bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jules Verne and the English Sunday
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verne’s most famous story has a wonderful narrative ‘gimmick’. Phileas Fogg lays a bet with his fellow Reform Club members that he can –– using the latest transport systems (as advertised in the Daily Telegraph) –– circumnavigate the globe in ‘eighty days or less; in nineteen hundred and twenty hours, or a hundred and fifteen thousand two hundred minutes’ (p. 20). He will leave England on 2 October, and return on –– or before –– ‘Saturday the 21st of December, 1872’, at a quarter-to-nine. This narrative idea was supposedly inspired by the advertising material of Thomas Cook, catering for the first generation of world ‘tourists’.
What happens to Jim’s family?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most discussed anomaly in Huckleberry Finn’s narrative has been satisfactorily explained away by modern critical commentary. In Chapter 8, Huck meets up with his fellow runaway, the slave Jim, on Jackson’s Island. Jim explains why it is he has run away. He overheard Miss Watson, his owner, planning to sell him in New Orleans, for $800, ‘and lit out mighty quick, I tell you’ (p. 41). He has hidden on the island, waiting for a raft to carry him downriver. He intends to go some twenty-five miles downstream, then hide on the Illinois side of the Mississippi. That is, he will go south, not north or east.
Why are there no public conveniences in Casterbridge?
Authors: Casterbridge? Martin Rowson Why are there no public conveniences in 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The furmity-woman is Michael Henchard’s albatross, or the equivalent of Macbeth’s witches. Whenever she appears on the scene, bad things happen to the Mayor of Casterbridge. It is at the furmity-woman’s marquee that her rum-laced drink drives Henchard to the wild act of selling his wife Susan and his daughter Elizabeth-Jane for five guineas –– precipitating the long series of events which will, twenty-two years later, lead to his final disgrace and wretched extinction.
Henchard first meets this ominous figure at the Weydon-Priors annual fair (located as Weyhill in Hampshire). The date of the encounter is around 1828 (a period of historical significance –– the main part of the narrative pivots around the mid-1840s repeal of the Corn Laws; as the story opens, Wessex is still enjoying its protected prosperity as the granary of England). The fair, as a harvest festival with distant pagan origins, takes place in the hot mid-September (the fifteenth, as we can work out from Henchard’s great oath the next day). Its main attractions are ‘peep-shows, toy-stands, wax-works, inspired monsters, disinterested medical men, who travelled for the public good, thimble-riggers, nick-nack vendors, and readers of Fate’ (p. 8). Liquid refreshments are also on offer.
Unsuitable For Ladies
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
"‘Every page of this book pulses with adventure. It is totally exhilarating to hear the authentic voices of women brave enough to defy convention and tackle the globe.’ Daily Mail Real ladies do not travel, or so it was once said. This collection of intrepid travel dispels that myth, with amusing and thrilling extracts that prove that there are few corners of the world not visited by lady travellers. Isabella Bird, Karen Blixen, Christina Dodwell, Jan Morris, Dervla Murphy, Freya Stark, and Rebecca West are among almost 200 authors in this revealing anthology of women’s travel writing."
Managing co-morbid medical conditions in surgical patients
Authors: Siklos Paul , Corlett Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgical intervention is carried out with the intention of either a cure or an improvement in the patient’s quality of life. Any decision to operate must depend on the nature of the presenting condition as well as an assessment of the relative risks and benefits of the operation. This chapter addresses the risks to the ‘surgical’ patient that may accrue from additional or co-morbid ‘medical’ problems.
Principles of management of malignant disease
Authors: Hargest Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Western societies, cancer is an increasingly important cause of death and imposes a substantial burden of morbidity on the community. In the UK, approximately 160 000 cancer deaths are recorded annually and it is estimated that the known prevalence of cancer is approximately 1 per cent of the population. Therefore at any one time, over half a million people in the UK have a history of cancer. The incidence figures show that over 270 000 new cancers are registered annually. These statistics translate into a lifetime risk of 1 in 3 for developing cancer and a 1 in 4 risk of dying from it. However, it is important to note that 70 per cent of all new cases are diagnosed in people over 60 years of age.
Thyroid, parathyroid, and salivary glands
Authors: Banerjee Anjan K , Quick Clive R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Head and neck surgery cannot be regarded as a coherent specialty because surgeons from several disciplines treat disorders in this region without many strict guidelines (Table 24.1). Even for a single condition such as a parotid swelling, a patient may come under the care of a general surgeon, an ENT surgeon, or a plastic surgeon, according to local practice and the preference of the referring doctor.
