bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Photocathode Interface Engineering for Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction to C1 or C2+ Products
Authors: Kim Jae Hak , Hong Sung Hyun , Ahn Sang Hyun , Kim Soo Young 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) systems harness light absorption to initiate chemical reactions, while electrochemical reactions facilitate the conversion of reactants into desired products, ensuring more efficient and sustainable energy conversion in PECs. Central to optimizing the performance of PECs was the pivotal role played by interface engineering. This intricate process involves manipulating material interfaces at the atomic or nanoscale to enhance charge transfer, improve catalytic activity, and address limitations associated with bulk materials. The careful tuning of factors such as band gap, surface energy, crystallinity, defect characteristics, and structural attributes through interface engineering led to superior catalytic efficiency. Specifically, interface engineering significantly enhanced the efficiency of semiconductor‐based PECs. Engineers strategically designed heterojunctions and manipulated catalyst surface properties to optimize the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers, minimizing recombination losses and improving performance overall. This review categorizes the discussion into four sections focusing on the interface engineering of PECs, providing valuable insights into recent research trends. Overall, the synergy between PECs and interface engineering holds tremendous promise for advancing renewable energy technologies and addressing environmental challenges by offering innovative solutions for sustainable energy conversion and storage.
Efficient Ternary Organic Photovoltaic Films for Fast Exciton Separation to Generate Free Radicals for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Yang Linji , Huang Ciyuan , Zhou Yang , Zhang Libin , Sun Ke , Luo Houjin , Liang Yinna , Wang Yilin , Yang Tao , Ma Wei , Ren Donglou , Liu Cong , Zhang Heng , Chen Kai , Zhu Hongxiang , Xiong Jianhua , Zou Bingsuo , Wang Shuangfei , Liu Tao 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTGiven the effectiveness of organic pollutants photodegradation and the excellent photovoltaic nature of organic solar cells (OSCs), this work first innovatively integrated the cross‐fields of OSCs and environmental photocatalysis. Using knowledge of OSC morphology, an insertion strategy involved adding a suitable quantity of guest acceptor (Y6‐O) to the PM6 donor polymer and BTP‐2F‐ThCl host small molecule acceptor system. Y6‐O leads to tighter π–π packing, reduced domain size, and improved domain purity, resulting in favorable morphology for charge generation and transfer in devices and an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.1% to 18.1%. Moreover, terpolymer organic photovoltaic films were applied to wastewater treatment, gaining ions Sb(III) and Sb(V) removals of 100% in 15 min, and guaiacol photodegradations of 90% in 1 h. This work significantly prompts the development of organic photovoltaics and wastewater treatment and opens views for multifunctional organic photovoltaic material applications.
Riding a Vascular Time Train to Spatiotemporally Attenuate Thrombosis and Restenosis by Double Presentation of Therapeutic Gas and Biomacromolecules
Authors: Rao Jingdong , Suo Di , Ma Qing , Mo Yongyi , Bei Ho‐Pan , Wang Li , Tang Chuyang Y. , Yiu Kai‐Hang , Wang Shuqi , Yang Zhilu , Zhao Xin 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTEndothelial injury is a common occurrence following stent implantation, often leading to complications such as restenosis and thrombosis. To address this issue, we have developed a multi‐functional stent coating that combines a dopamine‐copper (DA‐Cu) base with therapeutic biomolecule modification, including nitric oxide (NO) precursor L‐arginine, endothelial glycocalyx heparin, and endothelial cell (EC) catcher vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In our stent coating, the incorporated Cu acts as a sustainable catalyst for converting endogenous NO donors into NO, and the immobilized arginine serves as a precursor for NO generation under the effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The presence of heparin endows the stent coating with anticoagulant ability and enhances eNOS activity, whilst rapid capture of EC by VEGF accelerates re‐endothelialization. After in vivo implantation, the antioxidant elements and produced NO alleviate the inflammatory response, establishing a favorable healing environment. The conjugated VEGF contributes to the formation of a new and intact endothelium on the stent surface to counteract inappropriate vascular cell behaviors. The long‐lasting NO flux inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and prevents its excessive proliferation, reducing the risk of endothelial hyperplasia. This innovative coating enables the dual delivery of VEGF and NO to target procedural vascular repair phases: promoting rapid re‐endothelialization, effectively preventing thrombosis, and suppressing inflammation and restenosis. Ultimately, this innovative coating has the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes following stent implantation.
Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Silicate Content on the Postfire Mechanics of Epoxy Glass‐Fiber Composites Using Facile Chocolate Bar‐Inspired Structures
Authors: Sunder Sruthi , Rozo Maria Jauregui , Inasu Sneha , Meinel Dietmar , Schartel Bernhard , Ruckdäschel Holger 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the postfire mechanical properties of epoxy glass‐fiber reinforced composites (EP GFRCs) using increasing concentrations of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and inorganic silicate (InSi) to modify the char and fire residue. A facile chocolate bar‐inspired structure was introduced for fire exposure and subsequent flexural testing of the GFRCs. The resin matrix used here was a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) resin, cured with dicyandiamide (DICY), and accelerated by Urone. The microstructures of the degraded composites after three‐point bending tests, were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x‐ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging. A previous study showed that increasing the APP and InSi content significantly enhanced flame retardancy, via improved char formation under fire conditions. However, flexural properties and fire resistance were adversely affected after fire exposure, highlighting a trade‐off effect. Fiber breakage and delamination of the composites increased upon failure with increasing APP + InSi content in the composite due to unconsolidated char. The experimental values for the postfire flexural mechanics were in good agreement with the two‐layer model proposed in literature. This paper presents a preliminary basis for postfire mechanical testing of epoxy composites for use in fire‐safe structures, using a combination of standardized testing norms.
Exploring and Overcoming Challenges for Digital Transformation in the Energy Sector Toward Carbon Neutrality
Authors: Xiao Chengyou 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTChina is committed to carbon neutral by 2060 to reduce its carbon footprint to zero. This research investigates the challenges surrounding the adoption of digitalisation in the energy sector and proposes policy plans to overcome them to achieve sustainability goals. This study utilised the fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to assess the key challenges and sub‐challenges. Next, the fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is used to rank the policy plans to overcome the challenges for digital transformation in the energy sector toward carbon neutrality in China. The result of fuzzy AHP identified that financial constraints (DES1) is the most crucial challenge hindering digitalisation efforts with a weight of 0.172, followed by operational and management barriers (DES8) with a weight of 0.156, and regulatory and policy challenges (DES2) with a weight of 0.144. Next, the findings of fuzzy TOPSIS revealed that enhancing financial viability and investment (PP2) has obtained the first rank plan with a score of 0.065, following fostering regulatory support and policy development (PP3) with a score of 0.063 and building public trust and engagement (PP10) with a score of 0.060. These policy plans play a crucial role in addressing the challenges associated with adopting digitalisation in China's energy sector, toward a more efficient, sustainable and resilient energy transition.
Association of Longitudinal Trajectories of Physical Frailty With Dementia Status in Older Adults: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Ye Fen , Zhou Weijiao , Pu Junlan , Chen Haobo , Wang Xiurong , Lee Jung Jae 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackground and ObjectivesThe longitudinal patterns of change in physical frailty and their associations with the subsequent dementia risk remain unclear. This study aimed to (1) explore the long‐term trajectories of physical frailty over a 6‐year period in older adults without dementia at baseline; (2) identify the socio‐demographic and health‐related factors associated with different physical frailty trajectories; and (3) examine the longitudinal relationships between different physical frailty trajectories and subsequent risk of dementia.Research Design and MethodsThis national cohort study used data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) conducted in the United States from 2015 to 2021 and included adults aged ≥ 65 without dementia (n = 2245) at baseline in 2015. Group‐based trajectory modeling was used to describe the longitudinal changes. Socio‐demographic and health‐related characteristics were compared across the identified physical frailty trajectories using bivariate analyses, employing Rao–Scott chi‐square tests for categorical variables and design‐based F‐tests for continuous variables. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between different frailty trajectories and subsequent dementia status.ResultsThree frailty trajectories were identified: low‐stable (74.00%), low‐increasing (21.14%), and high‐level (4.86%). Participants in the low‐increasing and high‐level groups were predominantly older, female, minorities, unmarried, and less educated and had a lower income, more comorbidities, and greater anxiety and depression symptoms (p < 0.001). Compared with the low‐stable group, older adults in the low‐increasing group had higher risk of possible dementia (RRR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.41–3.97, p < 0.001) and probable dementia (RRR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.08–2.73, p = 0.02); similarly, older adults in the high‐level group had higher risks of possible dementia (RRR: 4.24, 95% CI: 1.74–10.36, p < 0.001) and probable dementia (RRR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.32–6.76, p = 0.01). No significant differences were found in the risk of dementia between the high‐level frailty group and the low‐increasing frailty group (p > 0.05).Conclusion and ImplicationsThis study highlighted the importance of regular frailty monitoring for early detection and informed future interventions that could delay frailty progression and potentially reduce dementia risk.
