bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equity, Efficiency, Uncertainty, and the Mitigation of Global Climate Change
Authors: Hammitt James K. , Harvey Charles M. 
Published: March 2003

Policies to mitigate potential damages from global climate change impose costs on the current generation to provide benefits to future generations. This article examines how comparisons among three stylized policies — business‐as‐usual, mitigation of climate change, and compensation for climate damages — depend on social preferences with respect to risk and intertemporal equity. Also examined is the opportunity‐cost criterion, which asserts that mitigation should not be chosen if its net present value is smaller than that of business‐as‐usual. Analysis reveals that the discount factor used to evaluate whether mitigation satisfies this criterion depends on preferences regarding risk and intertemporal inequality of consumption, and on the risk of the compensation policy. Risk aversion favors mitigation over business‐as‐usual. If society is neutral to inequality, risk aversion disfavors compensation, but if society is inequality averse, the effect of risk aversion on preferences between compensation and business‐as‐usual is ambiguous. Inequality aversion tends to favor business‐as‐usual over both alternative policies provided that, roughly speaking, the anticipated future improvements in welfare exceed the anticipated climate damages.
Finite–Element Mesh Generation Using Self–Organizing Neural Networks
Authors: Manevitz Larry , Yousef Malik , Givoli Dan 
Published: March 2003

Neural networks are applied to the problem of mesh placement for the finite–element method. When the finite–element method is used to numerically solve a partial differential equation with boundary conditions over a domain, the domain must be divided into “elements.” The precise placement of the nodes of the elements has a major affect on the accuracy of the numeric method. In this paper the self–organizing algorithm of Kohonen is adapted to solve the problem of automatically assigning (in a near–optimal way) coordinates from a two–dimensional domain to a given topologic grid (or mesh) of nodes in order to apply the finite–element method effectively when solving a partial differential equation with boundary conditions over that domain.One novelty of the method is the interweaving of versions of the Kohonen algorithm in different dimensions simultaneously in order to handle the boundary of the domain properly.Our method allows for the use of arbitrary types of two–dimensional elements (in particular, quadrilaterals or mixed shapes as opposed to just triangles) and for varying desired densities over the domain. (Thus more elements can be placed automatically near “areas of interest.”)The methods and experiments developed here are for two–dimensional domains but seem naturally extendible to higher–dimensional problems. The method uses a mixture of both one– and two–dimensional versions of the Kohonen algorithm, with an improvement suggested by Tabakman and Exman, and further adapted to the particular problem here. Experimental results comparing this algorithm with a well–known two–dimensional grid–generating system (PLTMG) are presented.
Ensuring Content–Area Learning by Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Deshler Donald D. , Schumaker Jean B. , Lenz B. Keith , Bulgren Janis A. , Hock Michael F. , Knight Jim , Ehren Barbara J. 
Published: March 2003

Three factors tied with secondary student success in content–area reading are demonstrated: (a) validated teacher–focused and student–focused interventions, (b) integrated and comprehensive service delivery systems, and (c) well–designed, data–based professional developmental programs. Difficult challenges face secondary students with LD and their teachers with regard to these students’ participation and success in required general education classes. Recently, instructional methods and materials have been developed and validated for promoting these students’ success. Some of them focus on how general education teachers plan and teach their content–area courses; others focus on giving students the strategies they need to respond independently to the demands of their courses. This article describes these instructional methods, a service–delivery model for implementing these interventions in secondary schools, and professional–development mechanisms and administrative support that must be in place for the model to be maintained effectively.
Issues in Marketing Online Insurance Products: An Exploratory Look at Agents’ Use, Attitudes, and Views of the Impact of the Internet
Authors: Eastman Kevin L. , Eastman Jacqueline K. , Eastman Alan D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article uses a survey of insurance agents in Florida to examine the manner in which insurance agents use and view the Internet as a method of marketing insurance products. The results of the survey suggest that the agents’ use of the Web and their attitudes toward the Web do not vary by demographic characteristics (including age, education level, gender, and income). In addition, the agents’ perception of the Internet as a threat (rather than an opportunity) does not vary by age or education level and is not correlated with their attitudes toward the use of the Web. However, while Internet marketing and other means of direct selling are viewed by the agents as equal threats to their sales, the agents believe that such marketing by other companies is a greater threat than that done by the companies they represent.
Orpheus and Eurydice: a creative agony
Authors: Zabriskie Beverley 
Published: March 2003

