bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WORKING WITH WHAT WE HAVE: HOW CAN EXISTING DATA BE USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF SOCIO‐DEMOGRAPHIC MATRICES?1
Authors: Stone Richard 
Published: March 2005

This paper outlines a general strategy for constructing socio‐demographic matrices, starting with a set of initial estimates based on available data and ending with a set of final estimates adjusted to meet the constraints connecting their true values.The method is described and illustrated by a numerical example taken from the author's current work on marital transition matrices. The figures relate to the male population of England and Wales in 1978 and are based on British official statistics of population numbers, births, deaths, migrations, marriages, widowhoods and divorces.
COMPARISON OF THE PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS OF AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN INDUSTRY: METHODS AND RESULTS
Authors: Nyers Jozsef 
Published: March 2005

Cooperation between the Austrian and Hungarian central statistical offices in the field of industrial productivity has a history of two decades. The first comparison, carried out in 1965, was partly experimental in objective and nature. The second full scale survey took place a decade later in 1975. This was followed by a further study of about two years duration of the level of productivity and the factors influencing it in three sectors: food, metallurgy and engineering. For this study the three sectors were broken down into 31 sub‐branches and nearly 400 product groups. An important and labour‐intensive element of the comparisons was harmonization of the sector and product classification system; UN recommendations were increasingly helpful for this work, and relying upon them will be expedient also in the future.In the decade under review the productivity advantage of Austrian industry increased, from about 40 percent in 1965 to an average 75 percent in 1975. The dispersion of sectoral productivity indices around the average value was significant in both years.The similarity of the 1965 and 1975 comparisons offered an exceptional opportunity to examine the reliability of extrapolation. The investigations unambiguously demonstrated that extrapolation did not give reliable results for a period as long as ten years, primarily because of structural changes in production and changes in price weights.The most important conclusion to be drawn from the investigation of the three selected branches is its extraordinary usefulness from the economic, political and methodological points of view. A further important conclusion is that the method of comparison must be selected in the light of an extensive consideration of the output and technological structure of the branches.
VALUING THE SERVICES OF CONSUMER DURABLES
Authors: Karz Arnold J. 
Published: March 2005

Although consumer durables are treated as nondurables in most economic accounts, economists have long recognized that they could be treated as capital. If an estimate of the value of the services of consumer durables was available, it could be included in personal consumption expenditures and purchases of the durables treated as a form of investment. Such treatment would give a better picture of changes in a nation's economic welfare over time and make international comparisons more meaningful.This article reviews the economic literature on how the services of consumer durables can be valued. It examines six alternative measures: the (1) user cost; (2) capital recovery; (3) opportunity cost; (4) market rental value; (5) cost of a substitute; and (6) cash‐equivalent value measures. The first three are based on the summation of the costs of the inputs used to produce the services, although only the first two are consistent with the principle that the purchase price of a durable equals the discounted present value of its expected future benefits. The fourth and fifth measures are based on the prices of marketed services while the sixth is derived from the consumer's demand function for the good's services. The article also discusses six major issues in implementing these measures: (1) imputing a rate of return to capital; (2) measuring declines in market value (depreciation and capital gains); (3) accounting for operating expenditures; (4) adjusting for capacity utilization; (5) deflating service values; and (6) defining consumer durables.
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION IN HUNGARY
Authors: Drechsler László , Horváth Piroska 
Published: March 2005

Hungary has a relatively long tradition with the “Total Consumption of the Population” (TCP); this category has been regularly compiled and published in Hungarian statistics since the early sixties. The article summarises the experiences with this concept and discusses a number of open questions both of national and international interest.One of these questions relates to the treatment of subsidies. On one hand it can be argued that subsidised prices are intermediate cases between the full price and free of charge cases and therefore the subsidy should be included in TCP; on the other hand, however, subsidies can also be interpreted as negative indirect taxes and therefore there is no reason for their inclusion. The article discusses both the arguments for and against the inclusion of subsidies in TCP.Another issue is the problem of valuing consumption from own agricultural production, where the existing international recommendations—valuation at producer prices—may be questioned.There are other parts of non‐marketed consumption valuation of which causes several serious problems. In Hungary a special problem appears with regard to the services of owner‐occupied dwellings. In the case of valuation of services provided by producers of government there are unsolved questions, too, where the formal following of the international recommendations does not give a fully acceptable solution.The authors agree with those who think that it is necessary to make a distinction between consumption and consumption expenditure and to include the fringe benefits provided by enterprises in TCP.
