bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A possible role of 20‐hydroxyecdysone in embryonic development of the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Makka Toshihiro , Seino Atsushi , Tomita Shuichiro , Fujiwara Haruhiko , Sonobe Haruyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt has been well established that eggs of insects, including those of the silkworm Bombyx mori, contain various ecdysteroids and the amounts of these ecdysteroids fluctuate during embryonic development. In order to know the function of egg ecdysteroids in embryonic development of B. mori, we examined the biological activities of various egg ecdysteroids by in vitro ligand‐binding assay and bioassay using B. mori eggs. First, using the ecdysteroid receptor of B. mori (BmEcR‐B1/BmUSP heterodimer) prepared by yeast and Escherichia coli expression systems, the interaction between the ecdysteroid receptor and various egg ecdysteroids of B. mori was analyzed. The relative binding affinities of egg ecdysteroids to the BmEcR‐B1/BmUSP heterodimer decreased in the order of 20‐hydroxyecdysone > 2‐deoxy‐20‐hydroxyecdysone > 22‐deoxy‐20‐hydroxyecdysone > ecdysone > 2‐deoxyecdysone > ecdysone 22‐phosphate. Next, several egg ecdysteroids of B. mori were injected into the prospective diapause eggs, which show a very low level of free ecdysteroids at the onset of embryonic diapause (gastrula stage). Approximately 7% of them (P < 0.002, χ2‐test) developed beyond the gastrula stage without entering diapause by the injection of 20‐hydroxyecdysone (25 ng/egg). In contrast, the injection of other ecdysteroids was not effective in inducing embryonic development. These results suggest that 20‐hydroxyecdysone, via the ecdysteroid receptor, is responsible for the developmental difference between diapause and non‐diapause in B. mori embryos. Furthermore, it was suggested that continuous supply of 20‐hydroxyecdysone may be required to induce embryonic development. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:111–120, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual and ecological assets and positive developmental trajectories among gang and community‐based organization youth
Authors: Taylor Carl S. , Lerner Richard M. , von Eye Alexander , Balsano Aida Bilalbegovic , Dowling Elizabeth M. , Anderson Pamela M. , Bobek Deborah L. , Bjelobrk Dragana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Search Institute framework for conceptualizing developmental assets was used in a longitudinal study of African American male youth involved in gangs or in community‐based organizations (CBOs) serving youth. Analyses of intraindividual change indicated that individual and ecological assets are linked to positive developmental trajectories among these youth.
PARP‐mediated proteasome activation: A co‐ordination of DNA repair and protein degradation?
Authors: Arnold Jenny , Grune Tilman 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring the evolution of aerobic life, antioxidant defence systems developed that either directly prevent oxidative modifications of the cellular constituents or remove the modified components. An example of the latter is the proteasome, which removes cytosolic oxidised proteins. Recently, a novel mechanism of activation of the nuclear 20S proteasome was discovered: automodified poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) activates the proteasome to facilitate selective degradation of oxidatively damaged histones. Since activation of the PARP‐1 itself is induced by DNA damage and is supposed to play a role in DNA repair, these new results suggest a joint role of PARP‐1 in the removal of oxidised nucleoproteins and in DNA repair. We hypothesise that PARP‐1 could provide a co‐ordinative link between two nuclear antioxidant defence systems, whose concerted activation would produce a fast and efficient restoration of the native chromatin structure following oxidative stress. BioEssays 24:1060–1065, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Multiperiod hedging with futures contracts
Authors: Low Aaron , Muthuswamy Jayaram , Sakar Sudipto , Terry Eric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe hedging problem is examined where futures prices obey the cost‐of‐carry model. The
resultant hedging model explicitly incorporates maturity effects in the futures basis. Formulas for the optimal
static and dynamic hedges are derived. Although these formulas are developed for the case of direct hedging, the
framework used is sufficiently flexible so that these formulas can be applied to many cross‐hedging
situations. The performance of the model is compared with that of several other models for two hedging
scenarios: one involving a financial asset and the other involving a commodity. In both cases, significant
maturity effects were found in the first and second moments of the futures basis. Our hedging formulas
outperformed other hedging strategies on an ex‐ante basis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut
Mark 22:1179–1203, 2002
Heart and the peritoneal cover of the gut sinus in the polychaete Arenicola marina: An ultrastructural and autoradiographic study
Authors: Martynova Marina G. , Chaga Oleg Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo elucidate the cellular mechanism underlying the growth of the peritoneal cover of the gut sinus and the heart in the polychaete Arenicola marina, cellular organization of these structures and proliferative potential of their cells were investigated using electron microscopy and electron microscopic autoradiography. Arenicola has a pair of dorsolaterally situated hearts connected to the gut sinus via a short duct and composed of two muscular layers separated by a layer of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The peritoneal cover of the gut sinus and the outer muscular layer of the heart present a myoepithelial layer resting on the ECM. The inner muscular layer of the heart is composed of myofibril‐containing cells lacking well‐defined polarity in arrangement of organelles. However, their persistent connection to branches of the ECM and the adherens‐like intercellular junctions allow for considering the inner layer a modified myoepithelium. In the peritoneal cover of the gut sinus and in both myoepithelial layers of the heart, noncontractile epithelial cells have been observed. As determined by thymidine labeling, these epithelial cells are capable of DNA synthesis, while myoepithelial cells are not. Some suggestions are made about the myogenic nature of the epithelial cells in the investigated structures of A. marina. J. Morphol. 254:312–319, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leverage, liquidity, volatility, time horizon, and the risk of ruin
