bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of heterotic components for lactation traits and reproductive performance in three crossbreeding trials of Holstein cattle with German Friesian raised under hot climatic conditions
Authors: Khalil M. H. , Afifi E. A. , Salem M. A. , Zahed S. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryLactation traits and reproductive performance of three trials of crossing Holstein cattle (H) and German Friesians (F) raised in a hot climatic were evaluated. The first 90‐day (M90), 305‐day (M305) and total milk yield (TMY), 305‐day milk yield per day of calving interval (MCI1), total milk yield per day of calving interval (MCI2) along with length of lactation period (LP), age at first calving (AC1) and calving interval (CI) were used. For these traits, a genetic model was applied for each trial separately to obtain estimates of individual (GI) and maternal (GM) additive effects, individual (HI) and maternal (HM) heterosis and individual recombination effect (RI). Data of 8045 normal lactations from the three trials were analysed. Among the crossbreds obtained in the three trials, cows of 3/4H 1/4F) ranked first in their lactational performance. Estimates of GI and GM were generally large and in favour of H cows (daughters) and dams for most milk‐yield traits, CI and AC1 in the three trials. Estimates of HI in crossbred cows for milk traits, CI and AC1 were mostly negative and reveal that crossing F with H was associated with a reduction in milk‐yield traits, shorter CI and earlier AC1 along with longer LP in the three trials. Estimates of HM for milk yields, LP, AC1 and CI in daughters of crossbred dams were mostly negative. Recombination losses in crossbred cows were negative for milk‐yield traits, AC1 and CI in most cases.
Genetic structure in Atlantic brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations in the Iberian peninsula: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis
Authors: Dunner S. , Royo L. , Cañon J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBrown trout (Salmo trutta L.) was sampled in rivers belonging to three different Spanish basins in order to analyse the distribution of genetic variability. The genetic analysis was performed by using two systems and techniques: nuclear DNA was screened through random amplified polymorphic DNAs (screening 2 × 105 bp of the whole genome), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) through sequencing of the hypervariable control region. Genetic distances between the populations were similar using either analysis although some differences arise. For example, some populations of the Tajo basin were very close through nuclear analysis but more distant using mtDNA. Differences between the two DNA sources could be the result of a different evolutionary rate, and the fact that mtDNA is maternally transmitted and differences in sex migration rates will influence the patterns of genetic variation between the transmitted DNAs. Total variation was partitioned using amova showing a clear subdivision among basins although intrapopulation variation remained as high as 62%. A correspondence analysis defined the differences in a three‐dimensional way, clustering the populations according to their common basin. When mtDNA was sequenced, higher variability was noted in the segment between 400 and 600bp of the whole D‐loop sequence, suggesting that these 200bp improved the analysis of the variability more than sequencing the t‐RNA ends of the control region. A comparison was made between the t‐RNAPro ends of the 10 populations screened here and the rest of the published sequences found in the literature, leading to a concentration of these populations in group IV which includes all trouts which originate in the Atlantic. The analyses performed suggest that a high genetic variability is present in all populations and that although there has been a probable interference from stocked strains introduced to increase population density, this was only detectable through the variance between rivers which reflect different policies according to the region where the basin is located. However, the genetic analysis using the two approaches allows the control of the natural populations avoiding a loss of their genetic potential.
Reference and probability‐matching priors in Bayesian analysis of mixed linear models
Authors: Pretorius A. L. , Van Der Merwe A. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDetermination of reasonable non‐informative priors in multiparameter problems is not easy; common non‐informative priors, such as Jeffrey's prior, can have features that have an unexpectedly dramatic effect on the posterior. In recognition of this problem Berger and Bernardo (Bayesian Statistics IV. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 35–70, 1992), proposed the Reference Prior approach to the development of non‐informative priors. In the present paper the reference priors of Berger and Bernardo (1992) are derived for the mixed linear model. In spite of these difficulties, there is growing evidence, mainly through examples that reference priors provide ‘sensible’ answers from a Bayesian point of view. We also examine whether the reference priors satisfy the probability‐matching criterion. The theory and results are applied to a real problem consisting of 879 weaning weight records, from the progeny of 17 sires. These important aspects are explored via Monte Carlo simulations.
