bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine in East Africans
Authors: Crawford M. A. , Hansen I. L. , Somers K. 
Published: May 2005

1. A study was done on the platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) from Africans in areas where endomyocardial fibrosis is common.2. There were only small differences between the mean platelet or blood5HT in Europeans and plantain-eating Africans; the distribution of the results showed a wider scatter in the African community, including values outside the upper limits of normal but not within the range reported for carcinoid.3. Patients in hospital had lower platelet5HT contents regardless of cardiac condition or disease than healthy Africans on similar diets, suggesting no specific abnormality related to platelet5HT levels and endomyocardial fibrosis.4. A small number of radioactive studies suggested that only 1–4 % of oral5HT may reach the platelets; a significant increase in platelet5HT did occur after a plantain meal; the in-crease after a meal but not after oral5HT may be explained by release of endogenous5HT from the small intestine under the influence of the high bulk of the diet. Attention is drawn to the high incidence of adult intussusception and volvulus associated with such diets.
The nutritive value of fat in the diet of the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Stokes G. B. , Walker D. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The fatty acid composition of the depot fats of thirty-six preruminant lambs was determined. Four lambs were slaughtered at 3 d of age, two lambs were fed on a low-fat diet for 28 d, and thirty lambs in groups of three were given ten different dietary fats in artifcial milk diets for 28 d.2. The fatty acid patterns of the carcass fats were closely related to those of the dietary fats, and within-treatment variations were extremely low. Significant differences in fatty acid composition were observed between the skin, carcass, perinephric and subcutaneous lipids, irrespective of the diet given.3. The carcass lipids of lambs given the low-fat diet were similar in their fatty acid composition to those of lambs aged 3 d, though the former lambs lost fat from the carcass during the experimental period.
The fasting metabolism of Brahman, Africander and Hereford×Shorthorn cattle
Authors: Vercoe J. E. 
Published: May 2005

1. The fasting metabolism of twenty-seven animals, nine Brahmans, nine Africanders and nine Hereford × Shorthorns was measured after fasts of 96 h duration. Urine was collected over successive 24 h intervals and gas exchange was determined 96–103 h after the last meal.2. Urinary urea decreased and creatinine increased throughout the fasting period. There was no difference between breeds in the urinary excretion of nitrogen, urea and creatinine on the 4th day of fasting (72–96 h). Excretion of nitrogen, urea and creatinine increased by 259, 197 and 45 mg/kg increase in fasted weight and by 8.9, 7.6 and 0.91 mg/kcal increase in fasting metabolism respectively. Protein oxidation accounted for 25.6, 21.7 and 22.7% of the fasting heat production of Brahman, Africander and Hereford × Shorthorn cattle respectively, values which were not significantly different.3. The breeds differed in fasting metabolism per kg fasted weight ( P < 0.05) and in fasting metabolism adjusted for fasted weight (0.05 < P < 0.10), mainly owing to lower values for the Brahmans. The respective values for the Brahmans, Africanders and Hereford × Short-horns were 20.7, 25.2 and 24.1 kcal/kg (86.6, 105.4 and 100.8 kJ/kg) and 5.856, 6.947 and 6.600 Mca1/24 h (24.50, 29.07 and 27.61 MJ/24 h) at a fasted weight of 277 kg. The variation in fasting metabolism between animals within breeds, expressed as a coefficient of variation, was 13.7%.4. The results are discussed in relation to published estimates of fasting metabolism, possible reasons for the breed difference and the relation of fasting metabolism to heat tolerance.
