bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soluble Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (SEG-FR) and Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) as Screening and Diagnostic Tests for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Baron Andre T. , Boardman Cecelia H. , Lafky Jacqueline M. , Rademaker Alfred , Liu Dachao , Fishman David A. , Podratz Karl C. , Maihle Nita J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death among all gynecologic cancers in the United States. Because women who are diagnosed with early stage disease have a better prognosis than women diagnosed with late stage disease, early detection represents a potentially practical approach to reduce the mortality associated with EOC. Unfortunately, no single screening test has proven to be effective for this purpose, and a valid and feasible screening program to detect early stage EOC in the general population has not yet been devised. Consequently, research has focused on coupling two or more screening modalities to improve program validity and feasibility. Serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) and a soluble isoform of the epidermal growth factor receptor (p110 sEGFR) have been studied individually as biomarkers of ovarian cancer. In this study, we compare serum CA125 levels and sEGFR concentrations in women with EOC to women with benign gynecologic conditions of ovarian and non-ovarian origin. We show that serum sEGFR concentrations are lower in patients with EOC than in women with benign gynecologic conditions, whereas serum CA125 levels are higher in patients to EOC compared with women with benign gynecologic conditions. These data also reveal that age and serum sEGFR concentrations modify the association between CA125 levels and EOC versus benign gynecologic disease. Hence, age- and sEGFR-dependent CA125 cutoff thresholds improve the ability of CA125 to discern EOC patients from women with benign ovarian tumors and non-ovarian gynecologic conditions. Our analyses show that parallel testing with fixed sEGFR and CA125 cutoff thresholds optimizes sensitivity to detect EOC, whereas serial testing with age- and sEGFR-dependent CA125 cutoff thresholds optimizes test specificity, and overall accuracy to discern patients with EOC from women with benign ovarian and non-ovarian gynecologic conditions. The combined use of serologic sEGFR and CA125, thus, has improved utility for screening and diagnosing EOC, which may increase the positive predictive value of a multimodal screening program that incorporates these biomarkers to detect and subsequently differentiate benign from malignant ovarian tumors.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake during Pregnancy and Risk for Development of Sporadic Retinoblastoma
Authors: Orjuela Manuela A. , Titievsky Lina , Liu Xinhua , Ramirez-Ortiz Marco , Ponce-Castaneda Veronica , Lecona Evelia , Molina Evelyn , Beaverson Katherine , Abramson David H. , Mueller Nancy E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective: Little is known about the causes of sporadic (noninherited) retinoblastoma. Rates seem to be somewhat higher among poorer populations in Mexico. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of carotenoids and folate. We examined whether decreased gestational maternal intake of fruits and vegetables may contribute to development of sporadic retinoblastoma.
Methods: At the Instituto Nacional de Pediatria in Mexico City, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study to evaluate prenatal maternal diet. We examined dietary intake of fruits and vegetables of mothers of 101 children with retinoblastoma and 172 control children using a dietary recall questionnaire and published food nutrient content tables.
Results: The reported number of mean daily servings of fruits and vegetables was lower among case mothers when compared with control mothers [vegetables: 2.28 in controls, 1.75 in cases (P &lt; 0.01); fruits: 2.13 in controls, 1.59 in cases (P = 0.07)]. Mean daily maternal folate intake from both vegetables and fruits was higher in controls (103 μg) than in cases (48 μg; P &lt; 0.05). Risk for having a child with retinoblastoma was increased for mothers consuming fewer than 2 daily servings of vegetables [odds ratios (OR), 3.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.0-6.0] or with a low intake of folate (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.3), or lutein/zeaxanthin (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.6) derived from fruits and vegetables.
Conclusions: Decreased intake of vegetables and fruits during pregnancy and the consequent decreased intake of nutrients such as folate and lutein/zeaxanthin, necessary for DNA methylation, synthesis, and retinal function, may increase risk for having a child with sporadic retinoblastoma.
