bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming Americans: 1924–1945
Authors: Diner Hasia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years between the Johnson Act of 1924 and the end of World War II in 1945 transformed American Jews. In fact, those years transformed all Americans. No one escaped completely from the ravages of the Great Depression during the 1930s or from World War II, which raged from 1939 to 1945 (the United States entered the war in 1941). But Jews experienced these cataclysmic events in a special way simply because they were Jewish.
Even if there had been no depression and no World War II, life would have changed for American Jews after the early 1920s. Once immigration stopped, the Jewish people in the United States became more and more American Jews, comfortable with a modern, urban way of life. With immigration from Europe halted, growth in the Jewish population of the United States would result from natural increase, births outnumbering deaths. In 1927 Jews made up about 3.6 percent of the American population.
On Evil
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The De Malo represents some of Aquinas’ most mature thinking on goodness, badness, and human agency. In it he examines the full range of questions associated with evil: its origin, its nature, its relation to good, and its compatability with the existence of an omnipotent, benevolent God. This edition offers Richard Regan’s new, clear readable English translation, based on the Leonine Commission’s authoritative edition of the Latin text. Brian Davies has provided an extensive introduction and notes. (Please note: this edition does not include the Latin text).
Introduction
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have three main sources for our knowledge of Aquinas’s life. The first is the text of his canonization process (Naples 1319). Then there are two early biographies. One is by William Tocco, who knew Aquinas personally. The other is by Bernard Gui, whose account depends partly on that of Tocco, but may also incorporate independent and reliable information. Putting these documents together allows us to form a generally credible outline of Aquinas’s career. But they also leave us with many unanswered, and probably unanswerable, questions. Hence we find that the three most recent biographies of Aquinas differ significantly on a number of issues. They do so, for example, even when it comes to the year of Aquinas’s birth, which can arguably be placed anywhere from 1224 to 1226.
Hans Joachim Schoeps’s “Critical-Protestant” Theology: A Jewish-Christian Amalgamation
Authors: Krell Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like his older contemporary Rosenzweig, the German Jewish theologian Hans Joachim Schoeps constructed a systematic Jewish theology in conversation with Christianity that was supposed to preserve Jewish uniqueness while at the same time recognizing its contiguity with German, Christian culture. Similar to Rosenzweig, Schoeps grew up in an assimilated Jewish home yet later rebelled against bourgeois Jewish liberalism, arguing that it had changed Judaism from a theocentric religion into a historical, anthropological discipline. He disagreed with the effort to make God into a projec tion of either natural-cosmic forces or ethical-political ideals by historicizing revelation. Moreover, like Rosenzweig, Schoeps constructed a theological response to this religious dilemma out of a cultural discourse shaped to some extent by the early writings of the Protestant thinker Karl Barth. Additionally, in his attempt to recover faith in a transcendent God, Schoeps also became attracted to the theological writings of Martin Luther as interpreted by the Lutheran scholar Karl Holl.
Between Dialectic and Dialogue:Irving Greenberg’s Organic Model of the Jewish-Christian Relationship
Authors: Krell Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Irving Greenberg, like his contemporary Rubenstein, the Holocaust marked a theological watershed and consequently a significant turning point in Jewish-Christian relations. Yet while they both view the Holocaust as theologically and historically unique, they differ somewhat in their interpretations of this uniqueness and what response it requires. Whereas Rubenstein views the Holocaust as the punitive destruction of an omnipotent God, Greenberg sees God as actually abdicating his covenantal responsibility to protect the Jewish people from annihilation. Consequently, Rubenstein understands the Holocaust as the death knell for the historical God of Israel and an end to the myths of covenant and election. Greenberg agrees with Rubenstein that the Holocaust marks an end to the historical covenant between God and Israel as it was previously understood.
Flying Down to Rio
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a scene on the shores of San Francisco Bay in 1915.1 Fifty thousand people watch a diver from the battleship Oregon being lowered down into the water; then they wait. An hour later, the ship’s winch begins turning. The crowd holds its breath until a primitive airplane finally emerges from the bay. Its wings are torn away, and still seated at the controls is the drowned body of Lincoln Beachey—until now, the greatest early daredevil of heavier-than-air flight.
Men Have Magnified a Natural Circumstance
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corn Creek, twelve miles south of Fillmore, ran thirteen feet wide and two feet deep during heavy runoff, though in late August when the Arkansas company arrived, much of the force was spent. Still, there was water enough to supply people and animals, both from the creek and nearby springs and sloughs. In good seasons, there was also enough moisture in the soil to nourish “immense quantities of grass”—a feature that made Corn Creek a fine resting place for cattle companies on the southern road.
