bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche’s Gay Science, Or, How to Naturalize Cheerfully
Authors: Schacht Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For one interested in Nietzsche as philosopher, Die Frohliche Wissenschaft (The Gay Science) is without question one of his finest, most illuminating, and most important published works. In the four “books” in which this work originally consisted, and the fifth added five years later, continuing the project begun in the first four, we have much more than the disjointed collection of reflections and aphorisms which it may at first glance appear to be. In this work Nietzsche the philosopher emerges with greater clarity than in any of his previous works, revealing a great deal about the issues in which he was interested, and how and what he thought about them. In style and format it is similar to the series of volumes of such collections preceding it, to which he stated in the original edition that it belongs.
Determinate Answers Under General Statutory and Constitutional Standards and Principles of Common Law
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 has established that the nonapplication or application of specific statutory rules is often determinate. Many answers to questions about those rules are objectively correct in the sense of being understood to be correct by virtually all lawyers and others familiar with the law and of not being subject to a powerful contrary argument that is consonant with the premises of the legal system. I now examine standards whose general language does not yield answers so straightforwardly or whose own status may be subject to challenge. If the application of such standards is invariably indeterminate, that will sharply limit the practical significance of what I have shown thus far. I first treat broad statutory and constitutional standards, and then briefly discuss the force of common law standards.
Applications of legal rules are subject to traditional privileges and excuses and to constitutional challenges. A narrow rule like the leashing requirement will finally apply against Olive only if any claims by her on those bases fail. If the answer to those claims is always indeterminate, we could never conclude that application of the ordinance is determinate.
Fairness in Classification
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a different sense in which the law as it affects people might be considered “objective.” A legal category may be said to be “objective,” rather than arbitrary or unfair. Laws and practices are often regarded as arbitrary or unfair because of the way in which they affect different groups. Of course, every classification treats some groups differently from others: a law against murder treats the group of people who intentionally kill other people worse than the group that does not kill people. But what is objected to as unfair or arbitrary is when the law’s unfavorable treatment of a group has no significant relation to a proper purpose of the legal classification. I shall concentrate on laws or practices that treat women or blacks differently from men or whites respectively. I shall ask first whether overt classification in such terms can be defended and then inquire whether laws not drawn in such terms may be condemned because of their differential effects.
Correct Answers to Legal Questions
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter revisits the subject of the first part of the book, discussing the possibility of determinate, correct answers to legal questions. Part I treated as correct an answer on which virtually all lawyers and others familiar with the law would agree, and against which there was no powerful normative argument consonant with the legal system. Subsequent chapters have developed the nature of legal standards and of legal reasoning, and how these relate within the law to broader standards and forms of reasoning. These chapters have provided a fuller picture of what lawyers consider when they seek to answer legal questions, and they begin to suggest the many respects in which the views of lawyers diverge about the answers to hard legal questions. These chapters did not, how ver, weaken the fundamental conclusions of Part I: namely, that for many legal questions a single answer is agreed upon by lawyers and that for other legal questions such agreement is lacking. According to the perspective of Part I, we can say that many legal questions have determinate answers and others do not.
Their Fathers’ Daughters: An Introduction
Authors: Kowaleski-Wallace Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither Hannah More or Maria Edgeworth is anthologized in a recent collection entitled First Feminists: British Women Writers 1578-1799, edited by Moira Ferguson, although More is indirectly represented. As patron to the working-class poet Ann Yearsley (sometimes called the Bristol Milkwoman), whose picture graces the cover of the collection, More is evoked as an “establishment” figure. Indeed, all published accounts suggest More treated Years­ ley badly: she was both condescending and vituperative toward Yearsley as soon as the “Milkwoman” began to assert her independence from More’s control. Here, for example, is More’s response to Yearsley’s attempts to manage the money resulting from the publication of her poems.
