bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nightlife and Crime in International Perspective
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s a balmy summer night and I’m on my way home from the pub as I catch a snippet of hope and lament, ‘forget about him, you can do better’. Just ahead of me, two girls in their early twenties are stumbling arm-in-arm along the pavement. As the distance between us shortens, the legs of one of the pair buckle and she falls momentarily to the ground only to regain stance and momentum with the Nightlife. What sort of life is it?—a life-affirming field of dreams, or a cathartic field of sorrows? The chapters in this collection allow us to see that it can be either, and more importantly both, in the space of one single night. Yet, the problem with naming a book ‘Nightlife and Crime’ is that things immediately get dark, when in fact, nightlife is mostly full of light, with darkness only inhabiting its periphery. Nightlife is often associated with celebration, festival, and community gatherings, so let’s not get too serious just yet; nightlife isn’t. What nightlife is for most who partake of it, is a minor, ostensibly frivolous, punctuation of daily routines—a release of pressure; the froth on life’s cappuccino.
England and Wales
Authors: Hadfield Phil , Measham Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In England and Wales, certain forms of violent crime, criminal damage, and antisocial behaviour have long been concentrated in and around nightlife areas. This may be regarded as a by-product of the intensity of leisure activity in these particular times and spaces, as well as the youthful socio-demographic composition of the nightlife population. It is also a corollary of the forms of commercial leisure one finds there, with much of this leisure activity dominated by the sale and consumption of alcohol.
scotland
Authors: Elvins Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quote above from Kenny MacAskill is taken from an interview published in The Guardian newspaper, 14 May His forceful words encapsulate a number of important points about the contemporary debate regarding alcohol in Scotland. First and foremost, it contains the implication that a strong cultural dimension shapes attitudes and perceptions regarding alcohol within Scottish society. Second, by referring to ‘our high streets’ the minister locates the debate firmly in relation to ownership of public space and negative associations concerning alcohol use in public.
The Netherlands
Authors: Calster Patrick Van , van der Leun Joanne , Hasselt Ninette van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent attempts to transform Amsterdam’s red-light district into a more ‘respectable’ area were dubbed ‘Amsterdam’s war on sex’ in Newsweek. The question was raised: ‘Amsterdam without the red-light district? Wouldn’t that be like Paris without the Eiffel Tower! ?’ A similar question can be raised about cannabis coffee shops. Over the past decade the number of coffee shops has decreased considerably and regulation of those that remain has become more stringent. Without doubt, Amsterdam’s nightlife is changing. Most inhabitants of Amsterdam do not consider coffee shops and the redlight district as typical nightlife settings. Tourists, however, do.
Spain
Authors: Basanta Anabel Rodrã-guez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will describe how changing patterns of alcohol consumption have been a major aspect of this transition and the bedrock of a new leisure economy. Spanish drinking practices have come closer to the models more typically seen among the cultures of northern Europe, the aim being to obtain the desired state of festive euphoria through rapid intoxication. The considerable increase in nightlife options has been similarly accompanied by a popularization of the recreational consumption of narcotic substances. Over recent years, ‘partying’ holidays in the sun have become the focus for young foreign visitors to an unprecedented degree, thanks to the emergence of low-cost airlines and package tourism.
Greece
Authors: Vidali Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stereotypical representations of nightlife in Greece frame this social realm within the discourses of entertainment and leisure and it is rare to encounter discussions of associated criminality, incivilities, or the fear of crime. Up until the late’s, the social history of Greek nightlife was, however, littered with accounts of deviance and petty criminality. Since then, the influence of criminal organizations in shaping social and economic relations within a free-market night-time economy (NTE) has been of primary importance. Despite these links, nightlife and entertainment do not represent core components of crime policy for the Greek authorities.
Nightlife Horizons Some Further Thoughts and Conclusions
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canada and the Nordic countries (Finland and to a lesser extent Norway and Sweden) dominated some types of alcohol research as a result of the research organizations that flourished in those countries. On the other hand, there were few alcohol researchers in the UK, France, Italy, or Spain. Whilst a substantial amount of funding was available in the United States through the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), very little of this money was directed toward social problems such as violence in the NTE. In England and Wales, current levels of research activity concerning these social contextual, rather than strictly epidemiological problems, have emerged only within the last decade, chiefly as a result of Home Office prioritization. In no other nations, apart from Scotland and Australia, has the NTE received such sustained attention and the literature on governmental responses to nightlife has so far been limited to analyses of the conditions pertaining within specific nation states, with most work published in scholarly journals. This work has primarily focused on the UK.
