bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ebb and Flow of Cultures
Authors: Smith Nigel J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many people inhabited Amazonia at the time of first contact with Europeans? More importantly to this discussion, what was their impact on the environment, particularly on biodiversity? Answers to these two questions can tell us a lot about the region’s potential for sustaining population growth and development. We can also derive lessons from the legacy of natural resource exploitation during the colonial period, as well as from the boom-and-bust cycles over the last century or so. The Amazon floodplain has often been considered sparsely settled, or inhabited only briefly by advanced cultures that arrived in the region and then soon declined. The region has thus been portrayed as largely empty, little toucheduntil recently-by human activities. Yet nearly a century ago, 0. F. Cook, an ecologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, pointed out that few forests in the New World can be considered virgin.1 Dense populations in many tropical forest regions of the Americas have resulted in substantial transformation of woodlands.
The Emergence and Impact of Livestock Raising
Authors: Smith Nigel J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the Muscovy duck and some stingless bees, no truly domesticated animals appear to have been kept by indigenous peoples in Amazonia. Abundant sources of animal protein along the rivers, especially along muddy rivers such as the Amazon, may have dissuaded groups from taking the trouble to tame, house, and feed animals. Many mammals and birds were kept as pets, but these were usually captured in the wild while still young. Some “pets” were eventually eaten, but others, particularly parrots, macaws, and harpy eagles, were kept to supply feathers for ornamental wear. Several Indian groups once kept thousands of giant river turtles in aquatic corrals along the Amazon, but these “river cattle” were captured after laying eggs on beaches at low water, rather than raised in captivity.
John Hughlings Jackson
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces the life and scientific career of Dr. John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911), the English physician who pioneered the development of neurology as a medical specialty during the reign of Queen Victoria. Jackson made a number of scientific discoveries in several areas of higher nervous activity and language, and contributed greatly to the study of various types of epilepsy. He isolated the form of epilepsy associated with localized convulsive seizures, known as Jacksonian epilepsy. His research on epilepsy stretched across a broad spectrum and included uncinate attacks, intellectual aurae, and many other manifestations, which are now collectively covered by the term temporal lobe epilepsy. He was also among the first to recognize the pattern of disease of the cerebellum. Jackson's research was not limited to epilepsy, and encompassed studies in aphasia and neuro-ophthalmology. Following the concepts of the philosopher Herbert Spencer, Jackson devised a hierarchy of the nervous system with positive and negative manifestations of neurological activity. His work was based on a detailed, insightful evaluation of the clinical symptoms of diseases of the brain, coupled with meticulous, repeated studies of their phenomena. Jackson's observations of localized brain lesions led to the first cases of neurosurgical ablation of brain tumours. Much of his original work still forms the foundation of our contemporary understanding of the dissolution of language caused by disease. A straightforward, comprehensive account of the life of an eminent physician, John Hughlings Jackson: Father of English Neurology is written as a monument to a man who aroused the deepest respect and affection in his students and colleagues. Neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, pathologists, neuroscientists, residents and medical students will find this book a source of inspiration, and will relish its rare description of medicine in 19th century England.
Geographic Information Systems for Transportation
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GIS data and tools are revolutionizing transportation research and decision making, allowing transportation analysts and professionals to understand and solve complex transportation problems that were previously impossible. Here, Miller and Shaw present a comprehensive discussion of fundamental geographic science and the applications of these principles using GIS and other software tools. By providing thorough and accessible discussions of transportation analysis within a GIS environment, this volume fills a critical niche in GIS-T and GIS literature.
GIS-T Data Models
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss data models that are specifically oriented to GIS-T applications. We first discuss graph theory; this is the mathematical basis for representing networks, particularly in modeling. We will then discuss network representation of a transportation system, including the node-arc network model for representing a complex transportation system and logical data models for maintaining this representation in a computer database. We will then discuss linear referencing systems and the dynamic segmentation data model for recording and storing one-to-many relationships in a transportation network. Following this is a discussion of advanced data models for intelligent transportation systems and related applications, including data models that support navigation. Finally, we will review distributed and interoperable GIS-T data models.