Neurology and Neuropsychology
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of neurology as a medical speciality can be traced to Willis (1621-1675) and Cullen. Willis, as well as coining the term ‘neurology’, established that the sub¬ stance of the brain, as opposed to its ventricles or other parts of the body, was the organ of the mind. Cullen (1800) proposed a classification of neurological conditions, which he called neuroses (p. 56). These included the various forms of insanity which, for the first time, were placed in a different subclass from the neurological conditions. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the various parts of the soul, previously considered to be scattered throughout the body, were amalgamated into a mind, and this mind was then linked with the brain and no other organ.
Time and Space: the framework of the world
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two most widely quoted pre-Socratic philosophers, Heraclitus and Parmenides, are celebrated for their opposing aphorisms about time. Heraclitus’ aphorism You cannot step twice into the same river, for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you is regarded as a statement about the reality of change and time’s primary role in the scheme of things. Parmenides’ aphorism There remains only one way that being exists ... it is indestructible, entire, unshakeable and everlasting: it never was and it never will be, since it is all of it together present in the Now is considered to have expressed the opposite point of view. Parmenides and Zeno, through his paradoxes, are held to have believed that only the enduring is real, and that time, motion, and change are unreal.
Emotion, Will, and Action
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two main issues to be considered are the nature of emotion and its categorization. There are numerous reviews of theories of the nature of emotion. Those by Hillman (1960) and Lyons (1980) are particularly good, the former because of its comprehensiveness, and the latter for its clear exposition of the critical issues. Many theories are intrinsically unsound because they blur a whole number of matters, conflating, for example, the effect that an emotion might have on someone’s life situation, various levels of hypothetical causes of emotion (psychological, physiological, anatomical), and various metaphorical interpretations of emotion (energy, symbol, force).
The historical development of nutritional concepts
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one distinguishes between nutrition-the study of foods in relation to the living organism-and dietetics-recommendations for treatment of disorders by dietary change-then dietetics has the longer history. Among the writings of Hippocrates (460-360 BC) is the injunction ‘Let your food be your medicine, and your only medicine be your food.’
World food supplies and protein-energy malnutrition
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term protein-energy malnutrition (pem or pcm, protein-calorie malnutrition) is used to mean an inadequate intake of· total food to meet energy and protein requirements. In fact the problem is one of energy shortage, not protein deficiency. As shown in Table 10.12, most dietary staples provide at least enough protein to meet requirements if enough can be eaten to meet energy needs. Three distinct types of protein-energy malnutrition can be defined.
Vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin; it is a hormone which is synthesized in the skin non-enzymically in UV light. Nevertheless, where sunlight exposure is inadequate a dietary source of preformed vitamin is essential, and deficiency (rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, see section 14.4) is, or has been, a major problem of public health in northern latitudes. The function of the active metabolite of vitamin D (see section 14.3.2) is in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and the uptake of calcium into tissues. It is therefore appropriate to consider vitamin D and calcium nutrition together; since the major body pool of phosphate is as calcium phosphates in the skeleton, requirements for phosphorus are closely related to those for calcium.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin C is a vitamin for only a limited number of vertebrate species: man and the other primates, the guinea pig, bats, the passeriform birds and most fishes. Insects and invertebrates are incapable of ascorbate synthesis. Ascorbate is synthesised as an intermediate in the gulonolactone pathway of glucose metabolism; in those vertebrate species for which ascorbate is a vitamin, one enzyme of the pathway, gulonolactone oxidase (EC 1.11.3.8), is absent.
Food processing
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Man the hunter-gatherer lived on what he could find-molluscs, fish, seals, wild grain, nuts, berries, tubers, leaves, insects and their grubs, birds and their eggs, and such animals as were available. He roamed from one area to another seeking and hunting food and had no need to store it; storage became necessary between harvests only when people settled in one place and cultivated crops and herded animals. The first crops were wheat and barley; grains have been found in Palestine dating from 8000 BC. The wild variety of wheat was Emmer wheat from which the range of modem varieties was developed. Bread made from wheat has been dated around 5000 BC in the Nile Valley (2000 BC in England). Domestication of animals dates back to 8000 BC for cows, 6000 BC for sheep, goats and swine.
