bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Cyclosporin A‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth by Azithromycin Through Phagocytosis: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study
Authors: Paik Jeong‐Won , Kim Chang‐Sung , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Choi Seong‐Ho 
Published: February 2005

Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) and azithromycin (AZI) on collagen metabolism in the gingiva of rats.Methods: Fifty 6‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats (weight 120 to 150 g) were randomly distributed into five groups. All groups received various drugs via gastric feeding for 7 weeks. The first group (Mo group) received mineral oil for 7 weeks as a control; the CsA group received CsA in mineral oil for 7 weeks (dosage 30 mg/kg); the CsA/Mo group received CsA in mineral oil for 6 weeks and mineral oil only for the seventh week; the CsA/AZI group received CsA in mineral oil for 6 weeks and AZI (dosage 10 mg/kg) in mineral oil simultaneously with CsA in the seventh week; and the Mo/AZI group received mineral oil for 6 weeks and AZI in mineral oil for the seventh week. All animals were sacrificed for clinical and histological analyses. Gingival fibroblasts were cultured at the fourth passage, and the amount of collagen was measured. Type I collagen and collagenase mRNA were measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Collagen phagocytosis assay also was performed.Results: Clinically, CsA induced gingival overgrowth in rats, whereas AZI reduced gingival overgrowth. Histological results of the CsA group showed a marked increase of tissue volume compared to the other groups. High collagen amounts were found when gingival overgrowth was induced. However, type I collagen mRNA and collagenase mRNA expressions did not statistically differ among groups. Phagocytosis assay showed that CsA decreased phagocytic activity of gingival fibroblasts, whereas AZI increased the activity. These results suggest that the induction and reduction of CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth were closely associated with phagocytic activity.Conclusion: Cyclosporin A decreases collagen degradation by lowering phagocytic activity of rat gingival fibroblasts. Azithromycin partially compensates for this lowered phagocytic activity. J Periodontol 2004;75:380‐387.
Tetracycline Conditioning Augments the In Vivo Inflammatory Response Induced by Cementum Extracts
Authors: Houri‐Haddad Yael , Karaka Lamis , Stabholz Ayala , Soskolne Aubrey , Shapira Lior 
Published: February 2005

Background: Studies have shown that extracts of cementum from periodontally involved teeth stimulated cytokine secretion from cultured human monocytes and that this stimulatory effect is inhibited by conditioning of the cementum with tetracycline. Using the subcutaneous chamber model in mice, the present study was designed to test the ability of cementum extracts from periodontally diseased teeth to induce an inflammatory response in vivo and to evaluate the effect of cementum conditioning with tetracycline.Methods: Subcutaneous chambers were implanted in 24 mice. Two weeks later, the animals received intrachamber injection of one of the following: diseased‐cementum extract, healthy‐cementum extract, diseased‐cementum extract preconditioned with tetracycline, or medium alone. Chamber exudates were harvested and analyzed for leukocyte levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10).Results: Injection of healthy‐ or diseased‐cementum extracts increased the intrachamber levels of leukocytes. Extracts of diseased cementum were found to significantly increase the levels of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and IL‐10, compared with extracts of healthy cementum or media alone. Peak cytokine levels were observed 2 hours postinjection. Conditioning of diseased cementum with tetracycline before extraction resulted in augmented levels of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ, and reduced levels of IL‐10, compared with untreated diseased cementum.Conclusions: The present results demonstrate that conditioning of diseased cementum with tetracycline may induce an intense inflammatory response in a mouse model, and they suggest that local application of tetracycline for root conditioning should be carefully reinvestigated. J Periodontol 2004;75:388‐392.
