bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 Pragmatic Arguments
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Some philosophers think that the presupposition that there are intrinsic modal properties can be justified on pragmatic grounds; and some also think that, in light of this presupposition, we are justified in thinking that the properties that science takes as definitive of various natural kinds are essential to the things that have them. Argues that this way of explaining how we might be justified in attributing particular intrinsic modal properties to material objects is unsuccessful. Even if it is true that we have pragmatic justification for believing in intrinsic modal properties, it does not follow that we have epistemic justification for believing in them. The author goes on to note that, though one might argue for the conclusion that, for naturalists anyway, pragmatic considerations do confer epistemic justification upon our beliefs, the argument will be cogent only under theistic or anti‐realist assumptions. Theism is an unwelcome alternative for most naturalists; and to concede that naturalists must be anti‐realists is to concede one of the main conclusions that the author aims to defend.
8 Intuitionism
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Begins the third part of the book, in which the author discusses two important alternatives to naturalism. The alternative that is discussed is intuitionism, a research programme that takes the methods of natural science and rational intuition, but nothing else, as basic sources of evidence. Argues that, unless one has intuitions that support the view that our world is the product of intelligent design (or unless one has very unusual beliefs or intuitions), intuitionism is self‐defeating. Also argues that, though there might be empirical reason for thinking that intuition is reliable in some domains, this fact does not save intuitionism from self‐defeat, nor is it of any use to a naturalist in trying to avoid the ontological consequences described in earlier chapters of the book.
Makers of Modern Indian Religion in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This book presents three case studies on the construction and politics of religious identity in the Indian regions during the 19th century. It explores the leadership of three religions: the Hindus of Bengal, the Buddhists of Sri Lanka, and the Svetambara Jains of western India. Part 1 presents a discussion on Hinduism and focuses on Swami Vivekananda. Part 2 presents a discussion on Buddhism and focuses on Anagarika Dharmapala. Part 3 presents a discussion on Jainism and the history, archaeology, and politics of religion.
History, Archaeology, and the Politics of Religion
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The transformation in the religious identity of Svetambara Jains in the 19th century led to increasing demands for reform. Reforms meant abolishing boundaries that divided Jains into Svetambaras and Digambaras, and establishing Jainism as an Indian religion that preserved the valuable aspects of ancient Indian culture. Jain leaders became involved in historical and archaeological debates on the position of Jainism in India, and often allied with Western Jain researchers whose findings agreed with their own viewpoints.
War and Self-Defense
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book explores the moral response to war and aggression within the context of self-defence. Two main projects are undertaken: to explain defensive rights in their most general form, and determine whether this explanation can be used as grounds for a right of national self-defence. It contends that although a coherent account of self-defence can be built around the idea of personal rights, the attempt justify war based on the conception of self-defence faces significant obstacles and ultimately fails. Self-defence has significant consequences for the entire enterprise of normative international relations, given its position as the centrepiece of the modern jus ad bellum (the rules specifying the conditions for a just war).
War and Defense of Persons
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the right to national-defence (as conceived by its supporters) where there is no right of personal self-defence; and that the right of national-defence, if it is a genuine right, cannot be grounded in the end of defending the lives of individuals. It is argued that the reductive strategy cannot provide a moral vindication of the right of national-defence. Although all acts of aggression involve at least conditional threats against the lives or central rights of persons, there is no general right to resist conditional threats against the central rights of persons with lethal force.
Moral Rationalism 8
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDefends the idea that moral facts constitute excellent reasons for action, regardless of one's antecedent commitments. Provides some presumptive support for this claim, and then proceeds to criticize the best arguments against moral rationalism (the idea that moral duties entail powerful reasons for action), including a prominent argument by Philippa Foot. Ends by arguing that the idea of intrinsic normativity is not as implausible as many have thought.
The Sacraments
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
From the rites of Christian initiation (baptism, confirmation, and the Eucharist), this chapter passes to the sacraments of the sick (penance and the anointing of the sick), and to the sacraments in the service of communion (holy orders and matrimony). The chapter ends by offering a descriptive definition of all seven sacraments.
John among the Orthodox, before c.150
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The period prior to c. 150 is of critical importance to the OJP as it is reported to be the period of nearly complete silence about the Fourth Gospel among orthodox sources. Ten writers or documents that show some probability of the use of the Fourth Gospel are reviewed. Particularly important are the Epistula Apostolorum, Papias of Hierapolis, the Elder John and other elders mentioned by Papias, the apologist Aristides, and Ignatius of Antioch. It appears that the Fourth Gospel was functioning as a trusted source for the life and teachings of Jesus with these and other orthodox (non-docetic) Christians from early in the second century, before any known use by ‘gnostic’ Christians and long before the rise of Valentinianism.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Each of the orthodox Johannophobia paradigm’s three planks identified at the beginning of the study is now shown to be completely insecure. Orthodox Johannophobia and its correlative, gnostic Johannophilia, have been exposed as little better than scholarly myths, which now must be replaced with expositions more historically responsible. Such expositions should acknowledge the profound influence the Fourth Gospel had on the mainstream Church through most of the second century and that the story of its reception cannot be accurately told without recognizing the common perception of John as a member of a larger authorial corpus.
