bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone and joint infections
Authors: Laverick Michael 
Published: November 2023

abstract
Bone is a common site for metastatic cancer and the majority of malignant bone tumours are secondary. Primary bone tumours, though uncommon, do present a formidable challenge as they occur most frequently in a relatively young age group. Progress in chemotherapy allowing better disease control, progress in imaging allowing better pre-operative planning, progress in bioengineering improving prosthesis design, and increased understanding of distraction histogenesis have radically altered the approach to the treatment of primary malignant bone tumours. Disease for which only amputation surgery was offered in the past, often with poor outcomes, can now be approached by a combination of chemotherapy and surgery and, while amputation remains an option in many cases there are a wide variety of limb-sparing surgical options available. Bone defects created by radical surgical excisions can be treated by metal endoprostheses, a variety of allografts (including osteoarticular allograft, intercalary allograft, and allograft–prosthesis composites), arthrodesis, rotationplasty, free vascularized fibular transfer, and distraction osteogenesis techniques. Infection in the reconstructed limb remains a feared complication common to all these techniques and is the commonest cause of failed reconstruction. Avoidance of infection continues to drive the choice of reconstruction technique and also developments in technique and prosthesis design. Bone and joint infection is more common in the immune-compromised host. Although the literature relating specifically to the cancer patient is sparse it seems that they will be at increased risk of infection after injury or orthopaedic procedures.
Virus infections
Authors: MacMahon Eithne , Jeyaratnam Dakshika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients with solid and haematological malignancies, including those treated with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The greater frequency and severity, atypical presentation and the challenges of diagnosis, management, and prevention of virus infections in cancer patients are discussed, with separate sections highlighting the specific issues in HSCT and HIV infection. The differential diagnosis of clinical syndromes is tabulated, supplemented by specific discussion of the most important viruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) are covered under skin and soft tissue infections (Chapter 9). The role of viruses in the pathogenesis of malignancy is discussed elsewhere, eg. Chapter 2. Many factors contribute to the risk of virus infection in cancer patients. The underlying malignancy and the therapy administered diminish host defences, an effect greatly exacerbated by HSCT, graft versus host disease (GVHD) and consequent immunosuppressive therapy. The patient’s age, sex, prior and persistent infections, immunization history, underlying illnesses, travel history, hobbies, animal contact, and risk behaviours, together with geographical location, season and nosocomial or community exposure to circulating viruses all contribute to each patient’s ever-changing susceptibility to virus infection and disease. The usual principles of infectious diseases may no longer apply. Cardinal diagnostic features that reflect host response, rather than the infection per se, may be absent, e.g. parvovirus or measles infection without fever or rash. Patients are prone, not only to more severe manifestations of locally circulating viruses, but also to life-threatening consequences of usually benign opportunistic pathogens, e.g. cytomegalovirus (CMV). Expectations of finding a single unifying diagnosis to account for signs and symptoms are less, especially in the severely immunocompromised, where several different infectious agents may simultaneously be contributing to the clinical picture.
Infections of the central nervous system
Authors: Scott Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer and its chemotherapy lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Central nervous system (CNS) infections are rare but commonly fatal and a disappointing outcome in patients who may have otherwise been successfully treated for their tumours. The degree of immunosuppression conferred by the neoplastic disease and its treatment determine what sort of infections can be expected. The greater the degree of immunosuppression, the more likely that infection can arise from otherwise harmless saprophytes. Primary CNS infections with traditional virulent organisms such as the meningococcus and Haemophilus influenzae are quite rare in otherwise healthy people so that, although they may occur in patients with cancer, the absolute number of individuals with malignancy who develop community-acquired ‘virulent’ infections is very low. Nevertheless, B-lymphocyte diseases such as myeloma particularly predispose to pneumococcal infections. CNS infections are most likely to occur in those who are most immunosuppressed by disease aggravated by chemotherapy, allogeneic or autograft transplantation, radiation, corticosteroids, splenectomy, or underlying human immunodeficiency virus infection. They may also follow neurosurgical procedures.
Cognitive problems
Authors: Baldwin Tony , Demellweek Colin , Rankin Peter , Carleton Fran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognition is a term used to describe all of our thinking skills and is comprised of different cognitive domains including memory, language, visual-spatial processes and motor planning – a group of organizational/planning skills known collectively as ‘executive function ‘. All of these skills are dependent on the integrity of brain function, therefore, a brain injury can adversely affect specific or general cognitive skills. In healthy adults, cognitive skills are developed to the extent that they are specialized functions which are dissociable on neuropsychological testing and each cognitive domain is primarily associated with different brain regions. For example, the region in the temporal lobe known as the hippocampus, is particularly important for certain types of memory function, whereas the prefrontal cortex is fundamental to executive skills.
