bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Reason and Political Justification
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a constitutional democracy, citizens normally have a sense of the kinds of reasons that are fittingly appealed to, as well as those that are not, in legislative and judicial forums and when arguing about laws and the constitution with people who hold different religious or philosophical views. We see this all the time in arguments in news editorials, for example. But it is very hard to characterize these reasons in any straightforward way. It is not enough to say that, because people have different faiths and their differences are irresolvable, religious considerations ought to be kept out of politics. For, people have irresolvably conflicting philosophical and ethical beliefs, too. Moreover, sometimes it may be wholly fitting within public political life for members of a faith to declare the religious beliefs that lead them to support or oppose measures involving fundamental questions of justice (Martin Luther King’s religious declarations in support of civil rights is one example). How, then, are we to make sense of this idea of “public reasons”?
Why There Are No People
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine, if you will, a somewhat uncommonly shaped object, one whose shape is not very irregular or bizarre, perhaps, but which is at least sufficiently so that we have no common name or expression for an object with a shape of that sort. Following this instruction, then, you have not imagined a pyramid, or cylindrical object, for those are readily spoken of in available terms. I shall call your imagined object a nacknick, which term you are to apply also to such various other objects as you deem suitably similar in shape to the first. In this way, we have invented a new word together: I have given you the form of the inscription, ‘nacknick’, and some instructions which help to delimit the meaning. But only you have enough of an idea of the word to put it to much use. That is because, according to this little story, you have not revealed your imagined shape to me, or done much else to give me a useful idea of it.
The Uniqueness In Causation
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a logical principle governing causation which, while it has consequences of considerable philosophic interest, never appears to be fully articulated or even recognized by any philosopher. I call it the principle of the uniqueness of that which causes. Expressed in terms of the verb “cause,” and a notion of a particular thing, which delimits the relevant objects of the verb, the principle reads like this: If some entity causes, or some entities cause, a particular thing, then nothing else causes that latter thing and no other entities cause it. This is an entirely general statement concerning the logic of causation, though of course it does not imply that anything ever is caused. In the antecedent, I talk of entities instead of things. This is to make dear that the principle governs persons and other conscious beings, insofar as they may be causes, as well as events, facts, physical objects and other entities naturally called things. It is quite obvious, I suppose, that our principle dictates as follows: If John’s putting poison in Jim’s food caused a certain particular thing, say, Jim’s death, then Bill’s shooting Jim did not cause that latter thing. I want it to be just as dear that our principle dictates this as well: If John’s putting poison in Jim’s food caused Jim’s death, then John himself, who is a man and not that first fact or event, did not cause Jim’s death.
The Curse Of Caste; Or The Slave Bride
Authors: Collins Julia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1865, The Christian Recorder, the national newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, serialized The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride, a novel written by Mrs. Julia C. Collins, an African American woman living in the small town of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The first novel ever published by a black American woman, it is set in antebellum Louisiana and Connecticut, and focuses on the lives of a beautiful mixed-race mother and daughter whose opportunities for fulfillment through love and marriage are threatened by slavery and caste prejudice. The text shares much with popular nineteenth-century women's fiction, while its dominant themes of interracial romance, hidden African ancestry, and ambiguous racial identity have parallels in the writings of both black and white authors from the period. Begun in the waning months of the Civil War, the novel was near its conclusion when Julia Collins died of tuberculosis in November of 1865. In this first-ever book publication of The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride, the editors have composed a hopeful and a tragic ending, reflecting two alternatives Collins almost certainly would have considered for the closing of her unprecedented novel. In their introduction, the editors offer the most complete and current research on the life and community of an author who left few traces in the historical record, and provide extensive discussion of her novel's literary and historical significance. Collins's published essays, which provide intriguing glimpses into the mind of this gifted but overlooked writer, are included in what will prove to be the definitive edition of a major new discovery in African American literature. Its publication contributes immensely to our understanding of black American literature, religion, women's history, community life, and race relations during the era of United States emancipation.
