bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between epiphenomenalism and rationality: Philosophical accounts of voluntary action
Authors: Vierkant Till 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our modern world, most people accept that everything ultimately has a physical cause. Thunderstorms are not caused by gods, but by friction, human life is best explained in terms of the operation of DNA sequences, and so on. Voluntary action is an interesting phenomenon because, although people believe the above-mentioned statements, they do believe, as well that they can choose their actions freely. This seems to be impossible should it hold true that ultimately everything, including voluntary actions, has a physical cause. This problem is not a new one (200 years ago it was the point of departure for Kant’s philosophy), but it has become even more pressing. In recent times, neuroscientists and psychologists find more and more evidence that, as Gerhard Roth expresses it, consciousness is not the ‘lord of the manor’ in our brains.
Questioning The Multidisciplinary Field
Authors: Maasen Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has attempted to approach the issue of voluntary action anew. The questions we raised seemed simple enough. What counts as an action? What makes an action voluntary? What exactly is it that volition adds to the action? Our folk psychological expertise of what it means to act voluntarily notwithstanding, the concept becomes ever more multi-faceted the closer one looks at it. This is unfortunate because voluntary action is not only a matter of understanding the mental operation of individual minds, but also a matter of social practice. The notion of voluntarily acting persons is an essential ingredient of politics, law, economy, and ethics—therefore, it is high time to assess the available scientific expertise.
Population dynamics and extinction in heterogeneous environments: the Northern Spotted Owl
Authors: Lande Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid destruction and fragmentation of natural environments caused by pressures from expanding human populations and economies, especially in developing tropical countries, is likely to cause the extinction of a large fraction of species recently existing on the earth (Meyers 1986; Simberl off 1986). To mitigate the loss of species diversity and the negative effects that this may have on future medical, industrial, and recreational development, and on regional and global climate change, it is necessary to educate the public and their political and economic leaders about the benefits of conserving biological diversity and restoring natural ecosystems. It is also increasingly important to understand the dynamics of small populations, and those in remaining fragmented habitats, in order for managers to reduce the risks of extinction.
Adopting a transaction processing model for a global plant species information system
Authors: Jinks Deidrie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current transaction processing systems typically are large commercial or government applications, allowing multiple users, who may be geographically remote, to access data simultaneously. Such systems are found, for example, at the heart of large banking or telecommunications enterprises. Transaction processing interacts with the network, the database, and the physical machine on behalf of the application, but is technically within the field of communications, residing within the application layer of the OSI reference model. System requirements are examined and transaction processing is defined. Implementation of transaction processing is discussed within the context of current international standards and available technology, together with the special problems inherent in applying a transaction processing model to a global plant species information system.
Selection for mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana altered in solute uptake
Authors: Soave C , Vannini C , Gomarasca S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ion transport in plants continues to be a subject of great theoretical and practical relevance. Much of our information concerning the nature of ion transport comes from analyses of the kinetics of in vivo ion uptake coupled with electrophysiological and biochemical studies aimed at understanding the physicochemical properties of membrane transporters. Genetic and biochemical studies of transport mutants in bacteria, fungi, and animals have contributed significantly to our knowledge of transport carriers (Rosen 1986; Salkoff and Tanouye 1986; Gaber et al. 1988; Vallejo and Serrano 1989). In plants this approach is limited by the paucity of well-characterized monogenic transport mutants (Lauchli 1976). It is with a genetic approach to the problem in mind that we have initiated studies of ion transport in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant ideally suited for genetic experiments due to its short life cycle, small size, small genome, and well-established classical and molecular genetics. In addition, the plant can be grown until maturity on well-defined mineral media, allowing the development of specific selection systems for isolating ion-transport mutants.
Plant sugar transporters: their contribution to and their dependence on metabolism
Authors: Tanner Widmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For carbon-heterotrophic organisms, sugar transporters of tissues or cells play an important role. Growth often depends on them obligatorily. The sugar transport systems identified on a molecular level correspond, to a large extent, to facilitators solely accelerating the equilibration of sugars between the intra- and extracellular compartment (Celenza et al. 1988; Silverman 1991). Others couple gradients of sodium ions (Hediger et al. 1987) or protons (Maiden et al. 1987; Sauer and Tanner 1989; Sauer et al. 1990) to sugar transport, and catalyse an accumulative transport process.
