bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFECTIOUS FIBROMA OF RABBITS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

The serial passage of Virus myxomatosum through fibroma-recovered domestic rabbits did not alter its pathogenic properties. Fully virulent Virus myxomatosumpersisted in the inoculated testicle of fibromarecovered rabbits for at least 16 days following inoculation. Virus injected into the testicles of myxoma-immune domestic rabbits, on the other hand, was promptly rendered non-demonstrable. The failure of fibroma-recovered domestic rabbits to destroy injected Virus myxomatosumand the absence from their sera of neutralizing antibodies effective against Virus myxomatosum are considered to be evidence against the identity of the fibroma and myxoma viruses. The rapidity with which fibroma-recovered rabbits develop neutralizing antibodies following infection with Virus myxomatosum is considered to be a possible factor in their acquired resistance.
It is believed on the basis of all the evidence that infectious fibroma of rabbits is a definite disease entity and not merely a mild and nonfatal form of infectious myxoma.
INHIBITION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Ogata Tomio 
Published: June 2004

The Shwartzman phenomenon can be inhibited by an intravenous injection of a potent bacterial filtrate within a few hours before or after the preparatory intradermal injection.
The inhibitory effect is produced non-specifically by filtrates potent in the elicitation of the Shwartzman phenomenon, and it is of a transitory nature.
The relation of the observation described to anaphylactic desensitization and to its clinical significance is discussed in this paper.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Parker Robert F. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

Humoral antibodies and a certain degree of resistance to infection with vaccinia, probably not enduring, are produced in rabbits by the repeated injections of inactive formolized (0.3 per cent) elementary bodies of vaccinia and virus-free filtrates of dermal vaccine virus. Single injections of large amounts of elementary bodies are not as effective as similar amounts administered in small repeated doses. Drastic treatment (10 per cent formaldehyde or boiling for 2 hours) almost completely alters or destroys the antigenicity of elementary bodies.
It appears that the production of precipitins and agglutinins does not parallel that of neutralizing antibodies and that the mere presence of such antibodies in the serum of a rabbit as the result of injections of inactive elementary bodies does not necessarily indicate that the animal possesses a great degree of resistance to infection with a potent vaccine virus.
The fact that some neutralizing antibodies appeared in the sera of rabbits that had received injections of inactive elementary bodies can be interpreted as indicating that at least not all neutralizing antibodies for vaccine virus are the result of a reaction to an antigen produced by the host in consequence of a vaccinal infection.
No evidence was obtained to show that elementary bodies inactivated by our methods (0.3 per cent formaldehyde) would serve as a suitable vaccine for the protection of human beings against smallpox.
RESPIRATORY VERSUS GASTRO-INTESTINAL INFECTION IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon 
Published: June 2004

The debated problem of gastro-intestinal versusrespiratory mode of infection in poliomyelitis has been restudied by several investigators recently, with conflicting findings. Kling and Levaditi in Europe carried out experiments from 1929 to 1933, which led them to the conclusion that the digestive tract affords a ready entrance of the virus of the disease into the body. They believe that the substitution of Macacus cynomolgus for Macacus rhesus as the animal of choice for the tests supports this point of view. Toomey in the United States has arrived at a similar conclusion, not by employing a particular species of monkey for experiment, but by the use of drastic measures of inoculation, which insure that the virus makes contact with the unmyelinated nerve fibers embedded in the intestinal wall. Toomey's methods are so severe and artificial that his results cannot be regarded as simulating a natural mode of infection.
We have repeated the tests of Kling and Levaditi, but in a far more comprehensive manner than was followed by them, and, like Clark and his associates who early repeated them, we have failed to confirm them. Indeed, we do not find Macacus cynomolgusand rhesus to differ in any essential way in their response to the presence of the virus of poliomyelitis in the body. Cynomolgido not respond to virus introduced into the stomach when contamination of the buccal and nasal cavities is avoided; they respond, as do rhesi, to virus directly injected into the intestine when virus passes into the intestinal wall and makes the necessary nerve fiber contact. Both Macacus cynomolgus and Macacus rhesus which have resisted feedings of virus are subject to nasal instillations of the same strains of virus and in the same degree.
On the basis of the experiments reported in this paper we can reaffirm the conclusion previously arrived at by ourselves, and confirmed independently by investigators in Europe and America, namely that the only established portal of entry of the virus of poliomyelitis into the central nervous system of man is the nasal membrane, and especially the olfactory nervous areas in that membrane.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX
Authors: Pearce Louise , Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei 
Published: June 2004

