bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering and design concepts for quasioptical high‐field electron paramagnetic resonance
Authors: Gullá Andrea F. , Budil David E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn recent years, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been extended to high magnetic fields requiring superconducting magnets, by analogy with similar extensions in NMR some decades earlier. One major difference between high‐field EPR and NMR is that the corresponding increase in applied resonant frequency has required a significantly different technology in the case of EPR. In contrast to the waveguide‐based systems used in conventional EPR fields, high‐field EPR has required quasioptical technology that is more commonly used in radioastronomy and communications. This article presents an overview of quasioptical methods as they have been applied in high‐field EPR systems. Two matrix methods for designing and engineering quasioptical circuits are presented, and their application illustrated with practical examples. Methods for evaluating the performance of the magnet and sensitivity of the quasioptics are also surveyed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 22B: 15–36, 2004.
Validation of the composite laryngeal recurrence staging system
Authors: Lacy Peter D. , Kennedy John T. , Piccirillo Jay F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Composite Laryngeal Recurrence Staging System (CLRSS) has been described recently as an improved alternative to the retreatment TNM system (rTNM) for staging patients with recurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The objectives of this study were to validate the CLRSS and compare its use with the rTNM system.METHODSA retrospective chart review was conducted of 67 patients with recurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma who had their initial treatment between 1980 and 1992. The external validity of the CLRSS was assessed, and its ability to stage patients and to predict survival was compared with the rTNM system.RESULTSThe overall 2‐year survival rate was 51% (34 of 67 patients). The rTNM system was unable to stage 12 patients (18%), whereas all patients could be staged using the CLRSS. The CLRSS predicted survival better than the rTNM system (c‐statistic = 0.79).CONCLUSIONSThe newer CLRSS staging system for recurrent laryngeal carcinoma outperformed the rTNM system in its ability to stage more patients and to predict survival. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Lesser Bear: A lightweight process library for SMP computers—scheduling mechanism without a lock operation
Authors: Oguma Hisashi , Nakayama Yasuichi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have designed and implemented a lightweight process (thread) library called ‘Lesser Bear’ for SMP computers. Lesser Bear has thread‐level parallelism and high portability. Lesser Bear executes threads in parallel by creating UNIX processes as virtual processors and a memory‐mapped file as a huge shared‐memory space. To schedule thread in parallel, the shared‐memory space has been divided into working spaces for each virtual processor, and a ready queue has been distributed.However the previous version of Lesser Bear sometimes requires a lock operation for dequeueing. We therefore proposed a scheduling mechanism that does not require a lock operation. To achieve this, each divided space forms a link topology through the queues, and we use a lock‐free algorithm for the queue operation. This mechanism is applied to Lesser Bear and evaluated by experimental results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action learning versus strategy learning
Authors: Hanaki Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article seeks to ascertain whether the strategy‐learning model of Hanaki, Sethi, Erev, and Peterhansl (2003) better accounts for observed behavior than do the various action‐learning models. It does so by measuring the goodness‐of‐fit of the models' predictions against published experimental results for such games as Coordination, Prisoner's Dilemma, and Chicken. The fit is measured via the mean squared deviation (MSD) between the observed behavior and the one predicted by the model. The results show that, for Chicken, the strategy‐learning model fits the observed data much better than do the action‐learning models. The best action‐learning model, on the other hand, fits the observed data well in Coordination. Overall, the strength of the strategy‐learning model is best shown in games where alternations between the two stage‐game Nash equilibria are often observed in the laboratory experiments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 41–50, 2004
Institutions and sorting in a model of metropolitan fragmentation
Authors: Penn Elizabeth Maggie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractI construct a theoretical and computational model of municipal fragmentation and Tiebout competition and show that factors such as income heterogeneity, political institutions, and the discretionary power of municipalities to tax can substantially affect both where individuals choose to live and how cities form. Conclusions are drawn about the types of cities that form when secession is an option. These conclusions support the idea that increasing the range of choices available to municipalities and to individuals can actually leave a majority of residents worse‐off. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 62–70, 2004
Atomic Layer Deposition of CuxS for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Reijnen L. , Meester B. , Goossens A. , Schoonman J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThin films of photoactive Cu1.8S have been deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using Cu(thd)2 and H2S as the precursors. This is a first step in the construction of nanoporous heterojunctions of TiO2/Cu1.8S. The ALD process can be divided into two temperature regimes: below 175 °C, adsorption of the complete Cu(thd)2 molecule occurs, followed by an exchange reaction with H2S yielding CuS; above 175 °C, Cu(thd)2 reduces upon adsorption and slowly decomposes yielding Cu1.8S. The slow decomposition of Cu(thd)2 ensures that smooth and homogeneous films can be obtained up to 280 °C. Flat film solar cell devices of TiO2/Cu1.8S have an open‐circuit voltage of about 200 mV and a short‐circuit current of 30 μA cm–2 at 2.8 kW m–2.
