bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absent Witnesses? The Critical Apparatus to the Greek New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers
Authors: Elliott J Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Table II of The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers shows that outside the synoptic gospels there are Aa-rated citations in the Apostolic Fathers from 1 Corinthians, Hebrews, and 1 Peter, and Ab-rated citations from Romans, 1 Corinthians, Galatians, and 1 Peter. An ‘A’ rating employed there indicates that there is ‘no reasonable doubt’ that the Father knew the particular New Testament book; an ‘a’ or ‘b’ refers to the relative closeness of a quotation in the Apostolic Fathers to the biblical text. We might expect our modern critical editions to show the evidence of some of these Apostolic Fathers for variants at these points. This is not the case, however. Souter’s Text and Canon may have been inflential, especially in its conclusion that the results of the Oxford Committee’s Wndings in their New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers have ‘hardly any bearing on the choice between variants in a passage of the New Testament’.
Polycarp’s Letter to the Philippians and the Writings that later formed the New Testament
Authors: Holmes Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘No method in literary study’, wrote E. J. Goodspeed in 1941, ‘is more objective or more fruitful than the comparison of one work with another to determine the question of literary indebtedness—which one shows acquaintance with the other, use of it, and dependence upon it.’1 One may perhaps grant him his point in theory, but scarcely in practice;2 one does not have to be post-modern to recognize that the presuppositions (conscious or otherwise) one brings to the investigation and the question(s) one seeks to answer both shape one’s analysis and conclusions. For the present discussion the shaping focal question is relatively straight-forward: is there any demonstrable evidence that Polycarp, in his letter to the Philippians,3 has made use of any of the writings that later formed the New Testament? The simplicity of the question masks, of course, substantial methodological and procedural diffculties. These have been well articulated by Andrew Gregory, whose general approach and perspective have been adopted.4
Wisdom in the Apostolic Fathers and the New Testament
Authors: Young Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many and various ways wisdom appears to be a key concept in the early church. By the time of Augustine, it has spiritual and intellectual connotations, as well as Christological significance,1 both of these aspects of wisdom having roots in the Bible and earlier tradition. The figure of person wed Wisdom, as described in Proverbs 8, was at the centre of the doctrinal controversy initiated by Arius in the fourth century.2 From the second century on, wisdom Figured in Gnostic myths, and so, being contested, was ripe for reclamation or resistance by those claiming to be orthodox. Scholarly literature suggests that in various ways wisdom is important in the New Testament. So it seemed a natural research question to ask: what about wisdom in the texts known as the ‘Apostolic Fathers’? The results were a surprise. It may be that they demand a reassessment of some classic scholarly assumptions.
The Church in Ephesians, 2 Clement, and the Shepherd of Hermas
Authors: Muddiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ground-breaking volume, The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, published by a committee of the Oxford Society for Historical Theology1 in 1905, whose centenary this volume and its companion celebrate, introduced into the discussion of the delicate question of the earliest attestation to the New Testament documents some necessary distinctions.
Ignatius, ‘The Gospel’, And The Gospels
Authors: Hill Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusions drawn by Inge for the Oxford Committee a century ago with regard to the question of Ignatius’ use of the canonical gospels were very measured, though generally positive. While careful not to claim certainty, Inge wrote that the parallels supported the probability of Ignatius’ knowledge of Matthew, Luke, and John.1 His assessment was more optimistic than many later ones would be, particularly after the publication in 1957 of Helmut Köster’s landmark book, Synoptische U¨ berlieferung bei den Apostolischen Va¨tern,2 which argued that Ignatius’ synoptic parallels do not signify his knowledge of any of our written gospels, but only his use of (usually older) ‘free tradition’. Not only did this book establish a method for approaching synoptic parallels in the Apostolic Fathers, it also gave an authoritative interpretation of Ignatius’ use of the term ‘gospel’, which Koester has maintained ever since, now with many others. When Ignatius uses the term ‘gospel’, Koester concludes, it ‘certainly does not refer to any written text enumerating the basic topics of Jesus’ appearance. It is rather the message of salvation in general of which the center is Christ’s death and resurrection.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intersection between human rights and the Community’s law and practice has proved to be both a contentious and complex subject. It poses questions that span both the macro and micro levels of Community affairs. Indeed, few areas of Community law and policy have escaped scrutiny in this respect. Even before the notion of ‘mainstreaming’ became institutionally fashionable, human rights issues would surface across the spectrum of Community activity. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the subject has attracted significant scholarly and political attention. In particular, over the past thirty years, one can observe an exponential growth in the production of Community institutional pronouncements and deliberations connected with human rights concerns. Critiques and commentaries upon specific human rights policies adopted by the Community have also proliferated, tracking developments and proposing reform. Throughout, the role human rights can and do play in the Community’s practice remains an implicit question.
