bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of unipolar depressions
Authors: Goodyer Ian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unipolar depressive syndromes constitute a serious group of mental disorders with considerable risk for recurrence and psychosocial impairment throughout the lifespan. Using the American Psychiatric Association DSM clinical criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) successfully identifies the same clinical syndromes in school age children, adoles-cents, and adults. The majority of psychiatric studies have focussed on two disorders, major depression and dysthymia although there is an emerging literature on other affective syndromes, including depressive adjustment reaction, minor depressions, and more recently early onset bi-polar disorder.
Intergenerational transmission of affective and cognitive processes associated with depression: infancy and the pre-school years
Authors: Murray Lynne , Cooper Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of infants and pre-school children of women who experience depression in the postnatal months, and seeks to address a number of questions. First, we consider whether there is, in fact, evidence for adverse infant and child outcome that is associated specifically with maternal depression occurring in the postpartum period. Central to this issue is the question of the role of moderating influences; that is, whether any risks to child outcome that are associated with postnatal depression occur regardless of the context in which the maternal affective disorder occurs, or whether adverse outcomes associated with postnatal depression arise only in particular circumstances. Given the quasi-epidemiological nature of this initial question, it is important that studies from high and low risk samples are considered, with a focus on those that have employed representative community samples rather than ones that are clinic-based. Second, having addressed the question of whether postnatal depression is a risk factor for adverse child outcome, we consider what the mechanisms might be whereby such outcome associated with postpartum depression comes about.
The Mind and its Discontents
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grant Gillett argues that to understand mental illness fully requires more than a study of biological models of mental processes and pathologies. As intensely social animals, he argues, we need to look for the causes of human mental disorders in our interactions with others; in social rule-following and its role in the organization of mental content; in the power relations embedded within social structures and cultural norms; in the way that our mental life is inscribed by a cumulative life of encounters with others. Gillett uses material arising in the study of philosophy of mind, epistemology, post-modern continental philosophy, and philosophy of language to try to elucidate the nature of psychiatric phenomena involving disorders of thought, perception, emotion, moral sense, and action. Within this framework, a series of chapters analyse important psychiatric disorders such as depression, attention deficiency, autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia. Along the way, Gillett explores the nature of memory and identity; of hysteria and what constitutes rational behaviour; and of what causes us to label someone a psychopath or deviant. This fascinating book will provide readers with important insights into the causes and nature of psychosis. In addition, Gillett’s arguments have considerable implications for the way in which we understand and treat people suffering from psychiatric disorders. The Mind and its Discontents will be read by researchers and postgraduate students in a range of academic areas, including psychiatry, bioethics, philosophy of mind, social theory, and clinical psychology. It will also be of considerable interest to practising psychiatrists.
Thought in disarray
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the group of psychiatric disorders called the psychoses, we have dramatic examples of minds which are malfunctioning. Therefore if we follow closely the method of the present essay and try to develop an appreciation of the disorder from the inside making full use of the discursive formations that render it, to some extent, comprehensible, we have a good chance of obtaining a unique view of mental phenomena such as perception, consciousness, belief, motivation, reason, thought, understanding and self consciousness. Each of these topics has attracted a considerable philosophical literature so the aberrations of thought in the psychoses could potentially reveal a great deal about the way we use the concepts concerned.
I eat, therefore I am not
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to lay bare the ways in which discourse and narrative can transform the desires of the body and, in the extreme case, use those transformed desires to kill the person who holds them. The most dramatic and puzzling cases of this phenomenon are provided by the eating disorders. I will therefore examine the phenomenology of and current theories about bulimia and anorexia-two diseases which are said to be reaching epidemic proportions in our time. In attempting to understand the disturbed subjectivity that can lead a young woman to starve herself to death it is important to try and gain some appreciation of the anorexic experience from the inside.
