bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionation of canine serum calcium, using a micropartition system
Authors: Schenck Patricia A. , Chew Dennis J. , Brooks Charles L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine usefulness of a micropartition system for calcium fractionation of canine serum, and to establish reference values for protein-bound, complexed, and ionized calcium fractions in clinically normal dogs.

Design
Performance characteristics of a micropartition system were evaluated, using serum from clinically normal dogs. This micropartition system was then used to determine a reference range for calcium fractions.

Animals
13 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
Dog serum was placed in the micropartition system, and spun for 20 minutes at 1,300 × g. Total calcium concentration, ionized calcium concentration, and pH were measured in whole serum, and total calcium concentration was measured in the ultrafiltrate. The protein-bound fraction was calculated by subtracting total calcium of the ultrafiltrate from total calcium of whole serum. The ionized calcium measurement of whole serum was subtracted from the total calcium measurement of the ultrafiltrate, determining the complexed calcium fraction.

Results
During validation of the ability of the micropartition system to separate calcium fractions, no significant amount of serum calcium was adsorbed by the plastic micropartition system or membrane. The micropartition membrane separated the protein-bound calcium fraction (retentate) from the ultrafiltrate, which contained ionized and complexed fractions of calcium. Concentrations of protein-bound, ionized, and complexed calcium from clinically normal dogs were determined to be 3.40 ± 0.63, 5.49 ± 0.17, and 1.01 ± 0.30 mg/dl, representing 34, 56, and 10% of the total calcium concentration, respectively.

Conclusions
This method is a rapid, repeatable means to completely fractionate serum calcium, and most importantly provides accurate assessment of the protein-bound and complexed calcium fractions.

Clinical Relevance
Complete assessment of calcium fractions may increase sensitivity for detection of disease processes that affect calcium metabolism.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:268-271 )
Effect of dose on the immune response and persistence of Salmonella choleraesuis infection in swine
Authors: Gray Jeffrey T. , Stabel Thomas J. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish the effect of dose on persistence of and immune response to Salmonella choleraesuis in swine.

Design
19 Salmonella-free pigs were allotted to 4 groups. Groups 1 (n = 5), 2 (n = 5), and 3 (n = 5) were inoculated intranasally with 109, 106, and 103 colony-forming units of S choleraesuis, respectively. Group 4 (n = 4) served as uninoculated controls.

Procedure
Pigs were monitored for clinical signs of disease and bacterial shedding. Serum and lymphocytes were obtained to measure immune responses. Pigs from groups 1, 2, and 4 were necropsied at postinoculation (PI) weeks 6 and 15. Pigs from groups 3 and 4 were necropsied at PI weeks 6 and 10.

Results
Pigs in group 1 shed S choleraesuis through PI week 15 and were tissue positive at PI weeks 6 and 15. Pigs in group 2 were tissue positive for S choleraesuis until PI week 6 and continued shedding through PI week 9. Salmonella choleraesuis was not recovered at any time from pigs in groups 3 or 4. Pigs in groups 1, 2, and 3 had serum IgG and IgM titers to S choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide and soluble antigens. Pigs in all groups had a lymphocyte response to concanavalin A, and pigs in groups 1 and 2 had a lymphocyte response to S choleraesuis endotoxin. Pigs in group 1 had a lower stimulation index in response to both antigens, indicating some form of lymphocyte immunosuppression.

Conclusions
Persistence of S choleraesuis in host tissues is dose dependent. Short-term persistence can occur after a dose as low as 106 colony-forming units of S choleraesuis. Higher doses result in development of longterm carrier status, which may be related to the observed lymphocyte immunosuppression.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:313-319)
Pathogenesis of plaque variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pregnant sows
Authors: Park B. K. , Yoon I. J. , Joo H. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus plaque variants vary in their pathogenicity in causing late-term reproductive failure.

