bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Conditions
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an idle task to attempt anything like an exact estimate of the population of England during the middle ages. Domesday Book (1086) provides some basis for calculation, but only a very unsatisfactory one. For, apart from the total omission of the four northern counties and part of Lancashire, of London, Winchester, Bristol, and some other towns, whole classes are either altogether excluded or only casually introduced. Thus few of the clergy, a negligible number of women, and no children are recorded in the returns. If a census of the population had been taken in any year of the twelfth century, it would probably have ranged, at a rough guess, round the two million mark. The natural tendency to grow was to some extent counteracted by unsanitary conditions, by plague, pestilence, and famine, and, though there are perceptible signs of increase during the period, the population can scarcely ever have much exceeded two and a half million souls. Of these the town dwellers still represented a relatively insignificant, though increasing, proportion. The vast majority of the inhabitants of the country lived in villages and were engaged in agriculture and its attendant occupations.
Justice And Finance
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been rightly said’ that in the last years of the twelfth century law becomes articulate. For certain legal purposes in the middle ages 3September1189, the date of the coronation of Richard I, was taken as the limit of legal memory. So by the statute of Q,uo Warranto of 1290 Edward I agreed that those who could prove that they had enjoyed their franchises continuously since that date had a prescriptive right to them. A few years earlier we have the first reasoned account of legal procedure in the treatise De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Regni Angliae attributed to Henry II’s justiciar Rannulf Glanvill. A few years later, from 1194 to be more precise, we have legal records, plea rolls, notes taken down by clerks who were themselves present in the king’s court.2 In the early years of the thirteenth century these records become abundant. It will therefore be convenient at the point we have now reached, the year 1204, the year in which Normandy ceased to be a possession of the English Crown, to review the developments in the sphere of law which have set a significant and enduring mark on the judicial system of future centuries.
Era of Revolution
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1780s, when many Haskalah ideas began to reach practical realization, were a stirring decade for the advocates of change. Internal criticism of contemporary Jewish life became more outspoken and former Haskalah suggestions were rephrased as demands. New laws in the spirit of tolerance were enacted and hailed as a gracious benefit to the Jews. Maskilimreceived monarchical backing for projects to make their people ‘useful’ subjects.
Sages, sophists, and philosophers: Greek wisdom literature
Authors: Nightingale Andrea Wilson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greek thinkers in the archaic and classical periods performed their wisdom in different ways and in front of different audiences. As a modern audience that encounters these ‘philosophers’ only in written works, we tend to disconnect their doctrines from their historical and cultural contexts. By focusing on philosophic ‘performances’ of wisdom—both oral and written—and by examining the audiences addressed by these thinkers, we can better appreciate their lives and activities and, indeed, their different conceptions of the nature of wisdom.
Observers of speeches and hearers of action: The Athenian orators
Authors: Carey Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oratory was always part of Greek public or semi-public expression. It already plays a major role in the fictive society of Homeric epic. The education of the Homeric hero (exemplified in the case of Achilles) was designed to make him ‘a speaker of words and a doer of deeds’ (Iliad 9. 443). When Odysseus and Menelaos visited Troy to argue for the return of Helen, they found an audience which could appreciate their oratory (Iliad 3. 204–24). The three envoys sent to Achilles in the ninth book of the Iliad each deliver a speech to him in turn, to receive a speech in reply.
Romanized Greeks and Hellenized Romans: Later Greek literature
Authors: Lightfoot Jane L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kallimachos knew a story about Gaius the Roman, which he included in his Causes. Gaius was the hero of a battle against the Peucetii, who were besieging the city of Rome. But he was wounded in the battle, and the wound gave him a limp. His mother was as unsympathetic as Roman matrons of the old school always were. She just told him to stop complaining (fr. 107 Pfeiffer).
Introduction
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter Kerr, in The Silent Clowns, refers to silent comedy-the films of Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, and their lesser contemporaries-as a “fantasy of fact”: the camera confirms the reality of what is happening, but the special properties of silent film-silence itself, and a slight acceleration that weakens gravity ‘s pull-transform that fact into fantasy. With animated cartoons, very nearly the reverse happened. In silent cartoons, fantasy in the form of blatant impossibilities was the stock in trade, so that, for example, Felix the Cat could detach his tail and use it as anything from a spyglass to a grappling hook. What was missing was a foundation in fact that would permit audiences, with a single suspension of disbelief, to accept the reality of what was happening in the cartoon they were watching. Even the most distinctive characters in silent cartoons were like playing cards in a magician ‘s trick; they made no claim on the imagination outside the bits of cleverness in which they were used.
