bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells assessed by flow cytometry using 7‐Aminoactinomycin D
Authors: Gaforio J.J. , Serrano M.J. , Algarra I. , Ortega E. , Alvarez de Cienfuegos G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundApoptotic cells are recognized specifically by macrophages and are cleared rapidly by phagocytosis. However, the recognition mechanisms involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages are still not fully understood. Therefore, new methods must be designed to better our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between macrophages and apoptotic cells. 7‐Aminoactinomycin D (7‐AAD) is a fluorescent DNA‐binding stain usually used as a single agent to detect apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. We propose the use of 7‐AAD–stained apoptotic cells as targets for a new flow cytometry phagocytosis assay.MethodsMurine T‐cell lymphoma YAC‐1 cells were treated with etoposide to induce apoptosis. Etoposide‐treated YAC‐1 target cells were stained subsequently with 7‐AAD and then coincubated with resident peritoneal macrophages to allow phagocytosis. The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Macrophages that had phagocytosed 7‐AAD–stained apoptotic cells were identified by their bright red fluorescence and the resulting values were expressed as the percentage of cells.ResultsThe phagocytic cells appeared as a distinct population characterized by bright fluorescence, which could not be detected in the negative controls. The effects of a phagocytic enhancer (interferon‐gamma [IFN‐γ]) or inhibitor (incubation at 4°C) were assessed accurately with this flow cytometric method.ConclusionsWe describe the use of 7‐AAD in an assay that is easy and quick to perform. This flow cytometric‐based assay allows the quantification of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Cytometry 49:8–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confocal DNA cytometry: A contour‐based segmentation algorithm for automated three‐dimensional image segmentation
Authors: Beliën Jeroen A.M. , van Ginkel Hielke A.H.M. , Tekola Paulos , Ploeger Lennert S. , Poulin Neal M. , Baak Jan P.A. , van Diest Paul J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundConfocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) presents the opportunity to perform three‐dimensional (3D) DNA content measurements on intact cells in thick histological sections. So far, these measurements have been performed manually, which is quite time‐consuming.MethodsIn this study, an intuitive contour‐based segmentation algorithm for automatic 3D CLSM image cytometry of nuclei in thick histological sections is presented. To evaluate the segmentation algorithm, we measured the DNA content and volume of human liver and breast cancer nuclei in 3D CLSM images.ResultsA high percentage of nuclei could be segmented fully automatically (e.g., human liver, 92%). Comparison with (time‐consuming) interactive measurements on the same CLSM images showed that the results were well correlated (liver, r = 1.00; breast, r = 0.92).ConclusionsAutomatic 3D CLSM image cytometry enables measurement of volume and DNA content of large numbers of nuclei in thick histological sections within an acceptable time. This makes large‐scale studies feasible, whereby the advantages of CLSM can be exploited fully. The intuitive modular segmentation algorithm presented in this study detects and separates overlapping objects, also in two‐dimensional (2D) space. Therefore, this algorithm may also be suitable for other applications. Cytometry 49:12–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urine: Beyond cytology for detection of malignancy
Authors: Pattari Sanjib Kumar , Dey Pranab 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn the present review we discuss various ancillary modalities for detection of malignancies in urine samples, with an emphasis on urothelial carcinomas. Flow cytometry, bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein (NMP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), human chorionic gonadotrophic (HCG), telomerase, and other techniques are discussed. DNA FCM is a relatively costly and sophisticated technique. It has a practical application in the diagnosis of bladder cancer among subjects at high risk and is of value in monitoring the course of the disease and anticipating recurrence following conservative treatment. The BTA test is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive adjunct to cystoscopy and the results of the test are equivalent or superior to those of voided urinary cytology. NMP‐22 immunoassay is a useful diagnostic test for predicting recurrence of urothelial malignancy. It is also a cost‐effective and sensitive screening test for detecting tumor in patients with urothelial carcinoma. β‐HCG estimation in urine samples appears to be an efficient diagnostic marker for the assessment of distant metastasis in bladder carcinoma rather than a screening test. Other ancillary techniques such as detection of expression of cytokeratin 20 by RT‐PCR, MMP‐9 estimation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization and telomerase activity are rarely applied clinically in routine urinary samples and are not cost‐effective. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:139–142. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD10 facilitates the diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma from primary adrenal cortical neoplasm in adrenal fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Yang Bin , Ali Syed Z. , Rosenthal Dorothy L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) frequently metastasizes or invades the adrenal gland. Metastatic RCC is often difficult to differentiate from primary adrenal cortical neoplasm (ACN) in an adrenal fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Recently, CD10 immunoreactivity was observed in more than 90% of RCC, but none in primary ACN. To facilitate the accurate diagnosis of metastatic RCC in adrenal FNA, we retrospectively studied the cytomorphology and CD10 immunohistochemistry in 20 cases of FNA specimens, including 10 cases of adrenal FNA (six cases of metastatic RCC and four cases of primary ACN) and 10 cases of primary RCC. Cytomorphologically, several overlapping features were observed between primary ACN and metastatic RCC, including: abundant clear cytoplasm, often with microvesicles, large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, bare nuclei, and prominent vascularity. Immunostaining for CD10 was positive in 9/10 cases of primary RCC, 5/6 cases of metastatic RCC in the adrenal gland, and 0/4 cases of primary ACN. Our study indicates that: 1) an accurate diagnosis of ACN in FNA specimens can often be difficult due to overlapping cytomorphologic features with RCC, and 2) CD10 immunostaining is helpful in separating metastatic RCC from a primary ACN and can reliably be performed on a cytologic sample. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:149–152. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term follow‐up of women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)
Authors: Emerson Robert E. , Puzanov Anna , Brunnemer Carolyn , Younger Cheryl , Cramer Harvey 
Published: September 2002

AbstractASCUS is the most common epithelial abnormality diagnosed in cytology laboratories in the US. Recently, the clinical importance of this diagnosis has been seriously questioned, with some investigators advocating elimination of this diagnostic category. This might be inappropriate if the ASCUS designation does define a population that is at significant risk for the development of dysplasia. Cytology and surgical pathology reports for all patients diagnosed as ASCUS in our laboratory during 1990 were reviewed. Patients with previous dysplasia or carcinoma were excluded from analysis. The pathology reports for the subsequent 9.1 yr were obtained and follow‐up data collected. In 1990, 15,860 cervical cytology cases were examined in our laboratory. A diagnosis of ASCUS was made in 1,117 cases (7.0%). After excluding 345 patients with previous dysplasia or human papillomavirus‐related diagnoses and 129 patients with no follow‐up specimens, 643 study patients remained. Among these, the mean number of subsequent cervical smears was 4.3 (range, 1–18). Subsequent histologic material was available for 134 (20.8%) patients and the mean number of surgical specimens was 1.5 (range, 1–10). Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or dysplasia was subsequently diagnosed in 197 patients (30.6%). High‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or at least moderate dysplasia was diagnosed in 64 patients (10.0%). In 21 cases (3.3%) the high‐grade dysplasia developed more than 2 yr after the first ASCUS diagnosis. Follow‐up disclosed no cases of invasive carcinoma. Among ASCUS patients followed for up to 9 yr, 20% develop only low‐grade SIL or mild dysplasia and 10% develop HSIL or moderate or severe dysplasia. ASCUS should be retained as a diagnostic category since it identifies a significant percentage of patients who are at an increased risk for the development of cervical dysplasia. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:153–157. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pilomatrixoma: Clinicopathologic study of 51 cases with emphasis on cytologic features
