bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boyhood
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The emotional strength of his mother, Margaret Douglas, and close kinship bonds, to some degree, compensated Adam Smith for the loss of his father. In addition, he was well prepared at the Kirkcaldy burgh school for his student years, and found his vocation as a moral philosopher, in an era marked by a strong drive for advance in agriculture and other economic sectors.
Most important of all, his Presbyterian inheritance, together with training in the Latin and Greek classics, instilled in him the values of self‐command of a Stoic cast, frugality, diligence in his calling, and strict justice towards others tempered with benevolence, which characterized his actions and his teaching. At the same time, he seemed to have developed an independence of mind, which led him to rebel against the strict controls of Calvinism meant to check human depravity, and to set store by human goodness, and the will to enjoy natural liberty.
Glasgow
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Glasgow had a number of advantages as the place of Smith's university education beginning in 1737. Expenses were moderate and important reforms had been implemented in 1727, which put the teaching of logic and metaphysics, moral philosophy, and natural philosophy (physics) on a thoroughly modern basis. As well, regulations were made for an arts curriculum including the ancient classics, philosophy, also mathematics and Newtonian science, which provided a firm grounding in cultural and intellectual values for subsequent careers in the professions. Smith noticed the natural beauty of Glasgow's setting, also the emerging industries and thronged local markets, plus the transatlantic shipping in the Clyde estuary, which gave the city a rising economy, contrasting it with Kirkcaldy's declining one.
Called to Glasgow University
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Smith returned to Glasgow in 1751 to occupy the Chair of Logic, and within a year moved to that of moral philosophy. In his logic course, he substituted for the Aristotelian treatment his system of rhetoric and criticism, which he believed explained and illustrated best the powers of the mind. His moral philosophy course was a four‐part one, covering natural theology, presenting empirical proofs of the existence and attributes of God; Ethics, which gave rise to TMS; Justice, covering a history of civil society, taking up the theme of human progress through the four socio‐economic stages of hunting and fishing, herding, farming, and commerce; and, in essence, Political Economy, the basis for WN. Two surviving sets of lectures on Jurisprudence, combining parts three and four of the moral philosophy course, are discussed to demonstrate the growing sophistication of Smith's economic analysis during his Glasgow professorship.
Travelling Tutor
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Smith's two‐year tour abroad with young Buccleuch was modest rather than ‘grand,’ but allowed him to investigate a range of regional economies and two unfamiliar political systems: France's autocracy and republican oligarchy in Switzerland. France's taxation problems in the aftermath of war were of particular interest to him, a topic found in WN. Most of his time was spent in Toulouse, when Voltaire was leading a successful fight for a posthumous retrial there of Jean Calas, a victim of religious bigotry and miscarriage of justice. Smith later visited Voltaire, who was his intellectual hero, at his home, Ferney, near Geneva. When in Paris, Smith was introduced to leading philosophes, who were impressed by TMS, also to Turgot and Quesnay, whose Physiocratic views on circular flow in the economy persuaded him to make adjustments in his system.
Euge! Belle! Dear Mr Smith
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Terminally ill in 1776, Hume was relieved from anxieties over Smith's masterwork when it finally reached him on 1 April, and he gave it unstinted praise, though not without offering cogent criticism. The two‐part structure of WN is discussed in context. Books I and II are analytical and identify the principles, chiefly division of labour, which naturally lead to economic growth where the free‐market system, or something close to it, is adopted. Books III to V are historical and evaluative, focused on what legislators, to whom the book is addressed, have done and should do to promote growth. This second part of WN assesses alternatives to the free‐market system, denouncing mercantilism's injudicious restraints and incentives, and Physiocracy's blindness to the benefits of industry and trade. Smith settles for some restrictions on individual economic freedom, to provide resources for society's chief needs identified as defence, justice, public works, and education, and he manifests grave concern about the mental torpor found in workers subjected to extensive division of labour.
