bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mistaken Point
Authors: Brasier Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The road that leads from Portugal Cove to the lighthouse at Cape Race can feel like the most desolate place in the North Atlantic. It follows a line of telegraph poles that march in single file across forty kilometres of rolling bog and moss. And the wind across this plateau is so strong and constant that no tree can gain a foothold. On the day we arrived in 1987, a thick grey mist had rolled in from the sea, turning daylight into appropriately Celtic twilight—for this is the Irish corner of Newfoundland.
Torridon
Authors: Brasier Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At long last, I was about to approach the pinnacle—a lonely pyramid of rock called An Teallach. This is just one of a series of peaks that stretches from Loch Assynt down to Loch Torridon, in the north-west Highlands of Scotland. Each mountain is like a monument, standing above its own plain of bedrock, provided with its own distinct personality, isolated and aloof. Had Henry Moore ever sculpted mountains instead of mother-goddesses, he would have made them look like these—Quanaig, Suilven, Canisp, and An Teallach. Crofters hereabouts once thought of them as the haunt of fairies and giants, and it is easy to see why. This is a place without equal—surely the finest spot on the planet for contemplating the realm of Darwin’s Lost World.
Beyond the ‘Moderns’? The Accademia Fisico-matematica of Rome (1677–1698) and the vacuum
Authors: Favino Federica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Accademia di Naturali Esperienze (Academy of Natural Experi- ences) was founded in Rome in 1677 by Giovanni Giustino Ciampini, a member of the papal chancery, and was explicitly based on the Accademia del Cimento in Florence, the Royal Society, and the Acade´mie Royale des Sciences. Despite its models and the fact that it was quickly formalized through statutes and rules, the Roman academy always remained a private body, entirely dependent upon the protection and support of its founder.
Introduction: Lord Lansdowne’s Wounded Amazon
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the auction of the Lansdowne collection of ancient marble sculptures in London in March 1930, the prize lot was a Wounded Amazon (figure 1) which sold for a then record of 28,350 guineas. This sculpture had been acquired by the 2nd Earl of Shelburne, later 1st Marquis of Lansdowne, in 1773 from the dealer Gavin Hamilton for £200, and is now in the Metropolitan Museum in New York.2 In the century and a half that had elapsed since its excavation in Tor Columbaro about 9 miles outside Rome on the Appian Way, its acquisition by an aristocratic British politician and its subsequent public auction, this restored ancient sculpture had been identified as one of the finest and best-preserved masterpieces of the canon of Greco-Roman art. Following a passage in Pliny’s Natural History (XXXIV, 53), the Lansdowne Amazon was identified as a type of Wounded Amazon executed by the 5th century BC Greek sculptor Polykleitos. ‘It is as like the head of the Doryphoros by Polykleitos as sister to brother.… an excellent translation into marble of the characteristics of a bronze original’, expounds the Christie’s sale catalogue, whose entries were founded on the ‘business-like descriptions’ of the British Museum curator A. H. Smith in his Ancient Marbles at Lansdowne House (1889). Smith’s ‘thorough, trustworthy, and unsensational’ catalogue in turn acknowledges its debt to the pioneering account of Ancient Marbles in Great Britain (Cambridge, 1882) by Adolf Michaelis, Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Strasbourg. The Amazon’s archaeological celebrity is reflected in her privileged treatment by Michaelis. For the early 1880s was a time when, to paraphrase Bernard Ashmole writing in 1929, photography was a rudimentary and costly new technology, and although Michaelis described thousands of pieces only a dozen or so were reproduced, one of which was the Lansdowne Amazon (figure 1).
Collecting and global politics: The export of marbles from Rome and their transport to Britain
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The restoration of Townley’s discobolus (figure 34) featured in the previous chapter as a compelling case study in the restorative operations of sculpture in Rome in the second half of the 18th century, specifically in the early 1790s, using innovative techniques implemented in the previous decade for cleaning post-classical sculpture. Restoration was cast as an art that was both material in its sculptural practice and rhetorical in its artful epistolary representation by Townley’s dealers. Another prosthesis that is (represented as) fundamental to Townley’s acquisition of the discobolus is the art of cultural politics. Once a collector had been seduced by a restored sculpture, or an idea of it via drawings and descriptions, the next stage in the business of collecting was the export of ancient marbles out of Papal territory and their foreign and domestic transport. On Jenkins’ initial application for an export licence in March 1792, the discobolus was refused on the grounds that it was considered the superior version of a surviving sculptural type, and a material survival, to the bronze discobolus preserved in ancient texts as a work of the 5th-century BC Greek sculptor Myron. When auspicious excavations unearthed another discobolus earmarked for the Papal collection, Jenkins assured Townley that a licence would be forthcoming. Papal permission to export the version destined for Park Street was not actually granted until six months later, in November 1792. In the intervening period, the lost head of the Papal version was restored on the basis of Townley’s variant—the (thought to be) superior prototype with its head looking downwards away from the discus.
