bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF HETEROGENETIC ANTIBODIES WITH MIXTURES OF THE BINDING PART OF THE ANTIGEN AND PROTEIN
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Simms S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The alcohol-soluble extract of heterogenetic antigen, which possesses the specific chemical structure of the entire antigen, has a detectable but generally very slight power to increase the amount of heterogenetic antibodies, when injected into rabbits.
2. This substance can be transformed into an efficient antigen by mixing it with protein solutions such as diluted normal serum.
3. Such mixtures are considerably more active than the same substances injected separately. Therefore, the effect of the serum is probably due to the formation in vitro of a loose compound between the alcohol-soluble substance and protein, the compound acting as a complete antigen.
4. It may be supposed that there exists a group of natural antigens which are built up of one specifically reacting part that is almost or entirely devoid of antigenic properties, and another part, a protein, responsible for the immunizing effect.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Perlzweig William A. , Steffen Gustav I. 
Published: June 2004

1. Active immunity against many lethal doses of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III may be produced in mice by two or three subcutaneous injections of the homologous type of pneumococcus saline vaccine.
2. Mice may be actively immunized with the protein fraction obtained by treating pneumococci with anhydrous sodium sulfate or by solution of pneumococci in bile salts and precipitation with alcohol. Pneumococcus antigen is therefore carried within or adheres to the protein fraction of the organism.
3. Pneumococcus antigen is resistant to prolonged autolysis and to tryptic digestion, and can be recovered from the soluble portions of digests of either the intact bacteria or the bacterial protein.
4. The antigen may be isolated from each of the three fixed types of pneumococcus by tryptic digestion of the pneumococci and extraction of the digest with 70 to 90 per cent alcohol. The antigen is not soluble in absolute alcohol, nor is it soluble in ether or in the other lipoidal solvents.
5. The immunizing property of slightly acid solutions of the antigen is not impaired by boiling for 5 minutes, nor by heating at 56°C. for 1 hour. Sterile unpreserved solutions of the antigen did not deteriorate by standing in the refrigerator for 3½ months.
6. The exact chemical nature of pneumococcus antigen still remains to be determined. From the experiments reported it appears that the antigen is non-lipoidal, that it probably adheres to the protein fraction in a loose chemical or physical union rather than representing a protein complex of a large molecular size, as shown by its solubility in alcohol, its thermostability, and its resistance to proteolytic digestion.
7. Some of the antigens studied have been shown to contain a non-specific factor promoting the growth of bacteria.
8. The purified pneumococcus antigen solutions are non-toxic for mice.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Morgan H. J. , Avery O. T. 
Published: June 2004

In previous papers it has been shown that unheated plant tissue, in the form of potato, contains the two factors necessary for the growth of organisms of the hemoglobinophilic group. Further studies (5) confirmed these findings and showed that yellow and white turnip, carrot, beet, parsnip, and sweet potato can replace blood in the cultivation of Bacillus influenzæ.
In the present paper it has been shown that vegetable tissues also greatly facilitate and stimulate the growth of other organisms entirely unrelated to Bacillus influenzæ. Three varieties of Gram-positive cocci have been used in the present study, pneumococcus, Streptococcus hamolyticus, and Streptococcus viridans. With pneumococcus it has been previously shown that prompt and luxuriant growth will occur in broth containing unheated potato even though the seeding be so small that no growth whatever will occur with the same seeding in plain broth (5). In the present study it has been shown that even in dextrose broth this minimal inoculation is followed by a prolonged period of lag, whereas in potato broth this same inoculum serves to initiate immediate and rapid growth. When pneumococci are grown in potato broth not only is the period of lag abolished, but the stationary period of growth is extended and cell death is delayed. Moreover, in plant tissue medium the zone of hydrogen ion concentration within which growth of pneumococcus can be initiated is considerably extended beyond the acid and alkaline limits of the optimal range in ordinary bouillon.
It has been found also that the presence of unheated plant tissue in the media likewise stimulates growth of hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci.
In this investigation no attempt has been made to determine the exact nature of the substances in plant tissue upon which these properties depend. That they are not of the nature of readily fermentable carbohydrates, however, is made evident by the fact that no increased production of acid occurs in the pneumococcus culture when potato is present.
THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION AS APPLIED TO LEPROSY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Aronson Joseph D. 
Published: June 2004

