bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of policy instruments for chlorinated solvents. A comparison of design standards, bans and taxes to phase out trichloroethylene
Authors: Slunge Daniel , Sterner Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper studies the Swedish prohibition of trichloroethylene (TCE). TCE is a common solvent and in some uses a substitute for solvents such as the CFCs that were phased out internationally due to their ozone depleting effect. TCE is a strong solvent and hazardous to health and, therefore, more strictly controlled in most countries. Sweden is however alone in prohibiting its use completely. The ban has been at best a partial success and this illustrates the dilemmas inherent in the implementation of policy instruments in real world situations. Use has declined but not stopped, largely since the decision to ban TCE was challenged in the courts. The ban was also a point of contention in the membership negotiations that Sweden held when entering into the EU. Recently the EU Court of Justice decided in favour of Sweden's right to have a ban. There are however clear indications that the ban was not the best possible policy. It led to considerable energy being spent on litigation, resulting in a loss of prestige for the chemicals inspectorate. It also appears to have been less effective at reducing the use of TCE than the very strict technical requirements in Germany or the tax used in Norway. The article analyses a data set covering a large number of firms to discuss the marginal costs in different cases. Typically the cost of replacing TCE is low but there appear to be a few firms where it may be quite high. For the former, a tax (or deposit refund scheme) would be a good mechanism to achieve a swift phase‐out. For the latter, it may be more rational to require extremely low emission values (through technical standards). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Mathematical modelling of an infilled RC frame structure based on the results of pseudo‐dynamic tests
Authors: Dolšek Matjaž , Fajfar Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a technique is presented which employs the results of pseudo‐dynamic tests for the development of a mathematical model. This technique, described by means of the mathematical modelling of a three‐storey reinforced concrete frame building with infill in the bottom two storeys, which was tested at ELSA in Ispra, proved to be effective and to lead to a fairly accurate structural model. The results of analyses suggest that the global non‐linear seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill can be adequately simulated by a relatively simple mathematical model, which combines beam elements with concentrated plasticity, simple connection elements, and equivalent strut elements representing the infill walls (provided that the infill does not fail out of plane and that no shear sliding failure occurs). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENSMAC3D: a numerical method for solving unsteady three‐dimensional free surface flows
Authors: Tomé M.F. , Filho A.C. , Cuminato J.A. , Mangiavacchi N. , Mckee S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA numerical method for solving three‐dimensional free surface flows is presented. The technique is an extension of the GENSMAC code for calculating free surface flows in two dimensions. As in GENSMAC, the full Navier–Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference method; the fluid surface is represented by a piecewise linear surface composed of quadrilaterals and triangles containing marker particles on their vertices; the stress conditions on the free surface are accurately imposed; the conjugate gradient method is employed for solving the discrete Poisson equation arising from a velocity update; and an automatic time step routine is used for calculating the time step at every cycle. A program implementing these features has been interfaced with a solid modelling routine defining the flow domain. A user‐friendly input data file is employed to allow almost any arbitrary three‐dimensional shape to be described. The visualization of the results is performed using computer graphic structures such as phong shade, flat and parallel surfaces. Results demonstrating the applicability of this new technique for solving complex free surface flows, such as cavity filling and jet buckling, are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Analysis of the Efficiency of the Osaka Rice Market During Japan's Tokugawa Era
Authors: Hamori Shigeyuki , Hamori Naoko , Anderson David A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Dojima Rice Market in Osaka was the first futures market in the world, and an influential role model for
modern futures markets. This study examines the efficiency of the original futures market by applying
time‐series analysis to data on futures prices from Japan's Tokugawa era
(1603–1867). The results of cointegration tests indicate that the futures market functioned
efficiently during the first sample period (1763–1780), but its efficiency declined during the
second sample period (1851–1864). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
21:861–874, 2001
The common fragile site FRA16D and its associated gene WWOX are highly conserved in the mouse at Fra8E1
