bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Danish Wind Power Market
Authors: Meyer Niels I. 
Published: October 2004

The modern phase of Danish wind power started after the oil crisis in 1973. Based on long traditions of Danish wind power dating back to the beginning of the century a new commercial phase was initiated by small industrial entrepreneurs with support by the Danish government, the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences and green organizations. During the eighties technological development resulted in increased cost efficiency, while the investment subsidies from the state were gradually phased out. Conflicts between utilities and wind power producers over tariffs and the costs of grid connections, then slowed down the penetration of wind power on the Danish market. In addition, many local municipalities were setting up administrative barriers for wind turbines. These barriers were removed by government intervention in the early nineties when favourable feed-in tariffs were introduced together with easy access to the grid, simple procedures for construction allowances and priority to green electricity. As a result wind power was booming in the Danish home market and Danish turbines achieved a global market share of around 50%. After a change of government in December 2001, however the Danish home market for wind power has more or less collapsed.
Greening of Nordic Electricity Industry: Policy Convergence and Diversity
Authors: Midttun Atle , Gundersen Mari Hegg , Koefoed Anne Louise 
Published: October 2004

With a comparative focus on policy similarity and diversity, this article1 gives an overview of the main elements of electricity-related environmental policy in the Nordic countries, following the launching of a common electricity market in the 1990s. The article points out that the electricity related environmental policy positions of the Nordic countries showed a noticeable lack of coordination in the 1990s. Nordic divergence is observed both in terms of general policy orientations and at the instrument and incentive levels, in spite of the pioneering development of a common integrated electricity market and ambitious environmental policy goals. The article then highlights how the recent Swedish “green” certificate market model has created a new momentum for market-based “greening” with a potential for stronger convergence in Nordic renewable energy policy. In spite of signs of convergence, the article shows how the development of Nordic electricity-related environmental policy still contains considerable ambiguity: Unequal resource endowments, subject to simple resource-based interest formation, should indicate that there is little room for convergence in Nordic renewable energy policy. Shifting the environmental policy focus from existing technologies and resources to potential innovations, however provides a more open arena where the Nordic countries may see themselves served by the dynamic scope of a broader Nordic market based on a common policy approach, such as a green certificate market. In explaining why the Nordic arena may be an interesting locus for common renewable energy policy, the article points out that small countries may need an “intermediary” arena to aggregate size and scope in order to generate a European momentum in regulatory competition with larger European states. Similarly, Nordic companies may consider the opportunity to gain first mover advantages by partnering with government as local experimentation may be seen as useful pilot experience. Together with the precedence of a common Nordic electricity market and the development of common market institutions, the aspiration to be in a stronger position to shape European policy provides arguments for collective Nordic solutions even under increased Europeanization of both market and policy making.
Economic Efficiency of Compulsory Green Electricity Quotas in Sweden
Authors: Kåberger Tomas , Sterner Thomas , Zamanian Max , Jürgensen Anna 
Published: October 2004

Green certificates are not an efficient as a measure to correct for the effect of environmental external costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power. Nor are they efficient as a measure to create markets for new electricity supply technologies. Removing subsidies and introducing environmental taxes on energy sources with undesired external effects more efficiently corrects for incurred environmental costs. It appears that guaranteed feed-in tariffs are a more efficient policy instrument to promote the industrialisation of technologies for new sustainable sources of electricity. Alternatively, the certificate scheme could be reformed in a number of ways to improve performance. However decisions to change or abolish the instrument cannot be taken lightly since instrument stability is very important for the credibility of future policy.
Renewable Energy and Nature Conservation
Authors: Traube Klaus 
Published: October 2004

The article refers to the EU targets of increasing the share of renewable energy sources in energy supply. The promotion of renewables for electricity generation, and the expanded use of biofuels for transport, is stipulated by various Directives. While EU member states started implementation, only few are on track to achieve their national targets. A new phenomena is the opposition of environmentalists against renewables, which is exaggerated by the media. The author focusses on an actual controversy over wind power in Germany. The general conflict between the installation and expansion of renewable energy sources and nature conservation is then analysed. The article sketches possible lessons for further policy learning.