By means of a method differing in important details from those of previous investigators it has been determined that the blood serum of cases of leprosy exhibits the ability to fix complement with a wide variety of antigens including to a greater or less extent those derived from any culture of the acid-fast group of bacteria available to us.
This property of multiple fixation may sufficiently characterize the disease to be of diagnostic significance, although our experience is hardly sufficient to enable us to speak with complete assurance on this point. Certainly, control sera from normal individuals, from cases of tuberculosis, or from cases of syphilis as obtained in our locality have entirely failed to react with certain antigens, whereas serum from cases of leprosy have so reacted to the extent of over 93 per cent.
The most characteristic fixation given by the leprosy sera is that with Bacillus lepræ (Clegg) used as antigen, either in the form of a bacterial emulsion or of an alcoholic extract of the dried culture.
Antibody absorption may be demonstrated in the acid-fast group if the absorbing bacteria are removed by filtration. Otherwise the resulting fluid is strongly anticomplementary. Leper serum is not deprived of the complement-fixing body when so treated with either Bacillus tuberculosis or Bacillus lepræ (Clegg).
PROTECTION AGAINST TYPHOID-LIKE INFECTIONS BY VACCINATION
Authors: Nichols Henry J. , Stimmel Clarence O. 
Published: June 2004

1. A natural infection of guinea pigs with the "mutton" strain of Bacillus aertrycke was used to test the protective power of vaccination against the typhoid group of infections.
2. Under the conditions of the experiment, complete protection was secured by vaccination with full strength fresh saline vaccine, while 100 per cent of deaths occurred among the controls.
3. The immunity acquired is variable and depends on the number of organisms injected.
4. Vaccine kept 10 to 14 months gave less protection than vaccine 8 months old and under.
5. Saline vaccine was more effective than lipovaccine, sensitized vaccine, or supernatant fluid vaccine.
6. Resuspended vaccine was as effective as the original vaccine.
7. In one experiment, group vaccine, made of typhoid Para A and Para B bacilli, was as effective as the original specific vaccine.
OXIDASE REACTION OF VARIOUS GROUPS OF BACTERIA
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A simple technique is described for studying the oxidase action of bacteria by means of the oxidation of p-aminoleucomalachite green.
2. It is shown that pneumococci under aerobic conditions produced an oxidase when grown on suitable medium. The sera of any of seven different animal species constitute such a medium, the degree of oxidation by the pneumococcus depending upon the animal from which the serum was taken—rat, guinea pig, rabbit, horse, man, cat, and chicken in order of diminishing suitability.
3. Conditions favoring the oxidation of p-aminoleucomalachite green by a single strain of pneumococci are: the presence of a slight amount of hemoglobin, dextrose, H ion concentration on the add side, and heating of fresh serum for 30 minutes at 56°C. Conditions preventing the oxidation are: sterilized meat infusion, 1 per cent peptone, plain broth, a high concentration of hemoglobin, and absence of oxygen. In a quantitative fashion, meat infusion, 1 per cent peptone, and plain broth interfere with the suitability of serum as a substratum of oxidase production by the pneumococcus.
4. Twenty-three microbic species were studied with reference to oxidative power. They were grown upon 10 per cent horse serum, with and without dextrose, upon 10 per cent guinea pig serum, and upon plain broth. Only three of the twenty-three gave evidence of oxidative power as tested by p-aminoleucomalachite green; namely, the pneumococcus, Streptococcus viridans, and Streptococcus hæmolyticus. Among the strains, of these three pneumococci gave the most intense reaction, after which Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus hæmolyticus follow in the order named, but with a noticeable variation among the different strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus.
5. Hemolytic streptococci of human and bovine origin were studied. The only variation in the type of reaction was manifested by the streptococci of milk and cheese origin. Strains from these sources showed definitely the least oxidase activity. Streptococci from mastitis and cow's udder were indistinguishable by the test from the hemolytic streptococci of human origin.
STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY
Authors: Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

