bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Approaches to Governance in the EU: EU Social Policy and the European Employment Strategy*
Authors: Mosher James S. , Trubek David M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecent actions by the European Union reveal a shift away from traditional, top‐down, command and control governance. This can be seen in the structure of traditional tools like directives, as many recent directives, especially in social policy‐making, tend to be more open and flexible. But the move to more flexible and participatory approaches can best be seen in areas like the European Employment Strategy (EES), which departs radically from traditional regulatory governance approaches. This article explores the increased use of alternative approaches to governance in the EU by examining the EES as an example of this shift.
Religion and Youth Support for the European Union*
Authors: Nelsen Brent F. , Guth James L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractReligion is an important influence on adult attitudes toward European integration, as devout Catholics strongly support integration, while committed Protestants are less enthusiastic. Here we consider whether this relationship holds for reputedly secularized European youth. Using Eurobarometer 47.2OVR, we show that devout Catholic and Orthodox youth do in fact support the European Union, as do committed Protestants, and generically religious youths, but at lower levels. Atheists and agnostics are more critical of the EU. High levels of social capital and pro‐immigration sentiments also predict euro‐enthusiasm. We conclude by analysing the variation in youth attitudes across Member States.
Fifty Years on: Research on the European Parliament*
Authors: Hix Simon , Raunio Tapio , Scully Roger 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis introductory article reviews our current state of knowledge about the European Parliament (EP). First, we review the major accomplishments of previous studies of the EP, highlighting four principal areas of work: general studies of the chamber, work on EP elections, studies of the internal politics of the Parliament, and research on the EP's institutional relations with the Council and Commission. Second, we consider what has yet to be learnt: what are the major unanswered questions about the EP, and how do the articles in this special issue respond to this agenda?
The Creation and Empowerment of the European Parliament*
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUp until now we have lacked a systematic, theoretically guided explanation of why the European Union, as the only system of international governance, contains a powerful representative institution, the European Parliament, and why it has been successively empowered by national governments over the past half century. It is argued that national governments' decisions to transfer sovereignty to a new supranational level of governance triggers an imbalance between procedural and consequentialist legitimacy which political elites are fully aware of. To repair this imbalance, proposals to empower the European Parliament play a prominent though not exclusive role. Three landmark events are analysed to assess the plausibility of the advanced theory: the creation of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, the acquisition of budgetary powers (Treaty of Luxembourg, 1970) and of legislative powers through the Single European Act (1986).
MEPs as Representatives: Individual and Institutional Roles*
Authors: Scully Roger , Farrell David M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough the European Parliament (EP), as the sole directly‐elected institution of the EU, has often been accorded prominence in discussions of ‘democracy’ and ‘representation’ within the Union, relatively little attention has been paid to the attitudes of EP members to the practice of representation in the EU. This article develops our understanding of MEPs' attitudes in two important areas. First, we examine how MEPs view their role as individual representatives, and their priorities within that role. Second, we explore parliamentarians' attitudes to their collective position within the EU by considering their opinions on the powers of the EP itself. Drawing on data from a recent survey of MEPs, we assess the extent to which their views on these questions are predicted by individual, institutional and political sources of explanation; our findings indicate that all three significantly, but far from exclusively, shape MEPs' views.
The European Parliament in the Economic Governance of the European Union
Authors: Lord Christopher 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article analyses how the European Parliament's contribution to policy outcomes varies across three branches of economic decision‐making and two roles typical of a parliamentary body. The former are based on Majone's distinction between stabilization, redistribution and regulation. The latter draw on Habermas's distinction between the role of the legislator in bargaining and preferences, and setting norms of collective action, which are taken here to include standards of public control and rights entitlements that must be secured in the delivery of policy.
