bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Einstein-Grossmann Collaboration
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grossmann appeared in previous chapters as the helpful fellow student who made his course notes available to Einstein, as the helpful friend who together with his father paved the way for Einstein’s appointment at the patent office in Bern, and as the friend to whom Einstein dedicated his doctoral thesis. It is now time to get better acquainted with him. Grossmann, a descendant of an old Swiss family, was born in 1878 in Budapest, where his father was employed. He spent his first fifteen years there, then went to Switzerland, where he finished high school. Thereupon he studied at the ETH from 1896 to 1900, together with Einstein. During the next seven years, he taught high school, first in Frauenfeld and then in Basel. In that period he finished his thesis, ‘On the Metrical Properties of Collinear Structures,’ which earned him his doctoral degree at the University of Zurich, and published two geometry books for high school students and three papers on non-Euclidean geometry, his favorite subject.
Imaginary Numbers
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If The mathematical ideas dealt with in the last chapter have been a popular success, those of the present chapter have excited almost as much general attention. But their success has been of a different character, it has been what the French term a succes de scandale. Not only the practical man, but also men of letters and philosophers have expressed their bewilderment at the devotion of mathematicians to mysterious entities which by their very name are confessed to be imaginary. At this point it may be useful to observe that a certain type of intellect is always worrying itself and others by discussion as to the applicability of technical terms.
The Differential Calculus
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Invention of the differential calculus marks a crisis in the history of mathematics. The progress of science is divided between periods characterized by a slow accumulation of ideas and periods, when, owing to the new material for thought thus patiently collected, some genius by the invention of a new method or a new point of view, suddenly transforms the whole subject on to a higher level. These contrasted periods in the progress of the history of thought are compared by Shelley to the formation of an avalanche.
Play and Narrative in Inhibited Children: A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: Lou-Marié Kruger , Dennie Palmer Wolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the history of psychology, the importance of the construct of temperament has fluctuated as different psychological approaches to personality development have gained prominence. The first and most important shift was a shift from stable categories of people to malleable psychological dimensions (Kagan, 1989b). With the advent of psychoanalytic psychology, motivation became the focal point of the study of personality rather than stable inborn temperamental characteristics. Cognitive and social psychology also questioned the notion of inborn stable characteristics, and when issues of personality were addressed, the focus shifted to self-concept and beliefs about the self (Kagan, 1989b). More recently, with renewed interest in the biology of behavior, psychology has witnessed a renewal of interest in the notion that children are born with biases that predispose them to acquire certain behaviors, as well as certain motives and beliefs. However, this new interest in temperament is often accompanied by the qualifying notion that these biases and predispositions cannot be seen as always determining behavior. Whether they will come into play, and the extent to which they come into play, depend a great deal on the environment to which a child is exposed. Thus, the conception of temperament has changed over the years from one of an enduring characteristic intrinsic to a person to one of a syndrome that some individuals realize or exhibit under certain conditions.
Reaction Front Morphology
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reaction fronts of planar, spherical, or other high-symmetry forms may be unstable to perturbations changing their shape. In this chapter we investigate both the linear instability and the nonlinear restabilization of these fronts into scalloped or other lower-symmetry forms. Such phenomena have been found in flames, secondary oil recovery, in situ coal gassification, crystal or particle growth, and reactive porous medium-flow systems. A scalloped reaction front is indicated schematically in Fig. 7-1. In this chapter the instability of planar reaction fronts and their restabilization to new morphologies and states of temporal oscillation are discussed. Numerical results on carbonate-cemented sandstones are presented that demonstrate the surprising richness of nonlinear phenomena that even the simplest systems can sustain.
Mechanochemical Coupling
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a rock under stress, a given grain may interact strongly with its neighbors. Two types of interactions seem possible. A given grain experiences stresses that are related not only to the stresses applied to the rock but also to the mechanical properties and disposition of its neighboring grains. Furthermore, abutting grains may cause strains in each other because of lattice mismatch or interactions among surface charges. Thus, the stress and interfacial energy contributions to the free energy of a given grain can lead to a dependence of its solubility on the disposition of its neighbors.
Hostages of the Ayatollah
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 4, 1979, a mob of islamic fundamentalist militants overran the U.S. embassy in the Iranian capital of Tehran, seizing sixty-three diplomats and embassy personnel. Thus began the Iranian hostage crisis, a 444-day ordeal that was to be the Carter administration’s most serious foreign policy crisis. Iran had been in turmoil since early 1978, when islamic militants had taken to the streets in protest against Iran’s ruler, Mohammed Reza Shah. Hostility to the shah had been building up in Iran for years, and the demonstrations triggered a ground swell of protest that swept the country, drawing millions into the streets.
