bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical east Atlantic and islands: plant-animal interactions on shores free of biotic reefs
Authors: John David M , Price, James H , Lawson George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The western coast of Africa and offshore islands lying between the Tropics contrast with most other tropical regions in the absence of biotic reefs. There is, however, a remarkable biotic resemblance between rocky shores of similar wave-exposure and type within the region, despite its vast size. Animals and non-geniculate coralline algae invariably dominate wave-exposed shores, whilst foliose and other soft algae dominate those protected from wave-action provided that algivorous fish are present in low numbers. Molluscs are unquestionably important grazers on many shores, although little information exists other than the observation that removal of Siphonaria from the upper eulittoral leads to a lush growth of blue-green algae. Unexplored experimentally is the grazing of seaweeds and microalgae by the larger limpet Patella safiana, littorinids, other molluscan genera and amphipods. Some experimental evidence exists that sea urchin grazing and seasonal changes in the physical environment are responsible for the absence or patchiness of noncalcareous algae at lower levels on unprotected shores. Shore organisms are affected by the climatic seasons: the stormy, wetter period favours intertidal algae by reducing desiccation while adversely affecting subtidal algae by causing instability of cobble banks and increasing turbidity; the calmer drier period has the reverse effect, with conditions more severe for shore algae and favourable to those growing subtidally.
Ecological and physiological aspects of herbivory in benthic suspension-feeding molluscs
Authors: Bayne B L , Hawkins A J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benthic suspension-(or filter-) feeding bivalve molluscs such as mussels, oysters, and clams act as important agents of sedimentation in estuaries and coastal systems. Some investigations suggest that suspension-feeding may be a dominant factor controlling phytoplankton biomass, although hydrodynamic and other factors may act to limit the availability of particulate seston to the feeding currents of the bivalves. These animals may also affect nutrient regeneration, directly via nitrogenous excretion or indirectly via microbial mineralization of their bio deposits. Many filter-feeding bivalves are opportunistic feeders, relying on phyto-plankton, organic detritus and bacteria in proportions that vary with location and with season. We consider some key physiological aspects of these interactions and conclude that feeding behaviour is flexible in response to changes in food quantity and quality; rates of nitrogen excretion, although variable, may be modelled as a function of rates of nitrogen ingestion; and there are circumstances under which bivalves may be carbonrather than nitrogen-limited by the available food.
Endosymbiosis in marine cnidarians
Authors: Davies P Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endosymbiotic relationships with either prokaryote or algal symbionts are found in the marine benthos, in members of the Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, Turbellaria, and Mollusca. This review will concentrate upon the most widespread association, that of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum (zooxanthellae) and its anthozoan hosts. During the daytime, photosynthetically fixed carbon compounds, mainly glycerol and lipids, pass from the symbiont to the host tissue. The magnitude of this flux has now been quantified and related to the nutritional requirements of the host. Both carbon and energy budget studies indicate that in shallow water and on clear sunlit days, the total photosynthetic production exceeds the requirements of symbiont and host. The excess is excreted, mainly as mucus-lipid and is thereby available to the food chain. Zooxanthellae also play a role in the uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and in the recycling of nitrogenous excretory products back to the host as amino acids.
The ‘cyclotron resonance’ hypothesis: experimental evidence and theoretical constraints
Authors: Liboff A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cyclotron resonance hypothesis (Liboff 1985) may be succinctly stated: many of the weak-field extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic interactions with cells that have been reported are either consistent with, or obey, the ion cyclotron resonance (CR) condition, suggesting an underlying electromagnetic interaction with cells that is rather different from current concepts. This hypothesis is strengthened in a circumstantial way when one realizes that the resonance frequencies for biologically important ions are all in the ELF range at geomagnetic field levels (Fig. 7.1). The CR hypothesis provides a tentative explanation (Liboff and McLeod 1988) for the so-called calcium-efflux experiments (Bawin et al. 1975; Blackman et al. 1982; Dutta et al. 1984). It has also served as the basis of a group of predicted experiments in a variety of model systems -timing behaviour in rats (Thomas et al. 1986; Liboff et al. 1989), diatom motility (McLeod et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1987), calcium incorporation in lymphocytes (Rozek et al. 1987), and growth rate of chick femur (Smith et al. 1988). In addition, Conti et al. (1986) have suggested that the CR hypothesis may explain the altered mitogenic response in lymphocytes that follows low-frequency magnetic field exposures.
