bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Action Learning ‐ A Paradigm in Emergence: the Problems Facing a Challenge to Traditional Management Education and Development
Authors: McLaughlin Hugh , Thorpe Richard 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYThis paper examines the proposition that action learning is a new paradigm in management education. Action learning is becoming widely accepted methodology for the development of managers and managerial competence. This is in both public and private sector organizations and within the context of certificated and organisationally based programmes. The paper seeks to use Kuhn's work on the nature of paradigms and change as a way of explaining the increase of interest in his approach. Importantly, although this approach promises to answer some of the problems of traditional management education, it is not without its own critics. Kuhn's criteria for a paradigm change are explained with reference to action learning literature and knowledge of practice. From this a framework is developed that compares a traditional approach to management education with an action learning approach on three levels. Our conclusion is that action learning is a new paradigm, but for the maximum benefit to be gained from the approach its application needs to be more carefully considered, particularly in relation to the provision of some wider external frameworks for the manager to use as‘tools for thinking’
Managerial Self‐efficacy and Managerial Performance
Authors: Robertson Ivan T. , Sadri Golnaz 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYSome of the main features of Bandura's self‐efficacy concept are presented. The importance of the concept to the work organization and to individual performance is discussed. A field study is described. The first part of the study involved the development of parallel versions of a scale to assess managerial self‐efficacy. Data concerning the psychometric properties of the parallel version of the scale show that they are reliable and independent of social desirability. The second part of the study provided evidence of the relationships between scores on the managerial self‐efficacy scale and supervisors’ ratings of managers’ performance. The results indicate that managerial self‐efficacy correlates with work performance ratings.
Treatment options – development of consensus guidelines
Authors: Lecha M , Effendy I , Feuilhade de Chauvin M , Di Chiacchio N , Baran R 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBackground  There are currently three main treatment strategies for onychomycosis: topical, oral and combination. Amorolfine nail lacquer appears to be the most effective form of topical monotherapy. However, the best mycological and clinical cure rates are obtained with combination therapy. Combination therapy increases antifungal spectrum, fungicidal activity and safety. New antifungals (triazoles and echinocandins) were recently developed, enabling new protocols.Objectives  To review available therapies. To design an algorithm for the management of onychomycoses in daily practice.Results  Therapeutic choice should be based on numerous factors including patient's age and health, aetiology, extent of involvement and clinical form.The consensus was that topical monotherapy is recommended when < 50% of the nail is affected without matrix area involvement. Oral monotherapy or combination therapy is indicated when > 50% of the nail, including the matrix area, is involved. Topical treatments should not be used alone when topical drug transport is suboptimal (i.e. when dermatophytoma, onycholysis or spikes are present). Chemical or mechanical removal should also be considered whenever applicable (interruption of drug transport).Conclusion  In conclusion, treatment decision‐making tools (e.g. an illustrated booklet or CD‐ROM presenting each type of onychomycosis and criteria to be considered before selecting treatment regimen) would be valuable supports for the successful treatment of onychomycoses.
Clinical trial design – towards better practices
Authors: Correia O , Faergemann J , Nowicki R , Ro B‐I 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTObjectives  To review methodological approaches used in recent publications in onychomycosis clinical research. To identify key methodological criteria to ensure conclusive and reliable clinical results.Methods  A Medline search for recent articles on onychomycosis treatment revealed considerable variation in inclusion criteria, definitions and methodology, rendering comparisons difficult.Results  Careful diagnosis at trial entry is critical and predisposing factors affecting overall results are rarely considered at enrolment. Clear definitions are required, notably for the terms mycological, clinical and total cure.A consensus was reached that only studies that are evidence‐based, controlled and double‐blind with less than 10–15% of patients lost to follow‐up should be accepted.Results should be interpreted with caution if a given treatment is found to be less effective than previously reported, even if the results are published in a recognized journal.It was agreed that an explanatory/pilot study should be done initially to determine whether there is a reason to believe that a new therapy is effective. If promising results are obtained, a double‐blind, randomized study comparing the new therapy with either an existing therapy (preferably) or a placebo may be initiated.Conclusions  Sample size, and inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly determined. Efficacy criteria should include mycological, clinical and total cure rates. Finally, studies of toenail and fingernail onychomycosis must last at least 18 and 9 months, respectively.
Antenatal screening for the prediction of postnatal depression: validation of a psychosocial Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire
Authors: Austin M.‐P. , Hadzi‐Pavlovic D. , Saint K. , Parker G. 
Published: August 2005

