bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control constructs
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have learnt in the previous chapter how assignment statements may be written, and how these may be ordered one after the other to form a sequence of code which is executed step by step. In most computations, however, this simple sequence of statements is by itself inadequate for the formulation of the problem. For instance, we may wish to follow one of two possible paths through a section of code, depending on whether a calculated value is positive or negative. We may wish to sum 1000 elements of an array, and to do this by writing 1000 additions and assignments is clearly tedious; the ability to iterate over a single addition is required instead. We may wish to pass control from one part of a program to another, or even stop processing altogether.
Data transfer
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortran has, in comparison with most other high-level programming languages, a particularly rich set of facilities for input/output (I/O), but it is an area of Fortran into which not all programmers need to delve very deeply. For most small-scale programs it is sufficient to know how to read a few data records containing input variables, and how to transmit to a terminal or printer the results of a calculation. In large-scale data processing, on the other hand, the programs often have to deal with huge streams of data to and from many files; in these cases it is essential that great attention be paid to the way in which the I/O is designed and coded, as otherwise both the execution time and the real time spent in the program can suffer dramatically. The term file is used for a collection of data outside the main memory and a file is always organized into a sequence of records.
Follow-up and assessment protocols for myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Rogers Mark T , Mathieu Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first crucial factor in the initial planning of health care management for a patient with a neuromuscular disorder is a correct diagnosis and the second is knowledge of the natural history. The diagnosis and knowledge of the natural history together make it possible to plan specific management and treatment, allowing the individual to understand the long-term impact of their disorder. While this chapter applies mainly to patients with the DM l mutation, it is likely that the general approaches will also be relevant to those with type 2 myotonic dystrophy/PROMM, at least until more data are available for the natural history of this form.
Problems in applying discriminant analysis in credit-scoring models
Authors: Eisenbeis Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid- and late-1960s credit scoring and related loan review procedures have been applied with increasing frequency by financial institutions and other creditors. Chandler and Coffman (1977). for example, report that credit-scoring systems are in wide use today. However. given the proprietary nature of these systems, precious little is known about the specific content of the models. There have been several credit-scoring systems constructed by academics that have appeared in the journals. If these are representative of the types of systems actually being employed in industry, then it would appear that a number of these systems could be expected to suffer from methodological and statistical problems which may have significant implications for the hundreds employing the models.
As Chandler and Coffman (1977) point out, these problems take on increasing importance given (a) the passage of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) in 1974, which prohibited discrimination in the granting of credit on the basis of sex or marital status and the amendments on March 1976. which added seven other prohibited factors including race, color. religion, national origin. age, receipt of public assistance benefits, and the good faith exercise of rights under the Consumer Credit
Updating scorecards: removing the mystique
Authors: Lucas Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what follows it is assumed that we are examining a credit book with one scorecard either in place or about to be installed, operating on the whole book or on a well defined subpopulation. The objectives of this chapter are threefold: to expound on a monitoring theme which will determine whether the scorecard is working ‘optimally ‘; to suggest ways of updating the scorecard if it is not perfect; third. if the scorecard is deemed to need amendment. to explain how the basic principle embodied within this chapter can be used to quantify expert opinion in situations where there is not enough data to undertake a full statistical inference (including new book situations).
Can reject inference ever work?
Authors: Hand David J , Henley William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When applicants apply for credit. they are assessed using a scoring instrument and either accepted or rejected. The accepted ones are followed up, and their true good or bad creditworthiness can be determined. However, the rejected ones are not followed up, so that their true status is unknown. ‘Reject inference ‘ is the process of attempting to infer the true creditworthiness status of the rejected applicants.
There are several reasons for being interested in this. A straightforward one is a wish to determine the number of good credit risks rejected by the scoring instrument. Another, more subtle, involves the effort to develop improved scoring instruments. In general, the only data available on which to develop new instruments will be: (a) the applicants ‘ responses to the individual items comprising the scoring instrument (these will be available for both accepted and rejected applicants), and (b) the true good or bad status of those accepted (but not of those rejected). Unfortunately, as outlined below, instruments based solely on the accepted applicants could be biased. This observation has led to the idea that, if one can use reject inference to infer the status of those rejected, then perhaps this information could be combined with the known status of those accepted to reduce the bias in the new instrument. Reject inference has attracted a great deal of interest. and many methods have been proposed. Much of the work seems to have been based on a poor understanding of what can be achieved using the rejects. The aim of this chapter is to clarify this. and to describe some proposed methods of reject inference.
