bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Discoveries Of Astronomical Winds
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often the mistakes we make in the interpretation of observed phenomena lead to fascinating creations. In Scotland the aurorae were called “The Merry Dancers,” whereas people of ancient China may have associated them with “flying dragons.” Some Scandinavians thought aurorae to be the ghosts of dead maidens, and in Greenland the indigenous people believed them to be the spirits of stillborn children playing ball. The development of a crude understanding of the aurorae during the 19th century and first decades of the 20th century resulted in the realization that the Sun ejects material reaching the Earth at speeds of many hundreds and sometimes thousands of kilometers per second. Often the material causing a spectacular aurora is ejected in a pulse rather than continuously.
Fluctuating Asymmetry and the 2nd : 4th Digit Ratio in Children
Authors: Trivers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have always found it advantageous to keep an empirical project going alongside whatever theoretical work I am trying to do, fieldwork, for example, in Jamaica. It provides several kinds of relief from the theoretical work and gives you something to do when you are not otherwise particularly creative. In any case, as an early graduate student at Harvard, I watched pigeons in my spare time and then studied lizards as part of my thesis (and as a means of visiting Jamaica frequently). In more recent years, most of my academic position being in an anthropology department, I have tried to study our own species.
Meat-Eating by the Fourth African Ape
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J , Bunn Henry T , Murray Shawn , Pickering Travis , Moore Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two and a half million years ago (de Heinzelin et al. 1999, see also Bunn this volume), hominids processed carcasses of large bodied, terrestrial, group-living ungulates in a savanna woodland or grassland setting. In contrast, modem chimpanzees (the most carnivorous of the extant apes) rarely scavenge and hunt only small- to medium-sized, primarily arboreal prey in forest and woodland settings (Stanford 1998). The ancestral primate diet, seen in most extant species weighing &gt;1 kg, provides energy from simple carbohydrates in fruit (Strait 1997; Fleagle 1999), whereas animal carcasses provide energy from lipids. Carbohydrates are digested in the stomach, whereas lipid digestion takes place in the small intestine (Lambert 1998). The ancestral diet provides the majority of protein from leaves, which package protein within plant cell walls composed of indigestible fiber. Access to this protein requires fermentation by large bacterial colonies housed in expanded stomachs or colons (Chivers and Langer 1994). When eaten at amounts seen in humans, meat contains levels of nitrogen toxic to foregut bacterial colonies and levels of fiber too low to prevent colonic twisting in hindgut fermenters like gorillas or chimpanzees.
Theoretical Problems Regarding Managerial Enterprises and Family Enterprises
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I have attempted to analyze the top management of leading Japanese enterprises as part of my research into the history of managerial enterprises and family enterprises, a project that has engaged me for many years. Managerial enterprises and family enterprises are both concepts proposed by A. D. Chandler, and, although I have based the development of my own postulations on Chandler ‘s theoretical framework, I have, however, taken a different stance from Chandler and many Chandlerians.
The Transition from a Family Enterprise to a Managerial Enterprise
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a founder has been successful in his or her business and is confident about its future, there comes a time when he or she has to decide to hand over its ownership and management to a designated heir. The first possibility to consider when handing over the company is whether or not the heir is an appropriate one. If not, the founder might consider the supplementary, or alternative, approach of handing the firm over to a family member who is not the obvious heir, such as a wife (husband), siblings, or other children. Moreover, in the event that the heir has a health problem or is considered too young, the founder would also expect support from other close associates or family members in helping the heir execute his or her ownership and management responsibilities.
Erikson’s Thought in Context
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever Erikson considered the patients in his care or the subjects of his psychohistorical biographies or essays, he was careful to place them in the context of their lives and times. We owe him no less. The bulk of Erikson’s writings spans the years 1936 to 1984, nearly a half century during which his adopted America changed significantly and Erikson himself developed from late young adulthood to old age. That social context is important to his thought, for it anchors his work. But his early life was an enduring influence on him as well. A sensitive, deeply reflective, and introspective man, early sources of confusion remained with him throughout his life as a sub-stratum of his thought and searching.
