bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Polyclonal B-Cell Activator inPlasmodium falciparum
Authors: Donati Daria , Zhang Li Ping , Chen Qijun , Chêne Arnaud , Flick Kirsten , Nyström Maja , Wahlgren Mats , Bejarano Maria Teresa 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTPolyclonal B-cell activation and hypergammaglobulinemia are prominent features of human malaria. We report here thatPlasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes directly adhere to and activate peripheral blood B cells from nonimmune donors. The infected erythrocytes employ the cysteine-rich interdomain region 1α (CIDR1α) ofP. falciparumerythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) to interact with the B cells. Stimulation with recombinant CIDR1α induces proliferation, an increase in B-cell size, expression of activation molecules, and secretion of immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin M) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6). Furthermore, CIDR1α binds to Fab and Fc fragments of human immunoglobulins and to immunoglobulins purified from the sera of different animal species. This binding pattern is similar to that of the polyclonal B-cell activatorStaphylococcus aureusprotein A. Our findings shed light on the understanding of the molecular basis of polyclonal B-cell activation during malaria infections. The results suggest that thevargene family encoding PfEMP1 has evolved not only to mediate the sequestration of infected erythrocytes but also to manipulate the immune system to enhance the survival of the parasite.
Combined Effects of Blood and Temperature Shift on
Borrelia burgdorferi
Gene Expression as Determined by Whole Genome DNA Array
Authors: Tokarz Rafal , Anderton Julie M. , Katona Laura I. , Benach Jorge L. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Borrelia burgdorferi
undergoes differential gene expression during transmission from its tick vector to a vertebrate host. The addition of blood to a spirochete culture at 35°C for 48 h had a dramatic effect on gene expression of this organism. Utilizing
B. burgdorferi
whole genome DNA arrays, we compared the transcriptomes of the spirochetes following a 2-day temperature shift with blood and without blood. Using combined data from three independent RNA isolations we demonstrated that the addition of blood led to a differential expression of 154 genes. Of these, 75 genes were upregulated, with 49 (65%) of them encoded on plasmids. Blood supplementation of cultures also resulted in the downregulation of 79 genes, where 56 (70%) were plasmid encoded. We verified our results by reverse transcriptase PCR of several genes in both flat and feeding ticks. In the 2-day experiment we observed the effect that exposure to increased temperature and blood combined had on
B. burgdorferi
gene expression at this crucial time when the spirochetes begin to move from the vector to a new vertebrate host. These changes, among others, coincide with the upregulation of the chemotaxis and sensing regulons, of the lp38-encoded ABC transporter, of proteases capable of remodeling the outer surface of the spirochetes, and of the recombination genes of cp32 as a transient or initial part of the stress response of the phage. These are all functions that could cause or facilitate the changes that spirochetes undergo following a blood meal in the tick.
Transcriptome Analysis of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
after Interaction with Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Frisk Anders , Schurr Jill R. , Wang Guoshun , Bertucci Donna C. , Marrero Luis , Hwang Sung Hei , Hassett Daniel J. , Schurr Michael J. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The transcriptional profile of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
after interactions with primary normal human airway epithelial cells was determined using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Gene expression profiles indicated that various genes involved in phosphate acquisition and iron scavenging were differentially regulated.
Microarray Analysis ofAeromonas hydrophilaCytotoxic Enterotoxin-Treated Murine Primary Macrophages
Authors: Galindo C. L. , Fadl A. A. , Sha J. , Chopra A. K. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTWe performed microarray analyses of murine peritoneal macrophages to examine cellular transcriptional responses to a cytotoxic enterotoxin ofAeromonas hydrophila. While 66% of altered genes were common to both primary macrophages and the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, Act caused expression changes of 28 genes specifically in murine peritoneal macrophages.
The Neuroendocrine Stress Hormone Norepinephrine Augments
Escherichia coli
O157:H7-Induced Enteritis and Adherence in a Bovine Ligated Ileal Loop Model of Infection
Authors: Vlisidou Isabella , Lyte Mark , van Diemen Pauline M. , Hawes Pippa , Monaghan Paul , Wallis Timothy S. , Stevens Mark P. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The role of the neuroendocrine environment in the pathogenesis of enteric bacterial infections is increasingly being recognized. Here we report that norepinephrine augments
Escherichia coli
O157:H7-induced intestinal inflammatory and secretory responses as well as bacterial adherence to intestinal mucosa in a bovine ligated ileal loop model of infection. Norepinephrine modulation of enteritis and adherence was dependent on the ability of
E. coli
O157:H7 to form attaching and effacing lesions.
