bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Threats to Judicial Independence
Authors: Schwartz Alex 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are many ways in which governments or legislatures may attempt to curb the power or independence of the judiciary. Such efforts, often called ‘court curbing’, have important implications for the study of judicial behaviour; the research in this field suggests not only that judicial decisions can provoke court curbing but also that the threat of court curbing will motivate judges to constrain their own decisions strategically. Court curbing is also a matter of great practical concern; threats to independent judicial power may prefigure attacks on other values or institutions that people care about and, in extreme cases, herald a turn to authoritarian government. This chapter considers theory and evidence concerning several factors that might encourage court curbing (i.e. ideological polarization, political ‘self-defence’, ‘position taking’, and populism) as well as other factors that might discourage court curbing (i.e. constitutional impediments, veto players and political fragmentation, political competition, and public support for the judiciary). The chapter concludes by highlighting some promising pathways for future research in this area.
Attitudinal Judging
Authors: Solberg Rorie , Waltenburg Eric N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
It is conventional wisdom that preferences affect the decisional behaviour of judges sitting on US courts, and for some time now, the ‘attitudinal model’ has been transported beyond the US context. Given the attitudinal model’s scope of use, the discipline would be well served by taking an inventory of the literature on the effects of ideology and partisanship as measures of attitudinal predispositions on judicial behaviour. How have these concepts been operationalized, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of the various measurement strategies? What do we know, and what remains unsettled? Perhaps most importantly, where should we go next? This chapter presents a ‘best evidence synthesis’ of the literature on partisanship, ideology, and judicial behaviour paying particular attention to analyses examining the effect of partisanship or ideology on judicial behaviour in courts other than those located in the United States. It shows that attitudinal voting is widespread among the world’s judges, but the magnitude of the effect of preferences is not uniform. A variety of forces bear upon the degree to which judicial preferences shape judicial outputs.
Accelerating the Race to Net-Zero Through Open Innovation
Authors: Zobel Ann-Kristin , Comello Stephen , Falcke Lukas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
If the world is to avoid the worst consequences of climate change, the global economy must achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. In response, the number of corporate carbon reduction pledges has been skyrocketing. However, firms face an abundance of challenges in their efforts: (1) to pledge, measure, disclose, (2) to reduce, and (3) to remove their carbon emissions. This chapter begins to explore how firms can harness the benefits of open innovation to advance their quest to net-zero. It proposes a preliminary framework that stipulates how firms can open up and collaborate with partners: (1) to set clear net-zero goals and overcome measurement issues, (2) to test, scale, and deploy carbon reduction technologies, and (3) to build carbon removal markets with quality control. This framework is intended to inspire further research and corporate analysis on how to accelerate and overcome the hurdles in the race to net-zero.
Opening Up Open Innovation
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Gilsing Victor 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Two main arguments are developed in this chapter. First, the chapter tackles the asymmetry in roles of outside-in and inside-out open innovation (OI) in the literature. Outside-in OI is assumed to play predominantly a strategic role. In contrast, inside-out OI has been predominantly perceived to have a financial return: It is a mechanism to allow underutilized ideas to go outside the organization for others to deploy them in their businesses. This chapter focuses on the monetary role of outside-in OI and the strategic role of inside-out OI, leading to a more balanced appreciation of both modes of open innovation. Second, it explores the possibilities of using open innovation strategically once beyond the context of new product or service development. As a result of this exercise, the concept of “outside-out” open innovation is introduced, which allows companies to apply open innovation in a wider set of contexts, with more diverse partners and where the governance of the collaboration resonates with the current innovation ecosystem literature.
The Future of Open Innovation
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka , Chesbrough Henry , Vanhaverbeke Wim , West Joel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
For the past two decades, Open Innovation has been a promising and useful concept for guiding academics, practitioners, and policymakers. The applied nature of Open Innovation and its very diverse, inclusive, and open community made it stand out from other theories, concepts, and paradigms. Even though Open Innovation has been studied in different modes, contexts, and on different levels of analysis, it is not a theory of everything. This chapter builds on the richness of excellent contributions to the Oxford Handbook of Open Innovation to provide an overview of the newly emerging contexts (what), new methodologies and data (how), and the rationale for the importance of these upcoming studies (why) to complement and further extend the Open Innovation as a field of knowledge.
