bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Right and the Framing of 9/11
Authors: Durham Martin 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTOn September 11th, 2001, 2 hijacked airliners were crashed into the World Trade Center and a third into the Pentagon. The Bush administration's response, both in regard to civil liberties at home and the launching of military action abroad, has been the subject of considerable controversy. As we might expect, the Bush administration's framing of events met with acclaim among many on the American right But here, as elsewhere on the political spectrum, how to understand and react to 9/11 was also the subject of bitter dispute, a dispute that sheds new light on the ongoing arguments among American conservatives in the aftermath of the Cold War.
Monarchy and Democracy: A Progressive Agenda
Authors: Harvey Adrian 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe Blair governments since 1997 have seen the single most significant period of constitutional reform in Britain for over a century. However, they leave the monarchy, the institution at the apex of the unwritten constitution, untouched. It is argued that neither inaction nor abolition is advisable, but that reform should be undertaken, with particular attention to the rules of succession and to the royal prerogative powers, notable examples being the powers to declare war, to dismiss parliament, to assent to legislation and to appoint the Prime Minister. Those powers now exercised by the executive should be formally and linguistically separated from the office of head of state, and put on a statutory basis. The achievement of these reforms depends, however, on political will and cannot be initiated by the monarchy itself.
Steady State or Second Order? The 2003 Elections to the National Assembly for Wales
Authors: McAllister Laura 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThis article examines the second National Assembly for Wales election in May 2003. It focuses on the campaign and results, examining the relationship between the process and dynamics of devolution, and identifiable significant shifts in Welsh politics. It compares the 2003 results with those in the first election in 1999 and isolates a number of phenomena, such as turnout and support for the parties most closely associated with the region, that help establish whether the second election signals a return to 'traditional' voting or whether there remains a pattern associated with so‐called 'second order' ballots.
The Complexity of ‘Political Islamism’
Authors: Mondal Anshuman A. 
Published: January 2004

Books reviewed
The Future of Political Islam
, by Graham Fuller. Palgrave. 228pp. £19.99. Secularism, Islam and Modernity: Selected Essays of Alam Khundmiri, edited by M. T. Ansari. Sage. 308pp. £29.99. Law and Power in the Islamic World, by Sami Zubaida. I. B. Tauris. 248pp. £35.00. Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power, by Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr. Oxford University Press. 220pp. £33.99. False Necessity: Anti‐Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy, by Roberto Mangabeira Unger. Verso. cxxix + 661pp. £28.00. Preachers of Hate: The Rise of the Far Right, by Angus Roxburgh. Gibson Square Books. 312pp. £18.99. A Mandarin's Tale, by Roy Denman. Politico's. 282pp. £20.00. The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957, edited with an introduction by Peter Catterall. Macmillan. 676pp. £25.00. Memoirs from the Left, by John Saville. Merlin. 197pp. £14.95 (pb). Zones of Conflict: US Foreign Policy in the Balkans and the Greater Middle East, by Vassilis Fouskas. Pluto Press. 177pp. £45.00 (hb), £14.99 (pb).
Using a Multiple Intelligences Assessment to Promote Teacher Development and Student Achievement
Authors: Shearer C. Branton 
Published: January 2004

This article addresses three interrelated propositions. First, a valid and reliable assessment for the multiple intelligences (MI) can be created. Second, teachers can use this MI profile to better understand, accept and create Mi-inspired instruction and curriculum. Third, an MI profile can be used by both teachers and students to promote the use of strength-based learning activities to enhance instructional practice as well as personal development. Evidence gathered during two phases of research over a period of 7 years is supportive of these three propositions. In contrast to a “testing society”, I think that the assessment approach and the individual-centered school constitute a more noble educational vision. I define assessment as the obtaining of information about the skills and potentials of individuals, with the dual goals of providing useful feedback to the individuals and useful data to the surrounding community. Gardner (1993, p. 183)
Rapid assessment in conservation research: a critique of avifaunal assessment techniques illustrated by Ecuadorian and Madagascan case study data
Authors: O'Dea Niall , Watson James E. M. , Whittaker Robert J. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe urgency of conservation concerns in the tropics, linked with the limitations imposed on research efforts by the tropical environment has resulted in the development of methods for rapid assessment of biological communities. One such method, the MacKinnon list technique, has been increasingly applied in avifaunal surveys worldwide. Using paired tropical bird data sets from Ecuadorian cloud forest and Madagascan littoral forest, we compare the performance of the MacKinnon list with that of the more standard method of point counts in indicating when a site has been adequately surveyed, estimating the magnitude of species richness, quantifying relative species abundance, and providing an α‐index of diversity. In species‐rich Ecuadorian cloud forest, neither method produced data indicating adequate survey effort, despite extensive sampling, whereas in the relatively species‐poor Madagascan littoral forests, data collected by both methods indicated that the area had been sufficiently surveyed with comparable sampling effort. Species richness estimates generated from MacKinnon list data provided a more accurate estimate of the magnitude of the species richness for the Ecuadorian avifauna, whereas estimates for the Madagascan avifauna stabilised with relatively few samples using either method. Data collected by each method reflected different patterns of relative abundance among the five most abundant species, with MacKinnon list data showing a bias towards solitary and territorial species and against monospecific flocking species relative to the point count data. As a consequence of this bias, MacKinnon list data also fail to reflect accurately the structure of communities as quantified by an index of community evenness. Point counts, on the other hand, failed to capture the full species complement of the species‐rich Ecuadorian study area. As techniques for the rapid assessment of unsurveyed areas, both methods are subject to biases that limit their value, if used alone, in collecting data of scientific and management value. We propose a hybrid rapid assessment methodology that capitalises on the strengths of both techniques while compensating for their weaknesses.