Innovation, actors and institutions: change and continuity in local development policy in two Hungarian regions
Authors: Keune Maarten , Kiss J´nos Péter , Tóth Andr´s 
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on institutional and policy innovation in two Hungarian regions. We analyse the responses of the local elites in these two regions to the post‐1989 challenges and discuss how they have tried to innovate local economic policy in order to promote economic development. Also, we will consider to what extent they have been constrained or facilitated by historically developed institutions. We conclude that the more successful innovation strategies have been those which have at least partially been based on historically accumulated institutional resources. These have been selectively employed in innovative ways and form essential building blocks of the regions' new development strategies. Also, the cases suggest that economic development, as well as the accumulation of institutional resources over time, do not necessarily follow one homogeneous path but may combine several simultaneous paths. Different combinations, then, result in diverse sets of institutional resources which affect the capacity for innovation.Cet article est consacréà l'innovation institutionnelle et politique dans deux régions hongroises. Il analyse les réponses des élites locales aux défis de l'après‐1989, montrant comment elles ont tenté de concevoir une politique visant à faciliter l'expansion économique régionale. Il étudie ensuite dans quelle mesure elles ont été entravées ou soutenues par les institutions d'origine historique. En conclusion, les stratégies d'innovation les plus fructueuses ont été celles qui se sont appuyées, au moins en partie, sur des ressources institutionnelles accumulées depuis longtemps. Ces derniegrave;res ont été exploitées ponctuellement selon des modalités novatrices, devenant les composantes essentielles des nouvelles stratégies de développement des régions concernées. L'expansion économique, de même que l'accumulation historique de ressources institutionnelles, ne suivent pas obligatoirement un seul chemin homogène, combinant parfois plusieurs sentiers parallèles. Des combinaisons différentes produisent ainsi des ensembles variés de ressources institutionnelles, lesquels influent sur la capacité d'innovation.
Squatters in the creative city: rejoinder to Justus Uitermark
Authors: Pruijt Hans 
Published: December 2004

A recent change in attitude of politicians and officials in Amsterdam towards artists who use squatted workspaces does not entail co‐optation of squatters as providers of cultural services. The municipal Breeding Places Amsterdam (BPA) project is a continuation of the long‐standing tendency to legalize squats, but now motivated in terms of the artists' function for the city. There are no indications that recent legalizations have an effect that is different from earlier legalizations. They did not cause the squatters' movement to shift from waging a housing struggle towards creative expression, nor did they affect the core business of the movement: squatting. Internal conflicts, the use of legal procedure instead of political arguments and highly differentiated outcomes for individual squatters are not specific to the recent era of squatting. Some squatters are now trying to play their cards in a way that is compatible with the hype of the creative city. This illustrates the resilience of the prevailing pattern of ‘flexible institionalization’. Flexibility and diversity may well be characteristics that have enabled the squatters' movement to survive under increasingly adverse conditions.A Amsterdam, le récent changement d'attitude des politiciens et fonctionnaires à l'égard des artistes qui travaillent dans des ateliers squattés n'entraîne pas de cooptation des squatters comme fournisseurs de services culturels. Le projet municipal BPA (l'Amsterdam des pépinières) perpétue une tendance à légaliser les squats, quoique désormais motivée par le rôle des artistes dans la ville. Il n'existe aucun indice que les récentes légalisations aient un effet différent des précédentes. Elles ne font pas évoluer le mouvement des squatters d'une agitation de lutte pour le logement vers une expression créative, ni ne modifient l'activité première du mouvement: squatter. Conflits internes, recours à une procédure légale plutôt qu'à une argumentation politique, et résultats très différenciés selon les individus ne sont pas spécifiques à l'époque récente. Certains squatters tentent désormais leur chance selon une méthode compatible avec la dynamique promotionnelle de la ville créative, illustrant ainsi la résilience du schéma dominant ‘d'institutionnalisation flexible’. Ainsi, souplesse et diversité pourraient être les caractéristiques qui permettraient au mouvement des squatters de survivre dans des conditions de plus en plus défavorables.
Missing C, supplemental D and supplemental premolar all in one quadrant: a case report
Authors: EL‐BAHANNASAWY E. , FUNG D. E. 
Published: December 2004

Summary.This case report describes a non‐syndromic Caucasian patient who presented with a missing upper right primary canine and a supplemental upper right primary first molar. Later, a supplemental premolar developed in the upper right quadrant. The report highlights the importance of early diagnosis of dental anomalies and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment planning. A regular review and radiographic examination are essential.
Macroinvertebrate richness patterns in North African streams
Authors: Beauchard Olivier , Gagneur James , Brosse Sebastien 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To test the hypothesis that macroscale environmental variables explain local taxonomic richness of stream macroinvertebrates, and then to identify the relationships between these variables and benthic fauna richness in North Africa.Location  North Africa, from West Morocco to East Tunisia.Methods  Using a large‐scale data base made of 211 sampling sites gathered from an area of 500,000 km2, an artificial neural network model has been built to identify and predict the influence of macroscale environmental variables on local macroinvertebrate richness.Results  The correlation coefficient (r) between observed and estimated taxon richness values was 0.75 (P < 0.001), and the model explained more than 55% (r2 = 0.563) of the macroinvertebrate richness variation. Macroinvertebrate richness was, therefore, accurately predicted using only three environmental variables accounting for hydrology (number of rainy days), geographical factors, i.e. connections between European and North African land masses (longitude) and climatic gradient (altitude).Main conclusions  Stream macroinvertebrate richness in North Africa results from a combination of climatic, geographical and hydrological parameters. Although consistent with current biogeographic and ecological concepts mainly derived from European and North American streams, this study underlines the specificity of dry Mediterranean ecosystems. The shape of diversity patterns results from climatic conditions and their associated environmental seasonal dynamics, which screens geographical processes.
