bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swords to Words: Realism and the Civil War
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1880, at the beginning of the decade of the “realism war,” William Tecumseh Sherman almost said, “War is Hell.” What he in fact told a reunion of veterans in Columbus is that “there is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell.’’1 The remark seems not to be prescriptive. Sherman does not say or mean: “Make war Hell.” He is not arguing that war should be palliated either. (“War is Hell, but we do what we can.”) “War is Hell” means that combat-as such-is unbounded destructiveness. Sherman is restating Clausewitz’s theorem that armed conflict, freed of political, that is, external restrictions, tends toward maximized intensity.
Goddesses on the Battlefield: The Combatant Novels of Tourgee, Cable, and De Forest1
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Must realism always follow romance? Not necessarily-not in Shakespeare. I allow myself a considerable definitional latitude here; but so does Howells, when in a paean to Shakespeare he finds in Macbeth and Hamlet adumbrations of his own realistic art (despite ghosts, since Shakespeare believed in them), but singles out The Winter’s Tale (along with Pericles) as a play he would have been willing to sacrifice. The American sequence is, if anything, slightly counter-intuitive, as if Thoreau’s directive to build our castles in the air first, and the ground up to meet them second, were standard operating procedure, with the proviso that realists, having raised the ground to a sufficient elevation, would raze the castles.
Temporal Form and Wartime: Modernism After World War I
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I Lay Dying, published in 1930 at the end of the two-year outpouring of World War I literature, begins far from the Western Front with Dari’s observation, more or less, of his brother Jewel.1 Jewel is fifteen feet behind him, walking up the path, so Darl must violate-or cause Faulkner to violate-a dictum of realistic writing (describe only when the visual opportunity presents itself) in order to tell us (or transmit, somehow, the thought to us) that Jewel wears a broken straw hat. Actually, he imagines someone in the cottonhouse observing Jewel’s hat above his own head; he is visualizing what he cannot see behind him by imagining someone ahead of him visualizing it, himself an opacity that allows only Jewel’s hat to be seen, yet curiously transparent in that it is Jewel who gets limned. This is not even one of Dari’s best tricks; he is characteristically at all viewpoints at once, in his sister’s mind, in Faulkner’s mind, his own mind vulnerable to theirs. “It’s like he had got into the inside of you, someway,” says Tull. “Like somehow you was looking at yourself and your doings outen his eyes” (ALD, 119). His world has no interiors, no privacies, no depths; it consists of shards of vision, scattered on the surface of a mind.
Motivational Foundations of Conflict
Authors: Greenspan P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With dilemmas now formulated negatively in terms of practical “ought”-in terms, that is, of prohibitions that are meant to guide action in some appropriately strong sense-I want to take a closer look at their implications for the question of moral realism. Williams’s treatment of dilemmas as analogous to conflicting desires rather than beliefs was supposed to indicate, in effect, that ought-statements cannot describe moral facts: facts about the world, independent of our moral judgments and accounting for their truth as on standard definitions of realism. But Williams does not take account of evaluative facts: facts about the goodness or badness of some object. To exclude these from the realm of facts is to beg the question against realism before the issue of conflict even comes up. Evaluative beliefs can certainly attribute the sorts of properties that Williams cites as nonagglomerative-properties described by variants of “good” like “desirable” and “prudent”-to contingently incompatible objects without more than pragmatic conflict about which object to choose. It would be another story, of course, to apply the corresponding overall assessments to incompatible objects-to pronounce each of them best or most desirable, say, or the only prudent object of choice under the circumstances.2 But unless we assume non-cognitivism, evaluative beliefs still seem to provide at least a small foothold for conflicting ought-judgments within the category of belief.
Vargas Llosa: Apocalyptic History and the Liberal Perspective
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war of Canudos marked an ebb, a backward flow, in our history. What we had to face here was the unlooked-for resurrection, under arms, of an old society, a dead society, galvanized into life by a madman ... Canudos was our Vendee. During his unsuccessful 1990 campaign for the presidency of Peru, Mario Vargas Llosa managed to spare enough time from pressing political commitments to read the works of Karl Popper, whose The Open Society and Its Enemies had come to his attention in 1980.1 In “Updating Karl Popper,” Vargas Llosa rejects the teleological historicism of thinkers such as Hegel, Marx, and Comte because he feels that it has helped to legitimate authoritarian rule. Following Popper’s lead, Vargas Llosa argues that an open democratic society must encourage a fluid and corrigible definition of truth. For Vargas Llosa, liberal progressive reform depends upon the continual and provisional invention of truths that prevail only so long as they are not refuted. The advance of human civilization thus depends upon rejecting the fixed and universally valid conception of historical truth that Hegel, Marx, and Comte claim to have discovered.
