bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival rate and life span of rhesus monkeys at the Yerkes regional primate research center
Authors: Tigges Johannes , Gordon Thomas P. , McClure Harold M. , Hall Elmer C. , Peters Alan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the survival rates of 763 rhesus monkeys maintained at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center (YRPRC). The survival rates were determined by methods used to calculate survival rates of human populations. The monkeys were divided into 3 groups based on their specific life histories. Group I monkeys were wild‐born and were housed singly from the time they came into captivity at about 2 years of age. Group II monkeys were born either in the wild or in captivity and were housed in social groups since their acquisition at ages 2 to 8 years. Group III monkeys were born at the YRPRC and housed in social groups. Due to these differences in life histories, direct comparisons among survival curves of the 3 groups are, at best, tenuous, as are comparisons with populations maintained at other facilities. In the present study the highest mortality rate occurred during the first month of life. The maximum life span attained in our group I was 35 years, with only 6.2% of monkeys in this group attaining an age beyond 30 years.
Phylogenetic relation between Lepilemuridae and other lemuriform families
Authors: Ishak B. , Warter S. , Dutrillaux B. , Rumpler Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA comparative study between the ancestral karyotype of the Lepilemuridae and that of the other lemuriforms showed that there are strong arguments supporting the hypothesis that the lepilemurs derive directly from the latter, essentially through end‐to‐end translocations. These results support a monophyletic origin of the lemurs of Madagascar and the classification of the Lepilemuridae as a separate family.
Long‐term retention of self‐recognition by chimpanzees
Authors: Calhoun Suzanne , Thompson Robert L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo young chimpanzees showed retention of self‐recognition after 1 year without access to mirrors. A year earlier the animals were positive on the Gallup dye test. One year later they were once again anesthetized, marked on the brow and ears, and following recovery, exposed individually to a large mirror. Both demonstrated mirror‐orientated mark‐directed responses. Time‐sample observations of behavior toward the mirror further support self‐recognition. The chimpanzee's self‐awareness, as inferred from its self‐recognition, appears to be a stable characteristic of the animal.
Preliminary report on the activity cycle and diet of the red‐bellied Lemur (Lemur rubriventer) in Madagascar
Authors: Overdorff Deborah 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA preliminary field study was conducted on red‐bellied lemurs (Lemur rubriventer) in a southeastern rainforest of Madagascar during June and July 1986. Data were collected on diet, patterns of activity, and group composition. In June, the major food resource exploited by L. rubriventer was fruit. The study group also maintained a strict diurnal activity cycle. In July, L. rubriventer fed on flowers (80%), fruits (10%), and leaves (10%) and were nocturnal as well as diurnal. Eucalyptus flowers were the only resource exploited during feeding sessions. L. rubriventer's transition from a diurnal to a random, 24‐hour or “cathemeral” activity pattern may be a potential adaptive strategy to avoid predation by diurnal raptors.
Locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, Pithecia pithecia and Chiropotes satanas
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Meldrum D. Jeffrey 
Published: June 2005

AbstractField observations of two sympatric pitheciine species reveal that the positional repertoire of the white‐faced saki, Pithecia pithecia, is dominated by leaping behaviors, whereas the bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas, is predominantly quadrupedal. Examination and comparison of the postcranial skeletal morphologies and limb proportions of these species display numerous features associated with their respective locomotor behaviors. These observations accord with associations found in other primate and mammalian groups and with predictions based on theoretical and experimental biomechanics. Preliminary observations of the skeletal morphology of Cacajao calvus demonstrate a marked similarity to that of Chiropotes. The fossil platyrrhine Cebupithecia sarmientoi displays greater similarity to Pithecia, suggesting that its positional repertoire also included significant leaping and clinging behaviors.
Parasitic nursing behavior in the wedge‐capped capuchin monkey (Cebus olivaceus)
Authors: O'Brien Timothy G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractJuvenile and adult females in two wild groups of wedge‐capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus) were observed nursing from other adult females. The context of the interactions varied with participants but always involved a higher‐ranking female nursing from a lower‐ranking female. This behavior appears to be an example of an exploitative interaction in which the suckling female benefits at the expense of the nursing female.
Intestinal parasites of sympatric Pan troglodytes and Papio Spp. at two sites: Gombe (Tanzania) and Mt. Assirik (Senegal)
Authors: McGrew W. C. , Tutin C. E. G. , Collins D. A. , File S. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExperimental and clinical parasitology need natural baselines or “controls”. We present normative data intestinal parasite loads in two genera of African primates. Wild Pan troglodytes and Papio spp. were studied at two sites: Gombe in Tanzania (P. anubis) and Mt. Assirik in Senegal (P. papio). Presence or absence of parasites, especially nematodes, was recorded from fecal specimens. Gombe's primates were more often infected than were Mt. Assirik's. At Gombe, but not at Mt. Assirik, chimpanzees seemed to have a higher incidence of infection than baboons. Comparison of three baboon troops yielded apparent differences in prevalence of infection. No differences in infection were found between the wet and dry seasons in Mt. Assirik's chimpanzees.
