bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Optimal Skill Ratio
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before entering into the details of personnel policies, the firm needs to have a general view of the right balance of its workforce. Indeed, choosing the right balance of the workforce is a key pre-requisite for sound personnel management. There are two key dimensions that should be considered: the skill composition of the labour force and the hours/employment trade-off. Labour is not a homogeneous quantity, and a highly skilled worker is a very different factor of production from an unskilled worker. Highly skilled workers are likely to be more profitable to the firm. But they are also likely to be more costly. A trade-off emerges, and the firm has to find the right balance between cost and productivity. In personnel economics, solving this problem means finding the optimal skill ratio. This chapter shows that the solution to this trade-off requires the analysis of relative costs and relative productivity, where the word relative refers to different skill level. In general, we will see that the best skill composition is not necessarily the cheapest skill composition nor the most productive composition.
Training and Human Capital Investment
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lifetime education, as a form of a lifelong process of learning, is a key concept in modern organizations. It is often argued that in a competitive and changing world the only successful firms are those that employ workers that continuously upgrade and adapt their skills. While such a view may look extreme, it is obvious that lifelong learning is a key dimension in all organizations. Just think about how difficult it is for older workers to adapt to a digital economy without the appropriate skills. This means that education, the process of acquiring skills, does not finish with graduation, but it continues throughout the working careers of most workers. And most of such education takes place during the employment relationship, in the form of training. In other words, training is a key decision in personnel economics.
Training Investment in Imperfect Labour Markets
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The general conclusion of the baseline model of training (or the Becker model as it is known in the literature) developed in the previous chapter is that there will be no firm-sponsored investment in general training. This conclusion follows from the assumption that the labour market is competitive, so the firm will never be able to recoup its training expenditures in general skills later during the employment relationship. In real life labour markets, and particularly in imperfect labour markets, there are many instances in which firms bear a significant fraction (sometimes all) of the costs of general training investments. The chapter explores the key dimensions of firm-sponsored general training. We will see that in imperfect labour markets, where specific rents are pervasive, it may well be the case that firms undertake some investment in general training. Such a result crucially depends on the existence of an imperfect labour market, in the sense that wages paid to workers are higher than the corresponding outside option.
Relative Compensation and Efficiency Wage
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Piece rates and bonus schemes provide incentives that operate independently of the relationship among co-workers. Specifically, workers need not be working with anyone else to be motivated by a piece rate scheme. Piece rate compensation is based on an individual’s absolute performance rather than his performance relative to some standard or some other individual. Yet, in reality, most individual motivation is produced not by absolute reward but by a compensation that is based on relative comparison. Managerial employees who move up the corporate ladder do so by being better than their peers, not necessarily by being good. Comparisons are key in determining promotions in private firms. Since promotions carry with them higher salaries, higher status, and perhaps more interesting assignments, workers seek to get promotions.
In the Shadow of Stabilization
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The year 1925 did not only enter history books on account of the Hindenburg elections. A second event in this year equally warrants historical consideration: the signing of the Locarno Treaties on 26 October 1925.1 From the beginning, the atmosphere of the negotiations at Locarno differed significantly from the spirit of post-war hostility at Versailles. In the main treaty (the so-called security pact), Germany, France, and Belgium agreed to refrain from using force to alter the existing western German border. Britain and Italy guaranteed this agreement and pledged to come to the aid of the attacked country, be it France or Germany. With respect to the eastern German border, however, the Luther government was not prepared to go beyond the conclusion of arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, which were not internationally guaranteed and thus only of symbolic significance.
Germany
Authors: Berger Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The period between the outbreak of the First World War and the end of the Second World War is a period of dramatic changes in German history: the negative balance sheet is marked by responsibility for two world wars, political violence, economic crises on a scale unprecedented in the twentieth century, National Socialism, and, above all, the Holocaust. But even in Germany, where the first half of the twentieth century were indeed dark years, the period also has a positive balance sheet including the revolutionary breakthrough to parliamentary democracy and republicanism, a vibrant cultural scene (at least until 1933), the extension of the welfare state, and remarkable economic recovery.
