bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative reliability of circumferences and skinfolds as measures of body fat distribution
Authors: Mueller William H. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe question has arisen whether patterns of body fat distribution can be identified by body circumferences, a method which is said to be more reliable and simpler than skinfold thickness or like measures of subcutaneous fat (Ashwell et al., Int. J. Obes. 6:143–152, 1982). Here we address the question of whether body circumferences are inherently more reliable than skinfold thicknesses in 77 intra‐ and 224 interexaminer replicates from the Health Examination Survey of 12 to 17‐year‐olds in the U.S.A. Reliability of six body circumferences (0.96) was significantly (P <.01) higher than that of skinfold thicknesses at five sites (0.91), suggesting that circumferences are a more reliable method. However, the reliability of skinfolds is still high, and skinfolds may be used in studies which focus on preadults or other groups in which the validity of circumferences as measures of body fat distribution is unknown.
Upper pleistocene fossil hominids from Sri Lanka
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth A. R. , Deraniyagala Siran U. , Roertgen William J. , Chiment John , Disotell Todd 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBetween 1978 and 1983 hominid skeletal remains were collected from the cave sites of Batadomba lena and Beli lena Kitulgala in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon). These are the most ancient specimens of anatomically modern Homo sapiens found thus far in South Asia, radiocarbon dates placing them in the Upper Pleistocene. Morphometric analysis of the remains of some 38 individuals from the two sites indicates that these populations were characterized by medium stature, moderate to pronounced cranial and postcranial robusticity, medium‐size permanent tooth crown measurements, prognathic alveolar facial proportions, and low incidence of osseous and dental pathological conditions. Comparisons of these ancient Sri Lankans with other prehistoric skeletal series from South Asia and elsewhere support the hypothesis that muscular‐skeletal robusticity was a significant physical adaptation of earlier hunting‐foraging populations. A trend towards reduction of sexual dimorphism and development of more gracile body form and smaller teeth appears to have accelerated with the socioeconomic transition to food‐production strategies involving agriculture and pastoralism and refinement of technologies for food procurement and preparation, as documented by morphometric studies of later prehistoric inhabitants of South Asia.
Hominid footprints at laetoli: Facts and interpretations
Authors: White Tim D. , Suwa Gen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe history of discovery and interpretation of primate footprints at the site of Laetoli in northern Tanzania is reviewed. An analysis of the geological context of these tracks is provided. The hominid tracks in Tuff 7 at Site G in the Garusi River Valley demonstrate bipedality at a mid‐Pliocene datum. Comparison of these tracks and the Hadar hominid foot fossils by Tuttle has led him to conclude that Australopithecus afarensis did not make the Tanzanian prints and that a more derived form of hominid is therefore indicated at Laetoli. An alternative interpretation has been offered by Stern and Susman who posit a conforming “transitional morphology” in both the Tanzanian prints and the Ethiopian bones. The present study examines both hypotheses and shows that neither is likely to be entirely correct. To illustrate this point, a reconstruction of the foot skeleton of a female A. afarensis is undertaken, and the results are compared to the Laetoli tracks. We conclude that A. afarensis represents the best candidate for the maker of the Laetoli hominid trails.
The effect of geochemical factors on prevalences of dental diseases for prehistoric inhabitants of the state of Missouri
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Molnar Stephen , Elvin‐Lewis Memory , McKee Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn previous epidemiological studies, it has been suggested that geochemical factors besides fluoride may affect the prevalences of dental diseases. Our objective in this study was to determine whether the prevalences of periodontal diseases, coronal caries, and root caries for prehistoric inhabitants vary between geochemical regions of the state of Missouri. Burial sites were located on unique maps that depict geochemical variation among regions of the state. Data on dental caries and alveolar bone loss were gathered from 179 of the best preserved skeletal remains of the Late Woodland (A.D. 400–900) and Mississippian (A.D. 900–1700) periods. Mean caries scores and proportions of individuals with caries were calculated for these geochemical regions. Average alveolar bone loss was regressed on age for the individuals of these regions. Significant differences in caries and bone loss were found between several regions. These differences cannot be adequately explained by fluoride concentrations or by diet. It is suggested that geochemical factors, in addition to fluoride, may have affected the prevalences of dental diseases.
