bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Carnival Circuit
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gypsy and the sexy, exotic painter seen in Life magazine, Julio De Diego, met at a friend’s party. Julio brought his delicious homemade paella. Since much of the dish had been consumed by the time Gypsy expected to eat, she complained to him. He recalled meeting a “beautiful girl whose black petticoat edged with red ribbons swirled at the bottom of her dress.” Such an outfit appealed to Julio because it showed Gypsy’s sense of flair.
Julio De Diego was born in Madrid in 1900. After his father opposed his desire to train as an artist and destroyed some of his early attempts, he left home at age fifteen to apprentice himself to an opera set designer. While still in his teens, he joined the military and served for three years in the Spanish cavalry. In North Africa an enemy wielding a saber wounded him (or so he told the press later, explaining his rejection from serving for the Allies during World War II). In 1924, De Diego immigrated to the United States, where he obtained citizenship in 1941. Soon after his arrival with twenty-five cents in his pocket, he spent ten cents for the elevator to the top of the Woolworth Building, the world’s tallest, and threw the rest of his money off the roof. “I wanted to start from scratch,” he explained. Experimenting with a new camera, Julio refused to read the instructions, saying, “I want to do it by instinct.”Julio’s spontaneity charmed everyone, particularly women.
Back Home
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Christmas Eve 1952, Gypsy happily returned to New York City. She gushed that New York was “so alive and in the center of things.” Culturally, she preferred New York to Hollywood, which in her summation “TV and movies—that seems to be about the end of it.” She enjoyed New York’s theater and art galleries, and she met friends at its fine restaurants. Domestic life resumed; Gypsy visited her hairdresser, sent Erik to school, and dealt with her relatives.
When Gypsy and Erik arrived home, Julio was not with them for long. Gypsy’s stay in Europe weakened her marriage. As early as 1950, when Gypsy lived in New York, Julio had traveled to mount exhibitions of his work and to paint. Artists recalled Julio spending large amounts of time in an artists’ community in Woodstock, New York, sans Gypsy. In her journal, Gypsy tersely noted the number of days he stayed away. During her tour of Europe, their separations lengthened. Although he joined Gypsy and Erik in Spain, he returned to the United States months before they arrived in New York. In February 1952, June asked Gypsy about the truth of William Fitelson’s hints about the breakup of her marriage. Not unsurprisingly, Gypsy had confided her troubles to her lawyer before telling her sister. Gypsy and Julio obtained a divorce in Reno in 1955 on the grounds of separation for more than three years.
The Second Year
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I met you at this time a year back you were apple green. The green, as I look over your expectant faces now, seems somewhat to have paled. And you seem larger. If one should bite you now, he would expect to find some signs of juice. Sour, quite sour, doubtless; but still, juice. Clearly, you hold some promise. But with that gain in size and juiciness under the benignant sunshine of the faculty have come responsibilities, and these responsibilities I would recall to your attention. Last year it was a question of what you had a right to expect from the second year class and of how to go about realizing those expectations. This year it is a question of what the first year class has a right to expect from you, and of your job in making real those expectations, whether or not these new cubs have the sense to run you up a tree and bay for information.
I want to remind you that a school is not made up of faculty, and that a legal education is nine-tenths and upwards a product of the student body. I want to remind you the incoming class is, if possible, even greener than yourselves were once. I want to remind you of the strangeness with which you gazed upon a casebook and wondered what in hell a brief might be, or what you were to do with the cases; of your utter lack of knowledge of the meaning of the law library, or of how to take the first step in its utilization; of the days when Corbin was only a name and a law review an unknown concept; when Law Examination was a stark specter, vastly terrible because it had not been experienced. I want to remind you, too, of the comfort that came when you did get some advice from somewhere in one of your perplexities, and of how much easier the first four weeks would have been if that advice had been frequent and ready.
The Evolution of the BIT Model Negotiating Text
Authors: Vandevelde Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1977, various State Department officials, particularly in the Office of the Legal Adviser and the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, began to discuss the initiation of a bilateral investment treaty program as a response to several different considerations. On March 7, 1977, the Legal Advisor and the Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs formally proposed to the Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs the inauguration of the BIT program. Under Secretary Richard N. Cooper gave his approval on August 15, 1977, thus commencing a process of interagency consultations that eventually involved the Treasury Department, Commerce Department, Justice Department, and the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) among others.
