bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Dimensional Changes Due to Chemical Treatments and Water Soaking for Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Wood
Authors: Ohmae Kosuke , Minato Kazuya , Norimoto Misato 
Published: September 2004

Summary
To clarify tangential and radial dimensional changes in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood by ten
kinds of treatments and successive water soaking, a vector expression on the tangential-radial coordinates
was proposed and a new measure (ASE′) to evaluate the dimensional stability of wood was defined.
The ASE′ is expressed by 100(1 − Vs′
/Vu
) where Vu
is the volumetric swelling coefficient of untreated
wood and Vs′
is that of treated wood calculated on the basis of its oven-dried volume before treatment.
The results from formaldehyde treated, heat treated and steam treated wood showed large positive ASE′
values and the ratio of radial swelling to tangential swelling (swelling anisotropy) of these treated woods
decreased with increasing weight percent gain or weight loss. The results from acetylated wood, wood
impregnated with polyethylene glycol and wood treated with a low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde
resin showed either small positive or negative ASE′ values, and those of wood treated with propylene
oxide showed large negative values. The swelling anisotropy of treated woods accompanied by cell
wall bulking was larger than that of untreated wood. The swelling anisotropy decreased when the cell
lumen was filled with a hydrophobic resin (WPC-MMA), and increased when the cell lumen was filled
with a hydrophilic resin (WPC-HEMA).
Using UV-Microscopy to Study Diffusion of Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Cell Walls of Spruce Wood
Authors: Gindl Wolfgang , Dessipri Eugenia , Wimmer Rupert 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Using UV-microscopy, absorbance spectra of a cured melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin and secondary
cell walls of spruce wood glued with this resin were determined. Analysis of the spectra showed that
peaks characteristic for both coniferous lignin and melamine resin were present in cell walls of tracheids
embedded in the resin. A quantitative estimate indicated a melamine content of the resin embedded
cell walls of 6.2%. It could be demonstrated that UV-microscopy is well suited for the investigation
of resin diffusion into the wood cell wall.
Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions from Particleboard Veneered with Decorative Paper Foil
Authors: Wiglusz R. , Nikel G. , Igielska B. , Sitko E. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The indoor environment can constitute a serious health
hazard if buildings are not properly constructed and finished.
Building, finishing and furnishing materials may emit
a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into
the indoor air. That wood-composite products are among
the sources of formaldehyde emissions is well documented.
Up until now very little has been known about the emission
of VOCs from wood-composite products (Merrill and Steiber
1987; Levin 1992; Sundin and Edenholm 1992; Catananti
et al. 1993; Barry and Corneau 1999).
The aim of this work is the determination of VOC and
formaldehyde emissions from particleboard veneered with
decorative paper foil.
Intra- and Inter-Tree Variability of Moisture Content in Standing Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.)
Authors: Constant T. , Nepveu G. , Huber F. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Knowledge about the moisture content of trees in the forest or wood yard is scarce. The variation of moisture content within and between 20 boles of sessile oak was investigated using 1543 measurements performed at three heights in each tree and along 4 radii. Five radial positions were defined: sapwood, outer, intermediate and inner heartwood, and the core piece including the pith. Results show that the average moisture content is highly dependent on the individual. The average moisture content was around 80%(oven-dried basis), but it ranges from 65% to 100%depending on the tree. This “tree” effect is discussed and examined using some general characteristics of the trees (region, stand structure, site quality, dendrometric and densitometric traits). Apart from age counted from pith, and the ratio of tree height vs. diameter, no strong correlation appears. Moderate variations in moisture content with radial position and height are also brought to the fore. The specific role of sapwood, which exhibits a more variable moisture content is discussed.
