bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Mental Health Teams: A Guide to Current Practices
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) have evolved over the last 30-40 years to serve patients with mental illnesses who would previously have been treated in large mental hospitals. They play a pivotal role in the provision of mental health care in the developed world. Consisting of nurses, doctors, social workers, and psychologists, the people within these teams work together to care for individuals with severe mental illnesses outside the hospital. Because CMHTs have evolved, rather than been developed, little has been written about how they should work - how the multidisciplinary members of the teams can work effectively together, who should do what within the team. This is the first book to provide practical advice for those working within these teams. It addresses the needs of the individual specialists within the CMHT, and provides clinical advice based on what has been seen to work. The book also looks at the recent development of 'functional' CMHTs - Assertive Outreach, Crisis resolution, and early intervention services, describing how these teams work, their similarities, and their differences. Written by a leading authority in this field, the book will become the standard text for all those specialists working within and close to community mental health teams.
Free radicals and antioxidants in ageing and disease: fact or fantasy?
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult these days to open a popular science magazine or medical journal without seeing an article about the role of free radicals in human disease. Women’s magazines contain articles about the use of ‘antioxidant creams’ to prevent ageing of the skin, and health food stores are full of pamphlets and books describing how antioxidant or dietary supplements can prolong life, protect youth, or prevent disease. Is there any truth in all this?
Three points are worth stating:
(1) There is no evidence that consuming more antioxidants will prolong the natural maximum human life span.
Matrix-Isolation Techniques
Authors: Dunkin Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Matrix isolation is a technique for trapping reactive species at very low temperatures and studying them spectroscopically. This book offers detailed practical advice on how to carry out matrix-isolation experiments, and is a unique introduction to the subject. Chapter 1 introduces a brief historical survey of the development of the technique that incorporates a discussion of its strength and limitations. Chapter 2 provides a thorough description of the building of a matrix-isolation laboratory from scratch. All the necessary equipment is described in full and there are diagrammatic examples throughout. In later chapters, ancillary equipment for generating reactive species, and an informative description of the various methods for forming low-temperature matrices are dealt with. There then follows a chapter on the specialized technique of matrix photochemistry with polarized light. The final chapter comprises an extensive collection of classic matrix experiments which have been selected due to their ease of application and which will thus serve as useful exercises for testing new pieces of equipment. This accessible text offers thorough coverage of the topic and will be invaluable to postgraduate and industrial chemists as an introduction to matrix isolation techniques. Researchers in chemistry and related fields who are considering whether matrix isolation can play a part in their own research will also find this book useful.
Special Clinical Populations
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arguably, all psychiatric patients are special in the sense of being unique. Thus, when an ethical aspect of their illness and treatment emerges as warranting the clinician’s attention, this should also be regarded as unique. On the other hand, certain areas of clinical practice generate a set of distinctive ethical issues. Forensic psychiatry, for instance, as we discuss in Chapter 7, is especially problematic in relation to the practitioner’s complex role as expert witness in a legal proceeding.
Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subspecialty of psychiatry now known as forensic psychiatry has its roots in the need for civilized society to distinguish between criminal acts committed with or without conscious intent. Acceptance of this moral obligation has been considered a hallmark of civilization since ancient times. A commentary on the Hebrew Scripture in the sixth century bc explored the role of responsibility in the commission of unlawful acts, and the Greek philosophers, as far back as the fifth century bc, considered the distinction between culpable and nonculpable acts to be among ‘the unwritten laws of nature supported by the universal moral sense of mankind’.
Bacterial pathogenicity and epidemiology
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A bacterial pathogen is simply a bacterium that causes harm to a host, resulting in disease, whilst pathogenicity is the process by which this is brought about. Before describing bacterial pathogenicity, it is useful to consider some of the biological relationships that occur between bacteria and the human body. The body is naturally colonized by a vast and complex microflora or microbiota, which consists mainly of bacteria. These bacteria are generally considered harmless and are found over the whole outer surface of the body and in much of the gastrointestinal tract, the urogenital tract, and the oropharynx. Thus, most epithelial surfaces, with the exception of the lungs and the upper small intestine, have a resident microflora. This association of bacteria with the host is a relatively stable symbiotic relationship.
