bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minireview: Primary Aldosteronism—Changing Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Young William F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPrimary aldosteronism affects 5–13% of patients with hypertension. Patients with hypertension and hypokalemia and most patients with treatment-resistant hypertension should undergo screening for primary aldosteronism with a plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio. A high plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity ratio is a positive screening test result, a finding that warrants confirmatory testing. For those patients that want to pursue a surgical cure, the accurate distinction between the subtypes (unilateral vs. bilateral adrenal disease) of primary aldosteronism is a critical step. The subtype evaluation may require one or more tests, the first of which is imaging the adrenal glands with computed tomography, followed by selective use of adrenal venous sampling. Because of the deleterious cardiovascular effects of aldosterone, normalization of circulating aldosterone or aldosterone receptor blockade should be part of the management plan for all patients with primary aldosteronism. Unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an excellent treatment option for patients with unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma. Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism should be treated medically. In addition, aldosterone-producing adenoma patients may be treated medically if the medical treatment includes mineralocorticoid receptor blockade.
Estimating winter evaporation in boreal forests with operational snow course data
Authors: Lundberg Angela , Koivusalo Harri 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSnow course measurements from 11 sites located in eastern and northern Finland were used to estimate the total interception evaporation of a winter season for different forest categories. We categorized the sites based on forest density and tree species. Results showed that interception loss from gross precipitation increased with forest density and approached 30% for a forest with the highest density class. Interception loss for the most common forest density class was 11%. Interception losses were slightly larger in spruce forests than in pine, deciduous, or mixed forests. We provide suggestions as to how to design snow surveys to estimate wintertime interception evaporation better. Rough terrain and transition zones between forest and open areas should be avoided. Since evaporation fraction was strongly dependent on tree crown characteristics, snow course data should include direct estimates of canopy closure. Qualitative observations made by different observers should be given a reference frame to ensure comparability of records from different sites. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of controlled drainage on subsurface outflow from level agricultural fields
Authors: Wesström Ingrid , Ekbohm Gunnar , Linnér Harry , Messing Ingmar 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDaily outflow frequencies and recession curves were used to identify differences in storage–outflow relationships between two different drainage systems, conventional and controlled drainage. A three‐year (1996–1999) field drainage experiment was carried out on a loamy sand soil in southern Sweden. Plots with an area of 0·2 hectares were drained by conventional subsurface drainage (CD) or by controlled drainage (CWT1 and CWT2). The controlled drainage system allowed the groundwater level in the soil to be varied during the year. It was kept at least 70 cm below the soil surface during the growing season but allowed to rise to a maximum of 20 cm below the soil surface during the rest of the year. Measurements were performed to record precipitation, drain outflow and groundwater levels. Daily values of outflow were divided into 10 categories, based on the size of outflow. Recession curves of hourly measurement of outflow were selected. They behaved like single reservoirs and a linear storage–outflow model was applied. Least squares estimates of the parameters initial outflow, initial storage volume and retention constant were calculated.Controlled drainage had a significant effect on total drain outflow and outflow pattern during the three years of measurement. The total drain outflow was 70% to 90% smaller in CWT than in CD. The analysis revealed that the initial outflows were higher, the retention constant and the temporary storage lower in CWT. The hydrological impacts of the reduction in temporary storage were higher peak flow, shorter lag time and shorter recession time and these effects increased with an increased groundwater level. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and forecasting of daily groundwater outflow in a small chalky watershed
Authors: Lallahem S. , Mania J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to include expert knowledge as one part of the modelling system and therefore offer the chance to create a productive interaction system between expert, mathematical model (MMO8) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). In the present project, the first objective is to determine some parameters by the MMO8 model, introduced as ANN input parameters to forecast spring outflow. The second objective is first to investigate the effect of temporal information by taking current and past data sets and then to forecast spring outflow. The good results obtained reveal the merit of the ANNs–MMO8 combination, and specifically multilayer perceptron (MLP) models. This methodology, for a network with lower, lag and number hidden layer, consistently produced better performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteresis‐based analysis of overland metal transport
