bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mid‐morning Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Food intake, and Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Men and Women
Authors: Guo Qing , Hayden Julia , Chang Jennifer , de Zepetnek Julia Totosy , Crozier Stephen J. , Rousseau Dérick , Bellissimo Nick 
Published: November 2023

Snacking contributes a significant proportion of daily energy intake. Altering the macronutrient composition of snacks may increase satiety and promote lower food intake throughout the day, which could play an important role in weight management. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of mid‐morning gel‐based snacks fortified with different macronutrients on subjective appetite, short‐term food intake, and glycaemia in healthy young adults. In a repeated measures design, 23 healthy weight adults (BMI: 23.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2) received in random order five gel snacks (238 g) containing whey‐protein (202 kcal), steel cut oats (276 kcal), coconut oil (276 kcal), maltodextrin (272 kcal), or a control snack (186 kcal) 2 h after a standardized breakfast and 2 h prior to an ad libitum pizza meal at which food intake was measured. Glucose and insulin in capillary blood samples and subjective appetite were measured at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Compared to snack skipping, all test treatments similarly reduced subjective appetite (p=0.0026), but only the snacks containing steel cut oats (p=0.0322) and coconut oil (p=0.0307) significantly decreased test meal food intake. Blood glucose was higher after maltodextrin (p<0.0001) compared with the other gel snacks. Cumulative insulin was higher after maltodextrin (p<0.01) snack consumption compared to the coconut oil snack and snack skipping. Blood glucose and insulin responses had a strong positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.7897). In conclusion, gel snacks differed in their effects on food intake, blood glucose and insulin responses. Both macronutrient composition and calorie content were primary determinants of food intake but macronutrient composition was the main factor in glycaemic and insulin responses.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded by the Hershey Company.
Fiber Intake, Dietary Energy Density, and Adherence to Diet Assignment are Positively Associated with Weight‐Loss in Free‐Living Adults Consuming Calorie‐Restricted Diets at 6‐Month Follow‐Up: The POUNDS LOST Study
Authors: Miketinas Derek , Bray George , Sacks Frank , Champagne Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Low‐fat diets were previously thought to be a key to achieving healthy weight; but higher fat and protein diets have also been shown to produce weight loss. The POUNDS LOST study was a randomized clinical trial which examined the effects of four calorie‐restricted diets of varying macronutrient composition on weight loss in free‐living adults with obesity. Participants were randomized to receive one of four diets: 1) 20% fat, 15% protein; 2)20% fat, 25% protein; 3) 40% fat, 15% protein; and 4) 40% fat, 25% protein. The objective of this analysis was to identify possible predictors of weight loss after 6 months including: diet type, dietary adherence, demographics, and dietary behaviors. Dietary adherence was defined as consuming within ± 5% of the target macronutrient composition for fat and protein. Three hundred forty‐five participants (54.8% female; 86.5% Caucasian, 12.4% African American, and 1.1% other) who provided baseline and 6‐month follow‐up data were included in the analyses. Stepwise regression and cross‐validation techniques were used to model weight loss as a function of all possible predictors. Average Squared Error was the primary model fit criterion by which the final model was selected; the following model fit criteria were also in agreement with the selection of the final model: Akaike information criterion (AIC), Corrected AIC, and Adjusted R‐Square. The following variables were retained: Age, dietary adherence, energy density change, and fiber intake. Mean weight loss was −8.4 ± 5.0 kg and did not vary across diet‐type. Energy density change was positively associated with weight change while age, dietary adherence, and fiber intake were inversely associated with weight change. Fiber intake was the strongest predictor; on average, a 10g increase in fiber intake was associated with 2.2kg decrease in body weight. These findings provide evidence for modifying dietary components like fiber and energy density to positively influence weight loss.Support or Funding InformationFunded by NIH‐NHLBI. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00072995.
