bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CCK and opioid analgesia
Authors: Kellstein David E , Mayer David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK is the most abundant gastro-intestinal peptide in the CNS (Beinfeld 1983; Crawley 1985), where it may function as a neurotransmitter and/ or a neuromodulator (Morley 1982; Baber et al. 1989). Although several forms of CCK with amino acid chains of different lengths have been isolated, the sulphated octapeptide variant predominates within the mammalian CNS (Rehfeld 1978; Larssen and Rehfeld 1979) and exhibits the greatest potency (Mutt 1982). Therefore, in this chapter CCK will refer to this form of the peptide.Anatomical studies strongly suggest a functional interaction between CCK and opioids. The CNS distribution of CCK closely parallels that of endogenous opioids within the brain (e.g. nucleus raphe magnus and periaqueductal grey (Beinfeld and Palkovits 1982), and hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and dorsomedial thalamus (Stengaard-Pedersen and Larsson 1982)) and the spinal cord (e.g. the substantia gelatinosa; Stengaard-Pedersen and Larsson 1981). Further, CCK and enkephalins have been colocalized within neurons in nociceptive areas of the brainstem and thalamus (Gall et al. 1987). Accordingly, the brain and spinal cord distribution of CCK binding sites is very similar to that of opioid receptors (Saito et al. 1980; Zarbin et al. 1983; Van Dijk et al. 1984; Hill et al. 1988).Results of functional studies indicate that CCK and opioid systems generally interact in an antagonistic manner. For example, CCK and opioids have opposite effects on satiety (Della-Fera and Baile 1979; Morley and Levine 1983), respiration (Gillis et al. 1983; Jensen et al. 1983), gut motility (Zetler 1979), locomotion (Schnur et al. 1986), and thermoregulation (Kapas et al. 1989). In addition, there is considerable evidence to suggest that CCK functions as an endogenous antagonist of opioid analgesia and may also be involved in opioid tolerance. The widespread use of opioid analgesics in the management of chronic pain, and the adverse effects and tolerance development associated with such use, make the study of CCK antagonism of opioid analgesia clinically important. In this chapter we review developments in this field and suggest future directions for investigation.
The role of CCK in electro-acupuncture analgesia and electro-acupuncture tolerance
Authors: Han J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the functional point of view, one of the most important characteristics of neuropeptides compared with classical neurotransmitters appears to be the extreme complexity and plasticity of their role in signal transmission. A bellshaped dose-response curve is very often encountered, yet the physiological implication of the paradoxical effects induced by the same peptide at different doses may not be clear at first sight.With regard to the physiological effect of CCK* on nociception, opposite results have been reported: it is antagonistic to opioid analgesia in low doses (ltoh et al. 1982; Faris et al. 1983; Han et al. 1985), and analgesic when administered alone at high doses (Jurna and Zetler 1981; Hill et al. 1987b; Hong and Takemori 1989). Common sense suggests that the effect induced by threshold doses is more likely to be physiological in nature, and that of submaximal doses to be pharmacological. However, in order to document the physiological function of a peptide clearly, it is necessary to observe not only changes accompanying its accelerated release, but also (and even more importantly) changes resulting from the blockage of its function by a receptor antagonist or by antibodies against it (Han 1987).
Magnetic fields and cancer: more information is still needed
Authors: Ahlbom Anders , Yang, Qiner , Feychting Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1979 several studies have appeared that indicate that children living in homes near power lines or other electric transmission facilities, or in homes with measured elevated magnetic fields, have an increased risk of cancer. There are also studies on adults showing the same thing. In addition, several studies have shown that ‘electrical workers’ might be at increased risk of leukaemia and brain cancer in particular. We have reviewed the studies available at the end of 1988 (Ahlborn 1988; Ahlborn and Feychting 1990). The objective of the present article is to take into account the studies that have been made available after our previous reviews, and to make an evalua¬ tion that takes all the currently available information into consideration. For a description of the studies, previous as well as new studies, refer to Table 2.1. The main results of the available studies are presented in Figs 2.1-2.4.
Dielectric polarization mechanism: potential importance for resonant interactions on biological systems
Authors: Schwan H P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrical properties are determined by the effects of electrical fields on mat¬ ter. Therefore much can be learned about field interactions from properties. If some interactions are localized, they may contribute but little to electrical properties, and bulk properties will then not reflect such specific interactions. An example is the cell membrane. The admittance of the membrane is determined by both its capacitance and its conductance. However, bulk properties as revealed by measurements with cell suspensions are not very sensitive to the membrane conductance. Yet it is the conductance, largely determined by the channels, which is directly related to ion exchange. Never-theless, a knowledge of the electrical properties of cellular compartments is revealing, as I shall demonstrate.