Transcriptome of Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157 Adhering to Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes
Authors: Dahan Sivan , Knutton Stuart , Shaw Robert K. , Crepin Valerie F. , Dougan Gordon , Frankel Gad 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Using a DNA microarray, we determined changes in enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 gene expression during binding to plasma membranes. Analysis of the complete transcriptomes of the bound bacteria revealed increased levels of stress-associated mRNAs and decreased levels of mRNA encoding proteins involved in translation and type III secretion.
The Capsule of
Bacillus anthracis
Behaves as a Thymus-Independent Type 2 Antigen
Authors: Wang Taia T. , Lucas Alexander H. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Bacillus anthracis
elaborates a homopolymeric capsule composed of γ-
d
-glutamic acid residues. Mice were immunized with formalin-fixed encapsulated
B. anthracis
bacilli, and the serum antibody response to a γ-
d
-glutamyl capsular epitope was measured. Antiglutamyl antibodies were elicited in athymic BALB/c Nu/Nu, BALB/c Nu/+, and CBA/J mice but not in CBA/N
xid
mice. These response patterns define the capsule of
B. anthracis
as a thymus-independent type 2 antigen.
Helicobacter pylori
Infection of Human and Murine Primary Gastric Cells
Authors: Clyne Marguerite , Drumm Brendan 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The effect of
Helicobacter pylori
infection on human and murine primary gastric cells was determined. CagA was phosphorylated following adherence of
H. pylori
to primary human gastric cells. However, it did not adhere to human primary duodenal cells or murine gastric cells, and CagA could not be detected in cell lysates. Identification of an easily available animal model of infection in which the organism adheres to gastric mucosal cells would enhance studies of the virulence of
H. pylori
.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Infection Inhibits Both Bax and Bak Activation Induced by Staurosporine
Authors: Xiao Yangming , Zhong Youmin , Greene Whitney , Dong Feng , Zhong Guangming 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that
Chlamydia trachomatis
inhibits host cell apoptosis and blocks mitochondrial cytochrome
c
release. We now report that activation of both Bax and Bak, two proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family that regulate mitochondrial cytochrome
c
release, was inhibited in chlamydia-infected cells. This observation has provided new information on the mechanisms of chlamydial antiapoptotic activity.
Characterization of Binding of
Streptococcus oralis
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase to
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Major Fimbriae
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Nagata Hideki , Kuboniwa Masae , Kataoka Kosuke , Nishida Nobuko , Tanaka Muneo , Shizukuishi Satoshi 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Binding of
Streptococcus oralis
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to
Porphyromonas gingivalis
fimbriae was characterized via a biomolecular interaction analysis system. The interaction was specific, and the association constant value was 4.34 × 10
7
M
−1
, suggesting that
S. oralis
GAPDH functions as a dominant receptor for
P. gingivalis
and contributes to
P. gingivalis
colonization.
Competitive Growth Advantage of Nontoxigenic Mutants in the Stationary Phase in Archival Cultures of Pathogenic
Vibrio cholerae
Strains
Authors: Paul Kalidas , Ghosh Amalendu , Sengupta Nilanjan , Chowdhury Rukhsana 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Spontaneous nontoxigenic mutants of highly pathogenic
Vibrio cholerae
O1 strains accumulate in large numbers during long-term storage of the cultures in agar stabs. In these mutants, production of the transcriptional regulator ToxR was reduced due to the presence of a mutation in the ribosome-binding site immediately upstream of the
toxR
open reading frame. Consequently, the ToxR-dependent virulence regulon was turned off, with concomitant reduction in the expression of cholera toxin and toxin-coregulated pilus. An intriguing feature of these mutants is that they have a competitive fitness advantage when grown in competition with the parent strains in stationary-phase cocultures which is independent of RpoS, the only locus known to be primarily associated with acquisition of a growth advantage phenotype in bacteria.
