bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes observed in low power JET deuterium–tritium plasmas
Authors: Oliver H.J.C. , Sharapov S.E. , Štancar Ž. , Fitzgerald M. , Tholerus E. , Breizman B.N. , Dreval M. , Ferreira J. , Figueiredo A. , Garcia J. , Hawkes N. , Keeling D.L. , Puglia P.G. , Rodrigues P. , Tinguely R.A. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Joint European Torus recently carried out an experimental campaign using a plasma consisting of both deuterium (D) and tritium (T). We observed a high-frequency mode using a reflectometer and an interferometer in a D-T plasma heated with low power neutral beam injection,

P

N
B
I

=
11.6

MW

. This mode was observed at a frequency

f
=
156

kHz

and was located at major radii

3.1
⩽
R
(
m
)
⩽
3.3

. The observed mode was identified as a toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) using the linear MHD code, MISHKA. Beam ions and fusion-born alpha particles were modelled using the full orbit particle tracking code LOCUST, which produces smooth distribution functions suitable for stability calculations without analytical fits or the use of moments. We calculated the stability of the 21 candidate modes using the HALO code. These calculations revealed that beam ions can drive TAEs with toroidal mode numbers

n
⩾
8

with linear growth rates

γ
b

/

ω
∼
1
%

, while TAEs with n < 8 are damped by the beam ion population. Alpha particles drive modes with significantly smaller linear growth rates,

γ
α

/
ω
≲
0.1
%

due to the low alpha power generated almost exclusively by beam-thermal fusion reactions. Non-ideal effects were calculated using complex resistivity in the CASTOR code, leading to an assessment of radiative, collisional, and continuum damping for all 21 candidate modes. Ion Landau damping was modelled using Maxwellian distribution functions for bulk D and T ions in HALO. Radiative damping, the dominant bulk damping mechanism, suppresses modes with high toroidal mode numbers. Comparing the drive from energetic particles with damping from thermal particles, we find all but one of the candidate modes are damped. The single net-driven n = 9 TAE with a net growth rate

γ

n
e
t

/

ω
=
0.02
%

matches experimental observations with a lab frequency

f
=
163

kHz

and location

R
=
3.3

m

. The TAE was driven by co-passing particles through the

v
∥

=

v
A

/

5

resonance. Both co- and counter-passing alpha particles drive the TAE through the

