bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Heterobimetallic Calix[4]arene Complexes: Interconversion of Dimeric (Ca, Sr or Ba)/TiIV Complexes with a Monomeric K/TiIV Complex (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 23/2003)
Authors: Petrella Antonella J. , Roberts Nicholas K. , Raston Colin L. , Craig Donald C. , Thornton‐Pett Mark , Lamb Robert N. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe cover picture shows the structures of two new types of calix[4]arene complexes obtained by deprotonating the calixarene with an alkaline earth metal, or potassium metal, followed by reaction with selected titanium(IV) compounds. The alkaline earth metals form dimeric alkaline earth‐titanium(IV) complexes, containing at the core a rhombus of alternating alkaline earth metal and μ3‐oxo centres. Each oxo centre of the rhombic core is the apical ligand of a square‐pyramidal titanium(IV) centre, whose basal plane donors are the four phenolate oxygen atoms from a calix[4]arene arrayed in the symmetrical cone conformation. Terminal methanol ligands surround the alkaline earth centres, and simultaneously hydrogen‐bond to the adjacent phenolate oxygen atoms. Potassium reacts with calix[4]arene and the titanium(IV) source to give a monomeric mixed potassium‐titanium complex. The potassium cation binds within the κ‐basic calix[4]arene cavity, whilst the titanium centre is octahedrally complexed in the exo position by four phenolate and one acetylacetonate ligands. A solution pathway exists for the interconversion between the potassium‐titanium calix[4]arene monomer and the alkaline earth‐titanium dimers, where the product is dictated by the choice of solvent. Details are discussed in the article by R. N. Lamb et al. on p. 4153 ff.
Analytical separations in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Kapnissi‐Christodoulou Constantina P. , Zhu Xiaofeng , Warner Isiah M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis review represents a summary of recent progress in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT‐CEC) for chiral and achiral separations. The OT‐CEC approach is an alternative to packed‐CEC that could eliminate the problems associated with retaining frits and silica particles. In OT‐CEC, the stationary phase is immobilized on the inner walls of the capillary. Preparation of the stationary phase is critical for OT‐CEC. The preparation methods for capillary columns include (i) adsorption, (ii) covalent bonding and/or cross‐linking, (iii) porous layers, (iv) chemical bonding after etching, (v) sol‐gel, and (vi) molecular imprinting. Major developments, potential applications, technical difficulties and advantages associated with these wall coatings in OT‐CEC are presented. In addition, the coupling of OT‐CEC with mass spectrometry (MS) is briefly reviewed. Several applications of this hyphenated technique for analytical separations are also summarized.
Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants
Authors: Dabek‐Zlotorzynska Ewa , Chen Heidi , Ding Luyi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRecent advances in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separation, detection and sample preparation methodologies applied for the determination of a variety of pollutants is overviewed. The reviewed literature illustrates the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
Applications of affinity interactions in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Heegaard Niels H. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has proven useful for the study of reversible molecular interactions. This is because highly efficient and reproducible separations take place in an environment where molecular interactions may contribute to selectivity without being inhibited by adverse buffer conditions. Affinity CE may be used to estimate quantitative binding data (binding constants and in some cases binding stoichiometries and rate constants) for various molecular interactions. Specific binding interactions (e.g., based on antibodies or aptamers) may also be utilized to quantitatively measure specific analytes using CE. Applications within these areas are here reviewed with focus on the last three years and with emphasis on novel concepts as well as innovative methodology and technology. It is concluded that the affinity CE approach is of growing versatility and will continue to play an integral role in discovering, characterizing, and exploiting biomolecular interactions.
Engineering Microtools in Polymers to Study Cell Biology
Authors: Jiang X. , Whitesides G.M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRecent advances in surface engineering and soft lithography provide tools to fabricate patterned surfaces and microfluidic devices with dimensions comparable to the sizes of single mammalian cells. These technologies enable the studies of individual cells on spatially well‐defined, patterned surfaces, and in contact with patterned liquid media. They provide information about cells impossible to obtain from traditional biochemical techniques.
The extinct sloth lemurs of Madagascar
Authors: Godfrey Laurie R. , Jungers William L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPaleontological expeditions to Madagascar over the past two decades have yielded large quantities of bones of extinct lemurs. These include abundant postcranial and cranial remains of new species belonging to a group of giant extinct lemurs that we have called sloth lemurs due to their remarkable postcranial convergence with arboreal sloths. New fossils have come from a variety of locations in Madagascar, including caves in the Northwest (Anjohibe) and the Ankarana Massif, located in the extreme north, as well as pits in the karstic plains near Toliara in southwestern Madagascar. The most spectacular of these is the extremely deep pit (>100 m) called Ankilitelo, the “place of the three kily trees.” These new materials provide insights into the adaptive diversity and evolution of sloth lemurs. New carpal and pedal bones, as well as vertebrae and other portions of the axial skeletons, allow better reconstruction of the positional behavior of these animals. New analytical tools have begun to unlock the secrets of life‐history adaptations of the Palaeopropithecidae, making explicit exactly what they had in common with their relatives, the Indriidae. Paleoecological research has elucidated the contexts in which they lived and the likely causes of their disappearance.
Isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and amines from fires—a screening of common materials found in buildings
Authors: Blomqvist Per , Hertzberg Tommy , Dalene Marianne , Skarping Gunnar 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIsocyanates, aminoisocyanates and amines were quantified from the combustion of 24 different materials or products typically found in buildings. Small‐scale combustion experiments were conducted in the cone calorimeter, where generally well‐ventilated combustion conditions are attained. Measurements were further made in two different full‐scale experiments.Isocyanates and amino‐compounds were sampled using an impinger‐filter sampling system with a reagent solution of di‐n‐butylamine in toluene. Filter and impinger solution were analysed separately using LC‐MS technique. Further the particulate distribution in the smoke gases was determined by impactor technique, and selected gaseous compounds quantified by FTIR.It was found in the small‐scale that isocyanates were produced from the majority of the materials tested. The highest concentration was found for glass wool insulation, and further high concentrations were found for PUR products, particleboard, nitrile rubber and melamine. Lower concentrations were found for wood and cable‐products. Amino‐isocyanates and amines were generally found from PUR products only.The distribution of isocyanates between the particulate‐ and fluid phases varied for the different materials and a tendency to enrichment of particles was seen for some of the materials. Further, when comparing the potential health hazard between isocyanates and other major fire gases (based on NIOSH IDLH‐values) it was found that isocyanates in several cases represented the greatest hazard. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low dissipative high‐order numerical simulations of supersonic reactive flows
Authors: Sjögreen Björn , Yee H. C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe report the performance of a newly developed low dissipative sixth‐order spatial and fourth‐order temporal scheme (J. Comput. Phys. 1999; 150: 199; RIACS Report 01.01, NASA Ames Research Centre, October 2000) for multiscale supersonic reactive flows that contain shock waves. The accuracy and efficiency of the scheme are compared with a low‐dissipative fifth‐order weighted ENO (WENO) scheme (ICASE Report No. 95‐73, 1995). This paper confirms and complements the grid convergence study of Sjögreen and Yee where a complex shock/shear/boundary‐layer interactions model was also included. A 2D viscous flow consisting of a planar Mach 2 in air interacting with a circular zone of hydrogen bubbles in two different initial configurations is considered. The two initial configurations are a single bubble and two non‐aligned bubbles. The gradient in pressure across the shock in conjunction with the gradient in fluid density between the air and hydrogen produce a large increase in vorticity as the shock passes through the hydrogen fuel. As can be seen in the study of Don and Quillen (J. Comput. Phys. 1995; 122: 244), Don and Gottlieb (SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 1998; 35: 2370) and the present grid convergence tudy, the size, spacing and velocity of the fine‐scale vortical structures are very difficult to accurately simulate numerically. The difficulty in obtaining well‐resolved multiscale combustion flows by all methods considered will be illustrated. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed parallel computation for complex rotational flows of non‐Newtonian fluids
Authors: Baloch A. , Webster M. F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractComplex rotational flows of non‐Newtonian fluids are simulated through finite element methods. The predictions have direct relevance to dough kneading, associated with the food industry. The context is taken as two‐dimensional and one of stirring material within a cylindrical vessel. Three stirrer shapes are considered, placed in eccentric location with respect to the cylinder centre. The motion is driven by the rotation of the outer vessel wall. Variation with change in rheology and change in stirrer shapes are analysed, with respect to flow kinematics, stress fields, rate‐of‐work and power consumed. Computations are performed for Newtonian, shear‐thinning and viscoelastic fluids, at various viscosity levels to gradually approximate more realistic dough‐like response. For viscoelastic fluids, Phan‐Thien/Tanner constitutive models are adopted. The numerical method employed is based on a finite element semi‐implicit time‐stepping Taylor–Galerkin/pressure‐correction scheme, posed in a cylindrical polar co‐ordinate system. Simulations are conducted via distributed parallel processing, performed on a networked cluster of workstations, employing message passing. Parallel performance timings are compared against those obtained working in sequential mode. Ideal linear speed‐up with the number of processors is observed for viscoelastic flows under this coarse‐grained implementation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inexact information aided, low‐cost, distributed genetic algorithms for aerodynamic shape optimization
