bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface properties and solderability behaviour of nickel–phosphorus and nickel–boron deposited by electroless plating
Authors: Chow Y. M. , Lau W. M. , Karim Z. S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and wetting force measurements have been applied to various nickel deposits prepared by standard electroless plating for probing the origins of solderability behaviour of ‘electroless nickel’. By controlling the plating chemicals and plating conditions, three kinds of electroless nickel deposits have been prepared, namely electroless nickel–high phosphorus (EN‐HP), electroless nickel–low phosphorus (EN‐LP) and electroless nickel–boron (EN‐B). Wetting balance measurements confirmed the solderability strength decreased in the order of EN−B>EN−LP>EN−HP. Unexpectedly, among the three EN deposits, EN‐B was found by XPS to have the thickest surface oxide, which opposes the traditional correlation of good solderability with thin surface oxide. On the other hand, SAM and AFM studies showed that the average nodule size increased in the order of EN−B<EN−LP<EN−HP. Accordingly, there appeared to be a correlation of small nodule size with good solderability. Solderability of ‘electroless nickel’ thus depended more on surface morphology than on surface oxidation. Nevertheless, further studies of the wetting kinetics of the EN deposits revealed that among the three EN deposits EN‐HP had the oxide structure that was most difficult to penetrate and thus the slowest to ‘wet’. The structure of the surface oxide therefore was found to affect the wetting kinetics of ‘electroless nickel’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative XPS determination of Pt coverage on SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films for ferroelectric memories
Authors: Asami Katsuhiko , Koiwa Ichiro , Yamanobe Tomomi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted for a spin‐coated SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) system with sputter‐deposited 5 nm thick Pt film on it. The spectral peaks were analysed quantitatively under several surface structure models. The XPS results also were compared with SEM observation results. The Pt coverage was lowest (∼15%) on a specimen prepared from complexed alkoxide solution followed by a second annealing at 800 °C in O2 and sintering in a hydrogen atmosphere at 400 °C (H2 sintering), whereas it was highest (97%) on a specimen prepared from a sol–gel solution without any other treatment except crystallization. From regression analysis of all the data, the effects of the solution property, second annealing and H2 sintering on Pt coverage were evaluated. It was found that the effect of the second annealing in O2 was very large, whereas that of the H2 sintering does not give a large effect but it certainly causes a decrease in the apparent Pt coverage. Even the difference in solution for spin‐coating has an influence on the Pt coverage, i.e. sol–gel and complex solutions give the highest and lowest values, respectively. It was clarified that the Pt‐coverage had a clear correlation with fabrication factors, such as solution property, second annealing in O2 and H2 sintering. There was an excellent agreement between XPS and SEM results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of overlayer thickness by QUASES analysis of photon‐excited KLL Auger spectra of Ni and Cu films
Authors: Kövér L. , Tougaard S. , Tóth J. , Daróczi L. , Szabó I. , Langer G. , Menyhárd M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractQuantitative characterization of overlayer nanostructures is important for many practical applications and has become a feasible task for electron spectroscopy. The QUASES (Quantitative Analysis of Surfaces by Electron Spectroscopy) software package, developed recently, provides a general tool for quantification in XPS by analysing the spectral shape of the background caused by inelastic scattering of the signal electrons and has been applied successfully for determining the thickness of surface films in the nanometre range. In this work the application of such analysis is extended to metallic films having several tens of nanometre thickness and the accuracy of the results is tested by using independent methods.Both Ni and Cu KLL Auger spectra were photoexcited from Ni and Cu overlayers (deposited onto Si substrates) of different thicknesses in the 10–60 nm range, and were measured with high energy resolution. The film thickness values from the QUASES spectral shape analysis are compared with the data obtained by using a quartz crystal microbalance, cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Good consistency has been found for the thickness values obtained from the spectral shape analysis and from microscopy, especially for Ni films. Assuming nominal film thickness, the values of the inelastic mean free path of 6–7 keV energy electrons in Ni and Cu were also determined, showing good (Ni) or reasonable (Cu) agreement with those proposed by Powell and Jablonski. The effect of island formation was shown by the QUASES spectral shape analysis and confirmed by SPM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient object promotion algorithm for persistent object systems