Disney,1930-1933
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 17 January 1930, Walt Disney, his wife, and his attorney, Gunther Lessing, caught a train to New York, on the way to a showdown with Pat Powers.1 Walt and Roy Disney apparently suspected that Powers was not accounting honestly for their share of the profits; for his part, Powers refused to open his books until the Disneys signed a distribution contract stronger than the simple letter agreements they had signed in 1928 and 1929. The match had never been a good one: even as the popularity of the Disney cartoons grew, Powers told Roy Disney that Walt should scale back his negative costs, rather than increase them.
Disney,1938-1941
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walt Disney chose for his second and third features two stories that were strikingly different from the Grimms ‘ “Snow-White.” The Grimms provided him with a simple and serviceable plot but no characters to speak of; moreover, the version of the story in the Grimms ‘ book was only one of many variations. The Adventures of Pinocchio: The of a Puppet had only the loosest sort of plot, but it was far more fixed, as a literary entity, than “Snow-White.” The story, by Carlo Lorenzini, writing under the name C. Collodi, appeared as a book in Italy in 1883. It had first been published as “The Tole of a Puppet” in weekly installments in a children ‘s publication, and it had the episodic structure that periodical publication invited. Collodi ‘s Pinocchio is like a picaresque novel for children, with a rogue-hero-Pinocchio, the puppet brought to life in the book ‘s opening pages-whose misbehavior leads him from one fantastic adventure to another. For Disney ‘s purposes, Collodi ‘s impudent protagonist was, in contrast to the characters in “Snow White,” all too distinct. “One difficulty in Pinocchio,” as Disney said on 3 December 1937, in one of his first meetings with the film ‘s writers, “is that people know the story, but they don ‘t like the character.” Although the book ‘s Pinocchio suffers spasms of regret, he often repels sympathy-and his inhuman qualities are, in fact, central to what little structure the story has: it is by subduing his weaknesses that he earns his transformation into a real boy.
MGM,1939-1952
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera began making cartoons together, it was at Fred Quimby ‘s instigation. Hanna said that Quimby asked him and Barbera “to develop a cartoon” because Hugh Harman and Rudy Ising “were not able, physically, to turn out as many cartoons per year as MGM wanted.”1 It was probably Friz Freleng ‘s departure from the MGM studio in April 1939 that triggered Quimby ‘s interest in finding someone to make more cartoons. Hanna was the obvious candidate. From the time he was directing Captain and the Kids cartoons in 1937 and 1938, his diplomatic skills apparently served him just as well in his dealings with Quimby as they did while he was handing out work to his animators. In contrast to many of his colleagues-Barbera among them-Hanna had no criticism of Quimby: “My feeling with him was that he wanted us to make good cartoons We ‘d give him a paragraph [summarizing an idea for a cartoon], and he ‘d say fine, go ahead. He never turned down an idea.”
The Reign of Theory: Experts Say; Experts Do
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern professionals present theory, along with objectivity and rationality, as their most important calling cards. The reign of theory is another key chapter in professionalism’s official story. It plays its own role in the cognitive and political construction of experts as a class. Knowledge of Nuts and Bolts: The Craft Paradigm Until this century, the prevailing economic knowledge base in Western capitalism was the craft-not the professional-paradigm. Even today, with their secular and rationally utilitarian skills, craft workers are experts without whom the economy would collapse.
Mandarin Capitalism
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Owning knowledge does not, in itself, make professionals a privileged class, just as owning capital did not automatically allow the robber barons to dominate in nineteenth-century America. Industrialists converted their ownership of capital into power: workers bowed to their commands, and politicians courted their favor. Professionals, too, have power-a power with its own historical and legal foundation, distinct from and potentially competitive with capital’s.
New Mandarins or New Proletariat? Professional Power at Work
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some observers view professionals as the new mandarins of the workplace. Eliot Freidson writes of “professional dominance” in medicine, law, and education.1 Both Daniel Bell and John Kenneth Galbraith argue that professionals inexorably accrue power as scientific and other professional knowledge grow in importance.2 If they are correct, this doctor would speak for most professionals: “We run our show here. We set this place up to run medicine our own way.”
