bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Majority Rule as a Closure Device
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For all the importance of legislators being willing to forge deep compromises through a process of collective reasoning, there is no doubt but that they will have to resort to voting, at the end of the day, to determine which proposals will have the force of law. Some form of majority rule is the obviously favored candidate for a closure device. Does reliance on majority rule seriously impede, or render impossible, achieving the ideal of a rationalist populism? Is legislative use of majority rule compatible with democracy as democratic autonomy? There are two distinct aspects of this question. First, is legislative use of majority rule compatible with the populist demand for rule by the people? Second, is it compatible with the rationalist demand for truth-oriented democratic deliberation? Majority Rule in Populist Government The question about the compatibility between majority rule and populism might seem a strange one, as many have simply equated populism with unfettered majority rule. My interpretation of populism, however, has been different. Instead, it has demanded that democratic government be such that each individual is treated as a free and equal autonomous participant in a fair process of lawmaking. Together with the rationalist strand, this generates a hope for unanimity or consensus. Hence the question about the compatibility between majority rule and populism is a question about why consensus among the legislators is not what would be required to achieve the ideals of democracy as democratic autonomy. How can majority rule play a role in forging the will of the entire people? At an abstract level, the answer to this question is the same as the answer to the parallel question about representative government: because majority rule is an eminently fair and sensible procedure by which to make collective decisions. I have disavowed any search for an antecedently existent will of
The Evolution of Candidate Communication
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The move by candidates onto the Internet during the 1990s represents the latest in a long series of changes in electoral communication that stretches far back in American history. Television is commonly cited as the key technological development that has affected how politics works. But the relationship between changes in technology and changes in politics encompasses far, far more than simply the broadcasting of images and sound. Since the time of the founding of the republic itself, technological developments have afforded candidates for office a stream of new techniques for communicating their messages. The rotary press, telegraph, railroad, radio, computerized direct mail, and other innovations each altered opportunities and costs for communicating political messages, and in each case parties and candidates responded.
Reinforcement
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We began with two basic questions: How do candidates use the Internet to communicate with voters? Do these messages reinforce or alter the attitudes and behavior of voters?
The evidence from our interviews, our analyses of Web site content, our surveys, and our laboratory experiments across the country provide some answers to these questions. At this point, we need to reiterate those answers and provide an interpretation.
Our first question is answered simply: Candidates clearly are incorporating the Internet into campaigns. Web sites are standard in candidate campaigns for federal or statewide office. In addition, candidates are employing e-mail communication to reach those voters who may not visit their sites. But Web sites and e-mail communication serve as supplemental tools rather than as replacements for traditional campaigning. The effect is an integrative one: Campaigns fold the Internet’s functions into traditional campaign activities. For example, site visitors are encouraged to volunteer online, but what they are volunteering for are traditional campaign outreach efforts.
History and Arguments
Authors: Marx Anthony W . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As first light broke on New Year’s Day of 1492, Christian forces entered and took Granada, completing the reconquest of Spain from the Moors. Six days later, the newly captured Alhambra palace of the Moors was admired by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Their marriage twentythree years earlier had aligned the major Spanish kingdoms for the first time and after long civil wars, making reconquest possible. On March 30, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella signed an order expelling another distinct but less foreign group, the Jews, extending and bringing to climax an Inquisition over which the monarchs had been granted control by the pope fourteen years earlier. The year 1492 also saw the printing of the first vernacular grammar book in Spain, under royal approval. And on April 17 of that momentous year, the king and queen dedicated a portion of their new resources to the voyage of Christopher Columbus in search of a western route to India. Columbus departed on August 3 and on October 12 sighted land in what we now know to be the West Indies. Within this ten-month period, a consolidating Spanish state had expelled its Moorish rulers, moved further toward religious unity, begun to spread linguistic homogeneity, and projected itself globally. This was truly a New World, at home and abroad, marking the start at midmillennium of Europe’s emergence into the early modern era.