Negotiating an Information and Consultation Procedure
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once a request has been received from the requisite percentage of staff (normally at least 10% of the workforce within the undertaking-see further Chapter 4), and assuming that request is valid or has been validated (by a ballot, where there is a pre-existing agreement), the employer should then set about initiating negotiations with employee representatives to reach a negotiated agreement on the method of information and consultation which will apply to the parties. If the employer chooses not to initiate negotiations, there is no penalty under the ICE Regulations, but the parties will become subject to the standard information and consultation procedures (detailed in Chapter 7).
Standard Information and Consultation Arrangements
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the circumstances in which the standard information and consultation provisions laid down in the ICE Regulations will apply and the extent of the obligations the standard arrangements impose on employers. It covers the following areas: when the standard information and consultation arrangements apply; the requirements for the election of information and consultation representatives; when there will be an obligation to inform and/ or consult; the timing obligations that are likely to attach to any requirement to inform and/or consult; and
Introduction
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1926, Mr Joshi, a workers’ delegate to the eighth International Labour Conference in Geneva, submitted a draft resolution inviting the Governing Body to undertake an inquiry into the conditions of ‘native’ and ‘coloured’ labour in Africa and America. The workers’ representative was merely extending the scope of a resolution adopted by the Conference a year earlier, concerning the collection and publication of information on the conditions of labour in Asian countries and, ‘more specially’, in the Asian ‘colonies, protectorates and mandated territories’.
The Internationalization of Indigenism: the ILO and the ‘Indian Problem’ (1936–49)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the same time as the Colonial Code began to be drafted in Geneva, the ILO’s policy on indigenous populations found a parallel in the Americas. The encounter between the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the reality of indigenous peoples in the Western hemisphere took place in the context of a policy of decentralization of the organization, articulated through the periodic gathering of American labour conferences. It was at this institutional site, a forum for the discussion of the most pressing issues on the agenda of social reform of (mostly Latin) American countries, that a distinct concern started to materialize within the organization with regard to the ‘Indian problem’—a topic describing the low standard of living of indigenous peoples as a barrier to the development of American ‘nations’ as a whole.
The probability approach in econometrics, and the VAR
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 discussed Haavelmo ‘s probability approach to empirical macroeconomics and the need to formulate a statistical model describing the data which is general enough to encompass the major features of the economic model. Because most macroeconomic data exhibit strong time dependence, it is natural to formulate the empirical model in terms of time-dependent stochastic processes. The aim of this chapter is to discuss under which simplifying assumptions on the vector time-series process the VAR model can be used as an adequate summary description of the information in the sample data.
Deterministic components in the I(1) model
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
constant term and the linear trend in a simple dynamic regression model. Section 6.2 then extends the discussion to the more complicated case of the VAR model. Section 6.3 discusses five cases of different restrictions imposed on the trend and the constant in the VAR model. Section 6.4 derives the MA representation when there is a trend and a constant in the VAR model.
Determination of cointegration rank
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The choice of cointegration rank is likely to influence all subsequent inference and is, therefore, a crucial step in the empirical analysis. Unfortunately it is also a difficult decision as the distinction between stationary and non-stationary directions of the vector process is often far from straightforward. The formal test procedure is based on the null of a unit root, which is not always reasonable from an economic point of view. We shall, therefore, argue that the choice of rank preferably should be based on other information as well.
Identification of the short-run structure
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 12, we gave the arguments for why it is possible to treat identification as two separate, though interdependent, problems. Here we shall show that the conditions for generic identification discussed in Section 12.1 apply for the short-run structure as well. Likewise, a generically identified short-run adjustment structure should also satisfy the conditions for empirical and economic identification. Nevertheless, the identification of the short-run structure differs from the long-run structure in a number of important ways.
Identification of common trends
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The identification problem for the common trends case is similar to the one of the long-run relations in the sense that one can always choose a normalization and (p−r−1) restrictions without changing the value of the likelihood function, whereas additional restrictions are over-identifying and, hence, testable. The aim of this chapter is primarily to discuss how to impose econometrically reasonable restrictions on the underlying common trends without attaching a structural meaning to the estimated shocks.
