bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of state enterprise zones on urban manufacturing establishments
Authors: Greenbaum Robert T. , Engberg John B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSince the early 1980s, the vast majority of states have implemented enterprise zones. This paper analyzes
urban zones in six states, examining the factors that states use to choose zone locations and the subsequent
effect of the zones on business activity and employment. The source of outcome data is the U.S. Bureau of
Census' longitudinal research database (LRD), which tracks manufacturing establishments over
time. Matched sample and geographic comparison groups are created to measure the impact of zone policy on
employment, establishment, shipment, payroll, and capital spending outcomes. Consistent with previous findings,
the difference‐in‐difference estimates indicate that zones have little effect, on average.
However, by exploiting the establishment‐level data to examine gross as well as net changes, the
analysis finds that zones have a positive effect on the outcomes of new establishments and a negative effect on
the outcomes of previously existing establishments. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis
and Management.
Using laboratory experiments for policymaking: An example from the Georgia irrigation reduction auction
Authors: Cummings Ronald G. , Holt Charles A. , Laury Susan K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn recent years, interest has been growing in policy applications of different auction systems. This paper
reports a series of experiments that were used to design and implement an auction in a unique policymaking
environment. In April 2000, the Georgia legislature passed a law that mandated that the state hold an auction in
drought years to pay some farmers to suspend irrigation. This paper reports the results of laboratory
experiments state policymakers used to determine the auction institution that would be used to fulfill the
requirements of this new law. Experimental results are compared with farmers' bidding behavior in the
state‐run irrigation auction used to reduce water usage in Georgia. © 2004 by the Association for
Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Solvation effects of H2O and DMSO on the O—H bond dissociation energies of substituted phenols
Authors: Fu Yao , Liu Rui , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSolvation effects on the O—H homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of substituted phenols were studied. It was demonstrated that the BDEs measured in solution in general do not equal the BDEs in the gas phase. Detailed theoretical analyses indicated that a long‐range solvation effect (i.e. the interaction between the solvent and the overall dipole moment of the solute) and a short‐range solvation effect (i.e. the hydrogen bonding between the solute and solvent) were both important for the O—H BDEs in water and in DMSO. Neither one of these two factors by itself could fully explain the experimentally observed solvation effect. However, a combination of these two factors, estimated through a semi‐continuum solvation model, was shown to be reasonably successful in explaining the experimental results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of neighbouring amide group bulkiness on anchimerically assisted ether bond cleavage: Part 7
Authors: Arcelli Antonio , Porzi Gianni , Rinaldi Samuele , Sandri Sergio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effect of the bulkiness of the amide group vicinal to the ether bond on the acid hydrolysis rate of substrates 1b–d was investigated. The kinetic data showed that increased bulkiness of the acyl group has a considerable effect on the reaction rate, accelerating the anchimerically assisted hydrolytic process of the ether bond. A different mechanism is proposed for 1d, which is supported by the thermodynamic activation parameters values. The hydrolysis rate of 1d is about 3 × 105‐fold higher than that of the reference compound. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the thermolysis reaction of methyl β‐hydroxycarboxylates in the gas phase
Authors: Sánchez Claudia , Quijano Jairo , Notario Rafael 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTheoretical studies on the thermolysis in the gas phase of three methyl β‐hydroxycarboxylates RR′C(OH)CH2COOCH3, methyl 3‐hydroxypropanoate (primary alcohol, I), methyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate (secondary alcohol, II) and methyl 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoate (tertiary alcohol, III), were carried out using ab initio theoretical methods at the MP2/6–31G(d) and MP2/6–311+G(d,p) levels of theory. The pathways describe a mechanism via a six‐membered cyclic transition state, with the formation of an aldehyde or a ketone and an enol intermediate, followed by the tautomerization of this intermediate to methyl acetate. The progress of the reactions was followed by means of the Wiberg bond indices. The results indicate that the transition states are late, and the proton transfer is the more advanced process. The kinetic parameters calculated for the reactions studied agree well with the available experimental results. A theoretical study on the kinetic deuterium isotope primary and α‐ and β‐secondary effects was also carried out. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic analysis of the asymmetric amplification exhibited by B‐chlorodiisopinocampheylborane
