bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posttransfusion survival (24‐hour) and hemolysis of previously frozen, deglycerolized RBCs after storage at 4°C for up to 14 days in sodium chloride alone or sodium chloride supplemented with additive solutions
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Pivacek Linda E. , Cassidy George P. , Ragno Gina 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Previously frozen human RBCs currently are glycerolized and deglycerolized by the use of open systems that limit storage of the deglycerolized RBCs at 4°C to only 24 hours.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Healthy male volunteers who met AABB requirements for blood donors (n = 38) were studied. A volume of 450 mL of blood was collected into CPDA‐1. The RBC concentrates were stored at 4°C for 3 to 6 days before being frozen with 40‐percent (wt/vol) glycerol and stored at –80°C. The RBCs were deglycerolized, resuspended in 0.9‐percent sodium chloride and 0.2‐percent glucose (SG) solution or SG solution supplemented with AS‐1, AS‐3, or AS‐5, and stored in the resuspension medium at 4°C for 14 days.RESULTS: The mean ± SD freeze‐thaw‐wash process recovery was 90.0 ± 4.0 percent for all 38 units. The mean 24‐hour posttransfusion survival value was 79 percent for deglycerolized RBC stored at 4°C for 7 days in SG alone, SG plus AS‐3, or SG plus AS‐5. Deglycerolized RBC that were stored at 4 C for 14 days in SG supplemented with AS‐1, AS‐3, or AS‐5 had a mean 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of 74 percent. After 7 days of storage of deglycerolized RBCs in SG alone, the mean hemolysis was 3.7 percent. After 14 days of storage of deglycerolized RBCs in SG supplemented with AS‐1, AS‐3, or AS‐5, the mean hemolysis was 2.5 percent.CONCLUSIONS: The levels of hemolysis did not correlate with the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival values.
Psoralen photochemical inactivation of Orientia tsutsugamushi in platelet concentrates
Authors: Belanger Kevin J. , Kelly Daryl J. , Mettille Frank C. , Hanson Carl V. , Lippert Lloyd E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The risk of transfusion transmission of disease has been reduced by the combination of predonation questions and improved transfusion‐transmitted disease assays, but the risk is still present. This study was conducted to determine if psoralen photochemistry could inactivate an obligate intracellular bacterium, with documented potential for transfusion, in PCs to further improve safety.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PCs were inoculated with MNCs infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi. The concentrates were treated with amounts ranging from 0.86 to 138 μmol per L of 4′‐(aminomethyl)‐4,5′,8‐trimethylpsoralen hydrochloride (AMT) combined with a constant long‐wave UVA light (320‐400 nm) exposure of 5 J per cm2. The effects of photochemical treatment were analyzed by using a mouse infectivity assay along with in vitro testing by PCR, indirect fluorescence antibody, direct fluorescence antibody, and Giemsa staining.RESULTS: AMT, at 0.86 μmol per L or more, combined with UVA light of 5 J per cm2, inactivated O. tsutsugamushi that contaminated PCs. The PCs that did not receive the combined treatment caused infection.CONCLUSIONS: The psoralen AMT, in conjunction with UVA light exposure, effectively abolished the infectivity of PCs deliberately contaminated with the scrub typhus organism O. tsutsugamushi, as tested in a mouse infectivity assay.
Coagulase‐negative staphylococcal contamination of whole blood and its components:the effects of WBC reduction
Authors: Holden Fiona , Foley Marie , Devin Gerard , Kinsella Anthony , Murphy William G. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Most bacteria present in blood components are normal skin flora, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase‐negative staphylococci. Growth patterns of these bacteria and the effects of different methods of component preparation may depend on variations in behavior between different isolates of the same species.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole‐blood units were inoculated with 19 different coagulase‐negative staphylococcus (CNS) isolates at 1 to 10 and 10 to 100 CFUs per mL. After overnight holding at 22°C, the units were processed into components. The components were cultured before inoculation and during processing, including before and after WBC reduction.RESULTS: At low inoculum levels, CNS was detected in 15 (79%) of 19 whole‐blood units and in 12 (63%) of 19 RBCs after separation; after filtration, bacteria were detected in 3 (16%) of 19 (p = 0.0069). For platelet concentrates, 6 (32%) of 19 grew bacteria before filtration and 1 of 18 after filtration (difference not statistically significant). Three (16%) of 19 plasmas were positive before and after freezing. At high inoculum levels, 16 (89%) of 18 whole‐blood samples and RBCs were positive before filtration; 6 (33%) of 18 RBCs were positive after filtration (p = 0.0002); 8 (44%) of 18 platelets were positive before filtration; 3 (17%) of 18 were positive after filtration (difference not statistically significant), and 7 (37%) of 18 plasma samples were positive before and after freezing.CONCLUSION: The growth characteristics of CNS in blood components vary with differences either in the subtype of bacteria or in the donor blood. Filtration reduces but does not eradicate contamination of RBCs and platelets by CNS. Plasma may act as a reservoir for CNS infection.
