bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative position of porion and tragus in orthodontic patients
Authors: Ferrario Virgilio F. , Sforza Chiarella , Anderbegani Andrea , Poggio Carlo E. , Dalloca Luca L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the relationship between the hard (porion‐orbitale) and soft (tragusorbitale) tissue Frankfurt planes, the relative positions of porion, orbitale, and tragus were evaluated on cephalometric radiographs. A 5‐mm radiopaque disk was fixed on the right tragus of 160 white orthodontic patients (65 males aged 7 to 28 years, and 95 females aged 7 to 36 years), and a pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiograph was taken. In every film the positions of orbitale, porion, and tragus were digitized, and the linear distances between the points, as well as the position of tragus relative to the skeletal structures, were calculated. The linear distances porion‐orbitale and tragus orbitale progressively increased with age, with a low variability in all age classes. The linear distances were always larger in the males than in the females. The tragus was always lower and more anterior than the porion, with vertical distances ranging from 1.2 to 19.8 mm. When the porion‐tragus distance was expressed as a percentage of the porion‐orbitale distance, the variability decreased. In the age classes, mean percentage horizontal projections from porion ranged from 18 to 23% of the porion‐orbitale distance, mean percentage vertical projections ranged from 8 to 15%. Unfortunately, sample variability was large, and, in a single patient, the position of tragus relative to the skeletal structures could be predicted only with a large approximation. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Arborization of the inferior laryngeal nerve and internal nerve on the posterior surface of the larynx
Authors: Sato Iwao , Shimada Kazuyuki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe morphological patterns of the inferior laryngeal nerve and internal laryngeal nerve display complex arborizations. This paper attempts to identify and clarify these patterns.Dissections were performed on 105 adult Japanese cadavers, and observations were made on 201 sides. Results showed that the communications between the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) and internal laryngeal nerve (ITLN) could be classified into two types and three subtypes. Also, the ITLN displayed three characteristic patterns at the arytenoid cartilage. These communications produce complex arborizations of the ILN as it enters the larynx. This may explain the variety of potential clinical symptoms observed after thyroid surgery or neck dissections. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Variations in thickness of articular cartilage in the human sacroiliac joint
Authors: Salsabili N. , Valojerdy M. R. , Hogg D. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDifferences in articular cartilage thickness in the sacroiliac joint were investigated in different regions of the sacral and the iliac articular surfaces in the embalmed cadavers of five males and six females. The mean thickness of the sacral articular cartilage was greater than that of the iliac articular cartilage (P < 0.001) and the sacral articular cartilage of the female was thicker than that of the male (P < 0.02). Differences between thicknesses of the iliac articular cartilage in the male and female and in different regions of the sacral and iliac articular cartilages were found to be not significant. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
What future for dissection in courses of human topographical anatomy in universities in the UK?
Authors: Utting Matthew , Willan Peter 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the United Kingdom most medical schools have traditionally included dissection as a major component of their anatomy courses. There is a dearth of substantive literature which can be used to demonstrate the educational values of dissection, although many authors have expressed opinions. Current scrutiny of the role of dissection has been prompted by many influences acting on medical schools in the UK, including changes in the medical curriculum promoted by the General Medical Council, changes in the mechanisms of funding for universities and their courses, and the introduction of research assessments and appraisal of teaching. It is probable that in the UK dissection will continue to decline but that its reduced role will be prompted by the interactions of many complicated processes, only some of which will be educationally driven. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The terminology of early development: History, concepts, and current usage
Authors: Collins P. , Billett F. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe meaning of some terms used in describing the development of embryos is discussed in the light of their historical origin and current usage. Attention is focused on the terminology associated with the early development of animals, particularly that concerned with gastrulation and germ layer theory. It is suggested that terms linked with outdated concepts are not always appropriate for, and unless defined with care may limit, our appreciation of the significance of subsequent observation and experiment. Recommendations are made concerning the use of the terms mesoblast, mesoderm and mesenchyme.
A Late‐Transition Metal Oxo Complex: K7Na9[O=PtIV(H2O)L2], L=[PW9O34]9‐.
Authors: Anderson Travis M. , Neiwert Wade A. , Kirk Martin L. , Piccoli Paula M. B. , Schultz Arthur J. , Koetzle Thomas F. , Musaev Djamaladdin G. , Morokuma Keiji , Cao Rui , Hill Craig L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of 1,2‐Bis(cyanoalkyl)hydrazines to Azobisnitriles Using Trichloroisocyanuric Acid.
Authors: Mohite S. A. , Desai Uday V. , Pore D. M. , Mane R. B. , Wadgaonkar P. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Fragmentation Reaction of 2‐Alkyl‐ and 2,4‐Dialkyl‐3‐iodo‐1‐oxocyclohexan‐2,4‐carbolactones.
