bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1993–2002
Authors: Schneider Eileen 
Published: April 2005

Objectives. I examined trends in and epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) within the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population of the United States and compared TB trends and characteristics in that population with TB trends and characteristics within other racial/ethnic groups. Methods. I analyzed all verified cases of TB reported to the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2002. Results. From 1993 through 2002, 196133 TB cases were reported, 2612 (1.3%) of which were in the AIAN population. During this period, TB case rates declined 40.4% among AIAN peoples, the smallest decrease among any US-born racial/ethnic group. In 2002, 15075 TB cases (5.2 per 100000 population) were reported, 180 of which were in the AIAN population (8.4 per 100000 population)—almost 6 times the rate for non-Hispanic Whites (1.5 per 100000 population). Conclusions. TB continues to be a significant health problem for the AIAN population. Vigilance and collaboration among local, state, federal, AIAN, and tribal TB control programs are essential to TB elimination among the AIAN population.
Social Epidemiology of Trauma Among 2 American Indian Reservation Populations
Authors: Manson Spero M. , Beals Janette , Klein Suzell A. , Croy Calvin D. ,   the AI-SUPERPFP Team
Published: April 2005

Objectives. We examined the prevalence of trauma in 2 large American Indian communities in an attempt to describe demographic correlates and to compare findings with a representative sample of the US population. Methods. We determined differences in exposure to each of 16 types of trauma among 3084 tribal members aged 15 to 57 years through structured interviews. We compared prevalence rates of trauma, by gender, across the 2 tribes and with a sample of the US general population. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships of demographic correlates to trauma exposure. Results. Lifetime exposure rates to at least 1 trauma (62.4%–67.2% among male participants, 66.2%–69.8% among female participants) fell at the upper limits of the range reported by other researchers. Unlike the US general population, female and male American Indians exhibited equivalent levels of overall trauma exposure. Members of both tribes more often witnessed traumatic events, experienced traumas to loved ones, and were victims of physical attacks than their counterparts in the overall US population. Conclusions. American Indians live in adverse environments that place them at high risk for exposure to trauma and harmful health sequelae.
Recursive blind image deconvolution via dispersion minimization
Authors: Vural C. , Sethares W. A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper presents an adaptive autoregressive (AR) approach to the blind image deconvolution problem which has several advantages over standard adaptive FIR filters. There is no need to figure out the optimum filter support when using an AR deconvolution filter because it is the same as the support of the blur. Thus there is no distortion introduced by the finite support of the FIR filter. While an FIR filter provides an approximate inverse to the blur at convergence, the AR filter converges to an approximation of the blur itself. Hence, the method can be used for blur identification. Simulations suggest that convergence of the adaptive AR filter coefficients occur rapidly and the improvement in signal‐to‐noise ratios are higher than in the FIR case for a given blur (and with the same step‐size for the adaptive algorithms). When the adaptive AR method is derived naively to minimize the dispersion, it requires a recursion within a recursion which is computationally complex. We propose a simplification that removes the inner recursion, and prove conditions under which this simplification is valid when dealing with binary images. Simulations are used to show that the method may also be applied to certain multi‐valued images as well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H2 production by Zn hydrolysis in a hot‐wall aerosol reactor
Authors: Weiss Rodrigo J. , Ly Hao C. , Wegner Karsten , Pratsinis Sotiris E. , Steinfeld Aldo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA novel process for hydrogen generation from water at high conversion is presented that is based on zinc hydrolysis as part of the two‐step water‐splitting thermochemical cycle of Zn/ZnO redox reactions. It encompasses formation of Zn nanoparticles by steam‐quenching a Zn(g) flow followed by in situ hydrolysis. The process is experimentally demonstrated at the laboratory scale using a tubular aerosol flow reactor featuring a Zn‐evaporation, a mixing and a reaction zone. In the reaction zone, operated at and just below the Zn(g) saturation temperature, Zn particles were formed and hydrolyzed with chemical conversion of up to 70%. The onset of H2 formation is traced to ZnO formation by surface growth along the reactor axis using X‐ray diffraction and microscopic analyses of Zn and ZnO particles collected on the reactor walls and effluents. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Preparation and properties of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes
Authors: Zhao Zhizhen , Li Jingqing , Yuan Xiaoyan , Li Xiang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Sheng Jing 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was electrospun into fibrous membranes from its solutions in a mixture of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone. The electrospun PVDF membranes were viewed under a scanning electron microscope. Effects of acetone amount, polymer concentration, and capillary‐collector distance on the morphology of the membranes were studied. It was suggested that uniform fibrous membranes with fiber diameters ranging mainly from 50 nm to 300 nm were formed from a 15% (wt/v) PVDF solutions in 8 : 2 (v/v) DMF/acetone at 5‐kV voltage, 0.3‐mL/h flow rate, and 10 ∼ 20‐cm capillary‐collector distance. After about 10 h of electrospinning, fibrous PVDF membranes with thickness of approximate 46 μm were obtained. The tensile moduli and the tensile strengths of the electrospun PVDF membranes were 100 ∼ 170 MPa and 4 ∼ 5 MPa, respectively, from the 13% PVDF solution. Analysis of differential scanning calorimeter and wide angle X‐ray diffraction showed that the crystallization of PVDF in the electrospun membranes was weakened compared to the casting film and the raw material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 466–474, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of a series of smectic liquid crystalline elastomers
