bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Development Diplomacy in the Private Business Sector: An Integrative Perspective on Game Change Strategies at Multiple Levels
Authors: Usui Mikoto 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis article attempts to offer an "integral" perspective for locating the business and industry sector in both political and socio-organizational realms and for capturing major game change strategies envisaged by this sector to contribute more or less actively to emerging sustainable development (SD) regimes. Corporate SD strategies are construed in terms of "three-level games": Level I - changing products through individual management systems; Level II - changing individual business environments; and Level III - changing the international institutional setting. This perspective will help address two overarching preoccupations: (1) how to free the business-society relationship from excess structural biases and reconstruct it through industry and other major social actors engaged in a joint process of "structuration" and (2) how to harness control over the local-global nexus or "vertical inter-linkages" in an operationally meaningful way that would help deepen and broaden existing major multilateral SD agreements.
Sequencing, Acoustic Separation, and 3-D Negotiation of Complex Barriers: Charlene Barshefsky and IP Rights in China
Authors: Sebenius James , Hulse Rebecca 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTaking the perspective of the lead U.S. negotiator, Charlene Barshefsky, this article details and analyzes the negotiations that took place in the mid-1990s between the United States and the People's Republic of China over intellectual property rights (IPR). Employing a "negotiation analytic" methodology,Charlene Barshefsky's actions are interpreted to suggest a number of promising approaches to managing the daunting complexities of trade and other negotiations: recognizing the multiparty aspects of apparently bilateral dealings and capturing them in a "deal diagram;" carefully assessing "barriers" to agreement; sequencing to build a winning coalition and overcome potentially blocking ones; "acoustic separation" of issue-frames; and, most broadly, changing the game advantageously relative to a purely tactical orientation "at the table" through 3-D actions "away from the table."
Ending Ethnic War: The South Asian Experience
Authors: Sahadevan P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractUnderscoring the linkage between war strategies and peace processes in seven ethnic wars in the South Asian region, this article examines the conditions under which two wars have ended in military victory, another two in negotiated settlement and the remaining three wars still continue. War strategies of the South Asian governments have effectively combined military tactics with a wide range of political measures to strengthen war processes that, in turn, determine the result of peace processes. This article finds that the pattern of ending a war or its effective prolongation is determined by the nature of power relations between the adversaries, which is factored into the level of mobilization of support in the society, structural cohesion of rebel groups, patterns of goal setting, and the nature of rebel leadership and its commitment to the declared goal.
In Vivo Imaging of Chemotherapy‐Induced Apoptosis in Human Cancers
Authors: BELHOCINE TARIK , STEINMETZ NEIL , GREEN ALLAN , RIGO PIERRE 
Published: March 2004

Abstract: Rationale. Induction of apoptosis in sensitive tumor cells is the main mechanism of action of chemotherapy agents in human cancers. Also, the assessment of drug‐induced apoptosis soon after chemotherapy may be an early predictor of treatment efficacy.Patients and Methods. A phase I/II study was prospectively conducted in 15 patients presenting with proven lung cancers (n= 10), breast cancers (n= 2), and lymphomas (n= 3) to assess the value of the 99mTc‐radiolabeled recombinant human (rh) Annexin V for imaging apoptosis immediately after completion of the first course of chemotherapy. Early Annexin V findings post‐chemotherapy (day+1, day+2) were also compared to the tumor status at 6 to 12 weeks post‐treatment.Results. All lung and lymphoma patients with an increased tracer uptake post‐treatment (n= 8) had either partial or complete tumor response. Five patients with no tracer uptake had progressive disease. However, two breast cancers had a response to treatment, although no significant tracer uptake was observed. Tumor response and survival time were significantly correlated with the 99mTc‐labeled Annexin V uptake. No serious events related to tracer administration were noted.Conclusion. Preliminary results of this pilot study demonstrate the feasibility of the 99mTc‐labeled Annexin V uptake for the in vivo imaging of apoptosis after one course of chemotherapy. If confirmed on larger series, these promising results may open new perspectives in the management of oncology patients.
