bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastids in parasites of humans
Authors: McFadden Geoffrey I. , Waller Ross F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt has recently emerged that malarial, toxoplasmodial and related parasites contain a vestigial plastid (the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs in plants and algae). The function of the plastid in these obligate intracellular parasites has not been established. It seems likely that modern apicomplexans derive from photosynthetic predecessors, which perhaps formed associations with protists and invertebrates and abandoned autotrophy in favour of parasitism. Recognition of a third genetic compartment in these parasites proffers alternative strategies for combating a host of important human and animal diseases. It also poses some fascinating questions about the evolutionary biology of this important group of pathogens.
Biochemistry of molluscan learning and memory
Authors: Nelson Thomas J. , Alkon Daniel L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStudies of learning in marine invertebrates have yielded new information, implicating protein kinase C and calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase as critical components in pathways for learning and memory that are shared with higher vertebrates. Recent advances correlating in vitro biochemical and biophysical measurements with in vivo learning have begun to elaborate the roles in memory storage for these two kinases, their substrates, and signaling proteins such as calexcitin and calmodulin. Other studies have implicated transcription factors associated with kinases such as the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). These experiments have resulted in a greater understanding of the role of second messengers, principally calcium and cyclic AMP (cAMP), as vehicles for transforming memory‐specific effects occurring at the membrane into permanent DNA‐mediated cellular and structural changes.
An evaluation of what the mouse knockout experiments are telling us about mammalian behaviour
Authors: Keverne Eric B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe early gene knockout studies with a neurobiological focus were directed at fairly obvious target genes and added very little to our knowledge of behavioural neuroscience. On the contrary, since the behavioural consequences were often predictable, this helped confirm that the technology was working. However, a substantial number of knockouts of genes expressed in the brain have been without obvious behavioural consequences, supporting the concept of genetic canalisation and redundancy. Others have produced a behavioural deficit for which there is no obvious explanation. Many cells of different tissue types have a capacity for memory, and in the brain, cells of the hippocampus are important for spatial learning and memory. Deleting genes that are expressed in the happpocampus has received considerable attention in this behavioural context. Although the initial studies experienced problems of interpretation, considerable advances have since been made. Knockout mice are now subject to tests of different forms of learning, multicellular hippocampal recordings, and restricted gene deletion specific to cells of component regions. This multi‐level approach is proving more informative. Nevertheless, there is still a need to recognise that behavioural expression is several steps removed from gene expression, and that the relationship between genes and behaviour can be reciprocal.
Human behavioural genetics of cognitive abilities and disabilities
Authors: Plomin Robert , Craig Ian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough neither the genome nor the environment can be manipulated in research on human behaviour, some of the new tools of molecular genetics can be brought to bear on human behavioural disorders (e.g. cognitive disabilities) and quantitative traits (e.g. cognitive abilities). The inability to manipulate the human genome experimentally has had the positive effect of focusing attention on naturally occuring genetic variation responsible for behavioural differences among individuals in all their complex multifactorial splendour. Genes in such complex multiple‐gene systems are called quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which merge the two worlds of genetic research, quantitative genetics and molecular genetics. Although most genetic research on complex human behaviour has focused on severe mental disorders, cognitive abilities and disabilities may be even more immediately relevant to neuroscience. For example, verbal ability and spatial ability are two of the most heritable cognitive abilities, and reading disability is the first behavioural disability for which replicated QTL linkage has been found. The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of the genetics of cognitive abilities and disabilities as an example of the impending merger of quantitative genetics and molecular genetics in QTL analysis of complex traits.
