bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Bioenergetics Model for Humpback Chub and Evaluation of Water Temperature Changes in the Grand Canyon, Colorado River
Authors: Petersen James H. , Paukert Craig P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe construction of Glen Canyon Dam above the Grand Canyon (Arizona) has reduced the water temperature in the Colorado River and altered the growth rate and feeding patterns of the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha. A bioenergetics model for humpback chub was developed and used to examine how warmer water temperatures in the lower Colorado River (achieved through a temperature control device [TCD] at Glen Canyon Dam) might influence their growth rate and food requirements. Parameter values for humpback chub were developed by Monte Carlo filtering and fitting to laboratory growth. Parameter bounds were established from the literature for Gila species, random parameter sets were selected within these bounds, and the growth of modeled humpback chub was compared with criteria from a laboratory growth experiment at 24°C. This method of parameter estimation could be applied to other imperiled fishes where physiological studies are impractical. Final parameter values were corroborated by comparison with the growth rates of humpback chub from independent field and laboratory studies. Simulations indicated that increasing water temperatures from approximately 9°C to 16°C during summer and fall, the change expected from the TCD, may have a minimal effect on humpback chub growth rate unless food availability also increases with temperature. To evaluate the effects of increased temperatures on humpback chub in the lower Colorado River, it will be essential to monitor their growth rate, the invertebrate community, and the predators of humpback chub, which are also influenced by temperature changes. Bioenergetics models for humpback chub and their predators should be helpful tools for identifying potential scenarios and evaluating the complex interactions resulting from a TCD.
Isotonic Inference
Authors: Hirotsu C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVarious approaches to the order restricted inference other than the isotonic regression approach are developed. They include the testing procedures, the multiple comparisons approach, and the method of the confidence intervals. They have many applications in analyzing a dose–response curve, ordered categorical responses, including two‐ and higher‐way contingency tables and so on. The distribution theories of the concerned statistics are naturally complicated for the restricted parameters as compared with the unrestricted case but in some cases very efficient exact algorithms for calculating the distribution functions are obtained.
Data Acquisition Systems (
DAS
) in General
Authors: Wöstenkühler Gerd 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
This article describes a general structure of a data acquisition system (DAS) that is used in computer‐based measurement and control systems. For measurement, the modules for signal conditioning between the analog signals of sensors and the digital signals of a computer data bus are outlined and briefly described. It also outlines the data flow between the digital computer data bus and the actuators, which work with analog signals controlling the process parameters.
Modeling the nucleation stage during batch emulsion polymerization
Authors: Fortuny Montserrat , Graillat Christian , McKenna Timothy F. , Araújo Pedro H. H. , Pinto José C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA model based on independently validated stabilization and rate data is used to quantify the rate of formation of particles during the dynamic nucleation stage of a batch emulsion polymerization reaction. Population balance equations (PBEs) that combine kinetic data validated in the absence of coagulation and a DLVO stability model with parameters validated in the absence of reaction were used to account for both micellar and homogeneous nucleation, as well as particle stabilization and growth. The model was tested in different polymerization systems at different ionic strengths. It is shown that a large number of moderately short‐lived particles are formed during the early stages of nucleation and that they contribute to an accelerated rate of polymerization for a short period of time before coagulating onto large structures in the reactor. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Illustrating the Power of Singlet Oxygen Chemistry in a Synthetic Context: Biomimetic Syntheses of Litseaverticillols A–G, I and J and the Structural Reassignment of Litseaverticillol E
Authors: Vassilikogiannakis Georgios , Margaros Ioannis , Montagnon Tamsyn , Stratakis Manolis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBiomimetic syntheses of the litseaverticillols A–G, I and J are reported herein. The syntheses rely heavily on the application of two different modes of reaction for photochemically generated singlet oxygen, namely, the [4+2] cycloaddition of singlet oxygen (1O2) with furans and the ene reaction of 1O2 with double bonds. The highlight of these syntheses is a one‐pot cascade sequence, involving five synthetic operations initiated by a [4+2] reaction, to form the fully functionalised litseaverticillol core. A series of regioselective ene reactions are then used to appositely functionalise the side chains. The synthesis of litseaverticillol E (both its originally proposed and its actual structures) allows a structural reassignment of this natural product.
Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis as a prognostic indicator of renal cell carcinoma aggressiveness
Authors: Sengupta Shomik , Lohse Christine M. , Leibovich Bradley C. , Frank Igor , Thompson R. Houston , Webster W. Scott , Zincke Horst , Blute Michael L. , Cheville John C. , Kwon Eugene D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrognostic markers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), such as patient symptoms, tumor stage, tumor size, and tumor grade, are useful for determining appropriate follow‐up and selecting patients for adjuvant therapy. Histologic coagulative tumor necrosis, also reported to be a prognostic marker for RCC, has not previously been extensively described or investigated. Hence, the objective of the current study was to characterize tumor necrosis as a prognostic feature of RCC.METHODSThe authors of the current study identified 3009 patients treated surgically for RCC between 1970 and 2002 from the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry (Rochester, MN). Associations of tumor necrosis with clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features were examined with chi‐square, Fisher exact test, and Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests. Cancer‐specific survival was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method, and associations with outcome were assessed with Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTSTumor necrosis was present in 690 of 2445 (28%) clear cell, 196 of 421 (47%) papillary, and 28 of 143 (20%) chromophobe RCCs. The risk ratio for death from RCC in patients with necrotic compared with nonnecrotic tumors was 5.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.56–6.09; P < 0.001) for clear cell, 4.20 (CI: 1.65–10.68; P < 0.001) for chromophobe, and 1.49 (CI: 0.81–2.74; P = 0.199) for papillary RCC. The survival difference for clear cell RCC persisted even after multivariate adjustment for tumor stage, size, and grade (risk ratio 1.90; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSHistologic coagulative tumor necrosis is an independent predictor of outcome for clear cell and chromophobe RCC, and it should be routinely reported and used in clinical assessment. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A population‐based study of lung carcinoma in Pennsylvania
Authors: Campling Barbara G. , Hwang Wei‐Ting , Zhang Jiameng , Thompson Stephanie , Litzky Leslie A. , Vachani Anil , Rosen Ilene M. , Algazy Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDLung carcinoma remains the major cause of cancer death in North America and is even more common among military veterans. The objective of this study was to determine whether there were differences in the characteristics and survival of Pennsylvania patients with lung carcinoma in the Veterans Administration (VA) hospital system compared with patients in the rest of the state.METHODSThe Pennsylvania Cancer Registry was used to identify all patients who were diagnosed with lung carcinoma in the State of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 1999. Patients who were treated within the Veterans Administration Health Care Network were identified by hospital code. Survival from the date of diagnosis of lung carcinoma was determined by using the Pennsylvania state mortality files from 1995 to 2001.RESULTSFrom 1995 to 1999, 48,994 patients were newly diagnosed with lung carcinoma in Pennsylvania (41.2% women), including 856 patients in the VA system (6 women). The current analysis was restricted to male patients (n= 28,798 men). There was no major difference in age of VA patients compared with non‐VA patients, and the proportions of patients who had localized or regional stage disease were similar (49% of VA patients vs. 48% of non‐VA patients). The proportion of black patients was much higher in the VA population (23%) compared with the non‐VA population (9%). The median survival was 6.3 months for VA patients compared with 7.9 months for patients in the rest of the state, and the 5‐year overall survival rate was 12% for VA patients compared with 15% for patients in the rest of the state. When survival was analyzed according to race, there was a significant difference in the age‐adjusted survival of white patients in the VA system compared with patients in the rest of the state (P= 0.0007), but no significant difference was observed among black patients (P= 0.92).CONCLUSIONSThe overall survival of VA patients with lung carcinoma in Pennsylvania was inferior to that of patients in the remainder of the state and this was due primarily to differences in survival among the white patients. Further investigation will be necessary to determine whether this disparity was caused by differences in socioeconomic status or comorbidities or whether there are systematic differences in the diagnosis, staging, or treatment of lung carcinoma between VA patients and civilian patients. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Professional and economic factors affecting access to mammography: A crisis today, or tomorrow?