The influence of supplemental alpha‐galactosidase and phytase in a vegetable ration for dogs on the digestibility of organic components and phytate phosphorus
Authors: De Smet B. , Hesta M. , Seynaeve M. , Janssens G. , Vanrolleghem P. , De Wilde R. O. 
Published: March 2003

The use of dry feeds for dogs is increasing for different reasons: in comparison to wet canned feed it is easier to handle, the amount to be given is smaller and the daily cost is less. In producing a dry pellet more vegetable ingredients are used that can contain several antinutritional factors. Some of them can be eliminated by heating. Others like galactosides and phytates are heat‐resistant but can be broken down by adding the appropriate enzymes. The specific enzymes are indeed not secreted by the animal itself. In farm animals, e.g. pigs, alpha‐galactosidase has been introduced in order to enhance the energetic value of these alphagalactosides (Veldman et al. 1993). In companion animals this enzyme is more often indicated as an antiflatulence agent, because the main alpha‐galactosides present in legume seeds (stachyose, raffinose) are known as flatulence components (Fleming 1981).These oligosaccharides do not necessarily imply an overall lower nutrient digestibility. Zuo et al. (1996) did not prove a significant difference in digestibility between conventional and low oligosaccharide soybean meal in dog rations. Others however, (Wiernusz et al. 1995) reported the highest digestibilities and the best stool quality of those rations that contained the least amount of soybean oligosaccharides.On the other hand, phytates (phospho‐inositols) are known as complexing agents of several divalent cations (Fe, Mg, Zn, Ca) and are themselves considered as a phosphorus source, unavailable to monogastric animals. Phytase is the appropriate enzyme, which is not secreted by the animal itself, but, when added to the diet, can enhance the bio‐availability of several minerals and trace elements (Rimbach et al. 1994) by hydrolysing the phospho‐inositol molecule.The aim of the experiment, reported here, is to investigate the influence of the addition of alpha‐galactosidase, phytase, or both to a nearly complete vegetable ration, consisting of a relatively high content of galactosides and phytates. The combination of both enzymes was carried out because Wenk et al. (1993) reported a possible interaction between a carbohydrase and a phytase enzyme in pigs.
Plasma lipid concentrations, macronutrient digestibility and mineral absorption in dogs fed a dry food containing medium‐chain triglycerides
Authors: Beynen A. C. , Kappert H. J. , Lemmens A. G. , Van Dongen A. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn a cross‐over trial with feeding periods of 2 weeks, six healthy dogs were fed a dry food with a total fat content of 13.4% and containing either 5% (w/w) corn oil (11% of dietary metabolizable energy) or an isoenergetic amount of medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT). The two diets were supplied on a restricted basis. There were no food refusals and no diet difference in palatability was observed. The MCT vs. Corn oil did not significantly influence plasma lipid concentrations, but group mean triacylglycerol concentrations were increased by 23% (p=0.074). The MCT consumption did not affect the apparent digestibilities of crude protein and soluble carbohydrates and had no impact on the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The incorporation of MCT into the diet produced a slight increase (by 0.9 percentage units) in crude fat digestibility (p=0.061). It is concluded that MCT at the present inclusion level may not have disadvantageous effects.
Progression in field infestation is linked with trapping of coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Mathieu F. , Brun L. O. , Frerot B. , Suckling D. M. , Frampton C. 