Objective:  To assess the predictive value of an antenatal index of risk for postnatal depression (PND).Method:  Participants returned the Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire (PRQ; 18 antenatal items) and the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) at a mean of 32 weeks gestation; the EDS was then mailed out at 2 and 4 months postpartum to ascertain those women who were screened positive (score >12), i.e. probable cases of depression. Only those returning the EDS at 2 and/or 4  months were included in the study (n = 1296). Women who screened positive (n = 322; 24.8%) were contacted and of these, 245 completed the Auto‐Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and form the basis of our primary analyses.Results:  A CIDI diagnosis of major depression was found in 5.3% women at either 2 or 4 months. In this population, the optimal PRQ cut‐off was ≥46 at which point sensitivity was 44% and specificity 92%. At this cut‐off 9.9% tested positive (for risk of PND) on the PRQ with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 23.5%. Of 1079 women who scored below 46 on the PRQ, 3.2% were cases of CIDI depression while of those 119 scoring 46 or above, 23.5% were CIDI cases at 2 or 4 months postpartum, yielding an odds ratio of 9.18.Conclusion:  Using a cut‐off of ≥46, the PRQ is better than previously reported tools in the antenatal prediction of PND with respect to sensitivity and specificity, while like other studies PPV remains limited. The PRQ allows identification of high and low risk groups and thus has applicability in both the research and clinical settings.
Cortisol level predicts executive and memory function in depression, symptom level predicts psychomotor speed
Authors: Egeland J. , Lund A. , Landrø N. I. , Rund B. R. , Sundet K. , Asbjørnsen A. , Mjellem N. , Roness A. , Stordal K. I. 
Published: August 2005

Objective:  On a group level depression is related to hypercortisolism and to psychomotor retardation, executive dysfunction and memory impairment. However, intra‐group heterogeneity is substantial. Why some are impaired while others remain in the normal range, is not clear. The present study aims at discerning the relative contribution of present symptom severity and hypercortisolism to impairment in the three domains of cognition.Method:  Morning saliva cortisol was measured in 26 subjects with recurrent major depression prior to a neuropsychological examination with tests known to be sensitive to cognitive impairment in depression.Results:  Cortisol level correlated with executive dysfunction and post‐encoding memory deficits, but not with processing speed. Depression level correlated with processing speed. These patterns remained significant after controlling for confounders through partial correlations.Conclusion:  The association between cortisol and cognition is not an artifact of psychiatric symptom load. High level of saliva cortisol is associated with aspects of cognition that can be dissociated from psychomotor retardation, which is dependent on symptom load.
The Response of Playa and Sabkha Hydraulics and Mineralogy to Climate Forcing
Authors: Tyler Scott W. , Muñoz José F. , Wood Warren W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDry playa lakes and sabkhat often represent the terminus of large ground water flow systems and act as integrators of both upgradient (recharge) and downgradient discharge (evaporation). Ground water levels beneath playa/sabkha systems show a variety of surprising responses driven by large evaporation demands and chemical processes not typically encountered in more humid regions. When the water table is very close to the land surface, almost instantaneous rises can be observed with little observed change in either upgradient ground water recharge or potential evaporation. Conversely, when water tables are several meters below the playa surface, water table responses to interannual variability of recharge can be damped and lag significantly behind such changes. This review of the dynamics of shallow water tables in playa lakes and sabkhat discusses the pertinent hydraulic and solute processes and extracts a simple but comprehensive model based on soil physics for predicting the water table response to either upstream recharge changes or changes in potential evaporation at the playa/sabkha. Solutes and associated authigenic minerals are also shown to be important in discriminating both the causes and effects of water level fluctuations.
Using Direct‐Push Tools to Map Hydrostratigraphy and Predict MTBE Plume Diving
Authors: Wilson John T. , Ross Randall R. , Acree Steven 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAt a number of sites, a plume of methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) in ground water has dived below the screen of conventional monitoring wells and escaped detection. Techniques are needed to predict the vertical extent of MTBE in an aquifer. Two techniques that are emerging in the site characterization market are electrical conductivity logging and pneumatic slug testing performed in temporary push wells. These techniques were evaluated at a diving plume of MTBE in the aquifer that supplies water to the village of East Alton, Illinois. The plume stayed near the water table for the first 100 m from the potential sources and then dived below conventional monitoring over the next 100 m. At the location where the MTBE plume dived, the depth to water was 9.1 m below land surface. The first 10 m of material below the water table had an electrical conductivity near 100 mS/m, indicating silts and clays. An electrical conductivity near 25 mS/m, indicating sands or gravels, was encountered at a depth of 10.6 m below the water table, and the sands and gravel extended to a depth of at least 15.2 m below the water table. Pneumatic slug tests measured low hydraulic conductivity in the interval of silt and clay (0.34 and 0.012 m/d) and higher hydraulic conductivity in the interval with sands and gravels (12.5, 11.6, and 11.3 m/d). Ground water with the highest concentration of MTBE was produced just below the contact between the silt and clay and the sands and gravel.
Thrombospondin-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase are major targets of extracellular ATP in human dendritic cells
Authors: Marteau Frédéric , Gonzalez Nathalie Suarez , Communi David , Goldman Michel , Boeynaems Jean-Marie , Communi Didier 
Published: August 2005

