bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of HIV on childhood respiratory illness: Differences between developing and developed countries
Authors: Graham S.M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe main differences of the impact of HIV on childhood respiratory illness between developed and developing countries, and particularly some countries in Africa, are the scale of the problem and the lack of resources to address problems of prevention, diagnosis, and management. Recent data from HIV‐infected African children are reviewed and show that the pattern of respiratory disease in these children is not markedly different to the pattern that was reported from the USA and Europe prior to the use of antiretroviral therapy and routine Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis for HIV‐exposed infants. Bacterial pneumonia is very common in all age groups. PCP and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are especially common in infants, and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) is common in older children. One difference is that pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is relatively more common in HIV‐infected African children. This is likely to reflect the higher prevalence of smear‐positive PTB in the region and therefore of exposure/infection compared to developed countries. Autopsy studies have provided a lot of useful data, but more prospective clinical and intervention studies from different parts of the region are needed in order to improve clinical diagnosis and management. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:462–468. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acinar arterial changes with chronic lung disease of prematurity in the surfactant era
Authors: Thibeault Donald W. , Truog William E. , Ekekezie Ikechukwu I. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBecause echocardiographic studies on infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) suggest that pulmonary hypertension (PH) may contribute to its severity, we studied acinar arterial walls in the following surfactant‐era infants: controls (n = 38): 22–41 weeks of gestational age (GA), exposed briefly to oxygen and positive pressure ventilation, died within 48 hr of birth; prolonged rupture of fetal membranes (PROM) and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) (n = 17); and SCORE (integrated area under curve of average daily FiO2 × average daily MAP) groups (<20, 20–69, and 70–500; mild, moderate, and severe clinical lung disease, respectively, n = 35): 23–30 weeks GA, lived 7–79 days. Lungs were stained for elastic tissue and smooth muscle actin. Vessels were assessed for percent of vessel circumference with smooth muscle, extent of elastic laminae in the walls, and percent arterial wall thickness (%AWT) at three levels: terminal to respiratory bronchiole transition (TRB), alveolar duct, and saccule. At the alveolar ductal and saccular levels, percent arterial wall thickness (%AWT) in mild CLD (SCORE < 20) was less than controls (P < 0.05) and those with more severe CLD (SCORE 70–500), indicating that normal postnatal arterial wall thinning may be delayed, or there is remodeling associated with increased %AWT. Severe CLD infants also had a significantly higher percent of circumferential actin than those with milder disease (SCORE ≤ 69) and controls. In moderate and severe CLD, there was an increase in extent of the elastic laminae compared to controls and mild CLD. These changes were also significantly greater in PROM and PPHN infants compared to even severe CLD. We conclude that PH is a real possibility in severe CLD infants after discharge at 36 weeks. Grading the severity of CLD at discharge, and echocardiographic studies, may guide subsequent oxygen therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:482–489. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body‐mass index as a predictor of incident asthma in a prospective cohort of children
Authors: Gold Diane R. , Damokosh Andrew I. , Dockery Douglas W. , Berkey Catherine S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAn epidemic rise in asthma has occurred concurrently with a rise in overweight among United States children, but it is unclear whether body weight affects the risk of incident childhood asthma. We studied the prospective relation of body‐mass index (BMI) to incident asthma in a longitudinal study of 9,828 children aged 6–14 years, examined annually over a median follow‐up time of 5 years in six US cities. An increased risk of a new asthma diagnosis in girls was associated with higher BMI at entry into the study (P = 0.009) and greater increase in BMI during follow‐up (P = 0.0003). Compared with girls in the leanest quintile of BMI at entry (age taken into account), girls in the top quintile of adiposity had 2.2 times greater risk of incident asthma with any wheeze in subsequent years. Girls with the largest annual rate of increase in BMI (top compared to bottom quintile, age taken into account) had 1.5 times the risk of asthma with any wheeze, and 2.2 times the risk of asthma with persistent wheeze. Boys with the largest and smallest annual changes in BMI also had an increased risk of asthma. For girls, overweight contributes to development of asthma. For boys and girls, extremes of annual BMI growth rates increase the risk of asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:514–521. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeatability of bronchial responsiveness to mannitol dry powder in children with asthma
Authors: Barben Juerg , Roberts Mary , Chew Nora , Carlin John B. , Robertson Colin F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOur objective was to determine the repeatability of bronchial responsiveness to mannitol dry powder (MDP) as an objective marker of asthma in children. MDP challenge was performed in children with stable asthma at the same time of the day on two separate occasions within a week. The test was terminated after a 15% fall of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and the provocative dose to produce a 15% fall in FEV1 (PD15) were calculated. Seventeen children (aged 9–16 years) on inhaled corticosteroids (200–1,500 mcg) were studied. Mean baseline FEV1 before the challenges were 95% (81–119) and 96% (74–121), respectively, with a standard deviation of differences of 5.2%. PD15 values ranged from 7–387 mg, with a geometric mean of 38 mg for the first and 49 mg for the second test. Of the 17, all but two pairs of tests achieved a PD15 within one dose of capsules. Four children had a negative challenge on two occasions. A high relative reliability was reflected by a concordance coefficient of 0.86. In conclusion, MDP is a convenient challenge which is easy to administer and is well‐tolerated by children. It is a highly reproducible test of airway responsiveness in children with moderate to severe persistent asthma on inhaled corticosteroids within 7 days under laboratory conditions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:490–494. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of respiratory timing and cheek support on resistance measurements, before and after bronchodilation in asthmatic children using the interrupter technique
