bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honeybee
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humankind has displayed keen interest in bees since the dawn of history. There is no evidence that the opposite was ever true. Cave paintings dating 10 000 years ago already depict bold honey harvesters driving away the stinging bees with smoke (Menzel and Mercer 1987). A few millennia later, when the Almighty led the Israelites from slavery to freedom, he promised ‘a good and large land, a land flowing with milk and honey’ (Exodus 3: 8). To this day, cultivation of the common honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Rutner 1988), is a significant source of income to some, and a hobby to others; a cult encyclopaedia detailing whatever-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-bees-and-never-dared-to-ask-them is claimed to have sold over the years more than half a million copies (Root 1972).
Imprinting
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we select a partner, we often proudly consider it to be an epitome of free choice of a mature human being. Well, we may be wrong. Members of many species learn very early in life to restrict their social preferences to a specific class of objects. This acquired*bias comes to restrict the choice of the mate much later on. It is called ‘sexual imprinting’. In other words, there are always traces of one’s parents in one’s spouse. The basic phylogenetic function of sexual imprinting is considered to ensure that in due time, individuals do not waste their energy in courting the wrong species.
Instrumental conditioning
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In *classical conditioning the subject learns relations among *stimuli; in instrumental conditioning (also ‘instrumental learning’) it learns the impact of its actions on the world. The scientific interest in this type of learning can be traced to Bain (1859), who,impressed by his experience in the Scottish Highlands, noted ‘association of movement with the effects produced on outward things’ in animals trying to leap over obstacles:‘…spontaneous impulses of locomotion lead them to make attempts … any attempt causing a hurt is desisted from; after a number of trials and failures, the proper adjustment is come to, and finally cemented’.
Metaplasticity
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A valuable take-home message from the metaplasticity studies relates to the importance of the history of the experimental *subject or preparation and to the influence of this history on the outcome of the experiment. The investigation of metaplasticity reminds us that individual subjects or preparations, even if *controlled for age, gender, *nutrition, or *context at the time of experiment, etc., could still differ not only in terms of their particular past experience on a specific activity or item of information, but also in their activity dependent *capacity to undergo plastic changes at any particular moment in time.
Mouse
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common mouse (Mus musculus L.) is a pest for householders, a pet for animal lovers, a blessing for molecular biologists, and a hero for some psychologists. It even shared an Oscar: Cliff Robertson won his 1968 Best-Actor award for beating Algernon, a cute albino mouse, in racing in a *maze (Nelson et al. 1968). It is not clear, though, whether Algernon made it to the ceremony. Mice have accompanied human populations since prehistoric times. Similar to rats, they originated in Asia, and from there spread to the rest of the world. They were occasionally used for amusement in both East and West, and a mutant, the ‘waltzing’ mouse (see below), had been bred in China and Japan specifically for this purpose.
Neurotransmitter
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Neurotransmitter’ is a term nowadays in use not only by neuroscientists but also by the lay person citing from the popular science columns. Yet both the concept and the term were nonexistent only a century ago. At that time it was thought that nerve–nerve and nerve–muscle communication is always electrical (*synapse). The first to propose explicitly that a chemical substance, adrenaline, is liberated from the sympathetic nerve terminal to act upon its muscle target, was Elliott (1904). But the story actually starts earlier. The mere idea that a nerve may release a chemical substance for communicating with other cells was proposed by Du Bois-Reymond in 1877 (cited in Dale 1938).
Palimpsest
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term had originated from Greek palimpsestos, scraped again (palin, again, psestos, scraped). It seems to have occurred first in the writings of the Roman poet Catullus (Hammond and Scullard 1970). When vellum was scarce, especially in the early middle ages, early manuscripts were erased and the writing material used again. As the removal of the original writing was seldom complete, valuable religious and classical texts have been recovered from such palimpsests (Lewis and Gibson 1900; Cuddon 1979; Shailor 1988).
Paradigm
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kuhn treated the culture of science from a historical perspective. He differentiated five stages in the ontogeny of a scientific discipline: immaturity, normal science, crisis, revolution, and resolution. ‘Immaturity’ is characterized by fact gathering in the absence of an accepted conceptual and practical framework.’Normal science’ is ‘research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements … that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice’ (Kuhn 1962).
