bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of hepatic neoglucogenesis and glucose‐6‐phosphatase by quercetin 3‐O‐α(2″‐galloyl)rhamnoside isolated from Bauhinia megalandra leaves
Authors: Gonzalez‐Mujica Freddy , Motta Norma , Estrada Omar , Perdomo Elsa , Méndez Jeannette , Hasegawa Masahisa 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn intact microsomes, quercetin 3‐O‐α‐(2″‐galloyl)rhamnoside (QGR) inhibits glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G‐6‐Pase) in a concentration‐dependent manner. QGR increased the G‐6‐Pase Km for glucose‐6‐phosphate without change in the Vmax. The flavonol did not change the kinetic parameters of disrupted microsomal G‐6‐Pase or intact or disrupted microsomal G‐6‐Pase pyrophosphatase (PPase) activity. This result allowed the conclusion that QGR competitively inhibits the glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P) transporter (T1) without affecting the catalytic subunit or the phosphate/pyrophosphate transporter (T2) of the G‐6‐Pase system.QGR strongly inhibits the neoglucogenic capacity of rat liver slices incubated in a Krebs‐Ringer bicarbonate buffer, supplemented with lactate and oleate saturated albumin.The QGR G‐6‐Pase inhibition might explain the decrease in the liver slice neoglucogenic capacity and, in turn, could reduce glucose levels in diabetic patients. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral candidiasis treatment with Brazilian ethanol propolis extract
Authors: Santos V. R. , Pimenta F. J. G. S. , Aguiar M. C. F. , do Carmo M. A. V. , Naves M. D. , Mesquita R. A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Brazilian commercial ethanol propolis extract, also formulated to ensure physical and chemical stability, was found to inhibit oral candidiasis in 12 denture‐bearing patients with prosthesis stomatitis candidiasis association. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of toxicity of capsaicin and zosteric acid and their potential application as antifoulants
Authors: Xu Qingwei , Barrios Carlos A. , Cutright Teresa , Zhang Newby Bi‐min 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe toxicity of two natural product antifoulants, capsaicin and zosteric acid, was evaluated using the Microtox assay and a static toxicity test. The EC50 values obtained from the Microtox assay for capsaicin and zosteric acid were 11.75 ± 1.02 and 442 ± 100 mg/L, respectively. The static toxicity test, conducted with freshwater organisms, yielded capsaicin EC50 values of 5.5 ± 0.5 and 23 ± 2.0 mg/L for P. putida and Lake Erie bacteria, respectively. Zosteric acid EC50 values were 167 ± 3.9 and 375 ± 10 mg/L for P. putida and Lake Erie bacteria, respectively. Tests with marine organisms resulted in capsaicin EC50 values of 6.9 ± 0.2 and 15.6 ± 0.4 mg/L for V. natriegens and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively; whereas zosteric acid EC50 values were 7.4 ± 0.1 and 18 ± 0.6 mg/L for V. natriegens and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. These results indicate that zosteric acid is much less toxic than capsaicin and that both are substantially less toxic than the currently used antifoulants, such as TBT (EC50 < 0.01 ppb). Their effectiveness as natural antifoulants was demonstrated by preliminary attachments studies. As the aqueous antifoulant concentration increased, significant inhibition of bacteria attachment or prevention of biofilm formation was achieved. Hence, both capsaicin and zosteric acid could be attractive alternatives as new antifouling compounds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 467–474, 2005.
