bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Introduction to Transition Metals in Biology
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introductory chapters we stressed that the different mineral elements had different biological functions and that these were based on a selection corresponding to potential for activity. This is the course evolution had to find, but much thought is necessary to see the complications which inevitably arise since many elements are capable of more than one function (see Chapter 7).
Itching and burning (pruritus ani)
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An itching, burning, stinging bottom is an almost universal experience. For most people it is only an occasional problem; for many others, however, it is a recurring or constant nightmare. No other symptom—not even pain— is more distressing, more infuriating, or ultimately more exhausting. The need to scratch your bottom can be intense, driving you into the nearest toilet to get a little privacy or leaving you open to ridicule if seen scratching in public!
With scratching, the perianal skin becomes broken. This produces some spotting of blood as well as the weeping that inevitably occurs from any raw area of skin. This moisture further damages the surface barrier of the perianal skin leading to damp, pale, thickened skin with areas of splitting or even shallow ulceration. Burning pain and a stinging sensation when the skin comes in contact with hot water (in the shower, for example) add to the misery.
Bloating and irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People—patients and doctors alike—are naturally drawn towards mechanical explanations for their symptoms. A blockage, a twist, a kink, adhesions, compression. We like to be able to visualize the cause of our complaints in these generally simple terms and imagine an equally simple, mechanical solution.
The concept of uncoordinated, excessive, or even deficient activity of the intestinal muscle tube is a whole lot harder to grasp. And the realization that there may not be a straightforward ‘quick fix’ tablet or operation can be just as hard to accept.
Pregnancy, birth, bowels, and bottoms
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carrying and then giving birth to a baby can place enormous strain on even the fittest and best-prepared pelvic floor. No amount of pelvic floor exercises or aqua-aerobics can guarantee freedom from anal, perianal, and pelvic floor problems either during the many months of pregnancy or in the critical hours of the delivery itself.
The female undercarriage—properly called the perineum—is rarely unaffected by pregnancy and vaginal delivery. Most of these problems are transient nuisances only. Some, however, are ongoing sources of discomfort and pain. And, occasionally, problems provoked by a difficult or even traumatic vaginal delivery can cause lasting distress and disability.
Visiting your Doctor
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prospect of visiting a doctor to discuss a problem related to our bowels is not an inviting one. Talking about the workings of our bowels is embarrassing enough but this is made worse by uncertainty as to the correct terminology to use and by the likelihood that an internal examination is going to be performed. It’s little wonder that so many people leave symptoms unreported for so long, hoping that they will go away and that the inevitable humiliation will be avoided!
A thorough medical assessment of your symptoms is almost always going to involve discussion about how often you go, how easy or difficult it is to go, the consistency and even the colour of what you pass, the presence or absence of pain, prolapse, bleeding, mucus, and itching. There will be questions about abdominal pain and distension, about a family history of bowel conditions, about the birth of your children (for women), and about any previous bottom or bowel problems and operations.
Segregation and dynamics of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells
Authors: Enriquez Jose-Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key aim of mitochondrial genetics is to understand the rules that govern mtDNA segregation. To this end, cells carrying more than one mtDNA genotype have been generated and the partitioning of mtDNA to daughter cells monitored. Typically, these experiments investigated the segregation of mtDNAs carrying a pathological mutation versus apparently normal mtDNA. Another approach was to create animals with two mtDNA genotypes that were non-pathological and analyse the segregation pattern of the two types of mtDNA in different tissues at various ages. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that mtDNA segregation can be non-random, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex patterns of mtDNA segregation remain to be elucidated.
Respiratory Emergencies
Authors: Evans Tracey , Lynch Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortness of breath is an ominous symptom in cancer patients, and its presence in patients with end-stage malignancy is associated with poor short-term prognosis. The differential diagnosis of shortness of breath in the patient with cancer is broad (Table 4.1). In most cancer patients, new onset of shortness of breath is a complication of the underlying malignancy or its treatment. However, respiratory complaints secondary to disorders unrelated to cancer become increasingly relevant as cancer treatments improve and more patients survive longer or are cured.
Organic matrix-mediated biomineralization
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wide-scale involvement of insoluble organic structures in controlled bio-mineralization is referred to as organic matrix-mediated biomineralization. The organic matrix is specifically synthesized under genetic control before and sometimes during the biomineralization process. In most cases, the matrix is a polymeric framework that consists of a complex assemblage of macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides.
