bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciliation: Irish and Ecumenical
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF, WITHIN A HUMAN SPACE INHABITED BY PEOPLE FOR WHOM RELIGION counts, one group considers another idolatrous and is itself in tum regarded as apostate by the other (or vice versa), then you have a recipe for trouble. It might be Bosnia. The Muslims will view Orthodox Christians as close to idolaters because belief in a trinitarian God is an affront to Allah. Orthodox Christians may see Muslims as apostate because they have followed the later prophet Mohammed whereas the incarnation of the divine Word in Jesus Christ was unsurpassable. Now change the geography and locate the human space within Christendom, in a place where Catholics and Protestants live cheek by jowl. In Protestant eyes the Catholics may have apostatized from the biblical faith and, by their “breaden God” and their “worship of Mary,” be committing idolatry. In Catholic eyes the Protestants may have quit the true church and turned, let ussay, to a God so transcendent of the incarnate realities of the sacraments and the saints that he passes over into deism and no longer even attracts worship, though still allowing his adepts to do very nicely for themselves. In such a case you have a recipe for “the Troubles.” Perhaps my description would be caricatural if applied to Northern Ireland. But in attempting as a sympathetic outsider to address the Irish situation, I want to recognize that the conflict is at least in part theological, or even dogmatic.
Canons, Cultures, And Ecumenically Correct
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
every human action, and separates the Holy Spirit from the e. We must guard against a tendency to substitute a “private” spi, it, the spirit of the world or other spirits for the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and rests in the Son. Our tradition is rich in respect for local and national cultures, but we find it impossible to invoke the spirits of “earth, air, water and sea creature.” Pneumatology is inseparable from Christology or from the doctrine of the Holy Trinity confessed by the Church on the basis of Divine Revelation.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of biblical prose narrative has taken several quite distinct forms in recent decades. The dominant approach in the modern period has been historical. Interest in recovering Israel’s and Judah’s histories entails an analysis of biblical texts to determine their relation to the past of which they speak. Such analysis includes reconstruction of the literary past of the texts themselves—their origins, their transformation in different contexts over time, and their final adaptation to their various present biblical contexts. This approach uses literary and historical questions and techniques to distinguish different stages in the composition of the text and to relate these stages to specific social and intellectual contexts. Some recent contributions to the ongoing historical enterprise have been increasingly skeptical about the possibility of reconstructing the literary history of biblical texts or the history of which the texts speak. While all would probably agree that biblical narrative is a unique historical testimony to the intellectual and imaginative (and, less directly, social) world of its authors, the periods in which the authors lived and the narratives were composed remain in dispute. Where independent, contemporary documentation is lacking, there is no universally accepted criterion for deciding whether realistic narratives in the Bible are based on historical events or created out of the author’s (or the community’s) imagination.
Petitionary Narratives
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individual Israelites or Judeans, in difficulties that neither they nor their families could overcome, had recourse to other agents of relie£ Normally, they would turn first to the town elders, heads of families of the mishpāhâ. In some circumstances, however, these were not satisfactory avenues for assistance. Perhaps the local authorities had acted unjustly, taking advantage of their position to exploit those with limited resources or influence, or favoring the party under whom the aggrieved had suffered. Perhaps the local authorities had officially ruled against the injured party. Under such circumstances, those who had been wronged addressed a petition to a higher authority. During the monarchies, the final such authority was the king (2 Sam 15:2-6 and other passages to be reviewed shortly). Servants of the king and inhabitants of the capital city probably brought their cases directly to the king. The appointment of regional judges and of a supreme court apart from the king appears as an innovation at the end of the monarchy (in Deut 16:18; 17:8-9).
Stories of Military Campaigns
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warfare was probably an almost universal experience of the inhabitants of the Iron Age states of Syria-Palestine. Most adult males probably participated in at least one battle during their lifetimes. How much they spoke of their experiences or told the story of this or that battle or campaign we cannot know. But we may be sure that men would have found occasions and audiences for recounting their stories of memorable victories. Certainly kings and generals would have found a ready-made audience at court to hear accounts of their victories. Presumably these would be recounted in the garb of the characteristic royal ideology, presenting the king as the protege of his god. King, god, or both might be credited with military success, depending on the particular composition of the audience and the particular occasion.
