate2.3.4.Hydrogenation of Acrolein2.4.Quality and Analysis2.5.Uses2.6.Methallyl Alcohol3.Allyl Esters3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.2.1.Oxidation of Olefins3.2.2.Esterification3.2.3.Transesterification3.2.4.Other Production Methods3.3.Uses3.3.1.Polymer Production3.3.2.Other Uses4.Allyl Ethers4.1.Properties and Uses4.2.Production5.Allylamines5.1.Properties and Uses5.2.Production6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Diazo Compounds and Diazo Reactions
Authors: Forstinger Klaus , Metz Hans Joachim 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Aliphatic Diazo Compounds3.Aromatic Diazo Compounds3.1.Diazonium Salts3.1.1.Properties3.1.2.Diazotization3.1.3.Other Methods of Preparation3.1.4.Uses3.2.Diazotates3.3.Diazosulfonates3.4.Triazenes3.5.Other Aromatic Diazo Compounds3.6.Analysis4.Diazo Reactions4.1.Chemical Transformation with Retention of the Diazo Group4.2.Reactions at the Diazo Group4.3.Dediazotization (Replacement of the Diazo Group)5.Environmental Protection6.Safety7.Toxicology
Disperse Systems and Dispersants
Authors: Heusch Rudolf , Reizlein Karl 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Terminology2.Production of Disperse Systems3.Stabilization of Disperse Systems3.1.Attraction Forces3.2.Repulsion Forces3.2.1.Electrostatic Interaction3.2.2.Steric Stabilization3.3.DLVO Theory4.Destruction of Disperse Systems4.1.Forces and Mechanisms4.2.Practical Methods5.Dispersants5.1.Dispersant Classes5.1.1.Ligninsulfonic Acids5.1.2.Formaldehyde Condensation Products5.1.3.Protein Condensation Products5.1.4.Polymers5.1.5.Surfactants5.1.6.Polyphosphates and Derivatives5.1.7.Other Dispersants5.2.Properties and Mode of Action5.3.Applications5.3.1.Conditioning of Dyes or Pigments5.3.2.Disperse Dyes and Dispersants for the Textile Industry5.3.3.Production of Polymer Dispersions5.3.4.Application of Polymer Dispersions5.3.5.Adhesive Dispersions5.3.6.Detergents5.3.7.Photographic Industry5.3.8.Agriculture5.3.9.Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industry5.3.10.Cleaning and Polishing Agents5.4.Testing
Dithiocarbamic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Schubart Rüdiger 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties3.Manufacture of Dithiocarbamate Salts4.Transformation Products4.1.Thiuram Sulfides4.1.1.Thiuram Disulfides4.1.2.Thiuram Monosulfides4.1.3.Thiuram Trisulfides and Tetrasulfides4.2.Thiocarbamoylsulfenamides4.3.Thiocarbamoyl Chlorides4.4.Dithiocarbamic Acid Esters4.5.Heterocyclic Compounds4.6.Other Derivatives4.6.1.Dithiolanylium Salts4.6.2.Alkylthioformimidic Chlorides4.6.3.Isothiocyanates, Isocyanates, and Thioureas4.7.Photolysis of Dithiocarbamates5.Uses5.1.Vulcanization Accelerators5.2.Pesticides5.3.Medical Applications5.4.Radioprotective Agents5.5.Imaging Technology5.6.Other Uses6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Electroluminescent Materials and Devices
Authors: Winstel Günter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physics of Light Emission in Semiconductors3.Manufacture of Crystal Layers for Luminescent Devices4.Practical Luminescent Diodes4.1.Diodes Producing Red, Yellow, and Green4.2.Blue Light Diodes4.3.Infrared Diodes4.4.Optoelectronic Couplers5.The Laser Diode as a Source of Coherent Light
Fats and Fatty Oils