Employees’ Individual Statutory Rights Where There Is No Transfer
Authors: Hyams Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main statutory employment right of employees where there is a business reorganisation but no TUPE transfer is the right not to be unfairly dismissed. The employer could dismiss fairly only for redundancy or ‘some other substantial reason’ within the meaning of section 98(1)(b) of the ERA 1996. A considerable body of case law has been developed in relation to dismissals where it is claimed by the employer that the dismissal was fair for either or both of those reasons, and the effect of that case law is described in this chapter. There is in addition some protection of employees under the law of discrimination which needs to be mentioned, not least because there are some specific provisions relating to the redundancy of women who are on maternity leave.
Collective Obligations Where There Is A Tupe Transfer
Authors: Hyams Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is primarily concerned with the obligations of TUPE transferors and transferees in relation to the provision of information to, and consultation with, the representatives of affected employees or, where there are no such representatives, the employees themselves. It is also concerned with the effect of a TUPE transfer on any collective agreement made by or on behalf of the transferor with a trade union which is recognised by the transferor in respect of any employee whose contract of employment is preserved by regulation 4(1).
Tupe Transferor’s Obligations To The Transferee
Authors: Hyams Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject matter of this chapter is the obligation imposed for the ﬁrst time by regulation 11 of the TUPE Regulations 2006 on a TUPE transferor in relation to a TUPE transfer occurring on or after 19 April 2006 to notify to the transferee in writing or by otherwise making it available to the transferee ‘in a readily accessible form’ certain information concerning each employee who is ‘assigned to the organised grouping of resources or employees that is the subject of a relevant transfer’. The information is described below first. Regulation 12 of TUPE provides for a remedy for a breach of the obligation, and its effects are then stated. By design or otherwise, the obligation imposed by regulation 11 is strict in that there is no statutory excuse for a breach of the obligation (although the remedy for a breach of the obligation may not always be substantial).
Other Consultation Obligations
Authors: Hyams Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two further sets of regulations which impose obligations on an employer to consult with representatives of the employer’s workforce where a reorganisation is proposed. Both sets of regulations apply only to employers of a certain size. They are the Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999 (‘the TICE Regulations’) and the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (‘the ICE Regulations’).
Paul and the Metaphors for Salvation: Some Reflections on Pauline Soteriology
Authors: Fee Gordon D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At our last ‘summit’ I noted in passing that Paul’s central concern theologically is ‘salvation in Christ’. But this is a phrase that needs unpacking. First, the supposition of ‘salvation in Christ’ is the triadic nature of God, since it is predicated on the love of God the Father, is effected through the death and resurrection of Christ the Son, and is made effective through the Spirit of God who is also the Spirit of the Son. Second, the goal of salvation is not simply the saving of individuals and fitting them for heaven, as it were, but the creation of a people for God’s name, reconstituted by a new covenant. Third, the framework of God’s ‘salvation in Christ’ is thoroughly eschatological, meaning that Christ’s death and resurrection and the gift of the Spirit mark the turning of the ages, whereby God has set in motion the new creation, in which all things eventually will be made new. Fourth, the means of ‘salvation in Christ’ is Christ’s death on the cross and his subsequent resurrection in which death itself has been defeated.
Redemption from the New Perspective? Towards a Multi-Layered Pauline Theology of the Cross
Authors: Wright N T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calling something ‘new’ is always risky, and the ‘new perspective’ on Paul, now a quarter of a century old since it was introduced by Ed Sanders in 1977, is starting to look rather frayed around the edges. Others have written its history; some are now trying to write its epitaph. I come neither to bury Sanders nor to praise him, but to do two things simultaneously: to look at Paul’s doctrine of ‘redemption’ from (one version of) the perspective Sanders proposed, and in so doing to see what if anything can be redeemed from his proposal. I am conscious that the current wave of gravediggers are making room for more than one coffin, and that some of them at least want to bury N. T. W. along with E. P. S. (and indeed J. D. G. D.). But I am inclined to believe that the rumours of my theological demise have been exaggerated, and that the modified and developed version of the’new perspective’ (hereafter NP) which I adopt possesses not only life but considerable explanatory and exegetical power.
