bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dating of Ballpoint Pen Ink
Authors: Hofer R 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In this paper we describe a case in which a cash book, dated of the year 2000, was sent to the Forensic Science Division, Document Laboratory, Zurich Canton Police in March 2003. The questioned document was a list of 29 pages containing a consecutive handwritten numbering and dated entries (payments) made of blue ballpoint pen ink. By definition, a cash book has to be written by hand and the entries have to be made daily. The questioned document was suspected to have been written within a short period (e.g., a few hours) and backdated. The document lab was asked to determine the date of the entries of the questioned list. On one hand, we were asked, if the cash book had been kept on account consecutively during the period of one year, and on the other hand, the judges were interested in knowing, if the document could have been written in 2003 and back dated to 2000. To answer these questions, the document was examined for latent elements by electrostatic detection device (ESDA). The relative dating of the entries was performed by the quantification of the ballpoint pen ink dyes and their degradation products using HPLC. Results show that it is possible to determine the relative age of entries written by ballpoint pen within a relatively short time scale, if storage and supporting material of the different samples are the same or at least similar.
Precision and Reliability of Pulp/Tooth Area Ratio (RA) of Second Molar as Indicator of Adult Age
Authors: Cameriere R , Ferrante L , Cingolani M 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This paper discusses a method for assessing adult age based on the relationship between age and measurement of the pulp/tooth area ratio (RA) of the second molar teeth. The sample consisted of 312 Italian white Caucasian patients (135 men, 177 women) aged between 14 and 24 years. Orthopantomograph samples (OPGs) were analyzed by the same observer and calibrated by κ statistics. Probabilities of an individual being older than 18 years of age (adult age) were derived using measurements of the ratio pulp/tooth area (RA) of the second molar teeth and the dichotomized stages of third molar development (Tm) as explanatory variables. These results were exploited to establish a threshold value to assign an individual to juvenile or adult age. A cut-off value of RA* = 0.088 was applied if Tm = 0 and RA* = 0.097 if Tm = 1. The sensitivity of this test was 91% and its specificity 94.5%. The proportion of individuals with correct classifications was 92%. Erratum to this paper appears in 49(6).
Prevalence of Jews as subjects in genetic research: Figures, explanation, and potential implications
Authors: Carmeli Daphna Birenbaum 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGeneticists' view of ‘population isolates’ as bearing special utility for research often translates into the targeting of such groups as study popuations. This paper aims to outline the prevalence and structure of reference to one such group—that of the Jews—in genetic research publications. The paper uses three prevalence scores, calculated on the basis of a search of the PubMed database, conducted in September–October 2002. A systematic comparison to other population groups shows that in relation to the population size and in relation to the general bioscientific reference to this group, Jews are over‐represented in human genetic literature, particularly in mutation‐related contexts. This pattern is interpreted as representing geneticists' interest in Jewish communities, which are comparatively endogamous yet sizeable. It is also attributed to geneticists' access to Jewish communities, which is facilitated by the participation of Jewish scientists that alleviates ethical concerns as well. The geographical proximity of the largest Jewish communities to major research centers, and previous acquaintance with the genetic paradigm that many Jewish persons possess, further enhance this trend. The paper ends by pointing at potential extra‐medical implications of this increased prevalence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compliant walking in primates: Elbow and knee yield in primates compared to other mammals
