bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Diachrony: Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One goal of Part III of this book is to explain from a diachronic point of view how Udi came to violate the Lexical Integrity Principle. This part provides an explanation of why Udi is different from most other languages in having endoclitics and how it got to be different from other languages of the North East Caucasian family and the Lezgian subgroup, to which it belongs. An additional goal is to explain how Udi came to place PMs in so many different positions (see Chapter 6) under different conditions. Both of these explanations are undertaken in Chapter 12, drawing on diachronic descriptions developed in Chapters 8 – 11. This chapter provides background on the NEC family, describing relationships within the family and within the subgroup (§8.1) and reconstructing case marking (§8.2) and agreement (§8.3) in the Lezgian subgroup, based of course on comparison within this subgroup. A second goal of the chapter is to demonstrate the pronominal origin of the three main sets of PMs (§8.4) and to discuss possible origins of the question PM (§8.5) on the basis of internal reconstruction. It is only the origins of the morphological shape of PMs that is addressed in this chapter, and the development of the positions of PMs is deferred to Chapters 9 – 10 and 12.
Weakness (‘Ashaktapana’) and Reproductive Health among Women in a Slum Population in Mumbai
Authors: Ramasubban Radhika , Rishyasringa Bhanwar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late 1980s and early 1990s growing interest in women’s reproductive well being has brought to the fore for the first time the considerable burden of reproductive morbidity carried by poor women in developing countries (Dixon-Mueller and Wasserheit 1991; Germaine et al. 1992).
Community-based studies in developing countries to estimate the incidence of reproductive tract infections (RTis) among poor women have revealed that this morbidity and general ill-health is, for the most part, silently endured by women, due to a combination of forces which serve to keep women’s sufferings invisible: cultural restrictions and gender inequalities in the form of lack of autonomy over mobility, finances and decision making, low educational levels, poor awareness about their bodies, about their health and about available services, and infrastructural shortcomings in the form of lack of good quality and sensitively tuned health and counselling services (Bang et al. 1989; Wasserheit et al. 1989; Khattab 1992; Younis et al. 1993; Brabin et al. 1995; Gittelsohn et al. 1994; Bhatia et al. 1997; Streehitakarini 1995; Baroda Citizens’ Council et al. 1995; Oomman 1996). It is notable that a number of these studies have been conducted in India, with more underway (Koenig et al. 1996).
The Reproductive Consequences of Shifting Ethnic Identity in South Africa
Authors: Kaufman Carol E , James Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of ethnicity to fertility behaviour, and to changes in fertility behaviour, has been supported in demographic research for some time (Goldsheider and Uhlenberg 1969; Lesthaeghe 1977; Anderson 1986). Fertility levels and contraceptive use patterns often show distinction along language groupings or religious lines. This is no less true in South Africa. Given a context in which rights and privileges were apportioned according to skin colour, variation in shape and pace of demographic change by racial group is perhaps expected, if not well documented (though see Mostert 1990; Chimere-Dan 1993). What has been almost completely ignored is the striking difference in reproductive patterns across various language groups of the African population of South Africa. The former government administered Africans in ethnic units, a policy which fostered divisiveness through differential granting of scarce resources. The relationship between reproductive outcomes and uneven access to social and economic opportunities thus appears to present a promising analytic explanation for ethnic reproductive differences in South Africa.
Critical Perspectives: The Feminist Critique of Medicine, Medicalization, and the Making of Breast Implant Policy
Authors: Jacobson Nora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The breast implant story is of interest in its own right, but it is important because of what it illustrates about broader issues of women’s health policy making. In this section I use two critical perspectives-the feminist critique of medicine and medicalization-to examine the history of US policy toward breast implants. I focus on several tensions that emerge in the breast implant story: abuse and neglect, coercion and collaboration, autonomous choice and action that is always circum scribed by a social context.
The Military Business Complex’s Corporate and Personal Connections
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With its impeccable military credentials and sprawling economic clout, the military business complex was a potent symbol of power and privilege during the reign of Deng Xiaoping. The uniformed heads of some of the leading PLA firms were the offspring of the country’s ruling elite and they were not afraid to use their access to win lucrative favours. This helped these conglomerates to quickly become powerhouses and join the ranks of the country’s corporate elite.
But the success of these high-flying PLA enterprises rested heavily on their con¬nections to the inner circles of power in the Dengist court As the patriarch’s health and influence waned in the early 1990s and Jiang Zemin moved in to establish his own power base, these princelings soon found themselves on the outside.
