bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of male‐incubated ovaries in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
Authors: Ballarino Joanne , Ma Michael , Ding Tsuey , Lamison Craig 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOvaries from Lymantria dispar females were transplanted into an environment lacking vitellogenin, the male milieu, in order to determine how the presence of vitellogenin in the hemolymph affects the process of protein uptake by gypsy moth oocytes. When undeveloped ovaries from newly ecdysed last instar females were transplanted into males of the same stage, follicles detached from the germarium and increased in size, but the growth of oocytes proceeded more slowly than those from female controls. Although chorion fromation was delayed in male‐grown ovaries, scanning electron microscopy of chorionated eggs recovered from adult males showed that a chorion with normal surface architecture was formed by the adult stage. SDS‐PAGE analysis of the male‐grown ovaries and hemolymph from males receiving ovaries showed that vitellogenin production was not stimulated by the organ transplant and only male hemolymph proteins were internalized by the male‐incubated ovaries. Thus, in the absence of vitellogenin, endocytosis of male hemolymph proteins occurred, but the rate of oocyte growth was slowed.
Ultrastructural studies of male‐incubated ovaries of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
Authors: Ballarino Joanne , Ding Tsuey , Ma Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOvaries from Lymantria dispar females were transplanted into an environment lacking the vitellogenin ligand; i.e., the male milieu. Transmission electron micrographs comparing the terminal oocytes of male‐grown ovaries and normal ovaries showed that yolk sphere diameters were reduced in the male‐grown oocytes. However, there were larger numbers of these small yolk spheres per unit area of cytoplasm, indicating that the coalescence of endosomes into yolk spheres is reduced in the absence of vitellogenin. Although there are larger numbers of yolk spheres in male‐grown oocytes, the smaller diameter of yolk spheres resulted in less area being taken up by yolk spheres per unit area of cytoplasm in male‐grown oocytes, yielding lowered yolk production. This lowered yolk production is a result at least in part of the lowered number of coated vesicles per unit area of submembrane space and in part of the reduced interfollicular spaces seen in male‐grown ovaries.
Superoxide dismutase in the anal gills of the mosquito larvae ofAedes aegypti: Its inhibition by α‐terthienyl
Authors: Nivsarkar Manish , Kumar G. Pradeep , Laloraya Malini , Laloraya Manmohan M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anal gills of the mosquito larvae ofAedes aegyptiwere shown to possess superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity, which increased with the maturation of the larvae from instar 1 to instar 4. This enzyme was highly inhibited upon treatment of the larvae with α‐terthienyl (2,2′: 5,2′‐terthiophene) and subsequent exposure to long‐wave ultraviolet light. Inhibition also occurred with treatment of the crude enzyme extract in a similar fashion. Exposure of the enzyme to the ultraviolet light alone or the treatment of the enzyme with α‐terthienyl in darkness could not manifest this inhibition. This finding adds a new dimension to the complex mechanism(s) proposed for the photodynamic toxicity of α‐terthienyl.
Role of superoxide dismutase in the protection and tolerance to the prooxidant allelochemical quercetin in Papilio polyxenes, Spodoptera eridania, and Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Pritsos Chris A. , Pastore Jenny , Pardini Ronald S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLarvae of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, have different feeding habits and dietary breadth, which contributes to differences in their exposure and tolerance to dietary prooxidant allelochemicals. The antioxidant enzyme activities of larvae of these insects have been previously determined, with the levels being P. polyxenes > S. eridania > T. ni. The relative activities of these antioxidant enzymes are consistent with the relative exposure of these insects to prooxidants. This suggests that the antioxidant enzymes may play a role in the defense against allelochemical toxicity in these insects. Dietary diethlydithiocarbamate (DETC), a copper chelating agent and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, was shown to inhibit SOD in all three insects. Toxicological studies were conducted using four diets for each insect. The standard diets for each insect were supplemented with either control (solvent), quercetin (a prooxidant), DETC, or DETC plus quercetin. Nontoxic doses of each compound for each insect were used. Inhibition of SOD in P. polyxenes and S. eridania dramatically increased quercetin‐induced toxicity as measured by relative growth and consumption rates in these species. DETC had no effect on quercetin toxicity in T. ni. These results elucidate the important role of SOD in the prooxidant allelochemical defense of insects.