Infections of the skin and soft tissues
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The skin provides an excellent defence for the underlying tissues against invading, pathogenic micro-organisms (Chapter 8). The structural elements of normal skin that are important in this protection include its acid pH, the limited amount of moisture present and excreted chemicals such as sebum, fatty acids and urea. In addition, the skin is colonized by a large number of bacterial species, which comprise the resident normal flora. This resident flora includes coagulase negative staphylococci, micrococci and diphtheroids and plays an important defence role through prevention of colonization by exogenous pathogens.
Gastrointestinal infections
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter gastrointestinal infections are defined as diseases caused by micro-organisms which affect the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine and are usually characterized by the symptoms of vomiting and/or diarrhoea. The acquisition of the infecting agent is usually either via the faecal–oral route or through consuming contaminated food or drink. However, more rarely, contaminated medical devices have been implicated in transmitting gastrointestinal infections, most notably Clostridium difficile colitis (see later) which has been transmitted through inadequately sterilized endoscopes. The faecal–oral transmission route occurs largely because of inadequate personal hygiene, contaminated hands being the normal vehicles. Prevention is by proper handwashing and through disinfection of faecal ly contaminated surfaces.
Blood-borne viruses
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The blood-borne viruses (BBVs) comprise a heterogeneous group of viruses, which share a common characteristic of transmission between hosts via blood-to-blood contact. They are very relevant to dentistry, since they pose an occupational hazard for dental personnel, and may also be transmitted to patients from infected dental staff or as a result of inadequately sterilized dental instruments. The two major groups of BBVs are agents of viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis B and C viruses, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A wide range of viruses may cause hepatitis. These agents include, for example, Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus (Chapter 19), in addition to the recognized family of hepatitis viruses classified as hepatitis A to E.
Antimicrobial agents in dentistry
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobial drugs through incorrect diagnoses, choice of agent, dose and duration of treatment contributes to the increasing development of antimicrobial resistance, both in pathogens and members of the commensal flora. There is substantial evidence to suggest that dental practitioners, in common with many other health care professionals, frequently make inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs (see Further reading). The aim of this chapter is to provide guidance to the dental practitioner on correct usage of antimicrobial agents in routine dental practice. The accurate diagnosis of an acute dentoalveolar infection is critical to its successful management. It is essential to define anatomically the extent of the infection, since spreading infections involving critical structures may require referral to a hospital facility.
Preoperative assessment: motor function
Authors: Fesl Gunther , Yousry Tarek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of FMRI, it was quickly recognized that a new tool might be available for the preoperative mapping of motor function. The motor system was extensively studied in both healthy volunteers and also in patients. The clear relationship between the activation of the primary motor cortex and the corresponding electrophysiological response even led to the use of intraoperative mapping as a method to validate motor FMRI. Today, preoperative motor FMRI seems to be the major clinical application of a method that has become an indispensable tool of research. Motor control is a complex organized process that involves several motor, sensory, and associative areas. Anatomically, the motor cortex, neocortical association areas, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the spinal cord are involved. The main cortical motor areas include the primary motor cortex (M1), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), the cingulate motor area (CMA), the premotor area (pre-MA) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The location of these areas is usually described using the Brodmann classification which subdivides the cortex into more than 40 areas using cytoarchitectonic criteria (Fig. 2.1).
Schizophrenia
Authors: Ramsey Nick F , Kahn Ren é S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methodological improvements of FMRI, both in the fields of image acquisition and data analysis, call for constant re-evaluation of the type of questions that can be addressed. Particularly the technological advances made in MRI technology forces the neuroimaging community to rethink the meaning of the results that are acquired in FMRI experiments and to decide on the experimental design, as technology is no longer the dominant bottleneck but the theoretical framework in which to fit the results. For instance, whereas earlier studies were mainly focussed on identifying regions that were somehow involved in performing a cognitive task, recent studies have elucidated the way in which brain regions communicate and how they function within networks. It is conceivable that, in the coming decades, some of the neuronal mechanisms that form the basis of human behaviour may be captured in well-defined models, making it possible to understand pathological processes underlying mental disorders in terms of localized abnormalities of function within brain structures and of communication between structures. This review attempts to describe what FMRI has contributed to the field of schizophrenia research. Rather than to summarize the plethora of FMRI studies on this illness, the authors have chosen to explain how FMRI has influenced ideas about the nature of brain malfunction. The most dominant subject of investigation with FMRI is undoubtedly that of information processing. This appears to be associated with two developments. Firstly, the notion that cognitive impairments are an important aspect of schizophrenia has gained significance as it has the potential to provide mechanistic explanations for a variety of seemingly unrelated clinical symptoms (e.g. see ). Secondly, rapid advances have been made in cognitive neuroscience — a discipline of sorts that builds on the theoretical frameworks of human cognition developed by experimental psychology and neuropsychology — providing new insights into the mechanism of normal brain function (e.g. see ).