Identification of a structural MA model
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Section 15.1 introduces the structural VAR model, Section 15.2 discusses how to separate between transitory and permanent shocks in the VAR model, and Section 15.3 how to formulate and interpret some conditions conventionally assumed to define a structural shock. Section 15.4 illustrates a structural common trends model based on the Danish data and Section 15.5 concludes with a discussion of the structural labelling of empirical shocks.
Collecting the threads
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first 18 chapters provided a detailed analysis of the pushing and the pulling forces underlying the monetary model based on the I(1) model. The analysis showed that inflation rate, real money stock and the short-term interest rate were exclusively adjusting, whereas permanent shocks to the long-term interest rate and the real income were primarily pushing. The inflation rate was found to be adjusting negatively to real income, a puzzling result that seemed to reflect the fact that over the sample period inflation has steadily decreased whereas real income has increased.
The Centres of Beowulf: A Complex Spatial Order
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The creation topos, examined in the previous chapter, is again pervasive in Beowulf — in the Scyld episode, in the building of Heorot, in the song of creation, in the consequences of the hero’s victory over Grendel. Investigating questions of creation and beginnings, the poem betrays a special interest in the genesis of kingdoms, in how they are formed and how they can ensure their survival. This attention to origins raises a number of questions linked to spatial organization and territorial authority, for epic poems bring together two closely related issues: control of space and the coming into being of agiven society.
Searching for Land: Scriptural Poetry and Migration
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The remaining two chapters of this book adopt a new perspectiveon the motif of travel that has figured so prominently in Chapter 5: they envisage it more particularly as a migration. They recognize in it a key feature of the Anglo-Saxons’ spatial imaginaire. Yet, with the concept of migration, the stakes are no longer to map, to tame, and eventually to control the wild and unknown periphery. It is rather to reach, at the end of the migration journey, a homeland to which one is rightfully entitled and destined. This scenario, analysed here in the context of vernacular scriptural poetry, is also developed by the historiographic narratives recounting the Anglo-Saxons’ journey to and conquest of England.
The Family Economy versus the Labour Market (or Housework as a Legal Issue)
Authors: Marella Maria Rosaria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Freedom of contract is traditionally understood as the major mechanism of self-determination in private law. For this reason, when applied to domestic relations, it should enhance personal autonomy within the family as well and contribute to the modernization of family law and to its proximity to the market model. However, the legal regime governing family relations is traditionally seen as separate from the core of private law, the market, and freedom of contract, because it pursues a different goal—solidarity among individuals as opposed to exchange between them. This is true for the legal regime governing ‘informal’ domestic arrangements (cohabitation agreements) as well as for the regulation of married couples. In both cases, the position of spouses or parmers is constructed as external to the market, and oriented towards the realization of the interests of the family, which, in turn, prevail over the interests of the individual parties.
Issues of Work and Family in Japan
Authors: Hayashi Hiroko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I travelled to Hawaii at the end of May 2003 to be one of the lecturers for the Freeman Foundation 2003 Summer Research Training on Japanese Studies. There I met Gay Satsuma, a researcher on Japanese literature in the Centre for Japanese Studies at the University of Hawaii. It was a year since we had last met. She asked me about recent popular female writers, and I replied with titles by Banana Yoshimoto, Yuko Tsushima, Eimi Yamada, Kaori Ekuni, as well as OUT by Natsuo Kirino. Although OUT is not properly characterized as ‘high’ literature, it is a Japanese bestseller, winning the fifty-first Nihon Suiri Sakka Kyokai Chohen (Japanese Crime Fiction Novelists’ Association Prize).
Manuscript Collecting
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Progress both in the Coptic language and in the knowledge of the Church of Alexandria depended to a large extent on the available Coptic material. So how was this collected? The channels, as we have already seen, were numerous. Visitors from the East might arrive with gifts. Scholars in Europe managed to pick up Coptic manuscripts which had been acquired by travellers and then sold. Agents in Egypt could be relied on to scour the libraries and the bookshops, and European travellers did the same. And then there were copyists—professionals in Egypt, usually members of the clergy, and Europeans for whom it was the only way of acquiring a text.