Discussion summary Neurobiology of neuropathic pain
Authors: Treede Rolf-Detlev 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is probably the most fundamental question arising in this session. It was argued that the current IASP definition, ‘ Pain due to lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system’, is of little practical use, because it has no clear boundaries. In other words, using this definition it would be very hard to find any pain that cannot be considered to be neuropathic. This is primarily due to the presence of the term ‘ dysfunction’, which has no clear definition itself and may easily be confused with the normal plasticity of the nociceptive system. In addition, there are lesion sites in the nervous system that may induce pain by clearly nociceptive mechanisms: the muscle pain in rigor or spasticity. Thus, the range of potential lesion sites that may be implied in the generation of neuropathic pain calls for a more precise definition. The IASP special interest group on neuropathic pain (NeuPSIG) has founded a subcommittee on classification that is working on both a revised definition of neuropathic pain that is more precise and a grading system that reflects the degree of certainty with which the presence of neuropathic pain can be determined in a given patient. The current working definition is ‘ Pain arising as a direct consequence of disease or lesion affecting the somatosensory system’ .
Clinical assessement of hyperalgesia and allodynia in episodic migraine versus chronic migraine interictally and ictally
Authors: Boudreau Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allodynia is defined as a pain sensation evoked by stimulation intensities that do not normally evoke pain: hyperalgesia is defined as an increase in pain sensitivity to normally painful stimuli. Allodynia and hyperalgesia can be evoked at sites adjacent or remote from an injury site (secondary hyperalgesia). Secondary hyperalgesia is called touch-evoked pain and can be detected in areas of the skin adjacent to an originating somatic lesion, or in a somatic region remote from an area of visceral damage. Burstein demonstrated that sensitization of second-order trigeminovascular neurons drives the cutaneous allodynia and/or hyperalgesia. Based on those findings, he expected migraine to be associated with central sensitization, the clinical manifestation of which should be extra cranial sensory hypersensitivity.3
CNS adverse events in patients treated with triptans Side effect or symptom?
Authors: Albert, K S , Parsons B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Somatic symptoms, mostly fatigue and dizziness, are a common complaint in patients diagnosed with migraine. However, these symptoms often overlap with the central nervous system-(CNS) type adverse events (AEs), such as asthenia and somnolence, which are often associated with the resolution of a migraine attack.Treatment of migraine with a triptan, although effective, can be associated with transient AEs including CNS AEs. Therefore, it may be difficult to separate the effects of the medication from the natural course of the migraine attack.The objective of the current analysis is to explore the relationship between treatment efficacy and CNS AEs in patients receiving eletriptan and to determine if certain CNS AEs are more common in responders vs. non-responders.
Priapulida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora,And Entoprocta
Authors: Knight-Jones E W , Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unsegmented worms with a chitinous cuticle, small surface spines and papillae, a large body cavity and near-radial symmetry, except for paired gonads and nephridia, and a nerve cord regarded as ventral. The anterior body forms an introvert, in which the mouth is central. This is alternately pushed out and withdrawn to burrow, and prey is drawn in and swallowed during withdrawal, having been caught by curved teeth on the everted mouth and pharynx lining. The gut is simple and the anus terminal, except that a few genera have long tails arising ventrally to the anus. These bear many vesicular branches, which contain extensions of the coelom and are thought to be respiratory. Sexes are separate and cleavage·radial, producing loricate larvae which stay in the adult environment.
Sumnlaary and Overview
Authors: Roe Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This conclusion to the volume should have come from the hand of Glynn Isaac himself, after consultation with all his colleagues in the project. It should be full of the breadth of vision that he brought to the archaeology of the early Palaeolithic, and indeed to all his writing; it should be in his characteristic style; and it should have been written several years ago, at about the time when he would have been a youthful fifty. Though there are many sites and completed research projects, books, and papers, for which Glynn will be permanently remembered, publication of the archaeological work at Koobi Fora should have been a special jewel in his crown— maybe even the greatest, whatever might have followed if he had lived a life of full length. I have written else where (1989) an appreciation of Glynn, who was a close friend and once a fellow-student, and I will not repeat here my own or others’ assessment of his great and enduring contribution to the study of human origins and early development. It is an honour to be asked to fill this particular part of the great gap his passing has left.
Taxonomy and origins
Authors: Corbet G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, must be one of the most familiar and best known of all mammalian species, both as a wild animal and in its domesticated forms. It has been studied as a resource, as a pest, and as a tool in medical research; it is kept as a family pet and has a firm place in popular folklore. The resultant literature is enormous-so much so that the very volume of information is liable to get in the way of understanding the rabbit as a species.
