bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐throughput clonal selection of recombinant CHO cells using a dominant selectable and amplifiable metallothionein‐GFP fusion protein
Authors: Bailey Charles G. , Tait A. Sasha , Sunstrom Noelle‐Ann 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTransfected mammalian cells can be used for the production of fully processed recombinant proteins for medical and industrial purposes. However, the isolation of high‐producing clones is traditionally time‐consuming. Therefore, we developed a high‐throughput screening method to reduce the time and effort required to isolate high‐producing cells. This involved the construction of an expression vector containing the amplifiable gene metallothionein (MT), fused in‐frame to green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fusion gene (MTGFP) confers metal resistance similar to that of the wild‐type metallothionein and expression can be monitored using either flow cytometry or a fluorometer to measure green fluorescence. Expression of MTGFP acted as a dominant selectable marker allowing rapid and more efficient selection of clones at defined metal concentrations than with the antibiotic G418. Cells harboring MTGFP responded to increasing metal concentrations with a corresponding increase in fluorescence. There was also a corresponding increase in recombinant protein production, indicating that MTGFP could be used as a selectable and amplifiable gene for the coexpression of foreign genes. Using our expression vector encoding MTGFP, we demonstrate a high‐throughput clonal selection protocol for the rapid isolation of high‐producing clones from transfected CHO cells. We were able to isolate cell lines reaching specific productivities of >10 μg hGH/106 cells/day within 4 weeks of transfection. The advantage of this method is that it can be easily adapted for automated procedures using robotic handling systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 670–676, 2002.
Impact of coexpression and coamplification of sICAM and antiapoptosis determinants bcl‐2/bcl‐xL on productivity, cell survival, and mitochondria number in CHO‐DG44 grown in suspension and serum‐free media
Authors: Meents Heiko , Enenkel Barbara , Eppenberger Hans M. , Werner Rolf G. , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have engineered dihydrofolate reductase‐negative (dhfr−/−) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells adapted for growth in serum‐free suspension cultures for simultaneous expression of the common cold therapeutic, the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM), and the antiapoptosis determinants bcl‐2 or bcl‐xL. Detailed analyses of titer and antiapoptosis characteristics of these production cell lines included an independent (sICAM; bcl‐2/bcl‐xL) as well as a cocistronic (sICAM‐(bcl‐2/bcl‐xL)) expression set‐up in which translation–initiation of the survival cistron is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). In transient transfections or stable mixed populations and in comparison to isogenic sICAM‐only control vectors, both bcl‐xL‐encoding configurations achieved higher sICAM yields while bcl‐2 over‐expression resulted in decreased product levels. Overall, the death‐protective impact of bcl‐2 and bcl‐xL in engineered CHO‐DG44 was not significant under typical batch‐mode operation, an observation that was confirmed by clonal analysis. bcl‐2 and bcl‐xL displayed their antiapoptosis potential only following dhfr‐based amplification in sICAM‐producing CHO‐DG44 cell lines. In all cases, bcl‐xL outperformed bcl‐2 in its cell death‐protective capacity. Amplification‐dependent high‐level expression of mitochondria‐localized bcl‐2 family members required for successful antiapoptosis engineering may be essential to compensate for increased mitochondria numbers found to be associated with production cell lines grown in serum‐free medium. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 706–716, 2002.
