bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles 
Published: June 2004

Addition of neutral salts to the lytic filtrate results in an increased rate of inactivation of the latter when alcohol is added to it. This effect of salts is the more marked the higher the valency of the cation. Conversely, removal by dialysis of salts originally present in the lytic filtrate tends to render lytic agent less sensitive to alcohol. Restitution of the original salt content to the dialyzed filtrate tends to bring the sensitiveness to alcohol in the dialyzed filtrate to the level of the non-dialyzed control.
It appears, therefore, that inactivation of the lytic agent by alcohol depends directly on the rate of precipitation of the coagulable constituents of the medium, and is not the result of a direct toxic action of alcohol on "bacteriophagum intestinale." Considered in association with our earlier findings, these results speak in favor of the chemical nature of the agent of transmissible lysis.
THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. , Reimann Hobart A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococcus extracts have been shown to be capable of producing hemorrhagic purpura in white mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs.
2. The purpura-producing principle resists heating to 100°C. for 10 minutes; it resists oxidation; it is filter-passing; its activity is destroyed by digestion with trypsin; it is obtained from pneumococcus extracts by full saturation with (NH4)2SO4, after the acetic acid-precipitable substances have been removed from the extracts.
3. The purpura-producing principle is common to all four types of pneumococcus and apparently bears no relation to virulence.
4. The purpura-producing principle is probably a degradation product of pneumococcus.
5. This principle is not associated with the hemotoxin of pneumococcus, since the hemolytic activity of an extract may be destroyed without effect on the ability to cause purpura.
THE RELATION OF LEUKOSIS TO SARCOMA OF CHICKENS
Authors: Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

Osteochondrosarcoma developed in a chicken inoculated with leukosis of Strain 2. In successive passages made by intramuscular implantation of tumor tissue deriving from this chicken there occurred (a) osteochondrosarcoma free from leukosis, or (b) leukosis free from osteochondrosarcoma, or (c) osteochondrosarcoma in association with leukosis. The malignant sarcoma cells of this strain have the morphological characteristics of osteoblasts.
Implantation of tumor tissue from chickens with lesions (a) and (c) yielded both osteochondrosarcoma and leukosis. Successive passages made by intravenous and intramuscular injections with blood from chickens with leukosis yielded leukosis only. Hence it is very probable that Strain 12 consists of a mixture of an osteochondrosarcoma-producing agent and the agent of leukosis of Strain 2.
Strain 12 is readily transmitted by material containing the living malignant osteoblasts but transmission is seldom successful with virus freed from living cells. This virus produces neoplasms only when brought in contact with bone or cartilage.
THE RELATION OF LEUKOSIS TO SARCOMA OF CHICKENS
Authors: Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

Two transmissible sarcomata (Nos. 15 and 11) are described. Strain 15 originated in a chicken injected with neurolymphomatosis of Strain 5. Its virus produces sarcoma characterized by peculiar giant cells, different from those of the other known chicken sarcomata. It does not produce neurolymphomatosis or leukosis.
Strain 11 is morphologically similar to the spindle cell sarcoma of Rous and of other workers. It occurred in an uninjected control chicken and its virus produces sarcoma unassociated with leukosis.
Both Strains 11 and 15 can be readily transmitted with material free from viable cells and their virus can be preserved by drying in the frozen state.
The viruses of leukosis of Strain 1 and sarcoma of Strain 11 when injected into the same bird retain their identity and can be readily reisolated.
PATHOGENESIS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS IN MICE
Authors: Rake Geoffrey 
Published: June 2004

Unprepared mice given intranasal inoculations of certain strains of pneumococci develop pneumonia. The proportion of inoculated mice which will show the pneumonia at autopsy is dependent upon the strain and type of organism and the breed of mice used. It has been shown that, with the technique employed, the pneumococci reach the lower respiratory tract and alveoli almost immediately; moreover, that an invasion of the blood stream occurs very rapidly and can be demonstrated in a third of mice during the first 10 minutes. There is some evidence that invasion of the tissues and the blood stream may occur both through the upper respiratory tract, probably the nasal mucosa, and through the alveolar walls.
It is uncertain which route of invasion, if either, is of the most importance. It has been possible to produce pneumonia by direct intravenous inoculation of pneumococci. It may be that the pneumonia is favored by a reaction at the point of invasion through the alveolar walls in the intranasally inoculated mice, but the results of the intravenous inoculation make it clear that such a local lesion is unnecessary for the production of pneumonia in mice.
THE VISCERAL LESIONS PRODUCED IN MICE BY THE SALIVARY GLAND VIRUS OF MICE
Authors: McCordock Howard A. , Smith Margaret G. 
Published: June 2004