‘Tu recites, je replique; et quant nous avons fait et fait, tout
ne vault riens’ Explorations of a Debating Climate in Early Humanist
France
Authors: Cayley Emma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Querelle de la Rose is perhaps the best-known literary debate of the late medieval period. This early fifteenth-century epistolary quarrel was largely provoked by the controversy surrounding Jean de Meun‘s portrayal of women in his continuation of Guillaume de Lorris‘s Roman de la Rose. As a purportedly ‘real ‘ debate, this Querelle will provide a contrast with the fictitious literary debates I discussed in Chapter 1. Its development within chancery milieux was fostered by an existing climate of literary and practical debating in contemporary French and Italian court society.
Context and Background
Authors: Knights Samantha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the earliest times, religion has been both a divisive and cohesive force in society. Spiritual belief has been the inspiration for immense good, but also the driving force and justification for mass persecution, intolerance of difference, and abuse of the rights of others. As Lord Walker commented in the House of Lords judgment in R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment:
Countless thousands have suffered cruel deaths because at different periods during the last two thousand years parts of the Christian Church thought that the Bible not merely permitted but enjoined them to torture and kill apostates, heretics and witches.
Employment
Authors: Knights Samantha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Access to employment and legal protection during the course of employment is of fundamental importance to the individual concerned. There is no right to work in English law, but it is the means by which many essential aspects of life may be effectively realized.It provides the means to sustain private and family life through the provision of wages in consideration for labour and services. It also plays a more general role in the fulfilment and development of the individual and is of key importance for society as a whole.
The Extent of the Right to Use Property: Nuisance, Troubles Voisinage and Immissionenrecht
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some doctrines prescribe to what extent an owner may use his own property without interfering with the use of others. They will be examined in this chapter. In discussing ownership and possession, we saw that common law conceptions emerged in response to a civil law debate. By examining this debate and the response, we could better understand why both systems protect the possessor who lacks tide. The doctrines that govern how an owner or possessor may use property emerged quite differently. So far as I can tell, the Germans, French and common lawyers arrived independently at solutions to the problems which they call Immissionen, troubles de voisinage and nuisance. Indeed, they represent a rediscovery of the solution of one of the greatest medieval jurists, Bartol us of Saxoferrato. Despite their independent origin, they are quite similar. The similarity suggests that there are common underlying principles which explain why different jurisdictions have found these solutions appropriate. Yet Western jurists have been unsuccessful in identifying these principles. We will examine the doctrines themselves, and ask what principles can explain them. I. Common Solutions In continental Europe before the enactment of modern civil codes, limits on a person’ s use of his property were described in two short Roman texts. One text reported that the jurist Aristo ‘ does not think that smoke can lawfully be discharged from a cheese shop onto the buildings above it’. The text added: ‘ He also holds that ic is not permissible to discharge water or any other substance from the upper onto the lower property, as a man is only permitted to carry out operations on his own premises to this extent, that he discharge nothing onto those of another’.
Private Modification of the Right to Use Property: Servitudes
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter dealt with a person’ s right to use his property in a way that interferes with others. This one will discuss how such rights can be changed by private arrangement. A landowner may agree to some change in his rights that binds, not only himself, but anyone who owns his land thereafter. The common law refers to such an arrangement as an easement or covenant, although here we will refer to it, continental fashion, as a servitude. The beneficiary of a servitude may be another landowner and his successors. In some legal systems, it may be instead a particular person independent of what land he owns. In discussing ownership and possession, we saw that the differences between common and civil law arose in response to a debate as to why the possessor should be protected. In discussing rights to interfere with another’ s use of his property, we saw that different legal systems had arrived at similar solutions independently, and yet the similarity suggested there must be common underlying principles although there had been no common discussion of what they were. Servitudes are different. The law that governs them varies, not only between civil law and common law jurisdictions, but within them. The differences are not the result of any dialogue as to what the law should be. Nor can any legal system state with clarity what principles should govern the law of servitudes. One might wonder if there is any principled explanation.