Irving Berlin
Authors: Hamm Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irving Berlin remains a central figure in American music, a lyricist/composer whose songs are loved all over the world. His first piece, `Marie from Sunny Italy’, was written in 1907, and his `Alexander’s Ragtime Band’ attracted more public and media attention than any other song of its decade. In later years Berlin wrote such classics as `God Bless America’, `Blue Skies’, ‘Always’, ‘Cheek to Cheek’, and the holiday favourites ‘White Christmas’ and ‘Easter Parade’. Jerome Kern, his fellow songwriter, commented that ‘Irving Berlin is American music.’ In Irving Berlin: The Formative Years, Charles Hamm traces the early years of this most famous and distinctive American songwriter. Beginning with Berlin’s immigrant roots - he came to New York in 1893 from Russia - Hamm shows how the young Berlin quickly revealed the talent for music and lyrics that was to mark his entire career. Berlin first wrote for the vaudeville stage, turning out songs that drew on the various ethnic cultures of the city. These pieces, with their Jewish, Italian, German, Irish, and Black protagonists singing in appropriate dialects, reflected the urban mix of New York’s melting pot. Berlin drew on various musical styles, especially ragtime, for such songs as ‘Alexander’s Ragtime Band’, and Hamm devotes an entire chapter to the song and its success. The book also details Berlin’s early efforts to write for the Broadway musical stage, culminating in 1914 with his first musical comedy, Watch Your Step, featuring the popular dance team, Vernon and Irene Castle. A great hit on Broadway and in London, the show was a key piece in the Americanization of the musical comedy. Blessed with prodigious ambition and energy, Berlin wrote at least 4 or 5 new songs a week, many of which were discarded. He nevertheless published 190 songs between 1907 and 1914, an astonishing number considering that when Berlin arrived in America, he knew not a single word of English. As one writer reported, ‘there is scarcely a waking moment when Berlin is not engaged either in teaching his songs to a vaudeville player, or composing new ones.’ Early in his career, Irving Berlin brilliantly exploited the musical trends and influences of the day. Hamm shows how Berlin emerged from the vital and complex social and cultural scene of New York to begin his rise as America’s foremost songwriter.
New Adversaries
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even before World War II was concluded signs of division began to appear among the Allies. At the February 1945 Yalta conference the Allies dis cussed their differing visions for a postwar Polish government. At the July 1945 Potsdam conference the United States resisted Soviet pressure to recognize the Soviet-installed governments of Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria.
Growth and Fecundity
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of how an individual changes over time in length, weight, age, and reproductive characteristics is rooted in physiological processes far beyond the scope of this book. An individual obtains energy from food, and that energy may be converted into growth, reproductive development, or activity. According to von Bertalanffy (1938), growth is the net result of two opposing processes, catabolism and anabolism. Anabolic processes involve the synthesis of protein, while catabolic processes degrade it. As outlined by Pauly (1981), catabolism occurs in all living cells and results in breaking down body substances; it is therefore proportional to the mass and weight of an individual. Anabolism is the process of building up body substances and is proportional to respiratory rate. Respiratory rate, in tum, is usually proportional to surface area. Such general principles lead to differential equations for growth processes that are generally applicable to several species, including fish.
Catch-age and Age-structured Assessment Methods
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Age composition is an increasingly important source of information for understanding fish population dynamics. By obtaining length, weight, and age information, it is possible to follow year-classes through time to understand growth (see chapter 4), to monitor population changes over time, and, most importantly, to obtain age-and sex-specific estimates of population parameters. Age information can be used from commercial and sport fisheries and from surveys. Methodology for aging is described by Chilton and Beamish (1982) and by Summerfelt and Hall (1987); the latter includes a review of common methods (Beamish and McFarlane 1987). Richards et al. (1992) derived statistical models for aging error, which can be used to quantify the precision and accuracy of aging, as well as to estimate ages from a sample of fish. Practical aspects of sampling design, including logistics, port sampling, and randomness of sampling, beyond that covered in this chapter, are discussed in the volume edited by Doubleday and Rivard (1983) and for Pacific halibut by Quinn et al. (1983a).
Editorial Privilege: Mary Shelley and Percy Shelley’s Audiences
Authors: Wolfson Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In assembling her husband’s works—Posthumous Poems in 1824, and in 1839 two editions of Poetical Works and one of essays and letterss—Mary Shelley conceived of two classes of readers. The first, as she names it in the Preface of 1839, was “the world” to whom she would give “the productions of a sublime genius … with all the correctness possible.”1 With this “perfect edition”s—the “first stone of a monument due to Shelley’s genius, his sufferings, and his virtues” (xvi)s—she hoped to diminish the aura of his unintelligibility, quell the controversies over his conduct and political opinions, and solicit the favor of “any one newly introduced” (viii). In this editorial capacity, she acts as mediator, of fering herself as a model of perfect sympathy for and understanding of the poet. Yet simultaneously and more subtly, she was representing herself as the synecdoche of another kind of audience and with a somewhat contradictory agenda. Motivated by the charges—self-generated as well as held by some of their friendss—of her having failed the poet spiritually and emotionally in his last years, the editor, in view of “the public” whom she purports to serve, displays herself in a position of unique, and at times hermetic, readerly privilege: a singular Shelleyan audience, the intimate who is the poet’s ideal, best reader. This gesture of discriminating two audiences-popular and elite-is not particular to Mary Shelley’s volumes, of course; its double view reflects conflicting Romantic attitudes about the social role and potency of poetry: To whom does a poet speak? How is he heard?
