bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotions Provoked by Unfavorable Life Conditions: Relief, Hope, Sadness, and Depression
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions that are Connected With Unfavorable life conditions, such as major illnesses, pain, and the actual or potential loss of a loved one or of one’s personal status, are a mixed group that includes relief, hope, and sadness. We have arranged them in a logical order, with relief first, be cause it reflects a positive outcome that happily follows an unfavorable situation; then hope, which is the possibility of a positive outcome in an unfavorable situation; then sadness, which is the coming to terms with an irrevocable loss. In our discussion of sadness, we distinguish the feeling of sadness from th t of a related state, depression or despair, which conveys utter hopelessness about what remains of life.
Brain and Mind, a Many-Layered Enigma
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of disciplines contribute richness and variety to the development of cognitive science. I want now to structure and refine the ideas to show more clearly how their different methods and findings complement one another. The protagonists of any one discipline often give the impression that it alone has a handle on the trut—hnot just a handle, but the handle—with sole possession of the skills and intelligence needed to uncover all the mysteries and marvels of mind and brain. Such confidence is certainly present in the newer fields of AI and neuroscience, where the propensity to reinvent the wheel is common, but it is also found at times in much of cognitive psychology, linguistics, and cognitive philosophy.
Yet, this coat of ours is cut from cloth of many colors, and it would be unreasonable to see the enterprise of cognitive science as a race (to change the metaphor yet again) in which there are winners and losers. It is far more fruitful to look at the special and sometimes unique contributions of each discipline, and to see how they mutually support and reinforce one another.
Assessment of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the delineation of language competency demands a repeatable means to characterize and gauge the dysfunction, formal aphasia assessment techniques were late in development. All early reports of aphasia merely describe the communication disturbance (Benton and Joynt, 1960). The first attempts to measure language competency were made by individual clinicians (almost always physicians) who reported techniques used to test and/or treat a single individual. A number of pertinent techniques were described (e.g., the Three-Paper Test of Marie), some of which remain in use. Purely clinical evaluations of aphasia be came increasingly sophisticated and have remained a major assessment technique.
The first widely disseminated report of a standardized procedure for testing aphasia appears in the volume Aphasia and Kindred Disorders (Head, 1926). Head presented detailed descriptions of his language evaluations, including a number of novel tests. Following this work, Weisenburg and McBride (1935/1964) developed a relatively comprehensive battery of tests for aphasic language evaluation. Their group of tests represents the first attempt at a psychometric aphasia battery as they were the first to use completely standardized procedures and to compare the subject’s test results with those of normal subjects.
Classifications of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since the time of Wernicke’s original publication, clinicians have indulged in the intellectual exercise of separating varieties of aphasia on the basis of their observations of clusters of language symptoms. The lists of different aphasic syndromes devised since Wernicke’s time represent one of the more confusing aspects of the investigation of language impairment. Much of the confusion stems from the use of different terms to represent a single cluster, terms that reflect the linguistic qualities under evaluation or the investigator’s academic bias or literary creativity. Although each term adds to the confusion, the most pernicious of all the misunderstandings stem from misuse of the term syndrome.
To the clinically naive, an aphasic syndrome may appear to be a fixed group of language findings invariably present when the syndrome is diagnosed. In practice, however, two individual aphasics almost never show identical or even closely similar aphasia symptoms. The variability in symptom pictures has been interpreted negatively by some investigators who think that the syndromes of aphasia lack validity. Despite this recurring element of doubt (Caplan, 1987; Caramazza, 1984; Schwartz, 1984), descriptions of language disorders clustered as syndromes have remained relatively stable since the days of Wernicke and Lichtheim (Ben son, 1988b).
Management and Rehabilitation of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To one who has lived in a foreign-language environment, the feeling of solitude and isolation that the aphasic patient faces is easy to appreciate. Conversely, speaking to a foreign-language user in one’s own environment demands special consideration; grammar must be simple, pronunciation clear, and redundancy is required. Both practical experience and common sense are needed to communicate across languages. Errors made and difficulties endured when trying to learn a second language parallel, to some degree, the problems an aphasic patient encounters in rehabilitation of language use.
