bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in shape and posture
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the whole body grows at a varying rate from birth to maturity, so its component parts have their own rates of growth, which also change with age, although not necessarily synchronously. This leads to changes in bodily propor tions. Occasionally, the relationship between the size of one part and the size of another, or between the size of one part and the whole body, can be described by a straight regression line; this argues that the relative growth rates of the two parts remain constant, and also that the difference between the two rates is established early in development.
Old age
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, the increased standards of living and associated improvements and advances in medical care are resulting in more people living longer so that the proportion of the population in the older age groups is increasing, sometimes rapidly. Age-related changes occur in the body and more and more health affecting problems can arise. Because of this, it is helpful to divide the older age groups into three groups in a widely used classification which regards those aged 60-74 as ‘young old’, those aged 75 and over as ‘old old’, and those aged 90 or over as ‘oldest old’.
Homophobia: covert and overt
Authors: West D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homosexual males are vulnerable to assault, including sexual assault, by men who despise them for their deviant sexuality. The label homo phobia is commonly used by supporters of the right to be gay (homophiles) to describe any condemnation of homosexual activity, especially when it takes the form of verbal or physical ‘gay bashing’. A phobia is an intense, irrational fear, a pathological reaction supposedly engendered by intra-psychic conflict. To regard everyone who considers homosexual practice immoral or socially undesirable, as suffering from a ‘phobia’ is scarcely sensible, although some theorists, supported by little evidence, suggest that all opponents of homosexuality are reacting against their own suppressed homosexual tendencies.
Acute vascular access
Authors: Farrell John , Abraham K A , Walshe J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the Quinton-Scribner shunt in 1960 signalled a new era in haemodialysis as it made repeated, adequate vascular access possible for the first time. Complications such as clotting and infections, however, soon caused this approach to fall out of favour. In recent years, percutaneous large-vein catheterization, using the Seidinger technique, has become the preferred method for immediate and/or temporary access to the circulation.
Pathophysiology of access failure
Authors: Davies Mark G , Huynh Tam T T , Hagen Per Otto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autogenous arteriovenous fistulas remain the preferred conduit for dialysis access. Most patients will require a prosthetic bridge at some point due to lack of a suitable vein. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is now the most commonly used prosthetic graft and is widely accepted because it is flexible, porous, easy to handle, puncture and revise, and resists infection better than Dacron.
Surgical considerations in vascular access
Authors: Nicholson Michael L , Murphy Gavin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Repeated haemodialysis only became feasible with the introduction of the external arteriovenous shunt described by Quinton, Dillard and Scribner in 1960. This procedure opened up a new era in the treatment of end-stage renal failure despite the fact that external shunts were prone to infection and thrombosis. These problems wrere largely solved by the introduction of the Brescia-Cimino internal radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in 1966. This operation has been so successful that it remains the first-choice procedure for vascular access some 30 years after its inception. Autogenous vein would appear to have many advantages over prosthetic graft materials and European vascular access surgeons tend to exhaust every available autogenous vein before considering prosthetic materials. In stark contrast to this, it is common practice in the USA to use prosthetic grafts as primary AV conduits.
Options for restoration of thrombosed vascular access: surgery
Authors: Henry Mitchell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vascular access for hemodialysis continues to be literally the ‘life blood’ of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient. As such, planning of new access, sur¬veillance of graft function, and intervention of the failing graft are very import¬ ant issues to these patients. While a number of newer, ‘less invasive’ approaches have been described recently, the gold standard still remains a function of sur¬gical therapy. Ultimately, a complex interplay between nephrologist, surgeon, interventional radiologist, and patient may allow for an optimal approach to the vascular access.
The National Kidney Foundation’s Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF-DOQI)
Authors: Schwab Steve K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States in 1995, the National Kidney Foundation’s Dialysis Outcome Q!:iality Initiative (NKF-DOQ[) was established, supported by an edu¬cational grant from Amgen.1 The primary objective of the NKF-DOQ[ was to improve patient outcomes and survival by providing recommendations for optimal clinical practices, thereby increasing the efficiency of patient care and positively impacting patient outcome. The National Kidney Foundation identified four key areas where variability in practice patterns would lend themselves to the development of evidence-based guidelines.
