bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling the Tower of Babel: Relational Differences between Identity, Image, and Culture in Organizations
Authors: Hatch Mary Jo , Schultz Majken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate and organizational identity have attracted considerable attention from both academics and practitioners whose efforts to explain, control, and/or exploit them offer us a multiplicity of issues, concepts, and theoretical perspectives. This multiplicity is broadly based, because of the multidisciplinary appeal of the identity concept as it applies to organizations. In this chapter we examine different approaches to the study of the identity of organizations within the fields of marketing, organization studies, organizational communication, and strategy. On the one hand, the multidisciplinarity of these approaches creates considerable conceptual confusion, leading to what we describe as the Tower of Babel in identity research. On the other hand, the variety and richness that come from such diversity provide valuable input to our theorizing.
Building and Managing Corporate Brand Equity
Authors: Keller Kevin Lane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines issues in building and managing corporate brand equity. Its purpose is to provide language, concepts, and guidelines that will improve the understanding of corporate brand equity management. Essentially, all firms have the opportunity to build corporate brand equity if they so choose. An increasing number of firms are employing their corporate brand as a strategic marketing weapon in the marketplace to improve their financial performance (Roberts and Dowling 1998). The discussion in this chapter will highlight some academic progress in this area, as well as suggest industry best practice.
Intercity Competition and the Question of Economic Resilience: Globalization and Crisis in Asia
Authors: Douglass Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globalization-here concerned with the integration of circuits of finance, commerce, and production on a world scale-is recent, incomplete, and under going dynamic transformations in organizational structures and local impacts. Although industrial production began to globalize in the 1970s, very few coun tries in the world actually achieved “newly industrialized economy” status. The most well-known economic miracles in the developing world emerged in east and southeast Asia (Pacific Asia). Erstwhile successes in Latin America faltered in the late 1970s with only sporadic recovery since. Other would-be success stories in the Third World generally failed to get beyond the textile, garment, and shoe fabrication stage of industrialization (Athukorala 1989). By the early 1990s, the record showed that with only a few Pacific Asia countries becoming the principal sources of higher value-added manufacturing outside of the OECD, economic disparities among nations were continuing to widen (Pritchett 1996, Rao 1998).
Statelessness
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Law Commission’s work on State1cssness was all that survived from what began as a more ambitious project to tackle the broader topic of’Nationality, including StatelessnesS: one of the fourteen topics provisionally selected by the Commission in 1949 for codification,’ although not included in its priority list. The scope of the Commission’s work on this topic was increased in 1950, when the UN Economic and Social Council requested the Commission to draft a convention on the nationality of married women.
The Quest for a Consistent Set of Rules Governing the Status of non-Community Nationals
Authors: Costa Blanca Vilá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I believe that, in order to prove to them our interest, it would suffice to abolish all those measures which, whilst providing no benefit to the State, appear to be marks of contempt …By extending to the metics eligibility for tenure of all the reputable offices …we will increase their goodwill whilst adding to the strength and eminence of our country. Moreover, as we have within our walls numerous unoccupied sites, the State should allow those of them who so request, and who are considered most worthy, to own the land on which they have built: I believe that, in such circumstances, a far greater number of estimable foreigners will be attracted to Athens as a place of residence …It seems probable that all stateless persons would wish to establish themselves in our city, and so increase its revenues.
New Instruments and Institutions for Enhancing the Protection of Human Rights in Europe?
Authors: Gaja Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a great variety of systems applying in Europe for the protection of human rights, operating at the universal, regional, and national levels. This variety largely reflects historical developments for reasons that at least in part no longer hold good. For instance, the Council of Europe was established as an organization comprising only States of(politically) Western Europe, while its membership—currently forty-one States—now approaches that of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the main distinction being the presence of the United States and Canada in the latter organization. Moreover, there is nowadays a much greater political homogeneity throughout Europe. The prospective enlargements of the European Union will gradually bring the composition of the Union into line with that of the Council of Europe. This may take some time and never become a complete process; for instance, Russia’s accession to the European Union seems at the moment a very remote possibility. However, one could say that all the major European organizations will substantially encompass the same members. The extant differences in membership would anyway hardly justify the existence of different European levels of protection of human rights.
