bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Important recognition events involving oligosaccharides in the living world
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition events of oligosaccharides in this section were not only chosen for their importance, but also because they illustrate good examples. The Ciba Foundation Symposium (Bock and Harnett 1989) published a volume which gives an account of a number of similar observations in the most varied domains. The reader interested in the questions not discussed here, such as the intervention of oligosaccharides in the fertilization of mammals and the embryonic development of the nervous system may refer to this book. Within the more limited framework of this chapter, all examples, apart from the first, have been taken from the animal kingdom. Although the subject may appear to be somewhat disparate, the author is precisely trying to show the reader the general character and great variety of supramolecular protein-sugar associations in the living world.
Introduction
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No less than 390 bird species, in nine orders, swim habitually, and many others do so occasionally. The grebes (family Podicipedidae) represent a small group with only 22 species, but it is one that is particularly well adapted to the aquatic environment. They are small to fairly large water birds: some are superb and elegant divers, approaching the smallest diver (or loon, Family Gaviidae) in size. Others are small and dumpy—almost like ducklings—and may be referred to by nicknames such as ‘dabchick’, ‘pork-pie’ or ‘Tom Budding’.
Relationships of grebes and divers
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grebes and divers each are closely knit and well-defined groups, but the relationship between them and other birds has been highly controversial. Specializing to catch their food underwater, both were subject to the same physical constraints, explained in Chapter 2, and this has led to some striking similarities between them (Table 3). Both have similar pointed bills, and both have the feet set far back on their streamlined and short-tailed or almost tail-less bodies. Also many details of their skeletons are remarkably similar.
Conservation
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most cases of extinction and serious declines of grebe populations are related to changes in water levels, siltation, eutrophication, and fish introductions affecting the trophic web of lakes (see p. 55). The most critical factor for conservation of grebes is therefore wise management of wetland ecosystems. As described on p. 127, the use of gill nets may also be a critical factor for some grebe populations.
Metric Number Theory
Authors: Harman Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with the number-theoretic properties of almost all real numbers. It brings together many different types of result never covered within the same volume before, thus showing interactions and common ideas between different branches of the subject. It provides an indispensable compendium of basic results, important theorems and open problems. Starting from the classical results of Borel, Khintchine and Weyl, normal numbers, Diophantine approximation and uniform distribution are all discussed. Questions are generalized to higher dimensions and various non-periodic problems are also considered (for example restricting approximation to fractions with prime numerator and denominator). Finally, the dimensions of some of the exceptional sets of measure zero are considered.
The physiology of protein oxidation
Authors: Davies Michael J , Dean Roger T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now focus on tissues and organisms, and address the issue of how to demonstrate and interpret the presence of oxidized proteins, and in particular, how to assess whether they have a physiological role to play. Because of the additional complexity of assaying protein oxidation in samples which have as much internal heterogeneity as biology provides, we have also centred our discussion of the validity and precision of such assays here, though comments on this issue are of necessity to be found throughout the book.
Synthetic utility of bulky aluminium reagents as Lewis acid receptors
Authors: Maruoka Keiji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organoaluminium compounds, little known until the 1950s, have been widely accepted and increasingly important in the field of industry and in the laboratory, particularly after K. Ziegler and colleagues discovered the direct synthesis of trialkylaluminiums and their brilliant application to the polymerization of olefins. The chemistry of organoaluminium compounds has been understood in terms of the Lewis acidity of their monomeric species, which is directly related to the tendency of the aluminium atom to complete electron octets. Organoaluminium compounds possess a strong affinity for various heteroatoms in organic molecules, particularly oxygen. In fact, bond strength of aluminium and electronegative atoms such as oxygen is extremely strong; the bond energy of the Al-O bond is estimated to be 138 kcal mol-1. In view of this high bond strength,
Active zinc in organic synthesis
Authors: Rieke Reuben D , Hanson mark v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1849, Frankland prepared diethylzinc from the reaction of zinc metal with ethyl iodide.1 Since then, organozinc reagents have proven to be useful tools in organic synthesis.2 The expansion of Frankland’s method was hampered by the lack of reactivity of bulk zinc metal in the preparation of organozinc reagents directly from organohalides. This limitation is due primarily to oxide coating of the zinc surface, and an inherently small surface area. These factors can be alleviated by forming the zinc metal in an anhydrous, aprotic solvent, under an inert atmosphere, by the chemical reduction of anhydrous zinc salts. This chemical reduction produces a highly dispersed form of zinc metal, which is free of metal oxide, and has a dramatically increased surface area. This zinc metal displays an inherently higher reactivity towards organic halides than that of bulk zinc metal, commercial zinc dust, or zinc activated by standard entrainment methods.