A filterable agent was isolated from 7 cases of spontaneous rabbit pox by the intratesticular injection in rabbits of a variety of tissues. The virus was transmitted for 15 consecutive testicle to testicle passages in rabbits by Berkefeld V filtrates of testicular tissue emulsions. Unfiltered emulsions were more potent than filtrates. The virulence of the virus was maintained by ice box storage of infected tissues for as long as 127 days. The pathogenic properties of the virus persisted under conditions of animal passage for the 9 months from January to October, 1933, covered by these studies.
The reaction produced in rabbits by the inoculation of tissue-virus emulsions was of two principal types, the first of which has been described and analyzed in the present paper. In the case of intratesticular injections, particularly of testicular tissue inocula, an acute fulminating and rapidly fatal condition regularly developed. The outstanding features were a massive hemorrhagic orchitis with marked scrotal edema, fever, and death within a week. The second type of reaction which is taken up in the next paper of this series (1) was observed under conditions in which the animal survived a week or longer. Occasional examples occurred in rabbits of the so called intratesticular series. The reaction was characterized by the development of a disease syndrome with a diversity of clinical manifestations which, it may be stated here for the sake of continuity, was indistinguishable from spontaneous rabbit pox.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

The clinical manifestations and course of disease observed in experimental rabbit pox have been described and analyzed. The condition differed from the acute fulminating and rapidly fatal type of experimental infection (1) in that the period of survival was longer, a variety of clinical manifestations developed and a considerable proportion of the cases recovered. The most conspicuous symptom was a generalized papular eruption on the skin and mucocutaneous borders.
The production of the disease was associated with routes of inoculation other than the intratesticular or with a small dosage. The majority of cases were inoculated with Berkefeld V filtrates of tissue-virus emulsions and not with the more potent unfiltered emulsions.
The local reactions resulting from various routes of inoculation were described. Of special interest were the pronounced cutaneous reactions induced by intradermal injection, the high instance of marked clinical manifestations after intravenous inoculation, the failure of lesions to localize in the lines of scarification of skin and cornea even in cases with a profuse cutaneous eruption, and the development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the epithelial cells of the cornea following scarification and conjunctival instillation of virus.
In the character of its clinical manifestations and course of disease, experimental rabbit pox was indistinguishable from cases of the spontaneous pox.
ACTIVE IMMUNICATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Cox Herald R. 
Published: June 2004

Active Eastern or Western equine encephalomyelitis virus in three forms,—chemically untreated but simply passaged through series of mice; adsorbed on alumina Gel C, and precipitated by tannin,—yielded practically the same results when employed for the immunization of guinea pigs.
The virus is not inactivated by the process of adsorption or precipitation : guinea pigs and mice inoculated in the brain with these materials develop lethal encephalomyelitis in the same manner as when chemically untreated mouse passage virus has been used. Moreover, there is no difference in the rate of absorption in vivoof the chemically treated and untreated virus preparations. After storage of the three immunizing preparations—the longest periods thus far studied being 2 to 3 months for mouse passage and for precipitated suspensions, and 6 months for adsorbed material—each was found to contain an amount of virus sufficient to produce immunity in animals against the usual intracerebral test inoculation. Finally, the protection afforded by the three preparations is apparently durable, as is true of many active viruses utilized in preventive treatments.
The amount of the virus necessary to confer protection may be defined as that which immunizes (a) with the least number of antigenic units and (b) with the minimum of febrile reaction and blood infection. In proportion as this amount is exceeded, the incidence of fever and of circulating virus increases and, on the other hand, as this amount is decreased, the degree of induced immunity is diminished.
We have thus shown that for this particular virus and in the guinea pig, one or two subcutaneous doses of I cc. of any of the different virus preparations, each containing 3 x 103 to 3 x 104 mouse infective units, bring about protection regularly against experimental infection by way of the nose or subcutis. The results are irregular when the test is made by way of the brain. By three injections, resistance is invariably obtained against as many as 103 to 104 lethal doses, given intracerebrally.
No matter in what form the virus is given, as mouse passage, or adsorbed, or precipitated material, in certain instances fever occurs and virus circulates. With the amount of virus adequate for immunization (3,000 to 30,000 m.i.u.) a mild or subclinical infection may occur in the guinea pig without other manifestation of disease. Lesser quantities of virus apparently fail to gain a foothold in the animal and thus fail to bring about resistance.
To conclude, a quantitative basis has been established for the comparison of the immunizing capacities of preparations employed in experimental equine encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs.
STUDIES ON CULTURE STRAINS OF EUROPEAN AND MURINE TYPHUS
Authors: Nigg Clara 
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of European typhus (Breinl) has been carried in cultures by means of successive transfers for a period of 1½ years, the rickettsiae in such cultures being quite as numerous as in similar cultures of murine strains of typhus.
2. The virulence of the cultures of European typhus has remained constant throughout the period of cultivation, although, on the whole, the scrotal lesions caused by the later culture generations were somewhat less marked than those produced by the first generations.
3. A strain of murine typhus has been similarly carried in cultures for 4 years with no apparent loss in pathogenicity.
4. The characteristic scrotal lesion in murine typhus in guinea pigs is apparently referable to actual predilection of this strain for the tunica tissue rather than to the number of rickettsiae injected.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

