bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
264 Effects of L-Glutamate and L-Aspartate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Severity of Diarrhea, and Systemic Immunity of Weaned Piglets Challenged with F18 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Wongchanla Supatirada , Park Sangwoo , Kim Kwangwook , Sun Shuhan , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
L-glutamate (Glu) and L-aspartate (Asp) exhibit multifaceted roles in cellular processes and immunological regulation in pigs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Glu and Asp on growth performance, diarrhea, and systemic immunity of weaned piglets challenged with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18. A total of forty-nine weaned pigs (8.18 ± 1.54 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of seven treatments, with seven piglets per treatment. The treatments included negative control (NC) and positive control (PC) that were fed with control diet without or with ETEC challenge, respectively. The other five dietary treatments were supplemented with either 1% or 2% Glu or Asp, or 50 mg/kg of Carbadox, and were challenged with ETEC. All pigs except for NC were challenged with F18 ETEC orally for three consecutive days at the dose of 1010 CFU/dose/day. The study period lasted for three weeks, with a 7-day adaptation period and 14 days post-inoculation (PI). Pig body weights, feed consumption, and fecal score were recorded throughout the experiment. Fecal samples were collected on d 2, 5, 10, and 14 PI to confirm the presence and dynamics of β-hemolytic coliforms. Blood samples were collected on d 0 before ETEC inoculation, and on d 2, 5, and 14 PI to analyze white blood cell profile. All data were analyzed with ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Frequency of diarrhea was analyzed by Chi-Square analysis. Compared with PC, pigs supplemented with 1% Glu, 2% Asp, or Carbadox had greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily weight gain and gain:feed ratio from d -7 to 5 PI and d 0 to 5 PI. Pigs fed with 1% Glu had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) percentage of β-hemolytic coliforms in feces on d 14 PI than PC. Compared with PC, pigs fed with NC, 1% Asp, 2% Asp, or Carbadox had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) severity of diarrhea (32.47% vs. 16.23 to 24.68%). The counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were increased (P &lt; 0.05) on d 2 PI and peaked (P &lt; 0.05) on d 5 PI, and were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) on d 14 PI. Pigs fed with 1% Glu had least (P &lt; 0.05) neutrophils:lymphocytes ratio on d 2 PI, while pigs fed with 2% Glu had greatest (P &lt; 0.05) neutrophils:lymphocytes ratio on d 5 PI among all treatments. In conclusion, results of the present study indicate that dietary supplementation of 1% Glu or 2% Asp enhanced growth performance of ETEC challenged weaned pigs at early stage. Supplementation of 1% or 2% Asp also mitigated severity of diarrhea. Both amino acids modulated the systemic immunity of weaned pigs, which needs to be further investigated.
410 Awardee Talk: Swine Feed Additives: Current and Future Innovation to Achieve Profitable and Sustainable Production
Authors: DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Swine feed additives is general terminology used for a wide range of non-nutritive products to help improve growth, health, and carcass characteristics. There are numerous classifications of feed additives that are currently used world-wide. To properly access the value of a feed additive to achieve desired goals, understanding the 1) mode(s) of action, 2) efficacy with different diet formulation strategies, 3) influence of herd health status, and 4) consistency of predicted response are vital. For the swine industry to advance on-farm sustainability for improved carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency, efficacious feed additives must be a utilized tool. This needs to be done in unison with best management practices already in place (e.g., optimized feed formulation, precise feed manufacturing and processing, advancing genetics, improving herd health) to provide complimentary, not competing results. Also, strategic emphasis must be placed on maintaining efficacious and economical feed additives in the marketplace to prevent loss of their use. Ractopamine hydrochloride is just one example that was routinely fed to most US finishing pigs in diets before marketing but now is not used due to export market access. At the same time, pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu have illustrated clear benefits on pig growth, health and subsequently welfare, but regulatory action based on excretion levels and potential connections to antimicrobial resistance have begun to limit their use in certain countries. These examples highlight the need for correctly designed, unbiased research to provide consumers, human health professionals, and regulatory personnel information to make accurate decisions regarding various feed additives. Finally, innovation to advance the efficacy and predictability of feed additives such as in-feed enzymes, acidifiers, direct feed microbials, yeasts, fatty acids, trace minerals, ionophores, and others is needed. These products must be a component of current and long-term producer profitability, nutritional efficiency, and sustainability.
435 Opportunities for Conservation Research Support, Feed Management Planning and Practice Cost Sharing
Authors: Zwicke Greg , Leech Renee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) uses science-based technology to provide conservation planning and assistance to landowners, operators, producers, and others to benefit the soil, water, air, plants, animals, and energy for productive lands and healthy ecosystems. Learn about opportunities for financial and technical assistance for livestock production and conservation as well as grant programs for innovative conservation research and on-farm trials.
