bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proprietary Air-Cooled Refractory Walls: Evolution of the Boiler Furnace—Forms of Patented or Proprietary Air-Cooled Refractory Walls Now Available—Data on Performance of Air-Cooled Walls in Service
Authors: Gladden C. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses briefly (1) the evolution of the boiler furnace and the increasing tendencies toward higher ratings of boiler operation and the attendant increasing maintenance troubles with refractories; (2) describes some of the proprietary air-cooled walls now available for the consideration of designing engineers and boiler-plant operators; (3) gives the operating experiences of certain engineers with air-cooled refractory walls of different types, and (4) presents the author’s opinion concerning the conditions suitable for air-cooled refractory-wall installations.
Low-Temperature Carbonization of Southern Appalachian Coal
Authors: Holdredge Leo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After discussing the principal reasons for the low-temperature carbonization of bituminous coal, the author describes briefly the four types of methods used or proposed for low-temperature carbonization, and then gives details regarding a laboratory experiment carried out at the University of Tennessee Engineering Experiment Station, the primary purpose of which was to produce a smokeless fuel in a form suitable for domestic use. A summary of the results of ten tests of a high-volatile northern Tennessee steam coal is included which gives quantities of semi-coke, gas, tar, and tar products produced, together with their gravities, heating values, etc. The coke obtained is easily ignited, burns smokelessly even in an open grate, and, the author believes, should find a market as a domestic fuel.
A Study of Crystalline Compounds Formed in Slags on Boiler-Furnace Refractories
Authors: Klinefelter T. A. , Rexford E. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For several years the action of boiler-furnace refractories under various service conditions has been investigated. The present method of investigation used by the Bureau of Standards at Columbus is similar to that used by the Geophysical Laboratory in studying the lime-alumina-silica system, with the addition of iron. It is known as the quenching method. The apparatus consists of two furnaces, a preheater and a quenching furnace automatically controlled. The length of time required for each melt depends on its composition. Each melt determines an equilibrium point, a number of which are necessary for determining the point sought, i.e., the temperature at which the primary phase for that composition disappears and the charge becomes a clear glass. A number of the latter points determine a surface known as an “isopleth.” In working out the system one component is held constant, in this case iron, and the others are varied. In conjunction with the above, field slags, the data of which are known, are being quenched and their results compared with those of the component system.
The paper is a progress report of the work done to date, of the methods used and the difficulties encountered in a laboratory study of the equilibrium relation of oxides composing the slags on boiler-furnace refractories at high temperatures. No data or conclusions are presented.
The Formation and Thermal Effects of Calcium Sulphate Boiler Scale
Authors: Partridge Everett P. , White Alfred H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A fundamental study of the manner in which calcium sulphate scale forms upon an evaporative surface, a redetermination of the solubility values for calcium sulphate in the boiler temperature range, and measurements of the rate of formation and heat conductivity of calcium sulphate scales produced in an experimental boiler, are described in abstract in this paper.
Evidence is presented to show that the initial deposition of calcium sulphate scale takes place as the result of the evolution of bubbles, either of dissolved gas or of steam, from an evaporative surface, and that the continued growth of scale is dependent upon the fact that the solubility of calcium sulphate decreases with temperature increase. The work of the authors thus presents a new explanation of the mechanism of initial scale formation, supports Hall’s theory of the growth of scale, negates the colloidal theory of scale formation, and offers a fundamental basis for the study of scale-prevention methods. Photomicrographs of the early stages of deposition and growth of calcium sulphate scale are shown, as well as photomicrographs of scales produced under varying conditions.
From the results of their own work and from that of other investigators, the authors present a discussion of the present knowledge concerning calcium sulphate scale. While the effect of scale upon heat utilization in modern boilers is believed to be very slight, calculations based on the heat conductivity of anhydrite scale indicate the importance of preventing overheating of tubes due to the insulating effect of scale deposits within them.
Present Status of Tests for Refractories
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , McDowell J. Spotts 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tests for refractories may be divided into three general types: durability, suitability, and control. Durability tests can be made only in industrial furnaces, under actual operating conditions. Suitability tests may be carried out in the laboratory, under conditions which simulate those of service as closely as possible. Control tests, for maintenance of uniformity of product, should be relatively simple and require only a short length of time to perform. The pyrometric cone equivalent gives an index of refractoriness, but is not a measure of the actual temperature which a material will withstand under long-continued heating. The standard load test is not an index of refractoriness, but is a good control test, especially for brick to be used under load at high temperatures. Difficulties of interpretation affect the value of reheat and spoiling tests. The most useful specifications are those of the control type.
