bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roles of synorganisation, zygomorphy and heterotopy in floral evolution: the gynostemium and labellum of orchids and other lilioid monocots
Authors: RUDALL PAULA J. , BATEMAN RICHARD M. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTA gynostemium, comprising stamen filaments adnate to a syncarpous style, occurs in only three groups of monocots: the large family Orchidaceae (Asparagales) and two small genera Pauridia (Hypoxidaceae: Asparagales) and Corsia (Corsiaceae, probably in Liliales), all epigynous taxa. Pauridia has actinomorphic (polysymmetric) flowers, whereas those of Corsia and most orchids are strongly zygomorphic (monosymmetric) with a well‐differentiated labellum. In Corsia the labellum is formed from the outer median tepal (sepal), whereas in orchids it is formed from the inner median tepal (petal) and is developmentally adaxial (but positionally abaxial in orchids with resupinate flowers). Furthermore, in orchids zygomorphy is also expressed in the stamen whorls, in contrast to Corsia. In Pauridia a complete stamen whorl is suppressed, but the ‘lost’ outer whorl is fused to the style. The evolution of adnation and zygomorphy are discussed in the context of the existing phylogenetic framework in monocotyledons. An arguably typological classification of floral terata is presented, focusing on three contrasting modes each of peloria and pseudopeloria. Dynamic evolutionary transitions in floral morphology are assigned to recently revised concepts of heterotopy (including homeosis) and heterochrony, seeking patterns that delimit developmental constraints and allow inferences regarding underlying genetic controls. Current evidence suggests that lateral heterotopy is more frequent than acropetal heterotopy, and that full basipetal heterotopy does not occur. Pseudopeloria is more likely to generate a radically altered yet functional perianth, but is also more likely to cause acropetal modification of the gynostemium. These comparisons indicate that there are at least two key genes or sets of genes controlling adnation, adaxial stamen suppression and labellum development in lilioid monocots; at least one is responsible for stamen adnation to the style (i.e. gynostemium formation), and another controls adaxial stamen suppression and adaxial labellum formation in orchids. Stamen adnation to the style may be a product of over‐expression of the genes related to epigyny (i.e. a form of hyper‐epigyny). If, as seems likely, stamen‐style adnation preceded zygomorphy in orchid evolution, then the flowers of Pauridia may closely resemble those of the immediate ancestors of Orchidaceae, although existing molecular phylogenetic data indicate that a sister‐group relationship is unlikely. The initial radiation in Orchidaceae can be attributed to the combination of hyper‐epigyny, zygomorphy and resupination, but later radiations at lower taxonomic levels that generated the remarkable species richness of subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae are more likely to reflect more subtle innovations that directly influence pollinator specificity, such as the development of stalked pollinaria and heavily marked and or spur‐bearing labella.
Carbohydrates: a limit on bacterial diversity within the colon
Authors: RABIU BODUN A. , GIBSON GLENN R. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTThe human large intestine is recognised as a physiologically important organ responsible for the conservation of water and salts. Through its resident bacteria, it is also capable of complex, enzyme catalysed, hydrolyticdigestive functions that have a high biological impact on the host. These microorganisms metabolise dietary components, principally complex carbohydrates that are not hydrolysed or absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and in this way, sequester energy for the host, through fermentation. This process involves a series of anaerobic, energy‐yielding, catabolic reactions which complete digestive processes in the gut, resulting in end products that in turn influence the distribution of microbial species present as well as having some systemic effects. Some of the bacteria are thought to possess important health‐promoting activities, especially with respect to their influence on mucosal and systemic immune responses to disease. These bioactivities can be modulated by substrates that support and influence microbial development, growth and survival. For these reasons, it is necessary to review dietary factors that may delimit bacterial diversity, to be able to predict responses and sensitivities to various environmental pressures and manipulations that occur in this area of human microbiology.
Spectral asymptotics for Sturm-Liouville equations with indefinite weight
Authors: Binding Paul , Browne Patrick , Watson Bruce 
Published: September 2002

The Sturm-Liouville equation

−
(
p

y
′

)
′

+
q
y
=
λ
r
y

on

[
0
,
l
]

\begin{equation*} -(py’)’ + qy =\lambda ry \;\; \text {on}\;\; [0,l] \end{equation*}

is considered subject to the boundary conditions

y
(
0
)
cos
⁡
α

a
m
p
;
=
(
p

y
′

)
(
0
)
sin
⁡
α
,

y
(
l
)
cos
⁡
β

a
m
p
;
=
(
p

y
′

)
(
l
)
sin
⁡
β
.

\begin{align*} y(0)\cos \alpha &= (py’)(0)\sin \alpha ,\\ y(l)\cos \beta &= (py’)(l)\sin \beta . \end{align*}

