bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALTERATION IN THE COLLAGEN CONTENT OF THE HUMAN UTERUS DURING PREGNANCY AND POST PARTUM INVOLUTION
Authors: Morrione Thomas G. , Seifter Sam 
Published: June 2004

Quantitative collagen determinations demonstrate an increase of approximately 800 per cent in the collagen content of the human uterus at term as compared with the non-pregnant state. Following parturition, there is a rapid resorption of collagen. The amount of collagen which disappears from the post partum uterus is approximately 53 gm.
By the 8th day post partum, the human uterus has lost approximately 72 per cent of the total collagen which was present at term. The slopes of curves depicting alterations in collagen content of the uterus of the rat and human are virtually identical, despite the marked differences in the length of the gestational periods of the two species.
The alterations in the collagen content of the human uterus during pregnancy and involution closely follow changes in total uterine weight. There is a slight decrease in per cent collagen content of the uterus during pregnancy, and an increase in the water content of the post partum uterus.
Approximately 97 per cent of the collagen which is present in the human uterus at term is of the so called "insoluble" type. The physiological resorbability of uterine collagen, as evidenced by its post partum dissolution, cannot therefore be correlated with its in vitro solubility characteristics.
No collagenase was demonstrable in the myometrium of post partum uteri. A 2 day post partum uterus was found to contain an enzyme which slowly degraded gelatin at pH 3.85 but was virtually inactive at pH 7,0.
There is an increase in myometrial prolidase activity of approximately 75 per cent, commencing 2 days post partum. Prolidase activity remains elevated until the 8th day post partum, and subsequently falls to almost normal levels by the 5th post partum week.
During the process of involution, the post partum uterus shows histological evidence of edema and partial destruction of its reticular framework.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND THE ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELL TO ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN MICE
Authors: Gershon Michael D. , Ross Leonard L. 
Published: June 2004

Protection against anaphylactic shock in mice by reserpine has been shown to be a delayed phenomenon, probably not dependent upon a direct effect of reserpine. The release and depletion of catechol amines by reserpine show little likelihood of being responsible for protection because these substances are in themselves protective against anaphylactic shock, while ß-TM 10, a drug which interferes with their release is not. Since L-α-methyl dopa and reserpine both deplete serotonin, and since both protect against anaphylactic shock, it is proposed that serotonin depletion is responsible for the protection.
Enterochromaffin substance is depleted in anaphylactic shock. It is also depleted by reserpine and serotonin, both of which protect against anaphylactic shock when given prior to challenge with antigen. The amount of enterochromaffin substance seems to correlate with susceptibility to anaphylactic shock.
The behavior of animals undergoing anaphylactic shock and the effect of shock on body temperature is similar to the effects on behavior and temperature of treatment with reserpine, which is known to release serotonin. The effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on animals undergoing anaphylactic shock is also similar to the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibition on animals given reserpine.
These results are consistent with the views that the release of serotonin is causally related to anaphylactic shock in mice and that serotonin is accumulated in the chromogenic material of the enterochromaffin cell.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGIC RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOTOXIN AND OTHER TOXIC PROTEINS
Authors: Condie Richard M. , Staab Edward V. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Agkistrodon piscivorus venom and E. coli endotoxin were shown to be immunologically distinct, and to differ in certain biologic properties: effects on immune response, body temperature, and circulating leukocyte count, and capacity to prepare for and provoke the local and generalized Shwartzman reaction.
2. Neither a single prior injection of venom nor the existence of hyperimmunity to lethal doses of venom protected rabbits against the local and generalized Shwartzman reaction.
3. Serial intravenous injections of sublethal doses of venom produced enhanced susceptibility to venom rather than refractoriness.
4. Preparation for both the local and generalized Shwartzman reaction with endotoxin appeared to enhance susceptibility of rabbits to challenge with venom.
5. Tolerance to bacterial pyrogens established by repeated injections of endotoxin is paralleled by increased resistance to snake venom given at least 1 week later, in mice and rabbits.
6. Zymosan failed to enhance susceptibility of rabbits to venom, but thorotrast increased the number of late deaths from venom.
7. Exposure of venom to ferrous sulfate interferes with its toxicity.
STUDIES ON THE BINDING BETWEEN STREPTOCOCCAL M PROTEIN AND ANTIBODY
Authors: Grey Howard M. 
Published: June 2004

