bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difficult Dermatologic Diagnosis
Authors: Evans Anne G. 
Published: December 2023

This feature is being sponsored by the American College of Veterinary Dermatology. Readers are invited to submit contributions, which should include: (1) a brief description of the case (150-500 words); (2) good-contrast glossy photographs, 5 by 7 in (color photographs will be accommodated without charge when color is deemed pivotal to the diagnosis), with internal scale marker for photomicrographs or electron micrographs; (3) a brief discussion of the abnormality that emphasizes differential diagnosis and prognosis and not prevalence and treatment.
Send comments and photographs to Dr. Peter J. Ihrke, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, or Dr. Stephen D. White, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
Gonadectomy in immature dogs: Effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development
Authors: Salmeri Katharine R. , Bloomberg Mark S. , Scruggs Sherry L. , Shille Victor 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In a 15-month study, the effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on skeletal growth, weight gain, food intake, body fat, secondary sex characteristics, and behavioral development were investigated in 32 mixed-breed dogs. Male and female pups from 5 litters were randomly allotted to 3 groups: group 1, neuter at 7 weeks (n = 14); group II, neuter at 7 months (n = 8); and group III, sexually intact dogs (n = 10).
Growth plate closure was delayed (group 1 vs group III; P < 0.000001; group II vs group III, P < 0.000001) in all neutered dogs, as compared with sexually intact dogs. Growth plate closure was delayed longer (group I vs group II, P < 0.000045) in dogs neutered at 7 weeks old, compared with dogs neutered at 7 months old. The rate of growth was unaffected by gonadectomy, but the extended growth period resulted in greater final radial/ulnar length in all male dogs and bitches neutered at 7 weeks. Gonadectomy did not influence food intake, weight gain, or back-fat depth. Penile development was immature in the adult group- I males (Mean ± sem diameter of pars glandis = 11.1 ± 1.0 mm), compared with adult group-II (16.3 ± 0.5 mm) and group-III (21.0 ± 2.2 mm) males. Subjectively, the prepuce and os penis of the group-I males were immature, compared with those of group-II and group-III males. Vulvar development in group-I and group-II bitches was less mature than vulvar development in the sexually intact bitches. Of 7 behavioral characteristics assessed, only general activity and excitability rated differently among treatment groups. All neutered dogs were judged to be more active (group I, P < 0.004) than sexually intact dogs. Group-I males were judged to be more excitable (P < 0.02) than group-III males. It was concluded that with respect to skeletal, physical, and behavioral development, the effect of neutering pups at 7 weeks old was similar to that of neutering pups at 7 months old.
Treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits
Authors: Franklin C. L. , Gibson S. V. , Caffrey C. J. , Wagner J. E. , Steffen E. K. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Copper sulfate and a metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide (meca) compound were evaluated for efficacy in treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits. Forty rabbits naturally infected with T mentagrophytes were allotted to 5 treatment groups: nontreated control, sham dip, 1% copper sulfate dip, meca dip, and meca spray. Results of lesion culture, regression of gross lesions, and histopathologic findings were documented. Copper sulfate and meca were effective in treating clinical dermatophytosis and in decreasing T mentagrophytes carrier status in rabbits.
Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: Three cases (1982-1988)
Authors: Pearson Erwin G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Of 41 equids referred to a veterinary teaching hospital in the Pacific northwest because of dyspnea and inspiratory noise, 3 ponies were diagnosed as having liver failure, most likely attributable to pyrroliziding alkaloid toxicosis. Dyspnea appeared to be caused by laryngeal and/or pharyngeal paralysis. It is proposed that this paralysis was a manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy. Although these clinical signs are not common for pyrrolizidine toxicosis, practitioners should be aware of the possibility so that misdiagnosis of other causes of inspiratory dyspnea may not be made.
