bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcendental Arguments, Reason, and Scepticism: Contemporary Debates and the Origins of Post-Kantianism
Authors: Franks Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why have transcendental arguments attracted so much interest? One reason, I believe, is the fact that they combine present philosophical fruitfulness with the promise to revitalize the philosophical past. For many, the combination is exemplified by the intimate connection between Strawson’s descriptive metaphysics and his powerful rereading of Kant. For many readers of Strawson, this combination suggested a way of vindicating the conviction that the advent of analytic philosophy had not drained Kant’s revolution of its significance.
David Hume: An Appreciation
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT would be generally agreed that David Hume was one of Edinburgh’s most illustrious citizens, and the most notable intellectual figure of the Scottish Enlightenment. The city thinks of him with pride, and its university has named one of its buildings after him.1 But his community’s estimate of him has not always been so high. One of the best-known facts of his career is the failure of his candidacy for the chair of Moral Philosophy in 1745. The position was awarded instead to a bright young man who never published.
This typifies what has happened to Hume’s reputation. It has taken a long time for his stature as a philosopher to be fully recognized. His own contemporaries could not fully take the measure of him; and although he was famous, and was lionized and vilified by turns, this was because his readers were drawn to those aspects of his work which he made easily palatable or consciously shocking. By now it is commonplace for us philosophers to say that he is the greatest of us ever to have written in English.
The Self of Book I and the Selves of Book II
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE of the more familiar problems of interpretation in Hume’s Treatise is that of reducing the sense of shock that arises from the apparent differences between what he says about the self in Book I and what he says about it in Book IL One way in which scholars have attempted to reduce it is to take him very seriously when he distinguishes, in the Book I discussion, ‘betwixt personal identity, as it regards our thought or imagination, and as it regards our passions or the concern we take in ourselves’ (Tr. iv. 6. 253). If one does this, it becomes possible to see that what might seem to be inconsistent positions are compatible, and merely represent complementary aspects of an extended account of how human beings represent their natures and identities to themselves in thought and feeling and choice.
Introduction: Our Contemporary Intellectual Predicament
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the myriad questions which intrigue and torment each of us two must be reckoned amongst the fundamental: ‘Who am I?’ and ‘What is the truth?’ The question “Who am I?” seems to call attention to all that is unique about me, who happen to be here, now, fashioning my own personal history, with that past and facing this future. The particularity and concreteness of all we do in our respective situations affect so intimately who each of us is that we are now inclined to say that our very being is historical.
In Response to Mark Mcpherran
Authors: Kahn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polemic is a useful device for clarifying issues, and so I welcome Mark McPherran’s spirited critique of my ‘revisionist ordering and interpretation of … Plato’s pre-middle dialogues’, to use his own phrase. I take this opportunity for a brief restatement and clarification of my views. There are a number of distinct issues in dispute.
The Flight to Reality
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But where is the reward of virtue? And what recompence has nature provided for such important sacrifices, as those of life and fortune, which we must often make to it? Oh, sons of earth! Are ye ignorant of the value of this celestial mistress? And do ye meanly enquire for her portion, when ye observe her genuine charms? But know, that nature has been indulgent to human weakness, and has not left this favourite child, naked and unendowed. She has provided virtue with the richest dowry; but being careful, lest the allurements of interest should engage such suitors, as were insensible of the native worth of so divine a beauty, she has wisely provided, that this dowry can have no charms but in the eyes of those who are already transported with the love of virtue. GioRY is the portion of virtue, the sweet reward of honourable toils, the triumphant crown, which covers the thoughtful head of the disinterested patriot, or the dusty brow of the victorious warrior.
Notes on Unfairly Gaining More: Pleonexia
Authors: Sachs David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philippa Foot, more than any other prominent philosopher of our time, has reinvigorated the fundamental topic of virtues and vices. She brings to the topic not only many of the insights of Aristotle and Aquinas; she casts a penetrating and modern light on it. Thus in the title essay of her collection Virtues and Vices she gives fresh support to a number of crucial claims. First, she makes intelligible and convincing the complex relations between persons’ wills and wishes and their virtues and failings. Next, she shows how nothing less than the habits of choice that manifest the virtues can defeat the temptations and forestall the kinds of neglect to which human nature is prone. Third, she unravels the puzzle as to whether or not an act that exhibits a virtue can also display a vice.
The Activity of Being in Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Authors: Kosman Aryeh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is about being active and active being in Aristotle’s onto logy; that is, it is about the role in his ontology of the concept represented by the Greek term evepye1a (as well as its correspondent term &lt;5vvaµu;). In speaking of Aristotle’s ontology, I mean to be speaking of the enterprise represented primarily in the collection of treatises we know as the Metaphysics. Aristotle has no term that is the exact equivalent of ontology or for that matter of metaphysics; he calls the enterprise carried out in the treatise we have come to call the Metaphysics ‘first philosophy’. But it is clear that this is ontology, for he describes it as a science (a theoretical discipline) concerned with the nature of being.