Biological and narrative time in clinical practice
Authors: Hurwitz Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither seen nor felt directly, not heard, nor tasted, nor smelt, time is dimensional to being and inherent, therefore, in medicine (Elias 1992; Heidegger 2000). Clinical encounters typically focus on discerning time sequences, on relationships of before and after, on discussion of beginnings and endings. Setting out and manipulating temporal relationships are processes as central to consulting as they are to storytelling; in both, time passing and changes happening are existentially entwined. I recently registered one of my patients blind. The day was a sad occasion for both of us. I have been Doris Smith ‘s GP for 16 years. During this period, I have developed some feel for her mental illness, which is episodic and severe, I am able to recognize its early manifestations, and have a reasonable understanding of what ‘s likely to precipitate serious breakdown. We have a trusting relation- ship; I ‘ve written many a note to Doris about aspects of her care—concerning letters from hospital specialists, abnormally high blood glucose results and missed clinic appointments—to which she has always responded. However, I probably ‘know ‘ Mrs Smith in the sense of being acquainted with her personality and domestic circumstances better than I understand her.
Therapists and counsellors in primary care
Authors: Burd Mary , Wiener Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most counsellors and psychotherapists enjoy working in primary care. Because such therapists have not been recognized by any of the NHS pay scales, their independent contractor status has enabled GPs to employ them directly and so tempting opportunities for work have been more available, especially for people who do not have a core professional background in psychology, medicine, or social work. Such posts, when advertised, attract large numbers of applicants, all apparently rushing to the front line to work with patients in distress at the site where they most commonly first present themselves. There are now about 3000 part-time counsellors employed in practices across the country, amounting to 1300 full-time posts (Mellor-Clarke 2000). At the same time, there is also a tradition of other NHS employed staff, such as clinical psychologists and CPNs working in primary care.
Psychopharmacology
Authors: Feeney Adrian , Nutt David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug treatments form an important part of the general practitioner ‘s repertoire of responses to mental health problems. In cases of anxiety disorders or depression, drugs are often initiated in primary care, while antipsychotics more often in the hospital setting. In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of new drugs available to treat both depression and psychosis. Effective prescribing in primary care is based on correct diagnosis, and thorough know- ledge of the efficacy and side effects of a few well-chosen agents. In the age of ever more limited drug budgets the selection of a newer and often markedly more expensive drug must be carefully justified. However, drug cost may not be the only factor, which dictates cost-effectiveness of prescribing. This chapter will consider the treatments of depression, anxiety disorders, insomnia, and psychosis in turn.
Psychological therapies
Authors: Parry Glenys , Cape John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All mental health practitioners and GPs use psychotherapeutic skills in the course of their routine care of patients. Our focus in this chapter is on psychotherapy undertaken as a specialist treatment by trained practitioners for whom the provision of psychological therapy is their dedicated role. We concentrate on NHS-provided psychological therapy and on treatment provided in secondary care, and the indications for referral thereto from primary care. Counselling and psychological treatments in primary care have been discussed in Chapter 10.There are many types of psychotherapy. The most common approaches in the NHS are cognitive-behaviour therapy, psychoanalytic (also called psycho- dynamic) psychotherapy, and systemic therapy, although cognitive-analytic therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy are also increasingly used.
The long reach of a giraffe’s neck
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war between German settlers and the Herero people in former German South-west Africa was one of the most terrible of all colonial wars. A visit to the little cemetery at Waterberg—halfway between Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia, and the well-known Etosha National Park—is a reminder of bygone evil days. Here, there are many gravestones with the names of young German men who died during those battles, while in another part of the cemetery a copper plate erected in the 1980s by a German war veterans association commemorates the memory of their fallen—but nameless—adversaries. There is a steep slope beyond the cemetery, and high up on the slope perches a large and impressive house, built long ago as a holiday home for the governor-general of German South-west Africa. The house is now a restaurant and centre for Waterberg’s small, but species-rich, nature reserve.