Times of Hardship and Distress
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the face of declining strength in the 1780s and grief over the death of his nearest relatives, his mother and his cousin Janet Douglas, Smith strove to leave behind him the works he had already published in the ‘best and most perfect state.’ It fell out that he completed the additions that went into the standard third edition of WN (1784) in a time of political distress. These included the rise and fall of Shelburne as the Prime Minister whose drive to make peace with the Americans was based in part on Smith's free trade teaching; the subsequent collapse of the Fox–North coalition over efforts to reform the East India Company, which is severely criticized in the third edition of WN; and the onset of the administration of Pitt the Younger, who heeded WN's policy advice with regard to smuggling and trade with France. Smith also intensified his fight against the absurdity of the government's mercantile system of encouragements and prohibitions, which thwarted competition in the market place and favoured clamorous producers over consumers.
The Great Change
Authors: Ross Ian Simpson 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Smith's last illness is described, along with his final order to have his unfinished manuscripts burned shortly before he died on 17 July 1790. His character is summed up as two‐sided: benevolent yet prudent, also firm and decisive, from one point of view; but from another darker one, that of a melancholy or, at times, volatile personality, subject to psychosomatic illness arising from his intense concentration on chains of abstract ideas. Nevertheless, he remained a tireless inquirer into human nature, particularly its emotional range, and into its expressive forms and institutions. His free‐market system showed, he believed, how people in a relatively early phase of commerce and manufacturing might prosper within a framework of justice and equality before the law. He thought that self‐interest was centrally involved in economic transactions, but also held that the happiness of others is necessary to us, and he devoted his last years to moral philosophy, believing that he might help us aspire for virtue rather than wealth, and so become members of a truly civil society.
Understanding Consumption
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Presents a comprehensive introduction to the study of consumption and saving using theoretical models based on standard microeconomic foundations as well as reviewing the substantial empirical literature on the subject. A number of related topics such as the growth‐to‐saving hypothesis, the impact of interest rates on saving, risk sharing, aggregation, and information are also covered. One main focus of the book is the debate on the permanent income hypothesis and the excess sensitivity of consumption with respect to income. The importance of precautionary saving and liquidity constraints in explaining the observed consumption paths are also discussed in detail.
Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Reviews the basic micro‐foundations of intertemporal choice under uncertainty, and considers the implications for the macroeconomic aggregates of consumption and savings. It also reviews the practical implications of different utility specifications. It is also shown how to derive the fundamental result that consumption follows a martingale. The chapter concludes by reviewing the relationship between the microeconomic theory and models that work with a representative agent model.
The Volatility of Consumption
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevelops the themes of Ch. 3 by exploring how consumption responds to innovations in income. The focus is on the econometric enquiry and presents insights into how measured income differs from permanent income and how to deal with the non‐stationarity of income. The chapter concludes by looking at how to analyse cases where the agents base their consumption plans on private information that is not available to the econometrician.
Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReviews the large econometric literature that uses micro data to test the theory of intertemporal allocations and finds it inconclusive. The empirical work that is reviewed focuses on the permanent income hypothesis, excess sensitivity, and measurement error. It argues that short panels are not well suited to testing the key theoretical predictions. The chapter concludes by reviewing evidence that looks for the presence of altruism and risk sharing between households and evaluates the extent to which consumption patterns move together.
New Directions: Beyond Permanent Income
Authors: Deaton Angus 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores two important issues in contemporary consumption theory: the precautionary motive for savings and liquidity constraints. The author shows how to solve simple models with precautionary savings involving isoelastic utility and solve for consumption in the absence of certainty equivalence. The intertemporal consumption choice of liquidity‐constrained consumers is modelled, and simulated paths for income, consumption, and assets are discussed.
Economic Development in Palanpur over Five Decades
Authors: Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book provides an account of economic development in Palanpur, a village in rural north India, based on five detailed surveys of the village over the period 1957 to 1993. These five decades have seen economic well being rise in some important respects, but stagnation and even decline in other areas. The analysis presented here focuses on the reasons behind this uneven progress. The chapters in the book tie in the background issues of the evolution of poverty and inequality and mobility over time with causal factors such as technological progress, demographic and sectoral changes, the operation of markets, and the role of public action. Quantitative and qualitative data covering the entire population of the village yield an analysis, which illuminates questions of direct importance to researchers in a wide variety of disciplines from anthropology to sociology as well as economics and all kinds of development studies. The volume extends and updates the work done by Christopher Bliss and Nicholas Stern in Palanpur: The Economy of an Indian Village (OUP).
