bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Health Effects of Work‐based Welfare
Authors: Hildebrandt Eugenie 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To identify effects of work‐based welfare on the health and well‐being of participants. Data included the needs and experiences of people in the work‐based welfare program.Design: The population for this qualitative study was adults enrolled in the work‐based welfare program in a large urban community in the U.S. Midwest. The sample was 34 women who were enrolled in this program. The interview settings were an inner‐city adult education center, an inner‐city church, a subsidized housing development, or homes of participants. Data were collected between July 1999 and June 2000.Methods: Snowball sampling was used to identify participants. Instruments used for this report were a semi‐structured interview guide, a demographic data sheet, and the General Wellbeing Schedule.Findings: The human costs to people enrolled in work‐based welfare included anxiety and depression as well as negative effects on health and well‐being. Participants also reported positive effects on well‐being and empowerment.Conclusions: The findings indicate the complex interplay of the socioeconomic environment, mental and physical health, and the well‐being of families. The women's perceptions of the effects that welfare policy has had on them and their families indicate the need for a broader response to poverty than the largely economic response of work‐based welfare.
Building Research Competence in Nursing Through Mentoring
Authors: Byrne Mary W. , Keefe Maureen R. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore how mentoring can be used to build research competence in nursing in various professional and geographic settings.Organizing construct: The traditional concept of mentoring in interdisciplinary health professions and its application to nursing research.Methods: Literature review of MEDLINE and CINAHL databases 1990–2001 and personal reflections on mentoring and mentored experiences.Findings: Mentoring relationship models identified include: traditional mentor and protégé, team, peer, inclusive, and mentoring forward. E‐mentoring strategies facilitate interactions for long‐distance relationships. Discrete projects, multiple mentor sources, and mutually beneficial peer relationships can enable mentoring across one's career. Psychosocial dimensions of mentoring support creative work. When scholarly productivity with funded research is the desired outcome, intense involvement of a protégé with an expert researcher is essential.Conclusion: Choices among mentoring models can be made in accordance with resources, priorities, and objectives congruent with a given nursing setting and time, but optimum scholarly productivity requires experts and sustained support.
Validation of the Spanish Life Support Preference Questionnaire (LSPQ)
Authors: Froman Robin D. , Owen Steven V. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To translate and validate the Life Support Preference Questionnaire (LSPQ) for use with Spanish‐speaking adults, and to further validate the English version of the LSPQ.Methods: Two samples were included: community‐dwelling Hispanic and non‐Hispanic adults who were monolingual or bilingual Spanish speakers, and an English‐speaking sample, all living in south‐central United States. Validation included calculation of internal consistency, stability, and alternate forms reliability estimates for two language versions of the LSPQ. Factorial validity was studied for both language versions and regression and t test analyses were done to explore ethnic differences in selection of the life support choices in the scale.Findings: Both language versions of the LSPQ showed strongly supportive measurement properties. Differences were found between ethnic groups on four of the item choices, indicating that Hispanics in this sample preferred interventions to actively support life more than did the non‐Hispanic adults.Conclusions: Both the English and Spanish versions of the LSPQ have been validated for use in research and practice. Additional validation will be necessary in other samples.
Teaching Philosophy of Science in Nursing Doctoral Education
Authors: Butts Janie Bond , Lundy Karen Saucier 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To explore the teaching and learning process regarding philosophy of science and to offer creative recommendations based on classroom experience.Conceptual Framework: Dewey's writings about intelligence, deliberation, and critical reflection; Freire's writings about active knowers provide the foundation for the teaching and learning environment for doctoral students.Methods: A case example is presented. Creative strategies and assignments are used, such as classroom exploration and connections between nursing, philosophy, philosophy of science, and students' personal lives; classroom deliberation; journaling; philosophical thinking; development of a philosophical topic such as determinism, freedom, or the mind; and presentation of a philosophical book.Conclusions: The philosophy of science course is critical content for doctoral students.
