bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immortality Within
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Death, contrary to conventional wisdom, is not an essential part of life. Some forms of life are immortal. They never die. Take, for example, organisms that consist of a single cell. Unless they encounter the microbial equivalent of getting hit by a truck, many of them never encounter death. After bacterial cells or many kinds of protozoans have lived for a while, they divide, and presto, they are instantly reincarnated as two youthful individuals. The spark of life is passed to a new generation, and yet the old generation leaves no corpse. The contractile ring that cinches tighter to pinch the aged parent cell in two transforms one unit of life into two. Each daughter cell incorporates roughly half the living matter that made up the parent. Then the new little cells feed and grow larger. Eventually the cell-cycle clock tolls again and the daughters repeat the death-defying feat of cell division. If a microbial cell ages in any concrete way (it is not clear that it does), it is rejuvenated in the course of cell division.
Atomic Physics in Hot Plasmas
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a coherent and updated comprehensive treatise that covers the central subjects of the field. The style and content is suitable both for students and researchers. Highlights of the book include (among many others) the Ion-Sphere model, statistical models, Average-Atom model, emission spectrum, unresolved transition arrays, supertransition arrays, radiation transport, escape factors and x-ray lasers.
Atomic Properties in Hot Plasmas
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, we investigated the electrostatic potential generated by the plasma environment around an ion immersed in a plasma. In this chapter, we will discuss the direct effects of this potential on the properties of the ions. More explicitly, we will see how the modification of the electrostatic potential by the plasma environment affects the bound electrons’ eigenvalues and wavefunctions and related parameters.
Beyond Speciesism
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do apes really have an intellect that encompasses what we would call language? And even if one were bold enough to conclude that they do, why should we think that the utterances of apes will tell us anything about human language, or the formation of the human mind? Why, for that matter, should someone be interested in the question of whether or not apes have language? If language is innate-part of the “human birthright”-then what of import is to be found in ape language research? Even more to the point: Isn’t the idea that another species should learn a human language anthropocentric? Shouldn’t we learn their “language” if we want to understand them? These are the questions that will be addressed in this concluding chapter.
Etosha
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
eturning to Etosha National Park, we sailed on blissfully smooth tarmac, heads bobbing to the tunes of Bruce Springstein, Neil Young, and Raffi. As the 300 kilometers that separated us from the park closed rapidly, the mopane woodlands grew thick again. Squat bushes hid water troughs and miles and miles of fences. The country had lost its wild flavor. This was “farmland.” Stringy cattle poked from shady refuges. Hands waved from donkey carts. Bright yellow signs warned of straying kudus. “You have one of the most difficult projects in Namibia,” Dr. Malan Lindeque, the new director of research at Etosha’s Ecological Institute, told us, when we met with him after we arrived. He was young, exuding confidence and energy as he explained the challenges ahead for us. We’d have to be prepared to live like nomads, not only in the desert but even at Etosha. Aerial support would be nonexistent, the distances huge.Namibian rhinos had survived, now second only to those of South Africa in population size, not because of sophisticated planning or protection but by default: Geography, low human densities, and remoteness had played crucial roles. To stem the rhino killings that were sweeping across the continent, Namibia had pinned its hopes on dehorning and translocation. (In Kenya, dehorning had been
A Tracker Appears
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We inched along, on spoor above Aub Canyon, passing through hills burnt brown by heat, our cache of food and water dwindling rapidly. Mighty streaks of sunlight pierced the clouds. This was day 23 for us. Green trees lined the gullies as the two-track spoor veered between steep slopes. Music played. Raffi was singing for Sonja: “Down on grandpa’s farm, there is a big brown cow thecow, she makes a sound like this, Moooo, the cow, she makes a sound like this, Moooo. Down on grandpa’s farm, there is a “ “A rhino, Rhino, a RHINO,” shrieked Carol. “Where, Where?” I slammed on the brakes. “Ino, lno.” Sonja saw it at the same time.
Xenophobia
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even during times of plenty, landowners view strangers with suspicion. Lions, ants, and humans are among the many species that exhibit xenophobia. There’s disdain for the unfamiliar, for members of a different group, immigrants, foreigners. Kin are favored over nonkin. Although not all societies are suspicious of foreigners, distrust is more the rule than the exception. Tadpoles prefer to be with close relatives. Lions generally form coalitions with pride mates. Among chimpanzees and humans group bonds are powerful, and tribal wars are legion.
