bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘He Never Liked Sport Anyway’ ‐ Mother′s Views of Young PeopleCoping With a Bone Tumour in the Lower Limb
Authors: Earle Emily A. , Eiser Christine , Grimer Robert 
Published: September 2005

Purpose: Treatment for a bone tumour can compromise quality of life (QOL), especially for young patients. We used
qualitative methods to assess mothers′ views of patients′ experiences and their coping strategies at approximately 6 months
after diagnosis (T1: n=12) and 12–18 months later (T2: n=11).Subjects: Mothers of young people (aged 6–22 years) who were undergoing treatment for either osteosarcoma or Ewing′s
sarcoma in the lower limb took part.Methods: A semi‐structured interview was devised to assess participation in sport, social life, schooling and general mobility.
Interviews were transcribed and analysed using content analysis.Results: Mothers reported a number of situations in which QOL was compromised, and these remained relatively constant
over time (mean=4.25 at T1 and 4.27 at T2). However, strategies to manage these difficulties changed from Problem
(constructive attempts to deal with challenges) to Emotion (managing the situation through use of emotions) focused
coping from T1 to T2.Discussion: Although the sample size is small, our results suggest that patients adopt a variety of coping strategies to deal
with the physical and social restrictions associated with disease and treatment. The findings suggest that young people
continue to experience many stresses up to 18 months after diagnosis. The shift from Problem to Emotion focussed coping
over time may suggest a degree of acceptance of practical problems.
Protecting the Communication Structure in Sensor Networks
Authors: Olariu S. , Xu Q. , Eltoweissy M. , Wadaa A. , Zomaya A. Y. 
Published: September 2005

In the near future wireless sensor networks will be employed in a wide variety of applications establishing ubiquitous networks that will pervade society. The inherent vulnerability of these massively deployed networks to a multitude of threats, including physical tampering with nodes exacerbates concerns about privacy and security. For example, denial of service attacks (DoS) that compromise or disrupt communications or target nodes serving key roles in the network, e.g. sink nodes, can easily undermine the functionality as well as the performance delivered by the network. Particularly vulnerable are the components of the communications or operation infrastructure. Although, by construction, most sensor network systems do not possess a built-in infrastructure, a virtual infrastructure, that may include a coordinate system, a cluster structure, and designated communication paths, may be established post-deployment in support of network management and operation. Since knowledge of this virtual infrastructure can be instrumental for successfully compromising network security, maintaining the anonymity of the virtual infrastructure is a primary security concern. Somewhat surprisingly, in spite of its importance, the anonymity problem has not been addressed in wireless sensor networks. The main contribution of this work is to propose an energy-efficient protocol for maintaining the anonymity of the virtual infrastructure in a class of sensor network systems. Our solution defines schemes for randomizing communications such that the cluster structure, and coordinate system used remain undetectable and invisible to an observer of network traffic during both the setup and operation phases of the network.
Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part II: Dietary protein and the potential role of caffeine and creatine
Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Gibala Martin , Jeukendrup Asker E. , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAmino acids contribute between 2–8% of the energy needs during endurance exercise. Endurance exercise training leads to an adaptive reduction in the oxidation of amino acids at the same absolute exercise intensity, however, the capacity to oxidize amino acids goes up due to the increase in the total amount of the rate limiting enzyme, branched chain 2‐oxo‐acid dehydrogenase. There appears to be a modest increase (range = 12–95%) in protein requirements only for very well trained athletes who are actively training. Although the majority of athletes will have ample dietary protein to meet any increased need, those on a hypoenergetic diet or during extreme periods of physical stress may need dietary manipulation to accommodate the need. Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine derivative that is common in many foods and beverages. The consumption of caffeine (3–7 mg/kg) prior to endurance exercise improves performance for habitual and non‐habitual consumers. The ergogenic effect is likely due to a direct effect on muscle contractility and not via an enhancement of fatty acid oxidation. Creatine is important in intra‐cellular energy shuttling and in cellular fluid regulation. Creatine monohydrate supplementation (20 g/d X 3–5 days) increases fat‐free mass, improves muscle strength during repetitive high intensity contractions and increases fat‐free mass accumulation and strength during a period of weight training. Given the increase in weight, there are likely neutral or even performance reducing effects in sports that are influenced by body mass (i.e., running, hill climbing cycling).