MICROBUSINESS ACCOUNTING AND MACROECONOMIC ACCOUNTING: THE LIMITS TO CONSISTENCY*
Authors: Postner Harry H. 
Published: March 2005

The paper is concerned with analyzing the consistency problem that arises when the macroenterprise sector of a nation's accounting system is put on a microdata foundation. This foundation is composed of sets of microbusiness accounts, after some appropriate rearrangements and reclassifications. We pose the question: can the macroenterprise sector accounts be regarded as a consolidation of (observed) microbusiness accounts? The answer is positive from a purely conceptual viewpoint, but negative from a statistical viewpoint which preserves the decision‐making records of microbusiness units. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the limits to (statistical) consistency while attempting to maintain the viability of a national accounting system.The analysis proceeds by exploiting the structural properties of market transactions matrices for a nation's economy. The results are sufficiently general to encompass the case where the transaction matrices are initially characterized by both sectoral discrepancies and transaction flow category discrepancies. In this general context it is shown that the statistical inconsistency potentially resulting from the replacement of the macroenterprise sector by an aggregation of microbusiness units has certain properties with economic meaning. This leads to a discussion that explains the ultimate rationale of statistical inconsistency: the fact that different microeconomic decision units may have different views and knowledge of common market transactions. The paper concludes with some implications for future research that appear to follow from the historical development of the subject matter.
CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS ON SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Authors: Schäfer D. , Stahmer C. 
Published: March 2005

In this paper, some considerations are presented on possible concepts of satellite accounts. These accounts are special data systems on specific, socially important fields of study (e.g. environment, health, education) which could supplement the core system of national accounts and which are linked to the core by common classifications and transition tables for transactors and transactions. The special advantage of satellite systems are the possibilities of meeting new demands on data, of testing new concepts which are suitable for the described field and at the same time of leaving the extent and concepts of the core system unchanged.In the paper, the main emphasis is laid on the need to standardize the concepts of satellite accounts world‐wide. This is necessary not only for comparing the results of analyses for different subject fields on a national level, but also in order to enable international comparisons of the data to be made for one field of study. Furthermore, a more detailed description of the concepts for the production part of the satellite system is given.
THE EARNINGS‐RELATED STATE PENSION, INDEXATION AND LIFETIME REDISTRIBUTION IN THE U.K.
Authors: Creedy John , Disney Richard , Whitehouse Edward 
Published: March 2005

The redistributive impact of the U.K. state pension scheme is examined. Benefit‐cost ratios are calculated using individual lifetime earnings profiles constructed for a cohort of men drawn from cross‐section data. The scheme is investigated at maturity and revenue neutrality is imposed in order to isolate the intra‐generationally redisiributive effects of the pension scheme.The results suggest that differences in returns to the pension scheme are driven by differential mortality, which outweigh the redistributive effect of the two‐tier benefit structure. Various reforms of the pension scheme are then simulated, and solved for revenue neutrality. The results suggest that a great deal of care is needed in formulating reforms if redistributive objectives are to be achieved.