Graphs and their role in biology
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graphs play a fundamental role in phylogenetics. This section introduces some notation and concepts of graph theory. A graph G is an ordered pair (V, E) consisting of a non-empty set V of vertices and a multiset E of edges each of which is an element of {{x, y}: x, y ∈ V}. Unless otherwise stated, all graphs will have a finite set of vertices. An edge that joins a vertex to itself is a loop and edges that join the same distinct pair of vertices are called parallel edges. A simple graph is a graph that has no loops and no parallel edges. Unless otherwise stated, we will assume that all graphs in this book are simple.
X-trees and phylogenetic trees
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic trees’ provide a standard graphical representation of evolutionary relation-ships in biology. However, from a mathematical perspective, it is natural to consider a slightly more general class of objects called ‘X-trees‘. Briefly, an X-tree is a finite tree in which some vertices (including all vertices of degree one or two) are labelled by disjoint subsets of a set X. Although this definition may seem somewhat arbitrary, we will see in the next chapter that X-trees correspond naturally to a suitably structured set system. A phylogenetic tree is an X-tree for which only the leaves of the tree are labelled, and by singleton subsets of X.
Trees and splits
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first section of this chapter, we state and prove a classical result that we will refer to as the Splits-Equivalence Theorem. This result, established by Peter Buneman in 1971, provides a fundamental equivalence between X-trees and a certain type of collection of bipartitions of X. It has played a particularly important role in the mathematical development of phylogenetics as we shall illustrate throughout the chapter. Much of the material presented here builds on the approach of Bandelt and Dress (1986).
Using the Internet for research
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Easy and efficient access to the clinical journal literature is vital to the process of providing evidence-based healthcare.
MEDLINE, produced by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), is the largest and best-known database indexing the clinical journal literature and can be searched for free via the Internet.
MEDLINE is a highly structured database which, with a basic understanding of the underlying structure, makes for an extremely powerful retrieval tool.
A MEDLINE search will involve identifying concepts, devising and running a search strategy, and often saving search results.
Designing a course
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No matter how wonderful your individual teaching session is, it will be affected by the other sessions on the course. Designing a course and making sure it works well takes a lot of time and effort, but the underlying principles are straightforward, and useful for all teachers. In this chapter we will look at how to design a course and some of the underlying principle and ideas.
Assessing students
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of us get involved in assessments because we want to know how much our students have learned. However many of us perceive student assessment to be difficult and confusing. This seems to be because assessment has a complicated jargon, and several new and unfamiliar techniques. We also appreciate that assessment is a high stakes business, and don’t want to get involved in making mistakes that could have catastrophic results for our students.
How to use this book
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book is divided into two main parts. In Part I, we consider the basic evidence which describes the presence and make-up of our body clock and the rhythms it produces. In Part II, we apply this knowledge to an understanding of: problems that can arise when the system goes wrong; difficulties that follow after we have changed our lifestyle, such as after a time-zone transition or during shift work; the usefulness of rhythms in clinical practice.
In addition, we want the reader to become as involved in the field as possible and to gain some idea of how the scientific method works. Therefore, at several points in the text, we invite readers to test them- selves, to try to solve some problems, and to make use of their knowledge of their own body clock.
The internal and external causes of body rhythms
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We humans, like other animals and plants, are constantly fighting against the opposing forces of our environment. Indeed, to fail to do so is to risk death. Long ago, for example, we evolved mechanisms to deal with the problems associated with living on dry land. In this environment, the effects of gravity are no longer balanced by the buoyancy that water provides, and the air, particularly on a dry and windy day, can cause loss of water by evaporation. Yet we can deal with these problems. We also have to cope with a far wider range of ambient (environmental) temperature than do organisms that live in the sea. On land, the sun can provide us with heat in the daytime but, after the sun has set, the air cools much more quickly than the water. In addition we must work continually to ensure that the body receives enough oxygen and food, and removes waste. Aquatic plants and animals, however, do not live in a watery paradise, as they have to suffer the destructive power of wave action and must deal with any changes in the composition of the water. Also, if they live in estuaries or in other bodies of shallow water, there is always the risk of desiccation.
Your body clock at different stages of your life
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have considered daily rhythms in healthy adults. Here we will consider the differences from adults that are found in the rhythms of healthy babies and aged people. These are important stages of our lives — too often biology textbooks neglect them and assume we are forever in our youth and prime! We can gain clues about the nature of the clock by a study of these stages, as well as use our understanding of it to offer advice.
