bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY
Authors: Najarian John S. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: June 2004

Passive transfer of transplantation immunity was accomplished in inbred guinea pigs with tritiated thymidine-labeled lymphoid cells sensitized to homologous tissues. Autoradiographs of the homologous skin graft sites disclosed the presence of relatively few or no labeled cells at the site of rejection.
Passive transfer of transplantation immunity was also accomplished with sensitized lymphoid cells enclosed in cell-impenetrable Millipore chambers. Previous studies with passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs revealed that the specifically sensitized cells could be easily found at the site of challenge in the presence of specific antigen and were ineffective when enclosed in Millipore chambers. It appeared, then, that the homograft reaction and delayed sensitivity of tuberculin type were achieved by different immunologic mechanisms within the same species.
ANTIBODY FORMATION
Authors: Uhr Jonathan W. , Finkelstein Martin S. 
Published: June 2004

Injection of a sufficient dose of bacteriophage ϕX 174 into guinea pigs results in the formation of rapidly sedimenting antibody molecules (19S), and later, slowly sedimenting molecules (7S). Above a threshold dose of antigen, the relative rate of 19S formation is maximal and dose-independent; below this dose, slower relative rates are obtained. The time for doubling the serum 19S level is as short as 6 to 8 hours, suggesting that the absolute rate of antibody formation per cell is increasing in addition to proliferation of antibody-producing cells. Synthesis of 19S after injection of 1010 ϕX virtually ceases at 10 days after which 19S antibody activity disappears from the circulation with a half-life of approximately 24 hours. A second injection of ϕX on day 5 or 9 prolongs 19S synthesis, indicating that antigen not only can regulate the relative rate, but also is essential for continued synthesis of 19S. 19S synthesis is also prolonged in guinea pigs by injection of ϕX with endotoxin or by 400 r whole body x-irradiation 24 hours after injection of phage into rabbits.
The primary 7S response is not detected until approximately 1 week after immunization and relative rates are antigen-dependent. Primary 7S synthesis can continue for many months and leads to preparation for a secondary antibody response (immunological memory) during which only 7S is detected. In contrast, in animals that form precipitating 19S without detectable 7S, a second injection of phage 1 month later results in a second 19S response which closely resembles the first. These findings have led to the suggestion that formation of 19S does not lead to persisting immunological memory.
FURTHER STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Authors: Louria Donald B. , Kaminski Theresa , Finkel Gerald 
Published: June 2004

Following infection with 103 cells of Cryptococcus neoformans, progressive multiplication occurred in all tissues for 7 to 28 days. Thereafter, most mice gained control of the infection so that 3 to 6 months after inoculation, tissues were usually sterile or contained only small numbers of cryptococci. Survivors challenged 1 to 4 months after infection with 103 cells lived longer than controls and had an increased survival rate. Pretreatment with bacterial endotoxin also resulted in protection against cryptococcal challenge. Endotoxin-protected animals showed no ability to limit the infection until circulating antibody could be demonstrated.
Histologic studies revealed an increased cellular infiltration in the brains of specifically protected and endotoxin-protected mice 1 to 2 weeks after challenge. However, control of cryptococcal multiplication could be correlated with the presence of antibody but could not be correlated with the enhanced cellular response.
Although protection against cryptococcal challenge appears to be antibody-dependent, it is unclear whether protective antibody is to be found in plasma or is tissue-bound.
INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO HETEROLOGOUS PROTEINS AND THEIR CATABOLISM IN C57BL/6 MICE
Authors: Dietrich Felix M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: June 2004

C57BL/6 mice were rendered tolerant to one or another of 13 soluble protein antigens. Tolerance was induced by a single injection of 20 mg protein within 24 hours after birth. The duration of the unresponsive state was measured and compared with the rates of catabolism of the antigens as determined in adult and new born mice. The data presented fail to show a correlation between the persistence of labeled protein antigen and the duration of tolerance. In several occasions, even an inverse relationship between duration of the unresponsive state and persistence was demonstrated. The results, therefore, strongly indicate that the duration of tolerance is not dependent on the rates of catabolism of the antigens.
Several of the commercial protein preparations used in this study contained minor impurities to which the animals were generally not rendered tolerant. By means of diffusion in agar techniques, it was demonstrated that mice injected at birth with a tolerance-inducing dose of antigen would generally not reveal precipitating antibodies to this antigen after the tolerant state had been abolished. A speculative explanation was given in terms of quantitative or qualitative differences of antibodies found in such animals as compared to the immunized control mice.
After the 3rd or 4th day of life, newborn mice catabolized I131-labeled heterologous proteins at the same rates as adult mice. The apparent slow elimination during the first days of life was, at least in part, the result of retention of nonprotein-bound I131.
A HEMOLYTIC SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH ENTERITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Evans Robert S. , Bingham Margaret , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: June 2004

