bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Marrow Transplantation Can Attenuate the Progression of Mesangial Sclerosis
Authors: Guo Jian-Kan , Schedl Andreas , Krause Diane S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBone marrow (BM) transplantation has been shown to provide beneficial effects in injured organs, including heart, liver, and kidney. We explored the therapeutic potential of BM transplantation (BMT) in Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 (Wt1) heterozygous mice, which represent a model of mesangial sclerosis. After transplantation of wild-type BM, there is statistically significantly lower urinary albumin and increased survival in Wt1+/− recipients. Control BMT using Wt1+/− donors showed no significant beneficial effects. The long-term beneficial effect of BMT was dependent on the dose of irradiation applied to the recipients before BMT. At a lethal dose of 1,000 cGy, the decrease in albuminuria and prolongation of lifespan in Wt1+/− mice were transient, with maximal amelioration at 12 weeks and resumption of albuminuria by 24 weeks after BMT. This was, at least in part, due to irradiation and not Wt1 heterozygosity because wild-type recipients also developed albuminuria within 24 weeks of BMT with 1,000 cGy. In contrast, Wt1+/− mice transplanted after 400 cGy showed long-term improvement in albuminuria and lifespan. Approximately 0.4% of podocytes were marrow derived, a level that is unlikely to be responsible for the therapeutic effects. In addition, donor BM cells formed rings surrounding the glomeruli, and approximately one third of the cells in these rings were macrophages. In conclusion, transplantation of wild-type BM attenuates progression of mesangial sclerosis in the Wt1+/− model of renal disease, and the mechanism by which this occurs may involve engraftment of BM-derived cells in the renal parenchyma.
Three-Dimensional Nanofibrillar Surfaces Promote Self-Renewal in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Nur-E-Kamal Alam , Ahmed Ijaz , Kamal Jabeen , Schindler Melvin , Meiners Sally 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The regulation of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) fate is controlled by the interplay of signaling networks that either promote self-renewal or induce differentiation. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that is required for stem cell renewal in mouse but not in human embryonic stem cells. However, feeder layers of embryonic fibroblasts are capable of inducing stem cell renewal in both cell types, suggesting that the self-renewal signaling pathways may also be promoted by other triggers, such as alternative cytokines and/or chemical or physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by feeder fibroblasts. We have recently used a synthetic polyamide matrix (Ultra-Web) whose three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrillar organization resembles the ECM/basement membrane. Growth of mESCs on this nanofibrillar surface greatly enhanced proliferation and self-renewal in comparison with growth on tissue culture surfaces without nanofibers, despite the presence of LIF in both systems. Enhanced proliferation and self-renewal of the stem cells on nanofibrillar surfaces were correlated with the activation of the small GTPase Rac, the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and the enhanced expression of Nanog, a homeoprotein required for maintenance of pluripotency. Inhibitors of PI3K reduced the expression level of Nanog in mESCs cultured on 3D nanofibrillar surfaces. These results provide support for the view that the three-dimensionality of the culture surface may function as a cue for the activation of Rac and PI3K signaling pathways, resulting in stem cell proliferation and self-renewal.
Role and Function of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Differentiation and Biological Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Mannello Ferdinando , Tonti Gaetana A.M. , Bagnara Gian Paolo , Papa Stefano 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), known as matrixins, are Ca- and Zn-dependent endoproteinases involved in a wide variety of developmental and disease-associated processes, proving to be crucial protagonists in many physiological and pathological mechanisms. The ability of MMPs to alter, by limited proteolysis and through the fine control of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, the activity or function of numerous proteins, enzymes, and receptors suggests that they are also involved in various important cellular functions during development. In this review, we focus on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (including those of the myoblastic, osteoblastic, chondroblastic, neural, and apidoblastic lineages) and the possible, if unexpected, biological significance of MMPs in its regulation. The MMP system has been implicated in several differentiation events that suggests that it mediates the proliferative and prodifferentiating effect of the matrixin proteolytic cascade. We summarize these regulatory effects of MMPs on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and hypothesize on the function of MMPs in the stem cell differentiation processes.
