bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ordeal of the American People
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What I want you to do,” said Harry Hopkins to Lorena Hickok in July 1933, “is to go out around the country and look this thing over. I don’t want statistics from you. I don’t want the social-worker angle. I just want your own reaction, as an ordinary citizen.
“Go talk with preachers and teachers, businessmen, workers, farmers. Go talk with the unemployed, those who are on relief and those who aren’t. And when you talk with them don’t ever forget that but for the grace of God you, I, any of our friends might be in their shoes. Tell me what you see and hear. All of it. Don’t ever pull your punches.”
Strike!
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Roosevelt’s fulminations against business, and despite the fumbling performance of the NRA and AM, as early as 1935 the economy had begun to show at least modest signs of recovery. In the hollows of Appalachia, miners were retimbering coal shafts dank and rubbled from years of disuse. Workers oiled rusty spindles in long-shuttered textile mills from Massachusetts to the Carolinas. The clang of stamping presses and the buzz of machine tools split the stillness that had descended in 1929 over the great industrial belt between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes. Stevedores were once again winching cargoes onto the docks of Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay. Tugs taken out of mothballs nudged barge-rafts up the Mississippi from New Orleans. Along the Monongahela and the Allegheny, banked forge and foundry furnaces were coughing back to life. Haltingly, hopefully, America was going back to work.
Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance
Authors: Kennedy David m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s war against Germany, like its war against Japan, began at sea. The Battle of the Atlantic, already two years old when the United States entered the war, was a contest for supremacy on the ocean highway across which all American supplies and troops must fiow to Europe. Everything depended on keeping that highway open. Dwight D. Eisen hower, newly promoted to brigadier general and freshly installed as chief of the army’s War Plans Division, submitted a penetrating assessment of the importance of the North Atlantic sea lanes to George Marshall on February 28, 1942. “Maximum safety of these lines of communication is a ‘must’ in our military effort, no matter what else we attempt to do,” Eisenhower emphasized. Shipping, he presciently added, “will remain the bottleneck of our effective effort,” a statement that echoed repeated pronouncements by both Churchill and Roosevelt that the struggle with Hitler would be won or lost at sea.
Individual Cities Miletus, Priene, Samos
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the half century since David Magic noted that the extant documents yield little information about “the details of government and the actual administration of public affairs in the Asian city-states during the Hellenistic period,” not only has the amount of evidence at our disposal increased substantially, but it also has become significantly better known and, on the whole, much more conveniently organized.1 Different Asian cities have left varying amounts of information, and principles of administration were not similar everywhere. One of the best ways to approach the development of Asian cities during the Hellenistic period is, therefore, to focus on those for which we have the most evidence.
The Language of Responsibilities
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greeks did not use Latin in their daily lives. The majority of them did not know it. In Asian cities inscriptions in Latin were set up only by Romans or as copies of Roman documents that were relevant to the affairs of the city. In the provincial period, too, the administration of Asian cities was documented in Greek, and the same words continued to be used as before. It would be natural, therefore, to ask ourselves if the meanings of these words and the ways in which they were used remained the same or were transformed under the Romans.
The Status of City Officials
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revenues that city offices brought in were used to finance office functions. Any money left over could be spent in various ways, often for the embellishment of the city, together with the display of political loyalty. In Thyatira, Apollodotos, son of Menodotos, performed the generalship and supervised the building of a triple entrance and stoas and dwelling places therein, using the money left over from his office. The people of Metropolis dedicated two stoas to Emperor Tiberius using the money left over from the games of Augustus Caesar during the agonothesia of Philiskos, son of Philoxenos. Enaugelion, son of Metrodoros, the gymnasiarch “at his own expense” as well as the prytanis and agonothetes in Pergamum, dedicated a statue of Augustus using the money left over from a festival. Performing an office at one’s own expense and/or in such a way that money could be left over also characterized sacral offices. The priest Pausanias, from Tralles, dedicated an image of himself using the money that he had saved from expenses. Artemidoros, son ofDionysios, and Antigonos, son of Apollonios, made two fountains, either in Hierocaesarea or in Thyatira, using the money left over from the hieronomia. Non-archontes,such as secretaries and logistai, also had the right to dispose of revenues according to their own wishes.
An Anonymous Ancient Commentary on Ovid’s Metamorphoses?
