bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert Systems in Law: From Theory into Practice
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the previous two, by linking the theoretical side of expert systems in law with the practicalities of implementation. We are concerned once again, therefore, with a type of computer system that can be said to solve legal problems and offer legal advice. The first part of the chapter offers a non-technical introduction to artificial intelligence and expert systems, while the second provides a theoretical defence of the field of expert systems in law. The third part is practical in orientation, describing an expert system that operates on the English law on latent damage. This system is thought to have been the world’s first commercially available expert system in law, properly so-called. The final part presents some concluding observations.
IT and the English Civil Justice System
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am often asked about the various public sector projects with which I have been involved, especially those that relate to the civil justice system in England and Wales. What have been the most significant initiatives? How do they relate to one another? And how do they bear on the use of IT by practitioners? To answer these and other questions, I have written this personal perspective on past, current, and future uses of information technology in the civil justice system of England and Wales. I start with a brief historical analysis that identifies some key events in the development of IT-based civil litigation: the founding of the Society for Computers and Law in 1973; the establishment of the ITAC committee in 1985; and the innovations in the Official Referees Courts in the early 1990s. I suggest thereafter that in the decade from 1994 the major influence in the development of IT for the civil courts will be Lord Woolf’s Access to Justice Inquiry and its various recommendations on IT (summarized in this article). I then show that the Bowman Report on reform of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal encourages and develops similar applications of IT.
The Computer Judge: Early Thoughts
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lurking near the surface of many debates about computers and legal reasoning lies the profound question of whether or not computers might ever replace judges. A little further investigation reveals a wide array of difficult issues: some technical; others philosophical; and still others social. Is it technically possible for the behaviour of judges to be simulated computationally? Is judicial legal reasoning deductive in nature? Even if it might become possible for computer systems to replace judges, would this ever be desirable? I have found such questions raise ideal issues for discussion at postgraduate seminars. When first published, this chapter was an early attempt by me to explore but one set of related topics—the jurisprudential ones. I did so, as will be seen, in the context of reviewing (quite harshly, in retrospect) a provocative book which, in my view (then and now) proposed an untenable model of the notion of a computer judge.
The European Court of Justice’s Case Law on Freedom to Provide Services: Is Keck Relevant?
Authors: Roth Wulf-Henning 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long time the conventional view had it that the interpretation of the basic freedoms should follow different lines:1 whereas Article 28 (ex 30) EC—the free movement of goods—was to be considered as a far-reaching prohibition of any measures restricting the import of goods, whether indistinctly applicable or not, the provisions on the free movement of persons—workers, establishment and services—were regarded as a mere expression of the general principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality as set forth in Article 12 (ex 6) EC.2
Private Parties and the Free Movement of Goods and Services
Authors: Snell Jukka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unequivocally clear that the Member States are not allowed to adopt measures restricting trade in goods or services. The main purpose of the Treaty provisions on the free movement of goods and services is to abolish restrictions created by Member States, and the great majority of cases and Community legislation have been aimed at dismantling barriers erected by public authorities. What about measures adopted by private parties? Are they bound by Articles 28 (ex 30) and 49 (ex 59) of the Treaty?
The Liberalization of Interstate Legal Practice in the European Union: Lessons for the United States?
Authors: Goebel Roger J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1970s, the European Union (EU)1 or, more precisely, its core element, the European Community (EC),2 has recognized and protected more liberal rights for lawyers to engage in interstate practice than does the USA. In the last 25 years, a combination of legislation and case law of the European Court of Justice3 has steadily expanded the recognized level of interstate legal practice rights.4
Constituent Linking Between Conceptual Structure and Syntactic Structure
Authors: Hellan Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accepting Jackendoff ‘s (1987c, 1990) proposal that the semantic correlate of an NP-occurrence is not a single thematic role (as claimed in Chomsky ‘s 1981 ‘Theta-criterion ‘), but a set of co-indexed argument positions in conceptual structure (the ‘Revised theta-criterion ‘), this chapter seeks to establish a non-arbitrary basis for this type of co-indexation (called ‘conceptual indexing ‘). It is proposed that, on the one hand, the presence or absence of conceptual co-indexing reflects lexical meaning, and on the other, a difference in compositional semantics according to whether, when two predicative items (such as a verb and a directional adverb) combine, one item fits into the semantic structure of the other (called ‘conservative combination ‘), or the two items fit into a structure inherent in neither of them ( ‘radical combination ‘). Conceptual indexing is distinguished from referential indexing (relevant in discourse structure) and from ‘binding indexing ‘ (relevant in the syntactic representation of anaphora).
