bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcendental Constraints and Transcendental Features
Authors: Sacks Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epistemic duality inherent to the Copernican turn has been identified, as well as the pressure it stands to exert on the conception of objectivity in the context of a fully naturalistic account. One way of taming that duality is by bolstering naturalism with transcendental idealism. Embedded in the framework of transcendental idealism, the epistemic duality still leaves a gap between the assumed and the real source of the objective order detected in the world, but it does not-at least in theory-still leave room for significant alternative construals of objectivity. But this form of transcendental idealism, even if it did stand to restrict relativism, would be unlikely to be accepted today given the prevailing naturalist (or pragmatist) orientation, in the context of which Kant’s transcendental idealism seems excessively metaphysical. This is so despite the fact that Kant’s transcendental idealism was conceived as, and constituted, a well-motivated withdrawal from traditional metaphysics. It is at this point that it becomes relevant to consider the form of transcendental idealism that has been identified in the later Wittgenstein, whose orientation is still more clearly post-metaphysical.
Introduction: The Aristotelian Tradition
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘ The European tradition in philosophy’ , A N. Whitehead said famously, ‘ consists of a series of footnotes to Plato’ . But for much of the Christian millennia the philosophical influence of Aristotle was greater than that of Plato. To be sure Aristotle himself owed an enormous debt to Plato, and he showed his influence in almost everything he wrote. But in philosophy his scope was broader and his judgement sounder than that of his master, and it would be absurd to see him only as the first and greatest of history’ s footnotes.
Callicles and Socrates: Psychic (Dis)Harmony in the Gorgias
Authors: Woolf Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I want to offer a new way of looking at Callicles’ position in Plato’s Gorgias, and at the conception of the good life which Socrates presents in return. In particular I want to suggest that these two positions, on the surface radically opposed, have a certain deeper affinity. None the less, Callicles’ position contains internal contradictions, as Socrates’ does not. This is connected with the fact that Socrates’ position is characterized by his advocacy of a theory of psychic harmony, central to which is the holding of consistent beliefs. I shall develop my interpretation by exploring the role of the Socratic method of elenchus within the dialogue, and in particular by assessing its failure when confronted with Callicles. Callicles’ conflicts, evidencing his disharmonious soul, are the ‘hard case’ which reveals the limits of Socratic method. I shall conclude by considering how this lesson is subsequently taken up in the early books of the Republic. The education proposed in books 2 and 3 of that work, I shall suggest, both recognizes these limits and seeks to supplement appropriately. Thus it is an attempt to vindicate Socratic method, not supplant it.
Aristotelian Dialectic and the Discovery of Truth
Authors: Wlodarczyk Marta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to determine how, if at all, dialectic is able to lead to the establishment of true conclusions. Before giving a more detailed summary, I shall explain what Aristotelian dialectic is.
Dialectic is introduced in Topics I. I as ‘a method by which we shall be able to reason from endoxa about any problem set before us and shall ourselves, when sustaining an argument, avoid saying anything contradictory’ (rooaI8–21). Dialectic, we are told, is about any problem. It is concerned with subjects which require no specialized knowledge and is based on things ‘which it is in a certain way common to everyone to know’ (Rhet. I354aI–6). This general characterization is, however, qualified at Topics, I. I o and I I, where we find out that subjects which are, or should be, manifest to everyone or to most people are unsuitable for dialectical debates: a man who doubts whether snow is white is to be supposed to lack perception; a man who proposes to discuss whether to love one’s parents or whether to honour gods deserves punishment and not refutation (I05a5–7). A dialectical problem must pose some doubts or difficulties in order to afford scope for discussion.
Rummaging in the Recycling Bins of Upper Egypt
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few interested parties in the scholarly world of ancient philosophy will, by this stage, be unaware of the story behind Alain Martin and Oliver Primavesi’s publication. It has been hot news, and the publication eagerly awaited, ever since the announcement in 1994 that a papyrus on which Alain Martin was working, under the auspices of the Bibliothèque Nationale and University of Strasburg, had been identified as containing verses of Empedocles, some of them almost certainly previously unknown. Nevertheless—since there seems no better opening for a reflection on the significance of this discovery and on the value of its elegant publication—I propose to begin by summarizing what I take to be most important among the undisputed facts before proceeding to ask how they affect our understanding of Empedocles and of what we are doing with texts when we study the Presocratics.
