bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turning Remedies Around: A Sectoral Analysis of the Court of Justice
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the journey taken by the Court of Justice to constitutionalize the Treaties, the promotion of the private enforcement of Community law has been a lodestar, pointing the Court along the road ahead. Direct effect and supremacy, combined with the preliminary reference procedure, provided the basic tool-kit for getting Community law into the parts of national systems other international law regimes reached much less often. This tool-kit placed Community law in the hands of private parties which could use its provisions ‘at home’ to provide tangible, applicable, enforceable results. This functional, effectiveness-related aspect of the transformative capacity of private party enforcement was melded with a second, symbolic aspect. The private party in Community law could be presented as, and importantly sometimes actually was, a real flesh-and-blood individual. This provided both impetus and justification for the Court of Justice’s development of the private enforcement model. Protection of the rights of individuals-the triumph of rights over goals, principles over policies-provides a convincing mandate for the judicial development of a new legal order. In the private enforcement model, of course, the functional desire for greater effectiveness conveniently pointed in the same direction as the symbolism of effective judicial protection of the rights of individuals in the construction of this new community.
Privacy and Freedom Of Expression
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a reprint of the Chapters on Privacy and Freedom of Expression from the authors' major practitioner text, The Law of Human Rights; its separate publication in this form is intended to make it accessible to those who might not want to buy the larger work. It provides a comprehensive and systematic treatment of human rights law and practice in the UK in relation to privacy and freedom of expression, including detailed analysis of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998. The book is in two sections: relating to privacy and freedom of expression respectively. Each section contains a discussion of the pre-existing status of the right in English law, a thorough analysis of the European Convention case law, and full examination of the likely impact of incorporation on English law. This impact is considered in relation to the applicable general principles but also in respect of a number of specific subject areas, including business and commerce, criminal law and justice, education, employment, immigration, media, mental health, police and prisoners. Each section has detailed appendices drawing out lessons from the experience under the Canadian Charter and the New Zealand Bill of Rights as well as discussion of the relevant right in other jurisdictions. It is the only book which provides such a detailed analysis of these two important rights, and is likely to be of particular interest to media lawyers and practitioners, as well as to those practising in employment and criminal law.
The Internationalization of Capital Markets: How International Institutional Investors are Restructuring Finnish Companies
Authors: tainio risto , huolman, mika , pulkkinen matti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The internationalization of capital markets is having a significant impact on corporate restructuring worldwide (Useem 1996). By restructuring, we here mean mainly portfolio restructuring, including divestitures, liquidations, asset sales, and spin-offs, and organizational restructuring, including redesigning corporate governance systems and streamlining organizational structures (Bowman and Singh 1993). At the company level, the internationalization of capital markets has encouraged the increase in foreign ownership and control of shareholdings (Whitley 1999).
The Development of Transnational Standards and Regulations and their Impacts on Firms
Authors: morgan glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic transactions require an element of shared values and norms which are enforceable within and beyond the transaction itself. Without these shared standards, it is difficult to build and sustain economic relationships. These shared standards are embedded in formal and informal institutions which govern transactions and act as the rules of the game. Within national contexts, these standards are part of a broader process of building and maintaining institutions in conditions of transactional uncertainty and complexity. Outside these national contexts, however, the existence of shared standards is much more precarious. If such standards are important at an international as well as a national level, where do they come from and what is their impact? In this particular chapter, the focus is on how certain sorts of transactional uncertainty and complexity provide the basis for firms and other economic agents to construct systems of standardization that operate beyond the national level to give actors an institutional basis for their economic relationships.
Common Principles of Corporate Governance in Europe?
Authors: Hopt Klaus J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The convergence of the common law and the civil law is an old dream—or nightmare—an outlook that depends less on which side of the Channel or the ocean the idea is held, and more on how international the outlook of the academic or practitioner is. Academics who have studied abroad or are even comparativists1 look at this differently than those who are firmly and exclusively embedded in their own national law and its legal subtleties. The same is true for the practitioners both in the legal profession and the enterprises, though a grow ing number of them are exposed professionally to European law and to international legal issues.2
Prediction of Control Concentration in German and UK Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, the corporate-governance systems of the UK and Germany could not be more different. The German block holder system is characterized by a small number of quoted firms and poor liquidity. Most firms have complex concentrated shareholding structures. Weak managers are believed to be disciplined by large shareholders rather than by the market for corporate control and there are potential agency conflicts between controlling and minority shareholders. The Anglo-American market-oriented or outsider system has, in contrast. a large number of listed companies with mostly dispersed ownership. The high dispersion increases the potential lack of monitoring and poor corporate performance is disciplined by hostile takeovers.