Site of hemolymph lectin production and its activation in vitro by 20‐hydroxyecdysone
Authors: Amanai Kazuhito , Sakurai Sho , Ohtaki Tetsuya 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo identify the tissues which produce hemolymph lectin in larvae of Bombyx mori, ovary, testis, fat body, and hemocytes from 5th‐instar larvae were cultured in vitro and the culture medium was partially purified and assayed for hemagglutinating activity. Among the tissues tested, hemocytes appeared to be a major source of the hemolymph lectins. Ovary produced lectins to about one‐tenth of the amount observed for the hemocytes, whereas testis and fat body were not productive. To study the hormonal control of hemolymph lectin production by hemocytes, hemocytes from 4th‐instar larvae were cultured in vitro. Hemagglutinating activity in the hemolymph of 4th‐instar larvae was immunostainable with the monoclonal antibody raised against 350,000 dalton lectin found in the 5th‐instar hemolymph, but their molecular sizes were larger than the 5th‐instar hemolymph lectins. When 20‐hydroxyecdysone was added into the medium, production of the lectin by the hemocytes was remarkably enhanced, depending upon the hormone concentration.
Juvenile hormone binding proteins of termites detected by photoaffinity labeling: Comparison of Zootermopsis nevadensis with two rhinotermitids
Authors: Okot‐Kotber B. Moses , Prestwich Glenn D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe hemolymph of each caste of the primitive dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis (Isoptera, Termopsidae, Termopsinae) contains a high molecular mass lipoprotein which functions as a specific, high affinity carrier for juvenile hormone (JH) III, as detected by JH III‐displaceable covalent modification by the tritium‐labeled photoaffinity analog (10R)‐10, 11‐epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate ([3H]EFDA). The Formosan termite Coptotermes formosanus (Rhinotermitidae, Coptotermitinae) and Eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Rhinotermitidae, Rhinotermitinae) possess analogous proteins. Variations among the major proteins and the JH‐binding lipoproteins are described.
Regional distribution and substrate specificity of digestive enzymes involved in terminal digestion in Musca domestica hind‐midguts
Authors: Jordāo Beatriz P. , Terra Walter R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOne membrane‐bound α‐glucosidase and two soluble α‐glucosidases were isolated from homogenates of the hind‐midgut, the main digestive region in Musca domestica larvae. The membrane‐bound α‐glucosidase and the low‐Mr soluble α‐glucosidase hydrolyze maltopentaose better than maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose, the reverse being true for the high‐Mr soluble α‐glucosidase. A membrane‐bound glucoamylase previously described in Musca domestica midgut was shown by gradient centrifugation and dialysis against EDTA to result from the combined action of an amylase and an α‐glucosidase. The determination of amylase, α‐glucosidases, soluble and membrane‐bound carboxypeptidase A, membrane‐bound aminopeptidase and dipeptidase along the tissue and luminal contents of the hind‐midgut is described. The data support a proposal concerned with how starch and protein are digested in Musca domestica larval hind‐midguts and where and how midgut glycosidases and peptidases are secreted.
Dsp28: A desiccation stress protein in Tenebrio molitor hemolymph
Authors: Kroeker Ernest M. , Walker Virginia K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA novel hemolymph protein from Tenebrio molitor associated with desiccation stress has been purified and characterized. The protein contains cysteine; it was labeled in vivo using [35S]‐cysteine, and the amino acid analysis showed a 4% cysteine content. In the native state dsp28 is a dimer with a single subunit Mr of 28,000. The synthesis of dsp28 and its concentration in larval hemolymph increase dramatically after desiccation. Dsp28 is a major component of total larval hemolymph protein representing 5% of total protein in control insects and up to 17% in desiccated larvae. The hemolymph of cold‐acclimated larvae also contains elevated levels of dsp28.
Effect of a juvenile hormone analogue on the life span, egg laying, and ecdysteroid titer of virgin Ephestia cautella females
Authors: Shaaya Eli , Calderon Moshe , Pisarev Vladimir , Spindler Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMated females of the tropical warehouse moth, Ephestia cautella, start laying eggs shortly after adult emergence. All eggs are laid within 4 days and the adult's total life span is 5 to 6 days. If mating is prevented, egg laying is drastically delayed and the life span is extended to approximately 10 to 11 days. Virgin females lay fewer eggs than mated insects. If the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene is applied topically (100 ng/pupa) 2 to 3 days prior to adult emergence, the number of eggs per virgin female increases and the life span is reduced, as compared with nontreated virgins, and reaches values similar to control (mated) females. Changs in the ecdysteroid titer of females are related to egg laying. The concentrations increase and reach a maximum before most of the eggs are laid. Accordingly, the peak maximum is delayed in virgins as compared with mated females. This delay is prevented after application of methoprene. Mated and virgin females have lower ecdysteroid levels than treated virgins. In contrast to mated females, males have much lower ecdysteroid levels throughout their adult life.
