bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Denial, Misinformation, and the CCAssault of Truth”
Authors: Butow Phyllis N , Dunn Stewart M , Tattersall Martin H N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern medical ethics emphasizes the patient’s right to be fully informed of his or her medical condition, and to participate in decisions about treatment. Truth telling, once regarded as cruel and insensitive, is now thought by many to be morally obligatory.1,2 Community attitudes have also shifted toward greater patient participation in and knowledge of medical matters. 3,4 The rationale for this approach is to safeguard the autonomy and integrity of the individual and to ensure that the patient plays an active role in decisions about his or her care.
Introduction :Pediatric Palliative Care: A Field in Evolution
Authors: Bruera Russell K Portenoy Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Led by pediatric oncologists, pain specialists, nurses, social workers, and mental health professionals, the palliative care team has become an increasingly visible service in the pediatric tertiary care hospital. As a pediatric hematologist/oncologist, I became interested in some of the issues related to palliative care so that I might lessen the suffering of children dying of cancer. Children with cancer endured much suffering in the 1970s and early 1980s. Treatment modalities had progressed at a remarkable rate and most children with newly diagnosed malignancies could expect to achieve long-term survival. There was, however, the most rudimentary understanding of the means available to support these children through increasingly intensive treatment regimens, or to provide the help they and their families needed as death approached. In addition, I saw only the most elementary understanding of the techniques with which to treat the pain of the child’s primary disease, the pain caused by the intensive multimodality treatment programs, or the pain caused by the frequent invasive procedures needed to monitor the progress of these new therapies.
Management of Bone Pain
Authors: Pereira Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is a common symptom in patients with cancer, occurring in 50%-85% of patients with advanced disease. Metastatic cancer invades bone in 60%-84% of cases. In several common cancers, such as breast and prostate cancers, the skeleton is the most common site of metastases. It is estimated that between 65% and 75% of patients with bone metastases present with bone pain, and the high morbidity associated with bone metastases can be protracted. Although survival varies widely among patients with metastatic bone disease, patients suffering from metastatic breast disease survive on average 34 months after detection of the first metastasis, with a range of 1-90 months. Survival with metastatic prostate cancer averages 24 months, and lung cancer patients have a poor prognosis of less than one year after bone metastases are first diagnosed. Significant advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms of bone metastases and the pathophysiology of bone pain have prompted review of traditional treatment modalities and have offered new possibilities for managing malignant bone pain more effectively. This chapter reviews current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of malignant bone pain.
An Introduction to Psycho-oncology with Special Emphasis on Its Development in the Historical and Cultural Context
Authors: Stiefel Friedrich , Guex Patrice , Sarte Olivier Real Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many countries around the world, a new speciality, called psycho-oncology, has emerged during recent decades. Psycho-oncology deals with the psychosocial aspects of malignant diseases. As with any other medical speciality, the clinical, scientific, and educational work of psycho-oncology are closely related to its historical and cultural development. Until the late nineteenth century, no curative or palliative treatment was available for cancer. Even the word “cancer” was not mentioned to the patient.1 However, changes have occurred with the development of treatment modalities and societal shifts in many countries. The psychological and social aspects of cancer have increasingly become the focus of scientific study, education, and clinical care. Although many cancer patients cannot be cured, the achievements of curative and palliative treatments have transformed this once incurable, horrifying, and painful disease to a serious, but treatable and often chronic, disease. The development of psycho-oncology is closely related to the development of oncology, which is itself embedded in the development of medicine and society as a whole (see Table 7.1).
