bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound enhancement of dissolution kinetics of uranium oxides in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Trofimov T I , Samsonov M D , Lee S C , Smart N G , Wai C M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe enhanced dissolution of uranium oxides by the application of ultrasound in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide containing dissolved 4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐(2‐thienyl)‐1,3‐butanedione and tributyl phosphate is demonstrated. Under conditions of 60 °C and 150 atm the steady state dissolution of UO3 with sonification is increased by approximately 100%. Furthermore, the effect of adding hydrogen peroxide to the supercritical system above enables the lower oxides of uranium, UO2 and U3O8, to be extracted.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative study of the determination of platinum by extraction with Cyanex 923 and Cyanex 471X from bromide media
Authors: Duche Sharad N , Dhadke Purushottam M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe extraction equilibrium study of Pt(IV) was carried out with Cyanex 923 and Cyanex 471X in toluene from hydrobromic acid media to investigate their extraction capacity, since they have different donor atoms, ‘O’ and ‘S’. Their distribution equilibria were studied as a function of extractant concentration, diluents, hydrobromic acid concentration and the effect of temperature on extraction. Pt(IV) was quantitatively extracted with 0.1 mol dm−3 Cyanex 923 in toluene from 5.0–8.0 mol dm−3 HBr media and was stripped with 4.0 mol dm−3 perchloric acid. However it was also quantitatively extracted with 0.1 mol dm−3 Cyanex 471X (with 0.1 mol dm−3SnCl2) in toluene from 6.0–8.0 mol dm−3 HBr media and was stripped with 1.0 mol dm−3 stabilized sodium thiosulfate solution at pH 9.0. The slope analysis method indicated metal complex species of 1:1 for Pt(IV) with Cyanex 923 and Cyanex 471X in toluene from HBr media. These methods were successfully applied to the analysis of platinum in real samples.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic appearance of an appendiceal diverticulum
Authors: Konen Osnat , Edelstein Evgeny , Osadchi Alexandra , Shapiro Myra , Rathaus Valeria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe increasing use of sonography for evaluating acute abdomen has brought greater recognition of appendicular abnormalities. We present an incidental finding of an appendiceal diverticulum during a sonographic examination of a 4‐year‐old child with acute appendicitis. Abdominal sonography showed an enlarged, swollen appendix with a diam‐eter of 1.1 cm and a small, fingerlike lateral projection approximately 2.0 cm from its tip. The specimen, re‐sected during an appendectomy, was 5.5 cm long and 1.0 cm in diameter and had a 0.3‐cm outpouching. Microscopic examination revealed a pseudodiverticulum composed of mucosa and muscularis mucosa. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:45–47, 2002.
Comparison of sonography and MRI for diagnosing epicondylitis
Authors: Miller Theodore T. , Shapiro Micheal A. , Schultz Elizabeth , Kalish Paul E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this prospective study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of sonography with those of MRI in evaluating epicondylitis.MethodsThe affected elbows of 11 patients with suspected epicondylitis were examined sonographically, and the contralateral (normal) elbow was also examined for comparison. In 10 of these patients, the affected elbow was also examined with MRI. In addition, both elbows of 6 volunteers without epicondylitis were examined sonographically; 1 elbow of each volunteer was designated as the ``test'' elbow and was examined with MRI. The sonograms of the patients' affected elbows and the volunteers' test elbows were paired with the sonograms of the contralateral elbows for comparison and were randomly shown twice to 2 readers. These readers, working independently and without knowledge of the findings of MRI, were instructed to state whether each elbow was normal or affected by epicondylitis. The MRI scans were then shown to the readers for similar review.ResultsSonographic features of epicondylitis included outward bowing of the common tendon, presence of hypoechoic fluid subadjacent to the common tendon, thickening, decreased echogenicity, and ill‐defined margins of the common tendon. Sensitivity for detecting epicondylitis ranged from 64% to 82% for sonography and from 90% to 100% for MRI. Specificity ranged from 67% to 100% for sonography and from 83% to 100% for MRI.ConclusionsSonography is as specific but not as sensitive as MRI for evaluating epicondylitis. Used as an initial imaging tool, sonography might be adequate for diagnosing this condition in many patients, thus allowing MRI to be reserved for patients with symptoms whose sonographic findings are normal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:193–202, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10063
Biochemistry and molecular biology of receptors for biogenic amines in locusts
Authors: Roeder Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe biochemistry and molecular biology of biogenic amines and their metabotropic receptors in insects, with a focus on locusts, is reviewed. These compounds are known to be responsible for the control of a huge variety of different behaviours. Receptors for these amines usually belong to the class of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and transmit all known functions of these compounds. The physiological significance of biogenic amine neurotransmission in insects, especially in locusts is briefly summarised. Regarding the corresponding receptors, their pharmacological features and the molecular properties are described in detail. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:237–247, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of exogenous heavy metals in the hepatocytes of calves: A morphometric study
