bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicted Twenty-First-Century Changes in Seasonal Extreme Precipitation Events in the Parallel Climate Model
Authors: Wehner Michael F. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Twenty-year return values of annual and seasonal maxima of daily precipitation are calculated from a set of transiently forced coupled general circulation model simulations. The magnitude and pattern of return values are found to be highly dependent on the seasonal cycle. A similar dependence is found for projected future changes in return values.
The correlation between the spatial pattern of return value changes and mean precipitation changes is found to be low. Hence, the changes in mean precipitation do not provide significant information about changes in precipitation extreme values.
Using First Differences to Reduce Inhomogeneity in Radiosonde Temperature Datasets
Authors: Free Melissa , Angell James K. , Durre Imke , Lanzante John , Peterson Thomas C. , Seidel Dian J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The utility of a “first difference” method for producing temporally homogeneous large-scale mean time series is assessed. Starting with monthly averages, the method involves dropping data around the time of suspected discontinuities and then calculating differences in temperature from one year to the next, resulting in a time series of year-to-year differences for each month at each station. These first difference time series are then combined to form large-scale means, and mean temperature time series are constructed from the first difference series. When applied to radiosonde temperature data, the method introduces random errors that decrease with the number of station time series used to create the large-scale time series and increase with the number of temporal gaps in the station time series. Root-mean-square errors for annual means of datasets produced with this method using over 500 stations are estimated at no more than 0.03 K, with errors in trends less than 0.02 K decade−1 for 1960–97 at 500 mb. For a 50-station dataset, errors in trends in annual global means introduced by the first differencing procedure may be as large as 0.06 K decade−1 (for six breaks per series), which is greater than the standard error of the trend. Although the first difference method offers significant resource and labor advantages over methods that attempt to adjust the data, it introduces an error in large-scale mean time series that may be unacceptable in some cases.
The Role of Coupled Sea Surface Temperatures in the Simulation of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation
Authors: Zheng Y. , Waliser D. E. , Stern W. F. , Jones C. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This study compares the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TISO) variability in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled general circulation model (CGCM) and the stand-alone atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). For the AGCM simulation, the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were specified using those from the CGCM simulation. This was done so that any differences in the TISO that emerged from the two simulations could be attributed to the coupling process and not to a difference in the mean background state. The comparison focused on analysis of the rainfall, 200-mb velocity potential, and 850-mb zonal wind data from the two simulations, for both summer and winter periods, and included comparisons to analogous diagnostics using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) rainfall data.
The results of the analysis showed three principal differences in the TISO variability between the coupled and uncoupled simulations. The first was that the CGCM showed an improvement in the spatial variability associated with the TISO mode, particularly for boreal summer. Specifically, the AGCM exhibited almost no TISO variability in the Indian Ocean during boreal summer—a common shortcoming among AGCMs. The CGCM, on the other hand, did show a considerable enhancement in TISO variability in this region for this season. The second was that the wavenumber–frequency spectra of the AGCM exhibited an unrealistic peak in variability at low wavenumbers (1–3, depending on the variable) and about 3 cycles yr−1 (cpy). This unrealistic peak of variability was absent in the CGCM, which otherwise tended to show good agreement with the observations. The third difference was that the AGCM showed a less realistic phase lag between the TISO-related convection and SST anomalies. In particular, the CGCM exhibited a near-quadrature relation between precipitation and SST anomalies, which is consistent with observations, while the phase lag was reduced in the AGCM by about 1.5 pentads (∼1 week). The implications of the above results, including those for the notions of “perfect SST” and “two tier” experiments, are discussed, as are the caveats associated with the study's modeling framework and analysis.
