bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syndromes with Unusual Facies: Other Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coffin-Siris syndrome (absent fifth fingerand toenails, unusual facies, and mental deficiency)
In 1970, Coffin and Siris (8) reported three children with coarse facial features, low birthweight, retarded somatic and mental growth, and hypoplastic to absent fifth fingerand toenails. Over 40 cases (1–3,7,10, 12,14–20,22–25,27,33–35,37) have been documented, although included are many cases which are doubtful or more consistent with a milder form described by Senior (30), Mace and Gotlin (21), Verloes et al (36), Ounap et al (26) and Bonioli et al (4). Rabe et al (28) also described sisters who have a similar phenotype but had hyperphosphatasia. Although most have been isolated examples, affected sibs (1,7,14,17,23) have been described; however, Levy and Baraitser (19) are doubtful about some of these cases, and suggest a 10% recurrence risk be given. About 85% are females, possibly implying lethality in males. Mild expression in a parent has also been noted (8,17,33,37). Perhaps some examples really have fetal hydantoin syndrome, dup(9p) syndrome, or some other condition. Burlina et al (6) described partial biotinidase deficiency in a child they had diagnosed as having Coffin-Siris syndrome: Bonneau et al (5) were unable to confirm this finding in a patient of theirs with Coffin-Siris syndrome. Therefore this is unlikely to be a helpful diagnostic aid. McPherson et al (24) described a child with an apparently balanced translocation with breakpoints 1q21.3 and 7q34, thus providing clues to possible gene location. McGhee et al (23a) also found a candidate region at 7q32 q34. Half have low birthweight (19). Feeding problems and recurrent respiratory infections are common during infancy. Redundant gastric mucosa at the antrum has been reported (3). Craniofacial findings include microcephaly (65%), coarse facial features (100%), transient facial hypertrichosis, sparse scalp hair (80%), bushy eyebrows, flat nasal root, bulbous upturned nose, thick lips, and wide mouth. Those with Senior syndrome (brachymorphism-onychodysplasia-dysphalangism) (4,21,26,30,36) have a less coarse facial appearance, particularly because the lips are not as thick or full.
Classifying Scientific Controversies
Authors: Baltas Aristides 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its importance, the study of scientific controversies has not developed as much as the study of other aspects of science. This is, I believe, is one more of the aftereffects of Thomas Kuhn’s work. In one sense, Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) did, of course, place some notion of scientific controversy at the center of attention. But, in another sense, most of the relevant issues were rarely pinpointed and discussed in their own right. Instead, they tended to remain unclear and indistinct, covered under the all-embracing—or so it appeared at the time—paradigm change. Moreover, much of post-Kuhnian philosophy of science forced itself to respond to what it considered Kuhn’s overall challenge to rationality, rather than occupy itself with the finer details of what it is for scientists to disagree with one another and to fight out such disagreements. This, then, implies that to study scientific controversies we have to start from the beginning. Traditionally, to attempt classification forms precisely such a beginning.
on the Cognitive Analysis of Scientific Controversies
Authors: Grandy Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to begin by emphasizing that the definite article in my title should not be taken to imply that cognitive analyses are unique—there is no single view that could be called the view of cognitive science on scientific controversies or, I suspect, of anything else of interest (Giere 1992). In fact, one should be suspicious even of the claim that there are cognitive scientists, despite a number of reported sightings and self-reports. Very few people have been trained in a cognitive science program—most were trained as philosophers, psychologists, linguists, computer scientists, or some other field and then developed an interest and competence at cognitive science. There is even a serious and often heated debate about whether cognitive science(s) is singular or plural.
Writing With Power Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write, Writing With Power speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. In a new introduction, he offers his reflections on the original edition, discusses the responses from people who have followed his techniques, how his methods may differ from other processes, and how his original topics are still pertinent to today’s writer. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalities--the production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, non planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, conscious control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper.
An Approach to Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I direct this book to a very broad audience. I’m not trying to tailor my words to beginning or advanced writers in particular, or to students, novelists, professional people, pleasure writers, or poets. Perhaps I shouldn’t try to talk to so many different kinds of people, yet in truth I feel my audience is very specific. I am talking to that person inside everyone who has ever written or tried to write: that someone who has wrestled with words, who seeks power in words, who has often gotten discouraged, but who also senses the possibility of achieving real writing power.
