bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Theory of the Semantics of Words
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The semantic theory described in the present volume offers a way to account for the well-attested flexibility with which words are used in ordinary discourse, while at the same time making clear the shared anchors to experience and the shared systematic framework that make it possible for us to understand each others’ creative usages. The theory, in the tradition of Saussure and Durkheim, situates language clearly as a collective phenomenon; clearly as an entity that inheres not in isolated individuals, but in a community. The theory, then, is concerned not only with the individual experiences and understandings that shape the learning and use of words, but, also with the social processes by which the knowledge and usage of individuals is tied together and meshed into a single collective system. This social framework not only embraces the regularities of normal established usage but also, perhaps more im portantly, the conceptual means by which novel individual creations are structured and understood and by which the collective system changes over time-whether the change represent adaptation to changed external material circumstances or to interior changes of style, interest, or perception.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its headquarters in New York City, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) kept a wary eye on the progress of miscegenation law. As the laws began to blanket western states, each passing year brought new cause for concern. In 1909, the year the NAACP was founded, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota enacted their first miscegenation laws and Missouri added “Mongolians” to its existing statute. In 1911, Nevada replaced a law from the Civil War era with a broader prohibition on the marriage of “any person of the Caucasian or white race” with “any person of the Ethiopian or black race, Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or the American Indian or red race.”
U .S.-Japanese Manufacturing Joint Ventures and Equity Relationships
Authors: Ettlie John E , Swan Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent headlines read “GM to Sell Its 50% Stake in GMF annual, a Robotics Firm, to Japanese Partner” (Wall Street Journal, June 4, 1992, Business Briefs section) and “IBM, Toshiba, Siemens to Team Up” (Ann Arbor News, July 13, 1992). The dissolution and formation of joint ventures (]Vs) in manufacturing continue to be high drama in the world competitive scene, but the reasons for formation and dissolution of these ventures are still not well understood.
A Critical Comparison
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Of course we want business to be more ethical. That is simply com­ mon sense. Who could possibly argue against such a position? What politician, executive,journalist, taxi driver, or professor could resist advocating such a position? Very, very few, probably. Naturally, once we endorse this position there is little doubt about what we must do. We must expose and publicize the many instances of insider trading, toxic waste dumping, toxic waste burning, deceptive advertising, shoddy product design, shoddy product testing, questionable lending, question­ able campaign contributions, and avoidance of one obligation after another that occur repeatedly in the business world.
Auricular Confession and the Crisis in the Church
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamental to the development of auricular confession and the inclusion of penance as one of the seven sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church is the Christian concept of sinful mankind. Sin, in the sense of the commission of willfully evil acts offensive to the divine order, did not exist for the ancients. For Plato, a moral error was a mere blunder on the part of an individual who thought he was in pursuit of the good. Such a well-meaning mistake could never be offensive to God. Christianity, on the other hand, took over the notion of original sin from the Old Testament and made it into a deliberate contravention of God’s will, an opposition that manifested itself not only by external acts, but by thoughts, beliefs, and intentions.
The Spanish Inquisition and Its Jurisdiction Over Solicitation
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing 131 years after Pius IV had granted the Spanish Inquisition exclusive jurisdiction over solicitation, the anonymous author of an admonition to a recently convicted curate declared that older works of canon law failed to mention penalties for solicitation because “lawmakers could not even imagine the existence of such depraved clerics and confessors.” Of course, solicitation was hardly new when Pius issued his bull of April 14, 1561. In fact, the Toledo tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition had tried a solicitation case as early as 1530. What was new was the perception on the part of Church authorities that solicitation posed a serious threat to the entire Tridentine program of revitalizing sacramentalism and expanding the authority of priests and confessors. As early as 1543, Calahorra’s reforming bishop, Juan Bernal de Luco, who was a leading member of the Spanish delegation to the Council of Trent, suggested that illicit relations between confessor and penitent should be severely punished if they became known publicly because of the danger that the sacrament itself would lose credibility. It was another prominent Spanish delegate to Trent, Pedro Guerrero, archbishop of Granada, whose 1559 memorial to Paul IV first raised the alarm about the frequency of solicitation and led directly to the bull of 1561.