The Biology of Millipedes
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. , Read Helen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Millipedes are common components of the leaf-litter fauna of most terrestrial environments. The Biology of Millipedes is the first single-volume review of this important group and covers their ecology, behaviour, physiology, and evolution. This book is essential reading for terrestrial ecologists, zoologists, and students taking courses in invertebrate biology. Introductory chapters consider millipede taxonomy and phylogeny, basic anatomy, locomotion, and ecomorphology. Later chapters review feeding and digestion, metabolism, nerves, and neurosecretion, together with all aspects of millipedes in decomposition processes, and their role as pests. The authors provide an extremely comprehensive bibliography of research papers and literature.
The Photosynthetic Apparatus As A Phyletic Character
Authors: Raven John A , Johnston Andrew M , bin Surif Misni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus (other than the chemistry of the pigments which is dealt with elsewhere in this Symposium) are considered under three headings. In each case comparisons are made both within the chromophytes, and between chromophytes and other major groups.
Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin Genes in Higher Plants
Authors: Callis Judy , Vierstra Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first description in 1975 by Goldstein et al., much has been learned about the structure, function and expression of the small eukaryotic protein, ubiquitin. This protein has several remarkable aspects; a high degree of amino acid conservation, an unusual mode of synthesis and a unique mechanism of action. Ubiquitin, identified in all eukaryotes to date, is one of the most highly conserved proteins known. Its mode of synthesis is unusual in that it is synthesized as a protein fusion, either to itself or to two unrelated polypeptides. The initial translation products are then processed to release active ubiquitin. Ubiquitin interacts with cellular proteins in a unique way by becoming covalently ligated to them. As a result of this ligation, ubiquitin serves a variety of functions including targeting proteins for degradation. However, conjugation to a protein does not necessarily mark it for proteolysis, because stable conjugates to several different proteins have been described. The functions of stable ubiquitin conjugates are unknown but several roles have been proposed, including cell cycle regulation (Ciechanover et al., 1984; Goebl et al., 1988), DNA repair (Jentsch et al., 1987), maintenance of chromatin structure (Bonner et al., 1988), cell/cell interactions (Siegelman et al., 1986), and receptor function (Yarden et al., 1986).
Regulatory Genes Affecting Maize Storage Protein Synthesis
Authors: Motto M , Fonzo N Di , Hartings H , Maddaloni M , Salamini F , Soave, C , Thompson R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maize kernel consists mainly of endosperm and embryo, approximately 90% and 5%, respectively, of the seed dry weight. The endosperm acts as a store of nutrients: energy is channelled here from the photosynthetic organs, and deposited in the form of proteins and carbohydrates. The endosperm originates from the fusion of three haploid nuclei, two polar nuclei of the female gametophyte and one sperm nucleus. Therefore, the tissue is triploid receiving two equivalents from the mother and one from the father
Number And Size Of Offspring
Authors: Stearns Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two approaches dominate the analysis of the evolution of offspring number and size. The ornithologists have organized their understanding of offspring number around the Lack clutch, the clutch size that produces the most fledglings. In this tradition theory and experiment have aimed to understand what factors cause deviations, usually downward, from the Lack clutch. These include effects of clutch size on subsequent parental and offspring survival and reproductive performance and year-to-year variation in the optimal clutch size. An important theoretical tradition aims to optimize reproductive effort over the whole life history taking costs of reproduction into account. This approach is called either the General Life History Problem or the Reproductive Effort Mode/, and its predictions are well confirmed by experiments with poeciliid fish and with small, altricial, hole-nesting birds, but there are also substantial data on clutch sizes in sea birds, geese, ducks, and raptors and litter sizes in humans, rodents, deer, and other mammals. Recently the Lack tradition has been extended to parasitoid insects, where ‘clutch’ is taken to mean eggs laid per host.
Sibling rivalry in birds
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the remaining chapters, we present a preliminary review of the sprawling and uneven empirical and natural history literature pertaining to sibling rivalry in various taxa. The diversity of traits that relate to, and may have resulted from, sibling competition is far richer than can be imagined from the study of one group alone. We shall start by surveying the ornithological work, the largest component and the one most clearly connected to the egret studies detailed earlier, but now approaching the material more broadly. Nestling birds compete with nursery-mates in different ways, including growth rate, unilateral effort (begging), and a full range of aggression (from the occasional peck to pushing from cliff ledges or ripping sibs open with hooked beaks).
