bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR MODELLING WILDLIFE POPULATION DYNAMICS†
Authors: Thomas Len , Buckland Stephen T. , Newman Ken B. , Harwood John 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThis paper proposes a unified framework for defining and fitting stochastic, discrete‐time, discrete‐stage population dynamics models. The biological system is described by a state‐space model, where the true but unknown state of the population is modelled by a state process, and this is linked to survey data by an observation process. All sources of uncertainty in the inputs, including uncertainty about model specification, are readily incorporated. The paper shows how the state process can be represented as a generalization of the standard Leslie or Lefkovitch matrix. By dividing the state process into subprocesses, complex models can be constructed from manageable building blocks. The paper illustrates the approach with a model of the British grey seal metapopulation, using sequential importance sampling with kernel smoothing to fit the model.
CONSTRUCTION OF RESOLVABLE ROW‐COLUMN DESIGNS BASED ON CONTRACTIONS
Authors: Wright C.L. , John J.A. , Whitaker D. , WiLLiAMS E.R. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThis paper defines the contraction of a resolvable row‐column design for more than two replicates. It shows that the (M,S)‐optimality criterion for the row‐column designs can be expressed simply in terms of the elements of the row and column incidence matrices of the contraction. This allows the development of a very fast algorithm to construct optimal or near‐optimal resolvable row‐column designs. The performance of such an algorithm is compared with an existing algorithm.
The role of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in equine locomotion
Authors: Payne R. C. , Veenman P. , Wilson A. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMuscles have two major roles in locomotion: to generate force and to absorb/generate power (do work). Economical force generation is achieved by short‐fibred pennate muscle while the maximum power output of a muscle is architecture independent. In this study we tested the hypothesis that there is an anatomical and structural separation between the force‐generating anti‐gravity muscles and the propulsive (limb/trunk moving) muscles of the equine forelimb. Muscle mass and fascicle length measurements were made on the thoracic limb extrinsic muscles of six fresh horse cadavers. Physiological cross‐sectional area and maximum isometric force were then estimated. Maximum power was estimated from muscle volume and published contraction velocity data. The majority of extrinsic forelimb muscles were large with long fascicles arranged in parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Muscles arranged in this way are optimised for doing work. The architecture of serratus ventralis thoracis (SVT) was unique. It had short (48 ± 17 mm) fascicles, arranged at about 45° to the long axis of the muscle, which would suggest a force‐generating, anti‐gravity role. The muscle belly of SVT was sandwiched between two broad, thick sheets of aponeurosis. Hence, SVT could make a significant contribution to the overall elastic properties of the thoracic limb.
Pregnancy outcomes in women of very advanced maternal age
Authors: CALLAWAY Leonie K. , LUST Karin , MCINTYRE H. David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjective:  To assess outcomes for pregnancies progressing beyond 20 weeks’ gestation in women of very advanced maternal age.Design:  Retrospective cohort study.Setting:  Two tertiary level obstetric hospitals.Population:  Women aged 45 years or more at the time of delivery over a 10‐year period from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2001.Methods:  Information regarding maternal, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes was obtained from the medical records. For comparison, routinely collected data from the obstetric database was obtained for women aged 20–29 years.Results:  Seventy‐seven pregnancies in 76 women aged 45 years and over were registered in the 10‐year period. There were 74 liveborn singletons, two sets of liveborn twins and one set of twins stillborn at 20 weeks’ gestation. Sixteen women were primiparous. Eighty‐four percent of pregnancies were conceived naturally and 53% underwent prenatal chromosomal determination; 53% of women had no pre‐existing medical problems, 13% had hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and 8% of women developed gestational diabetes. There were 10 preterm and six post dates deliveries. The Caesarean section rate was 49%, compared to 23% in the 20–29 years age group (P < 0.001). Ten percent of neonates were small for gestational age, and 8% were large for gestational age. Seventeen percent required admission to the special care nursery and 6% had congenital abnormalities.Conclusions:  Maternal and neonatal outcomes in this series were generally good. There was a significantly increased rate of Caesarean section. Overall, this study is reassuring for women aged 45 and over who have good general health and a chromosomally normal fetus.
