bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Session 14: Music and Society around 1700
Authors: Cowart Georgia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late seventeenth century the French high nobility, disenchanted with the increasingly autocratic and moralistic rule of Louis XIV, appropriated the genial hedonism of Venetian carnival as a symbol of their own status in opposition to the monarchy. As the king withdrew from the society he had created at Versailles, the public space of the Paris Opera became one of the most important venues for the increasing self-consciousness of this disgruntled social group. A group of operas and opera-ballets, beginning with Andre Campra’s L’Europe galante (1697) and ending with his acclaimed Les fetes venitiennes (1710), drew on the popular culture of carnival and the commedia dell’arte to reflect a social elite who defined themselves by the acts of leisure and of being entertained.
Session 25: Seventeenth-Century Topics
Authors: Orden Kate van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper studied an equestrian ballet choreographed by Antoine de Pluvinel for the wedding of Louis XIII. Pluvinel ran France’s first state-financed military academy (established in 1594), where aristocrats trained in equitation, gymnastics, fencing, dance, mathematics, painting, and the lute in preparation for courtly life and combat. My reconstruction of Pluvinel’s ballet from engravings, paintings, descriptions, and a manuscript score permits a glimpse of this spectacular art-form and its musical idioms. Furthermore, the horsemanship displayed in the ballet reflects the actual practices of battle: with the rise of gunpowder-based warfare, heavily armoured individuals were replaced with collectivistic light cavalry based on rapidity, high manoeuvrability, and thus on co-ordinated efforts acquired through disciplined training to music. I showed how the equestrian ballet celebrated the traditional technical basis of aristocratic supremacy-chivalry and horsemanship-at the same time as it accommodated the rituals of the noblesse d’epee to the shifting sands of early modern warfare and absolutist government. Pluvinel’s ballet fetes a new monarchy and a new nobility educated in the harmonic polity demanded of them at court and on the battlefield.
Session 36: Nationalism
Authors: Milin Melita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main tasks of general (world) histories of music are to compare simultaneous developments, to make distinctions between significant and less important contributions, and to explore influences; but it is clear that few musicologists can boast sufficient knowledge for such an undertaking. This explains why minor cultures are usually dealt with briefly if at all, in final chapters where surveys on groups of countries are usually given, and with only a few sentences devoted to each. Moreover, such coverage often contains serious mistakes because of the uncritical use of other sources. On the other hand, general histories of music written by musicologists from peripheral cultures tend to overestimate the domestic contribution to world history. From this it follows that international teams of renowned musicologists should be asked to read all such books before publication and should have the authority to ask authors to revise some parts if necessary.
Misinterpreting Verdian Dramaturgy: History and Grand Opera
Authors: Ashman Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verdi’s choice of librettos was radical. He accepted neither endlessly recycled versions of sub-Metastasian Greek and Roman mythology nor sentimental peasant comedy stretched beyond brealci.ng point to fit preordained (and dating) musical structures. He only flirted at arm’s length with that brand of instant, melodramatic, unhistorical history from which Scribe and his less talented imitators created and maintained French Grand Opera. His desire to set Shaleespeare, Hugo, Schiller, Byron, and Gutierrez was provocative, Romantic, and thoroughly modern. Moreover, correspondence and reported conversation confirm that in both creating and giving the premieres his works Verdi was concerned pre-eminently with their dramatic meaning and their stage interpretation.
Ornamenting Verdi’s Arias: The Continuity of a Tradition
Authors: Lawton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, scholars have made significant contributions to our know ledge of various aspects of the vocal and instrumental performance of Verdi’s operas. The critical edition of The Works of Giuseppe Verdi, published by the University of Chicago Press and Casa Ricordi, has led the way Research connected with the preparation of each volume (Rigoletto.Ernani. Nabucco. Messa da Requiem. Luisa Miller. Il trovatore. Alzira. La traviata. Il eorsaro. and, most recently, I masnadieri) has provided new insights into Verdi’s autographs and other contemporary musical sources, which are of great value to performers. Although the historical introductions and critical commentaries with every score furnish the user with the most up-to-date research, there is much that remains to be done in the area of performance practice.
An Avenue Unexplored: The Divertissement and the Opéra-Ballet
Authors: Jurgensen Knud Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ballet music of the last century and, more particularly, the dramaturgical role of theatrical dance in a larger operatic context is from many points of view a scholarly area yet to be cultivated. The main reason is that studies in this field require not only a broad background in musicology but an equally detailed knowledge of ballet history and the canon of nineteenth-century choreography.