Dietary energy density is positively associated with body composition in Chinese adults: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yin Jun , Chen Yuan‐yuan , Xue Hong‐mei , Cheng Guo 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveWe aim to study whether dietary energy density (ED) is associated with body composition among Chinese adults.MethodsA total of 1933 adults (49.2% men) aged 25–65 years were included from an ongoing prospective study conducted in Southwest China between 2013 and 2014. Dietary data were collected through the validated 24‐hour dietary recalls. ED, computed as the amount of energy (kcal) divided by total consumed foods (g), was calculated based on five calculation methods (ED1, foods only; ED2, foods and alcohol; ED3, foods and milk; ED4, foods and energy‐containing beverages; ED5, foods and all beverages). Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (%BF), fat mass index (FMI) and fat‐free mass index (FFMI). Multiple linear generalized regression models were used to examine the association between ED and body composition parameters.ResultsAmong women, ED based on any calculation methods was positively and significantly associated with BMI, FMI, FFMI and %BF after adjusting for age, education level, smoking, monthly family income per capita and energy expended on moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activities (MVPAEE) (p < 0.01). In men, ED1 was positively related to BMI, FMI, FFMI and %BF (p < 0.05); however, ED5, including all beverages in the calculation, was not associated with each of body composition parameters. Moreover, the changes of body composition contributed by per unit of ED were much higher in women than in men (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe present study identified the positive association between ED and body composition in Chiese adults. Beverages may have profound effects on the association between ED and body composition, especially in men.Support or Funding InformationAll phases of this study were supported by research grant from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81472976)
Influence of Age in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters Among College Students
Authors: Jenkins Heidi , Soule William , Aguilar‐Alvarez David 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesMetabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence becomes more prevalent as we age. Taking this into consideration, we sought to investigate which parameters were more influenced by age. We hypothesized that various components of MetS will be more significantly influenced by age compared to other factors.MethodsWe assessed MetS parameters in 167 Weber State University student participants, age 17–40 years. Participants were separated by gender and into 3 different age groups: <20, 20–30, and 30–40. Correlations between MetS parameters and age, as well as mean comparisons were done with SPSS software.ResultsMean triglyceride (TG), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and glucose increased significantly with increased age group in both genders (p<0.05). Interestingly, age had no significant influence in High‐Density Lipoprotein (HDL‐C) in either gender. Nonetheless, among males, the total cholesterol (TC) TC/HDL ratio increased with age. Among males, it was also seen that an increased waist circumference was the factor most strongly associated with age (r=501, p=0.03). In contrast, for females increases in blood glucose were most strongly associated with age (r=491, p= 0.01) compared to other factors.ConclusionsAging appears to have a strong influence on many of the parameters in metabolic syndrome. Our data indicates that age may affect different metabolic syndrome parameters in men and women. HDL‐C seems to be unaffected by age increases. However, it is possible that this is a consequence of increases in total cholesterol. Nonetheless, when we assessed TC/HDL ratio no differences were observed among females which may indicate that age have very little influence on HDL in premenopausal women.Support or Funding InformationWeber State University, Athletic Training and Nutrition Department
The prevalence of Obesity and metabolic syndrome in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitude area in Ladakh, India
