bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perfectionism and the Common Good
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This book presents a study of T. H. Green's classic Prolegomena to Ethics (1883) and its role in his philosophical thought. Green is one of the two most important figures in the British idealist tradition, and his political writings and activities had a profound influence on the development of Liberal politics in Britain. The Prolegomena is his major philosophical work. It begins with his idealist attack on empiricist metaphysics and epistemology and develops a perfectionist ethical theory that aims to bring together the best elements in the ancient and modern traditions, and that provides the moral foundations for Green's own distinctive brand of liberalism. This book tries to restore the Prolegomena to its rightful place in the history of philosophy by providing a prolegomenon to the Prolegomena — one that situates the work in its intellectual context, sympathetically but critically engages its main themes, and explains Green's enduring significance for the history of ethics and contemporary ethical theory. The book examines Green's life and work, his idealist attack on empiricism, his conception of agency, his perfectionist ethics of self-realization, the connections he draws between perfectionism and the common good, his conception of the differences between perfectionism and utilitarianism, and the connections between his perfectionism and his defence of a new form of political liberalism.
Five Fallacies: Northern Ireland and the Liabilities of Liberalism
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter criticizes five popular arguments central to the thinking of liberal integrationists: (i) extremist political and religious elites are responsible for conflicts; (ii) conflicts have fundamental economic and material foundations; (iii) conflicts flow from archaic religious and non-religious political cultures; (iv) segregation is the key social and structural cause of conflict; and (v) individual discrimination is the primary motor of conflict. The authors insist instead on the ethno-national nature of the conflict and the need for appropriate political means to address this.
The Labour Government and Northern Ireland, 1974–9
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter is highly critical of the Wilson cabinet's failure to defend Northern Ireland's first consociational experiment, the Sunningdale Agreement, although it concedes that this agreement may have had an inevitable encounter with a coroner. It analyses the government's reaction to the 1974 strike by the Ulster Workers Council, which led to the demise of Sunningdale. The chapter also illustrates the limits of the Callaghan government's policies in Northern Ireland, including its flawed experiments in ‘Ulsterization’, ‘normalization’, and ‘criminalization’.
‘Democracy’ in Northern Ireland: Experiments in Self-rule from the Protestant Ascendancy to the Good Friday Agreement
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Pierre van den Berghe has argued that democracy in divided societies can take five different forms: Herrenvolk democracy, ethnic democracy, liberal democracy, multicultural democracy, and consociational democracy. This chapter argues that each of these five ostensible versions of democracy, or relatives of them, has been experimented with in pre-partition Ireland and Northern Ireland. While all have clear limits, the one that is most suited to Northern Ireland's conditions is consociational democracy. The chapter discusses some limits of the consociational approach, but also defends it against common criticisms.
British Post-war Sociologists
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA dozen sociologists attended LSE in the aftermath of the Second World War. They were the first generation of professional sociologist in Britain. This chapter offers an account of their origins, the subject they learnt, the influence of Glass and Shils on them, their anti‐Marxist but left‐wing orientation, their suspicion of functionalism, and their contribution of a sociological description of British society—its demography, class structure, ethnic composition, religion, industry, and crime.
Revolt 1968–75
Authors: Halsey A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBetween the Robbinsian expansion of the 1960s and the restrictions of the 1980s there was, among other social dramas, a period of student rebellion, imported largely from California and France. Sociology was not a prime cause but bore a main part of the consequences. Over the centuries, British students have been relatively peaceable. Low student/staff ratios, the absence of a separate administration, and shared domesticity had distinguished British universities from their counterparts in France. Germany, and USA. The LSE, a recent addition, approximated least to the ‘English idea of the university’ and it was here that the troubles began. In consequence, the popular image of the undergraduate was transformed, and sociologists were widely held to have been responsible, but the most serious consequence was the rise of anti‐positivism and the intellectual disarray of sociology itself.
Agency and Public Finance
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines how individuals should be left to make their own decisions with respect to other areas of welfare, such as saving for their pension or long‐term care. It concludes that there is a case for government intervention in individuals’ savings and insurance decisions. This case is based, not on some individual failure, but on various forms of market failure: information problems, transactions costs, and the fact that all relevant interests, notably future selves, are not being represented in the market. All of these problems suggest that, if left to themselves, people will save, or insure for, too little. Hence, the state needs to adopt methods of increasing people's savings.