Provisional and Protective Measures
Authors: Kennett W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the defendant has available assets a claimant needs to consider whether protective measures should be sought pending trial of the merits. In cases with a transnational dimension the question arises as to where the measures should be sought and how far it may be possible to co-ordinate action in relation to assets in different jurisdictions. The Tampere Milestones state that ‘the principle of mutual recognition should … apply to pre-trial orders, in particular to those which would enable competent authorities quickly to secure evidence and to seize assets which are easily movable’. This represents a considerable departure from the current position and while many would readily agree that it is a position that would be desirable in principle, the practical obstacles are very significant.
The Right of Self-Determination in International Law:Its Development and Future
Authors: Crawford James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘right of self-determination of peoples’ is perhaps the most controversial and contested of the many controversial and contested terms in the vocabulary of international law. It was not of course invented by lawyers, or even by President Wilson; it goes back at least to the nationalist movements of the nineteenth century. But because it was gradually incorporated in texts, was given effect to in various institutional arrangements, was the core of key disputes over the future of territory and people (disputes which had legal dimensions or which were sought to be resolved through legal procedures), it entered the language of international law, and it seems to have done so irrevocably. And yet there remain central uncertainties about the notion, which I hope to address in this chapter.
Environmental Rights
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International law for the promotion and protection of human rights and international environmental law reflect two of the fundamental values and aims of modern international society. The primary objective of human rights law is to secure the self-actualization of every person, to protect each individual from abuse of power by state agents and to assure that basic needs can be met. States must also exercise due diligence to ensure that human rights are not violated by non-state actors. Environmental law, in turn, seeks to protect and preserve the basic living and non-living resources and ecological processes on which all life depends. It can thus be seen as an inherent part of the human rights agenda or as a broader and sometimes competing goal. In either case, unlike human rights law, international environmental law is primarily concerned with controlling the activities of non-state actors who are the predominant cause of environmental harm.
Peoples’ Rights: Their Rise and Fall
Authors: Alston Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have provided extensive insights into the current situation in relation to most of the key peoples’ rights that continue to be an important part of international human rights discourse. In the present chapter an attempt is made to provide an overview both of the historical evolution of these rights and of their current status. The principal focus is on what are identified as the four phases which have characterized the treatment which international law has given to the concept of peoples and their rights since the 1940s. Some conclusions are then drawn as to the prospects for the future.
Banking, investment, and loans: the Community legislation
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was indicated in the previous Chapter that the basic Treaty rules on establishment and freedom to provide services do not necessarily mean that a financial service undertaking trading lawfully in one Member State will be able to operate in another Member State without complying with certain of the local rules.1 This is therefore an area where completion of the internal market has been dependent on the enactment of Community secondary legislation. It is suggested that the basic l973 Directive on the Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services in relation to the activities of banks and other financial institutions2 in reality became redundant very shortly after it entered into force following the judgments of the European Court which held that the basic principles of freedom of establishment3 and freedom to provide services4 were in fact directly effective. However, in so far as a general comment could be made on the subsequent legislation which has particularly concentrated on what arc termed ‘credit institutions’, it is suggested that the common feature of this legislation was initially to ensure certain common standards of supervision of credit institutions and to ensure that certain accounting principles were followed by banks and credit institutions; hence, the emphasis appears to have been on control rather than freedom. The fundamental question is, of course, how far one can exist without the other.
Recovering Payments under Void Contracts in Scots Law
Authors: Rodger Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Goff and Jones’ are the Romulus and Remus of the English law of restitution: out of a few weak and scattered settlements they founded a powerful city whose hegemony now extends far and wide. Happily, however, not only has there been no outbreak of fratricide, but both have worked in harmony, in their different spheres, to develop the subject. In Robert Goff’s case, he has enriched us with a store of invaluable opinions. These remarkable events have encouraged the courts and writers in Scotland to look afresh at their own older, but somewhat disorganized, law of unjust enrichment. Perhaps an essay devoted to an aspect of that law may at least conjure up for Robert Goff pleasant recollections of Perthshire and of the Scottish reels which once he danced.
