bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At The Jena Sanatorium (1889-1890)
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was in the year 1888-89, when I was under treatment in the nerve-clinic in Jena. What interested me most was a patient who was always quiet and secluded and held in his hand printed notes on which stood: “Professor Friedrich Nietzsche.” He said this name often every day. He had no keeper at his personal disposal. He was in the general supervision hall; at night he was usually isolated. He got up at six in the morning and washed in the general washroom. Here he had to be watched so that he would not steal an institute comb. He was most interested in an institutional hat, a so-called “progress-hat,” which he wore from morning to evening and which no one could take away from him. If Professor Otto Binswanger made his rounds and Herr Nietzsche was in a good mood then he got up and took his hat off; if he was in a bad mood, then he remained sitting. He was most annoyed when he was inspected after a walk, since stones and all kinds of things were found in his coatpockets.
The Cultural Ground
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I will begin by developing the observation that composition awakens in the initial moment of its disciplinary project to find itself already situated, prereflectively, within a specific cultural field of meaning that of postmodern thought, with its characteristic preoccupations and world vision. To put this point another way, the problem of inventing a discipline has an ecological dimension implicit in the term “field” for a scholarly community and its activities. An ecological perspective treats entities like disciplines as systems within larger systems. An ecology is constituted through interdependence and transactions among all levels of a system, both horizontally (the relations of parts within the whole at a given level of organization) and vertically (the relations among elements at different levels).
Possibilities for a Post-Critical Rhetoric
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recently the question of the future of rhetoric has come into focus against the backdrop of a crisis of consciousness in contemporary thought: a “critical moment” of self-reflection, irony, paradox, and skepticism that brings discourse and indeed the very possibility of communication under a radical critique. At the least, this crisis requires us to rethink the nature of a post-critical rhetoric; to some it may appear to jeopardize the whole enterprise. In this chapter I will attempt to reveal a pattern of reciprocities and paradoxical relationships between rhetoric and the critical dimension of modern thought that emerges with peculiar force and poignancy in the writings of Paul Ricoeur. His articulation and, even more, his enactment of this pattern disclose at least one path by which rhetoric might be recuperated in a post-critical spirit.
Literacy and the Limits of the Natural Attitude
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last decade a belief in the naturalness of writing has reemerged as a dominant myth in composition pedagogy, reflecting changing theoretical attitudes toward literacy in the social science disciplines. In many respects this myth violates common sense, which has always distinguished sharply between speech as natural and writing as artifice. Such a view, memorably articulated by Plato as a criticism of literacy, ironically provided a founding premise for the subsequent development of rhetoric as an art of planned discourse. However, the “natural attitude” (as I will call it here) has been a recurrent theme in rhetoric and composition studies at least since the Romantic period, and the remarkable multidisciplinary growth in our understandings of language, writing, cognition, and culture has given it renewed vitality.
The Dance of Discourse
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the start of the twentieth century a new physics has radically, deeply, and indelibly changed our beliefs about physical reality and human knowledge of the physical world. Quantum mechanics and relativity describe the universe as a cosmic dance of energy patterns that is understood, and indeed constituted as we know it, through our interaction with it. This new framework for understanding the physical world invites a corresponding revolution in our concept of understanding symbolic realities, specifically the structures of meaning in written discourse. When the modern view of physical reality is extended to the symbolic realities of texts, it transforms the structure of prose into an illusion of the dance of discourse created by our participation in it.
Setting the Stage for Reform
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An ambitious law school graduate in the early 1960s would have been ill advised to pursue a career in the law of mental disorder. Although laws dealing with mentally ill people date back to colonial America, little attention had been paid to them since the turn of the century. By and large the principles on which mental health law was based in 1961 were the same ones that prevailed in 1881. The U.S. Supreme Court had never decided a case dealing with the treatment of mental illness, and state courts paid only slightly more attention to the area. Few lawyers specialized in legal aspects of mental disorders; those who did were involved mainly in routine guardianship cases or an occasional insanity defense. Indeed, most observers would have agreed that the field was largely moribund.
Duty to Protect Potential Victims of Patients’ Violence: Public Peril vs. Protective Privilege
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pink message slip in my box had an unfamiliar name and a local number. “Please call back. Urgent. Dr. Thomas.” I punched the number and got a secretary, who put me through. Doug Thomas introduced himself. He was a local psychotherapist, sorry to take my time, sure we had not met. Could he consult with me about a very difficult case? One of his patients seemed to be on the verge of losing control. Murder was not out of the question. We agreed that he would come to see me the following day.
