bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-14 The Effects of Co-Twin Sex on Fitness Traits in Young Meat Goat Does
Authors: Landskroener Christian , Hayes Emily G , Browning Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study examined if co-twin status influenced reproductive and health traits in meat goat does. Herd records of does identified as twin-born between 2003-2022 in the Tennessee State University Research herd were evaluated for fitness traits as two and three-year-olds. Twin category (TC) was classified as female co-twin (n = 188; FT) or male co-twin (n = 194; MT). Study does were the crossbred or purebred daughters of Kiko, Myotonic, Spanish, and South African (Boer and Savanna) sire breeds. Traits analyzed were birth weight (BWT), weaning weight ratio (WWR), doe breeding body weight (DWT), fecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), kidding rate (KR), weaning rate (WR), and survival rate (SR) using MIXED and GLIMMIX models of SAS. Birth weight revealed doe sire breed (P &lt; 0.0001) and twin category (P = 0.002) were significant. Study does born with a FT were heavier (2.68 ± 0.06 vs. 2.53 ± 0.06 kg) than does born with MT. South African breeds were heavier (P &lt; 0.0001) than all three breeds, while the Myotonic was lighter (P &lt; 0.0001) than all three breeds. Weaning weight ratio revealed the interaction of TC with doe sire breed (P = 0.05) was significant. The interaction showed that FT Spanish does had a greater (P = 0.01) WWR than MT Spanish does (103.90 ± 2.86 vs. 91.69 ± 2.94). Sire breed (P &lt; 0.0001) and doe age (P &lt; 0.0001) were significant for doe breeding weights but not twin category (P = 0.47). Twin category was significant (P = 0.01) for breeding FEC; does with FT had decreased counts (2.53 ± 0.12 vs 2.34 ± 0.12 eggs/g) than does with a MT. Doe age and TC were not significant for breeding PCV while sire breed (P = 0.01) was significant. Doe age, litter size born, and TC were not significant for kidding FEC and PCV. Doe sire breed was significant (P = 0.003) for kidding FEC. The interaction of TC and litter size weaned was significant for weaning FEC (P = 0.01) and weaning PCV (P = 0.04). The nature of the interaction was within TC class for litter size differences. Doe age (P = 0.008) and sire breed (P &lt; 0.0001) were significant for weaning FEC whereas TC was not significant (P = 0.47). Sire breed (P = 0.86) and TC (P = 0.71) were not significant for SR. Sire breed (P &lt; 0.0001) was significant for KR and WR but not TC (P = 0.29 and P = 0.13). Based on the findings of this study, sex of co-twin had limited influence for the traits tested. Sire breed and doe age had more impact on the traits tested.
PSVI-2 Dietary Supplementation of Phyllanthus Urinaria Ameliorates Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Hens
Authors: Chang Pei-En , Ding Shih-Torng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Phyllanthus urinaria supplement on fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in hens. Forty 7-week-old ISA hens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10), including control diet group (CON), high cholesterol and low choline diet group (CLC), and CLC with 1% P. urinaria powder group (PU). CLC diet and the supplementation of P. urinaria for six weeks exhibited no impact on feed intake and body weight (P &gt; 0.05). The triglyceride (TG) and the total cholesterol (TC) in plasma was increased at week 6 (TG: CON = 18.86 ± 0.97 mg/dL and CLC = 66.45 ± 7.17 mg/dL; TC: CON = 130.41 ± 5.87 mg/dL and CLC = 308.11 ± 27.97 mg/dL); nevertheless, P. urinaria decreased the triglyceride in plasma (PU = 41.19 ± 4.88 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.05), but not total cholesterol (PU = 259.11 ± 20.88 mg/dL, P &gt; 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plasma was decreased with 1% P. urinaria powder group (CLC = 64.81 ± 3.71 mg/dL and PU = 49.13 ± 4.20 mg/dL, P &lt; 0.05). Under liver macroscopic analysis, PU demonstrated the least percentage of severe in hepatic appearance (CLC = 22% and PU = 0%). Similarly, the liver microscopic examination (H&E) suggested the PU supplementation reduced steatosis score (CLC = 2.89 ± 0.11 and PU = 2.11 ± 0.16) and blooning (CLC = 1.63 ± 0.22 and PU = 0.88 ± 0.31) in the hepatocyte. To sum up, this study revealed the hepatoprotective effect of Phyllanthus urinaria and provided a potential strategy for preventing FLHS to improve the welfare in hens.
