bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary gas distribution during ventilation with different inspiratory flow patterns in experimental lung injury – a computed tomography study
Authors: Roth H. , Luecke T. , Deventer B. , Joachim A. , Herrmann P. , Quintel M. 
Published: July 2004

Background:  There is still controversy about the optimal inspiratory flow pattern for ventilation of patients with acute lung injury. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of pressure‐controlled ventilation (PCV) with a decelerating inspiratory flow with volume‐controlled ventilation (VCV) with constant inspiratory flow on pulmonary gas distribution (PGD) in experimentally induced ARDS.Methods:  Sixteen adult sheep were randomized to be ventilated with PCV or VCV after surfactant depletion by repeated bronchoalveolar lavage. Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) was increased in a stepwise manner from zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) to 7, 14 and 21 cm H2O in hourly intervals. Respiratory rate, inspiration‐to‐expiration ratio and tidal volume were kept constant. Central hemodynamics, gas exchange and airway pressures were measured. Electron beam computed tomographic (EBCT) scans of the entire lungs were performed at baseline (preinjury) and each level of end‐expiratory pressure during an inspiratory and expiratory hold maneuver. The lungs were three‐dimensionally reconstructed and volumetric assessments were made separating the lungs into four subvolumes classified as overinflated, normally aerated, poorly aerated and nonaerated.Results:  Pressure‐controlled ventilation led to a decrease in peak airway pressure and an increase in mean airway pressure. No differences between groups were found regarding plateau pressures, hemodynamics and gas exchange. Recruitment, defined as a decrease in expiratory lung volume classified as nonaerated, was similar in both groups and predominantly associated with PEEP. Overinflated lung volumes were increased with PCV.Conclusions:  In this model of acute lung injury, ventilation with decelerating inspiratory flow had no beneficial effects on PGD when compared with ventilation with constant inspiratory flow, while the increase in overinflated lung volumes may raise concerns regarding potential ventilator‐associated lung injury.
Changes in cerebral oxygenation during cold (28°C) and warm (34°C) cardiopulmonary bypass using different blood gas strategies (alpha‐stat and pH‐stat) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Ali M. Shaaban , Harmer M. , Vaughan R. S. , Dunne J. A. , Latto I. P. , Haaverstad R. , Kulatilake E. N. P. , Butchart E. G. 
Published: July 2004

Background:  Impaired cerebral oxygenation, which is reflected by measuring jugular bulb oxygenation, is thought to play an important role in the development of neurological injury after cardiac operations with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The effects of cardiopulmonary temperature and blood gas strategy on cerebral oxygenation are not fully appreciated.Methods:  Sixty patients were randomly allocated into four equal groups (cold alpha‐stat, cold pH‐stat, warm alpha‐stat and warm pH‐stat) to compare the effect of these perfusion strategies on cerebral oxygenation monitored by jugular bulb oximetry [jugular bulb oxygen saturation (SjO2) and arterial‐jugular bulb oxygen content difference (AjDO2)]. Jugular bulb oxygen saturation and AjDO2 were measured before CPB, after 5, 20, 40 min on CPB, at start and end of rewarming, 5 min before the end of CPB and 10 min after CPB. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to model the lowest SjO2 and highest AjDO2 during CPB, with CPB temperature and blood gas management as contributing factors.Results:  Significant changes in SjO2 were only related to the type of blood gas management, with no significant difference between warm and cold CPB patients. In addition, during rewarming, desaturation (SjO2 ≤ 50%) occurred in seven patients of 30 in the alpha‐stat groups and in one patient of 30 in the pH‐stat groups (P = 0.021), and in five patients of 30 in the cold groups vs. three of 30 in the warm groups (P = 0.434). However, no significant changes were found in the highest AjDO2 between the four groups.Conclusion:  Cold CPB failed to offer any further brain protection in terms of better preservation of cerebral oxygenation than warm CPB. Therefore, warm CPB (34°C) with different blood gas strategies appears to be a satisfactory alternative to cold CPB (28°C).
Adrenaline administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: poor adherence to clinical guidelines
Authors: Johansson J. , Hammerby R. , Oldgren J. , Rubertsson S. , Gedeborg R. 
