bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elusive Knowledge of Things in Themselves
Authors: Langton Rae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant argued that we have no knowledge of things in themselves, no knowledge of the intrinsic properties of things, a thesis that is not idealism but epistemic humility. David Lewis agrees (in ‘Ramseyan Humility’), but for Ramseyan reasons rather than Kantian. I compare the doctrines of Ramsey an and Kantian humility, and argue that Lewis’s contextualise strategy for rescuing knowledge from the sceptic (proposed elsewhere) should also rescue knowledge of things in themselves. The rescue would not be complete: for knowledge of things in themselves would remain elusive. Reading this may damage your epistemological health. Kant said that we have no knowledge of things as they are in themselves. Perhaps he was wrong. Perhaps you, gentle reader, do have knowledge, right now, of things as they are in themselves. But look out. In the halfhour it takes you to read this, you may lose it. Proceed at your own risk. The idea that we have no knowledge of things in themselves is famously linked with the name of Immanuel Kant. It is not famously linked with the name of David Lewis; yet in ‘Ramseyan Humility’, Lewis has said that he agrees. The thesis that ‘we find out nothing about [things] as they are in themselves’, is ‘true . or at least something very like it is’ [Lewis 2001:1]. &gt; Some may find this surprising. Transcendental idealism seems an unlikely candidate for Lewis’s tolerance, much less his endorsement. But there is no cause for anxiety-or at least, there is not thatcause for anxiety. The candidate in question is not idealism after all, but a kind of epistemic humility, which says that we have no knowledge of the intrinsic propertiesof things. A thesis about the limits of knowledge is not a thesis about the mind-dependence of the known. Humility is not idealism. And humility, I have argued, is what Kant means by his claim that we have no knowledge of things in themselves [Langton 1998]. That interpretation is controversial, but I shall assume it in what follows. It is humility, not idealism, that Lewis defends.
Lewis on Intentionality
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Lewis’s account of intentionality is a version of what he calls ‘global descriptivism’. The rough idea is that the correct interpretation of one’s total theory is the one (among the admissibleinterpretations) that come closest to making it true. I give an exposition of this account, as I understand it, and try to bring out some of its consequences. I argue that there is a tension between Lewis’s global descriptivism and his rejection of a linguistic account of the intentionality of thought. I distinguish some different senses in which Lewis’s theory might permit, or be committed to, a kind of holism about intentional content, and I consider the sense in which Lewis’s account might be said to be an internalistaccount, and the motivation for this kind of internalism. David Lewis’s account of intentional states and intentional content is an internalistone, in a sense: he is a proponent of narrow content. His strategy for solving the problem of intentionality is the most explicit and well developed internalise strategy that I know of, and I think it helps to bring out some consequences that any internalise account will have. Lewis’s constructive proposals along with his criticisms of alternative strategies also throw light on a range of issues that keep recurring in the debates about intentionality, questions about the relation between language and thought, about holism, about the relation between internal and external perspectives on the content of speech acts and propositional attitudes.
Transworld Similarity and Transworld Belief
Authors: Taylor Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relations of trans world similarity play an essential role in Lewis’s system. Analysis reveals that they involve the possibility of detailed trans world belief. Such belief is problematic within Lewis’s framework. He has an answer to the problems raised, but it relies on a dubious distinction between natural and mere properties. Replacing that distinction with a respectable one undermines an essential part of his case against one of his chief opponents, the linguistic ersatzist. David Lewis’s untimely demise leaves a legacy which is a jewel in the crown of 20th Century analytical philosophy-a systematic metaphysical system, with its core doctrines in the theory of possible worlds meticulously detailed, and their implications carefully traced, through semantics and the philosophy of mind, even unto the realms of value theory. It is, then, natural that the lengthy, more-or-less annual visits to Australia, made following his first visit in 1971 as a Gavin David Young Lecturer to the University of Adelaide, should have made a weighty impact on the Australian philosophical community. After all, part of the attraction of the place for him was that its philosophical climate was already predisposed to systematic metaphysics; moreover, even in this age of easy access and communication, Lewis’s contact with the Australian philosophical community as a whole far exceeded that of any comparable external influence over the past twenty years.
The Popularity of Bureaucracy: Involvement in Voluntary Associations
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the engagement with Weber’s theory of bureaucracy since the 1950s has been concerned with whether it really delivers the kind of rational and efficient administration that it purports to (Blau 1956; Crozier 1964; Albrow 1970). It is increasingly clear, however, that for Weber, such arguments miss the point. Weber developed his concept of bureaucracy to differentiate modern forms of organization from those in earlier historical periods. Although Bauman (1988) reminds us (in true Weberian manner) that the ensuing differentiation of means from ends permits bureaucracy to promote all manner of evil, it is this historical focus which explains Weber’s guarded support for bureaucracy (on which see du Gay 2000). Compared with older forms of administration, bureaucratic organizations did not belong to particular social classes, groups, institutions, or entities.1 The inherent differentiation between bureaucratic organizations and their officers allowed the potential for bureaucracies to sustain democratic modes of governance. Although this in no way guaranteed that bureaucracy would lend itself to democracy, Weber’s theory insisted on posing the counter­factual.