Authors: Khim Seock‐Kyu , Dai Mingshi , Zhang Xuqing , Chen Lei , Pettus Liping , Thakkar Kshitij , Schultz Arthur G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Antitubercular and Antimicrobial Activity of 6‐Carbethoxy‐5‐aryl‐3‐[p‐(3′‐chloro‐2′‐benzo [b]thiophenoylamino)phenyl]‐2‐cyclohexenones.
Authors: Kachhadia V. V. , Popat K. H. , Nimavat K. S. , Joshi H. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel and Facile Iodine(III)‐Mediated Approach for C(5)‐Acetoxylation of 6‐Hydroxyflavone and 6‐Hydroxyflavanones.
Authors: Prakash Om , Kaur Harpreet , Sharma Vijay , Bhardwaj Vikas , Pundeer Rashmi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Phenyl Bromides and Application in One‐Pot Suzuki—Miyaura Biphenyl Synthesis.
Authors: Broutin Pierre‐Emmanuel , Cerna Igor , Campaniello Maria , Leroux Frederic , Colobert Francoise 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pseudopterosins P—V, New Compounds from the Gorgonian Octocoral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae from Providencia Island, Colombian Caribbean.
Authors: Duque Carmenza , Puyana Monica , Narvaez Ginna , Osorno Oscar , Hara Noriyuki , Fujimoto Yoshinori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Some 1,4‐Oxazepanes Fused with 1,6‐Anhydro‐β‐D‐hexopyranoses. 3,11,13‐Trioxa‐7‐azatricyclo[8.2.1.02,8]tridecane Derivatives.
Authors: Trtek Tomas , Cerny Miloslav , Trnka Tomas , Budesinsky Milos , Cisarova Ivana 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iodine: A Versatile Reagent in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Part 16. Streamlined Synthesis of Per‐O‐acetylated Sugars, Glycosyl Iodides, or Thioglycosides from Unprotected Reducing Sugars.
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Balaram , Kartha K. P. Ravindranathan , Russell David A. , Field Robert A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Video‐enhanced contrast polarization (AVEC‐POL) microscopy: A new method applied to the detection of birefringence in the motile reticulopodial network of allogromia laticollaris
Authors: Allen Robert Day , Travis Jeffrey L. , Allen Nina Strömgren , Yilmaz HüSeyin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new method is described for recording rapid processes of cell motility in polarized light. The Allen video‐enhanced contrast (AVEC‐POL) method of polarization microscopy achieves significant improvements in resolution, contrast, and the visibility of fine detail by a combination of novel adjustments to a standard (unrectified) polarizing microscope and video camera. Using the full working aperture of a high‐power planapochromatic objective lens and compensator setting of λ/9‐λ/4, visible images appear lacking in contrast. However, the same images viewed with an appropriate video camera equipped with an electronic offset adjustment can be made to appear with as much contrast as desired, revealing a significantly greater amount of fine detail in the image than can be seen by high extinction visual microscopy alone. At bias retardations between one‐ninth and one‐quarter wave, the diffraction anomaly observed near extinction disappears. Consequently, polarizing rectifiers are not required with the AVEC‐POL method, and images previously requiring photographic exposures of around 20 seconds are sufficiently bright to be registered on the video monitor in 1/60 second. Using an intensity monitor, quantitative measurements of cellular birefringence can be retrieved from live or videotaped images displaying a linear relationship between contrast and phase retardation due to birefringence. The AVEC‐POL method also renders accessible to polarized light analysis a number of objects that scatter or depolarize too much light to be studied by high extinction methods. The method is demonstrated on model objects and applied to the highly motile reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris. Rapid motion in close association with microtubules can now be analyzed in greater detail at a significant reduction in the cost of recording.
The mechanochemical cycle of the dynein arm
Authors: Satir Peter , Wais‐Steider Jacobo , Lebduska Stephen , Nasr Anthony , Avolio Jock 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA dynein arm attachment cycle produces sliding between adjacent doublet microtubules (N and N + 1) of cilia. In intact axonemes, in the absence of ATP, almost all arms appear attached at both ends (rigor). When ATP is added, most arms detach from doublet N + 1. In ATP and vanadate, the arms do not return to rigor, suggesting that ATP hydrolysis is required for re‐extension and reattachment of the dynein arm, but not for detachment. Using solutions containing dynein to decorate dynein‐less axonemal doublets, we confirm this interpretation. In the absence of ATP, both sides of each doublet decorate with arms. Addition of ATP, ATP and vanadate or AMP‐PNP causes immediate arm detachment, but only in the first instance, where extensive ATP hydrolysis can occur, does decoration eventually reappear. Dynein decorates heterologous axonemal doublets and brain microtubules, as well as homologous doublets, suggesting that this mechanochemical cycle may have general applicability in microtubule‐based cell motility.
