bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joyce and Mann, Citizen Artists
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The realm of personal attitude and belief lies beyond one frontier of criticism; but Joyce’s informal concerns and formal convictions are indigenous to his art-and to literary history as well. That Joyce and Eliot-especially in “Prufrock, “ Ulysses, and The Waste Land-were significantly related to English literary Modernism, and even that the two works of 1922 were related to each other, has long been more or less evident. But like the relations propounded in Part I between Joyce’s novel and two antecedent works not in English, his significant relation to a German contemporary has not: with one exception, in Anglo-American criticism only minor connections have been made. His attack on anti-Semitism in Ulysses was one aspect of a profound difference in concerns and convictions from the other members of Pound’s modernist triumvirateand of a corresponding affinity with Thomas Mann-manifested in Joyce’s art. If the particular kind of concerns and convictions Joyce and Mann share makes this chapter seem (at best) ancillary to the general enterprise of the book, the cause may lie less in the chapter itself than in expectations based on AngloAmerican critical practice in our century. Critics have attended not only to a writer’s representation of social reality, but also to expressions of public morality in a writer’s work (such as its treatment of anti-Semitism), and even to public ideas (political ideology) adumbrated in it.
The Dilemma of Journalism: Democracy Without Citizens
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beyond the metaphorical marketplace of ideas lie two markets that are quite real: the economic and the political. In ideal visions of the marketplace of ideas, competition in these two markets drives journalism to excel. In practice, the competition prevents journalists from supplying the kind of news that would allow the average American to practice sophisticated citizenship. Because most members of the public know and care relatively little about government, they neither seek nor understand high-quality political reporting and analysis. With limited demand for first-rate journalism, most news organizations cannot afford to supply it, and because they do not supply it, most Americans have no practical source of the information necessary to become politically sophisticated.
Transactions Costs and Internal Labor Markets
Authors: Rosen Sherwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Coase’s first lecture reveals a surprising aversion toward mathematics. Curious, coming from one of the few economists who has a theorem named after him. In fact an easy case can be made that Ronald Coase is responsible for two theorems, a lemma, and, according to some, an identity. The Coase theorem is at this point well beyond further discussion. The second theorem is the remarkable one on the timeconsistent, subgame perfect equilibrium for a durable goods monopolist-the poor soul who is forced to either destroy some property or else act as a perfect competitor because it is impossible to commit now to actions that are not credible in the future except when monopoly power remains unexploited (Coase, 1972). The lemma is not as well known, but should be. It is stated in some remarkable work with Fowler in 1935, the first known attempt to fit an intertemporal arbitage condition, an Euler equation, to real data. Coase and Fowler were dubious about the rationality of cobweb theory as an explanation for the pig cycle. Raising pigs happens to be a very specialized business. Breeders sell young pigs to feeders, who in turn sell them in the slaughter market after they have grown to the proper size. Coase and Fowler reasoned that easy money could be made in the first-stage transactions unless the average market prices paid for young pigs reflected expectations about the price of pork some nine months later, the period in the 1930s (now it is six months) over which animals were held prior to slaughter, and they verified the hypothesis empirically in British data. The work is instantly recognized today as a version of the rational expectations hypothesis and acknowledged as such by Muth in his important paper on the subject.
Treaties as Sacred Texts
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anthropologists have recognized that although the content of a tradition may change, its structure still persists. If this is so, one way to approach the language of North American Encounter era diplomacy is to look at the traditional rituals practiced by Indians today. These contemporary ceremonies may suggest useful pathways for understanding at least some of the tribal traditions referred to in the treaty literature of the past.
Treaties as Connections
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We now have a better understanding of how American Indians of the Encounter era thought about their treaties. In American Indian visions of law and peace, a treaty was a way of satisfying a sacred command to share in the good thoughts of peace with different peoples.
Indians sought out treaty relationships for other reasons, as well. On the North American Encounter era frontier, connection to others was a prerequisite for survival. Indians understood at the most basic level that making connections with others was a life-and-death matter. Given the harsh realities of survival in indigenous North America, those who failed to establish reliable relationships of sharing and reciprocity were confronted with dire prospects. Individuals with no friends or kin alliances in the tribe could find themselves in desperate straits.