High Body Mass Index is not a barrier to physical activity: Analysis of international rugby players’ anthropometric data
Authors: King N.A. , Hills A.P. , Blundell J.E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRecent data indicate that levels of overweight and obesity are increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world. At a population level (and commonly to assess individual health risk), the prevalence of overweight and obesity is calculated using cut‐offs of the Body Mass Index (BMI) derived from height and weight. Similarly, the BMI is also used to classify individuals and to provide a notional indication of potential health risk.It is likely that epidemiologic surveys that are reliant on BMI as a measure of adiposity will overestimate the number of individuals in the overweight (and slightly obese) categories. This tendency to misclassify individuals may be more pronounced in athletic populations or groups in which the proportion of more active individuals is higher. This differential is most pronounced in sports where it is advantageous to have a high BMI (but not necessarily high fatness). To illustrate this point we calculated the BMIs of international professional rugby players from the four teams involved in the semi‐finals of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) cut‐offs for BMI, approximately 65% of the players were classified as overweight and approximately 25% as obese.These findings demonstrate that a high BMI is commonplace (and a potentially desirable attribute for sport performance) in professional rugby players. An unanswered question is what proportion of the wider population, classified as overweight (or obese) according to the BMI, is misclassified according to both fatness and health risk? It is evident that being overweight should not be an obstacle to a physically active lifestyle. Similarly, a reliance on BMI alone may misclassify a number of individuals who might otherwise have been automatically considered fat and/or unfit.
Effect of bag holding on the center of foot pressure and the lower leg muscle activities
Authors: Demura Shinichi , Uchiyama Masanobu , Yamada Takayoshi , Nagasawa Yoshinori 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study examined the influence of holding a bag with one hand on the center of foot pressure (COP) and the electromyographic responses in lower leg muscles. Thirteen healthy male adults participated in this study to keep an upright posture while holding a load with the dominant hand with four bag weight conditions (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the jerk strength). Integrated Electromyography (iEMG) and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG were calculated to estimate the degree of muscle activity and fatigue in the tibialis anterior and soleus that are involved in ankle joint control. Body sway was evaluated by the mean position of left‐right (X) and front‐back (Y) axis sway and the following 4 body sway factors; unit time sway factor (F1), front‐back sway factor (F2), left‐right sway factor (F3), high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). When holding a bag at 45% MVC or more of the jerk strength with a single hand for one minute, muscle activity in the lower leg on the side of the bag increased markedly, and muscle fatigue was induced in the antigravity muscles of both legs. As a result, anteroposterior sway increased to a short, quick sway.
Prebirth Psychosocial Factors as Predictors of Consistency in Contraceptive Use Among  Taiwanese Adolescent Mothers at  6 Months Postpartum
Authors: Wang Ruey‐Hsia , Wang Hsiu‐Hung 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective
: To assess contraceptive behavior and whether pre‐birth psychosocial factors could predict consistency in contraceptive use among adolescent mothers at six‐month postpartum. Design: Prospective study. Sample: 104 Taiwanese adolescent mothers. Measurements: Participants completed a contraception questionnaire in their third trimester and a postpartum contraception questionnaire at six‐month postpartum. Results: Prior to giving birth, the adolescent mothers most commonly answered that condom use (39.8%) was the contraceptive method they planned to use after delivery. It was also more commonly reported in the postpartum to be the method they actually were using (54.3%). Stepwise logistic regression analysis further showed that a more positive contraceptive attitude (odds ratio = 1.104) and a higher self‐efficacy (odds ratio = 1.068) in contraceptive use in the pre‐birth period increased the probability that a participant would report that she always used contraceptives in the postpartum period. Nevertheless, a higher score in the pre‐birth period in the area of subjective contraceptive norms (odds ratio = 0.978) decreased this probability. The final regression model could correctly classify 81.7% of the participants. Conclusions: Health care professionals should provide adolescent mothers with the information they need to improve their attitude and self‐efficacy toward contraception before they enter the postpartum period.
Assessment of Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Diabetic Patients in Iran
Authors: Ghanbari Atefeh , Yekta Zohrah Parsa , Roushan Zahra Atrkar , Lakeh Nasrin M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective
: Assess the pattern of relationships between personal‐background characteristics and dimensions of quality of life (QOL) in diabetic patients. Design: Cross‐sectional descriptive study. Sample: 117 adults with type 2 diabetes (100 female, 17 male) randomly selected from outpatients referred to Sina hospital (Tabriz, Iran). Methods: Participants answered a three‐part questionnaire including (1) sociodemographic and medical (diabetes‐related) personal‐background characteristics; (2) general health‐related QOL instrument based on Swedish Health‐Related QOL; (3) disease‐specific instrument for diabetic patients. Nine QOL dimensions were covered: physical function, pain, daily activities, feelings, sleep, relationships with relatives, overall health, problems with diabetes, satisfaction with diabetes treatment methods. Data were analyzed with inferential statistics, correlation, and multi‐stage stepwise regression. Results: Personal background characteristics (age, presence of medically educated people in family, whether patient was family breadwinner, unemployment, complications of diabetes) accounted for 27% of variance in the physical function dimension of QOL dimension. Other QOL dimensions (daily activities, overall health, sleep, satisfaction with diabetes treatment.) were also related to personal background characteristics. Conclusions: Diabetic patients face great challenges in many dimensions of QOL. Nursing instructors and nursing educators in educational centers for diabetics can use the findings of this research to assess their patients more effectively.
