bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PROTECTIVE INOCULATION WITH HEAT KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Freund Jules 
Published: June 2004

Heat killed tubercle bacilli repeatedly injected into or below the skin of rabbits increase conspicuously their resistance against infection with virulent tubercle bacilli.
Protection against tuberculous infection following the administration of heat killed tubercle bacilli to rabbits is only slightly less than that given by BCG.
Addition of certain antigens, notably heated horse serum, increases the protection given by heat killed tubercle bacilli so that it is approximately the same as that afforded by BCG.
These experiments and tentative observations of persons exposed to tuberculous infection indicate that heat killed tubercle bacilli may be substituted for the living attenuated microorganism in the attempt to increase resistance against tuberculous infection and to influence favorably the delicate balance between asymptomatic or latent infection and progressive manifest disease that is characteristic of human tuberculosis.
STUDIES ON HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Chandler Caroline A. , Fothergill LeRoy D. , Dingle John H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A comparative study of the mucin virulence of smooth, converted rough, and respiratory strains of H. influenzae was carried out in mice.
2. The smooth strains were found to be significantly more virulent than either the converted rough or respiratory strains.
3. The converted rough and respiratory strains were found to be approximately equal in virulence.
4. A diminution in virulence was observed in those smooth strains which had dissociated spontaneously either partially or completely.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

A crystalline nitrogenous substance recovered from inflammatory exudates induces in cutaneous tissue a rapid migration of polymorphonuclear cells through the endothelial wall of small vessels. For the sake of convenience the tentative name of leukotaxine has been proposed for this active substance which per se is capable of rapidly reproducing the basic sequences of the inflammatory reaction, namely, the initial increased capillary permeability followed by the outward migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Comparison of the effect of various inflammatory irritants (e.g. turpentine or aleuronat) with that of leukotaxine indicates that the migration of cells does not seem to be primarily referable to the initial increase in vascular permeation. Furthermore leukotaxine is definitely chemotactic. It induces an active migration of leukocytes into capillary glass tubes containing this substance.
The relation of leukotaxine to the mechanism of cellular migration at the site of inflammation is pointed out.
DEMONSTRATION OF TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN EXTRACTS OF FUSOBACTERIA
Authors: Weiss Charles , Mercado Dora G. 
Published: June 2004

1. The classification of fusobacteria into types, as suggested by Slanetz and Rettger on the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics, was confirmed. The following additional data are presented: the behavior of types I, II, and III in several previously untested carbohydrates; the final pH in 1 per cent glucose broth; the hydrolysis of starch; the failure to decompose sodium hippurate and citrates; the absence of pathogenicity for several types of experimental animals; and the absence of fibrinolysin and of proteolytic enzymes.
2. By the use of a technic described in the text, it was possible to grow the anaerobic fusobacteria in mass cultures.
3. With the methods of Heidelberger and Kendall, immunologically type specific proteins were extracted from fusobacteria types I, II, and III. This observation, which is in a sense an extension of the work of Lancefield on Streptococcus hemolyticus, group A, represents the second instance of a bacterial protein functioning as a determinant of bacterial types.
4. Preliminary data indicate that group specificity depends upon a carbohydrate which is extractable by the methods of Heidelberger and Avery.
IRON METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

