bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Darwinian Survival Guide
Authors: Brooks Daniel R. , Agosta Salvatore J. 
Published: February 2024

How humanity brought about the climate crisis by departing from its evolutionary trajectory 15,000 years ago—and how we can use evolutionary principles to save ourselves from the worst outcomes.
Despite efforts to sustain civilization, humanity faces existential threats from overpopulation, globalized trade and travel, urbanization, and global climate change. In A Darwinian Survival Guide, Daniel Brooks and Salvatore Agosta offer a novel—and hopeful—perspective on how to meet these tremendous challenges by changing the discourse from sustainability to survival. Darwinian evolution, the world's only theory of survival, is the means by which the biosphere has persisted and renewed itself following past environmental perturbations, and it has never failed, they explain. Even in the aftermath of mass extinctions, enough survivors remain with the potential to produce a new diversified biosphere.
Drawing on their expertise as field biologists, Brooks and Agosta trace the evolutionary path from the early days of humans through the Late Pleistocene and the beginning of the Anthropocene all the way to the Great Acceleration of technological humanity around 1950, demonstrating how our creative capacities have allowed humanity to survive. However, constant conflict without resolution has made the Anthropocene not only unsustainable, but unsurvivable. Guided by the four laws of biotics, the authors explain how humanity should interact with the rest of the biosphere and with each other in accordance with Darwinian principles. They reveal a middle ground between apocalypse and utopia, with two options: alter our behavior now at great expense and extend civilization or fail to act and rebuild in accordance with those same principles. If we take the latter, then our immediate goal ought to focus on preserving as many of humanity's positive achievements—from high technology to high art—as possible to shorten the time needed to rebuild.
Primaquine in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: an adaptive pharmacometric assessment of ascending dose regimens in healthy volunteers
Authors: Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Jittamala Podjanee , Watson James A , Hanboonkunupakarn Borimas , Leungsinsiri Pawanrat , Poovorawan Kittiyod , Chotivanich Kesinee , Bancone Germana , Chu Cindy S , Imwong Mallika , Day Nicholas PJ , Taylor Walter RJ , White Nicholas J 
Published: February 2024

Background:Primaquine is an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial. It is the only widely available treatment to prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax malaria. The 8-aminoquinolines cause dose-dependent haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd). G6PDd is common in malaria endemic areas but testing is often not available. As a consequence primaquine is underused.Methods:We conducted an adaptive pharmacometric study to characterise the relationship between primaquine dose and haemolysis in G6PDd. The aim was to explore shorter and safer primaquine radical cure regimens compared to the currently recommended 8-weekly regimen (0.75 mg/kg once weekly), potentially obviating the need for G6PD testing. Hemizygous G6PDd healthy adult Thai and Burmese male volunteers were admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Bangkok. In Part 1, volunteers were given ascending dose primaquine regimens whereby daily doses were increased from 7.5 mg up to 45 mg over 15–20 days. In Part 2 conducted at least 6 months later, a single primaquine 45 mg dose was given.Results:24 volunteers were enrolled in Part 1, and 16 in Part 2 (13 participated in both studies). In three volunteers, the ascending dose regimen was stopped because of haemolysis (n=1) and asymptomatic increases in transaminases (n=2; one was hepatitis E positive). Otherwise the ascending regimens were well tolerated with no drug-related serious adverse events. In Part 1, the median haemoglobin concentration decline was 3.7 g/dL (range: 2.1–5.9; relative decline of 26% [range: 15–40%]). Primaquine doses up to 0.87 mg/kg/day were tolerated subsequently without clinically significant further falls in haemoglobin. In Part 2, the median haemoglobin concentration decline was 1.7 g/dL (range 0.9–4.1; relative fall of 12% [range: 7–30% decrease]). The ascending dose primaquine regimens gave seven times more drug but resulted in only double the haemoglobin decline.Conclusions:In patients with Southeast Asian G6PDd variants, full radical cure treatment can be given in under 3 weeks compared with the current 8-week regimen.Funding:Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom (MR/R015252/1) and Wellcome (093956/Z/10/C, 223253/Z/21/Z).Clinical trial number:Thai Clinical Trial Registry: TCTR20170830002 and TCTR20220317004.