Metabolism-mediated control of ATP-driven H+ extrusion: some evidence and a working hypothesis
Authors: Marrè E , Marre M T , Moroni A , Venegoni A , Vergani P , Albergoni F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consistent evidence, accumulated during the past two decades, has established the central role of ATP-driven H+ extrusion in solute transport at the plasma membrane of plant cells. Functional differentiation in the various plant tissues (or, for a single tissue, under different environmental conditions) implies changes in the activity of H+ extrusion, and this emphasizes the importance of understanding how proton pumping activity is regulated. Several factors regulating H+ extrusion in vivo, and the activity of the plasma-membrane H+ transporting ATPase in vitro have been identified; moreover, growing evidence indicates that different plasmalemma H+-ATPases exist in a single plant (Kimura et al. 1988; Harper and Sussman 1989; Cocucci and Marre 1991). It is reasonable to assume that these different f-H+-ATPases are influenced by different regulatory mechanisms, because the transport processes of cells such as those of phloem, mesophyll, storage parenchyma, stomata, and meristems are deeply differentiated. Thus, when studying the regulation of H+ extrusion, it would seem more appropriate to talk of proton pumps, rather than of a unique H+-pump (H+-ATPase) for all cells of a given organism.
The plasma-membrane Ca2+ pump: biochemical characteristics and regulatory properties
Authors: Rasi-Caldogno F , De Michelis M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence indicates that Ca2+ can act as a second messenger in the transduction of internal and environmental stimuli in higher plants (Poovaiah and Reddy 1987). The suitability of Ca2+ as a second messenger is suggested by its very low (about 0.1 µM) concentration in the cytosol under resting conditions, and by the immediate increase of its concentration in response to different stimuli (Felle 1988; Johannes et al. 1991; Schroeder and Thuleau 1991). Because of the enormous electrochemical gradient of Ca2+ existing between the cytosol and the apoplast or intracellular compartments, the rapid increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration induced by stimuli can be brought about by the opening of Ca2+ channels of the plasma membrane and/or of endomembranes (Tester 1990; Schroeder and Thuleau 1991). Re-establishment and maintenance of the resting level of cytosolic Ca2+ depends on the activity of active transport systems that catalyse Ca2+ extrusion from the cytoplasm to the apoplast or to intracellular compartments such as the vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
Fusicoccin receptors: perception and transduction of the fusicoccin signal
Authors: Aducci P , Ballio A , Fullone M R , Marra M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stimulus induced in plant cells by the fungal metabolite fusicoccin (FC) is perceived by specific receptors at the plasma membrane. They are responsible for coupling the primary signal to the ultimate physiological target, the H+-ATPase (Aducci et al. 1988). Evidence has been produced showing that this enzyme can be activated in vitro and in vivo by FC (Ballio et al. 1981; Rasi-Caldogno et al. 1986; Blum et al. 1988a), whereas it is insensitive to the toxin once solubilized from the plasma membrane (Blum et al. 1988a) or when re constituted into liposomes in the absence of FC receptors (Aducci et al. 1988).
The history of pictures, words, and numbers as records
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Attenborough, in his book. Life on Earth, calls men the ‘compulsive communicators. He says, ’Once we thought that we were the only creatures to make and use tools. We now know that this is not so: chimpanzees do so and so do finches in the Galapagos that cut and trim long thorns to use as pins for extracting grubs from holes in wood. Even our complex spoken language seems less special the more we learn about the communications used by chimpanzees and dolphins. But we are the only creatures to have painted representc1tional pictures and it is this talent which led to developments which ultimately transformed the life of mankind’. And Life on Earth is itself a splendid illustration of the balance that we are studying. In the form of a television documentary of a scicntitk analysis. it was compelling in a way that no book muld ever have been. Yet the text is also available as an attractively illustrated. traditiomil book.
Pictures, words, and numbers in childhood
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new technological capabilities for creating and disseminating pictures call for a re-assessment of the use of pictures in rel;ition to words .ind numbers. The present balance of use for any one person is a product. partly of inclination and innate skill. and partly of education and upbringing. Philosophy and methods of nurture cannot be changed quickly. This means that we need to begin to think urgently c1bout our treatment of children in relation to their natural inclinations in the use of pictures, words, and numbers, All ofus play a part in the child's development. Commonly. the unstructured education of children by parents, other relc1tives, friends, and their contempor-aries mc1y be more importcint than lhe slructured work done by teachers in school. It is certainly wrong to regard any rebalancing of the use of pictures us a matter for schools and teachers alone.
