bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocular perfusion abnormalities in diabetes
Authors: Ciulla Thomas A. , Harris Alon , Latkany Paul , Piper Heidi C. , Arend Oliver , Garzozi Hana , Martin Bruce 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT.Purpose:  To review the role of ocular perfusion in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the industrialized world.Methods:  We carried out a Medline search of the literature published in English or with English abstracts from 1966 to 2000 using various combinations of relevant key words.Results:  Hyperglycaemia leads to a wide variety of vascular abnormalities at the microvascular and macrovascular levels, including abnormal autoregulation.Conclusion:  Three major aspects of ocular perfusion in diabetic retinopathy require additional investigation. Firstly, the precise mechanisms that link elevated glucose to dysfunction of retinal vascular cells need to be identified. Secondly, those factors that lead to both capillary dropout and to angiogenesis, twin processes that are linked to tissue hypoxia and lead to excess perfusion, increased risk of extravascular leakage and frank haemorrhage, must be carefully delineated. Finally, once specific knowledge of disease fundamentals has been amassed, tests of therapies to reverse or prevent these pathological processes can move forward.
Long‐term evaluation of osseointegrated dental implants in the treatment of partly edentulous patients
Authors: Hultin Margareta , Gustafsson Anders , Karolinska Björn Klinge 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, radiographic and microbiological status of implants after 10 years of functional load in patients treated for partial edentulism.Method: 15 patients, each successfully treated with 2–6 implants ad modum Brånemark placed in free‐standing fixed prostheses, were included in the study.Results: Clinical evaluation revealed similar degrees of inflammation around teeth and implants. The probing pocket depth (PPD) was significantly greater around implants than around teeth. The mean marginal bone loss during 10 years of functional load was comparable to that found at the time of the 5‐year follow‐up. 74% of the implants remained free of marginal bone loss exceeding 1 mm. Marginal bone loss exceeding 2 mm, was found at only 5 sites. No marked differences in bacteria were present between teeth and implants. T. denticola, S. intermedia and P. micros were the commonest organisms detected around teeth and implants. The periodontal pathogens A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, B. forsythus, and T. denticola, were found at implants with a marginal bone loss of more than 2 mm.Conclusion: Our study shows that the long‐term results with implants in partially dentate patients are similar to those seen in edentulous patients and that no significant change occurred after 5‐year follow‐up over an additional period of 5 years.
Subgingival polishing with a teflon‐coated sonic scaler insert in comparison to conventional instruments as assessed on extracted teeth
Authors: Kocher Th. , Langenbeck M. , Rühling A. , Plagmann H.‐C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Recent studies have shown that endotoxins are located on the periodontally diseased root cementum and not within it. These studies led to the suggestion that the root surface could be treated less aggressively during periodontal therapy. Thus, we designed a teflon‐tubed sonic scaler insert for subgingival polishing. It was our objective to assess to which extent this new instrument is capable of removing bacterial deposits in deep pockets in comparison with conventional scaling instruments.Method: We compared the extent to which plaque and calculus could be removed with a curette, a conventional sonic and ultrasonic scaler insert, a Per‐io‐tor insert, and a teflon‐tubed sonic scaler insert. 84 teeth requiring extraction had been treated with one of these instruments. After extraction, the teeth were stained with Malachite green, and the following areas were assessed: area lacking plaque and calculus, calculus, and area only covered with plaque. For statistical comparison, nonparametric analyses were carried out.Results: Curettes and conventional ultrasonic and sonic‐scaler inserts had more area lacking plaque and calculus (97.5%, 92.2%, 92.1%) than did the Per‐io‐tor (80.1%) or the teflon‐coated sonic scaler insert (84.4%). A similar effectivity sequence was observed for residual soft deposits (curette: 1.9%, ultrasonic scaler: 6.1%, sonic scaler: 5.4%, teflon‐coated sonic scaler: 5.1% and Per‐io‐tor: 9.5%).Conclusions: The Per‐io‐tor and the teflon‐coated sonic scaler insert seem to be suitable for the removal of soft deposits on the root surface, but not for the removal of calculus.