A Urinary Metabolite of Phenanthrene as a Biomarker of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolic Activation in Workers Exposed to Residual Oil Fly Ash
Authors: Kim Jee Young , Hecht Stephen S. , Mukherjee Sutapa , Carmella Steven G. , Rodrigues Ema G. , Christiani David C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Residual oil fly ash is a chemically complex combustion product containing a significant component of potentially carcinogenic transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Various biomarkers of PAH exposure have been investigated previously, most notably 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), in urine. In this study, we assessed the utility of r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (trans, anti-PheT), a metabolite of phenanthrene, to detect occupational PAH exposure. Urine samples collected across the workweek were analyzed for 1-OHP and trans, anti-PheT in boilermakers (n = 20) exposed to residual oil fly ash. Median baseline urinary trans, anti-PheT concentrations were 0.50 μg/g creatinine in current tobacco smokers and 0.39 μg/g creatinine in nonsmokers. Median baseline urinary 1-OHP concentrations in smokers and nonsmokers were 0.31 and 0.13 μg/g creatinine, respectively. To study further the effect of smoking exposure on the urinary PAH markers, urinary cotinine was used. Although urinary trans, anti-PheT and 1-OHP concentrations were correlated (Spearman r = 0.63; P &lt; 0.001) for all subjects, the regression coefficient between log-transformed trans, anti-PheT and log 1-OHP was statistically significant only for subjects with low levels of urinary cotinine or for nonsmokers. Each 1-unit increase in log 1-OHP was associated with a 0.77-unit increase (95% confidence interval, 0.45-1.09) in log trans, anti-PheT in subjects with low levels of urinary cotinine (P &lt; 0.001). In these subjects, dichotomized occupational exposure status was a significant predictor of log trans, anti-PheT (P = 0.02) but not of log 1-OHP (P = 0.2). In conclusion, we found that urinary trans, anti-PheT was detected in levels comparable with 1-OHP in occupationally exposed workers, particularly nonsmokers. This study shows that urinary trans, anti-PheT may be an effective biomarker of uptake and metabolic activation of PAHs.
Dietary Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Men and Women
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Ekström Smedby Karin , Zhang Shumin M. , Hjalgrim Henrik , Melbye Mads , Öst Åke , Glimelius Bengt , Wolk Alicja , Adami Hans-Olov 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has increased worldwide in recent decades. Diet could influence NHL risk by modulating the immune system, although evidence is limited. We did a population-based case-control study to determine whether differences in diet were associated with NHL risk.Methods: A total of 597 NHL cases and 467 population controls in Sweden completed a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire evaluating their dietary habits 2 years before the interview. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for associations between food intake and risk of NHL.Results: High consumption of dairy products and fried red meat was associated with increased risk of NHL. The OR of NHL for individuals in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of dairy intake was 1.5 (95% CI, 1.1-2.2; Ptrend = 0.003). The OR for the highest versus lowest quartile of fried red meat intake was 1.5 (95% CI, 1.0-2.1; Ptrend = 0.02). In contrast, high consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with reduced risk of NHL, particularly follicular lymphoma, among women but not men. Compared with the lowest quartile of vegetable intake, the OR of follicular lymphoma among women in the highest quartile of vegetable intake was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.1-0.7; Ptrend = 0.002).Conclusions: The positive associations of NHL risk with dairy products and fried red meat and the inverse association with fruits and vegetables suggest that diet affects NHL risk and could explain the increase of some histopathogic subtypes.
Prediagnostic Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Li Haojie , Kantoff Philip W. , Ma Jing , Stampfer Meir J. , George Daniel J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays important roles in endothelial cell proliferation, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis that may be critical to prostatic carcinogenesis and progression. Plasma VEGF levels were significantly greater in patients with metastatic prostate cancer compared with those with localized disease or healthy controls, and plasma VEGF level at prostate cancer diagnosis was an independent prognostic marker for survival in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. We therefore examined the association between prediagnostic plasma VEGF levels and risk of prostate cancer and disease phenotype. Using plasma samples obtained in 1982 from healthy men enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study, we conducted a nested case-control study among 504 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during 13 years of follow-up and 520 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Prediagnostic plasma VEGF levels were similar among cases and controls. Plasma VEGF concentration was not associated with subsequent risk of prostate cancer (third versus first tertile OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.80-1.49; Ptrend = 0.65). Furthermore, no association was observed among men with advanced (stage C or D) prostate cancer or among those who died of prostate cancer. Our results indicate that prediagnostic circulating VEGF levels are not associated with prostate cancer development and have limited value in predicting future risk of prostate cancer.
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk and Cumulative Number of Menstrual Cycles
Authors: Chavez-MacGregor Mariana , Elias Sjoerd G. , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Van Gils Carla H. , Monninkhof Evelyn , Grobbee Diederick E. , Peeters Petra H.M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective: To explore whether the lifetime cumulative number of menstrual cycles, as an index for total exposure to endogenous estrogens, and the number of menstrual cycles until a first full-term pregnancy (FFTP), are associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
Methods: Population-based study with data from the Prospect-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Naturally menopausal participants were eligible (n = 6,718). The cumulative number of menstrual cycles was computed in 6,031 (90%) women. We calculated the number of cycles until FFTP among parous participants. The number of menstrual cycles was impossible to compute in women who reported to be always irregular; therefore, we added the “always irregular” category in the analysis. During the 46,746 person-years of follow-up, 168 breast cancer cases were identified. Cox regression models were used and adjustments were made to account for potential confounders.
