bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphologic characteristics of equine endometrium classified as Kenney categories I, II, and III, using light and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Ferreira-Dias Graça , Nequin Lynn G. , King Sheryl S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pathologic changes in the endometrium of mares may be rated according to Kenney's method of classification. Category I endometrium contains healthy tissue with no or few widely scattered pathologic changes. At the opposite end, severe widespread pathologic changes are associated with category III.
Uterine biopsy specimens were collected aseptically from 16 mares during the estrous and diestrous stages of the cycle. Pathologic changes were evaluated, using light microscopy, and endometrium was classified as Kenney's category I, II, or III.
Endometrial tissue of category I (n = 5 mares in estrus; n = 3 in diestrus); category II (n = 3 in estrus; n = 4 in diestrus), and category III (n = 4 in estrus; n = 4 in diestrus) were processed for scanning electron microscopy (sem). All specimens were fixed immediately after biopsy because it was found that numerous bleb-like projections were formed when fixation was delayed.
Category I endometrium had normal glands, and fibrotic tissue was not observed by light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed numerous hexagonally shaped cells that were covered with many microvilli. Ciliated cells also were observed, and they contained long healthy cilia. Category II endometrium had 2 to 4 nests surrounded by collagen fibers. Of the 4 specimens, 3 had moderate leukocyte infiltration (59 ± 14.8 wbc/4 high-power fields [450 × ]). Scanning electron microscopy revealed some inflammatory changes with slight swelling of the cell surface. Several cells in category II endometrium lacked microvilli, but they were interdispersed among many healthy hexagonal cells. Many nests were seen in category III tissue, and 2 specimens had severe infiltration of wbc (232,264 cells/4 fields). These 2 specimens appeared to be swollen when examined by sem. Degenerative changes were more extensive in category III endometrium. Large areas lacked microvilli, and some areas had complete loss of the cell boundaries. Numerous holes and ulcer-like formations also were observed on the surface of this type of endometrium.
Morphometric analysis, of the ciliated cell population indicated no significant difference in the quantity of cells in normal tissue during estrus vs diestrus. Category III tissue had significantly (P < 0.05) more surface damage than did tissue of the other 2 categories.
In conclusion, the degree of surface damage observed, using sem, paralleled the number of fibrotic nests that were seen by light microscopy. The amount of surface swelling was related to the amount of inflammatory infiltration observed by light microscopy.
Seroepidemiologic survey of Borrelia burgdorferi exposure of daily cattle in Wisconsin
Authors: Ji Benxiu , Collins Michael T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An ELISA, using purified flagellin of Borrelia burgdorferi as the solid-phase antigen, was used to measure antibody concentrations to B burgdorferi in dairy cattle in Wisconsin. Serum obtained from 5,060 cows in 160 randomly selected herds in the state were tested. Serum from an additional 2,600 cattle in Barron County, Wis, a county with a high annual incidence of B burgdorferi infections in human beings, was also tested. Only 7% of the cows that were tested, but 66% of the herds that were tested, were seropositive for B burgdorferi. Sixteen percent of the herds had a prevalence of ≥ 15% seropositive cows, whereas 50% of the herds had a prevalence of 1 to 14% seropositive cows. Seropositive herds were concentrated in the west-central part of Wisconsin. An association existed between the geographic location of seropositive herds and counties in which B burgdorferi infection of human beings was acquired (P< 0.05) as well as the geographic location of seropositive herds and the geographic distribution of Ixodes scapularis (P < 0.05). Barron County, in which B burgdorferi infection is endemic, had a significantly (P< 0.05) higher percentage of seropositive cows (17%) than did the state of Wisconsin (7%).
