bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community‐wide character displacement in barnacles: a new perspective for past observations
Authors: Marchinko Kerry B. , Nishizaki Michael T. , Burns K.C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe tested for community‐wide character displacement of feeding leg length and shell morphology in two barnacle communities on the west coast of North America (southern California, USA and Vancouver Island, Canada). Neither community exhibited even displacement in shell morphology. Both barnacle communities, however, exhibited remarkably evenly displaced feeding leg length, despite large differences in geography and species composition (between the orders Pedunculata and Sessilia). Previous experiments suggest that this pattern results from competition, although the competitive mechanism remains unknown. Displacement of leg length may reflect dietary specialization, spatial competition, or both. In some cases the results from two null models differed, illustrating the importance of employing a null model that considers mean and variance, rather than character means alone. Overall, the observed pattern of character displacement provides a new perspective for re‐examining the complex relationship between morphology and interspecific competition among intertidal barnacles.
Plant‐dependent active biological containment system for recombinant rhizobacteria
Authors: Van Dillewijn Pieter , Vílchez Susana , Paz José A. , Ramos Juan L. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis work describes the construction of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida strain CS‐4, which contains an active biological containment (ABC) system that ensures bacterial suicide in the absence of proline. Maize plants exudate proline, which allows CS‐4 to colonize the rhizosphere at a similar level to that of the wild‐type strain. However, when the plants are removed, the CS‐4 population decreased in bulk soil at a higher rate than the wild‐type strain.
Host specificity in marine sponge‐associated bacteria, and potential implications for marine microbial diversity
Authors: Taylor Michael W. , Schupp Peter J. , Dahllöf Ingela , Kjelleberg Staffan , Steinberg Peter D. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBiodiversity is fundamental to both eukaryote and prokaryote ecology, yet investigations of diversity often differ markedly between the two disciplines. Host specificity – the association of organisms with only a few (specialism) or many (generalism) host species – is recognized within eukaryote ecology as a key determinant of diversity. In contrast, its implications for microbial diversity have received relatively little attention. Here we explore the relationship between microbial diversity and host specificity using marine sponge–bacteria associations. We used a replicated, hierarchical sampling design and both 16S rDNA‐ and rpoB‐based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to examine whether three co‐occurring sponges from temperate Australia –Cymbastela concentrica, Callyspongia sp. and Stylinos sp. – contained unique, specialized communities of microbes. Microbial communities varied little within each species of sponge, but variability among species was substantial. Over five seasons, the microbial community in C. concentrica differed significantly from other sponges, which were more similar to seawater. Overall, three types of sponge‐associated bacteria were identified via 16S rDNA sequencing of excised DGGE bands: ‘specialists’– found on only one host species, ‘sponge associates’– found on multiple hosts but not in seawater, and ‘generalists’ from multiple hosts and seawater. Analogous to other high diversity systems, the degree of specificity of prokaryotes to host eukaryotes could have a potentially significant effect on estimates of marine microbial diversity.
Health‐related Quality of Life in Children with Epilepsy: Development and Validation of Self‐report and Parent Proxy Measures
Authors: Ronen Gabriel M. , Streiner David L. , Rosenbaum Peter ,   Canadian Pediatric Epilepsy Network
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: To answer a need to include and measure accurately the impact and burden of epilepsy as outcomes of interventions with affected children, we developed and validated self‐report and parent‐proxy respondent health‐related quality of life (HRQL) instruments for preadolescent children with epilepsy.Methods: We combined qualitative and quantitative research methods. Items were extracted from focus group discussions involving children with epilepsy and their parents. We created scales formatted with alternative paired options of forced responses and used factor analysis to generate relevant subscales and reduce the number of items. We checked internal consistency, assessed test–retest reliability 10–14 days apart, and documented construct validity.Results: A sample of 381 children with epilepsy, age 6–15 years, and their parents independently completed a 67‐item questionnaire, from which we chose five items for each subscale. The measures share four subscales, but each measure has an additional distinct subscale. The children and parents could discern differences and report differentially between the various aspects of the HRQL. Internal consistency measured with Cronbach's α was acceptable for all subscales; construct validity has been demonstrated from the testing of several hypotheses. Test–retest reliability examined with the intraclass correlation coefficient was satisfactory for the parents and for children age 8 years and older. The correlations between the mothers' and children's responses was poor to moderate.Conclusions: The data demonstrate sound psychometric properties for both related measures, which are easy to administer for children with epilepsy who are 8 years and older and their parents. The subscales encompass HRQL dimensions judged most important by children with epilepsy for the self‐report measure and by parents for the proxy response measure. The parent‐proxy measure should be useful as a complement to the child self‐report measure in evaluating the validity of parental assessment of the child's health status; in longitudinal outcome research; and in HRQL assessment of children who are unable to respond independently.
Interleukin‐6 Levels are Inversely Correlated with Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: ARONSON DORON , MITTLEMAN MURRAY A. , BURGER ANDREW J. 
Published: December 2004