Authors: Hadjikoumi Irene , Hassan Akbar , Milner Anthony D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe interrupter technique (Rint) is a noninvasive method for assessing respiratory resistance. The aims of this study were to assess whether upper airway support affects the measurement of Rint, if inspiratory or expiratory Rint were most reproducible, and which method of assessing Rint correlated best with spirometry results and was the most sensitive for identifying bronchodilator response. Twenty‐four asthmatic children with a mean age of 10.3 years (range, 7–16 years) were included in the study. Rint measurements were obtained in inspiration and expiration with cheeks supported and unsupported. Spirometry was then performed. Rint and spirometry measurements were repeated after the inhalation of 600 mcg of salbutamol. The mean Rint supported inspiratory (0.708 KPa/l/sec) and expiratory (0.729 KPa/l/sec) values were significantly higher than the unsupported values (inspiratory, 0.622 KPa/l/sec; expiratory, 0.584 KPa/l/sec), P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively. The reproducibility of Rint was not different whether cheeks were supported or not, or whether the measurements were carried out during inspiration or expiration. Cheek support improved the correlation with all the lung function results, both in inspiratory and expiratory measurements. The best correlations, however, were found for the inspiratory supported Rint results. The most sensitive method to ascertain bronchodilator response (BD) was the inspiratory supported Rint measurement, as 83.3% of children were identified as having a positive response to bronchodilator therapy as defined by a reduction of twice the coefficient of variation of the measurement. In conclusion, cheek support increases Rint but does not impact on reproducibility, though it improves the correlation with spirometric indices. Rint with cheek support on inspiration correlates best with spirometric indices and appears to be the most sensitive measure of response to bronchodilators. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:495–501. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute respiratory distress associated with external jugular vein catheterization in the newborn
Authors: Bitar Fadi F. , Obeid Mounir , Dabbous Ibrahim , Hayek Paula , Akel Samir , Mroueh Salman 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe report on the acute onset of respiratory distress secondary to fluid accumulation in the chest within hours of placement of an external jugular venous line in a newborn. External jugular venous catheterization in the newborn is a procedure with potentially serious complications, and should be avoided unless the patient is monitored closely. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:549–550. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive ventilatory strategies in the management of a newborn infant and three children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Authors: Tibballs James , Henning Robert D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFour children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) treated with noninvasive techniques of ventilation are presented. Two infants (one in the newborn period) were treated with nasal mask bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), and then both were transitioned to negative pressure chamber ventilation at several years of age because of possible midface hypoplasia. Tracheostomies were not performed. Two older children were transitioned from mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy to nasal mask BiPAP, and then in one case to negative pressure chamber ventilation, and in the other to phrenic nerve pacing. Their tracheostomies were removed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:544–548. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life in adolescents with mild asthma
Authors: Hallstrand Teal S. , Curtis J. Randall , Aitken Moira L. , Sullivan Sean D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe majority of individuals with asthma have mild disease, often in conjunction with allergic rhinitis and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Although health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQoL) is reduced in moderate to severe asthma and allergic rhinitis, little is known about the effect of mild asthma, mild allergic rhinitis, and EIB on HRQoL outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mild asthma, allergic rhinitis, and EIB on HRQoL. A cross‐sectional study was conducted of 160 adolescent athletes participating in a screening program to detect EIB. Generic HRQoL was assessed with the teen version of the pediatric quality‐of‐life inventory (PedsQL™). Prior diagnoses of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and EIB, and current symptoms of dyspnea during exercise and asthma, were recorded. Lung function and the presence of EIB were determined by spirometry before and after an exercise challenge test. Adolescent athletes with a prior physician diagnosis of asthma had a lower HRQoL scale summary score (P < 0.01) and lower physical functioning, emotional functioning, and school functioning domain scores (P values, 0.01–0.02) in comparison to adolescent athletes with no prior diagnosis of these disorders. Athletes with a prior diagnosis of asthma reported dyspnea during exercise more frequently than did those without asthma (P < 0.001). Adolescent athletes with dyspnea during exercise had a lower scale summary score, and lower physical functioning, general well‐being, and emotional functioning domain scores (P values, 0.02–0.03). These data show that mild asthma and dyspnea without asthma significantly affect HRQoL. Symptoms of dyspnea during exercise are common in asthma and are associated with lower HRQoL. The clinical significance of these differences in HRQoL is unclear. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:536–543. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a software tool to improve performance of packaging operations through short interval scheduling
Authors: Ramírez‐Valdivia Martha T. , Christian Peter H. , Frederick Patricia , Aksoy Burcin , Zimmers Emory W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA manufacturer of precision extruded aluminum parts needed to improve productivity and scheduling in its packaging department. Because of the non‐standard, irregular nature of the department's work, this market leader chose short interval scheduling (SIS) as the solution. However, in order for SIS to be effective, the company needed to create labour and material standards for the packaging process. Personnel from the Enterprise Systems Center (ESC) at Lehigh University collaborated with the company and, using a standard methodology for process analysis and change, created those standards. Information derived from the implementation of those standards permitted ESC personnel to develop a decision support tool that could more accurately calculate the cost of the packaging and shipping operation. This tool also provided the information necessary to effectively implement SIS. The theory of SIS is described, along with a brief summary of the pertinent literature. The current system is analysed and the desired performance improvements are identified. The development of the decision support tool, the results achieved through its usage, and final conclusions are reviewed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is x‐height a better indicator of legibility than type size for drug labels?
