bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renegotiation In Repeated Oligopoly Interaction
Authors: Farrell Joseph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What determines whether an oligopoly can sustain prices above competitive levels, and if so how much above?1 Modern oligopoly theory offers two general answers to this question. First, there are static models in which price competition is muted because of product differentiation or because firms compete in dimensions less cut-throat than price; the main examples are Cournot oligopoly theory and models of spatial product differentiation. But these models ignore the often obvious dynamic features of oligopoly markets: in particular, firms’ actions are based on predictions about competitors’ reactions.
The British-Irish Council
Authors: Walker Graham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The British-Irish Council (BIC), more popularly known as ‘the Council of the Isles’, constitutes one part of Strand Three of the Belfast Agreement of 10 April 1998. It is one of the institutions connecting the governments and nations of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and is the subject of an international treaty between the two states, attached to the Agreement. The EiC brings together representatives of the British and Irish Governments, devolved institutions in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and representatives of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
Germany
Authors: Zimmermann Andreas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Federal Republic of Germany signed the European Convention on Human Rights on 11 November 1950 and ratified it on 5 December 1952. On 5 July 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany made declarations under Arts. 25 and 46 of the Convention, both being valid for a period offive years. They have since been renewed periodically. The scope of application of these declarations had also been extended to all additional protocols which the Federal Republic of Germany has ratified. Finally, the 11th Additional Protocol was ratified by Germany on 2 October 1995. On 4 November 2000 Germany also signed the 12th Additional Protocol.
France in the 1780s
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most important feature of eighteenth-century France was that it was essentially a rural society. Ten times as many people inhabited France’s villages and farms as do today. Perhaps 28 million people inhabited France in 1780: if we define an urban community as one with more than 2,000 people, then only two persons in ten lived in an urban centre in the eighteenth century. The great majority inhabited 38,000 rural communities or parishes with, on average, about 600 residents. A glimpse of two of them reveals some of the central characteristics of that distant world.
The Revolution of 1789
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than 1,200 deputies from the three estates gathered in Versailles late in April 1789. The expectations of their constituents were boundless, exemplified in the publication by a self-styled ‘roturier’ (commoner) from Anjou in western France of a seven-page Ave et le crédo du tiers-état, which concluded with an adaptation of the Apostles’ Creed: I believe in the equality that Almighty God, maker of heaven and earth, has established among men: I believe in the liberty which was conceived by courage and born of magnanimity; which suffered under Brienne and Lamoignon, was crucified, died, and was buried, and descended into hell; which will soon be resurrected, will appear in the midst of the French, will be seated at the right hand of the Nation, from where she will judge the Third Estate and the Nobility.
The Microeconomics of Technological Systems
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book sets out to explore the generation of technological knowledge and the introduction of technological change. Cristiano Antonelli enters this new area of debate by arguing that increasing returns in the production of knowledge apply, albeit under a very specific and contextual set of complementary conditions. Increasing returns can take place within technological districts and clusters where qualified interactions among connected innovators make it possible to take advantage of the modular indivisibility and cumulativeness of technological knowledge. Antonelli illustrates his argument by reference to technological systems and complementarities, irreversibility, and collective knowledge; by examining the role of learning and technological communication as key factors in defining the rate and direction of change within technological systems; and by identifying technological districts and clusters within a theoretical framework which values local externalities, irreversibility, and endogenous structural change. "The Microeconomics of Technological Systems" proposes a general, interpretative framework which identifies, qualifies, and specifies the specific context and processes which make it possible for increasing returns to apply in the localized production of technological knowledge and change. In so doing, it builds on the results of systematic explorations of the microdynamics of technological knowledge and change over a large number of European technological districts and clusters centred on new communication and mechanical engineering technologies.
