bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palmiro Togliatti, Enoneous Definitions
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why has fascism, the open dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, arisen today, precisely in this period? You can find the answer in Lenin himself; you should look for it in his works on imperialism. You can’t know what fascism isif you don’t know imperialism. You know the economic features of imperialism. You know the definition Lenin gives. Imperialism is characterized by: 1) the concentration of production and capital, the formation of monopolies which play a decisive part role in economic life; 2) the merging of bank capital with industrial capital, and the creation, on the basis of finance capital, of financial oligarchy; 3) the great importance acquired by the export of capital; 4) the rise of international capitalist monopolies; and, lastly, the repartitioning of the world among the great capitalist powers, which can now be viewed as complete.
E. J. Strachey, the return of the dark ages
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Strachey, a British Marxist theorist, was one of the Labour MPs who signed the Mosley Manifesto and became a founding member of the New Party (April 1931), an attempt to break the mould of British politics by taking radical measures to save Britain from industrial stagnation. After the failure of this party in the General Election later that year, Oswald Mosley went on to found the British Union of Fascists in October 1932 after a visit to Mussolini’s Italy had confirmed his shift to the right. Strachey, meanwhile, returned.
Erich Fromm, The Fear Of Freedom
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the term ·sado-masochistic’ is associated with ideas of perversion and neurosis, I prefer to speak of the sado-masochistic character, especially when not the neurotic but the normal person is meant, as the· authoritarian character’. This terminology is justifiable because the sado-masochistic person is always characterized by his attitude towards authority. He admires authority and tends to submit to it, but at the same time wants to be an authority himself and have others submit to him. There is another reason for choosing this term. The Fascist system calls itself authoritarian because of the dominant role of authority in its social and political structure. By the term· authoritarian character’, we imply that it represents the personality structure which is the human basis of Fascism.[ ]
Talcott Parsons, Rationalism Debunked
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Talcott Parsons (1902-79) American sociology arguably broke free from the tyranny exerted by the myth of objectivity and became a genuine social science. His approach synthesizes into a sophisticated conceptual framework elements drawn from three of the discipline’s foundingfathers: Weber’s theory of rationalization, which sees it as eroding the ‘magic’ from the world; Durkheim’s theory of’anomie’ (the spiritual vacuum created by the erosion of traditional sources of a sense ofbelonging, especially religion); Pareto’s emphasis on the socio-political power of non-rational forces, associated with nationalism and religion. The result was a pioneering essay published in 1942 in which the dynamics of fascism are analysed in terms of structural dysfunctions within society which create diffese psychological and symbolic needs. Such needs cannot be as successfully catered for (or understood) by the liberal, socialist, or Enlightenment traditions as by overtly irrational political movements such as fascism. Fascism offers a substitute religion to the disaffected while advocating policies which locate the alleged causes of the problems in human scapegoats
Martin Kitchen , The View Of A Western Marxist
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the regimes ofNazi Germany and fascist Italy provide the best examples of fascism in action it would be a serious mistake to limit a definition of fascism to these two forms, or even to the period between the two World Wars. Such a definition would make it impossible to analyse fascist dangers in the present day. The fact that changing circumstances are liable to produce differences in fascist movements, at least at the phenomenological leveL has led many writeIS to talk of ‘neo-fascism’.[... ] A new fascism is bound to adapt itself to a new situation. This is already apparent in the fascistic movements such as the N_P,O.9 in Germany, the M.S.l.’0 in Italy or the National Front” in Britain_ Their style is not as rowdy and violent as that of theirpredecessors.
Klaus Theweleit, Raising The Dead
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may at last arrive at an understanding of fascism’s triumph in Germany. What the texts cited have most clearly demonstrated is a refusal by fascism to relinquish desire-desire in the form of a demand that ‘blood must flow’, desire in its most profound distortion. In the German Communist Party (KPD) desire was never seen as the producer of a better reality: that party never so much as intimated that there might be pleasure in liberation, pleasure in new connections, pleasure in the unleashing of new streams. Instead, desire was channelled into plotting and scheming tactics and strategies-literary ones included-while fascism screamed, ‘Germany awaken!’ What was ‘sleeping’ had ears to hear its call as a bell-peal of immediate resurrection: ‘the dead’ could now return from the entrails.
