bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: Yudkin Patricia , Frumar A. M. , Anderson Anne B. M. , Turnbull A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe labour, delivery and state of the newborn were compared retrospectively in a group of women who had labour induced and a group who started labour spontaneously. There were 200 women at term in each group, individually matched for age, parity and social class and with no medical or obstetric complications prior to labour. The induced group showed a higher incidence of epidural anaesthesia, fetal monitoring and operative delivery. Sixty had forceps deliveries and five had Caesarean sections compared with two forceps deliveries and no Caesarean sections in the ‘spontaneous onset’ group. The higher incidence of operative deliveries in the induced group was not fully explained by the excess of epidurals and fetal monitoring received. More of the babies born after an induced labour had endotracheal intubation during resuscitation.
ULTRASOUND EVIDENCE OF EARLY PREGNANCY FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE CONCEPTIONS
Authors: Varma Thankam R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryI report a review of 1500 pregnant patients: 30 of them (or 1 in 50) were thought to have multiple pregnancies when examined by ultrasound in the first trimester. Only 14 of the 30 patients (46.7 per cent) produced live infants: 13 twins and one set of triplets. Twelve (40 per cent) had bleeding in early pregnancy and 11 of these had a spontaneous abortion. Five of seven patients found to have a normal pregnancy and a coexistent blighted ovum, ultimately delivered a single live infant.
THE SYNTHESIS OF IMMUNOREACTIVE PROLACTIN BY DECIDUA‐CHORION
Authors: Healy D. L. , Kimpton W. G. , Muller H. K. , Burger H. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryNormal term human decidua‐chorion, amnion and placenta were examined for possible synthesis of prolactin (PRL) by organ culture of tissue fragments in medium M199. Before incubation, higher PRL concentrations were found in decidua‐chorion (27.7±5.7 ng/mg protein; mean±SE) and amnion (19.7±6.9 ng/mg protein) than in placenta (3.1±0.5 ng/mg protein; p <0.005). Incubated deciduachorion released significantly more PRL into culture medium than did amnion or placenta. After 72 hours culture, the PRL concentration of decidua‐chorion remained high (17.9±6.4 ng/mg protein); that in amnion (2.3±1.9 ng/mg protein) fell to approach that of placenta (1.4±1.0 ng/mg protein). In further studies, fragments of decidua‐chorion were incubated in medium RPMI 1640 without or with puromycin (0.04 mM) or cycloheximide (0.1 mM). A decrease in medium PRL concentration was observed within four hours of adding these inhibitors of protein synthesis. At four hours, the PRL content of decidua‐chorion cultured in puromycin (12.4±3 8 ng/mg protein) or cycloheximide (11.9±2.9 ng/mg protein) was lower than tissue incubated in medium alone (25.5±4.1 ng/mg protein; p <0.05). Comparable differences in tissue content and medium concentration were also seen at 24 and 72 hours. We conclude that human decidua‐chorion synthesizes a protein immunologically simjlar to PRL and that this tissue may represent the principal source of amniotic fluid PRL.
HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH THE McCUNE‐ALBRIGHT SYNDROME
Authors: Carr D. , Mathie I. K. , Manners A. R. , Colman C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA patient is presented with the syndrome of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and precocious puberty (McCune‐Albright Syndrome). In adult life she developed hyperprolactinaemia with galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea; there was also evidence of excessive secretion of growth hormone.
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF OESTRIOL: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF AMPICILLIN ON PLASMA OESTRIOL LEVELS
Authors: Buchan P. C. , Klopper A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma total oestriol was measured daily before and during ampicillin therapy in five pregnant patients and in eight patients, four of whom were receiving ampicillin, for four days following delivery. Ampicillin caused a fall in plasma oestriol of 25 per cent during the first three days of treatment, thereafter the level remained stable with a lower day‐to‐day variability than in untreated patients. Ampicillin reduced the plasma half life of total oestriol by 60 per cent. This study illustrates how the re‐entry of oestriol from the gut leads to irregular fluctuations in plasma oestriol levels and helps to keep up the plasma concentration of the steroid when inflow from the fetoplacental unit is cut off.