Urinary creatinine and hydroxyproline in relation to childhood malnutrition
Authors: McLaren D. S. , Loshkajian Hermine , Kanawati A. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Urinary excretions of creatinine (Cre) and hydroxyproline (OHPr) were measured in two groups of children: (a) 24 h collections in male and ‘spot’ samples in female marasmic infants throughout the course of treatment, and (b) ‘spot’ samples in underprivileged pre-school children at home. Results were related to certain somatic measurements and in some instances to some dietary factors.2. Analysis of 24 h samples taken at intervals throughout 120 d of treatment showed a steady rise towards normal levels from very low initial values of OHPr. There was no corre-lation with age or body-weight on admission, nor of OHPr excretion through recovery with increase in height. Excretion of Cre also increased during recovery but the trend was more erratic. There was no relation to initial weight deficit or age but mean Cre excretion through recovery did correlate with rate of increase in weight. Values of Cre excretion at different stages of recovery expressed in terms of weight or height differed somewhat from those reported by others. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.3. High correlations of the OHPr index according to Whitehead (1965) determined on 6 h and 24 h collections provided evidence for the representative nature of ‘spot’ samples.4. Partial correlation analysis of body-weight and urine volume in relation to Cre excretion (mg/24 h) showed that the former (r = 0.719) had a greater influence than the latter (r= 0.485).5. In a subgroup of eleven marasmic infants aged 3–5 months multiple linear regression analyses of OHPr and Cre excretion on somatic and dietary factors revealed no consistent correlations.6. Periods of lowered OHPr and Cre excretion were frequent but in only half of the instances were they related to intercurrent infection.7. A high correlation was found between changes in excretion of OHPr and of Cre throughout recovery.8. An appraisal was made of the OHPr index according to Whitehead (1965). On the basis of the considerable influence that age was shown to have on this index during the preschool period an OHPr index (age-adjusted) was suggested for use.9. The OHPr index (age-adjusted) determined on ‘spot’ samples from underprivileged preschool children at home and from marasmic infants during recovery was shown to be closely correlated with a modified ‘index of thriving’ based on somatic measurements.10. The value of Cre and OHPr determinations in the study of severely malnourished children during recovery and in the detection of mild undernutrition is discussed in the light of these experimental results.
Calcium metabolism in pregnant ewes
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. , Glascock R. F. , Riazuddin Sh. 
Published: May 2005

1. A combination of balance and isotope techniques has been used to study calcium metabolism in ten sheep at different stages of pregnancy, and the results have been combined with earlier results obtained during lactation to show the variations in Ca metabolism which occur during the whole reproductive cycle.2. Transfer of Ca to the foetuses during pregnancy and to the milk after parturition rose rapidly from the 65th day of gestation and reached a maximum at parturition or shortly afterwards.3. Although the rate of absorption of Ca from the intestine increased steadily throughout pregnancy it was insufficient to meet the full requirements of late pregnancy and early lactation. During this period, the extra Ca was supplied by increased bone resorption.4. The maternal Ca balance became negative during pregnancy, the net daily loss of Ca reaching a maximum in early lactation.5. In late lactation the maternal Ca balance became positive enabling the animals to replenish their skeletal stores.6. There was no marked change in the demands for Ca at parturition and the connexion between this observation and the pathogenesis of milk fever is discussed.7. Rates of transfer of Ca to the foetus during pregnancy are compared with estimated values of other workers.
Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep
Authors: Poole D. A. , Allen D. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. An experiment is reported in which groups of six lambs were fed two basal diets supplemented at three levels with a mixture of sodium and calcium acetates.2. The basal diets were given in amounts that provided equal intakes of digestible organic matter and crude protein. One contained 85 % of concentrates (Hc), the other 40% of concentrates (Lc). Rumen contents from a sheep receiving diet Hc contained a lower molar proportion of acetate and higher proportions of propionate and butyrate than when diet Lc was given.3. The calculated metabolizable energy of the basal Hc diet was utilized more efficiently than that of the basal Lc diet, for promoting empty body-weight and carcass-weight gains.4. On both basal diets, lambs receiving the diets supplemented with acetate made greater live-weight, empty body-weight and carcass-weight gains than lambs given unsupplemented diets. The responses of weight gain to increasing levels of acetate were linear.5. The responses to acetate were greater when it was given with the Hc diet than with the Lc diet. This effect was most marked for live-weight gain (P < 0.001), intermediate for empty body-weight gain (P < 0.05), but not significant for carcass-weight gain. This order of effects was in part due to a greater weight of alimentary tract tissue, and its contents, in lambs fed the Hc diet supplemented with acetate.6. It is concluded that under certain circumstances the energy of acetate may be utilized less efficiently than energy from propionate or butyrate.
