bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Bunk Didn’t Teach Me”
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bunk Johnson sprang unexpectedly from obscurity in 1939, when scholars began to take a keen interest in the early New Orleanian period. Johnson made many claims about his historic role that were later shown to be false. He put himself forward as Armstrong’s main mentor, and though Armstrong supported Johnson (see the Appendix), he also made clear in this article and elsewhere that he got very little from Johnson, musically or otherwise. Since Johnson’s contrary claims have continued to appear in biographies (as recently as 1997), it is worth reprinting Armstrong’s clear statement, which appeared in an article titled “Bunk Didn’t Teach Me,” with byline “as told by Louis Armstrong,” from The Record Changer in 1950. Reprinted here are passages identified as Armstrong’s words by quotation marks in the original article.
Letter To Isidore Barbarin (September I, 1922)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the earliest known document written by Armstrong. Armstrong wrote it a few weeks after having arrived in Chicago from New Orleans. Isidore Barbarin (cornet and mellophone) started playing before the turn of the century in marching bands, including the Onward Brass Band and the Excelsior Brass Band, two of the best in the city. Armstrong probably played with him in the Tuxedo Brass Band just before leaving New Orleans for Chicago. The “Celestin” referred to would be Oscar “Papa” Celestin, who founded the Tuxedo Brass Band in 1911. Ernest “Ninesse” Trepagnier played in this band from 1916 until 1928. In Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans (p. 143), Armstrong describes this band: “Several times later[the Robichaux band] asked us to join their band, but I had already given Celestin ... my consent to join him Personally I thought Celestin’s Tuxedo Band was the hottest in town since the days of the Onward Brass Band with Em manuel Perez and Joe Oliver holding down the cornet section So after Joe Oliver went to Chicago, the Tuxedo Brass Band got all the funerals and parades.”
“Jazz On A High Note” (1951)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For this article, Esquire asked Armstrong to comment on some recordings from the middle years of the I 920s-mainly the legendary Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings that made him one of the central figures in jazz history. Along with some colorful stories, Armstrong reports on what the initial experiences with recording were like for him and his colleagues, who did not form a working band but were assembled for this studio work. Armstrong and Lil Hardin Armstrong collaborated on the back steps of her apartment, composing songs specifically for the recording sessions. If, near the end of a session, the studio asked for an additional song that the musicians did not have, they simply made one up on the spot, happy to accept a flat fee and assign royalties to the company. “Mike fright” was a problem, and a mistake in handling a sheet of lyrics produced one of the first recorded examples of a scat vocal.
Early Years With Lucille (ca. 1970)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This untitled document begins in mid-paragraph and ends in mid-sentence. Armstrong describes his courtship with Lucille, beginning in 1938, their marriage in 1942, and their purchase of a house in Corona, New York. A good supplement to this document is an article from Ebony (Armstrong 1954b) titled “Why I Like Dark Women,” which includes reflections on Lucille’s success as a dancer at the Cotton Club: “When I first saw her the glow of her deep-brown skin got me deep down. When we first met, she was dancing in the line at the old Cotton Club and was the darkest girl in the line. Dark, that is, by prevailing standards of Negro beauty. Lucille was the first girl to crack the high yellow color standard used to pick girls for the famous Cotton Club chorus line. I think she was a distinguished pioneer. I suppose I’m partial to brown and dark-skinned women, anyhow. None of my four wives was a light-colored woman.”
Letter To Joe Glaser (August 2, 1955)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This letter reveals a side of Louis Armstrong that does not neatly conform to his public image. Writing to his manager, Joe Glaser, from the Moulin Rouge hotel in Las Vegas, Armstrong wants to “get my seriousness over with” before his wife Lucille arrives on a late-night flight. The seriousness involves a series of financial commitments that Arm strong wants Glaser to assume while Armstrong tours overseas. Armstrong liked to have his manager take care of all business arrangements, leaving him free to concentrate on performing. He was happy to give up control as long as he received regular and generous stipends. He knew that he could make more money under different contractual arrangements, yet he also knew how to assert his will upon occasion, as this letter reveals.
“Scanning The History Of Jazz” (1960)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asked by The Jazz Review in 1960 to “scan” the history of jazz, Armstrong reflects first on the golden age of his youth. He then comments on more recent and less desirable music-”modern slop.” Not to end sourly, he offers a story (a simpler, less personal version is told in “The Satchmo Story”) that explains by analogy his appreciation of a great deal of music, even when it is less than first-rate. Just as the sister in church appre ciated the inferior preacher, since she could “look over his shoulder and see Jesus just the same,” so Armstrong discovers the superior qualities of a great musician like Joe Oliver shining through music played by inferior musicians-as long as they “display their willing ness to play as best they could.” It is a powerful analogy that sheds light on Armstrong’s musical and spiritual values.
