bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CYTOTOXICITY IN GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTION
Authors: Singh Jagat N. , Sabbadini E. , Sehon A. H. 
Published: June 2004

Under in vitro conditions spleen cells from nonirradiated F1 hybrids, in which a (graft-vs.-host) (GVH) reaction had been induced with lymphoid cells of parental origin, lysed nonspecifically target cells, i.e., cells syngeneic or allogeneic to the parental genotypes. Furthermore, tumor cells exposed in vitro to spleen cells of F1 hybrid mice undergoing GVH reaction had markedly decreased ability to grow in syngeneic recipients. Experiments involving inhibition of cytotoxicity with alloantisera indicated that this nonspecific effect was due to host cells. By contrast, spleen cells of lethally irradiated F1 hybrids undergoing GVH reaction lysed specifically the target cells of the genotype against which the parental (donor) cells had been sensitized; this finding further supports the contribution of host cells to the nonspecific cytotoxic effects in GVH reaction.
From these results it was deduced that the cytotoxic effects during GVH reaction involve at least two processes: (a) sensitization of the donor cells to the antigens of the recipient resulting in the activation of their potential to lyse specifically the recipient's cells, and (b) activation of the host's cells into a state of nonspecific cytotoxicity, as a consequence of the immunologically specific attack of the donor cells.
SPECIFICITY OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: McFarland Henry F. , Griffin Diane E. , Johnson Richard T. 
Published: June 2004

The viral-induced perivascular inflammatory response in Sindbis virus encephalitis of mice was shown to be immunologically specific. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with Sindbis virus, and 24 hr later a single dose of cyclophosphamide was given which ablated the inflammatory response. 3 days after virus inoculation, cells and/or sera from specifically and nonspecifically sensitized donor mice were given, and the inflammatory reactions, virus content, and antibody response of recipients were examined 5 days later.
Reconstitution of the viral inflammatory response required virus-specific sensitized lymph node cells and was enhanced when these lymph node cells were combined with bone marrow cells. Reconstitution was not achieved with Sindbis virus immune serum even when combined with nonspecifically sensitized cells. Combination of immune serum with Sindbis virus-sensitized cells did not produce an accentuation of the reaction.
In distinction, reconstitution of the inflammatory reaction surrounding the stab wound was reconstituted with bone marrow cells from mice inoculated with Sindbis virus or control antigens.
Reconstitution of the perivascular reaction was associated with a reduction in brain virus content. Although the transfer of Sindbis virus-sensitized lymph node cells and bone marrow cells resulted in the limited production of neutralizing antibody in the immunosuppressed recipient, the reduction in virus was significantly greater with the transfers of Sindbis virus-sensitized lymph node cells than with the passive transfer of immune serum alone.
LACK OF DISTINCTIVE SURFACE ANTIGEN ON CELLS TRANSFORMED BY MURINE SARCOMA VIRUS
Authors: Strouk Vladimir , Grundner Gertrud , Fenyö Eva Maria , Lamon Ed , Skurzak Henryk , Klein George 
Published: June 2004

Some murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-transformed mouse 3T3 cells contain the MSV genome in the absence of infectious helper murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and MSV production.
These cells, designated S+L- (sarcoma positive, leukemia negative), were analyzed for the presence of a possible MSV-determined membrane antigen by the mixed hemadsorption test and in vitro lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay. Two different serological approaches were used: (a) isoantibody-free sera were obtained by immunizing with MSV of syngeneic origin or by allowing primary, autologous MSV sarcomas to regress, or (b) alloantisera obtained by immunizing C57BL mice with S+L- cells were absorbed with the corresponding nontransformed 3T3 cells until all activity against 3T3 had been removed.
While MuLV-superinfected S+L- cells and a culture line of an MSV sarcoma known to produce both MSV and MLV were highly reactive, normal 3T3 and S+L- cells were negative. Similarly, lymph node cells from MSV immune mice or rats did not kill S+L- cells, although they were cytotoxic against target cells known to carry MuLV-associated antigens. Thus, the present study gives no positive evidence for the existence of any MSV-induced new surface antigen in the transformed target cell, known to carry the viral genome.
SURFACE ANTIGENS OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS
Authors: Mond J. J. , Takahashi T. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of preincubation with anti-θ or anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) and complement (C') on immune responsiveness of spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SE) was investigated. Both treatments greatly depressed the remaining ability to produce a secondary response to SE in vitro.
Normal BALB/c spleen cells were far less effective in reconstituting the responses of such depleted cell populations than were much smaller numbers of untreated immune spleen cells. Thymus-derived cell (T cell) memory appeared early after immunization and showed specificity for the immunizing antigens.
Recombination of anti-Ig-treated with anti-θ-treated immune spleen cells resulted in virtually complete reconstitution of responsiveness. The presence of immunological memory in T cells and the nature of their surface receptors are discussed.
MOUSE THYMUS-INDEPENDENT AND THYMUS-DERIVED LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Matter A. , Lisowska-Bernstein B. , Ryser J. E. , Lamelin J.-P. , Vassalli P. 
Published: June 2004

