bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Microarray Compared with PCR–Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis/DNA Sequencing for Mutation Analysis of K-ras Codons 12 and 13
Authors: Maekawa Masato , Nagaoka Tomonori , Taniguchi Terumi , Higashi Hitomi , Sugimura Haruhiko , Sugano Kokichi , Yonekawa Hiroyuki , Satoh Takatomo , Horii Toshinobu , Shirai Naohito , Takeshita Akihiro , Kanno Takashi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Background: We developed a rapid, precise, and accurate microarray-based method that uses a three-dimensional platform for detection of mutations.
Methods: We used the PamChip® microarray to detect mutations in codons 12 and 13 of K-ras in 15 cell lines and 81 gastric or colorectal cancer tissues. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PCR products were analyzed with the microarray. We confirmed the microarray results with PCR–single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing.
Results: We could correctly identify wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant genotypes with the PamChip microarray in &lt;3.5 h. The array data were consistent with those of PCR-SSCP analysis and DNA sequencing. All 15 cell lines and 80 of 81 clinical cancer specimens (98.8%; 95% confidence interval, 96.4–100%) were genotyped accurately with the microarray, a rate better than that of direct DNA sequencing (38.9%) or SSCP (93.8%). Only one clinical specimen was misdiagnosed as homozygous for the wild-type allele. Densitometric analysis of SSCP bands indicated that the content of the mutant allele in the specimen was ∼16%. The PamChip microarray could detect mutant alleles representing more than 25% of the SSCP band proportions. Therefore, the limit for detection of mutant alleles by the PamChip microarray was estimated to be 16–25% of the total DNA.
Conclusions: The PamChip microarray is a novel three-dimensional microarray system and can be used to analyze K-ras mutations quickly and accurately. The mutation detection rate was nearly 100% and was similar to that of PCR-SSCP together with sequencing analysis, but the microarray analysis was faster and easier.
Netzwerkvisualisierung (Network Visualization)
Authors: Brandes Ulrik , Wagner Dorothea 
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung
Das Thema Netzwerkvisualisierung umfasst alle Aspekte der Darstellung relationaler Strukturen. Die automatische Erzeugung von Netzwerkvisualisierungen hat wichtige Anwendungen nicht nur innerhalb der Informatik, sondern generell in allen Bereichen, in denen graphische Datenanalyse oder visuelle Informationsvermittlung eine Rolle spielen. Als eigenständiges Forschungsgebiet der Informatik ist die Netzwerkvisualisierung — oft auch als Graphenzeichnen bezeichnet — seit etwa 10 Jahren etabliert. Dazu gehören neben Algorithmentheorie und Algorithmen Engineering insbesondere Fragestellungen aus Graphentheorie und Kombinatorik, Modellierungsfragen und die Entwicklung von Software-Systemen. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten methodischen Errungenschaften des Gebiets.
Aktuelle Anwendungen der Wissenschaftlichen Visualisierung (Current Applications of Scientific Visualization)
Authors: Hege Hans-Christian 
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung
Die wissenschaftliche Visualisierung hat eine Reihe von effizienten und nützlichen Methoden entwickelt, die zunehmend Anwendung in den Naturwissenschaften, der Technik und der Medizin finden. Wesentlich für die praktische Anwendbarkeit von Visualisierungsverfahren sind perzeptuelle Qualität, Interaktivität, und anwendungsspezifische Orientierung. Wir geben einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und künftige Herausforderungen aus Anwendungssicht.
Wissenschaftliche Visualisierung – Ausgewählte Forschungsprojekte (Scientific Visualization – Selected Research Projects)
Authors: Ertl Thomas , Keim Daniel 
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung
Die Hauptbeiträge dieser Ausgabe belegen eindrucksvoll den Stand der Forschung, den die wissenschaftliche Visualisierung inzwischen erreicht hat. Allerdings kann das große Spektrum der Anwendungen und Projekte der in der Visualisierung aktiven Forschungsgruppen im deutschsprachigen Raum auf diese Weise kaum angemessen beschrieben werden. Daher geben wir im Folgenden ausgewählten Projekten die Möglichkeit, das Bild von dieser noch jungen Disziplin der Informatik abzurunden.
