bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additional features of Ainu dentition. V. Peopling of the pacific
Authors: Turner Christy G. , Hanihara Kazuro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCrown morphology of 85 plaster dental casts from skeletal and living Ainus of less than 1/8 non‐Ainu admixture is described and compared for microevolutionary and origins considerations. There is no significant sex dimorphism and few inter‐sample differences through time. Inter‐observer differences occur where observation standards are poorly established.Ainu teeth exhibit a simplified pattern and have trait frequencies more like those of Polynesians and Micronesians than like Chinese, Japanese or Europeans. There is no dental evidence in support of a Caucasoid origin or close relationship. Similarities outnumber differences between Ainu teeth and those of Micronesians and Polynesians suggestive of a past biological relationship.
The Alto Salaverry child: A case of anemia from the Peruvian Preceramic
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExcavations during 1974 at the Peruvian Preceramic site of Alto Salaverry led to the discovery of a child's skeleton. The fragmentary skeleton exhibits cribra orbitalia, a pitting of the orbital roof associated with anemia. This specimen provides the first evidence of anemia in a population of the predominantly non‐agricultural Peruvian Preceramic and extends the antiquity of the pathology among Precolumbian Peruvians.
Effects of group composition on agonistic behavior of captive pigtail macaques, Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Dazey J. , Kuyk K. , Oswald M. , Martenson J. , Erwin J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe surveyed agonistic behaviors of 20 captive groups of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) housed under identical spatial conditions. Fifteen groups contained one male each; the other five groups contained no adult males. Groups included six to twelve adult females, some of which had infants with them. We found no relationship between social density of groups and incidence of agonistic behavior, but significantly more contact aggression (grab, hit, push, bite) and noncontact aggression (chase, open‐mouth “threat,” bark vocalization) occurred among females in groups containing no males than in those containing one male each. Apparently, males played an important role in the inhibition of intragroup conflict. We also found that females in groups containing males exhibited less noncontact aggression if infants were present than if no infants resided in their groups. Thus, competition of females over infants must not have been an important constituent of intragroup conflict under the conditions of this survey.
Task activity and anterior tooth grooving in prehistoric California Indians
Authors: Schulz Peter D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAbraded grooves have been observed on the anterior teeth of all the adults in a small population of prehistoric California Indians. These dental effects show considerable variety, appearing on maxillary and mandibular teeth, on approximal and occulusal surfaces, and either isolated or bilaterally aligned. Although many of the grooves are indistinguishable from those reported for other prehistoric populations, their variety illustrates the limited applicability of etiological hypotheses previously proposed to account for such effects. It is suggested that the grooves represent traces of a task activity involving the pulling of fibrous materials across the teeth.
Heat stress, fluctuating asymmetry and prenatal selection in the laboratory rat
Authors: Siegel Michael I. , Doyle William J. , Kelley Catherine 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that stress may increase the fluctuating asymmetry of teeth and limbs in laboratory animals. The present study investigates the effects of heat on such parameters. Pregnant laboratory rats are exposed to temperatures of 33°C during gestation. Increases in fluctuating asymmetry of dental dimensions as well as bone density are found for the pups of such females when compared to unstressed controls. A general increase in limb lengths is also reported for young of heat stressed animals. Prenatal selection with differential survival is suggested as a possible explanation for differences found between the experimental and control animals.
Developmental changes of the cranial bone thickness in the human fetal period
Authors: Ohtsuki Fumio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe description of the developmental changes of cranial bone thickness in the fetal period is the primary aim of this paper.The materials utilized in this study consisted of the two series. One is those of dry bones of 62 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fifth month to term and the other is those of 56 Japanese fetuses ranging from the fourth month to term.The first series is mainly used for the tests of bilateral difference in the thickness of cranial bones. No statistical significance could be found. Allometry technique was then applied for the analysis in the growth of the thickness of cranial bones and an extremely positive allometric coefficient was obtained. This required us to study another material, i.e., the second series. The materials of the second series were first measured for crown‐rump length, head length, head breadth and head circumference. The heads were then carefully dissected and the left side of individual bones of the cranium were removed to take further measurements for the arc length. The thicknesses at the ossification centers and midpoints were successively measured by a micrometer readable to 0.01 mm. The results of the second series were investigated from the viewpoint of absolute and relative growth. By allometric analysis, vertical and transverse arc lengths were found to be isometric with two exceptions, while every measurement of thickness shows an extremely positive allometry. This coincides with the results of the first series.
The effect of artificial cranial deformation on the incidence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Dawson George L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne hundred and twenty adult and 80 human fetal skulls were examined to find the relationship (if any) between the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture and artificial deformation of the skull. Wormian bones occur in deformed and undeformed skulls with no significant differences. Wormian bones detected in fetal skulls preclude cultural deformation as an important factor in the formation of these bones. It is hypothesized that a genetic predisposition (genes allowing formation of secondary ossification centers) is present and that wormian bones are under direct genetic control regardless of the presence or absence of detectable cultural deformation.