Drawing the Audience in: The Theatre and the Ballroom
Authors: Smith Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knud Arne Jürgensen has made some valuable points about Verdi’s ballets and has given some important guidelines for future research. I should like to respond not by criticizing him but by suggesting that there are other ways in which this repertory might be approached. As background, one might begin by attempting to explain why Parisians insisted on putting ballets in operas in the first place-in spite of the preferences of Verdi and Wagner, among other foreigners, who found the practice vastly annoying. It was because of this Parisian habit, after all, that Verdi wrote most of his opera-ballets (to use Jürgensen’s term for ballets within operas).
Introduction: Wagnerism in Britain in the 1890s
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ring,with all its gods and giants and dwarfs, its water-maidens and Valkyries, its wishing-cap, magic ring, enchanted sword, and miraculous treasure, is a drama of today, and not of a remote and fabulous antiquity. It could not have been written before the second half of the nineteenth century, because it deals with events which were only then consummating themselves.
The Pathology of Pleasure: Decadent Sensibility and Affective Art
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The affective power of Wagner’s music is, notoriously, one of the most controversial aspects of his work. Amid disparate, often contradictory, assessments in the nineteenth century, its ‘emotional, exciting’ properties were almost unanimously acknowledged.2 For some, the emotive and compelling characteristics of what Baudelaire called his ‘ardent despotic’ music were a celebrated source of ecstatic aesthetic experiences; for others, evidence of Wagner’s problematic ‘designs on us’.
Antiquarianism and National Identity: Under the Hill
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I know not by what mischance the writing of epistles dedicatory has fallen into disuse, whether through the vanity of authors or the humility of patrons. But the practice seems to me so very beautiful and becoming that I have ventured to make an essay in the modest art, and lay with formalities my first book at your feet. I have, it must be confessed, many fears lest I shall be arraigned of presumption in choosing so exalted a name as your own to place at the beginning of this history; but I hope that such a censure will not be too lightly passed upon me, for if I am guilty it is but of a most natural pride that the accidents of my life should allow me to sail the little pinnace of my wit under your protection....
Concluding the Cycle: Das Rheingold
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beardsley’s plans to produce a work based on Das Rheingoldwere as ambitious as those for the also incomplete Tannhiiuserproject; from April 1896 until the end of 1897, just a few months before his death, his letters include references to the prodmtion of drawings and a prose version of the music drama. In a letter of September 1896, Beardsley informed Smithers that he was writing ‘an elaborate version of Das Rheingold,called The Comedy of the Rhinegold.
The New Reign
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will (I hope) be clear by now that Charles’s inheritance was by no means an impossible one, but that success in managing it would depend very much on his personal qualities. That was true of all monarchies in an age when the sovereign’s power of decision was so great, but Charles’s throne was particularly vulnerable because he ruled over three disparate kingdoms, and because in England successful government depended to a degree then unusual on consent. The task before him called for insight, judgement, tact, flair, and dedication. He possessed the last quality in abundance, but he was short of all the others.
Three Kingdoms in Crisis
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Charles arrived in Edinburgh on 14 August 1641 he was delighted by the warmth of his reception. He did not yet appreciate that most Scots believed they had already won the substance of what they had fought for in the Treaty of London, and expected to secure the rest in the course of his visit. After his ceremonial entry into parliament on the 17th he made a gracious speech which seemed to confirm their hopes. But when he offered to touch the acts passed by the parliament in 1640 with his sceptre, the traditional way of conferring the royal assent, a pretext was found for requesting him to delay the ceremony. Parliament, it transpired, was not prepared to acknowledge that his assent was necessary, and he allowed the acts to be published a few days later without it. After what he had conceded earlier in the year he could hardly do otherwise, but this was more than a symbolic defeat for him.
Local Government and Administration
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Institutionally England was one of the more centralized of late-medieval European kingdoms. Even a region as distant from the ‘capital’ as the north-east was subject to royal control through scores of local officials-sheriffs, coroners, escheators, justices of the peace and their assistants-answerable to the offices of state at Westminster. In theory local government was the king’s. In practice, since royal officers in the localities were men of local roots and standing, and not the king’s paid agents, local government and administration was dominated by local landed elites. In the north-east, the resulting propensity for local government to fall under the sway of mighty subjects was intensified by the distance from Westminster, by the complex and fragmented structure of government in the region, and by the need to make special provision for the defence of the border. The structure of local government itself, as well as its staffing, tended further to enhance the power of the magnates at the expense of the Crown.
