bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the probability of independent sets in random graphs
Authors: Krivelevich Michael , Sudakov Benny , Vu Van H. , Wormald Nicholas C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractLet k be the asymptotic value of the independence number of the random graph G(n, p). We prove that if the edge probability p(n) satisfies p(n) ≫ n−2/5ln6/5n then the probability that G(n, p) does not contain an independent set of size k − c, for some absolute constant c > 0, is at most exp{−cn2/(k4p)}. We also show that the obtained exponent is tight up to logarithmic factors, and apply our result to obtain new bounds on the choice number of random graphs. We also discuss a general setting where our approach can be applied to provide an exponential bound on the probability of certain events in product probability spaces. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 22: 1–14, 2003
Renewal processes on partially ordered sets
Authors: Siegrist Kyle 
Published: November 2002

AbstractLet G = (V, ≤) be a partially ordered set such that V is countable, there exists a minimum element a ∈ V, and {u ∈ V : u ≤ v} is finite for each v ∈ V. Suppose that {Xv : v ≠ a} is a collection of independent, identically distributed, nonnegative random variables. We think of Xv as the time required to perform a job associated with v, but the job at v cannot begin until all jobs at u < v are finished. The natural random variables associated with this model are the time when all jobs in a given subset of V are completed, and the set of completed jobs at a given time. These variables are studied in terms of the structure of G, and several stochastic comparison results are obtained. The common model for sequential broadcasting in trees is a special case, and in this context, we study the broadcast center of a tree. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 22: 15–32, 2003
Measurement of stopping power ratio of chemo‐ports using energy spectrum extracted from integral depth dose
Authors: Gonzalez Rosette , Olis Stephen , Mossahebi Sina , Yao Weiguang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeIn proton radiotherapy, the stopping power ratio (SPR) of non‐biological materials must be independently measured with proton beams for accurate dose calculation. Small‐size chemo‐ports challenge the measurement. The purpose of this work is to measure the SPR of chemo‐ports by using the energy spectra of the proton pencil beams.Methods and materialsChemo‐ports used in this study were irradiated in both lateral and vertical directions by 100‐, 160‐, and 200‐MeV monoenergetic proton pencil beamlets. The integrated depth doses (IDDs) were acquired using a multi‐layer ion chamber (MLIC), with and without the chemo port in front of the MLIC. The energy spectrum (ES) of the IDD was extracted. The water equivalent thickness (WET) of the chemo‐port was determined from the shift in corresponding peaks in the spectra. To reduce the effect of spot size and its Gaussian distribution on the measurement, the measurements were repeated with a lead collimator (5 mm circular opening) in front of the chemo‐ports. Additionally, the WET values were also obtained by a conventional approach that calculated the shift of the peaks in the IDDs rather than in the energy spectra.ResultsThe complex internal structure of the chemo‐port was reflected in multiple peaks in the ES. The measured WET values from different energy beamlets agreed within 0.5 mm (4.6%) of each other using the ES method, while agreement up to 1 mm was observed from the traditional approach. When the collimator was used, the agreement was decreased to within 1.1 and 8 mm from the ES method and conventional approach, respectively.ConclusionProton SPRs of chemo ports can be successfully measured using the ES method. Better agreement of the measured WET values from different energy pencil beams was obtained from the ES method than from a conventional approach. The use of a collimator can decrease accuracy.
