bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Johannes Brahms
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first signs of the Symphony No. 1 date from 1862 in the form of a sketch for the main theme of the first movement copied by Clara Schumann in a letter to the violinist, conductor, and composer Joseph Joachim. Another sketch survives from 1868. Brahms does not seem to have begun to put the entire work together in earnest until about 1874; he finished it in the summer of 1876 at the resort of Sassnitz in the North German Baltic islands. Otto Dessoff conducted the premiere at Karlsruhe, Baden, on 4 November 1876. Numerous performances that season led to further revisions, particularly in the second and third movements, before the score finally appeared in print in 1877.
Edward Elger
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whose is the voice that speaks in these symphonies? Reviewing Michael Kennedy ‘s Portrait of Elgar, David Cairns sketches a hypersensitive, touchy, moody, at times almost suicidally unhappy genius with small, nervous hands: an English eccentric who loved fishing, Bradshaw,1 dogs, recondite information, and bonfires, who practised chemistry and patented the Elgar Sulphuretted Hydrogen Apparatus, and who nursed within him a wound that never healed.
Charles Ives
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is, on the face of it, absurd that I, born fifty-four years after Charles Ives, should have been able to attend the premieres of three of his four symphonies-not in utero or as a babe in arms, but as a grown man. The facts are these: Lou Harrison ‘s performance of the Symphony No. 3 with the New York Little Symphony at the Carnegie Chamber Music Hall (now Weill Recital Hall) on 5 April 1946 was the first complete performance of any symphony by Ives; Leonard Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic-Symphony in the first performance of the Symphony No. 2 on George Washington ‘s Birthday in 1951; and Leopold Stokowski introduced the Symphony No. 4 in April 1965, nearly eleven years after lves ‘s death. As for the Symphony No. 1, written in 1897-98, Walter Damrosch rehearsed three movements of it with the New York Symphony in 1910 but pronounced it unsuitable for public performance. It was not heard in concert until November 1965, when the Chicago Symphony played it under Morton Gould.
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rachmaninoff is one of those composers whose popularity rests upon an excessively small and unrepresentative group of works. (Handel and Dvorak are two others who come immediately to mind.) We know the symphonist and even the writer of solo piano music and songs too little, the composer of church music and opera almost not at all.
Franz Schubert
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cautiously, one can hope that the commemorative concerts, publications, and scholarly conferences called into being in 1978 by the 150th anniversary of Schubert ‘s death began an overdue re-evaluation of his work and stature as an artist. But we still read sometimes that he was something of an amateur as a composer, albeit an inspired one, and there are still writers who portray him as the most seductive of charmers but deny him greatness.
William Schuman
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virgil Thomson ‘s book American Music Since 1910 contains a photo taken about 1950 by John Stewart of five composers in Thomson ‘s living-room. The host, seated, is commanding, self-pleased, wearing just a touch of smile, and managing to not quite look at any of his guests. Behind him stands Barber, eyes cast down. He appears distressed. Copland, leaning on the piano, observes him coolly. Menotti, seated to Thomson ‘s left but facing the opposite way, his handsome face open and alert, looks up at Barber, his longtime lover and friend. And off to one side―he might be in a different picture, even in a different room―sits William Schuman.
Igor Stravinsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stung by the Dadaists ‘ dislike of his most recent novel, Les Caves du Vatican, Andre Gide wrote in his journal for 24 June 1924: “Each of my books turns against those who were enthusiastic for the preceding one. That will teach them to applaud me only for the right reasons and to take each of my books simply for what it is: a work of art. “
William Walton
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 18 October 1931, Walton played what is now the first theme of the slow movement (but in an allegro version) to his friends Hubert and Dora Foss, though at this time he did not yet know that it would find its home in his first symphony. In 1932, work on the symphony began in earnest, but the finale was not completed until 30 August 1935. The first three movements were introduced by the London Symphony on 3 December 1934, and the first performance of the complete work was given by the BBC Symphony on 6 November 1935. The Chicago Symphony gave the American premiere on 23 January 1936. All these performances were conducted by Sir Hamilton Harty. The dedication is to Baroness lmma Doemberg.