Angel of History and Patron Saint of Nationalism
Authors: Marx Anthony W . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As nationalism did not preexist, it had to be built. Causal accounts for the emergence of nationalism have suggested the timing of this development coinciding with those social processes that purportedly encouraged popular cohesion. If nationalism was the outgrowth of spreading vernacular and printing, generating a sense of simultaneous experience, then it could take hold only once “print capitalism” had become pervasive, as with the explosion of book or newspaper distribution or schooling. If such collective solidarity was the result of shared economic interests and interaction, it could emerge only with the spreading of capitalism, or even industrialization, undermining peasant isolation. And if it was the result of state allocated rights, then it could emerge only with the blossoming of democratic regimes allocating such rights. All of these arguments thereby coincide with the consensus that Western nationalism was built during and after the era of the French Revolution, when literacy, industrialization, and citizenship became pervasive in Europe. Most current theories also agree on the inclusive tendency or internal homogeneity of nationalism within specified boundaries. The common assumption is that states seeking or benefiting from popular unity, whether for warfare, revenue, or development, come to encourage or enjoy the common allegiance of their population, excluding only foreigners.
Engendering Naturalism: Narrative Form and Commodity Spectacle in U.S. Naturalist Fiction
Authors: Merish Lori 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a well-known passage from Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie, the eponymous heroine, Carrie Meeber, “an apt student in fortune’s ways,” learns a lesson from her lover in the art of feminine public appearance. Carrie, a young woman from the countryside recently arrived in Chicago, walks with her lover, Drouet, and “pick[s]... up” from him the trick of attentively watching women who pass along the street: Drouet had a habit... of looking after stylishly dressed or pretty women on the street and remarking upon them. He had just enough of the feminine love of dress to be a good judge—not of intellect but of clothes. He saw how they set their little feet, how they carried their chins, with what grace and sinuosity they swayed their bodies. A dainty, self-conscious swaying of the hips by a woman was to him as alluring as the glint of rare wine to a toper.
Formulating Criteria and Standards
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fourth of the steps in monitoring clinical performance is the formulation of criteria and standards. Clearly, we cannot measure anything, the quality of care included, unless we have something to measure with - a meter stick, for example, or a balance, and a set of weights. Criteria and standards are the tools by which the quality of care is measured.
“A Woman Can Understand” :Dissidence in 1940s Public Housing
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within years of the ﬁrst low-rent complexes’ openings, war descended on the nation, bringing changes and new problems to working-class people and subsidized housing. In 1943 in Gilmor Homes, the outspoken tenant council leader, Lottie Hall, registered numerous complaints on behalf of 587 fellow resident families, many of them war workers. Hall argued among other things that the complex’s heat level and hot water supply were insuﬃcient. What were war workers to do when they came home late at night, their bodies drenched in the sweat of their jobs and their muscles aching? Didn’t laborers deserve a hot bath without having to worry about heating pots of water on the stove?
“An Awakening Giant” : The Search for Poor People’s Political Power
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within a couple of decades of moving into Lafayette Courts on December 10, 1955, Shirley Wise had married and separated from her children’s father, held several jobs, attended Cortez Peters Business School, and become a beautician. Possessing a sense of community belonging, she became active in the Parents-Teachers Association and Lafayette Courts Mothers’ Club. But Shirley Wise avoided controversy and “leadership” roles. While she was happy to serve as vice president or treasurer, she did not want to be head honcho. “In those days . . . I did not want to be the leader” or the person “who had to do, to make sure everything happened.”
How Dysthymia Is Diagnosed
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having read chapter 2, you know whether you might be dysthymic or suffering from another form of depression, and that we recommend that you consult a physician or mental health professional promptly. If you think you might be dysthymic, we have two other choices for you. Skip immediately to chapters 5 to 10 for strategies to relieve the symptoms of dysthymia and prevent relapse. Or, review this chapter to learn how dysthymia is diagnosed. But don’t get caught up in the technicalities of your diagnosis. The most important part of understanding a diagnosis is that it informs treatment.
Medications
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If you have dysthymia, how do you know when or whether you should take an antidepressant medication? Here are some guidelines. Definitely consider medication if: You’ve had at least 2 major episodes of major depression in the past You’ve taken antidepressants before and they’ve been helpful You have a family history of depression You know you don’t want to try to help yourself or to seek therapy You are severely depressed: you have suicidal thoughts, are agitated, panicky, extremely indecisive, irritable, angry, can’t get out of bed Antidepressants work the first time they are tried about half the time. When a sequence of medication trials are used, particularly in combination with therapy, the rate of their effectiveness increases to about 80 percent.