Planning
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
from seconds on the one hand to years on the other. Compare, for example, a tennis player planning a tricky serve vs. a college student planning a career. In considering the shortest time spans, two issues are note-worthy. One is the automaticity of the plan. This will be further discussed in 3 below. The other is the transformation from the present to the future.
Prospective memory
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘prospective memory’ was introduced by Meacham (Meacham and Singer 1977). It contrasts with ‘retrospective memory’, which is the memory for past events and experiences. A scientific *culture trivia will illustrate the distinction. I just got a request from a neuroscience journal to review a manuscript. I glanced through it and decided to read it again thoroughly over the weekend, conclude then whether to recommend acceptance—or rejection, because it may not be sufficiently novel (*scoopophobia), and send my recommendation to the editor via email, with the completed evaluation form in snailmail as a backup.
Rat
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution of the rat to the behavioural and brain sciences is second only to that of humans, the main difference being that the contribution of the latter is frequently more voluntary. It has all started with the invasion of Europe by the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). The brown rat arrived from Asia at the beginning of the eighteenth century, almost 400 years after its cousin, Rattusrattus (the black or grey rat), spread the devastating Black Death throughout the Continent. The brown rat was very successful in the new niche. The human response was to engage in extensive rat trapping, and to establish rat baiting as a popular sport.
Receptor
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Receptor’ is from recipio, ‘to receive’ in Latin. The families of receptors that concern us here are molecular (definition 1), specifically, proteins that respond to molecular stimuli by triggering cellular response (definition 2). Many types of these receptors reside on the surface membrane of the cell. Other types of molecular receptors are on the membrane of intracellular organelles or in the cytoplasm.
State-dependent learning
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘state’ in state-dependent learning is taken to imply the internal, physiological, and mental milieu, but its reinstatement often requires elements of the original external milieu (*context). The phenomenon is also termed ‘dissociated learning’. The more general term ‘state-dependent learning’ is, however, to be preferred, as ‘dissociation’ connotes clinical meanings that are not intended. The terms ‘state-dependent retrieval’, ‘state-dependent recall’, and ‘state-dependent memory’ are also used, sometimes with an underlying assumption that the key to the understanding of the state dependency lies in a particular memory *phase but not in another.
Stimulus
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally, ‘to stimulate’ meant literally to prick or stub (stimulus, Latin for a goad or spur). Over the years, various concepts and usages of ‘stimulus’ have played a central part in the behavioural and neural sciences. Unless otherwise indicated, definition 1 is the one discussed here. Stimuli could be or could include *cues; further, definition 2 overlaps with definitions 3 and 4 of ‘cue’. The *classic usage of ‘stimulus’ in memory research refers to an event that triggers a response in the behaving organism.
Subject
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of the multiple meanings of ‘subject’ could occupy a lengthy monograph, covering subjects from philosophy and linguistics, via the exact and the natural sciences, to politics and law. The few selected definitions provided above are the most relevant to memory research. We could benefit substantially from paying *attention to those implications of ‘subject’ that tend to be overlooked in the design and analysis of experiments. ‘Subject’ originates from Latin, where it had originally meant ‘to throw or place beneath’.
Mathematical Formulation of the Model Problem
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Strouboulis Theofanis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce the model problems which will be utilized throughout the book to illustrate the main ideas. We give the classical and the variational formulation of the model problems, we establish conditions which guarantee the existence of a unique solution, and we explain the dependence of the smoothness of the solution on the smoothness of the input data. The same model problems will be utilized in the subsequent chapters to illustrate the Finite Element Method and the analysis of its properties.
The heat equation
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We establish here two kinds of results. First, we show that if g satisfies certain conditions for |x| large, then all solutions of (5.1)-(5.3) are global. Then, in another spirit, some results prove that if g satisfies certain conditions for |x| small, then the solutions of (5.1)-(5.3) with small initial data are global. We begin with the following result (the maximum principle).
Stability of stationary solutions
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe an extension of the Liapunov linearization method to establish the (local or global) asymptotic stability of equilibria. The perturbation argument developed here is applicable to various semilinear evolution problems on infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. We also discuss the connection between stability and positivity in the case of the heat equation.
Coherent sheaves and Cech cohomology
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of quasi-coherent sheaves in algebraic geometry was introduced by J.-P. Serre ([85]). These are sheaves which are in some sense ‘locally constant’ with respect to the structural sheaf. They are the analogues of modules over a ring. The theory of quasi-coherent sheaves and their cohomology groups is a powerful tool for studying schemes.
