bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopic tracer studies of chemical behavior of rare earth elements in environmental and biological sciences
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Chai Zhifang 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE), a group of elements with atomic numbers from 57 to 71, have been widely applied in recent years not only in industry but also in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and medicine. Numerous anthropogenic activities make REE to easily enter the environment and finally the human body via the food chain. Therefore, detailed studies on chemical behavior of these metals in environmental and biological systems are imperative. Isotopic tracer method is especially suited to such studies and has played an important role in assessing the environmental effects of REE. In this paper, some recent progress in the study of chemical behavior of REE in environmental and biological sciences made by the isotopic tracer method is outlined.
Trace elements evaluation of some medicinal herbs by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Zaidi Jamshed H. , Fatima I. , Qureshi I. H. , Subhani M. S. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been used for the analysis of seven varieties of medicinal herbs generally used by the people of South Asian region. Twenty-one trace elements (essential, toxic and non-essential) were determined. This data should not only be helpful in establishing the base-line values in these medicinal herbs but also in correlating their role as therapeutic agents. A comparison of our data with literature values shows variation in trace element contents of same species of different origin which can be attributed to ecological and geographical variations to some extent; however an exact interpretation demands further extensive investigations.
Ultratrace and isotope ratios analyses of some radionuclides by ICP-MS
Authors: Helal A. I. , Zahran N. F. , Amr M. A. , Abd El-Lateef A. M. , Bashter I. I. , Mohsen H. T. , Abbas Y. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractExtensive work is under way using High Resolution-ICP-MS for90Sr,234U,235U,238U,239Pu,240Pu, and241Am detection. Sample preparation procedures based on liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange chromatography were developed. Sr, U, Pu, and Am were separated from their matrix and concentrated to improve the power of detection in the mass spectrometer. A microconcentric nebulizer with a desolvation introduction system (Ardius) is used. Instrumental limits of detection using Sr and U standard solutions are 0.01 ppt and 0.006 ppt for Sr and U, respectively. A study is presented on the mass interferences for the specified radionuclides. In the environmental samples investigated the90Sr/86Sr isotope ratio is 6.02×10-9and for240Pu/239Pu the isotope ratio is 0.17.
The study of natural radionuclides and radon exhalation rate in ceramic materials containing fly ash developed in Israel
Authors: Lavi N. , Alfassi Z. B. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The ionizing radiation dose from building materials containing fly ash (FA) has been studied. Ceramic products, plates, bricks and blocks containing fly ash have been studied and compared to other construction materials for both natural radionuclides content (NORM), radon exhalation rate and gamma radiation dose .The total radiation dose due to walls built from ceramic blocks containing FA (45% fly ash), was found to be lower than radiation doses due to walls of other construction materials, Assuming two walls (the exterior ones) built of this ceramic material the doses are 0.09-0.13 mSv/y for ceramic materials densities of 800 and 1200 kg/m3, respectively.
Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals. Part I. Pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals
Authors: Steurer Walter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIs quasicrystal structure analysis a never-ending story? Why is still not a single quasicrystal structure known with the same precision and reliability as structures of regular periodic crystals? What is the state-of-the-art of structure analysis of axial quasicrystals? The present comprehensive review summarizes the results of almost twenty years of structure analysis of axial quasicrystals and tries to answer these questions as far as possible. More than 2000 references have been screened for the most reliable structural models of pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals. These models, mainly based on diffraction data and/or on bulk and surface microscopic images are critically discussed together with the limits and potentialities of the respective methods employed.