Design
Four groups of 2 sows each at 86 days of gestation were inoculated intranasally with PRRSV small (MN-Hs) and large (MN-HI) plaque variants, field isolate, and cell culture medium, respectively. In addition, 2 sows each at 86 days of gestation were inoculated intranasally or IM with MN-Hs virus.

Animals
14 pregnant sows.

Procedure
Inoculated sows were allowed to deliver at term, and each litter was examined for clinical abnormality and presence of virus.

Results
Two sows infected with MN-Hs virus delivered 14 live and 5 dead pigs, whereas 2 sows infected with MN-HI virus delivered 0 live and 25 dead pigs. Two sows inoculated with a field isolate (MN-W) delivered 10 live and 20 dead pigs. Two control sows had 26 normal fetuses at slaughter at 107 days of gestation. Virus was isolated from 16 (66.7%) of 24 liveborn pigs, 9 (64.3%) of 14 stillborn pigs, and 3 (12.0%) of 25 mummified fetuses of the 6 infected sows. Subsequently, 4 MN-Hs-infected sows delivered 40 live and 11 dead pigs.

Conclusions
Marked difference in the pathogenicity in pregnant sows between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains was documented. The MN-Hs virus is considered to be of low pathogenicity, but the other viruses are highly pathogenic for late-term pregnant sows.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:320-323)
Effects of locally injected medications on healing of pad wounds in dogs
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Vaughn Dana M. , Kincaid Steven A. , Morrison Nancy E. , Murray Susan S. , Woodhead Melissa A. , Hoffman Charles E. , Wright James C. , Kammerman John R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To ascertain the effects of locally injected immunostimulant and tripeptide-copper complex (TCC) on improving healing of pad wounds.

Design
Wounds in pads of large dogs were injected with either medication or physiologic saline solution (controls). Healing was evaluated.

Animals
12 mature English Pointers.

Procedure
Full-thickness 6 × 8-mm wounds in metatarsal and third and fourth digital pads were injected with immunostimulant or TCC at 0, 3, and 6 days after wounding. Wounds on control dogs were injected with physiologic saline solution. Using planimetric measurements at 0, 3, 6, 14, and 21 days, rates of healing were evaluated. Biopsy of the digital pad wounds at 3, 6, and 14 days was used to evaluate collagen content by hydroxyproline analysis. Biopsy specimens were also evaluated for type-I and type-III collagen, using Sirius red differential staining.

Results
Effect on healing rate and hydroxyproline content was best during the first week for immunostimulant. Immunostimulant- and TCC-injected wounds had more type-I collagen than did controls at 6 days; TCC-injected wounds had the most type-I collagen. At 14 days, the amount of type-I collagen in TCC-injected wounds was significantly greater than that in other wounds.

Conclusions
Tested medications had positive effects on healing of pad wounds.

Clinical Relevance
Intralesional injection of medications helps ensure their presence for enhancement of wound healing. The benefit could be lost with topical use in a bandage if the bandage is lost or becomes wet.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:394-399)
Scintigraphic evaluation of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate uptake in the navicular area of horses with lameness isolated to the foot by anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves
Authors: Keegan Kevin G. , Wilson David A. , Lattimer Jimmy C. , Twardock A. Robert , Ellersieck Mark R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate distribution and intensity of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) uptake in the navicular area in horses with forelimb lameness isolated to the palmar aspect of the foot.

Design
Prospective, case-controlled study.

Animals
7 horses with clinical signs of navicular syndrome and 7 control horses.

Procedure
Palmar view, soft tissue-phase scintigraphic images of the foot were obtained between 7 and 12 minutes after injection of 120 to 170 mCi of 99mTc-MDP. Lateral and palmar view, bone-phase images were obtained at 30 minutes and 1, 2, and 4 hours after injection. Palmar views were evaluated by determining the ratio of image density in the navicular area to mean image density in the distal phalangeal area. Palmar and lateral view, bone-phase images were also scored on the basis of navicular area intensity (intense = 3, moderate = 2, mild = 1, and no uptake = 0). Density ratios and mean scores were evaluated as a three-way ANOVA.

