bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of age on the thickness of myelin sheaths in monkey primary visual cortex
Authors: Peters Alan , Sethares Claire , Killiany Ronald J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of age on myelin sheath thickness was determined by an electron microscopic examination of cross sections of the vertical bundles of nerve fibers that pass through primary visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. The tissue was taken from the cortices of young (4–9 years of age) and old (over 24 years of age) monkeys, and the sections were taken at the level of layer 4Cβ. From the electron photomicrographs, the diameters of axons and the numbers of lamellae in their myelin sheaths were determined. No change was found in the diameters of axons with age, although the mean numbers of myelin lamellae in the sheaths increased from 5.6 in the young monkeys to 7.0 in the old monkeys. Much of this increase in mean thickness was due to the fact that, in the old monkeys, thick myelin sheaths with more than ten lamellae are more common than in the young monkeys. While this increase in the thickness of myelin sheaths is occurring in old monkeys, there are also age‐related changes in some of the sheaths. Consequently, it seems that, with age, there is some degeneration of myelin but, at the same time, a continued production of lamellae. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:241–248, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Algorithms for computation of stresses and elasticity moduli in terms of Seth–Hill's family of generalized strain tensors
Authors: Miehe Christian , Lambrecht Matthias 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper discusses algorithms for the computation of stresses and elasticity moduli for stored energy functions which are given in terms of a Seth–Hill‐type generalized strain measure. The key contribution is distinct computational representations of a chain rule representation for the stresses and moduli which may serve as a basic tool for an effective numerical implementation of complex elasticity models. The representations are formulated in the Lagrangian geometric setting based on a spectral decomposition of the right Cauchy–Green tensor and contain particular representations for the case of equal eigenvalues. Two algorithmic boxes are pointed out for three‐ and two‐dimensional problems, respectively. Furthermore, a distinct algorithmic setting is developed for applications of the Seth–Hill‐type measures to the isochoric part of the deformation based on a spectral decomposition of the unimodular part of the right Cauchy–Green tensor. The computation of the stress response in connection with generalized Hookean laws is considered as a simple application. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimization of indirect addressing for edge‐based field solvers
Authors: Löhner Rainald , Galle Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA point renumbering scheme that halves the number of indirect addressing operations required for edge‐based field solvers has been developed. At the same time, an alternative (and entirely serendipitous) assembly of right‐hand side vectors was found to enhance performance considerably. The new loop structure is especially attractive for vector‐parallel machines with direct memory access. Timings on the CRAY‐SV1 and NEC‐SX5 show that for Laplacian loops, which appear in many CFD and CEM codes, CPU can be reduced considerably. The new renumbering scheme does not require any new data structures or arrays, allowing for progressive porting of loops in large‐scale production codes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive weak approximation of stochastic differential equations
Authors: Szepessy Anders , Tempone Raúl , Zouraris Georgios E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdaptive time‐stepping methods based on the Monte Carlo Euler method for weak approximation of Itô stochastic differential equations are developed. The main result is new expansions of the computational error, with computable leading‐order term in a posteriori form, based on stochastic flows and discrete dual backward problems. The expansions lead to efficient and accurate computation of error estimates. Adaptive algorithms for either stochastic time steps or deterministic time steps are described. Numerical examples illustrate when stochastic and deterministic adaptive time steps are superior to constant time steps and when adaptive stochastic steps are superior to adaptive deterministic steps. Stochastic time steps use Brownian bridges and require more work for a given number of time steps. Deterministic time steps may yield more time steps but require less work; for example, in the limit of vanishing error tolerance, the ratio of the computational error and its computable estimate tends to 1 with negligible additional work to determine the adaptive deterministic time steps. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow cytometric detection of activated mouse integrin αIIbβ3 with a novel monoclonal antibody
Authors: Bergmeier Wolfgang , Schulte Valerie , Brockhoff Gero , Bier Ulrich , Zirngibl Hubert , Nieswandt Bernhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIntegrin αIIbβ3 mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and plays a crucial role in thrombosis and hemostasis. αIIbβ3 is expressed in a low affinity state on resting platelets. Upon platelet activation, αIIbβ3 shifts to a high affinity conformation that efficiently binds its ligands. On human platelets, the high affinity conformation of αIIbβ3 is detected by the monoclonal antibody (mAb), PAC‐1. However, a reagent with binding specificity to high affinity mouse αIIbβ3 has not been described so far.MethodsA novel rat mAb directed against mouse αIIbβ3 (JON/A) was generated and characterized. JON/A was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (JON/AFITC) or with R‐phycoerythrin (JON/APE) and used for flow cytometric analysis of mouse platelets.ResultsAlthough JON/AFITC bound to resting and activated platelets, virtually no binding of the larger JON/APE to resting platelets was detectable. However, strong binding of JON/APE occurred on platelet activation in a dose‐dependent manner. Binding of JON/APE required extracellular free calcium and was irreversible, thereby stabilizing the high affinity conformation of αIIbβ3.ConclusionJON/APE is the first tool for direct assessment of integrin αIIbβ3 activation in mice. Furthermore, JON/AFITC and JON/APE provide the first examples of fluorescent antibody derivatives with identical antigenic specificitiy that allow the discrimination between the resting and the activated state of an integrin. Cytometry 48:80–86, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic actions of exendin‐4 in the rat: Comparison with glucagon‐like peptide‐1