Blood‐protein allele frequencies and phylogenetic relationships in Macaca: A review
Authors: Fooden Jack , Lanyon Scott M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAllele‐frequency data have been assembled for 35 blood‐protein loci in 17 of 19 recognized species of Macaca based on 29 published electrophoretic studies; studies of inbred captive colonies have been excluded. Data for 22 polymorphic loci are tabulated in detail for 43 geographic populations of these species. Calculated FST values provide a measure of intergroup genetic differentiation at various hierarchical levels—troop, locality, province, country or island, species, species group; polymorphism indices measure genetic variation. The greatest intraspecific genetic differentiation occurs at the level of island populations within species. The pattern of genetic variation among island populations appears to be relictual, suggesting that the reduced genetic variability of island populations of macaques is a result of postisolation genetic drift rather than founder effect. Interspecific relationships were investigated by means of a jackknifed Fitch‐Margoliash algorithm, using Papio as outgroup. Phylogenetic inferences based on morphology and zoogeography. The reduced genetic variability that frequently characterizes insular macaque populations complicates phylogenetic interpretation of blood‐protein evidence.
Behavioral responses of unrelated adult male rhesus monkeys familiarized and paired for the purpose of environmental enrichment
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn attempt was made to pair ten unrelated, adult male rhesus monkeys that had been kept in single cages for several years. Potential companions were first given the opportunity to establish clear‐cut rank relationships (unidirectional fear‐grinning and/or withdrawing) during a 5‐day period of noncontact familiarization. Only then were they paired in a different double cage. Rank relationships were confirmed within the first 6 minutes after pairing without the occurrence of any biting and fighting. A total of four physical aggressions (slapping) were observed in all five dyads during 5 hours of observations on the first 5 days after pairing. It was concluded that the establishment of clear‐cut rank relationships prior to pairing was instrumental in this extremely low incidence of aggression.
Evidence of gene flow between Sulawesi macaques
Authors: Ciani Andrea Camperio , Stanyon Roscoe , Scheffrahn Wolfgang , Sampurno Bohedi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA pilot field study was conducted in Sulawesi (Indonesia) to assess the status of macaque populations on the island. Wild and captive animals were sampled, mainly in border areas between presumed different species. The five species investigated were Macaca maurus, M. tonkeana, M. hecki, M. nigrescens, and M. nigra, for which morphological and gene frequency data suggested the presence of hybridization zones. Some individuals within these zones showed intermediate or mosaic morphology between parental forms. These individuals also had intermediate gene frequencies for most of the polymorphic systems investigated. Karyotypes were identical in all species, and no cytogenetic barrier to hybridization existed between species. A review of the recent literature also provided evidence for hybridization between Sulawesi macaques. Clinical frequencies in both morphological and biomolecular traits perhaps can be best explained by the operation of gene flow between the various forms of macaques on the island. However, additional data are necessary before current classification schemes are revised. The unique opportunity and need of further study of Sulawesi macaques for a range of evolutionary questions is emphasized.
Features of meat digestion by captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Milton Katharine , Demment Montague 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pronounced carnivory of many human populations contrasts sharply with feeding habits of other Hominoidea. Of extant great apes, only chimpanzees (Pan spp.) actively seek out vertebrate prey, but meat is only a minor portion of their diet. Some accounts suggest that wild chimpanzees digest prey inefficiently. To investigate the capacity of chimpanzees to digest meat, feeding trials were carried out on three captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) using a fixed amount of nonpurified diet with and without a predetermined amount of boned cooked chicken. The results showed no significant differences in the rate of passage of digesta and digestion of diets with and without chicken. Meat ingestion did not change the nitrogen (N) concentration of feces or the total amount of N defecated. Visual inspection of fecal matter showed no evidence of undigested meat. Taken together, the results indicate that chimpanzees are able to digest meat of the type and quantity consumed during these trials.
