bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
61 The Effects of Frame Score, Breed, and Day Relative to Estrus on Dry Matter Intake and Feeding Behaviors of Crossbred Beef Heifers
Authors: Hansen Lydia E , Underdahl Sarah R , Bhowmik Nayan , Dahlen Carl R , Ringwall Kris A , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Swanson Kendall C , Hanna Lauren L Hulsman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine if changes in DMI, time spent eating (TIME), and number of meals per day (MEALS) within interactions of frame score group (FSG) or primary ancestral breed type (PAB) with day relative to estrus (DRE) exist. We hypothesized that different FSG or PAB responses would vary between d -3 to d +3 surrounding estrus (d 0). Over four years, 295 crossbred heifers (347.03 ± 47.39 kg) were monitored. Using calculated frame score, heifers were classified as FSG small (&lt; 4.00), moderately small (4.00 to 5.50), moderately large (5.50 to 6.50), and large (&gt; 6.50). Admixture analysis classified heifers into five PAB (greatest proportion; Angus and Red Angus, American Aberdeen, Shorthorn, Simmental, and crossbred). Estrus was detected using visual checks [patches or chin ball markers, bull present (BP), year 1, n = 87] or heat detection devices (BP or absent, year 2 to 4, n = 208). The last 45 d of the feeding trial had BP. Conception date was estimated using ultrasound fetal size captured at pregnancy checks. Heifers were fed a forage-based diet using the Insentec feeding system. Software errors were removed; then estrus and feeding data were paired based on calendar date. A 7-d range was kept for each heifer using estrus categories (EC) of: 1) last without a BP (n = 195), 2) first with a BP (n = 285), and 3) at estimated conception date (n = 247). The statistical model included fixed effects of year, PAB, FSG, DRE, interactions of FSG x DRE (n = 28) and PAB x DRE (n = 42), and fixed covariate of calendar date. Repeated measures were modeled with unstructured covariance structure and heifer as experimental unit. Square root transformation for TIME and MEALS was used due to normality concerns. Across EC, no interactions for DMI were found (P ≥ 0.5529). For TIME, differences existed within FSG x DRE (P = 0.0375; EC-3) suggesting large heifers responded differently than others. All EC showed DMI (P ≤ 0.0083) and TIME (P ≤ 0.0373) declined on d 0, with less reduction observed when BP (DMI, TIME: 1) -17.09%, -21.56%; 2) -9.01%, -15.02%; 3) -9.21%, -13.45%). A recovery surge occurred on d +1 (&gt; 15%). For MEALS, PAB x DRE (P ≤ 0.0495; EC-1,2) and FSG x DRE (P ≤ 0.0494; EC-2,3) were different. A similar trend as DMI and TIME in response to estrus was observed in small heifers but no other FSG. Size did influence MEALS (P ≤ 0.0024), where smaller heifers ate more MEALS than larger heifers. Results indicate differences in TIME and MEALS likely exist between small and large heifers in response to estrus, but all respond similarly in DMI.
