bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of Insect Trypanosomatids Assessed from the Spliced Leader RNA and 5s rRNA Genes and Intergenic Regions1
Authors: PODLIPAEV SERGEI A. , STURM NANCY R. , FIALA IVAN , FERNANDES OCTAVIO , WESTENBERGER SCOTT J. , DOLLET MICHEL , CAMPBELL DAVID A. , LUKEŠ JULIUS 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT.We have determined the sequences of 5S rRNA and spliced leader (SL) RNA genes, and adjacent intergenic regions for representatives of all known trypanosomatid genera parasitizing insects. The genetic loci have been analyzed separately as well as by a combined approach. Several isolates, assigned by morphology to different genera (Leptomonas spp., Blastocrithidia spp.), seem to belong to a single species with an unexpectedly wide host and geographical range. An unnamed trypanosomatid isolated from rats in Egypt was found to belong to the genus Herpetomonas, so far associated with insect hosts only. It is closely related to Herpetomonas ztiplika, a parasite of a blood‐sucking biting midge. Apparently several different trypanosomatid species can infect one insect species, as exemplified by Leptomonas sp. PL and Wallaceina sp. Wsd, which were isolated from different specimens of Salda littoralis on the same locality and day. However, since the same species of Leptomonas was obtained from insect hosts belonging to different genera, some insect trypanosomatids may have low host specificity. Our data revealed additional discrepancies between molecular phylogenetic data and cell morphology, rendering current trypanosomatid taxonomy unreliable.
Interaction between Cracking and Oxidation in Organic Matrix Composites
Authors: Colin X. , Mavel A. , Marais C. , Verdu J. 
Published: July 2005

The thermal oxidative degradation of carbon fiber/bismaleimide (Hexel T800H/F655-2) and carbon fiber/amine-cross-linked epoxy (Cytec Fiberite IM7/977-2) unidirectional composites and their corresponding neat polymers has been studied in air at temperatures ranging from 150 to 240 C by optical microscopy, using an interferential contrast, and IR microspectrophotometry. A coarse analysis of the damaged zone allowed the determination of main kinetic characteristics in the whole degradation process (oxidation, crack propagation, and their interaction) for each principal direction of the composite materials. It has been found that cracks initiate at the sample free surfaces when a critical value of embrittlement is reached in the oxidized layer. Then, cracks propagate differently toward the core according to both the fiber orientation and the nature of the composite system. The difference in behavior between T800H/F655-2 and IM7/977-2 systems can be explained by a difference in polymer toughness and oxygen permeability of the fiber-matrix interface.
Histological Behavior of HDPE Scaffolds Fabricated by the “Press-and-Baking” Method
Authors: Kwon Jae Hyun , Kim Sang Soo , Kim Byung-Soo , Sung Won Jun , Lee Soo Hong , Lim Jin Ik , Jung Youngmee , Kim Sang-Heon , Kim Soo Hyun , Kim Young Ha 
Published: July 2005

High density polyethylene (HDPE) scaffolds were fabricated by a new “Press-and-Baking” method without using solvents. This method involved mixing HDPE and salt particles, then pressing and baking to produce porous scaffolds after the salt was leached out. The HDPE scaffolds from 80wt% salt had strength and flexibility comparable to commercial Medpor HDPE implants. The HDPE scaffolds provided larger and more pores than Medpor. The HDPE scaffolds were oxidized by ozone to investigate the effect of increased hydrophilicity on tissue healing. The HDPE scaffolds fabricated were implanted subcutaneously into rats for 28 days to evaluate the biocompatibility compared with Medpor. The HDPE scaffolds exhibited suitable tolerance with surrounding tissue. Although the tissue ingrowth in the HDPE scaffolds infiltrated the pores slower, denser tissue formation was organized in the scaffolds, while Medpor allowed tissue to infiltrate more readily into the interconnective pores. These results indicate that the difference in porous structural morphology affects tissue ingrowth. In contrast, the increased hydrophilicity by ozone oxidation had little effect on tissue ingrowth.
