bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stage planning programme model for health education/health promotion practice
Authors: Whitehead Dean 
Published: March 2003

A stage planning programme model for health education/health promotion practice Aim. To investigate the validity of a stage planning programme model for health education/health promotion practice in nursing settings and to develop a specific model for this purpose. Background/rationale. The last decade or so has seen a marked increase in the amount of health educational/health promotional activities that nurses are expected to undertake. This has followed concerted calls to make health promotion a familiar and recognized part of nursing practice. Despite this, however, current health‐related practices are still unstructured, haphazard and under‐evaluated. This state of affairs is further compounded by the lack of any generic and systematic nursing planning process model by which health education/health promotion programmes are applied in practice. This paper puts forward the case for such a model, develops it, and demonstrates its possible application in clinical settings. Method. A systematic literature review was conducted in order to develop a new theoretical perspective for health promotion/health education nursing practice. The proposed model has evolved from this new perspective. The process of developing this model has drawn on existing contemporary planning models – using them as a means to develop a conceptual framework. Consequently, the proposed model seeks to critique, adapt and adopt some of their components within a nursing context. Conclusion. If the current situation continues, in which planning process models are not adopted as a routine part of practice, then nursing may well remain a ‘bystander’ in health promotion/health education.
Learning preferences of paediatric intensive care nurses
Authors: Hewitt‐Taylor Jaquelina , Gould Dinah 
Published: March 2003

Learning preferences of paediatric intensive care nurses Aim. This paper reports the views of students on the teaching and learning strategies used in paediatric intensive care nursing courses. Study methods. Qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were used. A case study of one paediatric intensive care nursing course was carried out, followed by group interviews with students from a further seven courses. Local ethics committee protocols were followed. Data were analysed using constant comparative analysis. Study findings. Qualified nurses undertaking paediatric intensive care nursing courses seek a specific knowledge base, relevant to their clinical practice. Their preferred way of learning in this situation is teaching by knowledgeable experts who are also prepared to discuss issues that arise. Although in some instances student centred or self‐directed approaches were considered acceptable, Students still require clear guidance and structure in their learning. Students did not summarily oppose student centred approaches to teaching and learning, however, time considerations and whether this would reduce the amount of study time provided by their employers were important factors. There was evidence that students do not necessarily have one specific learning preference. Limitations. This study explored only paediatric intensive care nurse education, and was not intended to be generalizable beyond this field. Conclusion. The findings from this study indicate that no single educational approach is universally seen as the most attractive for PICU nurses. The major considerations in designing and implementing PICU nursing courses should be that content is clearly rated to the clinical speciality, theory is clearly linked to practice, and that the time constraints for students who are additionally in full time employment are taken into account.
Factors influencing nursing leadership effectiveness in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Sally 
Published: March 2003

Background.  Nursing education in Hong Kong has undergone major reform in recent years, similar to that in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK), involving the introduction of degree level preparation. Although there were some changes in the nursing education system, the reform was considered slow. While a combination of complex factors contributed to the reform, the effects of nurse leaders was instrumental in influencing policy development. Aim.  This study investigated the factors that influenced the effectiveness of nursing leadership in the reform of nursing education in Hong Kong. Design.
A case study approach was used. Methods of data collection included document search and semi‐structured interviews (n = 27). The time frame of the study extended from the first proposal of nursing degree programme in the year 1985 to 2000 by which 200 nursing degree places were secured. Results.
Situational variables that impacted on leadership effectiveness were categorized as barriers and facilitators. Barriers were related to nursing professional socialization in a health care system that was dominated by the medical profession. Facilitators were related to socio‐politic‐economical changes in the wider environment. Conclusion.  This study suggests the importance of education, positive socialization and unity in promoting nursing leadership development.
Vertical equity in service provision: a model for the Irish public health nursing service
Authors: Hanafin Sinéad , Houston Anna M. , Cowley Sarah 
Published: March 2003

Aims.  This paper analyses the policy and conceptual basis of public health nursing service provision in the Republic of Ireland and situates it within an international context. It draws on the principles of horizontal and vertical equity in proposing a new model of public health nursing service provision. It gives the reader an understanding of a model of service delivery underpinned by the principle of vertical equity. Background issues.  The Public Health Nurse in the Republic of Ireland has a wide remit encompassing primary, secondary and tertiary care at the level of the individual, family and community. The changing sociological and demographic nature of society in Ireland has impacted on a service that has largely remained unchanged since 1966. Since 1997 four review bodies have provided recommendations that are incompatible with each other. There remains a need to find a solution to the overwhelming demands placed on the public health nursing service in the Republic of Ireland. Key issues.  The public health nursing service goes beyond the provision of a purely clinical nursing service. Communities differ in demography, epidemiology, environment, history, composition, support and most importantly needs. Using three exemplars a new model for the public health nursing service is explicated. This model has as its main focus the needs of the community it serves. Conclusions.  A service underpinned by the principle of vertical equity can be used to deliver locally based, needs driven public health nursing services. The application of such a model would make the public health nursing service more flexible and responsive to local need. Public health nursing composition and provision must be determined using the principal of vertical equity determined by the needs of the community it serves.
Unmet nursing care needs of home‐based disabled patients
Authors: Hung Li‐Chen , Liu Chien‐Chi , Kuo Hsien‐Wen 
Published: March 2003