Renewing the Stuff of Life
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renewing the Stuff of Life offers the first truly comprehensive picture of the scientific, ethical, policy, social, religious, political, and business issues raied by stem cell research ever since it exploded onto the scene in 1998. It addresses such riveting questions as: should we use cloning and parthenogenesis to create embryos for stem cell research? Is it wrong to develop human-nonhuman chimeras that might house human brains in animal bodies? What social and political forces are driving federal and state stem cell research policies and why? Should stem cell lines be patented? Do we need a national ethics body to guide the development of this research? Cohen explains just what stem cells are, where they come from, and how they function, bringing in the most recent scientific discoveries in this challenging field. She then takes the reader through the leading secular and religious arguments regarding the compelling question of the moral significance of human embryos. In response, she offers a way to meet our responsibilities both to very early embryos and to those who are sick and suffering that takes account of basic values at the heart of our democratic policy. The much-maligned notion of human dignity receives new treatment here in an exploration of the moral import of creating human-nonhuman chimeras in stem cell research.
KAL1, FGFR1, PROKR2, PROK2 and Kallmann Syndrome
Authors: Hardelin Jean-Pierre , Dodé Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. Anosmia is related to the absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. Hypogonadism is due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, and presumably results from a failure of embryonic migration of the neuroendocrine GnRH cells.
P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency and the Antley–Bixler Syndrome
Authors: Miller Walter L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an electron-transport Mavoprotein required for the catalytic activities of all microsomal (but not mitochondrial) cytochrome P450 enzymes. These 50 distinct cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, prostaglandins, bile acids, leukotrienes, vitamin D, retinoids, and other molecules, as well as in the hepatic metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Autosomal recessive POR mutations, first described in 2004, are principally characterized by an unusual and complex disorder in adrenal and gonadal steroid hormone synthesis that produces a picture of partial deficiencies in multiple steroidogenic enzymes; the most severely affected is the 17,20 lyase activity of P450c17, but the 17α-hydroxylase activity of this enzyme, and the 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) are also affected.
A Correct, Classical Scholar
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As much as the books he inherited meant to Thomas Jefferson, they were no substitute for the father he had lost. He took his father’s death hard and, for a time, felt helpless without him. Years later he told his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph: “When I recollect that at 14. years of age, the whole care and direction of my self was thrown on myself entirely, without a relation or friend qualified to advise or guide me, and recollect the various sorts of bad company with which I associated from time to time, I am astonished I did not turn off with some of them, and become as worthless to society as they were.” Without Peter Jefferson’s guidance, his son’s upbringing was consigned to committee. The men who formed the group of Thomas’s guardians and the executors of his father’s estate included Peter Randolph, his mother’s cousin; John Harvie, a family friend and business associate who would serve as the estate’s working executor; and Dr. Thomas Walker, neighbor and family physician.
William and Mary
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christmas 1759 found Jefferson at the home of Nathaniel West Dandridge, where, coincidentally, Patrick Henry was also spending the holiday. The two had never met. Jefferson was sixteen, Henry twenty-three. Henry was at an unsettled time in his life. He had tried being a shopkeeper and a farmer but failed in both pursuits. Yet to realize his true calling as a lawyer, he may have started reading law this holiday season. If so, he told Jefferson nothing about it. Regardless, Henry refused to let his professional uncertainty dampen his holiday spirits. Jefferson found him dancing, fiddling, and regaling others with fanciful tales.
The Limits of English Law
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though busy reading law and helping George Wythe prepare the cases he would argue before the General Court in the autumn of 1764, Jefferson still managed to find time for himself. On several occasions, the printing office of the Virginia Gazette lured him inside its doors. The first Wednesday of October, for example, he visited the Gazette office with several volumes to be rebound and gilt, yet not all his trips to the printing office involved purchasing books or having them bound. Sometimes he came to buy paper, other times to pay for postage or to buy sundries—pens, ink, stationary, all things concerned with the business of being a law student.
A Shelf of Notebooks
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The precise date Thomas Jefferson passed the bar remains a mystery. Some have suggested that he did not pass it until 1767, the year he recorded his first legal case, but he had to have passed it before then because he practiced law in the General Court of Virginia, not its lower county courts. In order to come before the bar of the General Court, a lawyer did not necessarily have to practice in the inferior courts, but he did have to hold for one year a license to practice in the inferior courts, which was granted upon passing the bar examination. Most likely Jefferson passed the bar in late 1765. The Virginia Gazette daybooks hint that he was studying for his examinations in early autumn, when he purchased a copy of Grounds and Rudiments of Law and Equity, a general survey that made an ideal study aid. The daybooks offer another clue to suggest that Jefferson’s legal training was reaching a point of culmination: in addition to the various other goods he acquired from the printing office that autumn, he also purchased “1 skin Parchment.” Jefferson, itseems, was getting ready to hang his sheepskin.