Strategies for the Rehabilitation of Cognitive Loss in Late Life Due to Stroke
Authors: Skilbeck Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, the importance of cognitive rehabilitation is being recognized as a key factor in the outcome of general rehabilitation following stroke. Most areas of rehabilitation rely upon the patient’s learning, and if cognitive deficits are frustrating this learning process, then all aspects of the rehabilitation program will be frustrated to some degree. For example, Lincoln, Drummond, and Berman (1997), in a multiple regression study of 315 inpatients, found that a main predictor of activities-of-daily living (ADL) outcome at 12 months poststroke was a measure of visual organization (Rey figure copy score; Lezak, 1995) on admission.
Transplanting Trees
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transplanting is the moving of a tree from one location to another in such a manner that it will continue to grow. Success, however, is not determined by whether the tree merely survives but rather by its ability to resume growth and development with the least interruption. Transplanting includes moving both field grown and container-grown trees.
Tree Preservation and Repair
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mature trees, in addition to providing shade, beauty, and a relaxing atmosphere, enhance the value of property. Therefore, it is important to preserve trees when their roots, trunk, or limbs are threatened by the actions of nature or man. Physical damage to tree structure is usually obvious: broken limbs, damaged bark, exposed roots. However, lives of trees are more often threatened by damage that cannot be seen on casual inspection: internal decay, boring or mining insects, root suffocation. Some forms of damage are preventable; some are not. The preservation of mature trees depends on preventing damage where possible and ameliorating the impact of damage once it has occurred.
Diagnosing Tree Problems
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors are often asked by commercial arborists, county extension agents, city park departments, nurserymen, landscape architects, public utility companies, and homeowners to diagnose the cause of decline or death of shade and ornamental trees. For example, at the request of a public utility company, during the summer of 1956 P. P. Pirone examined and then diagnosed the cause of many abnormalities among more than 300 trees in New York City. Since then he examined several thousand more trees in New York, New Jersey, and Long Island, New York. In addition, the authors have examined thousands of diseased and declining landscape trees in Kentucky, California, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Indiana, England, and France.
Parasitic Diseases of Trees
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although disease control unquestionably constitutes one of the major phases of successful tree maintenance, it is often the least clearly understood by the arborist. This lack of understanding is due partly to the difficulty of recognizing disease symptoms and partly to the complex nature of the parasitic agents. Insufficient knowledge of the various chemicals used to combat diseases and of their proper applications is also a contributing factor.
Neuroanatomic Basis for Reorganization of Function After Prefrontal Damage in Primates
Authors: Barbas Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural connections in primates constitute an extensive communication network underlying all neural processes, ranging from simple reflexes to complex executive functions. Consequently, damage to a specific neural structure and functional compensation, when it occurs, are not isolated events but rather change the network of which the structure is a part.
Rapid Reorganization Of Subcortical and Cortical Maps in Adult Primates
Authors: Xu J , Wall J T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The somatosensory system has its beginning in sensory nerves that transmit signals from the body to the spinal cord and brainstem. From these levels, information is then processed in the thalamus before reaching cortical areas. This system is organized somatotopically and, as a result, each level contains a map or representation of cutaneous inputs from the body. It was long thought that these maps were formed during development and thereafter were unable to change for the remainder of life. Thus, peripheral injuries in adults were believed to cause loss of functioning in related parts of central maps (see Chapter 1, this volume).
Neuroimaging of Functional Recovery
Authors: Buckner Pandy L , Petersen Steven E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental issue in studying recovery after brain damage is trying to understand how remaining (intact) brain regions support compensated capabilities. This broad issue directly prompts exploration of two related questions: (1) What are the brain pathways that support functioning in a given domain in the intact brain and (2) How are these pathways changed in the damaged brain? To answer these questions it is essential to have methods that allow observation of neural activity in the intact and damaged brain. For these methods to be truly useful they must be robust enough to identify brain areas active in different patient groups and individual subjects.
When a Little Becomes Much:Religious Resources in Action
Authors: Harris Fredrick C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each of the church leaders gathered at the Carter Temple CME Church that August morning had, two weeks earlier, received a letter written on Braun’s campaign stationery addressed to them as “Dear Leader of Faith,” inviting them to “a good morning of fellowship with Illinois Democratic nominee for Senate, Carol Moseley Braun.” The invitation had a head shot of the smiling candidate on one side and a list of forty ministers who made up the event’s steering and organizing committees on the other; it was clear that the Braun campaign was strategically targeting religious leaders to mobilize blacks for the upcoming election.