Authors: Farria Dione M. , Schmidt Maria E. , Monsees Barbara S. , Smith Robert A. , Hildebolt Charles , Yoffie Roberta , Monticciolo Debra L. , Feig Stephen A. , Bassett Lawrence W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDObjective data and anecdotal reports have suggested that access to mammography may be declining because of facility closures and difficulty in recruiting and retaining radiologists and radiologic technologists. To gain insight into the practice patterns, use of emerging technologies, and concerns of breast imagers in current practice, the Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) conducted a national survey of breast imaging practices in the U.S.METHODSBetween October 2003 and April 2004, the SBI conducted a survey of the SBI membership database, and received completed surveys from 575 breast imaging practices in the U.S. Responses to the survey regarding practice characteristics, the utilization of standard and emerging technologies, staffing, malpractice, finance, and morale were analyzed.RESULTSJob vacancies for radiologists who read mammograms were reported in 163 practices (29%), 59 of which (10%) had 2 or more openings. A higher proportion of practices with job openings had long appointment waiting times for asymptomatic women when compared with fully staffed practices. Unfilled fellowship positions also were common, with 41 of 65 practices that offer fellowships reporting 47 openings. Among 554 responding practices, 55% reported that someone in their practice was sued because of a mammography related case within the past 5 years, and 50% of practices reported that the threat of lawsuits made radiologist staffing “moderately” or “a lot” more difficult. Of 521 responding practices, 35% reported financial losses in 2002. One in 5 respondents reported that they would prefer to spend less time in mammography, and fewer than 1 in 3 would recommend a breast imaging fellowship to a relative or friend. Emerging technologies, such as breast magnetic resonance imaging and screening ultrasound, currently are being performed in many practices.CONCLUSIONSThe survey results provide support for anecdotal reports that breast imaging practices face significant challenges and stresses, including shortages of key personnel, a lack of trainees, malpractice concerns, financial constraints, increased workload due to emerging technologies, low appeal of breast imaging as a career specialty, and the steady rise in the population of women of screening age. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Subcellular localization of the dopamine D2 receptor and coexistence with the calcium‐binding protein neuronal calcium sensor‐1 in the primate prefrontal cortex
Authors: Negyessy Laszlo , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStructures of the cerebral cortex expressing the D2 dopamine receptor subtype (D2) are important sites of action of antipsychotic drugs. It has also been repeatedly suggested that the prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Here, by using single and double immunohistochemical techniques with electron microscopy, we investigated in the primate prefrontal cortex the ultrastructural localization of D2 and we compared it with that of the neuronal calcium sensor‐1 (NCS‐1), a neuron‐specific calcium‐binding and D2‐interacting protein. D2 immunoreactivity, revealed with preembedding immunoperoxidase in single labeling and with preembedding immunogold for double labeling, was localized in cell bodies with ultrastructural characteristics of both neurons and astroglia. D2 was localized in pre‐ and postsynaptic structures, including spines and dendrites, and in both excitatory‐ and inhibitory‐like axon terminals. Immunogold labeling revealed peri‐ and extrasynaptic localization of D2 in postsynaptic structures, whereas extrasynaptic labeling was typically found in boutons. NSC‐1 immunoreactivity was abundant in pre‐ and postsynaptic structures, in which it was also colocalized with D2. With the present strategy (that has high resolution but relatively limited sensitivity), NSC‐1 was observed in about 10% of the D2‐immunopositive spines and in a lower proportion of D2‐immunopositive dendrites and boutons. The data demonstrate the localization of D2 in pre‐ and postsynaptic as well as extra‐ and perisynaptic structures of the primate prefrontal cortex. The data also show the coexistence of NCS‐1 and D2 at the ultrastructural level. The latter finding suggests a role for NCS‐1 in desensitization of D2 in the prefrontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:464–475, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of neurons and fibers containing calcium binding proteins in the pallial amygdala of mouse, with special emphasis on those of the basolateral amygdalar complex
Authors: Legaz Isabel , Olmos Luis , Real M. Ángeles , Guirado Salvador , Dávila José Carlos , Medina Loreta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe studied the development of neurons and fibers containing calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the mouse pallial amygdala, with special emphasis on those of the basolateral amygdalar complex. Numerous calbindin‐immunoreactive (CB+) cells were observed in the incipient basolateral amygdalar complex and cortical amygdalar area from E13.5. At E16.5, CB+ cells became more abundant in the lateral and basolateral nuclei than in the basomedial nucleus, showing a pattern very similar to that of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Many CB+ cells observed in the pallial amygdala appeared to originate in the anterior entopeduncular area/ganglionic eminences of the subpallium. The density of CB+ cells gradually increased in the pallial amygdala until the first postnatal week and appeared to decrease later, coinciding with the postnatal appearance of parvalbumin cells and raising the possibility of a partial phenotypic shift. Calretinin (CR) immunoreactivity could be observed in a few cells and fibers in the pallial amygdala at E14.5, and by E16.5 it became a good marker of the different nuclei of the basolateral amygdalar complex. Numerous CB+ and CR+ varicosities, part of which have an intrinsic origin, were observed in the basolateral amygdalar complex from E16.5, and some surrounded unstained perikarya and/or processes before birth, indicating an early formation of inhibitory networks. Each calcium binding protein showed a distinct spatiotemporal expression pattern of development in the mouse pallial amygdala. Any alteration in the development of neurons and fibers containing calcium binding proteins of the pallial amygdala may result in important disorders of emotional and social behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:492–513, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell tracking velocimetry as a tool for defining saturation binding of magnetically conjugated antibodies