Hegel's Writings on Religion
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Hegel did not address the topic of religion only for the first time in his Berlin lectures of 1821 and following. There was no topic in which he had a deeper and more abiding interest, as evidenced from his days as a theological student in Tübingen through the years in Jena and Nuremberg. This chapter provides a survey of Hegel’s writings on religion from the 1790s to the early 1820s: Early Theological Writings, Faith and Knowledge, Jena system outlines, Phenomenology of Spirit, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, and Hegel’s Foreword to a book by Hinrichs. It is argued that differences between Hegel’s four series of lectures on the philosophy of religion (1821, 1824, 1827, 1831) are of significance, and that spoken lectures display his thinking at its best.
The Concept, Knowledge, and Worship of God
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
God is the absolute truth and substance of all things, the universal in which everything subsists. As such God is also absolute subjectivity, or spirit. The concrete development of this idea of God yields the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. But Hegel first reflects on the concept of God in a more abstract philosophical sense, where he is at pains to distinguish an authentic panentheism (all things have their being in God) from a spurious pantheism (everything is God). The analysis then shifts from the being to the knowledge of God, of which, according to Hegel, there are four basic forms: immediate knowledge (faith), feeling, representation (Vorstellung), and thought. Each is valid, but each is also superseded by the next form. Thinking about God appears in the various religions as proofs of the existence of God (cosmological, teleological, ontological). If knowledge of God is the theoretical form of the religious relationship, the worship of God is the practical form—indeed the form in which the relationship is consummated by the participation of the believer in God through cultic acts such as devotion, sacrifice, and sacraments.
Spirit and Community
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
With the passage from the sensible to the spiritual presence of Christ, the community formed by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit comprises a unique and unsurpassable intersubjectivity of self-divesting love for the other. The community necessarily takes on institutional forms: it becomes a church with doctrines, teachings, orders, and sacraments (the highest of which is the eucharistic sharing in the life and death of Christ). By this means reconciliation is realized in the world. Hegel identifies several stages in this process: the individual heart, the church as a worldly power, the ethical realm where the principle of freedom penetrates into the world, new forms of subjectivity (which are in danger of becoming subjectivistic), and speculative philosophy (which provides ‘refuge’ for religion in the modern world). Whether the community of faith will pass away in the process is one of the unresolved tensions in Hegel’s thought.
The Theological Significance of Hegel Today
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The thesis of this chapter is that Hegel’s philosophy of religion provides fruitful resources for theological reflection today. The first task is to consider those who question this assumption. Indeed, a strand of interpretation going back to Hegel’s own time claims that his philosophical reconstruction of religion is really a destruction (Kierkegaard), that the outcome of his thought is atheism (or humanism) rather than theism (Feuerbach). Along similar lines, William Desmond has recently argued that the God of Hegel’s system is a counterfeit rather than the true God of Christian faith. The chapter then turns to six sets of distinctions or contested sites in postmodernity and their Hegelian resolution: heterodoxy and ontotheology, totality and infinity, language and logic, tragedy and redemption, self and other, unity and diversity. The mediating categories of spirit, wholeness, narrative, Christ, community, and pluralism contribute to the project of theological reconstruction at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
1 Rationalizing the Commandments I: The Maimonidean Method
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMaimonides’ method of rationalizing the commandments is examined, placing particular stress on his use of a quasi-Aristotelian method of scientific explanation. Maimonides’ use of Aristotle’s teleological structures for rationalizing the commandments, supplemented by historical explanations for those commandments known as huqqim, is discussed along with a number of well-known objections. Though the historical explanations are usually singled out for criticism, the central thrust of the chapter, building on Soloveitchik’s criticisms, is that these problems are usually symptoms of a deeper question about the adequacy of the whole explanatory approach to rationalizing the commandments.
An Introduction to Auction Theory
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book presents an in-depth discussion of the auction theory. It introduces the concept of Bayesian Nash equilibrium and the idea of studying auctions as games. Private, common, and affiliated values models and multi-object auction models are described. A general version of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem is derived and the optimal auction is characterized to relate the field of mechanism design to auction theory.
