bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zebrin II: A polypeptide antigen expressed selectively by purkinje cells reveals compartments in rat and fish cerebellum
Authors: Brochu Gino , Maler Leonard , Hawkes Richard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMonoclonal antibody mab‐zebrin II was generated against a crude homogenate of cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe from the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. On Western blots of fish cerebellar proteins, mab‐zebrin II recognizes a single polypeptide antigen of apparent molecular weight 36 kD. Immunocytochemistry of apteronotid brains reveals that zebrin II immunoreactivity is confined exclusively to Purkinje cells in the corpus cerebelli, lateral valvula cerebelli, and the eminentia granularis anterior. Other Purkinje cells, in the medial valvula cerebelli and eminentia granularis posterior, are not zebrin II immunoreactive. Immunoreactive Purkinje cells are stained completely, including dendrites, axons, and somata. The antigen seems to be absent only from the nucleus. A similar distribution is seen in catfish, goldfish, and a mormyrid fish. Zebrin II immunoreactivity is also found in the rat cerebellum. Western blotting of rat cerebellar proteins reveals a single immunoreactive polypeptide, with apparent, molecular weight 36 kD, as in the fish. Also as in the fish, staining in the adult rat cerebellum is confined to a subset of Purkinje cells. Peroxidase reaction product is deposited throughout the immunoreactive Purkinje cells with the exception of the nucleus. No other cells in the cerebellum express zebrin II. At higher antibody concentrations, a weak glial cross reactivity is seen in most other brain regions: we believe that this is probably nonspecific. Zebrin II+ Purkinje cells are clustered together to form roughly parasagittal bands interposed by similar non‐immunoreactive clusters. In all there are 7 zebrin II+ and 7 zebrin II− compartments in each hemicerebellum. One immunoreactive band is adjacent to the midline; two others are disposed laterally to each side in the vermis; there is a paravermal band; and finally three more bands are identified in each hemisphere. Both in number and position, these compartments correspond precisely to the bands revealed by using another antibody, mabQ113 (anti‐zebrin I). In both fish and rat the compartmentation revealed by zebrin II immunocytochemistry is related to the organization of cerebellar afferent and efferent projections and may provide clues as to the fundamental architecture of the vertebrate cerebellum.
An immunocytochemical study of the olfactory projections in the three‐spined stickleback, gasterosteus aculeatus, L
Authors: Honkanen Tapio , Ekström Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of olfactory fibers in the brain of the three‐spined stickleback was visualized by means of immunohistochemistry. The labeling of the olfactory fibers was produced by serum containing antibodies against somatostatin‐14. Olfactory fibers were observed entering the olfactory bulbs, where they terminated in the glomerular layer or collected into fascicles that coursed through the bulbs into the telencephalon without participating in the formation of the glomerules. In the telencephalon the fascicles, which belonged to the medial olfactory tract, formed two fiber systems: ventral descending fibers and dorsal descending fibers. The ventral descending fibers could be followed through the ventral telencephalon to the vicinity of the lateral tuberal nucleus. The dorsal descending fibers coursed via the anterior commissure to the posterior part of the telencephalon. Part of the postcommissural fibers of the dorsal descending system coursed to the posterior zone of the area dorsalis telencephali while others left the telencephalon via the medial forebrain bundle and could be followed to the periventricular hypothalamus. Some axons formed synaptic contacts with unlabeled cell bodies in the nucleus of the terminal nerve which, in this species, is situated immediately behind the bulbs. In addition, an extensive terminal field associated with the dorsal descending fibers was found in the ventromedial aspects of the telencephalon.It is unlikely that the labeling represents immunoreactive somatostin‐14 because: 1) the labeling persisted after the absorption of the antiserum with synthetic somatostatin‐14; 2) antiserum against somatostatin‐14 from another manufacturer did not have this labeling property; and 3) the production of the absorbable labeling depended on the choice of fixative whereas the production of the unabsorbable labeling did not.
Electron microscopic analysis of S‐antigen‐ and serotonin‐immuoreactive neural and sensory elements in the photosensory pineal organ of the salmon
Authors: Ekström Peter , Meissl Hilmar 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPhotoreceptor cells in the pineal complex of poikilothermic vertebrates are regarded as homologous with the neuroendocrine pinealocytes in the mammalian pineal organ. They possess an indolamine metabolism, and they contain a number of substances that are immunochemically similar to phototransduction‐related proteins otherwise found in photoreceptors of the lateral eye retina. Using correlative light and electron microscopic pre‐embedding immunocytochemistry, we have identified photosensory and neural elements that are immunoreactive with specific antisera against serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine) and the 48 kDa soluble protein S‐antigen (arrestin). One type of serotonin‐immunoreactive (5HTir) photoreceptor cell was identified. This was characterized by a short basal pole, into which an immunoreactive (postsynaptic?) element protruded. Two types of ‐antigen‐immunoreactive (SAir) photoreceptor cells were observed, one characterized by a short basal pole, similar to that of the 5HTir photoreceptors and the other characterized by a long, extensively branching basal pole. In addition, two types of neurons bearing no morphological specializations typical of photoreceptor cells were SAir: bipolar neurons and multipolar neurons. These were often situated dorsally in the pineal organ. The results indicate an emergence of multiple lines of photoreceptor‐derived “pinealocytes” either early in phylogeny, or independently in different taxa. The results are discussed in relation to current theories of pineal evolution.
