bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor promotes macrophage infiltration into the vascular wall of ApoE deficient mice
Authors: Gu Jian‐Ming , Johns Anthony , Morser John , Dole William P. , Greaves David R. , Deng Gary G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) regulates macrophage adhesion and migration by binding directly to matrix proteins and signaling through integrin complexes. In this study, we examined the role of uPAR on macrophage infiltration into the vascular wall. Stable murine macrophage (Raw264.7) cell lines expressing high levels of human uPAR, human urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), or both were established using expression vectors driven by the human CD68 promoter. Stimulation with human uPA specifically induced phosphorylation of early response regulated kinase (ERK) in cells expressing human uPAR but not in sham transfected cells. The human uPAR expressing Raw264.7 cells showed increased adhesion to both human uPA and vitronectin (Vn). Raw264.7 cells expressing human uPAR or both human uPAR and uPA, but not uPA alone, were detected in the aortic wall of ApoE−/− mice, and no cells were detected in that of age‐matched C57BL/6J mice after intravenous infusion of the cells. Blocking of Mac‐1/ICAM‐1 interaction by anti‐αM antibody (M1/70) significantly reduced the infiltration of huPAR‐expressing Raw264.1 cells into aorta of ApoE−/− mice. Treatment of C57BL/6J mice with angiotensin II resulted in infiltration of Raw264.7 cells expressing human uPAR. These data demonstrate that uPAR plays a key role in promoting macrophage infiltration into the arterial wall of ApoE−/− mice. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis of a benzamidine‐containing NR2B‐selective NMDA receptor ligand labelled with tritium or fluorine‐18
Authors: Hamill Terence G. , McCauley John A. , Burns H. Donald 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA novel tritium or flourine‐18‐labelled benzamidine‐containing NR2B‐selective NMDA receptor ligand has been synthesized. This compound was designed to contain the fluoromethoxy group to allow for the synthesis of a high specific activity, fluorine‐18‐labelled PET tracer for imaging studies of the NR2B receptor. In addition to the fluorine‐18‐labelled compound, this compound was also tritium labelled. The tritiated ligand (11 Ci/mmol) was synthesized by a gas tritiation reaction of an aryl bromide precursor. The fluorine‐18 ligand (2916 Ci/mmol), which was deuterated in the fluoromethoxy group to aid in metabolic stability, was synthesized by alkylating a phenolic precursor with [18F]fluoromethylbromide‐d2. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Arylation of indoles with 4‐[18F]fluoroiodobenzene: synthesis of 18F‐labelled σ2 receptor ligands for positron emission tomography (PET)
Authors: Wüst Frank R. , Kniess Torsten 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe palladium‐mediated N‐arylation of indoles with 4‐[18F]fluoroiodobenzene as a novel radiolabelling method has been developed. Optimized reaction conditions were elaborated by variation of different catalyst systems (CuI/1,2‐diamines and Pd2(dba)3/phosphine ligands), bases and solvents in the reaction of indole with 4‐[18F]fluoroiodobenzene. Optimized reaction conditions (Pd2(dba)3/(2‐(dicyclohexyl‐phosphino)‐2′‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐biphenyl, NaOBut, toluene, 100°C for 20 min) were applied for the synthesis of 18F‐labelled σ2 receptor ligands [18F]‐11 and [18F]‐13 which were obtained in 91 and 84% radiochemical yields, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and biological characterization of 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine complex, a potential diagnostic for assessment of renal function
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Jang Beom Su , Park Kyung Bae 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCysteine containing three functional groups, i.e. a carboxyl, sulfhydryl, and amino group, has been labelled with 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl precursor (2) in order to study the renal characteristics of the resulting 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine (3) versus the reference 99mTc‐MAG3 (1). The 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine (3) was prepared in good yields and characterized by HPLC, eletrophoresis, and eletrospray mass spectrometry. The plasma protein binding rate of 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine (3) was about 70 to 80%, and similar to that of 131I‐OIH (70%) but lower than that of 99mTc‐MAG3 (90%). The T1/2 of 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine (4.30±0.79 min) in the kidney was higher than the one of 99mTc‐MAG3 (2.43±0.70 min). The static image of 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine at 5 min post injection showed high concentrated activity in the kidney. And in the 15, 30 min post injection images, most activity appeared in the bladder without a residue in other organs. The 99mTc(I) tricarbonyl cysteine exhibited biological behavior comparable to 99mTc‐MAG3 and it is expected to have diagnostic potential for imaging renal function in nuclear medicine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential response of glutamine in cultured neurons and astrocytes
