bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aristotle’s Mathematical Physics: A Reconstruction
Authors: Hussey Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle was not the first to suggest that the physical world exhibits mathematical relationships of various kinds. This thought is at home both in the ‘Milesian’ tradition of natural philosophy, and in that of the ‘Pythagoreans’. It is even arguable that Democritus had envisaged a thoroughly mathematical physics. In any case, there existed, by the time of Aristotle, some specialized mathematical sciences, not dependent on any particular cosmology or metaphysics, but having uncontested and successful application in the actual world. These were (two- and three-dimensional) geometry, geometrical optics, harmonics (mathematical theory of music), and particularly mathematical astronomy. The most mathematically developed of these sciences was astronomy, in the hands of Aristotle’s contemporaries Eudoxus and Callippus. The mechanical-mathematical model developed by Eudoxus to account for the celestial motions was, I shall suggest, a source of stimulus and inspiration for Aristotle in more than one way.
Aristotle on Self-Motion
Authors: Gill Mary Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Book VIII of the Phys1i·s Aristotle discusses self-motion in order to show that particular changes caused by one body acting on another can be explained without citing an infinite number of previous changes. In VIII. 5 he argues that an explanatory regress can be avoided because ordinary changes are caused, either directly or indirectly, by something that moves itself, and self-motions by an unmoved mover within the self-mover. Typical changes thus finally depend on a mover that is not itself changed and so requires no further cause. This solution must be questioned, however, because in the very next chapter, Phys. VIII 6, Aristotle suggests that animals-the paradigmatic self-movers–do not after all initiate their own motions but derive that impetus from features in their environment (259b1-16). In what sense, then, are animals self-movers, and how does their dependence on external factors affect the proposed solution in VIII. 5?
Divine Perfection and Freedom: The Contemporary Debate
Authors: Rowe William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the assumption that among the possible worlds there is a best world, we have considered the alternatives facing God as creator. And we have reached the preliminary conclusion that God’s absolute perfection would leave him no choice other than the choice to create the very best world. In the course of reaching this conclusion we’ve looked with some care at the writings of Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, both of whom hold that there is a best possible world, and we’ve concluded that neither succeeds in the effort to avoid the conclusion that God’s choice to create the best world is absolutely necessary. But since it seems impossible to prove that there is a best among possible worlds (or a best world creatable by an infinitely powerful, infinitely wise being were such a being to exist), we must now consider the apparent possibility that there is no best world, that for any world creatable by God (if he exists) there is a better world he could create instead. If this were the way things are, it seems initially reasonable to suppose that while God would not be free to create a bad world he would be free to create some good world even though he could create a better world instead. For on the supposition that for every creatable world there is a better creatable world it would be impossible for God to create a world that is better than any other creatable world.
The Art of the Impossible
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prize: One hundred dollars to the first person who identifies a picture of a logical impossibility. I may be willing to pay more for the painting itself. This finder’s fee is simply for pointing out the picture. Let me explain more precisely what I seek. There is a genre of children’s picture puzzles that is marked by the question ‘What is wrong with this picture?’Well, that goat does not belong in the library. That clock is mirror-reversed. Ostriches do not fly…Theo job of the viewer is to spot the incongruities.
The Conceivability of Naturalism
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central dilemma in contemporary metaphysics is to find a place for certain anthropocentric subject-matters—for instance, the semantic, moral, and psychological—in a world as conceived by modern naturalism: a stance which inflates the concepts and categories deployed by (finished) physical science into a metaphysics of the kind of thing the real world essentially and exhaustively is. On one horn, if we embrace this naturalism, it seems we are committed either to reductionism: that is, to a construal of the reference of, for example, semantic, moral, and psychological vocabulary as somehow being within the physical domain—or to disputing that the discourses in question involve reference to what is real at all.
Locke on Justice
Authors: Harris Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is justice with Locke? Justice, of course, is a concept integral to any moral theory which considers people in relation to each other, for it determines what each individual owes to the rest. It can have a further interest, as when a political theory proceeds from the conclusions of moral thinking. Locke’s thought embodies these features, but his language about justice has a warmth which suggests that it had a special importance to him. Justice, he wrote in section 110 of Some thoughts concerning education, was a “great Social Vertue”. He repeated this assessment in his major work of political theory, Two treatises of government, at II. ii. 5. So answering our question should lead us to some themes of marked importance in his moral and political theories.