Complementary Therapy Use Among Older Rural Adults
Authors: Shreffler‐Grant Jean , Weinert Clarann , Nichols Elizabeth , Ide Bette 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective
: Explore use, cost, and satisfaction with the quality and effectiveness of complementary therapy among older rural adults. Design: Descriptive survey. Sample: A random sample of 325 older adults from rural communities throughout Montana and North Dakota. Measurements: Participants were interviewed by telephone. Results: Only 57 participants (17.5%) had used complementary providers and most sought this care for chronic problems, heard about providers through word‐of‐mouth information, and were satisfied with the care. A total of 35.7%(116) used self‐directed complementary practices and most used these practices for health promotion, heard about them through informal sources, and found them to be at least somewhat helpful. Of the 325 participants, 45.2%(147) used some form of complementary care, e.g., providers, self‐directed practices, or both. Participants used as much complementary care as is found in national studies. Most spent relatively little out‐of‐pocket for complementary care. Conclusions: Understanding the health care choices that older rural residents make, including complementary health care, is paramount for a comprehensive approach to meeting their health care needs.
Reaching Marginalized Young People Through Sexual Health Nursing Outreach Clinics: Evaluating Service Use and the Views of Service Users
Authors: Hayter Mark 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective
: To assess the views of service users towards sexual health nursing outreach clinics situated in youth clubs. The clinics were established in economically deprived areas to meet the needs of young people aged 13–18 yrs who are reluctant to attend mainstream services. Design: Descriptive cross‐sectional study. Sample and measurements: 250 questionnaires collecting data on service use and service users’ views of the clinics were distributed to a 25% sample of clinic users. In addition, 20 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with service users. Results: 166 questionnaires were returned (66% response rate). The service was equally popular with males and females who often attended to meet friends but subsequently sought sexual health advice. Interviews found that young people appreciated the non‐judgmental aspect of the clinics, although some reported concerns about confidentiality when the clinics were busy. Some respondents indicated that the clinics gave them confidence to discuss sexual health matters with others, but often the clinics provided advice for young people who had no one else to talk to. Conclusions: The clinics seem popular with young people, and situating services within an area young people access to socialize appears to be an effective way to target them with sexual health advice.
The Child Welfare System: Through the Eyes of Public Health Nurses
Authors: Schneiderman Janet U. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective
: This qualitative descriptive study investigates how public health nurses working within the child welfare system view the organization and the organization's effect on their case management practice. Design: Semistructured interviews were conducted utilizing the Bolman–Deal Organizational Model. This model identifies four frames of an organization: symbolic, human resources, political, and structural. Sample: A purposive sample of nine nurses and one social worker was selected to participate in comprehensive interviews. Results: Data analysis identified two main themes. The first theme was the presence of organizational structural barriers to providing case management. The second theme was the lack of political influence by the nurses to change the structure of the organization; hence, their skills could be more completely utilized. Conclusions: Public health nurses who work in child welfare will need to systematically analyze their role within the organization and understand how to work in “host settings.” Nursing educators need to prepare public health nurses to work in non‐health care settings by teaching organizational analysis.
Effects of nuclear factor‐κB inhibitors and its implication on natural killer T‐cell lymphoma cells
Authors: Kim Kihyun , Ryu Kyoungju , Ko Younghyeh , Park Chaehwa 
Published: September 2005

SummaryNatural killer/T‐cell lymphoma (NKTL) is a highly aggressive disease. Despite the use of various treatment regimens, the prognosis of NKTL is poor, and new treatment strategies need to be determined. Because of the significant survival potential, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB has become one of the major targets for drug development. In this study, we explored the effect and action mechanism of NF‐κB inhibitors, BAY 11‐7082 and curcumin, on NKTL cell lines (NKL, NK‐92 and HANK1). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that NF‐κB was constitutively active in HANK1, a chemoresistant cell line. BAY 11‐7082 and curcumin suppressed NF‐κB activation in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, which finally resulted in cell death. BAY 11‐7082‐ and curcumin‐induced cell death was associated with downregulation of Bcl‐xL, cyclin D1, XIAP and c‐FLIP, followed by caspase‐8, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage and activation. Given that the chemoresistant NK‐92 cells respond to NF‐κB inhibitors but not to conventional drugs, BAY 11‐7082 and curcumin could be potentially useful for achieving improved outcome in chemotherapy‐refractory NKTL.
