bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective
Authors: Strahan E J , White K , Fong G T , Fabrigar L R , Zanna M P , Cameron R 
Published: August 2002

Objective:To outline social psychological principles that could influence the psychosocial and behavioural effects of tobacco warning labels, and to inform the development of more effective tobacco warning labels.Data sources:PsycInfo and Medline literature searches and expert guided selection of principles and theories in social psychology and of tobacco warning labels, including articles, books, and reports.Conclusions:Tobacco warning labels represent a potentially effective method of influencing attitudes and behaviours. This review describes social psychological principles that could be used to guide the creation of more effective warning labels. The potential value of incorporating warning labels into a broader public health education campaign is discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Tobacco point of sale advertising increases positive brand user imagery
Authors: Donovan R J , Jancey J , Jones S 
Published: August 2002

Objectives:To determine the potential impact of point of sale advertising on adolescents so as to inform changes to the Tobacco Control Act.Design:Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the control condition, students were exposed to a photograph of a packet of cigarettes; in the intervention condition, students were exposed to an ad for cigarettes, typical of point of sale advertising posters. All students then rated the brand user on a set of 12 bipolar adjectives. Two brands were used in the study: Benson & Hedges, and Marlboro.Subjects:One hundred year (grade) 6 and 7 students (age range 10–12 years), from four Western Australian metropolitan primary schools, participated in the study.Results:In a majority of the brand user descriptions, the cigarette advertisements increased brand user imagery in a positive way, especially for Benson & Hedges. For example, participants viewing the Benson & Hedges advertisement, as distinct from those viewing the Benson & Hedges pack only, were more likely to describe the Benson & Hedges user asrelaxed,interesting,cool,rich,adventurous, andclassy. Relative to the Marlboro pack only, the Marlboro ad increased positive perceptions of the Marlboro user onadventurous,interesting, andrelaxed.Conclusions:The results presented here support restrictions being placed on advertising at point of sale, since such ads have the potential to increase positive brand user imagery directly in the situation where a product purchase can take place, and hence the potential to increase the likelihood of impulse purchasing.
Public opinion on smoke-free policies in restaurants and predicted effect on patronage in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam T H , Janghorbani M , Hedley A J , Ho S Y , McGhee S M , Chan B 
Published: August 2002

Background:The Hong Kong government has proposed legislation for smoke-free policies in all restaurants and bars. This is opposed by certain sections of the catering industry.Objective:To assess public opinion on smoke-free restaurants and to estimate changes in patronage.Design:A population based, cross sectional random digit dialling telephone survey conducted from November 1999 to January 2000.Setting and participants:1077 randomly selected subjects age 15 years or over (response fraction of 81.6%).Results:68.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 66.2% to 71.7%) supported a totally smoke-free policy in restaurants. Experiences of discomfort or symptoms from second hand smoke in restaurants were common. The majority (77.2%, 95% CI 74.7% to 79.7%) anticipated no change in their frequency of use of restaurants after a smoke-free policy. Increased use was predicted by 19.7% (95% CI 17.3% to 22.1%) of respondents, whereas 3.2% (95% CI 2.2% to 4.4%) stated that they would dine out less often. In multivariate analyses, non-smokers (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.9), people who ate three times or less per week in restaurants as compared to those who ate >10 times per week (OR 2.1), those who had previous experience of discomfort from exposure to passive smoking in restaurants (OR 2.8), or who had avoided restaurants in the past because of smoking (OR 1.9), were more likely to support a totally smoke-free policy in restaurants. Smoke-free policies do not appear to have an adverse effect on restaurants, and may increase business by a considerable margin.Conclusion:This comprehensive survey—the first in Asia—shows strong community support for smoke-free dining and predicts an overall increase in the patronage of restaurants after the introduction of legislation for totally smoke-free restaurants.
Targeting of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders by the tobacco industry: results from the Minnesota Tobacco Document Depository: Table 1
Authors: Muggli M E , Pollay R W , Lew R , Joseph A M 
Published: August 2002