Porcine respiratory coronavirus-mediated interference against influenza virus replication in the respiratory tract of feeder pigs
Authors: Van Reeth K. , Pensaert M. B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effect of prior porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) infection on replication of H1N1-influenza virus in the respiratory tract of swine was studied. In an initial experiment, 3 groups of 5 feeder pigs were studied. Pigs of 2 groups were inoculated sequentially with PRCV, followed by H1N1-influenza virus at 2- and 3-day intervals. Pigs of the other group were inoculated with H1N1-influenza virus only. Pigs were monitored clinically and examined for nasal excretion of influenza virus. In the singly influenza virus-inoculated group, 83% of nasal swab specimens were influenza virus-positive over a period of 6 days after inoculation. In the dually virus-inoculated groups, only 27% (2-day interval) and 53% (3-day interval) of nasal swab specimens were virus-positive over the same postinoculation period. However, clinical signs of infection in these dually inoculated pigs were more severe than those in the singly influenza virus-inoculated pigs. There were no significant differences in antibody responses against influenza virus among the 3 groups of pigs.
In a second experiment, 2 groups of pigs were studied. One group of pigs was inoculated sequentially with PRCV, followed by H1N1-influenza virus 2 days later; the other group was inoculated with H1N1-influenza virus only. Pigs of both groups were serially euthanatized on postinoculation days (pid) 1, 2, 3, and 4 (after influenza virus). At necropsy, influenza virus titer and immunofluorescence in lung tissue were determined and gross lung lesions were recorded. Influenza virus titer in the dually inoculated pigs (pid 1 and 2) was at least 100-fold reduced, compared with that in the corresponding singly inocu lated pigs, and fluorescence was either not detected (pid 1) or was scant (pid 2). Differences in influenza virus replication between pigs of dually and singly inoculated groups became gradually less pronounced at pid 3 and 4. Lung lesions in the dually virus-inoculated pigs were distinctly more severe than those in the corresponding singly virus-inoculated pigs, and became progressively more pronounced as time after influenza virus inoculation progressed.
These results indicate that PRCV infection may induce factors in the lungs that markedly interfere with replication and virus production during a subsequent influenza virus infection. On the other hand, clinical signs of infection and lung lesions were enhanced in the dually virus-inoculated pigs. It is believed that early nonspecific defense mechanisms in the lungs may have a role in the host antiviral response, as well as in development of lesions.
Acute effects of perineural administration of sodium hyaluronate on palmar digital neurectomy sites in horses
Authors: Murray Rachel C. , Gaughan Earl M. , DeBowes Richard M. , Mosier Derek A. , Hoskinson James J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Biaxial palmar digital neurectomy of all limbs was performed on 6 mixed-breed castrated adult male horses, using a standard guillotine method. Using a Teflon catheter, 20 mg (2 ml) of sodium hyaluronate (group 1), 2 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (group 2), or catheter placement with no infusion (group 3) was applied to 4 (group 1) or 2 (groups 2 and 3) of 8 incisions/horse. Treatments were administered after closure of the neurectomy incision, and the catheter was removed. Horses were evaluated daily for 1 week, then weekly over a 9- week period for evidence of lameness, swelling, and ultrasonographic changes. On week 9, horses were euthanatized and neurectomy sites were removed en bloc for histologic evaluation of axonal regrowth, inflammation, and fibrosis. Neither lameness nor sign of painful neuroma was observed clinically in any of the horses. Neurectomy eliminated cutaneous heel sensation in all limbs for the duration of the study. Swelling was evident at all neurectomy sites. There were no significant differences between treatment sites for measurement of pastern circumference or ultrasonographic evaluation of incisional swelling. Foci of ultrasonographic hyperechogenicity increased over time, but there was no significant difference in hyperechogenicity between treatment groups. Histologic evidence of neuroma formation was observed at all sites. Morphometric assessment of neuroma cross-sectional areas revealed no significant difference between the groups, as did subjective histologic assessment of neuroma density and fibrous tissue content. We conclude that there are no clinical, ultrasonographic, or histologic effects on neuroma formation and fibrosis at sites of palmar digital neurectomy associated with a single perineural administration of sodium hyaluronate or phosphate-buffered saline solution.