Immunoglobulin (GM and KM) allotypes in the Sikh population of India
Authors: Field L. Leigh , Surje Sira , Ray Ajit K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe populations of India are genetically diverse, both within and between geographic regions; immunoglobulin (GM) allotypes provide important information on genetic differences between populations, since the frequencies of combinations of allotypes (termed “haplotypes”) vary dramatically among ethnic groups. As part of a project to assess genetic diversity among defined Indian populations, we have examined eight GM allotypes in a sample of 101 unrelated Sikhs who have migrated to Toronto, Canada: Glm(1, 2, 3, 17) and G3m (5, 15, 16, 21). Sikhs are a religious group that arose in the Punjab about 1500 A.D.; most of the original converts are believed to have been middle to upper‐middle caste Hindus. Gm allotyping showed that six Gm haplotypes occurred at polymorphic frequencies (>0.01) in Sikhs: Gm3;5, Gm1,17;21, Gm1,2,17;21, Gm1,17;5, Gm1,17;15,16, and Gm1,3;5. These haplotypes have all been previously reported in Indian populations. The frequencies of the first four haplotypes resembled the published frequencies for lower‐caste Hindus of NW India more than upper‐caste Hindus. However, the last two haplotypes have been found only in upper‐caste Hindus. The frequency of one of these, Gm1,17;15,16 was higher in Sikhs (0.09) than has been reported in any Indian population with the exception of Parsis (who are descended from Iranians). We speculate that the high frequency of this haplotype may have been characteristic of some of the Hindu castes in the Punjab from which Sikhs are descended.
Evolution of the ischial spine and of the pelvic floor in the hominoidea
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudy of the pelvis in 143 different mammals reveals that in quadrupeds the ischial spines are barely noticeable and are located posteriorly near the sacrum. In humans, the ischial spines are prominent and more anteriorly located. As a consequence of their position and size, the ischial spines in humans become an obstacle to parturition. Herein a theory is proposed to account for what appears to be an incongruous development and orientation of the ischial spines in humans. The pelvic diaphragm is a vertical pelvic “wall” in tailed mammals and is composed of muscles involved mostly with the motion of the tail. In humans, the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm have a very different anatomical orientation. They form a horizontal pelvic “floor,” and their functions are first to support the abdominopelvic organs and resist intra‐abdominal pressure that is exerted from above, and second, as levator ani, to control the anal sphincter. In humans the muscles and fascias of the pelvic diaphragm are inserted on the ischial spines either directly or indirectly through the sacrospinous ligament and the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia. The result is a medial pull on the ischial spines to produce a more rigid and narrower pelvic floor. An inconstant ossification center for the ischial spines make them more prominent. The backward tilt of the sacrum placed the bispinal line in a diameter position. Pongids and even fossil hominids occupy an intermediate postion between tailed mammals and Homo sapiens. The present form of the pelvis in Homo sapiens may be determined by a significant genetic component but may also be partly acquired during childhood and adolescence.
A note on the presence of blood groups A and B in pre‐Columbian South America
Authors: Llop Elena , Rothhammer Francisco 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe results of ABO typing in Chilean mummies, a review of published South American paleoserological studies and a systematic discrepancy of admixture estimates based on ABO and Gm genes support the hypothesis that Andean pre‐Columbian populations possessed the A (and perhaps the B) gene in small frequencies.
Genetic variation within a linguistic group: Apalai‐Wayana and other Carib tribes
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Black F. L. , Callegari‐Jacques S. M. , Santos S. E. B. , Weimer T. A. , Mestriner M. A. , Pandey J. P. , Hutz M. H. , Rieger T. T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 136 individuals were studied in relation to 31 genetic systems, and the results were compared with South American Indian averages and previous surveys on the Wayana of French Guiana and Surinam. The information was afterwards integrated with data from other Carib groups, and two types of genetic distances (Nei's and Edwards') were calculated a) between five groups, considering ten systems; and b) between nine groups, using five systems. The two measures of genetic distances correlated well (Spearman's correlation coefficient around 0.70), and there was good agreement between the geographical and genetic distances. All analyses indicated a peripheral position for the Apalai‐Wayana and their distinctiveness from the Wayana of French Guiana and Surinam, suggesting that intertribal fusions may play an important role in the genetic differentiation of these populations.
Enlarged occlusal surfaces on first molars due to severe attrition and hypercementosis: Examples from prehistoric coastal populations of Texas
Authors: Comuzzie Anthony G. , Steele D. Gentry 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring an examination of prehistoric samples from the Texas coast, individuals consistently exhibited a suite of traits on the first molars that included severe wear, hypercementosis, and resorption of the buccal margin of the alveolus. The occlusal surface of the tooth was worn below the cervical margin, with the subsequent incorporation of the buccal surface of the buccal roots into the occlusal plane. This expanded occlusal surface, which extends the buccal surface beyond the normal edge of the tooth, is composed of a combination of original enamel, secondary dentin, and cementum. There is a marked rounding of the buccal aspect of the occlusal surface. These conditions were noted in both maxillary and mandibular first molars. The resorption of alveolar bone surrounding the buccal roots resembles resorption associated with periodontal infection and is thought to be the result of severe levels of stress being applied to this portion of the dentition.