Extracellular adenosine triphosphate affects the maturation of human monocyte–derived dendritic cells (DCs), mainly by inhibiting T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines, promoting Th2 cytokines, and modulating the expression of costimulatory molecules. In this study, we report that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can induce immunosuppression through its action on DCs, defining a new role for extracellular nucleotides. Microarray analysis of ATP-stimulated human DCs revealed inter alia a drastic up-regulation of 2 genes encoding mediators involved in immunosuppression: thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The release of TSP-1 by DCs in response to ATP was confirmed at the protein level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunodetection, and mass spectrometry analysis, and has an antiproliferative effect on T CD4+ lymphocytes through TSP-1/CD47 interaction. Our pharmacologic data support the involvement of purinergic receptor P2Y11 in this ATP-mediated TSP-1 secretion. We demonstrate also that ATP significantly potentiates the up-regulation of IDO—a negative regulator of T lymphocyte proliferation—and kynurenine production initiated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in human DCs.Thus, extracellular ATP released from damaged cells and previously considered as a danger signal is also a potent regulator of mediators playing key roles in immune tolerance. Consequently, nucleotides' derivatives may be considered as useful tools for DC-based immunotherapies.
Restricted mobility of Dnmt1 in preimplantation embryos: implications for epigenetic reprogramming
Authors: Grohmann Maik , Spada Fabio , Schermelleh Lothar , Alenina Natalia , Bader Michael , Cardoso M Cristina , Leonhardt Heinrich 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Mouse preimplantation development is characterized by both active and passive genomic demethylation. A short isoform of the prevalent maintenance DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1S) is found in the cytoplasm of preimplantation embryos and transiently enters the nucleus only at the 8-cell stage.

Results
Using GFP fusions we show that both the long and short isoforms of Dnmt1 localize to the nucleus of somatic cells and the cytoplasm of preimplantation embryos and that these subcellular localization properties are independent of phosphorylation. Importantly, photobleaching techniques and salt extraction revealed that Dnmt1S has a very restricted mobility in the cytoplasm, while it is highly mobile in the nucleus of preimplantation embryos.

Conclusion
The restricted mobility of Dnmt1S limits its access to DNA and likely contributes to passive demethylation and epigenetic reprogramming during preimplantationdevelopment.
Exploring cancer register data to find risk factors for recurrence of breast cancer – application of Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Razavi Amir R , Gill Hans , Stål Olle , Sundquist Marie , Thorstenson Sten , Åhlfeldt Hans , Shahsavar Nosrat ,   the South-East Swedish Breast Cancer Study Group
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
A common approach in exploring register data is to find relationships between outcomes and predictors by using multiple regression analysis (MRA). If there is more than one outcome variable, the analysis must then be repeated, and the results combined in some arbitrary fashion. In contrast, Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) has the ability to analyze multiple outcomes at the same time.
One essential outcome after breast cancer treatment is recurrence of the disease. It is important to understand the relationship between different predictors and recurrence, including the time interval until recurrence. This study describes the application of CCA to find important predictors for two different outcomes for breast cancer patients, loco-regional recurrence and occurrence of distant metastasis and to decrease the number of variables in the sets of predictors and outcomes without decreasing the predictive strength of the model.

Methods
Data for 637 malignant breast cancer patients admitted in the south-east region of Sweden were analyzed. By using CCA and looking at the structure coefficients (loadings), relationships between tumor specifications and the two outcomes during different time intervals were analyzed and a correlation model was built.

Results
The analysis successfully detected known predictors for breast cancer recurrence during the first two years and distant metastasis 2–4 years after diagnosis. Nottingham Histologic Grading (NHG) was the most important predictor, while age of the patient at the time of diagnosis was not an important predictor.