The Road To Fairness And Beyond
Authors: Folger Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the realtor’s ‘‘location, location, location’’ mantra, surely ‘‘colleagues, col-leagues, colleagues’’ is key to research and theory building. My debts of that kind are legion. Indeed, one of my concerns about this chronicle is that I might inadvertently omit some names among the friends, relatives, and colleagues who’ve helped me in intellectual quests. For that reason, this preface notes my apologies to those who remain unnoted.
Managing Organizational Knowledge Theoretical And Methodological Foundations
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been more than ten years since a series of papers on knowledge creation was published (Nonaka, 1991, 1994; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995), and we have seen a significant amount of publication concerning knowledge in the management science Weld since then. As one of the most important resources for a Warm, knowledge has been researched and discussed in every aspect of management science, such as strategy, marketing, accounting, organizational science, organizational learning, and economics.
The Experience Of Theorizing Sensemaking As Topic And Resource
Authors: Weick Karl E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of theorizing is much like the experience of sense making. Both consist of actions that are explicative, evocative, equivocality reducing, exegetical, transient, narrative, embedded in paradigms, and meaningful. It is this correspondence that supplies both the topic and the resources for this chapter. And it is respect for this correspondence that is characteristic of the actual process of theory development that will be described. This correspondence is noteworthy since it is often neglected in polished prescriptions for steps to follow when trying to develop theory (e.g., Donaldson, 2003).
The Word Made Flesh: Dualism, Physicalism, and the Incarnation
Authors: Merricks Trenton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Incarnation is beautiful and mysterious, awe-inspiring and humbling. The metaphysics of “embodiment” is, in comparison, drab and petty. And so a paper on the Incarnation that focused on God the Son’s relation to his body would be like a paper on the history of music that focused on the kazoo. Nevertheless, I shall ask: “How is the incarnate God the Son related to his body?”
‘Aarhus Environmental Rights’ in Eastern Europe
Authors: Stec Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention) has been in force since 30 October 2001. Upon entry into force, a disproportionate number of the initial sixteen parties came from the Eastern part of Europe, including accession countries that joined the European Union (EU) in May 2004. Of the current 30 parties, their status &lt;i&gt;vis-a-vis &lt;/i&gt;the EU are as follows: six out of fifteen ‘old’ Member States, nine out of ten New Member States, two out of four candidate countries, two out of four pre-accession countries. Other parties include ten out of twelve countries of the Commonwealth of lndependent States, and Norway.
Ewe Serial Verb Constructions in their Grammatical Context
Authors: Ameka Felix K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serial verb constructions (SVCs) have long been recognized in West African languages (e.g. Christaller 1875; Westermann 1907, 1930) and have been investigated in various frameworks (e.g. Bodomo 2002; Dechaine 1993). Nevertheless, there is very little understanding of their place in the overall grammatical architecture of individual languages (Delplanque 1998). This chapter seeks to describe the features of SVCs in Ewe and to situate them in the grammatical profile of the language. Although Ewe is said to have ‘uncontroversial cases’ of SVCs (Creissels 2000: 240), there is some confusion concerning which structures fall under SVCs (Lord 1993: 2; Co1lins 1997; Agbedor 1994). Another aim of the chapter is therefore to clarify, for Ewe, the relationship between SVC stricto sensu and other multiverb constructions whose functional equivalents may be SVCs in other languages.
Introduction to 1987 Edition
Authors: Hampshire Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interpretation of a great philosopher cannot be altogether independent of the philosophical interests of the interpreter, and any interpretation will always to some degree reflect the predominant arguments in the philosophy of its time. Iri Britain, as else where, philosophical discussion has opened up several new perspectives and new areas of interest since 1951, when this study was first published, in the aftermath of logical positivism and in the first high enthusiasm of the new analytical philosophy. There fore some amplifications and corrections are now needed to do justice to those aspects of Spinoza’s thought which I did not sufficiently stress or develop in 1951, and which seem to me more important now than they did at that time.
Editorial Foreword
Authors: Hampshire Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Stuart Hampshire’s study of the philosophy of Spinoza is one of a series of philosophical works which are to appear in a similar form. In the main this series is devoted to the history of philosophy; it will contain original studies of the work of a number of outstanding philosophers from Plato to Peirce; but it is also to include books on more general topics, such as logic, the theory of knowledge, political philosophy, ethics and the philosophy of science.
