bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Packed red blood cell transfusions in dogs: 131 cases (1989)
Authors: Kerl M. E. , Hohenhaus A. E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
One hundred and thirty-one dogs received 163 packed RBC transfusions in 1989, and records from these dogs were examined. Seventy percent had anemia from blood loss, 22% from hemolysis, and 8% from bone marrow hypoplasia. Forty-seven percent (62 dogs) survived hospitalization. Thirty-seven percent (49 dogs) required anesthesia for a surgical procedure. Thirteen percent (17 dogs) had acute or delayed transfusion reactions, but all of these dogs survived hospitalization. There was no age, breed, or sex predilection. Criteria used to determine transfusion need included anemia (measured by pcv); history of acute blood loss; need for anesthesia; and evidence of weakness, tachypnea, or tachycardia. Twenty-four percent (32 dogs) scored < 5 on the transfusion-need assessment scale. These dogs may have had falsely low scores because of rapid blood loss from surgery or trauma without reflection in the pcv.
Investigation of an epizootic of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves
Authors: Holland Robert E. , Bezek David J. , Sprecher David J. , Patterson Jon S. , Steficek Barbara A. , Trapp Allan L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Eight of 19 calves born to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-negative and -immunocompetent dams were determined to be infected with a noncytopathic strain of bvdv. Six of the 8 calves had diarrhea and 2 had no clinical signs of disease. In 3 euthanatized calves, lesions consistent with mucosal disease were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and the virus was isolated from the spleen, lymph nodes, and small intestine. In 5 calves, bvdv was isolated from mononuclear cells in blood samples obtained 21 days apart, indicating persistent infection. The virus was not isolated from sera obtained from 2 calves, with chronic nonclinical infections, that had neutralizing antibody titers ≥ 1:512 against bovine viral diarrhea-Singer virus and titers ≥ 1:256 against the persistent bvdv. Twenty-one days after vaccination with a vaccine that contained inactivated noncytopathic and cytopathic biotypes of bvdv, 4 of 5 persistently infected calves had neutralizing antibody titers ≤ 1:4 against the bovine viral diarrhea-Singer virus and their persistent virus. Prior to vaccination, 2 of 11 virus-negative calves had neutralizing antibody titers ≤ 1:128 against the bovine viral diarrhea-Singer virus, and after vaccination, only 1 virus-negative calf had a titer ≤ 1:512. At 149 days after revaccination and prior to weaning, 4 virus-negative calves had neutralizing antibody titers ≤ 1:512 (range, 1:16 to 1:384). Under the specific conditions in this herd, we were not able to detect a beneficial effect of vaccination. Colostral origin bvdv-specific antibody, capable of neutralizing the persistently infective bvdv strain, most likely interfered with isolation of the virus from the sera of 2 persistently infected calves.
Surgical treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy in horses: 73 cases (1983-1992)
Authors: Moore Bonnie Rush , Reed Stephen M. , Robertson James T. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Seventy-three horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy underwent cervical vertebral interbody fusion (n = 63) or dorsal laminectomy (n = 10). Neurologic function improved in 77% of horses, and 46% of horses achieved athletic function (racing, race training, or pleasure riding) after cervical vertebral interbody fusion for static and dynamic spinal cord compressive lesions. Neurologic status improved in 4 of 10 horses after dorsal decompression for static compressive spinal cord lesions. The duration of clinical signs prior to surgical intervention was shorter for horses that achieved athletic function or improved by at least 2 neurologic grades than for horses that did not improve in neurologic status or improved 1 neurologic grade after cervical vertebral interbody fusion. The number of cervical spinal cord compressive lesions and age of horses did not affect the long-term surgical outcome of cervical vertebral interbody fusion. Seroma formation, implant failure, right laryngeal hemiplegia, and colitis were nonfatal complications associated with cervical vertebral interbody fusion. Dorsal laminectomy and cervical vertebral interbody fusion of static compressive lesions of the caudal cervical vertebral column were associated with fatal postoperative complications, including vertebral body fracture, spinal cord edema, and implant failure.