The results of serum neutralizing tests with the viruses of pox, vaccinia, and virus III disease herewith reported generally agree and supplement the results of reinoculation experiments on immune rabbits reported in the previous paper (1).
The finding that pox virus is neutralized by pox immune serum indicates that the refractory state of recovered pox rabbits to reinoculation with pox virus and the failure of recovered pox rabbits to contract a second pox infection after adequate exposure is to be explained upon the basis of the development of an active immunity.
The failure of virus III immune serum to neutralize pox virus is in agreement with the previous conclusion drawn from the positive results of reinoculation and exposure experiments that there is no specific relationship between pox virus and virus III.
Rabbits which had recovered from a pox infection were completely refractory to inoculation with dermo-(culture) vaccine, while rabbits which had recovered from vaccinia were partially refractory to inoculation with pox virus. Vaccine immune adult rabbits did not show any clinical evidence of pox upon exposure to florid cases, but young recently weaned vaccine immunes developed definite although comparatively mild pox infections. The serum neutralization tests showed that pox immune serum neutralized vaccine virus although the action was not complete as shown by the positive results obtained with high dilutions of serum; vaccine immune serum possessed some but comparatively slight neutralizing properties against pox virus. The results of the crossed inoculation and serum neutralizing experiments with pox and neurovaccine viruses resembled those obtained with pox and dermo-(culture) vaccine but the differences were less pronounced. The differences in virus neutralizing ability on the part of the three immune sera paralleled the differences in virus potency as indicated by the character of the local lesions at the site of injection and by the general character of the clinical manifestations of the infection. The potency or virulence of pox virus was much greater than that of neurovaccine and vastly greater than that of dermo-(culture) vaccine.
The complete identity of pox and vaccine virus could not be established, but a definite relationship between them was demonstrated and this was shown to have an immunological basis. From a practical standpoint vaccination with vaccine virus as a prophylactic measure against rabbit pox was clearly indicated.
CONCERNING THE RELATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE TO RESISTANCE TO THYROID AND THYROXINE, AND THE CREATINE CONTENT OF THE HEART AND OTHER TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Bodansky M. , Pilcher J. F. , Duff Virginia B. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments have shown that the survival period of thyrotoxic rats is markedly influenced by the environmental temperature, being of much longer duration at low than at high temperatures. Between 22° and 37.5°C., the relation of temperature to the survival period is approximately linear. The tolerance to relatively large doses of thyroid and thyroxine is considerably increased below 20°C., but is especially striking at 4–6° C.
Hyperplasia of the thyroid, which results from exposure to cold, may be prevented by the administration of desiccated thyroid or thyroxine.
The diminished concentration of creatine of the myocardium, which is a conspicuous finding in rats treated with thyroid substance, does not occur in physiological hyperthyroidism resulting from long continued exposure to a low thermal environment.
In rats kept at high temperatures, whether treated with thyroid substance, or not, there is apparently no storage of colloid in the gland. The significance of the relatively high values for heart creatine in these animals at time of death is briefly discussed.
AN EPIDEMIC IN A MOUSE COLONY DUE TO THE VIRUS OF ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

A filtrable virus, identical with that which causes acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis, has been found to cause a disease in white mice.
Naturally infected mice usually show no symptoms, but such animals inoculated intracerebrally with sterile bouillon or other materials develop characteristic symptoms. The same symptoms are produced by intracerebral injection of the virus into mice from a disease-free stock. Guinea pigs are very susceptible and are therefore useful for detecting the virus and for neutralization tests. The disease in both naturally infected and inoculated animals is discussed and the pathological findings given.
RELATION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS TO THE SPLEEN
Authors: Perla David 
Published: June 2004

