bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the peel oil components of Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) and Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
Authors: Craske John D , Suryadi Norman , Wootton Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe essential oil components extracted from the pericarp layer of two varieties of lime fruit, viz. Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and an Australian native lime (Microcitrus australe) have been analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thirty‐three components were identified in M australe and 34 in C aurantifolia. The compound types comprised monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and coumarins. For the more volatile monoterpenoid compounds, the major component was limonene, with significant amounts of γ‐terpinene, β‐pinene, geranial, neral, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate. From an examination of the nature and contents of individual components, there was no indication that any one compound might be responsible for the predominant aroma impact. The possible contribution to aroma differences due to quantitative differences in the amounts of these components is discussed. However, sensory evaluation indicated that there was little or no difference between the aromas of the two oils. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Tourism distribution channels in Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Pearce Douglas , Tan Raewyn , Schott Christian 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper outlines a multiple method approach used in Wellington as a way of researching issues of distribution channels for tourism in urban areas. The study combines information obtained from interviews with providers and intermediaries, visitor surveys and the analysis of catalogues to present a systematic examination of distribution channels for a range of accommodation and attractions. The results highlight the complexity of distribution channels in Wellington, with variations occurring by market segment and by type of accommodation and attractions. Chain hotels have the most complex channels. Smaller properties and attractions tend to pursue simpler ‘at destination’ distribution strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responding to crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore
Authors: Henderson Joan C. , Ng Alex 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore in 2003 was a grave crisis for the tourism industry as a whole and highlights the importance of effectively managing and planning for such occurrences. This study looks at the particular consequences of the infectious virus for the hotel sector and reactions to the challenges posed. Further health‐related crises seem inevitable in the modern world and some guidelines for dealing with these are proposed, based on the Singapore experience and an existing framework for tourism crisis management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and Differentiation of Osteoblast‐Like Cells from Calvaria of Connexin43 Deficient Mice
Authors: Wiemann M. , Gramsch B. , Winterhager E. , Schirrmacher K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExtensive cell‐cell‐coupling via gap junctions has been suspected to play an essential role for osteoblast development. Here, osteoblast‐like cells (OBL) from connexin(Cx)43 knock out mice were used to explore the role of Cx43 for osteoblast differentiation. Primary cultures of OBL were derived from calvaria of homozygous (Cx43‐/‐) and heterozygous (Cx43+/–) knock out mice and also from wild type controls (Cx43+/+). In Cx43‐/‐ OBL Lucifer Yellow dye coupling was largely abolished demonstrating that small molecules could no longer be transferred among neighboring cells. Cx43‐/‐ OBL grew out very slowly from calvarial fragments. Nevertheless their cell density around explants was increased 3‐fold vs. controls after 3 weeks. Histochemistry showed that in many Cx43‐/‐ OBL there was an increased alkaline phosphatase activity within the cytoplasm and close to the cell membrane. Mineralization was diminished in Cx43‐/‐ cultures. In heterozygous Cx43+/– OBL all aforementioned effects were less pronounced, pointing to a gene‐dosage effect. Data suggest that the loss of Cx43 indirectly impairs the osteoblastic phenotype, e.g. by disturbing cellular functions such as motility and/or secretion. If this holds true, all parameters in the interphase of enosseous implants which lower gap junction expression will also affect bone regeneration.
Space Flight and Bone Formation
Authors: Doty St. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMajor physiological changes which occur during spaceflight include bone loss, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular and immune response alterations. When trying to determine the reason why bone loss occurs during spaceflight, one must remember that all these other changes in physiology and metabolism may also have impact on the skeletal system. For bone, however, the role of normal weight bearing is a major concern and we have found no adequate substitute for weight bearing which can prevent bone loss. During the study of this problem, we have learned a great deal about bone physiology and increased our knowledge about how normal bone is formed and maintained. Presently, we do not have adequate ground based models which can mimic the tissue loss that occurs in spaceflight but this condition closely resembles the bone loss seen with osteoporosis. Although a normal bone structure will respond to application of mechanical force and weight bearing by forming new bone, a weakened osteoporotic bone may have a tendency to fracture. The study of the skeletal system during weightless conditions will eventually produce preventative measures and form a basis for protecting the crew during long term space flight. The added benefit from these studies will be methods to treat bone loss conditions which occur here on earth.
