bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The HLA Dictionary 2001: a summary of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1/3/4/5 and ‐DQB1 alleles and their association with serologically defined HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DR and ‐DQ antigens
Authors: Schreuder G. M. Th. , Hurley C. K. , Marsh S. G. E. , Lau M. , Maiers M. , Kollman C. , Noreen H. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis report presents the serological equivalents of 123 HLA‐A, 272 HLA‐B and 155 HLA‐DRB1 alleles. The equivalents cover over 64% of the presently identified HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 alleles. The dictionary is an update of the one published in 1999 (<1>Schreuder et al., 1999, Tissue Antigens, 54, 409) and also includes equivalents for HLA‐C, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5 and DQB1 alleles. The data summarize information obtained by the WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System, the International Cell Exchange (UCLA), the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) and individual laboratories. In addition, a listing is provided of alleles that are expressed as antigens with serological reaction patterns that differ from the well‐established HLA specificities. The equivalents provided will be useful in guiding searches for unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors in which patients and/or potential donors are typed by either serology or DNA‐based methods. These equivalents will also serve typing and matching procedures for organ transplant programmes where HLA typings from donors and from recipients on waiting lists represent mixtures of serological and molecular typings. The tables with HLA equivalents and a questionnaire for submission of serological reaction patterns for poorly identified allelic products will also be available on the WMDA web page: www.worldmarrow.org
The efficacy of intracervical lidocaine in outpatient hysteroscopy
Authors: Esteve Marcelo , Schindler Sandra , Borges Machado Simone , Argollo Borges Silvana , Ramos Santos Claudia , Coutinho Elsimar 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective Diagnostic hysteroscopy today is a fast procedure carried out on an outpatient basis but which still causes a certain degree of discomfort to patients. This randomized, double‐blind study in which lidocaine is compared to a placebo was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intracervical anaesthesia during this procedure.Design Patients were allocated into two groups: group I consisting of 34 patients who were given lidocaine and group II consisting of 28 patients who were given a saline solution. Both groups of patients were asked to quantify their pain at four different times: T1, during hysteroscopy; T2, during the biopsy; T3, at the end of the procedure, and T4, 30 min after the end of the procedure.Results During hysteroscopy (T1) there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (a median of 2.5 cm vs. a median of 5.0 cm). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups at T2, T3 or T4.Conclusions These results suggest that intracervical anaesthesia can reduce cervical sensitivity, as shown by the difference found between the two groups at T1, but is insufficient to block the uterine stimuli resulting from distension and manipulation of the uterine cavity.
RURAL TRAINING AND THE STATE OF RURAL HEALTH SERVICES: EFFECT OF RURAL BACKGROUND ON THE PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE OF FIRST‐YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
Authors: Azer Samy A. , Simmons David , Elliott Susan L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:The aim of this project is to investigate the relationship between medical students’ background and their perception of the state of rural health services; willingness to undertake internship training or work as a doctor in a rural hospital; expected benefits and disadvantages of training or working as a doctor in a rural hospital; and factors interfering with acceptance of a job as a doctor in rural areas. A questionnaire‐based survey was distributed to 100 first‐year medical students attending the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne at the end of semester 1. The response rate was 97%, including 44 males and 53 females. A strong relationship was found between rural background and an intention to undertake internship training in a rural hospital (86% of students from a rural background expressed this desire vs 30% of students from an urban background). Furthermore, all students from a rural background expressed a desire to work as a doctor in a rural hospital after completing postgraduate training. Compared to urban students, students from a rural background showed a more positive attitude towards health services in rural areas including public hospitals ( P= 0.02), private general practice (

P= 0.004), ambulance service (

P= 0.0002) and baby health centres (

P= 0.005). Citizenship or gender was not significantly related to the perception of any of these services. The ranking of factors interfering with acceptance of a job as a doctor in rural areas were different for rural and urban students. Students from rural backgrounds reported spouse/partner needs (76% vs 49%,

P= 0.038) and school availability for children (59% vs 30%,

P= 0.023) as barriers more frequently than urban students, respectively). On the other hand, urban students rated the following factors higher: personal factors (76% vs 53%, respectively), education opportunities (56% vs 24%), social/cultural facilities (50% vs 41%) and the need for frequent travel (29% vs 12%). None of these interfering factors were significantly different. Urban students were more likely than rural students to report that their views were a result of adverse media reports. In conclusion, students from a rural background were more willing to be trained or to work as doctors in rural areas. This was associated with a greater adverse influence by the media upon students.