Authors: Thomas Alfred 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Composition2.1.Glycerides2.2.Fatty Acids2.3.Phospholipids2.4.Waxes2.5.Sterols and Sterol Esters2.6.Terpenoids2.7.Other Minor Constituents3.Physical Properties3.1.Melting and Freezing Points3.2.Thermal Properties3.3.Density3.4.Viscosity3.5.Solubility and Miscibility3.6.Surface and Interfacial Tension3.7.Electrical Properties3.8.Optical Properties4.Chemical Properties4.1.Hydrolysis4.2.Interesterification4.3.Hydrogenation4.4.Isomerization4.5.Polymerization4.6.Autoxidation5.Manufacture and Processing5.1.Vegetable Oils and Fats5.1.1.Storage and Handling of Raw Materials5.1.2.Cleaning and Dehulling5.1.3.Expelling5.1.4.Extraction5.2.Land‐Animal Fats5.3.Marine Oils5.4.Synthetic Fats6.Refining6.1.Degumming6.2.Deacidification (Neutralization)6.3.Bleaching6.4.Deodorization7.Fractionation8.Hydrogenation9.Interesterification10.Environmental Aspects11.Standards and Quality Control11.1.Sampling11.2.Raw Materials11.3.Oils and Fats11.3.1.Physical Methods11.3.2.Chemical Methods12.Storage and Transportation13.Individual Vegetable Oils and Fats13.1.Fruit Pulp Fats13.1.1.Palm Oil13.1.2.Olive Oil13.1.3.Avocado Oil13.2.Seed‐Kernel Fats13.2.1.Lauric Acid Oils13.2.1.1.Coconut Oil13.2.1.2.Palm Kernel Oil13.2.1.3.Babassu Oil and Other Palm Seed Oils13.2.1.4.Other Sources of Lauric Acid Oils13.2.2.Palmitic ‐ Stearic Acid Oils13.2.2.1.Cocoa Butter13.2.2.2.Shea Butter, Borneo Tallow, and Related Fats (Vegetable Butters)13.2.3.Palmitic Acid Oils13.2.3.1.Cottonseed Oil13.2.3.2.Kapok and Related Oils13.2.3.3.Pumpkin Seed Oil13.2.3.4.Corn (Maize) Oil13.2.3.5.Cereal Oils13.2.4.Oleic ‐ Linoleic Acid Oils13.2.4.1.Sunflower Oil13.2.4.2.Sesame Oil13.2.4.3.Linseed Oil13.2.4.4.Perilla Oil13.2.4.5.Hempseed Oil13.2.4.6.Teaseed Oil13.2.4.7.Safflower and Niger Seed Oils13.2.4.8.Grape‐Seed Oil13.2.4.9.Poppyseed Oil13.2.5.Leguminous Oils13.2.5.1.Soybean Oil13.2.5.2.Peanut Oil13.2.5.3.Lupine Oil13.2.6.Cruciferous Oils13.2.6.1.Rapeseed Oil13.2.6.2.Mustard Seed Oil13.2.7.Conjugated Acid Oils13.2.7.1.Tung Oil and Related Oils13.2.7.2.Oiticica Oil and Related Oils13.2.8.Substituted Fatty Acid Oils13.2.8.1.Castor Oil13.2.8.2.Chaulmoogra, Hydnocarpus, and Gorli Oils13.2.8.3.Vernonia Oil14.Individual Animal Fats14.1.Land‐Animal Fats14.1.1.Lard14.1.2.Beef Tallow14.1.3.Mutton Tallow14.1.4.Horse, Goose, and Chicken Fat14.2.Marine Oils14.2.1.Whale Oil14.2.2.Fish Oil15.Economic Aspects16.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Ferroelectrics
Authors: Unruh Hans‐Günther 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Fundamental Concepts and History1.1.Fundamental Concepts1.2.Early Development1.3.Development of Lattice‐Dynamic Aspects2.Properties of Specific Families2.1.KH2PO4(KDP) Family2.2.Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) Family2.3.(NH4)2SO4(AS) Family2.4.Oxidic Ferroelectrics2.4.1.Barium Titanate2.4.2.Other Oxides of the Perovskite Type2.4.3.LiNbO3Family2.5.Ferroelectric Ceramics2.6.Ferroelectric Polymers and Liquid Crystals
Flame Retardants
Authors: Sutker Burton J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Mechanism2.1.Dilution2.2.Generation of Noncombustible Gas2.3.Gas‐Phase, Free‐Radical Inhibition2.4.Solid‐Phase Char Formation3.Test Methods4.System Development4.1.Selection Criteria of Flame Retardants4.2.Formulation with Reactive Flame Retardants4.3.Formulation with Additive Flame Retardants4.4.Interactions between Flame Retardants and Other Formulation Ingredients4.5.Formulation to Reduce Smoke5.Flame Retardant Markets6.Toxicology7.Future Directions in FlameRetardants
Foams and Foam Control