Relations among synovial membrane histopathologic findings, synovial fluid cytologic findings, and bacterial culture results in horses with suspected infectious arthritis: 64 cases (1979-1987)
Authors: Madison John B. , Sommer Mary , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A retrospective evaluation of 64 cases of suspected infectious arthritis in horses was undertaken to determine the relations among histopathologic findings in synovial membrane specimens, cytologic findings in synovial fluid samples, and bacterial culture results. Positive cultures were obtained from 55% of the joints, and 18 different bacterial organisms were cultured. Culturing of synovial fluid yielded bacterial growth more often than did culturing of synovial membrane. Histologic evaluation (h&e and Gram stain) of synovial membrane specimens provided little information to help distinguish infected from culture-negative joints. We do not advocate the routine use of closed synovial biopsy in suspected cases of equine septic arthritis.
Prevalence of pseudorabies virus infection and associated infections in six large swine herds in Illinois
Authors: Hall William F. , Weigel Ronald M. , Siegel Arthur M. , Wiemers John F. , Lehman James R. , Taft Arnold C. , Annelli Joseph F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Sera were collected from 6 large farrow-to-finish swine herds infected with pseudorabies virus (prv) in Illinois. All herds were participating in the Large Herd Cleanup Study, a USDA-initiated project to evaluate the feasibility of eradicating pseudorabies from large farms (> 400 sows) by use of a combination of vaccination and management changes. Herd size ranged between 425 and 1,500 breeding females. Between April and July 1990, sera for measurement of prv antibodies were obtained from 113 to 156 sows and 112 to 162 finishing pigs (body weight > 70 kg)/herd. Duplicate sera from 30 sows and 30 market-weight pigs/herd were obtained for measurement of serum antibodies to the following associated organisms: swine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Eperythrozoon suis, and 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans.
Prevalence of prv antibodies attributable to field virus infection ranged between 53.8 and 100% for sows and between 0.7 and 97.3% for finishing pigs, as determined by the appropriate differential test for the vaccine being used on each farm. In only 1 herd, prv seroprevalence was increased with higher sow parity. For associated infections, the risk of seropositivity attributable to prv was not significant (for most infections) on all farms and varied among farms. Thus, pseudorabies did not appear, in general, to increase susceptibility to infection with other disease agents.
Management of vertebral column fractures in dogs and cats: 211 cases (1977-1985)
Authors: Selcer Robert R. , Bubb Wendy J. , Walker Tommy L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Hospital records and radiographs of 211 dogs and cats with vertebral column fractures or luxations evaluated at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital between April 1977 and September 1985 were reviewed. After neurologic examination, status of the animal was graded on a scale of 1 to 8. Decision to treat each animal either medically or surgically was based on the extent and type of injury, neurologic signs, veterinarian’s experience, and owner’s wishes. After treatment, neurologic status was evaluated on the aforementioned scale and differences in the outcome of treatment were determined between surgically and medically treated groups, relative to initial neurologic status and location of the fracture.
Surgically treated animals had pretreatment mean (± sd) neurologic status (3.71 ± 1.35) that was slightly worse (P = 0.0079) than that of medically managed cases (5.16 ± 1.48). Animals of the surgically treated group improved significantly (P = 0.0122) more than did those of the medically treated group but after treatment, significant differences in neurologic status were not evident between surgically (6.67 ± 1.49) and medically (7.07 ± 1.24) treated animals. Medically treated animals required substantially longer to reach optimal neurologic status, but the average hospital stay was nearly twice as long for the surgically treated animals (13.5 days), compared with those treated medically (7.1 days). Animals with thoracic vertebral fractures had mean neurologic status that was worse than that in animals with cervical vertebral fractures (P = 0.0109). After either medical or surgical treatment, neurologic status did not differ among animals with cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebral fractures. Results of the study indicated that many vertebral fractures can be managed medically and that surgery should not always be the recommended treatment.