As antigovernment demonstrations continued throughout 1978, the crowds grew ever larger and more violent. By early 1979, it was clear that most Iranians had turned against the shah and that the security forces, the mainstay of his regime, were crumbling. Aware that he had lost control, the shah fled into exile on January 16, 1979. A few days later, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of the islamic activists who had spearheaded the protests, returned from exile in France to a triumphal welcome in Tehran.
Why We Failed
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the four strategic special operations examined in this study, Sontay came the closest to success. Brilliantly executed, in the end the raid was nonetheless a failure because it did not achieve its chief objective, the recovery of U.S. POWs. The Bay of Pigs and the Iran rescue mission were disasters that exacted a high price in human life and U.S. prestige. The Mayaguez operation was similarly a fiasco, although the fortuitous recovery of the ship’s crew obscured the fact that eighteen Americans died landing at the wrong location to rescue prisoners the Cambodians had already decided to free. Moreover, close examination of these episodes confirms that, as hypothesized at the outset of this study, recurrent problems have plagued U.S. strategic special operations. Faulty intelligence, poor interagency and interservice cooperation and coordination, provision of inadequate advice to decision makers, wishful thinking, and overcontrol of mission execution by officials far removed from the theater of operations have repeatedly jeopardized the ability of the United States to conduct such missions successfully.
Methodological Considerations In The Search For Indicators Of Vulnerability To Severe Psychopathology
Authors: Nuechterlein Keith H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus on populations at heightened risk for later psychopathology has become a very popular strategy for identifying possible vulnerability indicators that precede the onset of a disorder. This strategy allows indicators of vulnerability to a disorder to be separated from abnormalities that are either a structural part of the diagnosable symptomatic state or a secondary consequence of this symptomatic state.
Atmospheres In Radiative And Thermal Equilibrium
Authors: Liou K N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter is discussed the subject of radiation and thennal equilibrium in the earth’s atmosphere, with a specific emphasis on the cloud effect. Radiative equilibrium involves the balance between incoming solar radiation, which drives the general circulation of the atmosphere and the oceans, and outgoing thennal infrared (ir) radiation emitted from the earth-atmosphere system. Consideration of this equilibrium provides a fundamental step toward a physical understanding of the thennal structure of the atmosphere, as a first approximation. Radiative equilibrium has been extensively studied in the fields of stellar atmospheres, atmospheres of other planets, and the earth’s primitive atmosphere. Indeed, some of the earlier pioneering research efforts on the subject of radiative equilibrium can be found in the discussion of temperature for stars (Chandrasekhar, 1939), in the discussion of the vertical structure of planetary atmospheres (Chamberlain and Hunter, 1987), and in the discussion of the structure of the earth’s stratosphere (Goody and Yung, 1989).
Phototactic Behavior: Searching for Light
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All organisms respond in some way to light; they move, orient, swim, or fly to or away from the light—they are phototactic. Organisms have evolved photoreceptors for detecting light, measuring its intensity, and selecting the wavelengths of light for function—all in search of an optimal environment for survival.
Phototactic behavioral responses are described as phototropism and phototaxis. Phototropism, as defined here, is simply a positive or negative orientation of a part or of the whole organism to move toward or away from light. The bending and twisting of a plant leaf to present its surface to the light is an example of positive phototropism. This ability of a plant to orient in search of light increases its efficiency for photosynthesis, which in effect determines the plant’s biochemistry and growth.
Spectral Sensitivity and Color Vision
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We experience the sensitivity of our eyes to light in going from bright daylight to darkness, as in entering a theater. It takes from five to ten minutes for our eyes to become dark-adapted. This phenomenon, moving from photo topic (daylight) to scoto topic (night) vision, was first described by the Czech physiologist Jan Purkinje (1825) as a shift in spectral sensitivity from the blue toward the red of the visible spectrum.
The basis for this difference is that the retinal rods are sensitive at relatively low light levels and their spectral absorption is in the blue-green around 500 nm while the cones are functional in bright light (and color vision) and their spectral absorption lies more toward the red, 560 to 620 nm of the visible spectrum.
