bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of violence towards staff caring for the elderly
Authors: Åström Sture , Bucht Gösta , Eisemann Martin , Norberg Astrid , Saveman Britt‐Inger 
Published: March 2003

Incidence of violence towards staff caring for the elderly A survey study concerning violence was conducted among staff (n=506) working with the elderly in residential settings and ordinary homes. The major aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of violence directed towards staff by elderly people living in residential settings. Furthermore, associations between the number of violent incidents and gender, age, year in service, year at present place of work, education of the staff, type of setting, the frequency and type of violence as well as the emotional reactions expressed by the staff should be examined. Forty percent of the staff was exposed to violence during the preceding year and 18% noted incidents of violence daily. A significantly larger proportion of staff working in nursing homes registered violence compared with those working in other types of settings. Physical violence was the most common (76%) type of violence. Powerlessness, sadness, anger and feelings of insufficiency were the most dominant feelings among staff facing by violent situations. Our results point to the necessity to further study caregivers' perception of patient violence and its impact on the quality of care.
Oral health and nutritional status in a group of geriatric rehabilitation patients
Authors: Andersson Pia , Westergren Albert , Karlsson Siv , Rahm Hallberg Ingalill , Renvert Stefan 
Published: March 2003

Oral health and nutritional status in a group of geriatric rehabilitation patients The aims of this study were to evaluate the oral health status and nutritional status in a group of geriatric rehabilitation patients, and to analyse the relationship between these two parameters. Nurses at the ward performed structured assessments of oral and nutritional status using the Revised Oral Assessment Guide and the Subjective Global Assessment form in 223 newly admitted patients. Most oral health problems were found among patients who stayed longer at the hospital and were more dependent on help as compared with the healthier patients. Thirty‐four per cent of the patients were either severely undernourished, at risk or suspected to be undernourished (UN). Oral health problems were more common among UN patients (p < 0.0005) compared with well‐nourished patients. The most frequent oral health problem was found on teeth or dentures (48%). Problems related to the tongue and lips were also common among UN patients (56 and 44%, respectively). Oral health status was correlated (r = 0.32) to nutritional status. Problems with swallowing had the strongest association to the nutritional status (OR 6.05; 95% CI 2.41–15.18). This study demonstrated that poor oral health status was related to undernourishment.
Advanced home care for cancer patients at the end of life: a qualitative study of hopes and expectations of family caregivers
Authors: Wennman‐Larsen Agneta , Tishelman Carol 
Published: March 2003

Advanced home care for cancer patients at the end of life: a qualitative study of hopes and expectations of family caregivers It is increasingly common that cancer patients are cared for at home at the end of life, with help from advanced home care teams. This may have positive implications for cancer patients and their families, but it may also be burdensome to the family caregivers with implications for their health and well‐being. This qualitative study was therefore initiated to prospectively explore how family caregivers reason about their expectations of providing end‐of‐life care at home for relatives with cancer, enrolled in advanced palliative home care units. Ten interviews were conducted with 11 family caregivers at enrolment to the home care unit. A form of constant comparative analysis was used to generate two main themes from the data. One theme concerned the role transition into becoming a family caregiver, whereas the other theme relates to the transition to a new life situation of the caregiver (him/herself). The family caregivers describe themselves as the persons primarily bearing responsibility and providing care for their dying relatives. They were found to have many concerns about their own situation, especially in regard to issues temporally after the death of the patient, but seemed to have few expected sources of support related to these concerns. Professional support is described as expected primarily for care‐related tasks, although hopes may be expressed about support in other areas. The distinction between resources described as existing in theory and those used in practice also are apparent in analysis of the interviews. If home care is to be a positive alternative to hospital care, individual expectations should be considered when planning supportive care.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in a captive population of the eagle owl (Bubo bubo) used for supportive breeding
Authors: Isaksson M. , Tegelström H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Scandinavian eagle owl population decreased to a few hundred individuals during the first 80 years of the last century as a result of hunting, collecting of chicks, and reproductive problems because of pollution. When most threats against the population were gone, supportive breeding was initiated. Since then the population has recovered remarkably. We describe how seven polymorphic microsatellite markers (Bb‐42, 100, 101, 111, 126, 131 and 145) were developed from an enriched genomic library. These loci have three to 12 alleles and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.20 to 0.94 in a sample of 66 individuals from a Swedish captive population.
Isolation of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci, using an enrichment protocol, in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Giraud T. , Fournier E. , Vautrin D. , Solignac M. , Vercken E. , Bakan B. , Brygoo Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report the development of eight microsatellite markers in the haploid filamentous fungus Fusarium culmorum, a pathogen of numerous cereal crops. An enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellite loci, and polymorphism was explored with isolates of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum from natural populations collected from several French locations.
