bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Highly Potent Insulin–mimetic Zinc(II) Complex with a Zn(S2O2) Coordination Mode: Bis(1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-pentyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-4-thionato)zinc(II)
Authors: Adachi Yusuke , Yoshida Jiro , Kodera Yukihiro , Sakurai Hiromu 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Zn(II) complexes of allixin and its sulfur and N-methyl analogs were newly prepared, and their insulin–mimetic activities were evaluated. Among them, a new bis(1,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-pentyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-4-thionato)zinc(II) complex exhibited the most potent insulin–mimetic activity (IC50 = 11 μM) in terms of inhibition of free fatty acid release in adipocytes.
Hydrogen Production from Biomass-Ethanol at Ambient Temperature with Novel Diaphragm Reactor
Authors: Sekine Yasushi , Asai Shinjiro , Urasaki Kouhei , Matsukata Masahiko , Kikuchi Eiichi , Kado Shigeru , Haga Fumihiro 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We used a novel liquid-fuel-reforming system, with a diaphragm and discharge hybrid apparatus that can be operated under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, to obtain 50% hydrogen by steam reforming of ethanol with high energy efficiency of up to 95%.
Template-free Hydrothermal Synthesis of High Surface Area Nitrogen-doped Titania Photocatalyst Active under Visible Light
Authors: Rhee Chang Houn , Bae Sang Won , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The nanofibrous ammonium titanate (NH4)2Ti3O7−xNx was hydrothermally synthesized by a new method proposed here from titanium oxysulfate precursor in a NH4OH solution under hydrothermal conditions at 393 K without any extra templates. The calcination of the as-synthesized material at 673 K produced nitrogen-doped titania (TiO2−xNx) with anatase phase, which absorbed visible light and had an extremely high surface area (377 m2g−1). This material showed an excellent photocatalytic activity in decomposition of 2-propanol under visible light irradiation.
Oxidative Coupling Polymerization of 2,6-Dimethylphenol with a Copper–Amine Catalyst Immobilized within the Interior of SBA-15
Authors: Shibasaki Yuji , Nakamura Masahiro , Ishimaru Ryuhei , N. Kondo Junko , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An effective method to control polydispersity (Mw/Mn) in the oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol has been developed. SBA-15 functionalized with N,N,N′-trimethyl-N′-trimethoxysilylpropylethylenediamine and copper chloride(I) produced a polymer with the number average molecular weight (Mn) of 44000 and Mw/Mn of 3.9, when the polymerization was conducted in toluene/pyridine (5/1 volume ratio) at 40 °C for 12 h under oxygen atmosphere. The conventional catalytic system [CuCl(I)–pyridine] afforded the polymer with Mn of 81000 and Mw/Mn of 40, indicating the effectiveness of the mesoporous catalyst.
Ruthenium-catalyzed Isomerization of Alkenol into Alkanone in Water under Irradiation of Microwaves
Authors: Ishibashi Kenichi , Takahashi Masaaki , Yokota Yutaka , Oshima Koichiro , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Ruthenium catalyzed isomerization of alkenol into alkanone through a migration of C–C double bond was performed in water under irradiation of microwaves. When the reaction was performed in deuterium oxide instead of water, the trail of the migration was shown by H–D exchange reaction.
Visuelles Orientierungsverhalten auf Webseiten (Visual Orientation Behavior on Web Pages)
Authors: Ollermann Frank , Reinecke Stefan , Hamborg Kai-Christoph 
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung
In einer Blickbewegungsstudie mit N = 70 Internetnutzern wurden Wahrnehmungsprozesse in der Orientierungsphase bei der Betrachtung von Internetseiten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass je nach Art der betrachteten Website unterschiedliche Seitenelemente zur ersten Orientierung dienen. Die Befunde machen unter anderem deutlich, dass sich Ergebnisse von Blickbewegungsstudien, die sich nur auf eine Art von Website stützen, nicht auf Websites im Allgemeinen übertragen lassen.
Zur Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Handys – Breite Untersuchung und aktueller Stand (On the Usability of Mobile Phones – Broad Study and Status Quo)
Authors: Dahm Markus , Felken Christian , Klein-Bösing Marc , Rompel Gert , Stroick Roman 
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung
In einem Handy der Größe einer Zigarettenschachtel sind dutzende komplexe Funktionen untergebracht, eine Meisterleistung der Ingenieure. Leider sind diese immer mehr Funktionen immer schlechter nutzbar. Dies wird auf mangelnde Aufgabenangemessenheit, fehlende Erwartungskonformität und schlechte Selbsterklärungsfähigkeit zurückgeführt. In einer breit angelegten Untersuchung mit 1300 Teilnehmern wurde die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von modernen Handymodellen untersucht. Die Aufgaben wurden mittels einer internetbasierten Simulation bearbeitet und auch online ausgewertet. Es konnte nicht nur gezeigt werden, dass Handys für Anfänger schwer zugänglich sind, sondern auch dass selbst so eingeschätzte Experten Schwierigkeiten bei unbekannten Funktionen und fremden Handys haben. Zum Abschluss werden einige Verbesserungsansätze diskutiert.