We assume that

p
p

is positive and that

p
r

pr

is piecewise continuous and changes sign at its discontinuities. We give asymptotic approximations up to

O
(
1

/

n

)

O(1/\sqrt {n})

for

λ
n

\sqrt {\lambda _n}

, or equivalently up to

O
(

n

)

O(\sqrt {n})

for

λ
n

\lambda _n

, the eigenvalues of the above boundary value problem.
Extensions for finite Chevalley groups II
Authors: Bendel Christopher , Nakano Daniel , Pillen Cornelius 
Published: September 2002

LetGGbe a semisimple simply connected algebraic group defined and split over the fieldFp{\mathbb {F}}_pwithppelements, letG(Fq)G(\mathbb {F}_{q})be the finite Chevalley group consisting of theFq{\mathbb {F}}_{q}-rational points ofGGwhereq=prq = p^r, and letGrG_{r}be therrth Frobenius kernel. The purpose of this paper is to relate extensions between modules inMod(G(Fq))\text {Mod}(G(\mathbb {F}_{q}))andMod(Gr)\text {Mod}(G_{r})with extensions between modules inMod(G)\text {Mod}(G). Among the results obtained are the following: forr>2r >2andp≥3(h−1)p\geq 3(h-1), theG(Fq)G(\mathbb {F}_{q})-extensions between two simpleG(Fq)G(\mathbb {F}_{q})-modules are isomorphic to theGG-extensions between two simpleprp^r-restrictedGG-modules with suitably “twisted" highest weights. Forp≥3(h−1)p \geq 3(h-1), we provide a complete characterization ofH1(G(Fq),H0(λ))\text {H}^{1}(G(\mathbb {F}_{q}),H^{0}(\lambda ))whereH0(λ)=indBG λH^{0}(\lambda )=\text {ind}_{B}^{G}\ \lambdaandλ\lambdaisprp^r-restricted. Furthermore, forp≥3(h−1)p \geq 3(h-1), necessary and sufficient bounds on the size of the highest weight of aGG-moduleVVare given to insure that the restriction mapH1⁡(G,V)→H1⁡(G(Fq),V)\operatorname {H}^{1}(G,V)\rightarrow \operatorname {H}^{1}(G(\mathbb {F}_{q}),V)is an isomorphism. Finally, it is shown that the extensions between two simpleprp^r-restrictedGG-modules coincide in all three categories provided the highest weights are “close" together.
Brownian-time processes: The PDE connection II and the corresponding Feynman-Kac formula
Authors: Allouba Hassan 
Published: September 2002

We delve deeper into our study of the connection of Brownian-time processes (BTPs) to fourth-order parabolic PDEs, which we introduced in a recent joint article with W. Zheng. Probabilistically, BTPs and their cousins BTPs with excursions form a unifying class of interesting stochastic processes that includes the celebrated IBM of Burdzy and other new intriguing processes and is also connected to the Markov snake of Le Gall. BTPs also offer a new connection of probability to PDEs that is fundamentally different from the Markovian one. They solve fourth-order PDEs in which the initial function plays an important role in the PDE itself, not only as initial data. We connect two such types of interesting and new PDEs to BTPs. The first is obtained by running the BTP and then integrating along its path, and the second type of PDEs is related to what we call the Feynman-Kac formula for BTPs. A special case of the second type is a step towards a probabilistic solution to linearized Cahn-Hilliard and Kuramoto-Sivashinsky type PDEs, which we tackle in an upcoming paper.
The Midnight Robber: Master of Metaphor, Baron of Bombast
Authors: Honoré Brian 
Published: September 2002

