bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphology of the eye (with particular attention to the retina) in various species of cardinal fish (Apogonidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Fishelson Lev , Ayalon Guy , Zverdling Adi , Holzman Roi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractVarious parameters of the eye dimension and structure have been compared in 15 species of cardinal fish (Apogonidae), including both nocturnal and diurnal forms, mostly inhabiting rocky habitats in tropical and subtropical regions. In general, in the nocturnal forms the eye and retina are larger than in the diurnal fish of similar dimensions. In the nocturnal species, eye diameter to body length is ca. 12–13%, whereas in the diurnal species it is less than 10%. Retina size in adult fish of the various species varies from 20 mm2 to 183 mm2. Cytological examination of the studied retinas revealed that they are composes, additional to rods (20–40 μm), of both bulbous and slender double cones, as well as single cones. These cones form a mosaic comprising four double with one single in the center, a pattern that is less prominent at the periphery of the retina and more so in the fundus. The rod ellipsoids reveal normal mitochondria, whereas the cones bear ellipsoids featuring opaque and unusual, ellipsosome‐like mitochondria. The number of rods in a retinas varies from 15 to 128 million, and the number of cones from 460,000 to 5,673,000. As revealed in cardinal fish of similar dimensions, the number of visual cells found in the retina is much higher in the nocturnal than in the diurnal species. The ecological and developmental aspects of the observed phenomena are discussed. Anat Rec Part A 277A:249–261, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoblasts and osteocytes express MMP2 and ‐8 and TIMP1, ‐2, and ‐3 along with extracellular matrix molecules during appositional bone formation
Authors: Hatori Kouki , Sasano Yasuyuki , Takahashi Ichiro , Kamakura Shinji , Kagayama Manabu , Sasaki Keiichi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOur previous studies suggested that a part of bone extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are degraded and remodeled during embryonic bone formation. In contrast, little is known about ECM remodeling in postnatal appositional bone formation. The present study was designed to investigate expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during experimentally initiated appositional bone formation in rats. Expressions of ECM molecules, MMPs, and TIMPs were examined using in situ hybridization. Osteoblasts and osteocytes expressed MMP2 and ‐8, TIMP1, ‐2, and ‐3, as well as type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin in the course of the appositional bone formation, while they showed few transcripts of MMP13. The results indicated that while osteoblasts and osteocytes in the apposed bone produce ECM molecules, they degrade ECM molecules with MMPs and regulate the degradation by inhibiting the activity of MMPs using TIMPs. Osteoblasts and osteocytes may reorganize the ECM composition to mature the bone matrix in appositional bone formation. Anat Rec Part A 277A:262–271, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the liver X receptor α and β in embryonic and adult mice
Authors: Annicotte Jean‐Sébastien , Schoonjans Kristina , Auwerx Johan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe characterized the expression pattern of the nuclear receptors liver X receptor (LXR) α and β during mouse embryonic development and in adulthood by in situ hybridization experiments. LXRα and LXRβ are detected in the liver starting at 11.5 days postcoitum. Later, LXRα expression remains high in organs involved in lipid homeostasis, such as liver, intestine, and brown adipose tissue, whereas LXRβ is more ubiquitously expressed and enriched in tissues of neuronal and endocrine origin. Anat Rec Part A 277A:312–316, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capillary‐to‐fiber ratio of hind limb muscles in the male Syrian golden hamster
Authors: Swisher Anne K. , Alway Stephen E. , Yeater Rachel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe hamster has been the accepted model of emphysema since the 1970s, demonstrating disease‐related effects on respiratory skeletal muscle. However, there is scant information available about the model's ability to replicate the peripheral skeletal muscle changes seen in human disease, such as alterations in capillarity. The present study described the capillary‐to‐fiber ratio (C/F) of normal hamster plantaris, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles in eight animals. C/F was 1.72 ± 0.38 for plantaris, 1.95 ± 0.40 for gastrocnemius, and 2.22 ± 0.43 for soleus. C/F of soleus was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than plantaris. The C/F of hamster hindlimb muscles varies from those seen in rat species, and having baseline data on hamsters makes it possible to determine the effects of emphysema on C/F in this model. Anat Rec Part A 277A:272–274, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tight junctions in differentiating ameloblasts and odontoblasts differentially express ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐1 in early odontogenesis of rat molars
