bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Production of Copepod Nauplii in a Brown-Water Zooplankton Culture with Supplemental Feeding and Increased Harvest Levels
Authors: Lemus Jason T , Ogle John T , Lotz Jeffrey M 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Two experiments were performed to investigate increasing the number of copepod nauplii obtained from a brown-water zooplankton culture for feeding to larval red snapper Lutjanus campechanus. Brown-water zooplankton cultures rely on the regular exchange of (brown) estuarine water to nourish and harvest the copepods. The majority of copepods in both experiments were Acartia tonsa. The goal of the first experiment was to determine whether adding rice bran to a brown-water zooplankton culture would increase copepod density. Brown-water zooplankton cultures supplemented with rice bran had significantly higher naupliar densities than either brown-water zooplankton cultures without rice bran or zooplankton cultures supplemented with rice bran but without brown-water exchanges. Both the rice-bran-supplemented brown-water zooplankton culture and the rice bran zooplankton culture had higher copepodid densities than the brown-water zooplankton culture, but they were not different from each other. The goal of the second experiment was to determine the harvest rate (25, 50, and 75% of the water volume every other day) that would produce the most copepods. Copepod densities increased with a decrease in harvest rate; however, naupliar yields increased with increasing harvest rate. Copepod populations subjected to the various harvest rates appeared to undergo similar dynamics and were thus equally sustainable. There were significantly more nauplii harvested with the 75% harvest rate than with the other rates, but there was no difference in the number of harvested copepodids resulting from the different harvest rates. Naupliar yields of brown-water zooplankton cultures may be increased by rice bran supplementation and harvesting 75% of the culture volume every other day.
Prevalence of Furunculosis in Chinook Salmon Depends on Density of the Host Exposed by Cohabitation
Authors: Ogut Hamdi , Reno Paul 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were experimentally infected with Aeromonas salmonicida to determine the dependence of initiation and spread of a furunculosis epizootic on host density. Groups of 30 and 60 recipient Chinook salmon (1.7 ± 0.14 g) were held in various volumes of water at a wide range of densities (15.52, 7.76, 1.23, 0.61, 0.32, 0.15, and 0.047 g fish/L) for 23–33 d, and each were exposed to a single infectious individual by cohabitation. Significant relationships (r 2 = 0.55) were found between host density (g fish/L) and survival from furunculosis. No pathogen transmission occurred at the lowest density. Acute and chronic patterns of furunculosis were obtained by adjusting densities. It took longer to observe disease-specific mortality among recipient fish at lower densities compared with higher densities even when donors were similarly infectious. The results have important implications for stocking salmonids regarding natural route of transmission and in understanding the pattern of the density effect on furunculosis epizootics in Chinook salmon.
Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Production Characteristics of Pond-Raised Channel Catfish Fed Once Daily or Once Every other Day to Satiation
Authors: Li Menghe H , Manning Bruce B , Robinson Edwin H , Bosworth Brian G 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
We evaluated the effects of dietary protein and feeding regime on the production characteristics, processing yield, and body composition of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Stocker-size fish with an average weight of 93 g/fish were stocked into twenty-four 0.4-ha ponds at a rate of 11,115 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily or every other day (EOD) to apparent satiation with three commercial diets containing 28, 32, or 35% protein in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement for 110 d. Compared with daily feeding, EOD feeding resulted in lower average net production, feed consumption, weight gain per fish, and feed conversion ratio and produced fewer marketable fish. The EOD ponds required less aeration than ponds with fish fed daily. Fish fed EOD had lower visceral fat and fillet fat, carcass yield, and fillet yield compared with fish fed daily. Dietary protein levels had no effect on net production, aeration time, processing yield, fillet composition, and feed consumption and weight gain per fish. However, the feed conversion ratio was higher for fish fed the 28% protein diet than for fish fed the other two diets, which was unexpected because we have not observed this in other studies. Neither dietary protein nor feeding regime had an effect on pond water total ammonia nitrogen, un-ionized ammonia, or nitrite-nitrogen concentrations; these nitrogenous compounds were highly variable among ponds and time. The results from the present study demonstrated that dietary protein levels in the range of 28% to 35% had no effect on channel catfish growth or production whether the fish were fed once daily or once EOD to satiation. Feeding EOD may improve feed efficiency and reduce feed cost and aeration time but will also reduce production and processing yield and extend the production cycle compared with feeding daily.
Isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri from Tadpole Madtom in a Southwestern New Jersey River
Authors: Klesius Phillip , Lovy Jan , Evans Joyce , Washuta Edmund , Arias Cova 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
In 2002, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife biologists conducted an aquatic assessment in a section of the Cohansey River in Cumberland County. Three of seven tadpole madtoms Noturus gyrinus collected were observed to have an ulcerative lesion on the head between the eyes. Gram-negative, oxidase-negative rods were isolated from the head kidneys of two of the madtoms and from the cranial ulcer of the third madtom. Four different identification methods— API-20E, whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), BIOLOG, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences—ascribed the isolates to the species Edwardsiella ictaluri. A phenotypic comparison using FAME and BIOLOG data revealed that E. ictaluri isolates from wild madtoms shared a high degree of similarity to E. ictaluri isolates from cultured channel catfish with enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) from southeastern states. However, fingerprinting by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) demonstrated that the three madtom isolates were genetically different from the other E. ictaluri isolates. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by using the tadpole madtom E. ictaluri isolate in juvenile channel catfish. Sixty percent mortality was achieved in intraperitoneal injection of catfish with the isolate (1 × 104 colony-forming units/ fish), produced 60% mortality. The results indicate that the ictalurid tadpole madtom is susceptible to ESC by natural infection. This is the first report of a bacterial disease affecting tadpole madtoms.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): The Pharmacist's Role
Authors: Chin Thomas W. F. , Chant Clarence , Tanzini Rosemary , Wells Janice 
Published: July 2004

Objectives. After two outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from March–June 2003, we reviewed the unexpected role and responsibilities of pharmacists during these two crises, and present strategies for better crisis preparedness.Methods and Results. Pharmacists were actively involved in battling the SARS crises. After conducting extensive literature searches and evaluations, pharmacists prepared administration and dosing guidelines for the two investigational drugs, ribavirin and interferon alfacon‐1, that were being used to treat the syndrome. They provided direct patient care under modified conditions. They revised drug distribution procedures and developed new ones to meet more stringent infection‐control standards. Collaborative teamwork with key stakeholders was important in accomplishing tasks in an efficient and timely manner. Regular communication with health care staff took place internally and externally. Education and updated information for pharmacists was crucial.Conclusion. Pharmacists can play a vital role during crises in the areas of drug distribution, drug information, and direct patient care. Collaborative teamwork and close communication are keys to success. Pharmacists must be proactive and take a leadership role in assuming pharmacy‐related responsibilities. By evaluating what worked and what didn't, pharmacists can develop procedures for future crises requiring pharmacy support.
The Utility of Insulin Glargine in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Stroup Jeffrey , Kane Michael P. , Busch Robert S. , Bakst Gary , Hamilton Robert A. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objectives. To compare hemoglobin A1c (A1C) values at baseline with those after 1 year of insulin glargine therapy and, secondarily, to compare insulin dosage and patients' body weight at baseline and at 1 year.Design. Retrospective study.Setting. Private endocrinology practice.Patients. One hundred ninety‐seven patients with diabetes mellitus who were first prescribed insulin glargine from May 2001–April 2002 and were evaluable after 1 year of therapy.Intervention. Patients received insulin glargine instead of NPH insulin or in addition to their oral drug therapy.Measurements and Main Results. Patients with diabetes type 1 (receiving insulin therapy) or type 2 (receiving oral drug therapy only, a combination of oral drug therapy and insulin, or insulin only) who had been treated with insulin glargine for 1 year were evaluated. Overall, A1C values decreased significantly (p<0.001) by 0.53 ± 1.4% from a baseline mean of 8.1 ± 1.7%. In 129 patients with type 2 diabetes previously treated with NPH insulin, A1C decreased significantly (p<0.001) 0.57 ± 1.5% from baseline. The A1C decreased by 0.71 ± 1.3% (p=0.0043) from baseline in 33 patients with type 2 diabetes who previously received oral agents only. Thirty‐five patients with type 1 diabetes demonstrated no significant change in A1C (‐0.22 ± 1.0%, p=0.217) from baseline. In patients receiving insulin at baseline, the number of daily injections increased significantly (p<0.0001) from a median of two at baseline to three at 1 year. Overall, no significant change was noted in total daily insulin requirement or in body weight in any of the patient groups over the 1‐year period.Conclusion. Compared with baseline, insulin glargine therapy at 1 year was associated with an overall significant reduction in A1C of 0.53 ± 1.4%.
