bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact Of Physiotherapy
Authors: Moritz Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decline of function over time is found in most patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). About 50% of patients show evidence of articular damage with radiographic joint space narrowing and/or erosions within the first two years of disease . Early retirement, within three years, has been found in 37% of early cases of rheumatoid arthritis . The main functional limitations pertain to pain, decreased joint motion, muscle weakness, reduced endurance, and limitations in aerobic capacity. The unpredictable course of the disease often causes anxiety and depression, and reduces self-efficacy. Physiotherapy is an essential part of comprehensive management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and there is a growing body of knowledge concerning the efficacy of physiotherapeutic interventions . Most recent research on physiotherapy has focused on exercise therapy.
Patient Education
Authors: Lindroth Ylva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patient education has been defined as ‘a planned learning experience using a combination of methods such as teaching, counseling, and behavior modification techniques which influence patients’ knowledge and health behavior . . .[and which] involves an interactive process which assists patients to participate actively in their health care, and provides them with information about available health service and their use’ . It should be distinguished from primary prevention strategies such as health education and health promotion programs. The latter may be of importance for some forms of arthritis, for example osteoarthritis (weight reduction in obesity) or osteoporosis (increase in calcium intake and physical activity). For patients with chronic disease, the goal of patient education is to minimize the consequences of the disease and maximize the capacity of the individual to enjoy a high quality of life . Even as recently as 1976, the importance of educating arthritis patients was neither acknowledged in medical textbooks, nor mentioned in printed matter on arthritis written expressly for patients .
Health Economics
Authors: Callahan Leigh F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions are highly prevalent, a leading cause of disability, and contribute to substantial economic consequences 1–19. These conditions as a whole impose less of an impact in terms of mortality compared to other chronic conditions, but a considerable burden in terms of morbidity and costs. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the second most prevalent form of arthritis, is a progressive, systemic, chronic disease affecting 0.5–1% of the population 1,20–22. RA results in significant morbidity and mortality14,23. Morbidity includes functional loss, pain and fatigue, substantial psychological and social effects, work disability, and time loss . There are also significant economic consequences associated with RA for individual patients, their families, and society 12,18,19,25–51.
The Cervical Spine
Authors: Casey T H , Crockard H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cervical spine involvement characteristically involves the atlantoaxial complex, the most mobile part of the spine, with the radiological abnormalities being classified into those of atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS), which may be horizontal or vertical in direction. Significant subaxial disease is less common and usually coexists with the above deformities (Fig. 36.1). In many cases these radiological abnormalities remain asymptomatic for years, but these patients nonetheless are at continued risk from a range of neurological complications and even sudden death from medullary compression. Despite the predilection that rheumatoid arthritis has for the cervical spine and the severe consequences that may ensue, there has been surprisingly little work in determining the factors that influence which patients will become myelopathic, and if and when they do, what role has surgery to play.
Genitourinary tract infections in cancer patients
Authors: Nambirajan T , ’Sullivan Joe M O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infections of the genitourinary (GU) tract are a relatively uncommon complication of cancer treatment; however, they can be very debilitating and difficult to treat. In patients with cancer, susceptibility to urinary tract infection (UTI) is contributed to by immunodeficiency secondary to underlying disease, damage to the urothelium from the tumour itself, blockage of normal urinary flow by tumour, and most significantly to toxicity from anticancer therapy. There is a relatively wide spectrum of possible infections of the GU tract in this group of patients. A source of difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of GU syndromes in the cancer patient is that some cancer therapies, in particular pelvic radiotherapy, and certain chemotherapeutic agents, e.g. cyclophosphamide, can mimic the symptoms of bladder infection leading to unnecessary antibiotic therapy. In this chapter we will discuss the spectrum of common pathogens as well as the spectrum of syndromes they cause. This chapter will address some of the common GU infection syndromes that can be complicated by a cancer diagnosis or cancer therapy. The specific management of neutropenic fever and sepsis caused by UTI is discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this text. The clinical syndromes discussed here are pyelonephritis, cystitis, prostatitis, sexually transmitted urethritis, and epididymo-orchitis.
