bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clergymen
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historical thinking about the colonial clergy is at present in some flux, a consequence of two long-term problems of interpretation. First, the clergy has over the years been dealt with in piecemeal fashion, one denomination at a time, and with little attention to the general direction of its professional development or its place in the larger colonial society. True, the social role of the New England clergy has occasionally been examined, but clergymen elsewhere are often treated as a breed apart and left to the church historians. Then there has been a tendency to take at face value the hostile commentary on clerical shortcomings, real or imagined, so characteristic of early American religious discourse. Yet the most striking aspect of colonial religious culture, and its sharpest departure from Old World tradition, was the diversity—and thus the fierce competitiveness—of its beliefs and practices. Conceivably the best way to assess the experience of the many hundreds of ministers who made their way to the colonies from the late-seventeenth century onward would be against a background of Old World expectations as well as certain regional variations in provincial America.
Pirate Kings of the Islands
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As OLAF CuARAN and his dynasty were becoming entrenched in Ireland, another empire was being assembled in the islands and headlands of the Irish Sea. In the third quarter of the tenth century two brothers named Magnus and Godfrey Haraldsson raided in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Within two decades Godfrey was described as the “king of the Isles” between Britain and Ireland. Little, however, is known of these men. Their ancestry and origin are matters for speculation, as is the location of their base of operations, and even what precisely is meant by “the Kingdom of the Isles” at a particular time. None of these obscurities is unique, but the search for answers reveals how widely and casually Viking families roamed.
The Obstructed Giant
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When George III acceded to the throne in 1760, his English subjects were singing with spirit once more. “Rule Britannia” burst from their mouths—words twenty years old (they originally formed a patriotic poem)—and they went like this: The call to rule seemed natural in 1760; a few years earlier it had mocked the realities of British power and influence in Asia and America. For in these years of war with France, British arms took a terrible beating—and so did British pride.
The Children of the Twice-Born
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
English rigidities in government and in political imagination did not cramp the eighteenth-century American colonies. The colonies owed allegiance, and paid it, to the same king as England itself, but because their experience was different from the parent country’s, this connection and those to imperial agencies of government did not restrict them. Distance from England and the slowness of communications helped keep the ties, those “political bands” Thomas Jefferson was to mention in the Declaration of Independence, slack.
Response
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Americans outside Massachusetts proved so adept in following Boston’s violent example that we may suspect that they did not need it. Needed or not, Boston’s action offered a model that captured attention everywhere in America. Revulsion from the Stamp Act permeated social groups of all sorts and came to focus, almost naturally it seems, on the men chosen to distribute the stamped paper—on the tax collectors and their friends. By the end of October all but two of the stamp distributors had resigned, usually in order to save their lives and property; and of the remaining two, one, William Houston of North Carolina, gave way on November 16, and the other, George Angus, appointed for Georgia, did not arrive in America until January 1766.
Selden’s Penny
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My penny is as much my own as the King’s ten pence is his: if the King may defend his ten pence, why not Selden his penny? John Selden, member of Parliament during the struggles with Charles I, a learned lawyer whose work was used by the seventeenth-century opposition to the king, was only a minor hero to colonial pamphleteers and intellectuals. His name graced their writings far less often than Milton’s, Sidney’s, or Locke’s. Yet his maxim—”My penny is as much my own as the King’s ten pence . . .”—was quoted during the crisis over the Stamp Act and for good reason: it captured the importance of property in this crisis.
The “Bastards of England”
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
British troops did not end Boston’s disaffection; they simply gave it another focus—themselves. The immediate problem they faced was the refusal of town and provincial authorities to pay for their housing. Governor Bernard blustered and threatened in an unsuccessful attempt to extract money from the legislature; Colonel Dalrymple spoke coolly but to no purpose; and General Gage arrived from New York only to discover that he could accomplish nothing.
Drift
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the first day of January 1771, Samuel Cooper, the minister of the Brattle Square Church in Boston, wrote his friend Benjamin Franklin that “There seems now to be a Pause in Politics.” Cooper offered this assessment not primarily because the agitation about the Massacre and the trials of Preston and the soldiers appeared over but because, as he explained, “The Agreement of the Merchants is broken,” a reference to the decision of the Boston merchants in the preceding October to give up nonimportation.
