bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal gene signature of myofibroblast transformation in Peyronie’s disease: first insights into the molecular mechanisms of irreversibility
Authors: Ilg Marcus M , Harding Sophie , Lapthorn Alice R , Kirvell Sara , Ralph David J , Bustin Stephen A , Ball Graham , Cellek Selim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Transformation of resident fibroblasts to profibrotic myofibroblasts in the tunica albuginea is a critical step in the pathophysiology of Peyronie’s disease (PD). We have previously shown that myofibroblasts do not revert to the fibroblast phenotype and we suggested that there is a point of no return at 36 hours after induction of the transformation. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive this proposed irreversibility are not known.

Aim
Identify molecular pathways that drive the irreversibility of myofibroblast transformation by analyzing the expression of the genes involved in the process in a temporal fashion.

Methods
Human primary fibroblasts obtained from tunica albuginea of patients with Peyronie’s disease were transformed to myofibroblasts using transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The mRNA of the cells was collected at 0, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after stimulation with TGF-β1 and then analyzed using a Nanostring nCounter Fibrosis panel. The gene expression results were analyzed using Reactome pathway analysis database and ANNi, a deep learning–based inference algorithm based on a swarm approach.

Outcomes
The study outcome was the time course of changes in gene expression during transformation of PD-derived fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.

Results
The temporal analysis of the gene expression revealed that the majority of the changes at the gene expression level happened within the first 24 hours and remained so throughout the 72-hour period. At 36 hours, significant changes were observed in genes involved in MAPK-Hedgehog signaling pathways.

Clinical Translation
This study highlights the importance of early intervention in clinical management of PD and the future potential of new drugs targeting the point of no return.

Strengths and Limitations
The use of human primary cells and confirmation of results with further RNA analysis are the strengths of this study. The study was limited to 760 genes rather than the whole transcriptome.