Unilateral adrenalectomy as a treatment for adrenocortical tumors in ferrets: Five cases (1990-1992)
Authors: Lawrence Howard J. , Gould Willard J. , Flanders James A. , Rowland Peter H. , Yeager Amy E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Adrenocortical tumors were diagnosed in 5 adult spayed ferrets. Four ferrets had bilaterally symmetrical alopecia of the caudal femoral region, abdomen, and tail, and 1 had alopecia of the distal limbs and feet. All 5 ferrets had vulvar swelling. During abdominal ultrasonography, irregular masses, believed to involve the adrenal glands, were seen in all 5 ferrets. Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed successfully in each ferret by use of ventral midline celiotomy. On histologic examination of biopsy samples, 4 ferrets were found to have adrenocortical adenomas, and 1 ferret was found to have an adrenocortical adenocarcinoma. All clinical signs resolved after adrenalectomy, suggesting that the adrenocortical tumors had been secreting adrenocortical hormones.
Transmission of brucellosis from reindeer to cattle
Authors: Forbes Lorry B. , Tessaro Stacy V. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Sixteen reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) naturally infected with Brucella suis biovar 4 were penned with 6 male and 2 female cattle for 30 days, then removed and euthanatized. During this period, 5 reindeer had fawns, and 2 reindeer aborted. Brucella suis biovar 4 was recovered from all adult reindeer at necropsy. Nine reindeer had B suis biovar 4 in uterus, udder, and/or milk. The cattle were euthanatized 2 months after the reindeer were removed. Clinical or pathologic signs of disease were not observed in the cattle. Brucella suis biovar 4 was isolated from 2 male and from both female cattle at necropsy. The female cattle had positive reactions on the buffered plate antigen test, brucellosis card test, tube agglutination test, complement fixation test, and indirect enzyme immunoassay for most of the experiment, but the males had inconsistent reactions on these tests. The indirect enzyme immunoassay was the only test to detect all cattle from which bacteria were cultured. This study revealed that caution is warranted before moving reindeer or caribou into areas of traditional agriculture.
Effect of management practices on the Streptococcus suis carrier rate in nursery swine
Authors: Dee S. A. , Carlson A. R. , Winkelman N. L. , Corey M. M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Management practices on swine farms were analyzed to determine factor(s) associated with high prevalence of pigs that were carriers of Streptococcus suis. Samples were obtained for bacteriologic culture via direct swabbing of palatine tonsils of healthy nursery pigs on 35 farms throughout the United States. Overall, 36.7% of the pigs were determined to be carriers. Isolates of S suis were serotyped, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by use of Kirby-Bauer techniques. Streptococcus suis types 1 and 2 were most commonly isolated. All isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, 97% of the isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur, and 94% were susceptible to ampicillin. However, only 80% of the isolates were susceptible to penicillin, and only 18% were susceptible to tetracycline.
Environmental, managerial, nutritional, and health factors were measured on each farm. Excessive temperature fluctuation, high relative humidity, crowding, and an age spread of > 2 weeks between pigs in the same room were the 4 most commonly encountered problems on farms with higher-than-average percentages of carrier pigs. Continuous flow facilities were found on 50% of these farms, and various disease problems, vitamin E/selenium deficiency, inadequate vaccination programs (attributable to the presence of atypical serotypes), and penicillin-resistant strains were found on 6 to 28% of these farms. Overall, 83% (15/18) of farms with higher-than-average percentages of carrier pigs also had a history of clinical S suis disease.
