bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catabolic stress induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in articular chondrocytes: involvement of HIF-1α in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis
Authors: Yudoh Kazuo , Nakamura Hiroshi , Masuko-Hongo Kayo , Kato Tomohiro , Nishioka Kusuki 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTranscription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 protein accumulates and activates the transcription of genes that are of fundamental importance for oxygen homeostasis – including genes involved in energy metabolism, angiogenesis, vasomotor control, apoptosis, proliferation, and matrix production – under hypoxic conditions. We speculated that HIF-1α may have an important role in chondrocyte viability as a cell survival factor during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The expression of HIF-1α mRNA in human OA cartilage samples was analyzed by real-time PCR. We analyzed whether or not the catabolic factors IL-1β and H2O2 induce the expression of HIF-1α in OA chondrocytes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (O2 <6%). We investigated the levels of energy generation, cartilage matrix production, and apoptosis induction in HIF-1α-deficient chondrocytes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In articular cartilages from human OA patients, the expression of HIF-1α mRNA was higher in the degenerated regions than in the intact regions. Both IL-1β and H2O2 accelerated mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α in cultured chondrocytes. Inhibitors for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p38 kinase caused a significant decrease in catabolic-factor-induced HIF-1α expression. HIF-1α-deficient chondrocytes did not maintain energy generation and cartilage matrix production under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Also, HIF-1α-deficient chondrocytes showed an acceleration of catabolic stress-induced apoptosis in vitro. Our findings in human OA cartilage show that HIF-1α expression in OA cartilage is associated with the progression of articular cartilage degeneration. Catabolic-stresses, IL-1β, and oxidative stress induce the expression of HIF-1α in chondrocytes. Our results suggest an important role of stress-induced HIF-1α in the maintenance of chondrocyte viability in OA articular cartilage.
Tiling microarray analysis of rice chromosome 10 to identify the transcriptome and relate its expression to chromosomal architecture
Authors: Li Lei , Wang Xiangfeng , Xia Mian , Stolc Viktor , Su Ning , Peng Zhiyu , Li Songgang , Wang Jun , Wang Xiping , Deng Xing Wang 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Sequencing and annotation of the genome of rice (Oryza sativa) have generated gene models in numbers that top all other fully sequenced species, with many lacking recognizable sequence homology to known genes. Experimental evaluation of these gene models and identification of new models will facilitate rice genome annotation and the application of this knowledge to other more complex cereal genomes.

Results
We report here an analysis of the chromosome 10 transcriptome of the two major rice subspecies, japonica and indica, using oligonucleotide tiling microarrays. This analysis detected expression of approximately three-quarters of the gene models without previous experimental evidence in both subspecies. Cloning and sequence analysis of the previously unsupported models suggests that the predicted gene structure of nearly half of those models needs improvement. Coupled with comparative gene model mapping, the tiling microarray analysis identified 549 new models for the japonica chromosome, representing an 18% increase in the annotated protein-coding capacity. Furthermore, an asymmetric distribution of genome elements along the chromosome was found that coincides with the cytological definition of the heterochromatin and euchromatin domains. The heterochromatin domain appears to associate with distinct chromosome level transcriptional activities under normal and stress conditions.

Conclusion
These results demonstrated the utility of genome tiling microarray in evaluating annotated rice gene models and in identifying novel transcriptional units. The tiling microarray sanalysis further revealed a chromosome-wide transcription pattern that suggests a role for transposable element-enriched heterochromatin in shaping global transcription in response to environmental changes in rice.
Refinement and prediction of protein prenylation motifs
Authors: Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Eisenhaber Frank 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe refined the motifs for carboxy-terminal protein prenylation by analysis of known substrates for farnesyltransferase (FT), geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGT1) and geranylgeranyltransferase II (GGT2). In addition to the CaaX box for the first two enzymes, we identify a preceding linker region that appears constrained in physicochemical properties, requiring small or flexible, preferably hydrophilic, amino acids. Predictors were constructed on the basis of sequence and physical property profiles, including interpositional correlations, and are available as the Prenylation Prediction Suite (PrePS, http://mendel.imp.univie.ac.at/sat/PrePS) which also allows evaluation of evolutionary motif conservation. PrePS can predict partially overlapping substrate specificities, which is of medical importance in the case of understanding cellular action of FT inhibitors as anticancer and anti-parasite agents.
Impact of Managed Care on Cancer Trial Enrollment
Authors: Gross C.P. , Krumholz H.M. 
