bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diazoxide, a KATPopener, accelerates restitution of ethanol or indomethacin‐induced gastric ulceration in rats independent of polyamines
Authors: Rahgozar M , Pazokitoroudi H , Bakhtiarian A , Djahanguiri B 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aims:Experimental acute gastric ulcerations (EAGU) are healed very rapidly. This healing process has two steps; mucosal restitution and delayed repair. Adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent potassium channels (KATP) have a regulatory role in the gastrointestinal physiology. In the present study, the effects of KATPchannel modulators; diazoxide (channel opener) and glibenclamide (channel antagonist) on the healing of EAGU were investigated. The effect of polyamine (mediators presumably responsible for restitution) biosynthesis by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on diazoxide‐induced alterations, and the effects of acid secretion inhibitors (cimetidine, omeprazole and atropine) on the mucosal restitution of EAGU were also studied.Methods:Groups of 10 male rats were starved for 24 h and EAGU was induced by oral administration of 1 mL 60% ethanol or a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg indomethacin. Different groups were subjected to various doses of diazoxide (5, 15, 45 mg/kg) and/or glibenclamide (2, 6, 18 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after EAGU induction. Polyamine biosynthesis was inhibited by a single i.p. injection of DFMO (500 mg/kg), administered 10 min before EAGU induction. Cimetidine, omeprazole or atropine were administered intraperitoneally at doses of 200, 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively, after EAGU induction. Animals were killed and their gastric mucosa was examined for ulcerations.Results:Diazoxide accelerated the healing of EAGU, whereas glibenclamide aggravated EAGU. The concomitant administration of glibenclamide antagonized the diaoxide effect. Diazoxide‐induced acceleration of mucosal restitution was not abolished by DFMO. Cimetidine, omeprazole and atropine had no effect on the healing of EAGU.Conclusion:The KATPchannels may play an important role in the gastric mucosal restitution independent of polyamines. Acid inhibition cannot reverse EAGU.
Effect of mouth washing on the [13C]‐urea breath test
Authors: Lee Tzong‐Hsi , Yang Jyh‐Chin , Lee Shui‐Cheng , Farn Shiou‐Shiow , Wang Teh‐Hong 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Mouth washing is often mentioned as a possible method to eliminate the interference of urease activity in the oral cavity before the [13C]‐urea breath test (UBT). However, the effectiveness of mouth washing prior to testing has not been demonstrated clearly in the literature. Thus, the present study was designed to examine the consistency of the [13C]‐UBT and the effects of mouth washing on it.Methods: A total of 101 healthy volunteers underwent the [13C]‐UBT three times. The first and second tests used a standard protocol and collected samples at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min. In the third test, the procedure was the same except that mouth washing was omitted.Results: We used 5 permil (‰) as the cut‐off value and there were 21 (20.8%) positive cases. The κ values for the samples collected at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min between the first and second tests were 0.68, 0.97, 1 and 1, respectively, and all showed good consistency, except for the sample collected at 5 min. Judging from the mean value of the [13C] enrichment of the first and second tests (with mouth washing) and the third test (without mouth washing), 50 (63.3%), 15 (18.8%), 0 and 0 cases at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min, respectively, changed from negative to positive. There were 14 (17.5%) and six (7.5%) cases at 15 and 30 min, respectively, whose [13C] enrichment changed from less than 3 (negative) to between 3 and 5 (border zone).Conclusions: These results indicate that mouth washing had an important effect on samples obtained at 5 and 10 min, while this influence decreased at 15 min and was lowest at 30 min.
