bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renesting and brooding in the Caribbean flamingo
Authors: Brown Susan G. , Shannon Peter , Farnell Guy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaribbean flamingos were observed during the 1981 breeding season at the Audubon Zoological Garden in New Orleans, Louisiana. Two floods occurred during the breeding season, causing the flock to nest three times. At each new nesting there was a significant decline in the number of birds laying eggs. One pair brooded a chick during the final nesting. Immediately after hatching, the female usually brooded while the male defended the nest area; however, over the three‐day period that the chick remained on the nest, the male began to spend more time brooding and less time defending the nest area. Thus there appeared to be some division of labor in this flamingo pair.
Herpetological research in zoos: A literature survey, 1977–1981
Authors: Sajdak Richard A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHerpetological zoo research published in three journals between 1977 and 1981 was surveyed. Fifty‐three of 1,084 published papers involved zoos. Research for 30 papers was conducted in zoos. Just under three fourths of zoo papers involved behavioral research. Sixteen zoos were involved in research in this survey.
Reproduction of Asian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) in captivity
Authors: Blake Barbara H. , Gillett K. Elizabeth 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFactors affecting reproduction in captive Asian chipmunks, Tamias sibiricus, were examined by means of a survey of chipmunk breeders in Great Britain. Sixteen breeders were asked about the conditions under which their chipmunks were kept and their success in breeding them. Results covered 205 female‐years of pairing. Breeding was promoted by large cage size and early weaning of young, and inhibited by the presence of other rodent species nearby and by extended photoperiod. A diet of seeds and nuts, with some fresh fruits and vegetables, appeared to be adequate for breeding. Breeding occurred in 80–91& of female‐years when neither extra lighting nor other rodents were present, irrespective of cage size. Weaning age affected the occurrence of second litters in a year. Second litters were born less often (0–13&) of breeding (female‐years) if young of the first litter remained with the mother 8 weeks or longer. Second litters were more frequent (14–45& of breeding female‐years) if first litters were removed by 6.5 weeks of age, and this frequency increased with cage size. Litter size also increased with cage size (means ranged from 3 to 7). Overall breeding success increased with cage size and decreased with the presence of other rodents. In most colonies without other rodents near, mean success rate ranged from 3.1 to 8.5 young/female‐year. In colonies with other rodents present mean success rate varied from 0 to 3.3 young/female‐year. It is suggested that the mechanisms that control population size in the wild also act to inhibit or promote breeding in captivity.
Survival of captive‐born Ovis canadensis in North American zoos
Authors: Sausman Karen A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe survival rate of North American bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, housed in several zoological gardens was analyzed. Complete herd histories, including birth and death data as well as causes of mortality, were collected from seven institutions. Lambs were divided into inbred and noninbred animals, with lambs being considered inbred if they had an inbreeding coefficient greater than zero. The rate of survival of inbred and noninbred lambs was compared using “survival equalling one year” and “survival equalling six months.” Another analysis compared the survival rate of male and female inbred lambs and male and female noninbred lambs. Age at death was also compared in inbred and noninbred lambs. The analysis of the data for the seven collections, located in various geographic areas and housing various subspecies, indicates that inbreeding depression is a mortality factor in the captive management of North American bighorn sheep. Therefore, long‐term survival of captive or isolated wild populations will depend on maintaining genetic diversity within the herds through careful selection of breeding stock in captive populations and introduction of nonrelated animals into isolated wild populations.
Selected aspects of collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) reproductive biology in a captive texas herd
Authors: Lochmiller Robert L. , Hellgren Eric C. , Grant W. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCollared peccaries (Dicotyles tajacu) from 32 litters were born in captivity during the period from September, 1981 through July, 1983. Incidence of singleton, twin, and triplet litters was 28%, 66%, and 6%, respectively. Mean (± SE) weight of young from singleton, twin, and triplet litters was 751 (± 35) gm, 698 (± 17) gm, and 612 (± 74) gm, respectively. Sex ratio among all litters was 56:44 (M:F). Neonatal mortality amounted to 9% of the young born. Mean duration of estrus was 2.60 days and mean length of gestation was 145.6 days. Evidence indicated that multiple copulations increased ovulation rate and the chance for conception.
Growth and feeding relationships of a hand‐reared lowland gorilla infant (Gorilla g gorilla)
Authors: Kawata Ken , Elsen Kay M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA captive‐born female lowland gorilla that was being hand‐reared by a group of surrogate mothers in a public zoo was observed for her first 6 mo. Caloric intake and weight gain, along with feeding bias of surrogate mothers, were examined. Caloric intake was highest during early morning and late at night. The weekly caloric intake and weight gain fluctuated with no established pattern. Although the gorilla's caloric intake did not increase with age, her total weight increased with a slower growth rate in the latter part of the study period, indicating a decreased caloric intake/weight ratio. It became evident that each surrogate exhibited an “overfeeding” and “underfeeding” tendency; calories given by the surrogates varied considerably, reflecting the interaction between the infant and the surrogates.
