bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Riddle
Authors: Green Thomas A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In general usage, an act of playful communication in which a party poses a witty question to a respondent who is obligated to offer an apt reply. Folklorists commonly distinguish between a larger class of traditional questions designed to confuse or test a respondent and the riddle per se. The riddle per se is felt to require (1) an (at least) implied question-and-answer structure, (2) a solution reachable through information contained in the question, (3) a basis in the general cultural knowledge of performer and respondents (shared language, worldview, and/ or tropes), and (4) a slot within a particular tradition and Performance context. The riddle is one of the oldest and most culturally wide spread of FOLKLORE genres (see Genre). Examples have been found in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Sanskrit traditions. One of the most notable examples from antiquity is the Riddle of the Sphinx, which is the story of the half-woman, half-animal who would fly to the walls of the citadel of Thebes and ask a riddle of the young men there: “What is it that goes on four legs in the morning, two at midday, and three in the evening?” When the young men could not answer correctly, she ate them.
Music, Folk and Traditional
Authors: Titan Jeff Todd 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Generally speaking, folk music comprises traditional, orally transmitted, and regionally and ethnically based genres of mu sic, often performed in small groups with a major everyday emphasis on face-to-face communication and social interaction (see Genre; Interaction, Face-To-Face). Early folklorists understood folk songs to differ both from popular music (tainted by professionalism, the profit motive, and mass media) and from art music (composed and per formed for an urban, educated elite). Folk songs, they thought, could be found only among an agrarian, illiterate peasantry; literacy, urbanization, and modernization were thought to work against folk tradition. This formulation meant that students of folk song were fated to preside over dying artifacts and that the nature and quality of folk song among descendants of settlers in the New World must be derivative and inferior. But as many of those European peasant cultures disappeared during the twentieth century, folklorists observed that folk songs and folk processes were alive and well among European and American working classes and well-knit ethnic groups, whether in rural areas or in cities.
Artifact
Authors: Babcock Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The word (arte + factum) literally means “something made by skill or craft” and may refer to any artificial product. In common usage, artifact denotes an object manufactured or modified by human hands. Most dictionary definitions and representative examples not only confer simplicity and primitiveness upon artifacts, but are themselves deceptively simple, concealing both the tangled connotations of the term and the over whelming diversity and complexity of human makings as well as the uses, meanings, and valuations thereof. The domain of artifacts (otherwise known as material Culture) has been endlessly subdivided and variously modified: implements, tools, weapons, ornaments, domestic utensils, religious objects, antiquities, primitive artifacts, folk materials, vintage clothing, and so on. The primary division, however, is into practical or utilitarian versus aesthetic or expressive things, with “artifact” or “craft” usually denoting the former and “art” or “art object” the latter. This distinction is problematic and confusing and is best discarded because the idea of art as a separate category of things “beyond necessity” is alien to most of the world’s cul tures. All artifacts have an aesthetic dimension, and aesthetic valuation is extremely relative.
Democracy and the CIA
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the National Security Act of 1947, and amendments in 1949, the U.S. government established the contemporary intelligence community. In the years to follow, the public and even most government officials were privy to little in, formation about its workings. This state of ignorance changed dramatically in the wake of a series of articles published by the New York Times throughout December 1974. These reports claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-the most prominent of the U.S. intelligence agencies--had engaged in unsavory covert operations during the 1960s against the democratically elected government of Chile and, more startling, had resorted to espionage operations at home (on a “massive” scale, concluded Times correspondent Seymour M. Hersh).
The Purpose of American Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland the White Rabbit sought counsel from the King of Hearts on the art of presenting evidence. “Begin at the beginning,” the King sensibly advised, “and go on till you come to the end: then stop.” To begin at the beginning, the origins of American intelligence coincide with the birth of the nation. Even during these early stirrings, the leaders of the Revolution were well aware of the vital role intelligence operations would play in a successful war of independence.
The Huston Plan
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Iran-contra affair (1985-86), Lt. Col. Oliver L. North of the Reagan administration received widespread notoriety as the “action-officer” who guided the controversial operations. North served as an aide to President Reagan’s assistant for national security affairs, Vice Adm. John M. Poindexter, on the NSC staff. In this capacity, he became deeply involved in the White House scheme to sell arms secretly to Iran in exchange for that country’s help in gaining the release of American hostages held in the Middle East.
