bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Fairness and reasonableness of the child's decision:’ a proposed legal standard for children's participation in medical decision making
Authors: Walker Nancy E. , Doyon Theresa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing as illustration the case of Nikolas E., a six‐year‐old child with HIV/AIDS, this article considers the competing rights of children, parents, and state in cases involving pediatric medical disputes. The article outlines arguments in favor of and against children's participation in medical decisions and describes legal standards currently used in resolving pediatric medical disputes. The article then proposes adoption of a new legal standard described as the ‘fairness and reasonableness of the child's decision,’ and articulates advantages and disadvantages of such an approach, as well as the factors that should be considered in implementing the standard. Finally, the article argues for a methodology for including children's wishes in pediatric medical decision making that is based upon Monahan and Walker's model for including social science evidence in legal contexts and evaluates alternative strategies for including children meaningfully in the process of making medical decisions that affect them. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiographic appearance of sesamoid bones in the hands and feet of Malawian subjects
Authors: Msamati B.C. , Igbigbi P.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur aim was to determine the prevalence of sesamoid bones in adult black Malawians from radiographs of the hands and feet. A total of 255 radiographs from 85 men and 45 women aged 16–66 years were used: 126 of the hands and 129 of the feet. All the hand films revealed one sesamoid bone at the interphalangeal joint and two at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. All the foot films showed two sesamoid bones at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. Occasional sesamoid bones were found at the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of the index finger and the small toe, respectively. Only 4.8% of the hands had sesamoid bones at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger, compared with reported percentages of between 35% and 64.2% in Caucasians. The present study also records, probably for the first time in Africans, an incidence of 10.8% of sesamoid bones occurring at the metatarsophalangeal joint of the small toe, which again is at variance with the reported range of 5.5–10% in Caucasians. This study provides anatomical data that will help in the diagnosis and management of disorders of sesamoid bones which are often overlooked in Africans. Clin. Anat. 14:248–253, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mandibular canal of the edentulous jaw
Authors: Polland Karen E. , Munro Shona , Reford Gordon , Lockhart Andrew , Logan Gillian , Brocklebank Laetitia , McDonald Stuart W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe morphology of the mandibular canal after loss of teeth has received little detailed attention. Improved documentation of this topic would allow better interpretation of dental radiographs and would enable those engaged in tooth implantation to better understand the nature of the tissue into which the prostheses are placed. In this study on mandibles from seven dissecting room cadavers panoramic radiographs usually showed the mandibular canal clearly, an incisive canal less so. The wall of the mandibular canal was similar in dentate and edentulous mandibles, and was highly perforated, as suggested by Cryer (Anderson et al., 1991). In edentulous specimens, it was composed mainly of cancellous bone with only occasional single osteons. The inferior alveolar nerve near the mandibular foramen was a large trunk, consisting of three to four nerve bundles with connective tissue sheaths. It became more loosely arranged toward the mental foramen. Medial to the mental foramen, the nerves were frequently in the form of small bundles in the marrow. Any incisive canal was ill‐defined and neurovascular bundles, when present, ran through a labyrinth of intertrabecular spaces. Clin. Anat. 6:445–452, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The child abuse and divorce myth
Authors: Brown Thea , Frederico Margarita , Hewitt Lesley , Sheehan Rosemary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen the authors of this article undertook a study into the way the Australian legal process managed child abuse allegations in custody and access disputes following partnership breakdown in de facto and legal marriages, they encountered what they came to think of as ‘the child abuse and divorce myth’. The myth centred around a belief that child abuse allegations made during or after partnership breakdown were weapons fashioned to gain advantage in the marital war. Therefore, they were not real; therefore, they should not be taken seriously. Despite little previous research, these views were strongly held by both families and professionals. The article examines the myth, believed to be an international phenomenon, and shows, in detail, how the study's findings do not support it. In fact, the findings from this unique study contradict the myth in its totality and in its specific aspects. Thus, it is argued that the myth should be abandoned and a new knowledge base for professional intervention that recognizes the reality of this problem be adopted instead. As a result of the study, a new specialized intervention program for children involved in residence and contact disputes where child abuse was alleged is being trialled in the Family Court of Australia. Hopefully, the introduction of further intervention programmes based on the reality of child abuse in these circumstances rather than on the myth will follow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender, class, work‐related stress and health: toward a power‐centred approach
