bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russian-French Agreements of 1891-1893 in International Relations at Turn of 19th and 20th Centuries
Authors: Azarov V. N. , Nesterov A. G. 
Published: October 2023

The article is dedicated to Russia’s European policy from the formation of the German Empire in 1871 to the beginning of World War I. It examines the historical conditions, reasons, and nature of the Russo-French military-political alliance of 1891-1893. The role of Emperor Alexander III in the political rapprochement between Russia and France on an anti-German and anti-Austrian basis is demonstrated. The existence of mutual interest between Russia and France in forming a military-political alliance is revealed. The Bierk Treaty of 1905 between Emperors Wilhelm II and Nicholas II is analyzed, showing that this treaty fundamentally contradicted the development of military-political cooperation between Russia and France and therefore was not implemented. The conclusion is drawn regarding the significance of the Russo-French alliance of the early 1890s for the foreign policy and historical destiny of the Russian Empire. Germany's interest in strengthening its influence on the foreign policy of the Russian Empire is shown. It is proven that Germany’s attempts to attract Russia to its side did not succeed, and Russia maintained its alliance with France, which was more significant for it during the period under consideration, despite the fact that ultimately this alliance led to the involvement of the Russian Empire in a world war.
Gendarmerie Railway Police of Russian Empire in Early 20th Century: Working with Political Agents
Authors: Arslanov R. A. , Kolpakov P. A. 
Published: October 2023

The study examines the historical experience of interaction between the gendarmerie railway police of the Russian Empire and covert informants in political organizations. It explores the establishment of intelligence work on railways, the monitoring of its effectiveness, the verification of the reliability of secret agents, and the identification of provocateurs and blackmailers among them. The materials for analysis are extracted from previously unpublished secret and top-secret case files of the gendarmerie police departments of the railways. The authors provide their own definition of intelligence work. It is emphasized that priority was given to recruiting informants who had a financial interest in collaborating with the police. The study demonstrates that the value of information obtained by secret agents was the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of financial resources allocated to intelligence work. The authors highlight the need for caution in establishing relationships between railway gendarmes and informants due to the possibility of assassination attempts against handlers or the provision of misinformation. The study concludes that assigning the duty of recruiting political agents and obtaining information through them was justified by the need to suppress revolutionary movements, but inertia in acquiring informants and the scale of crises in the empire prevented the achievement of the set goal.
Power Relations and Rural Population in Kuban-Black Sea Region during 1921—1924
Authors: Baranov A. V. , Kasyanov V. V. , Yakhutl Yu. A. 
Published: October 2023

The article examines the reforms in power relations between the government and rural population in the Kuban-Black Sea region during the transition to the New Economic Policy (March 1921—1924). The study is based on materials from party and state authorities, as well as statistics. A systemic approach and diachronic comparative analysis are applied. The authors argue that until the fall of 1922, the system of power relations with the rural population in Kuban-Black Sea region maintained the predominance of the features of “war communism”: compulsory and arbitrary taxation, appointment of governing bodies, and repression. The specificity of the region was manifested in the combination of class and estate divisions of society, as well as Cossackization. It is shown that the transition to the NEP required a fundamental change in power relations with the peasantry, shifting towards the principles of material interest and civil peace, making the middle class and Cossacks loyal. It is emphasized that attitudes towards the NEP were contradictory, with local party and Soviet workers preferring to rely on military-communist methods. The authors conclude that a contradictory system of power and social relations was formed based on compromises and indirect coercion during food and land policies and during elections to the Soviets. By the fall of 1924, the RCP(b) was forced to concede to peasant demands on key aspects of reform.
History of International Relations of Cities of Arkhangelsk Region in 1990s — 2010s: Transition from Social-Humanitarian to Trade-Economic Cooperation
Authors: Boldyreva S. Yu. , Boldyreva R. Yu. , Cherednikova A. Yu. 
Published: October 2023

The article discusses the development of international sister city relations in the 1990s — 2010s using the example of the Arkhangelsk region. The authors provide an overview of existing approaches in historiography to analyzing municipal-level international partnership relations in different regions of Russia and the world. Based on a wide range of sources, including international agreements, federal and regional regulatory acts, and reporting documentation over the past 30 years, the article pays particular attention to the region’s attempts in the 2000s — 2010s to move from exclusively social-humanitarian cooperation to developing economic ties with partner cities and regions. The real impact of sister city relations on the development of external economic ties in the region is analyzed in detail, as well as changes in the share of countries with which partner relations were established in the overall external trade turnover of the Arkhangelsk region. The authors conclude that there is currently no state regulation of the institution of sister city relations at the federal and regional levels. Such a situation creates serious difficulties for further development of this institution of public diplomacy, expanding the external economic activities of Russian regions, and spreading Russia’s “soft power” in the world.
Functional-Semantic Features of Complex Sentences of Purpose in British and American Variants of English
Authors: Solovyeva N. V. , Skitina N. A. 
Published: October 2023