9. Toxic range plants and their constituents
Authors: Molyneux Russell j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As settlers moved westward across North America they encountered an environment which became increasingly hostile to both themselves and their livestock. It was an environment with which they were completely unfamiliar, far removed in character from the ‘European’ type of grazing lands typical of the Eastern seaboard. The climate was generally arid or semi-arid, with diverse plant communities, and while many of the plants provided excellent forage they were intermixed with other species which proved to be extremely toxic to livestock.
Plant Galls: A Perspective
Authors: Williams Michele A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galls have been of interest to man from historical times to the present day. Despite or because of this fact, the term ‘plant gall’ has been applied to many different systems. Definitions of the term arc mostly inadequate and its employment as a general expression rather than a term suggesting scientific precision is preferred. Manifestations which have been called plant galls are caused by a wide variety of organisms interacting with a broad range of hosts. These interactions in turn provide opportunities for complex assemblages of organisms. Cecidology, the study of plant galls, uses a diverse range of biological techniques and involves many disciplines, a representative selection of which are drawn upon to provide the material for this volume.
Interactions between Trichochermes walkeri (Homoptera: Psylloidea) and other Homoptera on Rhamnus catharticus
Authors: Mclean I F G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The psyllid Trichochermes walkeri Forster (Psylloidea: Triozidae) forms leaf roll galls on buckthom, Rhamnus catharticus L. As part of a long-term study of the population dynamics of T walkeri the interactions between this gall-forming insect and other, free-living, Homoptera associated with buckthom have been investigated. The free-living psyllids and aphids are associated with leaves galled by T walkeri to varying extents, ranging from obligate, through showing a preference for feeding on galled leaves, to showing no significant association. These different degrees of association can be related to the phenologies of the free-living species, while it is speculated that the nutritional advantage of feeding on galled leaves has been responsible for free-living Homoptcra becoming more closely associated with, and eventually dependent upon, the presence of T walkeri galls.
Galls and the evolution of social behaviour in aphids
Authors: Foster W A , Northcott P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several aphid species there is a soldier caste that actively defends the aphid colony. All the aphids that produce soldiers belong to species that induce galls on their host plants. Gall formation and soldier production arc restricted to two of the families within the Aphidoidea-the Hormaphididae and the Pemphigidac. Information about the behaviour of the species (approximately 30) in which soldiers have been described is summarized. The paper examines how living in a gall might affect the social organization of aphids and increase the likelihood of the production of soldiers and the evolution of cooperation. The argument is proposed that the gall is important in providing a resource that can be readily defended and kept clean. In addition, the gall is important in providing a ring-fence around the clones, increasing the likelihood that aphids are related to their close neighbours. Soldier production might be encouraged in those galls that arc relatively long lived.
The biogeography and population genetics of the invading gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: Sunnucks Paul , Stonet G N , Schonrogget K , Csokat G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Andricus quercuscalicis is one of a group of five European cynipid gall wasps which have a life cycle involving alternation of generations between English oak, Qyercus robur and Turkey oak, Q, cerris. The natural range of this species is limited to areas where the two oaks occur together, in Europe south of the Alps, Tatras, and Carpathians and east of the Carpathians in a small region of the Ukraine. While Q, robur is widespread and abundant in much of Europe north and west of these regions, Q, cerris is only found where it has been planted by man in parks and gardens. Although Q, cerris can self-seed in much of its new range, over the time scale involved (200-300 years) this species has probably yet to spread significantly away from introduction sites.
Phytochemistry of some plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of protozoal Diseases
Authors: Phillipson J D , Wright1 C W , Kirby G C , Warhurst D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a need to develop new antiprotozoal drugs which have novel structures and novel modes of action. Protozoa are responsible for several diseases which are of worldwide importance, including amoebiasis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and trypanosomiasis. It has been estimated that some 270 million people are infected with malaria and that approximately half of the world’s population is at risk because they either live in, or visit, areas where the disease is common (Laitman 1990). Three hundred and fifty million are at risk of contracting leishmaniasis, 90 million, Chagas’ disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infections), and 50 million, African sleeping sickness (T. bruce infections) each year (Laitman 1990). Intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amoebiasis, and Giardia intestinalis, the cause of giardiasis, are responsible for 42 million and 200 million infections annually, respectively (Guerrant 1986; Boreham 1991).
