bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art and Anthropology
Authors: Firth Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a discussion on art and anthropology it is not easy to strike a balance between description and theory, to show the richness of anthropological studies of art without releasing a flood of detail, to point out how our analyses of exotic, so-called primitive art can be fitted with significance into the understanding of art and of society as a whole. So I think it appropriate to say something about art in general before discussing anthropological contributions to the subject.
Matrix Analysis
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Mathematics and the Metaphysicians’, Bertrand Russell observed that ‘Obviousness is always the enemy of correctness. Hence we invent some new and difficult symbolism, in which nothing seems obvious. Then we set up certain rules for operating on the symbols, and the whole thing becomes mechanical’ (1917: 77). Certainly in the case of large exchange structures it would be desirable to have purely mechanical procedures to ensure accurate descriptions and rapid, reliable computation. This can be accomplished by representing a graph as a matrix and applying elementary and easily programmed algebraic manipulations.
Ngundeng: Prophetic Inspiration on the Eastern Frontier
Authors: Johnson Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ngundeng Bong is generally considered to have been the first prophet. As one of his posthumous sons put it: ‘Divinity who created people, it was here. The great Divinity [kuoth dit] who created all the lands, they knew it. They knew only it. In the past they did not know any divinity in the world who made men mad.
Prophetic Traditions in Peace and War
Authors: Johnson Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in the preceding section have described in detail the development of a prophetic idiom involving seizure, speaking with the voice of a divinity, and the powers of healing, life, and death as they related to the moral community. Within that idiom different prophetic traditions arose around the dominant divinities Deng, Diu, Maani and their most prominent prophets. The early prophets established the character of the divinities which inspired them, and through their actions helped to create an expectation among their own communities of what a specific divinity was capable of and how the prophet of that divinity should behave. Later prophecy worked within the framework of these prophetic traditions. The traditions themselves further developed within a context created by the presence of government. This meant the further desacralizing of power and authority, and alternations between periods of peace and periods of war.
The Life of Prophecy
Authors: Johnson Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part II I have described in detail the activities of Nuer prophets, trying to identify their conscious goals, the adaptations and changes they made, as well as the continuities they represented. In the pre-existing figures of Deng and Aiwel, in the activities centred around major shrines, in the experiences of various types of masters, the prophets of the nineteenth century had models of inspiration on which to draw.
Śresthas: Heterogeneity among Hindu Patron Lineages
Authors: Quigley Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all Newar castes the Śresthas are the most difficult to categorize.* Indeed it is hazardous to describe them as a caste at all and it is this hazard, and the ways in which it is best approached, which will form the central theme of this chapter. Toffin has written (1984: 382) that ‘the Śresthas, one of the most numerous groups in Newar society, deserve less and less to be described as a caste’. In the following discussion, I will support this view: in fact, it is doubtful whether Śresthas have ever been a single caste in the way that castes are normally thought to be—i.e. with a relatively homogeneous status.
Art And Agency
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Gell puts forward a new anthropological theory of visual art, seen as a form of instrumental action: the making of things as a means of influencing the thoughts and actions of others. He argues that existing anthropological and aesthetic theories take an overwhelmingly passive point of view, and questions the criteria that accord art status only to a certain class of objects and not to others. The anthropology of art is here reformulated as the anthropology of a category of action: Gell shows how art objects embody complex intentionalities and mediate social agency. He explores the psychology of patterns and perceptions, art and personhood, the control of knowledge, and the interpretation of meaning, drawing upon a diversity of artistic traditions--European, Indian, Polynesian, Melanesian, and Australian. Art and Agency was completed just before Alfred Gell's death at the age of 51 in January 1997. It embodies the intellectual bravura, lively wit, vigour, and erudition for which he was admired, and will stand as an enduring testament to one of the most gifted anthropologists of his generation.
The Mystery of the Visible
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall attempt to provide an introduction to religious thought in Shvetambar Jainism, by describing the images, narratives, and schemes which I referred to in Chapter 1 as the tradition’s central imaginative reference-points. The question we shall have in mind is; where does the Jain subject find him or herself placed with respect to these images and schemes?
