bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rawls and Utilitarianism
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
After reviewing John Rawls's arguments against utilitarianism in A Theory of Justice and then examining Michael Sandel's and Robert Nozick's criticisms of those arguments, Scheffler points to three important similarities between utilitarianism and Rawls's own theory. Both the theories are systematic and constructive in character, both treat common‐sense notions of justice as deriving from a more authoritative standard, and both are committed to distributive holism, in the sense that they regard the justice of any assignment of benefits to a particular individual as dependent on the justice of the overall distribution of benefits in society. These similarities may make it seem that Rawls's theory fails to remedy utilitarianism's neglect of the distinctness of persons. But Scheffler argues that Rawls's theory accommodates holistic pressures while maintaining a commitment to the inviolability of the individual. Scheffler also suggests that the complexity of Rawls's attitude toward utilitarianism in A Theory of Justice may help to explain his willingness, in Political Liberalism, to treat utilitarianism as a candidate for inclusion in an overlapping consensus.
The Case for Choice
Authors: Brighouse Harry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes the main kinds of school choice: public school choice, charter schools, and school vouchers. It looks at a series of arguments for school choice reforms, including Milton Friedman's original argument for vouchers, arguments based on parental rights, and arguments based on libertarianism. It examines the public goods based argument for state funding of schools (which Milton Friedman's case for vouchers assumes) and shows why it fails.
Constraints on the conformation of the cytoplasmic face of dark‐adapted and light‐excited rhodopsin inferred from antirhodopsin antibody imprints
Authors: Bailey Brian W. , Mumey Brendan , Hargrave Paul A. , Arendt Anatol , Ernst Oliver P. , Hofmann Klaus Peter , Callis Patrik R. , Burritt James B. , Jesaitis Algirdas J. , Dratz Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRhodopsin is the best‐understood member of the large G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. The G‐protein amplification cascade is triggered by poorly understood light‐induced conformational changes in rhodopsin that are homologous to changes caused by agonists in other GPCRs. We have applied the “antibody imprint” method to light‐activated rhodopsin in native membranes by using nine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against aqueous faces of rhodopsin. Epitopes recognized by these mAbs were found by selection from random peptide libraries displayed on phage. A new computer algorithm, FINDMAP, was used to map the epitopes to discontinuous segments of rhodopsin that are distant in the primary sequence but are in close spatial proximity in the structure. The proximity of a segment of the N‐terminal and the loop between helices VI and VIII found by FINDMAP is consistent with the X‐ray structure of the dark‐adapted rhodopsin. Epitopes to the cytoplasmic face segregated into two classes with different predicted spatial proximities of protein segments that correlate with different preferences of the antibodies for stabilizing the metarhodopsin I or metarhodopsin II conformations of light‐excited rhodopsin. Epitopes of antibodies that stabilize metarhodopsin II indicate conformational changes from dark‐adapted rhodopsin, including rearrangements of the C‐terminal tail and altered exposure of the cytoplasmic end of helix VI, a portion of the C‐3 loop, and helix VIII. As additional antibodies are subjected to antibody imprinting, this approach should provide increasingly detailed information on the conformation of light‐excited rhodopsin and be applicable to structural studies of other challenging protein targets.
Monobromobimane occupies a distinct xenobiotic substrate site in glutathione S‐transferase π
Authors: Ralat Luis A. , Colman Roberta F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMonobromobimane (mBBr), functions as a substrate of porcine glutathione S‐transferase π (GST π): The enzyme catalyzes the reaction of mBBr with glutathione. S‐(Hydroxyethyl)bimane, a nonreactive analog of monobromobimane, acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to mBBr as substrate but does not affect the reaction of GST π with another substrate, 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB). In the absence of glutathione, monobromobimane inactivates GST π at pH 7.0 and 25°C as assayed using mBBr as substrate, with a lesser effect on the enzyme's use of CDNB as substrate. These results indicate that the sites occupied by CDNB and mBBr are not identical. Inactivation is proportional to the incorporation of 2 moles of bimane/mole of subunit. Modification of GST π with mBBr does not interfere with its binding of 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate, indicating that this hydrophobic site is not the target of monobromobimane. S‐Methylglutathione and S‐(hydroxyethyl)bimane each yield partial protection against inactivation and decrease reagent incorporation, while glutathionyl‐bimane protects completely against inactivation. Peptide analysis after trypsin digestion indicates that mBBr modifies Cys45and Cys99equally. Modification of Cys45is reduced in the presence of S‐methylglutathione, indicating that this residue is at or near the glutathione binding region. In contrast, modification of Cys99is reduced in the presence of S‐(hydroxyethyl)bimane, suggesting that this residue is at or near the mBBr xenobiotic substrate binding site. Modification of Cys99can best be understood by reaction with monobromobimane while it is bound to its xenobiotic substrate site in an alternate orientation. These results support the concept that glutathione S‐transferase accomplishes its ability to react with a diversity of substrates in part by harboring distinct xenobiotic substrate sites.