Isolation and characterization of seven tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in mungbean, Vigna radiata
Authors: Kumar S. V. , Tan S. G. , Quah S. C. , Yusoff K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA simple and rapid method for isolating tetranucleotide microsatellites in mungbean, Vigna radiata, based on the 5′‐anchored polymerase chain reaction technique, revealed 15 microsatellite sequences. We report on the characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in V. radiata. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.561. Tetranucleotide markers are useful because they amplify fewer stutter bands thus making scoring easier. These markers will be useful for detecting genetic variation in mungbean varieties for germplasm management and development of the crop.
Microsatellite markers for the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida)
Authors: Thode Anna B. , Maltbie Mary , Hansen Leslie A. , Green Lance D. , Longmire Jonathan L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA genomic cosmid library was used to develop seven highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida). These are the first reported microsatellite markers derived from this species. The cloned and sequenced repeat motifs include a triplet repeat of (AAT)n, two tetranucleotide repeats of (GATA)n, a tetranucleotide repeat of (ATCC)n, a compound repeat of (GA)n(GATA)n and the two pentanucleotide repeats (AGAAT)n and (ATTTT)n. The microsatellites described represent six presumably independent loci with the two pentanucleotide repeats having originated from a single cosmid. Primer pairs allow locus‐specific amplification of each marker from Mexican spotted owl genomic DNA.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in the sponge Crambe crambe (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) and their variation in two distant populations
Authors: Duran S. , Pascual M. , Estoup A. , Turon X. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeven polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterized in the marine encrusting sponge Crambe crambe from a partial genomic DNA‐enriched library. Preliminary data on allelic variation of these loci in two distant populations of C. crambe are presented to assess their potential utility as high‐resolution genetic markers for this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged between three and 16 and the distributions of allele frequencies differed considerably between the two populations, indicating a marked genetic differentiation between them. These are the first microsatellite loci reported from any species in the phylum.
Characterization of five microsatellite loci in the pine shoot beetle Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Kerdelhué C. , Mondor‐Genson G. , Rasplus J.‐Y. , Robert A. , Lieutier F. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Tomicus piniperda is a bark beetle that causes damage to various pine species across a wide geographical range. We developed five microsatellite polymorphic markers using an enrichment protocol. All loci could be successfully amplified with no evidence of null alleles and will be useful for population genetic studies. Cross‐species amplifications show that at least some of the markers could be useful in four other Tomicus species.
The distribution and habitats of crossbills Loxia spp. in Britain, with special reference to the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica
Authors: Summers Ron W. , Jardine David C. , Marquiss Mick , Rae Robert 
Published: March 2003

A study was carried out, primarily in northern Scotland, to relate bill and wing measurements to diagnostic calls of crossbill species, and thereby use the calls to describe the distributions and habitats of the different species. Bill depth and wing length measurements from museum specimens and live‐trapped birds were used to describe the size categories. Almost all measurements of crossbills from England were similar to measurements of Common Crossbills from Fennoscandia. Museum specimens showed that crossbills in northern Scotland between 1822 and 1990 were a combination of Common Crossbills, birds which were intermediate between Common and Parrot Crossbills (Scottish Crossbills), and perhaps a few Parrot Crossbills. However, catches of crossbills between 1995 and 2000 showed that Parrot Crossbills (based on bill and wing measurements) were present at some sites in the Highlands. Recordings of flight calls and excitement calls of birds of known bill sizes allowed a classification of crossbills according to call types. Four different flight calls (referred to here as types 1–4) and five excitement calls (types A–E) were recognized. A sample of small‐billed birds, thereby identified as Common Crossbills, indicated that there were three groups of Common Crossbills: those giving type 1 flight calls and type A excitement calls (1A), type 2 flight calls and type B excitement calls (2B), and type 4 flight calls and type E excitement calls (4E). Large‐billed birds identified as Parrot Crossbills gave mainly type 2 flight calls and type D excitement calls. Birds with intermediate bill depths (Scottish Crossbills) gave type 3 flight calls and type C excitement calls. Distributions based on calls showed that 1A Common Crossbills were widespread in Scotland but the other types of Common Crossbill were rare. Parrot Crossbills were found in a few localities in the Highlands, and Scottish Crossbills (defined as those giving type 3 flight calls and type C excitement calls) were restricted to the northern and eastern Highlands. Scottish Crossbills and 1A Common Crossbills had overlapping distributions, and overlapped greatly in the types of forests they used between January and March when the Scots Pine cones were still closed. However, Scottish Crossbills were more frequently associated with stands containing Scots Pine compared with Common Crossbills.