The Declaration of Independence
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third week of September 1775, Samuel Ward wrote George Washington an anxious letter from Philadelphia, asking him if he knew where Jefferson was. The Continental Congress had reconvened the preceding week, but Jefferson, who was emerging as one of its hardest working and distinguished delegates, had yet to show. Though Ward did not realize it, personal reasons were keeping Jefferson home beyond the date Congress was scheduled to reconvene: he had to bury his second daughter, Jane Randolph Jefferson. Born the first week of April the year before, the baby had received her name from both her grandmother and her aunt. Jane, Thomas’s favorite sister, had died as a young woman; her namesake had not lived to see her second birthday. The child’s bereaved father lingered at Monticello until the last week of September. Once he left home, he made excellent time and reached Philadelphia before the month’s end.
Of Law and Learning
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Christmas night, 1776, a powerful winter storm covered Virginia with more than twenty inches of snow. During the next few weeks, the weather remained crisp and cold, the temperature seldom creeping above the twenties, the Christmas snow continuing to blanket the land. Though this was the severest winter he could remember, Jefferson had no intention of letting either the snow or the cold hinder his plans. The second week of January 1777, he ventured to Fredericksburg to meet other members of the committee named by the Virginia legislature to revise its laws: Thomas Ludwell Lee, George Mason, Edmund Pendleton, and George Wythe. Since the creation of the United States, all laws present and in force needed to be scrutinized and, in many cases, reworked.
Lines of Communication
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the legislation Jefferson drafted as part of his revision of the laws of Virginia is “A Bill for Establishing Cross Posts.” Its preamble clearly establishes the bill’s purpose. Intended to promote “the more general diffusion of public intelligence among the citizens of this commonwealth,” it would help Virginians keep in touch with friends, merchants, and legislators. Jefferson’s choice of words echoes the diction of “A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge.” Read in juxtaposition, similar phrases from the two prompt a question: how does the general diffusion of knowledge resemble the general diffusion of public intelligence? Both require infrastructure: Knowledge can be diffused through the construction of schools and the establishment of a public school system; public intelligence, on the other hand, can be diffused through the establishment of an efficient postal system. By “cross posts” Jefferson specifically meant additional post roads branching off the main north–south route that ran through Virginia and connected it with the other American states.
Notes on the State of Virginia
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jefferson stayed with his family at Poplar Forest through June of 1781. It was during this time that he was thrown from his horse, suffered a bad fall, and broke his arm—not during his retreat from Monticello, as his detractors charged. The injury debilitated him for months but also provided some unexpected leisure, time enough to resume a major writing project he had begun while in the governor’s office. This literary effort ultimately took shape as Notes on the State of Virginia. In his writings, Jefferson usually refers to this work in the plural, suggesting that he considered it a collection of notes rather than a unified whole. In his preface to the first London edition, he hesitated to mention “the circumstances of the time and place of their composition,” which, he asserted, would “open wounds which have already bled enough.” Privately, he was more blunt: he told Giovanni Fabbroni the work was written “while our country was wasting under the ravages of a cruel enemy, and whilst the writer was confined to his room by an accidental decrepitude.”1 Unable to leave Poplar Forest, Jefferson was not only physically handicapped, but also handicapped by his separation from most of his books and papers, which he had sent away to distant parts of Virginia for safekeeping in the face of invading British forces.
The Narrow House
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Chevalier de Chastellux, the second Saturday in April 1782 “commenced, like every other day in America, by a large breakfast”: “ham, butter, fresh eggs, and coffee with milk.” Having left Williamsburg five days earlier, Chastellux was headed toward the home of Thomas Jefferson this morning. He had first come to America as a major general in the French Expeditionary Forces, third in command under General Rochambeau. A professional soldier, polished author, and brilliant conversationalist, Chastellux was equally at home on the battlefield, at his desk, or in the salons of Paris. As an author, he had already written a number of works including, most important, De la Félicité Publique, a groundbreaking study of social history and the history of social institutions.