Possible resonance effects of ELF magnetic fields on ion channels
Authors: Sandblom John , Galt Sheila , Roos, Dan , Hamnerius Yngve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable evidence has accumulated during recent years that ELF (extremely low-frequency) magnetic fields can interact with living tissues at the cellular level (Adey and Bawin 1982; Blackman etal. 1985a, b; McLeod et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1987). Existing data seem consistently to indicate the occurrence of regions of maximal absorption of energy, i.e. resonance effects, with respect to amplitude and frequencies of the magnetic fields. Examples of such systems are the calcium efflux from brain tissue (Adey and Bawin 1982; Blackman et al. 1985a, b) and the motility of diatoms (McLeod etal 1987; Smith etal. 1987) in which the responses to applied ELF signals show distinct peaks at certain frequencies.
Activation of T-lymphocyte growth in a low-frequency magnetic field
Authors: Brista V Britta , Mild Kjell Hansson , Mattsson, Mats-Olof , Lundgren Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing number of reports indicate that the primary site for interaction between low-frequency electromagnetic fields and biological systems is at the cell membrane level (Adey 1988). Lectin-stimulated human lymphocytes have often been used to analyse biological effects of magnetic fields (for a recent review, see Cadossi et al. 1988) and, depending on the conditions, both stimulatory and inhibitory effects have been observed (Conti et al. 1986). T-lymphocytes represent an excellent assay system for such studies, since growth factor requirements are well defined, as well as parts of the signal transduction pathway.
Progress in developing insecticides from natural compounds
Authors: Khambay Bhupinder P S , O’connor Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately one third of world food production is lost through damage caused by pests. The most efficient method of controlling insect pests relies on the use of insecticides (compounds which kill insects) many of which act on the insect nervous system. Although current commercial insecticides have limited persistence in the field, the public perception of insecticides as highly undesirable and environmentally unfriendly chemicals stems from the persistence of DDT, ironically, an insecticide which has probably given more benefit to mankind than any other chemical invention. A great deal of research is currently being directed towards finding alternatives to insecticides. However, the present limitations in efficiency and effectiveness of such approaches ensures that for the foreseeable future, insecticides will remain the most effective means of insect control in the field. Therefore the search for newer insecticides with even greater selectivity towards pests and activity against resistant insects will continue.
Metabolic signals in the rhizosphere: catabolism of calystegins and betaines
Authors: Goldmann Arlette , Message Brigitte , Lecoeur Loic , Delarue Marianne , Maille Monique , Tepfer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain small secondary metabolites of plants are implicated in the establishment and maintenance of specific plant-bacterium relation ships. Some of these substances induce the transcription of bacterial genes implicated in the plant-bacterium interaction, e.g. virulence genes in the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Stachel et al. 1985) and nodulation genes in the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Rhizobium (Firmin et al. 1986; Peters et al. 1986). In the former case, the inducing molecules are monocyclic phenols, such as acetosyringone, released from wounded tissues; in the latter, they are complex phenolic flavones or flavonoids from legume root exudates. These substances also serve as chemoattractants.
Digestibility-inhibiting substances from alfalfa
Authors: Massiot G , Lavaud C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main sources of proteins for animal feed are cereals and soya. Only polygastric animals are able to partly degrade cellulose and to make use of non-cereal vegetable proteins. At the present time, soya-cake is mainly imported from the USA and Argentina, and in a quest for alternative and independent sources of proteins, Europe is trying to promote its own cultures of sunflower, rape, lupin, pea, and alfalfa.
Polyphenols–phytochemical chameleons
Authors: Haslam Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural polyphenols (syn. vegetable tannins) are complex higher plant secondary metabolites. According to earlier definitions they are water soluble, possess relative molecular masses in the range 500 to 3000, and besides giving the usual phenolic reactions, they have the ability to pre cipitate some alkaloids, gelatin, and other proteins, from solution. These complexation reactions are not only of intrinsic scientific interest as studies in molecular recognition but they have important and wide-ranging practical applications–in the manufacture of fashion leathers, in food stuffs and beverages, in herbal medicines, and in chemical defence and pigmentation in plants. Polyphenols are phytochemical chameleons. Their interactions with other molecular species is, on occasion, an important facet of the chemistry of plants and it also underlies man’s use of these materials in a number of practical spheres. In other situations these same interactions may well be undesirable if not totally unacceptable.
