bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No association between pre‐diagnostic plasma C‐reactive protein concentration and subsequent prostate cancer
Authors: Platz Elizabeth A. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Erlinger Thomas P. , Rifai Nader , Visvanathan Kala , Hoffman Sandra C. , Helzlsouer Kathy J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe evaluated the association of pre‐diagnostic plasma concentration of C‐reactive protein, a sensitive, but non‐specific indicator of inflammation, with subsequent risk of prostate cancer.METHODSIncluded were 264 histologically confirmed prostate cancer cases and 264 age‐matched controls who were participants in the CLUE II cohort of Washington County, MD. C‐reactive protein was measured using a high‐sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from conditional logistic regression models by fourth of the C‐reactive protein distribution with cutpoints based on the controls. The median concentrations from the lowest to highest fourth were 0.41, 1.03, 1.90, and 4.53 mg/L.RESULTSGeometric mean plasma concentrations did not differ between the cases (1.24 ± 2.94 mg/L) and controls (1.41 ± 2.97 mg/L; P = 0.16). Compared to the bottom fourth, the ORs (95% CI) of prostate cancer were 1.29 (0.80–2.08), 0.98 (0.61–1.58), and 0.95 (0.57–1.58) for the second, third, and highest fourths (P trend = 0.66). These findings were unchanged after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and cigarette smoking status or after excluding men with markedly elevated C‐reactive protein, cases diagnosed during the first 2 years of follow‐up, or controls who never had a PSA test. These findings did not differ by stage or grade of prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONSPre‐diagnostic plasma concentration of C‐reactive protein was not associated with subsequent risk of prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate‐tumor targeting of gene expression by lentiviral vectors containing elements of the probasin promoter
Authors: Yu Duan , Jia William W. , Gleave Martin E. , Nelson Colleen C. , Rennie Paul S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDLentiviruses are retroviruses that can infect and stably integrate into the chromatin of non‐dividing cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lentiviral vectors containing the probasin (PB) promoter displayed prostate‐specific, androgen‐regulated, and persistent gene expression.METHODSThree lentiviral‐PB promoter/enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐reporter vectors together with a control lentiviral‐CMV‐EGFP, were tested by microscopy and flowcytometry for expression of EGFP after infection of human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC‐3, PC‐3(hAR), and Du145 cells) and non‐prostate cells (COS‐1, HeLa, HeLa(hAR), and MCF‐7 cells).RESULTSAll cells infected in vitro with lentiviral‐CMV vectors expressed EGFP, whereas with lentiviral‐PB vectors (the most potent being Lv‐ARR2PB), reporter expression was only observed in LNCaP cells with a small amount seen in androgen‐independent PC‐3 cells. Stable or transient transfection of androgen receptor only raised EGFP expression in prostate‐derived cell lines, but did not change tumor specificity. With Lv‐ARR2PB infected LNCaP cells, androgens regulated EGFP both in vitro and in vivo. After intra‐tumor injection of this vector, EGFP expression was observed in LNCaP tumors, but not in A‐549 lung or CaKi‐2 kidney tumors.CONCLUSIONSLv‐ARR2PB may be an ideal vector for prostate‐tumor targeting and for persistent, hormone‐enhanced expression of a therapeutic gene to treat slow growing prostate tumors. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergency venting requirements for tempered systems considering partial vapor–liquid separation with disengagement parameters greater than unity part I: Model development
Authors: Robert D'Alessandro P.E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPart I of this two‐paper series presents closed‐form analytical expressions for the two‐phase emergency relief requirements of top‐vented vertical cylindrical containers when the fluids involved exhibit partial disengagement. Both churn‐turbulent flow and bubbly flow fluid behaviors, with disengagement parameters greater than unity, are considered. Energy input from either runaway reactions or uncontrolled external heat is included. The methods are limited to systems that are tempered and do not contain noncondensable components. In Part II, the models developed in Part I are applied to specific points along the venting transient, yielding expressions for the required flowrate under emergency conditions. Part II elaborates on the limitations of the models, illustrates the use of the models with numerical examples, and compares the results against previous work. The effect of disengagement parameters greater than unity is illustrated in terms of both the required relieving rate and the mass remaining inside the container when disengagement occurs. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 23: 1–15, 2004
On the Peierls stress in Al and Cu: An atomistic simulation and comparison with experiment
Authors: Pasianot Roberto C. , Moreno‐Gobbi Ariel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn atomistic calculation of the Peierls stress in Al and Cu is undertaken in order to assess consistency with experiments. The measured yield stress extrapolated to 0 K results at least one order of magnitude smaller than the Peierls stress commonly derived from internal friction data. On the theoretical side, some calculations for Al are already available (using different approaches than presently) however none is for Cu. The simulations employ semi‐empirical many‐body interatomic potentials, fitted here to the generalized stacking fault energy surface (calculated elsewhere with ab initio electronic structure methods), as well as others from the literature. After a critical assessment, reasonable agreement is demonstrated between our results and the Peierls stress values derived from internal friction experiments within the framework of the kink pair formation model. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Calculation of thermodynamic properties of Cu and Ag using a self‐consistent statistical method