Objective:The study objective was to review internal tobacco industry documents written between 1985 and 1995 regarding the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) population in the USA. These documents detail opportunities and barriers to promotion of tobacco products, as viewed by the tobacco industry and its market research firms.Data sources/methods:Researchers reviewed tobacco industry documents from the document depository in Minneapolis, Minnesota and the tobacco industry's website, The Tobacco Archive, in a systematic fashion. A combined technique was employed using title keywords, dates, and names to search the 4(b) index.Findings:A review of internal tobacco company documents reveal that during the late 1980s, the industry and its market research firms recognised the importance of the AAPI community as a potential business market. Documents describe the population growth in this community, the high prevalence of smoking in countries of origin, high purchasing power of AAPI immigrants, cultural predisposition to smoking, opportunities afforded by the high proportion of retail businesses under AAPI ownership, barriers to developing the AAPI market, comprehensive campaigns, and political and lobbying efforts. Comprehensive campaigns were designed to integrate promotion efforts in AAPI consumer, retail, and business communities.Conclusions:The documents show that the tobacco industry developed specific promotion strategies to target the AAPI population. Tobacco control initiatives in the AAPI group have been slower to develop than in other targeted ethnic groups, and may benefit by increased awareness of industry methods to promote tobacco use.
Tobacco smoking in Tanzania, East Africa: population based smoking prevalence using expired alveolar carbon monoxide as a validation tool
Authors: Jagoe K , Edwards R , Mugusi F , Whiting D , Unwin N 
Published: August 2002

Objectives:To describe the prevalence of tobacco smoking in an urban East African population while using a simple validation procedure to examine the degree of under reporting in men and women.Design:A cross sectional population based study in adults (15 years and over) with sampling from a well maintained census register.Setting:Ilala Ilala, a middle income district of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Subjects:An age and sex stratified random sample of 973 men and women.Main outcome measures:Self reported smoking status with correction by exhaled alveolar carbon monoxide (EACO).Results:From the 605 participants (response rate 67.9%) age standardised (new world population) smoking prevalence, based on questionnaire and EACO, was 27.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.8% to 33.2%) in males and 5.0% (95% CI 2.8% to 7.2%) in females. The age specific prevalence of smoking was highest in the age group 35–54 years (34.3%) for men and in the over 54 years group (16%) for women. Of those classified as smokers, 7.3% of men and 27.3% of women were reclassified as current smokers based on EACO (≥ 9 parts per million), after they had reported themselves to be an ex- or non-smoker in the questionnaire.Conclusions:The data suggest: (1) high rates of smoking among men in an urban area of East Africa; and (2) the importance of validating self reports of smoking status, particularly among women.
Case studies in international tobacco surveillance: cigarette smuggling in Brazil
Authors: Shafey O , Cokkinides V , Cavalcante T M , Teixeira M , Vianna C , Thun M 
Published: August 2002

Objective:This article is the first in a series of international case studies developed by the American Cancer Society to illustrate use of publicly available surveillance data for regional tobacco control.Design:A descriptive analysis of Brazil and Paraguay cigarette production and trade data from official sources.Methods:Per capita cigarette consumption for Brazil and its neighbour was calculated from 1970 to 1998 using data on production, imports, and exports from NATIONS, the National Tobacco Information Online System.Results:A 63% decrease was observed in the estimate of per capita consumption of cigarettes in Brazil between 1986 and 1998 (from 1913 cigarettes per person in 1986 to 714 cigarettes per person in 1998) and a 16-fold increase in Paraguay was observed during the same period (from 678 cigarettes per person in 1986 to 10 929 cigarettes per person in 1998). Following Brazil's 1999 passage of a 150% cigarette export tax, cigarette exports fell 89% and Brazil's estimated per capita consumption rose to 1990 levels (based on preliminary data). Per capita consumption in Paraguay also fell to 1990 levels.Conclusions:These trends coincide with local evidence that large volumes of cigarettes manufactured in Brazil for export to Paraguay are smuggled back and consumed as tax-free contraband in Brazil. It is hoped that this case study will draw wider public attention to the problems that smuggling presents for tobacco control, help identify other countries confronting similar issues, and stimulate effective interventions.
Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the development of acute coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 case–control study
Authors: Pitsavos C , Panagiotakos D B , Chrysohoou C , Skoumas J , Tzioumis K , Stefanadis C , Toutouzas P 
Published: August 2002

Objective:To investigate the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure (at least 30 minutes a day) and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes (ACS).Design and setting:The CARDIO2000 is a case–control study which was conducted in Greece from 2000 to 2001. Cases included 847 individuals with a first event of ACS and 1078 cardiovascular disease-free controls. Cases and controls were frequency matched on age (within three years of age), sex, and region.Main outcome measures:ACS was defined as a diagnosis of first acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina.Main independent variable:Exposure to ETS was measured by self report as follows: after the second day of hospitalisation for the cases, and at the entry for the controls, participants were asked whether they were currently exposed to tobacco smoke from other people (home and/or work) for more than 30 minutes a day. The responses were categorised into three levels: no exposure, occasional exposure (< 3 times per week), and regular exposure. In addition participants were asked how many years they had been exposed. Because these were self reported assessments and prone to bias, the results were compared to reports obtained from subjects' relatives or friends, using the Kendal's τ coefficient that showed high agreement.Results:731 (86%) of the patients and 605 (56%) of the controls reported current exposure of 30 minutes per day or more to ETS. Among current non-smokers, cases were 47% more likely to report regular exposure to ETS (odds ratio (OR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 1.80) compared to controls. Exposure to ETS at work was associated with a greater risk of ACS compared to home exposure (+97%v+33%). The risk of ACS was also raised in active smokers (OR 2.83, 95% CI 2.07 to 3.31) regularly exposed to ETS.Conclusions:This study supports the hypothesis that exposure to ETS increases the risk of developing ACS. The consistency of these findings with the existing totality of evidence presented in the literature supports the role of ETS in the aetiology of ACS.
Online sales: profit without question
Authors: Bryant J A , Cody M J , Murphy S T 
Published: August 2002

