bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Integration von Reaktion und Stofftrennung
Authors: Kienle A. , Sundmacher K. , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAuf Grund von unerwünschten Nebenreaktionen sowie thermodynamischen Limitierungen erfordert die Gewinnung reiner Produkte neben der Durchführung der chemischen Reaktionen stets den Einsatz von Stofftrennprozessen. Häufig erfolgt die Abtrennung der gewünschten Produkte sequentiell zum Reaktionsschritt in separat nachgeschalteten Trennapparaten. Eine attraktive und in den letzten Jahren zunehmend genutzte Möglichkeit besteht in der gezielten Integration eines Trennprozesses direkt in den Reaktor. Die verschiedenen Varianten unterscheiden sich insbesondere in der Art des eingesetzten Trennprozesses sowie in den angewandten Betriebsweisen. Zielstellung dieser Arbeit ist es, an Hand von drei Beispielen bestehende Analogien zwischen verschiedenen integrierten Prozessen zu verdeutlichen. Betrachtet werden Reaktivdestillationskolonnen, Membranreaktoren und chromatographische Reaktoren. Anschließend werden die Grundzüge einer einheitlichen Theorie zur Analyse und raschen Bewertung integrierter chemischer Prozesse skizziert. Die Theorie basiert auf der Annahme chemischen Gleichgewichts. Sie verbindet das Konzept der transformierten Konzentrationsvariablen aus der Reaktivdestillation mit der klassischen Gleichgewichtstheorie aus der Chromatographie.
Autoabgasreinigung – eine Herausforderung für die Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Brinkmeier Clemens , Eigenberger Gerhart , Bernnat Jens , Tuttlies Ute , Schmeißer Volker , Opferkuch Frank 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEs wird ein Überblick über den Stand der Technik, der experimentellen Analyse und der modellmäßigen Erfassung der im Pkw‐Bereich wichtigsten Abgasreinigungsverfahren – 3‐Wege‐Katalysatoren für λ‐geregelte Otto‐Motoren, NOX‐Speicherkatalysatoren und Dieselrußfilter – gegeben. Während der serienmäßig eingesetzte 3‐Wege‐Katalysator einen hohen technischen Stand erreicht hat, bereitet der serienmäßige Einsatz der beiden anderen Konzepte noch erhebliche Probleme. Diese beruhen auch auf der Prämisse, alle für den Betrieb und die jeweilig periodische Regeneration erforderlichen Bedingungen über die Motorsteuerung einzustellen, was die Flexibilität auf Seiten der Motorentwicklung wie die Effizienz der Abgasreinigung erheblich einschränkt. Daher wird abschließend ein modifiziertes Reinigungskonzept für Autoabgase vorgeschlagen, bei dem alle wichtigen Abgaskomponenten in einer autarken, von der Motorsteuerung weitgehend unabhängigen Einheit zusammengefasst sind. Für den Aufbau dieser Einheit bieten die in den letzten Jahren entwickelten Konzepte der integrierten Reaktionsführung wichtige Ansatzpunkte.
„Try to Change Situations, not People”︁: Gerhard Kreysa und die DECHEMA
Authors: Keim W. , Weitkamp J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAm 21. September dieses Jahres feiert Professor Gerhard Kreysa seinen 60. Geburtstag. Als international geschätzter Forscher auf den Gebieten der Elektrochemie und Technischen Chemie, als Wissenschaftsmanager und seit 1992 als Geschäftsführer der DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V. hat er sich große Verdienste erworben um die erfolgreiche Weiterentwicklung der DECHEMA zum Nutzen der Wissenschafts‐Community und ihre Einbindung in nationale und internationale Netzwerke.
From Oil to Gas: Trends im Anlagenbau
Authors: Plass L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDer Energieverbrauch wird auch in Zukunft weltweit stark ansteigen. Dabei zeichnet sich bereits heute ab, dass der Anteil an Erdöl als Ausgangsstoff für Synthesen in der chemischen Industrie rückläufig sein wird, während Erdgas immer stärker eingesetzt werden wird. Eine Schlüsselrolle kommt dabei der Erzeugung von Methanol aus Gas zu, die Dank neuer Technologien und immer größerer Anlagen in Zukunft kostengünstiger möglich sein wird.