Hormone replacement therapy and ischaemic heart disease in postmenopausal women
Authors: Kardos Attila , Casadei Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death and disability in women in Western societies (Eaker et al. 1993). The mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in women, as compared with that in age-matched men, is low before the menopause, whereafter it gradually rises towards that of men (Sans et al. 1997). In addition, the risk of IHD is increased in ovariectomized women as compared with age-matched menstruating women. These sex-related differences have generally been attributed to the impact of female sex hormones (Christiansen 1997). During the past 15 years several investigators have evaluated the relationship between oestrogen replacement therapy and the risk of CVD in postmenopausal women. A recent meta-analysis of published studies showed that oestrogen treatment is associated with approximately 50% reduction in risk (relative risk: 0.56, 95% CI 0.50—0.61) of CVD in postmenopausal women (Stampfer and Colditz 1991). The mechanisms by which hormone replacement therapy (HR T) reduces the risk of IHD are incompletely understood; however, they include beneficial effects on plasma lipids and lipoprotein levels, insulin sensitivity, body fat distribution, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and endothelial function itself. Moreover, oestrogens act directly on blood vessels through both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms.
Alternative treatments for the menopause
Authors: Brockie Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 80% of menopausal women will experience troublesome symptoms, and for some women these will severely affect their quality of life. Postmenopausal women are at an ever-increasing risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. There is good evidence that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) plays a valuable role in the alleviation of these symptoms and in preventing the long-term consequences of the menopause. However, only 17% of women aged between 40—65 years-the years of greatest symptomatology—will commence HRT. Continuation of therapy is poor: 31% will have discontinued HRT by one year and 74% before three years of therapy is completed. Many women are not continuing HR T for long enough to achieve symptom control and few are gaining any of the long-term benefits of treatment. Few women actually commence HR T for its long-term benefits (Hope and Rees 1995).
Polygenic and multifactorial inheritance
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, attention has focused on risk calculation in single gene disorders. In this chapter, we shall consider how to approach the difficult task of estimating risks for the large number of human characteristics and diseases which clearly have an underlying genetic component but which do not conform to any obvious pattern of straightforward Mendelian inheritance. There are, for example, many human characteristics which are probably determined by the interaction of many genes acting in concert, with each contributing in a small additive way to the overall phenotype. A characteristic which is determined in this way is said to show polygenic inheritance. Similarly, there are many diseases which show familial clustering with incidence figures in close relatives which are considerably less than would be expected if the conditions in question were caused by single genes, whether recessively or dominantly inherited.
Oxford Dictionary Of Medical Quotations
Authors: Mcdonald Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Dictionary of Medical Quotations presents a wonderfully entertaining and eclectic range of quotations covering all aspects of medicine through the ages. It couples profound statements from famous scientists with witty one-liners from the likes of Woody Allen and Spike Milligan. Packed with hundreds of quotations, it is a book that anyone in the medical profession, or with an interest in health, will find an invaluable source of reference and considerable entertainment.
Anxiety
Authors: Flint Alastair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anxiety disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions that fall into the following categories: phobic disorders (agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and post- traumatic stress disorder. This chapter reviews the clinical characteristics, risk factors, prevalence, and incidence of anxiety disorders in later life. It also discusses the relationship between anxiety and other conditions, specifically depression, dementia, delirium, and physical illness and drugs.
Somatoform disorders in late life
Authors: Melding Pamela S , Armstrong Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the psychiatric disorders, the somatoform disorders seem to attract more negative attitudes from health professionals than other mental illnesses. Somatization and hypochondriasis are seen in all aspects of medical care of older people and are a challenge for the liaison psychiatrist. The phenomena can vary from transient symptoms under stress, to a lifelong coping style, to a disabling disorder. The phenomena are manifest in illness behaviour, a concept that has attracted wide- spread controversy as to whether it is a clinical entity or an ‘idiom of distress’. The phenomena have many potential meanings for the patient–environment relationship and these are explored in this chapter.
Non-biological therapies
Authors: Payne Julia , Wilson Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will describe the evidence for non-biological treatments in older patients with mental health problems, with reference to their possible use in non- psychiatric settings. The first part of the chapter reviews the literature concerning formal psychotherapeutic interventions. In the second part, we examine the literature concerning less structured psychosocial, supportive, and other interventions. In this part, we also explore the role of non-drug interventions in the context of specific clinical situations. Lastly, we review aspects of the literature concerning family and domestic issues.
