bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White Coat Police
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The supreme value in America is liberty, and this is reflected not only in American law, but in American bioethics as well, usually under the rubric of autonomy. Informed consent is the doctrine designed to ensure that patients understand what is proposed to be done to them so they can make an informed choice to accept or reject it. The practice of medicine is, in short, a voluntary activity between two consenting adults. But in rare instances some physicians have forgotten this underlying principle of the doctor–patient relationship and acted more like police officers dealing with a criminal suspect. When physicians act like police, they can become even more arbitrary and abusive than actual police because they justify their actions not for the good of society, but for the good of their patient. Such justification can lead to ghoulish coercion. This chapter details two contrasting examples, one from the emergency department of a private teaching hospital with no direct police involvement, the other from the outpatient clinic of a public hospital that was working directly with the police.
Isolation of the English Physician
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Percival died in 1804 just short of his 64th birthday. Like Gregory, he left a physician-son to carry on his work. Edward Percival (d. 1827),just like James Gregory, was not really up to the task. This should not be considered merely another example of a son failing to live up to the impossibly high accomplishments of his father. Rather, Edward Percival and James Gregory were the first generation of a new century and a new era. They were no longer living as eighteenth-century Enlightenment generalists who could strive to master all human knowledge, carrying out extensive oral and written discussions with the leading intellectuals of the world of philosophy, theology, law, and the arts. They exemplified the beginning of the era of scientific specialization.
The Scientizing of Medicine in The United States
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One looks in vain for the successors of Benjamin Rush and Samuel Bard in American medicine. As in Scotland and England where William Alison and the rest of the Edinburgh medical faculty withdrew from the public discourse of the Enlightenment to a more aggressively discipline-bound medical science, so in the United States during the first quarter of the nineteenth century the “scientizing” of medicine went forward. As knowledge expanded, the breadth of the interest of medical practitioners contracted. Even the best academicians could no longer take the knowledge of the world as their domain. They became creatures of their discipline. Looking for an examplar of academic medicine at its best in the first half of the nineteenth century, we cannot find a plausible example of a medical scholar whose interests roamed from political philosophy to the healing arts and on to ethics in anything remotely resembling the richness of a Rush or a Bard.
Diverging Traditions: Professional and Religious Medical Ethics of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While nineteenth-century physicians, for the most part, were not in close communication with philosophers and the philosophical controversies of the day, philosophers also were not contributing to the debate within organized professional medicine. It could be that physicians were having their medical ethical thought shaped by humanists who worked more in theological ethics. Of particular interest is the relation of the religious communities to the AMA code and other professional activities to articulate a medical ethic. This chapter explores that relation.
Banking
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the beginning, the need for financial services among poor but economically active women was glaringly apparent. Almost all the women were in debt to private moneylenders, touts, pawnshops, grocers, or landlords who, although quick to hand out cash or credit on demand, charged interest rates ranging from 10 percent per day to 25 percent per month for their services. The women also had no safe place to save-their living conditions did not allow for much privacy from needy or greedy eyes. The formal banking system in India was nationalized in 1969 with pressure from the central government on the local banks “to serve the poor.” In 1972, SEWA took this opportunity to approach the banks on behalf of our members. Since the banks had no idea how to reach the poor, let alone how to assess their creditworthiness, they were keen to use SEWA as an intermediary.
A Modern Psychoanalytic Approach to Sons and Lovers
Authors: Schapiro Barbara Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Critics have generally recognized Sons and Lovers, Lawrence’s third novel, as one of the author’s most finely observed and moving works. It has nevertheless provoked controversy over the question of aesthetic control: does the novel lose command of tone and point of view? Many readers have noticed the contradictions between the dramatic presentation of the characters and the interpretive commentary on them. As H. M. Daleski observes, “The weight of hostile comment which Lawrence directs against Morel is balanced by the unconscious sympathy with which he is presented dramatically, while the overt celebration of Mrs Morel is challenged by the harshness of the character in action. “1 Mark Schorer indeed proclaims the novel a technical failure because of such contradictions; the “psychological tension, “ he believes, “disrupts the form “ of the novel.2
E
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Congenital and sometimes progressive subluxation of the crystalline lens is found. Eccentric and sometimes miotic pupil is seen. The lens and pupil are usually displaced in opposite directions. Remnants of the pupillary membrane and subtle signs of anterior segment dysgenesis are characteristic and reveal the diagnosis. Open-angle glaucoma and retinal detachment are not uncommon. In a series of 16 patients, Goldberg found that 40% of eyes had visual acuity better than or equal to 20/40, and 90% had vision better than or equal to 20/400. Two eyes had very poor vision from failed retinal reattachment surgery, and one eye had very poor vision from amblyopia. Perimetry could not document glaucomatous damage in any eye.
