bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The family of osteoarthritis is the subject of this book. Table 1 lists the 7 families, which include 90% of the 150 rheumatic disorders recognized by the American College of Rheumatology. Some of the other types of arthritis (which we prefer to call rheumatic diseases) are categorized as follows: crystal arthritis (mostly due to gout-a uric acid crystal or pseudogout, which is a calcium pyrophosphate crystal); septic arthritis (due to an infection in a joint such as staphlococcus, or a musculoskeletal reaction to an infection as in rheumatic fever or Lyme disease); autoimmune disorders (including lupus or rheumatoid arthritis); soft tissue conditions which spare the joints (such as fibromyalgia or bursitis); disorders of bone modeling (too much calcium in bone causes osteopetrosis,
Who Gets Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoarthritis, has existed as far back as the prehistoric eras-it has been found in dinosaur skeletons, and affects all mammals. Studies of skeleton X-rays from all ages show that if one lives long enough, osteoarthritis will develop in some joints. However, even though more than 80% of X-rays in people older than 75 years have osteoarthritis of the knee, less than 30% of people will ever develop knee pain from their osteoarthritis. Other estimates are that 10-15% of all Americans suffer from osteoarthritis knee pain. Clearly there is a large discrepancy between those that have X-ray evidence of osteoarthritis and those who eventually develop joint pain; however, the reasons for this are not yet clear. The older we get, the higher the chance of getting osteoarthritis, with a nearly 90% chance of X-ray findings in some joint by age 75. However, after the seventh decade the incidence appears to plateau, and this may mean that those who reach this age without symptoms are not likely to get them or that it has not yet been carefully studied in older individuals. While osteoarthritis appears to be an inescapable cause of aging, there is still no clear link between the normal aging process and the articular cartilage loss seen with osteoarthritis. Here we will review the risk factors for developing osteoarthritis (summarized in Table 3, at the end of the section).
Cartilage and Its Accomplices
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoarthritis is mostly a disease of cartilage. Cartilage is a dense, rubbery or sponge-like material that serves a number of functions in the body. It gives shape and stability of the ear lobe and nose, provides supporting structure for the vocal cords and airways (the trachea and the bronchi within the lung), and makes up material in discs, allowing the spine to provide shock absorption or cushioning. All bones in our skeletons begin as cartilage. As the skeleton matures, cartilage is replaced with hard tissue or bone. Here we will review the structure and function of cartilage in the context of how it influences osteoarthritis. What Is Cartilage Made Up Of? There are three types of cartilage in our bodies. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant form, found in the hips, knees, and fingers. Fibrocartilage is localized in the discs of the spine, between the vertebrae, and provides shock absorbing ability. Elastic cartilage is found around the ear.
What Causes Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What sets in motion the sequence of events that leads to osteoarthritis? We already know that certain populations, such as women and the elderly, are predisposed, and that a variety of environmental factors such as occupation, weight, exercise, and trauma further increase one’s risk of developing osteoarthritis. But what actually initiates the process, and how does the disease progress? The Initiating Event Many theories have been proposed to explain the degeneration of the articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. The initiating event is most likely from a mechanical stress that leads to altered chondrocyte activities. The chondrocyte increases its production of enzymes, referred to as a group as metalloproteinase enzymes. These enzymes break down the cartilage matrix, and the cartilage loses some of its unique functional properties.
The Upper Body and Extremities
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The body has one hundred joints, and some of them are found in unlikely places, such as the cricoarytenoid joint in the larynx. Not all of these joints are susceptible to osteoarthritic changes, and some are involved infrequently. This chapter will focus on the temporomandibular (TMJ or jaw), sternal, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand joints. Arthritic Jaws Because of jaw pain, John had a great deal of difficulty chewing meat and finally consulted his dentist. He had injured the area several years before and also had a tendency to grind his teeth. X-rays revealed evidence for right temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. He was given ibuprofen, a bite guard, and a muscle relaxant to use at bedtime. Within a month, the discomfort had greatly decreased, and he only occasionally needed medicine. The jaw is a lay term describing the temporomandibular joints, or TMJ. The TMJ represents the articulation of the temporal tubercle with the condyle of the mandible. The synovial lining of the joint may become inflamed in rheumatoid arthritis.
I Have Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Twenty-three million people in the United States have osteoarthritis. Most have mild or localized symptoms, some have none. Other patients are crippled by the degenerative process. Many different physicians and allied health professionals manage osteoarthritis. Sometimes the cast of characters can be confusing. Who should be consulted and what is the optimal process? Physicians Physicians are medical doctors who have completed four years of medical school after an undergraduate education. In order to be licensed to practice in the United States, all physicians have to complete a postgraduate year or internship, and pass the National Board Exams. A physician who stops their training at this point is a general practitioner, or GP. A GP usually has had, at best, a few weeks of training in arthritis.
