bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Our Future Is Uncertain
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses how uncertainty about the future should be accommodated in the principles I developed earlier in the book. It begins by developing a principle of reasonable risk imposition with respect to the probability of creating people who will have very bad qualities of life. Second, it argues that since we have epistemic limitations with respect to what future people will need/want, we should refine our principles to focus on satisfiers of needs, rather than particular resources, and that we ought to make an assessment of the probable quantity of resources future people will need and make our conservation assessments on that basis. Finally, it addresses the question of how we know how much to conserve for the distant future and suggests that we have a positive duty to conserve for the next few generations and a negative duty not to actively harm more distant future generations if we can reasonably avoid it.
What Do We Owe to Future People?
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes the reason-balanced sufficientarian principles of intergenerational resource distribution, permissible procreation, permissible population sizes, and uncertainty about the future that were developed previously and applies them to concrete, real-world questions. It looks at specific procreative circumstances like procreation by older, poor, or disabled parents, surrogates, gamete donors, and parents procreating to create a saviour sibling to save an existing child. It also looks at what population policies (i.e., pro- or anti-natalist) are permissible, how much individuals and states should be doing to mitigate climate change, and whether, why, and how we ought to try to mitigate existential risk or be ‘longtermists’.
The Historical Context of the Upaniṣads
Authors: Cohen Signe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The oldest Upaniṣads were composed in India between 800 bce and the first few centuries of the Common Era. These centuries were a time of great social and intellectual change in India. Chapter 2 discusses the religious and social characteristics of the earlier Vedic society and contrasts the world of the Vedas with that of the Upaniṣads. The chapter traces the intellectual shift in ancient Indian culture away from the worship of gods and mastery of complicated rituals toward an emphasis on abstract thought and insight into the nature of reality as well as one’s own self. This chapter also discusses the relationship between the Hindu Upaniṣads and the sacred texts of the Buddhists and Jains.
Who Do We Love?
Authors: Blair Karen L. , Courtice Erin L. , Hoskin Rhea Ashley 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities, particularly toward their romantic relationships, have ebbed and flowed throughout history. There are examples throughout history of cultures celebrating and persecuting same-sex relationships. However, by the turn of the 20th century, Western societies largely viewed same-sex and gender-diverse relationships as deviant. Indeed, many jurisdictions criminalized such relationships and their associated identities and behaviors. This chapter explores the lesser known history of how modern attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity developed throughout the 20th century and identifies femmephobia as an important area for future research. Femmephobia refers to the societal devaluation and regulation of femininity and, as we argue in this chapter, can be viewed as a common thread woven across many of the other prejudicial attitudes targeting sexual and gender minorities since the early 1900s.
Defining Your Purpose
Authors: Beale Charles W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies the networks of relationships around choral groups as community ecosystems, and argues that to be successful, any choir or chorus should define its unique artistic and social purpose in relation to the values and culture of its ecosystem. Six workshops then explore how a group can define its vision, mission, and values by establishing what is memorable and meaningful in its work, researching its stakeholders, and evaluating its current artistic and social practices. Having defined its mission, it can then develop a three- to five-year artistic strategy that aligns with it. In the process, that group’s community bonds, relationships deepen, and its artistic work becomes more equitable, stylistically open, relevant, and impactful.
Pulse, Rhythm, and Groove
Authors: Beale Charles W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Rhythm and groove skills are vital to all good choral singing but especially to non-classical styles, and this chapter argues that they should be built systematically into the music education of both choral singers and choral directors. These skills open the door to more authentic and confident performances of all musical styles, and will help especially with groove-based ones, enabling and empowering BIPOC singers, choral leaders, and music educators. Groove is defined and related to human connection, and key concepts like “feeling the beat” and the need to externalize the pulse in the body and the voice are identified. Workshops cover pulse, rhythmic phrasing, musical character, feel, placement skills, locking in, and common rhythmic vocabulary used in choral singing.
Improvising
Authors: Beale Charles W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Improvising and embellishment are key elements in many styles, and can improve the vocal confidence, teamwork, listening, flexibility, and creative skills of your singers. Improvisation is defined as something fixed and something free, and as making musical choices. Parallels are drawn with choices made by all choral directors in the moment from the podium. Workshops offer fun and nonthreatening activities for all kinds of choirs, and the chapter closes with a detailed example of how to use improvisation to develop rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic skills in choral singers, and how to devise improvised group choral performances in jazz and other groove-based styles.