Authors: Norland Erik , Wilford D.Sykes 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn order to meet their financial goals, investors, whether institutions or individuals, must make asset allocation decisions by balancing their return targets with their tolerance for volatility, their liquidity requirements, and time horizons. Yet even optimal mixes of investments with regard to time horizon, liquidity, and volatility levels are sometimes not adequate to achieve the return objectives of a firm or an individual. Using leverage scales up both returns and risks, introducing the potential for default. When using leverage, either as a fund manager or as an investor into a fund, fully understanding the potential for default is absolutely necessary. Using standard measures of risk and return can be very misleading. Sharpe ratios and information ratios can lead the investor into a state of unwarranted comfort with respect to the probability of losing more than is acceptable. Many traditional measures of risk do not deal with this problem correctly. This paper takes a barrier option theoretic approach to analyzing the potential for losses and the potential for the leveraged investor to be knocked‐out of his position even under circumstances of perfect knowledge of the end return. Thus, it demonstrates the necessity of a more rigorous approach to understanding the risk of any particular style of investment, particularly when dealing with hedge funds.
A new ecologically valid method to assess body size estimation and body size dissatisfaction
Authors: Shafran Roz , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe primary aim of the present study was to develop an ecologically valid method for assessing the perception of body size (as opposed to the memory of body size).MethodWomen with clinical eating disorders (N = 14) and no eating disorder (N = 24) estimated their actual and desired body size while looking in a mirror. Estimations were made using projected images that were the same height as the participants' reflections in the mirror.ResultsThis new method assessed the perception of body size under conditions that resembled the real‐life situation of viewing oneself in a mirror. Participants with eating disorders significantly overestimated their body size relative to controls (p < .05) and tended to be more dissatisfied with their body size (p = .07).DiscussionIt is argued that the new method assesses the perception of body size, is ecologically valid, and is the most clinically relevant of the methods developed to date. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 458–465, 2002.
Irving Fisher and statistical approaches to risk
Authors: Stabile Donald R , Putnam Bluford H 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIrving Fisher has been recognized as one of the most prominent economists in the US in the first half of the 20th century. His contribution to financial economics has not been well recognized, however. This article describes Fisher's pioneering efforts to apply statistical methods to the analysis of investment risk. In addition, it will argue that Fisher's statistical analysis of risk had a Bayesian philosophy of probability theory. Finally, the highs and lows of Fisher's investment strategy for the 1920s and 1930s will be discussed.
Population of the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in a fragmented landscape in Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Mendoza Adrián , Castellanos Lucía , Pacheco Reyna , Van Belle Sarie , García Yasminda , Muñoz David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the population characteristics ofAlouatta pigraunder conditions of forest fragmentation–information that is important to understanding its tolerance to habitat loss. In this work we present data on forest loss and on troop size, age, and sex composition for a population of black howler monkeys existing in the fragmented landscape surrounding the Mayan site of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Two aerial photos (1:70,000) of the study area (261 km2) taken in 1984 and 2001 were examined to assess forest loss. Between June and December 2001 and January and March 2002 we surveyed 44 forest fragments for the presence of howler monkeys. Examination of aerial photos showed that 33% of the forest present in 1984 had disappeared by 2001, and detected an increment in the number of forest fragments present in the landscape. We discovered a total of 115 howler monkeys living in 22 of the 44 forest fragments studied, of which 107 were members of 18 troops. The rest were solitary males or small groups of males living in isolated forest fragments. Troop size ranged from two to 15 individuals (mean 5.9+3.0 ind). 31% and 15% of individuals in the troops were juveniles and infants, respectively, suggesting continued reproductive activity. Howler monkey troops in the forest fragments were on average smaller (5.9±3.0 ind) than troops in the nearby protected forest of the Mayan site (7.0±2.8 ind). The mean density of howlers in the forest fragments was 119±82.9 ind/km2. The establishment of corridors is suggested as a possible conservation scenario for the fragmented howler population investigated, and as a conservation measure to connect this population with the howler population found in the protected forest of the Mayan site. Am. J. Primatol. 58:45–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender identity disorder and eating disorders
Authors: Hepp Urs , Milos Gabriella 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report three cases of transsexual patients who are suffering from an eating disorder: A biological male patient diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN), a biological male patient with bulimia nervosa (BN), and a biological female patient with AN as well as a severe alcohol dependence. The relationship between eating behavior, gender identity, sexual orientation, and body dissatisfaction is discussed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 473–478, 2002.
