bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of the C–C Double Bond of Enones with the Reductases from Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Hirata Toshifumi , Shimoda Kei , Gondai Takayuki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Three enone reductases, p44, p74, and p90, from the cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum catalyzed the asymmetric hydrogenation of the C–C double bond of enones. Reduction of 2-alkyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ones with the p44 reductase gave highly optically active (R)-2-alkylcyclohexanones, whereas reaction with the p90 reductase gave (S)-2-alkylcyclohexanones. On the other hand, reduction of 2-alkylidenecyclohexanones with the p74 reductase gave (S)-2-alkylcyclohexanones.
Preparation of Super-Water-Repellent Alumina Coating Film with High Transparency on Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by the Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Tadanaga Kiyoharu , Kitamuro Kaori , Morinaga Junichi , Kotani Yoshinori , Matsuda Atsunori , Minami Tsutomu 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Al2O3 gel films were prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates from Al(O–sec-C4H9)3 chemically modified with ethyl acetoacetate. A small roughness of about 20–50 nm was found to form on the Al2O3 gel films dried at room temperature and then immersed in hot water at 60 °C. When hydrolyzed fluoroalkyltrimethoxysilane was coated on the Al2O3 films, transparent thin films with contact angle for water to be more than 150° were obtained.
Microbial Growth Regulation Using Photoresponsive Siderophore
Authors: Masuda Takeshi , Azuma Masayuki , Ooshima Hiroshi , Tamagaki Seizo , Nagasaki Takeshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A new trihydroxamate siderophore containing a reversibly cis / trans-controllable azobenzene framework has been examined for biological activity with Aureobacterium flavescens. The cis-Fe(III)-complex in monomeric form shows a remarkable activity comparable to ferrioxamine B, a natural siderophore, but no activity is observed with the trans-Fe(III)-complex in dimeric form.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cubic Mesostructured Vanadium–Phosphorus Oxide
Authors: Hatayama Hiroshi , Misono Makoto , Taguchi Akira , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Previously unknown cubic mesostructured vanadium–phosphorus oxide was synthesized by using V metal not only as a V source but also as a reducing agent for V2O5.
Grafting of Polymers onto Carbon Fiber Surface by Ligand Exchange Reaction of Poly(vinylferrocene-co-methyl methacrylate) with Polycondensed Aromatic Ring of the Surface
Authors: Tsubokawa Norio , Abe Nobuyuki , Seida Yohko , Fujiki Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The grafting reaction of poly(vinylferrocene-co-methyl methacrylate) onto carbon fiber (CF) surface was successfully achieved by ligand exchange reaction between ferrocene moieties of the copolymer and polycondensed aromatic rings of CF in the presence of AlCl3 and aluminum powder. The percentage of grafting onto CF surface reached to 46.1%.
Efficient Dihydroxylation of Naphthalene on Photoirradiated Rutile TiO2 Powder in Solution Containing Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Jia Jianguang , Ohno Teruhisa , Matsumura Michio 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We report on enhanced dihydroxylation of naphthalene on photoirradiated TiO2 particles by addition of H2O2 to the reaction solution. The rate was enhanced by 6–40 times by the addition of H2O2, and the quantum yield reached as high as 76% for rutile TiO2 powders. On the other hand, no such enhancement was observed for anatase TiO2 powders.
Cobalt Rhenium Binary Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Kojima Ryoichi , Aika Ken-ichi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Co–Re catalyst (Co : Re = 1 : 4) prepared by reduction of cobalt nitrate hydrate and ammonium perrenate mixture with ammonia at 973 K was very active for ammonia synthesis (2.4 mmol h−1g−1) at 623 K under 3.1 Mpa (N2 + 3H2, 60 mL min−1) in spite of extremely low surface area (&lt; 0.5 m2 g−1).