Conclusion
In cancer registers with high dimensionality, CCA can be used for identifying the importance of risk factors for breast cancer recurrence. This technique can result in a model ready for further processing by data mining methods through reducing the number of variables to important ones.
Removal of power-line interference from the ECG: a review of the subtraction procedure
Authors: Levkov Chavdar , Mihov Georgy , Ivanov Ratcho , Daskalov Ivan , Christov Ivaylo , Dotsinsky Ivan 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Modern biomedical amplifiers have a very high common mode rejection ratio. Nevertheless, recordings are often contaminated by residual power-line interference. Traditional analogue and digital filters are known to suppress ECG components near to the power-line frequency. Different types of digital notch filters are widely used despite their inherent contradiction: tolerable signal distortion needs a narrow frequency band, which leads to ineffective filtering in cases of larger frequency deviation of the interference. Adaptive filtering introduces unacceptable transient response time, especially after steep and large QRS complexes. Other available techniques such as Fourier transform do not work in real time. The subtraction procedure is found to cope better with this problem.

Method
The subtraction procedure was developed some two decades ago, and almost totally eliminates power-line interference from the ECG signal. This procedure does not affect the signal frequency components around the interfering frequency. Digital filtering is applied on linear segments of the signal to remove the interference components. These interference components are stored and further subtracted from the signal wherever non-linear segments are encountered.

Results
Modifications of the subtraction procedure have been used in thousands of ECG instruments and computer-aided systems. Other work has extended this procedure to almost all possible cases of sampling rate and interference frequency variation. Improved structure of the on-line procedure has worked successfully regardless of the multiplicity between the sampling rate and the interference frequency. Such flexibility is due to the use of specific filter modules.

Conclusion
The subtraction procedure has largely proved advantageous over other methods for power-line interference cancellation in ECG signals.
Reversible Wettability Switch of Large Area TiO2 Films
Authors: Zhou Zhiguo , Li Fuyou , Song Qunliang , Yi Tao , Hou Xiaoyuan , Huang Chunhui 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
On the large area nanoporous TiO2 films with an average pore diameter of 80 nm, reversible wettability switch between high hydrophobicity [contact angle (CA) about 137°] and high hydrophilicity (CA &lt; 10°) was achieved by UV light irradiation and dark storage in alternation.
Lipid Management with Statins in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Irons Brian K , Kroon Lisa A 
Published: August 2005

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update on lipid management and recent modifications in cholesterol guidelines for use of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), specifically in patients with diabetes. DATA SOURCES: Studies and guidelines were identified through a MEDLINE search (1996–April 2005). STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were selected for review if the primary treatment intervention was a statin, at least 4% of the study population held a diagnosis of diabetes, and diabetes subgroup analysis was available. DATA SYNTHESIS: The Heart Protection Study demonstrated an approximately 25% relative risk reduction of a first coronary event in patients with diabetes, a reduction similar to those without diabetes. In subjects with diabetes, a significant reduction in coronary events was noted regardless of the baseline cholesterol level. The Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study demonstrated a 37% relative risk reduction in the primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the current literature, a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level <100 mg/dL remains an appropriate goal for patients with diabetes in the absence of established cardiovascular disease. For higher-risk patients, such as those with diabetes and a history of cardiovascular disease, a more stringent LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is an option according to current clinical trial evidence. At least a 30–40% reduction in the LDL-C level is advisable when initiating statin therapy.
Nuclear Pore Complex Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Influenced by Glycosylation of the Transmembrane Nucleoporin Pom152p
Authors: Belanger Kenneth D , Gupta Amitabha , MacDonald Kristy M , Ott Christina M , Hodge Christine A , Cole Charles M , Davis Laura I 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The regulated transport of proteins across the nuclear envelope occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are composed of &gt;30 different protein subunits termed nucleoporins. While some nucleoporins are glycosylated, little about the role of glycosylation in NPC activity is understood. We have identified loss-of-function alleles of ALG12, encoding a mannosyltransferase, as suppressors of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the gene encoding the FXFG-nucleoporin NUP1. We observe that nup1Δ cells import nucleophilic proteins more efficiently when ALG12 is absent, suggesting that glycosylation may influence nuclear transport. Conditional nup1 and nup82 mutations are partially suppressed by the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin, while nic96 and nup116 alleles are hypersensitive to tunicamycin treatment, further implicating glycosylation in NPC function. Because Pom152p is a glycosylated, transmembrane nucleoporin, we examined genetic interactions between pom152 mutants and nup1Δ. A nup1 deletion is lethal in combination with pom152Δ, as well as with truncations of the N-terminal and transmembrane regions of Pom152p. However, truncations of the N-glycosylated, lumenal domain of Pom152p and pom152 mutants lacking N-linked glycosylation sites are viable in combination with nup1Δ, suppress nup1Δ temperature sensitivity, and partially suppress the nuclear protein import defects associated with the deletion of NUP1. These data provide compelling evidence for a role for glycosylation in influencing NPC function.