bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential regulation of telomerase activity and TERT expression during brain development in mice
Authors: Klapper Wolfram , Shin Thuzar , Mattson Mark P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTelomerase is an enzyme activity consisting of a reverse transcriptase called TERT and an RNA component that adds repeats of a DNA sequence (TTAGGG) to the ends of chromosomes, thereby preventing their shortening. Associations between telomerase activity and proliferation and differentiation of neural tumor cells and neural stem cells have been reported, but the role of telomerase in brain development is unknown. We now report analyses of telomerase activity, TERT mRNA levels and levels of mRNAs encoding the telomere‐associated proteins TRF1 and TRF2 in three different brain regions (brainstem, hippocampus and cerebral cortex) and the eye of mice at increasing developmental time points. Telomerase activity is high in the brain at embryonic day 13 (E13), declines markedly between E13 and E18, remains at a low level until postnatal day 3 (P3) and becomes undetectable by P10. Surprisingly, the temporal pattern of change in telomerase activity is not paralleled by a decrease in levels of TERT mRNA that remain elevated from E13 to P5 (with fluctuations during this time window that vary among brain regions), and then decrease to a lower level that is maintained into adulthood. TRF1 and TRF2 mRNA levels are relatively constant throughout brain development. Our data are consistent with a role for telomerase activity in proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and further suggest that TERT may play roles in neuronal differentiation and survival. The dissociation between TERT expression and telomerase activity is a novel finding that suggests biological functions for TERT in addition to telomere maintenance. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:252–260, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of osmotic stress on potassium accumulation around glial cells and extracellular space volume in rat spinal cord slices
Authors: Vargová Lýdia , Chvátal Alexandr , Anděrová Miroslava , Kubinová Šárka , Žiak Drahomír , Syková Eva 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn rat brain and spinal cord slices, the local extracellular accumulation of K+, as indicated by K+ tail currents (Itail) after a depolarization step, is greater in the vicinity of oligodendrocytes than that of astrocytes. It has been suggested that this may reflect a smaller extracellular space (ECS) around oligodendrocytes compared to astrocytes [Chvátal et al. [1997] J. Neurosci. Res. 49:98–106; [1999] J. Neurosci. Res. 56:493–505). We therefore compared the effect of osmotic stress in spinal cord slices from 5–11‐day‐old rats on the changes in reversal potentials (Vrev) of Itail measured by the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique and the changes in ECS volume measured by the real‐time iontophoretic method. Cell swelling induced by a 20 min perfusion of hypoosmotic solution (200 mmol/kg) decreased the ECS volume fraction from 0.21 ± 0.01 to 0.15 ± 0.02, i.e., by 29%. As calculated from Vrev of Itail using the Nernst equation, a depolarizing prepulse increased [K+]e around astrocytes from 11.0 to 44.7 mM, i.e., by 306%, and around oligodendrocytes from 26.1 to 54.9 mM, i.e., by 110%. The ECS volume fraction decrease had the same time course as the changes in Vrev of Itail. Cell shrinkage in hyperosmotic solution (400 mmol/kg) increased ECS volume fraction from 0.24 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.02, i.e., by 33%. It had no effect on [K+]e evoked by a depolarizing prepulse in astrocytes, whereas in oligodendrocytes [K+]e rapidly decreased from 52 to 26 mM, i.e., by 50%. The increase in ECS volume was slower than the changes in [K+]e. These data demonstrate that hypoosmotic solution has a larger effect on the ECS volume around astrocytes than around oligodendrocytes and that hyperosmotic solution affects the ECS volume around oligodendrocytes only. This indicates that increased K+ accumulation in the vicinity of oligodendrocytes could be due to a restricted ECS. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS are therefore most likely surrounded by clusters of “compacted” ECS, which may selectively affect the diffusion of neuroactive substances in specific areas and directions and facilitate spatial K+ buffering. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:129–138, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guanosine‐induced increase in free cytosolic calcium concentration in mouse astrocytes in primary cultures: Does it act on an A3 adenosine receptor?
