bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Role for CD63 in CCR5-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Macrophages
Authors: von Lindern Jana J. , Rojo Daniel , Grovit-Ferbas Kathie , Yeramian Christine , Deng Cheng , Herbein Georges , Ferguson Monique R. , Pappas Todd C. , Decker Julie M. , Singh Anjali , Collman Ronald G. , O'Brien William A. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTMacrophages and CD4+lymphocytes are the principal target cells for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but the molecular details of infection may differ between these cell types. During studies to identify cellular molecules that could be involved in macrophage infection, we observed inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages by monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the tetraspan transmembrane glycoprotein CD63. Pretreatment of primary macrophages with anti-CD63 MAb, but not MAbs to other macrophage cell surface tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, and CD82), was shown to inhibit infection by several R5 and dualtropic strains, but not by X4 isolates. The block to productive infection was postfusion, as assessed by macrophage cell-cell fusion assays, but was prior to reverse transcription, as determined by quantitative PCR assay for new viral DNA formation. The inhibitory effects of anti-CD63 in primary macrophages could not be explained by changes in the levels of CD4, CCR5, or β-chemokines. Infections of peripheral blood lymphocytes and certain cell lines were unaffected by treatment with anti-CD63, suggesting that the role of CD63 in HIV-1 infection may be specific for macrophages.
Recruitment of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Transcriptional Regulatory Protein ICP4 into Foci Juxtaposed to ND10 in Live, Infected Cells
Authors: Everett Roger D. , Sourvinos George , Orr Anne 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT
At the early stages of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, parental viral genomes have a tendency to become juxtaposed to cellular nuclear structures known as PML (promyelocytic leukemia) nuclear bodies or ND10, while the immediate-early (IE) protein ICP0 precisely colocalizes with these structures. Previous indirect-immunofluorescence studies observed that the HSV-1 transcriptional regulator ICP4 has a mainly diffuse nuclear distribution early in infection and is later recruited into viral replication compartments. We have constructed HSV-1 variants expressing ICP4 and ICP0 linked to ECFP and EYFP, respectively, both singly and in combination. Coupled with an efficient method of expressing autofluorescent PML in ND10, we have studied the dynamics of ICP0, ICP4, and ND10 in live, infected cells. The greater sensitivity and lower background signals in live cells revealed that early in infection, ICP4 forms discrete foci, some of which are juxtaposed to ND10, while ICP0 was found to colocalize precisely with PML. As expected from these results, using a double-labeled virus, we observed that foci of ICP0 and ICP4 were also juxtaposed but not colocalized early in infection. Some of the ICP4 foci must have contained parental viral genomes, because they developed into replication compartments. We propose that a proportion of the ND10-associated ICP4 foci represent ICP4 molecules being recruited onto parental viral genomes, a process likely to be a critical step early in lytic infection. These results may be analogous to the localization of IE1 and IE2 during human cytomegalovirus infection, suggesting a principle common to the alpha- and betaherpesviruses.
The Epstein-Barr Virus SM Protein Induces STAT1 and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression
Authors: Ruvolo Vivian , Navarro Lorena , Sample Clare E. , David Michael , Sung Seung , Swaminathan Sankar 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTViruses utilize numerous mechanisms to counteract the host's immune response. Interferon production is a major component of the host antiviral response. Many viruses, therefore, produce proteins or RNA molecules that inhibit interferon-induced signal transduction pathways and their associated antiviral effects. Surprisingly, some viruses directly induce expression of interferon-induced genes. SM, an early lytic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear protein, was found to specifically increase the expression of several genes (interferon-stimulated genes) that are known to be strongly induced by alpha/beta interferons. SM does not directly stimulate alpha/beta interferon secretion but instead induces STAT1, an intermediate step in the interferon signaling pathway. SM is a posttranscriptional activator of gene expression and increases STAT1 mRNA accumulation, particularly that of the functionally distinct STAT1β splice variant. SM expression in B lymphocytes is associated with decreased cell proliferation but does not decrease cell viability or induce cell cycle arrest. These results indicate that EBV can specifically induce cellular genes that are normally physiological targets of interferon by inducing components of cytokine signaling pathways. Our findings therefore suggest that some aspects of the interferon response may be positively modulated by infecting viruses.
