bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Law and the Inner Self
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By any measure, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., led a full and remarkable life. He was tall and exceptionally attractive, especially as he aged, with piercing eyes, a shock of white hair, and prominent moustache. He was the son of a famous father (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., renowned for `The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table’), a thrice-wounded veteran of the Civil War, a Harvard-educated member of Brahmin Boston, the acquaintance of Longfellow, Lowell, and Emerson, and for a time a close friend of William James. He wrote one of the classic works of American legal scholarship, The Common Law, and he served with distinction on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was actively involved in the Court’s work into his nineties. In Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, G. Edward White, the acclaimed biographer of Earl Warren and one of America’s most esteemed legal scholars, provides a rounded portrait of this remarkable jurist. We see Holmes’s early life in Boston and at Harvard, his ambivalent relationship with his father, and his harrowing service during the Civil War (he was wounded three times, twice nearly fatally, shot in the chest in his first action, and later shot through the neck at Antietam). White examines Holmes’s curious, childless marriage (his diary for 1872 noted on June 17th that he had married Fanny Bowditch Dixwell, and the next sentence indicated that he had become the sole editor of the American Law Review) and he includes new information on Holmes’s relationship with Clare Castletown. White not only provides a vivid portrait of Holmes’s life, but examines in depth the inner life and thought of this preeminent legal figure. There is a full chapter devoted to The Common Law, for instance, and throughout the book, there is astute commentary on Holmes’s legal writings. Indeed, White reveals that some of the themes that have dominated 20th-century American jurisprudence--including protection for free speech and the belief that ‘judges make the law’--originated in Holmes’s work. Perhaps most important, White suggests that understanding Holmes’s life is crucial to understanding his work, and he continually stresses the connections between Holmes’s legal career and his personal life. For instance, his desire to distinguish himself from his father and from the ‘soft’ literary culture of his father’s generation drove him to legal scholarship of a particularly demanding kind. White’s biography of Earl Warren was hailed by Anthony Lewis on the cover of The New York Times Book Review as ‘serious and fascinating,’ and The Los Angeles Times noted that ‘White has gone beyond the labels and given us the man.’ In Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, White has produced an equally serious and fascinating biography, one that again goes beyond the labels and gives us the man himself.
“An All Round View of the Law, ” 1882–1902 On
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On March 3, 1881, Little, Brown and Company sent Holmes the first copy of The Common Law. He inscribed the copy on the flyleaf and he and Fanny opened a bottle of champagne; he saved the cork for the rest of his life.1 As noted, the book had appeared five days before his fortieth birthday, the point that indicated whether ‘a man was to do anything. ‘2 Its publication must have signified a great emotional release for Holmes. At last he had joined the company of his peers Pollock and Dicey and Henry Adams and Leslie Stephen in publishing a book while still in his thirties. But after the exultation of the moment when the first copy arrived, anticlimax may well have set in. Holmes went back to his law practice, which continued as before. The book was greeted, as most books are, with a long silence. The Lowell Lectures were over; the nights devoted to them and to their rewriting for the book were suddenly empty.
The supreme judicical court
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before his appointment to the Harvard faculty Holmes was preoccupied with his work, and he and Fanny had few social contacts. His assuming an academic position made his summers free from responsibilities, and he wrote Frederick Pollock in April 1882 that he planned to spend the summer in England and the continent as ‘one of the advantages of the professorship.’’5 But the appointment to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court meant that Holmes’ summers would be taken up, except for intervals, with court business, further cementing the junior Holmeses’ routine.
Aging
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In October 1922, Holmes wrote Pollock from the Powhatan Hotel in Washington. He had had a prostate operation on July 12, and was slowly recovering. His weakness had resulted in his doctors recommending that an elevator be installed in his house to save him the labor of walking up a steep flight of stairs to his library and bedroom. The elevator had taken longer than expected, and the Holmeses were forced to stay at the Powhatan while awaiting its completion. Holmes’ routine was upset, as he had to move his Court papers to the hotel and was not within easy reach of his books, and the opening of the Court’s Term presented him with a series of new problems. “The total is,’’ he told Pollock, “that I am distracted. It is the first moment of feeling like an old man.”1 Six months before Chief Justice William Howard Taft had written his brother that “Holmes ... is suffering from asthma, and I suspect it is of a cardiac character.
