bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Class C Fly Ash on the California Bearing Ratio Behavior of Soil-Fly Ash Mixes and Layered Systems
Authors: Leelavathamma B , Pandian NS 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Fly ash is a waste material from thermal power plants that occupies large extents of precious land and causes land, water, and air pollution. Hence attempts are made to use fly ash effectively instead of dumping it. Among the various possible uses, bulk utilization is possible only in geotechnical applications. Research work is being carried out on the addition of fly ash to improve the soil in road construction. But a thorough mixing of bulk quantities of fly ash and soil is not possible in the field. Hence, an attempt has been made to study the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) behavior of soil and fly ash (class C) in layers (fly ash on top) and the same is compared with the CBR of soil-fly ash mixes. The present paper deals with the experimental study of the CBR behavior of black cotton soil-Neyveli fly ash systems (layers and mixes). The study concludes that black cotton soil can be improved by layering with Neyveli fly ash, solving the strength problem of black cotton soil as well as the disposal problem of fly ash.
Praktische Erfahrungen bei der Schwingungskalibrierung auf Primärniveau mittels Laservibrometer (Practical Experiences in Primary Vibration Calibration using Laser Interferometry)
Authors: Nicklich Holger , Bühn Uwe 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nach Einführung einer Produktreihe zur Vergleichskalibrierung konnte die im Systemkonzept vorgesehene Erweiterung für Primärkalibrierung mit Laservibrometer in die Praxis umgesetzt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Erfahrungen bei der Implementierung und erfolgreichen Akkreditierung als Primärkalibrierlaboratorium im Rahmen des DKD beschrieben.
Fortschritte bei Schwingungs- und Stoßkalibrierungen mittels Laserinterferometrie (Recent Advances in Vibration and Shock Calibrations using Laser Interferometry)
Authors: von Martens Hans-Jürgen , Link Alfred , Schlaak Hans-Joachim , Täubner Angelika , Wabinski Wolfgang , Göbel Uwe 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Zur Rückführung von Schwingungs- und Stoßmessungen auf das internationale Einheitensystem (SI) nutzen nationale Metrologie-Institute speziell entwickelte laserinterferometrische Messverfahren. Die zunehmenden Anforderungen an Messbereiche und Messgenauigkeit translatorischer und rotatorischer Bewegungsgrößen (z.B. Beschleunigung und Winkelbeschleunigung) werden durch neue internationale Normen zur Primärkalibrierung durch Laserinterferometrie reflektiert (ISO 16063-11, -13 und -15). Entsprechend sind in letzter Zeit die Normalmessverfahren und Normalmesseinrichtungen, die in der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) zur Realisierung der Einheiten und Skalen der Bewegungsgrößen entwickelt worden sind, verbessert und durch neue ergänzt worden. Ausgewählte Anwendungsbeispiele demonstrieren die vielfältigen Messmöglichkeiten höchster Messgenauigkeit, die gegenwärtig mit laserinterferometrischen Messverfahren auf diesem Gebiet erreicht werden.
Identifikation von Beschleunigungsaufnehmern mit hochintensiven Stößen (Accelerometer Identification by High Shock Intensities)
Authors: Link Alfred , Wabinski Wolfgang , von Martens Hans-Jürgen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Das Ein-/Ausgangsverhalten von Beschleunigungsaufnehmern wurde in einem breiten Frequenz- und Amplitudenbereich durch ein System 2. Ordnung modelliert. Die Identifikation der Systemparameter erfolgte mit impulsförmigen Beschleunigungen hoher Intensität. Diese parametrische Systemidentifikation erweitert und verbessert die Bestimmung des Übertragungsverhaltens von Beschleunigungsaufnehmern gegenüber den bekannten nichtparametrischen Verfahren.
Evaluation of a range of MRI‐active pH indicators using a multiple‐sample method
Authors: Evans Stephen , Hall Laurie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA multisample magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method was used to measure the effects of a range of paramagnetic metal ions and chelating ligands on the T1 and T2 values of the protons of water over the pH range of 2 to 12. Copper sulfate and manganese chloride were combined with one or more of the following chelating agents:‐ ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, ethylene glycol‐bis‐tetraacetic acid, D‐penicillamine, or triethylenetriamine; Gd(III)DTPA was used as purchased. The multisample MRI method was also used to determine the sensitivity of aqueous MnEDTA to pH of carrots to demonstrate how the medium under investigation causes an offset to the calibration acquired in vitro. That calibration enabled null‐point T1 imaging and maps of T2 values to track the change in pH as acetic acid diffused into the carrot tissue. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Immobilization of 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐benzoyl‐oxypiperidine succinate over polyacrylic acid (PAA) gels. II. Study of quantitative characteristics of immobilization of succinate of 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐benzoyl‐oxypiperidine over PAA
Authors: Zhumagalieva Sh. N. , Beisebekov M. K. , Abilov Zh. A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBy use of a spectrophotometric method the quantity of binding of medicinal compound [succinate of 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐benzoyl‐oxypiperidine (AK‐29)], over gels of polyacrylic acid, and liberation of medicinal compound (MC) from the gel phase were investigated. It was established that both concentration and pH dependency of AK‐29 sorption over PAA gels pass through a maximum and increase with increasing degree of gel crosslinking. The yield of MC from the gel phase, depending on the conditions, reaches 80% and accelerates at the change of the aqueous phase to a physiological one. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1187–1192, 2005
Design and performance of a low‐flow capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐mass spectrometry interface using an emitter with dual beveled edge