Reap What You Sow
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts with the Battle of Tora Bora during the opening stages of the United States mission in Afghanistan in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks. The objective was to capture or eliminate al-Qaeda leadership. Amidst the bombs dropping around him, al-Zawahiri penned his seminal treatise Knights under the Prophet’s Banner, which retraces his past experiences and influences. Through the prism of his text, this chapter flashes back to Egypt’s European colonial history and the key developments that al-Zawahiri deemed to have impeded Egypt and the Middle East, eventually expanding to the role of the United States. Al-Zawahiri’s eminent family members contributed significantly to his thinking, and their legacies influenced al-Zawahiri’s formative years in Cairo, which witnessed several events that shaped his thinking, from Nasser’s nationalism to his regime’s execution of the ideologue Sayyid Qutb, al-Zawahiri’s primary influence.
The Elusive Terrorist
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses how al-Zawahiri survived the challenges to his leadership and al-Qaeda’s status within the global jihadist movement, whilst letting ISIS face the brunt of the international coalition operations in Iraq and Syria. At the same time, al-Zawahiri sought to reconstitute al-Qaeda’s infrastructure and networks across the Islamic world. Al-Zawahiri took the opportunity to create new affiliates and enhance the relationship with the Haqqani Network in order to quietly rebuild and fortify al-Qaeda’s various branches. There is also an important dissection of al-Qaeda’s opaque relationship with Iran as an alliance of convenience. The last part looks at the Taliban retuning to power in Afghanistan and with the Haqqani Network at the helm. Al-Zawahiri betrayed his own instincts and returned to Afghanistan, believing it would be safe. However, the United States was monitoring him and through a sophisticated intelligence-gathering exercise, launched a drone strike at the villa in Kabul where al-Zawahiri was staying, killing the al-Qaeda leader.
Case Studies
Authors: Hunt Luke William 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws on case studies—from terrorism to perjury—to explore when a deliberate dishonest disposition based on bad faith and fraud is justified in policing. The prerogative power test introduced in the Interlude helps evaluate deceptive, dishonest, and fraudulent police actions—including when those actions can be said to occur with a disposition of good faith. The case studies reaffirm the idea that the police’s use of force is inherently an emergency because the use of force involves some risk of harm. Likewise, whenever force would be justified to make an arrest, dishonesty and deception on par with fraud would be as well. On the other hand, the case studies show the need for a revisionary theory—considering the police’s vast use of dishonest, deceptive, and fraudulent tactics in nonemergency situations.
Case Studies
Authors: Hunt Luke William 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that opacity falls on a spectrum: there will be some cases in which opacity is justified and some cases in which opacity is closer to the fraudulent end of a transparency spectrum. Likewise, pursuing security through opaque policing can be closer to the fraudulent end of the transparency spectrum. In democratic societies, it is implausible to think the public can reasonably trust that rights will be respected honestly if the state’s pursuit of security is opaque. On the other hand, it is also implausible to think the state can provide security (especially “national security”) without opacity. This chapter seeks a pragmatic compromise: transparency regarding things such as investigatory evidence (“substantive transparency”) is not always justified, but transparency regarding procedures and processes by which state institutions wield their power (“procedural transparency”) is much more likely to be justified given democratic goals of accountability, authority, and legitimacy.
Epilogue Beyond Basketball: From Proactive to Reactive
Authors: Hunt Luke William 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue concludes the book by drawing on the normative distinction between proactive and reactive policing. Proactive policing often involves deceptive and dishonest tactics (undercover and sting operations, for example) on par with fraud. Proactive policing on par with fraud is likely to be legitimate only when consistent with societal commitments to personhood, as well as the need for timely action regarding emergencies that involve serious harm to the public. We can compare such (justified) cases of proactive policing with the routine (and likely unjustified) use of proactive deception and dishonesty in cases involving, say, illegal narcotics (or cheating basketball coaches). Reactive policing is inherently more constrained and democratic: it limits the police by giving citizens the power to authorize police action (through citizen calls for service, for example). The Epilogue closes by sketching concrete reform options regarding police deception and dishonesty, in contrast to more radical calls to abolish the police altogether.