Authors: Larney Eileen , Larson Susan G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt has been suggested that primates utilize a compliant gait to help reduce peak locomotor stresses on their limbs (Schmitt [1994] J. Hum. Evol. 26:441–458; Schmitt [ 1998] Primate Locomotion, p. 175–200; Schmitt [ 1999] J. Zool. Lond. 248:149–160). However, the components of such a gait, i.e., increased step length, prolonged contact time, and substantial limb yield, have only been documented on a handful of primate species. In order to explore the generality of this claim, elbow and knee angles during walking were documented at touchdown, midstance, and liftoff in a sample of primates, carnivores, marsupials, rodents, and artiodactyls, all under 25 kg. Limb yield was calculated as the change in angle from touchdown to midstance, and re‐extension as the change in angle from midstance to liftoff for both forelimbs and hind limbs. Use of a compliant gait (as reflected in significant limb yield) in primates was confirmed for both forelimbs and hind limbs. However, there was variability within primates in the degree of either elbow or knee yield. Surprisingly, marsupials were found to exhibit almost as much elbow yield and even greater knee yield than primates. Carnivores and rodents display a modest amount of limb yield during walking, while artiodactyls appear to display a relatively stiff gait. These data are consistent with the suggestion that the use of a compliant gait to attenuate peak substrate reaction forces may have facilitated the primate invasion of a small‐branch niche. However, limb compliance (as reflected by elbow or knee yield) does not appear to be exclusive to the primate order. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and seasonal influences on the reproductive cycle in female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Authors: Setchell Joanna M. , Wickings E. Jean 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe present 12 years of perineal swelling data for a semifree‐ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), and evaluate the influence of rank, parity, and seasonality on reproductive parameters. Female sexual swellings showed a seasonal pattern, with August the median month of ovulation. Overlapping periovulatory periods did not decrease the likelihood of conception. Females showed their first genital swelling at age 3.6 years (n = 28; range, 3.2–4.6 years), and higher‐ranking females experienced their first swelling earlier than low‐ranking females. Median postpartum amenorrhea (PPA) duration was 208 days (n = 92; range, 74–538 days). PPA was longer in primiparous females than in multiparous females, but PPA duration was unrelated to female rank. Median follicular phase duration was 24 days for the first cycle after parturition (n = 84; range, 12–40 days), shortening to 17 days in subsequent cycles (n = 55; range, 6–39 days). The follicular phase was longer in nulliparous females than in parous females, but was unrelated to female rank. Median cycle length (from one sexual swelling breakdown to the next) was 38 days (n = 57; range, 18–108 days). Eighty‐seven percent of conceptions occurred within two cycles, and half of the nulliparous females conceived during their first swelling cycle. Lower‐ranking females were more likely to require more cycles to conceive than higher‐ranking females. The cycling phase was significantly longer in nulliparous females than in parous females, and was also significantly longer in lower‐ranking females than in higher‐ranking females. We discuss the influence of provisioning on female reproductive parameters, the influence of parity and rank on the different phases of the interbirth interval, and the evolution of long and variable follicular phases in mandrills. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical implications of benign multiple sclerosis: A 20‐year population‐based follow‐up study
Authors: Pittock Sean J. , McClelland Robyn L. , Mayr William T. , Jorgensen Neal W. , Weinshenker Brian G. , Noseworthy John , Rodriguez Moses 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn 2001, we followed up all patients from the 1991 Olmsted County Multiple Sclerosis (MS) prevalence cohort. We found that the longer the duration of MS and the lower the disability, the more likely a patient is to remain stable and not progress. This is particularly powerful for patients with benign MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 2 or lower for 10 years or longer who have a greater than 90% chance of remaining stable. This is important because these patients represent 17% of the entire prevalence cohort. These data should assist in the shared therapeutic decision‐making process of whether to start immunomodulatory medications. Ann Neurol 2004;56:303–306
Development of halogen‐free flame‐retardant thermoplastic elastomer polymer blend
