bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflection of Scandinavian Ice Sheet Fluctuations in Norwegian Sea Sediments during the Past 150,000 Years
Authors: Baumann Karl-Heinz , Lackschewitz Klas S. , Mangerud Jan , Spielhagen Robert F. , Wolf-welling Thomas C.W. , Henrich Rüdiger , Kassens Heidemarie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe record of glacier fluctuations in western Scandinavia, as reconstructed from continental data, has been correlated with records of ice-rafted detritus (IRD) from well-dated sediment cores from the Norwegian Sea covering the past 150,000 yr B.P. The input of IRD into the ocean is used as a proxy for ice sheet advances onto the shelf and, thus, for the calibration of a glaciation curve. The marine results generally support land-based reconstructions of glacier fluctuations and improve the time-control on glacial advances. The Saalian ice sheet decayed very rapidly approximately 125,000 yr B.P. In the Early Weichselian, a minor but significant IRD maximum indicates the presence of icebergs in isotope substage 5b (especially between 95,000 and 83,000 yr B.P.). Reduced amounts of calcareous nannofossils indicate that surface waters were influenced by meltwater discharges during isotope substages 5d and 5b. An extensive build-up of inland ice began again during isotope stage 4, but maximum glaciation was reached only in early stage 3 (58,000-53,000 yr B.P.). Marine sediments have minimum carbonate content, indicating strong dilution by lithogenic ice-rafted material. Generally, the IRD accumulation rate was considerably higher in stages 4-2 than in stage 5. A marked peak in IRD accumulation rates from 47,000 to 43,000 yr B.P. correlates well with a second Middle Weichselian ice sheet advance dated by the Laschamp/Olby paleomagnetic event. Minimum ice extent during the Ålesund interstade (38,500-32,500 yr B.P.) and several glacial oscillations during the Late Weichselian are also seen in the IRD record. Of several late Weichselian glacial oscillations on the shelf, at least four correspond to the North Atlantic Heinrich events. Ice sheet behavior was either coupled or linked by external forcing during these events, whereas internal ice sheet mechanisms may account for the noncoherent fluctuations.
Successive Oceanic and Solar Forcing Indicated by Younger Dryas and Early Holocene Climatic Oscillations in the Jura
Authors: Magny Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe recent extension of (1) the residual Δ14C curve back to 11,400 cal yr B.P. and (2) the lake-level reconstruction in the Jura back to ca. 13,500 cal yr B.P. offers the opportunity of testing by proxy data the relationships between climate, atmospheric14C, the sun, and the ocean recently suggested from the atmospheric14C record. The climatic significance of the Jura record is supported by correlations with climatic oscillations reconstructed in the Alps from glaciers and timberline movements. Correspondence between the14C and paleoclimatic record from the Jura suggests a working hypothesis: two intervals within the Holocene can be distinguished in the middle latitudes of western and central Europe. An early Holocene period shows abrupt climatic oscillations linked to ocean forcing. Major colder climate phases developed between ca. 9000 and 8800, and between ca. 8000 and 7000 cal yr B.C. that coincide with higher Δ14C values. After 6000 cal yr B.C., a second period is characterized by smoother multicentury climatic oscillations linked to solar forcing.
Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of the Wind River Range, Wyoming
Authors: Fall Patricia L. , Davis P. Thompson , Zielinski Gregory A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSediments from Rapid Lake document glacial and vegetation history in the Temple Lake valley of the Wind River Range, Wyoming over the past 11,000 to 12,000 yr. Radiocarbon age determinations on basal detrital organic matter from Rapid Lake (11,770 ± 710 yr B.P.) and Temple Lake (11,400 ± 630 yr B.P.) bracket the age of the Temple Lake moraine, suggesting that the moraine formed in the late Pleistocene. This terminal Pleistocene readvance may be represented at lower elevations by the expansion of forest into intermontane basins 12,000 to 10,000 yr B.P. Vegetation in the Wind River Range responded to changing environmental conditions at the end of the Pleistocene. Following deglaciation, alpine tundra in the Temple Lake valley was replaced by a Pinus albicaulis parkland by about 11,300 14C yr B.P. Picea and Abies, established by 10,600 14C yr B.P., grew with Pinus albicaulis in a mixed conifer forest at and up to 100 m above Rapid Lake for most of the Holocene. Middle Holocene summer temperatures were about 1.5°C warmer than today. By about 5400 14C yr B.P. Pinus albicaulis and Abies became less prominent at upper treeline because of decreased winter snowpack and higher maximum summer temperatures. The position of the modern treeline was established by 3000 14C yr B.P. when Picea retreated downslope in response to Neoglacial cooling.
