bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets
Authors: Le Dividich J. , Vermorel M. , Noblet J. , Bouvier J. C. , Aumaitre A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Six experiments each involving two groups of six piglets, were designed to study the influence of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention and protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. Immediately after weaning, at a mean age of 25 d, the animals were raised in two open circuit respiratory chambers. Each chamber was equipped with a totally wired cage. The piglets were paired-fed and maintained at environmental temperatures of 20, 24 or 28°. Four replicates were used for each temperature. Metabolizable energy, heat production and nitrogen balance were measured during two consecutive periods (A and B), each of 6 d duration.2. Heat production was higher at 20° than at 24 and 28° during periods A and B. Energy retention was negative during period A, it was positive during period B and increased with temperature.3. Protein deposition was always positive and independent of environmental temperature. The net efficiency of protein utilization was 0.77.4. Body fat was mobilized during period A at a higher rate at 20° than 28°. During period B, fat gain increased with increase in temperature.5. The calculated ME requirement for maintenance amounted to 411 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d at 28°.6. The critical temperature of early weaned piglets raised in intensive modern housing and fed at about 90% of the ad lib. intake is close to 28° during the first 12 d after weaning.
Stimulatory effect of insulin on ruminal epithelium cell mitosis in adult sheep
Authors: Sakata T. , Hikosaka K. , Shiomura Yoko , Tamate H. 
Published: May 2005

1. The rumen adapts to increased food intake by the hyperplasia of epithelial cells.2. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) stimulate cell mitosis of sheep ruminal epithelium in vivo.3. Since VFA generally inhibit cell proliferation in vitro insulin was proposed in this study as the possible mediator of the mitotic stimulation in vivo.4. Infusions (6 h) of insulin (0.125 U/kg per h) plus glucose (300 mg/kg per h) (n5), and glucose alone (300 mg/kg per h) (n2) resulted in higher mitotic index of biopsied rumen epithelium (MI) during 3 or 6 to 24 h after the start of infusion, and higher plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and higher plasma glucose (PG) during the infusion.5. Insulin plus glucose infusion showed higher MI, higher IRI, and lower PG than glucose infusion.6. Sheep infused with saline for 6 h (n1) showed no marked changes in MI, IRI, and PG.7. Increased IRI by insulin plus glucose or glucose alone infusion was considered to stimulate cell proliferation in rumen epithelium.8. Other possible mediations were discussed.
Utilization of low quality roughages: effects of urea and protein supplements of differing solubility on digesta flows, intake and growth rate of cattle eating oaten chaff
Authors: Redman R. G. , Kellaway R. C. , Leibholz Jane 
Published: May 2005

1. Expt 1. Five 150 kg steers with ruminal, abomasal and ileal cannulas were given 3000 g oaten chaff daily plus prelleted supplement with no added nitrogen (diet A) or 50 g N/d as urea (diet B), casein (diet C), casein and formaldehyde-treated casein (HCHO-casein) (50:50 w/w; diet D) and HCHO-casein (diet E), in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The basal diet and supplement were fed in eight equal increments at intervals of 3 h. Proportions of dry matter and organic matter digested in the stomach and whole tract were greater for diets B, C, D and E than for diet A. Total volatile fatty acid levels in the rumen and the proportion of acetic acid were lower, and the proportion of propionic acid higher on diet A than on the other diets. Rumen ammonia levels were lower on diets A, D and E than on diets B and C. N flows at the abomasum, ileum and rectum were lower on diet A than on the other diets; abomasal flows and apparent intestinal absorptions of amino acids were higher on diets D and E than on diets A, B and C. Efficiencies of bacterial protein synthesis were 15, 15, 14, 13 and 12 g bacterial N/kg OM truly digested in the stomach on diets A, B, C, D and E respectively.2. Expt. 2. Forty 300 kg steers were fed oaten chaffad lib.plus twice the amount of the same pelleted supplements as in Expt 1. Intake of oaten chaff was 23% higher with N supplements (diets B, C, D and E) than without (diet A). Live-weight gains were 356, 798, 843, 842 and 805 g/d on diets A, B, C, D and E respectively.3. It was concluded that efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis was not limited by the supply of peptides and amino acids in the rumen and that increases in amino acid availability in the intestines from feeding HCHO-casein did not increase food intake or live-weight gain.