Authors: Chen Ye , Rathbone Michel P. , Hertz Leif 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurinergic receptors play an important role in the regulation of free cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes. In the present study, 10 μM adenosine caused an increase in [Ca2+]i in 85% of the cultures studied, i.e., primary cultures of mouse astrocytes, differentiated by culturing in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Antagonist sensitivity and rapid desensitization suggested that it did so by acting on A3 receptors. Another biologically important purine, guanosine, also caused an increase in astrocytic [Ca2+]i (at concentrations of 0.1–100 μM). Although this response did not show the same rapid desensitization as the response to adenosine, it may also have been exerted on an A3 receptor. It supports this idea that inosine also caused an increase in [Ca2+]i, because inosine is known to activate A3 receptors in mast cells and structurally is even more closely related to guanosine than is adenosine. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:184–189, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biologically active sequence (KDI) mediates the neurite outgrowth function of the gamma‐1 chain of laminin‐1
Authors: Liesi Päivi , Laatikainen Timo , Wright Jerry M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA neurite outgrowth domain of the γ1‐chain of laminin‐1 (RDIAEIIKDI) promotes axon guidance of rat hippocampal neurons, regulates the nuclear movement phase of neuronal migration, and binds to the cellular prion protein (Liesi et al. [1995] J. Neurosci. Res. 134:447–486; Matsuzawa et al. [1998] J. Neurosci. Res. 53:114–124; Graner et al. [2000] Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 76:85–92). Using electrophysiology and neuronal culture experiments, we show that this 10 amino acid peptide or its smaller domains induces potassium currents in primary central neurons. Both these currents and the neurotoxicity of high concentrations of the 10 amino acid peptide antigen are prevented by pertussis toxin. The smallest peptide domain capable of inducing both potassium currents and promoting neurite outgrowth of human spinal cord neurons is a tri‐peptide KDI. Our results indicate that KDI may be the biologically active domain of the γ1 laminin, capable of modulating electrical activity and survival of central neurons via a G‐protein coupled mechanism. These results expand the wide variety of functions already reported for the members of the laminin‐gene family. They suggest that biologically active peptide domains of the γ1 laminin may provide tools to promote neuronal regeneration after injuries and to enhance neuronal survival during aging and neuronal degeneration. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1047–1053, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of divalent metal transporter 1 and metal transport protein 1 in the normal and Belgrade rat
Authors: Burdo J.R. , Menzies S.L. , Simpson I.A. , Garrick L.M. , Garrick M.D. , Dolan K.G. , Haile D.J. , Beard J.L. , Connor J.R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIron accumulation in the brain occurs in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Two new iron transport proteins have been identified that may help elucidate the mechanism of abnormal iron accumulation. The Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1), is responsible for iron uptake from the gut and transport from endosomes. The Metal Transport Protein 1 (MTP1) promotes iron export. In this study we determined the cellular and regional expression of these two transporters in the brains of normal adult and Belgrade rats. Belgrade rats have a defect in DMT1 that is associated with lower levels of iron in the brain. In the normal rat, DMT1 expression is highest in neurons in the striatum, cerebellum, thalamus, ependymal cells lining the third ventricle, and vascular cells throughout the brain. The staining in the ependymal cells and endothelial cells suggests that DMT1 has an important role in iron transport into the brain. In Belgrade rats, there is generalized decrease in immunodetectable DMT1 compared to normal rats except in the ependymal cells. This decrease in immunoreactivity, however, was absent on immunoblots. The immunoblot analysis indicates that this protein did not upregulate to compensate for the chronic defect in iron transport. MTP1 staining is found in most brain regions. MTP1 expression in the brain is robust in pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex but is not detected in the vascular endothelial cells and ependymal cells. MTP1 staining in Belgrade rats was decreased compared to normal, but similar to DMT1 this decrease was not corroborated by immunoblotting. These results indicate that DMT1 and MTP1 are involved in brain iron transport and this involvement is regionally and cellularly specific. J Neurosci. Res. 66:1198–1207, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iron and the role of Coxiella burnetii in heart disease