Objectives:To examine the ease with which underage smokers can purchase cigarettes online using money orders and to evaluate the effectiveness of internet filtering programs in blocking access to internet cigarette vendors (ICVs).Design:Four young people purchased 32 money orders using 32 different names to buy one carton of cigarettes for each named individual. Each money order was subsequently mailed to a different ICV in the USA. No age related information accompanied these online orders. Two internet filtering programs (“Bess” and filtertobacco.org) were tested for their relative efficacy in blocking access to ICV sites.Results:Of the 32 orders placed, four orders never reached the intended ICV. Of the remaining 28 orders, 20 (71%) were filled despite a lack of age verification. Only four (14%) of the orders received were rejected because they lacked proof of age. “Bess” blocked access to 84% and filtertobacco.org to 94% of the ICV sites.Conclusions:Although underage smokers can easily purchase cigarettes online using money orders, access to these sites can be largely blocked if appropriate filtering devices are installed.
Young adults' opinions of Philip Morris and its television advertising
Authors: Henriksen L , Fortmann S P 
Published: August 2002

Objective:To determine what young people think about the tobacco company Philip Morris and how it affects their evaluations of the company's new television advertising.Design:Data were gathered in the context of a controlled experiment in which participants saw four Philip Morris ads about youth smoking prevention, four Philip Morris ads about charitable works, or four Anheuser-Busch ads about preventing underage drinking (the control group). Knowledge and opinion of Philip Morris were measured before ad exposure.Setting:A California state university in the San Francisco Bay area.Subjects:A convenience sample of undergraduates (n = 218) aged 18–25 years.Main outcome measures:Advertising evaluation measured by 12 semantic differential scales.Results:A little more than half of the students knew that Philip Morris is a tobacco company. Neither this knowledge nor students' smoking status was related to their opinion of the company. Philip Morris ads were rated less favourably by students who were aware that the sponsor is a tobacco company than by students who were unaware.Conclusions:Advertisements designed to discredit the tobacco industry typically avoid references to specific companies. This study suggests that such counter-advertising would benefit from teaching audiences about the industry's corporate identities.
Is smoking a communicable disease? Effect of exposure to ever smokers in school tutor groups on the risk of incident smoking in the first year of secondary school
Authors: Molyneux A , Lewis S , Antoniak M , Hubbard R , McNeill A , Godfrey C , Madeley R , Britton J 
Published: August 2002

Objective:To estimate the effect of joining a first year secondary school tutor group with a high prevalence of ever smoking on the risk of incident smoking in schoolchildren.Design:Cross-sectional questionnaire survey.Setting:10 randomly selected secondary schools in Nottinghamshire, UK.Participants:Pupils in years (grades) 7–11 (aged 11–16 years).Main outcome measure:Incident smoking in the first year of secondary education, defined as pupils who reported smoking their first cigarette during year 7.Results:Of 6522 pupils (75% of those eligible) who completed the questionnaire, 17% were current smokers and 49% had ever smoked, of whom 23% had started smoking in year 7. Incident smoking in year 7 was more common in girls, in children with parents or siblings who smoke, and in more deprived children, and was independently increased in relation to the proportion of ever smokers in the year 7 tutor group joined by the child (adjusted odds ratio of incident smoking for a child joining a year 7 tutor group in the highest relative to the lowest quartile of ever smoking prevalence 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 1.89). Exposure to ever smokers in year 7 tutor groups also accounted for most of the increased risk of incident smoking associated with socioeconomic deprivation.Conclusions:The risk of incident smoking in children entering secondary education is independently increased by exposure to other ever smokers in school tutor groups. Incident smoking in adolescents is thus to some extent a communicable disorder, and may be partly preventable by policies that reduce exposure to smoking at school.
Exposure to teachers smoking and adolescent smoking behaviour: analysis of cross sectional data from Denmark
Authors: Poulsen L H , Osler M , Roberts C , Due P , Damsgaard M T , Holstein B E 
Published: August 2002