Neurovirulence in Mice of H5N1 Influenza Virus Genotypes Isolated from Hong Kong Poultry in 2001
Authors: Lipatov Aleksandr S. , Krauss Scott , Guan Yi , Peiris Malik , Rehg Jerold E. , Perez Daniel R. , Webster Robert G. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT
We studied the pathogenicity of five different genotypes (A to E) of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses, which contained HA genes similar to those of the H5N1 virus A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 and five different combinations of “internal” genes, in a mouse model. Highly pathogenic, neurotropic variants of genotypes A, C, D, and E were isolated from the brain after a single intranasal passage in mice. Genotype B virus was isolated from lungs only. The mouse brain variants had amino acid changes in all gene products except PB1, NP, and NS1 proteins but no common sets of mutations. We conclude that the original H5N1/01 isolates of genotypes A, C, D, and E were heterogeneous and that highly pathogenic neurotropic variants can be rapidly selected in mice.
An Amino Acid in the Central Catalytic Domain of Three Retroviral Integrases That Affects Target Site Selection in Nonviral DNA
Authors: Harper Amy L. , Sudol Malgorzata , Katzman Michael 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT
Integrase can insert retroviral DNA into almost any site in cellular DNA; however, target site preferences are noted in vitro and in vivo. We recently demonstrated that amino acid 119, in the α2 helix of the central domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase, affected the choice of nonviral target DNA sites. We have now extended these findings to the integrases of a nonprimate lentivirus and a more distantly related alpharetrovirus. We found that substitutions at the analogous positions in visna virus integrase and Rous sarcoma virus integrase changed the target site preferences in five assays that monitor insertion into nonviral DNA. Thus, the importance of this protein residue in the selection of nonviral target DNA sites is likely to be a general property of retroviral integrases. Moreover, this amino acid might be part of the cellular DNA binding site on integrase proteins.
Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry
Authors: Scollo M , Lal A , Hyland A , Glantz S 
Published: February 2003

Objective:To compare the quality and funding source of studies concluding a negative economic impact of smoke-free policies in the hospitality industry to studies concluding no such negative impact.Data sources:Researchers sought all studies produced before 31 August 2002. Articles published in scientific journals were located with Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Current Contents, PsychInfo, Econlit, and Healthstar. Unpublished studies were located from tobacco company websites and through internet searches.Study selection:97 studies that made statements about economic impact were included. 93% of the studies located met the selection criteria as determined by consensus between multiple reviewers.Data extraction:Findings and characteristics of studies (apart from funding source) were classified independently by two researchers. A third assessor blind to both the objective of the present study and to funding source also classified each study.Data synthesis:In studies concluding a negative impact, the odds of using a subjective outcome measure was 4.0 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 to 9.6; p = 0.007) and the odds of not being peer reviewed was 20 times (95% CI 2.6 to 166.7; p = 0.004) that of studies concluding no such negative impact. All of the studies concluding a negative impact were supported by the tobacco industry. 94% of the tobacco industry supported studies concluded a negative economic impact compared to none of the non-industry supported studies.Conclusion:All of the best designed studies report no impact or a positive impact of smoke-free restaurant and bar laws on sales or employment. Policymakers can act to protect workers and patrons from the toxins in secondhand smoke confident in rejecting industry claims that there will be an adverse economic impact.
HILBERT'S 16TH PROBLEM AND BIFURCATIONS OF PLANAR POLYNOMIAL VECTOR FIELDS
Authors: LI JIBIN 
Published: February 2003

The original Hilbert's 16th problem can be split into four parts consisting of Problems A–D. In this paper, the progress of study on Hilbert's 16th problem is presented, and the relationship between Hilbert's 16th problem and bifurcations of planar vector fields is discussed. The material is presented in eight sections.Section 1: Introduction: what is Hilbert's 16th problem?Section 2: The first part of Hilbert's 16th problem.Section 3: The second part of Hilbert's 16th problem: introduction.Section 4: Focal values, saddle values and finite cyclicity in a fine focus, closed orbit and homoclinic loop.Section 5: Finiteness problem.Section 6: The weakened Hilbert's 16th problem.Section 7: Global and local bifurcations of Zq–equivariant vector fields.Section 8: The rate of growth of Hilbert number H(n) with n.
Elements of a Semiotic Theory of Religion
Authors: Murphy Tim 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThis work is a synopsis of an argument for a semiotic approach to theorizing religion. The central argument combines Jonathan Z. Smith's notion of "sacred persistence" as the dynamic relationship between a canon and a hermeneute with the work of Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Mikhail Bakhtin. The argument is that religion is a process of on-going semiotic construction and displacement wherein heremeneutes select paradigmatic elements to form syntagmatic combinations. One of the aspects of this process of selection and combination is what Bakhtin refers to as "the speech of the other". Often, though not always, this element of religious semiotica takes the form of an agon, or contest. This work draws upon Foucault and Nietzsche to supplement Smith's and Bakhtin's notion of the production of religious speech/interpretations by further theorizing the concept of the agon. It is argued that this approach is an advance upon both essentialist phenomenological approaches and inductive, explanatory approaches. Religion, it is claimed, is best understood on the model of language, and by means of analogous approaches used in the study of language and language behaviors.
