bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leibniz And The Animalcula
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leibniz’s theory of immaterial atoms or monads might well be described as a continuation of policy by other means. For although his theory is in line with the seventeenth century’s generally favourable attitude towards atomism, his version, according to which atoms are sentient and even living, is highly unorthodox. It is now safe to say that his opposition to the theory of physical atoms, as well as his objections to the non-atomistic corpuscular physics of Descartes, are well understood. The problems of cohesion, division, composition, and the continuum, and the inadequacy of “matter” as a substratum for force, were sufficient to convince him that the substance of the world could not be composed of atoms or particles possessing only extension, figure, and motion. Less well understood are the developments in seventeenth-century natural science which suggested a different approach to the question of the nature of substance from that supplied by the mainstream of corpuscularian mechanists, and this paper is addressed to that issue.
The Full Voic’d Quire: Types of Interpretations of Music
Authors: Hermerén Göran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role and the freedom of the musician or the conductor, if any, is, of course, not always the same; it varies in different kinds of music (jazz, classical music, pop music, raga, folk music, etc.). It is therefore important to specify which music we are dealing with; the problems of interpretation may be very different depending on what sort of music we have in mind. Moreover, music is not a static phenomenon. It is historical in the sense that the structure and texture of musical compositions have changed over the centuries. This is true also of instruments, forms of production, channels of distribution, and ways of listening, as well as of the expectations and purposes of composers, musicians, and listeners.
Projective Probability
Authors: Logue James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a novel theory of probability and judgements of probability: strong coherentist subjectivism. Logue combines three claims in his exposition of this theory. The first states that probabilities may be treated as the degrees of partial belief of (ideally rational) agents, best established by the examination of behaviour. Thus, probability is personalist. The second claim contends that only such degrees of belief can be construed as probabilities: on this strongly subjectivist view the notion objective chance is, if not conceptually impossible, at any rate redundant. The third, coherentist, claim maintains that minimal coherence of probability-beliefs is all that is necessary for those beliefs to be rational; that is, on this view, weak coherence of a set of beliefs is both a necessary and sufficient condition for the rationality of those beliefs. This theory suggests a quasi-realist perspective, in which probabilities are viewed as projections of subjective evaluations. Provided that these evaluations conform to the standards of coherence, they come legitimately to be expressed in apparently realist of objectivist language. This projectivist outlook provides a convincing rationale for the theory, helps to free it from psychologism and excessive 'Bayesian' zeal, and provides it with smoother solutions to longstanding problems in the area of probability.
Reason and Tradition in Indian Thought
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Professor Mohanty develops a new interpretation of the ontology and nature of Indian philosophical thinking. Using the original Sanskrit sources, he examines the concepts of consciousness and subjectivity, and the theories of meaning and truth, and explicates the concept of theoretical rationality that underlies the Indian philosophies. The author brings to bear insights from modern Western analytical and phenomenological philosophies, not with a view to instituting direct comparisons but in order to interpret Indian thinking. In doing so, he highlights some very distinctive features of Indian thinking.
Language, Education, and Development
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Papua New Guinea's struggle for development is intimately bound up with the history of Tok Pisin, an English-based pidgin which is the product of nineteenth-century colonialism in the Pacific. The language has since become the most important lingua franca in the region, being spoken by more than a million people in a highly multilingual society. Suzanne Romaine examines some of the changes that are taking place in Tok Pisin as it becomes the native language of the younger generation of rural and urban speakers. These linguistic processes, which are by no means complete, have to be understood in the socio-historical context of colonial expansion and strategies for socio-economic development in the post-colonial era.
Likeness and Likenesses in the Parmenides
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Gregory Vlastos’s epoch-making article of 1954 Plato’s Parmenides has meant-for most scholars and philosophers-just one thing: the Third Man regress argument (TMA). This was the effect chiefly, as I judge, of three distinct but intimately connected features of the article.
The Politicus: Structure and Form
Authors: Rowe Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is almost exclusively about the Politicus, one member of the group of the Platonic dialogues generally described as ‘late’ or ‘later’. It represents an initial stage in a much larger project covering Plato’s use of the dialogue form in the corpus as a whole, and his general conception-though that of course may turn out not to be simple or wholly stable-of the doing of philosophy and of writing and the relationship between them. One of the main distinguishing features of this project is that it aims to approach the subject from the bottom up, through the detailed study of particular dialogues, rather than from a generalized discussion of the possible uses to which Plato, and we, might put the method of writing in dialogue form. Given the indirect nature of most of the evidence, it may appear disingenuous to expect much from such an approach. I believe, however, that it is not only useful but necessary, not least in order to set some limits to what has often been a distinctly speculative discussion.