A legal perspective on issues in geriatric liaison psychiatry
Authors: Bouchier Hanneke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obtaining the consent of patients with psychiatric disorders to medical or surgical treatment will often involve an assessment of competency to consent. In the absence of legal mental capacity, the attending medical practitioner should make enquiries about whether a substituted authority exists. This may include advanced directives, a living will, or the appointment of a welfare guardian by the patient. It may require an application to the Court for appointment of a welfare guardian or for the Court’s authorization for the procedure. Alternatively, medical intervention may be justified because of necessity. This does not require an emergency. The circumstances and standards of care applicable is determined by the Bolam test. Where a patient in a medical or surgical ward requires possible psychiatric treatment, local mental health statutes will usually outline the processes for preliminary assessment and treatment of the patient, and these do not require the consent of the patient. The statutory provisions in mental health statutes restrict the all-important principle of autonomy and are for that reason interpreted narrowly by the Courts.
A new chance in life
Authors: Baldwin Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sally Baldwin, after being diagnosed with breast cancer, combined orthodox and complementary treatments and went to the Gerson Clinic in Mexico. She is involved in setting up The Speedwell Trust, an integrated health advisory service in Oxford, to offer hope and help to the seriously ill. Sally’s husband, Edward, is principal spokesman for complementary medicine in the House of Lords, and has served on the Research Council for Complementary Medicine and as Chair of the British Acupuncture Accreditation Board.
Providing complementary therapies in a cancer hospital
Authors: Young Judy , Howells Nest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judy Young qualified as a radiotherapy radiographer in 1967 and continued to treat cancer patients until 1989 when she undertook a further training in psychotherapy and counselling. In 1993 she was involved in setting up the Lynda Jackson Macmillan Centre for Cancer Support and Information at Mount Vernon Hospital where she now works as Director of Services and head of the counselling team.
Guiding patients through the maze
Authors: Zollman Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catherine Zollman graduated in 1989 from Oxford University and the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, where she developed an interest in holistic medicine by becoming a member, and then a trustee, of the British Holistic Medical Association. During her training in medical oncology, palliative care, and then general practice, she worked at the Bristol Cancer Help Centre and the Hammersmith Hospital Oncology Department, and was on the executive committee of the British Psycho-Oncology Society. Between 1996 and 1999 she was part-time director of medical education with the Research Council for Complementary Medicine, where she was involved in educating conventional healthcare professionals about complementary medicine and was co-author of an ABC of Complementary Medicine, published in journal (1999) and book (2000) form by the British Medical Journal.
Liver disease
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The liver plays a major role in the general metabolism of the body. Any acute or chronic liver disease will result in abnormalities of biochemical function. Derangement of liver function has consequences for the provision of dental care of patients. Both metabolism and detoxification of drugs are dependent on effective enzyme systems, while tooth extraction and wound healing are dependent on production of clotting factors and protein metabolism.
An epidemiological picture of society
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
individuals with lung cancer with those of people without; a major association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was found. However, showing that an association exists is not the same as saying that the risk factor caused the disease. There may be many other explanations for an association, although in the case of smoking few would now dispute that smoking causes lung cancer and many other diseases. Epidemiological data need to be interpreted carefully, especially when used to inform clinical and public health decisions.
Social influences on health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main recent overviews in the field of health and inequality in Britain was the 1980 Black Report (Townsend & Davidson, 1982). This listed four possible explanations for the differences between social class and health. These four explanations—artefact, materialistic, social selection, and cultural/behavioural—are summarized below.
Chronic illness
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A chronic disease is one that continues for a relatively long time, or is so frequently recurring or relapsing, that its effects on health are virtually continuous (Fig. 15.1). The epidemiology of chronic illness is not straightforward. The incidence (i.e. number of new cases) may be difficult to assess as the onset is often insidious or not obvious. In many examples there is a spectrum of disease activity and the point at which one is classified as a case is arbitrary, often depending upon individual ‘symptom thresholds’, or other cultural or medical factors. The prevalence (i.e. number of existing cases) may be difficult to assess as the disease may follow a variable course, including changes in severity, remission (i.e. temporary abatement), relapse, recovery, and recurrence. Nonetheless, it is important to have some indicators of both incidence and prevalence to inform both consulting room discussions and health service planning. In general, as opposed to acute diseases, chronic diseases have a low incidence and a relatively high prevalence (See also Chapter 3.).
