bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teachers' task demands, students' test expectations, and actual test content
Authors: Broekkamp Hein , Van Hout‐Wolters Bernadette H. A. M. , Van den Bergh Huub , Rijlaarsdam Gert 
Published: April 2004

Background: Previous studies on instructional importance show that individual students and their teachers differ in the topics that they consider important in the context of an upcoming teacher‐made test.Aims: This study aimed to examine whether such differences between students' test expectations and teachers' intended task demands can be explained by the actual test content.Samples: Participants were history teachers (N=19) and their 11th‐grade students (N=388).Method: Teachers and students rated the importance of text sections that would be tested in the near future. By means of multilevel analysis, ratings were compared with the occurrence of sections in the tests.Results: Although teachers considered a majority of sections as important and tested only a minority of the sections, their tests still included sections rated as unimportant. The number of such discrepancies, however, was relatively small. Sections the teachers rated important had a much higher probability of being included in the test than sections rated unimportant. For students, a similar but lower degree of correspondence between ratings and test content was found. Interestingly, for sections that teachers considered important, students more often gave a higher rating when these sections appeared in the test than when they did not. The same holds for sections that teachers considered unimportant.Conclusions: For both teachers and students there is a limited correspondence between perceived task demands and test content. Furthermore, students' perceptions of task demands show a compensation for some of the differences between their teachers' intended task demands and the test demands.
Promoting mental health after childbirth: A controlled trial of primary prevention of postnatal depression
Authors: Elliott Sandra A. , Leverton Teresa J. , Sanjack Marion , Turner Helen , Cowmeadow Pauline , Hopkins Jane , Bushnell Diane 
Published: April 2004

Objectives. To investigate the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention for the prevention of postnatal depression.Design. A controlled trial.Method. Women expecting their first or second child and designated as ‘more vulnerable’ by the Leverton Questionnaire (LQ) or Crown Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) were allocated to a preventive intervention (N = 47) or control group (N = 52) by expected date of delivery to provide groups expecting their babies around the same time. Women were assessed at 3 months postnatal. An additional group of women designated as ‘less vulnerable’ (N = 88) were assessed to confirm the validity of the LQ as a vulnerability measure.Results. Questionnaire measures of mood in first‐time mothers invited to the Preparation for Parenthood groups revealed significantly more positive mood than in the group receiving routine care. The median Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score for those invited was 3, compared to 8 for those not invited (p < .005). The diagnosis of depression using the Present State Examination revealed differences for both groups, though it reached statistical significance only with the first‐time mothers. Only 19 of the ‘more vulnerable’ invited first‐time mothers were ‘borderline’ or ‘cases’ at any time in the first 3 months postnatally compared to 39 of those not invited. The Surviving Parenthood groups for second‐time mothers were not successful.Conclusion. Some depressions following childbirth can be prevented by brief interventions that can be incorporated with existing systems of antenatal classes and postnatal support groups.
Compliance and psychological reactance in schizophrenia
Authors: Moore Antonia , Sellwood William , Stirling John 
Published: April 2004

Objectives. Non‐compliance with neuroleptic medication in schizophrenia is a major cause of relapse. A number of sociodemographic variables, and illness, attitudinal and treatment variables, have been demonstrated to be associated with non‐compliance. The present study examined a range of these variables and their predictive value in determining past and current compliance.Methods. Thirty‐nine patients suffering from schizophrenia and three patients suffering from schizoaffective disorder completed a series of questionnaires assessing psychological reactance, insight, subjective response to medication, perceived threat to freedom of choice, and degree of current and past compliance. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine which factors best predicted past and current compliance.Results. Psychological reactance and age were found to be the best predictors of past compliance, with an interaction between reactance and perceived threat to freedom of choice posed by treatment provision also making a significant contribution. Past compliance behaviour and subjective response to medication predicted current compliance most significantly.Conclusions. Reactance is an important predictor of compliance history especially when patients perceive treatment to be a threat to freedom of choice. Subjective response to neuroleptics is most important in predicting current compliance. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Sexual maturation and control issues among sexually abused and non‐abused anorexia patients
Authors: Walsh James , Burns Fiona 
Published: April 2004

Objectives. To assess the relative salience of the maintenance of control and the avoidance of sexual maturation as sources of motivation for maintaining pathological eating behaviours among sexually abused anorexic patients.Design/methods. A two‐factor mixed experimental design was employed. Three independent groups (sexually abused anorexics (N = 12); non‐abused anorexics (N = 9); non‐anorexic/non‐abused controls (N = 12)) constituted the between subjects factor. Allocation to abuse/non‐abuse group was dependent upon replies to a questionnaire‐based measure of unwanted sexual experience. The within subjects factor comprised three conditions in which words of various colours were presented to participants for colour‐naming (Stroop, 1935). The conditions were represented by lists of neutral words, sexual maturation words, and control‐related words. Two trials were carried out in each condition and mean response times were measured.Results. Within‐group analyses revealed that interference was greater from sexual maturation words than from control‐related words among the sexually‐abused anorexics, but of equal magnitude among non‐abused counterparts. Between groups analyses found that abused patients experienced marginally greater cognitive interference from sexual maturation words than the non‐abused patients.Conclusion. Theoretically, support is offered for elaborated schematic models of cognitive processing. Clinically, treatment interventions may need to pay particular attention to issues of sexual maturation among sexually abused anorexic patients.