The meaning of hysteria
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The young lady, aged 30, carefully dressed in black, who comes into the hall with short, shuffling steps, leaning on the nurse, and sinks into a chair as if exhausted, gives you the impression that she is ill. She is of slender build, her features are pale and rather painfully drawn, and her eyes are cast down. Her small manicured fingers play nervously with a handkerchief. The patient answers the questions addressed to her in a low, tired voice, without looking up, and we find that she is quite clear about time, place, and her surroundings. After a few minutes, her eyes suddenly become convulsively shut, her head sinks forward, and she seems to have fallen into a deep sleep. Her arms have grown quite limp, and fall down as if palsied when you try to lift them. She has ceased to answer, and if you try to raise her eyelids, her eyes suddenly rotate upwards. Needlepricks only produce a slight shudder. But sprinkling with cold water is followed by a deep sigh; the patient starts up, opens her eyes, looks round her with surprise, and gradually comes to herself.
How the diagnosis is made
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diagnosis is essential if different conditions are to be clearly distinguished from one another and is important in the understanding and treatment of such conditions. In the case of Tourette syndrome, early diagnosis offers the hope that management can begin before the syndrome pushes the individual too far off the normal course of development, resulting in problems with education, relationships, and career.Because Tourette syndrome is not widely known it may go unrecognized. Indeed many patients are diagnosed only when they reach adolescence or adulthood.
Education and Tourette syndrome: what can be done?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tics occur in around 10 to 20 percent of school age children; however, as we said in chapter 2, the accepted prevalence of Tourette syndrome is much lower, at around one in 2000. It is also unclear what proportion of children who have tics actually have Tourette syndrome or one of the other tic disorders. It should be noted that prevalence figures are likely to be underestimates, as they are based on clinic or other special populations (which usually focus on a disproportionate number of severe or complex cases). That is, the mild cases may be overlooked because they do not come to medical attention.
Mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity and the blood–brain barrier: a model for HIV-1 neuropathogenesis
Authors: Hickey William F , Williams Kenneth C , Corey, Sarah , Kim Woong-Ki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the immune competence of the central nervous system (CNS) has grown in the past century. Supporting the relative ‘immunological privilege’ of the CNS are the absence of cellular elements of the immune system in healthy individuals, constitutively undetectable levels of MHC molecule expression, and the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that excludes serum proteins including antibodies, complement, and coagulation factors (Barker and Billingham 1977; Wekerle et al. 1986; Hauser et al. 1983). Nevertheless, in many conditions, including autoimmune disease and viral infection, immune privilege vanishes and immunocompetent cells enter with alacrity (Cserr and Knopf 1992; Griffin et al. 1992; Oldstone and Southern 1993; Tyor et al. 1989; Achim et al. 1991; Williams and Hickey 1995a, b).
Individual descriptions of potentially neurotoxic soluble inflammatory mediator families released after activation of glial cells
Authors: Tardieu Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many different cytokines have been demonstrated to be secreted in vitro by activated human astrocytes and microglia. The level and time of production after activation, however, depend on the investigated cells and their state of maturation and initial activation. Instead of giving a list of the cytokines tested it is more useful to emphasize two of them, IFN-§ and TNF-Α, that probably have a specific importance. It should be noted, however, that highlighting these two particular cytokines might appear an arbitrary choice. In fact, very few data evaluate comparatively the respective importance of various cytokines in HIV-1-related neurotoxicity.
Murine model systems for studies of HIV-1-associated dementia
Authors: Persidsky Yuri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To better understand the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) and to develop more rational approaches to therapy for HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) animal models should be employed. Since pathological analyses of human autopsy material demonstrate end-stage changes without evolution of the pathological processes, animal models are necessary to help dissect the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. A more complete understanding of pathogenesis enables the development of potential therapeutic agents that can be tested in a highly controlled manner using appropriate animal systems. Several animal models of virus-induced central nervous system (CNS) immunopathology have contributed valuable information to the understanding of HAD (Persidsky et al. 1995). The disadvantages of some of these systems include the use of large animals for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and ovine leukemia virus (OvLV) models, high costs, difficulties in handling requiring special facilities, and the relatively small numbers of animals studied that preclude meaningful statistical analyses (Sasseville and Lackner 1997; Narayan et al. 1988).
Neurological manifestations of HIV disease
Authors: Burton Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before sharing with you my experience as a person living with AIDS, two things need to be said. First, my perspective is quite personal. The variety and degree of my neurological manifestations of HIV, as well as my responses to them, are influenced by all those elements of circumstance and personality that make me (or any individual) unique (i.e. genetics, family health history, age, spiritual development, etc.). Secondly, all of us who live with AIDS have to face these varied neurological problems to some degree. For anyone coming to terms with this infection it is not a question of ‘will there be neurological problems?’ but ‘to what extent will I have to face these situations?’ My name is Garrett Burton. At the time of publication I will be 50 years old. My race is Caucasian. Music has been my profession and I am a Roman Catholic Christian. My family background is blue-collar and rural.
