bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a novel molluskan tyrosine kinase receptor that inhibits neurite regeneration
Authors: Hislop Jonathan , Dyer John R. , Scott Darcy , van Kesteren Ronald E. , Sossin Wayne S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractReceptor tyrosine kinases play many important roles in neuronal signaling including regulating neurite outgrowth. We have identified a novel receptor tyrosine kinase, neurite outgrowth regulating kinase (nork) from Aplysia californica. A fragment of this kinase was also identified in another mollusk, Lymnaea. The kinase domain is equally homologous to the Ret (rearranged during transformation) and fibroblast growth factor receptor families, but the extracellular domain is entirely novel, suggesting that it binds a nonconserved ligand. Overexpression of neurite outgrowth regulating kinase, but not a kinase dead form, causes a reduction in neurite outgrowth of Aplysia sensory neurons. Thus, we have identified a novel receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in regulating neurite outgrowth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 127–136, 2004
GABAB receptor expression and function in olfactory receptor neuron axon growth
Authors: Priest Catherine A. , Puche Adam C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNeurotransmitters have been implicated in regulating growth cone motility and guidance in the developing nervous system. Anatomical and electrophysiological studies show the presence of functional GABAB receptors on adult olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) nerve terminals. Using antisera against the GABAB R1a/b receptor isoforms we show that developing mouse olfactory receptor neurons express GABAB receptors from embryonic day 14 through to adulthood. GABAB receptors are present on axon growth cones from both dissociated ORNs and olfactory epithelial explants. Neurons in the olfactory bulb begin to express glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, from E16 through to adulthood. When dissociated ORNs were cultured in the presence of the GABAB receptor agonists, baclofen or SKF97541, neurite outgrowth was significantly reduced. Concurrent treatment of the neurons with baclofen and the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP54626 prevented the inhibitory effects of baclofen on ORN neurite outgrowth. These results show that growing ORN axons express GABAB receptors and are sensitive to the effects of GABAB receptor activation. Thus, ORNs in vivo may detect GABA release from juxtaglomerular cells as they enter the glomerular layer and use this as a signal to limit their outgrowth and find synaptic targets in regeneration and development. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60:154–165, 2004
Partial atomic charges of amino acids in proteins
Authors: Thomas Annick , Milon Alain , Brasseur Robert 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUsing a semiempirical quantum mechanical procedure (FCPAC) we have calculated the partial atomic charges of amino acids from 494 high‐resolution protein structures. To analyze the influence of the protein's environment, we considered each residue under two conditions: either as the center of a tripeptide with PDB structure geometry (free) or as the center of 13–16 amino acid clusters extracted from the PDB structure (buried). The partial atomic charges from residues in helices and in sheets were separated. The FCPAC partial atomic charges of the Cβ and Cα of most residues correlate with their helix propensity, positively for Cβ and negatively for Cα (r2 = 0.76 and 0.6, respectively). The main consequence of burying residues in proteins is the polarization of the backbone CO bond, which is more pronounced in helices than in sheets. The average shift of the oxygen partial charges that results from burying is −0.120 in helix and −0.084 in sheet with the charge of the proton as unit. Linear correlations are found between the average NMR chemical shifts and the average FCPAC partial charges of Cα (r2 = 0.8–0.85), N (r3 = 0.67–0.72), and Cβ (r2 = 0.62) atoms. Correlations for helix and β‐sheet FCPAC partial charges show parallel regressions, suggesting that the charge variations due to burying in proteins differentiate between the dihedral angle effects and the polarization of backbone atoms. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel structure and nucleotide binding properties of HI1480 from Haemophilus influenzae: A protein with no known sequence homologues
Authors: Lim Kap , Sarikaya Elif , Galkin Andrey , Krajewski Wojciech , Pullalarevu Sadhana , Shin Jae‐Ho , Kelman Zvi , Howard Andrew , Herzberg Osnat 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe crystal structure of the Haemophilus influenzae protein HI1480 was determined at 2.1‐Å resolution. The amino acid sequence of HI1480 is unique, having no homology with other known protein sequences. The protein adopts a novel α+β fold, and associates into a dimer of tightly associated dimers. The tight dimers are formed by intermolecular interactions that are mediated by an antiparallel β‐barrel involving both monomers. Helical regions of two dimers mediate the tetramer formation. The helical region contains a four‐helix bundle that has been seen only in the anticodon binding domains of class I tRNA synthetases. A cluster of four residues, Tyr18, Arg134, Glu26, and Lys12 is located in a depression formed at the four‐helix bundle/ β‐barrel interface. The arrangement is suggestive of an active center, possibly a catalytic site. The HI1480 gene is located within the Mu‐like prophage region of H. influenzae, has no homology to bacteriophage genes, and is flanked by transposases. Hence, this is an example of horizontal transfer from an unknown organism. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that HI1480 binds DNA and RNA molecules. Double‐stranded DNA is favored over single‐stranded DNA, and longer DNA molecules are bound better than shorter ones. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can solvent choices enhance both process safety and efficiency?
