bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenol Oxidase Activity and One-Electron Oxidation Activity in Wood Degradation by Soft-Rot Deuteromycetes
Authors: Tanaka Hiromi , Itakura Shuji , Enoki Akio 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Wood degradation, one-electron oxidation activity as assayed by ethylene production from 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid, and phenol oxidase activity were measured in cultures of six deuteromycete
fungi, with glucose or wood as the carbon source. The four fungi that degraded Japanese beech wood
had higher one-electron oxidation activities in wood-containing cultures than in glucose-containing cultures.
These four fungi also had measurable phenol oxidase activity in wood-containing cultures, but not
in glucose-containing cultures. The two mould fungi that did not significantly degrade wood had no phenol
oxidase activity in either wood- or glucose-containing cultures. The one-electron oxidation activity
in intact cultures of the soft-rot deuteromycetes was roughly related with the rate of weight loss during
wood degradation in those cultures. However, there was no clear relationship between phenol oxidase
activity and either one-electron oxidation activity or the rate of wood weight loss, either over time, or in
total. Most of the one-electron oxidation activity resulted from phenol oxidase and hydroxyl radical.
Most of the phenol oxidase activity resulted from laccase.
Periodicity as a Factor in the Generation of Isotropic Compressive Growth Stress Between Microfibrils in Cell Wall Formation during a Twenty-Four Hour Period
Authors: Yoshida Masato , Hosoo Yoshihiro , Okuyama Takashi 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis were used to
investigate the generation of growth stress in connection with the deposition of cell wall materials along
the innermost surface of radial walls during secondary wall formation of differentiating tracheids of
Cryptomeria japonica. Samples were collected when the turgor pressure of the tree was low (16:00 h),
and when the pressure was high (6:00 h). In samples collected at 16:00 h, cellulose microfibrils deposited
on the innermost surface of radial walls were clearly evident and amorphous material was rarely
found. Conversely, in samples collected at 6:00 h, cellulose microfibrils were rarely observed and the
amorphous material was prevalent. Cellulose microfibrils were evident, however, after removing the
amorphous material with chlorite. The concentration of potassium on the inner surface of radial walls
was greater at 6:00 h than at 16:00 h. After chlorite treatment, the concentration of potassium measured
in the samples collected at 6:00 h decreased to a level equivalent to that in samples collected at 16:00 h
and thus potassium was found to be associated with the amorphous material on the cellulose microfibrils.
The amorphous material is probably a matrix of hemicellulose and monolignol, material that is
abundant on the inner surface of developing cell walls, especially during expansion (as a result of high
turgor pressure) of differentiating tracheids. A matrix of hemicellulose and lignin deposited in the
expanded gaps between cellulose microfibrils and daily expansion of the gaps probably produces an
isotropic compressive stress (growth stress). This paper demonstrates periodicity in cell wall formation
as a result of the cycles of compressive growth in the differentiating cell wall.
Production of Volatile Organic Compounds by Trichoderma in Media Containing Different Amino Acids and Their Effect on Selected Wood Decay Fungi
Authors: Bruce Alan , Wheatley Ron E. , Humphris Sonia N. , Hackett Christine A. , Florence Maria E.J. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe paper describes an experiment to evaluate the effect of subtle changes to the amino acid composition of the growth medium on the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by aTrichoderma aureovirideisolate and the consequent inhibition of wood decay fungi. A synthetic medium was produced to represent the C:N ratio and major amino acid content of Scots pine sapwood. Changes in the amino acid content of the medium produced very significant differences in the VOC output produced by theTrichodermaisolate and in the levels of inhibition of the target wood decay fungi. Principal component analysis of the VOC profiles indicated that aldehyde and ketone components were associated with the greatest inhibition of the target fungi. The implications of the results for the use ofTrichodermaisolates as biological control agents of decay fungi in wood are discussed.