Effect of zinc injection on Zn binding in cytosols of several tissues of kids
Authors: Tanabe S. 
Published: May 2005

1. An experiment was conducted with goat kids to determine the effect of zinc injection on Zn binding in cytosols of several tissues of kids.2. Following the Zn load, plasma Zn increased for 8 h then decreased. Zn injection significantly increased the Zn contents of the liver and kidney.3. Injection of Zn into kids stimulated the production of Zn in a fraction with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 10000 in the cytosols of the liver, kidney and small intestinal mucosa. It is suggested that these fractions probably correspond to metallothioneins, Rumen papilla did not synthesize Zn-containing protein in response to an acute administration of Zn.4. Zn injection significantly decreased the Cu content of the liver and affected the distribution of Cu in hepatic cytosol fraction, suggesting an interaction between these two elements.5. The volume of bile collected in the gall bladder and its Zn content were markedly increased by Zn injection, suggesting that bile is one of the Zn excretion routes in kids.
Effect of methionine on the metabolic fate of liver folates in vitamin B12-deficient rats
Authors: Jågerstad Margaretha , Åkesson B. , Fehling C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Hepatocytes isolated from vitamin B12-deficient and vitamin B12-supplemented rats were maintained in primary culture and were used to study the effect of methionine on the metabolism of [3H]folic acid and [5-14C]methyltetrahydrofolic acid.2. Vitamin B12levels were reduced by approximately 75% in the hepatocytes from the deficient animals. Total folate and methyltetrahydrofolic acid concentrations were also significantly reduced.3. There was no significanct difference in the uptake and retention of added [3H[folic acid and [5-14C]-methyltetrahydrofolic acid between the hepatocytes of the two groups. The incorporation of14C into phospholipids was reduced by approximately 60% in the vitamin B12-deficient hepatocytes (P< 0.001).4. The addition of methionine to the culture medium doubled the uptake and retention of3H in both groups, but it did not change the amount of water-soluble14C Compounds. In the vitamin B12-deficient hepatocytes mainly methylated folate increased, whereas non-methylated folate increased in the hepatocytes of the control animals. A tenfold increase of14C incorporated into phospholipids was found in both groups after methionine was added.5. Demethylation of methyltetrahydrofolic acid, the intracellular retention of folate and the utilization of liberated methyl groups, for example in the methylation of phospholipids, were highest in the presence of both methionine and vitamin B12suggesting an intimate co-ordination between these two substances in the regulation of folate metabolism.
Dietary protein intake and 3-methylhistidine excretion in the rat
Authors: Ward L. C. , Buttery P. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Rats were fed for 14 d on diets containing 50, 150 or 250 g/kg casein as the protein source. The daily excretion of Nt-methylhistidine (His(τMe)), a non-re-utilized amino acid, was determined.2. His(τMe) excretion/100 g body-weight appeared to be unaffected by increasing the concentration of dietary protein from 150 to 250 g/kg. Assuming no change in the proportion of muscle in the animals these results are indicative of no change in myofibrillar protein catabolic rate. The excretion rate/100 g body-weight of the animal given 50 g/kg casein was lower than the other two treatments, especially towards the end of the 14 d treatment period. Thus at this time the myofibrillar-protein catabolic rate was lower than in the animals fed on the higher protein diet.3. In the animals fed on the high protein diet there was a tendency for this (τMe) excretion rate/100 g body-weight to increase with age.4. Nitrogen balance and creatinine excretion results are also presented.