War
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The delegates to the first Continental Congress rode home to the applause and admiration of the continent—or a part of it. The Massachusetts delegates found their pace slowed by invitations to dine and to be entertained. For a time it seemed that every town between Philadelphia and Boston wanted to pay its respects. The Massachusetts men, having been dazzled by the food and wine and elegance in Philadelphia, managed to control their appetites on the road, begging off as politely as possible from all but necessary stops.
“Half a War”
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first message telling of the combat at Lexington was written around ten in the morning at nearby Watertown and sent to other towns in Massachusetts and to Connecticut. Its prose was spare: the British had attacked the militia; six men were dead and four others wounded; more regulars were coming out of Boston. The writer, Colonel Joseph Palmer, dispatched Israel Bissel with this note after adding an appeal that Bissel be supplied with fresh horses whenever he needed them. Bissel, a postrider who customarily traveled between Boston and New York, wore out his mounts and himself for the next five days until he reached Philadelphia.
The War of Posts
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early September 1776, two months after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, George Washington attempted to explain to Congress the strategy of the war he was fighting. The war, he wrote, was a “war of posts,” a “defensive” war in which the American army sought to hold itself together and to avoid a “general action,” a large-scale battle which might bring massive defeat. Washington’s preoccupation with defeat was understandable: its taste had gradually soured his mouth throughout the summer as news of the disasters in Canada arrived.
The War of Maneuver
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two armies now settled in, apparently for the winter. A casual observer might have thought that it was Europe, the convention of going into winter quarters was so taken for granted. The soldiers on both sides turned to the business of making themselves comfortable or trying to find comfort in situations inherently uncomfortable. For Washington’s men attaining some ease seemed almost impossible in the mean little huts they constructed for themselves.
The “Fugitive War”
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Camden shocked both sides. The defeat depressed patriot spirits everywhere, but it did not stop the raids and ambushes on the part of the irregulars. That Camden had so little effect on the grim, inside war surprised Cornwallis and his officers. Two weeks after the battle found him promising Clinton that he would be moving into North Carolina soon. He wanted—he said—to establish a magazine for the winter at Hillsboro, stocked with rum, salt, flour, and meal from the countryside. But he hesitated to send his troops northward unless Clinton undertook to provide a “diversion” in the Chesapeake, an action that would prevent the enemy from sending southward another army, such as Gates had led.
Outside the Campaigns
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What happened on the water affected what happened on the land, and both affected the lives of civilians as well as those of soldiers and sailors. The “inside” of campaigns in other words had consequences for the “outside,” the civilian society which sustained the war. This distinction between the inside and the outside of the campaigns is to some extent deceptive, of course, and even false. Civilians, for example, participated directly in the campaigns, providing supplies and sometimes carrying the baggage of the armies.
Yorktown and Paris
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On May 15, 1781, five days before Cornwallis and his army reached Petersburg, Virginia, Major General William Phillips, commander of forces in the Chesapeake, died of a tidewater fever. Cornwallis had looked forward to seeing him again, an old comrade who with Clinton and himself had cut his combat teeth in Germany in the Seven Years War. British officers who fought in Germany felt set apart from those who had not, felt superior, in fact, to all others.
Ratification: An End and a Beginning
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What had happened in the Constitutional Convention? A fairly common opinion in 1787 had it that there had been a withdrawal of the original commitment to the principles of the American Revolution. Those of this persuasion pointed out that the Constitution virtually destroyed the old Confederation of sovereign states and replaced it with what they called “consolidated” government. In this government, power and sovereignty lay at the center—not in the individual states. In the year following the close of the federal Convention there were to be many variations on the meaning of consolidation.
