bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How does relative time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity correspond to the 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour?
Authors: von Rosen Philip 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundMore and more researchers have started to analyse device-measured physical activity data using compositional data analysis (CoDA), which has led to that the effect of relative time in different behaviours can be explored. However, there are challenges related to the interpretation of the results based on CoDA. This is partly related to that CoDA provides estimates based on the relative time that is difficult to interpret relative to the 2020 guidelines of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Since many data cohorts do not have data on sleep, the proportion of time in physical activity may vary depending on accelerometer wear time. Therefore, there is a need to explore cut-points for relative time to distinguish between individuals that do and do not reach 150–300 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per week. The aim was to establish a ratio of MVPA to awaken time that corresponds to meeting the 2020 guidelines of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adults.MethodTo estimate the cut-off points of relative time in MVPA, the publicly available data from NHANES 2003–2004 was used and cut-off points were explored in different subsets of the total population. Values for sensitivity, specificity and cut-off values were explored; i) in total sample, ii) by tertiles of wear time, iii) in individuals with ± 5 min from 150 to 300 min of MVPA, iiii) in individuals with ± 5 min from 150 to 300 min of MVPA in the middle tertile of wear time.ResultsOverall, the analyses show high values for sensitivity (88–100%) and specificity (66–99%) for different cut-off values associated with 150–300 min of MVPA. Spending 2.4–4.7% of the time awake in MVPA was found to correspond to the 2020 guidelines of physical activity and sedentary behaviour.ConclusionBased on publicly available data from NHANES 2003–2004, spending 2.4–4.7% of time awake in MVPA corresponds to meeting the 2020 guidelines of physical activity and sedentary behaviour.
Gender bias in autism screening: measurement invariance of different model frameworks of the Autism Spectrum Quotient
Authors: Belcher Hannah L. , Uglik-Marucha Nora , Vitoratou Silia , Ford Ruth M. , Morein-Zamir Sharon 
Published: October 2023

Background
The Autism Spectrum Quotient is a popular autism screening tool recommended for identifying potential cases of autism. However, many women with autism demonstrate a different presentation of traits to those currently captured by screening measures and assessment methods, such as the Autism Spectrum Quotient.

Aims
Different models of the Autism Spectrum Quotient have been proposed in the literature, utilising different items from the original 50-item scale. Within good-fitting models, the current study aimed to explore whether these items assess autistic traits similarly across men and women.

Method
Seventeen Autism Spectrum Quotient models were identified from the literature. Using the responses of a large sample of adults from the UK general population (5246 women, 1830 men), confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the fit of each model. Measurement invariance with respect to gender, adjusting for age, was explored in the 11 model frameworks that were found to have satisfactory fit to our data.

Results
It emerged that only two items were gender invariant (non-biased), whereas for the remaining items, the probability of endorsement was influenced by gender. In particular, women had a higher probability of endorsing items relating to social skills and communication.

Conclusions
If the items of the Autism Spectrum Quotient indeed reflect autism-related traits, those items should be rephrased to ensure they do not present a gender-related bias. This is vital for ensuring more timely diagnoses and support for all people with autism.
Single Particle Chemical Characterisation of Nanoformulations for Cargo Delivery
Authors: Saunders Catherine , de Villiers Camille A. , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNanoparticles can encapsulate a range of therapeutics, from small molecule drugs to sensitive biologics, to significantly improve their biodistribution and biostability. Whilst the regulatory approval of several of these nanoformulations has proven their translatability, there remain several hurdles to the translation of future nanoformulations, leading to a high rate of candidate nanoformulations failing during the drug development process. One barrier is that the difficulty in tightly controlling nanoscale particle synthesis leads to particle-to-particle heterogeneity, which hinders manufacturing and quality control, and regulatory quality checks. To understand and mitigate this heterogeneity requires advancements in nanoformulation characterisation beyond traditional bulk methods to more precise, single particle techniques. In this review, we compare commercially available single particle techniques, with a particular focus on single particle Raman spectroscopy, to provide a guide to adoption of these methods into development workflows, to ultimately reduce barriers to the translation of future nanoformulations.
Graphical Abstract
Editor's Introduction: Humanities in the Loop
Authors: Goodlad Lauren M. E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This editor's introduction welcomes readers to a new interdisciplinary undertaking. The community of practice Critical AI addresses hopes to bring critical thinking of the kind that interpretive disciplines foster into dialogue with work by technologists and others who share the understanding of interdisciplinary research as a powerful tool for building accountable technology in the public interest. Critical AI studies aims to shape and activate conversations in academia, industry, policymaking, media, and the public at large. The long and ongoing history of “AI,” including the data-driven technologies that now claim that name, remains riddled by three core dilemmas: (1) reductive and controversial meanings of “intelligence”; (2) problematic benchmarks and tests for supposedly scientific terms such as “AGI”; and (3) bias, errors, stereotypes, and concentration of power. AI hype today is steeped in blends of utopian and dystopian discourse that distract from the real-world harms of existing technologies. In reality, what is hyped and anthropomorphized as “AI” and even “AGI” is the product not only of technology companies and investors but also—and more fundamentally—of the many millions of people and communities subject to copyright infringement, nonconsensual use of data, bias, environmental harms, and the low-wage and high-stress modes of “human in the loop” through which systems for probabilistic mimicry improve their performance in an imitation game.
Scrapism: A Manifesto
Authors: Lavigne Sam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Web scraping is a technique for automatically downloading and processing web content or converting online text and other media into structured data. This article describes the role that web scraping plays for web businesses and machine learning systems and the fundamental tension between the openness of the web and the interests of private corporations. It then goes on to sketch an outline for “scrapism,” the practice of using web scraping for artistic, critical, and political ends.
Fish-based gelatin: exploring a sustainable and halal alternative
Authors: Reza Muhammad , Annissa Devi 
Published: October 2023