Costs and benefits of breeding in human‐altered landscapes for the Eagle Owl Bubo bubo
Authors: Marchesi Luigi , Sergio Fabrizio , Pedrini Paolo 
Published: March 2003

We studied a population of 23–25 Eagle Owl Bubo bubo pairs between 1994 and 2000 in a 1330‐km2 study plot in the central‐eastern Italian Alps. Compared to random sites, territories were located at lower elevation and closer to intensively cultivated‐urbanized valley floors. Early laying was associated with low elevation and negatively affected productivity. Diet was dominated by rats, hedgehogs and dormice (n = 978 prey items), all of them typical of low‐elevation habitats. Higher productivity was associated with a higher proportion of rats in the diet of individual pairs. Low availability of rats resulted in a more diverse diet, in turn associated with low productivity. Territories were occupied every year in a non‐random fashion, and those most occupied were characterized by higher productivity and higher occurrence of the favoured prey types in the diet, suggesting they were of superior quality. Eagle Owls also paid a cost associated with nesting near human‐altered habitats: the main cause of mortality reported to local authorities was electrocution. This is an increasing cause of death for many European populations and may be a cause for conservation concern. Human persecution is also an important cause of mortality in some parts of the European range. Apart from such costs, the study population appeared to have adapted well to the proximity of humans: estimates of density and productivity were comparable to those recorded elsewhere in Europe. The pattern found in our population also held at higher spatial scales: data from 17 European populations showed density to be highest in low‐elevation, human‐altered landscapes.
Facility of accommodation in myopia
Authors: O'Leary Daniel J. , Allen Peter M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Purpose: Myopes have been shown to have abnormal accommodative characteristics. This study investigated the characteristics of accommodation facility in myopic and emmetropic students. Methods: Distance and near positive and negative accommodation response time components of facility were measured over a 1 min period using a −2.00 D/zero lens pair for distance responses and a ±2.00 D lens pair for near responses. 79 students (37 myopes and 42 emmetropes) aged 18–27 years acted as subjects. Subjects were masked, and the results were analysed in a masked fashion. Results:
Mean distance facility was significantly lower (9.7 cycles per minute (cpm)) in the myopic group compared with the mean distance facility in the emmetropic group (15.6 cpm;
p <0.005). There was no significant difference in the near facilities of the two groups (11.5 cpm in myopes vs 12.9 cpm in emmetropes). Positive accommodation response time for distance vision was greater than 4 s in 45% of myopes and in 9% of emmetropes. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that myopes tend to have abnormal accommodation responses to blur. Distance facility, but not near facility of accommodation is more frequently reduced in myopes than in emmetropes.
Application of linear regression to videokeratoscope data for tilted surfaces
Authors: Douthwaite William A. 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To investigate the use of linear regression analysis performed on the tabular data display of the EyeSys videokeratoscope (VK). When a radius squared vs distance squared scatterplot is produced from aspheric surface data the equivalent conic section can be deduced from the intercept and slope of the linear regression line. Non‐linear plots are often produced. Linear regression may then be applied in a number of ways. Method: Topographical data derived from both the EyeSys VK and a computer model of the instrument were analysed by three methods of linear regression. The resultant apical radii, p‐values and predicted surface tilts were compared with known values. Results: The three methods predict different surface characteristics whose errors were found to vary depending upon the asphericity of the surface and its tilt. Conclusions: Apical radius is most accurately predicted by linear regression method (1). Both p‐value and tilt are best predicted by averaging the radius and position data for corresponding points in each semi‐meridian before squaring the resultant points and performing linear regression (method 3).
