bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descartes’s Watch Analogy
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier essays, I have advocated a hylomorphic interpretation of Descartes’s account of the union of mind and body. Opponents of the hylomorphic interpretation have pointed to Descartes’s watch analogy in article 6 of The Passions of the Soul as providing decisive evidence on their behalf. In her book Descartes’s Dualism, MarleIen Rozemond asserts that in that article Descartes “goes out of his way to deny that there is an important difference between a body united with the soul and one that is not” and she concludes that the passage is “very un-Aristotelian.” In a recent article, Robert Pasnau has argued that the passage provides decisive evidence that Descartes did not put his claim that the mind or soul is the substantial form of the body to any serious philosophical use.3 Pasnau asserts that the passage seems impossible to reconcile with the view that Descartes takes seriously his remarks to MeslaInd that a human body remains numerically the same so long as it is joined to the same soul (AT IV 166; CSMK 242–3). However, if the identity of the human body does not depend on its being united to the mind, then that shows that Descartes does not take seriously his claim that the mind is a substantial form. Pasnau, like Rozemond, says that Descartes “is going out of his way” to dismiss hylomorphism.
Three Dualist Theories of the Passions
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descartes, Spinoza, and Malebranche each devote a signiHcant amount of attention to the passions of the soul—those passive emotions of joy, sadness, love, hate, hope, despair, boldness, fear, desire, anger, and such. Commentators, especially English-speaking commentators on Descartes and Malebranche, open do not. I think their discussions of the passions deserve more attention. Commentaries on ancient Greek theories of the soul, whether Platonic, Aristotelian, or Stoic, would surely be considered deficient if they ignored the passions or, more generally, moral psychology. It seems to me that understanding dualist theories of the soul—the dualism of minds or thought versus bodies or extension—which is fundamental to Descartes, Spinoza, and Malebranche, also requires understanding their accounts of the passions.
Toward a Mediation of Field Methods and Field Experience in Ethnomusicology
Authors: Rice Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fieldwork is so central to contemporary ethnomusicology that I would suppose nearly every graduate program devoted to training ethnomusicologists has a course on it, probably with a title containing the phrase “fieldwork methods.” The three nouns in these courses’ titles (method, field, and work) speak volumes about our collective understanding of theory and method in ethnomusicology, and thus provide the place where I would like to begin this reflection on fieldwork. I hope to show the limits of the usefulness of this phrase and the possibilities for an alternative view of where the field is and what happens in the field, a view that balances method and working with experience and playing. To do so, I move narratively between theoretical or philosophical reflection and some of my own fieldwork experiences, just as I do in practice.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Samuel Johnson, in making the claim for the greatness of Shakespeare, argued that “a test of literary merit” can be determined by whether a writer has “outlived his century” (qtd. in Quinault 304). If any proof were needed for the greatness of Samuel Beckett, the 2006 outpouring of events around the world marking the centenary of his birth—stage and media performances; conferences and lectures; new editions of his writings; gala concerts; and art, film, and photography exhibits—indicate that he too has “outlived his century.”
Neuroimaging and Other Diagnostic Testing in Headache
Authors: Evans Randolph W , Rozen, Todd D , Mechtler Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most patients with headache can be diagnosed simply from a good history and general and neurologic examinations. In some cases, however, diagnostic testing is necessary to distinguish primary causes from secondary ones which may share similar features. The differential diagnosis of headache is one of the longest in all of medicine with more than 300 different types and causes. In this chapter, we discuss the reasons for diagnostic testing, indications for neuroimaging, electroencephalography (EEG), lumbar puncture (LP), and clinical laboratory studies. We also review diagnostic testing in adults and children with a normal neurologic examination, migraine, first or worst headaches, and those over the age of 50.
Headache Associated with Abnormalities in Intracranial Structure or Function: Low-cerebrospinalfluid- pressure Headache
Authors: Mokri Bahram , Schievink Wouter I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a circulating body fluid, sometimes referred to as the “third circulation” (Cushing, 1926). Most of the CSF is formed by the choroid plexus, which has structural and functional similarities to the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys and maintains the compositional integrity of the CSF (Rowland et al., 1991). Only a minor portion of the CSF is secreted by the brain capillaries, entering the ventricular system through the ependyma. For many years, on the basis of data from autopsies, the CSF volume was estimated to be 150 ml. More recent volumetric studies based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques suggest an average volume of approximately 210 ml in adults (Hogan et al., 1996; Matsumae et al., 1996). This, however, shows significant variation. Cranial CSF volume is smaller for women and for younger persons than for older persons, who have larger ventricular volumes and more generous CSF cisterns and subarachnoid spaces (Matsumae et al., 1996). Spinal CSF volume is significantly less in obese than nonobese persons (Hogan et al., 1996).