Influence of ABO blood groups on primary hemostasis
Authors: Moeller Ansgar , Weippert‐Kretschmer Monika , Prinz Helge , Kretschmer Volker 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Recently, the in vitro bleeding time test (IVBT) was proved to be a very sensitive screening method for the detection of vWD, showing rather good correlation between the closure time and the level of vWF. The vWF levels have been found to be significantly lower in healthy humans who are group O than in those who belong to the other ABO blood groups (non‐group O). The aim of this study was to detect whether these differences in vWF levels in normal persons correspond to differences in nonvascular primary hemostasis when investigated by the IVBT.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Healthy blood donors (n = 162) without evidence of hemostatic disorders, without ingestion of drugs for at least 2 weeks, and with normal in vivo bleeding time endpoints, normal factor VIII clotting activity levels, normal structure of vWF multimers, and normal ristocetin‐induced platelet aggregation were examined by IVBT. IVBT was performed with two automated systems (Thrombostat 4000, VDG [TST]; and a platelet function analyzer (PFA‐100, Dade Behring [PFA]). CaCl2 and ADP were used as aggregants for the two TST tests (TST‐CaCl2 and TST‐ADP), and ADP‐ or epinephrine (Epi)‐coated membranes were used with the two PFA tests (PFA‐ADP and PFA‐Epi).RESULTS: Closure time in the IVBT significantly correlated with the blood groups, but in reverse order (as did blood volume; data not shown): TST‐ADP (mean ± SD): group O, 89 ± 14.6 seconds versus non‐group O, 82 ± 13 seconds (p<0.01); TST‐CaCl2: group O, 154 ± 28.9 seconds versus non‐group O, 140 ± 31.3 seconds (p<0.01); PFA‐ADP: group O, 91 ± 13.4 seconds versus non‐group O, 86 ± 11.9 seconds (p<0.05); PFA‐Epi: group O, 112 ± 15.4 seconds versus non‐group O, 104 ± 16.7 seconds (p<0.05). Donors with vWF ≤77.5 % had longer closure time than those with vWF >77.5 % (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Significant ABO‐group‐specific differences in nonvascular primary hemostasis could be found by IVBT. The differences are small, however, and lie within the normal range. Whether these differences have any biologic relevance can only be speculated.
Comparison of a new WBC‐reduction system and the standard plateletpheresis protocol in the same donors
Authors: Zingsem Jürgen , Zimmermann Robert , Weisbach Volker , Glaser Anke , Bunkens Helena , Eckstein Reinhold 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A cell separator (Spectra, Gambro BCT) with an integrated leukoreduction system (LRS) for producing WBC‐reduced single‐donor platelet concentrates has been shown to result in a slightly reduced collection efficiency as compared to the former Spectra system without LRS. A novel modified system for improved collection efficiencies (LRS Turbo, Gambro BCT) was evaluated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Each of 37 donors underwent plateletpheresis using the LRS Turbo (LRS‐T) and the standard LRS (LRS) of the Spectra cell separator. The collection efficiency and WBC contamination of the different techniques were compared. Platelets were counted automatically and WBCs were counted by using one or two full grids of a Nageotte chamber.RESULTS: The preseparation and postseparation numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, as well as the number of collected platelets, did not differ for the two techniques. In the LRS‐T separations, the collection efficiency was 112 percent of that in the LRS procedures. Median residual WBCs in the platelet components were 0.0256 × 106 per LRS‐T procedure and 0.0253 × 106 per LRS procedure. The purity of the LRS‐T components was not less than that of the standard LRS components, whereas the collection efficiency of the LRS‐T was significantly greater, 44.9 percent versus 40.7 percent.CONCLUSIONS: The LRS‐T procedures produced platelet concentrates with WBC‐reduction capacity that is comparable to that obtained with the standard LRS procedures, which have previously been described as satisfying the most stringent criteria for WBC‐reduced platelets. The new technique significantly improved the collection efficiency of the plateletpheresis procedure.