Depletion of CCA-C from Ground-Contact Wood: Results from Two Field Sites with Significantly Different Soils
Authors: Schultz T. P. , Nicholas D.D. , Pettry D. E. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Two field test sites with different soil types were selected. Analysis showed that the two soils had considerable between-site variation in texture, base saturation, acidity, levels of metals, and cation exchange capacity. The sites also had moderate differences in average seasonal temperatures and rainfall. Stakes, made from defect-free southern yellow pine (SYP) sapwood and measuring 19×19×559mm, were treated to about 0.40 pcf (6.4 kg/m3) with chromated copper arsenate (CCA-type C). The stakes were installed at the two sites and sets of ten or more samples pulled after 55 and 66 months of exposure. The depletion of the individual components (chromium, copper and arsenic, oxide basis) from below-ground sections of each stake was then determined. No significant site effect on depletion was observed despite the large contrasts in chemical and physical properties between the two soils. Of the individual components, copper generally had the least depletion on a pcf weight loss basis while the greatest loss was observed with arsenic in three of the four time/site sets. The exposure times examined had no influence on depletion.
The Organosolv Fractionation of Cork Components
Authors: Cordeiro Nereida , Neto Carlos Pascoal , Rocha Joao , Belgacem Mohamed N. , Gandini Alessandro 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was submitted to organosolv fractionation and the effects of different process variables, such as ethanol/water ratio, temperature, time and the presence of acidic or alkaline catalysts, were studied. The variation of the relative proportions of extracted components, as a function of the processing conditions, could thus be established. Whereas the addition of 0.1Macetic acid only increased the yield of extracted materials from about 15 to 23 %, the use of sodium hydroxide, at the same concentration, produced a jump to 76 %. In the case of the alkaline organosolv fractionation, an increase in process temperature, time and catalyst concentration led to an increase in the extraction yield, although in some cases this increase did not follow a sustained trend, as in the case of reaction time. Increasing the ethanol/water ratio led to a higher selectivity in favour of suberin extraction. Residual cork from different organosolv processes was characterised by FTIR and 13C solid-state NMR. The latter technique provided some valuable information about both process selectivity and cork morphology, particularly with respect to the positioning of suberin macromolecules in the cell wall.
Identification of New Hydroxy Fatty Acids and Ferulic Acid Esters in the Wood of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Freire C. S. R. , Silvestre A. J.D. , Neto C. Pascoal 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The chemical composition of the dichloromethane extract of Eucalyptus globulus wood cultivated in Portugal was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, prior to and after alkaline hydrolysis. In addition to previously identified lipophilic extractives, 22 free or esterified compounds (14 fatty acids, 2 fatty alcohols and 6 aromatic compounds) were identified for the first time in E. globulus wood. One of these, ferulic acid, was esterified with three different fatty alcohols and with two α-hydroxyfatty acids. Some of the newly identified compounds, particularly the a-hydroxy-fatty acids are responsible for recently reported pitch problems during pulp production in a Portuguese mill. The differences found in the E. globulus chemical composition, when compared with published data, are expected to be related to variations in the location of growth and genetic factors.
The Pyridine-Catalysed Acylation of Pine Sapwood and Phenolic Model Compounds with Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides. Determination of Activation Energies and Entropy of Activation
Authors: Hill Callum A. S. , Papadopoulos A.N. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The reaction activation energies and entropies have been determined for the catalysed reaction of pyridine swollen pine sapwood samples and phenolic model compounds (in solution) with a homologous series of carboxylic acid anhydrides. With wood samples, the activation energy (Ea) was largest for the reaction of ethanoic anhydride (ca. 40 kJ mol−1), and decreased as the molecular weight of the anhydride increased (to ca. 10 kJ mol−1 with hexanoic anhydride). With the model compounds, there was no substantial evidence for such a relationship between molecular weight of anhydride and Ea. Values for the entropy of activation for reaction with wood were on the order of −300 J K−1 mol−1, whereas values for reaction with the model compounds were generally on the order of −−220 to −260 JK−1 mol−1. The activation energies of diffusion (Eadiff) for the anhydride series in Corsican and Scots pine have also been determined, these varied from ca. 7 to 19 kJ mol−1. No correlation was found between Eadiff and anhydride, nor between Eadiff and wood species. The results are interpreted by considering the void space created around the reactive hydroxyl groups through swelling of the cell wall with pyridine.
