bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐medication in a Portuguese urban population: a prevalence study
Authors: Paula Martins Ana , da Costa Miranda Ana , Mendes Zilda , Soares Maria Augusta , Ferreira Patrícia , Nogueira Ana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo determine the prevalence of self‐medication in a Portuguese urban population. To assess the feasibility of performing these studies in community pharmacies.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was chosen to collect information about demography, use of health services and drug utilization in a sample of pharmacy user‐purchasers in a pre‐determined period of time.ResultsThe proportion of pharmacies which participated in the study was 18.3% (11 from 60 invited) in Lisbon and 37.5% (15 of 40 invited) in Porto. Among the 3312 selected patients, only 2.6% (n = 114) refused to participate. The prevalence of self‐medication was found to be 26.2%. The distribution of self‐medication by gender was 28.4% for males and 25.2% for females. Use of self‐medication was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.001) among individuals aged between 10 and 49 years. The main therapeutic groups used for self‐medication, according to the ATC classification, were throat preparations, cough and cold preparations, stomatological preparations (antiinfectives and corticosteroides for local oral treatment), laxatives, analgesics, dermatological preparations, vitamins, mineral supplements and other alimentary tract and metabolism products.ConclusionsIn the urban areas under study the overall prevalence of self‐medication was 26.2%. Predictive factors for self‐medication seem to be, a high level of education, professional status and length of waiting times for a medical consultation in cases of a severe health problem. Further research on this subject is needed to confirm the reproducibility of these results, since potential selection bias could have been introduced due to the method used for patient selection. Pharmacoepidemiologic research is feasible in Portuguese community pharmacies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of acrylic latex/nano‐SiO2 composites
Authors: Xiong Mingna , Wu Limin , Zhou Shuxue , You Bo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAcrylic/nano‐silica composite latexes were prepared by blending via high shear stirring (SS) or ball milling (BM) and in situ polymerization (IS). For comparison, composites filled with micro‐silica were also prepared. The mechanical and optical properties of the polymers formed by the composite latex filled with nano‐ or micro‐silica were investigated using an Instron testing machine, by dynamic mechanical analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron micrography. The results showed that SS and BM methods could obtain better nanocomposite latex and polymers than the IS method, characterized by better dispersion of nanoparticles, higher tensile strength and Tg for SS and BM than for IS. The increase in absorbance and reduction in transmittance of UV (290–400 nm wavelength) were observed as nano‐silica content increased, whereas the UV absorbance or transmittance basically were kept unchanged for the composites filled with micro‐silica.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A comprehensive needs assessment to facilitate prevention of school drop out and violence
Authors: Hunt Mary Helen , Meyers Joel , Davies Gwen , Meyers Barbara , Grogg Kathryn Rogers , Neel John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present study addresses school violence and school drop out and proposes that the underlying factor of school connectedness/school climate should guide preventive and intervention efforts. Data were gathered from five schools in a small city school district in north Georgia. Group and individual interviews served as the basis for constructing a 78‐item district‐wide survey administered to 304 school employees. Data are presented on individual items from the survey. Principal components analysis revealed five distinct factors: school connectedness/positive school climate, causes of violence, causes of school drop out, interventions for drop out, and interventions for violence. The principal components analysis was the basis for construction of a revised scale. Differences between revised scale scores were noted as a function of whether respondents were from central office, elementary or secondary schools. The five revised scales had correlation ranging from .31 to .59. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The preparation of school psychologists for crisis intervention