Published: May 2005

Purpose To determine the relationship between managed care market activity and cancer trial enrollment. Methods Trial participant data were obtained from the National Cancer Institute. Participants in cooperative group trials of breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer during the years 1996 through 2001 were assigned to counties based on their zip code of residence. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between county enrollment rate and two measures of county managed care activity (penetration and index of competition [IOC]), adjusting for other county characteristics. Results In bivariate analysis, there was a strong inverse correlation between trial enrollment rate and IOC (r = −0.23; P < .001) as well as the proportion of the population uninsured (−0.31; P < .001) and the percentage below poverty (−0.16; P < .001). In the multivariate model, greater county managed care competition (IOC) was inversely related to trial enrollment rate (P < .008 for comparison of each quartile v lowest quartile) after accounting for managed care penetration, proportion uninsured, and other county characteristics. Counties in the lowest quartile of managed care penetration tended to have lower enrollment rates than the remaining counties (r = −0.05; P = .048), while counties in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of penetration all had similar enrollment rates to one another. Conclusion Cancer trial enrollment rates were suboptimal across all counties, and counties with higher levels of managed care competition had significantly lower enrollment rates. The relationship between managed care penetration and trial enrollment was less consistent. Future efforts to enhance trial participation should address the potential negative influence of market factors.
The Telomerase Activity of Adult Mouse Testis Resides in the Spermatogonial α6-Integrin-Positive Side Population Enriched in Germinal Stem Cells
Authors: Riou Lydia , Bastos Henri , Lassalle Bruno , Coureuil Mathieu , Testart Jacques , Boussin François D. , Allemand Isabelle , Fouchet Pierre 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Testis is one of the organs with the most telomerase activity in the adult. This activity protects chromosomes from telomere attrition and ensures the transmission of full-length chromosomes to progeny. Little is known about telomerase activity during adult germ cell differentiation, however. We demonstrate here that the telomerase activity of adult mouse testis resides in the α6-integrin-positive Side Population containing spermatogonia and enriched in spermatogonial stem cells. The telomerase activity of these cells fell upon entry into meiosis and during the subsequent spermiogenesis. In addition, the telomerase activity of cells in various stages of differentiation was unaffected by aging and, notably, remained high in the α6-integrin-positive Side Population.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Euthyroid and Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Authors: Krohn Knut , Führer Dagmar , Bayer Yvonne , Eszlinger Markus , Brauer Volker , Neumann Susanne , Paschke Ralf , Führer-Sakel Dagmar 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the etiology of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter (MNG) with respect to the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and molecular pathology.In reconstructing the line of events from early thyroid hyperplasia to MNG we will argue the predominant neoplastic character of nodular structures, the nature of known somatic mutations, and the importance of mutagenesis. Furthermore, we outline direct and indirect consequences of these somatic mutations for thyroid pathophysiology and summarize information concerning a possible genetic background of euthyroid goiter.Finally, we discuss uncertainties and open questions in differential diagnosis and therapy of euthyroid and toxic MNG.
Stable-Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Injection Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Fast, Selective Measurement of S-Adenosylmethionine and S-Adenosylhomocysteine in Plasma
Authors: Gellekink Henkjan , van Oppenraaij-Emmerzaal Dinny , van Rooij Arno , Struys Eduard A , den Heijer Martin , Blom Henk J 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background: It has been postulated that changes in S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), a potent inhibitor of transmethylation, provide a mechanism by which increased homocysteine causes its detrimental effects. We aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive method to measure AdoHcy and its precursor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet).
Methods: We used stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography–electrospray injection tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to measure AdoMet and AdoHcy in plasma. Acetic acid was added to prevent AdoMet degradation. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns containing phenylboronic acid were used to bind AdoMet, AdoHcy, and their internal standards and for sample cleanup. An HPLC C18 column directly coupled to the LC-MS/MS was used for separation and detection.
Results: In plasma samples, the interassay CVs for AdoMet and AdoHcy were 3.9% and 8.3%, and the intraassay CVs were 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively. Mean recoveries were 94.5% for AdoMet and 96.8% for AdoHcy. The quantification limits were 2.0 and 1.0 nmol/L for AdoMet and AdoHcy, respectively. Immediate acidification of the plasma samples with acetic acid prevented the observed AdoMet degradation. In a group of controls (mean plasma total Hcy, 11.2 μmol/L), plasma AdoMet and AdoHcy were 94.5 and 12.3 nmol/L, respectively.
Conclusions: Stable-isotope dilution LC-ESI-MS/MS allows sensitive and rapid measurement of AdoMet and AdoHcy. The SPE columns enable simple cleanup, and no metabolite derivatization is needed. The instability of AdoMet is a serious problem and can be prevented easily by immediate acidification of samples.