A Demogrant
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDiscusses an idea for turning pawns into queens of which the author was an initiator: the idea of a universal stakeholder or demogrant to every young adult. A similar idea has been termed stakeholding grants or ‘baby bonds’, and the British Government has just introduced another version: the child trust fund. Gives the historical background to the idea, and locates it as part of the growing movement toward ‘asset‐based welfare’. Discusses its pros and cons, and the details of practical implementation
Partnership Savings
Authors: Grand Julian Le 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDiscusses an idea of which the author was an initiator: ‘partnership’ matching grants to encourage savings for pensions and long‐term care. It argues that current systems for encouraging individuals to save for their old age or for long‐term care, such as tax relief on pensions contributions, are regressive and opaque. They should be replaced by a more progressive, transparent system whereby the government directly matches contributions made by individuals.
Humanitarian Intervention and Afghanistan
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter argues that humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan provided much needed legitimacy to US military actions which were undertaken for (at best) partly humanitarian reasons. Operation Enduring Freedom, like most incidents claimed as humanitarian intervention, displayed a range of intentions — some genuine, some asserted, others claimed after the fact. It showed a recognition on the part of the acting state that such intervention cannot be purely military in character to be effective.
Growth, Distribution, and Poverty Reduction: LDCs are Falling Further Behind
Authors: Naschold Felix 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPoverty levels in the developing world have been declining steadily over the 1990s. However, this progress has been very unequally distributed. Some regions and groups of countries have made rapid progress, while poverty levels in others, particularly in the least developed countries (LDCs) have been stagnant or rising. Economic growth performance is one factor explaining these differences, but there may also be fundamental differences in the efficiency with which growth and distribution reduce poverty in different groups of countries.
Redistribution does Matter: Growth and Redistribution for Poverty Reduction
Authors: DaĞdeviren Hűlya , Hoeven Rolph Van Der , Weeks John 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecent development literature has placed priority on poverty reduction, and on possible growth enhancement from a more equal distribution of assets and income. At the same time, empirical work consistently shows that economic growth is no more than distribution neutral. In that context, this study explores the relationship among growth, inequality, and poverty, and considers policy that might be used to make growth more equitable.
Efficient Monopolies
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas von 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCompares the market for property insurance in five European countries, Britain, Spain, France, Switzerland, and Germany. The comparisons are of particular interest, as the regulatory frameworks vary widely from country to country and so do the market outcomes, both in terms of premium level and in terms of available insurance cover. In particular, the state insurance monopolies in Spain and parts of Switzerland permit property owners to obtain global cover against a wide range of natural damages (including floods) at a very low premium rate. The premiums of private insurance companies are much higher because they typically spend more than one third of premium income on commissions and administrative costs. State monopolies are considerably more efficient in this respect.In several countries, insurance against occurrences such as floods is not available in competitive insurance systems, or it is offered only to the better risks. This is probably due to problems of adverse selection. For compulsory state monopolies, adverse selection is not an issue.
Switzerland
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCompares the premium rate of the state property insurance monopolies in large parts of Switzerland with those of the private insurance companies active in the rest of the country. The state monopolies have a 40% lower premium rate, operate with substantially lower administrative costs, spend considerably more on prevention, and have lower claims rates. Integrating prevention and insurance seems to be a particularly efficient solution.
Germany
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStudies the causes and consequences of the disappearance of Germany's state property insurance monopolies. The main reasons why the German insurance monopolies did not fight hard enough to defend their interests were (1) most of them knew that they would be bought up by other local public insurance companies, and (2) the German monopolies did not have their own interest group. They were defended by the Association of Public Insurers, which had much wider interests to defend.For the small customer, the disappearance of the state monopolies was a painful event. Within five years, their premium rates rose by about 50%, and the contributions paid by the insurance companies for fire prevention fell massively.
