bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-1 Nutrient Intervention During Gilt Development Leads to Effects on Progeny Growth Responses
Authors: Tsai Tsungcheng Cheng , Sam Bernard Abeiku , Dritz Steve , Vier Carine M , Bergstrom Jon R , Hough Sara D , Orlando Uislei A , Blake Kayla , Davis Nathan , Grogan Hannah , Coble Kyle , Maxwell Charles V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To elucidate the effect of early life dietary nutrient level and vitamin D source during gilt development on progeny growth performance, equal number of weaning age piglets (n = 72) were selected from each of 4 sow treatments group. All pigs were fed a common 3,000 ppm zinc diet for first two weeks postweaning to allow for accommodating the weaning process. At the beginning of week 3, pigs were sorted by sow parity and BW within gender and stratified based on maternal dietary treatments. Dietary treatments during gilt development period included two levels of dietary nutrients (Adeq: optimal growing diet that exceed NRC 2012 recommendation or Low: moderate slow growing diet that SID lys and ME levels were gradually reduced by 0.03% and 0 kcal/kg, 0.15% and 146 kcal/kg, and 0.15% and 150 kcal/kg, respectively) and two sources of vitamin D [StD: 1653 IU cholecalciferol/kg or HyD: 500 IU cholecalciferol/kg + 50 mcg calcifediol (ROVIMIX HY.D DSM Nutritional Products North America)] during development phase 1 (23 to 57 kg), 2 (57 to 91 kg), and 3 (91 until breeding). Dietary nutrient level treatment was withdrawn during gestation and lactation stages, while sows remained on their vitamin D treatments. Progeny were fed with a 6-phase feeding regimen as nursery phase 3 (14 d) and 4 (14 d), grower phase 1 (28 d) and 2 (28 d), and finisher phase 1 (28 d) and 2 (28 d). All pigs were transferred to a commercial processing plant where carcass characteristics were measured. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) with maternal diet nutrient level, vitamin D source and the interaction as fixed effects. Progeny born from sows fed HyD diets had greater ADG in overall grower/finisher phases (P = 0.04) and during the whole trial (P = 0.03). This weight gain improvement increased the final BW, HCW, and yield percentage over StD derived progeny by 3.19 kg, 3.56 kg and 0.11% (P = 0.04, 0.02 and &lt; 0.01), respectively. Dietary nutrient level had limited effect on progeny ADG and BW during the preslaughter period. The maternal vitamin D source did not affect progeny ADFI but overall G:F tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in pigs sourced from dams fed HyD . A maternal vitamin D by nutrient level interaction was observed for ADFI during grower/finisher phases (P = 0.05) and overall (P = 0.07) because progeny from gilts fed a low nutrient level had greater intake than cohorts from gilts fed an adequate nutrient diet, while ADFI was similar for all offspring from gilts fed HyD diets. These results indicate that manipulating nutrients during gilt development, or feeding HyD rather than StD to reproducing sows, can affect growth of their progeny to slaughter.
PSIV-18 Live Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) Improves Body Condition Score and Reduces Rectal Temperature in Sows at Weaning
Authors: Hiscocks Sophie , Merriman Laura A , Cordero Gustavo , Wilcock Pete , Ajuwon Kola , Becker Spenser 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Achieving optimal health of the sow during gestation and lactation is important to ensure sow longevity and piglet performance. As an oxygen scavenger, live yeast suppresses the growth of undesirable bacteria and promotes fiber-degrading microbes. Consequently, yeast has the potential to promote a healthy gut microbiome and support immune status. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of live yeast supplementation on sow performance during gestation and lactation. A total of 40 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were assigned to two dietary treatments based on parity and expected farrowing date. The two dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet without (control) or with supplementation of live yeast (Vistacell, AB Vista, UK). Gestation diets were fed for 4-weeks pre-farrowing with the live yeast treatment included at 0.5 kg/t. Lactation diets were fed from farrow until weaning at approximately 24 days with live yeast treatment included at 1.0 kg/t. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the standard least squares option of the fit model platform in JMP 16.0 Pro. Treatment differences were deemed significant at P &lt; 0.05. At farrowing, sows had comparable body weights, backfat thickness, muscle depth, rectal temperature (rTEMP) and body condition score (BCS), irrespective of treatment. At weaning, sows supplemented with live yeast had a greater BCS (3.4 vs. 3.0) than non-supplemented sows (P &lt; 0.01). As average daily feed intakes were comparable across treatments, this suggests that live yeast fed sows were better able to retain condition during the lactation period. In addition, rTEMP was lower (38.6°C vs 39.1°C) in sows fed live yeast at the end of lactation compared with non-supplemented sows (P &lt; 0.05). Although rTEMP was considered within the safe range for sows post-farrow, lowering rTEMP with live yeast may indicate health benefits to the sow. These findings demonstrate the potential of live yeast to improve body condition and reduce the risk of vulnerable sows at weaning.
