bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broadening the Definition of Genocide
Authors: Grosescu Raluca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the reformulation of the international definition of genocide by national courts in Lithuania, Argentina, and Guatemala. Such revisions of the concept included crimes committed against political opponents and national resistance movements, and cultural genocide against Indigenous populations—two categories explicitly eliminated from the 1948 UN Genocide Convention. These expanded definitions were forged to overcome impunity and prosecute the crimes committed by the military and the communist regimes during the Cold War. They were also designed to enforce specific historical narratives that understood the repressive history of these dictatorships in terms of ‘the crime of crimes’. The Lithuanian judiciary coined the concept of ethno-national-political genocide to frame the killings of anti-Soviet partisans in the 1940s and 1950s and thereby to equate the mass atrocities committed by the Soviet regime occupation of the Baltic states with the crimes of the Nazis. Similarly, Argentinian judges employed the notion of ideological auto-genocide to inscribe the extermination of left-wing opponents in the 1970s in the global history of twentieth-century bureaucratically organized atrocities such as the Holocaust. Finally, Guatemalan courts ruled that the category of genocide included not only massacres of Indigenous groups but also acts of cultural genocide. The latter encompassed the destruction of Mayan culture and social cohesion and emphasized the racist and neocolonial character of the Guatemalan military, political, and economic elites.
Strategies for Internationalizing Justice
Authors: Grosescu Raluca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the transnational mobilizations of Latin American and Central Eastern European justice activists to render justice for gross human rights violations perpetrated by the military and communist dictatorships during the Cold War. It demonstrates how Latin American actors deployed a variety of anti-impunity tactics, targeted numerous foreign jurisdictions, and legitimized their cause through a liberal humanitarian discourse on human rights. Through both their efforts in various Western European courts and the alliances they forged with Western lawyers and judicial officials, Latin American activists boosted universal jurisdiction as a principle of international criminal law. This principle was further enforced by Argentinian courts, which opened investigations into a variety of major international crimes committed across the globe. In contrast, Central Eastern European activists focused their mobilizations on the European level, lobbying for the establishment of a ‘Nuremberg for communist crimes’—an international legal instrument that would have put communist crimes on par with those of the Nazis. Their political discourses were often connected to radical conservative politics and aimed to delegitimize any leftist political thought. While managing to enforce a totalitarian interpretation of communism in European assemblies and to reshape the EU’s remembrance policy, Central Eastern European activists’ impact on the international justice system ultimately remained marginal.
Particulate and Granular Magnetism
Authors: O'Grady Kevin , Fernandez Gonzalo Vallejo , Hirohata Atsufumi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This text is concerned with magnetic nanoparticles and granular thin films which form the basis of all advanced magnetics technology excluding permanent magnets and soft materials for inductors and transformers. The first part of the text is concerned with fundamental concepts. Thereafter chapters are presented on magnetic domains including basic principles but then restricted to domains in granular thin films and single domain particles including coherent and incoherent reversal and the effects of exchange coupling. Particular emphasis is then placed on thermal activation effects and the role of a particle or grain size distribution and the measurement techniques by which the effects of thermal activation can be measured. This part concludes with a detailed discussion of the phenomenon of exchange bias and magneto-resistance in multilayers. Part two includes the description of three dominant forms of technology using particulate and granular magnetic materials. The first of these is ferrofluids including engineering applications in seals and loudspeakers but then looking at the rapidly developing field of biomedical applications in general and in particular the phenomenon of magnetic hyperthermia. The second major application is the field of magnetic recording which is addressed including tape recording and heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). Finally the development and implementation of magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is described including the commercialisation of MRAM using bits oriented perpendicular to the plane and switched by spin transfer torque (STT) and read via magneto-resistance using tunnelling magneto resistance (TMR). Finally a brief outlook of future potential developments is described.
Ferrofluids
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An explanation of the structure and components in a ferrofluid is presented together with a simple preparation process to produce these magnetic liquids. Unusual phenomena such as the surface and labyrinthine instabilities are then described. The properties of ferrofluids are then discussed in terms of their magnetic behaviour. Applications in engineering devices such as rotary vacuum seals, loudspeakers and inclinometers are discussed together with the concept of magnetic sink float separation and the ability to align non-magnetic materials in the fluids. Medical and biomedical applications particularly magnetic hyperthermia are discussed together with a proposed new technique to create a material that heats exclusively by magnetic hysteresis. Other biomedical applications in drug delivery and cell separation are described together with the use of magnetic polymer spheres. Finally magneto-rheological fluids which consist of micron sized particles dispersed in an oil which change their viscosity dramatically on exposure to a field are presented.
