bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of herbicide programs for the control of knotroot foxtail [Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen] in bermudagrass pasture
Authors: Dyer Logan M. , Henry Gerald M. , McCullough Patrick E. , Belcher Jason , Basinger Nicholas T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Knotroot foxtail has become more prevalent and problematic in pastures and hayfields in the southeastern United States. Gaps exist in our knowledge of which herbicide practices are best for managing this species in bermudagrass forage production. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of various ways to control knotroot foxtail in bermudagrass with herbicide applications in autumn, postemergence (POST), with and without also applying a herbicide in preemergence (PRE), in spring. The study was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of treatments and included a nontreated control for both fall and spring timings. Glyphosate at two rates (0.35 or 0.7 kg ae ha−1), nicosulfuron (0.07 kg ai ha−1) + metsulfuron (0.012 kg ai ha−1), and hexazinone (1.3 kg ai ha−1) were applied alone in the fall or followed by indaziflam (0.067 kg ai ha−1) or pendimethalin (4.46 kg ai ha−1) in the spring. Three harvests were conducted throughout the growing season to evaluate weed species (knotroot foxtail, large crabgrass, and horsenettle) and bermudagrass biomass as well as overall species composition. The combination of fall and spring treatments did not affect weed species or bermudagrass biomass. Therefore, treatment main effects were analyzed by fall or spring application timing. A spring application of either pendimethalin or indaziflam increased bermudagrass biomass compared with that of the nontreated control. However, neither PRE herbicide effectively reduced knotroot foxtail biomass compared with the nontreated control, although pendimethalin did reduce season-long knotroot foxtail composition. Spring PRE herbicides are an effective tool for forage producers, but further research is needed to identify effective herbicides and additional approaches for the control of knotroot foxtail.
Reply to Comment by Terence McCarthy and Marc Humphries on “Highly Contrasted Geochemical Pattern in Sediments of the Okavango Delta, Botswana Driven by Dust Supply, Hydrological Heritage and Biogeochemical Reactions”
Authors: Jolivet M. , Dauteuil O. , Dia A. , Davranche M. , Pierson‐Wickmann A.‐C. , Barrier L. , Murray‐Hudson M. , Mazrui N. , Marsac R. , Cheng Feng , Li Xiangzhong 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn southern Africa, the Okavango Delta is a large alluvial fan sustaining a unique wetlands ecosystem in the heart of the Kalahari desert. The Delta is fed by an annual flood that brings water from the Angolan plateaus to the north, down to the Okavango region. The fan is characterized by vegetated, permanent or seasonal floodplains, dotted with thousands of sandy islands of various origin (inverted paleo‐channels, paleo‐dunes, meander bars, etc). On at least some of these islands, shallow groundwater is characterized by a high pH (>8) and a high concentration of metals and metalloids, making it naturally toxic. In the 1990s, McCarthy and co‐workers explain the chemistry of that water through an evapotranspiration model, the flood‐water being pumped by the vegetation toward the center of the islands and progressively enriched in elements by evapotranspiration. This model has been widely applied to all islands in the Okavango, not considering their individual specificities nor that of the surrounding floodplain. Our work, based on a multidisciplinary approach including sedimentology, mineralogy and geochemistry, and discussed by McCarthy and Humphries, questions the established model suggesting that the alkaline water cannot derive from simple concentration of the floodwater.
Eddy‐Induced Dispersion of Sea Ice Floes at the Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Gupta Mukund , Gürcan Emma , Thompson Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractOcean heat exchanges at the marginal ice zone (MIZ) play an important role in melting sea ice. Mixed‐layer eddies transport heat and ice floes across the MIZ, facilitating the pack's access to warm waters. This study explores these frontal dynamics using disk‐shaped floes coupled to an upper‐ocean model simulating the sea ice edge. Numerical experiments reveal that small floes respond more strongly to fine‐scale ocean currents, which favors higher dispersion rates and weakens sea ice drag onto the underlying ocean. Floes with radii smaller than resolved turbulent filaments (∼2–4 km) result in a wider and more energetic MIZ, by a factor of 70% each, compared to larger floes. We hypothesize that this floe size dependency may affect sea ice break‐up by controlling oceanic energy propagation into the MIZ and modulate the sea ice pack's melt rate by regulating lateral heat transport toward the sea ice cover.
