bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of SIMS microscopy for the radioiodine detection in animal and human thyroid tissue*
Authors: Briançon Colette , Jeusset Josette , Francese Cecilia , Omri Frédérique , Halpern Sylvain , Fragu Philippe 
Published: August 2004

Summary—We defined the SIMS conditions for radioiodine detection in animal and man thyroid follicles, in tissue sections (3 μm) chemically fixed and resin embedded. Two radioisotopes were tested: 125I and 129I, of high (14 mCi 125I μg−1) and low specific activity (1.07 10−6 mCi 129I μg−1). In animal study, Wistar rats fed a normal iodine diet (10 μg 127I day−1) were injected ip 24 h before sacrifice either with 125I (7 10−3 μg) or with 129I at a dose identical to iodine diet (10 μg) or 3 times higher (30 μg). No SIMS signal of 125I was obtained in vivo due to its too low concentration, while radioiodine distribution was evidenced with both doses of 129I. Local concentration of previously stored 127I in follicular lumen was not modified, when compared to control (4.14 ± 0.03 μg/mg, m ± SE), by 125I or 129I at a dose of 10 μg, but was nearly doubled with 129I at a dose of 30 μg, proof of a pharmacological effect on thyroid iodine regulation. In human study 129I was excluded due to its long half‐life (1.6 107 years), and 125I was tested only in vitro on two surgical specimens of normal perinodular thyroid tissue maintained in mini‐organ culture for 48 h in presence of 100 μCi/ml of 125I. The 125I was detectable, its concentration was 1000‐fold higher than that of 127I (1.5 ± 0.004 μg/mg). For both in vivo and in vitro studies, a positive correlation exists between newly organified radioiodine (125I or 129I) and previously stored iodine (127I). In conclusion, the radioisotope 129I used at a dose of 10 μg is well adapted for SIMS detection in vivo of thyroid exchangeable iodine, but only in animal, while 125I isotope is especially adapted for in vitro study in man.
Preservation of the diffusible cations for secondary ion mass spectrometry. II. Artefacts in material embedded in araldite or melamine
Authors: Mentré Pascale , Escaig Françoise 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Flotation on hot water (about 60°C) which is frequently employed to stretch semithin sections on substrates for SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) microscopy, is the cause of numerous artefacts. In the case of epoxy resin‐embedded tissue, one observes loss of potassium and sodium and accumulation of calcium. The relative contrast of cell nuclei in the ionic images is rapidly affected by these ion migrations. After prolonged contact with hot water, tissue becomes uniformly emissive. In the case of hydrosoluble resin‐embedded tissue, potassium and sodium do not appear to be affected by the action of water, which suggests that they are covalently bound with chelating sites buried beneath the layer of water bound to the surface of the macromolecules. Calcium accumulates, probably on widely exposed anionic sites. Moreover, the domains observed in hydrosoluble resin‐embedded tissue shrink differently according to the proportion of water removed by melamine; this can provide interesting information on the initial equilibrium between water, ion sand macromolecules. Our results seem to support the assumption that bound water should play an important role in the preservation of both macromolecular architecture and ion distributions.
The application of SIMS to nutrient tracer studies in plant physiology
Authors: Lazof Dennis , Linton Richard W. , Volk Richard J. , Rufty Thomas W. 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Current controversies in root physiology relating to the uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients are presented. The opportunities for a SIMS contribution to resolve these controversies are discussed for each of the stable isotope tracers relevant to plant nutrition. It is concluded that for all major nutrients except phosphorus there are promising stable isotope tracers. At the same time, there are challenges to overcome in each case, with respect to background levels, peak interferences and sometimes sensitivity. Techniques of tissue preparation and handling are discussed in some detail, giving attention to the special requirements of plant tissue preparation and analysis for diffusable ions. It is suggested that adapting a preparation and transfer system, designed for production of bulk frozen‐hydrated cryofractured specimens, to a secondary ion mass spectrometer would permit easy, rapid preparation. Additionally, this preparation minimizes several serious technical problems inherent to other preparative methods. Difficulties in quantitation are treated briefly, outlining some difficulties specific to plant tissue analysis. Prospects for future applications in plant mineral nutrition are evaluated, taking into account current instrumental developments.
14N and 15N imaging by SIMS microscopy in soybean leaves
Authors: Grignon Nicole , Halpern Sylvain , Gojon Alain , Fragu Philippe 
Published: August 2004

Summary—The distribution of 15N and 14N compounds in cryofixed and resin embedded sections of soybean (Glycine max L) leaves was studied by SIMS microscopy. The results indicate that, with a mass resolution M/ΔM higher than 6000, images of the nitrogen distribution can be obtained from the mapping of the two secondary cluster ions 12C14N− and 12C15N−, in samples of both control and 15N‐labeled leaves. The ionic images were clearly related to the histological structure of the organ, and allow the detection of 14N and 15N at the subcellular level. Furthermore, relative measurements of the 12C14N− and 12C15N− beams made possible the quantification of the 15N atom% in the various tissues of the leaf.