The Case of the Two Barbaras: Basic Approaches to Aristotle’s
Authors: Patterson Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OVER the centuries the principal test case—one might say the principal battleground—for interpretations of Aristotle’s modal syl¬logistic, and even for the question of the very viability of the system, has been the ‘two Barbaras’. Aristotle begins chapter 9 of Prior Analytics 1 with the remark ‘It sometimes happens, even when only one of the premisses is a necessity proposition, that the conclusion must be a necessity proposition; only not whichever premiss it may happen to be, but the one having to do with the major term’ (30T5-17).
Virtue and the Goods of Fortune in Stoic Moral Theory
Authors: Lesses Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper was written with the support of the National Endowment for the I Iumanities. In the development of my thinking about these issues I owe an enormous debt to Martha Nussbaum. During many discussions on these topics, her critical remarks—incisive, yet encouraging—inevitably improved my position. I have also presented different parts of early versions of this essay at the Institute on the Virtues at the University of San Diego in Feb. 1986 and at the American Philosophical Association meeting in Boston in Dec. 1986. I am grateful to audiences on both occasions, and especially to Donald Morrison, who was the respondent at the APA. I am also grateful to A. A. Long, who generously read and made comments on an early version of this paper. Most recently, I am indebted to Julia Annas for her stimulating and detailed comments. Of course, none of those to whom I am grateful necessarily shares my views.
Two Systems in Aristotle
Authors: Wildberg Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
any attempt to understand a philosophical thinker entails a re-construction of the history of his intellectual development. Although one may rest content with the contemplation of some or most of a philosopher’s tenets, only a coherent account of the genesis of his ideas, plotting them in time and enunciating the rationale behind them, can convey a satisfactory understanding of the ways of an original mind. For centuries the Corpus Aristotelicum was read as the epitome of a comprehensive and monolithic philosophical system and, despite an often keen awareness of multiple doctrinal differences in the text, Aristotle’s reputation as an expounder of a uniform philosophical system remained intact.
Is Aristotelian Happiness a Good Life or the Best Life?
Authors: White Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a fundamental principle of ancient ethics, shared by nearly all parties, that what people want most of all is to live well, to lead a happy life. As Aristotle puts it, in the most comprehensive account extant, happiness is the ultimate goal or end of human life. It is not simply something that we all should seek, but something that we all do seek, to the extent that we can: all who have the capacity and the opportunity to manage their own lives, Aristotle claims, are in fact engaged in the pursuit of happiness
The History and Geography of the Intellectual World: Whewell’s Politics of Language
Authors: Schaffer Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victorian metaphors, like Victorian values, are back in style. A transformation in our reading of the natural sciences, especially Darwinism, is promised. The language of the philosophers has been deconstructed. William Whewell seems a suitable case for treatment. He was a major philosopher of language, a ‘verbarian Attorney General’. Hence the attraction of taking his verbal imagery seriously. Whewell defined those who were allowed to make new scientific terms and also defined the terms they could use. Metaphor was to be shunned. Yet he advocated this plan through some of the most powerful tropes of Victorian science. Whewell’s verbal figures were notable even for his own audience. In 1841 John Herschel observed that the style of Whewell’s History and Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences was marked by ‘a great assemblage and variety of metaphorical allusion, much greater indeed than we should like to see adopted by an author less capable of curbing the exuberance of a lively fancy into an entire subordination to his reason’. Readers were as impressed by Whewell’s ‘fancy’ as his ‘reason’. Herschel argued in the same review that ‘half the labour of the modern inductive philosopher’ was to make language ‘a perfect daguerrotype’ of nature. ‘Common language is a mass of metaphor, grounded not on philosophical resemblances, but on loose, fanciful and often most mistaken analogies. ‘ Unless Whewell helped make scientific language coldly mimetic he would, in Herschel’s view, lose his status as an inductive philosopher.
Objectivity: First Steps
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To call something rational, I said at the start, is to express one’s acceptance of a system of norms that permits it. That was cryptic and incomplete, and I spent later chapters trying to work the analysis into better shape. Still I have skipped past a chief ground for doubt: that any expressivistic theory must have an air of “subjectivism”.