The first step was to develop a model draft of a treaty for use in negotiations. The use of a model agreement brings several advantages. It expedites negotiations by avoiding the need to prepare a new negotiating text for each negotiation and ensures consistency in U.S. policy over time. It also permits the United States to offer credible assurances to potential negotiating partners that they are being asked to commit to standards advocated by the United States on a global basis, rather than standards tailored to the particular partner. That is, the text proposed by the United States to one potential treaty partner is not less favorable than the text proposed to other potential partners. At the same time, it allows the United States to resist making concessions that deviate from the model on the ground that such concessions have not been offered or given to other countries.
The Expropriation Provision
Authors: Vandevelde Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. government sought treaty protection against expropriation of property owned by its nationals but located in other countries as early as the mid-nineteenth century. FCN agreements of that period prohibited the seizure of “vessels, cargoes, merchandise and effects” of the other party’s nationals without payment of “equitable and sufficient compensation” or “sufficient indemnification.” Later treaties extended this protection to apply to property generally and, at times, required “full and just compensation, to be paid in advance.” Thus, from the beginning, U.S. foreign investment policy with respect to expropriation has focused on ensuring compensation in the event of expropriation.
Divorced from their historical context, the terms “equitable” or “sufficient” might seem to imply some level of compensation that was less than full compensation. As is discussed elsewhere, the international community, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, debated whether customary international law requires full compensation for expropriation or merely some form of equitable or “appropriate” compensation. It appears always to have been the United States’ position, however, that compensation should be full.
The State-State Disputes Provision
Authors: Vandevelde Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States has used arbitration as an important means of state-state dispute resolution virtually since it attained independence. The Jay Treaty, the 1794 Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation (FCN) Treaty between the United States and England, contained an arbitration clause that covered disputes involving, among other things, the confiscation of property. Between 1799 and 1804, that clause resulted in more than 500 arbitral awards.
The United States continued to use arbitration as an occasional means of settling property disputes throughout the nineteenth century. The United States–Mexican Mixed Claims Commission of 1868, for example, arbitrated more than 2000 claims between 1871 and 1876. One commentator has estimated that between 1829 and 1910, the United States entered into approximately 40 arbitrations with Latin American countries alone.
Tax Arbitration And Investor Protection
Authors: Park William W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like fire and passion, taxation can bring ruin as well as blessing. Justice Holmes rightly observed that taxes provide the wherewithal for public benefits we associate with civilized life. However, fiscal measures also have a darker side, sometimes serving as a vehicle for indirect asset confiscation. In the oft-cited paraphrase of another American Supreme Court Justice, “The power to tax is the power to destroy.”
Making Investor-State Arbitration More Accessible to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Caplan Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”) are important, dynamic, and growing engines for foreign direct investment. SMEs are increasingly more active in the global economy, extending their production, sales, service, and research and development activities into foreign countries. Though SMEs typically make small investments on an individual basis, their collective efforts can be sizable, with substantial benefits for international development and cross-border prosperity. When investing abroad, SMEs, more so than larger enterprises, tend to transfer technology to developing countries and contribute to the local economy. SME investment is clearly on the rise—so much so that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (“UNCTAD”) concluded that SMEs have “major potential as foreign investors.”
The Quest For Principles Of Action In An Age Of Insecurity
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, as in the savage past, conflict often blurs the principle of distinction between civilians and combatants. We in the U.S. again live in an age of insecurity where seemingly anyone may come under attack—anywhere, any time, with almost any amount of damage imaginable. Although the existential threat of Cold War nuclear confrontation between Super Powers is now largely dissipated, our national sense of vulnerability grew in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. In the second half of the 20th century, deterrence had protected some populations by effectively holding them hostage; our assured destruction helped to prevent it. But security as a “shared destiny”1 now yields to the principle of self-defense. Through such self-defense, “proportionate response” permits civilian “collateral damage” when militarily necessary in lawful attacks on targets.
When Push Comes To Shove
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interaction of international law and American use of military force abroad remains highly controversial. While United States declaratory policy of the early 1990’s aspired to a new, more peaceful world order divorced from threats or use of force in the post-Cold War world,1 the perceived need to intervene militarily soon became more rather than less apparent. The absence of Superpower restraints, which previously constrained local conflicts to prevent potential escalation, now permitted collisions born of historical or ethnic animus. The explosiveness of these confrontations increased with greater access to weapons and the means of delivery. These developments together enhanced incentives for the United States to project force abroad. Indeed, by the time of the 9/11 attacks, the United States already enjoyed substantial “freedom to operate” militarily in the aftermath of “deregulation” of the Cold War bloc system.