Precise Synthesis and Properties of Poly(isocyanide)s Bearing Porphyrins as a Pendant Group
Authors: Takei Fumie , Onitsuka Kiyotaka , Kobayashi Nagao , Takahashi Shigetoshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Aryl isocyanide bearing porphyrin has been prepared and polymerized by Pd–Pt µ-ethynediyl complex as an initiator to produce novel polymers. The UV–VIS absorption spectra suggest that porphyrin groups in their side chains are regularly arranged by the helical main chain of poly(isocyanide)s.
Lithium-Selective Coloration of Spirobenzopyran Derivative Incorporating Monoaza-12-Crown-4 in Micellar Solution
Authors: Sakamoto Hidefumi , Tanaka Mutsuo , Kimura Keiichi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A spirobenzopyran derivative bearing a monoaza-12-crown-4 moiety and an octadecyl group as a lipophilic chain was synthesized and was used as a chromogenic reagent for alkali metal ion in micellar solutions. The crowned spirobenzopyran derivative exhibited highly Li+-selective spectral changes under high pH conditions.
High Pressure Effects on Fluorescence-Quenching of Coumarin 343 Adsorbed on TiO2 Nanocrystallites in Methanol and in N,N-Dimethylformamide
Authors: Matsumoto Masamitsu , Murakoshi Kei , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The effect of high pressures up to 400 Mpa on the emission quenching of Coumarin 343 (C343) adsorbed on TiO2 nanocrystallites in methanol (MeOH) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution was investigated. In MeOH, the quenching efficiency decreased as the pressure increased. This decrease was explained by the decrease of the adsorption strength of C343 onto TiO2 nanocrystallites. On the contrary, the efficiency in DMF increased with increase of pressure in spite of decrease of adsorption strength of C343 onto TiO2 under the high pressure condition, indicating enhancement in the electron transfer efficiency. The results imply that the high pressure technique can control the efficiency of photo-induced electron transfer systems.
Ethidium Bromide Binding Sites in DNA Gel
Authors: Yonekura Nobuaki , Mutoh Masatoshi , Miyagi Yusei , Takushi Eisei 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The analysis of fluorescence decays of ethidium bromide (EtBr) in DNA gels has revealed two EtBr binding sites: a DNA double helix site and a cross-linking site. EtBr preferentially binds to the latter site.
C60 Self-Assembled Monolayer Using Diamine as a Prelayer
Authors: Kim Kyuwon , Song Hyunjoon , Park Joon T , Kwak Juhyoun 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Diamines (NH2(CH2)nNH2; n = 4, 6, 12) have been employed as a prelayer for immobilizing C60 onto ITO electrode. The C60/diamine/ITO system reveals good electrochemical responses for surface-confined C60.
Molecular imaging using hyperpolarized 13C
Authors: Golman K , Olsson L E , Axelsson O , Månsson S , Karlsson M , Petersson J S 
Published: December 2004

MRI provides unsurpassed soft tissue contrast, but the inherent low sensitivity of this modality has limited the clinical use to imaging of water protons. With hyperpolarization techniques, the signal from a given number of nuclear spins can be raised more than 100 000 times. The strong signal enhancement enables imaging of nuclei other than protons, e.g. 13C and 15N, and their molecular distribution in vivo can be visualized in a clinically relevant time window. This article reviews different hyperpolarization techniques and some of the many application areas. As an example, experiments are presented where hyperpolarized 13C nuclei have been injected into rabbits, followed by rapid 13C MRI with high spatial resolution (scan time &lt;1 s and 1.0 mm in-plane resolution). The high degree of polarization thus enabled mapping of the molecular distribution within various organs, a few seconds after injection. The hyperpolarized 13C MRI technique allows a selective identification of the molecules that give rise to the MR signal, offering direct molecular imaging.
A New Method for Evaluating the Risk of DEF
Authors: Tagnit-Hamou A , Petrov N 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A new method involving a slight acceleration of curing is proposed to evaluate the sensitivity of a particular cement or particular mortars to DEF and consequent expansion. It can be used to determine the maximum concrete temperature below which the risk of DEF is minimal and acceptable. After a heat curing, the specimens were kept in lime-saturated water. On the seventh day, they were submitted to six daily thermal cycles (+50 to +10°C). Expansion is greater when thermal cycles are applied compared to control specimens. Therefore, the absence of expansion of some mortars submitted to thermal cycles enables us to accept the mix, even if the curing temperature is 90°C. This method has been applied successfully in mortar specimens. It is presently being applied on concrete specimens.