The CIA and the Media
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Deep within the Soviet Union, some five hundred miles from Mongolia, lies the town of Krasnoyarsk. Few locations on the face of the earth are so remote and obscure; yet in 1983 Krasnoyarsk became a name of importance in the annals of arms control, for here the Soviets began construction of a controversial “phased array” radar station. The true purpose of this facility, hotly debated within arms control circles, held potentially sweeping implications for the future of arms talks and relations between the superpowers.
Colonial Minority: Traders in the Village
Authors: Hatley Tom 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
EXACTLY how many colonial traders passed through the Cherokee towns in the early years is impossible to say. Certainly there was an ample supply of declared “Indian traders” in Proprietary-era South Carolina. By one accounting, over 10 percent of the white male population fell into this category, and continuing immigration into the colony soon added significantly to their ranks. While most of these men never ventured directly into the Cherokee towns, a few took the risk. Traders and the merchants who backed them were at the top of the income ladder, and factors, or agents, of the Charlestown trading houses could make nearly twice the wage of “those who oversee Plantations.” “Self-ended traders,” unaffiliated with merchants, occasionally found the trade to be even more lucrative, while others came in order to put a comfortable distance between themselves and the colonial authorities. However, the growing populations of the seaboard colonies had, by the 1730s, increased sharply the number engaged in the trade. In Georgia alone by 1740, “the traders, pack-horse-men, servants, townsmen, and others depending on that business,’’ arriving in the spring to do business at newly established Augusta, were “moderately computed about six hundred white men, who live by their trade.”
“Their Country is the Key of Carolina”
Authors: Hatley Tom 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
DURING the decades of the 1720s through the 1740s, official contact between the colony and tribal mountain towns had been sporadic, and intercultural politics had for the most part been overshadowed by the ebb and flow of trade. On again off again hostilities between the Cherokees and the Creeks sometimes interrupted steady routines. The Carolinians at times attempted to mediate or exacerbate this conflict—depending on their reading of the costs and benefits to themselves—while always looking for the French behind the scene. However, there was a constant logic in their western policy beyond opposition to the French. The Carolinians, in this and other contexts, still hoped to gain the prize they imagined would secure them the interior: a firm alliance with the Cherokees. During the Yamassee War the English had sought out village brokers such as the Tugaloo Conjurer and Caesar, but by the late 1720s they were increasingly concerned with formally cementing their connection with their tribal neighbors. When Cherokee authorities could not be easily identified, the English attempted to create for themselves Cherokees of rank worthy enough to negotiate with the King’s representatives.
The Great Amateur Era
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Where did all those baseball players who swelled the Cuban League come from? How and where did they develop? Baseball cannot be learned quickly because it demands finesse instead of brute force. Catching a fly ball, let alone a grounder, and throwing accurately are difficult skills to master. Some have claimed that hitting a moving ball with a round bat is the hardest thing to do in sports. So these players had to have been nurtured in practice and competition through a process that took years. It is a measure of how ingrained baseball was in Cuban life by the beginning of this century that little kids of all races learned to throw, catch, and hit early. There were organized teams and leagues for boys and adolescents, and both private and public schools sometimes had teams or intramural competition. But most of the baseball played by boys was unstructured. The immediate sources of talent for the Cuban League were the semiprofessional teams and leagues, sugarmill baseball, and the amateur leagues (which also included teams and tournaments in the armed forces).
The Cornwallises Send Regrets: Historical Commemoration in the 1950s
Authors: Fried Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
History, long prescribed as cod-liver oil for civic irregularity, remained as a sovereign remedy during the Cold War. While policymakers often rummaged for ancient precedents and lessons, some leaders wanted more of history than that. Seeking to root Americans in their past, they stressed less history’s pragmatic lessons than the inspiration to be derived from early heroes, less tested solutions than ancient values. On frequent occasions little analyzed by historians, cold-war America paid homage to a variety of hallowed places and olden times. Patriotic activists turned to history especially in times of turmoil. The aftermaths of the two world wars produced similar anxieties-and responses. Beside Red Scares, both eras displayed a softer side in efforts to instill patriotism by applying the balm of tradition to current social eruptions. On September 17, 1919, Constitution Day was marked under the aegis of the National Security League, a bulwark of “one-hundred-percent Americanism” during the war and the Red Scare. In 1920, with due pomp, Secretary of State Robert Lansing placed original copies of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution on display.