Results: Even when our data does not show a clear linear gradient, we observed an increased breast cancer risk in women with a higher number of cumulative menstrual cycles in their lifetime. Using ≤415 cycles as reference, the hazard ratio for the irregular group, 416-453, 454-490, and ≥491 cycles was 1.11 (.56, 2.19), 1.88 (1.14, 3.12), 1.74 (1.05, 2.87), and 1.80 (1.09, 2.96), respectively. Although not statistically significant, and of less magnitude, the risk estimates for the number of cycles before FFTP showed the same tendency.
Conclusion: Among women who underwent natural menopause, a higher number of menstrual cycles in lifetime, reflecting a longer exposure to endogenous estrogens, is associated with an increased breast cancer risk.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Primary Lung Cancer
Authors: Lee Su Jeong , Lee Sin Yeob , Jeon Hyo-Sung , Park Sun Ha , Jang Jin Sung , Lee Ga Young , Son Ji Woong , Kim Chang Ho , Lee Won Kee , Kam Sin , Park Rang Woon , Park Tae-In , Kang Young Mo , Kim In-San , Jung Tae Hoon , Park Jae Yong 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process in the development, growth, and metastasis of malignant tumors including lung cancer. DNA sequence variations in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene may lead to altered VEGF production and/or activity, thereby causing interindividual differences in the susceptibility to lung cancer via their actions on the pathways of tumor angiogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the potential association between three VEGF polymorphisms (−460T &gt; C, +405C &gt; G, and 936C &gt; T)/haplotypes and the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. VEGF genotypes were determined in 432 lung cancer patients and 432 healthy controls that were frequency matched for age and sex. VEGF haplotypes were predicted using Bayesian algorithm in the phase program. Compared with the combined +405 CC and CG genotype, the +405 GG genotype found associated with a significantly decreased risk of small cell carcinoma [SCC; adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.36; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.17-0.78]. The 936 CT genotype and the combined 936 CT and TT genotype were also associated with a significantly decreased risk of SCC compared with the 936 CC genotype (adjusted OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26-0.85 and adjusted OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.24-0.80, respectively). Haplotype CGT was associated with a significantly decreased risk of SCC (adjusted OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.87), whereas haplotype TCC conferred a significantly increased risk of SCC (adjusted OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.14-2.33). None of the VEGF polymorphisms studied significantly influenced the susceptibility to lung cancer except SCC. However, haplotypes TCT and TGT were significantly associated with the risk of overall lung cancer, respectively (adjusted OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.25-0.60 and adjusted OR, 3.94; 95% CI, 2.00-7.76, respectively). These effects of haplotypes TCT and TGT on lung cancer risk were observed in three major histologic types of lung cancer. These results suggest that the VEGF gene may be contribute to an inherited predisposition to lung cancer.
A Model-Based Comparison of Breast Cancer Screening Strategies: Mammograms and Clinical Breast Examinations
Authors: Shen Yu , Parmigiani Giovanni 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
In screening for secondary prevention of breast cancer, clinical breast examination (CBE) combined with mammography may improve overall screening sensitivity compared with mammography alone. A systematic evaluation of the relative expenses and projected benefit of combining these two screening modalities is not presently available. We addressed this issue using a microsimulation model incorporating age-specific preclinical duration of the disease, age-specific sensitivities of the two modalities, age-specific incidence of the disease, screening strategy, and competing causes of mortality. We examined a total of 48 screening strategies, depending on the age range, the examination interval, and whether mammography or CBE is given at every one or two exam. Our results indicate that a biennial mammography can be cost-effective if coupled with annual CBE. For each screening interval and starting age, giving mammography every two exams and CBE at every exam has the lowest marginal cost per year of quality-adjusted life saved, whereas giving both at every exam has the highest. Comparing annual mammography and CBE to biennial mammography and annual CBE from 50 to 79, the total cost was reduced by 35%, whereas the marginal quality-adjusted life years only decreased by 12%. Similar reductions are observed for other starting ages. It is cost-effective to have a biennial mammography if coupled with an annual CBE. Annual mammography combined with CBE every 6 months will lead to a 41% increase in the quality-adjusted life years compared with annual mammography and CBE from 50 to 79, whereas the total cost increases by 30%.