Influence of Specimen Geometry, Orientation of Casting Plane, and Mode of Concrete Consolidation on Expansion Due to ASR
Authors: Smaoui N , Bérubé MA , Fournier B , Bissonnette B 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Concrete specimens of different sizes and shapes were made with various reactive aggregates and stored under conditions favorable to the development of alkali-silica reactivity (ASR), with their expansion measured with time along the three directions. They have been cast vertically (cylinders and prisms) or horizontally (prisms and larger blocks), using a vibrating table, a vibrating needle, or rodding. The expansion due to ASR was always greater in the direction perpendicular to the casting plane. The higher the number of flat and elongated particles in the reactive aggregate, the higher the coefficient of anisotropy, defined as the ratio between the expansions perpendicular and parallel to the casting plane. This coefficient was constant through the course of the expansion. It was generally higher for the cylinders than for the prisms, and still less for larger blocks. Consolidation by rodding induced anisotropy coefficients distinctly smaller than consolidation using a vibrating table, while a vibrating needle induced intermediate values; however, all methods gave constant volumetric expansion at least up to an important expansion level. For prisms cast horizontally and measured axially in accordance with the concrete test CSA A23.2-14A or ASTM C 1293, consolidation using rodding induced long-term (axial) expansions greater by 71% compared with consolidation using a vibrating table. In order to reduce the experimental variability of the test, only one method of consolidation should be allowed. When evaluating field concrete affected by ASR, it appears important to consider the orientation with respect to the casting plane of the core samples subjected to mechanical or residual expansion tests.
Effect of Non-Uniform Straining in Concrete Compressive Strength Tests
Authors: Luker I , Tabsh SW 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
If a concrete specimen is tested to failure in compression and the machine allows the longitudinal strain in the specimen to be non-uniform over the cross-section of the specimen at its maximum load, then that load is lower than it would be if the strains were uniform. The results of an experimental study on the magnitude of the effect of non-uniform straining on apparent concrete strength are presented, showing how it varies for low, medium, and high strength concrete. Simple theoretical modeling is shown to reproduce the measured results well. Suggestions are also included for the application of the information presented.
Resistance to Freezing and Thawing Cycles and Scaling Resistance of Very High Early Strength Concrete
Authors: Kurtz MA , Constantiner D 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A very high early strength portland cement-based concrete (VHES) is used to prevent long closures of highway lanes by completing any necessary repairs overnight. This technology has been embraced by several DOT agencies, including those in areas where the concrete will be subjected to freezing and thawing cycles. Flexural strength of VHES concrete is the critical parameter to permit traffic flow without damage to the concrete. It is possible to produce air-entrained rapid repair concrete, but this places higher requirements on the mixture proportions to overcome strength reduction caused by the presence of air. This article presents data showing that it is possible to attain the necessary strength and achieve adequate resistance to freezing and thawing cycles. The evidence presented includes accelerated testing using ASTM C 666, Procedure A, and scaling resistance using ASTM C 672. Additional evidence is presented showing that VHES concrete of low w/c can be durable with larger than acceptable spacing factor levels or without air entrainment.
New Results on Early-Age Cracking Risk of Special Concrete
Authors: Schiessl P , Beckhaus K , Schachinger I , Rucker P 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The Center of Building Materials (cbm) at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen has many years of experience in the early-age cracking risk of concrete. So far most of the investigations have been focused onmass concrete with regard to its semi-adiabatic thermal behavior—the development of uniaxial restraint stress during hardening has been determined in the cracking frame, simulating the centre of an approx. 50 cm-thick concrete. New results on the early-age cracking risk of special concretes with regard to their specific conditions or composition that is different to that of ordinary mass concrete will be shown in this paper. These special concretes are self-compacting concrete, pavement concrete, high-strength concrete and in particular ultrahigh-performance concrete with a compressive strength of up to 200 MPa at an age of 28 days. Furthermore, a test-based calculation method using the finite element method (FEM) was developed to predict, for example, the thermal restraint stress in concrete structures under various weather and curing conditions. The restraint stress distribution at any location in the concrete can be calculated realistically by applying appropriate rheological models for which “true values” of particular early-age concrete properties are required, which have to be determined experimentally.
