bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mourning, Humor, and Reparation Detecting the Joke in Seraph on the Suwanee, by Zora Neale Hurston
Authors: Tate Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jim Merchant is always in good humor-even with his wife. He says he fell in love with her at first sight. That was some years ago. She has had all her teeth pulled out, but they still get along splendidly. He says the first time he called on her he found out that she was subject to fits. This didn’t cool his love, however. She had several in his presence. One Sunday, while he was there, she had one, and her mother tried to give her a dose of turpentine to stop it. Accidentally, she spilled it in her eye and it cured her. She never had another fit, so they got married and have kept each other in good humor ever since.
Race and Social Darwinism
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE DOES NOT have to read very far in the writings of nineteenth-century social scientists to discover the immense influence of race theories among them. In studying human societies, they generally assumed that they were also studying innate racial character. Races were thought to represent different stages of the evolutionary scale with the white race—or sometimes a subdivision of the white race—at the top. Accordingly, any given society represented the power and influence of its various racial stocks and the amount and quality of the intermixture among them. Heredity was considered immensely more important than environment in conditioning the development of society, and to many of the social theorists heredity meant mainly race.
Postcards From The Trenches
Authors: Booth Allyson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unprecedented magnitude of death during World War I forever altered how people perceived their world and how they represented those perceptions. In Postcards from the Trenches, Allyson Booth traces the complex relationship between British Great War culture and modernist writings. She shows that, through the experience of the Great War, both civilian and combatant modernist writers found that language could no longer represent experience. She goes on to identify and contextualize several of the resulting modernist tropes: she links the dissolving modernist self to soldiers’ familiarity with corpses, the modernist mistrust of factuality to the apparent inaccessibility of facts regarding the “rape of Belgium,” and the modernist interest in multiple viewpoints to the singularity of perspective with which generals studied battlefield maps. Though her emphasis is on literary works by Robert Graves, E.M. Forster, and Vera Brittain, among others, Booth’s analysis extends to memorials, posters, and architecture of the Great War. This interdisciplinary quality of Booth’s study results in a much deeper understanding of how the Great War affected cultural representations and how that culture represented the War.
The Theo-Economics of God
Authors: Webb Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first and second chapter argue that the excessive either obliterates the possibility of an appropriate return or is immediately entangled in the predictable and mundane circularity of reciprocity. In the first case, the excessive is irrelevant, only negatively connected to social relations; in the second case, it is undialectically submerged in its opposite. Either way, excess comes to nothing. The gift is exchange hyperbolized, and yet gift giving seems to be merely a way of embellishing or enhancing the unbreakable logic of barter and trade. The ambiguity of the trope of hyperbole points to the central difficulty in gift giving. Does the gift exaggerate, in a pejorative sense, the encompassing calculations of exchange, or is there the possibility of interruption, disruption, and transformation? Does hyperbole merely heighten the customary transactions of this for that, or does its height beckon a mode of agency that radically threatens the dominance of “more of the same”? Moreover, is the disruption of the gift only a temporary reprieve from the persistence of exchange, or is it a genuine alternative, an antieconomy sustainable on its own terms?
Examination of the Tathāgata
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first of the final set of chapters in the text, all of which deal directly with topics concerning the ultimate truth and its relation to the conventional. The doctrine of the two truths, central to all Mahayana Buddhist philosophy, is most explicitly enunciated in Chapter XXIV. But it is present as a pervasive theme in the text. There is a conventional world of dependently arisen objects with properties, of selves and their properties and relations. And in that world there is conventional truth: Snow is white. Grass is green. Individual humans are distinct from one another and from their material possessions. But there is also an ultimate truth about this world: It is empty (of inherent existence). None of these objects or persons exists from its own side (independently of convention). From the ultimate point of view there are no individual objects or relations between them. Just how these two truths are connected, and how we are to understand them simultaneously, is the central problem of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā epistemology and metaphysics, and from the standpoint of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā a satisfactory solution is essential for Buddhist soteriological practice and ethics as well.
