bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of fruit juices and fruits on the absorption of iron from a rice meal
Authors: Ballot D. , Baynes R. D. , Bothwell T. H. , Gillooly M. , Macfarlane J. , Macphail A. P. , Lyons G. , Derman D. P. , Bezwoda W. R. , Torrance J. D. , Bothwell J. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of the chemical composition of fruit juices and fruit on the absorption of iron from a rice (Oryza sativa) meal were measured in 234 parous Indian women, using the erythrocyte utilization of radioactive Fe method.2. The corrected geometric mean Fe absorptions with different juices varied between 0.040 and 0.129, with the variation correlating closely with the ascorbic acid contents of the juices (rs 0.838, P < 0.01).3. Ascorbic acid was not the only organic acid responsible for the promoting effects of citrus fruit juices on Fe absorption. Fe absorption from laboratory ‘orange juice’ (100 ml water, 33 mg ascorbic acid and 750 mg citric acid) was significantly better than that from 100 ml water and 33 mg ascorbic acid alone (0.097 and 0.059 respectively), while Fe absorption from 100 ml orange juice (28 mg ascorbic acid) was better than that from 100 ml water containing the same amount of ascorbic acid (0.139 and 0.098 respectively). Finally, Fe absorption from laboratory ‘lemon juice’ (100 ml orange juice and 4 g citric acid) was significantly better than that from 100 ml orange juice (0.226 and 0,166 respectively).4. The corrected geometric mean Fe absorption from the rice meal was 0.025. Several fruits had little or no effect on Fe absorption from the meal (0.013–0.024). These included grape (Vitis vinifera), peach (Prunuspersica), apple (Malus sylvestris) and avocado pear (Persea americana). Fruit with a mild to moderate enhancing effect on Fe absorption (0.03 1–0.088) included strawberry (Fragaria sp.) (uncorrected values), plum (Prunus domestica), rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), banana (Musa cavendishii), mango (Mangifera indica), pear (Pyrus cornmunis), cantaloup (Cucumis melo) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) (uncorrected values). Guava (Psidium guajava) and pawpaw (Carica papaya) markedly increased Fe absorption (0.126–0.293).5. There was a close correlation between Fe absorption and the ascorbic acid content of the fruits tested (rs 0.738, P < 0.0001). There was also a weaker but significant correlation with the citric acid content (rs 0.55, P < 0.03). Although this may have reflected a direct effect of citric acid on Fe absorption, it should be noted that fruits containing citric acid also contained ascorbic acid (rs 0.70, P < 0.002). Similarly, the negative correlation (rs –0.62, P < 0,008) between Fe absorption and the malic acid content of fruits may have been due to the fact that fruits with a high malic acid content tended to have low levels of ascorbic acid (rs–0.45, P < 0.06).6. These various results suggested that most fruits have only a limited effect on overall Fe nutrition. However, the presence of citrus fruit, guava or pawpaw would be expected to increase Fe absorption markedly from diets of low Fe availability.
Origin and utilization of volatile fatty acids and lactate in the rabbit: influence of the faecal excretion pattern
Authors: Vernay Michéle 
Published: September 2005

1. Interrelations between bacterial metabolites (volatile fatty acids, lactate) in the gut contents and the blood in relation to the faecal excretory cycle (soft or hard faeces) were studied in anaesthetized rabbits.2. It appeared that the level of organic acids in the alimentary tract varied cyclicly with the faecal excretion pattern. The lactate entering the portal circulation originates from the stomach, while the volatile fatty acids (VFA) originate from the hind-gut. Net absorption from the digestive tract and hepatic utilization of fermentation acids were greater when the rabbits produced hard faeces (hard-phase) compared with soft faeces (soft-phase). Propionate and butyrate reaching the liver were almost quantitatively removed; acetate and lactate were available for extra-hepatic tissue metabolism.3. Whatever the excretion pattern the levels of VFA in the arterial circulation remained remarkably constant; blood lactate, however, was lower during the soft-phase.4. Absorption of bacterial metabolites, like their metabolism in the liver, showed a circadian rhythm parallel to the changes in the activity of the adrenal glands, i.e. the activity was enhanced during the hard-phase.