Headaches in Children
Authors: Winner Paul , Hershey, Andrew D , Li Zhicheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache is a frequent symptom in the pediatric population. Acute headaches can often accompany a systemic infection, an organic disorder or other secondary cause. When an acute headache occurs repeatedly or episodically it is often a primary headache with migraine and tension-type headache being the most frequent cause in children and adolescents. A chronic or very frequent headache may be secondary to migraine. Headache disorders can affect the lifestyle of both the child and his or her family resulting in significant disability. This can include time lost from school and parental absence from work, while also affecting the child and parent interaction at home and the child’s social interaction with peers. The majority of children and adolescents with headache never consult a physician (Sillanpa¨a¨ et al., 1991).
Headaches in Women
Authors: Loder Elizabeth , Silberstein Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache prevalence and disability are heavily concentrated in women of childbearing age. This is especially true for migraine, where good-quality clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science observations strongly support the view that hormonal factors are an important influence on the phenotypic expression of headache. This chapter examines selected issues of special importance to medical practitioners who evaluate and treat primary headache disorders in women. Many of these are related to the influence of ovarian steroid cycling on the biological mechanisms of headache. Still others have to do with cultural and medical factors that differentially affect females. The emphasis on migraine is inevitable, since that is the headache disorder which has attracted the most clinical and research attention.
Headaches in the Elderly
Authors: Swanson Jerry W , Capobianco, David J , Evers Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before considering the issue of headaches in the elderly, one must first consider how the term elderly is defined. One dictionary definition of elderly is: rather old; being past middle age (from: Merriam Webster Online, accessed November 12, 2006). Another whimsical definition is based on the term middle age: The definition of “middle age” always involves adding 15 years to your own age, until such time as you cannot avoid defining yourself as middle aged, at which time the definition of “older” becomes ... your own age þ15 (Anonymous).
Behavioral Management of Headache
Authors: Lipchik, Gay L , Buse Dawn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many pioneers, Harold G Wolff, MD, is honored but ignored. He is justifiably honored for his groundbreaking formulation of scientific (i.e., testable) hypotheses about the pathophysiology of migraine and tension headache and for his experimental work that established the study of benign headache as a legitimate scientific enterprise. At the same time, the thesis of over two decades of Wolff’s work—that to truly understand psychophysiological disorders such as headache we need to understand how psychosocial and physiological variables interact to induce headache episodes—is ignored (Wolff, 1948; Wolff and Wolff, 1948; Wolff, 1953; Simmons and Wolff, 1954).
Peripheral Procedures: Nerve Blocks, Peripheral Neurostimulation, and Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections
Authors: Ashkenazi Avi , Levin, Morris , Dodick David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many patients with chronic headaches do not respond optimally to pharmacotherapy (Silberstein and Goadsby, 2002). Efficacy of currently available preventive medications is limited, and their use is associated with potentially disabling side-effects, such as fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and cognitive impairment. The triptans, which are effective for migraine and cluster headache (CH), have greatly improved acute headache treatment (Ferrari et al., 2001). However, some patients do not respond to or have adverse events associated with the use of these agents, and they are contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease, as well as in those with hemiplegic or basilar migraine.
Language and the Beginnings of Creation
Authors: Kramer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isaiah Berlin here captures one aspect of the theory of language that is a central topic of his penetrating study of Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788). The stubborn obscurity of Hamann’s thought, and in particular its location of meaning at the cradle of language, before the exercise of reason and analysis, is strikingly pertinent to an understanding of the music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), whose eccentricities set his contemporaries to similar feats of exegesis. If the two never met, the picture of a confrontation between two minds so uncompromisingly original challenges the imagination. Their place at the source of a new mode of thought affecting arts and letters—a place in the midst of Aufklärung (Enlightenment), askew in posture and even contrary to its common tenets, and yet a function of them—is uncommonly close.
The Ends of Veränderung
Authors: Kramer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“While composing these Sonatas I thought especially of beginners and of those amateurs who, on account of their years or of other business, have neither patience nor time enough to practice much,” writes Bach toward the end of the famous preface to the publication of his Sechs Sonaten fürs Clavier mit veränderten Reprisen (Berlin: George Ludewig Winter, 1760). “Apart from giving them something easy I wanted to provide them with the pleasure of performing alterations [Veränderungen] without having to resort either to inventing them themselves or to getting someone else to write them and then memorizing them with much difficulty.”
Adagio espressivo: Opus 109 as Radical Dialectic
Authors: Kramer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his radically dialectical “Beethoven’s Late Style,” Theodor W. Adorno corrects what he perceived as the commonplace view of the late works as so many documents in verification of Beethoven’s biography—documents, he meant, to an intense subjectivity: “the late work, exiled to the margins of art, approaches the condition of document.” Adorno invites us to consider the limits, the “Grenzlinie,” of such an approach, “beyond which each of Beethoven’s conversation books would signify more than the Quartet in C-sharp minor.”
