bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divine Wind
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine standing at the center of a Roman coliseum that is 20 miles across, with walls that soar 10 miles into the sky, towering walls with cascades of ice crystals falling along its brilliantly white surface. That's what it's like to stand in the eye of a hurricane. In Divine Wind, Kerry Emanuel, one of the world’s leading authorities on hurricanes, gives us an engaging account of these awe-inspiring meteorological events, revealing how hurricanes and typhoons have literally altered human history, thwarting military incursions and changing the course of explorations. Offering an account of the physics of the tropical atmosphere, the author explains how such benign climates give rise to the most powerful storms in the world and tells what modern science has learned about them. Interwoven with this scientific account are descriptions of some of the most important hurricanes in history and relevant works of art and literature. For instance, he describes the 17th century hurricane that likely inspired Shakespeare’s The Tempest and that led to the British colonization of Bermuda. We also read about the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, by far the worst natural calamity in U.S. history, with a death toll between 8,000 and 12,000 that exceeded the San Francisco earthquake, the Johnstown Flood, and the Okeechobee Hurricane combined. Boasting more than one hundred color illustrations, from ultra-modern Doppler imagery to classic paintings by Winslow Homer, Divine Wind captures the profound effects that hurricanes have had on humanity. Its fascinating blend of history, science, and art will appeal to weather junkies, science buffs, and everyone who read Isaac’s Storm.
Their Eyes Were Watching God: San Felipe and the Okeechobee Disaster of 1928
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lake Okeechobee (a Seminole word meaning “Big Water”) covers almost seven hundred square miles of south central Florida, the second-largest body of fresh water that is entirely contained within U.S. borders. Too big to see one end from the other, it is nevertheless remarkably shallow: one can wade through most of it. It is fed from the north by several freshwater streams, most notably the Kissimmee River, and until the early years of the twentieth century, water drained out its south end through the Everglades, an enormous swamp covering most of Florida south of Okeechobee. To recover potentially valuable farmland, the government began an ambitious project to drain the Everglades in 1910. Workers built canals to drain water eastward and southward from Lake Okeechobee, lowering the water level and drying out parts of the Everglades. An earthen dike 5 to 8 ft high was built around the lake’s south end to control the floods that often followed heavy rains. To cultivate the new land, farmers brought in thousands of migrant workers, many from the Bahamas. Several new towns developed on the shores of the lake. Belle Glade, on the southeastern shore, was incorporated in April 1928, and while it was home to thousands of sharecroppers and migrant workers, it had only 209 registered voters.
The Storm Surge
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most deadly but fascinating phenomena that accompany hurricanes is the storm surge, usually experienced as a sudden rise of sea level near the time of maximum wind speed. This rise of the ocean, which may range from just a few inches to as much as 13 m (42 ft), is historically the most lethal aspect of hurricanes, having killed far more people than wind has. Storm surges are responsible for the horrifying death tolls—in the hundreds of thousands—of hurricanes striking Bangladesh (Chapter 28), and have been the main cause of death in the two worst hurricanes in U.S. history—the Galveston storm of 1900 (Chapter 13) and the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane (Chapter 17). A good if somewhat impersonal description of what it is like to experience a storm surge was provided by Isaac M. Cline, the local forecast official and section director of the Galveston branch of the U.S. Weather Bureau at the time that city was destroyed by a hurricane in 1900 (see Chapter 13).
Bull Halsey’s Typhoons
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in 1274 Kublai Khan launched his first great naval invasion of Japan, he had no knowledge of great storms at sea and no means to detect them. By the time Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey steered the U.S. Third Fleet directly into the cores of two typhoons in December 1944 and June 1945, conflicting objectives and overreliance on sparse, inconsistent data had replaced meteorological ignorance as the main cause of two great maritime disasters. On the evening of December 17, 1944, Halsey was trying desperately to decide what course of action to take, balancing his military objective of supporting General MacArthur’s invasion of the Philippines with conflicting and uncertain reports of a typhoon nearby. Two days earlier, forecasters at Fleet Weather Central in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, examined sparse observations from ships, islands, and aircraft and concluded that a tropical disturbance of some kind was making up in the western Pacific. They located the storm slightly to the south of its likely actual position at the time, but incorrectly believed it was tracking to the north-northwest when, in fact, it was headed only slightly north of west.