Authors: Horký D. , Lauschová I. , Illek J. , Pechová A. , Šindelář M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of heavy metals in the hepatocytes of the animals fed a cadmium‐supplemented diet and also receiving zinc and/or selenium in the injection form. The experiment involved four groups of calves (6–8, both sexes) receiving the heavy metals in various combinations for 95 days. Electron micrographs of liver cells were prepared and statistically evaluated using Student's t‐test. A modified morphometric apparatus was used for morphometric examination. Exogenous cadmium showed marked accumulation in the hepatocytes. If, however, the cadmium diet was combined with zinc or selenium administration the amount of the reduction product was much lower. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:451–453, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasotocin and mesotocin in the brains of amphibians: State of the art
Authors: Smeets Wilhelmus J.A.J. , González Agustín 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunohistochemical studies during the last decade have revealed elaborate systems of vasotocinergic (AVT) and mesotocinergic (MST) neuronal elements in the brain of a variety of amphibians including anurans, urodeles, and gymnophionans. Apart from a well‐developed hypothalamo‐hypophysial system, the antibodies demonstrated the existence of extrahypothalamic AVT‐ and MST‐immunoreactive cell groups as well as extensive extrahypothalamic networks of immunoreactive fibers. The wide distribution of AVT‐ and MST‐immunoreactive fibers throughout the brains of amphibians suggests that the two neuropeptidergic systems are involved not only in hypothalamo‐hypophysial interactions, but also in a variety of other brain functions. Moreover, there is now evidence that sex‐related differences occur in amphibians as previously shown for amniotes. It should be noted, however, that substantial variation occurs in the relative densities of AVT‐ and MST‐immunoreactive fibers and number of cells between species, even within a single order of amphibians. Similar observations have been made in other classes of vertebrates and prompt us, therefore, to critically evaluate conclusions with respect to specific functions of AVT and MST in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:125–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for target‐specific outgrowth from subpopulations of grafted human dopamine neurons
Authors: Strömberg Ingrid , Törnqvist Nina , Johansson Saga , Bygdeman Marc , Almqvist Per M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClinical and experimental grafting in Parkinson's disease has shown the need for enhanced survival of dopamine neurons to obtain improved functional recovery. In addition, it has been suggested that a limited number of surviving dopamine neurons project to the dopamine‐denervated host striatum. The aim of this study was to investigate if subpopulations of ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons project to their normal targets, i.e., dorsal vs. ventral striatum. Following implantation of human ventral mesencepahlic tissue into the lateral ventricle of dopamine‐depleted rats, human‐derived dopamine reinnervation was achieved both in dorsal and ventral striatum. Treatment with the neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) resulted in a degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive nerve fibers in dorsal striatum but not in ventral areas in some animals, while MPTP was without effect in other animals. TH‐immunoreactive neurons were small and appeared shrunken in animals carrying grafts affected by the MPTP treatment. In conclusion, grafted dopamine neurons projected nerve fibers into areas that they normally innervate. Thus, when searching for factors that may enhance survival of grafted dopamine neurons it is important to study which subpopulation(s) of ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons is affected, such that a proper reinnervation may be achieved. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:287–297, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regeneration of spines and pedicellariae in echinoderms: A review
Authors: Dubois Philippe , Ameye Laurent 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMorphogenesis of tissues during regeneration of echinoderm spines and pedicellariae is reviewed. Regeneration of the skeleton is rather well documented while that of associated soft tissues is poorly investigated. In particular, little information is available on the early regeneration stages which follow wound healing. From the available information, it is suggested that regeneration of broken spines proceeds through a morphallactic process of which the organizational information, as well as the involved cells, lies in the stump. In contrast, regeneration of removed spines and pedicellariae may depend on an epimorphic process whose organizational information could be located in the mutable connective tissue that joins the appendage to the main body wall. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:427–437, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasculature in pre‐blastema and nerve‐dependent blastema stages of regenerating forelimbs of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens
Authors: Rageh Mona A.E. , Mendenhall Luciara , Moussad Essam E.A. , Abbey Sarah E. , Mescher Anthony L. , Tassava Roy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunocytochemistry utilizing a monoclonal antibody (BV1; blood vessel 1) highly reactive to the vasculature of the adult newt showed that a developing vasculature was present during early, pre‐blastema, and early‐bud blastema stages of forelimb regeneration in this species. Infusion of Prussian Blue and DiI into the brachial artery further delineated the intactness of this early vasculature. Finally, macroscopic observations of vascular flow underneath the apical epithelial cap (AEC) and microsurgical removal of the AEC and observation of subsequent bleeding buttressed the conclusion that an intact vasculature exists during early nerve‐dependent stages of newt forelimb regeneration. The results suggest that this process of neovascular formation is angiogenesis, i.e., the formation of new vessels from pre‐existing vessels in the stump. Furthermore, angiogenesis is an ongoing process initiated early after amputation. Blastema cells and the AEC are likely sources of factors that stimulate neovascularization. J. Exp. Zool. 292:255–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turán problems for integer‐weighted graphs
Authors: Füredi Zoltán , Kündgen André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA multigraph is (k,r)‐dense if every k‐set spans at most r edges. What is the maximum number of edges exℕ(n,k,r) in a (k,r)‐dense multigraph on n vertices? We determine the maximum possible weight of such graphs for almost all k and r (e.g., for all r>k3) by determining a constant m=m(k,r) and showing that exℕ(n,k,r)=m$\left ( n\atop 2\right )$+O(n), thus giving a generalization of Turán's theorem. We find exact answers in many cases, even when negative integer weights are also allowed. In fact, our main result is to determine the maximum weight of (k,r)‐dense n‐vertex multigraphs with arbitrary integer weights with an O(n) error term. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 195–225, 2002
Extremal problems for chromatic neighborhood sets
Authors: Kündgen André , Molloy Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chromatic neighborhood sequence of a graph G is the list of the chromatic numbers of the subgraphs induced by the neighborhoods of the vertices. We study the maximum multiplicity of this sequence, proving, amongst other things, that if a chromatic neighborhood sequence has t distinct values, the largest value being dt, then there is a value with multiplicity at least ${2d_t \over t}(1-\Theta(\ln\ t/t))$. This bound is asymptotically tight. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 68–74, 2002
Orthogonal factorizations of graphs
Authors: Feng Haodi , Liu Guizhen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLet G be a graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). Let k1, k2,…,km be positive integers. It is proved in this study that every [0,k1+…+km−m+1]‐graph G has a [0, ki]1m‐factorization orthogonal to any given subgraph H with m edges. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 267–276, 2002
On factors of 4‐connected claw‐free graphs*
Authors: Broersma H. J. , Kriesell M. , Ryjác̆ek Z. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider the existence of several different kinds of factors in 4‐connected claw‐free graphs. This is motivated by the following two conjectures which are in fact equivalent by a recent result of the third author. Conjecture 1 (Thomassen): Every 4‐connected line graph is hamiltonian, i.e., has a connected 2‐factor. Conjecture 2 (Matthews and Sumner): Every 4‐connected claw‐free graph is hamiltonian. We first show that Conjecture 2 is true within the class of hourglass‐free graphs, i.e., graphs that do not contain an induced subgraph isomorphic to two triangles meeting in exactly one vertex. Next we show that a weaker form of Conjecture 2 is true, in which the conclusion is replaced by the conclusion that there exists a connected spanning subgraph in which each vertex has degree two or four. Finally we show that Conjectures 1 and 2 are equivalent to seemingly weaker conjectures in which the conclusion is replaced by the conclusion that there exists a spanning subgraph consisting of a bounded number of paths © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 125–136, 2001
Large induced forests in sparse graphs
Authors: Alon Noga , Mubayi Dhruv , Thomas Robin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor a graph G, let a(G) denote the maximum size of a subset of vertices that induces a forest. Suppose that G is connected with n vertices, e edges, and maximum degree Δ. Our results include: (a) if Δ ≤ 3, and G ≠ K4, then a(G) ≥ n − e/4 − 1/4 and this is sharp for all permissible e ≡ 3 (mod 4); and (b) if Δ ≥ 3, then a(G) ≥ α(G) + (n − α(G))/(Δ − 1)2. Several problems remain open. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 113–123, 2001
Synthesis of [1,2‐14C]trichloroacetic acid
Authors: Bubner M. , Fuksová K. , Matucha M. , Heise K. H. , Bernhard G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA growing interest in the phytotoxic effects of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has led us to develop a small‐scale (<1 mmol) one‐pot synthesis of [1,2‐14C]TCA with >70% yield and specific activity of 3.7 GBq/mmol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hidden code in genomics: a tool for gene discovery
