bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Native American Ethnicity: a View from the British Museum1
Authors: King J. C. H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Identity in Native North America is defined by legal, racial, linguistic and ethnic traits. This article looks at the nomenclature of both Indian, Eskimo and Native, and then places them in a historical context, in Canada and the United States. It is argued that ideas about Native Americans derive from medieval concepts, and that these ideas both constrain Native identity and ensure the survival of American Indians despite accelerating loss of language.
Small places with large consequences: the importance of small towns in England, 1000–1540
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
English small towns before industrialization deserve our attention because they provided homes and livings for large numbers of people–a tenth of the population by 1300. Small towns, even those with only a few hundred inhabitants, can be distinguished from various ‘town like’ settlements such as industrial and open villages. They can be regarded as fully urban, and shared many characteristics with larger towns. They played an important role in the commercial hierarchy, and brought trade to the ordinary producers and consumers of the countryside. Small towns influenced the economy and society of their neighbourhood, not least by providing a channel for migration and social advancement. As centres of entertainment and culture they diverted and even civilized those who lived in and around them. Small towns were important for those who lived at the time, but they are also significant for modern perceptions of the past. Historians, through studying them, are encouraged to revise their views of government, economic change and regional differences.
Memory, Imagination and War
Authors: Farrell Theo 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan, (eds.) War and Remembrance in the Twentieth CenturyManfred F. Boemeke, Roger Chickering and Stig Foster, (eds.) Anticipating Total War: The German and American Experiences, 1871‐1914Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in GermanyVejas Gabriel Liulevicius, War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War IAaron L. Friedberg, In the Shadow of the Garrison State: America's Anti‐Statism and Its Cold War Grand StrategyPeter Trubowitz, Emily O. Goldman and Edward Rhodes, (eds.) The Politics of Strategic Adjustment: Ideas, Institutions, and InterestsMark Johnston, Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and their Adversaries in World War II
The Genesis of the High Technology Milieu: A Study in Complexity
Authors: Garnsey Elizabeth 
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the question of ‘how and why some places develop expanding industrial complexes while others move along other trajectories’, with reference to localized high technology enterprise. It is argued that concern with local resource endowments has led to the neglect of chance events and cumulative processes, key features of path dependence. The emerging industrial ensemble can be conceived as a complex open system, characterized by interdependent activities, sensitive to initial conditions and subject to irreversibilities. In such systems, the relationship between initial conditions and subsequent innovative developments is unpredictable, though common dynamic processes can be detected. The systems approach can address the multidisciplinary features of the innovative milieu, where economic, cultural and political dimensions form an interdependent whole.Cet article explore ‘comment et pourquoi certains endroits développent des ensembles industriels grandissants alors que d’autres suivent des trajectoires différentes’ en ce qui concerne les entreprises locales de technologie de pointe. Je soutiens qu’un intérêt pour les dotations des ressources locales a conduit à négliger les événements dus au hasard et les processus cumulatifs, éléments centraux de la dépendance du trajectoire. Les ensembles industriels naissants peuvent être vus comme des sytèmes ouverts complexes, caractérisés par des activités interdépendantes, sensibles aux conditions initiales et soumis à des irrévocabilités. Dans de tels systèmes, la relation entre les conditions initiales et les développements innovatifs subséquents est imprévisible, bien que des processus dynamiques communs puissent être détectés. L’approche systémique est appropriée aux éléments multidisciplinaires du milieu innovatif où les dimensions économique, culturelle et politique forment un tout interdépendant.
Transformations of a city centre in the light of ideologies: the case of Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
Authors: Bitušíková Alexandra 
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with transformations of the central square in the city of Banská Bystrica, Central Slovakia, from 1918 to the present. This period can be divided into three important eras with respect to the historical development of the square. In the democratic period from 1918–48, the central square was a polyfunctional area where most of the city’s social and cultural events and activities took place. The polyfunctionality of the square in the interwar period was replaced by a dominating traffic function in the communist period, during the years 1948–89. The central square became the arterial road of the city where any social and cultural activities were impossible to organize because of noise and pollution. The situation has changed since the velvet revolution in 1989. Most of the houses on the square have been returned to former owners and transformed into luxurious private shops, restaurants, cafes and banks. In 1994 the complete reconstruction of the square took place. The inhabitants have welcomed the reconstruction with great interest. After long years, the square has become a place of rich social and cultural life, and is considered a symbol of modernization and westernization. The reconstruction of the square has contributed to a revitalization of urban life. It has reinforced the inhabitants’ identity with the city and their pride in the place where they live.mdash;Cet article concerne les transformations de la place centrale de la ville de Banská Bystrica en Slovakie Centrale, de 1918 à nos jours. Cette période peut être divisée en trois époques, importantes quant au développement historique de cette place. Durant la période démocratique de 1918 à 1948, la place centrale était un endroit polyfonctionnel où prenaient place la plupart des activités sociales et culturelles. La polyfonctionnalité de la place entre les deux guerres fut remplacée par la fonction dominante de la circulation durant la période communiste de 1948 à 1989. La place centrale devint l’artère principale de la ville où il était impossible d’organiser des activités culturelles ou sociales à cause du bruit et de la pollution. Cette situation a changé depuis la révolution feutrée de 1989. La plupart des maisons sur la place ont été rendues à leurs anciens propriétaires et transformées en boutiques de luxe, en restaurants, en cafés et en banques. La reconstruction complète de la place que les habitants ont accueilli chaudement et avec grand intérêt, eut lieu en 1994. Après de nombreuses années, la place est devenue un lieu riche de vie culturelle et sociale et est considérée un symbole de modernisation et occidentalisation. La reconstruction de la place a contribuéà la revigoration de la vie urbaine. Elle a renforcé l’identification des habitants à leur ville et leur fierté d’y habiter.
Land Use and the Limits to (Regional) Governance: Some Lessons from Planning for Housing and Minerals in England
Authors: Cowell Richard , Murdoch Jonathan 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the supposed shift from government to governance in the context of land‐use planning in England and indicates some of the problems which surround increased regional autonomy in governmental systems. It is argued that decision‐making processes around land use, especially when they concern conflicts between development and environmental protection, are not easily rendered into the flexible arrangements deemed characteristic of governance. Two case studies in the housing and minerals sectors – presented to illustrate this general argument – show the existence of strong ‘strategic lines’ which tend to subsume local representations and limit the formation of partnerships. In both cases, the strategic line comes dressed in the language of technical (numerical) forecasts and projections which raises problems for any local opposition to the thrust of the strategy. In conclusion it is argued that although some recasting of the planning regime in each sector is underway this has only served to highlight continuing problems in linking strategy and locality, especially in cases of conflict around land use, which regional governance may not easily alleviate.Cet article examine le prétendu changement du gouvernementà la gouvernance dans le contexte de la planification de l’utilisation du sol en Angleterre et montre certains des problèmes liés à la croissance de l’autonomie régionale dans les systèmes gouvernementaux. Les processus de décision concernant l’utilisation du sol, particulièrement quand ils concernent des conflits entre le développement et la protection de l’environnement, ne sont pas aisément résolus par les arrangements flexibles qui sont dits caractéristiques de la gouvernance. Deux cas d’étude dans les secteurs du logement et des mineraux – présentés afin d’illustrer l’argument général – montrent l’existence de fortes ‘strategic lines’ qui ont tendance à inclure les représentations locales et qui limitent la formation d’associations. Dans les deux cas, ‘the strategic line’ prend la forme des prévisions techniques (quantitative) et des projections, ce qui pose des problèmes pour toute opposition locale à la dynamique de la stratégie. En conclusion, bien que certains remaniements soient en cours dans le régime de planification de chaque secteur, ceci n’a servi qu’à souligner les problèmes continus des liens entre la stratégie et la localité, particulièrement en cas de conflit quant à l’utilisation du sol, que la gouvernance régionale risque de ne pas pouvoir résoudre facilement.
The Structure of Networks in Industrial Districts
Authors: Staber Udo 
Published: March 2003