PSVI-11 Genome-Wide Association Study for 4 Behavior Traits in a Population of Labrador Retrievers Bred as Guide Dogs
Authors: Riser Molly M , Leighton Eldin , Russenberger Jane , Moser Caroline , Fragomeni Breno O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the genetic architecture and investigate genomic regions associated with Body Handling, Harness sensitivity, Self-modulation, and Noise sensitivity in Labrador Retrievers used as guide dogs. A single-step genome-wide association study (ssGWAS) was used for this purpose. Phenotypic data were collected in 4,841 Labrador Retrievers with ages ranging from 3 months to 2.5 years, for all four traits. Phenotypes were selected from the Behavior Checklist, which is a scoring tool used by a skilled scorer to describe aspects of behavior observed during a variety of assessments including formal tests and while training or observing another handler working with the dog. The pedigree file contained 23,593 animals with birth years ranging from 1991 to 2019 from two populations with related ancestors. Genomic data were available for 457 individuals and were obtained by selecting 250K SNPs from whole genome sequences. Associations were calculated as the percentage of variance explained by windows of 80 adjacent SNPs. SNP variances were calculated based on SNP effects that were obtained by back-solving genomic estimated breeding values obtained with the single-step GBLUP method in a genomic selection program with the same population. Additionally, the genomic relationship matrix was modified under a weighted ssGBLUP (wssGBLUP) approach that allowed SNPs to have different distributions. Manhattan plots were generated with the variance explained by SNP windows for 3 iterations of wssGBLUP. After visual inspection of the Manhattan plots, the R package GALLO was used to annotate the genes located within the peaks that explained 0.6% or more of the genetic variance. The maximum amount of variance explained by a window of 80 SNPs was 1.1% for Body Handling. This trait presented three other regions explaining more than 0.6% of the genetic variance. Harness sensitivity presented four peaks above the threshold, with the major one explaining 0.75% of the genetic variance. Self-modulation and Noise sensitivity both had their major peak explaining 0.95% of the genetic variance and presented four and three regions above the threshold, respectively. The genes annotated in the candidate regions were not specifically related to behavior, nor were they involved in any pathway with biological relevance to the phenotypes. Moreover, some of the regions were not annotated, and no associated genes were found. The traits studied in this project were shown to be polygenic and complex, and that explains the lack of major genes. It is expected that the quality of associations will improve as the sample size increases. The next steps of this project are to increase the number of genotyped animals, increase the number of markers, and adopt alternative annotation and enrichment tools for the post-GWAS analysis.
PSVI-10 Effects of Poor Maternal Nutrition During Gestation on Offspring Basal Immune Status
Authors: Reiter Amanda S , Kawaida Mia Y , Tillquist Nicole M , Smith Brandon , Govoni Kristen E , Zinn Steven A , Reed Sarah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition during gestation affects offspring pre- and post-natal growth, decreasing muscularity and increasing adiposity. Chronic inflammation may be a potential mechanism for the alterations reported. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on offspring inflammatory status. We hypothesized that offspring of restricted- and over-fed ewes would have an altered inflammatory status which would be dependent on offspring sex. To test this hypothesis, multiparous Dorset ewes (n = 45) pregnant with twins were fed 100% (CON), 60% (RES), or 140% (OVER) of National Research Council requirements from d 30 of gestation until parturition. At parturition, all ewes were fed a control diet, such that the nutritional insult only occurred during gestation. At d 120, whole blood was collected from offspring and RNA was isolated to evaluate 86 genes related to the innate and adaptive immune responses. Data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 using PROC MIXED with fixed effects of offspring sex, maternal diet, and the interaction. Maternal diet affected 7 genes. Bovine major histocompatibility complex, a gene in the innate immune response, was downregulated by 27% and 37% in OVER compared with CON and RES, respectively (P = 0.001). Cluster of differentiation 86, a marker of T cell activation, was upregulated by 17% in OVER compared with CON (P = 0.04). Lymphocyte antigen 96, critical in the response to pathogens, expression was 48% greater in RES compared with CON (P = 0.04). A transcription factor in cytokine signaling, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was upregulated in OVER and RES offspring by 19 and 21%, respectively, compared with CON (P = 0.02). Pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor-1 (TLR1), TLR4, and TLR8 were upregulated in RES and OVER compared with CON (P ≤ 0.04). The interaction of offspring sex and maternal diet significantly altered gene expression in 2 genes. A regulator of T cell differentiation, GATA Binding Protein 3 was downregulated in OVER females by 21 to 43% compared with all other offspring and was upregulated in OVER males by 26 to 76% compared with all female offspring (P = 0.04). A gene related to cytokine signaling, Janus Kinase 2 was upregulated in RES and OVER males by 29 to 64% compared with all other offspring (P = 0.05). Sex altered gene expression of 54 genes (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, maternal diet altered gene expression of the innate and adaptive immune responses in a sex-specific manner. Alterations in inflammatory status may contribute to altered body composition and may predispose offspring to impaired response to immune challenges. Future work should focus on the impacts of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on the response to an immune challenge.
