bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local γ‐aminobutyric acid and glutamate circuit control of hypophyseotrophic corticotropin‐releasing factor neuron activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Authors: Bartanusz V. , Muller D. , Gaillard R. C. , Streit P. , Vutskits L. , Kiss J. Z. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractParaventricular corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) neurons play a pivotal role in regulating neuroendocrine responses to stress. The mechanisms by which synaptic inputs control the activity of these neurons are not well understood. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of the intrinsic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ and glutamatergic neural circuits of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the control of CRF neural activity. We show that in organotypic cultures of the PVN, blockade of the intrinsic GABAergic neurotransmission by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline resulted in a significant increase in CRF secretion. The bicuculline‐induced CRF secretory activity was abolished by the coadministration of the selective α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleprionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX). Electrical stimulation of the CRF cell division elicited glutamatergic extracellular field potentials that were dramatically enhanced by bicuculline and were suppressed by CNQX. These results show that the functional activity of CRF neurons in organotypic cultures of the PVN is under a tonic inhibitory influence of an intrinsic GABAergic circuit. Suppression of GABAergic transmission appears to have a permissive role for inducing an increased secretory activity of CRF neurons that is driven by an excitatory glutamatergic network via AMPA/kainate receptors.
The orientation and dynamics of cell division within the plane of the developing vertebrate retina
Authors: Tibber Marc S. , Kralj‐Hans Ines , Savage Janet , Mobbs Peter G. , Jeffery Glen 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe orientation of a dividing cell within the plane of the tissue plays an essential role in regulating cell fate in a range of developing structures. To assess its potential role in the developing vertebrate retina we used standard confocal microscopy of fixed tissue and time‐lapse confocal imaging of living tissue to examine the orientation of cell division and mitotic spindle rotation within the plane of the retinal neuroepithelium. Based on the study of three rat strains and chick, we report in contrast to recent findings that during the main phase of cell production (E18–P4 in the rat and E6–E11 in the chick) dividing cells are randomly orientated with respect to key anatomical landmarks as well as the orientation of their dividing neighbours. Results from live imaging of neonatal rat retinae support these findings and suggest that unlike the developing cortex, in which metaphase plates often rotate extensively before coming to rest in anaphase, retinal mitotic spindle rotations prior to cell division are minimal. Furthermore, the orientation of metaphase entry largely defines that which is finally adopted during anaphase. Hence, the dynamics of metaphase progression through to anaphase in the retina appear to differ markedly from the brain, and cell divisions within the plane of the tissue are randomly orientated. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that suggests that the current paradigm with respect to asymmetric division derived from the study of invertebrates cannot be generalized to the developing vertebrate nervous system.
Identification of genes regulated by chronic psychosocial stress and antidepressant treatment in the hippocampus
Authors: Alfonso Julieta , Pollevick Guido D. , Van Der Hart Marieke G. , Flügge Gabriele , Fuchs Eberhard , Frasch Alberto C. C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAnalysis of differentially expressed genes in the brain is a promising tool for elucidating pathological mechanisms that lead to central nervous disorders. Stress is known to be involved in the development of psychopathologies such as depression. In the present study, we searched for differentially expressed genes in the hippocampal formation after chronic psychosocial stress and after treatment with the antidepressant clomipramine. Experiments were conducted in male tree shrews, a valid psychosocial stress model in which antidepressant drugs prevent diverse effects of stress. Because many effects of stress have been attributed to the stress‐induced elevation in glucocorticoids, we screened two subtractive hippocampal cDNA libraries generated from RNA of chronic cortisol‐treated animals. Using real‐time PCR to measure mRNA amounts, we identified five sequences whose expression levels differed between stressed animals and controls. Transcript levels of four of them, nerve growth factor (NGF), membrane glycoprotein 6a (M6a), CDC‐like kinase 1 (CLK‐1) and G‐protein alpha q (GNAQ) were reduced by chronic psychosocial stress. Reduced amounts of these genes, which are all related to processes of cell differentiation, is in agreement with previous findings showing a retraction of dendrites and an impairment of neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation after chronic stress. An additional expressed sequence that was also regulated by stress could not be assigned to any known gene. Treatment with the antidepressant clomipramine prevented stress effects on expression of M6a, CLK‐1, GNAQ and the novel sequence, but showed no effect on NGF stress‐induced down‐regulation. These findings support the concept that depressive disorders are accompanied by processes of neuronal dedifferentiation, at least in the hippocampal formation, and that antidepressants prevent these processes.
Temporary inactivation of the perirhinal cortex by muscimol injections block acquisition and expression of fear‐potentiated startle
Authors: Schulz Brigitte , Fendt Markus , Richardson Rick , Schnitzler Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe present study examined the role of the perirhinal cortex (PRh) in aversive information processing and emotional learning. Specifically, we studied the effects of temporary inactivation of the PRh on acquisition and expression of conditioned fear as measured by fear‐potentiated startle in rats, as well as on shock sensitization of startle. Temporary inactivation of the PRh was induced by local injections of the GABAA agonist muscimol (0.0, 1.1, 2.2, 4.4 nmol/0.5 µL). Muscimol injections into the PRh blocked both the expression and acquisition of fear‐potentiated startle, as well as shock sensitization of startle. Shock sensitivity was not affected by muscimol injections, indicating that the observed blockade of acquisition and shock sensitization was not caused by a disruption in the perception of shock. Taken together, the present data show that the PRh is critical for the processing of aversive information and is necessary for the expression of emotional learning.
Dispelling the “Fog of Half‐Forgotten History”
Authors: Glade Shirley A. 
Published: January 2004