Beyond The Boundaries: Lëtzebuergesch Outside The Grand Duchy
Authors: Hoffmann Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of Lëtzebuergesch in Belgium, France, and Germany would fall into category (I). The West Moselle Franconian dialect continuum either coexists with a single standard language alone, as with German in Germany and French in France, or else shares strict allocation of domain with standard French and standard German, as in Luxembourg. In the case of Belgium, a further distinction must be drawn between those parts of the country ceded to her by the Netherlands in I 839 (‘Old Belgium’, e.g. Arion) and the ones ceded by Germany in 1920 (‘New Belgium’, e.g. St Vith). Both of these share borders with the grand duchy.
Mobilian Jargon
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of Native American languages has traditionally paid little attention to linguistic convergence, just as linguists focusing on language contact have often neglected Native American cases. Drawing both on fieldwork and on archival research Emanuel Drechsel presents a grammatical, sociolinguistic, and ethnohistorical study of Mobilian Jargon, a Muskogean-based American Indian pidgin of the Mississippi valley. Mobilian Jargon functioned as an interlingual medium of communication among linguistically diverse southeastern Native American groups, and in contact between these groups and non-Indians, from at least 1700 until the mid-twentieth century. It also served as a a sociolinguistic buffer, providing native peoples with some protection against outside intrusions. The linguistic and extralinguistic evidence points to a pre-Columbian origin, and a role as a lingua franca among mound-building paramount chiefdoms of the lower Mississippi valley. Because of its focus on a non-European based case, Drechsel's study questions the universality of some concepts developed in pidgin and creole linguistics. It also carries significant implications for the ethnology of Native American peoples, and for the history of North America, suggesting that Native American peoples have had a greater historical role than has been acknowledged hitherto.
Kant’s Theory of Imagination
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book departs from much of the scholarship on Kant by demonstrating the centrality of imagination to Kant's philosophy as a whole. In Kant's works, human experience is simultaneously passive and active, thought and sensed, free and unfree: these dualisms are ofen thought of as unfortunate byproducts of his system. Gibbons, however, shows that imagination performs a vital function in 'bridging gaps' between the different elements of cognition and experience. Thus, the role imagination plays in Kant's works expresses his fundamental insight into the complexity of cognition for finite rational beings such as ourselves. Gibbons begins with an interpretation of synthesis which shows it to be a broader activity than most accounts suggest. Examining the first Critique, she presents a reading of the Transcendental Deduction and the chapter on Schematism that spells out the extraconceptual activities of imagination essential to cognition. This account of imagination is built upon in the Critique of Judgment, where Kant elaborates its role in characterizing the subjective conditions of judgement. Throughout, the cooperation of imagination and reason is highlighted; Gibbons shows that on Kant's account, human beings pursue reason's ideal ends through the provisional and continuing attempt to articulate them. This attempt involves an appeal to a shared social and historical imagination - thus, a full characterization of the subjective conditions of judgement must include the role of imagination.
Swinburne’s Argument from Religious Experience
Authors: Gale Richard m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have long admired Richard Swinburne’s work, not only for the way it has raised the level of discussion in the philosophy of religion by the introduction of technical sophistication and rigour, but even more for its courageous honesty in espousing and defending to the hilt his deepest beliefs and convictions, regardless of whether they are currently in vogue. He is a true professor whose concern is not to look good but to seek the truth, and for this he deserves our deepest respect as a philosopher. Of all his many important contributions to philosophy, the one for which he is most likely to achieve lasting fame is his empirical argument for the existence of God in The Existence of God, a book that will become a classic in my opinion.1 As a result of this work, a return visit from Hume’s Philo is needed, but he had better come loaded for bear, because the weapons that he used so effectively to stop poor Cleanthes in his tracks will be of no avail.
The Philosophical Economy of Plato‘s Psychology: Rationality and Common Concepts in the Timaeus
Authors: Frede Dorothea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is and will remain a sound maxim that a Platonic dialogue should not be interpreted in terms of what Plato says elsewhere. Needless to say, however, this maxim is violated by the exegete all the time. And it is all the more tempting to sin against it if Plato introduces seemingly crucial concepts at crucial points in a text, but then leaves it to the reader to fathom the depth of what is merely hinted at in his all too brief remarks. Especially the recurrence of these crucial concepts in different dialogues provokes the attempt to construe a pattern of explanation into which the isolated remarks can be fitted like the pieces of a puzzle. Such constructions cannot be more than conjectural; there is no guarantee that Plato meant us to fit his scattered remarks together to form a neat picture, no matter how ‘pregnant’ his terminology may seem. But the fact that this is often our only resort is my justification for reading a crucial passage in the Timaeus in the light of the results of a line of interpretation that I have developed in an article on the common concepts in the Theaetetus. Since the limitations of that article did not allow a further pursuit of this line I am glad for the opportunity to resume the discussion here.
