bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost Minimization Study of Image-Guided Core Biopsy Versus Surgical Excisional Biopsy for Women With Abnormal Mammograms
Authors: Golub Robert M. , Bennett Charles L. , Stinson Tammy , Venta Luz , Morrow Monica 
Published: June 2004

PurposeTo describe the clinical and economic consequences of image-guided core biopsy versus surgical excisional biopsy of mammographically identified breast lesions.Patients and MethodsClinical and economic data were collected for 1,121 patients undergoing core biopsies and 501 patients undergoing surgical biopsies between 1996 and 1998. Lesions were classified according to mammographic degree of suspicion and type of radiographic abnormality. Costs were measured from the societal perspective. A decision analytic model was constructed, with probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsLesions diagnosed via core versus surgical biopsy were less likely to be masses (39% v 55%), less likely to be classified as high cancer suspicion (17% v 26%), and less likely to be treated with a single procedure (74% v 81%; P < .001 for each). Cancers diagnosed by a surgical biopsy were less likely to have had a single operative procedure (33% v 84%) and were associated with higher total costs whether mastectomy ($2,775 v $1,849) or lumpectomy ($2,112 v $1,365) was used. Sensitivity analysis showed core biopsy optimal in 95.4% of trials. Core biopsy was favored for low-suspicion lesions, calcifications, and masses, and overall for patients who underwent lumpectomy alone.ConclusionImage-guided core biopsy can be cost-saving compared with surgical biopsy, particularly when the mammographic abnormality is classified as low suspicion or consists of calcifications or masses. Moving to a policy in which core biopsy is the preferred approach in these settings has the potential to result in significant cost savings.
Herbal Remedies in the United States: Potential Adverse Interactions With Anticancer Agents
Authors: Sparreboom Alex , Cox Michael C. , Acharya Milin R. , Figg William D. 
Published: June 2004

PurposeInterest in the use of herbal products has grown dramatically in the Western world. Recent estimates suggest an overall prevalence for herbal preparation use of 13% to 63% among cancer patients. With the narrow therapeutic range associated with most anticancer drugs, there is an increasing need for understanding possible adverse drug interactions in medical oncology.MethodsIn this article, a literature overview is provided of known or suspected interactions of the 15 best-selling herbs in the United States with conventional allopathic therapies for cancer.ResultsHerbs with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome P450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic (Allium sativum), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), ginseng (Panax ginseng), St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), and kava (Piper methysticum). All of these products participate in potential pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs.ConclusionIt is suggested that health care professionals and consumers should be aware of the potential for adverse interactions with these herbs, question their patients on their use of them, especially among patients whose disease is not responding to treatments as expected, and urge patients to avoid herbs that could confound their cancer care.
Phase I Trial and Pharmacokinetics of Gemcitabine in Children With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Reid Joel M. , Qu Wenchun , Safgren Stephanie L. , Ames Matthew M. , Krailo Mark D. , Seibel Nita L. , Kuttesch John , Holcenberg John 
Published: June 2004

Purpose To determine the maximum tolerated dose, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine in children with refractory solid tumors. Patients and Methods Gemcitabine was given as a 30-minute infusion for 2 or 3 consecutive weeks every 4 weeks, to 42 patients aged 1 to 21 years. Doses of 1,000, 1,200 and 1,500 mg/m2 were administered for 3 weeks. Subsequently, gemcitabine was given for only 2 consecutive weeks at 1,500, 1,800, and 2,100 mg/m2. Plasma concentrations of gemcitabine and its metabolite, 2′2′-difluorodeoxyuridine, were measured in 28 patients. Results Forty patients who received 132 courses of gemcitabine were assessable for toxicity. The maximum tolerated dose of gemcitabine given weekly for 3 weeks was 1,200 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity was not seen in one-third of children treated at any doses given for 2 weeks. The major toxicity was myelosuppression in three of five patients at 1,500 mg/m2 for 3 weeks, and one of seven patients at 1,800 mg/m2 for 2 weeks. Other serious adverse events were somnolence, fever and hypotension, and rash in three patients. Gemcitabine plasma concentration–time data were fit to a one- (n = 5) or two-compartment (n = 23) open model. Mean gemcitabine clearance and half-life values were 2,140 mL/min/m2 and 13.7 minutes, respectively. One patient with pancreatic cancer had a partial response. Seven patients had stable disease for 2 to 17 months. Conclusion Gemcitabine given by 30-minute infusion for 2 or 3 consecutive weeks every 4 weeks was tolerated well by children at doses of 2,100 mg/m2 and 1,200 mg/m2, respectively.