I
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The disease is caused by mutations in the NEMO (NF-Kappa-B Essential Modulator) gene and is referred to as IP2, or “classical” incontinentia pigmenti. Sporadic incontinentia pigmenti, originally called IP1, maps to Xp11 and is categorized as similar to hypomelanosis of Ito. An 870 bp region of identity corresponding to an MER67B repeat exists in the NEMO gene both in intron 3 and in intron 3’ to exon 10; recombinations between the regions of identity delete exons 4 though 10 of NEMO. Accounting for 80% of new mutations, this rearrangement would result in a truncated molecule carrying the 133 N-terminal amino acids of NEMO plus at least 26 novel amino acids. It was predicted that this molecule would contain part of the first coiledcoil domain and may still interact with IKK2, but would be unlikely to respond to upstream signals.
O
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Areas of skin hypoplasia or aplasia are found in all patients and have no particular pattern of distribution. Skin appendages were present in all reported cases and tend to appear in the periorbital or postauricular regions. Intracranial findings include multiple intracranial cysts, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Introduction
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On Bastille Day, 1894, the Chicago Times ran an item on a small revolution in American business. Under the headline, “Florists Nowadays Can Fill Orders in Any Part of the World,” the story reported on the telegraphic trade in flowers: “Please send immediately to Mrs. —, at such and such an address in Paris, a dozen American beauty roses, and please have them there in time for dinner.” It took several years of experimentation to make such orders a practical reality. “Now it is as easy and only a little more expensive,” the Times noted, “to send flowers to an address in any part of the United States or Europe as to an address across your street.”
Darfur
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Darfur is huge. It covers an area as large as France, and more than half the size of Kenya. Sudan, the largest country in Africa, is often thought to consist of two parts, ‘north’ and ‘south’. Darfur and its neighbouring region Kordofan deserve a separate classification: the ‘west’. The western border of Darfur is equidistant between Port Sudan on the Red Sea, and the coast of west Africa in Cameroon. Darfur’s position relative to the rest of Sudan can be seen in Fig. 2.1. During its history, Darfur has been part of empires based as far apart as the Nile and the Nigerian savannas. Darfur has ruled its own empire: at the height of its powers the Sultanate of Dar Fur ruled an area as large as many modern African states. The modern region of Darfur borders on three countries: Libya, Chad, and the Central African Republic, and itself straddles the frontier between the Sahara desert and the cultivable savannas of tropical Africa (Fig. 2.2).
Introduction
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Handwritten draft of the American Legion’s proposed “Bill of Rights for GI Joe and GI Jane,” enclosed in a flag-surrounded display case in the American Legion Library in Indianapolis. The portrait is of Harry W. Colmery, who wrote the draft. (Courtesy American Legion Library) In July 1995 President Bill Clinton spoke at a commemorative service in Warm Springs, Georgia, soon after the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Looking back on FDR’s long and remarkable presidency, Clinton identified as its “most enduring legacy” an achievement that came neither from the Hundred Days of initial New Deal legislation nor from the structural reforms of the Second New Deal, nor even from FDR’s successful prosecution of World War II. Rather, Clinton pointed to the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944—the GI Bill—a law passed late in Roosevelt’s presidency, following his initiatives but shaped by many others besides himself. The GI Bill, Clinton observed, “gave generations of veterans a chance to get an education, to build strong families and good lives, and to build the nation’s strongest economy ever, to change the face of America.” This one piece of legislation, he continued, perhaps with an eye to his own presidential legacy, “helped to unleash a prosperity never before known.” It was a New Deal for veterans and, through them, for the postwar nation as a whole.
“The Most Inclusive Program”: Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in Title II
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Education and training became the vital center of the GI Bill, a certificate of admission to postwar prosperity in the United States. By 1950, the U.S. government had spent more money to educate veterans than it had on the Marshall Plan. Excluding no one who had been on active duty for at least ninety days and had not been dishonorably discharged, the benefit was acclaimed as “the most inclusive program provided for national heroes of any war.” It did not discriminate between more or less privileged Americans. It made no distinctions between GI Joe and GI Jane. Moreover, although the armed forces remained segregated at the end of World War II, the legislation did not contain a “single loophole for different treatment of white and black veterans,” exclaimed Charles Hurd in Opportunity, the magazine of the National Urban League, in 1945. Unlike Social Security, which did not cover farmworkers and domestics, jobs often filled by blacks, the bill was colorblind. “If someone was good enough to die for America,” wrote journalist Michael Bennett, “he or she was good enough to enjoy all the rights of an American.”