Stories of Miraculous Deliverance from a Siege
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last refuge of a king losing a war or fleeing in battle and the first refuge of a king wishing to avoid a confrontation with a far superior army was the fortified city. Here a king determined not to submit to the power of another might hope to hold out until the besieging forces gave up or a relief force arrived. In general, the besieging forces had the advantage. They could move freely, plunder the neighboring countryside for provisions, and bring in reinforcements and might, by technique or ruse, break into the city or tempt the occupants out. By contrast, those inside the city had limited power to harass the attackers and could hold out only as long as they had food and water.
Selected Reports of the NAACP Secretary to the Board of Directors, 1920-1929
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Weldon Johnson would have been considered a successful man had he remained the principal of Stanton School in his hometown of Jacksonville, Florida. Destiny led him, however, to become the first African American to pass the Florida bar exam and to win international acclaim as a lyricist, poet, novelist, diplomat, and champion of human rights. When Johnson joined the staff of the NAACP in 1916, the organization lacked the power that comes from substantial and active memberships. Nevertheless, the Association had made great strides in its nine-year existence by effectively using agitation through mass meetings, as well as through newspapers, journals, and other print media. It was increasingly apparent that the NAACP faced an ireful table increase in relentless race prejudice and discrimination. The board of direc tors understood that the organization would wither on the vine unless it made more inroads into the black community, and this meant more branches. By now, only 70 branches had been formed and most of them were quiescent and in the North, with a total membership of 9,000. The NAACP’s meager yearly income was $14,000, a portion of which came from shriveling black membership dues.’ Chairman of the Board J. E. Spingarn set out to find the person who could turn the membership problem around. Reading James Weldon Johnson’s New York Age column, Spingarn was so impressed by Johnson’s well-crafted editorials and intellectual acumen that he convinced the board to hire him as field secretary and organizer.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of February 1926
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington Segregation Case On January 8 the Washington Segregation Case was argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. Argument was made by Mr. Storey and Mr. Marshall. The other attorneys representing the Association were also present: Messrs. Spin garn, Stockton, Cobb, Davis, Lewis, and Schick. Defense Fund The American Fund for Public Service at its meeting on January 6 received the report of the Association’s Secretary on the Defense Fund and voted not only to pay over to the N.A.A.C.P. the $15,000 it had originally agreed to give if the Association raised $30,000 but an additional sum of $6,552.79, this latter sum.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of May 1926
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill is still in the hands of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. The National Office is doing everything possible to have the bill reported favorably. Senators Ernst of Kentucky, Harreld of Oklahoma, and Cummins of Iowa, all members of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, are candidates for reelection to the Senate; therefore, the National Office has requested the branches in these states to bring all pressure possible on them to have a favorable action on the Bill. Congressman Berger’s Bill: On April 16 an Anti-Lynching Bill was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative Victor Berger. Newspaper dis patches state that in a statement Representative Berger assailed the Republican Party for failing to carry out its 1924 platform pledge to enact an anti-lynching law.
Selected Reports of the NAACP Secretary to the Board of Directors, 1932-1954
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter White stopped in at the NAACP offices on the afternoon of March 21, 1955. He had just returned from a one-month vacation in the Caribbean where he had been recovering from a second heart attack. Appearing to be in top form and delighted to be back in the thick of things, he decided to return to work before the planned date of April r. Unfortunately, this would be his last day at the NAACP. Three hours after he left his office, he died of a heart attack at home in New York City. Roy Wilkins wrote that it was so typical of him to stop by the office before going home to die. Only an act of God could stop White, the relentless civil rights crusader.1 When White joined the staff of the NAACP in 1918 as assistant secretary, he volunteered to undertake a dangerous assignment. He used his deceptive appearance to pass for white in order to gain information for the NAACP in its quest to publicize the facts of the reprehensible crime of lynching. As NAACP investigator, White often mingled with the perpetrators of the crime. Talking with them as a white man, he often cheered their heinous acts to appear sincere. Hearing these executioners boasting about riddling “nigger wenches” with bullets until they stopped moaning, or witnessing the charred body parts of lynching victims passed around for souvenirs, he would become nauseated.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of September 1945