Brand trust and brand extension acceptance: the relationship
Authors: Reast Jon D. 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThis UK‐based research aims to build on the US‐based work of Keller and Aaker, which found a significant association between “company credibility” (via a brand's “expertise” and “trustworthiness”) and brand extension acceptance, hypothesising that brand trust, measured via two correlate dimensions, is significantly related to brand extension acceptance.Design/methodology/approachDiscusses brand extension and various prior, validated influences on its success. Focuses on the construct of trust and develops hypotheses about the relationship of brand trust with brand extension acceptance. The hypotheses are then tested on data collected from consumers in the UK.FindingsThis paper, using 368 consumer responses to nine, real, low involvement UK product and service brands, finds support for a significant association between the variables, comparable in strength with that between media weight and brand share, and greater than that delivered by the perceived quality level of the parent brand.Originality/valueThe research findings, which develop a sparse literature in this linkage area, are of significance to marketing practitioners, since brand trust, already associated with brand equity and brand loyalty, and now with brand extension, needs to be managed and monitored with care. The paper prompts further investigation of the relationship between brand trust and brand extension acceptance in other geographic markets and with other higher involvement categories.
Tactical launch decisions: influence on innovation success/failure
Authors: Garrido‐Rubio Ana , Polo‐Redondo Yolanda 
Published: May 2005

PurposeInnovation launch strategies are usually critical for innovation success. The main objective of this work consists of analysing the influence of the tactical launch decisions on new product performanceDesign/methodology/approachStarts with a brief literature review. Then the results obtained in our study are compared with those obtained in other research. The data used in our research describes a new product launch in the Spanish agro‐food sector. The method for collecting the information was through a mailed questionnaire. Because most of response variables were categorical, and in order to verify the proposed hypotheses, cross tabulation was used. We used Pearson's chi‐squared (χ2), likelihood ratio (H2) and the adjusted residuals too.FindingsThe results propose a series of recommendations for the executives in charge of marketing new products. Specifically, suggests that it will be more likely to achieve success if, when launching a new product, skimming strategies are used, if intensive distribution is used for selling an innovation and the investment in the communication media is greater than that made by competitors. However, it is more possible to fail if the new product is marketed using an individual brand, penetration prices, push communication strategies and less expenditure on this concept than the competitors.Research limitations/implicationsThe literature review suggests that some of these tactical decisions seem to be related with other launch decisions (strategic launch decisions). As a result of this, it will be interesting to perform these similar analyses for those as well as to analyse the possible links that may exist between both and their influence on the results. Future research could explore these relationships in other industrial sector or countries. Perhaps, it would be possible provide a common perspective.Originality/valueIn spite of the importance of the last phase of new product, there are few empirical works about it. This work tries to explain the transcendence of the tactical launch decisions and the influence of it on the success/failure of an innovation
How to predict attachment potential of seeds to sheep and cattle coat from simple morphological seed traits
Authors: Römermann Christine , Tackenberg Oliver , Poschlod Peter 
Published: May 2005

Dispersal is a process that determines many aspects in the life‐history of plants. Up to now, however, it is difficult to quantify. Many studies rather assess it as a categorical trait, i.e. assuming a species is dispersed by a certain vector or not. Gradual differences in the dispersal potential between species are rarely considered.In this paper we focus on the key process of epizoochory: the attachment potential of species to animal coats. We present two simple models (GLMs) how to quantify and to predict attachment potentials to sheep wool and to cattle hair from easily measurable seed traits. To calibrate the models, we investigated the attachment potential of seeds of 130 plant species on mechanically shaken coats of sheep and cattle and measured traits describing the seeds. We found that seed mass and seed morphology were correlated with attachment potentials. For sheep wool, the combination of the logarithm of seed mass and a constant for the different seed morphology types explained 85% of the variation of attachment potentials. For cattle hair, 71% were explained. To validate the models, they were applied to 36 additional species. Predicted and experimentally measured attachment potentials were correlated with r=0.84 for sheep wool and r=0.61 for cattle wool. Thus, the attachment potential of seeds to sheep or cattle coat can be assessed for a large set of species using the described models if seed mass and seed morphology are known.
