bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internalization and Externalization: Organizational Strategies for Fuji Denki, Fujitsu, and Fanuc
Authors: Yonekura Seiichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The age of managerial capitalism has been closely associated with the rise of large, diversified, multidivisional companies. As Alfred Chandler has pointed out, this pattern of growth with the creation of a multidivisional structure had its origin in the United States. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, companies in capital-intensive industries internally grew or externally consolidated to form single large enterprises, through mergers or take-overs. These companies pursued economies of scale by vertically integrating organizational functions, thus optimizing the flow of raw materials, semi-finished goods and final products. The multifunctional organization emerged, along with the rise of the first generation of big businesses.
Intersecting Trajectories and Model Changes
Authors: Freyssenet Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Has there been one, or have there been several successful industrial models in the period since the 1974 oil crisis, and, if so, which? The aim of this chapter is to identify and characterize the successful model or models and to investigate the conditions under which it or they are viable and function well. It is clear from the trajectories of the automobile manufacturers examined in this book that they have certainly pursued different profit strategies; some have emphasized volume, some product diversity, others quality, and so forth. Analysis of these strategies reveals that they in fact represent combinations of the five fundamental sources of company profits: scale effects, scope effects, quality, product innovation, and the reduction of costs at constant volume. Each strategy combines these sources of profit in precise proportions to make them structurally compatible. Accordingly, it appears to be impossible for a firm to simultaneously attain, and maintain over the long term, maximum volume, maximum diversity, perfect quality, permanent innovation, and the reduction of costs at constant volume. This finding stands in stark contrast to the assertions made in The Machine that Changed the World (Womack et al. 1990), with its presentation of ‘lean production’ as the optimal industrial model; one which, moreover, also apparently guarantees the fulfilment of employees, the satisfaction of consumers, and economic development worldwide!
Nissan: Restructuring to Regain Competitiveness
Authors: Hanada Masanori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1960, Nissan still produced only 56,000 passenger cars. There were two models, the Datsun 310, which later became the Bluebird, and an Austin model built under licence, which was later replaced by the Datsun 2000 and then the Cedric. More commercial vehicles were made than passenger cars, and the gap would widen in the years that followed. It was not until 1968 that passenger car production overtook output of commercial vehicles. During the first half of 1960s new factories were built with a view to launching mass production: Oppama in 1961, Zama in 1965, and Murayama, a factory built by Prince, which was taken over in 1966. In 1967, the characteristics and business environment of Nissan were quite distinct from those of Toyota, and the company had not adopted the same profit strategy (Boyer and Freyssenet 1995b). The company’s production organization and employment relationships lacked the coherence of Toyota’s.
From British Leyland Motor Corporation to Rover Group: The Search for a Viable British Model
Authors: Mair Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trajectory of Rover Group, formerly British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC), British Leyland (BL), and Austin-Rover, encountered and was strongly influenced by a series of different external industrial models between 1968, when BLMC was formed, and the late 1990s. These included the principles of Sloanism, Fordism, and Taylorism as observed at Ford of Britain and elsewhere, a Japanese model in the form of the company’s erstwhile partner Honda, and from 1994 the particular German model of its new owner BMW. Over the course of these encounters, what can reasonably be considered the ‘indigenous’ craft-British and mass-British industrial models that had dominated the company (recognizing that these too incorporated elements borrowed from the wider global industrial environment) were moulded and shaped.
China’s Military in Transition
Authors: Shambaugh David , Yang Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China’ Military in Transition is the most comprehensive study of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) ever published. Drawing upon a broad range of documentary sources and interviews, many of the world's leading specialists on the Chinese military provide in-depth and expert analyses of China's military modernization programme. This unprecedented volume covers many aspects of the PLA on the eve of the twenty-first century: party-army relations and the role of the PLA in domestic Chinese politics; the changing officer corps; the paramilitary People's Armed Police; troop reorganizations and the demobilization programme; the national security and defence policy decision-making processes; the military-industrial complex and defence industrial conversion; defence finance, budget, and training; weapons procurement; nuclear force modernization; threat perceptions; power projection capabilities; and the military balance in the Taiwan Strait.