Central corneal thickness in European (white) individuals, especially children and the elderly, and assessment of its possible importance in clinical measures of intra‐ocular pressure
Authors: Doughty Michael J. , Laiquzzaman Mohammed , Müller Andreas , Oblak Emil , Button Norman F. 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To ascertain the impact of central corneal thickness (CCT, as assessed by pachometry) and central corneal curvature (as assessed by keratometry) on clinical measures of intra‐ocular pressure (IOP, as assessed by tonometry), especially in the young and elderly.Methods: Pachometry, keratometry and tonometry were carried out on three groups, namely children aged 5–15 years, adults aged 32–60 years, and elderly individuals aged between 61 and 82 years. For children, ultrasound pachometry was combined with non‐contact tonometry (NCT), specular microscopy was used with Perkins tonometry in the adults, and ultrasound pachometry was used with Perkins tonometry for the elderly. Central corneal curvature was assessed by keratometry.Results: The average CCT in children was 0.529 ± 0.034 mm (n=104, ±S.D.), averaged 0.533 ± 0.033 in adults (n=75) and 0.527 ± 0.034 mm (n=91) in the elderly. Tonometry values averaged 16.7 ± 2.9 mm in children, 13.0 ± 3.5 mmHg in adults and 13.6 ± 2.5 mm in the elderly group. Central corneal thickness values were not predictably different in relation to central corneal curvature values. Regression analyses indicated that the tonometry values were higher in both children and the elderly who had thicker corneas (and vice versa) (p ≤ 0.003), with the measures increasing by 1.3 ± 0.4 and 2.6 ± 0.4 mmHg for a 10% difference in CCT in children and the elderly, respectively. For adults, no statistically significant difference in tonometry values could be demonstrated with respect to CCT (<1 mmHg for a 10% difference in CCT), and for no group were the CCT or tonometry values predictably different in relation to central corneal curvature values.Conclusions: The results of these studies, albeit relatively small scale, indicate that in young or elderly individuals with essentially normal IOP and CCT measures, the tonometry values show only small differences with respect to CCT. The slope in the observed relationship was not that different from an average of 1.5 mmHg for a 10% different in CCT, as obtained from a literature analysis over a 30‐year period. The magnitude of the effect does not provide evidence that pachometry needs to be routinely performed in glaucoma screening protocols based on tonometry. Notwithstanding, the finding of higher than expected tonometry values should be further investigated, by pachometry, especially in very young children and in the elderly.
The use of video refraction to measure the dynamic properties of the near triad in observers of a 3‐D display
Authors: Ukai Kazuhiko , Kato Yumi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Objective: Recording of the dynamic behaviour of the near triad during viewing of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) display is attempted. This may then be used to identify the possible origin of asthenopia and other ocular problems which occur whilst viewing such displays.Methods: Subjects viewed a 3‐D display through an image splitter. Video recordings of ocular responses (pupil diameter, vergence and accommodation) were made with a commercially available video refraction unit at a distance of 1.2 m from the subject. Continuous recordings were made whilst a step‐wise disparity of up to 2.6° was introduced between the targets presented to the two eyes, but the accommodative stimulus remained unchanged. Image analysis from the recordings was carried out on a personal computer.Results: Results showed various complex patterns of response, with the accommodation and vergence recorded reflecting the effect of stimulus conflict. Difficulty in fusional convergence was recorded when disparity was large, and the recordings reflected the subjects' comments.Conclusion: The video refraction method is a useful tool for studying the dynamic behaviour of the near triad.
The effect of refractive blur on postural stability
Authors: Anand Vijay , Buckley John , Scally Andy , Elliott David B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effect of refractive blur upon postural stability was investigated under three conditions: normal standing, standing with input from the somatosensory system disrupted and standing with input from the somatosensory and vestibular systems disrupted. Standing stability was assessed using the centre of pressure (COP) signal from force plate data in four young subjects (mean 23.9 ± 3.1 years) and five repeated sets of measurements were taken. The subjects looked straight ahead at a horizontal and vertical square wave pattern of 2.5 cycles (degree)−1. Under each of the three test conditions, standing stability was measured with the optimal refractive correction and under binocular blur levels of 0, + 1, + 2, + 4, and + 8 D and with eyes closed. In the normal standing condition, dioptric blur had only a mild effect on postural stability. However refractive blur produced large increases in postural instability when input from one or both of the other two sensory systems were disrupted. We hypothesized that dioptric blur would have an even great effect on postural stability if the visual target used was of higher spatial frequency. This was confirmed by repeated measurements on one subject using a target of 8 cycles (degree)−1. The study highlights the possible importance of an optimal correction to postural stability, particular in situations (or people) where input from the somatosensory and/or vestibular systems are disrupted, and where the visual surrounds are of high spatial frequency.
Testing young infants with the Welch Allyn SureSight non‐cycloplegic autorefractor
Authors: Adams Russell J. , Dalton Susan M. , Murphy Angela M. , Hall Heather L. , Courage Mary L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBoth eyes of 74 healthy 2–12‐month‐old human infants were refracted twice with the new Welch Allyn SureSight non‐cycloplegic autorefractor. At least one reliable estimate of sphere and cylinder was obtained from both eyes of all babies attempted, and 88% of infants contributed two estimates from each eye. These measurements were collected in less than 2 min. Although spherical estimates changed little over the first year (mean = +1.78 D), cylindrical error appeared to decrease from a mean of about 1.4 D (at 6 months) to 0.9 D (at 12 months). Refractive estimates and variability agreed well with published infant data obtained with traditional cycloplegic retinoscopy. Repeatability was excellent for measurement of cylinder but for sphere, 17% of infants' estimates differed by at least 1.0 D between tests. However, given its simplicity and time‐efficiency, the SureSight should be a good candidate for the relatively easy screening of significant refractive error in non‐verbal paediatric patients.