Parasite species richness in New Zealand fishes: a grossly underestimated component of biodiversity?
Authors: Poulin Robert 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTEstimates of total parasite species richness, for given host groups in given geographical areas, are always much higher than the numbers of known parasite species on which they are based. The discrepancy is a reflection of our limited current knowledge of parasite diversity. This is illustrated by a comparison of the parasite faunas of New Zealand fish species with those of Canadian fish; the latter have been well studied by fish parasitologists, and provide a standard for comparisons. More parasite species are known per host species for Canadian fish than for New Zealand fish, for both marine and freshwater fishes. This difference remains after correcting for differences in study effort, i.e. in the number of published studies per fish species. There are also more parasite species per fish species in Canada than in New Zealand when parasite species richness is expressed as number of species per unit of host body length. For freshwater fish, the difference can be explained by the restricted phylogenetic origins and geographical isolation of New Zealand fish species. For marine fish, however, there is no a priori reason to expect a difference in parasite species richness between fish in New Zealand and Canadian waters, and the observed difference probably results from a lack of appropriate parasitological surveys in New Zealand. If the true species richness of the parasite faunas of New Zealand marine fish species approaches that of their Canadian counterparts, then most of the diversity and ecosystem function of fish parasites in New Zealand remains unknown.
The biogeography of invasive alien plants in California: an application of GIS and spatial regression analysis
Authors: Dark Shawna J. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe spatial distribution of invasive alien plants has been poorly documented in California. However, with the increased availability of GIS software and spatially explicit data, the distribution of invasive alien plants can be explored. Using bioregions as defined in Hickman (1993), I compared the distribution of invasive alien plants (n = 78) and noninvasive alien plants (n = 1097). The distribution of both categories of alien plants was similar with the exception of a higher concentration of invasive alien plants in the North Coast bioregion. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Moran's I indicated significant spatial dependence for both invasive and noninvasive alien plant species. I used both ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial autoregressive (SAR) models to assess the relationship between alien plant species distribution and native plant species richness, road density, population density, elevation, area of sample unit, and precipitation. The OLS model for invasive alien plants included two significant effects; native plant species richness and elevation. The SAR model for invasive alien plants included three significant effects; elevation, road density, and native plant species richness. The SAR model for noninvasive alien plants resulted in the same significant effects as invasive alien plants. Both invasive and noninvasive alien plants are found in regions with low elevation, high road density, and high native‐plant species richness. This is in congruity with previous spatial pattern studies of alien plant species. However, the similarity in effects for both categories of alien plants alludes to the importance of autecological attributes, such as pollination system, dispersal system and differing responses to disturbance in the distribution of invasive plant species. In addition, this study emphasizes the critical importance of testing for spatial autocorrelation in spatial pattern studies and using SAR models when appropriate.