Authors: Allen Melissa , Jerome Annette , White Adrianne , Marston Stephanie , Lamb Shannon , Pope Debbi , Rawlins Carrie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSchool psychologists (N = 276, 81% return rate) were surveyed regarding the following aspects of crisis intervention: (a) university preparation, (b) continuing professional development, and (c) current involvement with school crisis plans and crisis teams. Of those receiving university training, 58% believed they were minimally prepared or not at all prepared to deal with school crises. Only 2% reported being well prepared or very well prepared. Data analyses indicated increased university training in recent years, particularly with practicum/internship experiences related to crisis intervention. Approximately 81% of school psychologists participated in local training for crisis intervention as part of continuing professional development. Although 91% of school psychologists worked in districts with crisis plans in place, only 53% participated on crisis teams. Suicide, violence, and school district crisis plans were recommended as high priority topics for future academic training. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Winning the battle and losing the war: Examining the relation between grade retention and dropping out of high school
Authors: Jimerson Shane R. , Anderson Gabrielle E. , Whipple Angela D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this investigation is to provide a comprehensive review of dropout research that examines grade retention within both associative and predictive models. A systematic review of seventeen studies examining dropping out of high school prior to graduation demonstrates that grade retention is one of the most powerful predictors of dropout status. The discussion addresses the discrepancies among the perspectives of many educational professionals regarding the effectiveness of grade retention and deleterious long‐term correlates. The transactional model of development is presented, which emphasizes developmental trajectories over time, in order to facilitate the interpretation of the association between grade retention and school withdrawal. Educational professionals, teachers, researchers, parents, and policymakers considering the efficacy of grade retention are encouraged to consider the implications of these findings. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity research literature in school psychology: 1990–1999
Authors: Miranda Antoinette Halsell , Gutter Pamela B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study is an extension of an initial study conducted by Wiese Rogers in 1992 that examined the diversity literature in school psychology journals. The purpose of this study was to review all research published in four major school psychology journals during the decade of the 90s for diversity content to determine if there had been an increase. Results indicated that 10.6% of the articles have diversity as a focus, a slight increase over Wiese Rogers's findings. Assessment continues to be the area that has the greatest number of diversity articles. Six reasons are proposed for the continued gap in the literature base. Implications for the field of school psychology and suggestions for increasing diversity articles are provided. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of the tricyclo[5.3.1.13,9]dodeca‐1,5‐diyl dication: attempts to prepare a novel µ‐H cation
Authors: Taeschler C. , Parvez M. , Sorensen T. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe tricyclo[5.3.1.13,9]dodeca‐3,7‐diyl dication (6) was prepared in situ and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Reaction of this dication with isopentane, NaBH4 or H2, in an attempt to prepare the µ‐H cation 7, did result in hydride transfer, but to the ‘outside’ face of the dication, leading to the conventional monocation 8, or rearrangement products of this. This monocation was independently prepared, and is thermally less stable than the dication, rearranging to the 2‐ethyl‐2‐adamantyl cation (19) at −60 °C, ΔG‡ = 16.0 ± 0.6 kcal mol−1. The 2‐methyltricyclo[4.3.1.13,7]undec‐2‐yl cation (20), a likely intermediate in this rearrangement, was also independently prepared and shown to rearrange to 19, ΔG‡ = 14.4 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1, consistent with a stepwise rearrangement process for 8→[20]→19. The structures of dication 6 and monocation 8 were investigated by high‐level ab initio calculations, and modeling studies were carried out to look at the factors that allow dications such as 6 to even be prepared. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of formation and decomposition of substituted 1‐phenylpyrrolidin‐2‐ones in basic medium