Options For Getting Feedback
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no single or right way to get feedback. In this chapter I will describe the advantages and disadvantages of various options. At the end I will suggest one process I believe is particularly valuable: getting feedback regularly in a writing support group. You can get feedback from one person or several. If you really want to know how your words affect readers, you can’t trust feedback from just one person, no matter how expert or experienced she is. Besides it is somehow empowering to realize how diverse and even contradictory the reactions are of different readers to your one set of words. It’s confusing at first but it releases you from the tyranny of any single reader’s or teacher’s judgment. It drives home the fact that there’s never a single or correct assessment of a piece of writing. When you get conflicting reactions, block your impulse to figure out which reactions are right. Eat like an owl: take in everything and trust your innards to digest what’s useful and discard what’s not. Try for readers with different tastes and temperaments-especially if you don’t have many readers.
Grain Boundary Chemistry and Creep Resistance of Alumina
Authors: Harmer M P , Chan H M , Rickman J M , Cho J , Li Y -Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMC’s) are receiving serious consideration for use in high temperature structural applications, such as for combustor liners in gas turbine engines [1, 2]. The attraction of oxides is their inherent oxidation resistance and thermodynamic stability. The limiting factor for oxides is creep resistance. However, a recent discovery has led to a promising new approach for dramatically improving creep resistance through doping.
Energy Minimization and Nonlinear Problems In Polycrystalline Solids
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common engineering structural materials - metallic alloys and ceramics - are polycrystalline. They are made up of a very large number of grains which have identical crystal structure, but which are oriented differently. The properties of the material depend critically on the texture, by which one means the size, the shape and the orientation distributions of the different grains. If we can systematically understand this dependence, we can identify textures which provide the best possible properties and then try to design a processing technique which gives rise to this texture.
Influence of the Interface on The Thermal Conductivity of Composites Containing Perfectly Conducting or Perfectly Insulating Particles
Authors: Lipton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of the interface on the overall properties of particle reinforced composite materials is examined. This study focuses on extreme cases for which the particle and particle-matrix interface have very different thermal conducting properties. The first case treated is that of a suspension of perfectly conducting particles with an interfacial thermal barrier separating the particle and the matrix phase. The second case addresses the complementary problem of thermally insulating particles surrounded by a “highly conducting “ interface.
The Weak Interface Between Monazites and Refractory Ceramic Oxides
Authors: Morgan Peter E D , Marshall David B , Davis Janet B , Housley Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High-temperature, oxidation-resistant, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), with (La)-monazite (LaPO4) serving as a weakly bonded interphase, have been invented. Monazite is stable and phase compatible with several other ceramic oxides at temperatures to at least as high as I750°C in air. The chemical and morphological stability and debonding characteristics of monazite-alumina interfaces are examined at temperatures of 1400°C and 1600°C. CMCs are considered for many uses in engines, filters, etc. in attempts to wrest a few percent more useful energy from, oil, coal and gas. Previous ceramic composites have relied on carbon or boron nitride fiber coatings to prevent brittle failure and are thus severely limited by degradation in high temperature oxidizing environments.
Analytic Bond-Order Potentials: Bridging The ElectronicAtomistic Length-Scale Gap
Authors: Oleinik I , Aoki* M , Butler+ J E , Sutton A P , Pettifor D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the electronic level the Schrodinger equation is solved to predict electronic states and energies. However, even with the biggest supercomputer only about 1000 atoms can be treated from first principles, so that the maximum size of the unit cell is of the order of nanometers. In order to simulate larger systems, the electronic degrees of freedom must be removed by imagining the atoms are held together by some electronic glue or interatomic potential. This allows the modelling of up to about one thousand million atoms on the largest supercomputers, so that the atomistic hierarchy extends to the order of tenths of microns in Fig. 1. In order to simulate the evolution of microstructure at the micron length scale, it is necessary to coarse-grain the problem still further by grouping the atoms together into units or cells whose behaviour is described through some set of effective interactions or set of rules.
Modified Gauss Point Method and its Application in Htms
Authors: Wang Ming L , Chen Zhen Lei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to have a realistic simulation of 3-D microstructure, and to demonstrate the nonlinear behavior of numerous grains and their interfaces, hundreds and thousands of elements are supposed to be included in the simulated model. This is extremely important because mechanical behaviors are determined by extremes in the local stresses, which have a close relationship with the distribution of grains and grain boundaries as well as grain size [2-4]. Hence in order to simulate the ceramics realistically, both in a geometrical and mechanical sense, enough simulated elements or lattices are essential. Generally, some 100,000 to 200,000 elements are necessary in a 3-D microstructure simulation.