The Econometrics of Macroeconomic Modelling
Authors: Bardsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconometric models, in many ways the flagships of the economist's profession in the 1960s, came under increasing attack from both theoretical economist and practitioners in the late 1970s. Critics referred to their lack of microeconomic theoretical foundations, ad hoc models of expectations, lack of identification, neglect of dynamics and non-stationarity, and poor forecasting properties. By the start of the 1990s, the status of macroeconometric models had declined markedly, and had fallen completely out of, and with, academic economics. Nevertheless, unlike the dinosaurs to which they often have been likened, macroeconometric models have never completely disappeared from the scene. This book describes how and why the discipline of macroeconometric modelling continues to play a role for economic policymaking by adapting to changing demands, in response, for instance, to new policy regimes like inflation targeting. Model builders have adopted new insights from economic theory and taken advantage of the methodological and conceptual advances within time series econometrics over the last twenty years. The modelling of wages and prices takes a central part in the book as the authors interpret and evaluate the last forty years of international research experience in the light of the Norwegian 'main course' model of inflation in a small open economy. The preferred model is a dynamic model of incomplete competition, which is evaluated against alternatives as diverse as the Phillips curve, Nickell-Layard wage curves, the New Keynesian Phillips curve, and monetary inflation models on data from the Euro area, the UK, and Norway. The wage price core model is built into a small econometric model for Norway to analyse the transmission mechanism and to evaluate monetary policy rules. The final chapter explores the main sources of forecast failure likely to occur in a practical modelling situation, using the large-scale nodel RIMINI and the inflation models of earlier chapters as case studies.
Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing, 1770-1840
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decades between 1770 and 1840 are rich in exotic accounts of the ruin-strewn landscapes of Ethiopia, Egypt, India, and Mexico. Yet it is a field which has been neglected by scholars and which - unjustifiably - remains outside the literary canon. In this pioneering book, Nigel Leask studies the Romantic obsession with these 'antique lands', drawing generously on a wide range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century travel books, as well as on recent scholarship in literature, history, geography, and anthropology. Viewing the texts primarily as literary works rather than 'transparent' adventure stories or documentary sources, he sets out to challenge the tendency in modern academic work to overemphasize the authoritative character of colonial discourse. Instead, he addresses the relationship between narrative, aesthetics, and colonialism through the unstable discourse of antiquarianism, exploring the effects of problems of creditworthiness, and the nebulous epistemologicial claims of 'curiosity' (a leitmotif of the accounts studied here), on the contemporary status of travel writing. Attentive to the often divergent idioms of elite and popular exoticism, Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing plots the transformation of the travelogue through the period, as the baroque particularism of curiosity was challenged by picturesque aesthetics, systematic 'geographical narrative', and the emergence of a 'transcendental self' axiomatic to Romantic culture. In so doing it offers an important reformulation of the relations between literature, aesthetics, and empire in the late Enlightenment and Romantic periods.
The Lender of Last Resort: Alternative Views and Historical Experience
Authors: Bordo Michael D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent liquidity assistance to failing savings and loans and banks (some insolvent and some large) in the U.S. and similar rescues abroad have prompted renewed interest in the topic of the lender of last resort. Under the classical doctrine, the need for a lender of last resort arises in a fractional reserve banking system when a banking panic, defmed as a massive scramble for high-powered money, threatens the money stock and, hence, the level of economic activity. The lender of last resort can allay an incipient panic by timely assurance that it will provide whatever high-powered money is required to satisfy the demand, either by offering liberal access to the discount window at a penalty rate or by open market purchases.
Myths about the Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Goodhart Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are few issues so subject to myth, sometimes unhelpful myths that tend to obscure rather than to illuminate real issues, as is the subject of whether a central bank (or an international fmancial institution (IFI) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF)), should act as a lender of last resort (LOLR).
Financial Contagion
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a long tradition of regarding dislocation in the fmancial sector as a cause of economic fluctuations (Friedman and Schwartz 1963; Bernanke 1983; Bernanke and Gertler 1989). According to this view, fmancial crises are important because they raise the costs of intermediation and restrict credit, which in turn restrain the level of activity in the real sector and ultimately can lead to periods of low growth and recession.
Forum Shopping and Venue in Transnational Litigation
Authors: Bell Andrew S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rules by which a venue is selected and settled upon for the resolution of any given transnational dispute have fostered a complex, fascinating and burgeoning body of law of great commercial significance. As courts and legislatures seek to fashion sophisticated yet practical jurisdictional responses to this issue, practitioners strive to maximize their clients' prospects of success by securing their own preferred venue. For so long as different forums yield the prospect of different outcomes in the resolution of any given dispute, litigation about where to litigate is inevitable. Forum shopping is the province of plaintiffs and defendants alike. This book examines the fascinating competition to win the battle for venue in transnational litigation. It first identifies and analyses the pre-conditions and incentives for forum shopping. These serve to explain not only the frequent intensity of interlocutory litigation relating to questions of venue but also the reason why much transnational litigation settles once the issue of venue is resolved, in turn underlining the practical significance of the subject. The guiding principle of the 'natural forum' - the common law's conceptual response to disputed questions of venue - is subjected to detailed analysis and compared with the more orderly response of jurisdiction-regulating conventions, most successfully effected in EU Regulation 44/2001 and its progenitor, the Brussels Convention. Then the various techniques of what can be called 'reverse forum shopping' including the evolving law relating to anti-suit injunctions and its interplay with the concept of international judicial comity are considered in detail. Finally, the book examines the role of, and the law relating to, jurisdiction and arbitration agreements in transnational litigation, including the manifold techniques by which parties seek to (and frequently do) extricate themselves from these forum-selection arrangements.