Connections between area 3b of the somatosensory cortex and subdivisions of the ventroposterior nuclear complex and the anterior pulvinar nucleus in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Cusick C. G. , Gould H. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe goal of this study was to determine whether somatosensory thalamic nuclei other than the ventroposterior nucleus proper VP have connections with area 3b of the postcentral cortex in squirrel monkeys. Small injections of the anatomical tracers wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidaseWGA‐HRP or H‐proline were placed in electrophysiologically identified representations of body parts. The results indicate that, besides the well‐established somatotopically organized connections with VP, area 3b has connections with three other nuclei of the somatosensory thalamus: the ventroposterior superior nucleus VPS [“shell” of VP], the ventroposterior inferior nucleus VPI, and the anterior pulvinar nucleus Pa. Injections confined to area 3b or involving adjacent parts of area 3a or area 1 indicate that connections between VPS, VPI, and Pa and the postcentral cortex are somatotopically organized. In VPS, connections related to the hand were found medially, and connections related to the foot were lateral. In VPI, connections with the cortical representations of the mouth, hand, and foot were successively more lateral. In Pa, connections related to the mouth, hand and foot were successively more ventral, lateral, and caudal, and the trunk region was caudomedial. The findings suggest that VPI contains a representation of all parts of the body, including the face. The connections of Pa with the primary somatosensory cortex, area 3b, the location of Pa relative to the ventroposterior nucleus, and the high degree of topographic order in the connections of Pa with the postcentral cortex suggest that Pa is an integral part of the somatosensory thalamus in monkeys and is homologous to the medial nucleus of the posterior group Pom in other mammals. Overall, the results contribute to the growing evidence that individual somatosensory cortical areas in monkeys receive inputs from multiple thalamic sources, and that a single thalamic nucleus has several cortical targets.
Catecholaminergic systems in the brain of a gymnotiform teleost fish: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Sas Emilia , Maler Leonard , Tinner Barbro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization of catecholamines (CA) in the brain of Apteronotus leptorhynchus was studied with immunohistochemical techniques using antibodies to the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine B‐hydroxylase (DBH), phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase (PNMT), and the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). Telencephalic TH and DA immunoreactive (ir) neurons were located in the following structures: olfactory bulb, area ventralis telencephali partes ventralis, centralis, dorsalis, and intermediate. Diencephalic TH ir neurons were distributed in: nucleus preopticus periventricularis pars anterior, floor of preoptic recess, n. suprachiasmaticus, n. preopticus periventricularis pars posterior, n. anterior periventricularis, area ventralis lateralis, rostral region of posterior periventricular nucleus (paraventricular organ of other authors), periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum, n. recessus lateralis, n. tuberis lateralis pars anterior, and n. tuberis posterior.Although most diencephalic TH ir structures were also DAir, the posterior periventricular nucleus, n. recessus lateralis pars medialis, n. recessus posterioris, and ventral region of nucleus lateralis tuberis pars anterior showed differences in the distribution of TH and DA immunoreactivity.The rhombencephalic structures contained cell groups with different combinations of catecholamines as follows: TH and DBH ir neurons in the isthmic tegmentum (locus coeruleus); TH and DBH ir cells in the rostral medullary tegmentum ventral to VIIth nerve; TH and PNMT ir cells in the sensory nucleus of the vagus nerve; TH, DBH, and PNMT ir cells in the dorsal medullary tegmentum, TH and DBH ir cells in the dorsomedian postobecular region, ventral to the descending trigeminal tract and lateral to the central canal at medullospinal levels. This study shows that: (1) with few exceptions TH and DA ir coincides, (2) gymnotiforms possess similar DBH ir rhombencephalic groups, but additional telencephalic and rhombencephalic TH ir groups, and PNMT ir cells that were not reported previously in teleosts, and (3) the presence of CAergic fibers in the electrosensory system supports findings of their modulatory funtion in communication and aggression.