Nitrate Movement in Shallow Ground Water from Swine‐Lagoon‐Effluent Spray Fields Managed under Current Application Regulations
Authors: Israel Daniel W. , Showers William J. , Fountain Matthew , Fountain John 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTRapid increases in the swine (Sus scrofa domestica) population in the 1990s and associated potential for nitrate N pollution of surface waters led the state of North Carolina to adopt stringent waste management regulations in 1993. Our objectives were to characterize (i) nitrate N movement from waste application fields (WAFs) in shallow ground water, and (ii) soil, hydrologic, and biological factors influencing the amount of nitrate N in the adjacent stream. A ground water monitoring study was conducted for 36 mo on a swine farm managed under new regulations. Water table contours and lack of vertical gradients indicated horizontal flow over most of the site. Nitrate N concentrations in water from shallow wells in WAFs averaged 30 ± 19 mg L−1 and δ15N ratios for nitrate N were between +20 and +25 per mil. Nitrate N concentration decreased from field‐edge to streamside wells by 22 to 99%. Measurement of δ18O and δ15N enrichment of nitrate in ground water throughout the WAF–riparian system indicated that denitrification has not caused significant 15N enrichment of nitrate. Over a 24‐mo period, δ15N ratios for nitrate N in the stream approached δ15N ratios for nitrate N in ground water beneath WAFs indicating delivery of some waste‐derived nitrate N to the stream in shallow ground water. Nitrate N concentrations in the stream were relatively low, averaging 1 mg L−1 Dilution of high nitrate N water in shallow horizontal flow paths with low nitrate N water from deeper horizontal flow paths at or near the stream, some denitrification as ground water discharges through the stream bottom, and some denitrification in riparian zone contributed to this low nitrate N concentration.
An Alum‐Based Water Treatment Residual Can Reduce Extractable Phosphorus Concentrations in Three Phosphorus‐Enriched Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Novak J. M. , Watts D. W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe accumulation of excess soil phosphorus (P) in watersheds under intensive animal production has been linked to increases in dissolved P concentrations in rivers and streams draining these watersheds. Reductions in water dissolved P concentrations through very strong P sorption reactions may be obtainable after land application of alum‐based drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Our objectives were to (i) evaluate the ability of an alum‐based WTR to reduce Mehlich‐3 phosphorus (M3P) and water‐soluble phosphorus (WSP) concentrations in three P‐enriched Coastal Plain soils, (ii) estimate WTR application rates necessary to lower soil M3P levels to a target 150 mg kg−1 soil M3P concentration threshold level, and (iii) determine the effects on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Three soils containing elevated M3P (145–371 mg kg−1) and WSP (12.3–23.5 mg kg−1) concentrations were laboratory incubated with between 0 and 6% WTR (w w−1) for 84 d. Incorporation of WTR into the three soils caused a near linear and significant reduction in soil M3P and WSP concentrations. In two soils, 6% WTR application caused a soil M3P concentration decrease to below the soil P threshold level. An additional incubation on the third soil using higher WTR to soil treatments (10–15%) was required to reduce the mean soil M3P concentration to 178 mg kg−1 After incubation, most treatments had less than a half pH unit decline and a slight increase in soil EC values suggesting a minimal impact on soil quality properties. The results showed that WTR incorporation into soils with high P concentrations caused larger relative reductions in extractable WSP than M3P concentrations. The larger relative reductions in the extractable WSP fraction suggest that WTR can be more effective at reducing potential runoff P losses than usage as an amendment to lower M3P concentrations.
Nutrient and Sediment Losses Under Simulated Rainfall Following Manure Incorporation by Different Methods
Authors: Little Joanne L. , Bennett D. Rodney , Miller Jim J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIncorporation of manure into cultivated soils is generally recommended to minimize nutrient losses. A 3‐yr study was conducted to evaluate sediment and nutrient losses with different tillage methods (moldboard plow, heavy‐duty cultivator, double disk, and no‐incorporation) for incorporation of beef cattle manure in a silage barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cropping system. Runoff depths, sediment losses, and surface and subsurface nutrient transfers were determined from manured and unmanured field plots at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. A Guelph rainfall simulator was used to generate 30 min of runoff. Sediment losses among our tillage treatments (137.4–203.6 kg ha−1) were not significantly different due to compensating differences in runoff depths. Mass losses of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in surface runoff were greatest from the no‐incorporation (NI) treatments, with reductions in TP loads of 14% for double disk (DD), 43% for cultivator (CU), and 79% for moldboard plow (MP) treatments. Total N load reductions in 2002 were 26% for DD, 70% for CU, and 95% for MP treatments compared to the NI treatments. Nutrient losses following incorporation of manure with the DD or CU methods were not significantly different from the NI treatments. Manure treatments generally had lower runoff depths and sediment losses, and higher phosphorus and nitrogen losses than the control treatments. Subsurface concentrations of NH4–N, NO3–N, and TN were greatest from the MP treatments, whereas subsurface phosphorus concentrations were not affected by tillage method. Tillage with a cultivator or double disk minimized combined surface and subsurface nutrient losses immediately after annual manure applications.