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of BICAP: a New Family of Carbazole‐Based Diphosphine Ligands
Authors: Botman Peter N. M. , Fraanje Jan , Goubitz Kees , Peschar René , Verhoeven Jan W. , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Hiemstra Henk 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new family of bidentate phosphine ligands based on the biscarbazole backbone has been synthesized and applied in the ruthenium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations of methyl acetoacetate and dimethyl itaconate. The nitrogen atoms in these BICAP ligands allow facile introduction of substituents providing structurally similar, but electronically different ligands, which were used to fine‐tune these reactions to 98% and 55% ee, respectively.
Fluoride Ion‐Promoted α‐Ketol Rearrangement during Unmasking of Silyl‐Protected Medium‐Ring Dihydroxy Ketones
Authors: Hartung Ryan E. , Hilmey David G. , Paquette Leo A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new strategy for implementing α‐ketol rearrangements under mild conditions is presented. The reactants are mono‐ and disilylated stereoisomers of α,α′‐ and α,β‐dihydroxycycloheptanones and ‐cyclooctanones. Compounds of this class experience ready deprotection upon treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride. In certain examples, this process is accompanied by structural isomerization. Since the product diols are stable to the reaction conditions, these chemical changes have been attributed to kinetically controlled events following transient alkoxide generation resulting from cleavage of the OSi bond proximal to the carbonyl group. The experimental findings are evaluated against a backdrop of calculated (MM3) steric energies of the silicon‐free products and their response to equilibration under strongly basic conditions.
Synthesis of the 8‐Hydroxy Acid of Jasplakinolide
Authors: Wattanasereekul Saengchai , Maier Martin E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe protected ω‐hydroxy acid 4b contained in the depsipeptide jasplakinolide (1) was prepared in a sequence of 13 steps from the silylated 3‐hydroxy ester 6. By chain extension 6 was converted to the allyl alcohol 10. A subsequent asymmetric cyclopropanation of the allylic alcohol 10 using the Charette method provided the hydroxymethylcyclopropane 12 with excellent diastereoselectivity. This cyclopropanation was used to establish the methyl‐bearing stereocenter at C‐6 of the hydroxy acid 4 by reductive ring cleavage of the (iodomethyl)cyclopropane 14. The alkene 15 was used for a cross alkene metathesis reaction with 2‐methylacrylate 20 providing the enoate 19. The derived allylic iodide 24 served as an electrophile in the final Evans alkylation step to give the ω‐hydroxy acid derivative 26.
Highly Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Monoarylation of Aniline
Authors: Haider Joachim , Kunz Klaus , Scholz Ulrich 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA series of mono‐, bi‐ and tridendate ligands was investigated in the copper‐catalyzed monoarylation of aniline with p‐chloronitrobenzene. Excellent selectivities at high conversions were observed when bridged bisimidazolidenes as well as biphenyl‐bisalkylphosphines were employed. The X‐ray crystal structure of bis(tert‐butyl)biphenylphosphine‐copper complex indicates a significant binding of the metal center to the aryl moiety and, thus, an almost bidendate coordination mode. Chelating bisphosphines, glycol, phenanthroline or other mono‐ to tridendate ligands led to less selective or productive catalysts.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Novel Biologically Relevant Tryptophan Analogues
Authors: van Esseveldt Bart C. J. , van Delft Floris L. , Smits Jan M. M. , de Gelder René , Schoemaker Hans E. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA synthetic approach to the synthesis of novel tryptophan derivatives and benzofuran‐containing amino acids is detailed. The sequence starts from enzymatically resolved enantiopure acetylene‐containing amino acids, of which the acetylene function can be efficiently transformed into the targeted 2‐substited indole and benzofuran moieties via Sonogashira‐type coupling and metal‐catalyzed cyclization.
