bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of calcium channel blockers on outcome following the surgical treatment of phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas
Authors: Lebuffe G. , Dosseh E. D. , Tek G. , Tytgat H. , Moreno S. , Tavernier B. , Vallet B. , Proye C. A. G. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe peri‐operative management of patients undergoing surgery for phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma with calcium channel blockers (CCB) and their impact on postoperative morbidity and mortality were studied. The medical records of 105 patients undergoing surgery between 1991 and 2002 were analysed retrospectively. In all patients, the calcium channel blocker nicardipine was used for the peri‐operative management of haemodynamic changes. Sixty‐five patients (61.9%) showed transient intra‐operative hypertension. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 220 mmHg and SBP > 180 mmHg for > 10 consecutive minutes was observed in 14 (13%) and four patients (2.8%), respectively. SBP < 80 mmHg for > 10 consecutive minutes occurred in 13 patients (12.3%). Eleven patients (10.4%) developed postoperative complications and three patients died (2.8%). The median (range) ICU and hospital length of stay were, respectively, 1 (0–7) day and 10 (2–35) days. The sole use of calcium channel blockers for the peri‐operative management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma resection does not prevent all haemodynamic changes; however, its use was associated with a low morbidity and mortality.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Physostigmine for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering following general anaesthesia – a placebo‐controlled comparison with nefopam
Authors: Röhm K. D. , Riechmann J. , Boldt J. , Schuler S. , Suttner S. W. , Piper S. N. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryPhysostigmine was studied for its efficacy in the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering compared to nefopam and placebo. We studied 89 patients undergoing abdominal and urological surgery. The study was randomised and double‐blind, the patients received physostigmine 2 mg (n = 31), nefopam 10 mg (n = 30) or saline (n = 28). Haemodynamic parameters and temperature were measured at induction of anaesthesia (T0), and 5 min (T1), 15 min (T2), 30 min (T3) and 60 min (T4) after reaching the postanaesthetic care unit (PACU). Significantly less shivering occurred following administration of physostigmine and nefopam (9.7 and 3.3%) compared to placebo (53.6%). The degree of shivering was also significantly reduced following physostigmine and nefopam (p < 0.01). Extubation time, haemodynamic parameters and tympanic temperature were found to be similar in all groups. Aldrete score, duration of PACU stay and postoperative analgesic requirements did not differ between the groups. Only nefopam significantly (p < 0.01) reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting. Physostigmine is a safe alternative to nefopam, significantly reducing the incidence and severity of postanaesthetic shivering without affecting postanaesthetic recovery.
A comparison of 0.2 and 0.5 mg intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement
Authors: Bowrey S. , Hamer J. , Bowler I. , Symonds C. , Hall J. E. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe optimal dose of intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after major surgery is a matter of debate, with some uncertainty concerning the therapeutic potential and safety of intrathecal morphine in the dose range 0.3–1.0 mg. This randomised double‐blind study compared the efficacy and side‐effect profile of 0.2 mg and 0.5 mg intrathecal morphine in 70 patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. The primary endpoint was the number of patients requiring rescue analgesia (tramadol) during the first 24 h postoperatively. Secondary endpoints included consumption of tramadol and the incidence of adverse effects. Fewer patients in the 0.5‐mg group required rescue analgesia in the first 24 h than in the 0.2‐mg group (16 (48%) vs 28 (85%), respectively; p = 0.003). Median (IQR [range]) tramadol consumption was lower in the 0.5‐mg group than in the 0.2‐mg group (0 (0–100 [0–350]) mg vs 100 (50–100 [0–350]) mg, respectively; p = 0.02). The incidence of adverse effects was similar in both groups. This study has demonstrated that 0.5 mg intrathecal morphine produces better analgesia than 0.2 mg after knee replacement without any increase in side‐effects.
A comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and diamorphine as adjuncts in spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section
Authors: Lane S. , Evans P. , Arfeen Z. , Misra U. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThis randomised controlled trial examines the effects of fentanyl and diamorphine, alone and in combination, as adjuncts to spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Ninety‐nine women undergoing elective Caesarean section with spinal anaesthesia using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine were randomly allocated to receive fentanyl 15 μg (F), diamorphine 0.25 mg (D), or fentanyl 15 μg plus diamorphine 0.25 mg (FD), intrathecally. All women received morphine via a patient controlled analgesia system after surgery. There was no significant difference between the groups in time to achieve a block, discomfort, ephedrine use, nausea and vomiting, pruritus and sedation during surgery. Significant differences were observed in morphine consumption 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after surgery between both F and D groups, and F and FD groups, and also at 2 h between F and FD groups. There was a significant difference in pruritus at 4 h between the F and FD group. Our results suggest that diamorphine alone provides optimum benefits during and after surgery, when used in combination with hyperbaric bupivacaine for Caesarean section.
Broadband constant‐coefficient propagators
Authors: Fu Li‐Yun 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThe phase error between the real phase shift and the Gazdag background phase shift, due to lateral velocity variations about a reference velocity, can be decomposed into axial and paraxial phase errors. The axial phase error depends only on velocity perturbations and hence can be completely removed by the split‐step Fourier method. The paraxial phase error is a cross function of velocity perturbations and propagation angles. The cross function can be approximated with various differential operators by allowing the coefficients to vary with velocity perturbations and propagation angles. These variable‐coefficient operators require finite‐difference numerical implementation. Broadband constant‐coefficient operators may provide an efficient alternative that approximates the cross function within the split‐step framework and allows implementation using Fourier transforms alone. The resulting migration accuracy depends on the localization of the constant‐coefficient operators. A simple broadband constant‐coefficient operator has been designed and is tested with the SEG/EAEG salt model. Compared with the split‐step Fourier method that applies to either weak‐contrast media or at small propagation angles, this operator improves wavefield extrapolation for large to strong lateral heterogeneities, except within the weak‐contrast region. Incorporating the split‐step Fourier operator into a hybrid implementation can eliminate the poor performance of the broadband constant‐coefficient operator in the weak‐contrast region. This study may indicate a direction of improving the split‐step Fourier method, with little loss of efficiency, while allowing it to remain faster than more precise methods such as the Fourier finite‐difference method.
Detection of thyroglobulin mRNA as truncated isoform(s) in mouse thymus
Authors: Li Haiyan S. , Carayanniotis George 
Published: April 2005

SummaryRecent studies employing reverse transription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) have demonstrated the intrathymic presence of mRNA for various autoantigens, including thyroglobulin (Tg). Deliberations on the mechanisms of central tolerance usually assume that this approach detects intact mRNA transcripts that can be translated to express the whole autoantigen in the thymus. In the present study, we tested this assumption using mRNA transcripts of mouse Tg which encode at least 13 pathogenic peptides, scattered over a large (8·5 kb) sequence. We found that mRNA encoding 11 out of these 13 Tg peptides was present in both the thyroid and the thymus of CBA/J mice, with no apparent temporal fluctuations in expression from birth to 12 weeks of age. Interestingly, detection of these sequences was also demonstrable in the liver and kidney, but not in muscle. However, mRNA encoding two pathogenic peptides (amino acids 1–12 and amino acids 1579–1591) was detected intrathyroidally but not in the other tissues. Further analysis by RT–PCR showed that Tg mRNA transcripts in the thymus, liver and kidney lack segments within the 1–915 bp and 961–5013 bp regions, spANNing exons 1–7 and 9–22, respectively. These data strongly suggest that certain known and perhaps other, as yet unmapped, pathogenic T‐cell epitopes of Tg cANNot be encoded by the truncated isoform(s) of intrathymic Tg mRNA. These findings also imply that central tolerance to endogenous Tg produced by thymic epithelial cells may be incomplete.