Extensive visceral lesions containing intranuclear inclusions have been produced in mice by intraperitoneal and intracerebral inoculations of the homologous salivary gland virus. Rarely small pancreatic lesions containing inclusions have been encountered 2 weeks after subcutaneous inoculation.
Many of the animals injected intraperitoneally died between the 4th and 7th day after inoculation.
In spite of the extensive lesions produced in the liver and spleen, the virus could not be transferred with an emulsion of these organs.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX
Authors: Pearce Louise , Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei 
Published: June 2004

The white mouse, the guinea pig, the calf, and probably the rat, were found to be susceptible to infection with the virus of rabbit pox.
Serial transmission of the virus in mice by brain to brain passage was characterized by a fatal outcome usually on the 5th or 6th day after inoculation.
Infection of the guinea pig was accomplished by intratesticular injection and the virus was continued to the 2nd passage in this species. Guinea pigs developed a well marked cutaneous reaction from the intradermal injection of both rabbit and guinea pig tissue virus.
Active virus was demonstrated in the testicles of rats 8 days after intratesticular injection by rabbit subinoculation.
In the calf inoculation of the scarified skin was followed by the development of large papular lesions with marked hemorrhage and necrosis.
The results of the investigations on the etiology of rabbit pox and of the experimentally induced infection reported in this and the four preceding papers (1–4) are discussed with special reference to the relation of pox virus to other viruses and of rabbit pox to other pock diseases.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Mills K. C. , Kneeland Yale 
Published: June 2004

1. Evidence is presented indicating the presence of a filtrable virus in the nasopharyngeal secretions of individuals suffering from influenza.
2. An attempt to transfer influenza from one human being to another by means of filtered nasopharyngeal washings resulted in the production in the inoculated volunteer of a common cold.
3. A filtrable agent has been cultivated in tissue medium from the filtered nasopharyngeal washings of patients with influenza.
4. Inoculation of the cultivated virus into human volunteers results for the most part in the production of a severe common cold with a tendency to pronounced constitutional reaction.
5. In one instance following inoculation of culture virus an infection clinically resembling influenza has been produced.
6. The more closely the source of the virus approached the type of epidemic influenza, the more likely the virus was to provoke constitutional symptoms.
7. The presence of certain pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of inoculated individuals was not observed to modify the course or character of the experimental infection.
8. On prolonged cultivation the virus loses the capacity to infect human volunteers.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION WITH DIAZO COMPOUNDS ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Eagle Harry , Smith Dorothea E. , Vickers Percy 
Published: June 2004

Sufficient coupling with any of five different diazo compounds eventually destroyed the reactivity of all the antisera here studied. The rates of inactivation varied considerably among the several antisera. By stopping the reaction at intervals, it was possible to prepare partially inactivated antibodies of peculiarly modified reactivity.
Thus, the flocculating activity of diphtheria antitoxin with toxin was completely destroyed long before there was any demonstrable impairment of its protective titer in vivo. The first change induced in antipneumococcus horse sera was the apparently complete loss of reactivity with the capsular carbohydrate at a time when the agglutinating, animal-protecting and complement-fixing activity of the sera were only slightly affected. On further coupling, the sera no longer caused visible agglutination; but aggregation of the serum-treated bacteria could be induced by centrifugation. Still further coupling destroyed all antibody activity.
Rabbit antisera to egg albumen and horse serum no longer precipitated the homologous antigen after treatment with diazo compounds, probably due to their failure to combine with the antigen. The hemolytic, complement-fixing and lipoid-flocculating activity of coupled rabbit antisera to sheep red blood cells fell off in parallel; the hemagglutinin seemed somewhat more resistant. The reagin of syphilitic serum was destroyed almost instantaneously by comparatively small amounts of diazo compounds. Finally, in the case of antityphoid agglutinin, the isoelectric point of the coupled antibody, measured on the surface of specifically sensitized bacteria, was found to shift from an original value of pH 4.7 to one of less than pH 2.7 as progressively more sulfanilic acid radicals added on to the antibody molecule.
The groups in protein which participate in its reaction with diazo compounds probably include aliphatic amines, the imidazole ring of histidine, the indole group of tryptophane, the NH of proline and hydroxyproline and the phenyl group of tyrosine. Although it has been possible to modify antibodies chemically so that they combine with the corresponding antigens without causing their aggregation, the experiments here described furnish no indication as to which of these groups in antibody protein are primarily concerned in the antigen-antibody reaction, and which are responsible for the secondary flocculation. Such localization awaits the development of a technic for attacking individual groups in the protein molecule.
THE INCIDENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOR HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN THE SERUM OF HUMAN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P. 
Published: June 2004

