bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of cigarette smoking on human PDL fibroblasts attachment to periodontally involved root surfaces in vitro
Authors: Gamal Ahmed Y. , Bayomy Mohammed M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground/aim: Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors in the development and further advancement of inflammatory periodontal disease. However, no study has been performed to investigate the effect of smoking on the attachment of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to either periodontally diseased or healthy roots. The present study was conducted to evaluate the attachment of fibroblasts derived from healthy human periodontal ligament (PDL) to periodontally diseased root surfaces of smokers.Method: The subjects included 14 smokers and seven nonsmokers with at least a single periodontally involved anterior tooth planned for extraction. In addition, seven impacted third molars, which had been removed from nonsmoking adolescents, were used as a healthy control. The smoking status of each patient was determined by classifying the volunteers into four groups according to their level of cigarette consumption at the initial examination (seven patients each). Nonsmoking subjects who had never smoked cigarettes and had healthy periodontium were called healthy control (G1). In subjects with periodontal diseases, nonsmoking subjects who had never regularly smoked cigarettes (< 2 cigarettes/week) were called positive control (G2), smokers consuming ≤19 cigarettes/day were placed in group G3, and smokers consuming ≥20 cigarettes/day were located in group G4. To exclude the effects of all local irritants except for the adsorbed tobacco products, all teeth were subjected to thorough scaling and root planing 1 week before extraction. After 1 week of meticulous home care and continued smoking experience, teeth were extracted and the periodontally involved test areas were prepared for PDL culturing. PDL cells were cultured on root segments for 24 h. Samples were prepared for SEM viewing, photographing and counting at ×750 in a standard area.Results: The results of this study indicated that smokers' data (G3, G4) revealed a significant reduction of attached PDL cells when compared to that of nonsmokers' healthy and positive controls (G1, G2). No significant difference in the mean number of attached cells was found between data derived from smokers' groups (G3 vs. G4). The attached cells in all groups varied in shape; they were flatter in the control groups, while they were round in smokers' groups, with no dose‐dependent effect. Conclusion: The present results suggest that cigarette smoking compromises PDL cell adhesion to root planed surfaces, which might affect periodontal regeneration following therapy.
Endoperiodontal lesion
Authors: Sartori Stefano , Silvestri Maurizio , Cattaneo Vitaliano 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this case report is to present an unusual endoperiodontal lesion on tooth 46 in an 8‐year‐old child. The absence of any carious process and the presence of the typical radiographic aspect of an infrabony defect, led us to consider the periodontal aetiopathogenesis. In spite of all this, an accurate periodontal probing of all the teeth and the use of the pulp tester for teeth 46 and 36 led us to diagnose properly a truly endodontic lesion. The endodontic treatment of the involved tooth achieved the complete healing of the lesion.
Effect of low‐level GaAlAs laser irradiation on the proliferation rate of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts: an in vitro study
Authors: Kreisler Matthias , Christoffers Ann B. , Willershausen Britta , D'Hoedt Bernd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate a potential stimulatory effect of low‐level laser irradiation on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF).Materials and Methods:  PDLF obtained from third molar periodontal ligaments were cultured under standard conditions and spread on 96‐well tissue culture plates. Subconfluent monolayers were irradiated with an 809‐nm diode laser operated at a power output of 10 mW in the continuos wave (cw) mode at energy fluences of 1.96–7.84 Jcm–2. The variable irradiation parameters were the time of exposure (75–300 s per well) and the number of irradiations (1–3). After laser treatment, the cultures were incubated for 24 h. The proliferation rate of the lased and control cultures was determined by means of fluorescence activity of a reduction–oxidation (REDOX) indicator (Alamar Blue® Assay) added to the cell culture. Proliferation, expressed in relative fluorescence units (RFU), was determined 24, 48 and 72 h after irradiation.Results:  The irradiated cells revealed a considerably higher proliferation activity than the controls. The differences were significant up to 72 h after irradiation (Mann–Whitney U‐test, p<0.05).Conclusion:  A cellular effect of the soft laser application is clearly discernible. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate whether the application of low‐level laser therapy might be beneficial in regenerative periodontal therapy.