Introduction: The Global Refugee Crisis
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Desperate men, women, and children pushed out of their own countries by forces entirely beyond their control are paraded with grim regularity across our television screens. Images of exhausted, destitute mothers cradling emaciated children in some makeshift camp in a remote corner of the world not only evoke the pathos of refugees but graphically illustrate the daily reality of millions of people caught up in the crosscurrents of revolution, war, and famine who have been forced into exile.
The International Refugee Regime and Third World Refugees
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1960s, the attention of the international refugee regime passed to the Third World, where millions of displaced people posed a serious challenge to international stability. In Europe, the era of refugees (except for waves of Czechs in 1968 and Poles in 1980) was mostly finished, and the problem would not reappear until the late 1980s. Although political repression in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union continued to produce more refugees, fewer and fewer Eastern Europeans were able to flee to the West, especially once the countries behind the Iron Curtain consolidated their rule, imposed exit controls, and closed their borders. It was assumed that the continuing process of overseas resettlement, as well as residual local integration, would dispose of the remaining European refugee problem.1 By the early 1960s, the westward flow of Eastern Europeans had rapidly been eclipsed by new refugee movements in the Third World.
The Crisis of Berlin Jewry: Introduction to the Problem
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few communities of comparable size have received the scholarly attention that the Jews of Berlin in the period 1770-1823 have received from historians of modern Jewry. Virtually every general history of the Jews devotes several pages to the community, and many histories of modern Jewry devote whole chapters. The life of Moses Mendelssohn, the Berlin Haskala (Jewish Enlightenment), the women of the salons, the “epidemic of baptism,” the conflict over early religious reform, all are the staples of modern Jewish history. The impact of the events has affected Jewish life far beyond Berlin or Germany. Berlin Jewry has served as a model (and also as a cautionary tale) for Jewish communities in Eastern Europe, America, and elsewhere. Debate over the importance and the merit of the changes that took place in Berlin during those generations has been closely tied to ideological battles within Judaism. And yet, the Jewish community of Berlin was relatively small between the years 1770 and 1823. The total number of Jews in Berlin fluctuated, but was never much greater or fewer than 3,500. When compared to a world Jewish population of several million at the time, this seems an infinitesimal number. Even within the areas later to be part of united Germany, Berlin had none of the numeric dominance it was to have later on. Not only were there probably twice as many Jews in Hamburg as in Berlin, there were a number of small cities in the Posen district (such as Lissa, Kempen, etc.)-little more than shtetlekh-whose Jewish population exceeded that of Berlin.
The View from the Balcony
Authors: Davis Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugely popular and openly staged throughout the early modern era, the battagliole were nevertheless in theory completely illegal and only to be put on with the special permission of the state. The Venetian government had taken this stance at least as early as 1505, when the Council of Ten issued a proclama threatening anyone “who dared to gather or make war at the bridges” with three hoists on the strappado and-at theTen’s discretion-a possible whipping as well. To make sure its intentions about illicit battagliole were perfectly clear, the Ten posted this and later edicts against such gatherings not only at Piazza San Marco and the Rialto-the usual places for displaying proclamations-but also in those outlying neighborhoods where Castellani and Nicolotti partisans customarily gathered. Before long, however, it became clear to the Ten that enthusiasts of the pugni would “continue to carry on the battagliole ... because of the light penalties [involved],” so the punishments for those who sought to amuse themselves at the bridges without permission were steadily increased. The state’s escalating battle against the pugni culminated with the edict of 29 November 1644, which proclaimed: That no one should dare make this said war under the irremissible penalty of assuredly being condemned to serve as a shackled oarsman in a prison galley for five years, or ... being unfit for such service, to be confined in one of the ... Ten’s prisons barred to the light for a space of seven years. Should he flee [arrest], let him be banished from this City of Venice and its territories for fifteen years.
The Impact of Sociocultural Differences on Health
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have emphasized the powerful impact that national and subnational levels of government have had on the health of the indigenous peoples of Northern America, Polynesia, and Australia. In this and the next chapter we return to the comparative method. Our focus shifts, however, to the importance of indigenous cultures for the health of their members. Our examples are the Hopi and Navajo Indians in the Southwest of the United States, chosen because they live in the same environment; have been coerced by the same government in similar ways (e.g., in regard to forced education and stock reduction in the 1930s); have been forced to acquiesce in the extraction of their natural resources in the interests of the same large corporation (e.g., the Peabody Coal Company, which operates a large strip mine on land claimed by both tribes); and are beneficiaries of the same health, education, and welfare systems. Yet they have very different cultures and patterns of social organization. They thus present yet another opportunity for comparison, this time holding constant the political, economic, and physical environment and considering differences in culture.