Von der technischen Entwicklung zum erfolgreichen nanotechnologischen Produkt
Authors: Gutsch Andreas , Averdung Johannes , Mühlenweg Heike 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDie zunehmende Wettbewerbsintensität und Globalisierung der Märkte verbunden mit der Verkürzung der Innovationszyklen in nahezu allen Branchen erfordert neue Antworten von der Chemie. Dabei betrifft der Innovationsdruck nicht nur die neuen Produkte aus Forschung und Entwicklung, sondern auch die immer kürzer werdende Zeitspanne von der Erfindung bis zum verkaufsfähigen Produkt. Insbesondere in der Spezialchemie führen Wettbewerbs‐ und Kostendruck zu einer Fokussierung auf attraktive Markt‐ und Kundensegmente. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Schaffung von Zusatznutzen für den Kunden durch maßgeschneiderte Systeme und kundenspezifische Problemlösungen. Große Chancen ergeben sich hier aus neuen, auf Nanotechnologie basierenden Produkten. Vor allem hauchdünne Funktionsschichten aus Nanopartikeln werden in Zukunft den Wert vieler Produkte entscheidend mitbestimmen. So wird die Nanotechnologie in den kommenden Jahrzehnten die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen in allen wesentlichen Branchen stark prägen. Sie ist als Querschnittstechnologie Quelle für Innovationen mit hohem Wertschöpfungspotenzial in einer Vielzahl von Technologiefeldern. Der Beitrag betrachtet die Herstellung von Nanomaterialien durch Gasphasensynthese bis hin zur vermarktbaren Produktinnovation.
Frequency, severity, clinical course, and correlates of fatigue in 372 patients during 5 weeks of radiotherapy for cancer
Authors: Hickok Jane T. , Roscoe Joseph A. , Morrow Gary R. , Mustian Karen , Okunieff Paul , Bole Christopher W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatients often describe fatigue as the most distressing of the symptoms they experienced during their cancer treatment. Fatigue may increase from initial levels experienced during cancer treatment with the addition of radiotherapy (RT).METHODSThree hundred seventy‐two patients completed a Symptom Inventory at the initiation of RT and weekly for 4 weeks thereafter. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate differences in fatigue at baseline by demographics and diagnosis. Changes over the course of treatment were evaluated by repeated‐measures analysis of variance and Student t tests for paired data. The effect of diagnosis, age, gender, and previous treatment on fatigue was investigated by linear and hierarchical regression.RESULTSFifty‐seven percent of patients reported some degree of fatigue at the initiation of RT. The proportion increased to 76% by Week 3 and then to 78% at Week 5. Eighty‐four percent of patients with initial fatigue remained fatigued throughout the 5‐week course. Of the 160 patients without initial fatigue, 70% subsequently developed it. By Week 5, only 13% of patients had never reported any fatigue. Severity was found to be related to diagnosis, with patients with prostate carcinoma reporting the least severe fatigue and patients with lung, alimentary, and head and neck carcinoma reporting the most severe fatigue. Neither gender, age, nor total dose of RT predicted significant variance in severity.CONCLUSIONSFatigue was a common adverse effect of RT for cancer, reported by more than three‐fourths of patients by the third to fifth weeks of treatment. Cancer diagnosis was the only factor found to be significantly related to variation in fatigue severity. Additional studies should be devised to identify other underlying causes of RT‐related fatigue. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kojima Hiroshi , Shijubo Noriharu , Yamada Gen , Ichimiya Shingo , Abe Shosaku , Satoh Masaaki , Sato Noriyuki 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDVascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C) plays an important role in lymphangiogenesis and activates VEGF receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3). Lymphatic spread is an important prognostic factor in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the expression of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐3 correlates with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis in patients with TNM classification T1 lung adenocarcinoma.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of 129 consecutive patients who underwent complete resection for T1 lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF‐C, VEGF, VEGFR‐3, CD34 (microvessels), tryptase (mast cells), and CD68 (macrophages) was performed to statistically analyze clinicopathologic implications of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐3 status.RESULTSOf 129 patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma, 56 (43.3%) patients were positive for tumor‐cell VEGF‐C and 73 (56.6%) and 69 (53.5%) patients were positive for tumor‐cell and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3, respectively. Patients with positive staining for tumor‐cell VEGF‐C showed significantly less favorable survival rates than patients with negative staining (P = 0.031). The survival rates of patients with positive staining for tumor‐cell and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3 were significantly lower than those with negative staining (P = 0.0034 and P = 0.0020, respectively). Patients with positive staining for both tumor‐cell VEGF‐C and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3 exhibited the most unfavorable prognoses. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that coexpression of tumor‐cell VEGF‐C and endothelial‐cell VEGFR‐3 was an independent negative prognostic factor (P = 0.0129) as well as N factor (P = 0.0020).CONCLUSIONSVEGF‐C and VEGFR‐3 status may be indicative of survival rates for patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A comprehensive economic analysis of biomass gasification systems