Authors: Evon Skip E. , Chewin Sima , Bodman Glenn T. , Torres Anthony J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent work has demonstrated that the decomposition characteristics of individual chemicals ae often subsrantially different from those of the same chemical when combined with a solvent. Further, different solvents alter the decomposition in significantly different ways, shifting the observed Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) onset and peak temperatures and maximum rates to lower as well us higher values. Often the magnitude of these effects cannot be explained as the result of simple dilution. This prior work with energetic materials in solvents emphasizes the importance to process safety of systematically testing reaction mixtures, in addition to testing individual chemicals.The primary focus of such testing is to ensure the hazards of the proces are well understood so that the pmcess can be modified, or additional necessary preventative and protective systems can be implemented to minimize process upsets. However, it is demonstrated here that this knowledge can also be leveraged to modify processes to substantially increase process efficiency while maintaining or enhancing safety. for example, the batch size of an existing process had been very restricted because of the potential severity of a thermal runaway.Research on chemisty/solvent‐specific decomposition data was utilized to select candidate replacement solvents for process optimization. A cooperative effort by safety engineers and development chemists ensued, resulting in a final process that entirely eliminated the batch size restrictions while simultaneously reducing reaction time and improving quality.
The effects of explosive blast on structures and personnel
Authors: Prugh Richard W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractData concerning the effects of explosive blast on humans, structures, windows, etc. are available in standard texts. However, the “non‐linear” relationships among the variables make it difficult to use the data in “what if” scenarios.“Hyperbolic” equations which relate the energy of explosion (in term of TNT equivalent), distance from the explosion, blast pressure, blast impulse and degree of injury or damage to structures are developed. These relationships may be shown as straight lines on “reciprocal‐reciprocal” graph paper. Thus, correlation of blast‐effects data is simplfled, and fewer data points are required to characterize a damage‐susceptible structure. Also, this type of graph aids in presenting the results of evaluations of potential damage which could result from accidental explosions, such as detonation of “condensed” explosives, pressure‐vessel bursting, vapor‐cloud explosions, and BLEVEs. Further, such graphs are useful in evaluating plant layouts and siting.
Comparison of EPA guidelines tables with a commercial model
Authors: Woodward John L. , Worthington David R. E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe US EPA has provided a set of guidelines to aid compliance with Risk Management Planning (RMP) regulations, one specific for ammonia releases and a generic guideline for all other materials. These guidelines were developed using specific models, the SACRUNCH and SLAB model respectively. This paper compares predictions made by a proprietay model, PHAST/SAFETI Version 5.2 with both set of guidelines. Evaporation rate predictions are shown to he highly time‐dependent. Differences with the EPA guidelines occur grimanly from the process of averaging or making discrete approximations to the time‐varying curve. Our predictions are less sensitive to storage temperature than PA guidelines because in our model the cooling effect of an evaporating pool rapidly washes out the initial pool temperature effects. PHAST/SAFETI hazard zone predictions are found to differ from the guidelines primarily by way of the averaging time adjustment applied. Hazard distances are found to depend importantly on variables not considered in the guidelines: the release direction and the actual phase of a release, whether from the liquid or vapor space. However, release height, also not considered in the guidelines, was found to be less important, at least for volatile toxic muteriuls such as chlorine.
Flammable liquid storerooms: Fire protection without halon 1301
Authors: Maranghides Alexander , Sheinson Ronald S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFlammable Liquid Storerooms (FLSRs) pose a significant loss prevention challenge. The fire protection engineer must design the fire protection system for a very diverse fuel population. Furthermore, for military applications, provision must be made for large temperature fluctuations in the operating environment and very strict suppression system space and weight requirements.Halon 1301 is a very effective fire suppression agent used extensively in the militay and commercial sectors for over two decades. There are more than 2200 shipboard Halon 1301 fire suppression systems. However, production of stratospheric ozone depleting halon has been banned by the Montreal Protocol and the U.S. Clean Air Act amendments since December 31, 1993.
