bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing tractor rollover fatalities: performance of the NIOSH AutoROPS
Authors: Powers J R , Harris J R , Etherton J R , Ronaghi M , Snyder K A , Lutz T J , Newbraugh B H 
Published: October 2002

Approximately 132 agricultural tractor overturn fatalities occur per year. The use of rollover protective structures (ROPS), along with seat belts, is the best known method for preventing these fatalities. One impediment to ROPS use, however, is low clearance situations, such as orchards and animal confinement buildings.To address the need for ROPS that are easily adapted to low clearance situations, the Division of Safety Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), developed an automatically deploying, telescoping ROPS (AutoROPS). The NIOSH AutoROPS consists of two subsystems. The first is a retractable ROPS that is normally latched in its lowered position for day-to-day use. The second subsystem is a sensor that monitors the operating angle of the tractor. If a rollover condition is detected by the sensor, the retracted ROPS will deploy and lock in the full upright position before ground contact.Static load testing and field upset tests of the NIOSH AutoROPS have been conducted in accordance with SAE standard J2194. Additionally, timed trials of the AutoROPS deployment mechanism were completed. The design of the retractable ROPS and sensor, as well as the results of the different testing phases are discussed.
Influence of safety gear on parental perceptions of injury risk and tolerance for children's risk taking
Authors: Morrongiello B A , Major K 
Published: October 2002

Objectives: Risk compensation theory has been shown to relate to how individuals behave in areas such as traffic safety and consumer product safety. The present study examines whether risk compensation theory applies to parents' judgments about school age children's permissible risk taking under non-safety gear and safety gear conditions for seven common play situations. The extent of the child's experience with the activity and parental beliefs about safety gear efficacy were examined as possible moderators of extent of children's risk taking allowed by parents.Method: A telephone interview was used to obtain each parent's ratings of permissible risk taking by their child (for example, speed at which child is allowed to cycle, height allowed to climb to on a climber) under safety gear and no gear conditions, and ratings of child experience and gear efficacy.Results: Results confirmed risk compensation operated under all seven play situations, resulting in parents reporting they would allow significantly greater risk taking by their children under safety gear than non-safety gear conditions. Children with more experience with the activities were to be allowed greater risk taking, even when not wearing safety gear. Parents who believed more strongly in the efficacy of the safety gear to prevent injuries showed greater risk compensation. No sex differences emerged in any analyses.Conclusion: Results highlight the need to communicate to parents that safety gear moderates injury risk but does not necessarily guarantee the prevention of injury, particularly if children are allowed greater risk taking when wearing safety gear.
Effects of state helmet laws on bicycle helmet use by children and adolescents
Authors: Rodgers G B 
Published: October 2002

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of state helmet laws in increasing the use of bicycle helmets by children and adolescents under age 16.Setting: United States.Methods: A cross sectional study of factors associated with the likelihood of helmet use by children and adolescents. Data were derived from a national random digit dial telephone survey of bicycle riders. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to quantify the independent effect of the state helmet laws on helmet use.Results: Helmet use was systematically related to the presence of state helmet laws (odds ratio 2.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 to 5.44). The increase in the average probability of helmet use attributable to state helmet laws was 18.4% (95% CI 17.8% to 19.0%).Conclusions: State helmet laws significantly increase helmet use by children and play an important part in any comprehensive effort designed to achieve this goal.
Patterns of violence in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Chotani H A , Razzak J A , Luby S P 
Published: October 2002