65 Associations Between Resilience to Weaning Stress and Startle Response in Nursery-Age Gilts
Authors: Lee Bora , Luttman Andrea M , Ernst Catherine W , Raney Nancy E , Steibel Juan P , Siegford Janice M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Resilience is the capacity of animals to return quickly to their pre-stress status following a disturbance, including social, physical, and/or disease challenges. Understanding impact of individual resilience on behavior is key to improving the performance and welfare of farm animals. The goal of the study was to assess whether behavioral response to an auditory stimulus during a startle test (acute stress) differed between pigs designated as stress-resilient (SR) or stress-vulnerable (SV). Blood samples were collected from female piglets (n = 170) from 26 litters on the day before weaning, the day of weaning, and four days after weaning. Using serum cortisol concentrations from these samples, female pigs (n = 52) were classified as either SR (n = 26) or SV (n = 26) and used for the startle test. The startle test was conducted when pigs were 6 weeks-of age while they were housed in the nursery room. Video recordings were made with ceiling-mounted cameras from 1.5h before the test to 1.5h after the test. Videos were decoded to determine the relaxed-tense score of the pigs (RT; 1: relaxed, 3: tense; scored 10 min before testing began to describe the underlying mood of the pig), orientation to stimulus (OS; direction pigs were facing when air horn sounded), and startle magnitude score (SM; 0: no response, 4: remained frozen &gt;1min). A mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model was fit for SM including fixed effects of stress group (resilience designation (SR/SV), OS, RT, and pen position (distance from the air horn) and random effect of pen composition (social group). SM was affected by RT (P = 0.02), with pigs that had the greatest levels of underlying tension expressing less response to the stimulus. Pen position also impacted the SM (P &lt; 0.01), with pigs in pens closer to the air horn displaying a stronger startle response than those housed further away. However, SR/SV designation and OS had no influence on SM. Pigs that are already tense may not be responsive to changes in their surroundings, in this case showing little response to a startling noise. Pigs closer to a startling stimulus are likely to perceive it as more threatening than pigs further away from the potential danger. Our data suggest no relationship between intensity of behavioral response to an auditory startle test and resilience or vulnerability to weaning stress. Behavioral and physiological responses to acute stress are influenced by a number of confounding factors inherent in individual animal variability, including the personalities and experiences of the pigs. However, the startle test could be a relatively easy way to assess fearfulness of pigs on farm, as it requires no training of pigs and can be conducted in the home pen, but further methodological improvement is required to enable instantaneous data collection.
58 Effects of Pellet Quality on Growth Performances of Pigs When Fed Diets During Varying Weight Ranges
Authors: Badger Patrick , Otott Haley , Paulk Chad B , Stark Charles R , Donnelly Adam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of these experiments was to determine if the importance of pellet quality was dependent on pig weight ranges. Therefore, a total of 350 grow-finish pigs (line 600 × 241; DNA) were used in 3 separate experiments. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design. Pigs were weighed before the onset of each experiment and split into 7 blocks based on average body weight, resulting in 7 replications per treatment. For Exp. 1, 2, and 3, pigs were fed treatments for 20 days from 43 to 68 kg, 21 days from 81 to 107 kg, and 20 days from 118 to 144 kg, respectively. Pelleted diets for Exp. 1, 2, and 3 were steam conditioned at approximately 83, 77, and 67°C, respectively and subsequently pelleted with a 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill, Crawfordsville, IN). For Exp. 1 and 2 diets were pelleted with a 4.8 × 31.8 mm (L:D 6.7) die while a 4.8 × 57.2 mm (L:D 12) die was used for Exp. 3. Treatments consisted of a mash diet and pellets with fines inclusion rates of 9-16, 41-47, 60-68, and 84-91%. For Exp.1, pigs fed pellets with 12.5% fines had improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F when compared with those fed the mash diet. Pig ADFI increased (linear, P = 0.006) as percent fines at the feeder increased. Pig G:F decreased (linear, P = 0.002) as percent fines increased at the feeder. For Exp. 2, pigs fed pellets with 15.5% fines had improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared with those fed the mash diet. Pig ADFI increased (linear, P = 0.016) when fed pellets with increasing percent fines at the feeder. Pig G:F decreased (linear, P = &lt; 0.001) as fines percentage increased at the feeder. For Exp. 3, pigs fed pellets with 9.6 and 41.8% fines had increased (P &lt; 0.05) G:F when compared with those fed mash diets. Pig G:F decreased (linear, P = 0.005) as pellet fines percentage increased at the feeder. In conclusion, feeding pigs 12.5, 15.5, and 9.6% fines in Exp. 1, 2, and 3 improved G:F by 3.9, 5.4, and 9.1%, respectively, compared with pigs fed mashed diets. Increasing the percent fines from 12.5 to 90.4%, 15.5 to 86.0%, and 9.6 to 83.6% reduced G:F of pigs by 5.7, 7.7, and 5.6% for Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
