bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives of American Churches on Islam and the Muslim Community in North America: An Analysis of Some Official and Unofficial Statements
Authors: Haines Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the oil crisis of 1973–1974, and Khomeini’s Iran are situations that awakened the American people to the reality and importance of the Arab world and the religion of Islam. The perception of this reality has been enhanced by reports of events in our media, a force still shaping and informing the attitudes and opinions that most American people have about Arabs, Muslims, and Islam. The American Christian church and its members are no exception to this continuing process of attitude formation. However, there are portents of change in the stances of the American churches toward Islam, the Muslim world, and the American Muslim community. The aim of this chapter is to explore the nature of those changes and to suggest their impact on the kinds of relationships that develop between the American churches and the Muslim community in America.
Convergence and Divergence in an Emergent Community: A Study of Challenges Facing U.S. Muslims
Authors: Nyang Sulayman S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of Islam in the United States is not only a story of immigrants searching for economic opportunities in a strange land. It is also the experience of conversion by a small but growing body of indigenous men and women in American society who discover a new way of life and a new belief system that fills a void in their spiritual lives. Islam has also received support from students visiting the United States since the 1930s. But if the main difference among the immigrants has been their sectarian interpretations of the Qur’an and of the life and example of the Prophet Muhammad, the perennial and significant question of race has continued to serve as a wedge between the followers of the Nation of Islam and other heterodox groups, and the orthodox Muslims.
The Ethics of (Mis)representation
Authors: Gross Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1980 I was present at the East Coast session of the White House Conference on Families held in Baltimore. My role was that of “resource person” to provide factual information ( certainly not opinions) to the Task Force on Media as they prepared resolutions for presentation to the Plenary of the Conference. Among many interesting things I observed, one in particular stood out. There were two clearly opposed poles of opinion and belief represented in the Task Force, yet they were in agreement on the fundamental point: they didn’t like the way television (other media were barely considered) represented social issues like The Family and sexual behavior.
Mortal Pages: Wordsworth and the Reform of Copyright
Authors: Eilenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The acts and objects of literary acquisition, dispossession, borrowing, and theft on which we have thus far concentrated our attention are not the sort of thing that would much interest a tax collector or a policeman. In worldly terms, the values at issue have ranged between the exiguous and the imaginary. Even when, as in the “Poems on the Naming of Places,” tangible objects have been involved that would be capable in other contexts of being bought and sold, they have been implicated in an economics essentially literary, self-referential: their value has been measurable in texts, tropes, and figures but not, except metaphorically, in money or labor or market goods. But these economic figures have all along, as we have noted, demonstrated a tendency to realize their own economic implications-to enact their own fictions and so create facts of material significance. This tendency, particularly strong in Wordsworth’s poetry, laid the basis for literary-political action late in that poet’s career.
Civilization or Extinction?
Authors: Maddox Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the U.S. House of Representatives began its debates on the issue of the forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from the state of Georgia in 1831, Edward Everett of Massachusetts reminded his colleagues in the House of the crucial importance of the matter for the country as a whole: “I cannot disguise my impression, that it is the greatest question which ever came before Congress, short of the question of peace and war. It concerns not an individual, but entire communities of men, whose fate is wholly in our hands. . . . 7,1 In that same year, when Chief Justice Marshall denied the Cherokees’ request that the Supreme Court adjudicate their claims, he included in his written opinion a similar acknowledgment of the uniqueness of the issues that the removal question raised: “If courts were permitted to indulge their sympathies, a case better calculated to excite them can scarcely be imagined. . . . The condition of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any other two people in existence.”2 The sense of crisis that the removal question produced was not limited to the Congress and the courts; the fate of the Cherokees, and of other Indians east of the Mississippi, was the subject of intense debate in newspapers and magazines of every political persuasion.
Buddhism and Mental Health: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Groth-Marna! Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Buddhism is a group of beliefs and practices for attaining enlightenment. All assumptions, conceptions, and implications related to mental health can center on this one basic orientation. Indeed, the Buddha himself continually tried to keep his teaching simple, concise, and straightforward; when asked why he was different from other people, his reply was simply “I’m awake.” However, the different Buddhist understandings of mental activity can become highly complex and varied. Should this complexity become overwhelming, the student can create clarity by coming back to the basic goal of what it means to seek enlightenment.