Molecular and biochemical analyses of plant Snfl-related protein kinases
Authors: Halfordl N G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Snfl class of serine-threonine protein kinases are found in yeast, mammals, and plants, and share a common role in the regulation of certain key enzymes of carbon metabolism (Hardie et al. 1994). In yeast, Snflp phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and glycogen synthase (GS) (Woods et al. 1994; Hardy et al. 1994). It is also an indispensable part of a signal transduction pathway required for the derepression of a number of genes involved in the utilization of alternative carbon sources in response to glucose deprivation (reviewed by Gancedo 1992). This pathway has not been entirely elucidated and the mechanism by which the signal is created in response to glucose levels is not known. It has been hypothesized that a weak protein kinase activity associated with hexokinase may be indicative of a role for this enzyme in the perception of glucose levels (Ma et al. 1989a,b; Rose et al. 1991). Alternatively, glucose flux through glycolysis rather than glucose levels per se may be the relevant parameter for triggering and reversing glucose repression (Ronne 1995). snfl mutants are unable to utilize a variety of carbon sources, including sucrose, fructose, maltose, and non-fermentable carbon sources such as ethanol and glycerol. They are also defective in sporulation and the heat-shock response (Johnston and Carlson 1992; Thompson-Jaeger et al. 1991).
Receptor-like protein kinases
Authors: Walker J C , Stone J , Collinge M , Horn M , Braun D , Smith R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which plant cells perceive and respond to their environment is still in its infancy. Much of the research over the past decade has focused on identifying components involved in transducing an extracellular signal into the cell. Two sets of recurring components thought to mediate signal transduction processes in all cells are protein kinases, which catalyse protein phosphorylation, and phosphoprotein phosphatases, which mediate dephosphorylation. Both the protein kinases and protein phosphatases are represented by widely diverse families of genes, each encoding enzymes with potentially unique physiological roles. Understanding the structures and functions of protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases and how they interact with other signalling components promises to generate new insights into the mechanisms by which plants respond to their environment.
Molecular genetics of abscisic acid signal transduction: the involvement of a putative calcium-modulated protein phosphatase
Authors: Leung J , Giraudat J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its discovery as an acidic inhibitor of coleoptide growth in the late 1940s (Addicott 1983), abscisic acid (ABA) has emerged as an essential hormone (or growth substance) regulating seed development and dormancy, as well as adaptive responses of vegetative tissues to adverse environmental conditions. Although the major physiological roles of ABA are known to some extent, the molecular aspects of its action are still fragmentary and often contradictory. With the advent of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model species (Meyerowitz 1989), some of the more outstanding molecular issues of ABA signal transduction can now be addressed experimentally with the combined use of genetics and molecular biology. Because this chapter is not intended as an exhaustive account of the physiology and biochemistry of ABA, interested readers can find most of the necessary background in several books and recent reviews devoted entirely to this topic (Addicott 1983; Zeevaart and Creelman 1988; Davies and Jones 1991; Hetherington and Quatrano 1991; Giraudat et al. 1994). We outline below selective features of ABA action, first, to illustrate some of the existing information gaps between physiology and molecular biology, and second, to lay a minimum framework for the motivation behind our molecular approach to this complex problem. We then describe our recent results in cloning the AB/l locus of Arabidopsis, which encodes a protein with structural features of a calcium-modulated phosphatase (Leung et al. 1994; Meyer et al. 1994). Finally, we present some testable hypotheses on how this putative phosphatase may participate in certain physiological aspects of ABA signal transduction.
A survey of active vision invertebrates
Authors: Land Michael F , Collett Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our intention in this review is to try to put together a checklist of the situations in which active vision occurs in invertebrate animals, with the idea of providing colleagues from disciplines other than zoology with a feeling for ‘what is on offer’ amongst the visual systems of animals evolutionarily remote from man. Vision has originated in the invertebrates many times, and as a result many different solutions have been tried out as each group gets to grips with the opportunities offered by the visual modality. There should thus be plenty, in this rich array of pre-tested solutions to problems, that maybeof value to those trying to design artificial seeing systems.
Insect inspired behaviours for the autonomous control of mobile robots
Authors: Weber K , Venkatesh S , Srinivasan M V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If autonomous robots are to navigate successfully in unfamiliar environments, they must be able to perceive their environment in an autonomous fashion. For short-range course control, it is vital that obstacles in the path be detected and avoided in a cost-effective (real-time) way. It may also be very desirable to be able to detect and avoid or track other moving objects in the environment.
