bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limitations of current treatment
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessments of the effectiveness of treatment in cancer patients are commonly based on three parameters: (1) how long the patient survives; (2) how long he (she) remains clinically cancer free; (3) the quality of life he (she) enjoys. Length of survival is clear cut, but is influenced by various factors unrelated to the cancer or the treatment. Survival rates adjusted for age and sex are of much greater significance than crude survival rates, but leave out of account the other factors involved. The disease-free interval is less sharply defined than the survival time because it depends on the thoroughness of the search for residual cancer; and the question arises of how to deal with patients left after treatment with enlarged lymph nodes which may or may not be the site of metastases, and which remain stationary in size for varying lengths of time. Quality of life is still more difficult to quantify but various indices have been devised that enable useful comparisons to be made (see Karnofsky et al. 1948; Little 1987).
Temperate forest management: its effects on bryophyte and lichen floras and habitats
Authors: Rose Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now clear that most of Europe, until at least Neolithic times, was covered with woodland of some kind. Palynological data from many sites has made this evident (e.g. Godwin 1975). It has also become clear recently that these early Flandrian forests would have been more open in character than was previously thought, at least in lowland areas. Numerous glades and open ‘lawns ‘ would have existed due to the presence of considerable numbers of large grazing and browsing herbivores such as the red deer and other deer species, the wild ox, the wild swine, and probably a species of wild horse. Bison were certainly also widespread in some parts of Europe. Grigson (1978) reviewed the evidence for the presence of numerous large herbivores in the Flandrian up to Atlantic times at least.
Anatomy of the Monocotyledons
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume treats the microscopic anatomy of vegetative organs of two monocotyledonous flowering plant families. Observations are included for Acorus, sole genus of Acoraceae, and nearly all of the 106 genera of the family Araceae, now including the duckweeds as the subfamily Lemnoideae. The introduction reviews all aspects of morphology and anatomy of the families and a variety of other topics including biogeography, the paleobotanical record, economic uses, chemistry and toxic properties. Highlights of the vegetative anatomical literature are reviewed from about 1000 references included in the bibliography. A chapter illustrated by photomicrographic figures defines the characters, character states and their text codes. Next follows the heart of the work, parallel anatomical descriptions of the genera. They are accompanied by 855 light photomicrographic figures, arranged in 115 plates that illustrate nearly every genus. Following each tribal or generic treatment is a list of specimens examined and taxonomic notes highlighting useful comparisons. Each treatment concludes with references to anatomical works treating that genus, and selected additional references to non-anatomical literature. The order of generic treatments of Araceae is based on a revised classification that harmonizes the anatomical data with current findings from molecular genetics. Other recent family infrastructural schemes are presented for comparison. There is a discussion of evolutionary trends and systematics, and a summary of current conclusions regarding the appropriate ordinal position of the family. Following the anatomical presentation are lists of genera with certain diagnostic features. As with the generic descriptions, the lists are comprehensive for leaf and petiole materials and less so for stem and root tissues.
Araceae Juss
Authors: Gregory M , Cutler D F , Keating Richard C , Keating Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This genus is native to eastern Australia. Plants are terrestrial evergreen herbs occurring in open shrub lands, or in sheltered gullies or rain forests. The leaves are ensi-form and linear with grooved, equitant bases. Chromo-somes : 2n = 48. One specimen was available for study.
An introduction to the fungus-growing ants, Attini
Authors: Stradling D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the modern Formicidae are typically opportunist omnivores, the diets of most species, like those of their carnivorous ancestors, still contain a large proportion of nutritionally rich, animal protein. The subfamily Myrmicinae contains some notable exceptions, including the granivorous ants of arid regions for which seeds constitute a major component of the diet. Completely herbivorous ants appear to he confined to the 12 genera of the Myrmicine tribe Attini, all of which are obligate symbionts with fungi, that are cultivated on substrates of vegetal origin. The fungus serves as the sole larval food and probably as a principal part of the adult diet for primitive attines, although workers of those species that cut leaves from living plants also drink sap directly. There are approximately 190 species of attines (Weber 1972) distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical hiogeographical regions between latitudes of approximately 40°N and 40°S.
Why Are So Few Aphids ant-tended?
Authors: Bristow Catherine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationships between sap-feeding Homoptera and ants have been widely studied (Buckley 1987; Way 1963). However, our understanding of them is still limited, and the factors that predispose some aphid species to enter into mutualistic associations with ants, while other species fail to do so, remain largely a mystery. Theoretical studies (Roughgarden 1975; Wilson 1983; Keeler 1985) suggest that mutualisms will be restricted to situations where the cost of maintaining the association is low to each participant, while the benefits are relatively great. Ant-aphid interactions would seem to fit these restrictions.