Genetic Dilemmas
Authors: Davis Dena S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What limits the genetic choices parents make for their children? Is it okay to select the sex of our children, or for deaf parents to select deaf children? In this second edition of Genetic Dilemmas, Davis argues that parental reproductive autonomy should be limited by respect for the future autonomy of the children created by these measures. Praise for the first edition: “A thoughtful, timely and comprehensive look at genetics in the modern era by a recognized scholar of both their legal and humanistic implications. An excellent read!” -R. Alta Charo, Professor of Law and Medical Ethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison. “Dena Davis has been the most consistent and important voice insisting that we take seriously the concept of each child’s right to an open future, and what respecting that right would mean for new technologies in genetics and reproduction. This engaging new book is the work of a thoughtful and humane scholar, and deserves a broad readership.” -Thomas H. Murray, President of The Hastings Center “Dena Davis offers an engaging, informative and provocative argument in Genetic Dilemmas. Her primary accomplishment is to draw much-needed attention to the interests of the child in reproductive decision-making...she has succeeded admirably.” -Mary Terrell White, Medical Humanities Review “People now face a dizzying array of choices about reproduction-from sex selection to cloning, from prenatal screening to genetic enhancement. In this engaging and path-breaking book, Dena Davis intelligently and compassionately explores the often-ignored impact of these choices on the children that are created and the society in which they will be raised.” -Lori Andrews, Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law
Introduction
Authors: Ribstein Larry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have probably seen firm names with strange letters after them—not the familiar Inc. but LLC or LP or the ambiguous Co. The letters are not just on cleaning company vans but more familiar firms, including Chrysler LLC and Sears Brands LLC (aka Sears Roebuck). You may have wondered whether the difference in initials signifies anything of importance. This book answers that question: Yes.
Polarization
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What explains the rise of fascism in the 1930s? The emergence of student radicalism in the 1960s? The growth of Islamic terrorism in the 1990s? The Rwandan genocide in 1994? Ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia and in Iraq? Acts of torture and humiliation by American soldiers at Abu Ghraib prison? The American financial crisis of 2008? The widespread belief, in some parts of the world, that Israel or the United States was responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001? And what, if anything, do these questions have to do with one another? Here is a clue. Some years ago, a number of citizens of France were assembled into small groups to exchange views about their president and about the intentions of the United States with respect to foreign aid.1 Before they started to talk, the participants tended to like their president and to distrust the intentions of the United States. After they talked, some strange things happened.
Good Extremism
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is obvious that extremism is not always bad. Sometimes extreme movements are good, even great. When people shift from indifference to intense concern with local problems, such as poverty and crime, group polarization is an achievement, not a problem. Barry Goldwater was correct to say that “extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice.” The American Revolution, the civil rights movement, and the fall of both communism and apartheid had everything to do with mechanisms of the sort sketched here. Once we acknowledge that extremism can be desirable, and that group polarization can move people toward engagement in solving serious problems, the analysis has to be modified. But how?
Military Commissions in U.S. History
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond the uniqueue Colonial experience and the Founders’ intentions, military commissions have been used by American presidents numerous times over the past years. Field commanders or presidents in the War of 81 , the Mexican-American War, the Civil War, and the Second World War all used these procedures to try illegal belligerents for war crimes or crimes committed during periods of martial law. Although there are many examples available, the most celebrated and well-known military commissions employed during the nineteenth century were used by General Andrew Jackson, General Winfield Scott, and President Abraham Lincoln. All seemed to have acted upon the lack of specificity afforded by the existing statutes (articles of war) and the laws of war as well as past historical use to support their implementation of these military trials during ongoing armed conflict. These commissions, in various forms, were generally supported by the judicial branch and understood by most, if not all, to be a part of the American military jurisprudence.