Developing Relations
Authors: Gasser Michael , Colunga Eliana , Smith Linda B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relations lie at the center of humankind ‘s most intellectual endeavors and are also fundamental to any account of linguistic semantics. Despite the importance of relations in understanding cognition and language, there is no well-accepted account of the origins of relations. What are relations made of? How are they made? In this chapter we address these questions. First, we consider past proposals of how relations are represented and the implications of these representational ideas for development. Second, we review the developmental evidence in the context of five psychological facts about relations that must be explained by any account of their origin. This evidence suggests that relational concepts are similarity based, influenced by specific developmental history, and influenced by language. Third, we summarize Gasser and Colunga ‘s Playpen model of learning relations. This connectionist model instantiates a new proposal about the stuff out of which relations are made and the experiences that make them. Finally, we outline how the model explains the five psychological facts and consider the implications of this model or one of the questions addressed in this volume, the interface between conceptual structure and spatial representation.
Convergence and Divergence in the Development of African Languages
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter a bird’s-eye view of some problems associated with contri butions to the linguistic history (or prehistory, as some would say) of Africa is offered. It has been stimulated by recent contributions on linguistic methodology, especially by attempts to relate linguistic findings to more general observations on the evolution of the human species. The conclusion reached is that contact induced language change and the implications it has for language classification in Africa are still largely a terra incognita.
What Language Features can be ‘Borrowed’?
Authors: Curnow Timothy Jowan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the issues which always arises in discussions of language contact is the question of which features can be transferred (or ‘borrowed’) from one language to another. The one definite conclusion which almost every examination of language contact has inevitably come to is that expressed by Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 14): ‘as far as the strictly linguistic possibilities go, any linguistic feature can be transferred from any language to any other language’. Indeed, it is obvious without the need for examination of any data that, if no constraints are placed on the languages in question, any linguistic change which can occur must be transferable from one language to another. A community which speaks ‘a language’ does not wake up one morning having changed a feature of that language. Instead, the change spreads from an original point of innovation throughout the language community — that is, a linguistic feature is transferred from one language, that of speaker A, to ‘another’ language, that of speaker B (cf. Milroy 1997, especially 315 − 17). While the’languages’ of different speakers within a single language community are clearly very closely related, there is no obvious boundary beyond which ‘borrowing’ should not be considered to take place: is it borrowing if it occurs between two dialects of a language, is it borrowing if it occurs between two closely related languages, is it borrowing if it occurs between two unrelated languages, and so on.
Making the diagnosis
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of autism and Asperger syndrome is often carried out by a multidisciplinary team, typically taking 2 or 3 hours, based on interview and observation. Classic autism is thankfully usually diagnosed by the age of 3, and can be diagnosed as young as 18 months. Asperger syndrome is often not diagnosed until at least 6, and often much later than this, including late diagnosis in adulthood.
Achieving service development by implementing strategy
Authors: Heginbotham Chris , Williams Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, this book identified the three core strategic processes of formulation, implementation, and monitoring. In this chapter, we consider how the processes presented graphically in Fig. 3.1 are conducted in practice. Unapologetically, we take a no-nonsense approach to strategy. As in the last chapter, we aim to bring core matters of strategic behaviour in the public sector together with awareness of the position of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) that has already been sketched in the opening two chapters. This chapter establishes some key principles and certain good practice rules and considers briefly the four aspects of strategic vision, leadership, planning, and implementation. The discussion then: turns to the key elements of a transformational approach to management of services run for human beings by human beings within this strategic framework;
A strategic framework for child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Richardson Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The necessity for a strategy for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) has been detailed in the previous chapters, as have the complexities in developing a strategy within health services that is compatible across different statutory agencies. However, the well-being of children, and the adults they develop into, demands that these complexities are addressed and a clear strategy developed through formulation, implementation, monitoring, and review, much like any sound audit process. In England the national vision for CAMHS improvements is set out in Improvement, expansion and reform: the next three years priorities and planning framework 2003–2006(Department of Health 2002). This document, along with The Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) Grant Guidance 2004–05(Department of Health 2004) and the Emerging Findings on CAMHSfrom the National Service Framework for Children (Department of Health 2003a) point the way to how CAMHS should develop in line with local strategic plans.
