bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Gilding H. P. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

In skin regions which have been bloodless for some time, as result of the functional readjustments following upon a reduction of the blood bulk, the ischemia persists long after the blood volume has been restored and the systemic blood pressure has mounted to the initial level or a higher one.
The significance of the finding is briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON BACILLUS TYPHOSUS TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that many multiples of minimal doses of Bacillus typhosus reacting factors can be neutralized by specific immune sera.
The potency of a given serum can be conveniently titrated against increasing amounts of reacting factors.
If the immune serum is diluted or if the amount of the reacting factors is too large for a given amount of serum, there is obtained neutralization but only irregularly.
Normal and heterologous sera (therapeutic meningococcus and erysipelas horse sera) free of normal agglutinins or possessing normal agglutinins of a low titer (1:16) for Bacillus typhosus are not able to neutralize the reacting factors. There is obtained questionable neutralization with a serum possessing normal Bacillus typhosus agglutinins in dilution 1:64.
The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increases in the course of immunization.
Immune sera exercise a definite protection against the mortality induced by intravenous injection of Bacillus typhosus culture filtrates.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Tillett William S. , Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with the serum of rabbits immunized with an artificially prepared sugar-protein (gluco-globulin) exhibit typical anaphylactic shock when subsequently inoculated with gluco-albumin; the serum of rabbits immunized with a second synthetic sugar-protein (galacto-globulin) similarly sensitizes guinea pigs to galacto-albumin. The reactions, in each instance, are specific and depend for their specificity on the carbohydrate component, and not on the protein fraction of the synthesized sugar-protein.
2. Guinea pigs actively sensitized with gluco-globulin or galacto-globulin are similarly subject to anaphylactic shock, when injected, after 21 days, with sugar-proteins containing carbohydrate identical with that present in the sensitizing antigen, regardless of the kind of protein with which it is combined.
3. The unconjugated glucosides, although themselves not capable of inducing shock, inhibit the anaphylactic reaction when injected immediately prior to the introduction of the toxigenic sugar-protein. The protective action of the glucosides disappears within two hours after injection. In order to elicit the phenomenon, the carbohydrate must be the same as that combined in the sugar-protein complex.
4. Anaphylactic shock may be induced by uncombined globulin in guinea pigs passively sensitized with either antigluco-globulin serum or antigalacto-globulin serum; globulin is similarly effective in animals actively sensitized with gluco-globulin or galacto-globulin. The reactions elicited by globulin alone are dependent upon the common protein present in the antigens, and exhibit only species specificity.
INFECTIVITY OF BLOOD DURING THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Philip Cornelius B. 
Published: June 2004

Five M. rhesus fatally infected with yellow fever virus ran varied and typical courses, death occurring from 82 hours to 10 days after infecting. Batches of A. aegypti were fed daily on each monkey and specimens of blood injected into other animals. By mosquito transfer, the virus was found to be circulating in the peripheral blood 1 or 2 days after the infecting and the same interval before the onset of fever; in one instance, mosquitoes became infectious by feeding on a monkey 12 hours after its inoculation. Mosquitoes continued to acquire infectivity during the febrile period and for 1 day thereafter, except in one instance when death occurred during fever which prevented post-febrile testing. By subinoculation of blood, the disease was transferred before and after, as well as during the same interval as in mosquito transmission. In one of two attempts, the virus was carried by this means as early as 12 hours after the donor animal was infected. Following the first day of the post-febrile period, blood transmissions were irregularly fatal beyond the period infective for mosquitoes.
These results point to a remarkably rapid multiplication of the virus in the animal host, in one case a blood subinoculation (0.5 cc.) being successful at the first test 24 hours after the donor monkey was bitten by only 2 A. aegypti. The regular acquisition of infectivity by mosquitoes fed during the incubation period is of especial interest in indicating the infectivity of human cases for mosquitoes before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This offers one explanation for the insidious propagation of epidemics of yellow fever and should be useful in the institution of control activities during an outbreak of this disease.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO THE POLYSACCHARIDES AND PROTEINS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Tillett William S. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

