bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species and genetic effects on the utility of biotechnology for conservation
Authors: Donoghue Ann M , Schmidt Leslie A Johnston Patricia M , Howard Jogayle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In determining the ultimate utility of reproductive biotechnology for conserving genetic diversity, one of two strategies can be chosen: (1) using existing knowledge from a related species, a given technique can be directly applied across a range of related taxa; or (2) a methodical, detailed approach can be used which emphasizes the study of fundamental reproductive processes in individual species followed by artificial breeding. A growing database suggests that even closely-related species demonstrate marked physiological differences in reproductive mechanisms. More significant are the oft-observed biological variations within species or among populations. These differences may profoundly affect the efficiency of using biotechniques for preserving endangered species.
Captive breeding: can genetic fingerprinting help?
Authors: Ashworth D , Parkin D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Captive breeding is likely to become increasingly important for the conservation of endangered species. Management of captive stocks should be geared towards maintaining genetic variability and minimizing inbreeding depression, so as to increase the success of any re-introduction programme attempted. The monitoring of genetic variation is essential for such management, and, owing to the high levels of homozygosity commonly found in captive stocks, a sensitive technique is required. ‘DNA fingerprinting’ allows individuals to be easily distinguished even in highly inbred stocks. The success of ‘fingerprinting’ in elucidating the demography of natural populations has led to its use in the management of captive species. We show how the technique has been used to investigate the relationships in the British Isles captive stock of Rothschild’s mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi), and point out some of the problems encountered in analysing this kind of data.
Integrating technologies into animal breeding programmes
Authors: Frankham R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant advances in animal breeding have come about as a consequence of the development and application of new theories, the use of the computer and the use of semen freezing and artificial insemination in dairy cattle. Programmes involving multiple ovulation and embryo transfer have recently begun. The integration of these technologies into breeding programmes for dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, swine and poultry is described. Laboratory animals have played an extremely important role in the development and evaluation of new technologies and theories in animal breeding. By contrast, little laboratory animal work is currently being carried out in conservation genetics.
Neo-Darwinian explanations of the inheritance of acquired characters
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the 1940s, neo-Darwinian ideas were almost universally accepted. The Mendelian basis of continuous variation was recognized, the mathematical treatment of natural selection had begun, and there was an increasing awareness of the wealth of genetic variation present in natural populations. The ‘Modern Synthesis’ of evolution had arrived: Darwin’s theory had been reconciled with Mendelian genetics. Lamarckism, which had become almost synonymous with the inheritance of acquired characters, was generally rejected. In the first edition of his book Evolution: the modem synthesis, published in 1942, Julian Huxley was scathingly dismissive of Lamarckists, Lamarckian reasoning, and most experiments claiming to show the inheritance of acquired characters.
Review of the literature on springtails
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest humans must have been aware of springtails. The ‘Ice Man’, whose well-preserved body was uncovered recently near the border between Austria and Italy, would have come across swarms of Collembola on alpine glaciers over which he roamed about 5000 years ago. However, rather like early stages in evolution which are lost forever if they leave no fossils, we will never know what early humans thought of these strange ‘living carpets’ of tiny animals since no written or artistic record survives.
Interactions between Collembola and the biotic environment
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collembola consume a wide variety of food materials, especially fungal hyphae (Section 7.2). Recent experiments on euedaphic species suggest that soil springtails are very important in either stimulating or suppressing microbial symbionts around plant roots (Klironomos and Kendrick 1995b; Lussenhop 1993, 1996). Collembola have numerous predators and parasites, they interact among themselves, and occur as ‘guests’ in the nests of eusocial insects such as ants and termites (Section 7.3). A major beneficial effect of collembolan feeding activity is the promotion of decomposition processes in soils (Rusek 1975a). This occurs through direct feeding on dead vegetation and fungal hyphae, and indirect stimulation of microbes involved in decomposition (Section 7.4).
Eucalypt Domestication and Breeding
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fast-growing eucalypts help to meet the demand for wood throughout the warmer parts of the world. They are grown in numberous small woods and windbreaks to produce poles and firewood, and in extensive plantations mainly for the pulp and paper industries. This book shows how to breed improved eucalypts that will provide more and better wood on appropriate sites selected through sound land use planning. The emphasis is on making greater use of the immense richness of the genetic resources of the eucalypts, especially in the first generation or two of domestication `wild' eucalypts for wood production. The book covers those aspects of variation, selection, and reproduction that are unique to eucalypts. Large gains in production and quality can be obtained relatively cheaply by choosing the best geographic seed sources (provenances). Once suitable base populations have been assembled, continued long-term genetic gain can be assured through well-planned recurrent selection and mating. This book is essential reading for practising foresters managing eucalypt plantations, and will also be of great interest to planners and administrators in aid agencies.