Authors: Sedlák Milos̆ , Hejtmánková Ludmila , Kas̆parová Pavla , Kaválek Jaromír 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study of chemical behaviour of substituted 4‐chloro‐N‐phenylbutanamides in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide showed that the substrate first undergoes ring closure to give substituted 1‐phenylpyrrolidin‐2‐ones, which are subsequently hydrolysed to substitution derivatives of sodium 4‐amino‐N‐phenylbutanoates. Kinetic measurements provided the values of dissociation constants pKa and cyclization rate constants kc in water at 25 °C for 2‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)butanamide [pKa = 11.64 ± 0.01; kc = (1.94 ± 0.03) × 10−2 s−1], 4‐chloro‐N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)butanamide [pKa = 13.35 ± 0.02; kc = (1.60 ± 0.02) × 10−2 s−1] and 4‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)butanamide [pKa = 13.55 ± 0.03; kc = (7.61 ± 0.11) × 10−2 s−1]. The pKa and kc values of individual derivatives differ depending on the substitution at the α‐position of the butanamide skeleton. In methanolic sodium methoxide solutions, the course of ring closure of 2‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)butanamide is of similar nature but slower [K = 60.10 ± 0.08 and kc = (6.52 ± 0.05) × 10−3 s−1]. The subsequent hydrolyses of substituted 1‐phenylpyrrolidin‐2‐ones to substituted 4‐aminobutanoic acids also have different courses with different derivatives and depend on the substituents in the aromatic and/or heterocyclic moiety. The rate‐limiting step of hydrolysis of 1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐one consists of the non‐catalysed decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate. In the case of 3‐bromo‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐one at sodium hydroxide concentrations below 0.1 mol l−1, the rate‐limiting step is the second reaction pathway, i.e. the hydroxide ion‐catalysed decomposition of the tetrahedral intermediate. At sodium hydroxide concentrations above 0.1 mol l−1, the rate‐limiting step shifts to formation of the tetrahedral intermediate. This formation of the intermediate is 140 times slower than its hydroxide ion‐catalysed decomposition [k3/k−1 = (1.40 ± 0.04) × 102 l mol−1]. Introduction of a 3‐bromo substituent into 1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐one results in acceleration of all the reaction steps of hydrolysis and increases the acidity of the intermediate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational features of a furyl‐substituted bis(tetrahydroindenyl)zirconium dichloride system
Authors: Dreier Thorsten , Hannig Frithjof , Erker Gerhard , Bergander Klaus , Fröhlich Roland 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTreatment of 2‐(5‐methyl‐2‐furyl)tetrahydroindenyllithium with ZrCl4 gave bis[2‐(5‐methyl‐2‐furyl)tetrahydroindenyl]zirconium dichloride (8). Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a Cp‐furyl rotational barrier of ΔG≠Arrot (148 K) = 6.8 ± 0.4 kcal mol−1. The x‐ray crystal structure analysis of 8 showed the presence of a rac‐like metallocene conformation in which the furyl rings are oriented coplanar with the Cp moiety of the tetrahydroindenyl ligand systems, but the two furyl rings are oriented differently: one has the oxygen atom oriented toward the open front side, whereas the other has the furyl oxygen pointing toward the narrow back side of the bent metallocene wedge. The 8–MAO Ziegler–Natta catalyst system produces an atactic polypropylene oil. Copyright­© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional polymers by living anionic polymerization
Authors: Jagur‐Grodzinski Joseph 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe application of living anionic polymerization techniques for the functionalization of polymers and block copolymers is reviewed. The attachment of functional groups to polymeric chains of predetermined lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions is described. Carboxyls, hydroxyls, amines, halogens, double bonds, and many other functional groups can be placed at one or two ends in the center or evenly spaced along polymeric chains. Subsequent transformations of the functional groups further contribute to the versatility of such treatments. General methods based on the use, as terminators, of substituted haloalkanes, as well as the addition of living polymers or their initiators to diphenylethylenes, substituted with appropriate functional groups or molecules, are discussed. Another approach, based on the living polymerization of monomers with protected functional groups, is also discussed. It has been used for the preparation of polymers and copolymers with evenly spaced functional groups. The combination of living anionic polymerization techniques with controlled radical and cationic polymerizations is also described. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2116–2133, 2002
Reactivity of common functional groups with urethanes: Models for reactive compatibilization of thermoplastic polyurethane blends