City, Locality, and Leadership
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Jain population in Jaipur is not in any straightforward sense representative of others in the region. It is quite large, and even by Jain standards it is rich. In terms of Jain religious composition, Jaipur is also unusual. It is one of very few centres where the whole gamut of sectarian opinion, Digambar and Shvetambar, is represented in one place. Most local Jain communities are more homogeneous, both in social and religious terms. Yet it would not be quite right either to see Jaipur as a microcosm of the Jain population of lndia as a whole. The Jain population in the city is large and diverse, but here the Digambars are more numerous than the Shvetambars (they are the minority India-wide), in a region in which the Shvetambars generally predominate, and the dominant Shvetambar presence in the city is an extremely conservative business community, whose majority religious allegiance is to one of the smallest renouncer lineages. So Jaipur is a special case. Before going on to describe the Shvetambar community there, it would be helpful to say something about the kind of special place it is.
Diwali: Renunciation Humanized and Riches Redeemed
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I ended Part III by describing how the asceticism of Samvatsari and the well-being and increase celebrated at the Ganesh festival are dramatically counterposed, in a way that is emblematic both of the location of Jain communities in Indian society, and the ethical and aesthetic contrasts between renunciation and riches as lay religious values. I should like to end this part of the book with a consideration of the other major festival in the Jain religious year, Diwali (see Plates XIX–XXII). On the surface, Diwali could not be more different from Samvatsari, but the two festivals exhibit a different aspect of the same Jain ethos; mixing the same elements to produce a complementary effect.
Business and Landed Élites in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Thompson F M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The attractions of land as a safe outlet for the surplus savings of businessmen began to wane from the late seventeenth century with the growing availability of higher-yielding and more liquid alternatives in mortgages, the funds, and other stocks. In the short term the state of the money market continued to exert a direct influence on land-purchasing activity; when the yield on government stocks was high and their price low, moneyed men were loath to buy land and landed men were prone to buy stocks. But the long-term trend was clear. Wealthy merchants and others could still be found in the later eighteenth century buying pieces of land here and there and from time to time, collecting an assorted packet of title-deeds too scattered and fragmented for residential purposes but sufficiently homogeneous for an investment old-fashioned habits inherited from earlier generations.
Devolution and the British Constitution
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many years ago, Geoffrey Marshall was my tutor in politics. For my first essay, instead of the standard fare on the power of the Prime Minister or the role of Congress, Geoffrey asked me to write on Dicey’s constitutional principles. This was a complex exercise for a beginner, but I wrote what I thought to be a decent summary of Dicey’s views. Geoffrey, in the gentlest possible way, showed me both that Dicey was a more subtle thinker than was commonly imagined, but also that his principles were in many respects inadequate as an explanation of the British Constitution. I retired, shamefaced.
Conclusion
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commonwealth migration has transformed the demographic make-up of the UK and irreversibly altered its politics. In offering an account of this unprecedented migration, the study has sought to explain three features of it: the late adoption of migration controls in 1962, the rapid and complete adoption of restrictions after 1962, and the legal peculiarities linked with the experience of Commonwealth immigration. The account can be briefly summarized: The deferral of migration restrictions until 1962, which ensured (via family reunification) the development of multicultural Britain, resulted from the intersection of ideology and partisan power. Both parties, but especially the Conservatives, were profoundly attached to the Old Commonwealth and its citizens’ right to enter Britain; no politician wished to see this movement blocked. At the same time, a few politicians, and above all the Colonial Secretary, refused to countenance racist immigration restrictions. The resulting veto, carried in 1955, guaranteed further non-white migration and the emergence of British multiculturalism.
The Emergence of Finite Complements
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finite complements in Akkadian developed from adverbial clauses. This process may appear unusual, since adverbial clauses are not often reported as sources of finite complements, and since adverbial conjunctions are not often reported as sources of complementizers. Moreover, according to the common interpretation of finite complements as object clauses (an interpretation which I tried to discredit in §2.1 above), the structural aspect of the change from adverbial clauses to complements may seem very problematic. This chapter examines the emergence of finite complements by tracing the development of the conjunction k”ima from an adverbial subordinator to a complementizer. I argue that the change from an adverbial to a complement can, in fact, be smooth and very natural, and that it does not present any genuine problems on either the semantic level or the structural level. Section 4.2 describes the core part of this process, the ‘bleaching’ of k’ima, from the causal meaning (‘because’) to the factive meaning (‘that’). The following section then examines the structural consequences of this process of semantic change.
