bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopes and Sustainability of Ground Water Resources, North China Plain
Authors: Zongyu Chen , Zhenlong Nie , Zhaoji Zhang , Jixiang Qi , Yunju Nan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGround water in deep confined aquifers is one of the major water resources for agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses in the North China Plain. Detailed information on ground water age and recharge is vital for the proper management of these water resources, and to this end, we used carbon 14 of dissolved inorganic carbon and tritium in water to measure the age and determine the recharge areas of ground water in the North China Plain. These isotopic data suggest that most ground water in the piedmont part of the North China Plain is <40 years old and is recharged locally. In contrast, ground water in the central and littoral portions of the North China Plain is 10,000 to 25,000 years old. The δ18O (δD) values of this ground water are 1.7‰ (11‰) less than that in the piedmont plain ground water and possibly reflect water recharged during a cooler climate during the last glaciation. The temperature of this recharge, based on δ18O values, ranges from 3.7°C to 8.4°C, compared to 12°C to 13°C of modern recharge water. The isotopic data set combined indicates that ground water in the central and littoral part of the North China Plain is being mined under non–steady state conditions.
Analysis of Recharge‐Induced Geochemical Change in a Contaminated Aquifer
Authors: McGuire Jennifer T. , Long David T. , Hyndman David W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRecharge events that deliver electron acceptors such as O2, NO3, SO4, and Fe3+ to anaerobic, contaminated aquifers are likely important for natural attenuation processes. However, the specific influence of recharge on (bio)geochemical processes in ground water systems is not well understood. The impact of a moderate‐sized recharge event on ground water chemistry was evaluated at a shallow, sandy aquifer contaminated with waste fuels and chlorinated solvents. Multivariate statistical analyses coupled with three‐dimensional visualization were used to analyze ground water chemistry data (including redox indicators, major ions, and physical parameters) to reveal associations between chemical parameters and to infer processes within the ground water plume. Factor analysis indicated that dominant chemical associations and their interpreted processes (anaerobic and aerobic microbial processes, mineral precipitation/dissolution, and temperature effects) did not change significantly after the spring recharge event of 2000. However, the relative importance of each of these processes within the plume changed. After the recharge event, the overall importance of aerobic processes increased from the fourth to the second most important factor, representing the variability within the data set. The anaerobic signatures became more complex, suggesting that zones with multiple terminal electron–accepting processes (TEAPs) likely occur in the same water mass. Three‐dimensional visualization of well clusters showed that water samples with similar chemical associations occurred in distinct water masses within the aquifer. Water mass distinctions were not based on dominant TEAPs, suggesting that the recharge effects on TEAPs occurred primarily at the interface between infiltrating recharge water and the aquifer.
Heat as a Tracer to Estimate Dissolved Organic Carbon Flux from a Restored Wetland
Authors: Burow Karen R. , Constantz Jim , Fujii Roger 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHeat was used as a natural tracer to characterize shallow ground water flow beneath a complex wetland system. Hydrogeologic data were combined with measured vertical temperature profiles to constrain a series of two‐dimensional, transient simulations of ground water flow and heat transport using the model code SUTRA (Voss 1990). The measured seasonal temperature signal reached depths of 2.7 m beneath the pond. Hydraulic conductivity was varied in each of the layers in the model in a systematic manual calibration of the two‐dimensional model to obtain the best fit to the measured temperature and hydraulic head. Results of a series of representative best‐fit simulations represent a range in hydraulic conductivity values that had the best agreement between simulated and observed temperatures and that resulted in simulated pond seepage values within 1 order of magnitude of pond seepage estimated from the water budget. Resulting estimates of ground water discharge to an adjacent agricultural drainage ditch were used to estimate potential dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loads resulting from the restored wetland. Estimated DOC loads ranged from 45 to 1340 g C/(m2 year), which is higher than estimated DOC loads from surface water. In spite of the complexity in characterizing ground water flow in peat soils, using heat as a tracer provided a constrained estimate of subsurface flow from the pond to the agricultural drainage ditch.
An Analytical Solution for Ground Water Transit Time through Unconfined Aquifers
Authors: Chesnaux R. , Molson J.W. , Chapuis R.P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn exact, closed‐form analytical solution is developed for calculating ground water transit times within Dupuit‐type flow systems. The solution applies to steady‐state, saturated flow through an unconfined, horizontal aquifer recharged by surface infiltration and discharging to a downgradient fixed‐head boundary. The upgradient boundary can represent, using the same equation, a no‐flow boundary or a fixed head. The approach is unique for calculating travel times because it makes no a priori assumptions regarding the limit of the water table rise with respect to the minimum saturated aquifer thickness. The computed travel times are verified against a numerical model, and examples are provided, which show that the predicted travel times can be on the order of nine times longer relative to existing analytical solutions.