Decagonal quasicrystals in Al—Ni—Co: generality and particulars
Authors: Grushko Benjamin , Döblinger Markus 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A great number of stable and metastable structures associated with the Al—Ni—Co decagonal phase were observed in a continuous range from binary Al—Co to binary Al—Ni. Two independent basic binary compounds forming the continuous row of the decagonal solid solutions are argued for Al—Ni—Co. The formation of different quasiperiodic and periodic structures in this range is discussed. Our analysis leads to a significant simplification of the description of the decagonal range in the equilibrium Al—Ni—Co phase diagram.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic studies of (1RS,2SR)-1-(2-carboxy-4-methyl-5-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentane-2-carboxylic acid: supramolecular framework built from O—H…O and C—H…O hydrogen bonds
Authors: Mondal Swastik , Mukherjee Monika , Paul Tapas , Mukherjee Debabrata 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The bicyclic carboxylic acid, C17H22O5, a potential intermediate in the synthesis of bioactive δ-cuparenol has been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray studies. The structure derived from the NMR data, the infrared spectra and the chemical analysis is consistent with that of single crystal X-ray analysis. The molecules in the title compound are linked into a three dimensional framework by O—H…O and C—H…O intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The supramolecular assembly of molecules exhibits R4
4(23) rings. The conformational analysis of the molecule as investigated by the semi-empirical quantum mechanical AM1 calculations shows a good agreement with the X-ray structure.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Cobalt
Authors: Meshri Dayal T. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The two fluorides of cobalt, namely the cobalt(II) fluoride and the cobalt(III) fluoride, are of great importance in the fluorochemical industry owing to the use of the latter as a hard fluorinating agent. It is used for the replacement of hydrogen by fluorine in halocarbons, fluorination of alkynes, and fluorination of aromatic compounds.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Hydrogen
Authors: Smith Robert A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHydrogen fluoride is the most important manufactured fluorine compound, having the greatest production volume and serving as the raw material for most other fluorine‐containing chemicals. It is produced from sulfuric acid and fluorspar (calcium fluoride ore) at elevated temperatures in a rotating kiln. It is used for the production of fluorocarbons and inorganic fluorides, as a catalyst in the production of high octane gasoline, in aluminum manufacture, as an etchant in the electronic industry, and in stainless steel pickling. Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless liquid or gas that strongly associates to form polymers in both the liquid and gaseous states, and exhibits highly nonideal physical properties. It is a fairly weak acid as a solute, but is highly acidic as a solvent. Among its unusual chemical properties is its reactivity with silica and silicates, including glass. It is a corrosive, hazardous material, but can be handled safely provided rigorous safety precautions are followed. Properties of both the aqueous and anhydrous material are described.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Authors: Dery Maurice 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMost quaternary ammonium compounds produced in the United States are formulated into consumer products. The largest markets for quaternaries are fabric softening, hair care, bactericidal and germicidal applications, and for manufacture of organoclays. When one of the alkyl groups contains around 10 carbon atoms, the molecules exhibit surface‐active properties. Physical properties are determined by the chemical structure of the material. Reactions include eliminations, displacements, and rearrangements. There are also many biologically important quaternaries.Most quaternaries are biodegradable. Quaternaries are prepared by the reaction of a tertiary amine with an alkylating agent. Commercial production from natural fats and oils, α‐olefins, and fatty alcohols is described. Quaternized esteramines are gaining market share in Western Europe. Other classes of quaternaries include phase‐transfer catalysts, polyamine‐based quaternaries, and perfluorinated quaternaries.
Investigation of the human serotonin receptor geneHTR3Bin bipolar affective and schizophrenic patients
Authors: Frank Bernd , Niesler Beate , Nöthen Markus M. , Neidt Helge , Propping Peter , Bondy Brigitta , Rietschel Marcella , Maier Wolfgang , Albus Margot , Rappold Gudrun 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) mediates a multitude of central nervous functions by activating 5‐HT receptor subtypes. A dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission is considered to play a major role in the pathophysiology of complex neuropsychiatric disorders. In our study, a mutation screen of the serotonin receptor geneHTR3Bwas carried out to explore a putative contribution to the etiology of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Screening of 49 patients suffering from BPAD, 78 patients with SZ and 62 control individuals revealed eleven sequence variations including a 3 bp deletion within the 5′UTR (5′ untranslated region), four exonic and five intronic SNPs as well as a point mutation in the 3′UTR ofHTR3B. Four of these sequence variations have not been described previously. Statistical computation rated most variants as probably non‐disease related polymorphisms. However, IVS6 + 31C > T, IVS6 + 40C > A, and 1386T > C were solely detected in bipolar affective patients and in none of the controls. Interestingly, we observed a significant underrepresentation of the 3 bp deletion −100_−102delAAG in an extended sample of 162 bipolar affected patients compared to controls (allele‐wise: 8% vs. 15%,P = 0.006, OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.3–0.82; genotype‐wise: 15,5% vs. 29,0%,P = 0.005, OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26–0.77). We suggest that this deletion may influence translational efficiency, thereby possibly affecting the development of bipolar affective disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates
Authors: Bulayeva Kazima B. , Leal Suzanne M. , Pavlova Tatiana A. , Kurbanov Ruslan M. , Glatt Stephen J. , Bulayev Oleg A. , Tsuang Ming T. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGenetic isolates, which provide outstanding opportunities for identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases, can be classified as primary (having an ancient demographic history in a stable environment) or secondary (having a younger demographic history) Neel [1992: Minority populations: Genetics, demography, and health, pp. 1–13]. Daghestan contains 26 out of 50 indigenous Caucasus ethnicities that have been in existence for hundreds of generations in the same highland region. The ethnic groups are subdivided into numerous primary isolates. The founder effect and gene drift in these primary isolates may have caused aggregation of specific haplotypes with limited numbers of pathogenic alleles and loci in some isolates relative to others. These are expressed as inter‐population differences in lifetime prevalence and features of certain complex clinical phenotypes and in patterns of genetic linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Stable highland and ethnic‐cultural environments have led to increased penetrance and a reduced number of phenocopies, which typically hamper the identification of any susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Owing to these characteristics of the primary isolates, a comparative linkage study in the primary isolates allows us to define the number of susceptibility genes for any complex disease and to identify the source of variability and non‐replication of linkage analysis results. As part of an ongoing study, seven extended schizophrenia and one nonspecific mental retardation kindreds have been ascertained from Daghestan isolates. Lifetime morbid risk for schizophrenia in the isolates varied from 0 to 5%. A genome scan with markers spaced 10 cM apart was carried out on these pedigrees and linkage analysis was performed using descent graph methods, as implemented in Simwalk2. To identify regions containing susceptibility genes within these kindreds, we followed up those regions with non‐parametric and parametric linkage analyses, with the choice of genetic model guided by the results obtained in the NPL. While the analyses are ongoing, the most positive findings were made in different isolated pedigrees on chromosomes 17p11, 3q24, and 22q for schizophrenia and on chromosome 12q for nonspecific mental retardation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allelic and haplotypic association of GABRA2 with alcohol dependence
Authors: Covault Jonathan , Gelernter Joel , Hesselbrock Victor , Nellissery Maggie , Kranzler Henry R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlcohol dependence is a highly prevalent disorder that is associated with serious morbidity and mortality. Because the GABAA neurotransmitter receptor is an important mediator for several behavioral effects of alcohol, genes encoding GABA‐related proteins are functional candidates to influence risk of alcohol dependence. Two genome‐wide scans showed linkage of alcohol dependence to a region on chromosome 4p, which contains a cluster of genes encoding GABAA receptor subunits. A recent effort to fine map that region showed a haplotypic association of alcohol dependence to the gene encoding the GABAA receptor α‐2 subunit (GABRA2). We examined 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the coding region of this gene in samples of European American subjects with alcohol dependence (n = 446), and controls (n = 334) screened to exclude substance use disorders. There was evidence of association to alcohol dependence for seven adjacent markers spanning 98,000 bp in the middle and 3′‐portion of the GABRA2 gene (range of P‐values = 0.008–0.03). When the subset of the alcohol‐dependent subjects excluding those with a diagnosis of cocaine or opioid dependence or major depressive episode (n = 198) was examined, the strength of the association was increased across these 7 SNPs (range of P‐values = 0.002–0.007). Two common haplotypes in this region accounted for 90.8% of chromosomes. The more common haplotype was present in 55.6% of control group chromosomes versus 48.2% of alcohol‐dependent subjects (P = 0.007) and 45.8% of subjects with alcohol dependence but no co‐morbid drug dependence or depression (P = 0.003). These findings replicate and extend recently reported findings, which together underscore the potential contribution of polymorphic variation at the GABRA2 locus to the risk for alcohol dependence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple and complex genetics of colorectal cancer susceptibility
Authors: Baglioni Silvana , Genuardi Maurizio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere are several hereditary conditions associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). These include well‐characterized autosomal dominant syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). A novel autosomal recessive form of FAP, caused by mutations in the base excision repair gene MYH, has recently been recognized. This discovery has provided further evidence for the importance of DNA repair mechanisms in CRC development, already documented by the involvement of the mismatch repair in HNPCC. Additional CRC‐predisposing conditions, such as hyperplastic polyposis and hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome, are being outlined. Heterogeneity of genetic mechanisms has important consequences for counseling and surveillance in hereditary CRC. Nevertheless, classical mendelian conditions represent only a minor share of the total CRC population burden. Alleles of the same genes that are involved in hereditary syndromes might also act as low penetrance variants, as shown for APC 1307K in the Ashkenazi. However, the level of complexity of multifactorial CRC is such that current tools appear inadequate to pinpoint all the involved components. A combination of different strategies, including careful clinical observation, analysis of homogeneous patient populations, and critical evaluation of data derived from experimental models, along with methodological improvements in nucleic acid analysis, will probably be necessary to unravel the basis of nonmendelian CRC. Once this is achieved, it will be possible to realize the ultimate goal of targeted CRC prevention, with the adoption of measures tailored according to individual risk levels. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inherited predisposition to cancer: A historical overview
