bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
US interagency botanical data applications, needs, and the Plants database
Authors: Peterson J Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The broad array of federal agencies within the United States of America require botanical data of various kinds. These data are used for tasks as varied as land management, plant materials development, germplasm resource management, wetland boundary determination, plant inspection services, and plant species management. Of principal importance are nomenclatural data regarding taxa of North America and the world floras. Additional attributes of importance include distributional, taxonomic, ecological, and growth-form data. At the present time, nine agencies are cooperating with the Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture to develop the Plant List of Attributes, Nomenclature, Taxonomy, and Symbols (PLANTS), which functions as a conduit for data from the botanical community, part of the INFOSHARE initiative to provide easy access to USDA data. Interagency survey With the information age well implemented and a personal computer on each desk, the many US Federal agencies require standardized botanical data. This permits the unhindered exchange of information, and in this time of tight budgets, reduces the duplication of effort. Activities of various US agencies that require botanical data include the following.
NAPRALERT: problems and achievements in the field of natural products
Authors: Gyllenhaal Charlotte , Quinn Mary Lou , Soejarto, Djaja D , Farnsworth Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NAPRALERT (Natural Products ALERT) is a specialized database which contains information derived from the literature on medicinal folklore, biological activity, and the chemistry of organisms of potential or actual pharmaceutical interest: plants make up about 75 per cent of the organisms included. The database is relational in design and is managed under the INGRES database management system. Taxonomic information on the organisms covered is stored in a fairly detailed manner. All names are checked against standard taxonomic references before being entered in the database, in an attempt to resolve, as far as possible, the problems inherent in taking names from the natural products literature. In the instance of synonymy all names involved are edited into a single accepted name; the synonyms are stored in an auxiliary table. Users of the database are mostly in the areas of medicinal plant research or drug development, in the herbal medicine industry or in the flavours and fragrance industry. Several standard search requests are used, the most popular being the ‘three-part profile’ which includes all available ethnobotanical, biological activity, and chemistry information on one organism. The system is now on-line but still offers the off-line service. Scientists in developing countries are provided NAPRALERT services free of charge through an arrangement with WHO (World Health Organization).
Prolegomena on a Species Information System for the Flora of the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Morain Stanley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Flora of North America (FNA) project is working toward the adoption of digital database technology to help collect, codify, store, retrieve, and analyse floristic data for the continent. As part of this effort, the flora of the Rocky Mountains is being revised, to review its origin and development and include a preliminary statement about its adjustments to environmental change. The Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has already created a small-scale environmental database for North America, but it is clear that larger-scale refinements of these coverages must be captured to model regional and local impacts of change. Some of these coverages may already be available at larger scale; some others may eventually be available because they fit future agency needs; and still other coverages need to be identified for the specific applications of FNA. This chapter presents a status review of Geographical Information System (GIS) requirements for modelling environmentally induced changes in the Rocky Mountain flora. It will also review the content and compatibility of a few existing databases, and highlight enabling technologies that could expedite field taxonomy and ecology. The aim of the presentation is to lay the foundations for a GIS that will link global change research with the equally critical objectives of a species information system for the Rocky Mountains and North America.
The need for information on genetic resources
Authors: Chauvet Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The efficiency of a genetic resources conservation network lies in the availability of materials and data. Increasingly, interest is being shown in wild relatives for disease resistance and qualitative characters. This gives new opportunities for crop specialists and botanists to work together. So what are the needs of genetic resources specialists with respect to botanical data? First, they need up-to-date taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions at the genus or the tribe level. Second, they need the results of broad ecogeographical surveys to assist in preparing collecting missions. You may think that only a limited set of plants is involved. But if the gene pool of a given crop may extend to an entire family then it looks different. If we add not only agricultural plants but fruits, vegetables, medicinal and ornamental plants, forest trees, and new biotechnology sources we see quickly that the whole plant kingdom is the resource.
Centralized, distributed, and replicated databases: the pros and cons
Authors: Freeston M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter addresses the problem of designing a global plant species information system, taking into account political as well as technical considerations. The need to reconcile the apparently totally conflicting requirements of a globally accessible taxonomic database, yet protected national resource management, leads to the conclusion that the best hope for success lies in a confederated collection of database management systems. The objective In this chapter we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various system configurations for a global plant species information system, i.e. a globally accessible information system, containing global plant species information. From a purely taxonomic point of view, this means constructing a consistent and comprehensive global taxonomy. There may be relatively minor specialist arguments about the details of this, and concerns about implementation and administration, but the general conception is clear to all. However, the title of the project suggests a much wider objective: that the system should also contain information not strictly necessary for taxonomic purposes, but which has other intrinsic interest and value for example, the associated medicinal value of plants, or the sites of endangered species. The problem is that there is, in principle at least, no boundary to this extended conception of the information system.