Interleukin‐6 and Heart Rate Variability.
Introduction: Increased local and systemic elaboration of cytokines have an important role in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure (CHF) through diverse mechanisms. Because cytokines are known to act at the neuronal level in both the peripheral and central nervous system, we sought to determine whether increased cytokine levels are associated with the autonomic dysfunction that characterizes CHF. Methods and Results: We studied 64 patients admitted for decompensated CHF (mean age 59 ± 12 years). Autonomic function was assessed using time– and frequency‐domain heart rate variability (HRV) measures, obtained from 24‐hour Holter recordings. In addition, norepinephrine, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured in all patients. TNF‐α levels did not correlate with any of the HRV measures. IL‐6 inversely correlated with the time‐domain parameters of standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN) (r =−0.36, P = 0.004) and standard deviation of all 5–minute mean RR intervals (SDANN) (r =−0.39, P = 0.001), and with the frequency‐domain parameters of total power (TP) (r =−0.37, P = 0.003) and ultralow‐frequency (ULF) power (r =−0.43, P = 0.001). No correlation was found between IL‐6 and indices of parasympathetic modulation. Using multiple linear regression models, adjusting for clinical variables and drug therapies, the strong inverse relationship between IL‐6 and SDNN (P = 0.006), SDANN (P = 0.001), TP (P = 0.04), and ULF power (P = 0.0007) persisted. Conclusion: Reduction of long‐term HRV indices is associated with increased levels of IL‐6 in patients with decompensated heart failure. The ability of long‐term HRV parameters to better reflect activation of diverse hormonal systems may explain their greater prognostic power for risk stratification in patients with CHF.
Nonthoracotomy Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement in Children: Use of Subcutaneous Array Leads and Abdominally Placed Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Children
Authors: GRADAUS RAINER , HAMMEL DIETER , KOTTHOFF STEFAN , BÖCKER DIRK 
Published: December 2004

Nonthoracotomy ICD in Children. Introduction: The need to access the right ventricle might preclude transvenous placement of a defibrillation lead at implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement, especially in small children or children with complex congenital heart defects. We investigated a subcutaneous array lead in addition to an abdominally placed “active can” ICD device in two children to avoid a thoracotomy. Methods and Results: The first child (age 12 years, 138 cm, 41 kg) had transposition of the great arteries with a subsequent surgical intra‐atrial correction by the Mustard technique. The second child (age 14 years, 161 cm, 54 kg) had a single atrium and a single ventricle, d‐transposition of the aorta, and atresia of the main pulmonary artery with a surgical anastomosis between the aorta and the right pulmonary artery by the Cooley technique. The defibrillation threshold was 18 J and < 20 J at initial implantation and at generator replacement in the first patient and 20 J in the second patient. During follow‐up of 6 years and 1 month, respectively, no ICD‐related complications occurred. Conclusion: In children in whom endocardial, right ventricular placement of a defibrillation lead is precluded, defibrillation is possible and safe between an abdominally placed “active can” ICD device and a subcutaneous array lead. This approach may avoid a thoracotomy in children with no possibility for transvenous ICD placement.
Momentum Transfer between Gas Molecules and Metallic Surfaces in Free Molecule Flow
Authors: Stickney Robert E. 
Published: December 2004

Measurements of the normal momentum transfer between gases and metallic surfaces were obtained under conditions of free molecule flow with a torsion balance and molecular beam apparatus. Helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon were investigated on tungsten, platinum-blackened-tungsten, platinum, and aluminum surfaces which were contaminated to an undetermined degree with oxides and adsorbed gases. A thermal beam of gas molecules was directed against the test surface at normal incidence, and momentum transfer measurements were obtained with the surface at various temperatures over the range 25° to 550° C.
The experimental results indicate that the efficiency of the momentum transfer process increases with the molecular weight of the test gas and the roughness of the test surface, but is relatively independent of the substrate material under the present conditions. The momentum transfer rates for helium and hydrogen are significantly less than those measured for the heavier gases at the same surface temperature. The accommodation of the test gases to the surface temperature appears to be incomplete except, possibly, for argon and carbon dioxide. The results cannot be explained successfully by means of the classical model which assumes that the re-emitted gas consists of two components, one experiencing specular reflection and the other complete accommodation at the surface. A modified model and a corresponding momentum accommodation coefficient are introduced and employed in the discussion of the experimental data.
Comparison of Kinetic Theory Analyses of Linearized Couette Flow
Authors: Willis D. Roger 
Published: December 2004