Authors: Pal Kiran , Rastogi J. N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEthylene‐propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends have widest industrial applications that require a degree of flame retardancy. Halogen‐free intumescent technology based on phosphorous salt is a significantly advanced approach to make the polymer flame‐retardant. Both ammonium polyphosphate and ethylenediamine phosphate are important intumescent compounds. Their combination with carbonific and spumific agents were studied in binary blends of EPDM/PP. The polymer system was vulcanized online during melt mixing. Intumescent flame‐retardant polymer systems exhibit good flame‐retardancy with optimum comparable physiomechanical, electrical, and fluid resistance properties, including lower smoke emission, which is essential to protect people because the visibility remains unaffected in the event of fire. Pronounced charring and intumescent effect appear to enhance the flame‐retardancy of the polymers. Possible expected intumescent mechanism is proposed based on the nonpyrolysis mechanism for the flame‐retarded polymer and the intumescent components. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 407–415, 2004
Synthesis of high rubber styrene–EPDM–acrylonitrile graft copolymer and its toughening effect on SAN
Authors: Zeng Zhiping , Wang Lianshi , Cai Tongmin , Zeng Xiangbin 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHigh rubber styrene–EPDM–acrylonitrile (AES) was prepared by the graft copolymerization of styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) in n‐heptane/toluene cosolvent using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The effects of reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, initiator concentration, EPDM content, the solvent component, and reaction time, on the graft copolymerization are discussed. In addition, according to the research on mechanical properties of the SAN/AES blend, a remarkable toughening effect of AES on SAN resin was found. By means of scanning electron microscopy, the toughening mechanism is proposed to be crazing initiation from rubber particles and shear deformation of SAN matrix. Uniform dispersion of rubber particles, as shown by transmission electron microscopy, is attributed to the good compatibility of SAN and AES. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 416–423, 2004
Preparation and properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Li Wei , Huang Yu Dong , Ahmadi Seyed Javad 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEthylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM)/organomontmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared with a maleic anhydride grafted EPDM oligomer as a compatibilizer via melt intercalation. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the silicate layers of OMMT were exfoliated and dispersed uniformly as a few monolayers in nanocomposites. The change in the crystallization behavior of the nanocomposites was examined. The nanocomposites exhibited great improvements in the tensile strength and tensile modulus. The incorporation of OMMT gave rise to a considerable reduction of tan δ and an increase in the storage modulus. Moreover, the solvent resistance of the nanocomposites increased remarkably. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 440–445, 2004
Study on fiber structure formation in wet spinning of aliphatic polyketone using aqueous solution of complex metal salts—Characteristics of solid structure formation in drying step and its effects on superdrawing step
Authors: Morita Toru , Taniguchi Ryu , Kato Jinichiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSolid structure formation in the drying step for wet spinning of poly(1‐oxotrimethylene) using as a solvent an aqueous solution of complex metal salts of calcium chloride/zinc chloride was studied. Because the degree of structural densification and the crystal structure both differ depending on the drying temperature, the drying temperature had a major effect on the drawing behavior and the strength achieved after drawing. With higher drying temperature, the denseness increased due to smaller voids in the dried undrawn fiber, while there was also a tendency toward higher strength with respect to the draw ratio. However, an excessively high drying temperature altered the crystal structure from a rough crystalline form to a dense crystalline form and reduced both the maximum draw ratio and strength. Mechanical cleavage of the molecular chains occurred between the ethylene groups and carbonyl groups of the main chains in the drawing step. This cleavage made it possible to suppress the inhibition of drawing due to entanglement of the molecular chains, thereby enabling superdrawing to afford a high performance fiber. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 446–452, 2004
The effect of storage temperatures below 100°C on the viscosity of a novolak resin propylene glycol solution
Authors: Wells Lisa J. , Spinks Geoffrey M. , Nightingale Sharon A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe aging of a novolak resin solution used in iron‐making blast furnace taphole clays is reported. The novolak resin propylene glycol solution was aged at temperatures between 2 and 80°C for up to 56 days. The viscosity was measured to evaluate the change in the resin's behavior. A cure reaction was found to occur with the addition of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) at temperatures lower than had previously been reported. Methods for handling and storage of taphole clay to avoid excessive increases in viscosity due to aging are discussed. An approach for estimating the long term aging at temperatures of 30 to 50°C was considered using shorter term aging data obtained at 70 and 80°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 267–276, 2004
