bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonography of soft tissue masses of the neck
Authors: Gritzmann Norbert , Hollerweger Alois , Macheiner Peter , Rettenbacher Thomas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn many clinical conditions, high‐resolution sonography and color (power) Doppler sonography can be used as the first‐line modality for evaluating cervical soft tissue masses. Cervical cysts, lipomas, paragangliomas, neurogenic tumors, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas often exhibit characteristic sonographic appearances. Sonography can be used for lymph node assessment, and most salivary gland diseases can be diagnosed sonographically. Sonography can be used to guide needle biopsy of soft tissue neoplasms and lymph nodes. In addition, the relationship between a cervical mass and the great vessels can be evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:356–373, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10073
Phagocytosis—The mighty weapon of the silent warriors
Authors: Djaldetti Meir , Salman Hertzel , Bergman Michael , Djaldetti Ruth , Bessler Hanna 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProfessional phagocytes, comprising polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocyte/macrophage cells, play an important role in the host defense. Any defect in their function exposes the organism to microbial intruders terminating in fatal diseases. The functional responses of the phagocytes to bacterial and fungal infections include chemotaxis, actin assembly, migration, adhesion, aggregation, phagocytosis, degranulation, and reactive oxygen species production. Superoxide generation by phagocytic NADPH oxidase is an imperative step toward bacterial killing. Phagocytes participate in inflammatory reactions and exert tumoricidal activity. They are supported by serum factors such as immunoglobulins, cytokines, complement, the acute phase reactant C‐reactive protein, production of antibacterial proteins, and others. In addition to their principal task to eliminate bacteria, they are engaged in removing damaged, senescent, and apoptotic cells. Engulfed cell debris, large particles such as latex beads, fat, and oil droplets, are examples of phagocytic activity illustrated in the present review with transmission and scanning electron microscope micrographs. Numerous factors, such as diseases and stressful conditions, affect the engulfing activity of the professional phagocytes. Our experience regarding the impaired phagocytic capacity of cells in patients with diabetes and chronic renal failure is discussed. The results obtained in our laboratory from experiments detecting the effect of strenuous physical exercise, hypothermia, fasting, and abdominal photon irradiation on the phagocytic capacity of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and rat peritoneal macrophages are hereby summarized and the reports on those subjects in the recent literature are reviewed. A variety of assays are applied for quantifying phagocytosis. Flow cytometry based on incubation of phagocytic cells with fluorescent conjugated particles and measuring the amount of fluorescence as an indicator of the engulfing capacity of the cells is a useful method. A direct visualization of the ingested particles using light or electron microscopy is a valuable tool for estimation of phagocytic function. In our hands, the use of semithin sections of embedded phagocytes following their incubation with latex particles provided satisfactory results for measuring the total number of phagocytic cells, as well as the internalizing capacity of each individual cell. Microbiological assays, the nitroblue tetrazolium test, quantitation of antibody‐ and antigen‐mediated phagocytosis, as well as methods reviewed in detail in other reports are additional applications for determination of this intricate process. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:421–431, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phagocytosis by invertebrate hemocytes: Causes of individual variation in Panorpa vulgaris scorpionflies
Authors: Kurtz Joachim 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn in vitro phagocytosis assay, adjusted to as little as 1 μL of insect hemolymph, enables the microscopic determination of phagocytosis for single individuals of small insects. Even repeated determination over the lifetime of individuals is possible. This method makes it feasible to study individual variation in invertebrate phagocytic capacity. Possible sources of such variation are reviewed in this article: genetic differences, development, aging, reproduction, presence of parasites, and diverse environmental influences are natural sources of individual variation in phagocytosis. However, the methods used for phagocytosis and microscopic evaluation are also (unwelcome) sources of variation. To optimize incubation time for in