The Wh- Functional Domain, Direct and Indirect Questions
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a historical survey of the wh-functional domain, which is closely related to the FDC. The chapter is concerned with the range of different structures which are used to perform similar functions to that of ‘wh-complements’ (or indirect questions). Embedded indirect questions are only a late development in Babylonian. We do not have enough material to draw a picture of the Old Akkadian situation, but even in the Old Babylonian period, only the very beginning of indirect questions is evident. Whereas finite complements became widespread already in the Old Babylonian period (as we have seen), embedded questions only fully developed in the latest period of the language, Neo-Babylonian.
The gut, the bad, and the allergy
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We need all kinds of nutrients to build and repair our body structures. Food also has to provide the necessary energy to bring these processes about, which is why most of our food consists of high energy molecules such as sugars, starch, fats, and oils. Energy is our primary need, but without protein, vitamins, minerals, and a few other molecules we would not be able to extract this energy, which is why a balanced diet is so important.
Sulfur dioxide and sulfites
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a group of ten people dined on the above menu, the chances are that by the end of the evening one of them would be suffering the effects of too much sulfur dioxide. That person would soon start wheezing, and they could be well on their way to an attack of asthma. Usually such a person is aware that certain foods will bring on an attack, but many people are only half-aware that they are affected by sulfur dioxide: an encounter with it will leave them a little tight-chested, and wondering if they are starting with a cold. The effect is temporary, and will pass off within a few hours.
Actin
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Actins are a highly conserved family of proteins found in virtually all eukaryotic cells. They have prolific roles in cell motility - from the contraction of striated muscle to the movement of organelles within cells, and are known to interact with a diverse number of proteins families from myosins to gelsolins. This up-to-date edition gives a comprehensive account of actin sequence, mutation and structure as well as providing insight into ligand-binding sites and drug and toxin binding. Illustrated throughout, this modern text also contains an extensive bibliography for the interested reader.
Ligand-binding sites
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a single, exchangeable high-affinity divalent-cation-binding ,site located ,,within the cleft of actin close to the nucleotide and three or more intermediate and lower affinity cation binding sites elsewhere on the molecule (see Table 2 and [34] for review). The high-affinity cation-binding site has relative affinities for cation in the order Ca&gt; Mn &gt;Cd&gt; :Mg &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Sr [425,426, 427, 399, 1277], whilst the lower affinity sites do not greatly discriminare between calcium and magnesium and will bind monovalent cations [377].
Heat, temperature, and humidification
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heating up a solid, liquid, or gas gives the molecules themselves increased kinetic energy and the increased interaction between them is a consequence of a temperature rise. Thus a temperature change is the effect of heating or cooling a body. The section on the gas laws (see Chapter 5) has already described how temperature change occurs in relation to pressure and volume changes under adiabatic conditions, where no additional heat is supplied to the gas. This is stated in Charles’ law and Gay-Lussac’s law.
Blood pressure measurement
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This occurs either non-invasively or invasively and usually refers to systemic arterial pressure measurement, but can also refer to systemic venous or pulmonary arterial pressure measurement.In 1733 the Reverend Stephen Hales was the first person to measure blood pressure in vivo in unanaesthetized horses by direct cannulation of the carotid and femoral arteries. In doing so he observed the pulsatile nature of flow in the circulation.
Gas pressure, volume, and flow measurement
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gas laws have been discussed in Chapter 5 in relation to other aspects of gas and vapour behaviour. This section will focus on the physical principles and devices used to measure gas pressure, volume, and flowUnlike a liquid, a gas is compressible and the relationship between pressure, volume, and flow depends on the resistance to gas flow (or impedance if there is a frequency dependence in alternating flow) in conduits.
Pacemakers and defibrillators
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators are used to stimulate cardiac muscle directly. The pacemaker corrects for abnormalities in the heart rate (this can be fast or slow). Defibrillators are used to restore a fibrillating heart or tachycardia, to sinus rhythm. These are nromally external, battery, or mains powered, but can be internal devices, which are called implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs).
Artificial ventilators
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When pressure is applied by the ventilator to drive gas into the lungs, energy is expended to overcome airway resistance, R, to gas flow, in order to store gas in the alveoli, whose readiness to having their volume increased is represented by the concept of compliance, C. The storage of gas within individual compliances represents potential energy storage.