Authors: Karasevskii A. I. , Lubashenko V. V. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe thermal properties of the simple fcc metals Cu and Ag are investigated within a self‐consistent statistical approach. The method is based on a variation procedure calculating a parameter of the quasi‐elastic bond of neighboring atoms. The effective interionic interaction is approximated by the Morse pair potential fitting the experimental values for the lattice constant and the bulk modulus. The electronic contribution to the free energy is estimated within the free‐electron approximation. For both Cu and Ag we compute the temperature dependence of the interatomic distance, the specific heat at constant pressure, and the bulk modulus, and the equation of state at 293 K. Good agreement with experimental data is observed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diffusive magnetoresistance and interlayer exchange coupling of the ferromagnet–semiconductor layered systems Fe/GaAs and Fe/Ge
Authors: Perlov A. , Popescu V. , Ebert H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe report results on calculations of the electronic, magnetic and transport properties of Fe/GaAs and Fe/Ge multilayer systems. On the base of the generalized Bloch theorem we have calculated the electronic structure for a set of spin‐spiral structures, which allows us to extract averaged interlayer exchange parameters and their dependence on the width of the semiconductor spacer. The dependence of the dc conductivity and magnetoresistance on the width of the semiconductor layer and the relative angle between the moments of adjacent FM‐layers allowed us to model the dependence of the resistivity on a magnetic field. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The nitrogen–hydrogen–vacancy complex in GaAs
Authors: Ulrici W. , Kiessling F.‐M. , Rudolph P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe local vibrational mode absorption lines at 3079.2 and 983.3 cm−1, measured in semi‐insulating LEC‐grown GaAs, are due to the stretching and wagging mode of one hydrogen bonded to a light impurity atom. The investigation of GaAs grown without boric oxide encapsulant delivers arguments that this impurity atom is nitrogen in the nitrogen‐vacancy (NAs–VGa) defect, which is responsible for the vibrational quadruplet line at 638 cm−1. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NMR line shape analysis in the incommensurate phase of bis(4‐chlorophenyl)sulfone
Authors: Taye A. , Michel D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractHigh quality single BCPS crystals were used to study the influence of a structurally incommensurate (IC) modulation on the line shape in 35Cl NMR spectra where the phase transition from the normal into the IC phase at ca. 150 K is clearly reflected in the appearance of an asymmetric frequency distribution with edge singularities. The line shape calculations are performed in a temperature range where the validity of the plane wave limit may be assumed. In nice agreement with an X‐ray analysis of the rotational symmetry modes in the IC phase by Zuniga et al., the evaluation of the 35Cl NMR frequency distributions is based on the IC modulation of the Euler angles which describe the orientation of 35Cl NMR quadrupole coupling tensor in the crystal frame. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ToF‐SIMS studies of nanoporous PMSSQ materials: kinetics and reactions in the processing of low‐K dielectrics for ULSI applications
Authors: Lazzeri P. , Rubloff G. W. , Vanzetti L. , Briber R. M. , Anderle M. , Bersani M. , Park J. J. , Kim H.‐C. , Volksen W. , Miller R. D. , Lin Z. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDetailed investigations of spin‐on polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSSQ)‐based low‐K materials were carried out by means of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) to identify the reaction kinetics and mechanisms occurring during the manufacturing of nanoporous dielectrics for ULSI applications. Analysis of the static SIMS fingerprints led to the identification of key species related to the PMSSQ oligomers, as well to the observation of features related to the initial functionality of the precursor materials. The intensity variations of the key species with thermal curing reveal the polymerization kinetics of the dielectric precursors. In addition, thermal decomposition and volatilization of the polymethylmethacrylate–dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate copolymer (PMMA‐co‐DMAEMA) porogen was established based on the detection of fragments related to the different moieties of the copolymer molecule. Porogen degradation takes place via cleavage of the DMAEMA co‐monomer at low temperature, followed by volatilization of the residual PMMA‐enriched polymer upon annealing at higher temperature. Several complementary phenomena occurring during the formation of these complex systems can be evaluated by ToF‐SIMS, revealing major features crucial to materials development and the manufacturing of novel low‐dielectric‐constant (K) dielectrics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth profiling of light elements in PAMBE‐grown GaN and helium‐implanted titanium with heavy ion time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection
Authors: Markwitz A. , Kennedy V. J. , Durbin S.M. , Johnson P. B. , Mücklich A. , Dytlewski N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe heavy ion time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis (HI‐ERDA) technique was used to investigate the possibility of measuring near‐surface elemental depth profiles of light and mid‐Z elements in thin films of plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE)‐grown GaN and helium‐implanted titanium. The great advantage of HI‐ERDA is the ability to measure mass‐separated elemental depth profiles simultaneously. However for some materials it is not certain whether HI‐ERDA can be used successfully because significant sputtering or other beam‐induced damage may occur. The damage to the surfaces by a 77 MeV iodine beam was assessed using RBS, AFM and profilometry. The results show that for thin PAMBE‐grown polycrystalline GaN films and for titanium that has been heavily implanted with helium a significant modification of the near‐surface region is caused by the probing heavy ion beam. For the PAMBE‐grown GaN films the most significant loss trend is observed for nitrogen. Surprisingly this was not accompanied by a change in surface topology. In contrast, an almost complete removal of the heavily helium‐implanted surface layer was measured for the titanium specimens. The investigation shows that reference measurements with additional techniques such as RBS, AFM and profilometry have to be performed to ascertain sample integrity before HI‐ERDA data can be used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cultural production of science in reform‐based physics: Girls' access, participation, and resistance
Authors: Carlone Heidi B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRecent literature in science education suggests that, to transform girls' participation, learning, and identities within school science, we must think about ways to engage girls in different kinds of educational activities that promote broader meanings of science and scientist. This study was designed to examine more deeply this call for a changed science curriculum and its implications for girls' participation, interest, and emerging science identities. In this ethnographic study, I examine the culturally produced meanings of science and scientist in a reform‐based physics classroom that used a curriculum called Active Physics, how these meanings reproduced and contested larger sociohistorical (and prototypical) meanings of science and scientist, and the ways girls participated within and against these meanings. The girls in this upper middle class school were mostly concerned with accessing and maintaining a good student identity (rather than connecting to science in any meaningful way) and resisted promoted meanings of science and scientist that they perceived as threatening to their good student identities. Their embrace of the ways school defined success (via grades and college admission) produced a meaning of Active Physics as a way to get credentials on a transcript and ensured their disconnection from real‐world, meaningful science and science identities. The story of girls' participation and resistance in Active Physics complicates our quest for gender‐fair science and highlights the power of sociohistorical meanings of schooling and science in producing educational subjects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 392–414, 2004
Blurring the lines for learning: The role of out‐of‐school programs as complements to formal learning
Authors: Pittman Karen J. , Irby Merita , Yohalem Nicole , Wilson‐Ahlstrom Alicia 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAs debates continue over the effectiveness of after‐school programs, we need to create stronger links between schools and out‐of‐school activities. Where do such connections begin? How can we integrate skill‐building and academic competence into the out‐of‐school‐time context?
Processes of adjustment in organized out‐of‐school activities: Opportunities and risks
Authors: Mahoney Joseph L. , Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Larson Reed W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractParticipation in organized out‐of‐school activities leads to long‐term psychosocial and educational benefits for young people. Now we're learning which features of these activities best support individual children.
The absence of the Isw2p–Itc1p chromatin‐remodelling complex induces mating type‐specific and Flo11p‐independent invasive growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Trachtulcová Petra , Frýdlová Ivana , Janatová Ivana , Hašek Jiří 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Isw2p–Itc1p chromatin remodelling complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the ISWI class of ATPases with a nucleosome spacing activity, involved in regulation of expression of a broad spectrum of genes. Its absence causes derepression of a‐specific genes and aberrant morphology in α‐mating type cells. We report here that the deletion of the ISW2 gene in the originally non‐invasive BY strain induces mating type‐specific invasive growth strongly affected by nitrogen starvation. Although the Flo11 protein was postulated to be critical for haploid invasive growth, we showed that the invasive growth caused by the isw2 and itc1 deletions in α‐mating type cells was Flo11p‐independent. This type of invasive growth was proved to be a consequence of the activation of the pheromone response pathway. Our results suggest that Isw2 and Itc1 proteins do not have the same impact on the described phenomenon. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of twentieth‐century extreme rainfall events in the United Kingdom with implications for forecasting
