bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Particularism: Wrong and Bad
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I focus on the view I think is most often meant by the title ‘moral particularism’. This view is held by some of the most morally admirable people I know. Yet, as I shall explain here, the view seems wrong. I shall also argue that, whether or not it is wrong, the view would be a bad one for society to accept.
Why Practice needs Ethical Theory: Particularism, Principle, and Bad Behaviour
Authors: Nussbaum Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innocence is indeed a glorious thing; but, unfortunately, it does not keep very well and is easily led astray. Consequently, even wisdom which consists more in doing and not doing than in knowing-needs science, not in order to learn from it, but in order that wisdom’s precepts may gain acceptance and permanence … Thus is ordinary human reason forced to go outside its sphere and take a step into the field of practical philosophy, not by any need for speculation (which never befalls such reason so long as it is content to be mere sound reason) but on practical grounds themselves … Thus when ordinary practical reason cultivates itself, there imperceptibly arises in it a dialectic which compels it to seek help in philosophy.
Molyneux’s babies: Cross-modal perception, imitation and the mind of the preverbal infant
Authors: Meltzoff Andrew N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gareth Evans (1985) contemplated novel variants of the Molyneux problem to illuminate certain questions in epistemology. I and others have used variants of the Molyneux problem to address questions about the nature of the infant mind. When we study infants instead of blind adults, the questions cannot be verbal; we must infer infant perception and thought through their actions. Imagine that the blind man is presented with a sphere to explore by touch. A sphere and cube are placed before him and sight is bestowed. In this modified example we do not ask the man to use a verbal label to designate which object he has just touched; we simply ask that he point towards or even to look longer at that object. The subject’s response in this instance is nonverbal., but it raises most of the critical issues of the original case.
Computing ‘where’ and ‘what’ in the visual system
Authors: Braddick Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to extract spatial relations seems to be a skill that is deeply embedded in our visual system: we need little in the way of deliberation or special strategy to judge, say, that points A B C lie in a straight line; that D is not vertically above E but slightly to the right; that X is above the centre of circle 0, and so on. This chapter looks at some evidence that may help us to understand how such tasks are performed - or at least to pose the question het ter. It outlines the possible roles of two kinds of neural encoding: first in terms of receptive fields responding to specific spatial configurations, and second in terms of the ‘local sign’ of neurons responding to features at particular locations. Broadly these might be thought of as signalling ‘what’ and ‘where’ respectively, although the encoding of spatial relations, by either mechanism, is potentially relevant both for identifying an object and for locating it. Insofar as location and identity are distinguishable kinds of information,
Image indeterminacy: The picture theory of images and the bifurcation of ‘what’ and ‘where’ information in higher-level vision
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long and impressive philosophical history attaches to the view that visual images represent the world in something like the manner of pictures. This century, however, the pictorial view of images has &lt;ome under heavy philosophical attack. Three basic sorts of objections have been raised. First, there have been challenges to the sense of the view: mental images are not seen with real eyes; they cannot be hung on real walls; they have no objective weight or colour. What, then, can it mean to say that images are pictorial? Secondly, there have been arguments that purport to show that the view is false. Perhaps the best known of these is founded on the charge that the pictorial conception of images cannot satisfactorily explain the indeterminacy of many mental images. Finally, there have been attacks on the evidential underpinnings of the view. ..
Introduction
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EVERYDAY conversations in two languages are the subject-matter of this volume. All over the world bilinguals carry on such conversations, from Hispanics in Texas, who may alternate between Spanish and English in informal in-group conversations, to West Africans, who may use both Wolof and French in the same conversation on the streets of Dakar, Senegal, to residents in the Swiss capital of Berne, who may change back and forth between Swiss German and French in a service exchange. Contrary to some popular beliefs, such conversations are not mainly a transitional stage in a language shift from dominance in one language to another. It is true that many immigrants who are in the process of language shift do engage in codeswitching, but this form of conversation is also part of the daily lives of many ‘stable’ bilingual populations as well. Neither is codeswitching only the vehicle of social groups on the socio-economic ‘margins’ of society; for example, in every nation, successful business people and professionals who happen to have a different home language from the language dominant in the society where they live frequently engage in codeswitching (between these two languages) with friends and business associates who share their linguistic repertoires. Consider Punjabi-origin physicians in Birmingham, England, Lebanese-origin businessmen in Dearborn, Michigan, or Chineseorigin corporate executives in Singapore.