Nanoscale mechanical characterization of polymeric fibers
Authors: Cayer‐Barrioz J. , Tonck A. , Mazuyer D. , Kapsa Ph. , Chateauminois A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe mechanical and viscoelastic behaviors of polymeric fibers varying in molecular weight have been determined at the nanometer scale with a surface force apparatus. The existence of a skin–core structure resulting from the elaboration process is pointed out. The role of fiber anisotropy is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 264–275, 2005
Insect resistance to Nilaparvata lugens and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in transgenic indica rice and the inheritance of gna+sbti transgenes
Authors: Li Guiying , Xu Xinping , Xing Hengtai , Zhu Huachen , Fan Qin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMolecular genetic analysis and insect bioassay of transgenic indica rice ‘Zhuxian B’ plants carrying snowdrop lectin gene (gna) and soybean trypsin inhibitor gene (sbti) were investigated in detail. PCR, ‘dot’ blot and PCR‐Southern blot analysis showed that both transgenes had been incorporated into the rice genome and transmitted up to R3 progeny in most lines tested. Some transgenic lines exhibited Mendelian segregation, but the other showed either 1:1 (positive: negative for the transgenes) or other aberrant segregation patterns. The segregation patterns of gna gene crossed between R2 and R3 progeny. In half of transgenic R3 lines, gna and sbti transgenes co‐segregated. Two independent homozygous lines expressing double transgenes were identified in R3 progeny. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the copy numbers of integrated gna and sbti transgenes varied from one to ten in different lines. Insect bioassay data showed that most transgenic plants had better resistance to both Nilaparvata lugens (Ståhl) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) than wild‐type plants. The insect resistance of transgenic lines increased with the increase in transgene positive ratio in most of the transgenic lines. In all, we obtained nine lines of R3 transgenic plants, including one pure line, which had better resistance to both N lugens and C medinalis than wild‐type plants. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Conversion of unresectable to resectable liver cancer: An approach and follow‐up study
Authors: Sitzmann James V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the last decade, significant improvement has been achieved in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer by combining therapies from different disciplines, and using effective biologic response modifiers to improve response to existing therapy. While operative resection remains the only curative modality, a select group of patients with unresectable fibrolamellar or nodular variant, can be converted from unresectable status to resectable by combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We reviewed the recent experience with intra‐arterial chemotherapies and use of external beam radiotherapy and isotopic immunoglobulin‐directed radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular cancer. While significant tumor response can be achieved with these therapies they are short‐lived, and long‐term survival is poor. When combined with operative resection, however, a significant survival advantage is achieved. the expected survival of the unresectable patient is then altered from 18 to 24 months for chemotherapy or radiation alone, or when used in combination, to 44 months for patients converted to resectable status. We conclude that the need for more effective chemotherapy is imperative, and the major role for chemotherapy or radiotherapy in hepatocellular cancer is to convert an unresectable patient to resectable status.
Resection of stage III non‐small cell lung cancer following induction therapy
Authors: Rusch Valerie W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractApproximately 25%–30% of all patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with stage III tumors. Except for specific subsets, these tumors are not usually amenable to complete surgical resection and are associated with a 5‐year survival of 10% or less. Because patients with stage III NSCLC die of distant metastases, recent efforts to improve the prognosis of these tumors have focused on neoadjuvant therapy using chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy as induction treatment and subsequent surgical resection for local control. Many trials have now shown the feasibility of neoadjuvant therapy and suggest that overall survival is approximately double that seen after surgical resection or radiation alone. Future clinical trials will define whether surgical resection after induction therapy provides better local control and survival than chemotherapy and high‐dose radiation alone.
Long‐term changes in bone mass after partial gastrectomy in a well‐defined population and its relation to tobacco and alcohol consumption
Authors: Krogsgaard Michael R. , Frølich Anne , Lund Birger , Lund Bjarne 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe studied the long‐term effect of partial gastrectomy on bone metabolism in a well defined population of gastrectomized patients compared to an age‐ and sex‐matched group with unoperated peptic ulcers (controls). We selected 61 individuals between 61 and 70 years old at the time of investigation who had been operated on at the same surgical department an average of 20 years earlier. Compared to unoperated ulcer patients, we found reduced bone mass of the distal forearm in the operated groups. The serum level of calcidiol was significantly reduced in Billroth I (BI) operated women and insignificantly lower in the other operated groups. In men, ionized and total calcium was reduced, and 24‐hour excretion of hydroxyproline in the urine was increased (p(0.05). Biochemical signs of osteomalacia were found in one gastrectomized patient only. There were no significant differences between operated and unoperated patients in serum levels of alkaline phosphatases, iPTH, calcitriol, or the 24‐hour urine calcium/creatinine excretion, even though there was a trend towards lower 24‐hour urine calcium/creatinine ratio and increased levels of iPTH in the operated groups. There was no correlation between the daily alcohol consumption or cumulative tobacco consumption and bone mineral content in each group. Gastrectomized women smoked much more than control women, and smoking may be a determinant factor for the bone loss, as it is in healthy persons. Operated patients had a lower intake of milk products. All patients were exposed to sunlight for more than 3 hours/week. It is suggested that osteopenia after gastrectomy might be caused by calcium depletion rather than lack of vitamin D. The consumption of tobacco but not of alcohol was connected to bone loss.