I. a. Pneumococcus polysaccharides, when injected intradermally into patients convalescent from pneumonia, are capable of eliciting a response. The polysaccharide inducing a cutaneous reaction was found always to be homologous in type to that of the pneumococcus causing the infection.
b. The character of the reaction incited by the protein-free bacterial sugars is of the immediate wheal and erythema type.
c. A patient's capacity to react was found to be intimately associated both with recovery from infection and with the presence of type specific antibodies in the circulating blood.
II. a. The so-called nucleo-protein of pneumococcus, when injected intradermally, also causes a local cutaneous reaction in patients during convalescence from lobar pneumonia.
b. The local lesion resulting from the injection of protein is tuberculin-like in character, and differs from that evoked by the type-specific polysaccharides in gross appearance, time of development, and duration.
c. Individuals, acutely ill with and convalescent from pneumococcus pneumonia, possess in their circulating blood, precipitins reactive with pneumococcus protein. In the observations recorded, the concentration of anti-protein antibodies in the blood serum did not seem to influence the patient's capacity to react to intradermal injection of the protein.
POSSIBILITY OF HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS BY AEDES AEGYPTI (LINN.)
Authors: Philip Cornelius B. 
Published: June 2004

Attempts to obtain passage of yellow fever virus from one generation to the next in A. aegypti were unsuccessful. Subcutaneous injections at varying intervals of a saline emulsion of 200 eggs laid by an infective lot of mosquitoes produced no reaction in six normal M. rhesus monkeys. Negative results were also obtained in five biting and two injection experiments with progeny of the same infective lot of mosquitoes in which seven normal monkeys were used. The eggs consisted of batches laid after the first, second and fourth blood-meals of the original lot; the latter feeding occurred 41 days after the initial infecting meal. The imaginal offspring represented rearings following the first, second and fifth blood-meals of the parent lot. The last feeding occurred 54 days after the first.
It is concluded that under the conditions of the experiments here reported hereditary transmission of yellow fever by A. aegypti is improbable. Variations in age and in number of blood-meals of parent and offspring mosquitoes had no effect in achieving passage of the virus from one stage of the insect to another.
SENSITIVITY TO METHYLENE BLUE AND FINAL ACIDITY OF NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Avery Roy C. 
Published: June 2004

The results of the present study may be briefly summarized as follows. Acid production and sensitivity to methylene blue of 55 strains of methemoglobin-forming streptococci from various sources were studied to determine whether it is possible on the basis of these reactions to differentiate strains of human, bovine, and dairy origin.
Twelve strains were isolated from human infections, 6 from bovine mastitis, and 37 from dairy products. The final hydrogen ion concentrations of all cultures in dextrose broth regardless of the sources from which the strains originated, covered the range pH 5.2 to 4.1. There appeared, therefore, to be no correlation between the amount of acid produced by a given strain and the source from which it was originally derived. Low acid production, a characteristic of hemolytic streptococci of the human type, was not a distinguishing mark of the green producing organisms from human infection, and high acid production was not limited to strains from bovine and dairy sources.
Differences between saprophytic and parasitic strains in their sensitivity to methylene blue in milk were not so sharply defined as were those previously demonstrated for the hemolytic streptococci. Of 18 strains of human and bovine infections, 14 showed neither reduction nor growth in the presence of a 1.5000 concentration of methylene blue. Of the 38 strains from dairy products 32 reduced the dye and grew in this concentration.
The results with the non-hemolytic streptococci indicate that the saprophytic strains have a greater tolerance for the dye than have the strains of parasitic origin.
The significance of these results in the differentiation of streptococci of human, bovine and dairy origin is discussed.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Shannon Raymond C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Batches of Aëdes (Stegomyia) aegypti which had fed on monkeys in the early febrile stage of yellow fever and which has subsequently passed the usually accepted extrinsic incubation period for the virus, failed to transmit the disease to normal monkeys in approximately fifty per cent of the experiments. During the same time over eighty per cent of blood transfers were successful.
2. The monkeys which failed to show fever following mosquito bites later proved resistant to the inoculation of blood or tissues containing virus.
3. The incubation, or afebrile, period in monkeys following the bites of infected mosquitoes varied from less than twenty-four hours to fifteen days. It averaged somewhat longer in non-fatal than in fatal infections.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Shannon Raymond C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Yellow fever virus has been transmitted from monkey to monkey both by the bites of Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis which had fed upon monkeys infected with yellow fever and by the injection of the ground up bodies of such mosquitoes.
2. A fatal infection has been obtained by the injection of the ground up bodies of Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) serratus, which had previously fed on an infected monkey, and a mild infection has been secured by the similar injection of Aëdes (Taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynchus.
3. No definite infection has been secured either by the bites or by the injection of Culex quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans). However, some of the experimental animals bitten by this species have been relatively immune following inoculations of blood or tissues containing virus.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , McGinn Barbara R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of a single injection of India ink caused a marked retention of neoarsphenamine in the blood of guinea pigs during the first twenty minutes of observation after intravenous injection, as contrasted with the rapid disappearance of the drug from the blood of normal controls.
2. Rabbits blocked by a single dose of India ink showed a slower elimination of the drug from the circulation following the first few hours after intravenous injection than corresponding controls.
3. The arsenic content of the liver of mice, which received neoarsphenamine intravenously after a preceding blocking injection with India ink, was appreciably lower than the arsenic content of the normal organ under similar experimental conditions.
VARIATIONS IN THE PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTER CONTENT IN HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The plasma cholesterol and cholesterol ester content of swine, experimentally infected with hog cholera, exhibit a regular succession of changes. During the period of incubation of the disease, for 3 or more days following inoculation with hog cholera virus, hypocholesterolemia prevails. This is followed by a period of hypercholesterolemia which is coincident with the onset of the clinical manifestations of the disease. The hypercholesterolemia after persisting for from 4 to 7 days, gives way to a second period of hypocholesterolemia more marked and more prolonged than that observed immediately after inoculation. In the experiments of the present work this second period lasted 8 and 11 days in the 2 animals surviving long enough for the study of it and was followed by a second period of hypercholesterolemia. In the one animal surviving this period for 8 days a third period of irregular and fluctuating hypocholesterolemia set in.
2. A comparison with the results in other acute infections indicates that hog cholera is unique in showing alternating periods of hypocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia.
3. A normal hog inoculated with Bacillus suisepticus rapidly developed the typical marked hypocholesterolemia whereas an animal infected with hog cholera and then inoculated with B. suisepticus failed to show the decrease in plasma cholesterol content.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Stearn Allen E. , Stearn Esther Wagner 
Published: June 2004

