bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasion Route and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Vibrio alginolyticus to Silver Sea Bream Sparus sarba
Authors: Li Jun , Zhou Liran , Woo Norman Y. S. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Potential routes of invasion and associated pathogenic mechanisms of a pathogenic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus (Vib-01) to silver sea bream Sparus sarba were evaluated. Inoculation of V. alginolyticus into juvenile silver sea bream via the intramuscular, intraperitoneal, injury–immersion, and simple immersion routes resulted in 14-d LD50 values (concentrations lethal to half the group studied) of 4.85 × 104 colony-forming units [cfu]/fish, 5.01 × 105 cfu/fish, 3.16 × 106 cfu/mL and more than 2.5 × 108 cfu/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the integrity of the fish integument is important for protecting fish against vibriosis, such that invasion through integumental breaches would be the main invasive mode of this bacterium to silver sea bream. Phagocytic activities of splenic and pronephric macrophages were significantly increased at the early stages of infection but declined significantly as infection progressed (after 24 or 36 h). The spleen and head kidney of fish inoculated with Vib-01 bacteria exhibited high bacterial counts accompanied by a decline in the phagocytic potential of the macrophages taken from both organs. Sea bream infected with V. alginolyticus exhibited significant decreases in red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum glucose, and protein. Total leukocyte count increased at the early stages of infection but declined as infection became advanced. The destruction of critical components of both the circulatory and immune systems by V. alginolyticus could be the main cause of mortality in vibriosis. Extracellular products (ECPs) of the present V. alginolyticus isolate were toxic not only to silver sea bream but also to cultured fibroblast cells derived from sea bream fin tissue. The 14-day LD50 of ECPs to sea bream was 0.92 μg per gram of fish weight. Our data suggest an involvement of the ECPs, especially their hydrolytic and hemolytic components, in the invasive and proliferative processes of the bacteria in silver sea bream.
Safety of Oxytetracycline (Terramycin TM-100F) Administered in Feed to Hybrid Striped Bass, Walleyes, and Yellow Perch
Authors: Gaikowski Mark P. , Wolf Jeffrey C. , Schleis Susan M. , Gingerich William H. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Oxytetracycline (Terramycin TM-100F, a medicated premix containing oxytetracycline at 220 g/kg) is approved in the United States to control certain systemic bacterial diseases of salmon and catfish when fed at a rate of 55–82.5 mg per kilogram of bodyweight per day for 10 d. Although oxytetracycline may also control certain systemic bacterial infections in coolwater or scaled warmwater fish, no safety data for such species are available. Our objective was to determine the safety of oxytetracycline administered in feed at nominal doses of 0, 82.5, 248, or 413 mg · kg−1 · d−1 to yellow perch Perca flavescens and hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis × white bass M. chrysops) for 10 d and to walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) for 20 d. Yellow perch and hybrid striped bass consumed 50% to 100% of the diet, whereas walleye feed consumption was occasionally less than 50% of the diet. Feed or fecal material was present in the gastrointestinal tract of all necropsied walleyes except for one control fish. The single growth effect was that hybrid striped bass offered a nominal dose of 413 mg · kg−1 · d−1 were significantly smaller than untreated controls. Oxytetracycline-related histopathological findings were limited to walleyes and were of low severity. The histopathological findings included decreased hematopoietic–lymphopoietic (H&L) tissue in the anterior kidneys, diffuse hyperplasia of the gill filament epithelium, and a decreased prevalence of fish with eosinophilic droplets in their renal tubular epithelial cells. Although the incidence of decreased H&L tissue tended to increase in proportion to oxytetracycline dose, this finding was statistically significant only for fish that received a nominal dose of 413 mg · kg−1 · d−1. Given the pathogenicity of the types of bacteria that are controlled by oxytetracycline treatment and the long history of its use in major aquaculture species, the relative risk of the minor oxytetracycline-related changes observed in this study may be outweighed by disease control benefits.