Background.  In Taiwan, family members care for 80–90% of disabled people, but most have no professional training or knowledge of care for the disabled. Therefore, the adequacy of care received by the disabled needs to be assessed. Aims.  To evaluate the unmet nursing care needs of physically disabled patients and determine the relevant factors. Methods.  All 322 subjects were over 18 years of age, had a Barthel Index of less than 80 and became disabled 2 years prior to the commencement of this study. All subjects were outpatients of hospitals in central Taiwan and were contacted by phone to schedule an interview. Based on activity of daily living (ADL) scores, patients were divided into three groups: complete dependency, severe dependency and moderate dependency. After training, nurses evaluated the patients' ADL and completed the 20‐item Assessment of Nursing Activity (ANA) questionnaire. Based on the ANA, subjects' unmet needs and caregivers' knowledge requirements were assessed. Findings.  The results showed the mean number of unmet needs was approximately five. Percentage of unmet needs was 44·8%. For complete dependency patients, the unmet needs score of patients and the needs score of caregiver's knowledge was highest, followed by the severe dependency group, and the moderate dependency group. Based on multiple linear regression, the factors that affected unmet need were as follows: age of patient, ADL score, education level of the caregivers, average daily duration of care and need of caregiving knowledge. Our findings indicate that the provision of counseling and educational support for family caregivers is required to promote quality of care for the disabled.
Empowering: the experiences of exercise among heart transplantation patients in Taiwan
Authors: Jeng Chii , Chu Fu‐Ling , Tsao Lee‐Ing 
Published: March 2003

Aim.  To explore the experiences of exercise among Taiwanese heart transplant patients on the basis of a grounded theory. Background.  Although studies conducted around the world have proven how important exercise is to heart transplant patients, little information was found about heart transplant patients' exercise experience. In addition, because of different cultural backgrounds, people in Taiwan do not care about ‘regular exercise’ as much as Americans and Europeans do. Therefore, it is very important to find ways so that they can value ‘regular exercise.’ Methods.  In‐depth interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of eight heart transplant patients. Data was analysed by repeated verification. Results.  Eight valid cases were separately and thoroughly interviewed while they were exercising at a sports medical centre. The results revealed that ‘empowering the new heart’ is the core reason for their exercise. During the exercise training process, every participant felt that his or her new heart was filled with power or energy. The ‘hardness and endurance’ in terms of feeling discomfort in the body was identified at the beginning of post‐surgical exercise training. Throughout the process of empowerment, patients experienced the following five interactive behaviour categories: ‘self‐protection’, ‘sharing’, ‘being watched and cared for’, ‘being aware of the benefits’, and ‘strengthening the new heart’. Conclusions.  Exercise can empower the new heart. After the exercise training, all patients felt that their new hearts were empowered with energy and vigour, and thus were willing to continue exercising. They even expanded their regimen to include folk therapies such as Tai Chi and breathing exercises.
Larger clutch size increases fledging success and offspring quality in a precocial species
Authors: Lepage Denis , Gauthier Gilles , Desrochers André 
Published: March 2003

1.  We tested the hypothesis that the ability of parents to raise viable offspring limits clutch size in the greater snow goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus L.), a precocial bird. 2.  We manipulated clutch size by exchanging complete clutches between pairs of nests to increase or decrease the clutch size by zero (control), one, two or three eggs in 314 nests over 2 years. 3.  Pre‐fledging survival of goslings increased in enlarged broods and decreased in reduced broods compared to control. Consequently, enlarged broods fledged more offspring and the reverse was true for reduced broods. 4.  Size and mass of goslings near fledging was also higher in enlarged broods than in control, which suggests that offspring quality was also enhanced by the manipulation. This is contrary to the common trade‐off between offspring numbers and quality. 5.  Large families were dominant over smaller ones in feeding sites, which could explain the increased survival and growth of enlarged broods. 6.  Our results suggest that the ability to raise young does not limit clutch size in this species and that parents could be more successful (i.e. increase both the number and quality of their offspring) by laying more eggs. However, the time required to lay additional eggs reduces the viability of all offspring and may explain why females do not lay more eggs.
Effects of habitat size and quality on equilibrium density and extinction time of Sorex araneus populations
Authors: Klok Chris , De Roos André M. 
Published: March 2003