Some Linguistic Aspects of Closure Cut-Off
Authors: Jasperson Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies some phonetic and phonological aspects of an especially common form of cut-off in English, a form that I term here “closure cut-off.” Cut-off is one of several techniques for initiating same-tum repair, and the particular variety of cut-off that involves an articulatory closure-for example, a glottal stop-is especially common. The general notion of cut-off derives from research on repair in CA as well as in other fields. Conventionally transcribed with a dash or hyphen, cut-off has been described as a “non-lexical perturbation” in speech (Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks 1977), whose action is perceived as “abrupt” (e.g., Goodwin 1981; Atkinson and Heritage 1984; Schegloff 1992; Nakatani and Hirschberg 1993; Sparks 1994). Its articulation has been described as typically involving glottal or other stop closure (e.g., Hockett 1967; Jefferson 1974; Schegloff 1979; Goodwin 1981; Sparks 1994).
Whales, Candlelight, and Stuff Like That
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This innovative work provides the first comprehensive account of general extenders (“or something,” “and stuff,” “or whatever”). Combining insights from linguistics, cognitive psychology, and interactional sociolinguistics, the author demonstrates that these small phrases are not simply vague expressions, but have a powerful role in making interpersonal communication work. The audience for this book includes linguists, scholars of English, teachers of English as a first and a second language, sociolinguists, psycholinguists, and communications researchers.
Motivational Organization of Emotions: Autonomic Changes, Cortical Responses, and Reflex Modulation
Authors: Hamm Alfons O , Schupp Harald T , Weike Almut I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uniqueness assertion is generally associated with Alexander’s (1950) psychosomatic hypotheses. The second assertion of sameness arguably finds its clearest statement in Mandler’s (1975) writings. Needless to say, these are both statements in extremis, and it would be difficult to find undiluted, unhedged versions of either in the contemporary literature. Nonetheless, they form the two poles around which participants in the debate over autonomic specificity have aggregated over the decades. In my view, both of these assertions are highly dubious.
Autonomic Specificity and Emotion
Authors: Levenson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autonomic specificity refers to the notion that emotions can be distinguished in terms of their associated patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. This idea has a long history in psychology, tracing back at least to James’s (1884) writings on the nature of emotion. Moreover, it is an idea that has always been shrouded in controversy, attracting many critics along the way (e.g., Cacioppo, Klein, Berntson, & Hatfield, 1993; Cannon, 1927; Schachter & Singer, 1962; Zajonc & McIntosh, 1992). The controversy has been framed by two immoderate assertions: (1) Every emotion is autonomically unique; and (2) every emotion is autonomically the same. The uniqueness assertion is generally associated with Alexander’s (1950) psychosomatic hypotheses. The second assertion of sameness arguably finds its clearest statement in Mandler’s (1975) writings. Needless to say, these are both statements in extremis, and it would be difficult to find undiluted, unhedged versions of either in the contemporary literature. Nonetheless, they form the two poles around which participants in the debate over autonomic specificity have aggregated over the decades. In my view, both of these assertions are highly dubious. Regarding the first assertion of uniqueness, as I hope this chapter makes clear, it is highly likely that reliable autonomic differences only exist for a small number of emotions. Moreover, where these differences do exist, they are likely to be “prototypical” in nature, with particular occurrences of a given emotion showing variation around these central tendencies. Similarly, there is ample basis for rejecting the second assertion of no autonomic differences among emotions. An examination of the empirical literature reveals many studies that report evidence of autonomic specificity. A flurry of such studies appeared after Ax (1953) developed a paradigm for using “real life” inductions to study this issue in the laboratory. Another flurry appeared 30 years later following our report (Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983) that used directed facial actions and relived emotional memories to address the same question. In contrast, there are surprisingly few published empirical studies that report failures to find any evidence for autonomic specificity. Most of the support for the “sameness” position comes from a number of influential critiques that have either discounted autonomic specificity on a priori grounds (e.g., Cannon’s argument that the autonomic nervous system was structurally incapable of supporting specificity; Cannon, 1927) or that have criticized existing data (e.g., Zajonc & McIntosh, 1992) without presenting any new data. The other source of “support” for the sameness position has derived from studies that have followed the paradigm introduced by Schachter and Singer (1962) in which the autonomic nervous system is activated by using some nonemotional agent (e.g., injection of epinephrine). Participants’ emotional labeling of the resultant state is shown to be quite malleable, reflecting cues in the experimental environment.