Creation of a transgenic mouse for hair‐cell gene targeting by using a modified bacterial artificial chromosome containing Prestin
Authors: Tian Yong , Li Mingyuan , Fritzsch Bernd , Zuo Jian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe made a transgenic mouse that expresses Cre recombinase activity in inner ear hair cells by using a modified bacterial artificial chromosome containing Prestin. Cre recombinase activity was restricted to inner and outer hair cells, a subset of vestibular hair cells, spiral and vestibular ganglia in the inner ear, and a subset of cells in the testis, epididymis, and ear bone. This mouse will be useful for hair‐cell–specific gene targeting. Developmental Dynamics 231:199–203, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase genes in Xenopus development
Authors: Harrison Michael , Abu‐Elmagd Muhammad , Grocott Timothy , Yates Clara , Gavrilovic Jelena , Wheeler Grant N. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteins in vertebrates, consisting of over 24 genes in humans, only a few of which have been identified in Xenopus. Three genes coding for MMPs in Xenopus have been identified and their expression studied during development. The membrane‐bound XMMP‐14 and ‐15 (XMT1‐MMP and XMT2‐MMP) both showed restricted expression patterns, the former principally localising to cranial neural crest tissues and the latter to the epidermis of the embryo. XMMP‐7 codes for an MMP that lacks the hemopexin‐like domain. It is expressed exclusively in macrophages or other myeloid cell types from early in development. Developmental Dynamics 231:214–220, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Essential role for platelet‐activating factor‐induced NF‐κB activation in macrophage‐derived angiogenesis
Authors: Seo Kook Heon , Ko Hyun‐Mi , Choi Jung Hwa , Jung Hae Hyun , Chun Young Hyun , Choi Il‐Whan , Lee Hern‐Ku , Im Suhn‐Young 
Published: June 2004

AbstractActivated monocyte‐macrophages have been implicated in tumor angiogenesis via their capacity to produce many potent angiogenic factors. However, the mechanisms leading to production of these angiogenic factors in macrophages remain to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated by use of a mouse Matrigel implantation model that mouse peritoneal macrophages induce angiogenesis. mRNA expression and protein synthesis of macrophage‐derived crucial angiogenic factors such as IL‐1, TNF‐α, basic fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were blocked by platelet‐activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists. It was also observed that inhibitors of NF‐κB blocked macrophage production of these angiogenic factors. Gene expression and protein synthesis of the angiogenic factors cited above were also inhibited in IκBα‐mutated macrophages. VEGF is the most potent angiogenic factor in macrophage‐induced angiogenesis. PAF antagonists or NF‐κB inhibitors also inhibit the capacity of conditioned medium from LPS‐stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes to induce sprouting of porcine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Thesedata indicate that PAF‐induced NF‐κB activation is a common upstream pathway leading to the production of crucial macrophage‐derived angiogenic factors. This will provide an important clue for a better understanding of mechanisms involved in tumor angiogenesis.
Models for recession flows in the upper Blue Nile River
Authors: Mishra A. , Hata T. , Abdelhadi A. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractStream‐flow recessions are commonly characterized by the exponential equation or in the alternative power form equation of a single linear reservoir. The most common measure of recession is the recession constant K, which relates to the power function form of the recession equation for a linear reservoir. However, in reality it can be seen that the groundwater dynamics of even the simplest of aquifers may behave in a non‐linear fashion. In this study three different storage–outflow algorithms; single linear, non‐linear and multiple linear reservoir were considered to model the stream‐flow recession of the upper Blue Nile. The recession parameters for the linear and non‐linear models were derived by the use of least‐squares regression procedures. Whereas, for the multiple linear reservoir model, a second‐order autoregressive AR (2) model was applied first in order to determine the parameters by the least‐squares method. The modelling of the upper Blue Nile recession flow performed shortly after the wet season, when interflow and bank storage may be contributing considerably to the river flow, showed that the non‐linear reservoir model simulates well with the observed counterparts. The variation related to preceding flow on a recession parameter of the non‐linear reservoir remains significant, which was obtained by stratification of the recession curves. Although a similar stratification did not show any systematic variation on the recession parameters for the linear and multiple linear reservoir models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical use of the adult attachment interview in parent–infant psychotherapy
Authors: Steele Miriam , Baradon Tessa 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article provides an illustration of how the use of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) can be extended beyond the research arena to its use as a clinical instrument in parent–infant psychotherapy. The article is based on the ongoing work of the Parent–Infant Project team at the Anna Freud Centre, London, where psychoanalytically trained therapists routinely administer the AAI early in the therapeutic process. In the first part of the article, we introduce the thinking behind the use of the AAI as a clinical tool and its particular relevance to the field of parent–infant psychotherapy. In the second part, we track the accruing clinical picture built up from a case example of the initial clinical sessions with a father who attended the Parent–Infant Project with his partner and two young children, and from the father's AAI. The discussion of the AAI material illustrates the distinct, yet related, interpretations of the parent–infant psychotherapist and the independent AAI coder as each made sense of the father's interview transcript. The resulting dialogue, between the psychodynamic‐clinical and the attachment‐research based approaches to the AAI, aims to highlight the added value the interview provides to the clinical understanding and process in parent–infant psychotherapy, which may ultimately help bridge the gap between the research and clinical domains.