Historical biogeography and distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Suárez‐Morales E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To determine and analyse the distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepod (Diaptomidae and Pseudodiaptomidae) fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) and its relation to the geological history of this Neotropical karstic plain.Location  The Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.Methods  Plotting of geo‐referenced sites, analysis of local and regional geological history, analysis and comparison of regional and local records.Results  The current composition and distribution of Diaptomidae and Pseudodiaptomidae in the YP mainly reflects recent, post‐Pliocene colonization events. This invasion did not reach America, but only parts of Central America (CA). The presence of diaptomids in the continent since the pre‐Cretaceous and the presumed post‐Cretaceous (Palaeocene–Oligocene) radiation of Diaptomidae in Middle America suggest earlier colonizations of the YP. The marine transgressions kept most of the YP submerged in different geological periods, thus eliminating any original primary freshwater colonizers, such as the diaptomids. The periods of marine regression probably represented opportunities for new waves of diaptomid colonization of the YP. The latest dispersal of diaptomids in the YP during the Holocene (8000 yr bp) was probably an intermittent process because of the alternative dry and wet periods and interglacial transgressions. The presence of the Nearctic Leptodiaptomus and Arctodiaptomus in the YP and the current distribution of Mastigodiaptomus might represent remnants of earlier invasions of Diaptomidae in Middle America. The Neotropical Mastigodiaptomus probably originated in the Late Cretacic CA/proto‐Antilles complex. Forms derived from a M. albuquerquensis type ancestor radiated into the YP leaving relatively isolated populations of three species in the northern half of the peninsula. The distribution of the brackish water Pseudodiaptomus marshi well inside the coastline might have resulted from stranding and subsequent adaptation of this species during a marine regression in the Bacalar formation; this agrees with the vision of this taxon as being in process of invasion of freshwater environments.Main conclusions  It is not probable that the South American (SA) diaptomid fauna originated from an invasion of upper Neotropical/Nearctic forms. The current distribution of freshwater calanoid copepods reflects relatively recent, post‐Pliocene biogeographical patterns, but probably older patterns are involved as well. The northern and eastern coasts of the Yucatan are the most recently colonized by diaptomids. Differing from other freshwater groups surveyed in the Yucatan that have marine relatives (i.e. fishes, amphipods, isopods, mysids, macrocrustaceans), there is no evidence of local vicariant events involving cave‐dwelling forms or marine relicts in the diaptomid fauna of the YP.
Episodic global dispersal in shallow water marine organisms: the case history of the European shore crabs Carcinus maenas and C. aestuarii
Authors: Carlton James T. , Cohen Andrew N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  This paper evaluates global collection records, evidence of anthropogenic transport methods, and experimental and distributional data relative to temperature requirements to understand the historical and potential dispersal of a well‐known genus of estuarine crab.Location  The records analysed are from temperate and tropical coastal ocean areas.Methods  The study is based primarily on literature analysis and examination of museum specimens.Results  The human‐mediated successful global dispersal of the European shore crabs Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. aestuarii (Nardo, 1847) occurred in three major episodes: around 1800, in the 1850s–70s, and in the 1980s–90s. The nineteenth century introductions occurred through transport by ships (probably in hull fouling or in solid ballast), while the introductions in the 1980s could have occurred through a greater variety of dispersal mechanisms (ships’ hull fouling and seawater system fouling; fouling on semisubmersible drilling platforms; ballast water; transport with fisheries products intended for food or bait; scientific research; releases from aquaria maintained for educational or scientific purposes; or intentional non‐governmental releases for human food production). These introductions have resulted in Carcinus’ establishment in five temperate regions outside of its native Europe in Atlantic North America, Australia, South Africa, Japan and Pacific North America, while releases into tropical regions have not established populations. C. maenas’ range in both its native and introduced regions appears to be regulated by similar temperature parameters, enabling an assessment of its potential distribution.Main conclusions  The second episode of Carcinus’ global dispersal, the period from the 1850s to 1870s, may be part of a broader surge of world‐wide invasions caused by an increase in shipping.
