bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gems and Precious Stones
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final book of the Natural History (37) Pliny discusses precious stones, or gems.1 Here (37. 1), Nature’s grandeur is gathered together within the narrowest limits. ...very many people find that a single gemstone alone is enough to provide them with a supreme and perfect aesthetic experience of the wonder of Nature.’ (‘in artum coacta rerum naturae maiestas. ... ut plerisque ad summam absolutamque naturae rerum con- templationem satis sit una aliqua gemma.’)
The Natural History in the Middle Ages and After
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Natural History became an influential book in the all- embracing field of natural science from the moment of its publication c. AD 77. Already cited, epitomized, and even plagiarized by late Roman and patristic authors, this survey of scientific knowledge was to survive the breakdown of Roman political and educational institutions. Although the transmission of such a long, detailed, and specialized text presented great problems, it was too valuable a work to be lost, or to be replaced adequately by derivative works. The Natural History was conceived on a larger scale than other works belonging to the encyclopaedic genre which the Romans had learned to imitate from the Greeks—for example, the lost nine volumes of Marcus Terentius Varro (Libri IX Disciplinae). As Pedersen3 observes, it has been praised as an inexhaustible source of information relating to the scientific knowledge and social conditions of the early Roman imperial period.
Genre and Philosophy,History,and High Poetry
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall look principally at the aspects of genre considered in the first: sublimity, grandeur, greatness; truth and reality. With reality and truth we shall again look at the handling of the author; emotion and intellectualism will also be drawn in. The full complexity or these questions will properly appear only with succeeding chapters; the discussion of the verse is little more than an introduction. On prose we shall say something at the start about one or two other authors, but we shall largely concentrate on Seneca and Tacitus, the two main representatives of philosophy and history and the two greatest writers of Latin prose in our (or perhaps any) period.
The Gods in Mythological, Poetry
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have considered some important aspects of these writers’ art, and of differences and relations between writers and genres. This last section of the book will seek to provide the discussion with more dimension and substance, and to give a solider and richer sense of writers and genres, in regard to the book’s primary areas of concern. Our attention Will now be concentrated almost entirely on the ‘highest’ genres in poetry and prose, on epic, tragedy, philosophy, and history; in prose we shall confine ourselves somewhat less rigorously. We shall mostly consider sizeable but delimited episodes or passages, and shall view these authors handling themes of special significance for our inquiry. It must be stressed that for the most part the section is not at all attempting a balanced or synoptic survey of how the writers treat these areas. We shall rather be watching their art at work and seeing some memorable and suggestive instances of what these genres can do on these subjects. Still less is the section attempting to outline the views of the authors on these topics.
Death in High Poetry
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Death, so important to high poetry, has appeared many times in the book already. The purpose here is not to offer a representative picture of the treatment of death in these poets; rather the contrary. One fundamental aspect in particular will now pass under-represented. It will already have been seen how high poetry, boldly exploiting this sublimest of subjects, likes to create from it strange and disconcerting mixtures, in which bizarreness and incongruous ingenuity are freely cultivated. The epic tradition of describing wounds precisely, and of varying its deaths within strong conventions, is converted into a source of (among other things) black grotesquerie and macabre elegance. This audacity with genre and with instinctive reactions, though its origins lie in Ovid and even Virgil, is eminently characteristic of the period.
The Cities of Seleukid Syria
Authors: Grainger John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first detailed study of the foundation, history, government, growth and decline of the cities founded in Syria by Seleukos I in 301BC shortly after the time of Alexander the Great. It throws new light on an important period in ancient history. In particular, Dr Grainger concentrates on the relationship between the kings and the cities in their kingdoms and reveals that former theories concerning such a relationship require drastic revision. Most importantly the relationship is shown to have been much more to the kings' advantage than previous discussions on Hellenistic states have supposed. He argues in fact that neither the kings nor the cities intended the cities to be autonomous or independent since they were far too reliant on royal support against the enmity of the surrounding population. Evidence for this can be seen in the actions of the cities on the collapse of the Seleukid dynasty in the first century BC; then they were forced to cast about for a new protector and eventually accepted Rome albeit reluctantly. Dr Grainger discusses the differing fate of the cities during this process when some failed altogether, most declined, and only one, Antioch, prospered.