Objectives: Government reports on violence in developing countries are almost universally based upon police data, which are typically incomplete and unreliable. Violence in Karachi was evaluated using ambulance service, not police, records.Setting: Karachi, Pakistan.Methodology: The study was based on a case series of persons suffering from intentional injuries and transported by Edhi, the largest emergency service in Karachi, between October 1993 and January 1996. Main outcome variables were injury and death rates.Results: Edhi Ambulance Service transported 4091 intentionally injured persons during the 29 month period from October 1993 to January 1996. Ninety five per cent (n=3864) were males; 74% (n=2823) were 20 to 40 years of age, and 2400 (58%) died before reaching the hospital. Firearms were the most common mode of injury (n=3396, 83%). Forty six per cent (n=1828) of violent injuries occurred in four neighborhoods of Karachi—22% in Korangi (n= 884) and 8% each in Orangi (n=337), Malir Colony (n=307), and Nazimabad (n=300). On the 32 days when a political strike was called, more people were injured (mean = 10.4v5.0 persons, p=0.01) and killed (mean 6.6v3.9 persons, p<0.01) compared with days without a political strike.Conclusion: Violence is a major public health problem in Karachi, affecting predominantly wage earners. At least some of the violence is rooted within the political system. Detailed study of the causes of violence that explains the role that political and ethnic tensions play, may suggest strategies to lessen the toll of violence.
Residential fire related deaths and injuries among children: fireplay, smoke alarms, and prevention
Authors: Istre G R , McCoy M , Carlin D K , McClain J 
Published: October 2002

Background:The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology of residential fire related deaths and injuries among children, and identify risk factors for these injuries through a linked dataset for the city of Dallas, Texas.Methods:Data for all residential fires were linked with fire related injury data, using fire department records, ambulance transports, hospital admissions, and medical examiner records, for children 0–19 years of age. Causes of fires, including fireplay (children playing with fire or combustibles), arson and other causes, were determined by fire department investigation.Results:From 1991–98, 76 children were injured in residential fires (39 deaths, 37 non-fatal). The highest rates occurred in the youngest children (<5 years) and in census tracts with lowest income. Fireplay accounted for 42% (32/76) of all injuries, 62% (15/24) of deaths in children 0–4 years, and 94% (13/14) of deaths from apartment and mobile home fires. Most of the fireplay related injuries (27/32, 84%) were from children playing with matches or lighters. Most started in a bedroom. Smoke alarms showed no protective efficacy in preventing deaths or injuries in fires started by fireplay or arson, but there was significant protective efficacy for a functional smoke alarm in fires started from all other causes (p<0.01).Conclusions:Residential fire related injuries among children in Dallas occurred predominantly in the youngest ages (<5 years) and in poor neighborhoods. Most of the deaths, especially those in apartments and mobile homes, resulted from fireplay. Smoke alarms appeared to offer no protection against death or injury in fireplay associated fires, possibly from the nature of the child's behavior in these fires, or from the placement of the smoke alarm. Prevention of childhood residential fire related deaths may require interventions to prevent fireplay in order to be successful.
Are we blind to injuries in the visually impaired? A review of the literature
Authors: Legood R , Scuffham P , Cryer C 
Published: October 2002