Partnership in Controlled Decentralization: Local Governments and the Ministry of Home Affairs
Authors: Akizuki Kengo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The phrase, kan-kan settai, has often been in the headlines of major newspapers in Japan in recent years. Meaning ‘officials treating officials’, the phrase refers to the widespread practice of central bureaucrats being pampered with extravagant dinners and gifts by local officials seeking special favours. What people are angry about is that these treats are all paid for from official accounts. Such behaviour is now the target of much criticism, and deservedly so. It clearly belies the image held by some people outside Japan that bureaucrats here are impartial and incorruptible. But it also reflects an important underlying characteristic of Japanese governance in the post-war period, namely, the symbiotic relationship of central and local authorities in the development process. This relationship has changed in the post-war period through a process which is best described as ‘controlled decentralization’, a term which captures both the reality of control and the inevitability of decentralization in Japan.
Municipal Amalgamations
Authors: Mabuchi Masaru 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of the municipality in Japan is that of its amalgamation. In 1883 there were 71,497 municipalities in Japan. From 1883 to 1898, the number of municipalities decreased to 14,289 as a direct result of municipal amalgamation. Five-sixths of municipalities disappeared in those 16 years. From the end of the last century to 1950, amalgamation efforts continued, although they were not as conspicuous. The second drastic change took place from 1950 to 1960. During this period, the total number of municipalities decreased from 10,443 to 3,526. Now there are about 3,245 municipalities. In this way, the average area of municipalities has grown steadily through amalgamation.
The Pursuit and Assessment of Happiness can be Self-Defeating
Authors: Schooler Jonathan W , Ariel Y Dan , Loewenstein George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All sentient creatures presumably favor pleasure over pain. However, only humans, with their unique capacity for planning and self-reflection, have the capacity to deliberately attempt to conduct their lives so as to maximize their hedonic experience. The fact that we are able to consider the potential short- and long-term hedonic benefits of our actions, does not mean of course that it is necessarily advisable to attempt to deliberately maximize happiness.
Self-Signaling and Diagnostic Utility in Everyday Decision Making
Authors: Bodner Ronit , Prelec Drazen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By choosing one alternative over another, we reveal something about our preferences, not just to others but also to ourselves. In a previous paper (Bodner and Prelec, 1997), we described how the model of a utility maximizing individual could be expanded to include diagnostic utility as a distinct source of satisfaction. We review the basic elements of that proposal here.
The Dynamics of Violence
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When did war come to twentieth-century Ireland? The home rule crisis of 1912-14 introduced guns and armies into party politics, but the oncoming confrontation between nationalists, unionists, and the British government was shunted aside by the greater war in Europe. ‘Crisis’ in 1914 was succeeded by rebellion in 1916. In April of that year revolutionary conspirators id manage to turn Dublin into a battlefield for a week. Nevertheless, the small numbers mustered by the army of the Irish republic and the limited scope of their enterprise only earned the title of ‘rising’ (albeit the Rising).
Producer Groups and the Decollectivization of the Mongolian Pastoral Economy
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the decollectivization of Mongolian pastoralism, and analyses the types of groups and institutional frames within which economic activity was conducted in the collective, pre-collective and post-collective eras. The self-provisioning domestic group with small numbers of livestock is contrasted with large-scale pastoral institutions, two institutional settings that have been symbiotically related in the past. It is argued that while large-scale pastoralist operations can provide a number of benefits and economies of scale, institutions capable of providing these to the majority of pastoral households in the current climate are unlikely to emerge through the operation of market forces alone. It falls to policy makers to establish a climate that can support larger scale pastoral operations, or other institutions capable of providing equivalent benefits.