Russian Law in Comparative Legal Studies
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian law and the Russian legal system continue to seek an established place in the constellation of world legal systems. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—the formative period of modern comparative law—Russia and her legal system were basically unknown and by default would have been grouped together with the legal systems of continental Europe. The dissolution of the former Soviet Union (1922–91) and its legal system (1917–91) and the re-emergence of the Russian State continue to offer another dimension to the debate among comparative lawyers generated by the 1917 Russian Revolutions. The Revolution of February 1917 brought an end to the Russian monarchy; the Revolution of October 1917 terminated the rule of the coalition Provisional Government that had replaced the monarchy. Soviet law claimed, on the basis of ideological axioms, to be unique among all existing and precedent legal systems. While most accepted that ‘law’ was a component of the Soviet public order, whatever its ultimate fate was postulated to be, it was this claim to uniqueness which challenged the established classifications of legal systems or families of legal systems.
The Pre-Revolutionary Heritage
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1917 October Revolution proclaimed in the exuberance of its triumph a complete break with the Russian past. In 1918 there followed a formal repeal of Imperial legislation (although Soviet courts were allowed for some years to fill gaps in Soviet legislation by having recourse to pre-revolutionary legislation in certain circumstances). But law is not merely the statute book at any given moment of time; it represents an accumulation of experiences, values, terminology, attitudes constructed in the course of human affairs over many centuries, elements which the Revolution could not dispense with no matter how radical the policies it sought to introduce. Neither was the study of Russian legal history entirely abandoned, although it experienced periods of comparative neglect and, when revived, suffered from the superimposition of ideological constraints. The demise of the Soviet Union removed those constraints and invited legal scholars to return to the legacy of the past in order to find lessons and solutions for the future development of Russian law.
Securities Regulation
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian law, following the Soviet law tradition, continues to be distinctive for a broad definition of what falls in the category of ‘securities’.1 The Russian Civil Code defines a security as a ‘document certifying, in compliance with the established form and obligatory prerequisites, property rights whose effectuation or transfer’ is possible only when presenting it (Article 142). Specifically singled out as ‘types’ of securities in the Civil Code are: State bond, bill of exchange, cheque, deposit and savings certificates, bank bearer savings book, bill of lading, stock, and privatization securities (Article 143). Laws on securities may designate other documents as securities or create a procedure for making such a determination. Notwithstanding the reference to a security as a ‘document’, the Russian Civil Code also recognized ‘paperless securities’ (Article 149). Of the types of security mentioned, stocks and bonds are the subject of the most extensive regulation, and we shall dwell on them in this chapter.
Criminal Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of criminal law in the Russian Federation has been an expression of the democratization of post-Soviet Russia and of challenging policy choices between a more humanistic attitude towards criminal behaviour and the need to cope with increasing rates of criminality and an expansion of the role of organized crime and corruption. The Soviet Government inherited in October 1917 an Imperial Russian Criminal Code of 1903 that technically speaking was among the most advanced in Europe. That Imperial Code was not immediately repealed by the Soviet authorities. Rather, the local courts were directed to decide ‘cases in the name of the Russian Republic and be guided in their decisions and judgments by laws of the overthrown governments only insofar as these have not been repealed by the revolution and are not contrary to the revolutionary conscience and revolutionary.
The Case of Uganda
Authors: Development Bank African 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uganda started having external debt problems in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the government embarked on large-scale borrow- ing programs while the country ‘s terms of trade were deteriorating, limiting the availability of foreign exchange. At the same time, the government was printing money to finance its fiscal deficit, thus generating high domestic inflation. By the beginning of the 1990s, Uganda ‘s debt burden had reached unmanageable levels. The gov- ernment could no longer afford to service its debt repayments and began defaulting on its obligations. In a bid to resolve Uganda ‘s debt problems, the World Bank organ- ised a commercial debt buy-back of all commercial loans in 1992/93. At the same time, Uganda also received relief on its bilateral Paris Club debts through traditional debt relief mechanisms. However, these relief initiatives were not sufficient to ease Uganda ‘s debt over- hang because the bulk of the debts were owed to multilateral institu- tions (such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the African Development Bank/Fund). By 1994/95, Uganda could not afford to service its multilateral debts and appealed to international donors for support. This resulted in the establishment of a Multilat- eral Debt Fund (MDF), which mobilised funds from some of Uganda ‘s bilateral donors to service its debt to multilateral creditors, mainly the World Bank and the African Development Bank. The MDF was a precursor to the HIPC Initiative, which aimed to find a sustainable solution to multilateral debt problems.