A method for detecting type-specific antibody to type 12 ß-hemolytic streptococci is described. The method is based on the utilization of a partially purified I131 labeled streptococcal acid extract and the solubility of this extract in 40 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate as compared to the insolubility of antibody and antigen-antibody complexes at this salt concentration.
The salient features of this technique are:
(a) When absorbed sera were used, no non-type-specific reaction with antigen occurred.
(b) The sensitivity of the system allowed detection of type-specific antibody in hyperimmune antisera that had been diluted 1200-fold.
(c) The method does not rely on secondary manifestations of antigen-antibody interaction for the detection of antibody.
(d) As little as 0.03 µg of M12 protein was detected when soluble unlabeled M protein was used to inhibit the reaction between I131 M12 protein and anti-M12 antibody.
(e) The kinetics of the reaction between M protein and anti-M antibody can be studied, thereby making information available as to the quality as well as the quantity of antibody produced in this antigen-antibody system.
AGE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO COXSACKIE A VIRUSES
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Levin Howard S. , Finland Maxwell 
Published: June 2004

Mice varying in age from 1 day to 8 months were inoculated intraperitoneally with Coxsackie A virus, type 9 and studies were made of the quantity of virus in striated muscle and myocardium, the presence of neutralizing antibody in the serum, and the pathological changes in the tissues.
The hind limbs of young (1- to 20-day-old) mice yielded high titers of virus and showed diffuse myositis, whereas only low yields of virus and focal myositis were obtained in older mice. In the 20-day-old mice the skeletal lesions were not accompanied by manifest symptoms and histologically showed evidence of regeneration progressing from the 3rd to the 11th day after inoculation. Older mice showed no symptoms and only focal myositis and low yields of virus were found in their hind limbs.
Coxsackie A9 virus replicated to relatively low titers in the hearts of young (1- to 40-day-old) mice without producing any demonstrable lesions whereas frank myocarditis with high yields of virus were demonstrated in mice infected at 8 months of age.
The data suggest that at least for the 2 strains used, the adult mouse should be considered susceptible to subclinical infection with Coxsackie A9 virus. Neither subclinical infection, nor antibody formation was demonstrable in young adult mice inoculated with a strain of Coxsackie A4 virus.
THE ENCEPHALOMYELITIC ACTIVITY OF MYELIN ISOLATED BY ULTRACENTRIFUGATION
Authors: Laatsch Robert H. , Kies Marian W. , Gordon Spencer , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: June 2004

A relatively simple preparation of guinea pig brain myelin, free of gross contamination by other cellular elements has been described. Electron microscopic evidence of the predominance of membranous (lamellar) forms was used as the criterion of purity of this fraction. The slight mitochondrial contamination of the myelin fraction was confirmed by its low succinic dehydrogenase activity. Quantitative bio-assay of the encephalitogenic activity of myelin showed it to have a higher specific activity than whole guinea pig brain. The low encephalomyelitic activity of the other subcellular constituents (nuclei and mitochondria) which were removed from myelin by ultracentrifugation in 30 per cent sucrose could be explained by a small amount of myelin contamination.
A basic protein of high specific encephalitogenic activity has been isolated from myelin by methods previously applied to whole brain. Although the protein is similar to nuclear histones, the following facts point to certain significant differences. Nuclei prepared by a different procedure from the one developed for the isolation of myelin were found to be non-encephalitogenic. Although basic protein could be extracted readily from these nuclei by dilute HCl, the same extraction procedure yielded little extractable protein from whole myelin. Myelin which had been defatted by cold chloroform-methanol yielded a basic protein which was highly encephalitogenic. The evidence presented thus supports the view that there exists in myelin a new basic protein responsible for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, which is distinctly different from nuclear histones. The possible relationship of this protein to myelin structure and function has been discussed.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSPLANTED HEART
Authors: Chiba C. , Wolf P. L. , Gudbjarnason S. , Chrysohou A. , Ramos H. , Pearson B. , Bing R. J. 
Published: June 2004