Henry a. Turner jun. Utopian anti-modernism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good many widely-held beliefs about who was a fascist and who was not might thus be overturned if utopian anti-modernism should prove to be a central and common characteristic of the Italian and German movements. The implications for traditional thinking about fascism as a generic phenomenon would, however, be far more dire if, as also seems possible, such a definition were inapplicable to Italy. For if Italian Fascism should, upon closer examination, turn out to have been predominantly pro-modernist then the two paradigmatic manifestations offascism would stand opposed to one another on what many now hold to be the fundamental issues of modem times. One, that is, would have been committed to furthering the process of modernization by repressive, authoritarian methods, the other to employing similar methods but as a means of reversing that same process through a fanatical and ultimately suicidal pursuit of an unattainable, archaic utopia.
Emilio Gentile,Fascist Modemity
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first really important and fundamental change has been to place back on the agenda the image of an international fascism, so as not to relapse into a view of Fascism assomething wholly Italian, domestic, home-grown. The tendency of new historiography is to probe more deeply into the specific reality of phenomena considered fascist so as to establish alongside the similarities the differences as well, some of which were substantial.
The other aspect of this change has been for scholars to start considering fascism as a phenomenon which had its own ideology and its own culture, if only-as it is prudent to emphasise-in an anthropological sense, not in an academic sense, a culture whose motivations, matrices, values have to be uncovered or highlighted even if they are negative values, alien and opposed to our world of values.
Stanley payne, a. New nationalist authoritarian state
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The descriptive typology in table 1 is suggested merely as an analytic device of limited scope for purposes of comparative definition. It does not propose to establish a rigidly reified category, but a loose wide-spectrum description that can identify a variety of differing allegedly fascist movements while still setting them apart from other kinds of revolutionary or nationalist movements. Individual movements might then be understood to have possessed further beliefs, characteristics, and goals of major importance to them that did not contradict the common features but were simply added to them or went far beyond them.
Zeev Sternhell, A New Civilization
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zeev Sternhell is an Israeli scholar who has written extensively on French and Italian fascism. He is particularly keen to demonstrate how fascism represented a synthesis of ultra-right and ultra-left aspirations towards a post-liberal society rooted in the late nineteenth-century revolt against positivism and liberalism, and going ‘beyond right and left’. One peculiarity of his approach is that he regards the biological racism of Nazism as too exceptional and extreme to qualify it as a form of fascism.
FASCISM Of all the major ideologies of the twentieth century, fascism was the only one to come into being together with the century itself. It was a synthesis of organic nationalism and anti-Marxist socialism, a revolutionary movement based on a rejection of liberalism, democracy and Marxism. In its essential character, fascist ideology was a rejection of materialism-liberalism, democracy and Marxism being regarded simply as different aspects of the same materialist evil. It was this revolt against materialism which, from the beginning of the century, allowed a convergence of anti-liberal and anti-bourgeois nationalism and a variety of socialism which, while rejecting Marxism, remained revolutionary.
Arthur Kenneth Chesterton, The Lunacy Of Fascism And Nazism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the war A. K. Chesterton (1899-1973) maintained his distance from Mosley’s attempts to revive fascism. His own analysis of the crisis of history was based on a conspiracy theory of the pernicious influence of Jewish finance (expounded in The New Unhappy Lords published in 1965), and focused not on a regenerated Europe but a revitalized imperial Britain. This led to the formation in 1954 of the ultra-conservative League of Empire Loyalists with its own organ, Candour. In 1967 he became the first chairman of the National Front, formed from the merger of the LEL with some smaller fascist groups. He resigned in 1971, alienated by the shift towards neo-Nazism promoted by John Tyndall and Martin Webster, but also in response to his growing unpopularity within the party.
Now it is curious that while the Press pretends to take Mosley seriously, in truth it takes his policies so little seriously that nobody to date has thought worthy of comment the fact that he makes his new bid for public attention, not by preaching Fascism, but by advocating its direct opposite-internationalism.
Leon Degrelle, The Miracle Of The Telephone Box
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we find Degrelle still invoking his Catholic roots while seizing on the Pope’s visit to Auschwitz to deliver a piece of vulgar Holocaust denial which deploys two classic techniques: first he uses mathematical calculations to pour ridicule on the logistical feasibility of mass extermination; secondly he seeks to relativize the Nazi atrocities which he has minimized by referring to the Allied ‘terror bombing’ of Germany, the crimes against humanity committed in the history of the United States, and the horrors ofStalinism. There would not even have been any need for gas.[... ]
And what about Britain, with its bombardments of unfortified cities like Copenhagen, its execution of Sepoys tied to the mouths of cannons, its crushing of the Boers, and its Transvaal concentration camps, where thousands of women and children perished in indescribable misery? And what of Churchill unleashing his abominable terror bombings on the civilian population of the Reich, which burnt them in their cellars with phosphorous, and annihilated about two hundred thousand women and children.