Targeted Long‐Read Sequencing as a Single Assay Improves the Diagnosis of Spastic‐Ataxia Disorders
Authors: Rudaks Laura Ivete , Stevanovski Igor , Yeow Dennis , Reis Andre L. M. , Chintalaphani Sanjog R. , Cheong Pak Leng , Gamaarachchi Hasindu , Worgan Lisa , Ahmad Kate , Hayes Michael , Hannaford Andrew , Kim Samuel , Fung Victor S. C. , Halmagyi Gabor M. , Martin Andrew , Manser David , Tchan Michel , Ng Karl , Kennerson Marina L. , Deveson Ira W. , Kumar Kishore Raj 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe hereditary spastic‐ataxia spectrum disorders are a group of disabling neurological diseases. The traditional genetic testing pathway is complex, multistep and leaves many cases unsolved. We aim to streamline and improve this process using long‐read sequencing.MethodsWe developed a targeted long‐read sequencing strategy with the capacity to characterise the genetic variation of all types and sizes within 469 disease‐associated genes, in a single assay. We applied this to a cohort of 34 individuals with unsolved spastic‐ataxia. An additional five individuals with a known genetic diagnosis were included as positive controls.ResultsWe identified causative pathogenic variants that would be sufficient for genetic diagnosis in 14/34 (41%) unsolved participants. The success rate was 5/11 (45%) in those who were naïve to genetic testing and 9/23 (39%) in those who were undiagnosed after prior genetic testing, completed on a clinical basis. Short tandem repeat expansions in FGF14 were the most common (7/34, 21%). Two individuals (2/34, 6%) had biallelic pathogenic expansions in RFC1 and one individual had a monoallelic pathogenic expansion in ATXN8OS/ATXN8. Causative pathogenic sequence variants other than short tandem repeat expansions were found in four individuals, including in VCP, STUB1, ANO10 and SPG7. Furthermore, all five positive controls were identified.InterpretationOur results demonstrate the utility of targeted long‐read sequencing in the genetic evaluation of patients with spastic‐ataxia spectrum disorders, highlighting both the capacity to increase overall diagnostic yield and to streamline the testing pathway by capturing all known genetic causes in a single assay.
Customizing Synchronous Charge Tunneling Photosystems Toward Solar CO2 Conversion
Authors: Chen Qing , Chen Yi‐Han , Zhu Jun‐Rong , Li Zhuang‐Yan , Xiao Fang‐Xing 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSolar‐driven CO2 conversion to high‐value‐added chemical fuels has been deemed as an emerging way of alleviating deteriorating energy depletion and greenhouse effect. Nevertheless, precise modulation of spatial vectorial charge migration/separation in CO2 artificial photosystem remains challenging due predominantly to the ultrashort charge lifetime, sluggish charge transfer kinetics, and ultra‐stable symmetry of CO2 molecules, rendering stimulation of CO2 adsorption, activation and reduction a grand challenge. Herein, we conceptually demonstrate the design of a novel semiconductor‐insulator‐cocatalyst charge tunneling photosystem via a layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly strategy, which involves progressive intercalation of dual ultrathin insulating polymer layers in‐between layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and transition metal chalcogenide (TMC). It is demonstrated for the first time unleash that electron‐hole pairs photoexcited over TMC can simultaneously tunnel through the insulating polymer interim layers, followed by holes trapping by terminal LDHs and directional electrons migration to the CO2 molecules absorbing on the polymers surface, synergistically boosting the charge separation and reinforcing the solar CO2 reduction. This work would open a shining frontier to strategically craft novel charge‐tunneling artificial photosystems and benefit the fundamental understanding on the CO2 photoreduction technology toward solar energy conversion.
Benchtop Fabrication and Integration of Laser‐Induced Graphene Strain Gauges and Stimulation Electrodes in Muscle on a Chip Devices
Authors: Svetlova Anastasia , Law Hiu Tung J. , Kim Dawon , Enriquez Nicolas , Soleimani Ali , Al‐Shami Abdulrahman , Kohan Samuel , Peck Raymond , Eremina Olga E. , Zavaleta Cristina , Mousavi Maral P. S. , McCain Megan L. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractMuscle on a Chip devices are valuable research tools for interrogating the structure and physiology of engineered heart, skeletal, or smooth muscle tissue constructs from the molecular to the multi‐cellular level. However, many existing devices rely on functional assays with limited throughput, such as optical microscopy, to measure contractility. Although electrical components have been integrated to automate recordings in advanced devices, their fabrication typically requires specialized equipment found in cleanroom facilities. In this work, miniature strain gauges are engineered to record the contractions of engineered skeletal muscle bundles using only benchtop fabrication equipment. A commercial CO2 laser is employed to generate patterns of laser‐induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide (PI) films. LIG is then transferred from PI to thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films to make conductive and intrinsically flexible and stretchable layers that demonstrate long‐term stability under repeated cycles of stretch. Engineered skeletal muscle bundles are anchored to LIG‐PDMS strain gauges and their contraction is sensed in response to electrical stimulation, which is delivered by LIG‐PI stimulation electrodes also integrated into the device. Collectively, these results demonstrate that LIG is an attractive material for rapidly and inexpensively integrating electrical components for in situ strain sensing and electrical stimulation in Muscle on a Chip devices.