The evolution of recovery from desiccation stress in laboratory-selected populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Folk Donna G. , Bradley Timothy J. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYWe examined the capacity for physiological recovery from the effects of desiccation in five replicate populations of Drosophila melanogasterthat have been selected for enhanced desiccation resistance (D populations)and in five replicate control populations (C populations). The capacity to recover was signified by the ability to restore three somatic components,namely whole-body water, dry mass and sodium content, all of which are reduced during desiccation. Throughout a period of recovery following a bout of desiccation, the flies were offered one of three fluids: distilled water,saline solution, or saline+sucrose solution. Our findings indicate that, when allowed to recover on saline+sucrose solution, D populations have the capacity to restore water at a greater rate than C populations and are able to fully restore dry mass and sodium content to the levels observed in non-desiccated,hydrated D flies. When provided with this same solution during recovery, C flies are unable to restore dry mass and are faced with an elevated sodium load. Desiccation resistance of the flies subsequent to recovery was also examined. We provide evidence that the greatest desiccation resistance in the D populations is associated with the restoration of all three somatic components, suggesting that not only water content, but also dry mass and sodium, may contribute to the enhanced desiccation resistance that has evolved in these populations.
Cadmium effects on mitochondrial function are enhanced by elevated temperatures in a marine poikilotherm,Crassostrea virginicaGmelin(Bivalvia: Ostreidae)
Authors: Sokolova I. M. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYMarine intertidal mollusks, such as oysters, are exposed to multiple stressors in estuaries, including varying environmental temperature and levels of trace metals, which may interactively affect their physiology. In order to understand the combined effects of cadmium and elevated temperature on mitochondrial bioenergetics of marine mollusks, respiration rates and mitochondrial volume changes were studied in response to different cadmium levels (0–1000 μmol l–1) and temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C) in isolated mitochondria from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica acclimated at 15°C. It was found that both cadmium and temperature significantly affect mitochondrial function in oysters. Elevated temperature had a rate-enhancing effect on state 3 (ADP-stimulated) and states 4 and 4+ (representative of proton leak) respiration, and the rate of temperature-dependent increase was higher for states 4 and 4+ than for state 3 respiration. Exposure of oyster mitochondria to 35°C resulted in a decreased respiratory control and phosphorylation efficiency (P/O ratio)compared to that of the acclimation temperature (15°C), while an intermediate temperature (25°C) had no effect. Cadmium exposure did not lead to a significant volume change in oyster mitochondria in vitro. Low levels of cadmium (1–5 μmol l–1) stimulated the rate of proton leak in oyster mitochondria, while not affecting ADP-stimulated state 3 respiration. In contrast, higher cadmium levels (10–50 μmol l–1) had little or no effect on proton leak, but significantly inhibited state 3 respiration by 40–80% of the control rates. Elevated temperature increased sensitivity of oyster mitochondria to cadmium leading to an early inhibition of ADP-stimulated respiration and an onset of complete mitochondrial uncoupling at progressively lower cadmium concentrations with increasing temperature. Enhancement of cadmium effects by elevated temperatures suggests that oyster populations subjected to elevated temperatures due to seasonal warming or global climate change may become more susceptible to trace metal pollution, and vice versa.
