bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation and Degradation Pathways of Intermediate Products Formed during the Hydropyrolysis of Glucose as a Model Substance for Wet Biomass in a Tubular Reactor
Authors: Sinag A. , Kruse A. , Schwarzkopf V. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this study, glucose as a model substance for cellulose is pyrolyzed in supercritical water. The experiments are conducted in a continuously operated tubular reactor. From the usage of model substances, key information on the degradation pathway of biomass in supercritical water can be obtained. With this knowledge, it is tried to optimize a new method for gasification of wet biomass considering high yields of hydrogen and methane and also the suppressing of tar and char formation. The gaseous products mainly contain hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and a small amount of carbon monoxide. The effect of experimental conditions, such as pressure, temperature and reaction time, on the degradation of glucose is investigated in the experiments. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the gas and liquid phases formed are determined. The results show that only the amount of phenols increases with increasing temperature in the liquid phase. No complete gasification of glucose is achieved in the studied temperature range between 400 °C and 500 °C. The addition of alkali salts leads to a higher gas generation and to a decrease in carbon monoxide concentration via water‐gas‐shift reaction. A lower furfural concentration is obtained in the presence of KHCO3. Furthermore, this study shows that there is a wide conformity between the results of real and model biomass. A simplified scheme for glucose degradation is also presented with the help of the results found.
Signaling, solidarity, and the sacred: The evolution of religious behavior
Authors: Sosis Richard , Alcorta Candace 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAnthropologists have repeatedly noted that there has been little theoretical progress in the anthropology of religion over the past fifty years.1–7By the 1960s, Geertz2had pronounced the field dead. Recently, however, evolutionary researchers have turned their attention toward understanding the selective pressures that have shaped the human capacity for religious thoughts and behaviors, and appear to be resurrecting this long‐dormant but important area of research.8–19This work, which focuses on ultimate evolutionary explanations, is being complemented by advances in neuropsychology and a growing interest among neuroscientists in how ritual, trance, meditation, and other altered states affect brain functioning and development.20–26This latter research is providing critical insights into the evolution of the proximate mechanisms responsible for religious behavior. Here we review these literatures and examine both the proximate mechanisms and ultimate evolutionary processes essential for developing a comprehensive evolutionary explanation of religion.
Comparison of flammability measurements in vertical and horizontal exhaust duct in the ASTM E‐2058 fire propagation apparatus
Authors: Khan Mohammed M. , Bill Robert G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe ASTM E‐2058 fire propagation apparatus (FPA) is capable of measuring time to ignition, chemical and convective heat release rates, mass loss rate, smoke generation rate, generation rates of CO, CO2 and O2 consumption rate, effective (chemical) heat of combustion and vertical fire propagation of materials. The original design of the FPA incorporated a vertical exhaust system with the measurement section finishing about 3.5 m from the floor. The exhaust measuring duct of the new FPA is horizontally oriented to enable its use in a wider range of laboratory environments. In this paper, the functionality of the new FPA was compared with the original FPA. The measurements and results indicate that the performance of the new FPA is equivalent to the original FPA. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meshless numerical simulation of (full) potential flows in a nozzle by genetic algorithms
Authors: Winter G. , Abderramán J. C. , Jiménez J. A. , González B. , Benitez E. , Cuesta P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA new procedure to solve some fluid problems formulated in elliptical partial differential equations is presented. A Genetic Algorithm with a dynamical encoding and a partial grid sampling is proposed for it as the advantages of solving the problem without using all grid nodes at the same time, and of adjusting step grid, without increasing the complexity. The designed method has immediate applications some self‐contained and some in combination with other traditional methods. Also, it provides a method alternative to the existing ones and uses simpler operations. Theoretical mathematical foundations of the problem are easily incorporated and that as a powerful characteristic of the method. In practice, our focus is to obtain an acceptable approximated solution. The method makes it possible to solveproblems with vague boundary conditions since no algebraic equation system is involved in the process. From the solution reached we have good information available to make an appropriate mesh to solve the problem through a traditional method. Comparative results for both linear and non‐linear potential flow problems inside a nozzle are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of paracasein degradation on sensory properties of Gouda cheese
Authors: Cichosz Grażyna , Zalecka Anna , Kornacki Mariusz 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe relation between the sensory quality of Gouda cheese and the extent of paracasein degradation, i. e., the content of soluble N, peptide N, amino acid N and amine N, was studied. The above‐mentioned parameters of paracasein degradation differently determined the sensory properties of Gouda cheese. The flavour of cheese after 6‐week ripening depended to the largest extent on the content of amine N and soluble N. The effect of the content of peptide N on cheese flavour was smaller but statistically significant. Also the smell of Gouda cheese was to the largest extent correlated to the content of amine N. A dependence between smell and the content of peptide N was found only in the cheeses after 4‐week ripening. None of the sensory quality parameters of the examined cheeses depended on the content of amino acid N.
