bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of auditory stimulation and litter size upon subsequent emotional behavior in the rat
Authors: Lore Richard , Avis Harry 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn Experiment I, rat litters that contained 3 or 9 pups were exposed to either silence, 55 db, or 90 db radio sounds during the preweaning period. The dependent variables were (a) measures of nest height and nest quality, (b) infant mortality, (c) weaning weights, and (d) activity and defecation on 3 open‐field trials. Small‐litter subjects (Ss) were heavier at weaning but their open‐field performance was virtually identical to that of large‐litter Ss. The 55‐db group was significantly more active on the 2nd and 3rd open‐field trials. In the 2nd experiment, litters of 3 and 9 pups were exposed to 55 db or 90 db radio stimulation throughout the preweaning period. Results similar to those of the first experiment were obtained. Both studies indicate that litter size variations do not influence subsequent emotional behavior, whereas the degree of auditory input during preweaning can have marked effects upon emotional development.
Behavioral effects of neonatal irradiation of the cerebellum. I. Qualitative observations in infant and adolescent rats
Authors: Wallace Robert B. , Altman Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cerebellum of rats was irradiated from birth with daily doses of 200r for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 10 days. The animals were killed at fixed periods after irradiation and at various ages for histological evaluation of the cerebellum or they were permitted to survive for a prolonged period for behavioral testing. Gross measurement indicated that anteroposterior growth of the cerebellum was retarded as a function of the number of doses delivered except in animals that received a single dose of of 200 r. A number of pre‐ and post‐weaning qualitative behavioral observations (tremor, ataxia, level of activity) correlated with the retardation of cerebellar development produced by the irradiation schedules, though some behavioral recovery was noted in the older animals.
Experimental modification of brain weight and behavior in mice: An Enrichment Study
Authors: Collins Ruth‐Ann 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of environmental enrichment and isolation on cortical weight and learning ability were measured in mice from lines selectively bred for high and low brain weight and from an unselected control line from the same foundation population. Animals from these selected lines differed not only on brain weight, but on discrimination task performance as well. Isolated and enriched animals did not differ in cortical weight, nor was there any significant interaction of rearing conditions with lines. Those animals reared in enrichment were superior to those reared in isolation, both for initial acquisition and for number of reversal tasks performed on a water maze discrimination task. High brain weight animals did not differ from low brain weight animals on initial acquisition across treatment conditions. However, high brain weight animals made significantly more reversals within the testing period. The high, control, and low brain weight animals did not order themselves linearly on the behavioral measures: control line animals performed poorest for both initial acquisition and number of reversals.
Strain‐Specific effects of chronic prenatal irradiation in mice
Authors: Simeonsson Rune J. , Meier Gilbert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFemale mice of the BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains were exposed to ionizing radiation 60Co at a rate of 89 R/hr for 15 days of the gestation period (total dose 320 R). Control animals were sham‐irradiated and the offspring produced were tested at 30 or 105 days of age for open‐field behavior and avoidance conditioning. The magnitude of the prenatal irradiation effect was found to be both strain and sex specific: the open‐field activity of irradiated BALB/c mice of both sexes and irradiated C57BL/6 males was significantly higher than that of control animals; the avoidance conditioning of irradiated BALB/c males was greater than that of any other group. Strain specificity was also seen in the viability and morphology of offspring as well as in maternal reproductivity, suggesting that irradiation may have both direct and maternally‐mediated effects on fetal development.
Effects of adrenalectomy on maternal behavior in rats
Authors: Thoman Evelyn B. , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOne week prior to mating, female rats were adrenalectomized or sham‐operated and, immediately following parturition, each was given a foster litter of 10 newborn pups from a mother in the same group. Retrieving measures at the time of fostering revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Over 16 days of maternal behavior observations the adrenalectomized mothers spent more time in the nest, more time in an active suckling position, and tended to keep the pups in the nest over a longer period of time. These results provide evidence that a functioning adrenal is not necessary for the initiation or maintenance of maternal responsiveness in rats.
Experience and the orb web
Authors: Reed Charles F. , Witt Peter N. , Scarboro Mabel B. , Peakall David B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCross spiders (Araneus diadematus CI.) were confined in tubes for between 3 weeks and 194 days, from the period preceding building of a first web, or as adults. The first webs built after release were invariably found to be significantly smaller (shorter thread and smaller catching area) than those of littermates raised in large frames. The ampullate glands of nonbuilders were found to incorporate 14 C alanine at a lower rate than those of regular web‐builders. Pulling thread from glands repeatedly before release, or allowing animals to build several webs, brought speed of silk synthesis and size of webs to control values: this indicates that scarce silk supply is the cause for small webs after confinement. No differences in web size and pattern were found between mouth‐fed and web‐fed spiders, if animals were otherwise raised the same way. But adult spiders who had never been allowed to catch prey on the web disregarded flies in their webs. Differences in plasticity of web‐building and prey‐catching behavior are discussed.