The face
Authors: Birnholz J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important trend in the continuing technical development of ultrasound imaging has been the progression from low resolution, composite, static views to highly detailed, high-speed imaging. Clinical sophistication has progressed in concert. In fetal scanning, the diagnosis or exclusion of structural abnormalities has been consolidated, and progress has been made in monitoring physiologic and behavioural dynamics. Study of the fetal face exemplifies these trends. It has been possible to depict the face clearly for the past decade with improved fidelity for the last five years using techniques for noise reduction (Birnholz 1991) (Plate 1). Some recent textbook chapters express the opinion that viewing the face, routinely, is a curiosity without practical value; other authors have focused upon the diagnosis of (major) facial anomalies (McGahan et al. 1990) or described appearances with some forms of aneuploidy. This article will address the clinical potential of holistic pattern recognition of the face itself.
Case studies: recent curriculum designs
Authors: Towle Angela , Jolly Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this brief chapter we look at some curricula and changes and how they fit into the schemes described in Chapter 2.1. Although many curricula world-wide have undergone recent modification, we confine ourselves here to short descriptions, inevitably over¬ simplified, of established and large scale changes, that are well reported and relatively permanent. Unfortunately, none are UK-based.A new Faculty of Medicine was established at McMaster University in 1965. Intense early discussions among the ‘founding fathers’ in the late 1960s led to a fundamental decision: to try methods of education, research, health services partnerships, and organizational arrangements that represented clear alternatives to the North American norm prevailing at that time (Spaulding 1991). These goals are still arguably unique in their comprehensiveness. The planners decided that the curriculum would control the structure of the school for both teaching and research. Hence departments were large and multidisciplinary, but did not necessarily encompass every discipline.
The patient’s perspective: a challenge for medical education
Authors: Neuberger Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the public examines the way young doctors are trained, they gasp in admiration at the hours students and house officers put in on the wards. They see a medical student going through her preclinical and clinical training, spending some of the time on the wards on the ‘firm’ of a senior doctor, a consultant, who is often treated like God. It often seems that on the impression that student makes on that consultant, her future reputation rests. If she wants to please, then she must imitate the behaviour of that consultant. She must act as the apprentice, learn from the man on the job, stay silent very often, and then practise in the same way.
Service-based learning in hospital medicine: integrating patient care and training in the early postgraduate years
Authors: Grant Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BackgroundPostgraduate medical education is based in clinical practice. That is a given that everyone accepts. Our own research work (Grant and Marsden 1988, 1992; Grant et al. 1989) has provided the evidence and it has been replicated many times by other workers.However, the advent in British hospital medicine of partial shift systems can deter the regular presence, as a group, of junior doctors in either service or teaching contexts. It also can mean that doctors no longer get the opportunity to follow a patient through from admission to diagnosis and treatment. They can have a partial view of a patient’s current history and its resolution. Added to this, patients themselves are staying in hospital for shorter periods, as increased throughput per bed becomes a management criterion. Clinical experience thus decreases with decreasing times in in-patient stay. A shortened overall period of training does not add any comfort to the observer of this picture.
The psychology of pain
Authors: Coniam S W , Diamond A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is felt as potential or actual tissue damage. As a result when we feel pain, or someone describes a pain to us, we seek its physical origin. If a physical origin can be found we accept the pain as real pain. If a cause cannot be found, or the intensity of the sensation seems greater than it should be, then a ‘supratentorial’ element is thought to have been added. In other words, the pain is in the mind or psychological.
Subarachnoid anaesthesia in children
Authors: Peutrell J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subarachnoid anaesthesia has been used in children since the early part of this century but is no longer popular because:the duration of analgesia produced by a single injection of local anaesthetic is short and insufficient for postoperative pain control;general anaesthesia is usually used in children. Subarachnoid block is indicated:(l) to provide prolonged analgesia using intrathecal opioids in older children having major surgery (see p. 223)
Why is pain control a problem?
Authors: Park Gilbert , Fulton Barbara , Senthuran Siva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous studies of hospital patients have confirmed that acute pain is often inadequately managed. Patients of all ages experience considerable pain during their hospital admissions, despite the widespread availability of drugs and techniques to relieve pain. The reasons for ineffective pain control in hospitals have been a source of much speculation and study. Some of the major reasons which have been considered follow.
Inflammation and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Park Gilbert , Fulton Barbara , Senthuran Siva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the initial pain of injury is due to traumatic activation of nociceptors, the persistence of pain at the site of injury is caused by inflammatory mediators released by damaged tissue as well as increased spinal cord sensitivity to nerve impulses from the damaged area. Peripheral mechanisms of inflammatory pain revolve around the localized sensitization of nociceptors by prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These prostaglandins and leukotrienes increase the pain response to other chemical mediators such as histamine and bradykinin, which are released in response to cell damage from trauma. The characteristic signs of inflammation are described as ‘rubor, dolor, and tumor’ —erythema, pain, and swelling—and result from the effects of these mediators on peripheral vessels. These substances produce vasodilatation (rubor), nociception (resulting in pain), and increased capillary permeability (resulting in swelling).
