bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When and How Much Should You Contribute to Your TIAA-CREF Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the time value of money, the answer boils down to early, often, and as much as you can. Remember that any contributions made to your retirement plan are deducted from your gross income for income tax purposes. The U.S. Treasury is subsidizing your accumulation of a pension account. Surprisingly, not all governmental largesse gets funneled into the pockets of large campaign contributors. Given enough affected voters, Congress will, from time to time, enact legislation with broad economic sweep. Separate from matters of politics and civics, of course, you want to leverage your contributions through your employer’s match, another form of governmental subsidization. We have dwelt on the time value of money. Inherent in that concept and what provides the driving engine is the power of compounding earnings and the exponential growth it can produce. You need to know the difference between compound and simple interest to become savvy about what is happening to your TIAA-CREF accounts. This may appear simplistic, but, in our experience, very few of our clients fully appreciate the difference in results that occur using the two different methods. So bear with us.
What is the Transfer Payout Annuity?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have alluded to the TPA from time to time, and now it gets the attention it clearly deserves. The TPA is literally an annuity, and it represents the mechanism by which funds are transferred from a TIAA accumulation to either one of the other investment choices in the TIAA-CREF family or as a taxable distribution after age 59112 to the participant.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Annuity Choices?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you consider the various options described in the previous chapter, you need to remember that your situation is unique. From experience, we know that you will probably bounce ideas off people whom you know well, who know you, and certainly whom you trust. Beware, however, advice from a well-meaning friend who may have just made a decision and whose situation may be slightly or even significantly different from yours, but who feels confident that her choice is by far the best. All too often those who may have made a choice, right or wrong, will defend it vigorously and seek confirmation through the conversion of others. Although we have not undertaken a scientific survey, empirical evidence suggests that the louder the defense, the likelier it is that the decision was wrong.
Should you Annuitize? The Pros and the Cons
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision as to whether to annuitize has several dimensions. It does provide the highly desirable lifetime income, thereby alleviating the risk that you will run out of money in old age. In effect, you will have your pension or annuity and Social Security, along with whatever other income your assets produce, to live on. If you husband those other income sources well, then you will have three legs to your stool and, one hopes, a satisfactory amount of income for the balance of your days. Obviously, if you elect a joint annuity and the same assumptions are made, your annuity partner will benefit as well.
What Should You Do if You Are Single?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A marriage penalty may still exist in the income tax portions of the Code when this book reaches you, but, generally speaking, the Code favors married couples, and most tax analyses presume that the readership will consist entirely of married couples. The gift and estate tax provisions of the Code in particular tilt heavily in favor of the married couple. Nonetheless, the fact remains that a great many people are single, either unmarried, divorced, or widowed, and their needs require attention, even if they are not blessed with various tax breaks under the Code.
What Alternative Does TIAA-CREF Offer to Its Annuities?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although TIAA-CREF is oriented toward annuities, one significant alternative to the annuity does exist within the TIAA-CREF universe. It will dominate much of the discussion in part V. Mandated by Congress and called the Minimum Distribution Option by TIAA-CREF, this payment method tracks the legal requirements contained in Sec-tion 401(a)(9) of the Code and the Proposed Regulations thereunder. The Internal Revenue Service has indicated that one can treat these regulations as though they were final, and they play a critical role in formulating an estate plan where a TIAA-CREF and/or any other types of retirement account (treating multiple plans as though they were one) constitute the largest asset.
What are we Talking About?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up until now, all of the chapter titles have consisted of questions that you would theoretically ask yourself. This one poses a question from you to us, and we think that you are entitled to an answer as to the subject matter of this section of the book. We begin with the background against which our thinking has been formulated and our experience formed.