On the importance of patch attributes, environmental factors and past human impacts as determinants of perennial plant species richness and diversity in Mediterranean semiarid steppes
Authors: Maestre Fernando T. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTRichness and diversity of perennial plant species were evaluated in 17Stipa tenacissimasteppes along a degradation gradient in semiarid SE Spain. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the relative importance of historical human impacts, small‐scale patch attributes and environmental factors as determinants of perennial plant species richness and diversity inS. tenacissimasteppes, where vegetation is arranged as discrete plant patches inserted on a bare ground matrix. Partial least squares regression was used to determine the amount of variation in species richness and diversity that could be significantly explained by historical human impacts, patch attributes, and environmental factors together and separately. They explained up to 89% and 69% of the variation in species richness and diversity, respectively. In both cases, the predictive power of patch attributes models was higher than that of models consisting of abiotic characteristics and variables related to human impact, suggesting that patch attributes are the major determinants of species richness and diversity in semiaridS. tenacissimasteppes. However, patch attributes alone are not enough to explain the observed variation in species richness and diversity. The area covered by late‐successional sprouting shrubs and the distance between consecutive patches were the most influencing individual variables on species richness and diversity, respectively. The implications of these results for the management ofS. tenacissimasteppes are discussed.
Older Persons' Evaluations of Health Care: The Effects of Medical Skepticism and Worry about Health
Authors: Borders Tyrone F. , Rohrer James E. , Tom Xu K. , Smith David R. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.To describe how skepticism about medical care and other individual differences, including worry about health status, are associated with evaluations of health care among the noninstitutionalized elderly.Data Sources/Study Setting.Data were collected through a survey of approximately 5,000 community‐dwelling elders (aged 65 and older) in a southwestern region of the United States.Study Design.Global evaluations of health care were measured with two items from the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) instrument, an overall care rating (OCR) and a personal doctor rating (PDR). Multivariate ordered logit regression models were tested to examine how medical skepticism and other factors were associated with ratings of 0–7, 8–9, and 10.Principal Findings.Consumers who were skeptical of prescription drugs relative to home remedies, who held attitudes that they understand their health better than most doctors, and who worried about their health had worse OCR and PDR. Those who held attitudes that individual behavior determines how soon one gets better when sick had better PDR and OCR.Conclusions.Health policymakers, managers, and providers may need to consider the degree to which they should attempt to satisfy skeptical consumers, many of whom may never rate their care highly. Alternatively, they may need to target skeptical consumers with educational efforts explaining the benefits of medical care.
Identifying Children with Special Health Care Needs in the National Health Interview Survey: A New Resource for Policy Analysis
Authors: Davidoff Amy J. 
Published: January 2004

Objective. To test the feasibility of using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to identify children with chronic illness through a noncategorical approach, as exemplified by the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) screener. The ability to use the NHIS to identify CSHCN will permit analyses of the effects of welfare reform and public insurance eligibility expansions during the late 1990s on CSHCN.Data Sources. The NHIS from 1997, 1999, and 2000. The NHIS is an ongoing household survey representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States.Study Design. Survey items were selected from the NHIS and thresholds designated to replicate the content and logic of the CSHCN screener. The screener asks explicit questions concerning an elevated need for, or use of health care services, and about limitations in activity, both caused by a chronic health condition. The algorithm created was applied to the pooled 1999–2000 NHIS to generate national prevalence estimates. Multivariate logistic regression was estimated to determine the effect of having particular demographic characteristics on the likelihood of being identified as CSHCN. Log odds ratios were compared to those from earlier NHIS‐based estimates and from a pretest of the CSHCN screener.Principal Findings. An estimated 12 percent of noninstitutionalized children aged 0 through 17 have a chronic condition that results in elevated service use or limitations in normal activity. This estimate is sensitive to inclusion of children with a broader array of less serious or shorter‐term conditions. The estimated effects of child characteristics on the likelihood of being identified as having special health needs are similar but not identical to other algorithms that have been used to identify CSHCN.Conclusions. It is feasible to use existing questions in the NHIS to identify a population of CSHCN that is substantially similar to children identified through other algorithms or through use of a screening instrument imbedded in a household survey. The availability of this algorithm will permit use of the NHIS for important analyses of the effects of welfare reform and public insurance expansions on children with special health care needs.