Periodontal status by CPITN, and associated variables in an Israeli permanent force military population
Authors: Katz J. , Peretz B. , Sgan‐Cohen H. D. , Horev T. , Eldad A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims: The objectives were to determine periodontal treatment needs using the CPITN index, of Israeli permanent force military personnel.Methods: The study population consisted of 1300 military personnel aged 25–44 years (mean age 33.8±5.4), who attended obligatory routine medical and dental examinations. Clinical examinations were conducted by 3 calibrated examiners, employing flat dental mirrors, the specially designed WHO periodontal probes (FDI probes) and following CPITN criteria. The frequency distributions were studied with regard to age groups, gender and education, as well as differences in the severity of the disease. Also, the mean number of sextants affected per person by age was assessed.Results: Only 1.19% of the subjects demonstrated healthy periodontal tissue. Shallow pockets were similarly found among all age groups, and the number of persons with deep pockets increased with age. Deep pockets were found almost 3 × more among males (18.66%) in comparison with females (6.19%). Persons with higher education (>12 years), had less deep pockets and bleeding than individuals with less than 12 years of education (p<0.05).Conclusions: Compared with data from other countries reported by the WHO, this periodontal status indicates a relatively high level of treatment needs. This survey provides a substantial contribution to the national oral health data bank concerning the adult working population in Israel.
Carboxypeptidase‐mediated metabolism of calcitonin gene‐related peptide in human gingival crevicular fluid – a rôle in periodontal inflammation?
Authors: Lundy Fionnuala T. , Salmon Amanda L. , Lamey Philip‐John , Shaw Christopher , Linden Gerard J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Metabolism by peptidases plays an important rôle in modulating the levels of biologically‐active neuropeptides. The metabolism of the anti‐inflammatory neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (GCRP), but not the pro‐inflammatory neuropeptides substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) by components of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), could potentiate the inflammatory process in periodontitis.Aims: To characterise the extracellular hydrolysis of CGRP as a mechanism for the selective inactivation of this neuropeptide in GCF from periodontitis sites.Methods: Samples of GCF from periodontitis patients and periodontally‐healthy subjects were incubated with synthetic human SP, NKA or CGRP. Reaction between the GCF constituents and synthetic peptides was allowed to progress from 0–180 min. Results of neuropeptide metabolism at each time were analysed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry.Results: There was no evidence of metabolism of SP, NKA or CGRP by constituents of healthy GCF. Metabolism of synthetic SP and NKA was minimal even after extensive incubation with periodontitis GCF. However, loss of carboxy‐terminal amino acids was evident after only 1 min incubation with periodontitis GCF. The pattern of CGRP metabolism, which proceeded from the C‐terminus, indicated that the neuropeptide was degraded by a carboxypeptidase. After 180 min, there was extensive carboxypeptidase degradation of CGRP to an 11 amino acid peptide.Conclusions: It is concluded that carboxypeptidase activity in GCF from periodontitis patients is responsible for rapid breakdown of CGRP but not SP or NKA. The rapid action of this carboxypeptidase on the anti‐inflammatory neuropeptide CGRP is suggestive of a pathophysiological rôle for the enzyme in selectively degrading CGRP, thereby potentiating periodontal inflammation.