A placebo‐controlled multi‐centred evaluation of an anaesthetic gel (Oraqix®) for periodontal therapy
Authors: Donaldson D. , Gelskey S. C. , Landry R. G. , Matthews D. C. , Sandhu H. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims: Six Canadian dental schools investigated the ability of a thermosetting gel containing 25 mg/g prilocaine and 25 mg/g lidocaine as active agents to produce analgesia in periodontal pockets utilizing a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 130 patients, each of whom received the active or placebo gel in periodontal pockets in one quadrant of the mouth for 30 s prior to periodontal debridement (scaling and root planing). Pain was measured using both a 100‐mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a Verbal Rating Scale (VRS).Results: The median VAS pain score for the patients treated with the anaesthetic gel was 5 mm (range 0–85 mm) as opposed to 13 mm (range 0–79 mm) in the placebo‐treated patients (P=0.015). There was no significant difference in the percentage of patients reporting no or mild pain (78% and 76% for the anaesthetic gel and placebo, respectively). No significant differences were seen in patient demographics, or mandible versus maxilla.Conclusions: The VAS pain scores showed that the anaesthetic gel 5% was statistically more effective than the placebo in reducing pain during periodontal debridement.
Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora
Authors: Van der Velden U. , Varoufaki A. , Hutter J. W. , Xu L. , Timmerman M. F. , Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Loos B. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: The effect of smoking on the prevalence of periodontal pathogens after periodontal treatment is still not clear. Some studies found no effect of the smoking status on the prevalence of periodontal pathogens after therapy, whereas others did. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the influence of smoking on the treatment of periodontitis and the composition of the subgingival microflora.Method: The study included 59 periodontitis patients (mean age 41.5 years): 30 smokers and 29 nonsmokers. The treatment consisted of initial periodontal therapy and, if necessary, surgery and/or antibiotics. Clinical and microbiological data were obtained before and after treatment at the deepest site in each quadrant. A pooled sample was analysed for the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotalla intermedia (Pi), Bacteroides forsythus (Bf), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Peptostreptococcus micros (Pm).Results: For smokers and nonsmokers a significant improvement of the clinical condition was found after treatment. A decrease could be assessed for bleeding on probing (smokers: 0.46; nonsmokers: 0.52) and probing pocket depth (PPD) (smokers: 1.64 mm; nonsmokers: 2.09 mm). Furthermore, both groups showed gain of attachment (smokers: 0.68 mm; nonsmokers: 1.46 mm). No significant difference in bleeding on probing and PPD reduction was found between smokers and nonsmokers. In contrast, nonsmokers showed significantly more gain of attachment than smokers. The microbiological results revealed no differences in the prevalence of the various bacteria between smokers and nonsmokers before treatment. After treatment in nonsmokers, a significant decrease was found in the prevalence of Aa (11–3), Pg (17–7), Pi (27–11), Bf (27–11), Fn (28–20) and Pm (27–17). In smokers, a significant decrease could be shown only for the prevalence of Pg (15–5).Conclusions: Nonsmokers showed more gain of attachment and a greater decrease in the prevalence of periodontal bacteria as compared to smokers. The phenomenon that among smokers, more patients remain culture positive for periodontal pathogens after therapy, may contribute to the often observed unfavourable treatment results in smoker periodontitis patients.