Late Holocene Eolian Activity in the Mineralogically Mature Nebraska Sand Hills
Authors: Muhs Daniel R. , Stafford Thomas W. , Swinehart James B. , Cowherd Scott D. , Mahan Shannon A. , Bush Charles A. , Madole Richard F. , Maat Paula B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe age of sand dunes in the Nebraska Sand Hills has been controversial, with some investigators suggesting a full-glacial age and others suggesting that they were last active in the late Holocene. New accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages of unaltered bison bones and organic-rich sediments suggest that eolian sand deposition occurred at least twice in the past 3000 14C yr B.P. in three widely separated localities and as many as three times in the past 800 14C yr at three other localities. These late Holocene episodes of eolian activity are probably the result of droughts more intense than the 1930s “Dust Bowl” period, based on independent Great Plains climate records from lake sediments and tree rings. However, new geochemical data indicate that the Nebraska Sand Hills are mineralogically mature. Eolian sands in Nebraska have lower K-feldspar (and K2O, Rb, and Ba) contents than most possible source sediments and lower K-feldspar contents than dunes of similar age in Colorado. The most likely explanation for mineralogical maturity is reduction of sand-sized K-feldspar to silt-sized particles via ballistic impacts due to strong winds over many cycles of eolian activity. Therefore, dunes of the Nebraska Sand Hills must have had a long history, probably extending over more than one glacial–interglacial cycle, and the potential for reactivation is high, with or without a future greenhouse warming.
Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of April–May Temperature Fluctuations in the Western Himalaya of India Since A.D. 1698
Authors: Yadav Ram R. , Park Won-Kyu , Bhattacharyya Amalava 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRing-width chronologies of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara (D. Don.) G. Don.), Himalayan pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson), and Himalayan spruce (Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.) from the western Himalayan region, India, have been used to reconstruct mean April–May temperature back to A. D. 1698. The reconstruction correlates significantly with the average April–May instrumental temperature record (r= +0.62, 1876–1988) and is characterized by annual to multiyear fluctuations. The most striking feature of the present reconstruction is the absence of any warming trend in the 20th century. Relationships between the mean April–May temperature for the western Himalayan region, Indian summer monsoon rainfall, and Southern Oscillation Index indicate that the tree-ring chronologies, as surrogate temperature records, will provide valuable data for climate change studies with regional and global perspectives.
A 200,000-Year Record of Change in Oxygen Isotope Composition of Sulfate in a Saline Sediment Core, Death Valley, California
Authors: Yang Wenbo , Krouse H. Roy , Spencer Ronald J. , Lowenstein Tim K. , Hutcheon Ian E. , Ku Teh-Lung , Li Jianren , Roberts Sheila M. , Brown Christopher B. 
Published: October 2002

Abstractδ18O values of sulfate minerals from a 186-m core (past 200,000 years) in Death Valley varied from +9 to +23‰ (V-SMOW). Sulfates that accumulated in the past ephemeral saline lake, salt pans, and mud flats have relatively low δ18O values similar to those of present-day local inflows. Sulfates that accumulated during two perennial lake intervals, however, have higher δ18O values, reflecting changes in temperature, lake water levels, and/or sulfur redox reactions. Over the same time interval, the δ18O record for sulfate had excursions that bear similarities to those found for carbonate in the Death Valley core, marine carbonate (SPECMAP), and polar ice in the Summit ice core, Greenland. The δ18O record differed considerably from the records reported for carbonate at Owens Lake and Devils Hole, which probably relates to different water sources. Death Valley, Owens Lake, and Devils Hole are responding to the same climatic changes but manifesting them differently. In Death Valley sediments, the isotopic composition of sulfate may have potential as an indicator of paleoenvironmental changes.