British gall-causing rust fungi
Authors: Preece* T f. , Hickt† A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although some fungal galls on cultivated plants have been the subject of much research (most of which has been aimed at preventing their occurrence) fungal galls on wild plants remain little studied. The literature on galls often includes long lists of rust fungi (Basidiomycotina: Ureclinales) but some of these fungi do not produce abnormal growth visible to the naked eye. It is suggested that visible swelling or thickening of plant organs is used to distinguish gall-causing rust fungi. After outlining the life history of a long-cycled rust the authors provide a list of principal British gall-causing rust fungi and their hosts.
Structure and systematics of eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) and their relationship to host plants
Authors: Boczek* Jan , Griffiths† D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eriophyid fauna is represented by 2400 species contained within six families, all of which are phytophagous and said to be monophagous to one species of plant. They possess a morphology unlike all other mites, with a minute cylindrical, worm-like or spindle-like body and two pairs of legs. Their habitat and effect on the plant ranges form leaf surface dwellers, with no detectable physical effect, through causers of leaf russeting, curling, edge-rolling, bud swelling, and brooming to producers of crinea and other complex galls. This paper discusses these phenomena and considers family ecology in relation to the gymnosperm and angiosperm hosts.
The population dynamics of the gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis
Authors: Hails Rosemary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis invaded Britain from the continent in the early 1960s. The life cycle involves both alternation of generations and alternation of host plants. This study draws on 8 years of population data and considers the factors that limit and regulate the distribution and abundance of A. quercuscalicis. This gall wasp, now abundant, appears to be resource-limited in the agamic generation due to competition for acorns in the ‘low years’ of the acorn cycle. Factors influencing the survivorship of the sexual generation are considered in detail. Although the sexual generation does not appear to be resource-limited, there is evidence of density-dependent mortality during gall establishment. This arises partly as a consequence of the oviposition pattern of the agamic females, because the distribution of eggs is highly aggregated between and within trees. As a result of density-dependent mortality, the distribution of mature galls is less highly clumped. Although the agamic knopper gall suffers only low rates of parasitism from a few species, several native parasitoids attack the sexual gall. The total percentage of parasitism is remarkably consistent from year to year even though the contribution from any one species fluctuates considerably.
Phytochemical investigation of candidate plants for the management of sickle cell anaemia
Authors: Adesanya S A , Sofowora A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a hereditary disease first described by Herrick in 1910. The genes of the patient code for the synthesis in cells of an abnormal haemoglobin HbS, which has /?6-valine instead of /?6-glutamic acid found in normal haemoglobin (HbA) (Murayama 1967). The resultant clinical manifestation of the disease is prominent in patients homozygous for the S gene (HbSS), while heterozygotes with other abnormal genes, such as SC, SThal, or SF, exhibit a milder form of the disease. People with HbAS, however, do not show the symptoms associated with SCA (Lawrence and Wallace 1974). SCA patients suffer characteristically from persistent ulcers, an enlarged spleen, and painful swelling of the digits and joints (Isaacs-Sodeye 1975).
Structural studies on new compounds from medicinal plants of Pakistan, Jordan, Sri Lanka, and Turkey
Authors: Rahman Atta-Ur- , Choudhary M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicinal plants offer a vast resource of novel natural products, often with exciting activities and biological properties. The following chapter presents some representative examples of natural products isolated from medicinal plants of Pakistan, Jordan, Sri Lanka, and Turkey in our laboratories. Their structures were elucidated using modern mass spectroscopic and NMR techniques. Both lD (1H-NMR, C-NMR, DEPT, NOE, homodecoupling, etc.) and 2D (COSY-45°, NOESY, HOHAHA, heteroCOSY, 2D J-resolved, COLOC, etc.) NMR experiments as well as recently developed inverse NMR techniques (HMQC and HMBC) were utilized for determination of their structure.
Spatial and temporal control of cell division in plants
Authors: Doonan J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generation of body form in plants occurs without substantial cell migrations. The relative immobility of plant cells has consequences for the manner in which morphogenesis may occur. In animals, cells can move subsequent to their formation, but during plant growth additional cells have to be produced at a given position (where they are required) within the body of the plant. Subsequent cell enlargement (usually directed elongation) and further cell divisions may allow some flexibility in formation of the final morphology. The molecular basis of cell proliferation in plants is poorly understood, but a reasonable surmise might be that cell division and cell elongation are downstream targets of those factors which generate pattern. Based on this surmise, it has been our purpose to develop molecular markers with which we can follow the location and progress of cell division within multicellular plant organs and thereby gain some insight into how cell division might be regulated during morphogenesis.
Role of the CTRl kinase in ethylene signal transduction inArabidopsis
Authors: Pallin J B , Woeste K E , Kieber J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simple olefin ethylene has been known to have dramatic effects on plants since the early part of this century when the various effects of illuminating gas on pea seedling development were first described (Neljubow 1901). Since then, ethylene has been shown to influence a diverse array of plant growth and developmental processes, including germination, leaf and floral senescence, abscission, epinasty, stress responses, and fruit ripening (Abeles et al. 1992). The biosynthetic pathway for ethylene has been elucidated and genes encoding the two key enzymes, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, have been cloned from a number of plant species (reviewed in Kende 1993).