An overview of the clinical and biological features of the AIDS dementia complex
Authors: Navia Bradford A , Price Richard W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can be complicated by a unique and clinically important neurological syndrome, referred to here as the AIDS dementia complex (ADC), and the subsequent linkage of this syndrome to central nervous system (CNS) infection by the newly discovered retrovirus, now called human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has generated a vigorous scientific and clinical effort to understand and ameliorate this condition. While directed primarily at relieving the high morbidity of this condition, the resultant research studies have also directed attention to broader questions of viral neuropathogenesis, immunopathology, and neurodegeneration. The perspective of this chapter is predominantly that of the clinician, since the clinical entity remains the touchstone of current understanding and ongoing inquiry, and its prevention and relief remain the long-term targets.
Current concepts in HIV neuropathogenesis: neuronal injury, white matter disease, and neurotrophic factors
Authors: Langford T Dianne , Everall, Ian Paul , Masliah Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of more effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and longer survival of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, the pathogenesis of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) has been transformed from a subacute, neuroinflammatory disorder with florid neurological alterations, to a chronic and protracted condition (Langford et al. 2002a). In agreement with these changes in progression of AIDS, recent studies show that, although the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions and dementia among HIV-infected patients has decreased, the prevalence of HIVE and more subtle forms of motor–cognitive impairment have increased (Vago et al. 2002; Neuenburg et al. 2002; Deutsch et al. 2001).
Neuropsychology of HIV
Authors: Woods Steven Paul , Grant Igor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within this chapter, we provide an overview of the science and practice of clinical neuropsychology as it relates to persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Consistent with the diagnostic focus of this section, we explain the relevance of neuropsychological assessment in clinical and research settings that concentrate on the neurobehavioral complications of HIV and AIDS. Several different approaches to neuropsychological assessment are then described, including a review of the relative strengths and limitations of extended, focused, and screening test batteries. Next, we review the impact of HIV disease variables (e.g. viral load), demographic characteristics (e.g. age and education), and co-morbid conditions (e.g. substance use disorders) on neuropsychological test performance.
Neuropathological aspects of HIV-1 infection in children
Authors: Sharer Leroy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurological abnormalities are common in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They are most often manifest as a triad of delayed developmental milestones, impaired brain growth, and progressive motor dysfunction, often with spasticity (Mintz 1992). In many children encephalopathy is progressive, in either a steady or a stepwise fashion. In the era prior to potent antiretroviral therapy, half of all children with HIV-1 infection had some neurological impairment, and up to 75% of children with AIDS had evidence of encephalopathy (Mintz 1992; Roy et al. 1992). Except for immune deficiency and its attendant problems, progressive encephalopathy is the most devastating manifestation of HIV-1 infection in children, and its presence in a child usually indicates a poor prognosis for survival (Scott et al. 1989).
Pharmacology of antiretroviral drugs in the central nervous system: pharmacokinetics, antiretroviral resistance, and pharmacodynamics
Authors: McCutchan J Allen , Letendre Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the pharmacology of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). Their description and clinical use is reviewed in Chapter 10.1, this volume. There are four major reasons why the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) deserve consideration when treating HIV. Clinical manifestations in the CNS and PNS continue to afflict patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Varying degrees of cognitive impairment, pain, and loss of sensation in the feet from distal sensory peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) are among the most common and debilitating symptoms of untreated HIV. In the era of HAART, incident disease of the CNS, such as cognitive impairment and HIV encephalitis, and of the PNS, such as DSPN, remain common problems (Dore et al. 1999; Masliah et al. 2000; Sacktor et al. 2001; Louie et al. 2002; Maschke et al. 2000).
Facing legal and ethical challenges in the treatment of AIDS
Authors: Treisman Warren B , Treisman Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subtleties founded on intent are not uncommon in the law, but here the distinctions are particularly difficult to grasp because the end result is parallel. The patient who opts to withdraw life-saving medical care dies based on that decision. The patient whose physician provides a lethal dosage of medication dies based on that decision. Despite the parallels, the distinction is generally recognized and forms the base on which the great body of law on this topic has been erected.