Clinical Evaluation of an Experimental Body Shade Guide Based on In‐Vivo Tooth Color Measurements
Authors: Lua Marie Joycelyn R. , Goodkind Richard J. , Schwabacher William B. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an experimental body porcelain tooth shade‐guide system based on in‐vivo color measurements. This system was tested against two widely used commercial body shade porcelains.Materials and Methods A body porcelain shade guide consisting of 16 tabs was fabricated from available opaques, body, and incisal porcelains and modified with metallic oxide tints. The target Hue, Value and Chroma of these tabs were based on middle‐site in‐vivo tooth color measurements reported by Goodkind and Schwabacher in 1987. Two control groups of body porcelains were fabricated from Ceramco and Bioform porcelains. A new Dental Shade Comparator was used in a clinical test of these tabs in visually matching middle sites of 300 maxillary anterior teeth of 103 subjects.Results The demographic trends in Hue, Value and Chroma were in agreement with those found in the previous study. Four of the 16 experimental body shade tabs were frequently chosen compared with 13 of 16 Ceramco and 3 of 25 Bioform body shades. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability tests showed good agreement using the new Dental Shade Comparator.Conclusions The 20 shade tabs that were most frequently selected as a 1st or 2nd choice ranged from 8.25YR to 1.80Y in Hue, 6.45/to 8.00/in Value and/2.05 to/4.15 in Chroma. The new Dental Shade Comparator is a useful tool in the task of shade matching. The current Ceramco II body shades contain many useful porcelains that should be augmented with higher value and with redder, darker shades.
Evaluation of Strain at the Terminal Abutment Site of a Fixed Mandibular Implant Prosthesis During Cantilever Loading
Authors: Rodriguez Arthur M. , Aquilino Steven A. , Lund Peter S. , Ryther Jeffrey S. , Southard Thomas E. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Cantilever lengths from 10 mm to 20 mm have been empirically recommended for Brånemark fixed mandibular implant prostheses. However, functional stresses generated within the framework and at the crestal bone associated with various cantilever lengths have not been well researched. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the strain generated within an implant‐supported prosthesis and on a simulated bone surface during functional cantilever loading.Materials and Methods A symmetrical mandibular fixed‐implant framework supported by six Nobelpharma 7.0 × 4.0‐mm abutments and 15.0 × 4.0‐mm fixtures was fabricated. The fixtures were embedded in a simulated bone matrix of polymethyl methacrylate resin. Fourteen different arrangements of active supporting abutments were tested during 15 Ib unilateral static cantilever loading 7 mm, 14 mm and 20 mm distal to the terminal abutments. T‐rosette strain gauges were placed immediately distal to the terminal abutment site on the right side of the framework and on the corresponding simulated bone surface.Results There was no difference in framework microstrain as abutment number and arrangement were varied. Microstrain distal to the terminal abutment increased significantly with increasing cantilever length. Distal abutment microstrain increased 213% (63 με to 197 με) when cantilever length was increased from 7 mm to 14 mm and an additional 55% (197 με to 306 με) when cantilever length was increased from 14 mm to 20 mm. Overall, microstrain increased 306% when cantilever length was increased from 7 mm to 20 mm. Microstrain on the framework was always tensile (positive). Microstrain at the simulated bone reached higher maximum levels than on the framework (‐588 με versus 314 με) and was compressive in nature (negative). In contrast to framework microstrain, microstrain at the simulated bone site varied dramatically with changes in abutment arrangement. Strains observed at the simulated bone surface increased dramatically as the distance to the adjacent active abutment increased or as the anterior‐posterior span of abutments decreased. Distal abutment microstrain also increased significantly at the bone site as cantilever length increased, however, percent increases were less (7 mm to 14 mm, 55%; 14 mm to 20 mm, 30%; 7 mm to 20 mm, 101%).Conclusions The results of this study indicate that an optimum biomechanical environment should exist when cantilever spans exceeding 7 mm are planned regardless of the number of supporting abutments. Strain transmitted to the crestal bone can be decreased by maximizing the number and anterior‐posterior spread of supporting fixtures while minimizing the distance between the distal abutment and its adjacent abutment.