Infections in patients with cancer at the end of life
Authors: McLoughlin Caroline , Watson Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of patients in the last stages of life has been spotlighted in recent years with debates surrounding euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, advance directives, and issues relating to ‘do not resuscitate’ orders. The use of antimicrobials in patients with advanced malignancy has become part of this contentious discussion, in which there is a tendency for their true efficacy to be over, or under emphasized in the heat of debate. Thus, managing infection in patients with advanced malignancy requires both clinical skill, as well as wisdom and flexibility to help patients and their families negotiate this very important part of life which, ‘. . . has a significance out of all proportion to its duration’ (Dame Cicely Saunders 1918–2005). This chapter, focusing on patients with cancer at the end of life, attempts to describe the frequency of infection; the associated risk factors; the most common sites; the range of common infectious organisms encountered; the resulting symptoms; the efficacy of antimicrobials and other interventions; and the management of common infections. It concludes with some algorithms for antimicrobial use.
Head (brain) injury rehabilitation team
Authors: Appleton Richard , Furlong Liz , Baldwin Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovery from a brain injury is not like a recovery from any other injury, as the effects are far more complex and pervasive, and affect a whole range of attributes (Medical Disability Society 1988). These changes can range from the subtle and barely noticed, to being significant and very obvious, fundamentally altering the child ‘s emotional, intellectual, and social behaviour. These changes can be observed both in the acute stage, but more typically, these deficits become obvious and remain long past the point in which a total physical recovery has taken place. In some cases, skills have to be retaught and alternative strategies given, and the child ‘s behaviour may need modifying. At the same time, both the child and family need emotional support and reassurance. Given the wide range of problems that can follow an injury, no one professional group will be able to provide all the relevant advice and support, and the emphasis, therefore, falls on a whole range of different professionals at different stages during the recovery process.
Immediate medical and nursing needs
Authors: Furlong Liz , Sellars Julie , Doyle Tamsyn , Appleton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to identify and discuss the more common immediate nursing and medical issues and needs of the brain-injured child (and their family) following the acute resuscitation period and on transfer to the neurorehabilitation ward. The chapter also outlines and discusses the importance of play as an integral component of the rehabilitation process.
The impact of brain injury on the family
Authors: Demellweek Colin , Appleton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a child suffers a brain injury, other family members are likely to be affected and, indeed, such an injury has been referred to as being a ‘family affair ‘ (Lezak 1988). Family members may be there at the time and place of the injury itself or be called to the hospital afterwards, and even quite a mild head injury appears to cause parents anxiety. In more severe cases, the child may be in a coma and family members may spend long and often uncertain hours at the child ‘s bedside, disrupting family routines. If and when the child emerges from the coma they may, for example, be unable to walk or talk. A lengthy rehabilitation process may then begin, again requiring family members to spend long periods of time in the hospital and suspend or defer other activities.
Oncology
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As well as being an essential attachment in undergraduate medicine programs, oncology has a pervading importance throughout medical education from the undergraduate years and beyond. With the highly acclaimed first edition of this book as a foundation, the second edition presents a clear and compact survey of oncology, which equips students for their oncology attachment, and informs the study of cancer in related disciplines, particularly nursing and radiotherapy. The book also provides the basics for treating cancer patients in the early years as a doctor. Many of those health care professionals involved in the care of patients in the community have given up trying to understand the complexities of oncology management. In part this is due to a lack of familiarity with novel cancer treatments but also due to the centralizing of care at regional tertiary centres. Oncology, An Oxford Core Text provides a gateway to understanding the key issues involved. Online Resource Centre: What are the five commonest cancers, and how might their medical management typically unfold? The On-Line Resource Centre profiles cases of the five major forms of cancer, to increase familiarity with the presentations most likely to seen during attachments. The case studies are interactive, and reflect diagnostic, therapeutic and management pathways. Coverage includes a variety of patient histories, examinations, investigations, features, staging, interventions (surgical, non-surgical and adjuvant), prognosis and outcomes. Multiple choice questions are also available for each category, offering invaluable feedback on the submission of responses. Together, the interactive cases and multiple choice questions consolidate the learning opportunities in the book, allowing students to test and refresh their knowledge.
Oncological surgery
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, many patients suspected of having cancer required surgery to confirm the diagnosis. The ability to perform diagnostic biopsies using radiological guidance or endoscopy now often permit accurate diagnosis without recourse to open surgery. Patient morbidity is significantly reduced now that major diagnostic surgical procedures are often no longer needed and radiological staging is much improved. The number of ‘open and close’ laparotomies for unresectable cancer, for example, has fallen to &lt; 5% in recent years largely because of advances in imaging and laparoscopic techniques.
Patients with breast cancer
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a tumour is small, the prognosis is good, and the smaller the tumour the better the survival. Clinical examination can detect a carcinoma about 1.5 cm in diameter and the hands of an experienced clinician can detect tumours as small as 1.0 cm in diameter. Screening tests should be simple to perform, cheap, easy, and unambiguous to interpret, and able to identify women with cancer and to exclude those without cancer.
