bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internalisasi Karakter Peduli Sosial di Lingkungan Sekolah
Authors: Kasongat Siti Sara , Salamor Lisye , Gaite Titus 
Published: November 2023

Internalisasi pendidikan karakter peduli sosial merupakan salah satu nilai yang dikembangkan dalam program penguatan pendidikan karakter di Indonesia. Hal ini mengingat bahwa manusia merupakan mahluk sosial yang saling membutuhkan bantuan antara satu dengan yang lainnya maka dari itu proses internalisasi karakter peduli sosial menjadi hal penting untuk diperhatikan. Sekolah memiliki pengaruh besar bagi terbentuknya karakter siswa selain peran orang tua. Sekolah juga perlu menciptakan suasana kondusif untuk proses internalisasi karakter kepada siswanya. Maka, guru merupakan agen utama dalam proses internalisasi karakter kepada siswa di situlah proses internalisasi karakter diperlukan guru yang berkompeten dan berkepribadian baik agar dapat menjadi teladan bagi siswa-siswanya. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan tehnik pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa dapat (1) mengetahui bagaimana upaya pengutan karakter peduli sosial dalam pengembangan diri di SMA Negeri 3 Ambon; (2) integrasi karakter peduli sosial ada dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (PKn) di SMA Negeri 3 Ambon.
Gıda, yem ve tohumda multipleks GDO tarama testi geliştirilmesi ve validasyon çalışmaları
Authors: AKMAN Nihal , DAĞDELEN Adnan Fatih 
Published: November 2023

Giriş: Genetik Modifiye Organizmaların (GDO) kontrol analizlerinin ilk aşamasında GDO tarama analizi yer almaktadır. GDO’lu ürünlerin %90’ından fazlasında genetik modifikasyonu gösteren bölgeler; 35S promotor, NOS terminator ve FMV promotor bölgeleridir. Ticari kitler de genel olarak bu bölgeleri taramak için üretilmiştir. Bu bölgeler tarandığında daha az ileri analize ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Ticari kitler kullanım kolaylığı sağlaması nedeni ile tercih edilmekte ancak analiz maliyetini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada multipleks test materyalinin laboratuvar içi metot olarak hazırlanması ile maliyetin düşürülmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve yöntem: Çalışmada ilk etapta bileşenler uygun oranlarda karıştırılarak GDO tarama testi hazırlanmıştır. Bu tarama testi ile daha sonra sertifikalı referans madde (CRM), gıda ve yem matrikslerinde validasyon çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Tartışma ve sonuç: Planlanan bu çalışma sonucunda LOD (tespit limiti) seviyesi 10 DNA kopyası olan hassas ve analiz maliyeti ticari kite oranla daha düşük multipleks GDO tarama testi geliştirilmiştir. Bu testin yanlış negatiflik ve yanlış pozitiflik oranları %0 bulunmuştur. Asimetrik LOD sonucu tüm bölgeler için 10 kopya/10000 kopya olmuştur. Şartlardaki küçük değişiklikler ile 30 DNA kopyasının pozitif sonuç vermesi bu tarama testinin sağlamlık kriterine uygun olduğunu göstermiştir.
From Ancient Mythology to Modern Technology: The Historical Evolution of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Duymaz Yaşar Kemal , Şahin Şamil 
Published: November 2023