The state of potential immunity to transplanted cancer engendered in mice by an injection of homologous blood may be reversed and converted into a susceptible state by an intraperitoneal injection of olive oil prior to the cancer inoculation.
The suppression of resistance is accompanied by the failure of certain cellular reactions known to develop during the establishment of immunity to transplanted cancer.
MEASUREMENT OF THE INHERENT GROWTH ENERGY OF TISSUES
Authors: Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. The residual growth energy of fibroblasts is expressed by the extent of their migration and multiplication in a non-nutrient medium.
2. The residual energy of fibroblasts is related to their inherent energy and the variations of the inherent energy can be ascertained by the measurement of the residual energy.
LOCAL RESISTANCE TO SPONTANEOUS MOUSE CANCER INDUCED BY X-RAYS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Maisin Joseph , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

Autografts from spontaneous cancers of mice when replanted into areas previously exposed to an erythema dose of x-rays, failed to grow in the majority of instances (71.4 per cent), while similar grafts inoculated into untreated areas grew in a large proportion of the animals (83.6 per cent).
Autografts of spontaneous cancer, established and growing in the skin, disappeared in 76 per cent of animals after the tumor and surrounding tissues had been exposed to an erythema dose of x-rays, whereas other autografts of similar derivation that had been given a like dose of x-rays outside of the body and had been implanted in the same animals grew progressively in 96 per cent of instances. That this result was not due to a greater susceptibility of the cancer cells x-rayed in situ was shown by the fact that tumors treated in situ with x-rays and then replanted in an unrayed location on the same animal grew actively. Evidently the ray had done no direct damage to the cancer cells.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been described by which it is possible to scatter isolated tissue cells in a suitable medium.
2. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether minute fragments of fibroblastic culture are able to persist and multiply when transferred into a new culture medium.
3. Cell divisions were not observed in isolated cells under the conditions of the experiment. Growth took place only when the tissue cells were numerous and close to one another.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

X-rays which injure intestinal epithelium (and presumably other body or tumor cells) travel in straight lines from the target through the living tissues, forming a cone or beam of rays as controlled by impervious screens.
It is probable that secondary radiation is formed, especially deep in the body tissues, but such radiation does no injury to intestinal epithelium outside of the cone or path of radiation.
Lesions in the stomach and intestine may be confidently predicted from a knowledge of the size and form of the cone or beam of x-rays given over the abdomen. These lesions even more than skin burns do not heal and may in fact go on after many weeks to perforation.
Even in the depths of the abdomen the duodenal lesions are as clean-cut as a peptic ulcer, indicating the lack of dispersion or scattering of the primary or secondary rays in passage through the living tissues. Transition from normal to necrotic mucosa rarely occupies more than 2 to 3 mm. and often can be observed in a single low power microscopic field.
A REACTION PRODUCT IN INFECTIONS WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI WHICH INHIBITS THE REPRODUCTION OF THE TRYPANOSOMES
Authors: Taliaferro William H. 
Published: June 2004

1. In infections with Trypanosoma lewisi in the rat there are three manifestations of resistance against the parasite: (1) the retardation and final inhibition of reproduction of the trypanosomes by about the 10th day; (2) a sudden drop in the number of parasites in the blood between the 9th and 15th days; and (3) the total disappearance of the parasites, which terminates the infection and occurs from a week to several months after the first drop in numbers.
2. The first manifestation of resistance, vis. the retardation and final inhibition of reproduction, is the result of the formation of a reaction product in infected rats which inhibits reproduction of the trypanosomes but does not kill them.
3. No product similar to, or identical with this reaction product can be demonstrated in in vitro cultures of Trypanosoma lewisi.
AN ATTEMPT TO ISOLATE A FILTER-PASSING VIRUS IN EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA
Authors: Detweiler Herbert K. , Hodge W. Ray 
Published: June 2004