On the scaling of mammalian long bones
Authors: Garcia Guilherme J. M. , da Silva Jafferson K. L. 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYAlthough there is much data available on mammalian long-bone allometry, a theory explaining these data is still lacking. We show that bending and axial compression are the relevant loading modes and elucidate why the elastic similarity model failed to explain the experimental data. Our analysis provides scaling relations connecting bone diameter and length to the axial and transverse components of the force, in good agreement with experimental data. The model also accounts for other important features of long-bone allometry.
The crayfish Procambarus clarkii CRY shows daily and circadian variation
Authors: Fanjul-Moles María Luisa , Escamilla-Chimal Elsa G. , Gloria-Soria Andrea , Hernández-Herrera Gabriela 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARY
The circadian rhythms of crayfish are entrained by blue light, through putative extra retinal photoreceptors. We investigated the presence and daily variation of CRY, a protein photosensitive to blue light spectra and ubiquitous in animals and plants, in the putative pacemakers of Procambarus clarkii, namely the eyestalk and brain, at different times of the 24 h light:dark cycles. Using different experimental light protocols and by means of qualitative/quantitative immunofluorescence anatomical and biochemical methods, we identified CRY immunoreactivity in cells located in the medulla-terminalis-hemiellipsoidal complex (MT-HB) and the anterior margin of the median protocerebrum (PR). The immunoreaction varied with the time of day and the two neural structures showed a semi-mirror image. The results of the biochemical analysis matched these variations. Western blotting demonstrated statistically significant circadian rhythms in brain CRY abundance, but no daily circadian CRY abundance oscillations in the eyestalk. These immunocytochemical and biochemical results link a specific photoreceptor molecule to circadian rhythmicity. We propose that CRY may be linked to the photoreception of the clock and to the generation of circadian rhythmicity.
Ventricular diastolic filling characteristics in stage-24 chick embryos after extra-embryonic venous obstruction
Authors: Ursem Nicolette T. C. , Stekelenburg-de Vos Sandra , Wladimiroff Juriy W. , Poelmann Robert E. , Gittenberger-de Groot Adriana C. , Hu Norman , Clark Edward B. 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARY
Alteration of extra-embryonic venous blood flow in stage-17 chick embryos results in well-defined cardiovascular malformations. We hypothesize that the decreased dorsal aortic blood volume flow observed after venous obstruction results in altered ventricular diastolic function in stage-24 chick embryos. A microclip was placed at the right lateral vitelline vein in a stage-17(52–64 h of incubation) chick embryo. At stage 24 (4.5 days of incubation), we measured simultaneously dorsal aortic and atrioventricular blood flow velocities with a 20-MHz pulsed-Doppler velocity meter. The fraction of passive and active filling was integrated and multiplied by dorsal aortic blood flow to obtain the relative passive and active ventricular filling volumes. Data were summarized as means ± s.e.m. and analyzed by t-test. At similar cycle lengths ranging from 557 ms to 635 ms (P&gt;0.60),dorsal aortic blood flow and stroke volume measured in the dorsal aorta were similar in stage-24 clipped and normal embryos. Passive filling volume(0.07±0.01 mm3) was decreased, and active filling volume(0.40±0.02 mm3) was increased in the clipped embryo when compared with the normal embryo (0.15±0.01 mm3,0.30±0.01 mm3, respectively) (P&lt;0.003). In the clipped embryos, the passive/active ratio was decreased compared with that in normal embryos (P&lt;0.001). Ventricular filling components changed after partially obstructing the extra-embryonic venous circulation. These results suggest that material properties of the embryonic ventricle are modified after temporarily reduced hemodynamic load.
Immunohistochemical localization of Papilio RBP in the eye of butterflies
Authors: Wakakuwa Motohiro , Ozaki Koichi , Arikawa Kentaro 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARY
We recently identified a novel retinoid binding protein, PapilioRBP, in the soluble fraction of the eye homogenate of the butterfly Papilio xuthus, and demonstrated that the protein is involved in the visual cycle. We now have localized the protein in the Papilio eye by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using a monospecific antiserum produced against artificially expressed Papilio RBP. We found strong immunoreactivity in the primary as well as secondary pigment cells and in the tracheal cells. The pigment cells have long been regarded as an important site of the visual cycle, and this view is further supported by the present result. Interestingly, the cytoplasm and nuclei of these cells were equally labeled, indicating that the protein exists in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We conducted a survey for the existence of the Papilio RBP-like proteins in other insects including several species of butterflies, dragonflies, cicadas, grasshoppers and honeybees. Anti-Papilio RBP immunoreactivity was confirmed in the proteins isolated only from butterflies belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea and not from other species. In all insects tested, however, fluorescing proteins were clearly detected, suggesting that these insects also have similar retinol-binding proteins.