Ontogenetic patterns of limb loading,in vivobone strains and growth in the goat radius
Authors: Main Russell P. , Biewener Andrew A. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYAs tetrapods increase in size and weight through ontogeny, the limb skeleton must grow to accommodate the increases in body weight and the resulting locomotor forces placed upon the limbs. No study to date, however,has examined how morphological changes in the limb skeleton during growth reflect ontogenetic patterns of limb loading and the resulting stresses and strains produced in the limbs. The goal of this study was to relate forelimb loads to in vivo bone strains in the radius of the domestic goat(Capra hircus) across a range of gaits and speeds through ontogeny while observing how the growth patterns of the bone relate to the mechanics of the limb. In vivo bone strains in the radius were recorded from two groups of juvenile goats (4 kg, 6 weeks and 9 kg, 15 weeks) and compared with previously reported strain data for the radius of adult goats. Ontogenetic strain patterns were examined in relation to peak forelimb ground reaction forces, ontogenetic scaling patterns of cross-sectional geometry and bone curvature, and percentage mineral ash content. Peak principal longitudinal tensile strains on the cranial surface and compressive strains on the caudal surface of the radius increased during ontogeny but maintained a uniform distribution, resulting in the radius being loaded primarily in bending through ontogeny. The increase in strain occurred despite uniform loading(relative to body weight) of the forelimb through ontogeny. Instead, the increase in bone strain resulted from strong negative growth allometry of the cross-sectional area (∝M0.53) and medio-lateral and cranio-caudal second moments of area(IML∝M1.03, ICC∝M0.84) of the radius and only a small increase (+2.8%) in mineral ash content. Even though bone strains increased with growth and age, strains in the younger goats were small enough to suggest that they maintain safety factors at least comparable with adults when moving at similar absolute speeds. Increased variability of loading in juvenile animals may also favor the more robust dimensions of the radius, and possibly other limb bones, early in growth.
Innate immunity in the malaria vectorAnopheles gambiae:comparative and functional genomics
Authors: Osta Mike A. , Christophides George K. , Vlachou Dina , Kafatos Fotis C. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYThe resurgence of malaria is at least partly attributed to the absence of an effective vaccine, parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and resistance to insecticides of the anopheline mosquito vectors. Novel strategies are needed to combat the disease on three fronts: protection (vaccines),prophylaxis/treatment (antimalarial drugs) and transmission blocking. The latter entails either killing the mosquitoes (insecticides), preventing mosquito biting (bednets and repellents), blocking parasite development in the vector (transmission blocking vaccines), genetic manipulation or chemical incapacitation of the vector. During the past decade, mosquito research has been energized by several breakthroughs, including the successful transformation of anopheline vectors, analysis of gene function by RNAi,genome-wide expression profiling using DNA microarrays and, most importantly,sequencing of the Anopheles gambiae genome. These breakthroughs helped unravel some of the mechanisms underlying the dynamic interactions between the parasite and the vector and shed light on the mosquito innate immune system as a set of potential targets to block parasite development. In this context, putative pattern recognition receptors of the mosquito that act as positive and negative regulators of parasite development have been identified recently. Characterizing these molecules and others of similar function, and identifying their ligands on the parasite surface, will provide clues on the nature of the interactions that define an efficient parasite–vector system and open up unprecedented opportunities to control the vectorial capacity of anopheline mosquitoes.
Effects of swimming on metabolic recovery from anoxia in the painted turtle
Authors: Warren Daniel E. , Jackson Donald C. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYAnoxic submergence in the Western painted turtle results in a severe metabolic acidosis characterized by high plasma lactate and depressed arterial pH, a response similar to that seen in other vertebrates following exhaustive exercise. We tested the hypothesis that 1 or 2 h of aerobic swimming following anoxic submergence would enhance the rate of lactate disappearance from the blood just as sustained aerobic exercise does in mammals and fishes following strenuous exercise. Following 2 h of anoxic submergence at 25° C and 1 h of recovery, the pattern of plasma lactate disappearance in turtles previously trained to swim in a flume and swum aerobically (2–3× resting V̇O2) for 1 or 2 h did not differ significantly from that in trained and untrained non-swimming turtles. Turtles were fully recovered by 7–10 h post-anoxia. The response patterns also did not differ between treatments for arterial PO2, PCO2, pH,and plasma glucose and HCO3–. Blood pH and plasma HCO3– recovered by 1 and 4 h, respectively. Despite the large lactate load, painted turtles are able to sustain periods of continuous swimming for at least 2 h without compromising metabolic recovery. Although this activity did not consistently enhance recovery, the rate of lactate disappearance was positively correlated with oxygen consumption rate in actively and passively recovering turtles. We suggest that active recovery was not a more important enhancer of recovery either because swimming may have had an inhibitory effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis or that there is variation in fuel utilization during the swimming period.