The metabolic changes in the homografted canine heart were studied in order to define the biochemical alterations accompanying homograft rejection. In several experiments, homograft rejection was accelerated by prior sensitization of the host animal.
The homografted heart released pyruvate and lactate as well as malic dehydrogenase and aldolase. Extraction of glucose by the graft usually remained positive. During the accelerated rejection, the release of pyruvate and lactate was more pronounced, and even glucose appeared in increased concentrations in coronary vein blood. In many experiments the respiratory quotient of the transplanted heart as well as its glucose-oxygen extraction ratio were elevated.
It seemed likely that the elevated respiratory quotients were the result of conversion of carbohydrates to fat, since the injection of thiamine hydrochloride resulted in further elevation of the respiratory quotient and in an increased myocardial pyruvate extraction. Apparently, thiamine corrected a metabolic block at the level of the cocarboxylase.
The metabolic block or blocks present in the transplanted heart are likely to be the result of diminution in intracellular enzymes and coenzymes resulting from increased cellular permeability. The redox potential across the transplanted heart was positive, indicating the absence of anoxia. The results illustrate that glycolysis proceeds in the transplanted heart in the presence of oxygen.
Histopathologic and histochemical studies show the earliest lesion to be an accumulation of lymphocytes around vessels at 3 hours. Swelling of vascular endothelium occurs. By 5 hours a polar perivascular cellular infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and histiocytes exists. Changes following at 19 hours show the appearance of Aschoff- and Anitschkow-like cells. Granulomatous myocarditis which was first perivascular became interstitial with lymphocytic and histiocytic invasion of the myocardium.
After 8 days acceleration of swelling of vascular endothelium and granulomatous lesions were observed and necrosis of the myocardium was prominent.
Endothelial hyperplasia occurred at 14 days. In the accelerated reaction these changes were intensified and necrosis began as early as 4 hours after grafting.
Histochemical changes of DPNH diaphorase, lactic, malic, and succinic dehydrogenase showed only significant diminution of malic dehydrogenase in the cardiac muscle which was concurrent with the increase of this enzyme in the serum.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO HAPTEN-PROTEIN CONJUGATES
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Cell P. G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The cross-reactions of conjugates carrying structurally related haptens have been studied in guinea pigs with delayed sensitivity to hapten-protein conjugates. The specificity of the delayed reaction has been found to be a function both of the nature and of the position of the substituent on the benzene ring; the cross-reactions shown in the delayed system, however, have been found to be appreciably more extensive than those reported for rabbit antibody systems employing identical haptens. This finding supports the earlier suggestion that the determinant in the delayed system is functionally larger than that required for reaction of antigen with conventional antibody.
Desensitization studies with cross-reacting antigens have indicated that the delayed hypersensitivity response is characterized by the production of a heterogeneous population of cells, all more or less closely adapted to the structure of the homologous hapten conjugate.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELL STRAINS LLC-MK1, LLC-MK2, AND LLC-MK2(NCTC-3196) AND THEIR UTILITY IN VIRUS RESEARCH
Authors: Hull R. N. , Cherry W. R. , Tritch O. J. 
Published: June 2004

The establishment of two strains of rhesus monkey kidney cells in continuous tissue culture, the development of a subline adapted to chemically defined medium, and the isolation of several clonal derivatives were described.
Growth characteristics, chromosome numbers, malignant potentiality, and freeze storage data are presented. The cells were studied for their sensitivity to a large number of viruses and were extensively compared with primary cultures of monkey kidney cells for sensitivity to poliovirus. The cell strains were not sensitive to all the viruses which could be grown in primary cultures of the same tissue but were susceptible to most of them. In some instances an advantage to the use of the cell strain for certain viruses was noted.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS
Authors: Kumar Surendra , Loken Keith I. , Kenyon Alan J. , Lindorfer Robert K. 
Published: June 2004

The continuous flow paper electrophoretic methods used to isolate alpha hemolysin are presented.
The purity of the alpha hemolysin preparation is demonstrated by double agar diffusion, immunoelectrophoretic, and ultracentrifugation techniques.
Indirect evidence of purity is provided by the fact that rabbit immunized with purified alpha hemolysin produced detectable antibody only to alpha hemolysin.
Direct support is given to the "unitarian theory" by the demonstration that purified alpha hemolysin also possessed dermonecrotic, lethal, and leucocidal activities.
Further studies dependent on the availability of purified alpha hemolysin are outlined.
STUDIES OF THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION PRODUCED BY DIET
Authors: McKay Donald G. , Wong Ting-Chao 
Published: June 2004