Principles and best practice model of psychogeriatric service delivery
Authors: Chiu Edmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early principles of psychogeriatric service delivery were established in the United Kingdom in the 1960s (see Chapter I) by pioneers such as Tom Arie, Brice Pitt, David Jolly and Felix Post. Pitt in his Psychogeriatrics: -an introduction to the psychiatry of old age (1982) said: The principal aim of a psychogeriatric service must be to meet the needs of old people in its community. Usually the service operates from the psychiatric hospital or unit of the area, but it is concerned not nearly or even mostly with old people already in hospital, but with the development of comprehe11sive assessment, treatment a11d care for the elderly mentally ill at large. (My emphasis)Tom Arie, since the 1970s, has consistently affirmed and taught ‘services have concerned themselves not only with the best interest of those who are patients, but also with the population of potential patients within a local community ‘ (Jolly and Arie, 1992).
Involvement of carers, consumers and the broader community
Authors: Brodaty Henry , Low Lee-Fay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will examine the consumer movement as it relates to psychogeriatric services and will include practical suggestions about how to appropriately involve consumers and carers in service planning, management and delivery. Ethical and medico-legal issues will be covered. A carer, also called a caregiver or caretaker, is defined as a family member (or friend), helping someone on a regular (usually daily) basis with tasks necessary for independent living (Zarit and Edwards, 1996, p. 334). Carers are vital partners in the care of older persons. They have roles in assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and medico-legal functions and are also legitimate targets for interventions in their own right. From a service viewpoint, acknowledgement of the need to provide for carers, even if not of an older age themselves, is crucial in organizing service loads.
Principles of preventive pharmacotherapy in primary headache
Authors: Goadsby P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preventive management for recurrent headache syndromes is one of the key tasks for physicians interested in headache. This review was commissioned to provide a backdrop for the discussions that will follow so it will be general, drawing on specific examples when appropriate, but will not be an exhaustive treatise on preventive therapies. Textbooks have been written and much of what follows in this volume will cover the details of preventive therapy. Invariably, principles in medicine have a personal flavour and I am aware that much of what is written is couched in the first person. This chapter is an amalgam of my mentor’s views,2 the views of my colleagues, many of whom I have written with and collaborated with, and balanced by mistakes I have made myself and learnt from. Some principles are so generic that they apply across all primary headaches, applying as effectively in Chronic Migraine as they do in Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT).
Preventive treatment of migraine headache with rofecoxib
Authors: Visser W H , Malbecq W , Strohmaier K , Lines, C , Reines S A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current choices for the prophylactic treatment of migraine include 6 major medication groups: -adrenergic blockers, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, selective serotonin receptor antagonists, anticonvulsants, and NSAIDs. The mode of action of most of these classes of drugs in migraine prophylaxis is not fully understood. Due to a lack of scientific rigor in many of the reported trials, it is not clear which agents are the most effective in preventing migraine. All of these agents carry the risk of side effects, which can be significant in some cases. For example, non-selective NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of gastro intestinal side effects, such as ulcers, which are thought to be due to inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme. The recent development of agents which are selective inhibitors of COX-2, such as rofecoxib, raises the possibility that these new agents may be effective for migraine prophylaxis with an improved gastrointestinal tolerability profile compared with non-selective NSAIDs. We therefore performed a clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of rofecoxib for migraine prophylaxis.
Survey on expenditure for analgesics in chronic tension headache and its changes following botulinum toxin type A preventive treatment
Authors: Coloprisco G , Filippis S De , Santi P G , Fiore G , Rodio, A , Martelletti P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A; BOTOX® Allergan, Inc.; Irvine, CA) as preventive treatment of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) on analgesic use and expenditure. This was a prospective, single-center, I-year, open-label study of the effect of BoNT-A treatment on acute analgesic use and expenditure in CTTH patients. A headache questionnaire, which included questions about medication costs, was completed by CTTH patients attending a specialist headache clinic in Rome prior to BoNT-A injections. Repeat injections were administered every 3 months for up to 1 year. Patients were required to complete the questionnaire prior to each injection cycle. A pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed at each assessment to determine the effect of BoNT-A treatment on analgesic use and expenditure.