Divisors and applications to curves
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to study a scheme X is to study all closed subschemes of dimension strictly smaller than that of X. The linear combinations of these closed subsets with coefficients in Z are called cycles (Definition 2.1). To begin, we are going to examine the simplest among these cycles, the cycles of codimension .
Regular surfaces
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to regular fibered surfaces and presents several fundamental theorems. Section 9.1 develops intersection theory, starting from the local definition. In the case of arithmetic surfaces, we show that the intersection matrix associated to a closed fiber is negative semi-definite (Theorem 1.23). We also show relations between numerical invariants of the generic fiber and those of the closed fibers (Proposition 1.35 and Theorem 1.37). The intersection theory presented here is rather elementary, even though it is well adapted to the case of regular surfaces. We invite the reader to study the subject more thoroughly with the book of Fulton [37] that treats intersection theory in a general setting.
Introduction
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/ trans isomerases (PPiases) are one of the most diverse groups of proteins known to date; their principal function is catalysis of cis/trans isomerization of X-Pro epitopes and binding of praline residues in proteins. These abundant and ubiquitous proteins have a wide phylogenetic distribution; they have multidomain structures and their affinity for praline residues in proteins involves them in diverse biological processes.
Sequence analysis of PPlases
Authors: Galat Andrzej , Riviere Sylvie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyclophilins are ubiquitous proteins with a wide phylogenetic distribution (Tables 4–8). Various transcripts of cyclophilin genes and more complex gene constructions containing cyclophilin-like sequences have been detected in eukaryotic cells, while in prokaryotes there is less diversity. Genomic sequencing has revealed that the Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome III encodes nine different cyclophilin isoforms (15–22 kDa) and two multidomain proteins containing cyclophilin-like domains (CLDs) [221, 280] while the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes only seven cyclophilins [215]. Prokaryotic cells contain fewer cyclophilins; for example, E. coli has two isoforms of cyclophilin, one cytosolic and one periplasmic.
Doxastic States and their Representation
Authors: Rott Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we make up our minds? How should we make up our minds? How do we change our minds? How should we change our minds? This book attempts to give answers to these questions, descriptive and normative questions about the formation and the transformation of mental states. Only particular types of mental states, however, are dealt with in this book, states which are most commonly referred to as beliefs. I shall not be concerned with other mental states, in particular not with desires or intentions. So the questions put above may seem somewhat misleading, since they suggest that the book deals with the formation of decisions, intentions or plans for action, whereas in fact it only deals with beliefs, or ‘belief-like’ states of mind. But the allusion to decisions and choices is deliberate. It is motivated by the fact that a large part of the following is based on the formal concept of choice or selection functions—and the talk about making up one’s mind and changing one’s mind above just indicates that the mental states we are concerned with, beliefs, are something which can be chosen or decided about.
Concepts of Theoretical Rationality: Postulates for Belief Change and Nonmonotonic Reasoning
Authors: Rott Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we have given some introductory elucidations of the concepts of revision and contraction in belief change, as well as of the notion of nonmonotonic or defeasible inference. We now turn to a more detailed and systematic characterization of theoretical rationality by means of abstract postulates. Later, in Chapter 6, we shall discuss equally abstract postulates of rational choice. In so far as choices belong to the field of practical reasoning, that chapter is concerned with practical philosophy. The postulates we are going to consider in this chapter, however, clearly belong to the field of theoretical reasoning, and thus to theoretical philosophy. We shall see that within the latter field three topics are very closely related: two kinds of changes of opinions, namely, contractions and revisions, and nonmonotonic reasoning (nonmonotonic inference relations or logics).
Blueprint of life
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life is a complex system for information storage and processing. Information is transmitted ‘vertically’ from cell to cell and from generation to generation, while at the same time information is expressed ‘horizontally’ within a cell in the ontogenesis of an individual organism. The information transmission from parent to offspring must have been recognized vaguely as heredity since the early days of human history. However, it was Gregor Mendel’s experiments on the garden pea, performed in the mid-1800s but not recognized until 1900, that provided a first glimpse of its mechanism. A hereditary unit, later called a gene, was found to determine a particular characteristic, or a trait, of an organism. The Mendelian law of inheritance has established, first of all, that genes are inherited more or less independently in the vertical flow of information transmission and, secondly, that there is a set of competing genes (alleles) so that what is inherited (genotype) is not necessarily what is observed (phenotype) as the result of the horizontal flow of information expression.