Dreams and Divination in Magical Ritual
Authors: Eitrem Samson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he died at age ninety-three on July 8, 1966, Samson Eitrem, professor emeritus of classical philology at Oslo University, left an unfinished manuscript of over seven hundred pages entitled Magie und Mantik der Griechen und Romer, written for the renowned Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. Its intention was to give an exhaustive treatment of both magic and divination, topics that Martin P. Nilsson, Eitrem’s contemporary (1874-1967), had touched upon in much shorter form in his Geschichte der griechischen Religion in the same Handbuch (3d ed., vol. 1 [1967]; 2d ed., vol. 2 [1961]). Eitrem was ideally suited for this task. Being a general classical philologist with an interest in, and knowledge of, archaeology as well, his scholarly activities were concerned especially with two fields: papyrology and the history of religion. The first manifested itself already in his first publication, an article on Bacchylides in the Oslo newspaper Morgenbladet in 1898 (a year after Kenyon had published his fundamental edition of the fragments); the second flourished early in the still-valuable monograph Opferriten und Voropfer der Griechen und Romer of 1915. The two fields merged in the study of ancient magic. From a trip to Egypt in 1920, Eitrem had brought back several papyri, among them magical ones, purchased from his own funds and donated to the Oslo University Library. After a thorough study of the major extant magical papyri in Paris, Berlin, and London, which yielded new readings and interpretations (1923), Eitrem edited the four Oslo magical papyri with translation and commentary (1925 and again for Preisendanz’ Papyri Graecae Magicae, to which Eitrem was recruited as a collaborator shortly after World War I).
Euripides Suppliant Women
Authors: Warren Rosanna , Scully Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Already tested in performance on the stage, this translation shows for the first time in English the striking interplay of voices in Euripides’ Suppliant Women. Torn between the mothers’ lament over the dead and proud civic eulogy, between calls for a just war and grief for the fallen, the play captures with unremitting force the competing poles of the human psyche. The translators, Rosanna Warren and Stephen Scully, extenuate the contrasting tonalities in counterpoint of female lament and male reasoned discourse in this play where the silent dead hold, finally, centre stage.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Rosanna , Scully Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story behind Euripides’ Suppliant H-vmen calls to mind global politics: a small and vulnerable country appeals to a major power to defend it against the barbarism of a tyrannical neighboring state. The Suppliant Women, which recalls a mythical event in Athenian prehistory, and one which gave the Athenians of the fifth and fourth centuries great pride, is just such a tale of three cities. In it, a helpless Argos, unable to recover her war dead fallen before the gates of Thebes, appeals to Athens for help. Driven by its defense of Greek religious law that all Hellenes, regardless of their sins, deserve burial, Athens agrees to intervene against Thebes on behalf of the dead. These disputed dead occupy the moral center of the play and, far from silent, will by the end of the drama even appear on stage.
Supplicant Women
Authors: Warren Rosanna , Scully Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and references to the text in the notes at p. 65 are keyed to these lines unless otherwise specified. The bracketed line numbers in the running head lines refer to the Greek text. In the left-hand margin, “STR” refers to strophe and “ANT” to antistrophe, with no abbreviation for epode. The scene is Demeter’s temple at Eleusis, where Aithra has come to celebrate the Proerosia, an annual ritual held in late October where preliminary sacrifices are offered up for the land’s tillage. In the orchestra, wearing ceremonial white, Aitllfa sits at an altar to Demeter and Kore and burns cake offerings. Demeter’s priests stand in the background; the whole ensemble is surrounded by a chorus of women in black mourning clothes, holding suppliant boughs. On the stage, the sons of the Dead surround Adrastos, who lies prostrate in front of the temple doors.
Slavery and Abolition in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1767, when eastern Pennsylvania was emerging from the economic doldrums that followed the withdrawal of British forces fighting in America during the Seven Years’ War, slaveowners held captive about 1500 Africans in Philadelphia and another 4000 in rural Pennsylvania. At the same time Philadelphia Yearly Meeting took steps against slavery and the trade and a few Friends manumitted blacks, slave importations had reached an all-time high in the years from 1757 to 1766, when about 1300 slaves, most of them fresh from Africa, marched off slave ships onto the Delaware docks. Slave trading merchants held slave auctions regularly in the city, and Philadelphians became accustomed to watching slave coffles, with blacks chained to each other, filing into the countryside to be sold. Slaveowners frequently advertised their human property for sale in the Philadelphia newspapers; and only a small number of blacks had gained their freedom in the Delaware port town or its hinterland.
Dismantling Slavery: Institutions
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Pennsylvanians who were not members of the Society of Friends had proved remarkably impervious to the Revolutionary rhetoric of natural rights, as well as to the humanitarian appeals of Quakers to cleanse the new republic from the sin of bondage, they changed remarkably in the decade after hostilities with Great Britain ceased. On two levels—one institutional and the other personal—a new commitment to withdrawing from the system of compelled labor emerged that set Pennsylvania off from neighboring states. In this chapter we analyze how the state’s leaders, in the legislature and in organizations such as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society and the Society of Friends, groped for ways to excise slavery from the body politic. In the next chapter we examine how individuals, slaves as well as slaveowners, extricated themselves from the roles of victim and oppressor in the business of human bondage.