The Pahvant Indians, a band that mixed the cultures of the Utes and Paiutes, had occupied the Corn Creek region for centuries. The Pahvants had wide contacts with other Indians, especially those in the Paiute heartland farther south. The Pahvants had a history of simple agriculture—growing “corn, beans, pumpkins, squashes, and potatoes”—but they also relied heavily on native plants and animals for their support.
Islamic Social Movements
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comparison of different contemporary Islamic social movements shows that they are Janus-faced. That is, on the one hand they are modern and socially and politically “progressive” and express yearnings for democracy and economic development; on the other hand they are conservative and “authoritarian,” calling for a strict moral-religious code in society.
Consequently, tension is an inherent characteristic of most Islamic social movements. Ironically, this tension between “progresssive” and “authoritarian” aspects of religious movements is the source of religious innovation. Unfortunately, many scholars of slam fail to see the complex nature of modem Islamic social movements and seek to explain them according to textual (essentialist) or economic reductionist (contextualist) readings of Islam. This book challenges such interpretations, arguing instead that, by embracing certain opportunity spaces within the public sphere, Islamic movements could become a motivating force for economic expansion, democratization, and the popular acceptance of many aspects of modernity.
The Neo-Nur Movement of Fethullah Güllen
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are more than 10 major Nurcu textual-communities divided along class, regional, and ethnic lines, the most influential one has been that headed by Fethullah Güllen, commonly referred to as the “community of Fethullah Güllen.” The Güllen-led neo-Nur movement seeks to improve Turkish society by using the market, education, and information opportunity spaces to raise a new generation with heightened patriotic and moral consciousness. As a result of the opening and closing up of political and economic opportunity spaces, the Güllen movement has evolved from a stress on religious-conservative community-building to a stress on creating a global, faith-inspired educational system. One can identify three different cycles in the movement: the formative period (1966-1983); the emergence into the public sphere (1983-1997); and the paradox of persecution and forced liberalization (1997-present). Each cycle is shaped by structural changes that reproduce a more contextual framing process. The movement functions like a beehive with a sense of loyalty and discipline.
Caesar’s Civil War
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caesar's Civil War is an unfinished masterpiece. It was abandoned by an author who found himself living in a different world than that which saw its commencement. A snapshot of the late republic, it offers a vivid and detailed account of the troubled Roman empire near the turn to the common era. In it, Caesar recounts his break with the Senate and general Pompey and narrates the events of the nineteen months of civil war that followed. It ends after general Pompey's death, amidst the lead up to the Alexandrian war that initiated the next phase of the fight for Rome. The work shows the brilliance for which Caesar's oratory, like his generalship, was known. The primary topics covered in this introduction to Caesar's gripping history are the generic background of Caesar's commentarii or "Notebooks," his criteria for selection of material, the contemporary context of the civil war, the literary techniques employed, and the work's characterization and structure. General aids to the reader include maps to accompany the particular events discussed, a timeline of the civil war and of Caesar's life, explanation of technical terms, and a glossary.
Mastering Victory
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three preceding chapters explored Caesar’s literary achievement in the Civil Warin terms of genre, structure, and characterization, and began to place the work in its contexts both literary and political. This chapter looks at how Caesar presents himself to his contemporaries through his text. The focus is not on what he says about himself and his virtues—his superiority to Pompey as general, for example, which was treated in chapter 3—but on the self he reveals to his readers by his authorial choices. At first glance, the Civil Warseems to be structured around the contest for primacy between Pompey and Caesar. It begins with Pompey’s assumption of leadership in the opposition to Caesar (1.1) and builds to their military confrontation in Greece (3.6–96). But neither Pompey’s flight from Pharsalus (3.96.4) nor his death at Alexandria (3.104.3) is the end of the work. Pompey’s defeat was, Caesar and others hoped, the end of a war (see sec. 5 in chap. 3), but the narrative carries Caesar on into another war, a “foreign” war this time, one fought to impose a Roman settlement on the Egyptian kingdom of the Ptolemies (3.107.2). The Civil Warbreaks off incomplete before the end of the resulting war.
Star-Crossed Heavens Fifth Trip 3 May-26 June 1630
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galileo had returned to Florence in the summer of 1624 with the conviction that he was now free to write on the motion of the Earth as long as he avoided stating that it was physically true. Within a couple of months he had finished his Reply to Ingoli and could now return to his Dialogue. To emphasize what he considered his decisive argument for the motion of the Earth, Galileo planned to call the work The Discourse on the Tides. It is only when the pope objected that he changed it to The Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. The work is the record of a discussion spread over four days, like a play in four acts, among three friends who meet in a palace in Venice.
