bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate. I. Operation in a single continuous stirred tank reactor using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier
Authors: Nomura M. , Sasaki S. , Xue W. , Fujita K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractContinuous emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate were carried out at 50 °C in a single continuous stirred‐tank reactor using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator. It was found that (1) the so‐called limit cycles could take place in monomer conversion, the number of polymer particles and the molecular weight of polymers produced under certain operating conditions, (2) the time‐average steady‐state monomer conversion was proportional to the 0.31 power of the emulsifier concentration in the feed, to the 0.50 power of the initiator concentration, to the −1.0 power of the monomer concentration, and to the 0.90 power of the mean residence time, and (3) the time‐average steady‐state number of polymer particles produced was proportional to the 2.1 power of the emulsifier concentration in the feed, to the −0.80 power of the initiator concentration, to the 0 power of the monomer concentration, and to the −0.92 power of mean residence time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2748–2754, 2002
Effect of glycerin on structure transition of PVA/SF blends
Authors: Dai Lixing , Li Jun , Yamada Eisuke 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBlend films of silk fibrion (SF) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), with glycerin as an additive, were made, and the structure and properties of the blends were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and with an Instron Material Tester. The results showed that SF and PVA are principally incompatible and the blends made by the two polymers were phase‐separated. The results, however, also demonstrated that the blend structure could be changed to some extent by addition of 3–8% glycerin. The boundary of the PVA and SF phases became indistinct, as reported by SEM, a new peak appeared in the WAXD curves, the width of the OH absorption peak in the FT‐IR spectra increased, and the melting points changed in the DSC curves. In particular, the mechanical properties obviously increased, from 350 kg/cm2 and 10% of PVA/SF (80/20) film to 832 kg/cm2 and 39% of PVA/SF (80/20) film because of the increase in glycerin. It was suggested that glycerin plays a role in building the relationship between PVA and SF, strengthening the interaction between them and improving their compatibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2342–2347, 2002
Tissue‐engineered composites for the repair of large osteochondral defects
Authors: Schaefer Dirk , Martin Ivan , Jundt G. , Seidel Joachim , Heberer Michael , Grodzinsky Alan , Bergin Ingrid , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana , Freed Lisa E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that engineered cartilage can provide a mechanically functional template capable of undergoing orderly remodeling during the repair of large osteochondral defects in adult rabbits, as assessed by quantitative structural and functional methods.MethodsEngineered cartilage generated in vitro from chondrocytes cultured on a biodegradable scaffold was sutured to a subchondral support and the resulting composite press‐fitted into a 7‐mm long, 5‐mm wide, 5‐mm deep osteochondral defect in a rabbit knee joint. Defects left empty (group 1) or treated with cell‐free composites (group 2) served as controls for defects treated with composites of engineered cartilage and the support, without or with adsorbed bone marrow (groups 3 and 4, respectively).ResultsEngineered cartilage withstood physiologic loading and remodeled over 6 months into osteochondral tissue with characteristic architectural features and physiologic Young's moduli. Composites integrated well with host bone in 90% of cases but did not integrate well with host cartilage. Structurally, 6‐month repairs in groups 3 and 4 were superior to those in group 2 with respect to histologic score, cartilage thickness, and thickness uniformity, but were inferior to those in unoperated control tissue. At 6 months, Young's moduli in groups 2, 3, and 4 (0.68, 0.80, and 0.79 MPa, respectively) approached that in unoperated control tissue (0.84 MPa), whereas the corresponding modulus in group 1 (0.37 MPa) was significantly lower.ConclusionComposites of tissue‐engineered cartilage and a subchondral support promote the orderly remodeling of large osteochondral defects in adult rabbits.