New Aspects of Maximum Pressure Rise in Closed Conduits
Authors: Kerr S. Logan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the various elements entering into the determination of the true maximum rise in pressure which may occur in closed conduits. It shows that, contrary to the usual belief, the maximum rise in pressure will not necessarily be produced when the full flow in a given conduit is cut off, but is a function of the initial flow from which the deceleration starts. The necessity of establishing the relation between the average conduit velocity and the rate of gate travel for various proportional strokes is cited.
Comparison is made of the computations by several of the accepted methods based on the elastic wave theory, and a translation of important studies made by M. Maurice Gariel in France is included. The application to practical cases is outlined and specific examples are worked out in detail.
A general summary of water-hammer computations is given with several simple formulas for the rapid calculation of the critical conditions.
Experimental Study of Loss of Head in a Closed Pipe Carrying Clay Slurry
Authors: Hanocq Charles 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Taking as a basis for his calculations the formulas presented in a previous paper by an American investigator on the loss of head in a closed pipe carrying clear fluids, the author, a Belgian engineer, seeks to apply them to a fluid carrying a heavy proportion of solid materials. The author takes the conclusions in the original paper, which he assumes seem at first sight somewhat contradictory, and shows that no anomalies exist, and further brings out some precise deductions on the loss of head in a pipe carrying muddy water.
Mechanical Vibrations in Penstocks of Hydraulic Turbine Installations
Authors: Den Hartog J. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a theory showing that objectionable vibration phenomena are to be expected in the penstocks of Francis turbine installations when the number of buckets on the turbine runner is one less than the number of guide vanes, and that satisfactory operation should be obtained when this relation is avoided. Observations on eight different installations show good agreement with the theory.
Automatic Arc Welding of Thin Sheets
Authors: Warner W. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After briefly outlining the fusion-welding process, the author discusses in detail the various steps in the welding operation, noting the precautions to be taken in order to produce successful welds. He concludes by describing numerous applications of automatic arc welding in the joining of sheets and parts less than ¼ in. in thickness.
Outstanding Economic and Technical Factors Involved in the Engineering of New Manufacturing Equipment
Authors: Shea J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The importance of the problem of selecting or developing new and improved manufacturing equipment which is best suited for the economical production of a finished article of the desired quality is pointed out, and then the basic principles underlying the solution of this problem are discussed. The subject is developed under the three main headings of (1) the economic analysis, (2) the technical analysis, and (3) practical applications. The economic analysis is essentially a summary of the various elements of cost involved in a proposed manufacturing plan, and the final choice of the equipment is based on this analysis. The author presents an economic analysis which is a composite of several recent developments of his company, stating that this analysis is the result of an intensive study of the technical phase of the question. He then proceeds to discuss the technical analysis, which comprises a study of the design of the product in all its stages, including the trend in its development, and of the question of methods of processing, these being the more important factors that influence the choice of proper equipment. In the author’s opinion equipment should be selected on the basis of the facts developed by the analyses described and with the ultimate plan of the entire plant in mind, to the end that each machine may function as a part of a single economic unit. Several important items are mentioned relating to the selection of standard equipment, and a description is given of several special machines developed to meet the manufacturing needs of the Western Electric Company, with a discussion of the outstanding facts that may justify expenditures for such developments.
Materials Handling in a Forge Shop
Authors: Dean Hugh 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Handling of raw material and finished products in a modern forge shop is the problem discussed by the author of this paper. Raw stock is handled from cars to storage bins in the steel yard, and from there to the shear sheds and then to the different hammers. Work in process includes such operations as trimming, grinding, heat treating, rattling, and pickling. A new plant devoted exclusively to the manufacture of crankshafts is described. There work is made as nearly automatic as possible.
Straight-Line Production Applied to Stove Manufacture
Authors: Sherman Alvin G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Results obtained from use of a complete conveyor system in a stove plant are described by the author. The capacity of the assembly line is approximately 1000 stoves in 8 hr. In the porcelain plant a rotary heat-treating furnace is used. Not only are the benefits of labor saving and higher efficiency obtained through use of conveyors but a better quality of ware results. The complete system includes a pickling conveyor, three rotary furnaces, three drying chambers, three connecting systems of monorail conveyors, three straightening caterpillars, and the belt conveyor which takes the finished product to the assembling floor.
