bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An emerging model of a systems agriculturalist
Authors: Valentine Ian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a conceptual model of agriculture at the Faculty of Agriculture, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, during the early 1980s. The model was a tool in a learning/researching process that was driven by the increasing complexity of problems/issues facing Australian agriculture over that period. The path took us from seeing agriculture as a science discipline‐focused, mechanistic view of agriculture to a systemic model that incorporated people as an essential component. The phases that we went through included: ‘agriculture as a production activity’, ‘agriculture as applied ecology’, ‘agriculture as a mechanical (hard) system’, and ‘agriculture as a human activity system’. Each phase was incorporated into the next so that the final model was able to be usefully used in approaching on‐farm scientific and technical issues, managerial and information flow/communication issues, and social and cultural issues. It also placed farming as an activity within the wider social and biophysical environment, which encouraged study of the impact of agriculture on the soil and water resources as well as the fate of rural communities. The model was generated through a process of action research and thus was consistent with the growing educational philosophy of the Faculty. It was a collaborative process that drew on the expertise of members of the Faculty and on a wide range of literature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The researcher of human systems is both choreographer and chorographer
Authors: Russell David , Ison Ray 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe paper will refer to research work that illustrates the researcher as chorographer (one practised in the art of systematic description of regions) and choreographer (one practised in the design of dance arrangements) of the emotions. The authors experienced this transformation when they developed and tested a conversational model of learning and change based on the biological systems work of Chilean scientist Humberto Maturana. Hawkesbury Agricultural College (which became part of the University of Western Sydney in 1989) was a fertile field for research and consulting that understood learning as change taking place in a relational space, over time, and as a consequence of engagements shaped by the participants' emotions. The use of participatory and collaborative methods to bring about change demanded an explanatory system that located the usefulness of these practices in what was understood as the biology of living systems and cognitive science. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortical postmodern ethnography: introducing a complexity approach to systemic social theorizing
Authors: Kuhn Lesley , Woog Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper reflects on theory evolution from the perspective of considering the role that complexity science might have in social theorizing and research. We assume that just as human society is complex, dynamic, interdependent, and with future states emerging with reference to complex histories, so too are human explanations and theories. With reference to a complexity approach to postmodern ethnography, that of vortical postmodern ethnography, we make manifest the dynamic and interdependent nature of theory building, with human actor/observers and discourse evolution. We suggest that a complexity perspective on social research and theorizing may be most valuable for its role in bringing about alternative descriptions, rather than promoting certain interventions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systemic development at Hawkesbury: some personal lessons from experience
Authors: Bawden Richard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOne of the most significant and enduring ideas associated with the systems initiatives at Hawkesbury has been the interconnections that were made there between systemic acts of development in the ‘concrete world’ and the abstract ‘epistemic developments’ of the actors who participate in them. Each is seen to be constitutive of the other in a profoundly systemic manner, with ‘concrete events’ being both influenced by and an influence on ‘abstract ideas’. The embrace of critical experiential strategies, which themselves are regarded as essentially systemic and reflexive in nature, has been a central feature of the pedagogies, research processes, and engagement strategies that have been designed to better facilitate this interconnection. As calls for more sustainable and equitable forms of development gather momentum across the globe, and the citizenry become increasingly engaged with issues that are seen to pose significant systemic global risks, the need for collective, communicative experiential strategies in the form of systemic discourse becomes evident. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Study of Pilot Scale Rice Starch Production by an Alkaline and an Enzymatic Process
Authors: Puchongkavarin Hatairat , Varavinit Saiyavit , Bergthaller Wolfgang 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRice starch is commonly isolated by alkaline (sodium hydroxide) extraction because this process provides high yield, high purity and is low in capital costs. This process produces an highly loaded alkaline effluent that contributes significantly to general costs of wastewater treatment. The present study attempted to develop an enzymatic procedure to isolate pure rice starch and to investigate the physico‐chemical properties in comparison with that of rice starch produced by an alkaline process of comparable scale. The isolation of starch from polished rice grain was effected by application of cellulase under slightly acidic conditions in order to degrade the cellular tissue, followed by protease (Corolase 7089 or papain) under neutral conditions in order to loosen the protein bodies that are associated with starch granules. In comparison with the alkaline process, the enzyme process provided rice starch with a slightly elevated protein content, but less damaged starch. No differences were found between the two proteases used. Washing the enzyme‐isolated starch with 0.2% sodium hydroxide or 0.5% sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) solutions further improved the purity of rice starch. The physico‐chemical properties of the enzymatically‐isolated starches were mostly comparable with starch from the alkaline process. The developed process allows to replace the alkaline process and thus eliminates critical levels of mineral load in effluents of rice starch plants.