Hobbes’s Social Contract*
Authors: Gauthier David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In justirying the sovereign, does Hobbes appeal to a social contract? In her new and important book, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, Jean Hampton says ‘No’ ( (2), cf. pp. 4, 186-8, 279). Hobbes’s ‘social contract’ argument is unfortunately, although no doubt irretrievably, mislabelled. He appeals, not lo a contract, but to a self-interested agreement or convention. And this appeal is typical of contractarian strategy; ‘there is no literal contract in any successful social contract theory’ ( (2), p. 4).
Hobbes and the Problem of God
Authors: Pacchi Arrigo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the question or the relation between Hobbes’s philosophy and theology. There are some scholars who have tried to answer this question denying any link between Hobbesian thought and Christian, or even natural, religion, emphasizing the significance of the openly declared materialism and of lhe supposed atheism of Hobbes, and considering his theological slatemenls as merely opportunistic ones; others sift and peruse each Hobbesian writing, in search of every hint made by Hobbes at the existence of God, or at the coincidence of natural and divine law, in order lo show that he was in all respects a Christian thinker.
Has Dummett Oversalted his Frege? Remarks on the Conveyability of Thought
Authors: George Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the end we must always rely on other people’s understanding words, inflexions, and sentence-construction in essentially the same way as ourselves. I was relying upon a reader who would be ready to meet me half-way—who does not begrudge a pinch of salt.
Introduction and Perspectives
Authors: Walton Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Slippery slope argument is a kind of argument that warns you if you take a first step, you will find yourself involved in a sticky sequence of consequences from which you will be unable to extricate yourself, and eventually you will wind up speeding faster and faster towards some disastrous outcome. A good example was the argument used to support the majority opinion in the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision not to ban burning of the American flag as a criminal act. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. argued that any ruling to ban physical desecration of the flag would lead to further cases that would ‘enter territory having no discernible or defensible boundaries.’ Wouldn’t the court then have to consider prohibiting the burning of state flags, or the Constitution? Justice Brennan worried that in order to evaluate these choices, the court would end up imposing its own political preferences to suppress all kinds of unpopular protests. This kind of outcome is dangerous in a democratic country where freedom of speech is important.
Descartes On Innate Ideas, Sensation, And Scholasticism: The Response To Regius
Authors: Schmaltz Tad m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of his life, Descartes claimed, in response to the apostate Henricus Regius (Henri de Roy), that “there is nothing in our ideas which is not innate to the mind”. This claim in Notae in programma quoddam1 is followed by the assertion that even sensory ideas must be so innate. This nativist view of sensation is among the most baffling of Descartes’s doctrines, and it has not gone without scrutiny.2 Commentators have often attempted to assess the Notes simply by providing analyses of what Descartes could have meant by the terms we translate as ‘innate’ and ‘sensory idea’. While this has yielded some interesting results, it is not sufficient. Descartes offered his nativist account of sensation as part of a reaction to views proposed by his contemporaries, and this account is not considered properly when abstracted from the wider context of this reaction.
Silence And Imitation In The Platonic Dialogues
Authors: Kosman L A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First a bit of recusatio. There is an important paper waiting to be written about discursive gaps in the dialogues, about those parts of the dramatic space created by Plato of which the dialogues make us aware but say nothing, those parts of the histoire about which the discours is silent. Such a paper might well be entitled ‘Silence in the Platonic Dialogues’. There is another paper by the same title about the silent onlookers in the dialogues, those figures of whose presence we are made aware, but who say nothing in the course of the conversation.
Interpreting the Emotional Content of Music
Authors: Berenson F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpretation, in the context of music, is almost invariably taken as referring to performers and critical writings are, therefore, primarily concerned with judgements of the quality of performances in terms of whose or which interpretation comes nearest to the spirit of the music, etc. Interpretation focuses on bringing out what there is in the music, on what is perceived, on what there is to be discovered, rendered audible and to offer what has been understood about the music to the audiences; all this is in keeping with the above definition. The audience, in turn, try to capture this understanding in some way. In this important sense the audience are also engaged in interpretation of what it is they are listening to (as opposed to merely hearing music passively). The activity of listening to music is inextricably bound up with interpreting what one is listening to and with experiencing the richness of the music in all its aspects. Yet, in most writings on this subject the emphasis is on the performer’s interpretation; very little is said about the listener’s interpretation.
Perceiving the Music Correctly
Authors: Kraut Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am interested in a certain dispute. It concerns the metaphysics of musical meaning; more specifically, it involves a certain confrontation between a variety of pluralism and a variety of monism. At different times I have taken different sides in the dispute. More recently I have begun to worry about what kind of dispute it is, and about what sorts of considerations—psychological, music-theoretic, or philosophical—could possibly resolve it one way or the other.