Authors: Printezis T. , Atkinson M. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe report on a bulk object‐loading algorithm for persistent object stores calledGhosted Allocation. It allocates large numbers of objects in a persistent store atomically, efficiently, and reliably. Its main strengths are that it minimizes I/O traffic, optimizes the disk access pattern, and does not impose complex requirements on applications. Our experiments demonstrate that theGhosted Allocationalgorithm is efficient and most importantly scalable, sustaining allocation rates of up to 63 000 objects s‐1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENEX: a tool for testing in ILP
Authors: Morin Johanne , Matwin Stan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a field of research in which logic programs are synthesized (learned) from examples. There is a need for a variety of large datasets to evaluate ILP learners. The paper describes an example generator program GENEXthat provides the user with a language in which to describe large sets of structured examples. GENEXis available on the WWW. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching formal methods lite via testing
Authors: Utting Mark , Reeves Steve 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new style of formal methods course is described, based on a pragmatic approach that emphasizes testing. The course introduces students to formal specification using Z, and shows how formal specification and testing can benefit each other, in both the validation and verification phases. It uses a tools‐based approach, with practical work that reinforces formal specification techniques as well as traditional software engineering skills, such as unit and system testing, inspection and defensive programming with assertions. The two main results are to identify several practical uses of formal specifications that are not widely practised or taught, and to demonstrate that teaching them results in a more interesting and relevant formal methods course. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of enhancing effect of two Kampo medicines, Sho‐saiko‐to (TJ‐9) and Sairei‐to (TJ‐114), on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated with N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine
Authors: Hagiwara Akihiro , Sano Masashi , Tanaka Hikaru , Kawabe Mayumi , Tamano Seiko , Kadota Tadaomi , Yanagisawa Toshihiko , Maemura Shunichi , Ito Nobuyuki , Shirai Tomoyuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe modifying potential of two Kampo medicines (Japanese traditional herbal medicines), Sho‐saiko‐to (TJ‐9) and Sairei‐to (TJ‐114), on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats initiated with N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)‐ nitrosamine (BBN) was evaluated. Groups of 20 animals were given 0.05% BBN in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then 0.7 or 2.8% TJ‐9, 0.9 or 3.6% TJ‐114, or 3.0% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a positive control substance in their diet for 32 weeks. All rats were killed after 36 weeks and examined histopathologically. No adverse effects of the test compounds were found in terms of survival, clinical sign, and body weight. Administration of 0.7 and 2.8% TJ‐9 and 0.9 and 3.6% TJ‐114 in the diet did not affect the incidences or extent of PN hyperplasia in the BBN‐treated rats. Incidences and multiplicities of papillomas were also not affected in rats fed 0.7 or 2.8% TJ‐9 and 0.9% TJ‐114, while they were significantly decreased in animals given 3.6% TJ‐114 in the diet. The results thus demonstrated that neither of the test chemicals exerted any promotional activity on urinary bladder carcinogenesis, in clear contrast to NaHCO3. In addition, bladder carcinogenesis was reduced by 3.6% TJ‐114 in the diet, under the present experimental conditions. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:41–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sclerophytin A adventure
Authors: Paquette Leo A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe structural designation A originally made by Sharma and Alam to sclerophytin A was considered to be ambiguous and so notably strained relative to B that the latter was targeted for de novo synthesis (Scheme 1). Our two successful routes began with (5S)‐(d‐menthyloxy)‐2(5H)‐furanone and involved the application of cycloaddition, Claisen ring expansion, transannular oxymercuration, and 1,2‐carbonyl transposition tactics to arrive at B. It was immediately apparent from polarity considerations and spectroscopic data that the antileukemic marine metabolite in question was in need of more deep‐seated structural revision. Following close re‐examination of an acquired authentic sample by advanced NMR techniques, the strong inference was made that sclerophytin A actually lacked a second oxygen bridge and was in reality the triol C. This conclusion was unequivocally confirmed by diverting an advanced intermediate generated earlier into a short sequence beginning with regiocontrolled dihydroxylation and terminating with configurational inversion at the secondary carbinol center. The status of other members of this series is also presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:311–320, 2001.