The Pathogenicity Test, Cultural and Morphological Characterization of Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
Authors: Purushotham Pooja , Rakholiya K. B. , Vanani K. D. 
Published: February 2024

Aims: The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate anthracnose fungus of green gram using symptomatology, identification, pathogenicity test and characterization of samples.
Study Design: Pathogenicity test, cultural and morphological characterization.
Place and Duration of Study: The laboratory studies were conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during rabi 2020-21.
Methodology: The sample was collected and subjected to isolation, purification and identification of pathogen. Four different pathogenecity tests were conducted to verify the pathogen causing anthracnose of green gram. On the other hand, the cultural and morphological characteristics of pathogen were studied.
Results: The pathogenecity test confirmed that the pathogen as Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in all four tests. Spraying inoculum after needle pricking and carborandum powder producing 100% infection in inoculated plants while 96% in spraying spore suspension without any abrasion. The less per cent of infection was observed in seed inoculated plants. The cultural studies of C. lindemuthianium shown sub-aerial whitish-to-pink cottony growth and pinkish-to-brown pigmentation under the culture plate. The morphological study of C. lindemuthianium observed as single-celled, hyaline, cylindrical, and smooth with oil globules. The acervuli were blackish brown and measure 181.3 × 254.6 µm. The setae were visible through the conidial mass with 1-3 septations.
Conclusion: A study on green gram anthracnose confirmed C. lindemuthianum as pathogen in all four pathogenicity test with needle pricking and carborandum powder producing 100% infection in inoculated plants while 96% in spraying spore suspension without any abrasion. Cultural studies revealed whitish-pink cottony growth and pinkish-brown pigmentation. C. lindemuthianium was morphologically observed as single-celled, hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, with oil globules, blackish brown acervuli, and visible setae through conidial mass with 1-3 septations. Therefore, these findings are important for identifying the anthracnose disease of green gram.
Long‐term persistence of clonally expanded T cells in patients with polymyositis
Authors: Benveniste Olivier , Herson Serge , Salomon Benoît , Dimitri Dalia , Trébeden‐Nègre Hélène , Jean Laetitia , Bon‐Durand Véronique , Antonelli David , Klatzmann David , Boyer Olivier 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPolymyositis is a CD8+ T‐cell–mediated disease. T‐cell clonal expansions are observed at disease onset, but little is known about their persistence over time. Qualitative and quantitative spectratyping demonstrated that PM relapse features dramatically perturbed blood T‐cell repertoires but is not associated with the emergence of new T‐cell clones. It is striking that patients in remission also maintained all their T‐cell repertoire abnormalities. The clonally expanded T‐cells displayed a memory phenotype, expressed intracellular perforin, and dramatically responded to IL‐2, showing a potential to be reactivated upon appropriate conditions. These results indicate that persistent T‐cell clonal expansion is an important feature of polymyositis. Ann Neurol 2004
Devulcanization of carbon black filled natural rubber using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Kojima Masaaki , Tosaka Masatoshi , Ikeda Yuko , Kohjiya Shinzo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) vulcanizates filled with various contents of carbon black were devulcanized in supercritical CO2 in the presence of diphenyl disulfide as a devulcanizing reagent. The devulcanized rubbers were separated to sol and gel components using chloroform. Regardless of the carbon black content in the NR vulcanizates, sol fractions of 20–40% were obtained and the swelling ratios of the gel components were higher than the original vulcanizates. Dynamic mechanical properties of the devulcanized rubbers were also investigated. Devulcanized rubbers showed a slightly lower G′ values and slightly higher tan δ values than the initial compounds and much lower G′ values and much higher tan δ values than the vulcanizates. These results indicate that the presence of carbon black in NR vulcanizates does not disturb the devulcanization. A NR‐based truck tire vulcanizate was also devulcanized. The physical properties of recycled rubber made from virgin rubber and various contents of the devulcanized tire rubber were measured. The decrease in tensile strength was only around 10% at up to 40 phr of the devulcanized tire rubber content. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 137–143, 2005
