bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land degradation processes in Portugal: farmers' perceptions of the application of European agroforestry programmes
Authors: Carvalho T. M. M. , Coelho C. O. A. , Ferreira A. J. D. , Charlton C. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the effectiveness of European Union (EU) agroforestry programmes in reversing land degradation processes in the Mação region of central Portugal. Since the 1980s, the region has experienced severe forest fires, which have had serious consequences for the local ecosystem in terms of land degradation processes and changes in the hydrological cycle. In an attempt to reverse this situation, agroforestry programmes and aid schemes have been introduced to improve land management practices and increase the forest area and stabilize soil. However, evaluations of the environmental, economic and social impacts of these schemes have been limited. This paper considers the effectiveness of agroforestry programmes from the perspectives of farmers in the area, as revealed by a detailed survey of land users' perceptions of these measures. The paper also reflects on the implications for current and future policy. The results suggest that present assistance regimes may be insufficient to ensure adequate forest management in the future. A new approach to forest management is proposed involving greater cooperation among local farmers, diversification of species in new afforestation and the establishment of demonstration projects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence spectroscopy for in vivo characterization of ovarian tissue
Authors: Brewer Molly , Utzinger Urs , Silva Elvio , Gershenson David , Bast Robert C. , Follen Michele , Richards‐Kortum Rebecca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objective:The objective of this study was to explore whether fluorescence spectroscopy signatures differed between normal variations within the ovary, benign neoplasms, and ovarian cancer.Study Design/Materials and Methods:Ovarian tissue fluorescence emission spectra were collected sequentially at 18 excitation wavelengths ranging from 330 to 500 nm from 11 patients undergoing oophorectomy and assembled into fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEMs); biopsies corresponded to the area interrogated. Spectral areas that could differentiate normal ovary, benign neoplasms, and cancers were evaluated, using histopathology as the reference standard.Results:The most promising measurements are (1) the integrated fluorescence intensity from 400 to 430 nm excitation at 460 nm emission, and (2) the ratios of fluorescence intensities at 330 nm excitation, 385 and 500 nm emission, and at 375 and 415 nm excitation, 460 nm emission. Simple systems to visualize these optical signatures at laparoscopy could be designed.Conclusion:Fluorescence spectroscopy may have the ability to distinguish ovarian cancers from normal ovarian structures and benign neoplasms, as well as differentiate between normal variations and metaplastic structures and should be further explored as a device for the early detection of ovarian cancers. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:128–135, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disposition of possessions among families of people living with AIDS
Authors: Kates Steven M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe consumer‐research field has not yet explored the consumption dynamics of gay and lesbian chosen families. Also, there is currently a lack of work on death, dying, and disposition of possessions. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of a study of recipients' meanings of possessions in a very specialized context: dying of and death from AIDS. Three broad conceptual categories or themes emerged that fully described the meanings of dispositions and problems experienced among the chosen family: possessions and remembrance, inclusions and exclusions through disposition, and the means and meanings of final disposition. Overall, these consumers are trying to consume in prosocial manners and in doing so, negotiate the family unit and encounter difficulty through lack of social and legal recognition of their family bonds. Given that the time horizon of the relationship trajectory had been drastically curtailed, informants appeared to enter an entirely different paradigm of gift giving and receipt. This paradigm may well be one of agapic love in which gifts are given in the spirit of expressing altruistic, unselfish regard for family members and so negotiate reworked ideal of family. In this context, the agapic paradigm appears to stress the creative agency of the individual as opposed to the structuring effects of preexisting norms and conditions surrounding gift giving. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Embodied‐concept use in sense making by marketing managers
Authors: Rosa José Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractContent analysis of text data and experimental methods are used in two studies that investigate the use of embodied concepts in sense making by marketing managers, and the influence that environmental and dispositional factors have on such usage. Embodied concepts are simple mental outlines that capture aspects of our bodily relationships to the environment and that are metaphorically transferable to nonembodied experiences. The study focuses primarily on the use of embodied concepts to grasp and solve ill‐defined problems. The investigation includes three parts. Part 1 of the first study involved content analysis of public statements by 32 marketing managers who were presented with the ill‐defined problem of describing how the next several years were likely to affect their business. Part 2 involved content analysis of statements by 80 marketing managers who evaluated the public statements of the first set of managers. Study 2 was a field experiment conducted with 68 experienced marketing managers playing a brand‐management simulation game during which concurrent verbal protocols were collected. Results show that embodied‐concept use is common among marketing managers, and that it is influenced by dispositional factors (cognitive‐processing preferences) and environmental factors (managerially controlled cues). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frequency of DYT1 mutation in early onset primary dystonia in Italian patients