Evaluation of oxygen extraction ratio as a physiologic transfusion trigger in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients
Authors: Sehgal Lakshman R. , Zebala Luke P. , Takagi Ippei , Curran Ronald D. , Votapka Timothy V. , Caprini Joseph A. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20 percent of all allogeneic blood transfusions are administered in connection with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. Transfusion practices vary across the country. The whole‐body oxygen extraction ratio (O2 ER) reflects the adequacy of the patient's response to acute normovo‐lemic anemia with an O2 ER of approximately 50 percent being shown to be an appropriate transfusion trigger. The present study monitored the O2 ER in patients undergoing CABG and determined if transfusion practices would have been different if an O2 ER ≥45 percent were used as a transfusion trigger.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy patients with a postoperative Hct ≤25 percent were the test subjects. Arterial and mixed venous contents were determined before the operation, in the intensive care unit after the operation, and 12 hours after the operation.RESULTS: There were no deaths. Forty‐one patients received allogeneic transfusion. These patients were older, weighed less, and had a preoperative Hct lower than the nontransfused patients. There were no significant differences between transfused and nontransfused patients with respect to postoperative Hct (21.0 ± 0.4 vs. 22.2 ± 0.4), cardiac index (2.5 ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1), O2 delivery (6.4 ± 0.3 vs. 6.7 ± 0.3), O2 consumption (2.5 ± 0.1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.1), and O2 ER (38.3 ± 1.7 vs. 37.5 ± 1.5). In the transfusion group, 7 of 21 patients had a postoperative O2 ER ≥45 percent, while 3 of 35 in the nontransfused group had that result.CONCLUSION: The use of O2 ER as a transfusion trigger as part of a transfusion algorithm could lead to a reduction in allogeneic blood transfusion.
Determination of the degree of bacterialcontamination of whole‐blood collections using anautomated microbe‐detection system
Authors: De Korte Dirk , Marcelis Jan H. , Soeterboek A.M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The prevalence of bacterial contamination in whole‐blood collections, either with immediate sampling or sampling after overnight storage as whole blood at 20°C, is determined.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Whole blood was collected under blood bank conditions in special five‐bag systems, allowing sampling in a closed system for culture bottles. Samples were taken within 2 hours after collection (Group 1) or after overnight storage of the whole blood at 20°C (Group 2). Culture bottles were incubated for 7 days, and positive samples were entered on agar plates for confirmation and determination.RESULTS : In Group 1, 9219 units were tested; 27 units were positive with positive subculture, that is, 0.29 percent with a 95% CI of 0.19 to 0.42 percent. In Group 2, 9038 units were tested; 36 units were positive with positive subculture, that is, 0.39 percent with a 95% CI of 0.28 to 0.55 percent. No significant difference could be found between the two test groups. The majority of bacteria were either Staphylococcus (all coagulase‐negative) or Propionibacterium species.CONCLUSION: For a total of 18,257 units, 0.34 percent (CI, 0.25‐0.44) of whole‐blood collections appeared to have bacterial contamination (mainly skin‐derived). Overnight storage of whole blood at 20°C did not have a significant effect on the prevalence of bacterial contamination.
In vitro immunosuppressive activity of soluble HLA class I and Fas ligand molecules:do they play a role in autologous blood transfusion?