Gelatin derived from fish has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional gelatin derived from mammals, primarily due to its potential to meet the rising demand for halal-certified products. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the utilization and extraction of gelatin derived from fish as a halal-compliant substitute. This study gathered information regarding the source, extraction method, and contribution to physicochemical properties and applications by reviewing the relevant literature. It discusses the most frequently consumed fish species, such as tilapia, mackerel, and catfish, which are halal and possess outstanding gel-forming properties. Type A gelatine (pre-treated acid) is distinguished from type B gelatine (pre-treated alkaline) based on the solvent used for pre-treatment. Seventy-five percent of the twenty gelatin extraction studies utilized alkaline pre-treatment (i.e., NaOH), where the base solution can eliminate non-collagen from the skin or bone of fish, thereby obtaining pure collagen. All extraction processes are conducted using the hot water extraction method at temperatures ranging from 45 to 70 °C. This method is time-efficient, accelerates collagen decomposition and gelatin solubility, and increases gelatin yield (from 5.33 to 68.75%). The effects of various procedures, including acid and alkaline extraction, on gelatin gel strength, moisture content, ash content, protein content, and fat content are investigated. According to SNI, gelatine has a gel strength between 50 and 300, a moisture content that does not exceed 16%, a lipid content that does not exceed 5%, and an average protein content that does not exceed 87.65%. However, ash concentrations typically persist above 3.25%, presumably due to using bases in pre-treatment processes that do not perfectly dissolve minerals compared to acids. In conclusion, the source and method of extraction will impact the gelatin's characteristics and applications.
Keywords: Gelatin, Fish-based gelatin, Physicochemical properties, Traditional gelatin, SNI
Gendered Islamophobia in Italy: The Case of Silvia Aisha Romano
Authors: Panighel Marta 
Published: October 2023

This paper aims to investigate gendered Islamophobia in Italy through a significant case study: the hate campaign that affected Silvia Aisha Romano, a 24-year-old aid worker kidnapped in Kenya by a group linked to Shabab, who chose to convert to Islam. On May 10, 2020, after 18 months of detention, Silvia landed in Rome wearing a light green jilbab. The initial joy for her release was followed by very violent Islamophobic and misogynist insults, by both right-wing and left-wing politicians, newspapers, and opinion leaders, including some feminists.
This paper will carry out a discourse analysis on this debate, focusing on some pivotal aspects: the roots of contemporary gender Islamophobia in colonial Orientalism and epistemic Eurocentrism; the contemporary debate on Muslims and Islam in Italy, and the media’s role in reproducing stereotypes and discrimination; the political convergence between very different actors in the systematic attack against Italian Muslim women.
Two-color four-wave mixing contribution to an electrostrictive laser-induced grating signal in CO2–N2 mixtures and gas diagnostics
Authors: Hölzer Jonas I. , Kozlov Dimitrii N. , Seeger Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Multiparameter determination in the gas phase using the versatile
laser-induced grating (LIG) technique is a challenging task due to
interdependence of observables on multiple thermodynamic parameters.
In CO2-N2 mixtures, simultaneous determination
of species concentration and gas temperature can be achieved by using
an additional CO2 concentration-dependent contribution
to the LIG signal, which appears if 1064 nm pump pulses are employed.
This contribution can be attributed to a direct, quasi-resonant
two-color four-wave mixing (TCFWM) of the pump and probe radiations in CO2. A detailed study of the laser power
and beam polarization, as well as mixture composition, pressure, and
temperature dependencies of the TCFWM intensity relative to that of
the LIG signal, allowed for the formulation of analytical relations
enabling simultaneous mixture composition and temperature
determination.
Causal relationship between body mass index, type 2 diabetes and bone mineral density: Mendelian randomization
Authors: Ma Weiwei , Zhou Xiaohong , Huang Xin , Xiong Yong 
Published: October 2023

Objective
To reveal the relationship between Body Mass Index(BMI), type 2 diabetes, and bone mineral density(BMD) using a mendelian randomization (MR) approach.