In experimental anemia in dogs due to blood loss the term "available iron" as determined by the dipyridyl test has no physiological significance. Iron salts (100 per cent available by dipyridyl) given in optimum dose (560 mg. per 2 weeks) will cause a net production of 50 to 55 gm. hemoglobin above the control base line in anemic dogs. This means that an iron salt which is rated as 100 per cent available by the dipyridyl test is only 35 per cent physiologically available.
The term "available iron (dipyridyl)" simmers down to iron not in the form of hematin compounds. The absorption of this "available iron" is conditioned by a great variety of factors, many unknown at this time.
Iron is indeed an elusive sprite whose "availability" or comings and goings cannot be determined in dogs by dipyridyl—perhaps only in part by studies of absorption and excretion.
Liver contains "available iron (dipyridyl)" but also organic factors influencing hemoglobin regeneration in anemia as liver ash contains only about 50 per cent the potency of the whole liver.
One can readily dissociate the iron from other potent factors in various tissues. Fractions of heart, liver, spleen, and kidney may contain very little iron yet cause much hemoglobin regeneration in anemic dogs.
No investigator has reported any condition of copper deficiency in man or dog. In fact, in anemias copper is usually above normal concentration in the liver. It is unlikely, therefore, that in experimental anemia in dogs and in the various anemias of man, any significance attaches to the intake of copper.
THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEMOLYSIS BY INDOL IN DOGS FED DEFICIENT DIETS
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Barker W. Halsey , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Indol is more hemolytic in the presence of a deficiency complex than when a normal diet is fed.
2. The hemolytic effect can be abolished by supplementing the deficient diet with liver extract curative of pernicious anemia in man.
3. The hemolysis affects all hemoglobin-containing cells, including reticulocytes.
4. The repair of the anemia resulting from the administration of indol in the presence of a deficiency represents the cessation of a hemolytic process.
5. An abnormally low rate of production of erythrocytes may well be a factor in the production of the anemia.
THE SPARING EFFECT OF CANINE DISTEMPER ON POLIOMYELITIS IN MACACA MULATTA
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Douglass Margaret , Robinson H. E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rhesus monkeys inoculated with canine distemper are relatively or completely immune to experimental poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the distemper.
2. Monkeys convalescent from distemper are not resistant to experimental poliomyelitis.
3. Two monkeys vaccinated with distemper virus responded to poliomyelitis in a modified manner.
4. Distemper antiserum did not influence the course of experimental poliomyelitis in rhesus monkeys.
5. Equine encephalomyelitis and vaccinia encephalitis showed no sparing effect on the course of experimental poliomyelitis.
6. The concurrence of distemper and poliomyelitis in monkeys seems to represent a new immunity mechanism in the virus field.
A GROWTH INHIBITORY SUBSTANCE FOR THE INFLUENZA GROUP OF ORGANISMS IN THE BLOOD OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES
Authors: Krumwiede Elma , Kuttner Ann G. 
Published: June 2004

1. 5 per cent sheep blood agar is a selective medium for beta hemolytic streptococci in throat cultures since sheep blood inhibits the growth of bacillus X (H. hemolyticus) and B. parainfluenzae hemolyticus. The growth of H. influenzae is also inhibited by sheep blood.
2. The inhibitory action of sheep blood resides in the erythrocytes and is thermolabile. Disruption of the cell by laking has no effect upon the inhibitor.
3. The bloods of animals closely related to the sheep, such as the goat and the cow, have a similar inhibitory action on the growth of hemolytic and non-hemolytic members of the influenza group, while human blood contains a similar but less powerful inhibitor for these organisms.
4. Members of the influenza group grow well on unheated rodent blood: rabbit, guinea pig, and rat.
5. These organisms also grow fairly well on unheated horse blood.
HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION IN DOGS FED DIETS CAUSATIVE OF BLACK TONGUE
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. The feeding to dogs of a diet lacking the vitamin B2 (G) complex results in a lowered capacity of the liver to excrete intravenously injected bilirubin.
2. Normal function can be partly restored by supplementing the diet with liver extract.
3. Normal function can be completely restored by feeding a normal diet.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION PRODUCED BY CONSTRICTION OF THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: Child Charles G. 
Published: June 2004

The clinical histories and pathological findings of six animals dying within a few days following bilateral constriction of the renal arteries have been presented. No explanation for the rise in blood pressure was found.
The clinical histories and pathological findings of twelve animals with a sustained hypertension have been considered together with the detailed account of one of these in which a marked degree of arterial disease was found. It has been suggested from the study of this group that, though no cause for the initiation of the hypertension was found, the induced arterial disease might account for its maintenance.
EVIDENCE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS OBTAINED BY THE INTRANASAL ROUTE IN MACACUS RHESUS
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Grossman L. H. , Parker G. C. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported above indicate that the intranasal instillations of pituitrin S and adrephine, alter susceptibility in the rhesus monkey. One-half to two-thirds of the treated animals resisted intranasal infection, and, moreover, most of the resistant animals which had received combined treatment and virus developed active immunity, as indicated by the presence of neutralizing substance in their serums and by their ability to resist intracerebral infection. We have, it appears, not alone modified in some fashion the usual reaction of this animal to intranasal infection, but we have also successfully vaccinated these animals by the nasal route, so that the response in animals more nearly approaches what we believe to be the response in human beings.
We have no knowledge of the mechanism by means of which pituitrin S and adrephine produce this apparent alteration in susceptibility, but since the outcome of continued exposure to virus in most of the animals treated with these substances results in immunity, we believe that this offers a more hopeful approach toward the control of the disease.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The quantitative, absolute method of agglutinin estimation is extended to the reaction between Types I and II pneumococcus R (S) suspensions prepared in various ways and antisera from rabbits injected with these cells.
2. Quantitative estimations of the amount of antibody to pneumococcus C substance are also given.
3. The significance of the data is discussed.
JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS: ITS DIFFERENTIATION FROM ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND RELATIONSHIP TO LOUPING ILL VIRUS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Japanese B encephalitis virus, obtained from Japanese investigators, has proved virulent for mice and monkeys, confirming the reports from Japan. It has also been found virulent for monkeys when instilled intranasally and for sheep when introduced intracerebrally or intranasally.
2. Japanese B encephalitis virus has been differentiated from St. Louis virus and found similar to louping ill virus according to its reactions in animal species. Serologically, however, it is distinct.
3. Japanese B encephalitis and its related group of primary virus encephalitides of man have been discussed with regard to their differentiation and mode of spread.
THE EFFECTS OF ACIDITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN CULTURE MEDIA CONTAINING PROTEINS
Authors: Kelley William H. 
Published: June 2004