v
∥

=

v
A

/

3

resonance. Additional sideband resonances contribute significant drive for both beam and alpha particles.
Experiments on excitation of Alfvén eigenmodes by alpha-particles with bump-on-tail distribution in JET DTE2 plasmas
Authors: Sharapov S.E. , Oliver H.J.C. , Garcia J. , Keeling D.L. , Dreval M. , Goloborod’Ko V. , Kazakov Ye.O. , Kiptily V.G. , Štancar Ž. , Bonofiglo P.J. , Coelho R. , Craciunescu T. , Ferreira J. , Figueiredo A. , Fil N. , Fitzgerald M. , Nabais F. , Nocente M. , Puglia P.G. , Rivero-Rodriguez J. , Rodrigues P. , Salewski M. , Tinguely R.A. , Zakharov L.E. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dedicated experiments were performed in JET DTE2 plasmas for obtaining an α-particle bump-on-tail (BOT) distribution aiming at exciting Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). Neutral beam injection-only heating with modulated power was used so that fusion-born α-particles were the only ions present in the MeV energy range in these DT plasmas. The beam power modulation on a time scale shorter than the α-particle slowing down time was chosen for modulating the α-particle source and thus sustaining a BOT in the α-particle distribution. High-frequency modes in the toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE) frequency range and multiple short-lived modes in a wider frequency range have been detected in these DT discharges with interferometry, soft x-ray cameras, and reflectometry. The modes observed were localised close to the magnetic axis, and were not seen in the Mirnov coils. Analysis with the TRANSP and Fokker-Planck FIDIT codes confirms that α-particle distributions with BOT in energy were achieved during some time intervals in these discharges though no clear correlation was found between the times of the high-frequency mode excitation and the BOT time intervals. The combined magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic modelling studies show that the high-frequency mode in the TAE frequency range is best fitted with a TAE of toroidal mode number n= 9. This mode is driven mostly by the on-axis beam ions while the smaller drive due to the pressure gradient of α-particles allows overcoming the marginal stability and exciting the mode (Oliver et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion submitted). The observed multiple short-lived modes in a wider frequency range are identified as the on-axis kinetic AEs predicted in Rosenbluth and Rutherford (1975 Phys. Rev. Lett.
34 1428).
Tritium neutral beam injection on JET: calibration and plasma measurements of stored energy
Authors: King D.B. , Sharma R. , Challis C.D. , Bleasdale A. , Delabie E.G. , Douai D. , Keeling D. , Lerche E. , Lennholm M. , Mailloux J. , Matthews G. , Nicassio M. , Štancar Ž. , Wilson T. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neutral beam injection (NBI) is a flexible auxiliary heating method for tokamak plasmas, capable of being efficiently coupled to the various plasma configurations required in the Tritium and mixed deuterium-tritium experimental campaign on the Joint European Torus (JET) device. High NBI power was required for high fusion yield and alpha particle studies and to provide mixed deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuelling in the plasma core, it was necessary to operate the JET NBI systems in both deuterium and tritium. Further, the pure tritium experiments performed required T NBI for high isotopic purity and reduced 14 MeV neutron yield. Accurate power calibrations are also essential to machine safety. Previously on JET there have been a number of questions raised on the NBI power calibration, in particular following the Trace Tritium Experiments (TTEs). Operator activities on the tokamak NBI system, including calibrations, were performed in 2020. Following these activities, a series of plasma experiments were devised to further corroborate the T NBI power by comparing the plasma response to the D NBI power. A series of stationary, L-mode plasmas were performed on JET with different beam combinations used in different phases of the same pulse. By comparing the plasma response for D and T NBI it was possible to corroborate the T NBI power calibration using the D NBI power calibration. The stored energy as measured by magnetic diagnostics, corrected for fast particle stored energy, show that the uncertainty in NBI power calibration in T is comparable to that in D.
Tritium removal from JET-ILW after T and D–T experimental campaigns
Authors: Matveev D. , Douai D. , Wauters T. , Widdowson A. , Jepu I. , Maslov M. , Brezinsek S. , Dittmar T. , Monakhov I. , Jacquet P. , Dumortier P. , Sheikh H. , Felton R. , Lowry C. , Ciric D. , Banks J. , Buckingham R. , Weisen H. , Laguardia L. , Gervasini G. , de la Cal E. , Delabie E. , Ghani Z. , Gaspar J. , Romazanov J. , Groth M. , Kumpulainen H. , Karhunen J. , Knipe S. , Aleiferis S. , Loarer T. , Meigs A. , Noble C. , Papadopoulos G. , Pawelec E. , Romanelli S. , Silburn S. , Joffrin E. , Tsitrone E. , Rimini F. , Maggi C.F. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the second Deuterium–Tritium Campaign (DTE2) in the JET tokamak with the ITER-Like Wall (ILW) and full tritium campaigns that preceded and followed after the DTE2, a sequence of fuel recovery methods was applied to promote tritium removal from wall components. The sequence started with several days of baking of the main chamber walls at 240 °C and at 320 °C. Subsequently, baking was superimposed with Ion-Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) and Glow Discharge Conditioning (GDC) cleaning cycles in deuterium. Diverted plasma operation in deuterium with different strike point configurations, including a Raised Inner Strike Point (RISP) configuration, and with different plasma heating—Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF) and Neutral Beam Injection (NBI)—concluded the cleaning sequence. Tritium content in plasma and in the pumped gas was monitored throughout the experiment. The applied fuel recovery methods allowed reducing the residual tritium content in deuterium NBI-heated plasmas to about 0.1% as deduced from neutron rate measurements. This value is well below the requirement of 1% set by the maximum 14 MeV fusion neutron budget allocated in the ensuing deuterium plasma campaign. The quantified tritium removal over the course of the experiment was

