bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmony and Dissonance in Free Movement
Authors: Maduro Miguel Poiares 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a generalized perception that the European Court of Justice has adopted different approaches to the different free movement rules included in the Treaties. In particular, the free movement of goods has ‘benefited’, until recently, from a wider scope of application. Contrary, to what has for long constituted the standard approach to the free movement of persons, the free movement of goods was constructed as requiring more than national treatment and non-discrimination in regard to goods from other Member States. Even non-discriminatory restrictions on trade on goods could constitute a violation of Community rules if not justified as necessary and proportional to the pursuit of a legitimate public interest. The freedom to provide services has somewhat occupied a middle ground between the interpretation given to the goods and persons provisions.2 Recently, following the Court’s decision in Keck and Mithouard, 3 a reversal of fortune appears to have taken place regarding the Court’s approach to the different free movement provisions, with the free movement of persons and the freedom to provide services now benefiting from a more ‘aggressive’ interpretation in comparison with the free movement of goods.
Voidable Derivative Transfers of Title to Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the proprietary effect of rescinding a payment of money. It describes the instances where the payer’s intention is prima facie legally effective but where he or she can rescind the payment because the intention to pay rested on an improper basis. The topic is distinct from that touched upon in the last chapter, which considered the possibility that a payment of incorporeal money might be reversed by re-crediting the originator’s account.1 Rights of rescission apply generally to all kinds of money.
Enforcement of Title to Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A study of the circumstances in which a person retains or takes a proprietary interest in money leads naturally to the topic of how that interest should be enforced. This chapter considers in a general way how a person with a legal or equitable title to a money asset would enforce it against another person whose title to the money was weaker. Much of this turns on general matters of the law of property, tort and trusts so the account which follows is deliberately kept at a rather general level. It provides more detail on certain questions where the character of money as property warrants some special analysis.
Measuring the autistic spectrum
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a screening instrument that can be used from 4 years of age through to adulthood. It measures how many autistic traits an individual shows, and can be used right across the population, not just in clinics. The AQ has been tested in terms of its clinical validity. The AQ still needs to be evaluated for its utililty as a population screen. This will entail evaluating what proportion of cases in a population the instrument correctly detects., There are related versions for children (the Child AQ) or teenagers (the Adolescent AQ). There is also a toddler version, the Q-CHAT (Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Todlers). [These are all freely available as downloadable files at ], If you are a parent or a professional and are concerned about whether a particular child or adult might have an autism spectrum condition (ASC), the AQ can be a quick, useful indicator to determine if a full diagnostic assessment is warranted. Adults who are high-functioning and who suspect they might have ASC can also fill in the AQ themselves, for the same purpose.
Intervention, education, and treatment
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Special education makes a difference, as does individual and family support. New treatments are heralded every year, and many of them turn out to be nothing more than hype. Be wary of following the latest fashion in treatment lest this turn out to be costly not only in terms of your family savings, but also in terms of your time and stress levels. The critical piece of advice is that when you read in the newspaper or on the web that there is a breakthrough new treatment or intervention for autism or Asperger syndrome, do not rush to take your child to get that treatment. Wait, look at and be cautious.
Mental health promotion, prevention, and early intervention in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hill Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child mental health promotion or, restated with a slightly different emphasis, the prevention of child and adolescent mental health disorders, is something that health authorities are expected to include in commissioning. The Health Advisory Service includes it in its standards, for instance (Health Advisory Service 2000). It is conventionally recognized as a different activity from clinical assessment and treatment. Various authorities have argued that it needs to be expanded, since existing resources for assessment and treatment are inadequate for their task, yet are also unlikely to expand sufficiently to treat all cases.
Caring for ethnic minority and refugee children
Authors: Dwivedi Kedar Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a supposition of cultural psychology that when people live in the world differently, it may be that they live in different worlds. (Shweder 1991: 23) The population of Great Britain (www.statistics.gov.uk ) in 1998 was about 56.7 million, including 53.0 million whites and 3.7 million ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities include black Caribbean 0.5 million, black African 0.3 million, black-other 0.29 million, Indian 0.94 million, Pakistani 0.56 million, Bangladeshi 0.23 million, Chinese 0.16 million, other Asian (non-mixed) 0.19 million, other-other (including mixed) 0.4 million.
