bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analgesia for adenotonsillectomy in children: a comparison of morphine, ketamine and tramadol
Authors: Umuroğlu Tümay , Eti Zeynep , Çiftçi Hatice , Yılmaz Göğüş F. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : Establishment of good analgesia is of major concern in the postoperative period following adenotonsillectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ketamine, morphine and tramadol on postoperative pain after adenotonsillectomy in children.Methods : Sixty children (age 5–12 years) scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomized into four groups to receive intravenously (i.v.) either 0.5 mg·kg−1 ketamine hydrochloride (K), 0.1 mg·kg−1 morphine hydrochloride (M), 1.5 mg·kg−1 tramadol hydrochloride (T) or normal saline (S) in a volume of 4 ml during induction. After tracheal intubation 10 μg·kg−1·min−1 ketamine hydrochloride in group K and 0.6 ml·kg−1·h−1 saline i.v. in groups M, K and S were infused peroperatively. Postoperative analgesic requirements and side‐effects were recorded. Pain was assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) scores.Results : Heart rate increased significantly peroperatively only in group K. NRS at first and fifth minute in group M and at first minute in group T and K and CHEOPS score at first, fifth, 15th and 60th min in group M were found to be significantly lower than in the control group. The time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group M compared with ketamine and the control group. Six children in group M, nine in group T, 11 in group K and 15 in group S needed additional analgesics.Conclusions : Morphine hydrochloride 0.1 mg·kg−1 i.v. administered during induction of anaesthesia provides efficient pain relief in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
Offenders as Victims of Crime?: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Criminal Behaviour and Victimization
Authors: Deadman Derek , MacDonald Ziggy 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe consider the association between victimization and offending behaviour by using data from the Youth Lifestyles Survey. We consider the effect of violent and non-violent offending on the probability of being a victim of violent and non-violent crime and find a positive association between these by using univariate probit estimates. However, taking into account the endog- enous nature of offending and victimization via a bivariate probit model, we find that univariate estimates understate the association. We suggest that policy recommendations should only be informed by the bivariate analysis of the association between offending and victimization.
The Validation of Surrogate End Points by using Data from Randomized Clinical Trials: A Case-Study in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Burzykowski Tomasz , Molenberghs Geert , Buyse Marc 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIn many therapeutic areas, the identification and validation of surrogate end points is of prime interest to reduce the duration and/or size of clinical trials. Buyse and co-workers and Burzykowski and co-workers have proposed a validation strategy for end points that are either normally distributed or (possibly censored) failure times. In this paper, we address the problem of validating an ordinal categorical or binary end point as a surrogate for a failure time true end point. In particular, we investigate the validity of tumour response as a surrogate for survival time in evaluating fluoropyrimidine-based experimental therapies for advanced colorectal cancer. Our analysis is performed on data from 28 randomized trials in advanced colorectal cancer, which are available through the Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer.
An Invitation to Quantum Tomography
Authors: Artiles L. M. , Gill R. D. , Gut¸ă M. I. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe describe quantum tomography as an inverse statistical problem in which the quantum state of a light beam is the unknown parameter and the data are given by results of measurements performed on identical quantum systems. The state can be represented as an infinite dimensional density matrix or equivalently as a density on the plane called the Wigner function. We present consistency results for pattern function projection estimators and for sieve maximum likelihood estimators for both the density matrix of the quantum state and its Wigner function. We illustrate the performance of the estimators on simulated data. An EM algorithm is proposed for practical implementation. There remain many open problems, e.g. rates of convergence, adaptation and studying other estimators; a main purpose of the paper is to bring these to the attention of the statistical community.
An introduction to plant sphingolipids and a review of recent advances in understanding their metabolism and function
Authors: Lynch Daniel V. , Dunn Teresa M. 
Published: December 2004

SummarySphingolipids are ubiquitous constituents of eukaryotic cells, and have been intensively investigated in mammals and yeast for decades. Aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry in plants have been explored only recently. To date, progress has been made in determining the structure and occurrence of sphingolipids in plant tissues; in characterizing the enzymatic steps involved in production and turnover of sphingolipids (and, in some cases, the genes encoding the relevant enzymes); and in identifying a variety of biological functions for sphingolipids in plants. Given that these efforts are far from complete and much remains to be learned, this review represents a status report on the burgeoning field of plant sphingolipid biochemistry.