Religion after Religion, History after History: Postmodern Historiography and the Study of Religions
Authors: Rennie Bryan 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe following essay reviews Steven Wasserstrom's Religion after Religion— a partial history of the History of Religions—and three theoretical works on historiography: Hayden White's Metahistory, Peter Novick's That Noble Dream, and Robert F. Berkhofer Jr.'s Beyond the Great Story. As well as introducing readers to the argument of these works, the essay uses Wasserstrom's book as an example of a "monovocal" style of the narration of the phenomenal past in opposition to the polyvocal style called for by the historiographers. The purpose of the essay is to indicate the degree to which monovocal representations can apparently justify singular viewpoints by concealing various agendas and lending authority to dubious conclusions. The essay challenges the elevation of a single authorial voice over the plurality of voices representing the plurality of phenomenal pasts and calls for a greater engagement with the pluralism and polyvocality of postmodern historiography.
Effects of a branched-chain amino acid drink in mania
Authors: Scarnà A. , Gijsman H. J. , Mctavish S. F. B. , Harmer C. J. , Cowen P. J. , Goodwin G. M. 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundAdministration of a complex tyrosine-free amino acid drink acutely decreases manic symptoms. Although a nutrient-based approach to illness management is attractive, complex amino acid drinks are too unpalatable for repeated administration.AimsTo assess whether a simple, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) drink diminishes manic symptoms acutely and following repeated administration.MethodTwenty-five patients with mania were randomly and blindly allocated to treatment with BCAA (60 g) or placebo daily for 7 days.ResultsRelative to placebo, the BCAA drink lowered mania ratings acutely over the first 6 h of treatment. In protocol completers there was a persistent advantage to the BCAA group 1 week after the end of treatment.ConclusionsA nutritional intervention that decreases tyrosine availability to the brain acutely ameliorates manic symptoms. Further studies are required to assess whether this approach has longer-term efficacy.
Suicide prevention: A study of patients' views
Authors: Eagles John M. , Carson Dawn P. , Begg Annabel , Naji Simon A. 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundSuicide prevention strategies are usually formulated without seeking the views of people with psychiatric illnesses.AimsTo establish what helped patients with severe psychiatric illness when they felt suicidal.MethodA semi-structured interview was constructed following transcribed interviews with 12 patients. This was administered to 59 out-patients with serious and enduring mental illness, focusing on factors they found helpful or unhelpful when at their most despairing.ResultsThree-quarters of patients were in contact with psychiatric services when feeling at their lowest, and this contact was generally deemed to be helpful. Social networks were considered just as helpful as psychiatric services by the half of patients who discussed their feelings with friends or relatives. Religious beliefs and affiliations were helpful. Negative influences included the media and the stigma of psychiatric illness.ConclusionsEfforts at suicide prevention might usefully focus on enhancing patients' social networks, increasing the likelihood of early contact with psychiatric services and decreasing the stigma attached to psychiatric illness. Larger studies of patients exposed to different service models would be informative.
Public Attitudes Toward Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Comis Robert L. , Miller Jon D. , Aldigé Carolyn R. , Krebs Linda , Stoval Ellen 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: The objective of this study is to understand the attitudes of American adults toward participation in cancer clinical trials. Methods: A national probability sample of 1,000 adults aged 18 and older living in noninstitutional settings was interviewed by telephone by Harris Interactive during March and April 2000. One participant was selected from each household selected for the study. The resulting data were weighted to reflect the full adult population of the United States as reported in Current Population Reports. An Index of Participation in a Cancer Clinical Trial was computed, using a confirmatory factor analysis and converting the factor scores into a 0-to-100 scale. Results: Approximately 32% of American adults (64 million individuals) indicate that they would be very willing to participate in a cancer clinical trial if asked to do so. An additional 38% of adults (76 million individuals) scored in a range that indicates that they are inclined to participate in a cancer clinical trial if asked, but hold some questions or reservations about participation. Projected rates of diagnosis, eligibility, and recruitment indicate that substantially more patients are willing to participate than are actually accrued. Conclusion: These results indicate that the primary problem with accrual is not the attitudes of patients, but rather that the loss of potential participants is the result of the unavailability of an appropriate clinical trial and the disqualification of large numbers of patients. The pool of willing patients is further reduced by the reluctance of some physicians to engage in accrual.
Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes in Older Breast Cancer Survivors: Perceptions Versus Patterns of Care
Authors: Mandelblatt Jeanne S. , Edge Stephen B. , Meropol Neal J. , Senie Ruby , Tsangaris Theodore , Grey Luther , Peterson Burt M. , Hwang Yi-Ting , Kerner Jon , Weeks Jane 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: There are few data on sequelae of breast cancer treatments in older women. We evaluated posttreatment quality of life and satisfaction in a national population. Patients and Methods: Telephone surveys were conducted with a random cross-sectional sample of 1,812 Medicare beneficiaries 67 years of age and older who were 3, 4, and 5 years posttreatment for stage I and II breast cancer. Regression models were used to estimate the adjusted risk of decrements in physical and mental health functioning by treatment. In a subset of women (n = 732), additional data were used to examine arm problems, impact of cancer, and satisfaction, controlling for baseline health, perceptions of ageism and racism, demographic and clinical factors, region, and surgery year. Results: Use of axillary dissection was the only surgical treatment that affected outcomes, increasing the risk of arm problems four-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.56 to 10.51), controlling for other factors. Having arm problems, in turn, exerted a consistently negative independent effect on all outcomes (P ≤ .001). Processes of care were also associated with quality of life and satisfaction. For example, women who perceived high levels of ageism or felt that they had no choice of treatment reported significantly more bodily pain, lower mental health scores, and less general satisfaction. These same factors, as well as high perceived racism, were significantly associated with diminished satisfaction with the medical care system. Conclusion: With the exception of axillary dissection, the processes of care, and not the therapy itself, are the most important determinants of long-term quality of life in older women.
Extended Follow-Up of Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia After Treatment With Cladribine
Authors: Goodman Grant R. , Burian Carol , Koziol James A. , Saven Alan 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an uncommon, indolent, chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder involving the marrow and spleen. Therapy for HCL includes splenectomy, interferon alfa-2a and alfa-2b, pentostatin, and cladribine. The purpose of this article was to report the extended follow-up of HCL patients treated with cladribine. Patients and Methods: Two hundred nine patients with HCL who were treated with cladribine had at least 7 years of follow-up. A course of cladribine constituted a 7-day continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/d. Results: Of the 207 assessable patients who had at least 7 years of follow-up, 196 (95%) achieved a complete response (CR) and 11 (5%) achieved a partial response (PR) after a single course of cladribine (overall response rate, 100%). The median first-response duration for all responders was 98 months. Seventy-six patients (37%) experienced relapse after their first course of cladribine. The median time to first relapse for all responders was 42 months. Time to treatment failure of CRs compared with PRs was statistically significant (P < .0005). The overall survival rate was 97% recorded at 108 months. Forty-seven patients developed 58 second malignancies. The observed-to-expected ratio for second malignancies was 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.49 to 2.71). Conclusion: These results confirm previous observations that single courses of cladribine administered to patients with HCL induce high response rates, the majority of which are CRs. Most patients enjoy long-lasting complete remissions, and those patients who experience relapse can be successfully re-treated with cladribine.
Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Easy-to-Read Informed Consent Statement for Clinical Trial Participation: A Study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Authors: Coyne Cathy A. , Xu Ronghui , Raich Peter , Plomer Kathy , Dignan Mark , Wenzel Lari B. , Fairclough Diane , Habermann Thomas , Schnell Linda , Quella Susan , Cella David 
Published: February 2003

Purpose: Studies have documented that the majority of consent documents for medical diagnosis and treatment are written at a reading level above that of the majority of the U.S. population. This study hypothesized that use of an easy-to-read consent statement, when compared with a standard consent statement, will result in higher patient comprehension of the clinical treatment protocol, lower patient anxiety, higher patient satisfaction, and higher patient accrual.Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 44 institutions that were members or affiliates of three cooperative oncology groups. Institutions were randomly assigned to administer either an easy-to-read consent statement or the standard consent statement to patients being recruited to participate in selected cancer treatment trials. Telephone interviews were conducted with a total of 207 patients to assess study outcomes.Results: Patients in the intervention arm demonstrated significantly lower consent anxiety and higher satisfaction compared with patients in the control arm. Patient comprehension and state anxiety were not affected by the intervention. Accrual rates into the parent studies also did not differ significantly between the two study groups.Conclusion: Clinical trial informed consent statements can be modified to be easier to read without omitting critical information. Patient anxiety and satisfaction can be affected by the consent document. The generalizability of these study results is limited by the characteristics of the patient sample. Ninety percent of the sample were white women, and the mean Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine score was approximately 64, indicating a literacy level at or above the ninth grade.