Comparative analyses: challenges facing CAMHS in North America
Authors: Offord David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the major challenges facing the delivery of child and adolescent mental health services in North America. The situation in the United States is covered first, and then this is compared with the circumstances in Canada. The chapter ends with a consideration of some lessons from the North American experience that may be helpful in other jurisdictions. In the United States, the majority of children and adolescents with a diagnosable mental disorder do not receive any mental health services (Burns et al. 1995; Leaf et al. 1996).
A picture of child and adolescent mental health services in England and Wales at the end of the twentieth century
Authors: Browning David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1998 and 1999, the Audit Commission undertook a major review of the child and adolescent mental health services in England and Wales. The Commission oversees the external audit of local authorities and the National Health Service in both countries and is required by parliament to undertake audits that enable it to comment on the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of services. Its remit is thus very wide, and, over the years, it has undertaken a number of reviews of children’s services including hospital services (Audit Commission 1993), health and social services that promote the wellbeing of children (Audit Commission 1994), youth justice (Audit Commission 1996a) and various aspects of education (Audit Commission 1996b, 1999a).
History of Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery of Hip and Knee
Authors: Picard Frederic , Moody James E , DiGioia III Anthony M , Jaramaz Branislav , Saragaglia. Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a growing number of operating rooms around the world, orthopaedic surgeons are being assisted by computers and computer-enabled technologies. These synergistic partnerships of humans and machines benefit patients by increasing the accuracy of surgical execution and by increasing the surgically relevant information available to the physician before, during, and after surgery. A first description of principles and devices for stereo taxis was reported in 1906 by Clarke and Horsley.
Total Knee Replacement: Navigation Technique Intra-Operative Model System
Authors: Stulberg S David , Saragaglia Dominique , Miehlke Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of total knee replacement surgery depends on several factors, including proper patient selection, appropriate implant design, correct surgical technique, and effective peri-operative care. The outcome of total knee replacement surgery is particularly sensitive to variations in surgical technique.1–8 Incorrect positioning or orientation of implants and improper alignment of the limb can lead to accelerated implant wear and loosening and suboptimal functional performance.
Computer Assistance in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Klos Tiburtius V S , Habets Raymon J E , Banks Anne Z , Banks Scott A , Devilee Roger J J , Cook Frank F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the most frequently performed major orthopaedic procedure in the young adult population. Patients receiving a cruciate reconstruction at a mean age of 27 years will live an average of 50 to 60 more years. Thus, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction should be considered a high precision procedure, requiring a durable reconstruction with excellent functional stability in an active and demanding population. Any improvements in the precision of graft placement will likely benefit patients.
Clinical Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many cancer treatments are notoriously challenging, though fortunately there is a lot ‘that healthcare staff can do to minimize their patients’ distress. This chapter looks at some of the main clinical areas of oncology and considers how these services can deliver optimal supportive care. Supportive care is ultimately tied to the clinical situations that patients and professionals find themselves in. For healthcare professionals this ‘clinical context’ involves the challenge of providing different cancer treatments at different stages of the patient’s illness. The more professionals are aware of the psychosocial effects of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the better equipped they are to minimize their damage to the individual patient’s quality of life. However, residual problems often only become apparent after active treatment has ended, so as cancer increasingly becomes a chronic illness for many, there must be a corresponding emphasis on cancer rehabilitation. Finally, this chapter takes a brief look at the supportive care of people who are dying, and the mourning of those that they leave behind.
New materials and methods II: long-term peritoneal dialysis becomes possible
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meanwhile, a similar but less publicized revolution occurred in the field of peritoneal dialysis. However, even though becoming well established as a treatment for acute renal failure during the 1960s, it would take 20 years more before a viable alternative to really long-term haemodialysis became available.
Even so, it is worth remembering that the first long-term peritoneal dialysis patient, Mae Stewart, a 33-year-old black woman from San Francisco, started treatment before Clyde Shields and Harvey Gentry began haemodialysis in Seattle in March 1960, using a Murphy–Doolan catheter (see Fig. 11.16c) at the beginning of 1960.
Learning to respond to diversity
Authors: Kai Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relating to others is more difficult when they appear different from us. In a diverse society we need to be willing to accept the discomfort of unfamiliarity and uncertainty that other’s difference may bring. Developing knowledge about local cultural practices and beliefs is useful. However, it is unrealistic for health professionals to know about the myriad of different cultural issues that may arise. Rather they should be sensitized to the importance of diversity and develop generic skills to respond.