Effects of Alkali Pretreatment on Surface Properties and Green Color Conservation of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel)
Authors: Chang Shang-Tzen , Yeh Ting-Feng 
Published: October 2004

SummaryStanding bamboo culms have an attractive greenish skin. Once harvested, however, they turn yellow and the color starts to decay. These adverse properties limit their applications and degrade their performance. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) based preservatives have been reported to be good protectors for preserving the green color of bamboo culms. An alkali pretreatment was required before applying CCA. However, the mechanism of alkali pretreatment on color conservation is not fully understood. In this study, morphology, wettability, chemical and pigment changes of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescensMazel) were studied after treating with four alkali reagents. The results showed that 2% KOH effectively removed the waxes and capes of silica cells on moso bamboo surface and also increased the surface wettability much better than treatments with 4% K2CO3, 10% K2CO3, 4% Na2CO3, or 4% NaHCO3. The KOH pretreatment also results in a better penetration and reaction with the green color protector (5% Boliden K-33, type-B CCA), and subsequently preserved the green color appearance of moso bamboo.
Lignin Degradation in Oxygen Delignification Catalysed by [PMo7V5O40]8- Polyanion. Part II. Study on Lignin Monomeric Model Compounds
Authors: Evtuguin D.V. , Neto C. Pascoal , Carapuça H. , Soares J. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Vanillyl and veratryl alcohols were used as monomeric lignin model compounds in experiments aiming
to enhance the understanding of the lignin oxidation mechanisms involved in the oxygen delignification
in acidic media catalysed by [PMo7V5O40]8− (HPA-5) heteropolyanion. Based on the model compound
experiments, the first step of lignin oxidation is suggested to be a one-electron oxidation by the catalyst.
This step is followed by coupling reactions and/or by further oxidation by the catalyst. The ratio of coupling/oxidation reaction products depends on the oxidation conditions and decreases with temperature
raise. The higher oxidation rate of vanillyl alcohol as compared to the veratryl alcohol in the reaction
system O2/HPA-5 was explained by the redox properties of the catalyst. The insufficiently high redox
potential of HPA-5 did not allow the efficient oxidation of veratryl alcohol. The former was oxidised by
VO2
+ ions dissociated from the HPA-5 under the acidic conditions. The reactivity of different lignin
structural units in the reaction system O2/HPA-5 was estimated by electrochemical methods using various
lignin model compounds.
Softening Characteristics of Wet Wood under Quasi Static Loading
Authors: Hamdan S. , Dwianto W. , Morooka T. , Norimoto M. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
In order to examine the possible influences of temperature on the wood constituents, two groups of wood
species namely softwood (needle leaf wood) and hardwood (broad leaf wood) were subjected to heat or
steam treatment during large radial compression between 0°C and 200°C. Two well-defined softening
regions are observed. Both species showed the glass transition Tg of lignin at ~ 90°C and ~ 60°C for
softwood and hardwood respectively and a second transition region at ~ 160°C. The softening behavior
between the first and second transition in softwood is in contrast with the softening behavior of hardwood.
This difference reflects the difference in the distribution of the relaxation process due to lignin,
which suggests the difference in chemical structure of lignin between softwood and hardwood.
Wood Preservation Based on In situ Polymerization of Bioactive Monomers. Part 2. Fungal Resistance and Thermal Properties of Treated Wood
Authors: Ibach Rebecca E. , Rowell Roger M. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
This paper is the second in a two-part series on in situ polymerization of bioactive monomers as an alternative to conventional preservative treatments. In this part of the study, bioactive monomers were evaluated for their ability to provide resistance to decay and protection against fire. Five bioactive monomers were synthesized: (1) pentachlorophenolyl acrylate (PCPA), (2) tributyltin acrylate (TBTA), (3) 8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate (HQA), (4) 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate (DBHQA), and (5) diethyl-N1N-bis (acryloxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate (Fyrol 6 acrylate, F6A). Southern pine sapwood samples were treated with acrylate solutions at different retention levels and with various amounts of crosslinker (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, TMPTM), then polymerized in situ. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was used as the control. Biological resistance to the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was determined on acetone-leached and unleached samples. PCPA showed some biological efficacy in the absence of crosslinker, but otherwise provided no more protection than did MMA alone.