The ultrastructural features of B-, T-, and surface Ig(sIg)-bearing cells have been studied on cell suspensions from lymphoid organs of mice at different stages of immunization. The cells were identified by exposure to rabbit antibodies against mouse-specific lymphocyte antigens (MSLA) or brain-associated θ antigen (BAθ) for T cells, mouse-specific bone marrow-derived lymphocyte antigens (MBLA) for B cells, and mouse Ig for sIg-bearing cells. The rabbit antibodies fixed on the cell surfaces were detected by peroxidase-labeled sheep anti-rabbit Ig antibodies or by a "bridge" technique using southern bean mosaic virus or bacteriophage T4 as the final markers. In some experiments, short-lived lymphoid cells were labeled in vivo with repeated tritiated thymidine and the ultrastructural detection of their surface antigens was combined with radioautography.
MBLA+ lymphoid cells showed a whole range of ultrastructural patterns. Most were small and medium-sized lymphocytes with a clear cytoplasm containing mono- and polyribosomes, but they comprised also blasts and large cells with various amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, as well as plasma cells at different stages of maturation. sIg-bearing cells appeared to be identical with MBLA+ cells, except that sIg was less easily detectable on large blasts, and only very rarely observed on plasma cells. MSLA+ and BAθ+ cells fell into three categories. One of them (T1 cells) consisted of small to medium-sized lymphocytes with a clear cytoplasm and few organelles, mostly monoribosomes. A second consisted of large cells (T2 cells) characterized by numerous polyribosomes often in a "rosette"-like pattern, occasional dark, membrane-bound granules, and a developing "filamentous network." The third, very characteristic type, (T3 cells) was represented by dark small to medium-sized lymphocytes, usually containing large amounts of closely packed ribosomes and showing a striking accumulation of filamentous network, often condensed in large areas devoid of cell organelles. This filamentous network appeared to correspond to the cytochalasin B-sensitive system of microfilaments found in other cells and considered to be one of the contractile elements of the cell. The T3 lymphocytes showed frequently vesicles suggestive of a strong pinocytic activity, and assumed a variety of shapes, including uropods. Evidence is presented that T1 lymphocytes represent "virgin" T cells, T2 "activated," and T3 "differentiated" lymphocytes.
LYSOSOMES IN RAT THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Bowers William E. 
Published: June 2004

10 acid hydrolases known to be lysosomal in other tissues were detected in rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL). Except for cathepsin D, all these enzymes occurred in lower levels in TDL than in rat spleen.
Fractionation by means of differential centrifugation revealed two types of distribution patterns. Most of the total cathepsin D activity appeared in a high-speed supernatant (S), whereas the other acid hydrolases associated mainly with a high-speed pellet (P). Further studies by isopycnic centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient showed that all the enzymes, including a small portion of cathepsin D, sedimented around a modal density of 1.18. In contrast, most cathepsin D activity was recovered in a soluble, unsedimentable form. These results suggest the presence of two populations of lysosomes. Because the possibility could be excluded that other cell types contaminated the lymphocyte preparations, it is concluded that both lysosomal populations arise from TDL.
RAPID VIRAL INDUCTION OF MURINE LYMPHOMAS IN THE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTION
Authors: Cornelius Eugene A. 
Published: June 2004

