bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameter estimation I
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parameter estimation is a common data analysis problem. Like Laplace, for example, we may be interested in knowing the mass of Saturn; or, like Millikan, the charge of the electron. In the simplest case, we are only concerned with the value of a single parameter; such elementary examples are the focus of this chapter. They serve as a good introduction to the use of Bayes ‘ theorem, and allow for a discussion of error-bars and confidence intervals.
Let us begin with the analysis of data from a simple coin-tossing experiment. Suppose I told you that I had been to Las Vegas for my holidays, and had come across a very strange coin in one of the casinos; given that I had observed 4 heads in 11 flips, do you think it was a fair coin? By fair, we mean that we would be prepared to lay an even 50 : 50 bet on the outcome of a flip being a head or a tail. In ascribing the property of fairness (solely) to the coin we are, of course, assuming that the coin-tosser was not skilled enough to be able to control the initial conditions of the flip (such as the angular and linear velocities).
Non-parametric estimation
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 2 and 3, we dealt with problems which entailed the estimation of the values of a few well-defined parameters; the analysis was then extended, in Chapter 4, to cover the case where there was some doubt as to their optimal number. Now let ‘s move on to the most difficult situation, in which we want to draw inferences about an object of interest but don ‘t have enough information, or confidence, to be able to characterize it by a specific type of functional model. This is a rather open-ended question that requires us to think of both a suitable description and any weak constraints which might be appropriate for a flexible ‘free-form ‘ solution.
Molecular cytogenetics of cancer
Authors: Sheer Denise , Shipley Janet M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic changes which confer a selective advantage to the cells in which they occur. These changes consist of mutations, and numerical and structural chromo- some aberrations. They usually occur in somatic cells, but certain genetic changes can be inherited and cause a predisposition to cancer (Lengauer et al., 1998; Balmain et al., 2003; see also Chapter 3). Recurrent and sometimes highly specific chromosome aberrations are present in different types of cancer. Molecular genetic analysis of these aberrations has identified numerous genes which contribute to tumorigenesis, opening new avenues of research into regulatory pathways in the cell. Chromosome aberrations are increasingly playing a role in clinical management of cancer patients, since they can provide critical diagnostic and prognostic information.
Cytokines and cancer
Authors: Szlosarek Peter W , Balkwill Frances R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms maintain cellular homeostasis at the local tissue level via a diverse array of secreted low-molecular weight mediators collectively called cytokines. These include tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, angiogenic factors, and growth factors. Unlike classical endocrine hormones, these proteins act in an autocrine, paracrine, and/or juxtacrine fashion on a variety of cells, ranging from stem cells to those that are fully differentiated. Cytokines act within an informational network consisting of ligands and their respective cell- surface receptors and downstream intracellular signalling pathways, enabling cells to participate in a range of processes including cell activation (survival, growth, and differentiation), cell death (apoptosis), cell motility, inflammation, and immunity (see Table 14.1).
Stem cells, haemopoiesis, and leukaemia
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The leukaemias, and related diseases lymphoma and myeloma, are all blood cell cancers. Because of the accessibility of this tissue, the relative ease of cell culture, and the availability of model systems with animal cells, knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of these forms of cancer has often led the way and provided paradigms for cancer research in general. Leukaemias are different from other cancers in so far as their evolution and dissemination does not require architectural disruption and metastatic processes that are critically involved in most other cancers.
Immunotherapy of cancer
Authors: Jackson Andrew M , Porte Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunotherapy has the potential not only to destroy tumours but also to engender life-long immunity. Furthermore for a small proportion of tumours with viral ethiology, it may be possible to prevent malignancy by prophylactic vaccination. Immunotherapy is a most important and rapidly growing area in applied cancer research and is no longer at the fringe of biological science or restricted to in vitro and pre-clinical systems. Rather, immunotherapy is now being explored as a clinical option for all malignancies, and for some diseases it is already the front-line therapy of choice.
Developmental constraints on or developmental structure in brain evolution?
Authors: Finlay Barbara L , Cheung Desmond Tak-Ming , Darlington Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The more we discover about the basic structure of vertebrate and invertebrate evolution, the more impressive the evidence of its conservative nature becomes. Evidence for commonalities versus special adaptations in brain evolution, with particular attention to rules for the proliferation of the cortex will be discussed. Conserved developmental rules that produce highly predictable brain organization seem best described as rules that produce generic, optimal organization rather than limiting constraints.