Blood Biochemistry of the Oyster Toadfish
Authors: Mensinger Allen F. , Walsh Patrick J. , Hanlon Roger T. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Blood biochemistry parameters were examined in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau from the late spring through early fall for two consecutive seasons to establish baseline values and evaluate whether any of the parameters could be used as predictors of disease and mortality in this important experimental organism. The blood plasma was analyzed for alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, creatine, bilirubin, total protein, and glucose. Elevated levels of BUN (28.5 ± 4.1 mg/ dL) and depressed levels of cholesterol (83.0 ± 6.3 mg/ dL) were strongly correlated with disease and subsequent death in the oyster toadfish population and thus may serve as useful indices by which to exclude fish from experimental studies.
Postponed air entrainment in dilute suspension coatings
Authors: Yamamura Masato , Miura Hidenobu , Kage Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2005

AbstractExperimental evidence is provided that the introduction of solid spheres significantly postpones the onset of air entrainment in a particular range of solid concentrations. Spherical poly(methylmethacrylate) particles were dispersed in Newtonian liquids at different weight fractions up to 1 wt %. Despite the monotonic increase in bulk liquid viscosity, the measured onset velocity of air entrainment first increased and then decreased with increasing particle number density. The maximum onset velocity was obtained at a certain particle number density that did not depend on either the particle diameter or the Bond number. A lubrication model was built by newly considering the forced air‐film splitting by particle contacts. The successive consistency between the model prediction and the experimental observation suggests some directions for broadening the applicability of the coating operation to higher surface speeds. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Chemically amplified resists: Chemistry and processes
Authors: Reichmanis E. , Houlihan F. M. , Nalamasu O. , Neenan T. X. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractContinued advances in mocroelectronic device fabrication are trying the limits of conventional lithographic techniques. In particular, conventional photoresist materials are not appropriate for use with the new technologies that will be necessary for sub‐0.5 μm lithography. One approach to the desing of new resist chemistries involves the concept of chemical amplification, where one photochemical event can lead to a cascade of subsequent reactions that effect a change in solubility of the parent material. The most well‐known chemically amplified resists utilise photchemically generated acid to catalyse crosslinking or deprotection reactions. This paper reviews the acid generator, crosslinking, deprotection and depolymerisation chemistries that have been evaluated for chemical amplification resist processes. Additionaly, process characteristics and resist performance relative to the process environment are addressed.
Modelling of resist performance
Authors: Hartney Mark A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSimulation of lithographic processes uksing novolac/diazonaphthoquinone resists has become widespread over the past 15 years. Several refinements to the original Dill model have been made to account for experimentally observed behavior. Models have also bee extended to cover other resist chemistry, including electron beam resists, chemically amplified resists and surface‐imaging approaches. While these models are not yet mature, useful insight to the chemical mechanisms and processing can be gained through their use.
Traumatic locked‐in syndrome
Authors: Britt Richard H. , Herrick Maie Kaarsoo , Hamilton Richard D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe first case of traumatic locked‐in syndrome caused by direct damage to the brainstem and not by vascular occlusion of the basilar artery is presented. The lesion consisted of cavitary necrosis of the ventral pontomedullary junction and bilateral disruption of the sixth cranial nerves. Other regions of brainstem damage are described and correlated with the patient's neurological deficits. The damage is thought to be due primarily to mechanical stretching occurring during sudden hyperextension injury.
