bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexity Reduction Methods for Fractal Image Compression
Authors: Saupe Dietmar , Hamzaoui Raotll 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fractal image compression allows fast decoding but suffers from long encoding times. During the encoding a large number of sequential searches through a list of domains (portions of the image) are carried out while trying to find a best match for another image portion called range. In this article we review and extend the methods that have been developed to reduce the time complexity of this searching. Also we present a new taxonomy of the methods, provide an evaluation and propose two new techniques.
Atom probe studies of non-metallic materials, thin films and surface phenomena
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, applications of the atom probe technique to the study of non-metallic materials, thin films and surface phenomena are less advanced than the corresponding studies of metallurgical processes. The results obtained from non-metals are more complex and difficult to interpret and the spectra are more dependent on experimental conditions, than is normally the case for metals. Also, in the study of surface processes, the high electric field is an additional state variable, which may exert a profound effect on the observed behaviour. In this chapter, some of the difficulties of research in these areas will be considered, as well as the results obtained to date.
Geometry
Authors: Scheinerman Edward R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways to connect graph theory with geometry. In this chapter we forge a link by means of intersection graphs, whose vertices are geometrical objects that are adjacent if and only if they have non-empty intersection. There are a great many connections between graph theory and geometry. For example, we can consider the plane to be a graph: the points of the plane are the vertices and two vertices are adjacent if they are exactly distance 1 apart. A famous problem is to determine the chromatic number of this graph; it is known to lie in the range 4 to 7.
Elements of classification, structure, sexuality, biology and genetics of Fungi
Authors: Burnett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fungi constitute a eukaryotic phylum comparable in diversity, albeit often on a physically smaller scale, with that of the animals or plants and, numerically, many times larger than the latter. Their structure and biology differ from other eukaryotes in a number of characteristic ways, and some of these differences affect their population biology and genetics.
Change in gene frequency in fungal populations-II Natural selection for multigenically determined traits: competition and fitness
Authors: Burnett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few experiments and observations have been carried out on multigenically determined traits in fungi but they are sufficient to give some idea of how selection operates on such traits in natural populations. They have demonstrated that both directional and stabilizing selection occur in experimental and natural situations, and that the consequences of selection differ on the same fungus in different environments.
Niko’s Nature
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A charismatic naturalist, bird-watcher, teacher, artist, photographer, film-maker, and winner of the Nobel Prize, Niko Tinbergen was a prominent and influential scientist. Jointly with Konrad Lorenz, he laid the foundation for a new science, the biological study of animal behaviour. ‘Ethology’, and his talent for devising behaviour-testing experiments, provided an outlet for Niko’s enthusiasm for gulls and sticklebacks, snow-buntings and foxes, wasps and falcons, and even children. This first full-length biography of Niko Tinbergen, lavishly illustrated with many of Niko’s own drawings, describes his background in Holland, a naturalists’ paradise, and the beginnings of his investigations into the behaviour of birds, fish, and insects. Hans Kruuk also explores is Niko’s relationship with his colleague and co-Nobelist Konrad Lorenz. These were two men full of contrasts: Niko a charming, self-effacing field man and experimenter; Konrad a flamboyant and egocentric German, always full of new ideas. Niko’s Nature goes on to follow Niko’s progress in Oxford after the Second World War, where he became the world authority on the behaviour of animals in the wild: his inspiring book The Study of Instinct remains an all-time classic. As a scientist Niko will always be known for the four fundamentally different ways in which he asked the question ‘why does an animal do this?’ These questions, about physiology, development, evolution, and function, became known as ‘Tinbergen’s four whys’. But Niko’s successes came at a price - severe and devastating depressions that were to plague him throughout his career. In this fascinating and engaging story, Niko’s long-time friend and student Hans Kruuk argues that his impact as a scientist and naturalist was in large part due to his skills as a communicator, photographer, and film-maker. Niko’s Nature is an intimate and insightful portrait of an extraordinary figure.
Dynamics of the Liquid State
Authors: Balucani Umberto , Zoppi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose fo this book is to present a comprehensive account of the physical concepts and theoretical approaches developed for the study of the dynamical properties of liquids (or more generally, of high-density fluids) at a microscopic level. After a discussion of the basic dynamical phenomena to be interupted, as well as of the various experimental probes, the book gradually exposes the reader to the sophisticated theoretical techniques needed for a satisfactory account of both single particle and coleective motions. The complications are faced in a stepwise fashion, with special attention to the physical content of the results. As a result of the progress achieved in the last decade, in the end a satisfactory understanding of most of the phenomena characterizing this fascinating field emerges.
