bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the only modern work to survey in depth the inscriptions of Greece before 403 BC. Since its first publication in 1961, the body of material available for study has increased substantially, and the size of the Supplement in this reissue is a clear measure of that growth. The new pages are partly the work of Anne Jeffery, and partly that of her pupil Alan Johnston. The original text attempts to reconstruct, for Greek inscriptions from the eighth to the fifth centuries BC, a chronological system (divided tentatively into twenty-five year periods) similar to those already generally accepted for Greek sculpture and pottery. It includes surveys of the origin and dissemination of the alphabet among the city states, the development and content of early inscriptions, and the techniques of the craftsmen, followed by a discussion of the inscriptions of each state. Each section contains a list, with bibliography, of all significant inscriptions, while numerous photographs and facsimiles of the inscriptions provide an important instrument of control. The approach is primarily archaeological, but account is taken also of the many historical, philological, and artistic problems involved. `This is a monumental, an altogether superb, book ... It is a book worth waiting for, a major work for reading and for reference, in its field incomparable, and a contribution to the history of our civilization.' Classical World
The Transmission
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now time to try to reconstruct the signs and sounds of the letters in the first Greek alphabet, including further such secondary changes as occurred, through error or other causes, when the alphabet spread among the rest of the Greeks. As a reminder of their Phoenician models, the Greek letters are here written in their earliest form, i.e. from right to left;4 the Phoenician (=Ph) precede them, in square brackets.
The Peloponnese
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Corinthian beta has been called an artificial derivation from pi, to avoid confusion with the epsilon. 1 I incline to think rather that it arose from an incorrect rendering of the primitive beta-type in which the ‘hooks’ are not closed (as in There, Naxos-Paros, Argos, Gortyn in Crete), the lower hook of the Corinthian beta being twisted in the reverse direction.2 This may have been done deliberately, because of the epsilon; but in Melos, where the epsilon is normal, the twisted beta is also used, and so it is perhaps more likely that it was an original error, and that the curious Corinthian epsilon, which I assume to be a doublet from closed heta, slipped into its form the more readily because there was no cause for confusion with beta. The proper direction should then be given by the top hook, but the distinction is not always observed (cf. the painter Timonidas, 15).
The Eastern Greeks
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the twelve cities of southern Aiolis mentioned by Herodotos (i. 149)-Kyme, Larisa, Neon Teichos, Temnos, Killa, Notion, Aigiroessa, Pitane, Aigaiai, Myrina, Gryneia, and Smyrna-only Larisa, Temnos, and Smyrna have yet produced any archaic inscriptions; and Smyrna early became Ionic (cf. Ionic Dodekapolis 69). There are two from Pergamon in Mysia, and isolated examples have been found in the Troad at Sigeion, 1 Neandria, Kebrene, Thymbra, Assos, and Skepsis. Very little has been found on Lesbos, and nothing from Tenedos but her coinage. Nevertheless, these scattered fragments between them reveal an alphabet which is of considerable interest, for it is not identical with the Ionic, nor can it be precisely identified with the script of the Aiolic states of mainland Greece. As the material is very scanty, I propose to discuss the letter-forms with the inscriptions, with no separate table of letter-forms.
The Oman Peninsula during the Early and Mid-Second Millennium BC
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recovery of the archaeological heritage of the Oman peninsula during the second millennium BC began during the Danish campaign of 1962-3 with the discovery of several objects of second-millennium date in reused Hafit-period graves in Buraimi. While surveying northern Ras al-Khaimah in February 1968, B. de Cardi and D. B. Doe encountered nineteen long-burials of a previously unknown type in an exensive area of ruins near the Shihuh village of Shimal. The finds made amidst the debris of one already robbed grave included a fragmentary incised steatite vase of a new type. In 1970-1 K. Frifelt excavated several second-millennium graves on Qarn Bint Sa’ud, north of Al Ain. It was her 1972 discovery and excavation of several graves in the Wadi Suq, above Sohar, and her surface collection at similar ones in the Wadi Sunaysl, near ‘Ibri, however, which were to prove particularly significant. The ceramics and steatite found in the plundered graves in the Wadi Suq constituted a selection of what has come to be considered typical of the second millennium.
