Оценка состояния чернозема обыкновенного после применения биоудобрений, гуминовых веществ и мелиорантов по биологическим показателям
Authors: Минин Н.С. , Минникова Т.В. , Колесников С.И. 
Published: January 2025

Применение минеральных удобрений и пестицидов часто приводит к нежелательным и необратимым последствиям для состояния почвы. Альтернативой химизации сельского хозяйства является применение биопрепаратов, гуминовых веществ и мелиорантов. В работе изучается, как биопрепараты, гуминовые вещества и мелиоранты влияют на скорость разложения остатков пшеницы в почве, а также их воздействие на экологическое состояние почвы, оцениваемое по микробиологическим и биохимическим параметрам. Исследование было проведено в условиях модельного эксперимента. В подготовленную почву вносили биоудобрения: «СоткА чернозема», «Микорад NEMATO 3.1 БАК», «Азотовит», «Микориза», пестициды «Триходерма Вериде», «Имуназот», «БИОкомплекс Диатомит», «Поливерсин» и гумат калия. В почву с биопрепаратами также вносили измельченные пожнивные остатки озимой пшеницы. Для оценки экологического состояния изучали: целлюлозолитическую активность, активность каталазы, дегидрогеназ, инвертазы, уреазы и фосфатазы, общую численность бактерий, обилие бактерий рода Azotobacter, интенсивности начального роста и развития семян ячменя. Внесение препаратов «Микорад NEMATO 3.1 БАК» и «СоткА чернозема» наиболее эффективно стимулировало численность бактерий в почве, увеличив ее на 128 и 121 % соответственно. «Азотовит» (115 %), «Имуназот» (113 %) и «БИО-комплекс Диатомит» (110 %) тоже показали положительные результаты, но уступали по эффективности первым двум препаратам. Проведенные исследования демонстрируют, что сочетание биопрепаратов с послеуборочными остатками озимой пшеницы способствовало ускорению процессов минерализации растительных тканей и повышению энергии прорастания, длины побегов и корневой системы ячменя, а также оказывает значительное стимулирующее воздействие на активность ключевых ферментов углеводного и окислительно-восстановительного обмена. Препарат «СоткА чернозема» продемонстрировал наибольшую активность, увеличив уровень инвертазы на 28 % и дегидрогеназы на 35 % по сравнению с почвами без пожнивных остатков. При увеличении активности инвертазы на 24 % и дегидрогеназы на 31 % «Микорад NEMATO 3.1 БАК» также показал положительное влияние на ферментативную активность. «БИО-комплекс Диатомит» с добавлением пожнивных остатков увеличивал активность инвертазы на 14 % и дегидрогеназы на 18 %, в то время как без остатков – на 8 и 12 % соответственно. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для разработки эффективных биологических препаратов, направленных на улучшение агрохимических характеристик почвы и повышение продуктивности сельскохозяйственных культур
The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides often results in undesirable and irreversible consequences for soil quality. An alternative to the chemicalization of agriculture is the application of biopreparations, humic substances, and ameliorants. This study investigates how biopreparations, humic substances, and ameliorants affect the decomposition rate of wheat residues in soil, as well as their impact on the ecological status of the soil, assessed through microbiological and biochemical parameters. The study was carried out under controlled experimental conditions. Biofertilizers such as "SotkA chernozem", "Mycorad NEMATO 3.1 BAK", "Azotovit", "Mycorrhiza" and pesticides including "Trichoderma Veride", "Imunazot", "BIO-Complex Diatomite", "Polyversin" and potassium humate were applied to the soil. Shredded crop residues from winter wheat were also introduced into the soil with biopreparations. Ecological conditions were assessed by evaluating cellulose-degrading activity, catalase, dehydrogenase, invertase, urease, and phosphatase activities, total bacterial counts, the abundance of Azotobacter species, and the initial growth and development of barley seeds. The application of "Mycorad NEMATO 3.1 BAK" and "SotkA chernozem" most effectively stimulated bacterial population growth, increasing it by 128% and 121 %, respectively. "Azotovit" (115%), "Imunazot" (113 %) and "BIO-Complex Diatomite" (110 %) also demonstrated positive effects, although they were less effective than the first two products. The results show that the combination of biopreparations with post-harvest residues from winter wheat accelerated the mineralization of plant tissues and enhanced the germination energy, shoot length, and root system of barley. Furthermore, it significantly stimulated the activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and redox Научно metabolism. The product "SotkA chernozem" exhibited the highest enzymatic activity, increasing invertase levels by 28 % and dehydrogenase by 3 5% compared to soils without crop residues. "Mycorad NEMATO 3.1 BAK" also had a positive effect on enzymatic activity, with invertase levels increasing by 24 % and dehydrogenase by 31 %. "BIO-Complex Diatomite" with crop residues increased invertase activity by 14 % and dehydrogenase by 18%, while without residues, these increases were 8 and 12 %, respectively. These findings can be used to develop effective biological preparations aimed at improving soil agrochemical properties and enhancing agricultural productivity
The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides often results in undesirable and irreversible consequences for soil quality. An alternative to the chemicalization of agriculture is the application of biopreparations, humic substances, and ameliorants. This study investigates how biopreparations, humic substances, and ameliorants affect the decomposition rate of wheat residues in soil, as well as their impact on the ecological status of the soil, assessed through microbiological and biochemical parameters. The study was carried out under controlled experimental conditions. Biofertilizers such as "SotkA chernozem", "Mycorad NEMATO 3.1 BAK", "Azotovit", "Mycorrhiza" and pesticides including "Trichoderma Veride", "Imunazot", "BIO-Complex Diatomite", "Polyversin" and potassium humate were applied to the soil. Shredded crop residues from winter wheat were also introduced into the soil with biopreparations. Ecological conditions were assessed by evaluating cellulose-degrading activity, catalase, dehydrogenase, invertase, urease, and phosphatase activities, total bacterial counts, the abundance of Azotobacter species, and the initial growth and development of barley seeds. The application of "Mycorad NEMATO 3.1 BAK" and "SotkA chernozem" most effectively stimulated bacterial population growth, increasing it by 128% and 121 %, respectively. "Azotovit" (115%), "Imunazot" (113 %) and "BIO-Complex Diatomite" (110 %) also demonstrated positive effects, although they were less effective than the first two products. The results show that the combination of biopreparations with post-harvest residues from winter wheat accelerated the mineralization of plant tissues and enhanced the germination energy, shoot length, and root system of barley. Furthermore, it significantly stimulated the activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and redox Научно metabolism. The product "SotkA chernozem" exhibited the highest enzymatic activity, increasing invertase levels by 28 % and dehydrogenase by 3 5% compared to soils without crop residues. "Mycorad NEMATO 3.1 BAK" also had a positive effect on enzymatic activity, with invertase levels increasing by 24 % and dehydrogenase by 31 %. "BIO-Complex Diatomite" with crop residues increased invertase activity by 14 % and dehydrogenase by 18%, while without residues, these increases were 8 and 12 %, respectively. These findings can be used to develop effective biological preparations aimed at improving soil agrochemical properties and enhancing agricultural productivity Keywords: biostimulation, model experiment, ecological state, enzymatic activity, microbiological indicators, winter wheat.