Use of particle-bound microbial enzyme activity to predict the rate and extent of fibre degradation in the rumen
Authors: Silva Ayona T. , Wallace R. J. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. A method was developed for extracting enzymes from micro-organisms closely associated with ammoniatreated straw (NH3-S) that had been incubated in nylon bags in the rumen. Incubation of washed straw with 125 ml carbon tetrachloride/l and 20 μg lysozyme/ml for 3 h at 37° gave carboxymethylcellulase (EC3. 2. 1. 4; CMCase) and NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (EC1. 4. 1.2; GDH) activities greater than those extracted by sonication.2. GDH associated with NH3-S increased with incubation time and was highest in sheep receiving a high-barley diet. Particle-bound CMCase activity reached a peak between 16 and 24 h and declined thereafter.3. Particle-bound GDH activity showed no correlation with dry matter (DM) degradation in the rumens of sheep fed on a range of diets. In contrast, CMCase activity after 24 h was highly correlated with DM degradability of the same samples at 24 h (r0.98) and 48 h (r0.94).4. It was concluded that GDH and CMCase can be used as indices of the total population of colonizing rumen micro-organisms and of the fibre-degrading population respectively, and that these enzymes can therefore be used to assess rapidly and with great sensitivity variations in the rumen environment that affect the rate of fibre breakdown.
Effects of sodium intake during two parities on Na status in Blackface sheep
Authors: Vincent Isobel C. , Michell A. R. , Williams H. Ll. , Hill R. 
Published: September 2005

1. A low-sodium diet was given to Blackface ewes over two reproductive seasons. This diet provided a total of 3–7 mmol/d except during lactation when the intake was about 11 mmol/d. Control ewes were given the same diet supplemented with sodium chloride to provide recommended levels which were about tenfold that of the experimental diet.2. The output of Na in urine and faeces from ewes given the low-Na diet was very low, about 3 mmol/d, from early in the experiment and continued at about this level throughout.3. Lambs born to low-Na ewes and given a low-Na diet similar to that of their dams during lactation, grew, after weaning, more slowly than corresponding lambs from control ewes, but at 6 months of age when six from each group were killed, tissue Na contents were only slightly lower in experimental than control lambs.4. Fluids and tissues obtained at the end of the second lactation from four ewes of each group that had suckled twin lambs, were analysed for Na and potassium. The Na concentration in saliva and rumen fluid of low-Na ewes was about half that of control ewes and there were corresponding increases in K: the differences were significant. Although Na concentrations for experimental ewes were generally lower than those for control ewes in the tissues analysed (liver, kidney, heart, brain and bone), the difference was significant only for the heart (P < 0.05). Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were significantly elevated in low-Na ewes (P < 0.01), indicating decreased body fluid volume. Enlargement of the adrenal glands in low-Na ewes (P < 0.01) and specifically in the zona glomerulosa (P < 0.001), showed the marked hormonal response to Na status of experimental ewes given a very-low-Na diet over two reproductive cycles.
Absorption and secretion of 65Zn in the stomach and intestinal tract of sheep exchanging digesta via duodenal re-entrant cannulas
Authors: Ivan M. 
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption and secretion of 65Zn in the stomach and intestinal tract regions was studied in sets of two and three sheep which were exchanging digesta via re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum. One sheep from each of the three three-sheep sets was dosed intraruminally with the radioisotope. One sheep from the three two-sheep sets received an intravenous dose.2. Measurements of 65Zn in blood plasma from intraruminally dosed sheep showed that there was no apparent absorption from the stomach region. Measurements from sheep receiving radioactive digesta intraduodenally showed that mean apparent absorption of 65Zn was 0.07 and mean true absorption was 0.103. There was a large variation in endogenous recycling of 65Zn into the stomach region.3. Secretion of 65Zn into the stomach and intestinal regions in the intravenously dosed sheep of the two-sheep sets was calculated on the basis of total recovery over 10 d in the digesta and faeces. The present study showed that for every 1 molecule Zn secreted into the stomach region, 2.1 molecules were secreted into the intestinal tract region.