‘The lecture on Venus’s arse’: Richard Cosway’s Charles Townley with a Group of Connoisseurs, c.1771–5
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a cursory glance at Richard Cosway’s Charles Townley with a Group of Connoisseurs, 1771–5 (plate 18), this group portrait appears to represent a congenial company of gentlemen in an unspecified interior viewing a group of ancient marble sculptures. The six full-length portraits have been identified from left to right as Richard Oliver, Charles Townley, Dr Verdun, Chase Price seated, and behind him, Richard Holt and Captain Wynn. Some of the marbles have similarly been identified as deriving from Charles Townley’s collection. He bought the altar that doubles as a pedestal in the painting from the collection of Antonio Burioni in Rome in 1768; the seated Muse playing the lyre in the top left corner from the Palazzo Barberini; while the torso of the naked Venus on the right of the Muse was acquired from the sculptor–restorer Bartolomeo Cavaceppi. The painting, which is in the collection at Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museum in Burnley, Lancashire, was recently described as ‘a genial but revealing conversation piece’. Notwithstanding its revelatory status, the significance and extent of its cultural and social meanings has yet to be disclosed. Ironically, the best documented of all Cosway’s paintings in terms of unpublished primary sources rather than secondary literature, it remains underexploited as a form of cultural document.
‘Placed with propriety’: The display and viewing of ancient sculpture
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter from Charles Townley’s uncle cited in the preceding chapter, the projected location of Richard Cosway’s conversation piece (plate 18) was alluded to. Seemingly on account of its risque´ subject matter, it was not to be hung in one of the public, formal rooms in Townley’s London townhouse at the upper end of Whitehall, rather in a prominent position over the fireplace in the more intimate, informal space of the parlour. An awareness of the physical location of Cosway’s conversation piece temporarily suspends the climax of the phallic camaraderie that it celebrates in visual form and leads us to consider the related issue that is the display of sculptures in Townley’s collection, examples of which have been identified in Cosway’s conversation piece. In discussing the disposition of the collection, a number of different strands of intellectual enquiry will be drawn together. The significance of its topographical location brings us into the realm of cultural geography; its built environment is the bricks and mortar of architectural history, forming the shell which accommodates the domestic interior and the spatial arrangement of the sculptures therein. Through the exhibition of his marbles, it will be demonstrated how Townley continually confronted a series of irreconcilable tensions between metropolitan and provincial properties, between the urban townhouse or the rural country house that was his ancestral Lancashire seat, and between the choice of a single gallery or a suite of adjoining display spaces, either purpose-built or remodelled to accommodate the collection.
Speech Acts
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Chronicle of Morea, speech acts form the backbone of the narrative: almost every scene is organized round the depiction and dramatization of a debate or other verbal exchange, to which only the briefest representation of action is appended. Typical of the work as a whole is a passage on the subject of the negotiation of a marriage alliance between the Principality of Morea and the Angevin Kingdom of Southern Italy, where an account is given of a sequence of embassies, formal audiences, private interviews, and deliberative councils (H vv.6335–427 and B § §446–51). The passage begins with the arrival of the embassy of Prince Guillaume II de Villehardouin in Naples. The envoys initially come into the presence of the royal court, and give King Charles I d’Anjou their credentials to inspect, after which they are taken aside and given an opportunity to tell the King the details of their master’s proposition in private. Having questioned the envoys to his satisfaction and listened attentively to their replies, Charles announces that he wishes to take advice before he can give a definite answer.
Voice
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who speaks here? Questions such as this, concerning the identity of the being who tells a story, seem so banal as to require no discussion, until an attempt is made to answer them. The originators behind the production of medieval texts cannot be known to us. Author, redactor, and scribe have fallen back into history, each more or less ‘like a deity after creation who leaves what he has wrought’. All that can be transmitted is a name, and even this may be absent. Information regarding the actual individuals responsible for the Chronicle of Morea could conceivably once have been available either in the prologue or epilogue of the work, but these sections have proven to be especially vulnerable, both because of their physical location at extremities of the manuscript, and also because the data they contained was liable to be perceived as irrelevant whenever a new redaction or copy was made. Yet this does not impede an analysis of narrative voice, for that voice resides elsewhere: with the narratorial ‘I’, the narratorial ‘we’, or, alternatively, with a narrating instance of an impersonal nature that is attributed to the flow of the narrative itself and designated by expressions such as ‘the tale’, ‘the story’, and ‘the book’. The characteristics of the voice can be observed in detail because of the existence of comments or asides which make an appearance from time to time within the narrative.
