bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introductory Biochemistry and Endocrinology of Sexual Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual development can be said to begin after the gonads have been determined to become testes or ovaries. It is usually divided into two levels: primary, referring to internal and external genital morphogenesis that is testis-dependent in males, but testis-independent in females, and secondary, referring to pubertal growth and maturation of the respective reproductive axes enabling reproduction. But there is reason to recognize a tertiary level: the emotional and interpersonal aspects of sexual development, including gender identity and role, and homosexual or heterosexual orientation.
Genetic Disorders Expressed by Gonadotropin Insufficiency
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as chorionic gonadotropin (CG) belong to the glycoprotein hormone family. A closely related member is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). All four are heterodimers that share a common a subunit bound noncovalently to a hormone-distinct subunit (Fig. 10-1). The regulation of both LH-and FSH-subunit expression is under the complex control of gonadal steroids, gonadal peptides (inhibins and activins), and the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Albanese et al., 1996). Certain regions of both subunits participate in receptor recognition, but the subunits are primarily responsible for interaction with specific (cognate) receptors that belong to the family of receptors whose effects are transduced by coupling to G proteins (Fig. 11-2). LH and CG are so similar that they bind to the same receptor. The function of each subunit depends on internal disulfide bonds that form between specific cysteine residues.
Syndromes with Sexual Maldevelopment
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A host of syndromes involve genital abnormalities in one or both sexes. In many of these conditions, hypogonadism also has been established, often on the basis of a central or hypothalamic-pituitary deficit (secondary hypogonadism, Table 15-1). In other cases, the gonadal failure is thought to be primary or the functional and anatomical status of the gonad is not known because of age or inaccessibility or simply lack of study.
Systemic Disorders of Sexual Development with Gonadal Dysfunction
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of systemic genetic disorders have been associated with gonadal dysfunction and impaired fertility. The various gene defects do not interfere with male genital differentiation, so there is no sexual ambiguity. But in some instances, such as early-onset lipodystrophic syndromes, the external genitalia, including the clitoris, may be large, perhaps because hyperinsulinism acts as a growth factor.
Autosomal Aneusomy and Sexual Maldevelopment
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although defective genital and/ or gonadal development is commonplace and can be expected when there are visible or molecular alterations of the X or Y chromosome, it is noteworthy that the same physical features occur with autosomal chromosome defects as well. This chapter treats a variety of chromosome “syndromes” involving partial or complete trisomy as well as partial or complete monosomy for a number of different chromosomes. Usually it is the external genitalia that are abnormal, and little or nothing is known about gonadal status, for most reported cases are in children. Moreover, the spectrum of defects in sexual development recorded herein must be considered in proper perspective because many case studies, especially those reporting partial or segmental trisomy or monosomy, are derived from patients with various translocations-the implication being that the phenotype may be variable to some extent, depending on the reciprocal chromosome(s) involved. For this reason, absolute or even relative incidence figures for the genital
Rhythm and Conversational Turn Taking in English
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isochronous beats, syncopated/early beats and silent/late beats as described in chapter 2 may be thought of as a set of rhythmic tools with which speakers configure their speech in time. We argue in this chapter that the temporal configuration of speech is something to which speakers attend not only within single turns but also across turns at talk. Although coordinating turns at talk is prima facie different from coordinating stressed syllables with one another, we shall see that the same set of rhythmic resources is used for the temporal configuration of speech across turns as for that within turns.
Rhythm in Turn Construction: Scansions in Italian Conversation
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving from turn transition-the dominant topic of the preceding chapters-to turn construction implies a shift of analytic focus. Although every contribution by a conversationalist, no matter how extended, is subject to the basic regularities of turn taking, the construction of some types of extended turn requires additional techniques and skills which are part of what we wish to call the rhetorics of every day language. These skills are not available to the same degree to every speaker, as is reflected in the fact that a speaker’s performance in the construction of an ex tended turn such as telling a story or a joke, presenting a point of view convincingly in an argument or engaging in some other oral genre may be assessed by other participants in terms of its quality.