PSV-17 Threonine Requirements for Post-Weaning Pig in Individual Precision Nutrition Programs: a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hilgemberg Rafaela , Lehnen Cheila , Pomar Candido , Lambert William , Remus Aline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Threonine (Thr) is generally the second limiting amino acid (AA) in growing pig diets, and it has a vital role in supporting intestinal functions and the immune system. Additionally, providing pigs with the correct AA requirements decreases nitrogen excretion and improves growth performance. This study aimed to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Thr requirements for individual post-weaned pigs. Additionally, the Thr supplementation effect on average daily gain (ADG) of weaning and growing [7.3 – 51.5 kg of body weight (BW)] pigs under a sanitary challenge was evaluated. Eleven papers published from 1993 to 2015 composed the dataset used to determine the SID Thr requirement in the nursery phase, and five studies conducted from 2014 to 2020 composed the enteric sanitary challenge dataset. The SID Thr was obtained from publications when available or estimated based on the ingredient composition using EvaPig software. The average individual pig SID Thr requirements were estimated by bootstrapping 1,000 repetitions of a linear-plateau mixed model where all parameters were considered random as a function of the trial code. A general positive-definite matrix was used to represent the between-factors covariance using the nlme package of the R software. The effect of supplementing SID Thr above the requirement to attenuate ADG losses during a challenge was evaluated by an effect size analysis using a mixed model of the R Metafor package. Due to the low number of studies assessing pigs’ response to enteric challenges, a P &lt; 0.25 was considered significant. In the post-weaning (14 kg average BW), the estimated ADG was 457 g/d (411 to 493 g/d) as a function of SID Thr individual requirement, which was 4.71 g/d for the average pig, with the least demanding pig requiring 4.4 g/d and the most demanding one requiring 5.1 g/d. For challenged pigs, the across-study heterogeneity was moderate (Higgs index = 36%). Increasing Thr intake by 18% above the estimated requirement attenuated (P = 0.15) ADG losses by 0.7 standard deviations (60 g) compared with pigs fed diets meeting Thr requirements. For pigs in individual precision feeding, the SID Thr requirement is estimated to be 1.03 g per 100 g of ADG for post-weaned pigs. The increase of SID Thr intake by 18% attenuated the ADG losses by 19% compared with non-supplemented pigs with enteric challenges.
PSVI-17 Digestawell XG Improves Piglet Performance When Dietary Net Energy Content is Decreased
Authors: Kuterna Leni , Edwards Joan E , Bussières Dan , Wagner Ashley L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Plant based dietary ingredients contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Both soluble and insoluble NSP may limit intestinal absorption and digestion of dietary nutrients along the intestinal tract of monogastric animals. Increased digesta viscosity also occurs, which results in satiety and potential health issues. DIGESTAWell XG (Probiotech International Inc.), a commercially available enzyme-based feed additive that contains increased endo-1,4-β-xylanase and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase activity, hydrolyzes NSP resulting in increased nutrient availability and digestibility. Therefore, it was hypothesized that nursery pigs consuming low net energy (NE) diets with DIGESTAWell XG will demonstrate similar growth performance as nursery pigs consuming greater NE diets. A 47-day trial was conducted with 21-day old nursery pigs (6.0 kg) allocated to three groups: control (CON), low energy (-56 kcal/kg feed; LE), and low energy + enzyme (LE+E). All groups had 13 pens of 28 pigs (n = 364), and received wheat and corn mix based diets that had a similar NSP content (11.4%). CON diets had greater NE (2,456 kcal/kg feed) relative to the LE and LE+E groups (2400 kcal/kg feed). The diet of the LE+E group was supplemented with DIGESTAWell XG at 0.22kg/Ton of feed. For each pen the daily feed intake, weekly weight, diarrhea index and mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed by an ANOVA model (Statistix 8.0; Analytical Software, FL) including treatment and pen as fixed and random effects, respectively, and a Chi-square test for pairwise differences. Compared with both CON and LE, LE+E increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during weeks 4 to 7 and weeks 1 to 7, and significantly increased final weight (Table 1). During weeks 1 to 3, ADG and ADFI did not differ between CON and LE+E groups, and the LE+E group was significantly greater than LE. Over the entire period, LE impacted (P &lt; 0.05) negatively the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with CON, however, during weeks 4-7 the LE+E had similar FCR compared with CON (P &gt; 0.05). No significant effects were observed on mortality or diarrhea index. In conclusion, DIGESTAWell XG improves piglet performance when dietary NE content is decreased which may offer some formulation flexibility.