In vitro influence of spices and spice‐active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine
Authors: Ramakrishna Rao R. , Platel Kalpana , Srinivasan K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn vitro influence of 14 individual spices (curcumin, capsaicin, piperine, garlic, onion, ginger, mint, coriander, cumin, ajowan, fennel, fenugreek, mustard, and asafoetida) on the activities of digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine was examined by including them in the reaction mixture at two different concentrations. A majority of spices enhanced the activity of pancreatic lipase and amylase when they are directly in contact with the enzyme. It is inferred that this positive influence on the activity of enzymes may have a supplementary role in the overall digestive stimulant action of spices, besides causing an enhancement of the titres of digestive enzymes in pancreatic tissue.
Determination of glutathione peroxidase activity in human milk
Authors: Torres Angeles , Farré Rosaura , Lagarda María Jesús , Monleón Javier 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn analytical method for determining glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (EC 1.11.1.9) activity in whole blood has been adapted to human milk samples. The values obtained for precision (relative standard deviation: 8.4%), linearity and accuracy (recovery: 90.4%) indicate the adequacy of the method for the mentioned purpose. The method was applied to 11 human milk samples obtained in the range from 6 to 135 days post partum. The resulting GPx activities (83.3 ± 23.6 U/L) did not correlate to the selenium content of the samples, though a reciprocal correlation was found between the duration of lactation and milk GPx activity.
A dynamic principal components analysis based on multivariate matrix normal dynamic linear models
Authors: Salvador Manuel , Gallizo Jose Luis , Gargallo Pilar 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a multivariate dynamic linear model (MDLM) that allows us to carry out a dynamic principal components analysis in a set of multivariate time series and to analyse the similarity in their evolution once the influence of non‐stationarity in each of them has been removed. In order to illustrate the methodology, we consider the distribution of value added of the firms operating in the Spanish Transport Material Manufacturing sector. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference for some multivariate ARCH and GARCH models
Authors: Vrontos I. D. , Dellaportas P. , Politis D. N. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMultivariate time‐varying volatility models have attracted a lot of attention in modern finance theory. We provide an empirical study of some multivariate ARCH and GARCH models that already exist in the literature and have attracted a lot of practical interest. Bayesian and classical techniques are used for the estimation of the parameters of the models and model comparisons are addressed via predictive distributions. We provide implementation details and illustrations using daily exchange rates of the Athens exchange market. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive telomere shortening occurs in cultured rat microglia, but not astrocytes
Authors: Flanary Barry E. , Streit Wolfgang J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractNormal somatic cells have a finite replicative capacity. With each cell division, telomeres shorten progressively until they reach a critical length, at which point the cells enter replicative senescence. Some cells maintain their telomeres by the action of the telomerase enzyme. Glia, particularly microglia, are the only adult cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) that exhibit a significant mitotic potential, and are thus susceptible to telomere shortening. In this study, we show that telomere shortening accompanied by low to moderate telomerase activity, and ultimately senescence, occurs in rat microglia in vitro. When microglia are stimulated to divide with the mitogen granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), longer telomeres are allowed to shorten, while shorter telomeres are lengthened. Telomerase activity is nearly 3‐fold higher in GM‐CSF‐stimulated microglia initially, relative to unstimulated controls, and then declines to levels below those seen in controls before increasing again. Telomere attrition is also more rapid when microglia are grown in culture dishes of increasing size. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicates that a nearly 3‐fold variation in both inter‐ and intra‐chromosomal telomere length exists in microglia. In contrast to microglia, cultured astrocytes exhibit a cyclical pattern of telomere lengthening and shortening over time, corresponding to a similar cycle of higher and lower telomerase activity. When astrocytes are passaged, mean telomere length increases initially from passage 1–2, remaining constant until passage 5, while the shortest telomeres are continually lengthened. In conclusion, the telomere shortening evident in microglia is accompanied by their progression to senescence by 32 days in vitro. In contrast, astrocytes, perhaps due to greater telomerase activity, have longer life spans and may be passaged repeatedly before entering senescence. Our findings provide an impetus to investigate the possibility that microglial telomere shortening may occur in vivo. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemo‐ and Enzyme‐Catalyzed Reactions Revealing a Common Temperature‐Dependent Dynamic Solvent Effect on Enantioselectivity
Authors: Cainelli Gianfranco , Galletti Paola , Giacomini Daria , Gualandi Andrea , Quintavalla Arianna 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe enantiomeric ratio E of enzyme‐catalyzed (Candida antarctica lipase and lipase PS) and chemo‐catalyzed (L‐proline‐based diamines) acylation reactions of 1‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)ethanol, 2‐phenylpropanol, and 2‐benzylpropane‐1,3‐diol is dependent on solvent and temperature. Plots of ln E vs. 1/T showed the presence of inversion temperatures (Tinv). The Tinv values for the bio‐catalyzed and the chemo‐catalyzed reactions are fairly in agreement, and correspond as well to the TNMR values obtained by variable‐temperature 13C‐NMR experiments on the substrates in the same solvent of the resolution. This result demonstrates that clustering effects in the substrate solvation manage the chemical and the enzymatic enantioselectivity, and, moreover, that the solutesolvent cluster is always the real reacting species in solution for chemical as well as for enzymatic reactions.