The Evolutionary Genetics Of Maternal Effects
Authors: Wade Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal effects occur when the phenotype of an individual is determined not only by its own genotype and the environmental conditions it experiences during development, but also by the phenotype or environment of its mother (Kempthorne 1969; Wright 1969; Falconer 1989). Indeed, in many species, the mother’s phenotype is the most important environmental condition experienced by an individual during development. The mother’s phenotype determines when and where an offspring is produced as well as the offspring’s size and quality, and in some instances the offspring’s sex (Trivers and Willard 1973; Janzen 1993). By clustering or dispersing offspring, the maternal phenotype has effects on offspring density, the postnatal competitive environment, and the vulnerability of the offspring to predators and disease. Maternal behaviors determine in many species whether and how density regulation occurs at the level of the family and the intensity of postnatal competition among the offspring for limited maternal resources.
The Influence Of Direct And Indirect Genetic Effects On The Evolution Of Behavior: Social And Sexual Selection Meet Maternal Effects
Authors: Moore Allen J , Wolf Jason B , Ill & Edmund D Brodie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
lntraspecific behavioral interactions are ubiquitous. Parents caring for their off spring, dominant individuals maintaining their status over subordinates, and males using odors or sounds to signal to potential mates are just a few examples of the many types of social interchanges that require interactions among at least two individuals. In this chapter we describe two different models that address how genetically based variation among individuals might influence such interactions and therefore the evolution of interactions. To do this we adopt a quantitative genetic approach and build quantitative genetic models that are similar in perspective to maternal effects models. Our chapter is devoted to describing two different models that characterize interactions expected to result in two related but different types of selection. Our models provide insights into the potential role of genetics in the evolution of interactions. In section 2.1 we describe how genetic variation might influence the evolution of social interactions among unrelated individuals. In section 2.2 we outline the role of genetics in the evolution of a sexually selected male signal of parental quality.
What Is an Adaptive Environmentally Induced Parental Effect?
Authors: Lacey Elizabeth P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologists working in fields as diverse as mammalian behavior, plant ecology, microbial genetics, quantitative genetics, and insect ecology have shown that environmentally induced parental effects can be found in most kingdoms of living organisms. Such effects are diverse, have multiple causes, and can be transmitted via multiple pathways. Historically, and understandably, these effects have been studied by biologists who have focused on a particular group of organisms, such as insects or plants, or who have approached the phenomenon from a particular point of view, such as quantitative genetics, ecology, or behavior. The consequence has been the development of multiple terminologies that are not used consistently across disciplines or kingdoms. I believe these inconsistencies hinder the communication among biologists studying these effects, the development of generalized models of parental effects, and the empirical testing of adaptedness of these effects.
Maternal Environmental Effects in Plants: Adaptive Plasticity?
Authors: Schmitt Kathleen Donohue & Johanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now considerable evidence that, in plants, progeny phenotype can be profoundly influenced by the parental environment. Such parental effects are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists for two reasons. First, parental effects determine the level at which selection acts (Schmitt and Antonovics 1986; Wade, this volume) and thus may strongly affect patterns of selection response (Kirkpatrick and Lande 1989; Wade, this volume). Second, parental environmental effects may be viewed as a form of phenotypic plasticity, which may in themselves evolve in response to natural selection (Lacey 1991, 1996; Schmitt et al. 1992; Platenkamp and Shaw 1993; Schmitt 1995; Mousseau and Fox, this volume). In particular, if the cue eliciting the parental effect also predicts the offspring environment, then parental effects that enhance progeny fitness in that environment may be selectively advantageous. It is therefore important to ask whether parental effects are the product of adaptive evolution.
Q and A
Authors: Eich Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Introduction noted, one of the main aims of Counterpoints is to pro vide contributors with a venue in which they can compare their personal points of view and voice their opinions on issues of wider interest. To that end, this chapter shares the answers that Professors Bower, Forgas, Kihlstrom, and Niedenthal gave to a series of questions I raised after they had read each other’s work. In addition to clarifying several specific issues that arose in the core chapters, their replies candidly assess the general state of cognition/ emotion research—its successes, its shortcomings, and its prospects for the future.
Before turning to the first question, a couple of comments are in order. First, apart from adding bibliographic references, I made no major editorial changes to the contributors’ answers—for the simple reason that none seemed necessary or useful, either to me or my co-authors (among whom all replies were circulated). Further, all questions were raised, and answers received, via electronic mail—the only viable option, given that when this book was being written, its five authors were living in four countries on three continents. As it happened, e-mail proved more than merely practical; it seemed to prompt answers that were not only scientifically informed but refreshingly informal as well. Though e-mail may not be as “hot” a medium (in the McLuhan sense of the term) as, say, radio, it is certainly “warm,” an altogether fitting attribute for a book about the interplay between emotion and cognition.