PSVI-9 Pigs Weaned from Sows Fed a Feed Flavor Had Improved Nursery Growth Performance, But Added Feed Flavor in Nursery Diets Did Not Impact Performance
Authors: Spinler Mikayla , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Kyle Josh , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 360 weanling pigs (DNA 241 × 600: initially 5.7 ± 0.03 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of a sow lactation feed flavor treatment (control vs added flavor) with or without added feed flavor in nursery diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were weaned at approximately 19 d of age from sows fed diets with or without 0.05% feed flavor (Krave AP, Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA). Pigs were placed in pens within sow treatment with 5 to 6 pigs per pen and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary nursery treatments. There were 14 to 17 replications per treatment and the trial lasted 38 days. Nursery treatments were either a control diet or a diet containing a feed flavor (Delistart #NA 21, Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA) added at 0.05% of the diet. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sow and nursery treatment. Offspring from sows fed the flavor diet were heavier at weaning (P &lt; 0.001) which was maintained throughout the nursery portion of the study (Table 1). No differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for ADG, ADFI, or G:F during phase 1 (d 1 to 9). During phase 2 (d 9 to 24), there was a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for a main effect of both nursery and sow diet on ADG, with pigs from sows fed the flavor diet having greater ADG compared with pigs from sows fed the control diet and pigs fed the nursery diet without flavor having increased ADG compared with those fed the flavored diet. A tendency (P = 0.094) was observed for a main effect of sow treatment on ADFI during phase 2, with pigs from sows fed the flavor diet having greater ADFI. During phase 3 (d 24 to 38), a tendency (P = 0.075) was observed for an interaction between sow and nursery diet for ADG with pigs fed the flavor diet from sows fed the flavor diet having greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG but no difference (P &gt; 0.10) was observed when pigs were obtained from sows fed the control diet. There was also a main effect (P &lt; 0.05) of nursery treatment on both ADFI and G:F, where pigs fed the feed flavor diet had greater ADFI but poorer G:F. Overall, progeny from sows fed a diet containing a feed flavor had greater ADG (P = 0.038), ADFI (P = 0.043), and final BW (P &lt; 0.001) during the nursery trial. In conclusion, offspring from sows fed a feed flavor during lactation had increased ADG, ADFI, and BW, but the presence of a feed flavor in the nursery diets did not elicit differences in overall nursery performance.
PSVI-11 Evaluation of the Acid Binding Capacity of Ingredients and Complete Diets Commonly Used for Weanling Pigs
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to measure acid-binding capacity at a pH of 4 (ABC-4) of common feed ingredients and determine additivity in diets. Ingredient categories included: cereal grains, vegetable proteins, animal proteins and milk, vitamin premixes and minerals, amino acids, and fiber sources. A 0.5 g sample of each ingredient was suspended in 50 mL of distilled deionized water and titrated with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. Sample ABC-4 was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to reduce and maintain 1 kg of ingredient to a pH of 4 with a smaller number believed to be more advantageous. Cereal grains were found to have decreased ABC-4 compared with other ingredients (Table 1). Vegetable proteins had greater ABC-4 with more variation than cereal grains. Soybean meal (SBM) had an ABC-4 of 602 ± 28.2 meq/kg. Soy protein concentrate (737 ± 165.0 meq/kg) and enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM; 753 meq/kg) had greater ABC-4 compared with SBM while fermented soybean meal (FSBM; 207 ± 100.0 meq/kg) was less. Fish meal (1,380 ± 150.9 meq/kg) had greater ABC-4 compared with all analyzed vegetable proteins. Spray dried whey powder and whey permeate had slightly less ABC-4 than that of soybean meal with values of 440 and 520 meq/kg, respectively. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) had the greatestt ABC-4 among all ingredients with values of 21,863 ± 598.7 and 18,384 ± 769.7 meq/kg, respectively. Following ingredient analysis, a series of diets were created and analyzed to determine additivity by comparing the differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4. All analyzed diets had less ABC-4 than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 increased in the same magnitude as the calculated values across diets. The first series of diets were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial consisting of increasing CaCO3 with or without ZnO. There was a ZnO × CaCO3 interaction (P = 0.020) for difference between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 where differences between calculated and analyzed ABC-4 increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) as CaCO3 increased in diets without ZnO, but not in diets with ZnO. The second series of diets consisted of different levels of SBM with either FSBM or ESBM included at 5% of the diet. Differences between calculated and analyzed values were not different between treatments (P = 0.640). In conclusion, perfect ABC-4 additivity in complete diets was not realized due to lower analyzed than calculated values; however, analyzed ABC-4 still increased as calculated values increased. These data suggest that diet ABC-4 can be adjusted through selection of ingredients but feeding trials are needed to determine its impact on pig performance.