Bioengineering: Biomimetics
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can the present information we have about photoreceptors and the optics of imaging eyes be exploited to develop imaging optic devices that can be applied to technology that will provide for human needs? Some examples of this developing technology include solar energy collectors, photoreceptor systems for (light) energy conversion, information systems, photochemical molecular computers, and optical imaging systems as prostheses for the visually impaired. These goals have stimulated researchers to develop devices and systems that mimic to some extent the way living organisms have engineered their photoreceptor, photosensory, and optical systems.
Circumventricular Organs and Their Role in Visceral Functions
Authors: Johnson A K , Loewy A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capillaries of the brain form a unique barrier that permits certain molecules and ions to be trans ferred from the plasma to the brain by selective regulatory processes that are controlled by the endothelial cells. These cells are connected by an elaborate system of tight junctions and form the blood-brain barrier. This barrier does not exclude all molecules. For example, certain substances such as oxygen, car bon dioxide, and anesthetics that are highly lipid soluble readily pass through this barrier.
Autonomic Control of Endocrine Pancreatic and Adrenal Function
Authors: Edwards A V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With one or two exceptions, such as the adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary, the release of hormones into the circulating blood by endocrine cells used to be thought of as representing an entirely separate way of controlling the activity of peripheral tis sues from that exerted by the nervous system. Over the past two decades, however, an enormous amount of evidence has accumulated to show that virtually all endocrine effects can be influenced by the autonomic innervation in one way or another and that such influences are functionally important under normal physiological conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Bancroft John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of The Kinsey Institute Series is to examine issues relating to sex, gender, and reproduction that require an interdisciplinary approach. Adolescence is a prime example of such an issue. It is the stage of development at which the individual is capable of reproduction, re­ organizes and reasserts gender, and displays the early unfolding of the sexual adult-a time of complex and often obscure interaction between biological and sociopsychological influences.
Social Support and Pressure and Their Impact on Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Authors: Trost Jan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social support and social pressure-that is, social control-are significant for human society. We belong to groups and to society with all their norms, to which we are more or less obedient. Subsystems and their various norms can contradict each other or they can be congruent. It seems obvious that adolescents today live under a system that is infinitely more complex than adolescents of a few centuries ago. To simplify, we can say that earlier there were clear rites de passage, indicating when a child changed into an adult. For example, in some Christian societies the confirmation ceremony acted as such a rite of passage. Nowadays, at least in many Western societies, there is no such rite. The adolescent may be counted as a child until 20 years of age when it comes to buying liquor, but as an adult at 12 years of age when traveling by bus or train. Many are not considered adults until they have a college or university education or have married and had children.
Oxides that are Debye-Like Solids
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By physicists’ standards, the materials of planets are not well characterized. The material in the mantle of terrestrial planets is rocky and composed of many minerals that belong to a few phase diagrams. The large potential number of minerals in these phase diagrams is reduced and constrained by the density of seismological models. Even so, uniqueness is not possible because many minerals or combinations of minerals have the same density at zero pressure. Density discrimination at high pressure and high temperature could reduce the ambiguity further if the temperature of the planet were well characterized (which it is not), and if the equation of state were universally agreed upon (which it is not, as will be shown in Part II). Minerals that survive as candidates for planet interiors are of interest to ceramic science.
Finite Strain
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider a few EoS’s based on finite strain. The classical theory of infinitesimal elasticity is based on two assumptions: 1) the strains are uniquely determined by the stresses and are reversible, and 2) the strains are limited to ‘linear’ elasticity; that is, they are so small that squares and products are negligible. In finite strain, the first assumption is retained, but the restriction to small strains is removed (Murnaghan, 1937). In generalized elasticity theory, finite strain representations go back to Love (1927), but practical expressions for finite strain were developed by Birch (1938, 1952). He used Murnaghan’s basic theory but restricted it to the case where the initial stress is a large hydrostatic pressure. The crucial assumption in finite strain theory is in the formal relationship between compression and coordinate displacement (see Stacey et al., 1981).
Constraining Parameters to Get the Equation Of State
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present some examples showing EoS’s that arise with the assumption of special characteristics of EoS parameters. The majority of EoS’s in the literature arise from special and arbitrary assumptions about the parameters. Of the many possibilities, we review three illustrative cases: (1) an assumption about K’ at high P, (2) an assumption about q, and (3) an assumption about Kr(P). The second case is a thermodynamic approach (Brennan and Stacey, 1979), where the Griineisen parameter is written as a special function of pressure (known as the “free volume” approximation), yielding a differential equation in P.