13.4
±
0.7

×

10

22

atoms or

0.67
±
0.03

g with ∼58% attributed to baking, ∼12.5% to ICWC, ∼26% to GDC, and ∼3.5% to first low power RISP plasmas. The experimentally estimated amount of removed tritium is in good agreement with long-term tritium accounting by the JET tritium reprocessing plant, in which the unaccounted amount was reduced by

0.71

g after the cleaning experiment.
Isotope physics of heat and particle transport with tritium in JET-ILW type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas
Authors: Schneider P.A. , Angioni C. , Auriemma F. , Bonanomi N. , Görler T. , Henriques R. , Horvath L. , King D. , Lorenzini R. , Nyström H. , Maslov M. , Ruiz J. , Szepesi G. , Challis C.D. , Chomiczewska A. , Delabie E. , Fontdecaba J.M. , Frassinetti L. , Garcia J. , Giroud C. , Hillesheim J. , Hobirk J. , Kappatou A. , Keeling D.L. , Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E. , Lennholm M. , Lomanowski B. , Luda di Cortemiglia T. , Maggi C.F. , Menmuir S. , Pucella G. , Thorman A. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As part the DTE2 campaign in the JET tokamak, we conducted a parameter scan in T and D-T complementing existing pulses in H and D. For the different main ion masses, type-I ELMy H-modes at fixed plasma current and magnetic field can have the pedestal pressure varying by a factor of 4 and the total pressure changing from

β

N

=
1.0

to 3.0. We investigated the pedestal and core isotope mass dependencies using this extensive data set. The pedestal shows a strong mass dependence on the density, which influences the core due to the strong coupling between both plasma regions. To better understand the causes for the observed isotope mass dependence in the pedestal, we analysed the interplay between heat and particle transport and the edge localised mode (ELM) stability. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic ELM cycle model with basic transport assumptions and a realistic neutral penetration. The temporal evolution and resulting ELM frequency introduce an additional experimental constraint that conventional quasi-stationary transport analysis cannot provide. Our model shows that a mass dependence in the ELM stability or in the transport alone cannot explain the observations. One requires a mass dependence in the ELM stability as well as one in the particle sources. The core confinement time increases with pedestal pressure for all isotope masses due to profile stiffness and electromagnetic turbulence stabilisation. Interestingly, T and D-T plasmas show an improved core confinement time compared to H and D plasmas even for matched pedestal pressures. For T, this improvement is largely due to the unique pedestal composition of higher densities and lower temperatures than H and D. With a reduced gyroBohm factor at lower temperatures, more turbulent drive in the form of steeper gradients is required to transport the same amount of heat. This picture is supported by quasilinear flux-driven modelling using TGLF-SAT2 within Astra. With the experimental boundary condition TGLF-SAT2 predicts the core profiles well for gyroBohm heat fluxes