Molecular, Physical, and Clinical Evidence that Golden Shiner Virus and Grass Carp Reovirus are Variants of the Same Virus
Authors: McEntire Mathew E. , Iwanowicz Luke R. , Goodwin Andrew E. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Moribund golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas sampled during winter and spring and moribund grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella sampled during summer were necropsied and cultured on cyprinid cell lines. In all cases, a syncytial cytopathic effect occurred and viruses were successfully passaged. Characterization by electron microscopy, diethyl ether resistance, iododeoxyuridine resistance, and acid resistance confirmed that the isolates were aquareoviruses. We used polymerase chain reaction to test all isolates; primer sets were based on a published sequence for segments 1, 2, 3, and 10 of the grass carp reovirus (GCRV). Products of the expected sizes were amplified, then cloned and sequenced. The isolates were about 97–100% identical to each other and to a published sequence for golden shiner virus (GSV) and were 90–93% identical to GCRV. At the amino acid level, our isolates were 96–100% identical to each other and to GCRV. The similarity among our isolates and the published GCRV sequence was equivalent to the similarity among published GCRV sequences; we therefore conclude that GSV and GCRV are the same virus. This conclusion is confirmed by our isolation of this virus from both moribund golden shiners and moribund grass carp. Based on our work, we conclude that GSV is synonymous with GCRV, and that GSV was probably imported into the USA concurrently with the introduction of grass carp by federal agencies in 1963.
Comparison of Cellular and Extracellular Products Expressed by Virulent and Attenuated Strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri
Authors: Williams Michele L. , Azadi Parastoo , Lawrence Mark L. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Cellular and extracellular products of three virulent Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates were compared with corresponding attenuated strains to evaluate potential virulence factors. The characteristics compared included growth kinetics, hemolysin activity, surface structures, outer membrane protein profiles, and lipopolysaccharide profiles. To produce the attenuated strains, we passed three isolates through multiple subcultures in liquid media. Attenuated strains were found to have shorter generation times than virulent strains. They also apparently failed to express a 55-kdalton outer membrane protein that the virulent strains possessed. Scanning electron microscopy found no conclusive differences in surface structure expression. Hemolysin activity was significantly greater in virulent strain R4383 than in its corresponding attenuated strain. Lipopolysaccharide profiles showed no apparent differences in the O polysaccharide portion; however, the composition of core oligosaccharide sugars differed between the two.
Comparison of Cytochrome P450 2C9 Genotyping Methods and Implications for the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Aquilante Christina L. , Lobmeyer Maximilian T. , Langaee Taimour Y. , Johnson Julie A. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To compare the accuracy, speed, and cost of two methodologies used for genotyping known variants in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 metabolizing enzyme gene.Design. Comparative study.Setting. University research center.Samples. Fifteen‐milliliter mouthwash samples collected from 253 subjects participating in a warfarin pharmacogenomic study.Intervention. Genotyping for the isoleucine‐to‐leucine change at codon 359 (Ile359Leu [*3] polymorphism) was performed by using the Pyrosequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods in all 253 samples. Genotyping for the arginine‐to‐cysteine change at codon 144 (Arg144Cys [*2] polymorphism) was performed by using Pyrosequencing in all samples and by PCR‐RFLP in a random subset of 136 samples.Measurements and Main Results. Comparisons of genotyping success rates, time efficiency, and cost analyses were conducted for Pyrosequencing and PCR‐RFLP at each variant site. Pyrosequencing and PCR‐RFLP produced similar success rates on the first genotyping attempt for the Arg144Cys variant (93.3% vs 90.4%, respectively) and the Ile359Leu variant (83.8% vs 79.1%, respectively). With Pyrosequencing, genotyping 96 samples for either polymorphism could be performed in 1 hour. In contrast, genotyping 96 samples by RFLP took 10 hours for the Arg144Cys variant and 20 hours for the Ile359Leu variant. Total cost/sample for Arg144Cys genotyping was $1.90 with PCR‐Pyrosequencing and $3.14 with PCR‐RFLP. Total cost/sample for Ile359Leu genotyping was $1.88 with PCR‐Pyrosequencing and $10.18 with PCR‐RFLP.Conclusion. Compared with RFLP, genotype determination by Pyrosequencing is a more time‐efficient, cost‐effective, and robust method for CYP2C9 genotyping. Because of its wide applicability and ease of use, Pyrosequencing is a promising technology for future pharmacogenomic investigations.