Validation Study of the Iranian Version of Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF‐Q): A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Heravi‐Karimooi Majideh , Bandari Razieh , Eskandari Somayeh , Semnani Sahar , Rejeh Nahid , Montazeri Ali 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsThe Minnesota Life with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF‐Q), a globally recognized instrument, is widely used to assess the quality of life in heart failure (HF) patients. This study, conducted in Iran, investigated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the MLHF‐Q and contributed to the global understanding of the quality of life assessment of HF patients.MethodsIn this methodological study, the MLHF‐Q was meticulously translated from English to Persian using a rigorous forward‐backward translation process. Subsequently, the Persian version was comprehensively assessed for content and face validity, structural validity (through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), reliability, and stability.ResultsFive hundred twenty‐seven heart failure patients participated in the study, with a mean age of 57.9 years (SD = 13.54). Exploratory factor analysis validated a three‐factor structure for the scale, and confirmatory factor analysis showed satisfactory model fit indices (RMSEA = 0.08, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, IFI = 0.93). The questionnaire had exceptional internal consistency and reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97 and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.98, instilling confidence in our results' robustness.ConclusionThe questionnaire used to measure the quality of life of heart patients is very accurate and reliable. It can evaluate the quality of life of these patients in three main sections (researchers, doctors, and patients).
Two‐Color Display System
Authors: Frost John S. 
Published: February 2025

SummaryTwo‐Color Display techniques, where two primaries are used to generate a near full spectrum of mixtures, are described in detail. The theoretical background, including principles of Chromatic Adaptation and Induced Colors are presented, together with an analysis of hue, saturation, and lightness interrelationships sufficient to afford prediction of results. A brief review of pertinent applications is given.
Scanning Techniques With Light Beams
Authors: Nagy G. T. 
Published: February 2025

SummaryA survey and analysis of methods of optical deflection of light beams is presented in this paper. Coherent light beams could be used for small or large screen displays similar to the electron beam magnetic or electrostatic deflection, if light beam deflection methods are available with adequate deflection angle. The methods discussed in this paper are known and available in experimental stages. However, most of them are not yet practical for display applications because of the presently available small visible range laser output energy and yet inadequate deflection angle of the systems. Further developments in both fields could lead to practical systems. The scanning systems discussed include electro‐optical and mechanical solutions.
The Perception Of Flicker In Cathode Ray Tube Displays
Authors: Turnage Rodger Elmo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractExperiments were conducted to measure the critical fusion frequency (cff) of flicker in cathode ray tube (CRT) displays under the conditions prevalent in information display system. Much published data is not applicable because CRT's were not used and the humans were adapted to scotopic vision, wide angle flickering fields, or low contrast targets.Apparatus was constructed consisting of interchangeable CRT's with seven different phosphors and electronic equipment to modulate the CRT beam current with sinusoidal and rectangular pulse signals of variable frequency. Experimental data were obtained on a 5/32 inch sharp edged spot surrounded by a surface of 3 foot Lambert brightness and viewed at 12 to 15 inches. Curves of cff versus modulation index with sine modulation were determined on each phosphor at 10, 32, and 100 foot Lambert average brightness with from one to four observers. Curves of cff versus brightness with pulse modulation were obtained with three observers.Results show that the cff of a phosphor‐human system is reduced substantially below the cff of a human by phosphor persistence. The relative ability of phosphors to reduce flicker can be predicted from their persistence characteristics. The phosphors ranked in order of their reduction of cff are: P12 (greatest reduction), P7 yellow component, P1, P28, P4, P31, and P20. The P28 phosphor tested exhibited neither the expected reduction of cff nor its published persistence.
Dichroic Filters and Additive Color Displays
Authors: Rizy Edward F. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractLarge‐scale displays for Air Force Command and Control systems commonly color‐code displayed data. A repertory of seven codes is available through the technique of color addition, where dichroic filters split the white source into three primary colors, which are mixed on the screen to form colormixture codes as well. The author investigated the effect of dichroic filters of different reflectances upon observer performance on the seven color codes. The object of the study was to define performance parameters on filters, a preliminary step to setting filter specifications.Statistically significant differences between filters and between color codes were detected and analyzed. In the dichroic filter arrangement adopted, blue‐red filter order, a blue filter reflecting wavelengths well into the green region facilitated performance in the majority of the color codes. A red filter close to the infrared in reflectance reduced performance in most codes. The most efficient color code, regardless of what filters were used, was red. Green, blue and cyan were the least efficient. Recommendations were made regarding options that would most likely lead to satisfactory seven‐color coding for additive displays.
Ultrarapid film systems for data display and computer interlock
Authors: Kerr Maxwell A. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTFilm systems can greatly reduce requirements for computer memory capacity and operations in automatic checkout equipment. They can also carry binary code data for interlock between the test step description on film and the test routine in a computer. The five dry‐process film systems outlined can record, process and project individual frames in less than two seconds. Three of the films are erasable. Some features of computer‐operated checkout systems are also useful in educational technology. A narrow‐band (240‐kHz) audio‐visual transmission and sound filmstrip record is proposed as an alternative to educational television.