Cyclin B is associated with centrosomes in Drosophila mitotic cells
Authors: Debec Alain , Montmory Colette 
Published: August 2004

Summary—We have studied by way of confocal laser scanning microscopy the subcellular localization of cyclin B in Drosophila‐cultured cells and report here evidence that a part of the cyclin B cell pool is closely associated with the centrosome. This cyclin B centrosomal signal is strong in prophase and metaphase but disappears during anaphase. Moreover, the signal is absent in the acentriolar Drosophila cell line 1182‐4. These results put forward additional arguments suggesting that the centrosome plays an important role in the control of the cell cycle.
Reversible disassembly of transcription domains in lymphocyte nuclei during inhibition of RNA synthesis by DRB
Authors: Davis Lynn , Cadrin Monique , Brown David L. , Chaly Nathalie 
Published: August 2004

Summary—We are investigating the roles of RNA synthesis, chromatin structure and nuclear matrix organization in establishing and maintaining transcription domains, using mitogen stimulated lymphocytes as a model system. In a continuing study, the effects of the RNA polymerase inhibitor DRB and of its removal on nuclear organization have been examined by EM cytochemistry and by immunofluorescence labelling of the nuclear matrix P11, Sm and nucleolar fibrillarin antigens. Chromatin, interchromatin granules and nucleoli were extensively restructured after DRB, as were matrix antigens. According to cytochemical staining properties, the conformation of DRB‐induced condensed chromatin resembled that in partially stimulated lymphocytes. The nucleoplasmic fibrogranular RNP network appeared little altered, but the fibrillar proteinaceous interchromatinic regions, interpreted as representing the nuclear matrix in situ, were more affected. After removal of DRB, nuclei recovered the organization and transcriptional activity of controls within 8 h. These results suggest that the matrix subtending transcription domains remains stable when transcription is arrested, even though the chromatin and individual RNP components of the domains are disorganized. The data further indicate that absence of transcription is not solely accountable for the highly aggregated state of the chromatin in resting lymphocytes.
In vitro differentiation and mineralization of cartilaginous nodules from enzymatically released rat nasal cartilage cells
Authors: Sautier Jean‐Michel , Nefussi Jean‐Raphaël , Forest Nadine 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Nasal cartilage cells from 21‐day‐old rat fetuses were cultured at high density in the presence of ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate over a 12‐day period. Immediately after plating, the cells exhibited a fibroblastic morphology, lost their chondrocyte phenotype and expressed type I collagen. On day 3, clusters of enlarged polygonal cells were found. These cell clusters synthetised type II collagen and formed an alcian‐blue‐positive matrix. The following days, a progressive increase in the number of cells positive for type 11 collagen was noted and, on day 8, typical cartilaginous nodules were formed. These nodules increased in size and number, spreading outward, laying down a dense matrix which mineralized. Light and electron microscopy observations of cross‐sections of nodules confirmed the cartilaginous nature of this tissue formed in vitro with typical chondrocytes embedded in a hyaline matrix. Furthermore, at the electron microscopic level, matrix vesicles were seen in extracellular matrix associated with the initiation of mineralization. Typical rod‐like crystals were present in the intercellular spaces along the collagen fibers. These results indicated that in a specific environment, dedifferentiated chondrocytes were able to redifferentiate and to form nodular structures with morphological ultrastructure of calcified cartilage observed in vivo.
Triiodothyronine influences quail myoblast proliferation and differentiation*
Authors: Marchal Sophie , Cassar‐Malek Isabelle , Pons Françoise , Wrutniak Chantal , Cabello Gerard 
Published: August 2004

Summary—The influence of triiodothyronine (T3) on avian myoblast proliferation and differentiation was studied in secondary cultures using plating densities of 2500 and 7000 cells/cm2. Culture media were depleted of T3 (control myoblasts) and increasing amounts were then added to concentrations of 0.6, 3 and 15 nM T3 (treated myoblasts). Independent of the cell density, T3 induced a dose‐related decrease in myoblast proliferation measured by cell number, doubling time and 3H‐thymidine incorporation. However, with the lower plating density, this influence was delayed, occurring only after the third day of culture for 0.6 nM T3‐treated myoblasts and simultaneous with the onset of myosin heavy chain accumulation. Moreover, when myoblasts were exposed to BrdU for 48 h, the T3 growth inhibitory effect disappeared, thus showing that this effect was clearly linked to differentiation. In addition, we have shown that T3 induced an early fusion of myoblasts: 65% of the maximal value of the fusion index was reached on day 3 in the T3‐treated cells in comparison to 25% in the control myoblasts. This hormone also enhanced accumulation of muscle‐specific proteins (connectin, acetylcholine receptors, myosin heavy chain), tested by cytoimmunofluorescence, ELISA, binding experiments and Western blot. All these results show that T3 increased myoblast differentiation through a pathway including myoblast withdrawal from the cell cycle. The influence of T3 could partly explain its previously reported positive effect on the number of muscle fibers.