Evidence on psychobiological pathways
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The content of this chapter complements the epidemiological knowledge on links of adverse psychosocial work environments with elevated health risks by experimental and quasi-experimental evidence on psychobiological pathways that underlie these associations. Pathways are analysed in four steps, starting with the sympathetic-adreno-medullary and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axes, followed by sections on immune function and inflammation, and on allostatic load. Readers are expected to become familiar with these basic concepts and their application in occupational health research. This application is illustrated and discussed by selected results from recent scientific research presented in figures and text. An introductory part explains the main features of the study designs that are required to investigate psychobiological pathways. The chapter ends with some reflections on future developments in this innovative field of research, with a focus on epigenetic markers.
Organizational contexts and social change in rehabilitation
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To a large extent, opportunities of working with a chronic disease or disability, and risks of early exit from paid work are contingent on legal regulations and on the structures of medical and vocational rehabilitation services. Legal regulations concern regular retirement, early retirement due to disability pension, and processes of return to work. In all instances, active and passive labour market and social policies exert a decisive impact, and these policies vary widely across countries. Special attention is given to organizational features in the provision of medical and vocational rehabilitation services. Despite their reasonable availability, these two services are often not well coordinated, as illustrated in the case of cardiac rehabilitation and of return to work with mental disorder. In medically dominated fields of rehabilitation the pro-active role of patients was disregarded for a long time, but recent attempts to empower patients with chronic health impairments became more visible. In this chapter, some examples of this social change are described. In the final part, we develop some suggestions on how future developments can contribute to successfully coping with the burden of chronic disease and disability in working populations.
Last Captives
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about Harriet Tubman’s words that she could not “understand” those who were enslaved in the South Carolina Lowcountry. It explores the differences between what Tubman had experienced in Maryland’s Eastern Shore and the systems of enslavement in the South Carolina Lowcountry, where African Americans remained in bondage after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect. It highlights Tubman’s conviction that all enslaved people yearned to be free, willing to risk it all and put their own freedom and their very lives in jeopardy. The chapter considers Tubman and the black men who escaped in the Combahee River Raid as anomalies among Black abolitionists as they lectured about the evils of enslavement and worked to end it for all. It describes African-Americans that were born enslaved, never experienced the Middle Passage, and had initiated the processes of creating new cultures and languages that fused Western African and European elements.
Worth a Thousand Words
Authors: Szto Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the role of seeing in social work education. Seeing is essential to how social workers observe, process information, and understand the social world. An advantage of a keen observer is effectively advancing social work practice. Without clear-eyed observations, clients, communities, and social problems are difficult to see and prone to invisibility. Seeing involves more than the biomechanics of the eye. Seeing involves how the mind perceives the social world and grasps the spiritual dimension of human experience. Human spirituality is viewed as integral to comprehending meaning, creativity, and engaging personhood. A biocognitive-spiritual conception of personhood is examined in relation to seeing. In particular, a reflexive approach to the art form of photography is taken to demonstrate a holistic approach to personhood and development of a visual epistemology for social work education.
Building and Repairing Through the Arts
Authors: Ghazaleh Nesrien Abu , Heredia Osvaldo , Bos Eltje 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 explores the intersection of positive psychology and the arts. Positive psychology is a strength-based theory that seeks to empower characterological strengths, foster community connection, and encourage belonging. Examples are provided about how the arts and positive psychology are integrated as both therapeutic and mindful practice methods to mitigate negative feelings and elevate positive emotions, serving as both interventive and preventive strategies. Although much of the research and practices were concentrated on how positive psychology and the arts work to support resilience and strength in the professions and everyday life, it is acknowledged that it alone may not be sufficient to alleviate deep-seated human suffering. The positivity/expressive interconnection, however, is especially salient in the postpandemic world, where burnout, secondary trauma, and compassion fatigue is a global public health problem.