Three‐dimensional analysis of the maxillary first molar crowns of Canadian Inuit
Authors: Mayhall John T. , Kanazawa Eisaku 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe maxillary first molar crowns of 48 male and 38 female Canadian Inuit (Eskimos) were analyzed three‐dimensionally by using moiré contourography methods. Cusp heights were significantly higher in males while the mesial and distal marginal ridges were more proximally placed in males. The metacone and the oblique ridge appeared to be better developed in the males. Comparison of the present results with published results for Dutch and Japanese indicated that the Japanese and Inuit had lower cusps that were more widely spaced than the Dutch. Correlation coefficients suggest that height measurements were positively correlated as were linear measurements. However, there were few significant correlations between height and linear determinations, suggesting that the development of the “width” of a crown is nearly independent of the development of the height of the cusps and crown.
Evolution of human serial pairbonding
Authors: Fisher Helen E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on divorce taken for all available years between 1947 and 1981 from the Demographic Yearbooks of the United Nations on 58 peoples illustrate that divorce has a consistent pattern. Divorces exhibit a skewed distribution, characterized by the occurrence of the mode early in marriage (with a divorce peak on or around the fourth year) and a gradual, long‐tailed decline following this peak. Divorce risk peaks in age category 25–29 for males and age categories 20–24 and 25–29 for females, the height of reproductive and parenting years, and divorce counts peak among couples with two or fewer children. These properties of divorce are unrelated to divorce rate; they occur in societies with both high and low divorce rates. Data on available horticultural and gathering/hunting societies illustrate that divorce also peaks among young couples early in marriage. Remarriage by divorced and widowed individuals of reproductive age is also common cross‐culturally.It is proposed that the above four‐year modal marriage duration among couples of reproductive age who divorce reflects a hominid reproductive strategy that probably evolved some time after the appearance of Homo in response to increased female “reproductive burden” and functioned to ensure the survival of the hominid infant through weaning. Serial pairbonding during the female's reproductive years had ancestral adaptive advantages, producing the modern cross‐cultural pattern of serial pairbonding.
The spread of exclusive mating in a chacma baboon population
Authors: Anderson Connie M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMating has progressively tended toward pair bonding in a chacma baboon (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) population during eight years of study. Both males and females have been mating with a smaller and smaller percentage of the potential mates available to them. Troop subdivision during the dry winter in the absence of predation was the original cause of mating limitation, but most members of winter subtroops only rarely mated with adults who had not belonged to the same winter subtroop during the summers as well. Following reintroduction of potential predation, both subtroop size and frequency decreased, but mating did not become less exclusive.
Engis: Preparation damage, not ancient cutmarks
Authors: White Tim D. , Toth Nicholas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractScratches found on the Engis 2 cranium have been described as perimortem and interpreted as intentional scalping marks by Russell and LeMort (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 69:317–323, 1986). These marks are described and compared to damage on other fossil hominids. The Engis marks have been misinterpreted. These marks are sandpaper striae formed during restoration of the vault, moulding striae formed when mold part lines were incised into the fossil and profiling striae formed when craniograms were made with sharp steel instrument tips. None of them have anything to do with prehistoric behavior.
Genetic differentiation among some endogamous populations of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Char K. Sampath Narasimha , Lakshmi P. , Gopalam K. B. , Sastry J. Gowrinatha , Rao P. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEndogamous populations belonging to Brahmin, Vysya, Mala, and Madiga castes of Andhra Pradesh, South India, were investigated for certain red cell enzyme and serum protein genetic markers. Frequency values were statistically analyzed to assess genetic variation among the populations. Average heterozygosity of ten loci and genetic diversity within and between the populations were calculated by using the methods of Nei. Nei's index was used to calculate genetic distances between the pairs of populations. A dendrogram was drawn adapting the modified unweighted pair group method suggested by Li, which agreed with the history of the populations.
The anterior buccal mandibular depressions: Ontogeny and phylogeny
Authors: Arensburg B. , Kaffe I. , Littner M. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe frequency of an anterior buccal depression in the mandible (ABMD), or a mental fossa, is reported on 970 human mandibles of various groups and different ages, as well as in 38 mandibles of nonhuman primates. The ontogenetic and phylogenetic significance of the results relevant to development of a chin in Homo sapiens is discussed. The ABMD is also compared with the occurrence of a lingual mandibular depression.