Management models for a global plant species information system
Authors: Russell G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While considerable attention has been paid to scientific and technical issues related to the development of a global plant species information system, two concerns which have received less attention, but which are, nonetheless, critical to the success of a large and complex science project are management structures and funding strategies. Four management models are proposed as possibilities: (1) United Nations model, (2) international unions model, (3) multi-institutional consortium model, and (4) commercial model. The salient features of each model are discussed briefly relative to concerns expressed by participants at the GPSIS Delphi Symposium. These concerns included addressing specific national science agendas, providing scientific credibility and product acceptance, strengthening the bond between taxonomic centres and their respective national science boards, and providing sufficient funding levels.
The GPSIS Action Group: a call to action
Authors: Gyllenhaal C , Russell G F , Peterson J S , Morin N R , Bisby F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Symposium on Designs for a Global Plant Species Information System (GPSIS) has discerned an urgent agenda for the taxonomic community: to construct a list of the world’s flora. Such a list will provide a central taxonomic backbone for use both by consumers and relevant information systems as a means of clear and accurate communication of information about plant taxa. The GPSIS Action Group invites all sectors of the plant taxonomic community to assist this most important undertaking. Introduction The Symposium on Designs for a Global Plant Species Information System, after considering the needs of users and consumers of plant taxonomic data, viewing models of information systems used in other disciplines, and debating the relationships among existing plant information systems, has discerned an urgent agenda for the taxonomic community.
Ethylene receptors
Authors: Hall M A , Berry A W , Cowan D S , Evans J S , Harpham N V J , Moshkov I , Novikova G , Raskin I , Smith A R , Turner R J , Xiuqing Zhang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Binding sites for ethylene (EBS) having the appropriate affinities for the gas and its analogues, were first discovered independently by groups at Aberystwyth (Bengochea et al. l980a,b) and Raleigh (Sisler 1979). At that time only sites with low rate constants of association and dissociation were investigated since the technology did not permit assessment of sites with high rate constants. However, later developments in methodology (Sisler 1979; Sanders et al. 1989) did allow measurement of such sites. There is now a considerable body of information regarding EBS both from the standpoint of the properties of the protein molecule(s), and their likely role as receptors. This article will attempt to summarize these studies and to outline recent work on the likely functionality of EBPs.
Biochemical regulation of DNA replication
Authors: Bryant John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within a higher plant, cell division is confined to specific regions, the meristems. Both the location and activity of these meristems are important in morphogenesis and in maintaining the ‘unlimited’ growth patterns exhibited by higher plants. The patterns of distribution of dividing cells imply that cell division is regulated temporally, spatially, and developmentally. Further evidence for developmental regulation is seen in situations in which a particular phase of development, such as floral morphogenesis, is associated with changes in the rate and pattern of cell division (Bernier 1971; Francis and Lyndon 1979; Jacqmard and Houssa 1988). The physiological mechanisms that mediate this regulation at the whole-plant level are not clearly understood, but there is much circumstantial evidence to implicate plant hormones (Bayliss 1985; Francis 1988). This evidence includes the effects of exogenously applied hormones on cell division, the need to provide hormones (particularly cytokinins and/or auxins) to maintain division in cultured cells or tissues, and the very clearly demonstrated role of auxin and cytokinin in the induction of division by Agrobacterium (Draper et al. 1988).
rolB: A bacterial gene capable of controlling auxin response and morphogenesis in plants cells
Authors: Costantino P , Capone I , Cardarelli M , Paolis A De , Trovato M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following infection with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes, most dicotyledonous plants develop the so-called hairy root syndrome (Elliot 1951). The adventitious hairy roots can be cultured in vitro where they grow in a characteristically highly branched and plagiotropic fashion (David et al. 1984) and, in common with the crown gall tumours, produce unusual amino acid derivatives called opines (Petit and Tempé 1985).