Sonochemical Functionalization of Glass
Authors: Li Tiexin , Datson Zane , Hena Sufia , Chang Steven , Werry Shane , Zhao Leqi , Amiralian Nasim , Bhatelia Tejas , Lopez‐Ruiz Francisco J. , MacGregor Melanie , Iyer K. Swaminathan , Ciampi Simone , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. , Darwish Nadim 
Published: February 2025

AbstractFunctionalized glass plays a crucial role in various fields, including materials and biomedical sciences. Traditionally, it has been produced through silanization reactions or by coating the glass with polymers. But these approaches involve toxic chemicals and result in films that are prone to hydrolysis upon long‐term exposure to water. In this report, a novel, simple method for functionalizing glass using ultrasonication of aryl diazonium salts is introduced. When these salts are exposed to ultrasound under mild conditions (24 kHz/400 W), aryl radicals are generated, which spontaneously react with the glass surface. This reaction forms a thin organic polymeric film whose surface properties, such as hydrophobicity or charge, can be tailored by the terminal group of the diazonium salt employed. The film is covalently bonded to the glass surface via Si–O–C bonds, which offer enhanced stability compared to the more hydrolysis‐prone Si–O–Si bonds that govern traditional silanization techniques. This newly functionalized glass is shown to adhere microorganisms such as microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris C. vulgaris), bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae), suggesting potential applications in enzyme production, filtration, environmental remediation technologies, biofuels, and biofuel cells.
Enhancing Optoelectronic Properties in Phthalocyanine‐Based SURMOFs: Synthesis of ABAB Linkers by Avoiding Statistical Condensation with Tailored Building Blocks
Authors: Langer Lukas S. , Stahlberger Mareen , Liu Xiaojing , Luo Yi , Häußermann Niklas E. , Singhvi Puja , Liu Yidong , Fuhr Olaf , Nieger Martin , Heinke Lars , Heine Thomas , Wöll Christof , Bräse Stefan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPhthalocyanine (PC)‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hold substantial promise for applications in energy storage, sensing, and catalysis due to their robust stability and enhanced electron transfer capabilities. However, synthesizing phthalocyanine linkers with precise geometries presents a significant challenge, which limits their prevalence in the field. Traditional methods typically employ readily synthesized tetratopic PC linkers for realizing PC‐based MOFs. In response, the study presents an innovative approach using ditopic ABAB‐phthalocyanine MOF linkers. The A and B building blocks in PC synthesis are deliberately designed to circumvent issues of statistical condensation. These PC linkers are then utilized in the fabrication of zinc‐based surface‐anchored MOF (SURMOF) thin films. The structural and electronic properties of these SURMOFs are explored through a series of detailed experimental and computational methods, including X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. UV–Vis spectroscopy reveals significant improvements in electronic absorption, thereby enhancing the material's performance in light harvesting and energy conversion. Furthermore, a photodetector built with this novel linker demonstrates high efficacy in the long‐wavelength region (780 nm), highlighting its potential for cutting‐edge sensing technologies.
Modulating Electronic Structure and Mass Transfer Kinetics via Mo‐Mo2C Heterostructure for Ampere‐Level Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yuan Shisheng , Xiang Lijuan , Li Nan , Liang Tianqi , Wang Kaiwen , Gao Xinxin , Cui Mengyang , Zhao Liang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractMolybdenum carbide (Mo2C), known for its platinum‐like electronic structure and excellent corrosion resistance, has demonstrated promising catalytic performance in laboratory tests. However, under industrial harsh conditions, the catalytic performance of Mo2C faces constraints due to its inherently strong hydrogen adsorption. Additionally, at elevated current densities, rapid depletion of active species in the electrolyte, coupled with hydrogen gas bubble accumulation, introduce significant mass transport challenges. This work introduces an electrode with Mo‐Mo2C heterostructures supported on a Mo plate (Mo‐Mo2C/Mo). Further analyses reveal that incorporating metallic Mo into the heterostructures optimizes the electronic structure of Mo2C. This optimization achieves a more balanced hydrogen adsorption, while also enhancing the capacity for water adsorption and dissociation of Mo2C, collectively improving catalytic activity. Furthermore, this electrode features a unique “bush‐like” surface morphology that can induce a “turbulence” effect in the electrolyte near the electrode surface, facilitating electrolyte flow and mass transport. As a result, the Mo‐Mo2C/Mo electrode exhibits excellent catalytic performance at high current densities (η1000 = 452 mV). Moreover, the strong corrosion resistance and robust integration of Mo and Mo2C ensure long‐term stability, with the electrode remaining stable at 1.5 A in 6 M KOH over extended periods.