Authors: Lynch Henry T. , Shaw Trudy G. , Lynch Jane F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe hereditary predisposition to cancer dates historically to interest piqued by physicians as well as family members wherein striking phenotypic features were shown to cluster in families, inclusive of the rather grotesque cutaneous findings in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, which date back to the sixteenth century. The search for the role of primary genetic factors was heralded by studies at the infrahuman level, particularly on laboratory mouse strains with strong susceptibility to carcinogen‐induced cancer, and conversely, with resistance to the same carcinogens. These studies, developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, continue today. This article traces the historical aspects of hereditary cancer dealing with identification and ultimate molecular genetic confirmation of commonly occurring cancers, particularly of the colon in the case of familial adenomatous polyposis and its attenuated form, both due to the APC germline mutation; the Lynch syndrome due to mutations in mismatch repair genes, the most common of which were found to be MSH2, MLH1, and MSH6 germline mutations; the hereditary breast‐ovarian cancer syndrome with BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations; the Li‐Fraumeni (SBLA) syndrome due to the p53 mutation; and the familial atypical multiple mole melanoma in association with pancreatic cancer due to the CDKN2A (p16) germline mutation. These and other hereditary cancer syndromes have been discussed in some detail relevant to their characterization, which, for many conditions, took place in the late 18th century and, in the more modern molecular genetic era, during the past two decades. Emphasis has been placed upon the manner in which improved cancer control will emanate from these discoveries. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unravelling the genetics of prostate cancer
Authors: Edwards Stephen M. , Eeles Rosalind A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis review describes what is currently known about the genetics of prostate cancer. Traditionally, the genetics of a suspected inherited cancer predisposition have generally been thought of in terms of a single, high‐risk gene with a dominant mode of inheritance. Such a gene might be observed in families, as has been documented in familial breast cancer (BRCA1/2), familial colorectal cancer (HNPCC), retinoblastoma (RB1), and Wilms tumor (WT1). This review investigates the evidence for the existence, first of familial prostate cancer, and second, for the presence of such a high‐risk gene in those families by epidemiological and experimental approaches. Another current area of interest in prostate cancer is the investigation of the contribution of common lower penetrance genes to the disease. This alternative approach has become popular, as it raises the issue of frequently seen genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) having relevance to the risk of developing the disease. Finally, this article will explore the way forward, with emphasis on worldwide collaboration from teams attempting to find the genes responsible for the disease and investment in new technologies that will aid in their discovery. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in the shape of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in chimpanzees
Authors: Nishimura Takeshi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe hyoid bone and larynx in human neonates are positioned as high as in other mammals. However, during postnatal life, they descend relative to the hard palate more rapidly compared with the horizontal growth of the oral cavity. This process is completed through the descent of the laryngeal skeleton relative to the hyoid, and through the descent of the hyoid relative to the cranial base. Thus, the human supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVT) develops to form a two‐tube configuration with equally long horizontal and vertical parts. Longitudinal studies on living chimpanzee infants show that the descent of the larynx is more rapid than the horizontal growth of the oral cavity. This is primarily attributed to the descent of their larynges relative to the hyoid bone, but this is not accompanied by the descent of the hyoid. The present study, using embalmed specimens of chimpanzees, also shows that the horizontal and vertical parts of the SVT grow in chimpanzees similarly to humans during infancy. However, in chimpanzees, the horizontal part of the SVT grows greatly, whereas the vertical part of the SVT grows only slightly during the juvenile period. As a result, the chimpanzee larynx does not descend rapidly relative to the oral elongation during that period. Such differences may be related to the structural and morphological development of the facial skeleton and mandible, which affects prognathism and hyoid descent. These results support the hypothesis that the descent of the larynx evolved in at least two steps during hominoid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:193–204, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correspondence between enamel hypoplasia and odontometric bilateral asymmetry in Australian twins
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Townsend Grant C. , Schwerdt Wendy 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFour aspects of enamel hypoplasia of the maxillary central incisor and mandibular canine (hypoplasia presence, width, cumulative width, and crown position) were correlated with directional and fluctuating measures of bilateral odontometric asymmetry in a large panel (n = 950) of South Australian twins. Hypoplasia and asymmetry are thought to reflect general developmental disruption, but they show few correlations beyond the expected statistical type I error. This may relate to differences in their specific etiology, the composite nature of overall crown dimensions, a general lack of stress, and the extended period of formation of dental crowns. In contrast, asymmetry is marginally more detectable in a subsample separated according to hypoplastic teeth, suggesting that correspondence may be clearer in comparisons at the population rather than individual level. The most notable difference is the greater variability of asymmetry measures in hypoplastic individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:177–182, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.