The AraC Family Transcriptional Regulator Rv1931c Plays a Role in the Virulence of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Frota Cristiane C. , Papavinasasundaram K. G. , Davis Elaine O. , Colston M. Joseph 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strain disrupted in the AraC homologue
Rv1931c
was isolated. The mutant strain exhibited reduced survival both in macrophages and in a mouse infection model, with survival being restored on complementation with the
Rv1931c
gene. These results suggest that
Rv1931c
regulates genes important for virulence of
M. tuberculosis
.
Both Expansion of Regulatory GR1+CD11b+Myeloid Cells and Anergy of T Lymphocytes Participate in Hyporesponsiveness of the Lung-Associated Immune System during Acute Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Voisin Mathieu-Benoît , Buzoni-Gatel Dominique , Bout Daniel , Velge-Roussel Florence 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTOral infection withToxoplasma gondiileads to transient systemic hyporesponsiveness. In this report, we characterized the presence in the lungs of GR1+CD11b+myeloid cells that have potent nitric oxide-dependent immunoregulatory properties. We also demonstrated the interleukin 2-reversible anergy of both pulmonary CD8+and CD4+activated T lymphocytes with infection.
Development of a Novel Chloramphenicol Resistance Expression Plasmid Used for Genetic Complementation of a
fliG
Deletion Mutant in
Treponema denticola
Authors: Slivienski-Gebhardt Linda L. , Izard Jacques , Samsonoff William A. , Limberger Ronald J. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

A new expression plasmid containing the
fla
operon promoter and a staphylococcal chloramphenicol resistance gene, was constructed to help assess the role of
fliG
in
Treponema denticola
motility. Deletion of
fliG
resulted in a nonmotile mutant with a markedly decreased number of flagellar filaments. Wild-type
fliG
genes from
T. denticola
and from
Treponema pallidum
were cloned into this expression plasmid. In both cases, the gene restored the ability of the mutant to gyrate its cell ends and enabled colony spreading in agarose. This shuttle plasmid enables high-level expression of genes in
T. denticola
and possesses an efficient selectable marker that provides a new tool for treponemal genetics.
Host Response to a
dam
Mutant of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Enteritidis with a Temperature-Sensitive Phenotype
Authors: Giacomodonato Mónica N. , Sarnacki Sebastián H. , Caccuri Roberto L. , Sordelli Daniel O. , Cerquetti M. Cristina 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The temperature-sensitive
dam
mutant strain of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Enteritidis SD1 is highly attenuated and induces innate and protective immunity in mice. SD1 activates NF-κB and induces gamma interferon secretion. Early interaction of the SD1 mutant with intestinal epithelial cells was associated with ruffling of enterocytes. Invading bacteria were found inside Peyer's patches after inoculation.
Protection of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) against Plague after Voluntary Consumption of Baits Containing Recombinant Raccoon Poxvirus Vaccine
Authors: Mencher Jordan S. , Smith Susan R. , Powell Tim D. , Stinchcomb Dan T. , Osorio Jorge E. , Rocke Tonie E. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTPrairie dogs (Cynomysspp.) are highly susceptible toYersinia pestisand significant reservoirs of plague for humans in the western United States. A recombinant raccoon poxvirus, expressing the F1 antigen ofY. pestis, was incorporated into a palatable bait and offered to 18 black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) for voluntary consumption; 18 negative control animals received placebo baits. Antibody titers againstY. pestisF1 antigen increased significantly (P< 0.01) in vaccinees, and their survival was significantly higher upon challenge withY. pestisthan that of negative controls (P< 0.01).
Growth Phase Regulation of
flaA
Expression in
Helicobacter pylori
Is
luxS
Dependent
Authors: Loh John T. , Forsyth Mark H. , Cover Timothy L. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

LuxS plays a role in the synthesis of an extracellular signaling molecule, autoinducer 2 (AI-2). To analyze a possible role of AI-2 in regulating
Helicobacter pylori
gene expression, we constructed a panel of transcriptional reporter strains. We show that the expression of
H. pylori flaA
is growth phase dependent and that
flaA
transcription increases in association with increased culture density. Mutating the
luxS
gene eliminates growth-phase-dependent control of
flaA
, and this growth phase dependence is restored when the
luxS
mutant strain is complemented with the wild-type
luxS
gene.
