bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of certain bioactive compounds using in ovo diabetic model
Authors: T P Satish 
Published: January 2025

Mammalian models are frequently used for drug research and delivery systems. However, valid mammalian models are expensive, time consuming and not easy to set up and evaluate. Furthermore, they are often linked with ethical and legal aspects. Many micro, macro nutrients and other photochemical from food materials are found to possess many desirable health benefits. A large number of studies involving animals have been carried out to explore these beneficial properties. As an alternative, chick embryo developed through incubation of fertile chicken eggs has been used as a novel system to develop suitable models for biochemical and neutraceutical research. The in ovo technique is accepted as an alternative to traditional mammalian models and this can be suitably used in our routine biochemical tests, wherever the animal trials are not feasible. In view of the above, the development and evaluation of certain bioactive components using in ovo technique as a diabetic model was carried out in our laboratory. Bixin decreased significantly the plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, while liver glycogen levels in treated diabetic chick embryos increased when compared to control diabetic chick embryos.
Sub chronic toxicity study of mixed fungal isolates culture filtrates from ground nut hay in rats
Authors: Tikare Vinay , Shridhar N B , Jayakumar K , Rao Suguna , Isloor Shrikrishna , Tripathi Indu 
Published: January 2025

Sub chronic toxicity study of mixed culture filtrate of Rhizopus oryzae, Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium xylarioides isolated from the fungal contaminated ground nut hay was conducted in rats. The fungi were isolated from the contaminated groundnut hay which caused mycotoxicosis in cross bred cattle, exhibited the clinical signs of colic, tenesmus, ruminal atony, anorexia, bleeding from nostrils, rectum and fly bite site. The rats were gavaged with culture filtrate at the dose level of 0.5, 1 and 2 ml daily for 90 days. Clinical signs observed were diarrhea, weakness, severe arching of back, swollen forehead and conjunctival hemorrhage. Cutaneous hemorrhagic patches on back, scrotum, abdomen, ears and legs region seen. There was a significant increase (P <0.05) in serum concentrations of creatinine, urea nitrogen, ALT and AST indicated the renal and hepatic damage which was confirmed by histopathology. There were lesions in brain and GI tract of the treated rats. The present study indicated the toxic feature of the mixed culture filtrates of fungi Rhizopus oryzae, Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium xylarioides isolated from ground nut hay.
Effect of enriched environment on reproductive performance and body weight gain in Wistar rats
Authors: Patel Satish D , Patel Samir R , Patel Urvesh D , P Y Guru , Jain Mukul R 
Published: January 2025

Environment is known to play an important role in animal health, reproduction and its growth. In order to understand the influence of different kind of enrichment items on breeding performance and growth rate, this experiment was carried out on Wistar rats. The male and female rats of mature age were randomly selected and these animals were provided with different kind of enrichment items in cages such as fat rat hut, tunnel and crawl ball during the breeding period. Control animals were not provided with any enrichment item in cages. Reproductive parameter (fertility index, survival success, M/F ratio) were evaluated in all four group of animals. The results indicated that, the presence or absence of enrichment items did not affect the reproductive performance and survival success of the pups. The pups continued to remain exposed to the same kind of enrichment item, to evaluate the effect of enrichment on body weight gain. The male rats with fat rat hut as an enrichment item showed significantly less body weight gain compared to control, whereas female rats with crawl ball and tunnel as enrichment items showed significantly more body weight gain compared to that of control. The result of this study indicates that, male and female may have different discrimination for enrichment items according to their shape, size and surface area; however these enrichment items have no effect on reproductive parameter.
Mini-pigs as replacement for non-rodent species
Authors: Mohan K , Shridhar N , Ramachandra S G , Shankar T V Shiva , Pavithra B H , Venkanna B 
Published: January 2025

Swine is the optimal model species for investigation of a large number of human diseases and have made valuable contributions to almost every field of human medicine. Similarities in the cardiovascular, urogenital, integument, skeletal and digestive systems of swine to humans have contributed to increased use of pigs in research. Swine offer additional advantages over other species by having a renal anatomy and function very similar to human. Studies have lead to the development of a highly warranted vaccine for various diseases using swine as model. In animal models, whole cell vaccination resulted in hypersensitivity reactions, so new strategies are devised. The first immunogenic molecule described was the major outer membrane protein and this molecule has been studied in great detail as a candidate vaccine. Even though complete protection was not obtained, reduced shedding was observed and vaccine trials in SPF pigs as animal models using naked DNA as a vaccine resulted in stimulation of both the humoral and the cellular immune responses indicating progress in vaccine development. This model is also used in pharmacokinetic studies, evaluating ADME, interspecies variations in CYP subfamily. Further, because of their similarities with humans, pig tissues and organs are currently being used and studied as human xenografts with the potential for increased use in this area in the near future.
Quality of animals in GLP studies
Authors: P V Mohanan 
Published: January 2025

