bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The World Development Report: concepts, content and a Chapter 12*
Authors: Chambers Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe World Development Report (WDR) process set new standards for openness and consultation. Its concepts and content are a major advance on its 1990 predecessor. The intention that its concepts and content should be influenced by voices of the poor was partly fulfilled. Conceptually, the VOP findings support the multidimensional view of poverty as ‘pronounced deprivation of wellbeing’, and the use of income‐poverty to describe what is only one dimension of poverty (though this welcome usage is not consistent throughout in the WDR). Two concepts or analytical orientations were not adopted: powerlessness and disadvantage seen as a multidimensional interlinked web; and livelihoods. On content, three areas where the influence fell short were: how the police persecute and impoverish poor people; the diversity of the poorest people; and the significance of the body as the main but vulnerable and indivisible asset of many poor people.A weakness of the WDR is its lack of critical self‐awareness. Chapter 11 is self‐serving for the International Financial Institutions: it lumps loans with grants as concessional finance; it makes liberal use of the term donor, but never lender; and it does not consider debt avoidance as a strategy. The Report ends abruptly, a body without a head. Its multidimensional view of poverty is not matched by a multidimensional view of power and responsibility. A Chapter 12 is crying out to be written. This would confront issues of professional, institutional and personal commitment and change. It would stress critical reflection as a professional norm, disempowerment for democratic diversity as institutional practice, and personal values, attitudes and courageous behaviour as primary and crucial if development is to be change that is good for poor people. A new conclusion is suggested for the WDR, and a title for the World Development Report 2010. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dorsal compartment locomotory control system in amphioxus larvae
Authors: Lacalli Thurston C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmphioxus myotomes consist of separate sets of superficial and deep muscle fibers, each with its own innervation, that are thought to be responsible for slow swimming and escape behavior, respectively. Tracings from serial EM sections of the anterior nerve cord in the larva show that the motoneurons and premotor interneurons controlling the superficial fibers (the dorsal compartment, or DC pathway) are linked by specialized junctions of a previously undescribed type, referred to here as juxta‐reticular (JR) junctions for the characteristic presence of a cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum on each side. JR junctions link the DC motoneurons with each other, with the largest of the anterior paired neurons (LPN3s) and with one class of ipsilateral projection neurons (IPNs), but occur nowhere else. Because of the paucity of synaptic input to the DC system, larval behavior can only be explained if the JR junctions act as functional links between cells. An analysis of the pattern of cell contacts also suggests that the LPN3s are probably pacemakers for both slow and fast locomotion, but act through junctions in the former case and conventional synapses in the latter. The only major synaptic input to the DC system identified in somites 1 and 2 was from four neurons located in the cerebral vesicle, referred to here as Type 2 preinfundibular projection neurons (PPN2s). They have unusually large varicosities, arranged in series, that make periodic contacts with the DC motoneurons. More caudally, the DC motoneurons receive additional input via similar large varicosities from the receptor cells of the first dorsal ocellus, located in somite 5. The overall circuitry of the locomotory control system suggests that the PPN2s may be instrumental in sustaining slow swimming, whereas mechanical stimulation, especially of the rostrum, preferentially activates the fast mode. J. Morphol. 252:227–237, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Binding of synthetic peptides by a human monoclonal IgM with an unusual combining site structure
Authors: Edmundson Allen B. , Tribbick Gordon , Plompen Sonja , Geysen H. Mario , Yuriev Elizabeth , Ramsland Paul A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing X‐ray crystallography, a human monoclonal IgM cryoglobulin (Mez) was found to have an unusual combining site topography. Analysis of the unliganded Fv at 2.6 Å resolution revealed that the HCDR3 had partitioned the active site into two compartments [Ramsland PA et al. 2000. Mol. Immunol. 37: 295–310]. The two cavities had dimensions and chemical properties that were compatible with the binding of peptides. In this study, libraries of peptides were prepared using solid‐phase synthesis. Binding of the intact Mez IgM to these peptides was tested by enzyme‐linked immunoassays. Screening of 400 dipeptides revealed that binding was markedly skewed toward amino acids with aromatic side‐chains (Phe and Trp), especially when located in the second position. Preferential recognition of aromatic side‐chains by Mez IgM was confirmed with larger peptides of three to five residues, but C‐terminal positioning was not favored in these peptides. Mez IgM also showed binding propensities for acidic residues (Asp and Glu) as well as several other side‐chains with different chemical properties, including His, Pro, Asn and Gln. Mez IgM recognized sets of overlapping octapeptides representing the sequences of the constant domains of human IgG1 heavy chains. These peptides represented similar stretches of polypeptide on the three‐dimensional structures of all three constant domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3). Thus, Mez IgM may recognize structurally homologous regions of immunoglobulin domains, which were conserved during the evolution of the immune system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional mapping of conserved, surface‐exposed charges of antibody variable domains