Freedom and Morality
Authors: Hampshire Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Man is part of Nature, and therefore the moralist must be a naturalist; no moral philosopher has stated this principle of method more clearly, or adhered to it more ruthlessly, than Spinoza. The actual servitude and unhappiness of man, and his ideally possible freedom and happiness, are both to be impartially deduced and explained as the necessary consequences of his status as a finite mode in Nature; exhortation and appeals to emotion and desire are as useless and as irrelevant in moral as in natural philosophy.
The Nature of Metaphysics
Authors: Hampshire Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways in which a great metaphysical system such as Spinoza’s may be studied and enjoyed; one may appreciate its rigour and consistency very much as a theory in pure mathematics may be appreciated: as a piece of intellectual architecture of which the various parts fit together to form an imposing fabric of abstract concepts. This is certainly not how he himself would have wished his system to be regarded; and such an approach would not bring out its permanent importance as a contribution to philosophy.
Spinoza and the Idea of Freedom
Authors: Hampshire Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I believe that everyone who has ever written about Spinoza, and who has tried to interpret his thought as a whole, either has been, or ought to have been, uneasily aware of some partiality in his interpretation, when he turns once again from his own words to the original. Certainly this is my own position. When the study of Spinoza is reviewed historically, one sees that each commentator, unconsciously faithful to his own age and to his own philosophical culture, has seized upon some one element in Spinoza’s thought; he then proceeds to develop the whole of the philosophy from this single centre.
Ramsey on Universals
Authors: Macbride Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there a fundamental division of objects into two classes, particulars and universals? This was the question that Ramsey set out to address in his 1925 Mind paper ‘Universals’. After considering a variety of different arguments in favour of a fundamental division he came to the sceptical conclusion that there was no reason to suppose such a division between particulars and universals obtained. The theory of universals, Ramsey declared, was ‘nothing but a muddle’ (1925c: 30).
What does subjective decision theory tell us?
Authors: Mellor D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By ‘subjective decision theory’, or ‘SDT’ for short, I shall here mean the common core of the subjective decision theories of Ramsey (1926c), Savage (1972), Jeffrey (1983), and others, ignoring differences of detail. This core theory bases an assessment of decisions to act on two features of the possible outcomes of alternative actions: how probable they are and how valuable they are—or rather, how probable and valuable we think they are as we make our decisions. For the probabilities and values which SDT invokes are not objective chances or values, if such there be. They are measures of how strongly, while deciding how to act, we believe in and desire various possible outcomes of our actions.
Introduction
Authors: Misak Cheryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Robert Westbrook, our best intellectual historian of pragmatism, notes, pragmatists have always disagreed amongst themselves about the content of the position. Charles Sanders Peirce, the founder of the doctrine, quickly denied paternity of the child James had adopted and announced he would henceforth refer to his own doctrine as ‘pragmaticism’, a word ‘ugly enough to be safe from kidnappers’. John Dewey, though deeply indebted to James’s thinking, nonetheless took care to distinguish his own ‘instrumentalism’ from what he took to be James’s more tender-minded efforts to use pragmatism to secure religious belief. Peirce, in turn, responded to Dewey’s praise of his essay on ‘What Pragmatism Is’ (1905) with a puzzled letter noting that Dewey’s instrumental logic ‘forbids all such researches as those which I have been absorbed in for the last eighteen years’. (Westbrook 2005: 1)
Forty Years of Experience with Epilepsy in Africa
Authors: King David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperatures are rising. Last year we experienced the warmest recorded day ever in the UK; over the past hundred years, average global temperatures have risen by 0.6°C, and the ten warmest years on record have occurred since 1990. In summer 2003, an unprecedented heatwave swept across Europe causing up to 30,000 deaths and 13.5 billion euros worth of damage (UNEP/DEWA∼Europe, 2004) and was more than 2 degrees hotter than the previous record. The consensus among climatologists is that we are now experiencing the first effects of global warming, and that more extreme events could well be on their way. I believe that global warming is the most serious threat facing our world today. In this chapter, I discuss the evidence for this bold statement, and describe the current attempts by the UK government to try to combat this menace both as an individual nation and as part of a concerted international effort. How do we know that we are now experiencing the effects of global warming, rather than a natural blip in the climate cycle? After all, Europe experienced a ‘mini ice age’ lasting from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century; could this latest trend simply be part of a natural ‘mini warm age’? The evidence strongly suggests otherwise. There has been a widespread retreat of mountain glaciers in non-polar regions, many dating back 12,000 years, during the twentieth century; this ice evidence for global warming over the past century corroborates global measurements of temperature.