Preoperative prognostic indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Jean Guy St. , Hull Bruce L. , Rings D. Michael , Hoffsis Glen F. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A prospective study evaluating preoperative prognostic indicators in 80 cattle with abomasal volvulus was done. Surgical correction of the abomasal volvulus was performed in all animals. After surgery, cattle were categorized into 3 groups: productive (acceptable milk production or appetite, n = 59), salvaged (poor milk production or appetite, n = 10), and nonsurvivors (n = 11). Mean values for study variables did not differ significantly between salvaged and nonsurvivor groups. Cattle in these 2 groups were combined to form a nonproductive group, which was compared with the productive group. Productive cattle had a significantly lower preoperative heart rate than nonproductive cattle, were less dehydrated, had lower serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity and serum creatinine concentration, more frequent rumen contractions, higher serum Na+ and Cl− concentrations, and had been inappetent for a shorter period. Significant differences were not detected in blood pH, base excess, anion gap, pcv, and serum K+ concentrations between the 2 groups. Feces from nonproductive cattle tended to be reduced in volume and were significantly darker.
A number of preoperative prognostic indices were evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (+pv) of each variable and by using logistic regression. Positive predictive values were generally higher in identifying productive cattle than nonproductive cattle. High +pv for productive animals were observed for cattle with normal hydration status (+pv, 0.96), serum creatinine concentration ≤ 1.5 mg/dl (+pv, 0.91), serum alp activity ≤ 100 IU/L (+pv, 0.90), serum Cl concentration ≥ 95 mEq/L (+pv, 0.90), and heart rate ≤ 80 beats/min (+pv, 0.88). Positive predictive values for nonproductive animals exceeded 0.50 only in cattle with heart rates ≥ 120 (+pv, 0.67) or ≥ 100 beats/min (+pv, 0.56), serum alp activity > 100 IU/L (+pv, 0.55), or ≥ 6% dehydration (+pv, 0.52). Anion gap ≥ 30 mEq/L was a poor prognostic indicator (+pv, 0.33). Logistic regression was used to identify 4 variables (hydration status, heart rate, period of inappetence, and serum alp activity) that had good predictive value. Preoperative determination of heart rate, hydration status, and period of inappetence appears superior to routinely used laboratory tests in determining the prognosis of cattle with abomasal volvulus. The cause of the high serum alp activity in nonproductive cattle needs to be determined.
ECG of the Month
Authors: Crystal Mitchell A. , Rush John E. 
Published: December 2023

This monthly feature is being sponsored by the Academy of Veterinary Cardiology. Readers of the JAVMA are invited to submit contributions. Contributions should include: (l) a brief description of the case (l50 words); (2) good contrast glossy photographs (5 in by 7 in) of tracings, with ECG lead, voltage calibration scale, and paper speed indicated; and (3) a discussion of the abnormality.
Send comments and tracings to Dr. Christophe Lombard, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Box J-l26, JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 31610.
Comparison of culture, peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction, and serum latex agglutination methods for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in pet birds
Authors: Moore Frances M. , McMillan Marjorie C. , Petrak Margaret L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Comparison was made among results of cloacal specimen culture, and cloacal swab specimen (cytologic) peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap), serum latex agglutination (la), and tissue pap assays for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in 144 birds. Swab specimen pap findings correlated poorly with la results and failed to predict the la test result in any bird. Only 1 cloacal swab specimen was regarded as pap-positive and was from the cloaca of a bird from which chlamydiae were isolated in culture. The sensitivity of swab specimen pap, compared with culture results, was 33%, whereas specificity was 94%. In this study, swab specimen pap was a less sensitive test, compared with culture, than was reported in a previous study. The sensitivity of la in identifying birds that were cloacal culture-positive was poor; true-positive results were not detected, compared with culture results. The specificity of the la method was 93%, compared with culture results. Results of the tissue pap method correlated with culture results in the 3 birds for which both tests were performed.