A disease characterized by frequent association of enteritis and polyagglutinable cells often develops in weanling rabbits. The red cell lesion renders the cells susceptible to agglutination and hemolysis in normal rabbit sera. The degree of red cell abnormality varies among different animals and disappears when the animals recover.
The abnormality of the red cells responsible for their polyagglutinability and susceptibility to hemolysis was resistant to the action of trypsin or papain and persisted in heated stroma preparations derived from polyagglutinable cells.
The factors necessary for agglutination and hemolysis of the polyagglutinable cells are present in normal rabbit sera but are lacking in the sera of affected rabbits. These factors returned to normal levels as the polyagglutinable cell lesion disappeared. The sera of rabbits with polyagglutinable cells contained normal levels of complement and properdin.
Whereas the agglutinating factor in normal sera is heat-stable at 56°C for 30 minutes, the hemolytic factor is heat labile. The hemolytic factor is apparently distinct from complement and properdin since it was adsorbed from normal rabbit serum by zymosan or by polyagglutinable cells at 0°C. However, complement was fixed when normal rabbit serum was reacted with stroma from polyagglutinable cells.
Hemolysis of polyagglutinable cells by normal rabbit serum at 25°C was inhibited by preliminary incubation of the mixture at 0°C prior to incubation at 25°C. Evidence was obtained which indicated that this inhibition was due to progression of a reaction involving Ca++ independent of a reaction involving Mg++.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Broberger Ove , Perlmann Peter 
Published: June 2004

By means of immunofluorescent methods it has been shown that sera from children with ulcerative colitis contain antibodies which react with fetal colon cells in tissue culture. 5 out of 13 sera from patients reacted positively when tested for staining antibodies while 12 sera from healthy individuals yielded negative results. The specificity of the staining reactions was confirmed by inhibition experiments. The staining capacity of various sera was correlated to their hemagglutinating titer when tested against phenol-water extracts of human colon.
The presence of blood group substances of the ABO system on fetal colon cells in tissue culture could be demonstrated by application of fluorescent H agglutinins from eel. Cross-inhibition experiments indicated that the H agglutinins stained colon antigens which were different from those reacting with the antibodies of ulcerative colitis sera.
The reactivity of cultured fetal colon cells with the antibodies in ulcerative colitis sera was retained for up to 12 days, with optimal staining at 4 to 5 days. Reactivity with H agglutinins was present for a longer period, sometimes more than 20 days.
Although antigen could be shown to be present on fetal colon cells in tissue culture, exposure of the culture, in the presence of fresh guinea pig serum, to sera from patients with ulcerative colitis did not lead to any visible cytotoxic damage. In order to investigate the possible cytotoxic effect of the sera with a more sensitive technique, freshly explanted fetal colon was dispersed by trypsinization and the cells labeled with 32P-orthophosphate. Subsequently, these cells were exposed to sera, in a final concentration of 30 per cent, from patients or healthy controls in the presence of fresh guinea pig serum (final concentration 15 per cent). Approximately 20 per cent of the cellular isotope was released into the medium within 150 minutes of incubation, but the release was the same in the samples treated either with patients' sera or normal control sera. Thus, under the present conditions, the patients' sera did not exert any specific cytotoxic action on colon cells.
ACTIVATION OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS
Authors: Allison A. C. , Sandelin K. 
Published: June 2004

Activities of the enzymes ß-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, acid DNAase, acid RNAase, and acid protease have been measured in the lysosomal and supernatant fractions of mouse liver cells and monkey kidney cells before and after infection with mouse hepatitis virus and vaccinia virus, respectively.
In the infected cells there was easily measurable release of lysosomal enzymes into the supernatant fraction. Evidence was presented that this is not an artefact of homogenization and precedes cell degeneration demonstrable histologically.
It is suggested that release of lysosomal enzymes may explain some of the biochemical changes found in infected cells and may contribute to the cytopathic effects of some viruses.
SEQUENCES OF SYNTHESIS OF γ-1 MACROGLOBULIN AND γ-2 GLOBULIN ANTIBODIES DURING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES TO PROTEINS, SALMONELLA ANTIGENS, AND PHAGE
Authors: Bauer D. C. , Mathies M. J. , Stavitsky A. B. 
Published: June 2004