Insightful Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering that Erikson held adult insight in high esteem as the preeminent quality which makes one more human and humane, he had less to say directly about this attribute than about other characteristics and renditions of adulthood. He held that insight development is necessary if one is to understand the self as one who is prejudiced, is less than optimally childlike, and tends toward the moralistic and the historically, culturally biased. However, although he described insight at those outcome levels, he said little about the process, that is, about how one goes about developing insight. Erikson himself said that his theoretical work was lacking when it came to defining and elaborating insight; yet, because he emphasized this attribute as a capacity and tool of the highly developed adult, insight requires our separate consideration.1
Acclaim and Criticism for Erikson’s Theory and His Concepts of the Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we considered Erikson’s largely unknown concepts about the adult, keeping his depictions of various adult stages, crises, and turning points mostly aside. Erikson was concerned about what it means to be an adult and what the adult might yet become. “What is the adult sui generis,” he asked. Why do we take adulthood “for granted?”1 What potentials and powers might reveal themselves were we not so entangled with childhood-based notions that elasticize into adulthood? Why do we use as benchmarks the behavior of other adults scattered around us, and why are notions about the adult sometimes restricted by the very moralisms which, in the best of development, adults avoid?
Scrambling: Syntactic Properties
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mixed syntactic semantic properties of the leftward argument scrambling (henceforth simply scrambling) operation in languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Japanese and German pose significant problems for an adequate syntactic description, in terms of both the trigger for the operation as well as the landing site it targets. As the first chapter demonstrated, the fact that scrambling positively affects binding configurations by overriding WCO effects and licensing reflexives suggests that a characterization of it as Case-driven NP-movement is opportune, but the fact that it is also amenable to reconstruction suggests that the proper description should typologize scrambling with WH-movement or derived XP-adjunction. A consideration of the interpretive effects of the scrambling operation problematizes the description further, as scrambled constituents can exhibit the properties of topics or of such quantificational items as specific (in)definites, suggesting that scrambling may also need to be characterized as topicalization and/or an overt quantifier-raising operation.
Binding and Coreference in UG
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claim that scrambling is uniformly an XP-adjunction operation meets its major empirical challenge from the instances of scrambling that override WCO effects and putatively license reflexives. These instances provide a mandate for a reappraisal of the theory of binding, coreference, and re-construction in UG, rather than for a fracturing of the uniform analysis of scrambling as an XP-adjunction operation. This chapter initiates this exercise. Because the cases in which scrambling exhibits the binding properties of Case-driven NP-movement involve possessive reflexives and pronominals, I examine, in the first two sections of the chapter, the predictions a binding theory based on Chomsky (1986b) makes for these categories. The discussion here reveals that the configurations commonly held to be relevant for the application of Principles A and B of the standard binding theory cannot explain either the ability of Hindi-Urdu possessive reflexives to take longdistance subject antecedents or the anti-subject orientation of possessive pronominals.
The Changing Meaning of Aging
Authors: Moody Harry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction Moody explores the meaning that is attributed to aging by the people who speak for our society. Drawing on best-seller lists of popular and professional books, Moody reviews for us the changing opinions of the postwar years. In the years immediately following World War II, when the focus of the nation was on a return to normalcy, the aged were seen as a group vulnerable to disability and as a social problem. But then the historical situation changed. In the late sixties and early seventies the institutions of the society came into question. It was a time of, in Moody’s terms, public pessimism and private optimism. Community became less important than self-realization. In the public mind the aged were an interest group whose claims were competitive with the claims of other interest groups, including children. But then, in another shift, selfrealization came to be defined in less material terms.
The Search for Meaning in the Later Years: The Views of a Seventy-Four-Year-Old Gerontological Social Worker
Authors: Dobrof Rose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
eidtors’ introduction In this last chapter Rose Dobrof discusses the search for meaning as she has witnessed it in her many years of work with the aged and as she now witnesses it in herself. Evident in her discussion is the increasing salience of this search as the Third Age, with its potential for activity and busyness, fades.
Quincunx
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five is Dr. Googol’s favorite number, and 5-fold symmetry is his favorite symmetry. Would you care for a barrage of mathematical trivia befitting only the most ardent mathophiles? ® Not only is 5 the hypotenuse of the smallest Pythagorean triangle, but it is also the smallest automorphic number. Let me explain. A Pythagorean triangle is a right-angled triangle with integral sides. For example, the smallest Pythagorean triangle has side lengths 3, 4, and 5. An automorphic number n, when multiplied by itself, leads to a product whose rightmost digits are n. Not counting the trivial case of the number 1, 5 and 6 are the smallest automorphic numbers because 5 × 5 = 25 and 6×6 = 36. Examining a larger number, the square of 25 is 625. Note that 25 appears as the final 2 digits of 625.
The Pipes of Papua
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late last autumn, while enjoying the brisk New England air, Dr. Googol took a walk with Omar Khayyam, his octogenarian friend. Omar whispered a tale about his buddies who had once explored Papua New Guinea in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Dr. Googol should tell you right up front that he can never be certain as to the accuracy of Omar’s tales. During the past 10 years his stories have evolved into highly embellished tales, composed of myth and truth, perhaps more of the former than the latter, depending on his mood. Whatever the case, Dr. Googol recounts his colorful story here and lets you decide about the authenticity of Omar’s old recollections.