Psychosocial Factors Related to Nausea, Vomiting, and Fatigue in Early Pregnancy
Authors: Chou Fan‐Hao , Lin Li‐Ling , Cooney Ann T. , Walker Lorraine O. , Riggs Mark W. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To test whether nausea and vomiting or fatigue correlated with psychosocial variables.Design: Descriptive, using secondary data from a prenatal database of 113 women in prenatal care in Texas. Mean gestational duration was 59 days at the time of data collection.Methods: Psychosocial factors, frequency of nausea and vomiting and of fatigue were determined by use of questionnaires. Psychosocial measures had reliability and validity and included the Personal Resources Questionnaire and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. A checklist was used for measuring nausea and vomiting and fatigue.Findings: Of 113 participants, 30 (26.5%) reported no, 43 (38.1%) occasional, and 40 (35.4%) frequent nausea and vomiting. Depressive symptoms had the highest correlation with nausea and vomiting. Social support was negatively related to nausea and vomiting. Four (3.5%) women reported no fatigue, 49 (43.4%) reported occasional fatigue, and 60 (53.1%) reported frequent fatigue in the past month. Depressive symptoms had the highest correlation with fatigue. The chi‐square statistic showed that fatigue was significantly related to employment. Fatigue was not significantly associated with work hours or stressfulness of jobs.Conclusions: Only a limited number of psychosocial factors were associated with nausea and vomiting and fatigue in early pregnancy. Depression was related to physical symptoms, but unclear was whether depression preceded or resulted from the symptoms. Many women experienced symptoms, and better understanding of causality is needed to ameliorate the effects on women's well‐being.
Comparing Various Short‐Form Geriatric Depression Scales Leads to the GDS‐5/15
Authors: Weeks Sandra Kenney , McGann Paul E. , Michaels Teresa King , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To compare three published short GDS scales and to identify a valid and reliable short‐form alternative to the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale.Design: Comparative validation study via retrospective chart review of 816 acute care patients in an 830‐bed academic medical center in the USA in 2001.Methods: Data of the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale, the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and demographic data were extracted from medical records after patient discharge. Three scales: the D'Ath GDS‐4, van Marwijk GDS‐4, and Hoyl GDS‐5, were compared to the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale.Results: The Hoyl 5‐item version showed the highest sensitivity (97.9%). Concern for GDS‐5 false positives when compared to the 15‐item GDS (specificity 72.7%) led to re‐ordering the 15 GDS items into a new two‐tiered instrument, the GDS‐5/15. In this study of 816 older adult inpatients, 60% were screened as “not depressed” using the first 5 items on the GDS‐5/15, leaving 40% for continued screening and completion of all 15 GDS items.Conclusions: A shorter screening tool might encourage more providers to add depression screening to routine health care visits. The GDS‐5/15 is an alternative screening tool.
The Relationship of Violence and Trichotillomania
Authors: Boughn Susan , Holdom Julie Jaarsma 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine the relationship between violence and the development of trichotillomania (TTM) in women.Design and methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 44 women with trichotillomania from 21 American states and Canada. The participants were asked to describe how they live and cope with TTM. The data were subjected to content analysis and were quantified for presentation. Checks were instituted to establish reliability of the content analysis using the criteria of reproducibility and stability.Findings: Forty of the 44 women (91%) reported some form of trauma or violence occurring during their lives and 38 (86%) reported a history of violence concurrent with the onset of TTM. Events ranged from repetitive and moderate to severe abuse (including sexual assault, rape, and gang rape) by family members, acquaintances, and strangers.Conclusions: These women with trichotillomania experienced a disproportionate number of traumatic or violent episodes in childhood. In most cases, the onset of TTM was correlated with specific episodes of violence. Of special interest is the possible relationship between family chaos experienced during childhood and the onset of TTM.
Increasing Perceptions of Self‐Worth in Preadolescents Diagnosed with ADHD
Authors: Frame Kathleen , Kelly Lynn , Bayley Elizabeth 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To test the effectiveness of a school‐based, nurse‐facilitated support group in increasing perceptions of scholastic competence, social acceptance, behavioral conduct, perceived athletic competence, perceived physical appearance, and perceived global self‐worth in preadolescents diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Design: A quasi‐experimental design with 65 preadolescents diagnosed with ADD or ADHD in an upper‐middle class community in the United States.Methods: Participants randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group completed Harter's Self‐Perception Profile for Children instrument at the beginning of the study and 4 weeks later. Students in the experimental condition participated in a school‐nurse facilitated support group which met twice weekly for 4 weeks.Findings: Participants in the support group had increased scores on each of the six subscales, with significant increases on four of the subscales, including perceived social acceptance, perceived athletic competence, perceived physical appearance, and perceived global self‐worth.Conclusion: Participation in a school‐based, nurse‐led support group was positively associated with perception of self‐worth in preadolescents diagnosed with ADD or ADHD.
