bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision: Bovey Tracey and Birmingham
Authors: White Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the morning of Friday 23 August, Hopkins’s parents and Milicent left for Brittany, which they had visited the previous year. After seeing them off on the boat-train, Hopkins went to call on Baillie’s friend, Mrs Cunliffe, but as she was out walked a little in Hyde Park, noticing ‘a fine oblate chestnut-tree with noble long ramping boughs more like an oak’. From there he went to Notting Hill, and in the chapel of the Poor Clares-Colettines took the first step in making the decision ‘to be a priest and religious’. It was taken in a ‘cautiously conditional form’, and in his journal he qualified it: ‘but now, Sept. 4, nothing is decided’. That evening, searching for company in the absence of his parents, he spent at Aunt Kate’s. There was a fiery sunset.
Swiss Swan-Song
Authors: White Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward Bond and Hopkins had arranged to start in the early hours of Friday 3 July for a month’s tour of Switzerland.’ Alpine scenery had played a part in the education of the Romantic poets, and it would be Hopkins’s last opportunity to see Switzerland because (Bond said) Jesuits were forbidden to enter the country. The day before they were due to depart Hopkins was still worried about how he would pay for the tour. With his previous earnings from Once a Week in mind, he had started an article on the medieval school of poets and, in particular, William Morris’s The Earthly Paradise, published two months previously.
Seascapes: The Isle of Man
Authors: White Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday 3 August 1872, when the second-year examinations were over, the seminarians, with Fr Parkinson, their Spiritual Prefect, set out to the Isle of Man for the Villa at Douglas, the island’s main town and a popular resort for the manufacturing towns of northern England and the Potteries. Hopkins’s group of about thirty was to stay at Derby Castle, at the northern end of Douglas Bay. Derby Castle (pronounced Dirby) was sheltered under the cliff, on the water’s edge, at the Onchan end of Douglas, quieter and more select, beyond the popular promenade. A winding path led to the cliff’s summit through a mass of shrubs and flowering hedges. The shore was shingle, with jagged rocks which made it dangerous for bathing, but a secluded nearby cove was suitable for gentlemen bathers.
Teaching: London and Devon 1873-1874
Authors: White Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some German Jesuit students of theology, expelled by Bismarck’s Kulturkampf, were spending their Villa at the College, and put on concerts for their hosts; and on 21 August the seminarians returned the compliment with an after-supper entertainment consisting of ‘music, comic and half-comic pieces etc’, which the beadle’s log reported ‘was mainly got up by Mr G. Hopkins, and was a decided success’. On 27 August Hopkins went down to Whalley to see off the Germans, who were returning to Ditton Hall near Widnes, and afterwards walked with Herbert Lucas by the river, and ‘talked Scotism with him for the last time’. He had known for some time that in September he would be posted to teach for a year in one of the Jesuit schools, perhaps Stonyhurst College. His Provincial had decided that the year’s teaching would be a rest, and Hopkins thought it ‘as good an arrangement as could have been made’. That evening he received orders to go to Roehampton, to teach rhetoric to the juniors, and the next day set out for Manresa House.
‘I wish then for death’
Authors: White Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1889 started at Tullabeg, thirty miles or so from Monasterevan, where Hopkins went on Christmas Eve. Everything about this Tullabeg retreat was inauspicious. On Christmas Eve he had written: He had to break away from Monasterevan to journey to the bleak austerity of the geometrical, utilitarian barracks which housed the Irish novitiate at Tullabeg. It was set in the flat stretches of Irish midland bogs, where there were no walks except along plain roads, with rare tufts of black trees. In summer the countryside was pleasant enough, but in winter it was ‘the right place for a composition of Hell’. Hopkins was on retreat from r-6 January.
Bodies, Souls, and Minds
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disease, as well as violence and war, was a continuing threat to life (and leaves traces in the literature as well). Visitations of the plague, though not as disastrous as that of 1348, continued. Suggested remedies are usually religious or magical, but the advice included burning herbs (because of the belief that corrupt air was a cause), shutting the windows against the south, as well as the wearing of amulets, the ringing of church bells, or praying to ‘plague saints’ (St Sebastian, who, having been martyred by being shot with arrows, could ward off the darts of the pestilence, or the more recent St Roche (born c.1295 in Montpellier), who had nursed victims in Italy, and become infected himself) or to the Virgin Mary, who is sometimes depicted protecting the faithful from the arrows of the plague with her mantle.