45 Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 Phytase from 500 to 2,500 FTU/kg in Nursery Pig Diets
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , Williams Hadley , Becker Larissa L , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Faser Jill M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 320 pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 11.9 ± 0.22 kg) were used in a 21-day growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Barentz, Woodbury, MN). At approximately 19 d of age, pigs were weaned, randomly allotted to pens, and fed common starter diets for 18 d. Pigs were then blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments included 3 diets containing increasing inorganic P from monocalcium P (0.11, 0.19, and 0.27% dietary aP), or 5 diets with increasing phytase (500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, or 2,500 FTU/kg) added to the diet containing 0.11% aP. All diets were corn-soybean meal-canola meal-based and were formulated to contain 1.24% SID Lys, 0.30% phytate P, and an analyzed Ca:P ratio of 1.10:1. At the conclusion of the study, 1 pig closest to the mean BW of each pen was euthanized and the right fibula, 10th rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone ash, density, and total bone P. For bone ash, bones were processed using the non-defatted method. Residual bone ash was digested using nitric acid and P measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed increasing inorganic P had increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.053) ADG, ADFI, G:F and final BW (Table 1). Pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.004) ADG, G:F, and final BW and increased (linear, P = 0.019) ADFI. For fibula, rib, and metacarpal characteristics, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) bone ash weight, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone P. Additionally, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (P &lt; 0.05) bone ash weight, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone P in either a linear or quadratic manner depending upon bone. The aP release curve developed for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 for percentage bone ash using combined data generated from all three bones is: aP = (0.219 × FTU/kg) ÷ (993.238 + FTU/kg).
42 Concentrations of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy, Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids, and Digestibility of Phosphorus in a New Variety of Soybeans Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Cristobal Minoy A , Parsons Carl M M , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in soybean meal produced from a new variety of soybeans (Photoseed) are not different from conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV). In Exp. 1, thirty pigs (18.3 ± 1.3 kg) were randomly allotted to a corn diet or 2 diets containing corn and Photoseed or corn and SBM-CV. Pigs were housed in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected for 4 days after 5 days of adaptation. Feces and urine were analyzed for gross energy and DE and ME were calculated for each ingredient. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and replicate as random effect and pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that DE and ME of Photoseed were not different from DE and ME in SBM-CV (Table 1). In Exp. 2, nine barrows (30.0 ± 1.5 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design with 3 diets and 3 periods in each square. An N-free diet and diets containing SBM-CV or Photoseed were used. Pigs were housed individually in fully slatted pens and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Digesta samples were lyophilized, ground, and analyzed for AA, and SID of AA was calculated. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and square, period, and pig as random effects, and pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that the SID of Arg, Ile, and Lys were not different between the two ingredients (Table 2), but the SID of other indispensable AA were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SBM-CV than in Photoseed. In Exp. 3, forty-eight barrows (12.0 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 6 diets with 8 pigs per diet. The SBM-CV or Photoseed were included in diets with 3 levels of microbial phytase (0, 500, or 1,000 units/kg). Pigs were housed in metabolism crates and feces were collected quantitatively for 4 days after 5 days of adaptation. Fecal samples were dried and analyzed for P and the STTD of P was calculated. The statistical model included ingredient, phytase, and the interaction between ingredient and phytase as fixed effects and replicate as the random effect. The pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diets increased (P &lt; 0.05) the STTD of P, but STTD of P in Photoseed was not different from the STTD in SBM-CV (Table 3). In conclusion, no differences in DE and ME, STTD of P, and SID of some indispensable AA between Photoseed and SBM-CV were observed.