vitro phagocytosis, time courses were determined. Furthermore, the reliability of visual counting and image analysis for the microscopic quantification of phagocytosis are compared. The influences of larval development and adult aging on phagocytosis by Panorpa vulgaris hemocytes are subsequently demonstrated. During development, a decrease in hemocyte numbers but a simultaneous increase in the proportion of phagocytosing hemocytes was observed when larvae reached pupation. On the other hand, adults showed a dramatic decrease in phagocytic capacity with age, while cell numbers remained fairly constant. The results show that individual variation in phagocytosis can be determined accurately in small invertebrates and related to its causes. This might be especially interesting in the context of studies relating individual immunocompetence to ecology, life history variation, and behavior. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:456–468, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacteria–hemocyte interactions and phagocytosis in marine bivalves
Authors: Canesi Laura , Gallo Gabriella , Gavioli Miriam , Pruzzo Carla 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMarine bivalves (such as mussels, oysters, and clams) are widespread mollusks in coastal waters at different latitudes; due to their filter‐feeding habits, they accumulate large numbers of bacteria from the harvesting waters and may act as passive carriers of human pathogens. To cope with this challenge, bivalves possess both humoral and cellular defense mechanisms with remarkably effective capabilities. The circulating cells, or hemocytes, are primarily responsible for defense against parasites and pathogens; microbial killing results from the combined action of the phagocytic process with humoral defense factors such as agglutinins (e.g., lectins), lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid phosphatase, lysozyme), toxic oxygen intermediates, and various antimicrobial peptides. In this work, current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between bacteria and the hemolymph components of marine bivalves is summarized. Bacterial susceptibility to hemolymph killing in different bivalve species may be a consequence of the different ability of bacterial products to attract phagocytes, the presence or absence of specific opsonizing molecules, the hemocyte capability to bind and engulf different bacteria, and the different bacterial sensitivity to intracellular killing. The role of soluble (e.g., agglutinins and opsonins) and surface‐bound factors in bacterial phagocytosis by hemocytes of the most common marine bivalve species is described and the possibility that environmental temperatures and other seasonal factors may influence this process is considered. Moreover, the potential strategies used by bacteria to evade phagocytic killing by hemocytes are discussed. From the available data it is clear that several questions need further investigation; the elucidation of the factors influencing phagocytosis in bivalves and the fundamental strategies used by bacteria to escape hemolymph killing are important not only to understand bivalve immune defenses but also to explain the persistence of pathogenic bacteria in bivalve tissues and to predict the consequent impact on human health. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:469–476, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphibia Kupffer cells
Authors: Sichel Giovanni , Scalia Marina , Corsaro Concetta 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmphibia Kupffer cells (i.e., liver resident macrophages) show many common characteristics when compared with Mammalia Kupffer cells: filopodia, microvillous‐like structures, lamellipodia, fuzzy coat, coated vesicles, bristled vacuoles, nonspecific esterase activity, and pinocytotic and phagocytic activity are present both in Amphibia and Mammalia Kupffer cells. On the other hand, some differences are present between Kupffer cells of both zoological classes: phagocytosed red cells and their derivatives, iron–protein complexes, and lipofuscin bodies are normally present in Amphibia Kupffer cells, but absent in the same cells of healthy mammals. Worm‐like structures are not seen in Amphibia and endogenous peroxidase activity is very weak in these animals compared with Mammalia. The most important difference lies in the ability of Amphibia Kupffer cells to produce melanins: in fact the tyrosinase gene is expressed, “melanosome centers” are present, and dopa oxidase activity is demonstrable. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:477–490, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fate of donor bone marrow cells in medial collateral ligament after simulated autologous transplantation
