bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Princeton Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To compute very large integers in the Robbins formula, you may have to use a programming language such as Rexx. Alternatively, there are many simple software packages used to compute large integers, such as Mathematica (Wolfram Research). Other notable examples are the large-integer programs of Harry J. Smith. Smith uses his own software package to perform multiple precision integer arithmetic: his software package can even compute transcendental functions to thousands of decimal places. (Contact him at: Harry J. Smith, 19628 Via Monte Drive, Saratoga, CA 95070.) Another alternative is the large-integer program Matlab (Mathworks, South Natick, MA).
Parasite Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Dr. Googol showed his single 4-parasite number to several colleagues, Keith Ramsay of the University of British Columbia came up with an amazing formula to generate parasite numbers. It turns out that Dr. Googol’s brute-force computational searches would have taken far too long to find larger parasite numbers. Suppose we start with a multiplier digit d and wish to find some ^/-parasite. All we have to do is evaluate the formula dl(\Qd -1), and then use the unique segment of digits before the cluster repeats.
Madonna’s Number Sequence
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The digits of pi (it) are 3.1415926. . . . Notice what happens if you add 1 to each digit? One of this book’s reviewers felt that the sequence 425260376469080434957 was not sufficiently interesting to be included in this book, and therefore Chapter 81 should be deleted. If you agree, send Dr. Googol a note, and he will delete Chapter 81 from future editions of this book.
One Decillion Cheerios
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scott Bales from North Carolina notes that any possible solution must be of the form 2* X 5X = 10x. If this is not true, 1 of the multiplicands’ terms will have both 2 and 5 as factors, and the last digit of this term will be 0. The problem therefore is to find a power of 2 and a power of 5 that do not have Os in them. Scott has written a Turbo Pascal program (running on a 486 DX) to check 5* for all values of x less than 60,000. Using his program, Scott found 558 to be the only power of 5 greater than 5 33 that also contained no 0s. However the power of 2 for x = 58 yielded a number with at least one zero. Scott says, “Do I think such a number exists? I don’t know—early evidence doesn’t look good. If it exists, I think humanity will one day find it.”
The Latest Gossip on Narcissistic Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Dr. Googol discussed numbers of the kind: 153 = I3 + 53 + 33 He began to wonder if there were any cubes that are the sum of 3 consecutive cubes. Here is 1: 33 + 43 + 53 = 63. Are there any others? On a similar line of thought, factorions (denoted by the symbol A) are numbers that are the sum of the factorial values for each of their digits.
The 450-Pound Problem
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you select 2 random numbers, what is the chance they will be coprime? The answer is 6/tc2. This is also the probability that a randomly selected integer is “square free” (not divisible by a square! Now that you have this “secret” knowledge, perhaps you can make some money gambling with your friends. Have them pick numbers at random from a pile of 200 cards with the numbers 1 through 200. None of you looks at the cards. Can you profit from your knowledge of the odds that the number is square free? (See Chapter 51’s “For Further Reading” for more information on coprime numbers.)
Prime Cycles and d
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any positive integer can be expressed as the product of primes in just one way. For example, 10 = 5x2 and 24 = 2x2x2x3. Let’s define a new function d (72) which is the sum of the prime factors of n. For example d (24) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 9. As far as Dr. Googol can tell, iterations of the form x -&gt; d (ax + b) invariably lead to closed loops for any integers a and b. By closed loops, Dr. Googol means a repeating sequence of integers.
Cards, Frogs, and Fractal Sequences
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many definitions of fractal, or self-similar, sequences; the one that seems to fit some of the sequences in this chapter is given by Benoit Mandelbrot in his The Fractal Geometry of Nature: “An unbounded set 5 is self-similar with respect to the ratio r, when the set r(S) is congruent to 5.” Let me give some examples.
Alien ice Cream
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wasn’t this a killer problem? You can make your own Alien Ice Cream game by changing the instructions but using the same illustration. To solve the problem, go up the stairway at right connecting the ground floor with the second floor. Go through the door. Go out the window and down the ladder. Go up to the third floor using the fire escape stairs. Go down the ladder between the third floor and second floor. Go up the spiral staircase. Go up the ladder to the roof.
The Huascardn Box
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the first problem, turn on the red finger for 10 seconds. Turn off the red finger and turn on the green finger. Quickly open the box. If the fan is continually spinning, then the green finger is the one. If the fan is spinning but slows down, then it is connected to the red finger. Otherwise, it is the yellow finger. (Physicist Dick Hess of Rancho Palos Verdes, California, proposed a similar problem in the 1998 Pi Mu Epsilon Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 660.)