Endocytic activity of male germ cells during puberty
Authors: Segretain Dominique 
Published: August 2004

Summary—It is well known that numerous germ cells degenerate during the first meiotic division and spermatid elongation is due mostly to an adverse physiological microenvironment in relation to hormonal deficiency. The present study is aimed at investigating the endocytic activity of germ cells, during the first wave of mouse spermatogenesis, using transferrin coupled to gold particles, in order to study the efficiency of this possible pathway of communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells. Labelling experiments in control animals confirmed a receptor‐mediated pathway in all germ cells during puberty. Furthermore, our morphological and quantitative data revealed that during spermatid elongation, degenerating germ cells possessed a highly developed endocytic apparatus which contained twice as many transferrin gold particles than normal adult cells. The fact that endocytosis of transferrin was increased in degenerating germ cells indicates that, most probably, germ cell degeneration during the first wave of spermatogenesis did not result from a deficiency in iron transport. The higher endocytic activity of degenerating germ cells, compared to adult control cells, could not only be the result of a simple process of plasma membrane internalization but also a complex mechanism which could be involved in the degradation of the cells.
Secretory proteins in a ciliate cell: Identification of epitopes common to numerous polypeptides
Authors: Eperon Simone , Peck Robert K. , Swiderski Barbara 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Secretory vesicles of the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius, called trichocysts, are separated into > 40 proteins by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. The trichocyst, composed of a shaft and four arms, is in a condensed state when docked in the cell cortex, and it elongates into an extended state during exocytosis. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were raised against trichocyst proteins. Their reactivities were analysed: I) on Western blots of extended, isolated trichocysts by immunolabeling; 2) on entire cells and extended trichocysts by indirect immunofluorescent binding assay (IFA); 3) on semi‐thin sectioned cells by IFA; and 4) on ultra‐thin sections of cells by immunogold labeling. mAb IV 4E5 labels major trichocyst proteins at 15–19, 22 and 24 kDa, pI 4.6−6.6. The epitope recognized by mAb IV 4E5 is common to as many as 30 proteins and suggests a family of proteins with possible sequence homology. By IFA, the shafts of extended trichocysts are labeled. The shafts of condensed trichocysts are labeled on both semi‐thin sections in Lowicryl and ultrathin sections. On semi‐thin Epon sections, the part of the trichocyst which is labeled is arm‐like. mAb VI 2D12 labels three major trichocyst proteins at 31 kDa, pI 5.0−5.4. The arms of extended trichocysts are labeled by IFA, but are only weakly labeled on ultrathin sections. The shaft of extended trichocysts is labeled by IFA, and the shaft of condensed trichocysts is labeled on ultrathin sections.
The cortical actin cytoskeleton in a Dipteran embryo: Analysis of the spatial reorganization of F‐actin aggregates during the early nuclear division cycles
Authors: Riparbelli Maria Giovanna , Dallai Romano , Callaini Giuliano 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Rhodamine phalloidin‐staining was used to study the organization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton of the early Ceratitis capitata embryo. The dynamics of the actin aggregates and their changes in distribution during the formation of the syncytial blastoderm, were followed in detail. It was found that these aggregates formed a shell‐like cluster around the interphase nuclei, and concentrated toward the poles of the mitotic apparatus when the nuclei divided. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that aggregates not clustered at the poles of the mitotic apparatus were closely associated with fine fibers of a dense cytoplasmic network of actin filaments.
Celibate Exclusivity Is the Issue
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This introductory chapter argues that celibate exclusivity of the priesthood is the issue at the root of the malaise in the Catholic Church in America. Its symptom is priest shortage, and the issue of male exclusivity, sorely challenged by feminism, stands in the wings. This conclusion follows from a consideration of the social conditions that are changing the face of Roman Catholicism and society at large; it gives an outline of the sociological arguments that are used in the book. The last part of the introduction discusses the survival of the Eucharist in relation to the conduct of a new Sunday liturgy that can be celebrated in the absence of a priest, and argues that priest shortage – the loss of a critical economic resource in the Catholic Church and a linchpin linking the structural elements of the Church – is a powerful force for structural change. It includes a plan of the book.
Toward a Theory of Social Change in Organized Religion
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The foundations of a theoretical model of social change in organized religion are laid down, drawing from classic and contemporary analyses of conflict and change in organizations, since in many ways religious organizations are just like any other. The writings of Max Weber provide the basis for the arguments advanced, and important recent developments are included from Michael Hannan and John Freeman's population ecology approach to organizational change and from Charles Perrow's qualified power model of organizations. The application of these models to religious organizations and to the Catholic Church in particular is referred to throughout.