Imagining the Principality of Morea: A National History
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was by the sword that they conquered the land of the Morea’, Guillaume II de Villehardouin is made to remark in H concerning the actions of his father and the other Latins [ineq]. According to this version of the Chronicle of Morea, a momentous battle took place during the Latin acquisition of the Peloponnese. In the olive grove of Koundouras not far from Kalamata, the invaders, we are told, faced the forces hastily assembled to resist them: cavalry and infantry from the fortified towns of Nikli, Veligosti, and Lacedaemonia, together with motley auxiliary troops recruited in the Taygetos mountains (vv.1715–31). Although both sides fought hard, the Franks were eventually entirely victorious, and few of their opponents escaped [ineq]. Thus, the creation of the Principality of Morea is predicated in H upon an initial act of military conquest, a fact we are repeatedly reminded of in speeches attributed to the crusaders and their descendants (vv.1382–3, 1613–22, 2438–40, 2456–7, 2732–4, 4485–7, 6311–12). Yet it would be a mistake to conclude that events in the Peloponnese are viewed by the text consistently in terms of the subjugation of the indigenous population. Already in the episode of the battle of Koundouras, mention is made of the presence at the side of Guillaume I de Champlitte and Geoffroy de Villehardouin of their Greek collaborators [ineq]. From the beginning, an effort is made by H to assign a positive space within the narrative to the native Peloponnesians.
The Rise of Vernacular Greek Historiography in the Late Medieval Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the historiographical output of those territories of the eastern Mediterranean under western occupation, the Copenhagen manuscript of the Chronicle of Morea (H) was not the first text to present the encounter between conquerors and conquered as resulting in the negotiation of a new identity. An antecedent of sorts had already been provided over two hundred years previously. In the course of the twelfth century, the establishment and subsequent fate of the Crusader States in Syria and the Holy Land had been recorded not only by westerners whose presence in the area was more or less temporary, but also by a few permanent residents. Of the extant works produced by the latter, one of the earliest was the Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Peregrinantium or Historia Hierosolymitana by Fulcher of Chartres, a participant in the First Crusade who settled in Palestine as chaplain to Baudouin I, the lord of Edessa and first of the crusader kings at Jerusalem, dying there in old age c.1127. In his account of the foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the Counties of Edessa and Tripoli, Fulcher was concerned to stress the coming together of diverse ethnic elements in the foreign land which the crusaders had made their own. Thus, he drew attention in the penultimate pages of his Historia to a process of assimilation, noting that, as the incomers became more rooted in the locality and their descendants multiplied, the old homelands had been forgotten (‘obliti sumus nativitatis nostrae loca’, III.xxxvii.3). Those who had emigrated to the Levant, he explained, no longer spoke of their birthplaces, while the new generations had no first-hand knowledge of the West.
General Conclusion
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chronicle of Morea recounts the events of the Fourth Crusade and of the ensuing conquest and occupation of the Byzantine Empire. At the centre of the work is the story of the formation of the Principality of Morea in Southern Greece and the Peloponnese. As a repository of fact, the account cannot be relied upon, for the depiction of ‘reality’ which it offers is never innocent. Yet, the very nature of the Chronicleas historiography—a locus of textual strategies that can be analysed and deconstructed—means that it affords us an invaluable insight into the thought-world of the late Middle Ages. This study has compared the various extant versions of the Chronicle, identified the resources and pressures that contributed to the development of the work, and shed light on the nature of the lost archetype which lies behind the surviving manuscripts. In seeing how the author and subsequent redactors interpreted and transformed their material, we gain a sense of the aspirations and anxieties of the societies in which the work was composed, transmitted and received.
Towards a History of Performativity
Authors: Fowler Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I shall entertain the notion that performativity itself—let’s call it the sum of the conditions surrounding the efficacy of language and its acts—changes over time. My case will be drawn from Shakespeare’s imaginative reaction to the Protestant reformation of the sacraments of the medieval church, especially penance. If the sacraments perform and thus produce community, as the consensus among medievalists runs, then what happens when they are radically altered in the Reformation? How are social persons created and re cognized?3 How is society achieved? Social contract theories, ages old and sometimes compatible with sacramental thought, sometimes distinct, offer one of the a lternatives available to Reformation society.