Disynaptic olfactory input to the hippocampus mediated by stellate cells in the entorhinal cortex
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Walter K. , Buhl Eberhard H. , Germroth Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectrophysiological and anatomical studies indicate functional relationships between the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, mediated by the lateral olfactory tract and perforant path. Fibres from the lateral olfactory bulb terminate in the molecular layer of the lateral entorhinal cortex, which contains stellate and pyramidal cells that project to the hippocampus. Therefore this study was performed to analyze whether a trineuronal, disynaptic chain connects the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus. In adult rats, Fast Blue was unilaterally injected into the septal hippocampus to label cells of origin of the entorhinohippocampal pathway. Lesions of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb induced anterograde terminal degeneration in the entorhinal cortex of the same animals. Fast Blue labelled, and thus hippocampally projecting entorhinal neurones in fixed vibratome slices of the operated brains were injected with Lucifer Yellow. Most of these neurones were stellate layer II and pyramidal layer III cells; in addition there were some sparsely spinous multipolar cells in layers II and III and sparsely spinous horizontal cells at the layer I/II border. Injected cells were photoconverted and processed for electron microscopy. Olfactory bulb lesions resulted in electron‐dense degeneration of abundant terminal boutons in the outer zone of entorhinal layer I. The relative frequency of degenerating boutons decreased towards deeper zones of the layer. In the outer zone, degenerated terminals predominantly contacted dendritic spines. These contacts could be seen on injected stellate cells but not on pyramidal cells. This study shows that the area dentata of the rat is reached by disynaptic afferent input from the olfactory bulb and thus is likely to process olfactory information. Oligosynaptic pathways might provide the hippocampus also with visual and auditory inputs; such fast transmitted polysensory information could be essential for the proposed participation of the hippocampus in attention‐related mechanisms.
Differential distribution of serotoninergic inputs on the goldfish mauthner cell
Authors: Gotow Takahiro , Triller Antoine , Korn Henri 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology and distribution of the serotoninergic 5‐HT input to the Mauthner cell M cell of a teleost, Carassius auratus, were analyzed at the light microscopic level. Immunohistochemical methods revealed that 1 most fibers innervating the M cell originate from the ventral and lateroventral regions of the rhombencephalon; 2 two groups of fibers contribute to this innervation, thick ones type I, 0.4–0.7 μm in diameter with terminal endings and thin ones type II, less than 0.2 μm that issue numerous beaded varicosities 4–10 μm from the target cell and only occasional side endings contacting it; 3 the density of immunoreactive profiles is uneven over the whole cell and predominates on the ventral dendrite; and 4 the two sets of axons, although overlapping, do not have the same distribution. Specifically, both classes are present on the ventral dendrite, whereas type II fibers are the only ones observed on the soma, in the region of the initial segment of the axon, and in the vicinity of the lateral dendrite. Functionally identified inputs on the M cell also have a regionalized distribution, depending, for example, on whether they belong to excitatory or inhibitory networks. Thus we propose that 5‐HT inputs have specific influences that are a function of their respective localization.
Synapsin I‐like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers associated with lingual taste buds of the rat
Authors: Finger Thomas E. , Womble Mary , Kinnamon John C. , Ueda Tetsufumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunoreactivity to synapsin I, a neuronal phosphoprotein, was localized in free‐floating tissue sections prepared from lingual tissue of rats. Many nerve fibers within the tissue exhibited clear immunoreactivity including motor endplates on striated muscle, autonomic fibers innervating blood vessels or glands, and sensory fibers innervating muscles or the lingual epithelium including taste buds. Numerous immunoreactive fibers occurred within each taste bud, with fewer, fine fibers being dispersed in the epithelium between taste buds. The majority of the intragemmal immunoreactive fibers extended throughout the taste buds most of the distance outward from the basal lamina toward the surface of the epithelium. Fine, perigemmal fibers reached nearly to the epithelial surface. Ultrastructural analysis of the immunoreactive sensory fibers revealed that synapsin I‐immunoreactivity occurred diffusely throughout the cytoplasm, and heavily in association with microvesicles. The synaptic vesicles at the taste receptor cell‐to‐afferent fiber synapse were, however, not immunoreactive for synapsin I, although these vesicles fall into the size class shown to be immunoreactive in other systems. This absence of synapsin I may be a common property of vesicles in axonless short receptor cells.