Elektromagnetischer Sensor zur Detektion der Flüssigkeits- und Gasbewegung bei aufsteigenden Blasen in Flüssigmetall (Electromagnetic Sensor for the Detection of Liquid and Gas Movement Induced by Ascending Bubbles in Liquid Metal)
Authors: Kaiser Erwin 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Die Bewegung von opaker, elektrisch leitender Flüssigkeit (hier Flüssigmetall), besonders in engen, stehenden Rohren mit Gasinjektion (z.B. airlift pumps), soll ohne in den Querschnitt ragende Sensoren gemessen werden. Untersucht wird eine elektromagnetische Geschwindigkeitsmessanordnung mit Wandelektroden in einer Quecksilbersäule mit Argonblasen. Aus Spannungsverlauf und injiziertem Gasvolumenstrom werden Richtung und Größe der Flüssigmetallbewegung sowie Blasenbewegung und -abmessung ermittelt.
Automatische Messung der Kontaktkraft von piezoelektrischen Biegewandlern (Automatic Measurement of the Contact Force of Piezoelectric Benders)
Authors: Ressing Michael , Kuhnen Klaus , Janocha Hartmut 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Das hier vorgestellte automatische Messverfahren ermöglicht die Bestimmung der Kontaktkraft zwischen einem piezoelektrischen Biegewandler, der durch eine elektrische Gleichspannung ausgelenkt wird, und einem steifen Anschlag, der die Auslenkung begrenzt. Dazu wird eine Gegenkraft auf den Biegewandler ausgeübt und so lange kontinuierlich erhöht, bis dieser den Anschlag nicht mehr berührt. Der während dieses Vorgangs aufgezeichnete Kraft-Zeit-Verlauf weist charakteristische Merkmale auf, deren Auswertung die Bestimmung der gesuchten Kontaktkraft ermöglicht. Die Signalverarbeitung basiert auf einem nichtlinearen Signalmodell, dessen Parameter anhand einer unterlagerten quadratischen und einer überlagerten nichtlinearen Optimierung identifiziert werden.
Effect of Temperature on Clove Oil Anesthesia in Steelhead Fry
Authors: Woolsey J , Holcomb M , Ingermann R L 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The effects of temperature (11, 15, and 20°C) on clove-oil-induced anesthesia in fry of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (0.18 ± 0.01 g [mean ± SE]) were evaluated at 25, 50, and 100 mg clove oil/L. Induction time decreased significantly with increasing temperature and dose. Recovery time after removal from anesthesia decreased significantly with increasing temperature. Mortality at 24 h postanesthesia increased significantly with increasing temperature and dose. Although clove oil appears to be an effective general anesthetic for salmonid fry, the data indicate that care must be taken in determining the appropriate dose to minimize temperature-associated mortality.
A Compact Water-Heating System for Thermally Marking Salmon Otoliths
Authors: Mortensen Donald G , Wertheimer Alex C , Taylor Sidney G 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We describe a compact water-heating system for thermally marking salmon otoliths during incubation. The system is portable and can be used to provide heated water for either streamside or instream incubators. The heating system consists of a small, propane-fired boiler and heat exchanger, a jet pump, a motorized set-point, a four-way mixing valve, and two circulating pumps. Warmed stream water exiting the heat exchanger is pumped to a head tank, mixed with ambient water to the desired temperature, and dispersed to the incubators, where some or all of the water can be recirculated or discarded. The mixing valve maintains a constant temperature in water flowing to the head tank based on a sensor feedback loop from the recovery tank. Using this system, we successfully marked approximately 800,000 pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha with no apparent adverse affects. Depending on incubation techniques, larger numbers of eggs or alevins could be marked.