The Effects of an Educational Intervention on Antipsychotic‐Induced Weight Gain
Authors: Littrell Kimberly H. , Hilligoss Nicole M. , Kirshner Carol D. , Petty Richard G. , Johnson Craig G. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To assess the effect of an educational intervention on antipsychotic‐induced weight gain among patients with schizophrenia.Design and Methods: Quasi‐experimental. Seventy patients with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder entered this 6‐month study condicted in the United States. All participants began receiving olanzapine treatment when they entered the study. The patients were then randomly assigned to an intervention group or a standard care group. Over the next 4‐months, the intervention group participated in weekly psychoeducation classes focused on nutrition, exercise, and living a healthy lifestyle. Patients were followed for an additional 2 months to assess weight change.Findings: A statistically significant difference in weight change between the two groups was observed post‐treatment and at endpoint. At endpoint, the mean weight change of the intervention group was ‐.06 pounds, while the mean weight change in the standard care group was 9.57 pounds. In both groups, men gained significantly more weight than did women.Conclusions: The results indicate that a structured educational intervention might have a positive effect on antipsychotic‐induced weight gain among patients with schizophrenia.
Social Capital, Health, and Health Disparities
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth D. , Chamberlain Robert M. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To synthesize the empirical evidence that links social capital to population health with the aim of identifying implications for health disparities research.Methods: A literature search of PubMed and CINAHL databases from January 1990 to June 2002 was done using the search term ‘social capital.’ In addition, tables of contents of applicable journals from January 1997 to June 2002 were searched. Reference lists were examined for additional empirical and theoretical articles related to social capital and health. Eighty‐four articles were retrieved for review and 19 articles met inclusion criteria.Findings: Although most researchers concluded that their findings supported an association between social capital and health, all research was descriptive, without conceptual development. This gap resulted in (a) lack of distinction of the concept as an attribute of a geographic space or as an individual attribute, (b) problematic use of operational variables, and (c) limited theoretical exploration of causal linkage. These deficits limit the usefulness of the concept for health disparities research.Conclusions: The lack of conceptual development diminishes the usefulness of social capital as a variable for public health research. However, the empirical evidence is sufficient to warrant further work to advance the concept in relation to population health and health disparities.
Testing an Intervention for Preventing Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Waltman Nancy L. , Twiss Janice J. , Ott Carol D. , Gross Gloria Jean , Lindsey Ada M. , Moore Timothy E. , Berg Kris 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To test a 12‐month multicomponent intervention for preventing or treating osteoporosis in 21 postmenopausal women who had completed treatment (except Tamoxifen) for breast cancer, and for whom hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was contraindicated.Design: Pilot intervention study.Methods: The intervention consisted of home‐based strength and weight training exercises, 5 or 10 mg alendronate per day, 1500 mg calcium per day, 400 IU vitamin D per day, education on osteoporosis, and facilitative strategies to promote adherence to the intervention. Outcome measures were: adherence to the intervention, dynamic balance, muscle strength, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip, spine, and forearm.Findings and Conclusions: Adherence to calcium, vitamin D, and alendronate therapy was above 95%, and adherence to strength training exercises was above 85%. Over the 12 months, the 21 participants had significant improvements in dynamic balance, muscle strength for hip flexion, hip extension, and knee flexion, and BMD of the spine and hip. Participants had a significant decrease in BMD of the forearm. Three of the 21 women who had measurable bone loss at baseline had normal BMD after 12 months of the intervention.
Contrasts in Patients' and Providers' Explanations of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fair Betty Samford 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To investigate explanations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from young women's perceptions of the illness experience and providers' understanding of the disease.Design and Methods: This ethnographic study included 17 women from age 26 to 40 years who were under medical care for RA, and five health care providers of these participants.Findings: Two main themes were identified: (a) having RA ‘is a pain’ and (b) it changed me. The first theme represented the participants' physical and emotional suffering, interferences in their everyday lives, and aggravations in receiving health care. The second theme represented the life and lifestyle changes the women experienced as a result of having RA. The providers' explanations included two themes: (a) functioning in a normal manner and (b) controlling the disease. The first theme was keeping the women's physical functioning as normal as possible. The second theme was the providers' goal to control the disease, which they believed would lead to the preservation of joint function and manageable pain levels. Regarding results of health care, the participants and providers had comparable beliefs about decreasing the physical pain and improving joint function but they had disparate notions about the participants' being active partners in communication and negotiation processes of their health care.Conclusions: The findings indicated the importance of discovering potential disparities in patients' and providers' explanations of RA, and revealed the participants' desire for clinical support in becoming partners in their own health care.
