bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships Between Scientific Fields And changes In The Organization Of The Sciences
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have largely focussed on the structure of scientific fields considered as distinct organizational entities in particular environments. In this concluding chapter I shall discuss relations of dependence between fields and how the:::e form a distinct level of organization, that of science in general, as a particular system of generating and co-ordinating intellectual innovations about a broad range of topics. As mentioned in the last chapter, a major part of the environment of any scientific field is the set of immediately adjacent fields and their interconnections constitute an important component of its context. Similarly, once science has become established as a major, if not the dominant, system of knowledge production and validation, the particular location of a field within that system is a major factor in determining its autonomy, coherence, and direction.
Politics and Industrial Relations
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to build upon the classic pluralist tradition of British industrial relations research. In this chapter industrial relations is conceived, following Flanders, as the ‘study of the institutions of job regulation’ (Flanders 1970: 86; for a discussion of alternative definitions see, for example Blyton and Turnbull 1998: ch. 2). Here (although not in Flanders’ original paper) the concept of ‘institutions’ is used in the broad sense adopted by ‘modern’ institutional theory: ‘institutions consist of cognitive, normative, and regulative structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to social behaviour. Institutions are transported by various carriers-cultures, structures, and routines-and they operate at multiple levels of jurisdiction’ (Scott 1995: 33).
Industrial Relations in North America
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we enter a new century, it seems particularly appropriate to take stock of the past accomplishments, current status, and future prospects of the field of industrial relations. In this chapter, I review these themes as they pertain to the North American situation. The origins of industrial relations (IR) in North America are identified and the evolution of the field is followed over the course of the twentieth century, with a focus primarily on developments in the United States. Central to this story is the changing definition and intellectual domain of industrial relations, particularly vis-a-vis the closely allied field of human resource management (HRM) —a subject that forms the core of this chapter. At the end, I offer an assessment of the current status of IR in North America and a forecast of the field’s near-term future.
Marxism and Industrial Relations
Authors: Gall Gregor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the later part of the 1990s, a sense pervaded the field of industrial relations (IR)1 in Britain that Marxism as a serious intellectual worldview and current within the subject area, when compared to its high mark of the 1970s, was a spent, if interesting, force. Throughout the western economies, the decline in union presence and collective mobilizations since the 1970s, the defeat of many of the strongest sections of organized labour, the hegemony of the neoliberal project (in various guises) and the implosion of ‘actually existing socialism’ all created pressures on many Marxists and those influenced by Marxism within the field of IR. These pressures led to the abandonment of Marxist ideas or the downgrading of Marxism as a central concern within their work.
National Identity and Citizenship: The Cases of Germany and France
Authors: Giesen Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Citizenship has become one of the central issues of contemporary debates where politics, public law, and social science meet. The controversial character of these debates not only is a matter of conceptual diversity but results from the nature of the issue itself. Regardless whether we conceive of citizenship as a legal status or as a practice, as a foundation in a communitarian perspective or as rights in a liberal perspective, as a matter of welfare entitlements or of political participation, it is publicly debated, claimed, and challenged. It requires justification. These public debates are engendered by the tension between the inclusive thrust of universalism and the fact that citizenship can never avoid exclusion.
Decentralizing Development
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decentralization has become a fashionable policy prescription among reformers in Latin America. But how does it work in practice? Are the claims that it promotes efficiency, participation, and fiscal responsibility justified? Does the process improve the delivery of social services at the local level and encourage the participation of local communities? What conditions allow a positive response to the challenges of decentralization? This book seeks to explore these questions by examining the experience of seven medium sized provincial towns in Colombia and Chile. The overall national context is analyzed and the differences between the two countries emphasized. Colombia embarked on a process of radical decentralization, largely because of perceived failures of the state at the central level, while in Chile the process of change was much more cautious, since a relatively efficient central state wished to maintain tight control over reform. The effect on the development and politics of the seven cities is also described, and the reasons for the very different outcomes assessed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the mayor and the ability to construct a local coalition for reform. Three thematic chapters further explore the impact of decentralization on the local economy and the role of the private sector in fostering development; the way in which educational reform has been advanced by local authority and community involvement; and the manner in which the new institutional structures affect the development of policies for local poverty alleviation. The authors draw on extensive fieldwork involving numerous interviews with actors at all levels and from all sectors. The result is a unique test, at the local level in Latin America, of the outcome of reforms to the institutional structure of government.