Authors: Lu Qi‐Wei , Hoye Thomas R. , Macosko Christopher W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo model urethane compounds, dibutyl 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl carbamate) (BMB) and dioctyl 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl carbamate) (OMO) were prepared by capping 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) with n‐butanol and n‐octanol, respectively. The reactions of the two model urethane compounds with several small monofunctional compounds as well as two model poly(ethylene glycols) were carried out with neat mixtures at elevated temperatures. The ranking of reactivity of the functional groups with the urethanes was determined as follows—primary amine > secondary amine ≫ hydroxyl ∼ acid ∼ anhydride ≫ epoxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used for the quantitative analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to complement the NMR analysis. Conversions of carbamate in each reaction were monitored over time at constant temperature (200 °C). The reactions between OMO and primary amine were conducted at 170, 180, 190, and 200 °C and best described with a second‐order bimolecular reaction model. The rate constant was estimated to be 1.8 × 10−3 L · mol−1 · s−1 and activation energy 115 kJ · mol−1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2310–2328, 2002
Star‐shaped polymers by Ru(II)‐catalyzed living radical polymerization. II. Effective reaction conditions and characterization by multi‐angle laser light scattering/size exclusion chromatography and small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Baek Kyung‐Youl , Kamigaito Masami , Sawamoto Mitsuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStar poly(methyl methacrylate)s (P*) of various arm lengths and core sizes were synthesized in high yields by the polymer linking reaction in Ru(II)‐catalyzed living radical polymerization. The yields of the star polymers were strongly dependent on the reaction conditions and increased under the following conditions: (1) at a higher overall concentration of arm chains ([P*]), (2) with a larger degree of polymerization (DP) of the arm chains (arm length), and (3) with a larger ratio (r) of linking agents to P* (core size). In particular, the yields sharply increased in a short time at a higher temperature, in a polar solution, and at a higher complex concentration after the addition of linking agents. These star polymers were then analyzed by multi‐angle laser light scattering to determine the weight‐average molecular weight (3.8 × 103 to 1.5 × 106), the number of arm chains per molecule (f = 4–63), and the radius of gyration (Rz = 2–22 nm), which also depended on the reaction conditions (e.g., f and Rz increased as [P*], DP, and r increased). Small‐angle X‐ray scattering analyses of the star polymers showed that they consisted of spheres for which the radius of the microgel core was 2.7 nm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2245–2255, 2002
Synthesis and properties of new aromatic poly‐(ether benzoxazole)s from 2,2′‐bis(4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenoxy)biphenyl and aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides
Authors: Imai Yoshio , Maeda Yasumasa , Takeuchi Hisashi , Park Ki‐Hong , Kakimoto Masa‐aki , Kurosaki Toshikazu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new bis(o‐aminophenol) with a crank and twisted noncoplanar structure and ether linkages, 2,2′‐bis(4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenoxy)biphenyl, was synthesized by the reaction of 2‐benzyloxy‐4‐fluoronitrobenzene with biphenyl‐2,2′‐diol, followed by reduction. Biphenyl‐2,2′‐diyl‐containing aromatic poly(ether benzoxazole)s with inherent viscosities of 0.52–1.01 dL/g were obtained by a conventional two‐step procedure involving the polycondensation of the bis(o‐aminophenol) monomer with various aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides, yielding precursor poly(ether o‐hydroxyamide)s, and subsequent thermal cyclodehydration. These new aromatic poly(ether benzoxazole)s were soluble in methanesulfonic acid, and some of them dissolved in m‐cresol. The aromatic poly(ether benzoxazole)s had glass‐transition temperatures of 190–251 °C and were stable up to 380 °C in nitrogen, with 10% weight losses being recorded above 520 °C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2656–2662, 2002
Impact‐specific essential work of fracture of maleic anhydride‐compatibilized polypropylene/elastomer blends and their composites
Authors: Tjong Sie Chin , Xu Shi‐Ai , Mai Yiu‐Wing 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCharpy drop‐weight‐impact and essential work of fracture (EWF) characteristics of maleic anhydride (MA)‐compatibilized styrene–ethylene butylene–styrene (SEBS)/polypropylene (PP) blends and their composites reinforced with short glass fibers (SGFs) were investigated. MA was grafted to either SEBS copolymer (SEBS‐g‐MA) or PP (PP‐g‐MA). The mPP blend was prepared by the compounding of 95% PP and 5% PP‐g‐MA. Drop‐weight‐impact results revealed that the mPP specimen had an extremely low impact strength. The incorporation of SEBS or SEBS‐g‐MA elastomers into mPP improved its impact strength dramatically. Similarly, the addition of SEBS was beneficial for enhancing the impact strength of the SGF/SEBS/mPP and SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/mPP hybrids. A scanning electron microscopy examination of the fractured surfaces of impact specimens revealed that the glass‐fiber