bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulations of the glaciation of a frontal mixed‐phase cloud with the Explicit Microphysics Model
Authors: Phillips V. T. J. , Choularton T. W. , Illingworth A. J. , Hogan R. J. , Field P. R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSimulations with the Explicit Microphysics Model (EMM) of a case of lightly precipitating, glaciated stratiform cloud are presented. This frontal cloud was observed by the UK Met Office C‐130 aircraft and the dual‐polarization radar at Chilbolton in southern England.The Hallett–Mossop (H‐M) process was found to cause extremely high number concentrations of crystal columns of up to almost 1000 l−1 in the H‐M region (−3 to −8°C) of the updraught in the EMM control simulation. Similarly high number concentrations of ice particles were seen in, and in the vicinity of, ascending thermals in the aircraft observations. Such concentrations are orders of magnitude higher than the ice nucleus (IN) concentration. Moreover, the dendritic growth of highly planar particles of primary ice produces a peak in differential reflectivity of almost 4 dB just below the cloud top (−15°C). Primary ice particles are generally larger than H‐M splinters and mostly determine the simulated radar properties of the model cloud.Tests with the EMM revealed significant sensitivities of the average ice number concentration, the cloud‐ and ice‐water paths, and the surface precipitation rate, to atmospheric concentrations of IN and cloud condensation nuclei for this frontal‐cloud case. The layer of supercooled cloud‐water located just below cloud top in the control is depleted by evaporation when the IN concentration is augmented. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2003. P. R. Field's contribution is Crown copyright
Solar radiative biases in deep convective regimes: Possible implications for dynamical feedback
Authors: Tompkins A. M. , Di Giuseppe F. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that interactions between radiation and convectively determined water vapour and cloud fields can have a significant dynamical impact on the tropical circulation. However, the use of a one‐dimensional (1D) independent column method for the calculation of solar fluxes in cloud‐resolving or mesoscale models could possibly misrepresent this feedback. This is investigated by calculating 1D and full three‐dimensional (3D) solar fluxes through a 3D field of deep convective clouds generated using a high‐resolution cloud‐resolving model, and diagnosing the clear‐sky subsidence velocities required to balance this if a state of radiative convective equilibrium were to exist. The mean clear‐sky solar radiative heating rate is found to change by up to 15%. At low sun angles the shading of the clear‐sky regions implies a reduction of net clear‐sky heating rates. In contrast, at higher solar elevations the scattering effect dominates shading and the clear‐sky heating rates are enhanced, implying an enhancement of the diurnal cycle. However, since the 1D/3D heating‐rate differences in the clear sky increase smoothly from zero at the tropopause to their maximum value near the surface, the vertical gradient and thus the impact on the vertical profile of entrainment and detrainment into the convective regions is negligibly small. This implies that the strong radiative dynamical feedbacks so far documented in cloud‐ensemble models cannot be discounted on the grounds of their use of an independent column calculation for the solar radiative transfer. That said, the substantial bias noted in surface downward solar fluxes could result in a substantial impact in convective organization if an interactive land surface were used as a lower boundary condition. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Background error covariance functions for Doppler radial‐wind analysis
Authors: Xu Qin , Gong Jiandong 
Published: April 2003

AbstractUnder the assumption that the vector field of the background wind error is Gaussian random, homogeneous and isotropic in the horizontal, a two‐dimensional form of error covariance function is derived for the radial component of the background wind projected onto the direction of radar beam at a low elevation. The derived covariance function is homogeneous but non‐isotropic in the horizontal, and approximately homogeneous on the conical surface of low‐elevation radar scans. This covariance function can be applied directly to statistical interpolation of radar‐observed radial winds on the conical surface, although the true optimality of the analysis depends on the underlying assumption. It can also be used as an influence function for the radial‐wind analysis with zero background. The structure of this covariance function is interpreted in terms of the influence of a single point observation on the radial‐wind analysis. The utility and merits of this covariance function are demonstrated by numerical experiments. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Severe Hypocalcemia With Denosumab Among Older Female Dialysis-Dependent Patients