Sibling Rivalries: The Relationship Between the Military Business Complex and the Defence-Industrial Complex
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During its heyday, the military business empire stood proudly side-by-side with the civilian defence-industrial complex (DIC). But this industrial titan easily dwarfed its military comrade-in-arms in size and economic importance. The defence industry played a central role in the building of China’s defence capabilities and national economy since the 1950s. Weapons manufacturers dominated the industrial landscape during the Maoist period and prospered on ‘iron rice bowl’ guarantees for orders. But as Cold War tensions subsided and China opened its doors to economic refonns in the early 1980s, the defence industry suffered a precipitous and prolonged dec1ine in its fortunes as the PLA drastically curtailed demand for its outdated arms.
The Emergence of German Transnational Companies: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Study of the Globalization Process
Authors: lane christel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
German multinational companies (MNCs) have long stood out among companies from the most highly developed economies for their late start on the road to globalization and the relatively low degree of globalization attained (Doremus et al. 1998; Dörre 1996; Lane 1998; Ruigrok and van Tulder 1995). This fact has been connected with their exceptionally deep embeddedness in a highly cohesive business system and their dependence for factor creation and reproduction on the institutions which constitute this system (Lane 1998; Whitley 1999 and Chapter 2 in this volume). Whitley goes even further and suggests that companies from highly integrated and cohesive business systems—collaborative hierarchies—are unlikely to become transnational companies or, in his own terminology, do not become hybrid MNCs.
Corporate Governance: Effects on Firm Performance and Economic Growth
Authors: Maher Maria , Andersson Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between corporate governance and economic performance bas become one of the most controversial issues faced by policymakers today. Each country has through time developed a wide variety of mechanisms to overcome the agency problems that arise from the separation of ownership and control. While some systems are characterized by wide dispersed ownership (outsider systems), others tend to be characterized by concentrated ownership or control (insider systems). In outsider systems of corporate governance (notably the USA and UK) the basic conflict of interest is between strong managers and widely dispersed weak shareholders. In insider systems (notably Continental Europe and Japan), on the other hand, the basic conflict is between controlling shareholders (or block holders) and weak minority shareholders. Therefore, one of the most striking differences between countries’ corporate governance systems is in the ownership and control of firms, and the identity of controlling shareholders.
Using Options to Divide Value in Corporate Bankruptcy
Authors: Bebchuk Lucian Arye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reorganization is one of the two routes that a corporation in bankruptcy may take. When a corporation becomes insolvent and bankruptcy proceedings are commenced, the corporation will be either liquidated or reorganjzed. In liquidation, the assets of the corporation are sold, either piecemeal or as a going concern. The proceeds from this sale are then divided among all the participants—all those that hold claims against or interests in the corporation. In contrast, in a reorganization, there is no actual sale of the company’s assets. Instead, there is a ‘hypothetical’ sale of the company to the existing participants—they ‘pay’ for the company with their existing claims and interests, which are cancelled, and they receive in exchange ‘tickets’ in the reorganized company (i.e. claims against or interests in this new entity). In the USA when large publidy traded companies become insolvent, they usually pursue the reorganization route.
Institutional Shareholders and Corporate Governance: The Case of UK Pension Funds
Authors: Faccio Mara , Ameziane Lasfer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large blockholding is considered to be one of the mechanisms for controlling the agency problems which arise whenever managers have incentives to pursue their own interests at the expense of those of shareholders. However the primarily USA empirical evidence provided to date on the role and effectiveness of blockholdcrs is mixed (Shleifer and Vishny 1997). The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the monitoring role of occupational pension funds1 the largest category of shareholders in the UK. We focus specifically on these funds because of the large dimension of their overall stakes in the UK market1 the particular structure of their portfolios, and their investment objectives. We consider these funds to be pressure-resistant institutions as opposed to other institutions, such as banks. investment and unit trusts and insurance companies (Brickley et al. 1994).
Stock-Based Executive Compensation
Authors: Conyon Martin J , Murphy Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importance of stock-based compensation for top corporate executives. Throughout Europe and USA, there have been repeated calls to align the interests of executives with those of shareholders by linking executive compensation more closely to company performance. Stock-based pay, including stock options as welt as performance and employment-contingent equity grants, provides a direct link between pay and performance and plays a key role in mitigating ‘agency problems’ between managers and shareholders. In this chapter, we analyse the various forms of stock-based pay and discuss how to value and measure the incentives from the various schemes. In addition, we document the prevalence of stock-based pay in Europe, and contrast these results to the USA experience.