Differences in Rates of Diarrhea in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Receiving Lopinavir‐Ritonavir or Nelfinavir
Authors: Guest Jodie L. , Ruffin Charnelda , Tschampa Jean M. , DeSilva Kathryn E. , Rimland David 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To determine and compare rates of diarrhea in patients receiving an antiretroviral regimen containing lopinavir‐ritonavir versus nelfinavir and in patients who received these drugs sequentially.Design. Retrospective cohort analysis.Setting. Hospital‐based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic.Patients. Four hundred one participants in the HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study who were prescribed lopinavir‐ritonavir or nelfinavir from 1996–2002.Measurements and Main Results. Chart review identified episodes of diarrhea that potentially were associated with an antiretroviral agent. Data collected included antidiarrheal agents dispensed, baseline viral load and CD4+ cell counts, demographic variables, and previous therapy. Diarrhea associated with an antiretroviral regimen occurred in 175 (49%) of 354 patients receiving nelfinavir and 17 (17%) of 99 patients receiving lopinavir‐ritonavir (p<0.001). Treatment for the diarrhea occurred in 118 (33%) of 354 patients receiving nelfinavir and 9 (9%) of 99 receiving lopinavir‐ritonavir (p<0.001). Patients in the lopinavir‐ritonavir group were more likely to have received highly active antiretroviral therapy and azithromycin than patients receiving nelfinavir, and they had lower baseline CD4+ cell counts (p≤0.01 for each comparison). The average number of months/person‐year of diarrhea treatment was 2.0 for the nelfinavir group and 0.13 for the lopinavir‐ritonavir group. Of the 10 antiretroviral‐naïve patients who received lopinavir‐ritonavir, none needed treatment for diarrhea, whereas 78 (36%) of 217 antiretroviral‐naïve patients who received nelfinavir required treatment for diarrhea. Of the 52 patients who had been taking nelfinavir and were switched to lopinavir‐ritonavir, they were more likely to start antidiarrheal treatment while taking nelfinavir (14 [27%]) than while receiving lopinavir‐ritonavir (3 [6%]) (p=0.004).Conclusions. Patients receiving lopinavir‐ritonavir were significantly less likely to have diarrhea or to require treatment for diarrhea than patients receiving nelfinavir. The same results occurred when the drugs were given to the same patients sequentially (nelfinavir followed by lopinavir‐ritonavir). The diarrhea associated with lopinavir‐ritonavir was less frequent, less severe, and shorter in duration than diarrhea associated with nelfinavir.
Replication of the Weber Effect Using Postmarketing Adverse Event Reports Voluntarily Submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Hartnell Nicole R. , Wilson James P. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To validate or refute a widely accepted epidemiologic phenomenon known as the Weber effect by replicating Weber's original observation by using drugs that were marketed in the United States and using reports from a U.S. database.Design. Retrospective analysis of adverse event databases.Setting. University research center.Drugs. The original nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs studied by Weber that were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and marketed in the United States: diclofenac sodium, diclofenac potassium, diflunisal, sulindac, flurbiprofen, and piroxicam.Intervention. Reports of adverse events submitted to the FDA's Spontaneous Reporting System and the Adverse Event Reporting System from January 1969–December 2000 for these drugs were analyzed according to the number of adverse events reported for each drug per year from the time the drug was approved until December 2000.Measurements and Main Results. Reporting patterns were considered to demonstrate the Weber effect if the highest peak in reports during the first 5 years after product approval occurred during year 2. All five drugs analyzed in this study demonstrated the Weber effect.Conclusion. The Weber effect was replicable by using drugs marketed in the United States and using reports that were submitted to a U.S. database. Various other factors affected spontaneous reporting of adverse events, as peaks in the number of reports were seen numerous times for each drug after the initial 5‐year marketing period.