Contents

Summary
677

I.
Introduction
678

II.
Plant sphingolipid structure
678

III.
Sphingolipid metabolism in plants
683

IV.
Sphingolipid functions in plants
693

V.
Conclusions
696

Acknowledgements
696

References
696
The plastic plant: root responses to heterogeneous supplies of nutrients
Authors: Hodge Angela 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWhen roots encounter a nutrient‐rich zone or patch they often proliferate within it. Roots experiencing nutrient‐rich patches can also enhance their physiological ion‐uptake capacities compared with roots of the same plant outside the patch zone. These plastic responses by the root system have been proposed as the major mechanism by which plants cope with the naturally occurring heterogeneous supplies of nutrients in soil. Various attempts to predict how contrasting species will respond to patches have been made based on specific root length (SRL), root demography and biomass allocation within the patch zone. No one criterion has proved definitive. Actually demonstrating that root proliferation is beneficial to the plant, especially in terms of nitrogen capture from patches, has also proved troublesome. Yet by growing plants under more realistic conditions, such as in interspecific plant competition, and with a complex organic patch, a direct benefit can be demonstrated. Thus, as highlighted in this review, the environmental context in which the root response is expressed is as important as the magnitude of the response itself.

Contents

I.
Introduction
9

II.
Morphological responses
10

III.
Root demography
14

IV.
Physiological plasticity
14

V.
Root plasticity in patches in competition and symbiosis with microorganisms
16

VI.
Influence of patch attributes
17

VII.
Control of root proliferation
19

VIII.
Conclusions
20

Acknowledgements
20

References
20
Evolution under tight linkage to mating type
Authors: Uyenoyama Marcy K. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryRecent large‐scale sequencing studies of mating type loci in a number of organisms offer insight into the origin and evolution of these genomic regions. Extensive tracts containing genes with a wide diversity of functions typically cosegregate with mating type. Cases in which mating type determination entails complementarity between distinct transcription units may descend from systems in which close physical linkage facilitated the coordinated expression and cosegregation of the interacting genes. In response to the particular selection pressures associated with the maintenance of more than one mating type, this nucleus of low recombination may expand over evolutionary time, engulfing neighboring tracts bearing genes with no direct role in reproduction. This scenario is consistent with the present‐day structure of some mating type loci, including regulators of homomorphic self‐incompatibility in angiosperms (S‐loci). Recombination suppression and enforced S‐locus heterozygosity accelerate the accumulation of genetic load and promote genetic associations between S‐alleles and degenerating genes in cosegregating tracts. This S‐allele‐specific load may influence the evolution of self‐incompatibility systems.
Attentional blink reflex modulation in a continuous performance task is modality specific
Authors: Lipp Ottmar V. , Neumann David L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFour experiments investigated the attentional modulation of acoustic blinks during continuous spatial tracking tasks. Experiment 1 found blink magnitude inhibition in a visual tracking task. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and also found blink latency slowing. Experiment 3 varied the difficulty of the task and found larger blink inhibition in the easy condition. Blink latency slowing did not differ and was significant at both difficulty levels. Experiment 4 employed less difficult visual and acoustic tracking tasks at two levels of task load. Blink magnitude inhibition during the visual and facilitation during the acoustic task was significant during high load in both modality groups. Blink latency was slowed in all visual task conditions and shortened in the difficult acoustic task. These results indicate that attentional blink modulation in a continuous spatial tracking task is modality specific.
The sequential processing of visual feature conjunction mismatches in the human brain
Authors: Wang Yuping , Cui Lili , Wang Huijun , Tian Shujuan , Zhang Xi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo clarify the brain mechanism for multifeature stimulus comparison, subjects matched the features of two serial visual stimuli in pairs. Stimulus pairs were of four categories: C−S−, color same, shape same (match); C−S+, color same, shape different (shape mismatch); C+S−, color different, shape same (color mismatch); C+S+, color different, shape different (conjunction mismatches). Subjects matched the stimuli in three different sessions according to different attention tasks: attending to color (Ac), attending to shape (As), or attending to both color and shape (Acs). A negative one‐peak brain potential, N270, was elicited in all the mismatch conditions with amplitude enhanced in the task‐relevant mismatch. Negative potential with two peaks, N270 and N400, appeared when attending to the conjunction mismatches concurrently. The two serial negativities in response to attended feature conjunctions might reflect the temporal different stages for processing conjunction mismatches or conflicts.
ERP indices of emotionality and semantic cohesiveness during recognition judgments
Authors: Mcneely Heather E. , Dywan Jane , Segalowitz Sidney J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the impact of emotionality on false recognition. In Experiment 1, participants discriminated previously studied words from neutral and negatively valenced emotional foils. Emotional words elicited a more positive ERP than did neutral words and emotional foils were falsely recognized more often than neutral foils. In Experiment 2, the hypothesis that emotionality‐based false recognition is due to the semantic cohesiveness of emotional words was tested by including a highly associated but emotionally neutral category (animals). It was emotional and not animal foils that elicited greater positivity in the ERP and increased false positive response. These data provide little support for semantic cohesiveness as the basis for false recognition effects, but are consistent with the view that the salience of emotional words can be falsely attributed to familiarity in the context of a recognition task.