The PLA and China’s Threat Perceptions*
Authors: Whiting Allen S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because this volume focuses on the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), only those threat perceptions directly relevant to the presence of Chinese military force are addressed in this article. The problems of ideological unity, legitimacy of the regime, and other political or economic threats to the People’s Republic are excluded insofar as they do not call on the PLA. Nor are general foreign policy stratagems for dealing with Moscow, Tokyo, New Delhi and Washington under review, let alone regions beyond China’s capacity to project military power.
Understanding the Role of Interfirm Institutions in Sustaining Trust Within the Employment Relationship*
Authors: Marsden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a paradox in our understanding of the employment relationship. On the one hand, its principal advantage to employers lies in its flexibility and economy compared with other types of transaction, and such flexibility could be deemed dependent upon a good degree of trust between the parties concerned. On the other, the prisoner’s dilemma teaches us that cooperation based on trust is very fragile, a point which seems to be borne out by Fox’s observation that the great majority of work roles in modern industrial society are of the ‘low-discretion-low-trust’ kind.
Markets, Competition, and Innovation*
Authors: Kitson Michael , Michie Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the overall growth rate of the UK economy in the 1980s and 1990s was similar to that of the other advanced countries, this is hardly an indicator of success.1 Output per person is lower for the UK than for any of the other G7 group of countries, and it is also below the OECD average. This output ‘gap’ indicates a potential for ‘catching-up’ growth. Lagging countries, such as the UK, could in principle borrow and adopt new technologies and management techniques from leading countries. This should enable lagging countries to achieve superior growth rates compared to the leading countries, at least until the output gap is closed. We have argued elsewhere (Kitson and Michie, I996a,b, 1997) that this failure of the UK to catch up with the other industrialized countries is due in part at least to a failure of economic policy as well as to the debilitating grip of various institutional constraints.
A Mind for Business
Authors: Lawrence W Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The industrial revolution raised the possibility of creating a world of plenty. But a century after the heroic period of Japanese, European and US industrialization we are no closer to realising the dream of the industrial revolution, the dream of modernism, the dream of progress. Our productive economy is riddled with the inefficient management structures in which people who know most about the work tend to have little say about how it can be improved, and are generally not permitted to talk to us directly about their experience. If they take the risk to do so, we are in no position to act on what they tell us. (Schwartz 1992: 201-2.)
Social Networks and the Diffusion of Fertility Control in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Montgomery Mark R , chung woojin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither high nor low fertility is easily understood in terms of differences in the fundamental values associated with childbearing and childrearing. The value placed on freedom from pressing material need, on social and economic security, on the survival of the family line, on both filial devotion and filial independence-all these are present, to greater or lesser degrees, in most societies. The transition from high to low fertility is more usefully viewed, particularly when it occurs rapidly, as a transition in strategies, a selection of new means to reach old and fundamental ends. What does it mean to rear a child properly? When does education become a necessary part of proper upbringing? Under what circumstances will high fertility free parents from their material needs, and when does it become sensible to have fewer children, but educate each better, so as to meet the same end? In developing countries, where a bewildering variety of economic and social transitions are under way, questions such as these are the subject of continuing individual and social debate.
South-East Asian Population History and the Colonial Impact
Authors: Reid Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Southeast Asia’s population history as usually represented is marked by very low growth and low population densities until the late eighteenth century, and by very rapid growth in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its challenge to conventional demographic transition theory is not so much the timing of the upturn in population, since it occurred at about the same time as that in Europe, as its scale and its cause. Until the revisionist writings of the 1960s and subsequently it was believed that the Javanese population had grown by 2.2 per cent a year in the nineteenth century, and even the latest revisions have not been able to get that rate down below about 1.4 per cent (Boomgaard, 1989: 1, 202). A marked reduction appeared to have taken place in mortality without any substantial rise in standards of living.
The Population History of South Asia from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries: An Exploration
Authors: Guha Sumit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-recognized fact that for most of the current millenium, Asia has contained the largest population of any continent; and also that the greater part of this population has lived within the Indian sub-continent and the present-day boundaries of the People’s Republic of China. Furthermore, despite rapid population growth in Europe and its spillover zones, these areas still contain some two-fifths of the current human population of the globe. However, while the population of China has been traced back, at least in outline, for some two thousand years, our knowledge of the Indian population is chronologically rather shallow, with relatively few scholars having worked on the period before the regular decennial censuses that the British government conducted from 1881.
