bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding ecology
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the Australian estrildines feed on the seeds of grasses, but no species concentrates on them to the same extent as Zebra Finches. Six quantitative studies of diet have been published since Immelmann’s (1962a, 1965a) original observations, and despite differences in habitat and climate among the studies, they agree on two aspects, namely the rarity of insects and the rarity of seeds other than those of grasses. The picture of the diet is fairly complete in southeastern and central Australia but in other parts of the distribution information is scanty, especially that for breeding birds. The role played by half-ripe seeds during the breeding season would be a fruitful area of research for nutritional physiologists.
Parasitism and host density dependence
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The host-parasitoid models described in Chapter 2 have hour basic features: discrete and synchronised generations; a description of host survival from parasitism, f(·); a host rate of increase, λ; and a further parameter, c, converting hosts parasitised in generation t to searching parasitoid females in the following generation t + 1. Together these embrace a huge amount of host and parasitoid biology. Thus the function f(·) includes everything affecting the success of the searching parasitoids in finding and parasitising the Nt hosts.
Structure of the human insulin like growth factors: relationship to function
Authors: Brande J L Van den 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been known that the insulin-like activity in serum, which is not suppressible by insulin antibodies (NSILA-S), is associated with molecules of more than 100 kDa (Froesch et al. 1963). The discovery that most of the activity is released upon acidification as a peptide fraction of about 7 kDa (Jakob et al. 1968) brought within reach the possibility of purifying and sequencing these peptides. The finding that sulphation factor, thought to be the mediator of the growth-hormone effect on growth (Salmon and Daughaday 1957), showed a similar behaviour (Van Wyk et al. 1969) and that the mitogenic peptide fraction isolated from medium conditioned by Buffalo rat liver cells (multiplication-stimulating activity, MSA) (Dulak and Temin 1973) was a member of the same family (Rechler et al. 1978) put research groups with initially quite divergent interests on to the same track. It still was no easy task. The concentration of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) is not especially high in any tissue. Cohn fraction IV of human plasma or full serum or plasma were used as source, yielding bulky intermediate fractions, and large losses were the rule. Even today it remains a difficult task to purify natural TGFs.
Novel Structures In Symbiosis
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiosis has influenced the body form of hosts and (for complex multicellular hosts) the anatomy of particular organ systems. The morphological changes linked with symbiosis are usually associated with the housing of the symbionts and enhanced access to the symbionts’ metabolic capabilities. The magnitude of the effect varies widely, however, between associations. For example, light capture by the symbiotic algae in marine bivalves of the genus Tridacna (the giant clams) is promoted by the asymmetric growth and greatly expanded siphonal tissue of the clam, but the freshwater bivalves Anodonta and Unio display no substantive morphological modifications linked to the symbiosis with algae. For some hosts, the morphological consequences of symbiosis are profound. Four instances of morphological innovations are considered in this chapter:
How Symbioses Are Formed
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on the formation of symbioses includes four topics. 1. Identification of the source of the partner. A host may acquire its symbionts either from the environment or directly from another host. In many associations, the symbionts are transferred directly from a hostparent to its offspring, and this process is known as vertical transmission. 2. Establishment of the symbiosis. It is usual to consider the development of an association as a series of stages, each stage dependent on the successful completion of the previous stage. As a hypothetical example, an association between an animal host and microbial symbiont may include contact, internalization of the microorganism, and initiation of nutrient transfer. 3. Specificity of the association. This refers to the taxonomic range of partners with which an organism can form a symbiosis. Specificity is a consequence of both the degree of specialization of an organism for its partner, and its capacity to select and discriminate between alternative potential partners.
Introduction—an appreciation of the palms
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The heavier palms are the big game of the plant world.’ L. H. Bailey (1933).
‘Palms are exceptionally good subjects for interdisciplinary study.’ Uhl and Moore (1977a).
‘A minute anatomical examination of the Palms is of especial importance in regard to the anatomy and physiology of plants, because the characters of the Monocotyledons are most clearly exhibited in them, and they therefore afford the most favourable means of acquiring satisfactory ideas of the structure and growth of this great class of plant.’ Hugh von Mohl (1849).