Patients with skin cancers
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UVB spectrum (290–320 nm) is the major carcinogenic wavelength. Basal cell carcinomas (BCC), in particular, but also squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), are more prevalent on light-exposed areas of the body, especially the dorsum of the hands and the face. Areas of vitiligo (depigmentation) lead to increased susceptibility. This is a hyperkeratotic tumour, which clinically resembles a squamous cell carcinoma. It usually arises on sun-exposed skin in the central face but may also be seen on the dorsum of the hands and forearms. It is characteristically dome-shaped with a central plug of keratin. It usually has a short history of 2–4 weeks and tends to involute spontaneously over the next 4–5 months, often leaving a scar. These features distinguish it from squamous carcinoma, which has a longer history. If there is doubt, a wedge biopsy may be necessary.
ICPC-2-R
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fully revised and corrected edition of the International Classification of Primary Care 2e (ICPC-2) is indispensible for anyone wishing to use the international classification system for classification of morbidity data in a primary care setting. The concept of ICPC-2 has not been changed but the main body of the actual classification has been completely revised to reflect the adequate use for an individual patient record and for research purposes. This now brings the printed version of ICPC-2 completely in-line with the electronic version previously only available through the Oxford Website for the journal Family Practice. ICPC-2 is patient-oriented rather than disease or provider-oriented. It encompasses both the patient's reason for encounter and the patient's problem. ICPC-2 is extensively used internationally and includes a detailed conversion system for linking the ICPC and ICD-10 codes published by WHO, additional inclusion criteria, and cross-referencing rubrics. ICPC-2 has been developed based on the recognition that building the appropriate primary care systems to allow the assessment and implementation of health care priorities is possible only if the right information is available to health care planners.
The capsaicin receptor controls sensitivity and stimulated neuropeptide release in rodent meninges
Authors: Reeh P W , Zimmermann K , Fischer M J M , Sauer S , Messlinger K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the consensus that headaches derive from activation of meningeal primary nociceptive afferents of trigeminal nerves, we introduced a simple isolated rodent skull preparation that exposes most of these nerve fibers and allows us to assess their lump activity by measuring their neuropeptide release. The majority of these thin sensory fibers contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that is continuously released to a small degree and vividly secreted upon adequate stimulation. Release sites are the sensory terminals in the dura mater, but by analogy to other preparations trigeminal ganglion cells and axons of meningeal nerves can also be assumed to contribute to the vesicular exocytosis of CGRP into the subdural, arachnoideal, cleft.
Cytokines in inflammatory pain
Authors: Sommer Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytokines are extracellular signaling proteins which mediate activation of the immune system and inflammatory responses. They can be produced in many cell types and provide a means of communication between the immune system and the nervous system. Cytokines comprise the interleukins (IL), the tumor necrosis factors, the chemokines (CXC, CC, and other subfamilies), the interferons (IFN), and the mesenchymal growth factors (transforming growth factor (3, TGF(3, and others). Cytokines act at hormonal concentrations through high-affinity receptors and produce endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects onto nearby cells. Their activation is relevant in a variety of inflammatory diseases, for example sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’ s disease, multiple sclerosis, and leprosy. Recently, evidence has emerged that cytokines are involved in the generation of pain and hyperalgesia in inflammatory and neuropathic conditions.
Vascular and neuronal mechanisms related to the trigeminovascular system
Authors: Edvinsson Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache, other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and other primary headaches. At present migraine and cluster headache are considered as neurovascular headaches in which the trigeminal cervical complex is involved. Although the exact causes of the primary headaches remain unknown, some pieces of the pathophysiological puzzle are starting to fall into place, particularly after a series of elegant positron emission tomography (PET) studies. During the last 20 years there has been a heated debate as to whether the primary headaches are neurogenic or vascular in origin. However, current molecular and functional studies suggest a way to incorporate the different aspects into an integrated hypothesis as neurovascular headaches.
Central projections of sensory innervation of the rat superior sagittal sinus
Authors: Liu Yi , Broman, Jonas , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central projections of the rat superior sagittal sinus (SSS) sensory innervation were studied by transganglionic tract tracing techniques. Cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was applied on the overlying dura of the SSS and labelled terminations in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord were examined under the light microscope. Labelled cell bodies were seen bilaterally in the trigeminal ganglia and in the C2 dorsal root ganglia following both CTb and WGA-HRP applications. In the brainstem, labelled terminations were mainly found in the caudal and interpolar parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. In the CTb cases, terminations were also found in the dorsolateral part of the cuneate nucleus.