Authors: Chen Yet‐Ran , Tseng Mei‐Chun , Her Guor‐Rong 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA low‐flow electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) interface has been developed for interfacing capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with electrospray‐ ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The interface consists of two parallel capillary columns (a separation column and a makeup column), and an emitter with a dual beveled edge. While maintaining a relatively low optimum flow rate, the dual‐beveled‐edge ESI emitter allows the use of a tip with larger orifice. Therefore, this interface is less prone to column blocking in comparison with a flat tip. Primarily attributed to low sample dilution and smaller initial droplet, the interface showed better sensitivity than a conventional sheath liquid interface. Furthermore, the interface was found to be more resistant to the presence of nonvolatile salts. By using 40 mM borate and 20 mM α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) as the running buffer, four major forms of gangliosides were detected by CE‐MS.
Invited reaction: Outsourcing relationships between firms and their training providers: The role of trust
Authors: Leimbach Michael P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOutsourcing in the training and development industry has been steadily increasing and shows no indication of slowing (Surgue & Kim, 2004). Gainey and Klaas's study shines light on the role of interfirm trust in effective outsourcing relationships. This reaction addresses a methodological question of the effect of the rating target on the results, but focuses on possible extensions of this research. Specific extensions include a deeper examination of factors contributing to Self Interested and Socially Oriented Trust, differentiating types of outsourcing relationships, and examining the perception of both the buyers and providers of outsourcing services.
Treatment of metalworking fluids: development of a bioconsortium for the treatment of nanofiltration permeate
Authors: Hilal Nidal , Busca Gerald , Waller Martin D 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTraditional treatment methods of waste metalworking fluids produce an aqueous phase containing toxic components and with a high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In this paper, a biological solution is proposed to further reduce both the effluent COD and its toxicity. A method to develop a bioconsortium from microbes found in the waste metalworking fluid is proposed. The development took place in three phases: feasibility, bioconsortium development and optimisation. Flask tests have been used to show the feasibility of using the metalworking fluid indigenous microbial community for the degradation of the nanofiltration permeate of the metalworking fluid. A suspended bioreactor allowed the development of a better‐adapted consortium. Finally, a fixed bed bioreactor inoculated with the developed bioconsortium was set up and run for 8 months to test the bioconsortium's robustness and to optimise the biological process. A bioconsortium was successfully developed using a simple method and a 90% reduction in the original nanofiltration COD level was achieved by the fixed bed bioreactor. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Systematic management of software product lines
Authors: Schmid Klaus , Biffl Stefan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSoftware product lines can effectively facilitate large‐scale reuse and can thus bring about order of magnitude improvements in terms of time to market (TTM), costs, and quality. This comes at the price of a more complex development environment in which many interdependencies are created through shared generic assets.Owing to this complexity, the specific strategy chosen for product line development can be expected to have a strong impact on the benefits that can be gained from product line development. This is systematically studied in this work, as we vary different strategies and apply them to various forms of products lines. On the basis of the analysis of the performed simulations, we were able to determine optimal, heuristic strategies to the integrated management of the product line.As a result of the analysis, we identify strategies and guidelines that can be employed by practitioners in order to improve the success of their management of a software product line. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pitch memory, labelling and disembedding in autism
Authors: Heaton Pamela 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Autistic musical savants invariably possess absolute pitch ability and are able to disembed individual musical tones from chords. Enhanced pitch discrimination and memory has been found in non‐savant individuals with autism who also show superior performance on visual disembedding tasks. These experiments investigate the extent that enhanced disembedding ability will be found within the musical domain in autism.Method:  High‐functioning children with autism, together with age‐ and intelligence‐matched controls, participated in three experiments testing pitch memory, labelling and chord disembedding.Results:  The findings from experiment 1 showed enhanced pitch memory and labelling in the autism group. In experiment 2, when subjects were pre‐exposed to labelled individual tones, superior chord segmentation was also found. However, in experiment 3, when disembedding performance was less reliant on pitch memory, no group differences emerged and the children with autism, like controls, perceived musical chords holistically.Conclusion:  These findings indicate that pitch memory and labelling is superior in autism and can facilitate performance on musical disembedding tasks. However, when task performance does not rely on long‐term pitch memory, autistic children, like controls, succumb to the Gestalt qualities of chords.
Parenting and the development of conduct disorder and hyperactive symptoms in childhood: a prospective longitudinal study from 2 months to 8 years
Authors: Morrell Julian , Murray Lynne 
Published: March 2005