Power and Obligation: Social Relations in the Estate Villages After the Revolution
Authors: Baranowski Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“EVERY SEAT IN God’s house was taken, the altar decorated magnificently, not only with flowers as is normal on Sunday, but also with sheaves of grain and various fruits that were placed on both sides of the altar. The singing of the choir surrounded the divine service while the parishioners appeared thankful and festive. It was the celebration of the rural folk, a celebration of the peasantry. For the country dweller it is obvious that during the harvest festival he should have a thankful heart and honor God upon whose blessings everything depends. The thoughts of this day scarcely require much effort from him to come to the surface: they are in his blood and they move his heart. For the true peasant, it is always a disgrace not to observe the harvest festival in church. This double belief, that God gave us the harvest and thus we must thank him, is for him somewhat natural.”This tribute, drawn from a Pomeranian church periodical to depict the “harvest festival” (Erntefest),the most important rite of the agricultural calendar, had two complementary purposes. First, it invoked the distinctiveness of rural life, the organic connection between rural dwellers and the land and the deity who blessed both with the harvest. At the same time, the article honored the pious peasant as the backbone of the German Volk.
Pomeranian Estate Owners, the Rural People Movement, and the Young Plan Referendum
Authors: Baranowski Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ALL THOUGH POMERANIA’S LANDED elite remained unchallenged in its local environment, its economic position, like that of farmers elsewhere in Germany, grew increasingly precarious, particularly after hyperinflation and the Ruhr crisis necessitated the stabilization of the Republic’s currency Whereas previously the most heavily indebted of the agricultural enterprises could repay their obligations and modernize their production with inflated currency, stabilization demanded higher taxation and interest rates as the Republic struggled to acquire revenue to sustain the value of its money. On top of that came higher social welfare contributions and the importing of food from abroad as the artificial barriers of inflation disappeared. Immediately following stabilization, the government encouraged banks to make cheap credit available to farmers to boost agricultural production and rectify the decline of the war years. Yet the primary sector grew increasingly less attractive as an outlet for commercial investment. The mounting evidence of crippling indebtedness was such that banks would risk only short-term loans at high rates of interest.1 From there, the problems of agriculture multiplied, as did the political response to those problems.
Fluid Boundaries: Pomeranian Conservatism and the Nazi Onslaught
Authors: Baranowski Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ON NOVEMBER 17, 1929, voters across Prussia elected representatives to the state, county, and municipal parliaments. Overlapping with the preparations for the Young Plan referendum, these elections gave some indication of the Nazi party’s growing appeal. Although it remained small, the Hitler movement noticeably increased its share of the electorate. In Pomerania, the party received slightly under thirty-five thousand votes as compared to the nearly thirteen thousand votes it won in the Prussian Landtag election in May 1928. Nevertheless, Pomerania ranked only seventh in the Prussian state in the percentage of voters attracted to National Socialism, as the German National People’s Party, although with difficulty, retained its leading position. The DNVP delegation to the provincial Landtag composed from the results of the elections consisted of thirty-one members. Estate owners, including prominent noblemen, comprised over forty percent, as opposed to just four representatives for the NSDAP. The SPD came in second with twenty-four delegates. To be sure, the election campaign gave the German Nationals grounds for unease, but not because of the Nazi presence. Rather, the DNVP fixated on the splinter parties, most notably the CNBLP, which it feared would enlarge its support at the German Nationals’ expense, generating more opposition to the Hugenberg course, particularly from resentful peasants.
Interaction, Face-to-Face
Authors: Duncan Starkey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary form of communication for humans, the one from which all other forms have developed. Both intuition and the work of investigators indicate that face-to-face interaction is essential in the development of individuals and in the maintenance and transmission of CULTURE. Interaction is generally accepted as the vehicle for such crucially important and interrelated functions as establishing the parent-infant bond, nurturing and guiding the social and cognitive development of the child, defining and sustaining cultures and subcultures, and providing a medium for transactions between individuals-the conversation, PLAY and games, religious and secular Ritual, commercial exchanges, greetings, and the like that make up everyday life. The term face-to-face interaction most immediately suggests occasions when people join together in talk or otherwise jointly sustain a single focus of attention.
