bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘To Every Argument there is a Counter-Argument’: Theodore Metochites’ Defence of Scepticism (Semeiosis 61)
Authors: BydÉn BÖrje 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ontological and epistemological framework of the cogitations set forth in Theodore Metochites’ Semeioseis gnomikai (c.1326)1 could be described as a rough-hewn Platonist torso with a somewhat mismatched Christian head. On the pattern of the simile of the Divided Line (in Plato’s Republic), spatiotemporal things are conceived of as somehow flawed representations of the entities of a higher order, which alone are really real and which alone can be truly known. I do not propose to discuss here the ontological status ascribed to these higher-order entities within this framework.
Byzantine Commentators on the Chaldaean Oracles: Psellos and Plethon
Authors: Athanassiadi Polymnia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chaldaean Oracles are a divine revelation—or so they were believed to be by their Neoplatonic commentators—of a cosmological and soteriological system and of a set of moral and ritual rules and instructions. What survives of them is a total of some 350 lines in Greek hexameter verse divided into 190 fragments of unequal length, the overwhelming majority of which have reached us through two channels: Proclus and, to a lesser extent, Damascius. In Byzantine times, however, Damascius’ testimony as transmitter and interpreter of the Chaldaean material was flatly ignored, while Proclus remained an influential figure as exegete of both Plato and the Oracles. It is true that, unlike Damascius, he had produced a systematic and voluminous commentary on the Chaldaean revelation, a commentary which was indeed deemed worthy of a refutation by Procopius of Gaza. Yet this pious act was not enough to prevent the Commentary from traversing the so-called dark ages so as to reach men like Arethas and Psellos. The latter in particular was a confessed admirer of Proclus, whom he proclaimed to be at the pinnacle of all science and wisdom.
Endurance and Endeavour
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Russia, both rulers and ruled long endeavoured to transform their country, each in their own forcible way. Their efforts never quite seemed to bring the results hoped for, and despite reform and revolution some things changed very little. This book sets out to relate Russian tradition and circumstances to the events of history and to encourage readers to seek their own explanation of the country’s paradox. For this fifth edition of Endurance and Endeavour J. N. Westwood has completely revised the text and bibliography to incorporate recent research and findings from formerly closed archives, and has added a new chapter covering the Yeltsin years.
The Civil War
Authors: War The Civil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the days and months following October the Bolsheviks abandoned many of the aims which had been professed by generations of Russian revolutionaries, including themselves, and they reintroduced, often in a more repressive form, long-reviled tsarist practices which had been abolished after the February Revolution. The period following October 1917 was a period when the Bolsheviks were driven to pile contradictions on top of paradoxes, and all too often temporary expedients became basic and seemingly eternal principles.
The Khrushchev Revival
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rumours that Beria had arranged Stalin’s death seem highly improbable, even though he had the means and may have feared he was next on Stalin’s shopping list. That both Khrushchev and Stalin’s daughter later wrote that Beria drove off from the death scene with a wicked smile on his lips raises the question ‘He would, wouldn’t he?’ as well as ‘They would, wouldn’t they?’ Stalin certainly did not get prompt attention after suffering a stroke at his country dacha after a late night spent bingeing with his colleagues. When first seen lying on the floor, he was assumed to be in a state of hangover.
Ever-Present Memories?
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter examines how and why the politics of memory regarding 17 October occupied a central place in media and political debate in France between 1997 and 2001, and assesses the impact of such debates on the memorial dynamics within the Algerian migrant communities in particular. It also reflects upon the relevance of the 17 October events to a deeper understanding of colonial and post-colonial power relations.
Calvet’s Web
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calvet’s Web is a study of the correspondence network of an Avignon physician in the period 1750–1810. Esprit Calvet was an antiquarian, natural historian, and bibliophile, and was at the centre of a circle of like-minded intellectuals from various backgrounds, chiefly based in the Rhone valley. Laurence Brockliss explores for the first time in detail the intellectual interests and relationships of a representative sample of the French Republic of Letters. He traces the destruction of the Republic during the Revolution, and its reconstruction, in different guise, under Napoleon. Calvet’s Web is an important contribution to our understanding of the social construction of knowledge, the history of collecting, and the history of the book. In addition, by examining the circle’s attitude to the philosophes and their programme of material and moral progress, it offers a new picture of the relationship between the Republic of Letters and the Enlightenment.
