bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and Dynamics of Melitaea cinxia Metapopulations
Authors: Nieminen Marko , Siljander Mika , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To place our research on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in a historical perspective, consider the state of metapopulation ecology in 1990. The earlier history, reviewed by Hanski (19996), includes outstanding conceptual contributions by Wright (1940) in population genetics and evolution and by Nicholson (1933) and Andrewartha and Birch (1954) in population ecology. Several significant though somewhat isolated studies appeared in the 1950s and 1960s. Huffaker (1958) showed with a laboratory system of herbivorous mites and predatory mites that patchy habitat led to sufficient spatial asynchrony in population densities to allow the two species to coexist when they could not coexist in a more uniform habitat (the predator would cause the extinction of the prey). Den Boer (1968) argued on the basis of his studies on ground beetles that assemblages of local populations without strong density dependence but connected by some migration would persist by virtue of being influenced by different sequences of environmental perturbations-the spreading-of-risk idea. Gadgil (1971) showed for the first time how habitat patchiness would influence the evolution of a key life-history trait, migration rate. And then there was the illustrious work of Levins (1969), who proposed a simple mathematical model to demonstrate the possibility of metapopulation-level persistence of a set of extinction-prone local populations, essentially because he assumed that different populations have independent dynamics, and hence there was time for recolonizations to compensate for local extinctions before the entire metapopulation would go extinct. But in spite of these studies, the field was still wide open in 1990, as is shown by the few citations to the key word “metapopulation” before 1990 and the exponential growth of such citations afterwards (Hanski and Simberloff 1997).
Checkerspot Reproductive Biology Caroll. Boggs and marko nieminen
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproductive behavior, physiology, and ecology affect the number of offspring that an individual butterfly contributes to the next generation; therefore, these factors play an integral mechanistic role in influencing population and evolutionary dynamics. Critical questions include, how do males and females find each other and select mates? Why have particular mating systems evolved? What are the nutrient sources for offspring production and how much should females or males invest in each off-spring? What determines temporal patterns of egg production? How do all these tie together to influence lifetime reproductive success? And how are these decisions influenced by the environment and by selection?
What Have We Learned?
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R , Hanski Ilkka , Boggs Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we recap the major lessons to be distilled from the work on checkerspots. Some of the lessons are novel; some reinforce previous conclusions by other researchers. The first, and perhaps the most significant lesson relates to the model system approach that we have taken in our research. The diversity of natural populations is so great that model systems may never play quite the same role in population biology as Drosophila in genetics or Caenorhabditis elegans in developmental biology. Nonetheless, the checkerspot system has demonstrated that concentrating research efforts on particular systems will greatly contribute to better understanding of many fundamental issues in ecology, evolution, behavior, and conservation biology. The knowledge gained from the model systems ultimately can be applied to answering questions about less intensively studied species. For instance, if we were now asked to evaluate the conservation status of a little-known endangered insect species, we would first look at its probable metapopulation structure, the topographic heterogeneity of its habitat, and how these will interact with climatic variability. None of this may prove critical in a particular system, but the work on checkerspots tells us that here would be a good place to start.
Conclusion: How Science Works and Its Role in Society
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I used several examples from biology and medicine to explore some important aspects of the scientific process. Some of these examples have been prominently featured in recent news reports (leg deformities and declining populations of frogs; genetic and environmental contributions to the risk of cancer); others have been interesting mainly to specialists (spatial memory abilities of food-storing animals).
1754–1763 “Join, or Die”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benjamin Franklin stood on a bobbing ship, bathed in a warm summer sun. On this golden morning in June 1754, he was sailing north on the blue-green Hudson River, past dusty little villages and seemingly endless grand estates, beyond the gently rolling wooded terrain just north of Manhattan and into the New York Highlands, where tall hills hovered above emerald meadows. Franklin had retired as a printer and publisher, but this was not a pleasure cruise. He was on a mission. Pennsylvania had selected him as a representative to meet in Albany with commissioners from other British colonies. They were to search for a means by which the provinces, and their Native American allies, could cooperate in the likely event that war erupted with France.
