bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Human Origins
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Homo sapiens is an unusual species in many ways. One of those ways concerns its intricate population history, the result of an extremely rapid initial spread combined with unparalleled sub-sequent mobility. Today, thanks to the extraordinary ecological adapt- ability conferred on it by its ability to respond technologically to the demands of new environments, H. sapiens occupies virtually every in- habitable region of the world, in huge numbers. But at times during the climatic rigors of the ice ages, the population of our species (doubtless like that of its precursors) seems to have been extremely reduced and fragmented, thus experiencing conditions ideally suited to local adaptation and evolutionary innovation.
The Pre-Islamic Turks and Their Precursors
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The origins of the Turkic peoples are not well documented. Yet the Turks or their precursors already had a greater-than-regional role in Eurasian history before their name appears in historical sources. Their Inner Asian homeland also felt the impact of major historical currents originating outside it. Manifold illustrations of these points emerge from the prehistory of the Turks and from what is known about the social, economic, and political forms of the societies that preceded them. Although linguists hypothesize that proto-Turkic, of which no direct evidence survives, was spoken as early as 3000–500 B.C.E., the Turks did not indisputably appear in history until the sixth century C.E., when Chinese sources mention a people in Mongolia and southern Siberia called the Tujue (T’u-chüe), whom modern scholars identify as Turks.
Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, most Turks converted to Islam, thus crossing the first great civilizational divide in their history. That permitted those who so wished to move freely into the Islamic heartlands of the Middle East. There, they quickly assumed leading roles in military and political affairs. As Central Asian peoples also began to convert to Islam, some of the most important stages in the creation of a Turko-Islamic culture occurred there. This northeast ward advance of Islam continued for centuries. Mahmud al-Kashgari legitimized the Turks’ political rise with a made-up hadith, or saying of the Prophet Muhammad. In the hadith, Muhammad attributes the following statement to God: “I have an army, which I call the Turks and have settled in the East.
Family Assets and School Access: Race and Class in the Structuring of Educational Opportunity
Authors: Shapiro Thomas M , Johnson Heather Beth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The Black-White Test Score Gap (1998), Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips argue that reducing black-white educational inequality would do more to promote racial equality than any other politically plausible strategy. Reducing racial inequality in education and, subsequently, in earnings, according to Jencks and Phillips, would go a long way toward eradicating other inequalities that flow from the educational gap. Debunking both traditional liberal and conservative arguments about innate abilities, family structure, and funding, for example, they strongly suggest that policy and research reorient to cultural and behavioral related approaches to learning. Specifically, their clarion call, which fits neatly with the current educational reform agenda, pulls attention away from highly inequitable conditions of education in the United States. While they have done an admirable job in clarifying much of this literature, and there clearly is much wisdom in their work and in what they say, in our view, the death knell for equity-based structural reform is premature.
The Thrift Savings Plan Experience: Implications for a Universal Asset Account Initiative
Authors: Rideout Elaine C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public policies that promote asset accumulation are catching on in the United States. The leading asset-based policy approach, individual development account (IDA) programs, are now established at the federal level, via the Assets for Independence Act (AFIA), and in at least thirty-four states. The accounts are established for low-income savers who are provided with matching contributions, as well as financial education and counseling. There are currently over five hundred community IDA programs in operation with over ten thousand working poor participants, and over thirty thousand AFIA-funded accounts matured in 2003–2004 (CSD, 2000; Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). Proponents of the asset-building movement in the United States are grappling with a number of issues in an effort to make these policies universally available. A number of these issues are very similar to those faced by the nation’s now widespread capital accumulation movement, which essentially began in 1981 when the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released rules for the establishment and implementation of 401(k) retirement savings plans. Specifically, the development and establishment of the government’s own 401(k)-style thrift savings plan (TSP) for federal employees in the mid-1980s offers asset builders a case-study-in-scale. Today, section 401(k) is probably the best-known part of the U.S. code, and the TSP has become the largest 401(k) in the country.
Inclusion in Asset Building: Directions for Theory and Research
Authors: Sherraden Michael , Scanlon Edward , Adams Deborah , Beverly Sondra G , Schreiner Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our assignment in this chapter is to stand back and ask which directions for theory and research may be productive for increasing understanding of inclusion of the poor in asset building and for policy application. We begin with what we do not address very much in this chapter. The two biggest areas are policy analysis questions and political analysis questions. Regarding policy analysis, several measurement, policy content, and policy impact questions will be critical. Some of the key questions are about definition and measurement: How are assets defined and measured? What is asset poverty? Chapter 4 in this volume, by Robert Haveman and Edward Wolff, makes important contributions toward measurement and assessment of asset poverty. All such measures contain theoretical assumptions, which the authors are careful to note. In the future, new theoretical assumptions about asset poverty may lead to different types of measures. For example, it might be useful to develop measures of moving assets through time (Schreiner, 2004).