Chapter 107
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be certain that he has 2 animals of the same species, the alien must drop 4 animals— 1 more than the number of different species. To be certain he has a male-female pair of the same species, he must drop 12 animals—1 more than the total number of animal pairs. Didn’t get these answers? Try writing each animal’s species and gender on separate scraps of paper. Then put all the papers in a box and withdraw them, 1 at a time, without looking.
The Lobsterman from Lima
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No, the lobster does not weigh 15 pounds. One good way to have students work on this problem is to visualize a balance scale. The lobster is on the left side. On the right side are a 10-pound weight and half a lobster. The scale is perfectly balanced. Stop and draw the scale now. Now look at the right side of your balance. Notice that the 10-pound weight is in essence taking the place of half the lobster. That means another 10-pound weight could take the place of the lobster-half. By looking at the drawing, you can see that the lobster weighs 20 pounds. If you are a teacher, you could have your class try to figure this out with algebra, but more important, try to show your class the value of visualization in problem solving. There’s nothing quite like drawing a diagram to illustrate a problem before you attempt to solve it.
Wise Viracocha
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figures 113.1 and 113.2 show solutions to the puzzles. Can you find others? Try to design other Viracocha puzzles using other coin shapes—for example, triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal.F113.1 Solution to Viracocha’s coin. F113.2 Solution to Viracocha’s pizza.
A Knotty Challenge at Tacna
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To solve this knotty problem, consider that there are two possible crossings at each intersection point. This means that there are 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 possible sets of crossings. Of F117.1 Another rope configuration. What are the odds that it forms a knot? all these possibilities, only 2 create a knot.
An Odd Symmetry
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You fool! There are no identical positive integers you can put in the mailboxes that will make this work beyond the second row, ^35+^35 = ^30 x ^30. And the only solution for this row is2 + 2 = 2x2. This problem is so much fun because the solutions drop from infinity to 1 to 0 so quickly.For example, consider the third line, ^C+^C+^5 = &lt;^3C x ^30 x Mathematically speaking, we are trying to find values for a in the equation a + a + a = a x a x a. This is equivalent to 3a = zz3, which is equivalent to a1 = 3, which has no integer solutions.
The Monolith at Madre de Dios
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One possible solution is to assign values to the symbols as follows: 4 = —, 3 = lit, 2 = and 1 = ^Jo. In each row, the number assigned to the rightmost symbol is equal to the number assigned to the first symbol, plus the second, minus the third, minus the fourth. Therefore, 1 solution for the missing symbol is Y)o.
A Brief Summary
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this conclusive chapter, I present a summary of the results of our inquiry into NIDs and discuss some of the general perspectives that have been opened by the present investigation. I point out the problems that remain to be solved and the possible lines of research that may lead to interesting developments, based on the conclusions we have reached concerning the way in which functional projections are layered and the kinds of connections among them. The analysis of syntactic phenomena found in NIDs in the structural space that is usually defined as AgrSP and CP has led us to split these two projections into a complex set of FPs, each corresponding to a distinct semantic feature.
The choice of a number of closely related dialects has already been justified in chapter 1; this choice has enabled us to restrict the number of variables in our experiment. The analyses presented here are all based on the general assumption that the syntactic structure of NIDs is the same for all the dialects. Cinque (1999) considers the structure of the clause as a UG property that the child does not have to acquire. Hence, all languages have the same structure. I do not take a position on this question. In this work, it has been assumed that all NIDs have the same structure, a much weaker claim.
Stress and The Eyes of the Beholder
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stress plays the spoiler in our emotional lives. Each stressful experience reminds us that our world is not altogether stable and that, no matter how well we fortify our defenses, the unexpected, even the unthinkable, can happen. As Bob Dylan sings it, “The times, they are a-changin’.” Change breaks up the rhythms within our minds and our bodies. It is this disruption of mind and body that constitutes stress in our lives. Buddhist teachings refer to this experience as “dukkha”—the pain that arises out of the ungovernable nature of events. Our adaptations to life, as well as our theories of how people sustain emotional well-being, must be dynamic ones to accommodate these inevitable disruptions in lifestyle routine.
To begin, we need an adequate definition of what constitutes stress. This is no easy task in itself. The term is a slippery one, and we need to get a grip on a way of defining stress that distinguishes it from emotions, particularly negative emotions. But before offering a definition here, I want to discuss some commonly used definitions of stress that have caused more than a little confusion. After offering a more useful definition of stress, I review two of its principal domains: the psychological and the physiological. Each of these domains has a unique perspective to offer on the nature of stress and our means of adaptation to stressful experiences.
