bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochemical E(trans)–Z(cis) Isomerization in 9-Anthraceneacrylic Esters
Authors: Reddy Majjigapu Janaki Ram , Srinivas Uppalanchi , Srinivas Kolupula , Reddy Vummadi Venkat , Rao Vaidya Jayathirtha 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Several (1–6) 9-anthraceneacrylic esters were synthesized in order to study photochemical E(trans)–Z(cis) isomerization. All of the compounds 1–6 underwent selective E-to-Z isomerization upon direct excitation (&gt; 400 nm) in organic solvents, leading to the formation of a thermodynamically less stable Z isomer over 96%. Triplet sensitized isomerization selectively produces the Z-to-E isomer in over 98%. The higher quantum yield of isomerization observed in the triplet-sensitized Z-to-E isomerization process informs us that a “quantum chain” process is in operation. Fluorescence data generated on all compounds indicate that the E-to-Z isomerization process involves a charge-transfer or polar singlet excited state.
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of Tributyl(1-fluorovinyl)stannane with Aryl Halides and Aryl Triflates
Authors: Hanamoto Takeshi , Handa Kumiko , Mido Tomonori 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
We have found that tributyl(1-fluorovinyl)stannane (2) could be readily prepared from the reaction of (1-fluorovinyl)methyldiphenylsilane1 (1) and bis(tributyltin) oxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of CsF in DMF in good yields. The palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling reaction of 2 with aryl iodides bearing various functional groups smoothly proceeded giving the corresponding aryl 1-fluorovinyl ketones in good yields under an atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide. A similar carbonylative cross-coupling reaction of 2 with aryl triflates was also accomplished in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide (Bu4NI) as an additive.
Verification of Conformation Change in Ca2+-Bound S-100 Proteins Caused by Mg2+-Binding
Authors: Matsuda Sadayuki 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The conformation changes of S-100a.a′ and S-100b caused by Mg2+-binding were determined by several methods. The fluorescence intensity of the Ca2+-bound S-100a.a′ was enhanced by the Mg2+-binding. The conformation changes in Ca2+/S-100a.a′ and Ca2+/S-100b caused by Mg2+-binding were also detected using a fluorescence environmental probe, 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS). The reactivities of the cysteine (Cys) residues in S-100a.a′ and S-100b to a thiol-specific reagent, 2,2′-dinitro-5,5′-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTNB), were increased by the Mg2+-binding, regardless of the Ca2+-binding.
A Novel Aspect of the Reaction of Ivermectin Aglycon Producing 13-Substituted-14Z Derivative
Authors: Sugiyama Yoko , Takahashi Hiroaki , Saito Akio 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
During research to synthesize 13-deoxy-13β-substituted ivermectin aglycons, unexpected unique products, 13β-substituted-14Z ivermectin aglycons, were obtained. We will report the results of that series of studies and a possible reaction mechanism.
A New Synthetic Method for the Preparation of α,β-Didehydroamino Acid Derivatives by Means of a Wittig-Type Reaction. Syntheses of (2S, 4S)- and (2R, 4R)-4-Hydroxyprolines
Authors: Kimura Rumi , Nagano Tanemasa , Kinoshita Hideki 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Ethyl N-Boc- and N-Z-α-tosylglycinates were reacted with a variety of aldehydes in the presence of tributylphosphine and a base to afford the corresponding α,β-didehydroamino acid derivatives with high (Z)-selectivity in good yields. Moreover, ethyl (4S)- and (4R)-2-(N-Boc-amino)-4,5-isopropylidenedioxy-2-pentenoates prepared by the present method were converted to (2S, 4S)- and (2R, 4R)-4-hydroxyprolines, respectively.