Results
Mean navicular-to-distal phalangeal density ratio for affected horses (1.77) was significantly (P = 0.003) greater than that for control horses (0.97). The mean subjective score for affected horses when evaluating palmar views only (1.85) and when evaluating palmar and lateral view pairs together (1.99) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than scores for control horses (0.51, 0.62). Images obtained 1 hour after injection were as good at differentiating affected from control horses as images obtained between 2 to 4 hours after injection.

Conclusion
A substantial number of horses with palmar foot pain have increased scintigraphic uptake within the navicular bone 1 to 4 hours after injection of 99mTc-MDP. Lateral view, bone-phase images are less sensitive than palmar view, bone-phase images in revealing navicular area uptake.

Clinical Relevance
A combination of lateral and palmar view scintigraphic images obtained between 1 and 4 hours after injection of 99mTc-MDP is a useful diagnostic aid in evaluating navicular bone involvement in horses with forelimb lameness isolated to the palmar aspect of the foot. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:415–421)
Local distribution of mepivacaine after distal interphalangeal joint injection in horses
Authors: Keegan Kevin G. , Wilson David A. , Kreeger John M. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Kuo Kenneth C. , Li Zhaolin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the distribution of mepivacaine hydrochloride after distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint injection in horses.

Design
Prospective, uncontrolled study.

Animals
10 adult horses.

Procedure
30 minutes before euthanasia, 8 ml of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride was injected into the dorsal pouch of a forelimb DIP joint. Synovial tissue from the DIP joint and podotrochlear (navicular) bursa and bone tissue from the medullary cavity of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone were taken from both forelimbs immediately after death. All synovial and bone specimens were analyzed for tissue concentration of mepivacaine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Synovial tissue and bone specimen concentrations from the injected forelimb were compared with corresponding specimens from the noninjected forelimb. All synovial tissue and bone specimen concentrations were compared with an estimated effective tissue concentration of mepivacaine (0.3 µg/mg) for local anesthesia.

Results
Specimen concentrations of mepivacaine from the injected forelimb were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those in the corresponding tissues of the contralateral noninjected forelimb. All DIP joint and navicular bursa synovial tissue specimens from the injected forelimb had greater than the estimated effective tissue concentration of mepivacaine for local anesthesia. Of the 10 navicular bone specimens from the injected forelimb, 4 were higher and 2 were within 20% of the estimated effective tissue concentration of mepivacaine for local anesthesia.

Conclusions
Mepivacaine hydrochloride deposited into the DIP joint should anesthetize pain arising from navicular bursa synovia and may decrease pain arising from the medullary cavity of the navicular bone.

Clinical Relevance
DIP joint injection of mepivacaine hydrochloride is not specific for DIP joint pain. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:422–426)
Salmonella enteritidis in eggs, cloacal swab specimens, and internal organs of experimentally infected White Leghorn chickens
Authors: Bichler Lois A. , Nagaraja Kakambi V. , Halvorson David A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis-positive eggs, excretion of the organism in fecal droppings, and infection of internal organs after oral inoculation of White Leghorn hens with S enteritidis phage type 8.

Animals
30 White Leghorn laying hens.

Procedure
At 25 weeks of age, hens were each inoculated orally with 1010 colony-forming units of S enteritidis, then were observed for 8 weeks.

Results
Salmonella enteritidis Y-8P2 did not cause any clinical signs of disease or decrease in egg production. However, at 1 week after inoculation, 63.9% of the eggs collected from inoculated hens were culture positive for S enteritidis. The organism was isolated from the shell washings, egg shells, yolk, and albumen. A total of 592 eggs from S enteritidis-inoculated hens were examined. Of these eggs, 157 (26.5%) were positive for S enteritidis on external shell washings alone, 17 (2.9%) were positive for S enteritidis internally, and 44 (7.4%) were positive for S enteritidis externally and internally. The percentage of culture-positive eggs gradually decreased between postinoculation weeks 2 and 5, then gradually increased to a high of 76% at week 8. At 3, 7, and 10 days after S enteritidis inoculation, cloacal swab specimens from 3 hens were positive for S enteritidis. Salmonella enteritidis was recovered from ovary, oviduct, liver, and cecal junction from S enteritidis-inoculated hens.