The Modernization of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Gerschenkron Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people will agree that the emergence of modern entrepreneurs has been an integral part of the great economic transformation known as the historical process of industrialization. The question I wish to consider is twofold: (1) What were some of the distinguishing “modern” features of industrial entrepreneurs, particularly in the early stages of that transformation? (2) How did those characteristics come about? In dealing with these questions, I shall be thinking mostly of the area of European industrializations, which should give us sufficient scope both for generalization and differentiation.
Transport Policy
Authors: Mcgowan Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transport policy has been a long-standing concern of the European Union: responsibilities were embodied in the treaties of Paris and Rome and the first attempts at policy were made in the 1950s. The priorities and objectives have changed over time but the outcomes have for the most part been relatively modest. Within that framework, cohesion has only occasionally been a priority. Yet aspects of the common transport policy have had a significant effect upon cohesion and continue to do so.
Social and Employment Policy
Authors: Koutsiaras Nikos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social policy consists of social insurance, health services, public assistance, education, housing policy, and labour market policies (CEC 1993a, Kleinman and Pianchaud 1993). Thus, it defines a wide range of collective actions seeking to protect individuals against: unanticipated income losses owing to social contingencies, to ensure the attainment.
Conclusions
Authors: Hall Ronald , Smith Alasdair , Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He purpose of this book has been to show the many different ways in ,which European nionpolicies impinge on its territory and society. More specifically, the various contributions consider the effect of key European policies on the Union’s internal economic and social cohesion. This remains a matter of the unknots political importance for Union which recognizes that improvements in cohesion are necessary to secure its rather integration.
Introduction: Finding Paths through the Handbook
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Dierkes Meinolf , Child John , Nonaka lkujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This handbook is arguably a product of two types of approaches to the field of organizational learning-one focusing on how existing knowledge is shared, used, and stored; the other, on how new knowledge is created. It is designed to bring together the current streams of thinking on organizational learning that are dispersed in different disciplines and sub disciplines and to extend the boundaries of work in this area.
Technological Visions, Technological Development, and Organizational Learning
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Marz Lutz , Teele Casey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From sustainable development and lean government to the learning organization and the virtual company, visions as a concept or metaphor have gained a great deal of attention in both the public at large and the business community (Dierkes, Hoffmann, and Marz 1996). In a number of academic disciplines, this growth in general interest has prompted the research community either to begin to explore the concept of visions or to intensify ongoing research, particularly studies related to the relevance, function, and explanatory power that visions have in social processes (Grin and Grunwald 2000).
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas Part III focused on structure and context, this section deals with agency. Agents of organizational learning are identified as individuals or groups-whether inside or outside the organization-whose actions facil-itate or inhibit organizational learning. Each chapter in this part focuses on the role of a particular agent, broadening the still relatively narrow scope of research in the field. A central message is that the process of organizational learning occurs through the complex web of relationships created among the various agents as they carry out their organizational roles. Thus, no single group can be seen to be the primary agent or source of organizational learning. The actions of one set of agents can support or hinder the contribution that other agents make to organizational learning, a possibility suggesting that much more attention needs to be paid to the dynamics of relationships.