Treaties as Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The language of North American indigenous diplomacy generated many different ways of envisioning a treaty. Treaties as sacred texts enabled different peoples to attain “one mind” according to a timeless divine plan for all humankind.1 Treaties as connections made survival more assured on a multicultural frontier. Treaties told as stories enabled treaty partners to imagine a world of human solidarity. Understanding these different ways of envisioning a treaty makes it possible for us to discern several of the important constitutional principles that Wood lands Indian groups believed governed their multicultural treaty relationships with European-Americans during the Encounter era.
One Thousand Years of Feminist Bible Criticism
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whatever Route Women took to self-authorization and whether they were religiously inspired or not, they were confronted by the core texts of the Bible, which were used for centuries by patriarchal authorities to define the proper roles for women in society and to justify the subordination of women: Genesis, the Fall and St. Paul. Since male objections to women thinking, teaching and speaking in public were for centuries based on biblical authority, the development of feminist Bible criticism can be seen as an appropriate and perhaps not unexpected response to the constraints and limitations imposed upon women’ s intellectual development by religiously sanctioned gender definitions.
Conclusion
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Feminist Consciousness consists (1) of the awareness of women that they belong to a subordinate group and that, as members of such a group, they have suffered wrongs; (2) the recognition that their condition of subordination is not natural, but societally determined; (3) the development of a sense of sisterhood; (4) the autonomous definition by women of their goals and strategies for changing their condition; and (5) the development of an alternate vision of the future. Because of the way women have been structured into patriarchal institutions, because of their long history of educational deprivation and of their economic dependence on males, women have had to overcome many obstacles before this process of coming-into­ consciousness could be achieved.
How Can Displaced Workers Find Better Jobs?
Authors: Hoffman Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Americans have long had a love-hate relationship with technology. On the one hand, we embrace the new consumer products made possible by technological change, while on the other we fear the loss of jobs. We want to have a growing economy and new products, but there seems to be some trade-off between economic growth and job security. Faced with the reality of technological unemployment, workers have tended to react first with militancy and a sense of outrage at having lost their jobs, even though there have generally been well-paying jobs requiring new skills available. The example, however, of textile production in early industrial Britain, and the tales of two American cities-Lowell, Massachusetts, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-teach that workers have eventually learned new skills, and often higher incomes, as a result of technological change.
Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Trade Deficit?
Authors: Thomas Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
America’s foreign trade deficit is commonly attributed to a fundamental decline in our ability to compete with foreign goods, both at home and abroad. The popular view is that America must wrestle back the initiative in world markets, and become “Number One” yet again. The dry stuff of the trade statistics are thus clothed with an emotional mystique-of America losing the world trade game, of losing national face, and of becoming weak in the world (losing out to Japan and Germany, against whom we fought and won a World War). Such rhetoric is at best misplaced, and may even be downright dangerous.
Fulton’s Folly
Authors: Walton Gary M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite popular belief, it is not the free market that causes monopoly, nor the logic of laissez faire that constricts competition, but rather government intervention in the economy that gives unfair advantages to vested interests. Cable franchises, the Postal Service’s exclusive government-operated first-class mail services, Amtrak’s monopoly on passenger train routes, or telephone companies’ lack of competition for local calls are not the products of unfettered capitalism. Established operators fight hard to eliminate competitive threats; corporate presidents line up with top union officials to press for legislative protection against foreign competition, while banks support statutes forbidding business across state lines. Of course, such monopoly privileges are typically asked for, and granted, in the name of the “public interest,” but the common good is invariably better served by open markets, which generate productivity advances, stimulate trade, and lower the costs of goods and services. The role of government as a guarantor of monopoly, and the effects this has on the public interest, may be seen from many episodes in American economic history, but perhaps nowhere as clearly as in the colorful, early nineteenth-century era of steamboating.
Does Government Interventionin the Economy Hurt Competitiveness—Or Help It?
Authors: Uselding Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although it is widely believed that the rapid pace of American technological advance has been due to the incentives inherent in a system of laissez-faire, the federal government was a catalyst for technological advance during the nineteenth and for much of the twentieth century. For instance, federal legislation and support was instrumental in the development of precision machining industries, in lifting agricultural productivity, and in the genesis of computer technology. Indeed, the Federal government has encouraged innovations and their diffusion throughout the private market economy throughout most of our history-a fact of special relevance to the current policy debate about national economic performance or competitiveness.