Conclusions
Our results indicated that birds infected with this isolate produced S enteritidis-positive eggs at high frequencies initially, that decreased over time. When S enteritidis antibody began to decrease, reaching geometric mean titer ≤ 40, the frequency of S enteritidis-positive eggs increased. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:489–495)
Evaluation of injections of collagenase and Oxytetracycline via the umbilical artery as treatment for retained placenta in cattle
Authors: Fecteau Kellie A. , Eiler Hugo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To test whether Oxytetracycline inactivates collagenase when combined as a potential treatment for retained fetal membranes in cattle and to determine whether Oxytetracycline passes to blood from fetal membranes after intraplacental injection.

Design
Prospective, controlled study.

Sample Population
288 placentomes from 12 cows in their third trimester of pregnancy and 4 cows at term pregnancy.

Procedure
8 experimental groups were established: saline control, collagenase, collagenase plus Oxytetracycline at 3 dosages, and Oxytetracycline at 3 dosages. Placentomes were infused through an umbilical vessel with the test solutions and incubated at 39 C for 4 hours. Immediately after incubation, the force needed to detach cotyledons from caruncles was measured by a manometry technique. Cotyledon-caruncle interface fluids were analyzed for hydroxyproline (collagen breakdown) and total protein contents. A combination of collagenase and Oxytetracycline was injected via umbilical arteries of cows undergoing cesarean section and in cows with retained fetal membranes after natural delivery. Antibiotic residue in blood was determined by the Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay.

Results
There were no significant differences among collagenase and collagenase plus Oxytetracycline groups in the amount of pressure needed to separate cotyledon from caruncle, amount of hydroxyproline released, and amount of total protein broken down. The 4 cows tested negative for Oxytetracycline in the blood.

Clinical Relevance
Oxytetracycline and collagenase may be a potential combination treatment for retained fetal membranes in cattle. In addition, the lack of antibiotic residue detection in blood may be of regulatory relevance. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:522–525)
Efficacy of florfenicol for treatment of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis
Authors: Wilson David J. , Sears Philip M. , Gonzalez Ruben N. , Smith Brenda S. , Schulte Hal F. , Bennett Gary J. , Das Helena H. , Johnson Carl K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of florfenicol treatment for bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, nonagalactiae streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and others.

Design
Double blind study with cases randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups.

Sample Population
861 cows/10 commercial dairy farms.

Procedures
Experimental (750 mg of florfenicol) or control (200 mg of cloxacillin) treatment was administered by intramammary infusion every 12 hours for 3 treatments to all cases. Treatments were randomly assigned, identified only by numerical labels. To retain blinding, the longer withdrawal time was adhered to for all cases. Cases remained in the study only if there was no other treatment. Quarter samples were recultured 14, 21, and 28 days later. If all samples after day 1 were culture negative, the case was defined as cured. If only 1 of the follow-up results was positive, the case was considered cured if the day-28 somatic cell count was < 300,000/ml. Failure of treatment was defined as 2 or more culture-positive follow-up samples.

Results
Florfenicol and cloxacillin did not differ significantly in efficacy versus clinical (n = 85) or subclinical (n = 71) bovine mastitis, or for any etiologic agent (χ2). Overall cure rates for mastitis were: Str agalactiae, 5 of 8 (63%); Sta aureus, 5 of 54 (9%); Streptococcus sp, 16 of 35 (46%); Staphylococcus sp, 7 of 33 (21 %); E coli, 5 of 11 (46%); Klebsiella sp, 3 of 6 (50%); others, 1 of 9 (11%); and all cases, 42 of 156 (27%).

