bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Intake of Choline During Pregnancy Leads to Aberrant Retinal Architecture and Poor Visual Function in the Offspring
Authors: Surzenko Natalia , Trujillo‐González Isis , Zeisel Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Choline, an essential nutrient, regulates brain development through its role in maintaining the pool of neural progenitor cells. The role of choline in the development of the retina, however, is unknown. In this study, we modulated choline intake in mice during pregnancy and assessed the effects of low choline (LC) diet on the development and function of the retina in the offspring. We find that adequate dietary supply of choline between days 11 and 17 of mouse gestation is required to support the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells. Furthermore, retinal structural integrity is disrupted in the embryos of dams receiving LC diet as early as embryonic day 17. As a result of aberrant retinal development, retinal function is abnormal in LC animals, as measured by electroretinography and assessment of visuomotor behavior. Together, our data demonstrate an essential role for choline in retinal health.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded by grants from Nestlé S.A. and from the NIH (DK056350)
Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Vitamin Contents and True Retention in Selected Vegetables
Authors: LEE JUNSOO , YANG JINWOO , CHOI YOUNGMIN , LEE KYEONGMIN 
Published: November 2023

This study evaluated the effect of different cooking methods including blanching, boiling, microwaving and steaming on the vitamin contents such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phylloquinone and β‐carotene. True retention was assessed using paired samples and a formula that compensates for loss or gain of moisture and soluble solids. The retention of ascorbic acid ranged from 0.0% to 91.1% for all cooked samples. In general, higher retention values of ascorbic acid were observed in microwaved vegetables whereas the lowest retentions were in boiled vegetables. Retention values of higher than 100% were observed in tocopherols, tocotrienols and β‐carotene in some cooked vegetables. Microwave cooking caused the most loss of vitamin K in crown daisy and mellow. On the other hand, microwave cooking caused the least loss of vitamin K in spinach and chard, tested in our study. Cooking may cause changes of vitamin contents, and it may depend on the vegetables and the heating process. Further research is needed to optimize cooking procedure to enhance retention of vitamins.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by the Rural Development Administration (project number PJ01083805).
Federal Policy Development Process for the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Authors: Casavale Kellie O. , Stoody Eve Essery , Rihane Colette , Olson Richard 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveThe Dietary Guidelines are required under the 1990 National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, which states that every five years, the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services and of Agriculture must jointly publish a report containing nutritional and dietary information and guidelines for the general public.MethodsThe statute (Public Law 101‐445,7 U.S.C. 5341 et seq.) requires that the Dietary Guidelines be based on the preponderance of current scientific and medical knowledge. The 2015–2020 edition of the Dietary Guidelines builds from the 2010 edition with revisions based on the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and consideration of federal agency and public comments.ResultsThe 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines translates science into succinct, food‐based guidance that can be relied upon to help Americans choose foods that provide a healthy and enjoyable diet. Its recommendations are ultimately intended to help individuals improve and maintain overall health and reduce the risk of chronic disease; its focus is disease prevention. The Dietary Guidelines is a critical tool for professionals to help Americans make healthy choices in their daily lives to help prevent chronic disease and enjoy a healthy diet.ConclusionThe Dietary Guidelines is designed to help all individuals ages 2 and older and their families consume a healthy, nutritionally adequate diet. The information in the Dietary Guidelines is used in developing federal food, nutrition, and health policies and programs. It serves as the evidence‐based foundation for nutrition education materials that are developed by the Federal Government for the public and is the basis for the nutrition components of HHS and USDA food programs. It is developed for use by policymakers and nutrition and health professionals. Additional audiences who may use Dietary Guidelines information to develop programs, policies, and communication for the general public include businesses, schools, community groups, media, the food industry, and State and local governments.Support or Funding InformationNone