Authors: Bix Laura , Lockhart Hugh , Selke Susan , Cardoso Fernando , Olejnik Michele 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn 1999 the US Food and Drug Administration published a regulation in an attempt to ensure the legibility of OTC drugs, specifying, among other things, a minimum type size of 6 points. This is problematic because different typefaces of the same size vary widely in type heights and, presumably, legibility. We hypothesized that specifying a minimum x‐height, the height of the lowercase x, would produce more consistent legibility than the minimum type size specified within the regulation.Twenty‐six subjects viewed two groups of typefaces using the Lockhart Legibility Instrument to quantify legibility. The first group contained typefaces that were all 6 points, but, by nature of their design, varied greatly in their x‐heights. The second group was made from the same set of typefaces, but these were manipulated so that their x‐heights were equal to the average x‐height of group 1. A likelihood ratio test indicated that the group that varied in x‐height, group 1, produced significantly more variable results than the group with equal x‐heights, group 2. This indicates that specifying a minimum type size may not be the best approach for producing consistent legibility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and quality of plastic food contact materials. Optimization of extraction time and extraction yield, based on arithmetic rules derived from mathematical description of diffusion. Application to control strategies
Authors: Scholler D. , Vergnaud J. M. , Bouquant J. , Vergallen H. , Feigenbaum A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMigration of packaging constituents into food may raise concerns about food safety. This paper describes the conclusions of a EU research project (AIR 941025), aiming to facilitate the introduction of migration control into good manufacturing practice and into enforcement policies. The first part describes a re‐evaluation of analytical approaches to extract and identify potential migrants released by plastic materials, viz. comparison of analytical methods, choice of extraction solvents and of fat simulants. Here we focus on the extraction time needed to achieve a given extraction yield. By correlating these parameters with simple and practical equations, it is possible to design alternative tests for control of compliance of packaging plastics. Using a reference experiment (where there is good agreement between experimental and calculated kinetic curves), it is possible to calculate the percentage of extraction which can be achieved in a given time, or the time necessary to reach a target extraction level for other polymer/solvent combinations. A global control scheme is proposed, which indicates whether and when calculation and testing should be applied. Guidelines are proposed, and can be adapted to both industrial control and to enforcement laboratories. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speeding up the FMMR perfect sampling algorithm: A case study revisited
Authors: Dobrow Robert P. , Fill James Allen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn a previous paper by the second author, two Markov chain Monte Carlo perfect sampling algorithms—one called coupling from the past (CFTP) and the other (FMMR) based on rejection sampling—are compared using as a case study the move‐to‐front (MTF) self‐organizing list chain. Here we revisit that case study and, in particular, exploit the dependence of FMMR on the user‐chosen initial state. We give a stochastic monotonicity result for the running time of FMMR applied to MTF and thus identify the initial state that gives the stochastically smallest running time; by contrast, the initial state used in the previous study gives the stochastically largest running time. By changing from worst choice to best choice of initial state we achieve remarkable speedup of FMMR for MTF; for example, we reduce the running time (as measured in Markov chain steps) from exponential in the length n of the list nearly down to n when the items in the list are requested according to a geometric distribution. For this same example, the running time for CFTP grows exponentially in n. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2003
Properly colored subgraphs and rainbow subgraphs in edge‐colorings with local constraints
Authors: Alon Noga , Jiang Tao , Miller Zevi , Pritikin Dan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe consider a canonical Ramsey type problem. An edge‐coloring of a graph is called m‐good if each color appears at most m times at each vertex. Fixing a graph G and a positive integer m, let f(m, G) denote the smallest n such that every m‐good edge‐coloring of Kn yields a properly edge‐colored copy of G, and let g(m, G) denote the smallest n such that every m‐good edge‐coloring of Kn yields a rainbow copy of G. We give bounds on f(m, G) and g(m, G). For complete graphs G = Kt, we have c1mt2/ln t ≤ f(m, Kt) ≤ c2mt2, and cmt3/ln t ≤ g(m, Kt) ≤ cmt3/ln t, where c1, c2, c, c are absolute constants. We also give bounds on f(m, G) and g(m, G) for general graphs G in terms of degrees in G. In particular, we show that for fixed m and d, and all sufficiently large n compared to m and d, f(m, G) = n for all graphs G with n vertices and maximum degree at most d. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2003