Care of older people
Authors: Rait Greta , Iliffe Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The care of older people is complex and challenging, involving physical and psychological co-morbidity, disability and socio-economic factors. Ethnicity, of course, contributes to this picture. Ethnicity is not in itself problematic. It is one way to deepen our understanding of heterogeneity in populations and how this is reflected in health, illness and disability.
Haemoglobin disorders
Authors: Gill Paramjit , Modell Bernadette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The haemoglobin disorders—thalassaemias and sickle cell disorders—are recessively inherited conditions that have profound implications for individuals, families, and health services. Haemoglobin disorders occur in all ethnic groups, but they are most common among those whose origins are outside of Northern Europe. The major disorders cover a wide spectrum of clinical severity (Table 19.1).
Short-term dynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Hobbs Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) has been the subject of renewed clinical and research interest since the third edition of this textbook, both in its own right and in conjunction with other models of short-term psychological therapy. This heightened interest reflects the increasing demand for psychological (‘talking’) treatments from patients resistant to the ready prescription of psychotropic medications, the contemporary expectation for rapidly effective treatments, and the economic imperatives of health care provision. Characterized by its relative brevity, short-term dynamic psychotherapy emphasizes a focus on identified core problems, an active therapist style, and therapeutic exploitation of a time limit.
Cognitive psychotherapy
Authors: Allen Nicholas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by recognizing the difficulty of providing an exhaustive definition of cognitive therapy while its applications and concepts are diversifying rapidly. The cognitive model of psychopathology and therapy is presented in the context of its historical development, where it can be seen as a distillation of certain themes from experimental psychology, behaviour therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. The seminal work of Aaron Beck and his colleagues is emphasized, and the therapy is presented as a directive and time-limited approach, which focuses on helping patients to gain new skills in managing distressing emotions and other psychological symptoms.
‘Traditional’ Legal Scholarship: A Personal View
Authors: Jones Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS is A Personal View, based on my thirty three years as a law teacher at Cambridge (preceded by two at Oxford and three at King’s College London) and in the United States, at the Harvard Law School and (more importantly-for me) at the Law School of the University of Chicago, although I have enjoyed the hospitality of other United States law schools, most recently at Texas. I have lectured in many other common law jurisdictions, but not for any extended period of time, three to four weeks at the most. For these reasons my observations, given the constraints of forty minutes, will be directed to my academic life and experience in Cambridge and in the United States.
The Comparatist (or a Plea for a broader Legal Education)
Authors: Markesinis Basil S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Probe everything and retain the best’ (St Paul, I, Thessalonians, 21) OSCAR Wilde’s views about those who lose not one but both parents are well known. How he would have reacted to someone who is about to deliver his fourth inaugural lecture is a matter of speculation. For my part, however, I feel that this record3 allows me some latitude to avoid delivering a lecture on a narrow and purely legal point. This may not be a bad thing since an inaugural lecture is, in essence, a public lecture and thus should be addressed to the entire university community and not only to one’s own faculty. This must be particulary apposite in this case since our University, . possessed in abundance by the great figures of my under the umbrella structure of the Europaeum, is attempting to bring together not only lawyers from different systems but also scholars from different disciplines. I have thus chosen to highlight some of the attributes which those involved in my subject should possess. I am reinforced in my view that this is a fitting topic for discussion since up to now much has been written about comparative law-not least by Oxford Scholars-but little about its thespians. This lecture could be seen as a first, if idiosyncratic, attempt to fill the gap.
Problem-based learning scenarios
Authors: Path Rona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The object of these case histories is to form a realistic scenario around which problem based learning can take place. It is suggested that these scenarios are discussed with a group of students or with students individually, and a list made of the facts needed to respond to the questions. Students can then use both this book and the wider world of journals, larger textbooks, and a computer search to gather together the knowledge needed. This can then be presented to a group of fellow students 2–3 weeks later.
A teaching facilitator is valuable to guide the knowledge search if it appears to be going off course, or if the facilitator perceives that the information which the students perceive they require is far beyond the scope needed. The facilitator is there to point out sources of information which the students may have missed, but not to collect the data for them.
Cutaneous infections and infestations
Authors: Path Rona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 7-year-old boy is brought to you by his mother. He has a history of atopic dermatitis, which still troubles him in the winter months, mainly on his face and in the popliteal fossae. In the past 3 days he has developed widespread, but superficial crusting on his cheeks. He is otherwise well.