Published: July 2004

Background:  Adrenaline does not appear to improve the outcome after cardiac arrest in clinical trials in spite of beneficial effects in experimental studies. The objective of this study was to determine whether adrenaline was administered in accordance with advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines during adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Methods:  From 15 January to 31 December 2000, all patients at Uppsala University Hospital in whom CPR was attempted were registered prospectively. The duration of CPR was documented in the register and the total dose of adrenaline was retrieved retrospectively from patient records. From these data the average interval between adrenaline doses was calculated.Results:  Data for evaluation of the between‐dose interval of adrenaline was available in 53 of 107 registered cardiac arrests. In 68% (36/53) the average between‐dose interval was longer than the 3–5 min recommended in the guidelines, and 8% (4/53) received no adrenaline. The median interval between adrenaline doses during CPR was 6.5 min (25th−75th percentile: 5.1–10.4). Adherence to guidelines was lower in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest than in in‐hospital cardiac arrest (P = 0.01).Conclusions:  In the majority of cases adrenaline did not appear to be administered according to current ACLS guidelines.
Monitoring of genetic diversity in the Japanese Black cattle population by the use of pedigree information
Authors: Honda T. , Nomura T. , Yamaguchi Y. , Mukai F. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe gene pool of the Japanese Black cattle has been completely closed to foreign breeds during the last 100 years. Genetic diversity of the Japanese Black cattle from 1960 to 2000 was monitored with three estimates of effective number of ancestors. Founder genome equivalent (Nge) accounts for all the causes of reduction of diversity. Effective number of founders (Nef) and non‐founders (Nenf) explain reduced diversity because of unequal genetic contributions of founders and random genetic drift in non‐founders, respectively. Further examination using gene dropping simulation was conducted to obtain information on survival of founder alleles. Unique founder alleles were dropped down along the actual pedigree with Monte Carlo procedure following Mendelian segregation rules, and generated genotypes of all the current live animals (612 959 heads). Pedigree records consisted of 2 075 188 animals was used for these analysis. The estimates of three effective numbers (Nef, Nge, and Nenf) decreased from 418.6 to 50.3, 86.6 to 7.3, and 109.2 to 8.5, respectively, during the period 1960–2000. The increasing differences between two kinds of genetic diversity indices derived from Nge and Nef showed that large part of the reduced diversity from 1980 was attributed to genetic drift caused by the intensive use of particular limited number of sires. In gene dropping analysis, probabilities of extinction of founder alleles were derived from their distributions of frequency in the current animals. Several founders showed low probabilities of allele extinction, irrespective of their relatively low genetic contributions. This suggests that these founders have lineages through which their alleles are surely transmitted to the current breed. The use of these founders as a strategy for recovering the genetic diversity was discussed.
Variance component estimation on the frequency of deforming arthropathies in limb joints of Hanoverian Warmblood horses
Authors: Stock K. F. , Hamann H. , Distl O. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryFollowing the analysis of systematic effects, the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach was used to estimate genetic parameters on deforming arthropathies in distal (DIJ) and proximal interphalangeal (PIJ), fetlock (FJ) and hock joints (HJ) under both linear animal and linear sire models. The data comprised of the results of a standardized radiological examination of 3748 young Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction as riding horses. Of the horses 17.7% showed radiographic findings indicative of degenerative joint disease in at least one of the examined joints. HJ were found to be most often affected. The examiner as well as the date of the auction had a significant influence on the prevalence of documented radiological findings. Only deformations in DIJ appeared to be significantly dependent on the age of horse, with older horses being more often affected. With increasing height at withers the probability to show deformations of DIJ or PIJ tended to increase. Having genes of the Holstein Warmblood resulted in a higher probability to show deforming arthropathies in DIJ. The higher the proportion of Thoroughbred genes, the more likely was the horse to present slight HJ deformations (HJ I). Neither male and female founder animals nor sex, suitability or region of origin of the horse significantly influenced the prevalences of deforming arthropathies in the investigated joints. Sire effect had a significant influence on moderate alterations of HJ (HJ II). The estimation of genetic parameters was performed multivariately, including height at withers as a separate trait. When analysing deforming arthropathies in males and females together, the heritability estimates were in the range of h2 = 0.10–0.36. Separate analyses for HJ deformations in males and females revealed noticeable sex differences. Additive genetic correlations between radiological findings in HJ and in phalangeal joints (DIJ, PIJ, FJ) were estimated to be moderately positive. However, conflicting results were obtained for the additive genetic correlations between deforming arthropathies and height at withers.
