bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB is required for suppression of cancer cell apoptosis and tumor progression in human colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Itoh Nanami , Semba Shuho , Ito Masafumi , Takeda Hiroaki , Kawata Sumio , Yamakawa Mitsunori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAkt/protein kinase B (PKB), which is included in phosphatidyl inositol‐3‐OH kinase (PI3K) signaling, controls many intracellular processes, such as the suppression of apoptosis and the promotion of the cell cycle. Therefore, the authors investigated phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) in colorectal carcinomas to reveal the role of PI3K signaling during the development of colorectal carcinoma.METHODSExpression of phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) in two colon carcinoma cell lines (DLD‐1 and Colo205) and 65 human colorectal carcinomas was analyzed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis caused by LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, were also examined in these cell lines. In tumor samples, the level of cell proliferation activity (Ki‐67) and number of apoptotic bodies (single stranded DNA) were determined by counting positive cells.RESULTSLY294002 significantly affected the proliferation and apoptosis of Colo205 cells, suggesting an association with the low phosphorylation level of Akt protein. Immunohistochemic analysis showed that 46% of the tumors had a high level of expression of phosphorylated Akt with a close association with Ki‐67 proliferative activity (P < 0.001) and the number of apoptotic bodies (P < 0.001). Akt phosphorylation was also correlated with some clinicopathologic parameters of the malignancies, including depth of invasion, infiltration to venous vessels, lymph node metastasis, and clinicopathologic stage.CONCLUSIONSThe phosphorylated Akt level can monitor cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, indicating that activation of Akt plays an important role during the progression of colorectal carcinomas by helping promote cell growth and rescue cells from apoptosis. These findings also suggest the possibility of using LY294002 for treatment of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:3127–34. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10591
Psychic vulnerability and the associated risk for cancer
Authors: Schapiro Ina R. , Nielsen Lene F. , Jørgensen Torben , Boesen Ellen H. , Johansen Christoffer 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPsychic vulnerability has been associated with a number of physical symptoms and diseases. This study was designed to estimate the incidence of cancer in a random sample of persons in the general Danish population in relation to a personality characteristic measured by the Test of Psychic Vulnerability.METHODSThe authors examined the cancer incidence in a cohort of 5136 randomly sampled persons age > 25 years living in Copenhagen County, Denmark. The responses to questionnaires and the results of examinations, including the Test of Psychic Vulnerability, were collected during 1982–1984 and during 1991–1992. The observed numbers of cancers were compared with the numbers that would have been expected if the cohort members had experienced the same risk of cancer as the population of Copenhagen County. Regression analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazards model to adjust for well‐known risk factors for cancer.RESULTSA total of 403 cancers were observed, and 412.02 were expected, yielding a standardized incidence ratio of 0.98 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.88–1.19). The authors did not observe a significant increase in the risk of site specific cancers. The risk for cancer was not influenced by the type of vulnerability in a multivariate analysis (hazards ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.85–1.57).CONCLUSIONSThe authors found no increased risk for cancer among psychically vulnerable persons compared with nonvulnerable persons; however, the results indicate that behavior and certain life‐style factors may be determined by personality, which, in turn, may determine the risk for cancer. Cancer 2002;94:3299–306. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10601
A single, high dose of idarubicin combined with cytarabine as induction therapy for adult patients with recurrent or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Weiss Mark A. , Aliff Timothy B. , Tallman Martin S. , Frankel Stanley R. , Kalaycio Matt E. , Maslak Peter G. , Jurcic Joseph G. , Scheinberg David A. , Roma Todd E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe majority of adult patients who are treated for lymphoblastic disease will either develop recurrent disease or will be refractory to their initial therapy. One option for patients with recurrent/refractory disease is to administer a reinduction regimen that employs a dose‐intense combination of anthracycline and cytarabine. These salvage regimens are relatively distinct from the traditional vincristine/prednisone‐based programs that are used typically as primary induction therapy. The authors studied a regimen that contained high‐dose cytarabine and a single high dose of idarubicin as salvage induction therapy for patients with recurrent or refractory lymphoblastic disease.METHODSTwenty‐nine previously treated adult patients with recurrent or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a new intensive regimen. Eight patients had primary refractory disease. Twenty‐one patients had recurrent disease, and 16 of these patients developed recurrent disease while they were still receiving their primary therapy. The treatment regimen consisted of cytarabine 3.0 g/m2 by 3‐hour infusion daily for 5 days and idarubicin 40 mg/m2 given as a single dose on Day 3. Filgrastim (granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor) 5 μg/kg administered subcutaneously every 12 hours was started on Day 7 and was continued until the absolute neutrophil count was > 5000/μL. Response was