Evaluation of a one-step surgical preparation technique in dogs
Authors: Rochat Mark C. , Mann F. A. , Berg John N. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The efficacy of a 1-step surgical preparation technique for skin of dogs prior to elective ovariohysterectomy was evaluated. Dogs randomly assigned to group 1 (n = 30) had their skin prepared for surgery by use of a 2-step method, whereas the skin of dogs in group 2 (n = 30) was prepared for surgery by use of a commercially available product for a 1-step technique. Culture plates for quantitative bacterial counts were applied to the proposed incision site on dogs under general anesthesia after hair at the site was clipped and vacuumed but before antiseptic was applied. A second quantitative bacterial culture plate was applied to the proposed incision site after completion of the surgical preparation technique. Surgeries were routinely completed, and dogs were evaluated by physical examination the next day and at the time of suture removal (7 to 10 days after surgery) for complications. Postoperative complications were minor and consisted primarily of subcutaneous swelling, which resolved with time. All cultures obtained prior to skin preparation included bacteria or yeast. Sixteen cultures obtained after skin preparation (group 1, n = 11; group 2, n = 5) included bacteria or yeast. The total number of colonies of potential pathogens (Staphylococcus sp and Enterobacteriaceae) on the prepreparation cultures was 9,339; 4 colonies were counted on the postpreparation cultures. Potential bacterial pathogens, ie Streptococcus intermedius and gram-negative bacteria, were isolated from dogs prepared with the 2-step technique. None of the dogs that developed postoperative complications had growth on postpreparation culture plates.
There was no significant difference in the percent reduction of microbial numbers after skin preparation for either group. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the pre- and postpreparation microbial numbers for both preparation techniques.
The 1-step technique was a simple, effective, and efficient method of skin preparation in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.
Transoral axial division, under endoscopic guidance, for correction of epiglottic entrapment in horses
Authors: Ross M.W. , Gentile D.G. , Evans L.E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Transoral axial division was performed, using endoscopic guidance, in 20 horses with epiglottic entrapment. Mean age of affected horses was 3 years (range, 2 to 5years), and there were 18 Standardbreds and 2 Thoroughbreds. Standardbreds and female horses were significantly overrepresented when compared with a reference population. Upper respiratory noise prompted endoscopic examination before surgery in 16 horses, but noise was not heard in 4 horses. Ten horses had entrapment by thin tissue without ulceration, 6 horses had entrapment by thin tissue with small, partial-thickness ulceration, 3 horses had entrapment by moderately thick tissue with large, partial-thickness ulceration, and 1 horse had entrapment with thick tissue and severe ulceration.
After surgery, horses received anti-inflammatory medication and box stall rest with hand walking for 7 days. All horses returned to race training on day 7 after surgery and returned to their previous level of racing or training. Epiglottic entrapment recurred in 2 horses (10%), and dorsal displacement of the palate developed in 2 horses after surgery. Relationship of epiglottic entrapment and dorsal displacement of the palate to epiglottic hypoplasia was not apparent.
Transoral axial division under endoscopic guidance appeared to be a useful, safe, and economic alternative to currently available methods for management of epiglottic entrapment in horses. Horses with entrapment by thick and ulcerated tissue may be best managed by surgical resection of entrapping tissue.
Extensor tendon lacerations in horses:50 cases (1982-1988)
Authors: Belknap James K. , Baxter Gary M. , Nickels Frank A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 50 horses with extensor tendon lacerations affecting 53 limbs over 7 years (1982 to 1988) were reviewed to determine the clinical features and prognosis for athletic soundness after treatment. Mean and median ages were 4.8 and 3 years, respectively. Eighty-nine percent of the injuries involved the hind limbs, with approximately equal distribution between the right and left limbs. Hind limb lacerations involved the long digital extensor tendon (28 limbs), lateral digital extensor tendon (3 limbs), or both tendons (16 limbs). Forelimb lacerations involved the common digital extensor tendon (2 limbs), lateral digital extensor tendon (1 limb), or both tendons (3 limbs). Joint involvement was found in 6 cases. Wound management varied according to wound characteristics, financial constraints of owners, and clinician preference. External coaptation consisted of a 3-layered cotton bandage in 33 limbs, splint and cotton bandage in 12 limbs, fiberglass or plaster-of-Paris cast in 5 limbs, and no form of coaptation in 3 limbs.
Follow-up information for 40 cases at least 1 year after injury revealed that 29 (73%) horses had returned to athletic soundness, 7 (18%) horses were pasture sound, 3 horses were chronically lame, and 1 horse was euthanatized during treatment because of wound sepsis. Depending on the hind limb tendons involved, return to athletic soundness ranged from 62% (long digital and lateral digital extensor tendons lacerated) to 80% (long digital extensor tendon lacerated) The small number of forelimb lacerations precluded any comparative data. Five of 6 horses with joint involvement returned to athletic soundness. Complications during treatment included wound sepsis/cellulitis, bone sequestra/osteitis of the third metatarsus, and exuberant granulation tissue.