Effects of initial choices in the prisoner's dilemma
Authors: Tung Au Wing , Komorita S. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the two‐person prisoner's dilemma game (PDG), there is considerable evidence that the tit‐for‐tat (TFT) strategy is most effective in inducing the other person to cooperate. One of the important features of the TFT strategy is that it cooperates on the first trial. We varied the initial choices of a simulated other, and tested the effects of (a) initial choices (cooperation or defection), and (b) persistence of initial choices: unilateral cooperation (or defection) on the first trial, first two trials, or first four trials. Results showed that a cooperative strategy—one that starts with cooperative choices—induced greater cooperation than a strategy that started with defections. The results of this study clearly show that (a) a cooperative strategy—one that initiates unilateral cooperation at the outset and then adopts a TFT strategy—is very effective in inducing subsequent cooperation from the other party, (b) the effectiveness of a cooperative strategy varies directly with the cooperative orientation of the other party (a cooperative strategy is more effective against a cooperative than a competitive person), and (c) initial cooperation is more effective if it is repeated more than once. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SNARE interactions in membrane trafficking: A perspective from mammalian central synapses
Authors: Kavalali Ege T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSNAREs (soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are a large family of proteins that are present on all organelles involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking and secretion. The interaction of complementary SNAREs found on opposing membranes presents an attractive lock‐and‐key mechanism, which may underlie the specificity of vesicle trafficking. Moreover, formation of the tight complex between a vesicle membrane SNARE and corresponding target membrane SNAREs could drive membrane fusion. In synapses, this tight complex, also referred to as the synaptic core complex, is essential for neurotransmitter release. However, recent observations in knockout mice lacking major synaptic SNAREs challenge the prevailing notion on the executive role of these proteins in fusion and open up several questions about their exact role(s) in neurotransmitter release. Persistence of a form of regulated neurotransmitter release in these mutant mice also raises the possibility that other cognate or non‐cognate SNAREs may partially compensate for the loss of a particular SNARE. Future analysis of SNARE function in central synapses will also have implications for the role of these molecules in other vesicle trafficking events such as endocytosis and vesicle replenishment. Such analysis can provide a molecular basis for synaptic processes including certain forms of short‐term synaptic plasticity. BioEssays 24:926–936, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of at‐line and in‐situ near‐infrared spectroscopy to monitor biomass in an industrial fed‐batch Escherichia coli process
Authors: Arnold S. Alison , Gaensakoo Rumpai , Harvey Linda M. , McNeil Brian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne of the key goals in bioprocess monitoring is to achieve real‐time knowledge of conditions within the bioreactor, i.e., in‐situ. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), with its ability to carry out multi‐analyte quantification rapidly with little sample presentation, is potentially applicable in this role. In the present study, the application of NIRS to a complex, fed‐batch industrial E. coli (RV308/PHKY531) process was investigated. This process undergoes a series of temperature changes and is vigorously agitated and aerated. These conditions can pose added challenges to in‐situ NIRS. Using the measurement of a key analyte (biomass) as an illustration, the details of the relationship between the at‐line and in‐situ use of NIRS are considered from the viewpoint of both theory and practical application. This study shows that NIRS can be used both at‐line and in‐situ in order to achieve good predictive models for biomass. There are particular challenges imposed by in‐situ operation (loss of wavelength regions and noise) which meant the need for signal optimisation studies. This showed that whilst the at‐line modelling process may provide some useful information for the in‐situ process, there were distinct differences. This study shows that the in‐situ use of NIRS in a highly challenging matrix (similar to those encountered in current industrial practice) is possible, and thus extends previous works in the area. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 405–413, 2002.
Production of cytidine 5′‐monophosphate N‐acetylneuraminic acid using recombinant Escherichia coli as a biocatalyst
Authors: Lee Sun‐Gu , Lee Jeong‐Oh , Yi Jung‐Kyu , Kim Byung‐Gee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn Escherichia coli strain expressing three recombinant enzymes, i.e., cytidine 5′‐monophosphate (CMP) kinase, sialic acid aldolase and cytidine 5′‐monophosphate N‐acetylneuraminic acid (CMP‐NeuAc) synthetase, was utilized as a biocatalyst for the production of CMP‐NeuAc. Both recombinant E. coli extract and whole cells catalyzed the production of CMP‐NeuAc from CMP (20 mM), N‐acetylmannosamine (40 mM), pyruvate (60 mM), ATP (1 mM), and acetylphosphate (60 mM), resulting in 90% conversion yield based on initial CMP concentration used. It was confirmed that endogenous acetate kinase can catalyze not only the ATP regeneration in the conversion of CMP to CDP but also the conversion of CDP to CTP. On the other hand, endogenous pyruvate kinase and polyphosphate kinase could not regenerate ATP efficiently. The addition of exogenous acetate kinase to the reaction mixture containing the cell extract increased the conversion rate of CMP to CMP‐NeuAc by about 1.5‐fold, but the addition of exogenous inorganic pyrophosphatase had no influence on the reaction. This E. coli strain could also be employed as an enzyme source for in situ regeneration of CMP‐NeuAc in a sialyltransferase catalyzed reaction. About 90% conversion yield of α2,3‐sialyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine was obtained from N‐acetyllactosamine (20 mM), CMP (2 mM), N‐acetylmannosamine (40 mM), pyruvate (60 mM), ATP (1 mM), and acetyl phosphate (80 mM) using the recombinant E. coli extract and α2,3‐sialyltransferase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 516–524, 2002.