Corporate Entrepreneurs and Managers, 1821-1914
Authors: Owen Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever the accuracy of the bureaucratic criticism of merchants’ feeble entrepreneurship in the period of minimal corporate activity prior to the Crimean War, the perennial lack of sympathy typified by those remarks deserves attention because of constant allegations in the Soviet historical literature of a close partnership between business and the tsarist state. This essentially polemical assertion inspired suspicion on two counts. First, it merely reiterated the common criticism of capitalism that filled the prerevolutionary Bolshevik and Menshevik press. It also rested on a weak empirical foundation, Soviet historians having produced little in the way of enterprise histories and biographies of business leaders.
Giving Advice and Feedback Are Inherently Political Activities
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tack we’ve taken has been primarily psychological. Now it’s time to emphasize the political. This is another area where people have to develop skill and sensitivity before they can operate any model, especially a modern one, successfully. But just like psychology, it’s a specter that most have been doing their best to avoid. It’s almost as if people treat organizational politics as a low-grade virus infection, hoping that if they ignore it and think positively it will go away.
Performance Evaluation: The Capstone Event in Giving Feedback and Advice
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s always struck us as a strange and amazing fact that a high percentage of managers and professionals receive direct and substantive feedback only once a year. That time, of course, is the company­ mandated annual performance appraisal and pay review. Paradoxically, it’s the precise time people are most likely to resist learning. In their minds they’ve come to negotiate next year’s pay and want to hear neither what they are doing wrong nor how they might profit from doing something differently. So there they are, trying to put their best foot forward while the person conducting the pay and performance review is trying to extract a confession that there are critical functions to be performed more effectively and essential lessons to be learned. When we see such a situation we always question the group-think that can get otherwise intelligent people to go along with such “a program.” After all, every reviewer is also a pay-review­ recipient and has firsthand reason for knowing better.
Introduction
Authors: Hoyle Susan M , Adger Carolyn Temple 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of language in interaction have usually examined the talk of adults. As more and more scholarly attention focuses on language socialization, we are also learning a great deal about the development of grammatical, pragmatic, and dis course abilities among preschoolers. Only recently, however, has work begun on the language practices of the intermediate group. Attention to school-age children and adolescents is essential to a complete understanding of the dimensions along which language use can vary in the social construction of everyday life across the life span. In bringing together the work of several researchers who have been investigating the linguistic and interactional practices of older children, this volume contributes to our understanding of how members of a society use their language resources.
Accommodating Friends: Niceness, Meanness, and Discourse Norms
Authors: Greenwood Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preschool children, with grand insouciance, are able to explicitly announce whom they are “friends” with and whom they “hate,” as well as whom they want to play with and whom they don’t. Such alliances and allegiances are often created on the spot, simply by virtue of the spoken declaration. For example, in saying, “We don’t want to play with you,” a group bands together, asserting a common goal of ousting the “other” to non group status. Or, in saying, “We’re friends, right?” (Corsaro 1985), individual children seek to claim or reinforce their solidarity with one another. Thus, language itself can create an immediate sense of friendship.
Bodytalk: Discourses of Sexuality among Adolescent African American Girls
Authors: Emihovich Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociolinguistics has always emphasized the critical importance of the social con text in which language use is embedded (Hymes 1974a). Recently researchers have begun to emphasize that language not only reflects context but indeed creates it (e.g., Duranti & Goodwin 1992). Of particular relevance to this chapter is the contention by Gumperz and Cook-Gumperz (1982) that social categories, such as race, gender, and class, are constructed through social interaction.
A New Generation in the White House (1993- )
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 20, 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton moved into the White House amid predictions that she would completely rewrite the job of First Lady. Headlines described a president’s”First Partner" who is”breaking new ground." One magazine searched the record of three administrations to fashion a composite that did her justice, finally concluding that she was a”presidential super spouse" who combined”the policy presence of an Eleanor Roosevelt [with] the sounding board of a Milton Eisenhower and the ... generalship on hard decisions that Robert F. Kennedy offered during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962." Within months, a popular magazine outlined not”The President’s First One Hundred Days" but”A Hundred Days of Hillary." The normally sedate Atlantic suggested that she was making”motherhood look good" on women’s job resumes, and the career-minded Working Woman evaluated the”ripple effect of the’Biliary’ phenomenon" on”husband-wife business relationships" across the nation." Television viewers of CNN’s popular”Sonya Live" cheerfully offered their own opinions of the First Lady’s effect on the president and on the nation.