Event‐related potentials associated with sound discrimination versus novelty detection in children
Authors: Čeponienė R. , Lepistö T. , Soininen M. , Aronen E. , Alku P. , Näätänen R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn children, deviant sounds in an oddball paradigm elicit a mismatch negativity (MMN) indexing discrimination of sound change and late difference negativity (LDN) with unknown functional significance. Salient sounds elicit an ERP index if orienting, P3a, and a late negative component, Nc. We compared children's responses elicited by moderate sound changes and novel sounds to examine the relationships between MMN and LDN, and LDN and Nc. Two components of the Nc, the Nc1 and Nc2, were identified. The scalp topography of LDN differed from those of the MMN and Nc1. Children's early P3a appeared mature but late P3a lacked frontal predominance. The findings suggested that LDN is not linked with either the sensory or attentional processing. It might reflect cognitive, albeit preattentive, processing of sound change. The Nc1 appears to reflect cognitive attentive processing of salient stimuli and the Nc2 might reflect reorienting after distraction.
Left‐hemispheric abnormal EEG activity in relation to impairment and recovery in aphasic patients
Authors: Hensel Sandra , Rockstroh Brigitte , Berg Patrick , Elbert Thomas , Schönle Paul Walter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFocal electromagnetic slow‐wave activity is generated in the vicinity of brain lesions. The present study confirmed this for the EEG delta band (1–4 Hz): Activity in the waking state was pronounced over the hemisphere of the lesion in 11 stroke patients suffering from aphasia, but not in 10 healthy controls. Changes of abnormal slow waves patterns were tracked from 1–3 months to 2 years poststroke by recording the EEG five times at 4‐month intervals. Across the first year poststroke, mean left‐hemispheric delta amplitude and equivalent current dipole strength decreased in parallel with the spontaneous recovery of language function, whereas the regional distribution of delta activity sources was stabile across time. No changes were observed during the second year poststroke. Results suggest that abnormal slow waves in the vicinity of brain lesions may be related to impairment in brain function, and that their measurement may assist in depicting the course of functional recovery.
Feature versus gestalt representation of stimuli in the mismatch negativity system of 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children
Authors: Molholm Sophie , Gomes Hilary , Lobosco Jacqueline , Deacon Diana , Ritter Walter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined preattentive auditory change detection in 7‐ to 9‐year‐old children. The question of interest was whether the preattentive comparison of stimuli indexed by the scalp‐recorded mismatch negativity (MMN) was performed on representations of individual stimulus features or on gestalt representations of their combined attributes. The design of the study, based on a work byD. Deacon, J. Nousak, M. Pilotti, W. Ritter, and C. Yang (Psychophysiology, 1998), was such that both feature and gestalt representations could have been available to the comparator mechanism generating the MMN. The data indicated that for the majority of the children—those that exhibited an inverse relationship between the amplitude of the MMN and the probability of the deviant—the MMN was based on feature‐specific information. This study also provides a method to obtain MMNs to deviants in three different features in the time usually required to obtain an MMN to a single acoustic feature.
Program running versus problem solving: Mental task effect on tonic heart rate
Authors: Sosnowski Tytus , Krzywosz‐Rynkiewicz Beata , Roguska Joanna 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt was hypothesized that mental tasks that involve program running (RUN tasks) would cause a greater tonic heart rate (HR) increase than tasks that require the search for problem solutions (EDIT tasks). Three experiments using verbal, numeric, and graphic material were run to compare tasks matched for difficulty but differing in qualitative demands (RUN vs. EDIT tasks). As predicted, filling in missing letters in words caused a larger HR increase than finding words that were logical continuations of a series of words (Experiment 1) and performing arithmetic operations caused a greater HR increase than logical completion of a series of digits (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, two of three tasks that demanded counting of graphic elements caused a larger HR increase than a task that required logical completion of a series of graphic elements. Experiments 1 and 2 also showed that RUN tasks evoked greater phasic HR acceleration than EDIT tasks.
The characteristics of human papillomavirus DNA in head and neck cancers and papillomas
Authors: Major T , Szarka K , Sziklai I , Gergely L , Czeglédy J 
Published: December 2004

Aim:To determine the prevalence, type, physical state, and viral load of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in cases of head and neck cancer and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).Methods:The prevalence and type of HPV DNA was determined in 27 fresh frozen tissue specimens from patients with head and neck cancers and 16 specimens from 10 patients with RRP by MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent restriction enzyme cleavage. The physical state of HPV DNA was analysed by E1, E2, and E1E2 specific PCRs and Southern blot hybridisation (SBH).Results:HPV DNA was detected in 13 of 27 cancers and 10 of 10 papillomas. Both low risk HPV-6 and HPV-11 and high risk HPV-16 were present in cancers in low copy numbers, whereas papillomas exclusively harboured low risk HPV-6 and HPV-11. E1E2 PCRs failed to determine the physical state of HPV in cancers except one case where HPV-6 DNA was integrated. In contrast to cancers, all papillomas showed the episomal state of HPV DNA and a relatively higher viral load.Conclusions:Based on the prevalence, type, physical state, and copy number of HPV DNA, cancers and papillomas tend to show a different HPV DNA profile. The 100% positivity rate of low risk HPV types confirms the role of HPV-6 and HPV-11 in the aetiology of RRP.
Efficacy of screening the intermediate cluster region of the bcl2 gene in follicular lymphomas by PCR
Authors: Batstone P J , Goodlad J R 
Published: December 2004

