bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permutation Tests: Multivariate
Authors: Pesarin Fortunato 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article deals with the multivariate extension of permutation or randomization tests. Three different situations are met: (i) the first assumes that a single overall statistic is available; (ii) the second takes into consideration a univariate transformation ofq‐dimensional individual responses; (iii) in the third a single overall statistic is not available or is too difficult to justify, or a single derived variable is not sufficient to capture all aspects of interest for the analysis. Testing problems in (i) and (ii) are equivalent to univariate situations. Problems in (iii) are more difficult and are solvable if the permutation testing principle is applicable and if the overall hypotheses are broken down in a finite set of subhypotheses, each provided with an unbiased partial test.The methodological tool that allows us to cope with these kind of problems is the NonParametric Combination (NPC) of dependent permutation tests. To show the potential of NPC, an example with multivariate mixed data and restricted alternatives is discussed.Among the many applications of NPC, we mention the following: the one‐way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), when some of the variables are quantitative and others categorical; analysis of repeated measures with dependent random effects and dependent errors; analysis of multivariate restricted alternatives; analysis of problems when some data are missing and the underlying missing process is not ignorable; analysis of multivariate ordered categorical data; the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem; some multivariate stochastic dominance problems; exact separate tests for main effects and interactions in balanced and unbalanced factorial designs; closed testing procedures; and multiaspect testing problems. One important feature of the NPC methodology, which is particularly useful for most applications, is that it frees the researcher from the need to define and model the dependence relations among responses and partial tests.
Order Statistics
Authors: David H. A. , Nagaraja H. N. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe basic distribution theory of order statistics (ordered random variables) is developed for both finite random samples and asymptotically. The use of order statistics in the estimation of parameters is described, with special emphasis on suitably chosen linear functions of these variables. Order statistics provide simple robust estimators of location, such as the median or trimmed means. They are also useful, as outlined below, in the treatment of outliers, simultaneous inference, data compression, probability plotting, ranked‐set sampling, and ranking and selection.
Khinchin,AleksandrYakovlevich
Authors: Vere‐Jones David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin was the founder and leader of the Moscow school of probability, which dominated probability theory during much of the twentieth century. He was born in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and entered university just before the first world war and the Russian revolution. Throughout the turbulence of the ensuing years, he maintained an international reputation as an outstanding mathematician. His name is associated with major developments in probability theory, including the law of the iterated logarithm and the law of large numbers, and representation theorems for infinitely divisible distributions and the correlation functions of stationary processes. He is well known also for his series of lucid expository texts.
Y‐chromosome and mitochondrial DNA studies on the population structure of the Christmas Island community
Authors: Wise Cheryl A. , Sullivan Sheena G. , Black Michael L. , Erber Wendy N. , Bittles Alan H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractChristmas Island is a remote Australian territory located close to the main Indonesian island of Java. Y‐chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of the population, which comprises communities of mixed ethnic origin. Analysis of 12 Y‐chromosome biallelic polymorphisms revealed a high level of gene diversity and haplotype frequencies that were consistent with source populations in southern China and Southeast Asia. mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS‐I) sequences displayed high levels of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity that were comparable to various Asian populations. Genetic distances revealed extremely low mtDNA differentiation among Christmas Islanders and Asian populations. This was supported by the relatively high proportion of sequence types shared among these populations. The most common mtDNA haplogroups were M* and B, followed by D and F, which are prevalent in East/Southeast Asia. Christmas Islanders of European descent were characterized by the Eurasian haplogroup R*, and a limited degree of admixture was observed. In general, analysis of the genetic data indicated population affinities to southern Chinese (in particular from the Yunnan Province) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia), which was consistent with historical records of settlement. The combined use of these different marker systems provides a useful and appropriate model for the study of contemporary populations derived from different ethnic origins. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erkennung Prolin‐reicher Motive (PRMs) durch Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungsdomänen
Authors: Ball Linda J. , Kühne Ronald , Schneider‐Mergener Jens , Oschkinat Hartmut 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProtein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen sind für alle Aspekte zellulärer Aktivität wichtig. Bildung und Dissoziation der Multiproteinkomplexe erfolgen auf spezifische Weise, oft mit ähnlichen Mechanismen. Bei der Signalübertragung sind häufig Proteindomänen beteiligt, die Prolin‐reiche Motive binden (PRMs); Prolin begünstigt die spezifische Erkennung derartiger Motive, ohne dass dabei hohe Affinitäten benötigt werden. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir eine detaillierte und quantitative Bewertung der Strukturmerkmale vor, die die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den PRM‐Bindungsdomänen und den PRMs der Liganden festlegen, und untersuchen die Spezifität der PRM‐Erkennung. Durch Kombination mit Ergebnissen des Screenings von Peptidbibliotheken konnten wir verschiedene hoch konservierte Wechselwirkungen identifizieren, die in allen Komplexen von PRM‐Bindungsdomänen vorkommen. Das Unterdrücken von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen mithilfe kleiner Moleküle ist eine große Herausforderung – daher ist es wichtig, zunächst genau die kritischen Wechselwirkungen zu identifizieren, die beim Design von Inhibitoren von PRM‐Bindungsdomänen zu berücksichtigen sind.
Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Potential Promising Anti‐inflammatory Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Bekhit Adnan A. , Ashour Hayam M. A. , Guemei Aida A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFour series of 1H‐pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized. The first series was synthesized starting by condensing the hydrazine derivatives 1a–d with 4‐(1‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐oxopropyl)azobenzoic acid 2a in ethanol or glacial acetic acid to generate the corresponding pyrazoline derivatives 3a–d. Likewise, heating 1a–d with 4‐(1‐acetyl‐2‐oxopropyl)azobenzoic acid 2b gave rise to the pyrazole derivatives 4a–d. Similarly, reaction of 1a–d with ethyl 2‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1Hpyrazol‐4‐ylazo)‐3‐oxobutanoate 2c or 3‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl azo)pentane‐2,4‐dione 2d in ethanol or glacial acetic acid led to the corresponding pyrazoline derivatives 5a–d or pyrazole derivatives 6a–d. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory‐antimicrobial activities. In addition, the ulcerogenic and acute toxicity profiles were determined. Compound 6c, proved to be the most active anti‐inflammatory‐antimicrobial agent in the present study with a good safety margin and no ulcerogenic effect.
Method for coronary angiography in morbidly obese patients
Authors: Kussmaul William G. , Bowers Bruce , Dairywala Ismael 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCardiac catheterization in morbidly obese patients is difficult. In addition to problems regarding vascular access and radiographic penetration of the chest, the engineering parameters and physical limitations of the table and its supporting structures may limit these patients' ability to undergo clinically indicated coronary angiography. We describe a method for cardiac catheterization in which much of the obese patient's body weight is supported on a stretcher placed at right angles to the catheterization table, with only the thorax on the table under the image intensifier. Using this method, five consecutive successful diagnostic procedures and one coronary stent procedure have been performed without complication. Limitations of this procedure include inability to achieve the normal variety of angiographic views due to constraints on image intensifier rotation and skew. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition Metal Complexes Coordinated by an NAD(P)H Model Compound and their Enhanced Hydride‐Donating Abilities in the Presence of a Base
Authors: Kobayashi Atsuo , Konno Hideo , Sakamoto Kazuhiko , Sekine Akiko , Ohashi Yuji , Iida Masashi , Ishitani Osamu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) complexes containing an NAD(P)H model compound, 1‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), as ligand, [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNAH)]2+(1 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNAH)]+(1 b), were quantitatively produced by the reaction of the corresponding metal hydrido complexes with BNA+(1‐benzylnicotinamidium cation). In the presence of base with pKa=8.9,1 aand1 bhave much greater reducing power than “free” BNAH. The oxidation potentials of1 ain the absence and the presence of triethylamine were 0.55 V and −0.04 V, respectively, versus Ag/AgNO3, whereas that of “free” BNAH was 0.30 V. Spectroscopic results clearly showed that the base extracts a proton from the carbamoyl group on1 aand1 bto give the deprotonated BNAH coordinating to the transition‐metal complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNAH−H+)]+(3 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNAH−H+)] (3 b); this deprotonation underlies the enhancement in reducing ability. The deprotonated forms3 aand3 bcan efficiently reduce other NAD(P) models to give the corresponding 1,4‐dihydro form, resulting in the deprotonated BNA+being coordinated to the metal complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNA+−H+)]2+(2 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNA+−H+)]+(2 b); “free” BNAH and the protonated adducts1 aand1 bcannot act in this way. X‐ray crystallography was performed on the PF6−salt of2 a, and showed that the deprotonated nitrogen atom on the carbamoyl group coordinates to the ruthenium(II) metal center with a bond length of 2.086(3) Å. Infrared spectral data suggested that the deprotonated carbamoyl group on the reduced forms3 aand3 bis converted to the imido group, and that the oxygen atom coordinates to the metal center.