Radiolytic Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water
Authors: Wu Xing-Zheng , Yamamoto Takeshi , Hatashita Masanori 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Radiolytic degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) in water was carried out. Water solutions of the chlorinated hydrocarbons with different concentrations were irradiated with γ rays. Concentrations of methane, ethane, CO, CO2, H2, and O2 after the irradiation were determined by gas chromatography. Concentration of chloride ion in the irradiated sample was determined by ion chromatography. Experimental results show that radiolytic degradation of the chlorinated hydrocarbon increased with the radiation dose. Methane, ethane, CO2, H2, and Cl− concentrations increased with the radiation dose and the sample concentration. On the other hand, O2 concentration decreased with the radiation dose and the sample concentration. When sample concentration was high, dissolved oxygen might be not enough for converting most of the C atoms in the sample into CO2. This resulted in a low decomposition ratio. Addition of H2O2 as an oxygen resource could increase the decomposition ratio greatly. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was applied to identify some intermediates of the radiolytic dehalogenation. Radiolytic degradation mechanisms are also discussed.
Self-Assembly of Amphoteric Azopyridine Carboxylic Acids II: Aspect Ratio Control of Anisotropic Self-Assembled Fibers By Tuning the π–π Stacking Interaction
Authors: Aoki Ken’ichi , Nakagawa Masaru , Seki Takahiro , Ichimura Kunihiro 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Two ways to control the macroscopic morphology of fibrous organizates of amphoteric azopyridine carboxylic acids by tuning the strength of π–π stacking among the component molecules are presented. The self-organization of the azopyridine carboxylic acids (1–5) from aqueous solutions is governed not only by carboxyl/pyridyl hydrogen bondings, but also by dipole–dipole and π–π stacking interactions. The level of the latter could be tuned by the substituent structure at the phenyl ring. As a result, whereas leaflet crystals were formed from non-substituted derivative 1, 3 with a propyl substituent gave fibrous assemblages, and needle-like assemblages were obtained from 2, 4, and 5 with methyl, s-butyl, and ethoxy substituents, respectively. The propyl-substitution is likely to enhance an anisotropic growth rate of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds due to efficient suppression of π–π stacking among aromatic cores, leading to the appearance of microfibers with the highest aspect ratio. The second way to control the organization morphology is based on “supramolecular copolymerization”, which is attained by mixing 1 and 3 to modulate the strength of the π–π stacking. The aspect ratio of fibrous materials was significantly influenced by the mixing ratio.
Effect of Anionic 4.5-Generation Polyamidoamine Dendrimer on the Formation of Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Kobayashi Akihiro , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The precipitation of CaCO3 in the absence or the presence of the G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer was carried out by a “carbonate diffusion method”. Formation of crystalline CaCO3 at different feed ratios of the G4.5 dendrimer to calcium ions was studied with the concentration of calcium ions kept at 0.1 M. Although calcite was predominantly formed at the concentration of the G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer corresponding to 2.65 mM of –COONa, the crystal phase of the obtained CaCO3 at the higher concentration of the G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer at 5.3 mM consisted entirely of vaterite. As the concentration of –COONa increased from 5.3 to 10.6 mM, the particle sizes of the spherical vaterites were reduced from 8.7 ± 1.0 to 5.2 ± 3.0 μm determined by SEM observation. The crystal phase of the obtained CaCO3 in the absence of any additives was a mixture of calcite and vaterite. Although vaterite was predominantly formed by the G4.5 dendrimer, relatively high amounts of calcite were observed in the case of the G3.5 and G1.5 dendrimers. These results suggest that the G4.5 dendrimer more effectively induces vaterite formation compared with the earlier generation of the dendrimers.