Impact of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on the Resistant Starch Content of Wheat Starch
Authors: Bauer Birgit A. , Wiehle Tanja , Knorr Dietrich 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe impact of high hydrostatic pressure‐induced gelatinisation of wheat starch suspensions on its resistant starch (RS) content was examined. Optimum process parameters determined for the enhancement of RS yields in pre‐tests differed from process conditions for high RS yields after thermal gelatinisation found in literature. This indicated differing gelatinisation and RS formation processes. Nonetheless, a RS enhancement by high hydrostatic pressure treatment was possible. The highest yields of RS in pressure‐gelatinised starches were obtained after ten pressure‐annealing cycles of acid hydrolysed wheat starch suspensions (approx. 12%). In comparison to heat‐gelatinised wheat starch, the RS yields achieved after pressure‐induced gelatinisation of wheat starch were in the same range. Thus, high pressure treatment alone is not superior over thermal treatment for the production of RS in wheat starch.
Glutaraldehyde Cross‐link Analogues from Carbohydrates
Authors: Schoevaart Rob , Siebum Arjan , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger , Kieboom Tom 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe effectiveness of glutaraldehyde as protein cross‐linker is unbeaten by any cross‐linker known today. Surprisingly, no efforts have been made to improve the properties of glutaraldehyde via derivatisation. From the group of carbohydrates, periodate oxidised derivatives with cross‐linking power have been reported. We demonstrate that these are based on the 1,5‐dialdehyde structure, analogous with glutaraldehyde. Diglycolaldehyde and periodate oxidised carbohydrates containing this basic 1,5‐dialdehyde moiety show excellent cross‐linking properties. Although these cross‐linkers are less reactive than glutaraldehyde, quantitative cross‐linking is effected without undesired colouration and enzyme deactivation: effects often encountered with glutaraldehyde. These are the first results from an investigation in the use of carbohydrates for the alternative and inexpensive cross‐linking of proteins.
Organic Solvent‐free Transesterification of Various Starches with Lauric Acid Methyl Ester and Triacyl Glycerides
Authors: Aburto Jorge , Alric Isabelle , Borredon Elisabeth 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study deals with the organic solvent‐free synthesis of fatty acid esters of high‐amylose maize (amylomaize) starch by transesterification with lauric acid methyl ester using potassium laurate as catalyst. The process involves thermal pretreatment of amylomaize in order to swell the polysaccharide and increase its accessibility and reaction with the esterification reagent. The swelling degree (Q) was monitored by UV‐Vis spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whilst the formation of a complex between amylose and potassium laurate was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and FTIR studies. The transesterification reaction was carried out at 190°C and a central composite design was used to obtain the corresponding contour plots with a second order model (y = β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + β12 X1 X2 + β11 X1 X1 + β22 X2X2) and a confidence interval of 95%. The experimental design consisted of two independent variables, reaction time (2–6 h) and catalyst (2.2 – 33.8 meq catalyst per eq. glucose), and two dependent variables, the degree of substitution (DS) and the yield of the amylomaize starch ester (Y,%). Maximum transesterification of amylomaize starch (DS = 0.61) was obtained after 4:30 h at 190°C with an intermediate concentration of catalyst (18 meq per eq. glucose). Finally, the optimized results were extended to other starch sources and vegetable oils.