Authors: Rama Rao K.V. , Jayakumar A.R. , Norenberg M.D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGlutamine, a byproduct of ammonia detoxification, is found elevated in brain in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and other hyperammonemic disorders. Such elevation has been implicated in some of the deleterious effects of ammonia on the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have shown that glutamine results in the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in cultured astrocytes. We examined whether glutamine shows similar effects in cultured neurons. Both cultured astrocytes and neurons were exposed to glutamine (6.5 mM) for 24 hr and the MPT was assessed by changes in cyclosporin A (CsA)‐sensitive inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) using the potentiometric dye tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE). Glutamine significantly dissipated the ΔΨm in astrocytes as demonstrated by a decrease in mitochondrial TMRE fluorescence, a process that was blocked by CsA. On the other hand, treatment of cultured neurons with glutamine had no effect on the ΔΨm. Dissipation of the ΔΨm in astrocytes by glutamine was blocked by treatment with 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐L‐norleucine (DON; 100 μM), suggesting that glutamine hydrolysis and the subsequent generation of ammonia, which has been shown previously to induce the MPT, might be involved in MPT induction by glutamine. These data indicate that astrocytes but not neurons are vulnerable to the toxic effects of glutamine. The selective induction of oxidative stress and the MPT by glutamine in astrocytes may partially explain the deleterious affects of glutamine on the CNS in the setting of hyperammonemia, as well as account for the predominant involvement of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of HE and other hyperammonemic conditions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and subcellular distribution of monocarboxylate transporters in cultured brain cells and in the adult brain
Authors: Pellerin Luc , Halestrap Andrew P. , Pierre Karin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMonocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are involved in the uptake and release of lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies. Studies of their distribution at both the mRNA and protein levels have highlighted the specific expression of MCT1, MCT2, and more recently MCT4 in the central nervous system. MCT1 was found strongly expressed by cortical astrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. It was also found at high levels on blood vessels, ependymocytes, and glia limitans. A subset of neurons in vitro exhibited a weak but significant MCT1 expression. In contrast, it was determined that MCT2 represents the predominant neuronal MCT on cultured neurons as well as on neurons throughout the brain parenchyma. At the subcellular level, part of MCT2 is located in postsynaptic densities. Specific populations of astrocytes in the white matter also exhibited MCT2 expression in the rat, but not in the mouse brain. MCT4 was found exclusively in astrocytes in several areas including the cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. MCT2 expression increased in cultured neurons with days in vitro commensurate with increased synapse formation. Moreover, a significant increase in MCT2 expression was observed in cultured neurons exposed to noradrenaline, an effect involving a regulation at the translational level. The description of MCTs on different cell types in the central nervous system together with clear evidence for regulation of their expression further emphasize the important role that monocarboxylates, and particularly lactate, might play in brain energy metabolism not only during development but also in the adult. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactate utilization by brain cells and its role in CNS development
Authors: Medina José M. , Tabernero Arantxa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe studied the role played by lactate as an important substrate for the brain during the perinatal period. Under these circumstances, lactate is the main substrate for brain development and is used as a source of energy and carbon skeletons. In fact, lactate is used actively by brain cells in culture. Neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes use lactate as a preferential substrate for both energy purposes and as precursor of lipids. Astrocytes use lactate and other metabolic substrates for the synthesis of oleic acid, a new neurotrophic factor. Oligodendrocytes mainly use lactate as precursor of lipids, presumably those used to synthesize myelin. Neurons use lactate as a source of energy and as precursor of lipids. During the perinatal period, neurons may use blood lactate directly to meet the need for the energy and carbon skeletons required for proliferation and differentiation. During adult life, however, the lactate used by neurons may come from astrocytes, in which lactate is the final product of glycogen breakdown. It may be concluded that lactate plays an important role in brain development. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rasagiline: Neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and mitochondrial permeability transition