Response of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation to Increased Atmospheric CO2 in a Coupled Model
Authors: Hu Aixue , Meehl Gerald A. , Washington Warren M. , Dai Aiguo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Changes in the thermohaline circulation (THC) due to increased CO2 are important in future climate regimes. Using a coupled climate model, the Parallel Climate Model (PCM), regional responses of the THC in the North Atlantic to increased CO2 and the underlying physical processes are studied here. The Atlantic THC shows a 20-yr cycle in the control run, qualitatively agreeing with other modeling results. Compared with the control run, the simulated maximum of the Atlantic THC weakens by about 5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) or 14% in an ensemble of transient experiments with a 1% CO2 increase per year at the time of CO2 doubling. The weakening of the THC is accompanied by reduced poleward heat transport in the midlatitude North Atlantic. Analyses show that oceanic deep convective activity strengthens significantly in the Greenland–Iceland–Norway (GIN) Seas owing to a saltier (denser) upper ocean, but weakens in the Labrador Sea due to a fresher (lighter) upper ocean and in the south of the Denmark Strait region (SDSR) because of surface warming. The saltiness of the GIN Seas are mainly caused by an increased salty North Atlantic inflow, and reduced sea ice volume fluxes from the Arctic into this region. The warmer SDSR is induced by a reduced heat loss to the atmosphere, and a reduced sea ice flux into this region, resulting in less heat being used to melt ice. Thus, sea ice–related salinity effects appear to be more important in the GIN Seas, but sea ice–melt-related thermal effects seem to be more important in the SDSR region. On the other hand, the fresher Labrador Sea is mainly attributed to increased precipitation. These regional changes produce the overall weakening of the THC in the Labrador Sea and SDSR, and more vigorous ocean overturning in the GIN Seas. The northward heat transport south of 60°N is reduced with increased CO2, but increased north of 60°N due to the increased flow of North Atlantic water across this latitude.
Predictability of Low-Level Winds by Mesoscale Meteorological Models
Authors: Rife Daran L. , Davis Christopher A. , Liu Yubao , Warner Thomas T. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This study describes the verification of model-based, low-level wind forecasts for the area of the Salt Lake valley and surrounding mountains during the 2002 Salt Lake City, Utah, Winter Olympics. Standard verification statistics (such as bias and mean absolute error) for wind direction and speed were compared for four models: the Eta, Rapid Update Cycle (RUC-2), and Global Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). Even though these models had horizontal grid increments that ranged over almost two orders of magnitude, the highest-resolution MM5 with a 1.33-km grid increment exhibited a forecast performance similar to that of the other models in terms of grid-average, conventional verification metrics. This is in spite of the fact that the MM5 is the only model capable of reasonably representing the complex terrain of the Salt Lake City region that exerts a strong influence on the local circulation patterns. The purpose of this study is to investigate why the standard verification measures did not better discriminate among the models and to describe alternative measures that might better represent the ability of high-horizontal-resolution models to forecast locally forced mesogamma-scale circulations. The spatial variability of the strength of the diurnal forcing was quantified by spectrally transforming the time series of wind-component data for each observation location. The amount of spectral power in the band with approximately a diurnal period varied greatly from place to place, as did the amount of power in the bands with periods longer (superdiurnal) and shorter (subdiurnal) than the diurnal. It is reasonable that the superdiurnal power is largely in the synoptic-scale motions, and thus can be reasonably predicted by all the models. In contrast, the subdiurnal power is mainly in nondiurnally forced small-scale fluctuations that are generally unpredictable with any horizontal resolution because they are unobserved in three dimensions by the observation network.
A strong positive relationship is demonstrated between the strength of the local forcing at each observation location, as measured by the spectral power in the diurnal band of the wind component time series, and forecast skill, as reflected by an alternative verification metric, a measure of anomaly correlation. However, the mean-absolute error showed no relationship to the power in the diurnal band. Two other measures of comparison among the low-level wind forecasts, the direction climatology and the spatial variance, showed a positive correlation between forecast quality and horizontal resolution.
A New Mixing-Length Formulation for the Parameterization of Dry Convection: Implementation and Evaluation in a Mesoscale Model
Authors: Teixeira J. , Ferreira J. P. , Miranda P. M. A. , Haack T. , Doyle J. , Siebsema A. P. , Salgado R. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A realistic representation of the evolution of the dry convective boundary layer in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models has been an elusive goal for many years. In this paper the performance of a new mixing-length formulation for the dry convective boundary layer is evaluated in the context of the Coupled Ocean– Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). In this new formulation, the mixing length is proportional to a time scale and to the square root of the turbulent kinetic energy. The model results are tested against observations from the Climate Impact of Changes in Land Use (CICLUS) field experiment in the south of Portugal. It is shown that COAMPS with the new formulation produces a more realistic simulation of the boundary layer growth. A data assimilation experiment performed with COAMPS shows that the improvements provided by the new formulation are significant, particularly in terms of the humidity vertical distribution. Finally, one-dimensional simulations are used to confirm that the new formulation provides more accurate results because of a more realistic representation of the entrainment and of the vertical mixing in general.
