bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of a Standard Method for the Quantitative Determination of Elements in Float Glass Samples by LA-ICP-MS
Authors: Latkoczy C , Becker S , Dücking M , Günther D , Hoogewerff JA , Almirall JR , Buscaglia J , Dobney A , Koons RD , Montero S , van der Peijl GJQ , Stoecklein WRS , Trejos T , Watling JR , Zdanowicz VS 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Forensic analysis of glass samples was performed in different laboratories within the NITE-CRIME (Natural Isotopes and Trace Elements in Criminalistics and Environmental Forensics) European Network, using a variety of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) systems. The main objective of the interlaboratory tests was to cross-validate the different combinations of laser ablation systems with different ICP-MS instruments. A first study using widely available samples, such as the NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 reference glasses, led to deviations in the determined concentrations for trace elements amongst the laboratories up to 60%. Extensive discussion among the laboratories and the production of new glass reference standards (FGS 1 and FGS 2) established an improved analytical protocol, which was tested on a well-characterized float glass sample (FG 10-1 from the BKA Wiesbaden collection). Subsequently, interlaboratory tests produced improved results for nearly all elements with a deviation of &lt;10%, demonstrating that LA-ICP-MS can deliver absolute quantitative measurements on major, minor and trace elements in float glass samples for forensic and other purposes.
Death of an Infant Involving Benzocaine
Authors: Logan BK , Gordon AM 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This report describes the death of a four-month-old Hispanic male which may be related to benzocaine toxicity. A toxicological evaluation revealed benzocaine at a concentration of 3.48 mg/L, and postmortem methemoglobin of 36% (normal 0.4-1.5). Methemoglobinemia is a complication of benzocaine toxicity. In light of the toxicology findings, the coroner investigated the source of the benzocaine and discovered that the child was treated with Zenith Goldline Allergen Ear Drops containing 0.25% w/v benzocaine and 5.4% w/v antipyrine. There was an admission by a caregiver that on the day prior to the child's death, he had been treated with three times the prescribed dose. Blood benzocaine concentrations in nine other unrelated cases were determined and concentrations ranged from &lt;0.05–5.3 mg/L (mean 1.48 mg/L). Seven of the nine cases were positive for drugs of abuse, and one additional case was described as a known drug user. Methemoglobin in these benzocaine positive cases ranged from 6–69%; however, methemoglobin concentrations in postmortem cases are frequently elevated and should be interpreted with caution. The unknown significance of the benzocaine, and the circumstances of the case raise questions about the ultimate attribution of this death to SIDS.
An Application of D- and L-aspartic Acid Mixtures as Standard Specimens for the Chronological Age Estimation
Authors: Ohtani S , Abe I , Yamamoto T 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Instead of using the control teeth, we tried to prepare standard specimens to derive the equations for calculation of the age (analytical curves) with respect to each kind of tooth of various ages. To prepare standard specimens, we determined the racemization ratio of the teeth of known age that had actually been used for the appraisal of chronological age (total control teeth). Then we mixed commercially available L-Asp and D-Asp in the same D/L ratio as the measured one in the total control teeth. As a result, we were able to obtain the racemization rate equations from the age-specific standard specimens of central and lateral incisors. These equations were closely similar to those derived from actual teeth of known age. Since the racemization rate equations obtained from the standard specimens were satisfactorily reproducible, we assumed that these equations could be used in place of those obtained from the control teeth. Actually, in the age estimation of unidentified corpses from teeth, the use of standard specimens enabled us to estimate the age almost as precisely as estimated using the control teeth. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that in the estimation of chronological age the control teeth can be substituted by the standard specimens. This shows the possibility of using the standard specimens also in other laboratories where the racemization ratio can be measured with sufficient reproducibility.
Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in an Exhumed Decomposed Brain After Twenty Months of Burial in a Deep Grave
Authors: Omalu BL , Mancuso JA , Cho P , Wecht CH 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
After 20 months of interment in a deep grave, the decomposed body of the 81-year old testator of a will was exhumed to sustain the burden of proof that he lacked testamentary capacity when the will was rewritten two days prior to his death. The brain was mushy and pulverized with complete disappearance of the brainstem, cerebellum and subcortical ganglia. Small foci of relatively intact dorsal frontal neocortex were identified. Sections from these foci were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, bielchowsky silver stain and immunostains for beta amyloid peptide (βA4), tau and alpha-synuclein. Despite severe autolysis and decomposition, the bielchowsky stain and the βA4 immunostains showed preserved frequent neuritic amyloid plaques with very few residual neurofibrillary tangles. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy was present. At the present time this case represents the first documented and reported case of direct tissue diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease pathology in a decomposed brain following long term burial in a deep grave.