The Triangle Cycle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol spends long hours contemplating a number puzzle called the Triangle Cycle. The puzzle begins with that simple shape of geometry—the triangle—and soon becomes fiendishly complex. Place a single digit at each corner of a triangle so that the lines that connect adjacent digits create 2-digit numbers that are multiples of either 7 or 13. (The 2-digit number needs to be a multiple in only 1 direction.) For example, a line connecting 1 and 9 is valid because you can read it as 19 or 91, and 91 equals 13 x 7. We can make a triangle starting with these two digits by putting a 3 in the third corner, as seen in Figure 19.1a. One of these lines connects 1 and 3, forming the number 13 (13 times 1), while the other connects 3 and 9, forming 39 (13 times 3).
Riffraff
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After weeks of searching, Dr. Googol has finally found a beautiful, spacious, lowrent apartment with French doors and a southern exposure. But on his first night, he discovers a slight disadvantage: all the apartments surrounding his are filled with musicians who practice only after the sun goes down. Not only can’t Dr. Googol sleep, but each musician plays the most unmelodious pattern. Above him is the maniacal mathematical trumpeter Fermats Navarro. Every night he plays the same thing.
Klingon Paths
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was watching Star Trek on television when he invented this gruesome puzzle. This grid of numbers is Klingon City, and it’s a tough place to live. Each Klingon inhabiting this world carries a bomb worn at the hip as a testament to his courage. As a Klingon walks through the grid of squares, the first time he comes in contact with a number, his bomb receives a signal; if the bomb is exposed to that number a second time, the bomb explodes and the Klingon dies. Klingons, being brave warriors, never show fear—in fact, they love the brutal challenge of the game.
Einstein, Ramanujan, Hawking
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol surveyed many mathematicians on the following question: Which of the following would have had the most profound effect on our world today? Several respondents suggested that Stephen Hawking’s affliction forced him to concentrate on black hole theory and also increased public interest in these theories. Therefore, they thought that removal of his affliction would not have had a favorable effect on the world.
A Ranking of the 5 Saddest Mathematical Scandals
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here’s a quick quiz on (and ranking of) quirky, sad mathematical scandals. Dr. Googol has never found a person who could identify all the people referred to below: 1. What brilliant, famous, and beautiful woman mathematician died in incredible pain because her mother withdrew all pain medication? (Hint: The woman is recognized for her contributions to computer programming. The mother wanted her daughter to die painfully so that her daughter’s soul would be cleansed.) 2. Which brilliant mathematician was forced to become a human guinea pig and subjected to drug experiments to reverse his homosexuality? (Hint: He was a 1950s computer theorist whose mandatory drug therapy made him impotent and caused his breasts to enlarge. He also helped to break the codes of the German Enigma machines during World War II.)
The 10 Most Difficult-to-Understand Areas of Mathematics
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can hardly imagine a gorillas understanding the significance of prime numbers, yet the gorillas genetic makeup—its DNA sequence—differs from ours by only a few percentage points. These minuscule genetic differences in turn produce differences in our brains. Additional alterations of our brains would admit a variety of profound concepts to which we are now totally closed. What mathematics is lurking out there that we can never understand? What new aspects of reality could we absorb with extra cerebrum tissue? And what exotic formulas could swim within the additional folds? Philosophers of the past have admitted that the human mind is unable to find answers to some of the most important questions, but these same philosophers rarely thought that our lack of knowledge was due to an organic deficiency shielding our psyches from higher knowledge.
The 15 Most Famous Transcendental Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book’s introduction, Dr. Googol explained his love of integers and hinted he would seldom discuss complicated numbers like Ji with an infinite number of digits. Please forgive him for this brief yet fascinating digression into transcendental numbers. The mathematical constant pi, denoted by the Greek letter it, represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. It is the most famous ratio in mathematics both on Earth and probably for any advanced civilization in the universe. The number π, like other fundamental constants of mathematics such as e = 2.718 . . . , is a transcendental number. The digits of π and e never end, nor has anyone detected an orderly pattern in their arrangement. Humans know the value of n to over a billion digits.
Hailstone Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a recent trip to the Himalayas, Dr. Googol found himself walking in a blinding hailstorm! The hailstones drifted up and down in the wisps and eddies of wind. Sometimes the stones shot up for as far as his eye could see and then came plummeting back to Earth, smashing into the ground like little meteorites. Dr. Googol smiled because he realized hailstones provide a wonderful metaphor for one of the most famous and unusual problems in number theory. He whipped out a piece of paper from his pocket and began scribbling a strange sequence of numbers: 7, 22,11, 34,17.