Background:  This study investigated the early processes involved in the development of symptoms of conduct disorder and hyperactivity.Method:  The study employed a prospective design, over a period from 2 months to 8 years. Detailed observational data of early and later mother–child interactions were collected, infant prefrontal function (the A not B task) was assessed, and symptoms of child conduct disorder and hyperactivity were rated by maternal report at age 5 and 8 years.Results:  The principal findings of the study were that emotional dysregulation on the A not B task at 9 months predicted symptoms of conduct disorder at 5 and 8 years, and delayed object reaching times on the same task predicted hyperactive symptoms at 5 years. These two developmental trajectories were associated with distinct patterns of early parenting that were strongly influenced by infant gender. Thus, in boys early emotional dysregulation was predicted by rejecting and coercive parenting, and delayed reaching on the A not B task by coercive parenting, whereas in girls only continuity from earlier infant behaviour could be demonstrated. There was strong continuity between these early infant behaviours and later child disturbance that was partially mediated by parenting for conduct disorder symptoms (maternal hostile parenting in boys, and maternal coercive parenting in girls), but not for hyperactive symptoms.Conclusions:  These data would suggest that only in boys was there evidence for the existence of a sensitive period for the development of hyperactive symptoms, and to a lesser extent, conduct disorder symptoms.
Do physicians correctly assess patient symptom severity in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease?
Authors: Fallone C. A. , Guyatt G. H. , Armstrong D. , Wiklund I. , Degl'Innocenti A. , Heels‐Ansdell D. , Barkun A. N. , Chiba N. , van Zanten S. J. O. V. , El‐Dika S. , Austin P. , Tanser L. , Schünemann H. J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground : The accuracy of physicians’ assessment of the severity of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease is unclear.Aim : To correlate physician and patient assessment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease severity and its response to treatment.Methods : Adult uninvestigated gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients (n = 217) completed symptom and health‐related quality of life questionnaires at baseline and after treatment with esomeprazole 40 mg p.o. daily. Pearson coefficients quantified correlations between physician assessments and patient responses.Results : At baseline, the strongest correlations were heartburn severity (0.31), overall symptom severity (0.44) and a domain of the quality of life in reflux and dyspepsia questionnaire (0.31) (P < 0.001). Correlations of change with treatment were greater than baseline correlations: heartburn (0.39), overall symptoms (0.50) and global rate of change – stomach problems (0.72, all P < 0.001). The mean difference between the physicians’ assessment of change and the patients’ global rating of change was 0.20 (95% confidence intervals: 0.10–0.29) with physicians overestimating benefit.Conclusions : Correlations were often significant, although weak to moderate and better with symptom severity than with health‐related quality of life instruments as well as with change after therapy than at baseline. Increasing attention to health‐related quality of life may help physicians better understand patients’ experience. In clinical trials, treatment success should be assessed by the patient as well as the physician.
Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: patterns of plasticity and the emergence of ecotypes
Authors: De Jong Gerdien 
Published: March 2005