Numerical simulations of the seasonal circulation patterns and thermohaline structures of Prince William Sound, Alaska
Authors: Wang Jia , Jin Meibing , Patrick E. Vincent , Allen Jennifer R. , Eslinger David L. , Mooers Christophee N. K. , Cooney R. Ted 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA three‐dimensional, primitive‐equation ocean circulation model was applied to Prince William Sound, Alaska (3D‐PWS circulation model), under forcing of an ocean tide, freshwater runoff, surface heat flux, Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) throughflow (inflow/outflow), and daily (synoptic), spatially varying winds. The 3D structures and seasonal cycles of the circulation patterns, temperature, salinity (density), and mixed layer are examined. Freshwater runoff significantly contributes to the basin‐scale cyclonic circulation, which was not addressed in the previous simulations. Two typical circulation regimes, cyclonic and anticyclonic, characterize the complex flow patterns that depend on the intensities of the ACC thoughflow, freshwater discharge, and the synoptic wind. The spring (April–May) circulation pattern is characterized by a weak (maximum current 0.1 ms−1) anticyclonic flow in the central Sound, while the autumn (September–October) circulation is dominated by a basin‐scale, cyclonic gyre (maximum current 0.2 ms−1) due to the increase of the ACC throughflow and the maximum freshwater influence. During the summer, the circulation includes the cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. During the winter, the circulation pattern is controlled by the basin‐scale cyclonic gyre and surface drift driven by the strong north‐easterly (south‐westward) wind forcing. The seasonal cycles of temperature (T) and salinity (S) vs. depth compare well with the observations. The simulated spring and autumn surface circulation patterns compare qualitatively well with the towed ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profilers) flow patterns and dynamic height patterns in the central Sound. An application of this model to zooplankton overwintering is discussed.
Seasonal hydrography and tidal currents of bays and fjords in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Authors: Gay Shelton. M. , Vaughan S. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHydrography and tidal circulation are described for two deep fjords (Whale Bay and Eaglek Bay) and two shallow bays (Simpson Bay and Zaikof Bay) used as nursery habitat by juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska from October 1995 to March 1998. The seasonal hydrography varied markedly among the four locations due to the interaction of various factors including local climate, hydrology, advection of allochthonous glacial water, and vertical mixing from winds and tides. The fjords exhibited strong haline stratification in the summer that persisted into winter. In contrast, the bays exhibited brief periods of weak to strong stratification that dissipated early in the autumn. The timing of peak freshwater input also varied among locations depending on the maximum size and elevations of watersheds and the extent of precipitation stored within alpine snow and ice fields. In late winter (March), surface water in the fjords was relatively cold (1–3 °C) and slightly fresh (29–30 psu) in comparison to the bays (3.5–5.5 °C and 31–31.5 psu). The subsurface water (40–80 m) was warmer in the fjords (5–7 °C), whereas the bays exhibited vertically uniform temperature and salinity (T/S) properties. Tidal currents were typically highest near the mouth of most basins (35–150 cm s−1) and exhibited horizontal and vertical shear in the summer and autumn. During these seasons, these flows created baroclinic currents within most basins, anticyclonic eddies at Simpson and Zaikof bays, and inflow of allochthonous glacial water at Whale Bay. Local climate and watershed hydrology of individual bays have a strong influence on water temperatures and haline stratification, which potentially affect production of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and growth and survival of age‐0 herring. Additionally, variability in transport of Gulf of Alaska derived carbon sources into nursery bays is dependent on geographical location and the physical features of each basin, such as maximum depths, presence or absence of sills, and spatial patterns in the winds and currents.