TBTA was biologically effective at all retention levels except with crosslinker concentration ≥10 %. HQA was biologically effective at ≥ 2% retention. F6A was not biologically effective, although unleached wood treated with 10% F6A and 5% or no crosslinker showed some resistance to decay. The 5% DBHQA plus 5% crosslinker treatment was biologically effective in both leached and unleached wood. The effects of the highest treatment level of each monomer, after polymerization, were also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. All treatments provided some resistance to fire. The best treatment was 10 % F6A, which resulted in the lowest mass loss (67.0 %) and the lowest maximum temperature of pyrolysis (308.5 °C).
Wood Surface Energy and Time Dependence of Wettability: A Comparison of Different Wood Surfaces Using an Acid-Base Approach
Authors: Gindl Milojka , Sinn Gerhard , Reiterer Alexander , Tschegg Stefanie 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Using four different wood species, the wetting behaviour of sanded wood surfaces was compared with that of microtomed surfaces. Sanding caused lower contact angles and lower total surface free energies. Electron donor components were considered to be responsible for the observed changes according to the applied acid-base approach. The time behaviour of sanded surfaces differed from the microtomed reference, insofar as the volume of a deposited drop of water decreased very rapidly as soon as it was applied, indicating fast penetration into the wood. A qualitative analysis by SEM revealed a heavily torn upper-most cell layer on sanded surfaces, which was assumed to be responsible for the increased surface free energy and enhanced penetration.
Diagnostik von Hämoglobinopathien / Diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies
Authors: Kohne Elisabeth 
Published: October 2004

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Hämoglobinopathien bilden eine Gruppe von überwiegend autosomal rezessiv vererbten Krankheiten, die charakterisiert sind entweder durch die reduzierte Synthese von einer oder mehreren normalen Globinketten = Thalassämie-Syndrome oder durch die Produktion von strukturell abnormen Globinkettens = Hämoglobinstrukturanomalien. Durch die seit langem kontinuierlich steigende Einwanderung von Millionen Menschen aus den Hauptverbreitungsgebieten der Hämoglobinopathien erhöht sich hierzulande der Bedarf an Methoden und Richtlinien für eine einfache, effiziente Diagnostik. Die multiethnische Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung kann spezielle diagnostische Probleme aufwerfen, für welche die einfache Hb-Elektrophorese und/oder HPLC nicht ausreicht.
In diesem Review wird das breite Spektrum hämatologischer und biochemischer Untersuchungen dargestellt, des weiteren die analytischen Stufenpläne und die signifikanten Laborparameter. Die Charakteristika der HbS-, HbC-, und HbE-Hämoglobinopathien, der α- und β-Thalassämien und deren komplexe Kombinationsformen werden beschrieben und die diagnostische Bedeutung von Laborbefunden der wichtigsten Hämoglobinkrankheiten dargestellt.
Low Density Lipoprotein-Heterogenität als prognostischer Marker kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen / Low density lipoprotein heterogeneity for risk evaluation of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Winkler Karl 
Published: October 2004

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Generell ist die Bestimmung von Low Density Lipoprotein-Subfraktionen (LDL-Subfraktionen) zur Aufklärung pathophysiologischer Zusammenhänge im Bereich der vaskulären Medizin und für die Risikoabschätzung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen von Bedeutung. Es gibt verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung von LDL-Subfraktionen, welche sich unterschiedliche physiko-chemische Eigenschaften der LDL zu Nutze machen. So trennen Ultrazentrifugationsmethoden nach Dichte, die Gradientengelelektrophorese (GGE) und das Magnetresonanzverfahren (NMR) nach Größe auf. Für differentialdiagnostische Zwecke oder bei der routinemäßigen Abschätzung des kardiovaskulären Risikos ist die Analytik der LDL-Subfraktionen derzeit aber wenig sinnvoll. Dies liegt zum einen an den teilweise aufwändigen Techniken, zum anderen an der schlechten Standardisierung der Methoden und der noch offenen klinischen Relevanz der gewonnenen Ergebnisse.
Blutungszeit in vitro am PFA-100®: Präanalytik bei der Blutentnahme / Bleeding time in vitro measured by the PFA-100® system: Pre-analytical conditions for blood collection
Authors: Lutze G. , Kropf S. 