Published: March 2003

Phenology of the coffee plant and infestation by coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari were studied in relation to trapping of adult females in kairomone‐baited traps in a coffee plantation in New Caledonia. In a 0.4 ha coffee field, a group of 27 trees located along a transect beginning at an early infestation point was selected. The number of green, red and dry coffee berries, along with the number of larvae, adult males and females per berry was determined monthly from October 1993 to July 1994. Twelve, red multifunnel traps, each baited with a solution of methanol:ethanol (1:1 ratio, a mean solution release rate of 1 g/day) were placed within the coffee field, along the transect, within the selected trees, grouped in four zones named 1–4. Two additional traps were located outside the plantation.The proportion of infested berries increased as berry maturity and harvest date approached, while the infestation rate decreased with distance from the epicentre. Over the 10 months of the study, beetle populations increased and spread from the original infestation point across the different zones, according to distance and availability of berries or appropriate physiological status. Traps near the epicentre caught the largest numbers of beetles. Linear relationship between trap catch and infestation level was demonstrated. Traps placed outside the field approached zero catch. Trap catch was highly influenced by rainfall events, and the highest captures coincided with rapidly declining berry numbers on trees. There are good prospects for management of this insect using traps.
Partial Characterization of a Tymovirus Infecting Passion Fruit in Colombia, South America
Authors: MORALES F. J. , LOZANO I. , CASTAÑO M. , ARROYAVE J. , VELASCO A. C. , VARON F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA tymovirus was isolated from passion fruit plants with conspicuous yellow mosaic leaf symptoms in Colombia. Partial sequencing of its genome showed that this virus is distinct from other tymoviruses for which nucleotide sequences are available; it had only 60–76% homology with the closest related tymovirus species, Kennedya yellow mosaic virus. However, the pathogenic and antigenic properties of the Colombian tymovirus are similar to those of Passion fruit yellow mosaic virus (PFYMV), a tymovirus that infects Passiflora spp that has previously been found in Brazil. Therefore, this name will be retained for the tymovirus occurring in Colombia until a Brazilian isolate of PFYMV is characterized at the molecular level.
AFLP Fingerprinting of the Strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis Inducing Citrus Canker Disease in Southern Iran
Authors: KHODAKARAMIAN G. , SWINGS J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA total of 73 strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis, 57 of which were isolated from affected citrus trees in southern Iran and the remaining 16 were representatives of all five currently described pathogenicity groups of the pathogen that cause citrus canker and spot diseases(A, B, C, D and E), were compared by amplified fragment length poymorphism fingerprinting. The following five clusters were found: 1, strains of group C; 2, strains of group B and D; 3, strains of pathotype E; 4, strains of pathotype A together with the main group of the Iranian strains; 5, seven strains from Iran which constituted a separate cluster. These latter seven strains are of new pathotype due to their dissimilarity with the other pathotypes.
Characterization of Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from potato in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Bakonyi J. , Heremans B. , Jamart G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA collection of 49 isolates of Phytophthora infestans, collected from blighted potato foliage in 1998 in Flanders, were analysed for mating type, response to metalaxyl (48 isolates), allozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (Gpi), peptidase (Pep) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with probe RG57 (39 isolates). Forty‐one A1 and eight A2 isolates were detected. Resistance to metalaxyl was frequently observed: 30 resistant, four intermediate and 14 sensitive isolates were found. Gpi genotypes 100/100 and 90/100 occurred in 30 and nine isolates, respectively. The dominating banding pattern for Pep was 100/100 (32 isolates), but genotypes 96/96, 96/100 and 83/96, never previously reported in continental western Europe, were also identified. Thirteen RG57 fingerprints were observed. On the basis of combined traits, 15 multilocus genotypes were revealed among 39 isolates. Genotypic diversity measured by the normalized Shannon diversity index was 0.56. The results indicate that, besides asexual variation and/or migration, sexual events may have played a role in the establishment of the isolates studied.
Infection and Development of Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) on Old Leaves
Authors: Li B. , Xu X. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractApple leaves were inoculated artificially and naturally with conidia of Venturia inaequalis under glasshouse and outside conditions. Fungal development on the inoculated leaves was examined microscopically. Results showed that conidia can infect the under surface of leaves of any ages, ranging from newly emerged leaves to ones that are up to 4 months old. On young leaves, mycelia grew at a faster rate and thus led to visual symptoms sooner than on old leaves. Mycelia on very old leaves grew so slowly that they did not lead to visual symptoms at the time of leaf‐fall, even though some of these symptomless colonies had already produced conidia when viewed microscopically. A considerable amount of symptomless infections may therefore be expected on old leaves in autumn. As a consequence, these symptomless infections may have considerable impact on the amount of primary inoculum in the following season and thus on disease management.