The Right to Health
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Activists in South Africa succeeded in returning health as a human right to the international stage just as it was being displaced by economists who see health through the prism of a globalized economy and politicians who see it as an issue of national security or charity. The current postapartheid debate in South Africa is not about race, but about health, and in this context the court victory by AIDS activists regarding nevirapine has been termed not only “the greatest defeat for Mbeki’s government” but also the opening of “legitimate criticism” of the government “over a host of issues from land rights to the pursuit of wealth.” Using the South African nevirapine case as a centerpiece, in this chapter I explore the utility of the often misunderstood international human right to health to improve health generally.
Medical Ethics In New Zealand and Nova Scotia: Test Cases
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We are left with the chastening reflection that some of our predecessors were greater men than we are if width of interest and a higher level of culture are any guides. Perhaps they had more leisure and a better early education in an older civilization, and perhaps we can take a little comfort and excuse in the greater complexity of the medicine of our period, which, regrettably for most of us, makes it all-absorbing.
The End of Isolation: Hints of Reconvergence
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the middle of the twentieth century, the picture was not encouraging for one who believed that any serious medical ethics required communication between those who think systematically about ethical obligations and those who think seriously about the practice of medicine. There was almost no discussion of ethics between health professionals and humanists, despite recent world events under­ lining the need for it. It is too bold to claim that all that was wrong in medical ethics can be attributed directly to the lack of interaction between humanists and health professionals, but the correlation is striking.
Introduction
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In writing about the lives and struggles of poor, self-employed women, I have been presumptuous. I have written about women who are unlikely to read what I have written about them. Moreover, my perception is unavoidably limited by the economic and social environment to which I belong. So in all honesty, I cannot claim to speak for the women I am writing about; I can only speak for myself. And yet I have written this book because I have shared a good part of my life with these women. I have written about what I have seen and what I have learned about their struggles against poverty and prejudice. I want to talk about our interwoven lives, about how and why we join hands and what we have done, and still do, together-our hopes, actions, struggles, successes, and failures. The women have changed my life; they have inhabited it, enriched it, and shown me why life is worth living. In every possible sense, I am in their debt.
Sukhi
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Sukhi River is absent from most maps. For the tribal or adivasi residents of Vadodara District, whose homes and forests lie submerged by its waters, it is a major presence. If the little river is to be found on any maps, it is on those of the Gujarat Government Irrigation Department. A small dam was built on the river in 1983 to strengthen agriculture in the district and to provide more water to the large farms, villages, and towns downstream. The dam was constructed at the cost of 920 million rupees. To the inhabitants of sixteen submerged villages, the dam cost them their land, their livelihood, and their traditional way of life. There is irony in the river’s name. “Sukhi” means “happy,” but at its source in the hill ranges to the West, the little river is called “Suki,” which means “dry.” When Suki meets and marries the river Bharaj at Muthai, it becomes Sukhi. The Rathwa, Barisa, Kali, and other adivasis who have lived in the forests along its banks for centuries had plenty of water all year round; the soil was fertile and with relatively little effort they were able to grow paddy, corn, peanuts, vegetables, and other small crops for their own consumption.
Lawrence’s Götterdämmerung The Tragic Vision of Women in Love
Authors: Oates Joyce Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a little-known story of Lawrence’s called the “The Christening” an elderly wreck of a man contemplates his illegitimate grandchild and attempts to lead his embarrassed and impatient household in a prayer in “the special language of fatherhood.” No one listens, no one wishes to hear. He is rambling, incoherent, bullying even in his confession and self-abnegation, yet his prayer is an extraordinary one: he implores God to shield the newborn child from the conceit of family life, from the burden of being a son with a specific father. It was his own interference with his children, his imposition of his personal will, that damaged them as human beings; and he prays that his grandson will be spared this violation of the spirit. Half-senile he insists upon his prayer though his grown-up children are present and resentful:
The First “Women in Love”
Authors: Worthen John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 1 October 1998, Cambridge University Press published a book which should have been published more than eighty years before, in the spring of 1917. It had been finished in November 1916, sent to the author’s agent, and from there had gone to the publisher who had a contract to publish it. But the author was D. H. Lawrence, the agent J. B. Pinker, the book the first version of Women in Love, and the publisher Algernon Methuen, who, just twelve months earlier, had been roundly criticized at Bow Street Magistrates Court for publishing the book’s immediate predecessor, The Rainbow. The Magistrate, Sir John Dickinson, had then commented:
Lawrence in Another Light Women in Love and Existentialism
Authors: Humma John B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Especially when vie wed a s the response or reaction to or development away from the seemingly dead end of naturalism, existentialism, though currently out of fashion, is nonetheless among the more important literary-philosophical developments of the twentieth century. And yet, though the whole tenor of Lawrence’s thought is anti-deterministic and though he almost certainly is one of the three or four most important English-language novelists of the century, D. H. Lawrence only infrequently is considered in the context of existentialism. To be sure, for Norman Mailer, Lawrence’s greatest interest lies precisely in his existentialism. Mailer represents Lawrence’s thinking in this way: “People can win at love only when they are ready to lose everything they bring to it of ego, position, or identity—love is more stern than war—and men and women survive only if they reach the depths of their own sex down within themselves.