The nature of the antibodies produced by the rabbit during the primary and secondary responses to T2 phage, proteins, and the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhosa has been determined. Immune sera have been fractionated by zone electrophoresis, sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and anion exchange chromatography. The resulting fractions have been assayed by phage neutralization or hemagglutination (antisera to proteins) or bacterial agglutination. In confirmation and extension of earlier work from this laboratory, the primary response to these antigens, with the exception of the O antigen of the Salmonella, included the early synthesis of 19S, γ-1 globulin antibody, and the later synthesis of 7S, γ-2 globulin antibody. The primary response to the O antigen consisted of the synthesis of only a macroglobulin agglutinin. The secondary response to the proteins, including the H antigen of the Salmonella, comprised the early synthesis of large amounts of the 7S γ-2 globulin antibody to the same level attained during the primary response. The secondary response to the phage consisted in the synthesis of 7S, γ-2 globulin antibody alone. Treatment of the macroglobulin phage-neutralizing antibody with mercaptoethanol resulted in complete loss of its neutralizing activity.
A working hypothesis to explain these observations was presented. A salient feature of this hypothesis was the suggestion that different cells synthesized the two distinct molecular forms of antibody. The significance of the sequential synthesis of the two forms of antibody is not known. It was proposed that the system for synthesis of macroglobulin antibody is an auxiliary system for antibody synthesis, perhaps the first to develop phylogenetically and ontogenetically. It is felt that the present observations indicate a clear-cut qualitative distinction between the primary and secondary responses to immunization whereby these responses might be identified in various experimental situations. It is also felt that these findings with the primary and secondary responses to various antigens in the rabbit may be of widespread occurrence in nature among a variety of species.
PROPERTIES OF GUINEA PIG 7S ANTIBODIES
Authors: Bloch Kurt J. , Kourilsky François M. , Ovary Zoltan , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pig 7Sγ2 antibodies were demonstrated to fix complement in the presence of antigen and to sensitize antigen-coated, tanned erythrocytes for lysis in the presence of complement; guinea pig 7Sγ1 antibodies did not participate in these reactions. Gamma-2 antibodies were more efficient in provoking hemorrhagic necrosis in reverse passive Arthus reactions than equal amounts of non-complement-fixing gamma-1 antibodies. Unlike anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, both guinea pig 7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2 antibodies provoked passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in the rat.
Efficient hemolytic activity attributable to 7S guinea pig anti-sheep erythrocyte antibodies migrated faster than the peak of complement-fixing activity, but slower than the peak of PCA activity in starch block electrophoresis. It is uncertain whether this activity is a function of a third type of antibody produced in response to the particulate property of the antigen or whether it is due to the antigenic heterogeneity of the erythrocyte cell membrane.
STRUCTURE AND SPECIFICITY OF GUINEA PIG 7S ANTIBODIES
Authors: Edelman G. M. , Benacerraf B. , Ovary Z. 
Published: June 2004

Additional evidence has been obtained to show that different guinea pig anti-hapten antibodies differ in the structure of their L polypeptide chains. Antibodies from animals immunized with the same hapten conjugated to different carrier proteins gave similar starch gel electrophoretic patterns after dissociation of their chains. In a study of fine differences of specificity, cross-reacting antibodies were found to have some L chains with the same electrophoretic mobility. The multiplicity of L chain bands found in the characteristic starch gel electrophoretic patterns of dissociated anti-DNP antibodies was shown to be a reflection of the heterogeneity of antibodies of slightly different specificities. Reduction and alkylation of the active fragment produced by digestion of antibodies with papain yielded starch gel electrophoretic bands corresponding in mobility to L chains.
The results are consistent with the notion that L chains are involved in the acquisition of immunologic specificity.
ISOLATION OF GRANULES FROM EOSINOPHIL LEUCOCYTES AND STUDY OF THEIR ENZYME CONTENT
Authors: Archer Gordon T. , Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Eosinophils were separated from other types of cells in horse blood or rat peritoneal fluid by centrifugation in concentrated albumin solutions. Eosinophils did not appear to be damaged by this separation procedure.
A technique was also devised for isolation of cytoplasmic granules from eosinophils, thus allowing studies on enzyme content of the granules.
Granules from both horse and rat eosinophils contained a number of hydrolytic enzymes, similar in variety and in concentration to those previously found in granules of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Eosinophil granules differed from those of the rabbit granulocyte in their high content of peroxidase and the absence of lysozyme and phagocytin. On disruption of eosinophil granules by repeated freezing and thawing in saline, cathepsin, ribonuclease, arylsulfatase and beta glucuronidase were released into solution, but phosphatases were partially and peroxidase completely bound to the insoluble granule residue. Peroxidase could be extracted from the granule residue with weak acid.
Eosinophil granules thus are lysosome-like structures.
THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS (γ2, γ1M, γ1A)
Authors: Mellors Robert C. , Korngold Leonhard 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the cellular origin of human immunoglobulins (γ2, γ1M, γ1A). The results indicated that two closely related families of cells form immunoglobulins in human lymphoid tissue: germinal (reticular) centers and plasma cells. Thus their cellular origin in addition to their known antigenic relations further justifies placing the immunoglobulins in one family of proteins.
Immunoglobulins were also formed to a small extent in primitive reticular cells which resembled those of germinal centers but were separated from them. Possibly such cells were undergoing transition to the much more numerous plasma cells with which they were commonly associated.
The mantles of small lymphocytes which surrounded germinal centers did not contain detectable quantities of immunoglobulins.
While in general only one type of immunoglobulin was present in an individual cell or germinal center, γ2- and γ1M-globulin were identified on occasion in the same plasma cell and germinal center.
A peculiarity of the fetal thymus gland was the presence of immunoglobulin, mainly γ1M, in a small number of cells of small and intermediate size and primitive reticular appearance and in Hassall's corpuscles.
HOMOLOGOUS DISEASE IN THE ADULT RAT, A MODEL FOR AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
Authors: Stastny Peter , Stembridge Vernie A. , Ziff Morris 
Published: June 2004