Demographic data and treatment of small companion animals with lead poisoning: 347 cases (1977-1986)
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Pearce Laurie K. , Moore Frances M. , Rossi Thomas 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Three hundred forty-seven cases of lead poisoning in small animals, diagnosed after 1976, were reviewed. The types of treatments used and their outcomes were analyzed. Changes in blood lead concentrations following various treatments, as well as the sources of lead exposure, were also reviewed. The geographic origins of the cases were traced, and demographic factors were studied to determine possible correlates that might explain the regional distribution of cases.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of horses with thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein: 46 cases (1985-1988)
Authors: Gardner Sarah Y. , Reef Virginia B. , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 46 horses with jugular vein thrombophlebitis that were evaluated ultrasonographically were reviewed. The ultrasonographic appearance of the thrombus within the jugular vein was classified as noncavitating if it had uniform low to medium amplitude echoes, or as cavitating if it was heterogenous with anechoic to hypoechoic areas representing fluid or necrotic areas within the thrombus, and/or hyperechoic areas representing gas. Signs of pain on palpation of the affected vein (P < 0.001), heat over the vein (P = 0.001), and swelling of the vein (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with the ultrasonographic detection of a cavitating lesion. Ultrasonography also was useful for selecting a site for aspiration of a specimen for bacteriologic culturing and susceptibility testing.
Partial budget analysis of vaccinating dairy cattle against coliform mastitis with an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Fetrow J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Partial budget analysis of clinical coliform mastitis prevention supported vaccination of dairy cows with an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. Increased profits of $57/ cow lactation were predicted using a computer spreadsheet derived partial budget with generalized herd input data. Herd vaccination programs were predicted to be profitable when > 1% of cow lactations resulted in clinical coliform mastitis. Herd vaccination programs were predicted to be profitable at all herd milk production levels.
Lag screw and cancellous bone graft fixation of transverse proximal sesamoid bone fractures in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989)
Authors: Henninger R. W. , Bramlage L. R. , Schneider R. K. , Gabel A. A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Case records of 25 horses with transverse fractures of the proximal sesamoid bone were reviewed to evaluate the success of treatment. All fractures were repaired by use of lag screw fixation and an autogenous cancellous bone graft because the fracture fragments were considered too large for surgical removal and reconstruction of the suspensory apparatus was necessary. Radiography was performed in all cases, and the fractures were classified into 3 types: (1) proximal midbody fractures, which included all fractures in the proximal aspect of the sesamoid bone that resulted in fragments involving greater than one third but less than one half of the total mass of the sesamoid bone; (2) midbody fractures that divided the bone into 2 equal portions; and (3) distal midbody fractures, which included transverse fractures in the distal aspect of the sesamoid bone that resulted in fragments involving greater than one third but less than one half of the total mass of the sesamoid bone. Of these cases, race records were obtained for 9 Standardbreds and 5 Thoroughbreds. Postoperative performance criteria evaluated were the ability to train and start 1 race, ability to maintain preinjury class of racing, earnings per start, and the number of starts following surgery.
In Thoroughbreds, fractures occurred most commonly in the right forelimb; in Standardbreds, the left hind limb was most commonly involved. The midbody fracture was the most common type in both breeds, and the distribution of fracture location within the sesamoid bone was similar for both breeds. Gender distribution, age, duration of injury prior to admission, and fracture displacement were similar in both breeds.
In Standardbreds, 9 of 12 (75%) horses raced after surgery. This figure is 9 of 10 (90%) when 2 horses that developed septic arthritis after surgery are not considered in the performance analysis. In Thoroughbreds, 5 of 8 (63%) horses raced after surgery, and 1 horse competed successfully as a 3-day-event horse. Mean convalescent time was 10.2 months for Thoroughbreds and 12.4 months for Standardbreds. Of the horses with preinjury starts that returned to racing, 4 of 8 (50%) achieved their previous class of racing, although there was a mean drop in earnings per start and number of starts following recovery in both groups. All 6 horses that were injured in training, prior to starting a race, were able to race following recovery. The one Quarter Horse continued as a show horse. Preoperative degenerative joint changes appeared to influence the ability of Thoroughbreds to race after surgery. Other preoperative fracture or sesamoid bone characteristics did not appear to affect the postoperative performance in either race breed.