The Law Merchant as a Source of English Law
Authors: Baker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law merchant is said to be a part of the law of England, and this proposition is acknowledged in our statute law, though few if any modern commentators have thought its meaning worth exploration. Moreover, although less is heard of the law merchant nowadays than in the nineteenth century, the expression has occasionally surfaced in recent cases—Sor at any rate in what middle-aged lawyers think of as recent cases. Most of these recent references, when not simply quoting from nineteenth-century judgments, are effectively historical statements purporting to explain the source of some rule of common or statute law.
Introduction
Authors: Ali Pau 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A creditor that holds a security interest over its debtor’s assets enjoys considerable ad- vantages over those creditors of the debtor that do not. Foremost amongst these advantages is the preferential status or ‘priority position’ conferred by the security interest on the creditor’s claim against the debtor. Thus, on the default or insolvency of the debtor, the secured creditor is entitled to have its claim met in full, out of the assets encompassed by the security interest, ahead of the debtor’s unsecured creditors.
Regulatory Co-Opetition
Authors: Esty Daniel c. , Geradin Damien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last two decades, academics have debated the merits of ‘regulatory competition’ versus the ‘harmonization’ of standards. This debate has now spilled over into policy circles in the United States, within Europe, and at the international level. Schematically, the discussion has become polarized around two camps. On one side stands a line of argument-especially popular in the 1970s and early 1980s-that calls for the harmonization of regulations so as to facilitate open markets, minimize non-tariff barriers between jurisdictions, and prevent competitive ness-driven, welfare-reducing underregulation (the so-called ‘race toward the bottom’) (Stewart 1977). This view served to justify a large expansion of federal legislation (and institutions) in the United States in the areas of environmental regulation, consumer protection, health and safety, and labour protection. Similar fears of trade distortions and races to the bottom led to the implementation of sweeping harmonization programmes and thus considerable expansion of centralized legislation in the European Union (Dashwood 1983).
Regulatory Competition and Regulatory Jurisdiction in International Securities Regulation
Authors: Trachtman Joel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to assess the limits of competition, and the need for regulation of competition, among jurisdictions in the context of international securities regulation. It looks to the theory of property law, as well as to the Tiebout model, to suggest answers. I argue that it is impossible to generalize about the benefits of competition in regulation, and that a number of factors must be considered (Bratton and McCahery 1997). First, the regulatory competition model, like all models, has particular parameters that must be met in order for it to apply. These parameters cannot be assumed, but must be evaluated in particular cases. Second, the parameters are never completely met, placing us in the realm of the theory of the second best. The theory of the second best suggests that, given that all of the conditions of the fundamental theorem of welfare economics are not satisfied, there can be no assurance that increasing the level of satisfaction of any other conditions-such as enhanced mobility of firms-will yield greater efficiency.
Rules Without Law: Media Regulation in China
Authors: Keller Perry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China is rapidly changing beyond recognition. The restrictions on public and private life imposed by MaoTse-tung and the other founders of the People’s Republic are giving way to an energetic, at times chaotic, consumer society. Just as China’s vast cities are being torn apart and rebuilt in a wave of new construction, Chinese society is being equally transformed. Nonetheless, the country’s new, emerging face is as distinctively Chinese as any of the past. Public attitudes remain essentially authoritarian rather than liberal democratic; the growing private sector is intimately connected to the myriad arms and entities of the Chinese state; and the new entrepreneurial class flourishes amidst complex networks of relatives, friends, and contacts. The country is also re-discovering its pre-Communist self. Chinese public life is shedding its deceptive uniformity as local dialects, clan associations, and cultural traditions re-emerge from the shadows.
A Jurisprudential Approach to Expert Systems in Law
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essay on which this chapter is based was one of the first formal outputs of my doctoral research at Oxford University. My main purpose then was to put down a marker—I was advocating the desirability, indeed the necessity, of tackling the field of expert systems in law through the application of the well-established techniques of jurisprudence (roughly, legal philosophy).