Authors: Mishra Surendra Kumar , Sansalone J. J. , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIntroducing a concept of equivalent mass depth of flow, this study describes the phenomenon of non‐point source pollutant (metal) transport for pavement (or overland) flow in analogy with wave propagation in wide open channels. Hysteretic and normal mass rating curves are developed for runoff rate and mass of 12 dissolved and particulate‐bound metal elements (pollutants) using the rainfall‐runoff and water quality data of the 15 × 20 m2 instrumented pavement in Cincinnati, USA. Normal mass rating curves developed for easy computation of pollutant load are found to be of a form similar to Manning's, which is valid for open channel flows. Based on the hysteresis analysis, wave types for dissolution and mixing of particulate‐bound metals are identified. The analysis finds that the second‐order partial‐differential equation normally used for metal transport does not have the efficacy to describe fully the strong non‐linear phenomena such as is described for various metal elements by dynamic waves. In addition, the proportionality concept of the popular SCS‐CN concept is extended for determining the potential maximum metal mass Mp of all the 12 elements transported by a rain storm and related to the antecedent dry period (ADP). For the primary metal zinc element, Mp is found to increase with the ADP and vice versa. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive features in the sex ratio of Japan's interprefectural migrants: an explanation based on the family system and spatial economy of Japan
Authors: Liaw Kao‐Lee 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn the context of the general trends towards gender equality in major socioeconomic factors in Japan and other industrialised countries, this paper highlights and explains three distinctive features in the temporal pattern of the sex ratio of Japan's interprefectural migrants since the 1950s: a high level, an upward trend, and systematic fluctuations around the trend. The high level is explained by the ‘base camp’ nature and the ‘motherly principle’ of the Japanese family system, as well as the properties of the tightly‐knit groups that have been the basic functioning units of Japanese society. The upward trend is explained by a weakening of the Confucian superstructure and a strengthening of the motherly principle in the Japanese family system. The systematic fluctuations are explained by the major changes in Japan's spatial economy. Drawing upon the insights of major Japanese social thinkers, Hayao Kawai and Chie Nakane, this research infers that, relative to the females in Canada and probably other Western industrialised countries, women in Japan are more prone to forsake long‐distance migration as a means to achieve economic and career goals, so that they can enjoy closeness to their mothers and avoid the potentially negative consequences for their children of the whole family's long‐distance relocation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International student migration and the European ‘Year Abroad’: effects on European identity and subsequent migration behaviour
Authors: King Russell , Ruiz‐Gelices Enric 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper first draws attention to the scant literature in population geography on international student migration, or ISM. Yet students comprise an important element in global and European population mobility, especially of highly skilled movements. This study is set within the context of intra‐European ISM and looks specifically at the ‘Year Abroad experience’ which has been subsidised over the past 15 years by the Erasmus and Socrates programmes. Empirical data come from questionnaire surveys to three groups of University of Sussex students, surveyed during 2000–01. The main survey was a large postal survey to graduates who had spent a year abroad (YA) in another European country as part of their Sussex degree. This questionnaire was designed to test two sets of hypotheses: firstly that the YA had given students/graduates a more ‘European’ identity or consciousness, and a greater insight into European issues; and secondly that YA graduates would be more likely to pursue their subsequent career/migration paths in continental Europe. These hypotheses were tested against a control sample of Sussex graduates who had not been on a YA, matched by degree type and time of graduation. A third sample was undertaken with second‐year undergraduate students about to embark on their YA, in order to test pre‐ and post‐YA perspectives. The results broadly confirm the research hypotheses, although with a variety of nuances and outcomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of putrescine, spermidine and spermine polyamines and their N‐deuterated and N‐ionized derivatives
Authors: Amorim da Costa A. M. , Marques M. P. M. , Batista de Carvalho L. A. E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe experimental and calculated Raman spectra of the N‐hydrogenated and N‐deuterated biogenic polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine and of their N‐hydrogenated and N‐deuterated hydrochloride salts in the 2000–3400 cm−1 spectral region (at distinct temperatures) are reported and analysed. A complete assignment of the N–H, C–H and N–D stretching modes is carried out, in the light of both steric and hydrogen‐bonding interactions on the conformational behaviour of these systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface adsorption of 4,4′‐dithiodipyridine and 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine on silver nanoparticles
Authors: Nogueira Helena I. S. , Cruz Sandra M. G. , Soares‐Santos Paula C. R. , Ribeiro‐Claro Paulo J. A. , Trindade Tito 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA detailed vibrational study on the isomers 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine and 4,4′‐dithiodipyridine was carried out. These organic ligands are of great interest as possible linkers in the fabrication of nanostructures, and therefore a study on the adsorption modes of both ligands at silver surfaces is presented. Orientational information on the 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine and 4,4′‐dithiodipyridine molecules adsorbed on silver colloids was collected based on the SERS spectra and supported by ab initio calculations. There is evidence that both organic ligands adsorb on the silver surface through the sulfur atoms, with the aromatic rings in a tilted position. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering investigation of cesium plumbochloride, CsPbCl3, phase transitions