Hepatotoxic cyanobacterial blooms in the lakes of northern Poland
Authors: Mankiewicz Joanna , Komárková Jarka , Izydorczyk Katarzyna , Jurczak Tomasz , Tarczynska Małgorzata , Zalewski Maciej 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe lakes of northern Poland are among the recreational sites most valued by Polish and German holiday makers. Given the socioeconomic importance of these lakes, water quality should be maintained at high levels for such intensive recreational purposes. In 2002 studies of species composition, biomass, and toxin production by phytoplankton and the attendant physicochemical variables were performed in order to assess the risk of cyanobacterial blooms in selected northern lakes: Lakes Jeziorak, Jagodne, Szymoneckie, Szymon, Taltowisko, Siecino, and Trzesiecko. The research showed that total phosphorus (0.1 mg P/L) and total nitrogen (1.5 mg N/L) in the studied lakes almost exceeded the permissible limits for eutrophication of water bodies. Most phytoplankton samples were taken in late summer, when cyanobacteria were expected to reach their highest biomass. At the time of sampling most of the lakes were dominated by oscillatorialean and nostocalean species. Average chlorophyll‐a concentration was higher than 10 μg/L in almost all the lakes studied, which corresponded with an average microcystin concentration in the range of 4–5 μg/L. The main microcystins in the analyzed samples were dmMC‐RR, MC‐RR, MC‐YR, and MC‐LR. The results demonstrated a potential for intensive cyanobacterial blooms to appear during the summer in northern Polish lakes. The levels of cyanobacteria found in the lakes investigated indicated that toxicity had reached the first‐alert level according to World Health Organization recommendations. If microcystin‐producing cyanobacteria dominate, with a microcystin concentration of 2–4 μg/L, symptoms of toxicity can appear in the swimmers most sensitive to exposure. Analysis of cyanobacterial assemblages in northern Polish lakes also indicated a significant presence of Aphanizomenon species including a Scandinavian species, A. skujae (Skuja) Kom.‐Legn. & Cronb. Future investigations of Polish lakes also should assess neurotoxins and study the biology of their producers. This study was the first attempt to evaluate the potential danger of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in the lakes of northern Poland. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 499–506, 2005.
Traffic safety education: Panacea, prophylactic or placebo?
Authors: Johnston Ian R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEducation is one of the strategies available to reduce traffic crashes and the resultant personal injury. It is seen by many as the major strategy for achieving lasting change. However, there is considerable debate as to the effectiveness of traffic safety education programs to date and, in an era when public expenditure is strongly influenced by the results of cost‐benefit analyses, the more fundamental traffic safety education programs are under increasing challenge. The literature on effectiveness is indeed confusing. All too often, programs have commenced from a position of blind faith and have been implemented unsystematically, without specific objectives, targets, or evaluative milestones. The problem is compounded by the considerable methodological difficulties which confront the evaluators of long‐term programs of behavior change. If traffic safety education is to survive as a viable countermeasure, program planning and execution must become far more scientific and evaluation must become an integral component. There is also an arguable case for the funds for the longer‐term behavior change programs to come from the more general public health arena than from the narrower traffic safety field, while the short‐term, specific educational programs should compete directly for funds with alternative traffic safety measures available for the given problem.
Mandatory bicycle helmet use: Experience in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Vulcan A. Peter , Cameron Maxwell H. , Watson Wendy L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOn July 1, 1990, the legislation requiring wearing of an approved bicycle (safety) helmet by all pedal cyclists, unless exempted, came into effect in Victoria, Australia. The paper describes the more important activities which paved the way for this initiative and presents some preliminary information about the effect of the legislation on wearing rates and head injuries. Since 1980 there has been promotion of helmet use through bicycle education in schools, mass media publicity, support by professional organizations and community groups, bulk purchase schemes, and government rebates for helmet purchases. The Australian Standard for bicycle safety helmets has also been changed to meet community demands for lighter helmets with more provision for ventilation. There has been a steady increase in voluntary helmet use in Melbourne from 1983 to March 1990, as follows: 5% to 70% in primary school children; 2% to 20% in secondary students; and 27% to 40% in adults. In the period after the legislation, with relatively little enforcement, these three groups have shown substantial increases in helmet use rates, rising to 70–90% in most cases. Preliminary data show that the numbers of bicyclists with a head injury have dropped in the period since the legislation came into effect. The possible contributions to this reduction, of less bicycle use and lower risk of head injury in an accident, are discussed.