Costs and Constraints in the Economy of the Mind
Authors: Elster Jon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental states-motivations and beliefs-cause behavior. We can go on to ask about the causes of the causes: What explains the beliefs and motivations of the agent? In this chapter, I consider motivations as causal determinants of mental states. This will partly involve recharting familiar territory of motivated belief formation. I also argue, however, for the existence and importance of motivated motivations. My main contention is that while economists have emphasized the costs of forming motivated mental states and ignored the constraints on the process, the writings of psychologist suffer from the opposite one-sidedness. By drawing on both bodies of literature, one can form a more complete picture.
Understanding Under- and Over-reaction
Authors: Massey Cade , Wu George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ability to detect change accurately is vital for economic as well as social success. Consider four very different examples. A baseball manager must decide whether his pitcher has “lost his stuff.” A doctor must determine whether a patient”s health has taken a turn for the worse. A production manager is unsure of whether a manufacturing line is out of control. A central bank needs to determine whether an economy has slipped into recession. In each case, the state of the world may have changed from one “regime” to another. These examples illustrate some of the difficulties associated with detecting change. First, the “signal”in each instance (an errant pitch, a sudden drop in blood pressure, a sharp increase in defective goods, or a precipitous drop in the stock market) is noisy, and thus there is a need to separate the “signal”from the “noise.”Second, a decision-maker must balance between making one of two mistakes. She can over-react (i.e. act as if the world has changed, when it in fact has not) or underreact (i.e. act as if the world has remained the same, when it in fact has changed).
Self-serving Beliefs and the Pleasure of Outcomes
Authors: Mellers Barbara , McGraw A Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
People like to think well of themselves. Most endorse high levels of self-esteem (Greenwald 1980; Baumeister, Tice, and Hutton 1989). They believe they will experience more good outcomes and fewer bad outcomes than similar others (Weinstein 1980). They see themselves as more ethical, more productive, more charitable, and simply better on just about any socially desirable outcome (Alicke 1985). They often attribute their successes to strong skills rather than good luck and their failures to bad luck rather than weak skills (Cohen 1964; Weiner et al. 1971). Finally, they believe they have more influence over chance than reality dictates (Langer 1975; Langer and Roth 1975).
The Dark Side of Opportunity: Regret, Disappointment, and the Cost of Prospects
Authors: Tykocinski Orit E , Pittman Thane S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having opportunities is something we all wish for. We think of opportunities as favorable combinations of circumstances, allowing us a chance to better our standing and progress toward our goals. But far less attention is usually paid to the dark side of opportunities, to the fact that sometimes we would have been better off if certain opportunities had never crossed our doorstep or come to our attention. A closer look reveals that opportunities are sometimes linked to negative emotions; when favorable opportunities are missed we often experience regret, and when the outcomes of opportunities fall short of our hopes and expectations we may experience disappointment. In this chapter we review two different lines of research investigating two phenomena related to the psychological cost of having opportunities: Inaction inertia and retroactive pessimism.
The Genealogical Imagination
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There Can Be little doubt that during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries English men and women became interested in the histories of their own families in ways they had not been previously. The cultural assumptions and social conventions driving such interests are apparent in the various remarks quoted in the last chapter. Students of the history of historiography have been quick to point out the great strides in historical methodology which are owed to the principal architects of systematic family history, the heralds, and have rightly singled out particular famous examples, from Camden to Dugdale, for their erudition and attention to detail. They have also pointed out the degree to which accurate family history, based on documentary and physical evidence (such as monuments) was a slow process of development, with snares of error impeding the path towards a rigorous and sceptical establishment of genealogies. This picture is too simplistic. While it is correct as to the scholarly virtues and insights of certain leading antiquaries, some but not all of whom were heralds, it overstates the collective importance of the heralds as a group. Moreover, it again assumes that the driving impulse behind the advances in historical method during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was a small number of highly educated individuals, while failing to allot any credit to the efforts of the very families which they were studying. To some degree this is a consequence of a rather anachronistic projection of our modern distinction between the ‘professional’ and the ‘amateur’, a division of historical labour that is virtually worthless before the late nineteenth century. It also reflects a lingering positivist notion of the gradual progress of historical knowledge, as the myths and legends accepted by a credulous Middle Ages were gradually dispelled by a heroic few.