bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When is a franchise not a franchise? when it's a pub
Authors: Lashley Conrad , Rowson Bill 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Recent changes in ownership and consumption patterns have brought many pub operators to follow strategies that are more concerned with a retailing orientation.
Many of the companies operating pubs are aiming to grow sales and respond quickly to changes in consumer tastes and fashions. They no longer own brewing facilities and frequently control whole estates of pubs that are marginal and where the actions, skills and motivations of local unit managers are crucial for the success or failure of the property.
The exploration of different forms of indirect control via lease arrangements is recognition of the need to provide more entrepreneurial incentives for those managing these more marginal properties. In many ways, it is possible to view pubs owned by chains operated through both tenancies and leasing as a form of franchising.
The literature and research on franchising hospitality services can help inform a study of leasehold and tenanted relationships in licensed retailing. Franchising in licensed retailing is almost wholly based on the tenanted/leased agreements.
This paper argues that in this more retailing and service quality competitive environment, pub operating companies will need to use more traditional franchising approaches than have been practised in the past.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive value of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression in tumor tissue, regarding the efficacy of postoperatively administered UFT (Tegafur + Uracil) in patients with p‐stage I nonsmall‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Nakagawa Tatsuo , Tanaka Fumihiro , Takata Tetsuya , Matsuoka Katsunari , Miyahara Ryo , Otake Yosuke , Yanagihara Kazuhiro , Fukushimab Masakazu , Wada Hiromi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in tumor cells has been suggested to be one of the factors determining the effectiveness of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). In the present study, we analyzed DPD expression in tumors and investigated retrospectively the relationship between the efficacy of UFT (Tegafur + Uracil) as adjuvant chemotherapy and DPD expression in nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsDPD expression of 166 resected p‐stage I NSCLC was examined immunohistochemically. Patients who were administered UFT alone as adjuvant therapy comprised the UFT group (n = 54), and those who underwent only surgery comprised the control group (n = 112). DPD expression was categorized as either high or low, according to intensity of staining.ResultsDPD expression was high in 98 patients (59.0%) and low in 68 patients (41.0%). Patients with low‐DPD tumors who were administered UFT had a significantly better prognosis than those who did not receive adjuvant treatment (P = 0.021). No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients with high‐DPD tumors (P = 0.598).ConclusionsDPD expression may predict the efficacy of UFT after surgery for p‐stage I NSCLC. A prospective study is needed to confirm the role of DPD expression as a predictor of UFT efficacy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:87–92. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cropping systems and bed width effects on runoff, erosion and soil properties in a rainfed Vertisol
Authors: Hulugalle N. R. , Rohde K. W. , Yule D. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effects of two bed widths (1 and 2 m) and four rainfed cotton‐based cropping systems on soil properties, runoff and erosion were evaluated in a Vertisol (1 per cent slope; 21 g per 100 g sand, 12 g per 100 g silt, 67 g per 100 g clay) in subtropical central Queensland, Australia. The cropping systems were: early cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sown between August and October; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sown in May, sprayed out and followed by early cotton; wheat allowed to mature, harvested and followed by late cotton sown between October and December; and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) followed by cotton. Land preparation was by minimum tillage and traffic was restricted to the furrows between the beds. Rainfall runoff and soil erosion were monitored with water‐height recorders, flumes and troughs. Soil structure was evaluated as air‐filled porosity of oven‐dried soil in the 0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, 0.30–0.45 and 0.45–0.60 m depths. Soil chemical properties measured in the 0–0.15 m depth were organic carbon, pH (in 0.01 M CaCl2), electrical conductivity (EC1:5) of a 1 : 5 soil : water suspension and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na. In comparison with 1 m beds, 2 m beds resulted in lower runoff and soil erosion, lower exchangeable Na, exchangeable sodium percentage and higher EC1:5/exchangeable Na, higher rate of soil organic matter decrease and better soil structure in the 0–0.15 m depth. Runoff and erosion were reduced, and cotton lint yields increased either by cropping systems sown early to intercept most of the seasonal rainfall or by those which produced a high level of ground cover. Soil physical and chemical properties were best, and runoff and erosion lowest with 2 m beds and cropping systems producing a high level of ground cover. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An economic analysis of revegetation for dryland salinity control on the Lower Eyre Peninsula in South Australia