Introduction
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Taylor J. Edward 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
By the year 2000, the total population of people living outside their country of birth or citizenship reached approximately 160 million. Over the next few decades, we can expect to see larger and more diverse international migrant flows, driven by widening income inequalities across nations, improvements in transportation and communications, expanding formal and informal recruitment networks, sending‐country policies that encourage and train people for work abroad, and structural changes in the economies and societies of migrant‐sending and host countries. Continuing economic integration among nations may reduce economic pressures for international migration in the long run by bringing capital to would‐be migrants in their home countries as an alternative to having people migrate to capital in developed countries. Nevertheless, in the short run, market liberalization is likely to create labour‐market dislocations that intensify migration pressures.
International Migration in the Asia–Pacific Region: Emerging Trends and Issues
Authors: Hugo Graeme 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWith more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the region. The mobility has increased in scale and complexity involving refugees, south‐north migrants, overseas contract workers and student migration. Remittances are now a major factor in the economies of several sending nations, females are increasingly participating in the migration, undocumented migration is expanding exponentially and governments in both origin and destination countries have become more involved in influencing movement. Migration in the region is being facilitated by a flourishing immigration industry and an expanding set of strong migration networks. The impacts of migration on development in the region are complex with both brain drain and positive economic effects of emigration in evidence.
Sexual Networks and HIV in Four African Populations: The Use of Standardized Behavioral Survey with Biological Markers
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter describes the local network data collected in four African towns in the late 1990s to ascertain the determinants of the large observed HIV prevalence differentials. The design used a household-based multi-stage cluster sample of about 2,000 15–49 year old persons in each town. The surveys collected information on the attributes of the respondents and their sexual partners–up to eight non-regular partners in the last twelve months, and up to four current spouses–attributes of the partnerships, and behaviors within the partnerships. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
The Urban and Rural Networks Project: Atlanta and Flagstaff
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter describes the partial network data collected by two studies of partnership networks conducted in Atlanta and Flagstaff in the early 1990s to compare the HIV and STD risk networks. The underlying sampling design was adaptive, using a mix of chain-links and random walks. The surveys collected information on the attributes of the respondents and their partners, attributes of the partnerships, sexual and injection behaviors within the partnership, and alter adjacency. The Atlanta study enrolled about 300 respondents, who in turn named about 4,500 contacts; in Flagstaff the corresponding numbers were about 250 and 500. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
The Seattle “Sexual Mixing,” “Sexual Networks,” and “Sexual Partnership Types” Studies
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter describes the partial network data collected by a set of related studies of sexual partnership networks conducted in Seattle in the early 1990s. The purpose was to assess HIV transmission potential. The samples included attendees at STD clinics, attendees at non-STD health facilities, partners of STD-infected individuals reached through contact tracing, respondents from targeted areas, and representative samples of the general population. The surveys collected information on the attributes of the respondents and their partners, attributes of the partnerships, and sexual behaviors within the partnership. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
Why there is Something rather than Nothing
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
If, as the theist maintains, God is a being who exists of necessity, his existence explains why there is something rather than nothing. However, a less demanding explanation is also possible: not that there is some particular being that has to be, but simply that there has to be something or other. Reasons are given in favour of this weaker claim, and it is then argued that if anything at all exists, the physical exists. The priority of the physical is supported by eliminating rival contenders: the supernatural is dismissed, and while other forms of being, notably the abstract and the mental, are not reducible to the physical, they presuppose its existence. The question whether ultimate explanations can be given is forever in the background, and the book concludes with an investigation of this issue and of the possibility that the universe could have existed for an infinite time. Other topics discussed include causation, verification, essence, existence, spirit, force, fine tuning, and laws of Nature.
Towards a Soviet Order of Things: The 1926 Census and the Making of the Soviet Union
Authors: Hirsch Francine 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLooks at the connections between census‐taking, border‐making, and identity‐formation in the Soviet Union. It focuses on the All‐Union Census of 1926, which was the first census to categorize the entire population of the USSR according to ‘nationality.’ It analyses the process through which ethnographers and statisticians used their expertise to formulate a census question about nationality and to create an official definitional grid. Also focuses on the activation of official nationality categories on the ground in Central Asia. In particular, it looks at how self‐identified Tajik and Uzbek leaders used the occasion of the census to mobilize their populations and vie for contested territories.