Structure of European ovine populations from directional autocorrelations between proteins
Authors: Ordás J. G. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe allele frequencies of haemoglobin, esterase, albumin and transferrin in European ovine populations were analysed by directional autocorrelation. The correlograms of the haemoglobin B and transferrin D show that these alleles have north/northeast–south/southwest and northeast–southwest clines in Europe, respectively. The clines observed may be the result of selection or ovine population expansion since domestication.
Dynamic changes of mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal transduction in rats with severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: REN Hong Bo , LI Zhao Shen , XU Guo Ming , TU Zheng Xing , SHI Xin Gang , JIA Yi Tao , GONG Yan Fang 
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the dynamic changes of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).METHODS:  The SAP model was induced by infusing the bilio‐pancreatic duct of 56 Sprague‐Dawley rats with 5% sterile sodium taurocholate solution. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control group, 0.5 h postoperative group, 1 h group, 3 h group, 6 h group, 12 h group and 24 h group. Western blot analysis was used to determine the activities of p38 MAPK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in the pancreas and lungs.RESULTS:  In the rats of the control group, basal p38MAPK activity could be detected but not that of JNK. After SAP was induced, the p38MAPK activity in the pancreas increased markedly and peaked at 3 h, but in the lung it peaked at 6 h. The p38MAPK activity in the pancreas and lungs was significantly higher than the basal activity at the 24 h time point. The activity of JNK was only increased at the 12 h point and was not detectable at 24 h.CONCLUSION:  The MAPK signal transduction pathway, in particular p38MAPK, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SAP.
Investigation of the sensitivities of distinct gastric cancer cells to parvovirus H‐1 induced cytotoxicity
Authors: RAN Zhi Hua , LIU Jiong , FENG Ying , ZOU Jian , XIAO Shu Dong 
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the sensitivities of distinct gastric cancer cells to parvovirus H‐1 induced cytotoxicity and the possible mechanism(s).METHODS:  There were six distinct differentiated gastric cancer cell lines: HGC27 (undifferentiated), BGC823 (undifferentiated), MKN45 (poorly differentiated), AGS (poorly differentiated), SGC7901 (moderately differentiated) and MKN28 (well differentiated). The cell cycle distributions were measured by flow cytometry and the differential sensitivities of the six distinct gastric cancer cells after H‐1 virus infection were detected by MTT assay. RT‐PCR was used to detect viral NS1 gene expression in all six gastric cancer cell lines.RESULTS:  The S phase ratios of HGC27, BGC823, MKN45, AGS, SGC7901 and MKN28 were 24.72%, 30.15%, 27.10%, 29.03%, 31.82% and 33.73%, respectively. HGC27 cells were sensitive to H‐1 virus induced cytotoxicity, followed by SGC7901 cells. MKN45 and AGS cells were moderately sensitive and MKN28 cells were insensitive. However, BGC823 cells were resistant to H‐1 virus induced cytotoxicity. The expressions of viral NS1 were higher in HGC27, BGC823, MKN45 and SGC7901 cells, and lower in AGS and MKN28 cells.CONCLUSIONS:  The sensitivities of the distinct gastric cancer cells to H‐1 virus induced cytotoxicity were markedly different. In general, the poorly differentiated cells showed an enhanced sensitivity to H‐1 virus attack compared with well‐differentiated ones. The enhanced sensitivity of poorly versus well‐differentiated gastric cancer cells to H‐1 virus is related in part to the enhanced capacity of the former for NS1 protein production and accumulation. The undifferentiated BGC823 cells were resistant to H‐1 virus triggered cytotoxicity. It may further verify that not all tumor cells are sensitive to H‐1 virus lytic effects.