Aviation and Rail Transportation
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of injury deaths, but other forms of transportation are also significant. “Transportation” includes travel for many reasons such as recreation, the context in which the majority of transportation deaths associated with driving, flying, and boating occur. The number of deaths per person mile of travel differs markedly by mode of travel (Table 8-1). Among users of road vehicles there is a 750-fold difference between bus occupants and motorcyclists in deaths per person mile. For air travelers, the death rate in general aviation (private or business aircraft) is more than 250 times the rate in scheduled non commuter airlines. Passengers traveling by bus or train and those on scheduled airlines have the lowest rates.
Drowning
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drowning is the third most common cause of unintentional injury death for all ages and ranks second for ages 5-44. Among Native Americans and Asians, only motor vehicles exceed drownings as a cause of fatal unintentional injury. In 10 states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington), drowning surpasses all other causes of death in children less than 15 years old (Waller et al. 1989). In addition to the 5,000 drownings annually, there are many cases of extreme, permanent disability resulting from near-drowning. It is estimated that for every 10 children who drown, 36 are admitted to hospitals and 140 are treated in emergency rooms (Wintemute 1990).
Brothels, Licit and Illicit
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prostitutes practiced their trade in a wide variety of ways, but perhaps the most prominent, because the most formal and institutionalized, was in the brothel. Brothels could range from private dwellings used on a casual, ad hoc basis to enterprises established by municipal legislation. We know much more about the latter, which were few in number, than the former, which were numerous. The officially sanctioned brothels can tell us a great deal about how the authorities viewed the functions of prostitution. And because these brothels lasted longer than the more casual ones, the records that refer to them provide information about the actual practice of brothel prostitution. Institutionalized brothels were more the rule elsewhere in Europe than in England, but those places in England that established them followed some of the same patterns and used the brothels to make prostitutes available to men in a controlled and orderly manner.A number of towns in Continental Europe-in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-had municipally owned or licensed brothels during the medieval and early modern periods. The official rationale for the establishment and regulation of brothels accorded with church doctrine in treating prostitutes as degraded and defiled but tolerating their activity because of masculine demand.
The Sex Trade in Practice
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways prostitution resembled other urban trades. The term covered a wide array of workplaces and a variety of ways of organizing that work. A prostitute’s working situation could range from the level of the streetwalker to that of the courtesan, and determined her freedom of choice in entering and leaving the trade, her prosperity, and her relation to the community. Some prostitutes operated out of their homes; others had their place of business separate from their residence. Some worked in brothels, whether officially sanctioned or a good deal more casual. Some catered especially to wealthy foreign merchants, others to servants and apprentices. Some prostitutes had to share their remuneration with pimps, procurers, brothel keepers, and go-betweens; others remained more independent, while yet others procured for one another or, if they remained in the trade long enough, became brothel keepers themselves.
The Electoral Campaigns
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shift of attention to North African affairs brought about a change of actors on the Levant stage that was to leave its mark on the political evolution of the region during 1943. Free French politics during this period were dominated by the rivalry between General de Gaulle and General Giraud, whom the Americdns and British had placed in charge of the civil administration in liberated French North Africa. After his trip to London in November 1942, Catroux joined de Gaulle on his visit to Washington in January and from then on most of his time was spent away from the Levant, dealing with the negotiation of a power-sharing agreement between de Gaulle and Giraud.
On Culture’s Edge
Authors: Barth Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“ The Reflection of the Sun on the ... mist ... from these falls” made a rainbow, which enhanced “the beauty of this majestically grand scenery,” Captain Meriwether Lewis noted in his journal on June 13, 1805. Almost immediately the description bothered Lewis, one of the leaders of the first major exploring expedition sponsored by the United States government. “I ... was so much disgusted with the imperfect idea which it conveyed of the scene that I determined to ... begin agin. ‘“
Agriculture, Civilization, And American Indian Policy
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consistent theme in United States Indian policy has been the attempt to civilize and assimilate Native Americans along agrarian lines. The federal government, religious organizations, and interested “friends of the Indians” saw settled western-style agriculture as the most appropriate means of making the Indian over again in their own image. They believed that the only way to save Indians from certain extinction, to incorporate them, to ensure their self-sufficiency and right to the land was to transform them into individualistic yeoman farmers and farm families, the backbone of American democracy. This belief, based in American agrarian idealism and the social-scientific view of unilinear social evolution, persisted into the twentieth century, influencing each major policy trend. Yet the success of agrarian-based policy directives rarely matched the desires or rhetoric of policy makers who refused to consider seriously the land and peoples they were so confident they could remake.