God made Christ to be Sin (2 Corinthians 5: 21): Reflections on a Pauline Paradox
Authors: Aletti Jean-No ëL , J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
2 Corinthians 5: 21 is known as one of the most difficult Pauline statements because of its paradoxical style and the issue at stake. Even recently the verse has been interpreted as if Christ had really become a sinner: ‘Paul teaches that Christ became the receptacle of the power of sin and its curse . . . Though innocent and sinless, Christ become a transgressor through an act of substitution . . . A real transfer of sin and curse to Christ was essential. Christ must truly become polluted.’ Such an exegesis has a long history, in both Protestant and Roman Catholic traditions, as two representative texts make clear:
‘He Himself is Our Peace’ (Ephesians 2: 14): Early Christian Views of Redemption in Christ
Authors: Briandaley SJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A year or so ago, I had the opportunity to deliver a series of lectures in Oxford on the christology of the Fathers. While I was there, I had a number of conversations on the subject with an old friend who is also a theologian and a Patristic scholar, and at one point he raised a question that he said he had long been unable to answer in a satisfactory way for himself: granted that God desires to save humanity from its own self-destructive course of sin and alienation, granted that God wishes to intervene in history and to reconcile his creatures with himself through some kind of revelation and atonement, why must we think that he did this through an incarnate Son? Why does it not make just as much sense to think of God redeeming the world through a delegate, an appointed mediator or broker of reconciliation, who is himself a creature? Why, in other words, does Christian soteriology—as has often been argued—require a Nicene or even an Athanasian, rather than an Arian understanding of the saviour?
The Power in the Blood Sacrifice, Satisfaction, and Substitution in Late Medieval Soteriology
Authors: Bynum Caroline Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent discussions of the history of soteriology argue that two distinct understandings of redemption (or atonement) emerged in the twelfth century: Anselm of Canterbury’s theory of satisfaction and Peter Abelard’s exemplarism. Anselm’s Cur Deus Homo? jettisoned, we are told, the older idea that Christ saved humankind by tricking the devil or ransoming man from his power, and argued instead that Christ satisfies and redeems the debt man owes to God because of human disobedience.
Images of Redemption in Art and Music
Authors: Brown David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I want to explore how the Christian doctrine of redemption has been understood through an examination of some key images by means of which it has been appropriated. Hopefully, this will avoid merely repeating the standard accounts of which particular theories of atonement came to prominence when and also any suggestion that we are dealing simply with theory rather than a lived reality within the Christian’s life. I do not pretend that the examples I have chosen are the most central or significant, only that they are illuminating. The examples in question are the lamb of God, the descent into hell, and the prodigal son. Although all three play a role in the church’s liturgical life, the meaning extracted from them is far from being as uniform or constant as this might initially suggest. There is a richness in the biblical imagery that defies too narrowly defined interpretations. Readers familiar with the role of the first image in the Agnus Dei and of the second in the Apostles’ Creed may still be surprised to discover the third labelled as liturgical. In this I reveal my own identity as an Anglican, as one of the most popular innovations in the modern Church of England has been the introduction of a concluding prayer that takes the prodigal son as its theme. Representative applications in art and music will be used to draw some tentative conclusions.
The Redemption of the Created Order: Sermons on Romans 8: 18–25
Authors: Shuster Marg Uerite 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Gerald O’Collins suggests in several different ways in his introduction to this volume, the hope of redemption may rightly be extended beyond humankind to the created order as a whole. Not only are creation and redemption tied together in so far as they occur through the mediation of Christ, but God’s promise is of a new earth as well as a new heaven—a whole redeemed universe. Not only human beings suffer the effects of human sin and thus stand in need of redemption, but also the rest of creation struggles, suffers, fails to reach its proper end, and deteriorates or dies. And scripture is explicit both that this futility seen in creation is on humankind’s account, and that creation’s deliverance is linked to that of humankind (Rom. 8: 19–23).
Introduction
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concurrency is the main feature of competition law enforcement in the EU 1.01 and the UK. Administrative proceedings against undertakings suspected of having infringed the relevant competition law prohibitions may be brought by the Commission or any national competition authority in the EU. Any party affected by, or involved in, a competition law infringement may commence civil proceedings to seek damages, injunctive relief, or a declaration. In some European countries, including the UK, participation in a cartel may give rise to criminal prosecutions.
Concurrent Enforcement Of Competition Law
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enforcement of competition law is characterized by a multiplicity of sanctions and remedies. The same set of facts may give rise to administrative and criminal sanctions as well as private law remedies.1 Administrative sanctions The evolution of the legal thinking on the right to damages for breach of Community competition law is reflected in J Temple Lang Antitrust Compliance and [1981] CML Rev Damages for Breach of Article Temple Lang Competition Actions in Member States—Claims for Damages, Declarations and Injunctions for Breach of Community Antitrust Law’ in BE Hawk (ed), Annual.
