bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democratic Institutions and Development in Post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli , Seekings Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last years of apartheid South Africa was distinguished not only by a political system based on racial discrimination against the majority of the population, but also by a very high level of economic inequality. Extensive poverty existed amidst considerable wealth. The open, democratic general election of April 1994 marked the achieve¬ment of representative democracy-and transferred responsibility for development to the new, democratically elected government. The developmental challenge facing the new democracy is twofold: to bring about sustainable growth and to facilitate redistribution-in part through job creation, and in part through the redirection of state ex¬ penditure. Both goals require an efficient and appropriate institutional framework to succeed.
Introduction: Uneasy Allies or Genuine Partners? Britain, Germany, and European Integration
Authors: Larres Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century British—German relations have been of fundamental importance in shaping the course of European and world history. Often those relations were strained and hostile, no more so than during the Second World War. Having conquered and then governed Germany as one of the four occupation powers between 1945 and 1949, Britain became the FRG’s formal ally when West Germany joined NATO in May 1955. However, it was only in the 1970s, when the UK was under great pressure from its increasing economic problems, that London began to view the British—German relationship as a partnership between equals. When Britain became a member of the then European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, the bilateral British— (West) German relationship gradually intensified. At the same time this relationship began to include an ever greater number of other partners and developed into a truly multinational framework. Although bilateral British—German relations before and after World War II had always been strongly influenced by third parties, with the increasing importance of the European integration factor this tendency intensified. Not least in view of the dramatic redistribution of world power status away from Europe since the end of the Second World War, it made increasingly less sense to focus on bilateral instead of multilateral relations. Moreover, throughout the entire post-1945 era neither London nor Bonn regarded their bilateral relationship as of prime importance; relations with the USA and France appeared to be much more crucial.
European Union Social Policy: German and British Perspectives on Industrial Citizenship
Authors: Meehan Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European Union (EU) social policy is not, as it is in states, directly redistributive. EU policy instruments provide a regulatory framework for the operation of state social policies in certain fields. This framework has come about for reasons specific to integration and does not cover the normal spectrum of intervention. These reasons include the needs to: reduce impediments, including nationality-based discrimination, to the free movement of labour; make integration more attractive to ordinary people; and reconcile the goal of economic and social cohesion with dislocations arising from the creation of a single European market.
The Creation of the Single Market and Britain’s Withdrawal from the EMS
Authors: Begg Iain , Wood Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s uneasy relations with its EU partners, especially Germany and France, have noticeably improved since the election of the Labour government in May 1997. The subsequent decision by Britain to forego entry into the European Monetary Union (EMU) in the first wave has, apparently, been accepted without acrimony by the other member states, and British support for European employment initiatives, and its adoption of the social chapter have been welcomed. All of this suggests that what has often been a fractious relationship is in one of its more constructive phases. There have, however, also been dire periods when antagonism to Europe has been pervasive. British ambivalence about the EU is captured in the possibly apocryphal comments attributed to Russell Bretherton, the Board of Trade representative at the 1955 Messina conference which paved the way for the Treaty of Rome.
Financial Reporting and Accounting Harmonization in Germany and the UK: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Mccourt Patricia , Radcliffe George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Divergence in financial reporting practice between Germany and the UK would not be regarded by many as a contentious issue or an important source of friction between the two countries either in public debate or in negotiation within the institutions of the European Union. In fact, however, the financial statements of enterprises have also been a significant and fundamental determinant of two variables which have been the subject of widespread and sometimes acrimonious debate in recent years, namely levels of investment and corporate taxation.
Negotiating the Intergovernmental Conferences: Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Beyond
Authors: Harmsen Robert , Reinhardt Nickolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1990s have seen the adoption of two treaties marking, to varying degrees, the continued development of the European integration project. The Maastricht Treaty or Treaty on European Union was agreed in December 1991 and entered into force, after a turbulent ratification process, in November 1993. The Amsterdam Treaty was agreed in June 1997. Following a protracted but uneventful ratification process, this later treaty entered into force in May 1999. Both Treaties were the product of Intergovernmental Conferences or ‘IGCs’.
