bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glass Facade Assessment
Authors: Schwartz TA 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Glass is the most widely used building facade material. No other material matches its combination of optical clarity, durability, economy, and ability to control light and heat transfer. Despite these attractive properties, the inherent brittleness and potentially dangerous fracture characteristics of glass will continue to challenge cladding designers and building owners. Since glass makes up such a substantial portion of contemporary building facades, the economic consequences of poor glass performance are significant.
This paper presents a brief review of glass in facade architecture, its strengths and weaknesses, and in situ condition assessment techniques. Issues include glass surface assessment, evaluating glass breakage characteristics, and insulating glass (IG) unit durability and performance.
The Technical Foundations of a Unified Adjusted Reference Temperature for RPV Fracture Toughness
Authors: Lott RG , Rosinski ST , Server WL 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe use of a reference temperature to define the transition from ductile-to-brittle behavior is a well-established practice in reactor pressure vessel integrity analysis. Current procedures for analysis of irradiated pressure vessel steels use an Adjusted Reference Temperature (ART or RTPTS) that shift the unirradiated RTDNT value based on Charpy data and apply additional margins. The recent adoption of an ASTM Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range (E 1921) has made direct determinations of fracture toughness reference temperature in irradiated materials using Master Curve feasible. ASME Code Case N629 recognizes the potential of this new technology as an alternative means of determining an ART value for use in reactor pressure vessel integrity analysis. This alternative approach has been used in recent plant specific submittals to the NRC. ASTM sub-committee E10.02 is currently considering adopting a standard to provide a unified definition of the Adjusted Reference Temperature. This unified definition would provide consistent procedures for using either RTNDT or Master Curve based definitions of ART. This unified definition would provide common margins for the two approaches and assure a consistent level of confidence in the analysis. The statistical basis of the Master Curve makes it possible to establish a more rational basis for the margins applied in both approaches.
Fatigue Response and Life Prediction of Selected Reactor Materials
Authors: Li M , Stubbins JF 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
This paper analyzes experimental fatigue response for selected unirradiated and irradiated reactor materials: AISI 316 stainless steel, ferritic/martensitic MANET and HT9 steels. Available tensile test results on the same or similar materials are used to predict changes in fatigue response using the Universal Slopes method. The predictions are compared with the experimental data to assess the potential for using tensile data to predict reactor component fatigue response. It was found that the effect of irradiation on fatigue life was less severe than on tensile properties. However, tensile properties are useful for qualitative predictions of fatigue response.
Effect of Heat Treatment and Tantalum on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-9Cr-2W-0.25V Steel
Authors: Klueh RL , Hashimoto N , Sokolov MA 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
An Fe-9Cr-2W-0.25V-0.07Ta-0.1C (9Cr-2WVTa) steel has a smaller prior-austenite grain size than this same composition without tantalum (9Cr-2WV) when the steels are given a similar heat treatment. Except for prior-austenite grain size, the microstructures of the steels are similar before irradiation, and they develop similar changes in microstructure during irradiation. Nevertheless, the 9Cr-2WVTa shows less effect of irradiation on the Charpy behavior. To determine the effect of grain size on the Charpy properties of the 9Cr-2WV and 9Cr-2WVTa, specimens of the two steels were given various normalization heat treatments to produce different prior austenite grain sizes, and the tensile and impact properties were determined. For the smaller prior-austenite grain sizes, the 9Cr-2WV steel had impact properties similar to or better than those of the 9Cr-2WVTa steel. Differences in the microstructures of the steels were used to explain the observations and what they mean for developing steels with improved properties.
Flowable Fill Using Flue Gas Desulfurization Material
Authors: Butalia TS , Wolfe WE , Zand B , Lee JW 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Flowable fills are an effective and practical alternative to commonly used compacted earth backfills. Flowable fill is a cementious material, commonly a blend of cement, fly ash, sand, and water, that does not require compaction, may be self-leveling at time of placement, may harden quickly within a few hours, and can be excavated in the future if need be. Many flue gas desulfurization (FGD) materials have low unit weight and good shear strength characteristics and thus hold promise for flowable fill applications. This paper focuses on the potential of using two types of FGD materials (spray dryer and wet fixated FGD material) in flowable fill as a replacement for conventional fly ash. Several design mixes were considered. The design mixes consisted of varying amounts of FGD material, cement, lime, and water. The mixes were tested in the laboratory for flowability, unit weight, moisture content, unconfined compressive strength, erodibility, set-time, penetration, and long-term strength characteristics. Tests were conducted for up to 90 d of curing. Without any additives, the FGD material was observed to be as good as a regular (normal set) flowable fill in terms of placeability, unconfined compressive strength, and diggability. FGD material flowable fill with additives and admixtures compares favorably with the characteristics of conventional quick set flowable fills.