>

15

, however, overestimates the heat and particle transport closer to the turbulent threshold.
Minimization of the edge modes and near fields of a travelling wave array antenna for WEST
Authors: Maquet V. , Ragona R. , Durodié F. , Hillairet J. , Milanesio D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The travelling wave array (TWA) antenna has been proposed as a promising alternative for ion cyclotron resonant heating in future fusion reactors. In this study, the possibility to make a TWA compatible with a tungsten environment like the WEST tokamak is assessed. For this purpose, two aspects of the antenna are investigated: the power spectrum and the near fields excited by the antenna. The sensitivity of these parameters to load and capacitor layout variations is taken into account while satisfying a proper antenna frequency response. The sensitivity of the power spectrum to frequency variation is also investigated to allow the possibility of fast feedback of the power deposition into the core plasma of WEST. The high resilience of the TWA to these variations is demonstrated and the main parameters of the TWA expected in WEST are compared to a current WEST antenna for the same loading. Possible optimizations of the TWA antenna are discussed. The present study is fully transferable to a fusion reactor like DEMO or ARC.
Utilizing LANDSAT data and the Maximum Likelihood Classifier for Analysing Land Use Patterns in Shimoga, Karnataka
Authors: Ganesh Babitha , Vincent Shweta , Pathan Sameena , Benitez Silvia Raquel Garcia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The loss of natural resources has been linked to rapid and invasive urbanization, which in turn worsens the local environment’s scenery and conditions. Preparation of a land use land cover(LULC) map is one of the methods to observe the changes in the geological structure of the study area. The LULU map gives an idea of changes that are occurring during the specified period which will in turn helps in suggesting the measures to be taken to prevent the chances of natural disasters that might occur because of these changes. This study uses a collection of LANDSAT images to evaluate changes in LULC in the Shimoga district for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020. For the classification and creation of LULC maps for the chosen periods, a supervised technique using a Maximum Likelihood Classifier(MLC) has been used. Waterbodies, urban areas, forest areas, and agricultural land have been recognized as the main classes of LULC. The overall accuracy of these maps has been evaluated while taking into account ground facts from Google Earth Pro. The overall accuracy for classification obtained is 85.03% for 2010, 85.27% for 2015, and 85.61% for 2020. The classifier created using LANDSAT scenes and the MLC approach performs well for the research area, as seen by the Kappa index values of 0.8, 0.8, and 0.81 for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. The study’s findings indicate that over ten years, the proportion of built-up areas has expanded from 2.8% to 5.4%. When a 2.49% increase occurs in just 10 years, it is necessary to be concerned given the rise of only 1.6% over the previous 40 years. It can also be observed that the proportion of agricultural land has expanded while the fraction of forests has diminished in the study area. The findings of this study are useful in determining that LULC changes are one of the causes of natural disasters including landslides, floods, and forest fires.
Performance analysis of machine learning algorithms: Single Model VS Ensemble Model
Authors: Pawar Arti , Manjula Shenoy K , Prabhu Srikanth , Guruprasad Rai D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that predicts several naturally occurring events by training a model with some data and then using unseen data to test it. This paper seeks to analyze the performances of single and ensemble machine learning algorithms on the Cleveland Heart disease data set. Experimental study proves that the accuracy score and area under the ROC curve in the ensemble machine learning model is higher than the single machine learning model in predicting non-CVD and CVD patients.
Handwritten Kannada Character Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning
Authors: Madhu S B , Aravinda C V , Sannidhan M S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Handwritten Kannada Character Recognition is special field of pattern recognition as different human being will have their own handwritten styles, machine considers even noise as a pattern. In order to classify each character, we present Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning techniques. Here we use 74k dataset and labelling individual character as one class totally we had made 25 classes. Initially we pre-process each image of character to remove noise, convert to gray-scale, applied gaussian blur and canny edge detection and cropped the images and at last resizing it. These methods help in training neural networks to recognize the characters with good accuracy. Then we apply transfer learning to same dataset, here we resize image into three-dimensional and convert images into gray-scale and using xception we train the model. Even though a few of the kannada language’s characters have similarities, this model can accurately categorise each character to the appropriate class and identify it with better accuracy than CNN.
A Comparative Study Of Algorithmic Efficiency Of Feature Selection Algorithm On Microarray
