bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arrested development of secondary sexual adornments in subordinate adult male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Authors: Setchell Joanna M. , Dixson Alan F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies of semifree‐ranging mandrills identified two morphological and social variants of the adult male, based on behavioral and secondary sexual characteristics. “Fatted” males are social, with highly developed sex skin coloration, large testes, high plasma testosterone levels, and fat rumps; while “nonfatted” males are peripheral or solitary, with paler sex skin, smaller testes, lower plasma testosterone, and slimmer rumps. We present a detailed study of morphology and group association for 10 adult male mandrills, living in two semifree‐ranging groups in Gabon, in order to relate differences between males to dominance rank. The results show that rather than existing as two distinct morphotypes, male mandrills represent a continuous spectrum of possibilities between social males with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics, and solitary males with muted secondary sexual characteristics. Alpha males (N = 2) had the highest testosterone levels, the most colorful sex skin, and the most active sternal glands, and were the only males to spend 100% of their time with the social group. Rank relationships between nonalpha males (N = 8) were not always clear, but all subordinate males had lower testosterone levels and less development of the secondary sexual adornments, and were less group‐associated than alpha males. These findings suggest that only alpha males have sufficient testosterone to develop full secondary sexual characteristics, and we propose possible socioendocrine mechanisms underlying the suppression of testosterone and secondary sexual development in subordinate adults. We discuss differences in secondary sexual development in relation to reproductive strategies, and discuss the evolution of alternative reproductive morphs in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:245–252, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Choice of washing method of hair samples for trace element analysis in environmental studies
Authors: Sen Jaydip , Das Chaudhuri A.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDetermination of inseparable exogenous and endogenous levels of toxic trace elements such as lead in human scalp hair has been used to understand and assess population exposure to such elements. For any such analysis, washing of the hair samples to remove superficial contamination is the foremost requirement. However, the use of such washing methods prior to elemental analysis removes minute quantities of trace elements from the hair strands. This degree of loss is dependent on the washing method employed. In the present study, the element lead has been determined in human scalp hair after three methods of hair washing. It is apparent that the nonionic detergent‐acetone method is best suited for securing valid lead analysis results in human scalp hair. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:289–291, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein E affects the central nervous system response to injury and the development of cerebral edema
Authors: Lynch John R. , Pineda Jose A. , Morgan Duncan , Zhang Lin , Warner David S. , Benveniste Helen , Laskowitz Daniel T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApolipoprotein E has been implicated in modifying neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury, although the mechanisms by which this occurs remain poorly defined. To investigate the role of endogenous apolipoprotein E following acute brain injury, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging was performed on anesthetized mice following closed head injury. Effacement of the lateral ventricle was used as a radiographic surrogate for cerebral edema. At 24 hours following injury, apolipoprotein E‐deficient animals had a greater degree of cerebral edema as compared to matched controls. In addition, the brains of apolipoprotein E‐deficient animals had a significantly greater upregulation of tissue necrosis factor α messenger ribonucleic acid as compared to controls as early as 1‐hr post injury. Thus, modulation of the endogenous central nervous system inflammatory response may be one mechanism by which apolipoprotein E affects outcome following acute brain injury.
A recessive form of central core disease, transiently presenting as multi‐minicore disease, is associated with a homozygous mutation in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene
Authors: Ferreiro Ana , Monnier Nicole , Romero Norma B. , Leroy Jean‐Paul , Bönnemann Carsten , Haenggeli Charles‐Antoine , Straub Volker , Voss Wolfgang D. , Nivoche Yves , Jungbluth Heinz , Lemainque Arnaud , Voit Thomas , Lunardi Joël , Fardeau Michel , Guicheney Pascale 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMulti‐minicore disease is an autosomal recessive congenital myopathy characterized by the presence of multiple, short‐length core lesions (minicores) in both muscle fiber types. These lesions being nonspecific and the clinical phenotype being heterogeneous, multi‐minicore disease boundaries remain unclear. To identify its genetic basis, we performed a genome‐wide screening in a consanguineous Algerian family in which three children presented in infancy with moderate weakness predominant in axial muscles, pelvic girdle and hands, joint hyperlaxity (hand involvement phenotype), and multiple minicores. We mapped the disease to chromosome 19q13 in this family and, subsequently, in three additional families showing a similar phenotype, with a maximum LOD score of 5.19 for D19S570. This locus was excluded in 16 other multi‐minicore disease families with predominantly axial weakness, scoliosis, and respiratory insufficiency (“classical” phenotype). In the Algerian family, we identified a novel homozygous missense mutation (P3527S) in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene, a positional candidate gene responsible for the autosomal dominant congenital myopathy central core disease. New muscle biopsies from the three patients at adulthood demonstrated typical central core disease with rods; no cores were found in the healthy parents. This subgroup of families linked to 19q13 represents the first variant of central core disease with genetically proven recessive inheritance and transient presentation as multi‐minicore disease.