Fluoride-selective Colorimetric Sensors Based on Hydrazone Functionality
Authors: Zhou Lili , Zhang Xiaohong , Wu Shikang 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Hydrazone derivatives 2, 3, 5, 6 with H-bond donor and color-reporting chromophore were synthesized to be used as chemosensors for selective detecting anionic species via naked eye and absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that these compounds exhibited good selectivity to fluoride anion (F−). In order to clarify the mechanism of interaction between anionic species and sensors, compound 4 was synthesized for comparative study.
Formation of Hollow Submicrometer Spheres of Nickel Selenides
Authors: Liu Xiaohe , Qiu Guanzhou , Wang Junwei , Li Yadong 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Hollow submicrometer spheres of nickel selenides have been successfully prepared via sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-assisted hydrothermal reduction route in which aqueous hydrazine was used as a reducing agent and the surfactant SDS was used as a structure-directing agent.
Radical Carbonylation of 1,5-Enynes Using TTMSS as a Chain Carrier. Unexpected Formation of Persistent 3-Silyl-1-siloxyallyl Radicals Serving as a Chain Breaking Path
Authors: Fukuyama Takahide , Uenoyama Yoshitaka , Oguri Shinya , Otsuka Noboru , Ryu Ilhyong 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The radical carbonylation of 1,5-enynes 1a and 1b using TTMSS as radical mediator gave the predicted carbonylative cyclization products 2a and 2b, respectively, in poor yields. The isolation and characterization of reaction byproducts by X-ray crystallographic analysis suggest that the poor chain propagation can be attributed to the formation of long-lived 3-silyl-1-siloxyallyl radicals, produced by the addition of a (TMS)3Si radical onto the O–C double bond of the initially formed cyclopentanones.
Self-assembly of Guanidinium Hexagonal Carboxylate: How Many H-bonds and H-bonding Pattern between ArCOO− and C(NH2)3+?
Authors: Yang Chi , Wong Wing-Tak 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
In guanidinium hexacarboxylate, H·G6·2H2O (2, G = C(NH2)3, the guanidinium cations and the side pyridinecarboxylate rings are self-assembled via multiple H-bonds into zigzag-like ribbons which located between the hexahost H core plane layers. The H-bonds graph set present in the zigzag ribbons are R22(8), R21(6), R22(10), R12(6), R24(12), R53(10), R86(24), and R84(24).
Copolymerization of Aziridines and Carbon Monoxide Catalyzed by a Heterodinuclear Organopalladinum–Cobalt Complex
Authors: Komine Nobuyuki , Tanaka Shin-ichi , Tsutsuminai Susumu , Akahane Yoshifumi , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Heterodinuclear organopalladium–cobalt complex having a 2,2′-bipyridine ligand (bpy)AcPd–Co(CO)4 catalyzes copolymerization of unsubstituted and both C- and N-monosubstituted aziridines, such as aziridine, 2-methylaziridine, and N-ethylaziridiene, and CO (3–6 MPa) in THF at 100 °C for 6 h.
Templated Assembly of a Monolayer Consisting of a Coordination Nanobox at Air–Water Interface
Authors: Aoyagi Masaru , Minamikawa Hiroyuki , Shimizu Toshimi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The monolayer formation consisting of an amphiphilic terpyridine ligand and a biphenyl template on aqueous solution of a palladium complex was examined with varying the mixing ratios. Templated self-assembly resulted into a stable monolayer of a box-shaped host–guest complex at air–water interface.
Solvatochromic Shift of Phthalocyanine Q-band Governed by a Single Solvent Parameter
Authors: Isago Hiroaki , Kagaya Yutaka , Matsushita Akiyuki 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Position of the main optical absorption band (Q-band) in electronic spectra of some trans-[M(Pc)L2]k (Pc = substituted or unsubstituted phthalocyaninate, M = Co(III), L = CN−, k = −1; M = Sn(IV), L = Cl−, k = 0; M = Sb(V), L = Cl−, k = +1) complexes depends only on the refractive index of the solvents, indicating that interaction of the transition dipole moment with induced dipole moment generated in the surrounding solvent molecules is predominant.
SN2 Type Hydrolysis of Secondary Alkyl Halides and Sulfonates in Hydrothermal Water
Authors: Yamasaki Yuki , Hirayama Takaharu , Oshima Koichiro , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Optically active secondary alkyl halides and sulfonates were treated with alkaline hydrothermal water at 250 °C in sealed vessel. The hydrolysis mostly proceeded with inversion of stereochemistry.