269 Bioenergetic Consequences of Pre- and Post-Natal Heat Stress on Swine Productivity
Authors: Johnson Jay S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heat stress decreases the sustainability and profitability of global swine production and the reductive effects of pre- and post-natal heat stress on pig productivity have been well described. Decreased growth performance and sow milk production during heat stress exposure is generally attributed to reduced energy consumption and a corresponding catabolic state. Moreover, an assumed increase in maintenance costs due to energetic requirements for thermoregulation and greater chemical reaction rates is proposed to reduce energy available for growth and lactogenesis leading to decreased efficiency and productivity. Despite this, recent research has determined that postnatal heat stress can directly impact nutrient partitioning priorities and growth rate independent of energy intake, maintenance costs may be reduced in heat stressed pigs relative to thermoneutral controls, and that heat stress may have a direct negative effect on sow milk production and litter growth performance independent of sow energy intake. In addition to the postnatal consequences of heat stress, prenatal heat stress reduces postnatal growth rate and feed efficiency in pigs independent of the postnatal environment, increases fasting heat production during the growing phase, and alters nutrient partitioning priorities during the finishing phase leading to an increase in adipose tissue accretion at the expense of lean accretion. Furthermore, meat quality and quantity may be negatively impacted by prenatal heat stress exposure. In summary, both pre- and postnatal heat stress exposure elicit bioenergetic changes in pigs that influence postnatal productivity, and mitigating heat stress is and will likely continue to be a priority for the swine industry.
4 Is the Microbiome the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything
Authors: Callaway Todd , Lourenco Jeferson M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract has been studied extensively for many years. The symbiotic relationship between the host animal and the native microbes has been relatively well characterized, given the technical limitations. Next Generation Sequencing techniques have proliferated and have become affordable for researchers, companies, and even individual producers. This reduction of barriers to utilization of NGS techniques has introduced many incorrect conclusions based on population estimates that do not include the estimates of microbial biochemical activities, and ecological niches. As a result, there are many descriptions of products that will make the microbiome “good” for all production situations and diets. Unfortunately, there is no magic bullet that makes a microbiome a universally “good” microbiome. This presentation will discuss how developments in understanding the microbial of the gut has expanded our view of the gut microbial ecology, and how it can be used to improve our understanding of the impacts of the microbiome on animal performance and health. Discussions of how microbiome analyses have been used and misused will be included. Being able to detect small changes in the microbial population of the gut is critical and can elucidate methods to improve animal productivity and protein food production sustainability. This presentation will also discuss challenges facing the animal industry as precision agriculture becomes increasingly important to animal nutrition and sustainability.
108 Effects of Yeast Carbohydrates Fed to Lactating Sows on Sow and Offspring Performance
Authors: Shipman Garrin , Palencia Jorge Perez , Patterson Rob , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion level of a yeast carbohydrate (YC) product in sow diets based on sow and suckling piglet performance. Forty-nine sows and gilts (Parity 0 to 5; 217 ± 30 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three YC supplementation levels (0%, 0.1%, and 0.2% of diet) in late gestation beginning at d 105 and lactation. Yeast carbohydrate was top-dressed using corn as a carrier to achieve daily active ingredient intake of 3 and 6 g/d in gestation (0.1 and 0.2% YC, respectively) and 7 and 15 g/d in lactation (0.1 and 0.2% YC, respectively) at the 0730 and 0800 h feed time in gestation and lactation, respectively. Variables measured included: sow body weight (BW), backfat (BF), feed intake (ADFI), litter characteristics at birth, piglet BW, piglet weight distribution at birth and weaning, and serum, colostrum, and milk immune status. Sows supplemented with 0.2% YC had 0.95 less stillborn pigs compared with control and 0.1% YC treatment groups (P = 