bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
By The Waters Of BabyLon”: The Promise Fails
Authors: Schniedewind William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Babylonian exile is a watershed in the history of the Jewish people. The Davidic kingdom had come to an end. The Jerusalem temple was in ruins; the people, exiled. Although many remained in the land, life could not continue as normal. The social institutions of monarchy and temple that had dominated Judaean life for four centuries had vanished. A new imperial world order replaced them. Key religious, commercial, and administrative leaders were either killed, exiled, or fled to Egypt. Life-could not continue as it had before. The Babylonian exile precipitated a crisis that affected the sense of meaning and order. Not the least of the crisis was the failure of the Promise to David as it had come to be read. The Promise was a focal point for the institutional structure of Judah by the late monarchy, and consequently the need to make sense of the Promise during this crisis was acute. In the present chapter, we begin with observations about the sociopolitical context of the Babylonian exile before moving on to a specific analysis of the Promise.
“Her Laugh an Ace” The Function of Humor in Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine
Authors: Gleason William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Fariy reviewers of Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine treat the novel as though it were at heart a tragic account of pain. They see Erdrich as merely a recorder of contemporary Indian suffering, as an evoker of her characters’ “conflicting feelings of pride and shame, guilt and rage—the disorderly intimacies of their lives on the reservation and their longings to escape.” These critics classify Love Medicine as “a tribal chronicle of defeat,” a “unique evocation of a culture in severe social ruin,” and an “appalling account of . . . impoverished, feckless lives far gone in alcoholism and promiscuity.” Each of these descriptions betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of the novel; any reckoning of Love Medicine as an ultimately tragic text begs contradiction.
Defining the Center of the Temple
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temple manager Ādityan Sūryan, who, it will be recalled, donated several images of the nāyaṉmār to the Rājarājeśvaram temple, was not the only temple authority to be mentioned in inscriptions or the most significant. There were, in fact, two other religious figures of greater importance at the temple. One was Carver Tevar, the “spiritual guru” of the king. The king and his guru were depicted together in a mural and possibly in stone, and Karuvūr Tēvar is credited with composing a poem, the Tiruvicaippā, in which the king is praised. Perhaps more important from an institutional point of view was Guru Iśana Śaiva Paṇḍita, the chief priest of the temple and a Śaiva Siddhāntin.
Introduction
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the earliest days of the Christian church, preachers and theologians capitalized on scriptural images to establish firm bonds between faith and illumination, especially understood as intellectual insight or spiritual understanding. These connections, however, were variously drawn. Cyril of Jerusalem’s lenten lectures for the instruction of catechumens (ca. 349) illustrate two common ways of stating the relationship. Commenting on Heb. 1 I: I, Cyril compares faith to an eye and asserts that the expression “faith” can mean one of two things. First there is a “dogmatic faith” that is knowledge of and assent to a proposition, acquiescence that comes from one’s self and is directed toward divine truth. The second kind of faith is a supernaturally bestowed power to behold divine things beyond the natural human capacity: “For when it is enlightened by faith, the soul has visions of God, and contemplates God, as far as it may; it ranges over the bounds of the universe, and before the consummation of this world, beholds the judgment and the payment of promised rewards.” For Cyril, this power apparently follows upon the dogmatic assent, and then only when one “cherishes” that first type of faith. Like Cyril and countless others, John Calvin viewed faith as a special kind of perception that involved new ways of understanding and even seeing. He supported this notion by appealing to scripture and, again quite in keeping with the earlier tradition, sought to make sense of the variety of scriptural expression by distinguishing various aspects of faith.
From Fiducia to Cognitio
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the formation of Calvin’s views on faith at the beginning of his career and their relationship to developments in his theology as expressed in the Latin editions of the Institutes prior to 1559. This overview of Calvin’s concept of faith-as expressed in his summary of Christian doctrine 1536-1554-prepares for the investigation of the exegetical underpinnings of that concept in chapters 2, 3, and 4. The discussion will show that Calvin’s understanding of faith is an evolving one. The most important stage (1536-1539) reflects a significant development in or solidification of his theology as a whole. In these years he moves beyond the primarily “Lutheran” categories to new theological shores, bringing to expression views that are widely recognized to constitute his own mature position on theology and faith. However, the designation “mature” should not imply that Calvin’s views after 1539 remained static. To the contrary, they continued to evolve, though now in a clear direction. By tracing Calvin’s treatment of faith in the successive editions of the Institutes through the 1554 edition I will show how the expanding polemical context refined and sharpened the distinctions Calvin tried to draw between his definition of faith in 1539 and what he perceived to be false alternatives. Yet this is but one aspect of the continuing evolution of Calvin’s concept of faith. In order to gain more comprehensive insight into the blossoming of the view arrived at in 1539, I will need to consider, in subsequent chapters, the exegetical bases of and further influence on Calvin’s understanding of faith.
