bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aftermath
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ’98 insurrection demonstrated vividly and dangerously the intensity and strength of discontent with the existing social and political order in Ireland, and confronted the government with two major problems. The removal of the causes of discontent called for bold and long-term measures. More immediately, there was the question of how were the discontented, who had resorted to direct action, to be handled? By coercion or conciliation or by a blend of both? The Irish administration, which had to cope with these problems, was headed by Cornwallis and Castlereagh, who took office as lord lieutenant and chief secretary during the insurrection. Cornwallis had been driven to devote himself to the service of king and country, by what he himself termed, ‘the irresistible impulse … to follow the thorny path I have travelled’.
The Union
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A policy of pains, penalties, pardons and policing might temporarily restore order in Ireland. But it left the causes of Irish discontent still festering and to some in authority in 1798 it seemed clear that the Irish crisis called for a dynamic approach which would transform Ireland from being a defence liability into a prosperous and contented member of the empire. History suggested an answer to the Irish problem. The attempt which had been made at the beginning of the century to solve the Scottish question by a union had proved a most successful political experiment. After the union Scotland had advanced rapidly economically, Glasgow had become a great port and industrial centre, Edinburgh, at the end of the century was completing a magnificent piece of urban planning and a long list of names, Mansfield, Loughborough, Dundas, Erskine, Abercromby, Heathfield, Hume, Adam Smith, Boswell, were a reminder of the great contribution that Scotland was making to British life and the opportunities afforded to Scotsmen by the union.
An Academic Counter-Revolution: Newman and Tractarian Oxford’s Idea of a University
Authors: Nockles P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
University reform in the age of liberal revolution took a variety of forms. Historians have tended to focus on only one model of university reform in Britain, that propagated by liberal and radical reformers. However this model, which in the context of the undisputed Anglican hegemony of the two English universities in the early nineteenth century had distinctly secularizing, if not anticlerical overtones, was by no means the only one. This paper concentrates upon a very different, counter-revolutionary scheme put forward by a party in the Church of England no less dissatisfied with the status quo in the University of Oxford than their liberal counterparts. The leaders of this active party expounded, in a rich vein of pamphlet and periodical literature, an alternative educational ideal to that put forward by liberals. It was an ideal shaped by and related to the Oxford context in which it was born, but which at the same time was to provide the ultimate inspiration for one of the classic treatises on the purposes of universities in the English-speaking world, John Henry Newman’s The Idea of a University
Universities and Elites in Modern Britain
Authors: Anderson R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the relation of British universities to elites and elite formation in the light of some recent general theories about university development, notably those in the collective volume on The Transformation of Higher Learning, 1860-1930 (1983) edited by Konrad Jarausch, and in Harold Perkin’s The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (1989). From these books, and from other contributors to the debate like Fritz Ringer and Harmut Kaelble, four main points seem to emerge. One is that the years from the 1860s to the 1930s form a distinctive period, the middle phase of a transition, in Jarausch’s words, ‘from traditional elite higher learning to modern mass higher education’. Jarausch sees a ‘seismic shift’ within this period, as ‘a small, homogeneous, elite and pre-professional university turned into a large, diversified, middleclass and professional system of higher learning’. There was a substantial rise in enrolments, but (and this is the second point) the key to expansion remained middle-class demands. Working-class students were few, and some authors have claimed that in this period those poorer students whom tradition had formerly admitted were squeezed out as competition for middle-class positions intensified. Thus Kaelble sees this as the era of ‘competitive opportunities’, coming between those of ‘charitable’ and ‘welfare’ opportunities, with the last phase not starting before 1914. Jarausch too considers that ‘only after World War One did conscious attempts to create equality of educational opportunity begin to have an impact on enrollments’. For England, Perkin would put the process a little earlier, seeing the period 1900-1920 as the ‘critical turning point’ both for the entry of talent from below, and for the process by which ‘the university became the normal route to high status and income’.
From Cosmogony to Exorcism in a Javanese Genesis
Authors: Headley Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1925 the influential Dutch anthropologist W. H. Rassers posed the question of the relationship of myth to ritual, taking as his case study the Javanese myth of the birth of the man-eating demon, Kala. The light shed by this myth, and its re-enactment, on the social morphology of Java was immediately the subject of debate among students of Javanese culture. Stephen C. Headley translates and studies ritual and myth in their variant forms. He expands illuminatingly upon Rasser's general proposition, that the movement from cosmogony to exorcism founds fundamental social forms within which values circulate in Javanese society. Richly detailed descriptions confirm the permanence of these networks of circulating values in modern-day Java, and their persistence in the face of contemporary individualism.
