bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Auditory Cue on Discrimination of Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Veniar Florence A. 
Published: September 2005

This report presents the results of an investigation dealing with (1) signal discrimination as a function of frequency range of the stimulus ensemble, and (2) the effect of auditory cue on discrimination of auditory stimuli as a function of frequency differences between cues and subsequent stimuli.
Data are presented for three observers. The results obtained are compared with predictions based upon the null hypothesis and a narrow-band scanning model.
Contour Vibrations of Thin Rectangular Plates
Authors: Onoe Morio 
Published: September 2005

An approximate theory based on an energy principle has been applied for contour vibrations of rectangular plates and compared with experimental data of ADP Z-45° cuts with a satisfactory agreement.
The existence of a special mode, which has attracted little attention heretofore, is shown and its connection with the complex branches of the dispersion equation is discussed.
Effect of Third-Formant Transitions on the Perception of the Voiced Stop Consonants
Authors: Harris Katherine Safford , Hoffman Howard S. , Liberman Alvin M. , Delattre Pierre C. , Cooper Franklin S. 
Published: September 2005

Experiments using synthetic speech show that third-formant transitions are cues for the perception of /b,d,g/. Detailed results are presented for a variety of third-formant transitions paired with each of a number of second-formant transitions in initial position before the vowels, /i/ and /æ/.
The results obtained with various third-formant transitions depend in part on the steady-state level of the third formant, implying the existence of third-formant loci analogous to those previously found for the first and second formants. The data of the present experiment are not sufficient to permit a specification of these loci.
The effects of third-formant cues are independent of the two-formant patterns to which they are added. When a third-formant cue enhances the perception of a particular phoneme, it typically does not do so equally at the expense of the other response alternatives.
Variational Method for the Vibrations of the Indian Drums
Authors: Sarojini T. , Rahman A. 
Published: September 2005

The frequencies of the lower modes of vibration of the Indian drums, the right- and left-hand thabalas which have circular drumheads loaded concentrically in the former and eccentrically in the latter have been computed by the method of variation of parameters incorporating the variation of the surface density of the drumheads in the normalizing integral. The boundary value problem is first formulated in terms of a modified form of bipolar coordinates suitable for the eccentrically loaded left-hand thabala, the boundary value problem of the right-hand thabala being obtained as a special case when the eccentricity parameter vanishes. It is then shown that the harmonic character of the modes of vibration is primarily determined by the ratio of the radii of the loaded and unloaded regions, the eccentric placement of the loaded region in the left-hand thabala merely bringing about a small separation between the frequencies of the even and odd modes.
The computed frequencies are compared with previous calculations. In the case of the right-hand thabala where exact values are known the agreement is as good as 1% and in the case of the left-hand thabala where only approximate values are known the agreement is about 10%.
Funneling in the Nervous System and its Role in Loudness and Sensation Intensity on the Skin
Authors: v. Békésy G. 
Published: September 2005

The relation between the subjective intensity of a vibration on the skin and the physical amplitude of the vibration is different for the different parts of the skin, for example, the finger tip and the shoulder. The reason for this is that the sensation of vibration “loudness” is a complex interaction of summation and inhibition along the stimulated skin surface. Both summation and inhibition vary with the amplitude of the vibration, the distance between the stimulated areas, the slope of the spatial distribution of the stimulus along the surface of the skin, its time pattern, and the density of the innervation. I have tried to describe these relations as variations in “funneling action” of the nervous tissues in the hope that this terminology will lead to a better understanding of the various phenomena.
A series of experiments was designed to establish rules for the estimation of the funneling action. For this purpose (1) the vibration loudness produced by a point vibrator was compared with the loudness produced by stimulation of a large area of skin (which may serve to explain why the curves of equal loudness for pure tones in hearing are compressed at the low frequencies); (2) the difference limen for amplitude variations was investigated under different conditions; (3) the lateral spread of the skin sensations was determined; and (4) all these phenomena were compared with analogous sensations in hearing. Through the concept of funneling, rotating skin sensations are brought into very close relation with rotating tones (Drehtön), and Mach's law of contrast in vision with a similar phenomenon of the “funneling” action observed on the skin. Finally, it is demonstrated by experiments that once a funneling action is established on the skin, there is a certain period of time during which it inhibits all other sensation, exactly as in hearing. It is very similar to the refractory period of the nerves. These refractory times are considerably longer when the funneling action takes place at the higher levels of the brain.
Effect of High Pressure on Sound Absorption and Chemical Equilibrium
Authors: Fisher F. H. 
Published: September 2005