The mylohyoid bridge of Pre‐Columbian Peruvians
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Allison Marvin J. , Elzay Richard P. , Pezzia Alejandro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe frequency of expression of the mylohyoid bridge was studied in the skeletal remains of 122 Pre‐Columbian Peruvians. The incidence in this population was found to be 17.6% as compared to an incidence of 15.4% found in a similar size sample population of American Negroes and a 16.1% incidence in a population of American Whites from the Terry Collection. No significant differences as to the incidence of the mylohyoid bridge were found as to the side of occurrence or between deformed and undeformed crania. A mylohyoid bridge was found in a younger individual (6 years) than had previously been reported. Females showed a significantly higher incidence of this trait in all three populations studied. A similar incidence of the mylohyoid bridge in Pre‐Columbian and Mongoloid peoples adds support to the theory of a Mongoloid origin of these people. The mylohyoid bridge is considered to be a significant genetic marker which along with other such markers could be of value in population studies.
Diaphragmatic hernia associated with strangulation of the small bowel in an Atacamena mummy
Authors: Munizaga Juan , Allison Marvin J. , Aspillaga Eugenio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis is the second case of a diaphragmatic herniafrom 200 autopsies of mummies of Atacamena Indians found in northern Chile. This case is noted in an individual who died in the third century A.D. as a result of strangulation of two loops of the jejunum that entered the thoracic cavity. The herniation was probably congenital in nature.
Blood group antigens and the population genetics ofMacaca mulattaon Cayo Santiago I. Genetic differentiation of social groups
Authors: Duggleby Christine R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe red blood cell phenotypes for eight polymorphic loci were determined for 293 free‐rangingMacaca mulattaliving on Cayo Santiago; this number represents the total population of the island, disposed in four social groups plus peripheral males. The rhesus population shows significant genetic heterogeneity over blood group systems (loci) and social groups. No particular genetic locus or social group is solely responsible for the genetic heterogeneity observed. The distributions of genotypes for two loci (G and H) do not deviate significantly from Hardy‐Weinberg expectations within social groups or in the population as a whole. Correction of the equilibrium expectations for the effect of population subdivision yields no statistically significant results. Overall, the results suggest that the interaction of a variety of processes (random genetic drift, founder effect, migration and selection) may be responsible for the diversity observed. These data, combined with those from further studies, may allow an application of behavioral and genetic knowledge to the study of microevolutionary processes among nonhuman primates.
Stress and dental asymmetry in a population of Japanese children
Authors: Dibennardo Robert , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe studied the significance of the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry in 489 Japanese children by regression analysis. The search was for the predictability of asymmetry from levels of five factors assumed to be relevant parameters of prenatal stress. The five factors were derived by principal components analysis to simplify the interrelationships between birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, parity, sex, year of birth, socioeconomic status, and F, the coefficient of inbreeding. Only the regression of asymmetry on a factor representing a secular effect related to sex ratio was statistically significant; however, the relationship was too small to be biologically meaningful. The significance of individual asymmetry is thus equivocal, and this is discussed in terms of the meaning of asymmetry vis à vis overall fitness and developmental homeostasis. We conclude that experimental research will be necessary to elucidate not only the determinants of dental asymmetry but the relationship between these determinants and mortality and morbidity.
Carbonic anhydrase heterozygosity and FST distributions in Kenyan baboon troops
Authors: Ober Carole , Olivier Thomas J. , Buettner‐Janusch John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of the distribution of carbonic anhydrase alleles in troops of olive baboons, Papio cynocephalus, is reported. In an earlier study (Olivier, T. J., J. Buettner‐Janusch and V. Buettner‐Janusch, 1974, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 41: 175–190) the authors found a significant excess of heterozygotes with a large amount of intertroop differentiation at the CA II locus. If balancing selection is acting on the CA II locus and maintaining an excess of heterozygotes, then the degree of local differentiation observed at this locus is unexpected.In this study the analyses of the CA I and CA II data are extended and some idiosyncratic features of baboon population structure are considered. Non‐idealized forms of behavior, such as adult male migration and other age‐specific and sex‐specific behaviors, may affect observed patterns of gene frequency distributions. The analysis reveals that the excess of heterozygotes at the CA II locus is localized in the females only and that the males are highly differentiated among the troops. These findings suggest that a female‐limited heterozygous advantage exists at the CA II locus in this baboon population. A computer simulation model, RAMBLE, further suggests that recurrent male migration between troops may explain the intertroop microdifferentiation found in primate populations.
