bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the effects of drugs on myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in intact cardiac muscle
Authors: Blinks John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
these are particularly frequently encountered in the study of the actions of drugs. Many drugs act indirectly, by causing the liberation of second messengers into the cytoplasm, or by changing other conditions in the cell (such as pH, concentrations of other ions or small molecules, or redox state), which in turn may influence the response of the myofibrils to the Ca transient.
A History of the Soviet Union 1945–1991
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Described as ‘one of the most tragic human experiences in human history’, the Soviet Union as an empire holds much intrigue and fascination for the Western world. It held unquestionable status as an empire, with its coverage of over 100 nationalities. Its status as the ‘Last of the Empires’ depends on what the future may hold, but any future ‘empires’ will undoubtedly be based on intellectual and institutional foundations far different from those developed during the Soviet era. Here John Keep presents the narrative history of the USSR, from the last years of Stalin, to the chickened fate of Gorbachev’s reform policies, and the ultimate collapse of the empire under manifold centrifugal pressures. Focusing upon political, economic, social, and cultural developments, the book is divided into four parts: the last years of Stalin; Nikita Krushchev’s abortive attempts to reform Communist rule; the years 1964-1985, covered largely by Breshnev’s long tenure of power; and lastly Gorbachev’s abortive attempts to promote a reformed, ‘democratic’, communism.
Central Autonomic Pathways
Authors: Loewy A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of the central pathways involved in the control of autonomic functions has been advanced by many technical developments in the neurosciences. In particular, neuroanatomy has under gone a renaissance following the development of highly sensitive techniques for tracing of neural pathways and immunohistochemical methods for the biochemical characterization of neurons. As a result of these advances, a large body of data has been collected regarding the neuroanatomical organization of central autonomic pathways.
Interference Effects on Memory Functions in Postleukotomy Patients: An Attentional Perspective
Authors: Stuss Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of interference on memory functions in patients who have suffered focal frontal lobe damage has been frequently inferred from the results of clinical observations and experimental research. What type of interference and how this phenomenon relates to theoretic constructs has been less frequently presented. This chapter begins with a brief historical review of the detrimental effects of interference on behavior in patients who have frontal lobe damage.
Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction Schizophrenia
Authors: Weinberger Daniel R , Berman, Karen Faith , Daniel David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that schizophrenia involves dysfunction of the frontal lobes dates back at least to Emil Kraepelin. In his view, the primary behavioral deficit in this disorder was a “destruction of the mainsprings of volition” secondary to anatomic pathology of the frontal cortex (Kraepelin, 1907). While consistent evidence of neuropathologic changes in the frontal lobe has not as yet emerged from research in schizophrenia, Kraepelin’s emphasis on symptoms suggestive of frontal dysfunction has been echoed throughout this century in phenomeno logic studies of this illness.
Nectar Production, Flowering Phenology, and Strategies for Pollination
Authors: Zimmerman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I focus on one general question exemplifying the interactions between plants and their biotic pollinators: Can plants manipulate their pollinators to their own advantage? In other words, do plants possess phenotypic traits that are heritable, variable, and capable of influencing foraging decisions? Furthermore, can the new for­ aging behavior affect gene flow in the plant population so that selective pressure is put on plants to optimize certain traits? Both plants and pollinators are under pressure to maximize fitness but this comes about via different proximate mechanisms.
Minimal-Contact Quit Smoking Strategies for Medical Settings
Authors: Orleans C Tracy , Glynn Thomas J , Manley Marc W , slade John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minimal-contact quit smoking treatment strategies are defined here as efforts to stop smoking not by participating in a formal treatment program, but with the help of brief instructions or advice on how to quit and/or by using self-help materials and quitting aids (e.g., self-help guide, instructional manual or video, adjunctive nicotine replacement) (Curry, in press; Glynn, Boyd, Gruman 1990). In medical settings, minimal-contact treatments generally involve brief smoking history assessment, personalized medical advice to quit, and a self-quitting guide, sometimes with the prescription of a pharmacologic adjunct. As discussed in Chapter 9, minimal-contact medical treatments re-quire a practice environment that facilitates and reinforces smoking cessation (e.g., smoke-free facilities) (Glynn and Manley 1991).
Smokeless Tobacco: Risks, Epidemiology, and Cessation
Authors: Severson Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While cigarette smoking has long been called the number one preventable cause of cardio-vascular disease and cancer, the hazards of smokeless tobacco use only have recently come under scrutiny. Statements by the Surgeon General and the National Institutes of Health have now warned Americans about the potential health dangers of regular use of snuff or chewing tobacco. In 1986, a special report of the Surgeon General concluded that “oral use of smokeless tobacco represents a significant health risk and is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes” (USDHHS 1986).
Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sharabi argues that the historical patriarchal authority structure of the Middle East has not succumbed to modernization and disappeared or even been fundamentally revised. Instead it lives on as neopatriarchy: an inherited patriarchal authority which manifests itself at the level of the state and the family in the form of modernity, while retaining the essence of patriarchy in family, clan, and religion. At the heart of the problem is a petty-bourgeois élite that has frozen further political and social development by frustrating the emergence of a full-blown bourgeois class or an empowered proletariat. Disquieting forces such as sexism and fundamentalism become the end result of the overall societal stagnation.
Measurement of Immune Response
Authors: Kiecolt-Glaser Janice K , Glaser Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has grown very rapidly in the last decade; a number of studies have shown immunological alterations in response to commonplace stressful events such as academic examinations (Glaser et al., 1990), as well as transient laboratory stressors such as mental arithmetic (Kiecolt-Glaser, Cacioppo, Malarkey, & Glaser, 1992). In addition, although data are limited, chronic stressors have been linked to the longer-term down-regulation of immune function (Baum, Cohen, & Hall, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser, Dura, Speicher, Trask, & Glaser, 1991), and diverse interventions appear capable of modulating various aspects of immune function (Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 1992). Although the evidence is still preliminary, these immunological changes appear to have consequences for health (Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith, 1991; Glaser et al., 1987; Kasl, Evans, & Niederman, 1979).
Comparative Analysis of the Origins and Losses of Eusociality: Causal Mosaics and Historical Uniqueness
Authors: Crespi Bernard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Darwin (1859) described the caste dimorphism of social insects as one special difficulty that appeared fatal to his whole theory, analysis of the causes of insect sociality has been in the forefront of research in evolutionary biology. Much of this research has been comparative, in that selective pressures common to diverse eusocial taxa have been sought as unitary explanations for the evolution of alloparental care and sterile castes (e.g., Hamilton 1964; Andersson 1984; Alexander et al. 1991).
The Development of Emotion Schemas in Children: Processes That Underlie Psychopathology
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer M , Oatley Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functions of Emotions and Their Role in Psychopathology
Observations of children with psychopathology make it clear that emotions are important in the difficulties they suffer. Childhood psychopathology is generally divided into two classes, externalizing and internalizing disorders. A child with an externalizing disorder, such as conduct disorder, is aggressive and destructive apparently without adequate provocation. He (boys show much higher rates of conduct disorder than girls) will react to other children’s playful or friendly overtures with hostility. He steals from his parents without regard to their feelings. He taunts and teases until his sibling starts to cry. Such behaviors have an emotional quality. He seems to be angry with the world and he maintains a mode of retaliation. A child with an internalizing disorder behaves differently. She (girls have a somewhat higher prevalence of internalizing disorders than boys) may withdraw from many situations because they make her feel frightened. She often feels lonely, and feels that others do not like her. Her mood is often low and she is unlikely to initiate activities with peers.
Social and Cognitive Processing in Emotion: A Heuristic for Psychopathology
Authors: Philippot Pierre , Rimé Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three years ago, I was deeply in love with a man, but I had never told him. Finally, I couldn’t keep these feelings to myself any longer. I explained to him how much I was attracted by him. He looked very surprised and embarrassed. He told me that, although he liked me, he was not in love with me. I was petrified, and I tried to conceal my feelings but I felt very guilt&lt;; and ashamed and disgusted about myself. I never told this story to anybody and I kept it secret. I felt so hurt and ashamed. After it happened, it often popped into my mind, and I felt very bad again. l tried to avoid these thoughts, but I couldn’t. My whole body was aroused, but l couldn’t express my emotion clearly. Now, I still think about it from time to time, and it is still painful.
Perinatal Influences On The Reproductive Behavior Of Adult Rodents
Authors: Clark Mertice M , Galef Bennett G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In litter-bearing rodent species, the location that a male or female fetus occupies relative to siblings of same or opposite sex influences its level of prenatal exposure to gonadal hormones. In particular, varying amounts of prenatal exposure to testosterone produce cascades of neurendocrine events that, in turn, result in variation in such biologically important characteristics as the timing of puberty, an individual’s lifetime fecundity, the sex ratio of its offspring, and the magnitude of its parental investment. Consequently, studies of intrauterine effects on adult patterns of reproduction provide a means of examining the relationship between normally occurring variation in perinatal exposure to hormones and the variation in reproductive tactics often seen in mammalian populations. Dams can only indirectly influence the intrauterine position of their offspring by varying the size and sex ratio of their litters and the distribution of litter members within the uterus. However, because the same hormonal mechanisms that support indirect maternal effects on behavior also support direct maternal influences on the phenotype of offspring, examination of effects of intrauterine position increases understanding of direct maternal effects on phenotypes of adult mammals.