The Samnyāsa Upanisads
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UpaniĀsads form the concluding sections of the several Vedic collections handed down in the ancient Vedic schools and are therefore called Vedānta, which literally means the end of the Veda. The UpaniĀsads, however, came to be viewed in many traditions not merely as the last books of the Vedas but also as the most important. The very term Vedānta was understood to mean not just the end but also the summit and crown of the Veda.
European Courts and Human Rights
Authors: Kuhnhardt Ludger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the perspective of political science, not of law, to explore the idea of European courts and human rights in the context of Europe as a political concept and reality, we will trace the historical roots of the human rights issue as embedded in the process toward the integration of Europe, begun after World War II. This chapter deals with the impact of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice on the protection of human rights in Europe. A comparison of these two court systems in the perspective of their respective political framework, background, and intentions will allow us to analyze the possibilities and limits of these diverging human rights approaches launched by the Council of Europe and by the European Community.
Constitutionalism: A Timely Revival
Authors: Faundez Julio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ACLS project on Comparative Constitutionalism has undoubtedly fulfilled the objectives it set out to achieve, that is, to stimulate research, to broaden the scope of constitutionalism, and to provide some practical guidelines based on a wide range of experiences throughout the world. But the contribution made by this project goes beyond these objectives. It has helped to revive and redefine a concept that is potentially capable of providing scholars, public figures, and citizens from different parts of the world and from different intellectual traditions with a common framework to analyze and discuss issues that, for ideological reasons, have hitherto been regarded as beyond the scope of rational debate. Here I will attempt to explore ways in which a revived and updated concept of constitutionalism could provide a new and more fruitful point of departure for both research and policy analysis.
The Crisis of Constitutionalism: South Asian Perspectives
Authors: Tiruchelvam Neelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South Asian context for their problems of political stability and of insti tution building is one of extraordinary geographical, political, and socioeconomic diversity. South, in the Arabian Sea, lies an archipelago consisting of sparsely populated coral islands, the Maldives, with a one party republican form of government. On the northern border with China are two land-locked semi feudal states, Bhutan and Nepal; Bhutan remains a monarchy and Nepal underwent a dramatic political transition to establish a multiparty state headed by a constitutional monarch. Pakistan in the northwest and Bangladesh in the southeast grew out of a bloody partition and a subsequent civil war; in both countries democratically constituted governments have replaced authoritarian military regimes. In the center of the region is India, a federal polity with a long tradition of representative institutions grounded on a strong industrial and technological base. Sri Lanka, off the southeastern tip of India, is an island republic besieged by an insurgency, escalating violence, and the militarization of civil society. Massive economic and demographic pressures further compound their political and institutional problems. The region accounts for a mere 2% of the global income, but must support 22% of the global population. Almost half the population of the region is believed to live below the poverty line without basic needs. The population of the region increases at a rate of 25 million per year, five times the population increase of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.
Poland: Igniting the Revolution
Authors: Weigel George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men have been digging salt out of the earth at Wieliczka, a village 8 miles southeast of Kraków, from the Neolithic period (about 3500 B.C.) onward. Commercial mining has been underway con tinually in the Wieliczka pits since A.D. 1290; revenues from the mine underwrote one-third of medieval King Kazimierz the Great’s royal expenditures.
Sacralizing the Feminine: Food Preparation as a Religious Activity
Authors: Sered Susan Starr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within a system that defines male as normative, women frequently deviate from the norm. Within a system that is sexually segregated and in which the male world is defined as the official world, the content of the women ‘s world needs to be examined by a different set of tools. The question that seems interesting to me as an anthropologist studying Jewish women is not whether a women ‘s brand of Judaism exists (because I think that in this book I have demon strated that it does), but how the two religious systems (the male and female, the great and little, the halachic and extra-halachic) interact.
Introductory note to Gödel *1939b and *1940a
Authors: Solovay Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Godel’s Nachlass contains notes for four different lectures on the con sistency of the continuum hypothesis. The editors have selected two of these for publication here, because they shed light on Godel’s motiva tions or present novel approaches to this topic, while the lectures not chosen cover substantially the same ground as the published work that appears in these Works, Volume II, pages 26-101.
Introductory note to *193?