Agriculture And The Northern Utes
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1847, the first wave of Mormon settlers entered Ute territory and began to build their Kingdom of God on earth-a kingdom that did not include the native residents of Utah. Utes were slowly removed from the best lands and subjected to a series of policies designed to transform them into settled and self-sufficient agrarians. Reservation farming and ranching represented a fundamental change in their social and subsistence organization. Utes responded on both individual and group levels to this cultural assault, selectively adopting, adapting, and reproducing Ute ways within an ever-changing environment. Ultimately Ute resistance, both passive and active, and the economic and physical realities of agriculture in a tenuous environment left them economically dependent and incorporated on the periphery of American society.
Farming And The Changing Harvest Economy In Hoopa Valley
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The California gold rush of 1849 brought an increasing number of foreigners into the foothills and mountains of northern California-a relatively abundant environment supporting concentrated native populations like the Hupa Indians. Ultimately epidemic disease, subsistence displacement, and intentional genocide decimated California Indian populations. Whole groups disappeared, not simply or cleanly, but ever so quickly. The Hupa themselves managed to avoid the worst of that early contact and eventually obtained their beautiful mountain valley as a reservation. American plans to transform the people into subsistence and, ultimately, market agriculturalists went forward much as they did elsewhere, but while the abundance of their natural environment remained the Hupa people did little to cooperate with their “transformation.” Over time and given their cultural predisposition to fixed habitations, a traditional “harvest” economy, private usufruct property rights, and an acquisitive nature, Hupas adopted the outward practices and methods of settled agriculture. They desired and accepted allotment, livestock, and agricultural implements. But in the end the environmental parameters of their valley limited this socioeconomic transformation, forcing them to look elsewhere for sources of economic development.
Tohono O’Odham, The Desert People
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Jesuit missionaries made their entradas into the Pimeria Alta of northern New Spain, they encountered a semi-nomadic desert people. Their riverine Piman neighbors called them pavi au’autam, the “bean eating people,” which Euro-Americans transformed into “Papabotas,” or Papagos. The people called themselves Tohono O’odham, the “Desert” or “Country” or “Thirsty People” to distinguish themselves from their cultural relatives, the ‘Akimel O’odham, “River People,” or Pimas. The O’odham are members of the Piman language family of the Sonoran di vision of the Uta-Aztecan language stock. They inhabited an area in southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico bounded by the Gila River on the north, the Santa Cruz and San Pedro rivers on the east, the Colorado River and Gulf of California on the west, and the Magdalena and Altar rivers on the south. Today the majority of the approximately 16,000 Tohono O’odham live on one of three reservations in southern Arizona-the Papago (Sells), Gila Bend, and San Xavier reservations incorporating 4,460 square miles (2,855,802 acres) called the American Papagueria.1 The Tohono O’odham have an elaborate origin cycle, told over fournights during the winter solstice, that explains the creation of the world and the appearance of the O’odham. In the beginning, Earth Maker made the world from the dirt and sweat on his skin. Darkness lay upon the water and they rubbed, producing I’itoi, the Papago’s Elder Brother and culture hero. I’itoi, Earth Maker, and Coyote (Ban, the trickster, who came to life uncreated) finished the world, creating plants and animals and giving each a place and function. I’itoi and Earth Maker created people, but the tears from an abandoned baby flooded the world.
Fertility Enhancement and the Right to Have a Baby
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of reproductive issues are replete with references to rights: rights of women, men, children, fetuses or embryos, and rights of others in society. The “right to have a baby” is often invoked as grounds for providing women or couples with technical or social means of fertility enhancement or assisted reproduction. In this chapter, therefore, I begin with an examination of the concept of rights in order to set the context for addressing issues that arise with regard to artificial insemination, egg donor programs, and surrogate gestation.