Dear Editors,
Recently, a fascinating article detailing the evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was published, as the article describes it with the bronze creature Talos from ancient Greek myths and the groundbreaking DaVinci Si and DaVinci Xi surgical systems of the modern era [1]. The interaction of ancient myths and medical technology shows how far we have come but how deeply we remain connected to our past.
As the article emphasizes, Talos, described in ancient Greek literature, may be the world's first recorded concept of an automaton with Artificial Intelligence capability. Talos, created by the god Hephaestus, used his bronze form and inner fire to patrol the coasts of Crete and deter invaders [2]. The story of a machine that moves independently, driven by an energy source and following specific instructions, is astoundingly pioneering [2]. It is interesting to think that robots, an idea we usually think of as a modern concept, were present in the imagination of ancient civilizations.
Leonardo da Vinci's robot knight is a moving tribute to the versatile genius of the Renaissance [3]. However, since its operation depends on external intelligence, it is not a direct precursor to the AI we know today. The article makes this distinction.
However, A claim that has been presented is open to discussion. Naming AI surgical tower da Vinci is misleading, article suggests. Although Leonardo's automaton was not autonomous, its extensive notebooks testify to a questioning and innovative mind that was always pushing boundaries. In this sense, it feels appropriate to mention the name of Da Vinci, a technological marvel.
The underlying sentiment is concurred with. Hephaestus' creation of Talos offers a more direct line to the concept of autonomous machines and perhaps it deserves a more prominent position in the story of the history of Artificial Intelligence.
Highlighting this overlooked intersection of mythology, history, and technology is commendable. Such discussions highlight the importance of understanding our past while understanding our rapidly evolving present and future.
Sincerely yours,
دبلوماسية المؤتمرات الدولية في الالفية الثالثة
Authors: خضير أ.د. محمد ياس , المكوطر عمار احمد اسماعيل 
Published: November 2023

تكمن مشكلة البحث في عدم الاتفاق على مفهوم محدد للدبلوماسية من الناحية اللغوية أو الاصطلاحية، لذلك تعددت أشكالها وأنواعها، لعل من أهمها دبلوماسية المؤتمرات الدولية التي حظيت بدور فاعل في تسوية العديد من المشكلات والنزاعات والحروب الدولية، ومن ثم إسهامها بشكل كبير في حماية السلم والأمن الدوليين, في حالة توافر مستلزمات نجاحها من إرادة سياسية وتوافق في مصالح الأطراف المعنية.
وينطلق السؤال المركزي للبحث، المتجسد في ماهية مفهومي الدبلوماسية والمؤتمرات الدولية ؟ وعلى هذا الأساس، تم تقسيم هذا البحث على مبحثين، تناول المبحث الأول معنى الدبلوماسية لغةً واصطلاحاً وتمييزهُ عن غيره من المفاهيم المقاربة، فيما تناول المبحث الثاني تأصيل دبلوماسية المؤتمرات الدولية وخصائصها(*).
The problem of this research lay in the lack of agreement on a specific concept of diplomacy in terms of language or terminology. For this reason diplomacy varied in its forms and types, perhaps the most important of which is diplomacy of international conferences that have played an active role in solving many problems, disputes and international wars. As such diplomacy has contributed significantly to the protection of international peace and security due to the availability of its success such as political will and shared interests of the parties concerned.
Hence the central question of research concerns the concepts of diplomacy and international conferences. On this basis, this research is divided into two sections. While the first section deals with the meaning of diplomacy in terms of language and terminology, distinguishing it from other concepts, the other section is dedicated to originating the diplomacy of international conferences and its characteristics.
آثار رهن براءة الاختراع بين المتعاقدين
Authors: جعفر أ.م.د. محمد حنون , علي غالب كريم  
Published: November 2023