Amoxicillin‐Tetracycline Combinations are Inadequate as Alternative Therapies for Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Perri Francesco , Festa Virginia , Merla Antonio , Quitadamo Michele , Clemente Rocco , Andriulli Angelo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground. Triple therapy with proton pump inhibitors or ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin and either amoxicillin or nitroimidazole derivatives are the present gold standards for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. However, primary resistance to either clarithromycin or nitroimidazole derivatives is increasing and alternative therapies are needed.Aim. To determine the efficacy and safety of three regimens consisting of amoxicillin and tetracycline or doxycycline combined with either lansoprazole or ranitidine bismuth citrate.Methods. Two hundred and seventy H. pylori infected patients were randomly given one of the following treatments: amoxicillin 1 g twice a day (b.i.d.) plus tetracycline 500 mg four times a day (q.i.d.) with either lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d. (group LAT) or ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg b.i.d. (group RBCAT) for 7 days and amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. plus doxycycline 100 mg b.i.d. and lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d. for 14 days (group LAD). Eradication rate was assessed by UBT at 4–6 weeks after therapy.Results. The three groups (LAT, RBCAT, and LAD) of patients achieved eradication rates of 35% (25–45), 20% (12–29) and 36% (25–46), respectively, on intention‐to‐treat analysis. Patient compliance was optimal and side‐effects minimal in all three groups.Conclusions. Although the amoxicillin/tetracycline combination is attractive (inexpensive, safe, and with low primary resistance rate), it can not be recommended for H. pylori eradication.
Factors that limit maintenance of recombinant rumen bacterium in sheep rumen
Authors: KOBAYASHI Yasuo , YAMAMOTO Mayu 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTFactors limiting the maintenance of recombinant ruminal bacterium in the rumen were evaluated in vitro, using batch culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens expressing a foreign xylanase gene (B. fibrisolvens NO4) was used as a tested recombinant that was selectable on an erythromycin‐containing agar medium. The recombinant tended to reduce its level slowly in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high hay diet, while its initial decrease was more apparent in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high concentrate diet. Incubation with cell‐free ruminal fluid revealed a significant decrease of inoculated recombinant, suggesting the presence of antibacterial factors limiting maintenance of the recombinant. In particular, during the first 12 h of incubation this inhibition was more notable in culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep given the high concentrate diet. Autoclaving the cell‐free rumen fluid inactivated the inhibition. Numbers of the recombinant for inoculation did not influence the final level of survived recombinant, that is, the initial depression was larger as more recombinant was inoculated. Subculturing with xylan before inoculation and/or direct addition of xylan to the batch culture did not improve survival of the recombinant. From these results it is suggested that the level of survived recombinant is limited to 102–4/mL of in vitro batch culture with restricted energy supply and that initial depression of the recombinant is mainly caused by the heat‐sensitive antibacterial factors not associating with microbial cells in the rumen.
A quantitative study on arginine catabolism by mixed ruminal bacteria, protozoa and their mixture in vitro
Authors: SULTANA Halima , HUSSAIN‐YUSUF Hazizul , TAKAHASHI Toshihiro , MORITA Tetsuo , ONODERA Ryoji 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe catabolism of arginine (Arg) by mixed rumen bacteria (B), mixed rumen protozoa (P), and their mixture (BP) was quantitatively investigated in an in vitro system in order to confirm the metabolic pathway of Arg and provide basic information for enzymatic and molecular studies as well as an understanding of the quantitative distribution of metabolites. Rumen microbial suspensions (B, P, and BP) collected from fistulated goats were anaerobically incubated with or without 1 mmol/L Arg at 39°C for 12 h. Arg and other related compounds such as citrulline (Cit), ornithine (Orn), proline (Pro) and 5‐aminovaleric acid (5AV) in both supernatant and hydrolyzates of B, P, and BP suspensions were analyzed by HPLC. The metabolic pathways of Arg in mixed rumen bacteria and mixed rumen protozoa were considered to be as follows: rumen bacteria, Arg → Cit → Orn → Pro → 5AV → VFAs + NH3; rumen protozoa, Arg → Cit → Orn → Pro → 5AV. The disappearance of Arg (1 mmol/L) was approximately 52.9 and 88.2% in B, 33.9 and 55.6% in P, and 52.8 and 85.2% in BP during 6 and 12 h incubations, respectively. When expressed in units of ‘per gram (g) of microbial nitrogen (MN)’, the net degradation rate of Arg in BP (50.3 µmol/g MN/h) was approximately 46% lower than that of B during a 12 h incubation period. The presence of protozoa tended to inhibit the production of Orn from Cit and the production of 5AV from Pro which were thought to be rate‐limiting steps of Arg metabolism in rumen microorganisms. As a result, protozoa appeared to have a saving effect on Arg metabolism, that is, protozoa protected Arg from wasteful exhaustion in the rumen.