Eucalyptus regnans
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eucalyptus regnans is the second tallest tree species in the world, only exceeded in height by the coast redwoods of California (Ashton 1975b). The natural forests are in Victoria and Tasmania in discontinuous areas between latitudes 37° and 43°S (Fig. 14.1). In Victoria it occurs at altitudes between 200 and 1100 m and is restricted to mountainous areas south of the Great Dividing Range in the eastern part of the state, but there is also an occurrence in the Otway Ranges south-west of Melbourne. In Tasmania it occurs between sea level and 700 m principally in the north-east, and in the south-east in the valleys of the Huon and Derwent Rivers (Griffin et al. 1982; Boland et al. 1984).
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This eucalypt has a very extensive natural distribution in a long narrow strip from southern Papua New Guinea to Victoria, Australia, a range of more than 30° of latitude (Fig. 15.2, Table 15.1). Climates vary from monsoonal with markedly wet and dry seasons at 9°S in Papua New Guinea, to a predominantly summer rainfall with a very dry winter in Queensland, an equal distribution of rainfall between winter and summer in southern New South Wales, and a dry summer and cold, wet winter at 38°S in eastern Victoria. Altitudinal range is from sea level to about 1000 m with a wide variation in annual rainfall from 500-1500 mm.
Biological control of aquatic weeds
Authors: Pieterse A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the report on terminology in weed science (Coördinatiecommissie Onkruidonderzoek 1984) a biological control agent is ‘a control agent based upon a living organism or virus’. As a consequence biological control of aquatic weeds could be defined as ‘activities aimed at decreasing the population of an aquatic weed to acceptable levels by means of a living organism or virus’
Aquatic weed problems and management in South and Central America
Authors: FernÁNdez O A , Sutton D L , Lallana V H , Sabbatini M R , Irigoyen J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South and Central America, with a rapidly growing human population currently around 400 million, extends from latitude 20°N to 56°S and is 8 000 km in length and 5 000 km at its widest point. The altitude ranges from sea level to 7 000 m in the highest mountains. Over such a vast expanse of territory the variation in vertical and horizontal bio-geographical zones is, therefore, of extraordinary magnitude, ranging from tropical rain forests to deserts such as that of Puna de Atacama, temperate zones like the Pampas, and the cold sub-antarctic regions. An enormous number of aquatic plant species occurs in natural bodies of water with the majority of these being native and generally not regarded as troublesome. However, when they start to invade bodies of water constructed, or used, by man, they become not only troublesome but also at times harmful.
Australian Rainforests
Authors: Adam Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, few people would have associated rainforest with Australia. The present-day distribution of Australian rainforest is limited but it was formerly more widespread and was the dominant vegetation type of the entire continent. The contraction to its present limits reflects environmental changes that have taken place over many millions of years. In this book Dr Adam gives a general account of the Australian rainforests: what they are, where they are, and how their present distribution has evolved. His aim is to provide a broad framework that will enable new results to be placed in context. The book concludes with a historical account of human interaction with the rainforest from late Pleistocene times to the 1980s. The history of the exploitation of the Australian rainforests and the development of a conservation ethic have important lessons for the conservation of rainforests world-wide.
Invasion and metastasis
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many cells exhibit migratory activity, i.e. can crawl in vitro and in vivo, because they possess contractile fibrils and have the capacity to form surface adhesions of various kinds. This phenomenon has been studied in depth by Abercrombie and his colleagues (rev. Abercrombie 1980). Crawling, according to Abercrombie, subserves three functions: (1) in the case of wandering cells (leucocytes and macrophages), defence against micro-organisms; (2) maintenance of organization during growth, and restoration of organization after tissue damage; and (3) translation of embryonic determination during development into the definitive arrangement of cells characteristic of the mature organism. Crawling activity is stimulated when there is rapid cell division, and is influenced also by the cell’s environment. In the case of normal cells, crawling is arrested when the leading edge of one cell comes in contact with some part of another cell–a phenomenon termed contact inhibition (Abercrombie and Heaysman 1954)–but may be resumed later in a different direction. It is also arrested by epithelial basement membrane, and directed by extracellular connective tissue matrix.
The role of bryophytes and lichens in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Longton Royce e. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of bryophytes and lichens in primary succession has long been recognized. Otherwise these plants have generally been regarded as troublesome to identify when compiling releves but of little significance in the functioning of mature communities. This attitude has recently changed with the use of mosses and lichens as pollution monitors, and it has also been realized that they play a significant role in the functioning of undisturbed communities (Longton 1984; Seaward 1988; Slack 1988). Nowhere is the importance of mosses and lichens greater than in polar tundra and in northern forests and mires, which have so far been less modified by human activity than other, more complex ecosystems. Such communities are ideally suited to the study of fundamental ecosystem processes, and their cryptogamic component was intensively investigated during the International Biological Programme (Longton 1988a). Global warming is likely to be most intense at high latitudes, and the role of bryophytes and lichens in boreal and polar communities is therefore emphasized in this account.