Kyzlasova, Irina L. Aleksandr Ivanovich Anisimov. Iz istorii issledovaniia khudozhestvennoi kul'tury Vyzantii i Drevnei Rusi. Vol. 1. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo gornogo universiteta, 2000. 90 pp. (paper).Kyzlasova, Irina L. Istoriia otechestvennoi nauki ob iskusstve Vyzantii i Drevnei Rusi 1920–1930 gody: Po materialam arkhivam. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii gornikh nauk, 2000. 450 pp. ISBN 5‐7892‐0055‐9.
Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalised tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up
Authors: Öhberg L , Lorentzon R , Alfredson H 
Published: January 2004

Objective:To prospectively investigate tendon thickness and tendon structure by ultrasonography in patients treated with eccentric calf muscle training for painful chronic Achilles tendinosis located at the 2–6 cm level in the tendon.Methods:The patients were examined with grey scale ultrasonography before and 3.8 years (mean) after the 12 week eccentric training regimen. At follow up, a questionnaire assessed present activity level and satisfaction with treatment.Results:Twenty six tendons in twenty five patients (19 men and six women) with a mean age of 50 years were followed for a mean of 3.8 years (range 1.6–7.75). All patients had a long duration of painful symptoms (mean 17.1 months) from chronic Achilles tendinosis before treatment. At follow up, 22 of 25 patients were satisfied with treatment and active in Achilles tendon loading activities at the desired level. Ultrasonography showed that tendon thickness (at the widest part) had decreased significantly (p<0.005) after treatment (7.6 (2.3)v8.8 (3) mm; mean (SD)). In untreated normal tendons, there was no significant difference in thickness after treatment (5.3 (1.3) mm before and 5.9 (0.8) mm after). All tendons with tendinosis had structural abnormalities (hypoechoic areas and irregular structure) before the start of treatment. After treatment, the structure was normal in 19 of the 26 tendons. Six of the seven patients with remaining structural abnormalities experienced pain in the tendon during loading.Conclusions:Ultrasonographic follow up of patients with mid-portion painful chronic Achilles tendinosis treated with eccentric calf muscle training showed a localised decrease in tendon thickness and a normalised tendon structure in most patients. Remaining structural tendon abnormalities seemed to be associated with residual pain in the tendon.
Prevalence ofStaphylococcus aureuscarriage by young Malaysian footballers during indoor training
Authors: William J L , Radu S , Aziz S A , Rahim R A , Cheah Y K , Liwan A , Lihan S 
Published: January 2004

Background:Research has shown that athletes are carrriers ofStaphylococcus aureusduring physical activity.Objective:To estimate the mean total plate count ofS aureuscarrried by footballers before and after training at an indoor venue.Methods:Forty Malay and 20 Indian students volunteered to participate. There was also a control group consisting of 40 Malay and 20 Indian students who were not active. The experimental group were active footballers who had played at school or club level. The subjects were healthy and free of skin infection. The experiment was divided into three sessions, with 20 subjects present at each. At each session, the subjects trained for one hour. Swabs were taken from the skin, nose, and ear before and after training. For the control group, swabs were taken only once from the skin, nose, and ear. The swabs were subjected to biochemical tests and then streaked and cultured aerobically in Baird Parker agar plates for 24 hours at 37°C. Black colonies with a clear zone were presumed to beS aureus, and the mean total plate count of the colonies was estimated. Gram staining, catalase, coagulase slide, coagulase tube, acetoin production,o-nitrophenyl β-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG), and mannitol fermentation tests were used to confirm the colonies asS aureus. A haemolysin test was conducted with human blood to confirm haemolytic activity.Results:All subjects in the experimental group were carryingS aureusboth before and after training. The estimated mean total counts of colonies from the skin, ear, and nose for the Malays before training were 33, 71, and 312 respectively. Counts after training were 21, 44, and 452 respectively. The results for the Indians were 72, 80, and 309 respectively before training and 55, 200, and 466 respectively after training. The positive results for Gram staining, catalase, coagulase slide, coagulase tube, acetoin production, ONPG, and mannitol fermentation tests were 100%, 96%, 95%, 95%, 93%, 93%, and 90% respectively. All subjects in the control group were also carryingS aureus.Conclusions:All of the players were carriers ofS aureusduring training. The decrease in total count from the skin for both races may be due to lysozyme activity lysing the bacterial cells. Contamination of the environment with these bacteria may have increased the estimated total plate count in the nose. The experimental group face a higher risk of infection because of lower immunity during training and higher rate of injuries compared with the control group.
99mTc-MDP bone SPECT in evaluation of the knee in asymptomatic soccer players
Authors: Yildirim M , Gursoy R , Varoglu E , Oztasyonar Y , Cogalgil S 
Published: January 2004