هنالك اثار قانونيه في رهن براءة الاختراع ، بالنسبة للراهن و هذه الاثار تعطيه حقوقا، وهي على نوعين: حقه في التصرف في براءة الاختراع عند رهنها وهذا التصرف يكون مستقلا عن الرهن ،لان الرهن يكون مسجلا في سجلات خاصة به وكذلك له حق استغلال البراءة. وقد يرتب هذا النوع من الرهن التزامات على الراهن وهي تسجيل الرهن والمحافظة عليه وضمان سلامته .اما بالنسبة لاثار الرهن بالنسبة للدائن المرتهن فقد تكون له حقوق على براءة الاختراع ولا تكون عليه التزامات قانونية . ورهن براءة الاختراع تتم دون انتقال الحيازة فيه فهو رهن منقول معنوي يضاف الى الرهن الحيازي و لكنه يختلف عن اثار الرهن بين المتعاقدين في الرهن الحيازي.
There are legal effects on the pledging of the invention certificate for its own owner. These effects give him rights, and they are of two types: his right to use of his invention certificate when he pledged it, and this behavior is independent of the pledge, because the pledge is recorded in his own records, and he also has the right to exploit the invention. This type of pledge may entail obligations for the current owner, as to register and maintain the pledge and ensure its safety.As for the effects on the creditor, he may have the rights of the invention without legal obligations. Pledging invention certificate is done without transferring of its possession, as it is a moral transferred pledge added to the possession pledge, but it differs from the effects of the pledge between the contractors in the possession pledge.
Shi’a Islam and Religious Secularism Sayyed al-Sistani and the Civil State in Iraq
Authors: Dr. Fouad J. Kadhem  
Published: November 2023

Introduction Over the last two decades or so, great amount of discussion raised regarding secularism. While Europeans and Western people in general took secularism for granted, the case is still vague and unresolved for most, if not all of Muslims. Although it is one of the most popular yet debatable issues in the Arab and Islamic discourse, secularism seems to have been one of less agreed ideas. Dozens of books published, ranging from attacking this Western disease to praising it as the last hope for humanity.
ذاتية القانون الجنائي فلسفياً
Authors: أ.م.د مبدر الويس  
Published: November 2023

يمثل القانون الجنائي قواعد قانونية عقابية حددها المُشرِّع لمكافحة الجرائم التي تخل بأمن المجتمع واستقراره وردعها, وينمــاز القانون الجنائي بخصوصية فلسفية في شرحه وتفسيره للأفعال الجرمية التي يرتكبها الأفراد , و يمتد نطاق تطبيق القانون الجنائي من حيث الزمان والمكان، فمن حيث الزمان يسري على الجرائم القانون النافذ وقت ارتكابها، ويرجع تحديد وقت ارتكاب الجريمة إلى الوقت الذي تمت فيه أفعال تنفيذها من دون النظر إلى وقت تحقيق نتيجتها , وتحقيقاً لفلسفة عدالة القانون الجنائي، فأنــَّه في حال صدور قانون بعد ارتكاب الجريمة ، وقبل أن يصبح الحكم الصادر فيها نهائياً فهنا يطبق القانون الأصلح للمتهم.
Gertrude Bell and the Genesis of Sectarian Division in Modern Iraq
Authors: Dr. Fouad J Kadhem  
Published: November 2023

Sectarian jargon has become part and parcel of the Iraqi political scene after 2003. Sectarian phenomenon, however, has always been part of Iraqi political life at least since the creating of Iraqi state in 1921. This study, examines specifically the British role in creating the sectarian division in Iraq as viewed by Iraqi Shi’is. Iraqi Shi’is have always put forward their claim as the most affected by the political division resulted after 1921. The paper will present first a varied spectrum of reflections for Shi’a intellectuals and ‘ulama of enduring British role. I shall review then an historical evolution of Shi’a-British encounter to assess finally, how this experience has shaped the attitudes and mentality of present Shi’a personals and forces in Iraq.
قراءة في أساس مسؤولية الموجب عن سحب الايجاب
Authors: الخفاجي د. عزيز كاظم جبر 
Published: November 2023