Elevated serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble human herpesvirus type 6 cellular receptor, membrane cofactor protein, in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Soldan Samantha S. , Fogdell‐Hahn Anna , Brennan Meghan B. , Mittleman Barbara B. , Ballerini Clara , Massacesi Luca , Seya Tsukasa , McFarland Henry F. , Jacobson Steven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMembrane cofactor protein (CD46) is a member of a family of glycoproteins that are regulators of complement and prevent activation of complement on autologous cells. Recently, CD46 has been identified as the cellular receptor for human herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV‐6). Elevated levels of soluble CD46 have been described in several autoimmune disorders and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. As several reports have supported an association of HHV‐6 and multiple sclerosis, it was of interest to compare levels of soluble CD46 in the sera of MS patients to that of healthy controls, other neurological disease controls, and other inflammatory disease controls. Using an immunoaffinity column comprised of immobilized monoclonal antibodies to CD46, serum levels of soluble CD46 were found to be significantly elevated in multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy and other neurological disease controls. Moreover, multiple sclerosis patients who tested positive for HHV‐6 DNA in serum had significantly elevated levels of soluble CD46 in their serum compared with those who were negative for HHV‐6 DNA. A significant increase in soluble CD46 was also found in the serum of other inflammatory disease controls tested compared with healthy controls. Additionally, a significant correlation was demonstrated between levels of soluble CD46 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. Collectively, these data suggest that elevated levels of soluble CD46 may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including MS.
Individual blood–brain barrier phenylalanine transport determines clinical outcome in phenylketonuria
Authors: Weglage Josef , Wiedermann Dirk , Denecke Jonas , Feldmann Reinhold , Koch Hans‐Georg , Ullrich Kurt , Harms Erik , Möller Harald E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferent clinical outcomes in spite of comparable dietary controls are well known in patients with phenylketonuria. Currently, reasons for this phenomenon are unknown. Kinetic investigations in 15 patients with classic phenylketonuria were performed using in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after an oral phenylalanine load (100 mg/kg body weight). Patients' brain phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations were quite different in spite of similar blood Phe levels. Interindividual variations of the apparent transport Michaelis constant, Kt,app, covered a range from 0.10 to 1.03mmol/L. The ratio of the maximal transport velocity, Tmax, over the intracerebral consumption rate, Vmet, varied between 2.61 and 14.0. Both parameters as well as the preload brain Phe levels correlated significantly with the degree of cerebral white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance images. Correlations of Kt,app, Tmax/Vmet, and the preload brain Phe levels with patients' intelligence scores approached significance. In conclusion, blood–brain barrier Phe transport characteristics and the resultant brain Phe levels seem to be causative factors for the individual clinical outcome in phenylketonuria. This observation may lead to individual dietary recommendations in the future.
Adult‐onset leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter presenting with dementia
Authors: Prass Konstantin , Brück Wolfgang , Schröder Nicolas W. J. , Bender Andreas , Prass Maria , Wolf Tilo , Van Der Knaap Marjo S. , Zschenderlein Rolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report on a case of dementia and extensive cerebral white matter abnormalities seen on magnetic resonance images which meet the criteria for leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. This is an inherited condition that was first thought to occur only in children. Our patient shows that vanishing white matter should be considered in adult patients with early‐onset dementia and extensive white matter changes seen on magnetic resonance images.