Objectives:To review the literature on the risks and types of injuries associated with visual impairment, and to identify pertinent areas for future research.Methods:A search of bibliographic databases was conducted in April 2000 for studies published since 1980 and selected studies that met two or more of the following criteria: formal ophthalmic assessment was used; adjustment for confounding variables; large sample size including numbers of visually impaired; and clear definitions and outcomes.Results:Thirty one studies were selected. The majority of these studies (20) assessed falls (including eight on hip fracture and four on multiple falls), eight studies reported traffic related injuries, and three studies assessed occupational injury. The evidence on falls, which relate predominantly to older people, suggests that those with reduced visual acuity are 1.7 times more likely to have a fall and 1.9 times more likely to have multiple falls compared with fully sighted populations. The odds of a hip fracture are between 1.3 and 1.9 times greater for those with reduced visual acuity. Studies of less severe injuries and other causes of injury were either poorly designed, underpowered, or did not exist.Conclusions:There are substantial gaps in research on both injuries to which people with visual impairment are especially susceptible and in evaluating interventions to reduce these injuries. It is recommended that in future studies the minimum data captured includes: formal ophthalmic assessment of visual fields and visual acuity, outcome measurement, control for confounders, and the costs of health care resource use and any interventions.
Iatrogenic causes of falls in hospitalised elderly patients: a case-control study
Authors: Frels C , Williams P , Narayanan S , Gariballa S E 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo explore risk factors associated with falls and to evaluate a strategy used by nurses to predict and prevent falls in a hospitalised cohort of elderly patients.DesignA case-control study of risk factors for falls in hospital.SettingA district general hospital in the UK.SubjectsAltogether 181 patients in an acute integrated medical unit who had fallen were matched for age with 181 patients in the next bed who had not fallen.ResultsIt was found that 46% (84 of 181) of the fallers were taking one or more benzodiazepines compared with 27% (48 of 181) of the control patients (p&lt;0.001). More fallers 20% (34 of 181) had their benzodiazepines prescribed during their current admission compared with 7% (13 of 181) of the control patients (p&lt;0.001). Temazepam was the main benzodiazepine used by over 95% of cases and controls. Overall 25% (45 of 181) of the fallers had fallen before during the current admission. The logistic regression analysis showed that only a previous fall, benzodiazepine intake, and the need for maximum assistance were significant predictors of falling in hospital, odds ratios were 5.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7 to 11.6), 2.3 (95% CI 1.4 to 3.7), and 3.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 5.2) respectively. Most fallers had been identified at risk of falling (125; 69%) by ward staff and in 113 (90%) of those preventive measures had been undertaken. Falls were least likely to occur during visiting hours with a peak incidence during night-time.ConclusionThere is a need for evidenced based successful fall prevention strategies but our study also reinforces an urgent public health message that an alternative to benzodiazepines should be sought for night sedation for older patients.
Free gas in the peritoneal cavity: the final hazard of diathermy
Authors: Dhebri A R , Afify S E 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Fires and explosions in the operating theatre are rare events, but are devastating in terms of structural damage to the equipment in theatres and to human lives. Fuel, oxygen, and source of ignition are the three factors causing explosion. Explosion during emergency laparotomy for perforated bowel has not been reported in the literature. In the case reported here, fuel in the form of free gas came from the perforated stomach, after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Oxygen used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation had entered the peritoneal cavity through the perforation. The source of ignition was diathermy. It was fatal.
PROBING LEPTON FLAVOUR VIOLATION IN νμ + N → τ + ⋯ SCATTERING AND μ → τ CONVERSION ON NUCLEONS
Authors: GNINENKO S. N. , KIRSANOV M. M. , KRASNIKOV N. V. , MATVEEV V. A. 
Published: October 2002

We study lepton flavour-violating interactions which could result in the τ-lepton production in the νμN scattering or in μ → τ conversion on nucleons at high energies. Phenomenological bounds on the strength of [Formula: see text] interactions are extracted from the combined result of the NOMAD and CHORUS experiments on searching for νμ - ντ oscillations. Some of these bounds supersede limits from rare decays. We also propose a "missing energy" type experiment searching for μ → τ conversion on nucleons. The experiment can be performed at a present accelerator or at a future neutrino factory.
ON BOOST-ROTATION SYMMETRIC SPACE–TIMES WITH (NON)SPINNING SOURCES
Authors: PRAVDA V. , PRAVDOVÁ A. 
Published: October 2002

Boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes are the only axially symmetric vacuum spacetimes with an additional symmetry that are radiative and admit global null infinity1,2. They are the only radiative asymptotically flat exact solutions representing the gravitational field of moving objects – uniformly accelerated "particles" of various kinds3. The general theory of boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes was first developed for nonspinning sources4 (i.e. for hypersurface orthogonal Killing vectors) and later partially generalized for spinning sources5. The C-metric3 and the spinning C-metric6,7,8 belonging to this class were analyzed. With appropriately chosen parameters they represent the gravitational field of uniformly accelerated Schwarzschild and Kerr black or white holes. Stability of geodesics describing co-accelerated particles was also studied using an effective potential9 and a Lyapunov function8.
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α CONVERTING ENZYME EXPRESSION IN THE JOINTS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Takahi Koichiro , Tomita Tetsuya , Nakase Takanobu , Kaneko Motoharu , Takano Hiroshi , Myoui Akira , Hashimoto Jun , Ochi Takahiro , Yoshikawa Hideki 
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) in the synovium and subchondral bone region of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to determine the contribution of the enzyme to the pathogenesis of RA.Joint tissues were obtained during total knee arthroplasty from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). The expression of TACE and TNF-α mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization. Characterization of TACE expressing cells was performed by immunohistochemistry using serial sections.We found that TACE mRNA was expressed in both synovium and subchondral bone region and co-localized with TNF-α mRNA in RA. On the other hand, TACE mRNA expression was scarcely detectable in OA samples. TACE was expressed in mononuclear cells, such as CD3 and CD14 positive cells in RA samples.In conclusion, the expression of TACE is up-regulated in the rheumatoid synovium and subchondral bone region, and the results in this study demonstrate that TACE may be involved and play a role in the pathogenesis of RA.
RELIABILITY OF AN ADVANCED METHOD FOR ISOMETRIC NECK MUSCLE STRENGTH MEASUREMENT
Authors: SENG KOK-YONG , LAM PIN-MIN 
Published: October 2002