The distribution of 10nm filaments and microtubules in endothelial cells during mitosis: Double‐label immunofluorescence study
Authors: Blose Stephen H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractI have used fluorescence microscopy and antibodies to 10nm filaments and tubulin labelled with contrasting fluorochromes to compare the distribution of these proteins in endothelial cells during cell division. During interphase the two filament systems have entirely different distributions: The bulk of the 10nm filaments form a ring that surrounds the cell center and nucleus and remains parallel to the substrate, while the microtubules radiate from the cell center to the cell's border. When the mitotic spindle replaces the radial microtubule pattern in mitosis, the spindle poles remain within—and in close proximity to—the ring of 10nm filaments. This was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed the ring and centrioles in the same plane separated by a distance of 300–400 nm.
Taxol induces microtubule assembly at low temperature
Authors: Thompson William C. , Wilson Leslie , Purich Daniel L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDissociated bovine brain microtubule protein has been shown to reassemble at 0°C in the presence of the drug taxol. Tubulin polymerization was monitored both by electron microscopy of the polymeric structures and by incorporation of tritiated GTP into filterable polymeric structures. Most of the labeled guanine nucleotide uptake into tubulin polymeric structures occurred in the first 30 minutes of incubation with the drug. The initial polymerization event results in the formation of protofilamentous tubulin ribbons. The first microtubules were noted after 1 hour of incubation with the drug. After 20 hours of incubation at 0°C with taxol, the bulk of the polymerized tubulin appeared to be in the form of microtubules. Cold‐stable tubulin rings with a mean diameter of 34 nm were present in the reaction mixture before the addition of taxol and throughout the 20‐hour incubation. Most of the rings were apparantly not involved in the taxol‐induced microtubule assembly. The results are consistant with a model whereby taxol induces an initial formation of protofilamentous ribbon structures, mostly from free tubulin dimers, and a slower subsequent folding of the ribbon structures into microtubules.
Dynein binding to microtubules containing microtubule‐associated proteins
Authors: Haimo Leah T. , Rosenbaum Joel L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMicrotubule‐associated proteins (MAPs), isolated from brain tubulin, bound to and saturated outer fibers of Chlamydomonas flagella. MAPs present on these microtubules prevented the subsequent recombination of dynein. MAPs also bound to intact axonemes and thus did not specifically bind to the dynein binding sites on the A subfiber. A molar ratio of 1 mole MAP2 per 27 moles tubulin dimers at saturation of the outer fibers with MAP2 suggested that MAPs could effectively interfere with dynein recombination only if the MAPs were near the dynein binding sites to sterically prevent binding. However, electron microscopic observations indicated that MAPs were not localized but, instead, were dispersed around the outer fibers. In addition, MAP2 present at saturating amounts on in vitro assembled brain microtubules had no significant effect on dynein binding. Dynein‐decorated microtubules contained clusters of arms suggesting that there may be cooperative interaction between the arms during dynein binding. Because the A subfiber of axonemes contains sites to which dynein preferentially attaches, MAPs may prevent recombination by interfering with cooperative binding to these specific sites. Dynein presumably binds with equal affinity to any protofilament on in vitro assembled microtubules, and, therefore, the MAPs may not be capable of effectively interfering with cooperative binding of dynein to these microtubules.
Microtubule‐dependent transport of secretory granules during stalk secretion in a peritrich ciliate
Authors: Suchard Suzanne J. , Goode Dennis 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe role of microtubules in secretory granule translocation was studied during stalk secretion in the peritrich ciliate, Zoothamnium arbuscula. In each cell, the release of stalk‐forming secretory materials is restricted to a specialized region of the cytoplasm, the scopula. Many of the membrane‐bound secretory granules that dominate the scopular cytoplasm appear to be aligned along cortical microtubules that converge on the scopular surface. This arrangement is consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules transport granules relative to the sites of exocytosis. To establish the role of microtubules in stalk secretion, telotrochs were exposed to agents with different disruptive effects on microtubule function. Exocytosis itself is not prevented by these drugs, and granules positioned for secretion prior to treatment are released. Maytansine and isopropyl‐n‐phenyl carbamate (IPC) completely inhibit stalk elongation. In maytansine‐treated cells, microtubules are absent from the scopular cytoplasm, and granules are absent from the scopular surface. Microtubules are present in IPC‐treated cells, but the granules are misdirected to the cytoplasm lateral to the scopula where no secretory sites exist. Even though the rate of stalk secretion is decreased by deuterium oxide (D2O), a control length stalk is eventually produced. In D2O‐treated cells microtubules are present and in their normal orientation. The inhibition of secretion when microtubules are absent (maytansine) or misdirected (IPC) and the retardation of secretion when microtubule turnover is reduced (D2O) supports a mechanism of granule transport based on the directional turnover of microtubule subunits.