Authors: Watanabe Nobuyoshi , Woo Savio L‐Y. , Papageorgiou Christos , Celechovsky Chris , Takai Shinro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA potential strategy to enhance ligament healing by transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are demonstrated to differentiate into fibroblast‐like cells in vitro, is presented. The objective of this study was to follow transplanted nucleated cells from bone marrow, which contain MSCs, in the healing medial collateral ligament (MCL) over time, and to examine their phenotype and survivability. It was hypothesized that MSCs in nucleated cells from bone marrow would differentiate into fibroblast‐like cells in the healing ligament following adaptation to the environment. The transplantation model employed in this study eliminates the immune response to a donor by the recipient using a transgenic rat (donor), which does not produce foreign protein from transgenes, and its wild‐type rat (recipient) in order to simulate autologous transplantation. The MCL of the wild‐type rat was ruptured, where 1 × 106 nucleated cells of bone marrow from the transgenic rat were injected. The transgenes in transplanted nucleated cells were detected throughout the healing MCL for 28 days by in situ hybridization. At 3 days, many donor cells were evident in the injury site and fascial pocket, and some were found in the midsubstance. Morphologically, transplanted cells with elongated nuclei were found at the ruptured edge of the midsubstance and surface of the unruptured site after 3 days. At 28 days, these cells continued to survive in the healing MCL. Their shapes were similar to those of surrounding recipient MCL fibroblasts. Thus, transplanted cells might differentiate into fibroblasts. Therefore, it was demonstrated that there is a potential for nucleated cells from bone marrow to serve as a vehicle for therapeutic molecules as well as to be a source in enhancing healing of ligaments. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:39–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and evolution of the respiratory apparatus in the family Eubelidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)
Authors: Paoli Pasquino , Ferrara Franco , Taiti Stefano 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe morphology of the respiratory apparatus in the pleopodal lungs of the family Eubelidae was investigated. The family is a monophyletic group including more than 240 species in 53 genera (three of which are nomina dubia), mostly distributed in the Afrotropical Region (tropical Africa and Arabian Peninsula). In all the Eubelidae, except for the monospecific genus Parelumoides and two species of the genus Elumoides, the exopods of pleopods have lungs. All the pulmonary morphologies present in the entire suborder Oniscidea are found: 1) uncovered lungs, composed of a pleated respiratory surface, directly exposed to the air (Atracheodillo‐type) or partially enclosed within the appendage (Synarmadilloides‐type); 2) covered lungs with several spiracles and respiratory trees, housed within the appendages, with spiracles surrounded by a specialized, nonrespiratory, structure (perispiracular area) (Eubelum‐ and Somaloniscus‐types); 3) covered lungs with only one spiracle, with or without perispiracular area, and one respiratory tree (Aethiopopactes‐ and Periscyphis‐types), which in taxa with Periscyphis‐type lung crosses the insertion of the appendage and penetrates into the pleon with bundles of respiratory tubules. The evolution of the various types of lungs is discussed. It is concluded that the two main evolutionary lines, i.e., uncovered lungs and covered lungs, originated independently from an ancestral respiratory structure—the semilunar area. A first mechanism of development of the semilunar area by folding of its surface produced the Atracheodillo‐type (all folds coplanar with the surface of the exopod) and Synarmadilloides‐type (folds partly coplanar and partly intraflexed inside the exopod) uncovered lungs. A second mechanism of development by tubular invagination of the cuticle of the semilunar area produced the polyspiracular Eubelum‐type lungs (numerous arborescent invaginations) and the monospiracular Aethiopopactes‐type lungs (only one arborescent invagination), probably passing through a common intermediate pattern. From the common pattern, both the poly‐ and monospiracular types would have inherited the characteristic concave cell arrangement of the perispiracular area. The Somaloniscus‐type and Periscyphis‐type lungs are forms specialized for arid environments, directly derived from the Eubelum‐type and Aethiopopactes‐type, respectively. J. Morphol. 253:272–289, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A complete substitutional analysis of VIP for better tumor imaging properties