Relationships
Authors: Connolly S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have been concerned primarily with the Protestant population, and more particularly its upper levels. It is time to turn to a consideration of the wider framework of social and political relationships within which this elite existed. In doing so, however, we enter a zone of some confusion. To see this, it is only necessary to look at some of the different ways in which the governing class of eighteenth-century Ireland has been defined in recent historical writing. Its members appear variously as the ‘Anglo-Irish’, the ‘Anglo-Irish ascendancy’, the ‘Protestant ascendancy’, and ‘colonists’. Behind each of these terms lies a very different set of assumptions regarding both the character of the elite itself and its relationship to other parts of the population. Yet these differences are rarely considered, much less debated. What one enters, in fact, is less a minefield than a fun-fair.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the period covered by this book, the Benedictine monks, to whom it will devote a good deal of attention, passed into the background of religious life: wherever the spiritual action was after the mid-twelfth century, it was not in their choirs and cloisters. Released from the burden of spiritual leadership, which passed to new orders and eventually to the friars, the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life. Considered as an expression of human frailty, the extent to which this came about occasions no surprise. But given the fact that the monks continued to have liturgical duties which were not shared by secular society, and a distinctive horarium, or timetable for the day, to accommodate these, the extent to which they were not in fact separated from the society around them was indeed remarkable.
Diet
Authors: Harvey Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Recent notable work by a distinguished medievalist concludes with this testimony: ‘I do not think that enquiry must be defeated by lack of material.’ Many will recognize the source of this quotation: it is Professor Anne Hudson’s Premature Reformation. How much more do the historians of diet need the conviction it expresses than the historians of Lollardy, whose adherents so greatly esteemed the written word and did so much to procure its circulation! Historical sources on diet are at best reticent, and often fail us altogether. It will be clear that in what follows, and especially in what I shall say about quantities and the energy value of food, I make these words my own.
Religious Houses and Chantries: Dissolutions and Surrenders
Authors: Skeeters Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dissolution of religious houses, which occurred in Bristol between 1536 and I 539, and the suppression of chantries in 1548 involved two very different kinds of ecclesiastical institutions. The religious lived communally and were far more independent of lay influence than the chantry priests, many of whom were stipendiaries paid by lay trustees. Nevertheless the eradication of the religious houses and the chantries both mirrored and brought about dramatic changes in the urban community and caused lasting harm to the local church and clerical community. The dissolutions also reflected and effected changes in the status of the city’s clergy. Given the drama and significance of the changes, it is notable that there was no lay resistance to the dissolutions and among the clergy, only friars defied the authorities.It is understandable that by 1538 most of the beleagured clergy would see resistance as futile and would be ducking for cover. Much had occurred since 1533 when clergy of various groups had co-operated to oppose Latimer. It is, in fact, remarkable that three houses of friars refused to surrender for a brief time. The response of the city’s laity, however, requires further investigation.
Richard II ‘s Councils
Authors: Goodman Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fourteenth century the king sought counsel from magnates, leading royal officers, ‘official ‘ councillors, and others who happened to be staying with him, and from certain members of his Household. More formally, magnates gave advice when summoned as Lords of Parliament, or to Great Councils meeting the king at one of his residences. Coincidentally, there developed a formal group of official councillors, the King ‘s Council. This met in regular sessions, and was often, but not exclusively, concerned with devising ways of executing policy decisions referred to it by the king, and with making decisions on minor or routine matters. Under Edward III, Professor Ormrod has remarked, ‘it is difficult to find any aspect of administration in which it [the King ‘s Council] was not involved ‘.Key bureaucratic features of the Council beeame fixed by or in the early fourteenth century. It was customary for councillors to be retained as such, for them to take an oath of office, and to receive fees or wages for conciliar service. The Council was composed chiefly but not exclusively of royal officials. The chancellor and the treasurer were ex officio councillors, but justices were summoned to sit at the Council board when legal issues were on the agenda, or when the Council was sitting as a court.
Richard II and the Literary Arts
Authors: Eberle Patricia ℱ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the literary as in the visual arts, the reign of Richard II coincides with a period of remarkable achievement. Although not all texts can be dated securely, this period includes the work of four of the most important poets in Middle English: Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, William Langland, and the anonymous poet of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Despite their wide variety in style and subject-matter, it is possible to find common themes among the works of these poets, including themes related to questions of kingship or governance, broadly defined. Any attempt to move beyond this very general statement, however, and establish a connection between individual works and the policies or literary tastes of Richard II himself is forced to confront the scarcity of direct evidence for royal patronage of those literary works most highly valued today.
