bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Rushton Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On behalf of the Royal Musical Association, I was privileged to welcome the delegates assembled at the opening, plenary meeting of the Sixteenth Congress of the International Musicological Society on Thursday 14 August 1997 in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, South Bank Centre, London. Good wishes were received from the Minister for Culture, the Right Honourable Chris Smith MP, and the opening was attended by a number of distinguished guests, including the keynote speakers, Professor Sir Roger Penrose and Professor Sir Bernard Williams, and representatives of some of the principal British musical institutions. The opening event included a memorable recital by the BBC Singers under Stephen Cleobury, including a new work by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies commissioned for the occasion and introduced by the composer, and music by Sir Harrison Birtwistle and Giles Swayne.
Music and Sociology: Perspectives, Horizons
Authors: Kaden Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The perception of music as a social phenomenon has, against all expectations and a certain amount of resistance, become a matter of course, a triviality even. In 1953 Hans Mersmann still considered sociology to be an auxiliary science of music historiography.1 Nearly twenty years later, Tibor Kneif promoted the self-dissolution of this ‘supercultivated luxury’, this ‘political doctrine of salvation and redemption’.2 Even Carl Dahlhaus unencouragingly asserted that what music so iology is or could be is uncertain.’ But, surprisingly, this scenario has changed. Music sociology has lost its ideological involvement and established itself as an academic discipline. The decisive breakthrough was a theoretical one: music was no longer said to be only an image or an imitation of social reality, but a social reality in itself, a form of human life.4
Painting War (II): La Bataille d’Eylau
Authors: Prendergast Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all Napoleon’s painters, Gros was the one who came closest to being in everything but name his official war painter. It is entirely typical of the extent to which artistic policy during Napoleon’s reign was driven as much by sheer contingencies as by the formal directives of bureaucracy that, at least in its beginnings, Gros acquired his role more by accident than by design: wandering through Italy as a consequence of being unable to proceed to Rome (most of the French painters studying at the Academy had left because of the anti-French uprisings), in September 1796 he found himself in Genoa where he was introduced to Josephine.
Foundations: Ramism in German Context, 1543–1600
Authors: Hotson Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isolating the fundamental characteristics of Ramism is less straightforward than one might expect. Accounts of Ramism generally begin with the most eccentric details of Ramus’ dialectic and rhetoric—assuming, evidently, that his most controversial doctrines were also his most fundamental. But such an approach is highly problematic. Many of these details have antecedents in the humanist pedagogical practices of his time, where they were far less controversial.1 Ramus’ teachings on dialectic and rhetoric were not stable, in any case, but evolved continuously throughout his career: the text of his Dialectica passed through five distinct stages; that of his Rhetorica through eight.2
Culmination: Alsted’s Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta, 1620–1630
Authors: Hotson Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general method of assembling a wide range of authorities within a systematically arranged structure of commonplaces, discussed in the previous chapter, illuminates one of the features of the works of Alsted and his precursors which has most persistently baffled previous attempts to characterize them: namely, their peculiarly extreme form of eclecticism.
Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Hopkins analyses the extensive network of shared concerns and images in the work of Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst, the greatest names associated with Dada and Surrealist art. This book covers a broad period from c.1912 to the mid-1940s, during which the emergence of Dada and Surrealism in Europe and the United States challenged earlier movements such as Cubism and Expressionism, creating scope for the expression of the unconscious fears and desires of artists acutely sensitive to the troubled nature of their times. Examining Duchamp's and Ernst's subversion and manipulation of religious and hermetic beliefs such as Catholicism, Rosicrucianism and Masonry, David Hopkins demonstrates the ways in which these esoteric concerns intersect with themes of peculiarly contemporary relevance, including the social construction of gender and notions of ordering and taxonomy. This detailed comparison of components of Duchamp's and Ernst's work reveals fascinating structural patterns, enabling the reader to discover an entirely new way of understanding the mechanisms underlying Dada and Surrealist iconography.
‘Constructing’ and ‘Unveiling’ the Bride: Duchamp’s Mari ée and the Ideology of Gender
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unaccountable organism confronts us; part machine, part scientific apparatus, part human, animal or insect …It is painted in a delicate range of flesh tones, ochres, and browns and stands or hovers in a shallow, claustrophobic space. There is a moody intensity about the image as a whole, a product of the carefully modulated chiaroscuro, such that we could almost be in the presence of a figure portrait by Rembrandt.