SummaryPhenotypic plasticity itself evolves, as does any other quantitative trait. A very different question is whether phenotypic plasticity causes evolution or is a major evolutionary mechanism. Existing models of the evolution of phenotypic plasticity cover many of the proposals in the literature about the role of phenotypic plasticity in evolution. I will extend existing models to cover adaptation to a novel environment, the appearance of ecotypes and possible covariation between phenotypic plasticity and mean trait value of ecotypes. Genetic assimilation does not sufficiently explain details of observed patterns. Phenotypic plasticity as a major mechanism for evolution – such as, invading new niches, speciation or macroevolution – has, at present, neither empirical nor model support.
Pigment pattern formation in the medaka embryo
Authors: Lynn Lamoreux M. , Kelsh Robert N. , Wakamatsu Yuko , Ozato Kenjiro 
Published: March 2005

SummaryFor the study of development of pigmentation, compared with mammalian models, fish offer the advantage of multiple chromatophore types and ready access to the developing embryo for observation and experimental manipulation. Compared with zebrafish embryos, medaka embryos have an additional unique chromatophore‐type and superb properties for conditional mutation studies. The rich resources of medaka mutants, combined with data obtainable from other species, potentially offer information not otherwise readily available regarding chromatophore lineage. Here we summarize the embryonic development of normal medaka pigment pattern, based on observations using embryos of a panel of wild type and mutant fish. A more detailed description of development is available in the appendix of the on‐line version of this paper (see Supplementary Material). We make some comparisons with zebrafish development to emphasize the increased power of both systems when utilized together. These two models will, in combination, be a powerful system for studies of the embryogenesis and evolution of pigmentation.
JAtlasView: a Java atlas-viewer for browsing biomedical 3D images and atlases
Authors: Feng Guangjie , Burton Nick , Hill Bill , Davidson Duncan , Kerwin Janet , Scott Mark , Lindsay Susan , Baldock Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Many three-dimensional (3D) images are routinely collected in biomedical research and a number of digital atlases with associated anatomical and other information have been published. A number of tools are available for viewing this data ranging from commercial visualization packages to freely available, typically system architecture dependent, solutions. Here we discuss an atlas viewer implemented to run on any workstation using the architecture neutral Java programming language.

Results
We report the development of a freely available Java based viewer for 3D image data, descibe the structure and functionality of the viewer and how automated tools can be developed to manage the Java Native Interface code. The viewer allows arbitrary re-sectioning of the data and interactive browsing through the volume. With appropriately formatted data, for example as provided for the Electronic Atlas of the Developing Human Brain, a 3D surface view and anatomical browsing is available. The interface is developed in Java with Java3D providing the 3D rendering. For efficiency the image data is manipulated using the Woolz image-processing library provided as a dynamically linked module for each machine architecture.