The Hunters
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of flying an airplane into the violence of a hurricane strikes most people as about as rational as going over Niagara Falls in a barrel. But most flights into hurricanes are not very rough. If you are a frequent flyer, chances are you have been in worse turbulence on a commercial airliner than is normally encountered in hurricanes. Of course, there have been exceptions. It must have taken enormous courage to do it the first time. The technical advance that made this breakthrough possible was instrument flying. Up through the early 1940s, pilots relied strictly on visual cues and a compass to fly and navigate their aircraft. Flying into even the most benign cloud without instruments is very hazardous, since pilots lose those visual cues that enable them to keep flying level and straight. In the early days of flight, pilots would often navigate by following highways and railroads. Among the pioneers of instrument flying was Joseph B. Duckworth, an Eastern Airlines pilot who resigned from the airline to join war preparations in 1940, signing on as an Army Air Corps major. Recognizing the enormous advantages of being able to fly in any kind of weather, Duckworth helped establish an instrument flying instructors school, in Bryan, Texas, in February 1943. He rapidly gained a reputation for teaching young pilots to fly by instruments in all kinds of weather.
Cyclone Tracy
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On early Christmas morning 1974, the city of Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory was razed by one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded on that continent. The storm killed 65 people and injured another 790 while destroying more than 80 percent of Darwin’s buildings and uprooting every tree in the city. A storm surge of 12 ft inundated the coast and capsized 21 vessels. Tracy caused at least $800 million in damages, making it the most costly tropical cyclone in Australia’s history. Situated in far northwestern Australia, Darwin is highly susceptible to strong cyclones. In 1875 the ship Gothenburg, en route from Darwin to Australia’s east coast, was sunk by a cyclone, killing 102, almost a quarter of Darwin’s fledgling population. Destructive storms struck the city again in 1878, 1881, 1897, 1917, and 1937. (Adding to its misery, Darwin was bombed about 60 times during World War II. The city’s general misfortune was attributed by the region’s Larrakia Aboriginal people to their pagan god Nungalinya, who became enraged by white settlers.)
Prefixes
Authors: Julien Marit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, the word-forming properties of head movement and phrasal movement have been the topic of discussion. What these movement operations have in common is that as a rule they give rise to suffixes. More precisely, if head movement or phrasal movement creates a complex word out of a lexical element and one or more elements from the functional domain of that lexical element, the functional elements will end up as suffixes on the lexical stem.
The Distribution of Verbal Markers
Authors: Julien Marit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have claimed that postposed grammatical markers result from movement of heads or phrases, while preposed grammatical markers are the consequence of not moving. These claims might have left the impression that there are no limits to the morphological patterns that can be derived in the system I have sketched. If every marker can surface as a prefix or as a suffix if the necessary movement operations are executed, anything seems to be possible.
Complexity, Emergence, and Divine Creativity
Authors: Peacocke Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As my good fortune would have it, when I had completed my doctoral apprenticeship and was for the first time pursuing research entirely of my own devising in my first university post, it was mainly centered on what we now call DNA. In the late 1940s, DNA had been identified as the principal carrier of the genes, but it was still not certain even that it was a large molecule-and although it was known to contain nucleotides linked together in chains of uncertain length, its double-helical structure was unknown. Suffice to say that, after 1952, its discovered structure revolutionized biology and has now become part of general public awareness.
Journalistic Practices and Their Problems
Authors: Gans Herbert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Journalists face other obstacles in their efforts to achieve their democratic ideal. Some of these problems originate in the operating structure of the news media, resulting from the need to disseminate the news quickly, regularly, and in a highly competitive industry. Other problems stem from the democratic ideal, the values it espouses, and the disconnects between the ideal and reality. I am sometimes critical of journalism, but first and foremost, my analysis emphasizes the structure within which journalists work. Journalistic work is almost always performed under difficult conditions of one kind or another, and most of the important imperfections—the ones with which I am mainly concerned—reside in the structures of the news media. Of course, not all of these imperfections are to be found in all news media; some apply more to radio and television, others more to newspapers and news magazines. My overall focus is on national news media, and I write more about the more popular news media than the elite ones. Still, many observations that follow apply virtually universally, for they inhere in commercial news media and professional journalism.
The News: What Might Be Done
Authors: Gans Herbert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the news has a number of significant effects, beginning with the creation of social continuity, as well as messenger, watchdog, and a number of political effects on and for American democracy. To be sure, the effects of the news are limited; consequently, the extent to which journalists can help strengthen the democratic roles and powers of the citizenry is also limited. If nothing else, journalists may be able to help citizens increase their understanding of the democracy within which they now live, in the world of the twenty-first century. In any case, it is worth asking what journalists could do differently or better; how they might change the news on behalf of the citizenry. The very notion of changing the news may seem like a pipe dream in an era in which the news audience has been shrinking, journalists have often been downsized, and many news firms have cut other costs in order to increase their rates of profit. But challenging times can sometimes spur thinking about change.