Novel Phthalocyaninatobis(alkylcarboxylato)silicon(IV) Compounds: NMR Data and X‐ray Structures To Study the Spacing Provided by Long Hydrocarbon Tails That Enhance Their Solubility
Authors: Sosa‐Sánchez Jose L. , Sosa‐Sánchez Arturo , Farfán Norberto , Zamudio‐Rivera Luis S. , López‐Mendoza Gerson , Pérez Flores Javier , Beltrán Hiram I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe reaction between trans‐PcSiCl2 (1) and the potassium salts of six fatty acids (2 a–2 f) led to the trans‐PcSi[OOC(CH2)nCH3]2 compounds (3 a–3 f), which were characterised by elemental analysis, IR, UV/Vis and 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. From a detailed study of the NMR spectra, the strong anisotropic currents of the Pc macrocycle were found to have an effect on up to the sixth methylenic group. As expected, the length of the hydrocarbon tail does not affect the chemical shift of the 29Si nucleus of any of the compounds, appearing at around −222.6. The structures of PcSi[OOC(CH2)nCH3]2, where n=7, 10, 12, 13 and 20, were determined by X‐ray crystallography. All the compounds were found to be triclinic with a P$\bar 1$ space group. In all cases the observed crystallographic pseudosymmetry is Ci and the asymmetric unit consists of half a molecule. The silicon atom is at the centre of a distorted octahedron and hence its coordination number is six. The carboxylate fragments are in a trans configuration with respect to the Pc macrocycle. The supramolecular structures are discussed in detail herein. The correlation between the 1H NMR chemical shifts and the position of the corresponding carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail reveals that the dicarboxylate substituents exhibit a spacer‐like behaviour that enhances the solubility. A detailed study of the tail variable allowed us to evaluate the loss of radial shielding along the Pc2− ligand.