PSVI-13 Dietary Milk Fat Globule Membrane Improves Neonatal Piglet Intestinal Architecture and Enhances Mucosal Diamine Oxidase Activity Following Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
Authors: Zheng Rui , Brown Rebecca , Jimenez-Flores Rafael , Jacobi Sheila K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early life stressors alter the trajectory of gut development and impair nutrient utilization, barrier function, and animal performance throughout life. Gastrointestinal (GI) maladies increase morbidity and mortality in neonates, and dietary nutrients are essential in supporting GI function. Although maternal milk is the gold-standard for yielding developmental benefits to offspring, genetic selection in the modern sow has resulted in large litter size and milk yield potentially insufficient to achieve the high biological growth potential in sow-reared piglets. Research into milk quality has led to the identification of many bioactive nutrients important in neonatal development. Components of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contribute immensely to neonatal nutrition and gut health. However, mechanisms of actions are still being defined. The objective is to define the effect of MFGM supplementation on neonatal piglet intestinal health. We hypothesize dietary MFGM will enhance piglet intestinal architecture and tight junction (TJ) protein abundance, attenuating systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal barrier disruption. One-day-old piglets (n = 32) were assigned to soy (CON) or MFGM phospholipid supplemented diet (0.75% wt/wt) ± LPS (100 µg/kg body weight) challenge in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 8/diet/challenge). Piglets were fed for 21 d and 8 animals/diet received saline or LPS injections 4 h before euthanasia. Piglet weights and feed intake were recorded daily to calculate performance. Intestinal tissues were collected to assess villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Two biomarkers of intestinal integrity, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and diamine oxidase (DAO), were measured in serum or tissue. Protein abundance of claudin-1 and occludin in ileal and colonic mucosa were detected by Western blot. Data were analyzed by 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of traetments using the PROC MIXED. Dietary MFGM had no adverse impact on growth performance or TJ proteins (P &gt; 0.05). Dietary MFGM increased VH (CON: 348.8 and MFGM: 427.0 ± 26.79 µm) and decreased CD (CON: 166.3 and MFGM: 147.4 ± 8.42 µm) in ileum, thereby increasing the VH: CD ratio (CON: 2.2; MFGM: 3.1 ± 0.13; P &lt; 0.05). Further, LPS treatment increased serum I-FABP by 4.4-fold and decreased jejunal mucosal DAO by 0.5-fold compared with saline treatment (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, there was a 93.1 % increase in colon DAO activity with MFGM diet compared with soy-fed pigs, regardless of LPS challenge (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary MFGM improved neonatal piglet ileum architecture and increased colon DAO activity, potentially attenuating the intestinal barrier disruption following LPS challenge.
