bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontologies and text retrieval
Authors: MAYFIELD JAMES 
Published: October 2003

Analogues to much of today's work in ontologies have existed for centuries in text retrieval. The use of controlled vocabularies, or thesauri, has been fundamental to document indexing in library science. Thesauri serve several purposes, including:[bull ] Knowledge organisation A thesaurus provides
a hierarchy of concepts that organises domain-specific knowledge.[bull ] Terminology normalisation By
selecting a unique word or phrase to represent each domain
concept, then linking synonymous terms to it, a thesaurus enforces
terminological consistency.[bull ] Query expansion A thesaurus facilitates the addition of terms
to a query by providing explicit hierarchical and lateral relationships
among terms.These properties serve to mediate the information flow from indexer to user. Thesauri thus
serve many
of the same functions for people that ontologies are designed to serve for software agents. As
automated retrieval has developed over the decades since the inception of computer processing of text,
many techniques have been introduced to apply this typically manual work to the automated arena (see
Soergel (1985) for an introduction to library information systems, also Anderson and Pélrez-Carballo
(2001a, 2001b) for a summary of the intersection of human and machine indexing).
The Task of Explaining Sight – Helmholtz’s Writings on Vision as a Test Case for Models of Science Popularization
Authors: Schickore Jutta 
Published: October 2003

ArgumentStudies of Helmholtz’s popular lectures on science have concentrated on reconstructing his vision of the scientific enterprise, of its nature, its benefits, and its “civilizing power.” This paper offers a different perspective by focusing on Helmholtz’s attempts to expose his own scientific work to a wider public. Drawing on recent discussions about how to study science popularization, it analyzes how he made his work on sensory physiology accessible to various audiences. It is argued that the exposition of the theory of vision comprises a complex, multilayered transformation of epistemic messages, which includes the recasting of arguments, recontextualizations, shifting emphasis, and significant changes in style. The popular writings on vision were directed to several different audiences, and, as such, manifest a delicate balance between conflicting agendas. An analysis of the texts indicates that neither the traditional two-step model of science popularization nor the more recent attempt to regard popularization as an “expository continuum” provides appropriate historiographical frameworks to study the popularization of scientific knowledge.
Palliative care in old age
Authors: Lo Raymond SK , Woo Jean 
Published: October 2003

What is palliative medicine?In 1987, the Royal College of Physicians recognized palliative medicine as a specialty,
defining it as ‘the study and management of patients with far-advanced disease
for whom the prognosis is limited and the focus of care is quality of life’.
In 1990, the World Health Organization added its definition, ‘the active and
total care of a person whose condition is not responsive to curative therapy’.
The aim of palliative medicine is to control pain and other physical symptoms, together
with integration of psychological, social, spiritual care and support. The ultimate
goal is to help patients to achieve their best quality of life. Palliative medicine
places emphasis on a holistic approach, offering care and support not just for patients
but also for their families. Palliative medicine hence requires an interdisciplinary
team approach. With the co-ordinated efforts of all disciplines (such as doctors,
nurses, therapists, social workers, clinical psychologists, dieticians, pastoral
care workers and volunteers), patients can be supported in living their remaining
lives as actively as possible, and families can be assisted in coping with illness,
death and bereavement. Palliative care neither intends to postpone death nor does
so, but affirms life and regards dying as a normal process. When a patient faces
an incurable illness, it is incumbent on the palliative care team to provide the
best treatment and care, adding life to days when days cannot be added to life.
The Origins and Nature of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal, 1919–1945
Authors: de Meneses Filipe Ribeiro 
Published: October 2003