Competitiveness and the Antieconomics of Decline
Authors: Mccloskey Donald N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A nation speaking the language of Shakespeare wins a world war and takes command of the balance of power. It builds the largest economic machine in history, and is acclaimed on all sides as having the most energetic businesspeople, the most ingenious engineers, the smartest scientists, and the wisest politicians. Then everything goes to hell. An upstart challenges its economy, beating it at its own game. The former paragon, a decade or two after the hosannas, comes to be scorned, at any rate at home, as having the laziest businesspeople, the stupidest engineers, the dullest scientists, and the most foolish politicians. It becomes in the opinion of the world (or at any rate in the opinion of homefront journalists and politicians) a New Spain or a New Holland, a byword for a failed empire.
Time and Space
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the things that’s striking about that final scene in Shakespeare in Love is its suggestion of an abundance of time and space: all possibilities are open; nothing is ruled out. “Had we but world enough and time,” the poet Andrew Marvell wrote regretfully, acknowledging that he did not. But in this cinematic image of a backside, an empty beach, and an uncharted continent, it seems that we really do.
Individual historians, like Marvell, are of course bound by time and space, but history as a discipline isn’t. Precisely because of their detachment from and elevation above the landscape of the past, historians are able to manipulate time and space in ways they could never manage as normal people. They can compress these dimensions, expand them, compare them, measure them, even transcend them, almost as poets, playwrights, novelists, and film-makers do. Historians have always been, in this sense, abstractionists: the literal representation of reality is not their task.
Structure and Process
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historical landscapes differ from cartographic landscapes, however, in one important respect: they are physically inaccessible to us. Anyone mapping even the most remote regions of the earth’s surface can visit or at least photograph the terrain in question. Historians can’t do that. “No Egyptologist has ever seen Ramses,” Marc Bloch points out in The Historian’s Craft. “No expert on the Napoleonic Wars has ever heard the sound of the cannon at Austerlitz.” Historians “are in the predicament of a police magistrate who strives to reconstruct a crime he has not seen; of a physicist who, confined to his bed with the grippe, hears the results of his experiments only through the reports of his laboratory technician.” As a consequence, the historian “never arrives until after the experiment has been concluded. But, under favorable circumstances, the experiment leaves behind certain residues which he can see with his own eyes.”
Causation, Contingency, and Counter Factuals
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I’ve tried to make the case, in the last two chapters, that the search for independent variables in the social sciences can’t succeed because the procedures upon which it depends are based on an outmoded view of the so-called “hard” sciences. Social scientists during the twentieth century embraced a Newtonian vision of linear and therefore predictable phenomena even as the natural sciences were abandoning it. Hence, the methodological passing of ships in the night.
The historians, in contrast, have remained happily on their methodological island, going about their business largely unaffected by these trends, for the most part hardly even aware of them. Those few like Marc Bloch and E. H. Carr who bothered to scan the horizon saw the paradox: that the ship sailing toward the historians was that of the “hard” sciences, which don’t deal with human affairs at all, while the one fading from view was the one that claimed, at least, to be building a science of society. But Bloch died—at the hands of the Gestapo, in France, in 1944—before he could expand this argument.
Moral Dilemmas and Ethical Inquiry
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Advances in medical knowledge and technology, together with social and political changes, have raised a number of well-publicized moral dilemmas for patients and physicians. Less well publicized, but no less important, are the troubling conflicts of value that arise for nurses in these changing circumstances. As an example of the sort of dilemma created by the special role and responsibilities of nursing, consider the following case. Kim Holt, a new staff nurse with more than three years of oncological experience in another hospital, was assigned primary responsibility for Ann Hernandez, a recent divorcee in her mid-forties who had just been diagnosed as having cancer of the colon with metastasis involving lymph nodes, a cancer for which there is no proven effective treatment. Ms. Holt had cared for Mrs. Hernandez/or three days preoperatively and had established good rapport with her. Mrs. Hernandez’s being heavily sedated immediately after surgery plus Kim Holt’s being off duty the next day prevented communication between the two until the second postoperative day. That day it soon became apparent to Ms. Holt that, while Mrs. Hernandez had been informed that she had cancer, she had not been informed about the seriousness of her condition or of her very poor prognosis. Thus, her initial response to the patient’s inquiries about details of treatment and when she would be able to return to work was judiciously vague. 3
Nurses and Clients
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Moral dilemmas arising from encounters between nurses and clients generally raise one or more of the following questions. First, under what circumstances, if any, and for what reasons, if any, may a nurse treat an adult client as if he, or she were a child? In other words, how can what we will call “parentalism”1 be justified? Second, under what circumstances, if any, and for what reasons, if any, is a nurse justified in deceiving a client? Modes of deception may range from nonverbal pretense to withholding relevant information to outright lying.