Rapid Set, High-Early Strength, Non-Excavatable Flowable Fill
Authors: Crouch LK , James Dotson V , Clouse L , Egan B , Hall SM 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A high-flow, rapid-set, non-excavatable CLSM mixture called ZOOM was developed for applications where time was critical using normal concrete component materials. The following criteria were established for the ZOOM mixture:
• Pass the ASTM D 6024 in 6 h or less regardless of subgrade moisture conditions
• Little or no bleeding or shrinkage
• Flow as per ASTM D 6103 greater than 222 mm
• Greater than 207 kPa compressive strength as per ASTM D 4832 in 24 h
• Be able to perform using a wide variety of Tennessee aggregates
The development of the ZOOM mixture began in the laboratory in May 2002 using Ohio River Sand (ORS). Subsequently, the mixture proportions were adjusted to produce the desired plastic and hardened properties with other Tennessee fine aggregates. Three successful field demonstrations using different fine aggregates were held across Tennessee in the fall of 2002. ZOOM CLSM met compressive strength development and time of suitability for load application performance criteria at every field demonstration. Plastic properties were adequate but failed to meet the established criteria on two occasions. Fine aggregate properties such as gradation and angularity were found to dictate mixture proportions required to achieve flow, air content, and bleeding characteristics. Average air temperature and CLSM air content were found to be important to time of suitability for load application. The research effort was cosponsored by the Tennessee Department of Transportation and the Tennessee Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Methods for Field and Laboratory Measurement of Flowability and Setting Time of Controlled Low-Strength Materials
Authors: Tripathi H , Pierce CE , Gassman SL , Brown TW 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Flow consistency and setting time are two important properties of controlled low-strength materials (CLSM). This paper describes and evaluates several standard and non-standard methods to measure these properties. Several mixtures with a range of water-to-binder ratios were investigated through a series of field and laboratory experiments. A linear relationship was observed between the flowability measured by the flow cylinder method (ASTM D 6103) and the inverted slump cone method. Pocket penetrometer and Torvane measurements were compared to the Kelly Ball method (ASTM D 6024) for estimating sufficient bearing capacity. Pocket penetrometer resistance correlates well, but its capacity was often exceeded. Volume stability should be controlled to avoid softening of the surface and subsequent delays in measured hardening time.
Thermally Insulating Foundations and Ground Slabs Using Highly-Foamed Concrete
Authors: Jones MR , Giannakou A 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Foamed concrete, comprising a cementitious paste or mortar together with preformed foam, has many attractive properties, perhaps the most useful being its excellent thermal insulation properties, and therefore it can be classified as controlled thermal fill (CTF). Although widely used as a simple backfill, foamed concrete can be designed easily for particular densities (800–1600 kg/m3), flow characteristics (100–300 mm spread), strength (typically less than 10 MPa), and thermal insulation performance (0.2–0.6 W/mK). These properties make it an ideal material for house construction, in particular, for enhancing the thermal efficiency of the foundations and ground slab. This paper examines the performance of a range of foamed concretes for trench fill foundations and ground slabs in terms of thermal performance and main engineering, permeation, and durability properties. The consonant advantages of using fly ash (low-lime, fine, and coarse) technology will also be discussed.
Development of Non-Destructive Test Methods for Assessing Effects of Thermal Exposures on Fire Fighters' Turnout Gear
Authors: Thorpe PA , Torvi DA 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The clothing that serves to protect a fire fighter in the line of duty experiences a wide range of exposures. Specifications for turnout gear focus primarily on pre-use performance. There is no standard for the performance of in-use fire fighter protective clothing. This paper outlines a research program designed to develop non-destructive test methods to provide users with an indication of how their in-use gear would conform to standards for new gear. Three non-destructive test methods (Raman luminescence, digital image analysis and colorimetry) are developed and correlated with established destructive tests to indicate useful service life. The paper concludes that among the methods examined in this study, digital image analysis offers the most promise for providing an economical and effective technique to assess the condition of in-use garments.
Can Laboratory Pre-Treatment Of Welders' Protective Clothing Simulate Their Aging Process In Normal Use?