The Transpersonal Paradigm
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The previous chapter discussed the Catholic Church as if it were like any other modern organization, but institutionalized religion is different from all other types of organization in important ways. The aim of this chapter is to examine how to take account of this difference. It begins by observing that most organization theories focus exclusively on mundane rational behavior, and that given their philosophical and epistemological assumptions, such theories are inadequate for explaining social change in religious organizations. The second half of the chapter examines the place of religion in social life and describes a newly emerging theoretical paradigm (labeled as transpersonal) that incorporates the spiritual domain in a model of social change. This new paradigm allows examination of the stages of social development and the unique character of religious organizations.
The Special Character of Organized Religion
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter begins by trying to show that sacramentalism and sacerdotalism (the necessity for an ordained priesthood) are the primary and essential elements of the Catholic ministry because they represent structural forms whereby Roman Catholicism adapts to the transrational, spiritual elements of human development. It then explains that the explicit recognition of a transcendent domain and development of structures that take it into account are what makes religious organizations different. They are also different in an additional way in that organized religion relies on two kinds of power: relative power (as in other types of organization), of which the social form is hierarchy, and corresponds to sacerdotalism; and absolute power, of which the social form is hierophany, and corresponds to sacramentalism. In the Roman Catholic tradition, the routinization of hierophany and its integration with hierarchy result in sacramental sacerdotalism. The chapter concludes with a descriptive analysis of the routinized hierarchical form of priesthood that characterizes contemporary Catholicism.
Forces for Change in Catholic Ministry
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines seven historical trends related to the Catholic Church that have been gaining strength over the latter half of the twentieth century. Each trend comprises two countervailing forces in a dialectical relationship. Together they compose a matrix that is creating tension toward change in the structure of Catholic ministry that will lead first to married priests and then to the ordination of women in the Catholic Church. The seven trends are the demographic transition to a shortage of priests documented in the USA; the shift from dogmatism to pluralism; the shift from a Western to a world Church; celibacy and the growing personalism of human sexuality; the feminist movement; the lay movement; and the liturgical movement. Part III of the book (Chs. 7–9) further examines this trend.
Immanence and Transcendence
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last, explaining why each of the seven trends gaining strength in the Catholic Church consists of a pair of social forces in dialectical conflict, and how balancing the tension between them can resolve the conflict. The first to third trends in the matrix were discussed in the last chapter. This one examines the fourth and fifth trends, which affect the tension between immanence and transcendence. The fourth trend is declining transcendentalism and growing personalism in the social construction of human sexuality, which are reflected in the conflict over celibacy and marriage in the priesthood. The fifth trend is declining male dominance and growing female independence in relations between the sexes, which are reflected in the conflict over male hegemony and gender equality in the Catholic ministry.
Hierarchy and Hierophany
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last two, in examining trends six and seven of the seven trends in the matrix of social forces affecting the Catholic Church. These belong to the lay movement, which reflects the dynamic tension (conflict) between laity and clergy produced by the Catholic Church's division of labor and the liturgical movement, which reflects the tension between sacrament and Bible in Catholic worship. In other words, both the lay and liturgical movements draw their dynamism from the conflict between hierarchic and hierophanic power. Thus, the countervailing powers of hierarchy and hierophany are bound up in the tension between the forces of unity and diversity, and the tension between the forces of immanence and transcendence. Priest shortage (the first trend) brings these tensions to a head, and as the decline in the priest population continues, it is argued that it acts as a catalyst provoking a series of far‐reaching changes, most notably the loss of the sacrificial focus of the Mass.
Bureaucratic Counterinsurgency in Catholic History
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter discusses the peculiar aspects of coalitionist behavior in a Catholic setting and analyzes coalition formation in recent Catholic history. In the latter respect, it summarizes three recent studies that analyze the role of the conservative coalition (a coalition composed of bureaucratic leaders who rely on hierarchical power) in the modern Catholic Church: Gene Burn's study of the papal battle against liberalism, Lester Kurtz's account of the mobilization of the papacy and international episcopacy in an attempt to stamp out modernism in the Church, and John Stephens's analysis of the impact of conservative Catholic forces on the transition to and breakdown of democracy in Western Europe. The last part of the chapter discusses Catholic coalitionist power in action.
Goodbye Father
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the far‐reaching consequences of radical change in the Catholic Church. It discusses why the Church will settle the problem of celibate exclusivity in the ministry before it addresses male exclusivity (the patriarchal ministry) and the ordination of women, and notes that the effects of married priests and the ordination of women will reverberate throughout society, making the conflict over patriarchy the main agenda for the new millennium.