Aniceto Afonso, História de uma conspiração: Sinel de Cordes e o 28 de Maio (Lisbon: Editorial Notícias, 2000), 222 pp., [euro]12.97, ISBN 972-46-1175-2. Manuel Baiôa, Elites políticas em Évora: Da I República à ditadura militar (1925–1926) (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 2000), preface by António Costa Pinto, xvi +344 pp., [euro]21.45, ISBN 972-762-199-6. Telmo Faria, Debaixo de fogo! Salazar e as forças armadas (1935–41) (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos & Instituto de Defesa Nacional, 2000), 286 pp., [euro]26.44, ISBN 972-762-220-8. João Medina, Salazar, Hitler e Franco: Estudos sobre a ditadura (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2000), 308 pp., [euro]18.85, ISBN 972-24-1074-1. Fernando Rosas, Salazarismo e fomento económico: O primado do político na história económica do Estado Novo (Lisbon: Editorial Notícias, 2000), 259 pp., [euro]13.92, ISBN 972-46-1110-8. Pedro Aires Oliveira, Armindo Monteiro: Uma biografia política (Venda Nova: Bertrand Editora, 2000), 340 pp., [euro]17.96, ISBN 972-25-1122-X.Studies regarding the origins and nature of António Oliveira Salazar's New State are
being published in Portugal at an impressive rate. New sources and methods are
being employed by Portuguese historians in an attempt to come to grips with a
dictatorship which lasted forty-eight years and which, although able to change its
guise, was always reluctant to do so, and was never as successful in transforming
itself as Francoist Spain.
Use of medium‐range ensembles at the Met Office 2: Applications for medium‐range forecasting
Authors: Young M V , Carroll E B 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe term ‘medium range’ is taken to refer to forecasts for lead times ranging from about 2 or 3 days ahead up to about 10 days ahead. A wide variety of numerical model products are available to the forecaster nowadays, and one of the most important of these is the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). This paper shows how forecasters at the Met Office use these products, in particular the EPS, in an operational environment in the production of medium‐range forecasts for a variety of customers, and illustrates some of the techniques involved. Particular reference is made to the PREVIN post‐processing system for the EPS which is described in the companion paper by Legg et al. (2002). Forecast products illustrated take the form of synoptic charts (produced primarily via Field Modification software), text guidance and other graphical formats. The probabilistic approach to forecasting is discussed with reference to various examples, in particular the application of the EPS in providing early warnings of severe weather for which risk assessment is increasingly important. A central theme of this paper is the vital role played by forecasters in interpreting the output from the models in terms of the likely weather elements, and using the EPS to help assess confidence levels for a particular forecast as well as possible alternative synoptic evolutions. Verification statistics are presented which demonstrate how the EPS helps the forecaster to add value to the wide range of individual deterministic model products and that furthermore, the forecaster can improve upon many probabilistic products derived directly from the ensemble. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Transmission of porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to mice by transplanting EMCV‐infected pig tissues
Authors: Brewer Laurie , Brown Corrie , Murtaugh Michael P. , Kariuki Njenga M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract: We recently demonstrated that pigs infected with porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) develop a persistent infection (up to 90 days post‐infection (PI)) in the heart and brain that is accompanied by virus‐induced pathologic changes, and that EMCV productively infects human cardiomyocytes in vitro, suggesting that EMCV may pose a risk to humans following transplantation of pig tissues to humans (Brewer et al. J Virol 2001; 75: 11621–11629). In this report, we demonstrate that intra‐abdominal transplantation of myocardial or pancreatic sections from acutely EMCV‐infected pigs (2 days PI) into either non‐mutant C57BL/6 or C57BL/6‐RAG‐1−/−mice that lack B or T lymphocytes, resulted in transmission of the virus and acute fatal disease in all mice. In recipient RAG‐1−/−mice, fatal EMCV disease occurred within 2 days post‐transplantation, and it was accompanied by high virus titers in brain, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and skeletal muscle, whereas in non‐mutant C57BL/6 mice, disease occurred 5 to 6 days post‐transplantation and was accompanied by lower virus titers. Transplantation of myocardial or pancreatic tissues from chronically EMCV‐infected pigs (21 and 50 days PI) did not induce clinical disease, but resulted in detection of EMCV RNA in the brain of recipient RAG‐1−/−mice, no viral RNA was detected in non‐mutant C57BL/6 mice. Intra‐abdominal transplantation of uninfected porcine myocardial tissues into RAG‐1−/−mice followed by intramuscular inoculation with EMCV induced acute clinical disease but did not result in transmission of virus to the xenograft. These results show that EMCV can be efficiently transmitted from pig myocardial and pancreatic tissues to mice, providing a model of pig‐to‐human viral xenozoonosis that can be used to develop and test prophylactic and therapeutic measures against such infection.
A manic‐depressive symptom self‐report in optical scanable format
Authors: Glick Henry A , McBride Linda , Bauer Mark S 
Published: October 2003

