bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 30 May 1998 Spencer, South Dakota, Storm. Part I: The Structural Evolution and Environment of the Tornadoes
Authors: Alexander Curtis R. , Wurman Joshua 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
On the evening of 30 May 1998 atmospheric conditions across southeastern South Dakota led to the development of organized moist convection including several supercells. One such supercell was tracked by both a Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) from Sioux Falls, South Dakota (KFSD), and by a Doppler On Wheels (DOW) mobile radar. This supercell remained isolated for an hour and a half before being overtaken by a developing squall line. During this time period the supercell produced at least one strong and one violent tornado, the latter of which passed through Spencer, South Dakota, despite the absence of strong low-level environmental wind shear. The two tornadoes were observed both visually and with the DOW radar at ranges between 1.7 and 12.9 km. The close proximity to the tornadoes permitted the DOW radar to observe tornado-scale structures on the order of 35 to 100 m, while the nearest WSR-88D only resolved the parent mesocyclone in the supercell. The DOW observations revealed a persistent Doppler velocity couplet and associated ring reflectivity signature at the tip of the hook echo.
The DOW radar data contained tornado strength winds over 35 m s−1 within 100 m AGL approximately 180 s prior to both the first spotter report and visual confirmation of the first tornado associated with this supercell. Following the formation of the second tornado, the DOW radar observations revealed a tornado-strength Doppler velocity couplet within 150 m AGL between two separate tornado tracks determined by a National Weather Service (NWS) damage survey. Based upon the DOW Doppler velocity data it appears that the second and third damage tracks from this supercell are produced from a single tornado.
The time–height evolution of the Doppler velocity couplet spanning both tornadoes revealed a gradual increase in vertical vorticity across each tornado's core region within a few hundred meters AGL from near 0.2 to over 2.0 s−1 over a 45-min period. A corresponding reduction in vertical vorticity was observed aloft especially near 1000 m AGL where vorticity values decreased from near 1.0 to about 0.5 s−1 during this same time interval. The shear across the Doppler velocity couplet appears to undergo strengthening both at the surface and aloft during both tornadoes. An oscillatory fluctuation in the near-surface shear across the tornado core developed during the second tornado, with peak shear values as high as 206 m s−1, Doppler velocities over 106 m s−1, and peak ground-relative wind speeds reaching 118 m s−1. The period of this intensity oscillation appears to be around 120 s and was most prominent just prior to and during the passage of the tornado through Spencer. Coincident with the tornado passage through Spencer was a rapid descending of the reflectivity eye in the core of the tornado. A detailed comparison of surveyed tornado damage and radar-calculated tornado winds in Spencer is discussed in Part II.
Verification of Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts over the Southwest United States during Winter 2002/03 by the RSM Ensemble System
Authors: Yuan Huiling , Mullen Steven L. , Gao Xiaogang , Sorooshian Soroosh , Du Jun , Juang Hann-Ming Henry 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) is used to generate ensemble forecasts over the southwest United States during the 151 days of 1 November 2002 to 31 March 2003. RSM forecasts to 24 h on a 12-km grid are produced from 0000 and 1200 UTC initial conditions. Eleven ensemble members are run each forecast cycle from the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) ensemble analyses (one control and five pairs of bred modes) and forecast lateral boundary conditions. The model domain covers two NOAA River Forecast Centers: the California Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC) and the Colorado Basin River Forecast Center (CBRFC). Ensemble performance is evaluated for probabilistic forecasts of 24-h accumulated precipitation in terms of several accuracy and skill measures. Differences among several NCEP precipitation analyses are assessed along with their impact on model verification, with NCEP stage IV blended analyses selected to represent “truth.”
Forecast quality and potential value are found to depend strongly on the verification dataset, geographic region, and precipitation threshold. In general, the RSM forecasts are skillful over the CNRFC region for thresholds between 1 and 50 mm but are unskillful over the CBRFC region. The model exhibits a wet bias for all thresholds that is larger over Nevada and the CBRFC region than over California. Mitigation of such biases over the Southwest will pose serious challenges to the modeling community in view of the uncertainties inherent in verifying analyses.
