bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black-and-White Mary
Authors: Thau Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, we saw that the apparent distinction between, for example, the belief that Superman flies and the belief that Clark Kent flies provides no motivation fortriadism about belief and hence-since descriptive Fregeanism is false-that only pure Millianism about belief can provide a solution to Frege’s puzzle. And, in the previous chapter, we learned that the consequences of Millianism are not nearly as bizarre as they might at first appear to be and indeed that, properly understood, they are both acceptable and predictable.
Collision Course
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 were passed, they were seen as triumphs of liberal reform applauded by the majority of Americans. But today, as Hugh Graham shows in Collision Course, affirmative action is foundering in the great waves of immigration from Asia and Latin America, leading to direct conflict for jobs, housing, education, and government preference programs. How did two such well-intended laws come to loggerheads? Graham argues that a sea change occurred in American political life in the late 1960s, when a system of split government—one party holding the White House, the other holding Congress—divided authority and enhanced the ability of interest groups to win expanded benefits. In civil rights, this led to a shift from nondiscrimination to the race-conscious remedies of hard affirmative action. In immigration, it led to a surge that by 2000 had brought 35 million immigrants to America, 26 million of them Asian or Latin American and therefore eligible, as “official minorities,” for affirmative action preferences. The policies collided when employers, acting under affirmative action plans, hired millions of immigrants while leaving high unemployment among inner-city blacks. Affirmative action for immigrants stirred wide resentment and drew new attention to policy contradictions. Graham sees a troubled future for both programs. As the economy weakens and antiterrorist border controls tighten, the competition for jobs will intensify pressure on affirmative action and invite new restrictions on immigration. Graham’s insightful interpretation of the unintended consequences of these policies is original and controversial. A short, focused, and even-handed narrative, it illuminates many of the issues that vex the United States today.
The Return of Mass Immigration
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shift in federal civil rights policy, from an equal treatment basis in the 1960s to an equal result basis in the 1970s, demonstrates a modern trend toward unintended consequences in social legislation. The phenomenon of surprising results from policy changes is not unique to reforms of the 1960s. But so ambitious was the agenda of Great Society reforms in the 1960s, and so hurried was much of their planning and enactment during the vast legislative outpouring of 1964-68, that unintended consequences flourished. Historian Steven Gillon, in his book “That’s Not What We Meant to Do,” discusses five such boomerang reforms since Franklin Roosevelt’s New Dealers came to Washington in 1933. Three of Gillon’s examples are 1960s programs: the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, which deinstitutionalized the mentally ill; the Civil Rights Act of 1964; and the Immigration Act of 1965. The latter two reforms, although effective in achieving their immediate, intended results, have become modern classics of unintended long-term consequences.
As we have seen, the bipartisan sponsors of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 pledged that it would abolish the national origins quota system but not otherwise significantly change the number or composition of immigration to America. Initially the immigration reforms of 1965 appeared to work as intended. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, most immigrants came to America from southern and eastern Europe, as the law’s sponsors had predicted.
Conclusion
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of this book is a story about the surprising development of two of the great legislative victories in civil rights and immigration policy won by American liberal reformers in the 1960s. Both reforms were grounded in the liberal theory and constitutional doctrine of equal individual rights, and both were driven through Congress by essentially the same cadre of liberal elites. By 1970, moreover, both appeared to be achieving their intended consequences: destroying the racial caste system in the South and abolishing the national origins quota system. By 1975, however, it was clear that both reforms were leading to unintended consequences. In civil rights policy, enforcement methods shifted from nondiscrimination and soft affirmative action to the minority preference remedies of hard or race-conscious affirmative action. Immigration, both legal and illegal, soon surpassed pre-World War I levels in annual entry, with more than three-quarters of the immigrants coming from countries in Latin America and Asia. Although the civil rights and immigration reforms of the mid-1960s were widely approved throughout the United States by 1970, even among southern whites, polls showed that by 1980, both affirmative action and mass immigration were unpopular in the eyes of most Americans. Nevertheless, the civil rights and immigration coalitions showed skill and persistence in fending off attempts made during the Reagan presidency to curb immigration and hard affirmative action. Despite the political success of the conservative movement and the “Reagan Revolution,” both statutory and regulatory provisions for affirmative action programs and legal immigration levels generally expanded through the 1980s and 1990s, as elected officials at national, state, and local levels in both parties proved reluctant to offend the well-organized constituencies of the rights revolution.