1. Six cases of epidemic influenza in various stages of disease were investigated.
2. Suspicious cultures of bodies resembling Bacterium pneumosintes were obtained in three cases, twice from the lung filtrates of inoculated animals and once from the filtrate of nasopharyngeal washings direct.
3. In these instances material was obtained within 36 hours of the acute onset, thus confirming the observations of Olitsky and Gates.
4. Macroscopic and microscopic findings in the lungs of inoculated animals were uniformly negative.
BRAIN LESIONS OF THE DOMESTIC RABBIT
Authors: McCartney James E. 
Published: June 2004

Lesions of meningoencephalitis were found in 55 per cent of 372 rabbits comprising the laboratory stock regarded as healthy, others with snuffles or dying from different affections while being kept under observation, and still others which were employed for experimental purposes, such as tumor transplantation and Treponema pallidum inoculation. None was injected intracerebrally. The lesions consist in the main of infiltration with mononuclear cells occurring around the blood vessels, in the meninges, in the cortex, and under the ependyma of the lateral ventricles, together with particular focal necrotic areas in the cortex. The incidence of these histopathological changes varies in different series of animals; in those supposedly normal and in rabbits inoculated with a transplantable tumor or with Treponema pallidum material, the percentage of positives was from 40 to 60; in those suffering from miscellaneous diseases, such as pneumonia, septicemia, etc., the percentage was 70, and in rabbits ill with snuffles, as many as 76 per cent were affected. Marked lesions were observed in 47.5 per cent of the total.
The histopathological picture observed in these rabbits corresponds to those offered by a number of investigators as evidence of the transmission of certain nervous diseases of man to this animal. The accidental cerebral lesions in the rabbit, of a wide variety, and of frequent occurrence, are to be regarded as existing before any experimental procedure is begun. Their recognition is of the utmost importance in the interpretation of experimental results based on the presence of similar changes in this animal.
REVIVED ACTIVITY OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