The use of aerosol fire extinguishing generators at rotogravure fed presses
Authors: Scheuermann Klaus P. , Modigell M. , Koch Wolfgang , Roßkothen Hanns‐Jürgen , Schmidt Jochen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractComprehensive experiments have demonstrated that aerosol fire extinguishing systems with the components 'detection, fire alarm and control unit along with an extinguishing generator represent a safety component that reduces the risk of fire hazard. The new extinguishing concept based on the solid matter aerosol potassium carbonate with about 20 g of aerosol/m3, 2 s reaction time and a particle size distribution from 0.5 μn to 2 μm ensures safe extinguishing of fires in the area of ink troughs in rotogravure fed presses. Other investigations have shown that from the point of view of fire hygiene, the extinguishing aqent poses no hazard to the health of employees.
Flammability limits of dusts: Minimum inerting concentrations
Authors: Dastidar A. G. , Amyotte P. R. , Going J. , Chatrathi K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new flammability limit parameter has been defined as the Minimum Inerting Concentration (MIC). This is the concentration of inertant required to prevent a dust explosion regardless of fuel concentration. Previous experimental work at Fike in a 1‐m3 spherical chamber has shown this flammability limit to exist for pulverized coal dust and cornstarch. In the current work, inerting experiments with aluminum, anthraquinone and polyethylene dusts as fuels were performed, using monoammonium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate as inertants. The results show that an MIC exists only for anthraquinone inerted with sodium bicarbonate. The other combustible dust and inertant mixtures did not show a definitive MIC, although they did show a strong dependence between inerting level and suspended fuel concentration. As the fuel concentration increased, the amount ofinertant required to prevent an explosion decreased.Even though a definitive MIC was not found for most of the dusts an effective MIC can be estimated from the data. The use of MIC data can aid in the design of explosion suppression schemes.
The constraints on inherently safer design and other innovations
Authors: Kletz Trevor A 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSome of the constraints that binder or prevent the greater use of inherently safer designs are common to all innovation: lack of time for development, the fear of unforeseen problems, the influence of licensors and contractors, and the inability of the innovator to sell his or her ideas. Others are specific to intensification or particularly prone to occur there. Finally, the actions needed to overcome the constraints are discussed.
Experiences with heavy fuel‐oil firing in a steam reformer
Authors: Pequeno Catela , Severin Manfred 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe primary object of this article is to report on the experience gained during 7 years of operation of a top‐fired primary reformer using heavy fuel oil. Experiences using this kind of fuel are very rare because very few installations worldwide are prepared to use it. In addition, some information on the background of the plant on the plant modifications earned out will be given.
Using constant slip ratios to model non‐flashing (frozen) two‐phase flow through nozzles
Authors: Jamerson Scott C. , Fisher Harold G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe TPHEM computer program, supplied with the recently published AIChE / CCPS book “Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems”, can be used to reproduce a range of two‐phase flow data through nozzles. The ability to predict data and design emergency relief systems using simple models is important to the practicing engineer.
Batch purge caused by confusing control system displays
Authors: Hendershot D. C. , Keeports G. I. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUnclear or confusing process control system displays in the control room can cause process safety incidents or near misses. An incident is described in which two very similar displays on a process control system resulted in the inadvertent operation of several valves on the wrong equipment train, causing a batch to rapidly boil over into the reactor overhead system.
Why DIERS technology should be used in risk assessment: Call for a 1999 worldwide benchmarking survey on various risk reduction methods used
Authors: Noronha John , Torres Anthony 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Users Group has a membership of over 130 companies worldwide. It is an affiliate of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Its primary mission is to advance the technology and practice in the design of emergency relief systems for runaway reactions. This proposed survey is primarily on runaway reactions while recognizing there are many other venting applications of interes.The purpose of the survey is to benchmark various runaway risk reduction methods used from a risk and cost‐benefit basis. It will also promote the consistent use of the DIERS and other venting technologies in risk assessmen.Since it was first proposed by DIERS in March 1997, the survey has received much interest, not only from various international process safety, chemical engineering, and chemistry associations, but also from many non‐chemical associations worldwide. The survey is expected to be sent this year.This paper outlines the background, purpose and procedure of the proposed survey; why DIERS should be used and why it is apparently used inconsistently; the benefits of larger vents and higher vessel design pressures and the theme of the survey questions.Many of the broader issues of risk assessment were addressed in the 1994 DIERS Report, “Risk Consideration for Runaway Reactions,” Appendix 1 entitled “Addressing Some Issues Faced in Runaway Risk Assessment” [l].
Risk analysis: An investment in engineering
Authors: Brown Anthony E. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractApplication of the process risk analysis methodology and the use of risk analysis techniques on all enterprise‐engineering phases (research, project, erection, commissioning, start‐up, operation, plant modifications and decommissioning) is presented and discussed. The respective advantages and disadvantages of the selected techniques are also examined. A technical flow to the use of the appropriated safety and risk analyses path is propose.