Root‐dentin sensitivity following non‐surgical periodontal treatment
Authors: Tammaro Stefano , Wennström Jan L. , Bergenholtz Gunnar 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Little clinical data exist on the incidence and severity by which root dentin sensitivity (RDS) results from periodontal therapy. The aim of the present clinical trial was to study the degree to which a sample of patients requiring non‐surgical periodontal treatment develops RDS.Material and methods:Alterations in RDS was followed in 35 patients (29–65 years of age) requiring non‐surgical treatment for moderate to advanced periodontal disease. Inclusion criteria for participation were need for periodontal treatment in at least 2 quadrants comprising a minimum of 4 teeth with vital pulps, no open caries lesions, no dental treatment in the last 3 months and no ongoing treatment for RDS. Baseline and follow‐up recordings included responses of teeth to pain stimuli (directed compressed air) at buccal surfaces as graded by the patient on a 10‐cm visual analogue scale (VAS). Periodontal therapy consisted of oral hygiene instruction (OH) followed by supra‐ and subgingival scaling/root planing by hand and ultrasonic instrumentation of one quadrant per each of the subsequent weeks. Thus, follow‐up data included pain assessment after 1–3 weeks of OH alone, and 1–4 weeks post‐instrumentation.Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in mean VAS‐scoring over time in quadrants where only meticulous plaque control had been maintained, while VAS mean values increased significantly after instrumentation (p<0.001). Also the % of subjects reporting higher mean VAS values increased after instrumentation. Changes in mean VAS scores were generally moderate and only 9 patients gave an increase on VAS of >2 cm for 3 or more teeth. A statistically significantly higher increase of RDS was observed for initially sensitive teeth (VAS>0) than for teeth not responding at baseline (p<0.001). Although a reduction in the intensity of RDS could be noticed during the later phase of the 4‐week follow‐up period after scaling and root planing, the percentage of sensitive teeth remained unchanged.Conclusion: The data confirm that meticulous plaque control will diminish RDS problems and that scaling and root planing procedures in periodontal therapy result in an increase of teeth that respond to painful stimuli. However, pain experiences in general appeared minor and only a few teeth in a few patients developed highly sensitive root surfaces following instrumentation.
Clinical and radiographic findings following application of enamel matrix derivative in the treatment of intrabony defects
Authors: Parashis A. , Tsiklakis K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of this case report study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic findings following application of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in the treatment of 2‐ or 3‐wall intrabony defects in a private periodontal practice one year after surgery.Method: 15 consecutive patients (age range 38–67 years, 9 females, 6 males, 3 smokers) with 25 intrabony defects were included in the study. The decision to use reconstructive surgery was taken at least 3 months after termination of the presurgical treatment phase. Inclusion criteria were: presence of an interproximal area with residual probing depth (PD) 6 mm, probing attachment level (PAL) 6 mm and an associated intrabony defect 4 mm deep and 2 mm wide as measured during surgery (defects were not associated with adjacent furcation lesions). Open‐flap surgery was performed to expose the defects and the EMD gel was applied after proper debridement. The patients were instructed to rinse 2× daily for 6 weeks with a 0.12% solution of chlorhexidine.Results: At 12 months, mean PD decreased from 8.4 mm to 4.0 mm and PAL from 10.2 mm to 6.6 mm, while recession increased from 1.8 mm to 2.6 mm. Residual PD greater than 4 mm was observed only in 7 sites. 14 sites demonstrated a PAL gain of 2–3 mm, 9 sites a gain of 4–5 mm and 2 sites a gain of 6 mm. Radiographic assessment indicated a mean crestal bone resorption of 20.7% and a mean improvement in the distance between the CEJ and the base of the defect of 22.9%. The combination of defect fill from the bottom of the defect and crestal resorption resulted in a mean defect resolution of 61%.Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the application of EMD gel in 2‐ or 3‐wall intrabony defects resulted in clinically significant gain of PAL and radiographic bone. Further controlled clinical studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of the EMD gel in the treatment of various osseous defects.
A clinical application of autotransplantation using furcation‐involved root
Authors: Yoshino Takashi , Okamoto Hiroshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The present case report describes the clinical application of autotransplantation using furcation involved roots.Method: After initial therapy, root resection was performed upon the patient’s molar teeth with furcation involvement in the mandible. 2 distal roots of the molar teeth were autotransplanted as abutments to replace missing premolar and molar teeth in the mandible.Results: On re‐examination, 1 year after the transplantation, these roots showed no signs of periodontal or technical complications. The results suggest the potential use of autotransplantation techniques using furcation involved roots in reconstructive therapy. This may be a new approach in periodontal therapy.
