bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work and Disability
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of us have to work for a living. There are bills to pay and families to provide for. Since fibromyalgia patients do not usually look ill and on superficial examination appear strong, complaints of difficulty performing the job can be hard to believe. This chapter will review definitions as they apply to disability, impairments reported in fibromyalgia patients, and constructive approaches that allow individuals with the syndrome to work most effectively.
The World Health Organization defines disability as a limitation of function that compromises the ability to perform an activity within a range considered normal. Efforts to manage work disabilities consider issues such as age, sex, level of education, psychological profile, past attainments, motivation, retraining prospects, and social support systems. Additionally, work disability issues take into account work-related self-esteem, motivation, stress, fatigue, personal value systems, and availability of financial compensation.
An impairment is an anatomic, physiologic, or psychological loss that leads to disability. Impairments include pain from work activities (e.g., heavy lifting), emotional stress (e.g., working in a complaint department), or muscle dysfunction (e.g., cerebral palsy).
Prognosis and Future Directions
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When discomfort is limited to a specific region of the body and is not widespread, the outlook for long-term relief of pain is usually quite good. With local physical measures, injections, emotional support, and anti-inflammatory and analgesic medication, as well as instruction in proper body mechanics, over 75 percent of regional myofascial pain syndrome patients have substantial pain relief within two to three years. Unfortunately, there is little middle ground. For example, in an 18year analysis of 53 patients with low back pain followed by musculoskeletal specialists, 25 percent ultimately developed fibromyalgia. Therefore, we believe that myofascial pain should not be shrugged off or given short shrift. A problem that is addressed early and effectively saves patients, health plans, and society money. Also ameliorated are the heartaches of patients and those close to them. Improved productivity promotes a feeling of relief, as well as a better quality of life.
The outcome of fibromyalgia depends on who sees the patient and calls the shots. For example, in one report that tracked family practitioners, internists, or other primary care physicians familiar with fibromyalgia’s diagnosis and management, 24 percent of patients were in remission at two years and 47 percent no longer met the ACR criteria for the syndrome.
Victorian Oblivion and The Moonstone
Authors: Sabin Margery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“If he could only have recovered in a complete state of oblivion as to the past, he would have been a happier man. Perhaps we should all be happier, “ he added, with a sad smile, “if we could but completely forget! “ -Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone The Moonstone has long been recognized as crucial, if not entirely original, in the development of the detective novel, but its status as a colonial text is and probably will remain unsettled.
Individuality as a Problem in Naipaul’s Indian Narratives
Authors: Sabin Margery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
V. S. Naipaul’s celebrations of individuality have contributed to his importance as a public intellectual in some (mainly conservative) circles but have for that very reason targeted him in postcolonial critique as the “witness for the Western prosecution, “ in Said’s phrase.1 Individuality, in conservative usage, defines the accomplishment of the modern West that the rest of the world ought to emulate.
Selecting Approaches to Assessing Performance
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than 30 years ago, I suggested that there are three approaches to assessing the quality of care. These I called “structure,” “process,” and “outcome”: a triad that, perhaps because of its simplicity and almost intuitive persuasiveness, has gained widespread acceptance, even if it has not always been well understood or properly used. So I shall begin by saying what I take each of these terms to mean and, then expand on the subject, albeit briefly.
Byzantine Empire
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a modern observer in the Balkans, traces of the region’s prehistory and early history are readily found. Visitors can explore the tells (sites of ancient settlements where successive layers of homes created large artificial hills) of the Bulgarian plains, the Lion Gate at the fortress of Mycenae in Greece, or the magnificent remains of Diocletian’s palace in Split, Croatia. Other traces can be heard in the Greek, Albanian, and Romanian languages whose progenitors were all spoken on the Balkan Peninsula in classical times. Still others can be tasted, in the olives and wine grapes brought to the Balkans by prehistoric settlers more than four thousand years ago. Even some of the modern political problems of the Balkans can be linked directly to classical times—such as the ongoing dispute between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia as to which state has the right to claim the legacy of Alexander the Great.
The Balkans under Ottoman Rule
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the millennium-long existence of the Byzantine Empire, many outsiders dreamed of conquering Constantinople and thus simultaneously usurping and inheriting its historical power and significance. These included Balkan rulers such as Tsar Symeon of Bulgaria and Stefan Dusan of Serbia, as well as other invaders such as the Arabs in the seventh century and the Rus in the tenth. Ultimately, none of these groups proved sufficiently well organized to breach the defenses the Byzantines had constructed over the years. Foreigners conquered the city only once, in 1204, when the Catholic Crusaders, egged on by the Venetians, traditional rivals of the Byzantines, decided that the Orthodox Christians were sufficiently heretical (not to mention wealthy) to justify the capture and sack of Byzantium. However, the Catholic Crusaders did not succeed in displacing the Byzantines permanently, and by 1261 the Greeks were back in control of a renewed Orthodox Empire, though one that never regained its economic and military preeminence.