Ringed sideroblasts with thrombocytosis: an uncommon mixed myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease of older adults
Authors: Shaw Gene R. 
Published: September 2005

SummarySideroblastic anaemia with ringed sideroblasts and marked thrombocytosis, hereupon referred to as ringed sideroblasts with thrombocytosis (RST), is a provisional entity in the 2001 World Health Organisation classification scheme. This retrospective study identified 16 patients with RST over a 7‐year period. Proposed diagnostic criteria include a sustained platelet count >500 × 109/l, ≥15% ringed sideroblasts, <3% bone marrow blasts, and normal conventional cytogenetics. The median age was 76 years with eight males and eight females. With a median follow‐up of 41 months, RST patients had a median overall survival of 71 months, comparable with refractory anaemia having ringed sideroblasts, but less favourable than essential thrombocythaemia. Thus far, no patients with RST are known to have died of disease‐related causes. Patients with ringed sideroblasts and/or thrombocytosis need to be carefully evaluated for a variety of haematological diseases that may confer significantly different prognoses.
Extractable lipid contents and colour in particle‐size separates and bulk arable soils
Authors: Wiesenberg G. L. B. , Schwark L. , Schmidt M. W. I. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryChemical alteration of plant biomass to soil organic matter is often accompanied by characteristic trends, e.g. with decreasing particle size and increasing depth organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) often increase. In agricultural soils, systematic studies of soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution in bulk soils and particle‐size separates of depth profiles are scarce. In this study, three soil profiles from one site with different monoculture crops were analysed for organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, stable carbon isotopes, bulk extractable lipids, and soil colour. In contrast to most previous observations, stable carbon isotope values were constant over soil depth and within particle‐size separates, probably as a result of little biomass input due to the harvesting techniques applied and the presence of fossil carbon. Bulk extractable lipids contributed 1–10% to the total SOC. Significantly more lipids could be extracted from rye‐ than from maize‐derived SOC. Lipid yields normalized to soil mass increased with decreasing particle size and decreased with depth. When normalized to organic carbon concentration, sand‐size fractions had the largest lipid yields. Soil colour, expressed as Munsell values, was lightest in sand‐ and silt‐size separates. A cross‐plot of Munsell values and their SOC concentrations revealed characteristic, non‐overlapping areas for each particle‐size class and the bulk soils. Clay‐size separates and bulk soils were almost identical in Munsell values, although for clay‐size separates SOC concentrations were much larger than for bulk soils. Thus, the SOC‐rich clay‐size separates exerted the dominant influence on the colour of the bulk soils. Determination of colour and extractable lipid contents could be useful additional parameters for soil characterization.
Phylogeography of the black fly Simulium tani (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand as inferred from mtDNA sequences
Authors: PRAMUAL PAIROT , KUVANGKADILOK CHALIOW , BAIMAI VISUT , WALTON CATHERINE 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIntraspecific phylogeography has been used widely as a tool to infer population history. However, little attention has been paid to Southeast Asia despite its importance in terms of biodiversity. Here we used the cytochrome oxidase I gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for a phylogeographic study of 147 individuals of the black fly Simulium tani from Thailand. The mtDNA revealed high genetic differentiation between the major geographical regions of north, east and central/south Thailand. Mismatch distributions indicate population expansions during the mid‐Pleistocene and the late Pleistocene suggesting that current population structure and diversity may be due in part to the species’ response to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. The genealogical structure of the haplotypes, high northern diversity and maximum‐likelihood inference of historical migration rates, suggest that the eastern and central/southern populations originated from northern populations in the mid‐Pleistocene. Subsequently, the eastern region had had a largely independent history but the central/southern population may be largely the result of recent (c. 100 000 years ago) expansion, either from the north again, or from a relictual population in the central region. Cytological investigation revealed that populations from the south and east have two overlapping fixed chromosomal inversions. Since these populations also share ecological characteristics it suggests that inversions are involved in ecological adaptation. In conclusion both contemporary and historical ecological conditions are playing an important role in determining population genetic structure and diversity.