Objective:To determine whether adolescent smoking behaviour is associated with their perceived exposure to teachers or other pupils smoking at school, after adjustment for exposure to smoking at home, in school, and best friends smoking.Design:Logistic regression analysis of cross sectional data from students in Denmark.Subjects:1515 grade 9 students (mean age 15.8) from 90 classes in 48 Danish schools.Outcome measure:Self reported smoking behaviour; daily smoking and heavy smoking, defined as those smoking more than 20 cigarettes per week.Results:Of the students in this study, 62% of boys and 60% of girls reported being exposed to teachers smoking outdoors on the school premises. The proportion of boys and girls reporting to have been exposed to teachers smoking inside the school building were 86% and 88%, respectively. Furthermore, 91% of boys and 92% of girls reported that they had seen other students smoking outdoors on the school premises. Adolescents’ perceived exposure to teachers smoking outdoors on the school premises was significantly associated with daily smoking, having adjusted for sex, exposure to teachers smoking indoors at school and pupils smoking outdoors at school, as well as the smoking behaviour of mother, father, and best friend (odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.8). Adolescents’ perceived exposure to teachers smoking inside the school building was not associated with daily smoking (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.6) and perceived exposure to pupils smoking outdoors was not associated with daily smoking (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 4.4). There were similar findings with heavy smoking as the outcome variable.Conclusions:Teachers smoking during school hours is associated with adolescent smoking. This finding has implications for future tobacco prevention strategies in schools in many countries with liberal smoking policies where it might provide support for those working to establish smokefree schools.
ANY COMPACT GROUP IS A GAUGE GROUP
Authors: DOPLICHER SERGIO , PIACITELLI GHERARDO 
Published: August 2002

The assignment of the local observables in the vacuum sector, fulfilling the standard axioms of local quantum theory, is known to determine uniquely a compact group G of gauge transformations of the first kind together with a central involutive element k of G, and a complete normal algebra of fields carrying the localizable charges, on which k defines the Bose/Fermi grading. We show here that any such pair {G, k}, where G is compact metrizable, does actually appear. The corresponding model can be chosen to fulfill also the split property. This is not a dynamical phenomenon: a given {G, k} arises as the gauge group of a model where the local algebras of observables are a suitable subnet of local algebras of a possibly infinite product of free field theories.
Electroviscoelastic Properties in ER Gel of Disperse System under DC Electric Field
Authors: HANAOKA R. , TAKATA S. , FUJITA H. , FUKAMI T. , SAKURAI K. , ISOBE K. , HINO T. 
Published: August 2002

The silicone oil-based electrorheological (ER) gel containing the non-aqueous fine particles was newly created in the present study. After these particles were dispersed at 30wt.% in the dimethylsilicone oil, the ER gel was produced by the hydrosilylation reaction in the mixture of the modified silicone oil. The reaction could considerably be promoted by heating at 90°C. The behavior of particles in the ER gel was observed by a microscopical method. When an electric field was applied to the ER gel, the gap between the electrodes was bridged by the chains of particles arranged in the direction of the electric field. The dynamic properties of the ER gel were also examined under the applied dc electric field up to 2kV/mm using the oscillating rheometer with the low frequencies of 1Hz or less. Consequently, it is shown that the electroviscoelastic effect of the gel can be controlled by the electric field strength.
Ursodeoxycholic acid for the prevention of hepatic complications in allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ruutu Tapani , Eriksson Britta , Remes Kari , Juvonen Eeva , Volin Liisa , Remberger Mats , Parkkali Terttu , Hägglund Hans , Ringdén Olle 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
The role of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in the prevention of hepatic complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation was studied in a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial. A total of 242 patients were allocated to receive (n = 123) or not to receive (n = 119) UDCA in the dose of 12 mg/kg/d orally from the day preceding the conditioning until day 90 after transplantation. In the UDCA-treated group a significantly smaller proportion of patients developed a serum bilirubin level exceeding 50 μM (18 of 123 versus 31 of 119, P = .04), and similarly a smaller proportion of patients exceeded the alanine aminotransferase level of 100 U/L. There was no difference in the incidence of veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Compared to the control group, in the UDCA-treated group there was a nonsignificant trend toward a lower overall incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and a significantly lower incidence of grade III to IV acute GVHD (5 of 123 versus 17 of 119,P = .01), stage II to IV liver and intestinal GVHD, and stage III to IV skin GVHD. There was no difference in the incidence of chronic GVHD or in the relapse rate. Among the patients given UDCA, the survival at 1 year was significantly better, 71% versus 55% (P = .02), and the nonrelapse mortality rate was lower, 19% versus 34% (P = .01), than in the control group. There were significantly more deaths in GVHD in the control group. In conclusion, UDCA administration reduced hepatic problems and severe acute GVHD and improved survival. These results suggest a role for UDCA in the prevention of transplant-related complications in allogeneic transplantation.