“The Strong Men Gittin’ Stronger”Sterling Brown and the Representation and Re-creation of the Southern Folk Voice
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the December 25, 1945, New Masses, an ad appeared for an awards dinner sponsored by the magazine and chaired by Howard Fast “Honoring Negro and White Americans for Their Contributions Toward a Democratic America Sterling Brown was to begiven an award for his poetry at the dinner despite the fact that he had published virtually no poetry in the 194os.
Exchangeable Ions, pH, and Cation Exchange Capacity
Authors: Robertson G Philip , Sollins Phillip , Ellis Boyd G , Lajtha Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lmost all nutrients taken up by plants and microbes are taken up in their ionic form from the soil solution, and knowledge of the size and composition of the soil solution, together with knowledge of nutrient turnover rates, can provide valuable insight into soil nutrient availability and into other biogeochemical processes such as rates of weathering and leaching losses. While nutrient pool size per se can be a poor indicator of availability, changes in pool sizes can indicate changes in ecosystem processes that bear closer examination. Moreover, in all soils the potential for significant hydrologic loss of mobile nutrients is directly related to the size of the exchangeable nutrient pool and the proportion in solution at any given time.
Fine Root Production and Demography
Authors: Fahey Timothy J , Bledsoe Caroline S , Day Frank P , Ruess Roger W , Smucker Alvin J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attributes of root systems appear to have resulted from pressures on plants to maximize the efficiency of soil resource acquisition and to cminimize the risk of injury or death at environmental or competitive extremes (Yanai et al. 1994). These attributes include the morphology, physiology, demographics, distribution, timing, and the pattern of growth and longevity of both fine and coarse roots. In turn, these attributes of root systems strongly influence emergent properties of terrestrial ecosystems, including energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Standard techniques to study the dynamics of fine roots should facilitate comparisons across sites and through time that could provide valuable insights into controls on the composition, structure, and function of terrestrial ecosystems.
The Lutheran “Metaphysical” Tradition in Music and Music Theory
Authors: Chafe Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NOT ONLY DO WE ENCOUNTER THE principles described in the preceding chapter in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Lutheran theological writings, such as the aforementioned Neumeister treatise, but they also figure prominently in the writings of certain Lutheran music theorists. In fact, many such writers articulated a vision of the meaning of music that might reasonably be called the Lutheran “metaphysical” tradition in music theory, in that they perceived an alliance between music and theology that was rooted in Luther’s own views on music, especially his placing music “next to theology:’1 From there it was no great leap to found an extensive “allegorical” conception of music on the idea that the major triad constituted a mirroring of the Trinity in nature (three notes, one chord). The involvement of such writings with the idea of musical “allegory” as both a mirror of God’s design and purpose in the creation-that is, an embedded feature of music reflecting eternal (Lutheran) truths-as well as with a more pragmatic and arbitrary process, involved in musical composition, provided composers of church music with a theological basis and sense of purpose for the coordination of heterogenous musical styles.
On the Structure of Scientific Theories
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The questions to be examined in this essay concern, broadly speaking, the logical structure and the epistemic status of scientific theories. To a large extent, my discussion will deal with the well-known conception of a theory as consisting of, or being decomposable into, two principal components: An uninterpreted deductive system, usually thought of as an axiomatized calculus C, whose postulates correspond to the basic principles of the theory and provide implicit definitions for its constitutive terms; A set R of statements that assign empirical meaning to the terms and the sentences of C by linking them to potential observational or experimental findings and thus interpreting them, ultimately, in terms of some observational vocabulary. Such statements, conceived as subject to more or less stringent syntactic and semantic requirements, have been variously referred to as the entries of a “dictionary” for translating theoretical into experimental language, as “rules of correspondence” or “rules of interpretation,” as “coordinating definitions” and, of course, as “operational definitions.”