Process optimization of sweet potato pulp‐based biodegradable plastics using response surface methodology
Authors: Kim Jun T. , Cha Dong S. , Lee Gee D. , Park Tae W. , Kwon Dong K. , Park Hyun J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBiodegradable plastics were produced from sweet potato pulp (SPP) and cationic starch (CS) or chitosan composite (CC) by compression molding and their mechanical properties were tested. A universal testing machine, Rockwell hardness tester, and Izod impact tester were used for testing the mechanical properties (flexural strength, Rockwell hardness, and Izod strength) of the plastics. A central composite second‐order design was used to study the effects of temperature, time, and moisture content on the flexural strength, Rockwell hardness, and Izod strength of SPP/CS and SPP/CC blended plastics. The flexural strength, Rockwell hardness, and Izod strength of SPP‐based plastics was 101.1–305.9 kg/cm2, R29.0–R96.7, and 0.6–3.0 kg cm cm−2, respectively. Regression analysis predicted the optimal mechanical properties (flexural strength, Rockwell hardness, and Izod strength) to be attained with a 150–160°C temperature, 15–20‐min reaction time, and 20–23% moisture content. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 423–434, 2002
Thermosetting resin system based on novolak and bismaleimide for resin‐transfer molding
Authors: Yan Yehai , Shi Xianming , Liu Jinge , Zhao Tong , Yu Yunzhao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA thermosetting resin system for resin‐transfer molding based on novolak and bismaleimide (BMI) was developed. The novolak resin was allylated and BMI was used as the curing agent, and allyl phenyl ether, as the diluent. The viscosity–temperature curve and the viscosity–time curve were used to characterize the processing property of the resin system. The resin system had a long pot life at the injection temperature. Based on the DSC data, a regime for the curing and postcuring cycles was established. The cured resin showed outstanding heat resistance and good flexural properties. Composites based on the resin system and woven glass fabric were fabricated using RTM technology. The composites showed very good flexural properties at room temperature and high retention rates at 200 and 300°C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1651–1657, 2002
Polymer/silica nanoscale hybrids through sol–gel method involving emulsion polymers. I. Morphology of poly(butyl methacrylate)/SiO2
Authors: Tong Xin , Tang Tao , Zhang Qingling , Feng Zhiliu , Huang Baotong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, we report on an approach of using an emulsion polymerized polymer in preparing organic–inorganic nanocomposites through a sol–gel technique. By mixing a polymer emulsion with prehydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane transparent poly(butyl methacrylate)/SiO2, nanocomposites were prepared as shown by TEM. AFM, FTIR, and XPS results show that there is a strong interaction between polymer latex particles and the SiO2 network. Comparison of the emulsion method with a traditional solution method shows that nanocomposites can be prepared by both methods, but there is some difference in their morphology and properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 446–454, 2002
The interaction mechanism between microorganisms and substrate in the biodegradation of polycaprolactone
Authors: Lefèvre Carine , Tidjani Adams , Vander Wauven Corinne , David Christiane 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present work concerns the interplay of the degradation mechanism and the nature of the interaction between microorganisms and substrate. The biodegradation of polycaprolactone films by a pure strain of microorganisms isolated from an industrial composting unit for household refuse was studied in minimal medium with the polymer as sole carbon source. In conditions where the polymer surface is colonized and a biofilm is formed (under a low stirring rate), polymer weight loss is limited, whereas total degradation is observed when stirring conditions prevent biofilm formation. In the first case, holes are observed in the degraded film and a polysaccharide responsible for microorganism adhesion was identified by FTIR. SEM observation of the polymer surface as a function of the degradation time suggests that the crystalline and amorphous phase are degraded at about the same rate in the first case, whereas the amorphous phase is preferentially degraded in the latter. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1334–1340, 2002
Photoinduced living cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran(IV): Syringe method
Authors: Choi Jia , Kwon Soonhong , Mah Soukil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe living nature of cationic poly(tetrahydrofuran), which is generated by the addition of the photolytic products of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (initiator) via syringe, was investigated in connection with the direct polymerization method in which polymerization of tetrahydrofuran is carried out in the presence of the initiator. Although the living nature of the polymerization (i.e., the linear relationship between the percentage of conversion and the molecular weight of the resulting polymer) is observed in the syringe method because of the absence of chain transfer or termination, unexceptionally, a lower rate of polymerization and higher molecular weights of the resulting polymers were observed in the syringe method when compared with those of the corresponding direct polymerization method. This leads us to the conclusion that the living nature is ascribed to the stabilization of the propagating cationic species due to ion pair formation with the less‐nucleophilic complex metal halide anion (PF), and the decreased rate of polymerization and higher molecular weight in the syringe method is attributed to the partial loss of the activity of the cationic species because of the nucleophilic attack of basic impurities, such as water, introduced to the system in the syringe manipulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2082–2087, 2002
Nanocomposite structure depending on the degree of surface treatment of layered silicate