Two cases of interspecific hybridization among captive Australian boid snakes
Authors: Banks Chris , Schwaner Terry D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA comparative study of external morphology and electrophoresis of blood proteins showed that two broods of Australian boid snakes, conceived and born in captivity, were the progeny of interspecific and intergeneric matings. Unequivocal identification of parents of the Python spilotes × P amethistinus cross was possible; evidence suggested that a P amethistinus female found coiled about the clutch of eggs was not the snake that laid them. The cross between P spilotes × Liasis mackloti was consistent with other evidence suggesting a close relationship between species of Python and Liasis in the Australian‐Papuan region.
GP2 medium is an artificial seawater for culture or maintenance of marine organisms
Authors: Spotte Stephen , Adams Gary , Bubucis Patricia M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new four‐part artificial seawater called GP2 Medium is described. It provides a balanced solution for routine maintenance of fishes and invertebrates but is also suitable for axenic culture of phytoplankton. Mixing instructions for phytoplankton culture are given. Instructions for mixing large volumes for routine maintenance of animals are the same as those previously published. The formula is described chemically in terms of ionic and salt concentrations.
Nipple contact in captive black‐faced chimpanzees (Pan t troglodytes [Blumenbach, 1779])
Authors: Muñiz Rafael S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree chimpanzee (Pan t troglodytes) mother‐infant dyads were studied from months 3 to 11 of the infants' lives in order to obtain data on nipple contact. Three conclusions were obtained: (1) There were fluctuations in the time spent in nipple contact. (2) Both female offspring were in nipple position for less time than the male offspring. (3) Grooming of the infants by their mothers during nipple contact was observed more frequently in the mother‐female offspring pairs.
Hormone levels and overt social behaviors, including signed output, in a captive lowland gorilla
Authors: Watson Lyna M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn investigation into the relationship between a 10‐yr‐old captive female gorilla's hormonal fluctuations and her overt behaviors was conducted for a 6‐mo period during daily, 30‐min, midday sample sessions. During each session a urine sample was collected from the gorilla and a total immunoreactive estrogen assay (Et) was performed to obtain combined levels of estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Additionally, 38 behavioral variables were recorded on check sheets. Nearly 50% of these variables were significantly (P ≤ .05) correlated with the ape's hormone levels, thus suggesting that non‐sexual overt behaviors may act as indicators of an ape's reproductive status.
Strategies for maintaining genetic diversity in captive populations through reproductive technology
Authors: Ballou Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe maintenance of genetic diversity in captive populations is a primary goal of captive breeding plans, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that reproductive technology has much to offer captive breeding programs in attaining this goal. Reproductive technology can best assist captive breeding programs in this task by developing strategies that effectively increase the genetic contribution of new wild founders to a population as well as increase the reproductive life span of existing founders and their close descendents. This will act to reduce genetic drift and inbreeding effects in the population and thereby minimize the loss of genetic diversity.Considering only one aspect of reproductive technology, semen collection, this paper examines some of the genetic considerations that might be used for choosing which males in a population to collect semen from, assuming the goal of the captive breeding program is the preservation of genetic diversity. It is shown that semen collection and preservation, with future intent of artificial insemination, can make significant contributions to the maintenance of genetic diversity if careful consideration is given to the selection of donor males. Finally, the pedigree of the captive population of Asian lions (Panthera leo persica) is used to illustrate some of these genetic concepts that might be important in selecting males as semen donors.
Toward the brave new zoo: Species program planning for reproductive technology development
Authors: Wharton Danny C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article outlines some of the advantages inherent in domestic animal reproductive technology development and compares them to the disadvantages in such development in wildlife species. Species program planning (as proposed by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums' Species Survival Plan) is offered as an important first step in organizing appropriate research toward reproductive technology development in wildlife species.
Considerations for cryopreservation of semen
Authors: Marshall C. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of a semen storage program at a zoo will be difficult since the factors involved with freezing semen and insemination procedures that apply to one species will not in all probability apply to another. Animal management influences both the initial quantity and quality of semen. Semen collection methods used on domestic species can be applied to wildlife. Many methods of semen evaluation of fresh or frozen semen are available, but in some species only one may be significant—a live offspring from an insemination of a female. Many variables and their interactions in semen processing must be considered when working with each species: extender, glycerol levels, cell numbers per package, cooling rates, thawing rates, and equilibration time. Periodic communication and cooperation among the people directly involved will be paramount enhancing the advancement of semen cryopreservation in exotic species.
