bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 5‐HT2C receptor promoter polymorphism (HTR2C − 759C/T) is associated with obesity in women, and with resistance to weight loss in heterozygotes
Authors: Pooley Edward C. , Fairburn Christopher G. , Cooper Zafra , Sodhi Monsheel S. , Cowen Philip J. , Harrison Paul J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe serotonin 5‐HT2C receptor (HTR2C) helps regulate appetite and body weight. An HTR2C promoter polymorphism (−759C/T) has been associated with obesity and with weight gain in response to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs. We studied this polymorphism in 120 obese women (BMI ≥ 30) and 104 non‐obese (BMI ≤ 25) women. The C allele was commoner in the obese group (OR = 1.72 [95% CI, 1.13–2.64], P = 0.008). Ninety‐five of the obese women participated in a randomized trial of psychological treatments for weight loss. Among these women, heterozygotes lost less weight during the trial than did homozygotes (6.8 vs. 9.7 kg; P = 0.047) and weighed more 6 months (90.1 vs. 83.6 kg; P = 0.006) and 12 months (91.8 vs. 84.6 kg; P = 0.009) later. Heterozygotes also had higher triglyceride levels than homozygotes. C/C subjects in the obesity trial did not differ from T/T subjects in terms of weight loss or triglycerides. In a separate RT‐PCR study of 43 subjects, we found that HTR2C mRNA abundance in frontal cortex was unaffected by −759C/T status. Our data extend the evidence that HTR2C promoter variation may be a risk factor for obesity and, perhaps through heterosis, influences weight loss by obese women. Pharmacogenetic testing of HTR2C promoter variants may be valuable when evaluating anti‐obesity drugs which act directly or indirectly on the receptor. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An extremely low frequency magnetic field attenuates insulin secretion from the insulinoma cell line, RIN‐m
Authors: Sakurai Tomonori , Satake Akira , Sumi Shoichiro , Inoue Kazutomo , Miyakoshi Junji 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effects of exposure to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) on hormone secretion from an islet derived insulinoma cell line, RIN‐m. We stimulated RIN‐m cells to secrete insulin under exposure to an ELFMF, using our established system for the exposure of cultured cells to an ELFMF at 5 mT and 60 Hz, or under sham exposure conditions for 1 h and observed the effects. In the presence of a depolarizing concentration of potassium (45 mM KCl), exposure to ELFMF significantly attenuated insulin release from RIN‐m cells, compared to sham exposed cells. Treatment with nifedipine reduced the difference in insulin secretion between cells exposed to an ELFMF and sham exposed cells. The expression of mRNA encoding synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) and synaptotagmin 1, which play a role in exocytosis in hormone secretion and influx of calcium ions, decreased with exposure to an ELFMF in the presence of 45 mM KCl. These results suggest that exposure to ELFMF attenuates insulin secretion from RIN‐m cells by affecting calcium influx through calcium channels. Bioelectromagnetics 25:160–166, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of cyclic AMP by DMSO differentiated HL‐60 cells exposed to electric interferential current after prestimulation
Authors: Sontag W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe action of interferential current (IFC) upon intracellular content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) after prestimulation with the chemotactic peptide N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) has been investigated. Human promyelocytes (HL‐60) differentiated to granulocytes by dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) have been treated with different concentrations of fMLP. This enhances their cAMP content. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was about 4 nM. Exposure to IFC with modulation frequencies of 35 and 125 Hz (5 min, 250 µA/cm2) after prestimulation with various concentrations of fMLP had no enhancing effect at low or high concentrations of fMLP. In contrast, at medium concentrations in the range of about 100 pM fMLP, a significant enhancement of cAMP could be observed. This synergistic effect of fMLP and IFC has been examined in detail by varying the modulation frequency, current density, and exposure time. Enhancement of cAMP content could be observed at certain modulation frequencies and exposure times suggesting a window effect, whereas for the current density in the range measured (8.5 µA/cm2–2.5 mA/cm2) a constant enhancement could be observed. The synergistic effect of fMLP and IFC could only be observed in the treatment sequence of fMLP followed by IFC; an inverse sequence had no effect on the cAMP content. Bioelectromagnetics 25:176–184, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Static magnetic field influence on rat brain function detected by heart rate monitoring
