bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspects of Cultural Change
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In about 1830, a young British naval officer called Adolphus Slade was dining with friends on the shore of the Bosphorus and was rather surprised to hear the strains of a military band playing Rossini, coming from the direction of the Topkapi Palace. His interest aroused, he undertook some enquiries and made an interesting discovery: The band was formed, trained, and conducted by, as he said in the language of the time, a Sardinian
The Quest To Save The Inner City: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning, inner-city neighborhoods in the United States were not disaster areas, but vital parts of the cities to which they belonged. America’s great cities, perhaps excepting Washington, D.C., arose as places where goods were shipped, processed, and traded. With their accessible ocean harbors, east coast cities such as New York and Boston became great ports. Goods moved to and from Chicago via Lake Michigan and the Chicago River and later by rail. Atlanta, located not on a body of water but at the site of a railroad junction (one of its early names was Terminus), became a central trade depot for the South. Los Angeles at first used the Los Angeles River, then acquired an ocean port, railroads, and finally a highway network to become the dominant port of the Southwest. To finance, sell, and distribute the goods the port brought in, each city developed business districts whose main streets— Wall Street, State Street, Peachtree Street—became synonymous with finance and commerce. Along the water and near railroad depots entrepreneurs built factories to process the goods streaming in and out of the city. Industrial areas, such as the stockyard district in Chicago and the Alameda corridor in Los Angeles, became almost as famous as the downtown business districts. After all, the commercial and industrial businesses that grew out of the port trade were the lifeblood of the country’s lusty young urban centers.
Why Do Prison Conditions Matter?
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maconochie’s career provokes the question: Why would anyone devote himself to penal reform? If there is a viable alternative, why choose to suffer the chill breath of adverse public opinion, the bemused stares of neighbors, the frustrations and lack of reward? It is a vexing question; a satisfying answer is not easily come by. Yet, down through the history of prisons, penal reformers are legion.
Seeking Justice and the Origins of the Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of May 1921, 8,000 people lived in Greenwood, the black section of Tulsa, which was situated just north of the center of the “magic city,” as Tulsa called itself. Greenwood residents frequently worked in white Tulsa, across the railroad tracks, but they returned home at night. “Little Africa,” as Greenwood was called, was largely a self-sufficient community, with a school, a hospital, hotels, grocery, drug, and clothing stores, two newspapers, and two movie theaters. One of the theaters was called the Dreamland. Green-wood itself could easily have passed for a dreamland. It was a place where fewer than sixty years after slavery ended, black people lived in relative freedom.
Epilogue
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our age is one of reparations and apologies. There have been reparations from the United States government for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, from the United States government to Native Americans for deprivation of property in Alaska, from the United States government to assist with rebuilding Los Angeles after the Rodney King riots in 1992, and from Swiss banks for money deposited before World War II and never returned to the families of holocaust victims. President Clinton apologized for the United States’ role in the international slave trade; shortly afterwards the Hartford Courant,
The Declining Years of Jim Crow
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the finality of the Court’s decision on a principle of fundamental importance, there was at the time an air of unreality about the revolutionary implications. Public opinion outside of the South was receptive and generally favorable to the departure, but by no means aroused to the point of stern insistence on compliance. Certainly the Administration in Washington was in no mood to adopt heroic measures that would be required for enforcement. Negro leadership was actively engaged and hopefully alert to problems of implementing the decision, but the mass of Negroes had not yet been stirred by the possibilities it opened nor aroused to the pitch of protest and demonstration. All these considerations had their effect on the way in which the South re¬sponded.
DiGeorge Syndrome: A Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Driscoll Deborah A , Sullivan Kathleen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The association of thymic aplasia with congenital hypoparathyroidism was initially noted by Lobdell in 1959 but wasn’t recognized as a syndrome until 1965 when Dr. Angelo DiGeorge described a group of infants with congenital absence of the thymus and parathyroid glands (DiGeorge, 1965). Subsequently, facial dysmorphia and cardiac defects, specifically conotruncal malformations, were included in the spectrum of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) (Conley et al., 1979). DGS (MIM 188400) is a heterogeneous disorder. However, cytogenetic and molecular studies have shown that deletion of chromosomal region 22q11.2 is the leading cause of DGS. In rare instances, DGS is seen in association with other chromosomal rearrangements, with exposure to teratogens such as retinoic acid, and with maternal diabetes (Lammer and Opitz, 1986; Wilson et al., 1993b).