Mobile Society? Technology, Distance, and Presence
Authors: Cooper Geoff , Green Nicola , Murtagh Ged M , Harper Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons—theoretical, epistemological, practical, political—for sustaining a critical or sceptical stance towards confident assertions that par ticular technologies, of themselves, usher in new forms of social behaviour that warrant the use of new descriptors such as ‘virtual society’. For example, much recent social-scientific investigation of new information and communications technologies (ICTs) has an implicitly critical orientation to totalizing theoretical terms such as the ‘information age’ or ‘virtual society’, detailing the prob lematic assumptions underlying such rhetoric, and asking questions about the technological determinism implied. It is argued that any assessment of the adequacy of these terms must be derived, at least in part, from the study and consideration of the situated social and material uses of technologies in everyday life.1
Albanian
Authors: Görrlach Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. mehmeti, ismail (1982), ‘A Morphological and Semantic Analysis of the Adaptation of Anglicisms in Albanian’, in *Filipovic (ed.), 28–56. 2. NuHiu, VEJSEL (1982), ‘The English Element in Albanian-a Phonological Analysis’, in *Filipovic (ed.), 1–27.
Croatian
Authors: Filipović Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author discusses phonetic compromise as a transition from the foreign status of a word, or the first stage, to completely assimilated native status, or the third stage. This compromise is a general linguistic phenomenon which disappears as soon as the borrowed word is widely used. Accommodation can take three forms, as seen in a) foreign phonemes; b) foreign phonemic combinations; c) and adoption of a foreign accentual system.
Danish
Authors: Sørensen Knud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jacobsen, henrik galberg (1994), ‘Sprogrendringer og sprogvurdering. Om nogle aktuelle engelskinspirerede rendringer i dansk og om vurderingen af dem’ (Language Changes and their Assessment. On some topical English-inspired Changes in Danish and their Assessment), Danske Studier, 5–28.
Dutch
Authors: Berteloot Amand , Sijs Nicoline van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work was intended to be an introductory chapter to Bense’s work on the Low Dutch element in the English vocabulary but grew to the size of an independent volume. It comprises a general survey of the Anglo-Dutch relations beginning with the Old English period to the death of William the Third in 1702. The author includes relations in industrial, commercial, political, financial, colonial, and literary domains.
Finnish
Authors: Battarbee Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author gives a sketch of the history of Finnish language contacts (which explains why anglicisms are sometimes difficult to distinguish from borrowings from (or through) other Germanic languages) and then reports on an ‘anglicism project’ intended to ‘study the impact of English on the Finnish language and Finnish culture’; this included a great number of empirical tests on competences and attitudes and was completed in 1980.
Greek
Authors: Stathi Ekaterini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author proposes a hierarchy of rules which apply in fixed order during gender assignment of French and English loans in Modern Greek. The analysis is based on the distinction between morphologically integrated and non-integrated loans. Three types of analogy play a central role: a) semantic analogy, which accounts for the agreement between natural and grammatical gender in the case of nouns referring to animates as well as the correspondence between the gender of the loan and a near synonym or hyperonym; b) morphological analogy: this is used in the case of non-humans which are integrated into an inflectional paradigm, in which case they receive the gender of this class; c) interlingual analogy: the loan retains the gender of the source language.
The Large-scale Retail Stores Act and its “Erosion” in the 1970s–1980s
Authors: Tsuruta Toshimasa , Yahagi Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of the Large-scale Retail Stores Act and examines the economic and political forces behind its inception, gradual “erosion,” and ultimate elimination. Designed to replace the Department Stores Act, the Large-scale Retail Stores Act was enacted in 1973 to take effect in March 1974. The law was initia1ly viewed favorably by retailing experts and industry participants in the following two respects. First, it specifica11y listed among its purposes the protection of consumers’ interests as we11 as those of small and medium-sized retailers. This was seen as a clear improvement over the Department Stores Act, which simply regulated store openings and operations. Second, by replacing the licensing procedures under the Department Stores Act with a simple notification system for store openings, it apparently offered a more market-oriented framework.
Introduction
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arbitration has become the preferred method for the resolution of international commercial disputes. Whilst the great amount of learning and practice in this area of the law has resolved a significant number of issues, a comprehensive examination of the applicable procedural law in international arbitration is still wanting. This book looks at the rules of private and public international law determining the procedural law of international arbitral proceedings, and the significance of that procedural law. (As stated also in section IV below, ‘law’ in this book means exclusively black-letter rules of national and international law (including customary or ‘general’ international law).)