1766–1770 “To Crush the Spirit of the Colonies”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Stamp Act crisis had caused numerous Americans, as never before, to contemplate their rights and liberties, the degree of autonomy they possessed within their empire, and the economic realities of their dependent status. John Adams was not alone in subsequently concluding that American independence was born during the Stamp Act episode. David Ramsay, a South Carolinian who in 1789 published one of the first histories of the American Revolution, wrote that the crisis, and especially London’s capitulation, “was the first direct step to American independency.” Peter Oliver, brother of the victimized Andrew Oliver, even earlier had written a history of the rebellion in which he reached the same conclusion. Each argued that the colonists “swelled with their own Importance” when Parliament backed down. Thereafter, they wrote, the provincials not only knew their own power, but discounted the prowess of the mother country.
1776–1777 “A Leap Into the Dark”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since January, when momentum for independence had begun to build, the recon ciliationists had cautioned repeatedly about the perils of breaking with Great Britain and the risks involved in a protracted war. None made the case better than “Civis,” a Pennsylvanian who warned that to declare independence would be a “leap into the dark.” What, he asked, will America derive from it? None who favored independence was blind to the uncertainty of the future.
1799–1801 “The Gigg Is Up”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adams was in low spirits when he returned to the capital in November 1799. He had delighted in quashing Hamilton in their recent confrontation in Trenton, but he had to believe that the vengeful inspector general would come after him with the unbridled fury of a wounded animal. Personal sorrow also clouded Adams’s mood. During that star-crossed autumn the president had learned that his middle son—Charles, who was only twenty-nine—was ruined and ill from alcoholism. Nor had the president’s own future ever been more uncertain. He knew that his chances of winning reelection in 1800 were uncertain, and probably unlikely, and that defeat would confront him with troubling personal choices, the likes of which he had not been forced to deal with for years. In addition, Adams had celebrated his sixty-fourth birthday as he traveled south from Quincy. He had lived what for most of humanity in eighteenth-century America was a normal life span. Indeed, only a few days after he returned to the President’s House in Philadelphia, thoughts of his own mortality must have become paramount, for he received the startling news that Washington had died recently at Mount Vernon.
March 4, 1801 “An Age of Revolution and Reformation”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As was his custom, Jefferson arose early on the morning of March 4, 1801, before the first streaks of light touched the black night. Before dressing, he may have soaked his feet in a pail of ice water, a medicinal practice he long had pursued at the start of each day. He took breakfast at Conrad and McMunn’s, occupying, as he had all winter, the “lowest and coldest seat at a table at which a company of more than thirty men sat,” as an observer noted. An air of unruffled calm prevailed through the lengthy meal. Indeed, the mood was lighthearted on this festive day. After a time, the vice president politely asked to be excused and returned to his room to reread the address he was scheduled to deliver at noon. He had written the speech himself, something that President Adams often had done but that Washington always turned over to a trusted advisor. Jefferson had always written with dispatch, and in this instance he had fourteen days between the resolution of the election and Inauguration Day, ample time to write and polish his remarks.
The Macroevolution of Phenotypic Integration
Authors: Eble Gunther J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phenotypic integration is a central aspect of macroevolution. It is also an important concept in macroevolutionary theory. A number of empirical research questions and theoretical debates concerning evolution at and above the species level revolve around the issue of differential phenotypic integration through time. However, macroevolutionary studies in general and evolutionary paleobiology in particular have often conceptualized and documented phenotypic integration in ways that are not always comparable with standard, quantitative-genetic microevolutionary accounts. Thus, subjects such as evolutionary radiations, constraints, morphospace structure and occupation, disparity, allometry, heterochrony and heterotopy, the origin and proliferation of novelties, and clade dynamics, to name but a few, have been interpreted in terms of phenotypic integration (e.g., Valentine and Campbell 1975; Alberch et al. 1979; Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Gould 1989a, 1989b; Jablonski and Bottjer 1990; Erwin 1993; Zelditch and Fink 1996; Foote 1997; McGhee 1999), but with methodological protocols and theoretical motivations often distinct from those of microevolutionary research.