Gynecological and Obstetrical Issues for HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Anderson Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women now account for over 50,000 cases of AIDS diagnosed in the United States, representing 13% of total cumulative AIDS cases among adolescents and adults in this country. Furthermore, AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death for U.S. women between the ages of 25 and 44 years and is the number one cause of death in certain regions of the country. Nevertheless, these statistics, as sobering as they are, both misrepresent and underestimate the reality of HIV disease today. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that some 16 million people are infected with HIV worldwide and that 7-8 million of these are women of childbearing age.
Despite evidence that the face of HIV is increasingly female, the importance of gender-specific issues and gynecological manifestations of HIV has been underrecognized and poorly studied. Fortunately, this has begun to change, and these are now major targeted areas for research nationally and internationally.
Practices and Opinions of Health-Care Providers Serving HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Kass Nancy , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since it became evident that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child through pregnancy and birth, there have been increasing calls for women to be tested for HIV and for women known to be HIV-infected either to delay or refrain from childbearing. Such calls by policy makers, clinicians, and members of the public have been in striking contrast to an otherwise established practice of according women autonomy in reproductive decision-making. Any plausible policy directed at influencing the reproductive behavior of HIV-infected women would have to be implemented in part or in whole through the health-care providers—doctors, nurses, social workers, counselors, and others—who inter act with HIV-infected women. Despite the pivotal role of these health-care providers, little is known about their views concerning childbearing and HIV infection, nor is it known how the providers who regularly care for HIV-infected women currently approach the topics of reproduction and childbearing with their clients. To gain a better understanding of how health-care providers actually counsel women and what providers’ own beliefs and attitudes are concerning HIV infection and childbearing, we interviewed providers who care regularly for HIV-infected women.
Nonlinear Responses Of The Cochlear Partition: Suppressions And Otoacoustic Emissions
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider only two of the most prominent expressions of the cochlea’s nonlinearities, response suppressions and otoacoustic emissions. At first sight, these two phenomena may seem to be unconnected, but it is clear from work with cochlear models that both classes of these nonlinear responses can be attributed to the same amplitude-limited motile forces of the outer hair cells widely held responsible for the compressive nature of pure-tone responses. As a case in point, the model introduced in Chapter 9 produces both realistic suppressions and life-like emissions. Accordingly, that model is referred to at appropriate points in this chapter to account for various response characteristics. Before proceeding, a brief review of linear responses is called for to highlight what is not linear about the cochlea’s responses.
Treatments for Damaged Ears
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appropriately, this last chapter concerns the relief currently available for people with various forms of hearing impairment. It is good to celebrate the improvement in their lives brought about by present treatments and hearing aids. It is also important to pay tribute to the army of workers-scientists, clinicians, technicians, manufacturers-who have labored long and hard to understand and alleviate the disabilities and distress of hearing impairment. Moreover, clinical treatments and aids to hearing comprise a sort of final examination, providing practical tests of the depth with which we understand the workings of the ear. It is such understanding that largely determines the methods used for treating ailing elements within the ear and finding substitutes or assistive devices for missing or defective stages.
Historical Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical response to evil legacies and the question of what role historical accountability plays in liberal transition. Transitions appear—almost by definition—to imply periods of historical discontinuity. Wars, revolutions, and repressive rule represent gaps in the life of the state that threaten its historical continuity. The questions that arise are: as a descriptive matter, how do societies treat these periods of apparent historical glitch? To what extent is the response to past evil rule historical? And, normatively, in what sense is historical accountability a corrective, ushering in liberalization?
The Prehistory of Distribution Theory
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economics embraced marginal productivity as essential at the turn of the twentieth century, only to dismiss it as superfluous after World War IL As we have seen, this dismissal invited back the indeterminacy problem that the early neoclassicals had solved primarily by using marginal productivity. Indeed it was precisely this solution that earlier had brought conceptual order to the clutter of nineteenth-century distribution theory, thus allowing neoclassical economics to establish itself as a full-fledged replacement to the classical school and guaranteeing its future as the dominant voice of economic analysis.
The Ordinal Revolution
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary ordinal preference theory rejects hedonism and cardinal utility as proper starting points for explaining economic behavior. The axioms of consumer theory, it is now said, should be imposed on choices, not on the psychology underlying choice. In the early neoclassical era, in contrast, hedonism provided rationales for assumptions on behavior. The completeness, transitivity, and convexity of preferences were thereby grounded by a substantive account of economic rationality.
