bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
You Are Doing Burikko!: Censoring/Scrutinizing Artificers of Cute Femininity in Japanese
Authors: Miller Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A journalist writing for the New York Times (Kristof 1995) offered the following description of a female elevator operator at the Mitsukoshi department store in Ginza: “The Voice is as fawning as her demeanor, as sweet as syrup, and as high as a dog whistle. Any higher and it would shatter the crystal on the seventh floor.” The author is reporting on the high-pitched voice frequently considered a stereotypical feature of the burikko, a derogatory Japanese label used to describe women who exhibit feigned naïveté. The word is derived from the term buru ‘to pose, pretend, or act’ and the suffix -ko, used for “child”or “phony girl.” This chapter will argue that the burikko designation does not simply reflect the uniform affectation of a childlike persona but rather is primarily established through situated social judgment elicited by a combination of speaker, recipient, and setting. A variety of linguistic and nonverbal phenomena are assessed as constituting the makeup of a burikko performance. I will look at some folk perceptions and media representations of the burikko and will also provide examples of socially contextualized occasions of talk in which burikko features in its evaluation.
Prosody and Gender in Workplace Interaction: Exploring Constraints and Resources in the Use of Japanese
Authors: Ohara Yumiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many previous studies of the Japanese language have made a distinction between the speech used by women and men (e.g., Ide 1979, Jugaku 1979, Shibamoto 1985, Shibatani 1990). One of the primary bases for this distinction has been the observation that the Japanese language includes certain gentler linguistic items that are used by women (e.g., the first-person pronoun atashi and the sentence-final forms wa and no yo) and certain rougher items that are used by men (e.g., the first-person pronoun ore and the sentence-final particles zo and ze). It is frequently assumed that it is socially unacceptable for women and men to cross these boundaries and use linguistic forms inappropriate for their gender. In other words, social expectations about language in Japan work as constraints that control, or at least influence, how women and men actually use language.
A World of Uncertainties and Change; A World of Certainties and Stability
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our human destiny has always been to live in a world of contra dictions. On one hand, that world brims with daily uncertainties and endless change. Elmer Hankies describes it as an “alien” world, full of unknowns and dangers-seen and unseen.1 Uncertainties and change stream into our lives, spreading a layer of “situational fears” over our deeply repressed existential anxiety.
Leadership in Crisis: The Dangers of Creating God
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searching for leaders to guide us through turmoil is perfectly understandable, but we followers tend to want much more than mere guidance. We want leaders who will forthwith slay the dragons that beset us so that we can once again sleep peacefully in our beds. We desire nothing less than leaders who can swiftly whip turmoil and confusion into order and omniscience. In short, we, like the ancient Greeks, want superhuman, divine leaders, albeit in human form.
Detecting the Early Signs of Toxicity in Leaders and Their Noble Visions
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the toxicity of a leader is full-blown, we easily recognize it. In many cases, we can avoid these obvious characters. Escaping the magnetic pull of more subtle toxic leaders or those in the early stages of toxicity is far more difficult, for they attract us with challenges and visions that excite and entrap us before we perceive their negative potential. In this chapter, let’s explore how we might detect the nascent signs of toxicity in leaders and their noble visions.
Defining “Creole” as a Synchronic Term
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been claimed that there are no synchronic features distinguishing creole languages from other ones, such that the term creole is in the strict sense solely a socio historical one, referring to certain languages born as lingua francas amidst heavy contact between two or more languages (Kihm 1980a: 212, Mufwene 1986a, Chaudenson 1992: 135, Corne 1995a: 121). This idea, however, has rarely been subjected to close scrutiny from a typological perspective. In this paper, I will explore the hypothesis of what I have called the Creole Prototype more closely.
The Paleobiology of the Pavlovian People
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Svoboda Jiří A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These paleoanthropological considerations of the human remains from the sites of Dolní Věstonice I and II and Pavlov I, in their archeological and taphonomic contexts, provide a modest window into the biocultural patterns of these Pavlovian or central European early Gravettian human populations. Even though the sample size remains small and a number of the elements sustained significant postmortem modification, their detailed analysis and the ongoing analyses of their associated archeological re- mains make it possible to make a few observations concerning these populations. Given their proximity in time and, especially, space, it is likely that these human remains are a sampling of a regional lineage of early Gravettian human populations occupying and exploiting the central European landscape between approximately 27,000 and 25,000 radiocarbon years b.p., with the majority of the more complete remains from burials dating to between 26,000 and 25,000 years b.p. (Chapter 3). Only the direct date on the isolated and unprovenienced Dolní Věstonice 35 femur falls outside of these ranges, and it remains uncertain to what extent that later date is due to contamination. The populations were generally very mobile but, as the evidence of large settlements shows, were also suited to periods of sedentary life.