Autoimmune or connective tissue diseases, disorders of collagen and of elastic tissue
Authors: Path Rona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 23-year-old woman consults you about what she considers to be severe facial sunburn. She has just returned from her honeymoon on a Mediterranean island, where she was exposed to strong sunshine. Three months earlier she had started taking the oral contraceptive. On questioning she also complains of tiredness and joint pains.
Consumption behaviours, problems, and dependence
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of the dimensions refers to the behavioural parameters of drug taking. The most immediately obvious features of drug consumption behaviour involve frequency and quantity of drug use. Obvious or not, many misunderstandings arise in discussions of drug problems through a failure to distinguish between infrequent, frequent, and regular patterns of use, or between low-dose and high-dose use. Drug consumption behaviours are related to different types of risks and problems.
Other drug treatments
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prescribing of heroin/diamorphine to addicts is sometimes, mistakenly, regarded as a key feature of the ‘British system’. The misconception that heroin is widely used in Britain is partly due to a failure to distinguish between the uses of diamorphine to treat medical conditions and its uses in the treatment and management of addiction. Heroin is not a prohibited medicine in the UK. Any doctor can prescribe it for medical conditions other than addiction. In general medical practice, the use of heroin is not regarded as either radical or controversial. For example, heroin is commonly used both by family doctors and by hospital physicians in the treatment of pain and other medical conditions.
Duration, intensity, and setting
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patient outcomes are extremely variable after drug misuse treatment. Some patients become drug-free and remain abstinent after treatment. Some become abstinent but relapse to drug use. Others achieve varying degrees of improvement in terms of reduced frequency of use, reduced quantity, or reductions in drug-related problems. Many move through complex cycles of improvement and deterioration in terms of the multiple domains of drug use, alcohol use, crime, social functioning, and mental and physical health problems. In recent years, researchers have made increasing efforts to identify and study specific factors that may account for this variability in posttreatment outcomes. Mclellan et al. ( 1997b) asked, if treatment is effective, what makes it effective? And what are the ‘active ingredients’ of treatment?
Communication skills
Authors: King Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Respect for other people is the basis for confident professional relationships in dental practice. Much misunderstanding can be avoided if information is honestly shared and explanations given in an empathetic way so that the other person’s perspective is taken properly into account. This includes relationships with people receiving dental care, with the dental team, and with the dental profession. There are many times when good communication is needed, for instance taking a history, responding to questions, motivating people, calming an anxious child, explaining a procedure to someone who speaks another language and obtaining a person’s consent to be treated.
Medical emergencies including therapeutics
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of medical emergencies within the dental setting cannot be overestimated. They may range from commonly encountered vasovagal and hyperventilation episodes to life threatening events.The GDC The First Five Years(2002) document refers to medical emergencies in the undergraduate curriculum: Medical emergencies are also referred to in the Subject Benchmark Statements for Dentistry (QAA 2002) as follows: Myocardial infarction Human disease and therapeutics requires integrated learning between basic sciences and the clinical dental specialties. At the completion of training the dental graduate should have a broad knowledge, understanding, and clinical skills derived from the human disease curriculum throughout the undergraduate curriculum.
Isolation and moisture control
Authors: Burke Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During operative care copious amounts of fluid can accumulate in the patient’s mouth. These fluids can come from hand pieces and the three-in-one syringe. Furthermore there can be increased levels of saliva as well as gingival exudate and even blood. Such accumulation of fluids can be uncomfortable for the patient and obscure the operating site. Moisture contamination can have an effect on the quality of adhesive restorations (Summitt 2001). A lack of appropriate isolation can not only lead to potential contamination of the root canal system in endodontic therapy but can also heighten the medico-legal exposure of the operator.
Dental materials science
Authors: Fleming Garry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dental materials are essential to many areas of dentistry including restorative dentistry (Chapters 2.5, 2.6, 2.7), paediatric dentistry (Chapters 2.1a, 2.1b, 2.1.c), dental implants, orthodontics (Chapter 2.3) and reconstructive maxillofacial surgery (Chapter 2.7). Paragraph 79 of the second edition of The First Five Years(GDC 2002) states that: The GDC elaborates further on communication with technical staff and states that: In order to understand the key material properties of dental materials for specific clinical applications, it is important that the students recognize and understand the fundamental building blocks that make up the different materials, namely metals and alloys, polymers and ceramics and glasses.