Orangutan activity budgets: Monthly variations and the effects of body size, parturition, and sociality
Authors: Mitani John C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe activity budgets of individual orangutans were investigated at the Kutai Reserve, Indonesia. Activity profiles within and between individuals were compared to examine monthly variations in feeding patterns, potential energetic constraints imposed by large body size and parturition, and the costs of sociality. Animals showed monthly changes in travelling, feeding, and resting patterns. Monthly increases in travelling and feeding were associated with marked reductions in the time spent resting. Inter‐individual variations in activity budgets did not exist among animals of the same age‐sex class. Activity patterns differed, however, as a function of age and sex. Adult females and subadult males travelled and fed significantly longer than an adult male. Parturition had predictable effects on activity; one female reduced her feeding and travelling immediately following parturition. Adult male orangutan sociality appears to be limited by travel costs. Associations with females forced a male orangutan to travel significantly more compared with periods in which he was solitary. The male did not lose an appreciable amount of time feeding when accompanying a female.
Seasonal weight changes in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Weed James L. , Judge Peter G. , Ruehlmann Thomas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdult male rhesus monkeys lose weight during the breeding season and regain it during the nonbreeding season. The annual pattern of maximum weight gain just prior to the onset of breeding resembles the seasonal “fattening” seen in squirrel monkeys, but the period of weight gain is less discrete. The magnitude of weight change is less in younger males, in that sexually immature males gain weight in both seasons, but significantly less during the breeding season. Females do not lose weight during the breeding season. Post hoc analyses revealed no significant correlations between male testosterone levels, dominance ranks, weights, or weight changes. The heaviest animals as juveniles were predictably the heaviest as adolescents. The timing of seasonal changes in testosterone did not correlate with the timing of changes in weight; weight losses followed the rise in testosterone, and weight gains continued until early in the breeding season after testosterone levels had already begun to rise. It is suggested that seasonal hormonal changes may influence activities in individuals and that changes in the activities of particular group members may alter the activity patterns of other group members. This alteration of activity patterns due to group influences on individuals as well as individual influences on the group may explain why hormonal regulation of seasonal weight appears to be indirect and why individuals (juveniles) experiencing no seasonal hormonal changes nonetheless show differences in activity patterns and seasonal weight changes.
Pronucleus formation following in vitro fertilization of oocytes recovered from a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with unilateral endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Huntress S. L. , Loskutoff N. M. , Raphael B. L. , Yee B. , Bowsher T. R. , Putman J. M. , Kraemer D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 33‐year‐old, nonreproductive female gorilla was scheduled for ovariohysterectomy after diagnosing endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the right ovary; the contralateral ovary appeared small and inactive. Follicular recruitment and maturation were stimulated on the left ovary using human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. Three oocytes were recovered and inseminated using a thawed epididymal semen sample collected postmortem and cryopreserved. At 18 h postinsemination, one ovum was fertilized, the second showed evidence of polyspermia, and the third was unfertilized; no further embryonic development was observed. These results demonstrate that viable oocytes can be salvaged from a nonreproductive gorilla using a human exogenous gonadotropin treatment protocol and fertilized in vitro using cryopreserved/thawed epididymal gorilla semen.
Comments on oral grooming by patas monkeys, including a comparison with rhesus macaques
Authors: Starkey Jocelyne , Loy James , Novak Melinda , Goy Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObservations of the motor patterns used by patas monkeys during allogrooming indicate that this species uses oral movements much more than previously believed. Compared to rhesus macaques, patas show more mouthpicks and licks, and fewer handpicks. Despite behavioral and anatomical evidence for good precision gripping, patas usually remove debris from a partner's fur orally rather than manually.
Free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): I. Body size, proportion, and allometry
Authors: Turnquist Jean E. , Kessler Matthew J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper presents comprehensive baseline data on body size and proportion of 661 (315 male, 346 female) free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ranging in age from 24 hours to 25 years. All animals were born and raised in the free‐ranging colony on Cayo Santiago, and exact ages were known for all. Tabular data from this cross‐sectional study are provided to enable comparisons with data from laboratory, wild, and other captive populations of rhesus monkeys, as well as with other species. Despite the extensive literature on rhesus monkey behavior and biology, to date published accounts of its morphometrics have been limited to only a few measurements from animals of unknown age, small sample sizes, or caged colonies. Results of this study showed a distinct intraspecific pattern for body proportions throughout the life cycle. Relative linear increases in overall body proportions of maturing animals appeared to be from greatest to least in the trunk, hindlimb, and forelimb, respectively. Within the limbs, allometric scaling appeared to be fastest in the proximal segment and slowest in the distal segment. Males and females differed in the duration of growth, and gender dimorphism was associated primarily with differences in size rather than proportion. Although the primary purpose of this paper is to present numerical data on the Cayo Santiago colony, the results are compared with previous studies of both laboratory and free‐ranging rhesus monkeys.
