bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOUNDER, CIVILIZER AND LEADER: VERGIL'S EVANDER AND HIS ROLE IN THE ORIGINS OF ROME
Authors: Papaioannou Sophia 
Published: February 2004

AbstractContrary to the two other major Augustan writers who discussed the origins of Rome, Vergil's Roman prehistory centers on the presence of Evander. An involuntary exile from the East (Greek Arcadia) who settled in Latium and instilled civilization and laws among the Italians, Evander is a duplicate of Aeneas, a cultural ancestor and a model of leadership. Aeneas is instructed by the deities of Italy (Tiberinus) to pay a visit to Pallanteum, Evander's capital and the primordial site of Rome, in order to learn about the past and receive instructions about the future. His tour of proto-Rome, led by Evander, carries Aeneas through a series of monuments that span through Rome's entire history. Aeneas is guided to follow Evander's example, and Vergil, urging reevaluation of widespread anti-Hellenic prejudices, prominently underscores the seminal contribution of Greece to the cultural and political origins of Rome.
SIND DIE EPIKUREISCHEN GÖTTER 'THOUGHT-CONSTRUCTS?'
Authors: Schiebe Marianne Wifstrand 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the tacit implications of the theory proposed by A.A. Long and D.N. Sedley, according to which Epicurus did not believe that the gods were eternal living beings consisting of body and soul—this would be in conflict with the general atomistic principle of compounds as subject to eventual dissolution—but assumed instead that they are created in the human mind by the very act of imagination. Thus, they are eternal, not as living beings but as imagined living beings, and as concepts. It is argued that this alleged solution to the question how the Epicurean gods could be eternal does not do away with the problem; on the contrary, the implications and consequences of the arguments given in support of the theory, when made explicit, turn out to result in a scenario that is wholly inconceivable. Taken together with the long recognized fact—not contested by L & S—that the primary sources speak against the theory, these results should lead to its definite dismissal. Admittedly, if the Epicureans held the gods to consist of some kind of body and soul, there is a conflict, but a conflict much easier to live with than the difficulties accompanying the proposed solution.
Use of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Tendon Graft-to-Bone Healing
Authors: Ouyang Hong Wei , Goh James C. H. , Lee Eng Hin 
Published: February 2004

Background Despite increasing attention on the issue of tendon-to-bone integration, there has been no animal study on the use of cell therapy for promoting the insertion healing of tendon to bone. Purpose To determine the efficacy of using a large number of bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs) to enhance tendon-to-bone healing. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods The hallucis longus tendons were translated into 2.5-mm diameter calcaneal bone tunnels in a New Zealand white rabbit model. The bone tunnels were treated with or without bMSCs. Three specimens from each group were harvested at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively and evaluated by conventional histological and immunohistochemical methods. Results At 4 weeks, the specimens with bMSCs exhibited more perpendicular collagen fiber formation and increased proliferation of cartilage-like cells, which was indicated by positive collagen type-II immuno-staining of the tendon-bone interface. In contrast, the specimens without bMSCs demonstrated progressive maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue aligned along the load axis. Conclusion Introduction of a large number of bone marrow stromal cells to the bone tunnel have shown to improve the insertion healing of tendon to bone in a rabbit model through formation of fibrocartilagenous attachment at early time points.
What Really Happens during the Lachman Test?
Authors: Logan Martin Charles , Williams Andrew , Lavelle Jonathon , Gedroyc Wady , Freeman Michael 
Published: February 2004

Background The Lachman test is the most reliable clinical test for diagnosing rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is generally believed that the lateral side contributes more than the medial side to anterior tibial translation, but this has never been convincingly proven. The MRI study presented in this article addresses this issue. Hypothesis The lateral side of the ACL-deficient knee contributes more than the medial side to anterior tibial translation. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods The Lachman test and the radiologic Lachman test were performed on 10 patients with isolated rupture of the ACL while the knee was scanned dynamically using open-access magnetic resonance imaging. The amount of movement in the midmedial and midlateral compartments of both the contralateral normal knee and the ACL-deficient knee was measured. Results In both normal and ACL-deficient knees, the lateral compartment contributes more than the medial to anterior translation of the tibia. Rupture of the ACL leads to increased laxity in both medial and lateral compartments with a statistically significant greater contribution from the lateral side. Conclusion Rupture of the ACL leads to increased anterior tibial translation coupled with tibial internal rotation.
Conservative Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis
Authors: Struijs P. A. A. , Kerkhoffs G. M. M. J. , Assendelft W. J. J. , van Dijk C. N. 
Published: February 2004