Living by Rules
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One difficulty with seeking to follow the demands of desert in every case is that doing so might make the law too messy, complicated, or unpredictable. If the law is to be obeyed and if the law is to be consistently applied—if it is truly to be law, rather than ad hoc decision making— it must have clear and uniform prohibitions. Yet every broad prohibition, however much it seeks to pursue desert, may require an exception in unforeseen situations. The potential tension between general rules and individualized determinations of desert is obvious. A variety of legal justifications advocate for resolving this tension in favor of creating and maintaining clear, brightline rules that admit no exceptions.
“Dose This Look Natchel?”
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There was a boat at least. g. h. farnum managed that. Did he commandeer somebody to row him out to the middle of the river and steady the craft against the current? Perhaps he handled the business himself, dropping an anchor to keep the boat in position. Certainly he was a professional. Already in his career Farnum had taken nigh well onto three thousand photographs and owned a studio of his own in Okemah, Oklahoma. The problem was one of technique: how to get everybody in the picture. There were some fifty people standing around the bridge over the Canadian River. Getting them all in meant moving back, and a view from midstream was clearly the solution. The day was May 25, 1911. A light breeze rippled the river. From this distance, the camera did not catch much detail on faces. But the clothing alone betrayed a remarkably wide social range: the well-to-do and humble, rural farmers in overalls as well as city folks in ties and jackets, young children, teenagers, and older men. All come out on a Thursday.
Peripheral Deployment
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To trace the evolution of the army’s deployment it will be best to take the beginning of Catherine’s reign as our starting point; then to examine the changes brought about by the first partition of Poland, the acquisition of a frontage on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and the internal unrest known as the Pugachev Rebellion; and finally, to describe the deployment of the strategic force at the end of the eighteenth century following the other two partitions of Poland and the extension of imperial control over much of the northern shore of the Black Sea. This survey will show how the original policy of concentrated deployment was radically transformed to become one of peripheral deployment in the border regions.
Fortress Empire
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The consolidation of Fortress Empire took place against the background of an economy entering a period of retrenchment. The Napoleonic Wars, the Conti-nental System, and the devastation caused by the invasion of 1812 dealt it a blow from which it would not recover. Skyrocketing expenditures were covered by printing paper money and, in part, by British subsidies to keep the army in the field in 1813-15. The economy began to retrench at the very time Britain, followed by France and Prussia, was being transformed by the Industrial Revolution, which caused a qualitative chasm to split the imperial economy from that of the European Coastland. Economic retrenchment became the foundation of Fortress Empire, sustaining the basically defensive deployment of the strategic force, despite the implicitly offensive posture assumed by some of its regional components. The mobilization of a servile labor force to work in heavy industries had reached a point of diminishing returns, reducing as it did the pressure to re-equip and restructure those industries. The destruction of forests was causing a progressively debilitating shortage of charcoal, insoluble for a lack of coal within acceptable distances. Nicholas I and his finance minister, Egor Kankrin, former quartermaster general (general-intendant) of the army in 1813, did not believe in the usefulness of steam power and railroads, these two symbols of the Industrial Revolution, because they saw in them threats to the social order and the internal security of the empire.
Prologue: The Sustaining Truths
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
His England and much of pre-Revolutionary America shared a suspicion of what he called “airy notions”—the illusions of dreams and fancies. Johnson’s great American contemporary, Benjamin Franklin, as a young man put aside speculations on the nature of reality in favor of living as a reasonable creature in contact with the world that presented itself through the evidence of his senses.
Beginnings: From the Top Down
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The English ministers who began tightening the screws on American smugglers in 1760 and who hoped to make the Americans pay a share of imperial burdens did not know the people they were dealing with—did not know them well, that is, and had little notion of their stiff-necked quality or of their capacity for principled action. For political tacticians of considerable skill, these ministers made some surprising mistakes: making decisions in ignorance of American views was one of the worst, and refusing to compromise when these views were expressed was hardly less serious.