Authors: Lin Belle Yanyu , Genden Karma , Shen Wei , Wu Po‐Shu , Hung Hui‐Fang , Yang Kuen‐Cheh , Lin Wen‐Yuan 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTSTo examine the prevalence of obesity and related metabolic factors in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitudes.METHODSA total of 149 Tibetan immigrants aged 20 years and over were recruited in 2016 in Ladakh, India. Anthropometric indices and biochemical factors were measured. Obesity classified by body mass index (BMI) was defined using the World Health Organization Asia‐Pacific criteria. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute definitions.RESULTSMen were older and had greater height, fasting glucose, and uric acid than women. The prevalence of overweight, general obesity, central obesity, and metabolic syndrome was 23.4%, 42.6%, 42.6%, and 10.6% in men and 7.8%, 64.7%, 69.6%, and 33.3% in women, respectively. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome was higher in older age groups. In both genders, subjects in higher BMI groups had higher prevalence of hypertension, central obesity, and MetS than subjects in lower BMI groups. Compared to the non‐central obesity group, subjects in the central obesity group have higher weight, BMI, body fat, hip circumference, systolic and diastolic BP, and prevalence of hypertension in both genders. The prevalence of diabetes and fasting glucose are not related to any BMI groups or central obesity groups in both genders.CONCLUSIONSAmong this group of Tibetan immigrants living in a high altitude area, women have a higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome than men. No relationship was found between diabetes and obesity among this group.Support or Funding InformationNone
Post‐prandial glycemic and insulin response to VERSAFIBE&[trade] 2470 dietary fiber in healthy adults
Authors: Stewart Maria , Zimmer J. Paul 
Published: November 2023

VERSAFIBE™ 2470 dietary fiber is a resistant starch type 4 derived from high‐amylose maize. This product is high in dietary fiber (70% TDF, AOAC 2009.01 method) and can be used in a variety of bakery applications. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber on the glycemic response of healthy adults (n=28). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB Services, Aurora, Ontario). All subjects provided informed consent prior to enrolling in the study. The primary outcome was the two‐hour (baseline to 120 min) intravenous blood glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC0‐120min) after consuming a muffin top made with VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber (11.6 g TDF, treatment) or a muffin top made with conventional refined wheat flour (0.9 g TDF, control). The muffin tops were matched for total weight, total carbohydrate, sugars, protein, and fat. Subjects were randomly assigned the treatment order. During each 24‐hour study period, subjects consumed a standard evening meal, fasted for 12 hours, and arrived at the study clinic the following morning. Serum glucose, serum insulin, and capillary glucose were measured at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 180 min and 240 min after muffin top consumption. Breath hydrogen and methane concentrations were measured at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 hrs. The subjects completed a seven day washout between treatments. Product perception (sensory evaluation and overall liking) was similar between the two treatments. Consumption of the VERSAFIBE™ 2470 dietary fiber muffin top resulted in a significant 33% reduction in post‐prandial serum glucose iAUC0‐120min and an 8% decrease in maximum glucose concentration (Cmax 0‐120min) versus the control muffin (p = 0.037, p= 0.007 respectively). Correspondingly, consumption of the VERSAFIBE™ 2470 dietary fiber muffin top reduced post‐prandial serum insulin iAUC0‐120min by 38% versus the control muffin (p < 0.001). Capillary glucose iAUC0‐120min did not differ between treatments. Serum glucose, serum insulin, and capillary glucose values were significantly lower at individual time points when the VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber muffin top was consumed versus the control muffin top. There were no differences in breath hydrogen or breath methane after consumption. This study demonstrates that inclusion of a practical dose of dietary fiber (11.6 g TDF) from VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber in a bakery product significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy adults.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by Ingredion Incorporated, Bridgewater, NJ, USA. Copyright 2016 by Ingredion Incorporated
Modulating Postprandial Glycemic Response Through Inhibition of Potato Peel on Mucosal α‐Glucosidase
