bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: trends in marine mammal science
Authors: Boyd I L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past 20-30 years marine mammalogy has emerged as a discipline in its own right. The willingness of agencies to fund marine mammal research is evidence of its importance both in solving practical problems and in the more esoteric realms of pure science. To an outsider, the study of marine mammals might appear at first to be one of those narrow scientific specializations of little general interest. However, there is probably no other group of animals for which there is such specific legislation, enshrined in international treaties or national laws around the world, to regulate exploitation or conservation, and for which “there are such polarized views of how we should manage populations. Often, marine mammals are the stalking horse for public opinion on the wide-ranging principles of environmental conservation. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the development of marine mammal science from its roots in the control of commercial exploitation of seals and whales to its role in providing information essential for the administration of national and international laws and as a subject which is providing new insights into several aspects of mammalian ecology and physiology.
Harbour seal movement patterns
Authors: Thompson Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many species of phocids, the capacity to store energy as blubber has led to a separation of feeding and breeding activity. Recent marking and telemetric studies have shown that harbour seals may travel extensively and that their breeding activity may also constrain foraging behaviour. This paper assesses the relative importance of variations in food availability, breeding activity and predation pressure in shaping movement patterns. Two broad categories of movements are recognized. The first is those between haul-out sites and the sea. These are primarily for foraging, and appear to occur within 50 km of haul-out sites. The duration, timing and locations of these trips are related to changes in environmental conditions and breeding activity. The second is movements which occur between different haul-out sites. These may involve dispersal, or they can occur seasonally, when seals switch to sites which are more suitable for pupping or are closer to foraging areas. Regional variations exist in the extent of seasonal movements, probably in relation to the relative distribution of foraging areas and suitable haul-out sites.
Milk secretion in marine mammals in relation to foraging: can milk fatty acids predict diet?
Authors: Iverson Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patterns of milk composition and delivery differ greatly among mammals. However, despite these species-specific differences, lactation is very expensive in all species and thus diet and nutrient reserves of individual females must play a critical role in lactation performance. Pinnipeds, as well as mysticete whales, exhibit extreme adaptations to the constraints imposed by the separation of maternal feeding from milk transfer. This paper will consider three main questions: (1) how are milk secretion processes adapted to the temporal separation of foraging and milk secretion; (2) how are changes in diet or nutrient reserves likely to affect milk composition or yield; and (3) can specific milk constituents be used to indicate foraging behaviour or diet of individual animals? Substantial quantities of nutrients and metabolites are required by the mammary gland for the secretion of milk constituents. Nutrient partitioning and milk secretion are physiological processes which are both highly regulated and biochemically constrained. The general principles of these processes appear to be shared among all mammals, including marine mammals. It is concluded that neither the levels nor the types of most milk constituents are likely to be affected by maternal diet in marine mammals. However, milk yield may be reduced during a low plane of nutrition. Unlike other constituents, such as protein or carbohydrate, dietary fatty acids essentially remain intact through the digestion process (in carnivorous mammals) and many of these are secreted in milk or deposited in adipose tissue with no or minimal modification. Recent studies on species such as the California sea lion, Antarctic fur seal, hooded seal and harbour seal suggest a strong potential for determining prey items and diet of marine mammals through fatty acid signatures in the milk, particularly given the complex array of fatty acids which exist in marine organisms.
To what extent can heart rate be used as an indicator of metabolic rate in free-living marine mammals?
Authors: Butler P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physiologists and ecologists alike are in great need of a method by which they can obtain accurate information on the metabolic rate of free-ranging animals and relate metabolic rate to specific types of behaviour in the field. Under steady-state conditions, there is a good linear relationship between heart rate (/H) and the rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2in most terrestrial mammals that have been studied and data storage systems exist that could acquire fH from free-ranging animals over long periods. Marine mammals spend large proportions of their time (up to 90% in elephant seals) under water, and (H varies between the elevated rates at the surface and the much lower rates during submersion.