Chance and Charles Townshend
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rumors that Parliament had repealed the Stamp Act, or soon would, seeped through the colonies soon after Grenville’s dismissal in July 1765. Ships from England brought most of these reports and occasionally less happy news as well—of a reluctant Commons and a beleaguered ministry trying unsuccessfully to get the Act off the books. Certainty replaced rumor on May 2, 1766, when the Virginia Gazette published copies of the repealing and Declaratory acts, and in a few weeks printers spread the statutes all over their newspapers.
Resolution
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reception accorded the Tea Act in 1773–74 is replete with paradox. For the previous two years the Americans had drunk tea, much of it legally imported, and they had paid the duty of three pence per pound. Smuggling was still acceptable and a good deal of tea was imported illegally from Holland, but equally acceptable was the legal but quiet importation of tea from England through Customs. And yet within a year of the passage of the Tea Act, the opposition had revived and given a celebrated tea party in Boston harbor even though the duty remained the same.
The Revolution Becomes a European War
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Howe’s triumph at Germantown and his seizure of Philadelphia gave satisfaction to the British government, but these events did not lift the depression that had set in when information about Burgoyne’s capture arrived. The term inevitably attached to that event was “disaster.” Just how disastrous the loss of Burgoyne’s army was could not be known immediately, and for several months there was hope in the cabinet that its worst consequence could be avoided. What the cabinet feared was the entrance of France into the war on the side of the American colonies.
The War in the South
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An old delusion, born of the wishful thinking that so often follows frustration, now reappeared and made itself felt in British strategy. Before the fighting at Lexington, British ministers had persuaded themselves that their troubles in America were inspired by a conspiracy of the few, that most colonists loved Parliament and the king. Not even the fighting dislodged this conviction from many heads, including the king’s own, and it no doubt was a comfort to discouraged ministers who shared the responsibility for military failure.
The Children of the Twice-Born in the 1780s
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An elite began the struggle against Britain in the 1760s, and the people followed. An elite began the movement for constitutional reform. Would the people follow again? Were the people of the 1780s different from those of the prewar and war years? Madison, Washington, and Hamilton, and the others who favored constitutional revision, did not know how to answer those questions. Nor did anyone else. One of the anomalies of the years between the making of peace and the Constitutional Convention was the uncertainty felt by such leaders about the character of the American people.
Crossing The Tracks: An Introduction
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
His name is Cowboy. The month is September, and Linda and I are on our way to visit him at home. However, this will be no ordinary visit, for Cowboy lives under a bridge in metropolitan Indianapolis. He is a striking, light-skinned seventy-three-year-old man of biracial descent. At first sight, he looks thin but vibrant. His marvelously bright eyes seem betrayed by an unclean appearance, and his weathered face reveals a life of long-term suffering and hardship. Greeting us with enthusiasm, he scurries inside and returns with gifts. He presents Linda with a bunch of freshly picked flowers. “I ‘m not going to tell you where I got them,” he says to her mischievously. For me, he has a can of Pepsi wrapped in foil and accompanied with a straw. “You take this and drink it, it ‘s good, you know,” he instructs.
Dying In The Public Hospital System: Institutional Arrangements And Provider Perspectives
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Originally constructed as a military hospital during the Civil War, what now is called County Health Services (CHS) has been through many changes in its 140- year history. As City Hospital it began its mission to serve the poor in 1866 and has continued to the present day. CHS is now part of a large university medical center that includes a university hospital, Veteran ‘s Administration hospital, and children ‘s hospital, along with medical, nursing, and allied health sciences schools, medical research facilities, and a library. The County Hospital complex takes up several city blocks, and the medical center covers nearly one square mile. Like many other hospital systems, the university and children ‘s hospitals have recently merged with another hospital. These two hospital campuses, about 1.5 miles apart from each other, are connected by a multimillion-dollar monorail transportation system that runs through the surrounding poor urban areas and allow health-care providers to commute easily between the two centers. County Hospital, while physically located on the medical center campus and staffed by university physicians, was not part of the merger.