VBM2: a collaborative values-based model of healthcare decision-making combining medical and management perspectives
Authors: Fulford KWM (Bill) , Benington John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a book uniquely combining medical and management perspectives on child and adolescent psychiatry, a chapter on ‘ethics’ would not be out of place. This chapter is not about ethics. It is about the broader concept of values. More precisely, it is about what one of us has called else-where values-based practice (Fulford 2004). Many of the problems between practitioners and managers in healthcare, we will suggest, arise from (largely unacknowledged) differences of values. Values-based practice offers practitioners and managers a set of theoretical principles and practical skills (summarized in Fig. 5.1) that allow them to build on the differences of values between them as a positive resource for healthcare decision-making.
Partnerships between health and local authorities
Authors: Kerfoot Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of what constitutes a child or adolescent mental health problem is difficult to determine. Concepts of health and illness are influenced by, among other things, physical, psychological, and social processes, and are dynamic and subject to change. Mental health problems arise from diverse sets of circumstances and from widely varying contexts. Often a problem can be detected through changes in a child’s emotional state (increasing anxiety or distress) or through changes in behaviour towards other people or property. Features of a problem that facilitate the assessment and understanding of what is happening include the intensity and seriousness of the problem, its frequency of occurrence, its duration over time, and its effects on the child and those close to the child. When mental health problems become severe, persistent, or associated with other problems, they may be referred to as a ‘disorder’. A mental disorder is, therefore, a mental health problem that has become severe or persistent, and seriously disrupts normal functioning.
Client groups that challenge services Suicide and deliberate self-harm
Authors: Kerfoot Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, suicidal behaviour is made up of two separate phenomena but with a marked degree of overlap between them. In one group can be included those individuals who intentionally kill themselves (suicide), or who harm themselves with the clear intention of ending their lives, but who unexpectedly survive (attempted suicide). In the other group are those who intentionally harm themselves but in the reasonably secure belief that death will not result from their action (deliberate self-harm). However, just as some suicides survive their actions, so some acts of deliberate self-harm do have a quite unintended fatal outcome.
Children and adolescents who have chronic physical illness
Authors: Shooter Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our picture of childhood is a rosy one—of carefree good health, interrupted occasionally by minor illness; of innocent peer group play and academic achievement. Not for children the degenerative diseases of later life, of shrinking cognitions, restricted mobility, and a world shut down to the ambulance and the hospital bed. Yet some 10–20% of children will now develop a chronic, physical illness by the age of 18, illness that will affect them for long periods of time, waxing and waning through life; illness that can be ‘managed’ but not cured (Eiser 1990).
Children ‘looked after’ by the state
Authors: Kerfoot Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Children Act 1989 was arguably the most comprehensive and far-reaching piece of legislation that Parliament had ever enacted in relation to children. Its effects on the future organization, planning, provision, and delivery of services for children and their families was profound, as were its effects upon other agencies having responsibilities towards children. For example, the Act has had important implications for the organization of child and adolescent mental health services, and for the work of child psychiatrists (Harris-Hendricks and Black 1996).
Developing Tier 1 services
Authors: Bower Peter , Macdonald Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The NHS Health Advisory Service (HAS) proposed a four-tier model of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) (NHS Health Advisory Service 1995). Tier 1 was defined as ‘agencies that offer first line services to the public and with whom they make direct contact’ (p. 135). Included in this definition are general practitioners (GPs) and health visitors (HVs), teachers, school nurses, and school medical officers, social workers, and other workers from the statutory and voluntary agencies.
Consultation: more than talking about talking?
Authors: Brazier Anna , Gale Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consultation has been offered as part of childrens’ mental health services at least from the time of the child guidance movement. Robin Skynner commented on the value of offering consultative services in his address to a London Child Guidance Inter-Clinic conference in 1967 (Skynner 1967): ‘Through consultation—we increase the capacity of others to carry a share of the treatment load’ and to ‘illuminate the social, psychological and psychiatric aspects of problems they [front line staff] meet in the course of their own work’ (p. 50).
Clinical classification of CAOS systems
Authors: Picard F , Moody James E , DiGioia III Anthony M , Jaramaz Branislav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerging CAS systems for the hip and for the knee already include multiple applications in adult reconstruction and trauma surgery. Following an extensive survey of the literature regarding the classifications of computer-assisted systems, we have set out a general scheme to classify computer-assisted hip and knee systems currently in use or under development.