Topical administration of cyclosporine for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Abrams Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Sixty dogs with chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated by topical administration of 2% cyclosporine twice daily. Causes and duration of keratoconjunctivitis varied. Tear production improved in 75 of 100 eyes, and corneal pigmentation decreased in 45 of 67 eyes. Six factors were evaluated to determine their influence on treatment outcome. The only significant variable was the initial Schirmer tear test value. Side effects were few. Evidence of burning in response to application of cyclosporine resolved with change in the formulation of the topical solution.
Effect of storage on measurement of ionized calcium and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood
Authors: Szenci Otto , Brydl Endre , Bajcsy Csaba Á. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The stability of blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood samples (n = 15, in each group) stored at 4 C for 3, 6, 9, 24, or 48 hours was studied. Variables included blood Ca2+ and standard ionized calcium (Ca2+ corrected to pH 7.4) concentrations, pH, blood carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, base excess, bicarbonate concentration, and total carbon dioxide content. Results indicate that storage of blood samples at 4 C for up to 48 hours, despite appreciable acid-base changes, is associated with <1.5% change in equine, bovine, and ovine blood Ca2+ concentrations. Similar changes were observed in canine blood during the first 9 hours' storage. After 24 and 48 hours' storage, clinically relevant decrease (10.5 and 15.5%) in canine blood Ca2+ concentration was measured. Therefore, Ca2+ concentration in equine, bovine, and ovine venous blood samples stored up to 48 hours, and in canine blood samples stored up to 9 hours at 4 C is of diagnostic use.
Clinical management and surgical repair of atresia coli in calves: 66 cases (1977-1988)
Authors: Smith Donald F. , Ducharme Norm G. , Fubini Susan L. , Donawick William J. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 66 calves with atresia coli were reviewed; 64 calves were examined at the New York State College of Veterniary Medicine, and 2 calves were examined at the New Bolton Center. In each case, the site of the atresia was within the spiral loop of the ascending colon. In 1 of these calves, a segment of jejunum was also atretic. Absence of feces, progressive weakness, and abdominal distension were the most common clinical signs observed. Other congenital abnormalities were detected in 12 (18%) of 66 calves.
Of the 66 calves examined, 5 were euthanatized or died on admission, and 61 had an exploratory celiotomy performed. Eight calves were euthanatized or died during the surgery. In the remaining 53 calves, surgical treatment consisted of enterotomy followed by meconium evacuation, resection of the proximal blind end (in 30 calves), and restoration of intestinal continuity. Restoration of intestinal continuity was done either by side-to-side anastomosis of the proximal to distal blind ends (5 calves), or by side-to-side or end-to-side anastomosis of the proximal blind end to the descending colon (48 calves). Of the 66 calves seen, 27 (41 %) were discharged from the hospital, and 11 of these reached reproductive age (11 calves were lost to follow-up before they were 2 years old). From the 11 calves reaching reproductive age, 33 calves were born, one of which may have had atresia coli. The owners should anticipate that long-term survivors likely will have loose feces and normal offspring, but may not grow as well as otherwise expected.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic features of plague in cats: 119 cases (1977-1988)
Authors: Eidson Millicent , Thilsted John P. , Rollag Ole J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic features of 119 cases of plague in cats from 1977 to 1988 in New Mexico were reviewed. Fifty-three percent were bubonic, 10% were pneumonic, 8% were septicemic, and 29% with neither buboes nor pneumonia were unclassified (but presumed septicemic). Three quarters of the lymphadenopathy was submandibular, and almost half of this was bilateral. One third of all cats had the triad of lethargy, anorexia, and fever in addition to buboes; one quarter had this triad plus abscesses. The overall mortality rate was 33%, with the greatest risk of death in pneumonic cases. For confirmatory diagnosis with a single laboratory test, fluorescent antibody was most frequently used (39% of cases). Cultures and passive hemagluttination titers were also used for confirmation. Gross and histologic findings depended on the type of plague, with Yersinia pestis organisms visualized in buboes of cats with bubonic plague and in the alveolar spaces and respiratory tubules of cats with pneumonic plague.