Authors: Dowaki Kiyoshi , Mori Shunsuke , Fukushima Chihiro , Asai Noriyasu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive economic analysis of biomass gasification systems. There has recently been interest in promoting biomass energy systems in Japan's domestic sector. However, there are problems in achieving this project. The costs of plant construction are very high compared with conventional plants. Accordingly, the unit costs of electricity will be increased to levels comparable with those of other environmental energy systems. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.In this paper, biomass energy systems using woody biomass are proposed from the viewpoint of successful environmental business. Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) plants operated by independent power producers and biomass gasification cogeneration (BGCGS) plants in sawmills or asphalt‐concrete production factories have the potential for implementation in the near future. Our analysis concludes that the systems proposed in this paper provide the following outcomes with subsidies: (1) the generating cost of BIGCC ranges from 15.1 to 36.6 yen/kWh, (2) the generating cost of BGCGS ranges from 2.6 to 32.2 yen/kWh, and (3) the cost reduction of BGCGS products in asphalt factories amounts to about 60 million yen per year. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 52–63, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20089
A case study of elemental and structural composition of dental calculus during several stages of maturation using SRXRF
Authors: Abraham J. , Grenón M. , Sánchez H. J. , Pérez C. , Barrea R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis work presents a study of elemental composition and preponderant structure of human dental calculus, as they mature in the mouth for a period of 1 year. The synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence technique using a white beam was employed as an analytical method. The set of samples were extracted from different dental elements of the same subject, who did not require any other clinical care. By means of analyzing the Ca/P molar ratio an estimation of the main crystallographic structure was attained, by simple comparison with stoichiometric values of the several crystalline structures that compose the calculus. The results showed a slowly progressive transformation of the initial crystalline structures (brushite) into more stable structures (hydroxyapatite), passing through octacalcium phosphate and whitlockite. The concentrations of mayor components (Ca and P) as a function of time followed a sigmoid curve. The analysis of trace element concentratios versus time indicated a null or small correlation of concentration values with the kinetics of the crystallization process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Two maps with large representativity on one surface
Authors: Richter R. Bruce , Salazar Gelasio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe show that, for each orientable surface Σ, there is a constant cΣ so that, if G1 and G2 are embedded simultaneously in Σ, with representativities r1 and r2, respectively, then the minimum number cr(G1, G2) of crossings between the two maps satisfies

This refines earlier estimates by Negami. Furthermore, we provide a counterexample to a conjecture of Archdeacon and Bonnington by exhibiting, for each k, embeddings G1 and G2 in the double torus so that, if we force all the vertices of G1 to be in the same face of G2, then the number of crossings between G1 and G2 is at least k · cr(G1, G2). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A severe peak tailing of phosphate compounds caused by interaction with stainless steel used for liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Wakamatsu Akira , Morimoto Kentaro , Shimizu Masao , Kudoh Shinobu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA severe peak tailing was observed for adenosine 5'‐monophosphate in flow injection analysis with stainless steel tubing and water/methanol mixture (1:1, v/v) as carrier. The cause of the peak tailing was investigated by focusing on the chemical structure of the analytes, the material used for the analytical systems and the composition of the carrier. We clarified that the peak tailing was caused by the interaction between phosphate residues in the analytes and stainless steel. The severe peak tailing did not occur with stainless steel tubing when the phosphate compounds were analyzed with carrier containing phosphoric acid or phosphate buffer. The findings indicate that such ill peak profiles are usually not considerable in conventional HPLC separation because phosphoric acid or phosphate buffer is quite commonly used in eluents. In LC‐MS, however, the use of phosphoric acid and phosphate buffer is usually avoided because of their non‐volatility; therefore this interaction between stainless steel and phosphate compound becomes predominant and results in severe peak tailings. We also found an effective method for avoiding the interaction. When stainless parts, such as LC tubing and ESI spray capillary, were treated with phosphoric acid prior to analysis, the peak profiles of the phosphate compounds were dramatically improved, even when non‐phosphate buffer is used as carrier.
Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and related techniques for purity assessment in early drug discovery
Authors: Molina‐Martin Manuel , Marin Aranzazu , Rivera‐Sagredo Alfonso , Espada Alfonso 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe combination of HPLC and MS has become the most valuable analytical tool to determine the identity and purity of a drug substance in the drug discovery arena over the past decade. This article describes different LC/MS configurations and their broad applicability to meet the fundamental analytical requirements involved in discovering new drugs. In addition, the value of chemiluminescence nitrogen detection for absolute purity determination and the convenience of CE as an orthogonal separation technique to HPLC are also discussed. In summary, LC/MS‐based methodologies that implicate automation, various levels of throughput and open access systems have proved to be an integral part of the drug discovery process. As a result, the paradigm of high‐quality/‐quantity information is fulfilled in a timely fashion.
Quantum monte carlo study of heats of formation and bond dissociation energies of small hydrocarbons
Authors: Kollias A. C. , Domin D. , Hill G. , Frenklach M. , Golden D. M. , Lester W. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) benchmark study of heats of formation at 298 K and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of 22 small hydrocarbons is reported. Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) results, obtained using a simple product trial wavefunctions consisting of a single determinant and correlation function, are compared to experiment and to other theory including a version of complete basis set theory (CBS‐Q) and density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional. For heats of formation, the findings are a mean absolute deviation from experiment of 1.2 kcal/mol for CBS‐Q, 2.0 kcal/mol for B3LYP, and 2.2 kcal/mol for DMC. The mean absolute deviation of 31 BDEs is 2.0 kcal/mol for CBS‐Q, 4.2 kcal/mol for B3LYP, and 2.5 kcal/mol for DMC. These findings are for 17 BDEs of closed‐shell molecules that have mean absolute deviations from experiment of 1.7 kcal/mol (CBS‐Q), 4.0 kcal/mol (B3LYP), and 2.2 kcal/mol (DMC). The corresponding results for the 14 BDEs of open‐shell molecules studied are 2.4 kcal/mol (CBS‐Q), 4.3 kcal/mol (B3LYP), and 2.9 kcal/mol (DMC). The DMC results provide a baseline from which improvement using multideterminant trial functions can be measured. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 583–592, 2005
A mechanism of hyperthermia‐induced apoptosis in ras‐transformed lung cells
Authors: Vertrees Roger A. , Das Gokul C. , Coscio Angela M. , Xie Jingwu , Zwischenberger Joseph B. , Boor Paul J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLung cancer, the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in both men and women, is the consequence of disordered apoptosis, induction of which may have therapeutic utility. Hyperthermia has been identified as a stimulus for apoptosis. We investigated the mechanism of hyperthermia‐induced cell death in ras‐transformed lung cells. Effect of hyperthermia (43°C for 180 min) was compared between two cell lines, an immortalized (sv‐40) normal human bronchial epithelial (BEAS2‐B) and its malignant transformed (H‐rastransfected) counterpart (BZR‐T33). Survival after hyperthermia: 7‐d growth culture BEAS2‐B, 1.03 ± 0.007 and BZR‐T33, 0.39 ± 0.008 (P < 0.05); clonogenic assays BEAS2‐B, 0.76 ± 0.003 and BZR‐T33, 0.41 ± 0.004 (P < 0.05). Hoechst positive (apoptotic) cells: BEAS2‐B, 11 ± 3% and BZR‐T33, 78 ± 5% (P < 0.05). TUNEL, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin‐V all corroborate this result. Western blot comparing the effect of hyperthermia in BZR‐T33 cells to BEAS2‐B cells revealed: TRAIL and FAS‐L displayed significant increases (threefold and twofold, respectively); caspase‐3 showed a decrease in uncleaved form and an increase in cleaved form, and a 50‐fold increase in activity effectively blocked with the caspase‐3 inhibitor DEVD‐fmk; caspase‐9 showed near depletion of uncleaved; poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation was clearly visible during heating. After hyperthermia, gene expression demonstrates a 5.7‐fold increase