Cytoplasmic sex-ratio distorters
Authors: Hurst Gregory D D , Hurst Laurence D , Majerus Micheal E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As previously discussed in this book, cytoplasmic factors in animals, be they organellar, bacterial, or otherwise, tend to be inherited exclusively from the mother. One consequence of this is that cytoplasmic factors will typically have zero fitness when in a male. Hence, a cytoplasmic factor that can either force an increase in the proportion of females in its ‘host’s’ brood, or can otherwise increase the survival and reproductive success of infected female hosts, will spread. To put it another way, Fisher’s (1930) prediction of a stable 1 : 1 sex ratio is an analysis of the evolutionary interests of autosomes which does not hold either for sex chromosomes (Hamilton 1967) or for cytoplasmic elements (Hamilton 1979; Cosmides and Tooby 1981). Cytoplasmic genes will be selected to produce a female-bias to the sex ratio. Examples of cytoplasmic sex-ratio distorters have already been discussed in this book, most notably the agents that induce parthenogenesis in a variety of wasps (Chapter 4) and those that are responsible for feminization in crustaceans (Chapter 3). This chapter examines the remaining incidences. For the most part this means vertically transmitted agents that kill males. However, we start with brief consideration of the (limited) evidence for the existence of other classes of cytoplasmic sex-ratio distorters. Discussion of the population genetics and biology of all of these systems is followed by a body of speculation as to the potential impact of these factors on host evolution.
The functional ecology of small fish: some opportunities and consequences
Authors: Miller P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ecology of small teleosts ( &lt; 100 mm) is discussed in terms of the essential whole organism functions (feeding, surviving, growing, and reproducing). Small size makes available new habitat opportunities for teleosts, ranging from nektonic to cryptobenthic and differing along several ecotopic dimensions. The advantages and disadvantages of small size for teleosts are discussed with reference to whole-organism functions, involving both intrinsic size-related factors and directions of selection within habitat. Appropriate responses in life-history patterns relating to survival and reproduction emphasize the significance of contrasting mortality patterns over potential lifespan in producing extremes of reproductive allocation. Compensation for size-related constraints on offspring size (bestowal) and fecundity is discussed with reference to repeat spawning and the occurrence of viviparity, especially the role of superfoetation in combining frequency of reproduction with high bestowal. Functional interactions of small fish with mankind can be adverse or beneficial, with human interest in aquaria providing a new niche for at least some small fishes.
Ecology of very small terrestrial mammals
Authors: Churchfield Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miniaturism among terrestrial mammals is a rare phenomenon, with only 8% of all species being &lt; 15 g in body mass and &lt; 100 mm in body length. It is confined to just three orders (Marsupialia, Insectivora, and Rodentia) and is the major preserve of four families (Dasyuridae, Tenrecidae, Soricidae, and Muridae). The smallest representatives have body masses of 1.5-3.0 g. Most species have a tropical and subtropical distribution, and numbers of species (and their mean body mass) decline with increasing latitude. The predominant feeding modes are insectivory and granivory. Most miniature mammals occur in forest and grassland/steppe habitats and are mainly ground-surface foragers. Very small mammals have lower absolute food requirements than do larger counterparts, and miniature insectivores subsist on small arthropods with low biomass but high abundance. This permits them to inhabit less productive areas at higher latitudes and altitudes compared with larger congeners which rely on richer habitats supporting larger prey such as earthworms. The occurrence of insectivorous shrews, but not miniature granivorous rodents, in Arctic regions probably reflects greater availability of small arthropods than of seeds in winter. Exceedingly small mammals have low population densities and there is evidence of reduced population numbers, body size, and niche breadth when they are sympatric with larger congeners. But differences in body size and niche occupancy help to reduce overlap and competition in communities of similar species. Very small species tend to be more specialized with narrower niches, and have lower levels of overlap, than larger congeners.
Options for the genetic manipulation of astringent and antinutritional metabolites in fruit and vegetables
Authors: Robbins Mark P , Bavage Adrian D , Morris Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fruit and vegetables produce an array of secondary metabolites that are derived from primary metabolic pathways. Such secondary compounds can have a profound effect on the value of individual fruit and vegetable varieties. For example, anthocyanins, carotenoids and chalcones contribute to fruit colour; whereas other secondary compounds such as glucosinolates and volatile phenolics play an important part in flavour characteristics.
Gibberellins and fruit development
Authors: García-Martínez José L , Hedden Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fruit development is dependent on the action of each of the five major classes of plant hormones. Gibberellins (GAs) play a major role in this process, inducing fruit-set and the expansion of the pericarp, and, as a consequence, they have important practical applications in fruit production. For example, GA is applied to seedless grapes in order to obtain the required size and shape of the berry (Martín, 1983) and to seedless cultivars of mandarin to enhance fruit set (Monselise, 1979). However, despite the importance ofGAs in fruit development and the large body of physiological, analytical and biochemical data on this subject, fundamental questions about the source of the active GAs and their mode of action in fruit have yet to be answered unequivocally. The significance of the available information is discussed in this review, which is restricted to fleshy fruit; monocotyledoneous plants are not considered.