“Beating Down Scepticism”: The Solid Philosophy of John Sergeant, 1623-1707
Authors: Southgate Beverley c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Sergeant has never attained the respectability of inclusion within the philosophical canon. Some posthumous consolation must derive from an enduring reputation in theology; for, as a chief Catholic spokesman in the mid-seventeenth century “rule of faith” controversies, he has been accounted “one of the most prominent ecclesiastics of his century” and even as “seemingly omnipresent”. 1 But philosophical recognition has continued to elude him. Despite some notice as an early critic of Locke and as a possible influence on Berkeley, there seems little need to modify an assessment made in 1929 by N. C. Bradish, that “perhaps there are few names in the history of philosophy as little known as that of John Sergeant”.:.
Disentangling Tapu
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complexities of interpreting other cultural systems have very frequently been stressed by anthropologists. The difficulties and ultimate impossibility of translation have been emphasized, especially by those with a commitment to one form or another of cultural relativism. This kind of critique would attend to the misinterpretations and biases of descriptions of non-Westem people, but tended, until recently, to say little about the systemic connections between these features of ethnographic or travel literature, and their roles (in the past and present) as representations within a colonial system. The examination of particular themes and judgements in discourses about ‘others’, about colonized, prospectively colonized, or once-colonized societies, makes it possible to see that particular representations were or are often motivated by, and have been linked with, wider images of ‘primitive types’ or ‘mentalities’. Here the fact that these discourses were generally racist is of less importance than the specific ways in which the interests of writers (such as missionaries) shaped-and distorted-their depictions of tribal cultures.
Between Chiefs and Shamans: Ritual Agency and the Diffusion of Power
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Power in the Marquesas was dispersed rather than consolidated. The fact that chieftainship was not socially encompassing has been linked with the power of shamans, and this association is reinforced by the pattern of social variation within the group: the most potent tau’a appear to be found where chieftainship and chiefly elites were less tightly knit. This question of the dispersal of power can be pursued into a broader comparative frame through examination of the significance of shamanistic figures in Polynesia generally; the patterns suggest a link between local conflicts and longer-term evolution. It is also worth presenting a general picture of inspired priestly activities in Polynesia, because these have not generally been recognized as forms of shamanism in Oceanic anthropology, which has resulted in an imbalanced view of pre-Christian Polynesian religion.
The Islands: Geography and Prehistory
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Marquesas Islands, named ‘las Marquesas de Mendoca’ by Mendana in 1595, consist of six substantial inhabited islands, and a number of islets, some of which were occasionally visited and intermittently inhabited by the indigenous Polynesians in the period before European contact. The islands are situated between eight and eleven degrees south, and are about l ,400 kilometres north-east of Tahiti, while the Hawaiian chain is over 3,000 kilometres to the north-west. The closest inhabited islands were atolls in the Tuamotu archipelago, about 450 kilometres to the south and south-east. The whole of the Pacific is known as ‘Oceania’ but the term is especially apt in eastern Polynesia, where clusters of islands generally much smaller than those of the Melanesian archipelagos were separated by vast expanses of water.
Logic of Relations
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Culture and Practical Reason, Sahlins uses a relational model to suggest an isomorphism between social and material classification in Fiji. According to Sahlins, the commutability within, and incommensurability between, certain classes of goods can be seen as a transposition of the scheme of social distinctions, which unite and oppose classes of men, onto the plane of objects. But in considering this world of objects one does not know exactly what is intended when it is said that a relation of ‘transitive equivalence’ obtains among whales’ teeth, pigs, and turtles, because of their common interchangeability with men:
Whale’s teeth are ‘the head of all things’. Their only social measure is a human being: they give a claim on the services, in war or in work, of those who accept them as an offering; they secure the wife to the husband, compensate the warrior for his tribute of a cannibal victim, the father-in-law for the death of the wife, the mother’s kin for the birth of her child.
The Citrakārs: Caste of Painters and Mask-Makers
Authors: Toffin Gérard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Citrakārs are a group of about 1,200 people, i.e. 0.3 per cent of the Newar population, and are clustered in the urban centres of the ‘Valley’. Nearly 80 per cent of them live in Kathmandu (about 100 households) and Lalitpur (eighty households). Traditionally, they are painters and the name of the caste comes from the Sanskrit word citra which means ‘image, painting’.