Authors: He Xiao‐Zhi , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Xiao Ling‐Jiu , Wang Yang , Wu Hai‐Quan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA series of new smectic and cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomers was prepared by graft polymerization of mesogenic monomer with the chiral and nonmesogenic crosslinking agent using polymethylhydrosiloxane as backbone. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers obtained were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H‐NMR). The mesomorphic properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and X‐ray diffraction measurements (XRD). M1 showed smectic (SB, SC, SA) and nematic phases during the heating and the cooling cycles. Polymer P0 and elastomer P1 exhibited smectic B phase, elastomers P2–P5 showed smectic A phase, P6 and P7 showed cholesteric phase, and P8 displayed stress‐induced birefringence. The elastomers containing less than 15 mol % M2 displayed elasticity and reversible phase transition with wide mesophase temperature ranges. Experimental results demonstrated that the glass transition temperatures decreased first and then increased; melting temperatures and the isotropization temperatures and the mesophase temperature ranges decreased with increasing content of crosslinking unit. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 498–506, 2005
Rheological kinetics of acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymer solutions in dimethyl formamide
Authors: Hou Chen , Qu Rong‐jun , Ying Liang , Wang Cheng‐guo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractViscosity behavior of dimethyl formamide solutions of acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymer is discussed. The rheological kinetics of the solutions was studied for contrast. It is shown that the solutions behave the same as Newtonian flow as the rotor speed goes beyond 6 revolutions min−1. With an increase of temperature, the apparent viscosity of acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymer solutions shows a decreasing trend. The changes of the apparent flow–activation energy of solutions calculated by Arrhenius equation become less prominent along with the changes of the molecular weight of acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymers. The apparent flow–activation energy of the copolymer solutions increases continuously with an increase of copolymer concentration. The viscosity of copolymer solutions decreases continuously at concentrations of KCl and NaCl up to 0.02 mol L−1 and then increases. The apparent flow–activation energy of acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymer solutions shows an obvious trend of decrease with addition of alkali salts and the changes of the apparent flow–activation energy of solutions containing NaCl are more prominent than those of solutions containing KCl. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 527–531, 2005
Mechanical and structural properties of melt spun polypropylene/nylon 6 alloy filaments
Authors: Afshari Mehdi , Kotek Richard , Gupta Bhupender S. , Haghighat Kish Mohammad , Nazock Dast Hosein 
Published: April 2005

AbstractInvestigated in the present study are the physical properties, morphology, and structure of PP/N6 alloy filaments (10, 20 wt % N6) made with or without PP‐g‐MAH as compatibilizer. The alloy filaments produced at the take‐up speeds of 300 and 800 m/min were drawn with draw ratio of 3.5 and 2, respectively. Stress–strain curves of PP and alloy filaments show ductile and brittle behavior, respectively. It is suggested that the brittle behavior of alloy filaments is due to the presence of microvoids or micropores at the interface of PP and N6; these lead to stress concentration and thus to a decrease in tenacity, modulus, and elongation at break. Effects of the blending of N6 with PP on birefringence and crystalline and amorphous orientation factors of the composite filaments are studied. The amorphous orientation factor, fam, of PP was found to increase with an increase in the amount of N6. The alloy filaments behaved like isostrain materials and most of the force in spinning and drawing was born by the PP phase. The presence of N6 fibrils helped to orient PP chain molecules in amorphous regions. However, the crystalline factor, fc, of PP decreased with the increase in nylon fraction. This means the presence of the crystals of N6 caused a decrease in the orientation of the PP crystals. LSCM micrographs of the filament showed the presence of matrix–fibril morphology with the N6 fibrils oriented along the axis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 532–544, 2005
Endoscopic treatment of large primary adrenal tumours
Authors: Walz M K , Petersenn S , Koch J A , Mann K , Neumann H P H , Schmid K W 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic adrenalectomy has become the treatment of choice for small benign adrenal tumours but should not be used for malignant lesions. It is debatable whether large and therefore potentially malignant primary adrenal tumours should be removed by minimally invasive techniques.MethodsThree hundred and eighty primary adrenal tumours in 368 patients (142 male and 226 female; mean(s.d.) age 48·9(14·4) years) were excised by laparoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy. Adrenal neoplasias exceeded 6 cm in diameter (range 6–13 cm) in 33 patients (18 male and 15 female; age 42·6(14·2) years).ResultsThere were no deaths. Patients with large tumours had an increased conversion rate (P = 0·039), longer operating time (P &lt; 0·001) and greater intraoperative blood loss (P = 0·007) than those with smaller lesions, but a similar overall morbidity rate (P = 0·207). Six malignant tumours were identified (diameter 4–10 cm; four phaeochromocytomas and two adrenocortical carcinomas). Local recurrence developed in two patients and distant metastasis occurred in all six patients with malignant lesions.ConclusionEndocopic adrenalectomy perfomed by an experienced surgeon should be the treatment of choice for tumours exceeding 6 cm in diameter.