Can Or Should I Work?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though seemingly as benign as the common cold, osteoarthritis is a public health menace to be reckoned with. Causing over 700,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States, the disease and its related health care visits lead to 68 million days of missed work, annually. Another 1.5 billion dollars are lost due to restricted work activities, making osteoarthritis the second most common cause of disability in the United States. These figures depend on how the definition of “disability” is used, and how work abilities are assessed. A survey of patients with X-ray findings indicating osteoarthritis found that 30% had symptoms only, 20% felt it was a “significant health problem;’ 7% had some restricted activity or form of disability, and only 0.5% had a severe disability. Nevertheless, if 60 million Americans have the criteria on X-ray consistent with osteoarthritis, this translates to 4.2 million people with some disability, and 300,000 people with severe disability. This chapter will address disability issues.
Prognosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Now that we know what osteoarthritis is, who develops the condition, and how it is manifested and treated, what happens to people with the disease? The outcome is influenced by how society approaches the condition as well as how patients view it. This chapter approaches the issue from the patient’s point of view. What Happens To Osteoarthritis Over Time? The prognosis of osteoarthritis is as variable as those afflicted with the condition. The outcome of secondary forms of osteoarthritis such asochronosis, Wilson’s disease, acromegaly, and hyperparathyroidism (detailed in chapter 9) is entirely dependent upon how they are managed. Successful treatment of the causes of these conditions can sometimes even prevent osteoarthritis from occurring.
The Ratification Vote within Individual State Conventions
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to provide a test of the relationship between economic interests and the contest over the ratification of the Constitution, chapter 6 examined the voting of the delegates during the overall ratification process. Because of the sparseness of the data for several states and be cause some constituent-interest variables are available at the state level only, the data for delegates from all thirteen state conventions were pooled together, and different combinations of state conventions also were pooled into various subsamples.
The reality of public policy making
Authors: Kingdon John W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many of us would like public policy making to be orderly. A tidy world, governed by transparent rules and rational decisions, would certainly make a scholar’s life easier. In fact, any observer seeking to understand how this world works would be aided by more order. So would participants in the policy-making process. Lobbyists, for instance, might like a surer sense of the right levers to pull to manipulate this process.
Private sector incentives and ethical health care
Authors: Butler Stuart 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When we, as a society, ponder how to assure an affordable level of basic health care to everyone, we have to determine the most effective role of different institutions and players, from government agencies to doctors and nurses, in achieving this goal. All too often, policy makers assume that because the goal is social or collective in nature and requires the transfer of resources within society, the self-interest of private individuals in the healthcare industry will tend to be in conflict with the goal. This assumption leads many policy makers to advocate approaches based heavily on public sector agencies and employees, in which the private sector in health care-the hospitals, doctors, insurers, drug companies, and others not directly employed by the government-is seen as lacking the institutions and incentives for anything more than a supporting role to government programs.
Values in resesrch: picking research priorities ethically 1
Authors: Lo Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The choice of topics for study, the specification of research questions, and the design of a health services research project all involve a series of value choices. At each decision point the investigator’s choices have important implications. Many factors influence the design of a research project, including such external considerations as information available in databases, access to databases, and funding priorities. However, the justification for a research project should never be merely that the data and funding are available to carry out the work. The personal interests of the researcher in a topic or methodology have an important influence in shaping research projects. Indeed, because difficulties and complications always occur in projects, it is easier to sustain a project in which the investigator has a heartfelt personal interest. However, the personal interests of the investigator are also not sufficient justification for a research project. Ultimately, health services research should benefit the public. Arcane “pure” research may eventually have important real-world implications, but a researcher developing a research agenda or protocol should articulate how it will affect clinical care, decisions by health care organizations, or public policies. If the researcher cannot give a plausible account of how the research might have such an impact, the investigator should consider whether different studies should have higher priority.
The law of compurgation
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like the law of sanctuary, the law of procedure, both civil and criminal, provided abundant opportunities for interchange and conflict between the medieval English common law and the ius commune. Today, it provides an equally good vantage point for anyone interested in comparative legal history. The two legal systems took diver- gent paths on a central aspect of procedural law: settling upon the best way to decide questions of fact. The one chose jury trial, the other judicial evaluation of evidence. However, the divergence between the two systems was never total. Not everything was decided in the same way within either system. In some circumstances, each system used one or another of the special procedural forms that were also used by the other.