David Irving , Laying It On The Line
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The true position of Irving on the Final Solution can be gleaned from this item in Focal Point, the organ of the Focus Policy Group, which he formed as an abortive attempt to create a broad-based international network of ultra-nationalists in the early 1980s. The cover of this issue featured a bronze head of Hitler and bore the headline ‘The Voice from beyond Valhalla’. This passage is taken from the transcript, ‘never before published’, of a stenographer’s record of the clarification ofhis long-term policy which Hitler made in private to ‘one ofhis financial backers’ on 21 December 1922 at the Hotel Regina Palace in Munich. The piece is entitled ‘Hitler l.Ays it on the Line’ with the heading ‘In talk with German financier Hitler revealed his Secret Plans twenty years before he implemented them: Dictatorship, War, Conquest, theJews’. Here we reproduce only the section concerning theJews.
Hartwig Huber, The Immortal Principle
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When two hundred years ago the rights of man were solemnly declared, anthropology as a natural science was still in its infancy. Human rights are the creation of jurists and philosophers. The premiss of their thinking was an isolating and speculative one: Man was abstractly conceived as an individual; not as a man, or a woman, or a child, or as someone with ties to a family, an ethnic group [Stamm], a people [Volk]. The heterogeneous world which had grown up over centuries, and which even in the age of absolutism had started to become rationally organized, was now radically simplified.
An abstractly conceived being, Man, was recognized to have fundamental freedoms in 1789, but not to be a communal being. In those days nothing was known of genetics and the like. They were building on speculations about a noble savage, who was contrasted with the European who had been corrupted by his society.[ ]
John Tyndall, Spiritual Aids
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live under a state that is terminally sick, in the manner of a political, economic, social and spiritual AIDS. Lacking the built-in natural immunity that is to be found in all healthy body organisms, it is vulnerable to every germ and shock that the world climate may blow its way. For this, state, every week is a crisis, as it wriggles vainly to cope with some fresh problem arising from out of its own insoluble internal tensions and contradictions. Its death is certain; the only remaining uncertainty is that of the precise moment when it expires.[ ]
In every aspect of contemporary British politics the habit is to try to ‘square the circle’, to make work that which will not work. The present form of parliamentarydemocracy’ as a method for the translation of the popular will into political action has become a stale joke.
L’gsuvre Franaise, Blood, Soil, And Faith
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In government, in the Church, in parliament, in political parties, in the media and art, in the judicial system, in the street, the insolence and maliciousness of those who claim to be ‘anti-racist’ seem no longer to have any limit.
Their aim is to ensure the victory of cosmopolitanism through the use of all intellectual and material forms of subversion.
Their plan involves the negation of the Christian essence of our national existence and the denial of the European source of our French identity.
Their tactic consists in systematically accusing French people of good stock, and who are prepared to defend themselves, of’fascism’ and ‘nazism’. It is what they call ‘the struggle against racism’, ‘anti-racism’.[ ]
British National Party, Saving The Nation
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British National Party caused a brief’moral panic’ in the media when in September 1993 its candidate Derek Beacleon was one of the town councillors elected to represent Tower Hamlets, a particularly run-down part of the East End of London. It was formed by the veteran fascist agitator John Tyndall in 1982 as a result of schisms which occurred within the National Front in the wake of its eclipse after the 1979 general election, and has effectively replaced it as Britain’s most important fascist movement. The party’s ‘esoteric’ ideology emanating.from the top is a virulent neo-Nazism adapted to the British situation (see Text 202). However, in its pronouncements for more public consumption (as in this regular insert in the party organ British Nationalist: BNP) the vision of a white supremacist post-liberal corporate state under an authoritarian leader is translated into as ‘democratic’ a discourse as possible, though it is not difficult to decode its ‘subtext’.
Movimento Sociale Italiano, For A New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present situation is the result of the total failure of the absurd and suicidal race for the paradise of possessions and appearances instead of pursuing the only world which gives quality and substance to a person, namely the world of ‘being’. This is the difference which has always distinguished the Youth Front [Fronte della Gioventu] from other youth organizations.[... ] It is because ofits way ofbeing, its history, its tradition, its presence in the country, that today the Youth Front must form the nucleus of a youth alliance (like the MSI-DN,6 in the National Alliance), a broad based movement which enables different souls to identify with a political project in which values such as national identity, freedom, right to life, the family, and solidarity provide the base for the reconstruction of the nation.[...]