Soluble antagonists to interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibits loss of tissue attachment in experimental periodontitis
Authors: Delima A. J. , Oates T. , Assuma R. , Schwartz Z. , Cochran D. , Amar S. , Graves D. T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Periodontal disease is a significant cause of tooth loss among adults and is characterized by the alteration and permanent destruction of the deeper periodontal tissues. Although the presence of pathologic microbes is required to trigger this process, the amplification and progression of the diseased state is believed to rely heavily on the production of host mediators in response to bacteria or their metabolic products. The inflammatory response is effective in preventing large‐scale colonization of the gingival tissues by bacteria that lie in close proximity to the tooth surface or within the gingival sulcus. It has been postulated that the host‐response in some individuals may lead to an over‐reaction to invading oral pathogens resulting in the destruction of periodontal tissues.Methods: Several host‐derived mediators are believed to contribute to this response. Two agents considered to be essential in periodontal destruction are interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We investigated the role of IL‐1 and TNF in the loss of connective tissue attachment in a Macaca fascicularis primate model of experimental periodontitis. Silk ligatures impregnated with the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis were wrapped around the posterior teeth and the activity of IL‐1 and TNF were inhibited by soluble receptors to these proinflammatory cytokines via local injection into interdental papillae.Results: Histomorphometric analysis indicates that IL‐1 and TNF antagonists significantly reduced the loss of connective tissue attachment by approximately 51% and the loss of alveolar bone height by almost 91%, both of which were statistically significant.Conclusion: This investigation demonstrates that the loss of connective tissue attachment and progression of periodontal disease can be retarded by antagonists to specific host mediators such as IL‐1 and TNF and may provide a potential treatment modality to combat the disease process.
The erosive effects of some mouthrinses on enamel
Authors: Pontefract H. , Hughes J. , Kemp K. , Yates R. , Newcombe R. G. , Addy M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background: There are both anecdotal clinical and laboratory experimental data suggesting that low pH mouthrinses cause dental erosion. This evidence is particularly relevant to acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) formulations since they have plaque inhibitory properties comparable to chlorhexidine but without the well known local side effects.Aim: Studies in situ and in vitro were planned to measure enamel erosion by low pH mouthrinses. The study in situ measured enamel erosion by ASC, essential oil and hexetidine mouthrinses over 15‐day study periods. The study was a 5 treatment, single blind cross over design involving 15 healthy subjects using orange juice, as a drink, and water, as a rinse, as positive and negative controls respectively. 2 enamel specimens from unerupted human third molar teeth were placed in the palatal area of upper removable acrylic appliances which were worn from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Friday for 3 weeks. Rinses were used 2× daily and 250 ml volumes of orange juice were imbibed 4× daily. Enamel loss was determined by profilometry on days 5, 10 and 15. The study in vitro involved immersing specimens in the 4 test solutions together with a reduced acid ASC formulation for a period of 4 h under constant stirring; Enamel loss was measured by profilometry every hour.Results: Enamel loss was in situ progressive over time with the 3 rinses and orange juice but negligible with water. ASC produced similar erosion to orange juice and significantly more than the two proprietary rinses and water. The essential oil and hexetidine rinses produced similar erosion and significantly more than water. Enamel loss in vitro was progressive over time, and the order from low to high erosion was reduced acid ASC, ASC, Essential oil, and hexetidine mouthrinses and orange juice.Conclusion: Based on the study in situ, it is recommended that low pH mouthrinses should not be considered for long term or continuous use and never as pre‐brushing rinses. In view of the plaque inhibitory efficacy of ASC, short‐ to medium‐term applications similar to those of chlorhexidine would be envisaged.