This paper is a descriptive study involving repeated within and between studies of maximal isometric strength measurements to determine the reproducibility of an advanced mechanical device in assessing maximal isometric strength of the cervical musculature. Measurements of neck muscular strength and endurance present unique challenges, due to the complexity of neck motion and absence of appropriate reference bony landmarks. Assessment of cervical musculature characteristics is further complicated by a lack of affordable and reliable measurement equipment. Previous methods commonly employed strain gauge measurement and customized helmet dynamometry, but no device, engaging a computer-controled dynamometer, has been presented so far. A new device incorporating anthropometry measurements of the local population was constructed for neck strength evaluation on the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex, Corp., Shirley, NY). Intratester repeatability testing of the device was conducted in four principal directions: flexion, extension and left and right lateral bending. The result for intraday and day-to-day studies was good for all measured parameters. This new device can be used to measure isometric flexion, extension and lateral bending torque. By permitting the neck's 'natural' motions, it may also quantify maximal isokinetic strength and endurance ratios. Hence, the device can serve as a useful and practical tool for neck strength measurement, training and rehabilitation purposes.
A FINITE ELEMENT STRESS ANALYSIS OF THE INTERFACE STRESS GENERATED DURING THE PUSH-OUT TEST
Authors: WILLIAMS K. R. , DRAUGHN R. A. 
Published: October 2002

Within the dental sphere it is advantageous to be able to bond the restoration to dentine in order to avoid clinical problems such as marginal leakage with subsequent caries. Dentine bonding agents are normally employed to create an effective interface between the restoration and hard tissue with the formation of chemical links. The measurement of the bond strength between dental restorations or implants and surrounding hard tissue is generally achieved through the use of an experimental push-out test. However, these bond strengths have been found to be quite variable between laboratories even when similar chemical bonding agents have been used. This variability may be due to a number of factors including experimental differences such as, material moduli effects, specimen loading and changes in the thickness and properties of the interdiffusional zone (IDZ) that forms following polymerization of the bonding agent. In this work, these variables have been explored using the finite element method initially through a 2-D description of the geometrical set up and subsequently a 3-D discretization. The results indicate that the loading and specimen support during testing have a significant effect on the measured push-out values. Furthermore the effects of a gradually changing modulus in the uppermost rings of the IDZ can have a significant influence on the support bearing property of the bonding agent. These changes in modulus of the IDZ may be the result of fluoride leaching to bring about increases in properties and modulus. A mixed moduli IDZ where the uppermost layer is approximately double the value of the remaining material can lead to increases in push-out values of 10% or more.
RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE THEORY
Authors: NAKAJIMA TAKAHITO , TSUNEDA TAKAO , NAKANO HARUYUKI , HIRAO KIMIHIKO 
Published: October 2002