313 Efficacy of Vermifiltration to Treat Liquid Cattle Manure to Mitigate Carbon and Nitrogen Emissions
Authors: Monaghan Jera L , Michal Jennifer , Jobson B Thomas , O'Keeffe Patrick , de castro-Nunes Cris , Austin Mackenzie , Johnson Kristen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine the efficacy of a vermifiltration system that treats liquid cattle manure to alter methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) emissions, and nutrient composition (potassium-K; phosphorus-P; nitrogen-N). Liquid manure was sampled as it entered the worm-bed (influent) and as it exited from the worm-bed (effluent) to measure changes in nutrient composition. Worm-bed surface fluxes of CH4 and N2O were measured in real-time for three distinct environmental temperatures (0 ˚C, 10 ˚C, and 20 ˚C) to examine seasonal variation at several locations in the 3.64 ha worm-bed using isolation chambers and cavity ring-down spectrometry. NH3 flux was measured from the chambers using a ChemComb 3500 Speciation Collection Cartridge and coated honeycomb denuders. NH3 samples were eluted within 4 h of collection and stored at -20 ˚C until colorimetric analysis. Duplicate NH3 measurements were made for each chamber location at each temperature. Examination of the influx and efflux data indicates reductions of 25% in K, 96% in P, 99% in total suspended solids, 92% in volatile solids, and 92% in total Kjeldahl N. Chamber CH4 concentrations at 0 ˚C (0.51 to 1.18 ppm) tended to be less at 10 ˚C (2.17 to 2.67 ppm) and 20 ˚C (1.6 to 2.45 ppm) but were not different across temperatures (P &lt; .077) and reflected ambient concentrations (2.44 ppm). N2O concentrations at 0 ˚C (157.00 to 224.00 ppb) and 10 ˚C (86.3 to 176.5 ppb) were not different than ambient (358.5 ppb), but at 20 ˚C (400.0 to 655.0 ppb) concentrations tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.07). NH3 concentrations at 0 ˚C (0.06 to 0.33 ppm) and 20 ˚C (1.35 and 2.21 ppm) were not different but at 10 ˚C (11.8 to 28.7 ppm) were greater (P &lt; 0.05). Fluxes were calculated for each sampling period. During 0 ˚C flux densities were 1.61 ± 0.17 mg· m-2· day-1 for N2O, 2.5 0.57mg m-2· day-1 for CH4, and 0.007± 0.00 mg m-2· day-1 for NH3. At 20°C flux densities were 1.98± 0.63 mg· m-2day-1 for N2O, 2.88± 0.755 mg m-2· day-1 for CH4, and 25.4 ± 0.0 mg· m-2· day-1 for NH3.Flux calculations and extrapolation of emission rates to the entire system indicates that vermifiltration is an effective strategy to alter nutrient concentrations and reduce CH4 emissions but not emissions of N2O and NH3.
318 The Effect of Developing Heifers to a Lower Percentage of Mature Body Weight at Breeding on Pregnancy Rates and Longevity Within the Herd
Authors: Crouch Josie , Mulliniks Travis , Musgrave Jacki A , Hanford Kathy , McCarthy Kacie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional recommendations suggest that a heifer should be at 65% of her mature body weight (BW) at the time of breeding to obtain optimal production efficiency and achieve the greatest pregnancy rates. The objective of this study was to determine how developing heifers at a decreased percentage of mature BW at breeding impacts heifer performance, stayability, and calf production. Data were collected from cows and heifers (n = 1,434) from the March- and May-calving herds at the University of Nebraska Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory (GSL) located near Whitman, NE from 2005 through 2019. Body weights were collected from heifers and cows, percentage of mature BW of heifers was calculated using heifer breeding weight and the average MBW of cows at 5, 6, and 7 years of age. A regression analysis was conducted on percentage of estimated mature BW at breeding in heifers from 50 to 70 % of mature BW. Heifers that were 60% of mature BW at the time of breeding or greater had increased (P &lt; 0.01) pregnancy rates compared with lighter heifers. In contrast, a greater percentage (P = 0.05) of heifers at a mature BW of 60% or less at breeding calved during the first 21 d of the calving season. Calf BW at birth was influenced (P &lt; 0.001) by percent of mature BW at breeding with calves from greater BW heifers being heavier. Subsequent pregnancy rate as a 2-yr old was influenced (P &lt; 0.001) by percentage of mature BW at breeding as a heifer with greater percent mature BW at breeding having greater pregnancy rates than heifers with decreased percent mature BW. However, pregnancy rate as a 3-, 4-, and 5-yr-old were not influenced (P&gt; 0.15) by percentage of mature BW at breeding as a heifer. Overall, greater percentage of mature BW at the time of breeding increased overall pregnancy rate; however, heifers at a decreased percentage of mature BW calved at a greater percentage during the first 21-d of the subsequent calving season. In addition, longevity in the cowherd was not influenced by heifer BW at the time of breeding.