Interactions between Spinacia oleracea and Bradysia impatiens: A role for phytoecdysteroids
Authors: Schmelz Eric A. , Grebenok Robert J. , Ohnmeiss Thomas E. , Bowers William S. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPlant produced insect molting hormones, termed phytoecdysteroids (PEs), are thought to function as plant defenses against insects by acting as either feeding deterrents or through developmental disruption. In spinach (Spinacia oleracea), 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) concentrations in the roots rapidly increase following root damage, root herbivory, or methyl jasmonate (MJ) applications. In this inducible system, we investigated the plant defense hypothesis by examining interactions of roots, 20E concentrations, and larvae of the dark‐winged fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens). Root herbivory by B. impatiens larvae resulted in a 4.0‐ to 6.6‐fold increase in root 20E concentrations. In paired‐choice tests, increases in dietary 20E stimulated B. impatiens feeding deterrency. B. impatiens larvae preferred control diets, low in 20E, to those constructed from induced roots and those amended with 20E (25 to 50 μg/g wet mass). When confined to 20E‐treated diets, concentrations as low as 5 μg/g (wet mass) resulted in significantly reduced B. impatiens survivorship compared to controls. The induction of root 20E levels with MJ resulted in a 2.1‐fold increase in 20E levels and a 50% reduction in B. impatiens larval establishment. In a paired‐choice arena, untreated control roots were damaged significantly more by B. impatiens larvae than MJ‐induced roots that contained 3‐fold greater 20E levels. Based on dietary preference tests, the 20E concentrations present in the MJ‐induced roots (28 μg/g wet mass) were sufficient to explain this reduction in herbivory. Interactions between spinach roots and B. impatiens larvae demonstrate that PEs can act as inducible defenses and provide protection against insect herbivory. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:204–221, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induced responses in clover to an herbaceous mite
Authors: Ridsdill‐Smith James , Ghisalberti Emilio , Jiang Yong 
Published: November 2002

AbstractHalotydeus destructor feeding on subterranean clover cotyledons can cause severe damage. The mites live on the soil surface and move up onto plants to feed. Foraging behaviour consists of palpating, probing, and feeding with frequent transitions between them. Sustained feeding is made up of a series of short (1–2 min) feeds separated by periods of palpating. The mites tend to feed in aggregations, and are attracted to cotyledons damaged by other mites feeding or by mechanical damage. Mites can distinguish between resistant and susceptible cotyledons within 30 min and resistance is antixenotic due to deterrence. Study of the mechanisms shows this to be induced plant resistance. Several green leaf volatiles are involved in the plant/mite interaction. After feeding commences, 2‐E‐hexenal is released that at low concentrations is attractive to mites, perhaps causing the feeding aggregations. The wound‐induced C8 compound, 1‐octen‐3‐one, plays a significant role in the deterrence of cotyledons of resistant subterranean clover varieties to H. destructor. Damaged cotyledons of resistant varieties produce more 1‐octen‐3‐one that those of susceptible varieties. Screening for resistance has identified varieties from Italy showing resistance. H. destructor does not occur in Europe. Production of damage‐induced volatiles by the resistant plants may have resulted from invasion by herbivores or pathogens, but not from coevolution with these mites. The responses of H. destructor are probably an adaptation to these general plant defensive compounds. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:170–181, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana in compatible plant‐aphid interactions
Authors: Moran Patrick J. , Cheng Youfa , Cassell Jeffery L. , Thompson Gary A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPhloem feeding involves unique biological interactions between the herbivore and its host plant. The economic importance of aphids, whiteflies, and other phloem‐feeding insects as pests has prompted research to isolate sources of resistance to piercing‐sucking insects in crops. However, little information exists about the molecular nature of plant sensitivity to phloem feeding. Recent discoveries involving elicitation by plant pathogens and chewing insects and limited studies on phloem feeders suggest that aphids are capable of inducing responses in plants broadly similar to those associated with pathogen infection and wounding. Our past work showed that compatible aphid feeding on leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana induces localized changes in levels of transcripts of genes that are also associated with infection, mechanical damage, chewing herbivory, or resource allocation shifts. We used microarray and macroarray gene expression analyses of infested plants to better define the response profile of A. thaliana to M. persicae feeding. The results suggest that genes involved in oxidative stress, calcium‐dependent signaling, pathogenesis‐related responses, and signaling are key components of this profile in plants infested for 72 or 96 h. The use of plant resistance to aphids in crops will benefit from a better understanding of induced responses. The establishment of links between insect elicitation, plant signaling associated with phloem feeding, and proximal resistance mechanisms is critical to further research progress in this area. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:182–203, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential for the use of elicitors of plant resistance in arthropod management programs