The Problem Different Modern Verbal Systems and Their Synchronic Distribution
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I introduce the problem to be addressed in this study. Fully seven different independent clause verbal systems have been described across the Cariban family (and perhaps one or two more will someday be described for the southern Brazilian Cariban languages Arara, Bakairi, and Ikpeng). In a previous version of this work (Gildea 1992), I identified only two systems, which I labeled Set I (a nominative system) and Set II (an ergative system). Reduced in this way, the problem was simply stated: which system (if either) should we reconstruct to Proto Carib independent clauses, and how should we explain the genesis of the other system-where did it come from and how did it get into independent clauses in some, but not all, Cariban languages? The problem is now more complicated, in that we must ask which (if any) of the seven systems do we reconstruct to Proto Carib, and how do we derive the others from our reconstruction of Proto-Carib? For expository convenience, I give semiarbitrary labels to each of the seven: (i) Set I (inverse/split-S), (ii) Full Set II (ergative), (iii) Partial Set II (ergative), (iv) Progressive (nominative), (v) De-ergative (nominative), (vi) t-V-ce (ergative), and (vii) t-V-ce-mi (nominative). The seven systems are identified by means of six dis tinct, but interrelated, morphosyntactic properties: (i) forms and patterns of verbal personal prefixes and suffixes, (ii) verbal tense-aspect-modality (TAM) suffixes, (iii) nominal case-marking patterns, (iv) word order restrictions, (v) existence and agreement patterns of auxiliaries, and (vi) forms and morphological placement of the collective number markers. In section 2.1, I briefly characterize and illustrate each of the six systems in terms of these six properties. In 2.2, I discuss the distri bution of each system in modern Cariban languages, and in 2.3 I consider some logically possible hypotheses for how this plethora of verbal systems evolved.
The Morphosyntax of Possession in Proto-Carib
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Possessive constructions in most Cariban languages can be characterized in terms of a few simple parameters: the order is possessor-possessed in a head-marking construction (i.e., the possessed is marked rather than the possessor). Although each language usually has a particular suffix that most commonly indicates the “possessed” case, there is some lexical variation, with different words taking different suffixes and a few using vowel ablaut, idiosyncratic change, or no change at all (usually interpreted as a -0 suffix). These patterns are found in all Cariban languages described to date, and as such all reconstruct easily to Proto-Carib.
Other Proto-Carib Deverbal Forms
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the modern Cariban nominalizers are relatively well documented, and are thereby easily reconstructible to Proto-Carib, the modern Cariban infinitives and participles are relatively underdocumented. This might be due, in part, to the minor role such forms play in the grammar of most modern Cariban languages. Although the overall Proto-Carib inventory of such forms might ultimately turn out to be much larger, in this chapter I reconstruct only three forms: an infinitive suffix*-no (section 8.1); an attributive postposition *me, which combines with the *-topo nominalizing suffix to create a general purposive adverbial clause (8.2); and a series of inflections based on the participial suffix *-ce, including the purpose of motion*-ce, the perfect/passive participle *t-V-ce, and the nominalized participle *t-V-ce-mi. The comparative documentation in this chapter is fairly thin, definitely in need of bolstering by further field work. Nonetheless, the attested patterns are sufficiently clear to sustain the hypothesis that we must reconstruct such forms to Proto-Carib in these functions rather than in the functions they serve in the innovative verbal systems (as seen in part III).
The Full Set II Verbal System (Ergative)
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Full Set II system is the best known of the innovative systems. In at least five Cariban languages-Kap6n, Makushi, Pem6n, Kuikuru, and Kalapalo-the re analysis has established itself so firmly that all linguists who have worked on these languages consider it to be the basic system. The semantic and pragmatic arguments for reanalysis are indeed compelling: not only do verbs in Full Set II predicates translate into eventive clauses, but also they are so frequent that they have virtually wiped out all vestiges of the Set I system. In all but one of the languages that show Full Set II systems, the old Set I future-tense inflection (see Table 5.13 for examples) has been lost; in most, the Set I nonpast inflection has been lost as well, leaving the innovative verbal systems as the only means of expressing nonpast meanings. While a paradigmatic opposition still remains between Set I past tenses and Full Set II past tenses in Kap6n and Pem6n, the Full Set II system occurs with overwhelmingly greater frequency in the texts I have seen. In Makushi, the Set I past tenses have dropped out of use altogether, with the exception of one that mutated into an imperative marker (see 5.1.3). In Kuikuro and Kalapalo, no vestige at all is seen of the Set I system.