Mary Shelley and the Taming of the Byronic Hero: “Transformation” and The Deformed Transformed
Authors: Cantor Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having long been viewed as peripheral to the study of Romanticism, Franken stein has been moved to the center. Critics originally tried to assimilate Mary Shelley’s novel to patterns already familiar from Romantic poetry. But more recent studies of Frankenstein have led critics to rethink Romanticism in light of Mary Shelley’s contribution. Gradually emerging from the shadow of her husband, she is increasingly being recognized as a distinct voice within Romanticism, a distinctly feminine voice within what seems to be a male-dominated movement.1 The trend of recent studies of Frankenstein has been to view it as a critique of Romanticism, particularly as developed in Percy Shelley’s poetry. Critics have argued that Frankenstein is a protest against Romantic titanism, against the masculine aggressiveness that lies concealed beneath the dreams of Romantic idealism. They characterize Victor Frankenstein as a man claiming to be acting for the benefit of humanity but in his egotism only succeeding in destroying himself and all those he loves.2 As a story focusing on an aggressively male attempt to displace the female from her role as creator and nourisher of human life, Frankenstein embodies on several levels Shelley’s distinctive concerns as a woman in the early nineteenth century. Above all, the novel can be viewed as a protest in the name of domesticity against the destructive effects of the Romantic heroic ideal.
Introduction
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equality has long been among the most potent of human ideals, and it continues to play a prominent role in political argument. Views about equality inform much of the debate about such wide-ranging issues as racism, sexism, obligations to the poor or handicapped, relations between developed and underdeveloped countries, and the justification of competing political, economic, and ideological systems.
Most philosophical discussions of equality have focused on two questions: Is equality really desirable? And what kind of equality should we seek-that is, insofar as we are egalitarians, should we want equality of opportunity, primary goods, need satisfaction, welfare, or what? These are important questions. But I shall be asking a third question. When is one situation worse than another regarding inequality?
There are two reasons for addressing this question. First, it can be of little practical consequence that one regards inequality as bad-as many do1-unless one is generally able to determine if one situation’s inequality is worse than another’s. Second, and more fundamental, I believe it is only by addressing this question that one can begin to understand the nature and complexity of the notion of inequality. It is toward that end this book is written.
Averages, Individuals, or Groups: What Should an Egalitarian Focus On?
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into two main parts. In part 1, I consider an Average Principle of equality and a Proportional Average Principle of equality. In part 2, I closely examine the relative to the best-off person view of complaints (BOP). Both parts raise questions about the focus of egalitarian concern.
A Criticism of Egalitarianism Rejected
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of this book has been to understand our notion of inequality. I have tried to determine what the egalitarian cares about, and what factors are relevant to assessing situations regarding inequality. I have not argued one should be an egalitarian. Nor, till now, have I tried to defend egalitarianism against the claims of nonegalitarians. However in this chapter I want to address a position that, perhaps more than any other, underlies the reasoning of most nonegalitarians. It may also underlie the reasoning some are attracted to deontological or person-affecting versions of egalitarianism. As we shall see, I believe the position has enormous appeal, and influences thinking about many topics besides inequality. I also think the position can be effectively challenged in ways that cast doubt on many positions and have significant implications for our understanding of the good.
Reply to David Wiggins
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hope in this reply briefly to explore some differences and similarities in the views of David Wiggins and myself, and, in so doing, to locate the sort of naturalism I am exploring more clearly on the philosophical landscape.
Wiggins takes the fact that I ‘disjoin and/or conjoin’ the labels ‘naturalism’ and ‘cognitivism’ to be evidence that I think the two views coincide. I would not ordinarily expect disjoining and conjoining to give this impression, so I certainly join Wiggins in insisting that they are distinct.
A Continuation of Sir Philip Sidney’s Arcadia
Authors: Weamys Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anne Weamys’s Arcadia is a woman’s own contribution to one of the dominant genres of her sex’s readership in the seventeenth century: the heroic romance. Part of the considerable power and appeal of this work is its reduction of the heroic romance to a smaller scale. In its shorter length and its comparatively direct style, it avoids the fustian and bloat of the form. At the same time, it elaborates on the genre’s stronger points—its playfulness and fantasy, its explorations of the nuances of sensibility—while not sacrificing its capacity for political statement. Arcadia is an interesting and accessible story that can be read in a single sitting.
