bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pure Wisdom or Potemkin Villages? A Comparison of ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4 on USMLE Step 3 Style Questions: Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Knoedler Leonard , Alfertshofer Michael , Knoedler Samuel , Hoch Cosima C , Funk Paul F , Cotofana Sebastian , Maheta Bhagvat , Frank Konstantin , Brébant Vanessa , Prantl Lukas , Lamby Philipp 
Published: January 2024

Background
The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) has been critical in medical education since 1992, testing various aspects of a medical student’s knowledge and skills through different steps, based on their training level. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including chatbots like ChatGPT, are emerging technologies with potential applications in medicine. However, comprehensive studies analyzing ChatGPT’s performance on USMLE Step 3 in large-scale scenarios and comparing different versions of ChatGPT are limited.

Objective
This paper aimed to analyze ChatGPT’s performance on USMLE Step 3 practice test questions to better elucidate the strengths and weaknesses of AI use in medical education and deduce evidence-based strategies to counteract AI cheating.

Methods
A total of 2069 USMLE Step 3 practice questions were extracted from the AMBOSS study platform. After including 229 image-based questions, a total of 1840 text-based questions were further categorized and entered into ChatGPT 3.5, while a subset of 229 questions were entered into ChatGPT 4. Responses were recorded, and the accuracy of ChatGPT answers as well as its performance in different test question categories and for different difficulty levels were compared between both versions.

Results
Overall, ChatGPT 4 demonstrated a statistically significant superior performance compared to ChatGPT 3.5, achieving an accuracy of 84.7% (194/229) and 56.9% (1047/1840), respectively. A noteworthy correlation was observed between the length of test questions and the performance of ChatGPT 3.5 (ρ=–0.069; P=.003), which was absent in ChatGPT 4 (P=.87). Additionally, the difficulty of test questions, as categorized by AMBOSS hammer ratings, showed a statistically significant correlation with performance for both ChatGPT versions, with ρ=–0.289 for ChatGPT 3.5 and ρ=–0.344 for ChatGPT 4. ChatGPT 4 surpassed ChatGPT 3.5 in all levels of test question difficulty, except for the 2 highest difficulty tiers (4 and 5 hammers), where statistical significance was not reached.

Conclusions
In this study, ChatGPT 4 demonstrated remarkable proficiency in taking the USMLE Step 3, with an accuracy rate of 84.7% (194/229), outshining ChatGPT 3.5 with an accuracy rate of 56.9% (1047/1840). Although ChatGPT 4 performed exceptionally, it encountered difficulties in questions requiring the application of theoretical concepts, particularly in cardiology and neurology. These insights are pivotal for the development of examination strategies that are resilient to AI and underline the promising role of AI in the realm of medical education and diagnostics.
Mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of different microalgae species on dairy by-products for further supplementation of poultry diet
Authors:   Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Kolesovs Sergejs , Semjonovs Pavels 
Published: January 2024

Use of alternative cultivation substrates, for instance dairy industry by-products, can significantly reduce the production costs of microalgal biomass. However, dairy by-products are found to be problematic co-substrate for many microalgae, due to inability to hydrolyse lactose. The focus of this study was to assess the ability of microalgal strains to produce biomass in media supplemented with lactose, glucose and galactose. Among them only microalgae Chromochloris zofingiensis was capable to assimilate effectively all three sugars.
Estudios microbiológico y parasitológico de heces en una población infanto-juvenil con gastroenteritis aguda
Authors: V O Giayetto , C B R Aimaretto , M G Peirotti , A Barnes , K A Raimondi , M A Vera 
Published: January 2024

INTRODUCCIÓN: las gastroenteritis agudas (GEA) constituyen un grave y ocupante problema de Salud Pública.
OBJETIVO: resultó de interés buscar bacterias (Salmonella spp. y Shigella spp.) virus (Rotavirus y Adenovirus) y parásitos en heces de niños con diarrea en un Hospital de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina; para trazar un perfil etiológico en nuestra región.
MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: se analizaron 137 muestras de heces de pacientes infanto-juveniles ambulatorios durante un año.
RESULTADOS: 31 de las 137 muestras analizadas arrojaron resultados positivos (22,62%; n=137).
De los casos positivos (n=31), 61,29% (19; n=31) correspondieron a aislamientos de los géneros Salmonella y Shigella, 9,67% (3; n=31) a diagnóstico de Rotavirus y 22,58% (7; n=31) a diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales. Dos de las muestras clínicas positivas presentaron coinfección (6,45 %); giardiosis y shigelosis y giardiosis y Rotavirus, respectivamente
25,80% de las bacterias estudiadas se presentaron en niños de 3 y 4 años de edad; 9,67% de las parasitosis, en niños de 6 y 7 años de edad y 6,45% Rotavirus, en niños de 1 y 2 años de edad. No hubo diferencias significativas en la distribución por sexo.
DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: la vigilancia de las diarreas basada en los diagnósticos microbiológico y parasitológico provee información relevante que complementa el seguimiento clínico y epidemiológico creando un mapeo de la circulación de los agentes etiológicos en una determinada región.
The Effectiveness of Using Answer Garden Application as Brainstorming Activity in Online Learning
Authors: Jusmaya Ance 
Published: January 2024