Angiopoietin-1 promotes lymphatic sprouting and hyperplasia
Authors: Tammela Tuomas , Saaristo Anne , Lohela Marja , Morisada Tohru , Tornberg Jenny , Norrmén Camilla , Oike Yuichi , Pajusola Katri , Thurston Gavin , Suda Toshio , Yla-Herttuala Seppo , Alitalo Kari 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), a ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2, regulates the formation and stabilization of the blood vessel network during embryogenesis. In adults, Ang1 is associated with blood vessel stabilization and recruitment of perivascular cells, whereas Ang2 acts to counter these actions. Recent results from gene-targeted mice have shown that Ang2 is also essential for the proper patterning of lymphatic vessels and that Ang1 can be substituted for this function. In order to characterize the effects of the angiopoietins on lymphatic vessels, we employed viral vectors for overexpression of Ang1 in adult mouse tissues. We found that Ang1 activated lymphatic vessel endothelial proliferation, vessel enlargement, and generation of long endothelial cell filopodia that eventually fused, leading to new sprouts and vessel development. Cutaneous lymphatic hyperplasia was also detected in transgenic mice expressing Ang1 in the basal epidermal cells. Tie2 was expressed in the lymphatic endothelial cells and Ang1 stimulation of these cells resulted in up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). Furthermore, a soluble form of VEGFR-3 inhibited the observed lymphatic sprouting. Our results reinforce the concept that Ang1 therapy may be useful in settings of tissue edema. (Blood. 2005;105:4642-4648)
A murine model of ulcerative colitis: induced with sinusitis-derived superantigen and food allergen
Authors: Yang Ping-Chang , Wang Chang-Sheng , An Zi-Yuan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) is to be understood. The basic pathological feature of UC is intestinal chronic inflammation. Superantigen, such as Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), is reported to compromise intestinal barrier function by increasing epithelial permeability and initiate inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Inasmuch as anatomic position of the sinus, chronic sinusitis-derived SEB may follow the secretion and to be swallowed down to the gastrointestinal tract and induce lesions to the intestinal mucosa.

Methods
Sinus wash fluid (SWF, containing SEB) was collected from a group of patients with both chronic sinusitis (CS) and UC. A group of mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) in the presence of SWF. The sensitized mice were challenged with the specific antigen OVA. The inflammatory status of the colonic tissue was determined with histology, serology and electron microscopy. Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a tracer, another group of mice was stimulated with SWF for 2 hours. The HRP activity was detected in the colonic tissue with enzymatic approaches and electron microscopy.

Results
Epithelial hyperpermeability in colonic epithelium was induced by stimulating with SWF. The HRP activity in the colonic mucosa was almost 11 times more in the SWF treated group (3.2 ± 0.6 μg/g tissue) than the control group (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/g tissue). Mice were sensitized using a mixture of SWF and OVA (serum OVA-specific IgE was detected with a highest titer as 1:64). Challenge with OVA induced extensive inflammation in the colonic mucosa by showing (1) marked degranulation in mast cells (MC, 46.3 ± 4.5%) and eosinophils (Eo, 55.7 ± 4.2%); (2) inflammatory cell infiltration (MC = 145.2 ± 11.4; Eo = 215.8 ± 12.5; mononuclear cell = 258.4 ± 15.3/mm2 tissue); (3) increased MPO activity (12.9 ± 3.2 U/g tissue) and inflammatory scores (1.8 ± 0.3); (4) mucosal surface ulcers; (5) edema in the lamina propria; (6) bacterial translocation and abscess formation in the subepithelial region.

Conclusion
Introducing Sinusitis-derived SEB-containing SWF to the gastrointestinal tract compromised colonic mucosal barrier function increasing epithelial permeability to luminal macromolecular protein in mice. The SWF facilitated colonic mucosal sensitization to luminal antigen. Multiple challenging the sensitized colonic mucosa with specific antigen OVA induced inflammation, induced a condition similar to human ulcerative colitis.
Survivin 2α: a novel Survivin splice variant expressed in human malignancies
Authors: Caldas Hugo , Honsey Laura E , Altura Rachel A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
Survivin and its alternative splice forms are involved in critical cellular processes, including cell division and programmed cell death. Survivin is expressed in the majority of human cancers, but minimally in differentiated normal tissues. Expression levels correlate with tumor aggressiveness and resistance to therapy.