Introduction: Genetics and Development
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some more scientifically coherent future, almost every chapter in a handbook such as this would treat developmental issues in conjunction with its substantive focus, but the current reality is that developmental issues are the specialty of those, such as the authors represented in this section, who know the young organism well. A developmental perspective is largely missing from the treatment of many issues. However, this Handbook is distinctive in that nearly every section does have at least one chapter with significant developmental content. One reason for the missing developmental perspective in much of affective science is that emotional development has proved to be complex. In a simpler world, the essentials of emotional development might have been distilled into a story something like this: “Shortly after the neonatal period, all of a set of basic emotions would become apparent, at least in some form. These basic emotions would be discernible via facial expressions and rudimentary behavioral reactions to situations with the same formal features that elicit adult emotions (e.g., goalblocking, threat). The essential features of emotional development would concern how emotion is regulated and how appraisal of context becomes increasingly complex. Emotions that typically emerge in the second year of life or later could be understood via principles of straightforward combinations or differentiation of earlier, basic emotions. Genes would be more important for specification of early emotions, with later-emerging emotions and emotional regulation being largely molded by social experience. The individual differences aspect of emotionlargely understood as temperament—would be very stable and highly heritable. There would be unambiguous convergence of different measures of emotional individuality during development, such that the perspectives of parents and teachers, as well as objective behavioral recording, would be interchangeable.” Unfortunately, this simple scenario does not recognize the complexity that is emerging from recent research, such as that reviewed in this part. Instead, it seems probable that none of the statements in the preceding paragraph are unambiguously true, and some are demonstrably false.
Emotional Development During Infancy
Authors: Kopp Claire B , Neufeld Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seven decades ago a small group of researchers sought to describe developmental trends in emotion expressions among infants and young children. What began as relatively modest research efforts evolved decades later into many hundreds of studies focused on broad research questions about infant emotional development. From the 1960s onward, research designs and coding systems have become more innovative and refined, and sophisticated analytic approaches have moved the field to causal inferences. Instead of the single emphasis that characterized initial attempts to define infant emotions, six research themes now dominate the field: (1) the development of emotion expressions and experiences (e.g., fear, pleasure) during the first two years of life and the way those expressions influence the growth of social relationships; (2) the perception of others’ emotion expressions and the role that increased understanding of these expressions has on self-organized behaviors; (3) the ways that development in other domains (e.g., cognition, motor development) influences the emotion repertoire; (4) the role that self-awareness has in emotion reorganization; (5) the impact of emotion language (e.g., mad, afraid) on young children’s understanding of their own emotions and its effect on their social interactions, including conflict situations; and (6) the meaning of emotion regulation for infants and toddlers and their caregivers, the way that emotion regulation changes during the first two years, and the role of individual differences in its manifestation. History has also witnessed a shift in how the meaning of emotions is conceptualized. Once viewed as disruptive and incompatible with reason, emotions are now viewed as essential to developmental organization. Solomon (1993), in his historical review, notes that the “most enduring metaphor of reason and emotion has been the metaphor of master and slave, with the wisdom of reason firmly in control and the dangerous impulses of emotion safely suppressed” (p. 3). Whether this perspective actually extended down to infancy is uncertain; however, developmental theorists from the 1970s on have emphasized the organizing nature of infant emotions (see Campos, Barrett, Lamb, Goldsmith, & Stenberg, 1983; Sroufe, 1979, 1996). Emotions are not simply noise but contribute to and benefit from development in other domains (Kagan, 1994). Studies of infant and toddler perception, cognition, language, and selfhood underscore this point.