Authors: Moeder Charles W. , Sowa John R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA quantitative investigation was undertaken to determine experimentally the relative reaction rates of the heterochiral and homochiral species of B‐chlorodiisopinocampheylborane (Dip‐Cl), a reagent that exhibits asymmetric amplification. Using the method of flooding to reduce the apparent second‐order reaction to pseudo‐first‐order conditions, rate constants of 3.8 (±1.0) × 10−4 and 1.7 (±0.8) × 10−5 m−1 s−1 (at −15°C) were found for the homochiral and heterochiral species, respectively. The resulting relative reaction rate, the value of g in Kagan and co‐workers' model, was 0.04 ± 0.03. Additional experiments were conducted to confirm this value. The deterioration of the chiral purity of the final product was simulated throughout reaction conversion and compared with actual values. Through minimization, a relative reaction rate (g) of 0.08 ± 0.04 was determined. Finally, using 8‐hydroxyquinoline complexation, the change in isomeric ratio of the Dip‐Cl remaining in the reaction solution was measured. The relative reaction rate (g) required to consume the isomers at the observed rate was determined as 0.08 ± 0.01. Thus, three independent methods have been used to determine the relative reaction rate (g) of the heterochiral to homochiral species with good agreement to give an average value of 0.07 ± 0.03. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of acid‐catalysed decomposition of 3‐alkyl‐1,3‐diphenyltriazenes by trichloroacetic acid in hexane
Authors: Pytela Oldřich , Bednář Roman , Kaválek Jaromír 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEight 3‐alkyl‐1,3‐diaryltriazenes with methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, sec‐butyl and cyclohexyl substituents were synthesized and their rate constants of decomposition by trichloroacetic acid (0.01–0.25 mol dm−3) in hexane at 25°C were measured. The kinetic model and mechanism thereof were studied by modelling of the dependences of kobs on the concentration of trichloracetic acid. On the basis of this kinetic model and the interpretation of solvent effects, a reaction mechanism was suggested according to which the triazene reacts with monomer and obviously also opens the dimer of trichloroacetic acid in a single reaction step. At the same time, a non‐reactive associate between the N1 nitrogen of triazene and two molecules of trichloroacetic acid is formed in the reaction mixture. The equilibrium and rate constants depend on the addition of trichloroacetic acid as the co‐solvent. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic Maxwell–Lorentz equation in radiation damping
Authors: Petrosky T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRadiation damping of an accelerated particle coupled with the field is a classical problem. Still there are difficulties. Time symmetry is broken. So the radiation damping belongs to a class of phenomena that includes transport properties. In a series of our recent articles we proposed a radically new approach based on the extension of the dynamics of integrable systems. There, we considered a simple model: a harmonic oscillator interacting with a field. For integrable systems, it is well known that there exists a unitary transformation U. However, in the radiation damping we have resonances between the action of a charged particle and the actions of the field modes. This makes the system an example of Poincaré nonintegrable systems. We extended the unitary operator to a nonunitary operator Λ. This changes the dynamical description of radiation damping. Once we know the Hamiltonian, we can write the Hamilton equations. But we have the opportunity to go to new descriptions. The invertible Λ transformation gives many new aspects, which are hidden in the initial description. For example, we showed that there are fluctuations in the emitted field. In the current article we apply the Λ transformation to describe the evolution of the emitted field from the charged particle and show that the fluctuations lead to a Langevin equation for the field modes. As a consequence, we have a stochastic wave equation that is an extension of Maxwell–Lorentz equation for classical matter–field interacting systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Dissipative extension of quantum mechanics
Authors: de Haan M. , George C. D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA challenging problem facing physicists is the compatibility of irreversibility, as expressed by the second law of thermodynamics, with ordinary quantum mechanics. We present a solution through an extension of the latter. The presence of self‐energy processes (already found in quantum electrodynamics) is fully exploited to get an extension of a reversible formalism. They enable the widening of the dynamics by the introduction of specific auxiliary variables, leading to the recognition of such processes. A projection technique modeled on the one introduced long ago by the Brussels group defines a subdynamics that is shown to contain entirely the starting formulation (it corresponds to a restricted class of initial conditions, namely, the reversible one). A new kinetic description is obtained in which, for example, collision processes for privileged components arise from the original interaction. A very simple model and its generalizations are considered. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium theory of dilute Bose gases
Authors: Pomeau Yves 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe explanation of the phenomenon of superfluidity requires an in‐depth analysis of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistics. This can be done in dilute gases by a systematic expansion in powers of the density, as done for classical gases in Prigogine's book on kinetic theory. Following the method of expansion of Prigogine and Résibois, the thermodynamics of a dilute gas of N identical Bosons with condensate can be studied in the case of a superflow, that is, of a finite and uniform velocity difference between the normal and superfluid component (assumed at rest). The microscopic interactions between the two components conserve the momentum of the normal component, making it a thermodynamic parameter. No thermal equilibrium exists if the velocity difference is larger than a critical value far below the onset of dissipation given by Landau's criterion. Consequences of this are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Anomalous transport in plasmas