Preparation methods of diorganozincs
Authors: Knochel Paul , Jones Philip , Langer Falk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diorganozincs (R2Zn) are an important class of zinc organometallic reagents because of their synthetic applications in organic synthesis1 and asymmetric synthesis. Compared to organozinc halides (RZnX), they usually display a higher reactivity, but as a drawback, they often transfer only one of the two organic groups to the electrophilic reagents. Diorganozincs have also found numerous applications in organometallic chemistry and dimethylzinc or diethylzinc are very useful reagents for the preparation of alkyl transition metals (Scheme 5.1).
Uncatalysed reactions of zinc organometallics
Authors: Knochel Paul , Jones Philip , Langer Falk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to organolithiums and Grignard reagents, organozincs have a relatively covalent carbon-metal bond resulting in a moderate reactivity compared to more polar organometallics. Already experiments from last century1 show that the addition of dialkylzincs to aldehydes is a sluggish reaction providing secondary alcohols in moderate yields. Only reactive classes of organozinc reagents like allylic zinc halides and zinc enolates3 efficiently undergo these addition reactions to carbonyl compounds. Whilst a few classes of highly reactive electrophilic reagents or radical reagents directly react with zinc organometallics.
Chemical reactions
Authors: Clifford Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advantages to be gained from carrying out reactions in supercritical fluids, apart from the environmental advantage, can be classified as follows. Firstly, there is control of phase behaviour to obtain either homogenization or separation as required. Secondly, the increased diffusion coefficients can speed up reactions, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, when diffusion is a controlling factor. Thirdly, there is an enhanced control of conditions, through both pressure and temperature, which can increase control of reaction path¬ ways and products. In addition to these there is anecdotal evidence that reactions in supercritical fluids are cleaner and produce less by-products. There is no theoretical reason for this and time only will tell if this is really true, but perhaps the reaction process is smoother in the less dense conditions of a supercritical fluid.
Reactions of selenium-stabilized carbanions
Authors: chieffi André , Comasseto joão v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selenium-stabilized anions occupy an important place among a-heterosubstituted organometallics and are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. a-Selena alkyllithiums play an important role because of their easy avail ability, stability and high nucleophilicity, which allow the formation of new functionalized carbon-carbon bonds when they are reacted with carbon electrophiles. Several methods can be used to prepare a-seleno alkyllithiums; the most useful are the metallation of the a-carbon by deprotonation and transmetallation or halogen-metal exchange. Usually, lithium (or potassium) amides are the best reagents to perform deprotonations while alkyllithiums are preferred for transmetallation reactions
Geology
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world changes, but to most of us, our Earth ls the symbol of stability. Viewed from the standpoint of a human life span, and indeed generations of humans, the foundations of Earth remain unchanged. However, on a geological time scale, the earth has undergone radical transformations from its birth to present. These slow but ongoing changes are modifying the surface of the earth, reshaping the conti­nents and ocean basins. More rapid change are occurring on the earth’s surface a, a result of human activity. Examples of anthropogenic actions which have caused major modifications to the earth’s topography in dude the construction of dams, open-pit mining, and rice cultivation.
Coral Reefs: Natural Disturbances
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many other biological systems, coral reef communities are subjected to a variety of environmental disturbances of varying intensity, frequency and duration (Pearson 1981; Huston 1985; Karlson and Hurd 1993). The nature and magnitude of impacts associated with the various natural disturbances, therefore, also van’ with the nature and intensity of the disturbance. Tropical coral seas have often been regarded in the past as relatively stable environments (Johannes 1975; Endean 1976), without pronounced seasonal environmental fluctuations (e.g., temperature). In comparison, wide environmental fluctuations (e.g., temperature) are a rule in most shallow-water environments of the higher latitudes.
Marine and Coastal Biodiversity
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indonesian Archipelago is one of the richest marine biodiversity areas in the world. While the total biodiversity of any particular area is a function of a complex set of physical, chemical and biological interactions, as well as geological history, it will be useful here to discuss biodiversity at two levels, namely at the ecosystem level and the species level. Genetic biodiversity is the least understood level and is beyond the scope of this book.
Fossil and comparative evidence of cuckoo relationships
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early Tertiary (Houde and Olson 1988, Mayr 1998a,b), the oldest fossil birds that might be cuck oos are known in the Paleocene and Eocene, the time when many avian families first appeared in the fossil record. None of these ancient fossils are known for certain to be cuckoos (Feduccia 1996, G. Mayr, in litt.).