In research on industrial districts, network relations among firms and organizations are considered critical for the development and diffusion of new knowledge, with implications for innovation and regional development. A review of this literature, however, suggests that many investigators are surprisingly silent, conceptually and empirically, about the structure of innovative networks, although they often couch their arguments implicitly in structural language. The survey of a sample of 64 empirical industrial district studies shows that few researchers have measured and analysed network structures, and none have studied performance outcomes of variations in network structure. An evolutionary perspective is used to propose a research agenda for a better understanding of the relationship between network structure and innovation.Dans les recherches sur les districts industriels, les réseaux relationnels entre entreprises et organisations sont jugés essentiels pour le développement et la diffusion de nouvelles connaissances, d'où des implications pour l'innovation et l'expansion régionale. A la lumière de ces documents, on constate néanmoins que de nombreux enquèteurs sont étonnamment silencieux, à la fois au plan conceptuel et empirique, sur la structure des réseaux innovants, m?me s'ils formulent souvent leurs arguments implicitement dans un langage structural. L'examen d'un échantillon de 64 études empiriques sur les districts industriels montre que peu de chercheurs ont mesuré et analysé les structures en réseau, et qu'aucun n'a étudié les performances à la suite des variations dans ce type de structure. Appliquant une perspective évolutionniste, l'article propose un programme de recherches pour une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre structure en réseau et innovation.
Youth as a Political Movement: Development of the Squatters' and Autonomous Movement in Copenhagen
Authors: Mikkelsen Flemming , Karpantschof Rene 
Published: March 2003

