bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absalom, Absalom! Haiti, and Labor History
Authors: Godden Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1791 slaves revolted on San Domingo. “The world’s richest colony” was overrun in a black revolution whose forces “defeated the Spanish; inflicted a defeat of unprecedented proportions on the British, and then made their country the graveyard of Napoleon’s magnificent army.”1 By 1804 the Americas had their first black national state, the independent re- public of Haiti. In 1823 Thomas Sutpen leaves Virginia for the West Indies where, in 1827, he puts down an uprising among slaves on a French sugar plantation on Haiti. As due recompense, he marries the owner’s daughter and achieves a son (1829). The dates are important since they indicate that Faulkner has the hero of Absalom, Absalom! earn the properties upon which he will eventually base his plantation “design” improperly. There were neither slaves nor French plantations on Haiti in 1827. Faulkner’s chronology creates an anachronism that rewrites one of the key facts of nineteenth-century black American history, in what looks suspiciously like an act of literary counterrevolution.
The Changing Brain
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Changing Brain, Ira Black tells the fascinating story of modern neuroscience. A rich, multifaceted tale spanning a century and taking place on multiple continents, it moves from Fascist Italy, with the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) by a young scientist working secretly in a makeshift laboratory in her bedroom, to current experiments in which transplanted, laboratory-grown cells lead to recovery and function in damaged brain regions. In the mid 1990s, a revolutionary new concept of the brain emerged, instead of the traditional view that the brain's role in perception, memory, learning, and emotions was based on a static, non-renewable network of brain cells and connections, research revealed that the human brain is an ever-changing, fantastically complex system that is continually being shaped and reshaped by a subtle interplay of genetic clues and life experiences. To bridge the gap between abstract concepts and real-world experience, the author draws upon his expertise as a clinical neurologist to provide a dramatic account of the fictionalized story of a successful investment banker named Enoch Wallace and his battle with Alzheimer's disease, that vividly illuminates the narrative. From his first fleeting memory lapses to his final descent into dementia, each step in Wallace's decline becomes a window into another aspect of brain function and the latest groundbreaking research in neuroscience.
Green Solvents for Academic Chemistry
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental chemistry is generating considerable interest. Hardly a week goes by without some chemical aspect of the environment making it into the news within the academic community; environmental chemistry is a hot topic. But environmental issues and the standard chemistry curriculum do not correlate exactly. Many environmental subjects require understanding chemical principles that are not taught until fairly advanced courses. Teaching both environmental issues and basic chemistry to nonscience students requires making choices in emphasis: to teach mainly environmental topics with chemical “facts” introduced when necessary, to teach mainly basic chemistry with environmental “points” interjected when possible, or to integrate the two subjects so that both are taught simultaneously. Reciprocally, education provides the initial vantage from which chemistry is critically evaluated. The process of communicating green chemistry is more complex and less direct than it appears. The meaning of the ideas and concepts yields an interpretation that is heavily dependent on the structure of language, on where information is situated relative to other information. Context is critical. It allows us to make sense out of information by selecting among competing interpretations. The need for connection pertains not only to the lectures, but also to the laboratories and problem sets as well. Students arrive at their understanding of a subject by actively constructing it using the material at hand. When that material is not integrated, when the linkages between the different parts of the course are not explicit, students are forced to spend much of their energy simply figuring out how the different parts of the course fit together (Swan and Spiro, 1995).
Tuned Out
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our democracy is on the brink of a crisis, David Mindich argues in Tuned Out. As more and more young people turn their backs on political news, America is seeing the greatest decline in informed citizenship in its history. The implications for overall civic engagement are also enormous. Crisscrossing the country, from Boston to New Orleans and Los Angeles, Mindich has interviewed scores of young Americans about how they keep up with the news: young professionals, college students, and even some preteens. What he discovers is a group that knows less, cares less, votes less, and follows the news less than their elders do and less than their elders did. Noting that the problem is reaching almost unfathomable proportions (the median viewer age of network television news is now 60), Mindich explores the roots of the problem, including the powerful lure of entertainment, which in recent years has grown exponentially--from MTV and ESPN to Nakednews.com--far overshadowing serious news programs. The challenge, Mindich says, is to create a society in which young people feel that reading quality journalism is worthwhile. Some newspapers have responded to the problem by pandering, adding Britney Spears and subtracting John Ashcroft. But in trying to make news matter to young people, the author notes, they make it matter to no one. Tuned Out offers a number of innovative responses to this problem, from requiring every channel to carry news as part of its children’s programming to transforming college admissions policies, to changing journalism itself. Written in the spirit of Robert Putnam’s Bowling Alone, this book illuminates a serious problem in our society, a problem that will only grow worse as older Americans retire and the “tuned out” young must take their place as leaders.