When weanling (SJL/J x C57BL/1)F1 hybrid mice were given five weekly-injections of small doses of viable SJL/J spleen cells, so as to induce a graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR), reticulum cell sarcomas were induced in all of the host mice by the 40th day after the first cell injection. Such tumors, on transplantation, were accepted by syngeneic (SJL/J x C57BL/1)F1 and C57BL/1 hosts, but not by SJL/J or NZB mice. Cell-free extracts of SJL/J spleens injected into similar hybrids resulted in identical tumors in all hosts within the same period; the transplantation characteristics were also similar. Normal (SJL/J x C57BL/1)F1 hybrids as well as similar hybrids injected with SJL/J liver or syngeneic F1 spleen cells did not develop tumors.
Cell-free preparations of eight tumors induced in F1's by viable SLJ/J spleen cells were injected into newborn (C57BL/1 x A)F1 and C57BL/1 mice: tumors were induced, with seven of eight tumor preparations, with a latent period of 33–49 days. Such tumors were lymphosarcomas, and, in the case of (C57BL/1 x A)F1 hosts, further transplantation revealed that they were antigenically C57BL/1 tumors.
These experiments provide conclusive evidence for a viral etiology of GVHR-induced tumors. Furthermore, tumor induction in the GVHR does not appear to depend specifically on an immunological mechanism but is most probably due to release or activation of a sufficient quantity of oncogenic virus within a certain time period in a highly susceptible host. Comparison with radiation induction of viral leukemia in mice revealed similarities in regard to optimal host age and the spacing of administration of the tumor-inducing agent.
SJL/J mice carry a type C virus which causes a high incidence of spontaneous Hodgkin-like tumors by 1 yr of age; C57BL/1 mice do not develop lymphomas spontaneously but carry a latent leukemogenic virus. Their hybrid also has a low incidence of spontaneous lymphomas. Based on the results of these and previous experiments, the viruses of these strains of mice appear to be highly synergistic in tumor induction in the GVHR. The SJL/J virus is a powerful oncogenic agent. The C57BL/1 virus may be a helper virus to the SJL/J, but is a more powerful determinant of the antigenic composition of the induced tumors. This suggests that the virus of C57BL/1 mice, when activated, is capable of controlling the C57BL/1 genome. Because of the ease and rapidity of viral tumor induction, the SJL/J and C57BL/1 strains of mice, with their F1 hybrid, should be useful for further study of the mechanisms controlling induction of such tumors.
DEPRESSED CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY INTRACRANIAL TUMORS
Authors: Brooks William H. , Netsky Martin G. , Normansell David E. , Horwitz David A. 
Published: June 2004

Tumor immunity in patients with primary intracranial tumors was assessed in relation to the general status of host immunocompetence. Lymphocyte sensitization to tumor-specific membrane antigens was demonstrated by the proliferative response of lymphocytes in the presence of autochthonous tumor cells. Paradoxically, one-half of the patients could not be sensitized to a primary antigen, dinitrochlorobenzene; existing delayed hypersensitivity was also depressed, as measured by skin tests and lymphocyte transformation in response to common antigens.
A heat-stable factor in patients' sera blocked cell-mediated tumor immunity. In addition, these "enhancing" sera consistently suppressed the blastogenic response of autologous and homologous lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and to membrane antigens on allogeneic cells in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. When patients' leukocytes were washed and autologous plasma replaced with normal plasma, reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture increased to normal values.
In vitro immunosuppressive activity in patients' plasma or sera correlated with depressed delayed hypersensitivity. After removal of the tumor, suppressor activity disappeared. IgG fractions of patient sera contained strong immunosuppressive activity. These data suggest that the suppressor factor may be an isoantibody elicited by the tumor that also binds to receptors on the lymphocyte membrane. In addition to specifically blocking cell-mediated tumor immunity, enhancing sera may broadly depress host immunocompetence.
PURIFIED PROTEIN DERIVATIVE OF TUBERCULIN INDUCES IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION IN NORMAL MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Nilsson Bengt S. , Sultzer Barnet M. , Bullock Wesley W. 
Published: June 2004

Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin induced immunoglobulin production in cultures of nonimmune mouse spleen cells, as measured by plaque-forming cells (PFC) against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), horse erythrocytes, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenacetyl-SRBC. The increase started between 15 and 20 h of culture and reached a peak at 48–72 h. Higher PPD concentrations resulted in earlier peak responses than low concentrations. The Ig produced was mainly 19S and of very low avidity. The response elicited by PPD was of the same type as that caused by lipopolysaccharide of bacterial origin. Mitomycin treatment of cells before culture did not change the numbers of PFC/106 recovered cells but the cell recovery was considerably lower.
Also injection of PPD in vivo resulted in increased numbers of PFC. On the basis of these results it is suggested that PPD nonspecifically activates a majority of the B cell population to proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis.
ESCAPE FROM ISOANTISERUM INHIBITION OF LYMPHOCYTE-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: Faanes R. B. , Choi Y. S. , Good R. A. 
Published: June 2004

Isoantiserum (IS) inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) was studied using an in vitro 51Cr release assay system. In the early phase of incubation, LMC was competitively inhibited by IS. However, as the incubation continued, LMC irreversibly overcame IS inhibition (the "escape" phenomenon). Addition of fresh antiserum did not alter the course of the escape. Low-temperature incubation of isoantibody-coated target cells delayed the onset of the escape.
We have excluded the possibility that the escape phenomenon is induced by complement or by LMC mediated by antigen-antibody complex. It is hypothesized that antibody directed toward an actively metabolizing target cell induces an alteration in the cell membrane that alters further interaction with the antibody. However, sensitivity to lymphocyte cytotoxicity is maintained.
SYNERGY AMONG LYMPHOID CELLS MEDIATING THE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST RESPONSE
Authors: Tigelaar Robert E. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: June 2004

Spleen cells from normal adult mice were injected into lethally irradiated adult syngeneic recipients. 24 h later, cell suspensions were prepared from the recipients' spleens or peripheral lymph nodes and tested either alone or combined for their capacity to elicit graft-versus-host (GVH) reactions in neonatal F1 recipients, using the Simonsen spleen weight assay.
Either the lymph node-seeking subpopulation or the spleen-seeking subpopulation alone was markedly deficient in its ability to provide a GVH reaction when compared with the normal population from which it was derived. However, an appropriate mixture of the two had a reactivity characteristic of the parent population. Both subpopulations were sensitive to treatment with anti-θ antibody and complement in vitro.
These results provide a convincing demonstration of the functional heterogeneity within the pool of thymus-derived cells present in a single normal lymphoid tissue. They strongly suggest that the normal expression of GVH reactivity of such a tissue involves an interaction among distinct subpopulations of thymus-derived cells.
SEPARATION OF HUMAN LYMPHOID CELLS INTO G1, S, AND G2 CELL CYCLE POPULATIONS BY USE OF A VELOCITY SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Everson Lloyd K. , Buell Donald N. , Rogentine G. Nicholas 
Published: June 2004

Human lymphoid tissue culture cells can be separated according to cell size and corresponding cell cycle phase with a velocity sedimentation centrifugation method employing a continuous 5–20% wt/wt Ficoll gradient. A 7-fold increase in streaming limit was achieved by placing a buffer zone of isosmolar 5% Ficoll on top of the gradient before application of the cell load.
The various pooled populations of cells from upper, middle, and lower areas of the gradient were characterized using autoradiographic, TCA-precipitable 3H]thymidine incorporation, and Fuelgen microspectrophotometric methods. The upper range of the gradient contains cells in the G1 cell cycle phase; the lower range, cells in the G2 phase; cells found in the middle of the gradient belong largely to the S phase of the cell cycle.
These gradient-separated cell pools contained relatively little contamination with cells from other phases of the cell cycle and, when explanted from the gradient into fresh growth media, showed growth patterns characteristic of synchronized cell populations. This system of cell separation provides a useful tool for investigating the relationship of the cell cycle to surface membrane and metabolic characteristics in human lymphoid cell culture systems.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF GLYCINE-RICH ß-GLYCOPROTEIN TO FACTOR B IN THE PROPERDIN SYSTEM AND TO THE COBRA FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Alper Chester A. , Goodkofsky Ira , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: June 2004