The results of mouse protection tests with 136 human sera and a strain of human influenza virus are described. After the 1st year of life, the sera of approximately half the individuals tested contained sufficient antibody to furnish complete protection to mice. A much higher percentage of the sera obtained from individuals recently convalescent from influenza exerted a completely protective effect. On the other hand, certain sera protected only partially under the conditions of the tests.
The results have been compared with those obtained by Shope in tests done with the same sera against swine influenza virus. The possible epidemiological significance of the results is discussed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF FOWLS USING THE DEVELOPING EGG TECHNIQUE
Authors: Burnet F. M. 
Published: June 2004

(1) The technique of chorioallantoic membrane inoculation has been applied to the study of the virus of infectious laryngotracheitis as it occurs amongst Australian poultry.
(2) When suitably diluted suspensions of virus are inoculated, isolated foci or pocks appear whose macroscopic form and histological structure is characteristic. The numbers of these foci may be used as a measure of the amount of virus present.
(3) Two distinct types of focus are produced by laryngotracheitis strains, one being characteristic of epizootic strains from New South Wales and from America, the other of a Victorian strain which is of very low virulence for fowls.
(4) No qualitative antigenic differences can be detected amongst these strains but the epizootic strains are more readily neutralised by immune serum than the enzootic Victorian strain.
(5) A study of the inactivation of the virus by immune serum shows that (a) the process of inactivation requires time for its completion in vitro; (b) the proportionate reduction in titre produced by a given concentration of antiserum is independent of the initial virus concentration; (c) reactivation by dilution is readily demonstrable; (d) virus in the presence of small concentrations of immune serum producing only a slight inactivating effect is rendered incapable of passing a gradocol membrane normally permeable to it; (e) the foci produced from partially neutralised virus suspensions are smaller than normal, suggesting delay in the initiation of foci.
(6) These findings bring the neutralisation of a typical virus by immune serum completely into line with the phage-antiphage reaction as described by Andrewes and Elford.
STUDIES IN SYNERGY
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Schultz Mark P. 
Published: June 2004

1. The relative synergic stimulating influence of anti-horse serum sensitivity, non-hemolytic streptococcal hyperergy and staphylotoxin intoxication have been determined in connection with rabbits' reaction to simultaneous injections of lens extracts. These three synergic states are increasingly active in the order named.
2. Heterologous lens extract is a much more powerful antigen than is homologous lens, even under conditions where the reactivity of the immunized animal has been much enhanced.
INFECTION AND INTOXICATION
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Infection in human cases is often believed to be responsible for anemia. It is generally believed that lack of absorption and definite blood destruction are responsible for the anemia.
Accelerated metabolism due to thyroid or dinitrophenol does not modify hemoglobin production in these standard anemic dogs.
Endometritis lasting over many weeks will profoundly reduce the production of hemoglobin in the standard anemic dog.
A sterile abscessalso will diminish the production of new hemoglobin in the anemic dog when liver is being fed but particularly during fasting periods when the usual abundant production of new hemoglobin is reduced to zero.
Impaired absorption can be excluded as a factor of any significance in certain experiments given above.
Destruction of red cells can likewise be excluded as of any significance in certain experiments given above.
These experiments point to a disturbance of internal metabolism related to hemoglobin building in the body as responsible for the inhibition of hemoglobin production under these conditions. We believe this same factor is often of importance in human disease.
THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED APPLICATION OF LARGE DOSES OF FOLLICULAR HORMONE ON THE UTERUS OF RABBITS
Authors: Zondek Bernhard 
Published: June 2004

Follicular hormone under physiological conditions produced hyperplasia of the muscular wall and proliferation of the mucous membrane of the uterus of rabbits.
The following pathological changes were brought about by prolonged application of large doses of the hormone: (a) hyperaemia of the myometrium and the endometrium, with occasional scanty extravasal haemorrhages; (b) glandular-cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium; (c) infarct-like necrosis of the myometrium; (d) aseptic suppuration in the uterine cavity.
These four processes can sometimes be found simultaneously in the same uterus, but they occur more frequently in sequence. While follicular hormone, applied in physiological doses, has a stimulating effect, prolonged application of large doses destroys the uterus.
The effects described above were only to be observed in the rabbit, not in the rat. This illustrates the fact that hormone reactions may vary in different species.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF NASALLY INSTILLED IMMUNE SERUM AGAINST INFECTION WITH CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES BY WAY OF THE NOSE
Authors: Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Immune serum instilled intranasally in guinea pigs has protected them from infection with lethal amounts of pseudorabies virus by the nasal route. The same effect was obtained in mice with immune serum against the virus of equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern strain).
2. The protective effect of the immune serum in the nose begins at the time of instillation, is still evident 5 hours later, and usually has disappeared by the end of 24 hours.
3. Attempts to prolong the local effectiveness of immune serum by means of several devices were unsuccessful.
4. The action of the immune serum appears to be a local one in the nose, in view of the fact that the administration of even larger amounts of it intramuscularly failed to protect guinea pigs against infection with pseudorabies by the nasal route.
SOME EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINING REPRODUCTIVE POWERS IN MICE
Authors: Murray William S. 
Published: June 2004