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NAFTA intra‐industry trade in agricultural food products
Authors: Qasmi Bashir A. , Fausti Scott W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper focuses on NAFTA's impact on intra‐industry and inter‐industry trade in agricultural food products. Bilateral trade among the United States, Canada, and Mexico and their trade with the rest of the world during 1990 and 1995 are investigated. The study shows that U.S. trade patterns for agricultural food products are slowly changing. The proportion of the intra‐industry trade was higher for food products involving a greater degree of processing, whereas trade in bulk commodities with little or no processing was predominantly inter‐industry. U.S.–Canada bilateral trade has been increasingly more dominated by intra‐industry trade. On the other hand, Mexican bilateral trade with both the United States and Canada has been predominantly inter‐industry in nature. The study also indicated a decline in the proportion of intra‐industry trade in U.S. trade with the rest of the world during this period. [EconLit citations: F120, F190]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of familial distress on growth and maturation of girls: A longitudinal study
Authors: Hulanicka Barbara , Gronkiewicz Lidia , Koniarek Jan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA longitudinal sample of girls (N = 271), all born during the same year, were examined at yearly intervals during a period of 11 (N = 174) or 8 years (N = 97). The data gathered included the following: age at menarche, anthropometric dimensions, skeletal maturity scores with the TW2 method, and questionnaire information about the present and past socioeconomic situation and family dynamics. The girls were divided into two groups. Group A (N = 207) comprised girls who lived in families free of strong traumatic events. Group B (N = 64) included girls whose family dysfunction exposed them to prolonged distress. Two anthropometric dimensions were central to the analysis: height and subischial leg length. Age at attaining four different maturity stages were also used: age at menarche, age at a Carpal score of 1,000, age at the RUS score of 1,000, and age at the total bone score of 995. The mean age at menarche of girls from group A was 13.3 years and that for girls in group B was 12.9 (F = 6.295, P < 0.01). There was no correlation between age and height at final stages of skeletal maturation, i.e., at a total bone score of 995 or a RUS score of 1,000 in group A. There was no significant difference in height between girls whose skeletal maturity was completed early and those in whom it was completed late. Girls from group B, whose skeletal maturity was reached earlier, were shorter than those who grew until a later age. In group B, the stature was positively correlated with the age at which the late stages of skeletal maturation was attained (r = 0.26 at a RUS score of 1,000 and r = 0.28 at a total bone score of 995, P < 0.05). Regardless of the ages at which any of the four maturity levels were reached by girls from group A, they were, on average, taller than those from group B at the same maturity level. Only at a RUS score of 1,000, when the sample size is reduced, the difference was not significant. The results show that girls exposed to familial distress are more likely to have an early puberty, which is associated with short final stature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:771–776, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health evaluation of translocated free‐ranging primates in French Guiana
Authors: de Thoisy Benoît , Vogel Ingrun , Reynes Jean‐Marc , Pouliquen Jean‐François , Carme Bernard , Kazanji Mirdad , Vié Jean‐Christophe 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAmong over 40 mammal species threatened by the filling of a hydroelectric dam reservoir in French Guiana, three species of primates have been translocated, comprising 124 red howler monkeys, six white‐faced sakis, and 95 golden‐handed tamarins. Health status of the animals was evaluated by direct physical examination and by hematological, biochemical, virological, and parasitological surveys of collected blood. The physical condition of the howlers was slightly worse toward the end of the capture period, but that of sakis and tamarins remained satisfactory. Several ectoparasites (ticks, larvae of dipterous insects, fleas, and lice) were collected, and various wounds, apparently nondebilitating, were recorded in howlers. Hematological and biochemical profiles determined for the three species revealed a slight anemia in howlers. Entamoeba, Strongyloides, and Trypanoxyurus were common in fecal samples of howlers. A survey of blood smears from the three species revealed infection by several types of microfilaria, Trypanosoma rangeli‐like and Plasmodium brasilianum in all three, and Trypanosoma cruzi‐like in howlers. These infections had no significant impact on the health status or the hematological profiles. Serologic investigations revealed occasional reactions against Toxoplasma gondii, a strong anti‐Plasmodium response in the two Cebidae species, and a weaker one in tamarins. Attempts to isolate arbovirus failed, but antibody responses to Mayaro and yellow fever viruses were strong, especially in the howlers. A strong correlation between age and serological status led to a better understanding of the epidemic cycles. Our survey indicates French Guianan primates are reservoirs for several anthropozoonoses, including malaria, Chagas disease, and arboviruses. Am. J. Primatol. 54:1–16, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life
Authors: Loth Susan R. , Henneberg Maciej 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSex differences in the youngest skeletons are very subtle, and any method that can separate males and females significantly better than chance will be of value. Compounding the problem is a paucity of immature skeletons of documented age and sex. In 1992, S.R.L. examined 62 juvenile mandibles of white and black South Africans of known age and sex (from birth to 19 years) from the Dart Collection to determine if the sexes could be differentiated by morphologic traits. By age 6 years, adult chin shapes were already recognizable. Prior to that age, differences were observed in the shape of the inferior border of the symphysis and outline of the body. The male chin base extends steeply downward relative to the adjacent body, coming to a point or squaring off at the symphysis. In females, the symphysis descends gradually to a more rounded base, and even when pointed, the transition is not abrupt. On the outer border of the corpus, the sides diverge sharply to form a \_/ shape from a roughly horizontal anterior region in males, while the female contour is rounded, reflecting the smoothly curved transition from front to sides. These traits were manifest from the eruption of the central incisors until about 4 years of age. The features were tested on all 19 Dart Collection mandibles in that age range. Average accuracy for three different testers was 81%, and males were consistently identified more accurately than females. This new method was then tested on a known sex sample of 11 individuals from 0 to 7 years of age. These included CT scans of 9 French children and the remains of 2 South African black forensic cases. Sexing accuracy was 82% (9/11). The only two missexed cases were both female and over age 6 years. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that it is possible to determine the sex of very young mandibles. The new sexually dimorphic morphologic configurations introduced here have demonstrated repeatable discrimination with the highest level of accuracy (81%) reported and tested for this age group. Preliminary research indicates that both the male and female shapes are clearly recognizable in archaeologic and premodern hominids as well as chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:179–186, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging appearance of the symptomatic perforating artery in patients with lacunar infarction: Occlusion or other vascular pathology?