Radiographic Parameters for Prognosis of Periodontal Healing of Infrabony Defects: Two Different Definitions of Defect Depth
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Hörr Torten , Klein Filip , Hassfeld Stefan , Kim Ti‐Sun 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate defect width and two different definitions of defect depth as prognostic factors of periodontal healing in infrabony defects treated by regenerative therapy 6 and 24 months after surgery.Methods: In 32 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis, 50 infrabony defects were treated by the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) technique using non‐resorbable or bioabsorbable barriers. Clinical parameters were assessed, and 50 triplets of standardized radiographs were taken before surgery and 6 and 24 months after surgery. Using a computer‐assisted analysis, the distances cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to alveolar crest (AC), CEJ to bony defect (BD), horizontal projection of the most coronal extension of the bony wall to the root surface to BD, width, and angle of the bony defects were measured. Depth of the bony defect was 1) calculated as CEJ‐BD minus CEJ‐AC (INFRA1) and 2) measured as horizontal projection of the most coronal extension of the bony wall to the root surface to BD (INFRA2).Results: Whereas statistically significant vertical clinical attachment level gains (CAL‐V: 3.36 ± 1.59 mm/ 3.41 ± 1.72 mm; P <0.001) could be found both 6 and 24 months after surgery, bony fill (0.70 ± 2.52 mm; P = 0.056/1.21 ± 2.55 mm; P <0.005) was significant 24 months post‐surgically only. In a multilevel regression analysis, CAL‐V gain was predicted by bioabsorbable membrane (P = 0.005), baseline probing depths (PD) (P <0.001), and actual smoking (P <0.05). Bony fill could be predicted by baseline depth of the infrabony component as determined by INFRA2 (P <0.05), angulation of bony defect (P <0.005), and gingival index at baseline (P <0.001). In narrow (<37°) and deep (≥4 mm) infrabony defects, bony fill was more pronounced than in wide and shallow defects (P <0.001).Conclusions: Improvement achieved by GTR in infrabony defects can be maintained up to 24 months after surgery. Narrow and deep infrabony defects respond radiographically and are to some extent clinically more favorable to GTR therapy than are wide and shallow defects. The infrabony component of bony defects, as determined by the distance from the most coronal extension of the lateral bony wall to BD (INFRA2), is a better predictor of bony fill than that determined by AC‐BD (INFRA1). J Periodontol 2004;75:399‐407.
Effect of Systemic Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition on Periodontal Wound Repair: A Proof of Concept Trial
Authors: Gapski R. , Barr J.L. , Sarment D.P. , Layher M.G. , Socransky S.S. , Giannobile W.V. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The adjunctive use of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors with scaling and root planing (SRP) promotes new attachment in patients with periodontal disease. This pilot study was designed to examine aspects of the biological response brought about by the MMP inhibitor low dose doxycycline (LDD) combined with access flap surgery (AFS) on the modulation of periodontal wound repair in patients with severe chronic periodontitis.Methods: Twenty‐four subjects were enrolled into a 12‐month, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐masked trial to evaluate clinical, biochemical, and microbial measures of disease in response to 6 months therapy of either placebo capsules + AFS or LDD (20 mg b.i.d.) + AFS. Clinical measures including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment levels (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) as well as gingival crevicular fluid bone marker assessment (ICTP) and microbial DNA analysis (levels and proportions of 40 bacterial species) were performed at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.Results: Patients treated with LDD + AFS showed more potent reductions in PD in surgically treated sites of >6 mm (P <0.05, 12 months). Furthermore, LDD + AFS resulted in greater reductions in ICTP levels compared to placebo + AFS. Rebounds in ICTP levels were noted when the drug was withdrawn. No statistical differences between the groups in mean counts were found for any pathogen tested.Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that LDD in combination with AFS may improve the response of surgical therapy in reducing probing depth in severe chronic periodontal disease. LDD administration also tends to reduce local periodontal bone resorption during drug administration. The use of LDD did not appear to contribute to any significant shifts in the microbiota beyond that of surgery alone. J Periodontol 2004;75:441‐452.