Authors: Weinberg Eugene D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractChronic infection of iron‐loaded coronary arteries by Chlamydia pneumoniae has been proposed as a heart disease risk factor. Another bacterial pathogen associated with increased risk for development of atherosclerosis is Coxiella burnetii. Like Chl. pneumoniae, C. burnetii is inhaled, multiplies in alveolar macrophages, subsequently becomes associated with arterial disease, and is enhanced by iron loading. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:409–410, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanosecond, high‐intensity pulsed laser ablation of myocardium tissue at the ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared wavelengths: In‐vitro study
Authors: Sato Shunichi , Ogura Makoto , Ishihara Miya , Kawauchi Satoko , Arai Tsunenori , Matsui Takemi , Kurita Akira , Obara Minoru , Kikuchi Makoto , Ashida Hiroshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveA large number of clinical trials of transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) have been conducted to treat severe ischemic heart diseases. A variety of laser sources have been used or tested for this treatment, however, no comprehensive study has been performed to reveal the mechanism and the optimum laser irradiation condition for the myocardium tissue ablation. There have been reported limited experimental data of the high‐intensity pulsed laser ablation of myocardium tissues.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA 1064‐nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser and its 2nd (532 nm), 3rd (355 nm), and 4th (266 nm) harmonics were used for ablation experiments. At each wavelength, 25 laser pulses irradiated the porcine myocardium tissue samples at a constant laser intensity (peak laser power divided by laser spot area) of ∼2 GW/cm2 and the ablation depths were measured. During ablation, laser‐induced optical and acoustic emissions were measured to investigate the ablation mechanism at each laser wavelength. For the ablated tissues, histological observation was made with a polarization optical microscope.ResultsIt was shown that the ablation efficiency did not directly depend on the linear absorption coefficient of the tissue; the ablation depth was maximized at 355 and 1064 nm, and minimized at 532 nm. Strong laser‐induced optical and acoustic emissions were observed for the 266‐ and 1064‐nm laser irradiations. The histology showed that thermal denaturation of the tissue near the ablation walls decreased with decreasing wavelength for 266, 355, and 532 nm, but it was limited for 1064 nm.ConclusionAt the laser intensity of ∼2 GW/cm2, ablation characteristics were drastically changed for the different laser wavelengths. The results indicated that for 266, 355, and 532 nm, the tissue removal was achieved mainly through a photothermal process, but for 266 nm the intense laser‐induced plasma formation would result in a reduced laser energy coupling to the tissue. For 1064 nm, a photodisruption was most probable as a dominant tissue removal process. Because of the high ablation rate and limited thermal denaturation, the 355‐ and 1064‐nm lasers could be potential laser sources for TMLR, although further investigation is needed to discuss the clinical issues. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:464–473, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser soft palate “stiffening”: An alternative to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty*
Authors: Wang Zhi , Rebeiz Elie E. , Shapshay Stanley M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveHabitual snoring is best treated surgically, with uvulopalatophayngoplasty, but the standard “cutting” procedure poses potential morbidity. In this study, a new approach, stiffening of the soft palate with a low energy laser, was studied as a less invasive alternative.Study DesignIn an in vitro study, five fresh palates of canines were used to see acute thermal effect on the palatal tissue after laser treatment. The same laser irradiation was conducted in three living canines to observe a delayed response of the palate to the laser.Materials and MethodsWith the use of a non‐contact 1.44 μm Nd:YAG laser at 0.1 J and 20 Hz, the mucosa on the marginal area of the soft palate was irradiated for 2–3 minutes.Following Outcome were MeasuredAcute shrinkage of the soft palate and thermal effect on the mucosa, and delayed stiffening and elevation of the palate after laser irradiation.ResultsThere was immediate shrinkage of the palate of about 3.0 mm in the in vitro study. In the in vivo study, a delayed palatal stiffening with 6.0–7.0 mm elevated palatal arch was found at 5 weeks. There was no morbidity after the treatment.ConclusionLaser stiffening of soft palate is simple, safe and effective for reduction of length and fluttering of the soft palate in the canine model. Clinical studies are warranted to evaluate its efficacy as an office treatment for snoring. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:40–43, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐ablative laser treatment of facial rhytides: A comparison of 1450‐nm diode laser treatment with dynamic cooling as opposed to treatment with dynamic cooling alone