What are the Benefits of Estate Planning for Your Retirement Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only way to pass a TIAA-CREF account beyond the current generation requires that you elect not to annuitize. You must instead elect the Minimum Distribution Option, because that avoids the conversion of the account into a premium. The first benefit, assuming that this comports with your values and resources, is that you will have responsibility for your own financial destiny. To underline the point, you have rejected the safety net of a lifetime annuity and have chosen instead to take distributions at your own pace, subject to the governmentally prescribed minimum. You cannot decrease the amount of the MDO; but you can increase it, either through Systematic With-drawals from your TIAA-CREF account, if allowed by your employer’s plan, or by hitting other retirement or nonretirement assets.
What Effect Does Your or Your Spouse’s Not Being an American Citizen Have on Your Estate Plan?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up until this point, we have not differentiated between American citizens and noncitizens and their estate planning. And until 1988, neither did Congress. But for the last twelve years, the treatment of noncitizens for estate tax purposes has changed dramatically. You may find these rules to be, at the very least, discriminatory; in our minds, they border on the punitive.
Perspective on Change and Development in Organizations
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Explaining organizational change has been an enduring quest of scholars in many disciplines. Change and development processes are central to such organizational phenomena as careers, group decision-making, organizational strategy formation, innovation, and interorganizational networks. Contemporary intellectual currents, exhibited in the rising interest in such topics as individual and organizational life cycles, structuration theory, and nonlinear systems thinking, echo Heraclitus’s claim that “nothing is permanent save change.” These positions view even seemingly stable phenomena such as industry structures, which appear to change slowly if at all, in terms of continuous processes that maintain stability under current conditions, but are capable of effecting broad, rapid change if circumstances change. They are consistent with Hernes’s (1976) stricture that an adequate theory should explain stability and change in terms of a common process theory.
A Typology of Process Theories
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizations change constantly on many different levels. The processes that we see unfolding in these changes—whether they pertain to transitions in individuals’ jobs and careers, group formation and development, or organizational innovation, growth, reorganization, and decline—have been exceedingly difficult to explain or predict. Kurt Lewin reminds us that in this buzzing, booming, confusing world of organizational change, “nothing is so practical as a good theory” (1945). Good theory is practical precisely because it provides a systematic way to understand complex phenomena in the real world. Moreover, good theory guides research toward crucial questions and issues, and in deciding what specific process or variance methods to use in a study. Hence, before going into a variety of data collection and analysis methods in the remainder of this book, this chapter will discuss alternative theories of organizational change and development that can guide researchers in conducting their studies.
Phasic Analysis
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stochastic modeling derives structure from event sequence data based on event-to-event linkages. This approach yields an account of development in which each event is treated as meaningful in its own right. But it is often the case that there are broader patterns of development, phases or stages comprised of individual events. In this case, the events are meaningful not only in their own right, but also as constituents of a broader developmental sweep represented by the phase or stage. As we noted in chapter 5, events may vary widely in their temporal extension, and more macrolevel events (phases) may be comprised of microlevel events (individual events just one order above the incidents in the data file).
Medical Therapy for Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevention of ischemic stroke is the most cost-effective strategy for treatment of patients with cerebrovascular disease Economically, prevention of stroke eliminates the costs of acute hospital care and rehabilitation. Prevention is key in lowering mortality and morbidity from ischemic stroke. Effective therapies to forestall stroke also improve quality of life for both.
Toxic Neuropathies: Drugs, Metals, and Alcohol
Authors: Erdem Sevim , Kissel John T , Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of the neurotoxicity of drugs has very practical application in the evaluation of patients with peripheral neuropathies of unknown etiology. It is not unusual to be asked to consult on patients with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy who are taking numerous drugs, many of which may have neurotoxic side effects. Information regarding the most important of these drugs is reviewed in this chapter.
Leprous Neuropathy
Authors: Said Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stigma of leprosy dates back to before the Middle Ages, yet the causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, was not discovered until 1874 by G. A. Hansen in Bergen, Norway. At that time, leprosy was common in many parts of Europe, before it declined there and worldwide. The factors leading to the regression of leprosy are not fully understood but are presumed to be related to improved knowledge of its natural history and greater recognition of its clinical and pathological manifestations. Treatment may also have played some role in its decline; however, other factors are likely to have contributed more significantly. The prevalence of leprosy was waning long before the introduction of sulfone therapy in 1941.