The Arousal Theory of Musical Expression: Rethinking the Unthinkable
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I began writing about what is now called ‘the philosophy of music’ in the late l 970s, the first order of business, it seemed to me, was to refute for good and all the ‘arousal theory’ of musical expression: that is to say, the theory that when, in the ordinary instances, one calls a passage of music sad, or happy, fearful, angry, or depressing, it is in virtue of its arousing in that person, regularly, if not always, sadness or happiness, fear, anger, or depression. The expressive properties of music, on this view, then, are dispositional proper ties: dispositions of the music to arouse the garden-variety emotions in qualified listeners to that kind of music.
Music in Memory and Music in the Moment
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On occasion one reads a philosophical work that strikes what appears a mortal blow to a long-cherished, foundational belief. Less frequently, the belief so endangered is such that its falsity-if false it is-must change one’s life and how one has viewed it in some radical, deeply disturbing way. I have now experienced this double shock to my belief system in reading Jerrold Levinson’s book, Music in the Moment. For Levinson’s book has presented arguments that can by no means be dismissed out of hand, against what he sometimes calls a ‘dogma’ of music appreciation, which has been the underlying support of my musical world since I was 12 years old. So deeply has music penetrated my life since that time that if Levinson’s arguments are good, I will indeed be forced to reevaluate my whole teenage and adult life in music and, furthermore, to change fundamentally.
The Demands of Consequentialism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to consequentialism, we should always put our resources where they will do the most good. A small contribution to a reputable aid agency can save a child from a crippling illness. We should thus devote all our energies to charity work, as well as all our money, till we reach the point where our own basic needs, or ability to keep earning money, are in jeopardy. Such conclusions strike many people as absurd. Consequentialism seems unreasonably demanding, as it leaves the agent no room for her own projects or interests. Tim Mulgan examines consequentialist responses to this objection. A variety of previous consequentialist solutions are considered and found wanting, including rule consequentialism, the extremism of Shelly Kagan and Peter Singer, Michael Slote's satisficing consequentialism, and Samuel Scheffler's hybrid moral theory. The Demands of Consequentialism develops a new consequentialist theory, designed to be intuitively appealing, theoretically sound, and only moderately demanding. Moral choices are first divided into distinct realms, primarily on the basis of their impact on the well-being of others. Each realm has its own characteristic features, and different moral realms are governed by different moral principles. The resulting theory incorporates elements of act consequentialism, rule consequentialism, and Scheffler's hybid theory. This original and highly readable account of the limits of consequentialism will be useful to anyone interested in understanding morality.
Two Moral Realms
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce a device that will form the founda- tion of the new Consequentialist moral theory developed in Chapters 8, 9, and 10. This device is a distinction between different moral realms. Moral choices are divided into distinct realms, primarily on the basis of their impact on the well-being of others. Each realm has its own characteristic features, which suggest that different moral realms may be governed by different moral principles. If we are to develop an acceptable moral theory, then we must be sensitive to the distinct realms. The realms are first introduced informally using the notion of moral com- munity (Section 7.1). The differences between them are then explored more fully (Sections 7.2 and 7.3). The different realms are first characterized in terms of two broad categories of components of well-being: needs and goals. Subsequent sections explore the nature of goals, focusing on the ways goals differ from needs (Sections 7.4–7.7). The purpose of this discussion is to motivate the claim that, as goals differ from needs, we should expect the moral realm dealing with goals to differ from that concerned with needs. We then return to the notion of moral community, exploring its links with the distinction between needs and goals (Sections 7.8–7.13). In the next two chap- ters, this discussion forms the basis for a re-evaluation of the objections to Collective Consequentialism and Individual Consequentialism discussed in Parts Two and Three.
The Morality of Necessity
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits the discussions of Part Three in the light of the distinction between the two moral realms. This discussion will play three roles. It serves (1) to illustrate the significance of the different realms; (2) to explain why Individual Consequentialism fails; and (3) to show how Individual Consequentialist theories can nonetheless be successfully incorporated into the new Consequentialist moral theory to be developed in the next chapter.
Ethical Lntuitionism and The Motivation Problem
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order, therefore, to prove that the measures of right and wrong are eternal laws, obligatory on every rational mind, it is not sufficient to shew the relations upon which they are founded: we must also point out the connexion betwixt the relation and the will; and must prove that this connexion is so necessary, that in every well-disposed mind, it must take place and have its influence.
Introduction And Method
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the gospel speaks both individually to the heart and universally to the world, Christians have struggled since the day of Pentecost to integrate the believer’s quest for deepened faith with the Church’s communal witness. This integration becomes threatened when individuals or groups are convinced that Christ’s imperative, ‘Be perfect as my Father in heaven is perfect’, is addressed especially to them. Throughout the history of Christianity this has been the conviction of many of those who have sought to follow Christ by a renunciation of material possessions and a life of celibacy. Any claim to perfection and exclusivism invites notice and often sparks controversy. In every case the key question is the same: to what extent does an individual’s response to the Spirit depend upon or oblige participation in the larger Church?
The Stylistic Potential of Phraseological Units in the Light of Genre Analysis
Authors: Gläser Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phraseology as a subdiscipline of the linguistic system is an expanding field of research and has attracted interest from many sides. Scholarly attention has been focused on the semantic and syntactic properties of phraseological units, on various approaches to their synchronic and diachronic description, on their pragmatic function in discourse, and, quite recently, on cultural peculiarities of idioms and phrases in the light of a cross-cultural and contrastive approach. Several of these aspects are reflected in the range of topics represented in the present volume. This chapter will focus on stylistic properties of phraseological units and their textual environment—in short, their stylistic potential. This approach entails a number of subordinate aspects: the modification of the phraseological unit in certain contexts and its relation to a particular genre, punning with idioms in the light of intertextuality, and so on. At the outset, however, some key terms need to be explained and their related concepts defined.
Prefabricated Patterns in Advanced EFL Writing: Collocations and Formulae
Authors: Granger Sylviane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-I98os, the use of prefabricated language (‘prefabs’) has become a major focus of interest in EFL, arguably for three main reasons. First, the emergence of the concept of lexico-grammar, inspired by Halliday and Sinclair, has promoted the syntagmatic investigation of lexis. The traditional association between syntagmatics and grammar, on the one hand, and paradigmatics and lexis, on the other, which was challenged by Michael Halliday as early as 1966, is now clearly a thing of the past. Secondly, corpus linguistics has played an important role, giving linguists the computational means to uncover and analyse lexical patterns. Abundant information about word-combinations can now be obtained with ease using text-retrieval software. Finally, pragmatics has become a major field of study in its own right, in linguistics, and now in EFL. Pragmatic competence has come to be viewed as an essential part of learners’ competence. The formulaic nature of many pragmalinguistic rules has necessarily contributed to bringing the study of prefabs to the fore.
Introduction
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term nonfinite, though potentially misleading, will encompass traditional infinitives, gerundials (gerunds, gerundives, supines), and participles. No theoretical significance is attached to any of these labels. They refer to slightly different clusters of features potentially constituting distinct formatives which may or may not have similar properties crosslinguistically. The non-discreteness of the categories and problems with (non)finiteness in the traditional sense have prompted some scholars to use the neutral term converb(see Haspelmath and Ko nig 1995; Auwera 1998). In English, infinitives are morphologically distinct from gerundials and the -ingparticiple, for which the traditional terms are convenient labels for the status of the formative as modifier/adjunct or argument. There are also aspectual and other differences. The fluidity of the feature content of these formatives in language change is an argument against the traditional labels, except that the changes are expositorily simpler to track with the standard terminology. The term nonfiniteis retained because prototypical infinitives, gerundials, and participles are in fact nonfinite in the traditional sense, that is, they have no subject person agreement. On the other hand, there is no simple feature [ ± finite] (in the traditional sense) that works crosslinguistically (cf. Haspelmath 1995: 4ff.; Ledgeway 1998: 58). Moreover, since nonfinite structures can have tense independent of the matrix tense (depending on the nature of the matrix predicate), and this infinitival tense can be manifested morphologically, a simple feature [ ± tense] also fails to distinguish finite and nonfinite structures.
Small Clauses and ECM
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term small clause(SC) is applied in the literature to many different structures. Essentially, SC will be used here to refer to a verbless clause that is semantically equivalent to a corresponding full clause with BE. The SC is clausal because it has the conventional subject/predicate geometry and semantic predication relation, and the core clausal properties of extraction.Two different theories of the SC are considered. One is that BE takes SC complements and assigns no theta role to the subject. The second is that BE is an inherent part of the SC. On this account, the subject originates in SpecVP, as in other clause types, which supposedly accounts for the theta-dependence of the subject on the SC-internal predicate. Some problems with this account lead me to adopt a variant of the first theory, in which the SC optionally merges (in the sense of Chomsky 1995) with BE in some languages.
The ECM Innovation in English
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier English, as in Modern, ECM was better with the verbs beand havethan with other verbs. Recent accounts of the history of ECM in English are first discussed, followed by a brief description of the Indo-European ancestry, where only SCs received structural object case from a matrix verb. A favored complement to reflective verbs in the ancient Indo-European languages, including Germanic, was the SC. SCs abounded also in Old English and by Late Old English could marginally merge with wesanor b-eon‘to be’. That is, the older scholarly tradition was essentially correct in seeing SC expansions as an early source of ECM in English. The Middle English continuation of these structures is sketched, and the final section shows that in Old English, as in Modern French, reflective verbs for the most part selected [ +Accord] infinitival complements.
