bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synagogue, Sabbath, and Scripture New Forms of Hellenistic Jewish Textuality and Education Beyond the Temple
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have focused my discussion on forms of Hellenistic Jewish textuality and education that were either primarily based in the temple or (largely) implemented by former temple elites. At least some level of temple or priest connection persists in every sort of early Jewish textuality. Nevertheless, as this chapter will demonstrate, we also see—by the first century c.e. at the latest—an increasing distribution of non-temple-based forms of textuality in early Judaism, forms often linked with Sabbath gatherings at early synagogues.
‘Fragments Of A Ghost Story
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These fragments have come down to us on four potsherds, one of which is now at the Louvre, and another at the Vienna Museum; the two others are in the Egyptian Museum in Florence. The Paris ostracon is formed of two pieces joined together, which bear the remains of eleven lines. It has been translated, but not published, by Deveria, Catalogue des manuscrits egyptiens du Musie du Louvre, Paris, 1872, p. 208, and the cartouche it contains has been studied by Lincke, uber einem noch nicht erklarten Konigsnamen auf einem Ostracon des Louvre in Recueil de Travaux relatifi a la philologie et a l’archiologie egyptienne et Assyrienne, 1880, vol. ii. pp. 85-89. Five lines of the text have been published in cursive facsimile by Lauth, who read the royal name Ra-Hap-Amh, and places it in the IVth dynasty (Manetho und der Turiner Konigspapyrus, p. 187). Finally the whole has been given by Spiegelberg, Varia, in Recueil de Travaux, vol. xvi, pp. 31, 32. The two fragments at Florence in Migliarini’s Catalogue are numbered 2616 and 2617. They were photographed in 1876 by Golenischeff, then incompletely transcribed by Erman in Zeitschrift (1880, 3rd fasc.), finally published in facsimile, transcribed, and translated, by Golenischeff, Notice sur Un Ostracon hieratique du Musie de Florence (avec deux planches), in Recueil, 1881, vol. iii. pp. 31. I added a note to Golenischeff’s memoir (Recueil, vol. iii, p. 7) which contains some corrections of no great importance. The two fragments at Florence in reality only contribute one text, for ostracon 2617 appears to be only a copy of ostracon 2616. The Vienna ostracon was discovered, published, and translated by E. de Bergmann, in his Hieratische und Hieratisch-Demotische Texte der SammlungAigyptischer Alterthumer des Allerhochsten Kaiserhauses, Vienna, 1886, pl. iv, p. vi. It is broken across the middle, and half of each line has disappeared.
On Those Who Caused Alexander To ‘Drink The ‘Death ‘Potion
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commencement of this chapter does not belong to the romance; as Lemm’ has recognised, it is a simple epigraph borrowed from one of the books of the Old Testament, that of Jesus, son of Sirach. Nothing of the narrative itself remains. What I have to say about the Theban version of the romance of Alexander ends here; it may still be hoped that fresh fragments may be found to enrich our collection, and they will enable us some day to recognise with more accuracy their connection with the versions known at the present time. The special value that is now attached to them arises from the fact that, with the fragments of the Romance of Cambyses recently discovered by Schafer, they form the sole evidence that remains to us of the existence of those Coptic manuscripts to which Arab authors so often refer, and from which they assert that they acquired their fabulous history of Ancient Egypt.
Emma: The Picture of Health
Authors: Wiltshire john 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Educators, naturally enough , have read Emma as a novel about education. More sophisticated, or more self-conscious, latter-day authors and readers have thought it to be about authorship, or about reading. Many accounts exist which see it as a novel about perception, or understand it in epistemological terms, or interpret it as a novel of hermeneutics. Some have even fancied Emma to be about its heroine’s imagination.1 There is hardly a critic who, once having entered the close and intricate world the novel constructs, has not found it hospitable to a coherent and plausible reading, or who has not found something new and interesting to observe in Highbury. But with very few exceptions, no one has yet diagnosed Emma to be a novel concerned with health.
Jane Austen, Emma, and the Impact of Form
Authors: Ferguson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the criticisms leveled at formalist criticism is that it claims to be a universal method but that its practice belies those claims. Skeptical commentators on the New Criticism have regularly conceded its effectiveness with a variety of poetic texts and have granted that a Cleanth Brooks might have had a few useful things to say about the poetry of well-wrought urns and other similarly small and obviously formed objects, but they have at the same time suggested that formalism was out of its depths when it tried to deal with prose. The looseness, bagginess, and monstrosity of the novel, they have said, were more than formalism could swallow.