North-Eastern Arabia during the Hellenistic Period
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The region known traditionally as al-Bahrain or al-Hasa, and since the administrative reform of 1953 as the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia,! has been of enduring interest to students of Arabia’s relationship with the Graeco-Roman world ever since the publication of the pioneering works of D’Anville, Sprenger, and Glaser. Unstable, indeed anarchic political conditions prior to the foundation of the present Saudi monarchy precluded most exploration in the region, but several early reports of sites and finds dating to the Hellenistic period should be noted. Inscriptions were noted in the Qatif area, for example, at the beginning of the last century.5 A description of the ruins of Thaj survives from 1865. From the second period of Ottoman rule comes an extremely interesting if generally neglected anonymous report, . dating to 1899, on archaeological sites in and around al-Hofuf.
Bahrain from the Hellenistic Era to the Sasanian Period
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite their prominence in ancient Greek and Latin botanical sources, the Bahrain islands have been slow to reveal their later pre-Islamic past. Moreover, much of the archaeological work conducted to date on sites of this period has not been published, so that the student of Hellenism in Arabia is at a double disadvantage. Nevertheless, the remains thus far unearthed on Bahrain are not insignificant, and great strides have been made, particularly in the last decade, in refining the ceramic chronology of Bahrain during the centuries between the Achaemenid and Sasanian empires, in locating and excavating an important pre-Islamic fortress, and in exposing the burial patterns of the period.
Conclusion
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In concluding this work, I do not intend to write a summary of what has already been said. Throughout the text, questions have been raised, problems discussed, and answers ventured wherever possible, and on these I have no more to add at the present time. Rather, in bringing this work to a close, I should like to discuss certain general issues which have not been addressed in the main body of the text but which are nevertheless worthy of some consideration.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to give some basic information on women’s lives in late antiquity, and to make a start on answering some basic questions: to what extent could women choose what to do? What social, practical, or legal constraints limited their choices? What options were available besides (or within) marriage and housekeeping? What was housekeeping like? What level of education or of health care was available? What conduct and ideals were women taught to admire? Questions like these have been asked for the last twenty years, but most writing on women in antiquity focuses on the ‘classical’ periods of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries bc and Rome in the late Republic and early empire; it is comparatively rare to find a book or paper which ranges beyond the start of the third century ad. There are good reasons why the second century ad tends to be a cut-off point, after which we enter what historians call ‘late antiquity’ and theologians ‘the patristic period’.
Health
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MEDICINE was part of the lives of ordinary women. They were agents as well as patients, the first line of defence against ill ness. Hospitals were available, as one form of Christian charity, from the late fourth century, but sick people who had homes were usually nursed there: women supervised diet and tried out traditional remedies. Some women were acknowledged experts on illness and medicines generally; others specialized in childbirth and the problems associated with reproductive life, including ‘female complaints’ and sexual difficulties. It was easier and cheaper to call on them than to employ a doctor with a professional training.
Domesticity And Asceticism
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Houses and housework are a subject on which we need, more than ever, texts written by women. Domesticity was the female role, and men, having defended or merely asserted this basic point, took little further interest in it. It had been argued since the fourth century BC that staying at home is not just a social convention. Women, it was said, are physically suited to staying home just as they are to child-bearing, and households need the division of labour in which the man goes out and the woman stays in.
Book 11
Authors: Paschalis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aeneas erects on a ‘tumulus ‘ a ‘tropaeum ‘ clothed ( ‘induit ‘) with I\llezentius ‘ arms and armour ( ‘exuuias ‘) and dedicates it to I\!Iars. In 10. 762ff. Orion-like Mezentius was seen brandishing a huge spear, the trunk of an ash-tree [86pv], and in 10. 833-6 he was seen washing his wound in the waters of the Tiber and leaning against a tree-trunk ( ‘arboris acclinis trunco ‘), whi]e his helmet was hanging from the boughs of the tree. Now the tree-trunk is stripped of its leaves and clothed with l\1ezentius ‘ ‘exuuiae ‘. A ‘tumulus ‘ is ‘terra tumens ‘ and interacts semantically with ‘exuuiae ‘ ( ‘empty ‘ armour). The relation of tree-trunk [86pv] to ‘tumulus ‘ and ‘exuuiae ‘ (the latter include I\llezentius ‘ broken ‘tela ‘, Sopa-ra) varies the relation of Laocoon ‘s spear [86pv] to the hollow of the Wooden Horse [S6pv]. The trophy is in addition an offering [bwpoJJ] to a god.
Book 12
Authors: Paschalis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the opening of Aeneid 12 Turnus is compared to a wounded lion in Punic fields ( ‘Poenorum ... in aruis ‘). He announces to Latinus his determination to fight Aeneas straight away; the king attempts to dissuade him but Turnus ‘ ‘uiolentia ‘ grows worse with Latinus ‘ attempt to heal the v1mund ( ‘aegrescitque medendo ‘). The Rutu]ian replies that he, too, is capable of inflicting bloody wounds ( ‘uulnere sanguis ‘) with his missiles ( ‘tela ... ferrumque ‘).
Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Against this rich and intricate background the figures of Plato and Aristotle stand out, transcending but not alien to it. By the measure of their greater genius, and in particular their profound faith in the intellect, they are more conscious of Sparta’s inadequacies, and more contemptuous of superficial laconism, than even Isocrates could be. But their criticisms were destined to have less effect than their approval, limited as it was, yet rooted in the fact that their fundamental political beliefs had much in common with those associated with Sparta.
The French Revolution and its Aftermath
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warnings have been uttered of late against supposing that classical antiquity, far from having a significant influence upon the course of events in the French Revolution, was even referred to, by most of the leading figures of the time, with any great frequency or seriousness, and against giving too much political importance to superficial classical fashions. Such warnings are doubtless justified; but it is misleading either to take all the classical states together, or to take them in isolation from other possible sources of inspiration. In particular, Sparta’s place in the literature of and about the Revolution can only be understood if the history of her reputation in the previous half-century be kept in mind. For if many of the politicians of the time had read Livy, Cicero, and Tacitus at school, they had not learnt much about Greece there. The interest in Rome, indubitably the most discussed ancient state at this as at so many periods, may have been fed in part directly from ancient sources; but in spite of Plutarch (or for that matter Rollin) it is clear that Sparta still appears almost exclusively in the very individual dress given her by recent French writers. This is not quite the case with Athens, whose democracy gradually becomes more acceptable than ever before in modern times.
The First Book: An Ethical Self-Portrait
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE last chapter outlined the background, in literature and in life, which helps to explain the first book of the Meditations. The present chapter examines the book itself, its form and subject-matter, the philosophic ideas which give coherence to its apparent disorder, and the indications it gives of its author’s character and preoccupations. The book is not straightforwardly autobiographical; but it is a commonplace that we may learn something about a man from the qualities he praises in his friends. In the last section of this chapter I offer a broader comparison between Book I and the rest of the collection, and comment on the selectivity of the subject-matter of the work as a whole. These limitations are in part deliberate, in part the consequence of Marcus’ position, time of life, and general outlook. Comparison with the Fronto correspondence, and with other evidence concerning the emperor’s earlier years, provides many poignant contrasts.
Aspects of Style and Thought
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE guiding thread in this chapter is the intimate relation in Marcus’ writing between style and thought, between the rhetoric of his prose (vocabulary, metaphor, figures of speech, and so forth) and his philosophic argument. Sections 1-3 discuss various aspects of Marcus’ methods of composition; but consideration of his literary techniques can never be wholly separated from the ethical themes which they serve to express, and from Section 4 onwards these assume greater prominence. By examination of his imagery(§ 4) and through the study of his individual use of a number of traditional themes(§ 5), I attempt to define further his outlook and the nature of his pessimism, and so to pave the way for the fuller discussion of his religious attitudes in Chapters V and VI. Some of the limitations of his sympathy, and some negative aspects of his Stoicism, are considered in Section 6. Many ancient writers develop their ideas by a process conveniently described as ‘theme and variation’-the self-conscious literary reshaping of subject-matter and sentiments previously employed by one’s models and predecessors, or even by oneself. Ovid and Seneca provide conspicuous examples of this mode of composition, which is not, however, beneath even the greatest poets. It becomes still more marked in the first two centuries AD, and perhaps especially in the period of the Second Sophistic.
Life and Death in the Religion of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unnecessary to spend further labour in assembling obvious parallels between Epictetus and Marcus in their language and thought. Much material bearing on this will be found in the earlier chapters of this study. My present object is to focus on a central topic in both authors, their religious outlook—that is, their conception of man in the divinely governed universe. It could reasonably be said that this is the most important of all subjects for both these authors. Logically, their further doctrines of the needs, powers, and duties of the individual man all depend on the conception of man as the offspring and servant of God, pursuing the ideal of self-improvement by submission of his will to God, by so disciplining his mind as to approximate, so far as possible, to a divine state of serenity and purity.