Cessation of breeding and castration of female mice approaching the period of declining reproductive power have at least two effects upon the subsequent life history of these animals.
1. The average expectation of life is appreciably increased.
2. The incidence of tumor is markedly decreased, especially in the older age groups.
ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. There is an extracellular factor which inhibits the growth of tubercle bacilli in immunized rabbits.
2. Extracellular factors localize carbon particles, trypan blue and tubercle bacilli at the site of introduction to a greater extent in the immunized than in the normal animal.
3. This greater fixation is brought about by an increase in the density and extent of the fibrin barrier formed about the focus of the immunized animal. The more pronounced in vivo agglutination of tubercle bacilli and carbon particles in the vaccinated or tuberculous rabbit also tends to immobilize them in the tissues.
4. The growth inhibitory and localizing agents are effective in the fixation of small doses on reinfection at the portal of entry.
5. With large doses on reinfection, the increased lymph flow resulting from the intensified inflammation in the immunized animal brings about a more rapid dissemination of the bacilli to the draining lymph nodes than in the normal animal.
6. The most significant factor in immunity is the increased capacity of the rapidly mobilized mononuclear phagocytes to destroy tubercle bacilli. The impotent polymorphonuclear leukocytes quickly disappear from the site of reinfection.
7. The invading bacilli that reach the draining lymph nodes of the immunized animal are retarded in multiplication or destroyed by these phagocytes.
8. Vaccination of rabbits with BCG brings into play the factors tending to immobilize the bacilli of reinfection, inhibit their growth and destroy them with a resulting significant immunity.
9. A virulent primary infection affords a greater immunity than one of low virulence and the host reactions are expressed by a quantitative increase in those immunity factors which operate in a vaccinated animal.
THE EFFECT OF AVITAMINOSIS-A ON THE PROSTATE
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Mark Jerome 
Published: June 2004

1. Vitamin A deficiency alone in the white rat is associated with atrophy of the testis and accessory sexual glands. This would appear to be indicative of some disturbance in the hypophyseal-gonadalprostatic hormonal relationships. All of the known vitamins necessary for the rat, except vitamin A, were present in the diet fed the animals studied.
2. Vitamin A deficiency in the rat is associated with foci of inflammation and epithelial metaplasia in the prostatic acini and vesicular ducts entirely similar to that reported in other organs.
3. Focal metaplasia and inflammation is occasionally encountered in the prostate of patients with extreme inanition associated with stenosis of the esophagus. It seems probable that this lesion is due to vitamin A deficiency.
THE FATE OF A VIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED RABBITS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. Hemolytic streptococci, highly virulent for rabbits, when injected into the skin of normal animals increased greatly in number at the site of injection during the first 12 hours, diminished somewhat after 24 hours but still persisted after 21 days. They produced large abscesses within 24 hours, there was ulceration, and healing occurred after about 5 weeks. Histological observations confirmed the bacteriological evidence that the streptococci underwent great multiplication at the site of their injection.
2. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits appeared in small numbers within 1 hour in the lymph nodes. As multiplication proceeded in the skin, hemolytic streptococci were found in large numbers from 1 hour to 7 days after inoculation in the inguinal lymph nodes.
3. Hemolytic streptococci were recovered from deeper lymph nodes, that is, from the iliac nodes, but only in animals of which the inguinal lymph nodes contained bacteria in relatively large numbers.
4. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits in some instances entered the blood stream in considerable number, and occasionally caused death with bacteremia. Streptococci were recovered more frequently from the spleen and were present in this organ only when they had been recovered from the deep (iliac) lymph nodes.
5. When virulent hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of immunized rabbits, in a few instances they increased in number for a short time, but usually diminished rapidly and had entirely disappeared in 48 hours. The gross lesions were smaller than in normal rabbits. There was more phagocytosis, and redness and edema had disappeared after 48 hours.
6. When virulent streptococci were injected into the skin of immune rabbits they passed to the regional lymph nodes in relatively smaller numbers than in the previously normal controls and appeared in these nodes in considerable numbers only in animals in which there had been conspicuous multiplication at the site of inoculation. No streptococci could be found in the iliac lymph node, blood or spleen.
7. Virulent streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals multiply actively, resist phagocytosis, invade the tissues widely, enter adjacent and distant lymph nodes and in some instances are distributed by the blood stream to internal organs. After immunization associated with some sensitization, virulent streptococci are more readily ingested by phagocytes, remain sharply localized, are rapidly destroyed, fail to pass the nearest lymph nodes and do not enter the blood stream.