Introduction
Authors: Pollak Vivian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emily Dickinson’s language leads in many different directions. Virtually unpublished during her lifetime and seemingly ambivalent about publication in the future, she emerged dramati-cally in the twentieth century as one of America’s most distin-guished and distinctive poets. But if Dickinson’s originality is universally credited, her generative affiliations—the emotional and intellectual loyalties that made her who she was—are more difficult to discern, and many of the essays in this volume address the question, “For and to whom does Dickinson speak?”
Emily Dickinson: 1830-1886
Authors: Pollak Vivian R , Noble Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1862, Emily Dickinson read an essay in the Atlantic Monthly that was destined to make a distinct mark on American literary history. “Letter to a Young Contributor” was by the former Unitarian minister Thomas Wentworth Higgin-son, and this compendium of practical and moral advice caught her eye. A few days later, on April 15, Dickinson sent him four poems and a letter of her own. It began: She did not sign her name but included it on a calling card and in-timated that she’d like him to keep it a secret.
Models of Monolingual and Bilingual Language Acquisition
Authors: Murre Jaap M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children learn language despite the very impoverished nature of the input. Since the 1960s, the symbolic-deductive paradigm has explained this with reference to an innate mental language system. For about two decades, an alternative to symbolic accounts of language and language acquisition has been offered by connectionism, which can be viewed as one of the main sub symbolic-inductive paradigms. The recent models in this paradigm test detailed models against large databases of utterances. A general conclusion from this research is that, despite being very noisy and inconsistent, the nature of language input is nevertheless sufficient to support inductive mechanisms by which seemingly rulelike behavior emerges from a data-driven learning process.
Introduction to Part II: Comprehension
Authors: Perfetti Natasha Tokowicz Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal for many aspiring bilinguals is suc-cessful communication in their second language (L2), including becoming able to comprehend spoken and written messages. Language compre-hension is complex from a scientific point of view. For a competent speaker, however, comprehension is ‘‘a piece of cake.’’ All the lexical, semantic, syntactic, and textual processes that compete for attention and memory resources (and fill up dia-grams in models of comprehension) are executed with ease and without notice. Such may not be the case for the learner of an L2 or perhaps even for the moderately skilled bilingual.
Consequences of Bilingualism for Cognitive Development
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research addressing the possible cognitive consequences of bilingualism for children’s development has found mixed results when seeking effects in domains such as language ability and intelligence. The approach in the research reported in this chapter is to investigate the effect that bilingualism might have on specific cognitive processes rather than domains of skill development. Three cognitive domains are examined: concepts of quantity, task switching and concept formation, and theory of mind. The common finding in these disparate domains is that bilingual children are more advanced than monolinguals in solving problems requiring the inhibition of misleading information.
Simultaneous Interpreting: A Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Christoffels Ingrid K , Groot Annette M B de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simultaneous interpreting (SI) is one of the most complex language tasks imaginable. During SI, one has to listen to and comprehend the input utterance in one language, keep it in working memory until it has been recoded and can be produced in the other language, and produce the translation of an earlier part of the input, all of this at the same time. Thus, language comprehension and production take place simultaneously in different languages. In this chapter, we discuss SI from a cognitive perspective. The unique characteristics of this task and comparisons with other, similar, tasks illustrate the demanding nature of SI.
Insuring Mental Health Care in the Age of Managed Care
Authors: Conti Rena , Frank Richard G , McGuire Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private health insurance has long served different functions in the financing of mental health care than it has in general health services. It is typically more limited in its level and extent of coverage (Buck, et al, 1997), it covers care used by the less severely ill among people suffering from mental illnesses, and its costs have received disproportionate attention. Public commitment to directly finance and provide mental health care to the most seriously impaired citizens also sets mental health apart (Goldman and Skinner, 1989; Grob, 1994). A fundamental reason why financing and organization are different for mental health care is that the basic economic forces causing market failures in health insurance, moral hazard, and adverse selection have special force in the mental health sector (Frank and McGuire, 2000; Newhouse et al., 1993).
