bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐threatening tardive dyskinesia caused by metoclopramide
Authors: Samie M. Reza , Dannenhoffer Mary Anne , Rozek Susan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA case of severe life‐threatening tardive dyskinesia resulting in esophageal and respiratory difficulties due to metoclopramide therapy is presented. A 66‐year‐old man with a primary diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma of the biliary duct was treated with metoclopramide for gastrointestinal symptons related to his chemotherapy regimen. The patients initially presented with tremor and rigidity in the upper extremities. On antiparkinsonian therapy, symptons progressed to hemiballism and involuntary movements of the face, mouth, and tongue, with respiratory and esophageal dyskinesia. Despite discontinuance of metoclopramide, severe tardive dyskinetic symptons resulted in placement of a gastrostomy tube to maintain nutritional support. This case along with other in the literature should emphasize the need for continuous reevaluation of metoclopramide during long‐term therapy, since serious side effects have been reported to occur.
Madopar HBS in fluctuating parkinsonian patients: Two‐year treatment
Authors: Pezzoli G. , Tesei S. , Ferrante C. , Cossutta E. , Zecchinelli A. , Scarlato G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an open‐label study, we substituted conventional levodopa plus benserazide: 100/25 (Madopar) with a controlled‐release form (HBS) in 18 fluctuating parkinsonian patients for 24 months. Significantly positive results were obtained in both peak‐dose and diphasic dyskinesias up to 12 months of treatment; morning akinesias were also improved up to 6 months. A general trend of deterioration, compared to the first 3–6 months of HBS treatment, was observed in “off” fluctuations after 1 year: akinesias due to a delayed response worsened after 1 year of treatment also when compared with the conventional treatment. Positive results were obtained with new HBS on standard Madopar‐related psychiatric disorders.
Meige syndrome: Neuropathology of a case
Authors: Kulisevsky J. , Marti M. J. , Ferrer I. , Tolosa E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrimary Meige syndrome is a form of cranial dystonia of unknown cause. Only three postmortem studies have been reported, and the results of these studies have not been consistent. We have examined the brain of a 72‐year‐old man with typical primary Meige syndrome and found mild to moderate cell loss in the zona compacta of the substanita nigra, locus ceuleus, midbrain tectum, and dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. Also frequent lewy bodies were present in pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. No abnormalities were detected elsewhere. These pathological findings support the notion that brainstem pathology is important in the pathophysiology of cranial dystonia.
Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota
Authors: Nutt John G. , Muenter Manfred D. , Aronson Arnold , Kurland Leonard T. , Melton L. Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe epidemiology of generalized and focal dystonias was investigated in the Rochester, Minnesota, population over the period 1950–1982. The crude incidence of generalized dystonia was 2 per million persons per year, and for all focal dystonias combined, 24 per million per year. The crude prevalence rate was 34 per million persons for generalized dystonia and 295 per million persons for all focal dystonias. Torticollis was the most common focal dystonia; essential blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and writer's cramp were less common and had roughly equal incidence and prevalence rates.
Therapeutic trial with glycine in myoclonus
Authors: Truong Daniel Dung , Fahn Stanley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigated the therapeutic effects of glycine in seven patients with various forms of myoclonus. The initial phase was an open label trial. If benefit was seen in any patient, a double‐blind substitution of placebo was carried out to determine if the benefit was due, in fact, to glycine. The dosage of glycine was initiated at 600 mg/day and was increased gradually until a maximum dosage of 6,000 mg/day was reached. This dosage was maintained for at least 6 weeks before lack of efficacy was declared. No improvement was seen in four patients. One patient reported improvement, but he discontinued the drug because of adverse effects encountered with the use of a concomitant medication and before he could be tested in a double‐blind crossover phase. Two other patients also noticed improvement, but these improvements were not validated in the crossover phase. There were no adverse effects associated with glycine. Plasma glycine levels peaked at 30 min and returned to normal 1.5‐h after 1 g of glycine p.o. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycine levels did not change during treatment, suggesting inadequate penetration into the central nervous system of glycine at the dosage used.
Blepharoclonus provoked by voluntary eye closure
Authors: Behrman Simon , Scott D. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA patient of 23 years of age is presented who, on recovery following a severe head injury, developed abnormal involuntary movements of the eyelids. This consisted of intermittent blepharoclonus which recurred repetitively on voluntary, but not forced, eye closure. The possible genesis of this disorder will be discussed.
