bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utopian constitutionalism in Chile
Authors: Landau David , Dixon Rosalind 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this article, we argue that the 2022 Chilean draft Constitution helps to articulate the distinction between a transformative constitutional project and a utopian one. Whereas a transformative project lays down markers for social change that will take time to achieve, a utopian project sets out goals that are unlikely to be achieved within any reasonable timeframe. Utopianism is a product of two relationships. The first is the internal relationship between the transformative goals laid out in a constitution and the institutional pathways through which changes will occur. The second is the external relationship between the goals in the text and the views and support of key groups. In Chile, both relationships were problematic. First, the Convention adopted a draft that was heavy on ambitious programmatic content but lacked a clear vision of how to implement it. Second, the Convention produced a draft that was supported by the ephemeral civil society groups galvanized by the 2019 protests but divorced from the vision of Chile’s parties and public opinion. Some of this was a product of the peculiar electoral context in which the Convention acted, which has already been corrected. But some of it reflects deeper tensions within transformative constitutionalism.
How do constitution-making processes fail? The case of Chile’s Constitutional Convention (2021–22)
Authors: Verdugo Sergio , García-Huidobro Luis Eugenio 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis introduction to the symposium ‘How do Constitution-Making Processes Fail? The Case of Chile’s Constitutional Convention (2021–22)’ situates the project in the field of constitution-making, provides context regarding the Chilean case, summarizes some possible explanations for the failure, and describes how each article contributes to the symposium as a whole.
Some Work with Rotating-Wing Aircraft
Authors: Fitzwilliams O L L 
Published: October 2023

Ladies and Gentlemen,It is my privilege to introduce to you today MR FITZWILLIAMS, whose subject is “Some work with Rotating Wing Aircraft”MR FITZWILLIAMS is a founder member of the Helicopter Association and a member of our Council and has been engaged on various aspects of rotating wing development over the past nine years, first with Mr PULLIN at Messrs G & J Weir Ltd, and later with Mr HAFNER at the Ministry of Supply He is now Helicopter Engineer of the Westland Aircraft CompanyDuring the latter part of his time with the Ministry he was in charge of the rotating wing section of the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment at Beaulieu I understand that this period supplies the bulk of the material for his talk and I feel sure we shall find it both interesting and entertainingOn behalf of the Association I extend a cordial welcome to our guests
General Problems of the Helicopter for Civil Use
Authors: Roxbee-Cox H 
Published: October 2023

The CHAIRMAN opening the meeting, said he supposed that in aeronautics the helicopter was the dream which had taken longest to come true He believed that LEONARDO DA VINCI had dreamed it and he was certain that JULES VERNE had done so But there was a long period in a sort of borderland between dream and reality when helicopters were made which either did not fly or only just did soIn the past few years the helicopter had truly become a reality, there were many years of research and development ahead, but the helicopter had arrived In the Royal Aeronautical Society the helicopter had for long been one of the matters to which close attention had been given and in the past a number of eminent people had presented papers on the subject as well as on its sister, the “Autogiro,” before the Society and one or two eminent people had also given lectures against the helicopter and the “Autogiro”
A Description of the Bristol Type 171, Mk I
Authors: Hafner Raoul , Marsh H A 
Published: October 2023

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,Our lecturer today is too well known to all of you to need any introduction from me” MR HAFNER is a member of the Council of our Association, a member of the Helicopter Committee of the Aeronautical Research Council and Chief Designer, Helicopter Division, of the Bristol Aeroplane Co LtdSince he talked to a joint meeting of the S L A E and our Association in April, 1946, the Bristol Helicopter 171 has successfully flown and is now accumulating flying time at a rapid pace I am sure we shall all watch the progress of the 171 with very great interest, particularly as it would appear to have possibilities of being the first British helicopter to go into productionOn behalf of the Association I extend a cordial welcome to all our guests
Helicopter Transmission Systems