The Second World War Military Commission—Ex Parte Quirin et al
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Military Commisions were also used to a limited degree in the 1898 Spanish-American War, particularly in the Philippines until the peace treaty was signed in April 1899 During this period, they were generally viewed as accepted legal practice during ongoing military operations (when conducted overseas). They were not, however, employed as part of the First World War. During the Second World War and its aftermath, military commissions were predominantly used to try illegal belligerents and to prose- cute war criminals. The two most noteworthy cases of this period were In re Yamashita and Ex Parte Quirin Although most of this chapter is devoted to reviewing the facts and issues confronting the Roosevelt administration in the Quirin case, it is still important to discuss Yamashita brie y at the conclusion. Although the Bush administration lawyers in the twenty- first century relied on Yamashita far less heavily than Quirin the case is still also cited as support for the use of military com- missions by the executive branch in times of armed conflict.
The Good War
Authors: Brewer Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the United States was determined not only to win World War II but also to secure the peace that would follow. To win the war would be tough. By early 1942, Nazi Germany had conquered most of Europe. Following a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Japanese crushed the Americans in the Philippines and the British at Singapore. The United States began to mobilize, but it would be months before its forces were ready to take on the enemy. In the meantime, it counted on its chief allies, Great Britain and the Soviet Union, to carry on the fight. As for securing the peace, the Roosevelt administration planned to succeed where Woodrow Wilson had failed, by making sure that this time the United States would commit to the role of international peacekeeper. FDR was confident that the economic and military power of the United States would ensure its postwar dominance over the alternative agendas of its wartime allies. American internationalism presumed American leadership.
Trusts in Latin America
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As most of the legal systems in Latin American countries were based on European continental civil law, and in particular the French Napoleonic Code, it must be stressed that the Latin American trust did not derive from such system. The concept of the Latin American trust (called fideicomiso or fiducia) was not founded on Roman law antecedents but on an adaptation of the U.S. trust.
Brazil
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The absence of a legal system to give certainty to the grantor and beneficiary’s rights (particularly in the case of bankruptcy of the trustee) has meant a stumbling block to its development because (a) it does not permit transactions with independent investors because personal confidence placed in the trustee is everything, and (b) for large-scale or long-term transactions the trust, being an unregulated transaction, becomes unfeasible. Therefore, administration trust is almost unknown as a vehicle for legal businesses in Brazil.
Ecuador
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Ecuador, there are three legal structures included under “fiduciary transactions” that should be considered when analyzing trust in this country. These are: trust regulated by the Civil Code (Civil Trust), fiduciary mandate, and trust regulated by the Commercial Code (Commercial Trust). Commercial Trust is the one that is most like the trust as it is know in common-law jurisdictions. Therefore, the characteristics and differences of these legal structures will be briefly discussed, and then the rest of the chapter will be devoted to the Commercial Trust.
Paraguay
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike Argentina, Uruguay, and other South American countries where the 2001–2002 crisis—which entailed the fall of the financial system as a whole—created the conditions for the spread of the trust, in Paraguay the crisis affected the trust in an adverse fashion. The explanation is that mutual funds, which had been used until the crisis, were restructured (with heavy losses for the investors) based on the Trust Law. Furthermore because of the crisis, two companies in dire financial straits were administered through administration and guarantee trusts. These two trusts (called Caballeros Vargas and Pechugon ) are two successful cases of trusts, especially if it is considered that in one of them the first trustee was liquidated as a result of his own financial difficulties, and the trust was transferred smoothly to a second trustee who continued with the administration process in favor of the beneficiaries of the trust.
The Evolution of Certainty
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the post-Cold War era, the U.S. emerged from a military position of strategic parity to one of dominance. America’s national strategy is to maintain substantial advantages in military strength against potential foes. However, a recognized downside to U.S. relative dominance is that it impels others to seek to rely on WMD to counter that strength. In turn, America relies on its nuclear arsenal to deter any adversarial use of chemical or biological weapons. As the U.S. moves forward, exploring and evaluating nuclear and other arms-control agreements to serve its national security interests, America will continue to gauge treaty verification.
Stepchildren’s Memories of Love and Loss Men’s and Women’s Narratives
Authors: Daniel Gwyn , Thompson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our intention here is to explore the contrasting ways in which adult men and women recall childhood experiences of parental loss and transitions into life with a step-parent. I This exploration is part of a wider project on stepfamilies in Britain, ‘Growing up in Stepfamilies’.2 The research is based on life-story interviews with fifty men and women all born in one week in March 1958. They are a subsample of the whole cohort, who have been subsequently followed through their lives by the formal survey inquiries of the National Child Development Study.3 Those we chose to interview were all reported to have entered stepfamilies between the ages of 8 and 16.