Conclusion
This study is to our knowledge the first analysis of temporal gene expression associated with the regulation of the transformation of resident fibroblasts to profibrotic myofibroblasts in PD. Further research is warranted to investigate the role of the MAPK-Hedgehog signaling pathways in reversibility of PD.
How to build a habitable planet: an interview with Charles H. Langmuir
Authors: Xu Yi-Gang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Earth is the only known habitable planet in the solar system. Understanding how Earth developed its unique habitability has been the frontier of Earth sciences and has become one of the main themes of current deep-space explorations. What are the decisive factors that led to a habitable planet? What is the role of solid Earth processes in the origin of life and in modulating the surface environment? Are Earth's habitability studies relevant to current challenges that human beings face? These questions have attracted the interest of both scientists and the public alike. NSR spoke to Prof. Charles H. Langmuir from Harvard University in the USA, who is a solid Earth geochemist who carries out research on diverse aspects of the plate tectonic geochemical cycle, including ocean ridges, convergent margins and intraplate volcanism. Prof. Langmuir is the author of the book How to Build a Habitable Planet (www.habitableplanet.org), one of the best Earth science books published in 2012.
National Heritage in the Netherlands
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Due to an extended occupation period, which only fully ended with the German surrender, the Dutch claimed in postwar negotiations they had suffered more than any other occupied country. Compared to the other two countries, the Netherlands most aggressively pursued restitution to bolster the national treasury, without regard for the particular plight of Shoah victims. Dutch authorities exacted substantial fees from claimants and required payment for works that had been sold to the enemy, even in forced sales. These measures deterred claims and some descendants, such as members of the Goudstikker and Gutmann families, lacked the means to recover hundreds of valuable artworks. This chapter examines the selection and distribution of more than four thousand items in the Dutch custodianship.
Restoring Belgian Artistic Heritage
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Compared to France and the Netherlands, Belgium had fewer large, Jewish-owned art collections at the beginning of the war. Nazi art plunder thus was less extensive here, and the MFAA repatriated fewer museum-quality pieces. Yet Belgian archives reveal similar procedures in the creation of an art custodianship, as the state asserted a right to retain items purchased by the enemy, even when sold by Jewish owners under duress. This chapter examines the selection process and debates among curators over the distribution of more than six hundred works, and public sales of several hundred lots of less valuable pieces. Compared to the other two countries, the Furniture Operation proportionately had a more significant impact in Belgium, targeting lower-income Jewish communities, many of whom were immigrants and also more vulnerable for deportation.
Resources and Social Justice in Meso- and Macro-Level Environmental Conflict
Authors: Opotow Susan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers meso- and macro-level resource issues in environmental conflict as well as their just resolution. It examines how resources and social justice connect when the Foas’ resource exchange framework is applied to environmental issues. The chapter notes that pairing the Foas’ adjacent resource classes yields three kinds of resource contexts—physical (e.g., goods and services), societal (e.g., information and money), and individual/psychological (e.g., status and caring)—and these three environmental contexts work well as a typology of environmental resources. Turning to the relationship between social justice and environmental resources, the chapter observes that exclusionary policies that curtail access to resources for individuals, groups, or regions do so by legitimizing unjust, even cruel treatment of those positioned as outside the scope of justice and therefore as nonmembers of one’s moral community.
Before Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out the geographical, geological, and historical conditions in the northern Adriatic zone in the long period before Venice came into existence. It begins with a consideration of the many foundation legends or origin stories that the Venetians told. The chapter explores the history of the Venetian lagoon, especially the constant interaction of the mainland rivers and the Adriatic Sea that created Venice’s unique amphibious environment. It examines the history of the area during the Greek and Roman periods, including the founding of the town of Aquileia, where Saint Mark purportedly evangelized. It then examines the first Germanic invasions and the end of the Roman Empire in the west and the division of Venetia into mainland Venetia and maritime Venetia. The chapter concludes with a close reading of Cassidorus’s famous letters to the leaders of Istria and Venetia, including his letter to the tribunes of the maritime provinces, the first literary description of life in the lagoons.
Between Empires and Beyond-the-Sea
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with the story of a formerly enslaved man and the upward mobility of his family. It charts the dramatic growth of Venetian commerce and the development of new business techniques, in what is often referred to as the Commercial Revolution, as well as the variety of goods which the Venetians traded. This spectacular growth was in large measure due to trade concessions that the Venetians got from the Holy Roman and Byzantine empires. At the same time, Venice faced new challenges from the Normans in the southern Adriatic. A minor participant in the First Crusade, Venice emerged nevertheless by the end of the twelfth century as the primary naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. The Peace of 1177 that Venice mediated between the pope and Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa became one of the bases of Venice’s claims to independence and sovereignty.
The Industrial and Ceremonial City
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