Authors: Watson Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Mr Chairman, Ladies and GentlemenIt gives me great pleasure to introduce the lecturer this afternoon, particularly as I have known him for the past 16 years and, better still, we have been associated in the development of rotating wing aircraft during most of that periodMR KENNETH WATSON, who is a Founder Member of the Helicopter Association and an Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, is also Chief Mechanical Engineer to the Cierva Autogiro CompanyMR WATSON served his apprenticeship with Messrs G & J Weir, Glasgow, and joined the Aircraft Department of that firm in 1933, which was then under my control His designing ability was quickly appreciated and he was entrusted with the design of some of the major components, such as rotor hubs, transmission systems and control organs I think I am right in saying that the Cierva Autogiro Company and their Licencees, Messrs G & J Weir, have designed more prototype rotor systems than any other firm engaged in the art, and in 1936 no less than five rotor hubs were made and tested within seven months
Some Operational Aspects of Helicopter Vibration
Authors: McClements A 
Published: October 2023

The helicopter as we know it is a good example of a potential vibration producing machine It has in it the means for providing vibratory frequencies similar to those which we meet in fixed-wing aircraft and, in addition, it can throw up periodic disturbances having much lower frequencies With this in mind it will be easy to appreciate that the vibrations produced in a helicopter can be a major source of worry to the operator unless they are carefully kept under controlTo the helicopter operator, vibratory disturbances mean possible structural failure from fatigue, and probable difficulty in the protection of equipment from the lower frequency disturbances In addition, vibratory sensations have to be contended with in respect of both passengers and crew Many of these sensations come within the aural frequency band, they are all within the frequency range which can be felt, and the lower frequency displacements originating from the main rotor may be seen and followed visually These sensations, if excessive, will result in physical fatigue and discomfort, further they are not conducive to safety
Tuning the Rotor
Authors: Turner K W 
Published: October 2023

In some ways I am an intruder into this discussion on the Design and Construction of Rotor Blades, because my paper deals with what happens to rotors long after they have been designed and constructed, when, that is to say, they are passing through the hands of the test pilot, the operating pilot and the maintenance engineer I shall try to confine myself to those parts of the rotor’s career which have repercussions on design and constructionTuning, whether of an engine or a musical instrument, consists of adjusting all the variables available in a systematic manner calculated to make the device as a whole work in the best way possible If the device is a piano, this may mean doing what the piano tuner does on his three-monthly visit, but it may perhaps involve a bit of what happened when the earlier types of piano were developed into what J S BACH called his “well-tempered clavier”
Ground Resonance of the Helicopter
Authors: Howarth R M , Jones C H 
Published: October 2023

SummarySelf excited vibrations of helicopters on the ground have been the cause of several accidents It is, therefore, essential that the means of ensuring freedom from such phenomena should receive serious attentionThe theory of R P COLEMAN, is briefly reviewed and compared with results obtained from model rotor tests This comparison affords general confirmation of the theoretical resultsThe theory of a rotor on idealised supports is applied to a single rotor helicopter of known hub impedance Then experimental methods for determining this impedance are describedFinally, the influence of Ground Resonance on undercarriage design is reviewed The influence of shock absorber struts and tyres on the coupled rigid body modes of the helicopter is discussed and three undercarriage schemes representing alternative approaches to ground resonance elimination are examined It is found that, with respect to ground resonance, the most advantageous system for land based operations is one in which all the helicopter-undercarriage modes have very low frequenciesAn Appendix indicates the application of the theory to a twin rotor helicopter of any configuration
Higher Exposure of Poorer People to Emerging Weather Whiplash in a Warmer World
Authors: Zhang Boen , Wang Shuo , Zscheischler Jakob , Moradkhani Hamid 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe emergence of abrupt shift from drought to downpour has attracted widespread attention in recent years, with particularly disastrous consequences in low‐income regions. However, the spatiotemporal evolution and poverty exposure to such drought‐to‐downpour events remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the connection between poverty and drought‐to‐downpour events based on three data products and climate models on a global scale. We find that the drought‐to‐downpour events increased by 24%–48% in the poorest 20% of the world's population from 1980 to 2010. The drought‐to‐downpour events do not appear to be occurring more frequently in most regions globally, just affecting regions with higher poverty rates more frequently, especially in African countries. The exposure inequality remains under future socioeconomic pathways, with a nearly fivefold increase in the exposure for the poorer populations. Poverty exposure to more frequent drought‐to‐downpour events demands greater support for climate adaptation in low‐income countries to reduce poverty and inequality.