Judaism, Exile, and the State of Israel in Postwar American Jewish Theological Discourse
Authors: Ratzabi Shalom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From many points of view, the Second World War represents a watershed in Jewish thinking in the United States. Together with writings by theologians and thinkers of the previous generation such as Mordecai M. Kaplan, theological and philosophical works began to be published by rabbis, writers, and thinkers who had come of age between the two world wars-some of whom belonged to a “third generation” of American Jews.1 In philosophical inclination, way of thinking, and methodology, their work differed from that of their predecessors. For example, the religious thought of the prewar generation has a marked sociological leaning, which makes it difficult to define this work as theological in the strict sense of the term. Such was not the case with Jewish theological discourse beginning in the second half of the 1940s, one of whose outstanding characteristics was its manifest theological content.
Beyond Wissenschaft: The Resurrection of Resurrection in Jewish Thought Since 1950
Authors: Gillman Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Death of Death, my book on the subject of resurrection and immortality in Jewish thought, I summarized the historical development of these ideas in Judaism as follows: With the exception of three brief passages (Isaiah 25:8, 26:19, and Daniel 12)-all relatively late in the biblical corpus-the Bible denies any form of life after death other than some form of shadowy persistence in what is termed sheol. In the early postbiblical period, two doctrines of the afterlife become progressively more prominent in rabbinic and apocryphal texts: the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul. These two doctrines are soon conflated in rabbinic texts, which describe how the soul separates from the body at death and journeys to God, while the body disintegrates in the earth. At the End of Days, according to the rabbis, the body and its soul will be reunited and the individual human being, reconstituted as during life on earth, will come before God in judgment.
Asymmetries in America: Recent Work on Jews and Blacks
Authors: Whitfield Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Jews and blacks have been linked in a kind of symbiotic relation with each other,” the Harvard philosopher Cornel West observed in 1995. “Whether they are allies or antagonists, they are locked into an inseparable embrace.”1 That assertion does not appear to be true. But authors and editors of histories of American Jews and blacks do seem locked into an inseparable embrace with compliant publishers, from whose warehouses have come a torrential flood of volumes huge enough to have kept Noah’s ark afloat. The purpose of this review essay is to summarize and evaluate some of the recent scholarly effort that has been devoted to the historical entanglement of these two American communities.
The Rehnquist Court and the Search for Equal Justice
Authors: Wilkinson J Harvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Supreme Court’s struggles with racial division in the United States are subject to a special form of judgment. The verdict on the Court’s work in the area of race will not be pronounced by an academic circle of court watchers, or by the legal profession at large, or even by the broader audience of public opinion. The Court in the area of race will almost assuredly be judged by history. Future generations of Americans will want to know whether the Rehnquist Court got the big questions right. Was the Rehnquist Court right on race or was it wrong? It seems on the surface an oversimplified question, much too crude for the subtle and sophisticated dissection we generally give the Court’s work. And yet the Justices themselves must be acutely aware that race has played so large and so tragic a role in American history that the efforts of each generation of jurists to deal with it will in the end warrant the broadest and most sober measure of historical judgment.
Agreement and Tense as Distinct Syntactic Positions: Evidence from Acquisition
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa , Rizzi Guasti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the ongoing debate on the clausal architec¬ture by presenting new relevant evidence based on language acquisition. The theo¬retical context is the study of the functional structure of the clause, which is a major focus of classical and current syntactic research. In the early days of the Principles and Parameters approach, much progress on the clausal structure was made possible by the assumption that clauses are headed by an inflectional node expressing morphosyntactic specifications of tense and agreement (among others); this is a principled development of an intuition dating back to Chomsky’s (1957) Syntactic Structures. The uniqueness of inflection was challenged by Pollock’s (1989) comparative analysis of verb movement, which forcefully argued for the postulation of separate functional heads for agreement and tense; by the late 1980s, the Split-lnfl approach was gener¬ally adopted; in particular, it led to refined explorations of the functional structure of the sentence, analyzed as a system of inflectional heads and projections, each expressing an elementary morphosyntactic property; this trend is now fully systematized in Cinque (1999). Meanwhile, Chomsky (1995) has proposed a limited but signifi¬cant step in the opposite direction from this trend, denying the status of autonomous head to the subject agreement specification and assuming that agreement features are associated to T and checked by a DP in the specifier of T.