HLA antigens in drug‐induced parkinsonism
Authors: Metzer W. Steven , Newton Joseph E. O. , Steele Russell W. , Claybrook Marsha , Paige Stephen R. , McMillan Donald E. , Hays Sarah 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe results of two epidemiological studies suggest a hereditary predisposition to develop drug‐induced parkinsonism. We investigated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen prevalence rates in patients with neuroleptic‐induced parkinsonism. Fifty‐two male, white, neuroleptic‐treated, chronic inpatients with DSM‐III‐diagnosed schizophrenia were examined for the presence of parkinsonism. Subjects were tested for 23 type A, 43 type B, 4 type C, and 10 type DR HLA antigens. The group of schizophrenic patients with parkinsonism (n = 29) was compared with the group of schizophrenic patients without parkinsonism (n = 23). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to age, duration of neuroleptic exposure, or anticholinergic drug exposure. One HLA antigen, B44, was significantly more prevalent in the group with parkinsonism than in the group without parkinsonism. We derived a relative risk of 7.16 for drug‐induced parkinsonism with HLA‐B44 present in this group of schizophrenic patients. These data indicate that HLA‐B44 may play a role in genetic or immunologic susceptibility to develop drug‐induced parkinsonism in white schizophrenic individuals.
A case of post‐traumatic tic disorder
Authors: Singer Carlos , Sanchez‐Ramos Juan , Weiner William J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe present the case of a 27‐year‐old man who developed multiple motor tics following closed head trauma with loss of consciousness. Age of onset, lack of family history of tics, and atypical progression of tic severity and location make it unlikely that the patient had Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Previous reports of post‐traumatic tic syndrome are discussed.
Effect of intravenous injection of biperiden and clonazepam in dystonia
Authors: Povlsen Uffe Juul , Pakkenberg Henning 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe acute effect of intravenous injections of biperiden and clonazepam was investigated in 14 patients with various forms of dystonia (segmental dystonia, 2; generalized dystonia, 6; and Meige's syndrome, 6). Eleven patients had primary dystonia, and 3 patients had a secondary form of dystonia. Doses of 5 mg of biperiden reduced dystonia when evaluated by total scores, global scores, and subjective scores. Two patients had marked side effects in the form of dizziness. Doses of 1 mg of clonazepam significantly reduced total scores and subjective scores, but the reduction in global score was insignificant. No patient had marked side effects following injection with clonazepam. These results correspond with earlier investigations of the longterm effects of anticholinergics and benzodiazepines. It is concluded that in some cases, intravenous injections can be used as a test for evaluating both effects and side effects of antidystonic medication prior to the institution of oral treatment. Long‐term intravenous treatment might be considered in individual cases.
Impaired habituation of long‐latency stretch reflexes of the wrist muscles in Huntington's disease
Authors: Abbruzzese G. , Dall'Agata D. , Morena M. , Spadavecchia L. , Rattod S. , Favale E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectromyographic responses to sudden wrist extension were recorded from the forearm and finger flexor muscles in 10 patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and in 10 normal controls. Stretch reflexes were characterized by a short‐latency (SL) and a long‐latency (LL) component both in patients and controls. Latency, duration, and size of the SL component were not different in the two groups, whereas the LL component was delayed in latency and reduced in size in HD patients. Increasing the stretch repetition rate from 0.1 to 0.4 cycles/s did not affect the SL component of either group, whereas the LL stretch reflex was reduced in size and duration in normal controls, but not in HD patients. These findings suggest an impairment of the “gain” mechanisms of the sole LL component, responsible for a desaturation of this component. This study supports the hypothesis that LL stretch reflexes are mediated by a transcortical long loop, possibly damaged in HD.
Sulpiride‐induced tardive dystonia
Authors: Miller Lucinda G. , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSulpiride is a selective D2‐receptor antagonist with antipsychotic and antidepressant properties. Although initially thought to be free of extrapyramidal side effects, sulpiride‐induced tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism have been reported occasionally. We studied a 37‐year‐old man who developed persistent segmental dystonia within 2 months after starting sulpiride therapy. We could not find any previous reports of sulpiride‐induced tardive dystonia.
Hereditary essential myoclonus in a large norwegian family
Authors: Fahn Stanley , Sjaastad Ottar 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined 56 members of a large Norwegian family with hereditary essential myoclonus, affecting mainly the neck and upper parts of the body, and inherited in an autosomal‐dominant pattern. We observed definite myoclonus in nine individuals, probable myoclonus in one, and possible myoclonus in one. There were two other living members who had a history compatible with myoclonus but who had developed a permanent remission, so we did not observe the movements, and two who had involuntary movements only with stress. Writing usually increased the myoclonus in the neck and trunk, but did not produce myoclonus in the arm used for writing. Having a conversation with an individual who was aware of being watched would also usually increase the myoclonus. Alcohol ameliorated the myoclonus in many, but not all, affected members. Activities such as walking and concentrating during reading would usually reduce the myoclonus. Three living members with definite myoclonus also had features of mild focal dystonia, either spasmodic torticollis or blepharospasm, indicating that focal dystonia may exist as part of the clinical spectrum in hereditary essential myoclonus. In addition to examining the members of the family, we videotaped them and obtained blood samples for molecular genetic analysis.