assessed using standard criteria.RESULTSThere were 11 complete responses (38%; 95% confidence interval, 20–56%). Four patients subsequently underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Moderate but acceptable toxicity was observed given the severely myelosuppressive nature of the regimen. There was only one treatment‐related death (3%). Two patients, both with significant prior exposure to anthracyclines, suffered reductions in left ventricular function to the 20–30% range during episodes of severe systemic infection. After recovery from infection, the ejection fraction in one patient improved to 50%.CONCLUSIONSThe authors conclude that this regimen has moderate activity and a relatively low incidence of mortality for this high‐risk group of patients. This regimen may be most suitable for patients who can undergo potentially curative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation if they achieve a complete response. Cancer 2002;95:581–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10707
Surgical management of soft tissue sarcomas of the hand and foot
Authors: Lin Patrick P. , Guzel Volkan B. , Pisters Peter W. T. , Zagars Gunar K. , Weber Kristin L. , Feig Barry W. , Pollock Raphael E. , Yasko Alan W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoft tissue sarcomas of the hand and foot present unique management challenges. The purpose of the current study study was to determine oncologic outcome, particularly with respect to factors affecting local recurrence, distant recurrence, and disease‐specific survival.METHODSA retrospective study was performed on 115 patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the hand or foot who were evaluated, treated, and followed at the authors' institution between 1980 and 1998. The medical records and radiographs were reviewed. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to assess patient survival.RESULTSMost patients (95%) were referred after previous surgery. The majority of tumors (75%) were T1 lesions (less than 5 cm), and most tumors (81%) were high grade. Patients who were treated by definitive, wide re‐excision (n = 43) had a 10 year local recurrence‐free survival of 88%, which was significantly better than the corresponding rate of 58% for patients who did not have re‐excision (n = 40, P = 0.05). Radiation improved local control in patients who did not undergo re‐excision (n = 17, P = 0.02). However, radiation did not improve local control in patients who had definitive re‐excision with negative margins (n = 13, P = 0.51). The disease‐specific survival at 5 and 10 years was 76% and 65%, respectively, for patients who presented with localized disease. Disease‐specific patient survival was significantly worse for patients who had regional or distant metastasis. Radical amputation as initial surgical treatment did not decrease the likelihood of regional metastasis and did not improve disease‐specific patient survival. The presence of distant metastasis at presentation was an independent predictor of local recurrence.CONCLUSIONLimb sparing treatment is possible in many patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the hand and foot. Re‐excision to achieve microscopically negative surgical margins is an effective method of achieving a high rate of local control in appropriately selected patients who present after unplanned excision of the primary tumor. There does not appear to be a survival benefit to immediate radical amputation, which should be reserved for cases where surgical excision or re‐excision with adequate margins cannot be performed without sacrifice of functionally significant neurovascular or osseous structures. Cancer 2002;95:852–61. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10750
Distribution of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the guinea pig intrinsic cardiac nervous system and colocalization with neuropeptides or transmitter synthetic enzymes
Authors: Calupca Michelle A. , Locknar Sarah A. , Zhang Lili , Harrison Theresa A. , Hoover Donald B. , Parsons Rodney L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study was conducted to establish the presence of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) immunoreactivity in neurons and fibers within guinea pig atrial whole‐mount preparations containing the intrinsic cardiac ganglia. Many cardiac ganglia, but not all, in a given whole‐mount preparation, were innervated by CARTp‐immunoreactive (IR) fibers. Following explant culture of whole mounts for 72 hours, the CARTp‐IR fiber networks were absent, but the number of CARTp‐IR neurons was increased markedly. These observations suggested that the majority of the CARTp‐IR fibers in the intracardiac ganglia were derived from sources extrinsic to the heart. In control whole‐mount preparations, very few CARTp‐positive neurons were present. The few intrinsic CARTp‐IR neurons also exhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, indicating that they make up a small subpopulation of cholinergic postganglionic neurons. Some CARTp‐IR neurons also exhibited nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, indicating that they were nitrergic as well. We compared the immunohistochemical staining patterns of CARTp‐IR fibers with the staining patterns of a number of other neurotransmitters or neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes that mark specific extrinsic inputs. The CARTp‐IR fibers were not immunoreactive for ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, or substance P. However, virtually all CARTp‐IR fibers exhibited immunoreactivity to neuronal NOS (a marker for nitric oxide‐producing neurons). CARTp‐IR cells and NOS‐IR cells were present in the nodose ganglia. In addition, CARTp‐IR neurons in the nodose also were stained positively for NADPH‐diaphorase. Thus, we propose that most CARTp‐IR fibers within the guinea pig intrinsic cardiac ganglia are vagal afferent fibers that also contain NOS. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:73–86, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fast second‐order signal separation algorithms with on‐line capabilities