Colonic epithelial apoptosis during conventional and endoluminal aortic surgery
Authors: Ghosh J , Khwaja N , Howarth V , Murray D , Murphy M O , Byers R , Walker M G 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundThis study characterized the initial modes of colonic mucosal injury during aneurysm surgery and correlated these with proinflammatory cytokine release into the colonic and systemic circulations.MethodsTwenty-four patients undergoing conventional open aortic aneurysm repair and ten who had endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) were recruited. Mucosal biopsies were taken from the sigmoid colon immediately before and after surgery, for histological examination. Inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and peripheral blood from patients who had conventional surgery was assayed for interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α. Only peripheral blood from patients who had EVAR was assayed.ResultsConventional aneurysm repair resulted in a threefold increase in columnar epithelial apoptosis. There was a 26-fold increase in IL-6 in IMV blood within 5 min of reperfusion, with an equivalent rise in peripheral blood after 30 min. A 20-fold rise in peripheral blood TNF-α was observed after surgery. Splanchnic IL-6 correlated positively with cross-clamp time and increased apoptosis. No histological changes were seen after EVAR. There were no intraoperative cytokine changes during EVAR, although a postoperative increase in IL-6 and TNF-α was observed.ConclusionThe lack of columnar epithelial apoptosis following EVAR reflects the relatively minor ischaemic injury incurred during this procedure.
Feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of a novel ePTFE‐covered self‐expanding stent in saphenous vein graft lesions: The Symbiot II trial
Authors: Laarman Gerrit J. , Kiemeneij Ferdinand , Mueller Ralf , Guagliumi Giuglio , Cobaugh Michael , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCompared with percutaneous interventions in native coronary arteries, revascularization of saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions is associated with increased rates of immediate and long‐term major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The Symbiot II trial was a multicenter prospective study designed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a novel self‐expanding polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)‐covered stent in the treatment of de novo and restenotic SVG lesions. The primary endpoint was MACE through 30 days postprocedure. Successful Symbiot stent deployment was achieved in 75 of 77 patients (97.4%) with SVG lesions ≤ 35 mm in length (visual assessment). The procedural success rate (defined as < 30% residual stenosis at the target site and no clinical complications) was 83%, and all study device procedures provided grade 3 TIMI flow postprocedure. Within the first 30 days postprocedure, four patients (5.2%) experienced MACE (defined as death, Q‐wave or non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target vessel revascularization), of whom three patients (3.9%) experienced periprocedural non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction. No subacute stent thrombosis was observed over the 6‐month follow‐up period. No relevant luminal loss at the target site (mean, 0.3 ± 0.9 mm) was observed in the 58 patients (77.3% of enrolled patients) who underwent quantitative coronary angiography at 6 months. The incidences of binary in‐stent restenosis, in‐segment restenosis, and target vessel failure (defined as acute and late‐term MACE through 6 months postprocedure) were low (7.0%, 8.6%, and 14.3%, respectively). The Symbiot self‐expanding ePTFE membrane‐covered stent was associated with a high procedural success rate (97.4%), low incidences of MACE at 30 days (5.2%) and 6 months (14.3%), suggesting that it is safe and effective in the treatment of SVG disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:361–368. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Invasive human magnetic resonance imaging: Feasibility during revascularization in a combined XMR suite
Authors: Dick Alexander J. , Raman Venkatesh K. , Raval Amish N. , Guttman Michael A. , Thompson Richard B. , Ozturk Cengizhan , Peters Dana C. , Stine Annette M. , Wright Victor J. , Schenke William H. , Lederman Robert J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe tested the feasibility and safety of invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during peripheral angioplasty. Real‐time MRI can image soft tissue and may potentially guide therapeutic procedures without ionizing radiation or nephrotoxic contrast. MRI‐guided diagnostic catheterization has been described recently, but safe and conspicuous catheter devices are not widely available. An active guidewire, which serves as an MRI receiver antenna, might be useful to guide catheterization or even to image atheroma. We describe a combined interventional suite offering both X‐ray fluoroscopy and real‐time MRI. We used a 0.030″ active guidewire receiver coil for invasive MRI after X‐ray lesion traversal in patients undergoing percutaneous iliofemoral artery revascularization. Intravascular MRI was compared with noninvasive MRI, X‐ray angiography, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Seven eligible patients consented to participate, but