Prose
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The occasional writings of Samson Occom provide us rare insights into the intellectual, spiritual, and cultural lives of Northeastern Native peoples in the eighteenth century. Most surviving accounts of American Indian life from this historical period were composed by European visitors to the American colonies or white settlercolonists; these documents often tell us more about the culturally specific preoccupations and prejudices or the political motives of their authors than they do about the indigenous peoples they purport to represent. Occom belonged to the communities he wrote about. Having been reared as a traditional Mohegan, he certainly understood that documenting the ceremonial life and customs of the Montauketts and Mohegans entailed specific cautions and obligations.
Bogus Citations
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of verifying references brings us back to the baffling question of bogus sources. I am not here concerned with imaginary works like the unfinished poem of Solon in which Plato claimed to have found the story of Atlantis, or the inscribed dedication on the island of Panchaia where Euhemerus claimed to have learned the truth about King Zeus and his family, or even the bronze tablets supposedly dug up by his father in the family house that Acusilaus cited as authority for his own Genealogies, the first prose work of Greek mythography. And only marginally with the Trojan journal of Dictys of Crete, allegedly discovered (written in the original Phoenician script) in a tomb split open by lightning. The devices of the long-lost manuscript and hidden tablets were to have a rich future in the history of fiction and forgery. Though sometimes taken seriously by the gullible,5 most such inventions can hardly have been intended (or expected) to deceive.
Viruses and the Tree of Life
Authors: Mindell David P , Rest Joshua S , Villarreal Luis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses are rarely included in syntheses regarding the common origin and history for all life forms. There are many reasons for this, including our ignorance of their deep history, an earlier reluctance to consider them as living organisms, and their extreme changeability. However, increasing amounts of molecular sequence data enable more comparisons among viruses and between viruses and other organisms, and we attempt here a brief perspective on the integration of viruses and the Tree of Life. At the outset, we wish to emphasize that viruses have arisen on multiple, independent occasions, being a grade rather than a single clade, and to alert readers to the limitations of the “tree of life” metaphor when applied to virus histories. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites averaging 30 nm long, or 1/100th the size of many bacteria. They are the last major kind of organisms to be described, and may represent the last and broadest organismal frontier. Many viruses, when in reproductive mode, can produce thousands of offspring per hour in each of the hundreds or thousands of cells infected in a single host individual.
The Radiation of Vascular Plants
Authors: Pryer Kathleen M , Schneider Harald , Magallón Susana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vascular plants include our major food resources in the form of leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds. They further sustain human life by providing other essentials such as wood, fibers, and medicines. Plants are the dominant primary producers in terrestrial habitats, and by the process of photosynthesis, they actively convert solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen, which is vital to all living things. The rise and spread of vascular plants resulted in a dramatic drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) about 400 million years ago during the mid-Paleozoic (Algeo et al. 2001, Berner 2001, Driese and Mora 2001, Raven and Edwards 2001). This decline in atmospheric CO2 triggered the evolution of vascular plants with more complex body plans, including such organs as leaves, specialized for optimizing photosynthesis (Beerling et al. 2001, Pataki 2002, Shougang et al. 2003). Vascular plants therefore both caused and reacted to global changes in their physical environment early in their evolution. The earliest radiation of vascular plants has been interpreted as one in which rapidly diversifying lineages colonized and shaped different terrestrial habitats (DiMichele et al. 2001).
The Fungi
Authors: Taylor John W , Spatafora Joseph , O’Donnell Kerry , Lutzoni François , James Timothy , Hibbett David S , Geiser David , Bruns Thomas D , Blackwell Meredith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fungi contain possibly as many as 1.5 million species (Hawksworth 1991, 2001), ranging from organisms that are microscopic and unicellular to multicellular colonies that can be as large as the largest animals and plants (Alexopoulos et al. 1996). Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear small subunit (nSSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) put fungi and animals as sister clades that diverged 0.9 to 1.6 billion years ago (Wainright et al. 1993, Berbee and Taylor 2001, Heckman et al. 2001). The grouping of fungi and animals as sister taxa is controversial, with some protein-coding genes supporting the association and others not (Wang et al. 1999, Loytynoja and Milinkovitch 2001, Lang et al. 2002). Assuming that fungi and animals are sister taxa, a comparison of basal fungi (Chytridiomycota) with basal animals and associated groups (e.g., choanoflagellates and mesomycetozoa) should shed light on the nature of the last common ancestor of animals and fungi (fig. 12.1).