Early New England Mill Towns of the Piscataqua River Valley
Authors: Candee Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Certain generalizations continue to frame our understanding of the history, architecture, and planning of New England’s textile industry. One of these key ideas was first articulated by James Montgomery, a Scottish technician who worked in New England mills during the 1830s. Montgomery differentiated between modestly capitalized factory communities centered in and around Rhode Island and larger textile manufacturing centers based on the technological organization of Waltham or Lowell to describe a landscape of northern New England corporation towns and southern New England mill villages. Just as mill owners in Rhode Island might tum to the newest mills in or around Providence to “copy their plans and style of machinery,” Montgomery saw that the larger textile corporations in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts “follow the Lowell plans in the form and arrangement of the Mills, as well as the style of their machinery. “
Cost Efficiency In Belgian Municipalities
Authors: Eeckaut Philippe Vanden , Tulkens Henry , Jamar1 Marie-Astrid 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In most countries, municipalities supply numerous services to the population. In the case of Belgium, in addition to the various forms of civil administration, they also provide police services, social services, educational services, and maintenance of municipal roads and infrastructure. The cost of these services appears, in an aggregate form, in the yearly accounts of each municipality. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the relation between this aggregate cost and the size of the services provided. The relation will first be viewed in terms of a usual total cost function, and then as a total cost “frontier,” using in this case various techniques of efficiency analysis. Along the way some indications will be obtained on the nature of returns-to-scale in communal activities.
The Shadow of a Dream
Authors: Coclanis Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This important new book charts the economic and social rise and fall of a small, but intriguing part of the American South: Charleston and the surrounding South Carolina low country. Spanning 250 years, Coclanis's study analyzes the interaction of both external and internal forces on the city and countryside, examining the effects of various factors--the environment, the market, economic and political ideology, and social institutions--on the region's economy from its colonial beginnings to its collapse in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Strategic and Ethical Issues in the Valuation of Life
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, issues pertaining to the valuation of human life had been treated as strictly moral concepts, not matters to be degraded through economic analysis of choices and tradeoffs. However, as Schelling (1968) observed, substantial insight can be obtained by assessing the benefits of risk reduction in the same manner as we value other economic effects. In general, the appropriate benefit measure for risk reductions is the willingness to pay to produce the particular outcome.1 Similarly, the selling price for changes in risk establishes the value for risk increases.
Evidence on the Value of Life: Case Studies from the Labor Market
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A substantial body of research now addresses the value of individuals’ risk-dollar tradeoffs, the focal point of the value-of-life debate. This chapter provides an introduction to this literature by considering in detail two studies from the labor market. This discussion provides a more detailed perspective on the nature of the empirical studies than does Chapter 4, which provides a comprehensive survey of the entire literature on the value of risks to life and health.
Introduction
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have been interested in romanticism since childhood. Romanticism meant romantic literature, especially poetry, which I could read in three languages (French, Russian, and English) then and a few others later on. As to romantic thought, ideology, or outlook—call it what you will—although I have always considered it inseparable from poetry, I was eager to learn more about it from whatever source and thus became an avid reader of all kinds of romantic literature as well as literature about romanticism.
The Emergence of Romanticism in Germany
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Die Lieb’ ist frey gegeben,
Und keine Trennung mehr.
Es wogt das volle Leben
Wie ein unendlich Meer,
Nur eine Nacht der Wonne—
Ein ewiges Gedicht—
Und unser aller Sonne
1st Gottes Angesicht.
Love is freely given,
Separation is no more.
Full life rolls on
Like an endless sea.
Only one night of ecstasy—
An eternal poem—
And the sun for all of us
Is the countenance of God.
The Movement Toward a New America
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the month of the Kent State tragedy, activist Mitchell Goodman and his friends published a massive collage of documents from hundreds of underground papers. These members of the Great Conspiracy commune entitled their book The Movement Toward a New America: The Beginnings of a Long Revolution. This movement, of course, had been under way since Greensboro. The first wave crested in 1968 when Paul Booth wrote, “We are the young people of the new American left, educated in the social movements of the sixties, now attempting to define a politics appropriate to our ambition of building a new America.” That ambition appeared to be on the verge of becoming reality in the two years after Kent State, for during the early 1970s the second wave crested, broke, and splashed against the bedrock of the American establishment, creating a cultural and political whirlpool that had not been seen since the progressive era of the early twentieth century.