Tyrosine‐free amino acid mixture attenuates amphetamine‐induced displacement of [11C]raclopride in striatum in vivo: A rat PET study
Authors: Le Masurier Marisa , Houston Gavin , Cowen Philip , Grasby Paul , Sharp Trevor , Hume Susan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPrevious neurochemical and behavioural studies show that tyrosine depletion using a nutritionally balanced tyrosine‐free amino acid mixture attenuates the dopamine‐releasing and psychostimulant properties of amphetamine. Here we investigate the effect of a tyrosine‐free amino acid mixture on striatal binding of [11C]raclopride, and amphetamine‐induced [11C]raclopride displacement, using positron emission tomography in the rat. Rats were scanned for 60 min after an i.v. injection of ∼11 MBq [11C]raclopride using a quad‐HIDAC system. Amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p., 30 min prior to scan) caused a 12% reduction in [11C]raclopride distribution volume ratio (DVR) compared to saline‐injected controls. The tyrosine‐free amino acid mixture (1 g/kg i.p.) caused a small (+7%) but statistically insignificant increase in [11C]raclopride DVR and attenuated, although it did not fully block, the amphetamine‐induced reduction. These data are in keeping with previous neurochemical, immunocytochemical, and behavioural studies showing that tyrosine‐free amino acid mixtures reduce dopamine function and offer promise for future PET studies testing the effect of tyrosine‐depleting paradigms on dopamine release in humans. Synapse 51:151–157, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catechol‐o‐methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) mRNAs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression
Authors: Tunbridge Elizabeth , Burnet Philip W.J. , Sodhi Monsheel S. , Harrison Paul J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCatechol‐o‐methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) may both be susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. As part of the evaluation of their roles in psychosis, we used reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to measure COMT and PRODH mRNAs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and normal controls (n = 15 subjects in each group). We also genotyped two common COMT polymorphisms (–287A/G and 158Val/Met) which might affect its expression. Neither COMT nor PRODH mRNA abundance differed between diagnostic groups, nor when controls were compared with all psychotic patients. COMT mRNA levels were unrelated to COMT genotypes. We conclude that any involvement of COMT and PRODH genes in schizophrenia is not accompanied by significant alterations in their overall mRNA expression, at least in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. As COMT and PRODH are both located on chromosome 22q11, the results also argue against the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with a decrease in expression of all 22q11 genes, as had been suggested by the high prevalence of psychosis in people with hemizygous 22q11 deletions. Synapse 51:112–118, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐ht5B Receptor mRNA in the raphe nuclei: Coexpression with serotonin transporter
Authors: Serrats Jordi , Raurich Andreu , Vilaró M. Teresa , Mengod Guadalupe , Cortés Roser 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe used double‐label in situ hybridization to examine the cellular localization of 5‐ht5B receptor mRNA in relation to serotonin transporter mRNA in the rat dorsal raphe (DR) and central superior nucleus (CS, median raphe nucleus). 5‐ht5B receptor mRNA hybridization signal was often found on serotonin transporter mRNA‐positive neuron profiles. The degree of cellular colocalization of these mRNAs notably varied among the different regions of the raphe nuclei. In the DR, cell bodies showing 5‐ht5B receptor mRNA expression were abundant in the medial portions of the nucleus, all of them being also labeled for serotonin transporter mRNA. In contrast, in the ventrolateral regions (lateral wings) of the DR, we observed serotonin transporter mRNA‐positive cells, but they were devoid of 5‐ht5B receptor mRNA signal. In the CS, the level of coexpression of 5‐ht5B receptor mRNA with serotonin transporter mRNA was high in the intermediate portions of the nucleus; however, we were unable to detect specific 5‐ht5B receptor mRNA hybridization signal in its caudal extent. Our results support the presence of 5‐ht5B receptor in serotonergic neurons in the DR and CS, suggesting an autoreceptor role for this receptor subtype. Synapse 51:102–111, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.