Phytochemicals at the plant‐insect interface
Authors: Shapiro Jeffrey P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOpportunities for genetic engineering of natural products are increasing, while discovery and development of synthetic insecticides and developmental regulators are declining. However, discovery and potential applications of natural compounds are constrained by present ecological knowledge and theory. Biochemistry offers additional perspective to chemical interaction across the interface between plant and herbivore. Phytochemical effects on an insect herbivore may be determined by physical, chemical, and biotic characteristics of the microenvironment during phytochemical transfer between plant and insect. The midgut lumen is often overlooked as part of this microenvironment. It initially determines rates of metabolism and uptake of phytochemicals into hemolymph, and ultimately the quantity of a compound seen by affected tissues. Additive processes such as absorption, binding, and transport by proteins in hemolymph may ultimately prove more crucial to toxication than subtractive processes such as metabolism and excretion. Uptake and transport of coumarins in hemolymph are being studied in larvae of the citrus root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus. Studies with synthetic 7‐amino‐3‐phenyl coumarin (coumarin‐10) have preceded studies with natural coumarins. The fluorescence properties of coumarin‐10 have enabled determination of absorption and binding to hemolymph proteins.
Comparative processing of allelochemicals in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Berenbaum May R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWithin the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera), species display a broad range of feeding patterns, from oligophagy on a single hostplant family to polyphagy on over a dozen families. Accompanying this diversity of feeding strategies is a diversity of physiological mechanisms for processing hostplant allelochemicals. Studies on members of this family as well as other Lepidoptera suggest that oligophagy is associated with high activity, in addition to high substrate specificity, of detoxicative enzymes.
Plant and insect cuticular lipids serve as behavioral cues for insects
Authors: Espelie Karl E. , Bernays Elizabeth A. , Brown John J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe roles of plant and insect cuticular lipids in insect and plant interactions are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the influence that the host plant and the surface lipids of the host plant have upon insect herbivores and the predators and parasitoids of these herbivores. Variations in cuticular lipids of herbivorous insects are dependent upon the host plant, and these variations may affect the behavior of predators and parasitoids. The cuticular lipids of species which interact on multiple trophic levels are compared. Similarities were found between the hydrocarbons of herbivorous insects, their host plants, and their predators or parasitoids.
Ecdysteroid synthesis and molting by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, in the absence of prothoracic glands
Authors: Sakurai Sho , Warren James T. , Gilbert Lawrence I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWhen a pair of prothoracic glands (PGs) were removed from Manduca sexta pupae on the day of pupation, the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer remained at a low level. When a portion of the gland pair was extirpated from pupae after the critical period for prothoracicotropic hormone release, the maximum hemolymph ecdysteroid titer was reduced in proportion to the mass of the PGs removed. These findings clearly showed that the PGs in intact pupae are responsible for the elevated ecdysteroid titer required to elicit adult development on schedule. When brains were removed on the day of pupation, the initiation of adult development was delayed for weeks or months. In contrast, pupae whose PGs were removed on the day of pupation initiated development only 7 days late, indicating the existence of an additional source of pupal ecdysteroids. Further, abdomens of male M. sexta that were isolated on the day of pupation initiated adult development spontaneously within 70 days. The implantation of day 0 pupal brains into these isolated abdomens accelerated the initiation of adult development and elicited synchronous adult development. The hemolymph ecdysteroid titer of those isolated abdomens receiving implants of brains increased within 5 days and reached a maximum level of 1.5 μg/ml. The analysis of hemolymph ecdysteroids by reverse‐phase HPLC revealed that ecdysone was the major moiety and that the ecdysteroid composition was similar to that of normal, intact pupae that had just initiated adult development. These results demonstrate that the PGs are not requisite for adult development. An increased hemolymph ecdysteroid titer was also observed in isolated abdomens from which the testes were removed and in abdomens devoid of their digestive tract. Indeed, in the latter case, the ecdysteroid titer attained much higher levels than those observed for abdomens with intact guts. Despite numerous attempts to identity the tissue(s) in the isolated abdomens responsible for the increase in ecdysteroid titer, its identity remains unknown.
Stage‐specific protein and mRNA synthesis during morphogenesis of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Baehrecke Eric H. , Strand Michael R. , Williamson Judy L. , Aiken Judd M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChanges in protein and mRNA synthesis during embryonic morphogenesis of the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum were characterized by 1‐ and 2‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and quantified by scanning densitometry. Analysis of protein synthesis at different developmental stages indicated that embryonic molecular changes occurred at 36 h of the host's fourth stadium. These changes included decreased expression of 51 and 104 kD (D) proteins and increased expression of 22, 22.5, and 24 kD (D) proteins. Similarly, analysis of in vitro translation products indicated increased transcription of mRNA encoding 16 and 49 kD proteins in embryos dissected at 36 h of the host's fourth stadium. The stage‐specific changes in transcription and translation corresponded to the blastula stage of embryonic development and arose several hours before the initiation of embryonic morphogenic events associated with larval pattern formation. Application of the JH analogue methoprene at times that block morphogenesis but not blastula formation did not block the stage‐specific synthesis of any proteins. In contrast, neck ligation of hosts at times that block blastula formation and morphogenesis inhibited the synthesis of the 24 kD protein that was normally expressed at the blastula stage.