Flower
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palm flowers can be described in terms of the ‘type’ common to many monocotyledonous families, i.e. with a trimerous construction based on the floral formula three sepals, three petals, six stamens (in two whorls of three), and three carpels. Commonly, there is a bracteole below the flower, a structure that is helpful in interpreting the morphology of the ultimate floral units where these represent condensed monochasia. In palms, the flower is always actinomorphic, the gynoecium superior and each carpel has a single ovule. There is considerable variation of this pattern, some of which is related to sexual dimorphism. Departures from trimery are rare, multiplication of functional stamens well beyond six is common, carpels are least commonly apocarpous and when synocarpous there is often only one functional carpel, but with evidence of the two aborted ones (pseudomonomery). Perfect flowers which are regularly trimerous and with three separate carpels are considered to represent the ancestral condition. They are found in nine genera of the coryphoid group and this is considered by Moore (1973b), and Moore and Uhl (1982) as evidence that the coryphoid palms are closest to ancestral palms. Unisexual flowers with three free carpels occur in Nypa and Phoenix.
Defences
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the main structural organs like leaf, stem, and root that carry out evident functions of assimilation, absorption, transport, and mechanical support, there is a diversity of structural and histological features to which may be ascribed some protective function—largely against herbivorous predators (Plate 15), but also against pathogens, especially fungal parasites. The protective function is often conjectural because little experimental work has been done to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given feature although circumstantial evidence can be strong, especially when large structures like spines are considered. Uhl and Moore (1973) suggest that the ultimate protection is of pollen and ovules, i.e. organs associated with gamete production and sexual reproduction, but all parts of a life cycle need to be protected. The vegetative phase of the palm is particularly vulnerable because each axis has only a single apical meristem, usually without any regenerative capacity if it is damaged.
Relationships and origin of the Palmae
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The true palms traditionally have been thought to be related to certain other groups of woody monocotyledons, notably the Pandanaceae, Cyclanthaceae, and Araceae, largely on the basis of superficial similarity of either habit or reproductive structure that is seen to be misleading on detailed examination (Fig. 16.1). In some instances the putative similarity is based on a quite elementary misconception of morphological features, as that which attempts a comparison of inflorescences in Araceae and Palmae simply because the terms ‘spadix’ and ‘spathe’ have been used descriptively for the two families. The disposition of major reproductive units in the two groups is, in fact, quite different. These four families of tropical monocotyledons are easily distinguished by combinations of gross morphological features as well as in anatomy, substantiated by evidence from other disciplines (Tomlinson and Wilder 1984). The Araceae are treated without the anomalous genus Acorus whose affinities are still obscured.
Aspects of aroid geography
Authors: Mayo Simon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be understandable if the reader were puzzled to find in the present volume a discussion of a family of organisms which shows only weak and distant relationships across the South Atlantic Ocean. There are, after all, many other tropical plant taxa which show striking disjunctions between Africa and South America (Thorne 1973a and Good 1974 give lists of genera). In at least a proportion of these cases, such disjunctions are probably evidence of previous land continuity between the continents. There are, nevertheless, good reasons for considering the geographical patterns shown by taxa which do not fit neatly into the simple vicariance model represented by the tectonic splitting of South America and Africa.
Comparative analysis of discrete data
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Pagel Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider methods for the comparative analysis of discrete characters, or characters that can take only a finite number of states. The methods that we review and develop address the analysis of dichotomous characters—that is, characters that are found in just two states. However, this does not impose any limitations because any multicategory discrete variable can always be represented as a set of dichotomous classifications, each one representing the presence or absence of a particular state. In each branch of the phylogenetic tree, a trait that is initially absent may evolve or a trait that is initially present may disappear. These changes along the branches are called character state transitions or just transitions. The problem, then, is to determine whether a particular pattern of observed transitions between alternative states of two phenotypic characters throughout a phylogenetic tree represents correlated evolutionary change in the two characters, or just a chance pattern of association.
Palaeobiogeography of late Neogene African and Eurasian Elephantoidea
Authors: Kalb Jon E , Froehlich, David J , Bell Gorden L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Our cladistic analysis of late Miocene to Pleistocene proboscideans presented in this volume (Kalb et al., this volume, Chapter 12A) allows us new insights on the temporal and palaeogeographical distribution of late Neogene elephantoids, as summarized in Figs 12B.l and 12B.2 (cf. Kalb 1995). The terminology and taxa discussed in this chapter are described in detail in the text and in Appendix 12A.l of Chapter 12A. This report is not intended to be an exhaustive account of the palaeobiogeography of late Neogene elephantoids, rather we will address only dates and faunal patterns that bear on our particular cladistic analysis. In our discussion, Neogene epoch and European stage boundaries are based on Harland et al. (1990, fig. 3.15) (Fig. 12B.1); supplementary references are noted as necessary.