Shear Velocity at High Pressure
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A significant phenomenon in high pressure elasticity is that the behavior of the shear elastic constants does not follow the simple rules found in the EoS, which are restricted to relationships of the bulk modulus in P, V, T space. The behavior of the EoS, such as found in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, is not very structure dependent. On the other hand, the shear constants under pressure are very dependent on structure even to the extent of being different from point group to point group in the same crystal class. Two generalizations stand out. (1) Whereas the bulk modulus is linear in pressure, at least to values of Pf Ko =::: 1/2, the shear elastic constants are, by comparison, quite nonlinear. (2) The Poisson ratio increases with pressure for oxides and ceramics that are densely packed.
Melting
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 50 years a sustained effort to quantify theoretically the solid liquid phase transition has resulted in an enormous literature on the subject. This has not brought about uniform agreement to any satisfaction, and, indeed, as Cotterill (1980) pointed out, melting is still one of the least understood of the common physical phenomena known to man. There are two opposing camps on the theory of melting. The first is that of the purists, who insist that melting requires imposing the thermodynamic condition that the Gibbs free energies of solids and liquids are equal, requiring that a detailed description of the atomic and electronic structures of the solid and of the liquid be quantified (Tallon, 1982). This approach is difficult because the details of the structure of the liquid are known with far less precision than those of the solid. The second camp insists that the nature of melting can often be understood by studying the stability properties of a solid near its melting point: melting is thought to result from a lattice instability. The earliest instability criterion was made by Lindemann (1910), who suggested melting occurs when the amplitude of the vibration of atoms reaches a value large enough that the solid lattice is shaken apart. Other early instability criteria were the ideas that the isothermal compressibility vanished at melting (Hertzfield and Goeppert-Meyer, 1934) or that a shear elastic constant vanished at melting (Born, 1939).
Thermodynamic Functions
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the computations of thermodynamic functions (entropy, for example) require knowledge of the thermal expansivity o and compressibility K., as well as the specific heat. The pressure (or volume) and temperature variation of o and K. contribute to the pressure (or volume) and temperature variation of the thermodynamic functions. The tabulation of these thermodynamic functions in the extreme ranges of temperature and pressure requires a good understanding of the EoS, elasticity at very high temperature, anharmonicity of the solid, and the thermal expansivity at high temperature.
Founding an Independent State
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strictly speaking, the founding of the political order in the new State of Israel did not begin on May 14, 1948. Israel embarked on the transition to independent statehood with an already functioning set of voluntary political arrangements developed by the Jewish community in Palestine (the Yishuv) during the British Mandate (1920-48). But during the founding period, fundamental decisions were made that effectively determined which of the existing Yishuv political arrangements would be maintained and which would not.
Issue Structure, Electoral Response, and Coalition Politics
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capacity of the major political actors the political parties and their leaders-to influence events and exercise political power in democratic societies is, in the last resort, dependent upon winning public support in electoral competition. Ideological and issue differences are usually important elements in elections, and in policy conflict within political institutions between elections. Particularly in coalition systems such conflicts must be resolved if governments are to be constituted and political decisions are to be made.
The Political Dynamics of the Founding Period
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters the relative stability of government in Israel during the founding period was attributed to the pattern of party government led by Mapai, which established and directed the new state structures, headed all cabinets, chose its coalition partners, manned the important ministries, set national priorities, determined the political agenda, and centralized and con­ trolled policy-making and its implementation. In successfully meeting the political, military, economic, and social challenges that accompanied newly acquired statehood, the government demonstrated considerable capacity to rule under difficult conditions.
Conclusion
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has focused upon the establishment and operation of the political structures of Israeli democracy during the founding period that were a hybrid of two diametrically opposed models of democracy: the majoritarian and the consensus models. As we noted, the former tended to concentrate and centralize executive power in the hands of a single-party majority: the latter promoted restraints upon simple majority rule by sharing, dispersing, distributing, and limiting executive power.
On L. V. Kantorovich’S Research In The Field Of Computer Architecture
Authors: Fet Ya. I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The range of interests of Leonid Vital’evich Kantorovich was unusually broad, and he made original and deep contributions to all domains of his various activities. We will try to describe briefly Kantorovich’s views on computer architecture and to review his works in the field. Being an outstanding mathematician and author of fundamental mathematical theories, Kantorovich also paid considerable attention to the technical realization of complicated computational processes.