Re‐inventing anatomy: The impact of plastination on how we see the human body
Authors: Jones D.G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOver the past 20 years the development of plastination has opened up new vistas for gross anatomy. In particular, it has led to a major expansion in the range of human anatomic specimens available for teaching and its potential value in research is increasingly being appreciated. More recently, it has burst into the public arena through what has become known as ‘Anatomy Art,’ as depicted in the von Hagens exhibition, Körperwelten (Bodyworlds). In this exhibition, the lifeless cadavers of the dissecting room have been transformed into standing, sitting, and jumping lifelike plastinated ‘models’ that demonstrate spinal cords, tumorous lungs, cirrhotic livers, joint prostheses, and sagittally sectioned whole bodies. Not surprisingly, the exhibition has raised considerable ethical debate about treating human cadavers in this way, an issue of particular relevance to anatomists. This article is an attempt to further this debate by considering the nature of plastinated human specimens, and the context within which they should be examined. The only rationale for displaying (plastinated) human material in the public domain is an educational one, with a basis in a museum ethos. The boundaries of this educational rationale are discussed, as are the opportunities and challenges presented by plastination to the anatomical community. Clin. Anat. 15:436–440, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location of the ventral margin of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe of the human liver with special reference to the configuration of hepatic portal vein branches
Authors: Kwon Daehyun , Murakami Gen , Hata Fumitake , Wang Hee Jung , Chung Min Suk , Hirata Koichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe topographic anatomy of the ventral margin of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe of the human liver has not been clearly described to date. To this end we hypothesize the existence of a precaudate plane, a flat or slightly curved plane defined by the ventral margins of the ligamentum venosum and the hilar plate. Using 76 cadaveric livers, we investigated whether the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe extended ventral to this plane and whether the paracaval caudate branch of the portal vein (PC) ran through this plane to its ventral side. In 28 of the specimens (36.8%), the PC extended over the plane to a variable depth: less than 10 mm in 10 specimens, 10–20 mm in 10, and more than 20 mm in eight specimens. This ventral extension of the PC consistently included its penetration into the dome‐like area under the terminals of the three major hepatic veins; therefore, the ventrally extended PC often interdigitated with these veins and their tributaries (in practice, the ventral margin of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe could generally be considered to run alongside the middle hepatic vein). Moreover, the ventral extension of the PC often reached the upper, diaphragmatic surface or the dorsal surface of the liver immediately to the right of the inferior vena cava. Several branches (termed border branches) in the ventral extension were difficult to identify as belonging to the PC. We discuss both the marginal configuration of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe and how to identify and operate on the ventrally extended PC and related border branches during liver surgery. Clin. Anat. 15:387–401, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservative management of contained coronary perforation after percutaneous intervention
Authors: Owens Patrick E. , Motwani Joseph G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractContained perforation of the coronary artery may occur following coronary intervention and is generally managed aggressively with acute percutaneous or surgical intervention. We report a case of contained perforation following intervention on an occluded right coronary artery, leading to lumenal compression by perivascular hematoma and reduced distal flow. This was managed conservatively with an excellent clinical and angiographic outcome. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:211–214. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathologic analysis of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy
Authors: Tsuji Takahiro , Ikari Yuji , Tamura Tsutomu , Wanibuchi Yasuhiko , Hara Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo clarify mechanisms of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy (PTMC), we studied 253 patients (25% male) with PTMC using an Inoue balloon. Initial success (defined as either a mitral valve area ≥ 1.5 cm2 or more than twice the pre‐PTMC valve area) was achieved in 95% of patients. During a mean follow‐up period of 8 ± 3 years, 12 patients underwent mitral valve replacement due to mitral valve restenosis. Visual inspection of the 12 resected valves with restenosis did not reveal fusion of the commissures. Histologically, all the resected mitral valves had evidence of end‐stage rheumatic valvular disease, such as severe fibrosis and calcification. Deterioration of Wilkins echo score supported rheumatic disease progression in the leaflets and subvalvular region. Therefore, restenosis is not due to recurrence of fusion in commissures in these Japanese patients. Histologic and echocardiographic findings suggest that restenosis is based on end‐stage valvular disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:205–210. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occasional‐operator percutaneous brachial coronary angiography: First, do no arm