Authors: Stout Michael J. , Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Baur Matthew E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPlants protect themselves from arthropod herbivores both directly, by expressing biochemical and morphological traits that interfere with herbivore development or behavior, and indirectly, by facilitating the action of natural enemies of herbivores. These direct and indirect resistance mechanisms are not always expressed at maximal levels by plants, but rather can be induced to higher levels by a variety of stimuli, most notably prior herbivory. The recent discovery of chemical elicitors of induced responses has led to interest in manipulating the inducible responses of plants for crop protection. Applications of elicitors of induced responses made at appropriate times during the growing season of a crop have the potential of activating both direct and indirect mechanisms of plant resistance and thereby simultaneously augmenting host‐plant resistance and biological control. This strategy may serve as an important component of a multifaceted, ecologically‐based pest management program and is unlikely to precipitate the rapid evolution of countermeasures by target pests. However, this strategy will not be appropriate in all crops or against all arthropod pests. The conditions under which the use of an elicitor is likely to be successful are discussed, and examples of the successful use of elicitors are reviewed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:222–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elimination of the effect of an ambient reflection in the measurement of S parameter between two log‐periodic dipole array antennas
Authors: Fujii Katsumi , Ye Nan , Iwasaki Takashi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe transmission S parameter S21 of transmitting and receiving antennas can be used for site evaluation different from the normalized site attenuation. For instance, the effect of reflection from ambient objects can be removed by the Fourier transform and time domain gating process so that the transmission S parameter without ambient influence can be predicted. In this paper, a log‐periodic dipole antenna is used as a transmission and reception antenna that is a type of broadband antenna. It is shown for this antenna that the time domain gating becomes possible and the effect of reflection can be removed if the complex antenna factor indicating the antenna characteristic is taken into account. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(3): 35–43, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10042
On carrier pulse transmission systems with the modified cosine roll‐off characteristics
Authors: Ishida Noriaki 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we verify the implementation of the Modified Cosine Roll‐off (MCR) spectrum for carrier pulse transmission systems that use the newly proposed MCR spectrum, and present various calculations. Specifically, we discuss the relationship between the filter placement and the interchannel interference, the relationship between the number of stages and the bandwidth of the receive filter that produces a zero crossing at the adjacent time slot, and the interchannel interference of channels having different speeds. The result shows that the MCR spectrum has the same degree of intersymbol interference as the cosine roll‐off spectrum and can decrease the channel spacing for cellular phones. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(3): 17–25, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10047
Subband signal processing adaptive array with a data transmission scheme inserting a cyclic prefix
Authors: Karasawa Yoshio , Shinozawa Masahiro 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe advantages of subband signal processing adaptive array (SBAA) are the ability to perform parallel signal processing in each subband division and the substantial reduction in the total computational load. However, the price is not preventing a drop in performance, for example, the incorporation of delayed waves, and a countermeasure must be found. Therefore, in this paper, we propose introducing a scheme that inserts a guard interval (cyclic prefix), which is commonly adopted in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), into ordinary data transmission, and extracts the best possible performance of SBAA. We also evaluate the performance by a computer simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(3): 1–8, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10055
Performance of adaptive array antenna at PHS base station
Authors: Yoshinaga Hisashi , Taromaru Makoto , Akaiwa Yoshihiko 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAssuming the PHS channel, the transmission characteristics of a system in which adaptive arrays are installed only at the base stations are studied. In order to handle co‐channel interference and fading at the same time, the effect of the adaptive array is studied when the antenna element spacing is increased. A computer simulation shows that the bit error rate is improved because a sufficient space diversity effect is obtained and the interference suppression characteristics are not degraded. Improvement of the characteristics is achieved when the weights determined in the uplink are used in the downlink. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(3): 92–101, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1158