Conclusions
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of the political and economic hyberalization that has been implemented in our two countries, under what conditions can decentralization become a catalyst for development? Our initial framework postulated that much of the secret of success or failure would he in the interactions of economic and political processes. We also suggested that the nature of interactions in a different sense, between the different levels of government, would be crucial, and that central government would need to continue to play a strong role, particularly in the social sector. We argued that these issues had to be explored through detailed observation of empirical processes, which makes generalization a matter to be handled with care. But we have found it possible to draw general conclusions.
Legitimacy
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principle of subsidiarity was incorporated into the ECT through the Maastricht Treaty, signed by the representatives of the Member States on 7 February 1992. The incorporation of subsidiarity within the Treaty followed the debate on the Community’s Legitimacy between the Member States from the end of the 1980s onwards. This debate was prompted by the overall awareness of the dimensions that the process of growth had by then taken place. As shown in the previous Chapter, the Community experienced a dramatic expansion of its regulatory activities during the SEA period. By itself, this fact would be almost irrelevant. However, as noted above, this expansion took place in a procedural context dominated, if not by the reality of majority voting, then at least by the real threats by Member States to implement the principle. In the period prior to the SEA, Member States had the guarantee that Community powers would not develop if a single Member State opposed it. Before 1966, unanimity was established by the Treaty for almost all cases of Community intervention. After 1966, the Luxembourg compromise came to mean that this institutional status quo was to be maintained. However, the Single European Act dramatically changed this state of affairs. Member States, prompted by the European Commission,1 decided to re-incorporate and even extend majority voting.
Subsidiarity in Maastricht
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the reform of the Treaties that took place in Maastricht, the Member States decided to introduce into the Community legal order a new Article (Article 3b, now Article 5) of the ECT, whose second paragraph reads as follows: In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.
Animals
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuisances caused by animals were common before and during the Industrial Revolution. They were one of the first kinds of statutory nuisance, the wording in its present form being changed only slightly from that used in the J 855 Nuisances Removal Act. Nuisance from animals became particularly acute in towns and cities from the l 840s. An influx of unskilled labourers and service workers who brought pigs, fowl, donkeys and horses with them caused nuisances where humans and animals shared the same domestic space. This added to the over crowding already prevalent in urban environments and was seen as a health risk as well as a nuisance.
Italy: Economic Development through Local Economies
Authors: Burronl Luigi , Trigilia Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of small-firm systems-especially in the form of industrial districts-has attracted attention as a distinctive feature of Italian economic development. The aim of this chapter is to analyse the most recent changes in local economies. Are these productive structures still growing? Or are they facing a decline? Has there been a change in the organization of production and in governance models? We shall show that local production systems continued to grow in the 1990s and increased their role in the Italian economy. However, this process has entailed an increasing variety of organizational models. Traditional industrial districts are still important, especially in the regions of the Third Italy (central and north-east Italy). At the same time new models of networks have grown: local production systems based on the role of a leading large firm (networked firm) or of a few medium-sized firms.
Introduction: Management Consulting as a Knowledge Industry
Authors: Engwall Lars , Kipping Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over recent years interest in management consultancy has grown rapidly. Most of the relevant literature has focused on the expansion or, as some say, explosion of the consulting industry during the last decade of the twentieth century, and has tried to identify the reasons behind this development. Authors contributing to this literature come from a variety of backgrounds. They include academics and journalists as well as practitioners and their associations. Their contributions cover a wide range of issues. Some make attempts to quantify the consulting markets, the major service providers, and their growth rates. Others examine consultancy interventions in particular organizations, or try to provide a general overview of how consultants work-or recipes for how they should work (see details in Kipping and Armbruster (1998), who structure the literature according to the cognitive interests of the authors).