Genomic Coadaptation, Outbreeding Depression, and Developmental Instability
Authors: Aubert Paul , Auffray Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the publication of Dobzhansky’s Genetics and the Origin of Species, the notion of genomic coadaptation has played a prominent role in the study of the genetics of evolution. The genome is thought of as a collection of harmoniously collaborating genes, which are pooled and maintained by selective processes over the evolutionary histories of populations. Genomic coadaptation corresponds to the overall genie balance resulting from this selection. In fact, different levels of interactions can be distinguished (table 8.1): a first levelconcerns interactions among genes between nonhomologous chromosomes, a second level involves interactions within chromosomes (the internal balance), and a third level results from interactions among genes between homologous chromosomes (the relational balance). For diploid or polyploid organisms, it can then be assumed that, when favored by natural selection, any combination of alleles at a particular locus (at a heterozygous or homozygous state) can be viewed as a kind of relational coadaptation (see Woolf and Markow, chapter 7, this volume). In summary, and in more quantitative genetics terms, coadaptation refers to selected nonadditive effects between (epistasis) and within (dominance and overdominance) loci.
Dominance, Epistasis, and Fluctuating Asymmetry
Authors: Leamy Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), or the variation in the subtle nondirectional differences typically found between left and right sides of bilateral characters, continues to be the most widely used measure of developmental instability in populations (Parsons 1990; Zakharov 1994; Moller and Swaddle 1997). There is little doubt that the level of FA in various characters often increases if individuals suffer developmental perturbations when subjected to environmental stressors such as pollution, toxins, and parasites (Clarke 1992; Graham 1992; Polak 1997), although their effect on FA is not always found (Markow 1995; Leamy et al. 1999; Woods et al. 1999). Similarly, FA sometimes, but not always, responds to genetic stressors such as inbreeding and selection (Clarke 1993; Moller and Swaddle 1997). Levels of FA also have been linked to pollination success in plants (Moller and Eriksson 1995) and mating success in animals (Moller 1993; Moller and Pomiankowski 1993; Simmons 1994; Moller and Thornhill 1997), but more asymmetrical individuals are not always disadvantaged in the mating process (Markow 1995; Goulson et al. 1999).
Plant Developmental Instability: New Measures, Applications, and Regulation
Authors: Freeman D Carl , Graham John H , Emlen John M , Tracy Mary , Hough R Anton , Alados C L , Escós J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development stability is the ability of a genotype to consistently produce the same phenotype in a given environment (Jinks and Mather 1954; Zakharov 1989, 1992; Zakharov and Graham 1992). Developmental instability (DI), then, is the inability to achieve this goal. It is estimated by examining deviations away from an idealized norm (Zakharov 1989), usually involving some aspect of symmetry. Studies have shown that developmental instability is related to reduced plant performance. For example, trees exhibiting higher levels of leaf asymmetry are more apt to become infected with Dutch elm disease (M0ller 1999). For flowers with radial symmetry, pollinators prefer more symmetrical flowers and are able to process such flowers faster (M0ller and Eriksson 1994; West and Laverty 1998). Plants inhabiting sites polluted with heavy metals exhibit enhanced levels of leaf asymmetry (Kozlov et al. 1996). And, while heavy grazing increases measures of DI in palatable species, their unpalatable neighbors exhibit reduced DI (Alados et al. 1998b). Thus, DI may both have functional importance and provide correlative information on the performance of plants.
Associating EnvironmentaI Stress with Developmental Stability: Problems and Patterns
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Woods Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The asymmetry of bilateral traits and, in particular, nondirectional departures from perfect symmetry (FA-fluctuating asymmetry), has often been promoted as a general indicator of environmental stress at the population and individual levels (see reviews in Palmer 1986; Parsons 1990; Markow 1995; Leung and Forbes 1996; Moller and Swaddle 1997). Fluctuating asymmetry has considerable appeal in this context because it is relatively easy to estimate and multiple traits can be measured on each individual. In addition, stress effects can be defined in terms of departures from an ideal state (perfect symmetry). The assumption in making this connection is that stressful conditions disturb the normal developmental trajectories of organisms, and that the FA in any bilateral trait can be used as a measure of the degree of disturbance.