Esthetic and Dimensional Evaluation of Free Connective Tissue Grafts in Prosthetically Treated Patients: A 1‐Year Clinical Study
Authors: Orsini Marco , Orsini Giovanna , Benlloch Dunia , Aranda Juan José , Lázaro Pedro , Sanz Mariano 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictability of the free connective tissue graft in prosthetically treated patients needing gingival augmentation. The following outcome variables were studied 1) dimensional changes of free connective gingival grafts; 2) color blending with adjacent tissues; and 3) periodontal and marginal health status, when compared to a non‐surgical control group.Methods: Two groups of patients without periodontitis were investigated. The test group (group A) consisted of 16 patients. The inclusion criteria for surgical correction were: 1) at least 1 site lacking (<1 mm) keratinized tissue and/or lacking vestibular depth; 2) insuf‐ ficient plaque control; and 3) the selected site was scheduled to undergo or had already received a fixed prosthetic restoration. The control group (group B) included 14 patients with the same inclusion criteria, but declining to undergo surgery. Group A patients were treated with a free connective tissue graft to augment the keratinized tissue at the selected sites. The size of the graft was recorded at baseline (surgical intervention) and the width of keratinized tissue was measured at 1, 4, 26, and 52 weeks. Gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation were assessed at baseline and 52 weeks in both groups. Probing depth and clinical attachment levels were recorded at baseline and 26 and 52 weeks in both groups. Evaluation of the esthetic results was carried out at the end of the study. All patients in both groups received oral hygiene instructions and supragingival plaque and calculus removal before and at the end of the investigation.Results: In group A, the results showed a mean amount of keratinized tissue of 5.81 ± 1.42 mm at 26 weeks and 5.25 ± 1.34 mm at 52 weeks. Mean shrinkage of the graft was 10.2% (P = 0.001) at 1 week, 28.4% (P = 0.0004) at 4 weeks, 37.2% (P = 0.0004) at 26 weeks, and 43.25% (P = 0.0004) at 52 weeks. All the dimensional changes were statistically significant, when compared compared to baseline. Evaluation of color blending with the surrounding gingiva demonstrated an “excellent result” at 52 weeks with an 87.5% agreement among the three masked examiners. In the test group, the periodontal indices improved or remained stable; in the control group, there was a minor improvement of the indices, with three patients showing a worse gingival inflammation score and two a worse plaque score.Conclusion: Although these results are not conclusive, mostly due to a lack of a large enough sample population, the statistically significant results shown in this investigation tend to support the use of gingival augmentation procedures in prosthetic patients with insufficient keratinized gingiva and/or shallow or absent vestibules, when they cannot demonstrate adequate plaque control. J Periodontol 2004;75:470‐477.
Intraosseous Sarcoidosis of the Jaws Mimicking Aggressive Periodontitis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Suresh Lakshmanan , Aguirre Alfredo , Buhite Robert J. , Radfar Lida 
Published: February 2005

Background: Sarcoidosis is a relatively common systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. The skeletal system is affected in up to 39% of patients, but intraosseous sarcoidosis affecting the maxilla and mandible is rare. Only 20 cases have been reported previously in the English literature. This paper presents a case of generalized intraosseous sarcoidosis of the jaw bones that mimicked rapidly progressive periodontitis.Methods: A 46‐year‐old male patient presented with loose teeth for assessment of implants. He had been gradually losing his teeth since 1999. His past medical history was significant, with sarcoidosis diagnosed in 1998. A panoramic radiograph showed a bilateral cotton‐wool appearance of the mandible. A soft tissue and bone biopsy was performed and sent for histological examination.Results: Microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections revealed non‐caseating granulomatous inflammation consistent with skeletal sarcoidosis.Conclusions: Intraosseous sarcoidosis of the jaw bones is rare and presents commonly as progressive and rapid alveolar bone loss similar to periodontitis. Therefore, it is important for periodontists to be knowledgeable and able to diagnose this condition, as rapid alveolar bone loss may be the first sign of sarcoidosis. J Periodontol 2004;75:478‐482.