Transition Metal Fluorides as Advanced Cathodes for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Rational Enhancement Strategies and Underlying Electrochemical Mechanisms
Authors: Wu Ruijie , Bo Xiaoxu , Zhao Shiqiang , Zhang Jiatong , Zhang Qian , Jin Huile , Lin Zhiqun , Wang Shun 
Published: February 2025

AbstractHigh‐capacity and low‐cost cathodes are urgently pursued to improve the energy density and realize the large‐scale application of lithium/sodium ion batteries. Transition metal fluorides (MFx), which involve multiple electron transfer based on conversion reactions, are widely regarded as promising candidates with the advantages of high capacity (≈500–800 mAh g−1) and abundant resources. However, MFx cathodes face significant challenges, including low conductivity, structural pulverization, sluggish kinetics, dissolution of MFx in electrolyte, etc. Here, four rational strategies to overcome the shortcomings and improve the properties of MFx are presented in detail. First, compositing MFx with functional materials can enhance electronic conductivity, buffer volume changes, suppress agglomeration, and stabilize particle surface. Second, constructing hierarchical, porous, and hollow structures can strengthen structural stability, shorten ion transport distance, and expose rich reactive sites. Third, doping heterogeneous elements can improve electrical/ionic conductivity, promote reaction reversibility, and contribute additional capacity. Fourth, optimizing electrolytes and binders can form a stable electrode/electrolyte interface, widen voltage window, and inhibit dissolution of MFx. Moreover, theoretical investigations are introduced to understand the underlying mechanisms for the reaction and enhancement. Finally, a perspective on the future prospects of MFx is highlighted, to provide valuable inspiration and reference for the development of next‐generation alkali‐ion batteries.
Contact Potential Homogenization via Buried Interface Engineering Enables High‐Performance Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Guo Yaxiong , Du Shengjie , Chen Weiqing , Zhou Hai , Chen Guoyi , Wang Shuxin , Yu Zixi , Hu Xuzhi , Yao Fang , Li Chun , Ke Weijun , Fang Guojia 
Published: February 2025

AbstractMicroscale imperfections and inhomogeneity at buried interface leads to energy losses and insufficient carrier extraction of wide bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we report a collaborative buried interface strategy by introducing 3‐aminopropanoic acid (3‐APA) to mix with [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz) as hole‐selective self‐assembled monolayer (SAM). With the addition of 3‐APA, the wettability of perovskite precursors is increased. Furthermore, the film morphology and heterogeneity at perovskite buried interface is improved. As a result, the nonradiative recombination and interfacial energy loss are greatly suppressed. This strategy also leads to marginally higher ionization potential of hole‐selective monolayers, approximating to the valence band of perovskite film. Benefits from suppressed charge transfer loss and nonradiative recombination loss, the mixed SAM strategy is present to overcome the passivation transport trade‐off, delivering VOC × FF of 84.5% of the S–Q limit. The combine benefits enable efficient 1.67 eV WBG PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 22.4% and a high open circuit voltage of 1.255 V and fill factor of 85.5%. Under mix SAM strategy, we also demonstrat all‐perovskite tandem solar cells with efficiency of 28.4%.