Background The authors evaluated the effectiveness of brace-only treatment, physical therapy, and the combination of these for patients with tennis elbow. Methods Patients were randomized over 3 groups: brace-only treatment, physical therapy, and the combination of these. Main outcome measures were success rate, severity of complaints, pain, disability, and satisfaction. Data were analyzed using both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses. Follow-up was 1 year. Results A total of 180 patients were randomized. Physical therapy was superior to brace only at 6 weeks for pain, disability, and satisfaction. Contrarily, brace-only treatment was superior on ability of daily activities. Combination treatment was superior to brace on severity of complaints, disability, and satisfaction. At 26 weeks and 52 weeks, no significant differences were identified. Conclusion Conflicting results were found. Brace treatment might be useful as initial therapy. Combination therapy has no additional advantage compared to physical therapy but is superior to brace only for the short term.
Myofibers Express IL-6 after Eccentric Exercise
Authors: Tomiya Akihito , Aizawa Toshimi , Nagatomi Ryoichi , Sensui Hiroomi , Kokubun Shoichi 
Published: February 2004

Background Interleukin (IL)-6 is locally produced in skeletal muscles and shows a remarkable increase in plasma after eccentric exercises. Objective To elucidate the cell types in the muscles responsible for IL-6 production after eccentric exercises. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods An eccentric contraction model was made using electrical stimulation. The authors investigated the muscle damage and regeneration processes after eccentric exercises histologically, and the cell types expressing IL-6 and its subcellular compartimentalization with time immunohistochemically after eccentric exercises. Results Swollen myofibers were detected from 8 hours to 3 days after exercises. Disrupted myofibers were detected from 24 hours to 7 days, with a peak of 3 days. IL-6 was detected only in the cytoplasm of myofibers until 12 hours; thereafter, it was found in the inflammatory cells and proliferating satellite cells as well. The swollen myofibers were negatively stained for IL-6. The positive ratios of IL-6 in myofibers immediately increased after exercises, peaked in 12 hours, and then decreased. Conclusions After eccentric exercises, IL-6 expression increased in myofibers preceding the disruption of myofibers. IL-6 might be closely related to muscle damage caused by strenuous exercises.
Intra-Articular Knee Temperature Changes
Authors: Warren Todd A. , Mccarty Eric C. , Richardson Airron L. , Michener Todd , Spindler Kurt P. 
Published: February 2004

Background Cryotherapy is commonly applied without research documenting the intra-articular (IA) temperature changes or subject discomfort between ice and a cryotherapy device. Hypothesis The null hypothesis is that no difference would be observed in IA temperature decline or subject tolerance between ice and the cryotherapy device in normal knees. Study Design Prospective, within-subject controlled clinical trial. Methods Twelve subjects had IA temperature in suprapatellar pouch and skin recorded bilaterally after application of cryotherapy versus ice. Subject tolerance was recorded by 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical evaluation was by Spearman's correlation analysis and paired, nonparametric Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results Both significantly lowered (P < 0.001) skin and IA temperature with median decreases (ice/cryotherapy) at 30 (3.3 °C/2.2 °C), 60 (12.8 °C/7.1 °C), and 90 (15.2 °C/9.7 °C) minutes. However, ice lowered the IA temperature significantly more than the cryotherapy device (P < 0.001) and was more painful by VAS at 30 and 60 minutes (P < 0.01). Conclusions Both methods produced large declines in skin and IA temperatures. However, ice was more effective yet resulted in higher pain scores. The authors hypothesize that IA temperatures below a threshold are associated with increased perceived pain.
Aggressive Quadriceps Loading Can Induce Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Demorat Gene , Weinhold Paul , Blackburn Troy , Chudik Steven , Garrett William 
Published: February 2004