Introduction
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Monteiro Paulo K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides three examples to illustrate the importance of auction theory to modern economics. These are the problem faced by a regulator wanting to regulate a monopolist with unknown costs, the design of a mechanism that will establish competition for the market when there is none, and the design of a spot market for electricity. It discusses the current treatment of auctions in existing graduate microeconomics textbooks, and compares this book and that of Klemperer (2004). It describes the book’s intended audience and its contents.
Ghrelin and its relationship to growth hormones during normal pregnancy
Authors: Fuglsang Jens , Skjærbæk Christian , Espelund Ulrick , Frystyk Jan , Fisker Sanne , Flyvbjerg Allan , Ovesen Per 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjective Ghrelin and GH secretagogue receptors have been found in reproductive organs, including the placenta. The physiology of ghrelin in pregnancy has not been explored. In human pregnancy, pituitary GH is gradually replaced by placental GH (PGH). The present study was undertaken to examine serum ghrelin levels during normal pregnancy and to determine to what extent changes in ghrelin levels coincide with changes in serum levels of free and total GH and PGH.Design Prospective study with blood sampling from pregnant women in gestational weeks 8, 18, 26 and 36 and postpartum.Patients Eleven nondiabetic pregnant women with singleton pregnancies.Measurements Serum ghrelin was determined using an in‐house radioimmunoassay. Serum PGH was determined in a solid‐phase immunoradiometric assay, serum GH and insulin in a time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay, and serum GHBP in an in‐house immunofunctional assay.Results Serum ghrelin levels peaked in week 18 (1·20 ± 0·09 µg/l) and the lowest levels were observed in late third trimester (0·87 ± 0·06 µg/l), corresponding to a mean decrease of 27·7% (P < 0·001) from peak levels. An increase was observed again postpartum. Serum GH diminished throughout pregnancy to low third‐trimester values (0·12 ± 0·03 µg/l; P < 0·001), and PGH increased to 25·7 ± 2·86 µg/l (P < 0·001) in week 36. Neither total nor calculated free levels of growth hormones correlated to ghrelin levels, and no significant correlations were observed between ghrelin and maternal body mass index (BMI) or fasting insulin levels.Conclusions Serum ghrelin levels peak around mid‐gestation in human pregnancy. Ghrelin levels during pregnancy are at their lowest in the third trimester at a time of increased body weight, development of insulin resistance and high serum levels of PGH. However, no associations were observed between ghrelin and the two growth hormones.
Adiponectin, acylation stimulating protein and complement C3 are altered in obesity in very young children
Authors: Cianflone Katherine , Lu HuiLing , Smith Jessica , Yu Wen , Wang HongWei 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjective  Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. This, in turn, is associated with chronic disease risk factors including hyperlipidaemia. The aim of the present study was to examine adiponectin, acylation‐stimulating protein (ASP) and its precursor, complement C3, in very young obese and nonobese children and the corresponding associations with plasma lipid and lipoproteins. All three adipose tissue secreted factors are involved in fat metabolism, and little is known of the levels in very young children.Design and methods  A total of 124 healthy children from 2 to 6 years old were evaluated for weight, height, plasma lipids and adipokines. Based on percentage ideal body weight (%IBW), 60 children were nonobese and 64 were overweight/obese.Results  ASP and C3 were significantly increased (P = 0·0002 and P < 0·0001, respectively) in obese vs. nonobese, and this pattern held true when separated in three age groups: toddler (2–3 years), preschool (4–5 years) and primary school (6 years). By contrast, adiponectin was significantly decreased (P = 0·04). When separated based on a positive family history of obesity, ASP was increased (P = 0·005). Other than a small (23·4%) increase in plasma triglyceride, all other lipids [cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids] were normal. ASP, C3 and adiponectin were strongly correlated with %IBW (r = 0·515, P < 0·0001; r = 0·383, P < 0·0001; r = −0·211, P = 0·03, respectively).Conclusions  Changes in plasma adipokines are seen in very young obese children in the absence of lipid changes. These changes in ASP, C3 and adiponectin in very young obese children may predispose towards enhanced fat storage (ASP) and decreased fat oxidation (adiponectin) further driving the obesity profile.