Seed Dispersal By Ants; Comparing Infertile With Fertile Soils
Authors: Westaby M , Hughes L , Rice B L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some plants, known as myrmecochores, have a food body (elaiosome) attached to their seeds. This food body acts as an incentive for ants to carry the diaspore (seed plus food body) back to their nest. There, the food body is chewed off and eaten, and the seed itself may be discarded intact, inside or outside the nest, where it may subsequently germinate. The seed has been moved from where it first fell, and thus dispersal has been achieved.
A Neotropical Rainforest Canopy, Ant Community: Some Ecological Considerations
Authors: Tobin John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Smithsonian project to characterize the entire arthropod fauna of a small patch of tropical rainforest canopy from Manu National Park, in Amazonian Peru, is currently underway. Though several studies have addressed the questions of species richness, biomass, and guild composition (e.g. Moran and Southwood 1982; Southwood et al. 1982; Adis et al. 1984), the Smithsonian project is an attempt to determine the number of species as well as the abundance of each species. This chapter presents a preliminary description and analysis of the ant fauna collected as part of this project.
Population structure and the variable mating system
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of small birds living in exclusive territories as male-female pairs is so familiar that it was difficult at first to abandon this preconception, even though prepared by the earlier studies of dunnocks. The first part of each breeding season was spent simply walking round the Garden, plotting the positions of individuals on maps. An example from one year is shown in Fig. 3.1. Females defended territories against other females and clearly occupied exclusive areas with very little, if any, overlap between neighbours (Fig. 3. la). Although neighbouring females rarely met, when they did they displayed along their territory boundary, fluffing up their body feathers and hopping parallel to each other for a minute or so before parting.
Territorial behaviour: competition for habitat and mates
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 I showed how the variable mating system arose as a consequence of the different ways in which male and female territories overlapped. I now turn to the question of what causes these various patterns of overlap. Why do different individuals end up in different mating systems? The various patterns arise largely as a result of differences in male and female territory size. Territory size was calculated by drawing polygons around the map registrations for each individual. The estimate of territory size increased with the number of registrations and from 40 to 100 were needed to give a good measure. During the breeding season individuals only rarely left their territories, for example to collect nest lining or to bathe in a pond, and these obvious distant excursions were excluded when drawing the polygons.
Parasitism by cuckoos
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main message of Chapter 12 was that dunnocks use simple rules to guide their parental effort. Females always feed the young in their nest and, in the absence of intraspecific brood parasitism (Chapter 7), they can have complete confidence that all the young dunnocks in their nest are their own. For males, the sharing of copulations reduces paternity but their use of mating access as a means of regulating their chick provisioning results in them directing most effort into broods where they have greater paternity.
Comparison of dominance relations and proportion of multi-female nests in the Polistinae
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will discuss data relating to the frequency of intranidal dominance relations among female wasps, and to the proportion of multi-female-founding in the Polistinae. More than half the data about dominance-aggressive acts were collected by myself and will be discussed in detail in the following chapters, but the purpose of introducing these data in this chapter is to give readers a general picture of the social relations observed in wasps. I will also discuss here the methods used for describing social relations.The basic study methods were individual marking and direct observations. In my own observations, wasps were collected from nests using a small net or a vial, then slightly anaesthetized with carbon dioxide and marked with a soft pen containing oil-soluble coloured ink. (The sunshine-tolerant colour pen, ‘Opaque color’ made by Magic® is one of the most convenient soft pens to use.) I marked up to four points on the dorsal part of the wasps’ thorax using five colours. Then, while sitting or standing in front of a selected nest, I recorded verbally the behaviours of the wasps on the nest, using a cassette recorder, and later transcribed them.
Chimpanzee
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three subspecies are recognized: P.t. verus, the western chimpanzee; P.t. troglodytes, the central chimpanzee; and P.t. schweinfurthi, the eastern chimpanzee. Lee et al. (1988) and the IUCN (1990) classified the western subspecies, which occurs from Senegal to Nigeria, as endangered, and the other two which are found from Nigeria to the ZaЇre river and east of the ZaЇre river respectively, as vulnerable. These authors estimated that the total wild population might be 200 000 but accurate census data are not available for many parts of the range.