Self‐harm and substance use in a community sample of Black and White women with binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa
Authors: Dohm Faith‐Anne , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Wilfley Denise E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Hook Julie , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated rates of self‐harm and substance use in women with either bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge eating disorder (BED) and assessed whether differences in self‐harm and substance use are related to sexual or physical abuse.MethodAlcohol abuse, self‐harm, and use or abuse of various illicit drugs were evaluated in a sample of 53 women with BN and 162 women with BED.ResultsSelf‐harm and substance use generally did not differentiate BED and BN cases, but rates of self‐harm and substance use were elevated among women with a history of sexual or physical abuse relative to women without such a history.DiscussionElevated rates of self‐harm and substance use may not be related uniquely to BN diagnostic status, but may be related to a characteristic shared by women with BN and BED, such as a history of sexual or physical abuse. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 389–400, 2002.
Hedging foreign currency, freight, and commodity futures portfolios—A note
Authors: Haigh Michael S. , Holt Matthew T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractForeign exchange hedging ratios are simultaneously estimated alongside freight and commodity ratios in a
time‐varying portfolio framework. Foreign exchange futures are by far the most important derivative
instrument used to reduce uncertainty for traders. Our results lend support to the decision by the London
International Financial Futures Exchange to cease trading the Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange
freight futures contract because of its low levels of trading activity that likely resulted from its apparent
unattractiveness as a hedging instrument. @ 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:1205–1221,
2002
Developmental morphology of limb reduction in hemiergis (squamata: scincidae): chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and heterochrony
Authors: Shapiro Michael D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDigit loss is a common theme in tetrapod evolution that may involve changes in several developmental processes. The skink genus Hemiergis provides an ideal model to study these processes in closely related taxa: within three Western Australian Hemiergis species, digit quantity ranges between two and five. For three consecutive reproductive seasons, gravid females of Hemiergis were collected in the field and their embryos prepared for histological analysis of limb skeletal development (chondrogenesis and osteogenesis). Comparative studies of skeletal developmental morphology demonstrate that limbs with fewer than five digits do not result from a simple truncation of a putative ancestral (five‐digit) developmental program. The developmental and adult morphologies in two‐, three‐, and four‐digit Hemiergis are neither predicted nor explained by a simple model of heterochrony involving either chondrogenesis or osteogenesis. In postnatal Hemiergis, digit number and relative limb length do not correlate in a simple linear fashion. Instead, limb size and digit reduction may correlate with substrate conditions and burrowing behavior. J. Morphol. 254:211–231, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between prostate cancer and serum testosterone levels
Authors: Zhang Ping L. , Rosen Seymour , Veeramachaneni Ravindra , Kao Jerry , DeWolf William C. , Bubley Glenn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of the current study was to determine whether the presence of prostate cancer altered serum testosterone levels.METHODSInitially, we evaluated both serum total and free testosterone levels in patients with either high‐grade (n = 18) or moderate‐grade (n = 146) prostate cancer, detected by prostate needle biopsies. Then both serum total and free testosterone levels, before and after prostatectomy, were compared in 79 of the 164 men with prostate cancer.RESULTSIn the first setting, serum total and free testosterone levels (307 ± 24 ng/dl and 1.14 ± 0.09 ng/dl) in patients with high‐grade prostate cancer were significantly lower than those in patients with moderate‐grade prostate cancer (452 ± 12 ng/dl and 1.51 ± 0.04 ng/dl) and those without prostate cancer (451 ± 17 ng/dl and 1.55 ± 0.06 ng/dl). After prostatectomy in 79 patients with prostate cancer, serum levels of both total and free testosterone (511 ± 15 ng/dl and 1.78 ± 0.05 ng/dl) were found significantly elevated when compared with their respective presurgical total and free testosterone levels (450 ± 17 ng/dl and 1.60 ± 0.06 ng/dl).CONCLUSIONOur findings show that serum total and free testosterone levels in patients with prostate cancer are altered, supporting the possibility that prostate cancer may inhibit serum testosterone levels. Prostate 53: 179–182, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ICER reverses tumorigenesis of rat prostate tumor cells without affecting cell growth