The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral development. II. Growth of body and brain in infant rats using different techniques of undernutrition
Authors: Altman Joseph , Das Gopal D. , Sudarshan Kiran , Anderson Jon B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo techniques were used for producing undernutrition in infant rats and their effects on the growth of the body and the brain were investigated. In one procedure, the mothers were fed ad lib and the size of their litters was varied (5, 10, and 16 pups). In the other, litter size was kept constant at 8 pups per mother but during lactation the mothers either were fed ad lib or their food intake was restricted to 40% or 20% of normal consumption. The latter procedure was found to be the more reliable way of producing experimental retardation in the growth of the body and of the brain during the preweaning period. The failure of both procedures in producing retardation of brain growth during the first week of life is discussed.
Effects of temperature on ultrasound production by infant albino rats
Authors: Allin John T. , Banks Edwin M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe influence of temperature on production of ultrasonic distress calls by infant Wistar rats was investigated. Call rates of pups aged 2 to 18 days were recorded at ambient levels chosen to provide for a decline in body temperature (2° and 20°C), an increase in body temperature (40°C), and minimal changes in body temperature (35°C). Isolated pups were exposed to each temperature for 4 1/2 min, during which ultrasounds from 30 to 50 kHz were monitored. Low ambient temperatures consistently elicited high rates of ultrasound production, although call rate was not inversely proportional to ambient temperature. High ambient temperatures were ineffective in eliciting increased calling. Calling was infrequent at the neutral temperature, indicating that nonthermal stimuli associated with the isolation condition are relatively ineffective in eliciting ultrasound production. Decline in call rate beyond 8 days of age is apparently related to developing homeothermy which reduces the survival value of distress calls in attracting the mother.
Some developmental observations on the effects of prolonged deprivation of Low‐voltage Fast‐wave sleep in the deermouse, peromyscus maniculatus Bairdi
Authors: Mitler Merrill M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious electrophysiological work with adult deermice (P. M. Bairdi) (Mitler & Levine, 1970) indicated that: three states of arousal could be reliably distinguished: low‐voltage, fast‐wave sleep (LVF), high‐voltage, slow‐wave sleep (HVS), and waking (W);low‐electromyograph (EMG) activity was concomitant with LVF; and time in LVF was radically reduced in mice perched above a shock‐grid on a pedestal too small to permit total loss of muscle tonus. A preliminary aim of the present research was to gather electrophysiological data on juvenile deermice to construct some estimate of developmental sleep changes. Electrocorticograph (ECoG) and (EMG) records, from three 20‐day‐old mice while motionless with eyes closed, also reflected LVF, HVS, and W, but in proportions different from those reported by Mitler and Levine. Juvenile mice showed 1/3 more LVF than did adults. The main goal of this research was to explore the effects of long‐term LVF‐deprivation on juvenile and adult mice. Litters were selected at either 20 or 53 days of age. Littermates were assigned to one of four 14‐day treatment conditions in an Age Treatment design with 3 subjects per cell. The 1st treatment, LVF‐deprivation, consisted of perching on a pedestal over a shock‐grid. The remaining 3 conditions ran simultaneously with the former. Mice in the yoked control condition had approximately equal free movement volume as those mice restricted to the pedestal, and were “yoked” to those animals with respect to shock. Mice in the sleep deprivation condition were confined to a treadmill in motion 19 of each 24 hr. Finally, mice in the isolated condition were caged alone. After treatment, animals were placed in activity recording cages for 21 days.Dependent variables included body weight before treatment, after treatment, and after procedure, brain weight, brain/body weight ratios, activity, and regularity of activity for the 21 days posttreatment. Major findings indicated that animals LVF‐deprived from 20 to 34 days of age were more active than controls while animals LVF‐deprived from 53 to 67 days of age were less active than controls. There were no interpretable differences among treatments in regularity of activity, body weight, or brain weight. Results were discussed in terms of input requirements for CNS development and/or maintenance. Directions for future research were suggested.
Activity of Purkinje cells, parallel fibers, and climbing fibers in the developing rabbit cerebellum
Authors: Delhaye‐Bouchaud N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA study has been made of the activity of Purkinje cells, parallel fibers, and climbing fibers in 120 rabbits aged from a few hours to 20 days. Spontaneous simple spike activity due to activation by the mossy fiber‐granular cell‐Purkinje cell system has been found, and also a complex spike related to direct activation by the climbing fibers from the first few hours of life. Statistical analysis of unit discharges shows that there is a general linear increase in their frequency with age. The presence of a propagated spike in the parallel fibers and of complex discharges in the Purkinje cells in response to stimulation of afferent climbing fibers confirms that a large part of the cerebellar synaptic system is operative from the time of birth.