Maternal insightfulness and preschoolers' emotion and behavior problems: Reciprocal influences in a therapeutic preschool program
Authors: Oppenheim David , Goldsmith Douglas , Koren‐Karie Nina 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMothers' insightfulness, which involves understanding the motives underlying the child's behavior in a complete, open, and accepting way, was examined both at the beginning and at the end of a therapeutic preschool program for preschoolers using the Insightfulness Assessment (Oppenheim & Koren‐Karie, 2002). The goal of the study was to examine the links between improvement in mothers' insightfulness and reduction in children's behavior problems. Thirty‐two children referred to a therapeutic preschool program for a range of behavioral and emotional problems and their mothers participated in the study. Results showed that mothers who shifted from noninsightfulness before treatment to insightfulness after treatment had children whose behavior problems decreased whereas mothers who did not make such gains had children whose behavior problems increased. The social skills of all children improved during treatment. The possible mechanisms linking the gains of mothers and children are discussed within the framework of attachment theory.
Models for the treatment of crystalline solids and surfaces
Authors: Jug Karl , Bredow Thomas 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCrystalline solids and surfaces have become a subject of growing interest. The difficulty of a comprehensive description of a variety of phenomena by a single method has led to the development of many models. These models can be classified as nonperiodic and periodic models. The former include free clusters, saturated clusters, and embedded clusters. The latter two models serve to remove the boundary effects of the free clusters. No perfect avoidance of such effects can be achieved in this way. The cyclic cluster model overcomes this difficulty in a natural way. It is periodic with a finite periodicity. An embedding can take into account a long‐range effect in ionic crystals. Previous periodic approaches relied on the large unit cell model, which is related to the supercell approach. For perfect crystals the conventional unit cell approach is a well‐known standard. However, its disadvantage is the unphysical periodicity of defects, which is avoided in the cyclic cluster model. The present article presents a description of these models together with selective applications to solid‐state systems and surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 13: 1551–1567, 2004
Empirical force fields for biological macromolecules: Overview and issues
Authors: Mackerell Alexander D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEmpirical force field‐based studies of biological macromolecules are becoming a common tool for investigating their structure–activity relationships at an atomic level of detail. Such studies facilitate interpretation of experimental data and allow for information not readily accessible to experimental methods to be obtained. A large part of the success of empirical force field‐based methods is the quality of the force fields combined with the algorithmic advances that allow for more accurate reproduction of experimental observables. Presented is an overview of the issues associated with the development and application of empirical force fields to biomolecular systems. This is followed by a summary of the force fields commonly applied to the different classes of biomolecules; proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. In addition, issues associated with computational studies on “heterogeneous” biomolecular systems and the transferability of force fields to a wide range of organic molecules of pharmacological interest are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1584–1604, 2004
Role of HER receptors family in development and differentiation
Authors: Casalini Patrizia , Iorio Marilena V. , Galmozzi Enrico , Ménard Sylvie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMembers of the epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases play a critical role in both development and oncogenesis. The latter is suggested by the frequent overexpression of HER‐2, EGFR, and HER‐3 in some human carcinomas, primarily breast and squamous cancer. The biological activities of the EGFR family are exerted through various ligand–receptor and receptor–receptor interactions. One receptor that plays a central role in this signaling network is HER‐2/Neu, which is considered the preferred heterodimerization partner for other members of the EGFR family. The role of these receptors and their ligands in development is discussed, with particular emphasis on their ability to mediate a variety of pathways and cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on cell cycle progression and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins
Authors: De Luca Antonio , De Falco Maria , Iaquinto Salvatore , Iaquinto Gaetano 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHelicobacter pylori lives in the stomach lumen adhering and specifically interacting with gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori infection can cause a broad range of diseases. Although most infected individuals only develop a chronic inflammation of the stomach, some patients progress to chronic gastritis, duodenal ulceration, or, rarely, cancer. H. pylori is able to send and to receive signals from the gastric epithelium, allowing host and bacteria to become linked in a dynamic equilibrium. Several studies have demonstrated that H. pylori infection induces morphological changes of gastric epithelial cells other than cell proliferation, increase of mitosis and mutations. It has also been demonstrated that H. pylori may predispose to cancer by altering gastric epithelial cell turnover acting specifically on transcription factors. Although H. pylori is able to induce several host responses, it specifically perturbs the delicate balance of those factors that usually help to maintain cell homeostasis. The study of mechanisms of interaction between the bacterium and gastric cells will surely help to prevent the increase and diffusion of malignancies all over the world. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrane potential and endocytic activity control disintegration of cell–cell adhesion and cell fusion in vinculin‐injected MDBK cells
Authors: Palovuori Riitta , Myrsky Essi , Eskelinen Sinikka 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCell fusion occurs during fertilization and in the formation of organs such as muscles, placenta, and bones. We have developed an experimental model for epithelial cell fusion which permits analysis of the processes during junction disintegration and formation of polykaryons (Palovuori and Eskelinen [2000] Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 79: 961–974). In the present work, we analyzed the process in detail. Cell fusion was achieved by microinjecting into the cytoplasm of kidney epithelial Madin‐Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells TAMRA‐tagged vinculin, which incorporated into lateral membranes, focal adhesions and nucleus, and, prior fusion, induced internalization of actin, cadherin and plakoglobin to small clusters in cytoplasm. Injected vinculin was still visible at lateral membranes after removal of junctional proteins indicating that it was tightly associated and perturbed the cell–cell contact sites resulting in membrane fragmentation. Injection of active Rac together with vinculin induced accumulation of cadherin to the membranes, but did not affect vinculin–membrane association. However, it hampered cell fusion probably by supporting adherens junctions. In order to stop endocytosis, we lowered intracellular pH of vinculin‐injected cells to 5.5 with the aid of nigericin in KCl buffer. In acidified cells, injected vinculin delineated lateral membranes as thick layers, cadherin remained in situ, and cell fusion was completely inhibited. Since this treatment also leads to cell depolarization, we checked the vinculin incorporation in a KCl solution containing nigericin at neutral pH. In these circumstances, both endogenous and injected vinculin delineated lateral membranes as very thin discontinuous layers, but still fusion was hampered most likely due to perturbation in the initial vinculin–membrane association. We suggest that vinculin might function as a sensor of the environment triggering cell fusion during development in circumstances where membrane potential and local and transient pH gradients play a role. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of the extracellular matrix on the regulation of cardiac fibroblast behavior by mechanical stretch
Authors: Atance Joel , Yost Michael J. , Carver Wayne 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFibroblasts are responsible in large part for production, organization, and turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby regulating the fibrotic content of the heart. Excessive fibrosis, which has been associated with certain forms of hemodynamic overload such as hypertension, is thought to result in increased ventricular chamber stiffness, and eventual heart failure. As such, the role of mechanical stretch in regulating fibroblast activity is crucial to our understanding of healthy and diseased hearts. However, little is known about the effects of alterations in the composition of the ECM in regulating mechanotransduction in cardiac fibroblasts. In order to address this question, rat cardiac fibroblasts were cultured on silastic membranes coated with different ECM substrates, and cyclically stretched for various durations. Experiments were designed to assess the activation of signaling pathways, as well as changes in collagen production, cellular proliferation, and morphology. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) was most rapidly activated, and collagen I expression was most abundant, in cells stretched on randomly organized collagen, and uncoated charged membranes. Regardless of the nature of the ECM substrate, stretched cells decreased proliferation, however, this effect was most marked in cells stretched on randomly organized collagen. Finally, cells stretched on all ECM substrates increased their surface area, but this was observed most significantly in cells adherent to aligned collagen, randomly organized collagen, and uncoated, charged membranes. Taken together, these results suggest cardiac fibroblasts may differentially interpret a mechanical stimulus, in terms of both signal transduction, and specific long‐term events such as gene transcription, based on the composition and organization of the ECM. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.