Authors: Mémin Elisabeth , Yehia Ghassan , Razavi Reza , Molina Carlos A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDInducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) is an important mediator of cAMP antiproliferative activity that acts as a putative tumor suppressor gene product. ICER is a transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates cAMP‐mediated gene expression. Here, we report the effect of ectopically increasing the expression of ICER on in vitro and in vivo proliferation of the highly metastatic and androgen‐insensitive AT6.3 rat prostate cells.METHODSThe proliferative potential of stable AT6.3 cell clones expressing ICER was studied by cell counts, thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry, colony formation in soft agar, and growth in immunodeficient nude mice.RESULTScAMP inhibits the growth of AT6.3 cells. ICER mRNA and protein levels were markedly induced by cAMP in AT6.3 cells. Forced expression of ICER in AT6.3 cells did not affect cell growth, thymidine incorporation, or the cell cycle. However, these ICER‐bearing AT6.3 cells were rendered unable to grow in soft agar or to form tumors in nude mice.CONCLUSIONThese results show that ICER specifically affects the tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cell without affecting their growth. Therefore, the manipulation of ICER expression could be used for the treatment of androgen‐insensitive prostate tumors without causing undesirable toxicity to the cells. Prostate 53: 225–231, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A short note on the concept of risk management and VaR for asset management firms
Authors: Putnam Bluford H , Sykes Wilford D , Zecher Philip D 
Published: October 2002

AbstractValue at risk (VaR) is now the most commonly cited risk management tool for asset managers to utilize. Specialized tools are used for particular types of management problems, usually grouped into the fixed income camp of duration and convexity or derived directly from options theory. In general, however, most firms utilize some type of VaR type analysis, if any analysis is done at all. This note points out the problem of using VaR without understanding that the answer one obtains when applying the tool is highly dependent upon the question being asked. That is, simple VaR is very useful for certain circumstances, but not too useful for many of the issues to which it is applied by asset managers. The conclusion is simplistic in that managers must use the correct tools for the question being asked if a useful, and not misleading, answer is to be obtained. VaR often provides elegant answers to the wrong questions. Interestingly, many of the questions VaR is best suited to answer were answerable using Chebyshev' work of 150 years ago.
A Bayesian methodology to explore the effects of memory loss in currency markets
Authors: Putnam Bluford H 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs time goes by, people tend to establish new norms based on more recent events and information. Old norms and standards are eclipsed by new developments. The same type of behavior appears to operate in financial markets. New and unexpected information can jolt a market, but over time market participants adjust to new patterns of information, of data flow, of market volatility, and even of structural change.On another level, one can ask the question of how much weight to give new information relative to old information. Market participants do this naturally, as they weigh new information, such as just‐released economic data, compare it to their previously held expectations and then revise their expectations of future data releases and potential market reactions. When the question is viewed in this perspective, it seems quite natural to assume that new pieces of information, such as economic data releases, should be given more weight in assessing expectations of future market behavior than releases of the same type of data several months or even several years previously. That is, the information value of certain specific types of information, such as specific economic data releases, probably decays as time passes.This study proposes the use of a dynamic Bayesian technology to explore the effects of time decay in the value placed on specific bits of information that are received at regular intervals through time. The methodology that is being proposed is the main focus of this study and, to clarify this methodology, it is applied to the currency markets asking questions about the time decay pattern of certain economic data. The results reported in this example are purely for illustrative purposes, since they are specific to the data studied, the model specification of currency market behavior, and a wide variety of other assumptions embedded in this specific approach to currency analysis.Nevertheless, the results are interesting, if only because they demonstrate both the basic idea that new information is more valuable than old information and provide a useful and practical method of analyzing the issue of the time decay factor in how markets process information.
The evolution of left–right asymmetry in chordates
Authors: Boorman Clive J. , Shimeld Sebastian M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe internal organs of all vertebrates are asymmetrically organised across the left–right axis. The development of this asymmetry is controlled by a molecular pathway that includes the signalling molecule Nodal and the transcription factor Pitx2, proteins encoded by genes that are predominantly expressed on the left side of all vertebrate embryos studied to date. Vertebrates share Phylum Chordata with two other groups of animals, amphioxus and the urochordates (including ascidians). Both these taxa develop left–right asymmetries, and recent studies have begun to address the degree of conservation of nodal and Pitx2 in this process. Pitx2 is a member of the Pitx homeobox gene family, and in both amphioxus and ascidians Pitx gene expression is predominantly left sided. These studies suggest that left–right asymmetry in all chordates is regulated by a conserved developmental pathway, and that this pathway evolved before the separation of the lineages leading to living chordates. BioEssays 24:1004–1011, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.