During the past few decades formal language rehabilitation programs have be come widely available. Most individuals with speech and language difficulties, including those with aphasia, receive formal diagnostic evaluations and many at tend remedial therapy programs. The widespread availability of aphasia therapy is a consequence of several factors: (1) language therapy has attained a respectable professional status with a growing scientific basis and the potential for much creativity; (2) the neurophysiological mechanisms of recovery after nervous-system injury are better understood; (3) enhanced understanding of the brain organization for language has facilitated the development of new remedial procedures; (4) home computers and other technical devices that are now widely available have been programmed for language rehabilitation.
Through a Rashomon Mirror Darkly
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every nation-state should play a strong self-aware role in setting the terms under which the country’s insertion in the world system takes place. It should contribute as well to the working out of an international regulatory regime in which social costs are minimized and benefits are spread widely and inclusively. The latter task moves us into relatively unchartered waters. It is clear that government roles in the latter process will be related to the cultural economies, domestic regulatory regimes, and historical specificities of the individual nation-state formations, especially of the economically, politically, and militarily most powerful governments. For this reason it would be well if Americans understood more about changing politics, class recomposition, and strategic corporate planning in Japan. Japan’s more self-referential national developmentalist model has undergone modification and in important ways has been eclipsed by bold new departures as Japan assumes global leadership responsibilities. The Japanese have made clear their view that they (and Germany) should be given permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council and that the United Nations should be strengthened in the direction of building an effective global governance organization. This means that the UN Security Council will take on a more activist role in anticipating conflicts.
Migration, Winds, and Currents
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our planet is a diverse place, and much of this diversity is a direct result of weather and climate. Because migrants move widely over the surface of the earth, they experience a range of climatic vagaries, and indeed it is the variation in climates and seasons that provides most of the ultimate basis for migratory journeys. To fully understand migration, it is therefore necessary to understand how migratory behavior may be influenced by conditions in the atmosphere and in the oceans. For migrants traveling through air or water, as most do, winds and currents can play major roles in determining pathways, timing, and distances traversed. This is true for large active swimmers and flyers as well as minute insects, spores, or plankton. The influences of weather and current patterns on migration extend from events occurring on a global scale down to minute changes in the microclimate.
Orientation and Navigation
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to orient to the surroundings is a fundamental property of life, and probably all organisms orient at some point in their life cycles. At even the simplest of organizational levels, there exists the ability to process information, and that information is frequently used to orient in space. When it comes to migration, the ability to control one’s position in space can become very important indeed. The degree of importance that orientation assumes, however, and the level of sophistication necessary in orienting are very much functions of the necessities imposed by the migration system. It is quite possible to imagine a migratory episode in which no orientation is necessary, for example if all surrounding habitats to which migration may occur are ecologically equivalent. This sort of situation is no doubt an extreme case, but it is still worth considering as a sort of “null model” for orientation behavior. Minimum orientation may also be the case if wind or currents provide the vehicle to a suitable habitat (Chapter 5). There are also situations where orientation may occur not during migration but after migration is complete, say in foraging or ranging activities to find suitable food or breeding sites. Such orientation may not be very complex, or, on the other hand, it may involve sophisticated use of landmarks or other cues if a home range or territory is involved.
Adaptive Optics in Astronomy
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overall perspective on the application of adaptive optics to ground-based astronomy. It addresses questions such as: What is the function of adaptive optics? How does it improve astronomical observations? What effect does it have on the design of telescopes and instrumentation? How is adaptive optics implemented and what are its limitations? By providing concise answers to these questions, I hope to establish a framework for the detailed discussion of techniques and system design that is contained in the following chapters.
The Analytical Approach To Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Mckenna Pat , Warrincton Elizabeth K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major advances in neurology at the tum of the century were followed by a developmental period that lasted until the late 1950s, when clinicians no longer felt forced to concede that the brain was characterized by homogeneity of function. Remnants of equipotentialist thinking can still be found, but they are confined to minor aspects of organization such as the controversy over whether or not rudimentary language can be coaxed from the nondominant hemisphere in patients who have sustained near-total damage to the dominant hemisphere. Other areas of investigation, which still give a certain degree of credence to this idea, are those of functional organization in left-handed subjects and patients who have sustained early brain damage. For the most part, however, clinicians and neuroscientists agree about the broad functional specialization and localization along the dimensions of language, perception, memory, and movement.
