bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
63
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like so many others, my epilepsy began in adolescence. I was approximately 13 years old when I had my first seizure, though I was not diagnosed until the age of 15. In fact, the reason I was not diagnosed was because I was unaware I was having seizures. I was having a type of seizure called myoclonic seizures. What I experienced were small jerks of my limbs that occasionally would ‘‘trip me up.’’ I just thought I was a klutz, and so didn’t report these incidents to anyone. Furthermore, at that time in my life, I had only known one other person to have a seizure, my oldest brother. He had grand mal seizures, which is the type of seizure people typically think about when they hear the term epilepsy, and I was no exception to that rule.
Overview of Epilepsy and Seizures
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A seizure is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain, in particular the outer layer of the brain called the cortex. Epilepsy is a neurological condition affecting the brain that causes seizures to occur. Seizures can take many different forms in different people with epilepsy, as the descriptions in this book illustrate. However, any individual person with epilepsy usually has a limited number of different types of seizures that they experience.
Living with Epilepsy
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The worst part of having seizures is knowing that they can happen anytime and even though drugs control mine most of the time they occasionally break through. Just realizing that can happen has been a difficult fact to accept as for many years I tried to hide it from anyone else, thinking they would judge me in a way that would cross me off their list as a friend for sure. Gradually I have learned that people are n’t like that and I don’t have to fear their judgment and it has opened a lot of doors which I had previously closed on myself.
D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this deeply researched and vividly written volume, Melvyn Stokes illuminates the origins, production, reception and continuing history of this ground-breaking, aesthetically brilliant, and yet highly controversial movie landmark. By going back to the original archives, particularly the NAACP and D. W. Griffith Papers, Stokes explodes many of the myths surrounding The Birth of a Nation (1915). Yet the story that remains is fascinating: the longest American film of its time, Griffith’s film incorporated many new features, including the first full musical score compiled for an American film. It was distributed and advertised by pioneering methods that would quickly become standard. Through the high prices charged for admission and the fact that it was shown, at first, only in “live” theaters with orchestral accompaniment, Birth played a major role in reconfiguring the American movie audience by attracting more middle-class patrons. But if the film was a milestone in the history of cinema, it was also undeniably racist. Stokes shows that the darker side of this classic movie has its origins in the racist ideas of Thomas Dixon, Jr. and Griffith’s own Kentuckian background and earlier film career. The book reveals how, as the years went by, the campaign against the film became increasingly successful. In the 1920s, for example, the NAACP exploited the fact that the new Ku Klux Klan, which used Griffith’s film as a recruiting and retention tool, was not just anti-black, but also anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish, as a way to mobilize new allies in opposition to the film. This crisply written book sheds light on both the film’s racism and the aesthetic brilliance of Griffith’s filmmaking. It is a must-read for anyone interested in the cinema.
Medical Overview of the Worldwide Diabetes Epidemic
Authors: Leonard Robert e. , Parke David W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, diabetes mellitus has progressed from a disease affecting primarily people in developed countries into a true worldwide epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999 deEned diabetes mellitus as “a state of absolute or relative insulin defciency, characterized by hyperglycemia and the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications.” The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize the magnitude and impact of diabetes on developing nations and its implications for global health. The association of diabetes, pre-diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome will be discussed. By the end of this chapter, the reader should have a clear understanding of the demands that will be placed on health care providers around the world to cope with this looming healthcare crisis.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Wong Tien y. , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epidemiological studies and clinical trials over the past 25 years have provided data on the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of retinopathy and its associated risk factors [3–5]. Although these Endings have been used to develop guidelines for patient care around the world [2,6], considerable morbidity associated with diabetic retinopathy remains. The purpose of this chapter is to review the epidemiology and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy, and their relationship to systemic morbidity and mortality.