Authors: Mäkinen H , Karkkula S , Jaakkola K , von Nandelstadh P 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The fabrics of welders' protective garments can be worn out after only one or two use-wash cycles. It is probable that the by-products in the welding process, i.e., ultraviolet C-type (UVC) radiation, ozone, metal fumes, can contribute to the molecular changes responsible for the degradation. In this study we simulated the normal use of garments by cycling UVC/ozone and washing pre-treatments in the laboratory. In parallel, garments of the same five study fabrics were used by welders in a shipyard until the end of their service life. Properties defined in prEN ISO 11611 were measured from the laboratory-treated and the normally used fabrics. The laboratory cycling treatment affected tear resistance more than the tensile strength of the study fabrics. Both pre-treatments seemed to have affected the flammability of the fabrics similarly. The results of this study support the conception that it is possible to simulate the aging process of normally used garments by laboratory pre-treatments.
Development of an extrusion system for producing fine‐celled HDPE/wood‐fiber composite foams using CO2as a blowing agent
Authors: Zhang H. , Rizvi G. M. , Park C. B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an innovative design of a tandem extrusion system for fine‐celled foaming of plastic/wood‐fiber composites using a physical blowing agent (PBA). The plastic/wood‐fiber composites utilize wood‐fibers (WF) as a reinforcing filler in the plastic matrix and are known to be advantageous over the neat plastics in terms of the materials cost and some improved mechanical properties such as stiffness and strength. However, these improvements are usually accompanied by sacrifices in the ductility and impact resistance. These shortcomings can be reduced by inducing fine‐celled or microcellular foaming in these composites, thereby creating a new class of materials with unique properties. An innovative tandem extrusion system with continuous on‐line moisture removal and PBA injection was successfully developed. The foamed composites, produced on the tandem extrusion system, were compared with those produced on a single extruder system, and demonstrated significant improvement in cell morphology, resulting from uniform mixing and effective moisture removal. The effects of WF and coupling agent (CA) on the cell morphology were studied. An increase in the WF content had an adverse affect. The cell morphology and foam structures were improved when an appropriate CA was added. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 23: 263–276, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20016
Cotton producers' choice of marketing techniques
Authors: Vergara Oscar , Coble Keith H. , Knight Thomas O. , Patrick George F. , Baquet Alan E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA survey of cotton producers was conducted in Mississippi and Texas. The econometric model consists of a multinomial logit model of cotton producers' choice of marketing techniques. The results indicate that cotton acres positively influence pooling and negatively influence cash sales. Producers willing to incur higher transaction costs in market information systems and training tend to choose futures/options contracts and forward pricing. It was found that risk‐averse producers tend not to choose pooling contracts. On the other hand, producers who seek abnormal gains through speculation tend to choose pooling contracts. Finally, producers who perceive markets as being price‐efficient prefer cash sales. [EconLit citation: Q130.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 465–479, 2004.
The genetics of skin cancer
Authors: Tsai Kenneth Y. , Tsao Hensin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRecent advances in molecular genetics have led to a better understanding of the biological underpinnings of skin cancer formation. As with most cancers, the RB, p53, and RAS pathways appear to play prominent roles in the pathogenesis of several skin cancer types. Although various components of these pathways may be differentially altered in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous melanoma, the final biochemical expression of these defects may be the same. With the unraveling of these genetic mechanisms, a more targeted approach to diagnosis and treatment may be possible in the near future. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene therapy and the skin
Authors: Hengge U.R. , Bardenheuer W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSignificant progress has been made during the past decade in corrective gene therapy of the skin. This includes advances in vector technology, targeted gene expression, gene replacement, gene correction, and the availability of appropriate animal models for a variety of candidate diseases. While non‐viral integration of large genes such as essential basement membrane proteins has been mastered, new challenges such as the control of immune responses lie ahead of the research community. Among the first skin diseases, patients with junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) will enter clinical trials. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social structure and life‐history patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Robbins Martha M. , Bermejo Magdelena , Cipolletta Chloé , Magliocca Florence , Parnell Richard J. , Stokes Emma 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLife‐history traits and ecological conditions have an important influence on primate social systems. Most of what we know about the life‐history patterns and social structure of gorillas comes from studies of eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei sp.), which live under dramatically different ecological conditions compared to western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla sp.). In this paper we present new data on western gorilla social structure and life histories from four study sites, and make comparisons with eastern gorilla populations. Data were obtained from two study sites with gorilla groups undergoing the habituation process (Lossi, Democratic Republic of Congo and Bai