Free and Fair Elections
Authors: Ghebali Victor-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of free and fair elections was developed in the wake of decolonization. It seems to have been used first in a 1956 UN report devoted to Togo’s independence from colonial rule (Ebersole, 1992: 94). However, the term still has no internationally accepted definition for the simple reason that universal and regional organizations, as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), use the adjectives ‘free’ and ‘fair’ as synonymous with ‘honest’, ‘genuine’, ‘impartial’, ‘sincere’, ‘democratic’, or ‘transparent’. In fact, the notion of freedom is related to participation and choice, while fairness aims at equal participation in the poll, impartiality, and non-discrimination (Goodwin-Gill, 2006: 73). Indeed, elections may be considered as ‘free’ if they take place in the absence of any significant pressure, intimidation, or violence against voters; they can be labelled ‘fair’ when all candidates are treated in a non-discriminatory manner (Elklit & Svensson, 1997: 33–5).
Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Warner Daniel , Giacca Gilles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the responsibility to protect is a key element in any discussion of crises that entail massive violations of human rights. It is essential in the overall theme of human security because, rather than letting individual states be solely responsible for the well-being of their populations, the responsibility to protect introduces the notion that outsiders may be involved in protecting individuals or groups when a state fails, or is unwilling, to protect its population.
State-building
Authors: Daoudy Marwa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the modern state goes back inter alia to the peace treaties of Westphalia in 1648. The treaties introduced the notion of a sovereign entity set up within a defined territory and in which both the population and the territory are under the control of non-religious political authorities. Mutual recognition validates the sovereignty of such entities. However, scholars continue to disagree about the factors that caused the emergence of the modern state between the 16th and 17th centuries. Milliken and Krause articulate five centuries of history around the three main functions of the modern state, according to their ideological standpoint: security, thanks to a social contract appropriating the means of violence; legitimacy, resulting from the representation of a state’s identity; and growing wealth, fostered by modern capitalism and imperialism (2002: 755–62). These authors point to the various paradoxes underpinning research into the crisis of the modern state. To use the expression coined by Tilly: ‘States make war and war makes states’ (1985: 170).
Transitional Justice
Authors: Rosa Anne-Marie La , Philippe Xavier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern concept of transitional justice was first employed at the end of World War II, albeit without official endorsement, when there were concerted efforts to rebuild Europe and to achieve sustainable peace. In fact, one of the first times the international community coordinated its work to bring to trial persons who had committed international crimes was in its establishment of’ denazification’ programmes in Germany. Historically, then, transitional justice was first associated with periods following interstate conflicts but, at the end of the 1980s it was broadened to encompass the setting up of new ‘democratic’ regimes after periods of unrest, whether the unrest was due to non-international armed conflicts, internal strife, or the transition from an authoritarian/totalitarian regime to democracy.
Field Linguistics
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fieldwork is the most important and most exciting part of linguistics. But there are many misconceptions concerning what it is and how to do it. This is a short introduction, based on my experience of fieldwork in Australia, Fiji, and Brazil (commencing in 1963 and extending until today), providing a personal view of the discipline. (§2.1, ‘Writing a grammar’, could well be reread at the end of this chapter.)
Relative Clause Constructions
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three recurrent patterns for the ways in which clauses may be combined. These can be illustrated from English:[The boy]a ate [the mango]o, after Is leftIa know [that [the boy]a ate [the mango]o]complement.clause:o Ia know [the boy [whoa ate [the mango]o]relative.clause]o Sentence (1) illustrates the linking of two clauses, neither of which is contained within the other: Sentences (2) and (3) both involve ‘embedding’, where one clause is included within another; but these are embeddings of quite different kinds.
Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Harper Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is part of the group of muscular dystrophies. It is the commonest inherited muscular dystrophy and has a profound effect on individuals who are diagnosed with the disease and their families. It is present for many decades of a patient's life but, unlike the other dystrophies, it also affects the organs in the body, making this a very distinctive disorder, and a very troubling one for those close to it. When the first edition of Myotonic Dystropy: The Facts published in 2002, it was widely appreciated by families, support groups, professionals and reviewers for its simple and clear approach to key practical questions. This new edition retains the same successful structure, but now includes new material on the recognition of the distinct 'type 2 myotonic dystrophy', which had only just been identified at the time of the first edition. Further explanation of the advances in basic understanding of myotonic dystrophy, and additional coverage of the new approaches to therapy and management of the condition are also included, as well as comprehensive discussion of the recent on-going worldwide research. New to this edition are 'Key Facts' at the beginning of each chapter, 'frequently asked question' boxes, and up-to-date contact details for worldwide myotonic dystrophy support groups.