Authors: Zorzi Giovanna , Garavaglia Barbara , Invernizzi Federica , Girotti Floriano , Soliveri Paola , Zeviani Massimo , Angelini Lucia , Nardocci Nardo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThirty Italian patients with sporadic, early‐onset, primary dystonia were screened for the DYT1 mutation. Five patients were positive (mean age at onset, 8 years); two had the typical phenotype, two a generalised dystonia also involving the cranial muscles, and one a segmental dystonia. In the other 25 patients (mean age at onset, 7.7 years), dystonia was generalised in 22 patients and remained segmental in three. Our results indicate the role of DYT1 mutation in Italian patients and confirm clinical and genetic heterogeneity of early‐onset primary dystonia. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Macrogol 3350/electrolyte improves constipation in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Eichhorn Tobias E. , Oertel Wolfgang H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe an open study of macrogol 3350 in 10 cases of constipated patients with Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy. The agent produced a marked improvement in symptoms in all cases. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
[123I]β‐CIT SPECT imaging demonstrates reduced density of striatal dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Varrone Andrea , Marek Kenneth L. , Jennings Danna , Innis Robert B. , Seibyl John P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn vivo imaging of the dopamine transporter (DAT) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a quantitative biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) onset and severity. This study has examined and compared the loss of striatal DAT in PD and multiple system atrophy (MSA) using [123I]β‐CIT SPECT imaging.One hundred and eighty‐three patients (157 PD and 26 MSA) were studied. Clinical rating scales (Hoehn and Yahr stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] scores) demonstrated that the MSA patients were more severely impaired than the PD patients. The striatal [123I]β‐CIT SPECT uptake was markedly reduced in both the PD and MSA groups. In addition, MSA patients showed more symmetric DAT loss compared with the PD patients, consistent with the more symmetric clinical motor dysfunction observed in MSA. While the loss of DAT was significantly reduced in all regions in both MSA and PD, comparison of the relative loss of the DAT did not significantly improve diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between PD and MSA. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Inhibition of LFA‐1/ICAM‐1 and VLA‐4/VCAM‐1 as a therapeutic approach to inflammation and autoimmune diseases
Authors: Yusuf‐Makagiansar Helena , Anderson Meagan E. , Yakovleva Tatyana V. , Murray Joseph S. , Siahaan Teruna J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis review focuses on providing insights into the structural basis and clinical relevance of LFA‐1 and VLA‐4 inhibition by peptides and small molecules as adhesion‐based therapeutic strategies for inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Interactions of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) play central roles in mediating immune and inflammatory responses. Leukocyte function‐associated antigen (LFA‐1, αLβ2, and CD11a/CD18) and very late antigen (VLA‐4, α4β1, and CD49d/CD29) are members of integrin‐type CAM that are predominantly involved in leukocyte trafficking and extravasation. LFA‐1 is exclusively expressed on leukocytes and interacts with its ligands ICAM‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 to promote a variety of homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesion events required for normal and pathologic functions of the immune systems. VLA‐4 is expressed mainly on lymphocyte, monocytes, and eosinophils, but is not found on neutrophils. VLA‐4 interacts with its ligands VCAM‐1 and fibronectin (FN) CS1 during chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, psoriasis, transplant‐rejection, and allergy. Block‐ade of LFA‐1 and VLA‐4 interactions with their ligands is a potential target for immunosuppression. LFA‐1 and VLA‐4 antagonists (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) are being developed for controlling inflammation and autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic intervention of mostly mAb‐based has been extensively studied. However, due to the challenging relative efficacy/safety ratio of mAb‐based therapy application, especially in terms of systemic administration and immunogenic potential, strategic alternatives in the forms of peptide, peptide mimetic inhibitors, and small molecule non‐peptide antagonists are being sought. Linear and cyclic peptides derived from the sequences of LFA‐1, ICAM‐1, ICAM‐2, VCAM‐1, and FN C1 have been shown to have inhibitory effects in vitro and in vivo. Finally, understanding the mechanism of LFA‐1 and VLA‐4 binding to their ligands has become a fundamental basis in developing therapeutic agents for inflammation and autoimmune diseases. © 2002 John Wiley& Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 2, 146–167, 2002; DOI 10.1002/med.10001
The cryptophycins: Their synthesis and anticancer activity