Results
In the present study, we identify and characterize a novel survivin isoform that we designate survivin 2α. Structurally, the transcript consists of 2 exons: exon 1 and exon 2, as well as a 3' 197 bp region of intron 2. Acquisition of a new in-frame stop codon within intron 2 results in an open reading frame of 225 nucleotides, predicting a truncated 74 amino acid protein. Survivin 2α is expressed at high levels in several malignant cell lines and primary tumors. Functional assays show that survivin 2α attenuates the anti-apoptotic activity of survivin. Subcellular localization and immunoprecipitation of survivin 2α suggests a physical interaction with survivin.

Conclusion
We characterized a novel survivin splice variant that we designated survivin 2α. We hypothesize that survivin 2α can alter the anti-apoptotic functions of survivin in malignant cells. Thus survivin 2α may be useful as a therapeutic tool in sensitizing chemoresistant tumor cells to chemotherapy.
Local coordination verses systemic disregulation: complexities in leukocyte recruitment revealed by local and systemic activation of TLR4 in vivo
Authors: Kerfoot Steven M , Kubes Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe recruitment of leukocytes to a tissue is a critical step in the inflammatory response. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor involved in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Administration of the ligand for TLR4, lipopolysaccharide, is often used to model inflammation—local responses to stimuli within a specific tissue and systemic responses such as those observed during endotoxic or septic shock. Here, we review work, which demonstrates that in response to local activation of TLR4, highly coordinated and multistep processes are initiated, ultimately resulting in the leukocyte's arrival at the inflamed tissue. In contrast, systemic activation of TLR4 results in nonspecific accumulation of leukocytes within the lung capillaries and liver sinusoids through mechanisms profoundly different than those involved in local tissue recruitment. Contrary to current dogma, leukocyte accumulation in the lung is dependent on endothelial rather than leukocyte activation. Finally, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that activation of leukocytes through TLR4, although still in the circulation, effectively paralyzes inflammatory cells, rendering them incapable of appropriate trafficking to inflamed tissues.
Dual Regulatory Effects of Orexins on Sympathetic Nerve Activity Innervating Brown Adipose Tissue in Rats
Authors: Yasuda Tohru , Masaki Takayuki , Kakuma Tetsuya , Hara Masahide , Nawata Tomoko , Katsuragi Isao , Yoshimatsu Hironobu 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This study examined how orexin regulates the activity of the sympathetic nerves that innervate brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats. Infusion of orexin A at a dose of 0.3 nmol into the third cerebral ventricle decreased BAT sympathetic nerve activity, compared with the effect of PBS (P &lt; 0.05), whereas infusion of orexin B at the same dose caused a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05). Pretreatment with a third cerebral ventricle injection of 2.24 μmol/kg α-fluoromethylhistidine, an irreversible inhibitor of the histamine-synthesizing enzyme histidine decarboxylase, attenuated the orexin B-induced response of BAT sympathetic nerve activity, but not that induced by orexin A. These results indicate that orexins may regulate both BAT energy expenditure and thermogenesis through their dual effects on sympathetic nerve activity. In particular, orexin B regulates BAT sympathetic nerve activity via neuronal histamine in the hypothalamus.