Modulated interaction of the ERM protein, moesin, with CD93
Authors: Zhang Mingyu , Bohlson Suzanne S. , Dy Marisela , Tenner Andrea J. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryCD93 is a cell‐surface glycoprotein that has been shown to influence defence collagen‐enhanced Fc‐receptor or CR1‐mediated phagocytosis of suboptimally opsonized targets in vitro, and CD93‐deficient mice are defective in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. To investigate the mechanism of CD93 modulation of phagocytic activity, GST fusion proteins containing the 47 amino acid intracellular domain (GST‐Cyto), or various mutants of the intracellular domain of CD93, were constructed and used to identify intracellular CD93‐binding molecules. The intracellular protein moesin, well characterized for its role in linking transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and in cytoskeletal remodelling, bound to GST‐Cyto when either cell lysates or recombinant moesin were used as a source of interacting molecules. An association of moesin with CD93 within intact cells was confirmed by co‐capping moesin with CD93 in human monocytes. The moesin‐binding site on CD93 mapped to the first four positively charged amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of the CD93 cytoplasmic tail. Interestingly, deletion of the last 11 amino acids from the C terminus of CD93 (GST‐Cyto‐C11) dramatically increased moesin binding to the cytoplasmic tail of CD93 in the cell lysate assay, but not when the binding of purified recombinant moesin was assessed. Furthermore, moesin binding to CD93 was enhanced by the addition of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2). Taken together, these data suggest that the interaction of moesin with the CD93 cytoplasmic domain is modulated by binding of other intracellular molecules to the C11 region and implies that a PIP2 signalling pathway is involved in CD93 function.
CD4+ T‐cell responses and distribution at the colonic mucosa during Brachyspira hyodysenteriae‐induced colitis in pigs
Authors: Hontecillas Raquel , Bassaganya‐Riera Josep , Wilson Jennifer , Hutto David L. , Wannemuehler Michael J. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe spirochaete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes swine dysentery, a severe colitis characterized by mucosal enlargement as a result of crypt elongation and epithelial necrosis. Most efforts to understand the pathogenesis of this disease have focused on the aetiological agent and its virulence factors. However, the host immune response has been considered an important factor in disease development. Previous research has shown that B. hyodysenteriae induces systemic CD4+ and γδ T‐cell responses after intramuscular immunization. Here, we have evaluated changes in the CD4+ and γδ T‐cell composition and distribution the different compartments of the colonic mucosa of pigs challenged with B. hyodysenteriae. We report that, in infected pigs, γδ T cells were significantly depleted from the epithelial layer, although their numbers were maintained in the lamina propria. In addition, CD4+ T cells aggregated in clusters located in the lamina propria and submucosa. Ex vivo analyses of CD4+ T‐cell responses to B. hyodysenteriae antigens correlated with the changes in the mucosal CD4+ T‐cell distribution observed in infected pigs; CD4+ T cells recovered from peripheral blood and colonic lymph nodes of infected pigs proliferated to B. hyodysenteriae antigens, whereas no differences were found in the γδ T‐cell responses between challenged and control groups. In addition, colonic lymph node CD4+ T cells had a predominant memory/activated phenotype. These results indicate that infection with B. hyodysenteriae induces a mucosal CD4+ T‐cell response and points to CD4+ T cells being important contributors to the immunopathogenesis of swine dysentery.