The hydrodynamic trails of Lepomis gibbosus (Centrarchidae), Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontidae) and Thysochromis ansorgii (Cichlidae) investigated with scanning particle image velocimetry
Authors: Hanke Wolf , Bleckmann Horst 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARY
The hydrodynamic trails of fish belonging to the families Centrarchidae,Tetraodontidae and Cichlidae were investigated. Water movements were measured in six horizontal planes, spaced 10–12 mm apart, for up to 5 min after the passage of a fish, using a computer controlled array of modulated laser diodes. We measured continuously and non-continuously swimming fish. Water velocities decayed rapidly in the leading seconds after the passage of a fish,but could still be measured for a period considerably longer than that. In still water (median water velocity &lt;0.5 mm s–1), the hydrodynamic trails of Lepomis gibbosus lasted for more than 5 min. The trails of Colomesus psittacus and Thysochromis ansorgiicould be detected for more than 30 s and more than 3 min, respectively. The water disturbance left behind by these fish was sufficient to be sensed by a piscivorous predator at a distance where vision or hearing frequently fail. Acoustic stimuli estimated from a dipole model in a distance that would be covered by the tested fish in 1 min (4–25 m) were 1.5×10–7 to 3.1×10–10 m s–2, while the hearing threshold of a perch is three orders of magnitude above that. By contrast, the fish wakes after 1 min (except for one Colomesus wake) contained water velocities between 0.95 and 2.05 mm s–1, which are within the detection range of hydrodynamic sensory systems. The three species differed with respect to water velocities,the spatial extent of the fish-generated water disturbances and the structure of the wake.
A Facile Approach to 2-CF3-Substituted Seven-membered Oxacycles via Stereoselective Preparation and Cope Rearrangement of 2-CF3-cis-2,3-Bis(alkenyl)oxiranes
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Fujimoto Takuya , Liu Xinyu , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Stereoselective preparation and Cope rearrangement of 2-CF3-substituted cis-2,3-bis(alkenyl)oxiranes provides a convenient route to a diverse of 2-CF3-4,5-dihydrooxepins. The reaction sequence followed by reduction or oxidation provides 2-CF3-substituted oxepanes or oxepins, respectively.
A Cationic Diruthenium Amidinate, [(η5-C5Me5)Ru(μ2-i-PrN=C(Me)Ni-Pr)Ru(η5-C5Me5)]+, as an Efficient Catalyst for the Atom-Transfer Radical Reactions
Authors: Motoyama Yukihiro , Gondo Mitsuru , Masuda Satoshi , Iwashita Yuya , Nagashima Hideo 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A cationic diruthenium amidinate, [(η5-C5Me5)Ru(μ2-i-PrN=C(Me)Ni-Pr)Ru(η5-C5Me5)]+, is generated by treatment of (η5-C5Me5)Ru(μ2-i-PrN=C(Me)Ni-Pr)Ru(Cl)(η5-C5Me5) (3a) with NaPF6 or other metal salts of weakly coordinating anions, which is active towards catalytic atom transfer radical cyclization of N-allyl trichloroacetamides and related reactions.
Syntheses and Structure of a Novel Layered Lanthanide–Zinc Coordination Polymer: [LaZn(HIDA)(IDA)2·0.5H2O]n
Authors: Xu Hongbin , Zhao Yahui , Su Zhongmin , Li Guanghua , Ma Yue , Shao Kuizhan , Zhu Dongxia , Zhang Hengjun , Yue Shumei 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The hydrothermal reactions of La2O3, Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, iminodiacetic acid (H2IDA), and H2O resulted in the formation of a novel coordination polymers [LaZn(HIDA)(IDA)2·0.5H2O]n. X-ray diffraction analyses confirms that in complexe 1 La ions are lined through sharing the O atoms of IDA ligands which the octahedron-coordinated Zn ions are beside alternately to form a 1-D zigzag inorganic chain. And then a 2-D layered coordination polymer is constructed by helix bridging protonated HIDA ligands.