Uncertainty and Climate-change Policy
Authors: Ingham Alan , Ulph Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major issues in climate-change policy is the considerable uncertainty that surrounds many of the elements needed, in terms of the scientific understanding of the processes driving climate change, for example the risk of possible catastrophic effects of climate change, the impacts of any such changes on society and the economy, for example, the extent of adaptation that might take place, and the economic values to be attached to these impacts, for example the appropriate social discount rate or equity weights. This raises the obvious first question of how such uncertainties should affect decisions about the current level of abatement of greenhouse-gas emissions and hence about the correct current value of the social cost of carbon (SCC). What would be the difference in policy if explicit account is taken of uncertainties, as opposed to ignoring such uncertainties? This question is addressed in section 2 of this chapter. However, the issues surrounding uncertainty are considerably more complex than just comparing policy outcomes with uncertainty with policy outcomes when uncertainties are ignored. For some of these uncertainties will be resolved through the process of further research, for example as exemplified in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This process of learning raises a crucial timing question.
Modal Fictionalism and Analysis
Authors: Kim Seahwa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modal fictionalism was proposed as an attempt to keep the possible worlds framework but avoid the ontological commitment of this framework. While the modal realist analyzes modal claims by means of non-modal claims about possible worlds, the modal fictionalist takes this framework as a fiction, and analyzes modal claims in terms of the content of this fiction, calling it PW. Then, when P is an arbitrary modal claim, and P* is the realist’s translation of P, the modal fictionalist will assert every instance of the following schema: P iff according to PW, P*.
Moral Fictionalism
Authors: Joyce Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the very last page of his book Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, John Mackie (1977) suggests that moral discourse-which he has argued is deeply error-laden-can continue with the status of a ‘useful fiction’. I presume that most people will agree, for a variety of reasons, that morality is in some manner useful. The problem, though, is that its usefulness may depend upon its being believed, but if we have read the earlier stages of Mackie’s book and have been convinced by his arguments, then surely the possibility of believing in morality is no longer an option. Even if we somehow could carry on believing in it, surely we should not, for any recommendation in favor of having false beliefs while, at some level, knowing that they are false, is unlikely to be good advice.
Elections And Electoral Systems In The Americas: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean
Authors: Nohlen Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This data handbook on Elections in the Americas is part of a wider project covering electoral data worldwide. While political scientists have been accustomed to finding information on elections ordered by country based on their economic, social and political levels of development (for example Mackie/ Rose 1991), the collection of data in this handbook follows continental lines. This is the third installment in the series, following volumes focusing on Africa in 1999 and on Asia and the Pacific (two volumes) in 2001.
Telling Pictures: The Place of Narrative in Late Modern ‘Visual Art’
Authors: Davies David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helen Chadwick’s Viral Landscapes (1988 – 9) consists of five photographs, each three metres wide, in enamelled frames. The photographs are of the Pembrokeshire coastline, with a monochromatic rectangle to the left of each image and with smearings of paint and of what looks to be cellular matter superimposed over the entire manifold. This much one can tell by looking at the objects hanging on the gallery wall and the appended labels. However, if one reads Mark Sladen’s commentary (2004) on Chadwick’s work in the catalogue for the recent retrospective at the Barbican Gallery, one learns that the cells are samples taken from the artist’s own body, that the images of smeared paint were produced by pouring paint onto the sea and dragging a canvas through the waves, and that the various elements were merged using computer-imaging technology.
Emergency Conditionals Art & Language
Authors: Goldie Peter , Schellekens Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We were surprised to be invited to speak at the conference on Philosophy and Conceptual Art. In fact the invitation was made to Charles Harrison. He is sometimes an academic. But he felt (a) that it would be inappropriate to respond as such, and (b) that together we would probably represent our relations with philosophy (whatever that is) to greater practical purpose; that’s to say that we might be able to represent our practice — as something that absorbs or spits out ‘philosophy’ — in such a way as to reflect the thirty-odd years of our conversation.
Guilt, Bad Conscience, and Self-punishment in Nietzsche’s Genealogy
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Treatise of On the Genealogy of Morality, entitled ‘ “Guilt,” “Bad Conscience,” and Related Matters’, has been comparatively poorly served by extended commentary. The essay admittedly follows a winding path even by Nietzsche’s standards, but I hope to reveal a central train of thought from which its many byways branch off. The central train of thought is that having a bad conscience or feeling guilty is a way in which we satisfy a fundamental need to inflict cruelty. This is achieved by turning the exercise of cruelty inwards, upon the self rather than others, and by interpreting such cruelty as a legitimate form of punishment of oneself.