Columbian Exchanges, 1490–1530
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ships had been at sea for thirty-seven days, sailing straight west into the unknown. The crew had grown very uneasy, then relaxed a bit as they saw in the water a few tree branches and other signs of land nearby. On the night of October 11 they thought they had seen ﬁres on the horizon. As the three little ships anchored near the low, wooded shore, local people gathered to look at them. Already inclined, as a result of unfriendly encounters with Africans, to take bare brown skin as a sign of savagery, the Europeans did not hesitate to go ashore and proclaim the sovereignty of their king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
Courage Through Suffering: Snap Shots Of The Dying Poor
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter revolves around four unique narratives: the Whites, Ms. Annie Dickens, Mr. J. W. Green, and Mr. Joe Noble. The narrative of the Whites vividly depicts the impact of poverty on the dying experience. Despite having worked regularly throughout his life, Mr. White ‘s income was barely sufficient to meet the needs of the family. Together, he and his wife struggled to make ends meet and successfully raise their children. The financial demands they faced each week never allowed them to plan for the future or get ahead in life. As a result, poverty played a significant part in their dying experiences, fostering indignity and exacerbating suffering. Despite being poor, the experience of dying for Ms. Annie Dickens was different. In the very same nursing home where Mr. and Mrs. White endured regrettable indignities, Annie died peacefully and appreciatively. Her faith was a constant source of solace and strength that enabled her to relate to others joyfully and gratefully. The chronicle of Mr. Green ‘s experience of dying demon¬ strates the consequences of urban and rural poverty. The power of faith is also evident, and in the face of major chaos and conflict in his family life, it gave transcendent meaning throughout his dying. For Mr. Joe Noble, spirituality was not expressed in formal connection to established religious practices. Instead, it was a reflection of the way he lived. He found purpose and meaning in family relationships and in nature.
Settled Life
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Right through the end of the Paleolithic period (the ‘ ‘ Old Stone Age’ ‘ ) at about 10,000 years ago, human beings and their pre- cursors had been more or less constantly on the move. They had lived a lifestyle of hunting and gathering that, even after they started to establish home bases, had involved picking up and moving regularly. Once Homo sapiens was on the scene, hominids had probably altered their activities from those of foragers, who simply roam around the landscape, opportunistically availing themselves of resources they encounter, to those of collectors, who keep a close eye on the food sources around them and plan the exploitation of local resources accordingly. But traditional practices must have continued to dictate an essentially mobile lifestyle.
Conclusion: The Turkic Caravan in Retrospect
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Images of carpets and caravans have provided insight in these pages into the ways Turks have projected their identity across time and space and have revealed how quickly questions of unity and diversity arise in discussions of Turkic identity. Those questions bring to light the contrast between how much the Turkic peoples have in common linguistically and how diverse they are in other ways. Now that borders have become more open and communications freer, the Turks themselves are discovering this contrast in startling new ways. Among visitors from Turkey encountering the Uyghurs of Xinjiang for the first time, for example, some of the visitors excitedly exclaim: “Here are our roots!” Despite the obvious linguistic affinity, however, others are equally likely to protest: “These people have nothing to do with us.” Without missing a beat, one of the naysayers may then turn to tell a friend about a new recording of Tuvan throat singing, surely one of the most atypical art forms for a Turkic people.
Cervantes’ Harassed and Vagabond Life
Authors: Manuel Durán 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We can think of many great writers whose lives have left only a few traces upon their work. This is not so with Cervantes: his biography sheds light upon his masterpieces. He was seldom a cold and distant observer of his world: His presence as a witness and occasionally as a judge of what he saw is discreet yet undeniable. He made good use of his experience: he went so far as to include himself, as a minor character, in several of his works—much in the same way as one of our contemporary film directors, Alfred Hitchcock, appears fleetingly in his own movies. His presence is discreet yet insistent: he will not deny or betray his own personality; he begs us to take it into account when reading his texts. Pride and humility go hand in hand in him, helping him to become a good witness of his time—and of the human condition of all time.
The Man on the Moon
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Genetics has been not only the most superheated scientific arena of the past decade, it has also been a feverish battlefield for American bioethics. And no area has elicited as much controversy as the speculative prospect of genetic engineering—the subject of this and the next chapter. We cannot know what human life will be like a thousand years from now, but we can and should think seriously about what we would like it to be like. What is unique about human beings and about being human; what makes humans human? What qualities of the human species must we preserve to preserve humanity itself? What would a “better human” be like? If genetic engineering techniques work, are there human qualities we should try to temper and others we should try to enhance? If human rights and human dignity depend on our human nature, can we change our “humanness” without undermining our dignity and our rights? At the outset of the third millennium, we can begin our exploration of these questions by looking back on some of the major events and themes of the past 1000 years in Western civilization and the primitive human instincts they illustrate.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kant postulated that humans as a species move progressively to a more moral state. In his words, “since the human race’s natural end is to make steady cultural progress, its moral end is to be conceived as progressing toward the better. And this progress may well be occasionally interrupted, but it will never be broken off.” Capital punishment provides a profitable case study in moral progress. Because capital punishment has been medicalized by adopting lethal injection as its methodology (sometimes termed “killing with kindness”), and because medicalization is critical to capital punishment’s continued popularity in America, it is a useful case study in American bioethics as well.
