bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood growth and chronic disease: evidence from countries undergoing the nutrition transition
Authors: Stein Aryeh D. , Thompson Angela M. , Waters Ashley 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvidence is accumulating that the pattern of growth in childhood is associated with development of cardiovascular disease in adulthood, but such evidence comes mostly from developed countries. We conducted a review of studies from countries undergoing the nutrition transition. Five birth cohorts with measures of child growth and outcomes through adolescence were identified, from China, India, Guatemala, Brazil and the Philippines. Across studies there are major differences in data availability and in statistical approaches to modelling child growth and its effects. Nevertheless, generally consistent associations of growth failure in early childhood and development of overweight in later childhood with the risk of elevated blood pressure, glucose, and serum lipids in adulthood were observed. As these cohorts mature they will provide a wealth of critical information on the relation between early life factors and later disease risk, and efforts should be made to ensure ongoing follow‐up using standardized approaches and more comprehensive assessments.
A Dual-Stage Planar Cable Robot: Dynamic Modeling and Design of A Robust Controller with Positive Inputs
Authors: Oh So-Ryeok , Mankala Kalyan , Agrawal Sunil K. , Albus James S. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Cable robots have potential usage for loading and unloading of cargo in shipping industries. A novel six-degrees-of-freedom two-stage cable robot has been proposed by NIST for skin-to-skin transfer of cargo. In this paper, we look at a planar version of this two-stage cable robot. The disturbance motion from the sea is considered while modeling the dynamics of robot. The problem of robust control of the end-effector in the presence of unknown disturbances, along with maintaining positive tensions in the cables, is tackled using redundancy of cables in the system. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the control strategy.
Dr. Bernice Grafstein’s paper on the mechanism of spreading depression
Authors: Strong Anthony J. 
Published: June 2005