The New Haven School
Authors: Mcdougal Myres S , Lasswell Harold D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Borrowing and adapting the tools of a variety of social science disciplines from economics and political science to psychology and sociology-the originators of the New Haven approach developed what they have called a “policy-oriented jurisprudence.” Myres S. McDougal, a Yale law professor and one-time president of the American Society of lnternational Law, and Harold D. Lasswell, a Yale professor of law and political science and one time president of the American Political Science Association, have developed a truly interdisciplinary approach to the study of international rules.
Structural Realism
Authors: Grieco Joseph M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to Kenneth N. Waltz, a founder of the approach, Structural Realism “presents a systematic portrait of international politics depicting component units according to the manner of their arrangement.”1 States, which are deemed the major actors in world affairs, are conceived as unitary actors motivated primarily by the will to survive. Anarchy-the absence of a central monopoly of legitimate force-is the essential structural quality of the system. This structural quality provides an adequate explanation both for competition of states and for the observable though severely limited instances of state cooperation. International regimes, institutions, rules, and norms are not independent causal factors, according to the Structural Realists (or “Neorealists”), and affect the prospects for international cooperation only at the margins.
Emissions
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The profound, potentially long-lasting consequences of atmospheric pollution and the possible magnitude of the costs associated with controlling emissions demand careful physical and economic assessment of alternative strategies for reducing pollution. While the modeling of the physical emission processes is relatively well developed, the integration of the physical data with an economic model has often been identified as the weakest component of current environmental studies (EPA, 1990; Rind, Rosenzweig, and Rosenzweig, 1988).
Processing and Fabrication of Metals
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Representation of Metals in the World Model The World Model explicitly tracks the extraction of six nonfuel metallic ores: copper (SES), bauxite (aluminum) (SE6), nickel (SE7), zinc (SES), lead (SE9) and iron ore (SElO). There is a single sector for primary processing of metals (XXS). To retain detail about the mix of metals in refined metals, the metal fabricating sectors purchase their refined metal inputs in two parts, the ore directly from the mining sectors (SES-10) and the services for transforming ore to semimanufactured inputs from the refining sector (XX:5). The metal extraction, processing, and principal metal fabricating sectors are shown in Table 7.1.
Chemicals
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Description of the Sectors While all case studies face data problems, the lack of systematic information is particularly severe in the case of the chemical sectors because of the great diversity of products, the overlapping classification schemes used in different sources, and the lack of a common physical unit that can be useful at this degree of aggregation. For these reasons, this case study is more preliminary than the others.
Motor Vehicles
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A country needs freight transport to develop its industrial base, and passenger transportation provides the mobility necessary for social development. Without good transportation facilities, it is, for example, impossible to benefit from economies of scale in production or to provide medical services and education to rural communities. Generally, road transport is the most important mode of transportation for both freight and passengers, except in China and India, where railroads are more important. However, even in these countries, there is an increasing reliance on road transport (OTA, 1991, p. 79).
Norms Elaborating the Elements of Self-Determination
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As indicated in the foregoing discussion, the principle of self-determination and related human rights precepts undergird more particularized norms concerning indigenous peoples. Newly developing norms contain substantive and remedial prescriptions and, in conjunction with already established human rights standards of general applicability, form the benchmarks for ensuring indigenous peoples of ongoing self-determination. This body of international norms indicates the minimum range of choices to which indigenous peoples are entitled in remedial-constitutive procedures (that is, in belated state-building procedures that aim to secure redress for historical and continuing wrongs). The international norms concerning indigenous peoples, which thus elaborate upon the requirements of self-determination, generally fall within the following categories: nondiscrimination, cultural integrity, lands and resources, social welfare and development, and self-government. The general contours of these norms are identified and discussed in the following synthesis of relevant conventional and customary law, including new and emergent law.