How fast should I swim? Behavioural implications of diving physiology
Authors: Thompson D , Hiby A R , Fedak M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extraordinary abilities of seals to survive long, apparently life-threatening, periods of anoxia have interested comparative physiologists for much of this century, with the emphasis on physiological responses as defensive measures to conserve oxygen. The advent of miniature recording devices and transmitters in the 1960s and 1970s dramatically changed the way we perceived diving. It is the steady state behaviour of seals at sea. Seals can dive continually, spending up to 90% of their time submerged over extended periods. In the previous paper (Fedak & Thompson, this volume) we described how combinations of behavioural and physiological adaptations enable seals to dive continually, often beyond estimated aerobic capacities, and suggested how these adaptations might restrict their choice of hunting tactics. Here we switch from regarding diving as a physiological event and look at it as primarily a behavioural event. Diving patterns are constrained by rigid physiological limits, but, within these limits, seals can vary the patterns to most efficiently exploit their environment. Seals must choose the duration and depth of dives, the swim speeds and angles of ascent/ descent and their hunting tactics while at depth.
Alternative life histories, mostly about males
Authors: Charnov Eric L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of sex allocation, the evolution of male-to-female ratios, is the simplest and most universal example of alternative life histories–simplest because the frequency-dependent natural selection is literally built into the problem through the fact that everyone has one mother and one father. This chapter looks at another class of alternative life histories which occur within a single sex–usually, but not always, males. While the frequency dependence of fitness is not necessary to produce some of these alternatives, it will almost always be present. However, this will differ from sex allocation in that the frequency dependence is not automatic, not built in, and therefore will usually be generated by factors external to the genetic system, commonly the environment external to the individual organism. The aim of this chapter is to model the ESS for these other alternative life histories in a way analogous to sex allocation, and to stress the usefulness of the stable age distribution symmetry illustrated in Fig. 1.4.
Determinate growth, mostly about mammals
Authors: Charnov Eric L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We suggest, then, that the scaling of life history variables with body weight may derive from more fundamental relationships of weight with mortality schedules. But why should there be any consistent relationship between weight and rates of mortality? We do not yet know the answer to this question ... This approach, of attempting to explain allometric relationships as a function of demographic reality, is, we think, preferable to the largely descriptive role that allometry has played over the years. (Harvey and Pagel 1991, p. 198). (An answer to this question is provided by eqn. (5.7).)Birds, mammals, and insects show determinate growth where adult weight is more or less unchanging. Birds commonly reach their adult size well before maturation, while insects and mammals mature upon reaching near adult size. This chapter mostly deals with the allometry (body size scaling) of life histories for female mammals and the resulting invariants which follow from shared scaling exponents.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is divided in two, the first half (Chapters 2-6) dealing with pure micropalaeontology and the second half (Chapters 7-12) with applied micropalaeontology (commercial applications). Micropalaeorttology is interpreted in the broad sense so as to encompass not only the study of calcareous microfossils (and calcareous macrofossils identifiable in microfossil preparations), but also the study of siliceous and phosphatic microfossils, organic-walled microfossils or palynomorphs and calcareous nannofossils.
Calcareous nannofossils
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with calcareous nannofossils or coccoliths. These range in size from 1-100 µ,. Preparation of samples for calcareous nannofossil study generally consists of pulverising the containing sediment in distilled water using a pestle and mortar, strewing some of the suspended mixture onto a slide using a pipette and covering it with a glass slip (see, for instance, Taylor and Hamilton 1982; see also Beaufort 1991). Canada Balsam can be used to make a permanent mount. Examination is by means of an extremely powerful transmitted light microscope with polarisation facility or a scanning electron microscope.
The neo-traditional social order in Tokelau
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tokelauan neo-traditional social order, according to our terminology, is that which Tokelauans refer to as faka Tokelau (Tokelauan ways or customs). The principles of community and kinship on which/aka Tokelau is based are viewed by Tokelauans as an ancient and shared heritage; however, the institutions of village (nuku) and family (kaiga) which manifest these principles are recognized to have changed over time and to be somewhat different from village to village and from family to family. The institutional framework or ground plan of this social order was in place, as noted in Chapter 3, by at least the late nineteenth century, and was elaborated during the next decades. During this period the three villages managed their own affairs: the Administration was remote and appeared to be content to leave the atolls relatively free to govern their everyday life. The economy was focused on subsistence: local wages paid by the colonial Administration amounted to a pittance, and trading vessels made infrequent visits.