Introduction
Authors: Grainger. John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After their victory at the battle of Ipsos in 301 BC, the three winners, Kassandros, Lysimachos, and Seleukos, divided the spoils, each taking a section of the kingdom of their defeated rivals Antigonos and Demetrios. Seleukos took two adjacent lands, Mesopotamia and Syria, which were thus added to his existing empire which stretched away to the east as far as the borders of lndia. It was not quite so rich an acquisition as he had perhaps hoped for when he had joined in the war against Antigonos and Demetrios. Even more galling, he found that his erstwhile colleague Ptolemy had already seized control of Phoenicia and Palestine now and refused to leave, even though he had not been present at the decisive fight2. Seleukos’ expected gains were in effect halved. This dispute between Seleukos and Ptolemy set in process the long sequence of ‘Syrian Wars’ which plagued both kingdoms for the next two hundred years.
Seleukos’ Cities: Sites and Situations
Authors: Grainger. John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seleukos’ Syrian cities were carefully placed geographically so as to ensure the king’s control over his conquest. But the king’s wishes in this respect could not override geographical factors, and the future history of the land was also out of his control. In the two centuries after his death the pattern he imposed slowly changed. Cities declined and new cities grew, so that when Syria became a Roman province, the urban pattern had distorted from its pristine regularity into a far more natural one.
Violent Opposition
Authors: Stockton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That feelings had run high over the reforms of Ephialtes is clear. What is less easy to determine is whether, or for how long, any considerable number of Athenians continued to cherish hopes of reversing the situation. There were surely those among the richer and better-born citizens who would have preferred a less egalitarian system (the same can be said of modern democracies; and we have noted the continuing existence of upper-class clubs and societies as late as the last decade of the fifth century.) But that is not by any means the same as realistically hoping or actively working for a major change in the constitution.
Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Véronique Dasen here examines dwarfs in myth and everyday life in ancient Egypt and Greece. In both cultures physical beauty was highly admired, even to excess. What happened to those whose appearance did not conform to the `ideal proportion'? The spectacular forms of dwarfism were always a focus of interest, and it is the most depicted disorder in antiquity. In this study Dr Dasen brings together for the first time a whole range of mostly unpublished or little known iconographic, epigraphic, literary, and anthropological evidence. She covers areas such as the history of caricature and the portrait; medical history, in particular the development of the perception of congenital disorders; social history; and history of religion, with questions on the magical and ritual efficacy of the malformed in sacred and theatrical contexts. She considers also the complex relations between mythology and ethnography, as shown, for example, in the Greek myth of the Pygmies. This is a fascinating work, with a wealth of insights for anyone interested in the history of medicine or the ancient world.
Anonymous Dwarf Gods
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egyptian religion was deeply concerned with maintaining the order of the created world, always threatened by the primeval chaos, outside and within creation, full of monstrous hybrid beings.1 Dwarfs, though malformed, do not seem to have been assimilated to these disturbing and threatening creatures. Their liminality was made symbolically acceptable by association with positive religious concepts. From the New Kingdom on, and probably also earlier, they emerge as popular deities, best known in their forms of Bes and Ptah-Pataikoi, who are invoked in a host of magical practices to protect the living and the dead. Before analysing the material relating to these two gods, I present the magical and liturgical texts where dwarf gods are invoked as helpers, but are not named; these texts range in date from the New Kingdom to the Graeco-Roman period. The study of the epithets, attributes, and functions of these anonymous deities helps us to define the place reserved for dwarfs in Egyptian cosmogony.
Introduction
Authors: Scourfield J H D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerome, scholar, translator, exegete, polemicist, and ascetic, was born into a Christian family at Stridon in the Roman province of Dalmatia around the year 347. His parents were people of property and substance, though we know little else about them, not even his mother’s name. To her and his father, Eusebius, two other children were subsequently born, a daughter and a second son, Paulinian. In keeping with the common practice of the time, Eusebius and his wife did not have Jerome baptized as a child, though there is no reason to doubt that they had him instructed in the Christian faith.
The Literary Genre of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim
Authors: Kamesar Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim, as is clear from the title, belongs to a branch or genre of literature known as ζητηματα, πρoβληματα or quaestiones. This literature had had an extremely long history prior to the time of Jerome. In 1927, A. Gudeman published an encyclopaedia article which remains fundamental for the study of the genre in question. In this article, he distinguishes two types of quaestiones literature, each of which had a different origin. One type is closely connected with the exposition of a literary text, and it is clearly this type that most concerns us. The second type is independent of a text, and was often employed in the treatment of philosophical questions. To this category belong many collections of πρoβληματα attributed to Aristotle, a number of compositions by Plutarch, and many other works.