316 Routine Claw Trimming Data Provides Insight into the Occurrence of Claw Lesions Holstein Herds in the Central Region of South Africa
Authors: Joubert Robyn C , Van Marle-Köster Esté , Strydom H F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Claw lesions in dairy cows are a primary contributor to lameness, posing severe welfare concerns due to the distress and discomfort experienced by affected cows. Claw disorders have a significant negative impact on herd efficiency, milk yield, reproductive performance, and involuntary culling. Despite increased awareness of the detrimental effects of lameness, its incidence has continued to rise. Reducing the occurrence of lameness remains a major challenge, especially in defining and recording of claw traits. In South Africa (SA), claw data is limited to private hoof trimmers with paper-based recording. The objective of this research was to examine the occurrence and recording of claw lesions in Holstein cattle from the central region of South Africa. Claw-trimming data from five intensively managed dairy farms (average herd size: 1,073) using both dirt lot (DL) and free-stall (FS) housing systems were analyzed over a six-year period (2014 to 2019). The Claw Lesion Identification in Dairy Cattle brochure, co-developed by Zinpro Corporation and the International Lameness Committee, was used as the reference for lesion identification by a local hoof trimmer. Digital dermatitis (D) showed the greatest prevalence (64.02% of all recorded lesions), followed by sole ulcers (U; 8.59%), white line disease (W; 6.27%), and sole hemorrhage (H; 4.28%), with most lesions occurring in the rear feet. A chi-square test of independence between lesion and housing was rejected (P &lt; 0.0001). Correspondence analysis (CA) was then used to explore these dependencies. The first dimension of the graphical display explained 90.7% of the variation in the data. The CA indicated that the prevalence of D and F are strongly associated, and closely associated with U. The prevalence of these lesions is also associated with housing systems DL and FS. The CA also confirmed a close association between W and H, and the prevalence of these lesions in housing system DL+FS. Improving the precision of claw lesion identification and recording, especially with regard to lesions that tend to occur together, can furnish essential data to identify the most prevalent lesions in a population. This will enhance our comprehension of the causal factors behind these significant lesions and offer producers practical recommendations to use these data for prevention, early detection, management, and improvement of lameness.
337 Supplementation of a Kaolin and Yeast-Based Feed Additive on Performance of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Yang Wenzhu , Schwandt Erin F , Gott Paige N , Levy April W , McAllister Tim A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this project was to examine the effectiveness of feeding a kaolin and yeast-based feed additive on the performance of feedlot cattle. Seventy-five steers (initial BW; 545 ± 42.4 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allocated into 25 blocks of 3 steers (n = 25 per treatment) in a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments including control, low (10 g/day) and high (15 g/day) kaolin and yeast-based feed additive (FA) supplementation. The steers were fed a finishing diet consisting of 7% corn silage, 1% straw, and 92% corn-based concentrate (DM basis). The duration of the feeding period was 120 days. Supplementation of high grain finishing diet with FA did not affect feed intake (average, 12.4 kg/d), final BW (average, 768 kg), averaged daily gain (average, 1.77 kg/d), carcass traits, and abscessed livers. However, increasing the feeding of FA (0, 10, 15 g/d) to finishing steers linearly (P = 0.05) improved feed efficiency from 0.139 to 0.143 and 0.148 kg gain/kg feed and linearly (P = 0.06) improved net energy for maintenance from 2.05 to 2.10 and 2.15 Mcal/kg and net energy for growth from1.39 to 1.43 and 1.47 Mcal/kg, respectively. Fecal IgA concentration linearly (P = 0.06) increased from 15.0 to 22.7 and 30.1 µg/g with increasing FA addition, suggesting an improvement in nutrient absorption, and potentially better gut health. The increasing addition of FA also linearly (P = 0.03) increased plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) concentration from 46.3 to 56.2 and 64.7 µg/mL but decreased blood total antioxidants from 0.282 to 0.251 and 0.204 mM. These results suggest that the addition of FA may support gut health.