Supercritical fluid extraction for the separation of organochlorine pesticides residue in Angelica sinensis
Authors: Zhao Chunjie , Hao Guiming , Li Huanxin , Chen Yingjie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA method involving the simultaneous extraction and separation of 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Angelicae sinensis was developed using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The pesticides in the study were α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐benzene hexachloride, PCNB (pentachloro‐ nitrobenzene), PCA (pentachloroaniline), HEPT (heptachlor), MPCPS (methyl‐pentachlorophenyl sulfide), pp′‐DDE [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl) ethylene], op′‐DDT [1,1,1,‐trichloro‐2‐(o‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(p‐chlorophenyl) ethane], pp′‐DDD [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl) ethane], and pp′‐DDT [1,1,1,‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis (p‐chlorophenyl)ethane]. The extraction conditions were optimized as follows: pure CO2, extraction pressure 15 MPa, extraction temperature 60°C, extraction time 20 min, and flow‐rate 1.5 mL/min. A GC method with electron capture detection was employed to determine the OCPs in Angelicae sinensis. An HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of active constituents. The SFE provided high decontamination rate of OCPs and low loss of active constituents in Angelicae sinensis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified HPLC method for the determination of ochratoxin A by fluorescence detection
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Kutluk Özlem Banu , Altiokka Göksel , Tunçel Muzaffer 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) with fluorescent detector is described for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA). A mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water:acetic acid (99:99:2, v/v/v) was used for the resolution of the compound on a C18 Hypersil column. The retention time for OTA and diflunisal which was used as an internal standard (IS) were 11.7 and 12.8 min, respectively. The method is selective, reliable, reproducable with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.70 and linear in the range of 2.5 × 10−9–1.5 × 10−8 M OTA. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 × 10−10 M corresponding to 0.1 ng mL−1 and 8.2 × 10−10 corresponding to 3.3 ng mL−1, respectively. Recovery studies were 81.2 ± 1.9 (SD). The method was applied for analysis of OTA in wheat, corn, red pepper, cheese and wine. The proposed method can be used for the routine analysis of OTA in food and animal feed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic group multicast routing with bandwidth reservations
Authors: Low Chor Ping , Wang Ning , Ng Jim Mee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMulticasting refers to the transmission of data from a source node to multiple destination nodes in a network. Group multicasting is a generalization of multicasting whereby every member of a group is allowed to multicast messages to other members that belong to the same group. The routing problem in this case involves the construction of a set of low cost multicast trees with bandwidth requirements, one for each member of the group for multicasting messages to other members of the group. In this paper, we examine this routing problem with an additional requirement that member nodes are allowed to join and leave the multicasting group anytime during a session. We call this problem, the dynamic group multicast routing problem (DGMRP). In this paper, we proposed three heuristic algorithms to generate a set of low cost multicast trees with dynamic group membership. Results from our empirical study shows that the one of the proposed algorithms, called Maximum bandwidth bottleneck path selection algorithm (MBBPS), achieves better utilization of bandwidth resources as compared with the other two algorithms which are based on a greedy approach. In addition MBBPS performs better in terms of cost when the bandwidth is not sufficient in the network. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The policy relevance of environmental protection expenditure accounting
Authors: Barry Conor P. , Convery Frank J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs a result of theoretical concerns about the use of GDP as the main policy indicator, and the implications this may have for the achievement of other policy goals, the UN proposed a system of integrated environmental and economic accounting (SEEA). Part of their guidelines recommends the collection of data regarding environmental protection expenditure (EPE). Both EUROSTAT and the OECD have designed and implemented methodologies with the aim of producing EPE accounts for international comparison. While much effort has been employed in examining and refining the design and implementation, to date little has been said regarding the policy relevance of such accounts. We have applied the Eurostat and OECD methodologies to produce the first ever EPE dataset for Ireland. This work involved a detailed examination of both public and private sector environmental expenditure and estimated that EPE in Ireland was equal to just under 1% of GDP in 1998. We conclude that the main policy relevance lies in the assessment of the potential for industries involved in the supply and operation of environmental abatement services in Ireland. To the extent that expenditure can be disaggregated to sectoral level in those sectors exposed to international competition, it can also inform a discussion about the relation between environmental compliance costs and sectoral competitiveness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
A fast Godunov method for the water‐hammer problem