Research On Human Subjects
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic scientific research often requires research on human subjects and/or on materials drawn from human beings. In addition, basic research often leads to clinical applications, and this involves, as an intermediary step, research on the safety and efficacy of possible clinical applications. A certain amount of that research can be done with animal models, and that is one of the reasons why the animal research discussed in Chapter One is so important. But there comes a time when research on human subjects is required. Basic and clinical research on human subjects must therefore be encouraged if we are to achieve scientific advances and reap their benefits. At the same time, such research often gives rise to ethical dilemmas. In this chapter, we will identify those dilemmas and see how the various official policies have attempted to deal with them in a way that allows needed research to continue while avoiding ethical abuses.
Freud’s Anthropomorphism
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud was a materialist, and at an early stage of his psychological inquiries attempted to construct an explicitly physiological psychology based on the interaction of neurons. This attempt, by now well known under the title “Project for a Scientific Psychology,” was abandoned shortly after Freud sent the draft to Fliess in October 1895. And when he learned in 1937 that Marie Bonaparte had unearthed the manuscript, he sought to have it destroyed.
Wittgenstein: The Egocentric Predicament
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s, when I was an undergraduate at Cornell, it was the only American university where Wittgenstein’s later work was the object of intensive study. He had died in 1951, and Philosophical Investigations was published in 1953. I remember in those pre-Xerox days sharing with some fellow students the typing of The Blue Book and The Brown Book in multiple carbons, from a set available in Ithaca—pre-Investigations texts dating from the mid-1950s that circulated in samizdat until they were finally published in 1960 as part of the still continuing stream of volumes from the Nachlass.
Fodor: The Boundaries of Inner Space
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many things happen in our bodies and our minds to which we do not have introspective access. With suitable training, the range of our nonobservational. introspective awareness can be extended, but we are very complicated organisms, too complicated to oversee every detail of our own operation. Fortunately an enormous amount of what we and our bodies do does not require attention and is the result of minimal learning or none at all. This is true not only of completely involuntary processes like healing, blood clotting, spermatogenesis, and ovulation, but also of those alterations in individual nerve and muscle cells that form the substructure of ordinary intentional action, from tying our shoes to playing spiccato passages on the cello.
Dennett: Content and Consciousness
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it does not solve the mind-body problem, this is a valuable and interesting book. Dennett begins with the accurate observation that no one would find the identity theory plausible if it were not for the unpalatability of the alternatives. As he puts it, the motive for identification is to avoid antic bulge. If there really are mental phenomena, they must be either identical or nonidentical with physical phenomena. If dualism is to be avoided, and if behaviorism is not a viable way of avoiding it, one seems to be thrown into the arms of a neural identity theory.
Aristotle on Eudaimonia
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nicomachean Ethics exhibits indecision between two accounts of eudaimonia—a comprehensive and an intellectualist account. According to the intellectualist account, stated in Book 10, Chapter 7, eudaimonia is realized in the activity of the most divine part of man, functioning in accordance with its proper excellence. This is the activity of theoretical contemplation. According to the comprehensive account (described as “secondary” at 1178 a 9), eudaimonia essentially involves not just the activity of the theoretical intellect, but the full range of human life and action, in accordance with the broader excellences of moral virtue and practical wisdom. This view connects eudaimonia with the conception of human nature as composite, that is, as involving the interaction of reason, emotion, perception, and action in an ensouled body.
Rawls on Justice
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Theory of Justice is a rich, complicated, and fundamental work. It offers an elaborate set of arguments and provides many issues for discussion. This review will focus on its contribution to the more abstract portions of ethical theory.
The book contains three elements. One is a vision of men and society as they should be. Another is a conception of moral theory. The third is a construction that attempts to derive principles expressive of the vision, in accordance with methods that reflect the conception of moral theory. In that construction Rawls has pursued the contractarian tradition in moral and political philosophy. His version of the social contract, a hypothetical choice situation called the original position, was first presented in 1958 and is here developed in great and explicit detail. The aim is to provide a way of treating the basic problems of social choice, for which no generally recognized methods of precise solution exist, through the proxy of a specially constructed parallel problem of individual choice, which can be solved by the more reliable intuitions and decision procedures of rational prudence.