Authors: Kohler Heinz , Murali Ramachandran , Kieber‐Emmons Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmong new insights coming from the completion of sequencing of the human genome, reported in Nature and Science, are clues of how evolution has increased the complexity of species, and in particular how the genetic code has enabled this process. It is clear that life has not only evolved by increasing the number of genes, but also by ingeniously evolving an efficient code for expressing diversity in the building blocks (i.e. the amino acids). The rules of nucleic acid base pairing and the classification of amino acids according to hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity relationships define a binary DNA code, which determines the general biophysical characteristics of proteins. Sense and antisense strands can encode protein segments having inverted and complementary hydropathy. The underlying binary code controls association and dissociation of proteins and presumably represents a primordial code that might have emerged in the early stages of self‐organizing biochemical cycles. It is the purpose of this communication to provide a perspective of the code in the context of a binary language from its primordial origin to its present day format and to propose to use this code as a genomic mining tool. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Texture analysis of human liver
Authors: Jirák Daniel , Dezortová Monika , Taimr Pavel , Hájek Milan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo classify healthy and diseased livers by texture analysis (TA).Materials and MethodsWe studied 43 patients divided into four groups according to their clinical stage and 10 controls on a 1.5‐T magnetic resonance (MR) imager, using a T2‐weighted breath‐hold sequence. For the TA, features of the first and second order were used, and several classification procedures were applied for the classification of patients and controls. The choice of features was performed manually and by use of the Fischer coefficient, average correlation coefficients between features and multidimensional discrimination measure.ResultsAll the statistical methods employed were able to differentiate between controls and patients in each group. The classification error varied around 8%.ConclusionWe have shown that texture analysis can be successfully used for separating cirrhotic patients and healthy volunteers. Different sets of TA features can be used for a similar classification of patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:68–74. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
fMRI of the auditory cortex in patients with unilateral carotid artery steno‐occlusive disease
Authors: Bilecen Deniz , Radü Ernst Wilhelm , Schulte Anja‐Carina , Hennig Jürgen , Scheffler Klaus , Seifritz Erich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo examine whether an internal carotid artery (ICA) steno‐occlusive disease leads to a reduced blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)‐signal change due to a decreased vasodilatory reserve capacity.Materials and MethodsPatients suffering from unilateral ICA stenosis or occlusion were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the auditory cortex with a bilateral stimulation applying a pulsed 1000 Hz sine‐tone.ResultsCompared to control subjects, who showed symmetric bilateral BOLD‐responses within the auditory cortex, the ICA patients revealed either a normal bilateral cortical activation pattern or a reduced cortical activation on the steno‐occluded side. This latter decrease of BOLD‐signal change might indicate a depressed vasomotor reserve capacity. The observed coincidence between this asymmetric reduction in BOLD‐signal and ischemic borderzone lesions on the affected side in this subgroup of patients strongly supports this assumption.ConclusionThis study shows that fMRI of the auditory cortex appears to have clinical merit in the workup of cerebrovascular conditions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:621–627. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry of steroid glucuronide conjugates. II—Electron impact fragmentation of 3‐keto‐4‐en‐ and 3‐keto‐5α‐steroid‐17‐O‐β glucuronides and 5α‐steroid‐3α,17β‐diol 3‐ and 17‐glucuronides
Authors: Thevis Mario , Opfermann Georg , Schmickler Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe steroid glucuronide conjugates of 16,16,17‐d3‐testosterone, epitestosterone, nandrolone (19‐nortestosterone), 16,16,17‐d3‐nortestosterone, methyltestosterone, metenolone, mesterolone, 5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol, 2,2,3,4,4‐d5‐5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol, 19‐nor‐5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol, 2,2,4,4‐d4‐19‐nor‐5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol and 1α‐methyl‐5α‐androstane‐3α/β,17β‐diol were synthesized by means of the Koenigs–Knorr reaction. Selective 3‐ or 17‐O‐conjugation of bis‐hydroxylated steroids was performed either by glucuronidation of the corresponding steroid ketole and subsequent reduction of the keto group or via a four‐step synthesis starting from a mono‐hydroxylated steroid including (a) protection of the hydroxy group, (b) reduction of the keto group, (c) conjugation reaction and (d) removal of protecting groups. The mass spectra and fragmentation patterns of all glucuronide conjugates were compared with those of the commercially available testosterone glucuronide and their characterization was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For mass spectrometry the substances were derivatized to methyl esters followed by trimethylsilylation of hydroxy groups and to pertrimethylsilylated products using labelled and unlabelled trimethylsilylating agents. The resulting electron ionization mass spectra obtained by GC/MS quadrupole and ion trap instruments, full scan and selected reaction monitoring experiments are discussed, common and individual fragment ions are described and their origins are proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.