Microaggressions
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a history of microaggressions. The term was coined in 1970 by a Black Harvard psychologist, Chester Pierce, to describe the “subtle blows” experienced by Black people that are not major or explicit and yet cause real harm. Though little was written about microaggressions for three decades, microaggressions gained traction in 2007 through the work of psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his colleagues. Chapter 1 discusses Sue et al.’s work on microaggressions, tracing key revisions and developments the concept has undergone in the last 15 years. It also outlines some of the main criticisms that have been launched against microaggressions and considers responses that have been offered. This chapter provides the groundwork for Chapter 2, which lays out a novel critique of the dominant understanding of microaggressions. It also motivates our reconceptualization of microaggressions that comprises the majority of this book.
Microaggressions Reconsidered
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In response to the problems of an act-based account of microaggressions discussed in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 advances a revised account: the harm-based account of microaggressions. Instead of understanding microaggressions from the perspective of the acts committed by microaggressing agents, this chapter argues that the concept must be reoriented toward recipients of microaggressions and the harms they experience. The three types of microaggressions that comprise a harm-based account are epistemic microaggressions, which result in epistemic harm (namely, harm to someone in their capacity as a knower); emotional microaggressions, which result in emotional harm; and self-identity microaggressions microaggression, which result in harm to one’s sense of self. This chapter introduces and provides examples of each category of microaggression and demonstrates how a harm-based account is theoretically, practically, and morally preferable to an act-based account. It sets the foundation for the rest of the book where each type of microaggression is developed within medical and healthcare contexts.
How Academic Centers Can Accelerate Partnerships and Progress in Maternal Health
Authors: Stuebe Alison M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies a socioecological model to outline the many ways that academic health centers (AHCs) can accelerate progress in maternal health, from individual-level patient care to scholarship and society. The discussion provides examples of innovative programs and policies at multiple institutions. An enterprise-wide approach to community engagement will require reconsideration of communities, moving from viewing them as people or groups in need of service to seeing them as assets who can help AHCs better understand and address social determinants of health, enhance students’ and trainees’ ability to provide care, and increase the relevance and potential impact of research discoveries. By engaging community members and other stakeholders as partners with unique strengths, wisdom, and lived experience, AHCs can be part of transformative solutions to improve health and well-being for every birthing person.
Transformational Maternal and Child Health through Expanded Healthcare Coordination and Community Engagement
Authors: Calvo Ahmed V. , Stadtmueller Lyndsey , Isama Anita , O’Neill Erica , Loafman Mark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Improving current outcomes in maternal and child health requires additional insights beyond the remarkable investment in, and advances of, traditional healthcare. A life-course perspective and a comprehensive scope that includes community collaboration and an expanded healthcare team are needed. The lessons learned from the Perinatal and Patient Safety Collaborative can help formulate the type of framework that is needed beyond a traditional clinical practice; for example, the need to include other disciplines, such as dental care and mental health. Using a network approach can result in wider collaboration that leverages local organizations to engage the community and address components not resolvable by traditional medical care. Modern data analytics have promise for advancing both individual care and community care, leveraging lessons from population and public health.
Activating Our Village in Los Angeles County: Birth Equity and Black Families
Authors: Desjolais Brandi Sims , Franklin Melissa , O’Connor Helen , Patterson Kaci , Aadam Sonya Young , Allen Deborah , Jones Adjoa , Swilley Sylvia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To have joyous, healthy pregnancies and birth experiences, Black women and families must activate their village. In Los Angeles County, California, The Los Angeles County African American Infant and Maternal Mortality (AAIMM) Prevention Initiative has become an extension of that village. It is a coalition made up of activists, funders, clinicians, birth workers, epidemiologists, and parents representing public health, health care, mental health agencies, and community and faith-based organizations. The goal of AAIMM is to address the high rates of Black infant and maternal death and to ensure healthy and joyous births for Black families in Los Angeles County. In this chapter, we describe the importance and the power of naming racism as the root cause of inequality in perinatal health, outline the benefits of a unified public–private partnership in effecting large-scale change, and examine what it takes to operationalize a collaborative antiracist agenda. The chapter aims to show the importance of coming to a collective understanding, framing, and decision-making.