Authors: Youdim Moussa B.H. , Bar Am Orit , Yogev‐Falach Merav , Weinreb Orly , Maruyama Wakako , Naoi Makato , Amit Tamar 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMitochondria are involved directly in cell survival and death. The assumption has been made that drugs that protect mitochondrial viability and prevent apoptotic cascade‐induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTp) opening will be cytoprotective. Rasagiline (N‐propargyl‐1R‐aminoindan) is a novel, highly potent irreversible monoamine oxidase (MAO) B inhibitor anti‐Parkinson drug. Unlike selegiline, it is not derived from amphetamine, and is not metabolized to neurotoxic L‐methamphetamine derivative. In addition, it does not have sympathomimetic activity. Rasagiline is effective as monotherapy or adjunct to levodopa for patients with early and late Parkinson's disease (PD) and adverse events do not occur with greater frequency in subjects receiving rasagiline than in those on placebo. Phase III controlled studies indicate that it might have a disease‐modifying effect in PD that may be related to its neuroprotective activity. Its S isomer, TVP1022, is more than 1,000 times less potent as an MAO inhibitor. Both drugs, however, have neuroprotective activity in neuronal cell cultures in response to various neurotoxins, and in vivo in response to global ischemia, neurotrauma, head injury, anoxia, etc., indicating that MAO inhibition is not a prerequisite for neuroprotection. Their neuroprotective effect has been demonstrated to be associated directly with the propargylamine moiety, which protects mitochondrial viability and MTPp by activating Bcl‐2 and protein kinase C (PKC) and by downregulating the proapoptotic FAS and Bax protein families. Rasagiline and its derivatives also process amyloid precursor protein (APP) to the neuroprotective, neurotrophic, soluble APP α (sAPPα) by PKC‐ and MAP kinase‐dependent activation of α‐secretase. The identification of the propargylamine moiety as the neuroprotective component of rasagiline has led us to development of novel bifunctional anti‐Alzheimer drugs (ladostigil) possessing cholinesterase and brain‐selective MAO inhibitory activity and a similar neuroprotective mechanism of action. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impacts and risks associated with developing, but unsupervised, stingray tourism at Hamelin Bay, Western Australia
Authors: Newsome David , Lewis Anna , Moncrieff Daryl 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInteracting with stingrays at Hamelin Bay, in the south‐west of Western Australia, appears to be substantially growing in popularity. Promotion of the rays is increasing through websites and brochures and larger tourism productions, such as the ‘Getaway’ television programme, have shown interest in the Hamelin Bay site. Yet there is still very little known about the impacts on rays (both behavioural and physical), risks to humans, or indeed the issues that provisioning stingrays can present. Although Shackley (1998) conducted an impact study of stingray provisioning in the Cayman Islands, provisioning activities at Hamelin Bay, and other areas in the southwest are unique because they are shore‐based. As part of developing a profile of conditions at the Hamelin Bay provisioning site we investigated stingray numbers and their distribution in the area. We also collected data on the type and amount of provisioned food, investigated stingray behaviour and observed how tourists interacted with stingrays. It was shown through site profile data that rays are attracted to the site principally by food provisioning and secondarily by boats due to learned association with food. They are most common at the provisioning site in the middle of the day, as are peak visitor numbers.Behavioural impacts on rays were found to be attraction to humans, resulting in aggression and hierarchy towards one another. Attraction to humans at the provisioning site reflected that the rays may be partially habituated. However, rays were also seen foraging naturally for food, indicating that they are not yet dependent on humans. Other potential impacts to rays include boat damage from pleasure craft, overfeeding, being fed the wrong food, damage from fishing hooks and risk of disease from foul water. Lesions on skin and permanent shoaling behaviour, as witnessed at other stingray provisioning sites, were not observed at Hamelin Bay. Management actions are recommended to reduce impacts on the rays, eliminate risks to visitors and increase visitor satisfaction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘When buying