Functional and structural changes of porcine alveolar macrophages induced by sublytic doses of a heat-labile, hemolytic, cytotoxic substance produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Tarigan S. , Slocombe R. F. , Browning G. F. , Kimpton W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Alterations in the size and functions of porcine alveolar macrophages exposed to sublytic amounts of heat-labile, hemolytic cytotoxin produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) serotype 1, strain HS54 into the culture medium were studied in vitro. Alveolar macrophages were sensitive to the cytotoxin; treatment of the macrophages with low concentrations of cytotoxin (0.016 hemolytic unit) resulted in severe, irreversible cell swelling. However, high doses of cytotoxin (2.0 hemolytic units) were required to cause substantial cell death, as indicated by the influx of propidium iodide into and release of lactate dehydrogenase from cells. Macrophages exposed to low, sublytic doses of cytotoxin failed to migrate toward chemoattractant, were unable to attach to glass, and failed to phagocytize optimally opsonized erythrocytes. Macrophages already attached to glass surfaces detached when exposed to sublytic doses of cytotoxin. The swelling and impairment of functions of alveolar macrophages observed in this study could not be attributed to endotoxic effects, because heat treatment of the cytotoxin preparation for 60 minutes at 60 C resulted in complete loss of cytotoxicity. We conclude that sublytic doses of heat-labile, hemolytic cytotoxic substances produced by App depress alveolar macrophage function at concentrations likely to develop in association with acute pulmonary infection with App. The Apx (A pleuropneumoniae Rtx toxins) exotoxins secreted by the bacteria into culture medium were considered responsible for the toxic activity of the cytotoxin preparation. The Apx of the App field strain used in this study were likely to be similar to those of serotype -1 reference strain (S4707). Analysis by use of DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that genomic DNA of the field strain contained sequences similar to those encoding structural protein of ApxI (apxIA) and ApxII (apxIIA) of the serotype - 1 reference strain. Therefore, Apx produced by the field strain of App used in this study are likely to be of similar pathogenic importance worldwide.
Effect of phenylephrine on hemodynamics and splenic dimensions in horses
Authors: Hardy Joanne , Bednarski Richard M. , Biller David S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacologically induced splenic contraction might be useful during certain medical or surgical procedures in horses. The effects of phenylephrine, an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, on hemodynamic function and splenic dimensions were examined in 6 healthy adult horses. Phenylephrine infusion (1, 3, or 6 μg/kg of body weight/min for 15 minutes) resulted in a dose-related increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure; right atrial pressure; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures; and packed cell volume (P = 0.0001). Concurrent decreases in heart rate and specific cardiac output (P = 0.0001) were detected, but stroke volume did not vary significantly. The rate pressure product was increased only at the highest phenylephrine dosage (P = 0.012). Bradycardia was observed at all dosages during drug infusion, and second - degree atrioventricular block was detected in 88 % of horses during infusion. Phenylephrine administration caused dose - dependent splenic contraction, as detected by ultrasonographic measurements of splenic area and thickness (P = 0.0001).At the 3- and 6-μg/kg/min infusion rates, splenic area was reduced to 28 and 17 % of baseline measurement, respectively. Splenic dimensions had returned to baseline values by 35 minutes after the end of infusion. Infusion of phenylephrine at a dosage of 3 μg/kg/min for 15 minutes can be used to induce splenic contraction in horses.
Potential for oxytetracycline administration by three routes to cause milk residues in lactating cows, as detected by radioimmunoassay (Charm II) and high-performance liquid chromatography test methods
Authors: Anderson Kevin L. , Moats William A. , Rushing John E. , Wesen Donald P. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Milk antimicrobial residues are a serious concern for the dairy industry. Residues of the tetracycline family of antimicrobials have been reported in market milk by investigators, using radioimmunoassay and microbial receptor technology (hereafter referred to as the Charm II test). In response to these reports, an investigation was conducted to determine the potential of 3 extra-label routes of oxytetracycline (otc) administration to cause milk residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 parts per billion (ppb). Lactating Holstein cows were administered otc once by use of 1 of 3 routes: iv at 16.5 mg/kg of body weight (n = 6); im at 11 mg/kg (n = 6); and intrauterine (iu) at 2 g in 500 ml of saline solution/cow (n = 6). Duplicate milk samples were collected at the milking prior to drug administration and for the next 13 milkings at 12-hour intervals. Concentrations of otc in milk samples were analyzed by use of the Charm II test for tetracyclines (lmit of otc detection, approx 5 ppb) and were compared with concentrations determined by use of a high-performance lquid chromatography (hplc) method (lower lmit of otc quantitation, approx 2 ppb).