Morphology and properties of PVC/clay nanocomposites via in situ emulsion polymerization
Authors: Pan Mingwang , Shi Xudong , Li Xiucuo , Hu Haiyan , Zhang Liucheng 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPVC/Na+–montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared via a simple technique of emulsion polymerization at several different MMT clay concentrations. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the formation of a mixture of intercalated and exfoliated nanostructure. Tensile testing results showed that the tensile modulus of the nanocomposites increased with the addition of clay, while the tensile strength decreased little. The notched impact strength of the nanocomposites was also improved. For systems containing clay in the range of 2.1 to 3.5 wt %, the impact strength was almost two times as large as that of pure PVC. However, those mechanical properties began to decrease with the continuously increasing amount of clay. The fracture surface of pure PVC and the nanocomposites was observed by scanning electron microscope. Thermal properties of the nanocomposites were found to increase as a result of clay incorporation. The glass transition temperatures of the PVC/clay nanocomposites were nearly identical to that of pure PVC. The Vicat softening points exhibited a progressively increasing trend with the clay content added. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 277–286, 2004
Strain rate effects on the mechanical properties of polymer composite materials
Authors: Jacob George C. , Starbuck J. Michael , Fellers John F. , Simunovic Srdan , Boeman Raymond G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper is a detailed review of the strain rate dependence of some mechanical properties of polymer composite materials. An attempt is made to present and summarize much of the published work relating to the effect of strain rate studies done in the past on the tensile, shear, compressive, and flexural properties of composite materials to better understand the strain rate effects on these mechanical properties of fiber‐reinforced polymer composite materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 296–301, 2004
Synthesis of molecularly imprinted microspheres for recognition of trans‐aconitic acid
Authors: Jiang Yong , Tong Ai‐Jun 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the presence of a template molecule, trans‐aconitic acid and, using acetonitrile as solvent and dispersing medium, monodispersed microspheres with a diameter of 600–700 nm bearing molecularly imprinted binding sites were prepared by precipitation polymerization. It was found that the concentrations of template, monomer, and crosslinking agent as well as the chemical structure of the template greatly affect the polymer configuration. Microspheres are produced only when the concentration of the template molecule and the functional monomer are finely tuned. Comparison with the performance of a conventional imprinted polymer monolith showed that the imprinted microsphere had obvious advantages in specific binding to template molecule. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 542–547, 2004
Investigation of the viscoelastic and transport properties of interfacially polymerized barrier layers using pendant drop mechanical analysis
Authors: Khare Vivek P. , Greenberg Alan R. , Krantz William B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPendant drop mechanical analysis (PDMA) enables the mechanical and transport characterization of unsupported interfacially polymerized (IP) thin films. PDMA was used to study the viscoelastic and permeation behavior of films formed by the interfacial polymerization of m‐phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The viscoelastic properties were obtained by stress‐relaxation experiments wherein IP films on the surface of aqueous MPD drops were deformed and the decrease in the internal pressure resulting from stress relaxation was monitored with time. The stress‐relaxation behavior was interpreted using the fractional exponential relaxation model. The two model parameters, τ and β, are related to the degrees of crosslinking and branching, respectively. Water transport was generated by an osmotic gradient across the IP films, and permeation data were obtained by monitoring the increase in the drop size with time. Whereas the network structure was relatively insensitive to MPD concentration, the TMC concentration had a significant effect on the degrees of crosslinking and branching; τ evidenced a maximum at 0.1 wt % TMC concentration and β decreased monotonically with TMC concentration. The effect of organic‐phase reactant functionality was studied by incorporating isophthaloyl chloride (difunctional) with TMC. For TMC fractions > 25 wt %, the network structure was relatively insensitive to TMC fraction in the isophthaloyl chloride–TMC mixture. The transport experiments enabled the determination of a membrane constant A. The transport results generally corroborated the trends observed in the stress‐relaxation experiments, thus demonstrating the close association between the network structure and transport behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 558–568, 2004