Prophylactic treatment of migraine with lomerizine hydrochloride
Authors: Hibi Y , lgarashi, H , Sakai F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lomerizine hydrochloride is a novel calcium channel blocker developed for the prophylaxis of migraine.Although the effect of lomerizine to protect the brain from hypoxia and ischemia was examined in experimental animal models, the clinical usefulness of this agent to prevent migraine has not been fully explored. In this report, we investigated the prophylactic effect of lomerizine in eighteen patients with migraine using our quantitative headache diary. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of lomerizine hydrochloride for the prophylaxis of migraine by using visual-analogue scale headache diary.
Serotonin receptors and migraine prophylaxis-the case of dihydroergotamine
Authors: Hamon M , Bourgoin, S , Lanfumey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Important progress has been made for the last decade in the knowledge of physiopathological mechanisms underlying migraine attack. This was achieved notably through extensive investigations on the mechanisms of actions of drugs, such as triptans, which efficiently stop headache when they are administered acutely, immediately after the first clinical signs of a migraine attack. Like triptans, the classical antimigraine drug, dihydroergotamine (DRE), is also effective in the acute treatment of migraine, probably through its ability to prevent activation of the trigemino-vascular pathway, and the associated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from activated trigeminal fibres. However, in contrast to triptans, DRE is also effective for the prophylactic treatment of migraine, but the mechanisms underlying the latter effect are essentially unknown.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of this introduction to nonlinear science, it seems appropriate to review the ground we have covered and consider where studies of emergent phenomena might be going in the present century. Over the past few decades the landscape of applied science has changed dramatically. Many concepts and ideas that were widely accepted in the 1960s have been unexpectedly superseded by quite different perspectives, altering profoundly our collective understanding of dynamics and opening new vistas into the future. As we have seen, examples of such changes include the following.
Long-term illness and you
Authors: Campling Frankie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As its title suggests, this book is about long-term (chronic) illness, as opposed to short-term (acute) illness, and about how a long-term illness can best be managed. Before we move on to talk about illness management though, we would like to start by discussing a few other topics which we believe will help you understand the approach we are taking.
Looking After Your General Health
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have to manage a particular illness, looking after your general health becomes even more important. You need to do as much as you can not to burden your body with other problems. Long-term illness may well mean lifetime illness. As we get older, our chances of developing other problems increases, but the risk can be minimized by healthy living. Much of what we talk about in this book is about general health management as much as about illness management. So here is a summary of health behaviours that would be good sense for anybody, sick or well. You will find most of the following topics expanded on throughout the book.
Dealing with Problems
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coping with difficulties and problems is a part of normal life. However, being ill can create a new batch of problems to add to the ones you had before. At every stage of your illness, things change; some things that are difficult get easier, but new difficulties crop up. We all have our own ways of coping, but the problems generated by illness will make new demands on your ability to cope and may require some ‘advanced coping skills’ (another term for dealing with problems). Managing problems in the best way is very much part of managing your illness and making life easier for yourself.
Building Pleasure into Your Life
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you are feeling tired and ill, it can be hard to think about enjoying your-self. You may have a Puritanical feeling that you do not deserve pleasure while you are ill or you may feel that some people will criticize you for using some of your available energy on things other than the essentials. However, pleasure is an essential part of your life—just as important as good food. Sometimes the things that you used to enjoy are not possible at present, but that does not mean that you could not enjoy yourself in rather different ways. Now could be the time to try something a bit different or to use a bit of lateral thinking to see if you could continue to do something you enjoy, even if you have to tackle it in a rather different way.
Living with Uncertainty
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nobody feels comfortable with uncertainty, though people vary in how well they can tolerate it. A very basic human need is to feel certain about our life, which is actually an unobtainable goal—because life is uncertain. You cannot know for sure what is going to happen. Having a long-term illness adds to the areas of uncertainty. You may worry about whether a past decision was right or about what the future may hold.
Managing Your Thinking
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the way you as an individual think about things—the way you view yourself, your life and the world around you—can make a great difference to the way you manage your illness. We all of us, well or ill, have our own established patterns in the way we think. Some of them are helpful and some unhelpful, but they all influence our thinking and our moods. Moods and emotions have a physical effect on the body, which is why we believe that managing your thinking is so important. Some of your beliefs and thought patterns may well have been appropriate in the past but no longer fit the person you are today.
