bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the relation between facial asymmetry and users' preference between standard versus customized inset progressive addition lenses
Authors: Espinilla Oscar Garcia , Pavón Irene Sánchez , Herranz Raúl Martín 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: User adaptation to progressive addition lenses (PALs) wear requires accurate facial measurements, mainly naso or interpupillary distances, usually measured with a frame ruler. But facial asymmetries are usually ignored. Measurement of foveal fixation axis (FFA) ‐the line linking directly the fixation point and the fovea‐ allows precise facial asymmetry assessment. This study aimed to compare users' preference between standard versus customized inset PALs in patients with and without facial asymmetry according to their FFA measurement.Methods: A crossed, double blind, randomized study was conducted. Participants were classified according to previous experience with PALs (neophytes, PALs users, dropout, and uncomfortable PALs users) and with (>1.0 mm) or without (≤1.0 mm) facial asymmetry. After a complete eye test, two different PALs (LifeStyle 3i, Hoya) were prescribed in a randomized and masked order (2.5 mm standard inset and FFA customized inset PALs). PAL users' preference between both lenses was collected (subjective opinion) after 30 days of wear. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26 (Chicago, USA). ANOVA was used to compare different groups and Chi‐square was used to analyse the frequency of choice of both PALs.Results: 71 participants (37 women and 34 men) were included. 49 with FFA asymmetry; 56% of them (95%CI 42–71%) preferred customized inset lens (Figure 1) (p = 0.05), in dropout group 67% (95%CI 33–100%). No differences (p > 0.05) in clinical parameters were found between patients with or without FFA asymmetry.Conclusions: Participants with FFA asymmetry preferred customized inset lens, especially dropout patients. Facial asymmetry could be a relevant factor in PALs adaptation and FFA measurement could improve users' satisfaction with customized PALs in patients with facial asymmetry.FIGURE 1 (Left). PALs choice according to the patients' facial asymmetry. (Right). PALs choice according to the patients previous use of PALs.imageFIGURE 1 (Left). PALs choice according to the patients' facial asymmetry. (Right). PALs choice according to the patients previous use of PALs.
Neurovascular coupling reflex from contralateral stimulation: System setup
Authors: Jordão João , Quental Hugo , Morgado Miguel , Figueira João , Castro‐Farías Daniela , DeBuc Delia Cabrera , Castelo‐Branco Miguel , Paques Michel , Bernardes Rui 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the blood flow modulation in response to stimuli and has been extensively studied in the brain. Concerning the human retina, this behaviour has been only measured in the ipsilateral eye, where stimuli and observed effects involve the same eye. This work aims to set up the hardware to assess NVC in the contralateral eye and demonstrate its feasibility in edifying human retina‐retina or cortico‐retinal connections.Methods: Adaptive optics (AO) is a cutting‐edge technology in retinal fundus imaging, offering exceptional spatial resolution. The NVC effect was successfully assessed using the RTX1, an AO retinal camera capable of ipsilateral stimulation. The possible effects of contralateral stimulation can be readily assessed by providing RTX1 with an external flickering device. Furthermore, connecting the thread between previous fMRI results and photic stimulation in the ipsi‐ and contralateral retina can offer valuable information on uncharted interocular or brain‐retina neural pathways and lead to cost‐effective and non‐invasive biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases or early brain vasculature impairment diagnosis.Results: Even though further optimization of flicker‐related parameters is necessary to investigate the contralateral NVC response, preliminary tests showed the successful integration of a fully operational contralateral stimulation prototype with the RTX1. The entire procedure has been documented, and all components have been thoroughly evaluated.Conclusions: These preliminary assessments precede a clinical study involving patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and a control group of healthy individuals. It follows previous fMRI studies that showed impaired NVC in type 2 diabetic patients by measuring the BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level‐Dependent) response using block and event‐related optical stimuli. A comparative analysis of the findings aims to demonstrate the potential role of neurovascular uncoupling in the early pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