Taxation Research as Political Science Research
Authors: Radaelli Claudio M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taxation is politics. Taxes are an essential component of the budget, affect the distribution of income across social groups, and hit the voter’s pocket- book. The link between taxation and representation is an inherent aspect of democracy. The structure of the tax system reveals the preferences of the government for redistribution and equity. It also shapes the size of the welfare state and the amount of resources available for social protection. Taxes have an impact on economic decisions, and governments may try to use tax policy to encourage certain types of economic behaviour.
Taxation Research as Social Policy Research
Authors: Boden Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a paradigm example of the fact that, to be sensitively understood, taxation must be viewed and researched in its social and organizational contexts. Taxation systems will always be sets of rules and tools that impact upon and are shaped by policies, socioeconomic objectives, and politics. As such, and again as this book explicates, researching taxation is best approached through the medium of a base discipline. In this chapter, I attempt to view taxation through the lens of social policy research. This chapter does four things.
Taxation and Business Strategy
Authors: James Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It is not economical to go to bed early to save candles if the results are twins’ runs an old Chinese proverb. Saving tax can also come at a price. Minimizing tax liability is not an end in its own right and sometimes can have disadvantages in other respects. After discussing some introductory matters, this chapter deals in turn with the ‘textbook approach’ to these issues, developing business strategy including the taxation, ‘the future’, and ﬁnally draws some conclusions.
Microeconomic Approaches to Tax Research
Authors: Macnaughton Alan , Mawani Amin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major reason for this failing in the literature has been the interdisciplinary nature of the problem. Economists and ﬁnance researchers have had a traditional aversion to institutional detail and cannot easily read articles by tax practitioners, while academic accountants and lawyers have until recently not had the graduate-level economics training required to produce the required theoretical and empirical studies.
Producing Good Taxation Research
Authors: Lamb Margaret , Lymer Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this book is ‘to guide and encourage readers to produce more good taxation research’ (Section 1.2). We have made clear our view, shared with our co-authors, that ‘taxation research will be enriched if multidisciplinary perspectives are complemented by interdisciplinary perspectives’ (Section 1.5).
Recognising the Foreign Judgment and Verifying its Status as a Res Judicata
Authors: Barnett Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part A we introduced the generic concept of a res judicata—a final and 2.01 conclusive judicial decision on the merits by a judicial tribunal having competent jurisdiction over the matter in dispute and the parties. We also saw that verifying the res judicata status of a judgment is essential if it is sought to rely upon the judgment for preclusive purposes. However, peculiar to foreign judgments (as opposed to locally obtained judicial decisions) is the requirement that a foreign judgment must first be recognised before it can take effect within the local forum.
In this chapter we will examine the rules for the recognition or registration in England of foreign judgments as supplied by the common law and the common law inspired statutory registration schemes.
Edith Elura Tilton Penrose: Life, Contribution and Influence
Authors: Penrose Perran , Pitelis Christos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edith Elura Tilton was born on 15 November 1914 at Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. Her father, George Tilton, was a road engineer for the Department of Public Works, and was descended from early immigrants to the United States. Her mother, Hazel Sparling, was a descendant of a passenger on the Mayflower. Edith had two brothers, Harvey and Jack. It was a close and supportive family, living in a small town community. For much of the time, the family followed George as he surveyed the new Californian road network (he headed the party that surveyed Highway 1 along the Pacific coast). As a small child Edith spent much of her time in road camps, packing along narrow trails, receiving a basic education in small shacks that served as class rooms. For a child the life was exciting and not without danger: she was about to engage in a close dialogue with a rattlesnake when her mother shot the snake through the head.
Edith’S Garden and a Glass Half-Full: Further Issues
Authors: Pitelis Christos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great as it is, Penrose’s contribution has its own ‘missing links’, and provides scope for potentially fruitful generalisations, extensions and syntheses. Perhaps uniquely interesting is Penrose’s approach, in that the very lens that it provides helps to identify these very missing links and possibilities. The aim of this short concluding chapter is to deal with some such further issues. I hasten to add that this is not an exhaustive ref erence to points raised by others, for example in this volume. Rather I focus on issues that I consider crucial and less discussed.