Differences between European and American IPO Markets
Authors: Ritter Jay R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis brief survey discusses recent developments in the European initial public offering (IPO) market. The spectacular rise and fall of the Euro NM markets and the growth of bookbuilding as a procedure for pricing and allocating IPOs are two important patterns. Gross spreads are lower and less clustered than in the USA. Unlike the USA, some European IPOs, especially those in Germany, have when‐issued trading prior to the final setting of the offer price. Current research includes empirical studies on the valuation of IPOs and both theoretical and empirical work on the determinants of short‐run underpricing.
Choice of Selling Mechanism at the IPO: the Case of the French Second Market
Authors: Vandemaele Sigrid 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study examines the choice of flotation mechanism within the framework of the French Second Market. Between 1983 and 1996, a firm that opted for a quotation on the Second Market, had the choice between (i) an auction‐like procedure (there were two variants) and (ii) a fixed‐price introduction procedure. Several interesting results are presented. First, the choice for an auction‐like procedure appears to be positively related to firm valuation uncertainty at the IPO. Second, the likelihood of opting for an auction‐like procedure decreases as the reputation of the investment bank guiding the flotation increases. Third, the likelihood of opting for an auction is increasing in the number of secondary shares sold by venture capitalists and investment banks.
Privatisation Initial Public Offerings: the Polish Experience
Authors: Jelic Ranko , Briston Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Polish government has preferred gradual direct sales to privatisation initial public offerings (PIPOs) by a 2.8 to 1 margin. Evidence suggests that the government has attempted to manage the timing of PIPOs. We, however, find no evidence of underpricing of PIPOs to a greater degree than that found for issues in the private sector. Both domestic and international investors in PIPOs earned predominantly positive buy‐and‐hold returns up to 36 months after listing. The difference between PIPOs and private sector IPOs average returns is statistically significant only for international investors.
Takeover Defences and IPO Firm Value in the Netherlands
Authors: Roosenboom Peter , Van Der Goot Tjalling 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe central question of this study involves the relation between the use of takeover defences and IPO firm value. We report that management frequently uses takeover defences before taking the firm public. The use of takeover defences is primarily motivated by managerial entrenchment. IPO investors anticipate potential conflict of interests with management and reduce the price they pay for the IPO shares if takeover defences are adopted. Although managers internalise this cost of takeover defences to the degree they own pre‐IPO stock, they are likely to gain through private control benefits. Non‐management pre‐IPO owners lose. Their shares are worth less, but different from managers, they do not get offsetting private control benefits. We infer that managers use takeover defences to protect private control benefits at non‐management pre‐IPO owners’ expense.
Should Firms Going Public Enjoy Tax Benefits? An Analysis of the Italian Experience in the 1990s
Authors: Giudici Giancarlo , Paleari Stefano 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn Italy tax benefits are granted to firms going public. However, does such tax relief really reduce the corporate tax burden? In this study we tackle the issue by considering 21 industrial firms that were listed on the Italian Exchange from 1995 to 1997 and enjoyed a temporary tax rate cut‐off. We find that the increase in the taxable income reported by these firms largely counterbalances the effect of the tax relief. We conclude that a tax rate cut‐off may not necessarily provoke a reduction in the tax burden for newly listed firms, since in the short term they report larger earnings compared with privately‐owned companies. We claim that this ‘induced’ effect is mainly due to: the significant improvement of operating performance in the year of the listing; the reduction of the debt tax shield; an increase in investment and more accounting transparency. Our findings suggest that tax relief for IPO firms does not necessarily mean a loss of revenue for the government.
John Colet, preaching and reform at St. Paul's cathedral, 1505–19*
Authors: Arnold Jonathan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
As a Christian humanist, Colet attempted clerical reform partly by means of preaching. Evidence from Colet's ecclesiastical life as dean of St. Paul's suggests that his success was limited by the inappropriate expression of his idealistic ecclesiology, which demanded perfection. Although Colet's passion for preaching was shared and admired by humanist colleagues, his sermons received negative reactions from his cathedral clergy, the bishop of London and Henry VIII. The intellectual basis for Colet's ecclesiology was a combination of Pauline theology and Dionysian spirituality, which created a vision of Church perfection by means of purification and illumination. However, Colet sought a spiritual and moral revival, not a fundamental change to the structure of the Catholic Church. Colet's humanist success was achieved mainly outside the ecclesiastical world.