In the presence of animal fluids or their protein constituents, Type I Pneumococcus survived and multiplied at acid hydrogen ion concentrations which in the plain broth were bactericidal for these organisms. Minimal numbers of these cells readily produced pneumococcus growth in serum broth when adjusted at hydrogen ion concentration as great as pH 5.5 with hydrochloric, or to pH 6.5 with acetic acid. Growth of the pneumococci could be demonstrated in serum broth adjusted to pH 5.0 with hydrochloric, or to pH 5.5 with acetic acid although at these hydrogen ion concentrations, large amounts of inoculum were necessary. Similar results were obtained with broth to which certain animal proteins were added and in serum broth which was previously heated by autoclave at 20 pounds pressure for 20 minutes.
Pneumococcus growth proceeded at a more rapid rate in serum dextrose broth at pH 6.5 than in dextrose broth alone at the optimal hydrogen ion concentration of pH 7.8. At pH 6.0 large numbers of pneumococci failed to produce the same amount of growth in serum dextrose broth as at pH 6.5 or in dextrose broth alone at pH 7.8. It is of interest that in serum dextrose broth cultures, the stationary and decline phases of pneumococcus growth were prolonged and cell death delayed in comparison with cultures in dextrose broth alone.
THE EXCRETION OF CYANOL, AZOFUCHSIN I AND WATER BY THE KIDNEYS OF RABBITS
Authors: Ehrich William E. , Bartol George M. , Wolf Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The excretion of water has been studied in a large number of experiments on rabbits. After the ingestion of 100 cc. of water, the day before the experiment and as part of the experiment, the average diuresis amounted to 0.6 cc. per minute during a half hour period. The highest individual rate was 1.5 cc. per minute.
2. The excretion of cyanol and of azofuchsin I has also been studied. It has been shown that the cyanol excretion curve closely parallels the inulin excretion curve of Kaplan and Smith. Evidence is presented that cyanol is disposed of entirely or mainly by filtration.
3. The excretion of azofuchsin I is not only very different from that of cyanol or inulin, but almost identical with that of phenol red. Evidence is presented that at low plasma concentration azofuchsin is, in the main, secreted.
IMMUNIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS WITH A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN EXTRACTED FROM PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci killed by acetic acid at pH 4.2, then allowed to become Gram-negative at pH 7.0, under conditions such that no cellular disintegration takes place, release in solution small amounts of a substance which is precipitable by acetic acid, and soluble at neutral reaction.
This soluble fraction injected into rabbits by the intravenous route causes the production of antibodies which afford definite protection to mice infected with virulent pneumococci of Types I, II, and III. Other types were not tried.
White mice immunized with this soluble antigen exhibit some active immunity to virulent pneumococci, but the results have been very irregular so far.
Soluble fractions, similar in properties and with apparently the same immunizing action, have been obtained from both virulent (S) and avirulent (R) cells of pneumococci.
WHITE CELL MORPHOLOGY IN RABBITS WITH INDUCED PERITONEAL EXUDATES
Authors: Ponder Eric , MacLeod John 
Published: June 2004

1. When peritoneal exudates are produced in the rabbit by the injection of a large volume of isotonic saline, nearly all the cells in the exudate are polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and the number contained in a single exudate may exceed the entire number originally present in the circulation.
2. The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the blood stream into the exudate is followed by a stimulation of the marrow, so that the blood stream is filled with young cells, many of which also pass into the exudate. This marrow stimulation, with the resultant shift of the polynuclear count to the left, is probably produced by the absorption of breakdown products of the cells which first appear in the exudate.
3. If exudates are produced repeatedly at intervals of from 4 to 10 days, the marrow responds by throwing younger and younger cells into the circulation, so that the blood stream becomes full of very young polymorphonuclear leucocytes of class I, or even metamyelocytes. If 4 or 5 exudates are produced in rapid succession, the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the circulation are all replaced by metamyelocytes and myelocytes.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Coccobacilliform bodies were regularly demonstrable, in addition to H. gallinarum, in exudate from birds infected with a passage strain of the coryza of rapid onset and long duration (type III). Both agents were present throughout the entire course of the disease.
The characteristics of type III coryza were reproduced by injecting a mixture of the two agents. The behavior of each component was altered by the association, indicative of a synergistic relation.
Evidence that the coccobacilliform bodies might occasionally develop in birds infected with H. gallinarum following transfer by indirect contact was also obtained.
The combined action of the two infective agents adequately accounts for the etiology of this particular strain of type III coryza.
THE AGGLUTINATION OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI BY IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: June 2004