This essay looks at the historical significance of one APS classic paper that is freely available online: Grafstein B. Mechanism of spreading cortical depression. J Neurophysiol 19: 154–171, 1956 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/19/2/154 ).
A Stochastic Model for the Spatial Structure of Annular Patterns of Variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Gerber Edwin P. , Vallis Geoffrey K. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Meridional dipoles of zonal wind and geopotential height are found extensively in empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and single-point correlation maps of observations and models. Notable examples are the North Atlantic Oscillation and the so-called annular modes (or the Arctic Oscillation). Minimal stochastic models are developed to explain the origin of such structure. In particular, highly idealized, analytic, purely stochastic models of the barotropic, zonally averaged zonal wind and of the zonally averaged surface pressure are constructed, and it is found that the meridional dipole pattern is a natural consequence of the conservation of zonal momentum and mass by fluid motions. Extension of the one-dimensional zonal wind model to two-dimensional flow illustrates the manner in which a local meridional dipole structure may become zonally elongated in EOF analysis, producing a zonally uniform EOF even when the dynamics is not particularly zonally coherent on hemispheric length scales. The analytic system then provides a context for understanding the existence of zonally uniform patterns in models where there are no zonally coherent motions. It is also shown how zonally asymmetric dynamics can give rise to structures resembling the North Atlantic Oscillation. Both the one- and two-dimensional results are manifestations of the same principle: given a stochastic system with a simple red spectrum in which correlations between points in space (or time) decay as the separation between them increases, EOF analysis will typically produce the gravest mode allowed by the system’s constraints. Thus, grave dipole patterns can be robustly expected to arise in the statistical analysis of a model or observations, regardless of the presence or otherwise of a dynamical mode.
The Contribution of the Interannual ENSO Cycle to the Spatial Pattern of Decadal ENSO-Like Variability*
Authors: Vimont Daniel J. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A defining feature of Pacific decadal ENSO-like variability is the similarity between its spatial expression in sea surface temperature (SST) and the spatial structure of interannual ENSO variability. This similarity may indicate that the decadal variability is merely a long-term average over interannual ENSO variability. In contrast, subtle differences (namely the meridionally broadened tropical SST signature and emphasized midlatitude SST anomalies for the decadal ENSO-like pattern) may indicate that fundamentally different processes are responsible for generating variability on the decadal to interdecadal time scale. The present study attempts to reconcile the subtly different spatial structures of interannual ENSO and decadal ENSO-like variability by relating the decadal pattern to various SST patterns associated with the development of the interannual ENSO cycle. First, a statistical analysis is used to reconstruct the decadal ENSO-like SST pattern as a linear combination of interannual SST patterns. It is shown that the decadal ENSO-like pattern is well reconstructed in the absence of decadal spatial information. Next, these interannual patterns are physically interpreted in relation to the interannual ENSO cycle. The analysis reveals that the decadal ENSO-like SST pattern is obtained by averaging over three SST patterns associated with ENSO precursors, the peak of an ENSO event, and ENSO “leftovers.”
The study provides a plausible physical explanation for the spatial structure of ENSO-like decadal variability as an average over variations in the interannual ENSO cycle. The results indicate that the prominent spatial features of decadal ENSO-like variability are generated by physical mechanisms that operate through the interannual ENSO cycle. This does not imply, however, that decadal processes are unimportant in altering the decadal properties of ENSO. Results may provide a framework for interpreting modeled decadal ENSO-like variability and for constraining plausible mechanisms of tropical decadal variability.
Linearity of the Atmospheric Response to North Atlantic SST and Sea Ice Anomalies
Authors: Conil Sébastien , Li Laurent Z-X. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The observations of the ocean–atmosphere–sea ice have recently revealed that the oceanic surfaces can have a subtle but significant impact on the atmospheric long-term fluctuations. Low-frequency variations and long-term trends of the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation have been partly related to particular SST and sea ice features. In this work, the influence of typical tripolar SST and dipolar sea ice anomalies in the North Atlantic–Arctic on the atmosphere is investigated. A large ensemble of AGCM simulations forced by three different anomalous boundary conditions (SST, sea ice, and SST + sea ice) are used. The linearity of the simulated response in the winter season is particularly assessed.
In these experiments, while the winter low-level temperature response is mainly symmetric about the sign of the forcing, the asymmetric part of the geopotential response is substantial. The sea ice forcing maintains a baroclinic response with a strong temperature anomaly in the vicinity of the forcing but with a weak vertical penetration. The SST maintains an NAO-like equivalent barotropic temperature and geopotential height response that extends throughout the troposphere. It is also shown that the combination of the two forcings is mainly linear for the low-level temperature and nonlinear for the geopotential height. While the SST forcing seems to be the main contributor to the total temperature and geopotential height responses, the sea ice forcing appears to introduce significant nonlinear perturbations.
Aspects of Effective Mesoscale, Short-Range Ensemble Forecasting
Authors: Eckel F. Anthony , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
This study developed and evaluated a short-range ensemble forecasting (SREF) system with the goal of producing useful, mesoscale forecast probability (FP). Real-time, 0–48-h SREF predictions were produced and analyzed for 129 cases over the Pacific Northwest. Eight analyses from different operational forecast centers were used as initial conditions for running the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5).
Model error is a large source of forecast uncertainty and must be accounted for to maximize SREF utility, particularly for mesoscale, sensible weather phenomena. Although inclusion of model diversity improved FP skill (both reliability and resolution) and increased dispersion toward statistical consistency, dispersion remained inadequate. Conversely, systematic model errors (i.e., biases) must be removed from an SREF since they contribute to forecast error but not to forecast uncertainty. A grid-based, 2-week, running-mean bias correction was shown to improve FP skill through 1) better reliability by adjusting the ensemble mean toward the mean of the verifying analysis, and 2) better resolution by removing unrepresentative ensemble variance.
Comparison of the multimodel (each member uses a unique model) and varied-model (each member uses a unique version of MM5) approaches indicated that the multimodel SREF exhibited greater dispersion and superior performance. It was also found that an ensemble of unequally likely members can be skillful as long as each member occasionally performs well. Finally, smaller grid spacing led to greater ensemble spread as smaller scales of motion were modeled. This study indicates substantial utility in current SREF systems and suggests several avenues for further improvement.
The Theory of Trapped-Fetch Waves with Tropical Cyclones—An Operational Perspective
Authors: Bowyer Peter J. , MacAfee Allan W. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The majority of high wave events and almost all cases of extreme or phenomenal wave growth are the result of a high degree of synchronicity between moving storms and the waves that they generate. This wave containment or resonance phenomenon, referred to as trapped-fetch waves, has been known for generations, but not always well understood by forecasters. The twofold threat of trapped-fetch waves is that they have the potential for extreme growth, yet are unheralded by leading swell. Conceptual and numerical Lagrangian reference frame experiments on wave containment are presented, illustrating the influence on tropical cyclone ocean waves by three storm parameters: storm speed, wind speed, and fetch length. To further illustrate the concepts and provide real-time application, a simple, desktop Lagrangian trapped-fetch wave model, used for training and operational assessment of trapped-fetch waves, is described in a companion article.
Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar in Finescale Surface Analysis of Synoptic-Scale Fronts at Sea
Authors: Young G. S. , Sikora T. N. , Winstead N. S. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The viability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) as a tool for finescale marine meteorological surface analyses of synoptic-scale fronts is demonstrated. In particular, it is shown that SAR can reveal the presence of, and the mesoscale and microscale substructures associated with, synoptic-scale cold fronts, warm fronts, occluded fronts, and secluded fronts. The basis for these findings is the analysis of some 6000 RADARSAT-1 SAR images from the Gulf of Alaska and from off the east coast of North America. This analysis yielded 158 cases of well-defined frontal signatures: 22 warm fronts, 37 cold fronts, 3 stationary fronts, 32 occluded fronts, and 64 secluded fronts. The potential synergies between SAR and a range of other data sources are discussed for representative fronts of each type.
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)
Authors: Folta Kevin M , Staton Margaret , Stewart Philip J , Jung Sook , Bies Dawn H , Jesdurai Christopher , Main Dorrie 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) represents one of the most valued fruit crops in the United States. Despite its economic importance, the octoploid genome presents a formidable barrier to efficient study of genome structure and molecular mechanisms that underlie agriculturally-relevant traits. Many potentially fruitful research avenues, especially large-scale gene expression surveys and development of molecular genetic markers have been limited by a lack of sequence information in public databases. As a first step to remedy this discrepancy a cDNA library has been developed from salicylate-treated, whole-plant tissues and over 1800 expressed sequence tags (EST's) have been sequenced and analyzed.