Cognitive Impairment and Major Depression: Beyond the Pseudodementia Syndrome
Authors: King Deborah A , Caine Eric D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first edition of this text was published 10 years ago, “pseudodementia” was a major concern. Clinicians, and a few researchers, sought to define specific features that would separate progressive neurodegenerative diseases (so-called “organic” conditions) from psychiatric (“functional”) syndromes that would respond to treatment. We do not use the term “pseudodementia” anymore. During the early and mid-1980s, there had been few controlled studies of the cognitive deficits associated with major mood disturbances. Since then, there has been what seems like a yearly exponential increase. Investigators have focused primarily on qualitative and quantitative characterization of neuropsychological abnormalities, especially among subjects with major depression, using both standardized procedures and experimental methods, comparing psychiatric subjects to healthy controls and to groups of patients with defined neurodegenerative diseases. For some researchers, there is no question that major depression, especially in older persons, is often associated with significant, reproducible intellectual deficits that are indicative of disordered brain function. We are in that camp. For others, however, that confident assertion rings hollow. We will consider their views as well.
Introduction: Phylogenetics in Behavior: Some Cautions and Expectations
Authors: Ryan Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetics has had an interesting history in studies of animal behavior (Burghardt & Gittleman 1990; Brooks & McLennan 1991). For some of the early ethologists with backgrounds in comparative anatomy, species comparisons were the essence of their science. Coincident with the formulation of kin selection theory (Hamilton 1964), however, emphases in animal behavior shifted toward issues in population genetics and population biology, and sociobiology seemed quickly to forget its ethological (both its historical and mechanistic) roots.
The Statistical Analysis of Interspecific Data: A Review and Evaluation of Phylogenetic Comparative Methods
Authors: Martins Em ília P , Hansen Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few decades, the comparative method has undergone a virtual renaissance in evolutionary biology as researchers develop new ways to incorporate taxonomic and phylogenetic information into the design and analysis of interspecific data (see Brooks & McLennan 1991; Harvey & Pagel 1991; McKitrick 1993; Miles & Dunham 1993; and Maddison 1994 for recent reviews). Although phylogenies were an integral part of many classical ethological studies, their use has been largely neglected by other fields in the study of animal behavior.
Using Comparative Approaches to Integrate Behavior and Population Biology
Authors: Promislow Daniel E L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introduction to a symposium on behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary biology, Les Real argued that “...ecological phenomena and community organization can be viewed, to a large degree, as the immediate consequence of individual actions and behaviors”, (Real 1992, p. S1). He suggested that since behavior is influenced by internal molecular and physiological processes, and influences external population- and community-level traits, behavior may provide a framework that unifies all of the biological sciences (Fig. 1).
Using Cladistic Analysis of Comparative Data to Reconstruct the Evolution of Cognitive Development in Hominids
Authors: Parker Sue Taylor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book Mental Development in the Child and the Race in 1894 (revised in 1906), James Mark Baldwin discusses the ontogeny and phylogeny of human mental development. Noting the analogies between development and evolution, qualified by recognition of departures from strict recapitulation, he lays out a grand design for future studies at the same time noting how far psychology is from fulfilling it: At the turn of this century, American psychologists like James Mark Baldwin were fascinated by the notion that stages of human mental development recapitulated stages of human and primate evolution.
Robust Multivariable Nyquist Criterion
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we briefly review multivariable closed-loop stability and the related robustness issue. The material is fairly standard, except possibly for the tedious issue of a varying number of open-loop right half-plane poles. We already provide a bit of the topological flavor to come by emphasizing the fundamental problem of mapping the topological space of uncertainty to the complex plane, resulting in a template, that could exhibit strange singularity phenomena, and that should stay away from O + j0.
Homology Of Uncertainty And Other Spaces
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central in the/previous chapters was the decomposition of the space of uncertainties into simplexes. Here, we show how the combinatorics of the assembly of simplexes leads to the formalization of such pathologies as “loops,” “holes,” “twists,” and so on, of which we can acquire an intuitive, visual picture in low-dimension. Such pathologies are algebraically characterized in terms of homology groups. The homology groups can be loosely referred to as the “global topology,” to contrast it with the local, point set topological properties.