Optimal Recovery of Rayleigh‐Wave Overtones by Multi‐Directional Acquisition
Authors: Lellouch A. , Shimony E. , Sinitsyn P. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractRayleigh waves are ubiquitously used for subsurface characterization through dispersion curve inversion, whose quality depends on the number of useable overtones. Traditional analysis is based on vertical receivers and, for active surveys, sources. However, for layered media, eigenfunction theory shows that optimal recovery of any given dispersion mode and frequency can be achieved by either vertical source‐vertical receiver or radial source‐radial receiver configurations, with source directivity being more dominant. Multi‐directional near‐surface wave‐equation modeling and field examples, including distributed acoustic sensing data, validate these predictions. Statistical analysis of compaction‐type near‐surface models shows that overtones are better recovered for radial‐radial surveys in large portions of the useable spectrum, extending beyond 60% for the second and above modes. We conclude that incorporating radial‐radial data acquisition is beneficial and should become standard procedure in active surveying, as well as analyzing the radial component in ambient noise and earthquake‐induced Rayleigh waves.
Observations of Relativistic Electron Enhancement and Butterfly Pitch Angle Distributions at Low L (<3)
Authors: O'Brien D. , Li X. , Khoo L. , Selesnick R. S. , Hogan B. , Zhao H. , Mei Y. , Hoxie V. , Baker D. N. , Kanekal S. G. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractElectrons in Earth's outer radiation belt are highly dynamic, with fluxes changing by up to orders of magnitude. The penetration of electrons from the outer belt to the inner belt is one such change observed during geomagnetic storms and was previously observed in electrons up to 1 MeV for some strong storms observed by the Van Allen Probes. We analyze pulse height analysis data from the Relativistic Electric and Proton Telescope (REPT) on the Van Allen Probes to produce electron flux measurements with lower minimum energy and significantly improved resolution compared to the standard REPT data and show that electron penetrations into the inner belt (L ≤ 2) extend to at least 1.3 MeV and penetrations into the slot region (2 < L < 2.8) extend to at least 1.5 MeV during certain geomagnetic storms. We also demonstrate that these penetrations are associated with butterfly pitch angle distributions from 1 to 1.3 MeV.
An Observing System Simulation Experiment Analysis of How Well Geostationary Satellite Trace‐Gas Observations Constrain NOx Emissions in the US
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Hua , Henze Daven K. , Mizzi Arthur P. , González Abad Gonzalo , He Jian , Harkins Colin , Naeger Aaron R. , Lyu Congmeng , Liu Xiong , Chan Miller Christopher , Pierce R. Bradley , Johnson Matthew S. , McDonald Brian C. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe investigate the benefit of assimilating high spatial‐temporal resolution nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measurements from a geostationary (GEO) instrument such as Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) versus a low‐earth orbit (LEO) platform like TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the inverse modeling of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. We generated synthetic TEMPO and TROPOMI NO2 measurements based on emissions from the COVID‐19 lockdown period. Starting with emissions levels prior to the lockdown, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry/Data Assimilation Research Testbed (WRF‐Chem/DART) to assimilate these pseudo‐observations in Observing System Simulation Experiments to adjust NOx emissions and quantify how well the assimilation of TEMPO versus TROPOMI measurements recovers the lockdown‐induced emissions changes. We find that NOx emission biases can be ameliorated using half as many simulation days when assimilating GEO observations, and the estimated NOx emissions in 23 out of 29 major urban regions in the US are more accurate. The root mean square error and coefficient of determination of posterior NOx emissions are reduced by 12.5%–41.5% and 1.5%–17.1%, respectively, across different regions. We conduct sensitivity experiments that use different data assimilation (DA) configurations to assimilate synthetic GEO observations. Results demonstrate that the temporal width of the DA window introduces −10% to −20% biases in the emissions inversion and constraining both NOx concentrations and emissions simultaneously yields the most accurate NOx emissions estimates. Our work serves as a valuable reference on how to appropriately assimilate GEO observations for constraining NOx emissions in future studies.