Authors: Wang Jun , Cobb Camilla J. , Martin Sue E. , Venegas Rose , Wu Nancy , Greaves Timothy S 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe clinical and pathologic features of 51 cases of pilomatrixoma found in our archives from 1990–1999 were reviewed, with emphasis on the cytopathologic features of the 22 cases that were sampled by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy prior to excision. Although uncommon, almost 20% of the pilomatrixomas in this series occurred in adults over age 30. Of the commonly reported features, the presence of basaloid cells and ghost cells in FNA smears, associated with a cutaneous location of the lesion, was sufficient for a confident cytologic diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. The presence of foreign body‐type giant cells, nucleated squamous cells, and calcification, alone or in combination, was less specific, but supported a diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Although infrequently reported, prominent nucleoli in basaloid cells and smears containing refractile keratin clumps were very useful clues in the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Finally, the routine use of cell blocks is recommended because in many of the cases presented ghost cells were fragmented or obscured in smears, but were more readily identified in cell block sections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:167–172. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic features of angioleiomyoma: Cytologic‐histologic study of 10 cases
Authors: Domanski Henryk A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) features in 10 angioleiomyomas (ALM) were evaluated and correlated to histological features and clinical data. The tumors developed in the skin or subcutaneous tissue of the lower extremities (eight), the shoulder (one), and the lower arm (one). Eight tumors were painful or tender. Cytological specimens showed moderate or sparse cellularity. The most frequent findings were uniform spindle cells, seen in nine smears. In eight of these, the spindle cells were admixed with smooth muscle cells and fragments of collagenous tissue in varying proportions. The occurrence of macrophages and fat cells was less specific, being present in three of nine smears. One aspirate contained some “ganglion‐like” cells and a multinucleated giant cell. Smears from ALM are not sufficiently characteristic to permit a histotype diagnosis, but together with typical clinical data (painful or tender nodule) may help to exclude other skin or subcutaneous lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:161–166. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naked nuclei revisited: p63 Immunoexpression
Authors: Reis‐Filho Jorge S. , Albergaria Andre , Milanezi Fernanda , Amendoeira Isabel , Schmitt Fernando C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe presence of naked nuclei (NN) in cytological preparations of fibroadenomas is a well‐known finding. Regardless of their importance on the differential diagnosis of fibroadenoma and other benign lesions of the breast, the origin of NN remains elusive. Despite previous efforts to characterize them, the lack of a reliable nuclear marker for myoepithelial cells impaired definitive conclusions. We performed a systematic evaluation of p63 expression in cytological and histological preparations of 10 fibroadenoma specimens. We observed that in histological sections, p63 was restricted to the nuclei of myoepithelial/basal cells in lobules and ducts of normal breast. In fibroadenomas, p63 decorated the nuclei of myoepithelial cells in the periphery of epithelial duct‐like formations and slit‐like formations. No p63 immunoreactivity was observed in stromal or epithelial cells. In cytological samples, almost all NN and cells surrounding epithelial cell clusters were stained; no stromal cell admixed with fibrillary matrix or epithelial cell was stained with p63. Based on our findings, we strongly suggest that most, if not all, NN are myoepithelial in origin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:135–138. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells transplanted to the chick embryo
Authors: Goldstein Ronald S. , Drukker Micha , Reubinoff Benjamin E. , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHuman embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into a large array of cell types and, thus, hold promise for advancing our understanding of human embryology and for contributing to transplantation medicine. In this study, differentiation of human ES cells was examined in vivo by in ovo transplantation to organogenesis‐stage embryos. Colonies of human ES cells were grafted into or in place of epithelial‐stage somites of chick embryos of 1.5 to 2 days of development. The grafted human ES cells survived in the chick host and were identified by vital staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate or use of a green fluorescent protein–expressing cells. Histologic analysis showed that human ES cells are easily distinguished from host cells by their larger, more intensely staining nuclei. Some grafted cells differentiated en masse into epithelia, whereas others migrated and mingled with host tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion. Colonies grafted directly adjacent to the host neural tube produced primarily structures with the morphology and molecular characteristics of neural rosettes. These structures contain differentiated neurons as shown by β‐3‐tubulin and neurofilament expression in axons and cell bodies. Axons derived from the grafted cells penetrate the host nervous system, and host axons enter the structures derived from the graft. Our results show that human ES cells transplanted in ovo survive, divide, differentiate, and integrate with host tissues and that the host embryonic environment may modulate their differentiation. The chick embryo, therefore, may serve as an accessible and unique experimental system for the study of in vivo development of human ES cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic transformation of the thymus in developing zebrafish