Background The force responsible for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries remains controversial. The patella tendon to tibial shaft angle causes an anterior tibial shear force with quadriceps activation. Hypothesis An aggressive quadriceps contraction can injure the ACL. Methods The authors characterized noncontact ACL injury and kinematics with aggressive quadriceps loading. Thirteen freshfrozen knees were potted in a jig held in 20 ° of flexion while a 4500 N quadriceps contraction was simulated. Knee kinematics were recorded. A KT-1000 arthrometer and a simulated active quadriceps test assessed anterior displacement. Statistics were performed using paired t tests and 1-way analysis of variance. Results Kinematics revealed the following mean values: anterior displacement, 19.5 mm; valgus, 2.3 °; and internal rotation, 5.5 °. Mean KT-1000 and active quadriceps test differences were 4.0 mm and 2.7 mm, respectively (statistically significant P = .002 and P = .002). Six knees showed gross ACL injury at the femoral insertion. Based on ACL injury, KT-1000 differences were statistically significant (P = .029). Conclusions Aggressive quadriceps loading, with the knee in slight flexion, produces significant anterior tibial translation and ACL injury. This suggests that the quadriceps is the intrinsic force in noncontact ACL injuries, producing a model for further investigation.
Interference Screw Fixation of Soft Tissue Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Part 2
Authors: Nurmi Janne T. , Kannus Pekka , Sievänen Harri , Järvelä Timo , Järvinen Markku , Järvinen Teppo L. N. 
Published: February 2004

Background Preconditioning of tendon grafts is believed to eliminate natural viscoelasticity of the tendons and prevent knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Hypothesis Preconditioned ACL grafts maintain their initially set tension. Study Design Randomized experimental study. Methods Forty-two human anterior tibialis (AT) tendon grafts were subjected to either no preconditioning (group 1), cyclic preconditioning (group 2), or isometric preconditioning (group 3). The residual graft tension was then recorded immediately after the application of an initial graft tension of 80 N and fixation into tibia with an interference screw, as well as 10 minutes later. In another experiment, the residual graft tension was recorded 1, 10, and 60 minutes after 10 AT nd quadrupled hamstring tendon (HT) grafts alone (no fixation) had been subjected to isometric preconditioning (80 N). Results Immediately after screw insertion, the residual (AT) graft tensions were 79 ± 19 N, 100 ± 17 N, and 102 ± 15 N in groups 1 through 3, respectively. Ten minutes later, the corresponding values were 49 ± 16 N, 60 ± 11 N, and 64 ± 12 N. For the AT and HT grafts alone, the residual graft tensions were 67 ± 2 N and 67 ± 2 N, 45 ± 2 N and 46 ± 4 N, and 29 ± 3 N and 34 ± 5 N at 1, 10, and 60 minutes, respectively. Conclusions A steady decrease (–60% within 60 minutes after initial tensioning) occurs in the initially set tension of the soft tissue ACL grafts. Clinical Relevance Clinically applicable preconditioning protocols cannot eliminate the intrinsic viscoelasticity from ACL soft tissue grafts, and thus, the reasonableness of preconditioning per se is questioned in ACL reconstruction.
Arthroscopic Drilling with Debridementof Remaining Cartilage for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talar Dome in Unstable Ankles
Authors: Takao Masato , Uchio Yuji , Kakimaru Hiroyuki , Kumahashi Nobuyuki , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: February 2004

Background Arthroscopic examination has shown that the regenerative cartilage that appears after arthroscopic drilling for thetreatment of osteochondral lesions of the talar dome does not always cover the cartilage defect sufficiently. Hypothesis The remaining degenerative cartilage at the lesions may obstruct the healing of the articular cartilage. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Thirty-nine patients underwent arthroscopic drilling that kept the remaining cartilage at the lesion (group A), and 30patients underwent arthroscopic drilling that removed the remaining cartilage at the lesion (group B). At 1 year after theoperation, we performed ankle arthroscopy to evaluate the cartilage condition. Results The arthroscopic findings revealed that in group A, 11 cases (28.2%) were improved, 12 cases (30.8%) wereunchanged, and 16 cases (41.0%) had deteriorated; in group B, 27 cases (93.1%) were improved and 2 cases were unchanged. There were significant differences between group A and group B in the rate of cases whose cartilage condition was seen toimprove under arthroscopic examination (P< 0.0001). Conclusions The study shows that in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talar dome, the removing of the remainingdegenerative cartilage may be of some benefit in the treatment of these lesions.
Proprioception of the Shoulder Joint after Surgical Repair for Instability
Authors: Pötzl Wolfgang , Thorwesten Lothar , Götze Christian , Garmann Stefan , Steinbeck Jörn 
Published: February 2004