The archaic story of the Thracian musician Orpheus and his bride Eurydice is heard first as an ancient myth of marriage and death, wedding and separation. The mixture of expectation and dread in its sentiments is sounded still today in the contemporary wedding songs and funeral laments of the Mediterranean and the Balkans. Similar sequences of engagement and withdrawal, ascent and descent, change and metamorphosis are found in the adventures and vicissitudes of other mythic figures. Its premise of the soul's transmigration and its promise of psychic transformation inspired the religious ruminations and philosophic speculation of many centuries.The shifting keys in the songs of Orpheus and the cries of Eurydice score the shocking emotions of epiphanal moments, the creative ‘agon’, and a depth psychological passage. With its crescendos and denouements, the Orpheus/Eurydice phenomenon suggests the range of experience as one both engages reality and reaches toward meaning.
Games Economists Play: A Survey of Non‐Computerized Classroom‐Games for College Economics
Authors: Brauer Jurgen , Delemeester Greg 
Published: March 2003

The bulk of this unusual paper consists of an extensive online annotated compilation of 113 non‐computerized classroom‐games, most of which can be played within one class period, to assist in the teaching of college‐level basic micro and macroeconomic concepts (see http://www.aug.edu/~sbajmb or http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg).The paper itself consists of three major sections. The first catalogues, summarizes, and provides sample annotations of the games we collected. Section two makes a number of observations about the games. For instance, we notice an imbalance between games for microeconomics (many) and games for macroeconomics (few). We also detail which standard introductory economics topics are covered well and which are not covered well or missing altogether. For example, we observe that few games exist to present the proper economic role of government in economic affairs. The third section surveys the available literature on the costs and benefits of playing games in the classroom. In particular, our survey reveals that existing studies consider costs and benefits to students and instructors only partially, and we lay out a matrix that should help in the design of improved studies on the efficacy of gaming in the classroom.
Understanding families in their own context: schizophrenia and structural family therapy in Beijing
Authors: Hsin Yang Lawrence , Pearson Veronica J. 
Published: March 2003

Evidence from a number of family intervention strategies demonstrates a beneficial impact on the course of schizophrenia. It appears that different family interventions have generic features that aid the patient to avoid relapse and improve functioning. A significant challenge for researchers is to modify these generic strategies to be sensitive to different cultural groups in order to ensure their effectiveness. Chinese culture, with its distinct cultural norms governing family interaction and intense stigma towards the mentally ill, would seem to raise a particular challenge.This paper offers an account of an eclectic model of structural family therapy that incorporates psychoeducation and behavioural treatments for schizophrenia as a theoretical guide to working in a cross–cultural context. A Beijing family, consisting of parents and their daughter with schizophrenia, were seen for sixteen months during a trial of family intervention in China. Through structural family concepts, China’s sociocultural context of treatment resource constraints, population policy and stigma are examined and the impact of the illness on family organization is explored.
Performance Implications of Incorporating Natural Environmental Issues into the Strategic Planning Process: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Judge William Q. , Douglas Thomas J. 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the ability of firms to integrate a critical strategic issue, the natural environment, into the strategic planning process within the natural resource‐based perspective. Using survey data collected from a wide variety of firms and industries based in the United States, we empirically examined the antecedents and effects of integrating the natural environment into the formal planning process. These data were analysed using structural equation modelling with the LISREL technique.Overall, our data provided strong support for the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, we found that the level of integration of environmental management concerns in the strategic planning process was positively related to financial and environmental performance. Furthermore, we found that the greater the functional coverage and the more resources provided to environmental issues, the greater the integration of environmental issues in the planning process. These results suggest that concern for environmental issues may yield competitive advantages in the marketplace as the natural resource‐based perspective suggests
Systems for Sustainable Organizations: Emergent Strategies, Interactive Controls and Semi‐formal Information
Authors: Osborn Charles S 
Published: March 2003