Uveal cysts in dogs: 28 cases (1989–1991)
Authors: Corcoran Kelley A. , Koch Seth A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In a 3-year retrospective study, 28 dogs were determined to have uveal cysts arising from either the ciliary body or the iris or free-floating in the anterior chamber. Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Boston Terriers were represented more than other breeds. Mean age of cyst development was 7.0 years in Golden Retrievers, 9.1 years in Labrador Retrievers, and 6.8 years in Boston Terriers. There was no sex predilection in any breed. Evidence of associated ocular lesions, other than visual impairment in 1 Boston Terrier, was not noticed.
Risk factors associated with acute pancreatitis in dogs: 101 cases (1985–1990)
Authors: Cook Audrey K. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Levine Jay F. , Bunch Susan E. , Linn Lorraine O. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 101 dogs with acute pancreatitis, diagnosed on the basis of medical histories of acute vomiting, with serum lipase or amylase activity greater than the reference range, or with gross signs of pancreatitis at surgery or histopathologic evidence at necropsy, were evaluated to identify potential risk factors for the development of acute pancreatitis.
Age, sex, and breed of dogs with acute pancreatitis were compared with those from a reference population of 100 dogs admitted for other medical emergencies during the same period. Analysis of multiple regression models indicated that dogs > 7 years old were at increased risk for acute pancreatitis. Spayed dogs and castrated male dogs had an increased risk, compared with that of sexually intact males. Similarly, terrier and nonsporting breeds appeared to be at higher risk of developing acute pancreatitis than were other breed types.
Most dogs in this study (63/101) had intercurrent diseases, including diabetes mellitus (n = 14), hyperadrenocorticism (n = 12), chronic renal failure (n = 8), neoplasia (n = 17), congestive heart failure (n = 6), and autoimmune disorders (n = 5). Fourteen dogs had undergone anesthesia or surgery in the week before admission; only 3 had undergone abdominal procedures.
Recent medication use was listed in 52 of 101 cases. Antibiotics (n = 18) and corticosteroids (n = 18) were most frequently described. Anticancer chemotherapeutic agents (n = 5) and organophosphate insecticides (n = 5) also were listed.
We conclude that increasing age and particular breed types are risk factors for pancreatitis in dogs, and that spayed females and castrated males are at increased risk, compared with that for sexually intact male dogs. Intercurrent diseases, drug treatment, anesthesia, and surgery are potential risk factors that require additional verification.
Enterprise analysis: A method to evaluate alternative production and management practices for cow/calf operations
Authors: Toombs R. E. , Wikse S. E. , Salman M. D. , Klinefelter D. A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Food animal veterinarians recognize the need to economically justify their recommendations regarding whole-herd management programs. An enterprise analysis technique may be used by veterinarians to determine the actual cost of production on beef cattle operations. Enterprise analysis was used on 2 groups of cattle to demonstrate the financial impact of a recommendation to modify the winter-supplementation program of a large ranch. Pregnancy rates improved from 62 to 95% for group-1 cattle and from 75 to 94% for 2 groups of cattle in the 2-year study. Additionally, the calving cycle was shortened and the number of calves born earlier in the calving season was notably increased, which raised the total pounds of calves sold at weaning. These outcomes were realized without additional winter-supplementation expenses for either group. Veterinarians can use enterprise analysis to determine the value of their recommendations, thus allowing them to charge more appropriately for the services provided.