The Political Culture of Russian ‘Democrats’: the New and the Old
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this concluding chapter is to put the political culture of Russian ‘democrats’ into a broader context by analysing its similarities to, and differences from, political concepts and beliefs in the West (above all those which form the basis of modern political science as an academic discipline); and also by comparing it with Russian and Soviet political theories of earlier periods and the political culture of the Soviet Union as a whole. This will permit a more precise definition to be made of the elements of continuity and innovation in the political subculture of Russian ‘democrats’, in order to determine the mechanism of innovation and of the maintenance of tradition, and to see how Western ideas were reinterpreted on Russian soil. It should be noted that some of this comparison will necessarily be preliminary given the contemporary state of the study of Western and, particularly, Russian and Soviet political cultures and political thought, which leaves much to be desired.
Information Needs and Methods of Resource Assessment
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A similar pattern of methodological development may be seen in various parts of the world and in different natural resources disciplines. Early surveys were casual though often perceptive descriptions by amateurs, but a few were based on careful, systematic work—for instance Packet‘s charts of east Kent, prepared over nine years and published in 1743, delineated landforms and distinguished coastal sands, stony land and woods at a scale of 1 :42240 (Packet 1743).
Land valuation
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last thirty years, there has been a shift of emphasis in the work of natural resources professionals and institutions. Initially they concentrated on the collection of basic, specialist data: topographic surveys produced topographic maps, geological surveys produced geological maps, soil surveys produced soil maps, and their responsibilities seemed to end there. In other words, they saw ‘the land, what it is’. But these basic data do not answer the next, more complex and difficult question faced by policy makers, land use planners and managers. ‘What is it good for?’ Indeed, there are sequences of questions. Planners and policymakers at national level might ask:
Planning in Tanzania
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tanzania is a big country of 883449km (Fig. 9.1), which includes both the highest and lowest land in Africa-the summit of Kilimanjaro at 5895 m and the floor of Lake Tanganyika at 358 m below sea level. Its population is about 30 million (projection from 1988 census), growing at 2.8 per cent per year (Bureau of Statistics 1992), giving a sparse overall density of some 3 ha/person. However, the density is much higher (&lt;0.5 ha/person) in some rural areas where rainfall is more reliable and soils relatively fertile. The movement of farmers and pastoralists to those well-endowed areas that still have relatively low population densities is bringing increasing conflicts over land ownership. Tanzania is also a poor country. GDP per caput in 1995 was US $120 and 90 per cent of the population is supported directly or indirectly by agriculture, which contributes half of the GDP.
The Academic Formulations: Explanations for the Partitioned City
Authors: Kempen Ronald van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has become clear from the previous chapter, situations and processes of spatial segregation and spatial concentration of population groups, as well as lines of partitioning are as old as the hills. Benevolo (1980; cited in Van Kempen and 6ziiekren 1998) goes back to Babylon in 2000 BC. Here already distinct quarters could be described. Quarters in the inner city were reserved as residential places for kings and priests, for those who were in power; outer quarters were accessible to everyone. The same structure can be seen in most medieval cities in Europe.
From Danube to Isis: A Career in Two Cultures
Authors: Pulzer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most historical writing-at any rate writing on modern history-is also autobiography. Often this works indirectly. The writing may be entirely impersonal and drily objective, with no visible connection to the author’s life-story. The details may be derived from archives, newspapers, or inter views, and therefore not part of the author’s own experience. But what about the choice of subject itself, the agenda, the questions to be addressed, and the conclusions to be formulated? Are they chosen at random? Do they derive from some purely external stimulus? Or do they come from inside the scholar, because something that once happened to him goes on growing inside, because the world as he has experienced it has features that cry out for an explanation?
Peter Pulzer’s Writing on Political Anti-Semitism and the Jewish Question in Germany and Austria: An Assessment
Authors: Markovits Andrei S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remember it well. It was in the fall of 1968-as a 20-year-old senior in Columbia University’s College-that I first encountered Peter Pulzer’s The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria. I had never heard of Peter Pulzer but I found the title of the book not only intellectually intriguing but also profoundly compelling on a deeper, autobiographical level. This, after all, was precisely the time that I had first begun to learn in a systematic and serious way about the absolutely crucial role that anti-Semitism had played in Austria’s and Central Europe’s political history during the first half of the twentieth century.