Interest in acquiring more definite knowledge of the mechanism of sound absorption in electrolytic solutions led to this experimental investigation of the pressure dependence of this phenomenon. A technique was evolved to measure sound absorption in liquids as a function of pressure at frequencies of 100–600 kc. The following properties of a 0.5-molar solution of MgSO4 were measured up to 20 000 psi at 26°C: absorption, relaxation frequency and velocity. The absorption at 20 000 psi is less than one quarter that at atmospheric pressure and the relaxation frequency remains constant at 1.2×106 rad/sec over this pressure interval within the estimated experimental error of ±10%. The velocity increases linearly with pressure at the rate 0.1588 m/atmos. From these data the chemical and adiabatic compressibilities are computed.
In an effort to secure quantitative agreement with experimental results some new aspects of the dissociation theory are discussed.
Gravest Contour Vibration of Thin Anisotropic Circular Plates
Authors: Onoe Morio 
Published: September 2005

In a previous paper [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28, 1158 (1956)], it was shown that the gravest mode of contour vibration of an isotropic thin circular plate has the circumferential order of two and is mostly equivoluminal in nature. Although the exact expression of the displacements includes Bessel functions, it can be reasonably approximated by a simple combination of trigonometric functions, which makes it possible to handle the anisotropic case. Since the mode is the gravest, Rayleigh's principle is applied in a procedure of approximation, taking an angle of rotation and a wave number as adjusting parameters.
The results are compared with experiments of quartz vibrators. Calculated frequencies show agreement better than 1% with an exact value for isotropic plates and an observed value for a rotated Y cut of quartz, which has a limited anisotropy. The accuracy decreases as the degree of anisotropy increases. For the X cut of quartz, the calculated value is 4.7% higher than an observed value.
One of the significant characteristics of the mode of vibration of an anisotropic plate is the fact that the direction of maximum displacement makes a certain angle with a crystallographic axis. The calculated value of this angle agrees exactly with the observed angle for the rotated Y cut of quartz and within a few degrees for the case of the X cut of quartz.
Equivalent electric circuit constants and surface patterns of piezoelectrically induced charges are also calculated and compared with experiments.
Elastic Wave Scattering at a Cylindrical Discontinuity in a Solid
Authors: White R. M. 
Published: September 2005

This study deals with the scattering of plane compressional and shear elastic waves incident obliquely on an infinitely long nondissipative cylindrical elastic discontinuity in an isotropic solid. Equations whose solutions are the coefficients in series expressions for the scattered waves are derived for the case of scattering at an elastic solid cylinder embedded in a different solid medium. From these equations are obtained those governing scattering at a fluid-filled cylindrical bore, and at an empty bore.
In general, when a wave of either the compressional or shear type is incident on an elastic discontinuity, scattered waves of both types are produced, a process known as “mode conversion.” A simple relation is shown to exist between the two far-zone distributions-in-angle, and between the two scattering cross sections for the waves undergoing mode conversion in the scattering of compressional and normally polarized shear waves incident normally upon either a fluid-filled or an empty bore.
For an empty bore whose diameter was comparable with a wavelength in the solid, computed distributions-in-angle for the scattering of normally incident compressional and normally polarized shear waves were verified experimentally. Measurements were also made of the scattering of compressional waves at a fluid-filled bore in a solid, and of the far-zone directivity patterns of some compressional and shear wave piezoelectric source crystals radiating into a solid medium.
Acoustic and Other Physical Properties of Shallow-Water Sediments off San Diego
Authors: Hamilton E. L. , Shumway George , Menard H. W. , Shipek C. J. 
Published: September 2005