Less is More: Making Institutional Investor Activism a Valuable Mechanism of Corporate Governance
Authors: Romano Roberta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Institutional investors have in the past decade increasingly engaged in corporate governance activitics, introducing proposals under Rule l 4a-8, the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) proxy proposal rule,1 and privately negotiating with management of targeted firms with the stated goal of improving corporate performance. For example, since the mid- l980s, mstitutions have submitted shareholder proposals on corporate governance&gt; consisting principally of proposals to eliminate defensive tactics to takeovers, to adopt confidential proxy voting, to enhance board independence, and to restrict executive compensation, to hundreds of firms. Before 1986 only a small set of individual investors engaged in such activism: from 1979 to 1983, religious groups and between six or seven individuals, depending on the year, iubmitted more than half of all proposals, which ranged in the hundreds every year (e.g. Liebeler 1984: 438 and n. 86).
Virtual Society?
Authors: Woolgar Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book investigates the precise effects on society of the new and much vaunted electronic technologies (ICTs). All aspects of our social, cultural, economic, and political life stand to be affected by their continued massive growth, but are fundamental shifts already taking place in the way in which we behave, organize, and interact as a direct result of the new technologies? The contributors to the volume argue that their transformative effects amount to our transition to a virtual society.
Clubs and Consortia: European Banking Groups as Strategic Alliances
Authors: Ross Duncan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European cooperation in the international banking market can be dated to the confluence of two crucial factors in the 1960s. The first of these is the challenge that American banks began to set their European counterparts from the early part of that decade. By following US-based multinational companies to Europe, and by competing aggressively with the European banks only not for American business, but also for the business of European multinationals, they were seen as predators in what had hitherto been a relatively peaceful and protected set of domestic markets. The European banks considered the incursions—or, more specifically, the tactics—of the Americans to be hardly ethical and they set about trying to find a way of combating this. Ongoing European integration represented the second explanatory factor for the development of international cooperation.
German Banks and the American Challenge
Authors: Ramm Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite all the difficulties and setbacks, the German economy recovered fairly quickly from the aftermath of the Second World War. It largely benefited from the Marshall Plan and was put back on a track of fast and stable growth from the early 1950s. Gradual liberalization of exchange and capital control were consequences and additional factors of the ‘German miracle’. In the second half of the 1950s, the restrictions on the West German capital market were gradually eased-with tax disadvantages in particular being dismantled and the market was opened up internationally. One important aspect was the introduction of free convertibility for the D-mark in December 1958.
Colonial Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Veer Peter Van Der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is cosmopolitanism a view from nowhere? Is its locus the enlightened individual whose allegiance transcends the boundedness of the traditions in which he or she is socialized? Sapereaude (‘have the courage to use your own intelligence instead of following traditional authority’) is the slogan of the Enlightenment, according to Kant. The boundaries of traditional authority, of belonging to one’s nationhood, ethnicity and religion, have to be transcended if one wants to be cosmopolitan and feel allegiance only to a worldwide community of mankind. In other words, one has to be an enlightened individual.
Cosmopolitanism at the Local Level: The Development of Transnational Neighbourhoods
Authors: Hiebert Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To set the scene for this chapter, I would like to begin at the micro-geography scale of the street I live on in Vancouver’s Eastside (or, more precisely, the lane behind my street). My street is situated in a neighbourhood called Cedar Cottage, which for around 100 years has been an area of active immigrant reception, at first of new arrivals from the United Kingdom, then central, southern and Eastern Europe and, most recently, the Asian side of the Pacific Rim. According to the la est census (1996), 72 per cent of the residents of my part of Cedar Cottage are immigrants, 20 per cent having arrived in the last ten years. A large variety of national backgrounds are represented, including remnants of the earlier European migrations and, of course, many Asian-Canadians. In fact, just below 60 per cent are classified by the census as ‘visible minorities’, meaning that they are of non-Aboriginal, non-European descent. Of these, the bulk is of Chinese origin, from a number of countries that include China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Indonesia. Beyond the Chinese-Canadian population, there are still many, mainly older, Europeans, and new immigrants from various countries.