Religion, Federalism, and the Struggle for Public Life
Authors: Everett William Johnson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, the struggle for new forms of federal order and public life has exploded in central Europe, the former Soviet Union, and South Africa. Religious traditions and organizations have played a crucial role in these revolutions, and have also been critical to the establishment of constitutional orders in post-colonial countries like India. Moreover, they continue to undergird and to challenge the understanding of public life in the United States, whether in church-state conflicts or Native American religious claims. William Everett examines the role of religious traditions in the development of modern federal republicanism, seeking answers to such questions as: How have patterns of religious organization shaped federal republican orders? How do different cultures weave together these political and religious threads into a living fabric that fits their own cultural heritage? How are Western religious traditions of covenant and conciliarism relevant for understanding religion and constitutional developments in non-Western cultures? The author argues that a better comparative grasp of these dynamics is essential to our understanding of the establishment, sustenance, and development of federal republican governance. He presents, as a first step toward this goal, a detailed and comparative study of these patterns in India, Germany, and the United States.
What is plain English writing?
Authors: Bailey Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I first came across plain English, I was teaching writing in college. You can guess what I had been teaching: an overly formal style designed more to impress than simply to communicate clearly to the reader. Since then, I’ve switched to plain English and taught it extensively-in college and to many thousands of people in government and business. This book is a result of those experiences, and it’s designed to help you discover plain English.
The Emergence of American Methodism
Authors: Wigger John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1770 and 1820 American Methodists achieved a virtual miracle of growth, rising from fewer than 1 ,ooo members to more than 250,000. In 1775 fewer than one out of every 800 Americans was a Methodist; by 1812 Methodists numbered one out of every 36 Americans. By 1830 membership stood at nearly half a million. While other denominations expanded in absolute numbers, the Methodists gained an ever larger share of the religious market. In 1775 Methodists constituted only 2 percent of the total church membership in America. By 1850 their share had increased to more than 34 percent. This growth stunned the older denominations. At mid-century, American Methodism was nearly half again as large as any other Protestant body, and almost ten times the size of the Congregationalists, America’s largest denomination in 1776 These figures are even more impressive when one considers the movement’s wider influence. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, member ship requirements were relatively strict, and discipline, for the most part, was firmly adhered to. Methodists carefully watched over one anothers public and private lives, and all members were required to attend a weekly small-group gathering, called a class meeting. Here their spiritual lives and temporal dealings were open to examination by the class leader, and they might also be asked to pray in public. This, no doubt, was a threatening proposition for many.
They Were Too Smart
Authors: Watts Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1970s, rumors circulated that after Mae West’s death, her deepest secret would be revealed publicly for the first time. A few wagered someone would finally verify that the celebrated symbol of brazen female sexuality was not really a woman but a man. Others speculated that a source would confirm that West had African-American roots, that one of her ancestors had passed for white. Mae toyed with those bolder journalists who confronted her with the persistent rumors that she was a man, and when one writer, John Kobal, questioned her on her racial background and preference for the blues, she admitted only that “her affinity for black music was because it’s the best there is.” But all those who anticipated a bombshell at her death were to be eventually disappointed. In 1980, at the age of eighty-seven, Mae West died and was buried with the secrets that she was believed to have so carefully guarded throughout her life.
Introduction
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Will Durant’s formulation of the connection between economic life and religion symbolizes the dominant view among social scientists that religious conviction is something that has to be explained, rather than-as for most religious adherents themselves-something that explains. According to Durant’s phrase, belief in the existence of gods is the result of objective socioeconomic factors-that is, poverty is the independent variable and religious belief the dependent variable.
Latin American Protestantism and Economic Development
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the previous chapter summarized the most influential studies in the general culture-and-development field to provide readers an introduction to some of the presuppositions animating this book, this chapter looks exclusively at that segment of the culture-and development literature concerned with the dynamics between religious worldview change and socioeconomic life. In many of the studies referred to in chapter 1, religion was one of several variables under consideration. Religion is only one part of culture, but it is an exceedingly important one. Consequently, a number of scholars have concentrated specifically on the relationship between Protestantism and economic development.