The Bubble and the Media
Authors: Dyck Alexander , Zingales Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A growing body of literature (e.g., La Porta et al., 1997) compares corporate governance systems across countries by comparing the set of rules and regulations in these countries. Almost invariably the United States comes atop of such rankings. In fact, the United States is often considered the champion of the shareholders’ value model and the example other countries should follow. At least, this was true until recent corporate scandals and the ensuing bankruptcy of corporate giants such as Enron and WorldCom.
Institutions, Corporate Governance, and Crises
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Johnson Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevailing view among economists, international policymakers, and business people is that economic crises are largely the result of mismanaged macroeconomic policies. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), for example, focuses its atten-tion on persuading countries to change these macroeconomic policies. Edwards (1989) analyzes the 34 IMF programs with high conditionality between 1983 and 1985, and provides a breakdown of the typical requirements. Four of the five most common conditions required by the IMF are: control of credit to public sector, control of monetary aggregates, devaluation, and control of public expenditures.
That Man As Politician
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chief Magistrate does not succeed merely by being magisterial. He will fail as President if he fails as politician. He is not merely the head of state. He is the head of the prevailing political party. The cohesive power of its loyalties and organization is an instrument of government. His office is a political office under the necessity of policymaking, which calls for leader­ ship. He occupies the office that represents the whole nation, not one state or district. If the President does not bring to it the elusive and variable qualities that add up to leadership, he loses much of the influence, if not the legal power, of his office. And in our system, influence on public opinion is the very substance of power.
Roosevelt’s aptitude for political leadership had little chance to develop during his governorship, where he inherited a smoothly running and well­ organized state government. His capacity as a purely political leader also was obscured in the war period of his presidential administrations because the normal tendency to oppose and resist leadership falters in wartime. Hence the real political leader showed himself only between his accession to the Presidency and the outbreak of the war. But this was a longer period than most Presidents enjoy.
That Man As Economist
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of The Litigations and other matters that presented legal aspects were also economic matters. It always seemed to me that the President was at his weakest in dealing with economic or business problems. He had not engaged in business as my law practice had compelled me to do, and he had no personal knowledge of its methods or its problems. He tended to think of economic matters as personal rather than impersonal forces. He was much inclined to think about economic matters in terms of rights and wrongs. He was inclined to think that we were prosecuting a group of businessmen because they had done some moral wrong, and that if he talked to them and made them see that their course was morally wrong, they would do something about it.
When we were considering the commencement of Department of Justice actions in 1937 to dissolve the motion picture combines, I went to the President and told him that I wanted to start an action against them. The President said, “Well now, of course, they’ve been doing wrong, but do you really need to sue these men? If you would bring them in here and let me talk with those fellows, don’t you think they would change their practices? I think they can be straightened out.” My answer, of course, was that these men were in a sense victims of their practices as well as perpetrators of them. It was a system that had grown up to where no one man or group could break it up without the intervention of government. Even if they all decided they ought to break it up, they could not do it. It was not a moral problem. It was not a right and wrong problem. It was a social and antisocial problem that did not reach moral concepts. What the President found difficult to envision was that they were caught up in a course of business practices that they were as powerless to escape from individually as if they were prisoners.
A Rule Obligatory upon Every Department the origins of judicial review
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing description of eighteenth-century constitutionalism is misleading in one respect: it privileges a version embraced by American Whigs. Their understanding was at one time close to that held by Whigs in England, but Englishmen and Americans faced different problems and had to address their problems in different institutional settings. Not surprisingly, they came over time to see the customary constitution through different lenses. The concept of fundamental law in the mother country and in the colonies diverged, evolving gradually in England into the system of legislative sovereignty so famously celebrated by Blackstone. This development was by no means unheeded or unopposed, and pockets of resistance could be found even in London well into the nineteenth century. But holdouts were few in number, and by the middle of the eighteenth century the orthodox view in England located sovereignty in Parliament rather than in the people out-of-doors. And with this development, the tradition of constitutional- ism described earlier began to lose its grip, particularly the idea of “legal” resistance to unconstitutional legislative measures. This is why many in England were genuinely puzzled, and not merely angered, by the rebellion in America.
