bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on the treatment of volatile organic compound vapors using a photoreactor equipped with photocatalyst‐coated fabrics
Authors: Park Ok‐Hyun , Kim Chang‐Soo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this study, methods were developed to enlarge the scope of traditional applications of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and to increase the value of felted fabric by allowing volatile organic compound (VOC) degradation as well as dust filtration in a photoreacting fabric filter. In the past, when a V–Ti mixed catalyst was used, the application of felted fabric as a support material for the catalyst was difficult because the active temperature of the catalyst ranged from 250 to 400°C. Thus, in this study catalyst‐coated felted fabric was manufactured at normal temperature conditions, and then fundamental de‐VOC performance tests were conducted under irradiation condition to develop a fabric filter having a de‐VOC function in addition to a dust‐filtration function. Toluene vapor was selected as a sample VOC because it poses health hazards, has been widely used as an organic solvent, and has been known as a compound that is difficult to dissociate. To manufacture and use a fabric filter that degrades VOCS, and removes dust particles through using photocatalyst‐coated fabrics and light sources, optimum operating conditions were obtained by observing the degradation attributed to varying the toluene‐vapor flow rate, the initial toluene concentration, flue gas humidity, TiO2 loading onto the surface of the fabric, and the intensity and wavelength of a near ultraviolet light lamp. To keep the flue gas humidity at a relatively constant level, a system to automatically control the humidity was constructed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3174–3179, 2004
Polyetherols from isocyanuric acid and ethylene carbonate
Authors: Poplewska Izabela , Wȩglowska Elwira , Lubczak Jacek 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA new method of preparation of polyetherols containing perhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine rings from isocyanuric acid and an excess of ethylene carbonate was developed. The course of reaction was studied at various molar ratios of reagents. The structure of the products was established, and some physical properties were measured. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2750–2755, 2004
Cobalt(III)‐mediated microemulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile: Kinetics and particle morphology
Authors: Sahoo Prafulla K. , Samal Bijayashree , Swain Sarat K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe catalytic effect of trans‐dichloro‐bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride (trans‐[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl) complex on the microemulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile, in the absence of added emulsifier, was investigated. Polymerization was studied at varying concentrations of initiator, monomer, complex, and solvent over the temperature range of 30–70°C. The overall activation energy (Ea, 39.26 kJ/mol), energy of dissociation of initiator (Ed, 61.62 kJ/mol), number of micelles (0.122 × 1018), and viscosity average molecular weight of the polymer were computed. The distribution of particle sizes was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the oil‐in‐water microemulsion polymerization was stabilized by the presence of the Co(III) complex, reducing the particle size into the nano range. The average diameters of PAN nanoparticles, obtained by TEM, were in the range of 50–150 nm at maximum conversion. The experimental particle size was mainly dependent on the concentration of complex and temperature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3120–3126, 2004
Surface modification of polyacrylonitrile staple fibers via alkaline hydrolysis for superabsorbent applications
Authors: Gupta Murari Lal , Gupta Bhuvanesh , Oppermann Wilhelm , Hardtmann Gabriele 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile staple fibers was investigated for evaluation as superabsorbent materials. Studies were performed to analyze the hydrolysis of fibers and the quantification of the developed functional groups, such as carboxyl and amide groups as well as changes in the nitrile content by means of Micro‐ATR. Dyeing of the samples with methylene blue was carried out to monitor the carboxyl groups formed during the hydrolysis. A gradual decrease in the nitrile groups and built up of the carboxyl and the amide groups was observed during the hydrolysis. Microscopic investigation carried out to investigate the surface structure of hydrolyzed fibers. Hydrolysis led to surface nonhomogeneity and erosion that was dependent on the hydrolysis conditions. The fibers showed good water retention behavior, making them superabsorbent materials. The dyeing showed more intense coloration in the surface region of the modified fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3127–3133, 2004