Liberalism as a Minority Subculture: The Case of Italy
Authors: Hine David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the 1990s, it was traditional to see the Italian political system as distinctive, in comparative European terms, for the persistence of ideological polarization and subcultural fragmentation. Both the Marxist/socialist subculture and the Catholic subculture remained largely intact until as recently as the mid-l 980s, despite the revisionism of the Communist Party and the long term secularization of Christian Democracy. The effects on the party system of this mutually hostile subcultural confrontation were paralysing: the Communist Party was condemned to permanent opposition, and the Christian Democrat Party was permanently in power at the heart of an unstable centrist coalition. The end of the cold war dismantled that system over a decade ago. Today the Communists have completed their transition to social-democratic status, and the Christian Democrat Party has broken into pieces, though catholic influence is still strongly felt across the party spectrum.
Belated Professionalization of Parliamentary Elites: Hungary 1848—1999
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hungarian parliamentary tradition begins in 1848 and in the following 150 years its parliament has existed virtually uninterrupted: that is, throughout the long liberal period up to 1918; in the interwar authoritarian system, with its façade of democratic institutions; in the diverse Communist periods; not to mention the intermezzos of 1918 and 1945 when attempts were made to establish democratic parliamentary government. Nevertheless, despite its long existence, the Hungarian parliament could only rarely act as an agent of modernization and democratization and parliamentary elites show clear trends of professionalization only in the last two legislative terms, that is, after the collapse of Communism in 1990.
Monitoring and evaluating status
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Single species studies have been a major impetus for invertebrate conserva¬tion, and will continue to capture the imagination and to test the ingenuity of biologists and managers alike. Studies on assemblages or particular taxo-nomic groups commonly purport to assess change in diversity or relative abundance over space or time. Much decision-making in both these broad contexts depends on the outcome of status evaluation, and monitoring the changes and trends in abundance and distribution of the species (singular or plural) under study. The problems of monitoring invertebrates, and methods for estimating population size and structure are outlined in this chapter, as they are essential components of many surveys which emphasize conservation studies. Unlike much of the work discussed earlier in this book, this may need to be achieved without killing, harming, or, even, capturing the delicate animals involved.
Alternative approaches to species-focused conservation
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expense and complexity of single species invertebrate conservation renders it impracticable as the sole-or, even, major-strategy to pursue, because only a minute proportion of the taxa needing conservation could possibly be treated, even though the wide taxonomic spectrum of taxa considered provides a solid framework for development. Funding and exper¬tise for invertebrate conservation is limited, and concentrating on species alone for conservation would rapidly deploy this support with many taxa remaining neglected, and lingering doubts over its most effective use. Empha¬sis has thus also been placed on the prime need for conservation of any taxa, the protection of natural habitats. Surveys, sometimes of particular target groups, play important roles in selecting optimal areas for protection-or in justifying need for protection of remnant habitats where such a choice is unavailable.
Involving people in invertebrate conservation
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major practical barriers to increasing wider interest in invertebrate conservation and conducting effective surveys have been stressed repeatedly in earlier chapters, but devolve into three major categories. 1. The adverse images and public profile or, at least, general apathy with which invertebrates are regarded. 2. The widespread lack of appreciation, even within the community of zoologists and ecologists, of their diversity and fundamental importance in natural ecosystems. 3. The lack of resources, including expertise, for studying invertebrate diversity and biology, and for incorporating this information effectively into broader conservation programmes by standard sampling and analyti¬cal protocols. These categories, and their many subdivisions, emphasize the need to involve people in many walks of life, to improve and foster public sympathy for invertebrates in pragmatic ways, and to enlist whatever help can be mustered to undertake practical aspects of sampling, recording, distribution mapping, helping in well co-ordinated surveys and in protecting and manag¬ing sites, as a major collective contribution to sustaining the earth’s biota.
Banach and topological algebras
Authors: Dales H G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn to the definitions and fundamental properties of (in general, non commutative) Banach algebras and some more general topological algebras. Thus we are moving from the foundations given in Chapter 1, and shall now examine the implications of the additional assumption that the algebras that we are considering also have a topology; in each case, the topology is connected to the algebraic structure by the simple requirement that the algebraic operations be continuous.
Commutative Banach Algebras
Authors: Dales H G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we shall give a rather detailed description of many specific commutative Banach algebras; we shall study the examples for their own interest and for the sake of applications to automatic continuity theory in the final Chapter 5. Throughout, we shall be concerned with the basic structural properties of these examples-their character spaces, their polynomial generators, and their ideals-and we shall build up the machinery which will be required in Chapter 5.
