bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception of aggression, personality disorders and psychiatric morbidity in nursing students
Authors: Muro C. , Tomas C. , Moreno L. , Rubio V. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To determine the relationship between perception of aggression, personality disorders and psychiatric morbidity.Method:  Ninety nursing students were interviewed. A two‐stage transversal analysis was used, the first stage using the Spanish version of the general health questionnaire (GHQ‐28), the true‐false test of international personality disorders (IPDE) of Loranger, and the perception of aggression scale (POAS) of Jansen. For the second stage we used the Spanish version of the clinical interview schedule (CIS), and the full test of IPDE.Results:  Perception of aggression was mainly described as a violent reaction. There were no significant differences in the perception of aggression according to GHQ(+), CIS(+) and IPDE(+). There was a significant relationship between perception of aggression as violent reaction and gender.Conclusion:  Aggression was perceived by our nursing students as a violent reaction. A significant relationship with gender was observed.
The effects of drug abuse on the stress responsive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the dopaminergic and endogenous opioid systems
Authors: Schlussman S. D. , Nyberg F. , Kreek M. J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  Drugs of abuse have a significant impact on the stress responsive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and an abnormal response to stress may mediate the development or maintenance of addictive diseases. In animals, drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, lead to an activation of the HPA axis. Drugs of abuse also have an impact on the endogenous opioid system (EOS) and the dopaminergic system. Each of these systems has also been implicated in the mediation of aggressive behaviors. This brief report focuses on the effects of drugs of abuse on the stress responsive HPA, EOS and dopaminergic systems, and the role of these systems in mediating aggression and comorbidity of substance abuse and aggressive behaviors.Method:  Rodents were administered either ‘binge’ pattern cocaine (15 mg/kg × 3 each day) or the androgenic anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate and the effects on mRNA levels, receptor binding and circulating levels of stress hormones were analyzed.Results:  Both cocaine and nandrolone decanoate significantly impact the HPA axis, the EOS and the dopaminergic systems.Conclusion:  Drugs of abuse impact substantially the same neural systems that affect aggressive behavior.
Bullying in the school environment: an injury risk factor?
Authors: Laflamme L. , Engström K. , Möller J. , Alldahl M. , Hallqvist J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To describe a research project assessing the role of bullying at school as an injury trigger and the modification effect of the socio‐economic environment of the victims. Preliminary results are also presented.Method: A case‐crossover and a case‐referent design were combined. The study base consisted of all children aged 10–15 years residing in the Stockholm county in 2000–02. Cases were recruited at the county's children hospital and interviewed shortly after the injury, using a specially designed questionnaire.Results:  Preliminary analyses (261 interviews) reveal that about two injured children out of 10 reported having been bullied during the school term. Also, one out of 10 had been bullied shortly enough before the injury for bullying to be considered as a trigger. The circumstances of occurrence of those injuries varied.Conclusion:  Bullying, apart from being frequent in the school environment, is quite likely to act as an injury trigger.
Socio‐economic differences in intentional injuries: a national study of Swedish male and female adolescents
Authors: Engström K. , Laflamme L. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To measure socio‐economic differences in intentional injuries among Swedish adolescents.Method:  A cross‐sectional study, based on linkage of records from national registers, considering injuries incurred by all adolescents domiciled in Sweden in 1990–94. Absolute and relative differences between adolescents from four household socio‐economic groups (SEGs) were measured, considering separately males and females, two age categories (10–14 and 15–19 years) and injuries caused by interpersonal violence and self‐inflicted injuries.Results:  Absolute differences (in injury incidence) between SEGs were greatest for self‐inflicted injuries, among older female adolescents. There were clear social gradients in all instances, but relative differences (relative risks) reached a peak for interpersonal violence among younger adolescents, for both boys and girls.Conclusion:  There is a clear association among Swedish adolescents between type of intentional injury and gender, with absolute differences remarkably wide for self‐inflicted injuries. For a given age category, gender‐specific social gradients are quite comparable within diagnosis.