Child Mental Health Policy
Authors: Friedman Robert M , Best Katherine A , Armstrong Mary I , Duchnowski Albert J , Evans Mary E , Hernandez Mario , Hodges Sharon , Kutash Krista B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews child mental health policy and identifies key policy issues at a time when greater attention is being paid to children’s mental health than ever before. This reflects both an increasing recognition of the severity of the problem of emotional, behavioral, and mental disorders in children and adolescents and the inadequacy of present attempts to address these disorders. Former Surgeon General David Satcher, under whose leadership the first Surgeon General’s report on mental health was published (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999) and the first Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health was conducted, proclaimed that “Growing numbers of children are suffering needlessly because their emotional, behavioral, and developmental needs are not being met by those very institutions which were explicitly created to take care of them” (Satcher, 2000, p. 1).
The Epidemiology of Adult Mental Disorders
Authors: Kessler Ronald C , Koretz Doreen , Merikangas Kathleen R , Wang Philip S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most recent generation of psychiatric epidemiology began in the late 1970s with the development of fully structured research diagnostic interviews. The first instrument of this type was the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins et al., 1981), which was developed with support from the National Institute of Mental Health for use in the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Study (Robins and Regier, 1991). The ECA studies, which involved general population samples of five U.S. communities, were the first community surveys to estimate the prevalence of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) disorders in the United States. A I-year follow up of ECA respondents was also conducted.
of Little Brown Myotis
Authors: Humphries Murray M , Speakman John R , Thomas Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hibernation permits endotherms to survive prolonged periods of cold temperatures and reduced food supply through a combination of energy storage, microhabitat selection, and metabolic reduction. For many mammals, predictable thermal relationships define both the length of the hibernation period and the level of energy expenditure during hibernation, facilitating the ability to make precise predictions about the energetic consequences of microhabitat and latitudinal temperature gradients. Here we develop a quantitative model predicting the effect of ambient temperature on the hibernation energetics of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and compare predictions of the model with the observed distribution of bats across thermal gradients within caves and across the North American continent. Our model predicts pronounced effects of ambient temperature on total winter energy requirements and a relatively narrow combination of hibernaculum temperatures and lengths of winter that permit successful hibernation. Empirical distributional patterns of M. lucifugus correspond closely to these predictions, suggesting that temperature effects on hibernation energetics severely constrain the distribution of bats within hibernacula at the northern limit of their range.
INTRODUCTION
Endothermic organisms generally maintain a constant, elevated body temperature (Tb) independent of ambient temperature (Ta), but their activity and energy use remain highly temperature-dependent (Speakman, 2000). Small endotherms in temperate and arctic zones face a dual problem in winter when increased thermoregulatory requirements coincide with reduced food availability. The adaptations that permit persistence during these periods generally involve some form of avoidance of the most extreme energetic stresses (King and Murphy, 1985). Migration (Gwinner, 1990)
Exploring the Evolution of the Basal Metabolic Rate in Bats
Authors: Cruz-Neto Ariovaldo P , Jones Kate E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rates of energy expenditure are thought to play a crucial role in shaping the evolution of the behavior, ecology, and physiology of organisms. The most frequently measured rate of energy expenditure is the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Mammals show an enormous range in BMR, with the variability spanning five orders of magnitude. Here we review current hypotheses proposed to explain this variation and test these hypotheses using data from 95 species of bats from 10 families. Our analysis of the evolution of BMR in bats indicates that there is a significant phylogenetic component to BMR: closely related species have more similar rates of basal metabolism than more distantly related species. After controlling for this effect, the most important determinant of BMR in bats is body size, explaining 84% of the variation. We also found that several other life-history and ecological factors (independent of phylogeny and body size) played an important role in the evolution of BMR in bats, offering mixed support to current hypotheses. We also explore whether variation in BMR has allowed rates of diversification to change over evolutionary time but find no evidence to suggest that this has occurred.
INTRODUCTION
It is widely assumed that energy plays a pivotal role in shaping the behavior, ecology, and physiology of organisms. In fact, much of contemporary ecological theory attempts to understand the link between energetics and factors such as patterns of species richness, reproductive effort, distribution, activity patterns, and other life-history traits (e.g., Alexander, 1999; McNab, 1992a; Thompson, 1992). Among the several energetic parameters used to investigate such links, basal metabolic rate (BMR) stands as one of the most important. Originally defined as a way to index the minimum rate of energy necessary to maintain homeostasis, BMR is by far the most widely measured energetic parameter. In mammals, BMR accounts for more than 50% of the total free-ranging energy expenditure (Nagy et al., 1999; Speakman, 2000) and consequently may have overt ecological and evolutionary significance. Operationally, BMR is defined as occurring in postabsorptive animals within.