The South African War and After, 1899-1906
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
British involvement in the military conflict known to contemporaries alternately as the South African War and the Boer War seemingly brought the activities of organized suffragists to a halt. By and large, historians have accepted liberal suffragist Millicent Garrett Fawcett’s 1925 recollection that “the war naturally caused an almost complete suspension of work for Women’s Suffrage.” Yet evidence contemporary to the conflict in South Africa suggests that the great majority of women active in the organized suffrage movement believed in the necessity of continuing to press their claim. Delegates to the conference held in 1900 by the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies voted unanimously to continue its work to keep women’s suffrage before the legislature during the war. Other evidence suggests that activity on behalf of women’s suffrage actually increased during the war, as when, in December 1899, the North of England Society began to circulate a petition for women’s suffrage among women textile workers in Lancashire, expanding the suffrage organizing among working women that had begun in the early 189os. And while both the Women’s Emancipation Union and the Women’s Franchise League folded in 1899, many of their members remained active in progressive politics in the early years of the new century, including women’s suffrage, social reform, and agitation against the pending war in South Africa.
They Say
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three deputy sheriffs shot. One of them will die, and another is very badly hurt. Thirteen negroes are immured in cells at the station house. It all resulted from the existence of a nest of turbulent and unruly negroes living in the neighborhood of the “Curve,” just outside the city line, where Mississippi Avenue merges into the Hernando road and the street-cars turn to go to Elmwood. For years the Curve has been notorious for the character of the negroes who reside nearby, and of late they have become more turbulent than ever.
Introduction: Dickens Browses the World Wide Web
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagine a Victorian novelist sitting before a computer browsing the World Wide Web. Watch this author click through research databases, follow links to commercial sites, send an e-mail to one of a multitude of correspondents, tap out an Instant Message, and enter an appointment in an electronic calendar. If you could picture such a thing, who would the novelist be? My choice is Charles Dickens.
The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650-1831
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At its height, the Russian empire covered eleven time zones and stretched from Scandinavia to the Pacific Ocean. Arguing against the traditional historical view that Russia, surrounded and threatened by enemies, was always on the defensive, John P. LeDonne contends that Russia developed a long-term strategy not in response to immediate threats but in line with its own expansionist urges to control the Eurasian Heartland. LeDonne narrates how the government from Moscow and Petersburg expanded the empire by deploying its army as well as by extending its patronage to frontier societies in return for their serving the interests of the empire. He considers three theaters on which the Russians expanded: the Western (Baltic, Germany, Poland); the Southern (Ottoman and Persian Empires); and the Eastern (China, Siberia, Central Asia). In his analysis of military power, he weighs the role of geography and locale, as well as economic issues, in the evolution of a larger imperial strategy. Rather than viewing Russia as peripheral to European Great Power politics, LeDonne makes a powerful case for Russia as an expansionist, militaristic, and authoritarian regime that challenged the great states and empires of its time.
Religion and the American Revolution
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On March 22, 1775, Edmund Burke addressed Parliament on the subject of the American rebellion. The “fierce spirit of liberty is stronger in the English Colonies probably than in any other people of the earth,” declared Burke, ascribing this feature of the American character to the colonists’ English origins, their popular assemblies, and their heritage of religious dissent. Expanding on the last point, Burke continued: “Religion, always a principle of energy, in this new people is no way worn out or impaired The people are Protestants; and of that kind which is most adverse to all implicit submission of mind and opinion.” Indeed, religion in “our Northern Colonies is a refinement on the principle of resistance.”
Introduction
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Battles, Victories, And Gifts have occupied the thoughts of many writers, among them a tenth-century poet who declaimed, “Hold my horse, young man, and leave me be; the Irish and the Vikings are raiding, their horses are swift across Achall ... Olaf who seized the kingship of Dublin in a battle at Howth gave me a horse as the reward for my poem:’ Olaf is the typical Viking warrior, victorious in battle, exalted in status, and generous to his followers. But no Viking poet recited this verse; the author was an Irishman named Cinaed ua h Artacain-an unexpected choice of poet to recite lines of praise about an unusual patron.
Fossils and Ancient Artifacts
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How do we know about our ancient ancestors, our forerunners from before the time when written records began to be kept (which, in evolutionary terms, is virtually yesterday)? For the very beginning of this story, all we have is the fossil record—the petrified remains of ancient animals and plants—and associated geological evidence about the times and environments in which those extinct precursors lived. For later stages we also have the archaeological record, the partial archive of the activities of our ancestors.