Novel Protein‐Rich Bioactive Bioink Stimulates Cellular Proliferation and Response in 3D Bioprinted Volumetric Constructs
Authors: Liu Suihong , Kilian David , Bernhardt Anne , Wirsig Katharina , von Witzleben Max , Duin Sarah , Lode Anja , Hu Qingxi , Gelinsky Michael 
Published: February 2025

Abstract3D extrusion bioprinting, a promising and widely adopted technology in the emerging field of biofabrication, has gained considerable attention for its ability to fabricate hierarchically structured, native‐mimicking tissue substitutes with precisely defined cell distributions. Despite notable advancements, the limited availability of suitably bioactive bioinks remains a major challenge, hindering the construction of volumetric tissue substitutes effectively mimicking biological functionality. Therefore, this work proposes a protein‐rich, low‐cost, bioactive bioink: abundantly available eggwhite powder (EWP) is leveraged to functionalize an alginate‐methylcellulose (AlgMC) hydrogel matrix and enhance cellular response. The developed EWP‐supplemented bioinks not only maintain favorable printability and high shape fidelity but also exhibit remarkable bioactivity. Notably, incorporating EWP into AlgMC‐based bioinks enhances shear‐thinning features, thereby improving the viability of encapsulated cells within the bioprinted constructs. The versatility and biofunctionality of EWP in bioprinted constructs are demonstrated using three distinct cell types, encompassing sources such as a stem cell line, human soft skin, and stiff bone tissues. Furthermore, the promising and wide applicability of the EWP‐supplemented bioink for biofabrication is demonstrated exemplarily in core‐shell and multi‐channel bioprinting strategies as a proof‐of‐concept for functional tissue construction. These findings underscore the significant and versatile potential of this novel bioink in biofabrication and biomedical applications.
Nanocellulose‐Derived Hierarchical Carbon Framework‐Supported P‐Doped MoO2 Nanoparticles for Optimizing Redox Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Shi Mengjiao , Han Xue , Qu Wen , Jiang Meihui , Li Qing , Jiang Feng , Xu Xiang , Ifuku Shinsuke , Zhang Chunlei , Wang Chao , Hu Junfeng , Yang Liansheng , Lin Yuanjun , Yu Haipeng , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Wu Yiqiang , Chen Wenshuai 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe integration of nanocatalysts into the separators of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) boosts the polysulfide conversion efficiency. However, the aggregation of catalyst nanoparticles diminishes the active surface area. Moreover, densely packed catalyst‐modified layers often hinder ion transport rates and impede access to the catalytic sites. To overcome these challenges, a strategy is reported for modifying commercial separators, using wood nanocellulose as a building block to construct hierarchical P‐doped MoO2−x nanoparticles anchored on N, P co‐doped porous carbon (P‐MoO2−x/NPC). The web‐like entangled nanocellulose forms a framework for the in situ polymerization of polyaniline, providing abundant anchoring sites for MoO2 nanoparticles. The addition of P atoms optimizes the d‐band center of MoO2 and enhances the catalytic activity of polysulfide conversion. The LSBs assembled using a P‐MoO2−x/NPC coated polypropylene separator display an initial discharge capacity of 1621 mAh g−1 and rate performance of 774 mAh g−1 at 5 C. Even with a sulfur loading of 8.1 mg cm−2 and lean electrolyte conditions, the cell achieves an initial areal capacity of 11.3 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C. This work provides a biopolymer nanofiber solution for constructing LSB separators with advanced electrochemical reactivity.
Lithiophilic‐Gradient, Li+ Supplementary Interphase Design for Lean Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Cheng Lu , Liu Jiacheng , Wang Yingche , Wang Helin , Shao Ahu , Li Chunwei , Wang Zhiqiao , Zhang Yaxin , Li Yunsong , Tang Jiawen , Guo Yuxiang , Liu Ting , Zhao Xiaodong , Ma Yue 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe practicability of anode‐less/free lithiummetal batteries (LMBs) is impeded by unregulated dendrite formation on thedeposition substrate. Herein, this study presents a lithiophilic‐gradient, layer‐stacked interfacial design for the lean lithium metal battery (LLMB) model. Engineered via a facile wet‐chemistry approach, the high entropy metalphosphide (HEMP) particles with tunable lithiophilic species are dispersedwithin reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Moreover, a poly (vinylidene fluoride co‐hexafluoropropylenepolymer) (PVDF‐HFP), blended with molten Li at the tailorable amounts, forms aLi supplementary top layer through a layer‐transfer printing technique. Theintegrated layer (HEMP@RGO‐MTL@PH) not only regulates the dendrite‐free lithiumdeposition towards the Cu substrate up to 10 mAh cm−2, but also maintains robust cyclability of the symmetric cell at 5 mA cm−2 even under 83% depth of discharge. As pairing the modified Cu foil with the LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode (NCM811, 16.9 mg cm−2, double sided, N/P ratio of 0.21) in the 200 mAh pouch cell, achieves gravimetric energy densities of 414.7 Wh kg−1, power output of 977.1 W kg−1, as well as highly reversible phasic evolutionmonitored in operando. This gradient interfacial strategy can promotethe commercialization of energy/power‐dense energy storage solutions.