Objective:To evaluate stress fractures in leg (particularly around the knee, tibia, and femur) and knee pathology in active asymptomatic (no symptoms in the preceding month) soccer players.Method:The study included 42 asymptomatic soccer players (21 women, 21 men; age range 19–31 years). Players from seven teams in the major female professional and amateur male soccer leagues were examined by technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) bone scintigraphy during the soccer season. Four hours after intravenous injection of 20 mCi99mTc-MDP, standard imaging included anterior planar spot images of the legs, lateral images of the knee, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).Results:Although the players were asymptomatic, increased tracer uptake, indicating stress fracture, was found in 28 (66%). Most of the stress fractures were in the tibia (62%) and femur (5%). In the 42 subjects (84 legs), 35 sites (42%) showed rupture of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus and bone bruising of the tibial plateau, 16 sites (19%) showed rupture of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus, 11 sites (13%) showed bone bruising of the lateral femoral condyle, eight sites (10%) showed bone bruising of the medial femoral condyle, and there was avulsion injury to the infrapatellar tendon insertion in the anterior tibia in 34 sites (40%). There were 11 anterior cruciate ligament injuries.Conclusion:Bone SPECT is very accurate, easy to perform, cost effective, may give valuable information before magnetic resonance imaging studies in the detection of meniscal tears, and may be used successfully when magnetic resonance imaging is unavailable.
Arthrogenic muscle response to a simulated ankle joint effusion
Authors: Palmieri R M , Ingersoll C D , Hoffman M A , Cordova M L , Porter D A , Edwards J E , Babington J P , Krause B A , Stone M B 
Published: January 2004

Background:Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) is a continuing reflex reaction of the musculature surrounding a joint after distension or damage to the structures of that joint. This phenomenon has been well documented after knee joint injury and has been generalised to occur at other joints of the human body, yet minimal research has been conducted in this regard. The response of the muscles crossing the ankle/foot complex after ankle injury and effusion is not well understood. AMI may occur after an ankle sprain contributing to residual dysfunction.Objective:To determine if AMI is present in the soleus, peroneus longus, and tibialis anterior musculature after a simulated ankle joint effusion.Methods:Eight neurologically sound volunteers (mean (SD) age 23 (4) years, height 171 (6) cm, mass 73 (10) kg) participated. Maximum H-reflex and maximum M-wave measurements were collected using surface electromyography after delivery of a percutaneous stimulus to the sciatic nerve before its bifurcation into the common peroneal and posterior tibial nerves.Results:The H-reflex and M-wave measurements in all muscles increased (p⩽0.05) after the simulated ankle joint effusion.Conclusions:Simulated ankle joint effusion results in facilitation of the soleus, peroneus longus, and tibialis anterior motoneurone pools. This may occur to stabilise the foot/ankle complex in order to maintain posture and/or locomotion.
Effect of contraction frequency on energy expenditure and substrate utilisation during upper and lower body exercise
Authors: Kang J , Hoffman J R , Wendell M , Walker H , Hebert M 
Published: January 2004