PSIX-23 Fecal Starch in Feedlot Cattle as Affected By Sampling Time and Storage Method
Authors: Gonçalves Jonathan , Igarasi Mauricio , Da Silva Thiago , Cardoso Milton , Bernardes Thiago 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fecal starch analysis is a useful tool for monitoring starch digestibility in beef feeding operations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of time of day and feces storage method on fecal starch concentration. A commercial feedlot was asked to participate in this study. For both experiments, fecal samples were collected from 5 pens (replicates) of cattle, which were consuming the finishing diet for about 40 d. Dry-ground corn was the primary energy source, with an inclusion of 32.6% DM in the diet. Corn silage was another source of starch (15.5% DM in the diet). Cattle were fed 4 times a day (0800, 1000, 1330, and 1600 h). Pens had on average 51 animals and the estimated average body weight was 495 kg. Fecal samples (~20 g) were collected from 10 undisturbed piles and composited. In Exp. 1, sampling was performed at 6 different times within day: 0800, 0930, 1100, 1330, 1500, and 1630 h. After sampling, all composite samples were frozen for further analyses. In Exp. 2, fecal samples were collected at 1000 h and subjected to 5 storage methods, as follows 1) oven dried, 2) dried by an Air Fryer device, 3) frozen, 4) cooled for 24 h in a cooler box at 4oC and subsequently frozen, and 5) addition of 50 g of 70% alcohol in 100 g of feces. Fecal samples were analyzed for DM and total starch. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, followed by a Tukey test at P ≤ 0.05. Fecal starch was unaffected by sampling time (P = 0.60). Average starch concentration was 4.25% of DM. Regarding storage methods, samples from Air Fryer and those mixed with alcohol had greater starch concentration (5.75 and 5.81% of DM, respectively) than other treatments (4.76, 4.83, and 4.96% of DM for those frozen, oven-dried, and cooled for 24 h, respectively). Overall, time of day did not influence determination of fecal starch concentration. In contrast, storage method influenced fecal starch concentration, but the differences were minimal.
PSIX-22 Performance, Digestibility, and Blood Parameters in Pregnant Beef Cows Fed Total Mixed Ration Silages
Authors: Ferreira Robson , Vaz Vinicius , Domingues Edmilson , Gionbelli Mateus P , Casagrande Daniel R , Bernardes Thiago 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two total mixed ration (TMR) silages (low and high rumen undegradable protein; RUP) on digestibility, blood parameters, and performance in pregnant beef cows. Thirty-three mid-gestation (~130 d of gestation) Tabapua beef cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a TMR silage containing Brachiaria grass, soybean hulls, urea, and mineral mix (low RUP; n = 16) or 2) a TMR silage containing Brachiaria grass, DDG, and mineral mix (high RUP; n = 17). The concentration of A1 fraction was, on average, 12.9% and 34.0% of N in low and high RUP silages, respectively. A preservative with a blend of organic acids, surfactants, and activated propionates was applied in both silages. Pressed bag silos were used to conserve silages for 7 wk. Cows were housed in individual pens for 100 d. During a 4-d digestion period (at 50 d of housing), fecal samples were collected for measurement of nutrient digestibility using undigested neutral detergent fiber as a marker. Blood parameters were collected at the last day of housing. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Diet, calf sex (male or female), and interactions between these factors were considered fixed effects. No differences were obtained for initial BW. High RUP diet showed greater final BW (P = 0.0004) and ADG (P = 0.0003). Cows fed high RUP gained 50 g/d, while cows fed low RUP diet lost 445 g/d. Dry matter intake was greater by 23% (P &lt; 0.0001) in cows consuming high RUP silage. Dry matter, CP, and NDF digestibility did not differ between treatments. Regarding blood parameters, no differences were observed for glucose at 0 h and 4 h post-feeding. Plasma urea at 0 h post-feeding was greater in cows fed low RUP silage (P = 0.0003). However, no differences were observed for plasma urea at 4 h post-feeding. The plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.017) and beta-hydroxy-butyric acid (P = 0.002) were greater in cows consuming low RUP diet. Overall, feeding pregnant cows during mid-gestation with TMR silage containing high RUP promotes greater performance.