Centering Equity: Systemic Racism and Social Determinants of Maternal Health
Authors: Hernandez Natalie D. , Johnson Tamaron A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of structural racism on maternal health in the United States. Structural racism is understood as a social determinant of health that has negative implications for the health and well-being of racially and ethnically diverse birthing people, the majority of whom are women. The chapter explores the history of reproductive abuses against racially and ethnically diverse women. It connects this past to present issues of disproportionately high maternal mortality rates in the United States compared to any other developed nation. Reproductive justice is presented as an equity-centered framework that is useful in acknowledging the dismal state of maternal health and offers valuable tools to oppose and challenge structural racism in maternal health. A reproductive justice framework demands acknowledgment of past reproductive abuses in addressing reproductive health disparities.
Doulas and Incarcerated Populations
Authors: Hayes Crystal , Pizii Marisa 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Carceral systems play a key role the maternal health as many women are incarcerated during their critical reproductive health years. Reproductive justice is an analytical and organizing tool that has the power to shift how we think about supporting pregnant women in prison systems. Part of this support is care that is offered through prison-based doulas. This chapter provides an overview of the history of reproductive justice, and describes how this framework can be used to reshape the healthcare and maternal care women receive while they are incarcerated. This chapter is also an autoethnography of two Black women, doulas and childbirth educators, who work in carceral spaces. They describe some of their experiences and the challenges they faced working in a women’s facility.
Our Habitat and Disposable Stuff
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A study of words like house, home, threshold, ajar, and bed is bound up with the history of material culture, and the sections about them address some of the basic questions of civilization. One learns what thought processes stood behind calling people’s habitation “house,” why not every house could be called “home,” why thresholds were places meant for threshing corn (grain), and why it was important, in English and elsewhere, to coin a word for a half-open door. Things we dispose of and throw away (litter, trash, rubbish, and garbage) are people’s eternal companions, and the words coined to designate them are often expressive (sound-imitative and sound-symbolic). Few of them have a clear origin, and there is, predictably, little agreement about their etymology. Litter is an exception, but, in the beginning, it had nothing to do with disposable stuff. One also wonders why language makes such fine distinctions and has so many words for nearly the same thing. Gibberish belongs to this group by association. The history of its pronunciation and meaning is full of uncertainty and intrigue.
A Few Idioms
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The origin of idioms is often as complicated as the origin of words. Though the idioms we use are seldom very old, a few go back to the Middle Ages. One needs professional training to become an etymologist, but the origin of idioms appears to be a subject within everybody’s reach. Hence a great multitude of fanciful hypotheses, reference to nonexisting myths (especially from Old Norse) and to individuals who never existed. Yet by hook or by crook and raining cats and dogs seem to have been explained in a satisfactory manner, with reference to old customs. The same holds for pay through the nose, quite probably a phrase of nautical origin (no one’s noses were mutilated for the purpose). Special sections are devoted to those phrases. God’s acre was popularized by Henry W. Longfellow, and its history is instructive in that all the materials pertaining to it were once published in the popular press (Notes and Queries) and later only summarized by a professor from Harvard. Rotten Row is a place name, rather than an idiom (there are many places in England called this!), but research into it follows the same lines as research into idioms. It appears that the origin of Rotten Row has been accounted for in a satisfactory manner.
A Palace War, not a Revolution
Authors: Ollion Étienne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter begins by recounting the main events of the 2017 French electoral season, an atypical campaign that led to the election of 38-year-old Emmanuel Macron, who had never been elected to office and lacked the support of an established political party when he launched his campaign. Yet this initiative proved to be very successful, for him as well as for the hundreds of MPs who entered parliament just one month after him. This cohort was hailed by some as a game changer, with its scores of novices, its unseen representation of women, and the diminishing mean age. But, for critics, the change was a superficial public relations exercise, and the few dozen inexperienced MPs a gauzy distraction from the reality of a parliament that remained as unrepresentative as ever. Comparative analysis across cohorts offers original insights in this debate, and into French political careers. Using sequence analysis, it shows that the 2017 vaunted renewal was for the most part a career accelerator for many. The 2017 election is more akin to a “great shortcut,” where dozens of elected officials collectively took advantage of a shake-up in the order of succession to bypass the queue they were already waiting in.