Standard Theatre Stereoptics Without Glasses – Part II
Authors: Collender Robert B. 
Published: February 2025

A new concept of geometry and suggested implementation is presented, which allows single point projection from existing theatre projection booths, and the utilization of the existing present seating arrangement (with changes required only in a special complexed screen and a projector using a single strip of continuously moving special film).The picture is photographed with the aid of an extended array of electronic imaging camera tubes, whose signals are gathered in a nearby mobile processing truck, and the total information is recorded on a single film in real time. A positive copy of this film is used by a special stationary high speed projector to project the 3‐D picture in a standard theatre. The information is time and space multiplexed to satisfy each person in the theatre with a separate perspective for his point of view. The field of view available to the audience is 180°.The screen can be as large, or larger, than conventional wide screens, and is constructed of vertically dispersive direct reflective mirror type full screen height elements which are multi‐faceted and rotate at a slow constant speed. These elements are pre‐set in their phase relationship only once during the projection equipment set up and alignment procedure.
The Structural, Electronic and Vibrational Properties of LaCrO3$$ {}_3 $$. A Quantum Mechanical Investigation by Using an All Electron Gaussian Type Basis Set and a Full Range Hybrid Functional
Authors: El‐Kelany Khaled E. , Platonenko Alexander , Doll Klaus , Dovesi Roberto 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThe geometrical, electronic and vibrational properties of LaCrO have been investigated by using an all electron Gaussian type basis set, the B3LYP functional and the CRYSTAL code, and compared with KVF: in the two compounds the transition metal is formally in d configuration. The high spin t ground state excludes the Jahn Teller deformation and the orbital ordering. The energy gain due to the rotation of the octahedra (from the cubic space group Pm, N. 221, to space group , N.127, and to , N. 140) in the oxide is about 70 times larger than in the fluoride (5.4 vs. 0.08 mE), due to the larger electrostatic forces (a factor four, as the formal charge doubles in going from F− to O2−) and the consequently reduced B‐X distances. In KVF, the p states of fluorine are separated by 6.4 eV from the d states of vanadium, whose band is quite narrow (1 eV). In the oxide, on the contrary, the oxygen p states overlap to a large amount with the d states of chromium, whose band is more than 6 eV large. The FM and AFM energy differences, the spin density maps and profiles, and the Mulliken analysis data are also provided for documenting the differences between the oxide and the fluoride.
Probability Density Analysis Reveals Substantial Differences Between the Dinitrogen and Acetylene Triple Bonds
Authors: Heinz Michel V. , Gorgas Emma , Maser Nicole , Lüchow Arne 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIn earlier publications, it was shown that the electron positions maximizing the probability density resemble the Lewis structures for most small molecules. While this holds for the triple bond in acetylene, this is not the case for the triple bond in dinitrogen. Because of recent advances in studying the topology of wave functions, this peculiar case is revisited. In this work, the dinitrogen wave function is analyzed and compared to that of acetylene. Significant differences of the electron positions maximizing are uncovered and explained by the presence of hydrogen atoms in acetylene and by electron arrangements resulting from calculations of the nitrogen and carbon atoms. Moreover, insights into the electron delocalization of both molecules are gained by investigating electron exchange paths. Considering the different chemical behaviors of dinitrogen and acetylene, these differences should be expected.
AIMD‐Based Protocols for Modeling Exciplex Fluorescence Spectra and Inter‐System Crossing in Photocatalytic Chromophores
Authors: Giudetti Goran , Sharada Shaama Mallikarjun , Krylov Anna I. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis study introduces a computational protocol for modeling the emission spectra of exciplexes using excited‐state ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The protocol is applied to a model exciplex formed by oligo‐p‐phenylenes (OPPs) and triethylamine (TEA), which is of interest in the context of photocatalytic reduction of . AIMD facilitates efficient sampling of the conformational space of OPP3 and OPP4 exciplexes with TEA, offering a dynamic alternative to previously employed static methods. The AIMD‐based protocol successfully reproduces experimental emission spectra for OPP‐TEA exciplexes, agreeing with previous computational and experimental findings. The results show that AIMD simulations provide an efficient means of sampling the conformational space of these exciplexes, requiring less user input and, in some instances, fewer computational resources than multiple excited‐state optimizations initiated from user‐specified initial structures. The study also evaluates the yield of intersystem crossing (ISC) using AIMD and Landau‐Zener probability. The results suggest that ISC is a minor decay channel for OPP3 and OPP4. This work provides new insights into the structural flexibility and emission characteristics of OPP‐TEA photoredox catalyst systems, potentially contributing to improved design strategies for organic chromophores in reduction applications.