Linearized Couette flow is considered for Knudsen numbers ranging from zero to unity using Krook's kinetic model. The velocity and stress are calculated from the numerical solution of an integral equation for the velocity. By comparison with independent calculations the relative error of these results is estimated as less than 0.2%. For the particular case of slip flow, the constant in the boundary condition is evaluated from a numerical quadrature. The accuracy of several analytic methods is compared with particular emphasis on the method of Gross, Jackson, and Ziering and that of Lees.
Using previous results obtained for Knudsen numbers greater than unity it is confirmed that some form of iteration, based on an integral equation formulation, is needed to give accurate results in the nearly free molecular regime. Further, such an iteration significantly increases the accuracy of the results over the entire transition regime down to Knudsen numbers as low as one third.
Concept of Field Modes and the Behavior of the Magnetohydrodynamic Field
Authors: Clauser Francis H. 
Published: December 2004

A method for studying the behavior of fields by splitting their behavior into independent field modes is presented. The method is used to explore the characteristics of steady, two-dimensional, linearized magnetohydrodynamic fields with finite viscosity and resistivity and arbitrary orientation of the magnetic vector relative to the velocity vector.
It is shown that in general boundary layers and wakes cease to exist in magnetohydrodynamics. Their place is taken by diffusing waves which, in reality, are the fields of a set of viscous-resistive sources, vortices, poles and currents whose field lines are strongly oriented along the characteristic wave directions. When the viscosity and resistivity are equal, these waves diffuse in a simple and independent way, but when these quantities are not equal, the diffusing waves generate a new kind of wake which is located, veil-like, in the fan-shaped region between the two wave directions. These wakes are fed from the differential diffusion of the primary waves. In the special case for which the resistivity is much greater than the viscosity, a new type of pseudo boundary layer is shown to exist in the velocity field. When the viscosity is much greater than the resistivity, this pseudo boundary layer occurs in the magnetic field.
Application of the Two-Particle Distribution Function to Estimate the Collisional Damping of Plasma Oscillations
Authors: Burgers J. M. 
Published: December 2004

An approximate, linearized equation for the pair correlation function, containing a Debye potential instead of the Coulomb potential, is used to derive by direct integration a solution for the pair correlation function for the case of long-wavelength plasma oscillations in a fully ionized gas without a magnetic field. The correlation function is then applied to describe the effect of collisions in a linearized Boltzmann equation for the single-particle distribution function, which again is integrated directly. By substituting the integral of the single-particle function over the velocity space (so as to obtain the number density of the particles) into Poisson's equation for the electric field, a dispersion equation is constructed for the oscillations. From this dispersion equation the damping of the oscillations can be found. The result combines the Landau damping with the collisional damping.
The purpose of the paper is to show what can be done with direct integration in coordinate space, without introducing Fourier and Laplace transforms and without integrations in a complex plane. Only the most interesting terms have been considered. The results obtained are not essentially different from those derived by means of other methods.
Exact Solution of the Collisionless Plasma-Sheath Equation
Authors: Self S. A. 
Published: December 2004

The plasma-sheath problem for the low-pressure discharge in plane geometry is treated exactly, that is, with no arbitrary division into plasma and sheath regions. Numerical solutions are presented for various values of the parameter α, which is of the order of the ratio of the Debye length to the discharge width for 10−3 ≤ α ≤ 10−1; and for three assumptions regarding the ion generation rate, namely generation uniform, proportional to electron density, and proportional to the square of electron density.
For the higher values of α, corresponding to weak laboratory discharges, there is a smooth transition from a quasi-neutral plasma region to a thick sheath. At the smaller values of α, the conventional model of a quasi-neutral plasma region passing rather abruptly into a narrow sheath region is substantiated. In all cases, accurate values for the potential profile throughout the plasma and sheath regions are given and compared with the separate asymptotic plasma and sheath solutions for α = 0. The ion current density, wall potential, space-charge density, mean ion energy, and sheath thickness are discussed.
Experimental Investigation of the Equilibrium Interface Technique
Authors: Copper John A. 
Published: December 2004

The equilibrium-interface technique has been suggested as a possible shock-tunnel driver method. If this technique is workable, reservoir enthalpy levels can be increased substantially over those obtainable with the tailored-interface technique without any physical modification of the shock tube. In order to determine the feasibility of the equilibrium-interface technique as a shock-tunnel driver method, experiments were performed in a shock tube, utilizing a cold helium driver over the shock Mach number range 3.29 to 7.26.
Pressure histories were measured at the end of the driven tube; this pressure was found to reach an equilibrium condition for the complete shock Mach number range investigated. From the pressure histories the equilibrium pressure, time to reach equilibrium, and test time were determined. Measured equilibrium pressures were compared with those predicted from the measured shock Mach number. From the measured equilibrium pressure the equilibrium enthalpy level was computed. The maximum equilibrium enthalpy was more than six times the reservoir enthalpy produced using the tailored-interface technique.
Juggling Inputs, Outputs, and Outcomes in the Search for Policy Competence: Recent Experience in Australia
Authors: Campbell Colin 
Published: December 2004