in TRAIL and insignificant changes in tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), FAS‐L, and caspases 3, 8, 9 in transformed cells. Data demonstrated that hyperthermia induces apoptosis in transformed cells, and that apoptosis is mediated by caspase‐3 as a result of activation of cell‐death membrane receptors of the tumor‐necrosis‐factor family. In summary, these data suggest that hyperthermia could become an additional modality in the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of lung cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of ocellus photoreceptors in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis larva as revealed by an anti‐arrestin antibody
Authors: Horie Takeo , Orii Hidefumi , Nakagawa Masashi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough there have been several studies on the structure of the ocellus photoreceptors in ascidian tadpole larvae using electron microscopy, the overall structure of these photoreceptor cells, especially the projection sites of the axons, has not been revealed completely. The number of photoreceptor cells is also controversial. Here, the whole structure of the ocellus photoreceptors in the larvae of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis was revealed by using an anti‐arrestin (anti–Ci‐Arr) antibody. The cell bodies of 30 photoreceptor cells covered the right side of the ocellus pigment cell and their outer segments extended through the pigment cell into the pigment cup. The axons of the photoreceptor cells were bundled together ventro‐posteriorly in a single tract extending towards the midline. The nerve terminals diverged antero‐posteriorly at the midline of the posterior sensory vesicle (SV). The Ci‐arr gene was expressed throughout the SV at the embryonic mid‐tailbud stage and it became restricted to the neighborhood of the ocellus pigment when ocellus pigmentation occurred. At the same time, the Ci‐Arr protein was first detected, suggesting that the photoreceptor cells began to differentiate. The development of photoreceptor cells after hatching was also investigated using the anti–Ci‐Arr antibody. Three hours after hatching, the photoreceptor terminals began to ramify and then expanded. Previous behavioral analysis showed that the larvae did not respond to the step‐down of light until 2 h after hatching and then the photoresponse became robust. Accordingly, our results suggest that growth of the photoreceptor terminal is critical for the larvae to become photoresponsive. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2005
Elastic PMLs for resonator anchor loss simulation
Authors: Bindel David S. , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: August 2005

AbstractElectromechanical resonators and filters, such as quartz, ceramic, and surface‐acoustic wave devices, are important signal‐processing elements in communication systems. Over the past decade, there has been substantial progress in developing new types of miniaturized electromechanical resonators using microfabrication processes. For these micro‐resonators to be viable they must have high and predictable quality factors (Q). Depending on scale and geometry, the energy losses that lowerQmay come from material damping, thermoelastic damping, air damping, or radiation of elastic waves from an anchor. Of these factors, anchor losses are the least understood because such losses are due to a complex radiation phenomena in a semi‐infinite elastic half‐space. Here, we describe how anchor losses can be accurately computed using an absorbing boundary based on aperfectly matched layer(PML) which absorbs incoming waves over a wide frequency range for any non‐zero angle of incidence. We exploit the interpretation of the PML as a complex‐valued change of co‐ordinates to illustrate how one can come to a simpler finite element implementation than was given in its original presentations. We also examine the convergence and accuracy of the method, and give guidelines for how to choose the parameters effectively. As an example application, we compute the anchor loss in a micro disk resonator and compare it to experimental data. Our analysis illustrates a surprising mode‐mixing phenomenon which can substantially affect the quality of resonance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.