The Intelligent Patient’s Guide to the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do you feel that your doctor doesn't pay attention to what you say? Does your doctor cut you off when you try to explain how you feel? Do you think your doctor could remember your name without referring to your chart? Does your doctor seem to be in such a hurry that you don't even get a chance to ask your most important questions? Do you spend more time waiting than actually talking to your doctor? Do you understand what your doctor says? At one time or another, we have all had these complaints. This book will teach you how to ask the right questions, understand the answers, and show you how to take more control of your visits to the doctor and your own health. This is the first book in which communication pioneer Barbara M. Korsch, M.D., reveals what she has learned about the doctor-patient relationship dilemma during almost half a century of investigation. In clear, simple language, Dr. Korsch answers most of our common questions: How do I know when I'm sick enough to go to the doctor? How do I know if it's serious enough to go to the emergency room? What do I do if I can't follow the advice my doctor gives me? She walks us through a typical visit to the doctor, showing us how to prepare ourselves so we don't forget the question that has been worrying us for weeks as soon as we walk through the doctor's door. She gives important tips on how to survive the dreaded hospital experience. And she offers insight into the doctor's side of the relationship, showing how doctors are trained to be task-oriented and how their natural human sympathy is discouraged throughout their careers. Finally, she offers patients useful strategies for humanizing the relationship. Korsch's helpful, commonsense recommendations are extensively illustrated with real-life doctor-patient conversations which she recorded on audio and video tape over the course of the last thirty years. She was one of the first medical professionals to emphasize the importance of teaching doctors how to talk to patients as part of their medical training. She serves as consultant and lecturer to medical schools, hospitals, and medical practices throughout the world to help the next generation of doctors communicate with their patients. Above all, after years of research, she has found abundant evidence that the relationship patients form with their doctors directly determines the quality of the care they receive. This is a vital book for anyone who is concerned about their health and who wants to take control of their medical care. So much depends upon asking the right questions and on finding a doctor who will listen to you. This book gives you the tools and the confidence to do just that.
Point Counterpoint: Listening to Both Sides
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do we complain about our doctors? Why do they complain about us? What makes the doctor-patient relationship so complex? Well, for one thing, the doctor has more power than the patient, the doctor has more knowledge about the particular subject at hand than the patient, the patient is understandably anxious, the doctor has more responsibility, the doctor is prepared for the encounter, the patient is not, the doctor knows the ground rules, the patient does not. This book will increase your under standing of the relationship and the unwritten rules which dominate it.
The Hospital
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this story may have been embellished in repeated telling, it is true. Being admitted to the hospital is like finding yourself on a conveyor belt being whisked away into a sterile land of uncertainty and fear. Just locating the right parking space and the proper entrance can be daunting. Having to pass by guards and produce identification is not the warmest welcome either. “I felt like a criminal, as if they expected I had a gun hidden somewhere,” one conservatively dressed, mild-mannered visitor told me.
The Dynamical Alternative
Authors: Gelder Timothy van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is cognition? Contemporary orthodoxy maintains that it is computation: the mind is a special kind of computer, and cognitive processes are the internal manipulation of symbolic representations. This broad idea has dominated the philosophy and the rhetoric of cognitive science-and even, to a large extent, its practice-ever since the field emerged from the postwar cybernetic melee. Many arguments have been advanced in its favor, and perhaps equally many against it. For a number of years, the situation has been one of stalemate, for generally neither computationalists nor their opponents have found each other’s arguments convincing. There is no doubt, however, that for a long time computationalists maintained a strategic advantage, for their opponents were unable to provide an alternative conception that could match computationalism in empirical scope and theoretical well-foundedness. Computationalists could thus always fall back on what has become known as the “what else could it be?” argument.
Beyond the Snapshot: Changing the Approach to Change, Error, and Process
Authors: Chrisman Nicholas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps one of the most classic applications of geographic information processing can be characterized as change detection. Some applications linked to “grand challenges” of science include documentation of destruction of rain forests, expansion of deserts, loss of wetlands, and other issues of critical concern. The geo graphic analysis may be mobilized inside some theoretical construct of earth sys tem science or some thoroughly applied issue of public policy. And, yet, change detection is not simply an issue of scientific infrastructure to be accepted without question. The assumptions involved in detecting change deserve reexamination.
Deception, Lying, and Demeanor
Authors: Ekman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of my research has been on how, when, and why demeanor may betray a lie. I will describe my findings near the end of this chapter. First, I describe a number of theoretical issues that must be considered in examining lies. This includes my definition oflying and how I distinguish lies from secrets, self-deception, and other kinds of deceit. I will then discuss some of the difficulties in using that definition, when people believe what is false to be true. Next I will consider the different motives that underlie the decision to tell a lie. Then I will discuss two principal reasons why lies fail. Then I will review some of our most recent research on how difficult it is to judge whether someone is lying or telling the truth. Finally, I describe some of my thinking about what happens when people believe the government is lying to them, using the Soviet Union as an example.