During the later fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, industry replaced commerce as the center of the Venetian economy. The city became a major center of wool and silk cloth production and in luxury industries like glassmaking. Venice was in the forefront of printing, the new information technology, and became a major center of communication. To support its industries, Venice asserted stronger control over two essential mainland resources: water and wood. Management of the lagoon took on new urgency as water came to be seen as a threat to commerce and trade. Rituals and ceremonies assumed new significance in Venetian life as writers, architects, painters, composers, and others celebrated Venice. While Venice still looked to Byzantium for cultural models, Gasparo Contarini helped create the image of Venice as the model republic.
Late Renaissance Venetian Society
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Venetian society in the sixteenth century, including family and sexual relations, social networks, minority groups, and immigrants. Significant attention is paid to women’s lives and the options available to them including marriage, the nunnery, or prostitution. Late Renaissance Venice was home to two large minority groups: Greek immigrants and Jews. Early in the sixteenth century Jews were finally allowed to settle permanently in the city, although they were confined to the Ghetto. The nobles shifted their family strategies as they placed increasing emphasis on preserving rather than growing their wealth. They restricted marriages and purchased mainland agricultural estates.
Roman Venice and the End of the Renaissance
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Following the League of Cambrai disaster, Venice remade itself in the image of ancient Rome. This is most apparent in building as architects such as Sansovino and Palladio gave Venice a classical veneer. At the same time, Venice actively resisted the policies of papal Rome, limiting the influence of the Inquisition and trying to protect the printing industry from censorship. A new division emerged within the nobility between those nobles with close ties to the papacy and those who favored indigenous religious traditions; and between the Council of Ten and Senate and the Greater Council. The government increased its surveillance and control of the population. The conflict with the papacy came to a head in the Interdict Crisis, a political communication battle in which Venice presented itself as the protector of republican liberty against papal absolutism. This marks the end of the Venetian Renaissance.
The Transformative Seventeenth Century
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
During the seventeenth century, often viewed as a period of decline, Venice underwent a radical transformation as it emerged as a cultural leader in a variety of spheres. Although it continued to serve as an example of the model republic, a darker vision of Venice as a place of control, terror, and secrecy also took hold. In a long and brutal war with the Ottomans, Venice lost Crete, its most prized overseas possession. The cost of the war forced the nobles to start selling membership to the Greater Council. Culturally the city was vibrant as academies flourished and a new form of entertainment, commercial opera, emerged. Venice gained a reputation as a libertine city characterized by Carnival, casinos, courtesans, masking, and free thought. Industry shifted to greater reliance on female and child labor, as tourism (the Grand Tour) became an increasingly important component of the economy.
Ecclesiology
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In a religious census, in the late 1830s, brethren were first identified as “Catholics.” The term was a good one, as it reflected their hesitation about adopting any non-Scriptural descriptor. Brethren eluded denominational categories by refusing to take sides in long-standing Protestant debates. In the earliest phase of the movement, adherents were only required to confess faith in the Trinity. The division of the brethren movement in the later 1840s was, in part, a contest about how an effort to achieve catholicity should best implement discipline. The formation of the exclusive network provided Darby with a second chance to realize his catholic hopes. Darby’s catholic principles pushed the exclusives into more radical versions of separatism and shaped the environment in which Darby developed his wider dispensational agenda.
Dread
Authors: Valmiki Omprakash 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The second of these is Omprakash Valmiki’s ‘Dread’ (Bhay), published in 2000 and translated from Hindi by Joel Lee. The story is set first in a Valmiki basti of Dehradun and later in a residential colony for middle-class government employees elsewhere in the city. Traversing these spaces that correspond to his family’s past and present, the central character Dinesh attempts to meet his mother’s demands to maintain a Dalit ritual tradition, demands that threaten to upend his carefully constructed life.
New Custom
Authors: Navaria Ajay 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The fifth of these is Ajay Navaria’s ‘New Custom’ (Naya Qayda), published in 2000 and translated from Hindi by Laura Brueck. ‘New Custom’ is the story of a highly educated, middle-class urbanite who stops for a cup of tea at a bus stand on his way to a wedding in rural north India. When asked in interviews, Navaria has explained that what unfolds in the story relates closely to his own experience when visiting the village in Rajasthan from which his family hails.
Sandstorm
Authors: Valmiki Omprakash 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The ninth of these is Omprakash Valmiki’s ‘Sandstorm’ (Andhar), translated from Hindi by Joel Lee. ‘Sandstorm’ appeared in Valmiki’s first short story collection, Salaam, published in 2000. It portrays a prosperous middle-class couple who have severed ties with family and community and raised children who do not know their caste. News that a beloved uncle has died compels the family to contend with its secret.
Waiting for a Visa
Authors: Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The first of these is a selection from Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar’s essay ‘Waiting for a Visa’, which he introduces as an attempt to help foreigners understand untouchability, ‘to realise how oppressive it is in its actuality’. In the selection, Ambedkar relates his experience when, having returned to India from his studies abroad in the 1910s, he journeys to the princely State of Baroda to take up government service in fulfilment of a condition of his scholarship. The problem of lodging—of an ‘untouchable’, however, thoroughly credentialed, obtaining a room to rent—quickly becomes apparent. A temporary solution is found in what Ambedkar calls ‘impersonation’.