Reactive oxygen species activity, mucosal lipoperoxidation and glutathione in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosa
Authors: Jung Hye Kyung , Lee Kyung Eun , Chu Sang Hui , Yi Sun Young 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aim: Helicobacter pylori is considered as the major pathogen in Helicobacter pylori‐associated gastroduodenal disease, but the mechanism of its action has not been fully explained. This study was performed to assess the reactive oxygen species activity and the damage in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosa.Methods: Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 308 patients undergoing endoscopy. Gastric mucosal damage was assessed by using luminol enhanced chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance, and mucosal glutathione.Results: The chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance‐equivalent levels in the mucosa of patients with Helicobacter pylori‐positive gastric mucosa (43.8 ± 134.9 c.p.m./μg tissue, 157.0 ± 96.2 nmol/g tissue, respectively) were significantly higher than in those with Helicobacter pylori‐negative mucosa (6.8 ± 20.3 c.p.m./μg tissue, 110.0 ± 51.6 nmol/g tissue, respectively; P = 0.000, P = 0.016, respectively). The glutathione levels in the mucosa of patients with Helicobacter pylori‐positive gastric mucosa (159.3 ± 76.6 nmol/μg tissue) were significantly lower than in those with Helicobacter pylori‐negative gastric mucosa (212.3 ± 134.3 nmol/μg tissue; P = 0.008). After the data were divided according to the presence of Helicobacter pylori, there were no significant differences in chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance, and glutathione among the different macroscopic findings within Helicobacter pylori‐positive and ‐negative gastric mucosa.Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori infection plays a pathological role in many gastrointestinal diseases through excessive mucosal‐reactive oxygen species production, pronounced membrane damage, and the depletion of gastric anti‐oxidants.
Changing role of endoscopy in the new millennium. Bushell Lecture, Asia–Pacific Digestive Week 2001
Authors: Sung Joseph Jy 
Published: March 2003

Abstract  Endoscopy has confronted many challenges, including serology tests for Helicobacter pylori, virtual colonoscopy and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. These new modalities might eventually replace endoscopy in diagnosing digestive tract diseases. New advancements such as capsule endoscopy, infrared spectroscopy, optical coherent tomography, and various therapeutic procedures have opened new horizons in the field. Endoscopists should keep their mind open and be prepared for the changing role of endoscopy in the new millennium.© 2002 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Chinese tea consumption and lower risk of Helicobacter infection
Authors: YEE YUK‐KEI , Koo MARCEL WING‐LEUNG , SZETO MING‐LEUNG 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Background:
Our first study had shown that Chinese tea has anti‐Helicobacter activity. The present study investigated the relationship between patients’Helicobacter status and the history of Chinese tea consumption.
Methods:
Chinese patients who had their first upper endoscopy were recruited. Before the procedure, patients completed questionnaires about their current Chinese tea consumption habits and those when they were around 10–25 years old. This information was used to calculate the tea consumption indices (TCI). Gastric biopsies (two from the antrum and two from the corpus) were taken for histological examination for Helicobacter.
Results:
Eighty patients were recruited. Eight patients were rejected because of either an incomplete questionnaire, absence of gastric biopsy or a suspected history of treatment for Helicobacter infection. Of the 72 patients, 42 (58.3%) were Helicobacter positive. The age, sex ratio and indications for endoscopy were similar in both Helicobacter‐positive and ‐negative groups. Classifying patients using either current, past or total TCI, patients with high tea consumption had significantly lower Helicobacter infection rate than those with low tea consumption (45% compared to 74%, 42% compared to 67% and 40% compared to 83%, respectively). Helicobacter‐negative patients had higher overall TCI than Helicobacter‐positive patients (28.2:17.3). When current and previous histories were analyzed separately, Helicobacter‐negative patients also had a trend towards higher TCI currently (16.6:11.0) and in their 20s (11.6:6.1).