Oviducal development in a Krefft's river turtle, Emydura krefftii gray (Chelonia: Chelidae)
Authors: Banks Chris B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA clutch of Emydura krefftii eggs hatched 20 days after oviposition, in contrast to the normal incubation period of 45–50 days for this species. This shortened incubation and the presence of stage 20–21 embryos at oviposition indicates facultative oviducal development in E krefftii.
Predatory behavior in captive Lemur spp
Authors: Jolly Alison , Oliver William L. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLemur fulvus mayottensis, L catta, and L mongoz mongoz at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust readily catch and consume proffered crickets and locusts. Lf mayottensis and L m mongoz also readily catch and consume small birds and mice, whilst these are ignored by L catta and L variegatus. These differences probably reflect real differences in the predatory behavior of these species, though they may also relate to cage specifications or to the history of the particular groups. These captive lemurs are either perpetuating previously unsuspected wild habits or else innovating in captivity. Observed Lemur predation resembles that of other primate species in being primarily accomplished by dominant individuals (in lemurs, generally adult females), and involving group excitement, as well as snatching and begging by subordinates, which could lead to traditions of predatory behavior.
Incorporation of new founders into captive populations
Authors: Jones Karen Gay Cronquist , Flesness Nathan R. , Foose Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report describes preliminary studies intended to develop generalizations for the optimal incorporation of newcomers into breeding pools. Small populations, which grow from four to a stable size of 16 animals per generation, were simulated on a computer. New founders were introduced and various breeding schemes tried and evaluated for their effect on inbreeding coefficients and founder representation. Two variables were examined for their effects on inbreeding and founder representation: number of progeny produced by crossing new founders with the established population, and number of mates the new founder had from the established population. Increasing the value of these variables to the point at which new‐founder representation was equal to the original founders' representations decreased inbreeding. Beyond this point, inbreeding increased.
Increasing activity in captive orangutans: Provision of manipulable and edible materials
Authors: Tripp J. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to explore the impact of the provision of manipulable and edible materials on the activity level of captive orangutans. The effects of three environmental conditions—bare exhibit, manipulables present, and manipulables plus edibles present—on the gross motor activity of four captive orangutans were compared using a multielement design. Results indicated that activity increased under the enriched conditions with increases in activity type specific to the environmental change. In addition, zoo visitors rated the exhibit more favorably on days the enriched conditions were in effect than on bare exhibit days.
The composition of milk from captive aardvark (Orycteropus afer)
Authors: White J. M. , Williams G. , Samour J. H. , Drury P. J. J. , Cheeseman P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvidence indicates that hand‐rearing of exotic species may require specialized milk formulae. Milk samples collected from a captive aardvark (Orycteropus afer) between days 3 and 32 postpartum have been analysed for fat, protein, lactose, and minerals. The level of nutrients determined may be at variance with those of a normal lactating aardvark because of the low volumes of milk removed. The analysis indicates that the commercial preparations may be inadequate in protein and provide high levels of energy in the form of lactose. The energy level from fat appears to be similar to that of other species, but it is unlikely that the commercial formulae would provide the level of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in aardvark milk. It is clear that the energy available from the milk protein is significant.
Development of young in the kowari Dasyuroides byrnei spencer, 1896
Authors: Meißner Karin , Gansloßer Udo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn captivity, female Dasyuroides byrnei (kowari) raise their young in the presence of a male and other adult females. The development of D byrnei can be staged as follows: gestation period of 35 days; firmly attached to the teat for about 56 days; eyes open after about 74 days; beginning of play‐fighting at 86 days; running play and beginning to eat solid food at about 95 days; sexual maturity at 10–11 months. Kowaris display a high degree of social tolerance between adults and young as well as adults and juveniles.Weibliche Tiere von Dasyuroides byrnei ziehen in Gefangenschaft ihre Jungen regelmäßig in Gegenwart des Männchens und anderer adulter Weibchen auf. Die Entwicklung von D. byrnei verläuft in folgenden Stadien: Tragzeit 35 Tage; permanenter Zitzenkontakt 56 Tage; Augenöffnen nach etwa 74 Tagen; Beginn des Spielkampfes mit 86 Tagen; Laufspiele und Aufnahme von fester Nahrung nach etwa 95 Tagen; Geschlechtsreife mit 10–11 Monaten. Bemerkenswert ist die hohe soziale Toleranz zwischen Adulten und Jungtieren bzw. Heranwachsenden.
The development and application of an enzyme immunoassay for urinary estrone conjugates
Authors: Czekala N. M. , Gallusser S. , Meier J. E. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for estrone conjugates is described and applied to urine samples from a female Indian rhinoceros, a female gorilla, and a female lion‐tailed macaque. Concomitant measures of estrone conjugates in the same sample are compared to the values obtained with radioimmunoassay. High correlation coefficients for values obtained from each assay indicate that EIA measurements provide information that is comparable to values obtained by radioimmunoassay. EIA methods for urinary steroid conjugates can provide a practical tool to evaluate female reproductive status of zoo species without the need for a traditional endocrine laboratory.