Methods
GWAS data on BMI, type 2 diabetes, and BMD were selected from the IEU GWAS database at the University of Bristol.Univariable, multivariable, and mediated MR analyses were used to explore the relationship between BMI, type 2 diabetes, and BMD. beta(β) values were given, and three methods, including inverse variance weighting, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median, were used in this analysis.

Results
Univariable mendelian randomization (UVMR) results showed that BMI and type 2 diabetes were positively associated with BMD. However, the association between BMI and BMD was insignificant in the multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis, while that between type 2 diabetes and BMD remained significant. Mediated MR analysis indicated that type 2 diabetes mediated the regulation of BMD by BMI.

Conclusion
This study provides evidence supporting a positive causal association between BMI, type 2 diabetes, and BMD. Type 2 diabetes acts as a mediator in the regulation of BMD by BMI, indicating that both BMI and type 2 diabetes exert a protective influence on BMD.
Policy Framework of Green Taxation on Motor Vehicles: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Singh Kanwal DP , Gahlot Sheetal 
Published: October 2023

Green economics is structured to reward more innovative, environmentally sustainable, and low-carbon resource use while imposing taxes on the emission of pollutants that adversely impact the environment and public health. The concept of green taxation is still being tested in many nation-states. Pollution is worst in India, and the country is ranking low on several environmental performance indices. Vehicle exhausts are one of the key pollutants. In 2021, the Indian government released draft guidelines for imposing Green Tax on older motor vehicles. India submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2022. India prioritized green taxonomies, low-carbon transportation systems, and Bharat Stage-VI emission standards and offered incentives and tax breaks to encourage the production and use of higher ethanol-compatible vehicles. There is still a lack of awareness among the masses, as well as academic discussions and literature on the subject. Against this backdrop, the researchers intend to explore the legal and economic actions undertaken by the Indian Government to intercept vehicular air pollution. An effort will also be made to draw a comparative study with the fiscal policy measures and other steps taken by the Italian government to tax polluting vehicles.
Keywords: Green Taxation, Vehicular Pollution, Economic Incentives, Environmental Protection, Sustainable Development
Integration of Environmental Sustainability Issues In Design Education Curriculum
Authors: Kafaridou Marianna , Kazamia Kika Ioannou 
Published: October 2023

An early acquirement of knowledge on sustainability can bring a change in how young people act. The focus of this paper is first to evaluate the current knowledge of first year design students on environmental sustainability and second to assess if students consider environmental issues in the approach and resolution of a design project. The research elaborates through a questionnaire given to students of the graphic and digital design program and interior design program which result in a quantitative and qualitative understanding of the focus of the research. Sustainability - based on environmental, social, and economic pillars - is a big concern in the design discipline. Moreover, environmentally sustainable issues are of great importance in design education curricula as most of the design briefs that students receive require the inclusion of sustainability issues. According to the results, this research will attempt to propose the design and implementation of an introductory course for first year students of both programs. The educational benefits of an early introduced course on sustainability are essential for developing the designer’s perception of the design scheme today.
Keywords: sustainability, design, education, environment, course.
Effect of Climate Change in Years 2006-2019 on Crop Yields in Poland
Authors: Gront Elżbieta Wójcik- , Gozdowski Dariusz 
Published: October 2023

In recent years, especially since 2005, a substantial increase in temperature has been observed worldwide, including in Poland. Crop production is very important for livestock feeding and food production. In this study, the effect of climate change from 2014 to 2022 on selected crops, especially winter rye yield, was evaluated. The data for the analyses were obtained from the FAOSTAT database and post-registration cultivar trials. The effect of climate change was evaluated for cereals, potatoes, and sugar beets. The trends of crop yields were evaluated using analysis of regression. The results of the study proved a positive correlation between precipitation and crop yield and a negative correlation between temperature and crop yield. The most significant effect of weather conditions was observed in the April-June period.
Keywords: climate change, rye yield, forecast.
The Role of Professional Competencies in Developing a Culture of Safety in the Workplace
Authors: Abikenova Sholpan K. , Oshakbayeva Zhuldyz O. , Bekmagambetov Alimzhan B. , Sarybayeva Inara E. 
Published: October 2023