The Inner and Outer Worship
Authors: Lidke Jeffrey S. , Akshunna L. S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The interwoven rhythms of domestic and temple practice in Nepal operate under an indigenous logic of unity-within-multiplicity (bhedhābheda-vāda), grounded in the theological perception that one supreme goddess has manifested herself as an embodied cosmos (kula), replete with a multiplicity of tantric gods and goddesses who in turn are embedded in the lands, shrines, and homes of Nepāla-Maṇḍala. Just as that goddess projects creation internally onto the screen of her own being, thus playfully exhibiting that “inside” and “outside” are mutually interwoven, necessary, relative, and complementary facets of divine consciousness, so Nepālī tāntrikas intertwine internally focused meditative and visual practices (antar-yāga) together with externally oriented liturgical exercises (bahir-yāga) in both their domestic and temple contexts. Whether inwardly focused or outwardly focused, and whether in the privacy of their home shrine-rooms or in public display in a temple courtyard or other communal ritual context, these tantric practitioners—be they lay adepts or temple priests—share a common caste-transcendent identity as adherents of Nepālī Sarvāmnāya Tantra, the Tantra of the Total Revelation, being the composite revelatory system of the six transmissions (ṣaḍāmnāya) associated with the six faces of their Lord Paśupati.
Anna Julia Cooper and Philosophy
Authors: Falkenstern Rachel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Anna Julia Cooper (1858/9–1964) was an intellectual powerhouse, dedicated educator, and tireless activist, best known for her Black feminism. Her written output on topics ranging from feminist theory to literary criticism to the intertwined politics of the Haitian and French Revolutions spanned her entire adult life, most famously, in her 1892 collection A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South. This chapter focuses on philosophical concepts found in Cooper’s work, especially as they are treated in contemporary philosophy and related fields. It puts recent English-language academic philosophy about Cooper into conversation with Cooper's research in adjacent fields such as women’s studies and African American studies. The topics treated are: education, classicism, activism; moral critiques of social-political power, progress, and oppression; ethics and epistemology, pragmatism and American philosophy; and a few words on existentialism and aesthetics as concluding remarks.
Unbundling Threats
Authors: Pekkanen Saadia M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGreat power competition between the United States and China in the space domain is indicated by a bipolarity of alliances. At present, two contending sets of formal and informal alliances are extending into space. This chapter analyzes how the alliances are organized and led, focusing primarily on the case of space stations, including in cislunar space. A central goal is to map the diverging alignments and to build an understanding of the role that material and perceptual threats play in bringing them about. First, the chapter unbundles the threats states face at the nexus of space activities. Second, it examines how the United States is responding to the swirl of threats and forging alliances that are actively balanced by those of its peer competitor, China. Finally, it assesses the significance and strength of the alignments, cautioning that congruence from follower states cannot be taken for granted by either side.
Military Space Strategies and African Realism
Authors: Oyewole Samuel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of space strategies for military-security purposes in Africa, its rationales in the framework of African realism, and the implications for national and international security. In addition to civil and commercial space programs, some African nations have developed military space strategies, as indicated by their interests, commitments, capabilities, and operations. Drawing from the experiences of Egypt, South Africa, and Nigeria, the military dimension of African space strategies is considered to be driven by a mixture of national and regional interests that are premised on security realities and ideational values. This development has encouraged cooperation amid competition, as Africanist values of progress, peace, brotherhood, and regionalism crisscross realism’s ideas of power, security, and status in military space strategies in the region. Accordingly, effective and transparent management of this frontier of military strategy is important to the peace, security, and prosperity of the region.
A Moving Feast
Authors: Lambrides Ariana B. J. , Ditchfield Kane , Ulm Sean , Veth Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Engagement with coastal and marine landscapes was crucial in the sociocultural transformation of people as they moved into Australia during the Pleistocene. While the earliest evidence for Aboriginal interaction with coastlines and islands was drowned by postglacial sea-level rise, ongoing research programs are documenting a rich narrative of coastal occupational resilience, in concert with fluctuating sea levels. Direct evidence for Aboriginal use of coastal environments now extend to 50,000 years ago. By the middle Holocene, archaeological evidence for coastal and island occupation appears to proliferate around the continent, which is likely associated with the emergence of maritime specialist economies. As the largest island continent settled by modern people with maritime capabilities and coastal adaptations, we anticipate that future work will continue to contribute to dialogues about the emergence of island societies globally.