Authors: Ghio Massimo , Contini Paola , Mazzei Clemente , Merlo Andrea , Filaci Gilberto , Setti Maurizio , Indiveri Francesco , Puppo Francesco 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusion may contribute to a poor prognosis in patients with cancer who are undergoing surgery, and clinical trials have been carried out to investigate whether these patients would benefit from autologous blood donation. As the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusion have been related to soluble molecules released from residual WBCs during storage, the in vitro immunomodulatory activity of soluble molecules detected in supernatants from stored autologous blood was evaluated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood was donated by four healthy volunteers. Packed WBC‐reduced RBCs were obtained and stored for 30 days, and supernatants were collected. FFP and serum were also obtained. The concentration of soluble molecules was determined by immunoenzymatic assays. The in vitro immunomodulatory activity of undiluted blood component supernatant was assessed by antigen‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell activity and mixed lymphocyte reactions in autologous combinations and by apoptosis induction in Fas+ cells.RESULTS: The concentrations of soluble Fas‐ligand and HLA class I molecules were higher in packed RBCs than in WBC‐reduced RBCs, FFP, and serum. Undiluted supernatants of packed RBCs strongly inhibited functional assays and induced apoptosis in Fas+ cells. The immunomodulatory effects were correlated with the amount of soluble Fas ligand and HLA class I molecules.CONCLUSION: The results of the present study are comparable with those already reported in allogeneic blood components, and they indicate that undiluted supernatants of autologous blood components may exert immunosuppressive effects in vitro.
A multivariable model for predicting the need for blood transfusion in patients undergoing first‐time elective coronary bypass graft surgery
Authors: Karkouti Keyvan , Cohen Marsha M. , McCluskey Stuart A. , Sher Graham D. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The incidence of blood transfusion in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remains high. Preoperative identification of those at high risk for requiring blood will allow for the cost‐effective use of some blood conservation modalities. Multivariable analysis techniques were used in this study to develop a prediction rule for such a purpose.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were prospectively collected for all patients undergoing elective first‐time CABG surgery from January 1997 to September 1998 at a tertiary‐care teaching hospital (n = 1007). The prediction rule was developed on the first two‐thirds of the sample by using logistic regression methods to examine the relationship of patient demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative Hb with perioperative blood transfusion. The remaining one‐third of the sample was used to validate the rule.RESULTS: The transfusion rate was 29.4 percent. The prediction rule included preoperative Hb (g/dL, OR 0.928, p<0.0001), weight (kg, OR 0.938, p<0.0001), age (years, OR 1.037, p<0.01), and sex (male/female, OR 0.493, p<0.01); receiver operating characteristic = 0.86. When externally validated, the rule had a sensitivity of 82.1 percent and a specificity of 63.6 percent (at a selected probability cutoff).CONCLUSION: A simple and valid prediction rule is developed for predicting the risk of blood transfusion in patients undergoing first‐time elective CABG surgery.
Multiplex PCR for detection of Enterobacteriaceae in blood
Authors: Sen Keya , Asher David M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Rapid and sensitive methods are needed to detect the small numbers of bacteria that may sometimes contaminate units of blood during collection. A multiplex 5′‐nuclease TaqMan PCR assay (PE Applied Biosystems) was used to detect several bacterial species that may contaminate blood.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Oligonucleotide primers were made for regions of the 16S rRNA gene conserved in four different bacterial species: Yersinia enterocolitica and Serratia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species. Two probes were designed: SL‐1 detected Serratia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species, and YE‐3 detected Y. enterocolitica.RESULTS: When TaqMan PCR was performed with chromosomal DNA isolated from pure cultures of Serratia liquefaciens, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobacter agglomerans, the limit of detection with probe SL‐1 was 1 to 2 CFUs. For S. marcescens, the sensitivity was 8 CFUs. The limit of detection for Y. enterocolitica with probe YE‐3 was 2 CFUs. When total chromosomal DNA was extracted from whole‐blood samples spiked with different numbers of Y. enterocolitica, S. liquefaciens, E. cloacae, or K. pneumoniae bacteria, the TaqMan PCR detected 12 to 16 organisms in 1 mL of blood.CONCLUSION: The 5′‐nuclease TaqMan PCR assay takes only 3 hours to perform and has the potential to detect very small numbers of bacteria.