three were excluded because of lengthy revascularization procedures. Four remaining patients safely underwent combined X‐ray fluoroscopy and real‐time magnetic resonance imaging (XMR) transport, continuous monitoring, and all imaging modalities. There was no device dislodgment, contamination or evidence of heating. The intravascular MRI coil was well visualized except at the tip, but did not provide superior mural imaging compared with IVUS. Therefore, because an adequate safety and workflow experience was obtained, enrollment was terminated after only four subjects. Invasive MRI is feasible and apparently safe during peripheral angioplasty. Patients can safely be transported and monitored in an XMR interventional suite. An active quarter‐wavelength guidewire coil does not provide superior imaging compared with IVUS, but provides satisfactory guidewire visualization. These tools may prove useful for advanced therapeutic procedures in the future. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:265–274. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the cochlear nucleus in the rat
Authors: Haenggeli Charles‐André , Pongstaporn Tan , Doucet John R. , Ryugo David K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe integration of information across sensory modalities enables sound to be processed in the context of position, movement, and object identity. Inputs to the granule cell domain (GCD) of the cochlear nucleus have been shown to arise from somatosensory brain stem structures, but the nature of the projection from the spinal trigeminal nucleus is unknown. In the present study, we labeled spinal trigeminal neurons projecting to the cochlear nucleus using the retrograde tracer, Fast Blue, and mapped their distribution. In a second set of experiments, we injected the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine into the spinal trigeminal nucleus and studied the resulting anterograde projections with light and electron microscopy. Spinal trigeminal neurons were distributed primarily inpars caudalisandinterpolarisand provided inputs to the cochlear nucleus. Their axons gave rise to small (1–3 μm in diameter) en passant swellings and terminal boutons in the GCD and deep layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Less frequently, larger (3–15 μm in diameter) lobulated endings known as mossy fibers were distributed within the GCD. Ventrally placed injections had an additional projection into the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, whereas dorsally placed injections had an additional projection into the posteroventral cochlear nucleus. All endings were filled with round synaptic vesicles and formed asymmetric specializations with postsynaptic targets, implying that they are excitatory in nature. The postsynaptic targets of these terminals included dendrites of granule cells. These projections provide a structural substrate for somatosensory information to influence auditory processing at the earliest level of the central auditory pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:191–205, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the central complex and surrounding midbrain neuropils of the locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Kurylas Angela E. , Ott Swidbert R. , Schachtner Joachim , Elphick Maurice R. , Williams Leslie , Homberg Uwe 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNitric oxide (NO), generated enzymatically by NO synthase (NOS), acts as an important signaling molecule in the nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. In insects, NO has been implicated in development and in various aspects of sensory processing. To understand better the contribution of NO signaling to higher level brain functions, we analyzed the distribution of NOS in the midbrain of a model insect species, the locust Schistocerca gregaria, by using NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry after methanol/formalin fixation; results were validated by NOS immunohistochemistry. NADPHd yielded much higher sensitivity and resolution, but otherwise the two techniques resulted in corresponding labeling patterns throughout the brain, except for intense immunostaining but only weak NADPHd staining in median neurosecretory cells. About 470 neuronal cell bodies in the locust midbrain were NADPHd‐positive positive, and nearly all major neuropil centers contained dense, sharply stained arborizations. We report several novel types of NOS‐expressing neurons, including small ocellar interneurons and antennal sensory neurons that bypass the antennal lobe. Highly prominent labeling occurred in the central complex, a brain area involved in sky‐compass orientation, and was analyzed in detail. Innervation by NOS‐expressing fibers was most notable in the central body upper and lower divisions, the lateral accessory lobes, and the noduli. About 170 NADPHd‐positive neurons contributed to this innervation, including five classes of tangential neuron, two systems of pontine neuron, and a system of columnar neurons. The results provide new insights into the neurochemical architecture of the central complex and suggest a prominent role for NO signaling in this brain area. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:206–223, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Opr deficiency in mouse brain: Subtle defects in dorsomedial telencephalon and medioventral forebrain