Regulation of Tbx6 expression by Notch signaling
Authors: White Phillip H. , Farkas Deborah R. , Chapman Deborah L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSomites are the first overt sign of segmentation in the vertebrate embryo and form from bilateral strips of paraxial mesoderm. Paraxial mesoderm arises from the primitive streak; it then migrates laterally and comes to lie on both sides of the neural tube. In the mouse, the T‐box transcription factor Tbx6 is required for both somite formation and patterning. Tbx6 expression corresponds both temporally and spatially to somite formation, with expression in the primitive streak and presomitic mesoderm. Its expression in the latter could simply be explained by maintenance following its initial activation in the primitive streak. Alternatively, its expression in the presomitic mesoderm may be contributed by separate regulatory elements possibly under the control of different signals. We have begun to investigate how Tbx6 expression is controlled during development using a transgenic approach to identify the cis‐acting regulatory regions. We show that it is possible to separate an element required for presomitic mesoderm expression from that driving expression in the primitive streak. Further, we show that a binding site for the Notch transcription factor RBP‐Jκ is necessary for Tbx6 presomitic mesoderm enhancer activity, indicating that Notch signaling is upstream of Tbx6 in the pathway directing somite formation and patterning. genesis 42:61–70, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of CTPL/Sfxn3 and Sfxn family members in pancreatic islet
Authors: Yoshikumi Yukako , Mashima Hirosato , Ueda Namiki , Ohno Hideki , Suzuki Junko , Tanaka Shigeyasu , Hayashi Michio , Sekine Nobuo , Ohnishi Hirohide , Yasuda Hiroshi , Iiri Taroh , Omata Masao , Fujita Toshiro , Kojima Itaru 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPancreatic AR42J cells have the feature of pluripotency of the precursor cells of the gut endoderm. Betacellulin (BTC) and activin A (Act) convert them into insulin‐secreting cells. Using mRNA differential display techniques, we have identified a novel mitochondrial transporter, which is highly expressed during the course of differentiation, and have designated it citrate transporter protein‐like protein (CTPL). Recently sideroflexin 1 (Sfxn1) was shown to be a susceptible gene of flexed‐tail (f/f) mice, and CTPL has turned out to be a rat orthologous protein of Sfxn3, a member of sideroflexin family. CTPL/Sfxn3 was targeted to mitochondrial membrane like Sfxn1. The expression levels of CTPL/Sfxn3, Sfxn2, and Sfxn5 were upregulated in the early phase of differentiation into insulin‐secreting cells but the expression levels of Sfxn1 and Sfxn3 did not change. All Sfxn family members were expressed in rat pancreatic islet. The expression levels of CTPL/Sfxn3, Sfxn2, and Sfxn5 were also upregulated in islets of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats compared to normal rats. The downregulation of CTPL/Sfxn3 in a rat insulinoma cell line, INS‐1, with the antisense oligonucleotide did not affect the insulin secretion. Taken together, CTPL/Sfxn3 and some other family members might be important in the differentiation of pancreatic β‐cells as a channel or a carrier molecule and be related to the regeneration of pancreatic endocrine cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential Electrografting and Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization: a Strategy for the Tailoring of Conductive Surfaces
Authors: Voccia Samuel , Claes Michael , Jérôme Robert , Jérôme Christine 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: An electrografting technique has been combined with ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Poly(allyl methacrylate) chains have been chemisorbed onto steel and carbon plates under an appropriate cathodic potential in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The allyl moieties have been converted into Ru catalysts active in ROMP of norbornene and its derivatives. Initiation of ROMP from the surface is an efficient strategy to prepare strongly adhering coatings of tunable thickness and hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, depending on the norbornene derivative polymerized at the surface.The hydrophobicity of the polymer coating may be controlled by hydrolysis of the polynorbornene derivative.magnified imageThe hydrophobicity of the polymer coating may be controlled by hydrolysis of the polynorbornene derivative.
Stereoselective Cyclopolymerization of Polar 1,6‐Heptadiynes by Novel, Tailor‐Made Ruthenium‐Based Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Halbach Tobias S. , Krause Jens O. , Nuyken Oskar , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: The cyclopolymerization of 4,4‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M1), 4‐(carboxyethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M2), 4‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M3), and 4‐carboxy‐1,6‐heptadiyne (M4) using five different well‐defined metathesis initiators was investigated. Control of molar mass was achieved with catalysts bearing trifluoroacetate ligands. 13C NMR experiments showed that poly‐M2, prepared by the action of any catalyst consisted solely of five‐membered ring structures, i.e., 1,2‐(cyclopent‐1‐enylene)vinylene units. Effective conjugation lengths of all polymers were calculated from the corresponding UV‐Vis absorption maxima, which varied reversibly with temperature.