Incidence of polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome amongst women in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: LOWE Philip , KOVACS Gab , HOWLETT Donna 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground:  The incidence of polycystic ovaries (PCO) in the Australian population is unknown.Aims:  To determine the incidence of PCO in a random population of Melbourne women.Methods:  A retrospective survey of the transvaginal ultrasound of female partners of sterile males was undertaken.Results:  Twenty‐three percent of subjects had polycystic ovaries on ultrasound criteria, 17% bilateral and 6% unilateral.Conclusions:  The incidence of PCO in Australian women is similar to that of other Caucasian populations.
Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of uterine cavity pathologies
Authors: CEPNI Ismail , OCAL Pelin , ERKAN Sanli , SARICALI Funda Salihoglu , AKBAS Hande , DEMIRKIRAN Fuat , IDIL Mehmet , BESE Tugan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAims:  To determine whether performing transvaginal sonography (TVS) and saline infusion sonography (SIS) before hysteroscopy could reduce the number of diagnostic hysteroscopies performed for the evaluation of uterine cavity abnormalities.Methods:  Two hundred and twenty three women with suspected uterine cavity abnormalities were prospectively evaluated by TVS, SIS and hysteroscopy, and had histological evaluation of the endometrium with hysteroscopic biopsy or dilatation and curettage (D&C). One hundred and sixty five patients (74%) were premenopausal and 58 patients (26%) were postmenopausal.Results:  The positive predictive value (PPV) for endometrial polyps was 69% for TVS, 78% for SIS and 81% for hysteroscopy in premenopausal patients. In the postmenopausal group, TVS and SIS could detect only 24% of endometrial polyps, whereas 70% were diagnosed by hysteroscopy. The PPV for submucous fibroids was 47% for TVS, 81% for SIS and 77% for hysteroscopy in the premenopausal group.Conclusions:  In premenopausal patients, SIS and hysteroscopy are equally accurate in the diagnosis of endometrial polyps and submucous fibroids. Hysteroscopy is the most accurate test for polypoid lesions in the postmenopausal group. Performing TVS, SIS and D&C could reduce the number of diagnostic hysteroscopies performed for the evaluation of uterine cavity abnormalities by 71.5% in premenopausal patients. However, this rate decreases to 40% in the postmenopausal group.
Role of internal anal sphincter damage in the causation of idiopathic faecal incontinence: A prospective study
Authors: PETROS Peter , ANDERSON Jim 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis prospective study aimed to examine the relationship between internal anal sphincter (IAS) damage and ‘idiopathic’ faecal incontinence (FI) in 50 consecutive patients, using endoanal ultrasound examination. The external anal sphincter (EAS) was intact on direct and ultrasonic assessment in all patients. IAS damage was defined as complete rupture or attenuation, less than 2 mm thickness in some part of the sphincter. Complete rupture was found in one patient and damage in a further 17 (total 36%). All three nulliparous patients had normal IAS and EAS. IAS damage was only minimally associated with ‘idiopathic’ FI, suggesting IAS per se is unlikely to be a direct cause of FI in the ‘idiopathic’ group of FI patients. Its role might be analogous to the periurethral striated horse‐shoe shape muscle in the urethra, which is thought to act as a mucosal sealant.
Demographic variables routinely collected at colposcopic examination do not predict who will default from conservative management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I
Authors: QUINLIVAN Julie A. , PETERSEN Rodney W. , GANI Linsey , TAN Jeffrey 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjective:  As a result of the low incidence of progression from low grade epithelial abnormalities to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or cervical cancer, a conservative approach to management is supported, especially in young women. Loss to follow‐up is a recognised problem with a conservative approach however, with women defaulting known to experience higher rates of cancer.Aim:  To determine if any routinely collected demographic variables could predict which Australian women would subsequently default from care having initially elected to have conservative management of CIN 1 lesions.Methods:  Prospectively collected data was audited on 279 women with a colposcopically directed biopsy diagnosis of CIN 1, confirmed on external review, who were enroled by their own choice into a conservative management program and monitored until a definitive lesion outcome was determined. Women who defaulted from follow‐up and were lost to care providers despite follow‐up appointments and reminder letters were compared to women who completed follow‐up with either lesion resolution or progression requiring treatment, to establish if there were any demographic variables to predict default from care.Results:  Fifty‐two (18.5%) women subsequently defaulted from follow‐up. There were no significant differences in age, parity, proportion of women who were pregnant at diagnosis, smoking status, immunosuppressed or had a ‘human papillomavirus (HPV) effect’ reported on Pap‐smear or colposcopic examination.Conclusion:  We cannot easily identify a subgroup of women who are more likely to default from follow‐up of CIN 1 using routinely collected demographic data. Default from follow‐up is a major risk with conservative approaches and further research to reduce default rates are required.