The Shadowlands
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our impotence to craft an American ethics of abortion has led to a “Wild West” of unregulated research with human embryos and women by the reproductive medicine industry. Because of a “free for all” research mentality, it is becoming almost impossible to suggest outlandish and reckless possibilities for the new reproductive research without seeing them actually pursued by its practitioners. This is not only because there are no effective laws regulating the industry, but also because the bioethics of the field are exclusively focused on the potential parent–clients and have nothing to say about the potential children that are (or should be) the whole purpose for the field in the first place. As prepared as I am for the unexpected and bizarre in this field, even I was surprised when a respected American specialist, knowing that his research could not be ethically or legally performed in the United States, trained a Chinese student to pursue it in China. The results of this exercise in “ethical arbitrage” were announced in the United States with much fanfare at the annual meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine and entered the annals of American bioethics.
Waste and Longing
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Waste is not always what it seems. In his cold war novel Underworld, for example, Don DeLillo explores the multifaceted qualities of waste. “Waste,” he notes, “is the secret history, the underhistory, the way archaeologists dig out the history of early cultures, every sort of bone and broken tool, literally from under the ground.” And waste can also be transformed to money: They are trading garbage in the commodity pits in Chicago. They are making synthetic feces in Dallas. You can sell your testicles to a firm in Russia that will give you four thousand dollars and then remove the items surgically and mash them up and extract the vital substances and market the resulting syrupy stuff as rejuvenating beauty cream, for a profit that is awesome.
Eighteenth-Century England’s Integration of Medicine and the Humanities
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the eighteenth century, while Scotland was teeming with life in the humanities and medicine and its leading physicians were pursuing vigorous discussions with its leading philosophers and theologians, England was also emerging into the era of modem medicine. It also had a history of philosophers and theologians who practiced medicine and the sciences. This was, after all, the land of Bacon and Newton. It was the home of the physician/philosopher, John Locke. As was observed by A. W. Hill, a student of John Wesley’s linking of theology and medicine, the “study of physic formed part of a gentleman’s education alongside classical and philosophical studies” (Hill 1958, p. 29). Just as Gregory was awarded a medical degree with the benefit of completing formal study at the institution that awarded the degree, sometimes clergy were given similar university recognition in medicine.
Some Physicians Who Almost Confront The Humanities
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At this point, the thesis I am arguing may begin to sound too simplistic. With the tum of the nineteenth century and the increasing specialization of medicine as a scientific endeavor, all the physicians who wrote codes of ethics (which was essentially an American activity) for their state, local, or national medical societies were surgeons with an interest in journal and textbook editing as well as organizational politics, but no prior interest or ability in ethics, theology, philosophy, or any other humanities discipline. If they had accomplishments outside of medicine, they were in mundane social organizations dealing with ornithology, agriculture, or engineering. For their medical ethics, they simply turned to the physicians who preceded them at the end of the eighteenth century-in particular Gregory, Percival, and Rush-and copied the sections that appealed to them, especially the sections relevant to the interprofessional feuds of the day.
The New Enlightenment: The 1970s
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The civil rights, antiwar, women’s, and student movements of the 1960s provided fertile ground for orienting ethicists, particularly religious ethicists, toward applied ethics. The new biomedical technologies began to call for moral reflection, but it was not until the end of the decade that social changes pressed humanists out of their academic reserves and into the clinic. As we shall see, religious ethicists, already committed to working in the real world of practical moral dilemmas, were especially receptive to responding whereas philosophical ethicists were still finding interest in and prestige from working on more abstract theoretical issues. This social milieu also made clinicians in large numbers follow Howard Means’s lead and invite humanists into the clinic.