During the mid‐ to late 1980s, the Labor government in Australia under Prime Minister Bob Hawke distinguished itself by achieving a balance in its budgeting and management approaches. This allowed for focusing on inputs, outputs, and outcomes in tandem. The approach differed considerably from that pursued in New Zealand. There, an overemphasis on outputs introduced serious distortions to the relations between ministers and officials, which reformers in Wellington have subsequently taken strides toward correcting.As often happens with reform movements, the Australian process reached a plateau by the early to mid‐1990s. Broadly, officials welcomed a change of government in 1996 with the expectation that the coalition under Prime Minister John Howard would give new impetus to innovative public management. Ironically, this coalition addressed the issues surrounding budgeting and management reform through an unreconstructed 1980s lens, highlighting outputs at the expense of balanced emphasis of inputs and outcomes as well. As suggested by the Labor government's success in the 1980s and the adjustments attempted by New Zealand governments in the 1990s, collective dynamics among and between members of cabinet and officials, respectively, are key to a balanced approach. These dynamics foster a sense of trusteeship whereby participants see that inputs, outputs, and outcomes form part of a seamless web centered on public interest. The analysis of the Coalition's performance so far suggests thhat its efforts at reform have proven retrogressive when evaluated by this standard.
Commerce, Culture, Continuity: Hans Steinhoff's ‘Mittelfilm’ Production of Stefan Zweig's Angst (1928)
Authors: Claus Horst 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHaving been responsible for Der alte und der junge König, Robert Koch, and Ohm Krüger, Hans Steinhoff is generally regarded as one of the key directors of films produced during the Third Reich, and his output has been analysed extensively in the context of Joseph Goebbels's propaganda machinery. This approach ignores the fact that, prior to 1933, he was an established director of popular commercial films made with a medium‐size budget for audiences in the German provinces. Using Steinhoff's screen version of Angst as point of reference, this paper examines the wider production conditions and commercial considerations behind the transformation of Stefan Zweig's famous short story into a product of mass entertainment for the cinema, and suggests that similar thoughts also governed the making of Hitlerjunge Quex (which – though he never joined the NSDAP – significantly contributed to Steinhoff's reputation as an ‘arch Nazi’ and holder of the ‘Goldenes Parteiabzeichen’).
‘Ich Triumphiere Sozusagen’: The Publication History of Victor Klemperer's ‘Zion‐Kapitel’ in LTI (1947–1957)
Authors: Watt Roderick H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe publication in 1999 of Victor Klemperer's diaries for the years 1945–1959 provides a fascinating insight into the way in which he sought to accommodate his personal and academic position in East Germany to the demands of a social and political system to which he had only reluctantly committed himself in the view that it was the lesser of two evils when compared with what he believed to be the threatening re‐emergence of Fascism in West Germany. In particular, the publication history of the notorious ‘Zion‐Kapitel’ of his most famous book, LTI. Notizbuch eines Philologen, is one of several case studies illustrating how Klemperer learned to cultivate and maintain his personal and professional profile as an academic in the German Democratic Republic by adapting to and, where necessary, exploiting the exigencies of a foreign and domestic policy effectively dictated by the USSR. Klemperer's determination to distinguish between anti‐Zionism and anti‐Semitism is also of particular relevance today.
Religious Echoes of the Errant Text: Darker Shades of Derrida's Pathless Way
Authors: Almond Ian 
Published: December 2004

I employ these words, I admit, with a glance towards the operations of childbearing–but also with a glance towards those who, in a society from which I do not exclude myself, turn their eyes away when faced by the as yet unnameable which is proclaiming itself and which can do so …only under the species of the nonspecies, in the formless, mute, infant and terrifying form of monstrosity.The question of writing could be opened only if the book was closed. The joyous wandering of the graphein then became wandering without return.
Petitioning as popular politics in early sixteenth–century England
Authors: Hoyle R. W. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article offers the thesis that petitioning by collective groups, whether occupational, regionally constituted, or simply the body of people called the commons, was an important form of political communication in the early sixteenth century which, although poorly documented and consequently overlooked by historians, allows us an entry into the world of popular politics. The article offers illustrations of the way in which petitions were employed within the city of York, by groups such as weavers or by the commons of East Anglia in 1549 and 1553. The right to petition could not be denied, but mass petitioning was viewed with apprehension by government. Nonetheless, petitioning may be seen as a conservative form of behaviour when compared to calls for insurrection.