1. The general adequacy of the bacteriostatic mechanism for the action of dyes which postulates a mass law equilibrium between bacteriostat and organism, which latter is pictured chemically as an ampholyte, is discussed.
2. It is shown that, even in blood, where, with safe concentrations of dye, there seems to be a significant excess of protein over dye, the stoichiometric excess of dye required by the above mechanism is available.
3. Experiments are presented indicating that the time required for such a bacteriostat to act is very short, being probably conditioned largely by speed of mixing or of penetration.
4. Apparent disappearance of dye from blood stream need not mean that the blood has lost bacteriostatic value.
5. Data are presented indicating that the behavior of dyes in causing flocculation of organisms is affected by the same factors and in the same way as in inhibiting growth.
6. Direct evidence of ionic combination between dye ion and protein ion is presented by noting conductivity decrease when the two ions are mixed, and also noting the displacement of H-ion from unionized protein by dye cation, or of OH-ion by dye anion.
THE REFRACTORY PERIOD OF THE NORMALLY-BEATING DOG'S AURICLE; WITH A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AURICULAR FIBRILLATION FOLLOWING A SINGLE STIMULUS
Authors: Andrus E. Cowles , Carter Edward P. ,   With an Appendix by Harold A. Wheeler, Ph.D.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for determining the refractory period of the dog's auricle during the normal sinus rhythm. The advantages of the method are:
(a) The total stimulating effects of repeated induction shocks are avoided.
(b) The action current is recorded from a point one millimeter or less from the point of stimulation.
(c) Alterations in the spontaneous rate of the auricle do not interfere with the accurate determination of the refractory period.
2. The values obtained for the normal refractory period and the changes produced by atropine and by stimulation of the vagus agree closely with those of previous observers.
3. The automatic features of the method make possible the determination of the refractory period under adrenalin. This drug brings about a distinct shortening of the refractory period but less than that produced by stimulation of the vagus.
4. During vagal stimulation a single induction shock, introduced soon after the end of the refractory period, frequently produces auricular fibrillation. The cause of this irregularity is discussed and its relation to clinical auricular fibrillation is suggested.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Smith H. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. A spectrophotometric method is discussed which permits quantitative analysis of colored substances present in mixtures.
2. Special attention is given to the analysis of mixtures of two dyes which are being used in a series of studies on vital staining.
3. It is shown that the method can be applied to quantitative analysis of mixtures of naturally occurring animal pigments or to mixtures of these with various other colored substances.
4. Certain limitations of the method and certain necessary precautions are discussed.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Smith H. P. 
Published: June 2004