Interexaminer reproducibility of ordinal and interval‐scaled plaque indices
Authors: Dombret B. , Matthijs S. , Sabzevar M. Moradi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Although many plaque scoring indices have been proposed for clinical or research purposes, only few of them are commonly used in the dental literature. Owing to the ordinal nature of these established indices, only nonparametric tests can be performed, while statistical analysts usually prefer parametric methodologies. Furthermore, these indices do not discriminate between the proximal and the broad surfaces of the teeth.Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the interexaminer reproducibility for one established ordinal plaque index and two recently proposed interval‐scaled indices.Method: Six subjects received a professional tooth cleaning and stopped all oral hygiene measures during 48–62 h. Accumulated plaque was disclosed and separately scored on all teeth except third molars by two examiners using the visual plaque index (VPI), the axial plaque extension index (APEI) and the proximal plaque extension index (PPEI). In total, 168 teeth (48 molars, 48 premolars, 24 canines and 48 incisors) were scored.Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the means of buccal VPI (p<0.05, Wilcoxon test), mesiobuccal, mesiolingual and distolingual APEI, and distobuccal, mesiolingual and distolingual PPEI (p<0.05, t‐test). Spearman correlation values between the duplicate VPI measurements were 0.84 for buccal and 0.64 for lingual VPI, while Pearson correlation values varied between 0.51 and 0.83 for APEI and between 0.48 and 0.74 for PPEI. For VPI, 71% of the buccal (κ=0.60) and 74% of the lingual (κ=0.53) scores were identical. For APEI and PPEI scores, a linear regression was found with slopes ranging between 0.50 and 0.80. Mean measurement errors were 7.7% for buccal and 0.4% for lingual VPI, and ranged between 0.9% and 46.1% for APEI and PPEI.Conclusion: The interexaminer reproducibility of all three indices showed fair to good agreement. Buccal VPI and buccal APEI in particular showed good agreement.
Cardiovascular diseases and periodontology
Authors: Seymour R. A. , Preshaw P. M. , Thomason J. M. , Ellis J. S. , Steele J. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground:  Cardiovascular diseases represent a widespread heterogeneous group of conditions that have significant morbidity and mortality. The various diseases and their treatments can have an impact upon the periodontium and the delivery of periodontal care.Aim:  In this paper we consider three main topics and explore their relationship to the periodontist and the provision of periodontal treatment.Method:  The areas reviewed include the effect of cardiovascular drugs on the periodontium and management of patients with periodontal diseases; the risk of infective endocarditis arising from periodontal procedures; the inter‐relationship between periodontal disease and coronary artery disease.Results and conclusions:  Calcium‐channel blockers and β‐adrenoceptor blockers cause gingival overgrowth and tooth demineralisation, respectively. Evidence suggests that stopping anticoagulant therapy prior to periodontal procedures is putting patients at a greater risk of thromboembolic disorders compared to the risk of prolonged bleeding. The relationship between dentistry and infective endocarditis remains a controversial issue. It would appear that spontaneous bacteraemia arising from a patient's oral hygiene practices is more likely to be the cause of endocarditis than one‐off periodontal procedures. The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis is uncertain (and unlikely to be proven), and the risk of death from penicillin appears to be greater than the risk of death arising from infective endocarditis. Finally, the association between periodontal disease and coronary artery disease has been explored and there seem to be many issues with respect to data handling interpretation. Many putative mechanisms have been suggested; however, these only further highlight the need for intervention studies.
Learning root debridement with curettes and power‐driven instruments
Authors: Rühling A. , König J. , Rolf H. , Kocher T. , Schwahn C. , Plagmann H. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground, aims: In a manikin study we recently assessed how effectively student operators were able to learn scaling with curettes (GRA) and power‐driven instruments (PP). Calculating the debrided root area effectiveness was low in both groups without systematic training or without a motivational program. After 10 weeks (20 h) of training, operators reached a high effectiveness of 84.7% (GRA) and 81.6% (PP). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of nonsurgical treatment as performed by these student operators.Methods: In a clinical trial, 19 students trained in the use of Gracey curettes for 10 weeks (=20 h) (GRA10) and Periopolisher® system for 1 week (=2 h) (PP1), and 20 students trained in the use of Gracey curettes for 1 week (GRA1) and the Periopolisher for 10 weeks (PP10) treated one patient each in a split‐mouth design. At baseline and 6 months, we recorded probing depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) by computer‐assisted probing. Statistical analysis was carried out for moderate (category B) and deep sites (category C). Groups were compared using Student's t‐tests (p<0.05).Results: Category B sites showed a PD reduction of 1.2/1.0 mm (GRA10/GRA1) and 1.1 mm (PP10/PP1). PAL gain was 0.5/0.3 mm (GRA10/GRA1) and 0.4/0.2 mm (PP10/PP1). In category C sites, PD reduction was 2.1/2.3 mm (GRA10/GRA1) and 2.0 mm (PP10/PP1) with a PAL gain of 0.6/0.9 mm (GRA10/GRA1) and 0.4 mm (PP10/PP1). BOP was significantly lower in all groups.Conclusion: The results show that student operators who had received a systematical training on manikins and had attained different effectiveness results were able to treat periodontally diseased patients successfully using both Gracey and Periopolisher instruments.