FETAL MOVEMENTS IN SMALL‐FOR‐DATES BABIES
Authors: Jarvis G. J. , MacDonald H. N. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySubjective assessment of daily fetal movement rates is a simple clinical guide to fetal well‐being. Fetal death is unlikely to occur until the rate falls below 10 movements/l2 hours whilst a rate of less than 21 movements/l2 hours is strongly associated with a small‐for‐dates fetus and indicates the necessity for further assessment of placental function.
CLINICAL TRIAL OF A NEW ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILL CONTAINING THE NATURAL OESTROGEN 17β‐OESTRADIOL
Authors: ÅTedt B. , Jeppsson S. , Liedholm P. , Rannevik G. , Svanberg L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe natural oestrogen, 17β‐oestradiol, has been shown not to depress fibrinolysis and apparently has less influence on liver function and lipid metabolism than ethinyl oestradiol, the synthetic oestrogen in conventional‘combined’oral contraceptive tablets. A triple‐blind study was therefore made of 215 women during 2051 treatment cycles with oral contraceptives containing either (i) 4 mg of micronized 17‐oestradiol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netagen 403), (ii) 4 mg 17‐oestradiol plus 2 mg of oestriol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netagen 423) or (iii) 50 μg ethinyl oestradiol and 3 mg norethisterone (Netasyn). There were no pregnancies or thrombotic incidents. The numbers discontinuing treatment were about the same in the three groups, the main reasons being intermenstrual spotting in those on Netagen 423, amenorrhoea and weight gain in those on Netagen 403 and nausea and weight gain in those on Netasyn. The natural oestrogen showed promise as a new and safe component of the‘combined’pill.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIAL OF SINGLE‐DOSE CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS WITH CO‐TRIMOXAZOLE DURING VAGINAL HYSTERECTOMY AND REPAIR
Authors: Mathews D. D. , Agarwal Visantika , Gordon A. M. , Cooper J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwenty‐five patients received 10 ml co‐trimoxazole (800 mg sulphamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim) and 25 a placebo by intravenous infusion during one hour from the commencement of surgery for vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpo‐perineorrhaphy. Single‐dose chemoprophylaxis with co‐trimoxazole was shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of post‐operative febrile morbidity and urinary tract infection, especially that caused by Proteus species.
RECURRENT BOWEL OBSTRUCTION DURING PREGNANCY AFTER ILEO‐JEJUNAL BY‐PASS CASE REPORT
Authors: Cumming D. C. , Wren Frances D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA patient weighing 140 kg had a jejuno‐ileal by‐pass procedure. In two subsequent pregnancies she developed bowel obstruction on a total of three occasions.
A PROSPECTIVE, CONTROLLED TRIAL OF SIX FORMS OF HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY GIVEN TO POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Lind T. , Cameron E. C. , Hunter W. M. , Leon C. , Moran P. F. , Oxley A. , Gerrard J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis study was undertaken to investigate the effect of various forms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) upon postmenopausal women while controlling as many variables as possible. It was felt that the age, duration of amenorrhoea and the general health of the patients should be as comparable as possible and that each patient should provide her own pretherapy and posttherapy control data. In addition, it was felt that any placebo effect should be investigated and the patients were therefore randomly allocated to placebo tablets or one of six available forms of HRT. The age/sex registers of two large general practices were scrutinized and all women between 49 and 54 years of age were asked to cooperate; for a variety of reasons only 56 women were suitable and willing to take part in the project, yielding 8 women for each of the seven possible therapy groups. Blood samples were taken at 7‐day intervals three times before therapy was given and the mean of the three values was used as the control value. The women returned on day 21 of each subsequent therapy cycle for six consecutive months and finally three months after discontinuing therapy. From the data the following broad conclusions can be drawn: (i) some women have classic symptoms of hot flushes and sweating despite high endogenous oestrogen concentrations; (ii) vaginal cytology is a relatively poor indicator of endogenous oestrogen status; (iii) while follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations are reduced on HRT neither is decreased to anywhere near premenopausal values while prolactin is unaffected; (iv) plasma cholesterol levels are reduced on HRT, the pulse rate is slower and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are reduced to a small but significant extent; (v) there is no adverse effect upon blood clotting; and (vi) most women experience significant or complete relief of symptoms on all forms of HRT as do some women taking a placebo. The combined preparations containing an oestrogen and progestogen produced vaginal bleeding in only 80 per cent of the women. Thus protection by regular endometrical shedding may not be afforded to all women. As vaginal bleeding is unacceptable to most women if they can achieve the same symptomatic relief without inducing menstruation, it is suggested that women have a low dose oestrogen preparation prescribed cyclically for 6 to 12 months. If therapy is to be maintained for a longer time, uterine curretage should be undertaken at regular intervals to exclude the possibility of endometrial carcinoma developing.