Calcium measurement and dynamics during signal transduction in living plant cells
Authors: Trewavas Anthony J , Read Nick D , Knight Marc R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the discoveries in plant cell biology over the past two decades, uncovering the role of Ca2+ has probably been the most dramatic. Twenty years ago Ca2+ was assigned, along with other minerals, to the role of nutrient, a simplistic view which has altogether proved inappropriate. Calcium was thought of as primarily a structural component of the cell wall and therefore about as interesting as bone. Today we know that Ca2+ stands at the heart of life itself. Many of the spatial and dynamic characters of cell polarity, directed secretion, cell-cycle progression, cell development, and the sensing of light, gravity, or touch ultimately depend upon the unusual properties that Ca2+ possesses in cells. The old quotation from Loewi—‘Ja calcium, das ist alles’ (calcium is everything)—is reasonably accurate. Calcium is the most dynamic of signalling molecules and living systems have fashioned an exquisite hierarchy of signalling capabilities around it.
History And General Environmental Impact
Authors: Roberts L E J , Liss P S , Saunders P A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern society takes few things so much for granted as the instant availability of almost limitless energy at the flick of a switch. All that is needed is a few strands of copper wire and, of course, a meter. Electricity enables us to enjoy a standard of living beyond the wildest dreams of our forefathers. We can have light and warmth wherever and whenever we need it, machinery can release us from domestic drudgery and the use of electricity is central to work and leisure. Some other forms of energy are more convenient for some purposes but none combines at the point of use high efficiency, immediate availability, absolute cleanliness, no storage requirements, silence, and absence of waste products.
Generation From Fossil Fuels
Authors: Roberts L E J , Liss P S , Saunders P A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas, now provide about 60% of the world’s electricity and are likely to remain important fuels for electricity generation for many decades (hydro power provides about 23% and nuclear power about 17%). The relative contributions of these fuels have changed dramatically since the early days, when almost all electricity was generated from coal. In 1965, for example, 44% of world electricity (excluding the communist countries) was generated from coal, 12.5% from oil, and 10% from gas. The corresponding figures for 1985 were 37%, 11%, and 10.5%. The total quantity of fossil fuels burned each year for the generation of electricity (again excluding the communist countries) increased from 1105 million tonnes of coal (or coal equivalent) in 1965 to 2975 million tonnes in 1985.
Generation From Nuclear Fission
Authors: Roberts L E J , Liss P S , Saunders P A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental process on which nuclear power depends—the fission of uranium—is the cause both of its environmental advantages and of its chief disadvantage (fusion is discussed in Chapter 4). The fission process involves the release of very large amounts of energy. The energy released when one atom of carbon (coal) combines with one molecule of oxygen is 7 x 10-19 J. The energy released from the fission of one uranium nucleus is 3.2x10-11 J, about fifty million times greater. In terms of weight of fuel, the total fissioning of one ton of uranium would therefore be equivalent to the burning of 2.7 million tons of coal. Because so little uranium can produce so much energy, the transport and storage of fuel presents few problems. Less land is needed than for fossil-fired stations because there is no need for a coal store or oil tanks, power stations do not have to be sited near to the source of fuel or by railway lines or ports, and the quantity of waste to be disposed of is very small compared, in particular, with that produced by coal-fired stations. However, the fission process also results in the production of radioactive materials and very considerable resources have to be devoted to the protection of workers and members of the public from the radiation that these materials emit.
Prospects For The Future
Authors: Roberts L E J , Liss P S , Saunders P A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The large scale and high capital cost of all electricity generating systems results in considerable inertia; it is unlikely that there will be any sudden or dramatic change in the environmental impact per unit of generation, and the total global impact will depend for some time on the level of demand and the proportion of power stations that burn fossil fuels. Large improvements in the overall efficiency of electrical generating stations are a distant prospect. It is probable that overall demand will continue to increase given a rising world population, particularly in countries anxious to improve both their standard of living and the level of industrialization. Increasing capacity will be offset to some extent by further improvements in the control of emissions, especially from coal-fired stations. In the short to medium term, economic pressures and a buoyant gas supply may lead to the introduction of comparatively small generating stations burning gas which can be sited close to centres of population more easily than the very large coal-burning or nuclear plants.
Pictures and words in engineering, physics, and chemistry
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists and engineers have ulways been enthusiustic and capable users of sketches, drawings. and coloured pictures over a wide range of sophistication. Their media have varied from the backs of old envelopes, drawing-office paper. and the cathode-ray screen, to liquid crystal displays, the finest-grnined photographic film, and holography good enough to substitute for reality in public exhibitions of works of art such as sculpture. Their publications, teaching. and discussions almost always employ diagrams and photographs (Figs. 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4). Accordingly, it is helpful to ask how they have reacted to the new. enhanced. pictorial capabilities. The answer is ‘patchily’. Some have welcomed greater skill with open arms. Others have testily enquired what was so wonderful about something that they have always done.