Behavioral effects of neonatal irradiation of the cerebellum. III. Qualitative observations in aged rats
Authors: Wallace Robert B. , Daniels Craig E. , Altman Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats aged 2–2½ years, whose cerebellums were focally irradiated with a variable number of daily does of 200 R X ray during infancy were tested on a number of qualitative behavioral observations (motor activity, ataxia, tremor, and emotionality). We noted that many of the behavioral abnormalities, in evidence in the preweaning observations which had then disappeared, reappeared again in old age. A treatment‐senescence interactions was suggested to account for the data.
Arousal defect in L‐phenylalanine fed rats
Authors: Hole Kjell 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats fed a 5% L‐phenylalanine diet from 28 days of age were tested 33 to 44 days later (61–72 days old) for spontaneous alternation, habituation to auditory stimulation, and passive avoidance. In spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance tests there was no significant difference from control rats. Habituation was faster than in the controls, interpreted as an inability to sustain arousal and attention. This may be a basic behavioral deficit in L‐phenylalanine fed rats, accounting for deficits reported in more complex learning tests. Phenistix tests for phenylpyruvic acid in the urine were positive only during the first 4 weeks the 5% diet was fed. The behavioral deficit was present even after this period. To reestablish positive Phenistix tests the excess L‐phenylalanine in the diet had to be raised to 10%. This diet severely affected the nutrition of the animals.
Effects of differential preweaning social isolation on emotional reactivity and stress tolerance in the rat
Authors: Lorenz Robert J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of differential preweaning social isolation of rats during Days 17–22 on the development of muricide, open field behavior, and starvation stress tolerance were examined. Four weaning isolation groups were used in order to separate the effects of maternal and littermate isolation during this period. EMLI was deprived of maternal and littermate contact; EMI, maternal contact; and ELI, littermate contact. NWI rats were isolated on the day following normal laboratory weaning. The results indicated a marked decrease in muricide in response to maternal isolation (EMLI and EMI) and a slight decrease in response to littermate isolation. In the open field the maternally isolated rats were more active than the other groups and exhibited less defecation. There were, however, notable differences between EMLI and EMI. EMLI was more active than EMI in the open field and exhibited an increase in activity over the 4 testing periods while EMI, ELI, and NWI decreased activity. EMLI was clearly hyperactive during muricide testing while EMI was the least active. EMI rats weighed less than those in the other groups on Days 35, 50, and 100 but survived terminal food deprivation the longest. Significant differences in nonstressed adrenal gland weight were observed among groups but did not appear to correlate with any of the other measures. Terminal starvation eliminated these differences. Starvation also induced muricide in nonkillers in each of the groups. NWI rats appeared to be most easily converted and exhibited more consistent muricide than the other groups. These results are discussed in terms of a theory of altered forebrain regulation of emotional reactivity in response to preweaning stress and isolation.
Development of adult‐like open‐field behaviors in young retinal‐degenerate C3H mice
Authors: Nagy Z. Michael , McKay Christine S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetinal degenerate C3H mice were tested in the open field under 2 illumination conditions before, during, and after the ages at which the early degenerate process occurs to determine whether the progressive destruction of the retina would result in the loss of brightness discrimination ability. From data collected on mice tested at 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 30 days of age, longitudinal and cross‐sectional analyses were performed upon activity and and defecation scores to separate the effects of prior test experience and age at testing. Whereas illumination differences had no effect upon defecation scores, activity differences under the 2 illumination levels formed an inverted U‐shaped function, with the greatest activity difference at 22 days of age. Prior experience was found to have no effect upon total activity scores at a particular age, although it did affect the pattern of activity over test days at the later ages. Naive animals tended to defecate less on their first day than did animals of the same age with prior test experience. The results of this experiment provide further evidence that retinal degeneration does not lead to complete blindness in this mouse strain, although it does lead to a loss of brightness discrimination ability following the degeneration period.
Development of 24 hour retention of escape learning in neonatal C3H mice
Authors: Nagy Z. Michael , Misanin James R. , Olsen Peter L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of 24‐hr memory of an escape response in neonatal C3H mice was examined in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, separate groups of mice received 25 trials of escape training for 3 consecutive days (24 hour Inter‐session‐interval) beginning at 5, 7, and 9 days of age. Several different measures demonstrated witin‐session improvement for all ages on all test days. However, between‐session improvement which was not due to maturation did not occur until after 9 days of age. In experiment 2, separate groups of mice received 25 escape training trials at either 8 or 10 days of age, and were retested 24 hrs later. Comparisons of the retest scores with original training scores as well as with littermate controls without prior training experience, showed that 8‐day old mice failed to show retention effects of prior training, whereas 10‐day old mice performed better on the retention test than they had on original training, as well as better than controls without previous training. The results suggest that 24‐hr memory of the escape task develops at 9–10 days of age in the C3H mouse.