Varina Howell Davis (1826-1906)
Authors: Cashin Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born into the wealthy planter class in Mississippi, Varina How-ell enjoyed the trappings of privilege that were conspicuous in the antebellum South. Her upbringing had many Northern influences, however, for her father, William Burr Howell, was from New Jersey. He sent his young daughter to an academy in Philadelphia, and on her return home engaged for her a tutor from Massachusetts. Varina Howell met the widower Jefferson Davis, a member of a Mississippi planter family, when she was sixteen.
Rose Schneiderman (1882-1972)
Authors: Orleck Annelise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rose Schneiderman was born in Saven, Poland, in 1882 to a close-knit Orthodox fewish family. In 1890 the family came to New York City. Poverty forced Schneiderman to enter the paid work force at thirteen, first as a saleswoman and then as a capmaker. By 1904 she was the first woman to be elected to the general executive board of an American labor union, the United Cloth Hat and Cap Makers Union.
Georgia O'Keefe (1887-1986)
Authors: Peters Sarah Whitaker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Georgia O’Keeffe, a major figure in the evolution of twentieth-century American art, was born November 15, 1887, on a farm near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, the second child and first daughter of Francis Calixtus and Ida O’Keeffe. She attended parochial and private schools in Wisconsin, and graduated from the Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia (1905-1906). For the next two years, O’Keeffe studied at the Art Institute in Chicago and the Art Student’s League in New York.
Ella Baker (1903-1986)
Authors: Clinton Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1903, Ella Baker never forgot her roots. Her father Blake was a waiter on the ferry to Washington, while her mother Georgianna was active in the church. When the family moved to Littleton, North Carolina in 1910, they settled on land once owned by Baker’s grandparents’ former master. Her parents prized education and Baker graduated from Shaw University, a black college in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1927. She moved to New York City and became a journalist and reformer, participating in local New Deal politics.
Betty Friedan (b. 1921)
Authors: Meyer Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Betty Friedan was born Betty Naomi Goldstein on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois. From 1938 to 1942 she attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, graduating summa cum laude in psychology. She then went to the University of California, Berkeley, for postgraduate study but left after a year to pursue a newspaper career in New York. She married Carl Friedan soon thereafter and had three children, Emily, Daniel, and Jonathan.
Talking Politics
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there has been one communications format that has become emblematic of the new media it is talk radio. Once anchoring the night shift of the airwaves, talk radio has been reinvented to conform to the expectations of a new political era. However, the question of whether talk radio truly offers a fresh and effective outlet for elite and public expression is a subject of debate. In this chapter we will take an in-depth look at the world of talk radio. We will first examine the role that talk radio plays in the broad cast and political realms. As with most media today, the profit motive has become the driving imperative behind talk radio, shaping its political and social voice. In addition, we will discuss the talk radio industry and its various components. Talk show hosts occupy a central position in the industry, as the focal point of entertainment, advertising, and political discourse.
Shaping Old Media
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 18, 1996, CNN interrupted its regularly scheduled programming with “Late Breaking News.” The marriage of Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley was ending. The impending Jackson Presley divorce became the topic of CNN’s “Talkback Live” program, which immediately followed the announcement. Audience members registered their opinions about the breakup live, by phone and via electronic mail. For days, this story preempted news about issues of national and international importance, including Congress’ battle over the federal budget, as reporters, legal experts, and the public debated questions surrounding the divorce.
The Fashion of Machismo
Authors: Elkins Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter may appear on oxymoron. And perhaps it is. For the very nature of machismo would seem to preclude any consideration of that which is trendy or fashionable. Yet attire, fashionable or otherwise, is always already a signifier, subtly encoding and transmitting its wearers’ attempts at self-definition.
Immature Visual Cortex Lesions: Global Rewiring, Neural Adaptations, and Behavioral Sparing
Authors: Payne Bertram R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little is known about either the multiple repercussions of focal cerebral cortical lesions in young brains or the role that neuroplasticity plays in ameliorating the potentially devastating aftereffects. Besides comparisons of the behaviors and brain images of normal children and those who have either incurred some form of damage or experienced some form of maldevelopment of brain structures, little progress in our understanding can be made without resorting to studies of the repercussions of lesions incurred early in life by animals. Such studies both permit specific, circumscribed, and highly reproducible lesions to be made and allow for accurate assessments and linkages to be established between the repercussions of the lesions on anatomy of brain connections, physiological properties and re sponsiveness of neurons, and, the final expression of brain connections and neur al function, behavior. It is our goal to establish these linkages between anatomy, physiology, and behavior in cats, which sustained removal of primary visual cortex either shortly after birth or at 1 month of age, as a model for understanding the repercussions of focal lesions in fetal and perinatal human infants. As can be readily appreciated from this book, detailed knowledge on the repercussions of focal lesions in human fetuses, infants, and children is limited.