Glycidyl methacrylate–grafted linear low‐density polyethylene fabrication and application for polyester/polyethylene bonding
Authors: Pesneau Isabelle , Champagne Michel F. , Huneault Michel A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) was investigated. The grafting was performed by free‐radical grafting in the melt state in a twin‐screw extruder using an organic peroxide as initiator. The effect of initial GMA and peroxide concentration, styrene comonomer addition, as well as initial resin viscosity, on the final content in grafted moieties, unbound homopolymer, and unreacted monomer was assessed. The effect of process parameters such as flow rate, screw rotation speed, and barrel temperature was also investigated. Chemical composition was shown to be the main parameter for controlling grafting level and grafting efficiency. Grafting levels up to 1.8% and efficiency of 90% were reported even though in most conditions, the graft efficiency was severely decreased by the homopolymerization of GMA into polyGMA chains not bound to LLDPE. Finally, the effect of grafting level and the presence of unbound GMA‐based species on the efficiency GMA‐grafted LLDPE as adhesive between polyethylene and polyester were discussed. Good adhesion to poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymer was found for low viscosity grafted polyethylene resins. A significant improvement in adhesive strength on polyester was observed when the molecular weight of the grafted LLDPE was increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3180–3191, 2004
Facile synthesis of poly(4‐hydroxy styrene) from polystyrene
Authors: Deokar S. , Ghadage R. S. , Rajan C. R. , Ponrathnam S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA facile methodology to modify polystyrene, to incorporate alkali soluble hydroxy groups, is reported. Polystyrene of well‐defined number‐average molecular weights in the range of 3000 to 50,000 were prepared by suspension polymerization at 80°C by varying the relative mole ratio of carbon tetrachloride, used as chain transfer agent. Polystyrenes were acetylated; the acetyl groups were converted to acetoxy groups, by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, and hydrolyzed in a nonaqueous alkaline medium to generate hydroxy groups. The extents of modifications were monitored by infrared spectroscopy. The glass transition temperatures of poly(4‐acetylstyrene‐co‐styrene), poly(4‐acetylstyrene‐co‐4‐acetoxystyrene‐co‐styrene), and poly(4‐hydroxystyrene‐co‐4‐acetylstyrene‐co‐styrene) were 107, 134, and 142°C, respectively. The polymers were evaluated in photoresist formulations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3192–3201, 2004
In situ polymerization of unfluorinated and fluorinated acrylic copolymers for the conservation of stone
Authors: Vicini Silvia , Princi Elisabetta , Pedemonte Enrico , Lazzari Massimo , Chiantore Oscar 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe effectiveness of butyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate–based copolymers as consolidants for stone was investigated. The penetration of polymeric consolidating products is extremely slight because of their macromolecular nature and in situ polymerization of the monomers is suggested as an alternative technique to the use of macromolecular solutions. The efficiencies of three products synthesized in situ and fluorinated by various copolymers were comparatively evaluated in terms of surface properties, water permeability, and consolidation on a selected stone substrate. Moreover, because the environmental stability of such polymeric products is one of the key factors for their extensive application for conservative treatments, the photooxidative stability of reference polymers prepared in vitro was also investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3202–3213, 2004
Polymerization rate modeling of ethylene polymerization with supported chromium oxide catalysts
Authors: Choi Kyu Yong , Tang Shihua 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSupported chromium oxide catalysts have long been used for the polymerization of ethylene to high‐density polyethylene. Unlike Ziegler–Natta catalysts, chromium oxide catalyst systems do not require cocatalysts to obtain high polymerization activity. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the chromium oxide catalyst is the presence of an induction period during the initial period of polymerization. The duration of induction period is dependent on many factors such as catalyst preparation, activation procedures, and polymerization conditions. After the induction period, the polymerization rate increases steadily with reaction time until it reaches a stationary value. Although chromium oxide catalysts have been used for years in industrial processes, there is still a dearth of literature concerning the kinetic modeling of chromium oxide catalyzed polymerization processes. In this article, a kinetic model is developed for the chromium oxide catalyzed ethylene polymerization in gas and slurry phases. In this model, it is proposed that the reaction byproduct generated by the reduction of hexavalent chromium species to Cr2+ by ethylene poisons the active sites. With the desorption of the poison species, the deactivated sites are transformed to active sites to polymerize ethylene. The validity of the proposed model is illustrated by comparing the model calculations with the experimental data obtained from gas phase and liquid slurry polymerization experiments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2923–2927, 2004
A honeymoon‐type adhesive for wood products based on acetoacetylated poly(vinyl alcohol) and diamines: Effect of diamines and degree of acetoacetylation
Authors: Mori Atsushi , Kitayama Takashi , Takatani Masahiro , Okamoto Tadashi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe honeymoon‐type adhesive for wood products based on acetoacetylated poly(vinyl alcohol) (AAPVA) was investigated focusing on the effect of acetoacetylation on performance, and that of amino compounds as a crosslinking agent. AAPVAs with different degrees of acetoacetylation were synthesized by the addition reaction of diketene in dimethylsulfoxide. Adhesive tests were carried out using aqueous solutions of AAPVA and six kinds of amino compounds, spread separately on test pieces of red meranti selected as the adherend. The mechanical strength of the bonded test pieces was then analyzed. It was found that the adhesive strength increased together with the degree of acetoacetylation at least until 3 h after the application of the adhesives. The degree of acetoacetylation had little effect on water resistance within the range 3.3–37.1%, and as a crosslinking agent, diamines containing primary amino groups were effective, although secondary amines and polyethyleneimine were not. It is assumed that the chemical structure of the amine influenced the crosslinking reaction at the adhesion interface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2966–2972, 2004
Binary and ternary polymer blends containing poly(vinylidene chloride‐co‐acrylonitrile)
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Ping 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPoly(vinylidene chloride‐co‐acrylonitrile) (Saran F), poly(hydroxy ether of bisphenol A) (phenoxy), poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (PSAN), and poly(vinyl phenol) (PVPh) all have the same characteristic: miscibility with atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (aPMMA). However, the miscibility of Saran F with the other polymer (phenoxy, PSAN, or PVPh) is not guaranteed and was thus investigated. Saran F was found to be miscible only with PSAN but not miscible with phenoxy and PVPh. Because Saran F and PVPh are not miscible, although they are both miscible with aPMMA, aPMMA can thus be used as a potential cosolvent to homogenize PVPh/Saran F. The second part of this report focused on the miscibility of a ternary blend consisting of Saran F, PVPh, and aPMMA to investigate the cosolvent effect of aPMMA. Factors affecting the miscibility were studied. The established phase diagram indicated that the ternary blends with high PVPh/Saran F weight ratio were found to be mostly immiscible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3068–3073, 2004
Controlled radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide initiated by photofunctional 2‐(N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamyl)isobutyric acid sodium salt in aqueous medium
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Khan Ruhul A. , Furukawa Taiichi , Furo Masahito 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPhotopolymerizations of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) were carried out in water, initiated by 2‐(N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamyl)isobutyric acid sodium salt (DTCA‐Na) as water‐soluble initiator under UV irradiation. The first‐order time‐conversion plots showed slowly decreasing slopes indicating a slow decrease of the active radical concentration. The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of the obtained poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) increased in direct proportion, roughly, to monomer conversion. Until ca. 60% of conversion, the polydispersity was relatively narrow (ca. 1.6). 1‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) could also be polymerized in living fashion with such PNIPAAm precursor as a macroinitiator, because PNIPAAm exhibited dithiocarbamate (DC) groups at terminal ends. It was concluded that the polymerization of NIPAAm proceeded via a controlled radical mechanism in the range ∼60% of conversion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3233–3238, 2004