Violence in Women in Love
Authors: Mark Kinkead-Weekes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lawrence is a n uncomfortable writer who often forces us to face up to ourselves in ways that we would rather avoid. This may offend what in us is sentimental, fashionable, or dishonest; and nowhere more so than in his exploration of violence. We are repelled by violence, afraid of it, yet fascinated, vicariously avid, as so many of our entertainments bear witness. But we insulate ourselves from ourselves in comforting ways. Some people argue that domestic violence is essentially a male phenomenon. Anthropologists and politicians differ about whether violence is innate or the product of conditioning, social class, or deprivation. Most of us would like to think that it can be contained by improving social organization and welfare. We suppose ourselves to be peaceable and that what we read in the newspapers is about people quite other than ourselves, if perhaps less fortunate.
Loerke’s Statuette
Authors: Bullen J B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women in Love is unusual in Lawrence’s oeuvre in its preoccupation with sculpture. Gudrun Brangwen is a sculptress. She knows other sculptors in St. Petersburg and Munich. Hermione Roddice suggests that she teach the techniques of sculpture to Gerald Crich’s sister, Winifred, who in her turn wishes to become a sculptress. “Primitive” or tribal African carving is collected by the decadent playboy Halliday and images of this same sculpture punctuate the text at significant moments. Loerke is the most prominent practitioner in the novel and two of his pieces are singled out in the text: a factory frieze and a bronze statuette of Godiva. The first, Loerke suggests, is a celebration of the mechanical way of life; the second, a naked girl on a horse, he says is “not mechanical.” The sculptor shows Gudrun and Ursula a photograph that he carries with him, and the sight of it elicits divergent reactions from them. In Gudrun it produces “dark homage” while in Ursula it generates profound irritation.
“A Restrained, SomewhatImpersonal Novel “
Authors: Bell Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The recurrent p roblem raised by Sons and Lovers is whether it should be seen as the last novel of Lawrence’s apprenticeship or the first of his maturity. I put it in this way to suggest that disagreements on this novel will frequently involve differing perceptions of ‘mature’ Lawrence as much as differing judgements of the work itself. It is not my intention to rehearse the history of criticism with respect to Sons and Lovers, but its peculiar critical elusiveness and the related difficulty of placing it within Lawrence’s œuvre, are in themselves a significant clue to the reading of Lawrence more generally. It is principally in this light that I wish to reconsider what it is about Sons and Lovers that has made it such a difficult case.
Relationship and Class in Sons and Lovers
Authors: Daly Macdonald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No r eading of Sons and Lovers can neglect the explanation Lawrence himself offered for it in a letter to Edward Garnett,his literary mentor, on 19 November 1912, the day after he had sent the completed manuscript of the novel to the London publisher Duckworth, for whom Garnett was a reader. This was the fourth manuscript version of the novel (Lawrence was still referring to it as ‘Paul Morel’, after its hero, although he had first suggested ‘Sons and Lovers’ in October), and Lawrence, writing from Italy, wanted to ensure in advance of his responding to the manuscript that Garnett understood what he was trying to achieve. He also needed to reassure Garnett that the latest version addressed the older man’s criticisms of earlier drafts: ‘I want to defend it, quick. I wrote it again, pruning it and shaping it and filling it in.