into the business, we knew it was seasonal’: perceptions of seasonality in Central Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Duval David Timothy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough the majority of the academic literature makes a convincing economic case when suggesting that seasonality is problematic, it is, arguably, equally important to consider whether businesses themselves perceive seasonality as a distinct problem. This paper considers the extent to which businesses and operations, variably involved in tourism, perceive seasonality. A case study of the Central Otago region of New Zealand is offered. The results suggest that although seasonality is perceived as a salient issue for the sector itself, it is not universally perceived to be inherently problematic from the perspective of the individual business/operator. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A classification framework and management approach for the sustainable use of natural assets used for tourism
Authors: Hughey Kenneth F.D. , Ward Jonet C. , Crawford Kirsten A. , McConnell Lesley , Phillips Jeremy G. , Washbourne Robyn 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is growing concern internationally about how best to sustainably manage natural assets used by tourists. Existing approaches lack a coherent framework around which like‐assets can be clustered and managed consistently. In this paper we propose an integrated framework which provides for a simple‐to‐use asset classification system, management guidelines based on the relationship between importance and fragility of the asset, and a set of indicators based on the pressure–state–response model for monitoring management progress. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Vistas in Frontal Polymerization
Authors: Mariani Alberto , Bidali Simone , Fiori Stefano , Malucelli Giulio , Ricco Laura 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFrontal Polymerization is a technique for the synthesis of polymers that, by exploiting the heat liberated by the self‐same reaction, generates a hot front that can sustain and propagate itself from one end of the reactor to the other converting monomer into polymer. After the activation and following formation of the front, it is not necessary to provide any other form of energy in order to carry out polymerization. In this article we will summarize some of the recent results we have obtained in the application of Frontal Polymerization to the preparation of polyurethanes, unsaturated polyester resins, and polyacrylates.
Process Design of Fluorinated Polyurethane‐Urea Anionomer Aqueous Dispersions
Authors: Turri Stefano , Levi Marinella , Trombetta Tania 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA series of anionomeric polyurethane‐ureas containing perfluoropolyether (PFPE) segments was obtained with a process consisting of a prepolymerisation step, followed by dispersion in water and chain extension. The anionomeric prepolymer can be dispersed in water according to the “prepolymer mixing method” (prepolymer added to water under stirring, or viceversa), then the diamine chain extender is added to form urea linkages. Some compositive parameters (amount of COOH groups in the polymer, diamine content) were optimised in order to obtain fine (diameter 60‐90 nm), stable and narrow distribution polymer particles even with a limited amount of ionomer content (COOH = 0.20‐0.25 eq/Kg). The fluid dynamics and process engineering of the dispersion step were finally discussed, defining optimal mixing conditions for obtaining controlled and highly reproducible results.
Synthesis and Characterization of Star‐Branched Nylon 12
Authors: Farina Hermes , Yuan Cui Ming , Ortenzi Marco , Di Silvestro Giuseppe 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLinear and star‐branched polyamide 12 were prepared in the presence of mono‐ and multifunctional acid agents. Molecular masses and molecular mass distributions are discussed according to our model recently presented and are compared with the data obtained by Flory's model. End group titration and SEC data are discussed. Oligomerisation data confirm the general validity of our model.
The Effects of Cold Plasma Treatments on LDPE Wettability and Curing Kinetic of a Polyurethane Adhesive
Authors: Bronco Simona , Bertoldo Monica , Taburoni Elisa , Cepek Cinzia , Sancrotti Massimo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA cold plasma feed with either oxygen or nitrogen was used to modify thin Low Density Polyethylene films. The treatment improved both the surface wettability and the curing kinetic of a polyurethane based adhesive spread on the surface. The chemical functionalities responsible of the observed behaviours were investigated and monitored over time by high resolution x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy were used to compare the effects of the two feeding gases on the surface morphology of films exposed (to the plasma) for equal times. The effect on the treated films of the atmosphere exposure and of the aging time were also considered.