GLP is a Quality system concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, reported and archived. The purpose of studies on “non-clinical health and environmental safety” is to investigate the physical/chemical, biological and/ or toxicological properties of the test item under investigation. The GLP principles are not only concerned about the possibility for checking back the identity of the test item but also ensures that the correct test item has been applied to the test systems. Test system characterization is an important quality control criterion in GLP studies. Regulators need sound, healthy, valid, unbiased test systems, to obtain reproducible, repeatable and reliable test results. This is possible only when we use properly characterized, pure, healthy test systems at a globally harmonized environmental conditions.
Mouse milk bacterial count in coagulase negative staphylococcus species induced mastitis
Authors: Krishnamoorthy P , Satyanarayana M L , Shome B R , Rahman H 
Published: January 2025

Bovine mastitis in an economically important disease of dairy cattle and caused by multi etiological factors. In the present study, milk viable bacterial count in mouse mastitis induced by Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus and S. aureusisolated from apparently normal bovine milk was studied. The 2 x 104CFUorganisms in 50 µl per teat were inoculated through intramammary route in 4th and 5th pairs of abdominal mammary gland in mice. The mouse milk ranging from 50 to 200 µl per mice wascollectedat 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs after intramammary inoculation. The milk was diluted with sterile PBS and subjected to bacterial countby pour plate method. The viable bacterial count in mice milk showed significant (P<0.05) increase in bacterial colonies at 12, 24, 48 and 72hrs after S. aureus infection in mice. The three coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS) species showed initial increase in bacterial counts at 12 and 24 hrs but declined from 48 to 96 hrs after IMI in mice. Thus, CNS species can increase the mice viable bacterial count moderately but ten to fifteen fold increase was observed in S. aureus infected mice mammary gland.This indicated the subclinical nature of CNS intramammaryinfection in mice and also the host ability to overcome and eliminate the CNS infection. Mouse is a suitable model to study coagulase negative staphylococcus species induced bovine subclinical mastitis.
CPCSEA Inspections: Can it be done the AAALAC way?
Authors: Ingle Arvind 
Published: January 2025

India is one of the countries which have oldest regulations for animal welfare and experimentation. The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) was constituted by the Government of India, way back in 1968 under chapter IV of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960 to oversee the animal experiments and welfare.
Infestation of a New Colony of New Zealand White Rabbits housed in a New Animal Facility by Ear Manage Mite, Psoroptes Cuniculi
Authors: Vellayan Subramaniam , Kesavanarayanan Krishnan Selvarajan 
Published: January 2025

Psoroptes cuniculi is a common ectoparasite that causes ear mite infection in several species including rabbits. Six New Zealand White rabbits were purchased from a local breeder and were quarantined in a newly established Laboratory Animal Care Unit (LACU), Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. Clinical examination for endo and ectoparasites were found to be negative. A prophylactic dose of ivermectin (0.1ml/kg, s.c) was administered. Rabbits were transferred to a holding area after 30 days of quarantine. Routine husbandry practices were followed under the guidance of a trained research assistant (RA). Approximately after 2-3 weeks, hard and scaly skin lesions were observed in the fore paws and hairy portion of the nails in three rabbits. In addition, both ears were observed to exhibit severe otitis externa with heavy crusting. The present study attempts to investigate the mode of transmission and the preventive measures to be adopted. Ear and fore paw scrapping were mixed with liquid paraffin and subjected to light microscopic (10 & 40X) observation. Psoroptic mites were observed and identified as Psoroptes cuniculi. Six rabbits were treated initially with ivermectin (0.2 ml/kg, s.c) and 0.4ml was instilled into both the ears. The treatment was repeated similarly after two weeks. It was identified that the transmission of P.cuniculi was through the RA. The RA has been visiting the rabbit breeder to learn the basic techniques of handling rabbits. The same lab coat was used by the RA at rabbit breeder facility and LACU. Transmission of P.cuniculi may be from the breeder through RA clothing. Veterinarians or animal care takers should follow the standard operating procedures for laboratory animal husbandry. Disposable personal protective equipment’s should be practiced during routine husbandry practices.
Training and Development of Staff in Laboratory Animal Care Program
Authors: Devan R K Shakthi , Parthiban N , Kishore Krishna , Poosala Suresh 
Published: January 2025