AIDS-related death anxiety: a research review and clinical recommendations
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A , Stewart, Alan E , Anderson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the AIDS pandemic grows and mental health agencies attempt to develop support services for those affected by it, it is becoming important to learn more about the indigenous help-seeking patterns among at-risk populations, and the effectiveness of various sources of support in dealing with death-related concerns. In response, Catania and his colleagues (1992) have studied the relationship between death anxiety and social support in a large cohort of gay men varying in their serological status. Interestingly, they found that, despite the very high rates of death concerns among these men, only about half of the death-anxious subjects had sought help in coping with these concerns from anyone, whether formally or informally.
Animal Signals
Authors: Smith John Maynard , Harper David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are animal signals reliable? This is the central problem for evolutionary biologists interested in signals. Of course, not all signals are reliable; but most are, otherwise receivers of signals would ignore them. A number of theoretical answers have been proposed and empirical studies made, but there still remains a considerable amount of confusion. The authors, one a theoretician the other a fieldworker, introduce a sense of order to this chaos. A significant cause of confusion has been the tendency for different researchers to use either the same term with different meanings, or different terms with the same meaning. The authors attempt to clarify these differences. A second cause of confusion has arisen because many biologists continue to assume that there is only one correct explanation for signal reliability. The authors argue that the reliability of signals is maintained in several ways, relevant in different circumstances, and that biologists must learn to distinguish between them. In this book they explain the different theories, give examples of signalling systems to which one or another theory applies, and point to the many areas where further work, both theoretical and empirical, is required. John Maynard Smith is one of the most influential scientists of his generation and his theories have transformed our understanding of animal behaviour, whilst David Harper is a reknowned field ecologist. Animal signals are one of the hottest and most controversial subjects in animal behaviour, and are also of major importance to an understanding of human behaviour and the evolution of language.
Order and strongly sober compactifications
Authors: Lawson J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of compactness in Hausdorff spaces has been a fundamental property in general topology and various contexts where it has been applied. In the context of To-spaces the property of compactness is, in general, much weaker, and consequently of less use. For example, one can consider an infinite set with the cofinite topology or a space with a point whose only neighbourhood is the whole space. In recent years a class of spaces has emerged—the locally compact strongly sober spaces—which appears to be a suitable analogue in the Tb-category to the class of compact spaces in the Hausdorff category.
Sugaring and Parsing
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, we have been mainly discussing themes familiar from logical semantics. The previous chapter discussed generative grammar in the special form consisting of a categorial grammar together with a sugaring procedure. A categorial grammar for a fragment of English was described. This chapter will provide a sugaring procedure for a somewhat smaller fragment. We shall also briefly discuss the parsing problem, that is, the task of translating English sentences back to type theory.
Conservation
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WITH such a large human population, and increased pressures to exploit all economic resources that the land can offer, it is inevitable that nature is in a state of retreat. Forests are pushed back to the highest peaks or most unfarmable lands, and the birds themselves are persecuted for food, sport, or sale. How are they coping in such a changing world? What conservation measures are being taken to protect them? Java and Bali are clearly the most affected islands of the Greater Sundas, with 68% of the region’s population living on only 10% of its land surface. Only 10% of the area ofJava and Bali remains forested, mostly in mountainous regions. The lowland forests are almost gone and less than 3% cover remains, only half of which lies inside protected areas. It is thus not surprising that some birds seem to have completely disappeared from Java, that others have not been seen for many years, and that many more are rare now. Appendix 1 lists the main species of conservation concern.
When and where to see birds
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the seasons of tropical regions are not as marked as in tem¬ perate countries, tropical birds are very sensitive to small changes in temperature and show quite seasonal patterns of breeding. The avifauna also reflects indirectly the more dramatic climatic changes of the temperate regions because about 25% of the entire avifauna is made up of temperate migrants. These are mostly from the North and arrive over the northern winter, but a few are southern migrants from Australasia. A few more are oceanic visitors. The climate of the region is affected most strongly by the winter monsoon when there is a high pressure on the Asian mainland and cool wet winds blow south over the whole Greater Sundas area. November to April are the coldest and wettest months of the year.