Coercive Treatment After Fetal Viability
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the United States Supreme Court has affirmed the right of women to terminate pregnancy, the choices of women who decide against abortion have increasingly been subject to social pressures and legal restrictions. Examples of possible pressures or restrictions include signs in bars advising pregnant women against alcohol consumption; special warnings against drugs and smoking; exclusion from certain occupations; and standard medical advice regarding diet, sexual intercourse, bed rest, hospitalization, and method of delivery. Probably the most coercive among these interferences is what George Annas calls the “most unkindest cut of all”: court ordered cesarean sections.2
The Feminization of Poverty: Its Impact on Women’s and Children s Health
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While poverty clearly leads to poorer health and poorer quality health care for men as well as women, its impact on women and children is more significant both qualitatively and quantitatively. Women seek treatment more often than men and are generally more needful of health services for themselves and their children. The “feminization of poverty” has led to poorer health care for women and children alike. In this chapter, I examine how and why this is so, using crack use and AIDS as examples in this regard. To redress the imbalance of poverty’s effects on women and children, as well as the inequality that confronts both men and women because of racism, classism, and other forms of prejudice, a systematic change is necessary. Another form of social prejudice, ageism, also leads to poverty and poor health. In addressing the apparent conflict between health needs of the elderly and children, I argue for more equitable distribution with respect to life span.
The “Family” and Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinicians of various stripes tend to describe their practices as imbedded in a family context. Social workers, for example, often define their role as family advocates; their efforts to assist individuals necessarily take account of family influences and supports. Similarly, pediatric nurses and pediatricians sometimes pay more attention to parents than to their patients, because they recognize that children’s health is more affected by their home life than by clinical interventions. As one pediatric oncologist put it, “I’d be irresponsible if I did not regard each child’s family as my patient.” While specializations within modem medicine focus more on individuals than on families, a renewed appreciation of the family is evident in the development of “family medicine” as a specialty. Not only is family recognized as an important influence on health, but the health of each family member and the family as a whole is viewed as the responsibility of “the family doctor.”
The Compleat Conductor
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gunther Schuller is one of America’s leading contemporary composers, conductors, and musicologists. He has become increasingly dismayed about the way contemporary orchestra leaders have been ignoring the composer’s intentions in playing the basic concert repertory from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. In this controversial new book, Schuller puts forth his own principles of conducting, and then analyses in detail several classical masterpieces, comparing the composers’ original notation to the way conductors interpret them. Showing ways in which current orchestra and conducting standards can be radically improved, this book is an indictment of contemporary musical trends and an incisive study of the dialogue between composition and performance.
A History of Conducting
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is instructive and fascinating to study the various treatises, pamphlets, articles, books, and writings on conducting that have appeared through the years since Johann Mattheson published his Der Volkommene Capellmeister in 1739, a time when the art of conducting was still in its relative infancy. What is fascinating is how perspectives on conducting shifted over the years and with various authors-like Weber, Berlioz, Wagner, Strauss, Weingartner, Furtwangler, Scherchen, Walter, and most recently Max Rudolf, Frederick Prausnitz, and Kyrill Kondraschin—but also how certain fundamentals of the art of conducting have been perceived as constant and inviolate.
Mattheson (1681-1764) did not take the title of his book (The Complete Capellmeister, with emphasis on the word “complete”) lightly. Indeed the title page announces that the book will “give thorough notice of all those things which he who would preside over an orchestra with honor and efficiency must know and must know completely.” Mattheson characterized the conductor of his time-at least the ideal conductor-as a broadly educated artist, who was as knowledgeable in literature, poetry, painting, philosophy, and languages as in the various realms of music: harmony, counterpoint, orchestration, composition, and the art of singing.
Beethoven: Seventh Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is debatable whether Beethoven’s magnificent Seventh Symphony has fared better or worse in the hands of most conductors than his Fifth Symphony. It is perhaps in some respects a less vulnerable work; in the sense that it is for the most part less rigorously constructed than the Fifth (especially in the first and third movements) and therefore allows for slightly more interpretational maneuverability-it is also less vulnerable to damage. Somehow the apparently more spontaneous, more intuitively realized rhythmic characteristics of the Seventh Symphony have led most interpreters to rein in their interpretive ambitions. Rhythm is, after all, the most powerful, most compelling, and at the same time the most readily understandable feature of a musical work. It speaks more directly to the musician-and, of course, the listener-than do, say, harmony, instrumental timbre, or even melody (some of the other tools of the composer). And if Wagner’s almost universally accepted characterization of the Seventh Symphony, especially its last movement, as the “Apotheosis of the Dance,’’ is not particularly useful conductorial-interpretive advice-it strikes me as rather non-specific-it has in general caused attention to be focused on the rhythmic/ metric aspects of the work, its elemental and linear drive, and has in turn discouraged the kind of tempo divagations so routinely visited upon the Fifth Symphony.