Mechanical Procedures and Mathematical Experience
Authors: Sieg Wilfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s terse remark1 captures the feature of Alan Turing’s analysis of calculability that makes it epistemologically relevant. Focusing on the epistemology of mathematics, I will contrast this feature with two striking aspects of mathematical experience implicit in repeated remarks of Kurt Gödel. The first, the conceptional aspect, is connected to the notion of mechanical computability through his assertion that “with this concept one has for the first time succeeded in giving an absolute definition of an interesting epistemological notion”; the second, the quasi-constructive one, is related to axiomatic set theory through his claim that its axioms “can be supplemented without arbitrariness by new axioms which are only the natural continuation of the series of those set up so far.” Gödel speculated on how the second aspect might give rise to a humanly effective procedure that cannot be mechanically calculated and thus provide a reason for his belief that the class of mental procedures is not exhausted by mechanical ones.
Hilbert’s Axiomatic Method and the Laws of Thought
Authors: Hallett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of thought was frequently appealed to in discussions of the foundations of mathematics and natural science towards the end of the nineteenth century, as were its capacities and, indeed, its laws. This very term was used, of course, by Boole as the title of the work that Russell called, with wicked humor, the first book ever written on pure mathematics (1901). Something like it also appears in the title of another well-known work, Frege’s Begriffsschrift of 1879, for recall that this is only an abbreviation for Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens, (Concept writing, aformal language for pure thinking modelled on arithmetic).
Black, White, and Blue
Authors: Collier James Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all areas in American life, the one in which the long-standing and fiercely defended barriers between black and white races began to break down was jazz. As far back as about 1908, when blacks could be lynched for talking to white women, the Streckfus river boat line initiated its entertainment policy with a group consisting of the black ,pianist Fate Marable and the white violinist Emile Flindt.1 Not long afterwards, a few light-skinned blacks, like Achille Baquet and Dave Perkins, at times worked in white bands. By 1920 or so when few whites would allow blacks to enter their homes except as servants, young white musicians were apprenticing themselves to black jazz players in San Franciscos vice district, Chicagos South Side, and elsewhere, and at times sitting in with black bands or joining blacks in jam sessions.
The Origins of Order
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stuart Kauffman here presents a brilliant new paradigm for evolutionary biology, one that extends the basic concepts of Darwinian evolution to accommodate recent findings and perspectives from the fields of biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics. The book drives to the heart of the exciting debate on the origins of life and maintenance of order in complex biological systems. It focuses on the concept of self-organization: the spontaneous emergence of order that is widely observed throughout nature Kauffman argues that self-organization plays an important role in the Darwinian process of natural selection. Yet until now no systematic effort has been made to incorporate the concept of self-organization into evolutionary theory. The construction requirements which permit complex systems to adapt are poorly understood, as is the extent to which selection itself can yield systems able to adapt more successfully. This book explores these themes. It shows how complex systems, contrary to expectations, can spontaneously exhibit stunning degrees of order, and how this order, in turn, is essential for understanding the emergence and development of life on Earth. Topics include the new biotechnology of applied molecular evolution, with its important implications for developing new drugs and vaccines; the balance between order and chaos observed in many naturally occurring systems; new insights concerning the predictive power of statistical mechanics in biology; and other major issues. Indeed, the approaches investigated here may prove to be the new center around which biological science itself will evolve. The work is written for all those interested in the cutting edge of research in the life sciences.
The Female Thermometer
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And what, pray, asks a Shandean voice, is a Female Thermometer? The essayist Bonnell Thornton Till described this egregious device in The Connoisseur no. 85 (11 September 1754). Perfected by an “ingenious friend” Mr. Ayscough, the optician and scientific instrument-maker of Ludgate Hill, the “FEMALE THERMOMETER” Thornton wrote, was an invention for measuring “the exact temperature of a lady’s passions.” It consisted of a glass tube filled with a chemical mixture derived from distilled extracts oflady’s love and maiden hair and “wax of virgin-bees.” When acted on by “the circulation of the blood and animal spirits,” this liquor would invariably “rise and fall according to the desires and affections of the wearer.” Some ludicrous verse explained the principle: As the frail dame now love, now reason guides, The magic mixture rises or subsides.