Properties and crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ether ketone)‐co‐poly(ether ether ketone ketone) block copolymers
Authors: Zhang Yun‐He , Liu Qin‐Hua , Niu Ya‐Ming , Zhang Shu‐Ling , Wang Dong , Jiang Zhen‐Hua 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA series of block copolymers composed of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and poly(ether ether ketone ketone) (PEEKK) components were prepared from their corresponding oligomers via a nucleophlilic aromatic substitution reaction. Various properties of the copolymers were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a tensile testing machine. The results show that the copolymers exhibited no phase separation and that the relationship between the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and the compositions of the copolymers approximately followed the formula Tg = Tg1X1 + Tg2X2, where Tg1 and Tg2 are the glass‐transition‐temperature values of PEEK and PEEKK, respectively, and X1 and X2 are the corresponding molar fractions of the PEEK and PEEKK segments in the copolymers, respectively. These copolymers showed good tensile properties. The crystallization kinetics of the copolymers were studied. The Avrami equation was used to describe the isothermal crystallization process. The nonisothermal crystallization was described by modified Avrami analysis by Jeziorny and by a combination of the Avrami and Ozawa equations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1652–1658, 2005
Urea/NaOH aqueous solution as new solvent of aeromonas gum
Authors: Xu Xiaojuan , Zhang Lina , Zhang Yuying 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAeromonas (A) gum, an acidic heteropolysaccharide, formed aggregates easily in NaCl aqueous solution. A novel solvent of the A gum, which can prevent aggregation, was found to be 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), radius of gyration (〈s2〉1/2), and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of the samples were determined in 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution at 25°C by light scattering (Mw, 〈s2〉1/2) and viscometry ([η]). The values of Mw, 〈s2〉1/2, and [η] were close to those in 0.20M lithium chloride/dimethylsulfoxide, in which the A gum exists as a semiflexible single chain, implying the same conformation for the A gum in 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution. The results revealed that 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution is a good solvent, which effectively avoids the aggregates of the A gum in aqueous solution. Moreover, it can be used to investigate the solution properties and chain conformation of water‐insoluble polysaccharides or the polysaccharides that are easily aggregated in aqueous systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1710–1713, 2005
Impact of hexafluoroisopropylidene on the solubility of aromatic‐based polymers in supercritical fluids
Authors: Shen Zhihao , McHugh Mark A. , Smith Dennis W. , Abayasinghe Nilmini K. , Jin Jianyong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThree different supercritical fluids (SCF), CO2, dimethyl ether (DME), and propane, are investigated as potential solvents for processing two lactide‐based terpolymers and two perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers. The repeat unit of the lactide‐based terpolymers consists of a 1:1:1 ratio of L‐lactide, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and, in one case, 4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidenediphenol (6F‐Bis‐A) and, in the other case, 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol (6H‐Bis‐A). The PFCB‐based polymers are synthesized from 1,1‐bis[4‐[(trifluorovinyl)oxy]phenyl]hexafluoroisopropylidene (6FVE) and from bis(trifluorovinyloxy)biphenyl (BPVE). For both classes of polymer the steric effect of the hexafluoroisopropylidene (6F) group reduces chain–chain interactions, disrupts electronic resonance between adjacent aromatic groups, and improves solubility. The two lactide‐based terpolymers do not dissolve in CO2 or propane, but dissolve in DME. At room temperature the poly(lactide 6F‐BisA DGEBA) terpolymer dissolves at 700 bar lower pressure in DME compared to the poly(lactide 6H‐Bis‐A DGEBA) terpolymer. Although the 6FVE polymer dissolves in all three SCF solvents, pressures in excess of 800 bar are needed to dissolve this polymer in CO2 and propane while 6FVE dissolves in DME at pressure below 150 bar. The other PFCB‐based polymer (BPVE) only dissolves in DME, again at low pressure, although BPVE drops out of solution as the system temperature is raised above ∼40°C, whereas 6FVE remains in solution in DME for temperatures up to 90°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1736–1743, 2005
Highly active Ziegler–Natta catalyst for propylene polymerization
Authors: Abedi S. , Daftari‐Besheli M. , Shafiei S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPolymerization of propylene was carried out by using a MgCl2–EtOH–TiCl4–ID–TEA–ED catalyst system in n‐heptane, where ID (internal donor) was an organic diester, ED (external donor) was a silane compound, and TEA (triethyl aluminum) was the activator. The influences of temperature, pressure, time, hydrogen, and the molar ratios of Al/Ti and ED/Ti on polymer isotacticity and catalyst activity were studied by solubility in boiling n‐heptane and measuring the polymer produced, respectively. The morphology of the polymers was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution. The rheological properties of the poly(propylene) were determined by the melt flow index. It was found that the catalyst showed good morphology and high activity and also the produced polymers were characterized by high isotacticity and globulelike shapes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1744–1749, 2005
Detection of possible archaeological pathways in central Mexico through digital processing of remote sensing images
Authors: Argote‐Espino Denisse , Chávez René E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMany spaceborne multispectral images have been developed recently and applied in archaeology as they provide useful data, which can be digitized, manipulated and integrated. Principal component decomposition (PCD), texture segmentation and linear pattern detection through spatial filtering are useful techniques that provide a new way of processing satellite images in addition to traditional techniques. Such methods may supply more accurate information of an area, in particular a region of archaeological interest. In this paper we applied a new alternative method based on the techniques mentioned above to an important area of central Mexico. The region of study is located to the southwest of Las Cruces Range between the Mexico Basin and the Toluca Valley. Processing a multispectral image from that area, it was possible to detect possible communication corridors, which provided cultural and commercial linking to the ancient settlers of both adjacent basins. This information is very important for understanding the way these people interacted in the past and the commercial importance that could exist between them. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.