This paper reports on a continuing study of the mass physical properties of surficial, shallow-water marine sediments off San Diego, California. Sound velocity measurements in situ at 100 kc were made by pulsing between small transducers inserted into the bottom by diver. Density, porosity, and size analyses were determined on relatively undisturbed samples taken by diver. The following averaged representative values have been obtained:
Sediment type Density Porosity Med. diam Velocity in Impedance
(g/cc) (%) (mm) sediment at × 105g/cm2
60 deg F sec
(ft/sec)
Fine sand 1.93 46.2 0.19 5520 3.25
Very fine sand 1.92 47.7 0.12 5435 3.18
Silty very fine
sand 1.68 61.3 0.05 5075 2.60
Medium silt 1.69 60.9 0.03 4825 2.49
Clayey fine silt 1.60 65.6 0.02 4800 2.34
Laboratory measurements of velocity and attenuation at 25 to 35 kc were made by a resonant chamber method using diver taken samples; average attenuation values of about 0.5 db/ft (silt) to about 5 db/ft (fine sand) were obtained. Velocity measurements with both systems compared within 212%. At three stations the sediment sound velocity was less than the velocity in the bottom water.
Proposed New City Zoning Performance Standard for Noise in Chicago
Authors: Hardy H. C. , Bonvallet G. L. 
Published: September 2005

The older concept of industrial zoning was based on limiting use of city space to industries and specified the type of industry according to the manufacturing process involved. The modern concept of establishing zoning and prevention of neighborhood nuisances is on the basis of a performance standard rather than arbitrary use classification. In the new proposed zoning ordinance in Chicago, maximum allowable performance criteria are set in regard to various nuisances such as noise, smoke, air pollution, odors, traffic, sewerage, potential explosion, and vibration. This paper will discuss the limiting noise spectrum which has been set up for the City of Chicago. It was decided that the limiting levels should apply to the residential boundary nearest the plant. This implies that if a plant finds itself surrounded by other industrial property, it can make more noise than if it borders on a residential district. From the experience of many years of study of urban noise conditions, the following limiting spectrum was reached for the City of Chicago:
Below 75 150 300 600 1200 2400 Above
75 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 4800
72 67 59 55 46 40 34 32
For the boundary between industrial and commercial areas (for instance, shopping centers), the same relative spectrum was chosen, but all the levels were raised by 7 db. It should be emphasized that this standard was determined empirically for Chicago and would not apply necessarily to other communities. For instance, in many suburban communities much lower levels might be specified. After specification of the above spectrum, the principle has been tested by observations of zoning experts and building inspection officials and has been approved by these agencies. Since the drawing up of the standard, one Chicago plant has been silenced to the above specification and the neighborhood noise complaints eliminated.
Effects of Ambient Noise and Nearby Talkers on a Face-to-Face Communication Task
Authors: Webster John C. , Klumpp Roy G. 
Published: September 2005

From 1 to 5 talker-listener pairs, talkers seated shoulder-to shoulder on one side of a table with listeners on the other, communicated word lists in conditions of quiet and ambient thermal noise levels of 65, 75, and 85 dB. Each talker read one word at a time to his listener-partner, who repeated back each word for verification by the talker. Talker—listener pairs were instructed to maintain an accuracy of 90% or better.
For the lower ambient levels the speech level of a central pair increased about 5 dB for an additional 10 dB of noise or for each doubling of the number of pairs around them. The rate of utterance decreased with noise but showed no clear cut pattern of change as the number of additional talkers was varied. Accuracy of communication was, on the average, 94% and was never below 84%. Communication errors defy simple description but in general (1) for a constant noise level, increasing the number of talkers results in increasing errors; and (2 for 3 or fewer talker-listener pairs, percent error does not increase until the ambient-noise level reaches 85 dB.
Effects of Background Noise on Auditory Detection of Noise Bursts
Authors: Green David M. , Sewall Susan T. 
Published: September 2005