Legacies The Sea Change
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
But . . . how difficult for a baby boomer to let go; how difficult to summarize an era that changed the lives of so many Americans. Writing legacies of any recent era is fraught with peril. Consider this: How different would an evaluation of the movement be if this chapter had been written after the electoral triumphs of Jimmy Carter, or Ronald Reagan, or Bill Clinton? Or consider this: How differently do Americans evaluate the sixties? Conservatives generally loathe the instability of the era, the extreme behavior, the “permissiveness.” They might agree with George Will, who in the 1990s bashed away: “Has there ever been such politically barren radicalism as that of the Sixties? . . . The Sixties are dead. Not a moment too soon/’ Liberals often dislike the excesses and violence but feel that many changes eventually were beneficial to the nation, labeling it a progressive era. College students then and parents now most likely recall a period of excitement, challenges, hopes, disappointments, new values, and they might agree with Todd Gitlin: “Unraveling, rethinking, refusing to take for granted, thinking without limits—that calling was some of what I loved most in the spirit of the Sixties/’ Minorities might agree with Roger Wilkins, who when asked what he thought of the sixties simply answered, “Wonderful. It was the time that freed my people.” Former hippies might chuckle along with Carl Gottlieb—“Anyone who remembers the sixties wasn’t there”—or they might wink and say, “Far out.”
Chapter I
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the beautiful banks of the Delaware, about thirty miles from Philadelphia, dwelt a worthy and venerable man, by the name of Sheldon. In his younger days, he had been a considerable traveller, and had consequently seen much of the world .Some disappointments and mortifications, to which a tum of mind somewhat singular had subjected him, in some European city, had inspired him with a total dislike of all populous places. On his return, therefore, from his last foreign tour, he could not be persuaded to fix his residence in Philadelphia, the place of his nativity; but having married a wife, a necessary ingredient in man’s domestic happiness, he purchased an estate near enough to this capital of North America, to enjoy its conveniences and the society of a few of its inhabitants, for whom he had a particular friendship; and devoted himself to agriculture. One daughter was the only fruit of this connexion.-Her history, being filled with incidents of a singular nature, we are now about to give to the public.
Chapter VIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unfortunately for our lovers, the next two days being rainy, no intercourse took place between them. The subsequent morning being remarkably fine, and Mr. Sheldon quite recovered, Dorcasina dispatched the following billet to her lover, by the boy, Patrick; who, on account of his name, had become a favourite: O’Connor was somewhat perplexed, upon the receipt of this billet, as he had to invent excuses for the non-arrival of letters, for which he had never written. He was also disappointed and chagrined at the unexpected recovery of Mr. Sheldon. It blasted all the fine prospects of becoming immediate master of his property, with which, in his first illness, he had agreeably flattered himself. After revolving the matter, for some time, in his mind, he saw no other way of extricating himself from his present embarrassment, than to pretend impatience that the letters did not arrive; and urge Dorcasina to an immediate marriage. Having formed this resolution, he set out for the place of interview, where he found his mistress had just before arrived. Their meeting was such as might be expected; on his side, feigned raptures; and on her’s, real ones ill dissembled. ‘‘The ensuing scene can be easily imagined by the feeling heart; and to those devoid of sensibility, the description would be insipid; we, therefore, pass it over in silence,” and return to Mr. Sheldon.
Chapter XVIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During these transactions at L--,Mr.Sheldon had fortunately made a discovery, at Philadelphia, which he flattered himself would enable him to cure his daughter of her foolish passion for O’Connor. Going one day into the court of judicature, which was then sitting, he observed at the bar a prisoner, in whom he instantly recognized that abandoned villain. The night he left L--, in the manner before related, he rode towards New York, to which city he at first intended going. Stopping in the morning at an inn on the road, he called for some breakfast, and afterwards for a bed, upon which he threw himself and slept till noon. During dinner, he observed in a cupboard, a number of silver spoons, a pair of canns, and some other small pieces of plate. His money being nearly exhausted, it struck his fancy to convert the silver he saw to his own use. He, therefore, passed the afternoon at the same place, which he employed in observing the house and the stable. He was much pleased, at finding that all the family slept above stairs, and that the chamber alloted him was directly over the treasure he had set his heart on filching. At midnight, when the family were buried in sleep, he stole softly down stairs, and, forcing the lock of the cupboard, he appropriated to himself the canns and the other articles, and left the house undiscovered. Then taking his horse from the stable, he altered his rout, and retraced his steps towards Philadelphia; intending to continue his tour into the southern states. He rode till noon, next day, without stopping for a moment, and had nearly reached the city; when being spent with fatigue and want of food, his horse also refusing to go any farther, he stopped again at an inn; and, after having dined, went directly to be d;intending, in the evening, to reach Philadelphia.