Sequence analysis of nucleic acids and proteins
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNAs, RNAs, and proteins are linear polymers consisting of repeating nucleotide or amino acid units that assume highly ordered three-dimensional structures to perform specific biological functions. The sequence information on how nucleotides or amino acids are linearly arranged to form a biological macromolecule is relatively easy to obtain by experiments. Thus, the purpose of computerized sequence analysis is to uncover higher structural and functional information encoded in the nucleotide or amino acid sequence data. The topics of sequence analysis are quite extensive, requiring an understanding of both basic algorithms and practical applications, which are being continuously improved upon and expanded. It is not an easy task to summarize sequence analysis in a single chapter, so here we attempt to focus on. the basic concepts and to provide an overall picture of sequence analysis.
The Analytical Treatment of Geometry
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS chapter is devoted, for the most part, to a discussion of the basic ideas involved in projective geometry and the apparatus of coordinates which allows them to be handled algebraically, and the point of view adopted is essentially elementary. The whole account is to be regarded as introductory, and in Part II a completely fresh beginning will be made. The formal system to be presented there is wholly abstract and independent of all previous geometrical knowledge; but even so,an elementary treatment such as that given in the present chapter is necessary as a psychological though not a logical presupposition of the more advanced theory. It alone can give body to the abstract formalism.
Projective Geometry of One Dimension
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE somewhat informal discussion of projective geometry in Part I was intended to introduce the reader to the intuitive geometrical notions which it is our present purpose to formalize and to treat by rigorous mathematical argument. We shall now begin afresh and work out the details of a system of abstract projective geometry based on a foundation of pure algebra. The algebra that will be presupposed is essentially elementary, consisting mainly of linear algebra and the simplest portions of the theory of groups. Two key theorems, which will be applied again and again in the course of the development, are given in the appendix at the end of the book. Although the formal system of projective geometry is logically self-contained and independent of geometrical intuition, the full significance of the formal steps is only to be grasped by bearing in mind all the time the concrete realization of the abstract model that has already been sketched in Part I. In order to help the reader to do this we shall occasionally insert remarks that form no part of the formal system.
Transformations of the Plane
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the development of the formal theory we have concentrated so far upon the first interpretation, and have treated equations (1) as specifying the transformation from one allowable representation ℛl to a second such representation ℛ′. In the present chapter we shall turn to the second interpretation, and see how projective transformations of points—or collineations, as we shall now call them—also have an important place in the formal system.
The solution of plastic-elastic problems. I
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complete solution of a general problem in plasticity involves a calculation of the stress and the deformation in both the elastic and plastic regions. In the former the stress is directly connected with the total strain by means of the elastic equations. In the latter there is, as we have seen, no such unique correspondence, and the stress-strain differential relations have to be integrated by following the history of the deformation from the initiation of plasticity at some point of the body. A process of plastic deformation has to be considered mathematically as a succession of small. increments of strain, even where the overall distortion is so small that the change in external surfaces can be neglected. When the strains are large the determination of the changing shape of free plastic surfaces necessitates, in itself, the following of the deformation from moment to moment.
Axial Symmetry
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an axially symmetric distribution of stress the non-vanishing components are σr , σ θ σ 2and Trz, referred to cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z) with z as the axis of symmetry. The non-vanishing velocity components are u and w, respectively perpendicular and parallel to the axis; v, the component in the circumferential direction, is zero since the flow is confined to meridian planes.
The Schwarzschild Space-Time
Authors: Chandrasekhar S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A full understanding of the Schwarzschild space-time, as consisting of an event horizon and an essential singularity at the centre, was achieved only comparatively recently. In this chapter, we shall bypass the common historical route and provide, instead, a derivation of the Schwarzschild metric (in essence, due to Synge) which addresses itself directly to the essential features of the space-time. Also, since the geodesics in the Schwarzschild space-time illuminate some basic aspects of space-times with event horizons, we shall include an account of them - perhaps more complete than is strictly necessary. We conclude the chapter with a description of the Schwarzschild space-time in a Newman-Penrose formalism and a proof of its type-D character.