Inter‐industry differences and the impact of operating and financial leverages on equity risk
Authors: Darrat Ali F. , Mukherjee Tarun K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBased on the traditional assumption that the degree of combined leverage is strictly a product of operating and financial leverages (DOL and DFL), Mandelker and Rhee (1984) develop an interesting beta decomposition model. Two testable implications of their model, which apply to all firms, are that: (1) changes in DOL and/or DFL should exert a positive impact upon beta; and (2) a negative relationship should hold between DOL and DFL. Huffman (1983), however, questions this multiplicity assumption and, by arguing that a firm's capacity decision is endogenous, posits that an interaction prevails between a firm's DOL and DFL. An implication of Huffman's model is that the relationship between DOL, DFL, and beta depends on a firm's capacity decision and, therefore, may vary across industries. By employing a vector‐autoregressive causality approach, this study finds some evidence in support of Huffman's position.
A model for predicting the age at sexual maturity for growing pullets of layer strains given a single change in photoperiod
Authors: LEWIS P. D. , MORRIS T. R. , PERRY G. C. 
Published: October 2002

A model is presented which will predict mean age at first egg (AFE) for pullets of laying strains reared under non-limiting environmental conditions but exposed to a single change in photoperiod during the rearing stage. An initial analysis of 12 previously reported trials involving a wide range of genotypes showed that the response to an increase in photoperiod is not simply the inverse of the response to an equal decrease in photoperiod applied at the same age. Maximum sensitivity to a reduction in photoperiod was found shortly before onset of lay, whereas maximum sensitivity to an increment in photoperiod was observed at around 10 weeks of age. Two experiments were conducted to provide further data. The first compared the effect of 3-h increases in photoperiod from 8 h to 11 h or from 11 h to 14 h with the double increment from 8 h to 14 h and also tested a reduction from 11 h to 8 h, all imposed at 17 weeks of age. AFE was advanced to a similar extent by the changes from 8 to 11 h and from 11 to 14 h (9.8 and 10.9 days respectively). Response to the double increment was not additive: AFE on this treatment was 13.3 days earlier than for constant 8 h controls. Reduction in photoperiod from 11 to 8 h at 17 weeks delayed AFE by 18.7 days compared with constant 11-h controls. In the second experiment, pullets of two strains were transferred from 8 to 16-h photoperiods and from 16 to 8 h at 5, 7, 9, 15, 17 and 19 weeks of age. Controls were kept on constant 8 and constant 16-h days. Transfer from 8 to 16-h photoperiods at 5 weeks of age had no effect on AFE. At 7 weeks there was a bimodal response with some pullets subsequently showing advanced maturity and others not. Maximum stimulation of early maturity (31 days on average for the two genotypes) was obtained at 9 weeks of age and response to stimulation declined linearly with age thereafter. The delay in AFE resulting from a reduction in photoperiod (16 to 8 h) increased linearly between 0 and 15 weeks. At 17 and 19 weeks, the response was bimodal, with some pullets maturing at the same age as long-day controls and others showing delayed maturity. Using all this evidence and some other unpublished data, a model is developed to predict AFE as a function of mean photoperiod and change in photoperiod during the rearing phase. Elements are incorporated to allow for the insensitivity of pullets younger than 50 days to an increase in photoperiod and the effect observed late in rearing when a change in photoperiod comes too late to alter AFE for the most precocious individuals in a flock. Two coefficients are required to adjust for genotype. One describes mean AFE for the genotype when reared on constant daylength and the other defines the rate at which age effects the response to a single change in photoperiod.
Comparison of body water retention during water deprivation between swamp buffaloes and Friesian cattle
Authors: KOGA A. , KUHARA T. , KANAI Y. 