Depression and anxiety disorders
Authors: Veltman Dick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders are, by far, the most common psychiatric disorders, with a lifetime prevalence estimated as high as 16% for major depressive disorder alone. Similar figures have been reported for anxiety disorders. In the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , major depressive disorder (MDD; also termed unipolar depression) has been brought under the heading of ‘mood disorders’, together with dysthymia (i.e. chronic mild depression), various types of bipolar disorder (or manic depressive disorder), and some additional, sometimes provisional, diagnoses. Similarly, since the 1980s, anxiety disorders have been grouped together in the DSM. This category includes ‘pure’ (non-phobic) anxiety disorders, in which patients may experience anxiety symptoms without clearly identifiable external cues, and phobic disorders, the symptoms of which are triggered by specific objects or situations. Non-phobic anxiety disorders are panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), both formerly lumped together under the name of anxiety neurosis. Phobic disorders include agoraphobia (which usually occurs in the context of panic disorder), social phobia, and the so-called specific phobias, e.g. for animals (snakes, spiders) or specific situations (elevators, airplanes). Finally, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been classified as anxiety disorders, again with a few residual categories for completeness’ sake. Comorbidity among anxiety disorders is high, not only for PD and agoraphobia, but also for PD and GAD, and for PD and social phobia. In addition, depressive episodes are common in anxiety disorders, and panic attacks frequently co-occur in MDD. Although this would suggest a shared predisposition and/or pathogenetic mechanism between depression and anxiety disorders, their aetiology is still insufficiently clear, with the exception of PTSD.
The person at the centre of rehabilitation
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter was concluded with the idea that acquired brain injury (ABI) is, above all, an assault on the personal. We will now explore this idea in more detail by considering two questions. First, what it is that renders us persons; secondly what it is that renders us human persons. If ethics is about doing the right thing with respect to other persons, it is important to understand how ABI has the potential to rob the individual of recognizable human personal characteristics, so that he may seem to fall outside the scope of ethics altogether. We can slip into unethical practice when dealing with people recovering from ABI simply because we do not perceive them as fully human persons.
Renal disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main function of the kidneys is the production of urine, allowing the excretion of waste products, maintenance of extracellular fluid volume, and control of acid balance. In addition, the kidneys have an endocrine function, producing the hormones renin, erythropoietin, and calcitriol (the hormonally active form of vitamin D). With so many diverse roles, it is not surprising that diseases of the kidneys can give rise to many different problems.
Eye disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eye is the organ of vision, converting light waves into electrical impulses that are transmitted via the optic nerves to the optic cortex for analysis (Fig. 20.1). Many common eye diseases are intrinsic to the eye, though the eye may also be often involved in systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and Graves’ disease.
Linguistic Reconstruction
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How and why are languages constantly changing? Historical lingustics seeks to find out by going beyond the history of individual languages to discover the general principles which underlie language change. But our evidence is severely limited. Most of the world's languages are still unwritten, and even in areas with long written traditions, such as Europe and the Near East, documentary evidence stretches only a little way back along the path of the historical development of languages. How, then, can we uncover our long linguistic prehistory, and what can it tell us about language change? This new textbook is an accessible general guide for students with an elementary knowledge of linguistics to the methods and theoretical bases of linguistic reconstruction, and of newer, less well established principles such as the application of linguistic universals and language typology, and quantitative techniques. Finally he reviews the principles for establishing language relationships and for uncovering information about the homelands and cultures of the prehistoric speakers of reconstructed languages.