Authors: Krummel Kurt A. , Denison Stacy R. , Calhoun Eric , Phillips Leslie A. , Smith David I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, several common fragile sites (CFSs) have been cloned and characterized, including the two most frequently observed in the human population, FRA3B and FRA16D. In addition to their high frequency of breakage, FRA3B and FRA16D colocalize with genes crossing large regions of breakage. At FRA3B, the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene spans more than 1 Mb, and at FRA16D, the WWOX gene spans more than 750 kb. It has also been shown that in Mus musculus, a CFS Fra14A2 and the mouse Fhit gene are conserved in the orthologous region of the genome. In this study, we positioned the ortholog to WWOX (Wox1) at chromosome band 8E1 in the mouse genome. To determine whether, like Fra14A2 and Fhit, Fra8E1 and Wox1 colocalized in the mouse, we prepared bacterial and yeast artificial chromosome probes, and we hybridized them to aphidicolin‐treated mouse metaphase chromosomes. Our data demonstrate that Wox1 colocalizes with Fra8E1. Furthermore, the sequence from this region, including introns, is highly conserved over at least a 100‐kb region. This evolutionary conservation suggests that the two most active CFSs share many features, and that CFSs and their associated genes may be necessary for cell survival. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermolysis of 3‐alkyl‐3‐methyl‐1,2‐dioxetanes: activation parameters and chemiexcitation yields
Authors: Baumstark Alfons L. , Anderson Sean L. , Sapp Chariety J. , Vasquez Pedro C. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract3‐Methyl‐3‐(3‐pentyl)‐1,2‐dioxetane 1 and 3‐methyl‐3‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐propyl)‐1,2‐dioxetane 2 were synthesized in low yield by the α‐bromohydroperoxide method. The activation parameters were determined by the chemiluminescence method (for 1 ΔH‡ = 25.0 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −1.0 entropy unit (e.u.), ΔG‡ = 25.3 kcal/mol, k1 (60°C) = 4.6 × 10−4s−1; for 2 ΔH‡ = 24.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −2.0 e.u., ΔG‡ = 24.9 kcal/mol, k1 (60°C) = 9.2 × 10−4s−1. Thermolysis of 1–2 produced excited carbonyl fragments (direct production of high yields of triplets relative to excited singlets) (chemiexcitation yields for 1: ϕT = 0.02, ϕS ≤ 0.0005; for 2: ϕT = 0.02, ϕS ≤ 0.0004). The results are discussed in relation to a diradical‐like mechanism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:176–179, 2001
Equity considerations in health care: the relevance of claims
Authors: Cuadras‐Morató Xavier , Pinto‐Prades José‐Luis , Abellán‐Perpiñán José‐María 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe general issues of equity and efficiency are central to the analysis of resource allocation problems in health care. We examine them using axiomatic bargaining theory. We study different solutions that have been proposed and relate them to previous literature on health care allocation. In particular, we focus on the solutions based on axiomatic bargaining with claims, and show that they are appealing as distributive criteria in health policy. Finally, we present the results of a survey that tries to elicit moral intuitions of people about resource allocation problems and their different solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical treatment of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: A clinical analysis of 52 patients
Authors: Glas Afina S. , Vermey Albert , Hollema Harry , Robinson Peter H. , Roodenburg Jan L.N. , Nap Raoul E. , Plukker John Th. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundSurgical management of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland has a considerable risk of facial nerve injury and a high re‐recurrence rate. To obtain more insight into this issue we evaluated our experiences.MethodsMedical records and histologic material of all these patients (31 women and 21 men), who had been treated from 1976–1995 were reviewed. Median interval between initial treatment and commencement of recurrences was 3 (0.8–18) years. Last surgery consisted of parotidectomy in 48 patients (92%), including 19 (40%) total procedures and wide local excision with involved skin in four patients.ResultsAt a median follow‐up of 9 years, eight patients (8/52; 15%) had re‐recurrences develop, including 4 of 21 patients (19%) after a previous parotidectomy (group I) and 4 of 31 patients (13%) without prior parotidectomy (group II). The chance of re‐recurrence in a group of patients with a minimal follow‐up of 10 years after salvage surgery was 17% (4 of 24). The risk of a new relapse was, respectively, 4% and 8% at 1 and 5 years after treatment of recurrent disease. Acceptable N.VII function was preserved in 45 of the 49 (92%) nerves at risk. The risk of N.VII injuy was higher and more serious in group I (29% vs 10% in group II). The function of four of the five (80%) reconstructed zygomaticotemporal branches of the N.VII was adequate.ConclusionSurgical treatment of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland, usually consisting of a parotidectomy with wide extent and eventually facial nerve reconstruction, demonstrates favorable results with acceptable morbidity. The risk of new relapse and N.VII injury was higher after previous parotidectomy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 311–316, 2001.