Medical Management of the Diabetic Patient
Authors: Chew Emily y. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the beneEt in patients with diabetes of meticulous glycemic control, stringent blood pressure control, and aggressive control of elevated serum lipids.Patients with diabetes should be screened regularly for early signs of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
R
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
rabbit syndrome A perioral extrapyramidal movement disturbance associated with pro-longed use of neuroleptics, consisting of quickly alternating, regular movements of the oral and masticatory musculature (except for the tongue) along a vertical axis. Often an associated poppinglike sound is produced by the rapid separation of the lips. The movements are more rapid and regular than the chewing movements that may occur in tardive dyskinesia, and the rabbit syndrome ordinarily responds to withdrawal of neuroleptics and antiparkinsonian agents (which may intensify symptoms of tardive dyskinesia).
rabies Hydrophobia (q.v.); a virus infection of the central nervous system, transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal (dog, jackal, cat, owl, wolf; rarely, horse or cow).
raccoon eyes sign Periorbital ecchymoses, suggestive of fracture of the base of the skull. See Battle sign.
race Ethnicity; commonly defined as a social construct incorporating beliefs about language, history, and culture and providing a basis on which social identity, traditions, and politics are built. An earlier genetic theory, universally repudiated, divided the human species into subspecies that were ranked on the basis of skill, intelligence, morality, etc. See racism. Repudiation of that earlier theory does not deny, however, that population-based genetic differences do exist, and in genetic research the term “race “ is used to describe a social or geographical unit that approximates a genetic grouping. See ethnology.
racial memory Phylogenetic mneme; the part of mental life that the neonate possesses, according to Freud (Moses
Y
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
yoga psychology A system for the cultivation of self-control. In ordinary life the mind is distracted by real and ideal objects and restlessly in flux. Yoga is designed to overcome infestation of the self by objects. By distancing him- or herself from immediate experience, the yogin achieves both passionlessness and mastery. This requires passing through a sequence of deletions of the contents of consciousness. From vitarka, deliberation on ordinary sense experience, one deletes direct
experience (abhoga). From reflection, the state thus achieved, one deletes deliberation; from the resulting stage, joy, one deletes reflection; and from the last stage one deletes joy and one has samvid, pure “sense of personality “ without content.
The essence of the technique is concentration, facilitated by the repetition of a mystic syllable to attain singleness of intent (Woods,
J. H. The Yoga-System of Patanjali, 1914).
yohimbine An indole alkaloid and naturally occurring plant product; it has been used in the treatment of impotence and antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction (such as anorgasmia or decreased libido in either sex). Predominantly an ssssssss2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbe increases noradrenergic activity and may produce an anxiety syndrome.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), reflex neurovascular dystrophy, and complex regional pain syndrome are all various names for the same condition. It is a cause of great frustration for parents and physicians, and it is far more common than you might think. RSD can involve the foot or hand. It rarely occurs in children under the age of eight, but may occur at any age thereafter.
Figuring Out What’s Wrong
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before going to medical school, I had to take all the required classes in college. Many of the classes required for medical school satisfied the requirements for majoring in zoology in college. I enjoy the outdoors and was happy to sign up for field zoology as one of the required courses. Armed with guide-books, we walked around the local hills in small groups with an instructor looking for and identifying birds. Sometimes the instructor would hear a noise or see a bird vaguely in the distance and tell us what it was. Frequently, it was too far away to see the identifying characteristics noted in the guide-book, but when we got closer, we saw that his identification was correct. At other times, one of us would become very excited and announce that we had just seen a bird we had never seen before and we were sure it was, for example, a Mexican jay. The instructor would just shake his head. No matter how sure we were that it matched the picture in the book, he would point out that we were not in (or even close to) Mexico and that a common bird in our area looked a little bit like the Mexican jay. A few minutes’ investigation would invariably prove that he was right and we were wrong. He had been teaching this course in the same hills for many years. Each bird had a typical behavior, a typical place where it was likely to be seen, and a typical time of year when it was likely to be there. These things were not in our guidebooks, but the instructor knew them from experience. With years of experience, it was easy for him to recognize birds from much farther away than we could and to know when we could not have seen what we thought we saw. He knew that there were rare exceptions, but they were always unlikely.