Language Change
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dynamical system is a system that evolves in time. The core of our approach to language acquisition thus far has been to account for changes in the grammatical description of an individual’s linguistic knowledge in terms of the underlying dynamical system that embodies this knowledge. The grammatical description picks out the general properties of the behaviour of this system and reflects, more or less exactly, the organization and structure of the system.
The Service Economy
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1966, Nicholas Kaldor posed a question which troubled politicians and economists at the time: why was the growth of the British economy so slow? His answer was that Britain had already passed through the major structural transition from agriculture to manufacturing and was experiencing a second structural change: a shift from manufacturing into services. The result, Kaldor argued, was slow growth, for he assumed that the service sector had lower productivity than manufacturing. In his opinion, faster economic growth could be achieved by moving labour back into manufacturing. His approach was adopted by James Callaghan, Labour’s Chancellor of the Exchequer, who introduced a tax on employment in the service sector.
Cultures of Consumption
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1851, consumption was a matter of survival for many— of finding enough to eat, and clothes, shelter, and heat to remain healthy. The poorest members of society had their pleasures too, from family and friends, the consolations of religion, or the sociability of the public house. But as the economy grew, more people were able to escape from the narrow constraints of mere survival (see Table 3.1). They could spend money on leisure, and might even take a holiday. The Great Exhibition and the Festival of Britain were themselves part of the economy of enjoyment— and the needs of a more affluent Britain were supplied by department and chain stores, music halls and cinemas, radio and gramophone, seaside resorts, sport, and leisure pursuits.
Taxing and Spending
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Thereis something repulsive to human nature’, wrote Gladstone’s biographer John Morley, ‘in the simple reproduction of defunct budgets.’ Gladstone might have been surprised by Morley’s remark, for budgets were central to his political success and to the forging of the mid-Victorian consensus which removed taxation from the centre of political contention. Cobden was nearer the mark when he suggested that ‘When a government deals unjustly by the people with respect to taxation, that constitutes the whole matter of account between them.’ As Gladstone and Cobden realized, taxation was crucial to the relationship between the citizen and the state.
Education
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The preservation of internal peace’, remarked James Kay-Shuttleworth in 1832, ‘ ... depends on the education of the working classes.’ His concern was less with the production of educated workers to benefit the economy and more with the maintenance of social order. At the time he wrote, the state provided very little in the way of financial aid to education. In England, a modest subsidy was offered from 1833 to elementary schools provided by religious societies; only in Scotland did the parishes fund a system of public education. England was a laggard during the industrial revolution in terms of student enrolment. From the 1890s, the gap closed, and by the First World War enrolment in primary schools was actually higher in England than in Scotland and Germany, which experienced declining levels of enrolment (see Table 15.1).
The English Doctrine of Precedent
Authors: Cross Rupert , Harris J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a basic principle of the administration of justice that like cases should be decided alike. This is enough to account for the fact that, in almost every jurisdiction, a judge tends to decide a case in the same way as that in which a similar case has been decided by another judge. The strength of this tendency varies greatly. It may be little more than an inclination to do as others have done before, or it may be the outcome of a positive obligation to follow a previous decision in the absence of justification for departing from it. Judicial precedent has some persuasive effect almost everywhere because stare decisis (keep to what has been decided previously) is a maxim of practically universal application. The peculiar feature of the English doctrine of precedent is its strongly coercive nature. English judges are sometimes obliged to follow a previous case although they have what would otherwise be good reasons for not doing so.
Foundations of Normativism
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundations of the normativist style in public law are to be found in the political ideologies of conservatism and liberalism. These are strange bedfellows. Conservativism as a form of thought is traditionalist, is primarily concerned with the issue of authority and views the individual organically, as part of a social order. Liberalism is a rationalistic theory which has little regard for the past, is primarily concerned with liberty and is constructed on the assumption of the autonomy of the individual. Despite such important differences, these two political ideologies nevertheless share certain affinities with respect to their visions of law and government. It is this common core of shared understanding about law and government that provides us with an insight into the normativist style in public law. In order to reveal these foundations we must therefore examine the main tenets of conservative and liberal political thought.