Hierarchical patterns of invertebrate assemblage structure in stony upland streams change with time and flow permanence
Authors: ROBSON B. J. , HOGAN M. , FORRESTER T. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Studies in several parts of the world have examined variation in univariate descriptors of macroinvertebrate assemblage structure in perennially flowing stony streams across hierarchies of spatial scale using nested analyses of variance. However, few have investigated whether this spatial variation changes with time or whether these results are representative of habitats other than riffles or of other stream types, such as intermittently flowing streams.2. We describe patterns in taxon richness and abundance from two sets of samples from stony streams in the Otway Range and the Grampians Range, Victoria, Australia, collected using hierarchical designs. Sampling of riffles was repeated in the Otways, to determine whether spatial patterns were consistent among times. In the Grampians, spatial patterns were compared between intermittent and perennially flowing streams (stream type) by sampling pools.3. In the Otways streams, most variation in the dependent variables occurred between sample units. Patterns of variation among the other scales (streams, segments, riffles, groups of stones) were not consistent between sampling times, suggesting that they may have little ecological significance.4. In the Grampians streams, variation in macroinvertebrate taxon richness and abundance differed significantly between replicate streams within each stream type but not between stream types or pools. The largest source of variation in taxon richness was stream type. Little variation occurred among sample units.5. The pattern of most variation occurring among sample units is robust both to differences in the method of sampling and different dependent variables among studies and increasingly appears to be a property of riffles in stony, perennial upland streams. High variation among sample units (residual variation) limits the explanatory power of linear models and therefore, where samples are from a single sampling time, small but significant components of variation are unlikely to represent features of assemblage structure that will be stable over time.
Responses of tropical cladocerans to a gradient of resource quality
Authors: FERRÃO FILHO ALOYSIO DA S. , DEMOTT WILLIAM R. , TESSIER ALAN J. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. The response of three tropical cladocerans to a gradient of resource quality was compared in a series of growth bioassays using seston collected from five lakes of different depth and trophic structure in Michigan, U.S.A. To assess the food quality in terms of digestibility, assimilation experiments were performed with 32P‐labelled seston from the same lakes. Animals were also analysed for P‐content in their tissues at the end of these assays.2. In general, assimilation efficiency was higher when animals fed on seston from shallow compared to deep lakes, and was significantly correlated with growth rates, suggesting that shallow lakes have the best food resources in terms of digestibility and P availability.3. Results also showed that all cladoceran species responded similarly to the resource gradient, with lower growth rates in deep lakes and higher growth rates in shallow lakes, although the strength of response (sensitivity) was different among the species tested.4. The cladoceran Moina micrura was the most sensitive species, and also displayed the highest P‐content and maximal growth rate, a pattern consistent with the growth rate hypothesis.5. However, seston C : P ratio and growth rates in the different resources did not correlate with the animals’ P‐contents, showing an uncoupling between RNA‐phosphorus demands for growth and seston food quality.6. In conclusion, our results support the idea that digestion resistance in algae is a major constraint to cladocerans in natural plankton communities.