A Contemporary Performance (1983)
Authors: Headley Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a translation from the Javanese of a complete and typical performance of the Murwa Kala as a wayang exorcism. Only the final mantras have been left out, because they are quite incomprehensible when presented in translation without commentary. They will be analysed in Chapter 5. The very ordinary, normal quality of the performance by Ki Gandasuyana, a dhalang from Klathen, recommends it for study because this is the kind of ruwatan one would usually encounter. It was performed for a Chinese family on 6 February 1983 in Beton Mas, a middle-class residential area of Semarang, on the north coast of Java. The Budimulyana family (Chinese often take Indonesian names) felt they needed it because they had suffered financial misfortunes. Budimulyana had his whole extended family purified although not every member would appear on the list of siblings who require ritual purification (cf Appendix 3). He chose an elderly, relatively unknown dhalang from another town in order to negotiate a minimum price.
Aristotle’s Inclusivism
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the vast literature which has developed around books 1 and 10 of the Nicomachean Ethics [NE], there is no consensus on whether Aristotle’s view of ϵvδaιμovía is dominant or inclusive. Aristotle’s advice on method in ethics is that one look for the truth in competing views. In this paper I shall argue that elements of both dominant and inclusive interpretations are correct.
Plato and Computer Dating: A Discussion of Gerard R. Ledger, Re-counting Plato: A Computer Analysis of Plato’s Style, and Leonard Brandwood, The Chronology of Plato’s Dialogues
Authors: Young Charles M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing a dialogue, especially a long one, takes time. Moreover, Plato may well have revised his dialogues after he initially composed them. Even so, it seems reasonable to suppose that he wrote the dialogues in some rough order or other;4 and for any of a variety of reasons, ranging from an interest in Plato’s philosophical development to simple curiosity, we might wish to discover what that order was. One approach to this task is the so-called stylometric method. Proponents of this method begin by counting the occurrences of letters, words, phrases, constructions, patterns, etc. in the different dialogues. They assume that differences in counts across the dialogues reflect differences in Plato’s prose style, broadly conceived. Finally, they take the stylistic differences to reflect differences in the dates at which the different dialogues were composed and order the dialogues accordingly.
Quality of Well-Being: Quality of Being
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an old idea that there is quality as well as quantity of well—being-that a distinction (perhaps a number of distinctions) can and should be drawn between higher and lower human goods. The implications of the idea differ according to the wider ethical framework in which one places it. But, since virtually everyone thinks that a notion of individual well-being plays one or another major role in our ethical thought, the questions at stake—whether it makes sense to distinguish between higher and lower goods, and what it might mean to do so—are of wide interest. In this chapter I want first to examine the idea as such (Sections 1-3) and then to consider its place within a moral philosophy that takes the ethical standard to be the well-being of all, impartially assessed (Section 4). We shall find a number of themes from James Griffin’s work guiding us on our way.
An Abortion Argument and the Threat of Intransitivity
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many years ago, I had the pleasure of house sitting for James Griffin while he was on holiday. Throughout the days, and into the nights, I would work in his study, papers—and cats—strewn across his large desk, surrounded by his magnificent library. As a young philosopher, labouring over the initial draft of my book Inequality, the setting was not merely conducive to work, it was inspirational. Sitting in James Griffin’s study in Oxford, I realized how fortunate I was to be a philosopher.
Over the years, I have profited both from discussions with Griffin and from his work. So I am proud to contribute a chapter to a volume honouring him. In addition, I am especially pleased to acknowledge my long-standing personal debt.
Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and the Redemption of Life through Art
Authors: Soll Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of his working life, Nietzsche used the occasion of writing a new preface to his first book, The Birth of Tragedy, to distance himself publicly from past errors and allegiances. In this aptly titled ‘Attempt at a Self-Criticism’, he rejected his earlier adherence to the ideas of Kant and Schopenhauer and his worshipful admiration of Richard Wagner.
The theory of perception in plato’s theaetetus 152-183
Authors: Day Jane m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this paper I wish to re-examine the theory of perception which Plato makes Socrates put forward in the course of developing Theaetetus’ first suggested definition of knowledge, as ‘nothing other than perception’ (Tht. 151 E 2-3). I have two main questions: first, what is the precise content of this theory, and secondly, did Plato think it true?