The Robing of the Bride: Max Ernst’s Response to Duchamp
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Max Ernst’s dialogue with Duchamp’s work dates from as early as 1919-21—a period when, as coperpetrator of Cologne Dada with Johannes Baargeld, he was just beginning to formulate an irrationalist aesthetic—and, significantly, it revolves around the theme of the Bride. A photocollage produced by Ernst in collaboration with Arp at some point late in 1921, most likely as an addition to the ‘Fatagaga’ series, undoubtedly alludes to Duchamp’s Mariée, both in its title, Die Anatomie als Braut (Fig. 47), and in its fusion of dissectional and mechanical imagery.
Introduction: Surveying the Field
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Field Day, a Northern Irish artistic and critical collective, has over the fourteen years of its existence come to be identified with a certain philosophical approach to the study of Irish literature and culture. This analysis centres on the idea of Ireland as a postcolonial country and of the violence in Northern Ireland as a lingering effect of colonial rule. Field Day’s success in popularizing this point of view has attracted the attention of well-known literary theorists, several of whom-Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Edward W. Said-have written under the Field Day banner. In their wake have followed a great many scholars, both Irish and international, who are at least as interested in Ireland as an exemplar of some more general theory as they are in the awkward particularities of the Irish situation itself. My own approach is different.
Translations: On the Page and On the Stage
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critical response to Translations was generally as over whelmingly positive as the popular reaction. The play was well received, not only in Derry, but everywhere it went on its two month tour, which eventually grew to include fourteen cities and towns in both Northern Ireland and the Republic. In a year of good new Irish plays, Translations was the smash hit of the Dublin Theatre Festival, with all seats at all performances, including two added shows, sold out.2 It was not forgotten, either, in the end of-the-year round-ups on both sides of the border. In Dublin, the Evening Herald proclaimed Translations the Best New Irish Play of the Year, while the Sunday Independent hailed the setting-up of the Field Day Theatre Company as the Theatrical Event of the Year. The Belfast Telegraph recognized Ray McAnally as the Best Actor of I980 for his role in Translations.A separate production opened the following year in London and was also extremely successful.
Commercialism and Consumerism: Wagnerism in The Savoy
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Bayreuth festival was thecultural event of 1876. It was attended (amongst others) by over sixty music critics, many of whom observed-and criticized-the commercialism of the Bavarian town, the scarce and overpriced food, and the ubiquitous souvenirs.2 For commentators such as Joseph Bennett in The Daily Telegraph,the mass tourism at Bayreuth, and the extensive evidence of what would later be termed ‘the Wagner industry’, were some of the most striking elements of the occasion:
Britain in Revolution 1625–1660
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the definitive history of the English Civil War, set in its full historical context from the accession of Charles I to the Restoration of Charles II. These were the most turbulent years of British history and their reverberations have been felt down the centuries. Throughout the middle decades of the seventeenth century England, Scotland, and Ireland were convulsed by political upheaval and wracked by rebellion and civil war. The Stuart monarchy was in abeyance for twenty years in all three kingdoms, and Charles I famously met his death on the scaffold. Austin Woolrych breathes life back into the story of these years, the sweep of his prose buttressed by the authority of a lifetime's scholarship. He captures the drama and the passion, the momentum of events and the force of contingency. He brilliantly interweaves the history of the three kingdoms and their peoples, gripping the reader with the fast-paced yet always balanced story.
King Charles’s Inheritance I: Three Kingdoms, Three Peoples
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
England was not only the largest and richest of Charles’s three kingdoms, but politically the most highly developed. Compared with the other major monarchies of early modern Europe, that of England possessed both strengths and weaknesses. In the later sixteenth century England had been arguably the most stable and best governed realm in Europe, and there was no sharp decline under James I.
Its greatest asset was its political unity. The authority of the king and his privy council extended on an almost equal footing into every corner of the land, and the system of local government was virtually uniform throughout. The regional jurisdictions of the Council of the North and the Council in the Marches of Wales, and the palatine privileges of Durham, Lancashire, and Cheshire, constituted only minor exceptions. A single system of common law operated throughout England and Wales; a single parliament represented the whole realm (except County Durham, though the Bishop of Durham sat in the Lords), and the taxes that it voted were levied equally (at least in theory) throughout it. The contrast with the regional diversity within the French and Spanish monarchies could not be stronger. In the former, only the central Île de France enjoyed anything approaching England’s political and legal uniformity.