Authors: Suh Duck Jong , Park O Ok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNanocomposite structures depending on the degree of surface modification of montmorillonite (MMT) were studied. To change the degree of surface modification, MMT was treated with a controlled amount of stearylamine. The structures of MMTs and nanocomposites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction. To confirm the extent of surface coverage of the stearylamine as a organophilic modifier, TGA and elemental analysis experiments were performed. Different structures (intercalated or exfoliated) of a polymer/clay nanocomposite were obtained according to the interfacial characteristics between the polymer chains and the clay by controlling the degree of surface coverage. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2143–2147, 2002
Dye‐affinity microbeads for removal of phenols and nitrophenols from aquatic systems
Authors: Denizli Adil , Ökan Güleren , Uçar Mustafa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlkali Blue 6B attached poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) microbeads were investigated as dye‐affinity adsorbents for the removal of phenol and nitrophenols (i.e., 2‐nitrophenol, 4‐nitrophenol, and 2,4‐dinitrophenol) from aqueous solutions. PHEMA microbeads were prepared by radical‐suspension polymerization of HEMA in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. These microbeads with a swelling ratio of 55% and carrying 23.6 μmol Alkali Blue 6B/g polymer were then used in the removal of phenol and nitrophenols from aqueous media. The adsorption was fast in all cases (20‐min equilibrium time). The maximum adsorptions of phenols onto the microbeads carrying Alkali Blue 6B were 145.2 μmol/g for phenol, 87.8 μmol/g for 2,4‐dinitrophenol, 112.6 μmol/g for 4‐nitrophenol, and 104.3 μmol/g for 2‐nitrophenol. The affinity order was phenol > 4‐nitrophenol > 2‐nitrophenol > 2,4‐dinitrophenol. The adsorption of nitrophenols decreased with increasing pH. Desorption of nitrophenols was achieved using a 30% (v/v) methanol solution. The microbeads carrying Alkali Blue 6B are suitable for repeated use for more than five cycles without a noticeable loss of adsorption capacity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2411–2418, 2002
Effect of compatibility of cellulose acetate/poly(vinyl butyral) blends on pervaporation behavior of their membranes for methanol/methyl tert‐butyl ether mixture
Authors: Qian J. W. , Chen H. L. , Zhang L. , Qin S. H. , Wang M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBinary blends and their blend membranes of cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) are prepared by solution blending. The compatibility of the blends is studied by viscometry and Fourier transform IR. It is found that the incompatibility of the blends is markedly manifested when the weight fraction of PVB in the CA/PVB blends (WPVB) is located at higher regions. On the other hand, compatibility is obtained for the CA/PVB blends with lower WPVB values, especially at about 0.2. This compatibility is believed to play a key role in the good pervaporation behavior of CA/PVB blend membranes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2434–2439, 2002
Electrical resistivity of carbon black filled high‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Lee Myong‐Goo , Nho Young Chang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe electrical resistivity of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) loaded with carbon black (CB) blends was evaluated as a function of the blending time and the melt index of HDPE. The relationship between the positive temperature coefficient effect and the room temperature volume resistivity was investigated. The positive temperature coefficient effect and reproducibility were improved significantly when the blending time of HDPE and CB was comparatively long. The effects of 60Co γ‐ray and electron beam irradiation on the positive and negative temperature coefficient behavior of the blends were studied. The effect of thermal aging on the volume resistivity was studied to ascertain the structural stability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2440–2446, 2002
Advanced underfill for high thermal reliability
Authors: Bae Jong‐Woo , Kim Wonho , Park Sang‐Wook , Ha Chang‐Sik , Lee Jin‐Kook 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe key to the success of flip‐chip technology lies in the availability of sucessful underfill materials. However, the reliability of flip‐chip technology using current underfill materials is generally found to be lower than that of conventional wire‐bond connection packaging materials such as epoxy molding compound (EMC) because of the high coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and moisture absorption of cured underfill material. In this study desbimide (DBMI), which has a low melting point (about 80°C), was used in the underfill materials as a cohardener. As a result, DBMI‐added underfill can show excellent thermal reliability, which is due to the superior properties of the CTE, the elastic modulus, and water resistance. When the properties of a 2 wt % DBMI‐added underfill were compared with those of a typical underfill (epoxy/anhydride), the CTE value was reduced to less than one‐half at the solder reflow temperature (about 200°C), the elastic modulus was reduced to less than one‐half in the temperature region below the glass‐transition temperature, and the water resistance was improved twofold. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2617–2624, 2002
Electrosynthesis of free‐standing poly(para‐phenylene) films in mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and trifluoroacetic acid on stainless steel electrode
Authors: Li Chun , Chen Fengen , Shi Gaoquan , Xu Jingkun , Xu Zhengjiang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFree‐standing poly(para‐phenylene) (PPP) films have been electrosynthesized by direct oxidation of benzene on stainless steel electrode in mixed e1ectrolytes of boron trifluoride diethy1 etherate (BFEE) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The oxidation potential of the monomer in these media is lower than those in the neutral media. Increasing the content of TFA in the mixed electrolyte can effective1y decrease the oxidation potential and increase the coup1ing rate of the monomer. The films obtained from these media were very shiny and flexible, and could easily be processed into various shapes by conventional mechanical methods. The films had a 1inear chain structure, and their degree of polymerization could be improved by increasing the TFA content in the mixed electrolyte. Moreover, the films had a fairly good thermal stability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2462–2466, 2002