Attention and Pain
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My youngest son does not like to get ready for preschool. He does not want to put his pants on, he does not want his shoes and socks on, he does not want to wash his face, comb his hair, or blow his nose. All these things are chores, part of the hassles in a 4-year-old’s life he would rather do without. He resists any of my attempts to persuade him to do these things. To say, “Dad has to get to work,” or “Dad has to make money to put food on the table,” or even to tell him that Dad will have a nervous breakdown if he doesn’t hurry is useless. These tactics all fall on deaf ears. As he shakes off any of my attempts to put his pants on, he is in distress management mode, and no argument about how he is making things worse for him, for the family, or for the whole country would convince him to behave otherwise
How do I persuade him to get ready? Force certainly does not work, except the first time, as any parent knows. Threat of punishment is similarly ineffective. But I do know something he wants. At school there is a special place in the refrigerator to store his lunch bag. It is a square-shaped shelf on the door with a lift-up plastic lid. Open that plastic lid, put the lunch box in, close it up, and your lunch has the best seat in the house.
Some Conclusions
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A group of behavioral scientists within the American Psychological Association have been advocating for a new “positive psychology.” At the start of the twenty-first century, a special issue of the American Psychologist (see Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) has been devoted to this topic, a voluminous Handbook of Positive Psychology (Snyder & Lopez, 2001) has been published, and fairly large cash prizes, previously unheard of in our profession, have been given out to a number of researchers for advancing this field of inquiry. Is this advocacy of the positive just more ballyhoo? Are we recycling threadbare slogans from Norman Vincent Peale, or does our discipline have something new to offer?
I confess that my initial reaction to this new psychology was not enthusiastic. I behaved like Bartleby in Melville’s tale. Looking up from my computer monitor, I considered joining in, but muttered to myself, “No, I’d rather not,” and went back to scrivening. Some of my colleagues, and even some of you, may be similarly underwhelmed by the prospects of this new approach: “Chasing rainbows,” one of my professors once called it. After all, many great writers have been scornful of positive emotions. To hear George Bernard Shaw tell it, “A lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth.” Or as Goethe proclaimed, “Nothing could be more miserable than a succession of sunny days!”
Adamkiewicz’S Artery
Authors: Lichterman Boleslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Albert Adamkiewicz was born to a Jewish family, the son of district physician Adolf Adamkiewicz and ZuzannaJacobson, on 11 August 1850 in Zerkow in the Poznan region of Prussia (presently situated in Poland) .1-3 He received a German education at secondary schools in Bydgosh and Rastenburg and was never able to speak or write good Polish.2’4 He studied medicine in Konigsberg (the present Kaliningrad, Russia), and subsequently in Breslau (present-day Wroclaw, Poland), where he worked in Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain’s physiology laboratory. His study was interrupted by the Franco-German war in 1870-1871, as he had to serve in the German army.
The Purkinje Cell
Authors: Voogd Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jan Evangelista Purkinje (Purkyne) was born in 1787, in the castle of Libochovice, Bohemia, where his father acted as the estate manager. He received his first formal education at the Gymnasium connected to the monastery of the Fratres piarum scholarum, in Mikulov, South Moravia, and later joined this order. After completing his novitiate, he spent a year studying at the Piarist Philosophical Institute and was engaged with the tutoring of young people. In 1807 he left the order and moved to Prague, where he studied philosophy between 1808 and 1810 and earned his living as a tutor for the Hildprandt family, first in Prague, later in Blatna. Supported by one of his former employers, Baron Hildprandt, he started his medical studies in 1813 in Prague, where he received his M.D. in 1818. He was interested in the study of drugs and tested them on himself, believing that experiments on his own body provided better results. This practice was not rare in those days (see also Chapters 3 and 31).
The Circle Of Willis
Authors: Isler Hansruedi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Willis, born in 1621 the son of a farm overseer, entered the nearby Christ Church College, Oxford, as a student and house servant to one of its canons. Contemporary anecdotes depict Willis as a schoolboy on his way to Oxford, giving away his lunch to the needy, as a poor student, helping the wife of his canon in the preparation of medicines, and as a modest wandering doctor, reading and falling asleep on a shared horse on his way to Abingdon market. Studying arts and medicine in the second quarter of the seventeenth century gave him a full traditional Aristotelian and Galenic background.
Gowers’ Sign
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gowers’s classical paper on 220 personally examined cases of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy included the sign that bears his name. He pointed out that the patient usually a child-was seen to rise from the sitting position by first resting on his hands and knees and then “climbing up his legs” by straightening the legs, subsequently putting the hand on the knees, and finally straightening the trunk. It indicates a weakness of the muscles responsible for the extension of the knee and hip joints. There is a double irony in this eponymic description: first, Gowers disliked eponyms (see later) and although few, if any, neurologists have made more original observations than Gowers, he was not the first to draw attention to the phenomenon.