Authors: Chen Chen , Lin Hui‐Mei 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveType II diabetes and obesity are two main health concerns in United States with both associated with the rapid release of dietary glucose as the result of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Potato peel as an industrial waste contained functional molecules such as dietary fiber and micro‐ molecules (e.g. calystegine) which interfered the interaction between starch digestive enzymes and substrates. The objective of the study was to examine the inhibition of industrial potato peel waste on mucosal α‐glucosidase and identify the inhibition mechanism to develop a food approach strategy for modulating glycemic response.MethodsPotato peel was obtained from industrial potato processors and was dehydrated and grinded. The water‐soluble portion of potato peel showed significant inhibition function and therefore was chosen as the main research material. Maltose and soluble starch were used as the reaction substrate to study the inhibition on rat mucosal α‐glucosidase. Reaction velocity plots and Lineweaver‐Burk plot were constructed to study inhibition kinetic and mechanism. Protein, starch and dietary fiber composition of potato were studied through chemical and enzymatic assays. Ions and calystegine were isolated and quantified using ion‐exchange chromatography and LC‐MS. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the significance of the inhibition caused from each source of potential inhibitors.ResultsThe inhibition function and mechanism study showed significant dose‐responsive inhibition of potato peel extract on α‐glucosidase activity with mixed inhibition mechanism that contained both competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Ion‐exchanged chromatography followed by MS showed significant content of ions in the peel and the followed inhibition study indicated the function of ions as noncompetitive inhibitor. Calystegine A3 and B2 were determined as the main forms of calystegines in the peel and were the main source of competitive inhibitor. Soluble dietary fiber, due to its low content in potato peel extract, did not show significant inhibition on α‐glucosidase activity. Statistical analysis indicated ions and claystegine were the significant factors of inhibition.Conclusionpotato peel, as an agriculture waste, showed significant inhibition on mucosal α‐glucosidase activity with mixed inhibition mechanism caused by micro‐ and macro‐molecules. The study indicated the high potential for potato peel extract to be used as functional supplement to modulate postprandial glycemic response.Support or Funding InformationThe study is funded by Idaho State Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant.
CHEWING RATE IS LINKED TO APPETITE AND HUNGER
Authors: Uğur Elif , Nergiz‐Unal Reyhan 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveEnergy balance is vital for the prevention and treatment of the obesity. In this context, the controlling of appetite has a critical role for both energy balance and obesity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of chewing rate on appetite and hunger.MethodsThis study was conducted to the healthy adults (n=36) aged 18–28 years. The dietary manipulation started after a standard breakfast. Then, lunch was served ad libitum consisting of standard mini pizza with balanced macronutrient and micronutrient content. During the study, while the number and the duration of chewing (second) were recorded, visual analog scale (VAS) was filled by subjects at 0., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25., 30., 45., 60. minutes and at the end of the study. Chewing rate was calculated by dividing the number of chewing by duration of the chewing (chew/second). One day 24 h dietary recall was recorded. The manipulation period was repeated three times in two weeks intervals.ResultsThis study showed that, the higher chewing rate was associated with the feeling of hunger at 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th minutes significantly (p<0.05). In parallel, increased chewing rate was significantly related to the formation of the desire to eat more at the 5th and 10th minutes (p<0.05). Between chewing rate and energy intake was a positive correlation, but this was not significant. However, chewing rate did not affect the feeling of fullness and the opinion about the taste of meal.ConclusionThe results reveal that the higher chewing rate caused delay in suppression of appetite and hunger, especially at the first 15 minutes after the meal started. Therefore, decreasing chewing rate may be a strategy to develop the feeling of satiety, daily energy intake and thus controlling the obesity.