The Ethics of Musical Performance
Authors: Urmson J O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I propose to consider what ethical constraints, if any, may be thought to limit the freedom of a performer in playing a piece of music by a composer other than himself. While doing so I shall from time to time consider what seem to me to be closely analogous problems concerning the culinary arts. It has long seemed to me that there are certain formal analogies between music and cookery. For example, the Dundee cake seems to be an abstract entity rather like the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony, and a Dundee cake seems to be related to the Dundee cake rather as a performance of the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony is related to the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony. Similarly the recipe for the Dundee cake and copies thereof seem to play a formally analogous role to that of the score of the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony and copies thereof. There are also formal disanalogies; a performance of the ‘Unfinished’ Symphony takes time, whereas a Dundee cake does not, even though it takes time to bake it. I do not propose to defend this view in this chapter; rather I intend to suggest that the ethical considerations involved are also interestingly similar. Readers who find this proposed comparison derogatory to the art of music can, of course, abandon this paper at once or skip the relevant portions. Before embarking on these questions I may be permitted to utter a word of caution. It may appear that, at the other extreme to those who dissociate art and morality, I regard the performer as predominately faced with ethical decisions when determining questions of interpretation. Nothing is further from the truth. The performer, most of the time, will rightly be concerned with purely musical considerations. But in regard to general policies of performance, particularly professional performance, ethical considerations do, I think, arise.
Notes on the Meaning of Music
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music can have many meanings, depending on the use we make of it. In aesthetics we are interested in its meaning as music: the meaning that it has for the person who responds to its musical character. I shall call this aesthetic meaning, in order to distinguish it from the meaning that a piece of music has, for example, for the one who uses it as a signal, or a code. Theories of aesthetic meaning must satisfy three tests, which I shall call the ‘semaphore test’, the ‘Frege test’, and the ‘value test’. The tests are closely related, and reflect an intuitive notion of aesthetic experience. The semaphore test. Suppose John and Henry live at either end of a railway tunnel, and, sharing an interest in trains, send messages to each other about their common hobby. When a train enters the tunnel at John’s end, he fires a semaphore rocket, so that Henry can prepare himself for the train that will soon emerge. This is an act of communication, which has the structure made familiar by Grice: John intends Henry to understand that a train has entered the tunnel, by recognizing that this is John’s intention.
Portraits in Music—A Case-Study: Elgar’s ‘Enigma’ Variations
Authors: Sparshott Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much discussion of whether music can really represent reality. But composers often do use their music to allude to the non-musical world, and there has been less discussion of the actual range and variety of means available to them. It is this last topic that is discussed here in relation to a single musical work: Edward Elgar’s Variations on an Original Theme. Elgar’s original title-page is straightforward, and someone who hears the music played at a concert will simply hear a theme followed by fourteen variations. Much in the music is wayward and whimsical, but no more than the theme-with-variations form allows for. Nothing in what one hears or reads hints that any aspect of the music alludes to anything. On reading the score, however, we find something else. On a separate page, the work bears a dedication: ‘Dedicated to my friends pictured herein. Malvern 1899.’ And each variation carries a designation, usually in the form of initials, in parentheses after its number. The reader infers that each variation either is or somehow contains a ‘picture’ of the individual designated.
The Hedonist’s Conversion: The Role of Socrates in the Philebus
Authors: Frede Dorothea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most outstanding feature of Plato’s dialogue Philebus is its seeming normality. Paradoxical as this claim must sound at first, it has a very simple explanation. If we were to judge from the external form of the Philebus alone, we would place it among Plato’s earlier, the so-called ‘Socratic’, dialogues. There is direct conversation without introduction between Socrates, who is, once again, the leader, and two active partners, Philebus and Protarchus, in front of an anonymous audience of young Athenians (16a). Nor does the beginning lack drama: it promises a real controversy between the parties, for there are two opposed positions at issue. Philebus and his followers hold that pleasure is the highest good, while Socrates is the spokesman of the anti-hedonist party and pleads for the sober life of intelligence and knowledge. The topic itself, the contest between pleasure and knowledge for the dignity of the highest good, would also fit well in Plato’s earlier dialogues: rivalry of this type is mentioned in Republic 505b—d, and the inconsis¬ tency between an unmitigated hedonism and the need for moral knowledge has been argued forcefully by Socrates against Callicles in the Gorgias.