Introduction: The Internal State Scale (ISS) is a self‐report instrument that allows the simultaneous assessment of both manic and depressive symptoms in individuals with manic‐depressive disorder. Prior work indicates that subscales are highly correlated with clinician ratings of mania and depression and provide a discriminant function that identifies individuals in manic/hypomanic, mixed, depressed, and euthymic mood states. A drawback to the ISS is that its items were developed in the visual analogue scale (VAS) format which is labor‐intensive to score, particularly with repeat (e.g. daily) administration. A Likert‐based format would allow quick and easy optical scanning for which scoring could be automated.Methods: To compare discriminating properties in Likert versus VAS format we re‐analyzed previously collected data and collected new data: (a) VAS‐based ISS scores from 86 subjects from a prior four‐site study were re‐analyzed by collapsing scores into 20 and then 10 Likert‐based bins to assess loss of precision from collapsing scores, and (b) 24 additional subjects were administered the ISS in VAS and Likert formats to assess loss of precision due to instrument completion factors.Results: Discriminant ability, including kappas and receiver operator characteristic curves, were unchanged across the two formats. Within‐subjects reliability was uniformally high across formats.Conclusions: Likert‐based scoring of the ISS can be used without loss of precision, thus making automated scoring of the ISS feasible. This format will be particularly useful for studies that require processing of large numbers of ISSs, such as those that collect frequent ratings over long periods of time and/or those that utilize large samples.
Life events and onset of a new phase in bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Christensen Ellen Margrethe , Gjerris Annette , Larsen Jens Knud , Bendtsen Birgitte Bjerg , Larsen Birgitte Holt , Rolff Heidi , Ring Gudrun , Schaumburg Eric 
Published: October 2003

Background: There is an increasing focus on the impact of psychosocial factors and stressors on the course of bipolar affective disorder. The life event research has revealed many biases and the results are conflicting. In a prospective study we examined the relationship between life events and affective phases in a group of bipolar patients with a long duration of the disease.Methods: A group of patients with at least three admissions to hospital for bipolar disorder was followed every 3 months for up to 3 years. At each examination an evaluation of affective phase was made according to the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Newcastle Depression Rating Scale and the Bech‐Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale. Moreover, the patients were rated according to the Paykel Life Events Scale. Their current medical treatment was noted.Results: Fifty‐six patients (19 men and 37 women) were included in the study. Women experienced a significantly higher number of life events than men. In 21% of the 353 examinations of women, a new phase was preceded by life events whereas this was the case only in 8% of the 152 examinations of men. In 13% of the male examinations the patients were in a manic phase and in 5% in a depressive phase. In 5% of the female examinations the patients were in a manic phase and in 15% in a depressive phase. Half of the women's depressive phases were preceded by life events, but none of the depressive phases of men. The categories of life events preceding the depressive phases presented a significant overweight of somatic ill health and conflicts in the family.Conclusion: We found a gender difference in the course of bipolar affective disorder, as women had a significantly higher number of depressive episodes than men and men had a higher number of manic episodes than women. In bipolar patients with long duration of disease a significant number of depressive episodes in women were preceded by negative life events. Somatic health problems and conflicts in the family were significant factors preceding new depressive phases.
Bipolar disorder. II: Personality and age of onset
Authors: Engström Christer , Brändström Sven , Sigvardsson Sören , Cloninger Robert , Nylander Per‐Olof 
Published: October 2003

Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine whether personality i.e. temperament and character interacts with age of onset in bipolar disorder.Methods:Bipolar patients were recruited among in‐ and outpatients from lithium dispensaries of northern Sweden. Patients were diagnosed according to DSM‐IV criteria for bipolar disorder type I and II. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used for measuring personality. TCI was administered to 100 lithium treated bipolar patients and 100 controls.Results:Treatment response was significantly lower (p = 0.005) in patients with early onset compared with late onset. Family history (p = 0.013) and suicide attempts (p = 0.001) were also significantly more common in patients with early onset. Further, patients with early onset were significantly higher (p = 0.045) in the temperament factor harm avoidance (HA) than patients with late onset, but the difference was weak. Patients with early onset had more fear of uncertainty (HA2; p = 0.022) and were more shy (HA3; p = 0.030). Bipolar I patients showed similar results as those in the total bipolar group (I and II), with significantly higher HA (p = 0.019, moderate difference), HA2 (p = 0.015) and HA3 (p = 0.043) in patients with early onset compared with late onset. Bipolar II patients showed no differences between early and late age of onset but the groups are small and the results are therefore uncertain.Conclusions:Early age of onset in bipolar disorder was correlated to an increase in severity, family history, poorer treatment response and poorer prognosis. Early onset was also correlated to personality.
Verbal memory in mania: effects of clinical state and task requirements
Authors: Fleck David E , Shear Paula K , Zimmerman Molly E , Getz Glen E , Corey Kimberly B , Jak Amy , Lebowitz Brian K , Strakowski Stephen M 
Published: October 2003

Objectives: Manic patients exhibit impaired verbal learning and memory, particularly following longstanding illness. However, it is unclear whether recognition and recall performance are differentially influenced by a manic mood state.Methods: To examine this issue, we administered the California Verbal Learning Test and symptom‐rating scales to inpatients with pure or mixed mania, euthymic outpatients, and healthy comparison subjects.Results: An overall performance difference was identified between groups. Manic and euthymic patients performed more poorly than healthy subjects on recall. However, manic patients performed more poorly than euthymic patients and healthy subjects on recognition.Conclusions: These results suggest that verbal retrieval deficits are stable vulnerability indicators in bipolar disorder, whereas verbal encoding deficits are manic episode indicators. The known subcortical dysfunction in this disorder may produce stable retrieval deficits while acute mood symptoms attenuate encoding during affective episodes only.
Trends in mortality from suicide, 1965–99
Authors: Levi F. , La Vecchia C. , Lucchini F. , Negri E. , Saxena S. , Maulik P. K. , Saraceno B. 
Published: October 2003

Objective: To analyse trends in mortality from suicide over the period 1965–99.Method: Data were derived from the WHO database, including data for 47 countries.Results: In the European Union (EU), all age suicide mortality peaked at 16.1/100 000 in men in 1980–84, and declined thereafter to 14.4/100 000 in 1995–98. In females, the fall was 29% to reach 4.6/100 000. A similar pattern of trends was observed in several eastern European countries. In contrast, mortality from suicide rose substantially in the Russian Federation, from 37.7/100 000 in males in 1985–89 to 58.3/100 000 in 1995–98 (+55%), and to 9.5/100 000 (+12%) in females. In the USA and most other American countries providing data, no consistent pattern was evident for males, but falls were observed in females. Steady declines were registered for Japan, starting from the highest suicide rates worldwide in the late 1950s. Suicide rates were upwards in Ireland, Italy, Spain, the UK, Cuba, Australia and New Zealand. Substantial rises were observed in a few countries (Ireland, Cuba, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand) for young males.Conclusion: In spite of mixed trends, suicide remains a significant public health problem worldwide.
No association between two polymorphisms at the5HT2Agene and bipolar affective puerperal psychosis
Authors: Robertson E. , Jones I. , Middle F. , Moray J. , Craddock N. 
Published: October 2003

