bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting Selection at the Molecular Level
Authors: Nachman Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selection acts on the phenotype but can leave its signature at the molecular level. For example, if a new mutation arises at a locus and confers a fitness advantage, it may spread quickly to all individuals in a population and thereby eliminate all preexisting variation at the locus. Because selection is a deterministic process, patterns of DNA variation caused by selection can often be distinguished from patterns caused by other processes, such as genetic drift or migration. This basic idea has led to a proliferation of theoretical and empirical studies aimed at detecting the effects of selection at the molecular level.
The Evolution of Reproductive Isolating Barriers
Authors: Johnson Norman A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of evolution occurs on time scales that are too long for humans to observe. Thus, as in many other branches in science, evolutionary biologists often must infer process from observed patterns. The study of speciation, how one species becomes more than one species, is no exception as the process usually takes place over thousands of generations. In this chapter, I will highlight some of the recent progress in uncovering patterns about speciation and discuss what inferences can be drawn from those patterns. In this chapter, I will define species based on the Biological Species Concept (BSC) (Dobzhansky 1937; Mayr 1963). Following the BSC, two populations are separate species if they lack the potential to interbreed and are the same species if they can interbreed. Thus, by this definition, reproductive isolation (non-interbreeding) is the essence of species. Based on the BSC and its variants, the process of speciation consists of diverging populations accumulating genetic changes that result in reproductive isolation. Note that such reproductive isolation is intrinsic to the organisms; two geographically isolated (allopatric) populations that do not exchange genes solely owing to their geographic isolation would be of the same species. As speciation is a process, there is a continuum between one interbreeding species and two completely reproductively isolated species. This continuum has made it possible for geneticists to do crosses between taxa at various stages along the way to them becoming completely reproductively isolated.
Genetics of Reproductive Isolation and Species Differences in Model Organisms
Authors: Michalak Pawel , Noor Mohamed A F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two attributes most commonly used to identify and define species are distinct phenotypic differences and reproductive isolation between groups of organisms, respectively. Because of this usage, understanding the genetic basis of these attributes is of fundamental importance in evolutionary genetics. The two phenomena are not independent of each other: phenotypic differentiation may cause reproductive isolation and reproductive isolation may allow further phenotypic differentiation (Orr 2001). Despite our realization of the importance of these attributes and that they interact, we have only begun to scratch the surface of their underlying genetic complexity.
Theory of Phylogenetic Estimation
Authors: Egan Ashley N , Crandall Keith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic makeup of an organism (genotype) provides a blueprint for its physical existence (phenotype)-from morphological characteristics to biochemical constituents and processes characterizing the organism as a unique individual, unlike any other in the world. Yet there are obvious biological similarities among different organisms. Scientists have noted these similarities and differences and endeavored to use them to reconstruct historical relationships between extant species. The observations and endeavors of past scientists to understand the evolution of life have led to the scientific discipline of phylogenetics.
Evolutionary Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions
Authors: Kover Paula X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasites include a broad group of organisms: from viruses to parasitic fish, including a few plant species. While some parasites have little or no effect on their hosts, most have been shown to significantly affect host traits such as morphology, life history, and mating system (Kuris 1974; Clay & Putten 1999). Consequently, parasites have the potential to significantly affect host fitness and exert strong selective pressure on host traits. Likewise, parasite fitness is dependent on the defense strategies deployed by hosts. Thus, evolutionary changes in the host can also have an effect on pathogen fitness. This interdependence between host and parasite fitness can lead to a coevolutionary process, where reciprocal, adaptive changes occur in both host and parasite.
Mourning, Melancholia, and Sylvia Plath
Authors: Schultz William Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing an essay on Sylvia Plath is a lot like taking up the subject of Marilyn Monroeor Hitler. One has the feeling of arriving late or, worse, uninvited to a party packed with people, all nursing finely wrought opinions of one sort or another for which they might even be willing to die. There is, one quickly senses, an enormous amount of catching up to do. What ‘s left to say that can be the least bit unexpected, the slightest bit revisive? And when one combs the margins, and as the margins grow ever more marginal, so too do most ideas residing there. In fact, the more limited the aim, the more precise the question asked, the more jejune it proportionally becomes. Slim chance for a large statement, in other words.