Historical and Rhetorical Foundations of Xuedou’s 100 Odes
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins and significance of Xuedou’s 100 Odes, which were written when he was abbot of the temple on Mount Xuedou as verse comments on gong’an cases or old stories (guze) of Chan ancestors in the context of Norther Song-dynasty Chinese religion and literature at a fruitful period of productive interactions between monastic practitioners writing poetry and the literati interested in meditation as a pathway to self-realization. As shown by modern scholar Zhou Yukai, Xuedou was the second main exponent of the odes (songgu) as a Chan Buddhist genre following the collection by Fenyang but, for various reasons, his poetry is considered of higher quality. This is because of an ability to innovate through integrating customary with unconventional literary techniques designed to express Xuedou’s own level of insight, which is often critical of both predecessors and disciples. Also discussed is the role of other kinds of Chan poetry as well as different sorts of gong’an commentaries developed during the Song dynasty.
Healthcare in America
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Many modern nations view healthcare as a human right that government must uphold, but Americans differ on that claim, and America does not use a single-payer healthcare system. Diverse private institutions provide much of its healthcare. Regulating healthcare, however, does not require providing it, and there are disagreements about governmental regulations, as with covid vaccines, and about government restrictions, as with abortion. This essay considers risk assessment and religious exemptions in vaccine regulation, in providing medical services, and in restricting abortion. The essay considers the appropriate language for resolution, the impact of religion and cultural patterns on discourse concerning abortion and euthanasia, and how a democracy should determine when persons appear in human development.
Awkwardness
Authors: Plakias Alexandra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Awkwardness offers an account of the moral psychology and normative psychology of awkwardness. The book begins by looking at the phenomenon itself, arguing that awkwardness is a property of social interactions for which we lack a social script, resulting in feelings of uncertainty, self-consciousness, and discomfort. While awkwardness is often treated as a subtype or symptom of embarrassment, it’s actually a distinct phenomenon, as revealed by chapter 2’s discussion of embarrassment and other self-conscious emotions. Subsequent chapters explore the aesthetics of awkwardness; the relationship between awkwardness and manners; and the normative significance of awkwardness. The final three chapters of the book show that awkwardness can be an impediment to inquiry and an obstacle to moral progress. But understood correctly, awkwardness offers opportunities for moral and social improvement. The book concludes by discussing why, despite its inevitability, we can manage awkwardness and use the opportunities it provides to rewrite the scripts of our social interactions.
Morally Awkward Problems
Authors: Plakias Alexandra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways that awkwardness acts as an impediment to moral discourse and action. The first part of the chapter argues that awkwardness inhibits us from engaging in moral criticism within interpersonal relationships. The chapter identifies a set of moral problems particularly prone to awkwardness—morally awkward problems. Awkwardness explains why, in many cases, people are hesitant to speak up about these issues. An obvious objection to this claim is that people criticize one another quite often, but in fact the type of criticism people engage in is limited. The second half of the chapter argues that awkwardness explains our unwillingness to act in bystander cases, and that this shows something about the inhibitory power of social uncertainty.
A Too Uncommon Common Good
Authors: Timmerman David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents fundamental mechanisms and tools for students to learn, experience, and engage in vocational discernment and the work to which our world calls them. Skill development and experience in both respectful discussion and productive deliberation provide the essential tools they need to move beyond self to engagement with communal life. First, the skill of fully engaged discussion prompts students to learn to listen actively with open hearts and consider the ideas and positions of others. Next, the skill of respectful speaking and productive participation empowers them to share their thoughts and values with others. Finally, skills for participating in public deliberation of significant issues of the day and effectively leading productive deliberations for fellow democratic participants of all ages prepare them to help our troubled society and world move forward. These skills are uncommon but necessary for realizing the common good.
Reading with Strangers
Authors: VanLaningham Erin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses how reading together with strangers can expand students’ sense of community and individual purpose. In classrooms, and within literature itself, students can engage with discussion partners who challenge their identities. This helps students cultivate a vocation as readers. When students understand their call to be responsible to others in the classroom, they are cultivating skills for responding to others’ needs and concerns in communal life. Conversations around common texts provide avenues to unpack difficult topics, challenge blind spots, and shift worldviews. The chapter offers specific pedagogies to address the barriers to reading that students may face and suggests strategies that encourage students to read generously and critically. Reading together with strangers helps students link their vocations with collective well-being and respond to others. Ultimately, reading with strangers can lead them to value the strange, un-become strangers, and share in authentic friendship in common life.