Providential Faith
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier I showed that one of Calvin’s main concerns in his discussion of providence in the 1539 Institutes is to defend the idea of God’s particular and special guidance of all changes in nature and events in history. Carnal sense, he argues, can perceive and contemplate “a general preserving or governing activity.” Faith, however, “ought to penetrate more deeply” and perceive not some universal guidance of the world but God’s sustenance, nourishment, and care for “everything he has made, even to the least sparrow.”‘ Over the next two decades, perceiving the doctrine of God’s special or particular providence to be increasingly under attack, Calvin continues his vigorous defense in various polemical writings: in his tracts against the Libertines and astrology, as well as in his defense of predestination and providence in responses to Giorgio Siculo and Pighius (1552) and Sebastian Castellio (1558). He frequently links the views of his opponents to particular phil osophical positions: a too great appreciation for Aristotelian secondary causes, the “Epicurean” notions of an idle god and governance by chance, Stoic determinism or naturalism, and a similar determinism leading to Libertine antinomianism. Su san Schreiner has argued that Calvin’s thinking about providence unfolds in these polemics but undergoes no fundamental changes. Hence these writings indicate the central problematic of providence and contribute greatly to our understanding of Calvin’s discussion of the topic in the Institutes. Yet with respect to the question of the relationship between faith and providence, their testimony is not especially illuminating. They only assert that the understanding of providence is not by reason but by faith; they do not tell us much about the character of this faith.
The Church Faces Death Ecclesiology in Search of Identity and Responsibility
Authors: Jinkins Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Is It about the apprehension of death that is frightening? Are we simply afraid of the cessation of biological life, or of consciousness, or anxious because we are facing the unknown? Or is there even more to it-something in the occurrence of the apprehension itself that is an awakening, as from slumber, to the unavoidable and undeniable realization that we are facing death, that we are alive-facing-death, our death, and that we have it to face and to endure as a part of living? If this is so, if this is the nature and content of our apprehension of death, then is it not also possible that when the church as a human institution faces the prospect of its death, it faces its life, its terminus and its telos; it encounters an accounting for its raison d’etre and therefore its responsibility for its life and death, and the judgment of all that “church” stands for as a sign?
Taxonomies Paradox, Plurality, and the Enduring Genius of Church
Authors: Jinkins Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The drive to classify phenomena according to formal type is at least as old as Aristotle.1 Indeed, the need to develop taxonomies (the description of subjects by use of typological categories) goes hand in hand with the human urge to comprehend. The biblical story of Adam implies that “naming” is somehow a common task of humanity. It should come as no surprise that the use of formal analytical taxonomies to describe religion, in general, and the church, in particular, has had a long history, from the simple contrasts of Baal worship versus YHWH worship in the Old Testament to the sophisticated taxonomies of religious social organization in Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch.
Confessions: A Preface to Ecclesiology
Authors: Jinkins Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the sixteenth of April 1963, a young clergyman sat in the Birmingham, Alabama, city jail. He was there for leading a civil rights demonstration. As he sat in the cell that day, he wrote a letter that stands beside the Declaration of Independence, the Federalist Papers, and Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address as one of a handful of American documents that define and call into question our national character. The document also stands as a remarkable example of Christian theological reflection. The young minister: Martin Luther King, Jr. The document: the “Letter from Birmingham City Jail:’ He wrote the letter in response to an open letter, published the previous January, from eight leading white “liberal” clergymen, all from Alabama, who charged King’s civil rights efforts with being “unwise and untimely:’ There is an especially haunting passage in King’s letter that specifically pertains to our quest to understand how we go about describing church. It presses us as church to a position that simultaneously “confesses” both in the sense of a confession of sin and in the sense of a confession of faith.
The Enforcement of Anti-Miscegenation Laws *
Authors: Kennedy Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hybridism is heinous. Impurity of races is against the law of nature. Mulattoes are monsters. The law of nature is the law of God. The same law which forbids consanguineous amalgamation forbids ethnical amalgamation. Both are incestuous. Amalgamation is incest.