Three Decades of Renewable Electricity Policies in Germany
Authors: Lauber Volkmar , Mez Lutz 
Published: October 2004

Of the large industrial countries, Germany is clearly leading with regard to new renewable energy sources, occupying the first rank in terms of installed wind energy capacity, and the second rank in photovoltaics. This capacity is not due to an exceptional natural resource base but to policy, despite the fact that this policy was conducted in a rather lukewarm fashion until 1997. This led to a remarkable expansion of this sector. The red-green coalition, in office since 1998, developed the vision of achieving 50 percent and more of electricity generated from RES by 2050, a goal that seems well accepted by the public but not by the established energy interests or the leaders of the conservative-liberal opposition, even though the cost appears to be comparatively modest. The article gives a historical account of German RES-E policy since 1974 and focuses in particular on the evolution of “feed-in” legislation from 1990 to 2004. The first 15 years of RES-E policy after 1974 were devoted to R&D. Market creation measures only came into effect after 1988; of these, the Feed-In Law was the most important. During the 1990s, it barely managed to survive, but significant improvement occurred after the 1998 election; the new majority greatly strengthened RES-E support, particularly for photovoltaics and biomass. However, this legislation is still not fully accepted on both the domestic and the EU levels.
Use of Erythropoietin in Heart Failure Management
Authors: Caiola Krista , Cheng Judy WM 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE To review the use of erythropoietin for anemia in heart failure (HF). DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed articles in MEDLINE (1966–June 2004) were identified and citations from available articles were reviewed using the search terms anemia, erythropoietin, and heart failure. DATA SYNTHESIS Anemia worsens HF prognosis. Clinical studies in patients with New York Heart Association Class III/IV HF who had hemoglobin <12 mg/dL and were refractory to maximal medical management showed that erythropoietin improves symptoms. Larger scale studies with mortality endpoints are required to confirm the benefits. CONCLUSIONS In selected patients with severe, chronic HF, erythropoietin may be considered for functional improvement. However, routine use of this treatment strategy is not recommended until more data are available.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated with Albuterol
Authors: Fisher Alexander A , Davis Michael W , McGill Darryl A 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE To report a case of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following the use of albuterol (salbutamol) in a patient without preexisting coronary artery disease and to review the related literature. CASE SUMMARY An 84-year-old white woman with no history of cardiac disease was treated for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with albuterol 5 mg and ipratropium bromide 500 μg nebulized with oxygen; the albuterol was given in the same dose every 2 hours. Her respiratory condition improved, but soon after the sixth dose of albuterol, she developed increasing chest tightness. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST segment elevation in the chest leads (V2,3) and, subsequently, the troponin I concentration and creatine kinase rose. Urgent coronary angiography showed smooth coronary arteries with no obstructive coronary artery disease or thrombosis. Left ventriculography showed anterior hypokinesia consistent with anterior myocardial injury. A subsequent echocardiogram also revealed normal left ventricular size but anterior, anteroseptal, and apical hypokinesia. An objective causality assessment revealed that albuterol had a probable likelihood of causing the AMI in this patient. DISCUSSION A MEDLINE search (1966–February 2004) revealed 6 other case reports of AMI associated with albuterol treatment. The possible pathogenesis of albuterol-induced myocardial necrosis includes activation of cardiac and peripheral β2-adrenoceptors, inducing positive chronotropic and inotropic effects and vasodilation with coronary blood flow redistribution. Albuterol can also cause hypokalemia and other metabolic and electrical changes, including prolonged QT interval. These effects may be especially detrimental in patients with hypoxia, hypercapnea, and preexisting heart diseases. CONCLUSIONS Although myocardial injury is a rare complication following albuterol therapy, clinicians should use high-dose β2 agonists with caution. Close monitoring of ECG and metabolic changes is recommended before early repeated high doses are administered.
Acute Colchicine Intoxication During Clarithromycin Administration
Authors: Rollot Florence , Pajot Olivier , Chauvelot-Moachon Laurence , Nazal Eve M , Kélaïdi Charikleia , Blanche Philippe 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE To report a case of colchicine intoxication occurring with institution of clarithromycin. CASE SUMMARY A 76-year-old man with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) had received colchicine 1.5 mg daily for 6 years. The patient underwent 7 days of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole treatment for Helicobacter pylori–associated gastritis. Fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea occurred 3 days after treatment initiation. On day 8, dehydration, pancytopenia, metabolic acidosis, and increased lipase level necessitated hospitalization. Alopecia was observed 2 weeks later. The patient recovered fully after the colchicine dosage was reduced to 0.5 mg/day and rehydration was performed. The previous dosage was then reinstituted without adverse reaction. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse event was probable. DISCUSSION Continuous colchicine administration is used in treatment of microcrystalline arthritis, Behçet's disease, and FMF. Colchicine is primarily eliminated through biliary excretion. Renal elimination and cytochrome P450 metabolism play a less significant role. Colchicine is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein, a transporter involved in cellular efflux and elimination of numerous drugs. Three cases of intoxication have been reported when colchicine was combined with erythromycin, josamycin, or clarithromycin. Macrolides are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450–dependent enzymes and may decrease colchicine's biliary excretion through P-glycoprotein inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Coadministration of colchicine and macrolides may impair colchicine elimination, resulting in excess drug exposure and toxicity. To this end, colchicine should be used with extreme caution in patients receiving P-glycoprotein inhibitors, particularly if they are elderly and/or renally compromised.