Modeling and Calibration of a Laminating Press Prototype for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Glulam Billets
Authors: Hong Y , Muszyński L , Lopez-Anido R A 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe design, modeling, and calibration procedure of a prototype mechanical clamping device for fabricating wood and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite laminated billets for ASTM D 2559 delamination tests and shear block tests is presented. Quality bonding of the billets requires clamping the laminate under uniformly distributed pressure of a specified level for a span of time necessary for the resin to cure. The specific time and pressure level that may be applied depends on the type of resin and species of wood used. To meet the requirements, a mechanical clamping device was designed to provide control over the applied stress level and maintain the minimum required pressure for up to 24 h. A calibration procedure was developed in order to adjust the flow of the excess resin being pressed out of the gluelines in the first stage of clamping, as well as the nonlinear time-dependent behavior of the laminate material. The calibration procedure involved determining the correlation between the average torque applied when tightening the four closing nuts and the clamping pressure between the steel plates. In addition, a procedure to determine the laminate materials' specific clamping pressure loss over 24 h was established.
Seining Effort Needed to Estimate Species Richness of Small Littoral Zone Fishes: A Simulation Study in Three Wyoming Reservoirs
Authors: Bailey Paul E. , Gerow Kenneth G. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Seining is commonly used to determine species distributions and to estimate species richness of small fishes in littoral zones of lentic habitats. However, little guidance exists on the seining effort required to properly estimate species richness for lentic habitats. Our objective was to determine the seining effort needed to estimate species richness for three Wyoming reservoirs. We conducted a simulation study based on seining data collected from three reservoirs to define the sampling effort needed to estimate species richness. Eighteen to thirty-eight seine hauls were needed to attain a 90% probability of detecting approximately 90% of the species present, and 42–66 seine hauls were needed to attain a 90% probability of detecting all of the species present. Seining appears to be an effective tool for estimating species richness in Wyoming reservoirs, even though considerable effort is required for precise estimates.
Informed Consent for Medical Treatment and Research: A Review
Authors: del Carmen Marcela G. , Joffe Steven 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The practice of informed consent has historical roots in various disciplines, including medicine, moral philosophy, and the law. It is closely tied to philosophical notions of respect for persons and respect for individual autonomy. Consent to treatment is rooted in case law. Consent to research, in contrast, has its basis in ethical codes, statutes, and administrative regulations, with the courts playing a lesser role. In this article, we define the elements of informed consent in the treatment setting, outline its ethical and legal foundations, and explore some of its limitations. We contend that informed consent plays a critical role in clinical medicine but that other models of decision making deserve consideration under particular circumstances. We also delineate the current federal regulatory schemes guiding human subject research in the U.S., highlight how consent to research differs from consent to treatment, and explore the difficulties that arise in research involving cancer patients and certain vulnerable populations.
Pathways mediating abnormal intracortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease
Authors: MacKinnon Colum D. , Gilley Emily A. , Weis‐McNulty Annette , Simuni Tanya 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have used paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to show that short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is reduced in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examined whether reduced SICI in PD is caused by an increase in the threshold of inhibitory pathways or a reduction in the threshold of excitatory pathways. Motor‐evoked potentials were recorded from a hand muscle in 12 patients with PD (7 patients were tested off and on antiparkinsonian medications) and 12 control subjects. SICI was tested at seven conditioning stimulus intensities (CSIs; 40–100% of resting motor threshold) and at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 2, 3, and 4 milliseconds. No differences were found between groups in resting or active motor threshold, SICI threshold, or the extent of SICI at CSIs at or below 80% of resting motor threshold. Significant differences between groups were observed at CSIs of 90% and 100% with an ISI of 3 milliseconds. Antiparkinsonian medication had no effect on SICI. These findings show that the low threshold inhibitory pathways mediating SICI are normal in PD. The suppression of SICI observed at higher CSIs suggests that the threshold of intracortical facilitatory pathways is decreased in PD. Ann Neurol 2005;58:516–524
Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration
Authors: Beal M. Flint 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage has been hypothesized in both aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Much of the evidence has been correlative, but recent evidence has shown that the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations accelerates normal aging, leads to oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, and impairs gene transcription. Furthermore, overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in mitochondria increases murine life span. There is strong evidence from genetics and transgenic mouse models that mitochondrial dysfunction results in neurodegeneration and may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and cerebellar degenerations. Therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in these diseases therefore have great promise. Ann Neurol 2005;58:495–505
A life course approach to cognitive reserve: A model for cognitive aging and development?