Edith Wharton and Ethan Frome: A Psychobiographical Exploration
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Isolated ChildhoodThe novelist Edith Wharton published an autobiography that never gets beneath the surface. But she also left behind some unpublished pages that are far more revealing. These begin: My first conscious recollection is of being kissed in Fifth Avenue by my cousin Dan Fearing. It was a winter day, I was walking with my father, & I was a little less than four years old, when this momentous event took place. My cousin, a very round and rosy little boy, two or three years older, was also walking with his father; & I remember distinctly his running up to me, & kissing me, & the extremely pleasant sensation which his salute produced. With equal distinctness, I recall the satisfaction I felt in knowing that I had on my best bonnet Thus I may truly say that my first conscious sensations were produced by the two deepest-seated instincts of my nature—the desire to love & to look pretty. (Wharton, 1990, p. 1071)
Freud as Leonardo: Why the First Psychobiography Went Wrong
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sigmund Freud ‘s book on Leonardo (1910/ 1957b) is widely regarded as the first genuine psychobiography. Other researchers, including Möbius and Sadger, had previously concerned themselves with the psychology of “great men, “ but their main goal was to arrive at a specific diagnosis of psychopathology. In Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood (originally published in 1910), Freud went much further: He applied a systematic theory of personality to the entire span of a creative individual ‘s life, and he provided psychological explanations for certain of Leonardo ‘s achievements as well as his failures. Almost a century later, Freud ‘s book remains in several regards a model psychobiography. He chose one of the most important and challenging biographical subjects in the history of the human race. He provided methodological guidelines for psychobiography, by prescriptive ex-ample and by proscriptive statement, that are valid today. Through a close reading of small as well as large clues about Leonardo ‘s life and work, and through the application of a coherent theoretical system, Freud was able to explain aspects of Leonardo ‘s character that had long puzzled art historians. Even Leonardo scholars who are not psychoanalytically inclined continue to acknowledge Freud ‘s insights.
From the Book of Mormon to the Operational Definition: The Existential Project of S.S. Stevens
Authors: Nicholson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1935, Harvard psychologist S.S. Stevens published a landmark paper in the history of American psychology. Titled “The Operational Definition of Psychological Concepts, “ the paper laid out a philosophical formula for transforming psychology into a truly empirical science, and it introduced psychologists to a now ubiquitous term: the “operational definition “ (Stevens, 1935a). Stevens ‘s basic idea was to eliminate ambiguity by tying linguistic statements of psychological phenomena to observables. “Operational doctrine, “ Stevens wrote, “makes explicit recognition of the fact that a concept, or proposition, has empirical meaning only if it stands for definite, concrete operations capable of execution by normal human beings “ (p. 517). By rigorously policing the relationship between what we see, and the linguistic terms that we use to describe our observations, Stevens believed that psychologists could be “rid of the hazy ambiguities which result in ceaseless argument and dis- sension “ (p. 517).
Phage Ecology
Authors: Abedon Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage ecology is the study of the interactions between phage and their environments. These interactions are consequential, particularly to the extent that they affect bacteria. During traditional molecular phage characterization, however, only minimal consideration of ecology is made. Contrasting this tendency, here I consider phage organismal, population, community, and ecosystem ecology (Table 5-1). For additional approaches to the review of phage ecology, as well as the related field of phage environmental microbiology, see (7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 26, 39, 41, 49, 53) together with various reviews of aquatic and ecosystem phage ecology (38, 56, 59, 68, 69, 78).
The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in the Study of Emotion and Attention
Authors: Bradley Margaret M , Lang Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the development and use of picture stimuli incorporated in the International Affective Picture System (IAPS, pronounced “eye-aps”; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005), a large set of emotionally evocative color photographs that includes pleasure, arousal, and dominance ratings made by men and women. The IAPS is currently used in experimental investigations of emotion and attention worldwide, providing experimental control in the selection of emotional stimuli, facilitating the comparison of results across different studies, and encouraging replication within and across psychological and neuroscience research laboratories. Numerous studies in our laboratory over the past 15 years have explored subjective, psychophysiological, behavioral, and neurophysiological reactions when viewing these affective stimuli. Basic findings from these studies, which will be informative for researchers considering or using the IAPS stimuli, are briefly summarized in this chapter.