Marketing Strategies of the Industry of Sugar‐Sweetened Beverages; Monitoring of In‐Store Special Offers
Authors: Velasco Anabel , Hernandez Isabel Paulina , Aguilar Paulina 
Published: November 2023

The study objective was to monitor for one year the special offers of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) at 19 sales points at Mexico City after the implementation of the tax on SSB of $1 MX peso per liter. The SSB industry has implemented a strong and intense marketing strategies that could influence the decision‐making process and dietary habits among consumers.The sample of the products selected included different categories and sizes of beverages, in total 57 products. Taxed‐products corresponded to 60% of the studied sample and 40% to non‐taxed products. Twice a month all the special offers found were registered and were categorized into 8 different promotions. The study period corresponded from August 2014 to July 2015. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the distribution of special offers and the percentage of each one monthly.The most frequent special offer used by the industry was price reduction, whether when buying a single item or a package, the consumer got a direct discount on the final price. The mean of the savings when buying beverages with price discounts was of $1.51 when buying a single item and of $1.7 when buying more than one. Other important promotion were gifts, 12% of all special offers corresponded to this category. Gifts included basic food products such as beans, tortillas, rice, soup and cooking oil, consumers got these products for free when buying a 2 liter or 3 liter soft drink. The price of the free food products is much greater than the excise tax applied to these beverages. Contests to win electronic devices, trips, cloths and other products were mainly targeted to adolescentes. While products with animated characters and atractive packaging were targeted to children. We also identified that strategies and sales promotions are adaptable to every type of store and target population. Consequently, different tactics are implemented in different types of market.Approximately 32% of the products monitored during one year had special offer at the supermarkets visited. The amount of special offers changed monthly according to the massive promotions offered. As from March 2015 the promotions raised on 30% compared to February 2015, due to the launching of specific special offers that were present in most of the sales points.The in‐store marketing strategies of the SSB industry could fall into one if these categories: price reduction buying a single item, price reduction buying more than one product, gift, package of beverages, package with food, contest, indirect money and third‐parties. It is important to consider the marketing tactics of the industry when assessing the tax impact on sales and habits changes.Support or Funding InformationThe present project was supported by the Center for Research of Nutrition and Health of the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico (INSP)
Severely Compromised Anabolic Response to Nutrition in a Pseudomonas aeroginosa (PM) Induced Hyper‐dynamic Sepsis‐Recovery Pig Model
Authors: Ten Have Gabriella A , Engelen Marielle P , Wolfe Robert R , Deutz Nicolaas E 
Published: November 2023

RationaleFeeding patients with sepsis is critical to restore muscle mass. However, it is unknown whether nutrition is able to induce an anabolic response during the early treatment phase of sepsis. We developed a reversible sepsis model in catheterized pigs by infusing live bacteria (PM) IV, followed by antibiotic induced recovery. We assessed the anabolic response to amino acid (AA) nutrition in the early recovery phase of sepsis using stable isotope methodology by measuring whole body protein synthesis (WbPS), protein breakdown (WbPB), net protein synthesis (netPS) and the efficiency of conversion of AA intake to protein (ProtConv).MethodIn 25 pigs (±25 kg), IV PM (3e8 CFU/ml/h) induced acute severe sepsis (n=13) or control IV solution (n=12) for 6 hours was followed by a single dose of gentamycine (5 mg/kg bw) and intra‐gastric constant continuous feeding with a dextrose containing AA mixture (pig muscle AA profile, 31 mg N/kg bw/h, 30% daily intake) for 6 hours. We measured WbPB, WbPS, net PS and ProtConv using primed, constant continuous intravenous infusion of Phenylalanine(ring‐2H5) and Tyrosine(13C9, 15N) stable isotopes and collected arterial blood samples between 9–12h. Enrichments of AA plasma pools were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS. Data are expressed as mean (SE) and stats by two‐way ANOVA or Student t‐test using Graphpad Prism6.ResultsIn the sepsis group during the AA nutrition intervention, WbPB rate was higher (p<0.0001), netPS rate was lower (p<0.0001), but no changes in WbPS (p=0.989). The ProtConv fraction was lower in the sepsis than in the control group (p<0.0001). On average ProtConv was reduced with 43%: 65.1(3.6) vs 36.2(4.3)%, (p<0.0001).ConclusionThe whole body anabolic response to AA nutrition is severely compromised in the early treatment phase of acute severe sepsis. Our innovative pig sepsis‐recovery model enables examination of the anabolic capacity of modified diets to restore sepsis induced muscle loss.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by NIH R01GM084447 and S10RR027047