The potential for milk otc residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 ppb after treatment was considerably greater for the iv and im routes, compared with the iu route. Mean peak otc concentrations in milk at the first milking after treatment for the hplc and Charm II tests were approximately 3,700 to 4,200 ppb for the iv route, 2,200 to 2,600 ppb for the im route, and 186 to 192 ppb for the iu route, respectively.
Pharmacokinetic analysis, based on milk otc concentrations, indicated that the area under the curve (auc) and milk maximal concentration (Cmax) differed significantly (P < 0.001) among routes of administration. The auc was similar for iv and im administrations; values for both were greater than the auc for iu administration. The Cmax was greatest for iv, intermediate for im, and least for iu administration. There were significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences in auc between assay methods (Charm II vs hplc) for the iv route. Concentrations of otc in milk determined by the Charm II test were often greater than those determined by hplc.
Administration of otc to lactating cows via these routes is extra-label drug use. Failure to withhold the product from early milkings of cows administered otc by the iv or im route should be considered a potential cause of otc residues in market milk. Milk from nearly all cows contained otc (< 30 ppb), the Food and Drug Administration safe level, by 120 hours after otc administration. Use of appropriate withholding times and antibiotic residue testing is indicated to avoid otc residues.
Right atrial bypass model in the dog
Authors: Breen Peter H. , Isserles Schlomo A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In gas exchange studies addressing the storage and transport of CO2 in dogs, a model in which cardiac output (t) can be precisely controlled and measured would be beneficial. We identified problems with described extracorporeal circuits and implemented right atrial bypass (rab) in dogs. In 6 anesthetized (chloralose and urethane), heparinized dogs (mean ± sd, 24 ± 4 kg) with open thorax, cannulas were inserted in both vena cavas to drain venous blood return to a reservoir (anaerobic bag or bubble oxygenator). A roller pump then drove blood through a heat exchanger back to the right atrial appendage. After 1.8 ± 1.4 hour of rab, physiologic variables remained within reference limits for dogs (t, 1.5 ± 0.3 L/min; blood pressure, 92 ± 25 mm of Hg; arterial PCO2, 35 ± 4 mm of Hg; PCO2, 513 ± 39 mm of Hg; pH, 7.39 ± 0.08; and tissue CO2 production, 126 ± 56 ml/min). To permit study of gas exchange, venous return (and thus, t) and venous PCO2 and PCO2 could be accurately regulated and measured over a wide range. Maintenance of native pulsatile lung perfusion and cardiogenic oscillations minimizes mismatching of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion and facilitates studies addressing pulmonary gas exchange. This rab model is designed so that investigators can establish the preparation in a few hours.
Comparison of the holding power of 3.5-mm cortical versus 4.0-mm cancellous orthopedic screws in the pelvis of immature dogs (cadavers)
Authors: Sardinas Juan C. , Kraus Karl H. , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A 3.5-mm cortical orthopedic screw was compared with a 4.0-mm cancellous screw for maximal load to failure in the pelvis of immature dogs. The pelvis from young cadavers (7 to 13 months old) was divided into hemipelves and used for testing of the 2 screw types. Two sites in each hemipelvis were used, mid-shaft of the ilium and mid-sacrum, including the wing of the ilium. The screws were extracted, and maximal load to failure and mode of failure were recorded. Maximal load to failure per millimeter of engaged thread was calculated. In either pelvic site, the 4.0-mm cancellous screw required a significantly (P < 0.05) higher pullout force per millimeter of engaged screw threads than did the 3.5-mm cortical bone screw.