Quasi-isometries and quasisymmetric maps
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quasiconformal maps of the upper half-plane H to itself extend to the boundary R. We show what conditions such mappings R R must satisfy, and conversely that every such mapping extends to a quasiconformal mapping of H. Such self-mappings of R are called quasisymmetric. We investigate properties of quasisymmetric maps and illustrate two ways of extending quasisymmetric maps to quasiconformal maps, the Beurling–Ahlfors extension and the conformally natural Douady–Earle extension. We also define the notion of a quasi-isometry and show that all quasiconformal maps are quasi-isometric.
Current perspectives on high-level groupings of protists
Authors: Simpson Alastair G B , Patterson David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the major branches of eukaryotic diversification are protistan. The modern understanding of protistan diversity and evolutionary relationships is based on morphological studies, especially by transmission electron microscopy, and on molecular phylogenetic studies, initially dominated by small subunit ribosomal RNA but increasingly involving multigene datasets. Morphological studies define approximately 60 robust lineages of eukaryotes. Current syntheses, primarily based on molecular phylogenetic studies, place these lineages in six to eight ‘‘supergroups’’. However, this catalogue is incomplete as the definition of most supergroups is not clear and their extent and compositions are disputed, and a further 25 lineages, for which there are electron microscopical data and/or molecular data, are not currently assigned to any supergroup.
Ciliate genome evolution
Authors: McGrath C L , Zufall, R A , Katz L A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of genome evolution in eukaryotic microbes such as ciliates can elucidate trends across the eukaryotic tree of life as well as unique, lineage-specific genome features. Ciliate genomes are unique among eukaryotes in that: (i) two distinct genomes exist in separate nuclei (the ‘‘somatic’’ macronucleus and ‘‘germline’’ micronucleus) within every cell; and (ii) macronuclear genomes undergo developmentally-regulated rearrangements, which can be extensive and lead to the generation of as many as 25 000 000 ‘‘chromosomes’’ in a single ciliate (reviewed in Klobutcher and Herrick 1997; Prescott 1994; Riley and Katz 2001). Ciliates have also been a rich source for the discovery of features found elsewhere across the tree of life, including the existence of self-splicing RNA (Kruger et al. 1982) and telomeres (Blackburn and Gall 1978). This Chapter reviews the basics of ciliate genomes and discusses the implications of genome processing on ciliate evolution.
Cognitive Control Processes And Hypnosis
Authors: Egner Tobias , Raz Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The striking changes in perception and conscious awareness that can be achieved with hypnotic induction have fascinated psychologists for many years. How does one account for neurologically healthy subjects who, following hypnotic induction and appropriate suggestions, report to perceive an illusory voice, or negate seeing an object placed right in front of them? To hypnosis researchers, the recent advent of cognitive neuroscience has brought forth great promise, with new techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowing us to take a peek into the hypnotized brain. However, the benefits of a cross-talk between the fields of hypnosis and cognitive neuroscience research are mutual, for hypnotic suggestions can serve as a rich avenue for the investigation of fundamental brain processes (Raz and Shapiro 2002).
New Paradigms Of Hypnosis Research
Authors: Jamieson Graham A , Hasegawa Harutomo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In hypnosis, verbal suggestions, in responsive individuals, can lead to remarkable alterations in subjective experiences. These include atypical changes in perception (positive and negative hallucinations), pain (analgesia), memory (amnesia) and the experience of volition. Some behaviours may appear to occur without volitional control (ideomotor suggestion) whilst others occur despite volitional control (challenge suggestion). The considerable effects of hypnotic suggestion on somatic physiology have been successfully applied to the treatment of a variety of medical disorders, i.e. the effects of hypnosis may be observed in phenomenological, behavioural and physiological data. Historically, research paradigms in hypnosis have emphasized methodologies largely restricted to one or another of these possible data sets.
Time Distortion, And The Nature Of Hypnosis And Consciousness
Authors: Naish Peter LN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the phenomena and claims that have been linked to hypnosis, such as pain control, memory modification or even enhancement of the immune system (Gruzelier et al. 2002a), it may seem strange to focus upon something as obscure as its effect on timing. In fact, among the alleged effects of hypnosis, time distortion seems to have a rather spe- cial characteristic, making it valuable when trying to understand the nature of hypnosis itself. Before I explain that characteristic, and describe the associated research, I will begin by showing why research on the other phenomena (while valuable for other reasons) may not be best placed to explain the nature of hypnosis.
Minimal Surfaces
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We here review the theory of minimal surfaces, especially in 3-manifolds. Monotonicity properties of codimension one minimal surfaces, e.g. barrier surfaces, the maximum principle etc. complement the role of monotonicity in the theory of groups of homeomorphisms of 1-manifolds. When we come to study taut foliations in earnest in Chapter 4, we will see that both kinds of monotonicty are tightly entwined, and lead to a rich and beautiful theory.