Free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): II. Passive joint mobility
Authors: Turnquist Jean E. , Kessler Matthew J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent studies on the effects of caging on joint mobility and the correlations between joint mobility and use of the extremities have pointed out the need for baseline values that are readily available in the literature. This report provides normative data on the passive mobility of the major joints of free‐ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The sample in this cross‐sectional study is large (661 animals including 315 males, 346 females), and it spans the entire age spectrum (24 hours to 25 years) of the population. Included are data on motion in the sagittal plane at six joints: shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle. Results indicated that passive joint mobility changes in a nonlinear fashion throughout the life cycle. The apparent rapid decline in mobility from birth through puberty parallels rapid changes in body size and proportions in young animals. Joint mobility is relatively stable in prime‐age adults, whereas it is generally more restricted in older monkeys. Both genders follow a similar pattern, but timing differs somewhat. Although the primary purpose of this paper is to present numerical data on the Cayo Santiago population, the results are compared with previous, more limited studies of both captive and free‐ranging rhesus macaques.
Dermatoglyphic patterns and pattern intensities of the genus Cacajao (Cebidae, platyrrhini) with observations on interspecific and subspecific differentiation
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Wienker Thomas F. , Elias Kate 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPalmar and plantar dermatoglyphic pattern types, area and total pattern intensities (API and TPI), and pattern intensity (PI) profiles are presented for the South American genus Cacajao of the subfamily Pitheciinae. The data are based on prints from 41 bald‐head uacaries (C. calvus), 9 white bald‐head uacaries (C. c. calvus), and 15 black‐head uacaries (C. melanocephalus). In each extremity, loops of differing orientation were the most frequent pattern type; whorls were dominant at palmar interdigital (I) area 3 in C. calvus and at both I3 and I4 in C. melanocephalus. Open fields characterized the palmar thenar and plantar proximal hypothenar, thenar, calcar, and I3 and I4. There was little evidence of significant sexual dimorphism as assessed from PI values. The genus displayed significant asymmetry at palmar I3 (P⩽0.001) and plantar distal hypothenar (P⩽0.004). There were significant group differences between C. calvus and C. c. calvus in the palmar thenar API and plantar TPIs. The combined bald‐head sample of C. calvus and C. c. calvus differed from C. melanocephalus in API of palmar I4 and plantar distal thenar, I2, and distal hypothenar (marginally), and in plantar TPIs. In PI profiles, C. melanocephalus departed from the pattern shared by C. calvus and C. c. calvus in both palmar and plantar interdigital areas. As a genus, the uacaries have markedly low plantar TPI values relative to palmar values (palm‐sole index > 195). Of eight comparison cebid genera, only Chiropotes, another pitheciine genus, approximated these values.
Patas monkey copulations: One mount, repeat if necessary
Authors: Loy James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEarly, anecdotal reports of patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) sexual behavior suggested that these primates were series‐mount copulators. In 1975, limited evidence was presented in favor of single‐mount copulations as the species‐typical pattern for patas. The situation remained confused, however, as indicated by statements in a recent review article. This paper adds to our knowledge of patas sexuality by presenting quantitative data on the copulatory behavior of two additional adult males. Both males usually gave pelvic thrusts to intravaginal ejaculation once they had mounted a female and gained intromission. Mounts without ejaculation were clearly failed attempts at copulation, rather than segments of a stereotyped series‐mount pattern. All of the available quantitative data indicate that the species‐typical mating pattern for patas monkeys is copulation in a single mount.
Toward a comparative socioecology of the genus Macaca: Different dominance styles in rhesus and stumptail monkeys
Authors: De Waal Frans B. M. , Luttrell Lesleigh M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive studies can make a unique contribution to primate socioecology by documenting species‐typical social dispositions under controlled conditions. Recent theories seek to connect the dominance relationships, group cohesiveness, and feeding ecology of primates. The present study explores the first two aspects by comparing the social organization of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and stumptail monkeys (M. arctoides). Data were collected over a period of eight years, with five different methods, on three well‐established captive groups in identical environments. The groups were found to share one characteristic: a clear‐cut, linear formal dominance hierarchy as expressed in teeth‐baring displays. The two main study groups (one of each species) differed significantly, however, with respect to nine of eleven behavioral measures. In addition to a previously reported higher frequency of reconciliation in the stumptail group, this group showed (1) more frequent but less severe aggressive behavior, (2) greater symmetry of contests, (3) greater social tolerance, (4) more nonagonistic approaches, and (5) more allogrooming. The differences can be summarized as a contrast in dominance “style,” with the stumptails having a more relaxed style and placing greater emphasis on social cohesion than the rhesus monkeys. An egalitarian attitude was also reflected in approach behavior: contacts in the rhesus group were mostly initiated by dominants, whereas contacts in the stumptail group were initiated independent of rank. Comparisons with a second rhesus group, and with published reports, suggest that while some of the observed differences are probably representative of the two species, considerable intraspecific variation does exist, and a more comprehensive program of comparative studies is needed.