Introduction
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) emerged in the late 1980s as a promising new treatment for metastatic breast cancer, then for high-risk breast cancer. Its promise was based on high levels of complete and partial tumor response. In the 1990s, HDC/ABMT burst on the oncology scene and was catapulted into widespread use before careful evaluation. The unconfirmed promise of this procedure drove clinical practice, health insurance coverage decisions, court decisions about coverage of individual patients, and federal administrative and state legislative mandates of HDC/ABMT as a covered benefit. Entrepreneurial oncology then exploited a lucrative market.
Values in Conflict
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) for breast cancer has historical roots reaching back into the 1970s, if not further, but the events of 1988–1992 basically defined the decade of the 1990s, at least until the 1999 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting. The main features of the HDC/ABMT story as a promising treatment for breast cancer include the emergence of the procedure in the midto late 1980s based on small, single-site phase 2 studies, which had either no controls or historical controls. Recognition of the new procedure involved a complex, ill-structured “conversation” between physicians and insurers. As a medical procedure, responsibility for its evaluation fell on the medical profession, health insurers, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Authors: Harford Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long commute on public transportation is a commonplace experience of life in major cities around the world, whether you live in New York, Tokyo, Antwerp, or Prague. Commuting dispiritingly combines the universal and the particular. The particular, because each commuter is a rat in his own unique maze: timing the run from the shower to the station turnstiles; learning the timetables and the correct end of the platform to speed up the transfer between different trains; trading off the disadvantages of standing room only on the first train home against a seat on the last one. Yet commutes also produce common patterns— bottlenecks and rush hours—that are exploited by entrepreneurs the world over. My commute in Washington DC is not the same as yours in London, New York, or Hong Kong, but it will look surprisingly familiar.
Rational Insanity
Authors: Harford Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“My vision is that in a few years there will only be two or three big Internet portals—everybody will go to one of them to be directed to wherever they want to go on the Internet. That will be worth hundreds of billions of dollars. If you want to succeed, you’ll have to be one of those portals.” So spoke Graham Bailey (not his real name) in 1998. Bailey was a partner in a management consulting firm and was making this passionate speech to any potential client who would listen. For all I know, he believed it then and believes it now. But when I heard it, I did not. There were not many skeptics at the time. 1998 was the year when the frenzy about the dot-coms was really starting to mount.
How China Grew Rich
Authors: Harford Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was standing with my wife in the “Renmin Gongyuan,” the People’s Park, in the middle of Shanghai. Renmin Gongyuan is the Central Park of the twenty-first century. It gave me the same dizzying rush as my first visit to Manhattan. Walking out into the space of the park allowed us to feel the full visual impact of Shanghai’s skyscrapers. One was a modern-day Chrysler building, with a striking crown of four mirrored tines meeting at a perfect point; the entire tower was rotated forty-five degrees around its axis so that the top forty floors sat at a diagonal to the bottom forty. Another building boasted a vast glass atrium hanging suspended sixty floors above the city. Not every design was in the best of taste: one had a domed penthouse that looked like it had been stolen from the set of a fifties flying-saucer movie. There must have been thirty skyscrapers, half a dozen of which were on an incredible scale.
Science And Politics: Global Warming And Eugenics
Authors: Lindzen Richard S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines closely the uses and abuses of science in reaching essentially political decisions. It does so through two examples, one current and one nearly a century old-the global warming issue today, and the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century with its impact on immigration law. Global warming has been one of the more confusing and misleading issues to be presented to the public. Despite the absence of a significant scientific basis for most predictions, the public has been led to believe that there is an overwhelming scientific consensus that the issue is a matter of immediate urgency requiring massive control of energy usage. The first part of this chapter will briefly describe that situation, including the mechanisms by which science, advocacy that is nominally based on science, and politics interact to produce an unscientific and possibly undesirable result. The thought that scientists would allow such an abuse of science is difficult for most laymen to believe. But it is not unique to the case of global warming. The interaction noted above-together with the passiveness of scientists in not objecting to misuse of their work-has produced bad results in the past and presumably will do so in the future. A striking example, examined in some detail, was the mingling of genetics, eugenics, and public feelings about immigration in the United States in the first several decades of the twentieth century.