Cardiovascular β-adrenoceptor sensitivity of undernourished subjects
Authors: Jayarajan M. Prem , Shetty P. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eleven normal-weight male subjects (weight/height2(W/H2) 19.0-225) from a good socio-economic background and onad lib. food intake, and eight undernourished male labourers (W/H216.4–18.6) on low energy intakes, were studied.2. Comparison of cardiovascular responses to increasing single doses of the β-agonist, isoproterenol, showed a significantly greater positive chronotropic dose response in the undernourished subjects.3. Cardiovascular responses to head-up tilt were similar in both the normal-weight and undernourished subjects.4. Undernourished individuals may show an increase in β-adrenoceptor sensitivity which may be akin to a denervation type of supersensitivity as a result of a nutrition-related reduction in sympathetic activity.
The effect of vegetables and beet fibre on the absorption of zinc in humans from composite meals
Authors: Sandström Brittmarie , Davidsson Lena , Kivistö Barbro , Hasselblad Claes , Cederblad Åke 
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption of zinc in humans from composite meals, was determined by extrinsic labelling of the meals with65Zn and measurement of the whole-body retention of the radioisotope.2. Low-Zn (mean 25 μmol) chicken meals with 150 g white bread or 225 g potatoes, carrots, turnips, cabbage or green peas were studied. The effect of a beet-pulp-fibre preparation used as a breakfast cereal, in bread and as a meat extender on Zn absorption was also studied.3. The mean percentage absorption from the chicken meals with white bread, carrots and cabbage was significantly different from the meals with potatoes, turnips and green peas. When the amount of Zn in the meals was taken into account a slightly higher absorption was observed from the white-bread meal compared with the meals with potatoes and cabbage, while no differences were seen between the vegetable meals.4. The beet-pulp-fibre preparation did not affect the extent of Zn absorption when used as a meat extender. The absorption of Zn was higher when the beet fibre was included in bread than when used as muesli.5. The results obtained suggest that, besides the low-Zn content in vegetables, a large intake of vegetables or a pure-vegetable-fibre preparation has no significant effect on Zn availability from animal-protein-based meals.
The effect of dietary protein source and guar gum on gastrointestinal growth and enteroglucagon secretion in the rat
Authors: Southon Susan , Gee Jennifer M. , Johnson I. T. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male Wistar rats (approximately 100 g) were given fibre-free semi-synthetic diets containing either casein or albumin (168 g/kg diet) as the protein source with or without guar gum (75 g/kg diet) (casein, albumin, casein- guar gum and albumin-guar gum groups).2. Small intestinal length, weights of caecal tissue and contents and plasma enteroglucagon concentration were significantly increased in guar-gum-fed animals compared with the fibre-free groups.3. Total caecal weight and plasma enteroglucagon concentration were higher in the albumin-guar gum group compared with the casein-guar gum group. The weights of caecal tissue and contents were significantly increased in rats given the fibre-free albumin diet compared with those consuming a similar diet with casein as the protein source, although daily food intake tended to be lower.4. It is concluded that the effect of materials classed as dietary fibre may be significantly influenced by the non- polysaccharide component of the diet, and that such interactions may influence both the growth and endocrine activity of the gastrointestinal tract.
The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs in the young rat
Authors: Coyer Penny A. , Rivers J. P. W. , Millward D. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of dietary protein and energy restriction on heat production and growth costs has been examined in rats fed on a marginal (MP) or high (HP) protein diet, containing 9.2 % or 22 % respectively of the gross energy content as casein. Diets were given either ad fib. or at approximately 25, 50 or 75 % of the ad lib. intake.2. Heat production (kJ/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d) was increased by 23% in rats fed on the MP diet ad Lib., as compared with their HP controls (P < 0.01).3. Factorial analysis of the data showed that the overall cost of energy deposition (kJ/kJ; Ee) was elevated on the MP diet (MP 1.7, HP 1.28; P < 0.001). Maintenance requirements (kJ/kg W0.75 per d) for zero energy balance were unchanged (MP 562, HP 573).The partial energy cost of protein deposition (Ep) varied with dietary manipulation. If the partial energy cost of fat deposition (Ef) was assumed constant at 1.25 kJ/kJ, and maintenance requirements were assumed to vary with metabolic body size (W0.75), Ep was elevated on the MP diet. On both diets, Ep was reduced at low energy intakes.5. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of current approaches to the analysis and interpretation of findings describing dietary induced changes in the rate of heat production.