Zinc, copper and manganese in the alimentary tract of sheep
Authors: Bremner I. 
Published: May 2005

1. The changes in the concentrations and solubilities of zinc, manganese and copper in the rumen, abomasum and along the small intestine of cannulated sheep, maintained on dried grass, have been determined. Relationships between the solubilities of the metals and the pH values of the samples were observed.2. The pattern of change of solubilities could be reproduced in vitro by adjustment of the pH of rumen and abomasal samples.3. By a combination of gel filtration and continuous-flow high-voltage electrophoretic techniques it was shown that soluble complexes of Zn and Mn occur in the rumen and lower regions of the small intestine. The soluble Zn and Mn in the abomasum, duodenum and upper jejunum appeared to exist in ionic form. The charge and molecular size of these complexes were found to be dependent on the pH of the samples.4. From detergent treatment of rumen samples it appeared that much of the insoluble metal, particularly Cu, might be associated with microbial matter.5. The significance of these findings and their relationship to the differences noted in the apparent requirements for trace elements of ruminants on different diets is discussed.
Cassava diet and cyanide metabolism in Wistar rats
Authors: Osuntokun B. O. 
Published: May 2005

1. In the aetiopathogenesis, in Nigerians, of a degenerative neuropathy known as tropical ataxic neuropathy, chronic cyanide intoxication is believed to be the most important factor. The source of the cyanide is cassava (Manihot) and in Nigerian patients, plasma concentration of thiocyanate, a major detoxication product of cyanide, is high.2. Since there is considerable doubt as to whether cyanide is readily released from cassava diet after ingestion, rats were fed on 80 and 100% purupuru (a cassava derivative) diets for periods varying between 6 and 18 months and their plasma thiocyanate levels were studied. Control rats were fed on a normal diet for the same periods.3. Rats fed on the 100% purupuru diet were malnourished. Rats fed on the 80 % purupuru diet appeared normal, although their mean weight was less than the mean weight of rats fed on the normal diet.4. Plasma thiocyanate was significantly higher in rats fed the purupuru diets than in the rats fed on the normal rat diet.5. The concentration of thiosulphate Sulphurtransferase, the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of cyanide into thiocyanate was the same in rats fed on the purupuru diets as in the control rats.6. The results suggest that raised plasma thiocyanate levels found in Nigerian patients with ataxic neuropathy, as in rats fed cassava diet, is the result of detoxication of cyanide, as the concentration of thiocyanate in cassava and most food products eaten by Nigerians is low.
Ascorbic acid status of Europeans resident in the tropics
Authors: Hindson T. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. A survey was made of ascorbic acid concentrations in white blood cells of apparently healthy European men and women living in the tropical climate of Singapore.2. The survey showed that there was a significant fall in these concentrations in men who had been resident for more than 4 months. Levels in women did not show a significant decrease.
The use of deuterium oxide space to determine the amount of body fat in pregnant Blackface ewes
Authors: Foot Janet Z. , Greenhalgh J. F. D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The use of deuterium oxide dilution to obtain an indirect estimate of body water in pregnant ewes was examined and the value of such an estimate in predicting body fat was investigated.2. Deuterium oxide was infused intravenously into fourteen twin-bearing Blackface ewes and blood samples were taken 6–7 h later. The animals were subsequently slaughtered.3. Deuterium oxide concentration was estimated by infrared spectroscopy and the deuterium oxide space was calculated. Studies on dose rates and equilibration times were made with the Blackface ewes and some non-pregnant Dorset ewes.4. The amount of body fat in each ewe was estimated from the deuterium oxide space using a prediction equation relating body fat to body water in twenty-five pregnant and non-pregnant ewes which had been slaughtered.5. Once satisfactory measurement of deuterium oxide concentration had been achieved, body fat predicted from deuterium oxide space differed from values obtained by analysis of the slaughtered animals by -0.8 to +1.7 kg in seven ewes containing 5.2–21.4 kg fat.6. The standard deviation from regression of percentage of body fat estimated from deuterium oxide space on percentage of body fat measured after slaughter was ±1.2 percentage units. Thus deuterium oxide space was used to provide a useful measure of body fat in pregnant ewes.