Metabolomics‐Based Analysis of Banana and Pear Ingestion on Exercise Performance and Recovery
Authors: Nieman David , Gillitt Nicholas , Sha Wei , Meaney Mary Pat , John Casey , Pappan Kirk , Kinchen Jason 
Published: November 2023

Bananas and pears vary in sugar and phenolic profiles; we used a metabolomics‐based approach to assess the influence of these biochemicals on exercise performance and recovery. Male athletes (N=20, age 39.2±1.9 years, 338±8.2 wattsmax) cycled for 75 km while consuming water (WATER), bananas (BAN), or pears (PEAR) (0.6 g carbohydrate/kg each hour) in randomized order. UPLC‐MS/MS and the library of purified standards maintained by Metabolon (Durham, NC) were used to analyze metabolite shifts in pre‐and post‐exercise (0‐h, 1.5‐h, 21‐h) blood samples. Performance times were 5.0% and 3.3% faster during BAN and PEAR versus WATER (P=0.018 and P=0.091, respectively), with reductions in cortisol, IL‐10, and total leukocytes, and increases in blood glucose, insulin, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). Participants reported more fullness and bloating during BAN and PEAR compared to WATER trials, but also enhanced energy and ability to focus, and for the BAN trial improved overall well‐being. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA) showed a distinct separation between trials immediately‐(R2Y=0.877, Q2Y=0.457) and 1.5‐h‐post‐exercise (R2Y=0.773, Q2Y=0.441). A total of 107 metabolites (primarily lipid‐related) increased more than 2‐fold during WATER, with a 48% and 52% reduction in magnitude during BAN and PEAR recovery (P<0.001). Increases in metabolites unique to BAN and PEAR included fructose and fruit constituents, and sulfated phenolics that were related to elevated FRAP. In summary, BAN compared to WATER ingestion before and during 75‐km cycling provided carbohydrates, catecholamines, and phenolics compatible with enhanced performance (5%), diminished inflammation, elevated antioxidant capacity, and decreased fatty acid mobilization and oxidation. Despite a much lower glucose‐to‐fructose carbohydrate profile, PEAR ingestion was related to comparable outcomes with some attenuation from adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. These data indicate that fruit ingestion, in particular, bananas, is compatible with athletic endeavor and a more favorable recovery.Support or Funding InformationSupport provided by Dole Foods, Inc., Westlake Village, CA
Bitter receptors and glucose transporters interact to control carbohydrate and immune responses in the gut
Authors: Palatini Kimberly M , Durand Pier‐Jean , Rathinasabapathy Thirumurugan , Esposito Debora , Komarnytsky Slavko 
Published: November 2023

Receptors of bitter taste (T2Rs) co‐localize with glucose transporters SGLT‐1, GLUT2 and GLUT5 in the gastrointestinal enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. Since plant‐based foods are the primary source of both carbohydrates and bioactive bitter substances in our diet, it is possible that gastrointestinal T2Rs evolved to perceive bitter‐tasting phytochemicals in anticipation of the incoming carbohydrate load, resulting in rapid changes in the gastrointestinal glucose absorption and utilization by paracrine signaling. Using a cell culture model of the small intestine, we confirmed that multiple classes of bitter phytochemicals activate bitter receptor signaling and suppress uptake of glucose from the intestinal lumen, mediated in part by cholecystokinin (CCK). Additionally, treatments with bitter extracts from chicory and other edible plants affected the PLC/PKC signaling pathway downstream of T2Rs, thus controlling biomarkers of immune and bioenergetic responses in the intestine. As alterations in normal glucose transport are strongly associated with multiple metabolic pathologies including obesity, diabetes, and cancer, these finding support the use of bioactive bitter phytochemicals to control postprandial glycaemia and reduce caloric intake in high‐risk populations in clinical and community settings.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported in part by NCSU Research and Innovation grant 2012‐2246 (SK); NCSU Office of International Affairs grant 2013‐1705 (SK); Plants for Human Health Institute grant 429350‐42567 (SK); and Cell Culture and Phenotyping Core of the Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University.