Authors: Brooker Ann‐Sylvia , Eakin Joan M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to consider how gender, class and power have been addressed in the work stress literature and to propose an alternative approach that highlights the role of power in the development of work‐related stress. We begin with a discussion and critique of prominent work‐related stress models. The models' conceptualizations of work‐related stress and their relationships to issues of class and gender are used as focal points for discussion. We show that explanations for gender or class differences in stress vary markedly by disciplinary perspective. Some models emphasize individual coping mechanisms, while other models focus on individual‐level exposures or the work environment, in the production of work‐related stress. Notions of power or control are often invoked in these models, but they tend to be narrowly conceptualized. Often the research presents a series of empirical findings rather than an integrated conceptual model which clearly specifies the pathways by which individual work experiences are linked to health and to the broader social context. Drawing on empirical findings and theoretical insights from a broad range of disciplinary perspectives, we build a conceptual framework relating power towork‐relatedstress. This model can provide us with a deeper understanding of the determinants of stress, the relationships between stress and the broader social context, and the relationships between stress and social factors such as class and gender. Specifically, we suggest that power can influence work‐related stress through the distribution of stressors in the workplace and via meaning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of secrets and the frequency, reasons and effects of secrets keeping and disclosure
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Nunkoosing Karl , Paterson Beth , Oosterwegel Annerieke , Soukara Stavroula 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis longitudinal study examines secrets keeping and disclosure. College students filled in two questionnaires, with a 4 months time span in between. Their psychological and physical wellbeing was investigated, together with self‐esteem, the topic and some characteristics of their most important secret (if they had a secret), reasons for having the secret, to whom they confide the secret, how they felt about confiding, and whether they thought that their behaviour would reveal that they kept a secret when they talked with someone who is not aware of their secret.The findings showed that total secrecy was rare, and that most secret‐holders had informed at least one other person about their secret. Moreover, the findings challenge the view that secrets keeping has negative effects on secret‐holders. Results revealed some negative effects, but only when the secret was serious. No positive effects were found for secrets disclosure.Secret‐holders confided information to those with whom they felt emotionally close; were more reluctant to confide when they kept the secret to avoid disapproval, and more likely to confide when they believed that others would find out about their secrets by paying attention to their (secret‐holders) behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Re‐annotation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome
Authors: Wood V. , Rutherford K. M. , Ivens A , Rajandream M‐A , Barrell B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiscrepancies in gene and orphan number indicated by previous analyses suggest that S.cerevisiae would benefit from a consistent re‐annotation. In this analysis three new genes are identified and 46 alterations to gene coordinates are described. 370 ORFs are defined as totally spurious ORFs which should be disregarded. At least a further 193 genes could be described as very hypothetical, based on a number of criteria.It was found that disparate genes with sequence overlaps over ten amino acids (especially at the N‐terminus) are rare in both S. cerevisiae and Sz. pombe. A new S. cerevisiae gene number estimate with an upper limit of 5804 is proposed, but after the removal of very hypothetical genes and pseudogenes this is reduced to 5570. Although this is likely to be closer to the true upper limit, it is still predicted to be an overestimate of gene number. A complete list of revised gene coordinates is available from the Sanger Centre (S. cerevisiae reannotation: ftp://ftp/pub/yeast/SCreannotation). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring competitive intelligence effectiveness: Insights from the advertising industry
Authors: Davison Leigh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article investigates the need and ability of competitive intelligence (CI) departments to become accountable for the work they produce. Synthesis of current literature on CI and advertising effectiveness measures resulted in the creation of a Competitive Intelligence Measurement Model (CIMM), which provides concrete generic measures for determining CI effectiveness. Additionally, the model aids in the calculation of the return on competitive intelligence investment (ROCII). CIMM classifies CI output into two categories: short‐term tactical CI output and long‐term strategic CI output. The model describes measures needed to determine effectiveness of CI output and explains how to calculate ROCII. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solenoidal microcoil design—Part II: Optimizing winding parameters for maximum signal‐to‐noise performance
Authors: Minard Kevin R. , Wind Robert A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn high‐field proton NMR, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) achieved with a close‐fitting solenoidal microcoil is adversely affected by radio frequency (RF) losses in the coil, its leads, the capacitor used to tune it, and finally, the sample. In Part II, a rigorous description of these various losses is presented, and their severity is related to the details of coil design. Results not only provide a rational basis for defining a microcoil's optimal wire diameter and the number of turns, but also for evaluating how the SNR varies with coil size and NMR frequency in high‐field proton NMR studies involving either conducting or non‐conducting samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 190–210, 2001