Rule and Exception: on the Aristotelian Theory of Equity
Authors: Brunschwig Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘For what is indeterminate, the rule (xαvώv) also is indeterminate (αóϱiσπ o ζ). like the leaden rule used by the Lesbian masons: instead of being rigid, this rule bends and adapts itself to the shape of the stone’ (EN 5. 14. u37b29-32).
Perfection and Reduction in Aristotle‘s Prior Analytics
Authors: Striker Gisela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Lukasiewicz reinstated Aristotle as the founder of formal logic, there has been a wealth of studies of Aristotle‘s syllogistic as a formal system. Against Lukasiewicz‘s claim that syllogistic is a system in which certain theses function as axioms, others as theorems derived from these, it has been argued-convincingly, to my mind-that it would be historically more accurate to represent syllogistic as a system of natural deduction that starts from a set of primitive rules and demonstrates the validity of inferences by showing how their conclusions can be deduced from their premisses.
The Real Molyneux Question and the Basis of Locke’s Answer
Authors: Bolton Martha Brandt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Molyneux, who was dedicated to the experimentalism of the Royal Society, had no use for a priori speculation, but he was fond of posing his question about the newly sighted man. The question concerns a man born blind who has learned to distinguish a solid cube from a globe by touch. If he were made to see, could he immediately distinguish those figures by sight alone? Neither Molyneux nor those to whom he posed this question had closely observed the behaviour or someone cured of congenital blindness. Neverthel , Molyneux thought he knew the answer to the question. The once-blind man would not be able to distinguish the figures by sight alone.
Sensory Ideas, Objective Reality, and Material Falsity
Authors: Alanen Lilli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the problematic notion of material falsity introduced by Descartes in the Third Meditation to account for the unreliability of a subclass of ideas: sense perceptions or sensory ideas. It is one of Descartes’s professed doctrines that ideas, when considered in themselves, without being referred to anything else, cannot be false. Falsity occurs in judgements, and a judgement depends on an independent act of the will: there can be no falsity properly speaking in ideas as such.1 Material falsity, however, seems to be an exception to this rule-it is described as another kind of falsity, intrinsic to some adventitious ideas, notably those of sensory qualities, like heat and cold, of which there is no telling whether they are true or false (AT VII 43; CSM II 30). Is Descartes, as Amauld worried, confusing idea with’ judgement, or worse, is this to be seen as another instance of the inconsistency of his theory of ideas, for which Descartes has been so often charged? The brief account in the Third Meditation is very unsatisfactory indeed—yet I think it is possible to make perfectly good sense of the view there introduced, once all the statements and scattered comments Descartes makes on this obscure topic are put together.
Descartes: The End of Anthropology
Authors: Voss Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a human being? Any systematic philosophy ought to offer an answer to that question. You would think that Descartes’s philosophy would; it is natural to think that his new vision of souls and bodies provides a new way to do anthropology —a new way to conceive human beings. His first intuition, indeed, is that a human being is a compound of a Cartesian soul and a Cartesian human body. But I believe that, when all is said and done, he concludes that he has no answer at all to this question. In the following pages I will display Descartes’s failure to incorporate human beings into his new universe as the culmination of a historical process discernible in his writings. I will argue that he had good metaphysical reasons to conclude that no Cartesian anthropology is possible. Appreciating the story requires attention to shifting patterns within his writings, and to passages absent from as well as present in the text. The story clearly has large philosophical implications, but we cannot examine them now.
Kripke
Authors: Hughes Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saul Kripke, in a series of classic writings of the 1960s and 1970s, changed the face of metaphysics and philosophy of language. Christopher Hughes offers a careful exposition and critical analysis of Kripke's central ideas about names, necessity, and identity. He clears up some common misunderstandings of Kripke's views on rigid designation, causality and reference, the necessary and the contingent, the a posteriori and the a priori. Through his engagement with Kripke's ideas Hughes makes a significant contribution to ongoing debates on, inter alia, the semantics of natural kind terms, the nature of natural kinds, the essentiality of origin and constitution, the relative merits of 'identitarian' and counterpart-theoretic accounts of modality, and the identity or otherwise of mental types and tokens with physical types and tokens. No specialist knowledge in either the philosophy of language or metaphysics is presupposed; Hughes's book will be valuable for anyone working on the ideas which Kripke made famous in the philosophy world.