The effects of early zinc deficiency on DNA and protein synthesis in the rat
Authors: Williams R. B. , Chesters J. K. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of early zinc deficiency on DNA and protein metabolism of the liver, kidneys, testes and spleen of the young rat were studied. The investigations were carried out in two phases: before food consumption and growth were affected, and afterwards.2. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA was markedly affected by differences of less than a week in the age of the rats.3. Zn deficiency significantly reduced the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of liver, kidneys and spleen before growth and food consumption were affected. The degree of inhibition was of the order of 50% in the first 5 d. A similar but non-significant trend was observed for the testes.4. The incorporation of [3C]lysine into protein was not significantly affected in liver and testes during the initial period of Zn deficiency; the incorporation into kidneys and spleen was significantly inhibited but the magnitude of the effect was only of the order of 20% in 5d.5. One week after the start of the second phase, the concentration of DNA in liver, testes, and spleen of Zn-deficient animals was not significantly different from that in pair-fed controls. The DNA content of the kidneys was significantly reduced by the deficiency hut only to 97% of that in pair-fed animalsgiven the Zn-supplcmenteddiet. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA was not significantly different between deficient and control groups in any of the four organs investigated.
Food intake and energy expenditure of army recruits
Authors: Edholm O. G. , Adam J. M. , Healy M. J. R. , Wolff H. S. , Goldsmith R. , Best T. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. The food intake of sixty-four infantry recruits was measured at six centres during 3 weeks of initial training. The daily energy expenditure was measured in thirty-five of these men.2. The mean daily consumption of the sixty-four subjects provided them with 3850 kcal (16110 kJ); the energy expenditure of the thirty-five subjects averaged 3750 kcal (15690 kJ).3. Serial auto- and cross-correlations of intake and expenditure were very small and there was no significant relationship between food intake and energy expenditure on the same day.4. The intakes and expenditures of different subjects at the same centre were not independent.5. There was a significant relationship between intake and expenditure for the whole period of the survey when results for all subjects were included. In three centres the correlation was high, +0.788 (P < 0.001), but was only + 0.083 (P < 0.5) in the remaining three centres.6. There was a positive but not significant correlation between body-weight and the average food intake of 6 d.7. There was a negative correlation between body-weight and calorie balance.8. Weight change and calorie balance over 1 week were related, the correlation averaging 0.40. There was a correlation of 0.32 between daily weight changes and calorie balance. A rather small amount of variation in calorie balance can be explained by contemporary changes in weight.
The efficacy of protein supplementation in overcoming urea toxicity in sheep
Authors: Payne E. , Laws L. 
Published: May 2005

1. In the first experiment sheep taken from pasture were given a low-protein diet for 6 weeks in individual pens. Then, for 1 week, groups were given a supplement of lucerne chaff, safflower meal or lucerne chaff plus safflower meal. In the second experiment eighteen sheep maintained on lucerne chaff rather than pasture were then depleted of protein to a greater extent by feeding on a restricted low-protein diet. Six of the sheep received a supplement of molasses throughout the period of protein depletion while six of the sheep on the basal ration received a supplement of safflower meal after 6 weeks on the low-protein diet.2. The urea tolerance of the sheep, as indicated by blood ammonia levels after oral dosing with aqueous solutions of urea, was determined after the period of supplementation. ‘Arginine synthetase’ activity (combined activities of argininosuccinate synthetase (EC6.3.4.5) and argininosuccinate lyase (EC4.3.2.1)) was determined in liver samples obtained by biopsy at various intervals during the experiment.3. Supplementation for 7 d with 73 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/d increased the tolerance to urea, as indicated by reduced blood NH3levels, and also increased ‘arginine synthetase’ activity.4. Giving supplements of molasses delayed the onset of urea toxicity but not the extent of toxicity.5. It is suggested that short-term feeding of protein concentrates to sheep before giving urea supplements can increase their tolerance to urea.