The pattern of breast cancer screening utilization and its consequences
Authors: Michaelson James , Satija Sameer , Moore Richard , Weber Griffin , Halpern Elkan , Garland Andrew , Puri Dhruv , Kopans Daniel B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to describe the pattern of screening utilization and its consequences in terms of tumor size and time of tumor appearance of invasive breast carcinoma among a population of women who were examined at a large service screening/diagnostic program over the last decade.METHODSUtilization of mammography was assessed from a population of 59,899 women who received 196,891 mammograms at the Massachusetts General Hospital Breast Imaging Division from January 1, 1990 to March 1, 1999, among which 604 invasive breast tumors were found. Two hundred six invasive, clinically detected tumors also were seen during this period among women who had no record of a previous mammogram. Additional information was available on screening of women from March 1, 1999 to June 1, 2001.RESULTSFifty percent of the women who used screening did not begin until the age of 50 years, although 25% of the invasive breast tumors were found in women age < 50 years. Relatively few of the women who used screening returned promptly for their annual examinations; by 1.5 years, only 50% had returned. Approximately 25% of the invasive breast tumors were found in women for whom there was no record of a previous screening mammogram, and these tumors were larger (median, 15 mm) than the screen‐detected tumors (median, 10 mm). Approximately 30% of the 604 invasive breast tumors in the screening population were found on nonmammographic grounds, and they also were larger (median, 15 mm) than the screen‐detected tumors (median, 10 mm). However, only 3% of these 604 tumors were found by nonmammographic criteria within 6 months of the previous negative examination, and only 12% were found within 1 year. By back calculating the likely size of each of these tumors at the time of the negative mammogram, it could be seen that most tumors probably emerged as larger, palpable masses not because they were missed at the previous negative mammogram, because most were too small then to have been detected, but because too much time had been allowed to pass.CONCLUSIONSFar too many women did not comply with the American Cancer Society recommendation of prompt annual screening from the age of 40 years. Consequently, almost 50% of the invasive tumors emerged as larger and, thus, potentially more lethal, palpable masses. Cancer 2002;94:37–43. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Combining radioimmunotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Stein Rhona , Chen Susan , Reed Linda , Richel Heidi , Goldenberg David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), we evaluated the effect of combining radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) with 90Y‐anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody MN‐14 and chemotherapy in nude mice bearing human MTC xenografts. A preliminary study evaluated doxorubicin, dacarbazine (DTIC), cyclophosphamide, and vincristine, singly and in combination, for their effect on the growth of MTC xenografts (TT) in nude mice. Given individually, DTIC yielded the most effective tumor growth inhibition, delaying the mean time to doubling from 1 week for untreated tumor‐bearing mice to 7.5 weeks. Administering either the 4 drugs in combination or a 2‐drug combination comprised of doxorubicin and DTIC significantly improved the efficacy compared with any single drug alone, increasing the mean doubling time to 10–12 weeks.METHODSDrug doses were selected to conform to the doses of each drug given clinically. For the combined modality therapy, administration of 90Y‐labeled anti‐CEA monoclonal antibody MN‐14 to nude mice bearing established TT tumors was followed by various chemotherapy regimens initiated 24 hours after RAIT. Chemotherapy protocols combined with RAIT included doxorubicin or DTIC alone and in combination, and the doxorubicin, DTIC, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine 4‐drug protocol. Tumor volumes were measured weekly, and toxicity was evaluated by measuring blood counts and body weight.RESULTSCombinations of RAIT and chemotherapy with DTIC or RAIT and chemotherapy with the drug combinations were found to augment the antitumor effects of RAIT or chemotherapy alone, without a significant increase in toxicity. The mean tumor volume doubling times were increased up to 100% compared with the results of chemotherapy alone. No significant differences in tumor growth were observed between the RAIT plus DTIC protocol and the RAIT plus two‐ or four‐drug protocols.CONCLUSIONSThe superiority of the combined modality treatment argues for the integration of RAIT into chemotherapeutic regimens for MTC treatment. Clinical trials are needed to assess these principles in MTC patients. Cancer 2002;94:51–61. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
The association of treatment‐related symptoms with quality‐of‐life outcomes for localized prostate carcinoma patients
Authors: Bacon Constance G. , Giovannucci Edward , Testa Marcia , Glass Thomas A. , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMost studies of treatment outcomes in men with localized prostate carcinoma have emphasized sexual, urinary, and bowel symptoms with the assumption that they have an impact on quality of life. However, very few studies have directly examined and compared the impact of these symptoms on overall and cancer specific quality of life.METHODSThe authors examined 783 incident cases of localized prostate carcinoma, diagnosed from 1993 to 1998, and 1928 age‐matched healthy controls from the Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study cohort. Information on frequency of ejaculation and urinary symptoms were collected before cancer diagnosis. After cancer diagnosis, the authors mailed a questionnaire including the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form–36 Health Status Survey (SF‐36), the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System–Short Form (CARES‐SF), and