Objective:To examine the effect of contraction frequency on energy expenditure and substrate utilisation during upper (UE) and lower (LE) body exercise.Methods:Twenty four college students were recruited: 12 were tested on an arm ergometer, and the other 12 were tested on a leg ergometer. Each subject underwent three experimental trials on three separate days, and the three trials were presented in a randomised order. Each trial consisted of 10 minutes of arm cranking or leg cycling at 40, 60, or 80 rev/min, with power output being kept constant at 50 W. Steady state oxygen uptake (Vo2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured during each exercise. Energy expenditure was calculated from the steady state Vo2adjusted for substrate metabolism using RER. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation were calculated from Vo2and RER based on the assumption that protein breakdown contributes little to energy metabolism during exercise.Results:Energy expenditure was greater (p<0.05) at 80 rev/min than at 40 rev/min. No difference was found between 40 and 60 rev/min and between 60 and 80 rev/min during both UE and LE. During LE, carbohydrate oxidation was also higher at 80 rev/min than at 40 rev/min, whereas no difference in fat oxidation was found among all three pedal rates. During UE, no speed related differences in either carbohydrate or fat utilisation were observed.Conclusions:Pedalling at a greater frequency helped to maximise energy expenditure during exercise using UE or LE despite an unchanging power output. Whereas contraction frequency affects energy expenditure similarly during both UE and LE, its impact on carbohydrate utilisation appears to be influenced by exercise modality or relative exercise intensity.
The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of hamstring injuries
Authors: Woods C , Hawkins R D , Maltby S , Hulse M , Thomas A , Hodson A 
Published: January 2004

Objective:To conduct a detailed analysis of hamstring injuries sustained in English professional football over two competitive seasons.Methods:Club medical staff at 91 professional football clubs annotated player injuries over two seasons. A specific injury audit questionnaire was used together with a weekly form that documented each clubs’ current injury status.Results:Completed injury records for the two competitive seasons were obtained from 87% and 76% of the participating clubs respectively. Hamstring strains accounted for 12% of the total injuries over the two seasons with nearly half (53%) involving the biceps femoris. An average of five hamstring strains per club per season was observed. A total of 13 116 days and 2029 matches were missed because of hamstring strains, giving an average of 90 days and 15 matches missed per club per season. In 57% of cases, the injury occurred during running. Hamstring strains were most often observed during matches (62%) with an increase at the end of each half (p<0.01). Groups of players sustaining higher than expected rates of hamstring injury were Premiership (p<0.01) and outfield players (p<0.01), players of black ethnic origin (p<0.05), and players in the older age groups (p<0.01). Only 5% of hamstring strains underwent some form of diagnostic investigation. The reinjury rate for hamstring injury was 12%.Conclusion:Hamstring strains are common in football. In trying to reduce the number of initial and recurrent hamstring strains in football, prevention of initial injury is paramount. If injury does occur, the importance of differential diagnosis followed by the management of all causes of posterior thigh pain is emphasised. Clinical reasoning with treatment based on best available evidence is recommended.
Clinical investigation of athletes with persistent fatigue and/or recurrent infections
Authors: Reid V L , Gleeson M , Williams N , Clancy R L 
Published: January 2004

Objective:To investigate whether underlying medical conditions contribute to the fatigue and high incidence of infections that can occur during repeated intense training.Method:Forty one competitive athletes (22 male, 19 female) with persistent fatigue and/or recurrent infections associated with performance decrements had a thorough medical examination and a series of clinical investigations to identify potential medical causes.Results:Conditions with the potential to cause fatigue and/or recurrent infections were identified in 68% of the athletes. The most common were partial humoral immune deficiency (28%) and unresolved viral infections (27%). Non-fasting hypoglycaemia was common (28%). Other conditions included allergic disease (15%), new or poorly controlled asthma (13%), upper airway dysfunction (5%), sleep disorders (15%), iron depletion (3%), and one case of a thyroid disorder. A positive antinuclear antibody was detected in 21% of the athletes, without any clinical evidence of autoimmune disorders. Evidence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was detected in 22% of the athletes tested.Conclusions:Athletes with recurrent infections, fatigue, and associated poor performance may benefit from a thorough investigation of potentially reversible underlying medical conditions, especially when these conditions cause disruption to training and competition. Unresolved viral infections are not routinely assessed in elite athletes, but it may be worth considering in those experiencing fatigue and performing poorly.
Strategies for prevention of soccer related injuries: a systematic review
Authors: Olsen L , Scanlan A , MacKay M , Babul S , Reid D , Clark M , Raina P 
Published: January 2004

Objectives:To examine evidence on the effectiveness of current injury prevention strategies in soccer, determine the applicability of the evidence to children and youth, and make recommendations on policy, programming, and future research.Methods:Standard systematic review methodology was modified and adopted for this review. Research questions and relevance criteria were developed a priori. Potentially relevant studies were located through electronic and hand searches. Articles were assessed for relevance and quality by two independent assessors, and the results of relevant articles were abstracted and synthesised.Results:A total of 44 potentially relevant articles from electronic (n  =  37) and hand (n  =  7) searches yielded four that met inclusion criteria. These four studies addressed a range of intervention strategies and varied with respect to results and quality of evidence.Conclusions:Some of the strategies look promising but lack adequate evaluation or require further research among younger players. Practice, policy, and research recommendations are provided as a result of the synthesis.