Integrative Control of Cardiac Function by Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Neurons
Authors: Foreman Robert D , Dejongste Mike J L , linderoth bengt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Angina pectoris is regarded as a warning signal for jeopardized cardiac tissue and elicits a very strong emotional component. This type of pain, in general, is a treatable symptom, however, in some patients angina be­ comes refractory to conventional therapies. For these patients, chest pain associated with angina does not serve as a useful warning signal. Fur­ thermore, these patients need to adapt their lifestyle accordingly and are often forced to severely restrict their physical activity. The exact mechanisms and neural network behind the manifestation of angina pectoris are obscure.
The Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Authors: Wyss J Michael , Carlson, Scott H , Oparil Suzanne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The nervous system is known to play an important role in the minute-to­ minute setting of arterial pressure, but its contribution to chronic blood pressure regulation is less clear. For instance, the activation of baroreflex receptors can acutely reduce vascular resistance, plasma volume, and cardiac function, thereby decreasing arterial pressure, but these receptors re­ set quickly to a new baseline pressure, and thus their ability to chronically modify arterial pressure is limited under normal conditions. In contrast to this “normal” situation, baroreflex mechanisms appear to be maladaptive in some forms of hypertension and thus may contribute importantly to the blood pressure elevation. Further, primary disturbances in the brain may underlie several forms of hypertension. This chapter re­ views available evidence for a role of the nervous system in hypertension and considers newer work suggesting that an examination of circadian rhythms of nervous and cardiovascular system function may clarify the contribution of the nervous system to blood pressure regulation and the pathophysiology of hypertension.
Twentieth-Century Sprawl, Highways and the Reshaping of the American Landscape
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Owen Gutfreund’s Twentieth-Century Sprawl explains important--and largely unexamined--changes in the American landscape. He offers an illuminating look at how highways have dramatically transformed American communities, aiding growth and development in unsettled areas and undermining existing urban centers. Gutfreund takes a “follow the money” approach to show how government policies--from as early as the 1890s--subsidized the spread of cities and fueled a chronic nationwide dependence on cars and roadbuilding, with little regard for expense, efficiency, ecological damage, or social equity. As federal, state, and local governments invested in toll-free highways, Americans moved in unprecedented numbers to newly accessible open land on the urban periphery. The consequence was the collapse of center cities, ballooning municipal debt, and rapidly increasing air pollution, not to mention profound changes in American society and culture. Gutfreund tells the story via case studies of three communities--Denver, Colorado; Middlebury, Vermont; and Smyrna, Tennessee. Different as these places are, they all show the ways that government-sponsored highway development radically transformed America’s cities and towns. Indeed, though seeming quite dissimilar, both Denver and Middlebury have crippling traffic problems; housing and commercial activity has sprawled outward, leaving downtown areas in danger of decay, while residents have longer commutes, fewer transportation options, and increasing concerns about air quality and environmental problems. Smyrna, once a dusty backwater, is now booming, thanks to its location near three interstate highways, which attracted a huge Nissan factory (the largest auto assembly plant in North America, the size of 92 football fields). Based on original research and vividly written, Twentieth-Century Sprawl makes a major contribution to our understanding of issues that still plague our cities and suburbs today.
Introduction
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1896, two bicycle mechanics from Springfield, Massachusetts, built the first automobile in the United States. In the century that followed, Americans spent enormous sums of money expanding and overhauling the nation’s transportation network to accommodate the motorcar. This reconstruction, propelled by a multilayered set of private initiatives and government programs, had profound consequences on the landscape, on residential and commercial choices, on occupational patterns, and, most important, on the way that ordinary families went about their daily lives. As the states and the federal government invested in streets, roads, highways, and bridges, the citizenry simultaneously flocked to the open land on the urban periphery. These two related trends—the suburbanization of the nation and the overhaul of the transportation infrastructure—combined to define and shape late twentieth-century America, laying the groundwork for the twenty-first century legacy of ballooning municipal debt burdens, deteriorating center cities, incessant demands for capital improvements, and unstable municipal tax bases.
Colonial Women
Authors: Hutner Heidi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colonial Women is the first comprehensive study to explore the interpenetrating discourses of gender and race in Stuart drama. Analyzing the plays of Shakespeare, Fletcher, Davenant, Dryden, Behn and other playwrights, Heidi Hutner argues that in drama, as in historical accounts, the symbol of the native woman is used to justify and promote the success of the English appropriation, commodification, and exploitation of the New World and its native inhabitants.