Effects of Temperature and Size on Ammonia Excretion by Fasted Golden Shiners
Authors: Zhang Zhengzhong , Goodwin Andrew E , Pfeiffer Timothy J , Thomforde Hugh 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas is the major species of baitfish raised and sold in the United States. They are shipped in trucks from large farms to distributors up to 2,500 km distant. The costs associated with shipping could be greatly reduced if truck loading were increased, but higher densities of fish elevate ammonia concentrations to detrimental levels. In our work, we have simulated live hauling conditions to measure the ammonia excretion rates of golden shiners at 15, 20, and 25°C. The experiments were conducted for 24 h in three recirculating systems after fingerling golden shiners were fasted and acclimated for 2 d. The experiment was repeated four times using different lots and sizes of golden shiners. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the hourly ammonia excretion rates (HER) between two lots of same-size golden shiners. The hourly ammonia excretion rates were inversely proportional to fish weight and increased with temperature. The average HER for all sizes of fish ranged from 2.9 to 7.4 g NH3-N/kg fish/h at 15°C, 5.2–11.2 g NH3-N/kg fish/h at 20°C, and 6.2–15.0 g NH3-N/kg fish/h at 25°C. The results of this study will be used to design ammonia control systems to safely increase fish density on commercial fish hauling trucks.
Ploidy of Backcross Hybrids of Largemouth Bass and Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Gomelsky Boris , Dabrowski Konrad , Garcia-Abiado Mary Ann , Stilwell William , Tidwell James H , Coyle Shawn D 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Interspecies hybridization in fish may trigger the transformation of oogenesis in hybrid females, resulting in formation of eggs with unreduced diploid chromosome number. This phenomenon is revealed by the triploidy of backcross offspring obtained from crossing F1 hybrid females with males of either parental species. To determine whether the F1 hybrids of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu produce diploid eggs, we designed a study for evaluating the ploidy of backcross offspring (F1 hybrid females × largemouth bass males). Fish ploidy was determined by flow cytometry measurement of DNA content. The results of flow cytometry analysis showed that backcross hybrids had the same amount of DNA as largemouth bass and F1 hybrids, which suggests diploidy (2n) of backcross hybrids. This indicates that the F1 hybrid females between largemouth bass and smallmouth bass generate haploid eggs and do not experience the transformation of oogenesis that has been described in several other distant fish hybrids. Results of this study will be used to evaluate hybrids of largemouth bass and smallmouth bass as potential candidates for aquaculture.
Organic and Mixed Organic–Inorganic Fertilization of Plastic-Lined Ponds for Fingerling Walleye Culture
Authors: Rogge Matthew L , Moore Alan A , Morris Joseph E 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Treatment with organic fertilizer was compared with treatment involving a mix of organic and inorganic fertilizers for culture of walleye Stizostedion vitreum fingerlings in 0.04-ha plastic-lined ponds. Organic fertilization consisted of weekly additions of alfalfa and cottonseed pellets. Each type of organic fertilizer was applied to each pond at 2.3 kg/week. Nitrogen (36–0–0 as N–P–K) and phosphorus (12–49–6) fertilizers were used weekly to adjust the ratio of nitrate-nitrogen to total phosphorus ratios in the mixed-fertilizer treatment to 7:1. Nutrient values in ponds treated with organic fertilizer were similar to those in ponds treated with the organic–inorganic mix. However, the water used to fill the ponds was initially high in both nitrogen and phosphorus, which may have reduced the nutrient differences between treatments. There were also no differences in food base densities (zooplankton and benthos) or fingerling production between treatments. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen at pond bottoms were sometimes less than 1 mg/L in the morning in both treatments; however, this had no apparent effect on fingerling survival in either treatment. Daphnia spp. and copepod populations sharply declined in both treatments after fish were stocked, suggesting that larval walleyes immediately fed on these crustaceans. Zooplankton populations remained low until near the end of the season. Benthic invertebrate densities were high throughout the season in both treatments and showed no differences between treatments. Stomach content analyses revealed walleye fingerlings consumed Daphnia spp. and copepods throughout the experiment, whereas dipteran larvae became increasingly important once walleyes reached 20 mm, about 2 weeks into the experiment. Both fertilization treatments produced relatively large fish (0.57 g) with good survival rates (&gt;50%). The results from this study suggest that dipteran management is important for providing food items for larval walleyes and that high initial nutrient levels from water sources may reduce the requirements for inorganic enrichment in plastic-lined ponds for walleye culture.