Impact of a Cardiac Risk Reduction Program in Vulnerable Patients Hospitalized with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Krantz Mori J. , Havranek Edward P. , Mehler Philip S. , Haynes Deborah K. , Long Carlin S. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To increase the use of guideline‐based pharmacotherapy in vulnerable patients (ethnic minorities and the poor) with coronary artery disease (CAD) through a nurse‐based quality‐improvement program.Design. Retrospective program evaluation.Setting. Inner‐city hospital in Denver, Colorado.Patients. One hundred fifty‐one consecutive patients hospitalized with a CAD‐related diagnosis.Intervention. A nurse‐management program was initiated for patients with angiographically documented CAD, and rates of guideline‐based care were compared with rates for historic controls. The intervention consisted of two key elements: patient counseling with language‐appropriate education materials and direct physician education regarding the importance of cardioprotective drugs. The 151 patients in the intervention group were compared with 125 historic control patients hospitalized before the program was begun. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess differences in care with regard to ethnicity, education level, and insurance status, and to adjust for different baseline characteristics.Measurements and Main Results. At hospital discharge, patients in the intervention group were more likely to receive statins (71% vs 52%, p=0.001) and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (79% vs 51%, p<0.001) compared with controls. These differences remained after adjusting for ethnicity, education level, insurance status, and baseline clinical characteristics. Also, a trend was noted toward greater use of aspirin (92% vs 86%, p=0.13) and β‐blockers (79% vs 73%, p=0.24) in the intervention group compared with controls. Patients in the intervention group were more likely to receive counseling for smoking cessation.Conclusion. An inpatient nurse‐management program improved the quality of care for patients with CAD regardless of sociodemographic status. Properly designed disease‐management initiatives can be effective for disadvantaged patients, who often obtain health care through emergency and inpatient services.
Craniofacial dyssynostosis: Case report and review
Authors: Grosso Salvatore , Vivarelli Rossella , Muraca Maria Carmela , Berardi Rosario , Marconcini Silvia , Morgese Guido , Balestri Paolo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCraniofacial dyssynostosis (CFD) is a rare disorder related to premature closure of the lambdoid suture and the posterior part of the sagittal suture. Epilepsy, mental retardation, abnormalities of the corpus callosum, and short stature have been reported. We studied a patient with CFD, hydronephrosis, and partially empty sella turcica; the latter two features are reported for the first time. We discuss the brain anomalies and their neurologic sequelae, which are part of the CFD phenotype. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal pericyte recruitment as a cause for pulmonary hypertension in Adams–Oliver syndrome
Authors: Patel Millan S. , Taylor Glenn P. , Bharya Simi , Al‐Sanna'a Nouriya , Adatia Ian , Chitayat David , Suzanne Lewis M.E. , Human Derek G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAdams–Oliver syndrome (AOS) consists of congenital scalp defects with variable limb defects of unknown pathogenesis. We report on two children with AOS plus additional features including intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC), pulmonary hypertension (PH), intracranial densities shown in one case to be sites of active bleeding and osteopenia. Autopsy in one case revealed defective vascular smooth muscle cell/pericyte coverage of the vasculature associated with two blood vessel abnormalities. Pericyte absence correlated with vessel dilatation while hyperproliferation of pericytes correlated with vessel stenosis. These findings suggest a unifying pathogenic mechanism for the abnormalities seen in AOS. These and previously reported cases establish that a subset of AOS patients is at high risk for PH. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anticancer agents are potent neurotoxins in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Rzeski Wojciech , Pruskil Susanne , Macke Alexander , Felderhoff‐Mueser Ursula , Reiher Anne Katrin , Hoerster Friederike , Jansma Corina , Jarosz Bozena , Stefovska Vanya , Bittigau Petra , Ikonomidou Chrysanthy 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNeurotoxicity of anticancer agents complicates treatment of children with cancer. We investigated neurotoxic effects of common cytotoxic drugs in neuronal cultures and in the developing rat brain. When neurons were exposed to cisplatin (5–100μM), cyclophosphamide (5–100μM), methotrexate (5–100μM), vinblastin (0.1–1μM), or thiotepa (5–100μM), a concentration‐dependent neurotoxic effect was observed. Neurotoxicity was potentiated by nontoxic glutamate concentrations. The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist MK 801 (10μM), the AMPA receptor antagonists GYKI 52466 (10μM) and NBQX (10μM), and the pancaspase inhibitor Ac‐DEVD‐CHO (1nM) ameliorated neurotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs. To investigate neurotoxicity in vivo, we administered to 7‐day‐old rats the following: cisplatin (5–15mg/kg IP), cyclophosphamide (200–600mg/kg IP), thiotepa (15–45mg/kg), or ifosfamide (100–500mg/kg) and their brains were analyzed at 4 to 24 hours. Cytotoxic drugs produced widespread lesions within cortex, thalamus, hippocampal dentate gyrus, and caudate nucleus in a dose‐dependent fashion. Early histological analysis demonstrated dendritic swelling and relative preservation of axonal terminals, which are morphological features indicating excitotoxicity. After longer survival periods, degenerating neurons displayed morphological features consistent with active cell death. These results demonstrate that anticancer drugs are potent neurotoxins in vitro and in vivo; they activate excitotoxic mechanisms but also trigger active neuronal death. Ann Neurol 2004
Anxiety and dissection of the human cadaver: An unsolvable relationship?
