bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gibberella fujikuroi mating population E is associated with maize and teosinte
Authors: Steenkamp E. T. , Coutinho T. A. , Desjardins A. E. , Wingfield B. D. , Marasas W. F. O. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIsolates of Fusarium subglutinans mating population E are usually found on maize. This fungus forms part of the so‐called Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Previously, F. subglutinans has been associated with two additional mating populations (B and H) and a variety of plant hosts. This was mainly due to a lack of diagnostic morphological characters, but the use of DNA sequence information showed that the strains making up mating populations B, E and H, as well as those associated with the different plant hosts, represent separate species. Recently, another putative mating population has been reported on the wild teosinte relatives of maize. Based on sexual compatibility studies, these isolates were apparently closely related to the pitch canker fungus, F. subglutinans f. sp. pini (= F. circinatum;G. fujikuroi mating population H). The aim of the current study was to determine whether the population of F. subglutinans from teosinte constitutes a new or an existing lineage within the G. fujikuroi complex. For this purpose, portions of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA, calmodulin and β‐tubulin genes from the fungi were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses and comparison with sequences from public domain databases indicated that the F. subglutinans isolates from teosinte are most closely related to strains of G. fujikuroi mating population E. These results were confirmed using sexual compatibility studies. The putative mating population from the wild relatives of maize therefore forms part of the existing E‐mating population and does not constitute a new lineage in the G. fujikuroi species complex.
Type III secretion and in planta recognition of the Xanthomonas avirulence proteins AvrBs1 and AvrBsT
Authors: Escolar Lucia , Van Den Ackerveken Guido , Pieplow Sylvia , Rossier Ombeline , Bonas Ulla 
Published: March 2003

summaryThe hrp gene cluster of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) encodes a type III secretion system required for the delivery of virulence and avirulence proteins into the plant. Some of these effector proteins, e.g. AvrBs1 and AvrBsT, are recognized by pepper plants carrying corresponding resistance genes, triggering the hypersensitive reaction (HR). In this study, epitope tagged AvrBs1 and AvrBsT proteins were detected in culture supernatants only in the presence of a functional type III apparatus and not in a hrcV mutant, showing that both proteins are secreted by Xcv in an hrp‐dependent manner. Expression of both avirulence genes is constitutive and independent of the hrp gene regulators, hrpG and hrpX. Transient expression of avrBs1 and avrBsT in resistant host plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated gene transfer resulted in the induction of a specific HR. This indicates that recognition occurs intracellularly, and suggests that during the Xcv infection, AvrBs1 and AvrBsT are translocated from Xcv into the plant cell. We describe a conserved protein motif which is present in the N‐terminal region of all known Xcv avirulence proteins and discuss its potential role in translocation into plant cells.
Developing a programme‐review process for a baccalaureate nursing programme in Jordan
Authors: Thomas B. , Rajacich D. , Ma'aitah R. Al , Cameron S. J. , Gharaibeh M. , Delahunt T. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractProgramme review is one way of monitoring the quality of a programme of study and promoting the growth of nursing education. The Faculty of Nursing at the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) demonstrated its professional maturity by participating in an international collaborative project with the University of Windsor in Canada, to review its baccalaureate programmes. This article outlines the rationale for undertaking a programme review and discusses key principles for inclusion in the development of such a process. It highlights some strategies for success, and suggests ways in which programmes can benefit from reviews and evaluations. This process has the potential to be used as a prototype for future reviews.
Planning for change: developing a policy framework for nursing labour markets
Authors: Ma J. Buchan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article examines key aspects of change in European nursing labour markets, and highlights an integrated policy framework intended to improve nurse recruitment, retention and utilization in European health care. Health care is labour intensive. Staffing costs are often a major focus of the health sector. There is a tendency for staffing to be regarded as part of the ‘problem’ of cost containment, and staffing costs are often a major focus of health sector reform. This report argues that it is more appropriate to regard staffing in general, and nurses in particular, as part of the solution to improving quality, access and cost of care. The major elements in nurse workforce planning are discussed, and the need for planning to be integrated with service delivery is emphasized. With projected increases in the demand for healthcare, and concern about staff shortages, policy attention across Europe and in other countries must focus on improving the methods of recruiting, retaining and utilizing nursing resources. A policy‐based framework for sustained improvement is presented, based on five areas of action: improve ‘conventional’ recruitment; improve recruitment from ‘non‐conventional’ sources; identify and apply incentives to improve staff retention and motivation; improve staff deployment; and improve utilization/skill mix.