PSIX-21 Evaluation of Methane Emissions Predictions from Observed Methane Emissions Data in Beef Steers, Heifers and Bulls
Authors: Place Sara E , Swenson Maya , Raynor Edward J , Stackhouse-Lawson Kim R , Speidel Scott E , Enns R Mark , Carvalho Pedro H V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enteric methane emissions from cattle are the largest source of agricultural methane emissions; however, measuring enteric methane emissions is costly and infeasible in many environments. Consequently, prediction of enteric methane emissions for greenhouse gas emissions inventories for reporting and carbon market purposes is an important alternative to measurement. The objective of the current experiment was to evaluate the relationship between feed intake and methane emissions, and to compare observed methane emissions with commonly used enteric methane emissions prediction equations. Cattle (n = 194; steers n = 99, heifers n = 58, bulls n = 37) were housed at the Colorado State University Climate Smart Research pens equipped with Smartfeed feed intake measurement and Greenfeed emissions monitoring systems (C-Lock, Rapid City, SD). Body weight, body weight gain, dry matter intake, and methane emissions were collected for 37 days for each individual animal. All summary statistics and univariate fit analyses were conducted in JMP Pro 15.0 (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC). Observed methane emissions were compared with three extant methane prediction equations: IPCC tier 2 (IPCC), Moraes et al. (2014) animal-level (MAL), and Mills et al. (2003) non-linear equation 2 (MNL). Mean observed methane emissions were 185.3 g· animal-1· day-1 [standard deviation (SD) = 31.1], 135.6 g· animal-1· day-1 (SD = 29.3), and 177.8 g· animal-1· day-1 (SD = 20.1), for steers, heifers, and bulls, respectively. Across all 194 animals mean feed intake was 6.33 kg/d (SD = 1.65) and mean methane emissions were 169 g· animal-1· day-1 (SD = 36.2; Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.65). When comparing observed vs. predicted methane emissions, MNL over predicted methane emissions (mean = 182.7 g· animal-1· day-1), whereas MAL (mean 119.3 g· animal-1· day-1) and IPCC (mean = 136.6 g· animal-1· day-1) underpredicted methane emissions (P &lt; 0.01). Of the 3 prediction equations, MAL had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 20.9 (R square = 0.50), followed by IPCC (RMSE = 27.2, R square = 0.42), and MNL (RMSE = 32.8, R square = 0.42). The current preliminary data suggests further refinement of enteric methane emissions prediction equations could improve inventories and estimates of enteric methane emissions on commercial cattle operations.
PSXII-17 The Influence of Sire on Gestation Length and Calf Performance
Authors: Carter Mason A , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine sire effects on calf gestation length (GL), birthweight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and intermediate feedlot weight (IFW) in beef cattle. In this study, five sires (four Braunvieh and one Simmental) were used to artificially inseminate (AI) commercial cows in Northwest Arkansas resulting in crossbred calves (n = 76) being born in the Fall 2021. Dates for AI were recorded at time of service in December 2020. At parturition, the calf date of birth (DOB) and a hoof-tape BW were recorded. Calf performance data collection included WW and IFW. Calves were categorized into sire groups (n = 5) and GL groups (n = 3). Sire groups included Braunvieh sire A through D and Simmental sire E. Gestation length groups included Short GL of 26 to 278 d (SGL), Average GL of 279 to -290 d (AGL) and Long GL of 291 to 305 d (LGL). Preliminary data were analyzed using Excel. Through ANOVA, GL groups were determined to be statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) with means of 276.3 ± 1.8 d for SGL (n = 24), 283.2 ± 2.5 d for AGL (n = 24), and 300.5 ± 10.3 d for LGL (n = 16). When comparing sire groups, no significant differences were found for GL (P = 0.39), BW (P = 0.71), WW (P = 0.64) or IFW (P = 0.84) between sires. Descriptive statistics for GL, BW, WW and IFW were 282.0 ± 7.2 d, 36.6 ± 6.4 kg, 262.3 ± 17.4 kg and 544.2 ± 43.0 kg for Sire A, 281.7 ± 9.3 d, 36.7 ± 15.8 kg, 247.8 ± 25.8 kg and 532.0 ± 26.4 kg for Sire B, 285.6±9.8d, 35.2±14.1kg, 259.8±26.1kg and 528.4±34.4kg for Sire C, 284.5±2.1 d, 40.4 ± 0.0 kg, 249.5 ± 32.1 kg and 532.1 ± 0.0kg for Sire D and 288.5 ± 14.4d, 35.4 ± 10.3 kg, 261.7 ± 34.2 kg and 542.9 ± 36.8 kg for Sire E. Gestation length was found to have no significant differences between bull and heifer calves (P = 0.37), with bull calves averaging a greater numerical value of 2.6 d when compared with heifer calves. A significant difference was found between bull and heifer BW (P &lt; 0.05). Means BW for bull calves were 5.43 kg heavier than heifer calves. These data suggest that GL and BW trends follow previous publications when using GL as a breeding selection tool for commercial beef production.