Authors: João Silvia M.A. , Arana‐Chavez Victor E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLittle is known about the expression of associated proteins during the assembly of tight junctions (TJs). We studied the distribution of ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐1 between differentiating ameloblasts and odontoblasts in molar tooth germs from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old rats by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Immunoreactivity for ZO‐1 was strong at proximal and distal junctional complexes of differentiating ameloblasts, while it was weak and punctuate at the distal region of differentiating odontoblasts. Occludin was immunoreactive at distal and proximal complexes of early differentiating ameloblasts and at distal regions of differentiating odontoblasts. However, in more advanced stages, occludin was only evident at the proximal complex of ameloblasts. Claudin‐1 was strongly detected at the proximal complex but it was weak at distal complex of late differentiating ameloblasts. Thus, our results showed that ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐1 are differentially expressed as TJs assemble for regulating polarity and/or paracellular permeability in differentiating ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Anat Rec Part A 277A:338–343, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of multiorgan pathology in the wpk rat model of polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Gattone Vincent H. , Tourkow Benjamin A. , Trambaugh Chad M. , Yu Alexander C. , Whelan Shelly , Phillips Carrie L. , Harris Peter C. , Peterson Richard G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRodent models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) have provided valuable insight into the cellular changes associated with cystogenesis in humans. The present study characterizes the morphology of renal and extrarenal pathology of autosomal recessive PKD induced by the wpk gene in Wistar rats. In wpk−/− rats, proximal tubule and collecting duct cysts develop in utero and eventually consume the kidney. Increased apoptosis, mitosis, and extracellular tenascin deposition parallel cyst development. Extrarenal pathology occurs in the immune system (thymic and splenic hypoplasia) and central nervous system (CNS; hypoplasia to agenesis of the corpus callosum with severe hydrocephalus). Severity of hydrocephalus varied inversely with size of the corpus callosum. In wpk−/− rats, the corpus callosum exhibits relatively few axons that cross the midline. This CNS pathology is similar to that described in three human renal cystic syndromes: orofaciodigital, genitopatellar, and cerebrorenal‐digital syndromes. Collecting duct and ventricular ependymal cilia appear morphologically normal. To determine if rodent background strain and the presence of modifier genes affect severity of the disease, we crossed the Wistar‐wpk rat with Brown Norway (BN) and Long Evan (LE) rats and found the degree of renal and cerebral pathology was diminished as evidenced by lower kidney weight as a percent of body weight and serum urea nitrogen concentration in cystic rats on LE or BN strains as well as less prominent cranial enlargement. Crosses with BN rats allowed us to localize the wpk gene on chromosome 5 very close to the D5Rat73 marker. The wpk gene lies within a chromosomal region known to harbor a PKD modifier locus. In summary, the types of renal and cerebral pathology seen in the Wistar wpk rat are a unique combination seen only in this rodent model. Anat Rec Part A 277A:384–395, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of the eye in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: Nikitina Natalya V. , Maughan‐Brown Bronwen , O'Riain M. Justin , Kidson Susan H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a subterranean rodent whose eyes are thought to be visually nonfunctional and as such is an ideal animal with which to pursue questions in evolutionary developmental biology. This report is the first in‐depth study on the development and morphology of the naked mole rat eye. Using standard histological analysis and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we describe the structural features of the eye. We further report on the morphological changes that accompany the development of this eye from neonate to adult and compare them with those that occur during mouse eye development. We observed numerous abnormalities in the shape and cellular arrangement of the structures of the anterior chamber, with notable malformations of the lens. Cell proliferation and cell death assays were conducted to investigate the possible causes of lens malformation. We found that neither of these processes appeared abnormal, indicating that they were not responsible for the lens phenotype of the mole rat. In order to investigate the process of lens differentiation, we analyzed the expression of γ‐crystallins using Western blots and immunocytochemistry. At birth, levels of γ‐crystallin appear normal, but soon thereafter, the γ‐crystallin expression is terminated. Absence of detectable γ‐crystallins in adults suggests that there is a gradual degradation and loss of these proteins. The evolutionary factors that could be responsible for the eye morphology of the naked mole rat are discussed. A model for abnormal lens differentiation and the role it plays in the morphogenesis of the rest of the eye in the naked mole rats is proposed. Anat Rec Part A 277A:317–337, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of early endosomal autoantigen 1 with macropinocytosis in EGF‐stimulated a431 cells
Authors: Hamasaki Masao , Araki Nobukazu , Hatae Tanenori 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAssociation of early endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1) with macropinosomes was examined in EGF‐stimulated A431 cells by dual labeling with immunofluorescence of anti‐EEA1 and FITC‐dextran (FDx), a fluid‐phase endocytic marker. Addition of EGF to A431 cells drastically enhanced macropinosome formation. Newly formed macropinosomes labeled with 5‐min pulse of FDx were located at the cell periphery and labeled weakly for EEA1. After a 5‐min chase, these macropinosomes aggregated and frequently fused with each other. Immunofluorescence showed that EEA1 appeared on the membrane of FDx‐labeled macropinosomes at that time, suggesting that EEA1 functioned in homotypic macropinosome fusion. With longer chase (30–60 min), macropinosomes decreased in number and size, indicating that FDx was largely exocytosed via recycling compartments. A small amount of FDx‐labeled macropinosomes remained in the perinuclear region even at 60 min after pulse labeling. They were EEA1‐positive but negative for cathepsin D, a lysosomal enzyme. This indicates that macropinosomes do not mature to late endosomes or fuse with lysosomes. Instead, EEA1 continuously mediates homotypic fusion as long as the macropinosomes persist. Anat Rec Part A 277A:298–306, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gunther von Hagens and Body Worlds part 2: The anatomist as priest and prophet