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Dietary fibre and colorectal cancer: A model for environment – gene interactions
Authors: Young Graeme P. , Hu Ying , Le Leu Richard K. , Nyskohus Laura 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAs environmental factors are clearly associated with risk for colorectal cancer, we set out to model how dietary fibre, or the effects of its ingestion, might impact upon the complex events that characterise colorectal oncogenesis. The diverse nature of dietary fibre and its resultant fate in the gut is outlined. The evidence indicates that different types of fibre create different conditions in different regions of the gut. This is reflected in different effects on oncogenesis especially in animal models. Data from animal models show that insoluble fibre is protective. Evidence from human studies are not consistent, especially considering the interventional studies. However, all such studies have been dependent on biomarkers short of cancer formation, for measurement of an effect. The biological and molecular events characteristic of colorectal oncogenesis are reviewed in an effort to identify how fibre ingestion might regulate oncogenesis. While several mechanisms might account for protection, the results of fermentation and especially butyrate production provide examples of how genomic instability might be controlled. Activation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest seem likely to be mechanisms that would enable correction of genomic events that drive oncogenesis. Butyrate itself can regulate gene expression by both epigenetic and direct effects.
Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy‐phenolic mixtures
Authors: Laza J. M. , Vilas J. L. , Garay M. T. , Rodríguez M. , León L. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe dynamic‐mechanical properties of different mixtures formed by an epoxy resin (DGEBA type) and a phenolic resin (resole type) cured by trietylenetetramine and/or p‐toluensulphonic acid at different concentrations have been studied by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). All samples were cured by pressing at 90 °C during 6 h. The mechanical studies were performed between −100 to 300 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C/min. This study was also carried out for the epoxy‐TETA and phenolic‐p‐toluensulphonic acid systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1548–1555, 2005
Striped‐pattern formation of a thin gold film deposited onto a stretched elastic silicone substrate
Authors: Watanabe Masashi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA well‐regulated striped pattern was produced on a thin gold film with the following very simple procedure. Gold was deposited by ion sputtering onto an elastic silicone sheet that was prestretched. The obtained gold film was observed without the release of the stretching. A well‐regulated striped pattern spontaneously formed on its surface. This pattern was observed over a wide area (>2 cm2) with a very small number of cracks. The wavelength of the pattern, ranging from 6 to 20 μm, could be controlled by the thickness of the gold film. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1532–1537, 2005
The variation of multipole polarizability at the surface of alkaline earth oxides and sulfides
Authors: Yousif Al‐Mulla S. Y. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMultipole polarizabilities of O2– and S2– ions at the {100}, {110} and {111} surfaces of oxides and sulfides of rocksalt structure were calculated variationally using the Kirkwood–Pople–Schofield (KPS) approach, and the method of Parry of calculating the electrostatic potential in the surface region of an ionic crystal. These results including various effects such as relaxation and rumpling were compared with bulk values for these systems. The initial wavefunctions of Harker have been used in the calculations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of spin–orbit interaction on the electrical conductivity of three‐dimensional disordered systems
Authors: Spisak B. J. , Paja A. , Morgan G. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA calculation of the effects of spin–orbit interaction on electron transport in 3D disordered systems is presented. We use the Wigner density matrix to construct self‐consistent transport equations which can be used to discuss weak localization (quantum interference) effects and even strong localization. The formula for the transport relaxation time has been obtained. The change of the resistivity due to spin–orbit interaction is negative in agreement with experiment. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chirality effect on carbon nanotube electron resonators
Authors: Yang Linfeng , Chen Jiangwei , Yang Huatong , Dong Jinming 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe quantum conductance oscillations of metallic single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) electron resonators with different chirality have been studied numerically. It is found that the slow oscillation background as well as fast conductance oscillations are intrinsic properties of SWNT electron resonators. All metallic SWNT except zigzag type electron resonators can present slow conductance oscillations background, whose oscillation period is increase as the chiral angle decrease, and the zigzag type SWNT resonators don't show the slow oscillation background. For the armchair SWNT resonators the slow oscillation background have distinctly different transport behavior depending on whether the length of the tube is commensurate with a (3N + 1) rule, with N the number of basic carbon repeat units along the nanotube length. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)