Consuming Time: Narrative and Disease in Tristram Shandy
Authors: Lawlor Clark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One would think that the subject of time and Sterne, especially in Tristram Shandy, had been entirely exhausted, like Yorick’s broken-winded horse. The second quotation in my epigraph is only too well known to anyone having the least acquaintance with Sterne’s writing, dramatizing what has traditionally been conceived as the futile effort of the Modern to write to the moment, and enacting the ultimate victory of time over the writer and therefore over the narrative. Sterne criticism has identified various types of time at play in Tristram Shandy, the most notable being the psychological Lockean time of the individual who associates randomly within his own mind and, relatedly, the temporal structure of the entire narrative as it emanates from Tristram’s erratic consciousness. Some attention has even been paid to Sterne’s own physical-personal time and its relation to the periodic publication of the novel in two-volume installments.
Introduction
Authors: Barnes Linda L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of healing traditions is well developed in the discipline of anthropology. Much as religion scholars have uncoupled the term “religion” from an unexamined association with any one tradition, so have medical anthropologists—who engage in the cross-cultural study of medicine and healing traditions—challenged the popular assumption that “medicine” is synonymous with “biomedicine,” the dominant, biologically based system of practice. They have argued, instead, that biomedicine is only one of many rich and diverse healing systems developed by human societies, and that biomedical illness categories, therapeutic responses, and meanings of efficacy are not universal. Some of these scholars, however, have been less successful in avoiding the reduction of religious systems to economic, political, psychological, or sociological substrata, with corresponding implications for studying the diversity of religious healing. Nevertheless, at the national meetings of the American Anthropology Association, sessions dedicated to the cross-cultural study of medicine and healing traditions—many of them grounded in religious traditions, worldviews, and practices—occupy approximately one fifth of the program each year.
Teaching the History of Chinese Healing Traditions
Authors: Barnes Linda L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing in my formal training prepared me to teach about the history of Chinese healing traditions. As a religion scholar I had, to be sure, studied the history of Chinese religions and, as an anthropologist, had explored the entry of Chinese healing practices into the United States, particularly in Boston, but it was not the same thing. Still, I had friends and colleagues who were historians of Chinese medicine. When offered the chance to design a course of my choice for my spring semester as visiting faculty in the Religion Department at Brown University in 1999, it seemed like a good time to fill in this rather substantial hole in my own background.
Ometeotl Moyocoyatzin: Nahuatl Spiritual Foundations for Holistic Healing
Authors: Hernández-Ávila Inés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is based on my initial experience teaching a course focused completely on the ancient and contemporary Nahuatl, or Aztec, tradition. I regularly offer NAS 157 Native American Religion and Philosophy (a core course for our Native American studies undergraduate majors and minors), with a focus on a grouping of traditions, one of which is usually the Nahuatl tradition. I have often wanted to create a course dedicated entirely to this tradition and its influence on contemporary Chicana/Chicano and Mexican spiritual expressions and understandings of healing, so this project provided me with the opportunity to use the space of NAS 157, in fall 2003, to design, teach, and reflect upon a new course proposal (NAS 159), which I have now drafted as a result of this experience.
Medicine, Healing, and Spirituality: A Cross-Cultural Exploration
Authors: Arai Paula K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The perspectives of modern Western scientific (allopathic) medicine and several Asian healing and spiritual practices are the focus of a course I teach, titled “Medicine, Healing, and Spirituality.” Analysis of cultural and religious influences on the concepts of illness and health and the relationship of body and mind directs the inquiry.
Religion and Healing for Physician’s Assistants
Authors: Glennon Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This course on religion and healing came about in response to Le Moyne College’s efforts to develop a Physician’s Assistants (PA) program. The originators wanted the program to have a Le Moyne stamp, which meant that it needed to add some key humanistic disciplines, especially philosophy, literature, and religion. Le Moyne is a Jesuit college in Syracuse, New York, and a central part of our mission is to develop whole persons who appreciate diversity and are committed to service and justice regardless of their chosen professions. A PA program that only prepared students for the scientific and practical aspects of the profession was unacceptable. That is why the school wanted to be sure to add courses in the humanities, especially religion and ethics, to prepare students for the broader human context into which their practice would take them.