The effects of post‐saccadic oscillations on visual processing time
Authors: Llapashtica Emsal , Barbur John 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Saccadic eye movements enable us to search for a target of interest in a crowded scene, or in the case of goal‐directed saccades, to bring the peripheral target to the fovea. Visual information is processed quickly at the end of each saccade, yet precise measurements of the times involved remain controversial. This research investigates the time needed to process visual information at the end of each saccade.Methods: A new psychophysical test makes it possible to measure eye movement response latencies and visual processing times. When the test is used in conjunction with an eye tracker, each component that makes up the ‘integrated saccade latency’ (ISL) time, from the onset of the peripheral stimulus to the correct interpretation of the information carried by the stimulus, can be measured and the discrete components delineated. We measured ISL times in six subjects in response to Landolt ring optotypes of varying contrast presented peripherally at an eccentricity of 8° and also at the point of regard (0°).Results: We show that the time required to process and encode the stimulus attribute of interest at the end of a saccade is longer than that needed to carry out the same task in the absence of an eye movement. Depending on the stimulus contrast, these time durations ranged between 101–120 ms (15%) and 34–48 ms (75%) when eye movements were involved and 57–35 (15%) and less than 25 ms (75%) in the absence of eye movements.Conclusions: The extended visual processing times measured when saccades are involved may be the result of transient loss of spatial resolution caused by eyeball instability during post‐saccadic oscillations. These results explain why stimuli of high luminance contrast yield best performance in visual tasks when eye movements are involved.Acknowledgements: We acknowledge the UK Civil Aviation Authority for their support.
ZOSPy, a python package for ray tracing simulations
Authors: van Vught Luc , Haasjes Corné , Beenakker Jan‐Willem 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose:	Ray tracing simulations with optical models of the eye are used for a wide range of applications, such as designing intra‐ocular lenses. These simulations are often performed in OpticStudio (Ansys/Zemax), a piece of software with powerful analytical tools. However, OpticStudio largely relies on manual user interaction, limiting its ability to analyse a large number of eyes. While OpticStudio has an Application Programming Interface (the ZOS‐API) that allows for automation, using this API requires in‐depth programming knowledge. Thus, we developed ZOSPy, an open source library that provides an accessible interface to the ZOS‐API which allows users to directly focus on the optical modelling and analyses.Methods: ZOSPy is a python‐based wrapper around the official ZOS‐API, which provides full access to the API and enables full control of OpticStudio. In addition, we facilitated the usage of the API by simplifying initiation of the API connection, adding functions that fully wrap analyses and including auto‐completion in Python. Finally, it provides unit‐tests that enable validation of different OpticStudio versions.Results: ZOSPy has been used to facilitate ray tracing in several studies. One study used ZOSPy to assess the relation between the anatomy and Negative Dysphotopsia. by determining retinal illumination profiles and [1] In another study, ZOSPy was used to show that the extent of an intra‐ocular tumour can be erroneously overestimated by transillumination during surgery [2].Conclusions: ZOSPy allows users to omit complex coding and directly focus on optical modelling and analyses, which reduces the threshold for using ray tracing simulation in (ophthalmic) research.References1. van Vught, et al. Effect of anatomical differences and intraocular lens design on negative dysphotopsia. JCRS.2. Jaarsma‐Coes, et al. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Based and Conventional Measurements for Proton Beam Therapy of Uveal Melanoma. Ophthalmol Retina. 2023.