Authors: Carabatos‐Nédelec C. , Oussaïd M. , Nitsch K. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe report a Raman scattering investigation of CsPbCl3 as a function of temperature in four different scattering configurations allowing us to obtain the various irreducible representations of the appropriate symmetry groups describing the substance in its successive phase transitions: cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic and monoclinic or orthorhombic. We identify the correct ‘parentage’ of the observed modes with respect to infrared reflectivity data reported in the literature in accord with the Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation, which was not fulfilled in previous assignments. We demonstrate the presence of strong correlation chains, which maintain the compound in a pseudo‐cubic state as far as x‐ray, infrared and Raman spectroscopy are concerned. The intensity of the related central peak was analysed on the basis of a Debye‐type relaxation as a function of temperature; the results show perfect correspondence of its variations and the temperatures of the phase transitions. In addition, an order–disorder phase transition is evidenced at low temperature, 193 K (−80 °C). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy with simultaneous measurement of two orthogonally polarized Raman spectra
Authors: Thomson G. A. , Baldwin K. J. , Batchelder D. N. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA Raman microscope was modified to allow the independent acquisition of two orthogonally polarized components of a Raman spectrum in a single measurement. Preliminary performance was demonstrated by simultaneously measuring the intensity of both polarized components of the silicon Raman band at 520 cm−1 as a silicon wafer was rotated through 360° under a polarized laser Raman probe. Polarization‐resolved Raman spectra of a complex molecular crystal are also presented, illustrating the increase in spectral information available with the modified system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
α‐Aminoxy acids as building blocks for the oxime and hydroxylamine pseudopeptide links. Application to the synthesis of human elastase inhibitors
Authors: Vanderesse Regis , Thevenet Laurent , Marraud Michel , Boggetto Nicole , Reboud Michele , Corbier Catherine 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe aminoxy acids NH2O–C–αHRCO–2H are much more easily obtained in the enantiomerically pure form than the analogous hydrazino acids NH2NH–C–αHRCO–2H, and it has been shown that the isosteric amidoxy ψ[CO–NH–O] and hydrazide ψ[CO–NH–NH] amide surrogates induce two quite similar γ‐like folded structures. An aminoxy acid can also be N‐coupled to a peptide aldehyde to give the aldoxime ψ[CHNO–O] link or to a peptide ketone to form the ketoxime ψ[CRN O] link. The former can be further reduced into the hydroxylamine ψ[CH2NH–O] link which gives rise to reduced amidoxy peptides. The structural properties induced by these amide surrogates were studied, using IR and NMR spectroscopy, paying particular attention to the Z/E‐isomerism of the oxime link. In order to investigate their inhibitory potency, the three amide surrogates were introduced in the Pro3‐Val4 and Val4‐Ala5 position of Z‐Ala1‐Ala2‐Pro3‐Val4‐Ala5‐Ala6‐NHiPr, a substrate which is cleaved in the Val4‐Ala5 position by human leukocyte elastase (HLE). The [Val4ψ[CONH–O–]Ala5] analogue was still a substrate, while the [Pro3ψ[CONH–O–]Val4] and [Val4ψ[CHNO–]Ala5] pseudopeptides acted as HLE competitive inhibitors. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting the role of peptides in the immune response: theory, practice and the application to vaccine design
Authors: Purcell Anthony W. , Zeng Weiguang , Mifsud Nicole A. , Ely Lauren K. , Macdonald Whitney A. , Jackson David C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAnalytical biochemistry and synthetic peptide based chemistry have helped to reveal the pivotal role that peptides play in determining the specificity, magnitude and quality of both humoral (antibody) and cellular (cytotoxic and helper T cell) immune responses. In addition, peptide based technologies are now at the forefront of vaccine design and medical diagnostics. The chemical technologies used to assemble peptides into immunogenic structures have made great strides over the past decade and assembly of highly pure peptides which can be incorporated into high molecular weight species, multimeric and even branched structures together with non‐peptidic material is now routine. These structures have a wide range of applications in designer vaccines and diagnostic reagents. Thus the tools of the peptide chemist are exquisitely placed to answer questions about immune recognition and along the way to provide us with new and improved vaccines and diagnostics. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient protocols for the synthesis of enantiopure γ‐amino acids with proteinogenic side chains
Authors: Loukas Vassilios , Noula Caterina , Kokotos George 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiopure γ‐substituted γ‐amino acids with proteinogenic side chains, starting from the corresponding natural α‐amino acids, was studied. N‐Protected amino aldehydes containing various protective groups were prepared from the corresponding amino alcohols by oxidation with NaOCl in the presence of AcNH‐TEMPO and directly reacted with methyl, benzyl and tert‐butyl phosphoranylidene acetate to produce α, β‐unsaturated γ‐amino esters. Simultaneous hydrogenation of the double bond and removal of either the benzyl or benzyloxycarbonyl group led to N‐ or C‐protected γ‐amino acids in high yield. The enantiomeric purity was studied by 1H NMR analysis of Mosher amides and chiral HPLC analysis. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group therapy for somatization disorders in primary care: maintenance of treatment goals of short cognitive‐behavioural treatment one‐and‐a‐half‐year follow‐up
Authors: Lidbeck J. 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the maintenance of treatment goals of a short cognitive‐behavioural group treatment programme for the management of somatization disorders in primary care.Method:  In a previous controlled 6‐month follow‐up study, patients with somatization disorders (n=32) improved with respect to illness and somatic preoccupation, hypochondriasis, and medication usage. In the present report the same group of patients were also investigated one‐and‐a‐half year after initial treatment.Results:  The long‐term follow‐up manifested maintained improvement with respect to hypochondriasis. There was additional reduction of anxiety and psychosocial preoccupation, whereas somatization and depression‐anxiety scores improved progressively.Conclusion:  A short cognitive‐behavioural group treatment of psychosomatic patients can be useful in primary care and may manifest maintained or progressive beneficial outcome.