English Gerundials
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For heuristic reasons the following terminology is adopted (cf. Chomsky 1970): gerundrefers to nominal structures of the type the destroying of Rome; the clausal counterpart (destroying Rome (was easy)) is a gerundive. These are distinct from non-eventive nouns in -ing. I will also use Chomsky’s term (derived) nominalfor nouns of the type destructionas distinct from the gerundial destroying. The term gerundialwill encompass nominal gerunds and clausal gerundives. It is used when the distinction is not important.
The Verb Complement Construction in Historical Perspective with Special Reference to Cantonese
Authors: Yue Anne O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present analysis concentrates on an aspect of Cantonese grammar different from standard Mandarin but reminiscent of the earlier history of the Chinese language-namely, a type of verb complement structure that is called the causative/resultative or the shichengshi nltrl in Chinese. I trace its history from the earliest documents extant down to the present time. The discussion is divided into two parts: the first part deals with the dating of the emergence of the causative/resultative structure. I argue that this happened during the Han dynasty. The second part deals with the reflexes of this causative/resultative struc ture in both modern and nineteenth-century Cantonese, which show residues of archaic and ancient features accumulated in several strata, temporally and spatially.
Development and Erosion of a Mixing Layer in a Stratified Flow
Authors: Walker S A , Hamill G A , Johnston H T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temporal behaviour of a salt water impoundment due to a buoyant shear flow is presented. Mixing has been found to result in the formation of a third distinct layer, the characteristics of which change with time. Various fresh water velocities and depths combined with various salt water densities, were used to obtain a range of bulk Richardson numbers. Two regimes of interfacial layer behaviour have been identified. In the first regime the density of the layer decreases to a constant value, while in the second regime the density and thickness of the layer fluctuates as the layer is removed by sequential stripping. Transport rates across both boundaries of the interfacial layer are assessed from the change in density profile. Average transport rates for each test were obtained and found to best related to the bulk Richardson number.
Investigation of the Effect of Atmospheric Stability on Characteristic Decay Times of Tracer Concentrations in the Wake of an Isolated Obstacle
Authors: Mavroidis I , Griffiths R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of atmospheric stability on characteristic decay times of a gas tracer in the near-wake of an isolated obstacle has been investigated. Field experiments have been conducted in flat terrain using a model 2 m cube. Two cube orientations were considered, with the mean wind direction either normal or at 45 degrees to the cube. The experiments involved the release of a tracer gas upwind of the obstacle, with fast-response detectors measuring concentrations at various points in the obstacle wake, at a frequency of 100 Hz. Tracer gas was released continuously for a limited period in order to fill the wake. Thereafter, the source was switched off using a solenoid valve, and the concentration in the wake was found to decay in an exponential manner
The Effects of Stable Stratification on the Flow Around a Horizontal Circular Cylinder in a Channel of Finite Depth
Authors: Ozono* Shigehira , Aota** Noboru , Ohya* Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a numerical study of the two dimensional flow of linearly stably-stratified Boussinesq fluid around a circular cylinder in a channel of finite depth. The Reynolds number used is high enough for the vortex shedding to occur behind the cylinder in neutral flows. Attention was focused upon the interaction between the vortex shedding and internal gravity waves. The columnar disturbances and lee waves appear when parameter K is close to integers in conformity with linear theory.
Azomethine, carbonyl and thiocarbonyl ylides
Authors: Bartnik Romuald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simple addition of a carbene or carbenoid to a C-N double bond would be expected to result in the formation of an azomethine ylide. This is consistent with electrophilic attack of the carbene at the nitrogen atom lone pair. Formation of ylides in this manner was reviewed by Padwa and Hornbuckle in 1991.
The reaction of carbenes with simple imines (Schiff bases) to form azomethine ylides, which then undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a second molecule of imine, was first reported in 1972. Bartnik and Mloston subsequently extended this method by using various dipolarophiles. Catalytic decomposition of phenyldiazomethane with N-benzylidenemethylamine results in the formation of a trans-1,3-dipole which then undergoes [3+2]-cycloaddition with an available 1r-bond. This is illustrated by the synthesis of 1-methyl-2,5-diphenyl-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 1 from phenyldiazomethane, N-benzylidenemethylamine and dimethyl maleate (Scheme 3.1.1). This reaction takes place in a highly diastereoselective manner giving only the r-2,t-3,t-4,t-5 isomer (Beilstein’s r,c,t-system).