Successful Sex Reversal of Brook Trout with 17α-Methyldihydrotestosterone Treatments
Authors: Galbreath Peter F , Adams Nathan D , Sherrill Lee W. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Monosex female stocks are widely used in the commercial production of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The potential for commercial production of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, however, is constrained by the lack of published protocols for producing the sex-reversed males required to create monosex female stocks. Immersion and immersion plus feeding treatments with 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and 17α-methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) were applied to genotypically female gynogenetic brook trout to induce phenotypic sex reversal. The fry were exposed to a 6-h immersion in a solution of MT or MDHT on day 10 following completion of hatch and/or to a steroid-treated diet for 60 d beginning at first feeding. Immersion dosages were 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L, and feeding dosages were 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg of feed for MT and 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg for MDHT. Phenotypic sex of the fish was determined 19 or 22 months after first feeding. Control gynogenetic fish were 100% phenotypic females. Treatments with MT had minimal effect: most fish remained female, with only a low incidence of phenotypic males (1–3% in four of the treatments), intersex fish, or sterile fish. In contrast, a substantial number of phenotypic males were observed in several of the MDHT treatments, with the highest proportion (45%) occurring in the 0.5 mg/L immersion plus 0.5 mg/kg feeding treatment. Sperm was obtained from 29 males from five MDHT treatment groups and one MT treatment group examined at maturity (22 months) and was used in progeny tests of these males. The progeny were 100% female, confirming the male parents to be genotypically female. These protocols may be used to create sex-reversed brook trout males for the production of monosex female progeny, although additional trials are ongoing to test similar MDHT immersion dosages applied once or multiple times, with or without feeding treatments, to identify protocols with increased efficacy.
Use of Size for Early Detection of Juvenile Hatchery Steelhead Destined to Be Precocious Males
Authors: Tipping Jack M , Gannam Ann L , Hillson Todd D , Poole Jeff B 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
At two Washington State hatcheries in August 1999–2002, juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were size-graded and the largest fish (4.8–9.2% of the population) were coded-wire-tagged and mixed with small fish to determine whether the large fish were those that became precocious males. The results showed that the large fish in August at Merwin Hatchery tended to become precocious, although the mean lengths of the precocious and nonprecocious fish were similar at their time of release in April. At Abernathy Fish Technology Center (FTC), the large fish in August did not disproportionately become precocious, and the nonprecocious fish were significantly larger than the precocious fish at release. We suggest that precocious fish at Abernathy FTC may have committed to precocity before August whereas fish at Merwin Hatchery committed to precocity in August. Because only 0.82% of the large fish became precocious, removing the 5–10% largest fish in August at the Merwin Hatchery would be marginally successful in reducing the number of precocious males.
Lack of Effect of Iodophor on Survival of Westslope Cutthroat Trout Eggs during Water Hardening
Authors: Pravecek Jay , Barnes Michael E 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Eggs of westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi were subjected to iodophor (active iodine) concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 125 mg/L for 30 min during water hardening. Embryo survival to the eyed egg stage was not significantly different among the treatments. Disinfection of westslope cutthroat trout eggs with iodophor during water hardening is recommended.