Authors: Leigh Diane R. , Steinert Steffen , Moore Lee R. , Chalmers Jeffrey J. , Zborowski Maciej 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground:Continuous flow immunomagnetic separation is an attractive alternative to current batch mode immunomagnetic separation methods because it is capable of high sorting speeds at mild cell conditions, and grants the operator better control of separation process. The control of the separation is dependent on knowledge of the amount of magnetic label attached to the cell (magnetic labeling intensity), however. Determination of the magnetic labeling is accomplished by measuring cell magnetophoretic mobility using a newly developed technique of Cell Tracking Velocimetry (CTV).Methods:Flow cytometry was used to define the antibody binding characteristics of a fluorescently tagged primary antibody. Subsequently, CTV was used to measure antibody‐binding characteristics of a magnetically tagged secondary antibody.Results:The results of this study show that CTV is capable of providing valuable information concerning the cell labeling by magnetically tagged antibodies. It was demonstrated that the magnetically conjugated antibody binding curve exhibits the same exponential increase to saturation characteristics as that seen with the fluorescently tagged antibody. Further, it was shown that the intensity of the secondary magnetic labeling is directly proportional to the intensity of the primary fluorescent label.Conclusions:CTV is an accurate tool for evaluation of magnetically conjugated antibodies. The ability to determine the intensity of magnetic labeling is necessary for the development of continuous flow immunomagnetic separations based on cell magnetophoresis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of Six3 and Six6 distribution in the developing and adult mouse brain
Authors: Conte Ivan , Morcillo Julian , Bovolenta Paola 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix3 and Six6 genes are two closely related members of the Six/sine oculis family of homeobox containing transcription factors. Their expression and function at early stages of embryonic development has been widely addressed in a variety of species. However, their mRNA distribution during late embryonic, postnatal, and adult brain barely has been analyzed. Here, we show that despite their initial overlap in the anterior neural plate, the expression of Six3 and Six6 progressively segregates to different regions during mammalian brain development, maintaining only few areas of partial overlap in the thalamic and hypothalamic regions. Six3, but not Six6, is additionally expressed in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and cerebellum. These distinct patterns support the idea that Six3 and Six6 are differentially required during forebrain development. Developmental Dynamics 234:718–725, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specification of embryonic axis and mosaic development in ascidians
Authors: Nishida Hiroki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSetting up future body axes is the first important event before and at the beginning of embryogenesis. The ascidian embryo is a classic model that has been used to gain insight into developmental processes for over a century. This review summarizes advances made in this decade in our understanding of the developmental processes involved in the specification of the embryonic axes and cell fates during early ascidian embryogenesis. Maternal factors, including mRNAs, are translocated to specific regions of the egg by cytoplasmic and cortical reorganization, so‐called ooplasmic segregation, and specify the animal–vegetal axis and the one perpendicular to it, which is defined as the anteroposterior axis in ascidians. Some postplasmic/PEM RNAs that are anchored to cortical endoplasmic reticulum are brought to the future posterior pole of fertilized eggs, and play crucial roles in posterior development. Following specification of the animal–vegetal axis, nuclear localization of β‐catenin takes place in the vegetal blastomeres; this occurrence is important for the acquisition of the vegetal character of the blastomeres in later development. Positioning of these maternal factors lead to subsequent cell interactions and zygotic gene expression responsible for axis establishment and for cell fate specification. We describe how endoderm blastomeres in the vegetal pole region emanate inductive signals mainly attributable to fibroblast growth factor. Marginal blastomeres next to endoderm blastomeres respond differently in ways that are determined by intrinsic competence factors. Expression patterns of developmentally important genes, including key transcription factors of each tissue type, are also summarized. Developmental Dynamics 233:1177–1193, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and comparative expression analysis of the Myc‐regulatory proteins Mad1, Mad3, and Mnt during Xenopus development
Authors: Juergens Kathrin , Rust Barbara , Pieler Tomas , Henningfeld Kristine A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Myc‐Max‐Mad network of transcription factors plays an essential role in many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The Mad proteins heterodimerize with Max, function as transcriptional repressors, and are capable of antagonizing the transforming activity of Myc. We report on the isolation of Xmad1, Xmad3, and Xmnt, novel Xenopus genes belonging to the Mad family. We also describe their temporal and spatial expression patterns during Xenopus embryogenesis. Xmad1 expression is found primarily in cells that have undergone terminal differentiation including the notochord, floor plate, and cement gland. Xmad3 transcripts are expressed broadly throughout the central nervous system and the eye, starting at neurula stages. In contrast, Xmnt expression in the CNS was localized anteriorly and, in addition, is present in the migrating neural crest cells. This study demonstrates the Mads are expressed in specific and mostly nonoverlapping patterns, suggesting distinct roles during embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 233:1554–1559, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.