Authors: Bhargava Sarah , Licha Kai , Knaute Tobias , Ebert Bernd , Becker Andreas , Grötzinger Carsten , Hessenius Carsten , Wiedenmann Bertram , Schneider‐Mergener Jens , Volkmer‐Engert Rudolf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSince numerous tumor cells overexpress the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor subtype 1 (VPAC1), VIP–dye conjugates would be useful as contrast agents for in vivo imaging. However, proteolytic degradation of VIP in vivo limits their diagnostic use and highlights the need for structurally optimized VIP derivatives with improved pharmacokinetics. Here, we applied parallel nano‐synthesis of cleavable peptides on cellulose membranes to perform a complete VIP substitutional analysis. The resulting 504 different VIP–dye analogs were tested for cell binding by flow cytometry. They provided a detailed analysis of amino acid positions essential for binding to VPAC1 overexpressing cells. A generalized VIP–dye binding motif derived from the substitutional analysis results served as a reference point for further optimization. An [Arg8]‐VIP‐dye analog showed increased stability towards proteolytic degradation, good tumor‐to‐tissue contrast in mice and a longer half‐life in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of oxygen flow rate on signal and T1 changes in oxygen‐enhanced ventilation imaging
Authors: Mai Vu M. , Liu Benjamin , Li Wei , Polzin Jason , Kurucay Saban , Chen Qun , Edelman Robert R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the optimal oxygen flow rate for oxygen‐enhanced MR ventilation imaging.Materials and MethodsUsing a cardiac‐triggered nonselective inversion recovery (IR) half Fourier single‐shot fast spin echo sequence, series of images were acquired with the subject alternately inhaling room air and 100% oxygen. Oxygen flow rates of 5 L/min, 10 L/min, 15 L/min, 20 L/min, and 25 L/min were studied, and signal intensity from the oxygen‐enhanced ventilation images and T1 of the lung were measured.ResultsThe average signal intensity was 63.0 ± 21.0 for 5 L/min, 98.7 ± 26.8 for 10 L/min, 133.8 ± 20.0 for 15 L/min, 138.7 ± 19.7 for 20 L/min, and 139.2 ± 37.9 for 25 L/min. The average T1's of the lung were 1399 msec ± 130 msec for room air, 1314 msec ± 101 msec for 5 L/min, 1276 msec ± 105 msec for 10 L/min, 1207 msec ± 71 msec for 15 L/min, 1206 msec ± 90 msec for 20 L/min, and 1207 msec ± 42 msec for 25 L/min.ConclusionThe optimal flow rate is 15 L/min for oxygen‐enhanced ventilation imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:37–41. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What do matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra reveal about ionization mechanisms?
Authors: Papantonakis Michael R. , Kim Jun , Hess Wayne P. , Haglund Richard F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present ion mass spectra obtained by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization for analytes of ∼1000 Da across the largest range of wavelengths and pulse durations to date. The matrix used in all cases was 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid. Based on the data and fundamentals of laser–material interactions, we evaluated the plausibility of discriminating among such ion formation mechanisms as multiphoton ionization and excited‐state ionization from mass spectra alone. Some previously proposed mechanisms appear unlikely for the matrix–analyte systems that we studied, casting doubt on their general applicability. Moreover, although analysis of mass spectra can apparently exclude certain mechanisms, it cannot establish which of several competing mechanisms is actually operative. This is particularly true with respect to variations in pulse duration and wavelength. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of silicate monomer with sodium, calcium and strontium but not with lithium and magnesium ions by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry
Authors: Tanaka Miho , Takahashi Kazuya 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) was applied to the direct detection of silica species dissolved in LiCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and SrCl2 solutions in order to investigate its dissolution process in solution. Several species of dissolved silicate complexes in the solution were directly detected by FABMS. The peak intensities of [SiO2(OH)2Na]−, [SiO3(OH)Ca]− and [SiO3(OH)Sr]− increased with increasing concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2 and SrCl2, whereas the peak intensities of [SiO2(OH)2Li]− and [SiO3(OH)Mg]− did not increase with increasing concentrations of LiCl and MgCl2. These results indicte that silicate and cation bind in the solution not after but before ionization. The isotope pattern of Sr2+ confirmed the existence of the silicate–Sr complex not only with increase of the concentration of silica but also the mass numbers of Sr. The silicate complexes formed with Na+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ showed high stability in chloride solution. This is in good accordance with the fact that Na+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ accelerate the dissolution of silica to form complexes during solution equilibrium. Considering that the stability constant was examined and reported in other papers, this new findings that Mg2+ does not form a complex with silicic acid (Si(OH)4) is very important. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field evaluation of the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine without HBIG in newborn Vietnamese infants