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Full Employment Act The National Office and the Washington Bureau have watched carefully the Full Employment Bill which was introduced on January 22 by Senators Robert F. Wagner, James E. Murray, Elbert Thomas, and Joseph C. O’Mahoney. On June IO the National Office sent to each of these senators the resolution adopted by the N.A.A.C.P. Board of Directors at the June meeting. The resolution gave the Association’s endorsement to the bill and urged its immediate enactment by the Congress. In his acknowledgement Senator Murray wrote: “It is exceedingly encouraging to know that your group is so actively aware of the necessity for affirmative federal action to assure sustained employment opportunities after the war for all who are willing and able to work.” Senator Wagner wrote: ‘J\s sponsor of this legislation I will do my best to have the bill enacted in the near future.” Upon invitation from Senator Murray the Administrative Assistant of the Washington Bureau, on July 26, met with 103 House Co-Sponsors of the Bill to work out plans for nation-wide support of the measure.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of November 1947
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The President’s Committee on Civil Rights presented its report to the President on October 29. This Committee was appointed by the President as a result of the conference arranged at the White House by the N.A.A.C.P. and participated in by the Secretary, who acted as spokesman for the delegation: Dr. Frederick E. Ressig representing the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, James Carey of the C.I.O., Boris Shishkin of the A.F.L., and Dr. Channing H. Tobias. After reading copy of the report, the Secretary wired President Truman as follows: May I on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People express to you our profound admiration for the report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights. It is beyond all question the most forthright governmental pronouncement of a practical pro gram for assurance of civil rights not only to minorities but to all Americans which has yet been drafted. The Committee has charted a course for the executive and legislative branches of government, both national and state, and for the people which if followed will make real our principles of human freedom. A wire was also sent to Charles E. Wilson, Chairman of the Committee and a letter to each member of the Committee expressing our thanks and appreciation for the magnificent job which they did.
Discrimination in Federal Control Construction
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1931 the American Federation of Labor discovered that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was paying black workers on the Mississippi Flood Control Project an average of ten cents an hour and was working these laborers twelve-hour days. The NAACP sent Helen Boardman, a researcher, to Missing attention the situation in Mississippi where the only way in which federal moneys are to be expended is through the state highway projects, upon which no Negroes are employed, according to statements being published in the newspapers of Mississippi. Senator Wagner promised not only to follow up the Mississippi Flood Control project but all other instances which we might bring to his attention of discrimination against Negroes in employment on projects financed wholly or in part by government funds.
Negro Citizenship
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter White delivered a radio address in New York City at the invitation of the Catholic Interracial Hour. In the following speech, given on December 26, 1932, he discusses the inequities African Americans face particularly in the area of labor. Of all the racial groups in America, none has been more directly affected than the Negro during this period of skepticism and doubt of physical, mental, and spiritual suffering. This trying period has caused the twelve million American Negroes, in common with other individuals and groups, to examine and re examine with critical eye the life about him, the protestations as well as the acts of the Negro’s fellow-citizens, and to delve more deeply than ever before into the causes-religious, economic, political, and social-of the present world distress. I am grateful to my very good friend Father LaFarge for extending to me the invitation to speak on Negro citizenship on this Catholic Interracial Hour. The very word “Catholic” evokes for me memories and associations, most of which are warming and inspiring. It recalls to me the rare experience I had some years ago of talking for some hours with the late James Cardinal Gibbons. It recalls many pleasant and profitable conversations with my friend, Father LaFarge. It recalls the great humanitarian services to the Negro and to the American Indian of Mother Katharine and her associates, particularly Mother Mercedes, whom I have had the opportunity of meeting and knowing. And, finally, it evokes memories of my child hood in the deep South where, in Atlanta, Georgia, I never failed to marvel as a child that the only Christian church into which Negroes could enter for worship, other than exclusively Negro churches, was in the Catholic church there. When a few years back the infamous Ku Klux Klan was sweeping like a prairie fire throughout America, battening upon race and religious prejudice, it is not to be wondered that Negroes should have turned from some of the evangelical Protestant denominations in which the Klan had its greatest strength to the Catholic church, where race prejudice existed to a far lesser degree than in the Protestant denominations.
Abolition of Racial Segregation at Truman’s Inaugural Praised
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Harry Truman became President in 1945, there was a great deal of uncertainty about him. A haberdasher from Klan country (Independence, Missouri), he had been a judge back in Kansas City, and one of the favorable things he did was to save a black boys’ school that whites believed was too good for black youth. As a U.S. senator in 1935, he had backed the Costigan Wagner Anti-Lynching Bill. His civil rights record was indeed viewed as moderate. As time passed, Walter White found Truman an ally on many issues concerning race. In the following New York Herald Tribune article, White writes that Truman has set a precedent by inviting blacks to every event of his inauguration. This article was published in 1949. Although only a few commentators mentioned it a miracle occurred in Washing ton on January 20 almost as incredible as the spectacular re-election of President Truman. The miracle was that of total abolition of racial segregation.