Essential Laminations
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a short chapter, whose purpose is mainly to introduce the definition and some basic properties and examples of essential laminations and genuine laminations. This is a rich and important theory, but in some ways outside the main focus of this book. We refer the interested reader to the papers [89], [92], [95], [94], [96], [150], [2] for some of the highlights of the theory.
Integrability in classical mechanics
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integrable systems are non-linear differential equations (DEs) which ‘in principle’ can be solved analytically. This means that the solution can be reduced to a finite number of algebraic operations and integrations. Such systems are very rare – most non-linear DEs admit chaotic behaviour and no explicit solutions can be written down. Integrable systems nevertheless lead to very interesting mathematics ranging from differential geometry and complex analysis to quantum field theory and fluid dynamics. In this chapter we shall introduce the integrability of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This is a fairly clear concept based on existence of sufficiently many well-behaved first integrals, or, as a physicist would put it, constants of the motion.
Random variables and their distributions
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You wish to ask each of a large number of people a question to which the answer “yes” is embarrassing. The following procedure is proposed in order to determine the embarrassed fraction of the population. As the question is asked, a coin is tossed out of sight of the questioner. If the answer would have been “no” and the coin shows heads, then the answer “yes” is given. Otherwise people respond truthfully.
Probability
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cover probability around the middle of the semester (see Section 12.3), and by that time a few probability examples have already arisen in class. In covering descriptive statistics (see Chapter 3), we discuss the concepts of one- and two dimensional distributions along with the basic use of the normal distribution. We informally introduce probability calculations in the context of random sampling for data collection (see Section 5.1.1). This chapter has some examples and demonstrations focused specifically on probability. More theoretical probability examples appear in Chapter 15, with some of the easier problems in Section 15.2.
Student activities in survey sampling
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principles of active student participation that we have discussed in the context of an introductory statistics course can also be used in more advanced classes. Part I of this book contains many activities on sampling that we also use in our more advanced courses. For example, Section 8.1 describes a demonstration in which students draw samples of candies from a bag and weigh them. The candies are of different shapes and sizes; the larger ones are easier to grab, which leads to sampling bias. The activity on family size (Section 5.1.6) demonstrates size-biased sampling, and the examples of wacky surveys in the news (Section 5.1.3) offer a variety of examples of bias. Section 10.2 has many examples of selection bias.
The decision-theory approach to inference
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earlier chapters of this book have adopted what might be termed a classical, or frequency-based approach to inference. In the next two chapters we describe a different approach based on Bayesian methods and decision theory. This chapter focuses on decision theory—Bayesian concepts are introduced sparingly and discussed more generally in Chapter 7. Other approaches to inference will be discussed in the subsequent chapters.
Nature of chemoreceptor stimuli and chemoreceptor responses
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The carotid and aortic bodies are stimulated by natural blood-borne agents, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidaemia. There are interactions between these variables so that the effects of hypoxia are greater in the presence of a raised PaCO2 or a reduction in pHa. Conversely, the effects of hypercapnia are greater in the presence of hypoxia. The chemoreceptors are also stimulated by local stagnant hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia; in the case of mild anaemic hypoxia, there is excitation of the aortic bodies but not of the carotid bodies.
Reflex interactions
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, vagally mediated R-R interval fluctuations synchronous with respiration, was first observed in animals. Stephen Hales (1733) first documented respiratory fluctuations of blood pressure, and the philosopher and physiologist Albrecht von Haller (1778) first observed respiratory fluctuations of heart rate. Ewald Hering (1871), Heinrich Hering’s father, showed that with moderate lung inflations, cardioacceleration occurs during the inspiratory phase of respiration, and Fredericq (1882) showed that respiratory fluctuations of heart rate persist in animals with open chests, in the absence of respiratory movements and changes of pulmonary and thoracic stretch receptor activity. Heinrich Hering (1930) showed also that respiratory sinus arrhythmia is abolished by bilateral vagotomy and carotid artery occlusion. Schneyer (1935a), Schweitzer (1935), and Anrep et al. (1936) showed that respiratory sinus arrhythmia is dependent critically on the level of baroreceptor stimulation of vagal nuclei; both low and high arterial pressures tend to abolish sinus arrhythmia.