New‐form organizations are likely to organize more explicitly around processes than traditional‐form organizations that emphasize functional hierarchy. Developing process‐based strategic responses quickly using diffuse sets of resources is likely to play an increasingly important role in sustaining new organizational forms. Three ideas introduce alternative perspectives on strategy formulation, management control and information systems design that may be useful in understanding organizational performance in this area. They focus on: (1) emergent strategies, (2) interactive management controls, and (3) semi‐formal systems. In combination these three perspectives describe relationships between strategy, organizational design and systems support that suggest mechanisms for improving the sustainability of new organizational forms.To some degree distributed organizational structures such as networked organizations and quasi‐organizational forms such as alliances, partnerships and joint ventures represent attempts to solve a paradox of competitive agility. This paradox suggests that in the context of rapidly changing, increasingly global markets, organizations need to be flexible (so they can respond quickly to competitive threats) yet remain stable (so they can learn and grow based on their strengths). If this is the case, what systems and tools are available that encourage a productive balance between flexibility and stability?This paper uses the experience of regional management teams at a large consumer goods company to suggest how interactive controls and semi‐formal information systems combine to increase the agility of a distributed organization that can employ emergent strategies. Evidence illustrates some of the mechanisms by which (a) faster response times deliver organizational flexibility while (b) semi‐formal analytics add the stability of knowledge and guidance shared across organizational sites. Examples discuss the use of information within management teams, discussion behaviour within management meetings, and organizational performance in response to crisis events. In this context the paper analyses the characteristics of new‐form systems that could be used to sustain new‐form organizationsWhile the development of process‐oriented semi‐formal systems is just beginning, the potential for linking such technology with newly developed approaches to management control appears to have important implications for the practice and performance of management in new‐form organizations. In particular, interactive controls and semi‐formal information appear to offer leverage as mechanisms for organizational adjustment during times when organizations must exploit emergent strategies
Managing the Managers: Japanese Management Strategies in the USA
Authors: Tolich Martin , Kennedy Martin , Biggart Nicole 
Published: March 2003

One of the greatest difficulties Japanese multinationals have had is managing American managers in their US subsidiaries. The reason for this is fundamental and profound: Americans and Japanese conceive of management very differently and have strikingly different conceptions of themselves as managers and of correct management practice.We do two things in this paper. First, borrowing from social psychology, we explore the idea of the ‘management self’. Second, we report our research on management self‐conception and style in Japanese‐owned factories or ‘transplants’ in the USA.The research reports the results of 34 interviews conducted with 19 US and Japanese managers in three electronics transplants. Each factory had adopted different combinations or ‘hybridizations’ of the management styles of the two countries. The three factories had very different characters. One was dominated by Japanese management practice, another by American practice, and the third was a hybrid of the two styles. We found four factors critical determinants of management style: the nationality of the general manager, a stated preference (or lack thereof) for bicultural management, control over the budget‐setting process, and the strength of the Japanese assignees
Corporate Environmental Paradigms in Shift: Learning During the Course of Action at UPM–Kymmene
Authors: Halme Minna 
Published: March 2003

Contrary to the popular conception in the corporate environmental management literature that corporations must learn new ecocentric paradigms before they can be expected to produce environmentally sound performance, the present results suggest that cognitive–level environmental learning in organizations does not inevitably precede behaviour change. Rather, at least partially, such learning is likely to occur in the course of action. The article also proposes that external pressure can set motion, but it alone does not lead to an environmental paradigm shift. In order to undergo such a shift, organizations will have to learn a meaning of their own to support new, more environmentally sound forms of activity.The present study examines empirically how two companies have learnt to incorporate environmental considerations into their managerial paradigms. It adopts a perspective according to which learning is portrayed as a process in which changes are brought about in the collective beliefs that the organization members hold about the relationship of their business to the natural environment (i.e. environmental management paradigm). Applying the grounded theory approach, the article identifies phases of environmental learning starting from the recognition or rejection of weak signals in ‘pockets’ of the organization, continuing through the gaining of new knowledge and experience towards ‘competition’ between old and new assumptions about the business–environment relationship, and finally proceeding to potential frame–break.
The Structure of the Self‐Concept and Its Relation to Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Campbell Jennifer D. , Assanand Sunaina , Paula Adam Di 
Published: March 2003

AbstractResearch on the relation between the structure of the self‐concept and psychological adjustment has produced seemingly inconsistent findings. Some research suggests that greater pluralism in self‐concept structure enhances adjustment, whereas other research suggests that greater unity in the structure enhances adjustment. Four studies examined the relations among measures of self‐concept structure and their relations with adjustment. The measures of self‐concept structure included two that we viewed as reflecting self‐concept pluralism (self‐complexity and self‐concept compartmentalization) and four that we viewed as reflecting self‐concept unity (self‐concept differentiation, self‐concept clarity, self‐discrepancies, and the average correlation among participants' self‐aspects). The measures of self‐concept pluralism were unrelated to one another, were unrelated to the measures of self‐concept unity, and were unrelated to the measures of adjustment. The measures of self‐concept unity were moderately related to one another and were moderately related to the measures of adjustment.
Stepping Out: Rhetorical Devices and Culture Change Management in the UK Civil Service
Authors: Driscoll Amanda , Morris Jonathan 
Published: March 2003