Phosphorus Cycling in Wetland Soils
Authors: Turner Benjamin L. , Newman Susan 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTProductivity in P limited peatlands is regulated in part by the turnover of organic phosphates, which is influenced by the chemical nature of the compounds involved. We used solution31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantify organic and inorganic phosphates in benthic floc (a mixture of plant detritus and algae) and underlying soil from sites along P gradients in hard water and soft water areas of the northern Florida Everglades, USA. Phosphorus‐enriched sites were dominated by cattail (Typhaspp.), while unenriched sites included sawgrass (Cladium jamaicenseCrantz) ridges and open‐water sloughs. Phosphorus extracted in a solution containing 0.25MNaOH and 50 mMEDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) included phosphate, phosphate monoesters, DNA, and pyrophosphate. Signals from phosphate monoesters were consistent with those from alkaline hydrolysis products of RNA and phospholipids formed during extraction and analysis, whereas phytic acid (myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate), the most abundant organic phosphate in most soils, was not detected. Phosphorus composition was similar among sites, although neither DNA nor pyrophosphate were detected in extracts of benthic floc from a calcareous slough. DNA was a greater proportion of the P extracted from soil compared to benthic floc, while the opposite was true for pyrophosphate. Research on the cycling of organic phosphates in wetlands focuses conventionally on the turnover of phosphate monoesters, but our results suggest strongly that greater emphasis should be given to understanding the role of phosphate diesters and phosphodiesterase activity.
Soil Water Repellency Induced By Long‐Term Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent
Authors: Wallach R. , Ben‐Arie O. , Graber E. R. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis study describes soil water repellency developed under prolonged irrigation with treated sewage effluent in a semiarid environment. Soil surface layer (0–5 cm) and soil profile (0–50 cm) transects were sampled at a high resolution at the close of the irrigation season and rainy winter season. Samples from 0‐ to 5‐cm transects were subdivided into 1‐cm slices to obtain fine scale resolution of repellency and organic matter distribution. Extreme to severe soil water repellency in the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil surface layer persisted throughout the 2‐yr study period in the effluent‐irrigated Shamouti orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Shamouti] orchard plot. Nearby Shamouti orange plots irrigated with tap water were either nonrepellent or only somewhat repellent. Repellency was very variable spatially and with depth, appearing in vertically oriented “repellency tongues.” Temporal and spatial variability in repellency in the uppermost 5‐cm soil surface layer was not related to seasonality, soil moisture content, or soil organic matter content. Nonuniform distribution of soil moisture and fingered flow were observed in the soil profile after both seasons, demonstrating that the repellent layer had a persistent effect on water flow in the soil profile. A lack of correlation between bulk density and volumetric water content in the soil profile demonstrates that the observed nonuniform spatial distribution of moisture results from preferential flow and not heterogeneity in soil properties. Soil water repellency can adversely affect agricultural production, cause contamination of underlying ground water resources, and result in excessive runoff and soil erosion.
Optimal design of batch‐storage network with multitasking semi‐continuous processes
Authors: Yi Gyeongbeom , Reklaitis Gintaras V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe periodic square wave (PSW) model was successfully applied to the optimal design of a batch‐storage network. The network structure can cover any type of batch production, distribution, and inventory system, including recycle streams. Here we extend the coverage of the PSW model to multitasking semi‐continuous processes as well as pure continuous and batch processes. In previous solutions obtained using the PSW model, the feedstock composition and product yield were treated as known constants. This constraint is relaxed in the present work, which treats the feedstock composition and product yield as free variables to be optimized. This modification makes it possible to deal with the pooling problem commonly encountered in oil refinery processes. Despite the greater complexity that arises when the feedstock composition and product yield are free variables, the PSW model still gives analytic lot sizing equations. The ability of the proposed method to determine the optimal plant design is demonstrated through the example of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) plant. Based on the analytical optimality results, we propose a practical process optimality measure that can be used for any kind of process. This measure facilitates direct comparison of the performance of multiple processes, and hence is a useful tool for diagnosing the status of process systems. The result that the cost of a process is proportional to the square root of average flow rate is similar to the well‐known six‐tenths factor rule in plant design. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
A heuristic method based on a statistical approach for Chinese text segmentation
Authors: Yang Christopher C. , Li K. W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe authors propose a heuristic method for Chinese automatic text segmentation based on a statistical approach. This method is developed based on statistical information about the association among adjacent characters in Chinese text. Mutual information of bi‐grams and significant estimation of tri‐grams are utilized. A heuristic method with six rules is then proposed to determine the segmentation points in a Chinese sentence. No dictionary is required in this method. Chinese text segmentation is important in Chinese text indexing and thus greatly affects the performance of Chinese information retrieval. Due to the lack of delimiters of words in Chinese text, Chinese text segmentation is more difficult than English text segmentation. Besides, segmentation ambiguities and occurrences of out‐of‐vocabulary words (i.e., unknown words) are the major challenges in Chinese segmentation. Many research studies dealing with the problem of word segmentation have focused on the resolution of segmentation ambiguities. The problem of unknown word identification has not drawn much attention. The experimental result shows that the proposed heuristic method is promising to segment the unknown words as well as the known words. The authors further investigated the distribution of the errors of commission and the errors of omission caused by the proposed heuristic method and benchmarked the proposed heuristic method with a previous proposed technique, boundary detection. It is found that the heuristic method outperformed the boundary detection method.