Accurate quantum computational chemistry has evolved dramatically. The size of molecular systems, which can be studied accurately using molecular theory is increasing very rapidly. Theoretical chemistry has opened up a world of new possibilities. It can treat real systems with predictable accuracy. Computational chemistry is becoming an integral part of chemistry research. Theory can now make very significant contribution to chemistry. This review will focus on our recent developments in the theoretical and computational methodology for the study of molecular structure and molecular interactions. We are aiming at developing accurate molecular theory on systems containing hundreds of atoms. We continue our research in the following three directions: (i) development of new ab initio theory, particularly multireference-based perturbation theory, (ii) development of exchange and correlation functionals in density functional theory, and (iii) development of molecular theory including relativistic effects. We have enjoyed good progress in each of the above areas. We are very excited about our discoveries of new theory and new algorithms and would like to share this enthusiasm with readers.
Wall Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles by Thermophoresis in Nonisothermal Laminar Pipe Flow of Different Carrier Gas
Authors: Manabu Shimada Manabu Shimada , Takafumi Seto Takafumi Seto , Kikuo Okuyama Kikuo Okuyama 
Published: October 2002

Deposition of ultrafine aerosol particles by Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis in a nonisothermal laminar pipe flow is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The deposition rates of Ag and TiO2particles of 8–30 nm in diameter suspended either in N2, Ar or He gas are measured using a circular pipe with a nonuniform wall temperature distribution. The numerical calculation results considering the gas flow, temperature and particle distributions in the pipe show good agreement with the measured values. The particle deposition is enhanced with the increase of the wall temperature variation, but does not depend on the particle material. The difference in the deposition rates among the carrier gases is mostly attributable to the values of the Brownian diffusion coefficient. The enhancement of deposition by thermophoresis is of a similar magnitude among the carrier gases, which is explained in terms of the temperature distribution of the gases in the pipe.
Diffusion Length of Holes in n-ZnSe Measured by Schottky Barrier Photovoltage Method
Authors: Hironobu Kariyazono Hironobu Kariyazono , Toshiyuki Ido Toshiyuki Ido 
Published: October 2002

The diffusion length (L ) of holes in undoped n-type ZnSe has been measured by using the Schottky barrier photovoltage method. The samples measured were single crystals and epitaxial layers which were prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The values of L were 1 µm for single crystals and 0.15 µm for epilayers. The lifetimes estimated from those values were 4.5 ns and 0.10 ns, respectively.
Relationship Between Speed of Sound in and Density of Normal and Diseased Rat Livers
Authors: Hiroyuki Hachiya Hiroyuki Hachiya , Shigeo Ohtsuki Shigeo Ohtsuki , Motonao Tanaka Motonao Tanaka 
Published: October 2002

Speed of sound is an important acoustic parameter for quantitative characterization of living tissues. In this paper, the relationship between speed of sound in and density of rat liver tissues are investigated. The speed of sound was measured by the nondeformable technique based on frequency-time analysis of a 3.5 MHz pulse response. The speed of sound in normal livers varied minimally between individuals and was not related to body weight or age. In liver tissues which were administered CCl4, the speed of sound was lower than the speed of sound in normal tissues. The relationship between speed of sound and density in normal, fatty and cirrhotic livers can be fitted well on the line which is estimated using the immiscible liquid model assuming a mixture of normal liver and fat tissues. For 3.5 MHz ultrasound, it is considered that the speed of sound in fresh liver with fatty degeneration is responsible for the fat content and is not strongly dependent on the degree of fibrosis.
Surface Damage in GaInAs/GaInAsP/InP Wire Structures Prepared by Substrate-Potential-Controlled Reactive Ion Beam Etching
Authors: Munehisa Tamura Munehisa Tamura , Yasuaki Nagashima Yasuaki Nagashima , Koji Kudo Koji Kudo , Ki-Chul Shin Ki-Chul Shin , Shigeo Tamura Shigeo Tamura , Akinori Ubukata Akinori Ubukata , Shigehisa Arai Shigehisa Arai 
Published: October 2002

We investigated photoluminescence intensity dependence on the width of GaInAs/GaInAsP/InP wire structures prepared by substrate-potential-controlled reactive ion beam etching. As a result, the sidewall recombination velocity was estimated to be 2.5 ×103 cm/s under a low excitation power of approximately 1 W/cm2 (Ar+-ion laser, λ=514.5 nm) at 77 K, and was almost the same as that fabricated by wet chemical etching.