The cellular prion protein modulates phagocytosis and inflammatory response
Authors: de Almeida Cecília J G , Chiarini Luciana B , da Silva Juliane Pereira , e Silva Patrícia M R , Martins Marco Aurélio , Linden Rafael 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a glycoprotein anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to the cell surface and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. It is also expressed in a variety of cell types of the immune system. We investigated the role of PrPc in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and other particles. Macrophages from mice with deletion of the Prnp gene showed higher rates of phagocytosis than wild-type macrophages in in vitro assays. The elimination of GPI-anchored proteins from the cell surface of macrophages from wild-type mice rendered these cells as efficient as macrophages derived from knockout mice. In situ detection of phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies within the retina indicated augmented phagocytotic activity in knockout mice. In an in vivo assay of acute peritonitis, knockout mice showed more efficient phagocytosis of zymosan particles than wild-type mice. In addition, leukocyte recruitment was altered in knockout mice, as compared with wild type. The data show that PrPc modulates phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo. This activity is described for the first time and may be important for normal macrophage functions as well as for the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
The Additional Value of Chemotherapy to Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis of the Published Literature
Authors: Langendijk J.A. , Leemans Ch.R. , Buter J. , Berkhof J. , Slotman B.J. 
Published: November 2004

Purpose The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the additional value of neoadjuvant, concurrent, and/or adjuvant chemotherapy to radiation in the treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with regard to the overall survival (OS) and the incidence of local-regional recurrences (LRR) and distant metastases (DM). Patients and Methods To be eligible, full published studies had to deal with biopsy-proven NPC and have patients randomly assigned to receive conventional radiotherapy (66 to 70 Gy in 7 weeks) or radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Results Ten randomized clinical studies were identified, including 2,450 patients. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of death for all studies was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.95; P = .01) corresponding to an absolute survival benefit of 4% after 5 years. Three categories of trials were defined according to the sequence of chemotherapy, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, at least concomitant chemoradiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy. A significant interaction term (P = .02) was found among these three categories. The largest effect was found for concomitant chemotherapy, with a pooled HR of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.32 to 0.72), which corresponds to a survival benefit of 20% after 5 years. Comparable results were found for the incidence of LRR and DM. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that concomitant chemotherapy in addition to radiation is probably the most effective way to improve OS in NPC.
Phase II Study of CT-2103 in Patients With Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma
Authors: Sabbatini Paul , Aghajanian Carol , Dizon Don , Anderson Sybil , Dupont Jakob , Brown John V. , Peters William A. , Jacobs Andrew , Mehdi Aminder , Rivkin Saul , Eisenfeld Amy J. , Spriggs David 
Published: November 2004

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CT-2103, a novel conjugate of paclitaxel and poly-l-glutamic acid, in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer. Patients and Methods Ninety-nine patients with measurable disease received intravenous CT-2103 at 175 mg/m2 of conjugated paclitaxel over 10 minutes every 3 weeks without routine premedications. Platinum-sensitive (n = 42) and platinum-refractory or platinum-resistant patients (n = 57) were enrolled. Thirty-nine patients (39%) had received one or two prior regimens, and 60 patients (61%) had received between three and 12 regimens. Results In 99 patients, the median number of cycles was three (range, one to 14 cycles). The response rate (RR) for all patients was 10% (10 of 99 patients), with median time to disease progression (TTP) of 2 months. The RR (partial response) in platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant patients was 14% (six of 42 patients) and 7% (four of 57 patients), respectively. In patients with only one or two prior regimens, the RR in platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant patients was 28% (five of 18 patients) and 10% (two of 21 patients), with a median TTP of 4 and 2 months, respectively. Grade 2 (15 patients) or 3 (15 patients) neuropathy was reported in 30 patients (30%). Grade 2 hypersensitivity occurred in eight patients (8%) who were subsequently treated with premedications; one patient had grade 3 hypersensitivity and was removed. Grade 2 alopecia was absent. Conclusion CT-2103 is active in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Neurotoxicity in these heavily pretreated patients was more frequent than predicted from phase I trials. Further study to define toxicity and efficacy in patients with less prior therapy is ongoing.