Effects and mechanism of the selective COX‐2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on rat colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
Authors: ZHANG Ling , LU Yu Min , DONG Xiu Yun 
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the action of celecoxib (a selective COX‐2 inhibitor) in a rat model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).METHODS:  Rats were randomized into four groups. Colitis was induced in groups 1 and 2 by intracolonic administration of TNBS (25 mg/mL) in 50% ethanol (0.25 mL). The rats in group 1 received oral celecoxib (1.25 mg/kg) and those in group 2 received distilled water (1 mL/0.3 kg), beginning 3 h before induction of colitis and continuing twice daily thereafter for up to 7 days. The rats in group 4 received oral celecoxib (1.25 mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days and those in group 3 were healthy controls. All rats that survived 7 days were killed and both the severity of colonic mucosal damage and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations of the colonic mucosa were assessed.RESULTS:  The colonic mucosal damage scores for groups 1 and 2 were 11.15 ± 3.30 and 8.50 ± 2.82, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than the score for the healthy controls (0.62 ± 0.09; P < 0.01, P < 0.01). The score of group 1 was significantly higher than that of group 2 (P < 0.05). No difference was found between the scores of groups 3 and 4. The mucosal concentrations of PGE2 in groups 1 and 2 were 12.00 ± 4.33 pg/µg and 17.20 ± 9.62 pg/µg, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than the concentration in the healthy controls (6.02 ± 3.39 pg/µg; P < 0.05, both). The PGE2 concentration of group 1 was decreased significantly compared with that of group 2 (P < 0.05). No difference was found between groups 3 and 4.CONCLUSION:  The results suggest that treatment with celecoxib exacerbates inflammation‐associated colonic injury in experimental colitis induced by TNBS. This preliminary study shows that the mechanism is related to suppression by the COX‐2 inhibitor of the PG derived from COX‐2, but further study is needed to identify if there are other related mechanisms.
Effect of short‐chain fatty acids on the proliferation and differentiation of the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco‐2
Authors: FU Hong , SHI Ying Qiang , MO Shan Jin 
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE:  Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the colon may maintain colonocyte differentiation and oppose carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three SCFA, butyrate, propionate and acetate, on the differentiation, proliferation, and matrix interactions of the Caco‐2 human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line.METHODS:  Differentiation was assessed by brush border enzyme expression and the doubling time (proliferation) was calculated directly from serial cell counts and by the logarithmic transformation method. Cell motility (migration) was quantitated by the expansion of a confluent Caco‐2 monolayer (after release from a constraining fence) across bacteriologic plastic dishes precoated with saturating concentrations of type I collagen. Results were expressed as mean ± SE and were analyzed by anova and Bonferroni's modified t‐test.RESULTS:  All three SCFA studied altered the Caco‐2 phenotype. Treatment with 10 mmol SCFA significantly prolonged the cell doubling time, promoted brush border enzyme expression (cathepsin C), and inhibited the motility of the Caco‐2 cells.CONCLUSIONS:  Butyrate, propionate and acetate inhibited the proliferation and motility of a well‐differentiated human colonic cancer cell line while promoting the expression of the differentiation marker, cathepsin C. Thus the SCFA produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber may exert a protective effect against the development of colon cancer.