The Partial Set 11 Verbal System (Ergative/Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only clear case of a partial Set II verbal system is attested in Panare, where it gives rise to some of the most frequently used inflections. The Partial Set II system is similar to the Full Set II system in having preverbal free absolutive nouns in complementary distribution with absolutive prefixes on the verb. Similarly, auxiliaries are allowed, and word order is securely OVA. The two systems differ in that the Partial Set II system has more nominative properties: the A does not bear the ergative case marker, the auxiliary agrees with A/S, and free NS nominals nearly always occur postverbally (see Gildea 1993a; D. Payne 1994a).
The De-ergative Verbal System (Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The De-ergative verbal system is clearly reanalyzed only in Kuikuru, Kalapalo, and Panare. In this system, a transitive verb bears a nasal prefix in addition to a TAM suffix, and the etymological possessive prefixes refer to the A instead of to the0. When juxtaposed to the dominant ergative verbal systems found in these languages, the De-ergative system looks like an apparent reversal of grammatical relations, with the absolutive prefixes suddenly referencing A and the O occurring post verbally (although not bearing the ergative case marker that normally identifies A). The system in Kuikuru and Kalapalo is not classically nominative, however, in that the de-ergative prefix does not occur on intransitive verbs; Franchetto (1990b) nonetheless considers the De-ergative to be nominative in that the prefixes on any intransitive verb in the same TAM paradigm (even without the n- prefix) cross reference the S, thereby creating a nominative category.
The *t-V-ce-m+ Verbal System (Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While morphologically closely related to the *t-V-ce verbal system, in source construction and resultant morphosyntax the *t-V-ce-mi verbal system is more akin to the Partial Set II system or the Progressive system. The A/S occur postverbally with no case marking; the optional auxiliary agrees with the A/S; and the O occurs either pre- or postverbally, also with no case marking. Although there is no personal prefixation in the majority of clauses, two instances of apparent O prefixation are attested in Panare. One of the interesting facets of this reanalysis in Panare is that the orientation of the nominalized transitive participle seems to have reversed prior to reanalysis; that is, the noun derived from a transitive verb does not refer to the notional O but rather to the notional A of the verb (see section 8.3).
Crime, Criminal Justice, and Public Opinion
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public opinion plays a vital, at times determinant, role in the evolution of criminal justice policy and practice. This is true for most Western nations, but particularly for the United States. Politicians frequently cite (not always accurately) the views of the public in support of various policies. This has been true in the areas of gun control, parole, drugs, and above all sentencing reform. Sentencing commissions at the state and federal levels acknowledge the importance of developing guidelines consistent with community sentiment. Sometimes this is acknowledged by commission staff; occasionally it is explicitly stated within a formal commission publication. Specific sentencing laws such as the “three-strikes” laws mandating long periods of imprisonment for offenders convicted of a felony for the third time were passed in large measure in the name of growing public concern about recidivist, violent offenders.
White-Collar Crime
Authors: Shover Neal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly six decades have passed since Edwin Sutherland (1940) introduced the concept of white-collar crime. In his 1939 presidential address to the American Sociological Society, Sutherland outlined the case for its importance, criticized academic social scientists for the class bias in their near-exclusive focus on crimes of the disadvantaged, and called for more attention to respectable crime. He was not the first to point a finger at upperworld crime, but his efforts gave initial direction to investigations of it and its perpetrators. He also bequeathed a muckraking animus that is shared by many who find their way to studies of white-collar crime. Despite Sutherland’s efforts to move it into the criminological mainstream and the efforts of his successors, theoretical and empirical investigations of white-collar crime remain marginal to and largely unaffected by paradigmatic debates and core developments in criminology. They are the principal focus of research for proportionately few academics. One possible reason is the fact that few areas of criminological investigation are plagued with the intractable controversies that envelop this one. The conceptual ambiguities, distinctions, and taxonomies characteristic of the study of white-collar crime cause many to look elsewhere for their subject matter.
Organized Crime
Authors: Jacobs James B , Panarella Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the term organized crime is frequently associated with an Italian-American crime syndicate called the Mafia, La Casa Nostra, or Casa Nostra. With roots in Sicilian society and culture and in diverse gangs in the United States in the first third of the century, this syndicate emerged in something like its current form in the 1930s and reached the zenith of its power in illicit rackets, legitimate industry, labor unions, and politics in the 1960s and 1970s. Since the late 1970s, Casa Nostra crime families throughout the country have been the target of a relentless federal law enforcement effort that has sent most of Casa Nostra’s top leaders to prison and has challenged its control of unions and industries. At the same time, and perhaps because of the law enforcement attack, there are many signs of internal disarray and disintegration. While it is premature to declare Casa Nostra dead or even mortally wounded, its survival into the twenty-first century is not assured. So far no other organized crime group has the strength and sophistication to take the place of Casa Nostra.
Drug Control
Authors: Maccoun Robert , Reuter Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effort to control illicit drugs seems to have become a permanent element of American social policy in the last third of the twentieth century. A very large fraction of adolescents experiment with illicit drugs, primarily marijuana. Most do no more than experiment, but enough go on to consume them frequently that drug use and selling, as well as drug control itself, have become a major source of harms to the nation. These harms, particularly the ones related to crime, are heavily concentrated in urban minority communities.
Private Prisons
Authors: Harding Richard W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bankrupt, the states of the old Confederacy had all, within a decade or so of the end of the Civil War, adopted some variant of the system of leasing out inmate labor. Control of the state’s inmates, prisons, and equipment would be sold to the highest bidder. The successful entrepreneur’s profit lay in selling inmate labor or its fruits and in charging prisoners themselves or their families for subsistence and accommodation (Etheridge and Marquart 1993).
Capital Punishment
Authors: Hood Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Cesare Beccaria published his celebrated essay On Crimes and Punishments in 1764, he raised both moral and utilitarian objections to capital punishment. It not only was an unacceptably cruel weapon for an enlightened state to employ but also was less effective than imprisonment as a deterrent, and counterproductive in the moral message it conveyed, for it legitimized the very behaviorkilling-which the law sought to repress (Bowers 1984, pp. 6-7). Those who have continued to support the use of capital punishment for murder have taken the opposite view, namely, that it expresses and reinforces the moral indignation that citizens rightly feel when another citizen is killed, that those who have killed have forfeited their own right to life, and that no other penalty can have such a strong deterrent effect.
The “P” Phenomenon
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the “problem of P” from a syntactic standpoint. It will show why attempts to define P as a lexical category by means of syntactic tests can only produce indeterminate results. The most useful of these tests draw on semantic and pragmatic criteria, which indicates that we cannot analyze syntactic patterns without looking at the meaning and use of the elements involved.
Introduction
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theoretical construct “transformational rule,” a binary relation mapping one phrase-marker into another, has long played a central role in generative syntactic theory. Our research explores the following question: What exactly is the empirical content of transformational rules as formulated in contemporary transformational theories of universal syntax? Essentially, we will advance the hypothesis that the structure-building rules Merge and Move (Chomsky 1994) naturally express all syntactically significant relations; that is, if X and Y are concatenated, then X and Y naturally enter into syntactically significant relations. If correct, this theory will allow us to dispense with stipulated and hence unexplained definitions of syntactic relations defined on phrasestructure representations.
The Derivation of Syntactic Relations
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alongside explicit specifications of “syntactic feature” and “permissible syntactic feature bundle” (i.e., a possible syntactic category), perhaps the most fundamental construct postulated within syntactic theory is that of a “syntactic relation.” For example, the following are each considered to be core syntactic relations. a. (Subject-Verb 3sg.) Agreement: (Object-Verb) Theta Relation: (Accusative) Case Relation: (Reflexive) Binding Relation: (Passive) Movement Relation: The “is a” Relation:
The dog kicks_ walls. The dog kicks walls. The dog kicks them. The dog kicks herself.
Foundations of Effective Self-Regulation
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter discussed how legal and compliance offices depend on being seen as adding value to the firm as knowledgeable, reasonable, and politically important insiders. Individuals’ skills obviously influence how successful they are in this. More than any other factor, however, top management’s priorities and signals determine firms’ legal cultures because they govern the firm’s rules and internal politics. Regulatory pressures, private litigation, and arbitration generally did produce stronger internal controls; major breakdowns are less likely to occur in any large firm now than ten years ago. Still, firms’ legal cultures differ enough to get the notice of regulators and the individuals we interviewed. At this point we want to ask how these conclusions about regulation in the securities industry fit those regarding other industries and what this suggests about the advantages and limits of self-regulation generally.
What Are Honorifics?
Authors: Keating Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Honorifics” are systems of marking relative social status through grammatical choices. In languages with honorifics, expressions of differential status marking are actually part of the grammatical rules of the language. These contrasting expressions are isosemantic (Irvine l 992:252); that is, they are different ways of saying the same thing in terms of reference1 or truth2 values but offer speakers choices in terms of pragmatic3 values.