bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harvard and the FBI: “A Most Cooperative and Understanding Association”
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter Presents the Harvard-FBI relation essentially as the FBI saw it —what activities at Harvard most concerned it; what parts of the university most attracted its attention; how it obtained information about the university, and from whom. How the FBI looked at Harvard and what it claimed to see there are important, but they are only part of the story. What was Harvard’s view of the relationship: who acted for Harvard; was the relationship a matter of policy or something into which the university drifted; who even knew about the relationship; was it the result of well-considered views of the kind of organization the FBI was, or was it derived from more general considerations of Cold War politics? The answers to these questions require access to a different set of documents —not in the FBI archives but in the records of the universities, their professors, and the other private organizations, like foundations, that were involved in the relationship with the FBI.
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William F. Buckley, Jr.: The FBI Informer as Yale Intellectual
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among The Harvard documents in the FBI file were a number that dealt with the Haroard Crimson, the undergraduate student newspaper. The FBI was worried in 1949 that the editors of the Crimson were on the verge of exposing a relationship between the FBI and Yale University through which, secretly, information was made available about students and faculty members. My concern with uncovering the details of Yale-FBI cooperation was not made easier by the fact the the names of some of the key figures in the relationship-including that of a person described as “liaison officer, Yale University”-were blacked out of the documents. Eventually, I was to discover that the “liaison officer” was Harry B. Fisher, an undercover employee of Yale University for twenty five years, whose last fifteen years of service were devoted mainly to political surveillance.
New York
Authors: Royal Stokes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syncopated dance music was being played in New York from around the turn of the century by local orchestras, and ragtime piano was evolving into an idiom there that would later be dubbed Harlem Stride. By 1915 a black New Orleans band, Freddie Keppard’s Original Creole Orchestra, was visiting New Yark on the vaudeville circuit and in 1917 the white Original Dixieland Jazz Band, also from New Orleans, was booked into Reisenweber’s restaurant on Columbus Circle. The ODJB, a quintet, created a sensation and the combo was the first to record the sounds of jazz, which they did soon after their New York debut.
California
Authors: Royal Stokes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If New York has for half a century been the jazz mecca, Los Angeles must today be regarded as the music’s most flourishing province. One close observer of the jazz scene there counted, in the late 1980s, some eighty active jazz venues in the Los Angeles area, conceding that this total included piano bars, weekend-only live music, and some groups of questionable jazz credentials, and asked if New York could top this.
Singers
Authors: Royal Stokes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No general discussion of the jazz vocal art would be complete without inclusion of the role that the blues, specifically the vocal blues, has played in the jazz idiom. To remark that that role was seminal is an understatement. But before we move on to hear of the formative experiences of several blues singers, let us first consider the relationship between vocal and instrumental expression in jazz, for virtually all blues singers and a great many jazz singers have utilized elements of instrumental attack and have simulated something of the sound quality of horns. We again call upon jazz historian William J. Schafer.
John Hammond: “The Tragedy of Duke Ellington” (1935)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lington’s interest in writing pieces longer than roughly three minutes-the length permitted by one side of a ten-inch, 78-rpm recording-proved a divisive issue for critics. While some rallied to the defense of Ellington’s “extended works,” as they came to be called, others pronounced them shapeless, overblown, or contrary to the spirit of jazz.The first “extended” piece to generate considerable controversy was not Creole Rhap sody (1931)-though it had caused grumbling in some quarters-but Reminiscing in Tempo (1935), which took up four record sides and lasted nearly thirteen minutes.’ Ellington com posed it following the death of his mother Daisy in May, writing it as his orchestra traveled by train on a series of one-nighters through the South.2 Although gentle and reflective in character, Reminiscing in Tempo provoked violent reactions from writers who earlier had admired Ellington’s shorter works. No one was more incensed than Spike Hughes, Elling ton’s former booster in England, who branded the piece “a long, rambling monstrosity” and threatened not to review any more Ellington records “until Duke realizes it is not ‘smart’ to write this sort of music.”3
Ellington’s “Defense of Jazz” (1943/1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most striking peculiarity of jazz as opposed to “classical” music, however, is the extremely limited nature of its emotional vocabulary. As a musical language, jazz is graphic and colorful, but, in poetic resources, it is about as rich as pidgin English. A great deal of it makes its appeal exclusively to the motor impulses without affecting the emotions at all. When it does affect the emotions it is limited to the expression of a few elementary moods-sexual excitement, exhilaration, sorrow (in the blues), and a sort of hypnotic intoxication. Its vocabulary does not encompass religious awe, trag-to some of the more intelligent jazz, nor is he aware of the amazing musical background of some of our foremost composers and arrangers, in the popular field.