Life on Air
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radio Four has been described as 'the greatest broadcasting channel in the world', the 'heartbeat of the BBC', a cultural icon of Britishness, and the voice of Middle England. Defined by its rich mix, encompassing everything from journalism and drama to comedy, quizzes, and short-stories, its programmes - such as Today,The Archers, Woman's Hour, The Hitchhiker's Guide To the Galaxy, Gardeners' Question Time, and The Shipping Forecast - have been part of British life for decades. Others, less successful, have caused offence and prompted derision. Born as it was in the Swinging Sixties, Radio Four's central challenge has been to change with the times, while trying not to lose faith with those who see it as a standard-bearer for quality, authoritativeness, or simply 'old-fashioned' BBC values. In this first major behind-the-scenes account of the station's history, David Hendy - a former producer for Radio Four - draws on privileged access to the BBC's own archives and new interviews with key personnel to illuminate the arguments and controversies behind the creation of some of its most popular programmes. He reveals the station's struggle to justify itself in a television age, favouring clear branding and tightly-targeted audiences, with bitter disputes between the BBC and its fiercely loyal listeners. The story of these struggles is about more than the survival of one radio network: Radio Four has been a lightning rod for all sorts of wider social anxieties over the past forty years. A kaleidoscopic view of the changing nature of the BBC, the book provides a gripping insight into the very nature of British life and culture in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Politics and Permissiveness
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970s was, by most accounts, a peevish decade in the conduct of public affairs in Britain. Looking back, the journalist Christopher Booker, who had once written of the expansiveness and sense of possibility that marked the 1960s, described the prevailing mood that followed as ‘a somewhat weary, increasingly conservative, increasingly apprehensive disenchantment ‘. The international collapse of the fixed exchange-rate system and OPEC ‘s dramatic oil price rises in 1973 knocked a widespread faith in gradual material progress and replaced it with economic stagflation and talk of ‘diminishing expectations ‘.
Roman Britain
Authors: Ireland Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hodgson, Nick; Griffiths, Bill. ‘Wallsend: where did they keep the horses in Roman forts?’, Current Archaeology 164:14.8 (1999), 284–89.Hoffmann, Birgitta. ‘Use of space and variability of ground plans: a study of legionary centurions’ quarters’, A55, 83–89.Howard-Davis, Christine; Buxton, K. Roman forts in the Fylde: excavations at Dowbridge, Kirkham(Lancaster: Centre for North West Regional Studies, Lancaster University, 2000), xii, 106p.Keppie, Lawrence. ‘Legio VIIII in Britain: the beginning and the end’, A21, 83–100.Lowe, C.E.; Moloney, R. ‘Excavation of the Roman temporary camps at Dullatur, north Lanarkshire’, Britannia 31 (2000), 239–53.
Britain Since 1914
Authors: Capet Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Annan, Noel. ‘Our Age revisited’, A138, 265–80.Black, Jeremy.Modern British history since 1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000), xx, 378p.Wynne Lewis, J. ‘Dau Forwr Cymreig’, Maritime Wales 20 (1999), 80–83.Addison, Paul. ‘British historians and the debate over the “postwar consensus”‘, A138, 255–64. Bagworth-Mann, Hazel.
Scotland Before The Union
Authors: Kirk James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ballantyne, John H.; Smith, Brian (eds.) Shetland documents 1195–1579 (Lerwick: Shetland Islands Council & the Shetland Times, 1999), xxii, 359p.Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, Russell Andrew (eds.) Alba: Celtic Scotland in the middle ages(East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), xiv, 282p.Cummins, Walter Arthur. The Picts and their symbols (Stroud: Sutton, 1999),218p.Emery, N. ‘The impact of the outside world on St Kilda:the artefact evidence’, A8, 161–66.Macdougall, Norman.‘L’Ecosse à la fin du XIIIe siècle: un royaume men-acé’, A130, 9–22.
‘The Sikh who killed the Reverend was a known bhang drinker’: Medicine, Murder, and Madness in Mid-century
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the thirty years after William O’Shaughnessy’s experiments in Calcutta attitudes towards cannabis began to sharpen across the British scientific community. In Britain itself cannabis medicines enjoyed some popularity among doctors who were inspired by O’Shaughnessy’s work and who happily conducted their own experiments on themselves and their patients. However, in the empire British officers gathered evidence that convinced the Government of India that there was a direct link between cannabis use and mental illness. This, together with the connection that was becoming established in many official minds in that country between crime and hemp preparations that was discussed in the previous chapter, meant that the British in India began to view cannabis with grave suspicion and to go as far as to consider ways of prohibiting its use in the country. This chapter will explore these decades of contrasting opinions among British doctors and administrators around the world and will examine the evidence that many of them produced in support of their assertion that cannabis use led to insanity. It will demonstrate that this evidence was in fact deeply flawed.