Authors: Bird Steven T. , Smith Elizabeth R. , Gelperin Kate , Jung Tae Hyun , Thompson Aliza , Kambhampati Rekha , Lyu Hai , Zhao Henu , Zhao Yueqin , Zhu Yunfan , Easley Olivia , Niak Ali , Wernecke Michael , Chillarige Yoganand , Zemskova Marina , Kelman Jeffrey A. , Graham David J. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceDialysis-dependent patients experience high rates of morbidity from fractures, yet little evidence is available on optimal treatment strategies. Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder is nearly universal in dialysis-dependent patients, complicating diagnosis and treatment of skeletal fragility.ObjectiveTo examine the incidence and comparative risk of severe hypocalcemia with denosumab compared with oral bisphosphonates among dialysis-dependent patients treated for osteoporosis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort study of female dialysis-dependent Medicare patients aged 65 years or older who initiated treatment with denosumab or oral bisphosphonates from 2013 to 2020. Clinical performance measures including monthly serum calcium were obtained through linkage to the Consolidated Renal Operations in a Web-Enabled Network database.ExposuresDenosumab, 60 mg, or oral bisphosphonates.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSevere hypocalcemia was defined as total albumin-corrected serum calcium below 7.5 mg/dL (1.88 mmol/L) or a primary hospital or emergency department hypocalcemia diagnosis (emergent care). Very severe hypocalcemia (serum calcium below 6.5 mg/dL [1.63 mmol/L] or emergent care) was also assessed. Inverse probability of treatment-weighted cumulative incidence, weighted risk differences, and weighted risk ratios were calculated during the first 12 treatment weeks.ResultsIn the unweighted cohorts, 607 of 1523 denosumab-treated patients and 23 of 1281 oral bisphosphonate–treated patients developed severe hypocalcemia. The 12-week weighted cumulative incidence of severe hypocalcemia was 41.1% with denosumab vs 2.0% with oral bisphosphonates (weighted risk difference, 39.1% [95% CI, 36.3%-41.9%]; weighted risk ratio, 20.7 [95% CI, 13.2-41.2]). The 12-week weighted cumulative incidence of very severe hypocalcemia was also increased with denosumab (10.9%) vs oral bisphosphonates (0.4%) (weighted risk difference, 10.5% [95% CI, 8.8%-12.0%]; weighted risk ratio, 26.4 [95% CI, 9.7-449.5]).Conclusions and RelevanceDenosumab was associated with a markedly higher incidence of severe and very severe hypocalcemia in female dialysis-dependent patients aged 65 years or older compared with oral bisphosphonates. Given the complexity of diagnosing the underlying bone pathophysiology in dialysis-dependent patients, the high risk posed by denosumab in this population, and the complex strategies required to monitor and treat severe hypocalcemia, denosumab should be administered after careful patient selection and with plans for frequent monitoring.
Automated Electronic Alert for the Care and Outcomes of Adults With Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Li Ting , Wu Buyun , Li Li , Bian Ao , Ni Juan , Liu Kang , Qin Zhongke , Peng Yudie , Shen Yining , Lv Mengru , Lu Xinyi , Xing Changying , Mao Huijuan 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceDespite the expansion of published electronic alerts for acute kidney injury (AKI), there are still concerns regarding their effect on the clinical outcomes of patients.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of the AKI alert combined with a care bundle on the care and clinical outcomes of patients with hospital-acquired AKI.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis single-center, double-blind, parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital in Nanjing, China, from August 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021. The inclusion criteria were inpatient adults aged 18 years or older with AKI, which was defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes creatinine criteria. Participants were randomized 1:1 to either the alert group or the usual care group, which were stratified by medical vs surgical ward and by intensive care unit (ICU) vs non-ICU setting. Analyses were conducted on the modified intention-to-treat population.InterventionsA programmatic AKI alert system generated randomization automatically and sent messages to the mobile telephones of clinicians (alert group) or did not send messages (usual care group). A care bundle accompanied the AKI alert and consisted of general, nonindividualized, and nonmandatory AKI management measures.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was maximum change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) within 7 days after randomization. Secondary patient-centered outcomes included death, dialysis, AKI progression, and AKI recovery. Care-centered outcomes included diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for AKI.ResultsA total of 2208 patients (median [IQR] age, 65 [54-72] years; 1560 males [70.7%]) were randomized to the alert group (n = 1123) or the usual care group (n = 1085) and analyzed. Within 7 days of randomization, median (IQR) maximum absolute changes in eGFR were 3.7 (−6.4 to 19.3) mL/min/1.73 m2 in the alert group and 2.9 (−9.2 to 16.9) mL/min/1.73 m2 in the usual care group (P = .24). This result was robust in all subgroups in an exploratory analysis. For care-centered outcomes, patients in the alert group had more intravenous fluids (927 [82.6%] vs 670 [61.8%]; P &amp;lt; .001), less exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (56 [5.0%] vs 119 [11.0%]; P &amp;lt; .001), and more AKI documentation at discharge (560 [49.9%] vs 296 [27.3%]; P &amp;lt; .001) than patients in the usual care group. No differences were observed in patient-centered secondary outcomes between the 2 groups.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this randomized clinical trial showed that the electronic AKI alert did not improve kidney function or other patient-centered outcomes but changed patient care behaviors. The findings warrant the use of a combination of high-quality interventions and AKI alert in future clinical practice.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03736304
Timing of Maternal COVID-19 Vaccine and Antibody Concentrations in Infants Born Preterm