Authors: Furushima Kenryo , Murata Takuya , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Aizawa Shinichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOpr/Zic5 is a zinc‐finger gene belonging to, and unique in, the opa/Zic family. Its expression is found in the anterior epiblast and anterior neuroectoderm during gastrulation and early neurulation. Later, we found the expression characteristic in the dorsomedial parts of forebrain and midbrain. However, no defects were apparent in embryonic day 10.5 Opr null mutants, and subtle defects were later found in medial pallium and ventral structures of forebrain, suggesting the compensation of Opr deficiency by its cognate(s). Developmental Dynamics 232:1056–1061, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoter activity of the retinoic acid receptor gene in the Ciona intestinalis embryo
Authors: Fujiwara Shigeki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRetinoic acid regulates development of many chordate‐specific characteristics. The genes encoding retinoic acid receptors (RARs) were isolated only from chordates. In the present study, a genomic DNA fragment containing the promoter region of the RAR gene (Ci‐RAR) in the protochordate Ciona intestinalis was isolated. The transgene containing 1,326 bp of the Ci‐RAR 5′ flanking region was expressed in the epidermis, central nervous system, and muscle. The sequence element necessary for expression in the epidermis seemed to be subdivided into two elements. One was required for activation in the dorsal midline epidermis and the other for the rest of the epidermis. The element responsible for activation in the central nervous system was characterized by putative binding sites for Fox, Ets, and GATA transcription factors. An E‐box sequence was required for the transgene expression in the tail muscle cells. Developmental Dynamics 232:1124–1130, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Addition of Carbenes to an Osmium(VI) Nitride Complex
Authors: Leung Chi‐Fai , Wong Tsz‐Wing , Lau Tai‐Chu , Wong Wing‐Tak 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA series of osmium(VI) nitride complexes containing 8‐quinolinolato ligands, [OsVI(N)(X‐Q)2Cl] (X = H, 5‐Cl, 5‐NO2, 2‐Me; 1a–d), have been synthesized by reaction of HX‐Q with [nBu4N][OsVI(N)Cl4] in the presence of 2,6‐dimethylpyridine. The ν(Os≡N) stretches of these compounds occur at 1056–1075 cm–1, and are within the range (1050–1120 cm–1) found for most osmium nitride species. The structure of 1d has been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The osmium center adopts a distorted octahedral geometry, and the two quinolinolato ligands are cis to each other. The three N atoms are in a facial arrangement, and the Os≡N bond distance is 1.644(6) Å. Complex 1c readily reacts with the carbene precursors bis(1,3‐dialkylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene) (LR2; R = Me, Et, or CH2Ph) to produce the osmium(IV) azavinylidene species, [OsIV(N=LR)(NO2‐Q)2Cl], which are derived from the formal addition of the carbenes LR to OsVI≡N. The structure of [OsIV(N=LEt)(NO2‐Q)2Cl] (2b) has been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The osmium center has a distorted octahedral geometry in which the facial arrangement of the three N atoms is retained. The Os(1)–N(5) distance of 1.875(6) Å is rather long and, together with the rather acute Os(1)–N(5)–C(19) angle of 133.8(5)°, indicates that there is no significant multiple‐bond character in the Os(1)–N(5) bond. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Oxygen consumption in frog sartorius muscle I. The isometric twitch
Authors: Baskin R. J. , Gaffin S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDirect measurements have shown that the heat output from the frog sartorius muscle stimulated under isometric conditions is maximum when the muscle is at reference length and is decreased at stretched and shortened lengths. Experiments were conducted to determine if oxygen consumption following isometric stimulation varied with length in the same manner as did heat.A modified version of a differential volumeter was used consisting of two small sealed chambers each containing one of a pair of frog sartorius muscles. In the presence of a CO2 absorbant extra oxygen consumption is indicated by movement of the index drop toward the chamber containing the stimulated muscle.It was found that at 12°C the oxygen consumption resulting from ten isometric twitches at reference length is 11.93 μ1/g and decreases to 5.10 μ1/g at 0.75 RL and 8.64 μ1/g at 1.25 RL. The absolute value of the oxygen consumption is in agreement with Hill's heat studies using appropriate heat‐oxygen conversion factors. No Feng “stretch response” of an increase in the rate of resting oxygen consumption was observed.Measurements of developed tension were found to parallel the oxygen consumption and heat curves, being 2.28 kg/cm2 at 1.00 RL and decreasing to 1.45 kg/cm2 at 1.25 RL and approaching zero at 0.75 RL.At the shortest lengths the oxygen consumption (5.0 μ1/g) is suggested to represent the equivalent of activation heat since no elastic elements were stretched. Such a suggestion is in agreement with heat studies showing that the energy of activation is approximately half of the maximum initial energy liberated in an isometric contraction.