Abnormalities of daily rhythms
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Put simply, the daily timing system consists of a body clock that is synchronized by external time cues and that sends information to a variety of systems in the body, so producing daily rhythms in them. It would not be surprising, however, if abnormalities were to arise at many points in such a system. Some of these are described below, together with ways to deal with them. A fairly extreme example is illustrated by a consideration of patients who are severely ill.
Time-zone transitions — advice
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advice on whether or not to adjust to the new time zone depends very much upon the kind of journey being undertaken. We will consider the following possibilities:
A flight crossing only a few (3 or less) time zones;
A flight crossing several time zones (to the west or east), when the return journey back home occurs after only a short (less than 4 days) time;
A flight crossing several time zones to the west, where there is sufficient time for adjustment to the new time zone (staying 4 or more days in the new time zone);
A flight as in the last example, but to the east.
Night work — the problems
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologically, we are essentially daytime (diurnal) creatures — awake in the daytime and asleep at night — and most of us work in the daytime, at a ‘9-to-5’ job. About 20 per cent of the workforce suffer some biological abnormality, however, insofar as they work at night. Such an ‘abnormal’ pursuit affects many branches of the workforce. It is found in broadcasting, the hospital service, the fire-fighting and police forces, and in military personnel, computer operators, bankers, food distributors, long-distance lorry drivers, workers in the chemical, mining, refining, and steel industries, catering staff, hoteliers, coastguards, and many others — the list is almost endless.
Your body clock — some more details
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed the evidence for a body clock and for the kinds of rhythmic change that it normally produces. What we have not yet considered is where the body clock is, how it works, and how it is adjusted by external time cues. These have been areas of very active research in the last decade or so, and many complex details are now known about the processes involved. Here, we will outline some of the current views, necessarily having to leave out many details and sources of controversy.
Interactions of genetic predisposition and intrauterine events in the etiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Ellman Lauren M , Cannon Tyrone D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic influences contribute substantially to the risk for developing schizophrenia, accounting for approximately 83 per cent of the variance (Cannon et al. 1998). Of the putative environmental contributors to the disorder, obstetric complications (OCs) are the most robust predictors of schizophrenia (McNeil 1988). There is still some controversy over whether the effects of OCs depend on (Cannon et al. 1990), covary with (Fish et al. 1992) or are independent of (Lewis and Murray 1987) genetic influences.
Prodromal period: pharmacological and behavioural interventions
Authors: Yung Alison R , Phillips, Lisa J , McGorry Patrick D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prodromal period of schizophrenia is the first manifestation of illness, and refers to a period in which the individual is experiencing symptoms and difficulties, but before the onset of frank psychotic symptoms. Although there is great variability between patients in how their prodromes manifest, certain symptoms and signs have been frequently described. These include depressed mood, anxiety, irritability and aggressive behaviour, suicidal ideation and attempts, and substance use (Yung and McGorry 1996a, 1996b).
Treatment of late-life schizophrenia
Authors: Nayak Gauri V , Folsom David P , Twamley, Elizabeth W , Jeste Dilip V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been major advances in the treatment of schizophrenia during the past decade. A large part of the research, however, has been focused on younger patients with early (i.e., typical) onset of the illness. More recently, there has been an increasing awareness of the needs of older patients with schizophrenia. This population includes older patients with early-onset schizophrenia, as well as patients with late-onset schizophrenia (LOS), who first experienced psychotic symptoms in the later part of their lives, i.e., after age 40.
K-Theory
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as one goes from the (partial) semigroup {O, 1, 2, ... , N} to ℤ, we can form a group K0 (A) if we first turn the equivalence classes of projections into a semigroup. For inductive limits of finite dimensional C* -algebras, the AF algebras, these K0groups, or dimension groups are a complete invariant—just as they are for the simple infinite Cuntz algebras On. This raises the question of how far one can go in attempting to classify C*-algebras via K-theoretic invariants.
Positivity and Semigroups
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In particular, we will be concerned with the structure of L, and the problem of integrating (4.1.1), or when we can form a semigroup (maybe with certain positivity preserving properties) from an operator L. Typically X will be a Hilbert space, or a C* -algebra A, or the trace class operators (or more generally the predual of a von Neumann algebra—see Section 5.2).