Progressive Assembly in a Washing-Machine Factory
Authors: Lane H. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author tells of mold- and sand-handling equipment as installed in the aluminum and gray-iron foundry of a washing-machine plant. Conveyors were used also between the various grinding, polishing, and finishing operations with good results. For the assembling operations inter-related conveyors are used to bring the various parts together. In the spray-painting department conveyors and continuous ovens are used.
A Simple Method of Comparing Oil-Engine Performances
Authors: Nonnenbruch Otto 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author analyzes a number of reliable tests made on Diesel engines by disinterested authorities to determine fuel consumption per brake horsepower-hour and per indicated horsepower-hour. He finds that the friction load in all cases is constant over the whole load range, and that the fuel consumption per indicated horsepower-hour at low indicated mean effective pressures is practically the same for all types of engines. This, and the regularity with which the indicated fuel consumption increases with increasing indicated mean effective pressure, make it possible to derive the indicated fuel consumption and the indicated horsepower of an engine from brake fuel-consumption tests without indicator cards. The procedure is illustrated by examples. The general rating of Diesel engines at a standard indicated fuel consumption is suggested.
Modern Refinements in Diesel Power Plants
Authors: Kates Edgar J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this paper is to indicate that if the full value of Diesel power is to be realized, quite as much attention must be given to the design of the complete power plant as to the design of the bare engine. The author discusses the trend toward lessened attendance through the employment of automatic devices for lubrication for and maintaining reliable jacket-water and fuel supplies; the balancing of cylinder output through pyrometric measurements; reduction of costs by utilization of waste heat; elimination of noise in operation; prevention of vibration; improvement of performance, and reduction of overall power costs. It has been his experience that the cost of making a correct layout and of installing the proper refinements is fully repaid by the ensuing operating savings, and that in addition the plant performance is invaluably improved.
Economics of Electric Pipe-Line Pumping
Authors: Thomas J. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper reviews the “stale of the art” in both the oil-pipe-line and the electric-power-supply industries as affected by the use of electric power for pipe-line pumping. It indicates the general construction and operating costs of pipe-line pumping stations and certain economic factors affecting the cost of pumping oil. A method of analysis including these factors is outlined and a detailed solution of a typical problem given.
The author’s viewpoint is primarily that of an engineer trained in the electric-power industry, and therefore this discussion covers the analysis of the comparative over-all economic results to be obtained by using generally accepted methods and practice, rather than the details of design and operation of pipe lines or stations.
Research Problems in the Newspaper Printing Field
Authors: Park John W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Real engineering knowledge is required in dealing with the problems of a modern high-speed newspaper printing plant. Economical factory production is planned for, the basic problems being those at the root of the success of any large manufacturing operation. In building a new plant or in extending an old one, a wooden model is made to scale, and every detail of the routing of production is carefully considered.
Research Problems in the General Printing Field
Authors: Hebb George K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Printing employers welcome the day when engineers will approach their problems by first acquainting themselves with the language of the industry, and then analyzing the industry from the mechanical side, by starting first at the shipping platform instead of in the front office. Printing being an industry of small units, the work should begin with the materials and the machines that the trade uses.
Research Problems in Lithographic Printing and Machinery
Authors: Jones Thomas R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Printing processes, the author finds, are largely in the hands of know-how men who, through long experience with printing, have learned what to do to overcome difficulties. The technique in one plant differs from the technique in another plant in handling the same work. The handling of one press is apt to be different from the handling of the press next to it. The development of present processes and mechanisms has largely been due to the cut-and-try method. Progress today in the foremost industries is being brought about, not by the cut-and-try method, but by fundamental research. In other industries the “know-how” man has disappeared, and his place is well filled by the technically trained man.
What Research Can Do for the Bookbinding Industry
Authors: Baker Roy C. , Blaylock F. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In applying organized research to the bookbinding industry the phases that are being considered are the quality of materials, the purchase of materials, the manufacturing problems, and the sales. The Research Division supplies a label for all approved products. A research engineer is at work in the Government Printing Office laboratory investigating and trying to solve the problems confronting the bookbinding industry.
Accuracy in Printing-Press Construction
Authors: Blaine J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The printing-press manufacturer must build accuracy into his press, holding all machined parts to a definite limit or tolerance. After considerable research, the Miehle company has adopted a definite system whereby the engineering department stipulates the permissible tolerances, any part coming outside being rejected. Cylinder-bearer diameters are held to within 0.0005 in., and ink-fountain rollers must be true within 0.0001 in.