Authors: Balescu R. , Vlad M. , Spineanu F. , Misguich J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe application of stochastic methods to the problem of particle and energy transport in turbulent plasmas is briefly reviewed. The “classical” Corrsin approximation is shown to be valid only in the limit of weak turbulence. The recently developed method of decorrelation trajectories is applicable over the whole range of turbulence intensities and yields the correct asymptotic behavior in the limit of very strong turbulence (subdiffusion). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Thermodynamics of a system with long‐time correlations
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroshi H. , Li Chun‐Biu , Ohtaki Yoshikazu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe continue our study of the thermodynamics of a system with long‐time correlations. We first demonstrate a fluctuation–dissipation theorem, which relates the excess heat production and the autocorrelation function of entropy change. Using the theorem, we show the validity of the second law. We estimate excess heat production of a system with long‐time correlations. We derive fractional power scaling of excess heat production with respect to the period of an external transformation. There is a simple relation between the scaling power and the power α of 1/fα noise. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Probability from chaos
Authors: Antoniou I. , Christidis Th. , Gustafson K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractChaos is argued to lie at the origin of probability in nature. This is supported by several results: natural probabilistic processes are components of Markov processes; and Markov processes arise as projections of chaotic dynamics. We also discuss the quantum analogue of the latter. No quantum analogue of the former has yet been found. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Spontaneous generation and propagation of chiral asymmetry
Authors: Kondepudi Dilip K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSignificant enantiomeric excesses and chiral symmetry breaking can be generated by chirally autocatalytic systems. Although several theoretical models were proposed some time ago, chirally autocatalytic systems have been hard to find. During the 1990's, however, several chirally autocatalytic systems have been identified. A survey of these systems points to the general fact that chiral selectivity near a chiral surface could be substantial. In our effort to identify the mechanisms that could have produced the amino acid enantiomeric excess observed in meteorites, such processes should be taken into account. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Stochastic models for circadian oscillations: Emergence of a biological rhythm
Authors: Gonze Didier , Halloy José , Goldbeter Albert 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNearly all living organisms display circadian oscillations characterized by a period close to 24 h. These rhythms originate from the negative autoregulation of gene expression. Deterministic models based on such genetic regulatory processes account for the occurrence of circadian rhythms in constant environmental conditions (e.g., constant darkness), for entrainment of these rhythms by light–dark cycles, and for their phase‐shifting by light pulses. When the numbers of protein and mRNA molecules involved in the oscillations are small, as may occur in cellular conditions, it becomes necessary to resort to stochastic simulations to assess the influence of molecular noise on circadian oscillations. We address the effect of molecular noise by considering the stochastic version of a core deterministic model previously proposed for circadian oscillations of the PER protein and its mRNA in Drosophila. The model is based on cooperative repression of the per gene by the PER protein. Numerical simulations of the stochastic version of the model are performed by means of the Gillespie method. The predictions of the stochastic approach compare well with those of the deterministic model with respect to both sustained oscillations of the limit cycle type and the influence of the proximity from a bifurcation point below which the system evolves to a stable steady state. Stochastic simulations indicate that robust circadian oscillations can emerge at the cellular level, even when the maximum numbers of mRNA and protein molecules involved in the oscillations are of the order of only a few tens or hundreds. The stochastic simulations also reproduce the evolution toward a strange attractor in conditions where an extended version of the deterministic model admits chaotic behavior. These results show how regulatory feedback processes at the cellular level allow the emergence of a coherent biological rhythm out of molecular noise. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Reaction–diffusion approach to nanostructure formation and texture evolution in adsorbed monoatomic layers
Authors: Walgraef Daniel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIt is shown that coverage evolution, during atomic deposition on a substrate, may be described, on mesoscopic scales, by dynamical models of the reaction–diffusion type. The models combine reaction terms representing adsorption–desorption processes and nonlinear diffusion terms of the Cahn–Hilliard type. The combination may lead, below a critical temperature, to the instability of uniform deposited layers. The instability induces to the formation of nanostructures that correspond to regular spatial variations of atomic coverage. Such models also may describe texture evolution during the deposition of polycrystalline films. In this case, grains with different orientations with respect to the substrate may coexist. Grains with lower surface energy usually dominate, except at high temperatures, where grains with faster lateral diffusion may override energetically favored ones. Furthermore, at sufficiently low temperatures, uniform grain distributions may become unstable versus regular spatial variations of grain orientations. The relevance of this approach to the deposition of Al or Cu on TiN or Ta substrates is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Vegetation spots and stripes: Dissipative structures in arid landscapes