Authors: Arráez‐Aybar Luis‐Alfonso , Casado‐Morales M. Isabel , Castaño‐Collado Gloria 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAnxiety is an emotional reaction frequently shown by students when a human cadaver is being dissected. Nonetheless, few studies analyze the nature of the anxiety response in this situation and the ones that do exist are mainly limited to English‐speaking countries. Our research has three aims: to study the characteristic anxiety reaction to dissection practices, to determine the weight exerted by internal and environmental variables on this anxiety reaction, and to design practices aimed at reducing the state of anxiety experienced by pupils in their human anatomy practices. The studies were carried out in the dissection room of the Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology II at the Faculty of Medicine of the Complutense University, Madrid, during the 3 academic years 2000–2003. The anxiety response to the first dissection of a human cadaver is mainly determined by a situation considered to be threatening, with novelty as its main characteristic. The students' anxiety response is first determined by the situation itself and reactions depend on individual differences. Repeated or gradual exposure (detailed verbal information on the situation, visits to dissecting rooms when no cadaver is present, videos showing pictures of human dissections, etc.) before carrying out the first dissection reduce the students' anxiety response. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 279B:16–23, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of maternal toxicity in lovastatin‐induced developmental toxicity
Authors: Lankas George R. , Cukierski Mark A. , Wise L. David 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe role of maternal toxicity in lovastatin‐induced developmental toxicity in rats was examined in a series of studies. The first study administered lovastatin at 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg/day (mkd) orally to mated rats from Gestation Day (GD) 6 through 20. Maternal toxicity was observed as transient dose‐related body weight losses at the initiation of dosing; there were also deaths and/or morbidity at 400 and 800 mkd. These toxicities occurred in conjunction with forestomach lesions. Mean fetal weights were decreased in all groups (−5 to −16%), and the incidence of skeletal malformations, variations, and incomplete ossifications was increased. The 2 highest doses produced the most severe maternal and developmental effects. Using the same dosages, the second study avoided gestational maternal weight losses and morbidity by starting treatment 14 days before mating with dosing continued to GD 20. There were transient dose‐related body weight losses after the start of dosing and deaths in the 400‐ and 800‐mkd groups; however, there was no evidence of maternal toxicity during gestation. Developmental toxicity was evident only as slight, but generally significant (p≤0.05) decreases in mean fetal weights in groups given ≥200 mkd (−2 to −5%). Significantly, no skeletal abnormalities were observed. A third study administered the pharmacologically active metabolite of lovastatin subcutaneously at dose levels that matched oral maternal drug exposures. In the high‐dose group, maternal weight gain and mean fetal weight were slightly decreased but there were no treatment‐related skeletal abnormalities. Finally, a series of toxicokinetic studies assessed whether the 2 different developmental toxicity profiles were due to differences in drug exposure between the developmentally toxic and non‐toxic dosing regimes. The data showed that groups with no skeletal abnormalities had maternal and embryonic/fetal drug concentrations similar to or even greater than the groups with fetal abnormalities. These results indicate that fetal skeletal abnormalities observed at lovastatin dose levels ≥100 mkd are not due to a direct teratogenic effect, but are the result of excessive maternal toxicity, which most likely involves a nutritional deficiency associated with forestomach lesions and reduced maternal food intake. Birth Defects Res B 71:111–123, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.