Unravelling the General Good Exception: The Case of Financial Services
Authors: Tison Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ever-widening interpretation of the Treaty freedoms given by the European Court of Justice in its jurisprudence over the last decade raises new questions as to the scope and limits of these freedoms. As the case law at present seems to promulgate the prohibition of all restrictions to free movement, whether discriminatory or not, as a general principle of Community law common to all Treaty freedoms, the discussions shift to another level: on the one hand, questions arise as how to circumscribe the notion of ‘restriction’ to free movement. The step backwards taken by the Court in Keck illustrates the complexities of the issue, and the consequences of an uncontrolled extension of the Court’s scrutiny of national law in the past. On the other hand, the more national law is caught by the general ‘restriction-based’ prohibitions to free movement, the more interpretation problems will arise with respect to the possibilities for Member States to uphold restrictive rules under the heading of the ‘general good’.
Mixtures of Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is mixtures of money. More than any other topic in the book, the rules about property in monetary mixtures still show the signs of their historical development. Inevitably, the account which follows draws upon some of that history in order to make sense of the rules, and to provide the criteria for evaluating them. It emphasizes the strong relationship between questions of proof and the existence and enforceability of property rights in money. But the chapter also seeks to develop a larger general theme about the justification for maintaining separate rules of tracing at common law and in equity.
Object Use and Object Location: The Effect of Function on Spatial Relations
Authors: Carlson Laura A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial relations indicate the location of one object by specifying its position relative to a second object. Most theories of spatial relations assume that the identities of the objects and their relationship are irrelevant to this process. This chapter suggests that an important characteristic of the objects-their function-plays a critical role in constraining the use of spatial relations. Research is reviewed that demonstrates an influence of function on the preferences for using reference frames to define spatial relations and on the designation of a region as the most acceptable use of the spatial relation. Such functional influence has implications for the interface between conceptual and spatial representations. One possibility is that functional properties represented within conceptual structure may generate a reference frame whose output is combined with the perceptually based reference frames that are represented in spatial representation, with such combination occurring within a spatial mental model.
Auxiliation : an enquiry into the nature of grammaticalization
Authors: Tania Kuteva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most advanced countries use progressive income tax as an important element of their tax and welfare systems: for a long time it has been widely accepted as one of the central features of modern capitalism. The issue of whether progressive income tax is desirable has again in recent years become the subject of lively debate in many countries. Strong statements have been made about the-negative incentive effects of high marginal tax rates, and many tax reform proposals have been based on the premiss that marginal tax rates at upper income levels are too high. It is clear that every argument about changes in the income tax schedule is to some extent an argument about the principle of progression itself.
The psychology of autism and Asperger syndrome
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five major psychological theories of autism and Asperger syndrome are: Executive dysfunction theory, Weak central coherence theory, Mindblindness theory, Empathizing–systemizing theory [and by extension, the extreme male brain theory], Magnocellular theory, Psychological theories need to explain all autistic traits in all individuals on the spectrum, not just some of them. They ultimately also need to integrate with neurobiological theories.
The biology of autism and Asperger syndrome
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no longer any doubt that autism spectrum conditions are biological in orgin. The strongest evidence supports the genetic theory. Heritability of autism and Asperger syndrome is not 100 per cent. This means there must be some environmental component too, in all likelihood interacting with the risk genes. We do not yet know what the environmental factors are. There is not yet a biological marker with which to diagnose autism spectrum conditions, but research into the biomedical aspects is being accelerated. Evidence points to atypical brain development pre- and postnatally, particularly affecting processing of social information.
The impact of parental mental disorder on children
Authors: Hill Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade or so the increasing emphasis on mental health care in the community has meant that a number of adults with psychiatric disorder or substance misuse problems are treated while they continue to live with their families. At least a quarter of the adults who are so treated will be parents of children of school-age or below. In Nottingham, 25% of women seen by mental health services had a child under the age of 5 years (Oates 1997). It is also the case that about one-fifth of admissions to psychiatric hospital are for women of child-bearing age (Dover et al. 1994).
Child and adolescent mental health services in Australia and New Zealand: policy and development
Authors: Hazell Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The populations of Australia (19 million) and New Zealand (3.8 million) are spread across a distance equivalent to a trip from London to Kazakhstan. While both modern societies were shaped by colonization from the United Kingdom and Ireland from the early nineteenth century onward, Australia is presently most influenced by migration from Central Europe, the Middle East, and South East Asia, while New Zealand is a major Polynesian centre. One in five Australians has a non-Anglo-Irish background, while one in five New Zealanders has Maori or Pacific Island heritage.