This research is based on the teaching online experience where the learning process becomes less interactive and the atmosphere during online learning was monotonous. By seeing the fact, the researcher is interested to apply an application that seem appropriate to help the students to improve their writing ability in online learning called Answer Garden. The purpose of this research is to solve the problems faced by lecturers who teach writing in universities in Batam. Answer Garden is a new minimalistic feedback tool used to stimulate real-time student participation, online brainstorming, and obtain classroom feedback. The research applied the qualitative research by using observation sheet, field notes, and questionnaire. The results showed that using Answer Garden as Brainstorming activity in online learning gives a good result where students are motivated by the concept because allowing them to generate lists, phrases, thoughts, words, ideas, or questions about a topic of writing in interactive ways. Thus, Answer Garden was seen as a great application to promote student participation during the online learning, because it can involve students brainstorming and collaborating on a topic question that the teacher asked during the online learning.
Sejarah Cakraningrat I Dari Tawanan Perang Hingga Menjadi Korban Pemberontakan 1624-1648
Authors: Hidayat Asep Achmad , Faruk Umar , Supendi Usman 
Published: January 2024

Cakraningrat I adalah gelar yang disematkan kepada bangsawan Madura yang bernama Raden Praseno. Ia merupakan satu-satunya bangsawan Madura yang selamat dari pembantaian pasukan Mataram saat tragedi penaklukan Madura (1624). Pasca penaklukan kemudian Raden Praseno dibawa ke Mataram sebagai tawanan perang. Dengan politik yang dimainkan oleh Sultan Agung putra mahkota Madura diberlakukan sebagaimana seoarang pengeran dengan hak-hak istimewa. Termasuk pada puncaknya, ia mengangkat Raden Praseno sebagai raja untuk seluruh wilayah Madura. Hal tersebut bukan tanpa alasan melainkan siasat Sultan Agung untuk Madura berada di bawah kekuasaannya. Pada perkembangannnya Cakraningrat I menjadi raja bawahan yang setia membela keberlangsungan Mataram. Topik ini diulas dengan mengunakan metode sejarah yang memuat 4 tahapan (heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, historiografi). Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa Cakraningrat I selain sukses menata kembali pemerintahan Madura, ia juga menjadi raja bawahan Sultan Agung yang totalitas dalam mengawal pemerintahan Mataram, sampai pada akhirnya menjadi korban pemberontakan. Kata Kunci: Madura, Cakraningrat I, Mataram
Antagonistic Endophytic Fungi from Papaya Fruit Against Anthracnose Causing Pathogens (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) on Papaya Fruit
Authors: Nasahi Ceppy , Amatullah Hana Lathifah , Kurniadie Denny 
Published: January 2024

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides considered a major disease on papaya fruit. One way to control plant diseases is to use antagonistic fungi as biocontrol agents. Several antagonistic fungi can be found in plant tissues (endophytic fungi). This study aims to get endophytic fungi from papaya fruit antagonistic to the fungus C. gloeosporioides. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and five replications on in-vitro and in-vivo tests. The results showed that three isolates of endophytic fungi found from papaya fruit were Fusarium sp., Aureobasidium sp., and Acremonium sp., which had an inhibition of 63.5%, 67.86%, and 7.52%, respectively. Fusarium sp. and Aureobasidium sp. are potentially considered antagonist fungi in controlling the fungus C. gloeosporioides in in-vitro testing based on the inhibition results were more than 60%. Aureobasidium sp. is considered potential antagonist fungi according to the colonization or growth of C. gloeosporioides mycelium inhibition that emerges on papaya up to 97%.
Standing hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy to treat chronic pyometra in a mare
Authors: Thurston Catherine C. , Sertich Patricia L. , McDonnell Sue M. , Parente Eric J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To describe a standing hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in a mare.