Conclusion
We conclude that Java provides an appropriate environment for efficient development of these tools and techniques exist to allow computationally efficient image-processing libraries to be integrated relatively easily.
Bacterial vaginosis, vaginal flora patterns and vaginal hygiene practices in patients presenting with vaginal discharge syndrome in The Gambia, West Africa
Authors: Demba Edward , Morison Linda , van der Loeff Maarten Schim , Awasana Akum A , Gooding Euphemia , Bailey Robin , Mayaud Philippe , West Beryl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) – a syndrome characterised by a shift in vaginal flora – appears to be particularly common in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known of the pattern of vaginal flora associated with BV in Africa. We conducted a study aimed at determining the prevalence of BV and patterns of BV-associated vaginal micro-flora among women with vaginal discharge syndrome (VDS) in The Gambia, West Africa.

Methods
We enrolled 227 women with VDS from a large genito-urinary medicine clinic in Fajara, The Gambia. BV was diagnosed by the Nugent's score and Amsel's clinical criteria. Vaginal swabs were collected for T vaginalis and vaginal flora microscopy, and for Lactobacillus spp, aerobic organisms, Candida spp and BV-associated bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, and Mycoplasma spp) cultures; and cervical swabs were collected for N gonorrhoeae culture and C trachomatis PCR. Sera were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. Sexual health history including details on sexual hygiene were obtained by standardised questionnaire.

Results
BV prevalence was 47.6% by Nugent's score and 30.8% by Amsel's clinical criteria. Lactobacillus spp were isolated in 37.8% of women, and 70% of the isolates were hydrogen-peroxide (H202)-producing strains. Prevalence of BV-associated bacteria were: G vaginalis 44.4%; Bacteroides 16.7%; Prevotella 15.2%; Peptostretococcus 1.5%; Mobiluncus 0%; other anaerobes 3.1%; and Mycoplasma hominis 21.4%. BV was positively associated with isolation of G vaginalis (odds-ratio [OR] 19.42, 95%CI 7.91 – 47.6) and anaerobes (P = 0.001 [OR] could not be calculated), but not with M hominis. BV was negatively associated with presence of Lactobacillus (OR 0.07, 95%CI 0.03 – 0.15), and H2O2-producing lactobacilli (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.05 – 0.28). Presence of H2O2-producing lactobacilli was associated with significantly lower prevalence of G vaginalis, anaerobes and C trachomatis. HIV prevalence was 12.8%. Overall, there was no association between BV and HIV, and among micro-organisms associated with BV, only Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. were associated with HIV. BV or vaginal flora patterns were not associated with any of the factors relating to sexual hygiene practices (vaginal douching, menstrual hygiene, female genital cutting).

Conclusion
In this population, BV prevalence was higher than in corresponding populations in industrialised countries, but the pattern of vaginal micro-flora associated with BV was similar. BV or vaginal flora patterns were not associated with HIV nor with any of the vaginal hygiene characteristics.
Reduction of Residual Stresses in Medium Density Fibreboard. Part 2. Effects on Thickness Swell and Other Properties
Authors: Houts J. van , Bhattacharyya D. , Jayaraman K. 
Published: March 2005

Summary
The Taguchi method of experimental design has been utilised to investigate various treatments for relieving
the residual stresses present in medium density fibreboard (MDF). These treatments involved subjecting
panels to different combinations of heat, moisture and pressure. This paper reports on the Taguchi
analysis of the internal bond strength, surface layer tensile modulus, surface layer tensile strength and
thickness swell of the treated specimens. These properties were measured to indicate whether the treatments
had any effect on panel strength and dimensional stability. A strong correlation between residual
stresses and thickness swell has been identified. When the change in residual stress through the outer
layers of a panel is almost completely removed, a reduction in thickness swell of approximately 20%
for a 24 hour water soak is observed.