1. Removal of the hypophysis in adult rats is followed by progressive atrophy of the spleen. At the end of 2 months the ratio of spleen weight to body weight is one-half the normal. The administration of hypophyseal emulsion repairs to a considerable degree the atrophy of the spleen in such animals.
2. Hypophysectomy completely inhibits the regeneration of splenic tissue after partial splenectomy. Administration of anterior hypophyseal emulsion restores the regenerative capacity of splenic tissue of the hypophysectomized rat to the normal.
3. The daily administration of anterior hypophyseal emulsion of cattle or of alkaline extracts of fresh or acetone-dried anterior hypophysis during a period of 10 days in normal Bartonellacarrier or Bartonella-free rats results in hypertrophy of the spleen to twice normal size. Normal rats receiving emulsion during a period of 1 month become refractory to the spleen-stimulating effect. The spleen shows little increase in size above the normal at the end of this period. Injections of horse serum or of alkaline extracts of acetone-dried kidney, spleen or liver of cattle did not cause enlargement of the spleen of rats of Barlonella-free stock.
4. The increase in the size of the spleen, following daily administration of emulsion of the anterior hypophysis, is due primarily to a marked hyperplasia of the reticular and endothelial cells of the red pulp. The follicles also increase in size. Clusters of reticular cells containing numerous lymphoid elements appear throughout the splenic pulp. The reticular tissue of the bone marrow is similarly increased. There is a striking increase in the number of hemocytoblasts and megakaryocytes. The Kupffer cells are not affected.
5. The spleen-stimulating factor is not present in the acid extract of anterior hypophysis that contains thyrotropic and adrenotropic factors. It is present in some degree in an alkaline extract of fresh anterior hypophysis containing growth and gonadotropic factors. It is also present in alkaline extracts of acetone-dried anterior hypophysis relatively free from growth hormone.
6. The presence of a spleen-stimulating factor in the anterior hypophysis is suggested by these experiments.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The absolute, quantitative agglutinin method has been used for the determination of the presence or absence of small amounts of specific polysaccharide in pneumococcus variants.
2. A technique is described for the removal of group specific antibody from antipneumococcus horse serum.
3. The type specific anticarbohydrate agglutinin and precipitin are not only present in identical amounts in Type I antipneumococcus horse serum, but a reduction in one is also accompanied by a quantitatively identical reduction in the other, providing evidence for their actual identity. In purified antibody solutions somewhat more agglutinin than precipitin is found, possibly owing to alteration of a portion of the antibody in the process of purification.
STUDIES WITH HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS CULTIVATED IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIUM
Authors: Magill T. P. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

The in vitro cultivation of strains of human influenza virus has been successfully conducted through a prolonged series of successive transfers. The cultivated virus has retained the antigenic and immunological properties which characterized the animal passage virus from which it was derived. The culture virus is still virulent for mice and ferrets; it is capable of inducing an active state of immunity in animals vaccinated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally; it elicits specific neutralizing antibodies in the serum of infected or vaccinated animals.
The virus has been successfully cultivated to date only in the presence of oxygen; when conditions of reduced oxygenation are imposed by the use of vaseline seal, with or without the addition of cystein, multiplication of the virus is not supported. On the other hand, it has been possible to cultivate the virus in the medium of Li and Rivers in ordinary test tubes. This affords a greatly simplified procedure, since the interval between transfers may be prolonged.
The results of neutralization tests with various sera and the culture virus are presented and discussed.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. , Teorell Torsten 
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative study has been made of the effect on the precipitin reaction between the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus and the homologous antibody of salt concentrations ranging from O.1 M to 1.79 M, including the effect of ions of higher valence.
2. Within these limits, observed decreases in precipitated antibody with increasing salt concentration appear to be due to a decrease in the amount of antibody combined with the S III, rather than to an increase in solubility of the S III-antibody compounds.
3. The egg albumin-antibody reaction is far less sensitive to changes in salt concentration than is the S III-antibody reaction.
PERSISTENCE OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS IN IMMUNE ANIMALS AND ITS RELATION TO IMMUNITY
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

In some apparently healthy mice the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis persisted for a considerable period of time after recovery, in the blood, urine, and nasal secretions, while in other mice it soon became undemonstrable. It is possible that the persistence of the virus is due to lesions in the lungs, liver, and kidneys.
The immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice does not seem to depend upon the presence of virus in the blood and the organs tested. No antivirus was detected in sera from several solidly immune mice, which fact suggests that circulating antivirus plays no important part in their immunity. Leucocytes also seem to be no essential factor in this immunity, which probably is closely linked with the tissues.
The urine of guinea pigs which had recovered from severe attacks of lymphocytic choriomeningitis contained virus for a few weeks after recovery, while that from mild cases contained no virus. Virus was never demonstrated in the blood of immune guinea pigs. Antivirus was readily detected in it.