The Darwinian Musical Hypothesis
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to Darwin’s theory of music and sexual selection. “Sexual selection” is Darwin’s idea that species evolve in part through sex preferences for specific traits. Darwin connected his theory of sexual selection to his theory of music primarily in two texts. In The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), Darwin wrote that music played a primeval role in sexual selection and procreation. Having observed the sonic behaviors of animals during mating season, Darwin extrapolated their meanings to early humans, arguing that musical displays stem from the strong emotions that define both human and nonhuman courtship rituals. For Darwin, this feeds into a method of interpreting sounds and facial expressions as immutable signs. This chapter’s conclusion discusses and critiques the revival of Darwin under the banner of adaptationism (a conflation of natural selection with evolution).
Conclusion
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The book’s conclusion rearticulates the main arguments of the book and advocates for both interdisciplinary conversations and clearer boundaries between evolutionary biology and music studies. Such communications become all the more important as we witness the re-emergence of evolutionary musicology. After outlining critical questions for assessing music-evolutionary research, the book closes with a gesture toward a politics of informed ambivalence about matters of musical origins. By opting for such ambivalence, we may acknowledge that theorizing about music evolution often creates more problems than it solves. Thus, there is no need to develop a theory to explain an origin or function for what gets called “music.”
The Quest for Human Nature
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Science and philosophy have discovered quite a lot about humans. The emergence and development of biology, psychology, anthropology, and cognate fields have substantially increased our knowledge about who we are and where we come from. The first half of this book provides an overview of key cutting-edge topics, from evolutionary psychology to contemporary critiques of essentialism, from genetic determinism to innateness. Nevertheless, these discoveries fall short of a full-blown theory of human nature. Why? Perhaps there is nothing there to discover in the first place. Human nature, from this standpoint, is a myth and it is high time we dispose of it. This conclusion is misguided. The assumption of a shared human nature underlies some of the most pressing socio-political issues of our time. These are the subject matter of the second half of this book. From races to sex and gender, from medical therapy to disability, from biotechnological enhancement to transhumanism, all these hot debates—surveyed here in an accessible, concise, yet detailed fashion—presuppose a robust account of human nature that, however, science and philosophy are unable to provide. How do we get out of this conundrum? This study concludes that human nature is an epistemological indicator, a concept that sets out the agenda for much social, political, and normative discourse. Nevertheless, science cannot adequately capture it without thereby dissolving it.
Introduction
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introduction situates the book by examining key aspects of climate change—including effects and causes—and discusses approaches to addressing climate change through resource reduction and population degrowth. The concept of medical reproduction (MR), as a phrase to summarize the intervention of technology and science into human reproduction, is introduced. The intersection of climate change and MR, both as it impacts population growth and resource use, is highlighted. An ethical assessment finds that MR is exceptional as a medical procedure as it expands population growth and resource use.
Medical Reproduction Preparing for Insemination
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After the carbon-intensive gamete retrieval and storage, gamete assessment and fertilization are the next stages of medical reproduction. Once obtained, the gametes are assessed for fitness, that is, desirability, which has three basic components: viability, or potential for successful fertilization, genetic health, and genetic features unrelated to health, like sex or physical characteristics. Only after this stage of MR does the most identifiable feature—assisted reproductive technologies—occur. Assisted reproductive technologies are the techniques of MR that attempt to impregnate women. As with other MR procedures, both fertile and infertile people avail themselves of gamete assessment and fertilization, thus causing carbon emissions and resource use, even when there is no medical reason for seeking treatments.
Carbon Emissions Policies for Unsubsidized Medical Reproduction
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
All areas of life must be analyzed for ecological impact and made more sustainable through supportive structures like laws and policies. Unsubsidized medical reproduction is an elective treatment, although given by the same industry that provides clinically necessary medical services. Some of the most recognizable forms of carbon limitations are carbon capping, carbon cap and trade programs, and carbon taxes. Each of these three may be voluntary or legally compulsory. Moreover, each may be applied at the global, national, local, or sectoral level. These models can also complement family and individual carbon structures. Proposals from both the private and the public sector for comprehensive environmental solutions include carbon reduction policies for individuals and families. These suggestions, which would constrain individuals to carbon emissions guidelines, include carbon budgets and carbon taxes on new children.