Authors: Fahmy M. F. , El‐Raheem G. M. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn correlation‐based signal separation algorithms, the received mixed signals are fed to a de‐coupling system designed to minimize the output cross‐correlation functions. If minimizaion is perfect, each of the system's outputs carries only one signal independent of the others. In these algorithms, the computation burden of the output cross‐correlation functions normally slows down the separation algorithm. This paper, describes a computationally efficient method for off‐line pre‐computation of the needed cross‐correlation functions. Explicit formulas have been derived for the output cross‐correlation functions in terms of the received input signals and the de‐coupling system parameters. Then, it is shown that signal separation amounts to the least‐squares solution of a system of linear equations describing these output cross‐correlation functions, evaluated over a batch of lags. Next, a fast RLS‐type adaptive algorithm is devised for on‐line signal separation. In this respect, an algorithm is derived for updating the de‐coupling parameters as data comes in. This update is achieved recursively, along the negative of the steepest descent directions of an objective cost function describing the output cross‐correlation functions over a batch of lags, subject to equal output power constraints. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of source‐coupled logic gates
Authors: Alioto M. , Palumbo G. , Pennisi S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, the modelling of CMOS SCL gates is addressed. The topology both with and without output buffer is treated, and the noise margin as well as propagation delay performance are analytically derived, using standard BSIM3v3 model parameters.The propagation delay model of a single SCL gate is based on proper linearization of the circuit and the assumption of a single‐pole behaviour. To generalize the results obtained to cascaded gates, the effect of the input rise time and the loading effect of an SCL gate are discussed.The expressions obtained are simple enough to be used for pencil‐and‐paper evaluations and are helpful from the early design phases, as they relate SCL gates performance to design and process parameters, allowing the designer to gain an intuitive understanding of performance dependence on design parameters and technology.The model has been validated by comparison with extensive simulations using a 0.35‐µm CMOS process. The model agrees well with the simulated results, since in realistic cases the difference is less than 20% both for noise margin and delay. Therefore, the model proposed can be profitably used for pencil‐and‐paper evaluations and for computer‐based timing analysis of complex SCL circuits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power allocation in the context of dimensioning the air‐interface of third generation W‐CDMA‐based cellular systems
Authors: Demestichas P. , Kotsakis G. , Tzifa E. , Demesticha V. , Anagnostou M. , Theologou M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe adoption of W‐CDMA as an essential component of the air‐interface of third‐generation cellular systems brings to the foreground the need for new planning methodologies and software tools. In this perspective, this paper addresses planning problems that are important to the dimensioning of W‐CDMA‐based cellular networks. The problems aim at finding the optimal feasible allocation of transmission power to the sets of uplink and downlink connections that should be supported by the system, so as to cope with a corresponding traffic load scenario. The problems are concisely defined, mathematically formulated and solved by means of two computationally efficient, novel algorithms. The solutions of the problems may be seen as operating points at which the system performance should be driven. Finally, numerical results are presented and concluding remarks are drawn. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving TCP performance over networks with wireless components using ‘probing devices’
Authors: Lahanas A. , Tsaoussidis V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTCP error control mechanism lacks the ability to detect with precision the nature of potential errors during communication. It is only capable of detecting the results of the errors, namely that segments are dropped. As a result, the protocol lacks the ability to implement an appropriate error recovery strategy cognizant of current network conditions and responsive to the distinctive error characteristics of the communication channel. TCP sender always calls for the sending window to shrink. We show that probing mechanisms could enhance the error detection capabilities of the protocol. TCP could then flexibly adjust its window in a manner that permits the available bandwidth to be exploited without violating the requirements of stability, efficiency and fairness that need to be guaranteed during congestion.Our experiments have three distinct goals: First, to demonstrate the potential contribution of probing mechanisms. A simple probing mechanism and an immediate recovery strategy are grafted into TCP‐Tahoe and TCP‐Reno. We show that, this way, standard TCP can improve its performance without requiring any further change. Second, to study the performance of adaptive strategies. An adaptive TCP with probing is used, that is responsive to the detected error conditions by alternating slow start, fast recovery and immediate recovery. An adaptive error recovery strategy can yield better performance. Third, to study the design limitations of the probing device itself. The aggressive or conservative nature of the probing mechanisms themselves can determine the aggressive or conservative behaviour of the protocol and exploit accordingly the energy/throughput trade‐off. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐hour design of survivable classical IP networks