‘Abandon Hibernicisation’: priests, Ribbonmen and an Irish street fight in the north-east of England in 1858*
Authors: MacRaild Donald M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This article seeks to contextualize a rare piece of evidence of the Catholic Church's attempts to control nationalist political expression among Irish migrants. The evidence, a letter from a priest to his bishop in Darlington, was generated by an investigation of a street riot in Sunderland in 1858. A detailed statement of such controlling influences is uncommon, even though historians have occasionally uncovered fleeting examples that are similar in nature. The discussion which follows seeks to fit this evidence, and its immediate context, into a wider historiography concerning the interplay of social Catholicism and the political involvement of Irish migrants. This document portrays the English priest as a kind of politico-religious policeman, and explains the lengths to which the Church was willing to go in ensuring that strict adherence to Catholic practice was not affected by the demands of clandestine political organizations. Although the events discussed here are very specific, in both period and place, the article seeks to contribute to an understanding of parish life where politics and faith became entwined.
Does “Smarter” Lead to Safer? An Assessment of the US Border Accords with Canada and Mexico
Authors: Meyers Deborah Waller 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe terrorist attacks of September 11 and their immediate aftermath along the US‐Canadian and US‐Mexican borders focused attention on border management strategies in ways previously unimaginable. Suddenly confronted by the fact that existing systems and processes were not particularly effective either at protecting security or facilitating legitimate traffic, the United States, in conjunction with the Canadian and Mexican Governments, demonstrated an uncharacteristic willingness to reconceptualize its approach to physical borders.While initiating a series of internal policy adjustments to secure themselves against terrorist threats, the US, Canadian, and Mexican Governments also signed two bilateral agreements — the 12 December 2001 United States‐Canada Smart Border Declaration and the 22 March 2002 United States‐Mexico Border Partnership Agreement. These agreements represent an important development in the US's relationship with each of its North American neighbours, acknowledging not only the deep economic, social, and cultural ties, but also the new reality that the United States cannot attain the additional security it desires through unilateral actions alone. Thus, while September 11 forced a reassessment of vulnerabilities, it simultaneously provided the United States an opportunity to work more systematically with its contiguous neighbours for security benefits, a realization likely to flow into other areas where the benefits of cooperation eclipse those of unilateralism.This paper analyses the first year of the two border accords, tracking their implementation and evaluating their successes and failures. Most importantly, the paper outlines outstanding challenges, highlights steps that the governments should take to achieve additional border security and efficiency, and draws conclusions regarding factors likely to make their efforts more, or less, successful.
A User's Guide to State Revenue Forecasting
Authors: Shkurti William J. 
Published: October 2003

One of the most difficult tasks in preparing a state budget is forecasting available revenues. An overly optimistic forecast may subsequently require unpopular budget cuts, tax increases, or both. A pessimistic forecast may trigger a political controversy over the size of the budget surplus, or may encourage additional spending that cannot be sustained in the future. Forecasters have always informally shared their experience with each other. Only in recent years, however have scholars begun to document those experiences.A forecast user is an elected official, program manager, reporter or private citizen involved in the budget process who uses a forecast prepared by someone else as a basis for making or influencing policy decisions about state taxes and spending levels. __ While the objectives of these forecast users may vary depending on their role in the budget process, they all share one need in common: a sound forecast which provides them with the information they need to participate in the budget process. The first part of this article briefly reviews the status of revenue forecasting in the states. The second part reviews five specific forecasting issues. The third section, discusses limits of revenue forecasting. The concluding section is a summary and checklist of good revenue forecasting practices.
Financial Management Development in Spain: Who is Playing Sancho Panza?
Authors: Goñi Eduardo Zapico 
Published: October 2003

“What giants?” said Sancho Panza.“Those thou seest there,” answered his master, “with the long arms, and some have them nearly two leagues long.”“Look, your worship,” said Sancho, “what we see there are not giants but windmills, and what seem to be their arms are the sails that turned by the wind make the millstone go.”“It is easy to see,” replied Don Quixote, “that thou are not used to this business of adventures; those are giants; and if thou art afraid, away with thee out of this and betake thyself to prayer while I engage them in fierce and unequal combat.”So saying, he gave the spur to his steed Rocinante, heedless of the cries his squire Sancho sent after him, warning him that most certainly they were windmills and not giants he was going to attack. He, however, was so positive they were giants that he neither heard the cries of Sancho nor perceived, near as he was, what they were, but made at them shouting.