The influence of document presentation order and number of documents judged on users' judgments of relevance
Authors: Huang Mu‐hsuan , Wang Hui‐yu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article attempts to verify the hypothesis of the document presentation order by an empirical, two‐stage experiment. It aims to identify the relationship between number of documents judged and order effect. The results indicate that significant order effect takes place when 15 and 30 documents are presented. Sets with 45 and 60 documents still reveal the order effect. However, subjects are not influenced by order of presentation when the set of documents has 5 and 75 members, respectively.
Robust Core‐Shell Supramolecular Assemblies Based on Cationic Vesicles and Ring‐Shaped {Mo154} Polyoxomolybdate Nanoclusters: Template‐Directed Synthesis and Characterizations
Authors: Jin Yongdong , Bi Lihua , Shao Yong , Dong Shaojun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSubstantial progress has been made recently in extending the supramolecular assembly of biomimetic structures to vesicle‐based sophisticated nanocomposites and mesostructures. We report herein the successful preparation of unilamellar surfactant vesicles coated with a monolayer of ring‐shaped {Mo154} polyoxometalate (POM) nanoclusters, (NH4)28[Mo154(NO)14O448H14(H2O)70]⋅≈350 H2O, by coulomb attractions using preformed didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) surfactant vesicles as templates. The resultant vesicle‐templated supramolecular assemblies are robust (they do not disintegrate upon dehydration) both at room‐temperature ambient and vacuum conditions, as characterized by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The flexibility of the complex soft assemblies was also revealed by AFM measurements. The effect of POM‐vesicle coulomb attractions on the dimensions of the templating vesicles was also investigated by using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Although origins of the structure stability of the as‐prepared supramolecular assemblies are not clear yet, the nanometer scale cavities and the related properties of macroions of the POM clusters may play an important role in it.
Novel Supramolecular Isomerism in Coordination Polymer Synthesis from Unsymmetrical Bridging Ligands: Solvent Influence on the Ligand Placement Orientation and Final Network Structure
Authors: Lee In Su , Shin Dong Mok , Chung Young Keun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe assembly of Co(NCS)2 with 1‐methyl‐1′‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethene (L1) exhibits a novel supramolecular isomerism of [Co(L1)2(NCS)2]∞ caused by different placement orientation of L1 around metal centers. The reaction in MeOH/H2O and EtOH/H2O resulted in a double chain structure of 1, and that in EtOH/CH3NO2 led to an open framework structure of 2. The reaction in MeOH/CH3NO2 solvent system concomitantly afforded 1 and 2. The assemblies of 1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2‐(4‐pyrimidyl)ethene (L2) with Co(NCS)2 created the water‐coordinated complexes of Co(L2)2(H2O)2(NCS)2 (3 and 4), an MeOH coordinated complex of Co(L2)2(H2O)2(NCS)2 (5), and an open framework coordination polymer of [Co(L1)2(NCS)2]∞ (6) depending on the reaction solvent system. From these observations, it is suggested that in the formation of 1, the solvent‐coordinated intermediate species would be generated first and its trans coordination configuration should define the placement orientation of L1 in the resulting polymer of 1. On the other hand, it is presumed that the solvent‐coordinated intermediate would not be produced during the formation of 2 due to the weaker coordination ability of EtOH and CH3NO2 molecules. The open framework coordination polymers of 2 and 6 are converted in the solid state into the isomeric coordination polymer of 1 and hydrogen bonded network structure of 3, respectively.
Synthesis of 2‐Oxa‐4,6,8‐triazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes.
Authors: Kakanejadifard A. , Kargar K. , Farnia M. F. , Ziabari M. Bahrami , Todaro L. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indium‐Mediated Reductive Intermolecular Coupling Reaction of 2‐Nitroaniline with Aromatic Aldehydes to Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Kim Byeong Hyo , Han Rongbi , Kim Ji Sook , Jun Young Moo , Baik Woonphil , Lee Byung Min 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Substituted 6‐Hydroxy‐5‐oxo‐5,6‐dihydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine upon Photochemical Transformation of Nifedipine.