Uveitis Eye Complications of Juvenile Arthritis and Related Conditions
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Virginia was a nine-year-old girl who had pauciarticular-onset JA. Her arthritis began when she was two years old but was well controlled with medication. She had a flare-up of arthritis in her knee at six that was easily controlled. Because she was ANA-positive, her eyes were checked every three months, as recommended. There were never any eye problems. Shortly after her seventh birthday, her parents separated and Virginia moved out of state with her mother. Her father brought her in for a routine checkup of her arthritis when she returned to visit him two years later. Virginia said she was doing fine and had had no problems with her arthritis. However, when I examined her, I could not see into her right eye. It was quickly apparent that she could not see out of that eye. When asked, she admitted that she had noted slowly decreasing vision in the right eye, but she had not said anything because she did not want to upset her mother. Her mother had had many other things on her mind after the divorce and had not arranged for a new ophthalmologist to monitor Virginia. By the time I discovered the problem, the vision in her right eye could not be saved.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Reflex Neurovascular Dystrophy, and Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fourteen-year-old Cindy was the ultimate figure skater. Her parents had met while skating in college. Briefly after college, her father had skated professionally, but her mother stopped skating shortly after graduating from college so that they could start a family. Cindy’s father was now a successful businessman, and Cindy’s mother stayed home to promote Cindy’s development as a figure skater. Cindy had been skating as long as she could remember. But for the past six months, Cindy had been unable to skate because of ankle pain. There was no doubt about how Cindy’s ankle was injured. Hundreds of spectators witnessed her fall at the regional skating championships. X-rays did not show a fracture, but her orthopedist immediately placed her foot in a cast to rest the ankle and make sure that it healed properly.
Getting the Best Results
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After I get a family settled down and the child’s care on the right track, someone frequently asks, “Why do I have to come back so often?” I always compare this to making soup. Anyone can take down a cookbook, read the soup recipe, and get two pounds of beef, a large onion, a carrot, noodles, assorted seasonings, a good-sized pot, and a stove. However, there is a lot of room for interpretation when the instructions say, “Cut up the beef and slice the carrot and onion thinly. Add the ingredients to a large pot with water just to cover. Heat over medium heat for two hours, adjust the seasonings, and serve.”
Pupil Abnormalities of the Near Response in Children with Visual Display Terminal Syndrome
Authors: Tabuchi Akio , Fujiwara, Atsushi , Khadija Mahmoodi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although recent advancements in information technology (IT) have contributed substantially to the quality of leisure time, a range of mental and physical problems have been attributed to sustained use of a range of visual displays, to which the terms IT syndrome and visual display terminal (VDT) syndrome , have been applied. This disorder comprises a complex of eye and vision problems and systemic symptoms in individuals who experience sustained and prolonged proximity to visual displays with electromagnetic fields (such as computer screens, televisions, and cellular phone screens). Use of computers in the workplace has increased greatly, and has been accompanied by the development of a number of health concerns. Thus, many individuals who work with VDT, television, television games, personal computers (PCs), mobile video games, and mobile phones have complained of ocular discomfort and eye muscle strain and stress. Several studies reported that the majority of VDT workers experience some eye or visual symptoms,-including eyestrain; headaches; blurred vision; dry, red, or irritated eyes; and double vision.
Inertial and Noninertial Contributions to the Perception of Translation and Path
Authors: Seidman Scott H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The otolith organs serve as the vestibular system’s detectors of linear accelerations, and are thus ambiguously responsive to accelerations associated with linear translation of the head and to reorientations of the head with respect to gravity (i.e., tilt). The reflexive responses that compensate for vestibulo-ocular or postural stimuli, and the perceptions generated by each type of stimulus, must clearly differ, but the mechanism by which the disambiguation of tilt and translational acceleration occurs is a matter of active investigation.
The Effect of the Duncker Visual Illusion on Occluded Smooth-arm Tracking
Authors: Zivotofsky Ari z. , bercovich adi , friedman jason , kelman eva , shinhertz, elinor , flash tamar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Duncker illusion, also known as induced motion, is the illusory component of motion perceived when the background against which a target is seen moves.1 For example, if an object moves leftward and its background moves upward, then the object will be perceived to be moving diagonally, downward and to the left. Note that the illusionary component is in the direction opposite to that of the background motion. A common example of the Duncker illusion in the “real world” is when, on a partially cloudy night, the moon appears to slowly move in the direction opposite that of the slowly drifting clouds. The Duncker illusion is easily created in a laboratory setting and neatly dissociates true from perceived motion, thus providing a tool for probing the possible dissociation between perception and motor responses.