Unconfined Linear Flow to a Horizontal Well
Authors: Wojciech Kawecki M. , Al‐Subaikhy Hassan N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe validity of a previously proposed but untested modification to equations for flow to a horizontal well is assessed using a specially developed finite‐difference model. This modification extends confined flow equations to allow the head in the well and the saturated depth at the well to be estimated in unconfined conditions. The study is limited to the case of two‐dimensional flow with no flow in the direction parallel to the line of the well. The results show that the modified equations for both a finite unconfined aquifer and, by inference, an infinite unconfined aquifer are adequately accurate for practical application.
High‐Permeability Layers for Remediation of Ground Water; Go Wide, Not Deep
Authors: Robertson W.D. , Yeung N. , VanDriel P.W. , Lombardo P.S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA nitrate‐reactive porous media layer comprising wood particles with very high hydraulic conductivity (K∼ 1 cm/s) was used to successfully treat nitrate in a shallow sand‐and‐gravel aquifer in southern Ontario. Nitrate concentrations of 1.3 to 14 mg/L as N in the aquifer were attenuated to <0.5 mg/L as N in the reactive layer. Borehole dilution testing indicated that ground water velocities in the reactive layer, although variable, averaged five times higher than in the surrounding aquifer, suggesting that the layer was capturing ground water flow from deeper in the aquifer. The use of high‐K reactive media opens up the possibility of installing permeable reactive barriers as horizontal layers in the shallow water table zone that do not necessarily have to penetrate the full depth of a contaminant plume to be effective. Model simulations show that the depth of capture of a high‐K layer increases as the layer width in the direction of flow increases. Shallower emplacement could decrease barrier costs at some sites.
The Role of Ground Water in Arid/Semiarid Ecosystems, Northwest China
Authors: Cui Yali , Shao Jingli 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGround water plays an important role in water supply and the ecology of arid to semiarid areas such as Northwest China, where the landscape is fragile due to frequent drought in the past few decades. This paper discusses the role of ground water in these ecosystems, including the effect of condensation water and water table depth on the growth of plants and degree of soil salinity. The paper also discusses the controlling process for land desertification and soil salinization in Northwest China. Water table depth is a key factor controlling the water balance, ground water flow, and salt transport in the vadose zone. The suitable water table depth for vegetation growth, which can prevent land desertification and soil salinization, is within a range of 2 to 4 m; the optimal depth is ∼3 m. As examples, changes in ecosystems owing to water resources development in Tarim and Manas basins, Xinjiang, China, are discussed.
Model Parameters for Simulating Fate and Transport of On‐Site Wastewater Nutrients
Authors: McCray John E. , Kirkland Shiloh L. , Siegrist Robert L. , Thyne Geoffrey D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a critical review of model‐input parameters for transport of on‐site wastewater treatment system (OWS) pollutants. Approximately 25% of the U.S. population relies on soil‐based OWS for effective treatment and protection of public health and environmental quality. Mathematical models are useful tools for understanding and predicting the transport and fate of wastewater pollutants and for addressing water‐budget issues related to wastewater reclamation from site to watershed scales. However, input parameters for models that simulate fate and transport of OWS pollutants are not readily obtained. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate an objective, statistically supported method for choosing model‐input parameters related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Data were gathered from existing studies reported in the literature. Cumulative frequency distributions (CFDs) are provided for OWS effluent concentrations of N and P, nitrification and denitrification rates, and linear sorption isotherm constants for P. When CFDs are not presented, ranges and median values are provided. Median values for model‐input parameters are as follows: total N concentration (44 mg/L), nitrate‐N (0.2 mg/L), ammonium (60 mg/L), phosphate‐P (9 mg/L), organic N (14 mg/L), zero‐order nitrification rate (264 mg/L/d), first‐order nitrification (2.9/d), first‐order dentrification (0.025/d), maximum soil capacity for P uptake (237 mg/kg), linear sorption isotherm constant for P (15.1 L/kg), and OWS effluent flow rates (260 L/person/d).