Authors: Weidenhaupt Marianne , Khalifa Myriam Ben , Hugo Nicolas , Choulier Laurence , Altschuh Danièle , Vernet Thierry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurface‐exposed charges can affect protein structure, stability and solubility as well as the kinetics of both the folding process and interaction with binding partners. We have investigated the influence on kinetic interaction parameters of 14 conserved, surface‐exposed charges located away from the paratope in the variable domains of two antibodies of different specificity. We found that conserved, surface‐exposed, charged framework residues are asymmetrically distributed on opposite faces of both VH and VL domains. Some of the charges play a critical role in protein folding and stability. While electrostatic forces within or close to the binding interface can be used to optimize the association rate, we confirmed the predicted minor effects of charge modifications remote from the binding site. They had no effect on the dissociation rate parameter. Our study demonstrates the role of residues remote from the interaction site in the recognition function as well as the limited effect of surface charge modifications in antibody fragments on kinetic interaction parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational analysis of substrate binding strength by phosphorylase kinase and protein kinase A
Authors: Brinkworth Ross I. , Horne James , Kobe Bostjan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProtein kinases exhibit various degrees of substrate specificity. The large number of different protein kinases in the eukaryotic proteomes makes it impractical to determine the specificity of each enzyme experimentally. To test if it were possible to discriminate potential substrates from non‐substrates by simple computational techniques, we analysed the binding enthalpies of modelled enzyme–substrate complexes and attempted to correlate it with experimental enzyme kinetics measurements. The crystal structures of phosphorylase kinase and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase were used to generate models of the enzyme with a series of known peptide substrates and non‐substrates, and the approximate enthalpy of binding assessed following energy minimization. We show that the computed enthalpies do not correlate closely with kinetic measurements, but the method can distinguish good substrates from weak substrates and non‐substrates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of mutagenic and co‐mutagenic effects of magnetic fields during magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Schreiber Wolfgang G. , Teichmann Elke M. , Schiffer Ilka , Hast Jochem , Akbari Wahida , Georgi Hildegart , Graf Robert , Hehn Michael , Spieβ Hans W. , Thelen Manfred , Oesch Franz , Hengstler Jan G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMutagenic and co‐mutagenic effects of static, pulsed bipolar gradient, and high‐frequency magnetic fields, as well as combinations of them, were examined using the Ames test. The Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, wild‐type strain RTA, preincubation assay, without metabolic activation, was performed. All combinations of magnetic fields were tested with and without co‐exposure to N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine and benzo[a]pyrene‐4,5‐oxide, ethylene oxide, carboplatin, or cisplatin. As expected, chemical mutagens caused a clear‐cut increase of the revertants in the Ames test. However, neither the static fields nor a combination of a static magnetic field with the time‐varying bipolar gradient field or a pulsed high‐frequency magnetic field caused an alteration in the number of revertants in the Ames test. No co‐mutagenic effect of any magnetic field combination was observed. In conclusion, magnetic fields used during clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were neither mutagenic nor co‐mutagenic. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:779–788. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo investigation of hepatic iron overload in rats using T2 maps: Quantification at high intensity field (4.7‐T)
Authors: Fenzi A. , Bortolazzi M. , Marzola P. , Colombari R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn vivo quantitation of hepatic iron content is useful in diagnosis and staging of several iron related diseases. We used an experimental model of hepatic iron overload to determine the correlation between iron content and T2 relaxation time in rat liver. Experiments were carried out at 4.7T for high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) using a spin‐echo multiecho sequence with six echoes and minimum echo‐time of 5.5 msec. The liver iron content was determined ex vivo by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). T2 maps were calculated in order to evaluate the space distribution of the iron content. We found good linear correlation between the in vivo liver transversal relaxation rate and the iron content within the range explored (106–4538 μg Fe/g liver wet wt.). T2 maps revealed that the decrease in T2 is not homogeneous through the liver parenchyma. This finding represents a physiological limitation to obtaining better correlation between T2 and iron content. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:392–396. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virtual endoscopy of the labyrinth, using a 3D‐FastASE sequence