Hare: Moral Thinking
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Professor Hare, most contemporary moral philosophers are benighted. They cannot get through their thick skulls the clear principles of moral reasoning that he has set out and developed in two previous book-length studies of ethical theory, The Language of Morals and Freedom and Reason, and that he spells out again and develops further in this one. Like a teacher of dim-witted children, he can’t always conceal his impatience at having to repeat himself, but the importance of the issues keeps him at it.
Hare: The Foundations of Impartiality
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can an ethical theory be too successful? If it proposes a foundation for moral argument that lies beyond the reach of moral disagreement, it may leave the existence and intractability of actual moral disagreements unexplained. If it tries to appeal only to facts outside morality that all parties must admit, then the most fundamental disagreements are likely to resurface, either in the interpretation of what has been proved or in dispute over moral assumptions hidden in the premises.
Schelling: Personal Identity and Self-Command
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enormous importance accorded to personal identity in law and in ethics can seem puzzling and perhaps unjustified when we observe how complex and fragmented human beings and their lives can be. Professor Schelling presents some very interesting grounds for doubt, by stating the case for a view that intrapersonal motivational conflict is like a contest between different selves, which may give scope for considerations of distributive justice between or among them and may also make it appropriate for other parties, including the state, to take sides in their disputes or help them to enforce their claims against one another. But I think it will be even more difficult than he suggests to reduce significantly the importance of the personal identity of the single individual who comprises these separate “selves.” Even if some legal or even moral fiction is at work in the idea of the sovereignty of the whole person, there are strong reasons for it.
Dworkin: Interpretation and the Law
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This important theoretical work appears in a definite political context. In the United States, theories of jurisprudence are politically controversial. The public is vividly aware that the way in which the law is interpreted, especially by federal courts of appeal and the Supreme Court, has had and will continue to have large consequences for their lives and liberties. Controversy arises not just over specific issues like prayer in the schools, censorship, abortion, reverse discrimination, and the rights of accused criminals, but over the sorts of grounds on which cases involving these issues are to be decided. Much of the name-calling that breaks out anew with every major Court decision or right-wing nomination to the federal bench has a distinctly philosophical character: liberals accuse conservatives of refusing to recognize individual rights; conservatives accuse liberals of inventing law rather than discovering it.
Kolakowski: Modernity and the Devil
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book collects twenty-four essays written between 1973 and 1986, expressing Leszek Kolakowski’s thoughts on God, man, reason, history, moral truth, and original sin, prompted by observation of the dramatic struggle among Christianity, the Enlightenment, and modern totalitarianism. It is a wonderful collection of topics; unfortunately, most of the pieces in Modernity on Endless Trial give the impression of having been tossed off without much expense of time or reflection.
Dizzy for President
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As ever, there were peaks at which his playing regained its former inspiration, but the occasions on which he hit the top of his form tended to become surprise exceptions rather than the general rule. Stylistically, he remained very much himself, a masterly instrumentalist firmly rooted in bebop, but he was clearly searching for the right kind of setting for his playing during the late 1960s. This was at a time when Miles Davis confidently moved first into free jazz and then into jazz rock.
Giant of Jazz
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It did not always work, and some Pablo lineups are either too much of a good thing, in which none of the distinguished cast gets a distinctive word in edgeways, or a repeat of the worst excesses of Jazz at the Philharmonic, where dueling leads to cliche rather than creativity. However, a couple of years before the new label got off the ground, Dizzy was part of a very different all-star lineup, which, at least to start with, suffered from neither problem and was the brainchild of an entrepreneur who had emerged during the 1950s as a serious rival to Granz: George Wein.
Old Man Time
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Enough is enough,’ he said, as he finally disappeared from sight. ‘I’m tired of being ignored. I’m as hip as the next trumpeter and far hipper than any new upstart.’ So out he went and nicked the upstart’s brother, signed up half his rival’s band and grabbed a megastar from the big bad world of pop, and recorded the most embarrassing record of almost all time.”
Neglected Skills
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ENOUGH has been written about the matter of sight reading for piano students to fill several volumes. We are all aware of the travesty of keyboard players who play difficult literature – carefully prepared – extremely well but who falter embarrassingly when asked to read a simple accompaniment. We are all committed to imposing a regime on such students to be sure they bring their reading skills up to snuff. At the risk, however, of frustrating efforts to correct an admittedly deplorable state of affairs, perhaps a few words should be voiced indefense of those for whom reading is a problem. As with other skills, reading is dependent on a basic aptitude for the process. We tend to regard those who read poorly as simply the product of laziness or willful disregard of the process.