Factor B activity of the properdin system was found to be identical with purified glycine-rich ß-glycoprotein (GBG) but was distinct from the normal human serum protein capable of forming a C3-inactivating complex with a protein from cobra venom (CoF). Factor B activity coincided with electrophoretically separated GBG genetic variants, whereas the CoF-binding protein did not. GBGase destroyed factor B as it cleaved GBG but did not destroy the C3-inactivating activity of the CoF-binding protein. During incubation of serum with CoF, GBG did not change in molecular size, nor was there any coincidence in the immunoelectrophoretic mobilities of CoF and GBG. It was not possible to precipitate labeled CoF incubated with serum by anti-GBG, nor labeled GBG from serum incubated with CoF by anti-CoF.
The CoF-binding capacity of serum was 2 mg/100 ml or less or under 6.5% of the serum concentration of GBG. When labeled CoF was added to serum below the binding capacity, complete complexation of the CoF was demonstrated, whereas CoF was largely uncomplexed when CoF was added in amounts equimolar to GBG.
PROLIFERATION OF DONOR MARROW AND THYMUS CELLS IN THE MYELOID AND LYMPHOID ORGANS OF IRRADIATED SYNGENEIC HOST MICE
Authors: Takada Akikazu , Takada Yumiko 
Published: June 2004

CBA/HT6T6 bone marrow cells (1 x 107) or CBA/H bone marrow cells (1 x 107) plus CBA/HT6T6 thymus cells (5 x 107) were injected intravenously into lethally (800 R) irradiated CBA/H mice. Chromosome analyses of dividing cells in the host lymphoid and myeloid organs were performed at intervals after irradiation.
Donor marrow cells settled and proliferated in the host bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes soon after injection, but donor marrow cells did not proliferate in the host thymus until day 10; then host-type cells were quickly replaced by donor-type cells in the thymus by day 20. On the other hand, donor thymus cells settled and proliferated in the host thymus and lymph nodes soon after injection but they gradually disappeared from these organs. On day 20, a few donor-type dividing cells (of thymus origin) were found in the host lymphoid and myeloid organs.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AND BLOCKING SERUM ACTIVITY TO TOLERATED ALLOGRAFTS IN RATS
Authors: Bansal S. C. , Hellström K. E. , Hellström I. , Sjögren H. O. 
Published: June 2004

W/Fu rats were neonatally inoculated with bone marrow cells from B/N rats and vice versa. Of the inoculated rats, some were capable of accepting a foreign (B/N or W/Fu) skin graft over the period of observation (i.e. for more than 100 days), while other rats rejected their skin grafts as early as control animals (within 8–12 days) or after a prolonged period of acceptance (20–96 days).
Using a microcytotoxicity test, it could be shown that both those rats that rapidly rejected skin grafts and those that kept their grafts during the observation period had lymphocytes capable of destroying cultivated allogeneic cells from the respective strains with whose cells the rats had been inoculated as newborns. The degree of lymphocyte reactivity decreased upon time, so that 4 of 13 rats that had carried "tolerated" skin grafts over more than 84 days had lymphocytes which were nonreactive in the highest dose tested, and the degree of reactivity in the other 9 rats was less than seen early after tolerance induction.
Rats that were capable of accepting skin grafts over prolonged periods of time had sera that could specifically block lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, while sera from rats that had rejected their grafts did not block. Sera from rats that rejected their skin grafts after 20–96 days lost the blocking activity 3–10 days before rejection.
IDIOTYPE EXPRESSION AND THE INHERITANCE OF MOUSE ANTIBODY CLONES
Authors: Eichmann Klaus 
Published: June 2004

The inheritance of idiotypes was investigated using idiotypic antisera against two monoclonal antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrates derived from A/J mice. Each of the two idiotypes was characterized by a special frequency of expression. One of the idiotypes was expressed in more than 80% of A/J mice, the other in less than 20%.
The idiotypes of both antibodies were strain specific and were transmitted to (A/J x BALB/cJ)F1 hybrid mice. Furthermore, both idiotypes remained associated with the A/J heavy chain C region allotype in (A/J x BALB/cJ)F1 hybrid mice. The results suggest that idiotypes are specified by allelic V genes, and that the heavy chain idiotype locus is linked to the heavy chain allotype locus.