Differential Monocyte Activation Underlies Strain-SpecificMycobacterium tuberculosisPathogenesis
Authors: Manca Claudia , Reed Michael B. , Freeman Sherry , Mathema Barun , Kreiswirth Barry , Barry Clifton E. , Kaplan Gilla 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTIn vitro infection of monocytes withMycobacterium tuberculosisHN878 and related W/Beijing isolates preferentially induced interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, which characterize Th2 polarized immunity. In contrast, CDC1551 induced more IL-12 and other molecules associated with phagocyte activation and Th1 protective immunity. The differential cytokine-chemokine response was mediated by extracted lipids, suggesting that these molecules regulate host responses to infection.
The P Domain of the P0 Protein ofPlasmodium falciparumProtects against Challenge with Malaria Parasites
Authors: Rajeshwari K. , Patel Kalpesh , Nambeesan Savithri , Mehta Monika , Sehgal Alfica , Chakraborty Tirtha , Sharma Shobhona 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTMonoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the P domain of thePlasmodium falciparumP0 phosphoriboprotein (PfP0) blocked the invasion of RBCs byP. falciparum. Vaccination with this P-domain peptide protected mice upon malaria parasite challenge. The absolute specificity of the MAbs and the PfP0 P peptide makes them potential protective malaria reagents.
TheSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Divalent Cation Transport Systems MntH and SitABCD Are Essential for Virulence in anNramp1G169Murine Typhoid Model
Authors: Zaharik Michelle L. , Cullen Vivian Li , Fung Angela M. , Libby Stephen J. , Kujat Choy Sonya L. , Coburn Bryan , Kehres David G. , Maguire Michael E. , Fang Ferric C. , Finlay B. Brett 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTNramp1 is a transporter that pumps divalent cations from the vacuoles of phagocytic cells and is associated with the innate resistance of mice to diverse intracellular pathogens. We demonstrate thatsitAandmntH, genes encoding high-affinity metal ion uptake systems inSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium, are upregulated whenSalmonellais internalized by Nramp1-expressing macrophages and play an essential role in systemic infection of congenic Nramp1-expressing mice.
Parameters of the Attenuated Schistosome Vaccine Evaluated in the Olive Baboon
Authors: Kariuki Thomas M. , Farah Idle O. , Yole Dorcas S. , Mwenda Jason M. , Van Dam Govert J. , Deelder André M. , Wilson R. Alan , Coulson Patricia S. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTFive exposures of baboons to the attenuated schistosome vaccine gave greater protection than three exposures, but this attenuation was not sustained when challenge was delayed. Within the scope of the data collected, fecal egg counts and circulating antigen levels did not accurately predict the observed worm burdens. Levels of immunoglobulin G at challenge correlated best with protection, but there was little evidence of a recall response.
Bordetella pertussisAdenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin Induces Interleukin-6 Secretion by Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bassinet Laurence , Fitting Catherine , Housset Bruno , Cavaillon Jean-Marc , Guiso Nicole 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTAfter interaction with tracheal epithelial cells,Bordetella pertussisinduces the secretion of interleukin-6. This secretion is dependent on the expression of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin by the bacterium but not on the expression of other characterized bacterial toxins or adhesins. This finding confirms the important role of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin in the pathogenicity of the bacterium.
In Vivo Transcriptional Response of Cardiac Endothelium to Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Maresh J. Gregory , Xu Huaxia , Jiang Nan , Shohet Ralph V. 
Published: August 2004

Objective—Vascular endothelial cells must integrate stimuli from multiple sources, including plasma, leukocytes, and neighboring components of the vessel. These stimuli are difficult to recapitulate in vitro. We have developed a method to examine the in vivo regulation of gene expression in endothelial cells and have applied it to a model of sepsis.Methods and Results—We used fluorescent-activated cell sorting to isolate highly purified endothelial cells from the hearts of transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein driven by the endothelial-specific promoter Tie2. We treated these mice with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide and identified those genes within cardiac endothelium that were >3-fold dysregulated 4 and 24 hours later by microarray analysis. These findings were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and compared with in vitro regulation in a murine endothelial cell line.Conclusions—The in vivo regulation was distinct and, in general, more robust than that seen in vitro. We identified endothelial-expressed genes not previously recognized to be regulated in response to lipopolysaccharide. This approach provides insight into the cardiac-specific responses of the endothelium that contribute to the specific responses of the heart to sepsis, and can be generalized to the exploration of endothelial responses in any organ.