Ellington: “Swing is My Beat!” (1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans have always listened to music, when they aren’t busy making it. This is part of our culture. For some, hearing “live” music is a luxury. For others it’s part of the daily diet. Everything depends on how the budget stacks up against the price of admission to Carnegie Hall or the cover charge at nightclubs giving out with the “hot” brand of music.
Andre Hodeir: “A Masterpiece: Concerto for Cootie” (1954)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some pieces of music grow old; others stay young. At times we can hardly believe it possible that once we actually enjoyed listening to a page of music or a chorus that now seems overwhelmingly long on faults and short on merits. To make up for this, some works seem more and more attractive to us as time goes by. For one thing, we are more difficult to please at thirty than we were at twenty. Instead of liking a hundred records, we no longer like more than five or six; but perhaps we like them better. Judging by my own experience, there can be no doubt that the test of time has favored Ellington’s Concerto for Cootie-more, perhaps, than any other work, and this is a sure sign of merit. It has become clear to me that this piece is one of the high points in Ellington’s output, which has been vast and rich in flashes of genius, but unequal and occasionally disappointing. I would even say that it offers a striking epitome of certain essential aspects of his work.
Ellington: “The Race for Space” (ca. late 1957)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a musician, jazz, that is, there would rightly be some question as to what Duke Ellington is doing in a serious discussion on the race for space. As the most adequate answer I can think of, I’m talking about the race for space for the logical reason that what happens in the race for the moon and other planets and the control of space affects me as well as every other American and like you and others reading this, I most certainly don’t want Russian “moons” and other space projectiles circling around over my head.
Gary Giddins on the Sacred Concerts (1975)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the success of the first Sacred Concert, Ellington went on to produce two more: the second, premiered at New York’s Cathedral of St. John the Divine in 1968, and the third in 1973 at London’s Westminster Abbey. Despite Ellington’s regard for these pieces-in his memoirs, for example, he called the second Sacred Concert “the most important thing I have ever done”1-few critics have given them serious consider ation.
American Indian Women and Cultural Conflict
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the Historical Experiences of American Indian women means taking into account the diversity of traditional Indian societies, especially with regard to economic systems and kinship structures, and the varieties of their experiences since their first contact with Europeans. Women’s status and roles within tribal cultures varied, depending on whether the tribe was matrilineal or patrilineal, primarily dependent on agriculture or on hunting and gathering for its subsistence, and on the meanings attached to masculinity and femininity and to women’s and men’s activities.
Although they varied in linguistic, cultural, and other ways, traditional cultures were similar in their general economic systems. All relied on agriculture, hunting and gathering, or a combination of the two for their subsistence. Although not as nomadic as many whites assumed, many Indian groups did move occasionally, allowing the land and its resources a periodic rest while moving on to more fertile grounds. In many areas, hunting and gathering alone provided an adequate subsistence. In some cases, the shifting agriculture practiced by Woodland and Prairie Indians required less labor than the intensive agriculture employed by whites.
From the Indian New Deal to Red Power
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Discontinuation of federal allotment policies in 1934 marked the end of one phase in white assimilationist strategies, but not the end of official paternalism and regulation in the lives of American Indian women. Official efforts to impose patriarchal families changed as economic trends, assimilative successes, and public policies motivated many Native Americans to form nuclear families. By the 1950s, the formal agencies of the welfare state replaced and supplemented the Bureau of Indian Affairs as the mechanism for regulating women’s sexuality, maternity, and family relations. Whether the government focused on reservation-based economic development or on assisting Indian movement to urban economies, Native American women found that the heightened importance of a market economy in their lives often meant increasing economic dependence on men and held contradictory implications for their autonomy.
In The Shadow of The Plantation
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Defeat of The South in the Civil War and the consequent abolition of slavery launched the era in which the meaning of freedom for blacks was defined. During the Reconstruction years, white planters and blacks tested their respective, but unequal, powers and created the institutions that would structure social relations in the South for many decades. The stakes for blacks in this struggle included not only the political content of their freedom but also their economic position and the gender and family relations it would make possible or desirable.