ANIMAL
A 15-year-old maiden Oldenburg mare.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES
The mare was presented for evaluation of bucking under saddle and uncharacteristic aggressive behavior. Evaluation of a 24-hour video of the mare in a stall showed behavior consistent with caudal visceral abdominal discomfort. Reproductive evaluation revealed a pyometra secondary to complete transluminal cervical adhesions. The mare was initially managed medically with disruption of the adhesions and uterine lavage, but the adhesions reformed within 6 weeks and could not be manually disrupted.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
To eliminate the recurrence of pyometra, the mare underwent standing hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy through bilateral flank incisions. The only complication was a seroma at 1 flank incision that resolved after drainage.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Complete ovariohysterectomy in the mare is a challenging procedure and has previously been performed under general anesthesia. This is the first report of the procedure being performed completely in the standing mare without inversion of the uterus through the cervix.
Analysis of Fractional Electrical Circuit Containing Two RC Ladder Elements of Different Fractional Orders
Authors: Piotrowska Ewa , Melnik Rafał 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The study addresses the topic of different fractional orders in the context of simulation as well as experiments using real electrical elements of fractional-order circuit. In studying the two solutions of the resistance-capacitance (RC) ladder circuit of appropriate parameters, different fractional orders of the electrical circuit are considered. Two fractional-order (non-integer) elements were designed based on the Continued Fraction Expansion (CFE) approximation method. The CFE method itself was modified to allow free choice of centre pulsation. It was also proposed that when making individual ladder circuits, in the absence of elements with the parameters specified by the program, they should be obtained by connecting commercially available elements in series or parallel. Finally, the theoretical analysis of such a circuit is presented using state-space method and verified experimentally.
Public Funding of Education in the Visegrad Group Countries in 2011–2021
Authors: Karwowska Justyna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to identify the level of public spending on education in the Visegrad Group countries in 2011–2021. The source material was data from the European Statistical Office for Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, collected in accordance with the International Classification of Government Functions (COFOG) based on the European System of National Accounts. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in the above-mentioned countries, in the perspective of 10 years, Poland was the country that allocated the most funds to education, which also translated into the average share of government and local government expenditure in percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011–2021. In the countries of the Visegrad Group, an increase in the level of public spending on education, expressed in million euros, was recorded. In relation to GDP in 2011 and 2021, a downward trend was observed only in Poland (by 0.6 p.p.). Poland is one of the few European Union countries where there was a significant reduction in spending on education. This is an unfavorable phenomenon, as investments in human capital testify to the competitiveness of the state.
Extensions of Orderings
Authors: Schwarzweller Christoph 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In this article we extend the algebraic theory of ordered fields [6], [8] in Mizar. We introduce extensions of orderings: if E is a field extension of F, then an ordering P of F extends to E, if there exists an ordering O of E containing P. We first prove some necessary and su cient conditions for P being extendable to E, in particular that P extends to E if and only if the set

Q
S

E
:
=

{

∑

a
*

b

2

|
a
∈
P
,

b
∈
E

}

QS\,\,E: = \left\{ {\sum {a*{b^2}|a \in P,\,\,b \in E} } \right\}

is a preordering of E – or equivalently if and only if −1 / ∉ QS E. Then we show for non-square a ∈ F that P extends to

F

(

a

)

F\left( {\sqrt a } \right)