The Characteristics of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of describing the characteristics of children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is in some ways a difficult one. The attributes are not unusual, but many of the symptoms are present in all children and adults to some degree at some particular time. Consequently, the parents reading this chapter are apt to conclude that all their children have ADHD. Before beginning, therefore, let me emphasize that the characteristics listed are not abnormal in themselves; they are only abnormal when they are excessive. What characterizes ADHD children is the intensity, the per¬sistence, and the patterning of these symptoms. In this chapter I will also discuss other disorders that often occur in children with ADHD. This is important because they require different therapeutic approaches. Among the learning disorders are those associated with the areas of reading, spelling, or math. Studies have shown that somewhere between 20 to 30 present of ADHD children have learning disorders. Among the psychological disorders are those classified as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD). Studies performed in clinics !where children are often referred by schools and social agencies) indicate that about 35 present of ADHD children have ODD, and more than 25 present have CD.
Treatment of the Child with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of the ADHD child can often be relatively straightforward. Because medication is of the greatest importance, treatment almost always requires the services of a physician. Nonmedical specialists, such as psychologists, educators, and social workers, may provide useful and sometimes absolutely necessary assistance, but they cannot assume primary responsibility for treatment. Since they are not trained to use and cannot prescribe medications, they are unable to supply the treatment that is both the best and sometimes the only one required. This must be emphasized because too often the ADHD child or his family is referred to a psychologist, social worker, or school guidance counsellor. Such referrals are made because of psychological maladjustment in the child, problems in the family, or failure in school. These problems, as I have said, may be a result of ADHD in the child, and they may also worsen ADHD in the child. Family problems, which may prompt the family to seek help, may actually be the result of the ADHD child and may resolve themselves once treatment begins.
Introduction
Authors: Knapp Alan K , Seastedt Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grasslands are complex yet underappreciated ecosystems. Even though they occupy, or occupied, large areas of all continents except Antarctica (Walter 1985), the development of the science of terrestrial and ecosystem ecology was biased toward forests, with grasslands often considered less stable than forested communities (Clements 1936; Odum 1969; Vogl 1974). Grasslands ecosystems are notable for two characteristics: they have properties that readily allow for agricultural exploitation through the management of domesticated plants or herbivores and a climate that is quite variable both spatially and temporally (Borchert 1950; Frank and Inouye 1994; Chapter 2, this volume). Grassland climates can be described as wet or dry, hot or cold (typic:’ Uy in the same season) but on average are intermediate between the climates of deserts and forests. To the frustration of those dependent on (former) grassland sites for agricultural production, interannual climatic variability is extreme.
The Flora of Konza Prairie A Historical Review and Contemporary Patterns
Authors: Freeman Craig C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contemporary flora of Konza Prairie reflects the spatial and temporal dynamics of its vegetation as affected by a host of complex and interacting factors, including geology, climate, fire, grazing, and human activities (Chapter 6, this volume). Located near the western edge of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem, Konza Prairie is dominated by grassland vegetation characterized by a few native, dominant, perennial, warm-season grasses and an assortment of other species with decreasing abundance and influence in the prairie. The flora is decidedly calciphilous and has a preponderance of wide-spread species. Forest and wetland natural communities typical of eastern Kansas are limited in area, but they contribute significantly to the site’s total species richness.
Diversity of Terrestrial Macrofauna
Authors: Kaufman Donald W , Fay Philip A , Kaufman Glennis A , Zimmerman John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thousands of vertebrate and invertebrate species occur in grassland and forest habitats on Konza Prairie. However, LTER population and community studies have focused only on selected groups of ecologically important species, including small mammals, large mammalian grazers (bison and cattle), insectivorous birds, and grasshoppers. We also have gathered general information on several less studied groups, such as large mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and several orders of insects. In this chapter, we present background information on the diversity of terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates studied to date on Konza Prairie.