Authors: Parkes David , Jodka Carolyn , Smith Pam , Nayak Sonali , Rinehart Liz , Gingerich Ron , Chen Kim , Young Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExendin‐4, originally isolated from saliva of the lizard Heloderma suspectum, shares 53% sequence homology and several potentially antidiabetic actions with the mammalian hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1(7‐36)amide (GLP‐1). It shows a higher potency and longer duration of effect in vivo, which may be partly attributed to pharmacokinetic properties. The present study compares the pharmacokinetics of GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 in rats after intravenous (iv), subcutaneous (sc), or intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Samples were assayed for active GLP‐1 (7‐36) amide using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay that does not detect GLP‐1 (1‐36‐amide), (1‐37), (9‐36‐amide) or (9‐37). In parallel experiments, samples were assayed for exendin‐4 using a two‐site immunoradiometric assay that reacts specifically with full‐length exendin‐4. The estimated half‐life for GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 were 0.8–4.7 min and 18–41 min for iv bolus, and 4.6–7.1 min and 90–216 min for SC administration, respectively. Half‐lives after ip injection were 0.6–13.5 min for GLP‐1 and 125–174 min for exendin‐4. Bioavailability for GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 was 44–71% and 65–75%, respectively, for sc injection. For ip injection, bioavailability for GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 was 36–67% and 74–76%, respectively. Plasma clearance, as determined from iv infusion data, was 35–38 ml/min for GLP‐1 and 4‐8 ml/min for exendin‐4. Both Co/Cmax and AUC values were proportional to dose with each route of administration. Plasma clearance of exendin‐4 was reduced by 4.4‐fold in nephrectomized animals. In conclusion, exendin‐4 exhibited a much longer plasma half‐life than GLP‐1 in rats after iv, sc, or ip injection, which may contribute in some part to reported differences in duration of biological action of the two peptides. Drug Dev. Res. 53:260–267, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse α1(I)‐collagen promoter is the best known promoter to drive efficient Cre recombinase expression in osteoblast
Authors: Dacquin Romain , Starbuck Michael , Schinke Thorsten , Karsenty Gérard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell‐ and time‐specific gene inactivation should enhance our knowledge of bone biology. Implementation of this technique requires construction of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase in osteoblasts, the bone forming cell. We tested several promoter fragments for their ability to drive efficient Cre expression in osteoblasts. In the first mouse transgenic line, the Cre gene was placed under the control of the 2.3‐kb proximal fragment of the α1(I)‐collagen promoter, which is expressed at high levels in osteoblasts throughout their differentiation. Transgenic mice expressing this transgene in bone were bred with the ROSA26 reporter (R26R) strain in which the ROSA26 locus is targeted with a conditional LacZ reporter cassette. In R26R mice, Cre expression and subsequent Cre‐mediated recombination lead to expression of the LacZ reporter gene, an event that can be monitored by LacZ staining. LacZ staining was detected in virtually all osteoblasts of α1(I)‐Cre;R26R mice indicating that homologous recombination occurred in these cells. No other cell type stained blue. In the second line studied, the 1.3‐kb fragment of osteocalcin gene 2 (OG2) promoter, which is active in differentiated osteoblasts, was used to drive Cre expression. OG2‐Cre mice expressed Cre specifically in bone. However, cross of OG2‐Cre mice with R26R mice did not lead to any detectable LacZ staining in osteoblasts. Lastly, we tested a more active artificial promoter derived from the OG2 promoter. The artificial OG2‐Cre transgene was expressed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in cartilage and bone samples. After cross of the artificial OG2‐Cre mice with R26R mice, we detected a LacZ staining in articular chondrocytes but not in osteoblasts. Our data suggest that the only promoter able to drive Cre expression at a level sufficient to induce recombination in osteoblasts is the α1(I)‐collagen promoter. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of elevated homocysteine on cardiac neural crest migration in vitro