Thermo‐Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Plasticized Poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyric acid]
Authors: Grillo Fernandes E. , Pietrini M. , Chiellini E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBlends of poly[(R)3‐hydroxybutyryric acid) (PHB) with different plasticizers were investigated by TGA, DSC, OM and mechanical testing. Markedly hydrophilic plasticizers promote PHB thermal‐degradation through a light alcoholysis reaction. All the used plasticizers were compatible with PHB up to a maximum load of 5 wt‐%. Higher loads were recorded with increasing of plasticizer molecular weight.
Methacrylic Polymers Bearing in the Side‐Chain an Optically Active Moiety Linked to the trans‐4‐Azobenzene Chromophore: Chiroptical Properties of Poly[(S)‐(+)‐N‐methyl‐(2‐methacryloyloxypropanoyl)‐4‐aminoazobenzene]
Authors: Angiolini Luigi , Giorgini Loris , Salatelli Elisabetta 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe synthesis by radical homopolymerization of a novel optically active methacrylic polymer containing a side‐chain chiral moiety linked to a photochromic chromophore has been carried out starting from the related monomer trans‐(S)‐(+)‐N‐methyl‐(2‐methacryloyloxypropanoyl)‐4‐aminoazobenzene. The chiroptical properties in solution of the polymer have been investigated by circular dichroism and compared with those of the corresponding low molecular weight model compound, trans‐(S)‐(+)‐N‐methyl‐(2‐pivaloyloxypropanoyl)‐4‐aminoazobenzene. The optical activity displayed by the polymer is discussed in terms of extent of chiral conformations assumed by the macromolecules as a consequence of dipole‐dipole interactions between the azoaromatic chromophores.
Chitosan and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone): Compatibility and Miscibility of Blends
Authors: Marsano Enrico , Vicini Silvia , Skopiǹska Joanna , Wisniewski Marcin , Sionkowska Alina 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe miscibility of chitosan and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) −PVP‐ has been studied by viscosity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For chitosan/PVP blends in solid state (thin films) interaction were found by FTIR and DSC methods. After blending PVP with chitosan the glass transition temperature Tg was altered, this may be a result of hydrogen bonds between the synthetic and biological component. It was found that solution of chitosan and PVP are immiscible, viscosimetry methods showed that interactions between chitosan and PVP are to small for the predictions of miscibility, due to the high affinity of the two polymers for the solvent. The study of blends with bespoke structural and properties will be essential for the development of a new generation of biocompatible stimuli‐sensitive hydrogels.
Effect of SBS on Rheological Properties of Different Base Asphalts
Authors: Polacco Giovanni , Biondi Dario , Stastna Jiri , Vlachovicova Zora , Zanzotto Ludovit 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this note rheological properties of two different polymer modified asphalts (PMA) are compared. PMAs were prepared from two different base asphalts, a soft one (200/300 Pen grade) and a hard one (70/100 Pen grade), by addition of 4% by weight of radial SBS as modifier. Dynamic mechanical properties were determined in a wide temperature range for bases and modified asphalts both before and after artificial aging. As expected, the moduli of the soft base are more sensitive to polymer addition and the two PMAs attain similar maximum values after aging. However a significant difference in the frequency at which the maxima of the loss modulus are reached is maintained within the two materials irrespectively of aging or polymer addition.
Global existence of the radially symmetric solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for the isentropic compressible fluids
Authors: Choe Hi Jun , Kim Hyunseok 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe study the isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes equations with radially symmetric data in an annular domain. We first prove the global existence and regularity results on the radially symmetric weak solutions with non‐negative bounded densities. Then we prove the global existence of radially symmetric strong solutions when the initial data ρ0, u0 satisfy the compatibility condition

for some radially symmetric g ∈ L2. The initial density ρ0 needs not be positive. We also prove some uniqueness results on the strong solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.