The Female's Role m Reproduction
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early years of childhood, for boys as well as girls, would have been spent at home with the mother, and there is no reason to doubt that, generally speaking, a strong bond existed between a mother and her children. 1 But while Athenians recognized the affective power of the maternal bond, a mother played only a small role in determining a childߣs public or private identity. So, while Aristotle claims that mothers love their children more than fathers, he still asserts that the child is part of its father until it reaches a certain age. 2 In the case of widowhood or divorce, children of a marriage usually remained in their fatherߣs house while their mother returned to her father's house. 3 If a man had had a daughter but no sons, the sons of his daughter (who in this situation was called an epikleros) would inherit his property, but they were only considered to be the true continuance of their maternal grandfather's line if one of his close male relatives (e.g. his brother or first cousin) were the father.4 A woman was not thought capable of perpetuating her fatherߣs line without an infusion of the familyߣs male principle in her offspring. In such a culture, theories of reproduction were bound to emphasize the importance of the male component over the female. In the realm of mythology this emphasis took the form of stories
Venantius Fortunatus
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Venantius Fortunatus, writing in the latter half of the sixth century, was not only a major Latin poet, but also an important historical figure. Educated in Ravenna, he travelled to Gaul and wrote substantially in a range of genres for Merovingian patrons, who were among the central political and ecclesiastical figures of his generation. In a period of cultural transition, he adapted and developed literary traditions, and influenced not only his contemporaries, but also succeeding generations. He also played a personal role in events of national and international significance, and his verse allows us vivid glimpses of the individual lives and characters of his patrons. In this first major modern study of the poet, Judith George illuminates all aspects of Fortunatus' work and the society in which he lived. She also provides the full text and a new translation of a selection of his poetry.
The Songs of Aristophanes
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comedy of Aristophanes was in large measure a musical performance, and his lyric verse covers a wide range of styles - from popular song to parody of tragedy. The music is lost, and our only way of recovering something of the experience of an Athenian audience is by studying the rhythms of the poetry. This book provides a full text, with scansions, of the lyric of the surviving plays, and an introduction to the different rhythms used by Aristophanes, their origins, and literary associations. Dr Parker pays particular attention to showing the role played by lyric metre in the structure of the plays and to distinguishing the different levels of musical style, thus illustrating the integral part metre plays in Aristophanes' dramatic art and satire. She also discusses fully the metrical aspects of textual problems in Aristophanes' lyric, and a section of the introduction traces the evolution of the study of Aristophanes' metres and the influence this has on the text.
Comedy and Tragedy—Inevitable Distinctions: Response to Taplin
Authors: Gredley Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oliver Taplin’s paper, which revisits terrain previously explored in 1986, is soundly based on the conviction that the distinctions between fifth-century tragedy and comedy matter, and that they are in no way nullified by the generic transgressions which have recently attracted critical attention. It is a broad and thought-provoking analysis, to which this reply does not pretend to be comprehensive. Instead, and focusing particularly on Bakchai and Frogs, I offer a series of related comments on each of his three test-cases—chorus, gods, and closures—along with a modest development of his remarks about laughter in tragedy.
Collectivity and Otherness—The Authority of the Tragic Chorus: Response to Gould
Authors: Goldhill Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s startling refusal to consider the role of the chorus in tragedy is a striking demonstration of how a view of the chorus can only emerge from, and in turn inform, a general theoretical perspective on ‘tragedy and the tragic’. ‘The fundamental premises of Aristotle’s theory of poetry and tragedy virtually dictate the devaluation and neglect of choral lyric’, writes Halliwell, who may indeed be right to see the confusions of the modern debate on the tragic chorus partly at least as the legacy of Aristotle’s strategic exclusion of the collective song from his privileging of agency and causality, practical reasoning and action, as the essence of tragedy. John Gould’s refusal of the Aristotelian guide-lines shows his characteristic sense of the scope of a question: I can only agree with his insistence that a treatment of the chorus will be necessary ‘to clarify ... the notion of tragedy and the tragic in the fifth-century context at least’,2 and, what is more, that such a discussion will necessarily involve a wide series of questions about collectivity, authority, ritual, and status. In what follows, I want to pick up three points where Gould’s account seems particularly telling, and, secondly, to explore three areas where Gould’s position seems to need further development.
Peripeteia and Tragic Dialectic in Euripidean Tragedy
Authors: Seidensticker Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1961 Peter Szondi, one of the most distinguished and influential of recent German literary critics, published a short book on the nature of the tragic. In the first part of his discussion, which is certainly one of the most important modern treatments of the subject, Szondi analysed selected passages from major philosophical and aesthetic discussions of tragedy and the tragic from the end of the eighteenth century to the twentieth. As the common denominator of the approaches of philosophers and poets as different as Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche, Holderlin, Goethe, and Hebbel, he proposed the ‘dialectical structure or modality of the tragic’, defining the tragic itself as a ‘dialectical modality of impending or actual destruction’.