Sexual dimorphism in the mammoth pelvis: an aid to gender determination
Authors: Lister Adrian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Determining the gender of fossil proboscidean skeletons can make an important contribution to understanding their taphonomy. This is particularly the case among members of the Elephantidae, where fossil species can be assumed to have had a broadly similar social structure to that of the living elephants (Haynes 1991). For example. mammoth assemblages such as Lehner Ranch, Arizona, thought to result from the slaughter of matriarchal groups, are expected to be dominated by females, as in living elephant species (Saunders 1980). At others, such as Hot Springs, South Dakota, the predominance of young adult males is believed to result from a gradual accumulation of individuals as these roving, adventurous animals became caught in a natural trap (Agenbroad and Mead 1987a).
North American Mammutidae
Authors: Saunders Jeffrey J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The North American diversification of elephantoids included representatives of the families Mammutidae, Amebelodontidae, Gomphotheriidae, and Elephantidae (Simpson 1945; Tassy 1985). North American records of these families resulted from one immigration of gomphotheriids (Gomphotherium), two of amebelodontids (Amebelodon, Platybelodon), and one of mammutids (Miomastodon) in the Miocene and two of elephantids (Mammuthus meridionalis, Mammuthus primigenius) in the Pleistocene.
This chapter, focusing on North American mammutids, is a synthesis based in part on recent and ongoing work by the author and collaborators on late Pleistocene Mammut americanum (Saunders 1977; King and Saunders 1984; Saunders and Tassy 1989). (Hereafter, Mammut americanum is abbreviated as M. americanum.) Present in North Africa and Europe in the early Miocene (Rusingan and Orleanian mammal ages, respectively; Savage and Russell 1983; Tassy 1990b), gomphotheriids and mammutids appear in North America as immigrants utilizing the Bering Strait in the middle Miocene, c. 15.5 Ma, during the early (Green Hills Fauna phase) Barstovian Mammal Age (e.g. Gomphotherium calvertense, Miomastodon merriami) (Tedford et al. 1987). After a consideration of distinguishing features, this chapter presents a brief overview of the preservation mode of North American Tertiary mammutids and contemporary elephantoids and discusses trends in the history and evolving role of later mammutids that are represented by abundant, well-preserved material.
Movement, drinking, roosting, display, sociality and interspecific behaviour
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspects of behaviour not related to breeding and feeding are discussed here. Movements on the ground or in trees usually are by hopping. Flight is sometimes undulating as in woodpeckers, but usually is slow and laboured, due to the short wings of barbets and toucans.
Permian
Authors: Guirong Xu , Weiping Yang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic map of Permian palaeobiogeographical provincialization of the world used in this chapter is by Scotese et al. (1979) with a modification of the Chinese part according to Chinese palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimatic inforn1ation, discussed in detail in this chapter and Chapter 15. Palaeolatitudinal locations for South and North China have been fixed to a high degree of reliability, and for Tarim, Siberia, and Tibet to a lesser degree (Khramov et al. 1981; Chen et al. 1983; Bai et al. 1985; Lin et al. 1985; Zhao and Coe 1989; Nie et al. 1990). South China was near the equator while North China was about 10°-20°N, Tarim was about 30°N, and Himalaya about 20°S.
Effects of burrowing macrofauna on organic matter decomposition in coastal marine sediments
Authors: Andersen Frede Østergaard , Kristensen Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Burrowing macrofauna may, by activities such as burrowing and feeding (‘reworking’), redistribute organic matter deposited or produced at the surface layer of aquatic sediments. Infauna! ventilation of water through burrows is responsible for an active transport of solutes into and out of the sediment. The metabolism of benthic communities (measured as oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release) is often increased 1.5-3.0 times by the presence of burrowing macrofauna. Most of this is due to a general stimulation of heterotrophic micro organisms in the sediment and only to a minor degree caused by macrofaunal respiration. Accordingly, high ,microbial and catalysing enzyme activity is usually associated with burrow structures and faecal casts.
The European Discovery of the Indian Flora
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The flora of the Indian subcontinent has stirred European curiosity and investigation for over two millennia. From pepper, a coveted commodity of the lucrative spice trade, to rhododendrons, orchids, and alpine flowers, cherished in innumerable British gardens and conservatories, Indian plants have long been highly prized in the West. This book surveys European perceptions of the diversity of the Indian flora, and examines its impact on European commerce and culture including botany, horticulture, and floral art. It chronicles the growing European awareness of the Indian flora from the first glimmerings of knowledge in the fifth century BC to the demise in the mid-nineteenth century of the British East India Company and of its successor, the India Office. An epilogue briefly surveys the development of botanical studies since the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. The evolution of European-style gardens in India is examined, and the impact of the Indian flora on British gardens is assessed.