Hypertension
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the powerful pressure sensing and regulating role of the carotid sinuses by Heinrich Hering in 1923 led to the intuitively attractive hypothesis that baroreceptor malfunction causes hypertension. This hypothesis was supported by his studies conducted in anaesthetized dogs, which showed that acute carotid sinus baroreceptor denervation provokes hypertension (Hering 1924; Koch and Mies 1928). However, it was not long before evidence against this hypothesis began to appear. As early as 1934, Koch and Mattonet showed that baroreceptor denervation does not necessarily lead to hypertension. In 1936, other arguments were raised by the study of G.W. Pickering et al., which showed that unilateral carotid artery occlusion in hypertensive patients increases blood pressure. Persistence of this reflex response in hypertensive patients suggests that carotid baroreceptors are sensing pressure changes and initiating appropriate reflex adjustments.
The origin and diversification of major groups: environmental-patterns and macroevolutionary lags
Authors: Jablonski David , Bottjer David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil record contains a wealth of information on the origin and radiation of higher taxa, and on the evolutionary dynamics of lower taxa within them, but these have been relatively neglected from an ecological perspective. We have analysed the environment of first appearance for 41 major groups of benthic marine invertebrates that originated in postPalaeozoic times (including all currently recognized orders plus the echinoid superorder Microstomata). Of the 25 taxa with relatively good preservation potential, 18 first appear in onshore environments (i.e. settings above mean storm wave base).
Major evolutionary radiations of the planktonic Foraminiferida
Authors: Hart M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The planktonic Foraminiferida are passive floaters in the water column of the world’s oceans and are capable only of small diurnal movements in response to feeding strategies. Appearing in the Triassic/Jurassic they evolved slowly through the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, but became more diverse in the mid-Late Cretaceous. Following the KIT extinction event the group expanded rapidly, reaching an acme in the mid-Eocene. Following the Oligocene ‘collapse’ they have remained at or about the same level of diversity throughout the Neogene.
Directional macroevolution of the diplograptacean graptolites: a product of astogenetic heterochrony and directed speciation
Authors: Mitchell Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graptolite macroevolutionary history comprised a succession of rapid evolutionary radiations initiated by structural innovations in colony design. The Diplograptacea arose abruptly during the late Arenig, probably as the result of a major rearrangement of a four-branched proximal structure such as that of Phyllograptus. Subsequently, the stemgroup differentiated along several paths through simplification of the primitive diplograptacean’s complex pattern of colonial development (astogeny).
Evolutionary diversification of echinoderms during the early Palaeozoic
Authors: Smith Andrew B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest radiation in the history of echinoderms is supposed to have taken place during the Cambrian when many taxa of low diversity and high categorial rank suddenly appeared in the fossil record. This stems, however, from our poor knowledge of the Cambrian fauna and an arbitrary system of taxonomy. Both morphological and ecological diversification at this period are, in reality, much less spectacular. A phylogenetic tree, constructed from cladistic analysis and stratigraphical occurrence data, provides the basis for an evolutionary interpretation of events during this period. By considering the scheme of synapomorphies from a functional point of view a picture of the ecological diversification of echinoderms is built up.
General family accounts
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seven pelican species are closely related and, with cormorants, anhingids, and sulids form the core of the Order. They are largely freshwater birds whose breeding biology is dominated by the need to catch large quantities of fish comparatively near to the breeding colony, a requirement imposed by the enormous biomass of the brood and its rapid growth. If the colony itself is huge, the demands on local food sources are enormous. Moreover (apart from the brown pelican), having largely forfeited the sea and specialized in fishing in shallow water, from the surface, their colonies are highly dependent on productive lakes and wetlands.
Pelicans
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monotypic. Rosy pelican P. o. roseuspreviously recognized by some authors, including Brown and Urban (1969) but variation in P. onocrotalusseems sufficient to account for differences. At Lake Shala, Brown and Urban noted four colour types from almost white with pinkish underparts and virtually no breast patch to dark brown with orange-brown neck, breast and abdomen and even darker breast patch. Upper wing coverts and back grey-brown. Colours apparently acquired during breeding period and rarely seen far from breeding localities. Dark brown birds never described in more northern breeding sta-tions but prevail in most southerly.
Characterizing pollen sculpture of three closely related Capparaceae species using quantitative image analysis of scanning electron micrographs
Authors: Vezey Edward L , Skvarla John J , Vanderpool Staria S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pollen grains of three closely related species, Cleomella longipes, Oxystylis lutea, and Wislizenia refracta (Capparaceae subfamily Cleomoideae), have microreticulate sculpture, with muri surrounding scrobiculate lumina. Sculpture variation was assessed by computerized image analysis of 51 scanning electron micrographs (16-18 per species). Measurements from each grain (per cent muri coverage, lumina perforation density, and three size/shape variables) were compared by U PG MA cluster analysis, resulting in three distinct clusters corresponding to pollen grains of each species. Conversion of the five continuous characters to discrete character states using gap-coding indicates the potential utility of image analysis data for cladistic analysis.