The Voltaire Effect
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The steady diffusion of Newtonian ideas into Europe before Newton’s death is, then, undeniable. But in France, as we have seen, it was confined primarily to the domain of mathematicians and natural philosophers, as well as to a small circle of educated men who had acquired a taste for such studies. Wider dissemination required the arrival on the scene of the unique genius of Voltaire. What made Voltaire so effective an agent – apart from an unparalleled ability to seduce an audience by a masterful combination of shock and wit – was his disinterested status. Neither mathematician nor physicist, but a literary giant aloof from the academic disputes that had embroiled the previous generation, Voltaire’s voice carried force. In other words, Voltaire’s stature as an amateur in matters of science was the source of his contemporary appeal, demonstrating for the first time the accessibility of Newton’s ideas to nonspecialists.
Objectivity’s Last Stand
Authors: Jones Alex S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bad journalism has the world’s attention, and endless hours are spent by those who care about news dissecting what is bad and why. “Bias” is a word that gets used a lot. “Unfair” and “unbalanced” are also familiar epithets, as are “shallow” and “lazy.” “Inaccurate” is usually part of the rap.
But what is good journalism? What makes journalism good? Everyone would agree on accuracy. For most consumers of news, the next requirement would be lack of bias: journalism should be fair and balanced. More than two-thirds of us say we preferred getting news from sources without “a particular point of view,” according to a 2007 poll by the Project for Excellence in Journalism.
The Curious Story of News
Authors: Jones Alex S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of news is studded with unlikely moments that proved pivotal and outlandish characters who changed everything. There was no stranger moment in the saga of news than October 11, 1898, when Adolph Ochs, the out-of-money publisher of the failing New York Times, rescued his paper from a lethal enemy and changed the course of American journalism at the same time. It was a mess he had gotten himself into because of his own vanity and frenzied ambition, and one he escaped by inspired and desperate guile. This was the same man—the grandfather of Punch Sulzberger—who later became an icon of journalistic probity and a model for all publishers. But that October, he was a man who was cornered.
News papers on the Brink
Authors: Jones Alex S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Do you play golf?” said George Irish, then the president of Hearst Newspapers, one of the nation’s major chains, in response to my question about his perspective on the newspaper business in these tumultuous times. I responded that I used to play with my father. He nodded and continued with a note of pain, “The newspaper business used to be like playing golf on a par three course where you stood on the tee and you knew the exact distance to the hole. Now the newspaper business is like standing on the tee of a par five, shrouded in fog. You can’t even see the green, and overnight they’ve moved all the bunkers and sand traps.”
He was speaking out of frustration and worry and no small amount of anguish. The day before, the San Francisco Chronicle, a Hearst paper, had announced that it was cutting a quarter of its news staff.
Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the most authoritative, arguably the definitive appraisal of some of the claims that are directly made or are imbedded in the incredibly successful work of popular fiction by Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code; it is not an essentially partisan Christian rebuttal of The Da Vinci Code (as are virtually all the books currently available) but a truly historical assessment by a noted early Christian scholar. Brown's novel is unusual in that the author makes the statement up front that the historical information in the book is all factually accurate, and many readers presumably have taken the author at his word. Some of these "facts" are surprising and provocative, such as that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, that this union produced an offspring whose holy lineage has been preserved down to today, that Emperor Constantine suppressed secret Gospels that attest to these stories, etc. Ehrman discusses the historical truth behind these claims from a scholar's perspective. His focus is on the historical Jesus, the historical Mary, the development of the early Christian church, the writings of the early Christian Gospels, and the role played by Constantine in the formation of what has come down to us as the beliefs and scriptures of the Christian religion. Ehrman writes: "I should stress that I am not objecting to Dan Brown's inventing claims about early Christian documents as part of his fictional narrative; the problem is that he indicates that his accounting of early Christian documents is historically accurate, and readers who don't know the history of early Christianity will naturally take him at his word. But there is more fiction than fact, not just in the plot of The Da Vinci Code, but also in its discussion of the early documentary record about Jesus."
The Discoveries of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Library
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Leigh Teaming explains the “real” nature of Christ to Sophie Never in his drawing room, he points out that even though the Gospels of the New Testament portray Jesus as divine and not human (a view that, as we have seen, is itself wrong), there were other Gospels from early Christianity that provide a more historically accurate portrayal, in which Jesus is seen as human. These Gospels, he tells her, have been discovered in relatively recent times, in the archaeological finds of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the documents unearthed near Nag Hamada, Egypt. These, he indicates, are among the earliest surviving Gospel accounts of Jesus and can be used to correct the canonical view of him as divine.
Evaluating Impact
Authors: Bayley David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States and the larger international community have used foreign assistance to promote police reform as part of encouraging the development of democratic government. Considerable investment both human and material has been made in this strategy. Does it work? Has international assistance made foreign police significantly more democratic and thus contributed to the establishment of democratic government? This chapter will attempt to answer this question. It will focus primarily on the impact of American assistance, with some commentary on multinational experience.