Avoid Strength, Attack Weakness
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the Persian Gulf War Saddam Hussein, leader of the nation of Iraq, possessed the fourth largest army in the world. Its sixty-three di­ visions included eight elite Republican Guard units. Armed with the latest Soviet tanks, South African artillery, Chinese and French anti­ ship missiles, Soviet and French fighter planes, SCUD regional missiles, and chemical munitions capability, the Iraqi army had been tested in a decade-long war with Iran. It was thus no surprise that it was able to overrun its small neighbor Kuwait quite easily. This move in turn led a coalition of nations, led by the United States, whose purpose was to drive Iraq back and liberate Kuwait.
On February 24, r 99 I, the rest and 2nd Divisions of the U.S. Marine Corps launched their assault headlong into the Iraqi units blocking their way to Kuwait City. The attack landed exactly where Saddam Hussein expected it: along the most direct route the Americans could take to liberate Kuwait. It was there that the Iraqi dictator had positioned the majority of his million-man army.
Myopathy Related To HIV And Opportunistic Conditions
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myopathies that may complicate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are different from other potential non-HIV– related neurologic complications. Importantly, they are less tightly linked to the stage of HIV disease. Therefore, in the following discussion it should be remembered that a particular myopathy (excluding that which might be related to an opportunistic condition) may occur at almost any stage of HIV disease. To complicate matters further, a clinically useful classification has not been widely accepted. This is largely because the existence of a well-defined myopathy directly related to HIV is contentious: some clinicians believe that HIV can lead to a distinctive myopathy, while others consider it to be associated with a range of myopathies. Some investigators have considered the HIV wasting syndrome as a separate entity, but, because it may be the end result of several myopathies or even systemically active HIV disease with cachexia, it is not discussed separately here.
Introduction
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the first author of this book was in Vienna as a fellow at the International Center for Research in the Social Sciences, he was invited by the director of the Vienna Circle, Frederich Stadler, to present a paper on the development of scientific communication of the Vienna Academy in its earliest years, the decade that succeeded its founding in 1847. Present also were a sociologist, Ulrike Fell, a historian, Mitchell Asch, and a number of graduate students. After the talk. Professor Asch criticized the paper for its stereotyped view of Austrian science, the result of neglecting the contribution of the polytechnics. Professor Fell criticized the paper for its neglect of the social system of the early Academy, especially its silence on the matter of peer review. As the host, Professor Stadler, a philosopher of science, was perhaps too polite to point out that the author of the paper had made no contribution to his discipline. This is a representative anecdote in Kenneth Burke’s sense: it seems the fate of studies in the communication and argumentation of science that they should be frequently misunderstood as defective contributions to the history, sociology, or philosophy of science, rather than independent contributions to our understanding of an essential, but otherwise neglected, aspect of what it was and what it is to do science.
Communicative and Argumentative Development Illustrated
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present in their most dramatic form the changes in style, presentation, and argumentation that scientific articles underwent in their journey from the 17th to the 21st century. We compare the style, presentation, and argumentation of two biological articles written nearly 300 years apart: a 17th-century article on the behavior of juices in different plant species and a 20th-century article on the origin and development of soluble ribonucleic acid, a building block in protein synthesis. We have purposely selected articles so far apart in time to give readers the firmest sense possible of the scientific article as a developing textual entity, characterized by continuities and discontinuities in style, presentation, and argument. It is these developments that we will describe in detail in the pairs of chapters that follow, developments we will try to explain in our final chapter.
Style and Presentation in the 18th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 80th issue of Philosophical Transactions features a 12-page article by an up-and-coming young scientist, Isaac Newton—his first scientific publication and the first major scientific article in English. The Transactions editor received this article on 6 February 1672 and published it with minor revisions less than two weeks later. The initial reception of Newton’s article was largely positive: it had an early impact on thinking about light and color in England and on the Continent, and though hotly contested on many fronts (see Bazerman 1988, pp. 80-127; Gross 1990, pp. 111-128; Westfall 1993, pp. 85-109), it was taken seriously by the prominent natural philosophers in England and Europe. Newton’s main contention was that white light, far from being simple, as previously believed, was a compound of all the colors of the spectrum, a compound that could be decomposed by passing white light through a prism and recomposed through reversing that passage in a second prism.
