bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sovereignty@Bay: Globalization, Multinational Enterprise, and the International Political System
Authors: Kobrin Stephen J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe impact of the multinational enterprise (MNE) on sovereignty, autonomy, and control is addressed. It is argued that the mainstream literature of the sovereignty at bay era (which followed the first dramatic expansion of the traditional MNE) did not predict the end of the nation state or conclude that sovereignty is critically compromised either in theory or practice. However, it is suggested that at the beginning of the twenty‐first century, sovereignty has become much more problematic as globalization has compromised territorial sovereignty; MNEs have played a central role in this process.
Capital Flows, Capital Controls, and International Business Risk
Authors: Berg David M. , Guisinger Stephen E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The literature on capital flows in the world economy is reviewed, along with that on the utilization of capital controls and the broader issues of international business risks associated with debt and equity capital flows for both firms and financial institutions, active internationally. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some of the research topics facing the field of international business in these areas.
Multilateral Institutions and Policies: Their Implications for Multinational Business Strategy
Authors: Brewer Thomas L. , Young Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAddresses the multilateral regime for foreign direct investment (FDI), which is a topic of central and increasing importance for the strategies and operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs). At least a minimal understanding of the institutional features of the multilateral regime is needed in order that the totality of the literature can be more conveniently and effectively evaluated. Section (2) of the chapter therefore notes the institutions involved (which include WTO, OECD, the UN, the World Bank, and IMF) describes the main elements of the system and illustrates its implications for business strategy and operations; the account concentrates on the role of WTO. Section (3) summarizes and evaluates diverse bodies of literature—from business studies, as well as economics, political science, and law. Section (4) proposes directions for future research.
Strategy and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Tallman Stephen B. , Yip George S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A strategy analysis framework is used to examine the key strategic issues facing multinational enterprises (MNEs). The strategic analysis process is first reviewed, and then issues of international strategy are identified. These issues are then examined using the strategy analysis process. The aim is to identify the most salient issues of international strategy and to set an agenda for debate and further research.
Taxes, Transfer Pricing, and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Eden Lorraine 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn outline is given of the complex issue of transfer pricing (the cross‐border intra‐firm transactions between related parties), as seen by multinational enterprises (MNE) managers and by governments faced with the task of taxing business profits. First, transfer pricing from the MNE's perspective, and the problems that this raises for national governments, are briefly discussed. The basic rules of international taxation as they apply to MNE profits are then reviewed. The specific rules and procedures that apply to transfer pricing, as practised in the USA and recommended by the OECD, are then outlined. The rest of the chapter discusses an alternative approach to taxing MNEs—the arm's length standard, which is based on separate accounting or the separate entity approach, and outlines future trends that are likely to have major impacts—globalization, regionalization, and the Internet.
International Business in Latin America
Authors: Grosse Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of international business activity in Latin America. It starts by tracing the historical context, and then analyses four issues that are central to international business in Latin America at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. These are the government/business relationship; the impact of subregional integration schemes on competition in the region; FDI in the region and policies to avoid financial crises; and the entry and operation of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs), and the reaction of local firms to these. Lastly, the relationship of the informal economy to international business in the region is investigated.
China and International Business
Authors: Child John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter discusses China's growing role in international business and the inward and outward investment problems attending this. China's institutional context is then addressed, highlighting the deep involvement of government agencies with business life as being associated with many of the difficulties experienced by inward and outward investment. The implications of this government intervention are discussed next, first by examining the nature of complexity in China's business environment and the strategies available to foreign investing firms for coping with this, and second, by exploring the relevance of China's differentiated business system for modes of engagement between Chinese and international firms.
International Business Research on Transition Economies
Authors: Meyer Klaus E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on challenges faced by businesses in the transition context, drawing on research beyond the main business journals. First, the microeconomic aspects of economic transition are summarized, taking the development of new institutions as starting points as they set the stage for developments in the enterprise sphere. Next, multinational enterprises entering the region are discussed, considering their motives, and their strategies for dealing with the specific context. Lastly, some managerial challenges are addressed that arise for multinational enterprises operating in the region.
Methodological Contributions in International Business and the Direction of Academic Research Activity
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: October 2003

AbstractResearch in international business has contributed its own methodological designs that serve as templates for subsequent efforts. This chapter first briefly documents three contributions: Raymond Vernon's Harvard multinational enterprise database, foreign direct investment studies, and the choice of foreign entry mode. Next, two current areas of research are addressed that might benefit from agreement on design and method: organizational ecology and demography; and comparative management and national systems. In focusing on these contributions, various other major contributions to international business research are neglected, especially that of business history, which has indisputably created successful research programmes with defined methodologies; this topic is treated in the first chapter (by Wilkins) in this volume.
Implementing Sustainable Development
Authors: Lafferty William M. , Meadowcroft James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis volume examines the response of governments in the industrialized countries to the challenge of sustainable development. It focuses on the response of central governments in Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and the EU. The study shows that sustainable development has been integrated into governmental idiom in most jurisdictions, and has come to be associated with a series of changes to the structures and approaches deployed to manage environmental problems. Yet, it also reveals significant differences of interpretation and priority across the governments surveyed. The study pays particular attention to various understandings of sustainable development, institutional reform, government engagement with other societal actors, national plans and strategies, and the policy areas of climate change and biodiversity.