Making up China's ‘Black Population’
Authors: Greenhalgh Susan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractState‐created, bureaucratically elaborated social categories are so normalized a feature of modern life that we usually ignore them—at our peril. Shows how the bureaucratic categories of state programmes often work to ‘make up’ persons, in Ian Hacking's felicitous phrase, who then come to fit their categories. Focusing on China, home to the world's largest population, it shows how, through the deployment of its central category, the planned/unplanned birth, China's programme of state birth planning, designed to modernize the populace, inadvertently created a huge ‘black population’ of persons deprived of the benefits of citizenship and modern life. The China material shows how state categorizing practices quietly participate in the construction of social reality by producing new forms of personhood, new kinds of politics, and new lines of social and political exclusion.
Gender Roles and Women's Status: What They Mean to Hausa Muslim Women in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Renne Elisha P. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Compares characteristics associated with women's status commonly used in demographic surveys with women's status, matsayi mace, as it is defined by a group of Hausa Moslem women in the northern Nigerian town of Zaria. Their assessments of appropriate gender roles and what constitutes ‘women's status’, which include the importance of respectability, mutunci, and seclusion, suggest that while distinctive cultural ideas and religious beliefs are essential in framing these definitions, there is no necessary congruence with the conventional ‘social indicators’, such as women's education and work, used in standardized surveys.
Dialogic Foundations
Authors: Vincent Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines the intellectual context of the works of Jürgen Habermas and Hans‐Georg Gadamer. Both thinkers successfully utilize language and dialogue to develop a viable perspective on political theory, which does not succumb to postmodern or conventionalist critique. The linking element underpinning all these discussions is the focus on language and dialogue as the central facets of political theory. This chapter examines the inception of critical theory and then provides a detailed review of the contribution of Habermas to contemporary political theory.
Income Distribution Changes and Their Impact in the Post-Second World War Period
Authors: Cornia Giovanni Andrea , Addison Tony , Kiiski Sampsa 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnalyses the trends in within‐country inequality during the post‐Second World War period, with particular attention to the last 20 years, on the basis of a review of the relevant literature and of an econometric analysis of inequality trends in 73 countries accounting for 80% of the world's population and 91% of world gross domestic product–purchasing power parities (GDP–PPP). Suggests that the last two decades (the 1980s and 1990s) have been characterized by a surge in within‐country inequality in about two‐thirds of the developing, developed, and transitional nations analysed. Also suggests that in those countries where the upsurge in inequality was sizeable or where inequality rose from already high levels, growth, and poverty alleviation slowed down perceptibly. While this trend towards higher inequality differs substantially across countries in its extent, timing, and specific causes, it marks a clear departure from that observed during the first 30 years of the post‐Second Word War period during which, with the exception of Latin America and parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, a widespread move towards greater egalitarianism was noted in most of the socialist, developing, and industrialized economies.
Rural and Urban Income Inequality and Poverty: Does Convergence between Sectors Offset Divergence within Them?
Authors: Eastwood Robert , Lipton Michael 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Explores recent trends in developing and transitional economies in rural–urban, rural, and urban inequality of income and poverty risk, and the offsetting trends in inequality hypothesis (OTI), which claims that, underlying the overall inequality trend, there has been a tendency for rising intrasectoral inequality to be offset by falling rural–urban inequality. The data reviewed in the chapter refute OTI with the possible, partial exception of Latin America: first, the data show no overall tendency for within‐country rural–urban inequality to increase or decrease since the 1980s; second, while modest national and regional tendencies exist, they do not, on the whole, offset trends in overall inequality. Urban–rural ratios of both mean consumption and poverty risk have commonly either risen or fallen alongside total inequality, or even been trendless. Changing urban–rural ratios of poverty or per‐person consumption need not imply changing urban bias; they may be caused by exogenous changes in relative returns to urban activities, plus entry or exit barriers, although rural‐urban inequality trends in ‘human development’ indicators (literacy, longevity, etc.) do suggest rising urban bias. The chapter is arranged in three sections: Introduction and Summary; Rural–Urban and Intrasectoral Contributions to Changes in the Overall Inequality of Consumption or Income—an econometric analysis; and Changing Rural–Urban Poverty Ratios and ‘Urban Bias’.