Authors: Veliks Viktors , Ceihnere Edīte , Svikis Igors , Aivars Juris 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to identify the effects of a static magnetic field (SMF) on rat brain structures that control autonomic functions, specifically heart rate and heart rhythmicity. The experiments were carried out on 44 male Wistar rats under ketamine–xylazine anesthesia. SMF was induced using samarium‐cobalt fused magnets (20 × 20 × 10 mm in size) placed bitemporally. Magnetic induction intensity was 100 mT on the surface of the head. Duration of magnetic field application was 15 min. An electrocardiogram was recorded from limb lead II, and both heart rate (average duration of cardiac cycles) and heart rhythmicity were analyzed before and after SMF application. SMF evoked changes in both heart rate and rhythm in 80% of the animals; the predominant effects were bradycardia and disappearance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. However, the effectiveness of SMF in large measure depends on both functional peculiarities and functional activities of brain autonomic centers. Bioelectromagnetics 25:211–215, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
60 Hz electric field upregulates cytosolic Ca2+ level in mouse splenocytes stimulated by lectin
Authors: Harakawa Shinji , Inoue Noboru , Saito Atsushi , Doge Fuyuki , Nagasawa Hideyuki , Suzuki Naoyoshi , Martin David E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effect of a 60 Hz electric field (EF) on alteration of cytosolic free Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]c) was examined in mouse splenocytes stimulated by lectins, namely concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin. In order to understand the role of EF on alterations in [Ca2+]c and to determine whether EF exposure increased cell mortality the splenocytes were cultured under the 60 Hz EFs producing current densities of 6 or 60 μA/cm2 for 30 min or 24 h. Cell mortality was less than 2% in experimental all conditions. [Ca2+]c in the splenocyte was not changed by the 6 μA/cm2 exposure alone, while a lectin‐induced [Ca2+]c elevation in the EF exposed cells was significantly higher than that of the sham exposed cells (P < .05: ANOVA, P < .05: paired t‐test). Moreover, the enhanced increase of [Ca2+]c in the EF exposed, lectin stimulated cells was only observed in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The EF dependent upregulation of [Ca2+]c persisted after EF exposure (P < .05: paired t‐test). The results clearly indicate that Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane is responsible for the enhanced increase of [Ca2+]c in the EF exposed, lectin stimulated cells and that EF has persistent effect on the cells. Although the precise mechanisms of the EF dependent upregulation of [Ca2+]c is not fully elucidated, the present results demonstrate that the 60 Hz EF (6 μA/cm2) affects [Ca2+]c during cell activation via a Ca2+ influx pathway induced by lectin stimulation. Bioelectromagnetics 25:204–210, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resting EEG is affected by exposure to a pulsed ELF magnetic field
Authors: Cook Charles M. , Thomas Alex W. , Prato Frank S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn increasing number of reports have demonstrated a significant effect of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MFs) on aspects of animal and human behavior. Recent studies suggest that exposure to ELF MFs affects human brain electrical activity as measured by electroencephalography (EEG), specifically within the alpha frequency (8–13 Hz). Here we report that exposure to a pulsed ELF MF with most power at frequencies between 0 and 500 Hz, known to affect aspects of analgesia and standing balance, also affects the human EEG. Twenty subjects (10 males; 10 females) received both a magnetic field (MF) and a sham session in a counterbalanced design for 15 min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that alpha activity was significantly higher over the occipital electrodes (O1, Oz, O2) [F1,16 = 6.858; P = .019, eta2 = 0.30] and marginally higher over the parietal electrodes (P3, Pz, P4) [F1,16 = 4.251; P = .056, eta2 = 0.21] post MF exposure. This enhancement of alpha activity was transient, as it marginally decreased over occipital [F1,16 = 4.417; P = .052; eta2 = 0.216] and parietal electrodes [F1,16 = 4.244; P = .056; eta2 = 0.21] approximately 7 min after MF exposure compared to the sham exposure. Significantly higher occipital alpha activity is consistent with other experiments examining EEG responses to ELF MFs and ELF modulated radiofrequency fields associated with mobile phones. Hence, we suggest that this result may be a nonspecific physiological response to the pulsed MFs. Bioelectromagnetics 25:196–203, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prooxidant and antioxidant action of 4‐(4‐phenoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid derivatives
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Kladna Alexandra , Kruk Irena , Lichszteld Krzysztof , Marchlewicz Mariola , Michalska Teresa , Salem Ola I. A. , Hartmann Rolf W. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract4‐(4‐Phenoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid derivatives (PBADs) were found to inhibit rat and human α‐reductase isozymes 1 and 2 in vitro. Chemiluminescence (CL), electron spin resonance, spin trapping techniques, and spectrophotometry were used to examine the effect of PBADs on reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, ; hydroxyl radical, HO•; singlet oxygen, 1O2) generating systems. All test compounds at a concentration of 0.5 mM enhanced the CL from up to fivefold, which was recorded as the light sums during 1 min. At 0.38 mM PBAD enhanced production of HO• from H2O2 in the presence of Co(II) up to 90%, as measured by a deoxyribose assay. Using the spin trap agent 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide, it was found that the amplitude of the signal arising from the Fenton‐like reaction [Co(II)/H2O2] was significantly diminished by the test compounds. The compounds also inhibited the 1O2 dependent 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide radical, which is generated in the acetonitrile/H2O2 system. The measured rate constants of 1O2‐dimol quenching by PBAD were in the range of (0.8–2.6) × 108 M−1 s−1. The interaction between PBAD and 1O2 was also checked using a spectrophotometry method based on bleaching of p‐nitrosodimethylaniline. These results indicate that PBAD may directly scavenge HO• and 1O2, but not . However, the compounds that wer examined had prooxidant ability under some reaction conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Theoretical aspects of genomic variation screening using DNA microarrays
