bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear integrations of mitochondrial DNA in gorillas
Authors: Jensen‐Seaman Michael I. , Sarmiento Esteban E. , Deinard Amos S. , Kidd Kenneth K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGreat ape systematics, particularly at the species level and below, is currently under debate, due in part to the recent influx of molecular data. The phylogenies of previously published mitochondrial control region (or D‐loop) DNA sequences in gorillas show deep splits within West African gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and very high levels of nucleotide diversity in this subspecies. Here we demonstrate that several previously reported D‐loop haplotypes from West African gorillas are in all likelihood nuclear integrations of mitochondrial DNA. Revised estimates of the amount and pattern of mitochondrial DNA diversity in gorillas are provided, revealing two reciprocally monophyletic and highly divergent groups of gorillas, concurrent with their geographic distribution. Am. J. Primatol. 63:139–147, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the quality of research publications: A pilot study of school librarianship
Authors: Clyde Laurel A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEvaluation of research quality is becoming more important in the field of library and information science, as in other fields. This pilot study is a preliminary attempt to address issues associated with determining the quality of the published research in one area of library and information science, specifically school librarianship. The main aims were (1) to test the extent to which experienced evaluators agreed in their rankings of published research articles on the basis of quality and (2) to investigate the approaches to evaluation used by the experienced evaluators. A qualitative, naturalistic research design was used. On the basis of a comprehensive literature review, four approaches to evaluation were identified; they were generally supported through an analysis of the responses of the experienced evaluators. However, although the majority of the evaluators agreed on the article ranked lowest, basic statistical analyses showed less agreement about the other articles. Although subject knowledge (of the field of school librarianship in this case) may have some influence on the evaluations, cluster analysis suggests that there may be differences in the value perceptions of the evaluators that also carry weight. More research would be needed to gain a better understanding of these value perceptions and their relationship, if any, to the four approaches to evaluation that were identified through the literature.
Are two document clusters better than one? The Cluster Performance Question for information retrieval
Authors: Losee Robert M. , Church, Jr. Lewis 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWhen do information retrieval systems using two document clusters provide better retrieval performance than systems using no clustering? We answer this question for one set of assumptions and suggest how this may be studied with other assumptions. The “Cluster Hypothesis” asks an empirical question about the relationships between documents and user‐supplied relevance judgments, while the “Cluster Performance Question” proposed here focuses on the when and why of information retrieval or digital library performance for clustered and unclustered text databases. This may be generalized to study the relative performance of m versus n clusters.
The effects of the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) in public libraries and its implications for research: A statistical, policy, and legal analysis
Authors: Jaeger Paul T. , Bertot John Carlo , McClure Charles R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn upholding the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA), the U.S. Supreme Court has forced public libraries to face difficult issues about filtering Internet content. The implementation of filters creates a range of practical issues for libraries and also raises myriad research issues related to the effects of CIPA on public library services and on access to Internet‐based information in public libraries. Using a multimethod, iterative research strategy, this article explores selected areas related to filtering that may affect the provision of Internet content and services in public libraries. This study presents preliminary data about the impact of CIPA on public libraries and offers a perspective of what research is necessary to provide a better understanding of the impacts of CIPA and to determine what research would need to be conducted for potential future legal challenges to the application of CIPA in public libraries.