Comparative European Banking Developments
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the debate over bank provision of finance for industrial firms, adverse comparison is often drawn between the performance of British banks and that of their European counterparts. Such criticism rests on both theoretical and historical grounds. A fundamental issue is whether the allocation of finance is better left to the sovereignty of the marketplace (the neoclassical case raised in Chapter 1)—where borrowers compete for the funds of investors—or is better served by bankers who have the power to distribute funds and exercise influence over the uses to which they are put. For analytical purposes the argument often highlights differences between two stereotyped financial systems: an Anglo-Saxon (or Anglo-American) marketoriented system and a Continental (or German) bank-oriented system.
The Impact of Financial Crises on Commercial Bank Behaviour
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the possibility that an important part of the long-term rise in commercial bank liquidity over the decades before 1914 was in response to the banks’ experience during financial crises. The traditional approach to the historical study of financial crises has been largely concerned with transitory, short-term effects, though there is no unanimity of opinion as regards either the effects on the real economy or the policy implications. Anna J. Schwartz (1986) has championed the ‘monetarist’ view. She accepts the fundamental robustness of markets and has largely narrowed her focus to the impact of crises on the money supply. She is keen to minimize any interference from the authorities because she claims that the historical record shows such intervention causes serious problems of moral hazard and has often had inflationary consequences.
Negligence
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A history of tort law would doubtless start off with the venerable, though still vital, tort of trespass, or possibly nuisance. Those torts will be dealt with later, but today the tort of ‘negligence’ is so dominant and pervasive, controlling trafic accidents, professional liability, and so much else, that it must be dealt with first. It is indeed a relatively recent arrival on the scene, for though there had long been certain specific situations not covered by trespass where liability was imposed if the claimant could prove that the defendant’s misconduct had caused him harm—for example, if he was the patient of a careless doctor, or the victim of injury on the defendant’s premises, or the owner of a thing damaged while in the defendant’s possession—one could not properly speak of a coherent tort of negligence until these instances were generalized.
Strict Liability
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that there is a general principle, of a sort, to the effect that one is liable for the foreseeable harm due to one’s unreasonable conduct unless it would be unfair, unjust, or unreasonable to impose such liability. Where the harm is caused without any provable fault, however, there is certainly no such general principle. True, trespass, defamation, and con- version are torts of ‘strict liability’, but those are torts where the law is much more concerned with the vindication of rights than with compensation for harm. What of harm caused by a person who is not to blame at all?
Introduction
Authors: Fawcett James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Peter North has had and will no doubt continue to have a remarkable career combining service to his university, the University of Oxford, public service, and service to private international law. Service to his University started with a Tutorship in law and a fellowship at Keble College in 1965. He went on to become the Principal of Jesus College in 1984, a post which he still holds, Pro- Vice Chancellor of the University from 1988-1993 and Vice-Chancellor from 1993-1997.
Reform Of Private International Law By Judges: Canada As A Case Study
Authors: Blom foost 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1990s saw a complete overhaul of the basic principles of Canadian private international law. The entire process was initiated and carried out, not by legislatures, but by judges. No other system of private international law has experienced a judicial re-invention of its foundations that was so rapid. By comparison, the ‘revolution’ in the United States was a slow-motion affair.
The Trust In Private International Law
Authors: Harris* Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amongst all the areas of private international law, that which relates to trusts is unique. Partly, this is because of the fundamental importance of the trust in many legal systems, principally those of the common law, and its total absence from the domestic law of most civil law States. Such a schism makes conflict of laws problems inevitable. Of course, many of the most acute problems are faced by non-trust States, who may come into contact with the trust in an international context and be asked to recognize, and give some meaningful effect to, it in their jurisdictions.
Matrimonial (MARITAL) Property Rights in Conflict of Laws: a Reconsideration
Authors: Hartley” Trevor C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Matrimonial property rights may be definl:’d as propnty rights n;,sulting from marriage. Thi es ay i concerned with their international dimension, the choice-of:Jav,, problem that arise when a foreign element impinges on che situation. The leading cases almost all date from the nineteenth century. They arc based on social attitudes so at odds with chose of today chat the legalmlcs laid down may no longer be acceptable. We shall reconsider rhem in rhe lighr of modern values. Such reconsideration is also necessary in view of the enormous changes that have taken place in the substantive law. Purthermore, academic discussion ha hitherto been limited to disputes benveen the husband and the wift’ (or between one of them and the children claiming through the other). We shall consider whether the same rules should apply where creditors arc involved.