Joothan
Authors: Valmiki Omprakash 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from Omprakash Valmiki’s celebrated Hindi-language autobiography Joothan, translated here by Joel Lee. In the selection, Valmiki describes his experience as a twenty-something apprentice draftsman at the Ordnance Factory Training Institutes of Jabalpur and then Ambarnath on the outskirts of (then) Bombay—places very far removed from his childhood experiences in an Uttar Pradesh village. In Ambarnath, Valmiki is befriended by the Kulkarnis, a Maharashtrian brahmin family. As Valmiki and Savita—the daughter of the family—grow close, it emerges that the Kulkarnis have assumed Valmiki is brahmin, creating a delicate situation.
Interrogating My Chandal Life
Authors: Byapari Manoranjan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from Manoranjan Byapari’s Bengali-language autobiography Interrogating My Chandal Life (Itibritte Chandal Jivan), published in 2014 and translated by Sipra Mukherjee. In the selection, Byapari describes his stint as a cook and caterer. The caterer who hires him first delivers a blunt lesson on how to deal with clients’ caste prejudices. Several months into his apprenticeship, Byapari and a partner find themselves stepping in for the head chef to cook for a wedding in a remote jungle area, where the dominant caste clients regard them with suspicion.
The Flood
Authors: Paik Shailaja 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is an essay entitled ‘The Flood’ by the historian Shailaja Paik, composed specially for this book. In the essay, Paik first reflects on the politics of caste concealment and revelation in her school days in Pune and, later, in the milieu of North American academic life. She then relates a first-hand experience of caste ensnarement in a situation where one might least expect it: in the midst of the catastrophic flooding of Mumbai in 2017.
Coming Out as Dalit
Authors: Dutt Yashica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from the journalist Yashica Dutt’s 2019 book Coming Out as Dalit, a memoir that weaves together an analysis of caste in contemporary India with a personal account of her parents’ efforts—in part by concealing caste—to secure for her a future free of caste contempt. The excerpts here come from two parts of Dutt’s memoir: the first comes from the introduction, in which Dutt describes her reaction to the suicide of Dalit PhD scholar Rohith Vemula in 2016 and her subsequent decision to ‘come out’. In the second selection, Dutt recalls navigating—with a brahmin surname—hierarchies of caste, class, colour, and English fluency in the elite boarding school environments of her childhood.
Foundations of Loyalty in Child and Adolescent Development
Authors: Flanagan Constance , Pykett Alisa 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the developmental foundations of loyalty in childhood and adolescence, arguing that developing loyalty is integral to the process of civic identity formation. Three particular kinds of foundation are explored. First, drawing from studies of adolescents, the authors argue that relational family values encourage children to respond to the needs of other people, and hence serve as a foundation for the development of loyalty. Second, trusting relationships provide another kind of foundation, as children develop an increasing awareness of the reciprocal relationship between trust in others and being a trustworthy person. Finally, the authors argue that the capacity to be loyal depends on the formation of an autonomous moral self whose trust in others and in self is grounded in relationships of care in infancy, is practiced through imaginary and role play, is clarified through friendships, and is honed via collective action with others in community groups.
Betrayal
Authors: Kleinig John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter sets out to explore the strong emotional responses we tend to feel toward betrayal, and to explain a commonly felt asymmetry: people commonly judge that the badness of the vice of betrayal is worse than the goodness of the virtue of loyalty. It works with five cases—participants in organized crime who snitch on fellow criminals, police who choose to break “the blue wall of silence,” marital infidelity, treason, and whistleblowing—in order to draw out features commonly found in betrayal, namely, its subversion of relational commitments, its harmfulness, and its self-serving motivation. Avishai Margalit’s theory of betrayal as ingratitude is critiqued. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of how one might respond to betrayal from a moral point of view. Several possible answers to this question, including forgiveness, are considered.
Is Loyalty Redundant?
Authors: Jollimore Troy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
One reason for doubting that loyalty is a virtue is grounded in what we can call the Redundancy Argument: if the person you are loyal to is good, then you have independent reason to support them, but if they are not good, then supporting them would presumably be unjustifiable. In the former case loyalty seems redundant, while in the latter case it seems to be wrong. This chapter responds to the Redundancy Argument, focusing on cases in which one’s friend stands accused of a serious moral offense. In such cases the Redundancy Argument tends to ignore various responses that virtuous loyalty would demand and support. Even if we accept that loyalty should not require us to become complicit in a friend’s serious wrongdoing, there are ordinarily a large number of things a loyal friend may do, and ought to do, without compromising their moral integrity.
Exemplars of Loyalty
Authors: Foust Mathew A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws connections between Josiah Royce’s philosophy of loyalty and recent work on moral exemplarism by Linda Zagzebski. Like Royce, Zagzebski unites strands from various ethical theories and foregrounds the significance of moral exemplars—individuals who exemplify various virtues and moral traits—and, in doing so, helps further our knowledge and understanding of the nature of morality. Although Zagzebski places less explicit emphasis than does Royce on the significance of loyalty among the virtues, loyalty in various forms is nevertheless invoked at various points in her discussion. Royce, for his part, is clear about the centrality and significance of loyalty, and famously proposes the promotion of “loyalty to loyalty” as a criterion of worthiness with respect to the causes to which people might devote themselves.