Liquid Limit and Specific Surface of Clay Particles
Authors: Dolinar B , Trauner L 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
In this paper a new method for determining the liquid limit of nonexpanding soils is presented. The liquid limit value primarily depends on the type and quantity of clay minerals in soils. This relationship, however, has never been presented in general analytical form that would enable a consistent determination of the influence of mineralogical properties of different soils on the liquid limit. The findings described in the article define those mineralogical properties of soils, which determine the quantity of water at the liquid limit. It was found that the water content at the liquid limit depends on the size and the quantity of clay grains in soils that contain only nonexpanding minerals. In case of expanding minerals in soils, the size and the quantity of clays determine only the quantity of intergrain water, while the total water content depends on the quantity of interlayer water also.
Evaluation of Various Downhole Data Reduction Methods for Obtaining Reliable VS Profiles
Authors: Kim D-S , Bang E-S , Kim W-C 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The downhole method has been widely used to measure in situ shear wave velocity profiles for the seismic response analysis of geotechnical sites. To analyze the downhole data, the direct and interval methods are mostly used in practice. In this study, the modified interval method based on a straight ray path and the inversion method based on Snell's Law ray path were introduced to improve the quality of the wave velocity profiles evaluated by the downhole seismic method. Various synthesized wave velocity profile models were developed to perform the parametric study and the arrival times were determined by a forward modeling scheme based on Snell's Law. By comparing the velocity profiles obtained by four different data reduction methods with actual velocity profiles, the accuracy and limitation of various data reduction methods were assessed. The direct method was difficult for evaluating the detailed velocity profiles, and the interval method was found to provide severe errors, particularly when a stiff layer is located beneath the soft layer. The modified interval method provides reliable results, except when a strong soft-to-stiff contrast exists. Snell's Law ray path method provides the most reliable velocity profiles. Finally, in situ downhole seismic tests were performed at three sites, and the importance of considering the ray path in the data reduction was emphasized by comparing the reduced shear wave velocity profiles with crosshole and standard penetration test results.
Determination of the Hydraulic Conductivity Function of a Highly Compressible Material Based on Tests with Saturated Samples
Authors: Parent S-É , Cabral A , Avanzi ED , Zornberg JG 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
An alternative procedure to determine the hydranlic conductivity function (k-function) based on relationships between saturated hydraulic conductivity and void ratio and between air-entry value and void ratio is proposed. The procedure was applied to determine the k-function of deinking by-products, a highly compressible industrial by-product that is used as alternative material in geoenvironmental applications. The validity of the procedure is verified by comparing the k-function of a compressible soil obtained based on the proposed procedure (using published experimental data) with experimentally determined unsaturated hydraulic conductivities for the same soil.
Testing the Hydromechanical Behavior of a Compacted Swelling Soil
Authors: Cuisinier O , Masrouri F 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The paper presents a study of the hydromechanical behavior of a compacted swelling soil in a range of suctions comprised between 0 and around 300 MPa. To perform this study, two kinds of suction controlled oedometers were used, one using the osmotic method and the other using the salt solution method. A detailed review of the conditions for using these two methods is given in the first part of the paper. The second section provides the results of several suction controlled oedometer tests performed in this range of suction. They show that the mechanical behavior of the tested swelling material is strongly affected by the applied suction, even in the high suction range. In addition, it appeared that the samples preparation technique significantly influenced the hydromechanical behavior of the tested soil.