Demographic aspects of Tokelauan communities
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Parts I and II, our chronicle of the Tokelauan people has documented their increasing contact with the West and the marked changes in life on Tokelau which resulted- culminating in a major migration to New Zealand. The significance of this migration lies in the fact that well over half of all those persons identifying themselves as Tokelauans now live in New Zealand. Yet it is also true that in the 1980s Tokelauans, whether non-migrants or migrants, continued to assert their common identity and, given the distance that lies between them, continued to maintain close bonds of interaction. Thus, from one perspective, Tokelauan society as it exists today can be defined as those persons claiming Tokelauan identity and speaking (or at least understanding) the Tokelauan language who may reside either on the atolls or in New Zealand.
Values, social structure, and change in Tokelauan society: the atolls
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and the two following chapters present a detailed analysis of the changing society of Tokelauans as this was reflected in our Project Censuses and in our sociological interviews with the atoll-dwellers and the migrants. In this chapter, dealing with the atoll-dwellers, attention is focused upon four main areas. First, measures of the basic values of Tokelauan society will be described, and the changing pattern of affirmation or rejection of these values by the population over the three study rounds will be traced. Second, evidence as to the degree of exposure to cosmopolitan society and its modern influences will be sought from the interviews, and the hypothesis that exposure to modernizing influences leads to increasing rejection of traditional Tokelauan values will be tested against the evidence. Third, a quantitative analysis will be made of the changing structure of social status in Tokelau based upon interview data concerning some of the multiple statuses held by adult men.
Tokelauan institutions and assimilation in the migrant communities
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the advantages of studying a small isolated island society is precisely that this smallness and isolation facilitate keeping track of the changing character of the population. But when such a population disperses through the comparative geographic vastness (268 676 sq km) of a structurally complex society such as New Zealand, difficulties are bound to increase. Tokelauans, like migrants to any foreign country, moved from place to place and from job to job as they sought to find their niche in an alien society. The logistics of tracking them as they scattered became increasingly difficult over the study period, and repeatedly taxed the ingenuity and endurance of the investigators.
Role of acetylcholine in use-dependent plasticity of the visual cortex
Authors: Singer W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well established that cholinergic mechanisms participate in the regulation of functional states of the neocortex. The amount of ACh released from cortical structures changes in a state-dependent way and increases with arousal and EEG desynchronization (Mitchell 1963). Correspondingly, electrical activation of central core structures which mediate desynchronization of the cortical EEG and behavioural arousal also enhances the release of ACh from cortex (Szerb 1967). These observations suggested the possibility that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in the control of arousal and wakefulness. The evidence that blockade of muscarinic transmission prevents EEG desynchronization (Rinaldi and Himwich 1955) and that iontophoretic application of muscarinic agonists facilitates responses in a substantial fraction of cortical neurones are considered as supportive evidence (Krnjevic and Phillis 1963; Krnjevic et al. 1971; McCormick and Prince 1986; Sillito and Kemp 1983; Sato et al. 1987). In the visual cortex an additional function has been postulated for the cholinergic projection in relation to corollary signals generated in conjunction with rapid eye movements. The latter are associated with large-field potentials in visual structures which have been termed PGO waves because of their topological distribution (Bizzi and Brooks 1963; Mouret et al. 1963). These field potentials result from phasic increases in neuronal activity and it has been proposed that these effects are due to cholinergic projections ascending from the reticular formation (Singer and Bedworth 1974; Francesconi et al. 1988).
Reference frames for the perception and control of movement
Authors: Berthoz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to build a coherent representation of the movement of limbs or the body in space, the brain must assemble the various messages from its sensors so as to select them according to the environment and to the task in which the subject is engaged, and must compare them with the expected values generated internally. An essential property of the processes underlying the construction of a coherent representation of movement is that it implies multimodal extraction of the important components of the movement (direction, position, velocity, acceleration, etc.). The discovery by Griisser and his colleagues (Akbarian et al. 1988) of an area in the parieto-insular cortex in which head motion in space is reconstructed from visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information is a nice example of this fact.
Spatial firing correlates of neurons in the hippocampal formation of freely moving rats
Authors: Muller R U , Kubie J L , Bostock E M , Taube J S , Quirk G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large fraction of the behaviour of rats consists of translocational movements that solve the problem of getting to a goal from a starting point. In solving this sort of spatial problem, the rat must follow a specific path that is somehow selected from the set of possible paths. For convenience, we will say that the task of path selection is accomplished by a neural ‘navigational system’. Our research is aimed at understanding the organization and operation of this system.