The Building of the House of God
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The House of God In the context of our lives, “building” means constructing a house of God. It has this meaning even when we are not speaking of a temple or a church. House or city, in the same way as temple, is the bearer of a divine power, which is fixed in a particular place through the act of building. The boundary which separates the building site from the rest of the world is thus one of the most important constituents of primitive architecture. Whatever lies outside offers no security, is surrendered to all powers. The power which is known, and for which a house is built, resides within. The ancient Roman pomoerium is the holy boundary of the city, indicating the limit of the sovereignty of the gods. The ancient Germanic enclosure (Einfriedung) is a guar antee of peace (Frieden), with its boundary a boundary of power. Even today, the British Queen must beg entrance from the authorities of the City of London at the Temple Bar.
Paths and Boundaries
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of each chapter we have attempted, in a preliminary “theo logical aesthetics,” to indicate the theological significance and position of the art in question. The task now remains to seek the unity of art, as such, in a general treatment, What do all the arts have in common, from the theological point of view? What is the mid-point about which everything turns? And what have we discovered up to now? The dance reflects the movement of God, which also moves us upon the earth. The drama presupposes the holy play between God and man.
The Image of God
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the image of God, we have arrived at theology. The times when it seemed that theology and arc could have no understanding of each other are past. Artists no longer look down upon dogma, and theo logians are at least willing to consider art as a problem. In Holland, admittedly, there still exists the semi-Puritan opinion of those who think that God would gladly see us despise his gifts. But in a period which is painfully aware that it is no longer able to raise itself to the biblical height, one can hardly share the attitude of Schopenhauer that biblical subjection, especially in the New Testament sense, is unsuitable for the pictorial arts.
Religion in the American Colonies in 1770
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On my arrival in the United States,” the famous French traveler Alexis de Tocqueville observed in the early nineteenth century, “the religious aspect of the country was the first thing that struck my attention.” If in 1770-six years before the thirteen colonies became the United States-a different group of foreign visitors had traveled the narrow roads of the colonies, they would have agreed with de Tocqueville’s later observance.
Brown II and Subsequent Desegregation Developments
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Court invalidated school segregation on May 17, 1954, but it ordered no immediate remedy and deferred reargument on that issue until the following term. The remedial issue posed several questions for the justices. First, should they order immediate desegregation or allow a gradual transition, and should they impose any deadlines for beginning or completing desegregation? Second, how detailed should the remedial decree be? The Court could dictate specifics about the desegregation process, remand to district courts to formulate decrees, or appoint a special master to take evidence and propose orders.
Brown’s Direct Effects
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many commentators have called Brown the most important Court decision of the twentieth century, perhaps the most important ever. Yet judicial decisions can matter in many different ways. This chapter considers Brown’s direct consequences: How much school desegregation did it produce? The following chapters examine a variety of possible indirect effects. Even before Brown, a couple of northern states that had some formerly segregated school districts began to desegregate, in response to social and political forces emanating from World War II. In 1947, New Jersey passed a constitutional amendment that barred school segregation, and the governor ordered aggressive enforcement of it, including the withholding of state funds from districts that continued to segregate. In 1949, Illinois enacted a similar funds-withholding law. By the early 1950s—before Brown—officially sponsored segregation had largely disappeared from both states, showing that school desegregation could occur without a mandate from the Supreme Court.
Why Massive Resistance?
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did Brown so radicalize southern politics in the short term, leading candidates for public office to compete for the most extreme segregationist positions? There were white racial moderates in the South—people who favored compliance with court orders, opposed school closures, and would have tolerated gradual desegregation. Brown II had consciously appealed to such moderates and sought to empower them. Why did that strategy fail so abysmally? Why were so few moderate voices heard in the South after Brown?
“Jim Crow Snapshots”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conductor had ordered all the Negroes who were deadheading to go on up to the head car. Still the coach was packed and jammed when the trio got on at Waxhaw. It was Sunday night and they were chirped up by liquor and their togs. They looked all around the coach, and then pointedly at the conductor who was taking up two seats with his tin box, bag, papers, and tickets. “Well,” sighed one dolefully, “I suppose we’ll have to sit on the floor.” “I didn’t pay my fare to sit on no floor,” said another. The first one got a seat by squeezing in beside an ample woman who lifted her child to her lap. His luck pleased him and he started agitating, “You’ll grow tall standin’. Little man like you is.” The big fellow looked hard at the back of the conductor’s head. The conduc-tor was busy rustling papers, obviously getting ready to check out at Monroe.