bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A two‐step enzymatic resolution process for large‐scale production of (S)‐ and (R)‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxybutyrate
Authors: Fishman Ayelet , Eroshov Michael , Sheffer Dee‐Noor Shani , van Mil Jan , Cogan Uri , Effenberger Reinhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn efficient two‐step enzymatic process for production of (R)‐ and (S)‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (HEB), two important chiral intermediates for the pharmaceutical market, was developed and scaled‐up to a multikilogram scale. Both enantiomers were obtained at 99% chemical purity and over 96% enantiomeric excess, with a total process yield of 73%. The first reaction involved a solvent‐free acetylation of racemic HEB with vinylacetate for the production of (S)‐HEB. In the second reaction, (R)‐enriched ethyl‐3‐acetoxybutyrate (AEB) was subjected to alcoholysis with ethanol to derive optically pure (R)‐HEB. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was employed in both stages, with high productivity and selectivity. The type of butyric acid ester influenced the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. Thus, extending the ester alkyl chain from ethyl to octyl resulted in a decrease in enantiomeric excess, whereas using bulky groups such as benzyl or t‐butyl, improved the enantioselectivity of the enzyme. A stirred reactor was found unsuitable for large‐scale production due to attrition of the enzyme particles and, therefore, a batchwise loop reactor system was used for bench‐scale production. The immobilized enzyme was confined to a column and the reactants were circulated through the enzyme bed until the targeted conversion was reached. The desired products were separated from the reaction mixture in each of the two stages by fractional distillation. The main features of the process are the exclusion of solvent (thus ensuring high process throughput), and the use of the same enzyme for both the acetylation and the alcoholysis steps. Kilogram quantities of (S)‐HEB and (R)‐HEB were effectively prepared using this unit, which can be easily scaled‐up to produce industrial quantities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 256–263, 2001.
Economic comparison between conventional and disposables‐based technology for the production of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Novais J. L. , Titchener‐Hooker N. J. , Hoare M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTime to market, cost effectiveness, and flexibility are key issues in today's biopharmaceutical market. Bioprocessing plants based on fully disposable, presterilized, and prevalidated components appear as an attractive alternative to conventional stainless steel plants, potentially allowing for shorter implementation times, smaller initial investments, and increased flexibility.To evaluate the economic case of such an alternative it was necessary to develop an appropriate costing model which allows an economic comparison between conventional and disposables‐based engineering to be made. The production of an antibody fragment from an E. coli fermentation was used to provide a case study for both routes. The conventional bioprocessing option was costed through available models, which were then modified to account for the intrinsic differences observed in a disposables‐based option. The outcome of the analysis indicates that the capital investment required for a disposables‐based option is substantially reduced at less than 60% of that for a conventional option. The disposables‐based running costs were evaluated as being 70% higher than those of the conventional equivalent. Despite this higher value, the net present value (NPV) of the disposables‐based plant is positive and within 25% of that for the conventional plant.Sensitivity analysis performed on key variables indicated the robustness of the economic analysis presented. In particular a 9‐month reduction in time to market arising from the adoption of a disposables‐based approach, results in a NPV which is identical to that of the conventional option. Finally, the effect of any possible loss in yield resulting from the use of disposables was also examined. This had only a limited impact on the NPV: for example, a 50% lower yield in the disposable chromatography step results in a 10% reduction of the disposable NPV. The results provide the necessary framework for the economic comparison of disposables and conventional bioprocessing technologies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 143–153, 2001.