Suburethral slingplasty evaluation study in North Queensland, Australia: The SUSPEND trial
Authors: LIM Yik Nyok , MULLER Reinhold , CORSTIAANS Audrey , DIETZ Hans P. , BARRY Christopher , RANE Ajay 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjective:  To compare the safety and efficacy of three types of suburethral slings for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence.Methods:  Following ethics approval, 195 (3 × 65) patients with urodynamic stress incontinence were randomly assigned to undergo suburethral slingplasty with the Tension‐free Vaginal Tape (TVT; Gynecare, Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA), Intravaginal Sling (IVS; Tyco Healthcare, Mansfield, MA, USA), or Suprapubic Arc Sling (SPARC; American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, USA). The patients were blinded to the type of sling implanted.Main outcome measures were:  (1) operative and short‐term complications; (2) pre‐ and postoperative symptomatology; and (3) pre‐ and postoperative urodynamic findings.Results:  There was a statistically significant increased rate of sling protrusion (13.1% vs. 3.3% and 1.7%; P = 0.04) in the SPARC group when compared to TVT and IVS. Otherwise, there were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the incidences of other operative complications, patients’ main subjective outcomes, satisfaction rates, or postoperative urodynamic findings. The overall objective stress incontinence cure rates were 87.9%, 81.5% and 72.4% for the TVT, IVS, SPARC groups respectively (P = 0.11).Conclusions:  All three slings appear quite successful for the treatment of stress incontinence. The SPARC tapes showed more sling protrusion complications and a trend towards lower objective cure rates; probably as a result of the insertion method used in this study which favoured a loose SPARC sling placement. The authors recommend that the SPARC slings be left tighter than TVT, or for the cough test to be carried out.
African‐American and White Caregivers of Older Adults with Dementia: Differences in Depressive Symptomatology and Psychotropic Drug Use
Authors: Sleath Betsy , Thorpe Joshua , Landerman Lawrence R. , Doyle Marti , Clipp Elizabeth 
Published: February 2005

Objectives: To examine relationships between race and psychotropic drug use (antidepressant, antianxiety, sedative/hypnotic agents) in informal caregivers with symptoms of depression who provide care for elderly relatives with progressive dementia. Whether racial differences in medication use relate to racial differences on predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with use of these agents was also examined.Design: National survey.Setting: Community‐based population of informal caregivers of elderly male U.S. veterans with dementia living throughout the 48 contiguous states and Puerto Rico.Participants: Two thousand thirty‐two African‐American and white female caregivers of elderly male veterans diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia.Measurements: Depressive symptoms were measured using a modified version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Antidepressant, antianxiety, and sedative/hypnotic agents were indexed using the Veterans Affairs medication classification system.Results: Of caregivers with depressive symptoms, 19% used antidepressants, 23% antianxiety agents, and 2% sedative/hypnotics. African‐American caregivers with depressive symptoms were significantly less likely than whites with depressive symptoms to be using antidepressants and antianxiety medications. Caregivers who reported higher levels of social support and more physician visits during the previous 6 months were significantly more likely than others to be taking antidepressants.Conclusion: This study found that 81% of caregivers with depressive symptoms were not taking antidepressant medication and that African‐American caregivers were less likely than whites to be taking antidepressants. Results suggest that routine screening for depression in dementia caregivers may identify unmet needs for antidepressant therapy. Particular care should be taken to ensure that African‐American caregivers are made aware of the potential benefits of such therapy.