Myoglobin and Haemoglobin
Authors: Fermi Giulio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
6.1 Introduction
This chapter is intended for the novice; the topics introduced here have been discussed in greater depth in the reviews of Baldwin (1975), Imai (1982), Perutz et al. (1987), and Perutz (1989). In general, additional references are cited in the text only when they would not be found readily in these reviews. The structures of a wide variety of globins have been determined but are not considered here. These include human fetal haemoglobin, haemoglobins with ligands other than oxygen, natural and artificial mutants, chemically modified variants, and globins from other species. The structure and function of a large number of variant human haemoglobins has been compiled by Perutz (Fermi and Perutz 1981); species differences in the globins have been subjected to structural analysis by Lesk and Chothia (1980).
Photosynthetic Carbon Dioxide Fixation: Structural and Functional Aspects of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase
Authors: Schneider Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every year, about 1011 tons of CO2 are incorporated into the biosphere by the photosynthetic activities of plants and microorganisms. Photosynthetic CO2 fixation proceeds through the incorporation of CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) which is then split into two molecules of phosphoglycerate. Part of the phosphoglycerate is used to synthesize energy-rich compounds such as starch or fatty acids. The remaining phosphoglycerate is used to regenerate RuBP, the primary acceptor of CO2, in a cyclic series of reactions, the reductive pentose phosphate or Calvin cycle.
Leaming from Rubisco’s Mistakes
Authors: Andrews T John , Morell Matthew K , Kane Heather J , Paul Kalanethee , Quinlan Gabriel A , Edmondson Daryl L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reaction catalysed by Rubisco (D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (ribulose-P2) carboxylase/oxygenase) is distinguished from other biological CO2-fixing re actions in having been chosen by nature as the means of acquiring nearly all of its carbon (for a review, see Andrews and Lorimer (1987)). Therefore, we have to ask ourselves not only how Rubisco functions but also how it is better than other potential CO2-acquiring mechanisms. Because we believe that, if nature had ever found a better mechanism for fixing CO2, then we would see that mechanism operating in photosynthetic organisms today. So, although most of this chapter is devoted to an analysis of Rubisco’ s many imperfections, it is important to emphasize at the outset that, imperfect though it is, Rubisco is still the best mechanism that has evolved for fixing CO2 under present atmospheric conditions.
Retrodiction of Carbon Dioxide Fixation towards a Chemoautotrophic Origin of Life
Authors: Wiichtershiiuser Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific theories aim at explaining the world. To explain means to reduce known facts to unknown assumptions. This is Popper’s crisp formulation. And it is true. When we explain in chemistry, we reduce known reaction products to unknown intermediates or unknown reaction mechanisms. When we explain in biology, we reduce known organisms to unknown missing links or an unknown mechanism of evolution. And when we explain in biochemistry, we try to reduce the known biochemical pathways to an unknown primordial metabolism, the origin of life. Alternative theories compete for the best explanation: for explaining more facts with fewer assumptions. They compete for explanatory power (Popper 1963).
Molecular biology and biochemistry of carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanisms in eukaryotic algae
Authors: Coleman John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of photosynthetic aquatic organisms to respond to fluctuations in the inorganic carbon (Ci) concentration of their environment is of considerable importance to the overall efficiency of algal carbon assimilation, and as such has been the topic of considerable research. Unlike the terrestrial environment, the supply of dissolved Ci available for photosynthesis is continually changing in response to a number of parameters such as turbulence (mixing rates with atmospheric gases), pH, and algal cell concentrations. For example, high concentrations of actively photosynthesizing algae can reduce dissolved Ci to levels well below air equilibrium and at the same time increase dissolved oxygen concentrations well above atmospheric levels. In other aquatic systems, although dissolved CO2 levels may be in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations, the alkaline pH of water generates a large pool of Ci in the form of HCO3-. It would certainly be an advantage for the algae to access this pool as a substrate for photosynthetic carbon fixation. In general, wide variation in the dissolved Ci concentration and speciation in the aquatic environment has driven the evolution of a plastic response by these algae to changing Ci concentrations.
Habitat selection: patterns of spatial distribution from behavioural decisions
Authors: Kramer Donald L , Rangeley Robert W , Chapman Lauren J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who observes or tries to capture wild fishes soon becomes aware of patterns in their distribution. Each species is reliably found in some kinds of locality and not in others. Even within the confines of an aquarium, some species typically remain near the bottom, others near the surface; some stay in shelters, while others avoid such enclosed spaces. With experience comes a sense that one can even predict the size or sex of an individual from the characteristics of the site.
Neuropeptide growth factors: signalling pathways and role in cancer
Authors: Rozengurt E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multicellular organisms have developed highly efficient regulatory networks to control cell proliferation. These involve cellular interactions with positive and negative diffusible modulators as well as with the extracellular matrix proteins. In fully mature organisms, the cells of many tissues and organs are maintained in a non-proliferating state (the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle), but can be stimulated to resume DNA synthesis and cell division in response to external stimuli such as hormones, antigens or growth factors. In this manner, the growth of individual cells is regulated according to the requirements of the whole organism. The regulation of normal cell proliferation is therefore central to many physiological processes, including embryogenesis, growth and development, selective cell survival, tissue repair, and immune responses.