Authors: Vainrub Arnold , Pettitt B. Montgomery 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe present a theoretical model for typical microarray‐based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay of small genomic DNA amount. We derived the adsorption isotherm expressing the on‐array hybridization efficiency in terms of genomic target sequence and concentration, oligonucleotide probe sequence and surface density, hybridization buffer, and temperature. This isotherm correctly describes the surface probe density effects, the sensitivity peak, and the melting temperature depression, and is in accord with published experiments. We discuss optimization of parallel SNP genotyping. Our estimates show that SNP detection at a single temperature in aqueous hybridization buffer is restricted by DNA regions that differ by less than 20% in GC content. We predict that the variety of genotyped SNPs could be substantially extended using an assay design with high probe density and a large fraction of probes hybridized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Synthesis of sequential polydepsipeptides utilizing a new approach for the synthesis of depsipeptides
Authors: Katakai Ryoichi , Kobayashi Kyoko , Yamada Keiichi , Oku Hiroyuki , Emori Nobu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSequential polydepsipeptides were synthesized by the depsipeptide active ester method using a new approach for the direct synthesis of N‐protected depsipeptide free acids from hydroxy acids. The method uses synthesis of Boc‐didepsipeptides by reaction of free hydroxy acids with Boc‐amino acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide esters catalyzed by 4‐dimethylaminopyridine and chain elongation of the free depsipeptides by the reaction with Boc‐amino acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide esters in an organic solvent system of acetonitrile‐tetrahydrofuran. The Boc‐depsipeptide free acids were activated as their N‐hydroxysuccinimide esters, which were polymerized after removal of the Boc‐protecting group. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Complex formation and vectorization of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with an amphipathic leucine‐ and lysine‐rich peptide: Study at molecular and cellular levels
Authors: Boukhalfa‐Heniche Fatima‐Zohra , Hernández Belén , Gaillard Stéphane , Coïc Yves‐Marie , Huynh‐Dinh Tam , Lecouvey Marc , Seksek Olivier , Ghomi Mahmoud 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOptical spectroscopic techniques such as CD, Raman scattering, and fluorescence imaging allowed us to analyze the complex formation and vectorization of a single‐stranded 20‐mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide with a 15‐mer amphipathic peptide at molecular and cellular levels. Different solvent mixtures (methanol and water) and molecular ratios of peptide/oligodeoxynucleotide complexes were tested in order to overcome the problems related to solubility. Optimal conditions for both spectroscopic and cellular experiments were obtained with the molecular ratio peptide/oligodeoxynucleotide equal to 21:4, corresponding to a 7:5 ratio for their respective +/− charge ratio. At the molecular level, CD and Raman spectra were consistent with a α‐helix conformation of the peptide in water or in a methanol–water mixture. The presence of methanol increased considerably the solubility of the peptide without altering its α‐helix conformation, as evidenced by CD and Raman spectroscopies. UV absorption melting profile of the oligodeoxynucleotide gave rise to a flat melting profile, corresponding to its random structure in solution. Raman spectra of oligodeoxynucleotide/peptide complexes could only be studied in methanol/water mixture solutions. Drastic changes observed in Raman spectra have undoubtedly shown: (a) the perturbation occurred in the peptide secondary structure, and (b) possible interaction between the lysine residues of the peptide and the oligodeoxynucleotide. At the cellular level, the complex was prepared in a mixture of 10% methanol and 90% cell medium. Cellular uptake in optimal conditions for the oligodeoxynucleotide delivery with low cytotoxicity was controlled by fluorescence imaging allowing to specifically locate the compacted oligonucleotide labeled with fluorescein at its 5′‐terminus with the peptide into human glioma cells after 1 h of incubation at 37° C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Patients' recall of clinical information following laparoscopy for acute abdominal pain
Authors: Murphy S M , Donnelly M , Fitzgerald T , Tanner W A , Keane F B V , Tierney S 
Published: March 2004