Towards a sociology of information technology
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The technical attributes of new information and communication technologies increasingly dominate explanations of contemporary change and development. As Watchman (2002) points out, many sociologists see technology as the impetus for the most fundamental social trends and transformations. To this, I would add a tendency to understand or conceptualize these technologies in terms of technical properties and to construct the relation to the sociological world as one of applications and impacts. The challenge for sociology is not so much to deny the weight of technology, but rather to develop analytic categories that allow us to capture the complex imbrications of technology and society.
Towards a Theory of Timing: Kairology in Business Networks
Authors: Hedaa Laurids , Törnroos Jan-Åke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept ofKairology is derived from the ancient Greek, but largely unknown, god Kairos, who was assumed to be in control of the right moment, or god of the more contemporary notion of Timing. This chapter is an essay about new avenues for the basis of managerial thinking and theories with a temporal focus. The chapter looks specifically at the role of time and timing through event analysis in management theory. First, the impact of change and stability on models and theories in management are developed. Secondly, the role of temporality, change aspects, and timing related to the contemporary business environment is highlighted. Thirdly, a perspective of new directions of man agerial thinking with a temporal focus is developed.
Cooperation Engineered: Efficiency in the ‘Just-in-Time’ System
Authors: Ikuko Nishimoto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kanban, kaizen, ‘total quality control’ (TQC) and ‘quality circles’ (QC), ‘flexi bility’, and ‘multiple processing’—since the 1980s Western companies have introduced concepts and practices such as these into their plants in the United States and Europe. They have done so to emulate Japanese cost-saving methods of production, or ‘lean production’, as it is known in the United States. Some figures may illustrate how the introduction of such ‘Japanese’ manufacturing techniques improved Western companies’ performance.
Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a study of social relations among workers at a utility company in the eastern United States, George Homans (1953, 1954] observed that a small group of young women (doing a job called ‘cash posting’) exceeded the minimum work standards of the firm by a significant margin (i.e., on average by 15 percent). Most of these women neither desired nor expected promotion in the firm in return for their troubles.
Fourth Source of Uncertainty: Matters of Fact vs. Matters of Concern
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Groups are made, agencies are explored, and objects play a role. Such are the three first sources of uncertainty we rely on if we want to follow the social fluid through its ever-changing and provisional shapes. So far, our core hypothesis may still remain acceptable to those who define social in the traditional sense of the word. To be sure, it requires more work: an extension of the list of actors and agencies; a deepening of the conflicts about practical metaphysics; an abandonment of the artificial divide between social and technical ‘dimensions ‘; a pursuit through areas scarcely visited until now; a new practice of finding controversies more rewarding and, in the end, more stable than absolute departure points; and, finally, an invitation to develop a puzzling new custom to generously share metalanguage, social theory, and reflexivity with the actors themselves who are no longer considered as mere ‘informants’ .
On the Difficulty of Being an ANT: An Interlude in the Form of a Dialog
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An office at the London School of Economics on a dark Tuesday afternoon in February before moving upstairs to the Beaver for a pint. A quiet but insistent knock is heard. A student peers into the office. Student: Am I bothering you? Professor: Not at all. These are my office hours. Come in, have a seat. S: Thank you. P: So ...I take it that you are a bit lost? S: Well, yes. I am finding it difficult, I have to say, to apply Actor Network Theory to my case study on organizations.
First Move: Localizing the Global
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first corrective move looks simple enough: we have to lay continuous connections leading from one local interaction to the other places, times, and agencies through which a local site is made to do something. This means that we have to follow the path indicated by the process of delegation or translation explained in Part I. As we have also learned in the preceding pages, this deployment might take the shape of a network on the condition that every transport be paid in transformations, that is, if we make sure to pave the whole way from one site to the next not with intermediaries but with full-blown mediators.
The Value Relevance of Trademarks
Authors: Seethamraju Chandrakanth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intangibles research deals with the valuation, value relevance, and recognition of intangible assets on the financial statements. Under current GAAP, most intangible assets are not recognized in a firm’s financial statements unless they are acquired and identifiable. This contrasts with research findings that show that information about unrecognized intangibles plays a significant role in determining and explaining firm value.