Management of violence in the workplace: a New Zealand survey
Authors: Gale C. , Pellett O. , Coverdale J. , Paton Simpson G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To estimate the rate of adverse events to staff, to survey the use of various preventative measures, and to assess any association between these factors and the reported event rate.Method:  An anonymous postal nation‐wide survey of violence reported to managers of psychiatric units in New Zealand.Results:  The mean rate of adverse event per 100 full time equivalent staff was 16.2 (range 0–187) for property damage, 16.3 (range 0–204) for attempted assault, 12 (range 0–194) for physical attack, 1.3 (range 0–33) for sexual harassment and 1.1 (range 0–17) for stalking. Inpatient units, the use of pocket alarms, and training in de‐escalation were associated highly with an increase risk of adverse events.Conclusion:  There is a high variation in the rate of violence. The issue of increased rate of events with certain interventions will require further research.
How do you define remission?
Authors: Lecrubier Y. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To underscore the need to attain remission in the treatment of depression, taking into consideration the appropriate definitions of response and remission, as well as the impact of residual symptomatology.Method:  A review of research pertaining to successful response and remission of depression following antidepressant intervention, as identified by a comprehensive MEDLINE search.Results:  Complete remission is both critical and attainable with appropriate antidepressant therapy.Conclusion:  While adequate response to antidepressant medication is desired, the ultimate goal of therapy is remission, the achievement of an asymptomatic state characterized by complete functional recovery.
Achieving gains beyond response
Authors: Paykel E. S. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To review adverse outcomes following response in treatment of depression.Method:  Review of published literature with particular emphasis on key papers.Results:  Moderately high rates of relapse and recurrence are found in naturalistic follow‐up studies of depressed patients receiving modern treatment. These are reduced but not abolished in controlled trials by continuation and maintenance treatment with antidepressants. Suicide rates in follow‐up studies are much elevated compared with the general population. Social function is impaired and remits more slowly than depressive symptoms. A key outcome is the occurrence of incomplete remission with residual symptoms, which is associated with high relapse rates and impaired social function.Conclusion:  It is important to achieve complete remission in depression. Elimination of residual symptoms is an important target for full treatment of the depressive episode, in order to avoid later adverse outcomes.
Achieving remission from depression with venlafaxine and venlafaxine extended release: a literature review of comparative studies with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Rudolph R. L. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To evaluate data supporting the ability of venlafaxine, an antidepressant with a dual mechanism of action, to produce remission from depression.Method:  Review of multicentre, double‐blind, randomized studies comparing venlafaxine or venlafaxine extended release (XR) with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale total scores in the range of ≤7 and <10 as the final outcome measure, to evaluate the ability of venlafaxine/venlafaxine XR to produce full remission from depression.Results:  Venlafaxine/venlafaxine XR demonstrated higher rates of remission than did the SSRIs and placebo.Conclusion:  With full remission rather than response as the measure of outcome, venlafaxine/venlafaxine XR demonstrated more robust antidepressant efficacy than the SSRIs and placebo. This finding suggests that venlafaxine/venlafaxine XR are appropriate standard‐of‐care therapies for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder.
Traumatic events and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence,risk factors and comorbidity
Authors: Perkonigg A. , Kessler R. C. , Storz S. , Wittchen H‐U. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Lifetime and 12‐month prevalence of traumatic events and DSM‐IV post‐traumatic stress disorder as well as risk factors and comorbidity patterns were investigated in a representative community sample (n=3021, aged 14–24 years). Method: Traumatic events and PTSD were assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results: Although 26% of male subjects and 17.7% of female subjects reported at least one traumatic event, only a few qualified for a full PTSD diagnosis (1% of males and 2.2% of females). Traumatic events and PTSD were strongly associated with all other mental disorders examined. PTSD occurred as both a primary and a secondary disorder. Conclusion: The prevalence of PTSD in this young German sample is considerably lower than reported in previous studies. However, the conditional probability for PTSD after experiencing traumas, risk factors and comorbidity patterns are quite similar. Traumatic events and full PTSD may increase the risk for other disorders, and vice versa.