Religious Prose II: Mystical and Visionary Writing; Religious Narratives; Devotional Texts; the Eve of the Reformation
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, the period might seem more notable for the absence of ‘mystics’ than for their presence. It has indeed been reproved for the absence of ‘original’ mystical writing. That there is no equivalent of the fourteenth-century masters must be admitted, but it is unlikely that any one single simple cause can be identified. A number of points deserve to be considered. Perhaps as in other areas of literary history (notably the history of the drama) creative interest is not always present. This is not to say that one cannot speculate about context or influences, favourable or otherwise. A ‘mystical tradition’ often seems to be rather a number of ‘schools’ associated with a particular individual.
Hawes, Barclay, and Skelton
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the period three poets stand out—Hawes, Barclay, and Skelton. Stephen Hawes (c.1475–?early 1520s) was a groom of the chamber of Henry VII (and wrote ‘a joyful meditation’ on the coronation of Henry VIII); little is known of his life—tradition has it that he was educated at Oxford, perhaps at Magdalen College, and travelled in England, Scotland, and France. He was the heir of the fifteenth-century tradition of ‘courtly’ and learned poetry, especially that of Lydgate, with all its enthusiasms and its occasional stylistic excesses; and the fact that excerpts were often made from his work suggests that it was popular.
Introductory
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literature in Scotland has had a number of high-points—the eighteenthcentury Enlightenment, the Romantic period, the twentieth century, and others, including the corpus (spread over various periods, and universally acknowledged) of the popular ballads—but it is arguable that Scottish poetry achieved in the later fifteenth and earlier sixteenth century a flowering of dazzling brilliance, which outshone almost every poetic work written in England in this period. Its relative neglect is equally amazing.
Mystery Cycles II: New Testament
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning of the New Testament section of the cycles is (like its equivalent in the liturgical year, the season of Advent) the end of a period of waiting, with a sense of expectation, penitential but full of potential joy. Prophecies and ‘figures’ are about to be fulfilled. This is a turning point in history, a ‘liminal’ period with mysterious manifestations of spiritual power. The early New Testament plays are fall of prophecy—from the Bible and from pious legend. The coming of the Messiah is announced in the first supernatural ‘intervention’—the Annunciation by the angel Gabriel. Two nicely contrasting treatments can be seen in the Coventry play and in the ‘N-Town’ cycle.
Lyrics
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding pages we have occasionally come upon examples of songs or shorter ‘lyrical’ poems, such as the comic ‘The Man in the Moon’, the dialogue ‘De Clerico et Puella’, or the bird-debate ‘The Thrush and the Nightingale’. We have seen that Richard Rolle was a writer of religious lyrics as well as of religious prose, that Robert Mannyng took from Langtoft’s Chronicle topical satirical verses against the Scots, and that the Scots chronicler Barbour had an ear for the historical rhymes circulating in his country. These examples in themselves are sufficient to give some indication of a number of the most significant aspects of the surviving corpus of lyric poetry—that it is widespread; that it is closely related to, and often overlaps with, other literary forms; that it occurs in a variety of shapes and styles; that it is, in general, a humble kind of writing, meant to be used rather than to be admired for its self-conscious artistry; and that it is finally, a fugitive kind. These last two points in particular need to be stressed at the beginning of any survey.
Langland
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has taken a long time for the Liberde Petro Plowman, Langland’s Piers Plowman, to come into its own—at least for it to come into its own as a poem: it has long been quoted by social and economic historians as illustrating fourteenth-century life with greater particularity than Chaucer does; and in the sixteenth century it attracted notice, and reached print, because its complaints, its satire, its predictions (notably in a messianic passage that was misread as justifying Henry VIII’s role in the suppression of monasteries) seemed to anticipate the reformers’ polemic. There is to be sure plenty of protest in this poem, but that does not make its author a Protestant before his time. Rather, in every sense he is the most Catholic of poets. No poet, not even Dante, drew so much on the teaching, patristic and other, of Holy Church. No poet, not even Traherne, cared so little for the ‘dirty devices’ of the world of men and so much for the phenomenal world of Nature, including the marvels of conception, which figure in the great vision of Middle Earth (ix. 315 ff.*). No poet, not even David Jones, found in the calendar of the liturgical year such a fit framework for his faith.t So Piers Plowman stands out as the greatest testament of faith in English. In this vernacular work the creative conceptions of medieval religion are more truly assimilated than they are in any other single theological or philosophical work. If it cannot strictly be called an epic—though to be sure E. M. W. Tillyard begins with it his study of English Epic—it is of epic proportions: Northrop Fry4 cites it as the first major English treatment of ‘contrast-epic’, revolving round two opposite poles, Salvation and Resurrection, sombre judgement and Antichrist. These contrasts do appear at turning points in the narrative, but no single image will convey the articulation of the poem: it is sui generis.