User involvement in the planning and delivery of mental health services: a cross‐sectional survey of service users and providers
Authors: Crawford M. J. , Aldridge T. , Bhui K. , Rutter D. , Manley C. , Weaver T. , Tyrer P. , Fulop N. 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To identify methods for involving service users in the planning and delivery of psychiatric services and factors which may assist and impede this process.Method: A cross‐sectional postal survey of user groups and providers of psychiatric services throughout Greater London (UK).Results: Seventeen (94%) service providers and 29 (48%) user groups responded to the survey. Service providers employed a wide variety of different methods for involving users but none met national standards for user involvement (UI). Service providers stated that the main obstacle to UI was that users who took part were not representative of local patients. User groups highlighted staff resistance as a major obstacle and 80% stated that they were not satisfied with current arrangements for UI.Conclusion: While users and providers of mental health services were able to identify changes resulting from UI the responsiveness of staff and the representativeness of service users may be impeding this process.
Integrated care in schizophrenia: a 2‐year randomized controlled study of two community‐based treatment programs
Authors: Malm U. , Ivarsson B. , Allebeck P. , Falloon I. R. H. 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To evaluate the efficacy of two community‐based programs that combined antipsychotic medication, family interventions and social skills training.Method:  A randomized controlled trial with 2 years follow‐up. The study included 84 patients with schizophrenic disorders, continuously managed in terms of care and treatment, and regularly assessed. Analysis was by intention‐to‐treat.Results:  Between‐program comparisons showed significantly improved social function and consumer satisfaction in favour of the program ‘Integrated Care’ (IC) at the 2‐year follow‐up. The main clinically important differences between the two treatment programs studied were the procedures for shared decision making and patient empowerment in IC.Conclusion:  The implementation of IC in clinical practice can improve social recovery and increase consumer satisfaction for patients with schizophrenic disorders. We identified specific procedures that might be added to improve the effectiveness of any program for severely mental ill people.
Does co‐morbid personality disorder increase the risk of suicidal behaviour in psychosis?
Authors: Moran P. , Walsh E. , Tyrer P. , Burns T. , Creed F. , Fahy T. 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To examine the association between co‐morbid personality disorder (PD) and suicidal behaviour over a 2‐year period in a sample of patients with psychosis.Method: A total of 670 patients with established psychotic illness were interviewed using a battery of instruments including a screen for co‐morbid PD. The prevalence of attempted and completed suicide was measured over the next 2 years using multiple data sources. Logistic regression was used to examine whether those with co‐morbid PD were at greater risk of suicidal behaviour compared with others.Results: One hundred and eighty six patients (28%) were rated as having a co‐morbid PD. After adjusting for all covariates, patients with co‐morbid PD were significantly more likely to attempt or complete suicide over the 2‐year period (adjusted odds ratio: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.02–3.42).Conclusion: Co‐morbid PD is independently associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour in psychosis. Early assessment of personality status should be part of the routine assessment of all psychiatric patients.
Suicide attempts among patients with psychosis in a Chinese rural community
Authors: Ran Mao‐Sheng , Lai‐Wan Chan Cecilia , Xiang Meng‐Ze , Wu Qiu‐Hua 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To explore the characteristics of psychotic patients with suicide attempts in a Chinese rural community.Method:  An epidemiological investigation of psychotic patients with suicide attempts among 123 572 population (over 15 years of age) was conducted in Xinjin County, Chengdu.Results:  The rate of suicide attempts was found to be 8.17% among all the psychotic patients (906 cases). Patients with affective psychosis showed a significantly higher rate of suicidal attempts (15.3%) than those with schizophrenia (7.5%) (P < 0.005). Suicide attempts were significantly associated with depression and hopelessness in both schizophrenia and affective psychosis (P < 0.001). Patients with suicide attempts were younger and had an earlier age of onset than those without suicide attempts (P < 0.05). Patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders were the major patients with suicide attempts.Conclusion:  The rate of suicide attempts in psychotic patients may be largely influenced by the illness itself. Community‐based services should be necessary for these patients.