Bryophyte distribution patterns
Authors: Schofield Wilfred b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The floristic regions of the world have been assessed recently by Takhtajan (1986). This assessment is based entirely on vascular plants, and essentially on flowering plant distributions, but is comprehensive and encyclopaedic in its treatment. Schuster (1983a, b) presents recent expositions for the bryophytes and, although he provides examples of general distribution patterns, he makes no attempt at a detailed mapping of floristic kingdoms, subkingdoms, regions, and their subdivisions. It is apparent, however, from comparison of the two analyses, that a considerable parallel of patterns exists, strongly suggesting that the historical and biological phenomena that determined vascular plant distribution patterns have also been a major factor in moulding bryophyte distribution patterns. An elementary summary is presented by Schofield (1985) while Zanten and P6cs (1981) concentrate on the factors that have determined distribution patterns.
Changes in moss-dominated wetland ecosystems
Authors: Vitt Dale h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bryopsida, or mosses, are a diverse assemblage of species that form the second largest group of green land plants (Vitt 1982). In general, mosses are poikilohydric and drought tolerant (Proctor 1972; Levitt 1980). As a result of these two characteristics, species can maintain active photosynthesis only when water is available. The ability of this group of plants to tolerate frequent dry periods by coming to thermodynamic equilibrium with their surroundings has enabled them to occupy highly stressed habitats. The abundance and species richness of mosses in tropical montane rain forests; on montane cliff faces and canyons; in boreal forests; in subarctic, boreal, and temperate peatlands; and in arctic meadows, indicates that this group of plants can exist under water- and nutrient-stressed conditions, and also be a dominant component of the ecosystem. Recent studies of tropical montane rain forests (Coxson and Vogel 1989), boreal forests (Oechel and Lawrence 1985), peatlands (Bayley et al. 1987), and arctic meadows (Vitt and Pakarinen 1977) have all suggested that the moss component can have a great influence on the nutrient dynamics and water retention of the ecosystem. However, it is only in peatlands in which continuous records of past species occurrences are found.
Impact of agriculture on bryophytes and lichens
Authors: Brown Dennis h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two major agricultural chemical practices that can have an impact on bryophytes and lichens are discussed in this chapter. The use of pesticides (e.g. herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) has been important in improving the productivity of modern farming. Sometimes such chemicals are deliberately employed to control mosses and liverworts, especially in amenity grass such as lawns and sports turf or around potted plants. On other occasions spray drift or longer distance dispersal may be an inadvertent result of otherwise acceptable application procedures. Nutrient fertilizer usage, including animal waste, is the second major influence and may also be the result of controlled or relatively accidental agricultural practices.
Histology and Character State Definitions for Vegetative Shoot and Root Anatomy of Araceae
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This survey of histology of the Araceae includes the most reliable anatomical characters that can be used for diagnostic, evolutionary, or other studies. It includes characters that can be routinely determined for most specimens but whose trends of specialization are in some cases poorly understood. Conspicuously useful characters have been reviewed in the Introduction in the sections on anatomical character state transformations and on the evolutionary position of the Araceae; they will also be discussed later in the taxonomic notes sections at the end of tribal and generic descriptions.
Acoraceae C. Agardh
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This genus of two species is very widely distributed. The species range from Siberia, across northern Europe as far north as 630 north latitude, and across northern North America. In Asia, they extend southward to subtropical India and from Japan, south to Formosa, south-west China, Thailand and Vietnam, Celebes and south of the equator in Java. Acorus calamus is found over most of the range.
The interaction between red wood ants, cinara aphids, and pines. A ghost of mutualism past?
Authors: Rosengren Rainer , Sundström Liselotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major conceptual problem in ant-plant protection mutualisms is the variability of costs and benefits in space and time (Beattie 1985; Janzen 1985; Addicott 1986). The classical debate about the ‘usefulness’ of red wood ants (Cotti 1963) provides an illustration of that point. A problem with this old debate, however, is that it tends to confuse benefits in terms of human forestry with benefits in terms of tree fitness.