Magnetic resonance arthrography of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs, using gadopentetate dimeglumine
Authors: van Bree Henri , Van Ryssen Bernadette , Degryse Hendrik , Ramon Frank 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Six scapulohumeral joints (3 normal joints and 3 joints with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis) underwent conventional magnetic resonance (mr) imaging and mr scapulohumeral arthrography to evaluate delineation of the articular cartilage. The mr arthrography was performed, using 5 ml of 500 μM gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-dtpa) as a contrast medium. Delineation of normal articular cartilage and cartilage defects was less accurate after intra-articular administration of Gd-dtpa. Therefore, it was concluded that mr arthrography with Gd-dtpa is unrewarding for evaluation of osteochondrosis lesions.
Comparison of the sensitivity of the caudal fold skin test and a commercial γ-interferon assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis
Authors: Whipple Diana L. , Bolin Carole A. , Davis Arthur J. , Jamagin Jerald L. , Johnson Dorothy C. , Nabors Richard S. , Payeur Janet B. , Saari Dennis A. , Wilson Arach J. , Wolf Mary M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A study to determine and compare the sensitivity of the caudal fold tuberculin test (cft) and a commercial γ-interferon (γ-ifn) assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis was conducted. A dairy herd with approximately a third of the cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis was chosen for this study. All cattle from this herd were slaughtered, and tissue specimens for bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination were collected. Results of the cft and γ-ifn assay were compared with results of bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination to determine test sensitivity. Results were analyzed, using each of the following 4 standards to classify cattle as infected: positive test result by bacteriologic culturing only; histologic examination only; bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination; and bacteriologic culturing or histologic examination. Sensitivity of the cft ranged from 80.4 to 84.4%, depending on the standard of comparison. Sensitivity of the γ-ifn assay ranged from 55.4 to 97.1%, depending on the standard of comparison and on the method of interpretation. The cft was significantly (P < 0.001) more sensitive than the γ-ifn assay for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis when the γ-ifn assay was conducted and interpreted as instructed by the manufacturer. Maximum overall sensitivity was achieved when results of the cft and γ-ifn assay were interpreted in parallel.
Effect of selenium supplementation on colostral IgG concentration in cows grazing selenium-deficient pastures and on postsuckle serum IgG concentration in their calves
Authors: Swecker William S. , Thatcher Craig D. , Eversole Dan E. , Blodgett Dennis J. , Schurig Gerhardt G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of selenium (Se) deficiency and supplementation on production of colostral immunoglobulins by beef cows and transfer of antigen-specific and nonspecific immunoglobulins to their calves were examined. Eighty beef cows, with marginal to deficient Se status (blood Se concentration, 50 μg/L), were allotted by breed and age to 1 of 4 Se treatment groups (n = 20/group): no supplemental Se; parenteral administration of 0.1 mg of Se and 1 mg of vitamin E/kg of body weight; ad libitum consumption of 120 mg of Se/kg of salt-mineral mix (smm); and parenteral administration of 0.1 mg of Se and 1 mg of vitamin E/kg plus ad libitum consumption of 120 mg of Se/kg of smm. All cows were inoculated IM with lysozyme. Cows consumed Se-deficient pastures or hay (21 to 62 μg/kg) during the study that began at mid-gestation and ended at postpartum hour 24. Although the concentration of specific lysozyme antibodies was not affected, cows given 120 mg of Se/kg of smm (treatments 3 and 4) had higher colostral IgG concentration (P < 0.002) than did Se-deficient cows (treatments 1 and 2). Calves from cows in treatments 3 and 4 had higher postsuckle serum concentrations of IgG (P < 0.01) than did calves from cows in treatments 1 and 2. Colostral IgM and calf serum IgM concentrations did not differ among treatments.