Voluntary Segregation-A Disaster
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following article, written in March 1969, Roy Wilkins argues against the theory that “a little voluntary racial segregation might not be a disaster.” He proclaims that racial separation is the principal tool for white supremacy. San Bernardino, Calif.-In California one gets the impression from spokesmen and apologists for militant elements that a little voluntary racial segregation might not be a disaster. The so-called settlement of the four and one-half months of strife at San Fran cisco State College is spurring discussion. It leaves the students with less than they sought and much less public support than they had in the beginning. Once the door to the policy of official, imposed racial separation is opened, the darkness begins to descend. Particularly is this true in nations where the non whites are a small numerical minority and a still more vulnerable economic and political minority. Also, where the whites have control of the government machinery and can enact legislation and execute policies that can rivet tactical inferiority upon a whole people.
Ralph J. Bunche
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904-1971), born in Detroit, became one of the most successful men of his time. In 1948 he led the peace-seeking Palestine Commission that brought temporary peace to the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1949. As a result of his efforts in the Middle East, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1950. In the following article, Roy Wilkins pays tribute to Ralph Bunche after his death on December 9, 1971. Ralph J. Bunche was truly concerned with mankind, no matter what its location on the earth, its nationality or color. He did not forget his domestic racial difficulties or his unhappy experiences with them (how could he?), but he sensed early and knew later that war and hunger and hatred were the enemies of man. His life was devoted to efforts to bring about peace. It is possible that his encounters with prejudice against his race-the refusal, for example, of the honor society at Jefferson High School in Los Angeles to elect to membership the Ralph J. Bunche who was class valedictorian-gave him that extra quality of understanding and compassion in his later dealings between nations on the world stage.
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., was born in 1908 in New Haven, Connecticut, and raised in New York City. In 1931 he succeeded his father as senior pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem. In 1944 he was elected to Congress as a represented from Harlem. Powell became chairman of the powerful House Committee on Labor, a post that afforded him the chance to exercise or not) that evoked reluctant admiration. So, he went off on racial and personal tangents? What matter, even if his barbs made one wince? He showed to a superb degree how the American electoral and legislative processes can be made to work for an abused citizenry. For this alone, disregarding his flamboyance and his puckish sallies, white America, plagued on the race problem with a horde of raucous imitators who lack his skills, should say a prayer for Adam Clayton Powell.
The Task Ahead
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Wilkins believed that many of the youth who took part in the civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s were deficient in their history and motivated strongly by impatience and anger. In the following address to the NAACP Sixty-fourth Annual Convention on July 3, 1973, he discusses some of the historical highlights of African Americans in this nation, the progress made by the race, the obstacles to full equality, and the tasks that remain ahead. Any history of Negro Americans in this country since 1619, even if casually worded, must record their persistent efforts to be included as a part of the nation, equal with other parts. Not to separate themselves from other Americans, but to be included among them. Not to set up a land of their own, but to win and hold a portion of this land, in the same manner that others have won a foothold, running the same risks-but no greater-as others have run.
Imagining Death
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The memento mori theme haunts every graveyard. Lest we forget, tombstones of more obsessive epochs trail such epitaphs as the above into our conscious ness. I am sitting in a small, not well kept park in the London borough of Camden. A handwritten plea on the gate requests community volunteers see to the welfare of the premises. Gradually, this somewhat seedy park gives evidence that it once was a cemetery.
Along the Ritual Way
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Petrarch wrote: “A good death does honor to a whole life.” The argument of this book is that good deaths honor the human condition-and also God. These concluding Chapters are about the ritual way of participating in such a death. So far, I have argued that a resurgent death awareness in the final third of the twentieth century, sparked by the threat of mass death in nuclear war and then by AIDS, or coaxed along by the death education and patients’ rights movements, has not gone nearly far enough in addressing the mystery of death and the adequacy of our responses to it.
Ritual Quarrying: Bodies in Motion
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rituals may recall us to other times and other places, or even to some totally other time (in illo tempore), but they take place in real time and space, with physical bodies and within flesh-and-blood communities, using human words and actions and symbols, drawing often on the ingredients of material culture, appealing to all the senses from smell to sound, and setting material bodies in motion through a vocabulary of gesture, movement, and dance.