Personality Psychology
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the applause swelled, Dr. Guilford took a deep breath, smoothed his tie and jacket, and began to walk to the podium. It was 1950, and Dr. Guilford was at the peak of his long and illustrious career. He had dedicated his life to psychological research. He’d played a key leadership role during World War II, helping the U.S. military carry out the most massive testing program in history. And now, he had attained the highest honor that the discipline of psychology could give—he had been elected president of the American Psychological Association. Every year, at the annual meeting of the Association, the president gives the keynote speech, and this was Dr. J. P. Guilford’s moment (see figure 3.1). Presidents traditionally use this opportunity to emphasize an important issue that they think deserves more psychological study. As Dr. Guilford began his talk, the hundreds of assembled psychologists in the room were shocked when they realized the topic he had chosen. The APA president had chosen to talk about creativity. To understand why a professional psychologist in 1950 would be shocked to hear a speech about creativity from the APA president, you need to know a little about the field of psychology at the time. Since the 1920s, American psychology had been dominated by behaviorism—think of Pavlov’s salivating dog and Skinner’s experiments with pigeons. Behaviorists studied only behaviors they could see, and refused to consider anything that happened inside the brain. By the 1970s, this approach had been rejected by most psychologists, but 1950 was the heyday of behaviorism, and behaviorism didn’t have much to say about creativity.1
Music
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All art constantly aspires towards the condition of music. —Walter Pater (1873/1986, p. 86) Many people think that jazz musicians play whatever comes into their heads in a burst of unconstrained inspiration. But even the freest improviser improvises within a musical tradition, and before you can improvise you have to learn that tradition (Alperson, 1984; Berliner, 1994). Young jazz musicians become aware of the structures and conventions of their domain through close listening. For example, they often listen to famous albums and copy the performances note for note. This helps them to develop a personal repertoire of phrases; sometimes, young improvisers sound just like the famous musician they’ve been copying. Trumpet players sound like Miles Davis or Wynton Marsalis; saxophonists like Coleman Hawkins or John Coltrane. No doubt, it takes a high level of skill to sound like a famous musician. But that’s only the first step in a lifetime of learning how to play jazz. Listening and practicing at home is an important part of learning jazz. But young musicians who have wonderful technique on their instruments, who can play extremely fast and flawlessly, often tend to be poor improvisers, because they haven’t yet learned how to communicate musically with the ensemble. Musicians can’t learn jazz by playing at home alone. To get really good, a musician has to attend uncountable jam sessions, and play in many different beginner bands.
How to Be More Creative
Authors: Sawyer R Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first goal of this book is to explain creativity, drawing on the latest science provided by the sociocultural approach. But a second goal is to use this new scientific research to learn how we can be more creative. While reading the chapters of this book, you’ve probably already had mini-insights about how you can use these findings in your own creative activities. In this chapter, I bring our exploration to a close by telling you how the science of human innovation can help you be more creative in your own life. I began this book by critically examining our own cultural conceptions about creativity (chapter 2). I showed how our creativity myths influence our perceptions of creativity. Before we can learn how to be more creative, we first have to understand what creativity is. If we didn’t first understand that some of our unexamined assumptions are creativity myths, we’d be sure to get the wrong idea about how to increase our creativity. These creativity myths focus on the individual and ignore social and cultural context. But we’ve learned that explaining creativity requires both individualist and contextualist approaches, an interdisciplinary strategy called the sociocultural approach. The sciences of sociology, anthropology, and history balance out the picture provided by psychology. In the many chapters of parts 4 and 5, I used the sociocultural approach to give you the latest scientific explanation of creativity.
Balanced Living Through Self-Care
Authors: Williams-Nickelson Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-care includes the activities women undertake with the intention to promote, ensure, or restore psychological and physical health; to prevent, manage, or recover from disease, injury, or trauma; or to achieve a sense of well-being. Selfcare is a multidimensional concept in which psychological and physical well-being are interdependent and lead to enhanced quality of life and a sense of fulfillment (Cameron & Leventhal, 2003; Johnson, 1991). Self-care activities must be defined and discovered individually. What one woman classifies as self-care may be what an participation may be relaxing for some, but the competitive tenor may be too stressful for others. Self-care incorporates multiple components, including physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social, relational, and safety and security areas of function.
Women and Giving
Authors: harway Michele , Nutt Roberta L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An emphasis on giving to others and putting others first has long been considered a part of the traditional gender-role message for women in this culture. This gender-role message has both positive and negative consequences. While there are many satisfactions to be gained from helping others, in its exaggerated traditional form, giving to others may lead to depression and loss of self (Hare-Mustin, 1983). Many women are so busy giving to others that they have no time for themselves. By contrast, balanced forms of giving (for example, as in the case of feminist mentoring) typically involve reciprocal relationships in which both giving and receiving are experienced, leading to more satisfying interchanges. Giving is also something that women can do across the life span. For example, women, teens, and even quite young girls can give as a sign of power and strength to others and a signal to themselves of well-being. Even very young children can help their mothers with simple household tasks and can build pleasure in their sense of competence. Many elderly women continue to be able to give, despite infirmity. Giving can involve many kinds of resources, such as time, skills, money, another pair of hands, expertise, a willing ear, an attitude of responsive-ness, and generosity. It involves the self perception that one has something of value to give.