The Power under the Constitution Will Always Be in the People the making of the constitution
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The Supreme Law of the Respective States” The delegates to the Federal Convention brought this whole range of attitudes and ideas with them to Philadelphia. During the course of the deliberations, a number of delegates assumed or openly supported a power of judicial review. A few just as openly opposed it—the most forthright statement to this effect coming from John Francis Mercer, whose brother James had been one of the judges to affirm the power in Caton. Still others admitted to being uncertain, while most of the delegates had probably not given the matter much thought. Of course, only a minority of the delegates, no more than ten out of fifty-five, are recorded as having expressed any sentiments at all. Further complicating matters, there was no comprehensive or direct discussion of judicial review at any point in the proceedings, only a series of comments made during debates on other topics. Nevertheless, the record we have does support a few conclusions.
To Preserve the Constitution, as a Perpetual Bond of Union the lessons of experience
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of judicial supremacy, as we have already seen, never disappeared entirely. Federalists and former Federalists did not all change their minds simply because they lost the election of 1800 and suffered the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801. Some did, perhaps, but more than a few diehards clung to views about the judiciary formed in the 1790s, including the belief that federal courts were principally, and finally, responsible for the law of the Constitution. They even picked up an occasional convert along the way, like Joseph Story—an ostensible Republican, appointed to the Supreme Court by Madison and branded an “insidious democrat” by the high priest of High Federalism, Timothy Pickering.
Investment Grade Corporate Bonds: Option Adjusted Spreads
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporations borrow money by issuing bonds, which are debts. They can be bank loans or short-term funding, including commercial paper. Or they can be medium term notes or private placements in which debts are issued to a restricted group of lenders. However, in this book, corporate bonds refer to public bond issues, available for any investor to buy and sell. This chapter will keep the discussion on credit risk to a minimum. The impact of the firm’s likelihood of default on the bond’s value will be discussed at greater length in chapter 9.
Modern Growth Theory
Authors: Meier Gerald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New growth issues now go beyond dual sector models (as discussed previously in chapter 4) to quantitative accounting for the sources of growth, emphasis on total factor productivity (TFP), and introduction of the new growth theory. These issues expand the relationship between capital and development to incorporate a more generalized interpretation of capital that recognizes not only physical capital but also the importance of human capital, knowledge capital, and social capital. Correspondingly, there are new public policy implications for development.
Why Did Legal Enforcement Fail to Stem the Avalanche of Fraud?
Authors: Frankel Tamar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is enough law on the books. Why did legal enforcement fail to stem the avalanche of dishoneshty during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s? To be sure, as the materials in chapters 7–10 have shown, the rules that imposed barriers to temptations were relaxed in the past three decades. But there are sufficient prohibitions on abuse of trust, and even more recent tougher federal punishment guidelines to stem the tide. Criminal and civil sanctions are attached to the regulation of the stock market and distribution of securities.1 In addition, some elements of fraudulent activities, standing alone, were made crimes long ago. For example, sending false advertising; money laundering;2 posting fraudulent materials through the mails;3 and obtaining money under false pretenses are all crimes.4 There are still many institutions and individuals to enforce the laws.
Noah Webster and the Demoralization of the Body Politic
Authors: Daniel Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1841, the eminent British geologist Charles Lyell visited the New Haven home of the equally eminent author of An American Dictionary of the English Language, Noah Webster. During his visit, Lyell expressed great interest in the work of the aging lexicographer, and as he was leaving asked Webster how many words he had personally contributed to the language he had taken such pains to document and define. Only one, replied Webster, “to wit, demoralize,” a word he had first used in a pamphlet on the French Revolution published “about the year 1793.” Webster was eighty-three years old at the time, but his memory was sharp. He had first used the word “demoralize” in his pamphlet The Revolution in France, published in New York in 1794. But although he was the first writer to use the word in English, the term demoralize was an anglicization of the French verb demoraliser, a neologism coined in France in the 1790s and recognized by the Academie Français in 1798. Webster probably ran across the word in the many French pamphlets and newspapers that crossed his desk at the American Minerva, the newspaper he edited in New York. But why did this particular word catch his eye, and why did he use it in his essay on the French Revolution?