Characterizing Volcanic Ash Density and Its Implications on Settling Dynamics
Authors: Lau Sing , Grainger Roy G. , Taylor Isabelle A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractVolcanic ash clouds are carefully monitored as they present a significant hazard to humans and aircraft. The primary tool for forecasting the transport of ash from a volcano is dispersion modeling. These models make a number of assumptions about the size, sphericity and density of the ash particles. Few studies have measured the density of ash particles or explored the impact that the assumption of ash density might have on the settling dynamics of ash particles. In this paper, the raw apparent density of 23 samples taken from 15 volcanoes are measured with gas pycnometry, and a negative linear relationship is found between the density and the silica content. For the basaltic ash samples, densities were measured for different particle sizes, showing that the density is approximately constant for particles smaller than 100 μm, beyond which it decreases with size. While this supports the current dispersion model used by the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), where the density is held at a constant (2.3 g cm−3), inputting the measured densities into a numerical simulation of settling velocity reveals a primary effect from the silica content changing this constant. The VAAC density overestimates ash removal times by up to 18%. These density variations, including those varying with size beyond 100 μm, also impact short‐range particle‐size distribution measurements and satellite retrievals of ash.
Evaluation of a Stochastic Mixing Scheme in the Deep Convective Gray Zone Using a Tropical Oceanic Deep Convection Case Study
Authors: Stanford McKenna W. , Varble Adam C. , Morrison Hugh 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA stochastic horizontal subgrid‐scale mixing scheme is evaluated in ensemble simulations of a tropical oceanic deep convection case using a horizontal grid spacing (Δh) of 3 km. The stochastic scheme, which perturbs the horizontal mixing coefficient according to a prescribed spatiotemporal autocorrelation scale, is found to generally increase mesoscale organization and convective intensity relative to a non‐stochastic control simulation. Perturbations applied at relatively short autocorrelation scales induce differences relative to the control that are more systematic than those from perturbations applied at relatively long scales that yield more variable outcomes. A simulation with mixing enhanced by a constant factor of 4 significantly increases mesoscale organization and convective intensity, while turning off horizontal subgrid‐scale mixing decreases both. Total rainfall is modulated by a combination of mesoscale organization, areal coverage of convection, and convective intensity. The stochastic simulations tend to behave more similarly to the constant enhanced mixing simulation owing to greater impacts from enhanced mixing as compared to reduced mixing. The impacts of stochastic mixing are robust, ascertained by comparing the stochastic mixing ensembles with a non‐stochastic mixing ensemble that has grid‐scale noise added to the initial thermodynamic field. Compared to radar observations and a higher resolution Δh = 1 km simulation, stochastic mixing seemingly degrades the simulation performance. These results imply that stochastic mixing produces non‐negligible impacts on convective system properties and evolution but does not lead to an improved representation of convective cloud characteristics in the case studied here.
Brazil Margin Stable Isotope Profiles for the Last Glacial Cycle: Implications for Watermass Geometry and Oceanic Carbon Storage
Authors: Shub A. B. , Lund D. C. , Oppo D. W. , Garity M. L. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractVertical profiles of benthic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) imply the volume of southern source water (SSW) in the Atlantic basin expanded during the Last Glacial Maximum. Shoaling of the boundary between SSW and northern source water (NSW) may reduce mixing between the two watermasses, thereby isolating SSW and enhancing its ability to store carbon during glacial intervals. Here we test this hypothesis using profiles of δ18O and δ13C from the Brazil Margin spanning the last glacial cycle (0–150 ka). Shoaling of the SSW‐NSW boundary occurred during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2, 4, and 6, consistent with expansion of SSW and greater carbon sequestration in the abyss. But the watermass boundary also shoaled during MIS 5e, when atmospheric CO2 levels were comparable to MIS 1. Additionally, we find there was little change in watermass structure across the MIS 5e‐d transition, the first major decline in CO2 of the last glacial cycle. Thus, the overall pattern in glacial‐interglacial geometry is inconsistent with watermass mixing acting as a primary control on atmospheric pCO2. We also find that δ13C values for MIS 5e are systematically lower than MIS 1, with the largest difference (∼1‰) occurring in the upper water column. Low δ13C during MIS 5e was most likely due to a long‐term imbalance in weathering and deposition of calcium carbonate or input of 13C‐depleted carbon from a reservoir external to the ocean‐atmosphere system.