The theory is presented in the dialogue as if it were purely a corollary of Theaetetus’ thesis. It is introduced as part of the doctrine of total flux which, Socrates claims, is implicit in Theaetetus’ suggestion. Flux doctrine is rejected in the anti-Heraclitean argument at 181-3, and we hear no more about the associated theory of perception from this point onwards, either during the final refutation of the thesis that knowledge is perception at 184-7, or later in the dialogue. Thus the general context would suggest that the whole function of the theory is dialectical, that is, that it serves to build up the position which Plato intends to demolish, rather than representing his own views
The Stoic Origin of Natural Rights
Authors: Mitsis Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that we, as individual human beings, have intrinsic natural rights is often taken to be a distinctive achievement of the late medieval or early modern periods, and hence unknown to antiquity. Whatever particular explanation scholars offer for its origin-for example, the rise of late medieval nominalism with its emphasis on concrete individuals; nascent capitalism and its concern to protect the interests of propertied classes; Hobbes’s eschewal of explanations in terms of a natural telos and his attempt to explain human action in terms of efficient causes and, consequently, to find a source of rights in the ‘efficient motions’ of desire; the attempts of the Levelers to secure religious freedom; etc.-the notion of intrinsic human rights is widely held to be as foreign to antiquity ‘as the internal combustion engine’.1 However, I want to suggest that for a variety of historical and philosophical reasons the Stoics offer the most appropriate starting point for considering the origins of natural-rights theories.Of course, I am not claiming that the notion that all human beings have intrinsic rights ever achieved in antiquity, or indeed in any ancient philosophical theory, anything like the easy and widespread currency that it has today.
Atomic Independence and Indivisibility
Authors: Bodnar Istvan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle on several occasions voices a two-pronged principle of the atomists, that no plurality may emerge from real unity and no unity from what is real plurality. Understandably, the first injunction has been studied far more extensively than the second. The impossibility of the emergence of a plurality from what is really a unit is a constitutive feature of those indivisible bits of being which, precisely on this account, can be called atomic. In what follows I shall explore the two bans in conjunction. In order to do so, I shall first need some technical vocabulary. Alongside atomic indivisibility-the postulation that atoms cannot be fractured-I shall need to speak about atomic independence. This is the feature of the atoms whereby they do not get absorbed into larger chunks of matter, do not coalesce with one another.
Transcendental Arguments and Non-Naturalistic Anti-Realism
Authors: Bell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the debate, sparked off nearly four decades ago by the publication of Strawson’s Individuals, shows little sign of reaching agreement as to whether so-called ‘transcendental arguments’ can be philosophically effective, or sound, or even formally valid, that debate has nevertheless resulted in a widespread and apparently stable consensus as to what such transcendental arguments ought, in general, to comprise.I Ross Harrison, for example, characterizes the relevant notion as follows. Transcendental arguments, he says, are arguments which share a particular purpose, subject matter and form with Kant’s.
Hume’s Moral Psychology
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1927, A. E. Taylor concluded his Leslie Stephen Lecture on ‘David Hume and the Miraculous’ with a judgement of Hume’s attitude to his philosophical work that has been held by many other readers of Hume:
Taylor is here expressing an attitude to Hume that many of us have felt: that his philosophy does not deserve to be taken too much to heart, because for all his intellectual vitality and the disturbing character of much that he says, there is a streak of frivolity in him that leads him to follow arguments to outrageous conclusions without serious consideration of the effect such conclusions may have on those who are driven to them; and that the love of literary reputation that he openly expressed, was of far greater personal importance to him than philosophical truth.
Hume’s Scepticism and the Dialogues
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE question of whether Hume is a sceptic and, if he is, what sort of sceptic he is, is probably the most vexed problem of the subtle subscience of Humeneutics. I will say at the outset that I think Hume is a sceptic, but a sceptic of an aberrant kind. I shall try in what follows to indicate what I take the nature of his scepticism to be, the place that it has in his philosophical system in the Treatise and the first Enquiry, and the extent to which it leads him into inconsistencies. I shall then attempt to use the results to interpret the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.
There are still well-informed philosophers who find it odd that any one should even suggest that Hume is not a sceptic. To most students of philosophy the two paradigms of scepticism are the Descartes of the first Meditation and the Hume of the fourth and fifth sections of the first Enquiry. But it has come to be quite widely held that Hume’s views, rightly understood, are not sceptical at all.