Decomposition of poly(ethylene glycol) in nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Biqiong , Evans Julian R. G. , Holding Steve 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been widely used in studies of polymer–clay nanocomposites because it readily intercalates in smectite clays. Nanocomposites were formed from PEG with molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 300 to 20,000, as evidenced by expansion of the basal planar spacing of the clay (d001) in X‐ray diffraction. However PEG with high molecular weight (≥ 10,000) readily underwent degradation during preparation of composites when heated at low temperature (60°C) due to oxidative attack. Molecular weight distribution determined by gel permeation chromatography showed that this degradation always happened with or without the presence of clay and it became more serious when the molecular weight was higher. The reduction in pH of aqueous PEG solutions after degradation increased with molecular weight. Since d001 was independent of molecular weight over a wide range, such degradation cannot be detected by this method. Precautions against oxidative attack are therefore recommended to avoid decomposition when preparing PEG–clay nanocomposites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 548–552, 2004
QSAR Analysis of Some Fused Pyrazoles as Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitors: A Hansch Approach
Authors: Prasanna Sivaprakasam , Manivannan Elangovan , Chaturvedi Subash Chandra 
Published: July 2004

AbstractQuantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) for two unique series of centrally fused pyrazole ring systems have been studied for selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitory activity. Several statistically significant QSAR models were developed and suggest that hydrophobicity of entire molecules and a fluorine atom substitution at position 8 of the non benzene sulphonyl ring fused with central pyrazole core of series 1 compounds is crucial for improved COX‐2 selectivity. Various structural and physicochemical stipulations to improve the inhibitory activities of the enzymes among individual series of compounds are also discussed. The conclusions derived may serve as an example to advance the design of new selective COX‐2 inhibitors.
Dimensionierung von Grundwasserabsenkungen – Probleme und Lösungen
Authors: Weyrauch Fritz , Schöffel Georg 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDiese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse von Anomalien der Funktion Qs, die den Wasserandrang zu einer Baugrube beschreibt. Ihre Ursache liegt in der unbedachten Verwendung der Sichardtschen Reichweitenformel. Es wird eine Lösung vorgeschlagen, die die Anomalien beseitigt. Außerdem werden Verfahren zur Berechnung der erforderlichen Brunnenzahl bei gegebener Absenktiefe bzw. der erzielten Absenkung bei gegebener Brunnenzahl und des k‐Wertes bei einem Pumpversuch entwickelt.
Ein neues FEM‐Stabelement für nachgiebige Verbundquerschnitte
Authors: Gollwitzer Thomas , Gebbeken Norbert 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEin neues FEM‐Stabelement für einen n‐teiligen, nachgiebigen Verbundquerschnitt wird vorgestellt. Mit Hilfe des Prinzips der virtuellen Arbeit wird die Steifigkeitsmatrix des Elements hergeleitet. Sie besteht aus der Summe der Steifigkeitsmatrizen der Einzelstäbe und der Summe der Steifigkeitsmatrizen der Verbundfugen. Anhand einer bekannten analytischen Lösung des γ‐Verfahrens wird die Lösung verifiziert und validiert. Dem Anwender wird eine maximale Elementlänge ℓ, empfohlen.
Zur praktischen Ermittlung von statischen Windlasten an Bauwerken mit der Singularitätenmethode
Authors: Rosemeier Gustav‐Erich 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn Fortführung des bisherigen Konzeptes [1] wird gezeigt, wie statische Windlasten bei Hochbauten in guter Näherung rechnerisch ermittelt werden können. Dabei lassen sich die bisherigen Ergebnisse von Standardprofilen nützlich verwenden. Als Ziel der vorgelegten Untersuchungen soll eine übergeordnete Systematik einer Strömungsmechanik mit abgelösten turbulenten Strömungszonen (Totwasser) erkennbar sein.