Astrocyte-Derived Transforming Growth Factor-β Mediates the Neuroprotective Effects of 17β-Estradiol: Involvement of Nonclassical Genomic Signaling Pathways
Authors: Dhandapani Krishnan M. , Wade F. Marlene , Mahesh Virendra B. , Brann Darrell W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen, mediate numerous effects in the brain, including neurosecretion, neuroprotection, and the induction of synaptic plasticity. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain, influence many of these same functions and thus may represent a mediator of estrogen action. The present study examined the regulatory effect and underlying cell signaling mechanisms of E2-induced release of neurotropic growth factors from primary rat cortical astrocyte cultures. The results revealed that E2 (0.5, 1, and 10 nm) and tamoxifen (1 μm) increased both the expression and release of the neuroprotective cytokines, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (TGF-β), from cortical astrocytes. The stimulatory effect of E2 was attenuated by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI182,780, suggesting ER dependency. The effect of E2 also appeared to involve mediation by the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, because E2 rapidly induced Akt phosphorylation, and pharmacological or molecular inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway prevented E2-induced release of TGF-β. Additionally, the membrane-impermeant conjugate, E2-BSA, stimulated the release of TGF-β, suggesting the potential involvement of a membrane-bound ER. Finally, E2, tamoxifen, and E2-BSA were shown to protect neuronal-astrocyte cocultures from camptothecin-induced neuronal cell death, effects that were attenuated by ICI182,780, Akt inhibition, or TGF-β immunoneutralization. As a whole, these studies suggest that E2 induction of TGF-β release from cortical astrocytes could provide a mechanism of neuroprotection, and that E2 stimulation of TGF-β expression and release from astrocytes occurs via an ER-dependent mechanism involving mediation by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Defective Calmodulin-Mediated Nuclear Transport of the Sex-Determining Region of the Y Chromosome (SRY) in XY Sex Reversal
Authors: Sim Helena , Rimmer Kieran , Kelly Sabine , Ludbrook Louisa M. , Clayton Andrew H. A. , Harley Vincent R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) plays a key role in human sex determination, as mutations in SRY can cause XY sex reversal. Although some SRY missense mutations affect DNA binding and bending activities, it is unclear how others contribute to disease. The high mobility group domain of SRY has two nuclear localization signals (NLS). Sex-reversing mutations in the NLSs affect nuclear import in some patients, associated with defective importin-β binding to the C-terminal NLS (c-NLS), whereas in others, importin-β recognition is normal, suggesting the existence of an importin-β-independent nuclear import pathway. The SRY N-terminal NLS (n-NLS) binds calmodulin (CaM) in vitro, and here we show that this protein interaction is reduced in vivo by calmidazolium, a CaM antagonist. In calmidazolium-treated cells, the dramatic reduction in nuclear entry of SRY and an SRY-c-NLS mutant was not observed for two SRY-n-NLS mutants. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies reveal an unusual conformation of SRY.CaM complexes formed by the two n-NLS mutants. Thus, CaM may be involved directly in SRY nuclear import during gonadal development, and disruption of SRY.CaM recognition could underlie XY sex reversal. Given that the CaM-binding region of SRY is well-conserved among high mobility group box proteins, CaM-dependent nuclear import may underlie additional disease states.
The Number of Mutations Selected During Adaptation in a Laboratory Population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zeyl Clifford 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
There is currently limited empirical and theoretical support for the prevailing view that adaptation typically results from the fixation of many mutations, each with small phenotypic effects. Recent theoretical work suggests that, on the contrary, most of the phenotypic change during an episode of adaptation can result from the selection of a few mutations with relatively large effects. I studied the genetics of adaptation by populations of budding yeast to a culture regime of daily hundredfold dilution and transfer in a glucose-limited minimal liquid medium. A single haploid genotype isolated after 2000 generations showed a 76% fitness increase over its ancestor. This evolved haploid was crossed with its ancestor, and tetrad dissections were used to isolate a complete series of six meiotic tetrads. The Castle-Wright estimator of the number of loci at which adaptive mutations had been selected, modified to account for linkage and variation among mutations in the size of their effect, is 4.4. The estimate for a second haploid genotype, isolated from a separate population and with a fitness gain of 60%, was 2.7 loci. Backcrosses to the ancestor with the first evolved genotype support the inference that adaptation resulted primarily from two to five mutations. These backcrosses also indicated that deleterious mutations had hitchhiked with adaptive mutations in this evolved genotype.