Head injuries in infants and children: Measures to reduce mortality and morbidity in road accidents
Authors: Simpson D. A. , Blumbergs P. C. , McLean A. J. , Scott G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn the 6‐year period from 1983 to 1988, 12 infants (<24 months of age) and 103 children (2 to 14 years of age) were killed in road crashes in South Australia. This represents an annual incidence of 6.4 deaths per 100,000 children at risk. At least 4 other children were killed in off‐road vehicle‐related accidents. Of these deaths, approximately half were car passengers, one third pedestrians, and one sixth pedal cyclists. Most of these infants and children died at the accident site or soon after, but 26 of them survived long enough to be admitted to hospitals with neurosurgical units and an audit of these patients suggests that there were at least 3 preventable deaths. However, autopsies of 78 patients show that the great majority of these deaths resulted from devastating brain and/or trunk visceral injuries. Better emergency care and the use of neurosurgical retrieval teams may save some lives. But more lives might be saved by the use of appropriate restraints for infants and children in cars, by reducing the exposure of child pedestrians and cyclists to road traffic, and by mandatory use of helmets by child cyclists. Off‐road vehicular accidents are not as a rule included in road crash statistics; the practice of giving small motorcycles to young children has created a new category of vehicular accidents sometimes causing severe head injury.
Causes and control of spinal cord injury in automotive crashes
Authors: Viano David C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper provides a history of automotive safety and a review of biomedical research on human tolerance and occupant protection. It discusses current understandings of body kinematics and impact biomechanics that result in neck injury. Perspective is given on the linkage between mechanical forces that are the cause and physiologic disruptions that are the consequence of spinal cord injury. The public health aspects of injury and disability are discussed as well as the need for injury prevention.
Mechanisms of injury and biomechanics: Vehicle design and crash performance
Authors: Mackay Murray 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews briefly the early evolution of the subject of the biomechanics of impacts. Some examples of rule‐making of vehicle crash performance are cited to illustrate the need for evaluation of all design changes and regulations in the real world of crashes and injuries. Some background data on the relative frequencies of causalties and types of collisions are given to establish overall priorities. Mechanisms of injuries in frontal collisions for unrestrained and restrained occupants are described to illustrate the relationships between interior localized contacts and injuries to the lower limbs, the chest, and the head. Kinematics of occupants in angled, lateral, and rear collisions are reviewed together with the related injury mechanisms, and rollover crashes with and without seat belt use are mentioned. Motorcyclist and pedestrian kinematics and some of the desirable characteristics of the vehicle exterior are described together with the unfortunate consequences of the current bumper standards. In summary the paper aims to be a general review of crash kinematics and general mechanisms of injury.
Lateral margins of resection in adenocarcinoma of the rectum
Authors: Wolff Bruce G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWide dissection of adenocarcinoma of the rectum is difficult because of the fixed structure of the anatomic pelvis. The role of lateral margins, excision of the mesorectum, and extended lymphadenectomy have recently received much attention in the literature in dealing surgically with more advanced rectal carcinomas. The basic question to be resolved in the future is whether additional radical surgery is of more benefit than adjuvant chemoradiation therapy in this setting.
Abdominoperineal resection for adenocarcinoma of the low rectum
Authors: Rothenberger David A. , Wong W. Douglas 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCurrent understanding of the routes of spread of rectal cancer along with technical innovations such as the circular stapler have allowed surgeons to treat most rectal cancers with an anterior resection and low anastomosis. Appropriate use of local therapy options has further decreased the need for abdominoperineal resection (APR). Nonetheless, APR remains the procedure of choice for many distal rectal adenocarcinomas. Numerous factors influence the decision to perform an APR and are discussed in detail. Although mortality for APR has been reduced significantly, morbidity remains high. Specific complications commonly seen after APR are discussed. Operative technique is outlined since much of the specific morbidity of APR can be reduced by attention to detail in the conduct of this complex procedure.
Surgical management of locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the rectum
Authors: Devine Richard M. , Dozois Roger R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractApproximately 5% of rectal cancers are locally advanced with adherence to the vagina, uterus, bladder, prostate, or other structures. Sacral involvement is fortunately rare in primary cancers. In about 50% of patients there is histologic confirmation of tumor invasion in the area of adherence. It is important to recognize the nature of these tumors pre‐operatively so that the patient can be prepared for an exenterative procedure should this be necessary. When these tumors are removeden bloc, 5‐year survival rates of 50% can be obtained with survival depending on the presence or absence of regional metastasis and also the presence or absence of histologic tumor invasion into adjacent structures.