Normative Authority
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideally coherent anorexic accepts norms that prescribe death by starvation, if the alternative is a figure plump enough to sustain life. She proceeds to starve herself to death, and I, along with many others, think her course of action irrational. Now suppose I tell her so. Why should she give heed? All analysis aside, I seem to be claiming that she must. I seem to be claiming that, in some important sense, I am right and she is wrong. Perhaps I am indeed expressing my acceptance of norms that forbid her starving, and perhaps I do accept higher order norms that tell everyone else to do so. I seem, though, to be doing something more as well. I am demanding, with purported right, that she change her view of the situation.
Moral Concern
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality is one normative topic among others, but in some ways specially baffling. Thoughts of morality lie behind much of what I have said, and much of the lore that sparked my discussions and guided them is the lore of moral philosophers. I now want to explore how normative inquiry might look to a norm-expressivist, and I take morality as a prime example.
The Unity of the Virtues in Aristotle
Authors: Halper Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NBAR the end of Nicomachean Ethics 6, Aristotle makes the surprising claim that the virtues do not exist independently of each other (1144b32–1145a2). A person with one moral virtue must possess all others. The reason is that practical wisdom (ϕρóνησις) is a necessary and sufficient condition for moral virtue: ‘it is impossible to be properly [κνρíως] good without practical wisdom, or to be practically wise without [also having) moral virtue’ (1144b30–2). In order to have any one moral virtue, a person needs the intellectual virtue of practical wisdom (because virtue is just a capacity to act with practical wisdom, or ‘right reason’— òρθòς λóγoς —1144b26-8), and anyone with practical wisdom will have all the virtues (1145a1–2).
Something And Nothing: The Stoics On Concepts And Universals
Authors: Caston Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
it is commonplace to find the Stoics described as nominalists. As early as the fifth century CE they are described as holding that ‘there are only particulars’ and, a century later, that ‘common entities areThis paper bepn itslife long aao in Julia Annas’s seminar on Hellenistic Philosophies of Mind in the apring of 1989, and was aubaequendy presented at the winter meetina of the American Philoaophical A11ociation, where Wolfaang Mann commented on it; I have profited areatly from their criticism,. I would also like to thank very warmly Jamie Dreier, Stephen Menn, and David Sedley for extensive discus sions and written comments in the interim, as well as Tad Brennan, Jaeawon Kim, Baron Reed, Ernie Sosa. and Jim Van Cleve for challenaina criticisms. Each saved me from numerous errors; the remainder, of course, are ,olely my own.
The Stoic Theory of Categories
Authors: Menn Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
both Plotinus (6. 1. 25. 1–3) and Simplicius (In Categ. 66. 32–67. 2 and 67. 17–19) report that the Stoics posited four summa genera of beings, [ineq] , πoιóν πως [ineq], and πρóς τí πως [ineq]; this list is confirmed, piecemeal, by many other texts, and Plutarch presupposes the whole list when he says that the Stoics ‘make each of us four’ (Comm. not. 1083 E). Plotinus and Simplicius assume that the Stoic list of genera is in competition with the ten Aristotelian categories, and scholarly convention (which I shall follow) speaks of Stoic as well as Aristotelian summa genera as ‘categories’. The comparison with the Aristotelian list of categories must be at least partly justified, since the Stoics and Aristotle both take the Platonic distinction between substance and quality as the starting-point for their list of genera.
Phenomenological Records and the Self-Memory System
Authors: Conway Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of the intentionality of mental states (Brentano, 1874/1973)-their ‘aboutness’-has often preoccupied students of consciousness and it seems that conscious states must always be about something: a thought, image, feeling, etc. In analogous ways I want to consider here what memory might be ‘about’, and I will focus particularly on autobiographical memory (AM) or memory for the experiences of our Jives.
Understanding the Past Tense
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it to understand a statement about the past? How are the truth-conditions of past-tense statements related to this understanding? And how are the conditions for knowledge of past-tense statements related to that same understanding? Quite apart from the intrinsic interest of questions about time, the past is a subject matter where realist intuitions are at their strongest. The possibility of past-tense statements which are true, though unknowably so now and in the past, will be a by-product of the theory I will be developing in attempting to answer those opening questions. So one of the background motivations for pursuing the issues about understanding statements of the past is the hope that, in doing so, we may be able to construct a working account of at least one kind of realistic understanding. Examination of such an account ought to give us insight into some of the conditions which make possible a realistic attitude to thought about a particular domain, if indeed there are such conditions.
Understanding, Orientations, and Objectivity
Authors: Winograd Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a way, this chapter is an argument not against Searle, but against the grounds on which the debate about his position has been conducted. I argue that the question Searle poses, ‘Does the computer understand?’, is a meaningless question when it is stripped of an appropriate context of utterance. In his writings on artificial intelligence, in particular in his ‘Chinese Room’ example, Searle attacks two claims: that AI can ‘explain’ human cognitive ability, and that a computer can be said literally to ‘understand’ and have other cognitive states. I find myself in accord with his skeptical attitude towards both claims, but for reasons that do not correspond to his arguments. Although much has been written in response to his opinions, little agreement has been reached about the fundamental issues.