Photochromism of Diarylethene-capped Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Matsuda Kenji , Ikeda Masumi , Irie Masahiro 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Diarylethene-capped gold nanoparticles were synthesized by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique and the photochemical behavior was studied. The average diameter of the particles was determined to be 1.1 nm from TEM image. The synthesized nanoparticles showed reversible photochromic reactivity regardless of the presence of the surface plasmon band.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First Organically Templated Layered Cerium Phosphate Fluoride: [(CH2)2(NH3)2]0.5[CeIVF3(HPO4)]
Authors: Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan , Ishiwata Shintaro , Saito Takashi , Azuma Masaki , Takano Mikio , Chen Yunfa , Li Jinghai 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A novel organically templated layered cerium phosphate fluoride [(CH2)2(NH3)2]0.5[CeIVF3(HPO4)] has been synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis technology, and characterized by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Its unique layered structure is based on a network of novel CeO3F5 polyhedral and PO4 tetrahedral. The [NH3(CH2)2NH3]+ cations contact with the adjacent layers via hydrogen bonds to compensate the negative charge of the inorganic framework.
Synthesis of cis-2-Fluorocyclopropylamine by Stereoselective Cyclopropanation Under Phase-transfer Conditions
Authors: Matsuo Jun-ichi , Tani Yu-ichirou , Hayakawa Yu-ichirou 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
cis-2-Fluorocyclopropylamine is stereoselectively synthesized by cyclopropanation of 3-aryl-2-vinyl-3-(methoxy)isoindol-1-one by treating dibromofluoromethane with saturated aqueous KOH solution in the presence of 18-crown-6 in dichloromethane, followed by removal of a bromine atom of the formed bromofluorocyclopropane derivative with Raney Ni, and successive three steps-deprotection procedures for generating an amino group on the cyclopropane ring.
Human personality dimensions of persistence and harm avoidance associated with DRD4 and 5‐HTTLPR polymorphisms
Authors: Szekely A. , Ronai Z. , Nemoda Z. , Kolmann G. , Gervai J. , Sasvari‐Szekely M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe associations of human personality traits as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) with two genetic polymorphisms, the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III repeat polymorphism (VNTR) and the serotonin transporter‐linked functional polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) are presented in a population of 157 ethnically homogeneous Caucasians. No association was found between Novelty Seeking and the DRD4 VNTR, but male individuals with a 7‐repeat allele exhibited significantly lower Persistence scores. The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism itself had no significant effect on any of the temperament dimensions, but a significant DRD4 VNTR × 5‐HTTLPR interaction was observed for Harm Avoidance, the subgroup with a s/s 5‐HTTLPR, 7‐repeat DRD4 genotype showed a higher mean Harm Avoidance score than the other groups. These results are discussed in relation to the recent findings on infant temperament. Association between the DRD4 7‐repeat allele and Persistence can be theoretically linked to the 7‐repeat allele as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin transporter polymorphism and depressive‐related symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Golimbet V.E. , Alfimova M.V. , Shchebatykh T.V. , Abramova L.I. , Kaleda V.G. , Rogaev E.I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA role for the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) gene polymorphism in mental illnesses and anxiety‐traits has been implicated. The contribution of genetic factors in personality traits and the manifestation of specific symptoms in psychiatric illnesses have yet to be elucidated. Anxious‐depressive symptoms are a significant component in a pattern of schizophrenic symptoms. This study focused on the relation between 5‐HTT polymorphism and clinical presentations of schizophrenia, specifically those related to the affective spectrum. Using clinical and psychological analyses, we tested the genetic association between the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism (5‐HTT gene‐linked polymorphic region) and anxiety‐ and depressive‐related symptoms emerged in schizophrenia. In 260 patients with an ICD‐10 diagnosis of schizophrenia (broad definition), we studied the 5‐HTTLPR genotype (insertion‐deletion polymorphism), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and self‐rated inventories (EPI, MMPI, STAI) scores. Patients with the “ss” genotype (deletion variant) scored significantly higher on “Guilt feelings” and “Depression” items, as