Authors: Hwang Yao‐Hsin , Chung Nien‐Mien 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn efficient Godunov‐type numerical method with second‐order accuracy was developed to simulate the water‐hammer problem in piping. The exact solutions of the Riemann problem were analysed and illustrated on the intriguing solution diagram by properly introducing dimensionless variables within reasonably practical ranges. Based on the solution diagram, an efficient fast Riemann solver was also developed. Moreover, small perturbation analysis was performed to demonstrate the relations between the primitive variables, velocity and pressure, for the Riemann problem. The typical shock‐tube problem and the water‐hammer problem were implemented as sample ones to test the numerical method. It was shown that the present numerical method incorporated with Van Leer's flux limiter is a promising one to simulate fluid transient problem for piping in the present study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of aqueous isopropanol by reactive extractive distillation
Authors: Zhigang Lei , Jinchang Zhang , Biaohua Chen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new separation method of reactive extractive distillation is proposed for the separation of isopropanol and water, using the mixture of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and glycollic potassium (C2H5O2K) as an entrainer. Vapor–liquid‐equilibrium (VLE) measurements confirmed that the entrainer was effective for this separation. Using a feed/solvent volume ratio of 1:1, isopropanol with a concentration over 96.0% weight fraction was obtained by the reactive extractive distillation process and the azeotropic point was eliminated. A novel process of separating isopropanol and water is designed on the basis of reactive extractive distillation to obtain the product with different concentrations, which may have a lasting value in industry.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Strain‐driven homogenization of inelastic microstructures and composites based on an incremental variational formulation
Authors: Miehe Christian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe paper investigates computational procedures for the treatment of a homogenized macro‐continuum with locally attached micro‐structures of inelastic constituents undergoing small strains. The point of departure is a general internal variable formulation that determines the inelastic response of the constituents of a typical micro‐structure as a generalized standard medium in terms of an energy storage and a dissipation function. Consistent with this type of inelasticity we develop a new incremental variational formulation of the local constitutive response where a quasi‐hyperelastic micro‐stress potential is obtained from a local minimization problem with respect to the internal variables. It is shown that this local minimization problem determines the internal state of the material for finite increments of time. We specify the local variational formulation for a setting of smooth single‐surface inelasticity and discuss its numerical solution based on a time discretization of the internal variables. The existence of the quasi‐hyperelastic stress potential allows the extension of homogenization approaches of elasticity to the incremental setting of inelasticity. Focusing on macro‐strain‐driven micro‐structures, we develop a new incremental variational formulation of the global homogenization problem where a quasi‐hyperelastic macro‐stress potential is obtained from a global minimization problem with respect to the fine‐scale displacement fluctuation field. It is shown that this global minimization problem determines the state of the micro‐structure for finite increments of time. We consider three different settings of the global variational problem for prescribed linear displacements, periodic fluctuations and constant stresses on the boundary of the micro‐structure and discuss their numerical solutions based on a spatial discretization of the fine‐scale displacement fluctuation field. The performance of the proposed methods is demonstrated for the model problem of von Mises‐type elasto‐visco‐plasticity of the constituents and applied to a comparative study of micro‐to‐macro transitions of inelastic composites. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference values of fetal orbital measurements by transvaginal scan in early pregnancy
Authors: Rosati Paolo , Bartolozzi Francesco , Guariglia Lorenzo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo construct reference ranges of orbital diameters, measured in early pregnancy by transvaginal sonography.MethodsThe study group consisted of 2717 fetuses of pregnant women referred to our center and examined by transvaginal ultrasound between 11–16 week's gestation. Nomograms with confidence intervals (5th and 95th percentile) for each orbital measurement (orbital diameter, interocular and binocular distance) versus gestational age were produced.ResultsThe orbital measurements increased in a linear fashion throughout early pregnancy with a good correlation with gestational age.ConclusionTransvaginal sonography is able to visualize and measure orbital diameters with accuracy in early pregnancy; reference ranges were developed that can be used to evaluate normal orbital development and can be helpful in the detection of syndromes with orbital growth defects and other associated fetal anomalies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in fibre‐reinforced polymer composite bridge decks
Authors: Hota GangaRao V S , Hota Siva R V 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUtilization of thermoset or thermoplastic resins binding glass and/or carbon fabrics has led to advanced fibre‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials, structural shapes, and systems. Innovative FRP composite bridge deck production processes have been developed and perfected. Two of these processes are pultrusion and resin transfer moulding. A number of structural systems implemented as bridge decks are described. Construction and design details of composite decks are also provided.