Authors: Naganawa Shinji , Iwayama Eriko , Koshikawa Tokiko , Fukatsu Hiroshi , Ishigaki Takeo , Ninomiya Ayako , Aoki Ikuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVirtual endoscopy (VE) of the labyrinth was performed using three‐dimensional (3D)‐fast asymmetric spin‐echo MR imaging. The spatial resolution requirements and the usefulness of zero‐fill interpolation (ZIP) were evaluated, and VE was used to examine three patients. The (0.6‐mm) voxel data with ZIP satisfies the minimum requirements for VE for evaluation of the complex 3D anatomy and pathology of the labyrinth. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:792–796. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of tagged MR images with linear tetrahedral solid elements
Authors: Truscott Kent J. , Buonocore Michael H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComputer simulation of tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images is presented using signals derived from connected solid triangular or tetrahedral elements. Simulation provides precisely‐known deformations for validating tag quantification algorithms. MR imaging signal is derived by Fourier‐transforming over a standard element, then mapping to actual elements via transformations. Linear intensity variations over the element are interpolated from vertex intensities determined by tag calculations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:336–340. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastable ion study of organosilicon compounds. Part XIV—trimethylsilylacetic acid, (CH3)3SiCH2COOH, and its methyl ester, (CH3)3SiCH2COOCH3
Authors: Tajima Susumu , Watanabe Daisuke , Nakajima Satoshi , Sekiguchi Osamu , Nibbering Nico M. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe unimolecular metastable decompositions of trimethylsilylacetic acid, (CH3)3SiCH2COOH (1), and its methyl ester, (CH3)3SiCH2COOCH3 (2), were investigated by mass‐analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometry in conjunction with thermochemical data. The abundance of the molecular ions of both compounds, generated by electron ionization, is extremely low. However, the abundance of the ions generated by the loss of .CH3 and observed at m/z 117 and 131 is moderate. These fragment ions further decompose to form the most abundant m/z 75 and 89 ions, respectively, by the loss of CH2CO through a (CH3)2Si group migration. The loss of CH2CO is also observed to occur from 2+. and its fragment ion at m/z 115 generated by the loss of .OCH3. The former reaction is proposed to occur via an ion–radical complex. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nevirapine quantification in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Application to bioequivalence study
Authors: Laurito Tiago L. , Santagada Vincenzo , Caliendo Giuseppe , Oliveira Celso H. , Barrientos‐Astigarraga Rafael E. , De Nucci Gilberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and specific method to quantify nevirapine in human plasma using dibenzepine as the internal standard (IS) was developed and validated. The method employed a liquid–liquid extraction. The analyte and the IS were chromatographed on a C18 analytical column, (150 × 4.6 mm i.d. 4 µm) and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method had a chromatographic run time of 5.0 min and a linear calibration curve over the range 10–5000 ng ml−1 (r2 > 0.9970). The between‐run precision, based on the relative standard deviation for replicate quality controls was 1.3% (30 ng ml−1), 2.8% (300 ng ml−1) and 3.6% (3000 ng ml−1). The between‐run accuracy was 4.0, 7.0 and 6.2% for the above‐mentioned concentrations, respectively. This method was employed in a bioequivalence study of two nevirapine tablet formulations (Nevirapina from Far‐Manguinhos, Brazil, as a test formulation, and Viramune from Boehringer Ingelheim do Brasil Química e Farmacêutica, as a reference formulation) in 25 healthy volunteers of both sexes who received a single 200 mg dose of each formulation. The study was conducted using an open, randomized, two‐period crossover design with a 3 week washout interval. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the individual ratio geometric mean for Nevirapina/Viramune was 96.4–104.5% for AUC(0–last), 91.4–105.1% for AUC(0–∞) and 95.3–111.6% for Cmax (AUC = area under the curve; Cmax = peak plasma concentration). Since both 90% CI for AUC(0–last) and AUC(0–∞) and Cmax were included in the 80–125% interval proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration, Nevirapina was considered bioequivalent to Viramune according to both the rate and extent of absorption. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐abundance plasma and urinary [15N]urea enrichments analyzed by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Metges Cornelia C. , Daenzer Maren , Petzke Klaus J. , Elsner Angelika 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report a method for determining plasma und urinary [15N]urea enrichments in an abundance range between 0.37 and 0.52 15N atom% (0–0.15 atom% excess (APE) 15N) using a dimethylaminomethylene derivative. Compared with conventional off‐line preparation and 15N analysis of urea, this method requires only small sample volumes (0.5 ml of plasma and 25 µl of urine). The 15N/14N ratio of urea derivatives was measured by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Two peaks were separated; one was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as the complete derivatized urea. Calibration of the complete urea derivative was performed by linear regression of enrichment values of known standard mixtures. Replicate standard (6–465‰ δ15N) derivatizations showed a relative standard deviation ranging from 0.1 to 7%. In order to test the feasibility of the method, human subjects and rats ingested a single meal containing either 200 mg of [15N]glycine (95 AP 15N) or 0.4 mg of [15N]‐α‐lysine (95 AP 15N), respectively. Urine and plasma were collected at hourly intervals over 7 h after the meal intake. After 15N glycine intake, maximum