The Social Psychology of Mass Communications: An American Perspective
Authors: Pratkanis Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether it is the genes of royalty, the ritual of tradition, or the force of a dictator, every society must have a way to make decisions. Early in its history, the United States opted for persuasion-debate, discussion, exhortation, and argument-as a means of deciding which course of collective action to take. Early American institutions promoted persuasion and discourse (Holifield, 1989). For example, in contrast to the elaborate cathedrals of Europe, where elite clergy performed rituals before a distant congregation, colonial churches were small, simple structures with a pulpit placed close to the people; such architecture is ideal for sermons exhorting townsfolk to morality or for a political rally to debate the course of a revolution. Many towns developed around a village green featuring a hall for holding town meetings and a market where consumers could decide the best products to buy. When the new Americans ratified the U.S. Constitution and later the Bill Rights, they ensured that persuasion would remain at the heart of U.S. decision making by guaranteeing freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the rights of assembly and of petitioning the government. The U.S. government, with its three branches and its two legislative houses, is a system of checks and balances that demands debate, argument, and compromise. The U.S. legal system is adversarial and requires the government to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a crime was committed by a citizen.
Ethnic Psychology in the United States
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan S , Sue Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, human beings have had to deal with individual and group differences on many dimensions. Two of the most important dimensions are ethnicity and race. Ethnic and racial groups often mirror the fears, prejudices, and hostilities, as well as the curiosity, benevolence, and understanding, of one group of people toward another. The history of the United States is strongly embedded in ethnicity and ethnic relations. When the founding fathers sought freedom and democracy and the establishment of a new country in the Americas, the seeds were laid for conflict with the indigenous people-the Native Americans-and for the introduction of African slavery. Years of ethnic and racial strife, including a civil war, the civil rights movement, and the controversies over affirmative action, immigration, and racial genetic differences in intelligence have bedeviled the history of the United States. Yet, in many ways, tremendous progress over time has been made in race and ethnic relations.
The Suicidal Mind
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do people take their own lives? Is there anything others can do to stop them? How can we tell when a person is suicidal? In this book, Edwin Schneidman looks carefully at the psychological processes that lead to suicide and discusses suicide as a product of psychological pain and thwarted psychological needs. With suicide (and especially youth suicide) seemingly increasing throughout the Western world today, this book represents a forthright attempt to revitalize the topic and demonstrate that everyone can detect and stop potential suicides from occuring.
The Need to Belong: The Case of Castro Reyes
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Castro Reyes—born in the United States of Caribbean parents—shot himself in an unusual way. Somehow he obtained a MAC (Military Armament Corporation) .45 fully automatic pistol, loaded with jacketed hollow-point bullets. It is hard to picture exactly what he did-—nd I never thought to question him about these details (which did not seem pressing when I was seeing him subsequently). He must have placed the gun to the right side of his face and squeezed the trigger. Two rounds were instantaneously fired. The bullets tore through his face, blew away many of his teeth, most of his tongue, parts of his nose and cheekbone, and destroyed his right eye.
Introduction: The Nuclear Arms Race, 1939–1981
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American participation in a nuclear arms race began as a direct result of a letter sent to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1939 by eminent physicist Albert Einstein. In it, Einstein warned the president that the Nazis were preparing to develop nuclear weapons. Roosevelt responded by initiating action that ultimately led, in August 1942, to the establishment of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. program to develop the atomic bomb.
The Logic of Markedness
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of language espoused by linguists during much of this century have assumed that there is a hierarchy to the elements of language such that certain constructions, rules, and features are unmarked while others are marked; "play" for example, is unmarked or neutral, while "played" or "player" is marked. This opposition, referred to as markedness, is one of the concepts which both Chomskyan generative grammar and Jakobsonian structuralism appear to share, yet which each tradition has treated differently. Battistella studies the historical development of the concept of markedness in the Prague School structuralism of Roman Jakobson, its importation into generative linguistics, and its subsequent development within Chomsky's Principles and Parameters framework. He traces how structuralist and generative linguistics have drawn on and expanded the notion of markedness, both as a means of characterizing linguistic constructs and as a theory of the innate language faculty.
Smiles When Lying
Authors: Ekman Paul , Friesen Wallace V , O’Sullivan Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly 20 years ago Ekman and Friesen (1969) theorized that because people usually attend more to facial expression than to body movement, a liar would attempt to disguise and censor facial expressions more than hand or foot movement. As they hypothesized, observers were found to be more accurate in detecting deceit when they viewed the liar’s body without the face than when they saw the face alone or the face and body together (although the absolute level of accuracy at best was rather meager; Ekman & Friesen, 1969, 1974; Hocking, Miller, & Fontes, 1978; Littlepage & Pineault, 1979; Wilson, 1975; Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981).