THE ACCURACY OF COLPOSCOPICALLY DIRECTED BIOPSY IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Kirkup W. , Singer A. , Hill A. Shirley 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWe compared the histological diagnoses of premalignant/malignant lesions of the cervix obtained examining colposcopically directed biopsy material from 201 outpatients with those obtained examining tissues from a subsequent, more extensive operative procedure. In all, 98 per cent of operative diagnoses were never more than one degree in advance of diagnoses made colposcopic biopsy. In all seven patients with invasive or microinvasive squamous carcinoma, the lesion Was suspect at colposcopy and confirmed directed biopsy.
AN UNEXPECTEDLY HIGH RATE OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY FOLLOWING THE INDUCTION OF OVULATION WITH HUMAN PITUITARY AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: McBain J. C. , Eevans J. H. , Pepperell R. J. , Robinson H. P. , Smith Margery A. , Brown J. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySix tubal ectopic pregnancies occurred in a series of 193 pregnancies following ovulation induced with human pituitary gonadotrophin (hPG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The ectopic pregnancy rate of 3.1 per cent is higher than quoted incidences in the general population and occurred in the absence of predisposing factors. There was an association between ectopic pregnancy and elevated urinary oestrogen excretion in the peri‐ovulatory phases of the induced ovulatory cycles. A urinary oestrogen excretion of greater than 200 μg/24 hours on day 0 (the day after hCG was given) was associated with a 10 per cent chance of ectopic pregnancy (P <0.05).
ANTENATAL ATTENDANCE AND SCREENING FOR NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
Authors: Hibbard B. M. , Roberts C. J. , Evans K. T. , Laurence K. M. , Hoole Greta 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn analysis of factors influencing the time of booking at seven hospital antenatal clinics in one Health Authority Area showed that only 52.5 per cent of patients booked before 16 weeks gestation and 78.9 per cent before 19 weeks gestation. The principle reasons for late booking were delay in the patient seeking medical advice and delay in referral to hospital the general practitioner (GP) after pregnancy was confirmed. Possibilities for improving early attendance and hence implementing an effective screening programme for the detection of neural tube defects are discussed.
FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION AND PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Long P. A. , Abell D. A. , Beischer N. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a series of 2434 patients with pre‐eclampsia, the prevalence of fetal growth retardation was 8.7 per cent compared with 8.6 per cent in the total hospital population. The prevalence was increased in early‐onset pre‐eclampsia (18.2 per cent) (P <0.001) and reduced in late‐onset pre‐eclampsia (5.6 per cent) (P <0.00l). In patients who later developed early‐onset pre‐eclampsia with fetal growth retardation, the prevalence of subnormal oestriol excretion was significantly increased (79.5 per cent) (P <0.001) as was the prevalence of hypoglycaemia (33.3 per cent) (P <0.001) suggesting that fetal growth retardation in these pregnancies preceded the clinical signs of pre‐eclampsia. The prevalence of placental abruption (8.3 per cent) and the prevalence of perinatal deaths (28.7 per cent) were both significantly higher in pregnancies with early‐onset pre‐eclampsia and fetal growth retardation (P <0.001).