Probable Sulbactam/Ampicillin–Associated Prolonged Cholestasis
Authors: Köklü Seyfettin , Köksal Aydın Ş , Asıl Mehmet , Kıyıcı Halil , Çoban Şahin , Arhan Mehmet 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE To present a single case of sulbactam/ampicillin–induced chronic cholestasis and a literature review of antibiotic-associated chronic cholestasis. CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old man with Hodgkin's disease in remission developed severe and prolonged cholestasis after treatment with sulbactam/ampicillin 750 mg twice daily for 7 days. All other etiologies, including Hodgkin's disease, were appropriately ruled out and the cholestasis was ascribed to sulbactam/ampicillin treatment. The patient improved gradually and became asymptomatic 7 months after the last dose of sulbactam/ampicillin. According to the Naranjo probability scale, sulbactam/ampicillin was the probable cause of the cholestasis. DISCUSSION Ampicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, has rarely been associated with hepatic injury when used alone. Hepatocellular and acute cholestatic injury due to ampicillin have been described. Cholestasis secondary to sulbactam/ampicillin use has not been previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Sulbactam/ampicillin, one of the most widely used antibiotics, may cause chronic cholestatic hepatitis. Clinicians should be aware of this adverse affect and consider it during diagnostic workup of liver injury.
Stability of Cefepime in Icodextrin Peritoneal Dialysis Solution
Authors: Elwell Rowland J , Volino Lucio R , Frye Reginald F 
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND Icodextrin is a glucose polymer used as an alternative osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. Cefepime may be a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of PD-related peritonitis. The stability of cefepime in icodextrin PD solution has not been examined. OBJECTIVE To determine the chemical stability of cefepime in icodextrin PD solution over a 7-day period. METHODS Samples were prepared by adding cefepime HCl 1000 mg to commercially available 2.0-L bags of icodextrin 7.5% PD solution. Nine bags were prepared and stored in the following conditions: 3 under refrigeration (4 °C), 3 at room temperature (20 °C), and 3 at body temperature (37 °C). Study samples were drawn from each bag immediately after preparation and at predetermined intervals over the subsequent 7 days. Solutions were visually inspected for precipitation, cloudiness, or discoloration at each sampling interval. Total concentration of cefepime in dialysate fluid was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Under refrigeration, a mean ± SD of 95.7 ± 4.2% of the initial cefepime concentration remained at 168 hours (7 days). At room temperature, 92.0 ± 17.9% remained at 48 hours. At body temperature, 92.2 ± 4.7% remained at 4 hours. Beyond these respective time points, <90% of the initial cefepime concentrations remained. CONCLUSIONS Pre-mixed cefepime–icodextrin PD solutions stored at room temperature were stable for up to 48 hours. However, it is recommended that these be kept refrigerated whenever possible. When refrigerated, cefepime–icodextrin solutions were found to be stable for up to 7 days. Solutions stored at body temperature were stable up to 4 hours, permitting the practice of pre-warming solutions prior to administration.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a cDNA Encoding a Transferrin Homolog from Bombyx mori
Authors: Yun Eun Young , Kang Seok Woo , Hwang Jae Sam , Goo Tae Won , Kim Sang Hyun , Jin Byung Rae , Kwon O-Yu , Kim Keun Young 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe isolated a cDNA representing a message that was strongly induced by injection withE. coliinBombyx mori. The 2160 bp cDNA has an open reading frame of 644 amino acids and the deduced product a predicted molecular mass of 71 kDa. The cDNA sequence shared high homology with the transferrins known so far, and its deduced peptide had unique features of transferrins, that is, sites of cystein residues and iron binding. We suggest that theB. moritransferrin plays an important role in the self-defense system.
Osteopontin Modulates Prostate Carcinoma Invasive Capacity through RGD-Dependent Upregulation of Plasminogen Activators
Authors: Angelucci Adriano , Festuccia Claudio , DAndrea Gabriele , Teti Anna , Bologna Mauro 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Osteopontin, a noncollageneous bone matrix protein,
is produced in several human tumors but its role
in cancer progression has been only partially elucidated.
In this study we investigated the potential role
of osteopontin in the malignancy of prostate cancer
cells. Chemotaxis and chemoinvasion analyses revealed
a dosedependent increase in PC3 cell movement
induced by osteopontin and a strict dependence
of cell invasion on αvβ3 integrin function. The
pattern of protease expression was modified by osteopontin
and was characterized by an upregulation
of plasminogen activators. Our findings suggest that
osteopontin may confer selective malignant potential
to prostate cancer cells through the enhancement of
their invasive and proteolytic capability.