Regulation of calcium distribution in bovine sperm cells: Cytochemical evidence for motility control mechanisms
Authors: Nelson Leonard , Gardner Mary E. , Young Monica J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBehavioral responses of mature spermatozoa treated with neurotropic factors suggest that calcium entry and intracellular transport may be regulated by a cholinergic mediated program. To test the validity of this proposed mechanism, the effect of several agents on Ca distribution in the sperm cell was examined cytochemically.Sites of Ca accumulation were visualized in thin sections of bull spermatozoa by the application of a modification of Gomori's histochemical procedure for phosphatases. Intact bull sperm cells incubated at room temperature in a buffered balanced salt solution containing 5 mM/liter of CaCl2 showed small, randomly scattered deposits of the reaction product. Similarly treated sperm cells, plasmolyzed in hypoosmotic KCl, revealed a greatly increased amount of deposit associated with the cell membranes (mitochondrial surfaces and plasmalemma), the axonemal complex components, and satellite fibers adjacent to the outer dense fibers. Preincubation of intact cells in nicotine or eserine considerably enhanced the entry of calcium into the cell and its association with the membranes and other intracellular organelles. Decamethonium, an irreversible depolarizer and blocker of cholinergic receptors, interfered with the uptake and intracellular distribution of the calcium. Ouabain, the digitalis glycoside that decreases progressive motility of bull sperm and inhibits Na‐, K‐ATPase, appears to block Ca efflux, causing an intense accumulation of electron‐opaque particles in the plasma membrane while smaller numbers of particles are distributed sparsely throughout the cell interior.The cytochemical results showing enhanced calcium entry in the presence of cholinergic agents, depressed intracellular calcium in cells treated with cholinergic receptor blocker, and intense accumulation of calcium within the cell membrane in the presence of ouabain are consistent with spermatozoan behavioral responses to these agents. These observations support the concept that neurotropic factors may be involved in regulating transmembrane and intracellular transport of ions in control of sperm cell function.
Evidence for nuclear membrane fluidity: Proacrosome migration and nuclear pore redistribution during grasshopper spermiogenesis
Authors: Troyer David , Schwager Petra 
Published: February 2005

AbstractElectron microscopic examination of thin sections and freeze fractures of Locusta spermatids revealed that the proacrosome docks to the nuclear membrane and glides around the nucleus during sperm development. Whereas nuclear pore complexes occur in groups distributed at random over the entire nucleus of the early spermatid, they are found only in a narrow ring closely surrounding the centriolar adjunct in later spermatids. The pores appear to be swept caudally in the nuclear envelope, perhaps by a process like capping; they are not merely excluded by structures adhering to the nucleus. The observations suggest that both proacrosome migration and the deployment of pores are facilitated by the inherent fluidity of the nuclear membranes.
Site of Ca2+ action in triggering motility in the cyanobacterium spirulina subsalsa
Authors: Abeliovich Aharon , Gan Judith 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMotility of the marine filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa is both Ca2+ and Na+ dependent, and replacement of Na+ by mannitol arrests it. The data presented suggest that Ca2+ interacts with sites on the surface of the cell membrane. The inhibitory effect of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) hints at the possibility that the role of Ca2+ may be associated with a membrane bound Ca‐ATPase. Motility is pH dependent, being nil at pH < 6.5 and > 10.0, with an optimum at 8.5. Norepinephrine abolishes most of the inhibitory effect of low pH on motility. Ca2+ has an “all‐or‐none” effect on motility that is triggered at 5 mM. Acetylcholine lowers the threshold of Ca2+ necessary for triggering motility.
Effects of infrared laser damage to the Euglena photoreceptor on the control of flagellar motility
Authors: Nichols Kathleen M. , Rikmenspoel Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWhen the area of the stigma of Euglena was irradiated with an infrared laser beam at a dose too low to cause permanent loss of motility, a reduction in flagellar motility was observed only when the external medium contained less than 1 mM Mg2+. At these low Mg2+ concentrations, the laser caused a decrease in flagellar frequency and a tendency for the flagellar waveform to shift towards that taken during reversed swimming. This suggests that the effect of the laser irrdiation was to deplete the cells of Mg2+. After the laser pulse the reversal response remained sensitive to the wavelength of the illuminating light. In white light (420–700 nm) 60% of the Euglena showed a reversed waveform; in orange light (530–700 nm) this increased to 90%. This shows that the photoreceptor was not destroyed by the laser irradiation.These experiments were performed on cells that had been impaled on a microelectrode. If direct electric current was passed into the laser‐irradiated cells, the current necessary to cause flagellar arrest was 2 to 4 times less than that for cells not laser irradiated.It is concluded that an internal Mg2+ store is present in the Euglena, localized in the area of the paraflagellar swelling; and that the laser irradiation eliminates this Mg2+ store, but at the power used it does not destroy the ability of the stigmaparaflagella to control the flagellar activity.