Selectivity of Molecular Recognition Displayed by Monoclonal Antibodies as Compared to Receptors – a New Approach to Screen Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Lack Oliver , Huber Walter , Woggon Wolf‐D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPhotolabeled monoclonal antibodies generated against a potent antagonist of the glycoprotein receptor GPIIb‐IIIa have been used to demonstrate that antibodies can be employed to replace receptors for on‐bead screening of combinatorial libraries.
Synthesis and Evaluation as Glycosidase Inhibitors of Isoquinuclidines Mimicking a Distorted β‐Mannopyranoside
Authors: Böhm Matthias , Lorthiois Edwige , Meyyappan Muthuppalaniappan , Vasella Andrea 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRacemic and enantiomerically pure manno‐configured isoquinuclidines were synthesized and tested as glycosidase inhibitors. The racemic key isoquinuclidine intermediate was prepared in high yield by a cycloaddition (tandem Michael addition/aldolisation) of the 3‐hydroxy‐1‐tosyl‐pyridone 10 to methyl acrylate, and transformed to the racemic N‐benzyl manno‐isoquinuclidine 2 and the N‐unsubstituted manno‐isoquinuclidine 3 (twelve steps; ca. 11% from 10). Catalysis by quinine of the analogous cycloaddition of 10 to (−)‐8‐phenylmenthyl acrylate provided a single diastereoisomer in high yield, which was transformed to the desired enantiomerically pure D‐manno‐isoquinuclidines (+)‐2 and (+)‐3 (twelve steps; 23% from 10). The enantiomers (−)‐2 and (−)‐3 were prepared by using a quinidine‐promoted cycloaddition of 10 to the enantiomeric (+)‐8‐phenylmenthyl acrylate. The N‐benzyl D‐manno‐isoquinuclidine (+)‐2 is a selective and slow inhibitor of snail β‐mannosidase. Its inhibition strength and type depends on the pH (at pH 4.5: Ki=1.0 μM, mixed type, α=1.9; at pH 5.5: Ki=0.63 μM, mixed type, α=17). The N‐unsubstituted D‐manno‐isoquinuclidine (+)‐3 is a poor inhibitor. Its inhibition strength and type also depend on the pH (at pH 4.5: Ki=1.2⋅103 μM, mixed type, α=1.1; at pH 5.5: Ki=0.25⋅103 μM, mixed type, α=11). The enantiomeric N‐benzyl L‐manno‐isoquinuclidine (−)‐2 is a good inhibitor of snail β‐mannosidase, albeit noncompetitive (at pH 4.5: Ki=69 μM). The N‐unsubstituted isoquinuclidine (−)‐2 is a poor inhibitor (at pH 4.5: IC50=7.3⋅103 μM). A comparison of the inhibition by the pure manno‐isoquinuclidines (+)‐2 and (+)‐3, (+)‐2/(−)‐2 1 : 1, and (+)‐3/(−)‐3 1 : 1 with the published data for racemic 2 and 3 led to a rectification of the published data. The inhibition of snail β‐mannosidase by the isoquinuclidines 2 and 3 suggests that the hydrolysis of β‐D‐mannopyranosides by snail β‐mannosidase proceeds via a distorted conformer, in agreement with the principle of stereoelectronic control.
The role of employee reactions in predicting training effectiveness
Authors: Tan James A. , Hall Rosalie J. , Boyce Carol 
Published: December 2003

AbstractReactions to training programs tend to be poor predictors of training success, yet most training programs are
evaluated based solely on trainee reactions. In this study, we proposed that distinguishing between affective and
cognitive employee reactions may improve the prediction of trainee learning. Our results indicated that cognitive
employee reactions are related to both employee learning and employee behavior. Moreover, contrary to popular
notion, negative affective reactions best predicted employee learning. Implications and future research directions
of the results are discussed.