Authors: Brauer Philip R. , Rosenquist Thomas H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA positive correlation between elevated maternal homocysteine (Hcys) and an increased risk of neural tube, craniofacial, and cardiac defects is well known. Studies suggest Hcys perturbs neural crest (NC) development and may involve N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Rosenquist et al., 1999). However, there is no direct evidence that Hcys alters NC cell behavior. Here, we evaluated the effect of Hcys on cardiac NC cell migratory behavior in vitro. Neural tube segments from chick embryos treated in ovo with or without Hcys were placed in culture and the migratory behavior of emigrating NC cells was monitored. Hcys significantly increased in vitro NC cell motility at all embryonic stages examined. NC cell surface area and perimeter were also increased. However, the relative distance NC cells migrated from their original starting point only increased in NC cells treated in ovo at stage 6 or at the time neural tube segments were cultured. Cysteine had no effect. NMDA mimicked Hcys' effect on NC motility and migration distance but had no effect on cell area or perimeter. The noncompetitive inhibitor of NMDA receptors, MK801+, significantly inhibited NC cell motility, reduced migration distance, and also blocked the effects of NMDA and Hcys on NC motility and migratory distance in vitro. A monoclonal antibody directed against the NMDA receptor immunostained NC cells in vitro and, in western blots, bound a single protein with the appropriate molecular weight for the NMDA receptor in NC cell lysates. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a Hcys‐sensitive NMDA‐like receptor is expressed by early emigrating NC cells or their precursors, which is important in mediating their migratory behavior. Perturbation of this receptor may be related to some of the teratogenic effects observed with elevated Hcys. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibulin‐2 expression marks transformed mesenchymal cells in developing cardiac valves, aortic arch vessels, and coronary vessels
Authors: Tsuda Takeshi , Wang Hui , Timpl Rupert , Chu Mon‐Li 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies showed that extracellular matrix protein, fibulin‐2, is expressed during epithelial–mesenchymal transformation in the endocardial cushion matrix during embryonic heart development. Our current study revealed that, in addition to the cardiac valvuloseptal formation, fibulin‐2 is synthesized by the smooth muscle precursor cells of developing aortic arch vessels and the coronary endothelial cells that are originated from neural crest cells and epicardial cells, respectively. In the cardiac valves and the aortic arch vessels, fibulin‐2 expression shows robust up‐regulation when the transformed mesenchymal cells migrate into the existing extracellular matrix. In the epicardium, epicardial cells produce fibulin‐2 upon their migration over the myocardial surface and its expression persists throughout coronary vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Fibulin‐2 is produced by the endothelial cells of coronary arteries and veins but not by the capillary endothelial cells in the myocardium. Thus, fibulin‐2 not only uniquely marks the transformed mesenchymal cells during mouse embryonic cardiovascular development, but also indicates vascular endothelial cells of coronary arteries and veins in postnatal life. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirical support for a model of dieting: Findings from structural equations modeling
Authors: Huon Gail F. , Gunewardene Anoushka , Hayne Angela , Sankey Melissa , Lim Jacqueline , Piira Tina , Walton Carla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis paper presents the results of an evaluation of a model of dieting (Huon, G.F., & Strong, K.G., International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 361–370, 1998). It represents the culmination of a large‐scale time‐extended study of dieting among adolescent girls.MethodsData were collected from approximately 1,000 girls. A battery of questionnaires assessed dieting status, social influence, vulnerability (conformity) disposition, protective social skills, and aspects of the familial context as core components of the model.ResultsWhen the data were subjected to analyses within structural equations modeling, all specific hypotheses within the model found strong support. Moreover, multiple indices revealed that the model had a very good fit with the data and accounted for 89% of the variance in commitment to dieting.ConclusionThis study provides strong support for the validity of Huon and Strong’s model of dieting among Australian girls. Its generality among girls in other cultures remains to be established. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 210–219, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10023
Body image disturbance in obese outpatients before and after weight loss in relation to race, gender, binge eating, and age of onset of obesity
Authors: Sorbara Maria , Geliebter Allan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess body image disturbance as a composite of three aspects (distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction) in obese subjects before and after weight loss. Disturbance was then related to race, gender, binge eating behavior, and age of onset of obesity.MethodsEighty‐two obese outpatients (24 males, 58 females) completed the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS). A Disturbance score was derived from the weighted sum of distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction. The measures were repeated 4 weeks after starting a medically supervised liquid formula diet.ResultsPrior to weight loss, race (r = .28, p = .01) and gender (r = .25, p = .02) were each predictive of disturbance, with Caucasians and men having the most disturbance. Binge eaters exhibited more discrepancy (p = .03) and dissatisfaction (p = .005) than non‐binge eaters. Early‐onset subjects demonstrated more discrepancy than adult‐onset subjects (p = .02). Following weight loss, disturbance scores decreased for all groups (p = .009). However, early‐onset subjects still showed more discrepancy (p = .002) and more dissatisfaction (p = .005) than adult‐onset subjects.DiscussionBody image disturbance was viewed as a composite of three aspects. Prior to weight loss, the high disturbance score in Caucasians may be due to them experiencing greater cultural pressure to be thin. The men may have exaggerated their degree of obesity because of less denial of being overweight than women. Following weight loss, disturbance decreased for all groups but remained elevated for those with early onset, possibly because of a persistent self‐image from adolescence. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 416–423, 2002.