Introduction
Authors: Hamley Ian W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nanoscale self-organization of polymers can be achieved simply by joining polymer chains together in a block copolymer. With these remarkable materials, the molecular engineer can combine distinct polymers to give materials with defined physical properties. For example, a composite comprising glassy or crystalline domains in a rubbery matrix can be self-assembled by taking components with these characteristics and combining them in a block copolymer. Because the polymer chains are tethered to each other, macroscopic phase separation cannot occur and structural organization occurs in domains with periodicities ≈1−100 nm, whether in the melt, solid or in micellar solution.
Encoded combinatorial synthesis
Authors: Terrett Nicholas K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One perennial problem in the testing of combinatorial libraries is the process of identifying the structure of the most active library component. As previous chapters have described, the amount of each compound produced combinatorically is frequently insufficient to permit routine chemical or spectroscopic structural analysis. However, the identity of the active component in a library can often be determined by its spatial position within an array, such as the micro titre block or the VLSIPS chip, and a knowledge of the chemistry performed in that position. Alternatively, the most potent compounds in a library can be identified by the process of recursive deconvolution. But there are occasions when the library is too large to permit rapid compound identification by spatial position or by iterative resynthesize and screening.
Data representations for evolutionary computation
Authors: Parmee Ian C , Coello Coello Carlos A , Watson Andrew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The data processing capabilities of genetic algorithms (GAs) have been recognized (within a wide variety of domains) in recent years, and have received much attention from researchers and practitioners working in many different disciplines (Goldberg 1989). As a stochastic, heuristic technique, the GA does not need specific information about the problem domain to guide search. Its structure is analogous to biological evolution theory using the principle of survival of the fittest (Holland 1975). Therefore, the GA resembles a ‘black box’ that can be attached to any particular application.
Covalent modification of PTPases
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The large, transmembrane PTPases have been shown in several cases to undergo proteolytic processing of a proprotein that produces protein subunits, including LAR, RPTP-k and RPTP-σ. The site and determinants of LAR proprotein cleavage have recently been evaluated [105, 110, 116]. LAR is synthesized initially as a ∼200 kDa proprotein that is processed into a complex of two non-covalently associated subunits. The E-subunit (150 kDa) contains the cell adhesion molecule domains, the P-subunit (85 kDa) contains a short segment of extracellular region and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Cleavage occurs at a pentabasic (RRRRR) motif at residues 1148-1152, and is catalysed by a subtilisinlike endogenous enzyme. The unprocessed enzyme can also be detected at the cell surface. Studies in transfected HeLa cells have shown that the E-subunit is shed during cell growth; whether this is a mechanism for regulating PTPase function remains to be determined [110].
Modification of PTPase function by chemical agents and proteolysis
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work in this area has provided insight into structure function relationships in the PTPases as well as potential agents that might be used for pharmaceutical intervention in modulating PTPase function in clinical situations (Table 10). Proteolysis of PTPases in vitro has provided evidence for autoinhibitory domains in PTPIB, TCPTP and the SH2-domain-containing PTPases. It will be of interest to compare these findings to the results of the three-dimensional studies of PTPases to examine the changes in enzyme folding and substrate access to the catalytic centre which may occur with proteolytic cleavage on non-catalytic regions.
The physiology of PTPases
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the physiological effects of PTPases have either been discovered or substantiated in studies employing a variety of current molecular and cellular techniques in whole animal or cultured cell models. For the purposes of organizing the available data, I have separated these studies into two tables. Table 13 incorporates experiments using either transfection of recombinant PTPase cDNA constructs or microinjection of enzymes or antibodies that can perturb the activity of certain enzymes in situ. Table 14 compiles studies using those methodologies that eradicate the expression of specific PTPases either in transgenic animal models, known mutations in PTPases in animal strains, or expression of inactivated or mutated PTPases. Although there is some overlap in the published literature with some studies employing a combination of these techniques, this separation provides a useful way of presenting these data. This is one of the most active areas of current investigation, aimed at deciphering the role of specific PTPase homologues in growth, development and the function of various cells and organ systems. Insight into the available data for certain enzymes can be gleaned from the tabulated summaries.
Reflections on the archaeology of linguistic diversity
Authors: Renfrew Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are, of course, as humans all members of one species, Homo sapiens sapiens,and the differences among us are really quite limited. Many of these are acquired cultural differences. These are the things which we learn and the various distinctions between us which develop after our birth. Language ability seems to be a general human attribute but the specific language which we learn in childhood is one of these acquired characteristics of the human individual. The specific culture in which we participate is another. Other differences are, of course, genetically determined.