The ability of human observers to detect signals that are bursts of white noise is measured by two experimental procedures. In both procedures, the observer's task is to select the interval containing the signal from the two temporal intervals, marked by lights, which constitute a trial. In the first, the signal is added to a continuous background of white noise; in the second, the signal is added to one or the other of two equal noise bursts, that are added to the continuous background noise during the observation intervals.
The psychometric functions obtained in the two experimental conditions are different. In the first experimental condition the psychometric functions are consistent with the assumption that the observer is uncertain about either the exact time when the signal occurs or its exact duration, or about both. In the second procedure, in which two noise bursts mark the observation intervals, the psychometric functions are consistent with the prediction of a statistical-decision model that assumes exact knowledge of the temporal occurrence of the signal. In this second procedure the signal to noise ratio for some constant level of detectability is considerably affected by the relation between the continuous background noise and the level of the two noise bursts. The minimum value of signal-to-noise ratio occurs when the continuous noise is ∼5–10 dB more intense than the equal noise bursts; the signal to noise ratio increases from this minimum as the background level is changed in either direction.
Time/Frequency Analysis along the Partition of Cochlear Models: A Modified Place Concept
Authors: Tonndorf Juergen 
Published: September 2005

With respect to the present inquiry, cochlear analysis of an applied signal is considered to be given by the distribution of amplitudes along the partition. Since Ohm and Helmholtz, this form of resolution has been thought to correspond to the result of a straightforward Fourier analysis. The present paper intends to show that cochlear models of the Békésy-type perform a time/frequency analysis in the sense of Gabor. Along the existing time/frequency continuum, the response to sinusoidal signals represents one extreme, approaching a pure Fourier (frequency) analysis, and the response to transients the other extreme, approaching a pure time (waveform) analysis. Responses to all other signals arrange themselves between those two extremes; i.e., the resolution depends upon spectral as well as temporal features of the applied signal.
With modulated signals, a process of demodulation occurs. Its origin was finally traced to hydrodynamic events which take place in the region of rapid phase changes of the traveling waves. Since it occurs only along partitions in which stiffness varies with distance, this demodulation appears to be a characteristic property of Békésy models. From the analytic standpoint, demodulation is the detection of a temporal property of the signal.
Scattering of Sound by an Elastic Prolate Spheroid
Authors: Silbiger Alexander 
Published: September 2005

The scattering of a plane wave by an elastic prolate spheroid at arbitrary angle of incidence is formulated by means of an expansion in spheroidal wave functions. The structural response of the spheroid is expressed in terms of a surface impedance operator. Even for a homogeneous elastic solid or shell, the impedance operator generally couples the spheroidal modes of the acoustic medium, and hence numerical solutions involve the inversion of an infinite set of linear equations. However, a number of special cases are considered here for which direct solutions can be obtained. These include resonant mode scattering and low-frequency scattering.
When one of the structural modes is excited by the incident wave at its resonant frequency, it may radiate with such intensity as to mask radiation by other modes. The conditions under which this type of scattering can take place are shown to be very restrictive.
When the acoustic wavelength is large and the frequency is small compared to the lowest natural frequency of the structure, the scattered field can be analyzed into uncoupled monopole and dipole fields. Simply asymptotic expressions, not involving spheroidal functions, are presented for a spheroid with finite compressibility and inertia as well as for the limiting cases of rigid and fixed boundary and pressure-release boundary.
Physical Measurements of Equally Speech-Interfering Navy Noises
Authors: Klumpp R. G. , Webster J. C. 
Published: September 2005