Authors: Ben‐Ameur W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost of Internet intra‐domain routing protocols (OSPF, RIP, and IS–IS) are based on shortest path routing. The path length is defined as the sum of metrics associated with the path links. These metrics are often managed by the network administrator. In this context, the design of an Internet backbone network consists in dimensioning the network (routers and transmission links) and establishing the metric. Many requirements have to be satisfied. First, Internet traffic is not static as significant variations can be observed during the day. Second, many failures can occur (cable cuts, hardware failures, software failures, etc.). In this paper, we present algorithms (meta‐heuristics and greedy heuristic) to design Internet backbone networks, taking into account the multi‐hour behaviour of traffic and some survivability requirements. Many multi‐hour and protection strategies are studied and numerically compared in this paper. Our algorithms can be extended to integrate other quality of service constraints. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of lobular carcinoma in situ
Authors: Üstün Melek , Berner Aasmund , Davidson Ben , Risberg Björn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays a key role in the preoperative diagnosis of breast carcinoma but is less reliable in the diagnosis of in situ lesions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the cytological features of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), regarding which little data is available to date. Cytological features of FNAC of the breast from 21 patients with histology‐proven LCIS were described and compared with surgical specimens. Aspirates from 8/21 cases had cell groups diagnostic for or compatible with LCIS. Aspirates from an additional two cases demonstrated hypercellular, dissociated, and more pleomorphic tumor cells, which were originally diagnosed as invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The remaining 11 aspirates were diagnosed as benign or nondiagnostic. FNAC from the eight diagnostic specimens were characterized by loosely cohesive cell groups composed of uniform cells with occasional intracytoplasmic lumina, slightly irregular and eccentric nuclei. We conclude that the main difficulty in diagnosing LCIS by FNAC is sampling rather than recognition of the lesions. However, one should be aware of the cytological features of LCIS in order to reach a correct diagnosis. There are no reliable cytological criteria that help in differentiating pleomorphic and dissociated LCIS from ILC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:22–26. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of diabetic nephropathy in mice by a diet low in glycoxidation products
Authors: Zheng Feng , He Cijiang , Cai Weijing , Hattori Masakazu , Steffes Michael , Vlassara Helen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews 18(4) 2002, 332.BackgroundReactive advanced glycation end products (AGEs), known to promote diabetic tissue damage, occur endogenously as well as in heated foods and are orally absorbed. The relative contribution of diet‐derived AGEs to diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unclear.MethodsWe tested a standard mouse food (AIN‐93G) found to be rich in AGEs (H‐AGE diet) in parallel with a similar diet that contained six‐fold lower AGE content (L‐AGE), but equal calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Non‐obese diabetic mice (NOD) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and db/db mice with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were randomly assigned to each formula for either 4 or 11 months, during which time renal parameters and AGE levels were assessed.ResultsCompared to the progressive DN and short survival seen in NOD mice exposed to long‐term H‐AGE feeding, L‐AGE‐fed NOD mice developed minimal glomerular pathology and a modest increase in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (p<0.005), and a significantly extended survival (p<0.0001), consistent with lower serum (p<0.025) and kidney AGEs (p<0.01). Also, in the 4‐month study, and in contrast to the H‐AGE‐fed mice, L‐AGE‐fed NOD and db/db mice exhibited low levels of renal cortex TGFβ‐1 (p<0.05), laminin B1 mRNA (p<0.01) and α1 IV collagen mRNA (p<0.05) and protein, in concert with reduced serum and kidney AGEs (p<0.05, respectively).ConclusionIntake of high‐level, food‐derived AGEs is a major contributor to DN in T1D and T2D mice. Avoidance of dietary AGEs provides sustained protection against DN in mice; providing the rationale for similar studies in human diabetic patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates glucose and energy metabolism in diabetic mice
Authors: Nakagawa Tsutomu , Ono‐Kishino Michiko , Sugaru Eiji , Yamanaka Mitsugu , Taiji Mutsuo , Noguchi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNeurotrophins are important regulators in the embryogenesis, development and functioning of nervous systems. In addition to the efficacy of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neurological disorders, we have found that BDNF demonstrates endocrinological functions and reduces food intake and blood glucose concentration in rodent obese diabetic models, such as C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice. The hypoglycemic effect of BDNF was found to be stronger in younger db/db mice with hyperinsulinemia than in older mice. While BDNF itself did not alter blood glucose in normal mice and streptozotocin (STZ)‐treated mice, BDNF enhanced the hypoglycemic effect of insulin in STZ‐treated mice. These data indicate that BDNF needs endogenous or exogenous insulin to show hypoglycemic action. In addition, BDNF treatment enhanced energy expenditure in db/db mice. The efficacy of BDNF in regulating glucose and energy metabolism was reproduced through intracerebroventricular administration, suggesting that BDNF acted directly on the hypothalamus, the autonomic center of the brain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.