In the wake of the Gulf War: assessing family spending of compensation money in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gamburd Michele Ruth 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBetween 1997 and 2000, the United Nations Compensation Commission delivered US$4000 apiece to roughly 87,000 Sri Lankan citizens who suffered displacement and loss of employment due to Iraq's military actions in Kuwait during the Gulf War. Using qualitative ethnographic data, this essay examines 11 case studies of Kuwait returnees in the village of Naeaegama, in southern Sri Lanka. Like the majority of Sri Lankans caught in the Gulf War, these returnees are women from poor rural families who worked as domestic servants in Kuwait. The paper compares how the 11 households have spent compensation money and migrants' remittances. Spending choices reveal a clear hierarchy of priorities: buying land and building a house, providing a dowry for unmarried women, and starting a viable business. These goals reflect family‐based considerations, and use of the money illustrates the family's role as an economic as well as a social unit. The paper also explores the role of family in facilitating migration and depressing women's wages on the global market. Data reveal the local values, motives, and cultural contexts that shape individual and family decision‐making on matters of finance and migration. Family choices are products of and adaptations to globalised contexts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wife or worker? Worker or wife? Marriage and cross‐border migration in contemporary Japan
Authors: Piper Nicola 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe global trend of increasing numbers of international couples can also be witnessed in Japan where Southeast and Northeast Asian women dominate numerically. This paper reviews the existing literature on marriage and migration exploring the connections between international migration for work and international marriage. It is argued that a dichotomous approach analysing migrant women as either migrants for marriage or overseas contract workers needs to be questioned. Based on a lack of theorising as well as a lack of empirical studies of the link between migration and marriage, the aim is to set out a new conceptual framework highlighting marriage either as the result of cross‐border migration or the cause thereof and to give some directions for future research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gendered structural barriers to job attainment for skilled Chinese emigrants in Canada
Authors: Salaff Janet , Greve Arent 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOur study examines the career achievements of 50 professional couples that immigrated from China to Canada. We compare their job attainment when they left China with that years after immigration. We apply concepts of human capital and institutional theory to understand why the job status of the majority drops after immigrating. Human capital concepts account for most career advancement in China. Human capital theory falls short in explaining the structural barriers to achievement that affect those in the controlled professions, and especially women, in Canada. The institutional framework views immigrants' unemployment and a drop in job levels and wages as a status change. Structural concepts handle job deterioration, and in particular women's loss of status, in terms of social recognition of career paths. Structural concepts explain why immigrants' past career paths are poorly understood or are blocked in a new context. We conclude that institutional theory is more widely applicable than human capital theory for understanding the loss of job status for our sample of skilled immigrants from China. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes
Authors: Hing Karin A. , Best Serena M. , Tanner K. Elizabeth , Bonfield William , Revell Peter A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrevious investigations have shown that both the early biological response and the mechanical properties of a porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute are highly sensitive to its pore structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the pore structure continued to influence bone integration in the medium to long term. Two screened batches of porous hydroxyapatite (PHA) designated as batch A and batch B, with porosities of ∼60 and 80%, respectively, were selected for this study and implanted for periods of 5, 13, and 26 weeks into the lower femur of New Zealand White rabbits. Histomorphometric analysis of the absolute volume of bone ingrowth within batch A and B implants from 5 to 26 weeks showed that the absolute volume of bone ingrowth was consistently lower in batch A (10–21%), compared to batch B implants (24–31%). However, when the volume of bone ingrowth was normalised for the available pore space, this difference was reduced (23–47% and 32–42% for batches A and B, respectively). These observations suggest that differences in the volume of bone ingrowth initially depended on pore interconnectivity rather than pore size, whereas the volume or morphology of the PHA influenced the volume and morphology of bone ingrowth at later time points. Compression testing showed that bone ingrowth had a strong reinforcing effect on PHA bone graft substitutes, and a strong correlation was identified between mechanical properties and the absolute volume of ingrowth for both batches A and B. Furthermore, at 13 and 26 weeks, there was no significant variation in the ultimate compressive strength of integrated batch A and B implants. This similarity in ultimate mechanical properties indicated that the absolute volume of ingrowth may be mediated by the PHA structure through its impact on the dynamics of the local biomechanical environment. The results of push‐out testing showed that fixation of PHA bone graft substitutes was independent of density within the range studied, with no significant difference in the interfacial shear stress between batches A and B at each time point throughout the study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 68A: 187–200, 2004