Authors: Wardlaw Joanna M. , Dennis Martin S. , Warlow Charles P. , Sandercock Peter A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLacunar infarction is associated with distinct clinical features. It is thought to result from occlusion of a deep perforating artery in the basal ganglia, centrum semiovale, or brainstem. However, occluded perforating arteries have only rarely been observed at postmortem in patients with lacunar stroke and have not been noted previously on imaging despite the increasing sophistication of the techniques. We observed nine patients with lacunar stroke imaged with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in whom we observed a linear structure with density or signal features consistent with an occluded (or at least abnormal) perforating artery associated with the relevant lacunar infarct. The appearance might also have been caused by a leak of blood and fluid into the perivascular space around the artery, as in several patients the width of the tubular vessel‐like structure (>1mm in diameter) was greater than the expected width of a perforating artery (<0.8mm in diameter). This interpretation is supported by the fact that the area of infarction was usually around the abnormal vessel, not at the end of it. We describe the patients' clinical and imaging features, and discuss alternative explanations for the imaging appearance and the implications for gaining insights into the cause of lacunar infarction.
Analysis of electrical and optical properties of silicon nanoclusters using flicker‐noise spectroscopy
Authors: Parkhutik V. , Duart J. M. Martínez 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study on the electrical properties, chemical composition and photoluminescence from silicon nanocrystals produced by electrochemical etching of silicon wafers. A new phenomenological tool, known as flicker‐noise spectroscopy (FNS), was used to analyze the experimental data. The electrical and optical signals from silicon nanoclusters are quite noisy. We show that FNS can be applied efficiently in analysis of these signals, allowing one to obtain significant information on the nature of dynamic microscopic processes assisting the flow of the electric current and emission of light from silicon clusters. The FNS method is also suitable for resolving the problem of the irreproducibility of the properties of nanostructured materials and devices. Deviations in size, local chemical impurities, structural defects and other micro‐inhomogeneities strongly influence the output signals from nanostructures and make their characteristics poorly reproducible. The FNS approach makes it possible to scale the output information from nanostructured devices to a level where these deviations and irreproducibilities are no longer important. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrolysis and chemical speciation of (C2H5)2Sn2+, (C2H5)3Sn+ and (C3H7)3Sn+ in aqueous media simulating the major composition of natural waters
Authors: Foti Claudia , Gianguzza Antonio , Milea Demetrio , Sammartano Silvio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe hydrolysis of (C2H5)2Sn2+, (C2H5)3Sn+ and (n‐C3H7)3Sn+ has been studied, by potentiometric measurements ([H+]‐glass electrode), in NaNO3, NaCl, NaCl/Na2SO4 mixtures and in a synthetic seawater (SSWE), as an ionic medium simulating the major composition of natural seawater, at different ionic strengths (0 ≤ I ≤ 5 mol dm−3) and salinities (15 ≤ S ≤ 45), and at t = 25 °C. Five hydrolytic species for (C2H5)2Sn2+, three for (C2H5)3Sn+ and two for (C3H7)3Sn+ are found. Interactions with the anion components of SSWE, considered as single‐salt seawater, are determined by means of a complex formation model. A predictive equation for the calculation of unknown hydrolysis constants of trialkyltin(IV) cations, such as tributyltin(IV), in NaNO3, NaCl, and SSWE media at different ionic strengths is proposed. Equilibrium constants obtained are also used to determine the interaction parameters of Pitzer equations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.