Introduction
Authors: Srinivasan Mandyam V , Venkatesh Svetha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vision is, without doubt, our sense par excellence. That the eye and the visual pathways could have evolved simply as a result of natural selection was a concept that taxed even Darwin’s imagination as he espoused his trail-blazing theory of evolution in The origin of species (Darwin 1859). It is no surprise, then, that the task of developing artificial systems that ‘see’ and ‘perceive’ the world in the way we do, is not a trivial one.
Interface areas in small fish
Authors: Harrison I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphometric relationships between selected body tissues and body mass are analysed for small gobies (Teleostei: Gobiodei). These species show large body surface areas relative to mass, which might be advantageous for facultative cutaneous respiration but potentially disadvantageous for osmoregulation and locomotion. Large body surface areas per unit mass and correlated drag forces could account for ‘transient’ modes of swimming in small fish. Some species show large mass-specific development of gill area and, in this respect, are thought to be paedomorphic. Gill development in miniature teleosts must be constrained ultimately by pharyngobranchial space and a compromise must be reached between gills and skin in respiratory and osmoregulatory roles.
Speciation in small mammals
Authors: Searle J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are more species of small mammal (less than 1 kg) than species of large mammal, with the rodents, bats, and insectivores particularly speciose. Small mammals show greater differentiation into species at both the local and the regional level. Species of small mammal tend to occupy smaller geographic ranges than large species so that, within a geographic region the size of North America, it is common to find examples of several to many parapatric species of small mammal (often congeneric), each with essentially the same ecological needs. When species of small mammal do have large ranges, they are often subdivided into many parapatric subspecies.
The psychology of human-smalI vertebrate interactions
Authors: Mcbride Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans develop a variety of relationships with animals. At one end of the range, where the animal serves a special psychological function for the human, strong attachment bonds may develop. Contrastingly, the human may simply interact with the animal, treating it as an object devoid of individuality per se. In this latter case the relationship is between the human and some distinct aspect of the species or breed which is divorced from the individual animal’s character. The animal provides a means by which humans can make a statement about themselves or provides some form of intellectual stimulation and/or social facilitation.
Fruit aroma precursors with special reference to phenolics
Authors: Crouzet J , Sakho M , Chassagne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Odorous compounds present in food reach the olfactory mucosa receptors in two different ways. The first is by directly sniffing volatile molecules into the nose, where they interact with the receptors producing the sensation known as odour. The second is where volatile substances released from food in the mouth reach the olfactory epithelium by a retronasal route, producing the sensation known as aroma. The combined sensations of odour, aroma, and taste give the overall ‘flavour’ of a food.
Introduction
Authors: Cartledge Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If he could have understood them, Thomas Linacre would have been well satisfied with the first series of lectures on the environment which bear his name, As he lived and died long before the basic laws of science had been established and formulated, he would find the lectures largely incomprehensible. But as a classical scholar and grammarian who was also a physician (his task of ministering to the physical needs of, among others, Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey can have been no sinecure), Linacre doubtless had a good understanding of the interdependent relationships between the various areas of human knowledge, even within the relatively narrow frontiers which that knowledge had reached in his lifetime. Since Linacre’s death nearly five centuries ago, those frontiers have expanded exponentially and their advance is still accelerating: but the interdependence, which Linacre would have recognized and which these lectures demonstrate so well, remains.
The environment: problems and prospects
Authors: Southwood Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Richard Southwood, FRS, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Linacre Professor of Zoology; is one of Britain’s foremost environmentalists. After nine years as a Lecturer in Zoology at Imperial College London and three as Reader in Insect Ecology at the University of London, Sir Richard was in 1967 appointed University Professor of Zoology and Applied Entomology while also heading that Department at Imperial College and directing the Field Station of the College. In 1974 he became Chairman of the Division of Life Sciences at Imperial College and in the same year was appointed to membership of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP); he was Chairman of the Commission from 1981 to 1986. Meanwhile, in 1979, Sir Richard had moved to Oxford on his appointment to the Linacre Professorship of Zoology and his election to a Fellowship at Merton College. He has been a member of the National Radiological Protection Board since 1980 and its Chairman since 1985. He was installed as Vice-Chancellor of the University in October, 1989. He is the author of numerous books and papers on insects and ecology. Sir Richard’s acceptance of Linacre’s invitation to deliver the inaugural Linacre Lecture gave the series the most auspicious possible start.