Fenestration in the management of polycystic liver disease
Authors: Farges Olivier , Bismuth Henri 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThirteen patients with symptomatic polycystic liver disease who were selected for fenestration were reviewed. The main preoperative complaints that related to polycystic liver disease were severe abdominal pain, respiratory distress, clinical ascites, or leg edema. All symptoms disappeared after operation, and the number and size of the cysts were smaller. Five patients developed transient but massive ascites during the postoperative period, and long‐term follow‐up demonstrated a moderate recurrence of hepatomegaly in two patients. These postoperative complications and failures appeared to be at least partly related to a more extensive evolution of the disease in the patients in whom it developed.
Nonsurgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Ohto Masao , Yoshikawa Masaharu , Saisho Hiromitsu , Ebara Masaaki , Sugiura Nobuyuki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractModern imaging modalities have allowed us to make reliable diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most of HCCs are associated with liver cirrhosis in varying stages of severity and often accompanied by new occurrences of HCC after treatment. Now, newly developed nonsurgical therapeutic modalities are used extensively and achieve good results in terms of anti‐tumor effects as well as post‐treatment survival.
Neuroendocrine metastases of the liver
Authors: Ihse Ingemar , Persson Bo , Tibblin Sten 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNeuroendocrine liver metastases are rare, yet they represent an entity that has attracted much attention lately. The protracted course of neuroendocrine tumors and the hormone origin of their typical incapacitating symptoms constitute a logical basis for well founded and bespoke treatment. Demonstration of the liver secondaries is best done by ultrasonography (US) and contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), which on the whole have replaced the invasive angiography techniques. By use of histochemical and molecular biologic methods the exact nature of the tumor can be typified in tissue samples obtained percutaneously, laparoscopically, or surgically. Localization of nonpalpable metastases of the liver is best done by intraoperative US. Surgical removal of liver metastases is curative in some cases and is usually effective in relieving the symptoms. Also, palliative debulking or cytoreductive surgery is often worthwhile as it offers a chance of prolonged survival and symptom relief. Similar benefits are achieved by ischemic therapy preferably by temporary dearterialization, which in our department is done on an outpatient basis using a specially designed (externally controlled) occluder applied during a single laparotomy that includes debulking when appropriate as well as cholecystectomy. Hormonal therapy with somatostatin analogs may be used as a single treatment or in combination with ischemic therapy. It has an ensured symptom‐reducing effect, whereas its influence on tumor growth is unsettled. Lately similar effects have been ascribed to human leukocyte interferon. In conclusion the specific characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors and the available treatment arsenal favor an active treatment approach in patients who have developed liver metastases.
Resection and bypass for malignant obstruction of the bile duct
Authors: Myburgh J. Albertus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNinety‐one patients with malignant biliary obstruction, excluding carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and periampullary cancer, are analyzed. Sixty‐five patients had hilar tumors, 32 Klatskin tumors, and 33 malignant hilar biliary obstructions due to primary carcinoma of the gallbladder or metastatic spread to the hilum from other primary sites (pseudo‐Klatskin tumors). There were 9 patients with carcinoma of the middle third and 16 patients with carcinoma of the lower third of the bile duct. Resection rates were 31% (10 of 32) for Klatskin tumors, 3% (1 of 33) for pseudo‐Klatskin tumors, 22% (2 of 9) for carcinomas of the middle third, and 88% (14 of 16) for carcinomas of the lower third of the bile duct. Jaundice was completely relieved in all patients undergoing resection. Three patients are alive 2 months, 8 years, and 7 years, respectively, after resection of Klatskin tumors and 5 of the 16 patients with resection of lower third carcinomas are alive 8 months to 9 years after operation, respectively. Surgical bypass by the Hepp or Soupault approaches to the left duct or to the duct of segment V of the right lobe was used in 47% of patients with Klatskin tumors and 58% of patients with pseudo‐Klatskin tumours. Median survival times were 6 months and 4 months, respectively, in these two groups. Surgical bypass was used in 67% of patients with carcinoma of the middle third and 13% of patients with carcinoma of the lower third of the bile duct. Median survival time was 6 months. Prosthetic bypass was used in patients considered unfit for major surgical intervention (9% of patients with Klatskin tumors, 14% of patients with pseudo‐Klatskin tumors, and one patient with carcinoma of the middle third). Survival times were only days to weeks after intervention. In seven patients (7.7%) there was no active intervention on the grounds of the patients' condition or the advanced stage of the disease. Resection offers the only chance of cure and is feasible in most patients with carcinoma of the lower third and in a substantial number of patients with Klatskin tumors. Operative bypass results in high quality palliation for meaningful periods in patients with Klatskin tumors, but the duration of palliation in patients with pseudo‐Klatskin tumors is disappointingly short. The overall dividend in this subgroup is questionable in view of the advanced stage of the disease at presentation, and some or most of these patients should probably fall into the category where a decision not to intervene actively by either operative or nonoperative means appears to be the most appropriate and humane course of action.