Miscegenation in the Late Nineteenth-Century American Novel *
Authors: Andrews William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the writing of Charles W. Chesnutt, an Afro-American whose “color line” fiction achieved unprecedented notoriety at the turn of the twentieth century, the problem of miscegenation, its history, its causes, and its moral and social effects, became the unifying theme of an author’s entire oeuvre for the first time in American literature. In all three of Chesnutt’s published novels, the complex social and political problems which are treated appear against the background of suppressed or tragically resolved interracial love and miscegenation.1 It is important to re member, however, that the possibility of miscegenation as a consequence of the new post-Civil War racial “equality” in America was a question which a great many literary people, white and black, felt obliged to address in fiction. Many of these writers tried their hands at the novel of miscegenation, not merely out of an impulse to concoct a popular romance of forbidden interracial love or to engage in ritual pity for the “tragic mulatto”; directly or indirectly, their novels reflected and influenced most of the positions taken in the national debate over the moral, social, and political ramifications of black assimilation into the mainstream of white American life. Perhaps the key question facing America after emancipation was to what extent the newly-freed slaves could and should be assimilated into American society. Though many felt the granting of civil and political rights in the abstract through passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments was sufficient aid to the black man in his upward struggle, others argued that greater vigilance was required to see that the black man could exercise his rights in fact as well as theory.
Miscegenationt
Authors: Dubois W E B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When back of all this one seeks scientific reasons, the path is singularly difficult. First of all, there is the basic question: What is a race? Usually we think of three main races, but Blumenbach found 5, Agassiz 8, Huxley 11, Haeckel 12, Topinard 18, Crawford 60, and Gliddon 150. The question of the number of human races has quite lost its raison d’etre, and has become a subject rather of philosophical speculation than of scientific research. It is of no more importance now to know how many human races there are than to know how many angels can dance on the point of a needle. Our aim now is to find out how ancient and primitive races developed from others, and how races have changed or evolved through migration and interbreeding. (Professor Felix Von Luschan in “Anthropological View of Race,” Inter-Racial Problems, 1911, pp. 16, 21, 22)
“Great Creating Nature”: How Human Economics Grows Out of Natural Increase
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter argued that we must change our thinking about eco nomic bonds and money, so that our moral and personal lives need no longer be at odds with our means of economic support. In this chapter I shall show how the mechanistic science and technology of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries divorced our economy from its traditional relation ship with natural productivity, how contemporary biological science, complexity theory, and synergetic production methods are on the way to restoring our economic connection with nature, and how Shakespeare can help us manage the transition from one to the other. If bonds are essentially exploitative, as in the Industrial Revolution model, then Cordelia is wrong to love her father according to her bond. But the play insists that she is right, which means that there must be a form of bond and a kind of productive activity that is not exploitative.
“The Quality of Mercy Is Not Strained”:Why Justice Must Be Lubricated with Mercy
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our investigation of the nature of bonds has raised a fundamental paradox, the need for the coexistence of mercy and justice. The task of this chapter is not to choose one at the expense of the other, nor to demonstrate that there is no real contradiction between them. It would be entirely against the spirit of Shakespeare to do either. What Shakespeare does in The Merchant of Venice is to accept the necessity and the mutual contradiction of mercy and justice, and to generate a dramatic world out of their continued struggle. As he develops a poetic vocabulary of metaphors and puns and plot twists and historical and mythological allusions to embody the struggle, the legal para dox of mercy and justice opens into wider and wider fields of relevance: morality, economics, physics, human physiology and evolution, religious history, theology, linguistics, aesthetics, cosmology. The point is not so much to resolve the paradox of mercy and justice, as it is to trace Shakespeare’s own demonstration of how the paradox constructs the world. The solution to its puzzles is not a neat one that would dispose of the problem once and for all, but rather the continuation of the struggle itself in the marketplace, under the sign of Mercury.
“Never Call a True Piece of Gold a Counterfeit”:How Does One Stamp a Value on a Coin and Make It Stick?
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introductory chapter of this book we encountered the distinction be tween the metal value of a coin and its stamped or inscribed value. It was this distinction that enabled us to establish the idea of money as a kind of bond, a promissory note, albeit one that binds not two particular individuals with each other, but one unspecified individual-the “bearer”-with the whole community sharing a given currency. The distinction between the value of a coin as a financial instrument and its value as specie bears a close relationship to the distinctions we have investigated in the last two chapters, between the earned and the given, the willed and the accidental, the predictable and the risky, merit and luck, justice and mercy.