The Hinterland of the Chinese Room
Authors: Coulter Jeff , Sharrock Wes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People compute. Computers compute. There is no need for scare quotes around compute in the latter sentence, but what it signifies is different from what it signifies in the former sentence. The nature of the connection, if any, between these two sentences has become a widely disputed issue in the philosophy of mind and psychology. What is the difference between them? Let us exploit some analogies. My clock tells the time. My daughter has learned to tell the time. Has she learned to do what my clock can do? If I play Beethoven’s music on the stereo, and Alfred Brendel plays it on the piano, have I played Beethoven as Brendel does? Nowadays, the post office sorts the mail mechanically.
Syntax, Semantics, Physics
Authors: Haugeland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In introducing his famous ‘Chinese Room’ thought-experiment, Searle articulates a methodological maxim, which he proposes to follow: ‘A way to test any theory of mind is to ask oneself what it would be like if one’s own mind actually worked on the principles that the theory says all minds work on’. Unfortunately, the question that Searle in fact goes on to ask is not this. Rather, he asks himself what it would be like if he were part of a mind that worked according to the principles that strong AI says all minds work on-in particular, what it would be like if he were the central processing unit (or the ‘interpreter’, as it is called in some systems). In other words, he imagines himself as a homunculus inside the complete AI system, self-consciously doing the work that the central processor (i.e. a part of the implementation or ‘hardware’) would normally do.
Existing Research on the John Lewis Partnership
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The John Lewis Partnership has been an object of interest for many years. This chapter examines some of the main findings of studies undertaken in the last two decades, covering the issues of industrial democracy, participation, and labour market indicators. The main work is that of Flanders, Pomeranz, and Woodward, a major study conducted in the late 1960s. Subsequent work has tended to follow Flanders et al. in concentrating on the issue of participation and industrial democracy. Only in very recent years has there been a move to considering the Partnership centrally as a commercial business organization. Research has also been carried out on the Weitzman-type effects of the bonus payment. In 1968 Flanders et al. published a book entitled Experiment in Industrial Democracy: A Study of the John Lewis Partner6hip. The first part of the title is taken from Spedan Lewis’s own description of what the Partnership was all about. The authors intended to investigate how this experiment affected the people working in it.
Story and History in the Old Testament
Authors: Nicholson Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this contribution is partly derived from an essay by James Barr, and its contents seek to elaborate some reservations he made there concerning the description of the long narrative corpus of the Old Testament (notably Genesis-2 Kings) as ‘history writing’, especially the contrast he briefly drew between the character of this corpus and early Greek historiography. It is a great pleasure to contribute to this volume to mark Professor Barr’s seventieth birthday, and I gladly do so in esteem for his distinguished scholarship and learning, and in gratitude for his friendship across the years.
Der Staatsgedanke im Deuteronomium
Authors: Perlitt Lothar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Der Kampf um das Deuteronomium (= Dtn) ist im letzten Viertel dieses Jahrhunderts ebenso lebhaft, aber auch ebenso offen wie in dessen erstem Viertel. Einer der am Kampf Beteiligten resiimiert den gegenwartigen status quaestionis: ‘DaB das Dtn eine komplizierte Entstehungsgeschichte hat, ist offensichtlich. Doch gibt es dariiber keine Theorie, die sich durchgesetzt hatte.’ Da das Urteil uber die Entstehungsgeschichte immer auch vom Urteil uber die Verfasser und deren Adressaten sowie uber beider Zeit abhangt, sind alle Teilfragen miteinander verkniipft. Diese Einsicht mindert den Wert der hier folgenden Beobachtungen: Sie sind partiell und vorlaufig, eben ein Gesprachsbeitrag.
Karl Budde (1850-1935)
Authors: Smend Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Den schönsten Nachruf auf Karl Budde schrieb nicht zufällig ein Brite, Theodore H. Robinson. Er wiirdigte ihn als ‘the last survivor of that great company of scholars who dominated Old Testament studies for nearly half a century’. Einige Jahre vorher hatte Hermann Gunkel den noch Leben- den einen ‘Hauptvertreter der alt-Wellhausenschen Schule’ genannt, wobei die Silbe ‘alt’ noch einen zusätzlichen Hin- weis auf sachliche Uberholtheit bedeutete. Heute ist wieder strittig geworden, was in unserer Wissenschaft überholt ist und was nicht, so wie es auch damals nicht so eindeutig war, wie man hinterher oft gemeint hat.