An American Odyssey
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Thursday, October 16, 1783, Thomas Jefferson, now forty, left Monticello to resume his career as a legislator. Earlier that year he had been reelected to the U.S. Congress, the latest session of which was scheduled to convene at Princeton in November. Leaving home, he chose a circuitous route through the Shenandoah Valley. This detour would let him see some of Virginia’s more distant scenic areas, places he wanted to describe within his revised and expanded version of Notes on the State of Virginia. Patsy, or Martha, as she will now be called, joined her father in the phaeton as he left Monticello, and James Hemings accompanied them on horseback. Think about the time of year and imagine how beautiful the tree-covered hills must have been. Autumn makes a paradise of Virginia, Jefferson told his daughter.
A Tour through Holland and the Rhine Valley
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During his first year in Paris, one of Jefferson’s greatest pleasures was spending time with John Adams and his family. Sometimes he would travel to their fine suburban home at Auteuil for an evening of pleasant conversation; other times they would venture to the heart of the city to dine with him and attend the theater. Once Adams became minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain and relocated the family to London, Jefferson missed them very much. “The departure of your family has left me in the dumps,” he wrote Adams. Their presence in London, however, did offer him the opportunity of developing a correspondence with Abigail Adams, which both enjoyed immensely.
The Vice President and the Printed Word
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After being elected vice president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson was elected president of the American Philosophical Society, an office aligning him with some of the greatest scientific minds in early America. Benjamin Franklin had served as president of the Society until his death in 1790. David Rittenhouse had succeeded him and served until his death in 1796. Accepting the office and the honor, Jefferson expressed hope not only for what the Society could contribute toward the advancement of science, but also for what science could contribute toward the advancement of mankind: “I feel no qualification for this distinguished post but a sincere zeal for all the objects of our institution, and an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may at length reach even the extremes of society, beggars and kings.” As he had many times before, Jefferson emphasized the direct relation between science and liberty. Freedom from tyranny brings opportunities for scientific inquiry; scientific advances reinforce and extend freedom. Given his ideas about how science could contribute to the advancement of mankind, Thomas Jefferson made an ideal choice to lead the American Philosophical Society into the next century.
The Wall of Separation
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing to Benjamin Rush a few months before the 1800 presidential election, Thomas Jefferson made one of his most famous pronouncements: “I have sworn upon the altar of god eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.”1 Save for the fact that these words occur in a private letter to a trusted friend, they have the aura of a campaign slogan. But Jefferson was not solely inveighing against political tyranny. He was also speaking against religious tyranny. Read within the context of this letter, his words are tinged with irony: they occur in a paragraph recalling ideas about Christianity he and Rush had discussed in Philadelphia during the winter of 1798–99. Their energetic conversations had encouraged Jefferson to think about religion further, and he had promised to write up his thoughts on Christianity for Rush. This letter reiterates that promise.
The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few authors in Jefferson’s retirement library were better represented than Baron d’Holbach, the renowned freethinker who had dared to question the basic tenets of Christianity. Holbach had established his reputation with Christianisme Dévoilé, a scathing attack tracing human evil back to religion in general and Christianity in particular. He developed his ideas along these same lines in subsequent treatises. Systéme de la Nature, his most famous work, denied the existence of a deity. Long, ponderous, and often confusing, Systéme de la Nature nonetheless provoked contemporary readers to rethink their understanding of Christianity. To give his ideas greater currency, Holbach digested the work as Bon Sens. These two works were part of the great library Jefferson sold to Congress, and he bought replacement copies of both for his retirement library. Neither of these anonymously published works verifies Jefferson’s interest in Holbach, however: he attributed both to Diderot. The catalogue of his retirement library shows that Jefferson really became interested in Holbach during the last ten years of his life. Altogether, he had nine works by Holbach in his retirement library.
The Autobiography
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rereading Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography in the spring of 1820, William Short regretted that Jefferson had yet to write his life story. Short had asked him to do so earlier but without result. Tenaciously, he wrote again that year to reiterate the request: “I have lately read over again Dr Franklin’s plain and simple narration of the events of his own life. It has renewed my desire to see the same kind of work from yourself; but I will not be importunate in asking it at your hands against your own inclination, notwithstanding the great gratification it would give to your invariable and faithful friend.”1 While aware of Franklin’s autobiography and other recent books devoted to the lives of the patriots, Jefferson had so far avoided writing the story of his life. The year following Short’s letter, however, he finally relented.