Randomized clinical trial of daclizumab induction and delayed introduction of tacrolimus for recipients of non-heart-beating kidney transplants
Authors: Wilson C H , Brook N R , Gok M A , Asher J F , Nicholson M L , Talbot D 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Kidneys from non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs) have high rates of delayed graft function (DGF). Use of calcineurin inhibitors is associated with a reduction in renal blood flow, which may delay graft recovery from ischaemic acute tubular necrosis.

Methods
To assess whether daclizumab (DZB) could safely replace tacrolimus in the immediate postoperative period, patients were randomized to receive DZB induction and daily mycophenolate mofetil with steroids (DZB group) or standard tacrolimus-based triple therapy (control group). Tacrolimus was given to patients in the DZB group when the serum creatinine level dropped below 350 µmol/l.

Results
Fifty-one patients were recruited at two centres over a 2-year interval between 2000 and 2003. The overall rate of immediate function was 28 per cent (13 of 46 grafts), with the highest rate in recipients of machine-perfused kidneys treated with DZB (eight of 15 patients).

Conclusion
Induction with DZB and delayed introduction of tacrolimus reduced the incidence of DGF in recipients of machine-perfused NHBD kidneys.
Comparison of column performances in direct high‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of 1‐ or 3‐methyl‐substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs. Application of direct and indirect methods
Authors: Péter Antal , Péter Mária , Ilisz István , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe enantioseparability of 1‐ or 3‐methyl‐substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines was investigated by direct and indirect high‐performance liquid chromatography. α‐ and β‐cyclodextrin‐, macrocyclic glycopeptide‐ and cellulose‐based chiral columns and isothiocyanate‐ and Sanger‐type chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs) were applied to attain satisfactory enantioseparation. Of the chiral columns, β‐cyclodextrin‐, vancomycin‐ and teicoplanin‐containing macrocyclic glycopeptide‐based columns appeared to be most suitable; of the CDAs, (1S,2R)‐1‐acetoxy‐1‐phenyl‐2‐propyl isothiocyanate was most favorable. The differences between the selectivities of the columns and CDAs were compared and optimized to yield the best resolution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal QSAR analysis of the carcinogenic activity of drugs by correlation ranking and genetic algorithm‐based PCR
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe major problem associated with principal component regression (PCR), especially in QSAR studies, is that this model extracts the eigenvectors solely from the matrix of predictor variables and therefore they might not have an essentially good relationship with the predicted variable. This paper describes the application of PCR to model the structure–carcinogenic activity of drugs. To obtain the optimal model, correlation ranking and a genetic algorithm were employed for selecting the best set of principal components (PCs). A large data set containing 735 carcinogenic activities and 1355 descriptors was used. Two cross‐validation procedures (leave‐many‐out and ν‐fold cross‐validation) and the hold‐out‐a‐test‐sample (HOTS) method were used to validate the models. It was found that introduction of PCs by the conventional eigenvalue ranking procedure did not produce the perfect model. Instead, factor selection by correlation ranking and genetic algorithm produced good models of similar quality. The models could explain more than 80% of the variances in carcinogenic activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential application of backward interval partial least squares and genetic algorithms for the selection of relevant spectral regions
Authors: Leardi Riccardo , Nørgaard Lars 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIt is nowadays widely accepted that genetic algorithms (GAs) are powerful tools in variable selection and that after suitable modifications they can also be powerful in detecting the most relevant spectral regions for multivariate calibration. One of the main limitations of GAs is related to the fact that when spectral intensities are measured at a very large number of wavelengths the search domain increases correspondingly and therefore the detection of the relevant regions is much more difficult. A modification of interval partial least squares (iPLS), designated backward interval PLS (biPLS), is developed and studied such that it can detect and remove the least relevant regions, thereby reducing the search domain to a size that GAs can handle easily. In this paper the application to two different spectroscopic data sets will be shown: infrared spectroscopic analysis of polymer film additives and determination of the contents of erucic acid and total fatty acids in brassica seeds by near‐infrared spectroscopy. The developed method is compared with model performances based on expert selection of variables as well as with results from application of the previously developed GA‐PLS method. The sequential application of biPLS and GA‐PLS has proven successful, and comparable or better results have been obtained, introducing a more automatic region selection procedure and a substantial decrease in computation time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ensemble methods and partial least squares regression