Surgical Navigation Systems
Authors: Jaramaz Branislav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preoperative-model systems rely on three-dimensional preoperative images (CT or MR) for surgical planning and navigation. In most cases images are processed so that the 3D models of bones can be viewed in a perspective view from an arbitrary viewpoint, in addition to cross-sectional views through the scan volume. During the preoperative planning phase the elements of surgical intervention are specified relative to the preoperative medical image, and the derived 3D bone models. In most cases, it is necessary to define the anatomic landmarks and bone reference systems first, and use them as a basis of the preoperative plan.
Total Knee Replacement: Robotic Assistive Technique
Authors: Siebert W , Mai Sabine , Kober Rudolf , Heeckt Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Total knee replacement (TKR) has become the standard procedure in the management of degenerative joint disease after more conservative therapy options have been exhausted. However, despite conscientious planning and carefully performed procedures, surgeons are often unsatisfied with implant alignment. Various authors described significant axial or rotational malalignment, and mediolateral and ventrodorsal tilt.1–4 Seemingly small displacements of 2.5 mm potentially alter the range of motion by as much as 20°.5 Correct tibiofemoral alignment seems to be particularly important since it is generally agreed that axial deviation and imprecise implantation may lead to early loosening of implant components.
Social Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we want to use a sociological approach to aspects of cancer care and focus on what the ‘social’ may mean in that context. By ‘social’ we allude to the personal and biographical context of a person, and to the conceptual issues that underpin the ways we ‘see’ and care for people with the disease. For example, we seldom approach our work by looking at the ways in which wider socio-economic and political forces impinge on provision of care and the ways in which we, the service providers, may be influencing the ways that people with cancer respond. Instead, we have tended to focus on the individual; on finding the ‘fault’ of ‘sickness’ or pathology within the person, and it is usually women, for it is they who have in the majority, been the recipients of research. Cancer ‘patients’ cope ‘well’ or ‘badly’, the assumption being that ‘dysfunction’ can be treated by individualized psychological support. A cancer patient will return to a ‘normal’ state or learn to deal with illness in the ways that medicine dictates. This individualized approach fails to take into account that distress or ‘coping’ can only be fully understood in the context of its experience.
The science of dialysis: osmosis, diffusion and semipermeable membranes
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must now step back to earlier in the nineteenth century to review what was happening with regard to the eventual removal of these potentially toxic substances. Since the basis for all forms of dialysis is diffusion, the development of this field was the second necessary prerequisite for the idea of clinical dialysis to emerge.
The Frenchman René Henri Joachim Dutrochet (1776–1847) (Fig. 4.1) has some claim to be considered as the intellectual ‘grandfather’ of dialysis [1,2]. Dutrochet was born into a noble family and suffered from a club foot, only later treated by a local healer.
The spread of dialysis technology for acute renal failure (1947–1960)
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the background and initial scepticism about this novel form of treatment, what was the impact around the world from 1947 onwards, after the first pioneer descriptions of haemodialysis?
Even in the Netherlands, there was strong opposition to the use of the artificial kidney, although another Kolff kidney was used in Nijmegen in 1947 by Drs Enneking and Geelen [1]. This opposition was led by the influential Professor J.G.G. (Geed) Borst (1902–1975) of Amsterdam (see Fig. 10.2c) who advocated conservative dietary and electrolyte management of uraemia using ‘Dutch gruel’ [2] (water, custard powder, sugar and butter providing 1750 kcal daily with no nitrogen), and did not believe that lives could be saved by dialysis. Borst boasted that their artificial kidney—donated by Kolff—was rusting in the attic unused, because it was not needed [2]. Such was the opposition to his ideas in the Netherlands that in 1950 Kolff emigrated to Cleveland in the United States. Dialysis continued only in Rotterdam, where Kolff ‘s pupil E.E. Twiss used an Alwall dialyser. Only in 1959 was dialysis re-introduced to Amsterdam by William Drukker.
New designs of artificial kidney
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clearly the original artificial kidneys of the pioneer dialysers required improvement, and even in its Brigham and Usifroid forms, the rotating drum kidney still retained most of its unpleasant characteristics for both patient and physician. Design of dialysers at this time was essentially empirical, even though Kolff had used in vitro data to decide on how large his dialyser should be, as early as 1940. However, the goals of high blood and dialysis flow rates, countercurrent flow and turbulence in the blood and dialysate compartments had been worked out very early. Now in 1950, the process of a more formal kinetic analysis of dialyser performance began with the key papers of Wolf [1,2], almost all involving the study of the removal of urea, both because of its quantitative importance and ease of measurement, but despite its doubtful role in uraemic toxicity.