I am the tireless clarion of the world; I cry mankind's joys and sorrows every hour. […] Whenever I speak, a million people listen to my voice. The Latin, the Celt, the Hun, the Moslem, the Hindu; all comprehend me. —Charles Peace 1 1 Excerpt from a Robber speech composed and recounted by Charles Peace, Midnight Robber and masquerader, in a radio interview. For the full text see Peace (1968).
Market Failure and the Environmental Policies of Firms: Economic Rationales for “Beyond Compliance” Behavior
Authors: Reinhardt Forest 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper is an inquiry into the circumstances under which the voluntary provision of environmental public goods might be sensible from a firm's point of view. If environmental externalities were the only departure from the economic assumptions of perfect competition, and if no firms had preferential access to superior (low‐cost) stocks of natural resources, firms that volunteered to internalize costs could not survive. But because externalities coexist with other departures from the competitive paradigm, such as asymmetric information and oligopoly competition, firms may find it in their shareholders' interests to provide environmental public goods to a greater degree than required by law. A number of firms, especially in Europe and North America, assert that they are pursuing “beyond‐compliance” environmental policies. From the perspective of a firm's shareholders, it makes sense to pursue such policies if they increase the firm's expected value or if they appropriately manage business risk.This paper discusses economically rational explanations for such policies. It analyzes the ways in which a firm's chances of financial success in pursuing any one of them are influenced by the firm's market position and organizational capabilities and by the basic structure of the industry in which it competes.
Closing the Technospheric Flows of Toxic Metals: Modeling Lead Losses from a Lead‐Acid Battery System for Sweden
Authors: Karlsson Sten 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis article investigates technological opportunities to close technospheric flows in a large‐scale use of a toxic and scarce metal, lead. It analyzes the lead flows and losses to the environment in a modeled lead‐acid battery system for Sweden. The modeled system is built on today's technology for production and recycling of lead and batteries while the recovery of used batteries is varied. The analysis shows that the losses from the production and recycling processes are so low that consumption losses and the recovery rate dominate the total system losses. In a steady state with very high recovery of used batteries, the system losses are small compared to natural lead flows and to the historical lead losses during the industrialization. The modeling assumes that all the secondary lead goes back into the production of new batteries even though in Swedish battery manufacturing today, primary lead dominates the lead supply for lead oxide production. The possibilities for increased secondary lead use in the production of lead oxide are also discussed
Heavy‐Metal Balances, Part II: Management of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in European Agro‐Ecosystems
Authors: Moolenaar Simon W. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThe aim of sustainable heavy‐metal management in agroecosystems is to ensure that the soil continues to fulfill its functions: in agricultural production, in environmental processes such as the cycling of elements, and as a habitat of numerous organisms. To understand and manage heavy‐metal flows effectively, a consistent approach to modeling the flows is needed within the particular agro‐system under study. General aspects of heavy‐metal balance studies in agro‐ecosystems were described in part I of this study. In this article (part II), several European studies of heavy‐metal balances at varying spatial scales and in a variety of agro‐ecosystems are reviewed. Sectoral studies at the national and international levels provide information for economic analyses and generic regulations; however, policies implemented at these levels often ignore farm characteristics and individual management options. Field‐scale and farm‐gate balances give farmers specific feedback on effective options for better heavy‐metal management. Heavy‐metal balances could be incorporated in an environmental management system of certified farms. In this way, farm certification may well serve as a basis from which to develop policy to address environmental issues in agriculture.
A Method for Green Rating of Automobiles
Authors: DeCicco John M. , Thomas Martin 
Published: September 2002

SummaryCoherent information about the environmental impacts of a product is essential for pursuing market‐oriented approaches to environmental protection. Such green rating information can influence consumers' choices and, by affecting product and corporate images in the marketplace, might also influence technology development and product planning. Automobiles and their supporting industries are the subjects of many environmental policies. Informational approaches to automotive environmental performance, however, have been relatively piecemeal. In the course of developing consumer information and market creation programs for vehicles of higher energy efficiency (an important determinant of environmental performance), the authors felt that it was necessary to address this fragmentation rather than treat efficiency in isolation from other factors. A green rating system was developed based on principles of life‐cycle assessment and is usable within the confines of available data that permit discrimination among makes and models. The resulting methodology is applied in a consumer‐oriented publication that rates vehicles in the U.S. market. The ratings cover all vehicles and do not constitute an eco‐label, although the methodology provides groundwork for developing a label. The background, data issues, analysis, and future research needs for this rating system are described along with a summary of its application.
A Dynamic Life‐Cycle Energy Model of Mobile Phone Take‐back and Recycling
Authors: McLaren Jake , Wright Lucy , Parkinson Stuart , Jackson Tim 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper reports the results of a life‐cycle energy model of a pilot mobile phone “take‐back” scheme carried out by the Cellular Phones Take‐back Working Group of the European Trade Organisation for the Telecommunication and Professional Electronics Industry (ECTEL) in the United Kingdom (UK) and Sweden during 1997. Using data collected from the scheme, the model calculates a snapshot “energy balance” associated with mobile phone take‐back for a variety of phone types and take‐back scenarios in the year 1997. It also develops a time‐series model for the UK, describing the environmental implications of different take‐back scenarios in the future. Because of its emphasis on interactive, dynamic modeling techniques, the methodology developed for the life‐cycle model has the potential for wide application in regulatory and industrial decision making.
From PC to Mobile Internet—Overcoming the Digital Divide in Japan
Authors: Nakayama Shigeru 
Published: September 2002