Shear Band Characterization of Triaxial Sand Specimens Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Batiste SN , Alshibli KA , Sture S , Lankton M 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A thorough quantitative analysis of the internal density distribution and strain localization of axisymmetric triaxial sand specimens is presented. Computed tomography technique was used to acquire detailed three-dimensional images of a series of Ottawa sand specimens subjected to Conventional Triaxial Compression (CTC) conditions at very low effective stresses in microgravity and terrestrial laboratories. Analysis tools were developed to quantify the distribution of local void ratio, track the onset, propagation, thickness, and inclination angle of shear bands, and calculate the variation of void ratio within and outside shear bands. It has been found that shear bands initiate in the post-peak strength regime in CTC specimens, where a rather complex pattern of shear bands develops such that behavior is highly influenced by large-scale kinematics of the specimen. Four main deformation patterns were identified and their contribution to the overall volume change of the specimens was quantified.
Fatigue Crack Closure and Crack Growth Following an Overload
Authors: Verma BB , Pandey RK 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The present investigation studies the effect of a single tensile overload cycle on fatigue crack closure and its mechanism. Attempts have also been made to study the crack growth kinetics following the overload application. It is concluded that Stage I-type of crack propagation occurs in the early stage of crack growth subsequent to overloading and the same is dominated by asperity-induced closure. A material - and loading-independent relationship has also been attempted between an overload-induced closure parameter and the overloading ratio.
Cone Resistance of Compacted Ash Fill
Authors: Trivedi A , Singh S 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Coal ash is a granular byproduct of the combustion of coal in coal-fired thermal power plants. The compacted ash is frequently used as a structural fill material. Standard geotechnical investigation methods used for natural soils have revealed inconsistencies when extended to ash fills. The characterization of ash shows morphological dissimilarity with natural soils. It is observed that several groupings of in situ density and stress level lead to similar penetration resistance in coal ash. Thus, the correlations reliable for soils may have questionable interpretations of blow count or measured cone resistance in coal ash. The static cone penetration test results analyzed at various combinations of stress level and relative density indicated the need for a new scheme for interpretation of behavior of ash fills on the basis of relative dilatancy of the ash. The resistance to penetration of the standard cone was interpreted at varying depths on ash fill compacted at varying relative densities. Correlations are suggested to estimate bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of coal ash on the basis of cone penetration test results for direct geotechnical design.
Effect of Loading Schemes on Depth-Sensing Indentation Tests
Authors: Zhang J-M , Xu K-W , Lu J , Guelorget B 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Constant loading rate divided by load (˙P/P) indentation tests have been conducted on high purity copper at room temperature. The results show that: 1) The loading curves can be fitted to a power-law relationship of the form P = Chn and the exponent n increases with decreasing P/P. 2) The hardness value itself, and its decreasing rate with depth, increase with increasing P/P. 3) A constant P/P can result in a constant indentation strain rate (h/h), even if indentation size effects (ISE) exist in the materials. 4) The relationship between P/P and h/h can be shown to be P/P = n.(h/h).
Modeling of Cumulative Mass Loss—Time Curves for Six Erosion and Abrasion Test Methods
Authors: Meged Y 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Cumulative mass loss-time curves of six erosion and abrasion test methods are studied. These methods include: vibratory cavitation erosion, film cavitation erosion, flow cavitation erosion, cavitating liquid jet erosion, liquid impact erosion, and slurry abrasion. It has been previously well established that the cumulative erosion-time curves of vibratory cavitation erosion tests can be modeled by the Weibull cumulative distribution function. Validity of this model is further extended for the five additional erosion test methods.
The typical Weibull plot for these test methods is bimodal, consisting of two intersecting straight lines. Mode 1 of the plot represents the boundary layer, and Mode 2 represents the base material of the specimen. This type of plot is the result of a two-layered test specimen.
Data obtainable from the cumulative erosion-time curve are rather limited, since the analysis is empirical. Analysis of the Weibull cumulative distribution function plots yields much more information, and facilitates the evaluation of the test specimen's structure, test procedure, and test results.