Results
A putative unigene set of 1304 sequences – 133 contigs and 1171 singlets – has been developed, and the transcripts have been functionally annotated. Homology searches indicate that 89.5% of sequences share significant similarity to known/putative proteins or Rosaceae ESTs. The ESTs have been functionally characterized and genes relevant to specific physiological processes of economic importance have been identified. A set of tools useful for SSR development and mapping is presented.

Conclusion
Sequences derived from this effort may be used to speed gene discovery efforts in Fragaria and the Rosaceae in general and also open avenues of comparative mapping. This report represents a first step in expanding molecular-genetic analyses in strawberry and demonstrates how computational tools can be used to optimally mine a large body of useful information from a relatively small data set.
Immunomodulatory intervention in sepsis by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with thalidomide: an experimental study
Authors: Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J , Bolanos Nikolaos , Laoutaris George , Papadakis Vassilios , Koussoulas Vassilios , Perrea Despina , Karayannacos Panayotis E , Giamarellou Helen 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Thalidomide is an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) that has been proven effective for the treatment of experimental sepsis by Escherichia coli. It was tested whether it might behave as an effective immunomodulator in experimental sepsis by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methods
Sepsis was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 1 × 108 cfu/kg inoculum of the test isolate in a total of 109 Wistar rats divided in three groups as follows: group A controls; group B administered seed oil 30 minutes before bacterial challenge; and group C administered 50 mg/kg of thalidomide diluted in seed oil 30 minutes before bacterial challenge. Blood was sampled for estimation of endotoxins (LPS), TNFα, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). LPS was measured by the QCL-1000 LAL assay, TNFα and IFNγ by ELISA, NO by a colorimetric assay and MDA by the thiobarbiturate assay.

Results
Mean (± SE) survival of groups A, B and C were 18.60 ± 1.84, 12.60 ± 0.60 and 30.50 ± 6.62 hours (p of comparisons A to C equal to 0.043 and B to C equal to 0.002). Decreased TNFα and NO levels were found in sera of animals of group C compared to group A. Plasma levels of LPS, MDA and IFNγ did not differ between groups.

Conclusion
Intake of thalidomide considerably prolonged survival in experimental sepsis by MDR P.aeruginosa an effect probably attributed to decrease of serum TNFα.
An inactivated nuclease-like domain in RecC with novel function: implications for evolution
Authors: Rigden Daniel John 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
The PD-(D/E)xK superfamily, containing a wide variety of other exo- and endonucleases, is a notable example of general function conservation in the face of extreme sequence and structural variation. Almost all members employ a small number of shared conserved residues to bind catalytically essential metal ions and thereby effect DNA cleavage. The crystal structure of the RecBCD prokaryotic DNA repair machinery shows that RecB contains such a nuclease domain at its C-terminus. The RecC C-terminal region was reported as having a novel fold.

Results
The RecC C-terminal region can be divided into an alpha/beta domain and a smaller alpha-helical bundle domain. Here we show that the alpha/beta domain is homologous to the RecB nuclease domain but lacks the features necessary for catalysis. Instead, the domain has a novel function within the nuclease superfamily – providing a hoop through which single-stranded DNA passes. Comparison with other structures of nuclease domains bound to DNA reveals strikingly different modes of ligand binding. The alpha-helical bundle domain contributes the pin which splits the DNA duplex.

Conclusion
The demonstrated homology of RecB and RecC shows how evolution acted to produce the present RecBCD complex through aggregation of new domains as well as functional divergence and structural redeployment of existing domains. Distantly homologous nuclease(-like) domains bind DNA in highly diverse manners.
Oral clefts with associated anomalies: findings in the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry
Authors: Sárközi Andrea , Wyszynski Diego F , Czeizel Andrew E 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Over the years, great efforts have been made to record the frequency of orofacial clefts in different populations. However, very few studies were able to account for the etiological and phenotypic heterogeneity of these conditions. Thus, data of cases with syndromic orofacial clefts from large population-based studies are infrequent.