Judicial Proceedings
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the different types of judicial proceedings in com-4.01 petition law matters. Judicial proceedings are proceedings where the final determination of rights and obligations is made by a court in the first place. In administrative proceedings, the final determination of the issues involved is made by the courts exercising judicial review or appeal jurisdiction over decisions or action by the administrative body. However, the case is determined, in the first place, by the administrative authority. In judicial proceedings, there is no final determination of the case as a whole before the judgment or the verdict of the court. Administrative authorities may bring
Stays
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first area for consideration in the sphere of private law remedies arising out of competition law infringements relates to the relationship between administrative proceedings before the Commission of the European Communities or the national competition authority and civil proceedings in the English courts. There is a consistent body of case law on this subject. The principles can be considered settled. The Commission has also issued a Notice on cooperation between the Commission and the courts of the EU Member States in the application of Articles 81 and 82 EC.2
Criminalization Of Cartels
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on criminalization of cartels in the UK and its interactions with civil proceedings and administrative proceedings by the OFT or the Commission. 9.02 Criminal sanctions for hard-core cartels in the UK were introduced in 2003. A clear procedural framework is needed, to avoid unnecessary litigation on procedural issues and unnecessary delays when the provisions in Part 6 of the Enterprise Act 2002 are applied.
Arbitration And Concurrent Proceedings
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arbitral tribunals and competition authorities pursue different objectives and have jurisdiction in respect of different remedies. However, in the same way as national courts may exercise jurisdiction over the same factual matters as administrative bodies, arbitral tribunals may have to deal with the same factual matrix as is the subject matter of investigations by the Commission or national competition authorities. The case law of the Court of Justice on concurrent civil proceedings before national courts and administrative proceedings by the Commission does not apply to arbitration. Therefore, the arbitrators have no guidance on the principles that govern concurrent arbitral and administrative proceedings in competition law.
Characterization
Authors: Yeo Tm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The view which has been preferred so far is that choice of law is relevant 3.01 where equitable doctrines are sought to be applied in a case involving international elements, because there is nothing in the nature of the equit­ able rules of the law of the forum that requires their mandatory application, and that not all principles of equity form part of the fundamental public policy of the law of the forum, the mandatory rules of the forum, or are of such a formative nature that the law of the forum should always apply (Chapter 1). Instead, the same choice of law methodology and categories should be used irrespective of the historical origins of the domestic rules sought to be applied (Chapter 2).
Property
Authors: Yeo Tm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines claims and issues involving equitable doctrines 6.01 that would or should be characterized as falling within the choice of law category of property and its various sub­categories. Section II analyses situations where equitable doctrines may be invoked in inter vivas property transactions. Section III deals with the trust, in particular the difficult question of the scope of application of the Hague Trusts Convention beyond an express trust that is evidenced in writing. This is an important question, because it determines whether the court should be looking at common law choice of law rules at all. Section IV considers issues relating to succession. Section V examines the scope of the choice of law category of matrimonial property, and considers its potential expansion to deal with more modern problems.
The Entrepreneurial Event Revisited Firm Formation in a Regional Context
Authors: Feldman Maryann P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entrepreneurship and new-firm formation are central to current thinking about economic growth, especially at the regional level and specifically in the formation of regional clusters of industrial innovation. Start-up firms are the embodiment of innovation, especially for radical new technologies that are not easily absorbed into existing firms (Audretsch, 1995). New industries such as semiconductors, microcomputers, biotechnology, and information and communications technologies (ICT) have largely developed in geographically defined clusters, and although this phenomenon is certainly not new, places with such colorful names as Silicon Valley, Medical Alley, or Research Triangle have captured the public imagination as the vehicle for industrial change and economic development.
Deconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or Policy Panacea?
Authors: Martin Ron , Sunley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role of location in the global economy. Some have argued that globalization is rendering the significance of location for economic activity increasingly irrelevant (O ‘Brien, 1992; Cairncross, 1997; Gray, 1998). Others, however, espouse the opposite view, that globalization is actually increasing rather than reducing the importance of location, that it is promoting greater regional economic distinctiveness, and that regional economies rather than national economies are now the salient foci of wealth creation and world trade (Ohmae, 1995; Coyle, 1997, 2001; Krugman, 1997; Storper, 1997; Porter, 1998a; Scott, 1998, 2001; Fujita et al., 2000).