The functional-semantic features of purpose clauses introduced by conjunctions so that, lest, in order that, for fear that, in the hope that, and to the end that are examined in this study. These conjunctions differ in their frequency and expressiveness. The material for the study was taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus. The novelty of the research lies in specifying the list of differential features of the categorical grammatical value of complex sentences of purpose. It is demonstrated that complex sentences with purpose conjunctions are used in literary, journalistic, scientific, and conversational texts, but their frequency differs not only depending on the type of discourse but also on the language variant. Based on statistical data, it is confirmed that Present Subjunctive forms are the most commonly used in purpose clauses regardless of the language variant. Types of purpose clauses are analyzed: proper-purpose, argumentative-purpose, syncretic, and anti-purpose clauses. It is established that the first ones, which are not complicated by additional shades of meaning, are most frequent in American texts, while the third ones, containing indications of circumstances for achieving the goal, are most commonly used in British texts.
Monasteries of First Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu Zanabazar (1635—1723): Shankhyn-khiid, Tuvkhun-khiid, Erdene-khambyn-khiid (2022 Expedition)
Authors: Vanchikova T. P. , Tsyrenova N. D. , Van I. D. 
Published: October 2023

The article discusses the brief history and current state of three early monasteries of the first Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu Zanabazar (1635—1723): Shankhyn-khiid, Tuvkhun-khiid, and Erdene-khambyn-khiid (Högnö-khan's-khiid), located in the Uvurkhangai and Bulgan aimags of Mongolia. The material for the article is based on the results of field research conducted by the authors in 2022. Documents and various published sources in Mongolian language, including interviews, were also used. The role of the traditional Buddhist monastery system, which played a significant role in the life of Mongolia and its people, is shown in historical retrospect. Modern processes of restoring social functions of monasteries in society are analyzed. Three monasteries belonging to the category of gegen or khutukhtu’s, founded by Undur-gegen, are studied. Methods of historical and topographical analysis of sacred objects of monasteries included observation, comparative historical, historical and biographical, as well as source studies methods. The authors conclude that the most complete history is that of the Barun-khure monastery since it was not only the residence of Undur-gegen and a religious object but also a large cultural, educational, and socio-economic center. It is claimed that partial reconstruction of monasteries is currently underway, and Buddhist traditions are being revived in accordance with modern realities.
Between Village and City: Radicals of “Revolutionary Breakthrough” Generation at beginning of 20th Century
Authors: Vyazinkin A. Yu. , Yakimov K. A. 
Published: October 2023

The article presents a reconstruction and analysis of the socio-psychological portrait of the radical generation of the “revolutionary turning point” of the early 20th century. It is noted that the basis of this generation consisted of young people of peasant origin who experienced the historical dynamic destabilization of society. Based on archival sources, the characteristic features of the problem are determined in a generational aspect. Historical sources, including autobiographies and memoirs of political prisoners, allowed tracing the process of formation of left-radical sentiments among young people of peasant origin. At the same time, a large part of archival documents is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The social behavior of revolutionary radicals is considered in the context of accelerated modernization processes in the Russian Empire at the turn of the century. The authors conclude that it was precisely the peasant youth at the beginning of the 20th century that was in the vanguard of the revolutionary movement. It is claimed that many of its representatives carried “anarchistic” sentiments from the village, since during this period the authority of monarchical power was being questioned. It is emphasized that acquaintance with revolutionary ideas had a significant influence on the motivation of their social action and the degree of its radicalization.
“I Share Admiration of My People for Glorious Feats of Soviet Armed Forces”: Newspaper ‘British Ally’ on Battle of Stalingrad
Authors: Kaygusuz C. , Kokorina Yu. G. , Vagabov M. M. 
Published: October 2023