Alternative energy sources: the European story
Authors: Rae John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After taking his doctorate at the University of Glasgow and undertaking further research there, Dr John Rae pursued a distinguished academic career in physics, both as a lecturer and a researcher, at the University of Texas, at the Universite Libre in Brussels, and at Queen Mary College, London until 1974. He then moved to the Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) at Harwell as an Industrial Fellow; in 1976 he was appointed Leader of the AEA ‘s Theory of Fluids Group. Nine years later he moved to Whitehall to take up the appointment of Chief Scientist at the Department of Energy, as one of the successors to another Linacre Lecturer, Sir Hermann Bondi. Dr Rae was simultaneously a Member of both the Natural Environment Research Council and the Science and Engineering Research Council. In 1990, he returned to Harwell to take up his present position as Chief Executive of AEA Environment and Energy, a division of AEA Technology.
Symmetries of space and time
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of Chapter 4 we briefly discussed the relationship between physical phenomena described in terms of variational principles and geometrical symmetry in terms of coordinate transformations. Most of that chapter was a digression in which we examined quantities which are invariant under such transformations of their coordinate mappings. These quantities are the tensors and we used tensor notation to describe electromagnetic equations and properties. In this chapter we return to the discussion of symmetry properties of the electromagnetic field based on the principle of relativity, which states that physical effects are independent of the motion of the observer. Observers in relative motion will use different space-time coordinates so there must be a link between physical observation and the transformation of coordinates. Moreover there is, as we noted in Section 4.1 a close connection between variational methods and coordinate transformations, so that we can relate energy processes to symmetry.
Basic semiconductor structures
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All semiconductors devices and integrated circuits are made with basic structure. These are doped semiconductor layers, ρ-n junction, MOS sandwich structure, contacts, and interconnection lines. The operation of these structure is based on the generation, distribution, and flow of charge carriers in semiconductors, insulation, and metals. Therefore, in this chapter, we consider the fundamentals, construction, electronic behaviour, and basic application of these elementary structures.
Physical design considerations
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many layout design styles, the choice of which depends on the type and size of the IC. Basically we have two main classes of I Cs: standard integrated circuits (SI Cs); and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). TTL, CMȮS, and ECL SSI and MSI circuits containing several kinds of logic gates and macrocells (registers, counters etc., see chapter 3) belong to the class of SICs. Standard large-scale integration (LSI) and (VLSI) circuits are microprocessors and semiconductor memories (see the memory chip in Fig. 5.2). The main features of standard integrated circuits are: support of a wide range of applications; high-volume production; and low price.
Classical and modern motor control
Authors: Yamamura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all types of electric motors were invented before the end of the nineteenth century, and their practical use also began in that century. They have been used increasingly widely, and now they are the main driving machines in industry, transportation, homes and many other fields. There are many kinds of both DC and AC motors. They have various characteristics and performances and the most suitable motors can be chosen for various applications. High-performance elevators and steel mills, for example, use separately excited DC motors, and railway trains are driven by DC series motors. Pumps and blowers are driven by three-phase induction motors. In these drives, steady-state torque-speed characteristics of the motor and the driven machine must be well matched, and controls in these applications have been mostly steady-state speed controls.
Variable transformation theories for AC motor analysis
Authors: Yamamura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sound analytical solutions of transient phenomena must precede AC motor control, otherwise an adequate control method cannot be developed. However, this area of analysis has remained vacant, and neither sound analysis nor sufficient investigation have been done, despite several existing theories of AC machines. This is why most of this book is devoted to transient analysis of AC motors. The author found that conventional analytical theories were not adequate for filling the vacant area of analysis, and therefore proposed the spiral vector method. It is utilized throughout this book to analyse AC motors, and seems to have succeeded in filling the vacant area of AC motor transient analysis.
Boundary-value problems
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main difficulty with the nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition is related to the fact that problem (2.21) does not admit a suitable variational formulation. The standard way of handling (2.21) is based on extending the boundary data into the interior and then transforming the problem with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Constrained optimization
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In optimization theory, when both objective and constraint functions are linear, the problem is called a linear-programming (LP) problem. The term programming refers to scheduling and not to computer programming. The idea goes back to Dantzig [1963] who put forward mathematical principles of scheduling and planning. There are several ways to write the general form of the LP problem. In the following we adopt the LP problem as a minimization of an objective function with equality constraints and nonnegativity bounds on the design variables. Other LP problems can be easily converted into this form using slack variables.
Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field equations for the general. time-varying case are collectively known as Maxwell’s equations after J C. Maxwell. Several results were obtained by Ampere, Faraday, Gauss and Coulomb Thus Maxwell’s equations are the culmination of many years of research into the electric and magnetic phenomena. Given below is a list of the most important discoveries in electricity and magnetism, including the derivation of Maxwell’s equations up to their experimental verification:
Synthesis of material properties
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A very common problem in parameter estimation is that of identifying the unknown properties of the material of which a system is composed from a knowledge of measurements on the boundary of the response of the system to some input or to some other global quantity characterizing the system. In noninvasive medical imaging, for mstance, one is interested in estimating the electrical activity within a bounded-value conductor, either from measured potential values on the outer boundary or directly from inner electric sources.
Introduction and historical survey
Authors: Kenjo Takashi , Sugawara Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book concerns itself with the electrical machines called stepping or step motors, covering their construction, principles, theory, driving techniques, and applications. To begin with we will survey the brief history and technological advancement of stepping motors. Various types of stepping motor are referred to in this chapter, but the structural details of the modern motors will be discussed in the next chapter.
Surface and groundwater flow-types of equation
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The movements of groundwater and of surface water (in lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) are closely related. When the water level in a river is higher than the water level in the adjacent aquifer and the river bed is permeable, the water will flow from the river to feed the aquifer; falling groundwater levels in the vicinity of a spring can cause it to dry up and the river may disappear in that neighbourhood. When the water level in the aquifer is higher the river takes water away from the aquifer. Figure 1.1.1 from the Thames Water Lower Colne Gravels study illustrates these effects. Natural recharge and stream leakage from the Colne Brook combine to add to the groundwater and the River Thames is draining the water away.
The method of characteristics
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As explained in section 1.5 the hyperbolic equations such as the kinematic wave equation typically have curves associated with them called characteristics and these carry information about the solution. The method of characteristics uses this property to obtain the solution by moving out along the characteristics from the starting values. In some simpler cases it can be applied directly (section 2.2). In more complicated cases illustrated in sections 2.3 and 2.4 it is applied numerically.
In Chapter 1 the St Venant equations for surface flow are formulated. These can be in terms of the depth H and the mean velocity u as in eqns (1.4.2) and (1.4.3). Alternatively for channel flow they can be in terms of the cross-sectional area A and the discharge q as in (1.4.9) and (1.4.11).
The finite element method
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The finite element method (FEM) is not recommended in this book for the solution of surface flow problems because finite difference methods are easier for these. The FEM is introduced here as applied to the solution of subsurface flow, i.e. for the spatial discretization of elliptic and parabolic problems (Chapter 1). At first it is assumed that the region concerned is two dimensional. The basic idea is that this region in which the solution is required is divided into triangles or quadrilaterals and in each of these a simple polynomial approximation to the exact solution is taken. The simplest is that of a piecewise linear approximation on triangles. The result of this can be visualized as a polyhedral surface of triangular flat plates approximating a smooth curved surface. The edges of the triangular flat plates projected on to an intersecting plane give the elements into which the region in the plane has been divided (what happens if the region has curved boundaries is considered later – section 6.4). With this image it is clear that the error in the piecewise linear approximation will be proportional to the curvature (i.e. the second derivative) of the surface and that where the curvature is greatest there should be smaller elements.
The Christianization of Society
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the early ninth century the Christianization of society was complete. So, at least, is the impression given by the Martyrology of Óengus, a calendar of saints’ days written c.830 in Irish verse at the monastery of Tallaght near Dublin. The prologue to this work celebrates the triumph of Christianity: whereas the pagan rulers of Ireland and their fortresses had passed away, the renown of saints such as Patrick, Ciarán, and Brigit was greater than ever, reflected in powerful churches that resembled flourishing cities.
Writing
Authors: Cróinín Dáibhí Ó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the most famous passages of medieval English literary history, the preface to the English translation of Pope Gregory the Great’s Regula Pastoralis (‘Pastoral care’), which Alfred the Great, king of Wessex 871–99, had commissioned, the king remarked how, at the time of his accession, ‘learning had declined so thoroughly in England that there were very few men on this side of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English, or even translate a single letter from Latin into English; and I suppose that there were not many beyond the Humber either’.