Vertical Cross Contamination of Trichloroethylene in a Borehole in Fractured Sandstone
Authors: Sterling S.N. , Parker B.L. , Cherry J.A. , Williams J.H. , Lane J.W. , Haeni F.P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBoreholes drilled through contaminated zones in fractured rock create the potential for vertical movement of contaminated ground water between fractures. The usual assumption is that purging eliminates cross contamination; however, the results of a field study conducted in a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume in fractured sandstone with a mean matrix porosity of 13% demonstrates that matrix‐diffusion effects can be strong and persistent. A deep borehole was drilled to 110 m below ground surface (mbgs) near a shallow bedrock well containing high TCE concentrations. The borehole was cored continuously to collect closely spaced samples of rock for analysis of TCE concentrations. Geophysical logging and flowmetering were conducted in the open borehole, and a removable multilevel monitoring system was installed to provide hydraulic‐head and ground water samples from discrete fracture zones. The borehole was later reamed to complete a well screened from 89 to 100 mbgs; persistent TCE concentrations at this depth ranged from 2100 to 33,000 μg/L. Rock‐core analyses, combined with the other types of borehole information, show that nearly all of this deep contamination was due to the lingering effects of the downward flow of dissolved TCE from shallower depths during the few days of open‐hole conditions that existed prior to installation of the multilevel system. This study demonstrates that transfer of contaminant mass to the matrix by diffusion can cause severe cross contamination effects in sedimentary rocks, but these effects generally are not identified from information normally obtained in fractured‐rock investigations, resulting in potential misinterpretation of site conditions.
MTBE and Gasoline Hydrocarbons in Ground Water of the United States
Authors: Moran Michael J. , Zogorski John S. , Squillace Paul J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and gasoline hydrocarbons was examined in three types of studies of ground water conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey: major aquifer surveys, urban land‐use studies, and agricultural land‐use studies. The detection frequency of MTBE was dependent on the study type, with the highest detection frequency in urban land‐use studies. Only 13 ground water samples from all study types, or 0.3%, had concentrations of MTBE that exceeded the lower limit of the U.S. EPA's Drinking‐Water Advisory. The detection frequency of MTBE was highest in monitoring wells located in urban areas and in public supply wells. The detection frequency of any gasoline hydrocarbon also was dependent on study type and generally was less than the detection frequency of MTBE. The probability of detecting MTBE in ground water was strongly associated with population density, use of MTBE in gasoline, and recharge. Ground water in areas with high population density, in areas where MTBE is used as a gasoline oxygenate, and in areas with high recharge rates had a greater probability of MTBE occurrence. Also, ground water from public supply wells and shallow ground water underlying urban land‐use areas had a greater probability of MTBE occurrence compared to ground water from domestic wells and ground water underlying rural land‐use areas. The probability of detecting MTBE in ground water was weakly associated with the density of leaking underground storage tanks, soil permeability, and aquifer consolidation, and only concentrations of MTBE >0.5 μg/L were associated with dissolved oxygen.
STRUCTURAL PHASE DIAGRAM FOR THE THERMAL CONTROLLED DISTORTION BY Gd IONS IN THE (Nd1-yGdy)1.85Ce0.15CuO4 HTS SYSTEM
Authors: PELSHENKE C. , POP A. V. , COZAR O. 
Published: July 2005

The influence of partial substitution of Nd by Gd on the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters of the optimal doped Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4n-type superconductor (maximum value of Tc) was studied by using X-ray diffraction measurements function of temperature. The transition from the structural normal phase (I4/mmm) to the distortion phase (Acam) was evidenced above y = 0.65 Gd substitution level in ( Nd 1-y Gd y)1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4. The structural phase transition temperature TI-A from undistorted phase to the distorted phase changes function of Gd concentration. The structural phase diagram for thermal controlled distortion by Gd ions, TI-A = f(y) was obtained, and compared by the superconducting phase diagram Tc(y).
Lines 25-6 of the Moabite stone and a recently-discovered inscription
Authors: Emerton J.A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe publication in 2003 by S. Ahituv of a damaged Moabite inscription suggests the need for a re-examination of lines 25-6 of the Moabite Stone. The latter passage is usually understood to refer to the use by the Moabites of Israelite prisoners (b'sry . yśr'l) to perform a task, which is thought to be the digging or cutting of hmkrtt, a word that has been variously interpreted as, for example, "ditches" or "beams". A different interpretation was advanced in 1966 by. F.I. Andersen. He argued that it does not refer to work by Israelite prisoners, and he offered the translation "and I cut the covenant tokens(?) for (or [which are] at) Qarhoh when I bound Israel [by covenant obligations]". The present article first argues on grounds independent of the newly discovered inscription that Andersen's interpretation should be rejected. The new evidence is then found to support the rejection, and Ahituv's view is accepted that the new inscription probably refers to the making of a reservoir (mkrt) by Ammonite prisoners (b'sry . bny'mn), and that the Moabite Stone refers to similar work by Israelite prisoners.
The Old Greek translation of Daniel iv-vi and the formation of the Book of Daniel
Authors: McLay R. Timothy 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe content of the Old Greek translation of Daniel iv-vi is significantly different compared to the so-called Theodotion version and the Masoretic Text. In addition, the best witness to the Old Greek version (papyrus 967) has an alternative order for the chapters: chapters vii and viii intervene between iv and v. The proposals by J. Lust and O. Munnich that 967 preserves a more original version of the content and order of the chapters for the Vorlage of Daniel are critiqued. Additional linguistic evidence that supports the theory that the Old Greek translation of chapters iv-vi circulated together independently is also provided. Finally, a hypothesis for the growth and stages of the book of Daniel that includes an explanation for the origins of the Greek versions is outlined.