Authors: Lam S.H. , Chua H.L. , Gong Z. , Wen Z. , Lam T.J. , Sin Y.M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe morphologic transformation of the developing zebrafish thymus from 1 week postfertilization (wpf) to 15 wpf is described. The thymus overall morphology changed from a small pouch‐like shape at 1 wpf to a conical shape between 2 and 3 wpf before acquiring a more complex shape from 4 wpf onward. Rapid growth rate along the lateral axis at the region near the pharyngeal epithelium occurred between 1 and 2 wpf, whereas rapid growth rate along the dorsal‐ventral axis occurred between 3 and 6 wpf. Expansion of thymocyte population beginning from 1 wpf became more evident by 2 to 3 wpf, as indicated by the apparent increase of different sizes of lymphocytes, recombination activating gene‐1 (rag‐1), and T‐cell antigen receptor alpha chain constant region (TCRAC) ‐positive cells. Tissue section in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis with rag‐1 probe reveals that cortex‐medullary regionalization has begun between 1 and 2 wpf as rag‐1 expression clearly demarcated the cortex, whereas the medulla was rag‐1 negative. The presence of TCRAC‐positive cells in the medulla by 2–3 wpf, suggests that the thymic selection processes had begun. The zebrafish thymus is morphologically mature by 3 wpf. Early signs of thymic involution were observed in zebrafish aged 15 wpf. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extensive vascularization of developing mouse ovaries revealed by caveolin‐1 expression
Authors: Bullejos Monica , Bowles Jo , Koopman Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractExpression screening for genes preferentially expressed in mouse fetal ovaries relative to testes identified Cav‐1 as a candidate female‐specific gene. Cav‐1 encodes caveolin‐1, a component of the cell membrane invaginations known as caveolae, which are involved in lipid regulation and signal transduction. In situ hybridization revealed high levels of Cav‐1 mRNA in developing ovaries, compared with moderate or low levels in testes. Analysis of caveolin‐1 protein distribution by immunofluorescence showed this difference to be due to the development of a dense and complex vascular network in the developing ovary. These observations point to a higher degree of differentiation and organization of the early stage mammalian ovary than previously suspected. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and role of Roundabout‐1 in embryonic Xenopus forebrain
Authors: Connor R.M. , Key B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe receptor Roundabout‐1 (Robo1) and its ligand Slit are known to influence axon guidance and central nervous system (CNS) patterning in both vertebrate and nonvertebrate systems. Although Robo–Slit interactions mediate axon guidance in the Drosophila CNS, their role in establishing the early axon scaffold in the embryonic vertebrate brain remains unclear. We report here the identification and expression of a Xenopus Robo1 orthologue that is highly homologous to mammalian Robo1. By using overexpression studies and immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques, we have investigated the role of Robo1 in the development of a subset of neurons and axon tracts in the Xenopus forebrain. Robo1 is expressed in forebrain nuclei and in neuroepithelial cells underlying the main axon tracts. Misexpression of Robo1 led to aberrant development of axon tracts as well as the ectopic differentiation of forebrain neurons. These results implicate Robo1 in both neuronal differentiation and axon guidance in embryonic vertebrate forebrain. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse strain‐specific patterns of mammary epithelial ductal side branching are elicited by stromal factors