if and only if P and finally that every ordering P of F extends to E if the degree of E over F is odd.
Comparison of solid-phase red cell adherence and microcolumn agglutination technology using untreated and enzyme-treated red blood cells
Authors: Sanders D.R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Screening for clinically significant antibodies is crucial in transfusion medicine and is a routine part of pre-transfusion testing. The indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is the most reliable and effective test for detecting clinically significant alloantibodies reacting at the antihuman globulin phase. Two of the main methods used for antibody detection and identification are solid-phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) and microcolumn agglutination technology (CAT), with or without enzyme-treated red blood cells (RBCs). This study was undertaken to detect and identify alloantibodies by performing antibody screen (ABS) and antibody identification (ABID) testing using SPRCA and CAT, with and without ficin-treated RBCs. Residual patient samples collected between 1 December 2020 and 19 May 2021 were saved, de-identified, and frozen at ≤−30°C before testing for alloantibodies. Seventy antibodies were detected in 53 samples among the 203 samples that underwent an ABS. Of those samples, 150 (73.0%) were nonreactive, 47 (23.1%) yielded positive results with both CAT and SPRCA, and six (3.0%) yielded positive ABS results with SPRCA only. Fifty-three samples that underwent ABID by both methods yielded eight samples with antibodies identified by SPRCA only. Additional enhancement of the CAT method by the use of ficin-treated RBCs was required to detect seven of the eight SPRCA-only antibodies; one sample remained nonreactive regardless. SPRCA testing detected clinically significant antibodies without the addition of enzyme-treated RBCs that was necessary in the CAT testing.
Digitalisation and Decarbonisation Challenges of Inland Waterways Freight Logistics Transport and their Integration into Regional Supply Chains – A Case Study
Authors: Shekwoyemi Gbako , Paraskevadakis Dimitrios , Ren Jun , Wang Jin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
an era of increased sustainable transport, the European inland navigation industry has received significant attention to attain sustainable transport. Tremendous opportunities to substantially move freight on waterways are present in the UK; however, several challenges have been appropriately addressed, including infrastructural gaps and various institutional support programs. The paper addresses the UK’s current situation of inland navigation and the key challenges affecting the sectors as a viable alternative transport solution. The article explores and summarises the geographic opportunities, commercial feasibility, and the current condition of the UK’S inland navigation sector. From the practical scenario of the UK’s experience, an attempt was made by the authors to find the critical challenges and issues faced by the industry. The emerging themes from the analysis of this paper indicated governance and leadership issues, cooperation, and coordination mechanism between establishments with various functions and responsibilities, merged with infrastructural investment, are strategic elements for expansion in the UK. Conclusively, the authors presented recommendations for improvement and sustainable development.
Transit-Oriented Development: Learnings from Global Examples
Authors: Bhagwati Pushpak , Kumar Manoj 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a method employed in area-based developments to address civic mobility, automation, inequality, community, equality, and climate change in metropolises. This research paper utilizes a comparative analysis of various published papers to create a cohesive analytical study. The main goal is to identify critical parameters that contribute to the success of TOD. It examines highly successful global examples of TOD, including Hong Kong, Singapore, London, Shenzhen, México, and Washington D.C., to understand how the aforementioned parameters impact TOD development and its achievements. Indian cities are making substantial investments in public transportation and transitioning into transit hubs. The success of this progress depends on implementing TOD regulations, such as zoning rules for mixed-land use, density control, limited parking, PPP finance, and fostering collaboration between public and private agencies near transit stations. In conclusion, while planning frameworks have been widely adopted and implemented by various countries, financial frameworks play a more pivotal role in influencing success, making TOD more practically viable worldwide.
Use of Recycled Polyethylene in Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Kovács Róbert , Lukáčová Eva , Czímerová Adriana , Csölle Marcela , Mandula Ján 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Plastics and plastic products have become part of our lives extremely quickly. Although, they make our lives easier in many aspects, at the end of their useful life, especially thanks to the thoughtless actions of people, they are becoming a serious environmental problem. Even though the laws and legislation are still forcing limits of using the plastic products and thus prevent waste, the concept of plastic-free living is probably not going to be reached easily and quickly. Using the recycling technology, we can prepare the recycled material, which represents a new raw material resource. With the right choice of physical-chemical parameters of recycled materials and using a suitable reaction condition we can incorporate them into the asphalt mixtures. Since their introduction the polymer-modified asphalt mixtures have gained in importance during the second half of the twentieth century, and they now play a fundamental role in the field of road paving. Moreover, the use of recycled plastic in such a product will contribute to the technical and economic recovery of secondary raw materials. The use of various recycled material in paving industry is a common practice but needs further research work. Thus, this study aims to the incorporation of recycled plastics into asphalt mixture. The main objective of our work was to find a suitable recycled plastic, which with its physico-chemical and technical parameters is suitable for incorporation into the asphalt mixture. In our study the recycled low-density polyethylene granulate was used, taken from films and various packaging materials. Our preliminary laboratory experiments were based on the possibilities to prepare and characterized the asphalt mixtures containing recycled plastic at different percentage, i.e., 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 % by weight of bitumen. The experimental tests performed in the study were bitumen content, intergranularity, maximum bulk density, water sensitivity and resistance to permanent deformations. The results showed that the mix containing 6 % by weight of recycled plastic has ideal properties and meets most of the criteria that have been set for asphalt mixes. A commercially available polymer of similar chemical composition to the recycled material was used as a reference sample.
Bioactive Compounds in Barangan Banana Peel (Musa acuminata Colla.) as an Alternative for Antibacterial Drug Development
Authors: Razali Mariany , Sembiring Juhardi , Taufik Muhammad 
Published: January 2024

Barangan banana (Musa acuminata Colla.) is one of the banana varieties which is often found in Indonesia and is widely consumed so that banana peels become organic waste and need to be processed further. The novelty of this research is to prove the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract contained in banana peels on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria which is supported by the GCMS instrument to show the active compounds contained which can be used in the development of anti-bacterial drugs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is widespread and inhabits the homeland and environments in contact with humans and animals. These bacteria can attack infections of the skin, blood, lungs and digestive tract. The ethanol extract was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar well diffusion method. the compounds contained in the samples were analyzed using Phytochemical Test obtained alkaloids, flavonoid, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and tannins were obtained. There are six active compounds: Palmitinic acid (C16H32O2), Cyclopentanol acetate (C7H12O2), 1-(2-Thienyl) Ethanone oxime (C6H7NOS), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (C5H4O2), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (C6H8O4), and 2(3H)-Furanone, 5-methyl- (C5H6O2) with percent area respectively : 3,49, 12,60, 26,46, 20,85, 3,82, and 2,98 %. Antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml were 12.80, 10.70, 5.00 and 2.00 mm, respectively. This work will advance the development of antimicrobial drugs.