Comparison of fibre digestion and digesta retention time between rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and hamsters
Authors: Sakaguchi EI , Itoh Hiroshi , Uchida Senji , Horigome Takao 
Published: September 2005

1. Digestive efficiencies of fibre components and retention time of digesta in the whole gut and in the large intestine were measured in rabbits, guinea-pigs, hamsters and rats when given a lucerne (Medicago saliva)-containing diet.2. Co-EDTA and chromium-mordanted cell-wall constituents of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) were used as liquid- and solid-phase markers respectively. Both markers were mixed with the experimental diet and given after digestion trials.3. Mean retention times of each marker were calculated from time-course changes in concentrations of the markers in faeces. The mean retention times of the markers in the large intestine were calculated from exponential slopes fitted to the time-course changes of faecal concentrations of the markers.4. The digestibilities of crude fibre, neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre were highest in the guineapigs, followed by the hamsters, and lowest in the rabbits and rats.5. The mean retention times of Cr in the whole tract were longer in the larger animals and shortest in the hamsters. The mean retention times of Cr in the large intestine were longest in the guinea-pig followed by the hamsters and the rats. The rabbits had an extremely short retention time of Cr in the large intestine.6. These results suggest that the retention time of solid digesta in the large intestine can explain the difference in the digestive efficiencies of fibre components amongst non-ruminant small herbivores whereas retention of digesta in the whole gut is not related to the digestibility of fibre components.
Protein synthesis and growth in the gastrointestinal tract of the young preruminant lamb
Authors: Attaix D. , Arnal M. 
Published: September 2005

1. In Expt 1, fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of tissue protein were measured along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of six 1-week-old, milk-fed lambs by using a large amount of L-[3,4(n)-3H]valine.2. In Expt 2, eighteen lambs were used to determine the fractional growth rate (FGR) of gastrointestinal tissue protein.3. FSRMinimum(Min) and FSRMaximum(Max) were calculated assuming plasma or tissue homogenate free valine specific radioactivity was representative of the valine precursor pool for protein synthesis. There were no significant differences between FSR(Min) and FSR(Max) in any gastrointestinal tissue of lambs used in Expt 1 (P > 0.05). FSR gradually and significantly (P > 0.05) increased from the oesophagus (FSR(Max)26.5%/d). reticulo-rumen (30.1%/d), omasum (41.0%/d) and abomasum (56.1%/d) to small intestine (87.5%/d), and then declined significantly (P < 0.05) towards the caecum (45.2%/d) and the colon (38.4%/d). No significant differences were observed between FSR in the duodenum, jejunum or ileum (P > 0.05).4. FGR ranged from 2,6%/d in the oesophagus to 8,7%/d in the omasum. The ratio, FGR:FSR, which reflected the efficiency of protein deposition, was at a maximum in the stomachs and caecum and at a minimum in the small intestine.5. The relative contribution of the oesophagus, stomachs, small intestine and large intestine to GIT protein synthesis was 1, 13, 76 and 10% respectively. The GIT accounted for approximately 11.5% of whole-body protein synthesis.