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Rogachefsky Arlene S. , Silapunt Sirunya 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveNon‐ablative dermal remodeling has been shown to create new dermal collagen. This is thought to occur secondary to a laser‐induced injury to the skin. Other mechanisms of injury may lead to similar results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and complication rate of a 1450‐nm diode laser and compare clinical effect when the laser is used in conjunction with cryogen cooling as compared to the use of cryogen cooling alone.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty subjects, skin types I–IV, age range 42–70 years, with Class I and II rhytides were enrolled in the study. Subjects were treated with 2–4 laser treatments and cryogen cooling on one side of their face, while the contralateral side was treated with cryogen cooling alone. Subjects were evaluated six months after their final treatment.ResultsThirteen subjects showed clinical improvement on the laser/cryogen treated side. No subjects were noted to have any improvement at the cryogen alone side.ConclusionThe 1450‐nm diode laser can lead to non‐ablative improvement of rhytides. This effect appears to be a direct laser induced effect. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:79–81, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed dye laser and intralesional bleomycin for treatment of resistant viol hand warts
Authors: Pollock B. , Sheehan‐Dare R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveViral warts affect 7–10% ofthe population and are a major burden on time and resources of dermatology departments everywhere. Some warts prove resistant to multiple therapies, and this is particularly common in the immunosuppressed patient. Numerous treatments are available, but no one treatment has emerged as the treatment of choice. Bleomycin has been shown to be effective in treating warts, but administration can be difficult with risk of local complications. To demonstrate a new technique for easily and safely administrating bleomycin into warts, we undertook an open study to assess the practicality, efficacy, and tolerability of pulsed dye laser immediately followed by intralesional bleomycin in resistant viral hand warts.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTen subjects, all with resistant viral hand warts of at least 3 years duration were recruited. Four subjects were on long‐term immunosuppressant drugs. Eighteen warts treated in total. Area of the wart was anaesthetized with 1% lignocaine, then treated with a pulsed dye laser (7 mm spot, fluence 10 J/cm2). Immediately following this bleomycin (0.5 IU/ml) was injected into the base of the wart. Monthly follow‐up and treatment until satisfactory clearance.ResultsSixteen out of eighteen warts cleared (89%). Eight out of ten warts in the immunosuppressed subjects cleared. The remaining two warts responded partially to two treatments, but the patient was happy with the result and did not wish further treatment. All warts in the immunocompetent subjects cleared. No serious side effects were seen.ConclusionsThe initial treatment of the wart with pulsed dye laser serves to “prepare” the wart for the bleomycin injection, which can then be given very easily. This ensures the drug is deposited into the base of the wart where it is most needed and minimises the risk of infiltration of normal skin or the operative environment. This method of combining pulsed dye laser and intralesional bleomycin appears to be a safe, rapid, well tolerated, and successful treatment for resistant hand warts. It has proven to be effective in warts in immunosuppressed patients and at difficult sites (e.g., subungual warts). These findings need confirmation from a larger controlled study. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:135–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative pilot study evaluating the treatment of leg veins with a long pulse ND:YAG laser and sclerotherapy*