Authors: Kachikis Alisa , Pike Mindy , Eckert Linda O. , Roberts Emma , Frank Yael , Young Amber L. , Goecker Erin , Gravett Michael G. , Greninger Alexander L. , Englund Janet A. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceCOVID-19 vaccine–derived antibodies in pregnant people may protect infants from severe infection in the first 6 months of life via transplacental antibody transfer. Few data exist on maternally derived SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in preterm compared with full-term infants in association with vaccination timing.ObjectiveTo compare SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike (anti-S) antibody levels in preterm and full-term infants in the context of vaccine dose timing before delivery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study enrolled pregnant individuals and collected paired maternal and cord blood samples at delivery at the University of Washington between February 1, 2021, and January 31, 2023. Participants who had received at least 2 doses of a messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine before delivery and did not have a history of prior COVID-19 infection or detectable anti–SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies were included.ExposuresTiming of the last vaccine dose and preterm or full-term gestational age at delivery.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPaired maternal and cord samples were tested for anti-S antibody, and linear regression was used to evaluate associations between preterm delivery and anti-S antibody levels. Covariates included timing of last dose, number of doses, insurance status, and immunosuppressing medications.ResultsA total of 220 participants (median [IQR] age, 34 [32-37] years; 212 [96.4%] female) with 36 preterm and 184 full-term deliveries were studied. Before delivery, 121 persons received 2 vaccine doses and 99 persons received 3 or more vaccine doses. The geometric mean concentration of maternal anti-S antibodies was 674 (95% CI, 577-787) after 2 doses and 8159 (95% CI, 6636-10 032) after 3 or more doses (P &amp;lt; .001). The cord anti-S antibody geometric mean concentration was 1000 (95% CI, 874-1144) after 2 doses and 9992 (95% CI, 8381-11 914) after 3 or more doses (P &amp;lt; .001). After adjustment for vaccine timing and number of doses before delivery, no association was found between preterm delivery and cord anti-S antibody levels (β = 0.44; 95% CI, −0.06 to 0.94).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this prospective cohort study of pregnant individuals with preterm and full-term deliveries, receipt of 3 or more compared with 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine before delivery resulted in 10-fold higher cord anti-S antibody levels. Maternal antibody concentration appeared more important than delivery gestational age in determining cord anti-S antibody levels. The number of doses and timing considerations for COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy should include individuals at risk for preterm delivery.
Dose-Response Associations of Lipid Traits With Coronary Artery Disease and Mortality
Authors: Yang Guoyi , Mason Amy M. , Wood Angela M. , Schooling C. Mary , Burgess Stephen 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceApolipoprotein B (apoB), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, trial evidence for the association of intensive LDL-C lowering and TG lowering with mortality is less definitive.ObjectivesTo investigate the associations of apoB, LDL-C, and TG with CAD and mortality, both overall and by sex and age, and to characterize the shapes of these associations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis genetic association study used linear and nonlinear mendelian randomization (MR) to analyze a population-based cohort of individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank, which recruited participants from 2006 to 2010 with follow-up information updated until September 2021. Data analysis occurred from December 2022 to November 2023.ExposuresGenetically predicted apoB, LDL-C, and TG.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were CAD, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality. Genetic associations with CAD were calculated using logistic regression, associations with all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression, and associations with cause-specific mortality using cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression with censoring for other causes of mortality.ResultsThis study included 347 797 participants (mean [SD] age, 57.2 [8.0] years; 188 330 female [54.1%]). There were 23 818 people who developed CAD and 23 848 people who died. Genetically predicted apoB was positively associated with risk of CAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.65 per SD increase; 95% CI 1.57-1.73), all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06-1.16), and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.24-1.50), with some evidence for larger associations in male participants than female participants. Findings were similar for LDL-C. Genetically predicted TG was positively associated with CAD (OR, 1.60; 95% CI 1.52-1.69), all-cause mortality (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13), and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-1.34); however, sensitivity analyses suggested evidence of pleiotropy. The association of genetically predicted TG with CAD persisted but it was no longer associated with mortality outcomes after controlling for apoB. Nonlinear MR suggested that all these associations were monotonically increasing across the whole observed distribution of each lipid trait, with no diminution at low lipid levels. Such patterns were observed irrespective of sex or age.Conclusions and relevanceIn this genetic association study, apoB (or, equivalently, LDL-C) was associated with increased CAD risk, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality, all in a dose-dependent way. TG may increase CAD risk independent of apoB, although the possible presence of pleiotropy is a limitation. These insights highlight the importance of apoB (or, equivalently, LDL-C) lowering for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality across its whole distribution.