Microbiology of captive white‐beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) with comments on epizootics
Authors: Buck John D. , Spotte Stephen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn March 1983 six female white‐beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) were rescued from an ice‐clogged bay in Newfoundland, Canada, and transported to Mystic Marinelife Aquarium in Mystic, Connecticut. Anal and blowhole samples (swabs) were collected at frequent intervals for bacteriological analysis. One dolphin died of neurogenic shock syndrome in transit. The others died at intervals of 1–101 days during the period of captivity. Staphylococci were implicated in the deaths of three of the five dolphins that remained alive after capture. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae probably caused the death of the fourth, and infection by unidentified Gram‐negative bacteria was responsible for death of the fifth dolphin. Bacteriophage typing of several Staphylococcus isolates showed three separate strains. Bacteria recovered from anal and blowhole samples before the white‐beaked dolphins were introduced into the aquarium water system included enterobacteria (Edwardsiella, Escherichia, Klebsiella), Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. The two dolphins that survived the longest (44 and 101 days) showed a predominance of species of Proteus, Morganella, and Pseudomonas. Several genera of potential significance to humans also were found (e.g., Vibrio alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae).
Penetration of zona‐free hamster ova by Siberian tiger sperm
Authors: Post G. S. , Hensleigh H. C. , Byers A. P. , Seal U. S. , Kreeger T. J. , Reindl N. J. , Tilson R. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSperm from the electroejaculate of captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) penetrated zona pellucida‐free hamster ova in vitro, evidenced by a decondensation reaction. This assay, when used in conjunction with semen analysis, may be useful in assessing the fertility potential of males of this and other related felids. Such information is an important step in developing successful long‐term management strategies for captive and wild populations of this severely endangered species.
Play frequencies in captive and free‐ranging bighorn lambs (Ovis canadensis canadensis)
Authors: Bennett Beth , Fewell Jennifer H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehavioral observations on captive animals are frequently extrapolated to provide species‐typical descriptions of a given behavior. Comparative studies of free‐ranging and captive animals are critical to substantiate this practice. We compared play frequencies in two populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). Play was significantly more common in the free‐ranging group than in zoo animals. Reasons for this difference are discussed.
Comparative gastrointestinal morphology of the Kori bustard and secretary bird
Authors: Maloiy G. M. O. , Warui C. N. , Clemens E. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo secretary birds and three Kori bustards were studied to determine differences between their body size and gastrointestinal morphology. Body measurements were made on captive, live birds and gastrointestinal measurements on fresh postmortem specimens. For predator species, such as the Kori bustard and secretary bird, body size is a function of their ability to capture and destroy prey. While the secretary bird was clearly the taller of the two species, superior body weight, wing length, and therefore body size was noted for the Kori bustard. The size and length of the gastrointestinal tract varied between species. The secretary bird had the shorter, less complex digestive tract, with a foregut well adapted for consumption of large quantities of flesh. The large intestine was devoid of ceca. The gastrointestinal tract of the Kori bustard was markedly different from that of the secretary bird. The foregut was less complex and the large intestine possessed large, voluminous ceca.
Electrocardiography of the short‐tailed, leaf‐nosed bat Carollia perspicillata
Authors: Cook Robert A. , Halpern David , Tast Janet , Dolensek Emil P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐three bats of the genus Carollia were anesthetized for routine physical exams with ketamine HCl. Each animal was placed in dorsal recumbency, and a six‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed. ECG parameters were measured and intervals and deflections calculated. In addition, mean electrical axes in the frontal plane were calculated.
Variability of uterine cervical anatomy in the white‐tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou)
Authors: Stover J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExamination of the reproductive anatomy of six female white‐tailed gnu revealed duplex uterus with varying degrees of cervical division. The division ranged from 36 to 100% of the length of the cervix, with one animal exhibiting double external ossa. This variability in reproductive anatomy could be important in artificial insemination or embryo transfer procedures in this species.
Behavioral development in the red‐crowned crane (Grus japonensis)
Authors: Horwich Robert H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA male and a female red‐crowned crane were observed on a weekly basis from hatching until 7 months of age. The levels for 12 classes of activity were averaged and displayed. Weekly weights and weight gains were also displayed. Developmental profiles are discussed. These include (1) cyclic profiles, (2) single developmental peaks, and (3) behaviors with a high initial level reducing to a later low level. The chicks seemed to display alternating passive and active periods. The cyclic nature of development is discussed in relation to similar cycles in other species of birds and mammals.