Involuntary Version-Vergence Nystagmus Induced by Ground-Plane Optic Flow: Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Nystagmus Quick Phases
Authors: Yang Dongsheng , Zhu, Mingxia , Hertle Richard W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We used a new motion stimulus displayed on a computer monitor in the ground plane to induce involuntary version-vergence nystagmus. Eye move-ments were recorded with a search coil system. The involuntary version-vergence nystagmus had both vertical version and horizontal vergence compo-nents. Backward motion induced monophasic divergent quick phases and upward versional quick phases. Forward
Navigating Life’s Rough Waters: Riding the Crest of Chronic and Acute Stress
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is no getting around all the stresses associated with day-to-day living. In many cases, it is just not possible to remove them. Instead, facing them productively is like tacking through rough waters. In his book First You Have to Row a Little Boat, former advertising executive Richard Bode describes this approach quite well: To tack a boat, to sail a zigzag course, is not to deny our destination or our destiny—despite how it may appear to those who never dare to take the tiller in their hand. Just the opposite: It’s to recognize the obstacles that stand between ourselves and where we want to go, and then to maneuver with patience and fortitude, making the most of each leg of our journey, until we reach our landfall.
Introduction
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of the antidepressants today don’t work very well. This is in con- trast to the 1950s and ‘60s, when some truly effective medications for mood disorders were available. Similarly, many of the diagnoses of mood disorder today really don’t make a lot of sense; they don’t “cut Nature at the joints,” as one says. This is unlike 40 years ago, when some sensible diagnoses of depression and anxiety were current, diagnoses that corresponded to what people actually had.
“The Plague of Affective Disorders”
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Frank Berger said of the 1970s, when he was on staff in the department of psychiatry at the University of Louisville, “My feeling was that most people we saw had really no psychiatric disorders. They were people, in my opinion, with problems of living, people who did not get on with their spouses, did not get on with their children, did not get on with their boss, and had not been taught, had not been educated, had not been prepared to handle all these crises of life. So they got stressed, broke down, and had to see a doctor, and the doctor did not know what to do.
Medical Ethics of India and China
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Literate medicine emerged from folk healing in the cultures of the Occident and the Orient almost simultaneously. In about the fifth century BCE, writings describing disease, its causes, and its remedies appeared in India and China, as well as in the Greek societies of the eastern Mediterranean. This literate medicine also bore the marks of the moral ambiance with which healing is surrounded. In the Occident and the Orient alike, the moral ambiance of that era was shaped by compeling narratives about the origins and meaning of nature and of human life that were created worldwide during the 500 years before the common era.
Renaissance and Enlightenment: Fourteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
European medicine entered the fourteenth century well ensconced in the universities and, to some extent, regulated by civil authorities. Orthodoxies had formed around the classical medical texts and their commentaries. The medical literature was studied side by side with scientific, moral, political, and theological literature. Guilds of physicians had formed, and a nascent profession had appeared. The scholarly physicians, who had “read” medicine and could justify their diagnoses and therapies by reference to a text and a theory were a small island in the sea of semiliterate practitioners, folk healers, and quacks, but on that island the science and ethics of medicine flourished.
Trackmenot: Resisting Surveillance in Web Search
Authors: Howe Daniel C , Nissenbaum Helen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
TrackMeNot (TMN) is a Firefox browser extension designed to achieve privacy in Web search by obfuscating users’ queries within a stream of programmatically generated decoys. Since August 2006, when the initial version of TMN was made publicly available free of charge, there have been over 350,000 downloads. TMN protects Web users against data profiling by simulating HTTP search requests to search engines with queries extracted from the Web. In an attempt to mimic users’ search behavior, this basic functionality is augmented with several technical mechanisms: dynamic query lists (with RSS-based initialization), real-time search awareness, live header maps, burst-mode queries, and selective click-through. We describe each of these mechanisms, evaluate its strengths and weaknesses, and demonstrate how the consideration of values directly informed design and implementation. In the discussion section we conceptualize TMN within a broader class of software systems serving ethical, political, and expressive ends. Finally, we address why Web search privacy is particularly important and why TMN’s approach, for the present, is both legitimate and necessary. In August 2005, public awareness of the ubiquitous practices of logging and analyzing users’ Web search activities was heightened when front-page articles in the mainstream press revealed that the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) had issued a subpoena to Google for one week’s worth of search query records (absent identifying information) and a random list of one million URLs from its Web index.