Beyond All Reason
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Would you want to be operated on by a surgeon trained at a medical school that did not evaluate its students? Would you want to fly in a plane designed by people convinced that the laws of physics are socially constructed? Would you want to be tried by a legal system indifferent to the distinction between fact and fiction? These questions may seem absurd, but there are theories being seriously advanced by radical multiculturalists that force us to ask such questions. These scholars assert that such concepts as truth and merit are inextricably racist and sexist, that reason and objectivity are merely sophisticated masks for ideological bias, and that reality itself is nothing more than socially constructed mechanism for preserving the power of the ruling elite. In Beyond All Reason, liberal legal scholars Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry mount the first systematic critique of radical multiculturalism as a form of legal scholarship. Beginning with an incisive overview of the origins and basic tenets of radical multiculturalism, the authors critically examine the work of Derrick Bell, Catherine MacKinnon, Patricia Williams, and Richard Delgado, and explore the alarming implications of their theories. Farber and Sherry push these theories to their logical conclusions and show that radical multiculturalism is destructive of the very goals it wishes to affirm. If, for example, the concept of advancement based on merit is fraudulent, as the multiculturalists claim, the disproportionate success of Jews and Asians in our culture becomes difficult to explain without opening the door to age-old anti-Semitic and racist stereotypes. If historical and scientific truths are entirely relative social constructs, then Holocaust denial becomes merely a matter of perspective, and Creationism has as much “validity” as evolution. The authors go on to show that rather than promoting more dialogue, the radical multiculturalist preference for legal storytelling and identity politics over reasoned argument produces an insular set of positions that resist open debate. Indeed, radical multiculturalists cannot critically examine each others’ ideas without incurring vehement accusations of racism and sexism, much less engage in fruitful discussion with a mainstream that does not share their assumptions. Here again, Farber and Sherry show that the end result of such thinking is not freedom but a kind of totalitarianism where dissent cannot be tolerated and only the naked will to power remains to settle differences. Sharply written and brilliantly argued, this book is itself a model of the kind of clarity, civility, and dispassionate critical thinking which the authors seek to preserve from the attacks of the radical multiculturalists. With far-reaching implications for such issues as government control of hate speech and pornography, affirmative action, legal reform, and the fate of all minorities, Beyond All Reason is a provocative contribution to one of the most important controversies of our time.
The Mercenary Lover: Or, The Unfortunate Heiresses (1726)
Authors: Haywood Eliza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How little are the ill judging Multitude capable of chusing for themselves! How far are Wealth and Beauty, the two great Idols of the admiring World, from being real Blessings to the Possessors of them! With what numberless Dangers are their Attractions accompanied! and into what fatal lnadvertancies do they frequently plunge those who place their Dependance on them.
The Names of God
Authors: Brichto Herbert Chanan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Names of God, as in his previous study, Toward a Grammar of Biblical Poetics (OUP, 1992), Herbert Brichto continues to argue against the atomistic readings of the Hebrew Bible by the currently dominant schools of Biblical scholarship. He maintains, that despite the repetitions and self contradictions found in the Five Books of Moses, the Pentateuch possesses an aesthetic and ideological wholeness. Its harmonious blend of stories and structures inform one another as they give shape and meaning to the relationship and expectations between a benevolent God and recalcitrant humankind. In particular, Bichto focuses his “poetic” reading on the Book of Genesis. He uses the methods of contemporary literary criticism to examine one of the greatest inconsistencies within Genesis, the alternating use of Yahweh (the Lord) and Elohim (God) as names for the Deity. Often cited as the proof of multiple authorship, Brichto shows, instead, that this “inconsistency” serves as a device for a single author, using the specific name that is appropriate to each specific story. Brichto then proceeds to overturn other multiple-author proofs, including variations in genealogies, eponyms, and chronologies. He shows that their variety, ingenuity, and imaginative whimsy serve a vital poetic function in the structure of the text as a whole. Finding a unity in this diversity of genres, styles, and devices, Brichto overturns many of the assumptions of current scholarship as he solidifies his thesis of single authorship.
James Joyce A To Z
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These encyclopedic companions are browsable, invaluable individual guides to authors and their works. Useful for students, but written with the general reader in mind, they are clear, concise, accessible, and supply the basic cultural, historical, biographical and critical information so crucial to an appreciation and enjoyment of the primary works. Each is arranged in an A-Z fashion and presents and explains the terms, people, places, and concepts encountered in the literary worlds of James Joyce, Mark Twain, and Virginia Woolf. As a keen explorer of the mundane material of everyday life, James Joyce ranks high in the canon of modernist writers. He is arguably the most influential writer of the twentieth-century, and may be the most read, studied, and taught of all modern writers. The James Joyce A-Z is the ideal companion to Joyce’s life and work. Over 800 concise entries relating to all aspects of Joyce are gathered here in one easy-to-use volume of impressive scope.
B
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Bahnhofstrasse” One of the 13 poems that appears in Joyce’s second collection of verse, POMES PENYEACH (1927). This short poem was composed in Zurich around 1918, after Joyce’s first attack of glaucoma on Zurich’s Bahnhofstrasse in August 1917. The imagery in the opening line of the poem underscores Joyce’s reaction to this initial eye problem, which is coupled with the realization of lost youth. The poem’s pensive mood reflects Joyce’s twofold concern about his growing blindness and the process of aging.