Brouwer Degree Of Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a conceptual point of view, the obstruction test for robust stability is a test on the homotopy class of the map f : (D × Ω)→ S. More specifically, f should be nullhomotopic for the extension to exist and the robust stability test to pass. An important homotopy invariant of a map is its Brouwer degree. Roughly speaking, the Brouwer degree of a map can be defined as an integer that is associated with the map, that is a homotopy invariant, and that vanishes iff the map is nullhomotopic. In this chapter, we reformulate the obstruction problem, and more broadly the robust stability problem, in terms of the Brouwer degree of the Nyquist map. A key result is that f is nullhomotopic iff its Brouwer degree vanishes.
Emotions and Psychopathology from the Perspective of Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
Authors: Epstein Seymour 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no accident that mental illnesses are also referred to as emotional disorders. Laypeople and professionals alike recognize that emotions lie at the heart of many disorders in living. It is noteworthy, in this respect, that the three primary negative emotions (in the sense that they are observable in nonhuman animals), fear, sadness, and anger, have their counterparts in major classes of psychological disorders, namely, anxiety disorders, depression, and anger-hostility-related disorders, including paranoia and antisocial personality.
Models of “Normal” Emotions Applied to Facial and Vocal Expression in Clinical Disorders
Authors: Kaiser Susanne , Scherer Klaus R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most clinicians, reflecting on their experience, readily admit to the fact that nonverbal cues, and especially vocal and facial patterns, have a strong effect on their overall evaluation of a client. They regularly use the facial and vocal behavior of their patients as diagnostic indicators of type of disorder, of transient shifts in mood state, and of improvement during therapy. However, the use of these nonverbal diagnostic indicators is almost always of a very intuitive nature, which is quite different from a trained skill in differentially utilizing specific vocal and facial cues.
Boring from Within: Endogenous Versus Reactive Boredom
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was Berryman’s mother right? Is all boredom from within? The question is in fact ambiguous. Whether or not there should always be an internal cure for boredom, there is a separate question of whether the source of boredom is itself always internal (and yet a further question of whether self-generated emotions should be regarded as pathological by virtue of their source). Mrs. Berryman may have been more concerned with cure than source. Causal treatments, treatments that get at the root of a problem, must depend on the nature of the problem, in particular its source, but symptomatic treatments come from wherever they come from and work whenever they work. The two questions are, however, surely related, for the effectiveness of inner resources in overcoming a problem may depend on just what it is that needs to be overcome. Does the world or the person, life or attitude, need to change in order to overcome boredom? Is all boredom from within?
Emotion and the Etiology of Depressive Disorders
Authors: Brown George W , Moran Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We outline in this chapter an approach to the study of psychosocial factors in the development of depressive disorders that has informed a research program started in the early 1970s. We must confess at the outset that our approach has been characterized for the most part by highly indirect attempts to study emotion. This strategy has been driven largely by methodological concerns rather than any desire to downplay the crucial role of emotion in depression. Therefore, rather than discussing the nature of emotion per se, what follows is an account of a particular set of concepts and measures we have found important in understanding the development of depression.
Thinking and Depression: Structure in Content
Authors: Banis Monique de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of certain aspects of emotional disorders in depression from a structural perspective, thus complementing the content-oriented cognitive theories of depression. The main objective of a structural perspective is to describe precisely how different basic domains of knowledge or belief are organized. Although both content and structure are important concepts that sometimes interact, special emphasis is given in this chapter to the latter rather than to the former. The methods used to study structure were derived from Personal Construct Theory (PCT; Kelly, 1955).
Hedonic Capacity: Implications for Understanding Emotional and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
Authors: Blanchard Jack J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disturbances of emotion have been considered an essential aspect of the clinical presentation of schizophrenia. Eugen Bleuler (1911/1950) described a range of emotional characteristics observed in schizophrenia, including a paucity of emotional expression and emotional indifference, as well as affective !ability and inappropriate affect. Bleuler, however, considered these disturbances in affect as secondary symptoms (in his model the disturbance of association was primary). Kraepelin (1919/ 1971) described changes in the emotion of patients with schizophrenia, which he termed “emotional dullness” (p. 32), involving indifference and the lack of joy and affection. Kraepelin did not consider all affect to be lacking as he observed instances of inappropriate affect and intense emotional outbursts. An alternative conceptualization of affective symptoms in schizophrenia is represented by Rado (1962) and Meehl (1962), both of whom placed greater theoretical emphasis on emotion with a focus on the decreased capacity to experience pleasure, or anhedonia. Rado (1962) viewed anhedonia not merely as a symptom of schizophrenia but rather as a central, genetically based, deficit.