TCF: Lady Justice Casting the Final Verdict on the Outcome of Wnt Signalling
Authors: Brantjes H. , Barker N. , Es J. van , Clevers H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Wnt signalling cascade plays an important role during embryonic patterning and cell fate determination and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Factors of the TCF/LEF HMG domain family (Tcfs) are the downstream effectors of this signal transduction pathway. Upon Wnt signalling, a cascade is initiated that results in the translocation of βcatenin to the nucleus, where it interacts with Tcf to generate a transcriptionally active complex. This bipartite transcription factor is targeted to the upstream regulatory regions of Tcf target genes. In the absence of Wnt signals, βcatenin is degraded in the cytoplasm via the ubiquitinproteasome pathway. Several proteins are instrumental in achieving this tight regulation of βcatenin levels in the cell, including adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), GSK3 β, and Axin/Conductin. Deregulation of the Wnt signalling pathway is implicated in several forms of cancer, such as colon carcinoma and melanoma. This deregulation is achieved via mutation of APC, βcatenin or Axin, resulting in elevated βcatenin levels and the presence of constitutively active Tcfβcatenin complexes in the nucleus. The accompanying inappropriate activation of target genes is considered to be a critical, early event in this carcinogenesis. In addition to regulating βcatenin levels, normal healthy cells have evolved a second level of regulation, by manipulating the activity of the Tcf proteins themselves. In the absence of Wnt signalling, Tcf complexes with several transcriptional repressor proteins ensuring active repression of Tcf target genes. In this review the dual role of Tcf proteins in the Wnt signalling cascade will be discussed.
Functional Analysis of the Escherichia coli Molybdopterin Cofactor Biosynthesis Protein MoeA by Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Authors: Sandu C. , Brandsch R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFive moeA mutants were generated by replacing some conserved amino acids of MoeA by sitedirected mutagenesis. The mutants were assayed for the ability to restore in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the moeA mutant Escherichia coli JRG97 and in vitro Neurospora crassa nit-1 nitrate reductase activity. The replacements Asp59AlaGly60Ala, Asp259Ala, Pro298AlaPro301Ala abolished the function of MoeA in Momolybdopterin formation and stabilization, reflected in the inability to restore nitrate reductase activity. The replacements Gly251AlaGly252Ala reduced, and that of Pro283Ala had no effect, on nitrate reductase activity. E. coli JRG97 cells transformed with mutants that failed to restore nitrate reductase activity showed by HPLC analysis a decreased level of molybdopterinderived dephospho FormA as compared to bacteria transformed with wildtype moeA. The effects of the amino acid replacements on MoeA function may be explained in correlation with the MoeA crystal structure.
(6R)-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-L-Monapterin from Escherichia coli, a Novel Natural Unconjugated Tetrahydropterin
Authors: Ikemoto K. , Sugimoto T. , Murata S. , Tazawa M. , Nomura T. , Ichinose H. , Nagatsu T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe structure of the major tetrahydropterin in Escherichia coli was determined as (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroLmonapterin, i. e. (6R)-2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro 6-[(1S,2S)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]pteridin-4(3H)one. Although the stereochemical structure of the trihydroxypropyl side chain has been determined previously by fluorescence detected circular dichroism analysis on its aromatic derivative, the most important configuration at C(6) has not been clarified. The major difficulties for the determination of the chirality were instability toward air oxidation and very low concentration of the tetrahydropterin derivative. In the present study, the C(6)configuration was determined as R by comparing its stable hexaacetyl derivative with authentic (6R) and (6S)hexaacetyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydroLmonapterins by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLCmass spectrometry (LCMS). (6R)-5,6,7,8-TetrahydroLmonapterin is a new unconjugated tetrahydropterin from natural sources.
Non-Antioxidant Properties of Carotenoids
Authors: Stahl W. , Ale-Agha N. , Polidori M.C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDietary antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherols, vitamin C or flavonoids exhibit biological activities that are not directly related to their antioxidant properties. The parent compounds and/or their metabolites have impact on cellular signaling pathways, influence the expression of certain genes or act as inhibitors of regulatory enzymes. Thus, they reveal additional biological effects which might be of importance in context with the prevention of degenerative diseases related to the consumption of a diet rich in antioxidants. This review focuses on known nonantioxidant properties of carotenoids, including retinoiddependent signaling, stimulation of gap junctional communications, impact on the regulation of cell growth and induction of detoxifying enzymes, such as cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases.