bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in 1956, during the Suez crisis, I was summoned to the office of Professor J.B. S. Haldane, the famous geneticist, biometrist, and ex-Marxist. I was an undergraduate at University College London, and Haldane was for me an awesome personality. His room was littered with books, random objects, sheets of notepaper, and what seemed to be fossil bones. There was a box of germinating potatoes beneath his desk.
Cosmology
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One can’t help sympathizing with the famous chef. Most of us are chilled by the silent oceans of space. I can hear James Joyce’s Stephen Dedalus, reflecting on the universe’s “vast inhuman cycles of activity.” Be honest: the surface of the Moon is about as intrinsically interesting to HMS as the Utah salt flats. The rest of the solar system is unfriendly; and none of us will travel to the stars.
The Future
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This will be a very short chapter-not because the apocalypse is upon us but because the success rate of futurology is probably on a par with that of astrology. There was at one time, especially in the 1960s, a fashion for committees of savants to issue documents purporting to predict the broad lines of the future. The authors usually considered it advisable to use extensive data processing, as if shaky assumptions could somehow be corrected by expensive hardware.
Solutions Based on Ratifiability and Sure Thing Reasoning
Authors: Harper William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two-person extensive form games provide a context in which an explication of the von Neumann-Morgenstern indirect argument for restricting solutions to Nash equilibria can support refinements of the Nash solution concept. The causal information provided by the tree structure of the extensive form can be used to show that some Nash equilibrium strategies will not pass the test provided by the demand that choice of that strategy be ratifiable under the assumptions for applying the indirect argument to it. This provides for a more subtle form of forward induction than that discussed in Kohlberg and Mertens (1986). It also generates set valued solutions in some extensive form games they used to discuss set valued solutions generated by their concept of stability.
Sophisticated Bounded Agents Play the Repeated Dilemma
Authors: Bacharach Michael , Shin Song , Williams Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, we put forward a new solution to the “backward induction paradox” in the theory of the Finitely Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma (FRPD). The paradox is this: An apparently valid argument, the Backward Induction Argument, has the conclusion that if there is common knowledge between the players of the rules of the game and of each other’s rationality, then however many rounds there may be both “defect” in all of them. But this conclusion is intuitively implausible. Our solution is in three parts. We first show that limits on players’ abilities to understand long sentences of the type.
Recitals, Demonstrations, and Concerts
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Performance is often the main justification for all our hard work. In performance we realize truths that may escape us in the studio. The anticipation of performance keeps us interested, and the memory of the last performance sustains us and reinforces the necessity of keeping our instrument tuned. But is performing an essential part of the experience of learning to dance? Performance completes our understanding of dance. It puts our long hours of practice into perspective and gives us an opportunity to share what we know and what we feel with others. It is a vital part of learning to dance because, through the experience, we learn how to draw pleasure by giving pleasure to others, as well as nourish certain aspects of our personality that crave that kind of attention. Many dancers say that they feel most vital, most alive while dancing. VioletteVerdy, speaking of Nureyev, said: “Maybe he did not get to the Absolute, but he kept going there His most purest, his everything was his dancing. Not because he was privileged, but because he gave everything” (interview with Russell D. Baker, University of Utah Department of Ballet Newsletter, Winter 1993).
Parenting the Dancer
Authors: Paskevska Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are always a little surprised and somewhat delighted when our children show a dedication and a commitment that seems to us beyond their years. Parenting a dancer is not very different from parenting any talented child. Children generally begin dance classes at an early age, when dance is, in most cases, an activity chosen by their parents. Sometimes, the children identify their desire. One mother commented to me, “When they do what they want, there is a healthy attitude toward the activity, and it has a maturing effect.” She added, “lt is a fascinating experience to be led by your child. It opened our lives. We do a lot of things that we would not have done, like going to dance concerts.” Usually between the ages of nine and twelve, children begin to let their preference be known. Either the parent continues to drag the reluctant child to dance class for a few more years, or dance assumes a central position in the child’s life.
In the Beginning The Discovery of Genes
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of molecular medicine begins with the story of genes. It is not at all an understatement to say that life as we know it could not exist without genes. They direct the activity of every living organism, from the simplest single-cell bacteria to human beings. Genes are found in and are responsible for the day-to-day operation of every single cell in our bodies; they help us to respond to changes in the environment by directing individual cells to alter the amounts and types of molecules they synthesize. Genes are also the basic units of heredity, and as such are responsible for the transmission of biological characteristics from one generation to the next.
Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a terrible disease because it strikes children and because there is no cure. It is caused by a defect in one of Mendel’s “atoms of heredity,” a tiny mistake in a single gene. CF has obviously been a disease in the human population for a very long time; people suffering from symptoms associated with CF (such as excessively salty sweat preceding or accompanying a serious illness) have been described in the medical literature for at least several hundred years. But a precise clinical definition of CF did not emerge until the late 1930s. Dr. Dorothy Andersen, a pathologist at Columbia University, had become intrigued by several cases of newborns, infants, and children she had seen at autopsy that seemed to share certain symptoms. Comparing these with other cases gleaned from the medical literature, she felt she could fit them together into a common syndrome, implying the possibility of a single underlying cause.
The Isolation, Cloning, and Transfer of Human Genes
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Walter Sutton set forth, in 1903, his notion that Mendel’s “factors of heredity” (later called genes) must be physically discrete entities arranged along chromosomes, he also noted that the total number of such factors necessary to specify an entire living organism - plant or animal - would surely far exceed the number of chromosomes found in individual cells of that organism. For those who accepted Sutton’s point of view, it became of interest to see whether or not and to what extent specific genes are in fact associated with specific chromosomes, and perhaps even specific locations (loci) on specific chromosomes.
Gene Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just two decades ago, our thinking about cancer, and especially its treatment, was as fragmented as the disease itself appeared to be. Oncologists were a frustrated lot. There seemed to be as many different diseases called cancer as there were different cells in the body; any one of them could become cancerous, and each of the resulting diseases seemed to require a completely different treatment approach. The treatments developed during these decades were still based on a view of cancer cells as some sort of biological renegades, crazy and dangerous cells that had to be destroyed at all costs. Powerful weapons based on radiation and chemotherapy were developed as adjuncts to the surgeon’s knife. A few cancers did in fact succumb to this approach, but not many; to this day, half of all cancers remain essentially untreatable.
Molecular Medicine and AIDS
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIDS (aquired immune deficiency syndrome) is probably more indelibly impressed on contemporary consciousness than any dis¬ ease in modern history. It is truly the equivalent of the Black Death of the Middle Ages, or of smallpox just a few generations ago. One million Americans-and twenty million human beings worldwide-are estimated to be infected with the causative pathogen of AIDS-the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Fifteen percent of those infected are women. A quarter of a million Americans have already died of AIDS; without a major breakthrough in treatment, all but a tiny handful of those currently infected will die. They will die for one simple reason: HIV will have destroyed their T cells.
The Human Genome Project
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the 1980s, the approximate chromosomal locations were known for nearly two thousand human genes, and partial or complete nucleotide sequences were in hand for about 500; the two groups only partially overlapped. But progress in identifying, cloning, and sequencing new human genes was definitely slowing down. Many of the first human genes to be cloned and sequenced had been relatively “easy.” In some cases, the protein sequence was already known, allowing synthesis of a corresponding DNA probe for locating the gene on a southern blot. In other cases, a gene cloned from an animal source could be used as a probe to find its human counterpart. But increasingly, human gene sequences were obtained only at the end of long, tedious, expensive, and highly focused searches related to specific human diseases - the CFTR gene was a case in point. The value of knowing the sequence of the CFTR gene is obvious: more precise genetic screening; an unambiguous protein sequence for studying the metabolic basis of the CF defect; the possibilities of gene replacement therapy.
Moral Justification 1n Context
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter, I turn from questions about the metaphysics and associated semantics of moral discourse to issues relating to moral epistemology. ‘Moral epistemology’ is sometimes used to refer to the whole field of metaethics, but here I use it more narrowly to refer to that area of metaethics that is concerned with philosophical questions about the epistemic appraisal of moral statements and moral beliefs. I am primarily interested in the justification of moral belief, though I shall have some things to say about moral knowledge as well.
Whole Lotta Love
Authors: Fast Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several times during the performance of” Since I’ve Been Loving You” in Led 2:.) Zeppelin’s documentary film The Song Remains the Same, the camera turns its focus away from the stage and out into the crowd in an attempt to document the audience members’ reception of the event. Among the people shown is a woman in a white hooded jacket who appears near the end of the song. Even though her appearance is brief, she has always been a source of intrigue for me, a focal point not only of this song, but, in fact, of the whole film. She is sitting still, her chin resting on her folded hands.