Soluble Polymer-supported Synthesis of trans β-Lactams with High Diastereoselectivity
Authors: Jian Shan-Zhong , Wang Yan-Guang 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A general method for the liquid-phase synthesis of trans β-lactams with high diastereoselectivity is described. The mechanism can be explained by a chair-like transition state involving the imine and the (Z)-enolate.
Alkoxyhydrosilanes as Sources of Silylene Ligands: Novel Approaches to Transition Metal–Silylene Complexes
Authors: Sato Takahiro , Okazaki Masaaki , Tobita Hiromi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Irradiation of Fe(CO)5 and HSiMe2OR (R = alkyl or aryl group) together with hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) produces (CO)4Fe=SiMe2·HMPA and SiMe2(OR)2. Even in the absence of HMPA, irradiation of Fe(CO)5 and HSiMe2O(2-C5H4N) affords (CO)3(H)Fe{SiMe2···O(2-C5H4N)···SiMe2}. In these reactions, the alkoxyhydrosilanes act as sources of the silylene ligand.
Fluorescence Spectra of Trp53Phe and Trp110Ile Mutants of a Heme-regulated Phosphodiesterase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Hirata Satoshi , Kurokawa Hirofumi , Sagami Ikuko , Shimizu Toru 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Fluorescence bands of a Trp110Ile mutant of the isolated heme domain of a heme-regulated phosphodiesterase (Ec DOS) from Escherichia coli and its complex with 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) were very weak, compared to the wild-type protein, suggesting that the fluorescence of the remaining Trp53 residue is quenched by interactions with heme, and that the Trp110 residue is exposed to the solvent.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyamine-functionalized Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Yoshitake Hideaki , Koiso Emi , Tatsumi Takashi , Horie Haruyuki , Yoshimura Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Polyamine-functionalized mesoporous MCM-41 and SBA-15 were synthesized by the substitution of surface chloroalkyl group by linear polyamines. The structure of the functional group was determined by elemental analysis, 29Si and 13C MAS NMR, and IR spectroscopy to explore the effects of chain length and pore size on aqueous ion adsorption capability.
Highly α-Selective Glycosylation with Glycosyl Acetate via Glycosyl Phosphonium Iodide
Authors: Kobashi Yohei , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Mild and highly α-selective glycosylations of several acceptors with glycosyl phosphonium iodide, a glycosyl donor readily generated in situ from glycosyl acetate, proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding disaccharides in high yields.
Eight-membered Ring Formation via Olefin Insertion into a Carbon–Carbon Single Bond
Authors: Matsuda Takanori , Fujimoto Atsushi , Ishibashi Mitsuru , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Treatment of cyclobutanone having an o-styryl group at the 2-position with a catalytic amount of rhodium–phosphine complex afforded eight-membered ring ketones via intramolecular insertion of the C=C bond into the C–C single bond of the cyclobutanone.
P-Chiral Phosphinoselenoic Chlorides and Optically Active P-Chiral Phosphinoselenoic Amides: Synthesis and Stereospecific Interconversion with Extrusion and Addition Reactions of the Selenium Atom
Authors: Kimura Tsutomu , Murai Toshiaki 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
An efficient synthesis of P-chiral phosphinoselenoic chlorides and the first optically active P-chiral phosphinoselenoic amides was successfully achieved. Stereospecific interconversion with the extrusion of selenium atom from optically active phosphinoselenoic amides and the addition of selenium atom to optically active aminophosphines were also investigated.
Single-crystalline PbCrO4 Nanowires and Their Hydrothermal Transformation to Amorphous PbCr3O10 Nanotubes
Authors: Hu Xian-Luo , Zhu Ying-Jie 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Single-crystalline PbCrO4 nanowires have been successfully synthesized by a simple solution method at room-temperature. Amorphous PbCr3O10 nanotubes could be hydrothermally prepared from PbCrO4 nanowires in the presence of PVP. This simple method needs no any seed, catalyst, or template, and may also be extended to the fabrication of other 1-D chromates.
A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of α-Azidoketones and α-Ketothiocyanates
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V Subba , Srinivas M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
α-Diazoketones underwent insertion smoothly with sodium azide and potassium thiocyanate in the presence of CeCl3·7H2O under mild reaction conditions to afford the corresponding α-azidoketones and α-ketothiocyanates in excellent yields.