Mammalian sibling rivalry
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mammals differ from birds in several important features that influence both the expression of sibling competition and our ability to study it. As with birds, parental cam is extensive, but unlike the situation in most birds the burdens of parenthood normally fall exclusively on the mother. When either the mother’ s capacity for investment is exceeded or non-maternal resources prove inadequate for all young to reach independence. brood (litter) reduction follows. These squeezes take many forms, although comparatively little concerted research effort has been directed toward their study. Whereas avian embryos subsist on spatially segregated food supplies (yolks within shells), eutherian development begins with a lengthy gestation during which embryonic litter-mates share a common food source, namely the mother’ s circulatory system. Mammalian embryos are in close physical apposition with their siblings and therefore have the potential for prenatal interactions. Furthermore, litter-mates are born almost simultaneously (typically within minutes or hours of one another), so the chief means by which avian parents establish a size hierarchy among nest-mates is lacking (Godfray and Harper 1990).
Sibling rivalry in invertebrates
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Invertebrates present so breathtaking an array of opportunities (and a lack of the same) for sibling rivalry that a full survey would occupy several books. At one extreme. many marine invertebrates simply shed gametes into the sea, allowing the pelagic zygotes to mix in a haphazard way with those of other nearby parents. Larvae then float in the plankton for extended periods, and for many cases it is difficult to envisage competition of any sort for larval resources, let alone any sibling competition. There is, to put it simply, no nursery and no discrete sibships. Amongst vertebrates, perhaps only certain pelagic fishes can match this lack of potential for sibling interaction. At the opposite extreme, certain parasitoid wasps show such profuse siblicide that only one larva from a large brood remains in the host (i.e. the nursery) after it has killed all of the others. Here, the scale of siblicide found in vertebrates, including birds that practise obligate siblicide, is dwarfed. We shall first give a synopsis of the opportunities for sibling rivalry across the invertebrate phyla, and then present some examples drawn selectively from a few groups, mainly featuring cases where detailed work has been done. In the !alter, we group the cases into categories relating to the prevalent form of sib competition.
Choanoflagellate organization with special reference to loricate taxa
Authors: Leadbeater Barrys S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choanoflagellates are a large and important group of heterotrophic flagellates. They are easily recognized on account of their spherical to ovoid protoplast with a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of tentacles. Three families are currently recognized but only the Acanthoecidae contains taxa that are found exclusively in saline waters and that possess a lorica composed of silica costae made up of costal strips. The systematics of choanoflagellates is based on lorica substructure and form. These characters are determined by the dimensions and morphology of the component costal strips and the manner in which they are combined to form a lorica. However, environmental constraints, including the necessity for many species to remain suspended in the aquatic environment and to allow water currents carrying food particles to move past the collar, must exert some influence on lorica form. Factors affecting the form of choanoflagellate loricae are discussed.
Ecological Measures for Conserving Terrestrial Biodiversity: a New Zealand Perspective
Authors: Atkinson I A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Efforts by New Zealand to conserve its land-based biodiversity are reviewed, and successes and shortcomings are identified. Several approaches attempting to combine ecological and taxonomic criteria are described to cover the wide range of conservation problems in a biotically and geologically diverse country. The single-species approach has had some notable successes, but has emphasized birds while neglecting other animals and plants. Parallel to this approach has been work at the habitat and ecosystem level. This also has done much to protect biodiversity, but has emphasized forests to the detriment of non-forest communities. To illustrate lessons that can be derived from New Zealand an imaginary scenario is examined: an attempt to protect biodiversity in the country as it was in the 1840s by taking steps that avoid some of the past mistakes. These steps include giving greater priority to lowland areas of dry climate, identifying regions of high species diversity by locating areas of high geological and landform diversity, identifying centres of endemism by searching for areas of long isolation history and/or unusual habitat, and focusing strongly on areas for protection that are most likely to have long-term sustainability by reason of their inherent characteristics. This analysis is summarized as a 4-part general strategy for reducing future losses of terrestrial biodiversity, elements of which may have wider application to the biodiversity crisis now affecting so many parts of the world.
Indigenous animals
Authors: Wilson R T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sudan is an enormous country falling entirely within the northern tropics. Almost all of the described tropical ecozones are found within its boundaries and on its shores. The main vegetation zones run west to east and vary from arid desert in the north to humid rain forest in the south. In the east the Red Sea coast is fringed with coral reefs along much of its length: there is also a small number of inshore islands. The major vegetation zones are interrupted in places by hills and mountain massifs such as the Daju Hills in Northern Darfur, the Jebel Marra in western Darfur and the Imatong Mountains in Equatoria. The major rivers and a number of permanent and temporary lakes and swamps including the Sudd, diversify even further the range of habitats.