bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowing you: the interpersonal perceptions of staff towards aggressive individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities in situations of conflict
Authors: Jahoda A. , Wanless L. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectives Staff attributions concerning challenging behaviour have been found to play a role in determining their responses. The emphasis in the literature has been on staff beliefs about the challenging behaviour itself. However, staff are also likely to be responding to the person engaging in the behaviour. The aim of this study was to explore workers’ perceptions of individuals who are frequently aggressive.Design and methods Thirty‐six staff members working with individuals presenting problems of frequent aggression participated in this study. They were interviewed about an incident of aggression involving the person they worked with. The semi‐structured interview, based on a Rational Emotive Therapy format, aimed to tap into the emotions aroused in the staff members and interpersonal appraisals that they made at the time of the incident. The responses were content analyzed.Results The strength of the staff member's emotional reactions were noteworthy. Furthermore, approximately half of the staff members believed that the clients’ aggression was directed at them personally. In turn, the majority of staff members described their clients in negative terms, and said that their first impulse had been to confront the clients.Conclusions The findings suggest that interpersonal perceptions may have a role in determining staff responses to individuals who behave aggressively. The clinical and theoretical implications of the findings were discussed, alongside directions for future research.
Correlates of restraint use in an institutional population: a replication
Authors: Sturmey P. , Lott J. D. , Laud R. , Matson J. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground  Reducing inappropriate restraint is an important mission of services for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs).Methods  In this study, 52 clients who had been restrained were compared with 52 other clients, individually matched on age, gender and level of IDs. Participants were mostly adults with severe and profound IDs in an institutional setting.Results  The two groups differed on six Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped‐II (DASH‐II) and three Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC) scales. However, discriminant functional analysis demonstrated that only DASH‐II Impulse control disorder and ABC Irritability and Elimination disorder scores predicted group membership but only moderately.Conclusions  Individual differences in maladaptive behaviours were only moderately predictive of restraint use.
Careers of offenders with an intellectual disability: the probabilities of rearrest
Authors: Cockram J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground  This paper reports results from a total population of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Western Australia arrested for the first time since 1 April 1984. It is part of a longitudinal study that ‘tracked’ offenders with ID through the criminal justice system over an 11‐year period to compare their experiences at each stage of the justice process with a sample of the general offending population. The research draws on an analysis of the Western Australian Police Services Apprehension records and the Disability Services Commission database.Method  The data collected provided the opportunity to calculate base rates of the probability of rearrest of offenders with ID in comparison to mainstream offenders.Results  The study found that people with ID had a significantly higher rate of rearrest than general population offenders and the study canvasses some possible reasons for this finding.
Clozapine treatment of psychosis associated with velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome: benefits and risks
Authors: Gladston S. , Clarke D. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground  Clozapine is licensed for the treatment of psychotic illnesses resistant to other antipsychotic medications. Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (VCFS) is associated with a vulnerability to psychotic illness that may be resistant to treatment with conventional typical and atypical antipsychotics.Patients and methods  A 32‐year‐old man with intellectual disability (ID) and a long history of treatment‐resistant psychosis was found to have VCFS. Treatment with typical antipsychotic drugs and with one atypical olanzapine produced no improvement.Results  Treatment with clozapine produced an improvement in psychotic symptoms and associated behavioural abnormalities, but caused hypersalivation, constipation and a seizure disorder. The latter led to two fractures, one requiring surgery. The addition of sodium valproate stopped seizures.Conclusions  Clozapine may improve psychotic symptoms for people with ID associated with VCFS, but clinicians should be alert for potential adverse effects.
Social variation in size at birth and preterm delivery in the Czech Republic and Sweden, 1989–91
Authors: Koupilová  , Vågerö  , Leon  , Pikhart  , Príkazský  , Holčík  , Bobák  
Published: June 2005

Summary.
All livebirths resulting from singleton pregnancies reported to the Czech (n = 380 633) and Swedish (n = 351 775) birth registries in 1989–91 were studied with respect to social variation in birthweight, ponderal index (weight/length at birth3) and preterm delivery. The mean birthweight was significantly lower in the Czech population (3310 g vs. 3522 g, P < 0.001). The mean difference in birthweight between children of mothers with primary and university education was 197 g [95% CI 190, 205] in the Czech and 136 g [95% CI 128, 144] in the Swedish population, adjusted for maternal age, parity and sex of the infant. Mean birthweight was significantly higher in mothers who were married or lived with partners in both countries; the difference was 167 g [95% CI 161, 173] in the Czech Republic (CR) and 86 g [95% CI 78, 94] in Sweden, adjusted for age, parity and sex. The extent of social variation in ponderal index and frequency of preterm birth was also greater in the CR. Between 1989 and 1991, mean birthweight in the CR fell from 3323 g to 3292 g (P < 0.001) and the social differences increased, largely as a result of more rapid worsening in the lower socio‐economic groups. There did not appear to be such a decline in birthweight in Sweden. We suggest that the fall in mean birthweight and the increasing social variation in birth outcome in the CR is related to decline and divergence in living standards in 1989–91.