Dendrimer–Palladium Complex Catalyzed Oxidation of Terminal Alkenes to Methyl Ketones
Authors: Zweni Pumza P. , Alper Howard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSilica‐supported polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with different spacer lengths were prepared. After the introduction of diphenylphosphino groups, complexation to dibenzylidenepalladium(0) gave the desired silica‐supported dendrimer–palladium catalyst complexes G0 to G4‐C2‐Pd. These catalysts showed activity towards the oxidation of terminal alkenes to methyl ketones. A dependence of catalytic activity on the spacer length of the diamine in PAMAM was observed.
Double Elimination Protocol for Convenient Synthesis of Dihalodiphenylacetylenes: Versatile Building Blocks for Tailor‐Made Phenylene‐Ethynylenes
Authors: Orita Akihiro , Miyamoto Kazuhiko , Nakashima Mikio , Ye Fangguo , Otera Junzo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDihalodiphenylacetylenes are conveniently synthesized by a double elimination reaction of β‐substituted sulfones which are readily obtained from halogen‐substituted benzyl sulfone and benzaldehyde derivatives. Halogens can be incorporated at any desired positions in the diphenylacetylene skeleton simply by choosing the substitution position of the halogen on the aromatic rings of the starting compounds. The diphenylacetylenes with different halogen substituents thus obtained undergo sequential carbon‐carbon bond formations due to the different reactivities of the halogens. Thus, various moieties can be incorporated on the diphenylacetylene skeleton at whichever positions so that a variety of tailor‐made phenylene‐ethynylenes with regulated structure and composition could be designed.
Utilization of 2‐(4‐Nitrophenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Nsc) as a Substitute for 9H‐Fluoren‐9‐ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) in Liquid Phase Chemistry
Authors: Maier Thomas C. , Podlech Joachim 
Published: July 2004

Abstract2‐(4‐Nitrophenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Nsc) is a useful substitute for the Fmoc group. It is easily removed not only with secondary amines but with tris(aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) and with resin‐bound TAEA, thus allowing for a simplified work‐up: the side products of the deprotection are removed either by extraction with phosphate buffer or by filtration.
Titanium‐Catalyzed Tandem Sulfoxidation‐Kinetic Resolution Process: A Convenient Method for Higher Enantioselectivities and Yields of Chiral Sulfoxide
Authors: Jia Xian , Li Xingshu , Xu Lijin , Li Yueming , Shi Qian , Au‐Yeung Terry T.‐L. , Yip C. W. , Yao Xinsheng , Chan Albert S. C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA one‐pot, titanium‐catalyzed tandem sulfoxidation‐kinetic resolution process, which combines asymmetric oxidation (at lower temperature) and kinetic resolution (at room temperature), has been developed. Excellent ees (up to>99.9%) and higher chemical yields of sulfoxides were obtained and the results compared favorable with those from either oxidation or kinetic resolution.
Predetermined Helical Chirality in Octahedral Complexes with a Novel Pentadentate C2‐Symmetrical Chiral Bis(oxazoline) Ligand
Authors: Seitz Michael , Kaiser Anja , Powell Douglas R. , Borovik Andrew S. , Reiser Oliver 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe first example of the pentadentate bis(oxazolines) has been synthesized using a modular approach that readily provides access to this ligand class. This ligand allows the controlled transfer of carbon‐centered to octahedral, metal‐centered chirality, as demonstrated both in the solid state as well as in solution. The characteristic CD band has been identified for dicationic, octahedral transition metal complexes with the Δ2‐configuration.
Involvement of an Oxidation‐Reduction Equilibrium in Chromium‐Mediated Enantioselective Nozaki–Hiyama Reactions
Authors: Schrekker Henri S. , Micskei Károly , Hajdu Csongor , Patonay Tamás , de Bolster Martin W. G. , Wessjohann Ludger A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLigand induced enantioselective versions of the chromium(II)‐mediated Nozaki–Hiyama reaction to homoallyl alcohols proved to be very difficult to achieve, especially if any other nucleophile than the parent allylchromium(III) species was applied. Also, the reaction is frequently accompanied by the formation of oxidation side products, predominantly allyl ketones. This can be explained by an Oppenauer–(Meerwein–PonndorfVerley) type mechanism (OMPV reaction). The addition of an enantiopure ligand to racemic chromium homoallyl alcoholate intermediates produced enantiomerically enriched homoallyl alcohols with an enantiomeric excess of up to 32%. This observation not only supports that the proposed OMPV oxidation‐reduction equilibrium plays a crucial role in Nozaki–Hiyama reactions, but also proves its involvement in enantioselective versions.