Social identity, relative group status and intergroup attitudes: when favourable outcomes change intergroup relations…for the worse
Authors: Guimond Serge , Dif Stéphane , Aupy Annabelle 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study examines in a natural setting (N = 253) the effects of favourable outcomes at the individual and group levels on the relations between members of high (nondisabled) and low (disabled) status groups. Consistent with past research, the results show that, overall, high‐status group members are more likely than low‐status group members to display ingroup bias. Furthermore, as hypothesized on the basis of the role of relative gratification in intergroup relations, a favourable group outcome led high‐status group members to derogate the low‐status outgroup. On the other hand, as predicted from the assumption that outgroup favouritism reflects a strategy of individual mobility, a favourable individual outcome led low‐status group members to display an evaluative bias in favour of, and to identify with, the high‐status outgroup. The implications of these findings for the explanation of outgroup favouritism and outgroup derogation are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sources of distinctiveness: position, difference and separateness in the identities of Anglican parish priests
Authors: Vignoles Vivian L. , Chryssochoou Xenia , Breakwell Glynis M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe investigated the implications of three sources of distinctiveness—position, difference and separateness—for identity and subjective well‐being in a survey of 149 Anglican parish priests. Distinctiveness was examined within parish and clergy comparative contexts. Each source contributed substantially and uniquely to ratings of the distinctiveness associated with identity elements in each context. Parish‐context position was emphasised within identity and was positive for affect, while parish‐context separateness was negative for affect. Distinctiveness in the clergy context was not emphasised within identity and was unrelated to affect. This shows that distinctiveness is not a unitary construct: extending existing theories (Breakwell, 1993; Brewer, 1991; Triandis, 1995), we argue that different forms of distinctiveness will have different implications for identity and well‐being according to culture and context. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethnic minority identity and group context: self‐descriptions, acculturation attitudes and group evaluations in an intra‐ and intergroup situation
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , de Wolf Angela 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn an experimental questionnaire study among Chinese participants living in the Netherlands, it was found that self‐descriptions, acculturation attitudes and ingroup evaluation were affected by the comparative group context. Following self‐categorization theory, different predictions were tested and supported. Self‐ratings on trait adjectives systematically differed between an intragroup (Chinese) and an intergroup (Chinese versus Dutch) context. Furthermore, ethnic self‐categorization turned out to be related to self‐descriptions in the intragroup context, whereas ethnic self‐esteem showed an effect on self‐descriptions in the intergroup context. Acculturation attitudes and ingroup favouritism were also affected by the comparative context. In the intergroup context, participants were more strongly in favour of heritage culture maintenance and reported higher ingroup favouritism than in the intragroup context. It is concluded that studies on ethnic minorities should consider the important and often neglected intragroup processes and comparisons in addition to the familiar minority–majority group comparisons. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spill‐over effects of intermittent costs for defection in social dilemmas
Authors: Eek Daniel , Loukopoulos Peter , Fujii Satoshi , Gärling Tommy 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis research investigates the role of intermittent monetary costs in restraining individuals from defection in social dilemmas. In Experiment 1, 104 car owners made fictitious choices between a slow and a fast travel mode in the context of a continuous social dilemma. There were four different conditions of monetary costs for choosing the fast mode (defection): no cost, low cost, high cost to self, or high cost to others. Participants defected most when there was no cost and least when they themselves were charged a high cost. A spill‐over effect was obtained such that when others were charged a high cost to defect, defection rates were lower than under no cost. Experiment 2 used 36 undergraduates as participants in an iterated decision task with real groups. The results replicated the major results of Experiment 1. Furthermore, whereas prosocials were strongly affected by intermittent costs for defection (i.e. showed large spill‐over effects), proselfs seemed to be unaffected. Possible explanations of this interaction effect between social value orientation and intermittent punishment for defection are provided. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.