Klason Lignin: Modifications to Improve the Precision of the Standardized Determination
Authors: Schwanninger Manfred , Hinterstoisser Barbara 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The lignin content in wood is generally determined with a standardized method. It is shown that with minor modifications, e.g., particle size, temperature and adherence to handling times, the standard deviation could be decreased substantially. Pooled standard deviations of 0.045 %, based on 30 determinations in immediate succession, and 0.11%, based on 400 determinations in randomized order, were obtained, which are well qualified for the calibration of secondary analytical methods such as NIR or Raman spectrometry. As a consequence of finer grinding, an identical sample can be used for lignin determination and for investigations in the mid infrared region without regrinding or fractionating.
Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 1. Resin Synthesis and OSB Mechanical Properties
Authors: Amen-Chen Carlos , Riedl Bernard , Wang Xiang-Ming , Roy Christian 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Bark residues generated by the pulp and paper and wood industries represent a threat to the environment due to leaching of chemicals such as phenolics and resin acids which are being currently regulated by governments. Vacuum pyrolysis of resinous bark produces phenolic-rich oils which represent a potential raw material to replace petroleum-based phenol presently used in the formulation of wood adhesive resols.
Resols with different levels of phenol replacement by phenolic pyrolysis oils, formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and sodium hydroxide to phenolics molar ratios were synthesized. Strandboards werepreparedandtheirmechanicalandphysicalpropertiessuchasmodulusofrupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity (MOE), dry and 2-hour boil internal bond (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) were evaluated.
Homogeneous panels bonded with resins having 25 and 50% by wt of pyrolysis oils replacing phenol exhibited comparable mechanical properties to those of panels made with a commercial surface resin under the same pressing conditions. Three-layer panels made with resins having 50 % by wt phenol replacement in the surface and 25% by wt phenol replacement in the core had mechanical properties above the requirements specified by the Canadian Standards CSAO437.0-93 for OSB products.
A Comparative CP/MAS 13C-NMR Study of the Supermolecular Structure of Polysaccharides in Sulphite and Kraft Pulps
Authors: Hult Eva-Lena , Larsson Per Tomas , Iversen Tommy 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The supermolecular structure of polysaccharides in unbleached sulphite pulps and kraft pulps was investigated by CP/MAS 13C-NMR (Cross Polarisation Magic Angle Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) in combination with spectral fitting. The cellulose crystallinity was found to be higher in the kraft pulps than in the sulphite pulps. Acellulose Iα to cellulose Iβ conversion was observed during kraft pulping but not during sulphite pulping. The sulphite pulps exhibited smaller lateral fibril aggregate dimensions than the kraft pulps. The spectral behaviour of the hemicelluloses in the sulphite pulps was different from that in the kraft pulps. The general observation is that the supermolecular structure of the polysaccharides in the investigated sulphite pulps is very similar to the structure observed in wood.
Fracture Behaviour of Modified Spruce Wood: A Study Using Linear and Non Linear Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Reiterer Alexander , Sinn Gerhard 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The fracture properties of unmodified and modified (heat treatments under various conditions and acetylation) sprucewood are investigated using the wedge splitting test. Fracture parameters measured include critical stress intensity factor and specific fracture energy under Mode I loading and specific fracture energy under Mode III loading. The Mode I fracture properties are reduced by all kinds of modification. However, acetylation leads to a reduction of only 20%whereas heat treatments reduce the properties to a much greater extent, approximately 50%to 80%. The Mode III fracture properties are influenced less. SEM pictures of the fracture surfaces support the described findings.
Instabilities in the System NMMO/Water/Cellulose (Lyocell Process) Caused by Polonowski Type Reactions
Authors: Rosenau Thomas , Potthast Antje , Hofinger Andreas , Sixta Herbert , Kosma Paul 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Polonowski type degradation reactions are a major reason for the frequently observed instability of solutions of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO, 1). The degradation is induced by degradation products of cellulose and NMMO generated in situ in the Lyocell system. The presence of both an amine component, such as morpholine or N-methylmorpholine, and an acid component is required for the decomposition process to proceed. The latter might be a low-molecular-weight compound, such as formic acid, acetic acid or gluconic acid, or also a high-molecular-weight acid, such as polyglucuronic acid or ion exchange resin.