Pictures and words in everyday life and study
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have reviewed the slow fall and the recent rapid rise in the importance of pictures throughout the last three hundred centuries, in education, science, engineering, and medicine. Now we need to turn once more to the man and woman in the street and the supcmiarkct and enquire where all of this has left them. He or she may. of course. be the modern counterpart of Molikre‘s Bourgeois Gentilhomme’, who was astonished to be told that he had been speaking in prose for the whole of his life. Our ordinary citizens have only recently become habitual and sophisticated picturegoers and film critics, and may have only a dim recognition of the depth of their involvement with pictures.
The way ahead: the future of pictures
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now necessary to consider what is likely to happen in the future. what is particularly desirable, what the obstacles are, and what should be done deliberately in the interests of priorities and major opportunities. Broadly, there are three possible approaches. The first is to concentrate on the technical factors, and to guess what incremental developments there may be in existing capabilities, and what new lines, products. and techniques muy be invented. This approach may be inclined to throw emphasis on what will be feasible and may neglect, or pay insufficient attention to. social preference or the acceptance or rejection of innovations on the basis of their perceived utility.
Telecommunications
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowadays people often do not know whether their telephone call or television picture owes anything to satellite technology or not. Provided the service is satisfactory in quality and price, the user is entitled to be indifferent about the means. The situation is, however, by no means static. The possibilities for using communications satellites, ‘satcoms’ as they are called, are increasing with development of the technologies, but also the telecommunication, information, and broadcasting communities have become more aware of the extent to which satellites can help them to provide new or better and cheaper services. At the same time, conventional telecommunications technologies have made major advances-in the development of fiber optic cables, for example-and service providers are obliged to look very carefully into the economics of new systems. The specific idea of using a satellite to relay radio signals around the Earth dates back to 1945, when Arthur C. Clarke described it in an article published in the British Journal Wireless World. The article accurately described the energy needed to put a satellite into an orbit approximately 36 000 km above the equator, at which distance it would move round at the same angular rate as the Earth and so appear to an observer to be in a fixed position. This has come to be known as the geostationary orbit (see Chapter 1).
The gas industry: survivor and innovator
Authors: Rooke Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Denis Rooke, CBE, FRS, FEng. has devoted his working life to the British gas industry. A determined champion and influential spokesman for it, he has also gained a reputation as an expert in gas matters worldwide. He joined the South Eastern Gas Board in 1949 as a Mechanical Engineer and was subsequently seconded to the North Thames Gas Board to work, both in the UK and in the USA, in the field which was to trigger the industry’s subsequent technological revolution, liquefied natural gas. In 1959 he was a member of the technical team on board the Methane Pioneer, which brought the first cargo of liquefied natural gas to Britain. Appointed Development Engineer to the Gas Council in 1%0, he played a seminal role in the transition to an integrated natural gas industry, including the development of a national high-pressure gas grid to exploit the new North Sea resources and the development of the industry’s own exploration and production arm. He became the full time Member for Production and Supply of the Gas Council in 1%6, Deputy Chairman in 1972, and Chairman of what then became the British Gas Corporation in 1976. Holding the Chairmanship until 1989, Sir Denis guided the industry through its successful privatization and became the first Chairman of British Gas pie.
Vector Analysis on Surface
Authors: Tai Chen-To 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vector analysis on a surface has previously been treated by Weatherburn [20]. His works are summarized by Van Bladel [1]. Most books on vector analysis do not cover this subject. The approach taken by Weatherburn is to define a two-dimensional surface operator similar to the del operator in space. Some key differential functions analogous to gradient, divergence, and curl are then introduced.
Special Constructions
Authors: Gieras Jacek F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unconventional flat and tubular LIMs, motors with one linear part (primary or secondary) and a rotary part, helical motion motors, linear induction brakes, and LIMs with conductive liquid or powder secondaries are called special construction LIMs. These include: arc motors, shaded-pole LIMs, multi-rotor motors, rotary linear motors, motors with a hollow secondary, Guimbal’s motors, motors with an L- or T-shaped secondary, LIMs with a secondary suspended electrodynamically, induction pumps, etc.