An investigation into aspects of Thai culture and its impact on Thai students in an international school in Thailand
Authors: Deveney Barbara 
Published: July 2005

English This article describes research undertaken to investigate aspects of Thai culture and its effects on Thai students in an international school in Thailand. Using a variety of data gathering methods, the investigation looks at how Thai culture manifests itself in the classroom in the form of student behaviour and attitudes. The research also attempts to find out the extent of teachers’ awareness of the impact of culture in the classroom and how it can affect their own expectations. French Cet article décrit les recherches entreprises afin d'étudier les aspects de la culture thaïlandaise et ses effets sur les élèves thaïlandais dans un établissement scolaire international en Thaïlande. Grâce à une variété de méthodes de recueil de données, ces recherches s'intéressent à la manière dont la culture thaïlandaise se manifeste en classe à travers le comportement et les attitudes des élèves. Ces recherches tentent également de découvrir dans quelle mesure l'enseignant est conscient de l'impact de cette culture en classe et de quelle manière cela peut affecter leurs propres attentes. Spanish Este artículo trata de las investigaciones sobre los efectos de ciertos aspectos de la cultura tailandesa en estudiantes tailandeses de un colegio internacional de ese país. Utilizando una gama variada de métodos de obtención datos, el estudio examina cómo se manifiesta la cultura tailandesa en la clase a través de las conductas y actitudes de los alumnos. También se intenta averiguar en qué medida los profesores son conscientes de dicho impacto y cómo ello puede afectar sus propias expectativas.
Culture as a configuration of learning
Authors: Van Oord Lodewijk 
Published: July 2005

English This article approaches the concept of culture from an anthropological perspective. It places various culture concepts in their historical contexts and discusses several models that are utilized in research in international education. It is argued that the lack of a theory is a major reason for the culture concept’s proliferation. A theory is presented that identifies a culture as a particular configuration of learning and meta-learning. In line with this theory, it is argued that most ‘cultural’ differences in teaching and learning are not cultural and that real cultural differences will emerge in the context of international academic curricula. French Cet article s'intéresse au concept de la culture d'un point de vue anthropologique. Il place divers concepts culturels dans leurs contextes historiques et traite de plusieurs modèles utilisés dans la recherche en éducation internationale. Il est avancé que le manque de théorie est la principale explication de la prolifération du concept de la culture. Une théorie est proposée, selon laquelle une culture est identifiée comme étant une configuration particulière de l'apprentissage et du méta-apprentissage. Il est aussi avancé que la plupart des différences 'culturelles' dans l'enseignement et l'apprentissage ne sont pas réellement culturelles et que les véritables différences culturelles vont apparaître dans le contexte des programmes scolaires internationaux. Spanish Este artículo se acerca al concepto de cultura desde una perspectiva antropológica. Ubica varios conceptos de cultura en sus contextos históricos y analiza distintos modelos que se utilizan en la investigación en el campo de la educación internacional. El autor sostiene que la falta de una teoría es una de las razones primordiales que contribuyen a la proliferación de los conceptos de cultura. Se presenta una teoría que define una cultura como una configuración especial de aprendizajes y meta-aprendizajes. Siguiendo esta teoría se sostiene que muchas de las diferencias 'culturales' en el ámbito de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje no son culturales y que las diferencias culturales reales surgen en el contexto de los currículos académicos internacionales.