The generalized Shwartzman reaction can be produced in pregnant rats by dietary means in the absence of injection of exogenous bacterial endotoxin. The experiment consists of a period of exposure to a diet low in tocopherol followed by exposure to a diet containing oxidized lipids during the gestation period. Pregnancy near term is an essential requirement for the development of the generalized Shwartzman reaction in these experiments. Fibrin thrombi were found in the renal glomeruli in 88.5 per cent, in the lungs in 94.2 per cent, in the liver in 11.4 per cent, in the spleen in 11.4 per cent, and in the adrenal in 40 per cent of animals that died spontaneously. There were pathologic alterations in the placenta which consisted of degeneration of the trophoblast, thrombosis of maternal blood channels in the giant cell trophoblast layer and in the labyrinth, congestion of the labyrinth, hemorrhage into the uterine cavity, placental separation, intra-uterine fetal death, decidual and uterine vein thrombosis, and placentitis in 10 per cent of the cases.
The mechanism by which the diet is instrumental in causing this reaction remains to be demonstrated.
THE FECAL FLORA OF VARIOUS STRAINS OF MICE. ITS BEARING ON THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Schaedler Russell W. , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Adult mice from seven different colonies were studied with regard to (a) the numbers and types of bacteria that could be cultivated from their stools; (b) their resistance to the lethal effect of endotoxins prepared from three strains of Gram-negative bacilli.
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In six of the seven colonies, the stools yielded large numbers of various types of lactobacilli, enterococci, and Gram-negative bacilli. Most animals in these colonies died within 48 hours following injection of endotoxin.
The other mouse colony (NCS) has been maintained for the past three years at the Rockefeller Institute under exacting sanitary conditions; it is free of many types of common mouse pathogens. The stool flora of NCS mice yielded very large numbers of viable lactobacilli (109 per gm), representing at least three different morphological types. In contrast, it contained only few enterococci and Gram-negative bacilli (less than 106 per gm). Moreover, E. coli, Proteus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. could not be recovered from the stools under normal conditions. NCS mice proved resistant to the lethal effect of endotoxins.
These characteristics of the NCS colony prevailed whether the animals were housed continuously in individual cages on wire grids, or grouped continuously in large cages with wood shavings as litter. However, the composition of the bacterial flora could be rapidly and profoundly altered by a variety of unrelated disturbances such as sudden changes in environmental temperature, crowding in cages, handling of the animals, administration of antibacterial drugs, etc. The first effect of the change was a marked decrease in the numbers of lactobacilli and commonly an increase in the numbers of Gram-negative bacilli and enterococci. When tested 3 weeks after these disturbances some NCS animals were found to have become susceptible to the lethal effects of endotoxin.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE FECAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF MICE AND ON THEIR RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Dubos René J. , Schaedler Russell W. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the effect of certain dietary regimens on the lactobacillus flora in the stools of mice and on their resistance to infection.
Semi-synthetic diets with purified casein or wheat gluten as sole source of protein, gave rise to much smaller numbers of viable lactobacilli in the stools than did other diets containing unidentified natural products—as present for example in mixtures of whole wheat and whole milk, or in certain commercial pellets. Furthermore, one of the lactobacillus types with rhizoid morphology disappeared completely from the stools of animals fed the semi-synthetic diet.
The change in the lactobacillus flora became apparent within a very few days after the animals had been shifted from the complex to the synthetic diet Moreover, this change was not completely reversible. Whereas the total numbers of lactobacilli increased when the animals were shifted back from the synthetic to the complex diets, the rhizoid lactobacilli which had disappeared completely from the stools reappeared only slowly or not at all.
In twelve consecutive experiments the three diets which gave rise to the large numbers of lactobacilli in the stools also conferred on the mice a much higher resistance to experimental infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, than did the semi-synthetic diets. However, direct evidence has not yet been obtained that the two kinds of phenomena were causally related.
Following administration of endotoxin there was a rapid and very large increase in the numbers of enterococci and coliform bacilli in mice fed the semi-synthetic casein diet, but not in those fed the pellets.
In two preliminary experiments carried out with another colony of mice, not pathogen-free, it was also found that the rhizoid type of lactobacilli disappeared from animals fed the semi-synthetic casein diet while enterococci and coliform bacilli progressively increased in numbers under the same conditions.
The dietary effects on the lactobacillus flora, and on resistance to experimental infection, were equally pronounced whether the mice were housed in individual cages on wire grids, or grouped in larger cages with wood shavings as litter. This was true even if the bedding was changed only once weekly and became therefore grossly soiled.
THE PLATING OF TUMOR COMPONENTS ON THE SUBCUTANEOUS EXPANSES OF YOUNG MICE
Authors: Henderson James S. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

A procedure analogous to the plating of bacteria is described whereby some complex tumors have been taken apart and their components separately propagated. It was the outcome of finding that the forcible injection of Locke's solution followed by air can be used to split the subcutaneous connective tissue of sucklings and weanlings horizontally over the entire expanse of their backs or bellies, without inducing any complicating inflammation. Tumor fragments suspended in Locke's were widely scattered on the surfaces thus exposed. Most of them remained where they had lodged on the body wall, and rapidly becoming fixed in place, formed growths protected by the overlying cutaneous layer—which, throughout many weeks, remained unattached either to the wall or to them.
The procedure is more searching in its disclosure of tumor constituents than those currently employed, and it has the advantage that it preserves the neoplastic components that it reveals. It has been used thus far only to rescue for experimental purposes transplantable, benign, epidermal papillomas from the hidden carcinomas deriving from their cells, and to set free and maintain the neoplastic components of complex mammary tumors of milk factor type. Success was obtained with such of the latter as were chosen for separate propagation, though successive platings were sometimes required for their isolation. Incidentally the procedure revealed two components in the mammary growths which could not have been discerned by previous methods of search. Each formed tumors peculiar to itself.