Linking Sediment and Water Column Phosphorus Dynamics to Oxygen, Temperature, and Aeration in Shallow Eutrophic Lakes
Authors: Kirol A. P. , Morales‐Williams A. M. , Braun D. C. , Marti C. L. , Pierson O. E. , Wagner K. J. , Schroth A. W. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWater quality improvements in shallow eutrophic lakes are commonly delayed due to loading from legacy phosphorus (P)‐enriched sediments, even with reduced external nutrient loads. It is critical to understand the drivers of internal P loading to suppress or remove this source of P and meet water quality goals. We contrast the drivers of internal P loading in two shallow eutrophic systems (Lake Carmi and Missisquoi Bay). Legacy P dynamics in the unmanipulated systems were compared to Lake Carmi during aeration. In‐situ high frequency water column monitoring along with water and sediment sampling was used to study P dynamics in response to changing lake conditions and aeration. Despite both systems exhibiting P mobility controlled by iron redox cycling, we observed distinct differences in the spatial extent and drivers of internal P loading. Legacy P loading was controlled by seasonal drivers in Lake Carmi, but by spatially variable and highly transient wind driven forcing of hydrodynamics in Missisquoi Bay. Aeration altered the mixing regime of Lake Carmi and shifted loading dynamics to frequent wind‐driven pulses of legacy P to surface waters akin to those of Missisquoi Bay. Mean hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen increased with aeration, but greater oxygen demand rates and periods of anoxia under transient stratification still resulted in internal P loading. Surface P concentrations were higher in summer months with aeration compared to previous years. This research illustrates the dynamic nature of legacy P behavior within and between shallow eutrophic lakes and the challenges in addressing this common water resources threat.
Accuracy Assessment of Numerical Morphological Models Based on Reduced Saint‐Venant Equations
Authors: Barneveld H. J. , Mosselman E. , Chavarrías V. , Hoitink A. J. F. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSustainable river management often requires long‐term morphological simulations. As the future is unknown, uncertainty needs to be accounted for, which may require probabilistic simulations covering a large parameter domain. Even for one‐dimensional models, simulation times can be long. One of the acceleration strategies is simplification of models by neglecting terms in the governing hydrodynamic equations. Examples are the quasi‐steady model and the diffusive wave model, both widely used by scientists and practitioners. Here, we establish under which conditions these simplified models are accurate. Based on results of linear stability analyses of the St. Venant‐Exner equations, we assess migration celerities and damping of infinitesimal, but long riverbed perturbations. We did this for the full dynamic model, that is, no terms neglected, as well as for the simplified models. The accuracy of the simplified models was obtained from comparison between the characteristics of the riverbed perturbations for simplified models and the full dynamic model. We executed a spatial‐mode and a temporal‐mode linear analysis and compared the results with numerical modeling results for the full dynamic and simplified models, for very small and large bed waves. The numerical results match best with the temporal‐mode linear analysis. We show that the quasi‐steady model is highly accurate for Froude numbers up to 0.7, probably even for long river reaches with large flood wave damping. Although the diffusive wave model accurately predicts flood wave migration and damping, key morphological metrics deviate more than 5% (10%) from the full dynamic model when Froude numbers exceed 0.2 (0.3).