0.04). Total born, born alive, and farrowing duration did not differ among treatment groups. The 0.2%YC treated sows weaned 1.04 more pigs (P = 0.09) than control and 0.1%YC groups. Colostral immunocrit ratio tended to be greater in 0.2%YC sows compared with control sows (P = 0.09; 0.66 vs 0.48 in 0.2%YC and control, respectively). Control litters had 14.9% greater proportion of light weight pigs at birth (&lt; 1.20 kg) and both YC groups had 12.4% greater proportion of average weight pigs (1.20 to 1.65 kg; P &lt; 0.01). Pig BW at weaning (5.96 vs 5.77 vs 5.61 kg in control, 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively) and overall ADG (0.24 vs 0.22 vs 0.22 kg/d in control, 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively) were greater in control group (P ≥ 0.05). The 0.2% YC group had a 3.7% and 10.4% greater frequency (χ2 &lt; 0.01) of weaning light weight (&lt; 5.00 kg) and average weight (5.00 to 6.40 kg) pigs, respectively. The YC groups both had greater frequency of pigs that fell into lighter BW categories between birth to weaning (2.9 vs 27.3 vs 25.9% in control, 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively; χ2 &lt; 0.01). There was a 15.6% ldecreased pre-weaning mortality of light born pigs in 0.2% YC group compared with control and 0.1% YC groups (χ2 = 0.03). Suckling pigs from sows in the 0.2% YC group had a greater (P = 0.03) concentration of serum IgA at weaning (23.47 vs 23.83 vs 31.63 μg/mL in control, 0.1, and 0.2%, respectively). In conclusion, 0.2% YC supplementation in sow diet benefited both sow and litter performance with the capacity to wean more light born pigs as well as a greater colostral immunocrit ratio and offspring IgA concentrations at weaning.
115 Sow Supplementation with Vitamin C Enhances Pig Throughput
Authors: Knauer Mark , Bergstrom Jon R , Hough Sara D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the impact of vitamin C supplementation, during the transition phase, on sow reproduction and subsequent offspring performance. Landrace × Large White composite sows (n = 58), mated to Smithfield Premium Genetics Duroc boars, were housed at the NCDA Tidewater Research Station. Parity 1 and parity 2 sows were randomly assigned to one of three vitamin C (STAY-C35) levels (0, 250, or 500 mg/kg of diet). Diets were fed from day 107 of gestation through day 7 of lactation. A common lactation diet was then fed from day 8 of lactation until weaning. Sows were fed 2.27 kg per day pre-farrow and ad libitum after farrowing. Cross-fostering was minimized and performed within dietary treatment. Sow body condition was assessed on day 107 of gestation and at weaning (day 23 of lactation) using the Knauer sow body condition caliper. After weaning and 5 weeks in a nursery, offspring were transferred to a naturally ventilated, totally slatted grow-finish facility and housed at 0.62 m2 per pig. Offspring were individually reweighed at 124 days of age (88 ± 5.0 kg). All statistical models contained fixed effects of dietary vitamin C level and sow parity. Total number born was included as a covariate for average piglet birth weight (BWT), stillborn percentage, BWT CV, piglet survival [number weaned ÷ (number born alive + stillborns)], number of littermates at 124 days of age, average daily gain (ADG) from birth to 124 days and pig survival from birth to 124 days [number weighed ÷ (number born alive + stillborns)]. Weaning age and number weaned were included as covariates for average piglet weaning weight (WWT) and WWT CV. Sow and litter was the experimental unit. Results (LSMEANS) are shown in Table 1. Percentage of stillborn piglets did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between dietary treatments. Sows fed 500 mg/kg of vitamin C had lighter (P &lt; 0.05) piglet BWT CV compared with Control sows. Supplementing 500 mg/kg of vitamin C increased (P &lt; 0.05) both average piglet birth weight and average piglet weaning weight compared with Control sows. Piglet survival did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments. Average daily gain from birth to 124 days of age tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for pigs from sows fed vitamin C when compared with pigs from Control sows (707 vs. 688 g). Offspring survival from birth to 124 days of age did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between parity 1 and 2 sows (80.6 and 78.4%, respectively). Yet offspring from parity 2 sows had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG from birth to 124 days of age when compared with parity 1 sows (713 vs. 688 g). In summary, supplementing sows with vitamin C increased throughput by enhancing piglet birth weight, piglet weaning weight and offspring growth performance.