The influence of fire on carbon distribution and net primary production of borealLarix gmeliniiforests in north‐eastern China
Authors: Wang Chuankuan , Gower Stith T. , Wang Yihong , Zhao Huixun , Yan Ping , Bond‐Lamberty Ben P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe boreal larch forest of Eurasia is a widespread forest ecosystem and plays an important role in the carbon budget of boreal forests. However, few carbon budgets exist for these forests, and the effects of wildfire, the dominant natural disturbance in this region, on carbon budgets are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of wildfire on carbon distribution and net primary production (NPP) for three major Dahurian larch (Larix gmeliniiRupr.) forest ecosystems in Tahe, Daxing'anling, north‐eastern China:Larix gmelinii–Ledum palustre,Larix gmelinii–grass andLarix gmelinii–Rhododendron dahuricaforests. The experimental design included mature forests (unburned), and lightly and heavily burned forests from the 1.3‐million‐ha 1987 wildfire. We measured carbon distribution and above‐ground NPP, and estimated fine root production from literature values.Total ecosystem carbon content for the mature forests was greatest forLarix–Ledumforests (251.4 t C ha−1) and smallest forLarix–grass forests (123.8 t C ha−1).Larix–Ledumforests contained the smallest vegetation carbon (13.5%), whileLarix–Rhododendroncontained the largest vegetation carbon (63.1%). Fires tended to transfer carbon from vegetation to detritus and soil. Total NPP did not differ significantly between the lightly burned and unburned stands, and averaged 1.58, 1.29 and 1.01 t C ha−1 year−1forLarix–grass,Larix–RhododendronandLarix–Ledumlightly burned stands, respectively. Above‐ground net primary production (ANPP) of heavily burned stands was 92–95% less than unburned and lightly burned stands. The estimated carbon loss during the 1987 fire showed substantial variability among forest types and fire severity levels. Depending upon the assumptions made about the fraction of the landscape occupied by the three larch forest types, the 1987 conflagration in north‐east China released 2.5 × 107−4.9 × 107t C to the atmosphere. This study illustrates the need to distinguish between the different larch forests for developing general carbon budgets.
The response of soil CO2 flux to changes in atmospheric CO2, nitrogen supply and plant diversity
Authors: Craine Joseph M. , Wedin David A. , Reich Peter B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe measured soil CO2 flux over 19 sampling periods that spanned two growing seasons in a grassland Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment that factorially manipulated three major anthropogenic global changes: atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, nitrogen (N) supply, and plant species richness. On average, over two growing seasons, elevated atmospheric CO2 and N fertilization increased soil CO2 flux by 0.57 µmol m−2 s−1 (13% increase) and 0.37 µmol m−2 s−1 (8% increase) above average control soil CO2 flux, respectively. Decreases in planted diversity from 16 to 9, 4 and 1 species decreased soil CO2 flux by 0.23, 0.41 and 1.09 µmol m−2 s−1 (5%, 8% and 21% decreases), respectively. There were no statistically significant pairwise interactions among the three treatments. During 19 sampling periods that spanned two growing seasons, elevated atmospheric CO2 increased soil CO2 flux most when soil moisture was low and soils were warm. Effects on soil CO2 flux due to fertilization with N and decreases in diversity were greatest at the times of the year when soils were warm, although there were no significant correlations between these effects and soil moisture. Of the treatments, only the N and diversity treatments were correlated over time; neither were correlated with the CO2 effect. Models of soil CO2 flux will need to incorporate ecosystem CO2 and N availability, as well as ecosystem plant diversity, and incorporate different environmental factors when determining the magnitude of the CO2, N and diversity effects on soil CO2 flux.