Shared Norms and the Evolution of Ethnic Markers with Richard McElreath
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike other primates, human populations are often divided into ethnic groups that have self-ascribed membership and are marked by seemingly arbitrary traits such as distinctive styles of dress or speech (Barth, 1969, 1981). The modern understanding that ethnic identities are flexible and ethnic boundaries porous makes the origin and existence of such groups problematic because the movement of people and ideas between groups will tend to attenuate group differences. Thus, the persistence of existing boundaries and the birth of new ones suggests that there must be social processes that resist the homogenizing effects of migration and the strategic adoption of ethnic identities.
Can Group-Functional Behaviors Evolve by Cultural Group Selection? An Empirical Test With Joseph Soltis
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many anthropologists explain human behavior and social institutions in terms of group-level functions (Rappaport, 1984; Lenski and Lenski, 1982; Harris, 1979; Radcliffe-Brown, 1952; Aberle, Cohen, Davis, Levy, and Sutton, 1950; Malinowski, 1984 [1922]; Spencer, 1891). According to this view, beliefs, behaviors, and institutions exist because they promote the healthy functioning of social groups. Such functionalists believe that the existence of an observed behavior or institution is explained if it can be shown how the behavior or institution contributes to the health or welfare of the social group. Most functionalists in anthropology have not explained how group-beneficial beliefs and institutions arise or by what processes they are maintained (Turner and Maryanski, 1979). When functionalists do provide a mechanism for the generation or maintenance of group-level adaptations, it is usually in terms of selection among social groups.1 Functionalists believe that societies have many functional prerequisites. Social groups whose culturally transmitted values, beliefs, and institutions do not provide for these prerequisites become extinct, leaving only those societies with functional cultural attributes as survivors. We refer to this process as “cultural group selection” because it involves the differential survival and proliferation of culturally variable groups.
The Tethered Cord Syndrome
Authors: Templin Cary R John F , Sarwark John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tethering of the spinal cord is a clinical syndrome manifested by neurological deterioration and/or scoliosis as a result of sustained longitudinal traction on the axis of the spinal cord. The tethering of the spinal cord may be primary (tight filum terminale, fatty filum) or secondary (adhesions). Tethered cord in children with myelomeningocele is a secondary type of tethering that is the result of scarring in and around the neonatal closure of the myelomeningocele, most commonly at the last intact laminar arch.
Nonsyndromic Neural Tube Defects: Genetic Basis and Genetic Investigations
Authors: Evadnie Rampersaud , Melvin Elizabeth C , Speer Marcy C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of human neural tube defect (NTD) cases are nonsyndromic, meaning that the NTD is the only defect, not just one feature of an identified syndrome such as trisomy 13 or Meckel-Gruber syndrome. The etiology of nonsyndromic NTDs is considered to be complex or multifactorial, with both environmental and genetic factors implicated. In fact, it is likely that multiple genes and environmental factors interact in order for complex disorders such as NTDs to occur. The genetic factors may make the fetus susceptible, with the environmental factors providing the trigger or catalyst for the development of the NTD. A multifactorial threshold model, in which the liability to this complex disorder follows a normal distribution pattern, is often used to illustrate the concept of complex disease inheritance (Edwards, 1969). In this threshold model, when the additive effects of several genetic and environmental factors cumulate to increase the liability to disease, the phenotype is expressed (Fig. 14.1).
Genetic Risk Factors for Neural Tube Defects: Variants in Folate Metabolism
Authors: Rozen Rima 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are multifactorial disorders that are influenced by genetic and nongenetic factors. Inadequate dietary folate has been recognized for some time as an important nongenetic contributor to the risk for NTD. In contrast, the identification of genetic factors that alter NTD risk is a relatively newer area of investigation. One sequence change, at bp 677 in the gene encoding a folate-metabolizing enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), has emerged as the first genetic risk factor for NTD. However, the expectation for complex traits is that combinations of genetic polymorphisms and environmental modifiers will influence the disease risk; a polymorphism is a mutation (base change or sequence variant) with a prevalence &gt;1%. Consequently, other variants in MTHFR and sequence changes in other genes involved in folate metabolism are being explored as possible genetic risk factors for NTD, but additional data are required for these candidates before their role can be confirmed. This chapter will present an overview of folate metabolism, discuss the findings on MTHFR as a risk factor for NTD, and summarize the information on some of the other candidate genes in folate metabolism that have been investigated as potential risk factors.