Authors: Mevik Bjørn‐Helge , Segtnan Vegard H. , Næs Tormod 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecently, there has been increased attention in the literature on the use of ensemble methods in multivariate regression and classification. These methods have been shown to have interesting properties for both regression and classification. In particular, they can improve the accuracy of unstable predictors. Ensemble methods have so far been little studied in situations that are common for calibration and prediction in chemistry, i.e. situations with a large number of collinear x‐variables and few samples. These situations are often approached by data compression methods such as principal component regression (PCR) or partial least squares regression (PLSR). The present paper is an investigation of the properties of different types of ensemble methods used with PLSR in situations with highly collinear x‐data. Bagging and data augmentation by simulated noise are studied. The focus is on the robustness of the calibrations. Real and simulated data are used. The results show that ensembles trained on data with added noise can make PLSR robust against the type of noise added. In particular, the effects of sample temperature variations can be eliminated. Bagging does not seem to give any improvement over PLSR for small and intermediate numbers of components. It is, however, less sensitive to overfitting. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grouping three‐mode data with mixture methods: the case of the diseased blue crabs
Authors: Kroonenberg Pieter M. , Basford Kaye E. , Gemperline Paul J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe primary aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to a three‐mode method of clustering and the useful role it can fulfil in clustering chemical three‐mode data. The analysis of trace elements present in body tissues of diseased blue crabs caught along the coast of North Carolina serves as an example. The clustering method succeeded in separating the diseased crabs from healthy controls, lending support to the hypothesis that the trace elements were the origin of the blue crabs' disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of clarithromycin on the enantioselective disposition of lansoprazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotypes
Authors: Miura Masatomo , Tada Hitoshi , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Uno Tsukasa , Sugawara Kazunobu , Tateishi Tomonori , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of clarithromycin, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, on the enantioselective disposition of lansoprazole among three different CYP2C19 genotype groups in healthy Japanese subjects. These subjects included 6 each of homozygous extensive metabolizers (homEMs), heterozygous extensive metabolizers (hetEMs), and poor metabolizers (PMs). In the EMs of CYP2C19, clarithromycin markedly increased Cmax and the AUC0–∞ of (S)‐lansoprazole and (S)‐hydroxylansoprazole compared with those of the corresponding (R)‐enantiomers. Clarithromycin significantly increased Cmax and the AUC0–∞ of (S)‐lansoprazole in the homEMs by 110% and 115%, respectively, and in the hetEMs by 105% and 103%, respectively, compared with placebo. Furthermore, clarithromycin slightly prolonged the elimination half‐life of (R)‐lansoprazole in the homEMs and hetEMs but did not alter that of (S)‐lansoprazole. In the of PMs CYP2C19, clarithromycin significantly increased Cmax and the AUC0–∞ and significantly prolonged the elimination half‐lives of (R)‐ and (S)‐lansoprazole by 51% and 49%, respectively. The present study suggests that there are significant drug interactions between (R)‐ or (S)‐lansoprazole and clarithromycin in EMs by inhibiting the CYP3A4‐catalyzed sulfoxidation primarily during the first pass, whereas in PMs, the overall metabolism of lansoprazole is inhibited. Chirality 17:338–344, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exciton chirality in trans‐1,2‐diamidocyclohexanes: Fluorescent chromophores
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractN,N′‐Carbonyl‐bridged dipyrrinones constitute a new class of highly fluorescent chromophores suitable for investigations of stereochemistry and absolute configuration. Xanthoglow (N,N′‐carbonylxanthobilirubic acid) diamides of trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane are strongly fluorescent (ϕF = 0.37, λem = 500 nm, λex = 419 nm in CHCl3) but exhibit only weak exciton circular dichroism (CD). In contrast, the diamide of (1R,2R)‐diaminocyclohexane from the xanthoglow analogue whose propionic acid has been replaced by benzoic acid (N,N′‐carbonyl‐8‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐3‐ethyl‐2,7,9‐trimethyl‐(10H)‐dipyrrin‐1‐one) exhibits even stronger fluorescence (ϕF = 0.62, λem = 495 nm, λex = 422 nm in CHCl3) and UV–visible absorption (ε = 41,600 dm3·mol−1·cm−1 at 424 nm) in organic solvents. Its exciton CD (Δε = −13 dm3·mol−1·cm−1, λ = 432 nm; Δε = +2 dm3·mol−1·cm−1, λ = 382 nm) correlates with the exciton chirality rule. Chirality 17:316–322, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.