Training is an important prerequisite to work with laboratory animals in vivarium facilities. Several organizations emphasize mandatory training prior to use of animals either for experiment or husbandry practices in order to meet organizational goals and core values especially in laboratory animal research facilities. The animal care personnel (ACP), animal care supervisors (ACS), scientists, study director, investigators and veterinarians should be trained in their relevant field to perform procedures based on the kind of work they handle on day to day animal care and experimental activities. Any institution can formulate a formal training program considering their requirements and species housed within the facility. Syngene laboratory Animal Research (SLAR) has been the premier organization who explicitly support for training and development of staff at all levels with commitment to increase skill levels of team members to deliver high quality animal care on par with global standards. The noteworthy training matrix of ALAT, LAT, LATG, and FELASA “C” level certification was cleared by at least 8 and 14 staff, respectively, that includes ACS/investigators/veterinarians apart from specialized techniques on animal procedures. The training, certification and continuing professional development (CPD) showed competency among staff with improved supervisory skills and managerial performance especially animal husbandry as well as other experimental procedures. A viable option of cross-training also provided to carryout weekend animal care including critical functions during emergency situations as redundant backups such a way to maintain the well being of animals without any compromise. Dissemination of knowledge and effective communication with transparency is an essential component for successful training outcomes and practical applications at the laboratories. Collectively, the facility veterinarians and quality assurance have been ensuring the periodical training and monitoring oversight of all the activities in vivarium.
Alternatives to use of animal experiments in teaching and research- A review
Authors: Singh Amita 
Published: January 2025

The “Alternatives” or “Substitutes” is defined as anything from absolute to partial replacement of live animals in biomedical research and testing. Russell and Burch have given their definition of “alternatives” as “the three Rs-Replacement, Reduction and Refinement”. The 4th R i.e. Responsibility was added in 1995. Major areas of medicine and biology where experimental animals are involved include-Developing new treatments for diseases (like multiple sclerosis, cancers, AIDS, Alzheimer disease etc.), preparations of natural products used in medical research, safety testing of chemicals and drugs, study of genetic disorders (like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia etc.), development of new diagnostic tests for diseases, laboratory mice and stem cells etc. There are some demerits of animal experimental studies like inhumane treatment of laboratory animals and an animals’ response to a drug can be different from that of human beings etc. The common alternatives to experimental animals can be physico-chemical techniques, microbiological systems, tissue/organ culture preparation, computer models, epidemiological surveys and plant analysis (e.g. toxicity assays in plants). Research methods superior to using animals to learn about human disease or predict the safety of new drugs are stem cells, microdosing, DNA chips, microfluidics chips, human tissue, new imaging technologies, and post-marketing drug surveillance and alternative organisms [like lower vertebrates (e.g. Zebra fish), invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster)]. Animal ethics is an issue as important as the human welfare. More efforts need to be undertaken for effective implementation of 4 Rs during laboratory use of animals. The increase in knowledge, improvement of health care and creation of useful products that is derived from experimentation on animals, carries the cost of pain and distress that the animals experience. There are provisions for ensuring that animal use is performed in a humane manner so as to minimize pain, distress or discomfort. Various alternatives to animal use have been suggested, which need to be implemented in an effective manner. The development in the field of science and technology should be brought to its advantage so that in the coming years novel alternatives can be developed and the issue of ‘moral values’ in experimentations can be sorted out.
An Episode of Acute Mortality in Laboratory Zebrafish- A Case Report
Authors: Kohale Kalidas 
Published: January 2025

In the recent years, zebrafish (Danio rerio) species has been popularized as an animal model of human biology in understanding the genetic mechanism of vertebrate development and disease. Aquarium water is an immediate surrounding medium for the fish species in laboratory setup that determine their survival and normal physiological activities. Raising healthy zebrafish in the laboratory environment is prerequisite to ensure disease free stock for better research outcome. Important water parameters such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and CO2 are required to be monitored regularly as a part of quality control. An episode of acute mortality was witnessed in several lines of laboratory zebrafish maintained at the facility of TIFR, Mumbai. The clinical symptoms include lethargy, swimming inability, settling down at the bottom and acute death. The acute mortality was evidenced irrespective of age, sex and strains of the zebrafish. The investigation was carried out to find the etiological agents implicated in the acute mortality. After ruling out various causative agents associated with the mortality, an investigation was zeroed on the pH of the fish aquarium water, the culprit for the acute death episode. The highly acidic pH (3.5 to 4.0) of the fish aquarium water was brought to normal level by adding buffer solution to avoid further mortality. Present paper describes an episode of acute death, timely diagnosis and successful measures taken to rescue the Danio rerio loss due to highly acidic aquarium water.
Effect of vincristine on oral cavity carcinoma in rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta)
Authors: Singh Surender , Kumar Jerald Mahesh , P Nagarajan 
Published: January 2025

An adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta ) presented a malocclusion of teeth/ jaw with slight swelling in the upper mandible in particular on right upper canine with diffused growth in the lower incisor and was showing progressive loss in the weight of the animal. Histopathology of the biopsied tissue confirmed the lesion as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). The animal was treated with Vincristine sulphate for three consecutive days two weeks apart. During and after treatment, there was gradual reduction in the growth with some changes in hematological parameters and weight. Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common oral neoplasia in many species including macaques. Treatment with Vincristine sulphate has a good response to prolong the life of the animal.
Standardization of single-handed jugular vein blood sampling technique for clinical pathology assessment in rats
Authors: Naikodi Sangmesh , Umapathi Lohith , Govindarajan Arunprasath , Raja Nivethitha , Palanisamy Kamalavenkatesh 
Published: January 2025

The preferred site for blood collection for clinical pathology assessment depends on the volume and type of blood required, sampling intervals and state of consciousness of animals during sampling. Blood sampling from jugular vein from conscious rats has multiple advantages including simplicity, speed, the ability to incorporate repeated sampling (decreasing the need for satellite groups), collection in conscious animals and supports three Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement). The objectives of this study were to standardise single handed jugular vein sampling in conscious male rats and compare the clinical pathology data generated, with samples obtained from fasted and anesthetized rats via retro-orbital bleeding, abdominal aorta and heart (ventricles). Forty-eight (48) rats were grouped into twelve rats each, per group per route. No biological or statistically significant differences were observed in any of clinical pathology parameters obtained by jugular vein blood collection in conscious rats compared to blood samples collected from other sampling routes under isoflurane anesthesia. It is concluded that single-handed blood sampling from jugular veins of conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in acceptable quality of samples for clinical pathology assessment. The single-handed jugular vein sampling technique can be considered as advantageous on welfare grounds as rats can be returned to the cages within minutes after sampling, consequently reducing the stress. Additionally, blood sampling from conscious rats enable the interpretation of the clinical pathology data without being influenced by anesthesia.
An overview on history of laboratory animal science in Asian countries
Authors: Gunatilake Mangala , Ramachandra S G , Ingle Arvind , Baumans Vera 
Published: January 2025

The time points of development of laboratory animal-based research and establishment of societies/associations for laboratory animal science differ in the Asian part of the world. Some of the Asian countries do not have their own associations and they are in the process of establishing them. In this context, we conceptualized the idea through this article to provide an overview on initiation of laboratory animal-based research and establishment of associations or societies in several different Asian countries.
UCFM as the forerunner in the field of Laboratory Animal Science in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunatilake Mangala 
Published: January 2025

Animals have been models for humans since the dawn of medicine as per the first medical handbook ‘Corpus Hippocraticum’ (around 400 B.C). In an era where no anaesthetic agents were identified, live animals such as dogs, pigs and monkeys were the subjects for vivisections to study human anatomy. Reverend Stephen Hales (1677–1761) inserted a brass pipe into a major blood vessel in the neck of a live horse through which a glass tube was sent and introduced the concept of blood pressure to the scientific fraternity (van Zutphen, 2001; Lewis, 1994; Felts, 1977). Similar to these, different animals have been the models for development of many fields of medicine especially for the benefit of humans. The objective of this article is to describe the role played by the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo (UCFM) as the forerunner in laboratory animal science in Sri Lanka to facilitate laboratory animal use in medical education, research, ethics and laboratory animal science education.
Management of Animal Facilities during Disaster with reference to Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kohale Kalidas 
Published: January 2025

Animals are most often victimized during calamities and disasters such as flood, earthquake, epidemic, fire, protest and war. Prevention of animal suffering during such situations is the most challenging part to meet the animal welfare aspect. The recent pandemic caused by Covid 19 infection has brought the whole world to a standstill. The declaration of a public health emergency of international concern due to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in January 2020 and subsequently confirming the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) was a major global crisis in the history of human life. With the public health concern due to Covid-19 pandemic and rising number of cases, on 24th March 2020, the Hon Prime Minister of India declared a nationwide lockdown for 21 days and lockdown extended for two more times till June 2020. Several institutions associated with the day-to-day activities of the public were closed. It was a very difficult situation to arrange services for running the animal facilities in the research laboratories. This was the first-ever disaster when public services, transport and manpower availability were severely affected for the months. Although the husbandry practices in the established animal facilities in national laboratories/institutions/corporate were not affected severely during the Covid 19 pandemic, many small facilities in the zoology/pharmacy colleges and small establishments collapsed due to non-availability of manpower, bedding materials and feeds. Many research organizations were closed for daily working due to scarcity of the above services and allowed to work from the home wherever possible. To cope up with such a situation disaster management plan should be in place in all the animal facilities. We describe a disaster management plan for handling a similar situation if it arise in the future. The plan includes articulation of several authorities at different levels for the uninterrupted passage of services towards the arrangement of manpower, materials and feeds to avoid animal suffering.