Authors: Davis Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article is taken from handwritten notes in English, evidently for a lecture, found in the Nachlass in a spiral notebook. Although the date of the piece is not known, some conjectures about this will be discussed later. The lecture was carefully thought out, with blackboard material laid out on facing pages (here incorporated in text between horizontal brackets); nevertheless in some ways it was still a rough draft. For ex ample, there is some ambiguity about whether the “integers” referred to were to be understood as meaning the positive integers or whether 0 was to be included as well.
Introduction
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly 800,000 American lawyers constitute the largest legal profession in the world, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to population. They are also the wealthiest, particularly at the upper extreme but also on average. They may be the most politically powerful, dominating legislatures and executives, both national and state, more strongly than in any other country. Even culturally they are among the most prominent, ranging from mythic figures like Abraham Lincoln to the morally more ambiguous but perhaps even better known characters in the mass media, such as the television serial L.A. Law.
Theories of the Professions
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book seeks to describe and understand American lawyers using the analytic framework of the sociology of professions, a subdivision of the sociology of occupations. I have chosen that framework in the belief that the organization of a profession helps to illuminate its role in society. There is little debate about the importance of the subject: both official spokespersons for the profession and external critics agree that lawyers significantly influence political, economic, social, and cultural life. But anyone wishing to understand lawyers still must choose which questions to ask.
Restrictive Practices: Controlling Production by Producers
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 narrated the legal profession’s growing influence over the number of lawyers. But control over the production of producers is only part of the professional project of market control; control over production by producers is equally important. These two elements are necessarily sequential: it makes no economic sense to impose restrictive practices on members of one’s profession while the number of producers is unregulated. Restrictive practices also presuppose that the profession enjoys extensive powers of self-regulation-ideally through an integrated bar, but otherwise through a state supreme court and legislature that are responsive to practitioners.
Reproducing the Profession
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extensive differentiation within the legal profession requires a mechanism for allocating law graduates to roles and socializing them within those roles. The law school has performed both functions ever since it emerged as gatekeeper to the profession at the beginning of this century. In recent years, it has grown in importance as a device for distributiong an ever more diverse student body among increasingly varied careers, with dramatically different rewards. At the same time, these first jobs have acquired greater influence as informal apprenticeships socializing novices into particular professional subcultures.
The Future of the Legal Profession
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter I want to do three things: recapitulate what we know about the formation of the American legal profession during the last hundred years, use that knowledge to test and refine the theories of professionalism presented in Chapter 2, and speculate about the future of American lawyers. There is sharp theoretical disagreement over the conditions under which an occupation becomes and remains a profession. Weberians argue that occupations consciously pursue social closure in order to enhance both their earning power and their collective status. Structural functionalists reply that entry barriers are merely the necessary and sufficient conditions for ensuring the quality of professional services.
A Presence of Absence
Authors: Ramsey Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is the first thing of which I retain a clear remembrance. I was alone, and already a prey to permanent visual trouble, when I was suddenly seized with a visual trouble infinitely more prounounced. Objects grew small and receded to infinite distances-men and things together. I was myself immeasurably far away. I looked about me with terror and astonishment; the world was escaping from me ... I remarked at the same time that my voice was extremely far away from me, that it sounded no longer as if mine. I struck the ground with my foot, and perceived its resistance; but this resistance seemed illusory-not that the soil was soft, but that the weight of my body was reduced to almost nothing. I had the feeling of being without weight. In addition to being so distant, objects appeared to me flat.
Reweaving the Self
Authors: Ramsey Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is written: In the beginning was the Word. Here I am struck at once. Who will help me on? I am unable to grant the word such merit, I must translate it differently If I am truly illumined by the spirit. It is written: In the beginning was the Mind. But why should my pen scour So quickly ahead? Consider the first line well. Is it the Mind that effects and creates all things? It should read: In the beginning was the Power. Yet, even as I am changing what I have writ, Something warns me not to abide by it. The spirit prompts me, I see in a flash what I need, And write: In the beginning was the Deed! Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust The house of fiction has in short not one window, but a million, a number of possible windows not to be reckoned, rather; every one of which has been pierced, or is still pierceable, in its vast front, by the need of the individual vision and by the pressure of the individual will. These apertures, of dissimilar shape and size, hang so, all together, over the human scene that we might have expected of them a greater sameness of report than we find. They are but windows at the best, mere holes in a dead wall, disconnected, perched aloft; they are not hinged doors opening straight upon life.