Future Prey: Some Consequences of the Loss and Restoration of Large Carnivores
Authors: Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Charles Darwin (1859) and Alfred Russell Wallace (1876) suspected that predation shaped individual behavior and ecological communities, ideas that have subsequently been examined in vertebrates and invertebrates (Edmunds, 1974; Reznick et al., 1990; Sih et al., 1992; Estes and Duggin, 1995). While in the past organisms of all sizes must regularly have had to deal with predation as a selective force, the loss of large terrestrial carnivores is particularly conspicuous in today’s increasingly human-dominated world. Such change characterizes areas from arctic tundra and circumpolar boreal zones to tropical savannas, forests, and deserts. Natural systems have been altered to such an extent that Lineaeus apparently never saw moose Alces alces in Scandinavia, yet more than 300,000 now live in Sweden alone (Clutton-Brock and Albon, 1992). The role that the loss of predators and other factors have played in these rebounding populations is not clear. But it is evident that in the contiguous United States and Mexico, carnivores such as grizzly bears Ursus arctos and wolves Canis lupus are currently absent from more than 99% of their original range, losses which have freed many large herbivores from natural predation. These losses have also led, perhaps through interference competition, to range expansions in mesocarnivores including coyotes Canis latrans (Peterson, 1995; Johnson, et al., 1996) and changes in abundance of red and kit foxes Vulpes vulpes and V. macrotis (Sargeant and Allen, 1989; Ralls and White, 1995) and subsequently to locally high ungulate densities, which damage vegetation (Wagner and Kay, 1993). In tropical and subtropical systems, losses have also been substantial. Wild dogs Lycaon pictus once occurred in 34 African countries, but populations now exceed 100 or more individuals in only 6 (Creel and Creel, 1996); a similar pattern of constricted range characterizes some felids (cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus; jaguars Panthera onca; tigers P. tigris), a canid (the dhole Duon alpinus), and other taxa (Ginsberg and Macdonald, 1990; Seidensticker and Lumpkin, 1991; Caro, 1994a; Schaller, 1996; Weber and Rabinowitz, 1996).
Mammalian Dispersal and Reserve Design
Authors: Van Vuren Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proper design of nature reserves has been a matter of considerable debate (Diamond, 1975; Terborgh, 1975; Simberloff and Abele, 1976). In general, the best plan is large reserves and many of them (Soule and Simberloff, 1986), but resources rarely are sufficient to achieve this goal. Thus, a major challenge for conservation biologists has been how to make do with reserves that are smaller than desired. Small reserves support small populations, and smaller populations are more likely to become extinct; however, extinction may be counteracted by immigration (Diamond, 1975). Research initially focused on effects of immigration at the community level. Extinction of some species may be balanced by colonization by others, resulting in an equilibrium; all else being equal, smaller reserves will support a small number of species (Diamond, 1975). Subsequently, Brown and Kodric-Brown (1977) noted that immigration of conspecifics could augment a declining species through the “rescue effect,” thereby reducing extinction probabilities for individual species.
The Management of Subsistence Harvesting: Behavioral Ecology of Hunters and Their Mammalian Prey
Authors: FitzGibbon Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wildlife populations have always been a traditional source of meat, skins, and other essential items for local people, and hunting remains an important subsistence activity in many parts of the world. Wild animals contribute a minimum of 20% of the animal protein in people’s diets in at least 62 countries (Prescott-Allen and Prescott-Allen, 1982). In the Serengeti ecosystem, in Tanzania alone, the total annual offtake of harvested ungulates exceeds 160,000 animals and benefits 1 million people (Campbell and Hofer, 1995). Subsistence harvesting can be defined as harvesting by an individual when the direct products of hunting are consumed or used by the hunters and their dependents (Caughley and Gunn, 1996). Commercial hunting (where products are sold before their benefits accrue to the hunter) is generally on a much larger scale than subsistence hunting, and its potential impact on prey populations is therefore much greater (Lavigne et al., 1996).
The Korowai of lrian Jaya
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irian Jaya is the official name of the western half of New Guinea, a province of Indonesia since the 1960s. Its inhabitants are generally untouched by civilization, and most of their hundreds of native languages and cultures remain unstudied. Van Enk and de Vries gained access to one of the most isolated parts of Irian Jaya in order to study the Korowai, a tribe in southern Irian Jaya. The Korowai still use stone tools, live in tree-houses, and have no knowledge of the outside world. Van Enk and de Vries provide the first study of the Korowai language and culture. They reproduce oral texts that show patterns of grammar, discourse, and culture, and discuss the phonological, morphological, and syntactical aspects of the language. In the process, van Enk and de Vries reveal a number of key semantic fields and conceptual patterns such as kinship, counting, the role of lunar phases, and Korowai cosmology.