Engineering education in sustainable development: sustainability as a tool to open up the windows of engineering institutions
Authors: Mulder Karel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEngineering faces a crisis throughout Western society. The number of engineering students is dropping considerably. The prestige of technology and engineering has dropped simultaneously. In the 1950s, nobody doubted the role of technology as the engine of progress, but the demystification of technology in the 1970s focused around various controversies, like that of nuclear energy, and criticism gave rise to changes. However, mainstream engineering was generally not affected. Sustainability was initially regarded by many engineers as a new attack, as various accepted cleaning technologies (such as sewerage clearing or filtering) were often criticized as ‘end of pipe’. Gradually, the message that sustainable development (SD) is a challenge and not a burden for the engineering community has grown. Integrating SD cannot be achieved just by putting a social science course into an engineering curriculum: the cultural divide is too large to be bridged in this way. This article will analyse recent changes that have taken place in two technical universities, and will offer some guidelines for successful implementation of SD in engineering curricula. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Business, environmental reform and technological innovation in Hong Kong
Authors: Hills Peter , Lam Jacqueline , Welford Richard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWithin a framework of ecological modernization theory this paper focuses on the process of environmental reform in Hong Kong. It argues that there is significant inertia within the environmental policy process in Hong Kong, but that with leadership from the business sector there exists the potential for positive change. We identify ways to further drive the process of environmental reform through an emphasis on the role of the business sector and technological innovation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Stakeholders and environmental management practices: an institutional framework
Authors: Delmas Magali , Toffel Michael W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDespite burgeoning research on companies' environmental strategies and environmental management practices, it remains unclear why some firms adopt environmental management practices beyond regulatory compliance. This paper leverages institutional theory by proposing that stakeholders – including governments, regulators, customers, competitors, community and environmental interest groups, and industry associations – impose coercive and normative pressures on firms. However, the way in which managers perceive and act upon these pressures at the plant level depends upon plant‐ and parent‐company‐specific factors, including their track record of environmental performance, the competitive position of the parent company and the organizational structure of the plant. Beyond providing a framework of how institutional pressures influence plants' environmental management practices, various measures are proposed to quantify institutional pressures, key plant‐level and parent‐company‐level characteristics and plant‐level environmental management practices. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental upgrading of Third World enterprises through linkages to transnational corporations. Theoretical perspectives and preliminary evidence
Authors: Jeppesen Soeren , Hansen Michael W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWith economic globalization, Third World enterprises are increasingly collaborating with foreign firms through trade, subcontracting and equity linkages. The paper examines under which conditions linkages to foreign firms lead to environmental upgrading of Third World enterprises. Derived from the authors' research in a number of developing countries, the paper presents preliminary evidence of such upgrading. As the existing literature on environmental upgrading has a normative bias and tends to ignore economic mandates and constraints, the remaining part of the paper presents four theoretical frameworks based on standard business economics that may explain under which conditions linkages between Third World enterprises and foreign firms may be accompanied by environmental upgrading. It is argued that environmental upgrading in the value chain must be understood partly as a result of external industry and market forces, and partly as a result of the internal resources and competitive strategies of the companies involved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Building innovations for sustainability: 11th international conference of the Greening of Industry Network
Authors: Hines Frances , Marin Otilia 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis essay provides an overview of the 11th International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network held in San Francisco, USA, on 12–15 October 2003. The conference gave Greening of Industry Network (GIN) members the opportunity to debate issues around the theme of Innovating for Sustainability in a location central to technological innovation in the United States. This special issue of Business Strategy and the Environment focuses on the diverse interpretations of innovation and their impacts on the different strands of sustainability. The conference was timely in its debates about the nature of innovation from system level to product level, and from technological innovation to innovations in the management of a wide range of stakeholders and the resulting impacts on environmental, economic, social and ethical sustainability. This essay briefly discusses the relationship between innovation and sustainability, and considers the factors that either facilitate progress towards a more sustainable future, or present barriers to achieving sustainability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Bounds and normalization of the composite linkage disequilibrium coefficient