Punishment of the offending organ in biblical literature
Authors: Shemesh Yael 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOne aspect of the principle of "measure for measure" is considered—the idea that the offending organ is punished. This concept can be found in all the biblical genres: narrative, law, the prophetic literature, poetry, and the wisdom literature. The organs that are punished run almost the full length of the body, from head to toe. Sometimes the concept is invoked literally, sometimes only metaphorically. In most cases the punishment is heaven-sent; but there are no few incidents where human action is involved and even animals (twice). In every case, the principle serves a theological function, in that it corroborates the existence of reward and punishment in the world.
Dispersal patterns among three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus): II. Within-species and local variation
Authors: Boinski Sue , Kauffman Laurie , Ehmke Erin , Vreedzaam Arioene , Schet Steven 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThree long-term field studies, together with numerous supplementary sources of information, demonstrate that the Neotropical squirrel monkey, genus Saimiri (Primates: Cebidae) are distinguished among mammals by the wide divergence in dispersal patterns among congeners. Both sexes of Saimiri sciureus at Raleighvallen in the Central Suriname Nature Reserve undertake dispersal on several to many occasions during their lifetime. Male dispersal and female philopatry characterize S. boliviensis studies at Manu, Peru. Among S. oerstedii, studied at Corcovado and other locations in Costa Rica, females disperse and males are philopatric. This is the second in a series of three companion reports investigating patterns and processes relevant to dispersal in these three species of squirrel monkeys. The first report, I. Divergent costs and benefits (Boinski et al., 2005), predicts the direct and inclusive fitness costs and benefits structuring species, sex and individual dispersal strategies among squirrel monkeys. III. Cognition (Boinski, 2005), the final report comprising this monograph, considers the possible cognitive mechanisms underlying dispersal among squirrel monkeys and other taxa, and suggests useful strategies to collect and interpret additional data from laboratory and field contexts.Here we evaluate the sources and potential magnitude of variation in dispersal strategies within each squirrel monkey species. For all three congeners, local edaphic and anthropogenic regimes of habitat disturbance probably represent the major source of within-species variance in the density of wild populations. Squirrel monkey population density, all else being equal, positively increases with the intensity of habitat disturbance. New evidence suggests that in addition to edaphic and recent historical disturbance regimes, in some localities in the Neotropical lowlands anthropogenic disturbance caused by pre-Columbian Amerindians remains a potent factor enhancing squirrel monkey numbers.Squirrel monkeys are predicted to exhibit density-dependent behavioural responses. In turn, these responses are expected to modulate population-level dispersal outcomes in several predictable axes. Major between-site variation in dispersal strategies, however, is unlikely for either sex among S. oerstedii or S. boliviensis. Although all natal male S. sciureus almost certainly disperse before or at the time of sexual maturity, the proportion of females emigrating from a S. sciureus troop appears more variable, dependent on local levels of within-troop competition for food. In any year or season, those mature and immature female S. sciureus with high priority access to food resources are least likely to disperse.
Caring for carers of people with stroke: developing a complex intervention following the Medical Research Council framework
Authors: Robinson Louise , Francis Jill , James Peter , Tindle Norma , Greenwell Kim , Rodgers Helen 
Published: July 2005

Objective: To develop an intervention, using the first three phases of the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for complex interventions, to facilitate coping skills in new carers of stroke patients. Methods: In the preclinical (theoretical) phase, a theoretically based framework for a small group course for carers of people with stroke was developed. The intervention was grounded in a cognitive behavioural model and included carers' needs identified from a literature review. Phase I (modelling phase) comprised a qualitative study involving one-to-one semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of informal carers of people with stroke. Following this, the intervention was modified. In phase II (exploratory phase), the modified intervention was delivered by a clinical psychologist and stroke nurse practitioner to five carers. Following postcourse interviews the course was further refined and delivered to seven new carers who subsequently completed a satisfaction questionnaire. Results: Carers' needs identified from the literature included information provision; managing emotions; social support; health maintenance; and practical problem solving. Consultation with existing carers confirmed these as important issues with a strong emphasis on finding niches of control in life, becoming an expert carer, and dealing with emotional upheaval. Participants reported feeling more optimistic and empowered subsequent to the course. Conclusions: The MRC framework provided a useful methodology for the development of a complex intervention. The course aimed to assist carers to regain control over aspects of their lives and manage their emotions. It was feasible to run and acceptable to carers; however a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is required to evaluate its effectiveness.