Analysis of tofisopam in human serum by column‐switching semi‐micro high‐performance liquid chromatography and evaluation of tofisopam bioequivalency
Authors: Baek Soo Kyoung , Choi Sung Jin , Kim Jeong Soo , Park Eun Jeon , Sohn Dong Hwan , Lee Hee‐Yong , Lee Hye Suk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid and sensitive column‐switching semi‐micro HPLC method is described for the direct analysis of tofisopam in human serum. The sample (100 µL) was directly injected onto the precolumn (Capcell Pak MF Ph‐1), where unretained proteins were eluted to waste. Tofisopam was then eluted into an enrichment column using 13% acetonitrile in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 5 mM sodium octanesulfonate and subsequently into the analytical column using 43% acetonitrile in 0.1% phosphoric acid containing 5 mM sodium octanesulfonate. The detection limit (2 ng/mL), good precision (CV ≤ 4.2%) and speed (total analysis time 24 min) of the present method were sufficient for drug monitoring. This method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence test of two commercial tofisopam tablets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women in danger: intimate partner violence experienced by women who qualify and do not qualify for a protective order
Authors: Gist Julia Henderson , McFarlane Judith , Malecha Ann , Fredland Nina , Schultz Pamela , Willson Pam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNot all women who apply qualify for a civil protective order. This study compares the type and severity of violence reported by women who qualified with that experienced by women who did not qualify. Ninety women seeking a protective order against a male intimate were interviewed. Findings indicated that 28% of women applying for a protective order did not qualify primarily because of cohabitation requirements or childbearing status. Actual and threatened violence was measured with the 46‐item Severity of Violence Against Women Scale. A 17‐item questionnaire measured stalking behavior. Levels of reported violence for the preceding 3 months were measured for the two groups. The symbolic threat behavior only of throwing, smashing, or breaking an object was significantly higher for qualifying women. The physical abuse behavior only of being pushed, shoved, or pulled was significantly higher. None of the stalking behaviors were significantly different. Data are urgently needed that document the barriers to abused women receiving protective orders, the relevancy of qualifying criteria, and the effectiveness of protective orders issued. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absence of the falx cerebelli in a Chiari II malformation
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Dockery Stephen E. , Salter George , Elton Scott , Blount Jeffrey P. , Grabb Paul A. , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter a review of the literature, we found no descriptions of the falx cerebelli in the Chiari II population. Other dural partitions in this group have been well‐described. The aim of our study was to radiologically and at autopsy search for the falx cerebelli in this population. We retrospectively analyzed 50 CTs and 50 MRIs in children with a known Chiari II malformation, searching for either the falx cerebelli or internal occipital crest, the bony attachment for the falx cerebelli; these structures were also investigated in two patients at autopsy. We were unable to observe the falx cerebelli or internal occipital crest on any of the radiologic images or at autopsy. We theorize that a “crowded” posterior cranial fossa in these patients inhibits the development of the falx cerebelli and internal occipital crest. Clin. Anat. 2:193–195, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative morphology of full thickness rotator cuff tears
Authors: Wening Jason D. , Hollis Ronald F. , Hughes Richard E. , Kuhn John E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe occurrence of full thickness rotator cuff tears (RCTs) at time of death, the size and distribution of those tears among the tendons of the rotator cuff, and the anterior to posterior and medial to lateral dimensions of the RCTs were determined. A subset of 57 shoulders from a group of 414 were found to have full thickness rotator cuff tears. The three‐dimensional coordinates of specific bony landmarks and points defining the circumference of the RCT were digitized using a Flock of Birds DC electromagnetic tracking device. Bony landmarks were used to determine the separation between adjacent tendons of the rotator cuff. Points describing the circumference of the RCT were used to calculate the area of the tear. The majority of tears occurred in the supraspinatus tendon alone (25), or in both the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons (22). The areas of the RCTs ranged from 0.07 cm2 to 19.17 cm2 with an average of 4.43 cm2. The mean anterior to posterior length was 1.95 cm. The mean medial to lateral length was 1.98 cm. Clin. Anat. 15:18–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Workload and burnout in nurses
Authors: Greenglass Esther R. , Burke Ronald J. , Fiksenbaum Lisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between workload, burnout and somatization in nurses. The respondents consisted of 1363 nurses employed in hospitals, which were undergoing extensive restructuring. Results of structural equation analyses showed that workload was positively related to emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion led to cynicism and somatization, and cynicism was negatively related to nurses' professional efficacy. Implications of the results for nursing practice are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways to health, illness and well‐being: from the perspective of power and control