The inadequacy of current carbon storage assessment methods for rewilding: A Knepp Estate case study
Authors: Burrell Nancy C. , Jeffers Elizabeth S. , Macias‐Fauria Marc , Willis Kathy J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

In the context of global climate change mitigation, carbon storage in woody vegetation plays a crucial role. Recognising the value of the i‐Tree Eco model for carbon storage in urban and forestry settings, this study aimed to explore its applicability to rewilded landscapes. Using direct measurements from destructively sampled scrub from the Knepp Estate, our goal was to determine the model's suitability to this landscape.

Our findings reveal that these methods are not appropriate for multi‐stemmed trees below browsing height, as we observed no significant relationship between stem basal diameter and height. The i‐Tree tool's assumption of below‐ground biomass being 26% of above‐ground biomass may not be applicable to herbivore‐influenced landscapes. Additionally, we found that, on average, scrub at Knepp had more biomass below the ground than above, with a root:shoot ratio of 1.07, which is more than four times the amount predicted by current models using the 0.26 estimate ratio.

This study underscores the need for novel allometric approaches that consider species‐specific biomass and the impact of external factors, such as herbivory, on carbon storage. Accurate carbon accounting in future rewilding projects is essential for their contribution to both biodiversity enhancement and climate change mitigation.

While the i‐Tree Eco model provides valuable insights for many ecosystems, our findings suggest that its applicability may be limited in scrubland ecosystems, especially in rewilded landscapes where natural processes create semi‐stable scrub and open wood pastures. Nonetheless, with suitable adjustments or when complemented with other methods, the i‐Tree Eco model could be a valuable tool for specific scrub or rewilding scenarios.
A Multichannel Metabolic Pathway Interference Strategy for Complete Energy Depletion‐Mediated Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ding He , Wei Jianye , Fang Linyang , Feng Lili , Gai Shili , He Fei , Wu Linzhi , Rehman Ziaur , Yang Piaoping 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is being progressively integrated as an emerging inhibitor of the electron transport chain in energy interference‐based tumor therapy. However, metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells causes both oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis to occur simultaneously, which contributes to the ineffective therapeutic effect of blocking a single pathway. To achieve complete suppression of energy production, an inorganic H2S donor ZnS@ZIF‐8@CaP nanoparticle (ZSZC NP) carrying Ca and Zn is constructed for achieving simultaneous interference of OXPHOS and glycolysis. The core–shell ZSZC nanoparticles can break down in the tumor microenvironment. This leads to a sustained H2S release and calcium overload to disrupt the normal functioning of mitochondria by inhibiting the expression of cytochrome c and causing damage to mitochondrial membrane potential. Meanwhile, the presence of Zn2+ hinders the typical process of glycolysis by impeding the functioning of lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The synchronous interference of OXPHOS and glycolysis hampers the energy supply to cancer cells. Additionally, H2S and calcium overload can expedite tumor necrosis in vivo by inducing cellular acidification and calcification. Therefore, this energy‐blocking strategy will completely deplete the energy reserves of cancer cells and provide new insights for exploring bioenergetic inhibition as a treatment approach.
Photocrosslinked Silk Fibroin Microgel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Karimi Fatemeh , Farbehi Nona , Ziaee Farzaneh , Lau Kieran , Monfared Marzieh , Kordanovski Marija , Joukhdar Habib , Molly Thomas G. , Nordon Robert , Kilian Kristopher A. , Stenzel Martina H. , Lim Khoon S. , Rnjak‐Kovacina Jelena 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSilk fibroin hydrogels are extensively explored for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) that can support tissue growth. However, the nanometer pore size of hydrogels limits adequate cell, tissue, and vascular infiltration. Microgel scaffolds are an emerging class of microporous biomaterials formed by annealing small microscale hydrogels (microgels) into a 3D construct. In this work, silk microgels are generated using a microfluidic device that allows tuning of the microgel diameter (100–400 µm) and are stabilized via visible light‐initiated photo‐crosslinking of native tyrosine residues in silk. Microgels are then covalently annealed using silk solution as glue and the same cytocompatible visible light‐initiated crosslinking to form microgel scaffolds. Unlike the nano‐porosity of bulk photo‐crosslinked silk hydrogels, the microgel scaffolds have an average pore diameter of 29 ± 17 or 192 ± 81 µm depending on the microgel size, with enhanced mechanical properties compared to bulk hydrogels. This microporosity supports enhanced cell spreading and proliferation in vitro and increases scaffold remodeling in vivo, encouraging improved tissue infiltration and matrix deposition. The microgel size and material format also affect inflammatory responses in vivo. This work demonstrates that silk microgels and microgel scaffolds are promising candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.