The Analysis of Structured Securities
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
yThe Analysis of Structured Securities presents the first intellectually defensible framework for systematic assessment of the credit quality of structured securities. It begins with a detailed description and critique of methods used to rate asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and asset-backed commercial paper. The book then proposes a single replacement paradigm capable of granular, dynamic results. It offers extensive guidance on using numerical methods in cash flow modeling, as well as a groundbreaking section on trigger optimization. Casework on applying the method to automobile ABS, CDOs-of-ABS and aircraft-lease securitizations is also presented. This book is essential reading for practitioners who seek higher precision, efficiency and control in managing their structured exposures.
Market Basics
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a handful of early mortgage deals in the 1970s, structured securities have evolved into a mainstream financing form, a permanent feature of U.S. public and private markets,1 a significant source of alternative finance and investment for Europe, and, potentially, an important source of capital to Latin America and Asia. Yet despite their phenomenal growth record, it would be wrong to infer that structured securities are well suited to all markets. As engineered structures, they perform best in controlled environments.2 In addition to a framework of microcontrols to keep performance within an expected range (otherwise known as the transaction documents), structured deals rely on a framework of macro-level controls to mitigate the impact of the unexpected. In mature financial markets, stringent accounting rules and deep traditions of contracts, property, and judicial process are in place to create transparency of asset value, compel transaction parties to abide by their agreements, and enforce creditor claims when deals go awry. By contrast, the legal infrastructure of emerging markets is often incomplete: it has loopholes, or is long on rules but short on process, or lacks enforcement power. Thus, debt securities from emerging markets often carry large, sometimes incalculable downside risks. This tendency is more pronounced in structured securities, which rely on the possibility of precise risk measurement.
The Right to Culture
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter I examined the ways in which culture can figure into legal decision-making. I argued that courts should admit cultural evidence to contextualize the actions of individuals in disputes, but I did not address the question of how much weight ought to be given to those traditions. An often expressed concern is that simply by admitting cultural evidence, courts will have to give it weight, and that this will require a particular result. As I have tried to show, acknowledging the existence of cultural imperatives does not compel any specific disposition. There will be cases in which courts should be lenient or accommodating, and others in which they should not. This will depend upon the nature of the tradition and the context of the action.
The Origins and Evolution of Real Estate Investment Trusts
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The REIT as we know it today is in fact the revival of an older idea in real estate investment, the roots of which lie in 19th-century New England. That idea-called the Massachusetts trust-had lain dormant for 25 years before investors revived its spirit in 1960. The REIT industry has gone through several ups and downs since then. Some of the downturns were caused by changes in the operating environment, such as changes in tax laws.
Organizational Structure
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A company can choose among a wide variety of organizational forms for holding real property and mortgages. For publicly held companies, these forms include the REIT, the master limited partnership (MLP), the business trust, and the corporation. If a firm elects to hold real properties using a REIT as the vehicle, then the tax at the corporation level is exempted. Given this tax benefit, one would argue that if there are no costs associated with this particular organizational form, then all corporations should use it to hold real properties and mortgages.
Dividends and Debt Policies of REITs
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional wisdom in the REIT market tells us that the most important impediment to a REIT’s growth is the limitation on its ability to retain earnings. Currently, a REIT must pay out 90% of its taxable earnings as dividends. (This payout ratio was reduced from 95% as a result of the passage of the REIT Modernization Act of 1999.) Given this high payout ratio, it is reasonable to assume that, while retained earnings provide some funding for growth, the amount is relatively insignificant. Because internal funding is limited, REITs must look for external funds in order to grow.
The Performance of REIT Stocks
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have discussed in previous chapters, REIT stocks can be viewed as a form of securitized real estate representing claims on real property or mortgages. Given this, investors who are considering REITs as possible investment opportunities should ask two closely related questions. First, to what extent do REIT stocks reflect the returns to their underlying real estate assets? This issue is important because if REIT returns do not reflect the returns to their underlying assets, investors cannot use them as a convenient way to add a real estate component to their portfolios.