Authors: McCubbin Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article introduces the special issue entitled ‘Power, Control and Health’. The five articles in this issue, using qualitative observation and theory‐building, deconstruct individualistic explanations of the roles of power, empowerment, control, self‐efficacy, etc. in producing health and well‐being outcomes, and reconstruct models and pathways to population health and well‐being that are profoundly anchored in the social, economic and political dimensions of human life which create, structure, and reinforce power and powerlessness at individual and collective levels. The theory developed here contributes to the understanding of how population health and well‐being are intimately related to and are consequences of power and powerlessness. This is the first published collection addressing the etiology of population health from the perspective of power and powerlessness; as such it not only advances knowledge about the determinants of population health, but provides a more scientific basis for interventions aimed at ‘empowering’ marginalized persons and classes of persons. The topics dealt with include a deconstruction of self‐efficacy theory and the ‘socialization’ of that concept, a model concerned with work and work stress for pathways to health and illness emphasizing class and gender, reflections on the meaning of empowerment in the prevention of unsafe sex practices, a study of empowerment and recovery in the context of changes in a community mental health system, and a systemic model based on the lifecourse perspective for child wellness and resilience centred around power and control. Those articles are followed by a commentary which stresses the need to ‘depsychologize’ community psychology, noting that even the articles in this special issue retain notable vestiges of reductionism to the individual level. This introduction describes the evolution of the public health field into the ‘population health field’ and the pertinence of a focus on power for understanding pathways to health, illness and well‐being. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester changes the indices of oxidative stress in serum of rats with renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Özyurt Hüseyin , Irmak M. Kemal , Akyol Ömer , Söğüt Sadik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOxygen‐derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal injury after ischaemia–reperfusion. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis extract, exhibits antioxidant properties. To investigate whether treatment with either CAPE or alpha‐tocopherol modifies the levels of the endogenous indices of oxidant stress, we examined their effects on an in vivo model of renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury in rats. CAPE at 10 μmol kg−1 or alpha‐tocopherol at 10 mg kg−1 was administered intraperitoneally before reperfusion. Acute administration of both CAPE and alpha‐tocopherol altered the indices of oxidative stress differently in renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Kuloglu Murat , Ustundag Bilal , Atmaca Murad , Canatan Halit , Tezcan A. Ertan , Cinkilinc Nadire 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent data from several reports indicate that free radicals are involved in aetiopathogenesis of many human pathologies including neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder etc. In the present study, we aimed at determining and evaluating levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity levels in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 25) and bipolar disorder (n = 23). The control group was composed of 20 healthy subjects. There was a significant increase in MDA levels of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared with controls. SOD and GSH‐Px activity levels were significantly higher in the schizophrenic group compared with controls. SOD activity levels in bipolar the group were significantly higher than controls whereas there were no significant changes in GSH‐Px activity levels in the bipolar group and controls. Significant differences between lipid peroxidation product and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH‐Px) activity levels in schizophrenic and bipolar disorder patients compared with controls leads us to believe that these differences are related to the heterogenities in aetiologies of these disorders. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cutting balloon angioplasty for children with small‐vessel pulmonary artery stenoses
Authors: Rhodes John F. , Lane Geoffrey K. , Mesia C. Igor , Moore J. Donald , Nasman Colleen M. , Cowan Denise A. , Latson Larry A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatients with complex congenital heart disease may have pulmonary artery stenoses that are either congenital or associated with scarring following surgical procedures. This study evaluates cutting balloon angioplasty for small‐vessel pulmonary artery stenoses resistant to standard balloon angioplasty. Between October 1998 and December 1999, patients were enrolled in an FDA‐approved compassionate‐use protocol. During four catheterizations, there were seven lesions found resistant to standard balloon angioplasty (mean lesion diameter was unchanged: 1.8 mm ± 0.8 mm to 1.9 ± 0.8 mm). A cutting balloon was inflated twice in each of these lesions. Standard balloon angioplasty was then repeated. Final mean lesion diameter was increased significantly (1.9 mm ± 0.8 mm to 3.8 ± 1.3 mm; P ≤ 0.01). Follow‐up catheterizations performed a median of 14 months later showed only slight decrease in mean lesion diameter (3.2 ± 1.2 mm), still significantly greater than initial mean lesion diameter (P < 0.03). In conclusion, cutting balloon angioplasty for pulmonary artery stenoses resistant to standard balloon angioplasty improves the immediate and intermediate term results of angioplasty for these lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:73–77. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transradial coronary brachytherapy with the Novoste beta‐rail system
Authors: Bertrand Olivier F. , De Larochellière Robert , Gleeton Onil , Plante Sylvain , Tessier Michel , Guimond Jean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report our initial experience in 10 consecutive patients who underwent transradial coronary brachytherapy for in‐stent restenosis using a 90Sr/Y source and the Novoste Beta‐Rail system. In all patients, procedures were successfully completed using a right transradial approach. We performed the procedures with the Beta‐Rail catheter using 7 Fr (Zuma II, Medtronic, MN; n = 5) or 8 Fr (Cordis, Miami, FL; n = 5) guiding catheters. All lesions were successfully dilated and no additional stent was inserted. We used a 40 mm source (n = 3) or a 60 mm source (n = 7) with manual stepping in four cases. In three cases, we did one stepping, and in one case, we did three steppings. The mean dwell time was 195 ± 44 sec. The mean delivered dose was 23 ± 3 Gy at 2 mm distance from the source. No radiation treatment was interrupted. Mean fluoroscopy time was 26 ± 13 min. Procedural success was achieved in all patients. Three patients had mild CK elevations (< 3 times upper normal limit). All patients were pretreated with clopidogrel (300 mg) and combined treatment with aspirin + clopidogrel is to be continued for at least 1 year. Clinical follow‐up up to 3 months has not yielded any complication and all patients have remained free from angina. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:362–366. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of two different methods of quantitative coronary angiography in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Sheynberg Boris V. , Jang Ik‐Kyung , Han Richard O. , Sabatine Marc S. , Brown David F.M. , Dinsmore Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe minimal cost algorithm (MCA) commonly used for quantitative coronary arteriography has limitations in definition of complex lesion morphology. A gradient field transform (GFT) algorithm has been designed for the better analysis of complex lesions. We compared MCA with GFT in angiograms of 125 patients in the Myocardial Infarction with Novastan and t‐PA (MINT) trial. Lesion border definition was rated as one (poor), two (good), or three (very good). While MCA‐ and GFT‐derived reference diameters (RDs) were similar, GFT yielded smaller minimal lumen diameter (MLD) than MCA by 0.22 ± 0.31 mm (P < 0.01), and the difference between GFT‐ and MCA‐derived MLDs increased with decreasing MLD. Mean percent diameter stenosis (% DS) was 9.1% ± 11.1% greater by GFT (P < 0.001). Lesion border definition in simple lesions was similar (not significantly different). However, in complex lesions GFT performed better (2.49 ± 0.61 vs. 2.11 ± 0.74; P < 0.05). Thus, GFT appears to improve analysis of complex lesions compared to MCA. GFTs role in angiographic trials and clinical practice deserves further study. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:442–449. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo comparison of three different intravascular ultrasound catheter designs
Authors: Fort Stephen , Freeman Norman A. , Johnston Paul , Cohen Eric A. , Foster F. Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an invasive imaging modality, which provides detailed two‐dimensional images of blood vessels. There are currently two different types of IVUS catheters available, namely, the phased‐array and the mechanical designs. The operating ultrasound frequency of these catheters ranges from 20 to 40 MHz. This study sought to evaluate the image quality, accuracy of diameter and pullback length measurements, and catheter handling characteristics of three different IVUS catheters currently available for clinical use using both in vitro phantom models and in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In gelatin phantom models, image quality assessed on a semiquantitative scale was significantly different between the three IVUS catheters (P = 0.01) with the 40‐MHz catheter providing the best images. Accuracy of lumen diameter measurements, when compared to optical microscopy, were similar between the three IVUS catheter designs (all R2 = 0.99). There were no significant differences in accuracy of pullback length measurements in vitro between the three designs. However, there were differences in the performance of the three IVUS catheters when used for preinterventional imaging in patients undergoing PCI. Both mechanical IVUS catheters were associated with lower procedural, fluoroscopy, and lesion crossing times compared to the phased‐array catheter (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the catheters during postinterventional IVUS imaging. There were also small but potentially important differences with regards to clinical events and complications associated with the use of the different IVUS catheters during the PCI procedures, reflecting differences in catheter design. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:382–392. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological variations of secundum‐type atrial septal defects: Feasibility for percutaneous closure using Amplatzer septal occluders
Authors: Podnar Tomaž , Martanovič Peter , Gavora Pavol , Masura Jozef 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the morphology of secundum‐type atrial septal defects (ASD) with a view to percutaneous closure using Amplatzer septal occluders (ASO). One hundred and ninety patients who underwent closure of isolated secundum‐type ASD between September 1995 and January 2000 were included. The morphology of the defects was studied using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Patients with defects of suitable morphology and size underwent percutaneous closure using ASO. The remaining patients underwent surgical closure. Centrally placed defects were observed in 46 patients (24.2%). Morphological variations of secundum‐type ASD were detected in 144 patients (75.8%). One hundred and fifty‐one patients (79.5%) underwent percutaneous closure using ASO. Thirty‐nine patients (20.5%) underwent surgical closure. Centrally placed defects, defects with deficient superior anterior rim, multiple defects, and perforated aneurysms of the interatrial septum are morphological variations of secundum‐type ASD suitable for percutaneous closure using ASO. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:386–391. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Closure of the fenestration in the extracardiac Fontan with the Amplatzer duct occluder device
Authors: Rueda Fernando , Squitieri Cosimo , Ballerini Luigi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report the successful use of the Amplatzer duct occluder for the delayed closure of the fenestration in three patients who underwent an extracardiac modified Fontan procedure. At the moment of closure, the patients were 5.5, 2.7, and 3 years old (29 months, 3 months, and 14 months after the Fontan procedure, respectively). Immediate full occlusion was achieved in all cases. In addition, arterial saturation increased significantly (> 5%) with no hemodynamic deterioration. There were no complications during or after the procedure, and the patients were discharged in good conditions the day after and with uneventful follow‐up. In conclusion, the Amplatzer duct is safe and effective for the closure of the fenestration in the extracardiac Fontan. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:88–92. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.