Authors: Milne Alexander , West David J. , Chinh Dang Van , Moyes Chris D. , Poerschke Gabriele 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study involving more than 2,000 infants was conducted in Vietnam to assess the field effectiveness and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine given at birth, 1 month, 2 months, without concomitant hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). All received a 5 μg dose of H‐B‐VAX™II at birth. Infants born to non‐carrier mothers (Group 1; N = 1798) then received 2.5 μg doses at 1 and 2 months of age, while infants of HBeAg‐negative (Group 2; N = 125) or HBeAg‐positive (Group 3; N = 88) carrier mothers received 5 μg doses. No Group 1 or 2 vaccinees were infected. In Group 3, 12 (14.6%) of 82 infants did become infected (estimated efficacy 84%). 98.0–98.6% of uninfected infants who were tested for anti‐HBs developed a seroprotective concentration ≥ 10 IU/L. In hyperendemic Vietnam, where routine maternal screening and passive‐active prophylaxis of high‐risk infants with vaccine plus HBIG is not feasible, administration of vaccine alone to all newborns may control effectively HBV infection. J. Med Virol. 67:327–333, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolonged hepatitis A infection in an HIV‐1 seropositive patient
Authors: Costa‐Mattioli Mauro , Allavena Clotilde , Poirier Anne‐Sophie , Billaudel Sylviane , Raffi François , Ferré Virginie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a worldwide disease; in most cases, it causes an acute self‐limited illness that does not lead to a chronic state. The course of HAV viremia in a homosexual male with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) and the correlation between HIV and HAV viral load, alanine aminotranferase (ALT) level, and CD4+ lymphocyte count were investigated during the course of the infection. HAV RNA was detected quantitatively up to 256 days after clinical onset. To our knowledge, this specific case is the first report of a prolonged infection with hepatitis A in a male with HIV‐1. The ALT levels decreased gradually; however, 286 days after clinical onset of hepatitis, ALT levels were three times higher than normal values. HIV viral load was not affected by the infection with HAV and CD4+ cell count was stable during the course of the co‐infection. The duration and the high‐titer viremia of hepatitis A virus in an immunodeficient patient constitute a serious risk of the spread of hepatitis A within this population. As inactivated HAV vaccine is safe in HIV‐positive subjects, it would be wise to establish a strategy of preventive vaccination in this high‐risk group. J. Med. Virol. 68:7–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrahepatic MxA and PKR protein expression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: MacQuillan Gerry C. , de Boer W. Bastiaan , Platten Michael A. , McCaul Kieran A. , Reed William D. , Jeffrey Gary P. , Allan Jane E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe therapeutic effect of interferon‐alpha and ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C viral infection is limited. To identify patient characteristics that may predict responsiveness to treatment, the intrahepatic protein expression of two directly induced IFN‐alpha effector proteins, MxA and PKR, were studied. Forty liver biopsy samples from patients with a variety of chronic liver diseases were stained for MxA and PKR protein using immunohistochemical techniques. In a HCV patient cohort, 30 liver biopsies were stained for MxA and PKR protein prior to treatment with IFN‐alpha and ribavirin. PKR protein expression was not upregulated in viral liver disease. In contrast, MxA protein expression was significantly upregulated in viral liver disease (P = 0.005). In chronic HCV liver disease, moderate to strong cytoplasmic expression of MxA protein was observed in hepatocytes and monocytes, indicating endogenous hepatocellular IFN‐alpha pathway activation. In the HCV patient cohort treated with combination therapy, strong pre‐treatment MxA hepatocyte expression was predictive of a non‐response to treatment (odds ratio 9.33; P = 0.01; 95% confidence interval 1.63–53.2). This effect was independent of HCV genotype and viral load. It is concluded that pretreatment hepatocellular MxA expression may become a useful predictor of response to combination treatment with IFN‐alpha and ribavirin. J. Med. Virol. 68:197–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.