Authors: Krivopalov V. P. , Sedova V. F. , Shkurko O. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Versatile Synthesis of 6‐Oxo‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐pyrazine‐2‐carboxylic Acid Methyl Esters via MCR Chemistry.
Authors: Illgen Katrin , Nerdinger Sven , Fuchs Thilo , Friedrich Corina , Weber Lutz , Herdtweck Eberhardt 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Stannyl Enones via Palladium‐Catalyzed and Free Radical Hydrostannation of Alkynyl Ketones with Trineophyltin Hydride.
Authors: Dodero Veronica I. , Koll Liliana C. , Faraoni M. Belen , Mitchell Terence N. , Podesta Julio C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
4‐Thio‐5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine: Chemical Synthesis and Therapeutic Potential of UVA‐Induced DNA Damage.
Authors: Xu Yao‐Zhong , Zhang Xiaohui , Wu Hai‐Chen , Massey Andrew , Karran Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of 2‐Thiouracil and 2‐Thiobarbituric Acid at a Carbon‐Paste Electrode Modified with Cobalt Phthalocyanine
Authors: Shahrokhian Saeed , Hamzehloei Ali , Thaghani Abdollah , Mousavi S. Reza 
Published: April 2004

AbstractVoltammetric behavior of two mercaptopyrimidine derivatives (2‐thiouracil and 2‐thiobarbituric acid) has been studied by cyclic voltammetry at a cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc)‐modified carbon‐paste electrode. The results of voltammetric determinations showed that the CoPc in the matrix of modified electrode acts as catalyst for electrooxidation of these thiols (RSH), lowering the overpotential of the reaction and significantly increasing the sensitivity for detection of thiols in neutral conditions. The results of voltammetric and polarization measurements in solutions with various pHs were used for prediction of the mechanism of electrocatalytic oxidation at the surface of modified electrode. These results showed that at the modified electrode, electrochemical oxidation of thiolate anion (RS−) is the rate‐determining step. It was found that the modified electrode exhibits good selectivity for catalytic oxidation of mercaptopyrimidines over other biologically important mercaptans such as cysteine, glutathione and thioglycolic acid. The results demonstrate that the peak current for thiol oxidation has a linear variation with the concentration in the range of 1×10−2–1×10−5 M. This system can be used for sensitive and selective voltammetric detection of mercaptopyrimidine derivatives.
Determination of Lead(II) with the Rotating Sample System
Authors: Cserey Andrea 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAs a result of industrialization lead is one of the most widely dispersed toxic heavy metals in the environment. There is a pressing need for a reliable, affordable and portable analytical technique for routine determination of lead at trace levels in biological and environmental samples. Despite their potential for portability and low cost, the currently available electrochemical stripping methods still have limited commercial availability. Among the reasons are the relatively large sample volumes and the large amount of reagents needed (1–3 mL), lower than required precision, and the inconvenience of a rotated electrode system. The Rotating Sample System is a unique approach to electrochemical stripping, devised for 20 μL sample droplets utilizing a large surface area electrode. This design combines the advantages of a microelectrode and a rotated electrode system. The semispherical sample drop itself is rotated by a fine gas jet directed at it tangentially, eliminating the need for a sample container. Neither fine moving mechanical parts nor sophisticated controls are required. The detection limit for lead(II) was found low enough and the reproducibility is sufficient for routine determinations in biomedical samples (5 ppb, 6%). The system can support a CDC recommended screening for blood lead levels and an on‐site analysis of environmental samples as well. Under suitable conditions calibration free direct determinations can also be performed.
Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrodes with a Poly‐L‐Lysine/Glutaraldehyde Film
Authors: Pereira F. C. , Bergamo E. P. , Stradiotto N. R. , Zanoni M. V. B. , Fogg A. G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA film of poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) adheres better to the surface of a glassy carbon electrode when the PLL is partially cross‐linked by means of glutaraldehyde. A film composition of 97.5% PLL/2.5% glutaraldehyde gives good adhesion and retains the anionic exchange capability of the PLL. The performance of the film was tested with hexacyanoferrate(III) using electrochemical and nonelectrochemical accumulation.