Entropy of an ideal gas
Authors: Carrington Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of entropy evolved first during the 1850s, largely due to Clausius (1850, 1865) who coined the word. Since entropy is arguably the most important thermodynamic state function, the sooner it is introduced the better. Here we shall start with the ideal gas state equations and obtain the entropy function for the gas in order to explore its basic properties. This will be an informal introduction to entropy, but many of the properties we encounter also hold quite generally. A more formal introduction is given in Chapter 6.
The second law
Authors: Carrington Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We showed that the integral is independent of the path of integration provided the process is quasistatic and we found that the entropy has some interesting properties: It is useful for representing adiabatic quasistatic processes, S being constant. S always increases in an adiabatic non-quasistatic process (Section 4.2). When an isolated system is allowed to change state, as in heat transfer between two bodies, the equilibrium state is associated with the state of maximum entropy (Section 4.2). The ideal gas Carnot cycle takes on a simple rectangular shape in (T, S) coordinates (Section 4.3).
Meson Production
Authors: Boffi Sigfrido , Franco Davide Pacati Carlotta Giusti , Radici Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meson production by real and virtual photons is a unique tool to investigate basic aspects of strong interactions. The excitation of a baryon resonance is followed by its decay through emission of one or more mesons. Looking at the different decay channels in an exclusive experiment provides detailed information on the structure and dynamics of baryons via the Q2 dependence of their photocouplings. We shall confine our discussion to photo- and electroproduction of the lightest (pseudoscalar) mesons belonging to the lowest meson octet, i.e. the pions, the kaons and the eta. We shall first discuss pion production on the nucleon (Fig. 9.1). This will enable us to understand the elementary process of meson production which will subsequently be embedded in the nuclear environment to study meson production on nuclei.
Framework structures
Authors: Nield Victoria M , Keen David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Framework structures constitute an important class of materials encompassing a wide range of materials including the relatively simple natural silica polymorphs, network glasses and complex and technologically important synthetic zeolites. They have been extensively investigated, principally because network aluminosilicates, a large subgroup within framework structures, form an important group of naturally occuring minerals with complex pressure-temperature phase diagrams. The structures found in this group of materials are all constructed in the same simple manner, as shown schematically in Fig. 11.1. Essentially rigid, regular small structural units are joined to other similar units in a manner which permits the formation of a continuous, fully-connected network structure. In the case of the framework aluminosilicates, SiO (or AlO) tetrahedra are joined via common oxygen atoms to form a continuous network of comer-sharing tetrahedra. This leads to a relatively open structure. The flexible nature of the intertetrahedral coupling, with a range of permitted Si-O-Si bond angles (often found to be between ≈135° and ≈150°) as well as a large variation in possible torsional angles, ø and ø, leads to a rich variety of possible structures. Two extreme examples of these structures are shown in Fig. 11.2 which compares HP tridymite (V = 183.2 Å3) with the zeolite NaY (V = 15242 Å3), which compared with other zeolites is a relatively small structure. Both are composed from the same structural motif, but HP-tridymite, which forms a hexagonal structure of alternating SiO tetrahedral sheets parallel to c and a simple connectivity, contrasts starkly with the complex structure of zeolite NaY which forms a series of large open channels within the tetrahedral framework.
Psychotherapy For the Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Millon Theodore , Grossman Seth D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What would it really take to save Narcissus, the legendary, dazzlingly beautiful, but misguided character of Greek mythology? As legend has it, the young Narcissus, scornful of all others but his own beautiful self, was the love object of the beautiful nymph, Echo.
Introduction
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum field theory is a synthesis of quantum mechanics and special relativity, and it is one of the great achievements of modern physics. Quantum mechanics, as formulated by Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Pauli, Dirac, and many others, is an intrinsically non-relativistic theory. To make it consistent with special relativity, the real problem is not to find a relativistic generalization of the Schrodinger equation. Wave equations, relativistic or not, cannot account for processes in which the number and the type of particles changes, as in almost all reactions of nuclear and particle physics.
Cross-sections and decay rates
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we have understood how to compute matrix elements between initial and final states and how to make them finite. We will see in this chapter how to use these matrix elements to compute scattering cross-sections and decay rates. It is useful first of all to clarify a difference between the relativistic and non-relativistic normalization of one-particle states. To make the argument cleaner, we first consider a system in a cubic box with spatial volume V = L3At the end of the computation V will be sent to infinity.