Challenging the Myths About Parents' Adjustment After the Sudden, Violent Death of a Child
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Johnson L. Clark , Lohan Janet 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine three commonly held myths: (a) a child's death by suicide results in the worst parental outcomes compared with other causes of violent death, (b) divorce is not only more common among bereaved than nonbereaved married couples, it might be inevitable, and (c) ‘letting go and moving on’ is an essential bereavement task needed for a satisfactory adjustment following the violent death of a child.Design and Methods: Review of empirical evidence and critical reviews, review of Internet resources available to the general public, and the inclusion of original data obtained from a longitudinal, prospective study conducted by the authors.Findings: Conclusive evidence was found to dispel two of the three myths, but sufficient evidence was not found to draw conclusions about the third myth regarding parents' adjustment to a child's suicidal death.Conclusions: Myths in regard to parental bereavement are resistant to disconfirming evidence and they appear to persist among professional practitioners and the general public despite contrary empirical evidence.
Cancer Patients' Demographic Characteristics and Ratings of Patient‐Centered Nursing Care
Authors: Radwin Laurel E. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine relationships between patients' demographic characteristics and patients' reports of patient‐centered care.Design: Secondary analysis of data (N=423) from a study in the northeastern United States focused on the psychometric properties of the Oncology Patients' Perceptions of the Quality of Nursing Care Scale (OPPQNCS).Methods: The quality of four interpersonal nursing interventions, representing patient‐centered nursing care, was measured with the OPPQNCS subscales. Patients' characteristics included race (White or non‐White), sex, age, education, income, and hospitalization for cancer. Four separate ordinary least squares regression models were constructed.Findings: Hospitalization was inversely related to intervention quality in each model. Income was the only statistically significant characteristic for nonhospitalized patients, and only in the coordination model. For hospitalized patients, education was statistically significant in the coordination model, and income in the proficiency model. An interaction term for education and income was statistically significant in the responsiveness model, and a term for gender and education in the individualization model.Conclusions: Hospitalized patients' exposure to nursing care may indicate a wider range of care quality than for nonhospitalized patients, possibly accounting for the inverse relationship between hospitalization and patient‐centered care. Groups identified at risk for lower quality care—minorities, women, elders, and people in low‐income groups—did not report a lower level of patient‐centered nursing care. Nurses' contributions to patient‐centered care and care equity are important components of care quality, particularly for hospitalized cancer patients.
Experiences of Pioneer Nurse Practitioners in Establishing Advanced Practice Roles
Authors: Brown Marie Annette , Draye Mary Ann 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe pioneers' experience of establishing the nurse practitioner (NP) role, and their experiences in maintaining and building the NP role in the contemporary practice environment.Design: The study sample included 50 middle‐aged women currently practicing in Washington State as licensed advanced practice nurses, who began the NP role during 1965–1979.Methods: This descriptive study included interviews and focus groups to gather data about the nurses' early experiences. Interpretative methods of grounded theory were used in data collection and analysis.Findings: The central organizing theme, Advancing Autonomy to Make a Difference, was manifested through six broad themes: Breaking Free, Molding the Clay, Encountering Obstacles, Surviving the Proving Ground, Staying Committed, and Building the Eldership.Conclusions: Autonomy was requisite to practice to one's full potential and maintain commitment over time. The data findings show the evolution of advanced nursing practice in the United States and provide guidance for nurses who are working to establish advanced practice nursing in other countries.
Matching the Neural Adaptation in the Rat Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Produced by Artificial (Electric) and Acoustic Stimulation of the Cochlea
Authors: Loquet Gérard , Pelizzone Marco , Valentini Gregory , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: April 2004

To investigate neural adaptive properties, near-field evoked potentials were recorded from a chronically implanted electrode in the ventral cochlear nucleus in awake Long-Evans rats exposed to acoustic stimuli or receiving intracochlear electric stimulation. Stimuli were 250-ms trains of repetitive acoustic clicks (10, 30 and 50 dB SPL) or biphasic electric pulses (30, 50 and 70 µA) with intratrain pulse rates ranging from 100 to 1000 pulses per second (pps). The amplitude of the first negative (N<sub>1</sub>) to positive (P<sub>1</sub>) component of the average evoked potentials was measured for each consecutive individual pulse in the train. While a progressive exponential decrease in N<sub>1</sub>–P<sub>1</sub> amplitude was observed as a function of the position of the pulse within the train for both types of stimulation, the decrement of electric responses (adaptive pattern) was substantially less prominent than that observed for acoustic stimuli. Based on this difference, the present work was extended by modifying electric stimuli in order to try to restore normal adaptation phenomena. The results suggest the feasibility of mimicking acoustic adaptation by stimulation with exponentially decreasing electric pulse trains, which may be clinically applicable in the auditory implant field.