Swelling behavior and cell viability of dehydrothermally crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel grafted with N‐vinyl pyrrolidone or acrylic acid using γ‐radiation
Authors: Jabbari Esmaiel , Karbasi Saeed 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTo improve equilibrium water content, dehydrothermally crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel was grafted with N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) or acrylic acid (AA) monomer using γ‐radiation. Swelling behavior of the grafted hydrogels was studied in phosphate‐buffered saline, and cell viability was evaluated using fibroblast cells from mouse connective tissue. Equilibrium water content of AA‐ and NVP‐grafted PVA hydrogel ranged between 40–60% and 60–80%, respectively, depending on radiation dose and monomer concentration. For maximum degree of swelling, the optimum monomer concentration and radiation dose were 20% by weight and 20 kGy, respectively. Fibroblast cells seeded on NVP‐grafted hydrogel had an extended oval morphology while those seeded on AA‐grafted PVA had a rounded spherical morphology. These results support the use of NVP for grafting PVA to increase swelling and improve cell viability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2862–2868, 2004
FT‐IR spectroscopic investigation on the interaction between nylon 66 and lithium salts
Authors: Wu Yanjie , Xu Yizhuang , Wang Dujin , Zhao Ying , Weng Shifu , Xu Duanfu , Wu Jinguang 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFT‐IR spectroscopy has been utilized to study nylon 66/lithium salt systems. The results show that coordination between nylon 66 and lithium ions brings about significant variation in the FT‐IR spectra: (1) a stronger hydrogen bond is formed in the systems; (2) the interaction induces obvious conformational changes of the nylon 66 chains. A coordination model has been proposed to rationalize the observed spectral phenomena. The interaction between amide groups and lithium ions is a feasible approach to modify the performance of nylon 66. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2869–2875, 2004
Thermal and mechanical properties of woodflour/tannin adhesive composites
Authors: Mosiewicki M. , Aranguren M. I. , Borrajo J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractComposite materials formulated with a natural polyphenolic matrix (commercial tannin adhesive made from quebracho tannin extract), pine woodflour as reinforcing material, and hexamethylenetetramine as hardener were prepared and tested. Scanning electron microscopy of fractured samples was used to analyze the efficiency of the wetting and adhesion of the filler to the surrounding matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis was used in the thermal characterization of the woodflour and the tannin extract. Flexural, compression, and dynamic‐mechanical tests were performed on composites to study the relationship of the filler content and particle size with the composite final properties. Moreover, the influence of the moisture content on the physical and mechanical properties of the different composites was analyzed. Results indicated that the mechanical properties were severely affected by the absorbed moisture. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3074–3082, 2004
Morphology investigation of transcrystallinity at polyamide 66/aramid fiber interface
Authors: He Changcheng , Dong Xia , Zhang Xiuqin , Wang Dujin , Xu Duanfu 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe morphology of PA66/Kevlar‐129 fiber specimens was investigated by means of polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that, at crystallization temperatures ranging from 100 to 220°C, the transcrystallinity (TC) interphase always occurs. Both the TC interphase and spherulite morphology were present under various crystallization conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2980–2983, 2004
Effect of surface structure on cell growth prepared by the terminal immobilization method
Authors: Sakurai Toshihiko , Mizokami Hiroshi , Furukawa Shinichi , Sakata Masayo , Kunitake Masashi , Hirayama Chyuichi , Ihara Hirotaka 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSubstrate effects of surface morphology and chemical structure for cell cultures prepared by molecular terminal immobilization method were studied. When we focused attention on a phenyl group as a functional moiety, the cell growth on the surface prepared by the immobilization method showed a better proliferation rate than that of a substrate prepared by the casting method. Further, from the results of mouse fibroblast L929 cell (L‐cell) growth on poly(amino acid)‐immobilized surfaces in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium containing 10% FBS, it was indicated that the amino group was more effective than the phenyl group, and that a slight difference of chemical structure had a substantial influence on cell growth. In addition, mouse bone marrow–derived Sp2/0‐Ag14 cell (Sp2/0 cell) culture in ASF‐104 serum‐free medium, poly(amino acid)‐immobilized substrates showed an almost equal proliferation rate to that in a serum‐containing medium. These results showed that effective cell growth can occur on immobilized surfaces, and that detection of a weak interaction depends on the functional groups. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3001–3008, 2004