336 Evaluation of a Bacillus Spp. Probiotic on Beef Cattle Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Enteric Methane Emissions
Authors: Maderal Araceli B , Marenchino Ignacio Fernandez , Vargas Juan , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , Cuervo Wilmer , Ramirez-Sepulveda Vanesa , Blanchard Horacio , Gomez-Salmoral Macarena , Schulmeister Tessa M , Queiroz Oscar , Cappellozza Bruno I , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct-fed microbials have been used in an effort to improve livestock production efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Among other species, spore forming bacteria such as Bacillus spp. present handling and processing advantages to be used as a probiotic. Several studies have demonstrated positive effects of Bacillus spp. on dairy cattle production. However, there is lack of information about its effects on beef cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a probiotic composed by a mixture of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis on beef cattle performance, nutrient utilization, and enteric methane emissions (CH4). For this purpose, a total of 108 Angus crossbred heifers (318 ± 40.4 kg of BW) were used in a generalized randomized block design. The heifers were fed a sorghum silage-based diet containing 1 of the 2 following treatments: 1) control (CTL, no additive), or 2) Bacillus spp. probiotic (BSL, 310 mg/kg of diet DM), in an attempt to provide an average of 3 g·animal-1·d-1. The experimental period consisted in 7 d of adaptation to the pens, followed by 77 d of performance data collection, 5 d of apparent total tract digestibility measurements, and 5 d of CH4 measurements. No effect of treatment (P &gt; 0.05) was observed for dry matter intake, average daily gain, or gain-to-feed ratio. The inclusion of the probiotic did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and crude protein, whereas starch digestibility decreased (P = 0.027) with the probiotic inclusion. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for CH4 between the two treatments. Accordingly, feeding Bacillus spp. did not affect cattle performance, nutrient utilization, or enteric CH4 emissions in beef heifers when included at 310 mg/kg of dietary dry matter.
323 Rumen Fluid Amine/Phenol-Metabolome of Beef Steers with Divergent Residual Feed Intake Phenotype
Authors: Sidney Taylor S , Taiwo Godstime A , Idowu Modoluwamu , Pech-Cervantes Andres A , Ogunade Ibukun M , Morenikeji Lanre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amine/phenol-metabolome of rumen fluid was analyzed to identify amino acid metabolism-related biomarkers associated with divergent residual feed intake (RFI) phenotype in beef cattle. Fourteen beef steers [most feed-efficient (HFE; RFI = −1.89 kg/d, n = 7) and least feed-efficient (LFE; RFI = +2.05 kg/d, n = 7)] were selected from a total of 56 crossbred growing beef steers (average BW = 261 ± 18.5 kg) after a 49-d feeding period in a dry lot equipped with two GrowSafe intake nodes. Rumen fluid samples were collected 4 h after feeding on d 56, 63, and 70 from the HFE and LFE beef steers. Metabolome analysis of the rumen fluid was performed using chemical isotope labeling/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify all metabolites containing amine/phenol chemical groups, which are mostly amino acid metabolites. A total of 493 metabolites were detected and identified in the rumen fluid. The partial least squares discriminant scores plot showed a slight separation between the two groups of steers, and a total of eight metabolites were found to be differentially abundant (FDR ≤ 0.05). Out of the eight differentially abundant metabolites, four metabolites (isomer 1 of cadaverine, baeocystin, 6-methyladenine, and N(6)-methyllysine) qualified as candidate biomarkers of divergent RFI phenotype based on area under the curve ≥ 0.70. The results of this study revealed that divergent RFI phenotype is associated with alteration in rumen amine/phenol-metabolome of beef steers.
360 Effect of Dietary Protein Levels and Growth Promotants in Dairy-Beef Cross Steers on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency
Authors: Salisbury Carlee M , Beck Matthew R , Beck Paul A , Foote Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reducing nitrogen excretion of finishing beef cattle is needed to protect the environment but methods used to decrease nitrogen excretion need to have economic benefits as well. The objective of this experiment was to determine the potential of implant strategy and phase-feeding crude protein (CP) to reduce urinary nitrogen (UN) and fecal nitrogen excretion. Holstein × Angus steers (n = 72) were blocked by body weight (BW) and treatments were randomly assigned to pens (n = 4 per treatment). This experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial design, where cattle were fed a constant CP (control), or the CP content of the diet was reduced every 49 days (phase-fed) and cattle received either an aggressive or moderate implant strategy. All cattle were implanted on d-0 and d-98. Body weight was measured, and blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected on days 0, 49, 98, 147, and at shipping. Phase-feeding CP and implant strategy had no effect (P ≥ 0.47) on dry matter intake or average daily gain. There was a tendency (P = 0.10) for a diet × implant-strategy interaction for feed efficiency, indicating that phase-fed cattle were more efficient with the moderate implant strategy than the aggressive implant strategy. UN excretions decreased (P &lt; 0.01), on day-147 among both implant treatments, indicating that re-implanting on d-98 may have reduced nitrogen excretion. There was a sampling-day × implant interaction (P ≤ 0.03) and a sampling-day × diet interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for blood urea nitrogen concentrations (BUN) and total UN excretion, where BUN and total UN excretion were decreased among the moderate implant and the phase-fed groups on day-147 compared with the aggressive implant and control-fed groups, respectively. Overall, fecal nitrogen concentrations were less for the phase-fed treatment group compared with the control (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that phase-feeding CP can be an effective strategy to reduce nitrogen excretion from cattle in the feedlot without negatively affecting performance.