Imaging learning and memory: Classical conditioning
Authors: Schreurs Bernard G. , Alkon Daniel L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe search for the biological basis of learning and memory has, until recently, been constrained by the limits of technology to classic anatomic and electrophysiologic studies. With the advent of functional imaging, we have begun to delve into what, for many, was a “black box.” We review several different types of imaging experiments, including steady state animal experiments that image the functional labeling of fixed tissues, and dynamic human studies based on functional imaging of the intact brain during learning. The data suggest that learning and memory involve a surprising conservation of mechanisms and the integrated networking of a number of structures and processes. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:257–273, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro exposure apparatus for ELF magnetic fields
Authors: Schuderer Jürgen , Oesch Walter , Felber Norbert , Spät Denis , Kuster Niels 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor in vitro studies on the effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposures in different laboratories, a programmable, high precision exposure system enabling blinded exposures has been developed and fully characterized. It is based on two shielded 4 coil systems that fit inside a commercial incubator. The volume of uniform B field exposure with 1% field tolerance is 50% larger compared to a Merrit 4 coil system with the same coil volume. The uncertainties for the applied magnetic fields have been specified to be less than 4%. The computer controlled apparatus allows signal waveforms that are composed of several harmonics, blind protocols, monitoring of exposure and environmental conditions and the application of B fields up to 3.6 mT root‐mean‐square amplitude. Sources of artifacts have been characterized: sham isolation >43 dB, parasitic incident E fields <1 V/m, no recognizable temperature differences in the media for exposure or sham state, and vibrations of the mechanically decoupled dish holder <0.1 m/s2 (= 0.01 g), which is only twice the sham acceleration background level produced by the incubator and fan vibrations. Bioelectromagnetics 25:582–591, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of weak 50 Hz magnetic fields on the number of free oxygen radicals in rat lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Zmyslony Marek , Rajkowska Elżbieta , Mamrot Pawel , Politanski Piotr , Jajte Jolanta 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe aim of the work was verification of the hypothesis that weak power frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields (MF) affected the number of free oxygen radicals in living biological cells and that these changes could be qualitatively explained by the radical pair mechanism. The experiments were performed on rat lymphocytes. One‐hour exposure to 50 Hz MF at 20, 40, or 200 μT flux densities was performed inside a pair of Helmholtz coils with axis along or crosswise to the Earth's static MF. Iron ions (FeCl2) were used as a stimulator of the oxidation processes. Oxygen radicals were measured by fluorimetry using a DCF‐DA fluorescent probe. Only in the lymphocytes exposed at 40 μT MF directed along the Earth's static MF there was a decrease of fluorescence in relation to non‐exposed samples. Our observation seems to confirm the hypothesis that low level power frequency MF affects oxidative processes which occur in living biological cells and that this effect can be explained by the radical pair mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 25:607–612, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Murine leukemia virus clearance by flocculation and microfiltration
Authors: Akeprathumchai Saengchai , Han Binbing , Wickramasinghe S. Ranil , Carlson Jonathan O. , Czermak Peter , Preiβ Katrin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractClearance of murine leukemia virus from CHO cell suspensions by flocculation and microfiltration was investigated. Murine leukemia virus is a retrovirus that is recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for validating clearance of retrovirus‐like particles. Due to biosafety considerations, an amphotropic murine leukemia virus vector (A‐MLV) that is incapable of self‐replication was used. Further, A‐MLV is incapable of infecting CHO cells, thus ensuring that infection of the CHO cells in the feed did not result in a reduced virus titer in the permeate. The virus vector