The cutaneous lesions of adult rats with homologous disease are described, and evidence is presented to indicate that they have an immunologic basis. The skin changes included erythema, purpura, edema, and a variety of inflammatory lesions. In the more active lesions, dermal infiltration, hydropic degeneration, acanthosis, and atrophy of the epidermis with hyperkeratosis and follicular plugging were present. In some cases, ulceration and sloughing were also observed. More chronic lesions were characterized by atrophy of the epidermis and collagenization of the dermis with disappearance of the skin appendages.
Rejection of autografts was observed simultaneously with acceptance of homografts. The histologic appearance of autografts undergoing rejection was similar to that of the spontaneous skin lesions, suggesting that the latter, too, had an immunologic basis. In favor of this, also, was the specificity of the dermatitis for the skin of the host, with sparing of neighboring homograft tissue.
There was a histologic similarity between the spontaneous skin lesions of homologous disease and those of lupus erythematosus on the one hand, and scleroderma on the other, thus supporting the possibility that the cutaneous lesions of these connective tissue diseases of man may also have an immunologic basis.
It was concluded that the adult rat with homologous disease may furnish a model for human autoimmune disease.
STUDIES OF TUBERCLE BACILLUS-HISTIOCYTE RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Fong Jacob , Chin Dennis , Vickrey Herta M. 
Published: June 2004

Immunization of mice or guinea pigs with BCG rendered all or most of the histiocytes of these animals resistant to necrotization by virulent H37Rv; this cellular resistance was mediated by immune serum.
Immune mouse histiocytes (from BCG-immunized animals) were able to induce cellular resistance in normal homologous and heterologous (rabbit) animal species; mouse histiocytic ribosomes were also tested in the homologous species and found to be active.
Immune guinea pig histiocytes (from BCG-immunized guinea pigs) were ineffective in transferring cellular resistance to either homologous or heterologous (mouse and rabbit) animal species.
Immune rabbit histiocytes were capable of inducing cellular resistance in mice and guinea pigs; rabbit histiocytic ribosomes were also tested in normal mice and found to be active in induction of cellular resistance.
Recipient guinea pig histiocytes (from guinea pigs inoculated with immune rabbit histiocytes) were capable of inducing cellular resistance in normal guinea pigs and rabbits.
Cultivation of lysed immune histiocytes of all three animal species on glycerol-blood agar medium failed to reveal any viable BCG; this provided one additional bit of evidence against the idea that induction of cellular resistance is due to viable bacilli.
THE EFFECT OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE AND AMINOPTERIN ON EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNE THYROIDITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Spiegelberg Hans L. , Miescher Peter A. 
Published: June 2004

The influence of 6-mercaptopurine and aminopterin was studied on immune response and immune thyroiditis in guinea pigs immunized with thyroid extract.
1. Both compounds depressed delayed hypersensitivity to thyroglobulin and immune thyroiditis.
2. Antibody formation to thyroglobulin was strongly depressed by aminopterin but not significantly influenced by 6-mercaptopurine.
3. Immune response and thyroiditis were suppressed as long as the compounds were administered; after discontinuation of treatment, immune response and thyroiditis appeared in the same time intervals as observed in control animals after initiation of immunization.
4. Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine and aminopterin 10 days after immunization lead to suppression of delayed hypersensitivity and thyroiditis.
5. Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine of animals after onset of thyroiditis lead to suppression of delayed hypersensitivity and disappearance or diminution of round cell infiltration in the thyroid.
6. The results are discussed in terms of the pathogenesis of experimental immune thyroiditis, the mode of action of these antimetabolites on this experimental immune disease, and in view of the potential value of these compounds in human diseases.