Inhibition of the Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) Transporter Reduces Bone Accrual during Growth
Authors: Warden Stuart J. , Robling Alexander G. , Sanders Megan S. , Bliziotes Michael M. , Turner Charles H. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antagonize the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) transporter (5-HTT), and are frequently prescribed to children and adolescents to treat depression. However, recent findings of functional serotonergic pathways in bone cells and preliminary clinical evidence demonstrating detrimental effects of SSRIs on bone growth have raised questions regarding the effects of these drugs on the growing skeleton. The current work investigated the impact of 5-HTT inhibition on the skeleton in: 1) mice with a null mutation in the gene encoding for the 5-HTT; and 2) growing mice treated with a SSRI. In both models, 5-HTT inhibition had significant detrimental effects on bone mineral accrual. 5-HTT null mutant mice had a consistent skeletal phenotype of reduced mass, altered architecture, and inferior mechanical properties, whereas bone mineral accrual was impaired in growing mice treated with a SSRI. These phenotypes resulted from a reduction in bone formation without an increase in bone resorption and were not influenced by effects on skeletal mechanosensitivity or serum biochemistries. These findings indicate a role for the 5-HTT in the regulation of bone accrual in the growing skeleton and point to a need for further research into the prescription of SSRIs to children and adolescents.
Opitz “C” trigonocephaly‐like syndrome in a patient with terminal deletion of 2p and partial duplication of 17q
Authors: Czakó Márta , Riegel Mariluce , Morava Éva , Bajnóczky Katalin , Kosztolányi György 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA boy with trigonocephaly, cleft palate, multiple minor anomalies, flexion deformities of elbows, cryptorchidism, and severe muscular hypotonia had an unbalanced karyotype with duplication of the distal 17q and deletion of the tip of 2p. This was derived from a reciprocal translocation in the father, 46,XY,t(2;17)(p25;q24). The propositus had some findings observed in patients with distal dup(17q), while trigonocephaly not found in these patients may be associated with the terminal deletion of 2p including the locus of SOX11 gene. It is proposed that the major clinical findings of this patient are consistent with the phenotype characteristic of the Opitz “C” trigonocephaly syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of ultrasonic oscillations on processing behavior and mechanical properties of metallocene‐catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylene/low‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: Wu Hong , Guo Shaoyun , Chen Guangshun , Shi Huaigu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe influences of ultrasonic oscillations on rheological behavior and mechanical properties of metallocene‐catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE)/low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) blends were investigated. The experimental results showed that the presence of ultrasonic oscillations can increase the extrusion productivity of mLLDPE/LDPE blends and decrease their die pressure and melt viscosity during extrusion. Incorporation of LDPE increases the critical shear rate for sharkskin formation of extrudate, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of mLLDPE. The processing behavior and mechanical properties of mLLDPE/LDPE blends were further improved in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations during extrusion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2522–2527, 2004
Toxicity of two type II ribosome‐inactivating proteins (cinnamomin and ricin) to domestic silkworm larvae
Authors: Wei Guo‐qing , Liu Ren‐Shui , Wang Qiong , Liu Wang‐Yi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCinnamomin and ricin are two type II ribosome‐inactivating proteins. They exhibited a different toxicity to domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae by oral feeding bioassay. The LC50 of ricin to the silkworm larvae at third instar was much lower than that of cinnamomin. When the isolated 80S ribosome from domestic silkworm pupae was treated separately with the reduced cinnamomin or the reduced ricin, a specific RNA fragment (R‐fragment) was produced as characterized by 8 M urea‐denatured polyacrylamide gel (3.5%) electrophoresis. The purified A‐chains of both cinnamomin and ricin showed a slightly different RNA N‐glycosidase activity to the domestic silkworm pupal ribosome. It was proposed that the difference of their toxicity to domestic silkworm larvae was not related to their A‐chains but to the properties of their B‐chains. It was also found that the vomit obtained from the midgut of domestic silkworm larvae could hydrolyze these two proteins apparently to a similar extent. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:160–165, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.