Conclusion: Caste Organization and the Ancient City
Authors: Quigley Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introduction Gellner suggests that Newar society provides a kind of paradigm for the study of Hindu South Asia and that the Kathmandu Yalley exhibits one of the clearest expressions of the basic principles of caste. There is no good a priori reason why this should not be so. Nor is there any good reason for making the association which is often made between caste orthodoxy and India. Where should one choose in India as the locus of this orthodoxy? Perhaps the most remarkable feature of Hinduism is that it does not have a Rome or a Mecca.
Cargoism and Occidentalism
Authors: Lindstrom Lamont 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Nizan in Aden, Arabie, his travelogue of disillusionment, wrote gloomily that ’The Orient reproduces the Occident and is a commentary on it’ (1987: ll0). Although Nizan had in mind wretched attempts of European colons to replicate life back home, his disappointment in the similarities between Orient and Occident says something about the gravity of expectation that surrounds this boundary. Nizan travelled to Arabie seeking difference but he discovered only more of the same-and that in an odiously intensified form. The Orient is a corrosive commentary on the Occident: ’The liquid has been decanted and only the essence is left; everything that diluted the solution has evaporated’ (1987: ll0).
The Colonial, the Imperial, and the Creation of the ’European’ in Southern Africa
Authors: Thornton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Africa’s history has long been characterized as the struggle be tween an imperial power, England, and indigenous people who have sought to maintain their independence or autonomy. The interests of the imperial power, according to the standard view, were mainly to control the territory of southern Africa and to control access to natural and human resources within it. Far from being a merely historical interpretation, this view was tantamount to policy from the time that Cecil John Rhodes took his seat in the Cape Parliament in 1881 (Rotberg 1988: 128) soon after the crushing defeat at Majuba of the first British attempt to annex the Transvaal.
The Problem Defined: The Need for an Anthropology of Art
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ‘anthropological theory of visual art’ probably suggests a theory dealing with the art production in the colonial and post-colonial societies anthropologists typically study, plus the so-called ‘Primitive’ art now usually called ‘ethnographic’ art-in museum collections. The ‘anthropological theory of art’ equals the ‘theory of art’ applied to ‘anthropological’ art. But this is not , what I have in mind. The art of the colonial and post-colonial margins, inasmuch as it is ‘art’, can be approached via any, or all, of the existing ‘theories of art’, in so far as these approaches are useful ones. Critics, philosophers, and aestheticians have been busy for a long time; ‘theories of art’ constitute a vast and well-established field.
The Critique of the Index
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since these reflections on art are directed in the main at the existing anthropology-of-art confraternity, I can make a start—and perhaps make amendsby considering, first of all, a classical theme in the anthropology-of-art literature, namely, the significance of ‘geometric’ (i.e. non-representational, or marginally representational) decorative designs. Most ‘western’ art-theory is about representational art, and so is most of the philosophy of art, in so far as these two may be distinguished. But it is fair to say that most of the art in the collections held in ethnological museums-if not on display there-is ‘decorative’ art, usually applied to arte facts such as pots, mats, and so forth.
Style and Culture
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, my aim is to formulate a concept of ‘style’ adapted to the requirements of the anthropology of visual art. In the anthropology-of-art con text the concept of style is distinguishable from the concepts of style applicable in Western art history and aesthetics in that the ‘units’ of style are not (usually) individual artists, or schools of artists, or movements, but ‘cultures’ or ‘societies’. Actually, the units of style are conventional ethnographic isolates as represented for study purposes by museum collections and published sources on material culture.
Kleinwort Benson
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kleinwort Benson is one of the most distinguished international investment banks in the City of London, becoming part of the Dresdner Bank Group in 1995. This is the story of how two families, the Kleinworts and the Bensons, emerged from medieval beginnings in Holstein and the Lake District to seek their fortunes in Hamburg, Cuba, and Liverpool, before arriving in the 1850s in London. There they founded two very different merchant banks, which merged in 1967 to create Kleinwort Benson Lonsdale, later Kleinwort Benson. The Kleinwort Benson story mirrors both the spectacular growth of English capital and its often turbulent side-effects. It shows how the two families survived the collapse of the Benson bank in 1875, the freezing of Kleinwort assets and business by the European financial crisis of 1931, and two World Wars, and how they established their banks as powerful City players in the postwar period. Their story is as much a human drama as a financial history. Brimming with generations of Kleinworts, Bensons, and the families with whom they married and formed partnerships, the book evokes their feuds and friendships, their successes and failures, set against the background of more than two hundred years of social and business history. This is the first full history of Kleinwort Benson. It contributes to our understanding of the way in which business is carried out in the City of London, and provides fascinating insights into the lives of those concerned. Jehanne Wake was given unrestricted access to the bank's archives and staff and has drawn upon a wealth of original sources to furnish this lively and readable history of the members of two banking dynasties and their boardroom successors.