Flammability zone prediction using calculated adiabatic flame temperatures
Authors: Mashuga Chad V. , Crowl Daniel A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper describes our work to predict the flammability zone for any mixture of fuel, oxygen and nitrogen. The method utilizes a commercially available equilibrium program to determine the calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT).The model is compared with our extensive experimental data obtained in a 20 L sphere at an initial pressure of 1 atm and 298 K. The data and model compare well over the entire flammability zone for two pure species, methane and ethylene, and not as well for a 50/50 mixture of methane/etbylene.Our results show that a good prediction of the flammability zone is obtained using a CAFT criteron of 1200 K. Furthermore, the intermediate species and solid carbon must be included in the equilibrium calculation to fit the fuel rich part of the zone. The intermediate species were selected by the equilibrium program using a built‐in species selection criteria.For a gas mixture of methane and ethylene, we were unable to identify, mixing rules for estimating KG and Pmax from pure component data.This method provides a direct approach to full flammability zone prediction.
Application of pressure nutsche filtration and drying technology for toxic chemicals
Authors: Perlmutter Barry A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMost products are filtered, washed and subsequently dried. To this extent filtration and drying are interrelated. There are many individual pieces of equipment available that can accomplish the unit operations of filtration, washing and drying. The pressure‐nutsche filter‐dryer, designed for toxic chemical production, offers the optimum solution for conducting those multiple operations in a single process vessel.An overview of conventional drying methods is presented followed by an examination of a new approach to filtration, washing and drying in pressure nutsche filter‐dryers. The classic drying curve is used to illustrate the drying techniques. Design parameters for toxic chemical processing, equipment cleaning, automated controls, and validation are also described.A methodology for formulating a test program to analyze filtration, washing, and drying systems is presented. The program describes the feasibility of this technology for improved product quality, reduced production cycle time, minimized worker and environmental exposures, and improved safety.
Comparison of safety integrity level selection methods and utilization of risk baed approaches
Authors: Marszal Edward M. , Fuller Brad A. , Shah Jatin N. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe method used for the selection of a Safety Integrity Level (SIL) for a Safety Instrumented System (SIS)of a hazardous process shoud we a risk based approach to evaluate potential consequences and likelihoods, as well as the effectiveness of process safeguard. Process Safty Management, under OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910, requires an assurance of mechanical integrity for all emergency shutdown systems and safty critical controls. The International Society for Measurement and Control (ISA) promulgated an industy standard S84.01, to assist in compiance with the PSM regulation in the United States, and the International Electrochemical Commission (IEC) created a similar standard for Europe. These standard specifi that all electrical electronic, and rogrammable electronic system, used in SISs, are requiread to be desiped such that they, achieve a specified SIL. These standard are perfomance baed giving guidunce on how to select and achieve an appropriate SIL for a given SIS, but are not prescriptive to any particular method or equipment. The SIL selection is critical since in many cases the SIS is the ht layer of protection for the prevention of hazardous events. The probability of failure on demand of a SIS are quantitatively categorized into discrete integrity levels (i.e. SIL) by both industry standard. Since neither standard specfies requirements for integrity level selection, the determination of a SIL for a SIS is based solely on reducing the risk of a process to a level acceptable or tolerable to each individual company.In this paper, current industry practices for the selection of SILs are evaluated to illustrate how each method provides an estimation of risk reduction that the SIS will provide for a given process. The level of effort, required expertise, and accuracy of the methods are also compared to assist the reader in choosing the appropriate SIL selection methodology.
Risk management plans for existing control rooms
Authors: McConnell R. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWith the advent of API RP 752 “Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Buildings” in the U.S., and new Chemical Industry Guidance in the UK there is a need to re‐examine the vulnerability of control rooms and other occupied buildings on our existing plants. The way one part of ICI Chemicals & Polymers at Teesside, England, has approached this problem at its sites in the northeast of England is described with specific application to ammonia and similar plants.
Contribution of human factors to incidents in the petroleum refining industry
Authors: Bradley Chadwell G. , Leverenz Fred L. , Rose Susan E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHuman factors consider how effectively and safely personnel interact with processes. It can cover a variety of issues, from facility design to procedures to overall management systems. In order to minimize human factors as potential causes for incidents, the causal relationship of human factors to safety incidents must be understood. An examination of previous incidents and incident investigations can provide valuable insight into the types of human factors that most often contribute to human error and, ultimately, to loss events.The contribution of human factors to previous incidents in the U.S. petroleum refining industy are described in this paper. First, the data collection effort, which resulted in the documentation of over 130 incidents that occurred during the past 8 years, is examined. Next, the analysis approach is discussed, including a description of the characterization scheme used to identify cause‐contribution factors with specific incidents. Lastly, the results of the analysis are presented and valuable insights into the most common contributors are discussed.