Published: October 2004

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Bei Wiederholungsuntersuchungen am Plättchenfunktionsanalyzer PFA-100® (Dade Behring) können die Citratblut-Verschlusszeiten bei derselben Person in kurzem zeitlichen Abstand oder auch bei derselben Blutentnahme stark variieren. In dieser Arbeit wurden bestimmte präanalytische Faktoren überprüft bzw. neu untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit von der Citratkonzentration (0,105 mol/l oder 0,129 mol/l), die sich in signifikant unterschiedlichen Referenzbereichen ausdrückte, konnte bestätigt werden. Bei Anwendung verschiedener Blutentnahmetechniken (freies Einlaufen, Monovetten, Vacutainer, Kanülen ohne Schlauch, Butterfly) waren die Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen der Gesamtheit aller Probanden einer Gruppe vergleichbar. Bei Einzelpersonen unterschieden sich die Ergebnisse dagegen oft stark. Von beträchtlichem Ausmaß waren häufig auch die Differenzen zwischen Doppelbestimmungen. Die mehrfaktorielle Varianzanalyse bestätigte letztere als Hauptursache für die beobachteten Differenzen, nicht die Entnahmetechniken selbst. Bei Vergleichs- und Verlaufsuntersuchungen sind Änderungen zwischen zwei Messungen mit Kollagen-Epinephrin-Messzellen erst dann als deutlich zu betrachten, wenn die Verschlusszeiten um mindestens 50 Sekunden differieren. Verantwortlich hierfür können Chargenunterschiede der Messzellen, Unterschiede der Einzelmesszellen innerhalb einer Charge oder eine Variabilität des individuellen Aperturverschlusses sein. Die PFA-100®-Methode ist daher eher als “halbquantitativ” zu bezeichnen.
Molecular Cytogenetic Maps of Sorghum Linkage Groups 2 and 8
Authors: Kim Jeong-Soon , Klein Patricia E , Klein Robert R , Price H James , Mullet John E , Stelly David M 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
To integrate genetic, physical, and cytological perspectives of the Sorghum bicolor genome, we selected 40 landed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that contain different linkage map markers, 21 from linkage group 2 (LG-02) and 19 from linkage group 8 (LG-08). Multi-BAC probe cocktails were constructed for each chromosome from the landed BACs, which were also preevaluated for FISH signal quality, relative position, and collective chromosome coverage. Comparison to the corresponding linkage map revealed full concordance of locus order between cytological and prior segregation analyses. The pericentromeric heterochromatin constituted a large quasi-uniform block in each bivalent and was especially large in the bivalent corresponding to LG-08. Centromere positions in LG-02 and LG-08 were progressively delimited using FISH to identify landed BACs for which the FISH signals visibly flanked the centromere. Alignment of linkage and cytological maps revealed that pericentromeric heterochromatin of these sorghum chromosomes is largely devoid of recombination, which is mostly relegated to the more distal regions, which are largely euchromatic. This suggests that the sorghum genome is thus even more amenable to physical mapping of genes and positional cloning than the C-value alone might suggest. As a prelude to positional cloning of the fertility restorer, Rf1, FISH of BAC clones flanking the Rf1 locus was used to delimit the chromosomal position of the gene. FISH of BACs that contain the most proximal linkage markers enabled localization of Rf1 to a ∼0.4-Mbp euchromatic region of LG-08. Cytogenetic analyses of Rf1 and other trait loci will aid in assessing the feasibility of positional cloning and help formulate strategies required for cloning this and other agriculturally critical genes.