Authors: Naylor Matthew J. , Ormandy Christopher J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractVariations in mammary ductal side branching patterns are known to occur between different strains of mice and this is related to the rate of spontaneous mammary cancers, which are increased in those strains which show highly side‐branched mammary architecture. The cause of the variation in ductal side branching between mouse strains is unknown, but epithelial, stromal, and endocrine factors have been implicated. To define the mammary elements responsible for controlling strain‐specific ductal side branching patterns, we formed recombined mammary glands from epithelial and stroma elements taken from highly side‐branched 129 and poorly side‐branched C57BL/6J mammary glands and transplanted them to Rag1‐/‐ hosts on the inbred C57BL/6J background. When 129 epithelium was recombined with C57BL/6J stroma the poorly side‐branched C57BL/6J pattern was observed. C57BL/6J epithelium recombined with 129 stroma resulted in development of the highly side‐ branched pattern, as did 129 epithelium recombined with 129 stroma. All transplants used the same C57BL/6J endocrine background, demonstrating that strain differences in the mammary stroma are responsible for the strain‐specific ductal side branching patterns and that strain differences in epithelium or endocrine background play no part. Genes currently known to influence side branching by means of the stroma include activin/inhibin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Wnt‐2, Wnt‐5a, and Wnt‐6. Of these, Wnt‐5a mRNA expression was decreased in 129 mammary glands compared with C57BL/6J mammary glands, but in F2 129:C57BL/6J animals Wnt‐5a mRNA expression level did not correlate with the highly variable side branching patterns observed. These experiments exclude variation in the expression level of known candidate genes as the mechanism responsible. Regardless of underlying mechanism, transplantation without regard to the genetic background of the stromal donor, whether inbred or mixed, will compromise experiments with side branching and associated gene expression endpoints. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
atonal is required for exoskeletal joint formation in the Drosophila auditory system
Authors: Göpfert M.C. , Stocker H. , Robert D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHearing relies on the delicate arrangement of mechanoreceptor neurones and an acoustomechanical interface. The concerted action of these neural and non‐neural components is essential to audition, raising the question of whether they also develop in a concerted way. Drosophila hears with its antennae. A specialized antennal joint allows the distal part of the antenna to vibrate in response to sound and, thus, to serve as the sound receiver. This receiver's vibration is transduced by a chordotonal sense organ (CHO) that is closely associated with the joint. Here, we report that atonal (ato), the proneural gene for CHOs, is required for the formation of this antennal joint. Biophysical measurements in hemi‐ and homozygous ato1 mutant flies show that, in addition to eliminating the auditory CHO, loss of ato function makes the antennal receiver insensitive to sound, impairing its auditory function. Anatomically, the cause for this mechanical effect resides in the deprivation of mobile exoskeletal joint structures. Hence, ato, the homologue of mouse Math1, is required for the formation of both the auditory CHO and joint, providing a genetic link between the very neural and exoskeletal components that together transform fly antennae into ears. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating and body image disturbances in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: Gender and ethnicity patterns
Authors: Barry Declan T. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo examine gender and ethnicity patterns in eating and body image disturbances in adolescents hospitalized in a psychiatric facility.MethodParticipants comprised 715 inpatients who completed the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Gender (317 males, 398 females), ethnicity (553 Caucasians, 77 Latinõ Americans, 85 African Americans), and Gender × Ethnicity interactions in the features of eating disorders and body image disturbance were explored in the study group.ResultsEating‐related disturbances at diagnostic threshold were infrequent but participants' reported rates of specific features and symptoms were not. Overall, a significantly higher proportion of females than males reported features of eating and body image disturbances. The three ethnic groups differed significantly in their reports of body image disturbances but not in their endorsement of features of eating disorders. Post‐hoc comparisons revealed that a significantly higher proportion of Caucasian participants reported body image concerns than did African American and Latinõ American participants who did not differ significantly from one another. Significant Gender × Ethnicity interactions were observed, with Caucasian females endorsing higher rates of features of eating disorders and body image disturbances than African American and Latinõ American females.DiscussionIn adolescent psychiatric inpatients, although Caucasian females report the highest rates of the features of eating and body image disturbances, such concerns are not uncommon in males and in minorities. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 335–343, 2002.