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you were a boy, I think you read the commentaries of Asper on Vergil and Sallust, Vulcatius on the speeches of Cicero, Victorinus on his dialogues; my own teacher Donatus on Terence’s comedies and Vergil; and others on other works: Plautus, Lucretius, Flaccus, Persius and Lucan. Perhaps the most conspicuous omission from Jerome’s well-known list of ancient commentaries on the Latin Classics is Ovid. Naturally it would be unwise to assume the list comprehensive, but it is in fact a pretty good guide so long as we bear in mind that, though writing in 401, Jerome is referring to the period of his schooldays in the 350s. This would explain why he mentions Aelius Donatus rather than Servius (ca 420) on Vergil, and says nothing of commentaries on Statius and Juvenal, both of which probably date from the early fifth century. That the omission of Ovid, Juvenal, and Statius at any rate is not casual is suggested by the fact that, while Jerome quotes from or alludes to most of the writers on his list freely and often, only three allusions to Ovid have been found, four to Juvenal, and none at all to Statius. The equally well-read Augustine seems not have known either Ovid or Statius.
Manu’s Code Of Law
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manu ’s Code of Law is one of the most important texts in the Sanskrit canon, indeed one of the most important surviving texts from any classical civilization. It paints an astoundingly detailed picture of ancient Indian life-covering everything from the constitution of the king ’s cabinet to the price of a ferry trip for a pregnant woman-and its doctrines have been central to Indian thought and practice for 2000 years. Despite its importance, however, until now no one has produced a critical edition of this text. As a result, for centuries scholars have been forced to accept clearly inferior editions of Sanskrit texts and to use those unreliable editions as the basis for constructing the history of classical India. In this volume, Patrick Olivelle has assembled the critical text of Manu, including a critical apparatus containing all the significant manuscript variants, along with a reliable and readable translation, copious explanatory notes, and a comprehensive introduction on the structure, content, and socio-political context of the treatise. The result is an outstanding scholarly achievement that will be an essential tool for any serious student of India.
Thework Of Redactors
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After it leaves the hands of the author, every text assumes an independent life. This is especially true in the case of texts published before the advent of printing. These pre-modern texts continue their life as they are copied by hand, read, studied, interpreted, and commented on by succeeding generations of scribes, readers, and scholars. It is this after-life of a text that a critical edition uncovers through the collation of manuscripts and presents to the reader in its critical apparatus. This aspect of a critical edition is as important as its better known feature of attempting to reconstruct the text as composed by the author. Both these aspects-the original text and the after-life-laid out in the text and the critical apparatus of the edition presuppose that changes are introduced into the author’s text by those responsible for its after-life. Some of these changes are inadvertent, such as scribal errors and misreadings; others are deliberate, such as the different but equally cogent and intelligible readings found in different recensions and the additional verses found in numerous manuscripts.
Nature And Purpose Of The Treatise
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year was 1794. The renowned orientalist William Jones published his English translation of the MDh and made the Dharmasiistra tradition of India known to the rest of the world for the first time. This translation was not spurred simply by scholarly interest; it had also a practical purpose. In 1772 Warren Hastings, the British Governor General, had proposed a plan for the administration of justice in which the Hindu law based on Dharmasiistra was to play a key role. British judges needed access to the original legal texts of India to implement the British policy of “administering native law to the natives” (Rocher 1969). So was born what Lariviere (1989) has called a “well-intentioned misunderstanding.” What is the relationship between the provisions of the Dharmasiistras, such as the MDh, and real law administered by courts in India down the centuries? Lariviere (1997b, 98) presents three positions held by scholars since the time of Hastings: a) the Dharmasiistras are concerned with real law, b) they are merely pious wishes with no political sanction, and c) they are purely panditic commentaries with no relation to custom. Beyond the administration of law, the issues also relate to the link between Dharmasiistra and the social life in India through the centuries.
Chapter Four
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After spending the first quarter of his life at his teacher’s, a twice-born man should marry a wife and spend the second quarter of his life at home. Except during a time of adversity, a Brahmin ought to sustain himself by following a livelihood that causes little or no harm* to creatures. 3He should gather wealth just sufficient for his subsistence through irreproachable activities that are specific to him, without fatiguing his body. Let him sustain himself by means of “true” and “immortal,” or by means of “mortal” and “fatal,” or even by means of “truth-cum-falsehood”; but under no circumstances by means of the “dog’s life.” Gleaning and picking should be considered the “true”; what is received unasked is the “immortal”; almsfood that is begged is the “mortal”; and agriculture, tradition says, is the “fatal.” 6Trade is the “truth-cum-falsehood,” and he may sustain himself even by that. Service is called the “dog’s life”; therefore, he should avoid it altogether.