Beauty, Symmetry, and Pascal’s Triangle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was climbing Cheops’s pyramid in Egypt when he became mesmerized by the triangular faces created by row upon row of large, rectangular bricks. He began to imagine a number painted on each face of the pyramid as a grin of pure delight lit up his face. He was dreaming of Pascal’s triangle—one of the best-known integer patterns in the history of mathematics. The famous mathematician Blaise Pascal was the first to write a treatise about this progression of numbers, in 1653—although the pattern had been known by Omar Khayyam as far back as A.D. 1100.
Saippuakauppias
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter Dr. Googol is more interested in palindromic numbers than palindromic words or sentences. Palindromic numbers are positive integers that “read” the same backward or forward. For example, 12,321, 11, 261162, and 454 are all palindromic numbers. Figure 57.1 is an interesting plot showing the distribution of the first 200 palindromes when multiplied by a constant. To create the plot, start with an integer x between 1 and 200, multiply it by a constant a, and determine if the result is a palindrome. The “multiplier” a on the y axis of the plot goes from 1 to 200. A dot on the graph indicates a palindromic number. The various patterns produced are quite interesting, and Dr. Googol is fond of making a few casual observations. Note that there is clearly a dense structure below some “hyperbolic” boundary. There is a conspicuous vertical line of closely spaced dots at x = 55 corresponding to 10 consecutive odd a values that produce palindromes. The products are 55 x 91, 55 × 93, 55 × 95, 55 × 97, 55 × 99, 55 × 101, 55 × 103, 55 × 105, 55 × 107, and 55 × 109. Also, when the x-axis value is an even multiple of 5, there are no y data. When the x-axis value is a nonpalindromic odd multiple of 5, they data are scarce. When x is palindromic, there are many y-data points. Notice the plot has symmetry: if x × y is palindromic, y × x is also palindromic.
The X-Files Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was on the set of The X-Files, the highly acclaimed TV series involving FBI investigations of paranormal phenomena. He turned to David Duchovny, one of the lead actors in the series.“David, people have used numbers to predict the end of the world. But predictions usually don’t appear in mathematical journals.” Dr. Googol raised his eyebrows. “This one appeared in the January 1947 issue of the American Mathematical Monthly.”
A Low-Calorie Treat
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was enjoying a piece of chocolate cake in Mel’s Diner at 1840 Grand Concourse in the Bronx when he invented “cake integers”—a delicious low-calorie snack for health-conscious readers. Here’s the big question. Given a circular cake, using just 4 straight vertical knife cuts, what’s the maximum number of pieces you can create? Try this puzzle on a few friends. With just 1 cut, the answer is obvious: 2 pieces. With 2 cuts, you can create, at most, 4 pieces. How many pieces can you create with 4 cuts? It turns out that the answer is 11 (see Figure 65.1).
The Hunt for Elusive Squarions
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One question that Dr. Googol has pondered is whether or not it is possible to fill an infinite square array with distinct integers such that the sum of the squares of any 2 adjacent numbers is also a square. To illustrate, the following is a 4-by-4 array with the desired property:For example, 752 + 1802 = 1952. Is it possible to create bigger arrays of this kind? Can you? While on the subject of square numbers, it’s not known if there exists a 3-by-3 magic square of square numbers, that is, a 3-by-3 arrangement of 9 distinct integer squares such that the sum of each row, column, and main diagonal is the same. However, it is possible to build arrangements that satisfy the 6 orthogonal sums so that the row and column sums are equal.:
The Wonderful Emirp, 1,597
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here are some additional problems for you to ponder. 1,597 is an “emirp,” a prime number that turns into a different prime number when its digits are reversed. Can you find any other emirps? How rare are emirps? What is the largest emirp ever computed? Can you find any Iccanobif numbers’ These are Fibonacci numbers that turn into different Fibonacci numbers when their digits are reversed.
73,939,133
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amazingly, this is the largest number known such that all its digits produce prime numbers as they are stripped away from the right! Dr. Googol does not know if there are larger numbers with this property. In the 17th century, mathematicians showed that the following numbers are all prime: At the time, some mathematicians were tempted to assume that all numbers of this form were prime; however, the next number in the pattern, 333,333,331, turned out not to be prime because 333,333,331 = 17 x 19, 607,843. Let this be a warning to those of you who find mathematical patterns and assume that the pattern continues forever. (If we designate n as the number of digits in the 33 ... 31 numbers, then these numbers are prime for n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 40, 50, 60, 78, 101, 151, 319, and 382.)