Authors: Eggen MariJean , Georg Gunda I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cryptophycins are a unique family of 16‐membered macrolide antimitotic agents isolated from the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. Their molecular target is tubulin protein wherein they are the most potent known stabilizers of microtubule dynamics and depolymerize microtubules at higher concentrations. They also deactivate the Bcl2 protein and produce apoptotic response much more quickly and at considerably lower concentrations than clinically utilized compounds. The presence of several amide and ester linkages within the cryptophycin core provides access to very convergent total synthetic approaches. Likewise, the modularity of the structure renders their synthesis amenable to structure‐activity studies in several regions of the molecule. The in vivo hydrolytic instability of the C5 ester was a key obstacle to the successful identification of a clinical candidate. This problem was ameliorated by increased substitution at C6 as in the presence of gem‐dimethyl substitution in the clinical candidate, cryptophycin‐52. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 2, 85–101, 2002; DOI 10.1002/med.10002
Peptide hormone binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors: Structural characterization via NMR techniques
Authors: Mierke Dale F. , Giragossian Craig 
Published: August 2002

AbstractG‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) allow cells to respond to calcium, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Not surprisingly, they currently make up the largest family of validated drug targets. Rational drug design for molecular regulators targeting GPCRs has been limited to theoretical‐based computational approaches. X‐ray crystallography of intact GPCRs has provided the topological orientation of the seven transmembrane helices, but limited structural information of the extracellular and intracellular loops and protein termini. In this review we detail an NMR‐based approach which provides the high‐resolution structural features on the extracellular domains of GPCRs and the ligand/receptor complexes formed upon titration of the peptide hormone. The results provide important contact points and a high‐resolution description of the ligand/receptor interactions, which may be useful for the rational design of therapeutic agents targeting GPCRs. Recent results from our investigation of the cholecystokinin peptide hormone system are used to highlight this approach. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 21, No. 5, 450–471, 2001
Cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors for treating cancer
Authors: Toogood Peter L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) are essential enzymes for the control of cell cycle progression. Inhibitors of cyclin‐dependent kinases are anticipated to possess therapeutic utility against a wide variety of proliferative diseases, especially cancer. The field of published small molecule Cdk inhibitors is briefly reviewed here as background to a summary of work on a class of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Cdk inhibitors. Compounds from this class are described that display potency against cyclin D/Cdk4 up to IC50 = 0.004 μM. Good to moderate selectivity for cyclin D/Cdk4 is also reported for compounds in this structural class. Structure‐activity relationship data are presented for substitution at the C2 and N8 positions and these data are interpreted in the context of a binding model that is based on the Cdk2 crystal structure. A representative cyclin D/Cdk4 inhibitor (compound 56) is demonstrated to selectively inhibit the proliferation of an Rb+ cell line vs. a matched Rb− cell line and to produce a distinct G1 block consistent with cyclin D/Cdk4 inhibition in cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 21, No. 6, 487–498, 2001
An X‐band TFMS rat‐race coupler using photoimageable thick‐film materials
Authors: Ng C. Y. , Chongcheawchamnan M. , Aftanasar M. S. , Robertson I. D. , Minalgiene J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, the design and measurement of a 10 GHz thin‐film microstrip (TFMS) rat‐race coupler using a thick‐film photoimageable technology is presented. The fabricated hybrid occupies 2.10 mm×0.61 mm, and offers good performance. This is a promising technology for low‐cost large‐volume multichip modules (MCMs) for future wireless systems. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 5–7, 2002.
A new wideband printed antenna
Authors: Elhalafawy S. M. , Bahnacy A. I. , Petosa A. , Jiang G. , Antar Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the characteristics of a new wideband printed microstrip antenna. This antenna is designed to operate in the C‐band, with an impedance bandwidth of about 35% around 5 GHz for a standing‐wave ratio (SWR) less than 2. The antenna consists of a probe‐fed segmented patch. A narrow slit is made in the patch around the feed region. Design parameters and results are presented. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 11–14, 2002.
Influence of a slot on the induced current in a wire inside a conducting box with a square aperture
Authors: Carlsson Jan , Belov Ilja 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe contribution to the induced current in a wire inside a conducting box due to field penetration through a narrow slot in comparison with the contribution from leakage through a large aperture has been studied. Different placements of the wire have been evaluated in order to find under which circumstances the narrow slot can be neglected in comparison with the large aperture. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 25–29, 2002.
Design of low‐cost microstrip antenna arrays with parasitic elements to operate in the 3.4–3.6 GHz band
Authors: González García S. , Fernández Pantoja M. , Rubio Bretones A. , Gómez Martín R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a robust low‐cost 4×4 microstrip antenna array is designed to be used in wireless communications systems working between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz. A foam substrate, together with a set of parasitic patches in two geometrical configurations, has been used to enhance its bandwidth. The first layout employs a layer of parasitic patches stacked onto the main radiator patch layer, and the second one uses a set of coplanar parasitic patches placed laterally adjacent to the main ones. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 188–192, 2002.