Risk Factors, DNA Damage, and Disease Progression in Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Olliver Joanna R. , Hardie Laura J. , Gong YunYun , Dexter Simon , Chalmers Douglas , Harris Keith M. , Wild Christopher P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma develops on a background of Barrett's esophagus. A number of risk factors have been linked to both conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux and smoking. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these factors influence disease progression remain unclear. One possibility is that risk factors generate promutagenic DNA damage in the esophagus. The comet assay was used to measure DNA damage in esophageal (Barrett's and squamous) and gastric mucosa of Barrett's patients with (n = 24) or without (n = 50) associated adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia in comparison with control patients (squamous mucosa) without Barrett's esophagus (n = 64). Patients completed a questionnaire detailing exposure to some of the known risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. In Barrett's esophagus patients, DNA damage was higher in Barrett's mucosa compared with normal esophageal and gastric mucosa (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, the highest quartile of DNA damage in Barrett's mucosa was associated with an increased risk (odds ratio, 9.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-83.4; P = 0.044) of developing adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia compared with DNA damage levels in the lowest quartile. Smoking was associated with higher DNA damage in squamous epithelium in all patient groups (P &lt; 0.01) and in Barrett's mucosa (P &lt; 0.05) in Barrett's esophagus patients only. In controls only, current reflux was associated with higher DNA damage, whereas anti-inflammatory drug use resulted in lower levels. Collectively, these data imply a genotoxic insult to the premalignant Barrett's mucosa that may explain the genetic instability in this tissue and the progression to adenocarcinoma. There is an indication for a role for smoking in inducing DNA damage in esophageal mucosa but an understanding of the role of reflux requires further investigation.
PTGS2 (COX-2) −765G &gt; C Promoter Variant Reduces Risk of Colorectal Adenoma among Nonusers of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Ulrich Cornelia M. , Whitton John , Yu Joon-Ho , Sibert Justin , Sparks Rachel , Potter John D. , Bigler Jeannette 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Prostaglandin H synthase 2 (PTGS2) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of inflammation, and its inhibition is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. The PTGS2 (COX-2) −765G &gt; C promoter variant is located in a putative SP1 binding site and reduces PTGS2 expression. In a Minnesota-based case-control study of cases with adenomatous (n = 494) or hyperplastic polyps (n = 186) versus polyp-free controls (n = 584), we investigated the role of the PTGS2 −765G &gt; C promoter polymorphism. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used, adjusting for age, body mass index, caloric intake, alcohol, fiber, sex, hormone use, and smoking. For colorectal adenoma, odds ratios (OR) compared with PTGS2 −765GG as reference were GC 1.00 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.74-1.35] and CC 0.53 (95% CI, 0.22-1.28). For hyperplastic polyps, the comparable adjusted odds ratios were GC 0.97 (95% CI, 0.65-1.46) and CC 0.24 (95% CI, 0.05-1.11). Risk associated with the −765G &gt; C variant differed by aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Among nonusers of aspirin or other NSAIDs, the CC genotype conferred a significant decrease in risk of adenoma (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07-0.89). Use of aspirin or other NSAIDs reduced risk of adenoma only among those with the −765GG (wild type) and possibly −765CG genotypes (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.48-0.92 and OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.40-1.02, respectively). These data suggest that COX-2 expression or activity may be beneficially suppressed, and risk of colorectal polyps reduced, by aspirin or other NSAIDs in PTGS2 −765GG (wild type) individuals and by the −765 CC variant genotype in nonusers of NSAIDs.
Geographic Patterns of Prostate Cancer Mortality and Variations in Access to Medical Care in the United States
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Ward Elizabeth , Wu Xiaocheng , Martin Howard J. , McLaughlin Colleen C. , Thun Michael J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background: Striking geographic variation in prostate cancer death rates have been observed in the United States since at least the 1950s; reasons for these variations are unknown. Here we examine the association between geographic variations in prostate cancer mortality and regional variations in access to medical care, as reflected by the incidence of late-stage disease, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) utilization, and residence in rural counties.
Methods: We analyzed mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics, 1996 to 2000, and incidence data from 30 population-based central cancer registries from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, 1995 to 2000. Ecological data on the rate of PSA screening by registry area were obtained from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Counties were grouped into metro and nonmetro areas according to Beale codes from the Department of Agriculture. Pearson correlation analyses were used to examine associations.
Results: Significant correlations were observed between the incidence of late-stage prostate cancer and death rates for Whites (r = 0.38, P = 0.04) and Blacks (r = 0.53, P = 0.03). The variation in late-stage disease corresponded to about 14% of the variation in prostate cancer death rates in White men and 28% in Black men. PSA screening rate was positively associated with total prostate cancer incidence (r = 0.42, P = 0.02) but inversely associated with the incidence of late-stage disease (r = −0.58, P = 0.009) among White men. Nonmetro counties generally had higher death rates and incidence of late-stage disease and lower prevalence of PSA screening (53%) than metro areas (58%), despite lower overall incidence rates.
Conclusion: These ecological data suggest that 10% to 30% of the geographic variation in mortality rates may relate to variations in access to medical care.