Brilliant vital red injected into the blood stream of dogs is slowly taken up by phagocytes in various parts of the body, but eventually an equilibrium is established, after which the concentration as measured in the plasma remains almost constant for long intervals of time.
This equilibrium can be disturbed by injecting more dye, and in this case the phagocytes resume ingestive activity, apparently with normal or nearly normal vigor. This activity continued until a rather large part of the newly injected dye has been removed, and as the reaction again slows up we note that both plasma and tissues contain more dye than before. It is difficult to be certain that the distribution ratio of dye between plasma and tissues remains unaltered with dosage, but evidence indicates that for non toxic doses, at least, this is approximately true.
This study of this partition ratio is complicated by the fact that the liver slowly excretes dye into the bile, and this helps to reduce the amount of dye in the body. Partial correction for this factor can be made by ascertaining the dye output in bile fistula dogs. These latter studies show that dye elimination into bile is relatively less efficient when large doses of dye are given to the animal than with smaller dosage. This undue retention of dye in the body with large dosage helps to maintain the dye concentration in the plasma at unduly high levels. These peculiarities in liver excretion have an important bearing on liver physiology in general, and in addition they also have an important application in connection with the theory of "blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system." It is now obvious that prolonged retention of dye in the blood stream does not of itself prove that this group of phagocytic cells is "blocked" against the entrance of foreign material. Altered excretion by liver, kidney, etc. must be ruled out before we can accept such data as evidence of "blockade."
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Victor J. , Van Buren J. R. , Smith H. P. 
Published: June 2004

When brilliant vital red is injected into the blood stream of dogs much of it is slowly taken up into numerous phagocytes scattered throughout the tissues ("reticulo-endothelial system" of Aschoff).
The rate at which the dye leaves the blood stream is determined in large part by the action of these phagocytic cells, but the excretion of dye into the bile is also in part responsible for the loss of dye from the plasma.
The injection of a small amount of India ink into the blood stream results in lowering the rate at which the dye disappears from circulation. The fact that much of the carbon of the ink is promptly taken up by the phagocytes would lead one to suspect that they were saturated with foreign materials, or "blocked" against the entrance of dye, but it is shown that the ink causes a remarkable inhibition of the excretion of dye into the bile, and this alone seems to account for the longer retention of dye in the blood stream. There is no evidence that any of the retention is due to defective activity on the part of the phagocytes.
Thus, prolonged retention of foreign materials in the blood stream cannot be cited to prove "blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system" unless one can rule out such peculiar reactions on the part of excretory organs. It is felt that the literature of "blockade" should be studied with such sources of error in mind.
Preliminary studies indicate that the suppression of dye excretion by the liver is not due to the carbon content of the ink. Studies of other components of the ink are now in progress.
ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: June 2004

1. Feeding heat killed pneumococci grown in milk produces a fair degree of immunity.
2. Feeding acid killed degraded aruvilent organisms produces little protection.
3. Feeding the desiccated, mechanically disrupted organisms creates a high degree of protection.
4. Feeding the Berkefeld filtrate of sodium glycocholate dissolved cells produce a high degree of immunity.
5. A single ingestion of this material equivalent to between 1 and 5 cc. growth is sufficient to protect a rat against 1000 to 10,000 fatal doses. Among rats fed the equivalent of 0.1 cc. an occasional one survives.
6. This degree of protection is present 48 hours after the feeding, and to a smaller extent exists in occasional animals at the end of 24 hours.
7. The treated animals are resistant to subcutaneous as well as intraperitoneal injections.
8. A single ingestion of hydrochloric acid killed pneumococci equivalent to between 1 and 5 cc. growth also protects within 48 hours against 1000 to 10,000 fatal doses intraperitoneally injected.
9. Reference is made to results obtained in preliminary experiments with human beings.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS BY HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. The phagocytic titre of whole human blood against the three types of pneumococcus was determined in a number of individuals. The titre varied over a considerable range in different subjects.
2. Contrary to expectation, the titre in early cases of untreated pneumonia was quite high against the infecting organism, pointing to a local rather than a general lowering of resistance in infection with this organism.
3. Sia's work was confirmed, that the specific carbohydrate has a specific anti-phagocytic action on the blood. This action is more marked in the case of Type III than in Type I.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS BY HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. In vitro phagocytic experiments with human blood, antipneumococcus serum, pneumococcus specific soluble substance, and living virulent pneumococci show that there is a definite phagocytic inhibition zone when strong antiserum is used.
2. If the antiserum is further diluted, there is a zone where phagocytosis is effective. If the serum is diluted still more, phagocytosis gradually falls off, as the very dilute antiserum fails to neutralize the specific carbohydrate, which has a specific antiphagocytic action.
3. The inhibition zone is apparently caused by the specific precipitate (formed by the antiserum and the specific carbohydrate) interfering, perhaps mechanically, with the ingestion of the pneumococci by the leucocytes.
4. The inhibition zone is better marked with Type III than with Type I pneumococcus.
5. As the concentration of antiserum in the zone of effective phagocytosis in vitro does not correspond with the concentration of antiserum generally used in vivo in the serum therapy of pneumonia, this question is discussed.