Conclusions:
There is a significant inverse relationship between Chinese tea consumption and Helicobacter infection. Chinese tea consumption may decrease the chance of Helicobacter infection.© 2002 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Oval cell‐mediated liver regeneration: Role of cytokines and growth factors
Authors: LOWES KYM N , CROAGER EMMA J , OLYNYK JOHN K , ABRAHAM LAWRENCE J , YEOH GEORGE C T 
Published: March 2003

Abstract   In experimental models, which induce liver damage and simultaneously block hepatocyte proliferation, the recruitment of a hepatic progenitor cell population comprised of oval cells is invariably observed. There is a substantial body of evidence to suggest that oval cells are involved in liver regeneration, as they differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary cells. Recently, bone marrow cells were shown to be a source of a stem cells with the capacity to repopulate the liver. Presently, the relationship between bone marrow cells and oval cells is unclear. Investigations will be greatly assisted by the availability of in vitro models based on a knowledge of cytokines that affect oval cells. While the cytokines, which regulate the different hematopoietic lineages, are well characterized, there is relatively little information regarding those that influence oval cells. This review outlines recent developments in the field of oval cell research and focuses on cytokines and growth factors that have been implicated in regulating oval cell proliferation and differentiation.© 2003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Long‐term follow up of gastric low‐grade mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma by endosonography emphasizing the application of a miniature ultrasound probe
Authors: YEH HONG‐ZEN , CHEN GRAN‐HUM , CHANG WEN‐DAU , POON SEK‐KWONG , YANG SHENG‐SHUN , LIEN HAN‐CHUNG , CHANG CHI‐SEN , CHOU GUAN 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a useful tool for the evaluation of gastric wall infiltration including gastric lymphoma. The aims of this study were to characterize gastric low‐grade mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma according to EUS findings and to evaluate the role of a miniature ultrasound probe in the long‐term follow up.Methods:  From January 1994 to March 2002, 20 patients were proven to have gastric low‐grade MALT lymphoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed with a conventional echoprobe and/or a miniature ultrasound probe for initial staging and a miniature ultrasound probe was performed during follow up. All patients positive for Helicobacter pylori received a 2‐week course of omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin.Results:  Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 17 (85%) patients. In all patients, H. pylori was eradicated after treatment. Initial EUS showed significantly greater wall thickness (6.1 ± 3.0 mm) in MALT lymphoma patients when compared with control (2.8 ± 0.3 mm). The infiltrative patterns included wall thickening (3.5–14.1 mm) in 18 patients: stage E‐I1 in 16 (mucosa and/or submucosa), stage E‐I2 in one and stage E‐II in one. Complete regression of MALT lymphoma following treatment for H. pylori was noted in 14 patients, with a mean duration of 11.3 ± 9.1 months. Follow‐up miniature ultrasound probe sonography showed comparative reduction in wall thickness (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Endoscopic ultrasonography plays a valuable role in the initial staging and long‐term follow up of gastric low‐grade MALT lymphoma. The application of a miniature ultrasound probe enables adequate evaluation in the majority of these patients, with additional benefits.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Pitfalls of prophylaxis
Authors: MASSIE RJH , COOPER PJ , VAN ASPEREN PP , McINTYRE P 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) occurs commonly in immunocompromised patients. Sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim (SMX‐TMP) is effective prophylaxis, although PCP may still occur despite apparently adequate use. We report three cases of PCP which highlight some of the pitfalls of prophylaxis.
Residential mobility and sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: SCHLUTER PJ , FORD RPK , MITCHELL EA , TAYLOR BJ 
Published: March 2003

Objective:To examine whether permanent domicile change of the mother, thence the infant, or temporary relocation of the infant away from his or her usual place of residence affects the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).Design:A case‐control nation‐wide epidemiological study.Setting:New Zealand between the years 1987–90.Participants:From the 485 SIDS diagnoses over this time, parents of 393 (81%) SIDS infants consented to participate and these comprise the cases. Controls were selected by randomly sampling 1800 infants from all babies born over 78% of the country. Parents of 1592 (88%) control infants participated.Results:Infants away from their usual address were 1.70 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.66) times more likely to die from SIDS than infants sleeping at home, after controlling for likely confounding factors. A partial explanation for this finding was that SIDS infants were less likely to have been mainly breast fed in the last two days and were less likely to have shared a room with at least one adult at the nominated sleep/death. Infants of mothers who shifted house after their birth, infants having mothers who shifted house within a year prior to the study interview date, and infants who slept at numerous different houses were associated with an increased relative risk for SIDS at the univariate level, but not after adjustment.Conclusions:Infants are less likely to die in their accustomed residential environment. This finding needs confirmation by other studies.