New method for measuring ICG Rmax with a clearance meter
Authors: Shimizu Shigeomi , Kamiike Wataru , Hatanaka Nobutaka , Yoshida Yukuo , Tagawa Kunio , Miyata Masahiko , Matsuda Hikaru 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe maximal removal rate of indocyanine green (ICG Rmax) is considered to be an important parameter of hepatic function. However, the method of analysis has some flaws, and an abnormal value is obtained for about 15% of patients. We developed a new method of measuring the ICG Rmax with a clearance meter (RK‐1000) that continuously measured the ICG concentration using a fingertip optical sensor. Twenty patients were examined. The histologic diagnosis was as follows: normal for 10, cirrhosis in 6, hepatitis in 4. The ICG concentration was measured in vivo continously with the RK‐1000. To obtain the Rmax by the Michaelis‐Menten model, the ICG concentration in the VLDL compartment was subtracted from the values obtained by the RK‐1000 because ICG binds to various serum proteins and its rate of removal in the VLDL compartment differs from that in other protein compartments. The removal velocity was calculated and a Michaelis plot obtained. Then Rmax was calculated from the reciprocal of the y‐intercept of a Lineweaver‐Burk plot. The Rmax in subjects with liver disease was signficantly lower than in those with normal liver. It is concluded that our new method of measuring ICG Rmax with the RK‐1000 reflects liver function appropriately.
Functional results after treatment of rectal prolapse with rectopexy and sigmoid resection
Authors: Huber F. T. , Stein H. , Siewert J. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConstipation and incontinence are frequent complications of rectal prolapse. Surgery should not only aim to correct prolapse but also improve bowel and sphincter function. From 1986–1991 42 patients with procidentia were treated by rectopexy and sigmoid resection. The mean age was 61.1 years. Thirty‐nine patients were available for follow‐up examination. Mean follow‐up was 54 months. Functional data were collected prospectively before the operation and at follow‐up and included clinical parameters, a constipation score, an incontinence score, anal manometry [mean resting pressure (MRP), mean maximum pressure (MMP)], proctography [anorectal angle (ARA)] and colonic transit studies [mean transit time (MTT), rectosigmoid transit time (RSTT)]. The postoperative complication rate was 7.1% (n=3), mortality was 0%. No recurrence was seen. Constipation complaints improved from 43.6% to 25.6% (p<0.001) and incontinence from 66.6% to 23.1% (p<0.001). MRP increased from 36.5 mmHg to 46.0 mmHg and MMP from 90.5 mmHg to 103.0 mmHg (p<0.001). ARA changed from 102 to 98 degrees (p<0.001) and correlated with sphincter tone and continence. MTT decreased from 47.8 to 38.5 hours, segmental transit (RSTT) from 21.1 to 12.7 hours (p<0.001). Our results indicate that rectopexy with sigmoid resection is a safe and effective procedure for rectal prolapse and improves functional disorders of bowel and sphincter.
Management of in situ and minimally invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: Frykberg Eric R. , Bland Kirby I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn situ breast carcinoma represents an early localized stage in the transition to invasive breast carcinoma and has an especially favorable prognosis with appropriate management. The widespread use of mammography has contributed to its increased rate of diagnosis. The two histologic forms of this entity have distinct pathologic and biologic characteristics, with different therapeutic implications. Lobular carcinoma in situ is considered a marker of increased risk for subsequent invasive carcinoma and is most commonly managed by nonoperative surveillance. Ductal carcinoma in situ behaves more as a true anatomic precursor of invasive disease and has the same therapeutic options as invasive breast carcinoma. Minimally invasive breast carcinoma should be considered a fundamentally different entity, primarily because of its potential for systemic metastasis that in situ lesions do not theoretically have. There are still many outstanding issues and dilemmas to be resolved by scientific investigation before the intriguing potential of these early forms of breast malignancy are fully understood.