Returning to Experience
Authors: Ramsey Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not how things are in the world that is mystical, but that it exists. There are, indeed, things that cannot be put into words. They make themselves manifest. They are what is mystical. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus It might seem odd to leave James in midstream of his Varieties, five lectures still to be delivered, and no conclusions clearly drawn. Mysticism, a summary review of the characteristics of the religious life, a word about the relationship between the religious investigations and the worlds of philosophical and theological construction: all of these remained in the balance after the evaluation of saintliness.1 The twice-born individual, to be sure, had been vindicated; if religion could be of good to human life, it would be by orienting people back within the contingency of things rather than by offering them a means of escape or-and this amounted to the same thing-affirming their assertion of control. But there were other points that needed to be addressed before James could call his work complete, questions about the nature of the experience at the heart of the religious life and, more generally, about the implications of the world of religious experience for the world of life experience. The lectures on the value of saintliness thus formed a natural stopping place in James’s thought; what James said afterward had a different focus and orientation. Gone, for the most part, beyond this point were the evaluative descriptions and typological surveys; the analysis rested less and less on personal and biographical testimonies and explanations.
Advice to an Oiford Man
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not surprisingly, more letters survive addressed to S.W’s son John than to any other correspondent. His success as evangelist and organizer of “the people called Methodists” ensured that his literary remains would be privileged, closely followed by those of his family. Beyond this obvious observation, however, lie several other explanations for the large quantity of Susanna’s correspondence with John. First, like his brother Samuel, he adopted the habit of transcribing incoming letters into a notebook, giving us access to many that have otherwise disappeared. Second was his editorial ability, coupled with the insight that the preparation and distribution of appropriate literature would enhance Methodism’s success. In his published Journal and in his Arminian Magazine he was as likely to include letters from his mother as extracts from the lives of saints or any other improving literature. Third, though the point is debatable, there is some indication that Susanna meant to pay special attention to the education of this son. Without denying the pedagogical energy she invested in her other children, her keen attention to John’s formation does seem borne out in the correspondence that follows.
A Continuing Cure of Souls
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Susanna maintained her regular correspondence with her son John, whose career was continuing apace. A year later (14 February 1727) he took his master of arts degree, and in August of the same year a leave of absence-to become his father’s curate with a special charge for the parish of Wroot. Apart from the brief visit for his ordination as priest (22 September 1728), he did not return to Oxford for good until the fall of 1729.
“Think Much and Speak Little” First Surviving Entries
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the initial title page of her most substantial journal notebook (a page now nearly obscured by notes in a later hand), Susanna Wesley has written hurriedly and upside down: “S. W 1709”; and at the top, right side up, an epigraph: “Think much and speak little.” More than a maxim with a general appeal to the meditative sensibility (and in accord with reigning views of female modesty), this sentence also catches something of the special predicament a thoughtful woman like Susanna Wesley found herself in-and something of the promise that a devotional journal might provide to such a woman.
“To Feel a Vital Joy Overspread and Cheer the Heart”
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter brings together 38 diary entries that survive either as manuscript fragments torn from one of the existing notebooks (or some other one, now lost) or as transcriptions in two nineteenth-century publications. The existing manuscript fragments are located, respectively, in archival collections in Baltimore and Manchester, and the transcriptions are recorded in Adam Clarke’s Memoirs of the Wesley Family and in the short-lived English periodical, the Wesley Banner.
A Religious Coriference between Mother and Emilia
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final piece ofcatechetical work, dated 1711/12, may be regarded as the last installment on the “little manual” of divinity destroyed in the rectory fire of early 1709 but still very much alive in Susanna Wesley’s mind as late as May 1711. Her earlier intention, revealed in a letter to her son Samuel, had been to include details on both natural and revealed religion; her later plan, as sketched in the 1711 journal entry, speaks of explaining “the principles of revealed religion” and dis coursing on the “being and attributes of God.” Though written as a dialogue be tween herself (“M” for Mother) and her eldest daughter (“E” for Emilia, at the time a young woman of 19), it is, as the epigraph indicates, intended for the edification of all her children. Nevertheless, it is worth underlining the seriousness with which fairly sophisticated theological teaching is set in the context of a mother-daughter interchange.