The Forms Fracture
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophical systems are never decisively refuted; like old soldiers, they simply fade away. The great medieval synthesis of biblical, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian themes, which came to be known as Scholasticism, was the culmination of a metaphysical tradition which, in many different guises and with more or less power, had held sway for the best part of 2,000 years. Yet it came to be dis carded and replaced in the seventeenth century by a quite new style of philosophizing conducted within a radically different conceptual framework. This is not to say that the new ‘modern’ philosophy is entirely discontinuous with the older concerns we have been charting; that would be manifestly false. But whilst details of the doctrines of the seventeenth-century philosophers are often only intelligible against the background of medieval discussions, they breathe a different spirit and their thinking has a different intellectual orientation.
The Emergence of Historicity
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gradual and halting recognition of the contingency of the world made possible the even more halting recognition of the historicity of human being. Indeed, it is arguable that, even today, the fundamental significance of historicity for the way we are in the world is still not fully appreciated by many philosophers. It would be too much to attempt here to trace all the different conceptual developments which have contributed to the emergence of an understanding of our very being as historical. But the first necessary step was the emergence of a sense of history as involving more than a chronology of past events.
Truth as a Social Construct
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Truth is taken to consist in some kind of identity between an object and the thought of a thinking subject, the question of how such an identity is attainable be comes an inescapable issue, and how it is dealt with affects the conception of truth. Hegel’s answer was that truth is attained only by the eventual convergence of thought and reality in the Absolute. That answer, unconvincing as it was, nevertheless marks the great watershed in modern philosophy. For if one docs not accept Hegel’s answer, the very possibility of truth is thrown into question.
Truth and the Analysis of Logical Form
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thinkers discussed in the last two chapters have all, in their different ways, been responding to Hegel’s incorporation of historicity into the heart of the philosophical endeavour—and to the common judgement that his attempt at a grand synthesis was not successful. In the twentieth century, a quite different philosophical tradition has developed, mainly in English-speaking countries, which has taken little or no account of Hegel and whose inspiration comes from a quite independent source: the new mathematical logic initiated by Gottlob Frege. Although this tradition operates in a way which ignores Hegel’s contribution to philosophy, its practitioners nevertheless often express heated hostility towards him and his followers, a curious phenomenon which probably mirrors his rejection of the assumption that formal structures are adequate to thinking through concrete realities.
Moral Fecundity
Authors: Ferrari G R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthony Price has written a subtle, vivid, and engaging book. His prose might be described as mandarin with muscle (I quote a characteristic sentence: ‘Various interpreters offer a variety of turns of phrase … that, for all their felicity, seem rather to sheathe the problem than to bate it’, 33). It is a fitting vehicle for the intricate and tenacious exegesis which makes up the book, and which merits by its content the slow and concentrated reading that it demands by its form.
The Rationality of Morality
Authors: Lawrence Gavin , Quinn Warren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central preoccupation of Professor Foot, as of Plato, to whom she often refers, is with the rationality of morality. This she has pursued in a series of brilliant and searching papers across several decades. And, like Plato, she invites trisection. My contribution takes off from criticisms of some views in her early and middle periods, and leaves aside her recent, and as yet unpublished, work. I wish to stress right from the start that these are not her present views, and that she is, if anything, too severe a critic of her earlier work. For, though I shall take issue with a certain strand of thought in her early and middle papers, I think they are among the very best in moral philosophy, demanding and deserving the very hardest of study. Where they are wrong, they are importantly and illuminatingly wrong, and where they are right, I do not think their points have even yet been fully appreciated.
Putting Rationality in its Place
Authors: Quinn Warren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One kind of metaethical debate between realists and antirealists is about the character of ethical truth, with realists asserting and antirealists denying that truth in moral thought transcends our capacity to find reasons in support of our moral judgments. The antirealist in this kind of debate, no less than the realist, thinks that there is objective moral truth and knowledge. And the truth in question is not merely disquotational. Both parties think that a true moral claim corresponds, in some way or other, to the way the world is. Their disagreement, like that of their counterparts in mathematics, is about the nature of this correspondence. The antirealist sees it as a relation between the claim and the publicly available facts that could be adduced as good reasons to accept it, while the realist sees it as a relation to what he thinks of as the truth condition of the claim-a state of the world that may transcend our ability to detect its presence by way of reasoned argument. This issue is surely an important one, but it is posterior to the more fundamental question that has dominated metaethics in the last half-century. This is the question whether what lies at the heart of moral thought are beliefs capable of genuine truth or noncognitive attitudes that cannot be so assessed: feelings, emotions, desires, preferences, prescriptions, decisions, and the like.