bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual effects of intrathecal BAM22 on nociceptive responses in acute and persistent pain–potential function of a novel receptor
Authors: Hong Yanguo , Dai Peifang , Jiang Jianping , Zeng Xueai 
Published: February 2004

Bovine adrenal medulla 22 (BAM22) peptide is one of the cleavage products of proenkephalin A. It binds with high affinity to both opioid receptors and a newly discovered receptor in vitro. This latter receptor was first named sensory neuron‐specific receptor and is here named BAM peptide‐activated receptor with non‐opioid activity (BPAR). BPAR is uniquely distributed in small‐diameter DRG neurons, most of which are associated with the IB4 class of nociceptor afferent.
The present study examined the effects of intrathecal administration of BAM22 on formalin‐induced nocifensive behaviors and tail‐withdrawal latency in the rat.
Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of BAM22 decreased nocifensive behavior scores, measured as the sum of flinching and lifting/licking, in the first and second phases of the formalin test. This decrease was partially attenuated by systemic injection of naloxone.
In the presence of naloxone, i.t. BAM22 produced a dose‐dependent suppression of the nocifensive behaviors observed during the formalin test. The ratio of the efficacy of BAM22 (5 nmol) in the presence of naloxone over that in the absence of naloxone was 0.65 for flinching and 0.74 for lifting/licking in the second phase.
BAM22 at a dose of 5 nmol increased the tail‐withdrawal latency by 193 and 119% of baseline in the absence and presence of naloxone, respectively.
Systemic administration of naloxone alone enhanced the nocifensive behaviors in the second, but not in the first phase of the formalin test. Naloxone treatment did not alter the tail‐withdrawal latency.
These data confirm earlier in vitro data showing that BAM22 has both opioid and non‐opioid biological actions. The non‐opioid action of BAM22 involves inhibition of acute and persistent nociceptive behaviors at the spinal level, presumably mediated via BPAR.
The name suggested for this novel receptor, its potential physiological function and its ligand are discussed.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 423–430. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705637
Timing of reproduction and egg quality covary with temperature in the insectivorous Barn Swallow,Hirundo rustica
Authors: Saino N. , Romano M. , Ambrosini R. , Ferrari R. P. , Møller A. P. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryEgg size and composition can be predicted to trade‐off against current condition of reproducing females. Adverse conditions for reproduction should thus give rise to a reduction in egg size and quality.Here we analyse timing of reproduction, egg mass and hatchability, and concentration of maternal carotenoids and components of the immune system in the eggs in relation to ambient temperature during the breeding season for the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica, Linnaeus).Relatively high temperatures during one day enhanced the probability that clutches were initiated the following days. Egg mass at laying, concentration of lutein, the main carotenoid in Barn Swallows, and lysozyme, a major maternal component of innate immunity in eggs, but not maternal antigen‐specific antibodies, covaried with temperature during the days preceding laying of individual eggs.Egg mass but not laying order or temperature during incubation predicted hatchability of the eggs.This study suggests that temperature affects not only egg mass, as previously shown for bird species, but also concentration of maternally derived substances, such as antioxidants and immune factors, that can affect egg hatchability and offspring antiparasite defence and viability.
Genetic structure of the deep‐sea coral Lophelia pertusa in the northeast Atlantic revealed by microsatellites and internal transcribed spacer sequences
Authors: Le Goff‐Vitry M. C. , Pybus O. G. , Rogers A. D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe azooxanthellate scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa has a near‐cosmopolitan distribution, with a main depth distribution between 200 and 1000 m. In the northeast Atlantic it is the main framework‐building species, forming deep‐sea reefs in the bathyal zone on the continental margin, offshore banks and in Scandinavian fjords. Recent studies have shown that deep‐sea reefs are associated with a highly diverse fauna. Such deep‐sea communities are subject to increasing impact from deep‐water fisheries, against a background of poor knowledge concerning these ecosystems, including the biology and population structure of L. pertusa. To resolve the population structure and to assess the dispersal potential of this deep‐sea coral, specific microsatellites markers and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences ITS1 and ITS2 were used to investigate 10 different sampling sites, distributed along the European margin and in Scandinavian fjords. Both microsatellite and gene sequence data showed that L. pertusa should not be considered as one panmictic population in the northeast Atlantic but instead forms distinct, offshore and fjord populations. Results also suggest that, if some gene flow is occurring along the continental slope, the recruitment of sexually produced larvae is likely to be strongly local. The microsatellites showed significant levels of inbreeding and revealed that the level of genetic diversity and the contribution of asexual reproduction to the maintenance of the subpopulations were highly variable from site to site. These results are of major importance in the generation of a sustainable management strategy for these diversity‐rich deep‐sea ecosystems.
Can assignment tests measure dispersal?
Authors: Berry Oliver , Tocher Mandy D. , Sarre Stephen D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIndividual‐based assignment tests are now standard tools in molecular ecology and have several applications, including the study of dispersal. The measurement of natal dispersal is vital to understanding the ecology of many species, yet the accuracy of assignment tests in situations where natal dispersal is common remains untested in the field. We studied a metapopulation of the grand skink, Oligosoma grande, a large territorial lizard from southern New Zealand. Skink populations occur on isolated, regularly spaced rock outcrops and are characterized by frequent interpopulation dispersal. We examined the accuracy of assignment tests at four replicate sites by comparing long‐term mark‐and‐recapture records of natal dispersal with the results of assignment tests based on microsatellite DNA data. Assignment tests correctly identified the natal population of most individuals (65–100%, depending on the method of assignment), even when interpopulation dispersal was common (5–20% dispersers). They also provided similar estimates of the proportions of skinks dispersing to those estimated by the long‐term mark‐and‐recapture data. Fully and partially Bayesian assignment methods were equally accurate but their accuracy depended on the stringency applied, the degree of genetic differentiation between populations, and the number of loci used. In addition, when assignments required high confidence, the method of assignment (fully or partially Bayesian) had a large bearing on the number of individuals that could be assigned. Because assignment tests require significantly less fieldwork than traditional mark‐and‐recapture approaches (in this study < 3 months vs. > 7 years), they will provide useful dispersal data in many applied and theoretical situations.
Comparison of Molecular Structures Determined by Electron Diffraction and Spectroscopy. Ethane and Diborane
Authors: Kuchitsu Kozo 
Published: February 2004