Sophistic Influences
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immediate intellectual environment of idea-theory was with out doubt the living tradition of declamation practised throughout the Roman empire, dominated by superstar-sophists, among them Hermogenes himself, whose careers Philostratus charts in Lives of the Sophists. To judge from this account, which is our main source, they wrote in many styles, ranging from the comparatively restrained to the grand and eccentric. It seems likely that some at least of their styles were close to the classical ones recommended by idea-theorists. Those of Nicostratus and Aristides probably belong here. Also that of Herodes Atticus, with its strong Critian flavour,1 and that of Polemo, which was Demosthenic.2 But others were probably more modern and more outlandish in their effects than anything the idea-theorists would have condoned.
Achilles ‘ Decision
Authors: Schadewaldt W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wearing Achilles ‘ armour he had gone out at the moment of greatest danger, extinguished the fire which had already fallen on one Achaean ship, and driven the Trojans back again onto the plain. Sarpedon and many others have succumbed to him. But he forgot Achilles ‘ warning to return after he had thrown back the enemy, that Apollo was the Trojans ‘ friend. Struck on the back by Apollo, so that his armour fell from his body, he was wounded by Euphorbus, slain by Hector, and fell under Troy ‘s walls.
The Judgement of Paris
Authors: Reinhardt K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A unique phenomenon in Greek mythology-though it is not clear enough what kind of phenomenon it is-is the story of the judgement of Paris. Consider: the three goddesses come to the shepherd Paris on Mount Ida, and each one promises him something: Hera, dominion over lands and kingdoms, Athena, heroism and victory, and Aphrodite, Helen. Since Aphrodite at least promises something, the story cannot be imagined without the promises of the other two. Which one is the most beautiful? This means: what are the highest fulfilments of the highest wishes of a mortal which the gods can grant him? Paris the shepherd prince is faced with the decision: greatest king? Or greatest hero? Or happiest loverabductor and possessor of the most beautiful woman of all? Like Christ in the desert, or like Hercules at the crossroads, he is faced with a temptation--except that he, unlike them, makes a choice which brings disaster on himself, his house, and his whole city. This is what happens to a ruler ‘s house, however strongly it be constructed and however rich in sons it may be, once a young prince begins to prefer the goddess of love to Hera or Athena.
The Fight for Justice and Departure of Telemachus
Authors: Klingner Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first four books of the Odyssey two stories probably make a special impression on the casual reader ‘s mind. The first is Telemachus ‘ fight for justice with the suitors. In front of the assembled people and gods, he complains about the wicked behaviour of these parasites and demands a solution, but in the duel of words with their leaders, he is deserted by the criminally spineless people of Ithaca, and ignominiously gets the worst of it, although divine signs refer to the imminent return home of Odysseus and a warning voice also speaks up. Yet this only provokes the deluded suitors to commit horribly presumptuous sin. In the second story, Telemachus goes by ship to Pylos and Sparta, is the guest of Nestor and Menelaus, asks about his father, hears stories of the homecomings of Nestor, Agamemnon, Menelaus, and other heroes of the Trojan War, and proves himself in the big wide world into which, hardly grown up, he has stepped from his poor, remote homeland and the stifling misery of his destitute house. Ask the reader how the two stories are connected and he will perhaps be confused at first.
The Ending of the Odyssey: Linguistic Problems
Authors: Erbse Hartmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter those linguistic peculiarities will be discussed with which people tried to justify the deletion of the ending of the Odyssey (arguments compiled in Page, The Homeri ‘c Odyssey (Oxford, 1955), 102-11). It is advisable to make a few general remarks before individual passages are examined. People like to use hapax legomena, or other rare forms of a Homeric word not otherwise found, as evidence against the authenticity of a text.
The Tenure of Public Land
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papyri concerned with the Oxyrhynchite nome have preserved relatively little information about the terms of tenure of public land. Any discussion of tenure must, therefore, take account of the much more abundant documentation from the Fayum. However, the latter documents, although numerous enough, are also difficult to interpret consistently. It must be borne in mind that details of land tenure may have varied even from one village to another, and, although systems of tenure are usually extremely conservative, the conflicting pressures of deficiencies in the irrigation system and the need to produce a constant supply of grain to Rome led to modification and improvisation. We cannot hope that all the documents, from different districts and different periods, can be fitted into a single orderly pattern.
The Sale and Mortgage of Land
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the last, this chapter looks at ways in which private land was transferred from one owner to another. It is primarily concerned to locate the numerous surviving sale contracts within an economic and social context; and in particular to relate these transactions between private landowners to the largely synchronic picture of landholding distribution which emerged from Chapter IV. Is there any clear evidence, for instance, that private sales contributed to the concentration of property ownership and an increasing differentiation of landed wealth? Can we tell whether sale was used to reduce fragmentation of individual landholdings? Loans on the security of agricultural property are less numerous than sales, but they too can be examined for evidence of their social and economic impact.