The Breakdown of Equilibrium in the East: From the Bosnian Crisis to the Balkan Wars, I908 –I9I2
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Austria-Hungary’s annexation on 5 October 1908 of the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina ushered in six months of European tension. It resulted in a trial of armed strength, in the Balkan if not the broader Continental arena, and it set a menacing precedent. Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria all raised their armies above normal peacetime levels and. at the peak called out between them perhaps a quarter of a million extra men. By throwing into harsh relief the prevailing balance of forces, the crisis stimulated armaments development from the Baltic to the Adriatic. It ended a decade of Austro-Russian d éetente and revived the confrontation in the East between the two alliance blocs. Its profoundest impact was reserved, however, for relations between the Habsburg Monarchy and the South Slavs.
Richelieu, the Grands, And The French army
Authors: parrott David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great aristocracy has traditionally been accorded a secondary, and essentially negative, role in studies of Richelieu’s ministry. As one historian pointed out in a recent article, the nobles in seventeenth-century France have been the victims of a crude historicism which sees the rise of royal absolutism as inevitable, and even praiseworthy, so that resistance by the nobility appears as mere short-sighted and futile obstructionism. The great aristocratic families have largely been depicted as a group acted upon by ‘new’ historical forces, rather than political actors in their own right. Allocated an over-simplified social structure and an apparently shared and undisputed set of political objectives, the grands can be wrapped up in convenient assumptions about feudal anachronism and group selfishness. Thus packaged, they are pushed to one side of the historical stage, in good time to be unveiled a few decades later, safely locked up in the ‘gilded prison’ of Versailles.
Loveday To Ludlow
Authors: Johnson P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Duke Richard spent the summer of 1456 at Sandal, 1 whence he was supposedly defending the northern border, but was, in fact, expending most of his energies composing flamboyant letters of defiance to the Scottish king.2 Invasion scares in Cornwall (May), the Isle of Wight (June), and Kent (August)3 may have given his aggressive posturing a ready acclamation in the southern shires.4 In the North, his sympathies for the Nevilles left him with a more prejudiced audience.
Conclusion: The Secular and the Sacred
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has examined one of the most ubiquitous forms of association in late medieval Italy, the confraternity. We have seen that in Florence it provided important spiritual and material support for its lay brothers and, in conjunction with hospitals, a significant form of relief to the poor beyond the membership. In this way the fraternity came to institutionalize the two main imperatives of the highest Theological Virtue, Charity: to promote the vertical links with God through the deepening of devotion among the laity and the horizontal links between men through neighbourly love and support
The Tariff Commission at Work
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An examination of some of the day-to-day aspects of the administration and operation of the Tariff Commission between 1904 and the general elections of 1910 tells us much about the methods, biases, and attitudes of its organizers which does not readily emerge from its published writings. Recent research has increased our knowledge of the ideological baggage of the Tariff Reform League, particularly in the context of Edwardian right-wing nationalism, and of the TRL’s relationship with the Conservative Party. The paucity of records, however, has meant that less is known of its internal operation and decisionmaking, and of the interaction between League headquarters and the 250 provincial branches and forty women’s association branches. Of the Birmingham Liberal Unionist Association’s Imperial Tariff Committee, or of the Free Trade League, Free Food League, and Free Trade Union, even less is known.
The Cotton Industry and Retaliation
Authors: Marrison Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was probably no manufacturing industry where Free Trade sentiment was so concentrated as it was amongst Lancashire’s cotton masters. And perhaps nowhere but Manchester was the merchant’s voice so synonymous with the city’s own image of its culture and its interest. With around 80 per cent of its output sent abroad, and with a long tradition stretching back well before the Anti-Com Law League, the industry’s attachment to Free Trade was an indefinable mixture of immediate practical utility and religious faith. Over generations, pragmatic self-interest had rationalized itself indistinguishably into economic and political principle.
Portraiture, Portrayal, and Idealization: Ambiguous Individualism in Representations of Renaissance Women
Authors: Simons Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jacob Burckhardt’s view of the Renaissance is summed up in the phrases ‘the Development of the Individual’ and ‘the Discovery of the World and of Man’ where the Italian ‘was the first-born among the sons of modern Europe’.1 Collectivity was replaced by autonomy, objectivity overruled interpersonal relations, secularization superseded blind faith, and mercantile imperialism extended man’s dominion. This patriarchal, bourgeois, nineteenth-century vision still influences characterizations of the Renaissance; those examining visual culture, for instance, tend to associate Burckhardt’s phrases with the institution of individualistic portraiture and naturalistic style.