The right‐to‐die and the duty‐to‐die: perceptions of nurses in the West and in Japan
Authors: Konishi E. , Davis A. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe right‐to‐die means that the terminally ill person has the right to refuse further treatment. The duty‐to‐die means that terminally ill persons feel that they have no choice and must refuse treatment because of social factors such as family burden or financial cost to society. This article describes the perceptions of a sample of 72 Japanese nurses and 71 counterparts from the West. The right‐to‐die received support from all of the western and from a majority of the Japanese sample. However, the duty‐to‐die received weaker support from the West and rather strong disagreement from Japan. Themes emerged in the two groups from a content analysis of their reactions to the major concepts of right‐to‐die and duty‐to‐die, and these included autonomy, values surrounding life, justice, family as a possible coercive agent and family as a partner in decision making. Differences and similarities across the cultures in the meaning of these themes were explored.
Quality of maternity care for adolescent mothers in Mbabane, Swaziland
Authors: Mngadi P. T. , Thembi I. T. , Ransjö‐Arvidson A. ‐B. , Ahlberg B. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEarly pregnancy and unplanned childbirth may have far‐reaching physical, psychological and social consequences for the adolescent girl and her offspring and are therefore public health issues of concern. A number of evidence‐based maternity practices might, if properly applied, prevent unnecessary health‐related problems in mothers and newborns, postnatally. In order to identify the areas of maternity practice that require improvement in Swaziland, the overall aim of this study was to generate systematic data on the maternity care and social support provided by health professionals (for adolescent mothers and their children) on admission, in the labour ward, and during and after delivery. The study was carried out during a 3‐month period from April to June 1998. All pregnant adolescents with an uneventful term pregnancy, admitted to the Mbabane Government Hospital maternity ward in the morning of the study days, were informed about the purpose of the study and asked if they would like to participate. A total of 33 pregnant adolescents agreed and in‐depth interviews were conducted with those participants. Observations and checklists were used to assess the maternity care given to the study participants. Results revealed that on admission to the labour ward, verbal communication and interaction between the midwife and the adolescent were minimal, and none of the adolescents was encouraged to bring a social support person to remain with them during labour. During the progress of labour, nearly 50% of the adolescent mothers developed complications and ≈27% had a lower‐segment Caesarean section. Special attention should therefore be paid to adolescent sexual and reproductive health service needs. These should include contraceptive counselling in order to prevent pregnancy at a young age and also to improve their sexual and reproductive health statuses.
The telling and knowing of dying: philosophical bases for hospice care in Japan
Authors: Davis A. J. , Konishi E. , Mitoh T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article describes the historical and cultural factors that led to the modern definition of hospice in the United States and Japan. It also raises questions about the import of western hospice philosophy into Japan by examining some traditional values and cultural norms of behaviour surrounding dying in that country. The ethics of disclosure and open discussion, as a prerequisite to and foundational value in western hospice care, differs in Japan. If traditional Japanese values remain strong, expectations regarding hospice care based on this western ethics may be misplaced. This report ends with a suggestion of replacing the western imported hospice philosophy with an (as yet not explicated) Japanese philosophical ethic of the good.
Using cost‐analysis techniques to measure the value of nurse practitioner care
Authors: Vincent D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNurse practitioners are in a unique position to deliver high‐quality care to a variety of populations and are being utilized in many countries worldwide. Although certain aspects of the nurse practitioner role may differ from country to country, limited financial support and competition for access to patients make it incumbent on nurse practitioners to document the cost‐effectiveness of their care. Cost analysis, a business tool that can be used by any practitioner in any health care system, was used to examine business practices of an academic‐based nurse‐managed centre. In order for this tool to be effective, nurse practitioners must become comfortable with using cost‐analysis techniques in their practices. Linking outcome data with cost data was found to be one method for explicating the value of nurse practitioner practice. Nurse practitioners must also recognize that they are competing with primary‐care physician practices and other primary health‐care practices. It is vital for nurse practitioners to document both the quality and the costs of their care in order to compete with physicians and other health care providers, in order to influence policy and other health‐care decision makers.
Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter
Authors: Bennat  , Müller‐Goymann  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Microfine titanium dioxide (TiO2) has become a frequently used physical UV filter in sunscreen formulations. Penetration of microfine TiO2 into human skin seems to be possible because of the mean particle size of 20 nm. The small particle size results in a high surface activity of the primary particles and causes a formation of agglomerates in the formulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro penetration behaviour of the physical UV filter into human skin. Furthermore, a stable sunscreen formulation with microfine TiO2 which does not penetrate into the skin should be developed. According to our experiments, microfine TiO2 penetrates deeper into human skin from an oily dispersion than from an aqueous one. Therefore, an o/w emulsion containing the dispersed micropigment in the aqueous phase was manufactured. Microfine TiO2 cannot penetrate into human skin from this emulsion, but the storage stability of the formulation is very low at different temperatures. The encapsulation of the micropigment into liposomes does not result in a better stability but it causes a higher penetration depth of the particles into the skin. Résumé Le dioxyde de titane microfin est devenu un filtre UV physique très fréquemment utilisé dans les crèmes solaires. Une pénétration de dioxyde de titane microfin dans la peau humaine est rendu possible grâce sa granulométrie moyenne de 20 nm. Mais la taille des particules entraîne une activité de surface anormalement élevée, ce qui génère la formation d’agglomérats dans la formulation. L’objet des travaux présentés ici était l’étude de la pénétration du filtre UV physique dans la peau humaine, in vivo et in vitro. En outre, une crème solaire à base de dioxyde de titane microfin, ne pénétrant pas dans la peau, devait être développée. Selon nos investigations, le dioxyde de titane microfin pénètre plus profondément dans la peau à partir d’une dispersion huileuse que d’une dispersion aqueuse. Par conséquent, une émulsion de type huile dans eau (h/e), avec le micropigment dispersé dans la phase aqueuse, a èté réalisée. Il en ressort que le dioxyde de titane ne pénètre pas dans la peau à partir de l’émulsion h/e, mais la stabilité de l’émulsion à différentes température est très limitée. L’encapsulation du micropigment dans des liposomes n’entraîne pas d’amélioration de la stabilité mais génère une pénétration plus importante des particules dans la peau.
Simultaneous determination of four anti‐dandruff agents including octopirox in shampoo products by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Chao L. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisA method based on reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the simultaneous identification and quantitative determination of four anti‐dandruff agents such as salicylic acid, ketoconazole, climbazole, octopirox in commercial anti‐dandruff shampoo products. A symmetry C18 column (5 µm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) was used at temperature of 35 °C, mobile phase with flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 was acetonitrile: water (containing 10 mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 4.0, adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) = 60 : 40 (V/V) and UV detection at 224 nm and 305 nm. Samples were extracted with mobile phase by stirring and ultrasonic method. The average recoveries of four anti‐dandruff agents were 98.0–104.1%. The relative standard deviations for samples were 0.11–0.90%. The method is simple, rapid and reproducible.
Conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Kritchevsky David 
Published: March 2003

SummaryConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for metabolic by‐products resulting from the conversion of linoleic acid to oleic acid by rumen bacteria. Consequently CLA is found in foods and fats of animal origin. There is a growing body of information regarding effects of dietary CLA in health and disease, but not yet any definitive mechanisms relating to its mode(s) of action. The review paper by Professor Kritchevsky and accompanying commentary by Professor Williams summarise the recent evidence from animal studies for anti‐tumourigenic, anti‐lipogenic and anti‐atherogenic effects of CLA. These findings may open new avenues of research in several normal and disease states. Furthermore, if the health benefits suggested by animal studies can be shown to apply in human populations, the consequence of advice to reduce fat intakes, may prove to have important public health implications.
Proviral HIV‐1 dynamics and evolution in patients receiving efficient long‐term antiretroviral combination therapy
Authors: Birk M , Aleman S , Visco‐Comandini U , Sönnerborg A 
Published: March 2003

Different experimental approaches have shown that, despite plasma viral loads under the threshold of detection, HIV‐1 frequently continues to replicate in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. However, whether this low‐grade viral replication is sufficient for the generation of new major quasispecies has not been studied. Thus, in order to evaluate the extent of variation in the major proviral HIV‐1 population, we monitored proviral DNA sequences in such patients over a time period of up to 30 months.Methods  DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the V3 region was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. Additionally, both HIV‐1 RNA and DNA levels and CD4+ T‐lymphocyte counts were monitored.Results  Analysing the V3 gene sequences of 17 patients, we observed a sequence evolution in nine patients. Interestingly, the majority of these changes (77%) occurred in the first interval following the initiation of therapy and despite signs of ongoing replication the proviral DNA levels continued to decrease in all patients.Conclusions  Our data suggest that, although available data report that HIV‐1 continues to replicate in patients with undetectable viraemia, the extent of viral replication in many of these patients is not sufficient to result in changes in the major viral population.
Labial tuberculosis: a unique cause of lip swelling complicating HIV infection
Authors: Llyas SE , Chen FF , Hodgson TA , Speight PM , Lacey CJN , Porter SR 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundHIV disease has many oral manifestations including tuberculosis, which most commonly presents as irregular ulceration of the tongue or the palate. We detail an HIV‐infected patient found to have tuberculosis of the lip.ConclusionsTo our knowledge tuberculosis of the lips has never been reported in conjunction with HIV infection, and in this case establishing the oral diagnosis resulted in the diagnosis of disseminated disease.