Fiber utilizing capacity varies with Prevotella versus Bacteroides enterotypes
Authors: Chen Tingting , Long Wenmin , Zhang Chenhong , Liu Shuang , Zhao Liping , Hamaker Bruce 
Published: November 2023

The human gut microbiota is highly individualized because of the forces of diverse hosts’ genetic background, living environment and dietary habit. Population data on human gut microbiota show distinctive enterotypes (Prevotella, Bacteroides or Ruminococcus dominant) that are associated with long‐term diet patterns. Yet, enterotypes have not been linked with health status. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), generated by dietary fiber fermentation, are biologically active and are an important target related to colon and whole body health. Here, we were interested in understanding whether fibers produce different SCFA amounts and ratios in different enterotypes. A study was designed to explore how the different fiber structures influence gut microbiota composition and SCFA production in two enterotypes using an in vitro batch human fecal fermentation model.The dominance of Prevotella versus Bacteroides in the initial enterotypes had a large impact on SCFA products from fermentation of fibers of different types and with different chemical complexity. A single Prevotella OTU was exclusively promoted in the microbiome of the Prevotella enterotype when fed fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or sorghum or corn arabinoxylans (SAX, CAX), while in the Bacteroides enterotype different OTUs were enriched by each fiber (Lactobacillus by FOS, Bacteroides with different OTUs by SAX and CAX). SCFA production by the two enterotypes on the three fibers was substantially different. Propionate was initially 2–3 fold higher in the stool of the Prevotella compared to the Bacteroides enterotype, and had up to 4 fold higher increase with the fiber treatments. Furthermore, The total amount of SCFA generated by SAX and CAX matched at 24 h in each microbiota, but the fermentation rate varied with the simpler SAX structure fermenting fast in both enterotypes and the more complex CAX fermenting as fast as SAX in the Prevotella enterotype but much slower in the Bacteroides enterotype. Overall, the dominant fiber‐using bacteria and the type of dietary fiber together determined the SCFA profile generated by fermentation. This study shows the possibility to design fibers for future personalized medicine.
Substrate Structure‐dependent Growth of Bacteroides Xylanisolvens XB1A on Corn Arabinoxylan Fragments in Pure and Mixed Culture Environments
Authors: Nie Xin , Martens Eric , Xiao Yao , Reuhs Brad , Hamaker Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Dietary fiber has been shown to influence the gut microbiota community which is associated with chronic metabolic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and diabetes. It remains unclear, though, whether and how bacteria can be modulated via specific fiber substrates in a controlled manner. Here, we have addressed this question by using Bacteroides isolates to study subtle variations in structure of a common cereal bran fiber, corn arabinoxylan. Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1A, Bacteroides ovatus 3‐1‐23 and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus DSM 14838, were used to investigate six partially debranched hydrolyzates of corn arabinoxylan by an enzymatic method to understand the degree of specificity of dietary fiber molecular fine structure on the utilization of target strains. The growth curves of strains were monitored using Optical Density (OD) (for pure culture) and qPCR method (for mixed‐culture). Using a pure culture of Bacteroides xylanisolvens XB1A, a large lag phase shift was linked to change in a specific branch pattern involving the 2‐O position of arabinosyl moieties on the xylan backbone. Gene transcription of a putative outer membrane xylooligosaccharide transporter BXY_46550, suggesting bacterial utilization of arabinoxylan substrates, changed in a similar way with lag phase. In a multi‐strain environment, B. xylanisolvens XB1A showed the capacity to support the growth of B. ovatus 3‐1‐23, which poorly digested the complex fragments alone, apparently due to a cross‐feeding interaction which was fiber structure‐dependent. The support of B. ovatus 3‐1‐23 by B. xylanisolvens XB1A was notably changed by the arabinoxylan substrates. In addition, B. xylanisolvens XB1A was apparently suppressed by other strains when it was fed on a structure that induced the longer lag phase, indicating that the length of the lag phase (i.e., response time to a new nutrient) is important to a strain's ability to compete for specific fiber substrates. This study shows a clear connection between subtle fiber structural features and utilization of target colonic bacteria. A high dependence of strains on specific fiber structural features for growth was observed, and implies the potential to deliberately change target strains within the competitive environment of the human colonic microbiota using proper dietary fibers.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University.