Organizational culture is the pattern of values and beliefs held by members of an organization and the management of culture is now one of the most frequently discussed of all organizational concepts. The excitement associated with culture is attributable to two factors. First, it is argued that culture is the key to organizational performance; simply stated, a strong organizational culture can be a source of competitive advantage. Second, culture is perceived as an alternative method of control to traditional and technocratic forms of management and can be manipulated to ensure that employees are enthusiastic and committed to organizational objectives.Despite the extensive interest in this topic, culture remains an elusive concept. This paper investigates the nature of culture and considers strategies for introducing cultural change. Specifically, the aims of the paper are threefold. First, to locate and explain the interests and significance of culture change for the public sector. Second, using a case study of a newly created agency, to investigate the problems and issues affecting cultural change in the civil service. Third, to reassess and critically evaluate the claims for culture management made in the literature. Finally, this paper questions some of the assumptions in the literature, which with few exceptions are biased toward top management and the unitary conception of organization, an ideological frame of reference which is particularly problematic in the public sector.
The relative importance of project success dimensions
Authors: Lipovetsky Stan , Tishler Asher , Dvir Dov , Shenhar Aaron 
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, the success of a project is assessed using internal measures such as technical and operational goals, and meeting schedule and budget. More recently, it has been recognized that several other measures should be used to define project success. These measures reflect external effectiveness: the project's impact on its customers, and on the developing organization itself.In our study of 110 defense projects performed by Israeli industry, we used a multidimensional approach to measure the success of defense projects. Based on previous studies, we defined four dimensions of success: meeting design goals; benefits to the customer; benefits to the developing organization; and benefits to the defense and national infrastructure. For each project, we asked three different stakeholders (the customer, the developing organization, and the coordinating office within the Ministry of Defense) for their views on the relative importance of these dimensions of success. Analysis of the data revealed that the dimension benefits to the customer is by far the most important success dimension. The second in importance is meeting design goals. The other two dimensions are relatively unimportant.
Technology transfer and the creation of companies: the CSIRO experience
Authors: Upstill Garrett , Symington David 
Published: March 2003

There is increasing interest worldwide in stimulating the emergence and growth of new technology–based companies, and in the role of public–funded research agencies in this process. This paper examines the experience of CSIRO, Australia’s largest R&D organisation, in creating new companies, as part of its technology transfer activities.Three modes of technology transfer are described, namely Non–Commercial Transfer, Commercial Transfer and New Company Generation. The technology transfer ‘mix’, that is the relative weight given to the different modes, has changed in CSIRO and in other public funded agencies in recent years. The increased importance being given to New Company Generation in CSIRO is attributed to the development of in–house commercial expertise, changing public expectations and the increased availability of venture capital.CSIRO’s experience with spin–offs and other new companies is analysed, and the challenges related to effective use of this mode of technology transfer are discussed.
Parallel literacy classes and hidden strengths: learning to read in English, Urdu and classical Arabic
Authors: Helavaara Robertson Leena 
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is to explore young bilingual children’s early literacy experiences in three different languages, English, Urdu and classical Arabic, and in three strikingly different types of classes in England. It draws on a larger ethnographic study that sets out to discover what kinds of advantages or additional strengths bilingual children might bring from their community literacy practices and from their experiences of learning to read in two or more languages simultaneously into their English literacy lessons.The main focus of the article is on one bilingual boy, Ikram, of Pakistani background, who at the beginning of the study was 5 years old. The participant observations in these three different types of classes and audio and video tapes of some these lessons show that at the age of 7 Ikram has begun to read in three languages. I argue that in doing so he is developing additional strengths that are generally overlooked. These new types of literacy strengths derive from the fact he is learning to read simultaneously in three languages. Yet they remain hidden within his English lessons.
Multinationals without Advantages
Authors: Fosfuri Andrea , Motta Massimo 
Published: March 2003

We question the widespread argument that firms embarking on foreign direct investments must possess some specific advantages to offset the penalties of operating across national and cultural boundaries. A simple model shows that firms might invest abroad to capture local advantages through geographical proximity of plant location, rather than to exploit existing ones. Because of spatially bounded spillovers, laggard firms might use foreign investments to acquire location‐specific knowledge, whereas leading firms might prefer costly exports to avoid the dissipation of their advantages.JEL classification: F23; O32; L22