compared with those of the “ll” genotype (insertion variant) (P = 0.016, 0.039, respectively). The frequency of the “ss” genotype was reduced in patients with no depression or guilt feelings, or in those patients exhibiting questionable symptoms. In contrast, the “ss” genotype carriers prevailed among the patients with mild, moderate, or severe ratings of the symptoms. The scores on all anxiety‐ and depression‐related traits, self‐rated by the patients, did not significantly differ by genotype. Our finding may contribute to understanding of molecular genetic features underlying an appearance of psychopathological symptoms emerged in schizophrenia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor alpha‐3 subunit gene polymorphism in unipolar depressive disorder: A genetic association study
Authors: Henkel Verena , Baghai Thomas C. , Eser Daniela , Zill Peter , Mergl Roland , Zwanzger Peter , Schüle Cornelius , Bottlender Ronald , Jäger Markus , Rupprecht Rainer , Hegerl Ulrich , Möller Hans‐Jürgen , Bondy Brigitta 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThere is evidence that genes coding for the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor may be involved in the etiology of affective disorders. Recently, an association between a CA‐repeat in the GABRA 3 gene and bipolar disorder had been reported. The present study aimed at investigating the association between this polymorphism and unipolar major depressive disorder. The sample consisted of 201 unipolar depressive patients and 151 healthy subjects. All study participants were unrelated German individuals of the same ethnogeographical origin. No differences in genotype frequencies between unipolar patients and healthy subjects were found for GABRA 3 (P = 0.08). However, a significant difference of allelic frequencies was observed in female patients (n = 128) compared to female controls (n = 81) (P ≤ 0.0001). This effect was not present in the group of male patients (n = 73) compared to male healthy subjects (n = 70) (P = 0.24). The results of our study indicate that GABRA 3 gene might also be involved in the genetic pathophysiology of unipolar major depressive disorder (at least in female patients), even if the findings do not support a predominant role of GABRA 3. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphism at codon 469 of the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 gene is not associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rodero Lucía , Infante Jon , Palacio Enrique , Llorca Javier , Berciano José , Combarros Onofre 
Published: March 2004

AbstractActivation of microglia is a central part of the chronic inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) is a cell surface receptor that may act in AD to adhere microglia to beta amyloid fibrils within senile plaques. Preliminary evidence in an Italian population indicates that a polymorphism at codon 469 of the ICAM‐1 gene is a predisposing factor for sporadic AD. Another group has been unable to replicate this association in a Finnish population. A case‐control study utilizing a clinically well‐defined group of 283 sporadic AD patients and 283 control subjects was performed to test this association in an ethnically homogeneous population from Spain. The current study does not demonstrate any significant difference in E469K genotype or allele frequencies between AD patients and controls. Our study in the Spanish population argues against the hypothesis that polymorphism at codon 469 of the ICAM‐1 gene is causally related to AD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐based association studies of α‐adrenergic receptor genes in chromosomal regions with linkage to bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Jamra Rami Abou , Schumacher Johannes , Golla Astrid , Richter Carola , Otte Andreas C.J. , Schulze Thomas G. , Ohlraun Stephanie , Maier Wolfgang , Rietschel Marcella , Cichon Sven , Propping Peter , Nöthen Markus M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest an involvement of the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system in the pathogenesis of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). Three genes for α‐adrenergic receptors (ADRA) are located in chromosomal regions that showed evidence for linkage: The α1c‐adrenergic (ADRA‐1C) receptor gene on 8p21, the α2a‐adrenergic (ADRA‐2A) receptor gene on 10q25, and the α2c‐adrenergic (ADRA‐2C) receptor on 4p16. In a BPAD sample of 120 parent‐offspring triads, we genotyped a 492 Cys/Arg variant in exon 2 of the ADRA‐1C gene, a ‐1291 G/C variant in the 5′UTR of the ADRA‐2A gene, and a STR marker (adra2c1) in the 5′UTR of the ADRA‐2C gene. Using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT), no significant differences in transmissions were observed for any of the three ADRA genes. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.