Revealing the specific portrayal of information about the Battle of Stalingrad in the English press during the Great Patriotic War, this article analyzes publications in the newspaper ‘British Ally,’ which was published in Great Britain in the Russian language for Russian readers. The question arises about the necessity of applying a new direction in global science — imagology — for such research. The novelty of this study lies in being the first to examine material from a publication that has not attracted much attention from Russian scholars from the perspective of this field. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to uncover a new perspective in studying the British press during wartime. The contexts of mentions about the Battle of Stalingrad in the weekly ‘British Ally’ are presented. It is proven that although an admiring attitude towards the Soviet victories at Stalingrad slips through in some articles, the publication does not give special attention to the Battle of Volga. It is shown that the newspaper emphasizes the idea of the selfless resistance of the British army against Nazi Germany in Africa and Sicily, as well as their desire to open a second front. The authors conclude that the newspaper presents these events and desires as equivalent to the struggle of the Soviet people, which does not find approval or desired response among the newspaper’s readers (the Russian people).
Investigation of Prince M. P. Gagarin’s Case in Context of Development of State Control System in First Quarter of 18th Century
Authors: Kostetskaya E. V. , Suslova L. N. , Aksenova V. A. 
Published: October 2023

The article investigates the activities of Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin as the first governor of Siberia. The materials of his investigation case are examined in the context of the development of the state control system over the actions of government authorities during the reign of Peter I. The process of creating legislation and special controlling and judicial bodies aimed at regulating the limits of powers of civil servants, identifying and preventing their violations, is characterized. The study is based on the analysis of legislative sources regulating the organization of new administrative-territorial divisions. A number of documentary sources from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts are analyzed, including cases from the Siberian Office, orders from Governor M. P. Gagarin, reports from commanders of Siberian cities, petitions from various individuals, and other materials. It is shown that the organization of investigative measures and the criminal case process against Prince M. P. Gagarin were under the personal control of Peter I. The conclusion is drawn that Prince M. P. Gagarin was an active participant in many reforms initiated by the reformist tsar. At the same time, it is demonstrated that Prince Gagarin’s biography is a vivid example of the collision between the widespread practice of enrichment by aristocratic clans and Peter I’s principles and views on the essence and place of official service in his “regular” police state.
Integration Policy in Northwestern Region of Russian Empire in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries
Authors: Krot M. N. , Zavyalova O. O. 
Published: October 2023

The article examines the commemorative practices implemented by the Russian authorities in the Northwestern region at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, which were a key element of the integrative strategy of ‘soft power’. The formation of a memorial concept based on the idea of the ‘original Russian identity’ of the region and the ‘restoration’ of the lost unity with the core of Russia is analyzed. The article provides a detailed examination of the complex of memorial events associated with the commemoration of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Empress Catherine II, and Vilnius Governor-General M. N. Muravyov, whose activities were linked to the region’s integration into the Russian cultural and civilizational space. Special attention is given to the ideological foundations and intellectual support of anniversary celebrations aimed at asserting the dominant values of Russian political culture in the public sphere. It is concluded that these commemorative practices served as a significant element of symbolic politics by the authorities, aimed at affirming Russia’s moral right to govern and acculturate these territories based on Russian civilizational principles. It is noted that these events, which were part of the overall state memorial policy, were aimed at maintaining the official discourse in the Northwestern provinces, with the idea of ‘Russian cultural primacy’ as its foundation.
Department of Institutions of Empress Maria and Preparation of Fundamental State Laws on April 23, 1906
Authors: Kulikov S. V. 
Published: October 2023

The article examines the reform of the state system of the Russian Empire in 1905—1906, which culminated in the publication of the Fundamental State Laws on April 23, 1906, which summed up the previous reforms and became the first domestic constitution. It is noted that at the final stage of the preparation of the Fundamental Laws, there was a problem of integrating the Guardianship Council of the Empress Maria’s Institutions into the new political reality. It is emphasized that legislative measures related to this institution were passed through the Guardianship Council, while according to the new Fundamental Laws, all legislative measures were supposed to go through the State Duma and the State Council. For the first time in scientific historiography, based on previously unknown archival materials, the article examines how representatives of the highest imperial bureaucracy, directly involved in preparing the draft Fundamental Laws, solved this problem. Bureaucratic practices and strategies are analyzed. The author concludes that these representatives acted as defenders of the principles of separation of powers and unity of the legislative path, opposing the inclusion of the Guardianship Council’s legislative nature in the Fundamental Laws. It is shown that a similar position was taken by Nicholas II, which predetermined the exclusion of an article about the Guardianship Council from the final version of the Fundamental Laws.
Planned Innovations: Proposals for Enhancing Inventiveness Efficiency in USSR in Mid-1950s to Late 1960s
Authors: Pinaeva D. A. , Salakhutdinova E. R. 
Published: October 2023