The Influence and Efflorescence of Ancient Micronesia
Authors: Fitzpatrick Scott M. , Napolitano Matthew F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Micronesia is a region of the northwest tropical Pacific that, true to its name, comprises thousands of smaller islands stretching across a vast seascape. Despite their diminutive nature, the islands of Micronesia are unique in many ways and hold important clues about the settlement of Remote Oceania and subsequent cultural and historical phenomena that developed over the course of three millennia. This chapter highlights six major topics to introduce readers to the region’s archaeological record and its significance to island and coastal studies on a global scale. These include (1) the early colonization of western Micronesia when compared with other parts of Remote Oceania ca. 3,300 years ago; (2) the pervasiveness of monumental architecture, megaliths, and/or large-scale earth-moving activities; (3) sustained use of long-distance sailing, particularly in the atolls, and the sharing of traditional voyaging techniques that have helped revitalization movements elsewhere; (4) a dearth of research compared to other parts of the Pacific resulting from logistical difficulties and different colonial powers changing hands; (5) intensive conflicts taking place during World War II; and (6) Micronesia’s high susceptibility to the effects of climate change.
The Importance of Aquatic Foods and Environments for the Early Hominin Brain
Authors: Stewart Kathlyn M. , Cunnane Stephen C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Diet was critical to the growing early Homo brain, which required brain-selective nutrients such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iodine, and iron for growth. Fish and shellfish were optimal sources of these nutrients. The fruit and vegetal diet of the earliest hominins, however, contained few of these nutrients. Early Homo and the australopithecines emerged along with changing environments including spreading grasslands and extreme temperatures. Their requirements for drinking water and shade meant archaeological sites were frequently located near wooded streams and rivers, lakes, and springs, ensuring hominin familiarity with edible wetland vegetation and freshwater-dwelling animals. Archaeological excavations and isotopic evidence indicate that early Homo procured spawning fish, probably crabs and shellfish, and scavenged meat. Fish was an invaluable food in the hot, dry seasons—predictable, easily caught, fatty, and, significantly, containing brain-specific nutrients. Fish—and likely nutritious crabs, shellfish, and scavenged meat—therefore fueled the ongoing encephalization of early Homo (including early H. erectus) and provided hominins with seasonally reliable food sources, complemented by carbohydrate-rich plant foods and scavenged mammal meat. Later in hominin development, consumption of marine food resources similarly provided DHA and other brain-specific nutrients.
Alevism and the Politics of Religious Freedom
Authors: Walton Jeremy F. , İlengiz Çiçek 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the recent emergence of a multifaceted Alevi movement in Turkey and among Turkish and Kurdish immigrant communities in Europe. It provides an overview of the recent history of Alevi communities, political representatives, and organizations. Broadly, Alevi civil society organizations can be divided into two camps according to their attitude toward the Turkish state and, particularly, the Directorate of Religious Affairs (the Diyanet): accommodationist and abolitionist. Accommodationists seek integration within and representation by the state and the Diyanet; abolitionists foreground institutional separation and advocate for the Diyanet’s dismantlement. Whether on the left, center, or right, Alevi organizations have framed their grievances as part of global efforts to secure “religious freedom.” This chapter analyzes contemporary Alevism through the lens of religious freedom, adumbrates the forms of knowledge that religious freedom privileges and precludes for Alevis, and surveys the institutional and discursive plurality that defines the Alevi movement.
Turkey, Islam, and Turks in Europe
Authors: Sunier Thijl 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the notion of postmigration transnationalism and the complexities and dynamics of the ties between Turks in Europe with a migration background and Turkish society. The ties of the early labor migrants with their country of origin were emanating from family relations and local and regional ties, which created effective bonds with Turkey. Although postmigration European Turks, that is citizens of Turkish origin in Europe who cannot be depicted anymore as migrants, continue to maintain transnational links and are part of networks across borders, the relationship with and orientation toward the country from which their parents and grandparents migrated, is markedly different and certainly changed with the emergence of digital media. Despite this fact, European governments continue to hold the view that integration of people with a migration background into European societies, and the maintenance of transnational links and networks with the country of origin are mutually exclusive. Governments and politicians in Europe consider the integration into host societies a unilateral development wherein transnational ties should gradually wane and eventually disappear. This chapter presents a historical account of the Turkish transnational landscape development in Europe over the recent decades. It is argued that the Turkish organizational landscape and contemporary Turkish Islam must be approached as a complex multipolar and multidirectional field in which modern mass media and socioeconomic developments are crucial co-shaping factors.