Images of Women in Sons and Lovers
Authors: Storch Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
D.H.L awrence ‘ s response to women reflects his awareness of the fundamental power of women over men’s emotional lives1 and of strong female influence in his own society.2 This perception of female ascendancy was deepened by his close relationship with his mother and by his early contact with the women’s emancipation movement. His resentment of female domination was complicated and intensified by his relationship with Frieda Weekley. Through Frieda, he became familiar with the acceptance of matriarchal values, derived from Bachofen, of the avant-garde group die kosmische Runde.3 Through living at close quarters with Frieda’s forceful personality, his deep-seated resistance to female domination was aggravated into a particular form of taunting invective.4 He refers often to the powerful and overwhelming mother figure as the “Magna Mater. “ It is a term that he applied to Frieda with variants such as the “Queen Bee, “ and to Ursula in Women in Love. The response can also be found as the mainspring of many important relationships within his works.
Forms of Expression in Sons and Lovers
Authors: Stewart Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sons and Lovers has been considered a breakthrough from the shallow aestheticism of The White Peacock and overripe Wagnerianism of The Trespasser to a “triumph of realism “ in which Lawrence mastered his own painful experience. But to take Sons and Lovers as simply “realistic “ is to neglect much of the novel’s richness—or to expand the concept of realism beyond recognizable limits. Critics who put a high premium on realism tend to identify the completion of Lawrence’s apprenticeship with the culmination of his career and to regard subsequent departures with suspicion. Graham Holderness theorizes a full range of stylistic development between the aesthetic experiment of The White Peacock and “the triumph of realism “ in Sons and Lovers, while Nancy Kushigian condenses the entire pattern of Lawrence’s early development into this one novel.
A
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein deficiency 4q22–q24 Normotriglyceridemic abetalipoproteinemia is due to mutations in the apolipoprotein B gene Most cases with this extremely rare disease have been in Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jews, but it has been reported in other populations. Lipid malabsorption in infancy results in a deficiency of the fat-soluble vitamins A, E, and, less commonly, K. Although lipid is able to enter the intestinal mucosal epithelium, its exit is blocked. Fat-soluble vitamins cannot be normally incorporated into chylomicrons for transportation to the liver from the intestine. Steatorrhea with abdominal distension, failure to thrive, malnutrition, and spinal curvature beginning in the first few months of life are all present.
N
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Burdon et al. isolated the NHS gene and found mutations in Australian families with this syndrome. The gene encompasses approximately 650 kb of genomic DNA, coding for a 1630 amino acid putative nuclear protein. Although orthologs were found in other vertebrates, no sequence similarity to known genes was identified. Rare; fewer than 20 families in the literature Crown-shaped dental abnormalities (screwdriver-shaped, conical, or notched), supernumerary teeth, a central incisor, position and implantation anomalies, as well as other, less common abnormalities occur. Female carriers may also have mild dental abnormalities similar to those in males.
C
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A discussion of all the clinical and therapeutic aspects of congenital cataracts is beyond the scope of this monograph. Table 12 summarizes the gene and gene-mapping information on a number of isolated inherited cataracts. Additional information can be obtained from OMIM. Most pediatric cataracts are genetic or secondary to an intrauterine infection. Unilateral cataracts are less likely to be genetically determined. Associated systemic or ocular anomalies are often present. Systemic anomalies may include: Cataract may occur as an isolated finding or associated with other inherited ocular anomalies (Norrie disease, aniridia, colobomatous microphthalmos, microphthalmia without coloboma, or dominant or X-linked microcornea).
D
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In some patients, distichiasis or lymphedema may occur alone. Other features are epidural spinal cysts, vertebral anomalies, and pterygium colli (webbed neck). The diagnosis is based on the physical findings and family history. Hypoplastic lymph channels can be demonstrated on lymphangiography. Although rare, epidural cysts with secondary neurologic complications should always be looked for.
F
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Affected males have extensive deposition of glycophospholipids in blood vessels, ganglion cells, the heart, kidneys, eyes, and most tissues. Clinical sequelae include angiokeratomas in the skin and mucous membranes, paresthesias, and episodes of burning pain in the extremities. Sweating defects and dependent edema may occur. Proteinuria develops in middle life, and kidney failure is a common cause of death. Episodic severe pain in the extremities is usually the reason for initially seeking medical attention. Because the pain is rarely suspected as being caused by Fabry disease, the correct diagnosis is usually delayed until either an ophthalmologist sees the pathognomonic corneal or lens changes or kidney failure occurs.
H
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cavernous vascular malformations can involve any part of the central nervous system. They can be asymptomatic or cause seizures, mostly from hemorrhage, progressive or focal neurologic deficit, and headache. Intracranial hemorrhage occurs in 12% to 48% of patients. Tumors can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging studies. Because of their venous nature, they are difficult to detect angiographically. Skin lesions are the least common component and may be absent in certain families.