Collis‐Nissen Procedure in Patients with Esophageal Atresia: Long‐term Evaluation
Authors: Kawahara Hisayoshi , Imura Kenji , Yagi Makoto , Kubota Akio , Okada Akira 
Published: October 2002

A subset of patients with esophageal atresia (EA) have an associated short esophagus and require an antireflux procedure. The Collis‐Nissen procedure, which consists of a combination of Collis gastroplasty and Nissen fundoplication, is considered an option in such conditions. The long‐term results of EA patients undergoing this procedure have rarely been reported. The results of the Collis‐Nissen procedure were examined in four EA patients with follow‐up for an average of 9 years. The Collis‐Nissen procedure was conducted concurrently with segmental esophageal resection for an associated congenital esophageal stenosis close to the esophagogastric junction in two postoperative Gross type C patients (7
months, 2 years), as an antireflux operation in a postoperative Gross type A patient with an unreducible sliding hiatal hernia (10 years),
and with primary repair of EA in a Gross type A patient with a long gap
(4 months). There were no significant complications except minor anastomotic leakage and an anastomotic stenosis that required postoperative dilation. Significant reflux was negative, as shown by an upper gastrointestinal study and scintigraphy. Limited esophagitis just above the esophagogastric junction was observed in a Gross type A patient with a long mediastinal gastric segment. Swallow‐related pressure reduction at the wrapping cuff was detected by manometric examination. The Collis‐Nissen procedure is a useful option for treating EA patients who require esophageal lengthening and control of gastroesophageal reflux.
Early Experience with the Nuss Minimally Invasive Correction of Pectus Excavatum in Adults
Authors: Coln Dale , Gunning Tom , Ramsay Michael , Swygert Tom , Vera Richard 
Published: October 2002

Nuss described a minimally invasive technique for correcting pectus excavatum in children. A curved stainless‐steel bar is inserted behind the sternum through the chest cavity with the convex surface face down, then rotated 180 degrees to elevate the sternum and correct the deformity. The procedure gained wide acceptance in children. The purpose of this study was to determine if the procedure is effective in adults. Only patients with symptoms limiting lifestyle, chest wall indices higher than 3.25, and demonstrable cardiac compression on echocardiography were accepted.
Between April 1998 and January 2001, 14 adults aged 19 to 46 underwent assessment for the Nuss minimally invasive technique for correction of pectus excavatum. Eight patients, 19 to 32 years of age, met the stated criteria for acceptance. The comorbidities were 2 asymmetrical deformities, 2 scolioses, 1 previous pectus repair, and 1 previous breast augmentation. The patients were informed of the benefits and disadvantages of both the Ravitch and the Nuss procedures. All patients except the first had talked to one or more adults who previously had the procedure. Follow‐up was 7 to 37 months (mean 22.1 months). Four patients have had their bars removed and maintained correction. Success of the operation was based on relief of cardiac compression,
alleviation of symptoms, and adequate pain control. Operating time was
1 to 2:05 hours (mean 1:32 hours). Complications were pneumothorax in one patient, urinary retention in 2, and left lower lobe atelectasis in
5. Complications did not prolong hospitalization. Postoperative epidural analgesia was discontinued after 2 to 4 days (mean 2.8 days).
Average daily pain scores were between 1.6 and 3.7 on a scale of 0 to
10. Hospital stay was 3 to 5 days (mean 4 days). Relief of symptoms and increase in activity were obtained in all patients. Relief of cardiac compression was demonstrated in the 6 patients who have had postoperative echocardiograms. Patients returned to normal activity 2
to 4 weeks postoperatively (mean 2.3 weeks). Duration of pain medicine was 2 to 4 weeks in 6 patients and 2 and 4 months for the other 2 (mean
5.5 weeks). There were 2 late complications related to the bar, but without loss of correction. The early experience with the Nuss minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair in adults is encouraging.
The procedure is effective for correcting pectus excavatum in selected patients. Early results are dependent upon adequate bar stabilization and pain control. The long‐term results in adults are unknown.