Localization of Knops system antigens in the long homologous repeats of complement receptor 1
Authors: Tamasauskas Daniel , Powell Vivien , Schawalder Alissa , Yazdanbakhsh Karina 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The Sla (Knops system) located on complement receptor 1 (CR1) has been associated with malarial rosetting, a process associated with severe malarial infections. Moreover, the long homologous repeats (LHRs) B and C of CR1 were implicated in rosette formation. As a step toward mapping the location of Knops system antigens, truncated CR1 proteins have been expressed and their ability to inhibit antibodies to the high‐incidence Knops system antigens was assessed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Individual LHRs (A, B, C, and D) of CR1 of the common CR1*1 (F) allotype were expressed as secreted forms in 293T cells. Their abilities to specifically neutralize Knops system antibodies were tested by both hemagglutination and flow cytometry.RESULTS: Three examples of anti‐Kna (n = 6) were almost completely inhibited by LHR‐C and three by LHR‐D. Two examples of anti‐McCa (n = 2) and seven examples of anti‐Sla (n = 8) were inhibited by LHR‐D. Both examples of anti‐Yka (n = 2) were partially inhibited by LHR‐D.CONCLUSION: The high‐incidence Knops system antigens reside within LHR‐D and to a lesser extent within LHR‐C. Because of the role of Sla antigen in malaria rosetting, these results indicate that LHR‐D may represent an additional malaria interaction region in CR1.
Higher affinity human D MoAb prepared by light‐chain shuffling and selected by phage display
Authors: Proulx Chantal , Boyer Lucie , St‐Amour Isabelle , Bazin Reneé , Lemieux Réal 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: In blood banks, D MoAbs are routinely used to phenotype donors and patients. However, most D MoAbs do not agglutinate RBCs that weakly express D. The use of higher affinity MoAbs could overcome this problem. In this work, an attempt has been made to increase the affinity of the human clone 43F10, an IgG anti‐D, by light (L)‐chain shuffling followed by selection using phage display. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PBMNCs of three polyimmunized individuals were used to construct the κ L‐chain repertoire that was recombined with the 43F10 heavy chain in a phagemid vector system (pComb3H, Scripps Institute, La Jolla, CA). L‐chain‐shuffled 43F10‐F(ab) phages were selected on intact RBCs and characterized by ELISA, indirect agglutination, and sequence analysis. RESULTS: L‐chain shuffling combined with phage display permitted the selection of a 43F10 MoAb variant (p3.17) with improved reactivity with weak D RBCs in agglutination assays. Nucleic acid sequence analysis showed that p3.17 and wild‐type (wt) 43F10 L chains are encoded by different VL segments of the Vk1 family and different J segments, thus showing a relatively low degree of homology (86.4%). CONCLUSION: The use of a variant such as p3.17 could permit a further increase of the potency of existing anti‐D reagents. The low homology between p3.17 and wt 43F10 sequences further exemplifies the predominant role of the heavy chain in determining the specificity of the anti‐D.
Construction of dimeric F(ab) useful in blood group serology
Authors: Czerwinski Marcin , Krop‐Watorek Anna , Lisowska Elwira , Spitalnik Steven L. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: When expressed in Escherichia coli, recombinant F(ab) contain a heavy‐chain Fd fragment and a complete light‐chain fragment. Because these F(ab) are monovalent, their avidity is significantly lower than that of a corresponding bivalent IgG antibody. In addition, when monovalent F(ab) are used in hemagglutination assays, antiglobulin reagents are required. Therefore, it would be useful to develop a system that expresses recombinant bivalent F(ab) in E. coli. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three modified vectors were constructed. Each contained cDNA sequences encoding a peptide linked to the C terminus of a heavy‐chain CH1 region: an IgG1 hinge region (Hinge), a leucine zipper (Zip), or a peptide containing the Hinge and Zip sequences in tandem (HingeZip). The vectors were used to express two cloned F(ab) recognizing human antigens M and N: NNA7 (anti‐N) and 425/2B (anti‐M). The recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli and were purified and evaluated by ELISA and hemagglutination. RESULTS: By gel filtration chromatography, 35, 90, and 70 percent of the purified F(ab) expressing the Hinge, Zip, and HingeZip tails, respectively, were dimers. By ELISA, the avidity of F(ab) containing the Zip or HingeZip tails was six to eight times higher than that of the corresponding monovalent F(ab). In addition, the dimeric F(ab) directly agglutinated RBCs in concentrations similar to those of corresponding bivalent IgG antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: An introduction of dimer‐inducing peptides allowed the isolation of bacterially produced, bivalent F(ab). This approach could be useful for obtaining inexpensive, serologic reagents that may replace or complement conventional MoAbs produced by mammalian tissue culture methods.