Clinical and laboratory findings in chronic conjunctivitis in cats: 91 cases (1983–1991)
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , Guy James S. , Stevens Jerry B. , English Robert V. , Davidson Michael G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Clinical findings and laboratory test results from 91 cats with chronic conjunctivitis were studied to determine the causes of the disease and the sensitivity of diagnostic procedures used, and to identify correlations between results of various diagnostic procedures and clinical or signalment variations. Mean age of affected cats was 2.9 ± 2.7 years (± sd), with a range from 1 month to 11 years. Conjunctivitis was more likely to be bilateral (56 cats) than unilateral (35 cats). In cats tested for FeLV or feline immunodeficiency virus infection, 15 and 8.5%, respectively, of the results were positive, compared with 4 and 2.6% for the general hospital population. Culturing or immunofluorescent assay (ifa) for feline herpesvirus 1 (fhv-1) and Chlamydia psittaci ifa resulted identification of pathogens (positive test results) in 19% (fhv-1) and 18% (C psittaci) of tested cats. For fhv-1, culturing was more sensitive than was ifa, yielding positive results in 19 vs 8.8% of cases. In only 1 cat were fhv-1 and chlamydiae recovered. The probability of positive test results for fhv-1 or chlamydiae was unrelated to concurrent corneal disease, unilateral vs bilateral involvement, or age. Cause of conjunctivitis could not be definitively determined in the remaining 35 cases tested for both agents. Bacterial species considered to be potentially pathogenic were isolated from conjunctival sac specimens in only 1 of 38 attempts. Cytologic changes considered compatible with chlamydial or fhv-1 infection (intracytoplasmic inclusions or multinucleated epithelial cells, respectively) were found in 8 and 5 cases, respectively. In only 4 of these cases, however, was the cytologic impression supported by a concurrently positive result on antigen-detection testing. This study revealed that routinely used diagnostic procedures were not able to confirm an etiologic diagnosis in most cats with chronic conjunctivitis.
A survey of the use of live animals, cadavers, inanimate models, and computers in teaching veterinary surgery
Authors: Bauer Michael Stephen 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A questionnaire, designed to gather information regarding the use of live animals, cadavers, inanimate models, and other innovative methods to teach veterinary surgery, was mailed to individuals in the surgery sections of all 31 veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. Of the 31 questionnaires mailed, 27 (87%) were completed and returned. Mean number of total, general, small-animal, and large-animal surgery laboratory sessions were 22, 5.9, 11, and 7.4, respectively. At 7 of 26 (27%) schools, animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia in all teaching laboratories; in 18 schools (69%), small animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia. In 4 (20%) of the 20 schools that offer large-animal laboratory courses, large animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia. In 24 schools (88%), cadavers, models, or both were used in at least 1 laboratory session in their surgery training program. Models were used most frequently to teach suturing, knot tying, and hemostasis. Plastic bones were used in 8 (30%) schools to teach fracture repair. In several schools, models were used to teach other general psychomotor skills, and at several schools, models were available for sale to other teaching institutions. At 16 (59%) of the 27 veterinary schools, some type of program has been developed with local humane societies. At 13 (81%) of the 16 schools with such a program, small animals were euthanatized prior to recovery from anesthesia in their traditional laboratories.
At 10 (37%) of the schools, some process was used to evaluate students in the laboratory, and at 5 (19%), course evaluations were completed by students taking the laboratory. In only 4 (15%) of the schools were the effect of various laboratory teaching methods on learning outcomes evaluated.
Neonatal septicemia in calves: 25 cases (1985–1990)
Authors: Aldridge Brian M. , Garry Franklyn B. , Adams Ragan 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Historical, physical, and clinicopathologic findings in 25 septicemic calves were examined to further characterize the clinical features of naturally induced bovine neonatal septicemia. Owners often reported single organ disease, but physical examination revealed multiple organ disease in more than half the calves. A third of the calves were admitted as representative of a herd problem. Laboratory findings were variable, but commonly included changes in the differential WBC count and plasma fibrinogen concentration. Low serum immunoglobulin concentrations were found in approximately half the calves.
Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism, but gram-positive infections were found in 10%, and polymicrobial infections in 28%, of the calves. Previous antimicrobial administration did not appear to affect culture yield. At necropsy, lesions were seen in multiple organs in most calves. The respiratory and gastrointestinal systems were most commonly affected. Few of the calves had umbilical infections. The survival rate was poor (< 12%).