A double‐blind trial of isoniazid for essential tremor and other action tremors
Authors: Hallett Mark , Ravits John , Dubinsky Richard M. , Gillespie Marjorie M. , Moinfar Amir 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe conducted a double‐blind trial of isoniazid in 11 patients with essential tremor and four patients with other types of postural action tremor. The tremor had not been helped by beta‐blockers or primidone. Isoniazid was given in doses up to 1, 200 mg daily, together with 100 mg pyridoxine, for four weeks. Results were assessed with subjective and objective scales. Only two patients with essential tremor appeared to benefit enough to continue the drug after the trial, and only one has benefited from its long‐term use. Isoniazid may be useful in rare cases of essential tremor, but must be monitored carefully because of its toxicity.
Kinetic‐dynamic relationship of oral levodopa: Possible biphasic response after sequential doses in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Contin Manuela , Riva Roberto , Martinelli Paolo , Baruzzi Agostino 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe potential difference in the concentration‐effect relationship of oral sequential doses of levodopa was explored in six Parkinsonian patients with complex fluctuating response. These patients showed “wearing‐off phenomena” characterized by a transient worsening of motor function at the end of the first morning dose response to below baseline values and complained of a progressive reduction of levodopa effect during the day. A first standard levodopa dose was given in the morning, after an overnight fast and levodopa withdrawal. A second equal levodopa dose was administered immediately at the end of the first dose deterioration phase. Postimprovement worsening of motor response was also observed after the second levodopa dose in all patients. No significant difference in the pharmacokinetics of levodopa or in duration or magnitude of motor response could be appreciated between the two doses. These results further support the suggestion that, under controlled dietary conditions, plasma levodopa levels and effects relationship is reproducible between doses. Moreover, even when transient deterioration of motor function occurs between levodopa doses, the central dopaminergic system appears to remain responsive to the drug.
Movement Disorder in Down's syndrome: A possible marker of the severity of mental handicap
Authors: Haw Camilla M. , Barnes Thomas R. E. , Clark Kate , Crichton Paul , Kohen Dora 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined the nature and prevalence of abnormal movements in adults with Down's syndrome and also the clinical correlates of orofacial dyskinesia and the relationship between dyskinesia and the level of functional and intellectual disability. Movement disorder, language age, and disability were assessed in an epidemiologically based sample of 145 individuals with Down's syndrome. Abnormal involuntary movements were common, with >90% exhibiting dyskinesia, predominantly orofacial. Stereotypies were present in one‐third of the sample. There was an association between the severity of dyskinesia and both current language age and functioning in terms of self‐care and practical and academic skills, which suggested that dyskinesia may be a marker of the severity of mental handicap. The presence of dyskinesia was unrelated to neuroleptic exposure. Dyskinesia and stereotypies are very common in individuals with Down's syndrome and may represent an inherent manifestation of the disorder. The relationship between mental age and dyskinesia in Down's syndrome warrants further research.
The terminal innervation pattern in polymyositis: A histochemical and SFEMG study
Authors: Henriksson K‐G , Stålberg E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChanges of the terminal innervation pattern in polymyositis were studied in nine patients using single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) and histochemical investigations of muscle biopsies. In all patients, and in 16 out of 18 muscles studied, reinnervation was found. The preceding denervation could be caused either by segmental necrosis of the muscle fiber that disconnects one part of the fiber from the end‐plate region or by direct intramuscular nerve involvement.
Myasthenia gravis: A personal view of pathogenesis and mechanism, part 1
Authors: Simpson John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA review of our current knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is presented, with particular emphasis on the immunological aspects of the disease. Part 1, published in this issue, deals with the clinical and genetic features of myasthenia gravis which led to the autoimmune theory of the etiology of this disease. Various theories in this field are reviewed, and recent advances in our knowledge of the acetylcholine receptor protein, and its immunology, are examined. Part 2, which will appear in the March/April issue, provides a review of the dysfunction of physiology, pharmacology, and structure of the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis, and the part played by the autoimmune process.
Effect of ethanol on lactic acid production by exercised normal muscle
Authors: Chui Luis A. , Munsat Theodore L. , Craig John R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested that muscle lactic acid production is defective in alcoholic myopathy. However, normal controls have not been evaluated. To study the effects of ethanol on the production of lactic acid in normal exercised muscle, oral ethanol (1 g per kg body weight, 20% v/v) was given to eight nonalcoholic subjects. Forearm ischemic exercise with a total work load of 7.2 kg‐m/min was performed just before and 90 min after ingestion of ethanol. At the time of exercise, the serum ethanol level was 95.7 ± 15.1 mg% (mean ± SD). Resting serum lactic acid was significantly higher after ingestion of ethanol (15.7 ± 4.5 mg%) than before (8.5 ± 4.7 mg%). Lactic acid generation with ischemic exercise was significantly lower after ethanol ingestion. The mean peak serum lactic acid level (expressed as percentage elevation above resting) was 330.5 ± 118.2% before and 127.9 ± 75.1% after (p <.05). These results indicate that a single oral dose of ethanol decreases lactic acid production by exercised muscle in normal subjects.