Authors: Höfer Rainer , Jost Franz , Schwuger Milan J. , Scharf Rolf , Geke Jürgen , Kresse Josef , Lingmann Herbert , Veitenhansl Rudolf , Erwied Werner 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Theory of Foam and Foam Control2.1.Characteristic Properties of Foam2.2.Foam Formation2.2.1.Surface Activity of Adsorbed Surfactants2.2.2.Methods of Foam Generation2.3.Foam Stability2.3.1.Gibbs Film Elasticity and Marangoni Effect2.3.2.Rheological Aspects of Foam Stability2.3.3.Electrostatic Foam Stabilization2.3.4.Mechanism of Lamellar Rupture2.4.Foam Inhibition and Destruction2.4.1.Chemical Foam Inhibition and Destruction2.4.2.Mechanical Defoaming3.Antifoaming Agent Composition3.1.Carrier Oils3.2.Silicone Oils and Silicone Foam Inhibitors3.3.Hydrophobic Silica3.4.Hydrophobic Fat Derivatives and Waxes3.5.Water‐Insoluble Polymers3.6.Amphiphilic Components3.7.Emulsifiers3.8.Coupling Agents4.Mechanical Means of Combating Foam5.Foam Problems in Specific Applications5.1.Detergents5.2.Food and Beverage Industries5.2.1.Cleansing and Disinfecting5.2.1.1.Tank Cleansing Based on the Cleaning‐in‐Place (CIP) Method5.2.1.2.Cleansing of Returnable Bottles5.2.2.Food Processing5.2.2.1.Sugar5.2.2.2.Yeast5.2.2.3.Potatoes5.3.Metal Treatment5.3.1.Foam Problems Associated with Cooling Lubricants5.3.2.Foam in Alkaline Cleansing Solutions5.3.3.Foam Control in Neutral Cleansers5.4.Polymer Industry5.5.Paint and Coating Industry5.6.Construction Industry5.7.Adhesives Industry5.8.Textile Industry5.8.1.Pretreatment5.8.2.Dyeing5.8.3.Foam Application of Textile Auxiliaries5.9.Leather Industry5.10.Pulp and Paper Industry5.10.1.Pulping5.10.2.Pulping Liquor Disposal5.10.3.Air Content of Pulp Suspensions5.10.4.Conversion to Paper5.10.5.Paper Coating5.10.6.Waste Paper Deinking5.11.Phosphoric Acid Manufacture5.12.Wastewater Treatment6.Testing Methods7.Legal Aspects8.Economic Aspects
Foods, 2. Food Technology
Authors: Jelen Pavel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Food Manufacture and Preservation1.2.Food Spoilage by Microorganisms1.3.Chemical Deterioration of Food1.4.Water Content and Water Activity2.Food Preservation by Dehydration2.1.Concentration and Drying2.2.Food Concentration Technology2.3.General Aspects of the Food Drying Processes2.4.Food Drying Technology2.4.1.Convection Drying2.4.2.Contact, Vacuum, and Freeze Drying2.4.3.Radiant‐Heat Drying2.5.Instantization2.6.Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Foods2.7.Intermediate‐Moisture Foods3.Food Preservation at Low Temperature3.1.Refrigeration and Freezing3.2.General Aspects of the Food Freezing Process3.3.Food‐Freezing Technology3.3.1.Convective Processes3.3.2.Cryogenic Freezing3.3.3.Contact Processes3.3.4.Freezing System Capacities3.4.Effects of Freezing on Foods3.5.Frozen Storage and Thawing3.6.Freeze Concentration and Freeze Texturization4.Food Preservation by Heating4.1.Pasteurization and Sterilization4.2.Theory of Microbial Deactivation by Heating4.2.1.Heat Resistance of Microorganisms4.2.2.Process Calculations for Canned Foods4.3.Food Canning Technology4.3.1.Sanitary Can Architecture4.3.2.Conventional Retorting Equipment4.3.3.Hydrostatic Sterilizers4.3.4.Flame Sterilization4.3.5.Retortable Pouches4.3.6.Aseptic Canning4.4.Ultra‐High‐Temperature Aseptic Processing4.4.1.Theoretical Basis of UHT Processing4.4.2.Ultra‐High‐Temperature Sterilization4.4.3.Aseptic Packaging4.4.4.Quality of UHT‐Processed Foods4.5.Spoilage in Heat‐Sterilized Foods5.Food Preservation by Ionizing Radiation5.1.Radurization, Radappertization, and Radicidation5.2.Theoretical Aspects of Food Irradiation5.3.Food Irradiation Technology6.Other Food Preservation Methods6.1.Chemical Preservatives6.2.Modified Atmosphere Packaging7.Nutrient Retention in Processed Foods