Ethnography of Speaking
Authors: Sherzer Joel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An approach to the relationship among language, Culture, and society that includes both theoretical and methodological perspectives. It is a description in cultural terms of the patterned uses of language and speech in a particular group, institution, community, or society that includes native theories and practices of speaking, both as overtly articulated by individuals and as enacted by them in a range of activities, situations, and interactions. More specifically the ethnography of speaking is concerned with The sociolinguistic resources available in particular communities. Such resources include not just grammar in the conventional sense but rather a complex of linguistic potentials for social use and social meaning, among which are linguistic variables, styles, terms of reference and address, and words and word relations. The use and t:xploitation of these resources in discourse (speech acts, events, and situations) and in social interaction (agreeing, disagreeing, showing deference or respect, greeting, cajoling).
Gossip
Authors: Brenneis Donald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Talk about absent others, often talk about those very characteristics and activities they would least like having discussed. Even when its contents are not scandalous, gossip has a somewhat illicit air, as gossipers are telling someone else’s story, one to which they have no right. On the other hand, gossip also pro vides opportunities for the expression of moral values, for making sense out of aberrant or outrageous behavior, and for the creation of a clear definition of who one is by the delineation of who one is glad not to be. It is a complex communicative phenomenon, serving a range of functions, both intended and not. Gossip-or ways of speaking very much like it-is found in many communities worldwide, especially in face-to face social groups. In this apparently near universal distribution lie one of the reasons for scholarly interest in gossip and also the danger of overgeneralization from any one instance.
Song
Authors: Herndon Marcia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term song is both elusive and enigmatic when considered cross-culturally. Birds, porpoises, and other animals have “songs”; does this mean that they are “singing”? And what of such creatures as the sirens of Greek mythology who were said to be able to lure sailors to their destruction through song? Is song, then, unlike spoken language, not a basically human activity, characteristic, and preoccupation? Do songs have to have music? There are numerous examples of books that have not one note of music in them yet are called cancioneros, chansonniers, or canzonieri. For the most part, how ever, it can be assumed that songs do have music and are usually intended to be sung. Singing can take place with or with: out instrumental accompaniment, alone or in groups, and with many different kinds of audience. See Music Performance; Performance.
Clothing
Authors: Bnninger Werner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The set of all items worn on the human body. Such issues as how clothing items (and their combinations) function as signs, how the assemblage of clothing items of a given Culture forms a signaling system, and what kinds of meaning can and cannot be conveyed through clothing are relevant for theories of communication. Clothes are worn, first of all, for temperature regulation and protection from the environment. The distribution of types of clothing in relation to different climatic zones and the variation in clothes worn with changes in weather conditions show their practical, protective function. Sun helmets, sou’westers, down filled anoraks, neoprene suits, and space suits are examples of clothing items that are primarily protective in function. However, even in identical environmental conditions, people wear different kinds of clothes. Furthermore, types of clothing vary with types of social occasions, which indicates that the wearing of clothes is also subject to sociocultural norms.
Mask
Authors: Tonkin Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mask is used on all the continents of the world and has a long history. The English words person and persona derive from personal, the Latin word for “mask.” Although masks are often admired as works of art in themselves, their communicative character cannot be understood without considering their use, which is generally in Performance, as part of a costume. They communicate meanings through transforming the wearer. One can dispute whether people are masked when they put on makeup, or even dark glasses, which have also come to be used in some Melanesian and African masquerades, along with ringing the eyes in contrasting pigment. Formally comparable mask ensembles can be used for very different occasions. On the other hand, an African community’s masking repertoire may include a mask that is never seen, but only heard, as an eerie cry in the night. It is possible to relate such different manifestations by comparing and contrasting the type of transformation intended and its degree of distance from ordinary humanity. Masks very often seem to present a supernatural world by appearing and being used in ways that are taken to be nonnatural.
NIH Mission and Organization
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As of the end of February, 1992 the National Institutes of Health’s “Framework for Discussion of Strategies for NIH” defined the agency’s mission, goals, and objectives in the following way:* Science in pursuit of knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability. To foster innovative research strategies designed to advance significantly the nation’s capacity to improve health. To provide the scientific base that will strengthen the nation’s capability to deliver more effective disease prevention and health care in order to enhance the quality of its citizens lives.