Authors: Hand William H. , Fox Neil I. , Collier Christopher G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRainfall events in the United Kingdom during the twentieth century have been surveyed and those identified as extreme by the Flood Studies Report (1975) standards have been examined for common features. Events of duration up to 60 hours were considered in order to investigate those that could cause flash floods. More than half of the 50 events identified were short‐period convective storms. The rainfall events were classified by meteorological situation, location and season, allowing the identification of conditions under which extreme rainfall occurred.Suitable conditions for extreme rainfall were split into three categories: orographic, frontal and convective. The frontal and convective classes were then divided into two sub‐classes according to whether significant embedded instability was present in the frontal cases and the nature of the convection in the convective cases. The study revealed a lot of commonality between the cases. For example, all of the orographic events occurred in winter in moist west to southwest airflows, and 80% of the frontal cases involved a slow‐moving depression to the south or east and also a slow moving frontal system. A conceptual airflow diagram has been developed for some of the frontal cases. The key result, however, was the discovery that each category of meteorological situation occupied a unique space in a rainfall amount versus duration diagram for each extreme event. This offers exciting opportunities for applying the results of this study and a framework for studying future events. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Neural networks in satellite rainfall estimation
Authors: Tapiador F. J. , Kidd C. , Hsu K.‐L. , Marzano F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNeural networks (NNs) have been successfully used in the environmental sciences over the last two decades. However, only a few review papers have been published, most of which cover image processing, classification, prediction and geophysical retrieval in general, while neglecting rainfall estimation issues. This paper reviews, without aiming to be exhaustive, NN approaches to satellite rainfall estimation (SRE) by providing an overview of some of the methodologies proposed. A basic introduction to NNs is provided and the advantages of using NNs in SRE are explained, illustrating how NNs can be used to complement more computational‐expensive methods to generate quick and accurate results in near real time. The role of the NNs in statistical‐empirical algorithms is also reviewed. The last section aims to generate some discussion through comparing the empirical and deterministic algorithmic approaches and contrasting some of the apparent drawbacks of using NNs with a statistically based view of the satellite geophysical parameter estimation. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Periokuläre Dermatitis
Authors: Dirschka Thomas , Tronnier Hagen 
Published: March 2004

ZusammenfassungHintergrund: Bei der perioralen Dermatitis können Hautveränderungen paradoxerweise den Perioralbereich gänzlich aussparen und bisweilen isoliert unter anderem im periokulären Bereich (periokuläre Dermatitis) beobachtet werden.Patienten/Methoden: Die Karteien von 23 Patienten mit ausschließlich periokulärer Dermatitis wurden hinsichtlich folgender Parameter untersucht: klinischer Befund, Atopieanamnese, topische Behandlungen im Gesichtsbereich, Prick‐ und Epikutanteste, CAP‐SX1, Vortherapien, Abheilzeiten, Rezidive. 23 alters‐ und geschlechtsgleiche Personen, die nie unter einer periokulären Dermatitis litten, wurden als Kontrollpersonen zufällig ausgewählt (Fall‐Kontroll‐Studie).Ergebnisse: Es traten vornehmlich Mikropapeln im lateralen Augenwinkel‐ und Unterlidbereich auf. Die Untersuchungsgruppen unterschieden sich signifikant (p < 0,05) hinsichtlich der Anamnese atopischer Erkrankungen und reaktiver Prickteste. 22 Patienten verwendeten regelmäßig Gesichts‐ oder Augenpflegeprodukte. Diese unterschieden sich nicht signifikant hinsichtlich Anzahl und Art der Produkte vom Kontrollkollektiv. 6 Patienten waren mit topischen Kortikoiden vorbehandelt. Die Abheilzeit betrug 2 – 8 Wochen (Median: 4 Wochen).Schlußfolgerungen: Die periokuläre Dermatitis ist eine Variante der perioralen Dermatitis, wobei gleichartige pathogenetische Faktoren beobachtet werden. Die Elimination von topischen Kortikoiden und die allmähliche Reduktion von Pflegepräparaten führen regelmäßig zur Abheilung.
A genetic algorithm for the detection of new cis-regulatory modules in sets of coregulated genes
Authors: Aerts Stein , Van Loo Peter , Moreau Yves , De Moor Bart 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Summary: The implementation of a genetic algorithm is described that provides a fast method of searching for the optimal combination of transcription factor binding sites in a set of regulatory sequences.
Availability: The algorithm can be used transparently as a web service from within the Toucan software. Toucan can be accessed at http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~saerts/software/toucan.php. A standalone version of the software is available upon request.
LumberJack: a heuristic tool for sequence alignment exploration and phylogenetic inference
Authors: Lawrence Carolyn J. , Zmasek Christian M. , Dawe R. Kelly , Malmberg Russell L. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Summary: LumberJack is a phylogenetic tool intended to serve two purposes: to facilitate sampling treespace to find likely tree topologies quickly, and to map phylogenetic signal onto regions of an alignment in a revealing way. LumberJack creates non-random jackknifed alignments by progressively sliding a window of omission along the alignment. A neighbor-joining tree is built from the full alignment and from each jackknifed alignment, and then the likelihood for each topology (given the original full alignment) is calculated. To determine whether any of the topologies generated is significantly more likely than the others, Kishino-Hasegawa, Shimodaira-Hasegawa and ELW tests are implemented.
Availability and Supplementary information: http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/~russell/software.html