Paediatric resuscitation—by phone
Authors: TUTHILL DP , HEWSON M , WILSON R 
Published: March 2003

Objective:To ascertain the training and knowledge of paediatric resuscitation amongst all paediatric residents in New Zealand.Method:A validated national telephone survey.Results:Interviews were conducted with 96 out of a possible 109 paediatric residents. Most had been qualified less than 5 years and a third had received some training in paediatric resuscitation in the last year. The initial dose of intravenous adrenaline was known by 61% but only 10% knew the recommended ten‐fold increase in subsequent doses. Recognition of the importance of cervical spine management in trauma was poor. Correct resuscitation fluids and volumes were selected by 90%, though infusion rates were frequently too slow. Residents with paediatric qualifications and greater experience scored significantly higher.Conclusion:Many junior paediatric staff are inadequately prepared for resuscitating children. We believe improved regular training is required and that the introduction of a nation‐wide Advanced Paediatric Life Support course, subsequent to the completion of this survey, will lead to improved standards. Its effectiveness needs to be audited.
Alarm settings for the Marquette 8000 pulse oximeter to prevent hyperoxic and hypoxic episodes
Authors: Cust AE , Donovan TJ , Colditz PB 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine safe and appropriate alarm limits for the Marquette 8000 pulse oximeter to prevent hyperoxic and hypoxic episodes in neonates. It is necessary to define these limits for each brand of oximeter because of the variance in nonuser adjustable calibration algorithms used in pulse oximeters. Methodology: Oxygen saturation values obtained from a Marquette 8000 pulse oximeter (SpO2) were compared with simultaneous arterial blood gas PaO2 values obtained from blood gas analysis, for 322 samples in 24 consecutive neonates (median 30 weeks’ gestation). Results: In order to prevent 95% of hyperoxic episodes (PaO2 > 90 mmHg), the upper alarm limit was 95% SpO2. Similarly, to prevent 95% of hypoxic episodes (PaO2 < 40 mmHg), the lower alarm limit was 95% SpO2. A sensitivity lower than 95% had to be accepted to develop an alarm range which prevented both hyperoxic and hypoxic episodes. To maintain PaO2 values between 40 and 90 mmHg, an appropriate alarm range of 94–97% SpO2 (90% sensitivity, 28% specificity) was established. Conclusions: The relative merits of high sensitivity versus high specificity should be considered when determining appropriate alarm limits. Alarm limits which represent a balance between sensitivity and specificity will minimise false alarms and provide a clinically practical range. It would be useful for this type of information to be available for each brand of oximeter, to assist the user in determining appropriate alarm settings.
Botulinum toxin A versus fixed cast stretching for dynamic calf tightness in cerebral palsy
Authors: Flett PJ , Stern LM , Waddy H , Connell TM , Seeger JD , Gibson SK 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To compare botulinum toxin A injections with fixed plaster cast stretching in the management of cerebral palsied children with dynamic (i.e. non‐fixed) calf tightness. Methods: The settings were the Women's and Children's Hospital (WCH) and the Crippled Children's Association of South Australia (CCA), Adelaide, South Australia. Twenty children were selected by two paediatric rehabilitation specialists. A prospective, randomized, single‐blind controlled study, was carried out, with 10 children in each arm. The clinicians were blinded as to the allocated interventions.The outcome measures for 6 months post intervention were clinical assessment, modified Ashworth Scale, Gross Motor Function Measure, 2 D‐video ratings using a modified Physical Rating Scale and a global scoring scale and a parent satisfaction questionnaire. Results and Conclusion: Botulinum toxin A injections were of similar efficacy to serial fixed plaster casting in improving dynamic calf tightness in ambulant or partially ambulant children with cerebral palsy. The ease of outpatient administration, reduction of muscle tone and safety with botulinum toxin A was confirmed. Parents consistently favoured botulinum toxin A and highlighted the inconvenience of serial casting.