Authors: Zaykin Dmitri V. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe composite linkage disequilibrium (LD) measure is often calculated for two‐locus genotypic data, especially when coupling and repulsion double heterozygotes cannot be distinguished. This measure was reported to have good statistical properties and was suggested for routine testing of LD, regardless of Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium at either of two loci (Weir [1979] Biometrics 35:235–254; Schaid [2004] Genetics 166:505–512). However, the bounds for this measure have not been yet reported. These bounds are derived here as functions of one‐locus genotype or allele frequencies. They provide standardized measures of composite linkage disequilibrium, defined as the proportion of its maximum attainable value, given observed allele or genotype frequencies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energetic and topological analysis of the reaction of Mo and Mo2 with NH3, C2H2, and C2H4 molecules
Authors: Michelini Maria Del Carmen , Russo Nino , Alikhani Mohammad Esmaïl , Silvi Bernard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Density functional theory has been applied to characterize the structural features of Mo1,2NH3,C2H4, and C2H2 compounds. Coordination modes, geometrical structures, and binding energies have been calculated for several spin multiplets. It has been shown that in contrast to the conserved spin cases (Mo1,2NH3), the interaction between Mo (or Mo2) and C2H4 (or C2H2) are the low‐spin (MoC2H4 and C2H2) and high‐spin (Mo2C2H4 and C2H2) complexes. In the ground state of Mo1,2C2H4 and C2H2, the metal‐center always reacts with the CC center. The spontaneous formation of the global minima is found to be possible due to the crossing between the potential energy surfaces (ground and excited states with respect to the metallic center). The bonding characterization has been performed using the topological analysis of the Electron Localization Function. It has been shown that the most stable electronic structure for a π‐acceptor ligand correlates with a maximum charge transfer from the metal center to the CC bond of the unsaturated hydrocarbons, resulting in the formation of two new basins located on the carbon atoms (away from hydrogen atoms) and the reduction of the number of attractors of the CC basin. The interaction between Mo1,2 and C2H4 (or C2H2) should be considered as a chemical reaction, which causes the multiplicity change. Contrarily, there is no charge transfer between Mo1,2 and NH3, and the partners are bound by an electrostatic interaction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1647–1655, 2004
DNA condensation by high‐affinity interaction with avidin
Authors: Morpurgo Margherita , Radu Aurelian , Bayer Edward A. , Wilchek Meir 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAvidin, the basic biotin‐binding glycoprotein from chicken egg white, is known to interact with DNA, whereas streptavidin, its neutral non‐glycosylated bacterial analog, does not. In the present study we investigated the DNA‐binding properties of avidin. Its affinity for DNA in the presence and absence of biotin was compared with that of other positively charged molecules, namely the protein lysozyme, the cationic polymers polylysine and polyarginine and an avidin derivative with higher isoelectric point (pI ≈ 11) in which most of the lysine residues were converted to homoarginines. Gel‐shift assays, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering experiments demonstrated an unexpectedly strong interaction between avidin and DNA. The most pronounced gel‐shift retardation occurred with the avidin–biotin complex, followed by avidin alone and then guanidylated avidin. Furthermore, ultrastructural and light‐scattering studies showed that avidin assembles on the DNA molecule in an organized manner. The assembly leads to the formation of nanoparticles that are about 50–100 nm in size (DNA ≈ 5 kb) and have a rod‐like or toroidal shape. In these particles the DNA is highly condensed and one avidin is bound to each 18 ± 4 DNA base pairs. The complexes are very stable even at high dilution ([DNA] =10 pm) and are not disrupted in the presence of buffers or salt (up to 200 mm NaCl). The other positively charged molecules also condense DNA and form particles with a globular shape. However, in this case, these particles disassemble by dilution or in the presence of low salt concentration. The results indicate that the interaction of avidin with DNA may also occur under physiological conditions, further enhanced by the presence of biotin. This DNA‐binding property of avidin may thus shed light on a potentially new physiological role for the protein in its natural environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV therapy after treatment interruption in patients with multiple failure and more than 200 CD4+ T lymphocyte count
Authors: Jaafar Acil , Massip Patrice , Sandres‐Sauné Karine , Souyris Corinne , Pasquier Christophe , Aquilina Christian , Izopet Jacques 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of a salvage therapy initiated after interrupting treatment in patients with virological failure and more than 200 CD4+ T lymphocyte count. In this prospective study, 77 patients who received failing regimens had stopped completely all medication for 3 months before starting an optimised regimen consisting of 3–5 drugs. Patients were tested for HIV resistance before and after treatment interruption. Discontinuation of therapy for 3 months was associated with a median increase in HIV RNA of 1.1 log10, a median decrease in CD4+ T cell count of 136 × 106/L and five clinical events related to HIV, but no AIDS‐defining event. Eighty‐seven percent of patients showed a shift from a drug resistant genotype to a wild‐type genotype based on the major resistance mutations. Forty‐seven percent of patients with a genotype shift reached fewer than 200 HIV RNA copies/ml of plasma 6 and 12 months after treatment resumption whereas none of those without a genotype shift did so (P = 0.03). However, the genotypic shift was not associated with a sustained virological response by multivariate analysis. The use of a new therapeutic class of compound in the salvage regimen was the only predictor of the sustained virological response. Salvage therapy with 3–5 drugs after interrupting treatment for 3 months can be a safe and effective strategy provided the HIV disease is not too advanced. Randomised trials in this population are needed to assess the clinical benefit of this strategy. J. Med. Virol. 74:8–15, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug resistance mutations and newly recognized treatment‐related substitutions in the HIV‐1 protease gene: Prevalence and associations with drug exposure and real or virtual phenotypic resistance to protease inhibitors in two clinical cohorts of antiretroviral experienced patients