Authors: Coles Charlotte M. , Werner Richard S. , Zelickson Brian D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTo date there have been very few side by side comparison studies of laser versus sclerotherapy in treating small leg veins. This study compares a long pulsed Nd:YAG laser with contact cooling to sclerotherapy for treating small diameter leg veins by evaluating objective and subjective clinical effects.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty patients were selected with leg veins ranging from 0.25 to 3 mm at two comparable sites. One site was treated with long pulsed Nd:YAG laser and the other received sotradecol sclerotherapy. The patients followed up at 8 weeks for another possible laser retreatment and 3 months following the last treatment. Photographs were taken pre‐ and post‐operatively and at each follow‐up visit and used for objective comparative analysis. The patients also completed a Quality of Life survey.ResultsImprovement was tabulated from the photographic assessment on an improvement scale from 0 (no change)–4 (greater than 75% clearing). The laser treated areas averaged 2.50 and sclerotherapy treated sites averaged 2.30. Patient surveys show 35% preferred laser and 45% choose sclerotherapy.ConclusionThis pilot study demonstrates that the Lyra Long Pulse Nd:YAG laser can yield results similar to sclerotherapy in the treatment of small leg veins. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:154–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a novel erbium laser in a Yucatan minipig: A study of residual thermal damage, ablation, and wound healing as a function of pulse duration†
Authors: Ross Edward V. , McKinlay Joseph R. , Sajben Francis P. , Miller Charles H. , Barnette David J. , Meehan Kenneth J. , Chhieng Norak P. , Deavers Mickey J. , Zelickson Brian D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTheoretical models show that varying pulse duration influences residual thermal damage in erbium YAG skin resurfacing. Accordingly, our objective was to compare residual thermal damage, ablation, tissue shrinkage, and wound healing between a variable pulsewidth erbium YAG laser and a popular CO2 resurfacing laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe erbium laser delivered a typical ablative pulse (250 microseconds), followed by a heating pulse of variable duration. Pulse durations for specific coagulation depths were selected based on existing heat transfer models. The bilateral flanks of one Yucatan pig were irradiated. Eight sites were treated per group. Biopsies were performed just after treatment and 1, 3, 7, 21, and 60 days postoperatively.ResultsJust after irradiation, gross examination of “cold” (without a coagulation pulse) erbium sites showed a reddish papillary dermis consistent with conventional erbium laser ablation. Two and three pass CO2 sites showed uniform surface yellowing. The longer pulsewidth (“hot”) erbium groups showed only slight surface yellowing. Biopsies showed immediate thermal damage that increased with erbium pulse duration; however, actual residual thermal damage (RTD) was sometimes less than that predicted by the laser control panel. All wounds healed uneventfully by 14 days.ConclusionsAn erbium laser with a variable macropulse pulsewidth was capable of achieving RTD of up to 80 μm. Even greater RTD depths may be obtainable with future manipulations of fluence and pulse duration. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:93–100, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hair removal with the long pulsed Nd:YAG laser: A prospective study with one year follow‐up
Authors: Lorenz Susanne , Brunnberg Stephanie , Landthaler Michael , Hohenleutner Ulrich 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate the efficacy, side effects, and the long‐term results of a long pulsed Nd:YAG‐Laser for hair removal in different hair colors and skin types.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe performed a prospective clinical study with 29 volunteers. Treatment was performed on the lower leg with a long pulsed Nd:YAG‐Laser. Five test areas were treated 1–5 times in monthly intervals; one served as control. Follow‐up investigations were performed at each session, and 3, 6, and 12 months after the last therapy. No depilatory treatment except shaving was allowed during the time of follow‐up. Percentual hair loss, short‐ and long‐term side effects, and pain during the treatment were evaluated.ResultsAfter one month, a hair loss of greater than 50% was found in 44.9% of the areas treated once. With up to five treatments, this percentage increased up to 71.5%. One year after therapy, a greater than 50% hair reduction was still present in 40% of the five‐treatment‐areas and in 0% of the areas treated only once. There were no permanent side effects despite one small scar after a folliculitis.ConclusionsThe long pulsed Nd:YAG is suitable to remove hair for more than 12 months effectively, although 4–5 sessions are necessary for these results. Blond hair can also be removed, although much less effective. No lasting side effects could be seen. Darker skin types or tanned skin can also be treated without side effects. A cooling may be advisable due to the pain reported by the volunteers. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:127–134, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.