Gas-phase average structures for the ground-vibrational state (rz) for ethane and diborane have been determined by a critical comparison of the experimental results obtained from electron diffraction (average internuclear distances rg) and those obtained from high-resolution infrared and Raman spectroscopy (rotational constants Bz(α)). Experimental values have been taken from the recent literature and converted into the average structure (rzor rα0). The rg and rα0 distances determined from electron diffraction carry uncertainties less than those in the rz distances determined from rotational constants, because the latter structures are very sensitive to assumptions about the unknown isotope differences in the structures. On the other hand, the average moments of inertia from spectroscopy are much more precise than those calculated from diffraction internuclear distances. Examinations of the data have led to the following rz structures with standard errors: For C2H6, rz(C–H) = 1.0957 ± 0.002 Å, rz(C–C) = 1.5319 ± 0.002 Å, and ∠C–C–H = 111.5° ± 0.3°; for C2D6, rz(C–D) = 1.0941 ± 0.002 Å, rz(C–C) = 1.5300 ± 0.002 Å, and ∠C–C–D = 111.4° ± 0.3°; and for B2H6, rz(B–Ht) = 1.192 ± 0.01 Å, rz(B–Hb) = 1.329 ± 0.005 Å, rz(B–B) = 1.770 ± 0.005 Å, ∠Ht–B–Ht = 121.8° ± 3°, and ∠Hb–B–Hb = 96.5° ± 0.5°. It was possible to increase the resolving power of the diffraction analysis of diborane by inclusion of calculated B–H mean amplitudes.
The effective complementary use of electron-diffraction and spectroscopic data for determining reliable gas-phase structures and the relative merits of the two alternative representations of the average structure (rgand rz) have been discussed.
Molecular g Values, Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropies, Molecular Quadrupole Moments, and the Second Moment of the Electronic Charge Distribution in OCF2, CH2CF2, cis-CHFCHF, and CH2F2
Authors: Blickensderfer Roger P. , Wang J. H. S. , Flygare W. H. 
Published: February 2004