Girls' recurrent and concurrent body dissatisfaction: Correlates and consequences over 8 years
Authors: Ohring Richard , Graber Julia A. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examines the patterns of body dissatisfaction during adolescence in order to determine whether girls enter onto trajectories of body dissatisfaction that are associated with eating and depressive symptoms during adolescence and in young adulthood.MethodBody dissatisfaction was studied in 120 adolescent girls drawn from a normal population of students enrolled in private schools in a major metropolitan area. They were seen at three times over an 8‐year period (mean ages = 14.3, 16.0, and 22.3).ResultsRecurrent body dissatisfaction during adolescence was associated with earlier pubertal maturation and elevated depressive and eating symptoms in young adulthood compared with girls who maintained positive body images during adolescence. Concurrent body dissatisfaction was also a correlate of greater depressed affect and eating symptoms at the time these girls experienced body dissatisfaction.DiscussionFindings suggest that adolescent body dissatisfaction has consequences for affect in adulthood. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 404–415, 2002.
The Australian experience of day programs for patients with eating disorders
Authors: Thornton Christopher , Beumont Peter , Touyz Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the authors' experience in establishing and implementing day programs for the treatment of eating disorders in Australia.MethodThis is a descriptive article based on the author's experience. Five‐day programs are described in terms of their structure, theoretical orientation, and intended outcome.Results & DiscussionThe authors conclude that day programs need to be matched to the heterogeneous needs of the patients according to their stage of change. The further the patient is towards an action stage of change the less supervision of their eating‐ and skills‐based therapy is required. Accordingly, treatment can be more focused on understanding the factors that maintain the eating disorder on a more extensive day program. Patients with longstanding eating disorders that have not responded to traditional treatments may benefit from a readiness and motivational therapy approach in a day program. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 1–10, 2002.
Specificity in the relationship between depressive and eating disorder symptoms in remitted and nonremitted women
Authors: Troop Nicholas A. , Serpell Lucy , Treasure Janet L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThere is a strong association between eating disorders and depression. However, because both eating disorder symptoms and depression are multifactorial, this study explored the relationship between these two disorders in women with eating disorders and women in remission.MethodTwo hundred and eight (mostly female) volunteers with a history of eating disorders participated. They completed a self‐report questionnaire of eating disorder symptoms, the Short Evaluation for Eating Disorders (SEED), and a questionnaire measuring depression, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).ResultsAccording to the SEED, 57 volunteers were classified as being in remission and 151 were classified as being ill. Those who were in remission were significantly less depressed overall than those who were still ill with 72% of the former falling in the “not depressed” or “mildly depressed” categories and 73% of the latter falling in the “moderately” or “severely depressed” categories. Factor analyses of the SEED and BDI identified three subscales of eating disorder symptoms (dietary restriction, bulimia, and body mass index [BMI]/menstruation) and two subscales of depression (cognitive and somatic/affective). Dietary restriction and bulimia, but not BMI/menstruation, were uniquely associated with the cognitive symptoms of depression. However, none of the eating disorder symptoms were uniquely associated with the somatic/affective symptoms of depression.DiscussionAlthough eating disorders and depression share considerable comorbidity, a specific association is restricted to that between the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of eating disorders and the cognitive symptoms of depression. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 306–311, 2001.
Dosimetric evaluation of human head for portable telephones
Authors: Wang Jianqing , Fujiwara Osamu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith explosive growth of the use of portable telephones, the public has become concerned with how the radio waves generated by the phones may affect the human body. Developed countries started setting local absorption limits and standards for body protection from the portable phones. However, different countries use different methods of evaluation for the local absorption rate of electric energy which was introduced as the evaluation criterion (SAR: Specific Absorption Rate). Generally speaking, quantitative analysis of SAR in the human body exposed to electromagnetic radiation is referred to as dosimetry. This article offers a discussion of the current situation and problems relating to dosimetry based mainly on the results of domestic and foreign research of in‐head dosimetry for portable phones. The authors also offer their views on methods of evaluation of the safety of portable telephones and identify problems to be considered in the future. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(7): 12–22, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1107