Race, Color, and Crime
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the night of February 22, 1926 and then again several nights later, agents from the Commissioner General of Immigration’s office, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Chicago Police Department, and the Cook County Sheriff ‘s and State’s Attorney’s offices raided—often without warrant—restaurants, coffeehouses, barber shops, pool rooms, soft drink parlors, club headquarters, and homes. In search of deportable “alien gangsters,” agents seem to have found what they were looking for. Over two hundred people were apprehended, some of whom were detained for days without adequate food, sleeping accommodations, or heat. Of those people apprehended and detained, a few were Mexicans and Greeks, but the majority were Italians.
If federal and local agents sought “alien gangsters,” it was really Sicilians whom they wanted most. After all, the raids came in the midst of what the Chicago Tribune called “the reign of terror in Chicago produced by gangs of Sicilian gunmen.”
Anxiety
Authors: Robin Corey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just fifty years separate Montesquieu’s death in 1755 from Tocqueville’s birth in 1805, but in that intervening half-century, armed revolutionaries marched the transatlantic world into modernity. New World colonials fired the first shot of national liberation at the British Empire, depriving it of its main beachhead in North America. Militants in France lit the torch of equality, and Napoleon carried it throughout the rest of Europe. Black Jacobins in the Caribbean led the first successful slave revolution in the Americas and declared Haiti an independent state. The Age of Democratic Revolution, as it would come to be known, saw borders transformed, colonies liberated, nations created. Warfare took on an ideological fervor not seen in over a century, with men and women staking their lives on the radical promise of the Enlightenment. But more than any particular advance, it was a new sense of time and space that distinguished this revolutionary world from its predecessor.
How Safe Is Safe Enough?
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a comprehensive roadmap for determining when and how to regulate risky reproductive technologies on behalf of future children. First, it provides three benchmarks for determining whether a reproductive practice is harmful to the children it produces. This framework synthesizes and extends past efforts to make sense of our intuitive, but paradoxical, belief that reproductive choices can be both life-giving and harmful. Next, it recommends a process for reconciling the interests of future children with the reproductive liberty of prospective parents. The author rejects a blanket preference for either parental autonomy or child welfare and proposes instead a case-by-case inquiry that takes into account the nature and magnitude of the proposed restrictions on procreative liberty, the risk of harm to future children, and the context in which the issue arises. Finally, he applies this framework to four past and future medical treatments with above average risk, including cloning and genetic engineering. Drawing lessons from these case studies, Peters criticizes the current lack of regulatory oversight and recommends both more extensive pre-market testing and closer post-market monitoring of new reproductive technologies. His moderate pragmatic approach will be widely appreciated.
Three Ways in Which Reproductive Conduct Can Cause Harm
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the welfare of future people matters, we all have a prima facie obligation to avoid the infliction of unjustified harm on our future children. And because their welfare matters, lawmakers must take their interests into account when deciding whether to regulate a risky reproductive procedure. The fact that reproductive conduct is existence-inducing, however, greatly complicates our effort to determine exactly when the use of a risky technique is actually harmful.
Substantive Due Process Doctrine
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of substantive due process doctrine is one of ebb and flow. Each retreat is eventually followed, not only by reinvigoration of the doctrine, but also by its reconceptualization. In shaping and reshaping the doctrine, the Supreme Court is influenced not only by the text of the Constitution and by the personal proclivities of the Justices, but also by the tenuous nature of the social compact that confers upon the Court the role of ultimate constitutional arbiter and by the social circumstances in which the Court plays its role. Both the Court’s willingness to search for new fundamental rights and its choice of liberties to enshrine continuously evolve as social norms and social conditions change.
The Constitutional Stature of Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Court relies on the “deeply rooted” test to determine whether prospective parents have a constitutionally protected right to use some or all reproductive technologies, then only the oldest and least controversial forms of assisted reproduction have a realistic chance of obtaining constitutional stature. As explained in Chapter 11, however, the Court should not limit its inquiry to the search for a deeply rooted tradition. Other considerations are also crucially important.
The Child Who Hurts All Over
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children who are not doing well or complain of constant pain are a source of great concern for both parents and physicians. Some parents are concerned that their child is not able to keep up with the other children when playing. Others are concerned about repeated athletic injuries, wondering why their child has so many sprains and strains. Still other parents are concerned that the child seems withdrawn, irritable, or has lost interest in activities. There are many possible explanations when a child is not doing well. They range from serious illnesses to problems adjusting at home or in school.