Evolutionary And Ecological Patterns In Myrmecophilous Riodinid Butterflies
Authors: DeVries P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to form mutualisms with ants has been well documented in many groups of plants, and amongst insect herbivores in the Lepidoptera and Homoptera. In general, in both plants and insects the ability to provide secretions to ants is a fundamental part of maintaining these mutualistic associations. In these systems, insects provide ants with secretions directly, through specialized organs (Way 1963; Cottrell 1984), and plants generally provide secretions to ants directly through extrafloral nectaries or pearl bodies (Beattie 1985; Schupp and Feener Chapter 13, this volume; Koptur Chapter 15, this volume).
Some Associations Between Ants And Euphorbs In Tropical Australasia.
Authors: Mackay D A , Whalen M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Euphorbiaceae is a large and diverse plant family, widespread in both the Old and New World tropics (Webster 1967), many members of which have extrafloral nectaries (Elias 1983) or other adaptations that encourage ant visitation. Most studies to date on interactions between ants and Old World members of this family have been conducted on myrmecophytic species, such as Macaranga triloba, which provide specialized food bodies and hollow stem domatia for one or a few species of ants (Ridley 191 O; Tho 1978; Rickson 1980; Maschwitz et al. 1984; Fiala et al. 1989, Chapter 18, this volume) and very little experimental work has been done on nonmyrmecophytic associations in which plants provide food bodies and/or extrafloral nectar for ants, but not nest sites (Whalen and Mackay 1988; Fiala et al. 1989).
Myrmecotrophy: Origins, Operation, And Importance
Authors: Benzing David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropical forests harbour a poorly understood but potentially important mutualism between arboreal ants and epiphytic vascular flora. Partners are diverse and the benefits to ant and plant vary, indicating that myrmecotrophy (the feeding of plants by ants) arose repeatedly under different conditions. Plants fed by ants belong to two groups which are distinguished by the type of organ that comes into contact with useful ant products.
Parasitism Of Ant-Plant Mutualisms And The Novel Case Of Piper
Authors: Letourneau D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An organism can be considered a parasite of a mutualism if it exploits resources or the services of mutualists, such that they are unavailable to the organisms that are capable of providing reciprocal benefits. Diffusely associated mutualists such as plants with extrafloral nectaries and their visiting coterie of ants and other insects have a large potential for parasitism. Visitors that do not protect the plant but imbibe nectar and thereby compete for nutrients with the most effective mutualists may reduce the efficiency with which the plant is protected. Exploitation of nectar by herbivores and scavengers (e.g. Agnew et al. 1982) is clearly parasitic.
The Influence Of Mound-Building Ants On British Lowland Vegetation
Authors: Woodell Stanley R J , King Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are forty-seven species of ant in Britain, most of which occur in the lowlands, but only nine are relatively common. The majority nest in the soil and feed mainly on honeydew and aphids. None of these ants habitually eats much vegetation or harvest many seeds. Although ants are numerous, and important consumers, obtaining over 200 KJ m-1 year-1 in British grasslands (King, 1981 a), most colonies are inconspicuous, merely having an entrance hole, perhaps with parts of flowers, seeds, or fruits scattered nearby. It may be for this reason that British research on the effects of ants on plants has concentrated upon the yellow ant, Lasius flavus F., which constructs prominent mounds in grasslands, sand dunes, and saltmarshes, and on the red wood ant, Formica rufa L., a large species which builds mounds of pine needles and other elongated vegetable matter and forages along trails across the soil surface and into trees. We shall concentrate upon Lasius flavus, which feeds on root aphid honeydew; Whittaker deals with Formica rufa in Chapter 6.
Parallels Between Ants And Plants: Implications For Community Ecology
Authors: Andersen Alan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botanists and zoologists often take little notice of each other. This is especially pronounced in the field (or is it fields?) of community ecology, where plant and animal ecologists traditionally tread separate paths. For example, plant ecologists talk of patterns and processes, animal ecologists of structure and dynamics. Zoologists hotly dispute the importance of competition as a factor structuring (?patterning) communities (Strong et al. 1984; den Boer 1986), whereas botanists accept it as fundamental (Harper 1977; Grime 1979; Tilman 1982).
The dynamics of cannibalistic populations: a foraging perspective
Authors: Dong Quan , Polis Gary A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many species, cannibalism can strongly affect population dynamics and mortality rates. However, it is less clear if and how it can stablize population size. If cannibalism is density-dependent, as has been shown for over 40 studies (see Fox 1975; Polis 1981 for reviews), it can potentially regulate population size (Polis 1981; Judeet al.1987; Sailaet al.1987). However, other models (Ricker 1962; Hastings and Constantino 1987) and empirical studies (Radovich 1962; Mertz 1969; Mertz 1972; Barber 1979a; Barber 1979b; DeAngeliset al.1979; Higgins 1990; Orret al.1990) show that cannibalism may also destabilize populations, often by causing cycles.