Structural changes of 80/20 poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) copolymer induced by electron irradiation
Authors: Li Weiping , Guo Shishang , Tang Yiwen , Zhao Xingzhong 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe electron irradiation effect on 80/20 poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF–TrFE)] copolymers was studied by FTIR spectra and X‐ray diffraction. Infrared spectra showed decreasing intensity of bands at 1430, 1286, 846, and 505 cm−1, the appearance and intensity increasing with irradiation doses of bands at 768, 601, and 1735 cm−1, which revealed the conformational change after irradiation. The X‐ray diffraction patterns exhibited a decrease of volume fraction of ferroelectric phase and expansion of the lattice space. The electron‐irradiated P(VDF–TrFE) films showed structural changes and polar phase to nonpolar phase transformation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2903–2907, 2004
Study of the mechanical and electrical properties of carbon/poly(vinylidene fluoride–tetrafluoroethylene– propylene) films crosslinked with triethylenetetramine: Possible application as binder for lithium‐ion battery electrodes
Authors: Chen Zonghai , Christensen L. , Dahn J. R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe mechanical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride–tetrafluoroethylene–propylene) (PVDF–TFE–P) were evaluated as a function of the degree of crosslinking. Both bisphenol and triethylenetetramine (TETA) were used as crosslinkers to improve the mechanical properties of PVDF–TFE–P and carbon black–filled PVDF–TFE–P. Bisphenol was incorporated into the polymer by the manufacturer and crosslinking was achieved through additions of MgO and CaO followed by heating. Although bisphenol crosslinking improves the mechanical properties, further crosslinking was needed to obtain good extensibility under repeated deformation of carbon black/PVDF–TFE–P composites. By incorporating small amounts of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and CaO, additions of TETA added more crosslinks in PVDF–TFE–P, leading to improved mechanical and electrical properties. The crosslinked polymer does not become brittle in typical solvents used in lithium battery electrolytes, so we believe that this highly extensible binder system may be useful for electrode materials that show large volume changes during charge–discharge cycling. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2949–2957, 2004
Mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride–tetrafluoroethylene–propylene)/Super‐S carbon black swelled in liquid solvent as an electrode binder for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Chen Zonghai , Christensen L. , Dahn J. R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride–tetrafluoroethylene–propylene) (PVDF–TFE–P) and carbon black–filled PVDF–TFE–P composites were investigated. The carbon black was used for its electrolyte absorption properties in addition to boosting the conductivity. This elastomeric binder system may have application to tin‐ or silicon‐based electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries, which undergo huge volumetric changes during charge/discharge cycling. The mechanical and electrical properties were measured while film samples were immersed in a liquid solvent (ethylene carbonate : diethyl carbonate 1 : 2) commonly used in the battery electrolyte. Uncrosslinked PVDF–TFE–P uptakes about 140% solvent by mass and swells significantly. The amount of solvent absorbed can be reduced and the mechanical properties improved by crosslinking the polymer. Two crosslinking recipes, based on bisphenol and triethylenetetramine (TETA), were investigated carefully. Compared to the bisphenol‐based crosslinking recipe, the proposed TETA‐based crosslinking recipe gave films with a higher degree of crosslinking and better mechanical properties. The TETA‐crosslinked composites had very good mechanical and electrical reversibility even during cyclic deformation to 100% strain. The cycling results of amorphous Si0.64Sn0.36 electrodes show that the capacity retention of the electrodes can be significantly improved by using the proposed elastomeric binder. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2958–2965, 2004