Authors: Lejeune Olivier , Tlidi Mustapha , Lefever René 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe large‐scale vegetation patterns observed in many arid regions are due to the existence of facilitative and competitive interactions that affect the communal development of plants. For the patterns to form, it is necessary that competitive interactions be of longer range than facilitative interactions. Aridity affects the pattern's symmetry properties. As it increases, one first finds patterns constituted of spots of sparser vegetation, which then transform into an alternation of stripes of sparser and thicker vegetation, and finally into a pattern of vegetation spots separated by bare ground. The model and nonlinear analysis presented below explains the observations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Solitons as dissipative structures
Authors: Velarde Manuel G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractI review here recent results regarding the excitation of nonlinear interfacial oscillations, and hence waves, at the surface of a liquid or at the interface separating two liquids when a thermal gradient is imposed or there is adsorption, and subsequent absorption in the bulk, of a (light) surfactant, hence creating tangential stresses due to the surface tension gradient (Marangoni effect). I also recall their solitonic features upon collisions and boundary reflections, etc., even though the proposed evolution equations are not hyperbolic but a parabolic–hyperbolic combination like a dissipation‐modified Boussinesq–Korteweg–de Vries equation. Theory, numerics, and experiments support my claim that solitons can exist and survive in a dissipative medium provided, for example, past an instability threshold, there is an appropriate input–output energy balance. This is very much like (steady) dissipative structures and, indeed, (nonlinear) waves traveling with constant velocity in the moving frame are steady dissipative structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Performance improvements of large‐scale video servers by video segment allocation
Authors: Tanaka Kiyoshi , Sakamoto Hideki , Suzuki Hideharu , Nishimura Katzutoshi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAs large‐scale commercial video‐on‐demand services develop, the creation of large‐scale video servers that can provide video to over 10,000 terminals is needed. A large‐scale video server distributes and stores video in segments using striping technology on many hard disks. Segment duplication is an effective way to improve the performance of video servers, but unless the allocation of segments to several hard disks is appropriate, retrieval requests become concentrated on a particular hard disk, and retrieval delays result. Thus, in this paper the authors describe a method to find a segment allocation that improves video server performance, including the number of retrieval streams and response time, and without creating retrieval delays, by taking into consideration the allocation to hard disk of video segments stored in a video server. In the authors' method, segments to be duplicated are determined and an allocation found by solving a limited satisfaction problem using the access probability for segments. Based on simulation experiments, the authors confirmed that their method was able to create a segment allocation which allowed for better retrieval performance than allocation methods used in the past. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 27–35, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10187
Server‐allocation policy for improving response to web‐access peaks
Authors: Yoshimura Yutaka , Tarui Toshiaki , Shonai Toru , Kawabe Shun , Sugie Mamoru 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA prototype VPDC (Virtual Private Data Center)—a data‐center system for automated server‐allocation control aimed at response time improvement during access peaks—was developed. The causes of degradation in web‐system performance were determined by measurements on this prototype. It was shown that the CPU‐utilization ratio dominates the response time in the case of dynamic‐content sites, while the data‐transfer rate through networks dominates it in the case of static content sites. Behavior analysis of the prototype showed that the web‐response time during access peaks can be improved by an automated server‐allocation control algorithm with a CPU utilization of 50% and a network data‐transfer rate of 30 Mbps as thresholds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(5): 55–66, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10444
Automatic segmentation of liver region based on extracted blood vessels
Authors: Saitoh Takeshi , Tamura Yuta , Kaneko Toyohisa 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWith the rapid progress of CT (Computed Tomography) scanners, four‐phase CT images with resolutions as high as 1 mm have started to be used for diagnosing liver diseases. The first‐, second‐, third‐, and fourth‐phase CT images correspond to before dye injection, the early stage, the full stage, and the wash‐out stage of the injected dye. Such CT data offer useful information for diagnosing hepatic cancer. This paper describes an automatic method for segmenting the liver region using the blood vessel stream in the first‐ and third‐phase CTs by tracing the portal vein and then the hepatic vein. First, the tracing of the veins is carried out by performing a 3D labeling operation in the region extracted with a threshold that separates blood vessels from liver soft tissue. The adjoining stomach and spleen regions are separated by applying erosion and dilation, which are 3D morphological operations. Then, an operation for determining the accurate liver region is carried out to derive an approximate liver region, by enlarging the liver blood vessel region by morphological dilation and then extracting the liver region with an optimal threshold. This method was applied to eight CT data. The resulting regions agree well with the manually detected regions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(5): 1–10, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10592