Sensory conduction studies in the early recognition of nerve disorders
Authors: Gilliatt R. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEarly investigations into sensory conduction are reviewed and related to recent and ongoing research, specifically with relation to the early detection of nerve disorders. Current study on entrapment neuropathies and on the assessment of minor sensory conduction changes is presented. It is concluded that, in the early recognition of nerve disease, the clinical orientation of the electromyographer is essential to proper test interpretation.
Impaired regulation of the firing pattern of single motor units
Authors: Andreassen Steen , Rosenfalck Annelise 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe firing pattern of single motor units from the anterior tibial muscle was studied during constant isometric contraction. Recordings were made with bipolar, fine‐wire electrodes from 4 normal subjects and from 10 patients with spasticity. A microcomputer was used to classify the motor unit potentials automatically and to measure the interspike intervals. The patients had reduced firing frequencies and reduced variability between neighbor intervals. Seven patients with spasticity due to supraspinal lesions had positive correlation between neighbor intervals.
F‐ and M‐wave conduction velocity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Argyropoulos Constantine J. , Panayiotopoulos Chrysostomos P. , Scarpalezos Spyros 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe F‐wave was used to estimate motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) along the proximal segment of the fastest axons of the deep peroneal nerve (anterior‐horn cells to knee) in 13 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in 21 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects. Measurements were based on the shortest latency of 100 F‐waves obtained after supramaximal stimulation at the ankle and knee. The MNCV was estimated with the F‐wave and conventional M‐response methods in the distal segment (knee to ankle) of the nerve. Our results showed that proximal‐nerve conduction is faster than distal conduction both in control subjects and in ALS patients. In ALS, there was a moderate reduction of MNCV, which was of equal degree in both the proximal and distal segments of the deep peroneal nerve. In control subjects and in ALS patients, no statistically significant difference was found between the MNCV estimated for the knee‐to‐ankle segment by conventional means and that obtained by the F‐wave method. This indicates that the F‐wave of shortest latency is conducted by the fastest surviving motor fibers, as in the initial component of the M‐response–demonstrating that it is legitimate to make direct comparison of F‐ and M‐latencies in estimating the proximal MNCV.
Permeability of muscle spindle capillaries and capsule
Authors: Kennedy William R. , Yoon Kwon S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe permeability of capillaries in rabbit muscle spindles, intramuscular nerves, and extrafusal muscle to intraaortically infused horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied. The permeability of the capsule cells of the muscle spindles was also examined. Immediately following the infusion of HRP, most extrafusal capillaries contained a dense accumulation of HRP reaction product, which began to escape into the surrounding extracellular space within 2–3 min. In contrast, the concentration of HRP in the intrafusal and endoneurial capillaries was much lower than that in extrafusal capillaries, and HRP was never found outside the former vessels. In addition, HRP never completely penetrated through the spindle capsule from the extracellular into the periaxial space, although it was regularly found between the outer two or three layers of capsule cells. The results indicate that the permeability characteristics of the muscle spindle capillaries and capsule to the tracer protein HRP are very similar to those of capillaries in peripheral nerve.
Animal models of alcoholic neuropathy: Morphologic, electrophysiologic, and biochemical findings
Authors: Bosch E. P. , Pelham R. W. , Rasool C. G. , Chatterjee A. , Lash R. W. , Brown L. , Munsat T. L. , Bradley W. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA chronic high alcohol intake was induced in rats through the use of two procedures: the schedule‐induced polydipsia technique and the liquid diet technique. Rats consumed 11–12 g of ethanol per kilogram body weight per day for 16 to 18 weeks. Morphologic evidence of a mild distal axonal neuropathy in the ventral caudal nerve was produced. The red blood cell transketolase levels were normal, indicating that the rats were not deficient in thiamine and suggesting that the axonal degeneration was due to the direct toxic effect of alcohol. Axonal transport studies demonstrated a significant increase in the amount of acetylcholinesterase transported in an orthograde direction in the sciatic nerves of alcohol‐exposed rats, and indicated no change in the transport of choline acetyltransferase or in the specific binding of colchicine by neurotubulin.
Neural hyperexcitability in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Authors: Segura Roberto P. , Petajan Jack H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn electrophysiologic study of peripheral nerve excitability was performed in patients with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) and in normal controls. It was found that a marked degree of neural hyperexcitability existed in all patients with HPP who showed cold sensitivity. The results suggest involvement of the nerve cell membrane in the proximal segments of peripheral nerve. This testing method may be of value in differentiating the cold‐sensitive variant of HPP.