Effects of Retention and Distribution of Fire Retardant Chemical on Performance of Fire Retardant Treated China Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Wood
Authors: Chuang Horng-Bin , Wang Song-Yung 
Published: September 2004

Summary
This study investigates the effect of fire-retardant (FR) chemical retention and distributive percentage of FR chemical (DP) on FR performance of FR treated China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood. The specimens were treated with various concentrations of FR chemical solutions using a vacuum or full-cell process in order to obtain six different DP levels of FR treated woods with DP levels of 34 %, 48 %, 62 %, 76 %, 90%and 100 %.FR treated woods were tested in accordance with the third grade of surface FR performance as specified by the CNS 6532 standard. Results indicated that the minimum FR chemical retention for meeting the requirement of the third grade standard was 49.2 kg/m3 and 56.6 kg/m3 for 100% and 90% of DP level specimens, respectively. However, when the specimens exhibited 62%
∼ 34% of DP level and a FR chemical retention up to 100.5–115.8 kg/m3 they did not qualify for the third grade standard. The factors of surface FR performance were influenced significantly by the DP level of specimens, the factor of tl (flame lingering time index of material) of FR treated wood could be considered the most sensitive indicator for meeting the requirement of the third grade standard in this study.
Examination of the Penetration of Polymeric Methylene Di-Phenyl-Di-Isocyanate (pMDI) into Wood Structure Using Chemical-State X-Ray Microscopy
Authors: Buckley C. J. , Phanopoulos C. , Khaleque N. , Engelen A. , Holwill M.E. J. , Michette A.G. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The penetration behaviour of isocyanate-based wood resins was evaluated using x-ray microscopy. Aspen wood pieces were bonded together in a controlled manner. These were embedded in a methacrylate-based resinand thin sections were prepared, cut from the transverse face of thewoodcomposite. X-ray images of these sections were prepared at several selected x-ray energies to allow the isocyanate, cellulose, lignin and the embedding agent distributions to be mapped. The isocyanate resin was found to penetrate deeply into the wood. The resin enters large cell lumen, and wicks along the inner cell wall surfaces. The resin accesses connected cells via connecting pits, which become filled with the resin. The affinity of the isocyanate to the inner surfaces of the large cells is probably due to the hydrophobicity of these surfaces. Isocyanate resins do not penetrate into the smaller parenchyma and tracheid cells and indeed do not even wet the inner surfaces of these cells where isocyanate entry has been allowed due to damage of the cell at the macroscopic surface of the wood. If isocyanates penetrate into the wood-cell walls of the large cells, the concentration in the cell walls has been determined to be less than 2%of the bulk concentration. This lower limit is the sensitivity limit imposed by photon statistics in the data.
Weight Loss and Cell Wall Degradation in Rubberwood Caused by Sapstain Fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae
Authors: Florence E. J. M. , Gnanaharan R. , Singh P. Adya , Sharma J. K. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

Botryodiplodia theobromae is the predominant fungus causing sapstain in rubberwood in Kerala, India.
The fungus causes up to 12.2 percent weight loss in rubberwood over a period of sixteen weeks.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of sapstained rubberwood provided evidence on hyphal
invasion of cells by B. theobromae through the pit region, facilitated by its ability to degrade pit
membranes. The study also revealed that B. theobromae caused degradation of lignified cell walls by
erosion of the cell wall surfaces of wood elements.
Changes of EPR Spectra of Wood Impregnated with Copper-Based Preservatives during Exposure to Several Wood-Rotting Fungi
Authors: Humar M. , Petrič M. , Pohleven F. , Šentjurc M. , Kalan P. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThe tolerance of various fungi against copper was examined. For this purpose, we impregnated Norway spruce (Picea abies) specimens with two different aqueous solutions: copper(II) octanoate with ethanolamine or copper(II) sulfate (cCu= 1.0 × 10−2mol/l). Impregnated and unimpregnated test specimens were then exposed to brown rot fungiAntrodia vaillantiiandGloeophyllum trabeumor to white-rot fungiSchizophyllum communeandTrametes versicolor. After 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks of exposure Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and mass loss measurements were performed. The results indicate thatA. vaillantii, G. trabeumandT. versicolortransform copper(II) sulfate in wood into non-soluble, and therefore non-toxic, copper oxalate. The intensity of this reaction depends on the amount of excreted oxalic acid and was the highest forA. vaillantiiand the lowest forT. versicolor. In the presence of ethanolamine, formation of insoluble copper oxalate was not possible and therefore, decay could not proceed. The major portion of copper remained in the wood and only minor amounts were in some cases translocated into nutrient media.