Hokou, Central African Republic) and two “bai” studies (Maya Nord and Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo). The size and structure of these groups were similar to those seen in eastern gorillas. However, differences in the occurrence of various group transitions (group formations, changes between one‐male and multimale composition, and group disintegrations) exist, and western gorillas notably exhibit much higher rates of male emigration and correspondingly fewer multimale groups compared to mountain gorillas. Certain phenomena have been observed only rarely, including predation by leopards. The preliminary data show no significant differences in birth rates between western gorillas and mountain gorillas. The ecological variability across gorilla habitats likely explains the flexibility in the social system of gorillas, but we need more information on the social relationships and ecology of western gorillas to elucidate the causes for the similarities and differences between western and eastern gorillas on the levels of individuals, social groups, and population dynamics. Am. J. Primatol. 64:145–159, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variation in gorillas
Authors: Vigilant Linda , Bradley Brenda J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis review summarizes what is currently known concerning genetic variation in gorillas, on both inter‐ and intraspecific levels. Compared to the human species, gorillas, along with the other great apes, possess greater genetic varation as a consequence of a demographic history of rather constant population size. Data and hence conclusions from analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the usual means of describing intraspecific patterns of genetic diversity, are limited at this time. An important task for future studies is to determine the degree of confidence with which gorilla mtDNA can be analyzed, in view of the risk that one will inadvertently analyze artifactual rather than genuine sequences. The limited information available from sequences of nuclear genomic segments does not distinguish western from eastern gorillas, and, in comparison with results from the two chimpanzee species, suggests a relatively recent common ancestry for all gorillas. In the near future, the greatest insights are likely to come from studies aimed at genetic characterization of all individual members of social groups. Such studies, addressing topics such as behavior of individuals with kin and non‐kin, and the actual success of male reproductive strategies, will provide a link between behavioral and genetic studies of gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 64:161–172, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Western gorilla diet: A synthesis from six sites
Authors: Rogers M. Elizabeth , Abernethy Kate , Bermejo Magdalena , Cipolletta Chloe , Doran Diane , Mcfarland Kelley , Nishihara Tomoaki , Remis Melissa , Tutin Caroline E.G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to collate information on western gorilla diet from six study sites throughout much of their current range, including preliminary information from two sites (Afi and Lossi), where studies of diet have begun only recently. Food lists were available from each site, derived from indirect signs of gorilla feeding (such as feces), with some observational data. Important staple, seasonal, and fallback foods have been identified, and a number of striking similarities across sites have been revealed based on a much larger data set than was previously available. It was confirmed that the western gorilla diet is always eclectic, including up to 230 items and 180 species. The greatest diversity is found among the fruit species eaten, fruit being included in western gorilla diets from all sites and throughout most or all of the year. Eight plant families provide important foods at five, or all six, sites, suggesting that it may be possible in the future to predict which habitats are the most suitable for gorillas. Gorillas exploit both rare and common forest species. Similarities and differences among sites can be explained superficially on the basis of geography and the past history of the forest. Gorilla density across sites appears to be most affected by the density of monocotyledonous bulk food plants, but its relationship to the density of important tree food species has yet to be tested. Am. J. Primatol. 64:173–192, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of group dynamics and diet on the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic
Authors: Cipolletta Chloé 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study describes how group dynamics and diet have influenced the ranging patterns of a western gorilla group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. The results are compared with those from an earlier study [Cipolletta, International Journal of Primatology, 2003], when the same group was larger and undergoing the process of habituation to humans. Data were obtained from maps of the gorillas' travel routes, direct observations, and analysis of fecal samples. Through the years, the group has experienced a decrease in size, from eight to three individuals, with periods of membership fluctuation. The male's search for new mates resulted in a larger home range than was recorded when the group consisted of more individuals. Moreover, despite an average group size of three throughout this study, the monthly range and mean daily path length (DPL) were also larger when the group was acquiring/losing members in new areas, than when no new members joined or left the group. Fruit was consumed year‐round, although more heavily so during wet months. The influence of fruit consumption on the ranging patterns was concealed initially by the effect of habituation [Cipolletta, International Journal of Primatology, 2003], and later (at least partially) by the male's search for new mates. In the last 14 months of the study, when the group numbered only three individuals and was ranging in a restricted area, the average DPL, but not the monthly range, increased when the gorillas were consuming more fruit. Am. J. Primatol. 64:193–205, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.