1.  The effects of changes in habitat size and quality on the expected population density and the expected time to extinction of Sorex araneus are studied by means of mathematical models that incorporate demographic stochasticity. 2.  Habitat size is characterized by the number of territories, while habitat quality is represented by the expected number of offspring produced during the lifetime of an individual. 3.  The expected population density of S. araneus is shown to be mainly influenced by the habitat size. The expected time to extinction of S. araneus populations due to demographic stochasticity, on the other hand, is much more affected by the habitat quality. 4.  In a more general setting we demonstrate that, irrespective of the actual species under consideration, the likelihood of extinction as a consequence of demographic stochasticity is more effectively countered by increasing the reproductive success and survival of individuals then by increasing total population size.
Diet overlap and relative abundance of sympatric dasyurid carnivores: a hypothesis of competition
Authors: JONES MENNA E. , BARMUTA LEON A. 
Published: March 2003

1.  Diet overlap among age and sex classes of sympatric dasyurid carnivores (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) at Cradle Mountain National Park in Tasmania, Australia, was determined to assess the likelihood of current interspecific competition, which could influence and explain the disparate population densities of the three species. 2.  The carnivore guild divided into two groups based on body size and prey size, within which diet overlapped: Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus laniarius) and male spotted‐tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus), which consumed larger prey species, and female spotted‐tailed quolls and eastern quolls (D. viverrinus), which consumed smaller prey species. Male spotted‐tailed quolls overlapped in diet with adult devils in winter, but not in summer. However, in summer the small number of male spotted‐tailed quolls overlapped in both body weight and diet with a large cohort of young devils. Too few data were obtained to repeat these analyses with female and young spotted‐tailed quolls and eastern quolls, but results indicated that a similar pattern of overlap may occur. 3.  Spotted‐tailed quolls would experience the highest degree of dietary overlap with another species of carnivore, with all age and sex classes experiencing overlap for much of the year. Adult devils and young eastern quolls would both be free of overlap for more than half the year. 4.  No indications of seasonal food limitation, when competition is most likely to occur, were found during this study, but this may occur over a longer time scale. 5  If the high degree of diet overlap experienced by spotted‐tailed quolls means higher competitive pressure, this may explain the low density of this species at Cradle Mountain. 6.  These results, high levels of interference experienced by spotted‐tailed quolls, and the behavioural and numerical dominance of devils, the largest species in the guild, support Brown & Maurer’s (1986) and Cotgreave’s (1993) ideas that competitive dominance may be more important than energetic equivalence in determining relationships between body size and abundance in local assemblages of animals.
What changed the demography of an introduced population of an herbivorous lady beetle?
Authors: Ohgushi Takayuki , Sawada Hiroichi 
Published: March 2003

1. The population dynamics of an introduced population of Epilachna niponica (Lewis) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was investigated for a 7‐year period following its introduction to a site outside of its natural range. A population from Asiu Experimental Forest was introduced to Kyoto University Botanical Garden, 10 km south of its natural distribution. 2. Arthropod predation was much lower in the introduced than in the source population. As a result of the lower predation in the Botanical Garden, larvae reached densities five times higher than in the Asiu Forest and host plants were frequently defoliated. Food shortage caused larval deaths from starvation and increased dispersal. 3. The density of the introduced population was much more variable than that of the source population. The variation in population density in both the introduced and source populations is limited by density‐dependent reduction in fecundity and female survival. However, variation in the introduced population's density was increased due to host plant defoliation that resulted in overcompensating density‐dependent mortality. In years with high larval density plants were defoliated and this increased adult mortality during the prehibernation period. Besides, the density‐dependent regulatory mechanisms that produce population stability were weaker in the introduced population than in the source population.
Geographic expansion of an increasing brown bear population: evidence for presaturation dispersal
Authors: Swenson Jon E. , Sandegren Finn , SO‐Derberg Arne 
Published: March 2003