Frontier Banditti and the Indians: The Paxton Boys’ Legacy, 1763–75
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This essay is less about changing colonial perceptions of Indians from I763 to I 775 than about how drastically perceptions had disintegrated in one British province between the late seventeenth century and the third quarter of the eighteenth. From the outset of William Penns colonial venture in the I 68 os, the Quaker leader sought respect and equity for native inhabitants; “lett them have Justice,” he urged, “& you win them.” Penn established policies to implement that goal and repeatedly admonished Pennsylvania s officials and the growing flow of European immigrants to practice Quaker ideals of kindness and nonviolence. Eighty years later, his colony—no longer dominated by Quakers either in the government or among the Euro-American population—set a sorry standard in its treatment of Indians. This essay documents the record of atrocities from the Paxton Boys’ assassinations of Conestoga Indians in late I763 until the eve of the American War of Independence.
Blacks in Virginia: Evidence from the First Decade
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The earliest evidence of Africans in mainland British America is frustratingly sparse and sometimes inconsistent. The most obvious questions are accordingly difficult to answer: lien were the first Africans brought to its shores? liat was their status—slave, free, indentured, or some combination of those conditions? liat did the Euro-Americans in Virginia (mostly English, of course, but with scatterings of many nationalities) think about the presence of Africans and about their appropriate role in the colony? Was there a fairly clear consensus among Euro-Americans on such matters, or did they disagree, perhaps adamantly, on some points?
Surely historians do not agree. Although 1619 is generally accepted as the earliest arrival date for an African in England’s mainland colonies, and Point Comfort, Virginia, as the location, none of the other questions has enjoyed much agreement. Yet the events and perceptions of those early years may have been crucial to the evolution of the institution of slavery and the formation of racial ideology. It is accordingly important to learn as much as we can about the experiences of the first Africans in Virginia.
Crossing the Cultural Divide: Indians and New Englanders, 1605–1763
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Europeans have often observed that Americans, almost from the outset of colonization, blended Old World traditions with New World innovations. By moving to a continent not bound by Europe’s restrictive customs and by absorbing some of America’s native ways, immigrants—and especially their children and grandchildren—became Americans rather than transplanted Europeans of whatever nationality. To say that Europeans “Indianized” is perhaps to exaggerate (and in the usage of the colonial period, to demean as well), but surely EuroAmericans became decreasingly like their forebears and more like American natives as time went by, even when the former influence remained the stronger of the two. Similarly, American Indian lives changed under the influence of the strangers from abroad; whether for better or for worse, the introduction of metal tools, woven cloth, alcoholic beverages, and firearms—to name only the most common items of intercultural trade—meant that even Indians who shunned personal contact with the intruders were likely to feel their influence and never be quite the same again. This essay examines the frequency and depth of acculturation in the New England colonies throughout most of the colonial period.
Concepts and Issues
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For all the scrutiny the exceptional economic performance of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan has attracted, relatively little attention has been paid to understanding the workings and development of their financial systems. But finance matters these countries’ financial systems and their evolutionary development-have been a fundamental component of the overall development process. This process has been driven by real economic growth and the attendant growth and change in demand for various types of financial services, by institutional development within the financial system, and by changes in government policies concerning finance. Thus, the experience of these three countries is useful in understanding the relationship between finance and real economic performance, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of finance.
Shaping Law: Elitism and Democracy in the Bork Hearings
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whatever else it may involve, law is a matter of restraint and, therefore, of character. Basic legal practices, such as the consistent application of rules and the impartial evaluation of evidence, require that desire be held in check. During the Thomas hearings, procedural fairness seemed, like a rider on a bucking horse, to be a light, almost ridiculous presence patently subordinate to large political forces and objectives. No one who watched Senator Metzenbaum question John Doggett could fail to see that much of the Judiciary Committee's proceedings were, in this sense, lawless. I suggested in the last chapter that this recognition should have triggered larger self-doubts, for as a society we have demanded too much of even our highest judges and our most fundamental law; we have wanted so much that we have jeopardized the complex and reciprocal expectations of forbearance that make law possible or even imaginable. Our own character is at issue, and our legal system stands in danger of being revealed as a charade. Because law requires the disciplining of desire by self-control and intellect, it is sometimes thought (especially within the educated classes) to follow that law is the opposite of desire and that intellectualism is the crucial trait for a culture that aspires to legal norms.
Double Bind Number Five: Aging/Invisibility
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Do any of you stand a chance of making an unsolicited appearance in Senator Packwood’s little memoir?” a reporter asked NPR’s Cokie Roberts, Nina Totenberg, and Linda Wertheimer. The question referred to charges of sexual harassment levied against the Senator and possibly recorded in his diaries. Two out of three in turn denied the possibility because they were too old. They responded: NT: Not unless he’s been fantasizing.