Pocket elimination surgery with simultaneous connective tissue graft. A case report with 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Castellani R. , Wolffe G. N. , Renggli H. H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background, aims: The purpose of the present case report was to present 2 ways of treating recession in a periodontal patient combined with regular pocket elimination surgery. The techniques used enabled the operator to reduce the number of surgical sessions and clinically evaluate the 3‐year coverage of gingival recessions using a subpedicle connective tissue graft.Methods: Surgery consisted of pocket elimination procedures to treat adult periodontitis as a way to harvest connective tissue to be placed in the areas of recession. The grafted tissue was covered by the primary flap or left uncovered in a pouch, according to 2 different techniques described in the literature.Results: In this case, we observed that, with this approach, we were successful in reducing the number of surgical session as well as achieving objective and subjective goals of therapy in treated areas.
In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus‐1 and herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Baqui A. A. M. A. , Kelley Jacqueline I. , Jabra‐Rizk Mary Ann , DePaola Louis G. , Falkler William A. , Meiller Timothy F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The antiviral effectiveness of widely used commercial mouthrinses has not been well studied. A project was undertaken to evaluate and compare the in vitro antiviral effectiveness of essential oil‐containing mouthrinses (LA & TLA) and chlorhexidine mouthrinses (PX & CHX) on 2 different enveloped viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV‐1) McIntyre strain.Method: HIV‐189.6 (1×105/ml) and HSV‐1 (1×106/ml) in RPMI‐1640 medium were treated with two commercially available forms of LA & TLA (tartar control LA), and 2 formulations of chlorhexidine [(PX), 0.12% chlorhexidine & (CHX), 0.2% chlorhexidine] for 30 sec. The antiviral effect was estimated by inhibition of the syncytia formation or the cytopathic effect (CPE) for HIV‐1 on MT‐2 cells and by inhibition of the plaque formation for HSV‐1 on Vero cell monolayers.Results: Undiluted LA, TLA, PX and CHX completely inhibited both HIV‐189.6 and HSV‐1 McIntyre strain. PX and CHX inhibited HIV‐1 up to 1:4 dilution, whereas, LA and TLA inhibited HSV‐1 up to 1:2 dilution. The antiviral effects of LA and TLA were found to be similar and also the antiviral effect of PX and CHX were also found to be comparable.Conclusions: The methods used in this investigation allow easy and reproducible evaluations of antiviral efficacy. The anti‐HIV‐1 and anti‐HSV‐1 effects of LA, TLA, PX and CHX as evidenced in our in vitro study suggest that we should investigate potential in vivo effects during the use of essential oil‐containing or chlorhexidine containing products when used by patients as mouthrinses. If the clinical studies confirm the in vitro data, pre‐procedural use by clinicians may be beneficial in reducing viral contamination of bio‐aerosols during the delivery of dental care.
Cytokine gene expression in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Bickel Matthias , Axtelius Björn , Solioz Catherine , Attström Rolf 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Cytokines play an important rôle in controlling inflammatory processes and tissue homeostasis. Periodontitis, as any other chronic inflammatory disease, results from a disarrangement of host factors, mainly cytokines and the initiating agent. Modulation of the cytokines is not only controlled by the host but also by infecting bacteria and their products.Aim: In the present study, we examined the cytokine mRNA expression profiles in six patients, each presenting sites affected with (1) severe progressive periodontitis, (2) chronic, but stable periodontal lesions, and (3) with healthy sites. Analysis using a quantitative RT‐PCR included IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, and TNF‐α.Material and Methods: 6 patients with chronic periodontitis were following treatment observed for a period of six years for local sites staying healthy, local sites with periodontal pathology but without signs of progression of attachment loss and sites with verified progression were biosied. The biopsies were lyzed and analyzed for levels of cytokine mRNAs.Results: Results revealed considerable variation not only between patients, but also between individual sites. Each patient’s site has thus to be looked at as an independent entity.Conclusions: The local action of cytokines, which is heavily dependent on recruitment, interaction and activation of immunocompetent cells can explain the site‐specific nature of cytokine expression. Cytokine data from individual sites together with the local clinical status and data from the literature demonstrate the complexity of periodontal disease pathogenesis. To gain insight to specific mechanisms further studies are needed.