Script Reform from Within
Authors: typewriters Kana , Textbooks Romaji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the realities of Japanese literacy reviewed in chapter 2, it should come as no surprise that thoughtful Japanese were concerned with script reform from even before the Meiji Restoration. Nanette Twine (1983, 1991) has amply described the key events, documents, organizations, and personalities connected with calls for script reform of various kinds up to the tum of the century, and, in the case of those who favored a reduction in the number of kanji, down to 1945. (The hundreds of illustrations in Kida 1994 provide a perfect complement to Twine’s narrative and analysis.) Here, we will concentrate on the 20th century, especially on the development of the romanization movement. First, however. we need to supply some background information that Twine does not cover.
Indefinite Articles
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapters 2 and 3 we were concerned with the first step in the evolution from concrete concept to grammatical concept—for example, from body-part to locative marker or numeral. Here we deal with the subsequent evolution from grammatical concept to even more grammatical concept. In addition, we attempt to illustrate what this evolution means with reference to the structure of grammatical categories. The example chosen is that of indefinite articles, already touched upon briefly in the introductory chapter. The question raised there was the following: Why does the English definite article determine both singular and plural nouns, as can be seen in (1), whereas the indefinite article may not be used with plural nouns, as can be seen in (2)?
“Helpin Somebody Out”: Imperatives in Task Situations
Authors: Puckett Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
contrary to popular culture stereotypes, Ash Creek residents are generally laboring, or “&lt;loin something during waking hours. Most children are socialized from five or six years old to activities that contribute to household maintenance. One’s activities at any given time are likely to dominate “just talkin” exchanges. The metapragmatic functions created or reproduced in these conversations reassert a well-developed ideology of task-focused communication. A primitive component in constituting this ideology! is that “&lt;loin something references a physical activity. The “sayin” “around here, honey, we work with our hands, not with our heads” describes one way individuals are likely to interpret and assign value to labor. Individuals are expected to be “keepin busy,” even if it is simply turning the pages of a grocery store insert in a newspaper or waiting for hours to shoot unwanted groundhogs in a garden. This task-orientation is so well developed that performing some type of task often replaces other forms of recreational activity, such as reading or playing board games, which do not result in something “glttin done.”
The Economics of Frivolous Litigation
Authors: Miceli Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a common perception that there are too many lawsuits filed in the United States. The available data on litigation rates provide some support for this perception. For example, figure 9.1 depicts the rapid growth in the number of civil cases filed in U.S. district courts beginning in the early 1970s, even after controlling for population growth. A rising number of lawsuits, however, does not, by itself, indicate an increasing number of nonmeritorious, or “frivolous,” suits; perhaps some meritorious suits had previously been deterred. Since we saw in the last chapter that most suits end up either settling or being dropped before going to trial, it is virtually impossible to offer data on the fraction of suits that are in fact frivolous. Thus, the question can be addressed only theoretically. In this chapter, I therefore survey various economic models of frivolous litigation that have been offered both to support the conjecture that some fraction of suits is frivolous, and to suggest remedies for this problem.
Argument Projection, Thematic Configurationality, and Case Theory
Authors: Gruber Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to eliminate Theta-role assignment as an independent theoretic module determining correspondence between arguments in a syntactic structure and thematic roles in a structure apart from syntax, for example, in a Theta-grid (Stowell 1981), independent “argument structure” (Williams 1984), or autonomous conceptual or semantic structure (Jackendoff 1983, 1990; Gruber 1990, 1992a, b). Concomitantly, this entails the determination of the wide variety of primitive thematic relations configurationally, as well as the derivation of overt forms from them through the operation of principles of syntax. We will assume the general framework of Chomsky’s (1993) Minimalist program, in which derivations are constrained by principles of economy and conditions on the syntactic interfaces, PF (Phonological Form) and LF (Logical Form).
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Designing drug molecules to alleviate human disease and suffering is a daunting yet exhilarating task. How does one do it? How does a researcher sit down, paper in hand (or, better yet, a blank computer screen), and start the process of creating a molecule as a potential drug with which to treat human disease? What are the thought processes? What are the steps? How does one select a target around which to design a drug molecule? When a researcher does design a molecule, how does she or he know if it has what it takes to be a drug?