Severe Gingival Bleeding in a Myelodysplastic Patient: Management and Outcome
Authors: Pereira Claudio M. , Gasparetto Patrícia F. , Coracin Fábio L. , Marquês José F. , Lima Carmen S.P. , Corrêa Maria E.P. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of stem cell disorders characterized by a reduction in one or more elements of the peripheral blood. Oral manifestations of the disease and oral complications of medical management may result in significant symptoms and have an impact on the systemic condition of the patient. The removal of the infectious focus, such active teeth infection or severe periodontal disease, remains controversial in these patients, due to the increased risk of bleeding and systemic infection.Methods: This paper reports a case of MDS with spontaneous gingival hemorrhage and generalized gingival hyperplasia associated with periodontal disease. This patient underwent several platelet transfusions due to these oral complications. The patient received periodontal therapy, resulting in an improvement of the oral clinical situation and a decrease of gingival hyperplasia.Results: The patient did not present any episode of gingival hemorrhage after the periodontal treatment.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that periodontal therapy should be performed in MDS patients presenting thrombocytopenia, gingival hyperplasia, and gingival bleeding, with the intent of preventing further hemorrhagic episodes and possible systemic infection. J Periodontol 2004;75:483‐486.
Esthetic Management of Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Authors: Sahingur Sinem Esra , Cohen Robert E. , Aguirre Alfredo 
Published: February 2005

Background: Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a relatively rare hyperplastic lesion of the oral cavity. The lesion occurs in females more frequently than males and more often in the mandible than the maxilla. Although the precise etiology of PGCG is unknown, it might represent a local reaction to trauma or irritation.Methods: In general, treatment requires a wide excision of the lesion due to its possible recurrence.Results: This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of PGCG diagnosed in the maxilla of a young male, as well as the successful treatment of a gingival defect that occurred following excision of the lesion, by placement of a subepithelial connective tissue graft concurrently with the biopsy procedure.Conclusions: This report emphasizes the importance of having histopathological data to confirm the clinical diagnosis, and the importance of an adequate excision to prevent recurrence even in less extensive cases. J Periodontol 2004;75:487‐492.
Clinical Relevance of Adjunctive Minocycline Microspheres in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: Secondary Analysis of a Phase 3 Trial
Authors: Paquette D.W. , Hanlon A. , Lessem J. , Williams R.C. 
Published: February 2005

Background: A recent Phase 3 trial demonstrated that adjunctive treatment with minocycline microspheres resulted in significant reductions in patient mean probing depths as compared to scaling and root planing (SRP) alone. The objective of the present study was to evaluate clinical relevance of these changes within the trial using proposed site‐based criteria.Methods: A total of 499 patients with moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis were enrolled in a multi‐center trial and randomized to either: 1) SRP alone or 2) SRP plus minocycline microspheres. Subjects received complete probing examinations including the measurement of probing depths at baseline, and 1 and 3 months. Probing depth reductions were tabulated by treatment, examination time, and baseline depths, and intergroup differences were evaluated with logistic regression models for correlated data.Results: Significantly more sites treated with adjunctive minocycline microspheres exhibited probing depths <5 mm at 1 (P = 0.0009) and 3 (P = 0.01) months as compared to sites treated with SRP alone, both in the overall population and in smokers. In addition, significantly more sites decreased by 1, 2, or 3 mm in the adjunctive minocycline group than in the SRP alone group at 1 and 3 months, both overall as well as in smokers (P <0.05).Conclusion: This secondary analysis indicates that treatment with SRP plus minocycline microspheres is consistently more effective than SRP alone in providing clinically relevant site‐based responses in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2004;75:531‐536.
Lymphocyte Numbers and Function in Relation to Periodontitis and Smoking
Authors: Loos Bruno G. , Roos Marijke T.L. , Schellekens Peter Th.A. , Velden Ubele van der , Miedema Frank 
Published: February 2005

Background: T and B lymphocytes play important roles in periodontitis. Smoking is considered a risk factor for periodontitis and may exert its negative effects through leukocytes. Taking smoking into consideration, the aim of this study was to analyze numbers of circulating T (CD3+) cells and their CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations, B (CD19+) cells, and T‐cell proliferative capacity in periodontitis.Methods: Lymphocyte immunophenotyping for T cells, their CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, and B cells was performed on peripheral blood from 76 periodontitis patients and 36 controls. Proliferative capacity of T cells was determined in whole‐blood lymphocyte culture assays after mitogenic stimulation.Results: Total T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations, and responsiveness to specific T‐cell stimuli did not differ between patients and controls; in addition, B cells were not significantly elevated in periodontitis patients. However, more periodontal breakdown in smoking patients was associated with higher numbers of CD3+ T cells, as well as with CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell subsets, and increased T‐cell proliferation. Numbers of B cells were not affected by smoking.Conclusions: The increased numbers of T‐cells and elevated T‐cell responsiveness in patients who smoke may be one of several explanations why smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis. The mechanism of how T‐cell function contributes to increase the severity of periodontal breakdown in smoking periodontitis patients needs to be investigated further. J Periodontol 2004;75:557‐564.