A problem in English subject-complementation †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present a particular problem for the grammatical description and explanation of subject complementation in English. This problem has so far not found a solution in any of the current theories of grammar, in particular the theory of Government and Binding. I also present a principled solution of this problem, in terms of the theory of Semantic Syntax. The problem, and the essence of its solution, were presented by me in a talk at the MIT Linguistics Department almost twenty years ago. On that occasion, the audience, or at least those who set the tone for the audience, were unwilling to accept the reality of the problem, and thus even less willing to consider the solution proposed. One reason for this negative attitude, I felt at the time, was probably the fact that both the problem and the solution offered were awkward for the theoretical orientation which was then beginning to be developed, in particular X-bar theory. This awkwardness has remained: the problem has so far proved refractory in terms of MIT-based theory, and the solution is at loggerheads with X-bar theory, now as then.
Lexical meaning and presupposition †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not everyone is agreed that lexical meanings are, or can be, complex and are thus open to analysis. Fodor, for example, has claimed for years now that all lexical meanings are one and indivisible. This is, however, not the prevailing opinion. In fact, there is an old tradition, going back to Plato, of lexical analysis, and various systems have been thought up to implement lexical analytic procedures. In fact, systematic comparison of lexical items irresistibly invites analysis. Compare, for example, the three English verbs kill, murder, and assassinate. Whereas kill, following McCawley, can be seen as ‘cause to die’,2 murder clearly is ‘kill’ plus something extra, i.e. ‘kill unlawfully, with malice aforethought’, as the legal definition has it. And, in its turn, assassinate is ‘murder’
Working through the Work of Making Work Mobile
Authors: Cornford James , Pollock Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does the recent application of information communication technologies (ICTs) in higher education, and particularly the emergence of commerciallyoriented, digital, online or virtual universities hold for the future shape of established, campus-based universities? The transformative and increasingly popular view is that, because of the possibility of new and different ways of producing, distributing, and consuming higher education, these new ‘placeless’ institutions have the potential to reshape traditional university methods, relationships, geographies, and perhaps even ‘ethos’. Such a prospect is well captured in the words of Tom Abeles (1998: 606) who describes how: ‘... students who once travelled great distances to listen to lectures of scholars, can now access this knowledge via the world of the internet.’
Mobilizing the European Court of Justice
Authors: Schepel Harm , Blankenburg Erhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Justice Breyer of the US Supreme Court recently described a ‘movement, almost worldwide, toward the realization that people’s liberty and their prosperity depend in part upon strong judicial institutions’. Judges are of course likely to say that their job is important, and even more likely to say that they do not want to be interfered with while doing it. But the statement is more than self-serving rhetoric. And judicial self-confidence is not just an American phenomenon. Increasingly, judges see themselves, in Antoine Garapon’s suggestive formulation, as ‘gardiens de promesses’, keepers of promises.
An Optimality Theory Approach
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6 I described a complex set of descriptive rules that govern the positioning of the PM, as well as those that govern the placement of the clitic -q’a- SUBJV and the PAST clitic, -y/-i (henceforth -y PAST). (I ignore -gi- COND here, since it is obsolete in the dialect I am describing, and because it can easily be accounted for with a constraint similar to that formulated for -q’a- SUBJV.) In Chapter 6 we saw also that linguistic entities that we must recognize as clitics (Chapter 5) can occur inside sequences that we are forced to acknowledge to be single morphemes from a synchronic point of view (Chapter 4). This fact poses a serious challenge for linguistic theory. In this chapter I show that the placement of Udi PMs as endoclitics is similar to the more familiar placement of infixes. Udi clearly attests structures that have not been acknowledged to exist in natural languages, namely endoclitics. Because linguists have not believed that endoclitics existed, we have created linguistic theories that prevent the formation of such structures. It is therefore not surprising that current theories do not lend themselves to accounting for endoclisis. Among current theories known to me, it is Optimality Theory (OT) that best accommodates the facts of Udi endoclisis. No theoretical account of the order of morphemes in Udi will be simple (if it is accurate), since the facts of Udi morpheme order as described in Chapter 6 are not simple. The purposes of this chapter are first to explore the nature of the morphology – syntax interface on the basis of Udi data, second to show that Udi clitic placement can be accounted for within a framework independently proposed for universal grammar, even though, to the best of my knowledge, nothing like the Udi intramorpheme clitics has previously been described, and third to relate Udi endoclisis to what is known of infixes and other related phenomena in other languages.