Parliamentary Procedure: The Hidden Power?
Authors: Norton Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Kenneth Pickthorn sat in the House of Commons from 1935 to 1966. He was a scholar whose political career reached a peak when he spent three years as a junior minister in the Department of Education. His main claim to fame is a comment he made when addressing the House of Commons on 8 February 1960. ‘Procedure’, he declared, ‘is all the poor Briton has, now that any Government which commands 51 per cent of the House of Commons can at any moment do anything they like with retrospective or prospective intentions.’He thus encapsulated an essential truth of the British political system, but one that has never quite been fully appreciated. While the fact that a government secure in a parliamentary majority can mobilize that majority to support its measures has been accepted as a truism, the consequences of procedure in limiting its capacity to achieve its desired outcomes have rarely been drawn out.
Syntactic Change in Akkadian
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Akkadian is one of the earliest attested languages and the oldest recorded Semitic language. It exists in written record between 2500BC and 500BC, much of it in letters and reports concerned with domestic and business matters, and written in colloquial language. It provides a unique and valuable source for the study of linguistic change but which, perhaps because of the impenetrability of its writing system, has rarely been exploited by linguists. In this book, Guy Deutscher examines the historical development of subordinate structures in Akkadian. A case study comprises the first two parts of the book, presenting an historical grammar of sentential complementation. Part I traces the emergence of new structures and describes how the finite complements first emerged in Babylonian. It also explains the grammaticalization of the quotative construction. Part II is a functional history which examines the changes in the functional roles of different structures. It shows how, during the history of the language, finite complements and embedded questions became more widespread, whereas other structures (e.g. infinite complements, parataxis, etc.) receded. Part III seeks to explain the historical developments in a theoretical light, showing how the development in Akkadian is mirrored in many other languages. It goes on to suggest that the emergence of finite complementation may be seen as 'adaptive' and related to the development of more complex communication patterns. This book will be of interest to both specialists and general linguists alike. For specialists it offers a contribution towards a badly-needed historical grammar of the Akkadian language. For general linguists this book will be of interest not only for the questions which it raises about the nature of complementation, but also for the window which it provides on to this little-known language.
Tropical rain forests through time
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great contrast between the two divisions of the archipelago is nowhere so abruptly exhibited as on passage from the island of Bali to that of Lombock, where the two regions are in closest proximity. In Bali we have barbets, fruit-thrushes, and woodpeckers; on passing over to Lombock these are seen no more, but we have an abundance of cockatoos, honey-suckers, and brush-turkeys which are equally unknown in Bali or any island further west. The strait is here fifteen miles wide, so that we may pass in two hours from one great division of the earth to another, differing as essentially in their animal life as Europe does from America.
Species richness
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most famous features of tropical rain forests is their extreme species richness which has impressed scientists ever since the earliest explorations (Chapter 1). Some species are common, but most are rare: as has been described above (p. 32), in the richest rain forests every second tree on a hectare or so is a different species. Even disregarding the trees, some rain forests are richer in species than any other vegetation on earth; and the richest communities outside the humid tropics have about the same total number of species on small plots as there are trees of 0.1 m in diameter and greater in many rain forests. The way such very large numbers of species have evolved and are packed together has been the driving force for endless speculation, constrained to varying degrees by observation, and commonly involving massive extrapolation. It is one of the most basic and fascinating aspects of these forests and one that energizes much of tropical biology.
Tropical rain forests yesterday and today
Authors: Whitmore T C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human impact on tropical rain forests has changed in pace and scale through time. In this chapter we consider the earlier phases, up to the end of European colonial empires. This includes a look at minor forest products, which have historically been more important than timber. Then we describe the dramatic changes since World War II as timber exploitation has become of such major importance, population pressure has substantially increased, and global awareness of human impact has snowballed. The book concludes in Chapter 11 with the picture today and a prognosis for the future.