contains the gene for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to facilitate assaying for infectious virus particles. The virus particles are 80–130 nm in size. The feed streams were flocculated using a cationic polyelectrolyte. Microfiltration was conducted using 0.1 and 0.65 μm pore size hollow fiber membranes. The level of virus clearance in the permeate was determined. For the 0.1 μm pore size membranes a 1,000‐fold reduction in the virus titer in the permeate was observed for feed streams consisting of A‐MLV, A‐MLV plus flocculant, A‐MLV plus CHO cells, and A‐MLV plus flocculant and CHO cells. While the flocculant had little effect on the level of virus clearance in the permeate for 0.1 μm pore size membranes, it did lead to higher permeate fluxes for the CHO cell feed streams. Virus clearance experiments conducted with 0.65 μm pore size membranes indicate little clearance of A‐MLV from the permeate in the absence of flocculant. However, in the presence of flocculant the level of virus clearance in the permeate was similar to that observed for 0.1 μm pore size membranes. The results obtained here indicate that significant clearance of A‐MLV is possible during tangential flow microfiltration. Addition of a flocculant is essential if the membrane pore size is greater than the diameter of the virus particles. Flocculation of the feed stream leads to an increase in the permeate flux. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modified Microperoxidases Exhibit Different Reactivity Towards Phenolic Substrates
Authors: Dallacosta Corrado , Casella Luigi , Monzani Enrico 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe reactivity of several microperoxidase derivatives with different distal‐site environments has been studied. The distal‐site environments of these heme peptides include a positively charged one, an uncharged environment, two bulky and doubly or triply positively charged ones, and one containing aromatic apolar residues. The reactivity in the catalytic oxidation of two representative phenols, carrying opposite charges, by hydrogen peroxide has been investigated. This allows the determination of the binding constants and of the electron‐transfer rate from the phenol to the catalyst in the substrate/microperoxidase complex. The electron‐transfer rates scarcely depend on the redox and charge properties of the phenol, but depend strongly on the microperoxidase. Information on the disposition of the substrate in the adducts with the microperoxidases has been obtained through determination of the paramagnetic contribution to the 1H NMR relaxation rates of the protons of the bound substrates. The data show that the electron‐transfer rate drops when the substrate binds too far away from the iron and that the phenols bind to microperoxidases at similar distances to those observed with peroxidases. While the reaction rate of microperoxidases with peroxide is significantly smaller than that of the enzymes, the efficiency in the one‐electron oxidation of phenolic substrates is almost comparable. Interestingly, the oxyferryl form of the triply positively charged microperoxidases shows a reactivity larger than that exhibited by horseradish peroxidase.
Locked Nucleic Acids and Intercalating Nucleic Acids in the Design of Easily Denaturing Nucleic Acids: Thermal Stability Studies
Authors: Filichev Vyacheslav V. , Christensen Ulf B. , Pedersen Erik B. , Babu B. Ravindra , Wengel Jesper 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIntercalating nucleic acids (INA®s) with insertions of (R)‐1‐O‐(1‐pyrenylmethyl)glycerol were hybridized with locked nucleic acids (LNAs). INA/LNA duplexes were found to be less stable than the corresponding DNA/LNA duplexes when the INA monomer was inserted as a bulge close to the LNA monomers in the opposite strand. This property was used to make “quenched” complements that possess LNA in hairpins and in duplexes and are consequently more accessible for targeting native DNA. The duplex between a fully modified 13‐mer LNA sequence and a complementary INA with six pyrene residues inserted after every second base as a bulge was found to be very unstable (Tm=30.1 °C) in comparison with the unmodified double‐stranded DNA (Tm=48.7 °C) and the corresponding duplexes of LNA/DNA (Tm=81.6 °C) and INA/DNA (Tm=66.4 °C). A thermal melting experiment of a mixture of an LNA hairpin, with five LNA nucleotides in the stem, and its complementary DNA sequence gave a transition with an extremely low increase in optical density (hyperchromicity). When two INA monomers were inserted into the stem of the LNA hairpin, the same experiment resulted in a significant hyperchromicity comparable with the one obtained for the corresponding DNA/DNA duplex.