The Turks In World History
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beginning in Inner Asia two thousand years ago, the Turks have migrated and expanded to form today’s Turkish Republic, five post-Soviet republics, other societies across Eurasia, and a global diaspora. For the first time in a single, accessible volume, this book traces the Turkic peoples’ trajectory from steppe, to empire, to nation-state. Cultural, economic, social, and political history unite in these pages to illuminate the projection of Turkic identity across space and time and the profound transformations marked successively by the Turks’ entry into Islam and into modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, influential analysts have captivated public opinion with prognostications of a future to be dominated by a clash of civilizations. The clash, they say, will be fought out along “fault lines” between civilizations. The West, consisting of western Europe and North America, will be in the leading position, not only in terms of material power but also as the champion of universal values. The other civilizations have attempted to become modern without becoming Western, but only Japan has thus far succeeded in doing so. Of the remaining civilizations, that of Islam is the largest competitor to the West. To the extent that Muslims experience blockages or frustrations in their attempts to become modern without becoming Western, we are told that one result is “conflict along the fault line between Western and Islamic civilizations,” where “conflict has been going on for 1,300 years.” In such a perspective, to ask “what went wrong?” in the history of Islamic civilization became a question for expert analysis, in reflection not just on the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 but on centuries past.
The Turks and Modernity Republican and Communist
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For world historians, the twentieth century is defined chronologically by the multiphased terminal crisis of a Eurocentric system of global domination, whose origins go back at least to the end of the fifteenth century but which became truly global only in the nineteenth. That is why modernity manifested itself to non-European societies in the nineteenth century most pointedly through the menace of imperialism. Some world historians believe in a “long twentieth century” (1850–1991), in which multiplying crises around the world after about 1850 signified the mounting of resistance in countries adversely affected by the circumstances of their integration into the world system. India’s Great Mutiny (1857), China’s Taiping Rebellion (T’ai-p’ing, 1850–64), the Balkan crises of the period, and the struggles against imperialism in North Africa are evidence for this point of view.
Linking Tax Refunds and Low-Cost Bank Accounts to Bank the Unbanked
Authors: Beverly Sondra G , Tescher Jennifer , Romich Jennifer L , Marzahl David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As chapters in this volume reveal, asset accumulation is increasingly viewed as an important, long-term antipoverty strategy. For the “unbanked”—those without a checking or savings account—asset accumulation is likely to be difficult. The unbanked are generally excluded from home ownership, a key route to asset accumulation. In addition, financial savings kept outside of formal financial institutions are less secure, are more susceptible to consumption pressures and temptations (Beverly, Moore, and Schreiner, 2003), and do not earn interest or tax benefits. National data suggest that from 10 to 20 percent of all American households are unbanked (Aizcorbe, Kennickell, and Moore, 2003; Carney and Gale, 2001; Hogarth and O’Donnell, 1999; Hurst, Luoh, and Stafford, 1998). By linking tax refunds to low-cost bank accounts, the Extra Credit Savings Program (ECSP), developed by Chicago’s ShoreBank and the Center for Economic Progress in 2000, aims to connect the unbanked to mainstream financial services and to facilitate ongoing saving and asset accumulation. This initiative is especially interesting because federal tax credits, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the child tax credit, have expanded in recent years, and it is now common for low- and moderate-income working families to receive income tax refunds as large as $2,000 or $3,000.
Bioethics and Bioterrorism
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American bioethics is often more pragmatic than principled, and quickly crossed both health law and human rights boundaries in response to 9/11 and our new global war on terrorism. War and terrorism test our commitment to principles, especially legal principles, and can cause us to temporarily abandon them. Although it has been three years since 9/11, health law, bioethics, and human rights lessons can already be drawn from America’s reaction to this unprecedented terrorist atrocity. Fear makes it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction, reality from fantasy, and truth from lies, all of which means that our initial reactions are likely to be overreactions that we will ultimately come to regret. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11 both bioethics and human rights principles were compromised in America. Nonetheless, the premise of this opening chapter is that boundary crossings between the realms of bioethics, health law, and human rights, tentatively under way well before 9/11, take on more urgency in its wake. In fact, 9/11 itself could yet serve as a catalyst to bring these symbiotic fields even closer together—working synergistically to make the world a better place to live.
Conjoined Twins
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many, if not most, bioethical dilemmas wind up in America’s courtrooms. Ardent disputes arise at the beginning and end of life, and these have been most emblematic in the cases of abortion and physician-assisted suicide. American courts have been much more successful in resolving continuing bioethical conflicts in the latter than in the former. Nonetheless, that both made their way to the U.S. Supreme Court surprised almost no one. And although America is unique in its persistent appeal to judges to resolve bioethical issues, it is not alone in looking to judges for help in their resolution. In this sense, international bioethics is mimicking American bioethics by crossing over into the territory of health law. This chapter introduces judicial decision making in the most extreme context: the separation of conjoined twins in cases in which surgery will either kill one of the twins or could kill both. The issue of separating conjoined twins forces us to confront the limits of law at the limits of life.