Family Matters: Kin Networks and Asset Accumulation
Authors: Chiteji Ngina , Hamilton Darrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social science research has long recognized that the characteristics of an individual’s family and the relationships among family members can have important implications for an individual’s economic outcomes. For example, research has noted that the number of siblings a child has can influence the child’s life chances by affecting the amount of resources that parents are able to devote to the child during critical phases of his or her childhood. More siblings can mean poorer outcomes during adulthood due to resource dilution. Researchers also have investigated the relationships between parents and their adult children, revealing that the desire and ability to control children can affect bequests and that individuals’ labor market prospects and wealth outcomes are influenced by parental bequests and inter vivos transfers. The research in this area offers ample evidence to suggest that significant and transformative transfers are often made from parents to children when the children are adults—in the forms of “gifts” of tuition assistance, down payment assistance for home purchases, or transfers of wealth at death (e.g., Kotlikoff and Summers, 1981; Laitner and Juster, 1996; Oliver and Shapiro, 1995).
Assets and the Poor: Evidence from Individual Development Accounts
Authors: Schreiner Mark , Sherraden Michael , Clancy Margaret , Johnson Lissa , Curley Jami , Zhan Min , Beverly Sondra G , Grinstein-Weiss Michal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The question of how to help the poor get rich is, in essence, the question of how to help them build assets. Poverty is a trap because resources are needed to produce resources. Poor people must consume most of their incoming resources, so they cannot save much. With low savings, they do not produce enough to increase their income enough to break the cycle.
Going to Scale: Principles and Policy Options for an Inclusive Asset-Building Policy
Authors: Friedman Robert E , Boshara Ray 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents some principles and policy options for achieving larger scale, progressive asset-building policies. This is not a theoretical chapter about policy development, the U.S. Congress, and the administration; rather, it reflects the Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED)’s direct experience with practitioners, policy makers, and others in forging progressive asset-building policies for individual development accounts (IDAs) and other asset-building tools. Specifically, this chapter discusses principles and dimensions of asset-building policy, summarizes the status of current asset development policies, and offers a set of policy recommendations to reach scale.
Disrupted Dialogue
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Medical ethics changed dramatically in the past 30 years because physicians and humanists actively engaged each other in discussions that sometimes led to confrontation and controversy, but usually have improved the quality of medical decision-making. Before then medical ethics had been isolated for almost two centuries from the larger philosophical, social, and religious controversies of the time. There was, however, an earlier period where leaders in medicine and in the humanities worked closely together and both fields were richer for it. This volume begins with the 18th century Scottish Enlightenment when professors of medicine such as John Gregory, Edward Percival, and the American, Benjamin Rush, were close friends of philosophers like David Hume, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid. They continually exchanged views on matters of ethics with each other in print, at meetings of elite intellectual groups, and at the dinner table. Then something happened, physicians and humanists quit talking with each other. In searching for the causes of the collapse, this book identifies shifts in the social class of physicians, developments in medical science, and changes in the patterns of medical education. Only in the past three decades has the dialogue resumed as physicians turned to humanists for help just when humanists wanted their work to be relevant to real-life social problems. Again, the book asks why, finding answers in the shift from acute to chronic disease as the dominant pattern of illness, the social rights revolution of the 1960’s, and the increasing dissonance between physician ethics and ethics outside medicine. The book tells the critical story of how the breakdown in communication between physicians and humanists occurred and how it was repaired when new developments in medicine together with a social revolution forced the leaders of these two fields to resume their dialogue.
Introduction
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The terms are widely used: drug abuse, drug addiction, drug dependence. The images are sometimes stark and sad, but distant: groups of young men, hanging out on the corner in poorer sections of the city, selling bags of cocaine or heroin to all comers, rich and poor, brown, black, and white, male and female, most young but some not so young. Or the unkempt man of indeterminate age who panhandles to buy cheap alcohol and then sleeps off the effects huddled in a doorway off the street. Other images may come closer to home: youngsters who gather for all-night parties, dancing, taking drugs, and getting high with their friends; high school students who smoke marijuana every day before gym class; the popular, hard-working neighbor who drinks a six-pack of beer every night, or two martinis and three glasses of wine, and goes to bed as drunk as the homeless man on the street. Or the friend, brother, or spouse who has tried for years to stop smoking but has consistently failed. What these people have in common is that, to a greater or lesser extent, their behavior is controlled by a chemical substance.