The low-energy limit of the electroweak theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we begin our study of weak interactions. The electroweak theory is described by the Standard Model (SM). A systematic explanation of the SM is beyond the scope of this course, but in the next chapters we will introduce two of the most important theoretical tools for its construction, i.e. non abelian gauge fields and the Higgs mechanism.
Mechanisms of schedule entrainment
Authors: Reid Alliston K , On J E R St Add 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If hungry rats are placed on a fixed-time (FT) schedule of food delivery in which food pellets are delivered every, say, 60 seconds independent of the rat’s behaviour, and if supporting apparatus such as a running wheel and a water dispenser are available, the sequence of the activities between food deliveries becomes strikingly stereotyped. Fig. 8.1 shows a second-by-second summary of an entire 45-min session for a rat on an FT 60-s schedule. Each row represents a single interfood interval, and each character or space represents one second of an activity. ‘F’ corresponds to ‘head-in-feeder’, ‘D’ to drinking, ‘R’ to wheel running, ‘C’ to chewing an oak block, blank spaces to unmeasured activities, and the lower case letters correspond to various inoperative levers in the apparatus. The ‘l’ in the first column is the number of food pellets beginning the interval, and the ‘60’ in the last column represents the duration of the interfood interval.When data are depicted in this format, the most striking aspect is the temporal entrainment of the various activities by food presentation. With few exceptions most interfood intervals contained a relatively stereotyped temporal pattern of activities: eating the food pellet, then drinking from the water spout, running in the wheel, and finally returning to the feeder area in anticipation of the next food delivery. But there is another striking aspect of these data.
A unification of inference from capture–recapture studies through martingale estimating functions
Authors: Lloyd Chris J , Yip Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper attempts to present a unified method of inference for the size of a closed population based on data from a capture-recapture study under varying assumptions about homogeneity across time and individuals. The unifying idea is that of a martingale estimating function. This should ultimately lead to a regression like approach to capture-recapture experiments, incorporating covariates, goodness-of-fit and diagnostic residuals. The main contention is that what martingale methods may lack in efficiency relative to likelihood methods they more than make up for in computational simplicity, conceptual simplicity and flexibility.
The computer synthesis of expressive faces
Authors: Waters Keith , Terzopoulos Demetri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for the computer synthesis of realistic faces capable of expressive articulations. A sophisticated three-dimensional model of the human face is developed that incorporates a physical model of facial tissue with an anatomical model of facial muscles. The tissue and muscle models are generic, in that their structures are independent of specific facial geometries. To synthesize specific faces, these models are automatically mapped onto geometrically accurate polygonal facial representations constructed by photogrammetry of stereo facial images or by non-uniform meshing of detailed facial topographies acquired by using range sensors. The methodology offers superior realism by utilizing physical modelling to emulate complex tissue deformations in response to coordinated facial muscle activity. To provide realistic muscle actions to the face model, a performance driven animation technique is developed which estimates the dynamic contractions of a performer’s facial muscles from video imagery.
The development of face processing skills
Authors: Ellis Hadyn D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An early orientation to faces is followed by a gradual development of face processing skills. During the course of maturation, children acquire the ability to learn new faces and to deal with facial transformations. Some skills are achieved more quickly than others. Moreover, encoding ability in young children is somewhat different from that shown by older children. The younger groups fail to take advantage of increased inspection time and stimulus characteristics such as facial distinctiveness. They are also more likely to be confused by alterations in background context. Although with familiar faces they reveal very similar identity priming effects to older children and adults, younger children display a relative inefficiency in categorizing faces as being that of a target unless it is noticeably dissimilar. Young children are more likely than older people to prefer positive caricatures of certain faces, which is not consistent with the view that caricature effects are simple reflections of a general expertise with faces.
Parameterization Issues in Bayesian Inference
Authors: Hills Susan E , Smith Adrian F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adequacy and efficiency of numerical and analytic techniques for implementing parametric Bayesian methods can be highly dependent on the parameterization adopted in specifying the likelihood and prior forms. Issues relating to this problem will be reviewed and illustrated. Over the past decade, a great deal of effort has gone into developing accurate and efficient analytic and numerical procedures for implementing Bayesian methods. As is well known, such implementation presents difficulties because of the implicit need for (often high-dimensional) integrations, the latter being required for normalization, marginalization and interval or moment summaries. Implementation procedures are therefore typically, implicitly or explicitly, methods for approximating integrals.