Lower Bounds for Channel Assignment
Authors: Smith Derek , Allen Stuart , Hurley Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of lower bounds for channel assignment (Raychaudhuri 1985; Gamst 1986; Lanfear 1989; Smith and Hurley 1997; Allen et al. 1999) is important for at least three reasons. First, lower bounds can be used to show how good a particular assignment is, and whether it is capable of improvement. Second, they can be used to assess the effectiveness of particular algorithms. This is a much more powerful technique than simply comparing the results of algorithms one with another. Indeed, it is unfortunate that many papers on channel assignment algorithms have simply given results for a particular algorithm on sets of test data which may not be accessible to the reader. This can make it impossible for the reader to assess the effectiveness of the algorithm. Third, it may be that identification of the particular structure in the problem that determines the best lower bound shows where the algorithm should concentrate its effort in order to find the best assignment.
Constraint Satisfaction
Authors: Cohen Dave , Jeavons Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will introduce the notion of a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) (Montanari 1974; Dechter and Pearl 1988; Mackworth 1992; Ladkin and Maddux 1994). We will then investigate some of the properties of CSPs, and use the CSP abstraction to represent the frequency assignment problem (FAP) in several different ways.
Mathematical Model of a Geothermal Field Exchanger
Authors: Kujawa T , Nowak W , Szaflik W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An approximate model of a one-hole injection-production geothermal heat exchanger is presented and an analysis of the influencing parameters upon its operational characteristics is described. The discussion focusses on a field exchanger which passes through an impervious rock massif, the temperature of which is changing linearly, into a geothermal deposit to extract heat from the deposit at the steady-state temperature of the geothermal water.
Improved Methods for the Solution of Integral Equations
Authors: Willmott A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Badie and Dragutinovic [1] rightly refer to “specialists and connoisseurs of the state of {the} open literature” in the solution of the integral equations in [2]. An interesting but not terribly useful competition has evolved as to how these might be solved with minimal computational effort, once the problems associated with the methods of Iliffe [3] and Nahavandi and Weinstein [4] have been overcome. For the engineer, wishing to exploit the mathematics for practical purposes, this competition leads nowhere. In this paper, the author wishes to suggest a possible way forward.
Sanfetrinems
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to the rapid and growing emergence of infectious diseases caused by strains of bacteria highly resistant to antibiotics used in common practice, several pharmaceutical companies are still deeply involved in the search for new potent and biologically more stable antibacterial agents. In the last decades several classes of non-natural p-lactam derivatives have been specifically designed. In particular, after the discovery of imipenem, the modified 1-methyl carbapenems were identified.
Ldarubicin
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the industrial synthesis of the antitumour agent ida-rubicin 1 and covers 14 years of research mainly carried out in Farmitalia-Carlo Erba, now part of Pharmacia-Upjohn. The evolution of the synthesis of ida-rubicin 1 from the first route developed in medicinal chemistry to that used in the industrial process is interesting as it is related to the evolution of organometallic catalysis used in the synthesis of fine chemicals.
The estuarine benthos and its distribution
Authors: Little Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because benthic habitats in estuaries vary from solid rock to sand and mud, and from bare regions to vegetated beds of salt marsh, seagrasses, or mangroves, they are homes to a wide variety of inhabitants, especially in parts of the tropics. But in comparison with the sea and fresh water, their species diversity is in fact surprisingly low, and there are some areas of estuaries that have very few species at all. One of the major preoccupations of estuarine biologists has been to explain the distribution of diversity in estuaries.
Inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering: complementarity with biomolecular simulation
Authors: Smith Jeremy C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering can be used to examine the dynamics of biological macromolecules. Our emphasis here is on the complementarity between these experiments and computer simulation, which can provide a stepping stone between experiment and simplified descriptions of the physical behaviour of complex systems.
Diffuse X-ray scattering from molecular crystals
Authors: Moss D S , Harris G W , Wbstrack A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to Bragg reflections, real crystals give rise to diffuse scattering that occurs both at and between the Bragg positions. This diffuse scattering arises from the temporary or permanent breakdown of space group symmetry in the crystal and in crystals of macromolecules often accounts for most of the diffracted energy except at low Bragg angles. Unlike Bragg reflections, diffuse scattering contains information about the correlation of the atomic displacements in the crystal and is thus particularly relevant in the study of the conformational flexibility of molecules.