The hippocampus, exploratory activity, and spatial memory
Authors: Thinus-Blanc C , Save E , Buhot M-C , Poucet B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now an impressive set of data which supports the prominent role of the hippocampus in spatial memory. But the hippocampal formation is also involved in exploratory activity, although this function is supported by a much smaller body of studies. Recent psychological studies have now provided direct evidence that exploration and spatial knowledge are closely related to each other by functional, reciprocal links. Hence, it is somewhat surprising that these three poles of interest, the hippocampus, exploration, and spatial knowledge, have not been integrated into a unified, conceptual framework since O’Keefe and Nadel’s classic book was published in 1978. It is true that this task is far from easy. In the case of the functional relationship between the hippocampus and spatial cognition, awkward problems may be raised, such as those related to the processing and transformation of information acquired during exploratory activity into spatial knowledge.
A model for the co-operation between cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex in movement learning
Authors: Burnod Y , DufossÉ M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to modern control theory, learning requires not only an adaptable system but also the possibility of changing the information-processing rules. Nervous systems seem to learn by modifying the flows of signals transmitted between internal structures. In general, c learning occurs in successive steps. Each step has .a given role and a time-constant that depends upon the learning properties of the nervous structures involved. A scheme of interactions between the main nervous structures has been proposed by Ito (1984). This hypothetical scheme for motor learning models the cortico-spinal and the cortico-rubral systems and takes the adaptive properties of the cerebellum into account.
Single-gene disorders
Authors: Nicholas F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a polypeptide acts as an enzyme or is part of an enzyme, a mutation in its gene sometimes results in a deficiency of that enzyme, with a consequent blockage in the biochemical pathway where that enzyme is required. Diseases that result from such blockages are called inborn errors of metabolism. A good example of such a disease in animals is citrullinaemia, which occurs in Holstein-Friesian cattle.
Coexistence in a patchy environment
Authors: Shorrocks B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many animals, particularly arthropods, exploit resources which are patchy, consisting of small, separate units and which are ephemeral in the sense that they persist for only one or two generations. Such sites, or ‘centres of action’ (Elton 1949) include dung, carrion, fruit, fungi, sap-flows, decaying leaves, flowers, seeds, dead wood, and small bodies of water held in parts of terrestrial plants (phytotelmata).
Fractals
Authors: Hastings Harold M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A unique explanation of how to use fractal geometry in ecology and biology. Beginning with the foundations of measurement in Euclidian geometry, this book progresses from analogues in the geometry of random fractals to illustrative applications spanning the natural sciences. Designed to enable students and researchers to master the methods of this hot current topic, it: Includes a toolbox of user-ready computer programs Provides a blend of motivation, geometry and detailed applications Presents detailed case studies in ecosystem patterns and fluctuations of small populations It is the only guide to using fractals in these areas and will prove an essential source for all natural scientists interested in working with fractals.
The basic model: dynamics
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of Chapter 3, we wrote down a set of partial differential equations describing the way in which the numbers of susceptibles, infectives, and immunes change with time, t, and age, a, under specified circumstances. The subsequent Chapters 4 and 5 have focused on the equilibrium or static properties of these equations and various elaborations on them.
Age-related transmission rates
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we generalize the basic model of Chapters 3-7, to include the effects of age-dependent variation in the force of infection (which ultimately derives from age dependence in the underlying transmission coefficients). We are particularly interested in how these realistic refinements, with parameter values based on the data surveyed in the preceding chapter, affect quantitative predictions about immunization programmes.
The dynamics and genetics of host-parasite associations
Authors: May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an analytical framework for discussing dynamic and genetic aspects of the interactions between host and parasite populations. The term ‘parasite’ is construed in a broad way, to include interactions between hosts and viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens, and occasionally between hosts and insect parasitoids, along with the more conventionallydefined protozoan and helminth parasites.
Encapsulation and host-parasitoid population biology
Authors: Godfray H C J , Hassell M P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasitoids are insects whose larvae develop by feeding on the bodies of other insects. Typically, the parasitoid larva requires only a single host insect to complete its development, and this host is invariably killed. The parasitoid life history thus has elements in common with both predation and true parasitism. The majority of parasitoids are either wasps in the order Hymenoptera or flies in the order Diptera. Parasitoids are important components of almost all terrestrial communities; approximately 100 000 species of parasitoids have been described, while many more species await description (Toft, Chapter 16, this volume).