The Voice of the Author in ‘The Phoenix and Turtle’
Authors: Cheney Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To specify the connection between Shakespeare and the Middle Ages, we might turn to one of the defining medieval moments of the Elizabethan era. In Book 4, canto 2, of the 1596 Faerie Queene, England’s New Poet, Edmund Spenser, pronounces himself the national heir to the Old Poet, ‘Dan Chaucer, well of English undefiled’ (4.2.32): In this self-conscious apostrophe to a ‘dead’ author, Spenser identifies the principle by which he will ‘revive’ Chaucer’s ‘labours lost’—a principle he calls ‘infusion’. Through the ‘sweete’ process of infusion, he will mystically receive the surviving ‘spirit’ of Chaucer, and through this transfer of spiritual power he will ‘follow’ the ‘footing’ of the old poet’s ‘feete’, so that he can ‘meete’ Chaucer’s ‘meaning’ and thus continue his immortalizing fame.
Recursive Origins
Authors: Kuskin William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary Studies has an ambivalent relationship to precedence. Caught between the recognition of chronology and the urgency of formal innovation, it resorts to claims of the new: to a new vernacular literary culture in the fourteenth century, to a new formulation of authorship in the sixteenth, and to an early modern print revolution. So, Literary Studies reports a fractured timeline, one paradoxically committed to chronology as a progressive record of temporal change and to period as a convincing explanation for cultural difference. Such an approach to late medieval and early modern literary history neglects both the fifteenth century and the historical role played by the material reproduction of texts.
Marvels and Counterfeits
Authors: Marsalek Karen Sawyer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image of a character returning from the dead was a potent and enduring one in early English drama, partly because of the inherent dramatic power of the character’s reappearance, and partly because the image had a long theatrical history in biblical drama. From the twelfth through the sixteenth centuries, plays dedicated to Christ’s resurrection were a central feature of the English theatrical landscape. Their dramaturgy and its connotations of community-building extended to other plays as well. Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists who appropriated the motif of Christ’s resurrection often used its iconographic and linguistic elements to underscore themes of reunion, forgiveness, and restoration; Shakespeare’s work in The Winter’s Tale is a good example. However, other resurrection moments.
Iron Age Britain in its European context
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past hundred and Wfty years, since the beginnings of prehistoric archaeology as a serious scientiWc discipline, the European Iron Age has been classiWed into two principal stages, named after the type-sites of Hallstatt in upper Austria and La Te`ne in Switzerland. SigniWcantly, neither of these sites was a settlement in the normal domestic sense. Hallstatt (Kromer, 1960; Peroni, 1973; Hodson, 1990) was a cemetery of the community that worked the adjacent salt mines and doubtless managed cattle herds on which the economic wealth of the region was based; La Te`ne (Vouga, 1923) was a more enigmatic site on the shores of Lake Neuchatel, where large quantities of metalwork and other artefacts, together with human remains, have led to speculation regarding the ritual signiWcance of these deposits. Chronologically the two were successive. Hallstatt spanned the end of the Bronze Age and earlier Iron Age to the end of the 6th century bc; La Te`ne represents the second Iron Age from the mid 5th century, though the type-site itself has relatively little material dating from the last phase of the pre-Roman Iron Age.
Identifying houses: principles and problems
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any study of later prehistoric round-houses in Britain and beyond should begin by deWning what is meant by ‘house’. To review all the various meanings that have been advanced in the archaeological or anthropological literature alone would take an entire volume in itself, so for present purposes attention will focus on two contrasting but complementary meanings. First, ‘house’ will be applied to structural remains of a building or building complex that may be regarded as having an occupational or domestic function, though this need not have been its role exclusively. Second, ‘house’, or more appropriately ‘household’, may refer to the social unit that used the building or buildings in question, that unit normally being deWned by kinship, but not necessarily exclusively so. Archaeological usage tends towards the former, being con- cerned Wrst with the Weld recovery of the structural data. Our objective, of course, should be the sustainable interpretation of that data in terms of the social units that occupied these sites and the cultural signiWcance of buildings to the communities that built and used them. The validity of our interpretation, however, will be in direct relationship to the standard of observation and recovery of the Weld data, which in turn will reXect the questions that underpin our research strategy.
Later Iron Age buildings in the Atlantic north and west
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progressive changes in the settlement patterns of the later Iron Age in Atlantic Scotland are well exempliWed in classic sequences like that excavated at Beirgh in west Lewis (Harding and Gilmour, 2000) or at the Howe on Orkney (Smith, ed., 1994). But later Iron Age settlement is by no means conWned to or even determined by pre-existing broch settlements, as the examples of Skaill (Buteux, 1997) or Pool (Hunter, 2007) on Orkney demonstrate. The decline in monumentality from around the 2nd century ad, as we have seen, need not have been universally synchronous, and in some notable cases, like Mousa or the Glenelg brochs, the tall broch towers were evidently not dismantled, even where there is evidence for secondary occupation. As we have seen, however, the immediately post-broch occupation in many in- stances still involved round-houses that eVectively utilized the same ground Xoor area as their grander predecessors. What followed is well exempliWed in the Beirgh sequence.