The interaction between hydrology and geomorphology in a landscape simulator experiment
Authors: Hancock Greg , Willgoose Garry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn experimental landscape simulator has been developed which uses a rainfall simulator to create overland flow and erosion. The simulator uses rainfall sprinklers that eliminate rainsplash and an artificial soil which has little cohesion. Experimental landscapes developed in the simulator evolved according to Howard's headward growth model. Elements of Glock's model could be identified during evolution (i.e. initiation and maximum extension), but other stages of this model were not observed (i.e. extension and integration). The Horton concept of cross‐grading and micropiracy and stream piracy was not observed despite the dominance of overland flow, nor the groundwater headward growth mechanism proposed by Dunne, the latter due to experimental design, which eliminated any perched groundwater table. The experimental apparatus produced model landscapes that are scaled‐down analogues of real world processes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenovirus HSV‐TK construct with thyroid‐specific promoter: Enhancement of activity and specificity with histone deacetylase inhibitors and agents modulating the camp pathway
Authors: Kitazono Masaki , Chuman Yutaka , Aikou Takashi , Fojo Tito 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe successful use of tissue‐ or tumor‐selective promoters in targeted gene therapy for cancer depends on high and selective activity. Tg is a thyroid‐specific protein that is expressed in the normal thyroid and a majority of thyroid tumors. In the present study, we show, using a luciferase reporter assay, that a construct containing the putative Tg promoter and enhancer is active in 4 thyroid carcinoma cell lines (including 2 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines) and not in 5 cancer cell lines arising from nonthyroid tissues. Furthermore, both the activity and the specificity of this construct were increased by pretreatment with 8‐Br‐cAMP and the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide (FR901228). Expression of thymidine kinase in thyroid cancer cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) carrying a Tg enhancer/promoter‐thymidine kinase expression cassette (AdTg enhancer/promoter‐TK) correlated with the level of Tg enhancer/promoter activity in these cells. Under similar conditions, TK expression was not observed in cancer cell lines arising from nonthyroid tissues. Cells infected with AdTg enhancer/promoter‐TK demonstrated preferential GCV sensitivity, with up to a 100,000‐fold increase in GCV sensitivity in thyroid cancer cell lines compared to cancer cell lines of nonthyroid origin. The construct described herein can be used to selectively target thyroid cancer cells, and its expression can be modulated to further increase its specificity and selectivity, especially in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, using 8‐Br‐cAMP and depsipeptide. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene‐specific oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori–infected human gastric mucosa
Authors: Choi Jinhee , Yoon Sun‐hee , Kim Ja‐eun , Rhee Kwang‐ho , Youn Hee‐sang , Chung Myung‐hee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo study the status of oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori infection in more detail, we examined oxidative DNA damage to individual genes by determining the loss of PCR product of a targeted gene before and after gastric mucosal DNA was treated with 8‐hydroxyguanine glycosylase, which cleaves DNA at the 8‐hydroxyguanine residues. The results showed that, of the 5 genes tested, p53, insulin‐like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor‐β receptor type II showed significant oxidative DNA damage in H. pylori‐positive tissues and that the BAX and β‐ACTIN genes were relatively undamaged. These results suggest that in H. pylori infection, oxidative DNA damage does not occur homogeneously throughout the genomic DNA but, rather, in a gene‐specific manner. We conclude that the progressive accumulation of preferential oxidative DNA damage in certain genes, such as p53, likely contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CHC1‐L, a candidate gene for prostate carcinogenesis at 13q14.2, is frequently affected by loss of heterozygosity and underexpressed in human prostate cancer
Authors: Latil Alain , Morant Patrice , Fournier Georges , Mangin Philippe , Berthon Philippe , Cussenot Olivier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLoss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 13q14 is one of the most recurrent anomalies observed in sporadic prostate tumors. This LOH is believed to unmask recessive mutations that inactivate a tumor‐suppressor gene(s) which otherwise regulates normal cell growth and suppresses abnormal cell proliferation. Identification of potential tumor‐suppressor genes within the deleted region is a way of indicating putative pathways of prostate cancer development and progression. The main target that disappears or is downregulated as a result of 13q14 loss remains to be identified. Therefore, our first concern was to find a gene located in the 13q14 region whose transcription is reduced. CHC1‐L, for chromosome condensation 1‐like, is mapped to the smallest common deleted region. CHC1‐L expression is significantly reduced in prostate tumors compared to normal prostate tissues (p = 0.0002). In 21 of 36 (58%) primary prostate tumors studied, CHC1‐L expression was reduced at least 2‐fold, as measured by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR; 18 of the tumors (50%) showed 13q14 LOH for at least 1 of the 5 polymorphic markers that we studied in the region, and 14 (78%) of these were among the tumors underexpressing CHC1‐L. CHC1‐L is alternatively spliced at its 5′ end to produce 2 isoforms, of 551 and 526 aa. Analyses of CHC1‐L integrity and of the quantitative expression of its variants indicate that the observed underexpression in prostate tumors is related to reduced expression of the 551 aa isoform. Although CHC1‐L is not the obvious candidate given its only known homology, to RCC1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Ras‐related GTPase Ran, the frequent significant decrease observed in its expression in prostate cancer associated with the difference in frequency of CHC1‐L variant isoforms between normal and neoplastic prostate tissues places it in a pivotal role or possibly adjacent to a gene that has that role in prostate cancer evolution. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard
Authors: Riviere Jim E. , Smith Charles E. , Budsaba Kamon , Brooks James D. , Olajos Eugene J. , Salem Harry , Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExposure to chemical vesicants such as sulfur mustard (HD) continues to be a threat to military forces requiring protectant strategies to exposure to be evaluated. Methyl salicylate (MS) has historically been the simulant of choice to assess HD exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare the percutaneous absorption and skin deposition of MS to HD in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). The HD data were obtained from a previously published study in this model wherein 400 μg cm−2 of ]14C[‐MS or ]14C[‐HD in ethanol were topically applied to 16 IPPSFs and experiments were terminated at 2, 4 or 8 h. Perfusate was collected at increasing time intervals throughout perfusion. Radioactivity was determined in perfusate and skin samples. Perfusate flux profiles were fitted to a bi‐exponential model Y(t) = A(e− − e−) and the area under the curve (AUC), peak flux and time to peak flux were determined. Sulfur mustard had more pronounced and rapid initial flux parameters (P < 0.05). The AUCs determined from observed and model‐predicted parameters were not statistically different, although the mean HD AUC was 40–50% greater than MS. The HD skin and fat levels were up to twice those seen with MS, but had lower stratum corneum and residual skin surface concentrations (P < 0.05). Compared with other chemicals studied in this model, HD and MS cutaneous disposition were very similar, supporting the use of MS as a dermal simulant for HD exposure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of localized cold work on the heating characteristics of thermal therapy implants
Authors: Le Uyen T. , Tucker Robert D. , Park Joon B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of cylindrical palladium–cobalt alloy rods has proven effective in the clinical ablation of prostate cancer. In order to thermally destroy tissue, the ferromagnetic implants must heat to temperatures greater than 42 °C and produce a power output of at least 400 mW. However, localized cold work such as bending may effect the heating characteristics of these rods and have detrimental clinical effect. Three different types of test devices were manufactured to introduce cold work at one point in the implant: a sharp bend, a curvature, and an MTS three‐point bend. After bending, each rod was then restraightened. Rod power output before and after bending was measured by calorimetry. Statistical comparison of power output for prebent and restraightened rods versus degrees bent was performed through the use of the SAS® MIXED procedure to fit a mixed‐model repeated‐measures ANOVA with the use of multivariate models. In vitro testing showed that there was only a small change in the power output before and after rods were cold worked regardless of the type of bending. Therefore, localized cold work does not affect the clinical heating characteristics of rods. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 24–30, 2002
Investigation of interfacial strength and its structure on the development of a new design of UHMWPE acetabular component
Authors: Park Kwideok , Park Joon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies associated with the development of a new ultra‐high–molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular component have shown high interfacial tensile strengths through chemical and mechanical bonds between virgin UHMWPE or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and PMMA/methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer treated UHMWPE. Along with the interfacial strength, the mechanism of interfacial strength development has been investigated, correlating the interfacial strength to its structure, with the different molding temperatures or amount of PMMA in the treated UHMWPE. Of three different fracture patterns—adhesive, mixed, and cohesive—most fractures occurred in the mixed or cohesive mode, indicating either a strong interface or a weak bulk phase. Load‐displacement plots from the interfacial tensile tests represented two distinct fracture patterns, suggesting the nature of interfacial structure. Comparison of theoretical and real interfacial strength showed a close match between the two strengths for the interface between PMMA and treated UHMWPE, but a large difference for the interface between UHMWPE and treated UHMWPE. This result hints that although the PMMA/treated UHMWPE interface develops its interfacial strength in a relatively simple mechanism of direct chemical bonds, the UHMWPE/treated‐UHMWPE interface builds its strength in a complex way. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 363–372, 2002
Absorbable sandwich‐like membrane for retinal‐sheet transplantation
Authors: Hsiue Ging‐Ho , Lai Jui‐Yang , Lin Po‐Kang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeural retinal transplantation has great potential for the alleviation of different degenerative and hereditary retinal disorders. However, because of the fragile and soft nature of retina, retinal‐sheet transplantation is relatively difficult to achieve. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a technique for lamellar tissue transplantation. Biodegradable gelatin membranes were fabricated into a sandwich and encapsulated retinal grafts for transplantation. Before transplantation, we characterized the in vivo and in vitro properties of such membranes to determine the optimal sterilization procedure, that is, a sterile membrane with suitable degradability and good mechanical properties and without cytotoxicity. Three sterilization methods were conducted, with hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP), ethylene oxide (EO), and γ‐ray irradiation (γ). The results were compared with those of a control (no disinfection). Initial studies revealed that the gelatin membranes sterilized with HPGP or EO exhibited retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cytotoxicity, whereas the membrane sterilized by 16.6‐kGy γ ray irradiation had no RPE cytotoxicity and had enhanced mechanical properties. In the in vivo rabbit study, implanted gelatin membranes demonstrated satisfactory biocompatibility without any inflammation. Transplanted retinal sheets survived well and developed laminar structures. Such a method using gelatin membranes for tissue transportation has great potential for future routine retinal‐sheet transplantation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 19–25, 2002