“Thou Owest God a Death”:Debt, Time, and the Parable of the Talents
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Gospel of Matthew, 25:14-30, Jesus tells a remarkable parable. The kingdom of heaven, he says, is like a wealthy man who goes traveling and lends his three servants money (reckoned in weights of specie called talents) until his return. The servant that gets five talents uses the money to trade and doubles the money to ten, which he gives to his master on his return. The servant that gets two talents also doubles the money, to four, and ren ders it to his master. The wealthy man praises these two servants and pro motes them, effectively making them partners in his firm. The third servant buries his talent in the ground and repays it unrisked and unenhanced, ex plaining that he was afraid that the master, who has a hard reputation of reaping where he has not sown, would blame him if he lost the money in a risky venture. The master condemns him and orders the one talent to be taken away and given to the servant with ten talents, explaining angrily that the one-talent servant should at least have “put [the] money to the exchangers”-played the financial market-so that he could have given it back with usury (interest).
“Bounty ... That Grew the More for Reaping”: Why Creation Enters into Bonds
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the core of Shakespeare’s economics, as we have seen, is a radical vision of the world as spontaneously generating order, structure, and value in a continual self-metamorphosis. The notion of natural profit makes possible a world in which the zero of balanced accounts can yield a near-infinite return, in which market values and higher human values can be integrated with each other, in which mercy and gifts can coexist with justice and wages, in which coinage can meaningfully mediate between us and our world, and in which it becomes possible to beat the interest rate of thermodynamic decay charged on the debt of mortal existence. But though Shakespeare has in po etic and dramatic terms proved that natural profit and true human gift giving do happen, in the plays we have looked at he has only outlined and hinted at how they happen. Antony and Cleopatra takes up the challenge of explanation, in a way that constitutes a remarkably precise scientific analysis.
“Dear Life Redeems You”: The Economics of Resurrection
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last scenes of The Winter’s Tale Shakespeare presents us with an extraordinary episode whose meaning is still being debated. Leontes, king of Sicily, has completed sixteen years of penance for a monstrous crime. He had falsely suspected his wife, Hermione, and his best friend, Polixenes, of having an adulterous affair. His tyrannous pursuit of this obsession had resulted in the apparent deaths of his entire family-his faithful wife, Hermione, his little boy, Mamillius, and his nameless newborn daughter, who had seemingly perished at sea or been abandoned to her death on a re mote seacoast. In the final scenes of the play the lost daughter, with the appropriate name Perdita, returns unharmed; and more marvelous still, Leontes’ friend Paulina shows him a statue of his dead wife, whose amazing artistic verisimilitude is confirmed when she moves, steps down from the pedestal, and warmly embraces her astonished husband. Of course there is an explanation-she had not really died and had been kept secretly in Paulina’s house. But Shakespeare did not find this episode in any of his sources-it is his own invention-and he keeps it deadly secret until the last scene. He even deliberately misleads us by having another character see a vision of Hermione’s ghost in a dream, a piece of theatrical legerdemain he never practices anywhere else. He is deliberately setting up a theatrical miracle, the equivalent in the art of drama to the magical feat of Pygmalion in sculpture, whose statue of Galatea, according to the myth, turned into a living woman.
“O Brave New World”:Shakespeare and the Economic Future
Authors: Turner Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To judge from the number and popularity of books currently on the market that offer cures for distress, addiction, compulsiveness, depression, self destructiveness, dependency, and general dysfunction, our society is desperately in need of healing. Diagnoses of the causes of these problems vary widely. Traditional religious explanations put the blame on sin and separation from God. This approach at least credits humans with some free will and some responsibility for their own fate, and is unembarrassed by the task of calling good things good and evil things evil; and it seems to be effective for those committed to it. But other people find it lacking in compassion and accuse such moralists of “blaming the victim.” Moreover, the cure usually requires the one-way intervention of God, over which we have no control and for which we cannot take responsibility; and different religions and de nominations require different acts of faith and intellectual submission to authority to open the way. Postmodern liberal and radical social critics who take note of our malaise blame the political system, which in their opinion oppresses certain categories of people, such as ethnic minorities, women, and people of different sexual orientation. This account, however, cannot explain the highly democratic scope of misery in our society-white males, for instance, are no happier or better adjusted psychologically than anyone else. Moreover, the approach has an ugly tendency toward scapegoating and carries a splendid built-in excuse for wallowing in one’s dysfunction pending the arrival of a social revolution that is reassuringly unlikely.
The Theater, Steamships, and the Chañarcillo Hospice
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have no doubt, all of this exists on that famous hill. The law of compensation is as true in the life of man and society as gravity in physical nature: good and evil are almost always balanced as if they shared this property of fluids. To anyone we hear complaining that there’s a subdelegate1 in Chanarcillo, we can say: but there are also some good things there, as should be the case, because everything cant be to our liking And, in fact, even this can be an excuse for giving up.