Pharmacokinetics, placental transfer, and teratogenicity of 13-cis-retinoic acid, its isomer and metabolites
Authors: Kraft Joan Creech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retinoids, which normally have important physiological functions, are also used in clinical medicine. 13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane, isotretinoin, 13-cis-RA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin, Retin A, all -trans-RA) arc effective drugs for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Unfortunately, the high teratogenicity of the retinoids is a major drawback to their broad use. A characteristic pattern of congenital cardiac and central nervous system problems was found in human infants who had been exposed to 13-cis-RA during the first trimester (Rosa 1983; Braun et al. 1984; Lammer et al. 1985). This response was elicited by relatively low, clinically therapeutic doses of 0.5 1.5 mg/kg/day. Although 13-cis-RA is a potent human teratogen, it is only marginally teratogenic in the mouse at doses 100 times higher than those used in human therapy (Kochhar et al. 1984). The all-trans-RA isomer of 13-cis- RA is a potent teratogen in all laboratory species tested (Willhite et al. 1989). It has been shown that the low teratogenicity of 13-cis-RA in the mouse corresponds to low embryo concentrations during organogencsis (Creech Kraft et al. 1987). A single oral dose of 100 mg all-trans-RA or 13-cis-RA per kg body weight was administered to mice (NMRI: Han, Zentralinstitut fiir Versuchstierkunde, Hannover, FRG) at two sensitive stages of organogenesis, i.e. day 9 or day 11 of gestation.
Nuclear protein sorting in heterokaryons and homokaryons
Authors: Ringertz Nils R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our interest in nuclear protein sorting began 25 years ago and was triggered by Professor Harris’ report that it was possible to reactivate RNA and DNA synthesis in inactive chick erythrocyte (CE) nuclei by Sendai virus-induced fusion of chicken red cells with human HeLa cells (Harris 1965, 1967). This finding suggested that human tumour cells contain factors capable of activating chick genes and raised a number of interesting questions about the nature of cytoplasmic signals regulating transcription and replication. In collaboration with Professor Harris we carried out a quantitative cytochemical study of chromatin changes during nuclear reactivation in CE x HeLa heterokaryons.
The genetic analysis of human cancer
Authors: Stanbridge Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another possibility is that in every normal cell there is a specific arrangement for inhibiting, which allows the process of division to begin only when the inhibition has been overcome by a special stimulus ... i.e. definite chromosomes which inhibit division.
Cells of tumours with unlimited growth would arise if those inhibiting chromosomes were eliminated.
One must also ... assume the existence of chromosomes which promote division.
Immunological aspects of cutaneous warts
Authors: Davies Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much effort is being devoted to understanding the immunobiology of human papillomaviruses. Owing to the overwhelming experimental and epidemiological evidence to implicate the ‘high risk’ HPV types (notably, HPV 16 and 18) in the development of cancer of the cervix, much of this research effort is focused on the high-risk group. The rationale is two-fold. Firstly, the identification of naturally occurring immune responses will have implications in the design of vaccination strategies. Thus, the kinds of responses and the target viral antigens associated with natural immunity may allow us to elicit particular kinds of responses known to have protective value.
Combined in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry; investigation of viral pathogenesis at the light and electron microscope levels
Authors: Fleming Kenneth A , Morey Adrienne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simple detection of viral nucleic acid by in situ hybridization (ISH) has been practised for many years (Brahic and Haase 1978). While this is of considerable value in allowing, for example, estimation of the prevalence of various viruses in different diseases (Myerson et al. 1984), it has certain limitations. Not infrequently, it is impossible to identify unequivocably the type and range of cells infected, for example, virus may be present in mononuclear cells in a tissue or organ, but whether these are macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, etc. can be impossible to determine. Even when viral nucleic acid is present in cells in an epithelium, it may not necessarily be present in an epithelial cell, e.g. it may be in an infiltrating inflammatory cell or Langheran’s cell.
Introduction
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about two of the three most conspicuous aspects of the reproductive biology of birds, sexual selection and mating systems (see Sections 1.3 and 1.4 below); the third is parental care. Ever since Darwin, birds have provided much of the stimulus for study of these topics, and no other taxonomic group is better suited for illustrating patterns and processes of these interrelated phenomena. Although the Class Aves is unusually conservative in production of young, with every species being oviparous, it probably exhibits more diversity in breeding behaviour and sexually-selected ornamentation than any other vertebrate group. This diversity of reproductive strategies has even been compared to that of insects; for example, Wilson (1975) points out that non-breeding helpers of cooperatively breeding bird species are similar to the insect systems classified by entomologists as ‘advanced subsocial,’ and notes that birds also parallel insects in the repeated evolution of social or brood parasitism.