Background:The t(14;18) translocation is a common finding in nodal follicular B cell lymphomas and diffuse large B cell lymphomas, and results in the overexpression of the antiapoptotic bcl2 protein. This chromosome rearrangement can be detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with most breakpoints in the bcl2 gene occurring within either the major breakpoint region (mbr) or the minor cluster region (mcr). However, recent investigations have revealed several breakpoints between these two regions, which cluster 19 kb 3′ of mbr in the “intermediate cluster region” (icr).Aims/Methods:To analyse a series of 57 B cell follicular lymphomas known to carry the t(14;18) by PCR with primers directed against all three cluster regions to determine the efficacy of screening the icr site.Results:Twenty six samples had an mbr rearrangement, four an mcr rearrangement, and three an icr rearrangement.Conclusions:These results suggest that screening for icr is at least as efficacious as screening for mcr rearrangements.
Desmoplasia measured by computer assisted image analysis: an independent prognostic marker in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Sis B , Sarioglu S , Sokmen S , Sakar M , Kupelioglu A , Fuzun M 
Published: December 2004

Aims:The assessment of desmoplasia by traditional semiquantitative methods does not provide reliable prognostic data. The aim of this study was to quantify desmoplasia by computerised image analysis in primary colorectal carcinomas and to investigate its ability to predict overall survival.Methods:In total, 112 colorectal adenocarcinomas, with a median follow up of 66 months, were studied. The representative tumour sections were stained by the van Gieson method, which stains collagen rich stroma red. For quantitative histochemical measurement, digital images were analysed by a computerised image analysis program to calculate the percentage of red stained tissue area. The percentage of desmoplasia (PD) was related to conventional clinicopathological prognostic factors and overall survival.Results:The mean (SD) PD was 4.85 (3.37). PD was found to be significantly associated with lymph vessel and venous invasion. By Kaplan–Meier analysis, PD was associated with survival—patients with PD > 4 had a shorter survival than those with PD ⩽ 4. In multivariate analysis, tumour stage, distant metastasis, and PD emerged as independent prognostic factors.Conclusion:Desmoplasia measured by image analysis seems to be a significant prognostic indicator in patients with colorectal carcinoma and the improved method described in this study would be useful for routine prognostication.
An audit to assess the quality of necropsies performed on stillborn infants
Authors: Burnley H , Moore I 
Published: December 2004

Aims:To determine the quality of stillbirth postmortem reports and their contribution to a final diagnosis following the introduction of explicit consent forms after the Alder Hey inquiry.Methods:Necropsy reports from 100 consecutive stillbirths were reviewed from 2001 onwards. A spreadsheet compiled data items that were considered essential in the Royal College of Pathologists guidelines. The type of consent (with permission for organs/tissue retention) was recorded to assess the impact on establishing a cause of death.Results:Consent for tissue retention was obtained in 95 cases, whereas consent for organ retention was significantly lower (52 cases). In two cases, permission was refused for tissue retention and three requested external examinations only. Of these five, four had an undetermined cause of death, compared with 35 of 95 cases where permission for tissue retention was granted. All data items considered essential were recorded in every report. In 65 cases, the necropsy provided useful information, helped clinical care, and addressed parental concerns.Conclusions:There was no major impact of the type of necropsy consent on establishing a cause of death, apart from the case of limited necropsies without histological examination of tissue samples.
Survival and Growth of Lake Whitefish from Two Stocking Strategies in Lake Simcoe, Ontario
Authors: Amtstaetter Frank , Willox Campbell C. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
To determine the more efficient stocking strategy for lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, we compared growth and survival of fish stocked as fall fingerlings and as spring yearlings. Paired lots were stocked in April and October from the 1986 to 1991 year-classes. Survival and growth of fish from the two rearing practices were indexed as the relative abundance and length of 6-year-old lake whitefish captured with trap nets during fall spawning runs from 1992 to 1997. No difference in relative abundance or length between lake whitefish stocked at 6 months of age and those stocked at 12 months of age was detected. This contradicts results reported for many other fish species, which have exhibited greater survival rates when stocked as yearlings rather than fingerlings. As a result of these findings, all lake whitefish stocked into Lake Simcoe are stocked in the fall when the fish are 6 months of age, thus freeing up limited hatchery space for other purposes.