Comparing the effect of benzalkonium chloride‐preserved, polyquad‐preserved, and preservative‐free prostaglandin analogue eye drops on cultured human conjunctival goblet cells
Authors: Nagstrup Anne , Freiberg Josefine , Hansen Pernille May , Boix‐Lemonche Gerard , Utheim Tor Paaske , Dartt Darlene , Petrovski Goran , Heegaard Steffen , Kolko Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To investigate the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)‐preserved latanoprost and bimatoprost, polyquad (PQ)‐preserved travoprost, and preservative‐free (PF) latanoprost and tafluprost, all prostaglandin analogues (PGAs), on human conjunctival goblet cell (GC) survival. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of BAK‐preserved and PF latanoprost on the cytokine secretion from GC.Methods: Primary human conjunctival GCs were cultivated from donor tissue. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tetrazolium dye colorimetric (MTT) assays were used for the assessment of GC survival. A cytometric bead array was employed for measuring secretion of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 from GC.Results: BAK‐preserved latanoprost and bimatoprost reduced cell survival by 28% (p = 0.0133) and 20% (p = 0.0208), respectively, in the LDH assay compared to a negative control. BAK‐preserved latanoprost reduced cell proliferation by 54% (p = 0.003), BAK‐preserved bimatoprost by 45% (p = 0.006), PQ‐preserved travoprost by 16% (p = 0.0041), and PF latanoprost by 19% (p = 0.0001), in the MTT assay compared to a negative control. Only PF tafluprost did not affect the GCs in either assay. BAK‐preserved latanoprost caused an increase in the secretion of pro‐inflammatory IL‐6 and IL‐8 (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0019, respectively) compared to a negative control, which PF latanoprost did not.Conclusions: BAK‐preserved PGA eye drops were more cytotoxic to GCs than PQ‐preserved and PF PGA eye drops. BAK‐preserved latanoprost induced an inflammatory response in GC. Treatment with PF and PQ‐preserved PGA eye drops could mean better tolerability and adherence in glaucoma patients compared to treatment with BAK‐preserved PGA eye drops.
Factors associated with retinal nerve fibre layer stability after glaucoma surgery
Authors: Eun Park Sung 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: The first objective of the present study was to investigate whether retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) deterioration exists after successful glaucoma surgery, and how long it lasts. The second objective was to identify the factors associated with RNFL thickness stability after surgery.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. A total of 128 eyes of 108 patients who received one successful glaucoma surgery including trabeculectomy and Ahmed valve implantation, and had been followed up with cirrus optical coherence tomography (cOCT) were examined. We defined intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction as the difference between peak IOP before surgery and IOP at the first cOCT examination after surgery. RNFL thickness reduction greater than −5.03 μm/year immediately after surgery, but remained below −5.03 μm/year in two or more consecutive examinations was defined as a ‘maintenance after progression group’ (group1). Also, the other group was defined as a ‘maintenance group’ (group 2), RNFL thickness reduction less than −5.03 μm/year.Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in sex, age, diagnosis, and operation. However, preoperative IOP was statistically significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p = 0.039). There was no significant difference between group 1 and 2 in the duration of IOP elevation before surgery (p = 0.998). The preoperative RNFL thickness tended to be thicker in group 2 than in group 1, but it was not statistically significant. The average duration of progression in group 2 was 23.9 months. Factors containing age, sex, operation, diagnosis, preoperative IOP, preoperative IOP rise duration, and pretreatment RNFL thickness were less relevant with postoperative RNFL thickness reduction stabilization.Conclusions: In conclusion, the factor that showed a significant difference between the ‘maintenance after progression group’ (group 1) and the ‘maintenance group’ (group 2) was preoperative IOP.ReferencesKim WJ, Kim KN, Sung JY, Kim JY, Kim CS. Relationship between preoperative high intraocular pressure and retinal nerve fibre layer thinning after glaucoma surgery. Sci Rep‐Uk 2019, 9.