the University of California at Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index in 1998.RESULTSCases had slightly lower scores on most of the SF‐36 scales and reported much more bother from sexual, urinary, and bowel symptoms compared with healthy controls. Among prostate carcinoma patients, bowel symptoms had the greatest negative impact on quality of life, followed by sexual and urinary symptoms. As expected, treatment‐related symptoms were associated with the physical domains of quality of life, but psychosocial domains were just as strongly affected.CONCLUSIONSPatients and health care providers need to consider the potential mental quality‐of‐life impacts associated with prostate carcinoma treatment symptoms when making treatment decisions. Even after patients have completed cancer treatment, significant health impairments may remain. Health care providers should continue to address the mental and physical well‐being of prostate carcinoma patients in follow‐up care. Cancer 2002;94:862–71. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10248
Prediction of intracranial metastases in cancer patients with headache
Authors: Christiaans Maria H. , Kelder Johannes C. , Arnoldus Edo P. J. , Tijssen Cees C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study was conducted to investigate the diagnostic value of neurologic evaluation for the prediction of intracranial metastases in cancer patients with new or changed headache.METHODSBetween February 1997 and February 2000, general practitioners and specialists referred cancer patients with new or changed headache to the Department of Neurology at the study institution. All patients underwent a structured history and neurologic examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was used as the gold standard for determining the presence of intracranial metastases. The association between baseline patient characteristics, history variables, and variables from the neurologic examination in patients with intracranial metastases was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses in combination with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.RESULTSSixty‐eight consecutive patients were included in the current study (48 females and 20 males). The mean age of the patients was 57 years (range, 24–88 years; standard deviation ± 13.3 years). Breast carcinoma was the primary tumor in 32 patients (47.1%) and lung carcinoma was the primary tumor in 12 patients (17.6%). Intracranial metastases occurred in 22 patients (32.4%). The occurrence of intracranial metastases was predicted in the multivariate logistic regression analyses by one baseline patient characteristic variable and 2 history variables (i.e., headache duration of ≤ 10 weeks [odds ratio (OR) of 11.0; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1–108.2], emesis [OR of 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–14.3], and pain not of tension‐ type [OR of 6.7; 95% CI, 1.8–25.1]). No variable from the neurologic examination was found to add information to the prediction model. When at least one of the three predictors was present, all patients with intracranial metastases could be identified with this prediction model. MRI could be omitted in 12 patients (26%) without intracranial metastases. The ROC area under curve of this model was 0.83.CONCLUSIONSIntracranial metastases were found in 32.4% of the cancer patients with headache as the presenting symptom. Although 3 significant clinical predictors were found (headache duration ≤ 10 weeks, emesis, and pain not of tension‐ type), few patients could be excluded from undergoing MRI because of a low specificity. Therefore, MRI of the brain was considered to be warranted in all patients in the current study. Cancer 2002;94:2063–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10379
Comparison in treatments of nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma
Authors: Yamauchi Kunihiko , Yasuda Masami 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to reveal the clinical characteristics of nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma (GS) and an association between the therapeutic regimens and the nonleukemic period.METHODClinical records of 2 patients reported here and 72 patients gathered using a literature search on Medline from other institutions were analyzed. The patients consisted of 57 patients who preceded acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and 17 patients who did not develop ANLL. These patients were divided into 3 groups by therapeutic regimens; Group I included 12 patients who received only biopsy or surgical resection of the tumor, Group II was 20 patients who received local irradiation for the tumor, and Group III consisted of 42 patients who received systemic chemotherapy. The nonleukemic periods between these groups were compared. In Group III, the period in the patients who were treated with chemotherapy given to ANLL was compared with that in the patients who received chemotherapy used for malignant lymphoproliferative disorders (MLPDs).RESULTSThirty‐five patients (47%) initially were misdiagnosed, and the disease was most often malignant lymphoma. Preferential sites of GS were the small intestine, mediastinum, epidural site, uterus, and ovary, which often are difficult for the detection and diagnosis in addition to the skin and lymph nodes known commonly. The nonleukemic period after the diagnosis of GS was significantly longer in Group III than in the other groups (median, 12 months in Group III vs. 3 and 6 months in Groups I and II, respectively). The aggressive chemotherapy given to ANLL led to a longer nonleukemic period than the chemotherapy used for MLPDs.CONCLUSIONSTo reduce the risk of subsequent ANLL in patients with nonleukemic GS, it is important that accurate histologic diagnosis is established initially for GS and that all isolated cases of GS, even those that appear to be cured by resection or irradiation of the tumor, are treated with intensive chemotherapy similar to that used to treat ANLL during the nonleukemic period as soon as possible. Cancer 2002;94:1739–46. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10399