Phosphate incorporation and Na, K‐ATPase activity in human red blood cell ghosts
Authors: Heinz E. , Hoffman J. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn attempt is described to demonstrate a phosphorylated intermediate correlated with the membrane ATPase reaction in human red cell ghosts. It was found that ghosts incubated with γ‐labeled ATP32 incorporate 400 to 1600 μM P/kg dry weight and that this incorporation required Mg, could be enhanced by the addition of Na and perhaps of strophanthidin but was inhibited by Ca, cooling or heat denaturation. If the total P32 content of ghosts washed with Tris is taken as the Tris‐insoluble fraction, this fraction can be divided, operationally, into the PCA‐insoluble fraction, and the PCA‐soluble fraction‐B. It was found that the PCA‐soluble fraction‐B was composed primarily of unsplit, intact ATP32 (as shown in parallel experiments with C14‐labeled ATP) and some Pi32. The PCA‐insoluble fraction contained only Pi32. If the Pi32 contained in the PCA‐insoluble fraction represents an intermediate in the membrane ATPase, this Pi32 should be exchangeable upon restitution of the ATPase activity. However, this Pi32 was found to be stable and nonexchangeable upon reincubation of prelabeled ghosts under conditions which reactivate the ATPase reaction. Two alternative interpretations were considered: (1) that the P32 that is incorporated into an intermediate product of the ATPase reaction is masked by nonspecific binding of P32 and, (2) that the phosphorylated product is resident in the PCA‐soluble fraction‐B. Further experiments are needed to evaluate these possibilities.
Active transport by the Cecropia midgut. I. Inhibitors, stimulants, and potassium‐transport
Authors: Haskell Judith A. , Clemons Robert D. , Harvey William R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHarvey and Nedergaard ('64 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 51: 757–765) have shown that midguts isolated from mature larvae of the Cecropia silkworm, when perfused in aerated, agitated physiological solution, exhibit a large electrical potential with the lumen‐side positive to the blood‐side. Isotope studies show that potassium carries 83% of the current generated by the midgut when the potential is shortcircuited. These and other data demonstrate that potassium is actively transported from blood‐side to lumen‐side of the midgut epithelium. Neither the potential nor the current requires sodium.The effects of various chemicals on this sodium‐independent active transport of potassium were examined. The short‐circuit current was rapidly and reversibly inhibited by anoxia and 2,4‐dinitrophenol. An irreversible inhibition was effected by iodoacetate. No observable change was produced by cholinesterase inhibitors, adrenalin, pituitary hormones or small changes in pH. Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside which is thought to be a specific inhibitor of sodium transport, was without effect at concentrations as high as 10−4 M.Barely affected by 5% CO2, the current was strongly and reversibly depressed by 25% CO2. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor hygroton at 10−3 M was without effect, but the related sulfonamide cardrase caused 36% inhibition at this concentration. The sulfonamides are barely soluble in water and perhaps penetrate the midgut cells with difficulty. Another type of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, sodium sulfide, caused reversible inhibitions of 31% at 10−4M and 87% at 10−3 M respectively. Clearly the potassium transporting system of Hyalophora cecropia has important differences from sodium systems, and possibly employs a potassium, hydrogen ion‐linked pump.