This paper examines the social and cultural sources of the digital divide in Japan. In comparison with other communication devices such as the
pokeberu
and
ketai
, personal computers are not that popular in Japan. The sociocultural and economic factors for this situation are examined. Whether the Japanese people will switch from the mobile Internet accessible from a keypad to a standardized keyboard connected to a personal computer is an open question. These issues are deliberated in the context of the existing digital divide or rather 'trivide' in Japanese society.
Visuo‐spatial working memory in navigation
Authors: Garden Sharin , Cornoldi Cesare , Logie Robert H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo experiments employed dual task techniques to explore the role of working memory in route learning and subsequent route retrieval. Experiment 1 involved contrasting performance of two groups of volunteers respectively learning a route from a series of map segments or a series of visually presented nonsense words. Both groups performed learning and recognition under articulatory suppression or concurrent spatial tapping. Both concurrent tasks had an overall disruptive effect on each learning task. However, spatial tapping disrupted route recognition rather more than did articulatory suppression, while the nonsense word recognition was impaired more by articulatory suppression than by concurrent spatial tapping. Experiment 2 again used dual task methodology, but explored route learning by asking volunteers to follow the experimenter through the winding streets of a medieval European town centre. Retrieval involved following the same route while the experimenter followed and noted errors in navigation. Overall the results partially replicated those of Experiment 1 in that both concurrent tasks interfered with route learning. However, volunteers with high spatial ability appeared more affected by the concurrent spatial tapping task, whereas low spatial subjects appeared more affected by the concurrent articulatory suppression task. Results are interpreted to suggest that different aspects of working memory are involved in learning a route from a map with a greater emphasis on visuo‐spatial resources, but in tasks set in real environments where many cues of a varied nature are available, only high spatial ability subjects appear to rely heavily upon the visuospatial component of working memory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrieval‐induced forgetting in eyewitness memory: forgetting as a consequence of remembering
Authors: MacLeod Malcolm 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent psychological research on memory has demonstrated that the act of remembering can also prompt forgetting, or more specifically, the inhibition of particular items in memory (i.e. retrieval‐induced forgetting). Extending this line of inquiry, this article reports the findings from two studies designed to establish whether retrieval‐induced forgetting can occur for meaningful stimuli that could be experienced under eyewitness situations. In Study 1, participants were asked to recall previously presented household items that had ostensibly been stolen in burglaries, while in Study 2, participants were asked to recall descriptive details about two individuals suspected of making bogus money collections. Both studies provided unequivocal evidence that retrieval‐induced forgetting can occur for such meaningful stimuli. Importantly, in each case it was demonstrated that the observed effects could not be attributed to output interference. This article considers the likely extent of the problem posed by retrieval‐induced forgetting for eyewitness reliability and some of the practical and theoretical implications of this work. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐ratings of sense of direction and route reversal performance
Authors: Donald Heth C. , Cornell Edward H. , Flood Tonya L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne of the most pervasive beliefs about human way finding is that some people have a natural ability that distinguishes them from others. In this research, we asked children and adults to rate their own sense of direction, a promising index of orientation skills despite its simplicity and reliance on self‐assessment. Ratings were obtained before and after reversal of a newly learned outdoor route. Self‐ratings by children and adults before route reversal only weakly predicted two of a variety of measures of route and bearing knowledge. However, adults' ratings after the route reversal reflected performance on almost all of these same measures. In addition, route reversal performance was easily improved by instructing children and adults during route acquisition to look back in anticipation of the return. The pattern of results suggests that way finders' beliefs about their sense of direction are based on a recollection of the outcomes of the attentive and mnemonic strategies they use. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of repeated experience on children's suggestibility across two question types
Authors: Powell Martine B. , Roberts Kim P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is a discrepancy in the literature regarding the effect of repeated experience on children's suggestibility. Some researchers have concluded that repeated experience increases children's suggestibility for variable details whereas others have reported no detrimental effect. This study demonstrated that the type of question used to test memory (cued‐recall versus yes/no questions) could account for the different reported conclusions. Children aged 5–6 years took part in an event either once or four times. Three or 21 days later, they were given a suggestive interview about the single/final occurrence of the event during which half of the event details were inaccurately described. When later asked yes/no questions, the children with repeated experience agreed with more of the suggestions than did those in the single‐experience condition, especially at the longer delay. In relation to cued‐recall questions, however, experience did not mediate the number of times that false suggestions from the biasing interview were reported. This latter finding was revealed irrespective of the retention interval. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guaranteed recursive non‐linear state bounding using interval analysis
Authors: Kieffer Michel , Jaulin Luc , Walter Éric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe problem considered here is state estimation in the presence of unknown but bounded state perturbations and measurement noise. In this context, most available results are for linear models, and the purpose of the present paper is to deal with the non‐linear case. Based on interval analysis and the notion of set inversion, a new state estimator is presented, which evaluates a set estimateguaranteedto contain all values of the state that are consistent with the available observations, given the perturbation and noise bounds and a set containing the initial value of the state. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first estimator for which this claim can be made. The precision of the set estimate can be improved, at the cost of more computation. Theoretical properties of the estimator are studied, and computer implementation receives special attention. A simple illustrative example is treated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.