The In Vivo Expression of Membrane‐Bound CD14 in Periodontal Health and Disease
Authors: Jin Lijian , Ren Lei , Leung W. Keung , Darveau Richard P. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Membrane‐bound CD14 (mCD14) is a myeloid differentiation antigen expressed on monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. It is a key molecule responsible for the innate recognition of bacteria by host cells and functions as an important receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide. This study investigated the in vivo expression profile and levels of mCD14 in healthy and diseased gingival tissues.Methods: Gingival biopsies were obtained from 24 patients with chronic periodontitis, including 22 periodontal pocket tissues, 13 clinically healthy tissues, and 18 inflamed connective tissues (i.e., granulation tissues). Gingival biopsies from seven periodontally healthy subjects were used as controls. mCD14 was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results: mCD14 was detected in 21 of 22 periodontal pocket tissues and all other categories of tissues. The mCD14‐positive cells were mainly confined to the gingival epithelium‐connective tissue interface. The expression levels in periodontally healthy subjects were significantly higher than in the patients. Within the patients, clinically healthy tissues showed greater levels of mCD14 than periodontal pocket tissues and granulation tissues.Conclusions: mCD14 was commonly expressed in both healthy and diseased gingival tissues and was predominantly confined to the epithelium‐connective tissue interface. The positive relationship observed between mCD14 expression levels and periodontal health may imply that mCD14 is associated with favorable host responses to bacterial challenge and contributes to maintaining periodontal homeostasis. J Periodontol 2004;75:578‐585.
A Multicenter Comparative Study of Two Root Coverage Procedures: Coronally Advanced Flap With Addition of Enamel Matrix Proteins and Subpedicle Connective Tissue Graft
Authors: Nemcovsky Carlos E. , Artzi Zvi , Tal Haim , Kozlovsky Avital , Moses Ofer 
Published: February 2005

Background: Free grafts, pedicle flaps, and barrier membranes have been used to cover exposed root surfaces. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a coronally advanced flap procedure with the additional use of enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) to treat gingival recession and to compare it to the subpedicle connective tissue graft procedure (CTG).Methods: The study was conducted in six different periodontal clinics. Miller Class I or II buccal recession type defects in the anterior or premolar teeth were treated in 70 consecutive patients, 30 with EMD and 40 with CTG. At baseline and 6 and 12 months post‐surgical treatment, vertical recession defect, defined as the distance from cemento‐enamel junction to gingival margin; width of keratinized tissue; and probing depth were recorded and the percentage of coverage of the original defect was calculated. Statistical analyses consisted of t‐test, analysis of variance, and analysis of covarianceResults: At 6 months, percent of root coverage was 77.4% ± 11.92% in EMD and 84.1% ± 11.97% in CTG (statistically significant at P = 0.024). At 12 months, percent of root coverage in EMD was 71.7% ± 16.14% and 87.0% ± 12.22% in CTG; again, differences between groups were statistically significant (P <0.001). Differences between the 6‐ and 12‐month vertical recession defect and percent of root coverage recordings within each group were also statistically significant.Conclusions: The connective tissue graft procedure was superior to the coronally positioned flap with the addition of enamel matrix proteins derivative in percentage of coverage and increase in width of keratinized tissue. The EMD procedure is a predictable treatment for root coverage that is relatively easy to perform and presents low patient morbidity, and is appropriate especially where a substantial increase in the width of keratinized tissue is not of prime importance. J Periodontol 2004;75:600‐607.