Introduction
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to explore how college-level musicians acquire the various skills involved in two broad areas of musical behavior: listening and (2) reading and performing. Music listening skills cover a wide range of activities, from listening to general characteristics, to the complex activities involved in various kinds of dictation, to attention to finer features such as tone quality and intonation. Reading and performing skills are equally complex and numerous, involving mechanics such as vocal technique and eye movements, the code-interpreting tasks involved in reading notation, and production skills such as tonal orientation and maintenance of a steady pulse. Many adages have circulated for years surrounding the reciprocal nature of these two sets of skills. For example, Schumann ([1848] 1967) wrote: “You must get to the point that you can hear music from the page” (p. 402), and, “A perfect musician should be able to picture a piece, at first hearing … as though he had the score in front of him” (p. 413). Smith (1934) noted that “the musician must learn to ‘hear with the eye, and see with the ear’” (p. 58). Benward and Carr (1999) refer to the “hearing eye” (p. xi), and Benward and Kolosick (1996b) invoke the “seeing ear” (p. ix). Butler (1997) speaks of “an intrinsic and unbreakable link between music performance skill and music listening skill” (p. 44). Indeed, although the bipartite division of this book separates listening skills from reading and performing skills, readers will find that much of what is presented in one half will be applicable in the other as well.
Melodic Dictation
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melodic dictation seems to stand as an important focal point of under-graduate music training. Most aural skills texts—if they address listening at all—feature melodic dictation. For example, the first half of Kraft (1999) is devoted to melodic dictation, and the first sections in all sixteen units of Benward and Kolosick (1996a) are labeled “Melodic Dictation.” Some universities, colleges, and conservatories offer entire courses titled Dictation; others—with course titles such as Ear Training or Aural Skills—nonetheless typically advertise melodic dictation prominently in their course descriptions. Working with melodic dictation can help to develop some very important musical skills such as musical attention, extractive listening, short-term musical memory, musical understanding, and notation.
Polyphonic and Harmonic Dictation
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two-voice dictation is a small (but perhaps essential) component of musical training, judging from an examination of the single most popular eartraining text and the GRE Revised Music Test. Pembrook and Riggins (1990) noted that “among those instructors who use a commercially published text to teach dictation and error detection, Benward’s Ear Training: A Technique for Listening is the dominant text almost to the exclusion of all others” (p. 239). The fifth edition of Ear Training (Benward and Kolosick 1996a) devotes only a few pages to multipart dictation per se, and less than 5% overall even if one counts all the transcription activities that include two and three voices. The GRE Revised Music Test includes one two-voice dictation worth 2.5% of the entire exam (see Educational Testing Service 1993, 10–12). Three- (and more-) voice dictation is rare indeed, at least in U.S. universities, colleges, and conservatories.
More Complex Reading Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter goes beyond the basic music-reading and performing skills examined in chapters 6 and 7. It begins by exploring some specific skills involved in negotiating chromaticism, modulation, and proportional tempo and meter changes. It also examines approaches appropriate for reading, auralizing, and performing various clefs and transpositions. Finally, it investigates how reading skills can be applied to score reading, conducting, and reading Schenkerian graphs.
Immortal Kombat: War Toys and Violent Video Games
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second most profitable item on the entertainment agenda in 1993 was the film Jurassic Park. Its financial success was exceeded only by a video game with violence as its theme. “One single game-Street Fighter II-made $1.5 billion last year [1993]. Nothing, not even Jurassic Park, touched that success in the entertainment business,” said screenwriter Michael Backes (quoted in Covington, 1994). Nineteen ninety-three also saw two versions of the video game Mortal Kombat in the shops: the original version, sold by Sega, with its notorious decapitations and blood-dripping spinal cords, and a sanitized version in which the violence was toned down, offered by Nintendo. Although there were more Nintendo than Sega game systems present in U.S. households, the bloody Sega version of Mortal Kombat outsold the less violent version by about 7 to 1.
Children’s Attraction to Violent Television Programming
Authors: Cantor Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The controversy this program has provoked worldwide over whether it is stimulating children to fight with each other and even whether it was responsible for a child’s death in Norway (see, e.g., Ho, 1994) has re invigorated the ongoing debate about the contribution of televised violence to the aggressive behavior of children. But this debate, which has circulated at least since the advent of television, may not be as interesting as the more perplexing and intriguing question of why such programs attract and delight huge audiences of children again and again.