Lack of effect on blood lipid and calcium concentrations of young men on changing from white to wholemeal bread
Authors: Heaton K. W. , Manning A. P. , Hartog M. 
Published: May 2005

1. When nineteen ‘free-living’ male students, who normally ate 231 (SEM 14) g white bread/d changed to wholemeal bread for a 19-week period, there was no significant change in body-weight, plasma cholesterol or plasma triglyceride levels. These values, as well as plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate, urate and haemoglobin, remained essentially the same as those for a control group.2. Increasing the wheat-fibre intake by eating wholemeal bread is not an effective method for reducing blood lipid levels, at least in healthy young men with a moderate bread intake.
The effects of low-dose gamma-irradiation on the wholesomeness of mangoes (Mangifera indica) as determined by short-term feeding studies using rats
Authors: Horton G. M. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. A control diet and diets containing 150 g non-irradiated or 150 g irradiated mangopulp/kg were given to female rats from day 15 of the gestation period until weaning in trials 1 and 2, and from 40 d before mating until 28 d post weaning in trial 3.2. Food intake and dry-matter digestibility were similar with all diets.3. There were no significant differences between animals given the different dietary regimens in the daily body-weight changes of weanling males, pups, nursing females or females during the immediate postlactation period.4. No differences in haematological or blood chemistry values were found which could be attributed to the ingestion of irradiated mangoes. There was no evidence for the presence of any toxic substances in the irradiated-mango-pulp diet.5. Gross pathological observations revealed no aberrations which could be related to the ingestion of irradiated mangoes.6. It may be concluded that the wholesomeness of mangoes was not affected by gammairradiation at a dose of 75 krd.
The diets of preschool children in newcastle upon tyne, 1968–71
Authors: Black Alison E. , Billewicz W. Z. , Thomson A. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Ninety-one families containing 140 children under 4 years of age at enrolment were studied. At 1-monthly intervals, the children were weighed and measured and qualitative information about feeding habits was obtained. Weighed dietary surveys for periods of 5 d were made at approximately 8 months, 20 months, 3 years and 5 years of age; there were forty-six failures in 260 surveys attempted.2. At the four specified ages, mean energy intakes were 3.75, 5.03, 5.82 and 6.75 MJ (896, 1203, 1392 and 1613 kcal)/d respectively. At 8 months, milk products provided on average, 43% of the total energy intake and commercial baby foods provided 17%. These values decreased to 21 and 2% respectively at 20 months and there was little further change thereafter.3. Average intakes of energy and of most nutrients met recommended intakes (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969). Iron intakes were marginal, and vitamin D intakes were low.4. The energy intake of boys was significantly higher than that of girls at 3 years of age, but the boys were not significantly heavier. The energy intake of children from ‘manualworker’ families was higher than that from ‘non-manual’ families. Similarly, the energy intake of children from larger families was higher than that of children from smaller families.5. Energy intakes were correlated with body-weights and with rates of gain in weight. Irrespective of body-weight, ‘big eaters’ at 20 months tended to be ‘big eaters’ at 3 years also.
Simulation of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism in sheep
Authors: Mazanov A. , Nolan J. V. 
Published: May 2005

1. The results of isotope tracer studies of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism in mature sheep were used to construct a seven-pool mathematical model.2. The model was extended to a nine-pool model, which incorporates lags describing the time taken for the passage of digesta through the gut of sheep.3. Simulation studies using these models satisfactorily predicted results of independent experiments.4. The dynamics of N metabolism in sheep appear to be best approximated by first-order kinetics; that is, many of the important N transport processes are substantially linear or concentration-dependent.