Scientific Rationality : Normative versus Descriptive Construals
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the past few centuries, scientific inquiry has vastly broadened man’s knowledge and deepened his understanding of the world he lives in; and the striking successes of the technologies based on the insights thus gained are eloquent testimony to the basic soundness of scientific modes of research. In view of these achievements, scientific inquiry has come to be widely acknowledged as the exemplar of rationality in the pursuit of reliable knowledge. But there is no unanimity among students of the methodology and the history of science when it comes to the question whether, or to what extent, it is possible to specify precisely a set of procedural rules or standards which are characteristic of scientific inquiry, and adherence to which qualifies science as the exemplar of rationality in the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge.
Analytic versus Synthetic Understanding
Authors: Humphreys Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps because nontheoretical modes of understanding seemed to Hempel to be incapable of precise treatment, perhaps because he was sceptical of’ empathic understanding’ and the continental tradition of Verstehen, Hempel, and almost all of those who wrote after him, approached the concept of scientific understanding indirectly through an analysis of the concept of scientific explanation.2
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, from “Explanatory Preface,” Record of a School (1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ELIZABETH PALMER PEABODY (1804–1894) published the first edition of the Record, her edited account of Bronson Alcott’s Temple School, in 1835. In it, she recorded her descriptions of how Alcott caught such typical subjects as geography, writing, math, art, religion, and languages, and such atypical topics as “Conversations on the Human Body and Its Culture.” Alcott’s Socratic method of questioning (rather than instructing by rote drills, as was the general practice) presupposed the innate goodness of his students, and he felt his role was to bring out their abilities, rather than his following tradition and seeing them as empty vessels to be filled with knowledge. His unusual methods (and his—for the time—frank discussions of sexuality and religion) would eventually bring down the wrath of the Boston public when he published his two-volume Conversations with Children on the Gospels (1836–1837). Here, Peabody has a sense of what is going to be the public reaction to Alcott, and her preface (which was also published as a pamphlet) is as much an attempt to clarify his methods to the general public as it is an attempt to distance herself from him and the gathering storm.
George Ripley, from “Letter to the Editor” (9 November 1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GEORGE RIPLEY (1802–1880) would later serve briefly as business manager of the Dial and become known as the founder, along with his wife Sophia, of the Brook Farm community. When Brook Farm collapsed, he paid the debts himself and moved to New York co work on the Tribune. As one of the Transcendentalists interested in continental philosophy, he began publishing in 1838 Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature, which would eventually run to fourteen volumes of edited and translated works before it ceased in 1842. By calling the foreign literature “standard,” he was, like Hedge in his review of Coleridge, making the point that the latest British and continental writers and philosophers had been accepted by European audiences; now was the time for American audiences to treat them seriously and not as foreign fads or unAmerican (and therefore unacceptable) ideas. His reply to Norton sets the stage for the miracles controversy of 1838, as Ripley asks how we interpret texts and who has the ultimate authority to do so.
A. Bronson Alcott, The Doctrine and Discipline of Human Culture (1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AMOS BRONSON ALCOTT (1799-1888) was an educator, philosopher, lecturer, reformer, conversationalist, poet, essayist, and—this would secure his fame—the father of Louisa May Alcott. He was also a member of the Transcendental Club, contributor to the Dial, founder of the Concord School of Philosophy, and chronicler of the movement from his home in Concord, just up the street from Emerson’s house. A self-taught Connecticut farmer’s son, Alcott was the only male Transcendentalist not formally educated or with a Harvard connection.
A. Bronson Alcott, from Conversations with Children on the Gospels (1836-1837)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALCOTT WAS HOPEFUL THAT Conversations would go beyond the Record in helping set forth his educational goals and practices but, instead, its publication resulted in abuse being heaped upon him and parents withdrew their students from the Temple School (and even more did so after he admitted an African-American student). Elizabeth Peabody tried to warn him that much of what he was discussing with the students could be controversial—indeed there are footnotes to the book that she asked to be added so that her role in recording the conversations could be clarified—but Alcott’s response was to shift the potentially damaging material from the main text to a single series of notes at the end where they could be found and studied-and upset people—with ease. An even more selective use of the offending sentences was made when newspapers cited them in their reviews; Andrews Norton was quoted (without his name being mentioned) as saying of the book that onethird was absurd, one-third blasphemous, and one-third obscene. Emerson was so disturbed by the tarring of Alcott by selective quotation that he wrote to the Boston Daily Courier to argue “Let it be read,” noting that any “reasonable man will perceive that fragments out of a new theory of Christian instruction, are not quite in the best place for examination, betwixt the price current and the shipping list.”