The article analyzes proposals for the activation of inventive and rationalizing activities in the mid-1950s to the 1960s, as well as measures to stimulate the implementation of inventions in production. The study examines archival documents of the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries of the All-Union Society of Inventors and Rationalizers. The main problems of mass inventiveness and rationalization development, as well as the characteristic features of the system of scientific and technical progress management in the USSR, are identified. The key role of the state in supporting various forms of inventive activity is emphasized. It is established that the centralized system of invention management corresponded to the idea of the need for a comprehensive approach to managing scientific and technical progress. However, it is noted that numerous restructuring of the state management system during the studied period, departmentalization, and the lack of a unified state scientific and technical policy reduced the effectiveness of the measures taken. The complex tasks aimed at increasing the efficiency of inventiveness and rationalization are described. The conclusion is drawn about the understanding by the officials of the leading bodies of the problems of innovative development in the USSR. This is confirmed by attempts to develop a comprehensive program to stimulate inventive activity and expedite the implementation of inventions in production.
Pharmaceutical Gardens of Tobolsk Province in 18th — Early 20th Centuries
Authors: Sadykova E. F. , Sulkarnaeva G. A. , Miryugina T. A. 
Published: October 2023

The historical aspects of the development of pharmacy gardens and vegetable gardens, which were intended for growing medicinal plants, are considered. A review of literary sources on the history of creating pharmacy gardens, their joint organizational activities with pharmacies and medical institutions in Russia, was conducted. Archival documents, current scientific publications, materials from official websites dedicated to the history of creating pharmacy gardens in the 18th to early 20th centuries in the Tobolsk province were analyzed. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the reasons for the lack of information about the creator of the pharmacy garden in the city of Tobolsk, revealing facts about the different ownership of this object, its sale, subsequent transfer, donation of a share of the plot for the construction of a military hospital. The heyday of the Tobolsk pharmacy garden is marked as a stage in the functioning of an experimental agricultural institution in Western Siberia. The role of pharmacist A. I. Daudel and his widow in the subsequent development of the Tyumen pharmacy garden is determined. Memories of the scale of implementation of medicinal preparations made from raw materials from the local pharmacy garden and its subsequent fate as a territory for a homeless shelter and a city hospital are presented. The reasons for the decline in interest in pharmacy gardens are identified.
Typological Differences of Natural and Neural Network-Generated Texts in a Quantitative Aspect
Authors: Telpov R. E. , Lartsina S. V. 
Published: October 2023

The authors of this article identify distinctive features in texts written by humans and texts generated by the GPT-3 neural network. Texts generated by GPT-3 have not yet been subject to systematic in-depth study. In total, 160 texts were analyzed in the article, distributed across four topics (“Higher Education in My Eyes,” “How to Remain Human in Inhuman Conditions,” “How I Spent the Summer,” “Teacher of the Year”), with 80 texts generated by the neural network and 80 texts written by humans. The texts were analyzed using quantitative linguistic methods. A concordance was compiled for each text using the AntConc program, from which quantitative values were obtained for further analysis. The authors reached the following conclusions: (1) in the generated texts, words included in the title occur with the highest frequency; (2) the relative frequency of words included in the title is unreasonably inflated; (3) the list of the 20 most frequent words in all generated texts includes the highest number of full-fledged words; (4) the lexical diversity coefficient in the examined natural texts is significantly higher than that of the generated texts. The findings of this research can be useful for both educators and machine learning specialists.
Network of Settlements in Novosibirsk District in 1920s: Population, Structure and Development Features
Authors: Tatarnikova A. I. 
Published: October 2023

The study analyzes the population, typology, and size of settlements in the Novosibirsk district, which was one of the administrative-territorial units of the Siberian region in 1925—1930. The peculiarities of the development of the settlement network in this district are determined in comparison with neighboring districts. Data on the quantitative ratio of settlements of different types, their household and population composition are presented for the first time, and continuity and transformation in the development of the settlement system in the district are traced. The relevance of the study lies not only in the poorly studied nature of the topic but also in the possibility of using historical experience from previous generations to build an effective agricultural policy and revive the Russian village in its modern stage of development. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the functioning of the settlement network in the early years of Soviet power, including the typical structure of its units, the average number of peasant households in settlements of different types, and the placement of mono-ethnic settlements in the Novosibirsk district. A new trend has been noted in transforming rural settlements into urban ones, expressed in a refusal to make purely administrative decisions on this issue in favor of taking into account the sequential evolution of a specific settlement.