Time Required for Yolk Coagulation in Pink Salmon and Steelhead Eggs Exposed to Mechanical Shock
Authors: Jensen Nathan R , Collins Keya C 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Incubation success in management studies and environmental assessments is often applied as a measure of natural spawning productivity as based on the live: dead ratios of excavated eggs. If sampling occurs too early in the development of the embryo, eggs will die from the sampling procedure and could be mistaken for incubation mortality if the yolk coagulates rapidly after experiencing lethal shock. In this study we examined how long it takes for the yolk of fertilized eggs of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and steelhead O. mykiss to coagulate after experiencing lethal mechanical shock, as it applies to that question. Tests were conducted at 12°C from 24 and 48 h (12–24 degree-days) postfertilization to the eyed stage of developing embryos (156 degree-days for steelhead and 223 degree-days for pink salmon). Results demonstrated that yolk coagulation was visible within seconds after shocking, involving as much as 50% of the yolk material within 5 min of shocking. We conclude, therefore, that mortality of eggs can be readily detected within 5 min of experiencing significant shock, regardless of the shock intensity. Yolk coagulation in eggs shocked during excavation of recently prepared pink salmon or steelhead redds occurs rapidly enough to be mistaken for natural incubation mortality. To avoid such potential bias in redd surveys of salmonid incubation success, sampling should be delayed until embryo development from the eggs of the latest spawners has progressed to the eyed stage. This should take approximately 30 d for pink salmon in fall temperatures and 23 d for steelhead in spring temperatures.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide in Controlling Mortality Associated with Saprolegniasis on Walleye, White Sucker, and Paddlefish Eggs
Authors: Gaikowski Mark P , Rach Jeffrey J , Drobish Mark , Hamilton Jerry , Harder Tom , Lee Lynn A , Moen Clark , Moore Alan 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling saprolegniasis on eggs of walleye Stizostedion vitreum, white sucker Catostomus commersoni, and paddlefish Polyodon spathula was evaluated at four private, state, and federal production hatcheries participating in an Investigational New Animal Drug efficacy study (experiment 1; walleyes) and in a laboratory-based miniature egg jar incubation system (experiment 2; walleyes, white suckers, and paddlefish). Naturally occurring fungal infestations (saprolegniasis) were observed on eggs in both experiments. Confirmatory diagnosis of infested eggs from one hatchery in experiment 1 identified the pathogen as Saprolegnia parasitica. During experiment 1, eggs were treated daily for 15 min with either 0, 500, or 750 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide, and one trial compared a 500-mg/L hydrogen peroxide treatment with a formalin treatment at 1,667 mg/L. Saprolegniasis infestation was observed in control egg jars, whereas treatment with either formalin or hydrogen peroxide virtually eliminated the infestation. Hydrogen peroxide treatments of 500 mg/L either increased egg hatch or were as effective as physical removal of infested eggs in controlling mortality. Although treatment with formalin at 1,667 mg/L significantly increased the percent eye-up of walleye eggs compared with that of those treated with hydrogen peroxide at 500 mg/L, the difference was only 1.9–2.6%. In experiment 2, noneyed eggs were treated for 15 min every other day with 0, 283, 565, or 1,130 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide until the viable eggs hatched. Saprolegniasis infestation engulfed most control eggs, whereas infestation of treated eggs was either reduced or not visible. Hydrogen peroxide significantly increased egg hatch for all three species tested in experiment 2. Although hydrogen peroxide treatments as low as 283 mg/L significantly increased walleye and white sucker hatch, treatments between 500 and 1,000 mg/L are more likely to be effective in production egg incubation systems.
Determining Annual Production Capabilities for Sequential Rearing Programs through the Use of Routine Fish Culture Data
Authors: Westers Harry , Weeks Christopher T 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Routine fish culture data, such as growth rates, feed conversion, length−weight relationships, and mortality rates from empirical studies of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, are used to model sequential rearing strategies in order to demonstrate their impact on production. Increasing the frequency of cohort introductions into the rearing cycle improves output but at a diminishing rate. Moving from a single-cohort, batch culture strategy to one that involves two cohorts per rearing cycle increases production by as much as 60%. For the same number of cohort introductions per rearing cycle and similar feed conversions, slow-growing fish realize the same annual output as fast-growing fish, but a greater number of fish (i.e., greater biomass) must be maintained with the former. Five different rearing strategies are presented, namely, those involving 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 cohorts. Two to six cohorts per rearing cycle appear to be optimal for nonmixed production programs.
Trauma to Juvenile Pinfish and Spot Inflicted by Submarine Detonations
Authors: Govoni John Jeffrey , Settle Lawrence R. , West Melissa A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Juvenile pinfish Lagodon rhomboides and spot Leiostomus xanthurus exposed to pressure waves emanating from experimental submarine detonations exhibited both sublethal and probable antemortem trauma. Hyperemia within the swim bladder and liver, hematuria, coagulative liver necrosis, and rupture of the pancreas were the most recurrent and significant traumas evident from histopathological examination and were directly attributed to exposure to pressure waves. These traumas were probably caused by the rapid compression and expansion of the swim bladder as the impulse passed. Of these traumas, hyperemia within visceral organs and hematuria are probably sublethal. Rupture of the pancreas and coagulative liver necrosis are typically irreversible and hence probably antemortem.