PSVI-16 Caps C2PG, a Blend of Spice Oleoresins, Can Substitute the Growth Promoting Effect of an Ionophore Feed Premix on Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Medina Bertrand , Bussières Dan , Wagner Ashley L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Consumer demand is driving the swine industry to review the use of both antibiotic and ionophore-type antimicrobial agents in feed due to concerns of antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, when a feed mill is manufacturing feed for multiple species including those that are sensitive to ionophore contamination or toxicity such as horses, turkeys and game birds, additional vigilance is required which may deter use of ionophore-type antimicrobials in swine feed. Naturally, a large push has been toward the use of phytogenic additives that may also have some antimicrobial benefits. CAPS C2PG (Probiotech International Inc.) is a phytogenic feed additive comprised of a proprietary blend of spice oleoresins. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate CAPS C2PG as an alternative to the ionophore, salinomycin, in grow-finish pigs.Pigs (n = 1056 Improvest injected males) were housed in 48 pens distributed in 4 rooms (12 pens/room) of a compound building fully equipped with an automatic and computerized Gestal Feed system. Each pen (22 pigs/pen, with a starting density of 7.3 ft2/pig) was equipped with a single 2-space Crystal Spring feeder. During grow-finish (98.3 ± 0.6 days), pigs were allotted to three different treatments (16 repetitions/treatment): salinomycin (25 ppm; Sal.), CAPS C2PG (35 ppm; CAPS.), or a combination treatment (25 ppm Sal. + 35ppm CAPS C2PG; Sal. + CAPS.). Growth performances variables were measured with feed intake monitored per pen daily, and ADG assessed every 3 weeks based on pen weight. All dead or culled pigs were weighed upon removal. Data were analyzed by an ANOVA model (Statistix 8.0; Analytical Software, FL) including treatment and pen as fixed and random effects, respectively. Pairwise comparisons were completed with a Chi-square test. Results are presented in Table 1. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in any of the performance parameters measured throughout the grow-finish period. The lack of difference in performance variables of grow-finish pigs consuming Sal. versus CAPS. demonstrates the potential to substitute an antimicrobial ionophore-type with a phytogenic based on a blend of spice oleoresins. The lack of an additive effect of combining Sal. and CAPS. requires further investigation. With current CAD prices, 25 ppm of salinomycin are between CAD 1.75-2.00 per medicated tonne of feed, whereas 35 ppm of CAPS C2PG are about CAD 1.50 per supplemented tonne of feed. Thus, CAPS C2PG may be an economical and consumer-friendly option in grow-finish pig diets compared with salinomycin. Further research is warranted on the use of this product in other phases of pig production.
PSVI-19 Impact of Sow Body Condition on Macro Reproductive Performance
Authors: Zhao Junmei , Hu Qiong , Paton Neil , Goris Kaat , Vanderhaeghe Caroline , Walston Stephanie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sow body condition is important for maximizing life-time productivity, milk production and progeny performance. Data from a total of 4,367 sows (76PIC, 4291Genesus) were used to investigate relationships between sow body condition at entry to farrowing house (body weight, back fat, body condition score) versus reproductive performance and milk production. Data were from a commercial farm from 2018-2020. Sow data were stratified by parity: Class 1 (parity 1), 2 (parity 2-4) and 3+ (parity 4 and above). Sow entry weight (with fetuses), backfat, and body condition score (scale 1-5) were measured at entry to farrowing house and at weaning. Milk production was calculated using the method of Hansen et al. (2012). Standard sow performance was collected via data software (Agriness). Data were plotted and assessed for commercially relevant relationships among dependent and independent variables. Single factor linear regression was used to calculate linear slope and slope standard error between variables of interest within parity. The farm represents typical north American performance with average piglets born alive13.9, total piglets born 15.6, number of piglets weaned 10.5. Regardless of parity, sow body weight at entry had the greatest positive linear relationship to reproductive productivity. Heavier weight at entry was positively related to number of total piglets born, born piglets alive, litter birth weight and milk production. Heavier primiparous sows at entry had greater piglet weight gain and weaning weight. A positive linear relationship (evidenced by non-zero linear slope) was observed between sow back fat loss and milk production in primiparous sows. Relationships among sow back fat, body condition score and productivity were weak (confidence interval of slope included zero). Sow backfat at entry did not impact lactation feed intake. This might be due to high average lactation feed intake (average 8 kg/d) in this farm. Slightly positive regression was observed between sow weight and lactation intake in primiparous sows but not in older sows. Most commercial farms do not have weighing equipment. Sow body condition score is often used as an economic method but highly variable depending on farm personnel. Our investigation suggests that sow body weight is important for sow reproductive performance. Gilt body weight at entry is positively related to litter birth weight and weaning weight. Future research is needed to better understand sow body composition (fat and lean percentage) on productivity and find economic ways to collect these parameters at commercial farms.