Spatiotemporal Variation of Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Controlled by Groundwater Flow in a Large Basin: Evidence From Multi‐Isotopes (15N, 11B, 18O, and 2H)
Authors: Mao Hairu , Wang Guangcai , Liao Fu , Shi Zheming , Rao Zhi , Zhang Hongyu , Qiao Zhiyuan , Bai Yunfei , Chen Xianglong , Yan Xin , Wang Chenyu , Yang Yang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractElevated and increasing concentration in groundwater affect groundwater supplies in China and elsewhere. However, how groundwater flow affects concentration in groundwater has yet to be fully understood. Herein, multi‐isotopes (15N, 11B, 18O, and 2H) and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) were used to elucidate the spatiotemporal variation, sources, and patterns of and its response to groundwater flow in Poyang Lake Basin where agriculture, industry and urban coexist. The location of hotspots identified by LISA tended to move from the middle to lower reaches of Ganfu Plain with groundwater flow, and hotspots area expanded in the upper reaches of Xin River Basin and northwest of the study area during the transition from dry season to wet season. Our results revealed that variations of regional concentration were controlled by groundwater recharge or flow mode (vertical or lateral), biogeochemical processes and sources (sewage and manure). In some areas with the single stratigraphic structure (unconfined aquifer), spatiotemporal variation of concentration was influenced by local pollution sources and vertical recharge of current precipitation (vertical flow). In some areas with binary structures (confined aquifer), groundwater was mainly recharged by lateral flow and concentration was mainly affected by mixing effect of upstream groundwater, reflecting human activities in the upper reaches rather than local human activities. In lakeside floodplain, groundwater was attenuated by the dissimilatory reduction to . This study provides a novel insight into groundwater flow controlling on spatiotemporal distribution of concentration in the regional scale.
Experimental measurement and numerical modeling of deformation behavior of breast cancer cells passing through constricted microfluidic channels
Authors: Keshavarz Motamed Pouyan , Abouali Hesam , Poudineh Mahla , Maftoon Nima 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDuring the multistep process of metastasis, cancer cells encounter various mechanical forces which make them deform drastically. Developing accurate in-silico models, capable of simulating the interactions between the mechanical forces and highly deformable cancer cells, can pave the way for the development of novel diagnostic and predictive methods for metastatic progression. Spring-network models of cancer cell, empowered by our recently proposed identification approach, promises a versatile numerical tool for developing experimentally validated models that can simulate complex interactions at cellular scale. Using this numerical tool, we presented spring-network models of breast cancer cells that can accurately replicate the experimental data of deformation behavior of the cells flowing in a fluidic domain and passing narrow constrictions comparable to microcapillary. First, using high-speed imaging, we experimentally studied the deformability of breast cancer cell lines with varying metastatic potential (MCF-7 (less invasive), SKBR-3 (medium-high invasive), and MDA-MB-231 (highly invasive)) in terms of their entry time to a constricted microfluidic channel. We observed that MDA-MB-231, that has the highest metastatic potential, is the most deformable cell among the three. Then, by focusing on this cell line, experimental measurements were expanded to two more constricted microchannel dimensions. The experimental deformability data in three constricted microchannel sizes for various cell sizes, enabled accurate identification of the unknown parameters of the spring-network model of the breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Our results show that the identified parameters depend on the cell size, suggesting the need for a systematic procedure for identifying the size-dependent parameters of spring-network models of cells. As the numerical results show, the presented cell models can simulate the entry process of the cell into constricted channels with very good agreements with the measured experimental data.
IFI35 limits antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer via CCL2 secretion
Authors: Xu Baojin , Sun Hefen , Liu Simeng , Liao Li , Song Xiaoqing , Wu Yi , Hou Yifeng , Jin Wei 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis due to the lack of therapeutic targets. Although immunotherapy brings survival benefits to patients diagnosed with TNBC, it remains limited and treatment resistance is widespread. Here we demonstrate that IFI35 is highly expressed in tumor tissues and can be induced by Interferon-γ in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner in breast cancer cells. In xenograft models, we reveal that IFI35 dramatically increases myeloid-derived suppressor cells infiltration in tumors, along with depletion and anergy of CD8+T cells. IFI35 ablation leads to prolonged survival of the mice. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing reveals that IFI35 promotes CCL2 secretion, resulting in the remodeling of TNBC immune microenvironment. Ablation of IFI35 promotes the infiltration of effector CD8+T cells, and thereby sensitizes TNBC to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Our data suggest that IFI35 limits antitumor immunity and may be expected to become a new immunotherapy target in TNBC.