Induction of human papillomavirus type 16‐specific immunologic responses in a normal and an human papillomavirus‐infected populations
Authors: Cheng Wen‐Fang , Lee Chien‐Nan , Su Yi‐Ning , Chang Ming‐Cheng , Hsiao Wen‐Chun , Chen Chi‐An , Hsieh Chang‐Yao 
Published: April 2005

SummaryHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially with the oncogenic genotypes, is the most important risk factor for developing cervical cancer. We focused on generating HPV16 E7‐specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and evaluating HPV16 E7‐specific immune responses in HPV16‐infected and uninfected populations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first collected from an uninfected group with an human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) A2 haplotype (four volunteers). Mature monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from the PBMCs and pulsed with one of two HLA‐A2‐restricted E7 peptides, aa 11–20 [YMLDLQPETT] and aa 86–93 [TLGIVCPI], as antigen presenting cells. The autologous naïve or cultured PBMCs were then cultured with peptide‐pulsed DCs to detect the HPV16 E7‐specific immune responses by a variety of techniques such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay. Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) from E7‐specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes stimulated with the respective peptide was detected by ELISA. Using ELISPOT analysis, a marked increase in the number of IFN‐γ‐secreting CD8+ E7‐specific lymphocytes was observed following peptide stimulation. Cultured CD8+ T lymphocytes were highly cytotoxic against the CaSki cells. PBMCs were then colleted from an HPV16‐infected population of the HLA‐A2 haplotype, including four persons of HPV16 infection only, four with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions, and four cervical cancer patients. We then compared the immunologic responses to E7 between HPV16‐infected and uninfected populations by ELISA and ELISPOT assay. The E7‐specific immunologic responses of the HPV16‐infected populations were significantly higher than those of the uninfected population. In addition, persons with an HPV16 infection only or those with CIN lesions generated higher E7‐specific immunologic responses than cervical cancer patients. Our results demonstrate methods for evaluating E7‐sepcific immunologic responses and reflect the biological responses of HPV16‐infected people during different periods of cervical disease.
Epicutaneous immunization induces αβ T‐cell receptor CD4 CD8 double‐positive non‐specific suppressor T cells that inhibit contact sensitivity via transforming growth factor‐β
Authors: Szczepanik Marian , Bryniarski Krzysztof , Tutaj Monika , Ptak Maria , Skrzeczynska Joanna , Askenase Philip W. , Ptak Wlodzimierz 
Published: April 2005

SummarySince it was previously shown that protein antigens applied epicutaneously in mice induce allergic dermatitis mediated by production of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines we postulated that this might induce suppression of Th1 immunity. Here we show that epicutaneous immunization of normal mice with a different protein antigen applied on the skin in the form of a patch induces a state of subsequent antigen‐non‐specific unresponsiveness caused by suppressor T cells (Ts) that inhibit sensitization and elicitation of effector T‐cell responses. Suppression is transferable in vivo by αβ‐T‐cell receptor CD4+ CD8+ double positive lymphocytes harvested from lymphoid organs of skin patched animals and are not major histocompatibility complex‐restricted nor antigen specific. Both CD25+ and CD25– CD4+ CD8+ T cells are able to suppress adoptive transfer of Th1 effector cells mediating cutaneous contact sensitivity. In vivo treatment with monoclonal antibodies showed that the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) are involved in the induction of the Ts cells. Additionally, using IL‐10–/– mice we found that IL‐10 is involved in skin induced tolerance. Further in vitro experiments showed that lymph node cells of skin tolerized mice non‐specifically suppress [3H]thymidine incorporation by antigen‐stimulated immune cells and this effect can be abolished by adding anti‐TGF‐β, but not anti‐IL‐4 nor anti‐IL‐10 antibodies. These studies indicate the crucial role of TGF‐β in skin induced tolerance due to non‐antigen‐specific Ts cells and also show that IL‐4, IL‐10 and TGF‐β play an important role in the induction of epicutaneously induced Ts cell suppression.