Profile of Medical Charges for Children by Health Status Group and Severity Level in a Washington State Health Plan
Authors: Neff John M. , Sharp Virginia L. , Muldoon John , Graham Jeff , Myers Kristin 
Published: January 2004

Objective. To identify children and evaluate patterns of charges for pediatric medical care, by overall health status, severity of illness, and categories of medical service.Data Sources. Enrollment, claims, and charges data from a Washington State health plan. The study population includes all children ages 0 to 18 years during calendar year 1999.Study Design. Children were classified into clinically defined health status groups and severity levels using Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs). Health plan charges were analyzed according to core health status group, severity level, and category of service.Data Collection. The three secondary data sources were obtained electronically from the health plan and cleaned for unique members and data quality before analysis.Principal Findings. Children classified as healthy (85.2 percent) had mean and median annual charges of $485 and $191. Children with one or more chronic conditions (9.5 percent) had mean and median charges increasing by status and severity group from $2,303 to $76,143 and from $1,151 to $19,456, and accounted for 45.2 percent of all charges. Distribution of charges varied across health status groups. Healthy children had 70.6 percent of their charges in outpatient and physician services. Children classified in the complex, catastrophic, and malignancy groups had 67 percent of their charges in inpatient encounters. Children with chronic conditions accounted for 31.8 percent of all physician, 41.8 percent of outpatient, 47.7 percent of pharmacy, 60.7 percent of inpatient, and 75.8 percent of all other charges.Conclusions. Children with chronic conditions account for a disproportionately high percentage of children's health expenditures. They account for different percentages of expenses for different medical services. These percentages vary according to health status and severity. This analysis can be used to identify and track groups of children for various purposes.
Are Gatekeeper Requirements Associated with Cancer Screening Utilization?
Authors: Phillips Kathryn A. , Haas Jennifer S. , Liang Su‐Ying , Baker Laurence C. , Tye Sherilyn , Kerlikowske Karla , Sakowski Julie , Spetz Joanne 
Published: January 2004

Objective. There is widespread debate over whether health plans should require enrollees to use “gatekeepers,” which are primary care providers that coordinate care and control access to specialists. However, little is known about whether health plan gatekeeper requirements improve or reduce quality‐of‐care. Our objective was to examine whether gatekeeper requirements are associated with the utilization of cancer screening for breast, cervical, and prostate cancer.Data Sources. Three linked sources (N=13,534): (1) 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) Household Survey, a nationally representative, ongoing survey sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; (2) 1996 MEPS Health Insurance Plan Abstraction, which codes data from health plan booklets obtained from privately insured respondents, and (3) 1995 National Health Interview Survey.Study Design/Data Collection. Cross‐sectional, multivariate logistic regression analysis using secondary data.Principal Findings. We found in multivariate analyses that women in gatekeeper plans were significantly more likely to obtain mammography screening (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.22, 95 percent Confidence Interval [CI] 1.07–1.40), clinical breast examinations (OR=1.39, 95 percent CI 1.23–1.57), and Pap smears (OR=1.33, 95 percent CI 1.16–1.52) than women not in gatekeeper plans. In contrast, gatekeeper requirements were not associated with prostate cancer screening (OR=1.11, 95 percent CI 0.93–1.33). We found no association between screening utilization and aggregate plan types (HMO, POS, PPO, FFS).Conclusions. Gatekeeper requirements are associated with higher utilization of widely recommended cancer screening procedures, but not with utilization of a less uniformly recommended cancer screening procedure. Researchers should consider the analysis of specific plan characteristics rather than aggregate plan types in conducting future research, and insurers and policymakers should consider the potential benefits of gatekeepers with respect to preventive care when designing health plans and legislation.
Moving beyond the Typologies of Managed Care: The Example of Health Plan Predictors of Screening Mammography
Authors: Tye Sherilyn , Phillips Kathryn A. , Liang Su‐Ying , Haas Jennifer S. 
Published: January 2004

Objectives. To develop a framework of factors to characterize health plans, to identify how plan characteristics were measured in a national survey, and to apply our findings to an analysis of the predictors of screening mammography.Data Source. The primary data were from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.Study Design. Women ages 40+, with private insurance, and no history of breast cancer were included in the study (N=2,909). We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate mammography utilization in the past two years relative to health plan and demographic factors. Health plan measures included whether there is a defined provider network, whether coverage is restricted to a network, use of gatekeepers, level of cost containment, copayment and deductible amounts, coinsurance rate, and breadth of benefit coverage.Principal Findings. We found no significant difference in reported mammography utilization using a dichotomous comparison of individuals enrolled in managed care versus indemnity plans. However, women in health plans with a defined provider network were more likely to report having received a mammogram in the past two years than those without networks (adjusted OR=1.21, 95 percent CI=1.07–1.36), and women in gatekeeper plans were more likely to report receiving mammography than those without gatekeepers (adjusted OR=1.18, 95 percent CI=1.03–1.36). Restricted out‐of‐network coverage, use of cost containment, enrollee cost sharing, and breadth of benefit coverage did not appear to affect mammography use.Conclusions. It is important to examine the effect of individual health plan components on the utilization of health care, rather than use the traditional broader categorizations of managed versus nonmanaged care or simple health plan typologies.