The Causes of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of cases of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder appear to be genetically transmitted and chemically produced. Stating it differently, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder seems to be hereditary and what is inherited is abnormal chemical functioning within the brain. Stimulant drugs, the most effective treatment for ADHD, most probably have a normalizing effect, correcting the imbalances that are believed to produce ADHD. How the child is treated and raised can affect the severity of his problem, but it cannot cause the problem. Certain types of raising may make the problem worse; certain types may make the problem better. No forms of raising can produce ADHD problems in a child who is not temperamentally predisposed to them. Because child-rearing techniques can to some degree affect the seriousness of the ADHD child’s problem, changes in these techniques are usually helpful. They will be discussed in Chapter 5 on treatment. Even though such psychological approaches can be helpful in the management of the ADHD child, this does not affect the explanation of the origin of the syndrome-the basic source of the difficulties seems to be inborn.
Autonomous Agents
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some Wellspring of creation, lithe in the scattered sunlight of an early planet, whispered something to the gods, who whispered back, and the mystery came alive. Agency was spawned. With it, the nature of the universe changed, for some new union of matter, energy, information, and something more could reach out and manipulate the world on its own behalf. Selfish? Yes. But how does matter, energy, information, and something else miraculous become selfish? From that miracle grew a biosphere-and, we must surmise, from that grow other biospheres, scattered seeds and gardens across the cosmos.
The Cognitive Continuum Theory of Judgment
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of judgment to be described in this chapter is derived from Social Judgment Theory, outlined above in chapter 4. It is expanded here to form the Cognitive Continuum Theory ( CCT) of judgment (see also Hammond, 1996). CCT is based upon four principal concepts; the correspondence and coherence metatheories (described in chapter 3) that control research in this field, and two theoretical terms-intuition and analysis (also described in chapter 3)-both of which have a long history. In the present chapter I first show the importance of the two metatheories in defining the different demands of judgment tasks, and then show the place of intuition and analysis within the two metatheories. I then treat the concepts of intuition and analysis in more detail.
The Schwann Cell
Authors: Karenberg Axel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical eponyms often reflect a single outstanding discovery or a major contribution by the honored person to a particular field of the healing arts. The case of Theodor Schwann, however, represents a somewhat different situation. Given the widespread interests and the epoch-making discoveries of this scientist it seems almost an irony of history and terminology that he is remembered today mainly for his account of a minute, but very important structure of the peripheral nerve. Theodor Schwann was born on 7 December 1810, in Neuss, a small provincial town in the Rhineland, which was a part of France during the Napoleonic: era. His parents had wanted their talented son to become a theologian, and therefore sent him to a former Jesuit college at Cologne. After completing his final examination (Abitur) at the age of 18, however, young Schwann decided to study medicine, natural science, mathematics, and philosophy and attended the universities of Bonn and Wurzburg. In Bonn he came in close contact with the famous anatomist and physiologist Johannes Muller and followed his academic mentor to Berlin.
Todd’s Paralysis
Authors: Lyons John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Bentley Todd was born in Dublin on 9 April 1809. His immediate ancestors had settled in the west of Ireland. His paternal grandfather was a surgeon and apothecary in Sligo, from which coastal town his father, Charles Hawkes Todd, moved to Dublin for apprenticeship in 1797, obtaining the Letters Testimonial, or license, of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) in 1803. Charles remained in the Irish capital and married Elizabeth Bentley. They had 15 children, all of whom survived to adult life. There were nine sons and six daughters; four of the former entered the medical profession; three became clergymen; one a barrister-at-law; one a solicitor. Charles and Elizabeth’s second son’s name incorporated the maternal surname, Bentley. Todd pere was surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, an editor of the Dublin Hospital Reports, and professor of anatomy and surgery in the RCSI, where he held the office of president in 1821.