Comments on ‘Dynamics of income distribution’
Authors: Gong Liutang 
Published: October 2003

Abstract.  Using the Ramsey‐Cass‐Koopmans model with heterogeneous agents, this note presents the explicit relationship between the individual's asset holding and the aggregate capital stock. With the aid of this relationship, is examined the dynamics of income distribution as the economy expands. Finally, some examples are presented, contrary to the conjecture made in Li, Xie, and Zou (2000), showing that the income can still improve over time, even when the aggregate production function is convex. JEL classification: D3, O1, O4 Commentaires sur « Dynamique de la distribution du revenu ». A l’aide d’un modèle de type Ramsey‐Cass‐Koopmans avec des agents hétérogènes, cette note présente la relation explicite entre le stock d’actif détenu par l’individu et le stock de capital agrégé. A l’aide de cette relation, on examine la dynamique de la distribution du revenu à proportion que l’économie croît. Enfin certains exemples sont présentés qui contredisent la conjecture proposée par Li, Xie et Zou (2000)à savoir que le revenu peut s’accroître dans le temps même quand la fonction de production agrégée est convexe.
Growth theory and industrial revolutions in Britain and America
Authors: Harley Knick 
Published: October 2003

Abstract.  Long‐run economic growth has again become a major focus of economic theory. A perception of technological change as an economic process with externalities has motivated the development of aggregate models that generate different steady‐state growth paths. Economic history has also long been interested in long‐run economic growth. Here, a dialogue is presented between growth theory and the historical literature on the industrial revolution in Britain and America's surge to international economic leadership in the late nineteenth century. In conclusion, economists’ recent thinking about the microeconomics of technological change has provided fruitful material for the economic historian of growth. Unfortunately, the models of endogenous growth, on the other hand, present too aggregated a view of the economy to prove helpful when confronted with the details of economic history. JEL Classification: N0, N1.1Théorie de la croissance et révolutions industrielles en Grande Bretagne et en Amérique.  La croissance économique à long terme est redevenue un point d’intérêt majeur pour la théorie économique. Une perception du changement technologique comme processus économique porteur d’externalités a engendré le développement de modèles agrégés qui génèrent différents sentiers de croissance en régime permanent. L’histoire économique s’intéresse depuis longtemps à la croissance économique à long terme. Ce texte engage le dialogue entre la théorie de la croissance et la littérature historique à propos de la révolution industrielle en Grande Bretagne et de l’émergence de l’Amérique au statut de leader international à la fin du dix‐neuvième siècle. On en arrive à la conclusion que les récents développements dans la pensée économique à propos de la micro‐économie du changement technologique ont produit des résultats utiles pour l’histoire économique de la croissance. Malheureusement, d’autre part, les modèles de croissance endogène présente une vue trop agrégée de l’économie pour s’avérer utile dans l’examen des détails de l’histoire économique.
International aspects of public infrastructure investment
Authors: Bougheas Spiros , Demetriades Panicos O. , Morgenroth Edgar L.W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract. Modelling infrastructure as an international public good in a two‐country model of trade where each country's social planner behaves strategically, we show that, in general, the equilibrium levels of infrastructure are not optimal from a global perspective. Utilizing an appropriate econometric framework and data from 16 European countries over the period 1987–95, we find evidence that is consistent with the predictions of our model. JEL Classification: F10, F42, H42Aspects internationaux de l’investissement public dans les infrastructures. Les auteurs présentent un modèle de commerce international entre deux pays dans lequel (1) les planificateurs des deux pays ont un comportement stratégique et (2) les infrastructures sont un bien public international. Ils montrent que, en général, les niveaux d’équilibre des investissements en infrastructure ne sont pas optimaux d’un point de vue global. A l’aide d’un cadre économétrique approprié, et de données pour 16 pays européens entre 1987 et 1995, ils valident les prédictions de leur modèle.
Optimal redistribution when different workers are indistinguishable
Authors: Marchand Maurice , Pestieau Pierre , Racionero María 
Published: October 2003

Abstract.  Using the standard non linear income and commodity taxation framework, we examine the optimal policy to be adopted when the same labour disutility can receive two opposite interpretations: taste for leisure and activity limitation. In the absence of complete information about individual characteristics, an income tax does not allow distinguishing lazy from handicapped individuals. One may rely, however, on a combination of commodity and income taxes to redistribute from the former to the latter when they differ in their preferences for commodities. JEL Classification: H21, H41Redistribution optimale quand les divers travailleurs sont indistincts.  A l’aide du cadre d’analyse conventionnel de fiscalité non linéaire sur les revenus et les biens, ce mémoire examine la politique optimale à adopter quand le même niveau de désutilité du travail peut être interprété de deux manières opposées : goût pour le loisir et souffrance attribuable à une infirmité. En l’absence de renseignements complets à propos des caractéristiques des individus, un impôt sur le revenu ne permet pas de distinguer les individus paresseux de ceux qui sont handicapés. On peut cependant compter sur une combinaison de taxes sur les revenus et les biens pour redistribuer du premier groupe vers le second quand leurs préférences pour les biens diffèrent.