Designing Multidimensional and Interconnected Multi-Element Nanostructures by Exsolution-Self-Assembly in a Complex Concentrated Oxide
Authors: Guo Huiming , Mead Christopher , Balingit Marquez , Shah Soham , Wang Xin , Xu Mingjie , Tran Ich , Aoki Toshihiro , Samaniego Jack , Abdul-Aziz Kandis Leslie , Lauhon Lincoln , Bowman William J 
Published: February 2024

Complex concentrated oxides (CCOs) are an emerging material class that includes high-entropy oxide (HEOs) and entropy-stabilized oxides (ESOs), whose unprecedented properties stem from disorder-induced distributions in electronic structure and chemistry caused by stabilizing many-cation (typically > 5) solid solutions [1-2]. Integrating these materials into composites with nanoscale tunability will enable tailored (multi)functionality beyond what is possible in a single phase [3]. Here, we demonstrate a novel, highly extensible approach, exsolution self-assembly (ESA), to realize CCO-based nanocomposite thin films with intricate multi-element nanostructures [4]. Using pulsed-laser deposition (PLD), we selectively reduce cations in a 6-cation model perovskite CCO, inducing defect-interaction-driven exsolution and simultaneous self-assembly of metal nanorods and metal-oxide core-shell nanoparticles, depending on film growth conditions. ESA using a CCO precursor enables novel multielement composite morphologies with finely tuned sub-phase chemical composition that are not possible by conventional exsolution or self-assembly independently. By mapping the distribution of distinct sub-phase structure and chemistry with sub-nanoscale electron microscopy and atom probes, we show that Ellingham's model of cation reducibility predicts nanostructure chemical composition while mass transport via extended defects governs local morphology formation. Importantly for various applications, the electronic conductivity of our nanocomposites exceeds 0.1 S/cm at room temperature, with transport correlated to nanostructure formation primarily through B-site cation mixed valency and site occupancy in the CCO matrix.
A correlated analysis using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), geometric phase analysis (GPA) strain mapping, atom probe tomography (APT) with 3D mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to elucidate the fundamental nanostructure formation mechanisms underlying the highly tailorable synthesis approach. We show that the method achieves uniform bulk exsolution with short process time and is manipulated by tuning readily accessible PLD conditions. Detailed characterization resolved the impact of increasing oxygen vacancy concentration and varying cation reducibility on nanostructure self-assembly. For example, metal nanorods grow from the bottom of the thin film to the top surface, with growth restricted by compressive stress exerted by the matrix in the in-plane direction. Metal-oxide core-shell nanoparticles embedded in the matrix form via seed growth effect triggered by metal nanoparticle formation followed by subsequent reduction of additional mobile cations. This work demonstrates a route towards vast morphological tunability and compositional complexity through nanocomposite design of CCO thin films. Given CCOs’ vast combinatorial space, ESA is expected to be highly extensible via application to novel compositions and crystal structures, with the understanding presented here enabling one to take advantage of chemical complexity in a rational way.

References

[1] M. Brahlek...A. Yamamoto (2022) APL Materials.
[2] H. Guo...W. J. Bowman (2022) Journal of Materials Research.
[3] S. Misra and H. Wang (2021) Materials Horizons.
[4] H. Guo...W. J. Bowman (2023) Submitted.

Acknowledgements

H.G., M.B., H.G., X.W., J.D.S. and W.J.B. acknowledge support from American Chemical Society's Petroleum Research Fund (Grant PRF# 61961-DNI), National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER DMR-2042638, NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC DMR-2011967) and UC Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI). L.L. and C.M. acknowledge the NSF MRSEC (DMR-1720139), the Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT via NSF-MRI DMR-0420532 and ONR-DURIP (N00014-0400798, N00014-0610539, N00014-0910781, N00014-1712870) programs), the SHyNE Resource (NSF ECCS-2025633), and the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy (ISEN).