Ethical Dilemmas Among Nurses
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In their practice, nurses work closely with other nurses. Since a nurse’s activities normally overlap with those of other nurses, her practice affects and is affected by the practices of others. In addition, most nurses either supervise or are supervised by nurses. Given such interdependence, ethical dilemmas involving relationships among nurses are inevitable and understandable. The following case illustrates one such dilemma. Jane Robinson, a twenty-eight-year-old nurse with a BSN and several years’ nursing experience, has been working part time for three weeks in a small rural community hospital. She is evening charge nurse on a twenty-bed medical and pediatric floor two evenings a week and on a surgical floor the third evening. When Jane accepted her position, she realized that she would be meeting a new set of challenges nearly every evening. One busy evening when a patient on the medical floor was supposed to get phenobarbital, Jane mistakenly went to the wrong cabinet, took out codeine, and gave it to the patient. At the end of the shift Jane checked the narcotics count with Shirley Tucker, a thirty-two-year-old LPN on the midnight shift known for her thoroughness and who is planning to return to school to become an RN. As Shirley counted aloud the remaining narcotics and barbiturates, Jane wrote the same total that had previously been noted for each rather than writing the actual count. She did not realize what she had done.
Parisius-Paradisus: The City, Its Schools, and the Origins of the University of Paris
Authors: Ferruolo Stephen C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The city of Paris and its university grew up together. It was exactly in the same era-from the early years of the twelfth century through the first de cades of the thirteenth-that Paris became the greatest city in northern Europe, the capital of an increasingly powerful French kingdom, a major commercial center, and the site of what was arguably the first and--certainly for a long time remained-the preeminent university. The connections among these three aspects of the city’s development (political, economic, and educational) suggested by this temporal coincidence have not been explored as closely as one might think. Partly this has been a matter of the degree of specialization among historians, who have become less and less willing to cross the boundaries of their subspecialties. Historians of universities, and in particular those who work on medieval universities, have tended to write constitutional or intellectual history, focusing on the internal development of their institutions, rather than social history, which would require that they look more broadly at the relationship between the university and society.
Commerce and Culture: Edinburgh, Edinburgh University, and the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Phillipson Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the first three centuries of its existence Edinburgh University was a civic university in the strictest sense of the term. The Royal Charter of 1582 which authorized the Town Council of Edinburgh to establish schools and colleges in the city (“with advice, however, of the ministers”) also gave it extensive if vaguely defined powers to regulate the affairs of the new Tounis College. From the outset these powers were widely interpreted, were jealously guarded, and became a source of constant friction between town and gown. Thus, the Town Council quickly established its absolute control over the finances and buildings of the college; over the apointment of principals, professors, and regents; over discipline; and, above all, over the curriculum.
Science as Vocation in Burckhardt’s Basel
Authors: Schorske Carl E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Basel in the nineteenth century can best be understood as a viable anachronism. Surviving from the medieval era as a city-state, it managed to maintain a substantial measure of its political autonomy and much of its patrician dominated social structure. From the Renaissance era it retained a humanistic cultural tradition within a new world of powerful modem nation-states, big cities, big business, and technological culture. Determination to remain small was essential to the Basel elite’s successful defense of its civic tradition and, for a long time, its social power. In a modem world that worshiped growth as health and bigness as bounty, especially in cities, Basel long resisted expansion. In 1780 it had about 15,000 inhabitants-only 15 percent more than in 1600. In 1848 it had 25,000. Only slowly in the second half of the nineteenth century did the resolution of the entrenched merchant oligarchy weaken under the temptations of new economic opportunities and the pressures of sociopolitical demands from below to meet the conditions for urban expansion. Yet not until 1880 did Basel’s population pass the 80,000 mark.
Schulpforta (1858-1864)
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I believe my brother was often judged falsely by teachers, although they acted very friendly toward him. I was once told that they had suspected him of having a mocking opinion of them-but nothing was further from his mind. He had the liveliest admiration for their scientific research, he esteemed the stringent truthfulness of their method most highly, and he spoke only with the greatest respect of them, especially of Corssen, Steinhardt, Keil, Koberstein, and Peter. He never made disparaging remarks even about their weaknesses, great or small, but disregarded them; he evidently found it unpleasant to speak about that subject. His respectful heart was practically revulsed by crude jokes to that effect.