يظن بعضهم خطأً أنَّ كثيراً من موضوعات القانون المدني أشبعت بحثاً , إذ لم تعدّ قادرة على استيعاب المزيد من الآراء حول بعض تفاصيلها , سيما تلك التي تتعلَّق بالمبادئ الأساسية للتصرفات القانونية.
وهو قول محل نظر في اعتقادنا , فإذا كانت قواعد القانون المدني متناهية , فإنَّ ما يدخل في حكمها غير متناه , ولاسيما إذا ما نظرنا إلى ذلك القانون بشقيه المعاملات المدنية والأحوال الشخصية , وبناءً عليه لا يوجد وفقـاً لما نراه موضوعاً لا يصلح للكتابة فيه , أو لا يحتمل مزيداً من الآراء في بعض جزئياته , ومن ذلك الموضوع محل المناقشة , فمن يسأل عن الإيجاب , مثلاً يتلقى جواباً سريعاً أنَّـه موضوع لا جديــد فيه , فالقانون قد عالج أحكـامه تفصيلاً , إذ أصبح واضحاً حتى للمبتدئين في دراسة القانون , فالموجب ملزم بالبقاء على إيجابه , وإلا كان مسؤولاً تجاه من وجه إليه , وهذا صحيح ولا اعتراض عليه, ولكنَّ أساس تلك المسؤولية, ورأي الفقه فيها, وموقف القانون منها أمور بحاجة إلى مزيد من النقاش؛ لبلورة موقف واضح بشأنها, لاسيما وأنَّ ما ورد في كتب الفقه عن هذا الموضوع لا يتعدى إشارات بسيطة متفرقة لا يجمعها جامع ولا يسندها واقع, وساهم في ذلك كله عدم حسم هذه المسألة بنص قانوني صريح يمكن أَن يكون حجر الزاوية في هذا الأمـر , لذلك وجدت من الأفضل أن أضع تقسيماً ثنائياً أبحث بـه عن أساس مسؤولية الموجب عن سحب الايجاب ، يتمثل في اعتماد نظريتي العمل القانوني والفعل القانوني , فإذا كان العمل القانوني يعتمد الإرادة أساساً في إنشائه , وفي ترتيب أثره , كما في العقد والإرادة المنفردة , فإنَّ الفعل القانوني حوادث مجردة عن الإرادة تحدث فترتب أثراً قانونياً, سواء كانت طبيعية , كالولادة والوفاة والقرابة والتقادم وما سواهــا أم ناشئـة عن فعل من قام بها وإن لم تكن لديه نية ترتيب نتائجها , كما في الأعمال غير المشروعة عموماً , ونحاول أَن نردّ كلَّ ما قيل في هذا الموضوع , وما نراه بشأنه إلى هذين الأساسين , لذلك سنقسم البحث إلى فرعين: نخصصهما على التوالي لمناقشة الموضوعين أعلاه, ولكن بعد أن نمهد لهما ببيان معنى الايجاب, وأنواعه؛ لأهمية ذلك في البحث .
A Profile of Adolescents who Attend Driver
Education for the Insurance Discount:
Are Insurers Rewarding Bad Risks?
Authors: Hirsch Pierro , Maag Urs 
Published: November 2023