Emergency stop simulation using a finite element model developed for large blade deflections
Authors: Ahlström Anders 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPredicting the load in every possible situation is necessary in order to build safe and optimized structures. A highly dynamical case where large loads are developed is an emergency stop. Design simulation tools that can cope with the upcoming non‐linearities will be especially important as the turbines get bigger and more flexible. The model developed here uses the advanced commercial finite element system MSC.Marc, focused on non‐linear design and analysis, to predict the structural response. The aerodynamic model named AERFORCE, used to transform the wind to loads on the blades, is a blade element momentum model. A comparison is made between measured and calculated loads for the Tjæreborg wind turbine during emergency braking of the rotor. The simulation results correspond well with measured data. The conclusion is that the aeroelastic tool is likely to perform well when simulating more flexible turbines. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WAsP in the Forest
Authors: Dellwik Ebba , Landberg Lars , Jensen Niels Otto 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article compares mean wind estimates from a WAsP analysis for three forest sites and one site near a forest with measurements taken at the sites. By standard WAsP settings for forest, the mean wind speed at the sites was overestimated. Agreement between the estimates and the measurements improved significantly if displacement height and roughness length as calculated from the forest mast data were used or if a simple model estimate of roughness length and displacement height based on stand density (frontal area index) was used. The two estimates of displacement height and roughness length (mast data and simple model) did not agree well with each other. One reason for this may be that all evaluated sites are windy and that both d and z0 depend on the wind speed. All analysed forest sites are dense, in which case the influence from the roughness sublayer is limited and the effect on mean wind speeds from this layer could not be evaluated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Design of closed loop controllers for wind turbines
Authors: Bossanyi E. A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the design of algorithms for wind turbine pitch control and also for generator torque control in the case of variable speed turbines. Some recent and possible future developments are discussed. Although pitch control is used primarily to limit power in high winds, it also has a significant effect on various loads. Particularly as turbines become larger, there is increasing interest in designing controllers to mitigate loads as far as possible. Torque control in variable speed turbines is used primarily to maximize energy capture below rated wind speed and to limit the torque above rated. Once again there are opportunities for designing these controllers so as to mitigate certain loads. In addition to improving the design of the control algorithms, it is also possible to use additional sensors to help the controller to achieve its objectives more effectively. The use of additional actuators in the form of individual pitch controllers for each blade is also discussed. It is important to be able to quantify the benefits of any new controller. Although computer simulations are useful, field trials are also vital. The variability of the real wind means that particular care is needed in the design of the trials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting participation and outcomes in out‐of‐school activities: Similarities and differences across social ecologies
Authors: Simpkins Sandra D. , Ripke Marika , Huston Aletha C. , Eccles Jacquelynne S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractChildren's participation in organized out‐of‐school‐time activities and the outcomes associated with those activities vary according to family social ecology and child characteristics.
Activities, engagement, and emotion in after‐school programs (and elsewhere)
Authors: Vandell Deborah Lowe , Shernoff David J. , Pierce Kim M. , Bolt Daniel M. , Dadisman Kimberly , Brown B. Bradford 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExperience sampling methodology was used to measure engagement during the after‐school hours. Experiences that combined high levels of intrinsic motivation with concerted effort and enjoyment were more likely at after‐school programs than elsewhere.
The burden of neuropathic pain: results from a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: McDermott Anne M. , Toelle Thomas R. , Rowbotham David J. , Schaefer Caroline P. , Dukes Ellen M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground There are few published data on the treatment patterns and burden of neuropathic pain. We have investigated this in a large, observational, cross‐sectional survey.Methods We surveyed 602 patients with neuropathic pain recruited from general practitioners in six European countries. Physicians recorded demographic and treatment information, including prescription medications. Patients completed Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) severity and interference questions, the EuroQol (EQ‐5D), and questions about their productivity, non‐prescription treatments, and frequency of physician visits. The BPI Pain Severity score (range: 0–10) is the mean of worst, least, average, and current pain ratings, with scores of 4–6 and 7–10 considered moderate and severe, respectively. We evaluated the impact of pain severity on functioning using analysis of variance models and χ2 tests.Results Mean (SD) age was 62.9 (14.4) years (50% female). Most patients reported moderate (54%) or severe (25%) pain. Nearly all patients (93%) were prescribed medications for their neuropathic pain: analgesics (71%); anti‐epileptics (51%); antidepressants (29%); sedatives/hypnotics (15%). Seventy‐six percent visited their physician at least once in the past month. Employment status was affected in 43% of patients; those employed missed a mean (SD) of 5.5 (9.8) workdays during the past month. Pain severity was associated significantly (P < 0.001) with poorer EQ‐5D scores (mild = 0.67, moderate = 0.46, severe = 0.16), greater disruption of employment status (mild = 24%, moderate = 48%, severe = 54%), and more frequent physician visits (% with one or more visits: mild = 66%, moderate = 79%, severe = 83%).Conclusions Patients with neuropathic pain visit their physician frequently and report substantial pain that interferes with daily functioning despite receiving treatment.