Authors: Hajkowicz S. , Young M. D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDryland salinity is a major natural resource management problem imposing large economic and environmental costs in many countries throughout the world. The major cause of dryland salinity is the replacement of perennial native vegetation with annual crops and pastures. This results in greater amounts of water entering a groundwater system, watertable rise and the concentration of naturally occurring salts near the soil surface. Many consider that the best long‐term solution is the re‐establishment of high water use perennial vegetation through production systems such as agroforestry. This paper presents a benefit–cost analysis (BCA) of revegetation to control dryland salinity over a 20‐year period in South Australia. The results of the BCA indicate that market costs are likely to exceed market benefits for broad‐scale revegetation programmes. These results are driven by hydrogeological studies, which indicate that as much as 50 per cent of a ‘problem‐type’ catchment needs to be revegetated to save only 3 per cent of land from being salt affected. The conclusion is that revegetation programmes need to be highly targeted to areas of a catchment with large potential to control salinity, land that has minimal value for other uses and regions with high infrastructure and ecological value. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary study of fine changes in the duration of dynamic cooling during 755‐nm laser hair removal on pain and epidermal damage in patients with skin types III–V
Authors: Nahm Walter K. , Tsoukas Maria M. , Falanga Vincent , Carson Polly A. , Sami Naveed , Touma Dany J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe use of the long‐pulsed 755‐nm alexandrite laser has been an effective tool in hair removal. A dynamic cooling device (DCD) is commonly used with this laser in order to minimize epidermal damage. No studies have examined how fine changes in DCD duration may affect comfort and epidermal damage during laser hair removal. This study was designed to determine what effect, changes in the duration of dynamic cooling would have on pain and epidermal damage with laser hair removal (755 nm alexandrite) in patients with darker skin types.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTen volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin types III–V were enrolled. A 755‐nm alexandrite laser with a pulse duration of 3 milliseconds and equipped with a DCD was used with the 12 mm spot size on matched treatment sites. We compared cryogen spurt durations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 milliseconds on pain and epidermal changes. The spray delay was set at 1 millisecond. Pain rating scales and epidermal changes (skin sloughing, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation and scarring) were assessed.ResultsOverall a decrease in pain was seen with increases in spurt duration. A spurt duration of 20 milliseconds was beneficial for pain reduction in all patients. Longer spurt durations were associated with additional pain relief especially when geographic spacing of pulses was maximized to prevent thermal build‐up. In regards to epidermal protection, most patients benefited with shorter cryogen durations of 20–60 milliseconds. There was little advantage with longer spurt durations. Some patients treated at higher fluences without cooling had no detectable side effects.ConclusionsIncreasing DCD spurt duration in laser hair removal provides its strongest benefit in the area of pain reduction, particularly in type V patients. Increasing cryogen spurt durations above a protective threshold shows no significant benefit in terms of epidermal protection. Changing the spurt duration may not be as important in some patients with darker skin types. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:247–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frequency of promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and p16 and its relationship to aflatoxin B1–DNA adduct levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Jing , Ahsan Habibul , Chen Yu , Lunn Ruth M. , Wang Li‐Yu , Chen Shu‐Yuan , Lee Po‐Huang , Chen Chien‐Jen , Santella Regina M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpigenetic changes in gene expression due to extensive CpG island methylation is now accepted as the main cause of inactivation of the p16 gene. More recently, it has been suggested that the human ras association domain family (RASSF) 1 gene, cloned from the lung tumor‐suppressor locus 3p21.3, also may be inactivated by methylation. It consists of two major alternative transcripts, RASSF1A and RASSF1C. Epigenetic inactivation of isoform A was observed in several carcinomas and tumor cell lines. In this study, promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and p16 was investigated in 83 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue samples from Taiwan and in two HCC cell lines (Hep3B and HepG2). High frequencies (85% and 47%, respectively) of methylation of the CpG island promoters of RASSF1A and p16 were found in the HCC tissues. The methylation of RASSF1A also was detected in Hep3B cells but not in HepG2 cells; p16 was not methylated in either cell line. Methylation status was determined in 12 normal control liver tissues and 10 adjacent nontumor tissues. No methylation was found in normal liver control tissues for both RASSF1A and p16; methylation was detected in one of 10 and seven of 10 adjacent nontumor tissue sampless for p16 and RASSF1A, respectively, in subjects with positive tumors. These data indicate that aberrant methylation of the CpG island promoters of both genes is a frequent occurrence in hepatocarcinogenesis. The high frequency of RASSF1A methylation in adjacent tissues suggests that this may be an early event. The relationship between methylation status and clinical parameters and tumor markers, including DNA damage resulting from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), an environmental carcinogen, and p53 status, also was analyzed. A statistically significant association was found between RASSF1A methylation status and the level of AFB1‐DNA adducts in tumor tissues. No association was found between methylation status and p53 status. These results suggest the hypothesis that exposure to environmental carcinogens may be involved in altered methylation of genes involved in cancer development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Freezing of shoulder flexion impeding boule throwing: A form of task‐specific focal dystonia in petanque players