Word‐oriented approximate string matching using occurrence heuristic tables: A heuristic for searching Arabic text
Authors: Mustafa Suleiman H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this article, a word‐oriented approximate string matching approach for searching Arabic text is presented. The distance between a pair of words is determined on the basis of aligning the two words by using occurrence heuristic tables. Two words are considered related if they have the same morphological or lexical basis. The heuristic reports an approximate match if common letters agree in order and noncommon letters represent valid affixes. The heuristic was tested by using four different alignment strategies: forward, backward, combined forward–backward, and combined backward– forward. Using the error rate and missing rate as performance indicators, the approach was successful in providing more than 80% correct matches. Within the conditions of the experiments performed, the results indicated that the combined forward–backward strategy seemed to exhibit the best performance. Most of the errors were caused by multiple‐letter occurrences and by the presence of weak letters in cases in which the shared core consisted of one or two letters.
Failure of enoxaparin during coronary stenting: A case report
Authors: Chisholm Robert J. , Cantor Warren 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA 90‐year‐old male underwent coronary stenting following a bout of coronary insufficiency. Coronary stenting was performed 6 hr following the last dose of low‐molecular‐weight heparin but was complicated by extensive intrastent clot formation. Low‐molecular‐weight heparin in the absence of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker may be insufficient during percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical Deposition of Ni(OH)2 and Fe‐Doped Ni(OH)2 Tubes
Authors: Chou Shulei , Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun 
Published: September 2005

AbstractArrays of Ni(OH)2 and Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2 tubes were successfully prepared by electrochemical deposition in porous alumina membranes under ambient conditions. Extensive analysis of the tubes was carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the electrodeposition method yielded uniform Ni(OH)2 and Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2 tubes with inner diameters of 150–180 nm, wall thicknesses of 20–30 nm, and lengths of about 60 μm. This template‐based electrochemical deposition method can be extended to the synthesis of other similar materials such as micro‐ or nanotubes, ‐wires, and ‐rods. Furthermore, the Ni(OH)2 and Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2 tubes may have promising applications in alkaline rechargeable batteries and electrocatalytic electrolysis for the production of hydrogen. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Aerosol‐Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of NbS2 and TaS2 Thin Films from Pentakis(dimethylamido)metal Complexes and 2‐Methylpropanethiol
Authors: Peters Emily S. , Carmalt Claire J. , Parkin Ivan P. , Tocher Derek A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThin films of NbS2 and TaS2 have been produced from [M(NMe2)5] (M = Nb, Ta) and tBuSH by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition on glass. Gold‐colored, reflective films were obtained and deposition took place at 250–350 °C for NbS2 and 225–450 °C for TaS2 using dichloromethane or hexanes as solvent. The niobium and tantalum sulfide films were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to identify possible compounds present in the aerosol mist, the solution phase reaction of [M(NMe2)5] and five equivalents of tBuSH in toluene at room temperature was carried out. Yellow crystals of the partially substituted tantalum thiolate [Ta(S‐tBu)2(NMe2)3] were isolated. The X‐ray structure of [Ta(S‐tBu)2(NMe2)3] has been determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Direct Syntheses and Structural Novelty of Lanthanoid Aryloxides with Flexible Radial Arms
Authors: Cole Marcus L. , Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Proctor Kathryn M. , Scott Janet L. , Strauss Christopher R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDirect treatment of excess lanthanum, europium or ytterbium metal with 2,6‐dibenzylphenol (HOdbp) at 150 °C afforded [La2(Odbp)6], [Eu2(Odbp)4] and [Yb(Odbp)2]n, respectively, in high yields. Alternatively, treatment of Yb metal with excess HOdbp gave an ytterbium(III) species [Yb2(Odbp)6], similar to the lanthanum analogue. X‐ray crystal structures were obtained for [La2(Odbp)6], [Eu2(Odbp)4] and [Yb2(Odbp)6]. [La2(Odbp)6] and [Yb2(Odbp)6] are pseudo‐centrosymmetric dimers with two terminal and four bridging Odbp– ligands and [Eu2(Odbp)4] crystallizes as a centrosymmetric dimer with further organization in a polymeric form through supramolecular interactions. All three structurally characterized compounds achieve coordination saturation by Ln–π‐arene interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)