Role of the Corpus Callosum in the Cognitive Development of Children with Congenital Brain Malformations
Authors: Hannay H Julia , Fletcher Jack M , Brandt Michaele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, it has become apparent that children with congenital brain malformations often have abnormal ities of the corpus callosum. This observation is important for several reasons. The corpus callosum is the primary pathway for association fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In addition to providing connectivity of the two hemi spheres, the development of the corpus callosum may also exert a facilitatory in fluence on neuronal responses in each of the two hemispheres.These neuronal responses participate in the cerebral specialization of cognitive functions that begins early in development. Early damage to the corpus callosum may interfere with the development of cognitive and motor functions. Moreover, in a child born with a brain insult, malformation or damage to the corpus callosum may compromise opportunities for restoration of function. A major mechanism of restoration is the opportunity for brain regions in one hemisphere to support a particular function usually subsumed by the brain regions in the opposite hemisphere. Early compromise of the corpus callosum may interfere with this type of functional substitution. Damage to the corpus callosum, therefore, may be a critical component of the degree of plasticity and recovery of function in children with congenital brain mal formations.
Recovery from Acquired Reading and Naming Deficits Following Focal Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Gordon Barry , Boatman Dana , Lesser, Ronald P , Hart John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trying to improve function in children with developmental deficits-particularly the higher level, symbolic functions that allow humans to reason and to communicate-requires attempting to establish abilities that these children may never have developed. In addressing this problem of training abilities de nova, it is reasonable to consider the data and insights that can be derived from studies of recovery of functions that were once present but that have been extirpated due to brain injury or disease. Recovery of cognitive functions after brain injury is a com mon occurrence, particularly in children. Yet it has been difficult to establish the precise functional and neuroanatomical bases for such recoveries.
For Agricu Lturai Intensification
Authors: Smith Nigel J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With global demand for agricultural products expected to double or even triple within the next fifty years, productivity of existing crops and grazing lands will have to be intensified dramatically. The alternative--agricultural extensification, the opening of new lands for production-is not a viable longterm option, because it would eliminate many remaining habitats for wildlife and destroy environments that provide valuable ecological services for human society. At present, both processes are underway throughout the world. In some areas, agricultural production is being intensified; in others, farmers spill into forests, savannas, and wetlands to cut, plow, and dike them for fields and livestock grazing. The productivity of already-cleared areas needs to be improved, rather than promoting the opening of new farmlands.
Islands in the Sun
Authors: Smith Nigel J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is ironic that one of the most fertile areas in the Amazon for crop production is largely unutilized for that purpose. The area of the Amazon floodplain in crops is a fraction of that devoted to pasture for cattle and water buffalo. The growing cities in the Amazon are being fed largely from farms in other parts of Brazil and abroad. Rice, an important staple consumed in Amazonia, is produced mostly in upland fields of central Brazil. And although bread is a significant source of protein for city folk in Amazonia (partly as a result of government subsidies), much of the bread consumed in the Amazon does not benefit wheat growers southern Brazil; instead, much of the wheat consumed in the country is imported.
A Harvest for All Seasons
Authors: Smith Nigel J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tree farming is one of the most overlooked avenues for promoting agricultural development on the Amazon floodplain and for helping to restore some ecological balance to current land use. Some argue that the Amazon’s ing annual floods make it a less than propitious setting for agriculture, particularly for tree crops. But the “vocation” of the floodplain may indeed be in perennials, rather than the pasture that prevails today. Growing perennials is less risky than cultivating annuals in periodically inundated habitats, and many trees and bushes are adapted to the Amazon floodplain.
The Old Real Politics Again?
Authors: Küng Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Will perhaps the twenty-first century finally create that new world order which was beyond the capability of the twentieth century, at the beginning of which the crisis of modernity became visible? One could doubt it, if one reflects on world politics and the world order: three missed opportunities in a century: after the First World War, instead of a new world order and a real ‘league of nations’, there was unprecedented world chaos; after the Second World War, instead of a new world order and truly ‘united nations’, there was unprecedented world division; after the collapse of Soviet Communism, instead of a new world order and a common ‘house of Europe’, there was new world disorder.