Consequences of Preventing Delirium in Hospitalized Older Adults on Nursing Home Costs
Authors: Leslie Douglas L. , Zhang Ying , Bogardus Sidney T. , Holford Theodore R. , Leo‐Summers Linda S. , Inouye Sharon K. 
Published: February 2005

Objectives: To determine whether costs of long‐term nursing home (NH) care for patients who received a multicomponent targeted intervention (MTI) to prevent delirium while hospitalized were less than for those who did not receive the intervention.Design: Longitudinal follow‐up from a randomized trial.Setting: Posthospital discharge settings: community‐based care and NHs.Participants: Eight hundred one hospitalized patients aged 70 and older.Measurements: Patients were followed for 1 year after discharge, and measures of NH service use and costs were constructed. Total long‐term NH costs were estimated using a two‐part regression model and compared across intervention and control groups.Results: Of the 400 patients in the intervention group and 401 patients in the matched control group, 153 (38%) and 148 (37%), respectively, were admitted to a NH during the year, and 54 (13%) and 51 (13%), respectively, were long‐term NH patients. The MTI had no effect on the likelihood of receiving long‐term NH care, but of patients receiving long‐term NH care, those in the MTI group had significantly lower total costs, shorter length of stay and lower cost per survival day. Adjusted total costs were $50,881 per long‐term NH patient in the MTI group and $60,327 in the control group, a savings of 15.7% (P=.01).Conclusion: Active methods to prevent delirium are associated with a 15.7% decrease in long‐term NH costs. Shorter length of stay of patients receiving long‐term NH services was the primary source of these savings.
Disparities in Antidepressant Treatment in Medicaid Elderly Diagnosed with Depression
Authors: Strothers Harry S. , Rust George , Minor Patrick , Fresh Edith , Druss Benjamin , Satcher David 
Published: February 2005

Objectives: To determine whether there were racial or ethnic disparities in the use of antidepressants in low‐income elderly patients insured by Medicaid.Design: Examination of 1998 Medicaid claims data.Setting: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicaid claims data for five U.S. states.Participants: All Medicaid recipients aged 65 to 84 with a diagnosis of depression.Measurements: Treatment versus no treatment; in those treated, treatment with drugs was classified as old‐ or new‐generation antidepressants.Results: In 1998, 7,339 unique individuals aged 65 to 84 had at least one outpatient encounter with depression as the primary diagnosis. Nearly one in four (24.2%) received no antidepressant drug therapy, and 22% received neither psychotherapy nor an antidepressant. African‐American individuals were substantially more likely to be untreated (37.1%) than Hispanic (23.6%), white (22.4%), or Asian (13.8%) individuals. In logistic regression models adjusting for sex, state, long‐term care status, and age group, African Americans with a primary diagnosis of depression were almost twice as likely as whites not to receive an antidepressant within the study period (odds ratio=1.91, 95% confidence interval=1.62–2.24). Patients in long‐term care facilities and those aged 65 to 74 were less likely to receive treatment.Conclusion: Substantial numbers of elderly Medicaid enrollees with a primary diagnosis of depression did not receive antidepressants or behavioral therapy. This gap in care disproportionately affected African‐American patients.
A Question of Identity
Authors: Balding David 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The weight to be attached to DNA profile evidence was the centre of a huge scientific controversy in the early-mid-1990s, with scientists, including statistical scientists, criticising each other over both science and conduct in the editorials of prestigious journals, on television and radio, and in newspapers. Today, only the occasional shot rings out on the DNA evidence front. David Balding looks back and reflects on the causes of the dispute, its evolution and resolution, and the role in it of statistics and statisticians.