Measurement and explanation of socioeconomic inequality in health with longitudinal data
Authors: Jones Andrew M. , Nicolás Angel López 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a method to compare indices of inequality in health that are based on short‐run and long‐run measures of health and income. For pure health inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) and income‐related health inequality (as measured by the concentration index), we show how measures derived from longitudinal data can be related to cross section Gini and concentration indices that have been typically reported in the literature to date, along with measures of health mobility inspired by the literature on income mobility. We also show how these measures of mobility can be usefully decomposed into the contributions of different factors. We apply these methods to investigate the degree of income‐related mobility in the GHQ measure of psychological well‐being in the first nine waves of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). This reveals that dynamics increase the absolute value of the concentration index of GHQ on income by 15%, or 1.7% per year on average, for men, and 5%, or 0.6% per year, for women. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theta reset produces optimal conditions for long‐term potentiation
Authors: McCartney Holly , Johnson Andrew D. , Weil Zachary M. , Givens Bennet 
Published: April 2004

AbstractConnections among theta rhythm, long‐term potentiation (LTP) and memory in hippocampus are suggested by previous research, but definitive links are yet to be established. We investigated the hypothesis that resetting of local hippocampal theta to relevant stimuli in a working memory task produces optimal conditions for induction of LTP. The timings of the peak and trough of the first wave of reset theta were determined in initial sessions and used to time stimulation (4 pulses, 200 Hz) during subsequent performance. Stimulation on the peak of stimulus‐reset theta produced LTP while stimulation on the trough did not. These results suggest that a memory‐relevant stimulus produces a phase shift of ongoing theta rhythm that induces optimal conditions for the stimulus to undergo potentiation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface activity—thermodynamic properties and light scattering studies for some novel aliphatic polyester surfactants
Authors: El‐Ghazawy R. A. , Raheem R. Abdel , Al‐Sabagh A. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe preparation of 12 new polyester surfactants based on aliphatic amines and different ethylene oxide content is described. These surfactants were characterized by determining their molecular weights and polydispersity by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nitrogen content. Drop volume tensiometry (DVT) was used to measure the surface tension at 25, 35, 45 and 55°C. The surface tension isotherms were used to determine critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum Gibb's adsorption (Γmax), minimum area per molecule (Amin), the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (πcmc) and the efficiency (pC20). The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔGmic, ΔHmic, ΔSmic) and of adsorption (ΔGad, ΔHad, ΔSad) were calculated and the data showed that these surfactants favor micellization to adsorption. The static scattered light intensity measurements provide the calculation of the molecular weight of micelle and the aggregation number (N°), while the dynamic light scattering provide the hydrodynamic radius of micelle (RH) and the diffusion coefficient at different surfactant concentrations. The hydrodynamic radius of micelle (RH) at different surfactant concentrations could be used also to determine the CMC giving results that are comparable to those obtained by surface tension measurements. All the data are discussed regarding the chemical structure of the polymeric surfactants. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic behavior of silica‐supported chitosan‐platinum‐iron complex for asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones
Authors: Wei Wei‐Lin , Hao Shao‐Jie , Zhou Jian , Huang Mei‐Yu , Jiang Ying‐Yan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSilica‐supported chitosan‐platinum‐iron complex (SiO2‐CS‐Pt‐Fe) is prepared by a simple method from silica, chitosan, H2PtCl6 · 6H2O and FeCl3. It has been found to be an effective chiral catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐hexanone to give (S)‐(+)‐2‐hexanol and methyl acetoacetate to give methyl‐(S)‐(+)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate in 85.4 and 75.0% optical yields, respectively, if a proper content of Pt and Fe in SiO2‐CS‐Pt‐Fe complex and appropriate reaction conditions are selected at room temperature and under 1 atm H2. The catalyst could be reused several times without any remarkable change in optical catalytic activity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and catalytic properties of chitosan bound Schiff base copper complexes
Authors: Chang Yue , Wang Yunpu , Zha Fei , Wang Rongmin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractChitosan, a natural polymer, bound Schiff base copper complexes CT‐She‐Cu, CT‐o‐Bel‐Cu, CT‐m‐Bel‐Cu were prepared and characterize by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), FT‐IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Their catalytic activity in the oxidation of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen was studied. All the complexes have catalytic activity and the main oxidation products are 2‐cyclohexene‐ol, 2‐cyclohexene‐one and cyclohexene hydroperoxide, which were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and GC/IR. CT‐m‐Bel‐Cu was selected to study the influence of reaction temperature, amount of catalyst and additives such as acid and base on the oxidation of cyclohexene systematically. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methacrylate modified clays and their polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Su Shengpei , Jiang David D. , Wilkie Charles A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo methacrylate‐modified clays have been prepared and used to produce nanocomposites of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) by in situ polymerization. These nanocomposites have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry and the evaluation of mechanical properties. When the clay contains only a single methacrylate unit, the styrene system is exfoliated but methacrylate is intercalated. When two methacrylate units are present on the cation of the clay, both systems are exfoliated. TGA data show that the thermal stability of all the nanocomposites is improved, as expected. The relationships between the fire properties and nanostructure of the nanocomposites are complicated, as shown by cone calorimetry. The conclusions that one may reach using cone calorimetry do not completely agree with those from XRD and TEM. The evaluation of mechanical properties shows an increase in Young's modulus for all nanocomposites along with a decrease in elongation; tensile strength is decreased for methacrylate nanocomposites but increased for styrenics systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.