Evolution of the morphology of filtering blebs through anterior segment OCT, one, three and six months after Preserflo Microshunt implant and its correlation with intraocular pressure
Authors: Prades Gemma Ortega , Pérez‐Torregrosa Vicente‐Tomás , Gallén Leyre Sanz , Parot Álvaro‐Andrés Ojeda , Pérez Prudencia Rochina , Samper Antonio Miguel Duch 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Study the evolution of the morphology of filtering blebs through AS‐OCT, one, three and six months after Preserflo implant and its correlation with IOP.Methods: Prospective observational study of 16 eyes with cataract and glaucoma, poorly controlled with maximum medical treatment and mean IOP of 23.6 mmHg, which underwent combined surgery with Preserflo and 0.04% MMC. The patients underwent measurement of IOP and AS‐OCT of conjunctival bleb one, three and six months after surgery. Bleb morphology is classified following the Leanzhofer classification as uniform or multiform (multilayer and/or multicystic). The presence of an episcleral aqueous lake in the distal part of the device is also studied.Results: Of the 16 patients studied, all completed the quarterly check‐up and 9 the six‐monthly check‐up. Of the total number of patients, 9 presented multiform multilayered bleb and 7 multiform multilayered with superficial cysts in the 1st and 3rd month. Of the 9 who completed the study up to the 6th month, 4 maintained their multilayered morphology, and of the remaining 5, who both in the 1st and 3rd month presented a multilayered morphology with superficial cysts, we observed a slight flattening of the bleb. The mean IOP in the 1st month was 12.5 mmHg, 12.6 in the 3rd month and 13.4 in the 6th month. Episcleral lake was observed in 9 cases, which remained present throughout the study.Conclusions: SA‐OCT is useful for monitoring conjunctival blebs after Preserflo implantation. Despite the slight thinning after the sixth month of the multiform multilayered blebs with superficial cysts, IOP remains stable. Therefore, the presence of multiform blebs and a maintained episcleral lake seem to be related to good hypotensive control.References1. Lenzhofer M, Strohmaier C, Hohensinn M, Hitzl W, Sperl P, Gerner M, Steiner V, Moussa S, Krall E, Reitsamer HA. Longitudinal bleb morphology in anterior segment OCT after minimally invasive transscleral ab interno Glaucoma Gel Microstent implantation. Acta Ophthalmol 2019 Mar; 97(2): e231‐e237.
Potential neuroprotective effects of anti‐cytokine antibodies against lipopolysaccharide‐induced microglial inflammation
Authors: Zhang Linglin , Perumal Natarajan , Guan Chaoqiang , Francis Alfred Francis Pakkam John , Pfeiffer Norbert , Grus Franz H. , Manicam Caroline 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation is involved in many neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. This study examined the effects of anti‐cytokine antibodies on LPS‐induced inflammatory response of microglial cells, and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms by proteomic analysis.Methods: A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuroinflammation model was established in murine BV‐2 microglial cells in vitro. The expression of microglial cell markers (CD68 and CD206) were detected by immunocytochemistry. BV‐2 was stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) with or without anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (anti‐TNF‐α, 2 μg /ml) or anti‐interleukin‐1 beta (anti‐IL‐1β, 4 μg /ml) for 24 h. LPS‐induced inflammation level was analysed using the Griess assay to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Proteome alterations were characterized employing the mass spectrometry‐based proteomics and bioinformatics analyses.Results: Immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of microglial markers in BV‐2 cells. LPS stimulation induced excessive activation of BV‐2, with significant increase in NO generation (p < 0.0001). Anti‐IL‐1β significantly attenuated 34% of the LPS‐induced NO generation (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, anti‐TNF‐α showed a stronger anti‐inflammatory effect by reducing 57% of LPS‐induced NO generation (p < 0.0001). Bioinformatics analyses revealed that differentially expressed proteins involved in inflammation (p = 3.8 × 10−5) and apoptotic (p = 3.2 × 10−11) signalling pathways were significantly activated by LPS. Particularly, LPS‐mediated upregulation of STAT1 (p = 8.6 × 10−6) was restored by anti‐IL‐1β and anti‐TNF‐α (p = 3.1 × 10−4 and p = 2.7 × 10−3, respectively). Anti‐IL‐1β induced proteome alterations involved in anti‐inflammatory signalling pathways and promote glial cell polarization towards neuroprotective M2 phenotype (p = 5.3 × 10−6), while anti‐TNF‐α treatment significantly regulated proteins involved in immune response of macrophages (p = 2.7 × 10−8).Conclusions: In summary, anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐IL‐1β antibodies alleviated LPS‐induced neuroinflammation and altered proteins involved in neuroprotective pathways. Hence, anti‐cytokine antibodies have therapeutic potential as neuroprotective agents.