The sound level of each of 16 diverse noises was adjusted so that loudspeaker-reproduced rhyme words at a level of 78 dB (C) at one meter were reduced to 50% word intelligibility. Spectrum analyses (octave band and 20-cps band), physical measurements (C, B, A, DIN 3 sound-level meter weightings), calculations [Speech Interference Levels (SIL)], and peak fittings [to noise criteria (NC)-type curves] were made to find which method came closest to agreeing that the noises were equally speech-interfering.
SIL calculations that included the octave 300–600 cps predicted the speech-interference aspects of the 16 noises best. The A and DIN 3 weighting networks, the conventional (600–4800 cps) SIL, and use of a restricted region (350–2800 cps) of NC-type curves gave the next best prediction. The poorest predictors were the B or C frequency-weighting networks and use of the NCA, NC, or ISO contours over their total frequency range.
Dimensional Analysis of Blower Noise
Authors: Maling George C. 
Published: September 2005

The acoustic power/cps radiated by a centrifugal blower may be written in the form E = ρc2D3F(πDN/c, Q/πD3N,f/N), where D is the impeller diameter, N is the impeller speed, Q is the volume flow rate, f is the frequency of the radiated sound, and ρ and c are the fluid density and speed of sound, respectively. The form of the function F has been determined from measurements on three small centrifugal blowers that are dimensionally similar. The power radiated above some lower cutoff frequency (fa) may be written PWLa−∞ = 10 logD2M4+10 logk(sa,φ)+170 dB, where sa = fa/N, φ = Q/πD3N, k(sa,φ) is a function derived from the function F, and M is the tip-speed Mach number, πDN/c.
The results of the analysis are compared with the sound laws for fans.
Sound Radiation from an Arbitrary Body
Authors: Chen L. H. , Schweikert D. G. 
Published: September 2005

A method of analysis is presented for predicting sound radiation from an arbitrary body (shell) vibrating in an infinite fluid medium. The acoustic field is described by a distribution of surface sources of unknown strength at the shell fluid boundaries, which leads to a set of integral equations. In the general case, the shell with or without an attached internal structure is described by an elastic system having a finite number of degrees of freedom. The dynamic interaction between the shell and the fluid at their boundaries is then formulated in terms of the unknown strength of the source distribution. By matrix analysis, the method has been formalized and coded in the digital computer for computation.
Numerical results of two examples are presented to demonstrate the versatility of the method, which makes possible the solution of a large class of sound radiation problems.
On Sequential Decisions by Human Observers in a Signal Detection Problem
Authors: Swets John A. , McKey Mary , Green David M. 
Published: September 2005

In a sequential test of statistical hypotheses, a sample is taken, and one of three decisions is made: accept H0, accept H1, or take another sample. Samples are taken successively until the resulting sequence of samples is sufficiently persuading in favor of one or the other terminal decision. The criteria which are to be met before making a terminal decision are stated in terms of the error probabilities that lead to maximizing the expected value of a decision. These error probabilities, and hence the average number of samples preceding a terminal decision, are functions of the a priori probabilities of H0 and H1, the values associated with the four possible outcomes of a terminal decision, the cost of taking a sample, and the divergence between the distributions of sample values expected under H0 and under H1. The optimum sequential test generally requires less time on the average than a test of fixed length that yields the same error probabilities.
This paper deals with an experimental application of the theory of sequential testing to the human observer making decisions concerning the presence of signals in noise. Our observers made as many observations as they chose before asserting the existence of noise alone or of signal plus noise. They knew, in each of several experiments which varied in these respects, the values of the situational parameters that ideally govern the choice of the decision criteria. Their performance is compared to optimum performance in terms of error probabilities and average number of observations. A comparison is also made of their relative efficiency in sequential tests and tests of fixed length. [This study was supported by the Operational Applications Laboratory of the Cambridge Research Center under Contract AF19(604)-1728.]