Where and What is Phonology? A Representational Perspective
Authors: Burton-Roberts Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a tension surrounding the nature of phonology, centring on phonological content and its relation to phonetic phenomena. The ‘what’ in my title concerns this. This chapter highlights the connection between that question and another concerning the status of phonology. The ‘where’ refers to this. Although this latter issue is seldom explicitly raised, the two issues are surely connected. In asking ‘where’ phonology is, I am asking whether phonology should be thought of as included in the language faculty. As the linguistic is usually conceived, phonology is an essential component of the linguistic. So, in questioning the status of phonology, this chapter seeks to place the issue of the nature of phonology in the context of a general tension surrounding the nature of language.
Speaker, Speech, and Knowledge of Sounds
Authors: Docherty Gerard , Foulkes Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to offer a reflection on the theme of ‘where and what is phonology’ from the perspective of investigators whose prime interest is to develop an understanding of variability in speech production. Recent work by the authors (e.g. Docherty et al. 1997; Docherty and Foulkes 1999; Foulkes et al. 1999; Milroy et al. 1999) has investigated aspects of ‘sociophonetic’ variation in a number of varieties of British English. In carrying out this work, we specifically set out to look at what value could be added to our understanding of sociolinguistic variation by bringing to bear a more refined (auditory and instrumental) phonetic analysis than is typically employed in the analysis of consonantal variation, and by considering the findings in the light of accounts of phonological alternations in English appearing in the recent phonological literature. As a result of taking this approach, we have been led to reflect on the interface between these three areas—phonetics, phonology, and sociolinguistics—particularly in respect of whether, jointly, they provide a coherent account of the systematic properties of speech production. The nature of this interface lies at the heart of the issues that are tackled by this volume.
The Anti-Materialist Strategy and the ‘Knowledge Argument’
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an argument (which is generally called the ‘knowledge argument’) which has been used to show that physicalism faces a serious problem. Versions of this argument, in slightly different forms have been much discussed and criticized in recent years. My purpose in this paper is to present the strongest version of the argument and then defend it. Put informally, the argument can be expressed as follows. A deaf scientist (DS) might become the world’s leading expert on the physical aspects of sound and hearing. Assuming science to be more advanced than at present, DS’s knowledge of the physiology, physics, chemistry and AI-style cognitive psychology of hearing might be complete. But there remains something which he does not know. The information he lacks concerns what might variously be characterized as what it is like to hear or what things sound like,orthe phenomenal nature of sound or the qualitative nature of sound. Since he knows all there is to know about the physical process of hearing, that about which he does not know must not be a physical state of affairs: so what it is like to hear, what things sound like, and the phenomenal and qualitative natures of sound must be non-physical features of hearing.
Difficulties with Physicalism, and a Programme for Dualists1
Authors: Forrest Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicalism is not a precise and articulate theory so much as a programme for metaphysical speculation. It has at its core the physicalist thesis, which states that the world, including human beings, can be completely described in physical terms. In addition, the physicalist programme relies only on scientific and causal ways of understanding the world. So it concerns both description and understanding. There are well-known difficulties with physicalism, which are ultimately based on our experience of ourselves. But because it is a metaphysical programme, and not just an isolated thesis, these difficulties are not, and ought not to be, persuasive until we have a satisfactory rival programme of metaphysical speculation. Now, there are equally well-known difficulties with most versions of dualism. And physicalists complain that these force dualists into a series of ad hoc responses. If so, then there is a stalemate. On the one hand, physicalism is charged with empirical inadequacy, because it ignores much of our experience. On the other hand, dualism is charged with theoretical incompetence, because of too frequent a resort to the ad hoc. As a result of this stalemate we would be forced to choose between the scientific and manifest images. The purpose of this paper is to argue that things are not so. We can reconcile the manifest and scientific, by defending a non-Cartesian dualist programme.
Irreducibility and Teleology
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do such ‘special sciences’ as psychology, economics, genetics, pharmacology, meteorology, and so on relate to physics? There is currently a widespread consensus among analytic philosophers on this question. Namely, that we should be physicalists but non-reductionists about the special sciences. We can take physicalism here to mean the supervenience of the special on the physical: if two situations are physically identical, then they must be psychologically (and so on) identical too. Non-reductionism means that any given psychological state will be variably realized at the physical level: no common physical property will characterize all instances of any given psychological property. (To avoid unnecessary repetition, I shall sometimes refer to psychology as the typical science. But, unless I say otherwise, my points are intended to apply to the other special sciences as well.)