Feux Follets
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE are three elements that contribute to sustaining a career as a public performer. Each is important in its own way and each overlaps the others; yet we see each in varying proportions in the careers of the men and women who form our galaxy of performing artists. The three elements are charisma, musical know-how (including both the concepts of basic talent and development), and, finally, the ability to use musical an art to express philot1ophical or spiritual values. When an artist steps before an audience, there is an instantaneous sense of life he or she projects, which is rapidly perceived at some nonverbal level by every person present. There is an interchange of something as elusive as an electrical charge, but just as powerful.
Grounds of Moral Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A moral right is a system of moral positions that, if respected, confer dominion on one party in face of a second party in a potential confrontation over a specific domain, and that are implied by the moral norm or norms that constitute that system. Since any moral position is a position under morals-the totality of moral reasonsthe proximate grounds of any moral right must include one or more moral reasons. Whether they must also include any factual reasons or presupposed moral principles remains to be seen.
Dilemmas: Dithering, Plumping, and Grief
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the risk of lowering the tone of this volume, I am not going to start in concentration camps, the French resistance, or the hard world of Greek tragedy. I am going to start in the supermarket, and by introducing a distinction. Let us call a quandary any situation in which there are a number of alternatives, of which you must adopt one and only one, but where you do not know which one to adopt. You do not know what to do. It is undeniable that there are quandaries. One spends a lot of time in supermarkets in quandaries. Buridan’s ass was in a quandary. Now we can distinguish between an objective and a subjective or agent’s quandary. An objective quandary is one where one does not know what to do, and there is no fact that would provide a reason that settles what to do: even a God’s-eye view would not reveal that one alternative beats the others. For instance, one is undecided about which can of beans of the same price to buy, but, in fact, although packaged differently, they are of the same manufacture.
Which Vitry? The Witness of the Trinity Motet from the Roman de Fauvel
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Philippe de Vitry stands in the shadow of his contemporary Guillaume de Machaut, it is only due to the haphazard survival of documents, for the acclaim he received during and after his lifetime bespeaks a career of nearly unparalleled proportions. Hailed by such personages as Jehan des Murs and Petrarch, he was celebrated equally as purveyor of musical innovations that we call the Ars nova and for his poetic, philosophical, historical, and mathematical writings. A politician and cleric of considerable skill, Vitry served kings and nobles and rose high in ecclesiastical circles. But whereas the poetic and musical works of Machaut are well known to us due to his penchant for gathering them into deluxe manuscripts, scarcely a note of music and only four poems can be attributed to Vitry with any confidence. Likewise, his biography is thinner than the one we can construct for Machaut. Faced with this deficit, musicologists have recently looked for clues to Vitry’s extraordinary career in some less familiar, but promising, places.
Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Fuller Gerald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns interactions of light with matter that can be used to identify specific structures at the level of the chemical bonds making up the sample. This is in contrast to the scattering phenomena described in Chapter 4 where information is obtained on length scales comparable to the wavelength of the light itself. The ability to discriminate between different chemical constituents is accomplished by taking advantage of couplings between incident light and various modes of energy contained within the sample. For this reason, the interactions presented here do not conserve energy, as is the case with Rayleigh light scattering.
Microstructural Theories of Optical Properties
Authors: Fuller Gerald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optical measurements presented in the previous chapters can be used to either characterize local, microstructural properties or as probes of bulk responses to orientation processes. In either case, it is normally desirable to make the connection between experimental observables and their molecular or microstructural origins. The particular molecular properties that are probed will naturally depend on the physical interaction between the light and the material. This chapter explores molecular models and theories that describe these interactions and identifies the properties of complex materials that can be extracted from measurements of optical anisotropies. The presentation begins with a discussion of molecular models that are applied to polymeric materials. Using these models, optical phenomena such as birefringence, dichroism, and Rayleigh and Raman scattering are predicted. Models appropriate for particulate systems are also developed.
The Consequences of Single Motherhood
Authors: McLanahan Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1992, when Dan Quayle condemned the television character Murphy Brown for giving birth out of wedlock, he reopened an old debate that quickly became highly polarized. Some people claimed that growing up in a fatherless home was the major cause of child poverty, delinquency, and school failure, while others denied that single motherhood had any harmful effects. And some objected even to discussing the topic for fear of stigmatizing single mothers and their children.