Abdominal and Thoracic Injuries
Authors: Wells Kathryn M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injuries to thoracic (chest) and abdominal organs due to child abuse are frequently underreported. However, it is known that chest and abdominal wounds that result from child abuse are the most lethal and children with these injuries often die before detection and treatment (Ludwig, 2001). Trauma to the thoracic area is less common than trauma to the abdominal organs. Although it is estimated that less than 1% of child abuse cases involve visceral injuries, when present, they have a 50% mortality rate (Cooper et al., 1988). Therefore, any child who is suspected to have sustained internal injury should immediately be taken for emergency treatment. These injuries require a high index of suspicion for detection. The high mortality rate with these injuries relates to the severity and nature of the injuries often sustained and the organs affected (they often bleed rapidly), delay in medical care, delay in the correct diagnosis because of incomplete or absent history for the injury, and the young and noncommunicative nature of the victim. Additionally, these injuries are further complicated by the following features: children who suffer these injuries rarely anticipate the blow and are therefore unable to protect themselves from it; the force covers a larger percentage of body area because of the child’s small size; symptoms may not be immediately present; there is usually a lack of a single imaging study or laboratory test for diagnosis; and there is often a delay in recognition of these injuries in children who present with other forms of abuse such as head injuries or multiple fractures.
Pediatric Condition Falsification
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pediatric condition falsification (PCF), more commonly known as Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, is an abusive parenting disorder that has been identified by both medical and nonmedical professionals. The syndrome derives its original name from the eighteenth-century author Baron Karl Frederick von Munchausen, who wrote a book of wild, exaggerated tales of his life’s adventures. In 1951, the term “Munchausen’s syndrome” was used to describe adults who produced false medical histories and fabricated physical symptoms and laboratory findings, causing themselves needless medical tests and evaluations, sometimes even surgery. l Consequently, in 1977, Dr. Roy Meadow created the term “Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy” to describe a form of child abuse in which the parent or caregiver relates fictitious illnesses in a child by either inducing or fabricating signs or symptoms of the illnesses. As a result, the child is subjected to extensive medical tests and hospitalizations.
Violence in the Home
Authors: Wells Kathryn M , Brittain Charmaine R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding and responding to child maltreatment requires an apprciation of the impact of family dynamics. Along with other factors, the presence of family violence in the home must be assessed for and addressed carefully and thoroughly to increase the children’s safety. Family violence—which may also be called domestic violence, intimate partner violence, spouse abuse, battering, or partner violence—is generally defined as the intentional infliction of harm or injury by one intimate partner to another (National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, 1998). Multiple studies have shown that severe physical violence against intimate partners is often accompanied by other forms of maltreatment (Graham-Bermann, 1998; Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1995; Tolman, 1989), so the definition of domestic violence should be expanded to include forms of emotional maltreatment and verbal and sexual abuse (Koss et al., 1994). Domestic violence usually continues over a long period of time and may become more frequent and severe over time. Anyone—regardless of age, gender, race, ethnicity, economic status, education, or religion—can be a victim of domestic violence. Most victims are females, but males can be abused by females, and a person can be abused by someone of the same gender. Women are more likely to be seriously injured by their partners than men. Intimate partner violence is associated with both short- and long-term problems, including physical injury and illness, psychological symptoms, economic costs, and death (National Research Council, 1996).
The Importance of the Tree of Life to Society
Authors: Yates Terry L , Salazar-Bravo Jorge , Dragoo Jerry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Darwin’s vision of the existence of a universal Tree of Life, assembly of the tree with a high degree of accuracy has proven challenging to say the least. Generations of systematists have worked on the problem and debated (or fought) about how to best approach a solution, or questioned if a solution was even possible. Much of the rest of the biological sciences and medicine either simply accepted decisions of systematists without question or discounted them entirely as lacking rigor and accuracy. Attempts at solving the problem met with only limited success and were generally limited to similarity comparisons of various kinds until the convergence of three important developments: (1) conceptual and methodological underpinnings of phylogenetic systematics, (2) development of genomics, and (3) rapid advances in information technology. Convergence of these three areas makes construction of a robust tree representing genealogical relationships of all known species possible for the first time. This, coupled with the fact that the current lack of a universal tree is severely hampering progress in many areas of science and limiting the ability of society to address many important problems and to capitalize on a host of opportunities, demands that we undertake this important project now and with conviction.