Dangerous female psychiatric patients: prevalences and characteristics
Authors: Linaker O. M. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:We wanted to study the prevalence and characteristics of dangerousness among female psychiatric patients. Method:A national survey was performed in Norway, covering all psychiatric in‐ and out‐patient units. Results:There were 329 persons reported to have a psychiatric disorder and to satisfy our criteria for dangerousness, giving a total prevalence of 9.9/100 000 adults. There were 54 women, giving a female prevalence of 3.1/100 000. When compared to a matched sample of the men, fewer women were out‐patients or had had jail sentences. We found no sex differences with regard to frequencies of psychosis, mental retardation, personality disorders, or drug or alcohol abuse. The women had an increased frequency of suicide‐related and self‐injurious behaviours and previous commitment for arson. Conclusion:The prevalence of women with psychiatric disorders who are considered to be dangerous was 3.1/100 000. The dangerous men did not show higher frequencies than the women for psychopathology, drug abuse, behaviour or criminality.
‘Everybody looks at my pubic bone’— a case report of an adolescent patient with body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: Sobanski E. , Schmidt M. H. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) was described for the first time more than 100 years ago, but it is still unknown to many clinicians. Although the onset usually occurs during adolescence, BDD has received little attention in the adolescent psychiatric literature. Method: The case and treatment of a 16‐year‐old female patient is described. Results: The patient, suffering from the overvalued belief of a dislocated pubic bone, a comorbid mild depressive episode, BDD associated rituals and social avoidance, was treated successfully with a combination of exposure and response prevention and 125 mg/day of doxepine. Conclusion: If BDD is diagnosed early in the course and treated appropriately, it is possible to obtain a satisfying outcome.
A placebo‐controlled comparison of zotepine versus chlorpromazine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia
Authors: Cooper S. J. , Tweed J. , Raniwalla J. , Butler A. , Welch C. 
Published: March 2003

Objective:The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of zotepine in the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia. Method:Patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia (DSM‐III‐R criteria; n=158) were allocated on a random, double‐blind basis to receive zotepine (150 or 300 mg/day), chlorpromazine (300 or 600 mg/day) or placebo for 8 weeks. Symptoms were assessed on the BPRS, SANS and CGI scales at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 and patients were assessed at these times for adverse effects. Analysis was by analysis of variance on the intent‐to‐treat population, with last observation carried forward. Results:Mean BPRS scores improved statistically significantly more with zotepine than chlorpromazine (point estimate of difference −12.4, 95% CI −18.3 to −6.5) or placebo (point estimate of difference −12.7, 95% CI −18.6 to −6.8). Zotepine produced significantly fewer extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) than chlorpromazine. Conclusion:Zotepine is an effective antipsychotic with low propensity for EPS.
Decreased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in female anorexia nervosa
Authors: Díaz‐Marsá M. , Carrasco J. L. , Hollander E. , César J. , Saiz‐Ruiz J. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: To study if platelet MAO activity, previously described as a serotonergic index, is modified in a sample of pure restrictive anorectic patients. Method: Twenty five female patients with DSM‐IV anorexia nervosa restricting type were studied and compared with 30 healthy female controls. Platelet MAO activity was measured by isotopic methods using C‐14 benzylamine. Impulsive personality features were measured with specific rating scales and temperament studied with Cloninger's TCI. Results: Platelet MAO activity was significantly lower (4.3+2.7 nmol/h/108 platelets) in the anorectic patients than in the control group (6.7+2.8) (P<0.01). Platelet MAO was inversely correlated with scores on impulsivity scales and positively correlated with the dimension ‘persistence’ of Cloninger's TCI. Conclusion: Platelet MAO activity is lowered in a group of patients with anorexia nervosa and might involve some dysfunction in the regulation of impulse control.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces ‘pseudoabsence seizure’
Authors: Conca A. , König P. , Hausmann A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Several studies support the hypothesis of an antidepressive or mood‐enhancing effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on depressive patients. The most acute concern regarding rTMS is possible seizure induction; therefore reports on seizure during rTMS are of special significance. Method: We describe a case in which high frequency rTMS over the left dorsolatero‐prefrontal cortex (DLPC) applied as an add‐on antidepressive strategy may have induced a frontal lobe complex partial seizure in a female patient affected by drug‐resistant depression. Results: The epileptic seizure was self‐limited, and the patient did not report any physical sequelae. The psychopathological improvement, observed immediately after the incident in question, did not last. Conclusion: We assume that in this case train duration in rTMS, combined with drugs modulating the norepinephrine turnover, may have contributed to the occurrence of this complex partial seizure, which neuroanatomically seems to be localized in the DLPC.