Conclusion
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papyri from Oxyrhynchus document most fully the activities of landowners who lived in Oxyrhynchus itself while owning land in the surrounding villages of the nome. The Roman administration of Egypt was self-consciously responsible for fostering such a class of modestly prosperous, although predominantly small- scale, metropolitan landowners, primarily by the creation of substantial quantities of privately owned land taxed at very moderate rates.
Lucius Crassus and Cicero: The Formation of a Statesman
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we remember anything about Cicero’s political ideas, it is that he believed in the right and duty of the senate to exercise supremacy in Rome, but that he also advocated a concordia ordinum, an alliance between and recognition of the common interests of senators and equites, to whom property and the status quo were sacred. Closely connected with this is the idea of a consensus omnium bonorum, a wider alliance to include most of the plebs, and Italy. In the service of this ideal of unity he believed that the conservative statesman should be concordiae causa sapienter popularis, though he should consult the true interests of the people even more than their wishes; and that all government should be mild and conciliatory. These are the views by which we distinguish him from his more obstinate optimate contemporaries, above all Cato, who are less flexible, more rigidly reactionary.
Architecture and Sculpture: The Activities of the Cossutii
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among Roman families of the late Republic and early Principate few are so intriguing to the cultural historian as those who had interests in the Eastern Mediterranean, and contributed in one way or another to the gradual Hellenization of Rome, and even, to some extent, the Romanization of the East; while it must be of interest to those concerned with social and economic history to see what can be established about the organization of architectural work and artistic production during this period. It is clear that systems of some complexity did exist; it has been pointed out that the farming of public contracts, which could be on a large scale, required a representative of citizen status, able to give praedes and praedia, while the skilled workmen involved were likely to be, at least some of them, his slaves or freedmen.
M. Aeficius Calvinus and his Grammaticus (Suetonius, de Gramm.3)
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was suggested long ago that Aeficius Calvinus, the eques Romanus praediues of Suetonius, de Gramm. 3, who in what must be at the latest the Augustan period hired an otherwise unknown grammaticus, L. Apuleius, at a very high salary, may be the same man as M. Aeficius Calvinus, described as EJrnQxoc;, whose wife Magilia was honoured by the Samian demos for her virtue and piety to Hera (SEC I. 388 = IGR 4. 1714: o oFjµo&lt;; MaylAiav riJv yvlvai’xa wv brar.2xov Ma.Qxov I Aicptxiov Kalovivov O.QETYJl I xai aw1/)QOOVVrJl owc/JEQOV[ aav [“HJQrJL.). If the identification is correct, she could doubtless afford to make rich dedications. And it has also been supposed that he was the M. Acficius Calvinus whose daughter Aeficia was honoured by the Athenian demos (JG 22 4243: o oFjµoc; I Atcptxiav Kalov{vav I MaQxov Atcptxfov KaJcovivov I fJvyad:Qa), though recently it has been widely accepted that this inscription is too late in date for that to be the case.
Making the Marriage Bond: Betrothal, Abduction, and Seduction
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Marriage is the joining of a male and a female and a partnership of all of life, a sharing of divine and human law.’ But Roman marriage was also a joining of two families, an alliance with long-lasting consequences for the wider community as well as for the individual couple. We are most familiar with the making and breaking of marital ties in the late Republic, when the marriage bond was often a tool for political machinations among a fiercely competitive elite. But even on a less highly charged level, marriage alliances were always to some extent political. Since the main purpose of marriage was the transmission of family name and property to the next generation and thereby the continuation not only of individual family lines but of the Roman state itself, rules were needed to ensure that the allying of families and the passing-on of property were done properly.
Breaking the Bond: Adultery and Divorce
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adultery, defined in Roman law as extramarital sexual relations with or by a married woman, had been a public offence liable to criminal penalties since Augustus’ enactment in 18 or 17 BC of the lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis. Technically, adulterium was committed only when the female partner was married; a man could be accused of adultery if he had sexual relations with a married woman or of stuprum if he had relations with a vidua (a widow or divorcee or unmarried virgin) of respectable status, but this was because of his lover’s status, not because he was married. Men, whether or not they were married, who had extramarital relations with slaves, prostitutes, and other women considered beneath the legal and social definitions of respectability were not committing adultery or stuprum according to Roman law, and so were not liable to prosecution.