and Women
Authors: Gilbert Lucia Albino , Kearney Lisa K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychotherapy is primarily an interpersonal, confidential treatment based on psychological principles (Garfield, 1980; Wampold, 2001). It involves a professionally trained psychotherapist and a client who seeks assistance for resolving ongoing problems in living, dealing with a mental disorder, or managing other difficulties (Worell & Remer, 2003). Psychotherapy can take place with individuals, couples, and families, or with groups whose members have similar concerns. It occurs in many settings, ranging from hospital and community clinics and college counseling centers to the private offices of psychologists, social workers, chotherapy is remedial when the treatment is designed to remove or ameliorate distress associated with a client’s presenting problems or disorders; it is preventive or empowering when it focuses on new skill development related to life experiences such as parenting, death of a loved one, loss of a job, or living with a chronic illness.
Gender Role and Gender Identity Development
Authors: Basow Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our binary conceptions of gender (male/female, masculine/feminine) are deeply flawed. Rather than all people being easily divided into two groups with contrasting personality and behavioral styles (e.g., feminine females and masculine males), people actually develop complex patterns of traits, behaviors, identities, and sexualities. Although we frequently use sex and gender interchangeably, it may be helpful to think of sex as referring to biological markers, such as chromosomes or genitalia. Gender, in contrast, refers to the social meaning of this biological variable, as well as to an individual’s identification with these meanings (gender identity) and/or conformity to these meanings and behaviors (gender typing and gender role conformity). These aspects of an individual are related, of course, but they are not isomorphic. For example, a person born with a double X chromosome and a uterus, clitoris, and upon her development, she may or may not identify as female. If she doesn’t identify as female, she might be diagnosed with gender identity disorder (a controversial diagnosis) and later be considered transgendered.
Bereavement
Authors: Carr Deborah , Ha Jung-Hwa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of a loved one is among the most stressful of all life events (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). The loss of one’s husband or significant other, in particular, requires important psychological and behavioral adaptations. The survivor must cope with the loss of an enduring intimate relationship, establish a new identity as an “unmarried” woman, and learn to manage the daily routines and activities that were once shared by both partners (Utz, Reidy, Carr, Nesse, & Wortman, 2004). In general, bereavement in later life is less distressing than losses that occur earlier in the life course. Older women are believed to cope better with death than younger women because they have more experience with loss and because they may find support from their peers who also are experiencing their partner’s illness and death (Moss, Moss, & Hansson, 2001). Older women also are better than young women at regulating their emotions, and thus may experience less intense emotions such as grief (Carstensen, Fung, & Charles, 2003).
Legal Issues Influencing Girls’ and Women’s Psychological Health
Authors: Walker Lenore E A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A discussion of the many legal issues that can impact on girls’ and women’s mental health in this book is an important acknowledgment of the high degree of emotional stress that interacting with the legal system places on most people. In the United States, especially, it seems that it is a rare person who goes through life without at least some contact with the legal system. Women in the 1970s used the legal system to continue the civil rights accorded in the previous decade, create new social change specific to women, and attain many of the current legal rights that exist today, such as access to credit in our own names, stronger laws against sexual and physical assault, and the right of reproductive choice (Kaye, 1990).
Introduction
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A child alters his parents’ lives forever. Parenthood brings new experiences but also new responsibilities: a parent is no longer quite the author of her own life. Parents must protect, nurture, and guide their child and remain at his side for 18 years—or more, if needed. Today, marriages may come and go, but parenthood endures for better and worse, for richer and poorer, and in sickness and in health. It is an understatement to observe that parents find it difficult to combine child rearing with their own endeavors in the larger world. However good our day care provider, school, or babysitter may be, children need parental care in order to flourish. Today, more than ever before, parents do manage to care for their children and work outside the home too. But many of us feel a constant pull between the children’s seemingly limitless need for our time and our own need to lead an independent life. For some parents, this tension is primarily psychological: we feel torn between competing desires, and we never seem to have the balance quite right, whatever decision we make. But for many parents, the conflict has a harder edge: we must work to make ends meet, and yet we also need time to meet our children’s noneconomic needs—for closeness, for conversation, for recreation.