Hydrology and Aquatic Chemistry
Authors: Gray Lawrence J , Macpherson Gwendolyn L , Koelliker James K , Dodds Walter K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Konza Prairie includes parts of several stream drainages (Chapter 3, this volume), but the Kings Creek drainage basin lies entirely within the boundaries of the site and has been the focus of aquatic research efforts. The Kings Creek basin encompasses 1,059 ha, with 660 ha in the South Branch, the most intensively studied portion. Since 1979, Kings Creek has been included in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Benchmark Network (station number 06879650) and is the only basin within the network that exclusively drains pristine tallgrass prairie. The key features of the aquatic systems are highly variable surface flow and complex subsurface flow patterns. These features constrain biotic parts of the systems. Little research on the hydrology and aquatic chemistry of Kings Creek was conducted before the inclusion of Konza Prairie in the LTER Program. Since then, research has focused on temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient concentrations and transport in both surface flows and groundwater (Dodds et al. 1996b; Fornes and Thurman 1991; Tate 1985, 1990) and characterization of groundwater-surface water interactions (Macpherson 1992a; 1996; Macpherson and Schulmeister 1994). The goals of this chapter are to review and synthesize information from studies of surface water and groundwater hydrology, and water chemistry in tallgrass prairie.
Patterns and Controls of Aboveground Net Primary Production in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Knapp Alan K , Briggs John M , Blair John M , Turner Clarence L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An analysis of the patterns and control of energy input into tallgrass prairie through primary producers can provide a basis for more comprehensive assessments of the causes and consequences of dynamics in populations, communities, and ecosystem-level components of this grassland. In this chapter, we focus on aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Below-ground productivity is less well studied, but what is known is covered in a later chapter (Chapter 14, this volume). Our objectives are to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of ANPP documented at Konza Prairie; to assess the effect that fire has on ANPP from the ecophysiological to the ecosystem level; to evaluate climatic controls of ANPP; and to present a conceptual model (based on a non-equilibrium paradigm; Chapter 1, this volume) that incorporates multiple limiting resources (light, water, and N) of productivity and can account for the dynamics of ANPP in tallgrass prairie.
Exploratory Data Analysis
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to introduce the Jura prediction data set through its most salient features. This purely descriptive part is a preliminary step toward building a numerical and probabilistic model for uncertainty in spatial prediction. Although the ultimate goal of the study is characterization of the whole area, the set of measurements at all 359 sites is, at this time, considered to be an exhaustive population. Thus, all statistics computed from these data are considered to be exhaustive statistics or sample parameters; hence the traditional ^ superscript (for estimation) is intentionally not used. In Chapter 4, the population is expanded to the entire study area, and the issue of inferring unknown population parameters from sample statistics is addressed.
What Does It Mean That the Motor Component Is Not Crucial? Comments on Kormi-Nouri and Nilsson
Authors: Engelkamp Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of Kormi-Nouri and Nilsson is to argue “that there is no need to distinguish between motor and verbal information with respect to modalityspecific information accounting for the enactment effects.” In order to support this argument, they demonstrate: (a) lack of retrieval enactment effects, (b) effects of verbal and visual secondary tasks on motor memory, and (c) episodic integration by means of motor encoding.
The Powers of Genre
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Powers of Genre describes a method for interpreting oral literature that depends upon and facilitates dialogue between insiders and outsiders to a tradition. Seitel illustrates this method with lively examples from Haya proverbs, folktales, and heroic verse. He then focuses on a single epic ballad to demonstrate, among other things, why stanzas need not rhyme, and how significance needs time in oral poetry and narrative. Making a controversial claim that an heroic age, similar to that of Ancient Greece, existed in Sub-Saharan Africa, this work will intrigue anyone who works in oral literature and narrative.
The Enigma of the Amygdala: On Its Contribution to Human Emotion
Authors: Aggleton John P , Young Andrew W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is widely assumed that the amygdala has an important role in human emotion, the nature of that role has remained elusive. It is also assumed that this structure has an associated contribution to cognition, but, again, this has remained difficult to define (Aggleton, 1992; Anderson, 1978). These failures seem all the more surprising when it is appreciated that there is considerable evidence from studies of other primate species and from rats showing how the amygdala plays a critical role in particular aspects of emotion and cognition (Davis, 1992; Gaffan, 1992; LeDoux, 1995; McGaugh et al., 1992). The principal problem has been transferring these findings to the human amygdala. A clear example of this problem comes from descriptions of the effects of amygdala damage in humans and in other primates. While amygdala damage in monkeys produces a pronounced loss of affective behavior and a catastrophic breakdown in social interactions, comparable changes in humans are almost never reported (Aggleton, 1992). Indeed, the effects of human amygdala damage often appear unremarkable.