The politics of race and gender in the Reconstruction era starkly reveals the dense interconnections between public status and private life. The black struggle for control over the conditions of their labor and their lives occurred as an integral part of the conduct of daily life. Black women and men used their newly acquired rights to move freely and to withhold their labor in order to improve the conditions of their work and, especially, to secure some measure of family integrity and privacy.
Liberty and Power in the Second American Revolution
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1867, Congressman George W. Julian of Indiana, one of the most radical of Republicans, stood up in the House to speak against a Reconstruction bill that would replace military rule with civil government in the South. Although the measure disfranchised many ex-Confederates and enfranchised former slaves, Julian warned that restoration of these states to self-government “would be ruinous to the best interests of their loyal people and calamitous to the nation.
Daughters: Wives in the Making
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Yorkist and early Tudor England, the expectation that aristocratic women would marry shaped their lives from the moment of their birth. From their earliest years they were socialized to view themselves as future wives. The goal of their educations was to teach them the manners and religious values of their class and the skills they would need to manage their great households and serve their families. Parents also fostered their daughters’ relationships with their kin and patrons in the hope they would promote the girls’ marriages and careers as they approached adolesence.
Their Brilliant Careers: Aristocratic Women at the Yorkist and Early Tudor Court
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Vast majority of Yorkist and early Tudor aristocratic women achieved lifelong vocations through marriage, but the minority, from families with close ties to the reigning dynasty, could also aspire to careers at court. Such careers offered them the only opportunity to fashion identities and roles outside their natal or marital families. Appointments to the queen’s household also gave them a nonfamilial source of income since Ladies-in-Waiting and Maids-of-Honor received annual fees and nonmonetary perquisites, privileged access to royal patronage, and annuities or pensions when they retired.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lady Lettice Tresham with whom this book began, and Mary, duchess of Richmond, with whom it ended, both contributed to the survival and long-term prosperity of their families. Through marriage, they entered lifetime careers that gave them considerable power, even authority, over their families, servants, and local regions; opened politics to them; and, within limits, allowed them to shape their destinies.
“Scratch a Communist ... “: Women and the American Communist Party During the Depression
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The androcentrism of Communist literary circles reflected that of the Party as a whole, but the CP’s role in the struggle for sexual equality must be measured against the backdrop of the dominant culture. I begin this chapter, then, by (briefly) discussing the position of women in the United States during the ‘30s, indicating a few of the historiographical sources that provide a necessary complement to this study. I move quickly to this chapter’s central task, examining the CP and “the woman question,” and focus largely on Party publications during the period. However, the chapter’s last section relies on four documentaries (With Babies and Banners, Union Maids, The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter, and Seeing Red) that, with my own interview material, augment information derived from the Party press. The role of women in Party-related activities reminds us of Myra Jehlen’s useful premise for analyzing women’s history and writing: Women must be viewed not in “actual independence but [in) action despite dependence” (581). Feminism was thwarted during the ‘30s by the national preoccupation with economic collapse and recovery. The previous decade’s debate over the “new woman” was subsumed by anxiety over the unemployed man, and competition for a limited number of jobs reinforced cultural assumptions about the proper sexual division of labor. The public arena absorbed most attention, while issues seemingly unrelated to economic reclamation were ignored. Americans were reluctant to examine or tamper with traditional roles within the family at a time when it was viewed as perhaps the only remnant of stability.
Meridel Le Sueur: Biographical Sketch and Reportage
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most prominent women writers of the ‘30s, Le Sueur endured redbaiting, blacklisting, and 25 years of obscurity to become in the ‘70s a regional folk heroine and nearly an archetypal figure within some elements of the women’s movement. For some of the Le Sueur faithful, her work seems to deserve uncritical celebration. Yet such celebration would have us ignore historically resonant problems in her work. For the vast majority of mainstream critics, on the other hand, Le Sueur’s work merits little notice. This latter position is more damaging than the first because it denies Le Sueur’s social and historical value as well as her significant formal experiments. Le Sueur, herself, feels ambivalent about her Wonder Woman status. On one hand, she welcomes the readership and recognition that came after 25 years of obscurity and feels she has earned her self-imposed title, “Mrs. Lazarus.” Yet she also hungers for genuine criticism of her work, and she refuses the role of “St. Meridel” that some people have imposed on her (Grossmann 3D).
Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform 1890–1935
Authors: Muncy Robyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Muncy explains the continuity of white, middle-class, American female reform activity between the Progressive era and the New Deal. She argues that during the Progressive era, female reformers built an interlocking set of organizations that attempted to control child welfare policy. Within this policymaking body, female progressives professionalized their values, bureaucratized their methods, and institutionalized their reforming networks. To refer to the organizational structure embodying these processes, the book develops the original concept of a female dominion in the otherwise male empire of policymaking. At the head of this dominion stood the Children’ s Bureau in the federal Department of Labor. Muncy investigates the development of the dominion and its particular characteristics, such as its monopoly over child welfare and its commitment to public welfare, and shows how it was dependent on a peculiarly female professionalism. By exploring that process, this book illuminates the relationship between professionalization and reform, the origins and meaning of Progressive reform, and the role of gender in creating the American welfare state.
Origins of the Dominion: Hull House, 1890-1910
Authors: Muncy Robyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘There’ s power in me, and will to dominate which I must exercise;’ wrote Jane Addams in 1889, “they hurt me else’ .’ 1 In late-nineteenth-century America, frustrated ambition was injuring other college-educated women as well. Consequently, when Addams eased her own pain by founding a social settlement in Chicago, her venture attracted a group of women similarly bruised by constraints on their aspirations and ready to unfetter their capacities for personal independence and public authority. The desire to unlock the shackles that would have bound them to obscure, private lives provided Addams and her followers with a motive for creating a female dominion within the larger empire of policymaking; their experiences at Hull House supplied the values and strategies that made their creation possible.
Peace Movements and the Challenge of Nationalism 1850–1889
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the exhilarated organizers of the 1849 Paris International Peace Congress, a future for annual conventions of “friends of peace” seemed assured. Expecting to repeat their success, they had convened in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt in 1850. By 1851, however, when organizers called for a congress in Manchester, political reality intruded. Continental participation dwindled. The “international” meeting had become mainly British.
For the next two decades, peace movements on both sides of the Atlantic underwent persistent battering. During the 1850s, 1860s, and l870s-with the remarkable exception in 1867–1871-a few, hardy, isolated campaigners strug gled against ridicule and indifference. The volcanic political terrain following the revolutions and counterrevolutions of 1849-1851 drove peace from the agendas of many potential supporters.
The Context of Health Care: Persons, Possessions, and States
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all humans are equal. Health care confronts individuals of apparently widely divergent capacities: competent adults, mentally retarded adults, children, infants, and fetuses. These differences are the bases of morally relevant inequali ties. Competent adults have a moral position not held by fetuses or infants. In addition, there are social inequalities among competent adults as a consequence of disparities in social power and wealth. The wealthy may buy goods and services not available to the less fortunate. These inequalities reach into the central fabric of health care decisions. Finally, special questions of equality and inequality among persons are raised by the existence of states. States frequently claim special moral prerogatives to regulate health care and to distribute health care resources. To come to terms with bioethical issues as they arise for patients and health care professionals within the embrace of states, one will need to know how seriously one ought to take the various moral and financial inequalities among humans and the supposed moral prerogatives of states.
Paying the Price: Workers, Contracts, and Wage Labor
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mechanized factory system in antebellum New England was more than a col lection of machines, buildings, people, and rules. This system was also shaped by the fundamental need to hire labor and pay wages. Workers often found themselves in an unfamiliar network of labor markets, contracts, and wage rates. They quickly learned that contracts were more than pieces of paper, and wages were more than dollars and cents. Contracts were often instruments of social control, and wages lay at the heart of what it meant to be a factory worker. Thus, when workers examined how they were recruited into the industrial labor force and how they were paid once they were in the factories, crucial issues about economic independence and social identity often came to the fore. Some workers saw contracts and wage labor as their entree into the emerging commercial cash-based economy as autonomous actors. Others saw contracts and wage labor as one of the most dangerous threats to what ever was left of the freedom and independence of the worker.
A Time to Labor: Workers, the Workday, and the Ten-Hour Movement
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The labor reform movement of the 1840s voiced many criticisms of the factory sys tem and many ideas for correcting these problems. One issue, however, became a focal point for many workers’ organizations—the problem was the long hours of factory labor, and the solution was the campaign for a ten-hour law. This early crusade for labor legislation underlay much of the organizational activity among factory operatives in the mid- l 840s, and brought to the forefront a long-standing debate about the hours of labor. The ten-hour movement also raised new and crucial questions about the meaning of politics and citizenship for factory operatives. Just as with wage labor, workers knew that the hours of labor were more than a matter of minutes and time on a clock.