Foods, 4. Food Packaging
Authors: Buchner Norbert , Weisser Horst , Vogelpohl Heinrich , Baner Albert L. , Brandsch Rainer , Piringer Otto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Historical Aspects2.Definitions3.Economic Significance3.1.Functions and Effects3.2.Characteristic Data4.Objectives4.1.Miscellaneous Objectives4.2.Protective Function of Packaging4.2.1.Protecting Contents4.2.2.Protecting Humans and the Environment5.Properties of Packaging Materials5.1.General Mechanical Data5.2.Barrier Properties5.3.Thermal Properties5.4.Biological Properties5.5.Electrical Properties5.6.Chemical Properties5.7.Processing Properties6.Types of Packaging Materials6.1.Paper6.2.Cardboard6.3.Corrugated Cardboard6.4.Coated Paper and Cardboard6.5.Plastics for Packaging6.5.1.Cellophane (Regenerated Cellulose)6.5.2.Polyethylene6.5.3.Ethylene Ionomers6.5.4.Polypropylene6.5.5.Poly(Vinyl Chloride)6.5.6.Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers6.5.7.Thermoplastic Polyesters6.5.8.Polyamides6.5.9.Polycarbonates6.5.10.Barrier Polymers6.5.11.Foamed Plastics6.5.12.Polymer Composites6.5.13.Aluminum‐Polymer Laminates6.5.14.Metallized Polymers6.5.15.Polyester Films with Vacuum‐Deposited Silicon Dioxide6.6.Metal Cans6.7.Glass Bottles and Wide‐Neck Containers7.Packaging Machines7.1.Unit Operations in Packaging Machines7.1.1.Overwrapping Articles7.1.2.Welding and Heat Sealing of Packaging Materials7.1.3.Cold‐Sealing Packaging Materials7.1.4.Cutting Packaging Materials7.1.5.Web Tension in Packaging Materials7.1.6.Thermoforming of Polymers7.1.7.Processing Folded Boxes7.1.8.Closing and Sealing Boxes7.2.Product Dosage in Packaging Machines7.2.1.Gravimetric Dosage7.2.2.Volumetric Dosage7.3.Robots in Packaging7.4.Aseptic Packaging8.Interaction between Packaging and Food8.1.Physical Interactions8.1.1.Permeation8.1.2.Migration8.1.3.Prediction of Diffusion Coefficients8.1.4.Multilayer Structures8.1.5.Non‐Fickian Processes8.2.Chemical Interactions8.2.1.Production of Off‐Odors8.2.2.Other Reactions8.3.Measurement Methods and Migration Limits8.3.1.Measurement Methods8.3.2.Migration Limits8.4.Legal Aspects8.4.1.General Requirements8.4.2.European Community8.4.3.United States8.4.4.Japan9.Packaging and the Environment
Furs
Authors: Nungesser Thilo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definitions1.2.Fur‐Bearing Animals1.3.Technological Data2.Nature and Production of Fur Pelts2.1.Morphology2.2.Flaying2.3.Preservation3.Fur Dressing3.1.Soaking3.2.Scouring3.3.Mechanical Treatment3.4.Pickling3.5.Tanning3.6.Oiling and Fatliquoring3.7.Degreasing in Organic Solvents4.Fur Finishing4.1.Bleaching4.2.Dyeing4.3.Fur Dyes4.4.Special Dyeing Processes5.Mechanical Operations6.Economic Aspects
Gallbladder and Liver Therapy
Authors: Csomós Géza , Leuschner Ulrich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Choleretics1.1.Natural Products1.2.Synthetic Products1.2.1.Benzyl Alcohol Derivatives1.2.2.Cinnamic Acid Derivatives1.2.3.Miscellaneous Synthetic Choleretics2.Dissolution of Gallstones2.1.Gallstone Pathophysiology2.2.Oral Dissolution of Gallbladder Stones with Bile Acids2.3.Direct Percutaneous ‐ Transhepatic Lysis (PTL) of Gallbladder Stones2.4.Oral Litholysis after Extracorporeal Shock‐Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)2.5.Direct Dissolution of Bile Duct Stones2.6.Critical Assessment of Chemical Stone Dissolution3.Liver Therapeutics3.1.Introduction3.2.Therapeutic Agents3.2.1.Inhibitors of Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis3.2.2.Bile Salts used for Primary Biliary Liver Disease3.2.3.Natural Substances3.2.4.Miscellaneous Substances3.2.5.Antifibrinogenic Drugs