Cognitive dysfunctions and white matter lesions in patients with bipolar disorder in remission
Authors: Krabbendam L. , Honig A. , Wiersma J. , Vuurman E. F. P. M. , Hofman P. A. M. , Derix M. M. A. , Nolen W. A. , Jolles J. 
Published: March 2003

Krabbendam L, Honig A, Wiersma J, Vuurman EFPM, Hofman PAM, Derix MMA, Nolen WA, Jolles J. Cognitive dysfunctions and white matter lesions in patients with bipolar disorder in remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 274–280. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: To compare cognitive functioning in relation to white matter lesions in bipolar disorder in remission and schizophrenia. Method: Cognitive performance and the occurrence of white matter lesions on MRI images of the brain were assessed in 22 patients with bipolar disorder in remission, 22 patients with schizophrenia and 22 healthy volunteers.Results: Performance of tests of memory, speed and cognitive flexibility was significantly impaired in both patient groups. The frequency of white matter lesions did not differ significantly between the three groups. No differences in cognitive performance were found between patients with white matter lesions and patients without such lesions. Conclusion: White matter lesions apparently do not underlie cognitive deficits that are found in patients with bipolar disorder in remission and in patients with schizophrenia.
Cognitive dysfunction in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Okasha A. , Rafaat M. , Mahallawy N. , Nahas G. El , Dawla A. Seif El , Sayed M. , Kholi S. El 
Published: March 2003

Okasha A, Rafaat M, Mahallawy N, El Nahas G, Seif El Dawla A, Sayed M, El Kholi S. Cognitive dysfunction in obsessive‐compulsive disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 281–285. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: Assessment of cognitive functions among obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) patients would help in understanding the neurobiology and brain areas involved in that disorder. The objective of this work was to study the cognitive dysfunction in OCD patients and to identify its correlation with both the clinical picture and the severity of the disorder.Method: Neuropsychological and electrophysiological event‐related potentials were tested in 30 OCD patients and compared with 30 normal volunteers of a matched gender, age and education. Results: Results showed a defective visuospatial recognition, which worsens with chronicity, deteriorated set‐shifting abilities, overfocused attention to irrelevant stimuli and delayed selective attention to relevant tasks. Mild cases showed better selective attention than severe cases. Obsessive cases had a defective visual memory, while compulsive cases had delayed perception of task relevant stimuli. Mixed cases showed disturbed information‐processing both early and late.Conclusion: OCD patients have a characteristic pattern of cognitive dysfunction that differs among patients of varied severity, chronicity and symptom type. We suggest a striatofrontoparietal neural pathophysiol‐ogy. OCD seems to be a heterogeneous disorder, both clinically and pathophysiologically.
Effects of a coping‐orientated group therapy for schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients: a pilot study
Authors: Andres K. , Pfammatter M. , Garst F. , Teschner C. , Brenner H. D. 