Evidence That Spt10 and Spt21 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Play Distinct Roles in Vivo and Functionally Interact With MCB-Binding Factor, SCB-Binding Factor and Snf1
Authors: Hess David , Winston Fred 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Mutations in SPT10 and SPT21 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been previously shown to cause two prominent mutant phenotypes: (1) defects in transcription of particular histone genes and (2) suppression of Ty and δ-insertion mutations (Spt− phenotype). The requirement for Spt10 and Spt21 for transcription of particular histone genes suggested that they may interact with two factors previously shown to be present at histone loci, SBF (Swi4 and Swi6) and MBF (Mbp1 and Swi6). Therefore, we have studied swi4Δ, mbp1Δ, and swi6Δ mutants with respect to histone gene transcription and for interactions with spt10Δ and spt21Δ. Our results suggest that MBF and SBF play only modest roles in activation of histone gene transcription. In addition, we were surprised to find that swi4Δ, mbp1Δ, and swi6Δ mutations suppress the spt21Δ Spt− phenotype, but not the spt21Δ defect in histone gene transcription. In contrast, both swi4Δ and mbp1Δ cause lethality when combined with spt10Δ. To learn more about mutations that can suppress the spt21Δ Spt− phenotype, we performed a genetic screen and identified spt21Δ suppressors in seven additional genes. Three of these spt21Δ suppressors also cause lethality when combined with spt10Δ. Analysis of one spt21Δ suppressor, reg1, led to the finding that hyperactivation of Snf1 kinase, as caused by reg1Δ, suppresses the Spt− phenotype of spt21Δ. Taken together, these genetic interactions suggest distinct roles for Spt21 and Spt10 in vivo that are sensitive to multiple perturbations in transcription networks.
A Comparison of Elastomer Marks and Fin Clips as Marking Techniques for Walleye
Authors: Thompson James M. , Hirethota Pradeep S. , Eggold Bradley T. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Two marking techniques, fin removal and visible implant elastomer, were evaluated in walleye Sander vitreus. Although fin-clipping is widely practiced, research results have been ambiguous as to whether the technique is harmful to fish over the long term. We attempted to determine over a 7-year period whether elastomer marking might have significant benefits to growth and survival of walleye when compared with fish given a single fin clip. We also evaluated the long-term detection rates of elastomer marks as well as their cost-effectiveness. Each year for 5 years we marked and stocked an average of 8,000 extended-growth walleye fingerlings in the lower Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, as part of a project to reintroduce walleyes to the Milwaukee River estuary. One-half were given a single fin clip and one-half were given an elastomer mark. Fin clips and elastomer colors were changed each year. Fish were recaptured the following year by means of electrofishing gear. We found no significant differences in survival or growth rates between the differentially marked fish. We also found that tag detection in recaptured fish over the long term was 82.5% for fish originally marked with elastomer. The cost associated with elastomer marking was US$0.40 per mark while the cost of fin clipping was $0.03 per mark. We concluded that a single fin clip was the more desirable technique for marking walleyes.
Infrared Quantum Dots
Authors: H. Sargent E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractColloidal nanocrystals are quantum‐size‐effect tunable; offer an abundance of available surface area for electronic and chemical interactions; and are processible from organic or aqueous solution onto substrates rigid or flexible, smooth or rough, flat or curved, inorganic or organic (including biological), crystalline or amorphous, conducting, semiconducting, or insulating. With the benefit of over a decade's progress in visible‐light‐emitting colloidal‐quantum‐dot synthesis, physical chemistry, and devices, significant progress has recently been made in infrared‐active colloidal quantum dots and devices. This progress report summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art in infrared colloidal quantum dots, with an emphasis on applications and devices. The applications of interest surveyed include monolithic integration of fiber‐optic and free‐space‐communications photonic components with electronic substrates such as silicon and glass; in‐vivo biological tagging in infrared spectral bands in which living tissue is optically penetrable to a depth of 5–10 cm; solar and thermal photovoltaics for energy conversion; and infrared sensing and imaging based on non‐visible, including thermal, signatures. The synthesis and properties of quantum dots are first reviewed: photoluminescence quantum efficiencies greater than 50 % are achievable in solution, and stable luminescent dots are available in organic and aqueous solvents. Electroluminescent devices based on solution processing have been reported with external quantum efficiencies approaching 1 %. Photoconductive devices have been realized with 3 % internal quantum efficiencies, and a photovoltaic effect was recently observed. Electro‐optic modulation achieved by either field‐ or charge‐induced modification of the rate of optical absorption has been demonstrated based both on interband and intersubband (intraband) transitions. Optical gain from these processible materials with a threshold of 1 mJ cm–2 and an optical net modal gain coefficient of 260 ± 20 cm–1 have been reported.