Millenarian Spenceans: Robert Wedderburn and Methodist prophecy
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Robert Wedderburn Methodism was a stepping stone to political unrespectability and extremism. However odd this may sound to some modern historians, the idea would have occasioned little surprise in the early nineteenth century. Many Englishmen and women, including the ex-Jacobin commentators Reid and Place, believed that religious and political fanaticism were integrally connected and that Methodism usually lay at bottom of both. Reid’s further claim that Methodism was in league with radical freethought during the 1790s seems even less likely, particularly when we remember that he was inspired by Abbe Barruel’s theory that the French Revolution had been the product of a conspiracy between philosophes and mystics. English Methodism seems an unlikely counterpart of occult freemason lodges or cadres of fanatical illuminists.
Learning Philosophy
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in the early 1870s, in a house in Il ford, East London, near the gloomy City of London cemetery, a lonely, studious little girl, the only sister of five older boys, sat down to read a book. Decades later the girl, now a well-known and wealthy novelist, recalled that day: Years and years ago, when I was a child, hunting forlornly in my father’s bookshelves, I came upon a small shabby volume, bound in yellow linen. The title-page was adorned with one bad wood-cut that showed a grim, plain house standing obliquely to a churchyard packed with tombstones, tombstones upright and flat, and slanting at all angles.... Tombstones always fascinated me in those days, because I was mortally afraid of them; and I opened that book and read it through. I could not, in fact, put it down. For the first time I was in the grip of a reality more poignant than any I had yet known, of a tragedy that I could hardly bear.
War
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of war in August 1914 radically changed May Sinclair’s sense of priorities. Although she continued with her customary activities —writing, working for the Medico-Psychological Clinic, going back and forth between London and her little house in Yorkshire —she felt that the war had irreparably altered both her own consciousness and the world in which she lived. She told Gilbert Murray, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford, that she would never write a book like The Three Sisters again: ‘The War will leave none of us as it found us.’ It quickly came to represent to her-as to so many others —the possibility of a new and more vivid life, one in which the usual conventions were suspended, and one which gave opportunity for close contact with men in vulnerable states.
The Twilight Years and Life and Death of Harriett Frean
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
May sinclair’s pride at her achievement in Mary Olivier did not prevent her from viewing the future with some misgivings. Now in her late fifties, she was beginning to feel the strain of the long working days she had become accustomed to since her teenage years in the cramped little house in Ilford. It may be that, as she worked on The Romantic (1920) and on the comic tale Mr Waddington of Wyck ( I921), she was already noticing the first symptoms of the Parkinson’s disease that would canst. ue the last two decades of her life.
Rights and Wrongs of Revision
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dogs are notorious for returning to their own vomit, and we are proverbially suspicious of those who won’t leave well alone. Writers are understandably sensitive about going back to their works after any lapse of time, about interfering, meddling, tinkering, or fiddling with the product of their original impulse. It is a matter of legend that our greatest poet never blotted a line.
Roderick Hudson and the Beginnings of Genius
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Preface of 1907 to this novel of 1875 James remarks that revision, his ‘revival of an all but extinct relation with an early work’, illuminates for the artist ‘that veiled face of his Muse which he is condemned for ever and all anxiously to study’ (LC ii. 1039). Such an anxious scrutiny is the project of the maturely resourceful James in rereading, revising, and prefacing; but it is also—and in their case the scrutiny is unrewarded—what Roderick Hudson and Rowland Mallet are doomed to in the novel itself. The fictional young sculptor’s misfortune in the book is the extinction of his relation with his work, his loss of that ‘continuity of an artist’s endeavour’ (LC ii. 1039-40) which the real resuming James notes as extant in himself.
Revised Judgements of Daisy Miller
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry James tells us that he got the hint for Daisy Miller while staying in Rome in the autumn of 1877. He wrote the story early in 1878, and had it read and rejected by the Philadelphian Lippincott’s magazine; it was then accepted ‘with effusion’ by Leslie Stephen, editor of the Cornhill, at some time just prior to 19 April 1878. It was first published in England, in the Cornhill of June—July 1878, and in book form, with some revisions, by Macmillan the next year. Thirty years passed before James revised the story for the New York Edition of his works, dispatching the revised copy to Scribner on 25 September 1908; it came out in 1909 as Volume xviii.
Last Words
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James was intrigued and baffled by Prospero and Shakespeare in their seeming capacity to release their masterly hold on inspired art before exhaling their last gasp of life. In James’s own creation of Henry St George, this kind of enigma recurs—only with the strong suggestion that the master is in any case unworthy of his mastery, so that the abdication is not exactly his choice. We are presented with no such mysterious election of silence at the end of James’s career: only with the different mystery of his continuing to exercise his gifts to the very last, acting as if living and writing had become for him inseparable.