By the time Webster wrote The Revolution in France at the end of 1793, he was profoundly disillusioned by events in France, and although he still expressed support for revolutionary principles, he had become sharply critical of revolutionary practices.
Judgment Concerning the Legality of the General Security Service’s Interrogation Methods (September 6, 1999)
Authors: Israel Supreme Court of 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The State of Israel has been engaged in an unceasing struggle for both its very existence and security, from the day of its founding. Terrorist organizations have established as their goal Israel’s annihilation. Terrorist acts and the general disruption of order are their means of choice. In employing such methods, these groups do not distinguish between civilian and military targets. They carry out terrorist attacks in which scores are murdered in public areas, public transportation, city squares and centers, theaters and coffee shops. They do not distinguish between men, women and children. They act out of cruelty and without mercy.
Can the War against Terror Justify the Use of Force in Interrogations?
Authors: Gur-Arye Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987, after the public in Israel found out that the Israeli General Security Services (GSS) had used force in interrogating Palestinians suspected of “hostile terrorist activity,” a commission of inquiry chaired by former Supreme Court president Moshe Landau (hereinafter the Landau Commission) was established. The Commission held that the use of moderate force by the GSS in interrogating terrorist’s suspects is permissible by virtue of the criminal law defense of necessity. A special Public Committee against Torture in Israel was established following the Landau Commission report. The Committee, as well as other human rights groups in Israel, consistently publicized detailed reports on the GSS’ methods of interrogations, and challenged the legality of these methods before the Israeli Supreme Court. In 1999 the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the coercive methods used by the GSS following the Landau Commission’s recommendations are illegal. The Israeli Supreme Court ruling should be read as a response to the ongoing protests against the Landau Commission’s conclusion permitting the use of moderate force in interrogating suspects of terrorist activities.
The European Convention on Human Rights and Its Prohibition on Torture
Authors: Aoláin Fionnuala Ní 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well known, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) prohibits torture and inhuman and degrading treatment. The European Court is generally lauded for its extensive and detailed jurisprudence interpreting article 3 of the Convention, with the predictable caveat of academic and policy quibbles around individual decisions. The Court has moved from an early jurisprudential tentativeness to a liberal interpretation of the requirements of proof for torture and an expansion of multiple institutional and individual contexts in which the prohibition is applicable. More-over, recent decisions suggest a significant move toward a “horizontal” application of the torture prohibition, which means that states are held responsible for a failure to curb or prevent the actions of private parties that lead to the experience of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment.
Loose Professionalism, or Why Lawyers Take the Lead on Torture
Authors: Weisberg Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Others in this symposium have amply demonstrated that the practice of torture through the years—apart from the physical and psychic pain visited on the victims—has been fraught with risks to those who inflict it as well. The torturer through history can be characterized as naive (in his hope that confession or disclosure will be accurate) or as cynical (in his indifference to the inaccuracy that usually follows from the practice), or as self-absorbed (in his need for the torture victim to utter formulas that support the torturer’s worldview) or as sadomasochistic (in his literal brutality, often tempered by the phrase “this hurts me more than it hurts you”). None of these descriptions reflects well on the torturer or the society condoning the practice. Against these risks, periodically, apologists for the practice invoke special emergency conditions (whether spiritual or geopolitical), as though the world had never before seen such conditions.
Introduction: The Most Democratic Branch
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 2005, for the first time in history, Congress ordered the federal courts to reexamine a case involving the right to die. The case involved Terri Schiavo, a young woman who collapsed from a heart attack in 1990 and whose brain suffered a severe oxygen loss that left her in a coma. In 1998, after winning a malpractice suit against the doctors who failed to diagnose Terri’s eating disorder, her husband, Michael, argued in court that she would have wanted her feeding tube to be removed. Her parents responded that Terri would have wanted to stay alive, insisting that Michael, who had become engaged to another woman, was not a reliable representative of Terri’s wishes. A state judge agreed with Michael Schiavo that Terri would have wanted to refuse treatment, based on her statements to her husband and relatives; and after two other state courts affirmed the decision, he ordered the tube to be removed in 2001. After further legal wrangling, the Florida legislature passed court order in Terri’s case; nearly a year later, the Florida Supreme Court unanimously struck down “Terri’s law” as an unconstitutional attempt by the legislature to delegate judicial powers to the executive branch. Another year of legal fights ensued, and in February 2005, the state judge once again ordered Terri’s feeding tube to be removed.