Economic Development in Palanpur, 1957–93
Authors: Drèze Jean , Lanjouw Peter , Sharma Naresh 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSurveys the broad process of economic and social change in Palanpur between 1957 and 1993. Population growth, occupational diversification, and technological change are identified as key forces of change in the village economy. The evolution of asset ownership is studied. Changes in income levels and their distribution are examined. Access to and provision of public services is analysed. The persistence of social inequalities against the backdrop of economic change is highlighted.
Population Growth, Employment Expansion and Technological Change
Authors: Bliss Christopher , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProvides a detailed examination of the key forces of change in Palanpur over the survey period. The more than doubling of the village population over the survey period is analysed. The expansion of non‐farm employment opportunities outside the village is documented. The determinants of access to and income from non‐farm sources are studied. Changing agricultural practices are assessed. Agricultural technologies, land‐utilization practices, cropping patterns, and yields are found to have undergone significant change.
The Objects of Social Contracts
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSocial contracts theories are discussed in ten sections: (1) rules versus discretion; (2) outcome‐versus resource‐based evaluative principles; (3) political competition and civil liberties; (4) motivation and choice; (5) social systems: a formulation; (6) contractual and optimization theories (of social justice); (7) ex ante equilibria and ex ante contracts; (8) measures of freedom; (9) social well‐being functions; and (10) efficiency, equality, and the problem of implementation.
The Realization of Well‐Being
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe realization of well‐being is discussed in six sections: (1) citizenship—civil, political, and socio‐economic; (2) intercountry comparison of the quality of life; (3) political and civil liberties versus economic progress from the aspect of a trade‐off between the two; (4) wars and strife; (5) inequalities; and (6) the point of cross‐country studies. The appendix explains the indices of political and civil rights used in the chapter.
Resource Allocation Mechanisms
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses resource allocation mechanisms in seven sections; (1) resources and property rights; (2) markets and market mechanisms; (3) culture and market transactions; (4) externalities: public goods and common property resources; (5) infrastructure and fixed costs; (6) private and public realms, and private and collective (public) goods; and (7) knowledge, organization, and economic growth. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *6) gives theoretical presentations on two aspects of public goods and common property resources: (1) the theory of public goods; and (2) the problem of the commons.
Public Goods and Common‐Property Resources
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses resource allocation mechanisms in seven sections: (1) resources and property rights; (2) markets and market mechanisms; (3) culture and market transactions; (4) externalities: public goods and common property resources; (5) infrastructure and fixed costs; (6) private and public realms, and private and collective (public) goods; and (7) knowledge, organization, and economic growth. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *6) gives theoretical presentations on two aspects of public goods and common property resources: (1) the theory of public goods; and (2) the problem of the commons.
Land, Labour, Savings, and Credit
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub‐Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.
Poverty and the Environmental Resource Base
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses poverty in relation to the environmental resource base. It has ten sections: (1) the resource basis of rural production; (2) the characteristics of environmental resources, which are here treated as renewable natural resources; (3) needs, stress, and carrying capacity: land and water; (4) environmental shadow prices, project evaluation, and net national product (NNP); (5) markets and their failure: unidirectional and reciprocal externalities; (6) property rights on land; (7) public failure and the erosion of local commons; and (8) work allocation among women and children and the desirable locus of environmental decisions. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *10) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of the net national product in a dynamic economy: (1) the economics of optimal control; (2) NNP in a deterministic environment; (3) the current‐value Hamiltonian as a measure of sustainable well‐being (sustainable development); and (4) future uncertainty.
Net National Product in a Dynamic Economy
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses poverty in relation to the environmental resource base. It has ten sections; (1) the resource basis of rural production; (2) the characteristics of environmental resources, which are here treated as renewable natural resources; (3) needs, stress, and carrying capacity: land and water; (4) environmental shadow prices, project evaluation, and net national product (NNP); (5) markets and their failure: unidirectional and reciprocal externalities; (6) property rights on land; (7) public failure and the erosion of local commons; and (8) work allocation among women and children and the desirable locus of environmental decisions. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *10) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of the net national product in a dynamic economy: (1) the economics of optimal control; (2) NNP in a deterministic environment; (3) the current‐value Hamiltonian as a measure of sustainable well‐being (sustainable development); and (4) future uncertainty.