P‐glycoprotein in blood CD4 cells of HIV‐1‐infected patients treated with protease inhibitors
Authors: Bossi P , Legrand O , Faussat A‐M , Legrand M , Bricaire F , Marie J‐P , Agut H , Diquet B , Katlama C , Huraux J‐M , Calvez V 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveMany factors are involved in the virological failure of antiretroviral treatments such as low pharmacological plasma levels of drugs, poor adherence to therapy and emergence of viral resistance. P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) has been demonstrated to play a role in multidrug resistance in the therapy of solid tumours, haematological malignancies and Plasmodium falciparum infection. HIV‐1 protease inhibitors (PIs) have been described to be substrates of P‐gp. In vitro and in vivo studies performed in mice have demonstrated that P‐gp may affect the oral bioavailability and intracellular accumulation of PIs. P‐gps have been detected on peripheral CD4 blood cells in HIV‐1‐infected, but antiretroviral‐naive patients.MethodWe quantified P‐gp expression and performed functional tests of P‐gp activity in the CD4 cells in HIV‐1‐infected patients, with and without virological failure, treated with PIs, and in healthy patients (control group).ResultOut of the 18 HIV‐infected patients studied, P‐gp expression and function were found in the CD4 cells of six patients (four of 10 without, and two of eight with virological failure). Out of the 43 healthy patients studied, P‐gp expression and function were found in the CD4 cells of 11 patients (26%). We found P‐gp in peripheral CD4 cells of patients treated with PIs, with and without virological failure, within the same frequency than in antiretroviral naive patients or than in non HIV‐infected patients.ConclusionsP‐gp expression in peripheral CD4 blood cells does not seem to be enhanced by PI treatment and does not seem to be linked particularly to virological failures. These facts do not preclude of the role of P‐gp on PI absorption or efficacy in other compartments of the body such as gut, lymph nodes or brain in HIV‐1 PI‐treated patients.
Adhesion molecule profiles in atopic dermatitis vs. allergic contact dermatitis: pharmacological modulation by cetirizine
Authors: Boone M , Lespagnard L , Renard N , Song M , Rihoux Jp 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundExperimental data suggest that there is an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells in atopic dermatitis (AD) skin compared to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). This imbalance (Th2 and Th1 predominance, respectively) implies the production of different cytokines in these two conditions leading to different expression of adhesion molecules on skin endothelial cells.ObjectiveThe expression of VCAM‐1 (IL‐4/Th2‐dependent) and ICAM‐1 (INF‐γ/IL‐1) on dermal vessels was compared in six patients with AD and six patients with ACD. The effect of cetirizine, a highly selective H1‐receptor antagonist on the expressions was studied.MethodsSix patients with AD were challenged with Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus (DPT patch tests applied to clinically normal skin) and six patients with ACD challenged in the same way with allergens of the European standard series. Skin biopsies at challenged sites were performed before and 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge. The experiment was carried out under double‐blind cross‐over conditions during a 4‐day treatment with a placebo and cetirizine.ResultsIn AD patients, the scores for both VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 were high before and after challenge. In ACD patients, the ICAM‐1 score was high at each experimental time, but the VCAM‐1 score, which was significantly lower before challenge, increased at 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge. The administration of cetirizine significantly reduced the VCAM‐1 expression in AD patients at each experimental time.ConclusionIt is concluded that the increased VCAM‐1 expression in AD patients compared to ACD may reflect greater IL‐4 and/or IL‐13 production in situ. The study also confirms the existence of a modulating effect of cetirizine in vivo on adhesion molecule expression.
The multiple faces of Behçet’s disease and its aetiological factors
Authors: Önder M , Gürer MA 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBehçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic, inflammatory multisystemic condition of unknown aetiology. It is clinically characterized by recurrent orogenital ulcerations and skin eruptions; ocular manifestations; arthritis; vasculitis and in some cases neurological and large vessel involvement. Aetiology has not been defined, but genetic, environmental, viral, bacterial and immunological factors have been proposed as causative agents. Treatment includes colchicine, thalidomide, steroids and immunosuppressive agents and it is based on the severity of systemic manifestations, such as central nervous system involvement, arterial aneurysms and thrombosis of the major veins. Mortality is related to major system involvement. In this article the different clinical features, the multiple faces of BD and a list of currently suspected aetiological factors of the disease are discussed, and treatment modalities summarized.
Q‐switched Alexandrite laser in the treatment of pigmented macules in Laugier–Hunziker syndrome
Authors: Papadavid E , Walker NPJ 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report clearance of pigmented macules on the lips of two subjects with Laugier–Hunziker syndrome using the Q‐switched Alexandrite laser. Recurrence of two macules was noticed in one case 6 months after treatment and the lesions were successfully retreated. This report evaluates the efficacy and side‐effect profile of the Q‐switched Alexandrite laser in the treatment of lentigines in this syndrome.