Locally recurrent rectal cancer: Surgical strategy
Authors: Pedro de Azevedo J. , Dozois Roger R. , Gunderson Leonard L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRelapses after “curative resection” of rectal cancer may be localized and thus amenable to surgical treatment. The risk of relapse may be higher than previously believed depending on adequacy and length of follow‐up, the diagnostic modalities used, and the number of autopsies performed. Technical refinements such as a distal margin >2 cm, radical pelvic lymphadenectomy, and high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery at the aorta do not appear to diminish the risk of recurrence. A wider lateral margin and a more complete excision of the mesorectum may be beneficial, but this is yet unproven. Surgery for isolated, locally recurrent lesions should be limited to carefully selected patients and performed in tertiary centers using a team approach. Whether such radical “salvage” procedures are justifiable merits further careful evaluation.
The role of intra‐operative irradiation in locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gunderson Leonard L. , O'Connell Michael J. , Dozois Roger R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractUseful palliation can often be achieved when standard treatment approaches of external beam irradiation and chemotherapy with or without resection are used for locally advanced primary rectal malignancies. Local control and long‐term survival are achieved in only 10% to 50% of patients, however, due to the limited irradiation tolerance of surrounding organs and tissues. Encouraging trends exist in separate intra‐operative irradiation analyses from Massachusetts General Hospital and Mayo Clinic with regard to improvement in local control and possibly survival of locally advanced rectal lesions, warranting continued evaluation of such approaches. Disease control within the intra‐operative and external irradiation field is decreased, however, when the surgeon is unable to accomplish gross total resection. Therefore it seems reasonable to consistently add 5‐Fluorouracil with or without Leucovorin during external irradiation and to evaluate the use of dose modifiers, such as sensitizers or hyperthermia, in conjunction with intra‐operative irradiation. Since high systemic failure rates exist with both locally advanced primary and recurrent lesions, more effective chemotherapy needs to be evaluated during external irradiation as well as after completion of such. In view of survival advantages with 5‐Fluorouracil plus Leucovorin versus 5‐Fluorouracil alone for metastatic disease, this regimen is currently being employed. Even with locally recurrent lesions, the aggressive multimodality approaches including intra‐operative irradiation have resulted in improved local control, and long‐term survival rates of 20% to 25% versus an expected 5% with conventional techniques in historical series.
Role of pre‐operative irradiation for anal preservation in cancer of the low rectum
Authors: Berard Ph. , Papillon J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSince 1979, 157 patients with T2, T3, or T4 cancer of the lower rectum have been treated by a short course of irradiation, 30 Gy within 12 days by cobalt 60 using 120° arc rotation on a sacral field, followed by a 2‐month rest before surgery. The operative specimens were tumor‐free in 13% of patients, Dukes' A in 40% of patients, Dukes' B in 22% of patients, and Dukes' C in 25% of patients. Three (1.9%) patients died postoperatively. At 3 years (107 patients) and 5 years (74 patients) the rates of death of local failure were 7.5% and 9.5%, respectively. The 3‐year and 5‐year disease‐free survival were 71% and 58%. Since 1983, the surgeons took advantage of the tumor regression to carry out sphincter‐saving operation in 67 patients with T2, T3, and T4 tumors of the lower third of the rectum. The proportion of patients treated by restorative surgery instead of abdominoperineal resection has grown significantly during the past 4 years, from 22% to 71%. Diverting colostomy was performed in 10 patients. Anastomotic leakages were observed in 7 patients. Of 31 patients who underwent low anterior resection and were followed 3 to 7 years (mean 4.5 years), 5 patients died of distant metastasis and 3 patients are alive after segmental hepatectomy. One patient had local recurrence which was controlled by abdominoperineal resection. The rate of 3‐year disease‐free survival was 77%. Preliminary results indicate that well planned pre‐operative irradiation and delayed surgery can significantly extend the scope of anal preservation for selected patients with cancer of the lower third of the rectum without jeopardizing survival.
Adjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum
Authors: O'Connell Michael J. , Gunderson Leonard L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSurgical resection continues to be the primary curative modality for patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum. However, local tumor recurrence in the pelvis and/or distant metastasis may occur in spite of complete excision of grossly visible malignant disease. Surgical and pathologic staging can identify a subset of surgically treated rectal cancer patients at high risk for tumor relapse and death. Irradiation and chemotherapy have been used as adjuvant therapy in conjunction with surgery as single modalities and in combination for patients with high risk rectal cancer. Evidence from controlled clinical trials indicates a significant decrease in local tumor recurrence, and a significant improvement in disease‐free and overall survival with the use of combined postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy in this setting. A current national clinical trial in the United States of America is studying whether irradiation can be combined with new chemotherapy regimens which have shown significant therapeutic benefit as surgical adjuvant therapy for patients with high risk colon cancer (5FU + levamisole) and for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (5FU + leucovorin) to further improve the efficacy of surgical adjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum.
Giant cavernous hemangiomas: Diagnosis and surgical strategies
Authors: Lise Mario , Feltrin Gianpietro , Da Pian Pier Paolo , Miotto Diego , Pilati Pier Luigi , Rubaltelli Leopoldo , Zane Donatella 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFrom January, 1972 to June, 1989, 51 patients with liver hemangiomas (32 females and 19 males, mean age 35 years) were evaluated for surgical treatment. Diameters of the masses were 5 cm to 20 cm (median 8.5 cm). Nine of the patients had already been treated for cancer. Twenty‐two (43.1%) of the 51 patients were symptomatic and 29 (56.9%) patients were asymptomatic. In 34 patients (66.7%) a definite diagnosis of hemangioma was made by scintiscan and/or ultrasound and/or computed tomography and/or angiography while in the remaining 17 (33.3%) patients the diagnosis was uncertain. The most common indications for resection were the presence of a symptomatic angioma, a symptomatic mass with an uncertain diagnosis, and/or lack of a definite pre‐operative diagnosis. Surgery was performed on 25 patients. Ten anatomic and 15 atypical resections or enucleations were performed. There were no postoperative deaths. Two further patients, operated for probable hemangioma, were found to have primary hepatic malignancies. In the 26 unresected patients, no complications were observed during follow‐up. In 3 patients, hemangioma enlargement was detected by ultrasound, but there were no symptoms. As cavernous liver hemangiomas are now more reliably diagnosed and their natural history is usually uneventful, surgery can be avoided in most cases. However, when a non‐resection policy is adopted, an exact diagnosis is essential in order to rule out primary or metastatic cancer. Surgical exploration and treatment should be limited to symptomatic or complicated cases as well as to patients with an uncertain diagnosis.
Early postoperative mortality following cholecystectomy in the entire female population of Denmark, 1977–1981
Authors: Bredesen J. , Jørgensen T. , Andersen T. F. , Brønnum‐Hansen H. , Roepstorff C. , Madsen M. , Wille‐Jørgensen P. , Loft A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper assesses the risk of dying within 30 days of admission among 13,854 women who had a cholecystectomy performed as the principal operation from 1977 to 1981. The overall crude mortality rate was 1.2%. Women who had a simple elective cholecystectomy performed had a mortality rate similar to women who had a simple hysterectomy. The mortality was significantly higher than in the general female population (p < 0.05). Increased age, acute admission, admissions to hospital within 3 months prior to the index admission, the number of discharge diagnoses, and the geographical region were significantly associated with increased mortality. Exploration of the common bile duct was associated with higher mortality in the bivariate analysis, but the association disappeared when the number of discharge diagnoses was taken into account. Type of hospital and the population based cholecystectomy rate of the patient's residential area was not associated with mortality. As regards early mortality, it is concluded that simple elective cholecystectomy is a safe procedure before the age of 50 to 60 years. Acute admissions and more than one diagnosis at discharge were associated with an increased mortality, whereas exploration of the common bile duct may not be as important an independent factor as previously assumed.