The role of the host culture as a resource for developing intercultural understanding in a Dutch international secondary school
Authors: Jackson Mandy 
Published: July 2005

English This article explores the importance of the host culture in the development of international mindedness in the pupils of an international school. It puts forward a model for engagement based on Allport’s contact theory and examines the success of one such model resulting from co-operation between the International School of Maastricht and its parent Dutch school, the Porta Mosana College. The article argues that only with this kind of contact can international schools succeed in their mission to produce interculturally aware young people. French Cet article explore l'importance de la culture du pays d'accueil dans le développement d'une sensibilité internationale chez les élèves d'un établissement scolaire international. Il propose un modèle d'engagement basé sur la théorie du contact d'Allport et étudie la réussite d'un tel modèle en prenant l'exemple de la coopération entre l'International School of Maastricht et son prédécesseur hollandais, le Porta Mosana College. Cet article insiste sur le fait que seul ce genre de contacts peut permettre aux établissements scolaires internationaux d'atteindre leur but, à savoir former des jeunes à l'interculturalité. Spanish Este artículo estudia la importancia de la cultura del país donde se encuentra un colegio internacional para el desarrollo de la mentalidad internacional de sus alumnos. Propone un modelo de participación e integración que se basa en la teoría del contacto de Allport, y analiza la eficacia de un modelo de este tipo a partir de la cooperación entre la International School of Maastricht y su colegio matriz, Porta Mosana College (holandés). El artículo llega a la conclusión de que este tipo de contacto es el único medio que permite a los colegios internacionales lograr su objetivo de desarrollar una conciencia intercultural en sus alumnos.
An examination of Hegelian and Spinozian philosophy and their relationships with the International Baccalaureate subject, Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Cole David R. 
Published: July 2005

English One concern for teachers of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is how to balance academic study with a need for the development of the imagination. This article examines the subject at the heart of the IB Diploma, Theory of Knowledge, and looks at the contrasting philosophies of Spinoza and Hegel and their relationship with this area. Through such an investigation, one may understand how the balance between academic study and the expansion of the imagination may be achieved to the benefit of the student and teacher alike. French Les enseignants du Programme du diplôme de l'Organisation du Baccalauréat International s'efforcent entre autres de trouver un certain équilibre entre l'étude théorique et le besoin de développer l'imagination. Cet article analyse la théorie de la connaissance, matière-phare du Programme du diplôme du BI et s'intéresse aux philosophies de Spinoza et Hegel, ainsi qu'à leurs relations avec cette matière. Á travers cette recherche, il est possible de comprendre comment atteindre l'équilibre entre l'étude théorique et le développement de l'imagination au profit de l'élève et de l'enseignant. Spanish Un aspecto que preocupa a los profesores del Programa del Diploma del Bachillerato Internacional es cómo encontrar un equilibrio entre el estudio teórico y la necesidad de desarrollar la imaginación. Este artículo examina Teoría del Conocimiento, materia esencial del Programa del Diploma del BI, y analiza las filosofías contrastantes de Spinoza y Hegel, así como su relación con esta materia. Mediante esta investigación, es posible entender cómo lograr el equilibrio entre el estudio teórico y el desarrollo de la imaginación para beneficio del estudiante y del propio profesor.
Cytokines and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Mehra Vishal C , Ramgolam Vinod S , Bender Jeffrey R 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is increasingly evident since the identification of immune/inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis and heart failure. In this review, we describe how innate and adaptive immune cascades trigger the release of cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We discuss how cytokines have direct and indirect effects on myocardial function. These include myocardial depressant effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase-generated NO, as well as the biochemical effects of cytokine-stimulated arachidonic acid metabolites on cardiomyocytes. Cytokine influences on myocardial function are time-, concentration-, and subtype-specific. We provide a comprehensive review of these cytokine-mediated immune and inflammatory cascades implicated in the most common forms of cardiovascular disease.
Selective Electrochemical Response of Dopamine against 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid at Bare Indium–Tin Oxide Electrode
Authors: Xu Guobao , Iwasaki Yuzuru , Niwa Osamu 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Electrochemistry of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid at ITO were investigated. The oxidation of dopamine significantly depended on pH and supporting electrolyte. The peak current increased more than one hundred folds with increasing pH from 2.5 to 10.0 in phosphate buffer. Moreover, selective oxidation of dopamine against 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid at bare ITO was observed. It is the first electrode material that can be produced in large scale for selective oxidation of dopamine. Selective catecholamine detection at ITO is suggested.