Cognition, Education, and Learning Disorders
Authors: Liptak Gregory S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the terms spina bifida and meningomyelocele, which will be used synonymously in this chapter, refer to the back and spinal cord, the neurological abnormalities of this condition involve the entire neural axis (Bannister et al., 1998). Gilbert et al. (1986) reported that 92% of children with meningomyelocele who had died had abnormal migration of cortical neurons, 72% had cerebellar dysplasia, 20% had hypoplasia or aplasia of cranial nerve nuclei, 16% had fusion of the thalami, and 12 % had agenesis of the corpus callosum. These findings have been confirmed with cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For instance, Kawamura et al. (2001, 2002) have found partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, hypoplasia of the cerebral hemispheres, polymicrogyria, and heterotopic gray matter, as well as the expected cervicomedullary anomalies, such as herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Individuals with the cerebral anomalies were more likely to have cognitive impairment.
Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Liptak Gregory S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As medical care has improved, more children who have spina bifida are surviving to adulthood. Findings from one study indicate that at least 75 % of children born with meningomyelocele can be expected to reach their early adult years (Bowman et al., 2001). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) and governments around the world have emphasized the goals of improving social integration and decreasing secondary conditions for adults who have disabilities. In the United States, federal legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), mandates equal access to facilities such as public transportation, state and local government services including state universities, stores and recreational facilities, independent living within the community, and employment for individuals who have disabilities.
Transition/Separation, Toilet Training, and Sexuality
Authors: Shurtleff David B , Sobkowiak Carole A , Walker William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss general concepts of child emotional and behavioral development in the areas of toilet training, separation/transition, and sexuality, comparing children with and without disabilities. Myelomeningocele, the most severe form of neural tube defects associated with survival, will serve as an example of the spectrum of neural tube defects. The first section will deal with general concepts that every care provider should consider reviewing with patients and families. There are many reasons that make this general review necessary, including recent developments in the diagnosis, prevention, management, and outcomes for these complex patients. The first and most important reason is the authors’ experience with parents who have complained about not having all the possible complications outlined for them from the beginning. All care providers for patients with myelomeningocele, and similarly affected patients, should consider providing their own specialty opinions about the management of these children, integrating their advice with the possible alternatives offered by others in their own field and by the patient’s care providers from other specialties.
When and How to Communicate with People with Spina Bifida and Their Families
Authors: Oppenheimer Sonyag. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to give insight to professionals who provide information at varying stages in the life of a person with spina bifida. A variety of people representing many different disciplines meet with people with spina bifida and their families at various times, including prenatally, at birth, in early childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and older adulthood.
Preventing All Folic Acid-Preventable Spina Bifida
Authors: Oakley Godfrey P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is too bad that a virus is not the primary cause of spina bifida. Serious diseases caused by viruses get prevented if there are effective vaccines. As the son of a single mother in a small rural town in eastern North Carolina, I received the Salk vaccine at the county health department within a few months after the completion of the study that proved the vaccine was safe and effective. Once the scientific knowledge was available to prevent polio, there was extreme urgency and the political will to implement highly effective prevention programs because it was well known that, without the vaccinations, children would continue to become paralyzed by polio. This rapid deployment of an effective prevention program may well have pre­ vented my sister or me from getting polio. The availability of effective vaccines against rubella and Hemophilus influenzae also led rapidly to effective prevention programs that each year prevents thousands of children from developing the congenital rubella syndrome and hemophilus influenza meningitis.
Strategies for Plant Population Viability Modeling: An Overview
Authors: Burgman Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Lewis (1942) and Leslie (1945), population modeling has been dominated by problems involving large-bodied vertebrates, mostly mammals, birds, and fish. Plants require some different thinking because they don’t move, thereby integrating environmental conditions over relatively small areas. In addition, they are frequently susceptible to local disturbance mechanisms such as landslip, fire, and disease, and their reproductive biology and dispersal mechanisms are often episodic and depend on other species. Werner and Caswell (1977) and Bierzychudek (1982) published population models for the plants Dipsacus sylvestris and Arisaema triphyllum, using matrix formalism to produce insights into their management. Caswell (1989) provided a complete formal framework, leading Fiedler et al. (1998) to characterize transition matrices as the “modus operandi” for summarizing plant population data. Others (e.g., Burgman and Gerard 1990; Menges 1990, 1998; Damman and Cain 1999) used stochastic population models to argue for the quantification of risk and evaluation of management options by analyzing probability of decline.
Tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis in Kazakhstan: Transmission Dynamics in a Patchy Environment
Authors: Milner-Gulland E J , Torgerson Paul , Shaikenov Blok , Morgan Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been an increasing realization of the importance of incorporating spatial dynamics into models of the transmission dynamics of parasites and infectious diseases, particularly when hosts are free-living in the wild (Mollison and Levin 1995, Hess 1996, Hudson et al. 2001, Kennedy 2001). Spatial variation in parasite prevalences can reflect complex interactions between climatic suitability for free-living stages and host ecology (including host movement patterns, population dynamics, and the extent to which primary and secondary host distributions overlap). Echinococcus multilocularis is a tapeworm that has wild carnivores as its definitive hosts and small mammals as its intermediate hosts (Eckert et al. 2001) (Figure 16.1). It is widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere and causes fatal disease in humans if eggs are accidentally ingested. In Kazakhstan, E. multilocularis has been found in 18 rodent species and 4 carnivore species (mostly in foxes). Its prevalence depends strongly on the biome (Figure 16.2). This is chiefly because egg survival is strongly related to humidity and temperature (Eckert et al. 2001); under optimal conditions (4°C and high humidity) eggs can remain viable for up to 16 months. Temperatures in desert areas of Kazakhstan can reach 40°C in the summer, with very low humidity; under these conditions eggs are not likely to survive for more than a few hours. Hence extensive field surveys in arid areas of Kazakhstan found only infected rodents in patches with a humid microclimate, such as depressions or river valleys (Shaikenov and Torgerson 2002). In mountains or river valleys, up to 8% of rodents and around 30% of carnivores examined were infected. By contrast, in desert areas, &lt;1% prevalence was found in both rodents and foxes.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Bucholtz Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The publication of Robin Tolmach Lakoff’s ground breaking book Language and Womans Place (LWP) by Harper & Row in 1975 has long been heralded as the beginning of the linguistic subfield of language and gender studies, as well as ushering in the study of language and gender in related disciplines such as anthropology, communication studies, education, psychology, and sociology.
Gender, Identity, and “Strong Language’’ in a Professional Woman’s Talk
Authors: Bean Judith Mattson , Johnstone Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most striking illustrations in Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) of the potential effect of having to choose a “weaker” way of talking over a “stronger” one is this hypothetical example: “Oh, fudge, my hair is on fire” (44). Lakoff suggests that, in general, “the “stronger’ expletives are reserved for men, and the “weaker’ ones [like fudge] for women” (44). In this essay, we explore this suggestion, examining the links between gender and “strong language” as they are represented in how one woman talks about and simultaneously performs her uses of language in professional life.
Reproducibility in dietary assessment
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dietary assessment method is considered reproducible if it gives very similar results when used repeatedly in the same situation. The reproducibility of any dietary method is a function of the measurement errors (discussed in Chapter 5), uncertainty resulting from true variation in daily nutrient intakes (Section 3.3.2), and variability introduced by a variety of other confounding factors (e.g., age and sex, season, chronic illness or dieting). Even if the measurement errors and confounding factors are minimized, uncertainty in the estimation of usual nutrient intakes remains. Consequently, although the dietary survey results from two separate occasions may disagree, the method may not have poor reproducibility; the food intakes of the individuals may indeed have changed. Therefore, only an estimate of reproducibility can be made. True reproducibility cannot be determined because replicate observations in dietary assessment are impossible.
Anthropometric assessment of body composition
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most anthropometric methods used to assess body composition are based on a model in which the body consists of two chemically distinct compartments: fat and fat-free mass. The latter — also referred to as the body cell mass — consists of the skeletal muscle, nonskeletal muscle, soft lean tissues, and the skeleton. Anthropometric techniques can indirectly assess fat and the fat-free mass, and variations in their amount and proportion can be used as indices of nutritional status. For example, fat is the main storage form of energy in the body and is sensitive to acute malnutrition. Thus, alterations in body fat content provide indirect estimates of changes in energy balance. Body muscle, composed largely of protein, is a major component of the fat-free mass and serves as an index of the protein reserves of the body; these reserves become depleted during chronic undernutrition, resulting in muscle wasting.
Assessment of iodine and selenium status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iodine and selenium are considered together in this chapter because of their recognized interactions. Deficiencies of the two elements occur in both low-income and more affluent countries, induced primarily by low soil concentrations which are often exacerbated by leaching. Both elements are essential for thyroid hormone metabolism and are required for optimal growth and development. In addition, they have a role in normal reproduction, gene expression, and synthesis of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the liver (Arthur, 1999). Deficiencies of both elements are associated with serious debilitating clinical effects, some of which are irreversible.