Assessing heterogeneity in meta‐analyses of Helicobacter pylori infection‐related clinical studies: a critical appraisal
Authors: HUANG Jia Qing , ZHENG Ge Fan , IRVINE E Jan , KARLBERG Johan 
Published: July 2004

OBJECTIVE:  To critically assess the meta‐analyses of Helicobacter pylori infection‐related clinical studies, particularly the handling of between‐study heterogeneity.METHODS:  A qualitative, all‐language, systematic literature search was performed in Medline, PubMed, BioMed Central and Embase up to February 2003, supplemented by a manual search of major relevant journals. Assessment was according to modified criteria for literature searching, eligibility criteria, validity assessment, data extraction and presentation. Five parameters were used to assess the quality of the meta‐analyses in handling between‐study heterogeneity.RESULTS:  Of 84 potentially relevant citations, 47 were systematic reviews and of them 38 were meta‐analyses. Of these 38 studies, 15 (39.5%) had conducted a literature search of multiple databases and 34 (89.5%) had conducted a supplementary manual search. The eligibility criteria were clearly presented in 81.6% of studies, but the quality of the primary studies was assessed in only 26.3%. The process and strategy for data extraction was reported in 57.9% of all studies; 19 (50%) studies planned statistical tests of between‐study homogeneity and the results were reported in 18, but the level of statistical significance was reported in only 11 (57.9%). The selection of and justification for a statistical model was presented in 39.5% and 26.3% of studies, respectively. Among the 11 meta‐analyses in which statistical between‐study heterogeneity was reported, 54.5% ignored the statistical findings and proceeded to pool the study results. The implications of between‐study heterogeneity were discussed in only 8 studies.CONCLUSIONS:  Many methodological flaws were identified in the meta‐analyses of H. pylori‐related clinical studies, particularly for assessing, reporting and interpreting between‐study heterogeneity. This warrants consistent and urgent adherence by reviewers and journal editors to the methodological guidelines for meta‐analyses.
Decrease of Hsp25 protein expression precedes degeneration of motoneurons in ALS‐SOD1 mice
Authors: Maatkamp Arjen , Vlug Angela , Haasdijk Elize , Troost Dirk , French Pim J. , Jaarsma Dick 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the expression of Hsp25, a heat shock protein constitutively expressed in motoneurons, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice that express G93A mutant SOD1 (G93A mice). Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting showed that a decrease of Hsp25 protein expression occurred in motoneurons of G93A mice prior to the onset of motoneuron death and muscle weakness. This decrease in Hsp25 expression also preceded the appearance of SOD1 aggregates as identified by cellulose acetate filtration and Western blot analysis. In contrast to Hsp25 protein levels, Hsp25 mRNA as determined by in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR, remained unchanged. This suggests that the decrease in Hsp25 protein levels occurs post‐transcriptionally. In view of the cytoprotective properties of Hsp25 and the temporal relationship between decreased Hsp25 expression and the onset of motoneuron death, it is feasible that reduced Hsp25 concentration contributes to the degeneration of motoneurons in G93A mice. These data are consistent with the idea that mutant SOD1 may reduce the availability of the protein quality control machinery in motoneurons.
Auxiliary subunit regulation of high‐voltage activated calcium channels expressed in mammalian cells
Authors: Yasuda Takahiro , Chen Lina , Barr Wendy , McRory John E. , Lewis Richard J. , Adams David J. , Zamponi Gerald W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe effects of auxiliary calcium channel subunits on the expression and functional properties of high‐voltage activated (HVA) calcium channels have been studied extensively in the Xenopus oocyte expression system, but are less completely characterized in a mammalian cellular environment. Here, we provide the first systematic analysis of the effects of calcium channel β and α2–δ subunits on expression levels and biophysical properties of three different types (Cav1.2, Cav2.1 and Cav2.3) of HVA calcium channels expressed in tsA‐201 cells. Our data show that Cav1.2 and Cav2.3 channels yield significant barium current in the absence of any auxiliary subunits. Although calcium channel β subunits were in principle capable of increasing whole cell conductance, this effect was dependent on the type of calcium channel α1 subunit, and β3 subunits altogether failed to enhance current amplitude irrespective of channel subtype. Moreover, the α2–δ subunit alone is capable of increasing current amplitude of each channel type examined, and at least for members of the Cav2 channel family, appears to act synergistically with β subunits. In general agreement with previous studies, channel activation and inactivation gating was regulated both by β and by α2–δ subunits. However, whereas pronounced regulation of inactivation characteristics was seen with the majority of the auxiliary subunits, effects on voltage dependence of activation were only small (< 5 mV). Overall, through a systematic approach, we have elucidated a previously underestimated role of the α2–δ1 subunit with regard to current enhancement and kinetics. Moreover, the effects of each auxiliary subunit on whole cell conductance and channel gating appear to be specifically tailored to subsets of calcium channel subtypes.