Endoscopic Treatment of Solitary, Bilateral, Multiple, and Recurrent Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas
Authors: Walz Martin K. , Peitgen Klaus , Neumann Hartmut P.H. , Janssen Onno E. , Philipp Thomas , Mann Klaus 
Published: October 2002

Because of extensive intraoperative catecholamine release, extreme vascularization, and demanding localization, laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic excision of pheochromocytomas and retroperitoneal paragangliomas is challenging. In a prospective clinical study, 61 chromaffin neoplasms (52 pheochromocytomas, 9 paragangliomas) were removed endoscopically from 52 patients (30 males, 22 females; age 44.4 ± 16.3 years) at 55
operations. Six patients showed multiple (two to five) tumors. Tumor size ranged from 1 to 7 cm (mean 3.6 ± 1.4 cm). Twelve patients suffered from hereditary diseases. Seven patients had bilateral adrenal diseases; in three patients pheochromocytomas were removed on both sides synchronously. Four neoplasias were local recurrences (three pheochromocytomas, one paraganglioma).
The laparoscopic route was chosen for six operations, and the retroperitoneoscopic technique was performed in 49 procedures. Partial adrenalectomy was performed in 19 operations (in all patients with bilateral diseases). High‐dosage a‐blockage with phenoxybenzamine was routinely used. There were no conversions to open surgery. Perioperative complications were minor (23%), and mortality was zero. The operating time for unilateral pheochromocytomas was 116 ± 52 minutes (range 35–285
minutes) and depended on tumor size (<3 cm vs. ≥ 3 cm;
p <0.01), gender (p <0.01), and extent of resection (partial vs.
complete; p <0.05). The operating time for bilateral pheochromocytomas ranged from 285 to 385 minutes, and it was 75 to
600 minutes for paragangliomas. Blood loss was 100 ± 171 ml. Consumption of analgesics was low (mean 7 mg piritramide postoperatively). The median duration of postoperative hospitalization was 4 days. In six of seven patients with bilateral disease complete preservation of cortical function was achieved.
Locoregional metastatic recurrence was found in one patient 3 years after retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy. Endoscopic removal of solitary, bilateral,
multiple, and recurrent pheochromocytomas and retroperitoneal paragangliomas is feasible and safe but requires extensive experience in minimally invasive and endocrine surgery.
Radiofrequency Tissue Ablation Using Cooled Tip for Liver Metastases of Endocrine Tumors
Authors: Hellman Per , Ladjevardi Sam , Skogseid Britt , Åkerström Göran , Elvin Anders 
Published: October 2002

Tumors derived from hormone‐producing cells are generally highly differentiated, and vast experience indicates benefit with combinations of surgical and medical treatment for metastatic disease. Tumor debulking surgery is an accepted approach for reducing hormonal symptoms and to establish better conditions for medical treatment. Radiofrequency treatment (RF), a novel method for destroying liver tumors, was used to treat 43 liver metastases in 21
patients with endocrine tumors (12 with midgut carcinoid disease; 4
with nonfunctional endocrine pancreatic tumors; 1 with a VIPoma; 1 with a glucagonoma; 1 with a gastrinoma; 2 with adrenal carcinomas). Among these patients we treated with intention to cure in 14 by RF alone or RF plus surgery. Ablation was performed either percutaneously or intraoperatively using a cooled‐tip needle, applying 50 to 90 watts over 10 to 12 minutes under ultrasound guidance. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography, liver function tests, and tumor markers were followed before and after RF. There were two complications: One patient suffered from conservatively treated bile leakage, and another had pleural effusion and fever for 7 days post‐RF. Two lesions developed signs of incomplete necrosis after 6 months, yielding a local recurrence rate of (4.6%). Of the 15 patients treated with curative intent, we attained cure (i.e., no residual macroscopic tumor) in 4
patients. We conclude that RF using cooled‐tip needles is safe and efficient; it may be performed percutaneously and intraoperatively; and it may expand the indications for liver resection.