Linking Developmental Stability and Environmental Stress: A Whole Organism Approach
Authors: Zakharov Vladimir M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, ontogenetic and population levels of organization are fundamentally different. Whereas studies at the ontogenetic level deal with individual development, the subjects of population studies are aggregates of individuals (populations). When studying individuals, the organism’s condition at a certain developmental stage, its dynamics of development (the study of ontogeny per se, whose scope is often restricted to embryonic development), and its spatial heterogeneity (the analysis of differences between individuals) are considered. Studies of populations deal with the state of aggregates of individuals at a fixed moment of time, as well as with their dynamics (analysis of population dynamics) and spatial heterogeneity (analysis of differences between populations and species). Usually, the study of populations does not take into account the fact that each individual is an example of ontogeny, so that the assessment of a population is a cross section of ontogenetic trajectories. If this fact is taken into account, the possible ontogenetic changes are regarded as an obstacle to population assessment, and the researcher’s task is to eliminate them via analyzing individuals of the same age. However, a special analysis of an individual in terms of its ontogeny is necessary for correct assessment of populations and their spatial and temporal dynamics, as well as for understanding the mechanisms of population processes. Here, I elaborate on previous work (Zakharov 2001) and attempt to analyze the advantages of the methodology based on population assessment, with ontogenetic changes taken into account, for solving some main problems of population biology.
A Critical Assessment of the Utility of Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Biomarker of Anthropogenic Stress
Authors: Leung Brian , Knopper Loren , Mineau Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomarkers of anthropogenic stress are measurable changes in biochemical, physiological or behavioral states within cells, tissues, or whole individuals. Ecotoxicologists use biomarkers to reveal whether organisms have been exposed to potentially toxic substances and to indicate the magnitude of the organism’s response to the exposure, preferably before any lethal effects of the pollutants appear (McCarthy and Shugart 1990; Kovacs 1992; Peakall 1992; Hugget et al. 1992). Biomarkers can be general, and influenced by a number of stresses, and give some indication of overall organismal condition, or specific to one or a small group of toxic stressors (McCarthy and Shugart 1990; Kovacs 1992; Peakall 1992; Hugget et al. 1992).
Norms of Reaction and Phenotypic Plasticity in Salmonid Life Histories
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory predicts that adaptive plasticity in life history strategies should be favored in organisms with widely dispersed offspring because of the increased likelihood of encountering spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes across an environmental gradient (Bradshaw 1965; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Debat and David 2001). Plasticity does not represent genetic change, although the form of change (the trait may increase in value, decrease, or remain the same) may be a product of selection. Phenotypic plasticity can be heuristically and graphically described as a norm of reaction, a linear or nonlinear function that expresses how the phenotypic value of a trait for a given genotype changes with the environment (Schmalhausen 1949; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998).
Family, Fraternity, and Nation-Building in Russia, 1905-1925
Authors: Sanborn Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Term “Nation” Has Carried tremendous emotional and political force throughout the modern era. The domestic and international power of the word has been such that virtually all politicians who have supported programs that seek to establish civic equality, social solidarity, and the political sovereignty of a specific historical territorialized community have tried to appropriate the term for their own projects. Historians of the nation around the globe have therefore focused their attention on movements and individuals that declared themselves to be national. This approach of limiting the study of the nation to those that carry the name has the signal advantage of combining considerable theoretical strength with a much-desired limitation to the object of study.
Nationalizing the Revolution 1n Central Asia The Transformation qf Jadidism, 19q-1920
Authors: Khalid Adeeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1917’ Russian Central Asia Consisted of the province of Turkestan, the product of two decades of Russian conquests in the late nineteenth century, and the two rump khanates of Bukhara and Khiva, dynastic states under Russian protectorate. By 1924, the old boundaries had been replaced by two (and ultimately five) soviet socialist republics, each bearing the name of a nation. The process through which this came about has received little serious attention. Conventional views ascribe the national delimitation of Central Asia, carried out in 1924, to Russian machinations, in which the imperial center, reborn under a new name, imposed its will on the colonial periphery in a classic display of divide and rule.’ Slightly more nuanced views recount abortive cooperation between “nationalists” and Bolsheviks but end by emphasizing the betrayal of the former by the Bolsheviks as soon as their goals of conquering power had been achieved.In either case, the political contest in revolutionary Central Asia is seen as a binary struggle in which the two sides are well defined and stable.
The Forge of the Kazakh Proletariat? The Turksib, Nativization, and Industrialization during Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan
Authors: Payne Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 31, 1928, A Pogrom ERUPTED on the construction of the Turkestano-Siberian Railroad (the Turksib) at its northern railhead of Sergiopol’. Approximately four hundred Russian workers viciously beat any Kazakh they could lay their hands on, including their own coworkers. The attack at Sergiopol’ was just one of a number of pogroms, beatings, and acts of “hooliganism” that dominated the construction of the Turksib. This ethnic hostility was a reaction to a second construction project by the Soviet government, the construction of a Kazakh working class. The animus of rank-and-file European workers toward the Kazakhs at Sergiopol’ and elsewhere indicates that this project faced considerable resistance from the very proletariat the Kazakhs were supposed to join. Assimilating Kazakhs into the Soviet working class also engendered major resistance from the managers of the construction and from many Kazakhs them­ selves.
Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School, 1938-1953
Authors: Blitstein Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undamental To Stalin’S “Revolution From Above” in the late 1920s and 1930s were policies of state-building and industrialization. Such policies logically led to efforts to create a culturally uniform Soviet population, an important basis of which would be universal knowledge of the Russian language.Accordingly, a government decree of March 13, 1938, made Russian language and literature obligatory subjects in all Soviet non-Russian schools.Yet the means to achieve Soviet uniformity through the Russian language were by no means obvious. Native-language schooling for the non-Russian population had been official policy since 1918. Committed to mass education, the Stalin regime not only retained native-language instruction in non-Russian schools but sought to extend it.Finding a balance between native and Russian languages in the curriculum proved to be difficult. After the 1938 decree on obligatory Russian instruction, Stalin himself was unable, or unwilling, to signal where that balance should be. As a result, Russian-language instruction in non-Russian schools remained poor as educational officials and party bureaucrats alike dithered over the changes that might improve it. An examination of the drafting and implementation of the decree on obligatory Russian instruction reveals that contradictions and conflict beset the regime’s language policy in non-Russian schools after 1938 and that the very nature of the Soviet multinational state remained ambiguous to its rulers. Requiring Russian for non-Russian children implied that the Soviet Union was becoming more like a unitary nation-state, one that demanded a common culture for its population. Continuing to support non-Russian languages meant that the USSR would retain characteristics of an “affirmative action empire” by supporting distinct ethnic cultures.
“Side by Side with These Men I Lie at Night”: Sexuality and Agnes Smedley’s Radicalism
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether on stage or in letters, the racial cross-dressing and performance of the role of Asian persona offered liberating and expressive power for many white American women in the early twentieth century. However, white women’s engagement with Asia and their performance of “alternative” gender and sexuality did not always take place in the form of theatrical or textual work; it was also not always a temporary “play” that one chose to put on or off at one’s will. For some, Asia was not a symbolic place that offered new tools for expression, but a physical space to live in with real people.
“Popular Expert on China”: Authority and Gender in Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1931, two years after Agnes Smedley’s Daughter of Earth came out, Pearl Buck’s novel, The Good Earth, was published and became a best-seller. That two female American writers published novels using the Earth as central motifs within a two-year period was not simply coincidental. The motif reflected the social awareness shared by many writers of the Depression period concerned with the relationship between individuals and the capitalist society. For many women writers, the earth was an effective metaphor to interrogate not only the capitalist economy but also the issues of gender and sexuality. Both Daughter of Earth and The Good Earth strikingly captured the relationship between humanity and the earth.
VOLUME III: Of Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius C[reuzbergensis] Containing
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition, classification, and description of nearly all Italian, French, English, and current German terms used for compositions, such as concertos, motets, madrigals, canzonas, etc. Observations on performance with regard to notes and the beat, modes and transposition, parts or voices, and various choirs; also on unisons and octaves. How Italian and other musical terms, such as ripieno, ritornello, forte, pian, presto, lento, capella, palchetto, and many more, are interpreted and employed; the differentiation, classification, and terminology of musical instruments; the use of the thoroughbass (p. 144/124); the easy arrangement of a concerto for instruments and voices in different choirs; the training of young schoolboys in the current Italian manner of singing.
Concerning Compositions With Sacred and Solemn Secular Texts, Such asConcertos, Motets, and Falsobordoni
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sweetness consists not so much in artifice as in variety itself. In German it is called ein Concert. However, this designation “concerto” is applied: in general, where there is any song of several parts [ pro quavis Cantione Harmonica]. Thus an eminent Italian composer, Lodovico Viadana, has provided his compositions set in the new, very pleasing, and useful manner that he invented with the name “concerto.” In the preface that precedes them he indicates, among other things, that he purposely avoided using too many rests, particularly so that the concertos could have more ornaments, cadences, and passaggi; also so that each word and syllable might correspond precisely with its note, in order to enable the listeners more easily to perceive and understand every word and sentence. He was particularly persuaded to use this approach when he saw that a motet for five, six, or more voices was often accompanied on the organ, as there were seldom more than two or three singers, especially in cloisters; the shortage of singers deprived the ensemble of its charm and grace, as the missing voices were filled with imitations, cadences, etc. (corresponding to long rests in the parts that were covered by the other singers).