1. The distribution of brown bears (Ursus arctosL.) expanding into suitable habitat in Sweden following near extermination was estimated using harvest data from the period 1981–93. Core areas were defined as female concentration areas, where 90% of the hunter‐killed females were taken.2.Three predictions were tested, based on results of earlier bear dispersal studies, which show that females are extremely philopatric. Prediction 1: the relative density of females declines more rapidly from the centre of a core area towards the edge than for males. Prediction 2: males dominate in the peripheral areas, especially males in the age of most active dispersal (2–4 years of age). Prediction 3: females in the periphery are found closer to the edge of the core area than males.3.The results of the present study supported Predictions 1 and 2, but not Prediction 3. This indicates that males were more prone to disperse from the core areas than females. However, females that did disperse did not differ from males in distance from the core areas, and females were found up to 80–90 km from them. Such long‐distance female dispersal has apparently not been previously documented in other bear populations that are stable or declining. The results strongly suggest that presaturation dispersal, i.e. dispersal occurring before the carrying capacity of the habitat has been reached, is occurring in this increasing population. This phenomenon might be more common in increasing populations of large mammals than was previously thought. Regarding conservation of bears, this result is positive for gene flow and metapopulation dynamics and negative for livestock losses in formerly bear‐free areas.4.Core and peripheral areas can be identified based on the age and sex of shot bears. This allowed us to classify Norway as a peripheral area. Bear density appears difficult to estimate near an expansion front because of large differences in densities over short distances.
Genetic variation in patch time allocation in a parasitic wasp
Authors: Wajnberg Eric , Rosi Marzia Cristiana , Colazza Stefano 
Published: March 2003

1.The intra‐patch experience acquired by foraging parasitoid females has often been considered to have a strong influence on their tendency to leave a patch, and thus on their total patch residence time. Most studies that have been performed on this subject suggest that the patch‐leaving rules observed are adaptive because they enable the females to adjust their patch residence time to local environmental conditions.2.Considering a behavioural rule as being adaptive supposes that it has been progressively settled by natural selection, and thus that there is, in the population, genetic variation on which the natural selection could act.3.Therefore, this study aimed to discover whether there was indeed genetic variability in the patch‐leaving decision rules in a population of the egg parasitoid speciesTelenomus busseolae, which attacks patches of its hosts, the eggs ofSesamia nonagrioides. Different wasp families were compared using the isofemale lines method, and the behavioural records were analysed by means of a modified version of the Cox's proportional hazards model proposed byHaccouet al. (1991) andHemerik, Driessen & Haccou (1993).4.The results obtained show thatT. busseolaefemales increase their tendency to leave the patch after each successful oviposition. Each host rejection also led to an increase in the tendency to leave the patch, but this effect was smaller when host rejections were observed between two ovipositions occurring in rapid succession. Subsequent visits to the patch also increased the patch‐leaving tendency.5.Genetic variability was found in both the global patch‐leaving tendency and in the effect that successful ovipositions and host rejections have on this tendency.6.The adaptive and evolutionary consequences of these results are discussed.
Habitat selection as a major resource partitioning mechanism between the two sympatric sibling bat speciesMyotis myotisandMyotis blythii
Authors: Arlettaz Raphael 
Published: March 2003

1.Ecomorphological studies have described local bat communities as densely‐packed species assemblages arising from non‐deterministic processes. Together with the observation that insectivorous bats readily exploit patchy, often unlimited trophic resources, this has even led to the claim that partitioning of niche space may be absent. However, the paucity of data on resource exploitationper seamong bat guilds rarely allows these assertions to be verified. In particular, the mechanisms allowing the co‐existence of similar species have proved difficult to determine.2.As a subset of an insectivorous guild, the vespertilionid batsMyotis myotisandM. blythiioffer an opportunity to examine this question. Genetically closely‐related, they are morphologically almost identical. Yet, as established by faecal analysis, they exploit distinct trophic niches, preying upon ground‐ and grass‐dwelling prey taxa, respectively. The distinct habitat requirements of their basic prey suggest that ecological segregation may stem primarily from a differential allocation of foraging space.3.The present study tests the hypothesis that sympatricM. myotisandM. blythiisegregate spatially to an extent which prevents competitive interference. I performed radio‐tracking on Swiss sympatric populations. Using multivariate analyses and randomized contingency table procedures, I looked for (i) habitat overlap and overall inter‐specific differences in habitat choice, and (ii) the habitat preferences exhibited by individuals when foraging within their own feeding areas.4.Primary foraging habitats were largely species‐specific. Not only were they spatially segregated, but they also differed structurally. All habitats selected byM. myotisoffered a high accessibility to ground‐dwelling prey (freshly‐cut meadows, mown grass in intensively cultivated orchards, forests without undergrowth), whereas grassland predominated in all habitats ofM. blythii(steppe, unmown meadows, pastures). This corroborates the predictions drawn from dietary niches.5.This study shows that refined mechanisms of resource partitioning, not predictable by the study of morphological characters or echolocation alone, may still account for the organization of parts of insectivorous bat guilds. It also supports the view that habitat selection may prove to be a major mode of resource allocation amongst similar insectivorous bats, particularly for species exploiting limited food supplies.