Variation in spatial and temporal gradients in zooplankton spring development: the effect of climatic factors
Authors: ROMARE PIA , SCHINDLER DANIEL E. , SCHEUERELL MARK D. , SCHEUERELL JENNIFER M. , LITT ARNI H. , SHEPHERD JUDITH H. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. We examined the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton in lake surface waters during the spring of 3 years in Lake Washington, U.S.A., a large lake with a high production of sockeye salmon fry.2. We show large within‐season and among‐year variation in the horizontal distribution of temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, and zooplankton in the lake. The main pattern, a delay in zooplankton population increase from the north‐ to the south‐end of the lake, recurred in each year and was persistent within each spring.3. The delay is primarily caused by the development of a temperature gradient during spring warming, as cold mountain water enters the south end of the lake, while warm water enters the north end via a river draining a nearby lake. Climate factors, such as air temperature and precipitation during winter and spring, appear to influence the extent of the delay of zooplankton increase.4. If the climate continues to warm, the temporal disconnection in zooplankton development between lake areas immediately influenced by cold river inflow and areas that are influenced by spring warming may increase in magnitude. Thus, the different areas of the lake may not contribute equally to fish production.
Contrasting diel activity and feeding patterns of four instars of Rhyacophila dorsalis (Trichoptera)
Authors: ELLIOTT J. M. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Ontogenetic shifts in prey choice and predator behaviour can affect food‐web structure. Therefore, it is important to establish if the diet and feeding activity differ between life‐stages of the same species. This hypothesis was tested for second, third, fourth and fifth larval instars of Rhyacophila dorsalis by comparing their diel activity and feeding patterns. Second to fifth instars collected from two streams were used either for gut analyses or for observations of their activity and feeding patterns in three stream tanks. Food was provided in excess; being organisms living in bryophytes on top of a large stone in each tank, augmented by different‐sized larvae of Ephemeroptera, Simuliidae and Chironomidae. As few first instars for gut analyses were found in the field, the diet of first instars reared in the laboratory was also studied.2. Larvae for gut analyses were taken 1 h before dusk or dawn (n = 50 larvae per instar for each day or night sample). First and second instars fed on the smaller food items with no significant day‐night differences in diet. Gut contents indicated a progressive trend from feeding chiefly at night in third instars to almost exclusively at night in fifth instars. Fourth and fifth instars fed on the larger food items, whilst the diet of the third instar larvae overlapped with that of both the earlier and later instars.3. Diel activity patterns of single larvae differed between instars but not within each instar (n = 20 larvae per instar). Second instars were active throughout the 24 h, with peaks at dusk, around midnight, dawn and around midday. A similar pattern was shown by third instars but the peak of activity at midday was less than the other three peaks. Prey were captured only during these peaks for both instars. Fourth and fifth instars were most active, and fed only, at night. They used an ambush strategy to capture more active prey at dusk and dawn (e.g. Baetis, Gammarus), and a searching strategy to capture more sedentary prey during the night (e.g. chironomids, simuliids). These experiments provided support for the hypothesis under test. If competition and/or interference occur between instars, then it could be reduced between earlier and later instars because of differences in their diet and diel pattern of feeding activity.
Protection of crayfish, Cambarus clarkii, from white spot syndrome virus by polyclonal antibodies against a viral envelope fusion protein
Authors: Li H‐X , Meng X‐L , Xu J‐P , Lu W , Wang J 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a large double‐stranded DNA virus, causing considerable mortality in penaeid shrimp and other crustaceans. WSSV produces five major structural proteins, including two major envelope proteins, VP28 and VP19. To produce VP28 and VP19 as a single protein for antibody production, DNA sequences encoding both open reading frames were fused together and cloned into pET‐22b(+) expression vector. The fusion protein, VP(19+28), was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified using Ni2+His affinity chromatography and injected into a rabbit. Antiserum collected from the immunized rabbit was tested in vivo for ability to protect crayfish, Cambarus clarkii, from disease caused by WSSV. Fifteen days after challenge with WSSV, treatment with VP(19+28) antiserum gave 100% protection against disease in the ambient temperature range of 15–22 °C and 65% protection at a constant temperature of 26 °C. These results demonstrated VP(19+28) antiserum is effective in protection of crayfish from WSSV and confirmed that VP19 and VP28 play an important role in WSSV host infection. Targeting both VP19 and VP28 may be effective for the design of both immunotherapeutic medicines and reagents to detect WSSV.