Authors: Richards Marcus , Deary Ian J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe concept of reserve in neuroscience maintains that there are aspects of brain structure and function that can buffer the effects of neuropathology such that the greater the reserve, the more severe the pathology must be to cause functional impairment. This article provides a concise overview of structural and functional approaches to reserve and shows how reserve may be conceived as the sum of its lifetime input. In this context, reserve therefore provides an empirical yet general model of cognitive aging and development. Ann Neurol 2005;58:617–622
A new method for quantifying the complexity of muscle attachment sites
Authors: Zumwalt Ann 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMuscle attachment site morphology may have valuable use for reconstructing activity patterns in individuals from historic populations or extinct species. The skeletal locations where muscles and tendons attach are morphologically very complex, and variations in this morphology may reflect stresses experienced by these attachment sites as a result of muscular contractions. However, existing methods for assessing attachment site complexity are qualitative and subjective. This article describes a new method for quantifying attachment site complexity in which attachment sites are scanned with a 3D laser scanner and the morphological complexities of their surfaces are quantified using fractal analysis. The method described here documents the complexity at specific transects along six limb attachment sites in adult female sheep (Ovis aries), and variations in complexity within attachment sites are explored. Overall trends indicate that most of the attachment sites examined here are more complex at their peripheries than at their centers, indicating that these sites experience more varied loads at the peripheries of the tendon attachments. Exceptions to this trend are noted and all functional implications are discussed. This method provides the first opportunity to explore variations in morphological complexity within attachment sites. Assuming a relationship between tensile strains and bony morphology exists, this method provides a new tool to explore the strain environments of muscle attachment sites. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 286B:21–28, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and application of methods for determination of residual monomer in dental acrylic resins using high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Urban V. M. , Cass Q. B. , Oliveira R. V. , Giampaolo E. T. , Machado A. L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTwo high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods for determination of residual monomer in dental acrylic resins are described. Monomers were detected by their UV absorbance at 230 nm, on a Nucleosil® C18 (5 µm particle size, 100 Å pore size, 15 × 0.46 cm i.d.) column. The separation was performed using acetonitrile–water (55:45 v/v) containing 0.01% triethylamine (TEA) for methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate, and acetonitrile–water (60:40 v/v) containing 0.01% TEA for isobutyl methacrylate and 1,6‐hexanediol dimethacrylate as mobile phases, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Good linear relationships were obtained in the concentration range 5.0–80.0 µg/mL for methyl methacrylate, 10.0–160.0 µg/mL for butyl methacrylate, 50.0–500.0 µg/mL for isobutyl methacrylate and 2.5–180.0 µg/mL for 1,6‐hexanediol dimethacrylate. Adequate assay for intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy was observed during the validation process. An extraction procedure to remove residual monomer from the acrylic resins was also established. Residual monomer was obtained from broken specimens of acrylic disks using methanol as extraction solvent for 2 h in an ice‐bath. The developed methods and the extraction procedure were applied to dental acrylic resins, tested with or without post‐polymerization treatments, and proved to be accurate and precise for the determination of residual monomer content of the materials evaluated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase II trial of palliative radiotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Lee Justin , Hodgson David , Chow Edward , Bezjak Andrea , Catton Pamela , Tsuji Debbie , O'Brien Mary , Danjoux Cyril , Hayter Charles , Warde Padraig , Gospodarowicz Mary K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) has previously been described as being less responsive to radiotherapy (RT) than other tumor types. The authors conducted a prospective study to assess the effect of RT on symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in patients with metastatic RCC.METHODSBetween 1996 and 2002, patients with symptomatic metastatic RCC were entered into a prospective study in two cancer centers. Symptomatic sites of disease were treated with 30 grays (Gy) in 10 fractions. Patients reported pain, analgesic use, symptoms, and QOL using validated questionnaires before RT, 1 month and 3 months after treatment, and every 3 months to 1 year thereafter.RESULTSThirty‐one patients (19 males and 12 females) were entered into the trial. The median age of the patients was 61 years (range, 35–81 yrs). The most common indication for RT was bone pain (n = 24). The median duration of follow‐up was 4.3 months (range, 1–15 mos). Of 23 evaluable patients treated for pain, 83% (n = 19) experienced site‐specific pain relief after RT, and 48% (n = 11) did not have an associated increase in analgesic medication use. The median duration of site‐specific pain response was 3 months (range, 1–15 mos). The global pain response rate was only 15% (n = 3) because many patients developed other painful metastases. Global QOL was found to improve in 33% (n = 8) of the evaluable patients.CONCLUSIONSA palliative radiotherapy dose of 30Gy in 10 fractions can result in a significant response rate and the relief of local symptoms in patients with bone metastases from RCC. Improvements in global pain and QOL appear to be limited by the effects of progressive systemic disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Proteasome inhibition and its clinical prospects in the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies
Authors: Ludwig Heinz , Khayat David , Giaccone Giuseppe , Facon Thierry 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe proteasome is responsible for the degradation of intracellular proteins, including several involved in cell cycle control and the regulation of apoptosis. Preclinical studies have shown that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib decreases proliferation, induces apoptosis, enhances the activity of chemotherapy and radiation, and reverses chemoresistance in a variety of hematologic and solid malignancy models in vitro and in vivo. Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib has specifically promoted apoptosis of tumor cells through the stabilization of p53, p21, p27, Bax, and IκBα, resulting in nuclear factor κB inhibition. Bortezomib was the first proteasome inhibitor to enter clinical trials. In two Phase II trials, SUMMIT and CREST, it was found that treatment with bortezomib, alone or in combination with dexamethasone, produced durable responses with meaningful survival benefits in patients with recurrent and/or refractory multiple myeloma. In the APEX Phase III trial, bortezomib produced significant survival benefits and improved response rates over high‐dose dexamethasone at first recurrence and beyond in patients with multiple myeloma. Clinical trials evaluating the safety and activity of bortezomib alone or in combination regimens with dexamethasone, doxorubicin, melphalan, prednisone, and/or thalidomide in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma have shown encouraging results. Preliminary studies suggest that bortezomib may serve as induction therapy before stem cell transplantation. Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib also has shown activity with manageable toxicity in mantle cell and other lymphomas, leukemias, and solid malignancies, including nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Further studies with bortezomib as monotherapy and in combination regimens in the treatment of solid and hematologic malignancies are warranted. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Formation of 3‐Sulfanylcoumarins by SnPh3OH‐Promoted Cyclization of 3‐Aryl‐2‐Sulfanylpropenoic Acids
Authors: Álvarez‐Boo Pedro , Casas José S. , Couce María D. , Fernández‐Moreira Vanesa , Freijanes Eduardo , García‐Martínez Emilia , Sordo José , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractReaction of SnPh3OH with 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)sulfanylpropenoic acid [H2(o‐hpspa)] yielded [SnPh3(SC)], where SC is deprotonated 3‐sulfanylcoumarin (3‐sulfanyl‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one, HSC), by a cyclization process. Similarly, when 3‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐bromophenyl)‐ and 3‐(2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dibromophenyl)‐2‐sulfanylpropenoic acids were treated with the same tin hydroxide, the cyclization resulted in [SnPh3(BrSC)] and [SnPh3(Br2SC)], where BrSC and Br2SC are the new ligands formed from the deprotonation of 3‐sulfanyl‐6‐bromocoumarin and 3‐sulfanyl‐6,8‐dibromocoumarin, respectively. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) and vibrational spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of these complexes all showed that the tin atom is surrounded by three phenyl C atoms and the S and O atoms of the bidentate ligand in a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal environment. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
An Approach Towards Functional Dendrimers Based on the Hydroboration Reaction and Spontaneous Boron–Nitrogen Bond Formation
Authors: Haberecht Monika C. , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe reaction of 1,4‐bis‐ or 1,3,5‐tris(bromoboryl)benzenes 4 and 6, respectively, with 2 or 3 equiv. of 4,4′‐bis(but‐3′′‐enyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridyl (2) leads to the corresponding 2,2′‐bipyridylboronium cations 5 and 7 in almost quantitative yield. Using the monocation [(MeC6H4)B(Br){4,4′‐bis(but‐3′′‐enyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridyl}]+ (3Br) as a model system, it is shown that the olefinic side‐chains of such compounds are readily transformed into alkyldibromoborane functionalities by hydroboration with HBBr2. Subsequent addition of 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl leads to the formation of a branched system of three 2,2′‐bipyridylboronium cations (9Br). The species 5 and 7 can be regarded as generation zero (G0) 2,2′‐bipyridylboronium dendrimers, and the hydroboration/B–N adduct formation sequence offers a convenient route for the assembly of higher generations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Athabasca Glacier, Canada – a field example of subglacial ice and till erosion?
Authors: Hart Jane K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Athabasca Glacier, resting on a rigid bed, provides an excellent example of subglacial ice and till erosion. The presence of a thin mobile till layer is shown by the presence of flutes, saturated till layer, push moraines and ploughed boulders. Cross‐cutting striations, v‐shaped striations and reversed stoss‐and‐lee clasts are indicative of clasts rotating within this layer. As the till moves it erodes the bedrock and clasts within it. A combination of erosion by ice and till produces stoss‐and‐lee‐clasts and generates striations on flutes and embedded clasts, as well as eroding the bedrock into a continuum of smoothed, rounded and streamlined forms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.