Migraine facilitates high frequency of tension-type headache
Authors: Russell Michael Bjørn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A random sample of 3000 men and 1000 women, 40 years old, and residing in 11 municipalities around the Copenhagen County Hospital in Glostrup was drawn from the Danish Central Person Registry. The sample size was reduced to 3985 owing to decease (n = 2) and an error in the address list (n = 13). The total population of the sampling area was 328,070, i.e. 54 per cent of the Copenhagen County population and 6 per cent of the total Danish population.
Efficacy of eletriptan in improving functional impairment in migraine Results using a multidimensional functional and work productivity battery
Authors: Silberstein S D , Cady R K , Sheftell F D , Almas M , Parsons B , Albert K S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional impairment is one of the core criteria for diagnosing migraine. The WHO Burden of Illness survey rates migraine as one of the top 20 most disabling disorders in developed countries.Despite its importance as a key outcome domain, clinical trials in migraine typically evaluate the effect of treatment on attack-related disability using a single-item Functional Impairment Scale (FIS), which rates severity of impairment on a four-point scale. Consequently, very little information is available regarding the extent to which migraine might differentially affect individual functional domains (social, occupational, recreational, cognitive and psychomotor, etc.).
Protozoa
Authors: Knight-Jones, W , Wright J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protozoa form a subdivision of the Kingdom Protista, which comprises organisms not divided into different kinds of cells. Their general characters are treated in most introductory textbooks of biology, so knowledge of these can be assumed. Their diversity in the sea is vast, but here we omit the five exclusively parasitic phyla recognized by Levine et al. (1980). We deal only with benthic representatives of the two remaining phyla, Sarcomastigophora (flagellates and rhizopods) and Ciliophora (ciliates).
Geological Context and Palaeoenvironments
Authors: Isaac Glynn Ll. , Behrensmeyer Anna k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geological studies contribute to the understanding of the archaeological record by providing information on such topics as the sequence and chronology; the palaeogeographic settings of sites, both regional and local; and site-formation processes (i.e. the mechanisms whereby artefacts, bone assemblages, and associated materials enter the stratified record by becoming encased in sediment, with or without displacement). This chapter will deal with these topics in general, regional terms. During the course of research into the sedimentary history and palaeoenvironments of the Koobi Fora formation, three different levels of resolution have emerged as critical to comprehensive understanding of the depositional record. we will refer to these as the micro-scale, intermediate, and macro-scale approaches to stratigraphy and palaeogeographic reconstruction. The first part of this chapter provides summaries of the macrostratigraphy of the whole sedimentary formation in which the archaeological evidence is embedded.
The Artefact Assemblages in the Light of Experimental Studies
Authors: Toth Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides information on the nature of the stone technologies from the Koobi . Fora assemblages, using experimentation as a means to advance understanding of how the artefacts from these early assemblages were manufactured. It will also report on enquiries as to the possible roles of stone artefacts in early hominid adaptation. The research operations reported in this chapter represent a holistic approach to lithic technology in which the technology is treated as a system. Materials flow through the system, starting with the selection and acquisition of raw materials and going on through various modifying actions to eventual discard or abandonment, after which geological and taphonomic processes begin to operate. The chapter has three major components: (1) studies of raw materials; (2) studies of artefact manufacture; and (3) studies of artefact use and discard.
Aspects of the foliose lichen flora of the southern-central coast of Sao Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Marcelli M P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The southern-central littoral of Sao Paulo State at 23°25 ‘S has an equatorial climate with 2000 ±500 mm annual rainfall. Principal habitats for lichens include mangroves and restinga formations, rocky shores, and urban environments and substrates. The present work compares the foliose lichen floras of these habitats. At present 161 species in 28 genera are recognized, most of them (84 per cent) foliose. The family Parmeliaceae contributes some 56 per cent of the foliose lichen flora, followed by Physciaceae (17 per cent), Pannariaceae (7 percent), Stictaceae, Coccocarpiaceae, Collemataceae, and others. Fruticose species (Usnea and Ramalina) account for only about 14 per cent of the flora. Parmeliaceae are much more abundant than any other family and Parmotrema alone represents 66 per cent of that family with many species of the P. gardneri complex. All species with cyanobacterial symbionts are found in mangroves. Many species with green algae are specific to certain habitats, substrates or hosts. Higher air humidity and wind protection are necessary for most of the species to become fertile.