Towards a Resolution
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was clear by the end of the 1644 campaigning season that if the parliament was to win the war it must concentrate its resources and reorganize its armies. Yet if the need was obvious, the obstacles to fulfilling it were formidable. For a start there was the problem of military leadership. Essex would take some shifting; his standing in parliament was not as badly damaged by his recent defeat as might have been expected, he still had powerful friends and allies, and he remained popular with all who hoped as he did for a negotiated peace. Waller had once seemed a plausible alternative commander, for he had shown an altogether stronger fighting spirit. But Cropredy Bridge and the second battle of Newbury had exposed serious limitations in his generalship, and by his own later admission he had become ‘so perfectly tired with the drudgery’ of military command that he was ready to lay it down.1 As for Manchester, whose Eastern Association army had once been the white hope of the war party, he had become so reluctant to engage it in action that a running quarrel had developed between him and Cromwell, his Lieutenant- General.
King or Constable?
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever one may think of the Western Design or the regime of the majorgenerals, neither fulfilled Cromwell’s hope that it would be self-financing. Consequently the most important question that faced him and the council during the first half of 1656 was whether to summon a parliament before the appointed three-year interval had elapsed, and the main arguments for doing so were to remedy the government’s growing indebtedness and to put its finances on a sounder legal footing. But another matter that they considered intermittently, and one that it would have been quite unprofitable to put before parliament, was the possible readmission of the Jews.
The Commonwealth Restored
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once back in power, the Rump faced two obligations that would be difficult to reconcile: to content the army that had restored it, and to provide for the political needs of the nation (or nations) that it purported to represent. It failed to do either; but just whom did it represent? It recognized only seventy-eight members as entitled to sit, less than a seventh of the Long Parliament’s original strength. Some even of these did not take their seats. It contained no representatives of Scotland or Ireland, and though it claimed authority over both countries it did not recognize the terms of the Cromwellian union with Scotland.
Introduction
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1436 Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, travelled home through England from an embassy in Scotland. He spent his first night on English soil in the borders. Alarmed when his male hosts took shelter in the local peel for fear of a Scottish raid, and unwilling to accept the consolation offered by two young women, he spent instead an uncomfortable night with heifers and nanny-goats as companions in a stable.
Economic and Social Trends after 1450
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most complete evidence for the agrarian economy of the north-east in the later fifteenth century lies in the archives of the priory and bishopric of Durham. The net receipts of the bursar of the priory rose slightly from an average of less than £1 350 in the 1450s and 1460s to just over £1,400 in the 147os. Evaluations made of the estates of the bishop of Durham in 1463/4 and 1477/8 show a more substantial improvement in the revenues due from Durham and Yorkshire, which increased from £21940 to £3,427 p.a. In the bishopric alone the clear value was calculated to be £2,305 in 1463/4 and £2,642 in 1477/8.
Mortality
Authors: Harvey Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The data on mortality in late medieval England have been characterized as ‘sparse and intractable’, ‘hard to win and treacherous to interpret’, and who will disagree? Recognizing that every piece of evidence counts, I shall begin with the death, in 1467, of a single monk, Br. Thomas Lambyrherst, of Christ Church, Canterbury. Thomas Lambyrherst had been a member of the community at Christ Church for twenty years and now held the office of shrine-keeper. In the monastery possessing the most popular shrine in England, that of St Thomas Becket, this was an extremely important office, and it placed its holder in an exposed position, for the shrine-keeper had a great deal to do with pilgrims. He died, we are told, on Good Friday (27 March) at about 7 o’clock in the evening. A death on a solemn day was always awkward for a community of monks, since the requiem Mass could not be allowed to encroach on the liturgy of the day. Yet not all the peculiar arrangements in the present case can be explained in this way. Br. Thomas died, not in the infirmary or in any part of the main claustral area, but in a chamber near one of the gates of the court, the open area separating the main monastic buildings from the edge of the precinct. The very fact that the place of death was noted suggests that it was unusual: it suggests, in fact, that when Br. Thomas became ill it had been considered appropriate to isolate him on the perimeter of the site.
Leading Minds: The World of the Victorian Intellectual
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of his biography of his brother, Leslie Stephen observed that, following his return to England in 1873 at the end of his period of service as Legal Member of the Viceroy’s Council in India, James Fitzjames Stephen had reached the point of enjoying an established reputation. ‘He was henceforward one of the circle-not distinguished by any definite label but yet recognized among each other by a spontaneous freemasonry-which forms the higher intellectual stratum of London society; and is recruited from all who have made a mark in any department of serious work.’ Expanding on the point, the younger Stephen indicated some of the directions in which the reputation extended: ‘He was well known, of course, to the leaders of the legal profession; and to many members of Government and to rising members of Parliament knew the chief literary celebrities . . . whom he often joined in Sunday “constitutionals” .’ And to round off the observation, he cited the fact which conclusively set the seal on Fitzjames’s standing in this world: ‘His position was recognized by the pleasant compliment of an election to the “Athenaeum”, “under Rule 11”, which took place at the first election after his return (1873).’