Authors: Lagueny Alain , Burbaud Pierre , Dubos Jean Louis , le Masson Gwendel , Guelh Dominique , Macia Frederic , Debras Corinne , Tison François 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring a period of intensive practice, 2 petanque players developed freezing of shoulder flexion impeding boule throwing. This movement disorder was consistent with the diagnosis of task‐specific focal dystonia. Polymyography showed that freezing was associated with bursts of low amplitude. In the absence of motor or sensory deficits, a motor apraxia could be considered. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Choreic syndrome due to Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Authors: Taurin Gregory , Golfier Véronique , Pinel Jean‐François , Deburghgraeve Véronique , Poirier Jean‐Yves , Edan Gilles , Vérin Marc 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report on the instructive case of an elderly woman who became encephalopathic and concurrently developed chorea. Thyroid antibody studies were abnormal. She responded extremely well to oral corticosteroids. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Focal dystonia as the presenting sign in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Hellmann Mark A. , Melamed Eldad 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA variety of movement disorders may occur during the course of prion disease. We describe a unique patient who had focal upper limb dystonia as the presenting symptom of familial codon 200 mutation‐positive Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Ethnic differences in the expression of neurodegenerative disease: Machado‐Joseph disease in Africans and Caucasians
Authors: Subramony S.H. , Hernandez Dena , Adam Amanda , Smith‐Jefferson Stephanie , Hussey Jennifer , Gwinn‐Hardy Katrina , Lynch Timothy , McDaniel Olga , Hardy John , Farrer Matt , Singleton Andrew 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe several families of African origin with SCA3/Machado‐Joseph disease gene expansions. In these cases, the phenotype ranges from ataxia with parkinsonian signs to a syndrome clinically almost indistinguishable from idiopathic, L‐dopa–responsive Parkinson's disease. In contrast, these parkinsonian phenotypes are rare in those of European descent. Haplotype analysis shows that these African families do not share a common founder, thus a cis‐acting element in the promoter is unlikely to be responsible these unusual presentations. We suggest that trans‐acting factors are responsible for the variable phenotype and discuss the implications of diseases showing racially different expressivities. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Variational problems in Clifford analysis
Authors: Dubinskii Julii , Reissig Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing decomposition results for Sobolev spaces of Clifford‐valued functions into direct sums of subspaces of monogenic and co‐monogenic functions variational problems will be studied.These variational problems are equivalent to PD‐models by the choice of special operators of conboundary differentiation. By a Galerkin scheme we construct the monogenic part as a weak solution of a non‐linear problem. The co‐monogenic potential is the solution of a weak Dirichlet problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weak solutions of a phase‐field model for phase change of an alloy with thermal properties
Authors: Boldrini José Luiz , Planas Gabriela 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe phase‐field method provides a mathematical description for free‐boundary problems associated to physical processes with phase transitions. It postulates the existence of a function, called the phase‐field, whose value identifies the phase at a particular point in space and time. The method is particularly suitable for cases with complex growth structures occurring during phase transitions.The mathematical model studied in this work describes the solidification process occurring in a binary alloy with temperature‐dependent properties. It is based on a highly non‐linear degenerate parabolic system of partial differential equations with three independent variables: phase‐field, solute concentration and temperature.Existence of weak solutions for this system is obtained via the introduction of a regularized problem, followed by the derivation of suitable estimates and the application of compactness arguments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the electrostatic and band‐mixing effects on gain for double‐quantum‐well lasers
Authors: Weetman P. , Wartak M. S. , Kucharczyk M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe simultaneous role of electrostatic effects and band‐mixing effects on optical modal gain in two coupled wells is analyzed within the self‐consistent solution of the Poisson and Luttinger–Kohn effective‐mass equations. The analysis is performed for a 1.3‐μm InGaAsP/InP lattice‐matched system. It shows that the electrostatic effects play a significant role in selecting the optimum barrier width and composition of the wells and barriers. The gain is actually larger when electrostatic effects are included because of better charge localization in the wells. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 35–37, 2002; DOI 10.1002/mop.10223
Wideband planar array antenna in C band for synthetic aperture radar applications
Authors: Chakrabarty S. B. , Khanna Mohit , Sharma S. B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe design and development of a wideband dual polarized planar array antenna of 3 × 6 elements in C band is presented. The center frequency is 5.3 GHz. The single radiating element used in the array configuration is of stacked SSFIP. The antenna has been developed for beam pointing of 10° and side‐lobe level better than −15 dB by proper choice of the complex excitation coefficients. The array antenna offers a bandwidth of 20% for a VSWR ratio of 2:1. The measured S parameters and radiation patterns are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 52–54, 2002; DOI 10.1002/mop.10029