Creative Expression and Communication of Emotions in the Visual and Narrative Arts
Authors: Oatley Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art is social communication. Although one can imagine a lover improvising a poem privately into her lover’s ear, for the most part art is expressed in the form of objects that endure through time, and travel beyond the immediate. In this way, the emotions expressed in art can be thought of as extensions of the ephemeral and local expressions discussed elsewhere in this volume. This chapter is based on the movement of romanticism, by which emotions came into primacy in art and politics. Think of the Western history of ideas as having various phases: pre-classical, Greek, Roman, medieval. The modern period in Western history, which follows the medieval, began around 1400 with the start of Renaissance. Until the introduction of the printing press, around 1450, almost no one could read or write. With printing there occurred a great burgeoning of education and literacy. European life came to be dominated by commercial cities like Venice, London, and Amsterdam. World exploration and communication began. The Renaissance in art, architecture, and literature, as well as the beginnings of science, transformed the intellectual life of Europe and started to transform everyday life. About 1750, there began the era of romanticism, felt first in literary arts and politics. Scientific interest in emotions can be dated to more than a hundred years later, to Darwin’s book of 1872, The Expression of the Emotions. Romanticism started, let us say, when Jean-Jacques Rousseau, citizen of Geneva—he who coined that ringing phrase “Man is born free and is everywhere in chains”— came first to public notice with an essay that won a prize. In this essay he argued that the natural is far to be preferred to the artificialities of civilization, which promote inequality and idleness. He wrote: “Human nature was [in former times] basically no better than it is now, but men found security in being able to discern each other’s feelings and intentions, and this advantage . . . spared them many vices” (1750, p. 208). So, the romantic movement, as well as giving primacy to the emotions, was associated with the betterment of humanity. Its mood was responsible for the slogan of the French Revolution, “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.” Liberty was freedom from political repression and, as we might now say, from repression of emotions. It was freedom to create one’s own life. (Its modern versions are ideas of being oneself, even of being what one really wants to be.) Earlier, the American Revolution, influenced by these same currents, led to the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, which includes the pursuit of an emotional state among human rights: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
Introduction: Personality
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill , Davidson Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personality is one of broadest and thus hardest to delineate subareas of psychological science. Investigators who employ a traitlike approach to individual differences in the domains of psychophysiology, psychometrics, clinical disorders, social relations, and development might define themselves as personality psychologists, or at least might have done so at some stages of the development of the field of psychology. Thus, the boundaries for the content of this part of the Handbook are somewhat arbitrary and much that might qualify as personality research in a broad sense appears in virtually every other section of this Handbook. In this part, we have included three chapters that represent important trends in personality research—trends that we expect will help define the intersection of personality and affective science during the coming years. On the other hand, some areas where personality research and the study of affect intersect have been treated extensively in prior literature, and we judged it unnecessary to recount the issues within this Handbook. Historically, several fundamental issues required resolution before traditional trait-oriented personality research meaningfully integrated emotion concepts. One such issue was whether emotion had an organizing role for behavior or instead functioned more as a factor that interrupted ongoing behavior. It is easy to say that emotion plays both roles, but the organizing role is the one that would seem crucial for personality development and functioning. Over the first part of the past half-century, the view that emotion was an organizer of behavior had only a few advocates, exemplified by the seminal perspective of Leeper (1948). Several influential theorists emphasized the disruptive nature of emotion (Arnold, 1960; Simon, 1967), and it was only in the 1980s that the organizational role began to dominate thinking in the area (e.g., Lazarus, 1991). Several contemporary theorists, including Goldsmith and Campos (1982) and Clark and Watson (1999), view the emotional aspects of personality as temperament. This view reflects Allport’s (1937) definition of temperament: “Temperament refers to the characteristic phenomena of an individual’s emotional nature, including his susceptibility to emotional stimulation, his customary strength and speed of response, the quality of his prevailing mood, and all peculiarities of fluctuation and intensity in mood” (p. 54). Thus, emotion sometimes enters into the study of personality via temperament and then interacts with attitudes, self-concepts, contextual influences, and other factors in personality functioning. This tradition is represented in several chapters in part III, “Genetics and Development.”