The paper considers the concept of occupational competencies as an integral part of building a culture of occupational safety in the organization. The paper provides examples of competencies that employees need to effectively perform their job safety responsibilities. It also discusses professional education and training issues related to the development of occupational safety competencies. It is believed that the development of occupational health and safety competencies not only influences the design of appropriate and safe working conditions, but also reduces the risk of occupational accidents and diseases. There are two types of occupational competencies: general and vocational. General occupational competencies are required for effective occupational activities to ensure safe work, regardless of the sector. The sectoral nature of occupational health and safety is reflected in the availability of specific occupational competencies.
The article discusses various methods and approaches for building a new national model for professional skills development. The model is based on the introduction of a risk-based approach in Kazakhstan. Occupational risk assessment is considered as the basis for designing training programs and acquiring the occupational competencies needed for comprehensive protection against risks. The development of a culture of occupational safety and professional competencies is a key factor in the sustainable development of the company and the improvement of the quality of life of its employees.
Keywords: safe work, risk-oriented approach, professional competencies, industrial accident, training programs.
SMEs’ Drivers and Barriers to Decarbonisation in the East of England
Authors: Khosravi Fatemeh , Jelliman Sam , Uchendu Chidinma 
Published: October 2023

Most businesses in the UK have under 250 employees and thus count as SMEs. SMEs account for a significant proportion of greenhouse gas emissions and so there is a need for urgent action to be taken by SMEs in the journey to achieve net zero. This is currently recognised by SMEs as they are increasingly taking up decarbonisation actions, but their efforts are impeded by several barriers. Our research sought to provide insights into the barriers SMEs face when decarbonising business operations through an online survey and interview. Although our research confirms that financial constraints has been identified as the principal barrier to decarbonisation from SMEs perspectives, more than half of SMEs confirmed they lack the knowledge (34%, n=33) and skill (21%, n=20) was the main reason for not measing their carbon emission and starting their journey towards decarbonisation.
Keywords: SMEs, Barriers, decarbonisation journey, Net Zero.
Testing Pair-Wise Convergence of Western Balkan and European union Countries
Authors: Duro Enton , Kokaveshi Ergita , Muço Klodian 
Published: October 2023

The present research performs the GDP per capita convergence analyses of Western Balkan (WB) countries to European Union (EU) countries. There are few testing convergence methods based on theoretical insights on the neoclassical model, however pairwise convergence method doesn’t seem usually applied in the case of WB and EU countries. The test of convergence hypothesis in this research is based on the GDP per capita’s data, constant 2017 international $ in PPP terms, made available by the World Bank. The pairwise convergence test suggested here can be considered as an extension of Webber and While (2003, 2004, 2009) methodology. The outcomes have been compared to Bernard, Durlauf (1995) and Pesaran (2006) methodology of the pairwise convergence, by adapting ADF time series tests of the stationarity. In conclusion, despite to the controversy of one pair case, the comparative process of both methods seems to be aligned. However, further investigation needs to be performed to confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of this suggestion.
Keywords: GDP per capita, pairwise convergence, Western Ballkan countries, methodology
Assessment of the Regions' Investment Attractiveness for Post-War Recovery: The Case of Ukraine
Authors: Osadcha Natalia , Zatyshniak Valentyna 
Published: October 2023

The paper analyzes the directions for Ukrainian economic recovery after the war. The successes stories of the countries, that restored their economies after the war, were explored. As a result, the best practices of Israel seem most suitable for Ukraine.
Also, present research determines the priority areas for raising the investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian regions and tests the practical application of the results of their investment appeal evaluation, primarily on the basis of our own approach for their marketing, advancement and disclosure the capability. The paper's uniqueness lies in its emphasis on the proposed marketing territorial investments, in accordance with the results of a comprehensive monitoring of the region-specific investment climate in Ukraine.
A number of indicators effects on the regions' investment attractiveness. Comparing the regions among themselves, according to its figures, gives a new leader every time. The proposed Rasch mathematical model allows obtaining an integral assessment of the regions' investment attractiveness with the appropriate ranking. Such estimates can be used both by investors at the initial stages of choosing a region for investment and by representatives of local authorities to assess the investment attractiveness of the territory for a certain period. The future recalculation of these data will be based on the situation at the front and changes in the economic structure of each region. After the war, the casualties of each region must be assessed and an international audit conducted.
Key words: Ukraine, post-war recovery, investment attractiveness, Rasch model, assessment.
Jel Classification: E 22