Physical impairment, disability, and handicap
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criteria for disability exist in a variety of settings throughout society where rights and benefits are being considered. Doctors are often asked whether one of their patients ‘qualifies’ as someone with a disability. The fairness of these rules is a matter of public interest and debate and you might like to consider the role of the doctor in this exercise.
Psychological problems in the community
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
health (smoking and poor diet) and social processes. These last are unclear in their precise mechanisms, but are likely to be closely linked to social setting or family group. Mild to moderate degrees of learning difficulty arise more often in families exposed to socio-economic hardships. These families may suffer the multiple handicaps of poor nutrition, overcrowding, unemployment, alcohol and substance abuse, and possibly inherited causes of learning difficulty. The term ‘intergenerational cycles of disadvantage’ was coined to describe families affected in this way.
Growing up with haemophilia
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haemophilia is not a disease. Children are born with it. If the parents know that there is a family history of haemophilia, then their sons can be diagnosed in the womb, or at birth. When there is no family history, severe haemophilia usually presents itself in the first year of life. Less severe forms may come to light at any time. People with very mild haemophilia may only be diagnosed when they are well into adult life and have bled for longer than usual after an operation or dental extraction.
What to use: therapeutic materials
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recombinant, bioengineered clotting factors are now available for the treatment of some patients in most developed countries. However, they are in short supply and most of the materials used in the treatment of bleeding disorders in the world are still derived from human blood. This is provided by either voluntary or paid donors and is collected by a transfusion service that may be local or national. In several countries, including the United Kingdom, the donors receive no payment for their generosity. In other countries, most especially in the United States, donors are paid modest amounts for their blood plasma, which is then processed by one of the commercial companies.
Inhibitors
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inhibitors are not the end of the world! People who develop inhibitors to clotting factors can nowadays enjoy good and productive lives, and even major surgery is possible in special circumstances.
What are inhibitors? In coagulation they are substances that ‘inhibit’ the actions of dotting factors. To do this an inhibitor attacks the relevant clotting factor directly. In the process, the clotting activity of the factor suffers. When inhibitor attack is strong, the effect can be marked. When it is weak, much of the activity may be left and the dotting process survives relatively intact.
Towards a career: education and employment
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vital importance of providing the child with haemophilia or a related disorder with a good education cannot be overstressed. His or her future happiness and prosperity may depend on the choice of a satisfying career in keeping with any limitations imposed by the bleeding disorder. This often means brain rather than brawn, and jobs needing brain mean open competition with unaffected children and the passing of examinations.
Magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatic disease
Authors: Peterfy Charles G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past 30 years have seen extraordinary advances in medical imaging, and innovations, such as computerized tomography (CT), real-time ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have dramatically changed the way in which clinicians in most medical disciplines diagnose disease and manage their patients. Surprisingly, however, rheumatology has benefited relatively little from these innovations thus far, and continues to rely almost exclusively on conventional radiography for imaging evaluation of patients with arthritis, despite the widely acknowledged limitations of this imaging modality.
Localized pain in the upper limb
Authors: Grainger Andrew J , Griffiths Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of a local musculoskeletal problem, as opposed to a generalized or polyarticular disorder, presents a wide range of diagnostic possibilities, including more serious conditions such as infection or neoplasia. In practice clinicians tend to request imaging for various reasons: they are uncertain as to the diagnosis, or they may be relatively confident of the diagnosis but require additional information to either confirm or refute their impression, or, if the diagnosis has been established, sequential imaging is helpful in monitoring the response to therapy.
Multiple peripheral joint swelling
Authors: Conaghan Philip , Karim Zunaid , Green Mike , McGonagle Dennis , Emery Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evaluation of the patient with multiple peripheral joint symptoms is an extremely common problem for rheumatologists, in terms of both early appropriate diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and assessing effective treatment response. The last decade has seen a steady improvement in the range and availability of imaging modalities to help the clinician. In particular, advances in non-ionizing radiation techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) have brought these tools to the stage where they may soon be considered in diagnostic criteria for inflammatory arthritides, as well as changing views on the accuracy of clinical assessment of disease activity (see below).