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with a lower hirsutism score and increased insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Hahn Susanne , Fingerhut Anja , Khomtsiv Ulyana , Khomtsiv Liliya , Tan Susanne , Quadbeck Beate , Herrmann Burkhard L. , Knebel Birgit , Müller‐Wieland Dirk , Mann Klaus , Janssen Onno E. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBackground  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. The genetic background of the insulin resistance frequently associated with PCOS is unclear.Objectives  To examine the influe nce of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is thought to play a role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, on endocrine and metabolic parameters in PCOS patients.Methods  PPARγ alleles were analysed in 102 PCOS patients (age 27 ± 5·3 years) and 104 age matched control women. PCOS was defined by the NIH‐criteria as the presence of chronic oligo‐ or anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Family history and clinical parameters were evaluated by personal interview and physical examination, parameters of insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and Matsuda‐index] were evaluated with a glucose tolerance test.Results  Seventy‐nine (77·5%) PCOS patients were carriers of the wild‐type PPARγ allele (Pro/Pro), while 23 (22·5%) had at least one Ala allele (X/Ala), with an equal distribution in controls. X/Ala PCOS women were more insulin‐sensitive, evidenced by lower fasting insulin, HOMA index and insulin secretion. Differences in insulin resistance did not depend on body mass index. The genotype had no influence on lipid status, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, or family history of type 2 diabetes. A significantly lower proportion of Pro/Ala patients had hirsutism and they had on average lower hirsutism scores than Pro/Pro patients. No relationship was found between the Pro/Ala polymorphism and other signs of hyperandrogenism.Conclusion  The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARγ gene is associated with increased insulin sensitivity and lower hirsutism scores in PCOS women.
The effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism on glucose and lipid metabolisms in Turkish obese children
Authors: Kınık Sibel Tulgar , Ataç F. Belgin , Verdi Hasibe , Çetintaş Sedat , Şahin Feride İ. , Özbek Namık 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjective Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is associated with increased plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) concentration in the circulation. This increase is related to insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Some studies have demonstrated a relationship between plasma PAI‐1 concentrations and the 4G/5G gene polymorphism in the PAI‐1 gene, while other studies have not. It is well known that plasma PAI‐1 levels are increased in obesity; however, the relationship between the polymorphism and obesity remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of the PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism on glucose and lipid metabolism parameters in Turkish obese children.Design and patients Ninety children with obesity (37 male, 53 female; mean age 11·1 ± 3·4 years; range 5·8–17·6 years) were included in the study. The children were divided into three groups according to the PAI‐1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism (4G/4G, 4G/5G and 5G/5G). These groups were compared for age, body mass index (BMI), serum glucose, lipid and insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) score.Results The genotype distribution was 52% (47/90) 4G/4G, 25% (22/90) 4G/5G and 23% (21/90) 5G/5G. No statistically significant differences among genotype groups were found with respect to age, BMI, serum levels of glucose, lipid and insulin, and HOMA‐IR score.Conclusion Although the frequency of the 4G/4G genotype was higher in subjects in the current study than in subjects reported in the literature, in our study group we observed no influence of the PAI‐1 4G/4G polymorphism on lipid and glucose metabolism.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis presenting as subdural haematoma
Authors: Singh S , Kumar S , Joseph M , Gnanamuthu C , Alexander M 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe authors report a 39‐year‐old woman who presented with intermittent, excruciating nuchal and occipital headache. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography scans showed bilateral subdural haematomas with veno‐occlusive disease of the superficial and deep venous systems. There were bridging collaterals with scalp veins, bleeds from which could explain the subdural haematoma. There was acute on chronic veno‐occlusive disease with an acute rise in intracranial pressure and a bleed from the vein of Galen.
Pyogenic abscess complicating a resolving cerebral haematoma secondary to a cavernous haemangioma: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Borsaru AD , Naidoo P 
Published: April 2005

SummaryA case is discussed of a brain abscess complicating an intracerebral haemorrhage occurring in a cavernous haemangioma. A young child presented with focal seizures as a result of a large intracerebral haemorrhage, occurring in a cavernous haemangioma. The only clue to the underlying vascular malformation was the presence of an associated developmental venous anomaly. The case was complicated by the development of a brain abscess at the site of the intracranial haematoma. The CT and MRI findings are discussed.
Pituitary apoplexy: An unusual cause of frontal lobe syndrome
Authors: Bhansali A , Dutta P , Khandelwal N , Pathak A , Vashisht RK 
Published: April 2005

SummaryPituitary apoplexy presenting as frontal lobe syndrome is rare. Interestingly, in our patient the frontal lobe infarct was as a result of intense anterior cerebral artery spasm consequent to nonaneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The mechanisms of cerebral infarct associated with pituitary apoplexy are discussed.
Diagnosis of tubular colonic duplication by barium follow‐through study
Authors: Rathi V , Singh S , Bhargava SK , Kaur N , Seth N 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBarium enema studies are considered essential for the diagnosis of tubular colonic duplication with opacification of two colons being the diagnostic sign. Yet in certain cases, barium enema apparently does not show positive findings. A case is reported in which a barium follow‐through study established the complete diagnosis of duplication of colon and terminal ileum. The findings were confirmed on laparotomy.