The Effect of Fatigue on the Shear Bond Strength of Resin Bonded to Porcelain
Authors: Williamson Russell T. , Mitchell Richard J. , Breeding Larry C. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The objective of this study was to determine whether fatigue cycling affects the shear bond strength of a resin that is initially strongly bonded to porcelain.Materials and Methods Thirty‐five disks of a feldspathic/leucite porcelain were fired on a phosphate‐bonded investment material. Each disk was etched with hydrofluoric acid and treated with a silane solution and an adhesive. Resin cement composite cylinders were applied to the treated porcelain and light cured. All specimens were stored for 1 week in distilled water at 37°C and then thermocycled for 1000 cycles in water between 2°C and 50°C. Fifteen of the specimens were randomly selected as control specimens. The remaining were subjected to fatigue cycling. A shear load was applied parallel to the bonded surface and cycled in a square wave between 0 and 26 N at 2 Hz for 27,500 cycles. All specimens were fractured in shear at 1.27 mm/min, and the shear bond strength was determined.Results Fifteen percent of fatigued specimens and 6.7% of the control specimens showed at least partial adhesive failure. All other specimens in both groups failed cohesively in the porcelain. There was no significant difference in the mean bond strengths of the fatigued and control groups (analysis of covariance, P > .05).Conclusions For the conditions investigated, cyclic fatigue did not reduce the bond strength of this resin/porcelain system.
A Comparison of an Accelerated Technique for Casting Post‐and‐Core Restorations With Conventional Techniques
Authors: Campagni Wayne V. , Reisbick Morris H. , Jugan Milan 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This project compares an accelerated technique for the casting of post‐and‐core restorations with four traditional techniques. The accelerated technique uses two phosphate‐bonded investments and the traditional techniques use a gypsum‐ and a phosphate‐bonded investment. The study measures and compares the differences between the seating of the casting and the seating of the acrylic resin pattern. The effects of the techniques on the fit of castings with and without a ferrule are also compared.Materials and Methods Six groups of 10 castings were made from plastic patterns formed on a stainless steel test die. A different investment and/or burnout method was used for each group. Each group had two subgroups: ferruled and nonferruled. The fit of the plastic patterns was measured at two time intervals after forming, 2 weeks and 3 months. The patterns were invested immediately after the 3‐month measurement, and the difference in fit of the castings was calculated. An ANOVA and Tuckey‐Kramer test were done to determine the statistical validity.Results The seating of the patterns after 3 months of storage was consistently worse than the 2‐week measurements of fit. The ferrule and nonferrule patterns were not statistically different in seating. Measurement of the castings showed that the ferruled castings seated significantly worse than the nonferrule castings. The difference in the seating of the castings as compared with the patterns was considered clinically unacceptable, showing a range of 0.301 mm to 0.528 mm. The nonferrule castings showed a significant difference in seating among groups. The difference ranged from ‐ 0.099 mm to 0.322 mm.Conclusions The castings of the ferrule subgroups were considered clinically unacceptable and were not analyzed for significance. Among the nonferrule castings, the group using a gypsum investment and conventional technique for investing and burnout but no ring liner showed the best seating. The accelerated technique was intermediate in seating with a difference of 0.148 mm from the seating of the patterns. This group was significantly different from the two best groups but not from the remaining three groups.