The rotational molecular Zeeman effect is observed under high resolution and high magnetic fields in OCF2, CH2CF2, cis-CHFCHF, and CH2F2. The absolute values of the molecular g values (gaa, gbb, and gcc) and the signs and magnitudes of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropies [(2χaa − χbb − χcc) and (2χbb − χaa − χcc)] in the principal inertial axes are obtained and listed. Arguments are presented to show that all molecular g values are negative leading to the molecular quadrupole moments. For ease of comparison, the values are given below in an arbitrary x, y, and z axis system. The x and y axes are in the heavy-atom molecular plane, and the x axis bisects the FCF angle in all of the molecules. The units of χ are 10−6 erg/G2·mole and the units of Qxx are 10−26 esu·cm2. OCF2CH2=CF2cis-CHF=CHFH2CF2gxx− (0.0568 ± 0.0006)− (0.0421 ± 0.0005)− (0.0296 ± 0.0003)− (0.0411 ± 0.0004)gyy− (0.0747 ± 0.0004)− (0.0466 ± 0.0004)− (0.1015 ± 0.0009)− (0.0725 ± 0.0006)gzz− (0.0328 ± 0.0006)− (0.0119 ± 0.0004)− (0.0158 ± 0.0002)− (0.0398 ± 0.0004)(2χxx − χyy − χzz)+ (1.6 ± 0.9)− (2.3 ± 0.6)− (1.6 ± 0.3)+ (0.8 ± 0.4)(2χyy − χxx − χzz)+ (5.3 ± 0.6)+ (7.7 ± 0.5)+ (5.7 ± 0.4)− (3.9 ± 0.5)Qxx− (3.7 ± 0.7)+ (2.4 ± 0.5)+ (3.0 ± 0.3)+ (1.9 ± 0.3)Qyy− (0.2 ± 0.5)− (0.9 ± 0.4)− (1.7 ± 0.4)− (4.1 ± 0.4)Qzz+ (3.9 ± 1.1)− (1.5 ± 0.8)− (1.3 ± 0.5)+ (2.2 ± 0.6)
The diagonal elements in the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor and the anisotropies in second moment of the electronic charge distributions are computed from the above results and the known molecular structures. The above results are used along with additivity relations for the second moment of the electronic charge distribution to give estimates of the diamagnetic and total magnetic susceptibility tensor elements.
Phosphorescence Mechanisms in Naphthalene N-Heterocyclics
Authors: Ziegler Stanley M. , El-Sayed M. A. 
Published: February 2004

The polarization of the phosphorescence spectra of quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinoxaline is measured at 4.2 and 77°K in biphenyl and durene hosts. The results for quinoline and isoquinoline resemble those obtained previously for naphthalene and quinoxaline. The apparent anamolous polarization in the durene is also observed for these molecules. A discussion of the “apparent” change is briefly given. As in quinoxaline, a new spectrum not observed for naphthalene is found to originate from mechanism(s) involving vibronic interaction. A tentative assignment of the vibrations responsible for the appearance of the new spectra is made. A theoretical discussion is given of the possible mechanisms responsible for the appearance of the vibronically induced part of the spectrum. A comparison of theoretical predictions with observed results leads to the following conclusions:
(1) There is some indication that, as in pyrazine, the contamination of the ground state with triplet character of the (n−3, π*) state in quinoxaline is not negligible. But unlike pyrazine, the effect of this mixing appears only in the vibronic second-order spectrum (and not in the first-order spectrum as it does in pyrazine). This is due to the fact that the emitting state in quinoxaline is of the (π, π*) type.
(2) In the second-order schemes, as well as the first order, the important spin–orbit interaction takes place between the symmetric and antisymmetric states with respect to reflection in the molecular planes.
(3) Qualitative estimates show that the presence of low energy n, π* states can account for: (a) the difference between the total radiative power of N-heterocyclics and their parent hydrocarbons; and (b) the preferential enhancement of the vibronic part of the spectrum in N-heterocyclics over that existing in aromatic hydrocarbons.
Interaction Energy Curves of LiHe and NaHe (X 2Σ+, A 2Π, B 2Σ+) and X 1Σ+ Ions
Authors: Krauss M. , Maldonado P. , Wahl Arnold C. 
Published: February 2004