Problem: The overrepresentation of adolescent drivers in crashes is a robust phenomenon.
Driver education (DE) is a popular countermeasure, and in most North American
juridictions, insurers grant automobile insurance premium discounts to DE graduates.
However, over the past 20 years, evaluations have consistently demonstrated that DE
does not reduce, and may even increase, crash risk among adolescent novice drivers.
Providing premium reduction incentives to DE graduates may possibly increase crash
risk in two ways. One, by reducing the overall cost of licensing and car ownership, insurance
may increase driving exposure. Two, insurance may increase morale hazard, a
careless attitude toward prevention. The human and financial losses resulting from adolescent
crashes are a serious problem for public health and for insurers. Insurance is also
known to increase moral hazard, a tendency to make dishonest claims - losses due to
fraud are a significant problem for insurers. Therefore, the DE insurance discount may
not be optimally efficient for reducing insurers' losses or for improving the public health.
One approach to invesligating the effects of the DE insurance discount is to study the
characteristics and the driving records of adolescents who are insurance-motivated, i.e.
those who attend DE partly or entirely for the insurance discount.
Method: A cohort of 1,804 novice drivers 16- to 19-years of age of both sexes completed
an extensive questionnaire on learning methods, including motivation to attend or not to
attend DE, risk taking, and lifestyles. Questionnaire data were linked on an individual
basis with government records on exam performance, violations, and crashes. Among the
participants who attended DE (N = 1,536), the importance of the insurance discount in
their motivation to attend DE was studied in relation to violation and crash records during
the first 450 days of unsupervised driving and explanatory variables from the questionnaire.
Results: Insurance-motivated participants, compared to those who were not motivated
by the insurance discount, were more likely to have: greater violation risk, more tolerant
attitudes towards speeding and risk taking, and less financial support from family for all
licensing and driving related expenses. Insurance motivation was also associated with the
likelihood of presenting fraudulent DE certificates and expressing a willingness to defraud
insurance companies.
Discussion: Increased violation and crash risk associated with insurance-motivation
may possibly be due to greater morale hazard. The data also indicate thar insurance motivation
may be associated with greater moral hazard and potential future losses for
insurers. Alternative methods for insuring adolescent drivers are suggested with the aim
of decreasing insurance losses and injury risk by attempting to decrease both morale and
moral hazard.
The Process of Becoming a War Refugee: The Case of a Finnish Boy
Authors:   Estonian Cultural History Archives, Estonian Literary Museum, Estonia, Ojamaa Triinu 
Published: November 2023

The article observes the different stages of the gradual process by which Olev Mikiver became a refugee, following the formation and interweaving of his professional (artist’s) identity, his identity as a soldier and as a refugee, based on his private letters. The study mainly focuses on four letters written by Mikiver during the Finnish Continuation War, in which he participated as a volunteer in 1943–1944; these volunteers later became known as the Finnish Boys. The analysis of the letters focuses on the topics discussed in the letters and on Mikiver’s word usage. In addition to verbal means of expression, visual means have also been observed to gain additional information about the changes in identity, attitudes, and mood of the letter-writer. The analysis showed that despite Mikiver remaining a devoted artist, he adopted the soldier identity in a relatively short time and no conflict arose between the two identities. In 1944, Mikiver fled to Sweden. Based on the letters he sent to his friend Ilmar Laaban between 1948 and 1993, some observations have also been made about how he coped with refugee life in Sweden. In the post-war period, the opportunity to continue as an artist in exile, on the one hand, and the sense of solidarity with other Finnish Continuation War veterans on the other hand, helped Mikiver overcome his depression as a refugee.
Estimate of lysine nutritional requirements for Japanese quail breeders
Authors: Carvalho Lizia Cordeiro de , Sousa Manoela Garcia Borgi Lino de , Pavanini Jaqueline Aparecida , Stivanin Tadia Emanuele , Peruzzi Nelson José , Panosso Alan Rodrigo , Lima Michele Bernardino de , Silva Edney Pereira da 
Published: November 2023

Background
Japanese quail breeders are the basis for genetic improvement and multiplication for commercial layers, however, there have been no known studies on the optimal lysine level for these birds. Thus, study the egg output response to the lysine (Lys) supply using different e-functions and evaluate the that best fit, have allowed the partition the lysine requirements for maintenance, both weight and egg output maximum.

Methods
The objectives of this study were to identify the responses to various Lys levels, identify the functions related to these responses and determine the ideal Lys intake amount for Japanese quail breeders. A completely randomized design of seven treatments with seven replicated was used. Treatments consisted of diet supplementation by Lys in concentrations of 16.8, 11.8, 8.4, 6.7, 5.0, 3.4, and 1.7 g/kg. Six exponential models were adjusted.