Dismantling Slavery: People
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Pennsylvanians took part in fashioning a new nation, they ordained, through their legislators, that slavery would have no long-term existence in their state. The gradual abolition act of 1780 was a cautious document that protected the property rights of slaveholders and freed no slaves. But by prohibiting all slave importation and consigning children to servitude rather than perpetual slavery, the law and its amendments mandated that the institution would cease to expand and eventually expire. With this act the legislature implicitly adopted the abolitionist message that slavery was sin. The cancer of slavery, threatening the moral life of the body politic, would slowly atrophy rather than grow. In the heat of Revolution, the state took steps against slavery similar to those Philadelphia Yearly Meeting had taken during its reformation in the 1750s, when Friends first declared slavery unrighteous in the Epistle of Caution and Advice of 1754 and then forbade members from importing or buying blacks in 1758.
Revolution and the Abolition of Northern Slavery
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was clear to African Americans that the liberty most white Americans spoke of was intended only for whites, yet they did not accept this limitation willingly. Instead they reminded the patriots that they too sought liberty. In 1773 and 1774 a committee of slaves, organized to secure freedom for slaves in Massachusetts, sent a number of petitions to Governor Hutchinson and the general court. In straightforward language and with a certain irony they asserted, “We expect great things from men who have made such a noble stand against the designs of their fellow men to enslave them.” Referring to themselves as Africans, the petitioners asked that slaves be allowed one day a week to work for themselves in order to accumulate enough money to purchase their freedom. Once free, the petitioners anticipated that blacks would return to Africa to enjoy their independence.
When colonial authorities refused to act on these suggestions, other petitions were sent. One in June 1773 was sent “in behalf of all those who by divine permission are held in a state of slavery within the bowels of a free country.” A year later there was another communication sent to the new colonial governor Thomas Gage from those held as slaves in “a free and christian country.” This petition dated May 25, 1774 declared the natural rights of freedom and the love of liberty to be held by blacks “in common with all other men.”
A Life in Freedom: The Evolution of Family and Household
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-year-old Cato Howe was a slave when he entered military service in the spring of 1775. He was released from bondage in return for three years service in the Continental army, but he was twenty eight. His wife Althea was already thirty-six by the time he was mustered out. Wartime inflation meant prices were still high when Howe and his comrades returned from the war to the farms, and they hoped that good prices for their produce would bring them prosperity in their newly won freedom. But the postwar depression which began in 1784 kept farm prices low for the next five years, making life difficult for the illiterate ex slave and his wife. Their troubles were exacerbated by the rheumatism that developed from Howe’s war wounds and that often made it hard for him to work around the farm.
The Howes lived in a small settlement that developed on mainly wooded land which had formerly included the common sheep’s pasture land of Plymouth, Massachusetts. They settled there with three other black Revolutionary War veterans, Plato Turner, Quamony Quash, and Prince Goodwin and their families. The area was known by various names over the years, among them New Guinea and Parting Ways. The first available record of their settlement dates from 1779, when Plato Turner bought a house there at the crossroads on the border between Plymouth and Kingston.
Ambivalent Identity: Colonization and the Question of Emigration
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Cuffe, sailor, captain, shipowner, and businessman from Westport, Massachusetts, acknowledged many professional and personal identities. He was American Indian through his mother’s heritage, African through his father’s heritage, and American by birth. He maintained his personal allegiances throughout his life, emphasizing each identity at one point or another but never abandoning any. Soon after Massachusetts abolished slavery he joined with other African Americans and successfully petitioned the Commonwealth for black political rights. They claimed taxation without representation and acquired the vote, that basic man hood right of citizenship. His role in this campaign established Cuffe’s identity within the state.
The American identity that many blacks like Cuffe asserted was a complex one since Africa and different Americas called on their loyalties. African Americans took the rhetoric and the spirit of the Revolution and the assumptions of republicanism seriously. They were drawn to America as a symbol of freedom and equality and ready to give it their loyalty, but they were realistic about the ways in which the nation fell short of that symbol.
Translator’s Foreword Screaming in Translation
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A translator is someone trying to get in between a body and its shadow. Translating is a task of imitation that faces in two directions at once, for it must line itself up with the solid body of the original text and at the same time with the shadow of that text where it falls across another language. Shadows fall and move. The following paper, based on my own attempts to render the Greek text of Sophocles’ Electra into English, will indicate some of the moving shadows cast by this unusual and difficult play and describe how they have proven problematic for its translation into readable verse and performable drama.