surfaces of the SGF/SEBS/mPP and SGF/SEBS‐g‐MA/mPP hybrids were sheathed completely with deformed matrix material. This was due to strong interfacial bonding between the phase components of the hybrids associated with the MA addition. Impact EWF tests were carried out on single‐edge‐notched‐bending specimens at 3 m s−1. The results showed that pure PP, mPP, and the composites only exhibited specific essential work. The nonessential work was absent in these specimens under a high‐impact‐rate loading condition. The addition of SEBS or SEBS‐g‐MA elastomer to mPP increased both the specific essential and nonessential work of fracture. This implied that elastomer particles contributed to the dissipation of energy at the fracture surface and in the outer plastic zone at a high impact speed of 3 m s−1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1881–1892, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of organosoluble, thermoplastic elastomer/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Pramanik M. , Srivastava S. K. , Samantaray B. K. , Bhowmick A. K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe synthesized organosoluble, thermoplastic elastomer/clay nanocomposites by making a jelly like solution of ethylene vinyl acetate containing 28% vinyl acetate (EVA‐28) and blending it with organomodified montmorillonite. Sodium montmorillonite (Na+‐MMT) was made organophilic by the intercalation of dodecyl ammonium ions. X‐ray diffraction patterns of Na+‐MMT and its corresponding organomodified dodecyl ammonium ion intercalated montmorillonite (12Me‐MMT) showed an increase in the interlayer spacing from 11.94 to 15.78 Å. However, X‐ray diffraction patterns of the thermoplastic elastomer and its hybrids with organomodified clay contents up to 6 wt % exhibited the disappearance of basal reflection peaks within an angle range of 3–10°, supporting the formation of a delaminated configuration. A hybrid containing 8 wt % 12Me‐MMT revealed a small hump within an angle range of 5–6° because of the aggregation of silicate layers in the EVA‐28 matrix. A transmission electron microscopy image of the same hybrid showed 3–5‐nm 12Me‐MMT particles dispersed in the thermoplastic elastomer matrix; that is, it led to the formation of nanocomposites or molecular‐level composites with a delaminated configuration. The formation of nanocomposites was reflected through the unexpected improvement of thermal and mechanical properties; for example, the tensile strength of a nanocomposite containing only 4 wt % organophilic clay was doubled in comparison with that of pure EVA‐28, and the thermal stability of the same nanocomposite was higher by about 34 °C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2065–2072, 2002
Effects of a brief intervention on social support and psychiatric morbidity in breast cancer patients
Authors: Simpson J. Steven A. , Carlson Linda E. , Beck Cynthia A. , Patten Scott 
Published: October 2002

Abstract(1) To cross‐sectionally and longitudinally investigate relationships between the availability and adequacy of both close personal attachment and interactional support, and psychiatric morbidity in a sample of early stage breast cancer patients participating in a 6‐week psychoeducational intervention. (2) To address the question of directionality in these longitudinal relationships. (3) To investigate the effects of the intervention on levels of social support.Eighty‐nine women were enrolled in the study, and randomly assigned to either the treatment or control condition. They were evaluated with the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the Symptom Checklist (SCL) –90‐R, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R (SCID) at three time periods: baseline (pre‐intervention), 1 year post‐intervention and 2 years post‐intervention. Relationships between social support and the psychiatric measures were evaluated both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally.Cross‐sectionally, there were strong associations at each time period between being diagnosed with a DSM‐III‐R Axis I disorder and having less adequate perceived social support from both close relationships and more distant social ties. Initial levels of psychiatric symptoms on the BDI and GSI were better predictors of later social support than initial social support variables were of later psychiatric symptoms. Participation in the group intervention did not result in changes in social support at 1 or 2 years post‐intervention.Cross‐sectionally, there was a strong relationship between social support and psychiatric morbidity in these patients with early‐stage breast cancer. Longitudinally, it appeared that although social support influenced psychiatric symptomatology somewhat, the influence of psychiatric symptoms on social support was greater. This illustrates the importance of both working to bolster social support and dealing with psychiatric symptomatology in this population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.