Disclosure of developmental disability: A study of paediatricians’ practices
Authors: Hasnat MJ , Graves P 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To investigate paediatricians’ practices in disclosure of disability and the influences on their practices, including attitude to people with disabilities.Methodology: Interviews were conducted with 26 paediatricians regarding their disclosure practices and their experience, training, contact with children with significant disabilities and influences on practices. Anonymous self‐report questionnaires to the same group of practitioners relating to attitude to disability were also employed.Results: Paediatricians’ practices in the disclosure process scored relatively low on an index based upon recommended practices. No significant relationships were found between index scores and the experience or training of the paediatrician or the amount of contact of the paediatrician with children with disabilities. However, more experienced paediatricians were found to be more likely to mention the practice of informing both parents together and the presence of a support person at the time of disclosure. Paediatricians having more contact with children with disabilities were more likely to mention that they would disclose disability in a child as soon as possible. The major modifying influences on disclosure practices were reported to be the intelligence of the parents and their emotional state of at the time of disclosure. Time was the most frequently reported constraint upon disclosure practices.Conclusions: The low ‘disclosure practice index’ scores in this study are not necessarily an indication that practices are poor, as there are challenges to the validity of the advocated practices. There were few significant associations found between the practices of paediatricians in disclosure and their experience, training, contact with children with disabilities and attitude to people with disabilities.
Social factors associated with ethnic differences in alcohol and marijuana use by Vietnamese‐, Arabic‐ and English‐speaking youths in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Rissel C , McLellan L , Bauman A 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To describe the use of marijuana and alcohol among Arabic‐ and Vietnamese‐speaking senior school students compared with English‐speaking background senior school students in Sydney Australia. Method: A quantitative survey of 2573 school students attending Years 10 and 11 from 12 high schools with a high Vietnamese and Arabic population was conducted in Sydney in 1998. Self‐reported marijuana use, school and cultural background information was collected. Results: Students from an English‐speaking background, both males and females, had almost double the prevalence of marijuana use (once or more) during their lifetime (48.3 and 43.6%), the 12 months (40.9 and 36.3%) and 1 month prior to survey administration (23.1 and 13.4%) than the group with the second highest frequency of use (students of European and other backgrounds). Female Vietnamese (7.3% lifetime use) and Arabic students (8.6% lifetime use) had the lowest marijuana use rates, which were less than half that of male Vietnamese (23.5% lifetime use) and Arabic students (28% lifetime use). A similar pattern was found for three types of alcohol use. Spending three or more evenings a week out with friends was associated with higher alcohol use for Vietnamese students (relative risk ratio of 2.76). Conclusions: These results confirm lower marijuana and alcohol use among students from Vietnamese‐ and Arabic‐speaking backgrounds compared with students from an English‐speaking background. Harm minimization strategies may be learned from some migrant communities.
Paroxysmal non‐epileptic events in children: A retrospective study over a period of 10 years
Authors: Bye A M E , Kok D J M , Ferenschild F T J , Vles J S H 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the frequency, nature and clinical characteristics of paroxysmal non‐epileptic events in children diagnosed by video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring at a tertiary referral centre. Methodology: A retrospective study of children with paroxysmal non‐epileptic events, aged 2 weeks to 17 years inclusive was undertaken. The study group consisted of children who had video EEG monitoring during a 10‐year period (1988–99). Telemetry files, medical charts, events recorded on video and record sheets were reviewed. Results: A total of 666 children were analysed, 269 had epileptic events recorded, 285 had non‐epileptic events and 112 had no events recorded. In children with non‐epileptic events, 43% were developmentally delayed, 25% had an abnormal neurological examination and 40% had epilepsy. In the study sample an epileptiform interictal EEG was common (24%). The major subgroups of non‐epileptic events were: staring (34%), sleep phenomena – benign sleep myoclonus (15%), arousals (13%), motor tics (11%) and shuddering (7%). Developmental delay (57%) was common in children who presented with staring spells. A diagnosis of a specific non‐epileptic event was reached in 96% of cases. Conclusion: Paroxysmal non‐epileptic events can cause diagnostic confusion, particularly in children with developmental delay, epilepsy or an epileptiform EEG. Accurate diagnosis can be reached in the majority of cases using video EEG monitoring.