The potential effect of high atmospheric CO2on soil fungi–invertebrate interactions
Authors: Frouz Jan , Nováková Alena , Jones T. Hefin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLitter mixtures of four meadow plant species,Cardamine hirsuta, Poa annua,Senecio vulgaris, andSpergula arvensis, were produced from laboratory model terrestrial ecosystems maintained at either ambient or enriched (ambient + 200 µmol mol−1) CO2concentrations. The effect of litter source on the oviposition attractivity of fungi to the sciarid flyLycoriella ingenuawas tested for seven fungal species (Absidia glauca,Cladosporium cladosporioides,C. herbarum,Fusarium oxysporum,Penicillium arenicola,P. chrysogenum, andP. janthinellum). For all species, exceptF. oxysporum,oviposition attractivity increased when the fungi were growing on litter derived from CO2‐enriched environments. The relative increase of the oviposition attractiveness of fungi growing on CO2‐enriched litter differed substantially and resulted in a shift in sciarid fly oviposition preference. For example, whenP. chrysogenumandC. herbarumgrew on ambient litter,P. chrysogenumwas more attractive; the opposite was true for mycelia growing on enriched litter. The effect of litter source on the suitability of four fungal species for larval development was also tested. In two species of fungi (A. glaucaandC. herbarum) suitability was significantly higher if growing on CO2‐enriched litter. WithP. chrysogenumthe opposite was true. The consequences of these rarely considered CO2‐induced trophic interactions on ecosystem processes such as nutrient feedback cycles between plants and soil decomposition are considered.
Interaction of PRMT1 with BTG/TOB proteins in cell signalling: molecular analysis and functional aspects
Authors: Berthet Cyril , Guéhenneux Fabienne , Revol Valérie , Samarut Christiane , Lukaszewicz Agnès , Dehay Colette , Dumontet Charles , Magaud Jean‐Pierre , Rouault Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Several recent reports have connected protein methylation with differentiation. Furthermore, the BTG/TOB proteins have also been implicated in such control. BTG1 and 2 have been shown to interact with PRMT1 (predominant cellular arginine N‐methyltransferase of type I).Results: First, we have studied the interaction between PRMT1 and the proteins of the BTG/TOB family. We show that boxC, a sequence present only in BTG1 and BTG2, is essential for this association. Using boxC peptide, we have investigated the importance of PRMT1/BTG protein association during type I protein methylation reactions. Finally, we show that the addition of boxC fused to penetratin interferes with the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and ES cell‐derived neurones.Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that PRMT1/BTG proteins could play a key role in the arginine methylation‐mediated signalling pathway as well as in neuronal differentiation.
Dual dependence: assessment of dependence upon alcohol and illicit drugs, and the relationship of alcohol dependence among drug misusers to patterns of drinking, illicit drug use and health problems
Authors: Gossop Michael , Marsden John , Stewart Duncan 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims The study investigates severity of alcohol dependence among drug misusers. Specifically, it investigates the inter‐relationship of alcohol and drug dependence and associations with alcohol consumption, drug consumption and substance‐related problems.Design, setting, participants The sample comprised 735 people seeking treatment for drug misuse problems, who were current (last 90 days) drinkers.Measurements Data were collected by structured face‐to‐face interviews. Dependence upon illicit drugs and upon alcohol was measured by the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS).Findings Three groups of drinkers were identified: non‐alcohol‐dependent drug misusers (63%); low‐dependence (19%); and high‐dependence (18%). Many drug misusers were drinking excessively and alcohol dependence was related to patterns of alcohol and drug consumption. High‐dependence drinkers were more likely to drink extra‐strength beer; they were less frequent users of heroin and crack cocaine but more frequent users of benzodiazepines, amphetamines and cocaine powder; they reported more psychological and physical health problems. The SDS was found to have good reliability and validity as a measure of alcohol dependence. SDS scores for alcohol and drug dependence were unrelated.Conclusions Alcohol use is an important and under‐rated problem in the treatment of drug misusers. A comprehensive assessment of alcohol use among drug misusers should include separate assessments of alcohol consumption, alcohol‐related problems and severity of alcohol dependence.