Authors: Moore Charleen M. , Brown C. Mackenzie 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPart 1 of this two‐part series highlighted tensions between the anatomical quest for scientific knowledge about the human interior and artistic representations of the anatomized body, contrasting the roles of Goethe's scientific Prosektor and humanistic Proplastiker—roles disturbingly fused in Gunther von Hagens. Part 2 first examines religious interpretations of the human body that fuel the tensions manifest in anatomy art. The body in Western cultures is a sacred text amenable to interpretation as handiwork of God, habitation for the soul, and vehicle for resurrection. As handiwork of God the body beckons the anatomist's scalpel, helping establish dissection as the hallmark of Western medicine. The body as divinely designed machine encompasses the idea of an indwelling soul expressing its will in actions mediated through the intricate network of muscles—an understanding reflected in the oft occurring muscle men of early anatomical textbooks. Interconnections of body and soul in medieval somatic spirituality are examined with reference to ideas of resurrection and their impact on anatomical illustration. Part 2 concludes with consideration of von Hagens as priest and prophet, culminating in the Promethean impulse that recognizes not God but ourselves as proper owners and molders of our destiny, embodied in the plastinator's visionary quest to create the superhuman. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 277B:14–20, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loved one's body in the anatomy laboratory
Authors: McNeill Paul M. , Kerridge Ian H. , Purdon Tina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn Australian medical student recognized parts of her father's body during classes in an anatomy laboratory and suffered considerable trauma as a consequence. While the risk of a further case may be small, the potential for trauma could be minimized by adopting appropriate policy and procedures. Institutions that receive donations of bodies may benefit from considering suggestions for minimizing that risk and for responding appropriately should it ever occur. The article draws on the investigation into this case to offer some suggestions for minimizing the chance of recognition of bodies or body parts by students and academic or professional staff and for managing those circumstances should they ever occur. The suggestions extend to minimizing the risk of recognition of deceased persons or their body parts through photographic records, video material, and case studies presented in a number of different formats. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 277B:10–13, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intellectual property conundrum for the biological sciences
Authors: Olds James L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPolicy regarding academically generated biomedical intellectual property (IP) has been shaped by two important events: the Vannevar Bush report to then President Roosevelt in 1945 and the Bayh‐Dole Act of 1980. This policy, which vests the intellectual property produced from federally funded biomedical research from the government to the academic institution, was designed to promote technology transfer and thus promote the health of the U.S. economy. However, the policy has led to significant challenges, particularly in implementation. Here it is argued that the difficulties are due to differences in the structure of motivations between biomedical scientists, institutional officials, and private sector entrepreneurs. Understanding these differences may lead to a review of policy with the goal of enhancing technology transfer for the future. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 277B:5–9, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A framework for understanding user requirements for an information service: Defining the needs of informal carers
Authors: Hepworth Mark 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe aim of this research was to develop a conceptual framework that would help to collect and understand the information needs of a target community. Even though many information behavior frameworks already exist, they tend to focus on different aspects of the person and their interaction with information. It was proposed that a synthesis of the existing frameworks could lead to one comprehensive framework. Previous research was analyzed and an initial framework defined. It was piloted, adapted, and then applied to data on informal carers, who are people caring for another person, generally a relative, for more than 14 hours per week, and who are not paid for it. The data stemmed from 60 interviews that were transcribed and coded. This paper presents the data on informal carers and their information experience using the final framework. It serves to demonstrate how the framework sensitizes the researcher to certain types of significant data, enables the organization of the data, indicates the relationships between different types of data, and, overall, helps to provide a rich picture of the target community's information needs. In conclusion, the paper discusses the differences and advantages of the framework in relation to previous work, the limitations of the study, and possible further research.