From Energy to Bonds to Molecular Information: The Information/Entropy Balancing Act
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The solid-state gear which embodies the deterministic information core in living beings is made of DNA, RNA, and protein. Vast amounts of information go into the making of such macromolecules, and all that information ultimately comes from photon energy, as we have seen. But how does this energy get to the molecular construction sites, and in what form? Let us first take a bird’s eye view of the energy flux through a forming macromolecule. We need to consider here the macromolecule and the immediate environment with which the macromolecule exchanges energy. So, we have then: an energy source-the sunlight; two connected systems where the energy flows through-the macromolecule and its environment; and an energy sink-the outer space that the environment gives off the unused energy to (as infrared radiation). The situation in the environment is readily defined. Because the source and sink are for all practical purposes constant, the energy flux is constant too, and this has been so for a long time. Thus, the environment is in a time-independent balanced state above thermodynamic equilibrium, or what is called steady state.
The Two Information Realms
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having discussed how, by means of information loops, a molecular organization might have come out of quantum chemistry, and how, by loop interlacing, such an organization might have pulled itself up in time by its own bootstraps to higher and higher levels, we now take up the information trail in the year 3,500,000,000 post-Circus. By then that organization has cut its wisdom teeth. The information loops have formed a vast network and the structure materialized has gotten enormously complex. Nevertheless, the guy line of all that information-the linear nucleicacid structure that serves as a repository-still shines through, and the ancestral division of information depository and temporal expression is as clear as ever.
lntercellular Communication Via Channels in the Cell Membrane
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now to the other membrane demons with a penchant for cramped spaces, the ones who implemented Evolution’s fourth strategy for Circus union (Fig. 9.4 d). These demons are of the six-subunit tubular-protein sort (Fig. 10.11) which boasts a wide central passageway (16-18 angstroms) that admits not only the inorganic molecules, but also quite a few of the organic ones inside cells. Not that this passageway is devoid of polar amino-acid residues-it is lined with them just as the passageways of the ion channels we saw before are, or else it wouldn’t let the water through. But the electrostatic field, the shield associated with such a wide aperture, makes itself felt only to ion passengers with some body to them, charged molecules of a mass of 300 daltons or higher-the small inorganic ones just zip through.
Neuronal Communication, Neuronal Computation, and Conscious Thought
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concludes the story of how the information in the genetic library-the precoded information in each cell - gets disseminated through the organismic mass. But before we close the books on intercellular communication, I shall briefly deal with a special brand in the nervous system. This intercellular operation started rather late in evolution, well after the Grand Climacteric. It filled the niche for fast, long-distance communication, a niche that came with multicellularity; but eventually it did much more than that. Nerve cells have long extensions-in ourown organism they get to be meter long. These extensions or axons carry information with speeds ranging from about 1 to 100 meters per second, several orders of magnitude higher than those of the four basic communication modes we have seen. The nerve cells and their extensions form highly organized, richly structured communication networks which do not depend solely on the vagaries of molecular diffusion as the other communication modes do-the neurons have weaned themselves of the ancient seek and find game, we might say.
Deformations and Disruptions
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Craniofacial deformations
Congenital deformations of the head and neck are common, and most resolve spontaneously within the first few days of postnatal life. When they do not, further evaluation may be necessary to plan therapeutic interventions (1,2,4,5,9) that may prevent long-term consequences. The distinction between deformations and malformations and its implications are discussed elsewhere (6,8,9).
Approximately 2% of infants are born with extrinsically caused deformations that usually arise during late fetal life from intrauterine constraint. Approximately 30% of deformed infants have two or more deformations. Deformed infants tend to show catch-up growth toward their genetic potential during the first few postnatal months after release from the intrauterine constraining environment (8). Table 1–1 indicates some of the known causes, both extrinsic and intrinsic, of deformations. Deformations considered here include nasal, auricular, and mandibular deformities, torticollis, nonsynostotic plagiocephaly, craniosynostosis caused by intrauterine constraint, and abnormal fetal presentations, which may result in craniofacial deformation.
Nasal deformation. Deformation of the nose may be associated with face presentation, transverse lie, oligohydramnios, or severe fetal crowding. In most instances, the nose will be compressed and/or deviated (Fig. 1–1), which may make it appear short. Occasionally the nasal cartilage is dislocated from the vomerine ridge, resulting in nasal asymmetry with slanting of the columella. The naris on the side toward the dislocated cartilaginous septum will appear small (9).