“Being ‘Strong’”: Workaholism, Burnout, and Coping
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inevitably, as their illness progressed, many of these doctors had to consider the possibility of giving up their work, either partially or fully, which forced them to evaluate the many meanings of their careers. For these physicians, work provided structure, gratification, and income, all of which illness now threatened. These doctors revealed how deeply ingrained professionalism remained. They struggled with problems that all physicians—and professionals in other fields—will one day face.
“Us versus Them”: Treating Patients Differently
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I do more for patients now than I used to,” Deborah, the psychiatrist with cancer, confessed. The experience of illness changed how most of these physicians treated their patients. Frequently, personal experiences of illness reversed years of professional medical training. In facing the darkness of their own disease, these doctors often came to treat patients and to teach trainees better. Nonetheless, “enlightenment” did not always occur. Treating those under their care more humanely was not always easy or successful. Psychological, social, and economic barriers could hamper doctors’ improving the care they offered. Other physicians veered too far in this new direction—doing too much for patients, raising questions of how much of an advocate or friend to be. As providers, they often found it hard to arrive at the appropriate balance between being too concerned or too detached.
Nāgārjuna’s Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way): Chapter 24: Examination of the Four Noble Truths
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nāgārjuna (c. second century C.E.) is the founder of the Madhyamaka or Middle Way School of Buddhist philosophy and, with the exception of the historical Buddha himself, is the most influential philosopher in the Mahāyāna tradition.
Dushun’s Huayan Fajie Guan Men (Meditative Approaches to the Huayan Dharmadhā tu)
Authors: Fox Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Huayan tradition in China takes its basic inspiration from the apocryphal Mahāyāna text known as the Huayan Jing (“Avatam. saka” or “Flower Garland” sūtra). One of the most basic models in the Huayan tradition, both historically and philosophically, is the idea of the Fourfold Dharmadhātu, which highlights the perspectivalism for which Huayan is famous. This model is suggested in an early work attributed to Dushun (c. 600 C.E.), a miracle worker and healer who was retrospectively designated First Patriarch of the Huayan tradition in China. Here we present a translation of Dushun’s seminal text Huayan Fajie Guan Men (Meditative Approaches to the Huayan Dharmadhātu).
Jñānagarbha’s Verses on the Distinction between the Two Truths
Authors: Eckel Malcolm David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the encyclopedic texts that dominate the landscape in the later history of Indian Buddhist philosophy, Jñānagarbha’s Verses on the Distinction between the Two Truths can seem slight, almost to the point of insignificance. But the importance of the text is not measured simply by its size. In just a few condensed and difficult verses, it gives a compelling account of the relationship between the two dominant schools of Mahāyāna philosophy (Madhyamaka and Yogācāra) and sets the stage intellectually for the introduction of Buddhist philosophy to Tibet.
Dōgen’s Shō bō genzō, Fascicles “Kattō” and “Ō sakusendaba”
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Kattō” and “Ō sakusendaba” fascicles of Dōgen’s (1200–1253) master work, the Shō bō genzō, are based to a large extent on a Zhaozhou dialogue concerning the famous “skin, flesh, bones, marrow” anecdote in which the first patriarch of Zen, Bodhidharma, selects his successor. According to the source anecdote, Bodhidharma challenges four disciples to a contest to prove their worthiness. The winner of the competition, second patriarch Huike, attains Bodhidharma’s marrow by remaining silent, while the other contestants all use verbal discourse that gains his skin, flesh, and bones, respectively. These levels were considered to represent a hierarchy of understanding, with skin indicating the most superficial and marrow indicating the most profound levels.
“The Mind Is Buddha” Pojo Chinul’s Secrets on Cultivating the Mind
Authors: Park Jin Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pojo Chinul (1158–1210) is one of the most influential figures in Korean Zen Buddhism. Chinul’s Zen is characterized by huatou (or “a critical phrase”) meditation, a version of the encounter dialogue (Chin. gong’an; Kor. kongan; Jap. kō an) method. At the basis of Chinul’s huatou meditation, also known as Kanhua Zen, lies his philosophy of mind. By tracing Chinul’s account of mind, one can gain an understanding of the evolution of his thought, which can be broadly divided into three stages.
Asa ga’s Bodhisattvabhūmi The Morality Chapter
Authors: Sparham Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The morality chapter (śīla-patala) of the Bodhisattvabhūmi (The bodhisattva stages) is the locus classicus for an explanation of bodhisattva morality and vows. Asan.ga (fourth century C.E.), who is credited with founding the Cittamātra, or Mind Only school, is regarded as the probable author of the Bodhisattvabhūmi. Here, he discusses morality under nine headings, of which two—“What Morality Is” and “Morality in Its Entirety”—are the most important.