Apoptosis: a role in neoplasia?
Authors: Gregory C D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 20 years ago, Kerr et al. (1) proposed the term ‘apoptosis’ to describe a form of cell death which could be distinguished morphologically from necrosis, the passive mode of cell death which occurs as a result of cellular damage. It is now clear that the features of apoptosis mark a purposeful, self-destruction mechanism in which the cell plays an active part. The significance of such active or ‘programmed’ cell death is illustrated by its prominence as a regulatory mechanism in a diverse variety of systems ranging from the development of nematodes to the fine-tuning of mammalian immune responses (2). Like proliferation or differentiation, apoptosis should be regarded as a critical point of cellular control (3) which can be modulated physiologically, both by the cell itself and by its environment. Moreover, just as for proliferation or differentiation, interference with the normal regulation of this key process is likely to play an important part in the acquisition of a neoplastic phenotype (4). The purpose of this chapter will be to review current knowledge of the regulation of apoptosis, focusing on its potential to influence both the evolution and destruction of malignant cells.
A new view of the world
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integration of cladistics and biogeography developed from the understanding that theories of biogeography, as well as those of systematics, must be testable to be scientific and, therefore, to be incorporated into theories of earth history. But, we gain little from integration of the two fields unless it can tell us something new about the world.
Interactions with the oxic world
Authors: Fenchel Tom , Finlay Bland J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anoxic environments do not exist in isolation from their oxic surroundings. As emphasized in Chapter 1, reducing power for the maintenance of anoxic environments, and the chemical energy needed by their inhabitants is, with a few exotic exceptions, provided by the oxic world in the form of organic material produced by oxygenic phototrophs. This situation has prevailed throughout most of the history of the Earth. Moreover, oxygen is necessary for the completion of biogeochemical element cycles; thus, nitrate and sulphate are regenerated from ammonia and sulphide through oxidation with 02 (although some sulphide oxidation is carried out by phototrophs under anaerobic conditions).
Travelling waves in heterogeneous environments
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have so far dealt with range expansions in homogeneous environments. As we saw in Chapter 2, however, the actual spreading range front is more or less irregularly shaped, never realizing concentric circles that spread at constant intervals as predicted by the Fisher model. Needless to say, the reason for this is that the invading species encounters rivers and hills in the course of its range expansion, and thus changes its rate of spread depending on the type of terrain. In this chapter, we study range expansion in a heterogeneous environment in which favourable and unfavourable habitats are distributed in patchwork fashion. When the invading species enters an unfavourable patch, it will be able to expand its range only if it successfully survives in that patch and reaches a favourable one lying ahead. If unfavourable patches dominate, the population may become extinct without expanding the range.
Reproductive behaviour
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The birds of paradise have long figured as prominent examples of sexual dimorphism and unusual mating behaviour. Charles Darwin referred to them on 12 occasions in The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Most of Darwin’s knowledge of this bird family was borrowed from the writings of his colleague and fellow evolutionist, Alfred Russel Wallace. So taken was Wallace by the beautiful plumages and bizarre courtship behaviour of the birds of paradise that he spent months searching for them in the field (with more disappointment than success), and he included them in the subtitle of his most enduring work, The Malay Archipelago (1869).
Introduction
Authors: May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Underlying all discussions of the diversity of life on earth is a fundamental question, which is rarely asked and which is at present unanswerable. Is ours the only inhabited planet in the universe? Or is the evolution of some form of life a cosmic commonplace, occurring in some appreciable fraction of planetary systems?
One post-Copernican reflex is to deny any such special status for our planet. But the suggestion that we are unique is not necessarily anthropocentric. We could be here, asking these questions, simply because we are the end product of a wildly improbable chain of events, the winners of a lottery against literally astronomical odds. A converse view is that complex self-replicating molecules, followed in time by multicellular organisms, and eventually by self-conscious entities of some kind, are likely to evolve on many planets (or at least many of those with water). Sums of money beyond the dreams of the most scientifically avaricious systematists and ecologists have indeed been spent on radio-astronomical and other quests for signals from inhabited planets more technically advanced than ours. And although few evolutionary biologists are aware of it, there exists a scholarly literature arguing that life might frequently originate, but nevertheless most of the universe may be empty at any one time (thus explaining ourxs failure as yet to detect any interstellar signs of ‘others’).