Background Proprioceptive capabilities play an important role in stability of the shoulder joint. Hypothesis Decreased proprioceptive capabilities can improve by surgical repair of shoulder instability. Study Design Prospective long-term study. Methods The proprioceptive capabilities of 14 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability were examined preoperative and with a minimum follow-up of 5 years postoperative using the angle reproduction test. The patients' data were compared to a healthy control group. Results The joint position sense improved significantly in abduction, flexion, and rotation (P< .05). The preoperative difference from the target joint position was 9.3 ° (SD, 4.6 °) for the summarized positions in abduction, 9.1 ° (SD, 4.5 °) in flexion, and 10.1 ° (SD, 5.1 °) in rotation. Postoperatively, it improved to 5.6 ° (SD, 2.9 °) in abduction, 5.6 ° (SD, 2.7 °) in flexion, and 5.0 ° (SD, 1.8 °) in rotation. The joint position sense of the uninvolved contralateral shoulder improved too. Conclusions Five years after surgical repair for shoulder instability, the joint position sense improved significantly, to a level of normal, healthy shoulders.
A New Technique
Authors: Lemos Stephen E. , Ebramzedeh Edward , Kvitne Ronald S. 
Published: February 2004

Background Suture anchor and bone tunnel fixations are used for distal biceps tendon repairs and have not been compared. Hypothesis Suture anchor fixation is equal or superior to bone tunnel fixation. Study Design Randomized controlled in vitro study. Methods A new fixation technique was compared to traditional bone tunnel fixation of distal biceps tendon ruptures between randomly selected sides of nine matched-pair, fresh-frozen elbow specimens from cadaveric donors (mean age = 74.7 years). Bone densities were determined. The distal biceps tendon was attached to the actuator of a servohydraulic load frame and loaded to tensile failure at a constant rate of 4 mm/sec. Bone density, sex, age, side, tuberosity area, repair, failure type, repair stiffness, and yield strength were compared. Results Superior yield strength of suture anchor fixation (263 N) compared to bone tunnel fixation (203 N) (P= 0.0233) were demonstrated. When suture anchor fixation failure (1 of 9) occurred, the matched pair also failed. Conclusion Suture anchor fixation offers an equal if not superior alternative to bone tunnel fixation for repair of the distal biceps tendon in the specimens tested. Clinical Relevance Suture anchor fixation may be used for distal biceps tendon repairs.
Low Back Pain in Professional Golfers
Authors: Vad Vijay B. , Bhat Atul L. , Basrai Dilshaad , Gebeh Ansu , Aspergren Donald D. , Andrews James R. 
Published: February 2004

Background Low back pain is fairly prevalent among golfers; however, its precise biomechanical mechanism is often debated. Hypothesis There is a positive correlation between decreased lead hip rotation and lumbar range of motion with a prior history of low back pain in professional golfers. Study Design A cross-sectional study. Methods Forty-two consecutive professional male golfers were categorized as group 1 (history of low back pain greater than 2 weeks affecting quality of play within past 1 year) and group 2 (no previous such history). All underwent measurements of hip and lumbar range of motion, FABERE's distance, and finger-to-floor distance. Differences in measurements were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results 33% of golfers had previously experienced low back pain. A statistically significant correlation (P < .05) was observed between a history of low back pain with decreased lead hip internal rotation, FABERE's distance, and lumbar extension. No statistically significant difference was noted in nonlead hip range of motion or finger-to-floor distance with history of low back pain. Conclusions Range-of-motion deficits in the lead hip rotation and lumbar spine extension correlated with a history of low back pain in golfers.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Authors: van den Brand Johan G. H. , Verleisdonk Egbert J. M. M. , van der Werken Christian 
Published: February 2004