Authors: Shankari B Uma , kumar C Arun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A key challenge before classification can take place is feature selection. An effective feature selection method would increase classification accuracy and simultaneously reduce computation costs and time. A variety of filter approaches, along with different search algorithms, were considered in this study. Five traditional classifiers were evaluated on the selected gene subsets: Random Forest, Sequential minimal optimization algorithm, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and K-Nearest Neighbour. The datasets chosen for this analysis are the microarray gene expression data of two types of cancers: Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL)/Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) and Lung cancer. According to the experimental results, a fuzzy rough subset combined with Genetic Search selects optimal relevant gene subsets and produces significantly good classifier accuracy. Compared to classical classifiers described here, this research finds that Random Forest classifiers yield 94.33% on the raw dataset and 100% classifier accuracy after applying feature selection methods. Utilizing conventional methods like Precision, Recall, F-Score, and Region of Characteristics, MCC Matthews correlation coefficient, results are validated.
Osteoporosis Detection Using Deep Learning on X-Ray images of Human Spine
Authors: Mane Pallavi R , Vemulapalli Jaswant , Reddy Nallamilli Srikar , Anudeep Nelanutala , Prabhu Ghanashyama 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a condition, which results in weakness of bones, and its effects grow detrimental as the person ages. Currently, there is no proven cure for Osteoporosis, so early detection is the most prudent way to slow down its effects. The work implements classification models based on CNN and other deep learning models to detect and classify osteoporosis using human spine X-ray image datasets made publicly available by kaggle. This paper presents various deep learning models incorporating transfer learning on hybrid combinations to train and test for better results. Result conveyed through accuracy, Confusion Matrix, Precision, Recall, F1 score, AUC, and observes considerable improvement when compared to previous works.
Design and implementation of a Low power Adder Circuit Using LECTOR Technique
Authors: Sai Surendra CA , Yashwanth N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work implements a 1-bit FA circuit with the CMOS logic with XOR-XNOR combinations. For sum and carry, pass transistors are used to generate the output by combining with XOR, XNOR and CMOS design, and the optimised full adder is implemented with the help of LECTOR technique to control the leakage power. As scaling of CMOS technology has shown improvement in the speed but the leakage power are left to act as major effect. low power VLSI is a new discipline in which high power consumption is becoming an important criteria. But when refers to battery life, high power dissipation is not recommended for device applications. It affects performance, raises cooling expenses, and shortens battery capacity. The switching, dynamic and leakage power changes the inputs significantly. There are several typical reduction strategies available to lower the energy of circuits. By implementing the reduced FA with the leakage power control technique the number of transistors reduced than the normal full adder. The proposed design has static and total power of 5.08nw and 8.33uw for XNOR and for XOR of 12.36nw and 8.56uw. A FA is designed using these technique the obtained results for static and total power are 12.38uw 8.58uw. For the above circuits, a comparison of various static and total power dissipations is conducted. CADENCE-VIRTUOSO is used to simulate circuits using 90nm technology with a 1.2V power supply.
Exploring Design Optimisation Techniques of a Radio Telescope Using Fixed Costing Constraints
Authors: Iyer Aditya Arun , Prabhu Gautham Manuru , Gupta Tanay , Deshmukh Shrey , Rivankar Rushit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cost optimization is a common problem encountered in the design of telescopes. This paper comprehensively discusses various radio telescope designs worldwide, focusing on their design and utilities. It contextualizes the Pulsar data challenge and subsequently discusses and develops a mathematical model for designing radio telescopes. The model assumes a fixed-cost budget. This paper expands current ideas of modeling the system using figure-of-merit equations and optimizing them based on a fixed budget to obtain optimal and affordable radio telescope designs.
Design and Analysis of Four Port Router for Network-On-Chip Applications
Authors: Samanth Rashmi , Nayak Subramanya G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
System-On-Chip (SoC) is a popular VLSI technology that integrates multiple devices onto a single chip. The Network-On-Chip (NOC) concept, which is a novel paradigm in sophisticated System-On-Chip designs that offers efficient communication throughout the on-chip networks, is used to communicate amongst various devices. The router is the main component in an NoC architecture that is responsible for routing information. Packets are sent through a network by an NoC made up of routers. A routing algorithm divides packets into flow control digits (flits) and determines their paths. The placement of routers is determined by the network topology. In the present work, the main target is to design and analyse the router, which is primarily based on a number of critical factors, including topology, routing algorithm, and packet format. The performance of the suggested router is evaluated and compared to that of the Conventional Wormhole Router (CWHR) with respect to power and slack time (ST). When compared to a traditional wormhole router, the proposed router architecture has 18% less slack. As a result, total power consumption is reduced by 29.3% as compared to traditional wormhole architecture. The architecture is synthesized using Cadence Encounter RTL Compiler using standard 65nm technology.
Review of LOFAR and its application on Pulsars
Authors: Andharmule Saransh , Mutha Mayank Jain Banda , Kothari Siya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pulsars are magnetized neutron stars which have provided us a great insight into the evolution of the neutron stars themselves. We here present the application of the existing LOFAR technology on Pulsar observation, since LOFAR observes the unexplored frequencies of 10-240 MHz. This paper summarizes the system design of LOFAR and shows how this can be used to observe the Pulsars, since recent studies have presented that pulsars observation is possible in the low frequency range.