Direct Effects of Wood Characteristics on Pulp and Handsheet Properties of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Wimmer R. , Downes G.M. , Evans R. , Rasmussen G. , French J. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Fibre length, microfibril angle and wood density were measured in eight-year-old Eucalyptus globulus
clones planted on three different sites. Samples were chipped and pulped, and the pulps beaten prior to
preparation of 60g/m2 handsheets. Eleven physical handsheet properties, together with pulp freeness,
were measured using standard methods. Direct relationships between wood properties and pulp/paper
properties were studied using path analysis.
Fibre length had a strong, direct effect on tear index, bending stiffness, freeness, pulp yield and active
alkali consumption. Wood density was a strong predictor of most handsheet properties: high density
woods produced bulkier, more porous sheets with higher bending stiffness, while lower density woods
produced smoother, denser sheets with higher tensile strength.The effect of microfibril angle was small
and more evident in handsheets made from beaten pulp.
Pinus pinaster Oleoresin in Plus Trees
Authors: Arrabal C. , Cortijo M. , de Simón B. Fernández , García-Vallejo M.C. , Cadahía: E. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The present paper establishes the relationship between certain components of oleoresin and the
character of a tree as high producer (plus tree). The composition of the oleoresin (monoterpenes,
sesquiterpenes, neutral diterpenes and resin acids) of Pinus pinaster in plus trees was studied by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry. The main components of the monoterpenes are α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene + β-phellandrene; of the sesquiterpenes β-caryophylene and longifolene; of neutral
diterpenes isoabienol, abienol, isopimaral, pimaral, 11,13-labdien-8-ol and of resin acids levopimaric
+ palustric, neoabietic, abietic, isopimaric, pimaric, dehydroabietic, sandaracopimaric and 7,13,15
abietatrienoic acid. The components which enable us to distinguish between plus and control trees are
myrcene and noracid 1 at a level of significance of 1%, and abienol and dehydroabietic acid at 5%. The
composition of diterpenes permits a certain approach to distinguish between control and plus trees.
Determination of Polyphenolic Content of Bark Extracts for Wood Adhesives
Authors: Tahir P. Md. , Musgrave O.C. , Ashaari Z. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The phenolic content of condensed tannins varies considerably, depending on the method of determination.
Even though the Stiasny precipitation number has been commonly used to estimate the amount
of reactive tannin towards formaldehyde, particularly in adhesive applications, this estimation alone is
not sufficient. In this study two methods of determining the amount of reactive tannin towards
formaldehyde were examined. These were (1) the reactivity towards formaldehyde or the Stiasny
precipitation number, and (2) the formaldehyde uptake. Five different types of tannin were examined
from Rhizophora mucronata, P. radiata, mimosa, quebracho and chestnut. The study indicates that the
phenolic content in tannin can be better estimated by determining both the Stiasny number and the
amount of formaldehyde uptake. High correlation (r2 = 0.905) was detected between the two methods.
The study also revealed that hot water extracts of R. mucronata contain relatively small amounts of
reactive polyphenols and are less reactive than sulfite extracts. The consumption of formaldehyde by
this type of tannin was only 0.294 molecules per flavanoid unit. Similar to R. mucronata, the sulfite
extracts of P. radiata contain relatively high amounts of reactive polyphenols and reacted with substantially
higher amounts of formaldehyde per flavanoid unit, comparable to mimosa and quebracho
tannins. Nonetheless, the reactivity towards formaldehyde (gel time) of the latter tannins is muchlower,
despite their higher polyphenolic content. Of the two methods used to estimate the polyphenolic
content of bark extracts, the Stiasny number had a relatively higher correlation (r2 = 0.518) with gel
time than formaldehyde uptake (r2 = 0.345) did. The behaviour of these tannins in relation to their
reactivity and chemical structures is discussed.