FETAL BIPARIETAL DIAMETER AND MATERNAL PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF PLACENTAL LACTOGEN, CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN, OESTRIOL, AND ALPHA‐FETOPROTEIN IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Persson P.‐H. , Grennert L. , Gennser G. , Eneroth P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA series of tests for the supervision of pregnancy was evaluated in a prospective study of 93 randomly chosen women. Sixteen of these women (index group) had previously defined complications of pregnancy and/or infants of low birth weight due to preterm delivery or intrauterine growth retardation; the rest provided a normal control group. From the 17th week, fetal cephalometry ultrasound and maternal blood sampling were done every three weeks throughout pregnancy, an average of 9.4 times in every woman. Determinations of the plasma concentrations of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), total oestriol, human placental lactogen (hPL), and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) were later made radioimmunoassays. Deviation of the fetal biparietal diameter more than 3 mm from the expected value was considered abnormal; the normal distributions of plasma levels of the fetal protein and the hormones were established in the local population. The five test parameters remained normal during gestation in the entire control group. Twelve women of the index group had an abnormal level of one or more tests on at least one occasion. Eight fetuses had an impaired growth of the biparietal diameter. AFP levels were above normal in nine women, oestriol values were below normal in three, hPL fell below the normal range in one, and hCG remained normal in the entire index group. AFP levels in maternal plasma and fetal cephalometry seemed to have the highest predictive value for pregnancy complications and the well‐being of the newborn; the lag times from the first positive test result to the onset of clinical signs were 6.6 and 6.1 weeks, respectively. For the prediction of low birth weight, measurement of the AFP concentration in maternal plasma, when done serially during pregnancy, can be substituted for fetal cephalometry.
RELATION BETWEEN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID LECITHIN/SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO, FETAL CORD BLOOD CORTICOSTEROID LEVELS AND THE DURATION OF INDUCED LABOUR
Authors: Whittle M. J. , Hill C. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn serial samples of amniotic fluid from 24 patients in induced labour, the rate of change in the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio correlated significantly with the duration of labour. Cord serum 11‐hydroxycorticosteroid levels were lowest in the group of patients in which the L/S rose during labour, and highest in the group in which the L/S ratio fell. Cord serum 11‐hydroxycorticosteroid levels correlated positively with the duration of labour. It would seem unlikely that the changes in L/S ratio occurring during labour are mediated endogenous corticosteroids.
THE EFFECT OF THE MENOPAUSE ON THE L‐LACTATE‐NICOTINAMIDE‐ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN VAGINAL ASPIRATES
Authors: Emes A. V. , Latner A. L. , Guthrie D. , Philips P. R. , Way S. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLactate dehydrogenase (L‐Iactate‐NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27) activity has been assayed in saline extracts of vaginal aspirates obtained from patients attending a Well Woman Clinic and for whom exfoliative cytology was shown to be unequivocally normal. The majority (76 per cent) of premenopausal patients gave aspirate extracts containing less than 25 m units of enzyme while 71 per cent of postmenopausal patients gave aspirate extracts containing more than 50 m units of enzyme. This difference in distribution of activities was highly significant (P = <0.001). Analysis of the isoenzyme distribution showed that aspirates from postmenopausal patients contained a lower proportion of isoenzyme LDH‐5 (P <0.01) and the M subunit (P <0.03) and a higher proportion of isoenzymes LDH‐3 (P <0.001) and LDH‐4 (P <0.01). There was no significant difference between the social class distributions of the pre‐ and postmenopausal patients. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was not related to social class or patients' multiparity. No difference in the distribution of enzyme activities was found between those premenopausal patients in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, those in the secretory phase and those receiving hormone therapy.
IVALON SPONGE HYSTEROSACROPEXY FOR GENITAL PROLAPSE IN PATIENTS WITH BLADDER EXTROPHY
Authors: Dewhurst John , Toplis P. J. , Shepherd J. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo patients with bladder extrophy are presented. Both had had corrective surgery in childhood and subsequently presented with recurrent procidentia after a previously unsatisfactory repair operation. Both were treated hysteroscaropexy (a new procedure) which is described in detail and when reviewed 12 months later were symptom‐free with good genital tract support.
ANTEPARTUM HAEMOPERITONEUM DUE TO PLACENTA INCRETA CASE REPORT
Authors: Bromham D. R. , Joyce D. N. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA patient is described in whom a placenta increta led to a haemoperitoneum. The diagnosis, made abdominal paracentesis, led to laparotomy and Caesarean hysterectomy at 31 weeks; the child survived. Delay in diagnosis of the haemoperitoneum was mainly due to difficulties in clinical assessment caused an episode of premature labour and maternal psychiatric illness.