Budget and Legislation
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The legislative process which mainly affects NIH involves appropriations (budgeting funds) and authorizations (permission to carry out individual programs). Not only are these done by separate acts of Congress, but the bills are considered and recommended by separate committees of Congress. The individual components of NIH independently develop their budget requests according to previous commitments, current activities, future program plans and priorities, and resource requirements. The requests are reviewed and approved by the Office of the Director, NIH (OD/NIH), and the total NIH budget is then sent forward to the USPHS, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) of the DHHS, and the Office of Management and Budget (0MB). After these offices approve the request, usually with modifications, the President submits the budget to the Congress. While all the components of NIH go through this route, the current law permits the NCI to submit its request as a bypass budget directly to the President. However, in practice, the NCI joins with the other ICDs in following the traditional budget process.
Division of Research Grants Study Section Review
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Division of Research Grants (DRG) consists of the Director’s Office, the Office of Administrative Management, and two branches, the Referral and Review Branch (RRB) and the Information Systems Branch (ISB) (Fig. 8.1). The ISB provides computer and statistical services to the USPHS related to applications and grants. The referral and assignment process and the study sections of NIH are managed by the RRB. The study sections are “regular” or permanent panels that are chartered by the NIH. Other chartered groups are Special Emphasis Panels (SEPs), the members of which are recruited on an ad hoc basis and who serve for one meeting only. Thus, there are eighty-four study sections; sixteen of the study sections have multiple subcommittees. The total number of permanent study sections and subcommittees is 102. In addition, there are seven chartered SEPs. The scientific areas assigned to these panels for review and the types of applications reviewed are listed in Appendix 4.
Seven Sins of Strategic Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Part II of this volume begins with an introduction to seven important controversies that have plagued the course of intelligence policy in the United States. Behind each controversy lies a question of dubious conduct-”sin” for short. These sins involve distortions in the reporting and the receiving of information (Sins Nos. 1 and 2); the indiscriminate collection of information (Sin No. 3), the indiscriminate use of covert action (Sin No. 4), inadequate cover abroad (Sin No. 5), improper use of intelligence within the United States (Sin No. 6), and inadequate accountability (Sin No. 7).
The Quiet Option
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Covert action (CA), as defined in chapter 2, is a phrase used to identify the policy of secret intervention by the United States into the affairs of other countries. Few policies within the federal government are as closely held. No intelligence operations-with the important exception of domestic spying-have been so controversial. These characteristics have made covert action a subject resistant to scholarly analysis. In the face of thick veils of government secrecy, documentation becomes difficult.
Pathways to Reform
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” states a sensible adage popular in the south. Most of the CIA ain’t broke and don’t need fixen. The Agency has served the nation well, from high competence in the monitoring of Soviet weapons developments to sound appraisals of global economic trends. Sometimes its officers have risked, and lost, their lives while carrying out duties in hostile regions of the world. Yet like every organization, the CIA has also erred-grievously so in its periodic violations of American law. Regardless of how good most of the Agency’s work has been, the use of its secret power against U.S. citizens or in unauthorized ways against foreign nations is intolerable in a democracy.
Market Structure and Conduct
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Third, what explains the diver ity of ownership fonns in the insurance industry? The most notable difference in the malpractice market of the late 1980s compared with the 1970s was the relative decline of national stock insurers and the rise of physician¬ sponsored, largely state-specific insurers. ls there evidence that particular physician firms conduct their business differently? Are some forms of insurer ownership rela¬ tively efficient in the provision of medical malpractice insurance’? Do physician firms fill a niche not occupied by the traditional for-profit insurer? Answers are important for assessing the desirability of tax and regulatory policies that distinguish among organi¬ zational types.
Loss Reserving and Claims Management
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Claims management and loss reserving can seem dry, technical, and inconsequential¬ matters best left to insurance clerks in green eyeshades. At least, so it may appear to outsiders. Certainly, underwriting and premium setting appear more linked to insur¬ ance crises, antitrust and regulatory decisions, and other matters with superficially more policy relevance. But before readers skip this chapter, they should note that claims reserving vita!ly affects rate making and the timing of profits, and that loss management is in fact critical to the short-run profits and long-nm survival of any insurance company. These activities are most complicated in a line where a long claims tail and an unstable social and legal environment interact, as in medical malpractice.