Prenatal exposure to an ELF‐rotating magnetic field and subsequent increase in conditioned suppression
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Pear Joseph J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMale rats were exposed prenatally to a .5 Hz, .5–3 to 10–30 gauss rotating magnetic field (RMF), comparable in frequency (but of slightly higher magnitude) to extreme low frequency magnetic fields associated with some geomagnetic and meteorological disturbances. In three replications, RMF‐exposed rats showed significantly greater suppression in response rate (relative to controls) during the 4‐min conditioned stimulus (CS) preceding a .5 mA, .5 sec shock in a conditioned suppression procedure. The RMF‐exposed animals showed the greatest suppression, relative to controls, during the first few shock exposures. Subsequent CS‐shock pairings were followed by similar suppression in both groups. RMF‐exposed rats also showed more initial suppression during the first presentation of the CS without shock. These findings are consistent with previous open field and Sidman avoidance data that suggest that the RMF‐exposed animals are more reactive to novel and aversive stimuli, and underline the importance of understanding the effects of everyday geophysical‐meteorological variables upon development and consequent behavioral changes.
Distress vocalizations of young in three inbred strains of mice
Authors: Nitschke Werner , Bell Robert W. , Zachman Thomas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVocalizations of young mice of 3 inbred strains, C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ, were recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days of age. Recordings were made at ambient room temperature (23.5° ± 1.5°C) or under conditions of reduced temperature (2° ± 2°C). Strains differed in terms of rate of signaling, peak frequencies of signals, and average signal duration. Peak frequencies appear to be genetically coded, and did not vary with age or ambient temperature. The effects of reduced ambient temperature on C3H/HeJ and BALB/cJ pups were to extend the age span during which frequent signaling occurs, and to increase the average signal duration throughout that age span. The C57BL/6J pups emitted fewer signals under reduced temperature, but also showed an increase in signal duration.Strain differences in age functions of signaling and the differential impact of experience on the various parameters of the vocalizations suggest that these vocalizations may be a useful behavior in monitoring genetic‐experiental interactions and developmental rates in young mice.
Postnatal experience and the detection of the effects of prenatal stress on behavior: A reply to archer and blackman
Authors: Joffe J. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the course of a recent review of the effects of prenatal stress on offspring behavior, Archer and Blackman (1971) advanced some suggestions concerning the effects of the age of the offspring and their postnatal experience on the detection of prenatal stress effects. Specifically, they felt that studies they reviewed indicated that the behavioral effects of prenatal stress wane as offspring grow older and that “previous test experience (involving a mild or severe stress situation) causes the response to persist, enabling it to be detected in tests carried out when the animals are older”.
The ontogeny of the onset of drinking and plasma osmotic pressure regulation
Authors: Almli C. Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPertinent behavioral and physiological variables related to the development of the onset of drinking were measured in albino rats of both sexes between 14 and 100 days of age. Under ad libitum conditions all variables studied were found to increase as a function of age. Following a subcutaneous 16% NaCl injection mean latency to drink was found to range from 4.6‐9.5 min across ages. Plasma osmolality levels at the initiation of drinking were found to increase as a function of age and were found to be elevated over ad libitum levels by a relatively constant magnitude. The onset of drinking across ages was associated with 2.8‐6.6% increase in plasma osmolality. These data suggest that although absolute levels of ad libitum osmolality increase from birth to maturity, the threshold increase in osmolality required for the initiation of drinking remains quite constant.
Absence of behavioral deficits following neonatal undernutrition in the rat
Authors: Slob A. Koos , Snow Catherine E. , de Natris‐Mathot Els 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious studies of the effects of early undernutrition on behavior in adult rats have confounded underfeeding with maternal deprivation or membership in a large litter. In the present experiment food‐deprived rats received full‐time maternal care and lived in the same‐sized litters as well‐fed controls. In contrast to previous findings food‐deprived animals in the present study did not differ from controls in the open‐field test, in a test of motor coordination, and in 2 learning tasks. However, food‐deprived animals were more active than controls in a residential plus maze. Females showed less effect of food deprivation on body growth, but a much greater effect on activity, than males. These findings suggest that early undernutrition when not confounded with social and maternal deprivation may have more restricted effects on adult behavior than has been previously believed.