Recent Developments in Dense Numerical Linear Algebra
Authors: Higham Nicholas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical linear algebra with dense matrices is still today, as it was at the time of the first IMA meeting on the State of the Art in Numerical Analysis in 1965, an extremely active area of research. There are several reasons. First, we still do not fully understand some of the classical algorithms. For example, the behaviour of the growth factors for Gaussian elimination and its variants with partial and complete pivoting is not yet completely understood. Second, novel computer architectures force us to design new algorithms, modify old ones, and reassess algorithms that were once discarded. In particular, parallel computers have made the flop counts traditionally used to measure the cost of an algorithm of dubious relevance, so that some algorithms hitherto considered inefficient are now of interest again. Third, applications stimulate the development of new theory and techniques. For example, real-time signal processing applications have stimulated much work on rank-revealing factorizations and the updating of factorizations after low rank changes.
Hilbert space methods
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter collects together a variety of interpolation techniques which exploit the additional structure available in a Hilbert space. To begin with, we shall introduce the notion of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, where the values of any function are given by its Inner products with a set of kernel functions. Next we shall analyse the recently introduced matching pursuit algorithm, which has a wide variety of applications in data analysis. We shall then move on to consider minimal-norm interpolation, both in a Hilbert space and a general Banach space setting.
Sampling
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall be concerned with another situation in which we wish to recover an analytic function from noisy measurements. In this case the function will be defined on R, and we have in mind applications to signal processing and speech processing. We shall begin by introducing the Paley–Wiener spaces, as the appropriate reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces for the problem. It turns out that questions of sampling are much simpler when we are able to sample at regular time intervals, and we shall begin by giving a treatment of the Shannon sampling theorem and the modification required for robust sampling in the presence of noise. The question of aliasing will also be treated.
Applications
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter is written mainly for the benefit of the mathematician who wants to see how some of the theoretical results of the previous chapters can be applied to engineering problems. Being written by a mathematician, it will inevitably contain a personal and occasionally unrealistic view of what are some of the important problems in systems and control. We shall begin with an introduction to linear systems, showing how functions spaces such as the Hardy space H∞ arise naturally from physical situations, in particular from systems modelled by ordinary and partial differential equations. This will bring us naturally onto the subject of H∞ control, where mathematical problems arise which can be solved using techniques from interpolation and approximation theory. We shall then look at identification itself, considering some recent examples where the ideas presented in this book are used effectively.
Kirkman triple systems
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Query 6 on page 48 of the Lady’s and Gentleman’s Diary for 1850 was posed by Kirkman as follows. Fifteen young ladies in a school walk out three abreast for seven days in succession: it is required to arrange them daily, so that no two shall walk twice abreast. Writing later that year, Kirkman said of the problem that it was ‘hardly worthy of mention if it were not that it has excited, as I hear, some attention among a far higher class of readers than those for whom the first 48 pages of the Diary are intended. I hit upon this pretty problem four years ago...’. It had certainly aroused interest.
Balanced tournament designs
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A balanced tournament design is factored if, for each of the n grounds, there are n games played on that ground which together involve each of the 2n teams. The n pairs of teams are said to form a factor. Certainly no column contains any team more than twice. As far as the rows are concerned, row 0 and rows 2k + 1 to 4k each contain each team once, but rows 1 to 2k are unsatisfactory and require alteration. We show how to move entries around so as to obtain the required properties.
Whist tournaments
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a whist (or doubles tennis) tournament was introduced in Section 2.3. Recall that a Wh(4n) consists of 4n -1 rounds of n games; in each game two players play against two others, and altogether (i) each player plays in one game per round; (ii) each player partners every other player exactly once; (iii) each player opposes every other player exactly twice.
Approach Properties
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will study some natural invariants or properties of approach spaces. In view of the fact that approach spaces generalize at the same time topological spaces and metric spaces, the properties which we study will be generalizations of similar topological or metric properties. As a general rule we will adopt the following convention. If (P) is a topological property then we will say that an approach space has (P) if and only if its topological coreflection has (P). This rule will not be followed for properties of metric spaces, however.