Background Patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) experience pain during exercise. An abnormal increase in intracompartmental pressure (ICP) leads to impaired local tissue perfusion resulting in ischemia and pain. At cessation of exercise, pain subsides. Diagnosis is confirmed through postexercise ICP. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can measure tissue oxygen saturation (StO2)noninvasively. Hypothesis NIRS can diagnose CECS by showing tissue deoxygenation. Study Design Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Method Volunteers completed a standardized exercise protocol. Those suspected of CECS did so preoperatively and postoperatively. StO2 and ICP were monitored. Data were compared between volunteers and patients and prefasciotomy and postfasciotomy. Results Significant differences between the StO2 values of volunteers and patients with CECS were found. Average peak exercise StO2 value for those with CECS was lower than for the healthy (27 versus 56, P < .05). Patients showed more absolute and percentage change between baseline and peak exercise StO2 (absolute: 60 versus 35, P < .05; percentage: 67 versus 38, P < .05). StO2 values in legs with confirmed CECS returned to normal range postfasciotomy. All changes differed significantly with preoperative values. Conclusion StO2 can distinguish healthy from diseased legs. This study provides evidence supporting NIRS as a noninvasive, painless alternative to ICP in the diagnosis of CECS.
The Posteromedial Corner of the Knee
Authors: Sims William F. , Jacobson Kurt E. 
Published: February 2004

Background Medial-sided knee injury patterns have been poorly defined in the available literature. The lack of definition can be attributed to the differing anatomic perspectives of physician authors and the functional significance they assigned to the posteromedial structures of the knee. Hypothesis Many so-called medial collateral ligament injuries can involve significant damage to the posteromedial corner structures that may not be appreciated. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Method The authors reviewed the charts of 93 patients (93 knees) with operatively treated isolated and combined medial-sided knee injuries and described the associated medial injury patterns. Results Ninety-nine percent of the knees were found to have an injury of the posterior oblique ligament. In the series, 70% of the knees also had an injury of the semimembranosus capsular attachment, and 30% were found to have complete peripheral detachment of the meniscus. Injury to the posterior oblique ligament was the common injury, but other sites of disruption capable of disabling this dynamic meniscocapsular complex were present. Conclusions Before assigning function to the various posteromedial structures of the knee, we must better define medial-sided injury patterns, the purpose of the current work. From this review of medial-sided injuries in this series of patients, the authors have come to realize that a subgroup of these knee injuries involves injuries to the posteromedial structures that are underappreciated.
Ophthalmological Preparations
Authors: Dolak Terence M. , Lever O. William , Marsh David , Moran Irene , Sutton Scott 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Anesthetics2.1.Topical Anesthetics2.2.Regional Anesthetics3.Antimicrobial Agents3.1.Antibacterial Agents3.1.1.Sulfonamides3.1.2.β‐Lactam Antibiotics3.1.2.1.Penicillins3.1.2.2.Cephalosporins3.1.3.Tetracycline Antibiotics3.1.4.Aminoglycoside Antibiotics3.1.5.Polypeptide Antibiotics3.1.6.Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents3.2.Antifungal Agents3.3.Antiprotozoal Agents3.4.Antiviral Agents4.Anti‐inflammatory Agents4.1.Corticosteroids4.2.Miscellaneous Anti‐inflammatory Agents5.Antiglaucomatous Agents5.1.Sympathomimetic Drugs5.2.β‐Adrenergic Blocking Agents5.3.Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors5.4.Hyperosmotic Agents5.5.Miotics (Parasympathomimetic Agents)5.5.1.Cholinergic Agonists5.5.2.Anticholinesterases6.Mydriatics and Cycloplegics6.1.Sympathomimetics6.2.Parasympatholytics7.Vasoactive (Adrenergic) Agents8.Diagnostic Agents9.Dry Eye Medications10.Miscellaneous Ophthalmic and Contact Lens Preparations10.1.Disinfectants and Preservatives10.1.1.Biguanides10.1.2.Mercurial Preservatives10.1.3.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds10.1.4.Miscellaneous Disinfectants and Preservatives10.2.Contact Lens Cleaners and Rewetting Agents10.2.1.Surfactant Cleaners10.2.2.Enzymatic Cleaners
Hydrogen in Nano‐sized Metals
Authors: Pundt A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSystems with small sizes show significant changes compared to the bulk system. These changes are of major interest regarding the size reduction of technological applications. The hydrogen‐metal system can be used as a model alloy to study small size features: shifted phase boundaries and sloped isotherms are found and, also, new materials structures. Most features can be attributed to surface‐ and interface contributions as well as to mechanical stress.