Behavioral Neuroanatomy Large-Scale Networks, Association Cortex, Frontal Syndromes, the Limbic System, and Hemispheric Specializations
Authors: Mesulam M -Marsel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human brain displays marked regional variations in architecture, connectivity, neurochemistry, and physiology. This chapter explores the relevance of these regional variations to cognition and behavior. Some topics have been included mostly for the sake of completeness and continuity. Their coverage is brief, either because the available information is limited or because its relevance to behavior and cognition is tangential. Other subjects, such as the processing of visual information, are reviewed in extensive detail, both because a lot is known and also because the information helps to articulate general principles relevant to all other domains of behavior.
Community, Media, and Government Relations
Authors: Hall Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computer has changed the daily work of public relations professionals as much as it has affected accountants and engineers. Press releases and annual reports may look much the same, but desktop published newsletters and graphics-designed brochures have proliferated, and every organization now needs a Website. The scope of community relations activities has also expanded. Many public relations people run speakers’ bureaus, some coordinate volunteer services, and others facilitate self-help groups. Along with the expansion of activities, public relations professionals in healthcare organizations are now expected to assess the social and political environments in which the organization operates for the purpose of guiding activities that affect the community in many ways. Publicity concerning community health programs offered by the organization, for example, has developed into a wide range of networking activities with community organizations to identify needs and implement the delivery of these programs. Healthcare organizations are major property holders, and community relations professionals have found themselves involved in zoning and city planning. Healthcare organizations are major users of public services such as fire and police protection, and public relations professionals may play a role in addressing security problems in their communities. Community relations professionals are now at the forefront of a wide range of organizational activities.
Inner Hygiene in the Nineteenth Century: The Consequences of Constipation
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constipation (from the Latin constipo, to press or crowd together) is defined by Dorland’s Medical Dictionary as “infrequent or difficult evacuation of the feces.” Dorland’s is a standard source of medical definitions, but if the story that follows is to be clear, the nonmedical reader needs a more thorough explanation of constipation than that. The condition is the result of a complex physiological process being disrupted by any of several interfering factors, and both the process and the factors play leading roles in the evolution of physicians’ and lay persons’ thinking about constipation.
Restorative Justice & Responsive Regulation
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Braithwaite’s argument against punitive justice systems and for restorative justice systems establishes that there are good theoretical and empirical grounds for anticipating that well designed restorative justice processes will restore victims, offenders, and communities better than existing criminal justice practices. Counterintuitively, he also shows that a restorative justice system may deter, incapacitate, and rehabilitate more effectively than a punitive system. This is particularly true when the restorative justice system is embedded in a responsive regulatory framework that opts for deterrence only after restoration repeatedly fails, and incapacitation only after escalated deterrence fails. Braithwaite’s empirical research demonstrates that active deterrence under the dynamic regulatory pyramid that is a hallmark of the restorative justice system he supports, is far more effective than the passive deterrence that is notable in the stricter "sentencing grid" of current criminal justice systems.
Sustainable Development
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as restorative practices and the values of restorative justice have a useful contribution to make to peace in the world, so they have something to offer the sustainable development that is one of the conditions for that peace. Sustainable development is crucial to peace if we frame it as giving priority to those who have been left behind in the economic struggle—the poor of the developing world. Conceived in this way, sustainable development is a political objective that advances social justice.
Economic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Contributions to Strategy Theory
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is written with several partially overlapping audiences in mind. Most broadly, our argument to the strategy field is that cognitive theories should be placed alongside economic and behavioral theories as a foundation for the field. This chapter summarizes major contributions from each of these theoretic perspectives as alternative theories of the firm.