The Theory and Practice of Democratic Tragedy (2): Ishmael’s Grand Erections
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
First-time readers of Moby-Dickapproaching it through the tradition of the novel are often surprised and disconcerted by chapter 29, “Enter Ahab, to Him Stubb”; they thought they had been reading a retrospective first-person narrative and suddenly find themselves in what presents itself as a stage play. Chapter 30 (“The Pipe”) goes on to feature a dramatic soliloquy, chapter 31 (“Queen Mab”) a conversation between Stubb and Flask that Ishmael does not even pretend to have overheard. With chapter 32 (“Cetology”) the book returns to Ishmael’s point of view until chapter 36 (“The Quarter Deck”) introduces a new set of stage directions and a ubiquitous perspective unavailable to sailor Ishmael. Chapters 37-39 are soliloquies by Ahab, Starbuck, and Stubb, chapter 40 a theatrical crowd scene. All of these chapters are framed by stage directions; nowhere is character or narrator Ishmael in sight or in mind.
“The Ugly Socrates”: Melville, Hawthorne, and the Varieties of Homoerotic Experience
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The Ugly Socrates,” an echo of Alcibiades’ words in Plato’s Symposium,is drawn from a letter Melville wrote to Hawthorne on or around November 17, 1851, in response to Hawthorne’s “joy-giving and exultation-breeding letter” of praise for Moby-Dick (Corr212). What we know of Melville’s feelings toward Hawthorne is largely contained in such letters, along with “Hawthorne and His Mosses,” which Edwin H. Miller called “a love letter” in the guise of a book review. Hawthorne’s letters to Melville do not survive, and his journal entries on Melville, while respectful, even admiring, tend to hide rather than reveal his private feelings and to hint very little about Melville’s. “Our intellectual and active powers increase with our affection,” Emerson observed in “Friendship”: “the scholar sits down to write, and all his years of meditation do not furnish him with one good thought or happy expression; but it is necessary to write a letter to a friend,-and, forthwith, troops of gentle thoughts invest themselves, on every hand, with chosen words.” Emerson was speaking generally, but the content and language of his essay borrow from his sometimes ardent letters of the period to twenty one-year-old Caroline Sturgis. What was Emerson, married and in his late thirties, thinking when he told Sturgis he “could spend ‘the remainder of [his] days’ in her ‘holy society,”‘ or when he wrote erotically in “Friendship” of those “jets of affection which make a young world for me again”?
Colonizing London Australian Women’s Neighborhoods, Networks, And Associations
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1908, when Katharine Susannah Prichard, struggling Australian journalist, and later to be eminent novelist, interviewed the prominent Australian contralto singer Ada Crossley at her home in London, she referred to her as the center of “the little colony of Australian musicians and artists.” Seven years later the newsletter for the Women’s College of the University of Sydney, reporting on the various graduates whose careers and ambitions had taken them to London, commented that the “little colony of College girls is therefore growing apace.” The recurrence of the word “colony,” even with the diminutive, is significant. Prichard and the newsletter writer both suggested, even if not completely consciously, that Australians were so clustered and cohesive a group in the earlytwentieth-century imperial metropolis that they had effectively colonized it.
Metropolis As Crucible Constructing Colonial, Imperial, And National Identities
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1885, trying to describe for a metropolitan audience the ways her childhood in frontier Queensland had shaped her and made her a wild misfit for her current position in English society, the writer Rosa Praed settled on her occasional desire to use Aboriginal language as a shock tactic. Praed confessed: “I am oppressed sometimes by an insane longing to fire a volley of ‘Black’s yabber’ across a London dinner table.” Nearly two decades later, Kate Rooney, an Australian contralto singer with an established metropolitan career, recounted to an Australian journalist an incident that she believed would convey to readers some of the possibility for deploying colonial status in Britain. Rooney recalled that she and an Australian friend were climbing Mount Snowdon in a group that included some Welsh people, who were making jokes in Welsh at the expense of their companions. Exasperated, Rooney turned to her Australian friend and called: “Woolloomoolloo [sic], Wagga Wagga, Murrumbidgee,” to which her friend replied in kind. The strings of Aboriginal-derived Australian place names, masquerading as an Aboriginal language, apparently had the desired effect of silencing the Welsh. These two discrete instances reveal some of the complexity of the ways in which Australians conceived and articulated their Australianness in late-nineteenthand early-twentieth-century Britain. Most obviously, they show how central white Australians’ relationship to colonized indigenous people has been to the construction of white Australian identities.