The effect of a pattern in palmar interdigital II on a‐b ridge count in black and white down syndrome cases and controls
Authors: Davee Margaret Anne , Reed Terry , Plato Chris C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn unconfirmed study by Fang (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London, 1950) in Britain showed that individuals with Down syndrome had lower total a‐b ridge counts in palmar Interdigital area II (ID II) than a group of controls. This study compares 603 white Down syndrome cases and 93 black Down syndrome cases with 668 white and 402 black controls. Our results confirm those of Fang in that the Down syndrome cases in both racial groups had lower total a‐b ridge counts than their respective controls. In addition, the black controls and Down syndrome cases had lower a‐b ridge counts than their white counterparts. The mean a‐b ridge count was significantly lower in individuals with a pattern in ID II compared to individuals without a pattern in ID II in both the Down syndrome and control groups. Some of the lower a‐b ridge counts in the Down syndrome samples can be accounted for by the fact that there is an increased frequency of a pattern in ID II in Down syndrome cases. Both Down syndrome and normal individuals who had a pattern unilaterally had a lower than expected a‐b ridge count on the contralateral hand that did not have a pattern. There was a tendency also for increased asymmetry in Down syndrome cases with a pattern in ID II.
Ethnoarchaeology among the Efe pygmies, Zaire: Spatial organization of campsites
Authors: Fisher John W. , Strickland Helen C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the physical structure of present‐day Efe Pygmy campsites through study of the relationships between behavior patterns and their material residues. Campsites consist of five main components: the perimeter, huts, fireplaces, trash heaps, and the central open area enclosed within the arrangement of huts. Most campsite activities are performed within the perimeter, and exterior fireplaces associated with huts are the focus of a variety of daily activities. Refuse is regularly discarded onto trash heaps. Hut size does not correlate with either the number of occupants or their stature. Site population can be estimated using a count of huts, although reoccupation of a recently abandoned camp or a family's moving from one hut to a new one during a single occupation can inflate the count of huts relative to the number of families that lived at the camp at any one time. The spatial organization of campsites is influenced by environment, physical factors (such as human body size), and sociocultural phenomena.
Significance of the social relationships of Efe Pygmy men in the Ituri forest, Zaire
Authors: Bailey Robert C. , Aunger Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEfe Pygmies in northeast Zaire exhibit features of social organization (small group size, flexible but predominantly patrilocal residence, close relations with kin, and pair bonds) that are common to many hunting and gathering societies. This study uses methods commonly employed in studies of nonhuman primates to investigate the associations of Efe men with other individuals as a function of their age, sex, and kinship, and it tests the hypothesis that Efe are patrilocal because hunting efficiency is improved by hunting with male relatives.The analyses of 376 hours of focal behavior observations on 16 Efe men and observations of 71 cooperative group hunts show that the majority of associations between Efe men were with other adult men. Men associated preferentially with kin over nonkin, and they associated with close kin more than with distant kin. Men's close relationships (what we call “Companionships” sensu Smuts' “Friendships” in baboons) were predominantly with other adult men, but each man who cohabited with a woman had his strongest Companionship by far with that woman. Neither the efficiency of hunts nor the hunting success of individual men were found to be related to the degree of relatedness of hunters nor the proportion of relatives on the hunt. Alternative hypotheses concerning the functional significance of patrilocality and male kin groups are considered. We conclude that strong affiliative bonds between male kin and between males and females may arise as much from the need for strong allies in the face of competitive social situations as from economic or ecological necessity.
Nutritional status of Efe pygmies and Lese horticulturists
Authors: Dietz William H. , Marino Bruno , Peacock Nadine R. , Bailey Robert C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe assessed the nutritional status of 90 pygmies (Efe) and 211 members of a neighboring horticultural Lese in the Ituri forest in northeast Zaire. Clinical signs of iron and iodine deficiency were highly prevalent, but the frequency of these and other clinical signs of nutritional deficiency did not differ between the two groups. Infectious diseases such as yaws, cellulitis, and filiariasis were common.Absolute heights and weights of both Efe males and females aged 2–18 years were less than the 5th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics standards. Weights for height of both groups were within the normal range. Weights and heights, expressed as percentages of the 50th percentile for age and sex, were significantly lower (P < .001) in Efe males and females than among Lese males and females, but weights for height did not differ significantly. Z‐Scores of height and weight were also significantly lower in Efe males and females than among their Lese counterparts. The differences in weight and height, expressed either as a percentage of the 50th percentile or as Z‐scores, were most apparent in older adolescents and persisted among adults. The normal weight for height among both populations indicated that acute undernutrition did not exist at the time of the survey. Despite comparable levels of adult fatness, measured by triceps skinfold thickness, heights of Efe males and females were lower than those of the Lese. These observations support the hypothesis that genetic differences account for the short stature of the Ituri pygmy. However, because the environments shared by the two groups are not identical and because other practices differ, nutritional effects cannot be excluded.