Increasing the foreignness of an antigen, by coupling a second and foreign antigen to it, increases the T helper type 2 component of the immune response to the first antigen
Authors: Ismail Nahed , Basten Antony , Briscoe Helen , Bretscher Peter A. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryIt has been proposed that the degree of an antigen's foreignness is important in determining the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the immune response it generates. We test this hypothesis here and partially dissect the underlying mechanism. Immunization of C57BL/6 and hen egg lysozyme (HEL)‐transgenic mice, tolerant to HEL at the T‐cell level, with low doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC), generated a predominant T helper type 1 (Th1) response in both mouse strains. However, substantial numbers of SRBC‐specific Th2 cells were generated when normal, but not HEL‐transgenic, mice were immunized with a low dose of the conjugate HEL‐SRBC. The generation of these anti‐SRBC Th2 cells in normal mice required that HEL be coupled to SRBC, since HEL was ineffective in deviating the response to SRBC when present but coupled to another, non‐cross‐reacting, xenogeneic RBC. This Th2 deviation of the anti‐SRBC response by HEL thus requires the operational recognition of HEL epitopes linked to SRBC. Thus increasing the foreignness of an antigen increases its ability to generate Th2 cells. Our findings, in the context of previous observations in related systems, support the proposal that more CD4+ T‐cell/CD4+ T‐cell interactions, mediated by the operational recognition of linked epitopes, are required to generate Th2 cells than Th1 cells.
Cloning and characterization of equine CD89 and identification of the CD89 gene in chimpanzees and rhesus macaques
Authors: Morton H. Craig , Pleass Richard J. , Storset Anne K. , Brandtzaeg Per , Woof Jenny M. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryImmunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major antibody class present in external secretions of mammals. At the vulnerable mucosal surfaces, IgA provides a crucial first‐line defence by neutralizing pathogens. Primates also have a substantial level of IgA in serum and although not well understood, the biological role of this IgA depends, at least partly, on its ability to interact with specific receptors (FcαRs) on the surface of leucocytes. The human FcαR, CD89, was the first IgA Fc receptor to be identified and binding of IgA‐coated particles to CD89 triggers numerous cellular effector functions, including phagocytosis, antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and release of inflammatory mediators, all of which may play an important role in both systemic and mucosal immunity. For many years humans were the only species known to express CD89, however, it has recently been cloned from cows and rats. Here, we describe the identification of the CD89 gene in three additional species: horses, chimpanzees, and Rhesus macaques. Equine CD89 was identified at the cDNA level, whereas the chimpanzee and Rhesus macaque genes were identified from the available draft genomic sequence. Interestingly, when compared with humans and other primates, horses, cows and rats have a relatively low concentration of serum IgA, so the role of CD89 in these species is of particular interest. The identification and characterization of CD89 in different species will contribute to a greater understanding of the biological role of IgA and CD89 in mucosal and systemic immunity throughout evolution.
The role of macrophages in the in vitro generation of extracellular DNA from apoptotic and necrotic cells
Authors: Choi Jin‐Jung , Reich Charles F. , Pisetsky David S. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryCell death is a ubiquitous process that occurs by apoptosis or necrosis depending on the triggering event. While apoptotic and necrotic cells differ biochemically, both are cleared by macrophages for elimination. The process is very efficient, although DNA can appear in the blood in various clinical conditions associated with cell death. To define the role of macrophages in the generation of extracellular DNA, in vitro experiments were performed, assessing the release of DNA into the media of apoptotic or necrotic Jurkat cells cultured with RAW264.7 or J774 macrophage cell lines. DNA was measured by a fluorimetric assay using the dye PicoGreen. In these experiments, while necrotic cells alone did not release DNA, in the presence of macrophages, significant amounts of DNA appeared in the medium. This DNA contained sequences from the Jurkat cells and had reduced molecular weight in comparison to cellular DNA. Furthermore, coculture of macrophages with enucleated necrotic Jurkat cells did not release DNA, suggesting that the DNA came from the dead cell. In contrast, Jurkat cells made apoptotic by treatment with either staurosporine or etoposide spontaneously released DNA, while coculture with macrophages caused a decrease in the DNA released. With apoptotic cells, the DNA in the medium showed low molecular weight and laddering whether or not macrophages were present. Together, these results indicate that macrophages play an important role in the generation of extracellular DNA from dead and dying cells, with the effect dependent on how the cell died.