A strain of the virus of poliomyelitis has been described which has passed through several stages of virulence as tested upon monkeys.
The first stage consisted of the adaptation of the original human virus to the monkey. In this process high virulence was readily achieved.
The adapted, virulent strain of virus was passed regularly through monkeys and maintained its activity for about 3 years, when diminution became apparent. The loss of power of the virus was such that it may be said to have returned approximately to the level of the original human virus. This change constituted the second stage.
The third stage is represented by recovery of the high virulence. This revival occurred, it seems, during the sojourn of the virus in glycerol and required several years for its consummation. It was first noticed nearly 6 years after the low level of the second stage became established. The potent virus of the third stage has been found to remain active over a period of at least 4 years while preserved in glycerol.
What constitutes at least a superficial resemblance between the wave-like rises and falls of the incidence of epidemic poliomyelitis and the phenomena of increase and decrease in virulence of the specimen of virus has been alluded to. The two processes differ, however, essentially in respect to the time factor, since the fluctuations of the epidemic wave occupy small and those of the virulence occupy large increments of time.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Sia Richard H. P. , Woo Shutai T. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were undertaken with the purpose of determining the type of non-nutrient fluid most suitable for the suspension of pneumococci with a minimum amount of injury. For comparative studies, dilutions in the various fluids tested were made from a standard suspension containing approximately 1,000 million pneumococci per cc. The protective properties of each solution were judged by the length of time viable organisms could be recovered (in culture) from a suspension containing 0.0000001 cc. of the standard suspension. The hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions, the temperature at which the suspensions were kept, and the culture media were carefully controlled. Furthermore, plates were made at the beginning of the experiment to determine the number of organisms present in a unit of suspension.
It was found that pneumococci suspended in Locke's solution, 0.5 and 0.9 per cent NaCl solutions, and water, remained alive for only a few hours at most. Salt solution was shown to be the least suitable of these three; not infrequently by the time the 0.000001 cc. dilution in this fluid had been reached, the suspension was sterile. The addition, however, of 0.1 per cent gelatin to the above fluids transformed all, except 0.9 per cent NaCl, into highly favorable solutions. Pneumococci suspended in gelatin-water and gelatin-Locke's solution remained alive at room temperature for 6 to 7 days; in gelatin-salt 0.5 per cent solution, for at least 2 days. It was possible to vary the H ion concentration of the suspension fluids from pH 7.0 to 8.2 without any marked effect on the results. However, a pH of 7.4 to 8.0 appeared to be the most suitable.
The nature of the protective action of gelatin was investigated. Series of plates made at frequent intervals failed to reveal any growth in suspensions of pneumococci containing this small concentration of gelatin. The beneficial effect of gelatin in the above solutions was found to lie largely in its protection of the pneumococci against the mechanical injury which occurs during the process of dilution in crystalloid solutions or water. Gelatin shows in addition a well marked preservative action, that is to say, it protected organisms against early dissolution. The nature of this preservation is uncertain.
The presence of 0.1 per cent gelatin in 0.9 per cent NaCl failed to protect pneumococci against the toxic action of Na. But it was found possible to neutralize to a considerable degree this toxic effect of sodium by the addition of a small quantity (2 per cent) of a M/15 balanced phosphate mixture or sodium phosphate. In a gelatin-salt 0.9 per cent solution buffered with phosphate, pneumococci survived for 24 to 48 hours. Even in gelatin-salt, 0.5 per cent the presence of phosphate had a definite beneficial effect.
STUDIES IN AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shibley Gerald S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The spontaneous agglutination of streptococci has been studied.
2. This spontaneous agglutination would seem to be caused by the presence of a bacterial cohesive force higher than that usually found when bacteria are suspended in salt solutions of the concentration commonly employed as electrolyte in specific agglutination reactions.
3. Many granular autoagglutinating strains of streptococcus may be made diffuse by growth at room temperature (17–23°C.) and then lose their tendency to agglutinate spontaneously.
4. All factors that reduce cohesive force or that make the repelling force relatively greater than the cohesive force make for stable suspensions.
5. Methods for management of the specific agglutination of refractory autoagglutinating strains of streptococci have been presented.
PROTEINURIA IN NEW-BORN CALVES FOLLOWING THE FEEDING OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

The evidence presented indicates clearly that the feeding of colostrum is responsible for the proteinuria. Observations on many calves killed within the 3 first days have shown that this condition is nearly universal and that it disappears after the 3rd day, even when the calf is not quite normal. Urine of fetuses and unfed calves did not contain it. By feeding different amounts of colostrum, by withholding it for some hours after birth, and by giving it alternately with milk, the appearance of protein in the urine as to time and quantity was clearly a function of the colostrum fed. Serum replacing colostrum produced the same effect to a less pronounced degree.
The permeability of the kidneys as determined in a routine way on healthy calves killed within the 1st week of life ceases after the 3rd day. In the two cases fed repeatedly with colostrum, proteinuria was demonstrated up to 6 days in one case. The regularity of its disappearance in calves normally fed indicates that more experiments are necessary to prove a longer period of permeability. The continued excretion of protein in such animals may be due to a slight lesion of the kidneys.
There is but one reference to this subject which we have been able to find. Langstein and Neuberg in a study of levulose and allantoin in the urine of new-born calves mention the presence of albumin in six cases without, however, making any comments as to its origin or referring it to the ingestion of colostrum. According to various observers, albumin may be found in traces during the 4 first days in over 60 per cent of infants examined. Since the food has not been taken into consideration renewed observations are needed to determine if the relationship found in calves is also true for the human infant.