Germanium and Germanium Compounds
Authors: Scoyer Jean , Guislain Hélian , Wolf H. Uwe 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Resources and Raw Materials5.Production5.1.Production of Germanium Concentrate5.1.1.Bleiberger Bergwerks Union5.1.2.Jersey Minière Zinc5.1.3.Musto Exploration5.1.4.Peñarroya5.1.5.Pertusola5.1.6.Other Primary Producers5.2.Production of Germanium from Germanium Concentrate5.3.Purification5.4.Transformation Processes6.Environmental Protection7.Quality Specifications8.Chemical Analysis9.Storage and Transportation10.Uses and Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds
Authors: Renner Hermann , Schlamp Günther , Hollmann Dieter , Lüschow Hans Martin , Tews Peter , Rothaut Josef , Dermann Klaus , Knödler Alfons , Hecht Christian , Schlott Martin , Drieselmann Ralf , Peter Catrin , Schiele Rainer 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History1.1.Centers of Gold Production1.2.Production1.3.Development of Production Processes2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence3.1.Abundance3.2.Gold Deposits3.3.Gold Reserves and Resources4.Production4.1.Ore Treatment4.2.Cyanidation4.3.Recovery of Gold with Carbon4.3.1.Adsorption of Gold by Carbon4.3.2.Carbon‐in‐Pulp Process4.3.3.Carbon‐in‐Leach Process5.Gold Refining5.1.Chemical Refining5.2.Miller Process5.3.Wohlwill Electrolysis5.4.Solvent Extraction6.Recovery of Gold from Secondary Materials6.1.Recovery from Gold Alloys6.2.Recovery from Sweeps6.3.Recovery from Surface‐Coated Materials7.Gold Compounds7.1.Potassium Dicyanoaurate(I)7.2.Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid7.3.Sodium Disulfitoaurate(I)7.4.Miscellaneous Gold Compounds8.Gold Alloys8.1.Binary Alloys8.2.Ternary Alloys8.3.Higher Alloys8.4.Production and Processing9.Quality Specifications and Analysis9.1.Quality Specifications9.2.Sampling9.3.Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis9.4.Quantitative Analysis9.5.Purity Analysis9.5.1.Direct Analysis of Metallic Gold9.5.2.Purity of Gold Solution9.6.Trace Analysis10.Uses of Gold and Gold Alloys10.1.Coins, Medals, and Bars10.2.Jewelry10.3.Electronics and Electrical Engineering10.3.1.Electronics10.3.2.Electrical Engineering10.4.Solders10.5.Pen Nibs10.6.Chemical Technology10.7.Dental Materials10.8.Coatings10.8.1.Electroplating and Electroforming10.8.2.Bright Gold10.8.3.Other Gold Coatings10.9.Gold Leaf10.10.Catalysts11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Austin Severin , Glowacki Arndt 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.The HCl‐H2O System3.Production3.1.Methods of Preparation3.2.Industrial Production3.2.1.From Hydrogen and Chlorine3.2.2.Reaction of Metal Chlorides with Sulfuric Acid3.2.3.Recovery as a Chlorination Byproduct3.2.4.Recovery from Waste Incineration3.3.Purification4.Quality Specifications5.Storage and Transportation6.Uses and Economic Aspects7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids, Aromatic
Authors: Ritzer Edwin , Sundermann Rudolf 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Properties3.Production4.Individual Aromatic Hydroxycarboxylic Acids4.1.Monohydroxycarboxylic Acids4.1.1.3‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid4.1.2.4‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid4.1.3.Cresotic Acids4.2.Dihydroxybenzoic Acids4.3.Trihydroxybenzoic Acids4.4.Mandelic Acid5.Toxicology