Opinions in Dispute: the Sacco-Vanzetti Case
Authors: Kadane Joseph B , Schum David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayesian methods are ideally suited for comparing the opinions of experts who disagree. In this paper we explore the historiography of the Sacco and Vanzetti case, a cause celebre in American history of the 1920’s. The evidence in this case, from the writings of prominent historians, is parsed using charting methods adapted from the work of Wigmore. Probability elicitation, using as experts two prominent historians of the case who disagree about the guilt of Sacco, is the next step to be undertaken to understand the nature and extent of their disagreement.
Bayes Factors for Linear Models and Improper Priors
Authors: Consonni Guido , Veronese Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new method is suggested to evaluate the Bayes factor for choosing between two nested models using improper priors for the model parameters. Within the above framework it is shown that commonly used vague priors always lead to an infinite Bayes factor. For normal linear models we identify a class of improper priors consistent with a finite Bayes factor. Furthermore we single out a subclass of such priors under which the Bayes factor is a function of the standard F-statistic. A numerical illustration is provided in the one-way analysis of variance setup.
Derivative-free Adaptive Rejection Sampling for Gibbs Sampling
Authors: Gilks W R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We propose a method for adaptive rejection sampling from log-concave densities. The density need only be known modulo a normalising constant. The method does not involve locating the mode of the density, and unlike the tangent-based adaptive rejection method of Gilks and Wild (1991), does not involve the evaluation of first derivatives of the log density. ‘The method is well suited to sampling from complicated densities, such as those that arise in applications of Gibbs Sampling (Geman and Geman, 1984).
Bayesian Design for Random Walk Barriers
Authors: Parmigiani Giovanni , Polson Nicholas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We study the optimal design of absorption barriers and sample size for a simple random walk. High barriers yield more informative experiments, but may be more costly. We obtain optimal designs that are balancing the relative advantages of choosing a high barrier with few replications versus a lower barrier with more replications. We address the problem from a Bayesian, decision theoretic, viewpoint, by using a utility function based on a limiting form of Shannon information. After discussing properties of the optimal designs, we apply the results to a model describing the growth of cancer cells, and we illustrate how the selection of the prior distribution influences the solution.
[B/D] Works
Authors: Wooff David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
is a computer language developed at the University of Hull, and more recently at the University of Durham, which implements a subjectivist statistical methodology based upon the analysis and revision of genuine beliefs about observables, using expectation rather than probability as a primitive. Within a traditional Bayesian framework, our environment assists in the analysis of partial belief specifications. The role of this paper is to survey very briefly our approach and the tool that we employ to solve problems within our approach, namely [BID].
Physiological Adaptation
Authors: Harrison G Ainsworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contribution is concerned with the changes which occur in the individual human organism when it experiences new environments. Many of these changes, though by no means all, facilitate living in the new environment and are recognized as components of’individual adaptability’. Much of the ecological success of the human species is attributed to this adaptability, which is exceptional among animals and has played a major role in allowing our species to occupy every kind of environment on Earth. The unique features of human adaptability lie in behaviour, which of course is also at the root of technology. But it also appears that human beings are outstandingly adaptable in other physiological systems, and it is these to which attention will be given here. Although ‘individual adaptability’ is a species characteristic, i.e. all individuals possess the capacity, the degree and effectiveness of that capacity may vary from person to person. Some of this variation is probably genetically determined—indeed it needs to have been in the past to have evolved, by natural selection, as a species characteristic—but it is usually taken that when two individuals differ in the state of a physiological system affecting adaptability it is because they are in, or have in the past experienced, different environments.
Statistics of offences
Authors: Walker Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two main sources of data on offences committed in England and Wales. The most detailed are those recorded by the police and published regularly by the Home Office: half-yearly in Statistical Bulletins (HOSB), annually in Criminal Statistics and in the Digest of Information on the Criminal Justice System (e.g. Barclay 1993). These give the numbers of what are called ‘notifiable offences’ of about 70 types, summarized in eight offence groups.
Regression analysis
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simplest meaning of the word regression is the technique for fitting a straight line that relates one quantitative variable to another. The response variable is supposed to be dependent on the explanatory variable. We describe how to do this simple linear regression with Genstat in 8.1.
In later sections we use the word regression to cover a much wider class of relationships. We look at more than two variables, at qualitative variables, and at nonparametric and nonlinear relationships. But the common feature is that we shall always be modelling the dependence of one variable on others.