Babinski’S Sign
Authors: Gijn Jan van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europe was in turmoil in 1848. Revolts were rife. In Poland, nationalists fought against the foreign tyranny of Russia and Austria. Defeat upon defeat led a steady stream of refugees to Paris, at that time the hub of political and intellectual freedom. One of them was the engineer Alexandre Babinski. A few years later he married a compatriot, Henriette Weren. They were blessed with two children: in 1855 Henri, and in 1857 Joseph, the main hero of this essay. From 1862 Alexandre worked as a construction engineer in Peru. In 1870 he came back to enlist in the army of his adopted country in the war against Germany. From then on his health deterioratedhe suffered from Parkinson’s disease-and it fell upon Henri, a mining engineer, to go abroad and support his parents and fund the medical education of his younger brother.
Kernig’S And Brudzinski’S Sign
Authors: Valkenburg Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vladimir Mikhailovitsch (also known as Waldemar) Kernig was born in St. Petersburg in 1840. Trained by A. Wachsmuth in Dorpat, Estonia, he obtained his medical degree in 1864 with a thesis titled Experimentelle Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Warmereg-ulierung beim Menschen. He practiced medicine in the Obuchows Women’s Clinic in St. Petersburg from 1865 to 1911. From 1873 to 1899, he worked as a practitioner at the St. Petersburg Institution for the Deaf and Mute, and taught internal medicine from 1881 to 1886).I-3 Kernig died in 1917. Apart from neurological studies, he also published several articles on internal diseases.
Korsakoff’S Syndrome
Authors: Blansjaar Ben A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name of Sergei Sergeivich Korsakoffl’ (1854-1900) is associated with the amnestic syndrome which he defined between 1887 and 1891. Korsakoff is also known as the principal founder of Russian psychiatry. He was born on 23 February 1854 in Guss-Chrustallny, south of Moscow, where his father managed a glass and crystal factory. He received his education at home, until he entered secondary school in Moscow at the age of ten. After he completed his secondary school education with honors, he studied medicine at the University of Moscow. After his studies, he worked for a year as a physician at the psychiatric Preobrazhensky Clinic and from 1876 to 1879 in Alexei Yakovlevich Kozhevnikov’s (1836-1902) neurology clinic. He then returned to the Preobrazhensky Hospital until he was appointed managing director of the newly established psychiatric clinic of Moscow University.
Alzheimer’S Disease
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most widely known eponymous diseases. Nevertheless, its status as a nosological entity has always been uncertain.1-4 Alois Alzheimer himself was the first to doubt the validity of the concept of “Alzheimer’s disease,”5 and a clear-cut definition is still beyond reach. These problems have even led to allegations that the patients described by Alzheimer may have been suffering from some other disease. However, German scientists6 have recently retrieved the original brain samples from Auguste D., the patient in Alzheimer’s original paper,7 and Johann F., the second patient he described.5 A fresh look at these samples confirmed that both brains displayed the classic signs of Alzheimer’s disease.
Down’S Syndrome
Authors: Ward Conor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Langdon Down was born in 1828, in Torpoint in Cornwall. He worked in his father’s grocery shop until he was 18 years old. Having first qualified in pharmacy, he entered the London Hospital Medical School at the age of 25. He was a triple gold medalist and immediately after taking his degree he was appointed medical superintendent of the Royal Earlswood Asylum for Idiots in Surrey. Within a year he was successful in the examinations for the membership of the Royal College of Physicians and for the M.D. of London University.
Horton’S Syndrome
Authors: Pearce John M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayard T. Horton was a prominent figure in the development of scientific investigation in the United States. Much ofreceived medical wisdom until the 1930s had been based on uncritical and often untested opinions, founded on empirical methods and passed from chief to student. Among others, the Mayo and Harvard groups in the United States and Sir Thomas Lewis and Sir George Pickering in England were to challenge accepted dogma by devising and implementing physiological and pharmacological tests and by applying scientific methods to clinical phenomena. This was the foundation of a new era of critical and inquiring clinical investigation, in which Horton was to play a significant role.
Berlin to Cuba
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kennedy’s appiwaci i to ilerlin and the wider issues of European security was straightforward. He followed the twin tracks of n:armamcnt and ne gotiation. He wanted a settlement with lvloscow and assumed that the quality of the bargain to be struck would be improved the stronger the \Vcstcrn military position. This made it harder to understand the position of France and Ccrnuny, who were as unwilling to raise their defense effort as they were to enter into serious negotiations with the Soviet Union. Their view was that the situation in Furope was rar more stable than Kennedy allowed, the risk or war was small, and so no e.,traordinary military or political measures were necessary. Kennedy assumed that they were simply content to shape the political agenda on the assumption that the United States would bail them out in the event or trouble. I lis views on the close rebtionship between military muscle and politic:il g-ain Ill fact had more in common with those of Khrushchev.