Power and Politics
Authors: Hahn Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jesse Wade, a white tenant farmer from Cobb County, who “was a Union man ... like my daddy befo’e me” and suffered more than his share of abuse during the war, believed that justice demanded a far- reaching policy of Reconstruction. “We should tuk the land, as we did the niggers, and split it, and gin part to the niggers and part to me and t’other Union fellers,” he told the English traveler J. T. Trowbridge in late 1865, feeling confident that “they’d have to submit to it, as they did to the niggers.” And, according to Trowbridge, a number of freedmen listening in on the conversation “were unanimously of this opinion.” To Southern planters, Wade’s sentiments and the enthusiastic response they elicited from the blacks nurtured their deepest fears that Emancipation began rather than concluded a convulsive era of social change. One wealthy landowner fretted that there was “bound to be another revolution of some sort” for “seven tenths of the people of the South would vote for ... confiscation of Southern property.
Adapting to the Dialysis Diet, Curbing Liquids, and Embracing Exercise
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Earlier in the book we explained at length why it is so important to follow the dietary and liquid guidelines put forth by your physicians. First, your willingness and ability to follow the rules can impact how long you are on this earth. And if that is not enough to motivate you, bear in mind that what you eat or drink and how much of it will directly affect how good or bad you feel before, during, and in between your dialysis sessions. OK, you are probably thinking, “I want to follow the rules, but sometimes sticking to them is easier said than done.” And you may have a point. Many of us know that flossing is good for our gums, but do we do it every day? How many of us smoke even though we know it is terrible for our health? Sometimes we want to do better, we fully understand the implications of our actions, and yet we continue to practice bad habits and make poor choices. This is the challenge that many dialysis patients struggle with. We understand it is very difficult for some people to adapt to and comply with the diet and the fluid restrictions. Oh, do we understand! And that is why this chapter is less about guilting you into doing what is right than it is about empowering you to take control and giving you the tools to help you make smart choices when it comes to diet and exercise.
Phase I (1951–65): Takeoff Under A Liberal Regime
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most analysts, including those critical of India’s controlled regime, broadly approve of the economic policies and performance during the 1950s. Differences between the advocates of pro-market and state-driven development strategy relate principally to the period beginning in the early 1960s when the Republic of Korea successfully switched from import-substitution policies to out-ward-oriented policies and India did not. For example, in their monumental work, Bhagwati and Desai (1970) are highly critical of the policy regime in existence in the late 1960s. Nevertheless, they write approvingly of India’s performance during the first three plans: The overall performance, in terms of absolute and per capita incomes, of the [first] three Plans is on the whole quite respectable, even though inadequate to India’s needs in view of her desperately low level of initial income and standard of living. (p. 64) The rate of growth that has been achieved in India since 1950–51 is 2 to 3 times as high as the rate recorded earlier under British administration. As a result, the percentage increase in the national income in the last thirteen years has been higher than the percentage increase in India realized over the entire preceding half a century. Japan is generally believed to be [a] country which grew rapidly in the latter part of the 19th and first quarter of the 20th century; yet the rate of growth of national income in Japan was slightly less than 3 percent per annum in the period 1893–1912 and did not go up to more than 4 percent per annum even in the following decade. Judged by criteria such as these growth rates achieved in India in the last decade and a half is certainly a matter of some satisfaction.
Modernizing Agriculture
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Approximately three-fifths of India’s workforce is in agriculture. This workforce also accounts for a sizable proportion of India’s poor. Therefore, it is not surprising that when asked what India should do to improve the lot of the poor, most analysts instinctively focus on productivity in agriculture. They differ on the precise policies to achieve productivity increases, but they agree on the centrality of the latter for improving the lot of the poor. I do not share this view. By this I do not mean that productivity increases in agriculture should be a low priority item on the reform agenda, but that a sustainable solution to poverty largely lies outside agriculture. A populous country such as India cannot come out of poverty on a sustained basis with three-fifths of its workforce on the farm. It must generate gainful employment in industry and services, and move the bulk of the workforce out of agriculture. By lowering the labor-to-land ratio, this movement offers much greater potential for raising agricultural wages than any productivity-enhancing reform within agriculture. Even when a solution, such as food processing, has a direct link to agriculture, it involves the creation of employment opportunities outside farming. This is the reason I emphasized sustained, rapid expansion of unskilled-labor-intensive manufacturing in the last two chapters.