An Inheritance Reaffirmed: Marx
Authors: Wood Ellen Meiksins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the historical record and the structural antagonism between capital and labour tell a story very different from the one we are offered by the NTS.’ One cannot, then, help wondering what exactly we are being told when the NTS deny the connection between the working class and socialism, or even between economic conditions and political forces in general. Again, we are reminded that the NTS has come to fruition not at a time when the opposition between labour and capital has receded into the background, but rather when the antagonisms of class have been especially urgent and visible.
Arguments The End of the Social
Authors: Baudrillard Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social is not a clear and unequivocal process. Do modem societies correspond to a process of socialisation or to one of progressive desocialisation? Everything depends on one’s understanding of the term and none of these is fixed; all are reversible. Thus the institutions which have sign-posted the ‘advance of the social’ (urbanisation, concentration, production, work, medicine, education, social security, insurance, etc.) including capital, which was undoubtedly the most effective socialisation medium of all, could be said to produce and destroy the social in one and the same movement.
The Class Structure of the ‘Classic Slum’
Authors: Roberts Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No view of the English working class in the first quarter of this century would be accurate if that class were shown merely as a great amalgam of artisan and labouring groups united by a common aim and culture. Life in reality was much more complex. Socially the unskilled workers and their families, who made up about 50 per cent of the population in our industrial cities, varied as much from the manual elite as did people in middle station from the aristocracy.
Feminism: A Movement to End Sexist Oppression
Authors: Hooks Bell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central problem within feminist discourse has been our inability to either arrive at a consensus of opinion about what feminism is or accept definition(s) that could serve as points of unification. Witham agreed upon definition(s), we lack a sound foundation on whid1 to construct theory or engage in overall meaningful praxis. Expressing her frustrations with the absence of clear lifestyle. It could serve as a way women who are concerned about diminish as well as other political movements could express their support while avoiding linguistic structures that give primacy to one particular group. It would also encourage greater exploration in feminist theory.
In a Different Voice
Authors: Gilligan Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past ten years, I have been listening to people talking about morality and about themselves. Halfway through that time, I began to hear a distinction in these voices. two ways of speaking about moral problems, two modes of describing the relationship between ocher and self. Differences repressed in the psychological literature as steps in a developmental progression suddenly appeared instead as a contrapuntal theme, women imp the cycle of life and recurring in varying forms in people’s judgments, fantasies, and thoughts. The occasion for this observation was the selection of a sample of women for a study of the relation between judgment and action in a situation of moral conflict and choice. Against the background of the psychological descriptions of identity and moral development which I had read and taught for a number of years, the women’s voices sounded distinct. It was then that I began to notice the recurrent problems in interpreting women’s development and to connect these problems to the repeated exclusion of women from the critical theory-building studies of Physiology research.
Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory
Authors: Chodorow Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early period of the contemporary feminist movement, feminists searched for a grand theory. This single cause, or dominant factor, theory would e1.l)lain a se1.7.lal inequality, hierarchy, and domination that were omnipresent and that defined and circumscribed merely the experience and organization of gender and senility. For some theorists, gender oppression inhered in capitalist relations of work and exploitation, in the state or the family, in divisions among women or alliances among men, or in male violence and control of women’s reproductive and sexual capacities. For others. women were entrapped through their own reproductive anatomy, the objectification of their bodies, the mothering relation or the marriage relation, compulsory heteroseA7.lality, the cultural or ideological construction of’ woman’, location in the domestic sphere, or association with nature.
Love and Knowledge: Emotion in Feminist Epistemology
Authors: Jaggar Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
within the western philosophical tradition, emotions have usually been considered potentially or actually subversive of knowledge. From Plato until the present. with a few notable exceptions, reason rather than emotion has been regarded as the indispensable faculty for acquiring knowledge.” Typically, although again not invariably, the rational has been contrasted with the emotional, and this contrasted pair then often linked with other dichotomies. Not only has reason been contrasted will emotion, but it has also been associated with ilia mental. the cultural. the universal, the public and the male, whereas emotion has been associated with the irrational. the physical, the natural. the particular, the private and, of course, the female.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following debate between social constructivist and essentialist theorists highlights the issues at stake in lie invocation of the category of ‘woman. How do we represent sternal, or social difference, without rearming to dual hierarchized oppositions? Do new subject positions impact on form-are we dealing here with metaphor, representation, or some kind of ‘rear?