Dietary factors associated with high fat meal challenge based metabolic flexibility in women with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Krishnan Sridevi , Que Excel , Justin Waller , Gale Barbara , Lee Fanny , Horn William F , Vedula Aneeta M , Hall Joanne , Welch Lucas C , Kishimura Kathleen , Keim Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveThe primary aim was to assess metabolic flexibility as it relates to habitual diet, as well as in response to a high fat meal challenge (HFMC).MethodsThirty‐three women with insulin resistance and/or dyslipidemia were enrolled in this study. Block food frequency 2014 questionnaire was used to evaluate habitual dietary patterns. A HFMC test (800 kcal, 60% fat, 25% cho, 15% pro) was provided in a protocol that included blood sampling and measures of O2 and CO2 exchange using a metabolic cart at fasting and at 30, 180 and 360 minutes postprandial. Metabolic rate (MR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), fat (FOx) and carbohydrate (COx) oxidation rates were calculated from metabolic cart data. Food quotients (FQ) for habitual diets and the HFMC were calculated. Metabolic flexibility was assessed in the fasted state by comparing the FQ of the habitual diet with fasting RER (FQDIET/RERf). In the postprandial state, metabolic flexibility was defined as a ratio of [difference between average postprandial FOx and fasting FOx]/[difference between average postprandial COx and fasting COx] (ΔFOx/ΔCOx) and also the HFMC‐FQ compared to postprandial RER (FQHFMC/RERHFMC). Higher values for FQDIET/RERf, ΔFOx/ΔCOx, and FQHFMC/RERHFMC indicate higher FOx relative to COx. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to evaluate associations between dietary variables and metabolic flexibility.ResultsThree women were outliers (with reported dietary intake > 4000 Kcal/d), and the remaining 30 women were included for analysis. ΔFOx/ΔCOx was inversely associated with resting MR (r = −0.444, p =0.010), and showed an inverse trend with omega‐3 fatty acid 20:4 (r = −0.33, p = 0.07). FQDIET/RERf similar to ΔFOx/ΔCox, showed an inverse trend with omega‐3 fatty acid 20:5 and 22:6 intakes (r = −0.31, p = 0.09, r = −0.33, p = 0.07). Similarly, FQHFMC/RERHFMC also showed an inverse trend with 20:5 and 22:6 (r = −0.33, p = 0.07 for both). It is of interest to note that while both FQDIET/RERf and FQHFMC/RERHFMC were positively associated with habitual caffeine intake (r = 0.53, p<0.01, r = 0.39, p = 0.03), ΔFOx/ΔCOx was not (r =−0.15, p = 0.43). Also, both FQDIET/RERf and FQHFMC/RERHFMC were positively associated with habitual intake of flavanones (r = 0.37, p = 0.05; r = 0.35, p = 0.06), specifically hesperetin intake (r = 0.41, p = 0.03; r = 0.38, p = 0.04).ConclusionsMetabolic flexibility based on fasting measures was associated with lower intake of some long chain omega‐3 fatty acids, and higher intake of caffeine and flavanones in women. Higher intakes of omega‐3 fatty acids also indicated poorer adaptation to the HFMC. However, these must be tested in a larger sample size, as well as in a controlled feeding trial.Support or Funding InformationNational Dairy Council Project 23370, and USDA‐ARS‐CRIS Project 2032‐51530‐022‐00D
The Effect of Combined Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Premenstrual Symptoms and Depression
Authors: Yürük Armağan Aytuğ , Tamer Funda , Nergiz‐Unal Reyhan 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common cyclic disorder of young and middle‐aged women and is characterized by psychological and physical symptoms. Co‐occurrence of depression might increase the risk and severity of this syndrome. Current studies suggest that blood calcium and vitamin D levels are lower in women with PMS and calcium supplementation has been advocated for the reduction of certain symptoms of PMS. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of combined use of calcium and vitamin D on premenstrual symptoms and depression.MethodsThis study was carried out 23 (22.2±3.4 years) healthy women. In the intervention period of the study women received calcium (600mg) and vitamin D (400IU) supplementation. The severity of the symptoms of PMS before and after the intervention was recorded. The diagnosis of PMS was confirmed by Premenstrual Questionnaire (PQ) and the symptoms were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scales. Analyses were carried out by McNemar Chi‐square test using SPSS software version 23.ResultsFrom 23 participants 60.9% (n=14) met the PMS and 26.1% (n=6) met the BDI criteria before the supplementation. 52.2% (n=12) of the participants reported premenstrual symptoms and 17.4% (n=4) of women met BDI score after supplementation. Also five women met both of the PMS and BDI criteria before supplementation while only two women showed similar results after supplementation. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation caused a reduction in PMS and BDI score but this reduction was not statistically significant (8.7% and 8.7% respectively) (p>0.05).ConclusionA high intake of calcium and vitamin D may reduce the risk of PMS. According to the results of this study, using combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the risk of PMS but the effects of supplementation might be increased by longer duration and higher dose of the treatment.