Published: October 2002

The vasopressin (VP) and aldosterone responses of swamp buffaloes and Friesian cattle were compared during 3 days of ad libitum water availability and 3 days of water deprivation. During the period of hydration, buffaloes showed significantly higher VP concentrations (2.31±0.09 v. 1.23±0.07 pg/ml), in spite of larger water excretion rate through urine, relative to cattle. During the period of dehydration, although VP increased progressively in both species, the concentration in the buffaloes (66.7±18.6 pg/ml) was five times higher than that of the cattle (12.5±3.2 pg/ml) on Day 3. Even though the rate of urine excretion in the buffaloes decreased markedly during water deprivation, the total volume of urine excretion was still greater than that of the cattle. Haematocrit, serum osmotic pressure and total protein in both species increased significantly during water deprivation, but the rate of the increase was greater in buffaloes than in cattle. There was no correlation between sodium or potassium excretion and aldosterone concentration in either species. These results demonstrated that the VP elevation in buffaloes was largely attributable to the greater decrease of plasma volume caused by the greater water excretion. The lower retentivity of plasma volume probably means that buffaloes have a greater dependence on external water rather than to conserve internal water, because of the evolutionary adaptation of buffaloes to wet environments.
Caprine immunoglobulin G, β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin and serum albumin in colostrum and milk during the early post partum period
Authors: LEVIEUX DIDIER , MORGAN FRANCOIS , GENEIX NATHALIE , MASLE ISABELLE , BOUVIER FREDERIC 
Published: October 2002

Colostrum and milk samples from 20 goats were analysed for concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), α-lactalbumin (α-la) and serum albumin (CSA) throughout the first 14 milkings post partum (7 d of lactation) using single radial immunodiffusion assay. Concentrations (mg/ml, means±SD) at first milking were IgG 47·9±25·5, β-lg 30·7±10·4, α-la 2·77±0·82 and CSA 2·97±2·46 mg/ml. Large variations were recorded for IgG concentrations (19·9–94·5 mg/ml) and β-lg (9·3–49·8 mg/ml). Concentrations of IgG, β-lg and CSA dropped abruptly in the subsequent milkings and α-la concentration decreased slowly. Mean IgG concentration was <2 mg/ml after 7 milkings and <1 mg/ml after 11 milkings. However, IgG concentration does not differ significantly, at the 1% level, from milkings 7–14. The contribution of β-lg to the increase in whey proteins in early milks was greater than that of IgG from milkings 5 to 14. The results were tabulated to make it possible to calculate the excess of whey proteins that would be obtained if early milks were illegally added to milk supply.
Possible labile inhibition of the growth of Streptococcus uberis in milk from cows free from mastitis
Authors: KLIEM KIRSTY E. , HILLERTON J. ERIC 
Published: October 2002

Milk from dairy cows never known to have had an intramammary infection with Streptococcus uberis can inhibit growth of Str. uberis for up to 7 h. This inhibition is abolished if milk is heated to 80 °C. Inhibition appears not to be related to immune defences as it occurs in skimmed milk (cell free), is unrelated to the concentration of immunoglobulin and survives heating to 56 °C. The effect is partly overcome by addition of selected amino acids and vitamins. It is suggested that the inhibition is caused by a restriction in the supply of essential nutrients part of which may require the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
Two distinct gait types in swimming frogs
Authors: Nauwelaerts Sandra , Aerts Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring terrestrial locomotion, frogs use two distinct gaits: out‐of‐phase leg movements associated with slow crawling behaviour and in‐phase leg movements during fast jumps. In Rana esculenta, crawling occurs during feeding, while jumping is used as an escape strategy. We examined whether a similar velocity‐dependent gait shift appears in swimming R. esculenta. Typically, swimming frogs propel themselves by kicking both hind limbs simultaneously. Observations of out‐of‐phase leg movements in swimming frogs have been reported, but were usually assumed to be associated only with directional changes. We demonstrate that alternating‐leg swimming is used quite frequently and that it results in a significantly lower velocity to the one obtained by using in‐phase leg movements. This difference is likely to be associated with energetic costs. Mathematical estimates of positive mechanical work required to move the centre of mass revealed that out‐of‐phase swimming is energetically less expensive than the in‐phase gait at a comparable speed, but may not be efficient at high speeds. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are higher inertial energy losses for in‐phase swimming, but at high speeds jet propulsion and an interaction effect may gain importance.