Lëtzebuergesch: A Linguistic Description
Authors: Newton Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As well as dealing with the status and use of Letzebuergesch the reader will perhaps be curious to know what the language itself looks like. In this chapter an attempt will be made to give a description of the phonology and how it relates to the spelling system and of the grammar. The latter will chiefly deal with the inflection of the main parts of speech and only a brief mention will be made of some syntactic features.
Perspective and Research Methods in Studying Mobilian Jargon
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long-standing bias towards Indo-European languages in their standard forms bequeathes the study of non-European languages and non-standard linguistic phenomena, including contact media, with major methodological limitations-poor historical records with little philological tradition and frequently restricted or lost opportunities for field research. Many non-IndoEuropean languages and certain registers such as classic pidgins have passed away with their last speakers before anybody had an opportunity to record them in detail. For those lingua francas that have survived and are not only linguistically but also socially marginal, fieldwork has required linguists to overcome a greater social distance to their consultants, adding to the difficulty of gathering essential data.
Sociocultural Aspects
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With their variable quality and limitations, historical attestations cannot offer a complete picture of the geographic range and social dissemination of Mobilian Jargon for its recorded history, much less its origin; the pidgin probably extended across greater distances to communities not mentioned here and over longer periods than documented by the presently available records. Yet a closer examination of historical and ethnographic historical attestations, arranged by individual communities (both larger as well as smaller ones), provides a cumulative picture of Mobilian Jargon’s geographic distribution during its colonial and modern history with the following comparative ranges for its eastern and western varieties; see Fig. 10.1.
Language Convergence in Southeastern Indian Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The frequent misidentification of Mobilian Jargon as either Choctaw, Chickasaw, or even Muskogee by Europeans suggests a close historical relationship and much structural similarity between any of these languages and the pidgin, and calls for a comparison of Mobilian Jargon with Muskogean and possibly other Gulf languages. A contrast recognizing differences as well as shared patterns helps further clarify the pidgin’s precise nature.
Conclusions: Methodological and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An initial cost-benefit estimate might not lead one to commit any substantial expenditure of time and resources to historical and field research on Mobilian Jargon, a secondary sociolinguistic phenomenon of non-European origin and, at that, no longer in use. What may initially appear as a search for a needle in a haystack has actually yielded a fairly comprehensive case study of what — if not outright ignored — has traditionally been treated from an almost exclusively European perspective. In short, Mobilian Jargon bears comparative sigificance, and its description and analysis offer a fresh and broader angle of language contact in American Indian languages.
Imagination and the First Critique Deductions
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout his work, Kant’s treatments of imagination generally coincide with his attempts to characterize the subject of judgement, rather than its object. Given the complex interaction between subject and object in his philosophy, this project need not be considered unacceptably psychological; it is, in fact, essential to his epistemology. Hence, we might say that, while the only components of the ‘object’ of judgement provided by the judging subject are concepts, on the one hand, and the forms of sensible intuition, on the other, the capacities that a subject must possess in order to make judgements about objects are not adequately captured, nevertheless, under the headings of conceptualizing and intuiting. Further abilities are necessary to characterize more fully the subjective conditions of judgement.
Imagination and Reflective Judgement
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the third Critique is not explicitly concerned with the problem of schematization, it is the main text in which Kant provides sustained consideration of the ways in which imagination might mediate between the various elements of cognition. Indeed, given that the third Critique is a critique of the faculty of judgement, we should expect that it is at least pertinent to the problem of judgement as Kant introduces it just prior to the Schematism chapter. ‘Reflective judgement’ —which is the focus of the third Critique—is best understood as naming not just a species of judgement, but also Kant’s account of the subjective conditions of judgement in general.
Culture and Social Systems
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following Saussure, Sapir (1974) describes language as a human and rational method of conveying ideas, emotions, and desires by means of producing systems of symbols. This makes languages markers of societies and of their cultural singularity and identity. In contemporary nation-states, a legitimate language is generally inseparably bound to the definition of the national culture and collective history (Grillo 1989). Defined as mother languages, legitimate languages require the allegiance and loyalty due to the motherland itself (Fishman 1983). Linguistic identities have, indeed, cemented nationalist movements. At its extreme, nationalism affirms an aspiration for expansion, which often involves a linguistic dimension as well, as illustrated by pan-Slavism, pan-Arabism, or pan-Germanism. On the other hand, liberation movements that aspire to suppress cultural dependency on dominators may raise the banner of the use, or even the revival of, local or regional vernaculars.