Synthesis of Substituted Mandelic Acid Derivatives via Enantioselective Hydrogenation: Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Cederbaum Fredrik , Lamberth Clemens , Malan Christophe , Naud Fred , Spindler Felix , Studer Martin , Blaser Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn extensive screening of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts was carried out for the enantioselective hydrogenation of p‐chlorophenylglyoxylic acid derivatives. For p‐chlorophenylglyoxylic amides only homogeneous Rh‐diphosphine complexes gave satisfactory results, ees up to 87% were observed for the cy‐oxo‐pronop ligand. For methyl p‐chlorophenylglyoxylate both a homogeneous as well as a heterogeneous catalyst performed with ees >90%. A Pt catalyst modified with cinchona derivatives achieved 93% ee for the (R)‐ and 87% ee for the (S)‐methyl p‐chloromandelate. A Ru‐MeObiphep catalyst also reached 93% ee with TONs up to 4000 and TOFs up to 210 h−1. For all catalytic systems the effects of the metal, the nature of the chiral auxiliary and the solvent as well as of the reaction conditions were investigated. The homogeneous process was scaled up to the kg scale and the enantiomeric purity of the product was enhanced to >99% ee by two recrystallizations of the free p‐chlorophenylmandelic acid.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed O‐Allylation of Phenols from Allylic Chlorides via Cationic [Cp*(η3‐allyl)(MeCN)RuX][PF6] Complexes
Authors: Mbaye Mbaye D. , Demerseman Bernard , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Toupet Loïc , Bruneau Christian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe [Cp*(MeCN)3Ru(II)][PF6] complex is an efficient catalyst precursor for the O‐allylation of phenols with allylic chlorides in the presence of K2CO3 under mild conditions. This ruthenium precursor affords branched allyl aryl ethers according to a regioselective reaction, which contrasts with the uncatalyzed nucleophilic substitution from the same substrates. Stable (η3‐allyl)Ru(IV) cationic complexes resulting from the reaction of [Cp*(MeCN)3Ru][PF6] with allylic halides were identified as intermediate catalytic species. An X‐ray structure determination of the complex [Cp*(MeCHCHCH2)(MeCN)RuBr][PF6] disclosed an (endo‐trans‐MeCHCHCH2) allylic ligand. The structural information obtained from the study of Cp*(allyl)Ru(IV) complexes indicated that electronic effects at the coordinated allylic ligand likely account for the better regioselectivity obtained from cinnamyl chloride as compared to aliphatic allylic chlorides.
Cyclopropyl Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis, Part 100. Advanced Syntheses of Cyclopropylideneacetates –Versatile Multifunctional Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Limbach Michael , Dalai Suryakanta , de Meijere Armin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA well reproducible and inexpensive preparation of the cyclopropylideneacetates 2–4 has been developed. The key intermediate 2‐(1′‐mesyloxycyclopropyl)acetic acid (8), produced either from methyl phenylacetate (1) or 3,3‐dimethoxypropionate (5‐Me) and 3,3‐diethoxypropionate (5‐Et) in a sequence of Kulinkovich reductive cyclopropanation, mesylation and oxidative cleavage or cleavage and oxidation, respectively, was either converted to the benzyl ester 11b, or chlorinated (brominated) via the in situ formed acid chloride. The α‐chloro‐ 12a and α‐bromo ester 12b were dehydromesylated by treatment with triethylamine to furnish methyl 2‐chloro‐2‐cyclopropylideneacetate (3‐Me) and the 2‐bromo analogue 4‐Me with an overall yield of 68% (65%, 68%) and 52% (49%, 51%) respectively, starting from 1 (5‐Me, 5‐Et). The parent benzyl cyclopropylideneacetate 2‐Bn was obtained by dehydromesylation of 11b with potassium t‐butoxide in t‐butyl methyl ether with an overall yield of 60% (57%, 9%) from 1 (5‐Me, 5‐Et).