Results
The level of Lys was found to affect bird responses (P < 0.001). The birds responded to the levels provided, allowing for the creation of a lysine response curve. A monomolecular function with four parameters was balanced against the statistics of adjustment and selection of models. It was possible to estimate the level of lysine required for maintenance as 133 ± 2 mg/kg BW0.67, and based an average of 41% efficiency, 22 mg Lys produced 1 g of egg output (EO). The daily intake calculated by the monomolecular factorial model was 284 mg Lys for a bird with 0.170 kg body weight and production of 10 g EO/day. The four-parameter monomolecular function proposed in this study is adequate for interpreting the animal response and calculating lysine intake for breeders.
Technical Challenges Facing Water Users in Accessing Water Services from the Public Water Supply Authority in Dodoma City, Tanzania
Authors: Masanja Felix George 
Published: November 2023

Water service is essential for human survival. For it to be easily accessed with adequate amount in an increasing population, there are number of challenges that need to be addressed with existing expertise, protocols and operations. Thus, this study aimed to examine the Technical Challenges Facing Water Users on Accessing Water Service from the Public Water Supply Authority in Dodoma City namely Dodoma Urban Water and Sanitation Authority (DUWASA). The study employed a mixed research approach where a cross sectional research design was used to collect data at one time from July to August 2021. A sample size of the study was 96 respondents drawn from three wards in Dodoma City who are clients of DUWASA, 3 local government leaders and 5 officials from DUWASA. A Multi-stage random sampling was chosen to collect data accurately represents the technical water-related challenges faced by water users. Three wards were selected to represents Dodoma City residents, two streets were then selected from each of the three wards. Sixteen households were randomly selected from one street in each ward, resulting in a total of 32 households per ward. The study used purposive technique in selection of 5 key informants who are the DUWASA officials, one local ward leaders from each of the selected wards. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques were employed in the study. Using descriptive statistical analysis, the findings revealed that, limited number of days and number of hours, limited water resources, poor infrastructures which leads to the loss of water through water leakage as technical challenges hindering accessibility of water services. The study recommends for construction of modernized water networks and efforts to increase more sources of water that will lead to exploit more water.
High Blood Pressure amongst Adolescents in Lagos, South West Nigeria
Authors: Ezeogu Joseph , Atoh Ifeoma , Okoro Jude Chidi , Ogbonna Ikechukwu Frank 
Published: November 2023

Adolescent high blood pressure (HBP), now a growing significant health problem with lasting consequences on cardiovascular health, was considered rare at a time. Several end-organ complications could occur if this asymptomatic condition is uncontrolled, and tracks into adulthood. The 2004 Fourth Report was developed to address the cumbersome challenges in the detection of adolescent hypertension.
Aims: This study sought to determine high blood pressure prevalence amongst adolescents in Mushin Local Government Area (LGA) using the 2004 Fourth report.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Fourteen secondary schools, in Mushin Local Government Area (LGA) between August 2020 and December 2020.
Methodology: A two-stage sampling method was utilized in selecting 14 secondary schools. Within selected schools; participants were recruited from each class by proportional allocation using the school’s register. Students were stratified as males and females using the class register. Subjects were selected from each stratum by simple random sampling method. We included 1490, (744 male, 746 female), 10-19 years old students. A structured proforma was used to obtain socio-demographic information and relevant clinical data. The blood pressure measurements were taken according to standard protocol (elevated blood pressure is systolic and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 90th but ≤ 95th percentile for age, gender and height). Descriptive data was used to describe socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics. Frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to summarize categorical and numerical variables. P-values of 0.5 was termed significant
Results: Among the 1490 subjects, 49.9% (744) were male and 50.1% (746) females (male: female ratio was 1: 1). Prevalence, of high blood pressure, elevated pressure and hypertension were 14.5% (number =216), 6.1% (number =92), and 8.4% (number =124). The prevalence of high blood pressure rose progressively with the age group in the early and mid adolescent age group, while the prevalence was lowest in the oldest age group.
Conclusions: Adolescent hypertension, elevated blood pressure, high blood pressure, prevalence, was high. Development of cardiovascular complications could be obviated by early detection, life style modification and treatment.