Authors: Karakasis Marios K. , Giotis Alexios P. , Giannakoglou Kyriakos C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDespite its robustness, the design and optimization of aerodynamic shapes using genetic algorithms suffers from high computing cost requirements, due to excessive calls to Computational Fluid Dynamics tools for the evaluation of candidate solutions. To alleviate this problem, either the use of distributed genetic algorithms or the implementation of surrogate evaluation models have separately been proposed in the past. A distributed genetic algorithm relies on the handling of population subsets that evolve in a semi‐isolated manner by regularly exchanging their best individuals. It is known that distributed schemes generally outperform single‐population ones. On the other hand, the implementation of less costly surrogate evaluation tools, such as the autocatalytic radial basis function networks developed by the authors for the purpose of getting rid of most of the ‘useless’ exact evaluations, reduces considerably the computational cost. The aim of the present paper is to employ a surrogate evaluation model in the context of a distributed genetic algorithm and to demonstrate that the combination of both results in maximum economy in CPU cost. In addition, whenever a multiprocessor system is available, the gain is much more pronounced, since the new optimization method maximizes parallel efficiency. The proposed method is used to solve inverse design and optimization problems in aeronautics and turbomachinery. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in chemical composition during development of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds
Authors: Lisiewska Zofia , Korus Anna , Kmiecik Waldemar 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe level of chemical components was determined in seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), cv. Krab, harvested at a dry matter content between 25.9 and 49.6 g/100 g of the raw material, and divided into five degrees of maturity. The results presented suggest that, in general, with an increasing maturity of seeds, the level of the following components increased if related to fresh matter: starch, dietary fibre, acids, total and protein nitrogen, total amino acids and sulphur amino acids, ash and its alkalinity, magnesium, calcium, total phosphorus and phytic phosphorus, and thiamine. The following components were reduced: vitamin C, riboflavin, carotenoids, β‐carotene, and chlorophylls. No such regularity could be found with respect to the accumulation of sugars, essential amino acids, and iron. By expressing the results in dry matter, increases were noted in starch, protein nitrogen, and thiamine. The content of sugars, total nitrogen, total amino acids, essential and sulphur amino acids, ash and its alkalinity, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin C, riboflavin, carotenoids, β‐carotene, and chlorophylls were reduced while that of dietary fibre, iron, calcium, and phytic phosphorus varied.
Effect of the volatile constituents isolated from Thymus albicans, Th. mastichina, Th. carnosus and Thymbra capitata in sunflower oil
Authors: Miguel Maria G. , Figueiredo A. Cristina , Costa Monya M. , Martins Denise , Duarte João , Barroso José G. , Pedro Luis G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe composition of essential oils isolated from Thymus albicans and Thymbra capitata collected in Algarve (Portugal), Th. mastichina collected in Algarve and Estremadura (Portugal) and Th. carnosus also collected in Algarve, during the flowering phase, was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The antioxidant capacity of the oils as well as some of their main components was determined by periodic evaluation of the peroxide values in sunflower oils stored at 60°C. These peroxide values were compared to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and control (without adding antioxidants) under the same experimental conditions. The oils of Th. albicans and Th. mastichina, collected in Algarve, were dominated by 1,8‐cineole (68% and 45%, respectively), whereas linalool (52%) was the main component from the oils isolated from Th. mastichina collected in Estremadura. Carvacrol (68%) was the major component present in the oils of Thymbra capitata while borneol (18%), terpinen‐4‐ol (11%) and camphene (9%) were the major ones in the essential oil of Th. carnosus. The essential oils as well as some of their main components showed higher antioxidant capacity than that of the synthetic antioxidant BHT. At the end of the experiment (57 days), BHT showed a percentage of inhibition of 20%, while that of the essential oils ranged from 46% for Th. carnosus, to 59% for Th. mastichina collected in Estremadura.
An update on the processing of high‐protein rice products
Authors: Shih Fred F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe component of protein in rice, at 7–9% by weight, is relatively low, but the total amount of rice protein potentially available is significant because the production of rice worldwide, at 380 million tons annually, is huge. Rice proteins are recognized as nutritional, hypoallergenic, and healthy for human consumption, and rice protein products have been in demand in recent years. However, because of difficulties in the processing, rice protein products, particularly high‐protein content ones, have not been readily available. Two of the main sources of rice protein, rice bran and, to a lesser extent, broken rice kernels, have been under‐used and under‐priced. This report provides an update on the processing of these sources for rice proteins. Methods of protein processing are highlighted including the traditional alkaline extraction, enzyme‐assisted extraction, and the novel uses of physical treatment prior to water extraction. Also discussed are effects of processing on the functional and nutritional properties of rice protein.