Australia: Ecological Sustainable Development in the National Interest
Authors: Papadakis Elim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the Australian government to come to terms with sustainable development. It examines Australia's National Strategy for ecologically sustainable development and considers its impact on policy and debates. It documents political developments during the second half of the 1990s that weakened the country's response to sustainable development, and increased the caution with which it viewed commitments to be undertaken under the climate change regime.
Canada: From Early Frontrunner to Plodding Anchorman
Authors: Toner Glen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the Canadian federal government to come to terms with sustainable development. It highlights innovative characteristics of Canadian policy including the 1990 Green Plan, the later establishment of the office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment and Sustainable Development, and the system of departmental sustainable development strategies The chapter argues that Canada's role as an enthusiastic advocate of engagement with sustainable development slackened as the 1990s advanced. This is particularly true with respect to climate change where the government adopted a cautious approach to the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
Japan: Law, Technology, and Aid
Authors: Schreurs Miranda 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the Japanese government to come to terms with sustainable development. It argues that the environment is a foreign policy area in which Japan has resolved to make a mark, and it documents significant reforms to the Japanese environmental policy system associated with the country's reception of sustainable development. The significant emphasis on technological development and on assistance to developing countries are presented as distinctive features of the Japanese approach.
Sweden: Progression Despite Recession
Authors: Eckerberg Katarina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAssesses efforts of the Swedish government to come to terms with sustainable development. It documents strong governmental engagement with sustainable development despite the significant recession that swept the country in the early 1990s and prompted a considerable rethink of the traditional institutions of the Swedish welfare state. It shows how the social democratic government attempted to integrate the idea of environmental sustainability with the traditional social democratic vision of the Folkhemmet (People's Home).
The European Union: Integration, Competition, Growth—And Sustainability
Authors: Baker Susan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the central institutions of the European Union to come to terms with sustainable development. It examines the response of different European institutions, highlighting the role of the Commission in shaping the EU response. While noting the important efforts that have been made to engage with sustainable development—for example, through the Fifth Environmental Action Plan (5EAP)—it points also to the institutional obstacles to more thorough implementation. The issues of the contrasting development and environment priorities of different member states, the EU focus on the removal of barriers to the single market, and the challenges of enlargement, are all discussed.
Patterns of Governmental Engagement
Authors: Lafferty William M. , Meadowcroft James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter sets the studies of the engagement of ten governments with sustainable development in comparative perspective. It analyses developments under a number of headings, including interpreting the concept, organizational engagement, strategic planning processes, approaches to domestic actors, measurement and monitoring, sustainable production and consumption, the global dimension, climate change, and biodiversity. Many of the findings are presented in tabular form, including a detailed analysis of government environmental policy plans and strategies for sustainable development. The chapter argues that national responses can be divided into three groups—‘enthusiastic’, ‘cautiously supportive’, and ‘disinterested’.
Nations Without States: The Accommodation of Nationalism in the New State Order
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Nationalism has historically been associated with the state and state‐building. Yet in a world in which the state is in many respects weakened, penetrated by transnational and sectoral interests, nationalism appears to be resurgent. It is the argument of this chapter that the transformation of the state has in fact encouraged the re‐emergence of nationalisms within states, but at the same time provides opportunities for the non‐violent resolution of nationalist conflict. This requires a break with the state‐centred tradition of much historical and political science research, an appreciation of the importance of other frameworks of identity and collective action, and a search for opportunities for accommodating nationalist demands within the emerging international regimes. Not all types of nationalist movement can be accommodated in this way, however, and there is still a need for a new model of the state that provides a formula for the recognition of nationality and self‐government in diverse forms.
National Identities in the Emerging European State
Authors: Laitin David D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The process of globalization, by breaking down nation‐state boundaries, is paradoxically facilitating the emergence of stateless national identities. This chapter argues that in the context of the EU, a process of state‐building is taking place on the cultural plane, specifically that of language, which resembles the experience of India after 1947, when regional linguistic differences came to be subsumed under a larger English‐speaking national culture. In the EU context, this suggests three likely developments. First, that the future European citizen will have multiple languages and multiple cultural identities. This linguistic diversity will be a sign not of state failure but rather of Europe's emergence as a twentieth‐century state. Second, that with the European proto‐state involved in the politics of autonomy, relations between state and region will be less zero‐sum and more fluid, with a greater capacity to reduce irredentism. Third, that the EU's new institutional configuration will permit a form of layered citizenship, which will prevent national authorities (as e.g. in the break‐up of Yugoslavia) from denying civic rights to non‐nationals.
Civil Society, Media, and Globalization in Catalonia
Authors: Folch‐Serra Mireya , Nogue‐Font Joan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers the impact of globalization on the capacity to establish and maintain public space in the specific setting of Catalonia, as evidenced by the coverage of globalization issues in the Catalan media. Traits of civil society such as the dialogue established by individuals and institutions, the incorporation of individuals into groups through institutions, and the political spaces enclosing cultural, religious, and social alliances are represented and discussed in the Catalan media. The chapter's main objective is to assess, in the light of Catalan publications dating from the 1800s to 1997, the role played by the media in the formation and preservation of local identity in Catalonia.