Hartree–Fock interaction energy curves have been calculated for the X 2Σ+, A 2Π, and B 2Σ+ states of neutral LiHe and NaHe as well as for the ground state X 1Σ+ ions over a range of distances from 3 to 10 a.u. Since it is intended to apply these results to scattering problems, the variation of the dipole and quadrupole moments and the electronic transition probabilities with internuclear distance were also obtained. Both Slater-type functions and Gaussian-type functions were used as variational trial functions with the intention of gauging the efficacy of the Gaussian basis. Except for situations involving small energy minima the Gaussian basis yielded results accurate relative to the Slater basis. The features of the Hartree–Fock interaction energy curves can be summarized as follows:
(1) The X 2Σ+ interaction energy is purely repulsive for both molecules to the accuracy of the present calculation.
(2) The A 2Π and X 1Σ+ curves are strikingly similar for both Li and Na confirming the penetration of the He for this interatomic orientation.
(3) The long-range repulsive behavior of the B 2Σ+ curve compared with estimates of the correlation energy shows that the internuclear distance dependence of the energy in the region of 10 a.u. is dominated by the Hartree–Fock repulsive curve.
Charge-density plots have been obtained for all states and distances. These are used to illustrate the physical basis of the energy curves.
Optical Pumping of the Lowest Triplet State and Multiple Resonance Optical Techniques in Zero Field
Authors: El-Sayed M. A. 
Published: February 2004

The principles involved in the optical detection of zero-field transitions, electron spin–electron spin double resonance (EEDOR) transitions, and electron spin–nuclear spin double resonance (ENDOR) transitions in zero-field of the lowest triplet state are briefly summarized. Equations are then derived which relate the changes in the phosphorescence intensity originating from any of the zero-field levels to the radiative and nonradiative intramolecular rate constants of processes involving the triplet state upon:
(a) saturation of any of the two zero-field transitions involving the emitting level with microwave radiation;
(b) simultaneous saturation of two zero-field transitions, only one of which involves the emitting level optical detection of electron–electron double resonance (EEDOR);
(c) simultaneous saturation of a zero-field transition involving the emitting level and a hyperfine transition involving either of the two electron spin levels being saturated with microwave (optical detection of electron–nuclear double resonance, ENDOR).
These equations are derived for three different systems, in all of which the spin-lattice relaxation processes are assumed negligible (i.e., systems at very low temperatures). In System I, the triplet state is pumped by singlet–singlet absorption followed by the intersystem-crossing processes in the molecule studied (guest). In System II, pumping of the lowest triplet state is carried out by singlet→triplet absorption of the guest. In System III, pumping of the lowest triplet state of the guest is carried out by exciting either the singlet or the triplet states of the host, which is followed by triplet–triplet energy transfer. In System I, the changes in intensity are related to the rate constants of the intersystem-crossing processes to and from the individual zf levels of the molecule being studied. In System II, the radiative rate constants of the optical transition used for pumping, as well as the decay constants of the zf levels of the lowest triplet state of the guest molecule, determine the changes in the phosphorescence intensity upon microwave or radiowave saturation. In System III, in addition to the decay constants of the emitting triplet state, the intersystem-crossing (S1 ↝ T1) rate constant or the singlet→triplet absorption cross section of the host molecule determines the predicted changes in the phosphorescence intensity in the multiple resonance experiment. The relative orientation of the magnetic principal axes of the host to those of the guest is also important in System III. The conservation of spin direction in triplet–triplet energy transfer is briefly discussed. From the equations derived and the observed intensity changes upon microwave saturation, the ratios of important unimolecular rate constants for radiative and nonradiative singlet–triplet processes involving the individual zero-field levels can be determined. Comparison between theoretical predictions and observed effects is made whenever results are available.
Catalysis of radical recombination in flames by iron
Authors: Jensen D. E. , Jones G. A. 
Published: February 2004

Flame photometric measurements of H and OH radical concentrations in fuel-rich laminar atmospheric-pressure H2/O2/N2 flames with and without added iron have been made by the Li/Na comparison method. The observed catalysis of radical recombination by iron is quantitatively interpreted in terms of the following homogeneous gas-phase reaction cycle, with associated forward and backward rate coefficients in milliliter · molecule · second units: FeOH + H⇌FeO + H2:kf = 5 × 10−11 exp(−800/T),kb = 1.1 × 10−9 exp(−6200/T);FeO + H2O⇌Fe(OH)2:kf = 9 × 10−12,kb = 1.0 × 1013 exp(−35 500/T);Fe(OH)2 + H⇌FeOH + H2O:kf = 1.1 × 10−10 exp(−300/T),kb = 1.1 × 10−11 exp(−12 000/T).
The interpretation also includes contributions from the effectively balanced reaction Fe+H2O⇄FeOH+H; equilibrium constant = 66 exp(−16 100/T).
Molecular beam electric resonance study of the molecular Zeeman spectrum of lithium chloride
Authors: Freeman Richard R. , Johnson David W. , Ramsey Norman F. 
Published: February 2004