The Secular and Religious
Authors: Soyubol Kutluğhan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A binaristic approach to the phenomenon of the secular and religious has long been considered axiomatic in conceptualizing Turkish republican history. This chapter problematizes this binaristic scaffold through a genealogical-historical engagement with Turkish neo-spiritualism, which emerged as a novel intellectual discourse for reevaluating spiritual or transcendental matters with a new (scientifically credible) language in early republican Turkey. The chapter traces neo-spiritualist conceptualizations of spirit/soul (ruh) and memory (hafıza), utilizing them as unexpected entry points into a complex net of generative relations and entanglements that Turkish secularism has enacted by and through its simultaneous engagements with modern science and preexisting religious traditions. Shedding light on the suppressed yet enduring impact of Muslim cultural memory within the republican (secular) sociocultural sphere, the chapter ruminates on the potential of these neo-spiritualist concepts to explicate what the secular and religious entail in modern Turkey (and beyond) in more imaginative, inquisitive, and deconstructive ways.
Genealogies of Illiberalism
Authors: Varga Mihai , Buzogány Aron 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Two lineages are at the intellectual core of illiberalism. The revolutionary-conservative New Right claims to defend an “ethno-pluralist” (European, Indo-European, or Eurasian) identity from the multiculturalist threat of a “Great Replacement” through immigration. By contrast, the national-conservative lineage is more concerned with threats to the moral order and the loss of moral bearing due to liberal relativism. Even though both illiberal lineages blame liberalism for undermining (traditional) identity and normative order, they engender different political projects regarding policies, institution-building, and transnational cooperation. Both lineages seek to appropriate conservatism as their ideological choice while ignoring established conservative traditions. This leads to significant differences regarding their relation to modernity, their positioning vis-à-vis fascism, their geopolitical orientations or envisioned socio-economic policies. The chapter underscores the need to view illiberalism as a temporary formation and that illiberalism is not monolithic and stable but a complex formation with nuanced relationships between intellectual circles and political networks, which are not devoid of tensions and differences.
Illiberalism in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Kauth Jasper Theodor 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
How can we account for the persistence of illiberalism in liberal democracies? This chapter first offers a taxonomy of illiberalism to bring clarity to the empirical and theoretical aspects of the concept. Illiberal political practices in liberal democracies can be ordered along three dimensions relating to their relevant actors, targets, and sources: illiberal practices by private and state actors; disruptive illiberalism targeting democratic institutions (democratic backsliding) or liberal values (ideological illiberalism); and illiberalism originating from within the liberal democratic order or imported from outside its boundaries. Such an analytical schema allows researchers to investigate the logics causing illiberalisms as well as their consequences. The chapter then shows that illiberal practices by state actors emerge not only from anti-liberal political ideologies but also from conflicts over societal membership within political liberalism itself. Specific policy areas—illiberal pockets like migration, welfare, and security—are particularly prone to illiberal incursions.
Agent-Based Modelling for Strategy
Authors: Knudsen Thorbjørn 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Agent-based modelling (ABM) in strategic management research has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating micro-to-macro linkages in organizational behaviour, allowing for increased complexity, realism, and examination of behaviours that exhibit bounded rationality. This bottom-up approach is foundational for understanding emergent phenomena in strategic management, such as how transactive memory systems influence knowledge exchange and performance. ABM facilitates a more realistic representation of firm and industry behaviours, offering dynamic exploration into processes like mutual learning, cultural transmission, and the interplay between artificial intelligence (AI) and human actors. It also serves as a valuable complement to laboratory experiments. However, ABMs present inherent challenges, including modelling complexity, substantial computational overhead, difficulty in interpretation, and the potential danger of overreliance on this method. The chapter underscores ABM’s potential applicability in studying various strategic management phenomena, including the behaviour in hyperconnected ecosystems, complex mergers, and acquisitions, and the role of AI in strategic decision-making. A significant future trajectory in this field is the confluence of ABM and AI in applications that capture real-time decision-making and strategy execution within firms. Such developments pose challenges, including the application of protocols steering interactions between people and AI, ensuring alignment with strategic imperatives.
O-Platz in Berlin
Authors: Perolini Marco 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines O-Platz, the protest camp that migrant activists set up on Oranienplatz, in the Berlin neighbourhood of Kreuzberg, between 2012 and 2014. It explores the significance of the camp in the years that followed, up to the COVID-19 pandemic. Firstly, it contends that the harshening of border regimes after 2015–2016, when the German government momentarily gave in to the pressure exercised by migrants on their borders, is crucial to understand the construction of O-Platz as a key phase of migrant resistance. Secondly, it argues that the protest camp is an example of pre-figurative abolitionist politics, in which migrants experimented with social relationships and living modes that they aspire to achieve in a future. O-Platz challenged the isolation and invisibility that migrants experienced because of the policy of encampment, which prevented them from freely moving within Germany. In contrast, the protest camp gave prominence to migrant political agency, by placing migrants closer to the centre, both geographically and politically.