‘The lunatic asylums of India are filled with ganja smokers’: Ganja in Parliament, 1891-1894
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on information from the subcontinent, Mark Stewart MP stood up in the House of Commons on 16 July 1891 ‘to ask the Under-Secretary of State for India whether his attention has been called to the statement in the Allahabad Pioneer of the 10th May last that ganja “which is grown, sold and excised under much the same conditions as opium”, is far more harmful than opium, and that “the lunatic asylums of India are filled with ganja smokers” ‘. He pressed his point, asking further of the Under- Secretary ‘whether he is aware that the possession and sale of ganja has been prohibited for many years past in Lower Burma and that the exclusion of the drug was stated in the Excise Report of that province for 1881-2 to have been “of immense benefit to the people” ‘. The reason for his curiosity was that he wanted to know ‘whether he [the Under-Secretary of State] will call the attention of the Government of India to the desirability of extending the same prohibition to the other Provinces of India?’
‘An outcome of cases that have come before the police courts of the use of hashish’: DORA, the First World War, and the Domestic Drug Scares of the 1920s
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 11 May 1916 the Army Council passed an order that forbade the sale of Indian hemp to any member of the Armed Forces unless the transaction was ordered by a doctor or pharmacist on a written prescription that was dated and signed by him and marked ‘not to be repeated’. This order was also applied to cocaine and opium, codeine, heroin, and morphine. How- ever, later in the year when similar restrictions were extended to the rest of the population in the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) it seems that Indian hemp was not on the list of substances to be controlled. Indeed, with the end of hostilities the 1916 DORA wartime regulations were placed on a permanent footing in the Dangerous Drugs Acts of 1920 and 1923 but once again cannabis was not caught up in the regulations and it remained freely available and unaffected by these new controls.
Society, community, and identity
Authors: Hines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone wishing to understand the life and relationships of the population of Britain and Ireland in the first four centuries of the post-Roman Middle Ages truly has to peer into a melting pot. In Britain, as elsewhere, the breakdown of the Roman imperial order in western Europe saw the emergence of entirely new nations and identities. The most conspicuous change was the introduction of Germanic culture and language from the Continent to create a new English identity and culture (which we usually call ‘Anglo-Saxon’) over much of southern Britain.
The art of authority
Authors: O’Reilly Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The utter remoteness of the islands at the north-westerly limits of the Ocean and the barbarian nature of their inhabitants was a common place or topos in the work of Roman poets and historians. They therefore regarded the partial conquest of Britain, the largest in the skein of islands at the furthest edge of the inhabited world, as a symbol of Rome’s universal dominion and civilizing role.
Allusion to the Poets
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allusion to the words and phrases of ancestral voices is one of the hiding-places of poetry’s power. Poets appreciate the great debts that they owe to previous poets, and are often duly and newly grateful. Allusion to the Poets consists of twelve essays – four published here for the first time – on allusion and its relations, in particular on the use that poets in English have made of the very words of poets in English. The first half of the book, on ‘The Poet as Heir’, consists of six chapters devoted to individual poets, Augustan, Romantic, and Victorian: Dryden and Pope, Burns, Wordsworth, Byron, Keats, and Tennyson. Allusion is always a form of inheritance, not to be hoarded or squandered. The critical and creative question is its imaginative co-operation with other kinds of legacy – with whatever for a particular poet or for a particular time is judged to be an unignorable inheritance: of a throne, perhaps, or of land; of intermixed languages; of the human senses; of money; of literature itself; or of our planet, long-lived but not eternal. The second half of the book is six essays on allusion’s affiliations: to plagiarism (allusion being plagiarism’s responsible opposite); to metaphor (allusion being a form that metaphor may take); to loneliness in poetry (allusion constituting company). And on allusion within poetry to prose (A E. Housman); on translation as exercising allusion (David Ferry); and on the clash between one poet’s practice and his critical principles (Yvor Winters).
The Pursuit of Metaphor
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My own quandary is immeasurably less important (except to me) but not less real. When this collection of essays (What’s Happened to the Humanities?) was being bruited, I found myself saying at an explorers’ meeting that instead of everybody’s talking, yet once more, about ‘the state of the humanities’ and the changes and chances of late, those of us who resist the claims of certain recent developments—as not truly or not sufficiently developments at all—would do better to get on with such work as we believe in.
Is Linguistics a Branch of Psychology?
Authors: Laurence Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Noam Chomsky’s well-known and influentional account, linguistics is properly conceived of as a branch of cognitive psychology. Linguistics studies one aspect of the mind, namely our ‘competence’ or knowledge of the natural language we speak. This view is widely endorsed by linguists, but has encountered considerable and sustained resistance among philosophers. Though the issue has been much debated, it seems far from settled. It would certainly be interesting if it could be shown, for example, that the Chomskian approach was fundamentally in error (perhaps embodying some deep confusion), or that linguistics could not be thought of as a scientific discipline, or that some different conception of linguistics was manifestly superior. However, the kinds of considerations philosophers have raised do not in fact show anything of this sort.