A specific agglutination of Plasmodium knowlesi detectable both by macroscopic and by microscopic methods is described.
Agglutinins for Plasmodium knowlesi appear in the sera of monkeys between 15 and 45 days after the onset of the infection and become progressively stronger as the malarial infection gradually subsides.
Agglutinins persist in the sera of chronically infected animals for a year or longer. The sera of animals which have been repeatedly superinfected agglutinate parasites at dilutions as high as 1:1,000.
Sera from normal monkeys, from monkeys acutely ill with malaria, and from monkeys chronically infected with a different species of malarial parasite (Plasmodium inui) do not agglutinate Plasmodium knowlesi.
Immune serum agglutinates mature intracellular or extracellular parasites but does not agglutinate unparasitized cells or cells containing immature parasites.
The relation of these observations to the mechanism of active and passive immunity in monkey malaria is discussed.
A MENINGO-ENCEPHALITIS IN CHICKS PRODUCED BY THE INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION OF FOWL POX VIRUS
Authors: Buddingh G. John 
Published: June 2004

1. Intracerebral inoculation of fowl pox virus in young chicks produces a disease characterized by the development of drowsiness and somnolence 4 to 5 days after inoculation. This is followed by spastic paralysis and convulsions on the 6th and 7th day. The majority of inoculated chicks die on the 7th or 8th day.
2. The pathological lesions are found chiefly in the meninges, perivascular structures, the choroid plexus, paranasal sinuses, mastoid cells, the bone marrow of the cranial bones, and the orbital tissues. No affinity for nervous tissue per se develops.
3. In this environment the virus has a high virulence for the choroidal plexus epithelium and acquires the capacity for infecting cells of mesodermal origin. All infected cells of whatever origin undergo a similar structural change. Fowl pox inclusions can be demonstrated within them and they become spherical in shape and detached from each other.
4. The virus has been carried through 14 successive intracerebral passages. The symptoms and lesions in the chicks inoculated with the 14th passage showed no marked difference from those of the first passage. No enhancement of the changes brought about in the virus by the intracerebral environment seems to take place upon repeated passage.
VITAL STAINING OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

Trypan blue injected intravenously is bound almost at once by the intercellular connective tissue elements all over the body,—by collagen, reticulin, and elastic fibers.
This union of dye and tissue elements is the factor responsible for the early macroscopic blue color and is antecedent to cellular colloidopexic action.
Different examples of connective tissue differ among themselves in their ability to hold the dye.
Diffuse staining of elastic fibers noted by previous observers is merely a special case of the general affinity of connective tissue for the dye.
The evidence suggests that the histiocytes are cells specialized to segregate noxae that become diffusely bound to the intercellular connective tissue matrix.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF BRUCELLA PRECIPITIN SYSTEMS
Authors: Pennell R. B. , Huddleson I. F. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that the precipitation by the endoantigens of the three species of brucella of their homologous antibodies may be described by equations developed from the law of mass action.
The endoantigens may be used for the accurate calibration of brucella antisera.
The nitrogen-containing constituent of the endoantigens does not always seem to be intimately connected with the ability to precipitate the specific antibodies.
INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Harford Carl G. 
Published: June 2004

Young (12 to 15 day old) mice are approximately as susceptible to the virus of equine encephalomyelitis, Eastern or Western strain, when it is given intraperitoneally as are adult mice when the virus is injected intracerebrally. With this susceptibility by the intraperitoneal route as a basis, the injection of immune serum-virus mixtures intraperitoneally was found to result in protection in dilutions which give rise to infection after intracerebral inoculation.
The difference of protective power by the two indicated routes was shown not to depend on the amount of inoculum nor on the age of the intracerebrally injected mice. Incubation at 37°C. for 2½ hours neither increases nor diminishes the protective action of immune serum when the intraperitoneal method is employed.
The phenomenon of selective protection in different tissues is elicited by the sera of hyperimmunized mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits and by sera derived from horses infected with the disease in nature or exposed to it by contact. Of four horses recovered from the malady, all showed antibody in their sera; of others exposed by contact, four of nine animals revealed antiviral bodies, when the intraperitoneal technique was employed. These tests on horse sera have pointed to the potential value of this procedure for epidemiological studies.
Finally, the reaction itself has significance through its bearing on the mechanism of immunity.