Multiple viewpoints as an approach to digital library interfaces
Authors: French James C. , Chapin A. C. , Martin Worthy N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe introduce a framework of multiple viewpoint systems for describing and designing systems that use more than one representation or set of relevance judgments on the same collection. A viewpoint is any representational scheme on some collection of data objects together with a mechanism for accessing this content. A multiple viewpoint system allows a searcher to pose queries to one viewpoint and then change to another viewpoint while retaining a sense of context. Multiple viewpoint systems are well suited to alleviate vocabulary mismatches and to take advantage of the possibility of combining evidence. We discuss some of the issues that arise in designing and using such systems and illustrate the concepts with several examples.
EBizPort: Collecting and analyzing business intelligence information
Authors: Marshall Byron , McDonald Daniel , Chen Hsinchun , Chung Wingyan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTo make good decisions, businesses try to gather good intelligence information. Yet managing and processing a large amount of unstructured information and data stand in the way of greater business knowledge. An effective business intelligence tool must be able to access quality information from a variety of sources in a variety of forms, and it must support people as they search for and analyze that information. The EBizPort system was designed to address information needs for the business/IT community. EBizPort's collection‐building process is designed to acquire credible, timely, and relevant information. The user interface provides access to collected and metasearched resources using innovative tools for summarization, categorization, and visualization. The effectiveness, efficiency, usability, and information quality of the EBizPort system were measured. EBizPort significantly outperformed Brint, a business search portal, in search effectiveness, information quality, user satisfaction, and usability. Users particularly liked EBizPort's clean and user‐friendly interface. Results from our evaluation study suggest that the visualization function added value to the search and analysis process, that the generalizable collection‐building technique can be useful for domain‐specific information searching on the Web, and that the search interface was important for Web search and browse support.
Finding governmental statistical data on the Web: A study of categorically organized links for the FedStats topics page
Authors: Ceaparu Irina , Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMore than 100 U.S. governmental agencies offer links through FedStats, a centralized Web site that facilitates access to statistical tables, reports, and agencies. This and similar large collections need appropriate interfaces to guide the general public to easily and successfully find information they seek. This paper summarizes the results of 3 empirical studies of alternate organization concepts of the FedStats Topics Web page. Each study had 15 participants. The evolution from 645 alphabetically organized links, to 549 categorically organized links, to 215 categorically organized links tied to portal pages produced a steady rise in successful task completion from 15.6 to 24.4 to 42.2%. User satisfaction also increased. We make recommendations based on these data and our observations of users.
Regulation of protein diversity by alternative pre‐mRNA splicing with specific focus on chondrogenesis
Authors: McAlinden Audrey , Havlioglu Necat , Sandell Linda J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAnalysis of the human genome has dramatically demonstrated that the majority of protein diversity is generated by alternative splicing of pre‐mRNA. This powerful and versatile mechanism controls the synthesis of functionally different protein isoforms that may be required during specific stages of development from a single gene. Consequently, ubiquitous and/or tissue‐specific RNA splicing factors that regulate this splicing mechanism provide the basis for defining phenotypic characteristics of cells during differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the basic mechanisms of pre‐mRNA alternative splicing, describe how this process is regulated by specific RNA splicing factors, and relate this to various systems of cell differentiation. Chondrogenesis, a well‐defined differentiation pathway necessary for skeletogenesis, will be discussed in detail, with focus on some of the alternatively‐spliced proteins known to be expressed during cartilage development. We propose a heuristic view that, ultimately, it is the regulation of these RNA splicing factors that determines the differentiation status of a cell. Studying regulation at the level of pre‐mRNA alternative splicing will provide invaluable insights into how many developmental mechanisms are controlled, thus enabling us to manipulate a system to select for a specific differentiation pathway. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:51–68, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: Coordinators of multiple signaling pathways during chondrogenesis
Authors: Kirn‐Safran Catherine B. , Gomes Ronald R. , Brown Anissa J. , Carson Daniel D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractHeparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundantly expressed in the pericellular matrix of both developing and mature cartilage. Increasing evidence indicates that the action of numerous chondroregulatory molecules depends on these proteoglycans. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interactions of heparan sulfate chains of cartilage proteoglycans with both soluble and nonsoluble ligands during the process of chondrogenesis. In addition, the consequences of mutating genes encoding heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes or heparan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins on cartilage development are discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:69–88, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.