Food, Care, and Work: The Household as an Allocation Mechanism
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses the household as an allocation mechanism. It has eight sections: (1) gender differentials among adults; (2) allocations among girls and boys; (3) bridewealth and dowry; (4) regional patterns of household allocations: the case of India; (5) marriage and inheritance in India; (6) bargaining theory as a framework for household choice; (7) the Nash programme: a formalization; and (8) bargaining versus maximization of well‐being within the household. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *11) gives theoretical presentations on two aspects of the axiomatic bargaining theory: (1) the Nash bargaining solution; and (2) the Kalai–Smorodinsky bargaining solution.
Strategic Complementarities in Fertility Decisions
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses the household as a reproductive unit. It has nine sections; (1) income, fertility, and food – a discussion of the inverse relationship between fertility (and mortality) rates and income, and of population growth in relation to the (finite) environmental resource base; (2) the population growth problem; (3) population externalities: household versus societal reasoning; (4) birth control and female education; (5) children as consumer and insurance goods; (6) environmental degradation, and children as producer goods; (7) some special features of sub‐Saharan Africa; (8) modelling fertility decisions; and (9) allocation failure and public policy. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *12) gives theoretical presentations on two aspects of strategic complementarities in fertility decisions: (1) atmospheric externalities; and (2) Nash equilibria.
Population and Savings: Normative Considerations
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main part of this chapter discusses normative considerations on population and savings. It has five sections. The first discusses parental concerns on the well‐being of their children in relation to savings. The second discusses the Genesis Problem (which in its purest form asks how many lives there should be, enjoying what standards), and the Repugnant Conclusion (which, in Parfit's formulation states that ‘For any population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living). Section (3) questions whether the Repugnant Conclusion is repugnant when applied to comparisons of well‐being in the Genesis Problem, and section 4 argues that the Genesis Problem is irrelevant in real life, which addresses actual problems. Section (5) looks at population ethics. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *13) gives theoretical presentations on classical utilitarianism in a limited world.
Food Needs and Work Capacity
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFood needs are discussed in relation to work capacity in eight sections: (1) complementarities among nutrients; (2) nutrition and infection; (3) energy conservation; (4) energy requirements, nutritional status, and productivity; (5) basal metabolic rates and maintenance requirements; (6–7) special requirements during growth and development, and during pregnancy and lactation; and (8) determinants of work capacity and endurance.
Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure
Authors: Hart Oliver 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book provides a framework for thinking about economic relationships and institutions such as firms. The basic argument is that in a world of incomplete contracts, institutional arrangements are designed to allocate power among agents. The first part of the book is concerned with the boundaries of the firm. It is argued that traditional approaches such as the neoclassical, principal‐agent, and transaction costs theories cannot by themselves explain firm boundaries. The book describes a theory—the incomplete contracting or property rights approach—based on the idea that power and control matter when contracts are incomplete. If the terms of a transaction can always be renegotiated, the incentives of a party to undertake relationship‐specific investments will depend crucially on the ability to control the use of productive assets when renegotiation takes place. Asset ownership becomes an essential source of power. The theory suggests that firm boundaries are chosen to allocate power optimally among the various parties to a transaction. The foundations of incomplete contracting are also discussed.The remainder of the book applies incomplete contracting ideas to understand the financial structure of closely held and public companies. The analysis illustrates how debt acts as an automatic mechanism to constrain the behaviour of managers or owners of both kinds of companies. In closely held companies, debt can force an entrepreneur to pay out funds to investors rather than to himself. In a public company, ownership is dispersed among small shareholders causing a separation between ownership and control. It is argued that debt and equity choices, capital structure decisions, bankruptcy procedures, corporate governance, and takeovers, play a substantial role in limiting the ability of a (self‐interested) manager to make unprofitable but power‐enhancing decisions.