Abstract

Background
Failures in doctor–patient communication and patients' understanding continue to confound improvements in the delivery of quality healthcare. In the context of acute abdominal pain managed by means of laparoscopy, it was hypothesized that patients are either not adequately informed, or do not reliably retain simple relevant information transmitted at the time of the procedure. This study was designed to evaluate the reliability of information transfer between doctor and patient in this setting, including the diagnosis and whether or not the appendix was removed.

Methods
A retrospective study of 350 consecutive patients who had undergone laparoscopy for acute abdominal pain over 3·5 years was designed. Each patient completed a telephone questionnaire that was used to evaluate the accuracy of patients' information.

Results
In total, 26·9 per cent of patients did not know or were incorrect regarding the surgical procedure performed. Similarly, 20·0 per cent of all patients did not know or were incorrect regarding the status of their appendix after surgery and 30·0 per cent of patients were incorrect regarding the diagnosis. Despite all of these statistics, 91·4 per cent of patients were happy with the information they had received regarding the procedure.

Conclusion
Some 26·9 per cent of patients who underwent laparoscopy for acute abdominal pain were incorrect or did not know about the procedure that had been performed. This could lead to a further unnecessary operation should they re-present with similar symptoms.
Diagnostic laparoscopy and diverting sigmoid loop colostomy in the management of civilian extraperitoneal rectal gunshot injuries
Authors: Navsaria P H , Shaw J M , Zellweger R , Nicol A J , Kahn D 
Published: March 2004

Abstract

Background
This prospective study reviews the management of isolated civilian extraperitoneal rectal gunshot injuries using a protocol of diagnostic laparoscopy and abdominal wall trephine diverting loop colostomy, without laparotomy, distal rectal washout and presacral drainage.

Methods
Patients admitted to the trauma unit at Groote Schuur Hospital between January 2000 and December 2002 with a rectal injury were evaluated. A rectal injury was confirmed by digital rectal examination and proctosigmoidoscopy. Missile peritoneal violation was excluded by diagnostic laparoscopy. Normal laparoscopy was followed by creation of a diverting sigmoid loop colostomy through an abdominal wall trephine, without a laparotomy. No distal rectal washout or presacral drainage was performed.

Results
Of the 104 patients admitted with 106 rectal injuries, 20 (19·2 per cent) qualified for inclusion in the study. All had sustained low-velocity gunshot injuries of which 18 exhibited a transpelvic trajectory. Diagnostic laparoscopy was normal and a trephine diverting loop sigmoid colostomy was performed in all 20 patients. No pelvic sepsis occurred. Two patients developed rectocutaneous fistulas, both of which resolved without surgical treatment. Nineteen stomas have since been closed.