Early obstetric discharge: does it make a difference to health outcomes?
Authors: Brown  , Lumley  , Small  
Published: June 2005

Summary.
Clinicians in several countries have expressed concerns about possible adverse effects of shortening obstetric length of stay. A population‐based survey of 1366 mothers who gave birth in Victoria, Australia, in 1993 was used to investigate social and obstetric characteristics of mothers discharged home ‘early’, and to assess whether shorter stays were associated with adverse health outcomes, or a lesser degree of satisfaction, or both. Women's views and experiences of length of hospital stay were gathered via a statewide postal survey of women who gave birth in a 2‐week period; 62.5% (n = 1336) responded. Assessment of the relationship between length of stay (1–2 days vs. 5 days, and 3–4 days vs. 5 days) and four main outcome measures (infant feeding at 6 weeks, period prevalence of feeding problems, maternal confidence and depression) showed no association between these variables and length of stay after adjusting for other obstetric and social factors in separate regression analyses. For stays of 3–4 days, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for formula feeding at 6 weeks was 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9–1.9]; for feeding problems OR = 0.87 [0.7–1.2]; for lacking confidence OR = 0.81 [0.6–1.2]; and for depression OR = 0.96 [0.7–1.4]. Large randomised trials of early obstetric discharge are required to resolve continuing uncertainties about the safety, and possible benefits of shorter hospital stays.
Suicide‐related perforating injury of globe with nail gun
Authors: Rofail Marc , Lee Lawrence R , Lee Graham A , Todd Brian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA case is reported of nail gun injury due to suicide attempt involvingboth orbits, frontal lobe and abdomen, which resulted in an unusualposterior perforation of the left globe. Injury was inflicted witha total of eight nails. Three nails entered the left orbit, oneof which perforated the posterior aspect of the left globe. Onenail entered the right orbit involving the optic nerve and crossedthe midline to finish in the left sphenoid sinus. Three nails enteredthe frontal lobe near the midline and the final nail pierced theleft lobe of the liver. The left eye underwent primary repair, lensectomyand vitrectomy with silicone oil and achieved a visual acuity of 6/60,3 months post removal of oil with sutured posterior chamberintraocular lens. The right eye suffered traumatic optic neuropathyand currently has a visual acuity of 6/36 due to senilecataract formation. No other serious sequelae resulted from theother injuries and the patient has recovered from his episode ofdepression.
Inherited corneal disease: the evolving molecular, genetic and imaging revolution
Authors: Vincent Andrea L , Patel Dipika V , McGhee Charles NJ 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdvances in molecular genetics and in vivo ocular imaging modalities have enhanced our understanding of the corneal dystrophies. To date at least 11 genes have been identified, in which mutations manifest in corneal disease. In addition there are at least eight other loci identified to which corneal dystrophies have been linked. The information gained from the knowledge of gene function, aberrant protein production, or altered enzyme activity in the cornea, has resulted in greater knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms in these disorders. In vivo confocal microscopy has recently enabled microstructural study of dystrophic corneas throughout the disease course, rather than being limited to histopathological analysis of tissue removed at corneal transplantation. This perspective article summarizes the current knowledge, with emphasis on the genes, mutant proteins and resultant mechanisms that lead to manifestations of disease, along with characteristic findings with in vivo confocal microscopy.
Subfoveal nodule in Coats’ disease
Authors: Khurana Rahul N , Samuel Michael A , Murphree A Linn , Loo Roy H , Tawansy Khaled A 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn atypical presentation of Coats’ disease is reported with a prominent subfoveal nodule with peripheral retinal exudates. A 6‐year old boy presented with 6/120 vision in the left eye associated with an elevated 1 mm subfoveal, circular lesion with peripheral exudates. The fluorescein angiogram showed peripheral retinal telangiectasias with leakage consistent with Coats’ disease. The prominent subfoveal nodule is an uncommon initial presentation of Coats’ disease and physicians should be aware of this atypical finding.
Genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of X‐linked retinoschisis in Australia
Authors: Hewitt Alex W , FitzGerald Liesel M , Scotter Lindsey W , Mulhall Lindsay E , McKay James D , Mackey David A 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground:  X‐linked retinoschisis (XLRS), an X‐linked recessive inherited degenerative retinopathy, is characterized by splitting in the nerve fibre layer and is caused by alterations in the RS1 gene. The aim of the present study was to review both the phenotypic features of XLRS and the mutation spectrum of the RS1 gene in an Australian cohort.Methods:  Patients were recruited from ophthalmic and paediatric hospitals as well as private ophthalmic clinics across Australia. A cohort of 18 presumably unrelated families was identified. Twenty‐two affected patients underwent clinical examination. Following DNA extraction all six exons of the RS1 gene were sequenced.Results:  The median age at diagnosis was 8 years (range 1–43 years); the median age at review was 14 years (range 5–63 years). The median best‐corrected visual acuity upon review was 6/24 (range 6/6–1/36). Typical foveal schisis was found in 90.1% eyes examined (39/43) while peripheral schisis was present in 30% of eyes (13/43). The scotopic blue b‐wave amplitude ranged between 2% and 82% of the mean normal amplitude. Five novel mutations (61G→T, Gly21X; 103C→T, Gln35X; 327–329del, Cys110del; 527T→C, Phe176Ser; 573Gdel, Pro192fs) and six previously identified missense mutations (304C→T, Arg102Trp; 305G→A, Arg102Gln; 336G→C, Trp112Cys; 418G→A, Gln140Arg; 598C→T, Arg200Cys; 625C→T, Arg209Cys) were found. The mutations present in codons 21 and 102 were each identified in two presumably unrelated pedigrees. One previously described point deletion (416Adel) was identified. Two pedigrees contained affected individuals where exons 2 or 3, respectively, were unable to be amplified, indicating the likely presence of a significant deletion. No mutation was found in the RS1 gene in two affected individuals from different pedigrees.Conclusion:  Population genetic studies of XLRS have not previously been conducted in Australia. The phenotype associated with these mutations varied. The identification of each pedigree's specific mutation allows future determination of female carrier status for genetic counselling purposes. Further study into the refinement of the XLRS phenotype as well as the degree of intrafamilial phenotypic variation is required.
Comparison of mean macular thickness using optical coherence tomography and visual acuity in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Hussain Anjli , Hussain Nazimul , Nutheti Rishita 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground:  The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively assess the mean macular thickness in diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography and its correlation with visual acuity.Methods:  A prospective case series study was undertaken of consecutive diabetic patients referred to a tertiary eye care centre for an eye check up from January 2003 to June 2003. One hundred and five eyes from 55 patients with varying degree of diabetes underwent optical coherence tomography examination. The study patients were divided into four groups: group I, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR); group II, NPDR with clinically significant macular oedema (CSME); group III, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR); and group IV, PDR with CSME.Results:  The mean macular thickness of the entire group was 256.0 ± 129.7 µm. A positive correlation (r = 0.424, P < 0.0001) was evident between mean macular thickness and visual acuity.Conclusion:  Optical coherence tomography is a useful tool for objectively monitoring macular thickness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Mean macular thickness correlates with visual acuity.
Ocular hypertensive and anti‐inflammatory responses to different dosages of topical dexamethasone in children: a randomized trial
Authors: Lam Dennis SC , Fan Dorothy SP , Ng Joan SK , Yu Christopher BO , Wong Chun Y , Cheung Albert YK 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground:  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ocular hypertensive and anti‐inflammatory responses to two different dosage schedules of 0.1% topical dexamethasone in a population of Chinese children undergoing strabismus surgery.Methods:  Children undergoing bilateral strabismus surgeries were randomly assigned to receive topical 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops four times daily (group A) or twice daily (group B) for 4 weeks. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and anti‐inflammatory responses were monitored for 8 weeks.Results:  A total of 137 children with mean age 6.5 years (SD, 1.9 years; range, 3–10 years) participated in the study. The IOP increased significantly after 4 weeks in both groups compared to the preoperative values (P < 0.001). Peak IOP ranged from 14.0 to 50.3 mmHg in group A and 11.0–41.3 mmHg in group B. Cases in group A (mean, 13.8 mmHg; SD, 8.4 mmHg) had a greater net increase in IOP than cases in group B (mean, 10.2 mmHg; SD, 6.2 mmHg; P = 0.004). Younger‐aged children had higher peak IOP (r = −0.244, P = 0.048), and attained the peak IOP earlier (r = 0.252, P = 0.041) in group A. There was no significant difference in ocular inflammatory response between the two groups.Conclusion:  Ocular hypertensive effect to topical 0.1% dexamethasone is dose and age dependent in children. Twice‐daily 0.1% topical dexamethasone eye drops control inflammation after strabismus surgery as effectively as four‐times‐daily dosage, but induces less increase in IOP, and may be a better treatment schedule.