Objective:To examine whether variation at two common polymorphisms, T102C and −1438AG, of the serotonin 2A gene (5HT2A) are involved in the puerperal triggering mechanism of bipolar affective puerperal psychosis.Method:A total of 242 parous women diagnosed with bipolar disorder were genotyped for the two polymorphisms. Of these, 165 women had experienced a manic or psychotic episode, according to DSM‐IV criteria, within 6 weeks of childbirth (the puerperal psychosis group).The comparison group comprised of 77 parous women who had not experienced psychiatric disturbance following childbirth.Results:No significant differences between genotype or allelic frequencies were found between the two groups for either polymorphism.Conclusion:The results indicate that variation at two common polymorphisms of the5HT2Agene does not appear to play a major role in the development of bipolar affective puerperal psychosis.
Expression of topoisomerase II and Ki‐67 in cervical carcinoma — clinicopathological study using immunohistochemistry
Authors: Davidson Ben , Goldberg Iris , Lerner‐Geva Liat , Gotlieb Walter H. , Ben‐Baruch GIlad , Novikov Ilya , Kopolovic Juri 
Published: October 2003

Aim. To study the correlation between the expression of topoisomerase II and Ki‐67 antigen and disease outcome in cervical squamous cell carcinomas. Experimental design. Forty‐nine cervical carcinomas, 10 cases of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II‐III) and 5 control cervices were stained by monoclonal antibodies for topoisomerase II and Ki‐67 (MIB‐1 clone). Nuclear counts were correlated with patient age, tumor stage, histological grade and survival. Results. Thirteen patients died of disease, 35 remained free of disease, and one patient was lost to follow up. Ki‐67 counts were higher in CIN lesions, when compared to both invasive carcinomas and control cervices. Topoisomerase II counts were comparable for CIN and invasive tumors. No immunoreactivity for topoisomerase was detected in control cases. Neither stage nor grade was associated with nuclear counts using either marker. In multivariate survival analysis, stage (p=0.001), grade (p=0.03) and older patient age (p=0.02) predicted poor survival. Ki‐67 counts predicted survival with borderline significance (p=0.07), while topoisomerase II counts were not related to survival. Conclusion. Ki‐67 and topoisomerase II counts do not appear to have a significant role in the prediction of survival in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
The Role of the Fas/Fas Ligand System in Estrogen‐Induced Thymic Alteration
Authors: MOR GIL , MUÑOZ AMANDA , REDLINGER JR. RICH , SILVA IVALDO , SONG JOON , LIM CHUNGHYUN , KOHEN FORTUNE 
Published: October 2003

PROBLEM: Estrogen induces atrophy in the thymus by an unknown mechanism. Since the Fas/FasL system is one of the main pathways in T cell apoptosis, we tested the hypothesis that estrogen‐induced thymic atrophy is mediated by the Fas/FasL system.  METHODS OF STUDY: In vivo experiments were done using ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen or saline. In vitro experiments were performed using isolated thymocytes. Estrogen receptor (ER) α and β expression was characterized using flow cytometry, RT‐PCR and immunofluorescence. Fas and FasL mRNA and protein expression was evaluated using RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis respectively.
RESULTS: ERα and ERβ are present in thymocytes and stromal cells. ER expression is mainly localized in the Double Positive CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Estrogen treatment decreases thymus size and increase FasL expression.
CONCLUSION: CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and thymic stroma cells express ERα and ERβ. In vivo and in vitro we showed that estrogen treatment increases FasL expression while decreasing thymus cell number. These findings support the hypothesis that estrogen‐induced thymic atrophy occurs as a result of apoptosis and is mediated by estrogen‐induced FasL expression.