Conclusion
Low-velocity gunshot injuries isolated to the extraperitoneal rectum can be managed safely by laparoscopic exclusion of intraperitoneal missile penetration and diverting sigmoid loop colostomy, without laparotomy, distal rectal washout or presacral drainage
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability are activated and cytotoxic
Authors: Phillips S M , Banerjea A , Feakins R , Li S R , Bustin S A , Dorudi S 
Published: March 2004

Abstract

Background
Patients with colorectal cancer that display high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) appear to have a better prognosis. This may be explained by the pronounced T cell infiltrate seen in MSI-H tumours that is related to a specific antigen-driven immune response. The nature of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancers was investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry.

Methods
Quantitative fluorescent hydrolysis probe-based reverse transcriptase–PCR assays were used to detect levels of mRNA specifying T cell markers in fresh frozen colorectal tissue from MSI-H tumours and those with little or no microsatellite instability (microsatellite stable (MSS) tumours). In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections to compare expression of the same T cell markers and the activation markers granzyme B and interleukin 2 receptor α-subunit (IL-2Rα) in MSI-H and MSS tumours.

Results
MSI-H tumours contained higher ratios of CD8/CD3 mRNA copy numbers than MSS tumours (P = 0·016), confirming the cytotoxic nature of lymphocyte infiltrates in this subset of colorectal cancers. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry confirmed that MSI-H tumours contained more infiltrating lymphocytes than MSS tumours, as shown by increased expression of CD3 (P = 0·003) and CD8 (P = 0·008). Consistent with other studies, the lymphocytes in MSI-H tumours were activated as indicated by significantly higher granzyme B counts (P = 0·020) and a significantly higher level of expression of IL-2Rα (P = 0·017).

Conclusion
The results support the hypothesis that MSI-H colorectal cancers may be more immunogenic than MSS tumours.
Tumour morphology as a predictor of outcome after local excision of rectal cancer
Authors: Chambers W M , Khan U , Gagliano A , Smith R D , Sheffield J , Nicholls R J 
Published: March 2004

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to determine whether the morphology of rectal cancer predicts outcome following treatment by local excision, and whether morphology should therefore be added to the criteria presently used for case selection.

Methods
The hospital notes and histological findings of 91 patients who had undergone a local surgical procedure for rectal cancer were reviewed retrospectively. Eight patient and tumour characteristics including morphology were analysed with respect to 5-year survival, local recurrence and cancer-specific death within 5 years. Morphology was divided into four types: polypoid, sessile, ulcerated and flat raised.

Results
Survival and local recurrence were significantly better for patients with exophytic (polypoid and sessile) carcinomas than for those with non-exophytic (ulcerated and flat raised) lesions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion and venous invasion were significant predictors of outcome. The exophytic group included significantly more stage T1 and fewer T2 and T3 cancers, and a significantly smaller proportion of tumours that showed venous and lymphatic invasion than the non-exophytic group.

Conclusion
Morphology is a clinical guide to prognosis after local excision. Non-exophytic cancers are associated with high-risk histopathological features that render tumours of this type unsuitable for local excision.
Randomized clinical trial of hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity
Authors: Sundbom M , Gustavsson S 
Published: March 2004

Abstract

Background
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) has increased in popularity since the introduction of the laparoscopic procedure, but this approach requires extensive surgical skill and the learning curve is steep. The present study examined the suitability of hand-assisted laparoscopy for RYGBP.

Methods
In a prospective trial, 50 patients (median age 38 years, body mass index 45 kg/m2) were randomized to either hand-assisted (n = 25) or open (n = 25) RYGBP. The hand-assisted device was introduced through a right subcostal incision. Laparoscopic staplers were also used in the open group, allowing a short upper midline incision. The gastrojejunostomy was made by means of a circular stapler and the Roux limb placed behind the colon and excluded stomach.

Results
The postoperative outcome, with respect to morphine consumption, complications, hospital stay (6 days) and weight loss, was similar in the two groups. The operating time was significantly longer in the hand-assisted group (150 versus 85 min; P &lt; 0·001) but there was no conversion to open operation. One patient in the hand-assisted group was reoperated owing to leakage and one patient developed an incisional hernia after open RYGBP.

Conclusion
The hand-assisted technique was feasible and allowed good working conditions in all patients. However, the postoperative outcome was excellent in both groups and there was no advantage to the hand-assisted technique.