Lipovitellins and phosvitins of the fertilized eggs during embryo growth in the oviparous lizard Podarcis sicula
Authors: Romano Maurizio , Rosanova Patrizia , Anteo Chiara , Limatola Ermelinda 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the lizard Podarcis sicula, the major vitellogenin (VTG)‐derived yolk proteins, lipovitellins and phosvitins, were extracted from the yolk globules of laid and fertilized eggs at different periods of incubation up to 44 days close to hatching. Embryonic development was almost over at this time. Yolk proteins were isolated by precipitation in saturated (NH4)2SO4, separated on SDS–PAGE and detected by Western blotting with homologous polyclonal anti/VTG antibody. Two lipovitellins of 110 and 116 kDa were always present in the yolk of laid eggs after 1, 10, 18, and 44 days from oviposition. Both these proteins were glycosylated and were recognized by the anti/VTG antibody; their N‐terminal sequences were analyzed. Four phosvitins were detected in freshly laid eggs, but their number decreased during incubation, and after 44 days only a single protein of ≅ 6.5 kDa was present. The results indicated that, in this lizard, during embryonic development, lipovitellins remain unchanged, whereas the phosphorylated components of yolk undergo continuous degradation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 341–348, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of spindle removal on MPF and MAP kinase activities in porcine matured oocytes
Authors: Goto Seitaro , Naito Kunihiko , Ohashi Satoshi , Sugiura Koji , Naruoka Haruna , Iwamori Naoki , Tojo Hideaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIntracellular localization of maturation/M‐phase promoting factor (MPF) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase in mature oocytes has been examined by immunocytochemical methods and the authors of these studies have reported that they are localized on spindles during M‐phase. Although these reports showed the relative localization of MPF and MAPK on spindles, it has never been shown whether these kinases are present in the cytoplasm and, if they are present, how many parts of the kinases are localized on the metaphase spindle. In the present study, we made quantitative analyses of MPF and MAP kinase localized on oocyte spindles by kinase assays and immunoblotting after removal of the spindles from porcine mature oocytes. First, we certified their intracellular distribution by immunocytochemical methods and observed sharp signals of cyclin B1 on spindle poles and MAP kinase signals on the microtubule of metaphase spindles. In contrast to these results by immunostaining, the amounts of MPF and MAP kinase localized on spindles examined by immunoblotting and kinase assays were undetectable and less than 20%, respectively. These results indicate that the immunocytochemical technique is a powerful method for showing relative localization, but it is not suitable for quantitative analysis, and that the removal of metaphase spindles from mature oocytes does not have a severe negative impact on the subsequent MPF and MAP kinase activity and on the cell cycle progression in early embryo development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 388–393, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maturation of the human fetal brain as observed by 1H MR spectroscopy
Authors: Kok René D. , van den Berg Paul P. , van den Bergh Adrianus J. , Nijland Roel , Heerschap Arend 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProton MRS was used to monitor cerebral metabolite tissue levels in 35 normal fetuses during development in the gestational age range of 30–41 weeks. First, MRI in three orthogonal orientations was performed. A volume of interest (VOI) (15–43 cc) of fetal brain tissue was then selected for 1H MRS. For localization, two pulse sequences (stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) at TE = 20 ms, and point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) at TE = 135 ms) were applied. The MR spectra of the brain showed signals for inositol (Ino), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N‐acetyl (NA) compounds. From 30 to 41 weeks the absolute tissue level of NA, and the ratios of NA/Cr and NA/Cho increased, whereas the ratio of Cho/Cr decreased. These changes reflect maturation of the brain. Considering the diagnostic value of proton MRS in pediatric neurology, this new approach may also be useful for characterizing pathological conditions in the fetal brain. Magn Reson Med 48:611–616, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐order multiband encoding in the heart
Authors: Cunningham Charles H. , Wright Graham A. , Wood Michael L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSpatial encoding with multiband selective excitation (e.g., Hadamard encoding) has been restricted to a small number of slices because the RF pulse becomes unacceptably long when more than about eight slices are encoded. In this work, techniques to shorten multiband RF pulses, and thus allow larger numbers of slices, are investigated. A method for applying the techniques while retaining the capability of adaptive slice thickness is outlined. A tradeoff between slice thickness and pulse duration is shown. Simulations and experiments with the shortened pulses confirmed that motion‐induced excitation profile blurring and phase accrual were reduced. The connection between gradient hardware limitations, slice thickness, and flow sensitivity is shown. Excitation profiles for encoding 32 contiguous slices of 1‐mm thickness were measured experimentally, and the artifact resulting from errors in timing of RF pulse relative to gradient was investigated. A multiband technique for imaging 32 contiguous 2‐mm slices, with adaptive slice thickness, was developed and demonstrated for coronary artery imaging in healthy subjects. With the ability to image high numbers of contiguous slices, using relatively short (1–2 ms) RF pulses, multiband encoding has been advanced further toward practical application. Magn Reson Med 48:689–698, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.