Aggression towards health care staff in a UK general hospital: variation among professions and departments
Authors: Winstanley Sue , Whittington Richard 
Published: December 2004

Background.  Aggression towards health care staff is an increasing problem and although many studies have examined psychiatric settings, few have considered general hospitals and in particular, variation among professions and locations. In addition, studies often fail to include all forms of aggression such as threatening behaviour and verbal aggression.Methods.  This study extends existing research by evaluating physical assault, threatening behaviour and verbal aggression from patients/visitors towards general hospital staff in the context of different professions and departments.Results and conclusions.  The survey of staff showed that aggression is widespread. Within the preceding year, 27% of the respondents were assaulted, 23% experienced threatening behaviour from patients and 15.5% experienced threatening behaviour from visitors. Over 68% reported verbal aggression, 25.7% experiencing it more regularly than monthly. By departments, over 42% of the medical department staff, 36% of the surgical staff and over 30% of the Accident and Emergency staff were assaulted. By profession, staff nurses and enrolled nurses reported the most assaults (43.4%) and doctors, the fewest (13.8%). Other nursing grades and health care professions all reported levels of physical assault in excess of 20%. Correspondingly high levels of threatening behaviour and verbal aggression were also reported although the patterns of victimization differed according to the various professions and departments. Independently, significant levels of assault, threatening behaviour and verbal aggression were reported. When aggregated they demonstrate the higher levels of victimization that general hospital staff experienced on a regular basis.Relevance to clinical practice.  Institutional averages actually obscure the much higher levels of aggression experienced by the particular professions in particular departments. This study helps to localize the problem and identify those at most risk, but more research is needed into the aetiology of the aggression and of vulnerability factors associated with victimization.
The meaning of caring to nurses: an investigation into the nature of caring work in an intensive care unit
Authors: Wilkin Kathleen , Slevin Eamonn 
Published: December 2004

Background.  The purpose of the study was to generate knowledge, which informs the discipline of nursing as caring represents an essential human need. Despite the wealth of research discussing caring in nursing, little is related to the highly technological intensive care unit environment.Aims of the study.  To explore the meaning of caring to intensive care unit nurses. To determine if the meaning of caring to these nurses has potential for altering nursing practice and to gain an insight into how caring experiences were evident to them.Design and method.  The design of the study was descriptive and qualitative. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to collect data on the experiences of twelve nurses who were selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis involved using Colaizzi's reductive procedure.Results.  Findings suggest that the nurses in the study participated in delivering holistic and humane care of the patient and their relatives. The essential structure of caring was identified as a process of competent physical and technical action imbued with affective skills.Conclusions.  This study revealed caring to be synonymous with nursing. The descriptive accounts of the nurses’ experiences of caring in this study attempt to illuminate the nature of intensive care unit nursing. It legitimates, from the perspectives of these particular participants, the importance of caring. The participants described caring as a process involving feelings together with professional knowledge, competence, skill and nursing action. This involved the holistic care of the patient and relatives in meeting their individual needs.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study demonstrated that the lived experience of caring reflects the humanistic nature of nursing. It confirms that to care is human and the capacity to care is affirmed and actualised in caring for the critically ill patient and their relatives.
Standardized care plans: experiences of nurses in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Ting‐Ting , Chang Pi‐Chen 
Published: December 2004

Background.  Nursing care plans have been viewed as structured plans of action for patient care. Studies have investigated the outcomes or effectiveness of using different types of care plans, but have seldom reported nurses’ perceptions of using care plans in daily practice.Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ experiences using a standardized care plan.Design.  Nineteen clinical nurses at a teaching hospital in Taiwan were interviewed one‐on‐one and in depth from April to June 2000. Data analysis was based on Miles and Huberman's data reduction, data display, and a conclusion verification process to identify themes and concepts that represented nurses’ experiences using a care plan.Results.  The following themes emerged from the interview data: being reminded of care procedures, time‐saving in making care plans, time‐consuming in making shift reports, undesirable content design, and paperwork‐oriented/not patient‐centered.Conclusion.  With the considerable amounts of money spent on education and training to meet nurses’ needs, a careful examination of nurses’ experiences in using care plans, should assist in care plan development and lead to observable effects on patient care.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nursing documentation reflects nurses’ observations, assessments, and interventions. It is expected that better use of standardized care plans will enhance nurses’ access to appropriate and accurate information in decision‐making, thus improving the charting process and care quality.