Published: March 2003

Andres K, Pfammatter M, Garst F, Teschner C, Brenner HD. Effects of a coping‐orientated group therapy for schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients: a pilot study.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 318–322.© Munksgaard 2000.Objective: This controlled pilot study was designed, first, to examine the efficacy of two different group therapy formats for schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients: a patient‐centred, psychoeducative and coping‐orientated group therapy approach and a supportive therapy group. Secondly, it intended to establish preliminary hypotheses on the therapeutically relevant factors.Method: In a sample of 32 patients suffering from schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder the effect sizes of the coping‐orientated therapy approach and a supportive group therapy on several outcome variables were examined and the predictive power of different effect variables on outcome was analysed.Results: The effect sizes show improvements in the cognizance of the disorder and the related pharmacotherapy, the psychopathology and the Social functioning for both therapy conditions. Moreover, outcome as measured after 1 year was best predicted by the patient's mastery of active, problem‐focused coping strategies.Conclusion: The results corroborate the appropriateness of focusing on aspects of coping‐behaviour in psychological interventions.
Patient satisfaction: a valid index of quality of care in a psychiatric service
Authors: Shipley K. , Hilborn B. , Hansell A. , Tyrer J. , Tyrer P. 
Published: March 2003

Shipley K, Hilborn B, Hansell A, Tyrer J, Tyrer P. Patient satisfaction: a valid index of quality of care in a psychiatric service.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 330–333. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: To assess patients, clinicians' and referrers' satisfaction with care in newly referred psychiatric patients and to compare these with standard quality indicators such as waiting times used by the service.Method: A random sample of all new adult psychiatric patients presenting over a 4–month period in 2 successive years to an inner‐city psychiatric service was assessed.Results: One hundred and thirteen (68%) of 167 randomly selected patients were seen. Independent evidence of service performance showed that patient satisfaction, but not clinician or referrer satisfaction, was a more accurate indicator of quality of care than standard indicators.Conclusion: Simple ratings of patient satisfaction alone may be useful indicators of quality of psychiatric care.
Clozapine and risperidone: combination/ augmentation treatment of refractory schizophrenia: a preliminary observation
Authors: Raskin S. , Katz G. , Zislin Z. , Knobler H. Y. , Durst R. 
Published: March 2003

Raskin S, Katz G, Zislin Z, Knobler HY, Durst R. Clozapine and risperidone: combination/augmentation treatment of refractory schizophrenia: a preliminary observation.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 334–336. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: Clozapine and risperidone were the first two antipsychotic drugs of a new class of agents for the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. It has been suggested that refractory schizophrenic patients who fail to respond to neither clozapine nor risperidone may respond to a combination/augmentation strategy of both medicaments.Method: Three cases of individuals with unremittent schizophrenia treated via this combination are presented. Response was evaluated by clinical follow‐up and PANSS rating scale.Results: Good clinical results with no noticeable adverse side effects, ascertained by a reduction from baseline scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were obtained in all three patients.Conclusion: The findings from this pilot study suggest this combination as a possible therapeutic approach for treating resistant schizophrenic patients.
European Consultation–LiaisonPsychiatric Services:the ECLW Collaborative Study
Authors: Huyse F. J. , Herzog T. , Lobo A. , Malt U. F. , Opmeer B. C. , Stein B. , Creed F. , Crespo M. D. , Gardoso G. , Guimaraes‐Lopes R. , Mayou R. , Moffaert M. van , Rigatelli M. , Sakkas P. , Tienari P. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To describe the patterns of organization of consultation–liaison (C‐L) services in 11 European countries in relation to hospital characteristics and national approaches to C‐L psychiatry. Method: Cross‐sectional survey. Results: Services can best be described in terms of their size and seniority of their staff and whether or not they are multidisciplinary. Single‐discipline services are based upon the standard medical consultant model, whereas those with multidisciplinary teams work in a way that is comparable with community mental health teams. German psychosomatic C‐L services belonged to either model. National differences were found. Conclusion: This first international study provides empirical evidence for the wide variation in the organization of C‐L services. In view of the increasing numbers of patients with psychiatric disorder who are being treated in general hospitals and the changing patterns of medical care there are important implications for clarification and improvement of the role of C‐L services.