Eikonal Equation Reproduces Natural Landscapes With Threshold Hillslopes
Authors: Anand Shashank Kumar , Bertagni Matteo B. , Singh Arvind , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMany natural landscapes maintain steep planar hillslopes bounded at a typical angle, beyond which shallow landslides or slope failures remove the excess sediment volume by mass wasting. Here we show that the celebrated eikonal equation, derived from a landscape evolution model in conditions of negligible soil diffusion and fluvial erosion, accurately portrays the organization of these topographies. Referred to as “eikonal landscapes,” such solutions feature constant‐slope hillslopes originating from downstream boundary conditions and culminating in sharp upstream ridges. We demonstrate that the eikonal landscapes reproduce well a variety of natural landforms, including small islands, a volcano, and an extended mountain ridge. The boundary condition for the eikonal representation is specified through the natural landscape's slope‐area relation. Going beyond merely representing landscape statistical features, the present results provide a first‐of‐kind direct match of mathematical and natural landscapes.
Multiscale Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling During Stormtime: A Case Study of the Dawnside Current Wedge
Authors: Sorathia K. A. , Michael A. , Merkin V. G. , Ohtani S. , Keesee A. M. , Sciola A. , Lin D. , Garretson J. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Bao S. , Roedig C. B. , Pulkkinen A. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA characteristic feature of the main phase of geomagnetic storms is the dawn‐dusk asymmetric depression of low‐ and mid‐latitude ground magnetic fields, with largest depression in the dusk sector. Recent work has shown, using data taken from hundreds of storms, that this dawn‐dusk asymmetry is strongly correlated with enhancements of the dawnside westward electrojet and this has been interpreted as a “dawnside current wedge” (DCW). Its ubiquity suggests it is an important aspect of stormtime magnetosphere‐ionosphere (MI) coupling. In this work we simulate a moderate geomagnetic storm to investigate the mechanisms that give rise to the formation of the DCW. Using synthetic SuperMAG indices we show that the model reproduces the observed phenomenology of the DCW, namely the correlation between asymmetry in the low‐latitude ground perturbation and the dawnside high‐latitude ground perturbation. We further show that these periods are characterized by the penetration of mesoscale bursty bulk flows (BBFs) into the dawnside inner magnetosphere. In the context of this event we find that the development of the asymmetric ring current, which inflates the dusk‐side magnetotail, leads to asymmetric reconnection and dawnward‐biased flow bursts. This results in an eastward expansion and multiscale enhancement of the dawnside electrojet. The electrojet enhancement extends across the dawn quadrant with localized enhancements associated with the wedgelet current systems of the penetrating BBFs. Finally, we connect this work with recent studies that have shown rapid, localized ground variability on the dawnside which can lead to hazardous geomagnetically induced currents.