Methods
Clinically recognized and notified syndromes and associations including cleft lip with or without cleft palate and other congenital anomalies were selected from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry (HCAR) between 1973 and 1982 and prevalence rates were calculated.

Results
Of 3,110 cases reported as having orofacial clefts, 653 had multiple congenital abnormalities. Of these, 60 (9.2%) had a known etiology (monogenic: 25 or 3.8%, chromosomal: 31 or 4.7%, teratogenic: 4 or 0.6%). Seventy-three subjects (11.2%) had schisis in addition to the oral cleft. Skeletal anomalies were the most common malformations among cases with cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP). Disorders of the central nervous system and cardiovascular malformations were also frequently associated.

Conclusion
Surveillance systems, such as the HCAR, provide useful information about prevalence rates of congenital anomalies in a population. However, in a field where new syndromes are being discovered and classifications regularly updated, these rates should only be accepted as provisional.
Nepal's War on Human Rights: A summit higher than Everest
Authors: Singh Sonal , Dahal Khagendra , Mills Edward 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Nepal has witnessed serious human rights violations including arbitrary arrests, detentions, "disappearances", extra judicial executions, abductions and torture carried out by both the Royal Nepalese Army and the Maoist rebels in the 10 years of the "peoples war". Women and children have borne the brunt of the conflict. Massive displacement has led to adverse social and psychological consequences. While the reasons for the conflict are mainly indigenous and rooted in the social and economic in-equities, remedies for health inequities must come not only from the health sector but also from broad social policies and adopting a participatory and conflict-sensitive approach to development. Meanwhile the international community needs to use its leverage to urge both sides to accept a human rights accord and honor international human rights and humanitarian laws, while investigating allegations of abuse and prosecute those responsible.
Expression of TNF inhibitor gene in the lacrimal gland promotes recovery of tear production and tear stability and reduced immunopathology in rabbits with induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis
Authors: Trousdale Melvin D , Zhu Zenjin , Stevenson Douglas , Schechter Joel E , Ritter Thomas , Mircheff Austin K 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
The most common cause of ocular morbidity in developed countries is dry eye, many cases of which are due to lacrimal insufficiency. Dry eye affects approximately 10 million in the United States., most of whom are women. In the U.S. alone, an estimated 2 million Sjögren's syndrome patients have dysfunctional lacrimal glands and severe dry eye, and there is no satisfactory treatment. These patients would benefit if their lacrimal tissue function could be restored.

Methods
The effect of adenovirus-mediated transfer of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitor gene on induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis was evaluated in a rabbit model. Soluble transgene protein was detected in tears by ELISA for 7 days following transduction.

Results
Two weeks after induction of disease with activated lymphocytes, tear production, as determined by Schirmer testing, was reduced by about 40%, while tear film stability, as measured by tear breakup time (BUT), declined by 43%. Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy using AdTNFRp55-Ig given 2 weeks after disease induction, resulted in the return of tear production to normal levels by week 4. In the treated disease group, tear BUT improved significantly by week 4. Rose bengal scores, an indicator of corneal surface defects, increased after disease induction and declined after gene therapy. In the lacrimal gland, the CD4 to CD8 T cell ratio was 4:1 in the disease group compared to 1:2 in the treated group. Infiltration of T cells and CD18+ cells was reduced approximately 50% after gene therapy.

Conclusion
We concluded that therapeutic levels of soluble TNF inhibitor were achieved in the lacrimal gland and on the corneal surface. Anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression might offer a potential therapeutic modality for the treatment of autoimmune dacryoadenitis, once suitable vectors become available.
Personal customizing exercise with a wearable measurement and control unit
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Kiryu Tohru , Tamura Naoki 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Recently, wearable technology has been used in various health-related fields to develop advanced monitoring solutions. However, the monitoring function alone cannot meet all the requirements of customizing machine-based exercise on an individual basis by relying on biosignal-based controls. We propose a new wearable unit design equipped with measurement and control functions to support the customization process.

Methods
The wearable unit can measure the heart rate and electromyogram signals during exercise performance and output workload control commands to the exercise machines. The workload is continuously tracked with exercise programs set according to personally customized workload patterns and estimation results from the measured biosignals by a fuzzy control method. Exercise programs are adapted by relying on a computer workstation, which communicates with the wearable unit via wireless connections. A prototype of the wearable unit was tested together with an Internet-based cycle ergometer system to demonstrate that it is possible to customize exercise on an individual basis.

Results
We tested the wearable unit in nine people to assess its suitability to control cycle ergometer exercise. The results confirmed that the unit could successfully control the ergometer workload and continuously support gradual changes in physical activities.

Conclusion
The design of wearable units equipped with measurement and control functions is an important step towards establishing a convenient and continuously supported wellness environment.