Introduction
Authors: Skeeters Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Reformation period in Bristol brought dramatic changes in the city’s ecclesiastical institutions, in the number and character of its clergy, and in relationships between clergy and laity. The examination of these changes is the purpose of this study. English towns and cities experienced the Reformation differently from the rest of the primarily rural nation because of the presence of municipal authorities and large concentrations of clergy, both concerned with preserving their own power and privileges. The towns and cities may not have been typical of the rest of the country, as H. G. Owen rightly said of London, but their stories can still contribute something more to our understanding of the Reformation than exceptions which contrast with the typical. If common denominators of the urban Reformation can be found, the experiences of the towns and cities may be viewed as a part of the whole nation’s experience rather than a contrast to it. The urban experience can provide another facet in our understanding of the Reformation, which may change the appearance of the whole.
Conclusion
Authors: Skeeters Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clergy of Bristol suffered a crisis during the first forty years of the Reformation. Between 1530 and 1570 the complex medieval community was transformed into a simple configuration comprising the cathedral elite and the clergy of the parishes. Economic, institutional, and religious change contributed to the development of clerical competition and fragmentation, the decline of clerical independence, and the growth of lay control. It should be emphasized that while the Reformation certainly contributed to the crisis, structural factors would have weakened the clergy in any case. Given the city’s poor, cash-dependent livings and the period’s inflation, as well as the dependence of religious houses and chantries on declining rents, a crisis of lesser dimensions would have occurred even without the institutional changes promulgated by the Crown, the tumult of popular religious conflict, or the Protestant redefinition of the clerical role. Without the institutional and ideological changes wrought by the Reformation, however, the clerical decline would have been less dramatic, less significant, and perhaps more open to remedy.
Richard II and the Church
Authors: Davies Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reign of Richard II coincided externally with the Great Schism of the west and internally with John Wycliffe and the emergence of the Lollard sect. These alone have seemed enough to some historians to presume that the king had to wrack his mind over religion. By identifying the Church as an integral, but complacent and out-of-condition, part of an old European order under challenge, other historians have portrayed it as in general crisis, its authority as noisily under threat in England as anywhere. What disappointment, then, if Richard could ride impervious through such uproar. Some have refused to believe it. Biographers of the king himself have also found it hard to suppose that Richard II could have been ordinary in his piety.
Richard II and the House of Luxemburg
Authors: Tuck Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1377 the Anglo-French peace negotiations, which had got under way at Bruges in the summer of 1374, finally broke down. No agreement had proved possible on the issues dividing the two sides, and all that they could achieve was a prolongation of the general truce until 24 June 1377. Charles V made one last effort in May 1377, with a series of proposals which the English envoys agreed to place before Edward III and return to Bruges with a response by I August. However, Edward III died on 21 June 1377; the English never kept their appointment at Bruges, and the war began again on 24 June.The breakdown of the Bruges negotiations and the resumption of the war necessitated, so far as the English were concerned, a renewed search for allies amongst those rulers of western Europe, particularly in the Empire, the Low Countries, and the Iberian peninsula, who might share England ‘s interest in countering French power. In the early months of 1377 English attention was directed particularly towards the Iberian peninsula. During the Parliament of January 1377 the chancellor had warned that the French king, supported by the king of Castile and the Scots, was planning to attack England by land and sea in the coming summer.2 England ‘s ineffective naval response has been discussed in some detail by James Sherborne; but the diplomatic reponse in the early months of 1377 was firmer.
‘Une bonne paix’: Richelieu’s Foreign Policy and the Peace of Christendom
Authors: Weber Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a survey of French foreign policy for the years 1624-42, the years when it was shaped principally by Richelieu, an attempt to identify its general characteristic features must begin with his efforts to secure peace. The attainment of peace was the main objective of French policy throughout this era, and the programme was conceived and diplomatically articulated in countless avis, memoranda, and directives. The French persisted in their will for peace, and it was proclaimed insistently as propaganda to both a French and a European public. And if in the process the formula ‘une bonne paix’ appears with considerable frequency, it was used not merely as a decorative tag but in order to underline their deliberate intention to give this peace a very particular quality. ‘Une bonne paix’ was throughout these years a realistic political programme.