Application of the concurrent complementary operators method to numerically derived absorbing boundary conditions
Authors: Wu Xin , Ramahi Omar M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe concurrent complementary operators method (C–COM) has been demonstrated to be a highly effective mesh truncation technique for the simulation of electromagnetic open‐region transient or time‐harmonic problems. In previous work, the C–COM was applied to analytically derived absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs). In this work, we show that the C–COM can be applied to the wider class of highly effective and versatile numerically derived ABCs. As a demonstration of the validity of this generalization, we consider the case of a Liao ABC, and show that high accuracy can be obtained. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 272–275, 2002.
Design of a 2 × 2 MMI MZI SOI electro‐optic switch covering C band and L band
Authors: Tsao Shyh‐Lin , Guo Huang‐Chen , Chen Yi‐Jr 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis Letter a 2 × 2 multimode interference (MMI) Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) electro‐optic switch is designed for operation at 1.55‐μm wavelength. This electro‐optic switch is designed based on silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) waveguides. With the use of an SOI phase shifter designed in the MZI switch, a 2 × 2 electro‐optic switch can be achieved on Si substrate. The electro‐optic switch size is only 1 mm long. The 3‐dB operating optical wavelength bandwidth can cover the C and L bands. This wideband MMI MZI electro‐optic switch can be applied in broadband optical fiber communication systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 262–265, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10292
A study of the selective gate recess etching technology and its effects on the microwave properties of pHEMT
Authors: Hongqin Li , Guanqun Xin , Xiaowei Sun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe selective gate recess etching technology has been investigated extensively using citric acid and H2O2 etchant for AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pHEMT in this paper. A suitable ratio of this etchant has been determined by experiment. Then we studied the effect of the gate recess depth on the microwave properties of a 0.8 μm gate length pHEMT. The recess depth was varied by changing the recess etch time, and was measured by Taylor–Hobson test instruments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 410–412, 2001.
Epidemiologic studies in a population‐based childhood cancer registry in Northeast Hungary
Authors: Jakab Zsuzsanna , Balogh Erzsébet , Kiss Csongor , Oláh Éva 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundReports on the patterns of childhood cancer incidence are rare in Eastern Europe. To compare incidence rates and trends with international data, we processed records of the regional childhood cancer registry of Northeast Hungary.ProcedureOur computerized database contains population‐based information on childhood cancer cases (<15 years) diagnosed in residents of two counties of Hungary: leukaemias from 1973, non‐CNS solid tumours from 1978, and CNS tumours from 1984. After a retrospective evaluation of completeness of ascertainment, descriptive epidemiologic analyses were performed for the years of operation of the registry. Age‐standardized annual incidence rates and age‐specific incidences were calculated. Trends were evaluated in linear regression analysis.ResultsThe disribution of major histologic groups was similar to those observed in the Western countries with the exception that central nervous system tumours account for a higher percentage (27.3%). Average age‐standardized annual incidence rates were as follows: all types of cancer: 120.7 per million; leukaemia: 37.3; CNS tumours: 31.6; lymphomas: 12.2; sympathetic nervous system tumours: 12.5; kidney tumours: 8.8. Significant increases were observed in incidence of leukaemia (average annual percent change AAPC: 0.7%), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (AAPC: 1.9%), and all cancer groups (AAPC: 2.6%), but not in acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia or in CNS tumours. The strongest increases in cancer incidence were detected in the age group of 10–14 years (AAPC: 4.4%) and in infants (AAPC: 12.9%).ConclusionsIncidences and trends are in accordance with the data in the latest literature, however, the contribution of CNS tumours and the rate of increase in total cancer incidence proved to be higher. Further detailed genetic and environmental studies of cancer registries may shed light on the etiology of the observed differences whether they represent a pattern specific for this region. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 2002;38:338–344. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N7‐ and N9‐substituted purine derivatives: a 15N NMR study
Authors: Marek Radek , Brus Jiří , Toušek Jaromír , Kovács Lajos , Hocková Dana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe 15N NMR chemical shifts of N7‐ and N9‐substituted purine derivatives were investigated systematically at the natural abundance level of the 15N isotope. The NMR chemical shifts were determined and assigned using GSQMBC, GHMBC, GHMQC and GHSQC experiments in solution. 15N cross‐polarization magic angle spinning data were recorded for selected compounds in order to study the principal values of the 15N chemical shifts. Geometric parameters obtained by using RHF/6–31G** and single‐crystal x‐ray structural analysis were used to calculate the chemical‐shielding constants (GIAO and IGLO) which were then used to assign the nitrogen resonances observed in the solid‐state NMR spectra and to determine the orientation of the principal components of the shift tensors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.