Disorders of Visual–Spatial Perception and Cognition
Authors: Farah Martha J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are visual creatures, and our brain organization reflects this. Vision is the main function of occipital cortex, and occupies much of parietal and temporal cortex as well. Even in the most anterior parts of the brain, as physically distant as possible from primary visual cortex, are areas dedicated to eye movement programming and visual working memory. One consequence of this organization is that lesions to many different parts of the brain can affect vision. The nature of the visual disturbance depends on the particular contribution that the damaged area would normally have made to vision.
This chapter will review disorders of visual processing in an order roughly corresponding to the stages of visual processing beginning with the earliest stages. For each disorder, its main behavioral features, associated lesion site, and implications for our understanding of normal vision will be discussed.
Anosognosia
Authors: Adair John C , Schwartz, Ronald L , Barrett Anna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anosognosia refers to a state in which patients with brain injury deny their disabilities or lack awareness of their deficits. The relationship of anosognosia to other behavioral disorders is complex. Many authorities view the phenomenon as part of the spectrum of the neglect syndrome. Others emphasize the parallels between anosognosia and confabulatory behavior. Anosognosia also bears some resemblance to disorders of body schema such as asomatognosia or autotopagnosia.
Several descriptions of anosognosia were published before Babinski coined the term in 1914 (Babinski, 1914). As introduced, anosognosia referred only to lack of awareness or recognition of a specific neurologic disturbance (i.e., hemiparesis). Subsequently, the term has been applied more broadly to describe unawareness of any neurological or neuropsychological deficit (Fisher, 1989). A wide variety of clinical syndromes have been associated with anosognosia, including visual loss (hemianopia or cortical blindness), amnesia, dementia, aphasia, cortical deafness, movement disorders (hemiballismus, chorea, tardive dyskinesia), apraxia, and thought disorders associated with schizophrenia.
Emotional Disorders Associated with Neurological Diseases
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Blonder Lee X , Bowers, Dawn , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will discuss changes in emotional experience and behavior that are caused directly by diseases of the central nervous system. These disorders interfere with brain mechanisms that underlie emotion. There are other ways in which neurological disorders and emotions may interact: patients with neurological diseases may have an emotional response to their illness (e.g., they may get depressed because they are disabled); emotional states may enhance neurological symptoms (e.g., anxiety may aggravate tremor); and emotional states may induce neurological symptoms (e.g., stress may cause headaches). Emotional response to disease, emotional enhancement of symptoms, and emotion-induced disorders are not unique to neurology, and are not discussed in this chapter. It has long been recognized that several disorders traditionally in the realm of psychiatry, such schizophrenia, are probably caused by abnormalities in the brain. However, this chapter is limited to traditional neurological illnesses.
Our approach in this chapter is primarily an atomic. We first consider emotional changes that result from lesions in the cerebral hemispheres. These may result from interference with specific neocortically mediated cognitive processes, such as stimulus appraisal, or from disruption of cortical modulation of limbic or other subcortical regions. The frontal lobes have particularly strong limbic connections, and frontal lobe lesions can cause prominent emotional changes.
Recovery of Cognition
Authors: Kertesz Andrew , Gold Brian T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in technology, especially in functional imaging and evoked potentials, have contributed substantially to our understanding of mechanisms and patterns of cognitive recovery in patients. Considerable progress has been made in the basic neurobiology of recovery using cell cultures, gene expression, grafting, and neural transplantation techniques. In this chapter, we shall deal with recovery at the neural systems level that is clinically, anatomically, and physiologically accessible. The study of recovery is more than just a practical consideration for the clinician to provide prognosis, or a baseline for therapy. It is also important because of the theoretical implications for cerebral reorganization. The study of clinical recovery in the human central nervous system (CNS) has been difficult because it requires that patients be followed for months or years. Clinicians observing patients in the acute state often do not have the opportunity to follow them for a long time, and rehabilitation specialists rarely see them during the early stages of their illness. Assessment of the efficacy of treatment is complicated by the difficulty of finding matching controls to determine the ex- tent of spontaneous recovery.
Positive Affectivity The Disposition to Experience Pleasurable Emotional States
Authors: Watson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I examine the broad disposition of positive affectivity, a trait that reflects stable individual differences in positive emotional experience. Individuals high on this dimension experience frequent and intense episodes of pleasant, pleasurable mood; generally speaking, they are cheerful, enthusiastic, energetic, confident, and alert. In contrast, those persons who are low in positive affectivity report substantially reduced levels of happiness, excitement, vigor, and confidence. Reflecting the general neglect of the larger field of positive psychology, positive affectivity was overlooked until the 1980s. Based on the past two decades of accrued research, however, a clear scholarly overview of the positive affectivity construct can be given.