The main purpose of this article is firstly to construct a political theory of urban youth movements, and secondly to explain the international setting and transnational commitment of one of the most vigorous movements in Denmark after the second world war. The BZ‐movement, as it was called, began as a squatter movement firmly embedded in communal mobilization and later turned into a political movement with strong ties to squatters' and Autonomous groups in Germany and the Netherlands. We attempt to describe and explain the development of the BZ‐movement, the repertoire of collective actions, and how a process of goal displacement took place from around 1981 until 1995. In our theoretical appraisal we reject most cultural arguments, postmodernism and social marginalization in favour of concepts of place, organization, interaction and political opportunity. Thus, local social networks as well as national and international political opportunities, including relationships to opponents and allies, play a major role in determining the everyday social and political life of the BZ‐movement.Le principal objectif de cet article est d'élaborer une théorie politique sur les mouvements de la jeunesse urbaine, puis d'expliquer le cadre international et l'engagement transnational de l'un des mouvements danois les plus présents depuis la Deuxème Guerre mondiale. Le mouvement BZ (c'est son nom) a débuté comme mouvement de squatters nettement intégré dans une mobilisation collective, puis s'est transformé en mouvement politique étroitement liéà des groupes de squatters et autonomes allemands et hollandais. L'article s'efforce de décrire et d'expliquer l'évolution du mouvement BZ, son actif au plan collectif et le processus de déplacement des objectifs qui s'est déroulé d'environ 1981 à 1995. Dans notre évaluation théorique, nous rejetons la plupart des arguments culturels, le postmodernisme et la marginalisation sociale, privilégiant les concepts de lieu, d'organisation, d'interaction et d'opportunité politique. Les réseaux sociaux locaux, ainsi que les ouvertures politiques nationales et internationales, y compris les relations avec des opposants et alliés, jouent donc un rôle essentiel dans la détermination de la vie politique et sociale quotidienne du mouvement BZ.
One year on. Reflections on September 11th and the ‘War On Terrorism’: regulating New York City’s visitors in the aftermath of September 11th
Authors: Fainstein Susan S 
Published: March 2003

The effects of the attack on the World Trade Center have been especially felt within New York City’s large tourism industry. An important source of employment for low–skilled workers, the tourism industry has sustained substantial job loss in the aftermath of September 11th. Within the context of regulation theory we can see that the tourism regime is caught in a difficult dilemma. On the one hand, it must develop the city in a way that seems welcoming to visitors — that is, it must regulate the city for the benefit of visitors. On the other, it must regulate tourists to assure that they do not present a danger to residents, visitors and the industry itself.L’attaque du World Trade Center a eu des conséquences particulières sur l’important secteur touristique new–yorkais. Source considérable de travail pour le personnel peu qualifié, le tourisme a perdu un grand nombre d’emplois après le 11 septembre. Dans le contexte de la théorie de la régulation, on constate que les autorités touristiques sont prisonnières d’un difficile dilemme. D’un côté, elles doivent aménager la ville de manière accueillante, autrement dit elles doivent réguler la ville à l’intention des visiteurs. De l’autre, elles doivent réguler les touristes de sorte qu’ils ne présentent aucun danger pour les habitants, les visiteurs et le secteur lui–même.
The Context of Spouse Migration to Australia
Authors: Khoo Siew‐Ean 
Published: March 2003

The article discusses five types of spouse migration. Data on the country of origin of migrant spouses and their sponsoring partners suggest that the largest component of spouse migration is chain migration for marriage, with previous immigrants sponsoring partners from their former home country.Other smaller components are sponsorship of spouses by the second generation from the parents' country of origin; sponsorship of foreign spouses by Australians for intermarriage; and family reunion of spouses separated by refugee movements.Spouse migration from English‐speaking or European countries is often motivated by a preference for Australia's climate or lifestyle rather than marriage to an Australian partner, unlike spouse migration from other parts of the world where the process is more closely related to marriage.
The Jewish Exodus from the New South Africa: Realities and Implications
Authors: Horowitz Shale , Kaplan Rabbi Dana Evan 
Published: March 2003