Pathogenicity and Vegetative Compatibility of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Isolates from Olive in Morocco
Authors: Cherrab M. , Bennani A. , Charest P. M. , Serrhini M. N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThirty‐eight strains of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from diseased olive stems originating from the most important regions of olive in Morocco, were tested by vegetative compatibility analysis to investigate their genetic diversity. Two media, water agar chlorate (WAC) and minimal medium chlorate (MMC) were used to induce the nit‐mutants. The WAC medium generated a higher frequency of nit‐mutants than MMC medium. Based on complementarity of nit‐mutants, 47% of isolates were assigned to VCG4B, 32% in VCG2 (A or B) and the 18% remaining isolates could not be grouped to any VCGs tested. These latter belonged to southern regions. Pathogenicity and aggressivity of twelve isolates from this population were assessed on four plant species which are frequently intercropped with olives. These were tomato, eggplant, cotton and pepper. All isolates were pathogenic and highly aggressive on cotton and eggplant. On cotton, the isolates from southern regions induced more severe symptoms than those from northern regions. Weak to moderate symptoms were induced by all isolates on tomato and they differed in aggressivity. No isolate was pathogenic on pepper, while four isolates from northern regions were recovered from basal stems of inoculated plants. The cor‐ relation between VCGs and pathogenicity on the intercropped species is discussed with regard to the regional distribution of V. dahliae population from olive.
Absence of Postmyelographic Adverse Effects and High Radiographic Resolution of Iotrolan Used in the Cervical Myelography for the Clinically Normal Cat: An Open‐Placebo Controlled Study
Authors: Patsikas M. N. , Polizopoulou Z. , Koutinas A. , Galatos A. , Moustardas N. , Tzegas S. , Dessiris A. 
Published: March 2003

Iotrolan solution at 300 mgI/ml (Isovist® 300, Schering AG), was injected into the cerebromedullary cistern in 8 cats (Isovist group), at a volume of 0.5 ml/Kg BW and over one minute. In 3 cats (control group), normal saline was also injected at a same volume and speed. During the subarachnoid injection and at 1, 5 and 10 min thereafter all the cats were being monitored for evidence of respiratory arrest, bradycardia or changes in the arterial blood pressure. The cats were also checked for postmyelographic adverse effects for at least 3 h after their complete recovery from anaesthesia. Postmyelographic neurologic examination was done for 3 consecutive days and the myelographic quality of the films taken at 5 and 15 min postinjection was evaluated.No significant differences were detected between the Isovist and the control groups for all the variables evaluated immediately before, during and up to 3 days after the injection. No actual postmyelographic adverse effects were seen in the animals of both groups. At 15 and 30 min postinjection the opacity, the distention of the subarachnoid space and the detail of all the myelograms obtained were assessed as highly diagnostic.
Inhibition of Spontaneous Smooth Muscle Contractions in Rat and Rabbit Intestine by Blockers of the Thromboxane A2 Pathway
Authors: Schultheiss G. , Diener M. 
Published: March 2003

The effect of inhibitors of the thromboxane A2 pathway on spontaneous contractions of intestinal smooth muscle preparations was studied. The thromboxane A2 antagonists Bay u3405, SK and F 88046 and KW‐3635 concentration‐dependently inhibited both the amplitude and the frequency of spontaneous contractions of the longitudinal muscle from the rat proximal colon. A concentration‐dependent inhibition of the myogenic contractions was also observed with the thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor U‐51605, and with the combined cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, whereas indomethacin, a pure cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was ineffective. None of these inhibitors affected the contractile response evoked by the cholinergic agonist carbachol, excluding non‐specific actions on intestinal motility.A similar response was observed for the rabbit jejunum, which, in contrast to the rat colon, exhibits more regular, high‐frequency spontaneous contractions, which were inhibited by Bay u3405, SK and F 88046 and KW‐3635 in a concentration‐dependent manner, whereas the response to carbachol remained unaffected. These results suggest a role for thromboxane A2 in the generation and/or facilitation of spontaneous smooth muscle contractions in the gut.