Relating the Life
Authors: Jay Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It’s not the facts, it’s the narrative they’re arranged to tell’, she reminded hcrself. Powerful writers lose none of their myth-making capacity when they turn their attention to the art of autobiography. Until very recently John Henry Newman’s Apologia, or Anthony Trollope’s An Autobiography provided the framework within which their lives were retold and interpreted by others. In their stories of their own lives they selected, created, and explored the events and emotions that they grew to believe had shaped their subsequent work. The correlation thus provided between the life and the work holds a simple, self-confirming, and therefore compelling, construction for later readers. Mrs Oliphant’s Autobiography forms no exception to this rule. Therefore, although I have chosen to interweave her life and work throughout this book, it seemed helpful to begin by providing three different ways of looking at her life. The chapter starts by recounting the main events of her life, largely in her own words,2 while highlighting those aspects that were to prove particularly significant to the nature of her writing. The second section considers her own arrangement of the narrative she wished to present, along with the ‘textual harassment’ her account suffered at the hands of her first editors. The final section offers some alternative readings of the story of her life.
A Scottish Widowx ߣ s Religious Speculations
Authors: Jay Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such was the obituaristߣs verdict in The British Weekly: A Journal of Social and Christian Progress More than a suggestion of a desire to pay off old scores against a woman who could ‘say more easily than most people the things that sting and blister’ pervades this article, and nowhere more clearly than in this imputation of ignorant prejudice to a woman who had five religious biographies to her credit, numerous fictional evocations of ecclesiastical dramas, and substantial experience as a reviewer of religious writings.
Italy, 1638–1639
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was probably late in April or early in May of 1638 that Milton and his manservant started on their continental tour.1 The plan was to go through France to Italy, from Naples by boat to Sicily, from Sicily across the blue Mediterranean to Greece, and then back to England. It was to be, in part, a literary pilgrimage, with Florence and Athens as the major shrines to visit. It was to be, as well, an advancement of learning. To Milton the purpose of travel was ‘not to learn principles but to enlarge experience, and make wise observation’.2 Travel was a desirable crown to formal training, for students mature enough to ‘deserve the regard and honour of all men where they pass, and the society and friendship of those in all places who are best and most eminent’. He began his journey with high hopes.
Reconciliation, 1645–1648
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FROM March of 1645 until February of 1649 Milton published no more prose. The interval belonged to poetry, to further study, and, near its close, to some writing of history. The mood in which it was begun is suggested by the publication, at the very close of 1645, of Poems of Mr. John Milton, both English and Latin, Compos’ d at several times, with its title-page motto from Virgil’s Eclogues: ‘Crown my brow with ivy, and let no hostile tongue do injury to the destined poet.’ Significantly, it was the second time he had taken a motto from this early work of a great epic poet. He was serving notice that his readers would encounter the immature products of a bard to be, one whose mind was set on far greater things. Controversies raged; the pamphlet wars continued; burning issues were being decided-issues to which Milton was far from indifferent. But the man who had printed eleven separate tracts within the feverish space of four years sat back now as a spectator and watched history being made. The next four years belonged to him, not to an ungrateful country. He had tried being a good citizen and, thoroughly disillusioned by his several attempts at reform, he returned to the contemplative life.
Restoration, 1660 –1663
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MILTON went into hiding. He was fifty-one, and it was a most uncharacteristic thing for him to do. He must have hated it, but helpless and inadequate in his affliction, he bowed to the fearful advice of those who wished him well.· One of them, risking much for friendship, took the blind rebel into his own home; and from an inconspicuous house in Bartholomew Close, just off West Smithfield, the man in danger of his life and the courageous folk who concealed him waited and listened for news of the outside world.
The Hecatomnids Of Caria
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judeich wrote of Maussollus, son of Hecatomnus, that he was the greatest forerunner of the Hellenistic age. Particularly in the matter of fortifications he anticipated developments which in Asia Minor only became common a generation or more after his death. For this reason the defence works of Maussollus and his successors cannot be omitted from an examination of Hellenistic fortifications in Asia Minor.
The Response To Macedonian Siege Warfare
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four city walls discussed in this chapter, those of Priene, Erythrae, Colophon, and Cnidus, belong to the last third of the fourth century. The fortifications of these cities were probably all democratically inspired and publicly financed, in contrast to other almost contemporary cities in which the construction of defences was inspired by a single man. The characteristics of fortifications of cities of the latter type will be discussed in the following chapter (Ch. 4).
The Response To Macedonian Siege Warfare
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of the period following Alexander ‘s death, the actions of the Greek city-states appear puny by comparison with the activities of the warring forces of the Diadochi. Force majeure was the order of the day-cities could still resist, but usually did so only in the cause of one prince against another.