In the 1990s, the Jewish population of South Africa declined at an unprecedented rate in marked contrast to Jewish populations in other English‐speaking countries.Possible explanations include fear of political instability and political violence, deteriorating economic conditions and prospects, fear of directly discriminatory government policies, rising violent crime rates, and more permissive immigration policies in desirable destination countries.All but the last of these factors appear to have played some role. However, only changes in violent crime rates provide an explanation for the unprecedented surge in net emigration, persisting even after a successful political and economic transition to majority black rule under moderate African National Congress governments.Changes in crime rates also provide the most satisfactory explanation for related changes in internal migration patterns.
Trends in Latin American Skilled Migration: “Brain Drain” or “Brain Exchange”?
Authors: Pellegrino Adela 
Published: March 2003

During the last half of the twentieth century the Latin American sub‐continent, historically a region of immigration, became one of emigration characterized by intra‐regional movements and movements towards the developed world, particularly the US.The emigration of highly skilled resources was a new phenomenon in the 1960s and debate on “brain drain” took a significant place in academia and in international organizations. In recent years, within the context of intensification of the globalization process and by virtue of the drive for technological development and the subsequent demand for specialization, the issue has returned to both the arena of political debate and to the academic world.This article presents an analysis of trends in Latin American migration in the context of the new situation. It discusses whether there is a continuation of the “brain drain” phenomenon or the emergence of a trend towards “brain exchange” or “brain circulation”, as appears to be occurring in other parts of the world.
New Approaches to Asylum?
Authors: Koser Khalid 
Published: March 2003

Since its inception 50 years ago, the international asylum regime has shifted through a series of discernibly different approaches. The most recent approach has been characterized by restrictions on asylum‐seekers, manifested initially through a reluctance to grant asylum, and today through a reluctance even to admit asylum‐seekers.There is now a growing consensus that this approach is unsustainable. States are recognizing that restrictions have not fulfilled their original aims of reducing the number of asylum‐seekers, and furthermore have had unintended consequences that include the growth of human smuggling and trafficking.UNHCR is concerned about the erosion of the entire concept of asylum. Asylum advocates, NGOs and human rights activists argue that restrictions have impacted as heavily on those who need international protection as on those who do not. As a result, a wide range of new initiatives are being proposed, which may pave the way for the evolution of a new approach to asylum.This article analyses the evolution of restrictions in the asylum regime, explains the failing of this approach, and finally reviews possible ways forward.
Wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen der direkten Demokratie
Authors: Kirchgässner Gebhard 
Published: March 2003

Abstract First the transmission of information in direct and representative democracies is investigated. Because there is more supply and demand of information, citizens are better informed in direct democracies than in purely representative systems. Then, a survey is given about empirical studies of the economic consequences of direct democracy which show that these consequences are mostly positive. Finally we discuss some of the arguments which are often raised in Germany against the introduction of direct democratic rights on the federal level, especially the reference to `bad experiences' in the Weimar republic. It is shown that these arguments are not valid.
Shift of attention in depth in a semi‐realistic setting
Authors: Miura Toshiaki , Shinohara Kazumitsu , Kanda Koji 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:This research was based on previous research on the useful field of view in real driving, however shift of attention was examined in depth by the use of an improved tunnel simulator. Despite of the importance of this area of research, nothing like this has been performed previously. The subjects’ task was judgment of the relative distance of targets (farther, nearer, or the same), in comparison with a fixation point. Reaction times were measured. There were two variables. One was three observing conditions. Subjects moved at apparent speeds of 40 km/h or 80 km/h or were stationary. The second variable was the validity of the precue concerning the location of the appearance of the target relative to the fixation point. There were three conditions, valid, invalid and or neutral. The results clearly showed that reaction times for nearer targets were shorter than those for farther targets in all conditions. This supports a viewer‐centered representation of three‐dimensional space. Concerning the direction of shift of attention, reaction time for shift of attention from far locations to near locations was shorter than for the opposite. This difference was more remarkable in the moving condition than in the stationary condition. This was called the rubber band metaphor of attention in locomotion (asymmetrical viewer‐centered mode of shift of attention in depth). These results are ecologically valid. Possible underlying mechanisms are discussed from the viewpoint of distribution of attention resource.
Experimental Psychology and Duhem's Problem
Authors: Rakover Sam S. 
Published: March 2003

Sam S. Rakover, Experimental Psychology and Duhem's Problem, pp. 45–66. The paper proposes a practical answer to Duhem's problem within the framework of experimental psychology. First, this problem is briefly discussed; second, two studies in psychology are presented illustrating how theories are tested. Thirdly, based on the foregoing, an approach called the “Empirical Reasoning” (ER) is developed and justified. It is shown that the ER approach can successfully cope with Duhem's problem. Finally, the ER approach and the Error Statistics approach of Mayo are critically compared with regard to Duhem's problem.