Algal Evolution and the Early Radiation of Green Plants
Authors: Delwiche Charles F , Andersen Robert A , Bhattacharya Debashish , Mishler Brent D , McCourt Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eukaryotes perform photosynthesis thanks to a specialized organelle that is derived from once free-living cyanobacteria (i.e., blue-green algae). In land plants and green algae this organelle is called the “chloroplast” in reference to its green pigmentation, and by analogy the photosynthetic organelles of groups with other pigmentation patterns have been called “rhodoplasts” (red algae), “chromoplasts” (brown algae), and so forth. This terminology is confused by the fact that the chloroplasts of land plants exist in a number of developmental forms that have sometimes been given names redundant with those of the different algal lineages (e.g., “chromoplast” for the carotenoid-rich form that gives color to some ripe fruit). For simplicity, and because these organelles seem to share a common ancestry (Delwiche et al. 1995), we use the term “plastid” to refer to all such organelles. The hallmark of the plastid is its reduced genome and concomitant complete dependence upon the nuclear genome of the host cell. Like mitochondria, the other clearly endosymbiotic organelle, plastids have genomes that are greatly reduced in size and complexity from those of their free-living cyanobacterial relatives (Glöckner et al. 2000).
From Bilateral Symmetry to Pentaradiality: The Phylogeny of Hemichordates and Echinoderms
Authors: Smith Andrew B , Peterson Kevin J , Wray Gregory , Littlewood D T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nested within the clade of bilaterally symmetrical animals, variously called the triploblasts or the bilaterians, lies a most unusual group. Although most bilaterians have a bilaterally symmetric body plan, with a clear anterior–posterior axis and in most cases a differentiated head region, the echinoderm adult is constructed on a pentaradiate plan and lacks an obvious anterior–posterior axis (e.g., figs. 22.1, 22.6, and 22.8). Yet echinoderms clearly start out life as bilateral organisms, and their peculiar body plan is a secondary modification that arises during the metamorphosis that transforms them from larva to adult. It is because echinoderms are so very different in appearance from their closest relatives, the hemichordates, that they provide a fascinating and important group for evolutionary and developmental studies. Based on their pattern of development, both echinoderms and their bilateral relatives the hemichordates clearly fall among the deuterostomes. Until comparatively recently, five major groups (Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Lophophorata, and Chaetognatha) were considered to be deuterostomes. However, molecular evidence now overwhelmingly suggests that only the echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates belong together (Adoutte et al. 2000, Cameron et al. 2000, Giribet et al. 2000, Peterson and Eernisse 2001, Winchell et al. 2002).
Chordate Phylogeny and Development
Authors: Rowe Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chordata, our own lineage (fig. 23.1), belongs to the successively more inclusive clades Deuterostomata, Bilateria, Metazoa, and so forth. The organization of chordates is distinctively different from that of its metazoan relatives, and much of this distinction is conferred by unique mechanisms of development (Slack 1983, Schaeffer 1987). Throughout chordate history, modulation and elaboration of developmental systems are persistent themes underlying diversification. Only by understanding how ontogeny itself evolved can we fully apprehend chordate history, diversity, and our own unique place in the Tree of Life. My goal here is to present a contemporary overview of chordate history by summarizing current views on relationships among the major chordate clades in light of a blossoming understanding of molecular, genetic, and developmental evolution, and a wave of exciting new discoveries from deep in the fossil record. Chordates comprise a clade of approximately 56,000 named living species that includes humans and other animals with a notochord—the embryological precursor of the vertebral column. Chordate history can now be traced across at least a half billion years of geological time, and twice that by some estimates (Wray et al. 1996, Ayala et al.
Gnathostome Fishes
Authors: Stiassny M L J , Wiley E O , Johnson G D , Carvalho M R de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gnathostomata are a species-rich assemblage that, with the exclusion of the Petromyzontiformes (lampreys, 45 spp.), represents all living members of Vertebrata. Gnathostomes are most notably characterized by the possession of endoskeletal jaws primitively formed of dorsal palatoquadrate and ventral Meckelian cartilages articulating at a mandibular joint. Our task here is to provide a review of a large (paraphyletic) subset of gnathostome diversity—an artificial grouping often referred to as the “jawed fishes”: chondrichthyans, “piscine sarcopterygians,” and actinopterygians. We treat all living jawed vertebrates with the exclusion of most Sarcopterygii—the tetrapods—since they are discussed in other chapters. After a review of the chondrichthyans or cartilaginous fishes and a brief summary of the so-called “piscine sarcopterygians,” we focus our contribution on the largest and most diverse of the three groups, the Actinopterygii, or rayfin fishes. As a guide to the chapter, figure 24.1 presents, in broad summary, our understanding of the interrelationships among extant gnathostome lineages and indicates their past and present numbers (with counts of nominal families indicated by column width through time). Much of the stratigraphic information for osteichthyans is from Patterson (1993, 1994), and that for chondrichthyans is mostly from Cappetta et al. (1993).