THE UTILITY OF LACTATE AND ROSEMARY IN BEEF ENHANCEMENT SOLUTIONS: EFFECTS ON LONGISSIMUS COLOR CHANGES DURING DISPLAY
Authors: MANCINI R.A. , HUNT M.C. , HACHMEISTER K.A. , SEYFERT M.A. , KROPF D.H. , JOHNSON D.E. , CUSICK S. , MORROW C. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the utility of lactate and rosemary in beef enhancement solutions for improving strip loin steak color stability during display in modified atmosphere packages (80% O

2

/20% CO

2

). Beef longissimus muscles were injected (6%) with enhancement solutions containing water, salt, phosphate, and either rosemary, lactate, or a combination of rosemary and lactate. Steaks packaged in high oxygen were stored for 5 days prior to display. Throughout a 7‐day display, loins treated with rosemary were lighter red (P < 0.05) than loins treated with lactate or lactate plus rosemary, which were similar. However, lactate resulted in a dark‐red color rather than a brown metmyoglobin‐like discoloration. Even though steaks from rosemary‐enhanced loins were more red (P < 0.05) on day 0 of display than loins enhanced with lactate or lactate and rosemary, this bright‐red initial color did not continue throughout display, whereas the lactate‐enhanced products were darker but had a more stable red color.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Disruption of Epithelial Cell Tight Junctions Occurs Independently of Toxin Production
Authors: Lynch Tarah , Livingstone Scott , Buenaventura Enrico , Lutter Erika , Fedwick Jason , Buret Andre G. , Graham David , DeVinney Rebekah 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is a leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. Virulence is commonly associated with the production of two toxins, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH). Although the majority of clinical isolates produce TDH and/or TRH, clinical samples lacking toxin genes have been identified. In the present study, we investigated the effects of
V. parahaemolyticus
on transepithelial resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cultured epithelial cells. We found that
V. parahaemolyticus
profoundly disrupts epithelial barrier function in Caco-2 cells and that this disruption occurs independently of toxin production. Clinical isolates with different toxin genotypes all led to a significant decrease in TER, which was accompanied by an increased flux of fluorescent dextran across the Caco-2 monolayer, and profound disruption of actin and the tight junction-associated proteins zonula occludin protein 1 and occludin. Purified TDH, even at concentrations eightfold higher than those produced by the bacteria, had no effect on either TER or paracellular permeability. We used lactate dehydrogenase release as a measure of cytotoxicity and found that this parameter did not correlate with the ability to disrupt tight junctions. As the effect on barrier function occurs independently of toxin production, we used PCR to determine the toxin genotypes of
V. parahaemolyticus
isolates obtained from both clinical and environmental sources, and we found that 5.6% of the clinical isolates were toxin negative. These data strongly indicate that the effect on tight junctions is not due to TDH and suggest that there are other virulence factors.
Sialic Acid Metabolism and Systemic Pasteurellosis
Authors: Steenbergen Susan M. , Lichtensteiger Carol A. , Caughlan Ruth , Garfinkle Jackie , Fuller Troy E. , Vimr Eric R. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Pasteurella multocida
subsp.
multocida
is a commensal and opportunistic pathogen of food animals, wildlife, and pets and a zoonotic cause of human infection arising from contacts with these animals. Here, an investigation of multiple serotype A strains demonstrated the occurrence of membrane sialyltransferase. Although
P. multocida
lacks the genes for the two earliest steps in de novo sialic acid synthesis, adding sialic acid to the growth medium resulted in uptake, activation, and subsequent transfer of sialic acid to a membrane acceptor resembling lipooligosaccharide. Two candidate-activating enzymes with homology to
Escherichia coli
cytidine 5′-monophospho-
N
-acetylneuraminate synthetase were overproduced as histidine-tagged polypeptides. The synthetase encoded by pm0187 was at least 37 times more active than the pm1710 gene product, suggesting pm0187 encodes the primary sialic acid cytidylyltransferase in
P. multocida
. A sialate aldolase (pm1715) mutant unable to initiate dissimilation of internalized sialic acid was not attenuated in the CD-1 mouse model of systemic pasteurellosis, indicating that the nutritional function of sialate catabolism is not required for systemic disease. In contrast, the attenuation of a sialate uptake-deficient mutant supports the essential role in pathogenesis of a sialylation mechanism that is dependent on an environmental (host) supply of sialic acid. The combined results provide the first direct evidence of sialylation by a precursor scavenging mechanism in pasteurellae and of a potential tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic sialate transporter in any species.