E
Authors: Fargnoli Nicholas , Gillespie Michael Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initials of Emma CLERY, the never emerges, it is clear that Earwicker remains girl of whom Stephen DEDALUS is enamored in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In StefJhen Hero, the narrative refers to her by her full name and not just by her initials. Earwicker, Humphrey Chimpden The main figure of Finnegans Wake. Earwicker is most often identified as the sleeping hero whose dreaming mind is the central consciousness of the Wake and the psychological space in which the action of the work takes place. His presence, identity, occupation and history (as well as those of his wife, ANNA LIVIA PLURABELLE, and their three children-twin sons SHEM and SHAUN, and daughter ISSY) are subject to multiple changes and mutations that occur within the dream-like dynamics of the work. Throughout the Wake, Earwicker and his wife appear as polar opposites, forces that are distinct yet dependent on each other for their identities and very existence-Earwicker as the principle of space and time, Anna Livia as the source of rebirth and life. Shem and Shaun emerge ofttimes as conflicting aspects of F.arwicker’s own troubled self, and the split embodiment of his fear of aging. His relationship with his daughter, who reminds him of a younger Anna Livia, has incestuous overtones, for she appears to arouse his sexual desire.
Basic Genres of Ritual Action
Authors: Bell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all of the theories of ritual examined in part I come with their own typologies or classification systems for analyzing the plethora of ritual activities. While often descriptively useful, these typologies are designed to support the particular theory being advanced and sometimes reinforce unconscious assumptions about ritual. For example, a simple system proposed by Èmile Durkheim divided “the confused multiplicity of all the ritual forms” into two fundamental types of ritual action: one negative, the other positive. Negative rites, he argued, attemptto separate the human realm from the realm of the sacred by imposing restrictions or taboos, while positive rites attempt to bring the human and sacred realms into contact or communion. This classification system supports Durkheim’s underlying distinction between the sacred and the profane as two separate categories of human experience. Another common classification system distinguishes instrumental rituals, which attempt to accomplish something, from expressive rituals, which voice feelings or communicate ideas. The distinction between instrumental and expressive tends to support the idea that so called magical rites manipulate supernatural powers while so-called higher or devotional rites are a purer form of disinterested worship. For his part, Victor Turner ignored these systems and divided all rites into two basic genres, life-crisis rituals and rituals of affliction, two categories that stress the communal nature of ritual and Turner’s view of its sociocultural functions. Yet Turner’s categories are commonly used by other theorists who do not presume that these two types account for all ritual activity.
Theologians of a New World Order
Authors: Warren Heather A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book tells how a group of Protestant theologians forged a theology of international engagement for America in the 1930s and 40s, and how in doing so they informed the public rationale for the United States’ participation in World War II and stimulated American leadership in establishing both secular and international organizations for the promotion of world order. This remarkable group included Henry P. Van Dusen, Reinhold Niebuhr, John Bennett, Francis P. Miller, Georgia Harkness, and Samual McCrea Cavert. Warren show how, in creating a coherent, theologically-derived position and bringing it to bear on contemporary international issues, this group combined ideas with public action in a way that set the standard for American theologians’ social activism in the years to come.
Making a New International Order in the War Years 1939—1945
Authors: Warren Heather A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Germany Conquered Poland in September 1939, the consensus of prominent Americans was that the event should not alter U.S. neutrality. Liberals and conservatives alike preached this position. Liberals worried the war would divert attention and money from domestic problems; conservatives feared the repetition of higher taxes and government expansion of the Great War. Pacifists advocating mediation made strange bedfellows with the America First Committee, arguing that there was no danger of invasion if Germany won in Europe. Behind this public ratio-nale was a fundamental pride, a right of America to avoid entanglement in another “Old World war.” The attitude vexed the European ecumenical leaders. Visser ‘t Hooft wrote to Cavert, “[T]here is very great disappointment among all those who are working in international movements” because “America is giving so little response to the demands for help.” World Council headquarters in Geneva, like the city itself, became the hub of a maze of wartime dealings. Diplomats, resistance movement agents, influential refugees, and church leaders from many nations congregated at the office, so information about Europe at war was available there as nowhere else. The World Council staff had a German, Hans Schonfeld, and a Swede, Nils Ehrenstrom, whose contacts in the German diplomatic corps supplied news from the German-occupied countries and inside the reich itself.