Dietary intakes of phytate and its meal distribution pattern amongst staff and students in an institution of higher education
Authors: Wise A. , Lockie G. M. , Liddell J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Seventy-six students and staff at Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology weighed all items of food consumed for 1 week.2. Mean phytate-phosphorus intakes ranged from 141 mg for female students to 237 mg for male students. Breakfast was proportionally a more important contributor to daily phytdte intakes than to calcium, zinc, and energy intakes. Cereals were the most important contributors to the phytate at breakfast, whilst wholemeal and brown bread were more important at lunch and the evening meal.3. The phytate: Zn molar ratio was distributed amongst meals similarly to the more complex ratio, (Ca x phytate):(Zn x energy) (CP:ZE); both ratios have been suggested as useful predictors of Zn availability. CP: ZE ranged more widely when calculated for meals than for days, and therefore some meals could be associated with poor Zn availability whilst others could compensate with higher availability. Subjects with the highest values for CP:ZE were mostly amongst the group of nutrition students.
Intra-individual variability and measurement noise in estimates of energy expenditure by whole body indirect calorimetry
Authors: Murgatroyd P. R. , Davies H. L. , Prentice A. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four men were each studied continuously over 12 d in a whole-body calorimeter. Dietary intake and daily activities were kept constant throughout the study.2. Day-to-day coefficients of variation in energy expenditure within subjects were found to be 1.97% over 24 h, 5.93% during basal metabolic rate measurement, 2.40% overnight and 3.22% in exercise.3. The contribution of measurement system noise to the observed variability was analysed and shown to be generally small. The source of this noise was considered.4. The results reinforce and extend other comparable reports and show that within-subject variability forms a small part of reported observations of between-subject variability.
The diets of pregnant and post-pregnant women in different social groups in London and Edinburgh: energy, protein, fat and fibre
Authors: Schofield Claire , Wheeler Erica , Stewart Judy 
Published: September 2005

1. Dietary records were obtained twice in pregnancy and once post-partum from 265 women from all social classes in London and Edinburgh.2. The London women always had higher mean energy, protein, fat and fibre intakes. Significant between-region differences emerged.3. Some between-social classes differences occurred, but were not consistently significant.4. All mean energy and fibre intakes were lower, and protein and fat intakes were higher, than current recommendations.5. Of lactating women 15% claimed to be dieting.6. The percentage dietary energy derived from fat varied from 36 (in a dieting group) to 42.
The effect of wheat bran on the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in rats
Authors: Moberg Anncatherine , Hallmans Göran , Sjöström Rolf , Wing Kenneth R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The major purpose of the present study was to determine whether the addition of wheat bran to endosperm crisp bread in a composite diet given to rats for 6 weeks causes an increase in the accumulation of cadmium in the rats due to the Cd content in the bran, or whether binding factors in the bran, such as dietary fibre and phytic acid, reduce or prevent the accumulation of this Cd. A second purpose was to determine whether the accumulation of Cd can be estimated by measuring the absorption of 199Cd given in a single meal of the diet.2. Three groups of eight rats were fed on one of three diets. Half of each diet consisted of a basal mixture of starch, protein, oil, minerals and vitamins. The remainder consisted of crisp breads based on refined wheat flour (endosperm group), wheat flour + bran in equal amounts (bran group) and wheat flour + Cd to give a Cd content similar to that of the bran group (endosperm + Cd group). After 41 d on the diets, the rats were deprived of food but not water for 12 h and then given a 5 g test meal of their respective diets with 109Cd added. After 3 h the remaining 109Cd-labelled diets were replaced with the unlabelled diets for 3 h before the rats were killed.3. The total Cd contents in the wall of the proximal small intestine, including mucus, and in the liver and kidneys were highest in the endosperm + Cd group and lowest in the endosperm group. The amounts of Cd in the intestinal wall, including mucus, and in the liver and kidneys which derived from the test meal (calculated from 109Cd accumulation) were significantly higher in the endosperm + Cd group than in either of the other two groups. The concentration of Cd in the organs of the bran group which derived from the test meal was not significantly greater than that in the endosperm group.4. The individual variation in Cd content in the liver and kidneys make it very difficult to demonstrate differences in Cd accumulation from the relatively low, naturally occurring Cd concentrations in the diets. Differences in the absorption of 109Cd from test meals indicate that very little of the Cd in bran is available for absorption.