Bioaccessibility of calcium, iron and zinc from three legume samples
Authors: Sahuquillo Amparo , Barberá Reyes , Farré Rosaura 
Published: December 2003

AbstractLegumes can be a source of mineral elements but also of antinutritional factors which can affect their absorption. An in vitro method including gastrointestinal digestion was used to estimate mineral bioavailability. Soluble (bioaccessible) and insoluble calcium, iron and zinc from white beans, chickpeas and lentils were determined after gastrointestinal digestion. The influence of the original sample weight on the soluble mineral fraction was also estimated. The results obtained show that white beans are the legumes with the highest bioaccessible calcium and iron contents. Lentils have a high iron content but its bioaccessibility is much lower than that of iron from white beans and chickpeas. An increase in sample weight increases the amount of bioaccessible element available for intake, but the increase is not always proportional.
Reasoning about non‐linear AR models using expectation maximization
Authors: Arnold M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA simplified version of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is applied to search for optimal state sequences in state‐dependent AR models whereby no prior knowledge about the state equation is necessary. These sequences can be used to draw conclusions about functional dependencies between the observed process and estimated AR coefficients. Consequently this approach is especially helpful in the identification of functional–coefficient AR models where the coefficients are controlled by the process itself. The approximation of regression functions in first‐order non‐linear AR models and the localization of multiple thresholds in self‐exciting threshold autoregressive models are demonstrated as examples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic patterns before and after large price changes: evidence from high frequency data from the Paris Bourse
Authors: Hamelink Foort 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the intra‐day behaviour of asset prices shortly before and after large price changes. Whereas similar studies so far have been based on daily closing prices, I use three years of high frequency data of 120 stocks listed on the French stock exchange. Various systematic patterns, in addition to those often reported in the literature, emerge from this data. Evidence is found that prices do overreact and that a correction takes place after large price movements, especially those on the downside. The correction does not take place immediately after the large price change. Prior to this, some very significant and sometimes economically important patterns can be observed. When the bid–ask spread is taken into account, I still find some ex post profitable trading strategies that are, however, too small in magnitude to suggest market inefficiency. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transplantation of glial‐restricted precursor cells into the adult spinal cord: Survival, glial‐specific differentiation, and preferential migration in white matter
Authors: Han Steve S.W. , Liu Ying , Tyler‐Polsz Carla , Rao Mahendra S. , Fischer Itzhak 
Published: December 2003

AbstractGlial‐restricted precursor (GRP) cells are among a number of candidate cells for transplantation repair of CNS injury. The isolation and characterization of these cells in vitro have been described previously, but their in vivo properties are not well understood. We examined the fate and migration of grafted fetal GRP cells harvested from alkaline phosphatase‐expressing transgenic rats into intact and injured spinal cord. Transplanted GRP cells survived for at least 6 weeks and differentiated along astrocytic and oligodendrocytic but not neuronal lineages. Cells grafted into the intact spinal cord exhibited robust migration along longitudinal white matter tracts and by 6 weeks migrated more than 15 mm. In contrast, migration of GRP cells in the gray matter was very limited. We then examined the phenotypic properties of proliferating endogenous precursors in response to injury by BrdU labeling. The predominant proliferating population seen after injury consisted of GRP‐like cells with Nkx2.2/olig2 phenotype. Incorporation of BrdU by endogenous cells suggests that the environment provides proliferation signals and is permissive to glial precursor survival. To test if exogenous GRP cells would respond similarly, we transplanted GRP cells into a lateral funiculus injury. GRP cells survived and differentiated along glial lineages and migrated along white matter tracts in the injured spinal cord. Directed homing toward the lesion was not seen and there was no significant bias in differentiation between cells transplanted into injured and uninjured spinal cord. GRP cell transplants may therefore provide a cellular transplant that can respond to appropriate endogenous cues to produce therapeutic molecules and new glial cells after injury. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Satellite cell proliferation in murine sensory ganglia in response to scarification of the skin
Authors: Elson Karen , Simmons Anthony , Speck Peter 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSatellite cells (SCs) ensheathe neuronal cell bodies of sensory ganglia and provide mechanical and metabolic support for neurons. In mice, grossly detrimental stimuli such as nerve crush or cut, or explant culture of ganglia induce proliferation of SCs. It is unknown whether SC proliferation occurs in response to the less severe trauma that might commonly occur in a physiological situation. Our aim was to determine the response of SCs to mild trauma, such as scratching the skin. SC proliferation, measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake, and immune cells, measured by CD45 labelling, were quantified at various times during the 7 days after scarification or abrasion of flank skin. We show that minimal skin trauma, such as scarification or light abrasion, triggers proliferation of SCs. Sections of control mice nervous tissue show <10 BrdU+ cells/ganglionic profile. In contrast, sections of traumatised mice show >50 BrdU+ cells/ganglionic profile, even after simply scratching the skin. The lack of CD45+ cells shows that the proliferating cells are not immune cells. We suggest that SCs in mice are a labile cell population able to proliferate rapidly in response to minimal nerve trauma. This finding has implications for the role of SCs in nervous system repair. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.