FACTORS AFFECTING PLASMA ANGIOTENSIN II CONCENTRATION IN LABOUR
Authors: Symonds E. M. , Pipkin Fiona Broughton 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConcentrations of plasma angiotensin II (All) have been measured in the second stage of labour or before delivery by elective Caesarean section in 134 women and some factors influencing the levels have been assessed. Plasma All concentrations in the second stage of labour were higher than levels previously observed before the onset of labour in both primigravid and multiparous women. Markedly lower levels were found following delivery by elective Caesarean section than following vaginal delivery. Multiparae had higher All concentrations than primigravidae both before the onset of labour and at delivery. Epidural analgesia was associated with significantly lower All concentrations; in primigravidae receiving such analgesia a statistically significant relation was found between All concentration and diastolic blood pressure at delivery. A similar relation was found in the non‐proteinuric patients delivered by Caesarean section. The estimated duration of the second stage of labour was the major factor affecting All concentration in normal multiparae. In both primigravid and multiparous women, All concentrations were markedly raised in association with proteinuria.
RENIN SUBSTRATE, ACTIVE AND ACID‐ACTIVATABLE RENIN CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN PLASMA AND ENDOMETRIUM DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Johnson I. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryRenin substrate, active and total renin concentrations were measured in plasma and endometrial samples obtained from 101 patients, all of whom were having normal menstrual cycles. The endometrial samples were found to contain all of these components of the renin‐angiotensin system in considerably higher concentrations than those found in the plasma. There was no correlation between the plasma and endometrial concentrations of any of these substances and it is suggested that they may be produced locally in the endometrium. A marked increase in the angiotensin producing potential of the endometrium was noted immediately before menstruation, indicating a possible function in the control of endometrial blood flow.
PROLACTIN CHANGES IN MATERNAL PLASMA FOLLOWING TERMINATION BY VACUUM CURETTAGE AND THE EFFECT OF BROMOCRIPTINE TREATMENT ON THESE CHANGES
Authors: Ylikorkala O. , Röounnberg L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTo study the prolactin secretion and its dependence on the sex steroid concentrations during pregnancy, we measured the circulating prolactin, oestradiol‐17β, progesterone and testosterone levels following vacuum curettage for termination of early pregnancy in 10 normal women and in 10 other women whose prolactin levels had been lowered with bromocriptine treatment. In normal women, anaesthesia and vacuum curettage led to consistent and significant (p <0·01) rises in prolactin levels between 0·5 to 5 hours after abortion. This increase was not seen in women treated with bromocriptine whose prolactin level of 8.6±1.4 ng/ml (mean ± SE) before abortion was lower than that of 29.6 ± 6.4 ng/ml found in normal women. The oestradiol and progesterone concentrations decreased rapidly but similarly in both groups of patients following the evacuation of the uterus, whereas the testosterone level did not change significantly. These results indicate: (i) vacuum curettage stimulates prolactin secretion, (ii) the prolactin‐stimulating effect of stress appears to be stronger than the prolactin‐suppressing effect of postabortal oestradiol and/or progesterone declines, and (iii) bromocriptine blocks the stress‐induced prolactin rise.
SALIVA AND BLOOD PETHIDINE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE MOTHER AND THE NEWBORN BABY
Authors: Freeborn S. F. , Calvert R. T. , Black Patricia , Macfarlane T. , D'Souza S. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a group of mothers who received pethidine intramuscularly during labour, drug concentrations were higher in saliva than in blood and there was a significant correlation (p <0.001) between saliva and blood concentrations measured between 1 hour and 4 hours 20 minutes after dosage. In newborn babies, the pethidine concentrations detected in pharyngeal aspirates were higher than those in umbilical arterial or umbilical venous blood, but there was no correlation. Pethidine was also detected in the saliva from babies for 48 hours after birth. Furthermore, the appreciably higher levels in breast‐fed babies suggest that such babies may receive a dose of pethidine in the milk.