Post‐and‐Core Assemblies Made With an Accelerated Pattern Elimination Technique
Authors: Bailey John H. , Sherrard David J. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeAccelerated pattern elimination has the potential for increasing productivity. This study evaluated the accelerated pattern elimination technique using three commonly used phosphate‐bonded investments.Materials and MethodsPart one of this study determined the mean time interval from start of mixing to the maximum exothermic setting reaction temperature for each investment. A chromel/alumel thermocouple was placed at the heat center of a methylcellulose lined casting ring, using wet or dry ring liner. Investments were vacuum mixed at the recommended ratio for the accelerated technique. Colloidal silica solution and ddH2O were combined at a 50:50 ratio to meet the manufacturer's recommended liquid volume. Part two determined the dimensional reproduction of a standardized pattern and its casting using both casting techniques. Mixing ratios were the same as in part one for the accelerated technique and 75% colloidal silica to 25% double‐distilled water (ddH2O) for the conventional technique. The accelerated technique used the mean setting time established in part one followed by a 15‐minute furnace holding time at 725°C (1350°F). The conventional technique used a 1‐hour bench setting time, followed by placing the mold into a cold furnace. A controlled rate of climb to a maximum temperature of 725°C (1350°F) was used with a 1‐hour soak time. Each pattern and its casting were measured at four sites: (1) Length of the post‐and‐core assembly, (2) maximum core diameter, (3) post diameter at the core base, and (4) post diameter at its apex.ResultsA significant difference was found between the time interval to maximum exothermic setting reaction temperature for all the investments (P < .01). The accelerated technique produced castings with a relative dimensional increase of 0.11% to 4.80%. The conventional technique ranged from a 0.04% decrease in size to an increase of 3.65%. Castings made with the accelerated technique were significantly different than those made with the conventional technique (P < .01).ConclusionsDifferences in the time interval to maximum exothermic setting reaction temperature indicate that each phosphate investment should have a recommended setting time before introduction into the furnace. The carbon‐containing investment showed the least relative change of the three investments evaluated for both casting techniques.
Anatomic Site Evaluation of Edentulous Maxillae for Dental Implant Placement
Authors: Razavi Ramin , Zena Robert B. , Khan Zafrulla , Gould Alan R. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study evaluated 17 edentulous cadavers for bone quantity and quality of the alveolar process of the maxilla for the purpose of dental implant placement.Materials and Methods The maxillary arch was divided into four anatomically defined regions for measurements of bone quantity. Bone quality was assessed histologically and described by trabecular bone patterns and tissue composition.Results Average bone height with a minimum thickness of 4 mm was as follows: region 1, 12.1 ± 4.9 mm; region 2, 14.1 ± 7.2 mm; region 3, 6.1 ± 2.8 mm; and region 4, 8.5 ± 2.2 mm. Histological evaluation showed increased trabeculation and thicker cortex in the maxillary anterior area, regions 1 and 2. Region 3, the floor of the maxillary sinus area, had the least amount of bone; however, the quality of bone was superior to that of region 4, the maxillary tuberosity area. Trabecular distance or marrow spaces ranged from 40 μm to 2 mm with larger spaces associated with the posterior maxilla.Conclusions Maxillary tuberosity is the least desirable site for the placement of implants in the maxilla. The area corresponding to the first and second molars had the least bone thickness. All measures of bone preservation need to be considered, especially in this area.
Color Stability of Hybrid Ionomers After Accelerated Aging
Authors: Davis Bianca A. , Friedl Karl‐Heinz , Powers John M. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The color stability and surface roughness of three commercial hybrid ionomers were determined in vitro after accelerated aging. Three shades of each hybrid ionomer prepared in light‐cured and dark‐cured conditions were tested.Materials and Methods Samples were aged in an artificial aging chamber by subjecting them to total ultraviolet light irradiation of 150 kJ/m2 over a period of 77 hours. Color (CIE LAB system) was measured before and after aging on a reflection spectrophotometer. Surface roughness was measured with a profilometer.Results After accelerated aging, all samples became lighter. Photac‐Fil Aplicap (ESPE‐Premier, Norristown, PA) and Fuji II LC (GC America, Chicago, IL) also became less chromatic (less red and less yellow). Among the light‐cured samples, Fuji II LC had the greatest change in color followed by Photac‐Fil Aplicap and Vitremer (3M Dental Products, St Paul, MN). For the dark‐cured samples, Fuji II LC had the greatest change in color followed by Vitremer and Photac‐Fil Aplicap. There were no differences in delta E* between the two lightest shades, but the darker shades of each product showed the greatest changes in color. All samples became significantly rougher after aging.Conclusions Hybrid ionomers changed color significantly and perceptibly after in vitro accelerated aging. Surfaces became significantly rougher and showed evidence of cracking and degradation.