Why Firms Diversify: Internalization vs Agency Behaviour
Authors: Morck Randall , Yeung Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many corporations are diversified while many others are not. An extensive literature has developed around the issue of whether diversification adds to firm value or reduces it. Case studies can yield both results. For example, in 1978 IT&T did business in twelve different industries at the three digit SIC code level and had an average Tobin’s q ratio of 0.57, while in the same year, 3M did business in eleven different industries and had a q ratio of 2.02. Did diversification hurt one firm and help the other, or did a company like 3M build shareholder value despite its diversification?
The Increasing Returns-to-scale of lntangibles
Authors: Hand John R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s, the US economy enjoyed its longest expansion ever. This success is most often attributed to a set of micro- and macroeconomic factors that have been labelled as the New Economy. Among these factors, many businesspeople and economists argue that in particular intangibles have over time come to play a more central role in creating value (Boulton et al., 2000; Lev, 2000, 2001) because of the strong opportunities that successful investments in intangibles can provide for firms to obtain increasing profitability returns-toscale (De Long, 1998; Shapiro and Varian, 1999; Lev, 2000; Noe and Parker, 2001; Hand, 2002a).
New Governance, Employment Policy, and the European Social Model
Authors: Trubek David M , Mosher James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent actions by the European Union, especially in employment and social policies, reveal an increased use of alternative approaches to governance that are more accepting of diversity and encourage semi-voluntary forms of coordination (Scott and Trubek 2002). This occurs under the traditional Community legislative method, as many recent directives tend to be relatively open and flexible. But the move from top–down, uniform rules to more flexible and participatory approaches can best be seen in areas like the European Employment Strategy (EES), also known as the Luxembourg process, which departs radically from traditional regulatory approaches.
Decentralizing Employment Protection in Europe: Territorial Pacts and Beyond
Authors: Regalia Ida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent OECD report has shown that over the last two decades the EU countries have reacted differently to the employment challenge and the related need to reform national labor market institutions (OECD 1999). For example, since the mid-1980s employment protection regulation relative to temporary workers has been relaxed in Italy, but tightened, after a period of relaxation, in France and Spain. And in Germany, too, a prolonged process of relaxing the rules has been interrupted in the late 1990s by proposals to reverse the trend.
Health Care and Low-wage Work in the United States: Linking Local Action for Expanded Coverage
Authors: Trubek Louise G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Winter 2001, two unlikely allies—a health advocacy group (Families USA) and the trade association for health insurance companies (Health Insurance Association of America)—announced an agreement to develop a meaningful proposal to extend health coverage to the uninsured, stating ‘it is not an intractable public policy problem but could be addressed if the various health care stakeholders could only find common ground’ (Kahn and Pollack 2001: 20). The announcement provided few details of the proposal. However, the optimism underlying the announcement of a consumer-health plan alliance is a reflection of events over the last eight years.
Sovereignty and Solidarity: EU and US
Authors: Cohen Joshua , Sabel Charles F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world that still venerates democracy’s principles but regularly despairs of its practice, the nascent political order of the European Union is a crucial test case. Can the ideal of self-government be extended to this new setting, with its welter of problem-solving committees, processes, and reflection groups that appear to lie beyond the reach of popular direction and accountability? What does the prospect of this extension tell us about the possibilities of popular sovereignty and redistributive solidarity when politics extends beyond current national political boundaries? And what does it tell us about the possibilities of democracy itself?
German Migration: Development, Assimilation, and Labour Market Effects
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Dietz Barbara , Zimmermann, Klaus F , Zwintz Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2001, for the first time in German legal history, the Federal Government had introduced a comprehensive immigration bill that contained a visible economic element. This ended a period of decades, where Germany was seen against all empirical evidence as ‘no immigration country’. After years of political standstill, it seemed as if Germany was about to experience a sea change in migration policy at precisely a time when other nations were contemplating further restrictions on immigration in the face of international terrorism. After nearly four years of negotiations, the German government and the opposition agreed upon a new immigration law, which passed the German Federal Council in July 2004. The law allows legal immigration of workers only in the case of highly qualified foreigners, such as engineers, computer specialists, and scientists. In addition, self-employed people who offer a certain number of jobs to natives will be allowed to immigrate, and the law makes it easier for responsible officials to deport hate preachers and terror suspects.