Authors: Torti Carlo , Quiros‐Roldan Eugenia , Monno Laura , Patroni Andrea , Saracino Annalisa , Angarano Gioacchino , Tinelli Carmine , Lo Caputo Sergio , Tirelli Valeria , Mazzotta Francesco , Carosi Giampiero ,   for the GenPheRex and PhenGen Study Groups of the MASTER Cohort
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study aimed at identifying HIV‐1 protease amino acid changes associated with protease inhibitor (PI) exposure and susceptibility. New amino acid substitutions were correlated with the number of experienced PIs, reaching statistical significance only for those at positions 3, 44, and 74. The correspondence multivariate model demonstrated that ≥3 experienced PIs and substitutions or mutations at positions 3, 46, 54, 73, 74, and 84 were correlated with PI cross‐resistance, including resistance for lopinavir and amprenavir in this cohort of patients who were naive for these drugs. J. Med. Virol. 74:29–33, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HBV and HCV prevalence and viraemia in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative pregnant women in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: The ANRS 1236 study
Authors: Rouet François , Chaix Marie‐Laure , Inwoley André , Msellati Philippe , Viho Ida , Combe Patrice , Leroy Valériane , Dabis François , Rouzioux Christine ,   for the ANRS 1236 DITRAME‐B&C Study Group
Published: July 2004

AbstractA retrospective survey estimating the prevalence of hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV) was conducted on samples taken in 1,002 African pregnant women (501 diagnosed as HIV‐1 positive and 501 HIV‐1 negative) participating in a clinical trial program conducted in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). Hepatitis B markers studied were HBs antigen (HBsAg), and if positive, HBe antigen/anti‐HBe antibodies and HBV DNA. Two third generation (G3) HCV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were used for primary HCV screening. All anti‐HCV antibody‐positive sera were assessed further with supplementary assays (one another G3 EIA, RIBA 3.0, and HCV RNA). HCV genotypes were also determined. HBsAg was found in a similar proportion among HIV‐positive (45/499, 9.0%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.6–11.9) and HIV‐negative (40/498, 8.0%, 95% CI, 5.8–10.8) women (P = 0.58). The diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B, based on HBV DNA positive results, was more frequent in HIV‐positive women (26.7%), compared to HIV‐negative women (9.4%) (P = 0.06). In the case of hepatitis C infection, after supplementary testing allowing the elimination of frequent false‐positive screening results, a prevalence rate of about 1% was found, both in HIV‐positive (6/501, 1.2%, 95% CI, 0.44–2.59) and HIV‐negative (4/501, 0.8%, 95% CI, 0.22–2.03) women (P = 0.53). Of the 10 samples confirmed positive and assessed for HCV RNA, eight (80%) were viraemic and belonged to HCV genotypes 1 or 2. The relative high frequency of HIV/HBV coinfection in Côte d'Ivoire emphasises the need for monitoring the risk of hepatotoxicity by antiretroviral therapy in such patients. We propose an accurate and cost‐efficient algorithm for HCV diagnosis in Africa. J. Med. Virol. 74:34–40, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variability of hepatitis C virus in chronically infected patients with viral breakthrough during interferon–ribavirin therapy
Authors: Vuillermoz I. , Khattab E. , Sablon E. , Ottevaere I. , Durantel D. , Vieux C. , Trepo C. , Zoulim Fabien 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLittle is known about hepatitis C virus (HCV) breakthrough during antiviral therapy, although it would help in understanding HCV resistance to current antiviral treatments. To analyse the implication of virological factors and the vigour of humoral immune responses in this phenomenon, we studied nine chronic hepatitis C patients with a viral breakthrough during IFN/ribavirin combination therapy, as well as five responders and five non‐responders. The IRES and regions coding for the capsid protein, the PePHD domain of envelope glycoprotein E2 and the NS5A and 5B proteins were amplified by RT‐PCR before treatment, before and during breakthrough, and after treatment. The major variant sequence was obtained by direct sequencing. The heterogeneity of quasispecies was studied by SSCP in all patients and sequencing after cloning in seven genotype 1b‐infected patients. Humoral responses against HCV epitopes were also analysed. The major sequences of IRES, PePHD, and NS5B remained stable during treatment, regardless of the treatment response. However, the capsid protein and the regions flanking PePHD showed sequence variations in breakthrough patients, although no specific mutation was identified. The variable V3 region of NS5A, but not the PKR‐binding domain and the ISDR, seemed to be associated with differences in response to treatment. The analysis of HCV quasispecies revealed no characteristic pattern during treatment in breakthrough patients, whose HCV genome profiles looked most similar to that of non‐responders. The humoral response was similar between groups. In conclusion, viral breakthrough does not seem to be due to selection of resistant strains with signature mutations. J. Med. Virol. 74:41–53, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.