The Onset, Middle, and Climax of Precursory Hydrothermal Intrusion of the 2018 Phreatic Eruption at Kusatsu‐Shirane Volcano
Authors: Yamada Taishi , Terada Akihiko , Noguchi Rina , Kanda Wataru , Ueda Hideki , Aoyama Hiroshi , Ohkura Takahiro , Ogawa Yasuo , Tanada Toshikazu 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTriggering intrusions of phreatic eruptions are often observed as seismic and ground deformation signals on a time scale of minutes. The current understanding of hydrothermal intrusions still needs improvement to obtain insight into the eruption scale from the observables. We examine local geophysical data from the precursory hydrothermal intrusion of the 2018 phreatic eruption of Kusatsu‐Shirane volcano. To achieve an integrated intrusion model, we divide analyzing time window into the onset, middle, and climax. Focusing on the transient response of tilt data for the sudden pressurization, we estimate a vertical tensile opening (1.7 × 103 m3/s in 40 s) at 1.1 km depth for the intrusion onset. Pressurization can represent the start of vapourization. Very long period (VLP, 0.033–0.1 Hz) seismic signals are adopted to constrain the middle and climax phases. We obtained two sequential semi‐horizontal tensile crack oscillation sources with peak volume changes of 3.6 × 104–1.9 × 105 m3 at 0.3–0.6 km depths. The second VLP source acted as a final trigger of the eruption to cause depressurization in the shallow portion of the intruded region, which is constrained as having reached 0.1 km depth by surface deformation. Simultaneously, we find another depressurization originated from depth in the climax due to a decrease in the hydrothermal intrusion rate. Through comparison with the 2014 Ontake phreatic eruption, the total inflation volume may correlate with eruption scales. Intruded hydrothermal fluid and local structure characteristics also may have to be considered to evaluate the eruptions scales from inferred signal source intensity.
Early Nitrogen Budget of the Martian Atmosphere and Its Evolution
Authors: Pieris Heshani , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn 1976, Viking measured a 14N/15N ratio of 170 ± 15 in the Martian atmosphere, and in 2012, MSL measured a ratio of 173 ± 11. This type of enrichment of the heavier isotope can only be explained by a significant loss of N to space, with the lighter isotope escaping more efficiently. A quantitative understanding of this nitrogen evolution of the Martian atmosphere requires analyzing all of the sources, sinks and exchanges of N2. We employ the processes of sputtering, photochemical escape by dissociative recombination and photodissociation, volcanic outgassing and impact processes to understand the evolution of N2 through time. We use a forward time‐marching model starting at initial abundance at 4 Gya to calculate the N2 abundance and 15N/14N enrichment over the history of Mars. We also incorporate a simultaneous CO2 evolution, which decays in either a power‐law or linear function to the present‐day value of 6 mbar. We constrain the simulated evolutionary tracks to the present day N2 abundance and 15N/14N ratio of the Martian atmosphere to explore the initial conditions of the early atmosphere. Our model indicates a modal value of 120 mbar of initial N2 pressure, with an upper limit of 3.6 bars, for an initial CO2 pressure of 1 bar. This modal value is in good agreement with the N2 budget of Earth's atmosphere when scaled to the mass of Mars, which amounts to ∼110 mbar.
Varifocal MEMS mirrors for high-speed axial focus scanning: a review
Authors: Pribošek Jaka , Bainschab Markus , Sasaki Takashi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractRecent advances brought the performance of MEMS-based varifocal mirrors to levels comparable to conventional ultra-high-speed focusing devices. Varifocal mirrors are becoming capable of high axial resolution exceeding 300 resolvable planes, can achieve microsecond response times, continuous operation above several hundred kHz, and can be designed to combine focusing with lateral steering in a single-chip device. This survey summarizes the past 50 years of scientific progress in varifocal MEMS mirrors, providing the most comprehensive study in this field to date. We introduce a novel figure of merit for varifocal mirrors on the basis of which we evaluate and compare nearly all reported devices from the literature. At the forefront of this review is the analysis of the advantages and shortcomings of various actuation technologies, as well as a systematic study of methods reported to enhance the focusing performance in terms of speed, resolution, and shape fidelity. We believe this analysis will fuel the future technological development of next-generation varifocal mirrors reaching the axial resolution of 1000 resolvable planes.
Camrelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) plus apatinib (an VEGFR-2 inhibitor) and hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C (TRIPLET): a phase II study
Authors: Zhang Tian-Qi , Geng Zhi-Jun , Zuo Meng-Xuan , Li Ji-Bin , Huang Jin-Hua , Huang Zi-Lin , Wu Pei-Hong , Gu Yang-Kui 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using a combination of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX) has shown promise for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients classified under Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C. In China, the combined therapy of camrelizumab and apatinib is now an approved first-line approach for inoperable HCC. This study (NCT04191889) evaluated the benefit of combining camrelizumab and apatinib with HAIC-FOLFOX for HCC patients in BCLC stage C. Eligible patients were given a maximum of six cycles of HAIC-FOLFOX, along with camrelizumab and apatinib, until either disease progression or intolerable toxicities emerged. The primary outcome measured was the objective response rate (ORR) based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1. Thirty-five patients were enrolled. Based on RECIST v1.1 criteria, the confirmed ORR stood at 77.1% (95% CI: 59.9% to 89.6%), with a disease control rate of 97.1% (95% CI: 85.1% to 99.9%). The median progression-free survival was 10.38 months (95% CI: 7.79 to 12.45). Patient quality of life had a transient deterioration within four cycles of treatment, and generally recovered thereafter. The most frequent grade ≥3 or above treatment-related adverse events included reduced lymphocyte count (37.1%) and diminished neutrophil count (34.3%). The combination of camrelizumab, apatinib, and HAIC demonstrated encouraging results and manageable safety concerns for HCC at BCLC stage C.
Comments on recent community water fluoridation studies
Authors: Hearnshaw Simon , Cockcroft Barry , Rugg-Gunn Andrew , Morris A. John , Lowry Raymond J. , Beal John , Johnson Johnny , Jacob Matt 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWater fluoridation is a public health measure to reduce levels of dental caries in populations. A report of the recently completed CATFISH study has been published. This was the first UK evaluation of fluoridation introduction for many years; it was carefully designed and executed and is welcomed. The purpose of this article is to highlight the 180-page report of the study and comment on some aspects to aid interpretation of the findings. Significant features were that two cohorts, from birth and from five years, were followed for six years in a fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area, and clinical and cost analyses were reported. Areas of the report which deserve comment are: a) interruption of fluoridation for a year for half the children in the intervention area and its effect; b) clinical results were reported as absolute reduction in caries prevalence, with the preventive fraction for caries severity downplayed; c) the power of the study was diminished by an unexpected lower caries increment; and d) control for differences in diet was not possible. Nevertheless, this major UK study showed clinical and cost benefits of water fluoridation. The risk of cessation of water fluoridation is highlighted in examples of three recently published studies.
Targeting the SOX2/CDP protein complex with a peptide suppresses the malignant progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Yunyun , Zhang Kun , Zhang Rui , Wang Zhuo , Yang Liang , Zhao Tingting , Zhang Shihui , Lin Yong , Zhao Hongzhou , Liu Yongpan , Wei Yuxuan , Zhou Yijian , Zhang Jiaying , Ye Xianzong , Zhao Jing , Li Xinxin , Que Jianwen , Shi Songlin , Liu Kuancan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that SOX2 is an oncogene for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, direct targeting of SOX2 is not feasible given that this transcription factor plays important roles in the maintenance of tissues such as the brain. Here, we identified CDP (Homeobox protein cut-like 1 or CASP) as a unique SOX2 binding partner enriched in ESCC with Duolink proximity ligation assay, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc) and immunoprecipitation. We then screened a peptide aptamer library using BiFc and immunoprecipitation and identified several peptide aptamers, including P58, that blocked the CDP/SOX2 interaction, leading to the inhibition of ESCC progress in vitro and in vivo. Upon administration, synthetic peptide P58, containing the YGRKKRRQRRR cell-penetrating peptide and the fluorophore TAMRA, also blocked the growth and metastasis of ESCC in both mice and zebrafish. Therefore, targeting the SOX2 binding partner CDP with peptide P58 offers an alternative avenue to treat ESCC with increased SOX2 levels.