Managing Severe Anxiety, Panic or Depression
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We talked earlier about worry, fear and low spirits. States of overwhelming anxiety, panic and depression are severe versions of those emotions. Youmay have had a tendency to one or all of these states before you became ill,or it may be a very unwelcome extra now. They are all very unpleasantto experience and produce physical symptoms that add to the burden thatillness has already placed on your body, so anything you can do (or can behelped to do) to control them will be of benefit to your general well-being.
Malignant mesothelioma: epidemiological snapshots from around the world
Authors: Abratt R P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asbestos has remarkable properties and has been used by humans for many centuries. The word ‘asbestos’ means inextinguishable or unquenchable. It is flexible and has great tensile strength. These properties make it an ideal compound for use in the construction industry and insulation. Asbestos was initially used for wicks in lamps and candles as far back as 4000 BC. Between 2000 and 3000 BC the embalmed bodies of Egyptian pharaohs were wrapped in asbestos cloths to off-set the ravages of time. In Finland, asbestos was used to strengthen clay pots in the period around 2500 BC. There is anecdotal evidence that Charlemagne (742–814 AD) had a tablecloth made from woven asbestos. The Mediterranean people used chrysotile from Cyprus and tremolite from upper Italy for the fabrication of cremation cloths, mats, and wicks for temple lamps from 1000 AD. Marco Polo visited an asbestos mine in China in the latter half of the thirteenth century. He concluded that asbestos was a stone and laid to rest the myth that it was the hair of a woolly lizard. Asbestos papers and boards were made in Italy from the early eighteenth century. Benjamin Franklin bought a purse made of asbestos which is now in the Natural History Museum, London.
Histopathology of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: King J E , Galateau-Sallé F , Hasleton P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well recognized that malignant mesothelioma can be a difficult tumour to diagnose histologically. Malignant pleural mesothelioma may be difficult to distinguish from malignant primary and metastatic pleural carcinomas or sarcomas, and also from benign mesothelial disease. Although there have been great advances in diagnostic histopathology in the last three decades, there is still no single test that can reliably identify malignant mesothelial cells. The correct classification of pleural malignancy is important to ensure that appropriate treatment is given and, in the case of patients with occupational asbestos exposure, to support claims for industrial compensation.
Immunobiology of malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Smith A M , Lansley S , Jackaman C , Koloska B , Broomfield S , Robinson B W S , Nelson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exactly how malignant mesothelioma (MM) tumours arise, both at the molecular level, as a result of genetic mutation(s), and subsequently at the cellular level, remains poorly defined. The lengthy period between asbestos exposure and the manifestation of obvious disease makes tracking immune responses to developing MM tumours difficult in humans. Furthermore, the lack of obvious early symptoms means that MM remains undetectable until characteristic clinical symptoms manifest; even then, rigorous histopathological and/or cytopathological examination is required for confirmation of disease. As a result, MM is diagnosed late in disease progression and is associated with a rapid decline in health. Despite these limitations, a number of experimental approaches have been utilized to characterize MM-specific and non-specific immune responses to the progressing disease. In this chapter we briefly review the cell types involved in the innate and adaptive immune systems, current thinking regarding the interplay between these cells, and their immunobiological roles during the development of MM.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Dennis Turk’s insightful editorial entitled ‘Remember the Distinction Between Malignant and Benign Pain? Well Forget It’ list 12 points that question the separation of cancer pain from non-malignant pain: The difference between nociception and pain is the same for cancer patients and non-cancer patients. No pain is benign (particularly when I experience it). Anatomically, physiologically and biochemically, malignant and non-malignant pain does not differ. Cancer patients do experience more symptoms (cachexia, anorexia, dyspnea), but patients with chronic non-malignant pain will experience symptoms that can over-lap with cancer patients.
Hydrocodone
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydrocodone (dihydrocodeinone) is a semi-synthetic congener of codeine, which is highly selective for mu opioid receptor (MOR). Hydrocodone has not been directly compared with morphine in humans and its comparison with other opioids is clouded by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and acetaminophen combination product. Hydrocodone titration is also limited by availability in only the combination products. Hydrocodone and oxycodone possess almost identical potencies and very similar pharmacokinetics.