Quantitative sensory testing: a comprehensive protocol for clinical trials
Authors: Rolke R. , Magerl W. , Campbell K. Andrews , Schalber C. , Caspari S. , Birklein F. , Treede R.‐D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe have compiled a comprehensive QST protocol as part of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS) using well established tests for nearly all aspects of somatosensation. This protocol encompasses thermal as well as mechanical testing procedures. Our rationale was to test for patterns of sensory loss (small and large nerve fiber functions) or gain (hyperalgesia, allodynia, hyperpathia), and to assess both cutaneous and deep pain sensitivity. The practicality of the QST protocol was tested in 18 healthy subjects, 21–58 years, half of them female. All subjects were tested bilaterally over face, hand and foot. We determined thermal detection and pain thresholds including a test for the presence of paradoxical heat sensations, mechanical detection thresholds to von Frey filaments and a 64‐Hz tuning fork, mechanical pain thresholds to pinprick stimuli and blunt pressure, stimulus‐response‐functions for pinprick and dynamic mechanical allodynia (pain to light touch), and pain summation (wind‐up ratio) using repetitive pinprick stimulation.The full protocol took 27 − 2.3 min per test area. The majority of QST parameters were normally distributed only after logarithmic transformation (secondary normalization) except for the frequency of paradoxical heat sensations, cold and heat pain thresholds, and for vibration detection thresholds. Thresholds were usually lowest over face, followed by hand, and then foot. Only thermal pain thresholds, wind‐up ratio and vibration detection thresholds were not significantly dependent on the body region. There was no significant right‐to‐left difference for any of the QST parameters; left‐to‐right correlation coefficients ranged between 0.78 and 0.97, thus explaining between 61% and 94% of the variance. This study has shown that a complete somatosensory profile of one affected area and one unaffected control area, which will be necessary to characterize patients with a variety of diseases, can be obtained within 1 h. Case examples of selected patients illustrate the value of z‐transformed QST data for an easy survey of individual symptom profiles.
Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review of the clinical and cost‐effectiveness literature and assessment of prognostic factors
Authors: Taylor Rod S. , Van Buyten Jean‐Pierre , Buchser Eric 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective To review the clinical and cost‐effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the management of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and identify the potential predictors of SCS outcome.Design Systematic review of the literature and meta‐regression.Methods Electronic databases were searched for controlled and uncontrolled studies and economic evaluations relating to the use of SCS in patients with either CRPS type I or II.Results One randomised controlled trial, 25 case series and one cost‐effectiveness study were included. In the randomised controlled trial in type I CRPS patients, SCS therapy lead to a reduction in pain intensity at 24 months of follow‐up (mean change in VAS score −2.0), whereas pain was unchanged in the control group (mean change in VAS score 0.0) (p < 0.001). In the case series studies, 67% (95% CI 51%, 84%) of type I and type II CRPS patients implanted with SCS reported pain relief of at least 50% over a median follow‐up period of 33 months. No statistically significant predictors of pain relief with SCS were observed in multivariate meta‐regression analysis across studies. An economic analysis based on the randomised controlled trial showed a lifetime cost saving of approximately €58,470 (US$60,800) with SCS plus physical therapy compared with physical therapy alone. The mean cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year at 12‐month follow‐up was €22,580 (US$23,480).Conclusions SCS appears to be an effective therapy in the management of patients with CRPS type I (Level A evidence) and type II (Level D evidence). Moreover, there is evidence to demonstrate that SCS is a cost‐effective treatment for CRPS type I.
Chronic pain and reduced work effectiveness: The hidden cost to Australian employers
Authors: van Leeuwen Marina T. , Blyth Fiona M. , March Lyn M. , Nicholas Michael K. , Cousins Michael J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCost estimates of the impact of chronic pain on work have largely focussed on absenteeism, excluding the hidden contribution of reduced work effectiveness to lost productivity. This paper aims to estimate the cost of lost productivity due to chronic pain in Australia, not only in terms of absenteeism but also reduced work effectiveness. Data on chronic pain in Australia and its impact on work were obtained from the 1997 New South Wales Health Survey (n = 17,543) and the Northern Sydney Area Pain Study (n = 2,092), both of which were population‐based and used random‐digit dialling sampling methods. This was combined with relevant Australian population and labour force data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. From this we estimated annual lost productivity costs arising from both chronic pain‐related days absent and ‘reduced‐effectiveness workdays'. There were estimated to be 9.9 million workdays absent due to chronic pain annually in Australia, equating to a cost of AUD 1.4 billion per annum. Under the assumption that reduced‐effectiveness workdays affect productivity costs in the same way as lost work days, the total number of lost workday equivalents was 36.5 million, with the total annual cost of lost productivity due to chronic pain estimated as AUD 5.1 billion per annum. In conclusion, while the impact of reduced work effectiveness on days worked with pain on productivity is uncertain, it has the potential to account for the majority of lost productivity costs associated with chronic pain. Interventions which target working despite pain have the potential to significantly reduce lost productivity costs due to chronic pain.