Functional Characterization of Novel Fads3 Isoform
Authors: Zhang Ji Yao , Qin Xia , Park Hui Gyu , Kim Ellen , Liu Guowen , Kothapalli Kumar S.D. , Brenna J. Thomas 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionThe fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene family consists of three genes, Fads1, Fads2, and Fads3. Fads1 and Fads2 encode desaturases catalyzing key steps in the biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). Fads3 is the third member, with at least eight evolutionarily conserved alternative transcripts (AT), but without a clearly established function. Here we present identification of a novel Fads3 transcript in mice (Fads3AT9). Our main objective was to characterize Fads3AT9 expression and seek correlations with fatty acid profiles in mouse tissues.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were fed facility rodent chow ad libitum. Eleven tissues were collected from one year old mice. Total RNA was isolated from mouse tissues, reverse‐transcribed into cDNA and used as template for PCR reactions. Fatty acid analysis was performed by GC‐MS and GC‐FID, respectively.ResultsSequencing analysis revealed complete absence of exon 2 resulting in an open reading frame of 1239 bp, encoding a putative protein of 412 aa with loss of 37 aa compared to Fads3 classical transcript (CS). Putative protein encoded by Fads3AT9 (AT9) retains all the conserved regions characteristic of front end desaturase (cytochrome b5 domain and three histidine repeats). AT9 along with CS is ubiquitously expressed in all 11 tissues tested. AT9 expression is higher in thymus, spleen, pancreas and brown adipose tissue compared to CS. AT9 expression in pancreas, particularly, was more than two fold higher than CS. Total n‐6 PUFA levels were found to be highest in the pancreas. More interestingly, levels of twenty carbon eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), the immediate desaturation product of the FADS1 (Δ5‐desaturase), was highest in the pancreas among all the tested tissues.ConclusionChanges in expression patterns and fatty acid profiles suggest that Fads3AT9 may play a role in the regulation and/or biosynthesis of LCPUFA from precursors.Support or Funding InformationNIH R01 AT007003
Metabolic profiling and quantification of ceramide by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Ying , McLaren David , Liu Jinqi , Yin Wu , Mayoral Rafael , Petrov Aleksandr , Bojic Lazar , Berejnaia Olga , Previs Stephen , Kelley David 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveCeramides are putative mediators of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity; an up‐regulation of ceramide biosynthesis has been well described in rodent models of metabolic disease. A precise, robust and specific LC/MS method was developed to quantify ceramide profiles and support determinations of ceramide flux. The LC/MS method was used to determine the effects of diet‐induced obesity (DIO) in C57B1/6J mice ±treatment with myriocin (1mg/kg, over 7 days), an inhibitor of ceramide synthesis.MethodPlasma and tissue samples were collected from mice (lean, high‐fat fed ± myriocin) at various times following administration of stable isotope tracers. The ceramides were extracted with organic solvents and analyzed using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; concentrations were determined by normalization to an internal standard (d31‐c16:0 ceramide).ResultsIn contrast to lean mice, DIO‐mice demonstrated an increased concentration and synthesis of circulating ceramides. Myriocin treatment inhibited ceramide synthesis and led to a normalization of circulating levels.ConclusionLC/MS analyses can enable characterization of circulating concentrations of ceramide subspecies and enable stable isotope determinations of in vivo kinetics.Support or Funding InformationAll authors are employed by Merck.