Differentiation of the dopaminergic phenotype in the olfactory system of neonatal and adult mice
Authors: Saino‐Saito Sachiko , Sasaki Hayato , Volpe Bruce T. , Kobayashi Kazuto , Berlin Roseann , Baker Harriet 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOlfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are derived primarily postnatally from progenitors in the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) and migrate to the OB in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Progenitors differentiate into phenotypically diverse granule and periglomerular cells by as yet undefined mechanisms. To visualize spatiotemporal aspects of periglomerular dopamine (DA) neuron differentiation, two independently derived transgenic mouse lines were analyzed with a 9‐kb tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter to drive either a LacZ or an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene. Both reporters showed similar neonatal expression that varied from low levels in RMS, to moderate in the superficial granule cell layer, to strong in relatively large cells, possibly external tufted cells, in the periglomerular region. TH mRNA and protein were not detected in the RMS but were colocalized with the transgenes in neonatal superficial granule and periglomerular cells. By comparison, TH protein in adults was further limited to periglomerular cells. To demonstrate that transcriptional regulation was the same for EGFP and TH, expression was shown to decline similarly in the OB ipsilateral to odor deprivation produced by adult unilateral naris closure. Of two genes previously hypothesized to regulate OB DA expression, only regulated expression of the orphan receptor Nurr1, but not the homeobox‐containing genes Dlx‐1 and ‐2, was consistent with a role in regulation of the DA phenotype. These data demonstrate for the first time that DA phenotypic differentiation in neonates begins with low‐level transcription in migrating progenitors in the RMS and culminates with activity‐dependent protein expression in periglomerular cells innervated by olfactory receptor cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:389–398, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute demyelination disrupts the molecular organization of peripheral nervous system nodes
Authors: Arroyo Edgardo J. , Sirkowski Erich E. , Chitale Rohan , Scherer Steven S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIntraneurally injected lysolecithin causes both segmental and paranodal demyelination. In demyelinated internodes, axonal components of nodes fragment and disappear, glial and axonal paranodal and juxtaparanodal proteins no longer cluster, and axonal Kv1.1/Kv1.2 K+ channels move from the juxtaparanodal region to appose the remaining heminodes. In paranodal demyelination, a gap separates two distinct heminodes, each of which contains the molecular components of normal nodes; paranodal and juxtaparanodal proteins are properly localized. As in normal nodes, widened nodal regions contain little or no band 4.1B. Lysolecithin also causes “unwinding” of paranodes: The spiral of Schwann cell membrane moves away from the paranodes, but the glial and axonal components of septate‐like junctions remain colocalized. Thus, acute demyelination has distinct effects on the molecular organization of the nodal, paranodal, and juxtaparanodal region, reflecting altered axon–Schwann cell interactions. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:424–434, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of synapsin in visual neurons of the locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Leitinger Gerd , Pabst Maria Anna , Rind F. Claire , Simmons Peter J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn many taxa, photoreceptors and their second‐order neurons operate with graded changes in membrane potential and can release neurotransmitter tonically. A common feature of such neurons in vertebrates is that they have not been found to contain synapsins, a family of proteins that indicate the presence of a reserve pool of synaptic vesicles at synaptic sites. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of synapsin‐like immunoreactivity in the compound eye and ocellar photoreceptor cells of the locust Schistocerca gregaria and in some of the second‐order neurons. By combining confocal laser scanning microscopy with electron microscopy, we found that photoreceptor cells of both the compound eye and the ocellus lacked synapsin‐like immunostaining. In contrast, lamina monopolar cells and large ocellar L interneurons of the lateral ocellus were immunopositive to synapsin. We also identified the output synapses of the photoreceptors and of the L interneurons, and, whereas the photoreceptor synapses lacked immunolabeling, the outputs of the L interneurons were clearly labeled for synapsin. These findings suggest that the photoreceptors and the large second‐order neurons of the locust differ in the chemical architecture of their synapses, and we propose that differences in the time course of neurotransmission are the reason for this. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:89–100, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.