All a-BORG! The Dangerous Drinking Trend Steamrolling Across Social Media and College Campuses
Authors: Pratt Nicholas , Madhavan Ricky , Weigle Paul , Weleff Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black out rage gallons (BORGs) are a troublesome drinking pattern emerging on social media platforms. The prevalence of BORGs has been increasing on college campuses and is demonstrating significant consequences. There is no known research on BORGs in addiction treatment settings. We suggest that future research will be necessary to understand their implication. Troublesome binge drinking is not a new problem among colleges. However, social media has seemed to ignite such trends.
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Association of Elevated Vitamin B12 Levels and Outcomes in Patients With Cancer Treated With Immunotherapy
Authors: Turgeman Ilit , Benaim Anat Reiner , Regev-Tsur Stav , Turgeman Shahar , Abu Amna Mahmud , Badran Omar , Bar-Sela Gil 
Published: November 2023

Metabolic pathways may regulate responses to cancer immunotherapy (IO). Due to its immunomodulatory properties, we sought to examine the association between serum vitamin B12 (VitB12) and survival in individuals with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, compared with biological and chemotherapy. We collected data on patients with advanced cancer initiating intravenous antineoplastic treatment and a concomitant VitB12 measurement (elevated: >820 ng/L), between January 2010 and January 2022. Patients on IO and other regimens (control) were compared using the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, χ2 test or Fisher test for categorical variables, and multivariate Cox regression models assessed the effect of VitB12 on overall survival and progression-free survival, adjusting for confounders. Patient groups (control: n = 408; IO: n = 93) were balanced for the treatment line and VitB12 (elevated 29.9% vs 23.7%; mean 762.4 vs 687.6 ng/L). In multivariate analysis, overall survival in all patients was negatively associated with VitB12 [control: hazard ratio (HR): 1.4, 95% CI: 1.01–1.96, P = 0.04, false discovery rate (FDR): 0.069; IO: HR: 2.74 as sum of linear baseline and interaction effects, log scale], age (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.04, P < 0.01), male sex (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50–0.88, P < 0.01), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.48–0.99, P = 0.01). However, VitB12 was significantly negatively associated with progression-free survival only in the IO group (P < 0.001, FDR < 0.001, calculated HR: 8.34; biological treatment P = 0.08; FDR: 0.111; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, P = 0.07; FDR: 0.09). Taken together, elevated VitB12 was a negative predictor for outcomes on IO, independently of other known prognostic factors. Further research is needed to elucidate the immune-metabolic interplay and its interaction with the gut microbiome, as well as interventional strategies to enhance IO responses.
Screening and Prevention of Preterm Birth in Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Roman Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Twins represent 3.2% of all live births. However, they account for 20% of all preterm deliveries, 60% delivering <37 weeks, 10.7% <32 weeks, and 5 times higher risk of infant death. Risk factors for preterm birth (PTB) include the history of preterm delivery, monochorionic twins, short cervical length, and cervical surgery. Transvaginal cervical length <24 weeks is the best tool to predict PTB. Only vaginal progesterone in women with transvaginal cervical length <25 mm and physical exam indicated cerclage in women with cervical dilation >1 cm have shown a significant decrease in PTB and improvement in neonatal outcomes.
Positive dysphotopsia after implantation of an EDOF intraocular lens
Authors: Wanten Joukje C. , Bauer Noël J.C. , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. 
Published: November 2023

Introduction:
This report describes a case of positive dysphotopsia (PD) after refractive lens exchange (RLE) with implantation of an extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL).

Patient and Clinical Findings:
A healthy 48-year-old man underwent RLE with bilateral implantation of a nontoric EDOF IOL and suffered from monocular triplopia in both eyes. The visual acuity was suboptimal with an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 in the right eye and 20/30 in the left eye.

Diagnosis, Intervention and Outcomes:
Slitlamp examination showed well-centered implanted IOLs, without capsular distension syndrome. Bilateral IOL exchange was performed with an aspheric monofocal IOL with a 7.0 mm optic diameter, which diminished the PD complaints.

Conclusions:
This case report describes disturbing PD after bilateral implantation of an EDOF IOL. Exchange of these EDOF IOLs with a larger optical diameter monofocal IOL resulted in resolution of symptoms.