The Lure of Economic Prosperity Versus Ethno‐Nationalism: Turkish Cypriots, the European Union Option, and the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict in Cyprus
Authors: Bahcheli Tozun 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is with considerable reluctance that the EU has undertaken a key role in resolving the Cyprus conflict. In offering Cyprus the prospect of membership, the EU hopes that it will provide a sufficient incentive to both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to settle their differences––in particular, to persuade the latter that the economic benefits and minority safeguards provided by EU membership are sufficient to overcome the fears of domination that drive Turkish Cypriot desire for self‐rule. This chapter analyses the limits of economic incentives for achieving this purpose, and argues that the EU will need to address the regional (Greek‐Turkish) dimension of the dispute as well as the communal differences themselves. It remains unclear whether the admission of Turkey into the EU will suffice to bring the Turkish Cypriots into line.
Nationalism and a Critique of European Integration: Questions from the Flemish Parties
Authors: Laible Janet 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores how Flemish nationalists raise questions about the impact of European integration on the cultural rights of their nation, the members of which have struggled for a century and a half to assert themselves against the political and cultural hegemony of French language interests in Belgium. Discusses why Flemish nationalists perceive threats to their culture from European integration, why they believe this reflects larger problems of sovereignty for weak actors in a centralizing Europe, and how they attempt to formulate responses to these problems. Argues that the Flemish nationalist reaction to European integration is inspired by actual and potential losses of institutional power and constitutional protection for Flemish culture.
Context and Contingency: Constitutional Nationalists and Europe
Authors: Mitchell James , Cavanagh Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Compares the European policies of three constitutional nationalist parties in the UK: the Scottish National Party, Plaid Cymru (Wales), and the Social and Democratic Labour Party (Northern Ireland). It shows how each has, in different ways, used EU integration strategically and tactically to advance its claims. This seeming paradox, of nationalist parties supporting institutions that aim to remove power from the nation, can be explained in a number of ways, all involving some degree of redefinition of the nature of nationalism in the context of globalization.
Ethnic Relations, Nationalism, and Minority Nationalism in South‐Eastern Europe
Authors: Žagar Mitja 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ethnic violence that attended the break‐up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s has refocused the world's attention on the importance of ethnic relations and nationalism in multi‐ethnic societies. This chapter presents a general discussion of the ethnicity issue and of the vital role of the international community (in this case, the EU) in restoring the rule of law over the region. The enlargement of the EU to include the countries of South‐Eastern Europe, rather than just those of Central and Eastern Europe, would have numerous beneficial effects on ethnic relations across the region. In the longer term, the construction of a common European identity, on principles of multi‐ and inter‐culturalism, could become a powerful counterweight to exclusionary nationalism. The Council of Europe and the EU could and should play key roles in building this common European identity.
Nationalism in Transition: Nationalizing Impulses and International Counterweights in Latvia and Estonia
Authors: Bernier Julie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Nationalizing impulses in countries with substantial ethnic minorities often provoke counter‐mobilization by those minorities. This chapter looks at the effectiveness of international organizations in providing a counterweight to these impulses, with particular reference to the cases of Latvia and Estonia. It is divided into two main sections. The first shows that the adoption of nationalizing measures in Latvia and Estonia is rooted in concerns about the identity, demography, and social mobility of the core group, and outlines the types of nationalizing strategies that have been adopted to reallocate power, status, and resources in favour of this group. The second section examines interventions in Latvia and Estonia by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co‐operation in Europe) High Commissioner on National Minorities, the Council of Europe, and the EU. Argues that the combination of these pressures has made an important contribution to the recent relaxation of the nationalizing policies that these two countries adopted in their first years of independence.
The Japanese Tax System
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Japanese tax system has notably changed through the periods of post‐World War II; i.e., reconstruction, rapid economic growth, and recent economic stagnation. In order to clarify the function and the effect of tax policy and practices, it is important to analyse how the Japanese tax system has developed during each period, and how it has contributed to the performance, good or bad, of the Japanese economy. In addition, it is necessary to assess successive rounds of tax reforms in the past because they have been greatly debated so far particularly concerning the adoption of Japan's value‐added tax ( the consumption tax ). Many see a great need to reform the tax system to adjust for the ongoing changes in the Japanese economy. The tax debate is always with us in relation to the changing patterns of the economy.
The Value Added Tax
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe value‐added tax was finally introduced in Japan in April 1989, after long‐standing trial and error by the government. The whole picture of Japan's VAT must be clarified before and after its introduction, focussing on its key trend of VAT in the world and historical background, its main features, its economic aspects and administrative consequences, and local VAT.
Rebuilding the Tax System
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTreats two sweeping tax reforms starting from the late 1980s, that is to say, that for 1987–93 and that for 1994–99. It is important to explore the reasons leading up to a need for major reforms and the contents of reform packages. Reform plans of three direct taxes, such as the individual income tax, the corporate tax, and the inheritance tax, are mainly discussed in detail.