A high resolution study of the molecular Zeeman spectrum of lithium chloride in the first rotational state (J = 1) and various isotopic and vibrational (ν) states has been performed using a molecular beam electric resonance apparatus which includes an external electromagnet for the resonance region. By fitting the observed resonance lines to an appropriate molecular Hamiltonian, the values of the rotational magnetic moment (gJ), the nuclear shielding anisotropies for chlorine (σTCl) and lithium (σTLi), and the molecular magnetic susceptibility anisotropy (ξT) were determined for each state. The values of these constants obtained are as follows (numbers in parentheses are the uncertainties in the final figures): Molecule (state)gJ (nuclear magnetons)σTCl (ppm)σTLi (ppm)ξT (10−30erg/G2)Li7Cl35 (J = 1, ν = 0):+ 0.100419(31)− 184(27)− 36(14)+ 2.52(25)Li7Cl35 (J = 1, ν = 1):+ 0.100642(80)− 301(83)− 42(52)+ 2.04(27)Li7Cl37 (J = 1, ν = 0):+ 0.101336(40)− 253(100)− 74(37)+ 3.13(30)
The resonances were obtained in the low electric field limit by making explicit use of the motional electric field experienced by the molecules in the magnetic field of the resonance region. The motional field Stark shift is also used to calibrate the velocity selection properties of the quadrupole state selectors.
Two Classes of the Cdh1-Type Activators of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex in Plants: Novel Functional Domains and Distinct Regulation[W]
Authors: Tarayre Sylvie , Vinardell Joseé Maria , Cebolla Angel , Kondorosi Adam , Kondorosi Eva 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe Cdc20 and Cdh1/Fzr proteins are the substrate-specific activators of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). In Medicago truncatula, the MtCcs52A and MtCcs52B proteins represent two subgroups of the Cdh1-type activators, which display differences in their cell cycle regulation, structure, and function. The ccs52A transcripts are present in all phases of the cell cycle. By contrast, expression of ccs52B is restricted to late G2-phase and M-phase, and its induced overexpression in BY2 cells inhibited mitosis. MtCcs52A is active in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and binds to the S. pombe APC, whereas MtCcs52B does not because of differences in the N-terminal region. We identified a new functional domain, the Cdh1-specific motif conserved in the Cdh1 proteins that, in addition to the C-box and the terminal Ile and Arg residues, was essential for the activity and required for efficient binding to the APC. Moreover, we demonstrate that cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation sites adjacent to the C-box may regulate the interaction with the APC. In the different plant organs, the expression of Mtccs52A and Mtccs52B displayed differences and indicated the involvement of the APC in differentiation processes.
A Note on Paradoxes in Economics
Authors: Andreozzi Luciano 
Published: February 2004

SummaryA paradox is a proposition in (alleged) contrast with common sense. All science is replete with paradoxes. Economics is not an exception. This paper is focused on two widely discussed paradoxes: the Mandeville paradox (and the associated idea of an ‘invisible hand’) and the Prisoners' Dilemma (with the allied literature on market failures). The main tenet of this paper is that they cannot be simultaneously paradoxical, because they state one the opposite of the other. If common sense contrasts with Mandeville, then it must agree with the Prisoners' Dilemma and vice versa. This is what I term the ‘paradox of paradoxes’ in economics, which is a simple consequence of the rarely noticed principle that two opposing propositions cannot be paradoxical at the same time. A tentative way out from this impasse is presented. I claim that economists would gain a better understanding of their profession if they devoted more time to the study of the intuitive or folk economics.
Transnational Corporations and Repression of Political Rights and Civil Liberties: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Busse Matthias 
Published: February 2004

SummaryTransnational Corporations are often accused by non‐governmental organisations of ignoring fundamental democratic rights, such as civil liberties and political rights, in the countries of their investments. This paper attempts to explore empirically the complex relationship between foreign investment and democracy in a systematic way, using different econometric techniques. In contrast to the public discussion over recent years and the view held by non‐governmental organisations, the results show that enhanced democratic rights are associated with higher foreign investment in the 1990s. Interestingly, this positive link does not hold for the 1970s and 1980s, when a substantial portion of foreign investment went to countries with repressive governments.