This Man’s Pill
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
October 15, 1951 marks the birthday of one of the key episodes in 20th century social history: the first synthesis of a steroid oral contraceptive in a small laboratory in Mexico City - an event that triggered the development of the Pill. Carl Djerassi has been honoured worldwide for that accomplishment, which ultimately changed the life of women and the nature of human reproduction in ways that were not foreseeable. On the 50th anniversary of this pivotal event, Djerassi weaves a compelling personal narrative full of self-reflection and occasional humour on the impact this invention has had on the world at large and on him personally. He credits the Pill with radically altering his academic career at Stanford University to become one of the few American chemists writing novels and plays. This Man’s Pill presents a forcefully revisionist account of the early history of the Pill, debunking many of the journalistic and romantic accounts of its scientific origin. Djerassi does not shrink from exploring why we have no Pill for men or why Japan only approved the Pill in 1999 (together with Viagra). Emphasizing that development of the Pill occurred during the post-War period of technological euphoria, he believes that it could not be repeated in today’s climate. Would the sexual revolution of the 1960s or the impending separation of sex (“in bed”) and fertilization (“under the microscope”) still have happened? This Man’s Pill answers such questions while providing a uniquely authoritative account of a discovery that changed the world.
Sex and immortality
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of the rite of passage from one millennium into the next, a large German newspaper invited a diverse group of persons, including me, to write on ‘Immortality.’ The accompanying enticement, ‘write anything you want on that subject; proved sufficiently tempting that I agreed, before realizing how infrequently I had really thought about that topic. I do not believe in life after death. Hence at the most primitive level, immortality is a non-subject in my book of life. But it did not take me long to realize that the human longing for immortality expresses itself in many different ways. For instance, I could easily make the case that among many research scientists, such desire is stimulated by the values of our tribal culture.
From the Pill to the PC
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 8 May 1983, the love of my life, whom I—a recent divorce with a roving eye—had met on Valentine’s day of 1977, announced with a tender thunderbolt that she had fallen in love with another man. We were through, she said unequivocally, though much more elegantly than I give it here. We were through—the words were truer than either one of us imagined. What was ending wasn’t, however, our love. It was the life I had known until then, soon to be supplanted by a new, utterly unexpected turn away from scientific research.
Behind the scrim of fiction
Authors: Djerassi Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As far as I can remember, the last novel I read in German was Arthur Koestler’s The Gladiators; I was 18 or 19 years old at the time. Half a century passed until I read another novel in German, this one with an attention I had never before given a work of fiction. As I turned the pages of Ursula-Maria Mossner’s translation of my own novel, Cantor’s Dilemma, long-forgotten German idioms surfaced from some Viennese depth that I had assumed had long ago been covered by an impenetrable thicket of Americanisms.
Loads And Levers
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partial dentures are subject to many forces, such as chewing (vertical and lateral), lifting (sticky foods), and actions of the tongue, lips and cheeks. We must employ the under- standing of loads and levers during the development of good design. It could be argued that this short chapter contains the information about which the major part of this book hinges. It is purely a revision of some elementary school physics which you use daily without thinking. Fundamental to understanding partial denture design is a solid grasp of simple mechanical principles. Without these you might as well leave the design to your laboratory or copy a design that happens to take your fancy, neither of which takes into consideration the physiological needs of the patient.
Indirect Or Cantilevered Support
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indirect support provides support for a saddle which is cantilevered out beyond the area of available tooth support. The action is one of a Class I lever system and can therefore be very effective or very poor, depending on how the load, effort, and fulcrum are distributed. You do not come across this term very often, but all the same it can be a vital factor in partial denture design whether you realize it or not.
The free-end saddle: further comments
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A return to the problem of the free-end saddle, largely caused by the difference in the foundation offered by the teeth and tissues. Some attempts to minimize the damage which may be caused by movement of the denture base in function are considered. In Chapter 2.5 we identified the particular problems of partial denture design when free-end saddle(s) are needed. Both support and retention difficulties are present. While retention of the saddle can be improved by indirect retention (quite simply, once you have grasped the principles involved; Chapter 1.8), support is more of a problem. This diagram summarizes the deficiency:
Some mechanical complexities
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Precision attachments can be incorporated into crowns and dentures so that the support, retention, and stability can be enhanced. There are many different types of attachment and it is not within the remit of this text to consider these in detail (see Further reading). The principle of their use is that an attachment is incorporated into a crown which has a companion component in the pros- thesis to which it can locate when the denture is inserted. There are some specific issues arising from their use.