The Mollusca: Relationships and Patterns from Their First Half-Billion Years
Authors: Lindberg David R , Ponder Winston F , Haszprunar Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mollusks are bilaterally symmetrical eumetazoans that are diverse in body form and size, ranging from giant squids more than 20 m in length to adult body sizes of about 500 mm. They are often considered to be the second largest phylum next to Arthropoda, with about 200,000 living species, of which about 75,000 living and 35,000 fossil have been named, making them one of the better known invertebrate groups. They also exhibit a great range of physiological, behavioral, and ecological adaptations. Mollusks have an excellent fossil record extending back some 560 million years to the early Cambrian, and perhaps into the Precambrian as well. Three major classes, Gastropoda (snails, slugs, limpets), Bivalvia (scallops, clams, oysters, mussels) and Cephalopoda (squid, cuttlefish, octopuses, nautilus), are recognized, as well as four or five minor living classes[Aplacophora (spicule worms)—which are often divided into two separate classes, Polyplacophora (chitons), Scaphopoda (tusk shells), and Monoplacophora (a small group of deep sea limpets with a long fossil history)]. A few extinct groups often treated as classes are also recognized.
The Meaning of Biodiversity and the Tree of Life
Authors: Wilson Edward O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems very likely, in accordance with the belief of many anthropologists, that the first words to emerge during the evolution of human speech were used to specify people, plants, animals, and other objects, a roster that proliferated rapidly thereafter. That step, which presumably occurred sometime during the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens a half million years ago, can rightfully be considered the earliest roots of science. Accuracy and repeatability were vital for the sake of survival, then as now. Getting things by their right names, as the Chinese say, is the first step to wisdom. And so it came to pass that the emergence of modern Western science included an effort to name the immense array of plant and animal species on Earth, and also to group them in a system that reflects their degree of similarity. That was an eighteenth-century achievement, culminating in the binomial nomenclatural system of the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus. Scientific taxonomy was followed by the notion of a genealogy of species, a nineteenth-century advance foreshadowed by the acceptance of evolution. In the twentieth century came the explanation of the process of species multiplication, one of the central achievements of the Modern Synthesis of evolutionary theory.
What Is a Risk Factor?
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should we urge all mothers to stay home, breast-feed their infants, and encourage their toddlers to be adventurous while not allowing them to watch television? Each of these newspaper headlines1–5 describes how certain characteristics, behaviors, environments, or events (or more succinctly put, certain “factors”) are “associated with,” are “linked to,” or somehow are related to specific outcomes. Do these relationships mean these factors are risk factors? If they are, how should we consider and react to them? If they are not, what are they? In this chapter, we answer these questions by defining more of the terms central to risk research. Specifically, we will clarify what is a risk factor and, possibly more important, what is not a risk factor.
How Do We Use Multiple Risk Factors? ROC Tree Methods
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legend of St. Denis, the patron saint of Paris, describes how, after St. Denis was martyred by decapitation, he walked two miles carrying his head in his hands. Centuries later, a wise French woman, Mme. Du Deffand (1697–1780), pointed out: “La distance n’y fait rien, il n’y a que le premier pas qui coute.” Loosely translated: “The distance doesn’t matter—it’s only the first step that counts.” In short, the miracle is that first step. Once that is taken, all he had to do was repeat it. In Chapter 9 we described a “first step”: establishing the potency of a risk factor by acknowledging both the benefit and harm of using a risk factor to predict an outcome. In doing so, we noted that individual risk factors by themselves often are not very potent. Instead, we argued, we must consider multiple risk factors. In Chapter 10 we addressed how multiple risk factors might work together in order to both understand what leads to an outcome and begin to devise ways of preventing (or promoting) it. However, in the end, we had identified which risk factors were important and how they fit together over time but had ignored almost entirely how strong the prediction was.
Where Are We Now?
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our overall goal for this book is to make every reader a smart skeptic and thereby encourage a shift in the course of future risk research. Poor-quality risk estimation will persist until all of us understand the process better and until we make it clear that we are no longer willing to see taxpayer or philanthropic money spent on unnecessary or flawed research. We also hope that the ideas and approaches described in this book will reduce the amount of erroneous advice based on unsubstantiated claims and prevent decision makers from enacting policy or individuals taking drastic action without careful consideration of the adequacy of research methods and interpretation. The consequences of poor risk research cannot be ignored when the ultimate cost may be the shortened duration and diminished quality of human life.