Crown size and hypodontia in the permanent dentition of modern Skolt Lapps
Authors: Kirveskari Penti , Hansson Hasse , Hedegard Björn , Karlsson Ulf 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe teeth of modern Skolt Lapps from northern Finland are considerably larger than those of their ancestors of the Eighteenth Century. The increase is probably attributable to improved nutrition. One or more teeth, excluding the third molars, were congenitally missing in 18.8% of the population aged 5 to 20 years. Relative to a standard the anterior teeth are larger than the posterior teeth, particularly the premolars. This accords well with the hypodontia pattern which is dominated by premolar agenesis.
The estimation of adult stature from metacarpal bone length
Authors: Musgrave Jonathan H. , Harneja Narendra K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStature was measured (in cm) in 166 (120 male; 46 female) predominantly white adults (age range: 17–87 years). A radiograph of one hand of each subject was taken (for routine diagnostic purposes) and the inter‐articular length of all five metacarpal bones was measured with a sliding caliper. These metacarpal lengths were then adjusted to compensate for enlargement during radiography. A significant correlation coefficient between stature and metacarpal length was observed in both sexes. Regression equations were computed from the length of each metacarpal, by which living stature may be fairly accurately estimated in the absence of any complete limb bones. The difference between our estimates and those obtained by more orthodox methods is usually less than 3%.
An electromyographic study of the pectoralis major in Atelines and Hylobates, with special reference to the Evolution of a pars clavicularis
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Wells James P. , Jungers William L. , Vangor Andrea K. , Fleagle John G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmong primates there is striking variation in the extent of the origin of pectoralis major from the clavicle. A significant clavicular attachment (pars clavicularis) occurs only in Alouatta, Lagothrix, Hylobates, Pan (troglodytes, paniscus and gorilla), and Homo. Interpreting this trait in nonhuman primates as an adaptation to frequent use of a mobile forelimb in climbing and suspension is contraindicated by the absence of a clavicular origin in Ateles and Pongo. We have undertaken a telemetered electromyographic study to determine any special role of the most cranial part of the pectoralis major in comparison to its caudal part, and to the deltoid, during vertical climbing, pronograde quadrupedalism, and armswinging in Ateles, Lagothrix, Alouatta, and Hylobates. The results show that the cranial pectoralis major possesses a role not shared by the caudal fibers: initiation of the recovery phase of the locomotor cycle. When ability to execute rapid or powerful recovery of the adducted forelimb is required in an animal with a shoulder joint lying on a plane cranial to that of the manubrium, the movement will be facilitated if the origin of the pectoralis major is extended onto the clavicle. Such is the case in nonhuman primates possessing this trait. The absence of a clavicular origin in Ateles and Pongo may be related to diminished selective pressures to perfect locomotor modes such as pronograde quadrupedalism, armswinging, or climbing thick vertical trunks, that demand rapid or powerful recovery of the adducted forelimb. If the arboreal ancestor of humans had evolved a clavicular origin of pectoralis major, this animal would be preadapted for certain uses of the forelimb in its bipedal descendant.
Bilateral asymmetry in bone measurements of the hand and lateral hand dominance
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wood J. L. , Norris A. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo hundred thirty–five (235) normal male participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study were classified as right handed, left handed, and ambidextrous on the basis of their grip–strength performance. Their left and right hands were also radiographed and the measurements of the second metacarpal bones were evaluated on the basis of hand dominance. The results indicated that, as a rule, the right hand measurements are higher than those of the left hand, regardless of hand dominance. The bilateral differences in total width, length, total area and cortical area are significant among the right hand dominant and nonsignificant among the left hand dominant. Regardless off hand dominance the bilateral differences in medullary width are nonsignificant. These results suggest an inherent tendency of the right second metacarpal to have more bone than the left regardless of hand dominance. Differential stress due to hand dominance will increase the bilateral difference in the right handed and reduce it in the left handed.
The dermatoglyphics of a Toronto sample of children with XXY, XXYY, and XXX aneuploidies
Authors: Hreczko T. A. , Sigmon Becky A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDermatoglyphic analyses were carried out on a sample of children with known sex chromosomal aneuploidies (25 XXY, 10 XXX, 1 XXYY). Digital ridge counts and pattern types were determined for each individual. Palm prints and sole patterns were also examined. The results of our study were compared with data from previous studies of sex chromosomal aneuploidies. Our results for the XXY males agree with the findings from other studies with respect to total ridge counts and plantar dermatoglyphics, but not for digital pattern frequencies. Our one example of an XXYY male showed hypothenar patterns similar to those found for this syndrome by other researchers, but neither the digital pattern types nor the unexpectedly high total ridge count conforms to the findings from other studies. Our sample of XXX females falls within the normal XX female range of variation with respect to hypothenar patterns and total ridge count; plantar features show a higher incidence of patterns than previously reported.