ZEISS VISULAS green SLT in primary open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: 6 month follow up in a real‐world setting
Authors: Sacchi Matteo , Tomaselli Davide , Calzi Gaia Li , Monsellato Gianluca , Brancato Cinzia , Nucci Paolo 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: The aim of this study is to report preliminary data of efficacy and safety of ZEISS VISULAS® green Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) in a real‐life clinical setting.Methods: We prospectively collected data of 34 treated eyes in 17 patients during 2022. Patients followed a regular clinical management in our center (San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy). Follow up was of 6 months. Inclusion criteria were adult patients, diagnosis of POAG or OHT. Exclusion criteria were previous laser trabeculoplasty (LT), filtration surgery, and cyclophotocoagulation procedures. Main outcome was ≥20% intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction at 6 months. All the procedures were performed by two doctors (CB, DT). Adverse events were recorded.Results: We included 34 eyes of 17 patients. Mean age was 67.4 ± 11.5 years. Patients were 88.2% Caucasian, 47.1% females, with a diagnosis of OHT (64.7%), mild POAG (29.4%), or moderate POAG (5.9%). The mean IOP was significantly decreased from baseline to 6 months (21.5 ± 2.1 vs 18.0 ± 2.6 mmHg, p < 0.05). Primary outcome (≥ 20% IOP reduction at 6 months) was reached in 52.9% cases. There was no significant increase in glaucoma medical therapy at 6 months (1.1 ± 1.0 vs 1.4 ± 1.0 medication per eye, p = 0.23). No patient received a second SLT treatment or underwent filtration surgery or cyclophotocoagulation procedures during the follow‐up. No major ocular or systemic side effects were found. The most common adverse event was ocular discomfort in 10 cases (29.4%), always mild and transient. SLT treatment was performed with an average of 100.2 ± 6.7 spots, 27.4 ± 4.7 μJ energy, and a 360° distribution for 32 of 34 eyes (2 eyes treated at 270°).Conclusions: We reported the preliminary short‐term data of efficacy and safety of ZEISS VISULAS® green SLT treatment in POAG and OHT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ZEISS VISULAS® green SLT in a real‐life clinical setting. This technology has been shown to be effective and safe in lowering IOP at 6 months after the treatment. Limits of this study were the small sample size and the short follow‐up time.
Combined non‐penetrating deep sclerectomy with phacoemulsification versus non‐penetrating deep sclerectomy alone
Authors: López Carmen Miquel , Abellán Maria Victoria Navarro , de los Reyes Retamero Sánchez María , González Luis Eloy Pérez , Olivares Javier Hernández 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To compare the intraocular pressure after two surgical techniques: combined non‐penetrating deep sclerectomy with phacoemulsification (Phaco‐NPDS) and non‐penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) alone.Methods: It is a retrospective study including thirty‐two patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) who were not controlled with medication. They were assigned to Phaco‐NPDS (twenty‐two eyes) or NPDS (twenty eyes). Complications in surgery were noted and also, they were followed up after the surgery and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at one day, a month, six months and a year after the surgery. Moreover, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the number of the anti‐glaucoma medications at the end of the postoperative medication was measured.Results: Mean IOP in the Phaco‐NPDS group decreased from 24.55 ± 5.8 mmHg to 17.31 ± 2.1 mmHg and in the NPDS group from 26.05 ± 4.1 to 15.6 ± 2.3 mmHg one day after surgery. The decreases of IOP in the postoperative period were statistically significant in both groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant IOP difference between Phaco‐NPDS and NPDS patients postoperatively (p > 0.05). The mean number of glaucoma medications decreased from 3.31 ± 1.4 to 0.68 ± 0.2 and from 3.2 ± 1.3 to 0.3 ± 0.5 in the Phaco‐NPDS and NPDS groups, respectively. The decreases in the mean number of the anti‐glaucoma medications at the end of the postoperative, 24‐month follow‐up period were found to be statistically significant for both Phaco‐NPDS and NPDS groups (p < 0.05). Mean BCVA increased significantly in both groups. However, the visual outcome was significantly better for the Phaco‐NPDS group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Phaco‐NPDS surgery achieved excellent IOP control, while also providing immediate visual recovery. The success rate was similar to that of the NPDS procedure alone. It is advisable to consider Phaco‐NPDS as a primary surgery for patients with coexisting cataract and open angle glaucoma, including PXG.