Selective Synthesis of Isocyanides from Secondary Alcohols by a New Type of Oxidation–Reduction Condensation
Authors: Masutani Kouta , Minowa Tomofumi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Selective synthesis of isocyanides from secondary alcohols via alkyl diphenylphosphinites is established by a new type of oxidation–reduction condensation in controlling the ambident reactivity of cyanide anion. In the presence of ZnO, isocyanides are obtained exclusively in moderate to high yields.
Competitive Effect in Metallic κ-Type DHOT-TTP [2-(1,3-Dithiolan-2-ylidene)-5-(1,3-oxathiolan-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene] Salts
Authors: Yamada Jun-ichi , Kunigita Ken-ichi , Akutsu Hiroki , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi , Kikuchi Koichi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The preparation of κ-(DHOT-TTP)2X (X = PF6, AsF6, and FeCl4) has been accomplished, which exhibit metallic conducting behavior down to low temperatures. A comparison of the values of the intermolecular overlap integrals calculated on the donor layers of these salts with those of the corresponding isomorphous BDH-TTP [2,5-bis(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene] salts suggests that DHOT-TTP, like BDH-TTP, has the ability to form tight packing motifs.
Selective Cyclic Trimerization of 4-(Alkylamino)benzoic Acid Dimer Phenyl Esters
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Shimizu Yuuki , Yokozawa Tsutomu 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Treatment of 4-(alkylamino)benzoic acid dimer phenyl esters with a base, under conditions where monomeric 4-(alkylamino)benzoic acid phenyl esters polymerize to give well-defined aromatic polyamides, affords not polymers, but cyclic trimers in good yield.
Silole-core Dendrimers: A Facile Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Sanji Takanobu , Ishiwata Hiroyuki , Kaizuka Tomoyoshi , Tanaka Masato , Sakurai Hideki , Nagahata Ritsuko , Takeuchi Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Silole-core dendrimers having benzyl ether-type dendron units, readily synthesized by the Ni-catalyzed reaction of benzyloxy-substituted diphenylacetylenes with 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane, display, upon excitation of the dendron units, efficient energy transfer from the dendron units to the silole core, resulting in strong emission from the silole ring.
Lewis Base-catalyzed Cyanomethylation of Aldimines with Trimethylsilylacetonitrile
Authors: Kawano Yoshikazu , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A catalytic cyanomethylation of various aldimines with trimethylsilylacetonitrile (TMSCH2CN) in the presence of Lewis bases such as lithium acetate or benzoate proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding cyanomethylated adducts in good yields.
Prey Selectivity and Diet of Striped Bass in Western Albemarle Sound, North Carolina
Authors: Rudershausen Paul J. , Tuomikoski Jack E. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Hightower Joseph E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe collected 1,399 striped bass Morone saxatilis from western Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, during May through October of 2002 and 2003 to characterize diet, prey type selectivity, and prey size selectivity. Herrings Alosa spp., Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, silversides Menidia spp., and yellow perch Perca flavescens dominated the diets of age‐1 striped bass, while Atlantic menhaden dominated the diets of older striped bass. Selectivity was calculated for three categories of striped bass (ages 1, 2, and 3+ [3–7]) based on fish prey collections from a 61‐m beach seine and a 76‐m purse seine. Striped bass of all ages primarily consumed fish prey regardless of the month or year. Each age category of striped bass selected for one or more species of prey from the suborder Clupeoidei. Age‐1 striped bass selectivity of Alosa spp. generally increased with the progression of each sampling season, whereas selectivity for Atlantic menhaden, Menidia spp., and yellow perch decreased over time within each season. Striped bass of all ages displayed strong selection for Atlantic menhaden and strong selection against spiny‐rayed fish prey. Striped bass displayed selection for specific prey, although the mechanisms responsible for selection appear to vary through time and may differ for different prey types. Striped bass either displayed neutral size selectivity or selected for relatively small prey. The mean and maximum sizes of fish prey increased with increases in striped bass size, but the minimum prey size changed little. Our results of seasonal and age‐specific changes in selectivity will be valuable for modeling the impact of striped bass predation on resource prey species.