Shame in Two Cultures: Implications for Evolutionary Approaches
Authors: Fessler Daniel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCross-cultural comparisons can a) illuminate the manner in which cultures differentially highlight, ignore, and group various facets of emotional experience, and b) shed light on our evolved species-typical emotional architecture. In many societies, concern with shame is one of the principal factors regulating social behavior. Three studies conducted in Bengkulu (Indonesia) and California explored the nature and experience of shame in two disparate cultures. Study 1, perceived term use frequency, indicated that shame is more prominent in Bengkulu, a collectivistic culture, than in California, an individualistic culture. Study 2, comparing naturally occurring shame events (Bengkulu) with reports thereof (California), revealed that shame is associated with guilt-like accounts in California but not in Bengkulu, and subordinance events in Bengkulu but not in California; published reports suggest that the latter pattern is prominent worldwide. Study 3 mapped the semantic domain of shame using a synonym task; again, guilt was prominent in California, subordinance in Bengkulu. Because shame is overshadowed by guilt in individualistic cultures, and because these cultures downplay aversive emotions associated with subordinance, a fuller understanding of shame is best arrived at through the study of collectivistic cultures such as Bengkulu. After reviewing evolutionary theories on the origins and functions of shame, I evaluate these perspectives in light of facets of this emotion evident in Bengkulu and elsewhere. The available data are consistent with the proposition that shame evolved from a rank-related emotion and, while motivating prestige competition, cooperation, and conformity, nevertheless continues to play this role in contemporary humans.
'Sheep in the Jaws of So Many Ravenous Wolves': the Slave Trade and Anglican Missionary Activity at Cape Coast Castle, 1752-1816
Authors: Reese Ty 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article examines the Anglican missions established at Cape Coast Castle in 1752 and 1766. The first, established by SPG missionary Thomas Thompson, lasted from 1752 to 1755 and his lack of success, coupled with ill health, formed the basis for the second mission, that of Philip Quaque. Quaque, a Fetu youth sent to England for twelve years, returned to Cape Coast in 1766, remaining there until his death in 1816. Of all the insurmountable obstacles created by the slave trade, the most important obstacle Thompson and Quaque faced was the combination of the coastal desire for education and the European, African and Eurafrican opposition to proselytization. For Quaque, his new identity as a Black Protestant, coupled with little direct or indirect support from the SPG, hindered his endeavors. While the missions of Thompson and Quaque have often been viewed as failures they, along with the growing abolitionist attack upon the slave trade, marked a turning point in the relationship between England and the Gold Coast.
Evaluating Community Policing in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Vijver Kees , Zoomer Olga 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this article we shall present an overview of research in the field of community policing in the Netherlands. Before we go into the problems of establishing the impact of community policing, we shall describe the organisation of the Dutch police system. Without at least some knowledge of the system, it is hard to follow the developments that have taken place over the last decades. After that we shall discuss the developments in community policing in the Netherlands and its current state as to, for instance, how it is organised. Next we shall look into the research that has been carried out to try and measure the results of different versions of community policing in terms of internal and external effects. The significance of the results and indicators of efficacy, as well as the current developments of community policing will be discussed in the last section.
Evaluating the Police: A Political, Professional and Scientific Issue: 25 Years of Experience Evaluating the Police in Belgium
Authors: Tange Carrol 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFor the past quarter of a century, in Belgium like all over Europe, the police have often been put into question. This has transformed the issue of police reform into a political debate which has brought about the wish to develop useable knowledge regarding the police force, thanks namely to ad hoc evaluation procedures used to help strengthen police legitimacy. The present article examines the evolution of the equilibrium between different means of evaluating the police in Belgium, before and since the reform of the police, launched by an act of law in 1998.