Knowledge of Meaning
Authors: Schiffer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every speaker knows what numerous expressions mean. In what does such knowledge consist? What is it to know what an expression means? In asking this question, I amusing ‘know’ and ‘means’ in ordinary, non-technicalways. There may be legitimate technical senses of ‘know’ or ‘means’ that would yield a different question and have a different answer, and later I shall touch on this, but in this paper my question is the non-technical one. The question interests me because I believe its answer has important implications both for the nature of meaning and for foundational questions about language understanding. The question needs reﬁnement, but some progress can be made with it even before it is recast.
Externalism, Logical Form, and Linguistic Intentions
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Externalism is often characterized as the doctrine that the contents of our mental states are determined at least in part by the external environment. But why should externalists stop with psychological contents? Why can the forms of those mental states not be sensitive to environmental conditions as well? There is, of course, a standard supposition that even if the contents of our mental states are externally ﬁxed, the forms of our mental states supervene directly on our physical microstructure, but what basis is there for this supposition? More to the point, why should thoroughgoing externalists accept the supposition? Still more, why can the externalist not go one step further and argue that the logical form of our utterances is also sensitive to external conditions? In this paper I explore the possibility of being an externalist about logical form in this sense, and I shall argue that the position needs to be taken seriously, and indeed, that it offers some interesting perspectives on at least one long-standing philosophical puzzle.
Social Ontology and the Philosophy of Society
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The argument of this chapter will be a summary of some of the themes in my book The Construction of Social Reality 2 and a continuation of the line of argument I presented there. I want to make a plea for a branch of philosophy that in English speaking countries does not yet exist. It is what we might call the ‘philosophy of society’ and I see this subject as centering essentially around questions of social ontology.
Artifacts: Parts and Principles
Authors: Grandy Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In thinking about artifacts and concepts of artifacts, it is difficult to know where one should start let alone where one hopes to end. As always, we want to do justice to our intuitions, but there is the question of who the ‘we/our’ is and whether the intuitions are coherent. For example, there are three metaphysical principles which are widely accepted and which come into conflict. One is that in some sense of basic physical objects, objects are spatially continuous; the second is that objects are temporally continuous; and the third is that when I disassemble a bicycle and reassemble it a week later it is the same bicycle.
On the Place of Artifacts in Ontology
Authors: Elder Crawford L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that a carpenter shapes pieces of wood and arranges them together so as to compose a desk. In ontological strictness, what has happened? Is it just that certain pieces of wood or bundles of cellulose fibers have gotten arranged differently towards one another, or has some object different in kind from either the pieces or the bundles been created? Suppose that the desk gets crushed, perhaps by a collapsing roof, and no longer can function as a desk.
Artifact Categorization: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Malt Barbara C , Sloman Steven A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sizeable subfield of cognitive psychology is devoted to how humans categorize entities in their world, yet there has been little explicit consideration of what it means to categorize. One straightforward perspective, the one perhaps held at an intuitive level by most laypeople, is that categories are objectively defined, metaphysically real groupings of entities.
Seedless Grapes: Nature and Culture
Authors: Sperber Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fruit is the mature ovary of a plant. Its main biological function is to ensure the protection and dissemination of the seeds it encloses. In the case of fleshy fruits, dissemination is achieved by attracting animals who eat the fruit, digest the sweet softer flesh, and either regurgitate or excrete the harder seeds at some distance from the plant. Humans, however, have evolved, through artificial selection, plants that produce seedless fruits, such as bananas, Thomson grapes, or Arrufatina clementines. Seedless grapes provide an arresting example of the more general issue I want to address in this chapter.
How to Refer to Artifacts
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s, a consensus began to emerge about the mechanisms of reference for proper names and natural kind terms. As a result of the work of Donnellan (1966), Kaplan (1979), Kripke (1980), and Putnam (1975), a descriptions-based theory of reference was largely rejected in favor of a causal, historical or direct theory of reference. On a simple descriptions-based account, a speaker uses a name to refer to an individual when that speaker associates a description with that name, where the description uniquely picks out the referent.
Water as an Artifact Kind
Authors: Bloom Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychological essentialism is the claim that people tacitly believe that some categories have ‘essences’ (e.g. Bloom 2000, 2004; Gelman 2003; Gelman and Hirschfeld 1999; Medin and Ortony 1989). These essences determine category membership and are, in the normal course of affairs, causally responsible for observable properties of category members. For instance, people might believe that all tigers share a hidden property that causes them to look and act like tigers. If one took a tiger and altered it so that it looks more like a lion, it would still be considered a tiger, because it still has the right essence.