Conclusions
Florfenicol did not offer any advantage over cloxacillin in efficacy against bovine mastitis. Overall cure rates were low. As with most mastitis treatment regimens, poor efficacy may be partly attributable to the short duration of treatment. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:526–528)
Anesthesia induced in pigs by use of a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine and its reversal by administration of atipamezole
Authors: Sakaguchi Minoru , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo , Ishiguro Toshikazu , Tamura Hiroshi , Takeuchi Akira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop an IM administrable anesthetic combination for pigs.

Design
Use of a combination of atropine, medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine (MB-K) was evaluated as an anesthetic regimen and compared with that of a combination of atropine, xylazine, butorphanol, and ketamine (XB-K). Cardiorespiratory effects of MB-K combination and use of atipamezole as a means of reversing anesthesia induced by MB-K were examined.

Animals
18 castrated, mixed-breed, specific-pathogen- free pigs, aged 8 to 15 (mean, 12.1) weeks and weighing 14.5 to 26.0 (mean, 19.6) kg, were studied.

Procedure
Dosages of drugs used in this study were atropine, 25 µg/kg of body weight; medetomidine 80 µg/ kg; xylazine, 2 mg/kg; butorphanol, 200 µg/kg; ketamine, 10 mg/kg; and atipamezole, 240 µg/kg.

Results
MB-K combination proved to be more effective than XB-K combination as an anesthetic combination. After quick and smooth induction by IM administration, MB-K-induced anesthesia was sustained for 98.8 ± 22.5 minutes (mean ± SD, 47.4 ± 16.5 minutes by XB-K) with accompanying muscular relaxation (91 ± 18 minutes) and loss of pedal (82 ± 24 minutes) and laryngeal (75 ± 19 minutes) reflexes. Loss of these reflexes was of significantly longer duration than the loss induced by XB-K, enabled tracheal intubation, and, thus, supported major surgery for at least 30 minutes after induction. Recovery from MB-K-mduced anesthesia was smooth. MB-K combination had a slight stimulative effect on cardiovascular status, and a significant depressant effect on blood gas and acid-base status, but these effects were within biologically acceptable limits. Oxygen consumption of pigs under MB-K-induced anesthesia decreased significantly. MB-K-induced anesthesia could be effectively and quickly reversed by IM or IV administration of atipamezole.

Conclusions
The combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine induces excellent surgical anesthesia in pigs, and results in moderate cardiorespiratory effects. A great advantage of the anesthetic regimen is that it can be effectively and quickly reversed by atipamezole.

Clinical Relevance
Medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine-induced anesthesia is available for short-term major surgery in pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:529–534)
Quantitative investigation of population persistence and recurrent outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on dairy farms
Authors: De Jong M. C. M. , van der Poel W. H. M. , Kramps J. A. , Brand A. , van Oirschot J. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine if transmission of virus among seropositive cattle is a plausible mechanism for the permanent presence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in dairy herds, and how likely, with that scenario for persistence, there will be only 1 clinical outbreak of BRSV per year.

Design
Build a stochastic model, parameter estimation from serologic data on BRSV, and interpret the estimated parameter values from the model analysis.

Sample Population
Monthly data on the prevalence of antibodies directed against BRSV in sera from all cattle in 6 dairy herds.

Procedure
Parameter estimation applying general linear models, model analysis using calculation of the reproduction ratio for simplified models, and Monte-Carlo simulation for the whole model.

Results
Persistence of BRSV by transmission among seropositive cattle given estimated parameter values would be accompanied by frequent extinctions (once every 1 to 50 years) and long infectious periods in seropositive cattle (100 days). Moreover, in the model, a single clinical outbreak among seronegative cattle only occurred with external forcing.

Conclusions
From these data, transmission among seropositive cattle is not a plausible mechanism for persistence of BRSV in dairy herds. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:628–633)