Particle nucleation for dewetting initiation of thin polymer films
Authors: Karapanagiotis Ioannis , Gerberich William W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA quantitative comparison between spontaneous dewetting and particle nucleation for thin (thickness = 17nm) polystyrene (PS) films on nonwettable silicon (Si) surfaces is presented both experimentally and theoretically. Performing experiments in a class 100 clean room, we found that ∼ 23% of the observed dry patches formed because of dust particles, while the majority of the holes formed via the well known spontaneous dewetting process. The result was verified qualitatively by diffusion theory, which, however, predicted a diminished role for the airborne particles, leading to the conclusion that pre‐existing particles on the Si surfaces and/or the polymer solutions contribute substantially to the dewetting process. The driving force of particle motion into the polymer film is examined by placing aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles on PS films. Finally, the effect of particle geometry is studied by placing gold (Au) disks on the free surface of PS films. An optically continuous PS film is found to be present around the periphery of the disk particles, even after the completion of the dewetting process in the rest of the sample. An attempt to explain dewetting inhibition at the vicinity of the micro‐disks, on the basis of molecular interactions developed in the system Au/PS/Si, is finally presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 138–145, 2005
Distribution of mono‐ and di‐methacrylic monomers in SBS block copolymer and its influence on the photopolymerization process
Authors: Mateo J. L. , Calvo M. , Bosch P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPersoz hardness measurements and the analysis of the temperature dependence of the storage modulus (E′) for SBS di‐ and tetrafunctional methacrylic monomer systems were carried out to determine the distribution of the monomers in the domains or phases of the SBS block copolymer, as well as the aggregation state of each system. The forces of attraction between the monomer and the phases or domains in the matrix (similar solubility parameters with appreciable dipole‐dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions) were determinant as for the monomer distribution. The influence of these structural factors on the kinetic parameters of the photoinitiated polymerization of di‐ and tetrafunctional methacrylic monomers in the SBS matrix was studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 163–168, 2005
Synthesis and applications of a variety of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Yoshioka Hiroaki , Kawase Tokuzo , Takahashi Hidetaka , Abe Akemi , Ohashi Ryusei 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFluoroalkyl end‐capped trimethoxyvinylsilane oligomers, trimethoxyvinylsilane–N,N‐dimethylacrylamide cooligomers, and trimethoxyvinylsilane–acryloylmorpholine cooligomers were polymerized with hydrolysis and condensation between tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and trimethoxysilyl segments in oligomers to afford homogeneous fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids under mild conditions. Similarly, fluoroalkyl end‐capped N,N‐dimethylacrylamide oligomers and acryloylmorpholine oligomers reacted with TEOS under mild conditions to afford the fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids. The formation of these fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids is due to the homogeneous incorporation of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers into the silica gel networks through the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the residual silanol groups in silica gels and amido groups of fluorinated oligomers. We have also succeeded in preparing new fluorinated polymer hybrids by the use of fluoroalkyl end‐capped N,N‐dimethylacrylamide co‐oligomer‐containing silsesquioxane segments. Thermal stability of a variety of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids thus obtained was found to increase significantly compared to those of the parent fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers. In addition, in these fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids, their sol solutions are applicable to the surface modification of glass to exhibit not only a strong oleophobicity imparted by fluorine but also a good hydrophilicity on the glass surface. Therefore, these fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids are suggested to have high potential for new functional materials through their unique properties imparted by not only fluorine but also by the hybrid counterparts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 169–177, 2005