Automatic Train Control
Authors: Ellis G. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After briefly reviewing the early work done in automatic train control, the author recounts governmental activities regarding their installation and gives the requirements specified by the Interstate Commerce Commission. He then presents a classification of the various types of devices proposed, following this with brief descriptions of individual types. He then points out the elements necessary to the operation of all devices for automatic train control, gives figures showing the extent to which automatic train control has been adopted, and concludes with a brief discussion of the question of cost.
Ball Bearings as Applied to Woodworking Machinery
Authors: Brunner H. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Anti-friction bearings have come into general use in all classes of woodworking machinery. Their adoption has been largely influenced by the trend to higher operating speeds and increased production. Considerable study and effort have been expended in developing the details for application of ball and roller bearings to the various types of equipment. The principles underlying the practice which is now generally followed are brought out by descriptions of actual bearing installations. Special considerations entering into the design and manufacture of bearings for this field are discussed. The question of lubrication, important from the point of view of the machinery operator, is considered, and requirements of lubrication peculiar to anti-friction bearings are discussed in detail.
Oblique Wave Scattering by a Combination of Two Asymmetric Trenches of Finite and Infinite Depths
Authors: Ray Swagata , De Soumen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The focal point of the current study lies in investigating oblique wave scattering within the framework of linear potential theory, with particular attention to scenarios involving asymmetric trenches of both finite and infinite depths. By employing the eigenfunction expansion method, the physical problem undergoes a transformation into an equivalent boundary value problem. This newly formulated problem is characterized by a system of four weakly singular integral equations, which pertain to the horizontal component of velocity across the gaps situated above the edges of the trenches. The solution to these integral equations is achieved through the utilization of a multi-term Galerkin approximation method. This approach involves expansions using ultraspherical Gegenbauer polynomials as basis functions, coupled with the appropriate weight functions tailored to address the one-third singularity. Graphical representations are employed to depict the numerical evaluations of reflection and transmission coefficients across various non-dimensional parameters. These visualizations offer insight into the behavior and dependencies of these coefficients under different conditions. To validate the accuracy of the current model, it is compared against previously published results available in the literature.
Rapid locomotion via reinforcement learning
Authors: Margolis Gabriel B. , Yang Ge , Paigwar Kartik , Chen Tao , Agrawal Pulkit 
Published: January 2024

Agile maneuvers such as sprinting and high-speed turning in the wild are challenging for legged robots. We present an end-to-end learned controller that achieves record agility for the MIT Mini Cheetah, sustaining speeds up to 3.9 m/s. This system runs and turns fast on natural terrains like grass, ice, and gravel and responds robustly to disturbances. Our controller is a neural network trained in simulation via reinforcement learning and transferred to the real world. The two key components are (i) an adaptive curriculum on velocity commands and (ii) an online system identification strategy for sim-to-real transfer. Videos of the robot’s behaviors are available at https://agility.csail.mit.edu/ .
Roast: a tool for reference-free optimization of supertranscriptome assemblies
Authors: Shabbir Madiha , Mithani Aziz 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Transcriptomic studies involving organisms for which reference genomes are not available typically start by generating de novo transcriptome or supertranscriptome assembly from the raw RNA-seq reads. Assembling a supertranscriptome is, however, a challenging task due to significantly varying abundance of mRNA transcripts, alternative splicing, and sequencing errors. As a result, popular de novo supertranscriptome assembly tools generate assemblies containing contigs that are partially-assembled, fragmented, false chimeras or have local mis-assemblies leading to decreased assembly accuracy. Commonly available tools for assembly improvement rely primarily on running BLAST using closely related species making their accuracy and reliability conditioned on the availability of the data for closely related organisms.

Results
We present ROAST, a tool for optimization of supertranscriptome assemblies that uses paired-end RNA-seq data from Illumina sequencing platform to iteratively identify and fix assembly errors solely using the error signatures generated by RNA-seq alignment tools including soft-clips, unexpected expression coverage, and reads with mates unmapped or mapped on a different contig to identify and fix various supertranscriptome assembly errors without performing BLAST searches against other organisms. Evaluation results using simulated as well as real datasets show that ROAST significantly improves assembly quality by identifying and fixing various assembly errors.

Conclusion
ROAST provides a reference-free approach to optimizing supertranscriptome assemblies highlighting its utility in refining de novo supertranscriptome assemblies of non-model organisms.