Authors: Hildick‐Smith David J.R. , Khan Zafar I. , Shapiro Leonard M. , Petch Michael C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe percutaneous brachial approach to coronary angiography is perceived, rightly or wrongly, to be the easiest of the arm approaches. Predominantly femoral operators may therefore be encouraged to use the percutaneous brachial approach as an occasional procedure. We decided to investigate prospectively whether this was a reasonable strategy by examining outcome in patients who underwent percutaneous brachial cardiac catheterization by occasional brachial operators. Between October 1997 and 2000, 55 patients underwent percutaneous brachial coronary angiography (0.6% of coronary angiographies), aged 66 ± 10 years, of whom 40 (73%) were male. Chief indications for a brachial approach were peripheral vascular disease in 35 (64%), failed femoral approach in 10 (18%), and orthopnoea in 5 (9%). The procedure was completed successfully in 46 patients (84%). Reasons for failure were failure of access (two), brachial artery spasm (one), inability to negotiate brachial/subclavian tortuosity (two), dissection of the brachial artery (two), and inability to intubate a vein graft (two). Six patients required catheterization from an alternative site (brachial arteriotomy in two, percutaneous transradial in two, femoral in two), with success in all. There were complications of varying severity in 20 patients (36%). Major complications were false aneurysm requiring surgical repair (one), large brachial hematoma requiring surgical exploration and arterial repair (one), and hematoma with clinical median nerve dysfunction for one month. Minor complications included need for repeat coronary angiography via alternative approach (six), weakness of radial pulse < 24 hr (two), brachial artery dissection without clinical sequelae (two), brachial artery spasm terminating procedure (one), and wound oozing (three). Percutaneous brachial coronary angiography is a hazardous procedure when undertaken by occasional brachial operators. Complications are unacceptably frequent. As with all practical procedures, complication rates are likely to be inversely proportional to operator volumes. Patients requiring an arm approach should be referred to operators with high‐volume brachial or radial experience. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:161–165. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein binding of indobufen enantiomers: Pharmacokinetics of free fraction—studies after single or multiple doses of rac‐indobufen
Authors: Główka Franciszek K. , Caldwell John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe binding of the enantiomers of indobufen (INDB) to human serum proteins was investigated using the racemic mixture or the pure (+)‐S‐enantiomer in a concentration range of 2.5–100.0 mg/L. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of free (unbound) and total INDB enantiomers were studied 1) following administration of a single 200 mg rac‐INDB tablet to healthy volunteers, and 2) in obliterative atherosclerosis patients at steady state. The free fraction of INDB was obtained by ultrafiltration. Using the racemic mixture, the binding parameters of the two enantiomers were different, showing enantioselectivity in protein binding. The (−)‐R‐enantiomer was bound more strongly to human serum albumin, with association constant K = 11.95 ± 0.98 × 105 M−1 and n = 0.72 ± 0.02 binding sites. The comparable data for the (+)‐S‐enantiomer were K = 4.65 ± 0.02 × 105 M−1, n = 0.92 ± 0.01. When the binding of (+)‐S‐enantiomer was studied alone, the association constant K (2.10 ± 0.18 × 105 M−1) was lower and the number of binding sites was increased, to n = 1.87 ± 0.17. Competition occurred between the enantiomers, with the (−)‐R‐enantiomer displacing its antipode. The fraction of both enantiomers bound to serum proteins was 99.0%, which increased with decreasing initial concentration of the enantiomers. In healthy volunteers the (+)‐S‐enantiomer was eliminated faster than its (−)‐R antipode, resulting in a lower AUC for the (+)‐S‐enantiomer. Significant differences were observed in the total INDB enantiomer concentrations. The mean unbound fraction of (−)‐R‐ and (+)‐S‐INDB was 0.45% and 0.43%, respectively. Levels of the free (+)‐S‐enantiomer were higher than its (−)‐R‐antipode at steady state in patients with obliterative atherosclerosis who also took other drugs. The free enantiomer fraction increased to around 1% upon repeated administration. We conclude that the more rapid elimination of the (+)‐S enantiomer is associated with its weaker binding to serum proteins. Chirality 14:736–741, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current density mapping approach for design of clinical magnetic resonance imaging magnets
Authors: Crozier Stuart , Zhao Huawei , Doddrell David M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNovel current density mapping (CDM) schemes are developed for the design of new actively shielded, clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets. This is an extended inverse method in which the entire potential solution space for the superconductors has been considered, rather than single current density layers. The solution provides an insight into the required superconducting coil pattern for a desired magnet configuration. This information is then used as an initial set of parameters for the magnet structure, and a previously developed hybrid numerical optimization technique is used to obtain the final geometry of the magnet. The CDM scheme is applied to the design of compact symmetric, asymmetric, and open architecture 1.0–1.5 T MRI magnet systems of novel geometry and utility. A new symmetric 1.0‐T system that is just 1 m in length with a full 50‐cm diameter of the active, or sensitive, volume (DSV) is detailed, as well as an asymmetric system in which a 50‐cm DSV begins just 14 cm from the end of the coil structure. Finally a 1.0‐T open magnet system with a full 50‐cm DSV is presented. These new designs provide clinically useful homogeneous regions and have appropriately restricted stray fields but, in some of the designs, the DSV is much closer to the end of the magnet system than in conventional designs. These new designs have the potential to reduce patient claustrophobia and improve physician access to patients undergoing scans. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 208–215, 2002