Similar rewarding effects of testosterone in mice rated as short and long attack latency individuals
Authors: Arnedo M. Teresa , Salvador Alicia , Martínez‐Sanchís Sonia , Pellicer Olga 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn attempt was made to confirm and extend the findings of an earlier study on the rewarding properties of testosterone in male mice using conditioned place preference (CPP). Previous results had only partially demonstrated such an effect because the reinforcement depended on environmental cues such as the colour of the compartment. High individual variability was evident, suggesting that basal levels of aggressiveness may modulate such effects. Animals were pre‐screened for aggressive behaviour and allocated to short and long attack latency (SAL and LAL) categories. Five days later the CPP procedure started. This involved pre‐conditioning tests, conditioning and post‐conditioning tests. SAL and LAL animals were treated with vehicle, 1 or 2 mg/kg of testosterone. During conditioning (on alternate days), a distinctive floor was paired four times with testosterone. On the intervening days animals were paired with a different floor with vehicle. CPP was clearly observed after testosterone treatment when the colour of the compartment was controlled in both SAL and LAL animals. These results provide additional support for the idea that testosterone and its derivatives have rewarding properties, which could explain processes of dependence.
Correlations between orbitofrontal dysfunction and tobacco smoking
Authors: Spinella Marcello 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOrbitofrontal cortex is involved in various reward and reinforcement processes in the human brain. There is both anatomical and functional evidence for a dysfunction of orbitofrontal cortex in substance abusers, and nicotine has been shown to activate reward‐related structures in the brain similarly to other abused drugs. This study shows positive correlations between smoking parameters (smoking status and packs smoked per day) and impairment on putative measures of orbitofrontal dysfunction (go/no‐go, antisaccades, delayed alternation and impulsivity ratings). While causality could not be determined, other research suggests that an orbitofrontal dysfunction predisposes one toward tobacco abuse.
Obesity as a cause of “false‐positive” alcohol misuse laboratory investigations
Authors: Peters T. J. , Cook C. C. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree patients are reported with a prior history of alcohol misuse accompanied by abnormal liver toxicity tests and other indices of alcohol misuse. A decreased but persistently raised serum γ ‐glutamyl transferase activity during subsequent abstinence or controlled drinking was interpreted incorrectly as due to continued alcohol misuse whereas obesity‐related fatty liver was the probable cause. The value of serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin assays in the differential diagnosis of abnormal liver toxicity tests is emphasized.
Processes and Outcomes of Care for Soft Tissue Sarcoma of theExtremities
Authors: Paszat Lawrence , O′Sullivan Brian , Bell Robert , Bramwell Vivien , Groome Patti , Mackillop William , Bartfay Emma , Holowaty Eric 
Published: October 2002

Purpose: A population‐based cohort study of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities (STSE) in Ontario, Canada was conducted
using linked administrative databases.Methods and materials: Electronic administrative databases were linked from the Ontario Cancer Registry, the Canadian
Institute for Health Information, and Radiation Oncology Research Unit database of radiation therapy (RT) records.Results: The definitive surgery was amputation for 6.0%, resection for 60.9%, biopsy for 7.5%; the remainder had no surgical
record. Adjuvant RT was administered to 40.2% of cases. Among cases initially treated by surgical resection, 2.0% later
underwent amputation and 9.5% underwent further resection during follow‐up. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for amputation
as definitive surgery was 2.3 (1.19, 4.45) in eastern Ontario relative to Toronto. The likelihood of adjuvant RT among
those not registered at a cancer centre within 3 months of diagnosis was decreased (OR = 0.20 (95% CI (0.13, 0.30)) relative
to those registered. The adjusted relative risk of amputation at any time following diagnosis was 3.48 (95% CI (1.63, 7.46))
among cases not attending a cancer centre. The adjusted relative risk of death was 1.4; 95% CI (1.1, 1.7) among those not
attending a cancer centre.Conclusions: Cases not seen at a multidisciplinary cancer centre within 3 months following diagnosis of STSE have an
increased relative risk for amputation at any time, and for death due to any cause. Many hypotheses for further study are
suggested by the results of this analysis.