Patterns of tachykinin expression and localization in developing feline neostriatum
Authors: Boylan M. K. , Levine M. S. , Buchwald N. A. , Fisher R. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of tachykinins in the neostriatum was determined qualitatively in order to characterize the ontogeny of an early‐forming neostriatal peptidergic system. Tachykinins were detected by immunohistochemistry in fetal, postnatal, and adult cats. Neostriatal cells and neurites expressed tachykinins as early as fetal age 30 and increased in frequency progressively with age. Initial tachykinin expression occurred in neostriatal neurons during their postmitotic migration. In the head of the caudate nucleus, clusters of tachykinin‐containing cells and fibers formed between fetal days 35 and 45, when the distribution of labeled neurons changed from a dispersed to an aggregated pattern. Between fetal days 45 and 50, tachykinin‐rich neuronal clusters increased in frequency and were distributed throughout the rostral caudate nucleus. In contrast to neurons in clusters, neurons in clusters, neurons in the complementary neuropil expressed tachykinins largely postnatally. Postnatal morphological maturation of tachykinins largely postnatally. Postnatal morphological maturation of tachykinin‐containing neurons paralleled the morphogenesis of medium spiny neostriatal cells. In addition, the caudate nucleus and putamen followed different spatiotemporal gradients of tachykinin expression. These results indicate that tachykinins are expressed in neostriatal neurons during the early ontogeny of the neostriatum and may function as trophic factors before synaptogenesis.
Regional distribution of binding sites for neuropeptide Y in cat and monkey visual cortex determined by in vitro receptor autoradiography
Authors: Rosier A. M. , Orban G. A. , Vandesande F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe goal of this study was to elucidate the precise regional and laminar distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) binding sites in feline and primate visual cortex. By means of in vitro receptor autoradiography, NPY binding sites in primate and feline visual cortex were specifically labeled with 3HNPY. In cat area 17, the highest density of NPY‐binding sites was present in lamina I and the upper half of lamina II. The density then gradually decreased towards lamina VI. Areas 18 and 19 exhibited a similar binding site‐density profile. The decrease in density from superficial to deep layers was more gradual in area 18 than in areas 17 and 19. In monkey primary visual cortex (V1), layer IVc presented a high concentration of NPY binding sites, in addition to a dense zone of binding sites in layer I. Monkey secondary visual cortex (V2) displays a similar dense zone in layer I, but lacks such high density of NPY binding sites in layer IV. Therefore, the border between primary and secondary visual cortex coincides with the abrupt disappearance of this latter high density in layer IV. In cat as well as in monkey visual cortex, no significant differences were found between regions representing central vision and those representing the peripheral parts of the visual field. Comparison of our results for NPY binding sites with the distribution of alpha1‐adrenergic receptors, as recently described by Rakic et al. (J. Neurosci. 8(10):3670‐3690, 1988) for primate and Parkinson et al. (Brain Res. 457:70‐78, 1988) for feline visual cortex, revealed that those two patterns are very similar.
Projections of the parabrachial nucleus in the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Martin Wild J. , Arends J. J. A. , Philip Zeigler H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ascending and descending projections of the parabrachial nuclear complex in the pigeon have been charted with autoradiographic and histochemical (WGA‐HRP) techniques.The ascending projections originate from a group of subnuclei surrounding various components of the brachium conjunctivum, namely, the superficial lateral, dorsolateral, dorsomedial, and ventromedial subnuclei. The projections are predominantly ipsilateral and travel in the quintofrontal tract. They are primarily to the medial and lateral hypothalamus (including the periventricular nucleus and the strata cellulare internum and externum), certain dorsal thalamic nuclei, the nucleus of the pallial commissure, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the ventral paleostriatum, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus accumbens, and a dorsolateral nucleus of the posterior archistriatum. There are weaker or more diffuse projections to the rostral locus coeruleus (cell group A8), the compact portion of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the central grey and intercollicular region, the ventral area of Tsai, the medial spiriform nucleus, the nucleus subrotundus, the anterior preoptic area, and the diagonal band of Broca. The parabrachial subnuclei have partially differential projections to these targets, some of which also receive projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract (Arends, Wild, and Zeigler: J. Comp. Neurol. 278:405‐429, '88). Most of the targets, particularly those in the basal forebrain (viz., the periventricular nucleus and the strata cellulare internum and externum of the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and its lateral extension into the ventral paleostriatum, which may be comparable with the substantia innominata), have reciprocal connections with the parabrachial and solitary tract subnuclei and therefore may be said to compose parts of a “visceral forebrain system” analogous to that described in the rat (Van der Kooy et al: J. Comp. Neurol. 224:1‐24, '84).The descending projections to the lower brainstem arise in large part from a ventrolateral subnucleus that may be comparable with the Kölliker Fuse nucleus of mammals. They are mainly to the ventrolateral medulla, nucleus ambiguus, and massively to the hypoglossal nucleus, particularly its tracheosyringeal portion. These projections are therefore likely to be importantly involved in the control of vocalization and respiration (Wild and Arends: Brain Res. 407:191‐194, '87). Some of these results have been presented in abstract form (Wild, Arends, and Zeigler: Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 13:308, '87).