Govern(mentality) and Accounting: the Influence of Different Enlightenment Discourses in Two Spanish Cases (1761–1777)
Authors: Sánchez‐Matamoros Juan Baños , Hidalgo Fernando Gutiérrez , Espejo Concha Álvarez‐Dardet , Fenech Francisco Carrasco 
Published: June 2005

New perspectives in accounting history have uncovered previously unattended relations between accounting and government. Earlier Foucauldian analyses of governments have not explained sufficiently the relations of accounting practices to governmental discourses in order to manage populations.This work uses the governmentality frame to analyse the role of accounting in two organizations located in the south of Spain in the second half of the eighteenth century: the New Settlements of Sierra Morena and Andalucia (NSs) and the Royal Tobacco Factory of Seville (RTFS). The period studied is remarkable because it was the apogee of the Enlightenment in Spain. From the standpoint of government, this period facilitated a new way to manage populations. The present work has drawn on Foucault's concept of governmentality in order to discover how accounting worked in two government‐supported organizations independently of the discourses that pervaded each one. Drawing on the reticulation of the space, the use of rules and accounting from the governmental perspective, we analyse those institutions.The article concludes that the reticulation of space is an essential apparatus to exert action at a distance; the rules are a type of government technology; and, overall, accounting is a practice for the mastery of the population independently from the discourse of the institution.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Mortality: Findings from the Cache County Study
Authors: Hayden Kathleen M. , Zandi Peter P. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Tschanz JoAnn T. , Norton Maria C. , Khachaturian Ara S. , Pieper Carl F. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Breitner John C. S. ,   for the Cache County Investigators
Published: June 2005

Objectives: To evaluate the association between apolipoprotein E (apo E) ɛ4 and mortality, the population attributable risk for mortality with ɛ4, and relative contributions of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Design: Population‐based cohort study.Setting: Community‐based.Participants: Permanent residents of Cache County, Utah, aged 65 and older as of January 1, 1995.Measurements: Participants were genotyped at the apo E locus using buccal‐swab deoxyribonucleic acid. Cardiovascular health was ascertained using self‐ or proxy‐report interviews at participants' residences. AD was diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke—Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders criteria. Utah Department of Vital Statistics quarterly reports were reviewed to identify participants who died.Results: Crude evaluations showed nonsignificantly greater risk of death for ɛ2/2 (hazard ratio (HR)=1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.92–2.76) and ɛ3/4 (HR=1.11, 95% CI=0.97–1.26) genotypes and significantly greater risk for ɛ4/4 (HR=1.48, 95% CI=1.09–1.96). After adjustment for age, age2, sex, and education, risks increased to 1.98 (95% CI=1.08–3.35), 1.28 (95% CI=1.12–1.46), and 2.02 (95% CI=1.47–2.71), respectively, compared with ɛ3/3 genotypes. Adjustment for presence of any CVD did not change the risk of death for ɛ3/4 and ɛ4/4. Adjustment for AD reduced the risk of death for ɛ3/4 (HR=1.13, 95% CI=0.99–1.30) and ɛ4/4 (HR=1.59, 95% CI=1.15–2.14). The population attributable risk of death for ɛ3/4 and ɛ4/4 genotypes combined is estimated at 9.6%.Conclusion: These findings suggested that the ɛ2/2, ɛ3/4, and ɛ4/4 genotypes have greater early mortality risks. Further analyses showed that AD partially mediates the association between ɛ3/4, ɛ4/4, and death.
Insomnia and Hypnotic Use, Recorded in the Minimum Data Set, as Predictors of Falls and Hip Fractures in Michigan Nursing Homes
Authors: Avidan Alon Y. , Fries Brant E. , James Mary L. , Szafara Kristina L. , Wright Glenn T. , Chervin Ronald D. 
Published: June 2005

Objectives: To examine the relationship between insomnia, hypnotic use, falls, and hip fractures in older people.Design: Secondary analysis of a large, longitudinal, assessment database.Setting: Four hundred thirty‐seven nursing homes in Michigan.Participants: Residents aged 65 and older in 2001 with a baseline Minimum Data Set assessment and a follow‐up 150 to 210 days later.Measurements: Logistic regression modeled any follow‐up report of fall or hip fracture. Predictors were baseline reports of insomnia (previous month) and use of hypnotics (previous week). Potential confounds taken into account included standard measures of functional status, cognitive status, intensity of resource utilization, proximity to death, illness burden, number of medications, emergency room visits, nursing home new admission, age, and sex.Results: In 34,163 nursing home residents (76% women, mean age±standard deviation 84±8), hypnotic use did not predict falls (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.98, 1.30). In contrast, insomnia did predict future falls (AOR=1.52, 95% CI=1.38, 1.66). Untreated insomnia (AOR=1.55, 95% CI=1.41, 1.71) and hypnotic‐treated (unresponsive) insomnia (AOR=1.32, 95% CI=1.02, 1.70) predicted more falls than did the absence of insomnia. After adjustment for confounding variables, insomnia and hypnotic use were not associated with subsequent hip fracture.Conclusion: In elderly nursing home residents, insomnia, but not hypnotic use, is associated with a greater risk of subsequent falls. Future studies will need to confirm these findings and determine whether appropriate hypnotic use can protect against future falls.