Effects of dynamic fluid activity from an electric toothbrush on in vitro oral biofilms
Authors: Hope C. K. , Wilson M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: To determine the plaque‐removing ability of a Sonicare Plus® electric toothbrush in an in vitro model.Material and Methods: Multispecies oral biofilms derived from human saliva were grown on hydroxyapatite discs in a constant‐depth film fermenter. The biofilms were placed in a typodont model so that they mimicked the interproximal plaque between teeth 46 and 47 and were then treated with an electric toothbrush, both activated and inactivated. The distance from the bristle tips to the edge of the disc was 2.65 mm. Brushing action was controlled by a specially constructed brushing machine. After brushing, the number of viable bacteria removed from, and remaining in, the biofilms were determined.Results: In all, 73.70% of viable bacteria in the biofilms were dislodged from the discs using the activated toothbrush. An inactivated toothbrush removed only 3.66%. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy revealed differences between untreated and treated biofilms.Conclusion: The fluid shear forces generated by the electric toothbrush penetrated at least 2.65 mm beyond the reach of the bristles and these forces contributed to the toothbrush's plaque‐removal ability (p<0.001).
Investigation of IL4 gene polymorphism in individuals with different levels of chronic periodontitis in a Brazilian population
Authors: Scarel‐Caminaga Raquel M. , Trevilatto Paula C. , Souza Ana P. , Brito Rui B. , Line Sergio R. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Cytokines are key factors that mediate the inflammatory process during periodontal disease. Recent works have shown that the levels of cytokine expression are regulated by genetic polymorphisms, and that these variations can interfere with the progression of disease. The−590 (C→T) polymorphism of the IL4 gene is associated with high levels of IgE in asthmatic families, and the frequency of the T allele was increased in asthmatic children. The concentration of IgE in gingival tissue was found to be elevated in patients with periodontitis.Objective: In this study the relationship between the−590 (C→T) polymorphism in the IL4 gene and different levels of chronic periodontal disease was investigated.Material and Methods: DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells of 113 unrelated adult individuals with different levels of periodontitis. The PCR‐RFLP technique was used to investigate the polymorphism in the promoter of IL4 gene.Results: No significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism were found between control and groups with periodontal disease.Conclusion: We conclude that the−590 (C→T) polymorphism in the IL4 gene is not associated with the susceptibility to chronic periodontal disease.
Enamel matrix derivative and titanium implants
Authors: Stenport V. Franke , Johansson C. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim: The aim of present study was to evaluate if an enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) may enhance bone formation and osseointegration of titanium implants, using a well‐documented rabbit model.Material and methods: Thirty‐six threaded commercially pure titanium (cp.ti.) implants were inserted in six New Zealand white rabbits. One implant was placed in each femur and two in each tibia. Prior to implant insertion approximately 0.5 mL of Emdogain (EMD) (test) or the vehicle gel (PGA: propylene glycol alginate) (control) was injected into the surgically prepared implant site. The follow‐up time was 6 weeks. Biomechanical evaluations by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and removal torque measurements (RTQ) were performed. Histomorphometrical quantifications were made on ground sections by measurements of the percentage of bone‐to‐metal contact, bone area inside the threads as well as outside the threads (mirror image). Bone lengths along the implant surface were also measured and used for shear strength calculations.Results: The results demonstrated no beneficial effects from the EMD treatment on bone formation around titanium implants in any of the tested parameters. Significant differences were demonstrated with removal torque test and shear force calculations for the control implants. No other parameter demonstrated a statistically significant difference.Conclusion: The results of the present study may indicate that EMD does not contribute to bone formation around titanium implants. This observation may indicate that the bone formation that occurs after EMD treatment in periodontal defects is the result of functional adaptation. However, further research is required to evaluate the effect of EMD treatment on bone formation.
Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc‐lactate on oral halitosis
Authors: Winkel E. G. , Roldán S. , Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Herrera D. , Sanz M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives:  The aim of this double‐blind, parallel study was to test the clinical efficacy of a newly developed mouthrinse in the treatment of oral halitosis in patients without periodontitis.Material and methods:  Forty volunteers, recruited in two centers, participated in this study. Patients were selected on the basis of (1) halitosis of oral origin, (2) full‐mouth organoleptic score>1, using an arbitrary 0–5 scale, (3) level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC)>170 parts per billion (ppb) and (4) Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI)>4 (0–12). Intervention included gargling with a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine (0.05%), cetylpyridinium chloride (0.05%) and zinc‐lactate (0.14%) or with a placebo mouthrinse without active ingredients. At days 0 and 14 clinical variables were assessed in order of performance: (1) organoleptic assessments, (2) levels of VSC, and (3) WTCI.Results:  Treatment with the active mouthrinse resulted in a significant mean reduction in the organoleptic score from 2.8 to 1.5 (p<0.005). In the placebo group, no significant reduction in the mean organoleptic score occurred. Consequently, this resulted, after 2 weeks, in a greater change of the organoleptic scores in the test group in comparison to the placebo group (p<0.005). The mean VSC scores were reduced from 292 to 172 ppb in the test group (p<0.005), whereas no reduction was observed in the placebo group. At the 2‐week examination, the mean change of the VSC scores in the test group was significantly greater than the mean change in the placebo group (p<0.005). Neither in the test nor in the placebo group a significant reduction in tongue coating was observed.Conclusions:  In conclusion, the tested mouthrinse is effective in the treatment of oral halitosis.
Periodontal repair in dogs: gingival tissue occlusion, a critical requirement for GTR?
Authors: Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Lim Won Hee , Thomson Robert C. , Hardwick W. Ross 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Design criteria for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) devices include biocompatibility, cell occlusion, space maintenance, tissue integration, and ease of use. Previous studies have established the importance of wound stabilization and space provision during the early healing sequel for successful GTR outcomes as well as evaluated biocompatibility, tissue integration, and clinical manageability of various biomaterials. The importance of cell or tissue occlusion has yet to be established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of tissue occlusion as a critical determinant for GTR outcomes.Methods: Routine, critical size, 5–6 mm, supra‐alveolar, periodontal defects were created around the mandibular premolar teeth in six young adult Beagle dogs. Space‐providing expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes, with (macroporous) or without (occlusive) 300‐μm laser‐drilled pores, 0.8 mm apart, were implanted to provide for GTR. Treatments were randomly assigned to left and right jaw quadrants in subsequent animals. The gingival flaps were advanced to cover the membranes and sutured. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks postsurgery for histologic and histometric analysis.Results: Three animals experienced wound failure within 2–3 weeks postsurgery resulting in exposure and removal of the occlusive ePTFE membranes. All defect sites, irrespective of membrane configuration or history of membrane exposure and removal, exhibited substantial evidence of periodontal regeneration including a functionally oriented periodontal ligament. To evaluate the biologic potential of GTR devices, only animals without wound failure and membrane removal were included. Alveolar bone regeneration for animals receiving occlusive and macroporous ePTFE membranes averaged (±sd) 3.2±1.1 versus 2.0±0.4 mm (p=0.3113). Cementum regeneration was enhanced in defect sites receiving the occlusive ePTFE membrane compared to the macroporous membrane (4.7±0.4 versus 2.3±0.2 mm; p=0.0167). Ankylosis was observed in one animal. Limited root resorption was observed in a second animal.Conclusion: Tissue occlusion does not appear to be a critical determinant for GTR. However, tissue occlusion may be a requirement for optimal GTR. Moreover, macroporous space‐providing devices may increase the predictability of clinical GTR therapy.