Woodwind Commonalities
Authors: Ely Mark C , Van Deuren Amy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acoustical Basics: Common acoustical and physical tonal characteristics of woodwind instruments. The acoustical qualities of woodwind instruments are largely determined by the design of the instrument and the manner in which tone is produced. Although the design characteristics of woodwind instruments vary greatly in some respects, they also share several fundamental design characteristics. All woodwind instruments are designed with (1) a way to set the air column in vibration; (2) an instrument tube for the vibrating air column; and the use of only the First and second partials (or First and third partials on clarinet) of the harmonic series in the normal playing ranges. The way an instrument is designed contributes signiTcantly to the overall tonal and response characteristics of that instrument. These design variables include: (1) the manner in which the air column is set in vibration; (2) the types, weight, and thickness of materials used in instrument construction; (3) the shape or Sare of the instrument tubing; the inner dimensions along the tubing; (5) how the tubing is bent or looped; and (6) the Tnish (e.g., lacquer or silver plate). The acoustical and physical tonal characteristics of each woodwind instrument are located under Acoustical Properties in each instrument chapter. See also Harmonics, Action: In general, the way keys and key mechanisms work on a particular instrument. The term “action” is used when referring to the way an instrument feels when it is played and/or the ease with which players can reach and operate the keys. Action is oRen described in terms of being smooth or rough, even or uneven, and heavy or light. Typically, the action on smaller woodwind instruments (flute, oboe, and clarinet) is light in comparison with the action on larger woodwind instruments (saxophone and bassoon) because their key mechanisms are smaller and lighter, and because the distance between the keys and the tone holes is much shorter. Smaller woodwind instruments are not prone to having a heavy action; however, any instrument that has not been properly adjusted, cleaned, and oiled can feel sluggish and uneven.
A Delightful Life and Place
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford, England. Saturday, May 27, 1905. The pace of transatlantic travel depends on the weather, and because it has been good the OslerIs have landed a day early. They telegraph ahead and come on by train and then carriage. Later in the afternoon Dr Osler, Mrs Osler, Revere, and a secretary-governess arrive at 7 Norham Gardens, a big brick pile of a house on a pleasant street in a newer part of town. They are renting it from Mrs Max Muller, widow of the Sanskrit specialist famous for having brought Teutonic philological scholarship to England and for apparently discovering the common origins of all mythologies.
The rental includes the servants. A butler named William meets the American party at the door. The maids stand ready in the hall. The bedrooms have been made up, and the cook has made a delicious meal. A happy beginning.
“He’s Had Enough”
Authors: Munson Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had never seen such a horrible wound.
The right half of Walter Post’s face was missing. His cheek was cut away, and his upper and lower jaw had been removed at the midline. Stainless-steel wire bound the remnants of his jaws together. His tongue was a raw stub of cesh protruding from a dark clot that seemed to fill what was left of his mouth.
I stood at the foot of the bed in the cramped surgical intensive care room with Walt’s wife Martha and his ENT surgeon, Dr. Roy Stone. Michael, the SICU night nurse, a thin blonde man in his thirties, used metal tongs to pull out the pads of blood-soaked gauze packed into Walt’s wound. With the gauze gone, the bone of the coor of his skull was visible as an irregular white patch in a field of red. Blood was seeping from the edges of multiple surgical wounds.
Martha gripped the metal frame at the end of the narrow bed, then turned her face toward the blank yellow wall. Her plump jaw was clenched, and her skin was the pale gray-white color of ashes, yet she didn’t cry. Then, with what seemed to require an effort of will, she looked back at Walt.
It Seemed Like a Good Idea
Authors: Munson Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meg Anderson didn’t look like someone with a fatal disease.
She was tall and slender, with an athletic, almost boyish build. Her hazel eyes were luminous, and her hair had the golden-dark color of wild honey. It was so short that feathery tufts stuck up along the whorl at the crown of her head, but the result was charming. She was like a beautiful actress pretending to be seriously ill for the sake of the story. Only Meg wasn’t pretending, and no one knew how her story would end.
The year was 1995, and Meg was thirty-five years old. She had been diagnosed with breast cancer a few months earlier, and her hair was so short because it was still growing back after chemotherapy. Only 1 in 2,300 women her age develops breast cancer, so she was statistically unlucky.
Nor did her bad luck end there. When Meg was diagnosed, her doctors discovered that her cancer had already progressed to a late stage. Cancerous cells had migrated to her lungs, and she was judged to have the most advanced state of breast cancer: stage IV. Women with stage IV cancer usually have been treated and become cancer free, then their disease returns months or years later. Thus, Meg started off where most women diagnosed with breast cancer fear they might end up.