Labor Unions as Learning Organizations and Learning Facilitators
Authors: Drinkuth Andreas , Riegler Claudius H , Wolff Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labor unions are democratic organizations that were created to represent workers’ demands for fair wages, an adequate working environment, and a social safety net. In some countries the participation of labor unions in business decisions has been an important issue. These objectives are still relevant in Europe, but with the industrialized world on the threshold of the new Internet economy, the way of organizing workers’ interests has to be adapted to the evolving economic and sociopolitical structure. As a counterforce to capital, unions traditionally thrived on the differences between labor and capital, but in a world where capital is the mind of the knowledge-worker, such historical class differences are eliminated.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To analyze and describe the diverse in organizational and creation, the authors of the chapters in this draw on widely concepts. Whereas some of the contributors understand learning processes in terms of a linear sequence, others express doubt about the possibility and advantage of conceptualizing learning processes in this way. Rather, these skeptics focus on uncovering the informal, interactive behavioral dimensions of these processes, the role of implicit knowledge, the media, power, conflict, and rules. To enhance the explanatory power of these aspects some authors link different conceptions of organizational learning and argue that the commensurability of contending theories depends on the particular learning situation under study.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In research on organizational learning, corporations have quite often been treated as monolithic, self-contained systems that have fixed boundaries and that operate relatively independently from other actors in the external environment. Central themes have been environmental adaptation, information acquisition, rule development, collective sense-making, and intraorganizational memory. Today, the emergence of global networks confronts researchers of organizational learning with new issues, such as the role of interorganizational relations, trust, and coordination and the competing notions of competition, cooperation, diffusion of innovation, and imitation. Network analysis of knowledge creation and diffusion elaborates on these issues as well as on the structural characteristics of interorganizational ties, determinants, and mutual effects of the execution of power by partners, and on the role that national cultures play in shaping construction of and relations between networks. To foster the cross-fertilization of these ideas, the authors of this section provide detailed analyses and reviews of different forms of network relations and their implications for organizational learning.
Integrated Information Technology Systems for Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka lkujiro , Reinmoller Patrick , Toyama Ryoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because knowledge is considered an important source of firms’ competitive advantage (Albert and Bradley 1997; Cohen 1998; Drucker 1994; Quinn 1992; Schendel 1995; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen 1997), today’s firms are under increasing pressure to find a way to manage knowledge efficiently and effectively. In order to manage corporate knowledge strategically, many firms are employing the latest information technology (IT) as a set of knowledge-management tools. Papow and Papow (1998) estimated that 42 per cent of total U.S. investment capital in 1997 was spent on IT.
Dimensionality Effect in Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Gonzalo Jesús , Pitarakis Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past decade a considerable amount of research has focused on the issue of stochastic trends in economic variables and subsequently on whether such trends are common to some or all of the variables in question, a phenomenon known as cointegration (Granger, 1981; Engle and Granger, 1987). Despite an abundant literature dealing with the development of cointegration tests and their applications in economics (see Engle and Granger, 1991, for a comprehensive review), an important issue that has often been overlooked is the impact that the system dimension (number of variables) might have on the accuracy of inferences. The issue is not merely a degrees of freedom problem (see Abadir, Ha&lt;iri and Tzavalis, 1997) and becomes relevant in a wide range of applied fields. Indeed, the analysis of cross country or sectoral comovements of economic variables in the new growth literature or the determination of the number of factors in asset pricing theories in finance, for instance, are some among numerous other examples that involve the handling of very large systems.
Two Pluralist Polities
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attacks on the legitimacy of politics as an activity, one based on the recognition of the profound conflicts which may take place between persons’ sometimes incommensurable ethics, have been expressed in a variety of ways throughout the history of Western thought. In the ancient world, those who defended politics tended to do so for either classical democratic or classical republican reasons, while those who attacked it turned either to theory, as with some of the doctrines evident in the works of Plato or Aristotle; to realpolitik, as articulated most famously by Plato’s character Thrasymachus or the historian Thucydides; or to monarchy, the form of government favoured by those whom many ancient Greeks referred to as ‘barbarians’.
Recognition: Towards a Patriotic Respect for the Individual
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third major mode of justification in politics today is that of recognition. Often, it is demanded that persons be recognized by gov ernments and others in a certain way. One form of recognition is that of cultural difference, as when women or the members of particular groups, such as ethnic minorities or nations, call upon the state to recognize their unique ways of being in the polity.1 Another is exhibited in the inherently hierarchical honouring, and even glorifying, of certain individuals when they are, say, knighted, awarded the Order of Canada, or laid to rest in France’s Parthenon. Though such events are often of great political import, they also, surprisingly enough, have tended to escape substantial controversy. Even less controversial is the idea that all individual persons, simply by virtue of being persons, ought to be recognized as laying claim to a kind of equal respect or dignity. And the most popular way of expressing this form of recognition, one encouraged by pluralists as well as by many others, has been in terms of rights.