Genetics of Hybrid Incompatibility Between Lycopersicon esculentum and L. hirsutum
Authors: Moyle Leonie C , Graham Elaine B 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe examined the genetics of hybrid incompatibility between two closely related diploid hermaphroditic plant species. Using a set of near-isogenic lines (NILs) representing 85% of the genome of the wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum (Solanum habrochaites) in the genetic background of the cultivated tomato L. esculentum (S. lycopersicum), we found that hybrid pollen and seed infertility are each based on 5–11 QTL that individually reduce hybrid fitness by 36–90%. Seed infertility QTL act additively or recessively, consistent with findings in other systems where incompatibility loci have largely been recessive. Genetic lengths of introgressed chromosomal segments explain little of the variation for hybrid incompatibility among NILs, arguing against an infinitesimal model of hybrid incompatibility and reinforcing our inference of a limited number of discrete incompatibility factors between these species. In addition, male (pollen) and other (seed) incompatibility factors are roughly comparable in number. The latter two findings contrast strongly with data from Drosophila where hybrid incompatibility can be highly polygenic and complex, and male sterility evolves substantially faster than female sterility or hybrid inviability. The observed differences between Lycopersicon and Drosophila might be due to differences in sex determination system, reproductive and mating biology, and/or the prevalence of sexual interactions such as sexual selection.
Longevity and Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Khazaeli Aziz A , Van Voorhies Wayne , Curtsinger James W 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
We measured age-specific metabolic rates in 2861 individual Drosophila melanogaster adult males to determine how genetic variation in metabolism is related to life span. Using recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from populations artificially selected for long life, resting metabolic rates were measured at 5, 16, 29, and 47 days posteclosion, while life spans were measured in the same genotypes in mixed-sex population cages and in single-sex vials. We observed much heritable variation between lines in age-specific metabolic rates, evidence for genotype × age interaction, and moderate to large heritabilities at all ages except the youngest. Four traits exhibit evidence of coordinate genetic control: day 16 and day 29 metabolic rates, life span in population cages, and life span in vials. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for those traits map to the same locations on three major chromosomes, and additive genetic effects are all positively correlated. In contrast, metabolic rates at the youngest and oldest ages are unrelated to metabolic rates at other ages and to survival. We suggest that artificial selection for long life via delayed reproduction also selects for increased metabolism at intermediate ages. Contrary to predictions of the “rate of living” theory, we find no evidence that metabolic rate varies inversely with survival, at the level of either line means or additive effects of QTL.
Genetic Diversity, Recombination and Cryptic Clades in Pseudomonas viridiflava Infecting Natural Populations of Arabidopsis thalianaSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY604840, AY604841, AY604842, AY604843, AY604844, AY604845, AY604846, AY604847, AY604848 and AY606338, AY606800.
Authors: Goss Erica M , Kreitman Martin , Bergelson Joy 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Species-level genetic diversity and recombination in bacterial pathogens of wild plant populations have been nearly unexplored. Pseudomonas viridiflava is a common natural bacterial pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana, for which pathogen defense genes and mechanisms are becoming increasing well known. The genetic variation contained within a worldwide sample of P. viridiflava collected from wild populations of A. thaliana was investigated using five genomic sequence fragments totaling 2.3 kb. Two distinct and deeply diverged clades were found within the P. viridiflava sample and in close proximity in multiple populations, each genetically diverse with synonymous variation as high as 9.3% in one of these clades. Within clades, there is evidence of frequent recombination within and between each sequenced locus and little geographic differentiation. Isolates from both clades were also found in a small sample of other herbaceous species in Midwest populations, indicating a possibly broad host range for P. viridiflava. The high levels of genetic variation and recombination together with a lack of geographic differentiation in this pathogen distinguish it from other bacterial plant pathogens for which intraspecific variation has been examined.
Mapping of a Milk Production Quantitative Trait Locus to a 420-kb Region on Bovine Chromosome 6
Authors: Olsen Hanne Gro , Lien Sigbjørn , Gautier Mathieu , Nilsen Heidi , Roseth Arne , Berg Paul R , Sundsaasen Kristil K , Svendsen Morten , Meuwissen Theo H E 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A QTL affecting milk production traits was previously mapped to an interval of 7.5 cM on chromosome 6 in Norwegian dairy cattle. This article aimed to refine this position by increasing the map density in the region by a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and analyzing the data with a combined linkage and linkage disequilibrium approach. Through a series of single- and multitrait and single- and multipoint analyses, the QTL was positioned to an interval surrounded by the genes ABCG2 and LAP3. As no recombinations were detected in this interval, physical mapping was required for further refining. By using radiation hybrid mapping as well as BAC clones, the bovine and human comparative maps in the region are resolved, and the QTL is mapped within a distance of 420 kb.