Heat shock proteins and thermotolerance in a cultured cell line from the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Jang Eric B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHeat shock proteins (hsps) were identified in a cell line from the Mediterranean fruit fly, Certatitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to elevated temperatures. Cells produced three hsps (Mr 87,000, 69,000, and 34,000) in response to a temperature shift from 26°C to 37°C (30–60 min) with a concomitant decrease in synthesis of most other cellular proteins. Synthesis of low Mr hsps was not evident. The heat shock response is triggered within 30 min at temperatures from 33°C to 41°C. At temperatures >41°C protein synthesis was shut down. Within 2–3 h after return to 26°C, synthesis of proteins repressed at the higher temperatures resumed production while the major hsps disappear. Heat shock proteins were not produced in the presence of actinomycin D. Evaluations on the role of hsps in conferring thermotolerance to the cells showed an increase in cell viability in heat‐shocked cells over nonheat‐shocked cells (after 3 and 10 days) when subsequently placed at 45°C for 1 h, a normally lethal temperature. Heat shock alone had little effect on subsequent cell viability or growth at 26°C. These results suggest that hsps produced by these cells may aid in the maintenance of cell integrity and thus play a transitory role in thermotolerance.
Transfer of phospholipids from fat body to lipophorin in Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Atella Geórgia Corrêa , Gondim Katia Calp , Masuda Hatisaburo 
Published: February 2005

Abstract32P‐Labeled fat bodies (32P‐fat bodies) of Rhodnius prolixus females were incubated in the presence of nonradioactive purified lipophorin and the release of radioactivity to the medium was analysed to answer the question of whether lipophorin is a reusable shuttle for phospholipids. The radioactivity found in the medium was associated with lipophorin phospholipids. When the 32P‐fat bodies were incubated in the absence of lipophorin, only a small amount of radioactivity was released and it was not associated with lipophorin, indicating that there was no release of pre‐labeled 32P‐lipophorin by the tissue. Analysis of the 32P‐phospholipids transferred from fat bodies to the lipophorin particles by thin‐layer chromatography revealed a predominance of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, with minor amounts of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin. The transfer of phospholipids to lipophorin was linear with time up to 45 min and the process was inhibited at low temperature and by the metabolic inhibitors azide and fluoride. The transfer of phospholipids from the fat bodies to lipophorin was saturable with respect to the concentration of lipophorin, which was half‐maximal at about 8 mg/ml. A directional movement of phospholipids from the fat body to lipophorin was observed. The net gain of phospholipids in 2 h of incubation with fat body was 8.54 nmol per insect, which corresponds to 6.69% of increase in the lipophorin phospholipid content. The rate of 32P‐phospholipid transfer from fat body to lipophorin particles varied during the days after a blood meal increasing up to day 10 and then decreasing in parallel with the process of oogenesis.
Preliminary characterization of enzyme activities in Malpighian tubules involved in the breakdown of adipokinetic hormones
Authors: Siegert Karl J. , Mordue William 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAdipokinetic hormones (AKH) from different insect species, crustacean red pigment‐concentrating hormone (RPCH), and synthetic substrates were used to characterized enzyme activities present in the Malpighian tubules (MT) of the desert locuts, Schistocerca gregaria, which are involved in the degradation of AKH.When peptides containing proline (position 6) were incubated with MT homogenate they were cleaved by a post‐proline cleaving enzyme (PPCE). The presence of such an enzyme was confirmed by the breakdown of a synthetic substrate for PPCE. Peptides which do not contain proline were broken down by a post‐phenylalanine cleaving enzyme (PFCE) which could be chymotrypsin or chymotryptic. This PFCE activity(ies) seem(s) to be inactive on the proline‐containig peptides or their fragments or digests these at a slow rate. The C‐terminal chymotrypsin fragments of the AKHs were broken down by MT homogenates with no accumulation of new intermediate products. It is not clear whether another endopeptidase, PPCE, or leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is responsible.The MTs contain LAP activity; however, this enzyme(s) may be different from its vertebrate counterpart(s). Homogenates of MTs break down equimolar amounts of Pro‐7AMC at approximately the same rate, while porcine kidney LAP (cytosol) cleaved Pro‐7AMC much slower than Leu‐7AMC.The demonstration of carboxypeptidase (CP) A and B activity in the MTs was not possible using conventional substrates such as hippuryl derivatives of amino acids. When CPA from porcine pancreas was added to MT homogenates hippuryl‐phenylalanine was digested proving that the conditions were appropriate for CPA activity to occur. The treatment of a N‐terminally blocked peptide fragment with MT homogenate led to the breakdown of the peptide giving evidence that the MT CP requires a substrate with a somewhat longer length of amino acid residues.