Emotion Elicitation Using Dyadic Interaction Tasks
Authors: Roberts Nicole A , Tsai Jeanne L , Coan James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the possible elicitors of human emotion, interactions with other people may be the most powerful. Coworkers, friends, romantic partners, family members, and children can make us feel any type or intensity of emotion, ranging from mild joy to extreme frustration. Thus social interaction can be a rich source of spontaneous emotion, even in laboratory settings. By bringing two people (a dyad) into the laboratory and asking them to participate in an emotionally charged discussion (a dyadic interaction), researchers are able to observe a variety of emotions that closely resemble those that occur in everyday life. When used effectively, dyadic interaction tasks can offer researchers a wealth of information about the nature of emotion.
Continuous Measurement of Emotion:The Affect Rating Dial
Authors: Ruef Anna Marie , Levenson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurement of an individual’s subjective experience of emotion has long been a key component of emotion research, but it presents some unique challenges. Researchers have developed a number of different methods to assess the subjective emotional experiences of study participants, each of which has its strengths and limitations. Self-report measures such as the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) are well established and easy to complete and provide useful information; however, administration of any written measure necessitates an interruption in the flow of an experiment and does not allow frequent or continuous sampling of affective states. More involved methods, such as interviewing, give a detailed and comprehensive picture of a person’s emotions, but they are time-consuming and can provide only a retrospective report of affect. The interactive computer version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) Scales (Bradley & Lang, 1994) allows online assessment of both emotional valence and arousal levels, but it, too, does not provide a continuous record of affect.
L’Chaim and Its Limits: Why Not Immortality?
Authors: Kass Leon R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You don’t have to be Jewish to drink L’Chaim, to lift a glass “To Life.” Everyone in his right mind believes that life is good and that death is bad. Butjews have always had an unusually keen appreciation of life, and not only because it has been stolen from them so often and so cruelly. The celebration of life-of this life, not the next one-has from the beginning been central to Jewish ethical and religious sensibilities. In the Torah, “Be fruitful and multiply” is God’s first blessing and first command. Judaism from its inception rejected child-sacrifice and regarded long life as a fitting divine reward for righteous living. At the same time, Judaism embraces medicine and the human activity of healing the sick; from the Torah the rabbis deduced not only permission for doctors to heal, but also the positive obligation to do so. Indeed, so strong is this reverence for life that the duty of pikuah nefesh requires that Jews violate the holy Shabbat in order to save a life. Not by accident do we Jews raise our glasses “L’Chaim.” Neither is it accidental thatJews have been enthusiastic boosters of modern medicine and modern biomedical science.
Fractured Minds
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fractured Minds introduces the reader to clinical neuropsychology through vivid case descriptions of adults who have suffered brain damage. At one level, this is a book about the courage, humour, and determination to triumph over illness and disability that many "ordinary people" demonstrate when coping with the extraordinary stress of a brain disorder. On another level, it is a well-referenced and up-to-date textbook that provides a holistic view of the practice of clinical neuropsychology. Included are reader-friendly descriptions and explanations of a wide range of neurological disorders and neuroscientific concepts. Two introductory chapters are followed by 17 chapters that each focus on a specific disorder and include research, clinical assessment, rehabilitation, and a detailed case study. Disorders range across the full spectrum from common ones such as traumatic brain injury and dementia, to rare disorders such as autopagnosia. Each of the 16 chapters retained from the first edition has been revised to reflect current research and clinical advances. Three new chapters on multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease incorporate discussion of important current topics such as genetically-transmitted diseases, genetic counselling, gene transplantation, functional neurosurgery, and the complex ethical issues that go hand-in-hand with these new techniques.
Fitting data with nonlinear regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear regression is used to fit data to a model that defines Yas a function ofX. Y must be a variable like weight, enzyme activity, blood pressure or temperature. Some books refer to these kinds of variables, which are measured on a continuous scale, as “interval” variables. For this example, nonlinear regression will be used to quantify the potency of the drug by determining the dose of drug that causes a response halfway between the minimum and maximum responses. We’ll do this by fitting a model to the data.
Introducing models
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A model is a mathematical description of a physical, chemical or biological state or process. Using a model can help you think about such processes and their mechanisms, so you can design better experiments and comprehend the results. A model forces you to think through (and state explicitly) the assumptions behind your analyses. Linear and nonlinear regression fit a mathematical model to your data to determine the best-fit values of the parameters of the model (e.g., potency values, rate constants, etc.).
Using global fitting to test for a treatment effect in a series of matched experiments
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter used a paired t test to pool the results of three experiments. But the results were not satisfying. When we compared treated with control for each experiment individually, each P value was less than 0.05. With each individual experiment, the evidence is convincing. The effect of the treatment was statistically significant in each of the three experiments. But when we pooled all three experiments and analyzed with a paired t test, the result was not statistically significant.