New estimates of early hominid body size
Authors: Steudel Karen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBody weights for 12 early hominid specimens are estimated based on an analysis of four variables shown to have high correlation with body size in living Old World primates. Average size estimates of around 36 kg are suggested for gracile early hominids and around 59 kg for robust early hominids. Size variation is considerably more pronounced in the robust group than in the gracile group, suggesting substantially greater sexual dimorphism in the former.
Sexual dimorphism in body composition changes during the pubertal period : As shown by French‐Canadian children
Authors: Baughan Brian , Brault‐Dubuc Micheline , Demirjian Arto , Gagnon Gilbert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSize and velocity growth curves of stature to represent skeletal growth, lean arm circumference to represent muscle growth, and the sum of three skinfolds to represent fat tissue changes, are presented for a longitudinal study of Montreal school–age children. Both a chronological age scale, and one relative to the individual ages of peak growth velocity in stature, are used. Intercorrelations between the various components are tabulated for age groups based on the two scales. The three skinfolds are also analyzed separately. The results show that such simple anthropometric measures can be usefully taken to represent the growth of different body components. Longitudinal analysis reveals that, whereas the relationship of muscular to statural growth in boys is purely maturational, it is not so for girls, and that the different skinfolds show complex sexual differences in growth during the pubertal period.
Restriction and persistence of polymorphisms of HLA and other blood genetic traits in the Parakanã Indians of Brazil
Authors: Black Francis L. , Salzano Francisco M. , Layrisse Zulay , Franco M. Helena L. P. , Harris Nancy S. , Weimer Tania A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResults concerning HLA types and 22 other blood genetic systems are reported for the Parakanã Indians of northern Brazil, a tribe that is notable for the light color and pilosity of some of its members. No clear evidence of Caucasoid admixture was found, but the Parkanã show unusual frequencies in the EsD1, PGM11, Gc2, CpB, Fya, Dia, and LM genetic markers. In addition, the very rare Rh allele ry is present, as well as what seems to be a new PGM2 variant. There is very limited heterogeneity in the HLA system. All these distinctive features may have arisen through a combination of founder effects and genetic drift. However, low Fis values, as well as higher mean ages in heterozygous as compared to homozygous persons, suggest that an heterotic effect is counteracting these dispersive forces.
Chromosome banding analogies between a prosimian (Microcebus murinus), a platyrrhine (Cebus capucinus), and man
Authors: Dutrillaux B. , Rumpler Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe comparative study of the karyotypes of Microcebus (Lemur, Cheirogaleid) and Cebus (Platyrrhini, Ceboid) shows important similarities between nearly all large chromosomes of these two genera. Since a relationship has been previously found between the Karyotypes of Homo and Cebus, a correspondence may be found between many chromosomes of man and those of Lemurs. This study enlarges the filed of comparative cytogenetics at the level of the primate order.
The genetic demography of the Gainj of Papua New Guinea. I. Local differentiation of blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein allele frequencies
Authors: Wood J. W. , Johnson P. L. , Kirk R. L. , McLoughlin K. , Blake N. M. , Matheson F. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAllele frequencies are reported for 19 blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein loci (ABO, Rh, MN, Hb‐A, LDH‐A, LDH‐B, SOD, PGM‐1, PGM‐2, 6PGD, GPT, ESD, ADA, ACP, PGK, MDH, Alb, Hp, and Tf) determined from 310 blood samples collected among the Gainj, a small population of tribal horticulturalists from highland Papua New Guinea. Fourteen of these loci display genetic variants, and ten of them are sufficiently polymorphic to permit a preliminary analysis of Gainj population structure. Patterns of variation among subdivisions of the population are analyzed using an approach analogous to a multivariate analysis of variance with unbalanced design, and weighted genetic distances are extracted from the results. The distance analysis indicates that patterns of genetic variation within this population reflect the geographical distribution of subdivisions, as well as subdivision size and movement among subdivisions. A parallel analysis of the Gainj and two other tribal groups from highland New Guinea, the Murapin Enga and the Simbai Valley Maring, suggests that the Gainj are both genetically divergent from neighboring populations and internally highly differentiated.
Collections of nonhuman primate skeletal materials in the United States and Canada
Authors: Albrecht Gene H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA mail survey was completed of the nonhuman primate skeletal collections (excluding tupaiids) housed in United States and Canadian museums, universities, and other institutions. Survey results are reported by genus for both skulls and postcrania without regard for age or sex. The survey emphasized specimens of wild‐caught primates but institutional personnel were not always able to separate animals which died in captivity. Responses were received from 157 of the 212 institutions to which questionnaires were sent. Of those who returned the questionnaires, 75 institutions have wild‐caught, nonhuman primate skeletal materials in their collections. Institutions that have either no nonhuman primate skeletal materials (50) or only the remains of captive animals (36) are listed separately. The total number of specimens reported exeeds 21,000 skulls and 6,400 postcrania.