urinary urea 15N enrichments were 330 and 430‰ δ15N (0.12 and 0.16 APE 15N) measured by GC/C/IRMS, whereas plasma [15N]glycine enrichments were 2.5 and 3.3 APE 15N in the two human subjects 2 h after the meal. 15N enrichments of total urine and urine samples devoid of ammonia were higher enriched than urinary [15N]urea measured by GC/C/IRMS, reflecting the presence of other urinary N‐containing substances (e.g. creatinine). In rats plasma urea 15N enrichments were 15–20 times higher than those in urinary urea (10–20‰ δ15N). The different [15N]urea enrichments observed after ingestion of [15N]‐labeled glycine and lysine confirm known differences in the metabolism of these amino acids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal analysis of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB)‐specific and neutralizing antibodies in AIDS patients either with or without cytomegalovirus end‐organ disease
Authors: Alberola Juan , Tamarit Amparo , Cardeñoso Laura , Estellés Francisco , Igual Rafael , Navarro David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerum neutralizing and glycoprotein B (gB)‐specific antibody levels were monitored prospectively in AIDS patients who either did or did not develop human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) end‐organ disease, to delineate further the role of antibodies in protecting against HCMV disease. Antibody levels declined substantially (at least 4‐fold) only in patients who developed HCMV disease; this decline in turn occurred concurrently with antigenemia. Nevertheless, AIDS patients who remained free of HCMV disease and did not become antigenemic during the follow‐up period maintained stable levels of serum antibodies, with only minor fluctuations. The impact of HAART on the levels of functional anti‐HCMV antibodies was investigated in a number of AIDS patients. Serum levels and kinetics of gB and neutralizing antibodies did not differ significantly between patients who responded biologically and virologically to therapy and those who failed to respond. In addition, CD4 + cell counts and HIV viral RNA levels did not correlate with anti‐HCMV antibody titers. J. Med. Virol. 64:35–41, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel PCR assay for differential detection and screening of erythrovirus B19 and erythrovirus V9
Authors: Heegaard Erik D. , Jensen Inge Panum , Christensen Jesper 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiagnosis of erythrovirus B19 relies on serology and the detection of viral DNA. These techniques were believed to detect all field isolates because erythrovirus B19 has been known to undergo little genetic variation (1–2%). Recently, a distinct erythrovirus isolate termed V9, markedly different from erythrovirus B19 (>11% nucleotide disparity), was isolated from a child in France suffering from transient aplastic anemia. Standard PCR assays and serological tests failed to demonstrate an acute erythrovirus B19 infection. Subsequent sequencing of the erythrovirus V9 genome shows that the nucleotide discrepancies encompass the entire genome, indicating that standard erythrovirus B19 PCR assays will not reliably detect erythrovirus V9 DNA. As a tool for studying the epidemiological role and medical importance of this erythrovirus variant, a PCR assay is described that allows simultaneous detection of, and distinction between, erythrovirus B19 and the V9 isolate. Examination of 100 erythrovirus B19 IgM positive samples as well as plasma pools representing 100,000 Danish blood donor units for the presence of B19 and V9 DNA was performed. Despite the apparent absence of erythrovirus V9 in the clinical samples at present, the DNA sequence variability demonstrates that the erythrovirus group may be more divergent than thought previously and the child harboring this isolate may herald erythrovirus V9 as a possible emerging virus. J. Med. Virol. 65:362–367, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of the mutational pattern E44D/A and/or V118I in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of HIV‐1 in relation to treatment with nucleoside analogue RT inhibitors
Authors: Montes Brigitte , Segondy Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been reported that a new pattern of mutations, E44D/A and/or V118I, in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of HIV‐1 confers a moderate level of resistance to lamivudine in the absence of the M184V mutation. The prevalence of this mutational pattern was studied in HIV‐1 isolates obtained from 280 patients. These mutations were not identified in the RT sequences from 23 antiretroviral‐naive patients but were detected in 82 (31.9%) of the 257 RT sequences obtained from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)‐experienced patients. Mutation at codon 44 was identified in 41 patients (7 mutations E44A and 34 mutations E44D), mutation V118I was identified in 73 patients and a combination of mutations at codons 44 and 118 was found in 32 patients. Multivariate analysis showed an association between the E44D/A and/or V118I mutational pattern and the RT mutations D67N, T69D, L210W, and T215Y/F. No relationship was observed between this mutational pattern and the lamivudine‐specific resistance mutation M184V. The prevalence of these mutations increased significantly with the number of drug regimens experienced and a prevalence of 42.4% was observed in patients who had received ≥ 4 antiretroviral regimens. A relationship was found between the E44D/A and/or V118I mutational pattern and experience with didanosine or stavudine but not with lamivudine. The results suggest that the development of the E44D/A and/or V118I mutational pattern is frequent in patients treated with NRTIs. Thymidine analogues and didanosine, but not lamivudine, could promote the development of these mutations. J. Med. Virol. 66:299‐303, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.