Alterations of Brain Monoamine Levels in Pigs Exposed to Acute Immobilization Stress*
Authors: Piekarzewska A. , Sadowski B. , Rosochacki S. J. 
Published: March 2003

Concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), as well as DA metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and the main 5HT metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA), were measured using the HPLC technique in 15 brain areas of control and immobilized Duroc pigs. The animals were immobilized for 5, 15, 30 and 60 min in a prone position. Control pigs displayed patterns of regional distribution of brain monoamines similar to those described in other species, especially rats and dogs. However, absolute values of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the hypothalamus were much higher than in other species. Also, in most structures, the DOPAC/DA ratio was relatively high, in comparison to a relatively low HVA/DA ratio, which suggests a species‐related difference in the turnower of dopamine.The most conspicuous changes produced by immobilization stress consisted of a substantial decrease in the hypothalamic levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Dopamine and 5‐HT turnover was affected in the hippocampus (cornu Ammonis), and in the raphe nuclei. These structures are proposed to play a major role in the responsiveness of pigs to acute stress conditions.
Brain, Liver and Plasma Unsaturated Aldehydes in Nutritional Encephalomalacia of Chicks
Authors: Fuhrmann H. , Sallmann H.‐P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryVitamin E deficiency and linoleic acid‐feeding lead to nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) in chicks, affecting the cerebellum exclusively. The relevance of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products to the pathogenesis of the disease was studied. Laying hens received a diet low in vitamin E. Resulting chicks were assigned to four groups fed either with linoleic (C18 : 2n‐6) or linolenic (C18 : 3n‐3) acid together with 1 or 50 p.p.m. vitamin E. Nine days post‐hatching NE occurred in the vitamin E‐deficient group fed linoleic acid. With each chick showing NE, a healthy one from all four groups was killed. Unsaturated aldehydes were determined in plasma, liver, cerebrum and cerebellum. Results underlined that the type of dietary fat is decisive for the aldehyde pattern. In the liver of linoleic acid‐fed animals total aldehydes were increased. Diseased animals had increased aldehydes stemming from n‐3 fatty acids. In plasma, vitamin E deficiency led to higher malondialdehyde and OH‐nonenal concentrations. In brain, neither vitamin E deficiency nor NE were accompanied by increased aldehyde concentrations. In consequence a direct role of unsaturated aldehydes for the development of NE in the cerebellum is not probable.
Mechanical Factors affecting the Occurrence of Intervertebral Disc Calcification in the Dachshund ‐ a Population Study
Authors: Jensen V. F. , Ersbøll A. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn a population sample comprising 48 standard wirehaired dachshunds, the occurrence of intervertebral disc calcification was determined by plain spinal radiography. Body dimensions of the dogs were measured and information obtained from owners about exercise patterns, including stair climbing, and the relation of these variables to the number of calcified discs was analysed by logistic regression. In the Danish population of wirehaired dachshunds, the prevalence of disc calcification was estimated at 77 %. The spinal distribution of calcified discs is similar amongst different populations, while the prevalence varies significantly. Most types of exercise included in the variable ‘duration of exercise’ as well as moderate stair climbing seemed to reduce the rate of occurrence of disc calcification. The effects of moderate stair climbing (OR = 0.34) and duration of exercise (OR = 0.52) were statistically significant and the effects appear to be additive. Running next to a bicycle was the only type of exercise with a positive association with the number of calcified discs. This was, however, not significant. Effects of body conformation, including absolute and relative body measurements, were not found.