Using global fitting to test for a treatment effect in a series of
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first six lines in the model define the Vmax term for each data set. Data sets A, B, and C were controls. We want to fit the mean Vmax for the control curves. Curve A has a Vmax defined to be equal to the mean value for the control (MeanCon) plus a random factor (Randi). Curve B is defined similarly with a different random factor. Curve C is defined as the mean control value minus the two random factors. If you take the average of the three Vmax values for curves A, B and C, you’ll see that the average really is MeanCon.
Analyzing enzyme kinetic data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to fit a curve to a graph of product as a function of time, even if you use a simplified model that ignores the transient phase and assumes that the reaction is irreversible. The model simply cannot be reduced to an equation that expresses product concentration as a function of time. To fit these kind of data (called an enzyme progress curve) you need to use a program that can fit data to a model defined by differential equations or by an implicit equation. For more details, see RG Duggleby, “Analysis of Enzyme Reaction Progress Curves by Nonlinear Regression”, Methods in Enzymology, 249: 61-60, 1995.
Rather than fit the enzyme progress curve, most analyses of enzyme kinetics fit the initial velocity of the enzyme reaction as a function of substrate concentration. The velocity of the enzyme reaction is the slope of the linear phase of product accumulation, expressed as amount of product formed per time. If the initial transient phase is very short, you can simply measure product formed at a single time, and define the velocity to be the concentration divided by the time interval.
Nonlinear regression with Prism
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To perform nonlinear regression with Prism, follow these steps. Later chapters explain your options in detail. Enter or import your data. It is essential that the table be formatted to have a numerical X column. This will be the first column. You can enter one column of data for Y into column A, or several columns of Y data for different data sets (in columns B, C, etc.). You can start nonlinear regression from a data table, from a results table (often a transform of the data), or from a graph. Press the Analyze button and choose to do a built-in analysis. Then select Nonlinear regression (curve.fit) from the list of curves and regressions. This will bring up the nonlinear regression dialog.
Fitting curves without regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prism provides two approaches for fitting a curve without selecting a model. A cubic spline curve goes through every data point, bending and twisting as needed. A Lowess curve follows the trend of the data. LOWESS curves can be helpful when the data progresses monotonically, but are less helpful when there are peaks or valleys. Prism lets you choose between fine, medium and course LOWESS curves. The fine curve reveals the fine structure of the data, but tends to wiggle a lot. The coarse curve shows only the general trend, but obscures the detail.
Are There Drugs and Strategies to Slow PD Progression?
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PD slowly progresses over the years. Do we have drugs that target the underlying problem and change the course of PD? What about medications not just for treating symptoms but for protecting vulnerable neurons that might otherwise degenerate? The term “neuroprotection” has been used in this context. Over the years, many drugs and strategies have been considered as means of slowing the progression of PD. Few, however, have actually been subjected to scientific investigation in people with PD. In this chapter, we will focus on drugs that have undergone at least some scientific scrutiny. To date, we have no medications with proven ability to slow PD progression. For some drugs, however, there is at least a modicum of circumstantial evidence, which we will consider.
P-Technique Factor Analysis as a Tool for Exploring Psychological Health
Authors: Jones Constance J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent collections of work (e.g., Keyes & Haidt, 2003; Snyder & Lopez, 2002) clearly illustrate the diversity of approaches that may be employed to explore positive psychology. Internet-using adults (e.g., Srivastava, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2003), psychiatric patients (e.g., Brekke & Long, 2000), and those ubiquitous college students (e.g., Butler, Hokanson, & Flynn, 1994) all have served as participants in studies of psychological health. Self-reported (e.g., Helson & Klohnen, 1998), clinician-reported (e.g., Vaillant, 1977), microanalytic (e.g., Diener, Larsen, & Emmons, 1984), and macroanalytic (e.g., Crosnoe & Elder, 2002) variables all have usefully detailed the myriad facets of psychological health. Studies also differ in terms of the number of assessments obtained per participant. While many investigations involve a single cross-sectional assessment, others involve multiple assessments, sometimes over 100 per respondent. The time span of longitudinal assessments can range enormously-for example, from 20 minutes (Fridlund, Cottam, & Fowler, 1982) to nearly 50 years (Jones & Meredith, 2000).