An introduction to epidural and spinal analgesia
Authors: Park Gilbert , Fulton Barbara , Senthuran Siva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidurals and spinals are techniques of blocking pain transmission at nerve root and spinal cord level. Though both techniques offer good pain relief, there are a number of important differences between the techniques which need to be appreciated as these affect how the patient is managed. The differences are listed in Table 14.L Epidurals involve the placement of a catheter through a needle inserted in the epidural space just outside the dura mater. Through this catheter, continuous infusions of analgesic agents can be given. In spinals, a fine needle is inserted from the skin through the dura and arachnoid mater into the subarachnoid space to enable injection of the analgesic agents directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.
Antiemetic drugs
Authors: Park Gilbert , Fulton Barbara , Senthuran Siva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are frequent and distressing complications after surgery. In some patients they will occur after a minor body-surface operation associated with a brief general anaesthetic without opioids being used. In other patients their frequency, duration, and severity appear to be related to the magnitude of the procedure, type of anaesthesia, and consequent method of analgesia. Nausea and vomiting are particularly common after gastrointestinal surgery, as a result of postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction. They may also be an unwanted effect of the drugs that are used to control the pain. Some patients are particularly prone to vomiting and suitable reassurance and support may be important in these patients. Vomiting occurs more often in females than males and is more common in the young than in the elderly.
Early recognition of the critically ill child
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is as important that people working with children are able to recognize the early signs of failure of the respiratory, circulatory and central nervous systems as it is for them to be able to treat cardiac arrest in children (see Chapter 3). This is because the outcome from established paediatric cardiorespiratory arrest is so poor. It is particularly important to prevent progression to cardio respiratory arrest whenever possible and, unfortunately, the compressed time scale of deterioration in children is often not appreciated. Decompensation can occur in seconds in the seriously ill child.
Resuscitation of infants and children
Authors: Cullen P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year in the United kingdom, approximately 7500 children die. About 50% will die in the first month of life, and a further 20% by the age of 1 year (Table 3.1). The causes of death vary with age.1 In the neonatal period, birth asphyxia, congenital abnormalities, and factors associated with preterm birth such as respiratory distress syndrome, periventricular haemorrhage, and sepsis are the main killers. In infants less than 1 year, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most common cause of death, followed by congenital abnormalities and infections. After l year trauma is the most frequent cause of death, and remains so well into adult life. Neoplasms are also an important cause of death in older children (Table 3.2).
Accidents and poisonings
Authors: Modell Michael , Mughal Zulf , Boyd Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Childhood accidents are the commonest cause of death between the ages of 1 and 15. It has been estimated that 20 per cent of all paediatric admissions to hospital are due to accidents, and one out of six children will attend an Accident and Emergency Department each year (Polnay and Hull 1993). The risk of accidents in different environments varies according to age: toddlers and preschool children are at greater risk at home, while school age children are more likely to be injured at school during games and sports, and, more importantly, on the roads as pedestrians. Boys outnumber girls by a ratio of 3:2. Children from economically deprived backgrounds have a higher death rate from accidents. Poor housing, such as high rise flats, poor access to nearby parks or play areas, overcrowding and lack of money to buy safety equipment (such as fire guards) contribute, as do more intangible social factors. Stressful situations such as parental depression, marital discord, or family illness increase the risk of childhood accidents. The various preventive measures appear to be having an effect as the rate of accidental death is declining.
Allergy and asthma
Authors: Modell Michael , Mughal Zulf , Boyd Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though atopic disease in one form or another probably affects more than 10 per cent of the population, most GPs do not greet the suggestion that allergy may be the cause of a child’s persistent catarrh, prolonged diarrhoea, or hyperactivity with much enthusiasm, and neither do we. It is a difficult hypothesis to prove, and treatment by, for example, dietary manipulation, is difficult to sustain, may be hazardous, and can lead to an obsessive attitude to the child’s upbringing. However, allergy can sometimes be relevant to a wide range of diseases such as asthma, hay fever, eczema, perennial rhinitis, chronic conjunctivitis, urticaria, and failure to thrive with vomiting or diarrhoea.