Verteilte Wissensorganisation mit Semantischen Räumen (Distributed Knowledge Organization with Semantic Spaces)
Authors: Hampel Thorsten , Keil-Slawik Reinhard , Selke Harald 
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung
Der Begriff Wissensgesellschaft verdeutlicht die enorme Bedeutung, die der Erzeugung, Nutzung und Pflege von Wissensbeständen heute zukommt. In Bezug auf den Wissensbegriff hat sich mittlerweile die Einsicht durchgesetzt, dass Wissen weitgehend sozial eingebettet ist. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Strukturierung von Wissen. Neben der lexikografischen Erschließung über Stichworte oder Metadaten kommt der grafischen Strukturierung bei der netzgestützten Wissensorganisation eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über Methoden zur grafischen Strukturierung von Wissen. In einem nächsten Schritt werden dann Techniken zur räumlichen Strukturierung kooperativer virtueller Wissensräume vorgestellt. Als wesentlich erweisen sich dabei die gewählte Form der Persistenz, die Unterstützung sowohl synchroner als auch asynchroner Arbeitsprozesse und Mechanismen der gegenseitigen Wahrnehmung. Des Weiteren sind Übergänge zwischen individuellen und kooperativen Arbeitsphasen sowie Möglichkeiten zur Selbstorganisation von zentraler Bedeutung. Mit Hilfe dieser Techniken ist es sowohl möglich, Wissensrepräsentationen aufzubauen und zur Verfügung zu stellen als auch Diskursprozesse zu strukturieren. Beide Möglichkeiten mit ihren neuen didaktischen Möglichkeiten werden anhand praktischer Beispiele in der universitären Ausbildung vorgestellt.
Interaktion im Sensoric Garden – eine Design-Reflexion (Interaction in a Sensoric Garden – a Design Reflection)
Authors: Hornecker Eva , Bruns Friedrich W. 
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung
Als Beispiel einer interaktiven Mixed Reality Umgebung beschreiben wir den „Sensoric Garden“, sieben während eines Bremer Festivals gezeigte Installationen. Da solche Ereignisse sich nicht in Bezug auf Benutzbarkeit oder Effektivität bewerten lassen, benötigen wir andere Kriterien, um die Attraktivität der Installationen für Besucher zu erklären. Kategorien und Konzepte aus dem Diskurs um Interaktionsdesign und Interaktivität erwiesen sich als hilfreich in einer Design-Reflexion dazu, was einige Stationen zu einem Erfolg werden ließ und weshalb andere nicht die an sie gesetzten Erwartungen erfüllten und wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhielten.
Ultrasonic, Volumetric and Viscometric Studies of Molecular Interactions in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Hexadecane with 1-Pentanol, 1-Hexanol, and 1-Heptanol at (298, 308 and 318) K
Authors: Mehra Rita 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Ultrasound speed (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) have been measured for pure liquids and their binary mixtures formed from hexadecane with 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol at (298, 308 and 318) K covering the entire mole fraction range of hexadecane. From the experimental data, adiabatic compressibility (K
s), intermolecular free length (L
f), molar sound speed (R
m), acoustic impedance (Z), excess adiabatic compressibility (K
s
E), excess free volume (V
f
E), excess viscosity (ηE), Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (G
*E) and interaction parameter (α) have been computed. These parameters are used to discuss the nature and extent of intermolecular interactions between the component molecules. Temperature variation also provides an opportunity to study the effect of temperature on the extent of intermolecular interactions between the component molecules of liquid mixtures. All the excess functions studied are fitted to Redlich–Kister relation to estimate the adjustable parameters alongwith their standard deviations.
Characteristic Lattice Complexes
Authors: Hauck J. , Mika K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
2D and 3D lattice complexes with increased self-coordination numbers Ti
, i = 1–3, of nearest, second and third neighbors were derived for characteristic Wyckoff sets with zero or one parameters. Structure types of adsorbed atoms in 2D or elements A in 3D and A
x
B
y
compounds are approximated to the list of lattice complexes. Covalent bonding or electronic effects of atoms like lone electron pairs or Jahn–Teller distortion give rise to deviations from lattice complexes. Homogeneous structures A
x
B
y
with identical A–A or B–B self-coordination numbers T
1, T
2, T
3 of nearest, next-nearest and third neighbors are selected for different systems like magnetic ordering with A = ⊕ and B = ⊖ spin direction or crystals of organic molecules with different orientations.
Excellent Performance of La1−xCexSrNiO4 (x ≤ 0.3) for NO Decomposition in the Presence of Excess Oxygen
Authors: Zhu Junjiang , Xiao Dehai , Li Jing , Yang Xiangguang , Wu Yue 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Ce involved perovskite-like oxides (La1−xCexSrNiO4, x ≤ 0.3) show high activity for NO decomposition even in the presence of excess oxygen, which might be mainly ascribed to the new active site formed in the catalyst due to the entry of Ce to the La site of LaSrNiO4.
Viscosity of the System KF–K2NbF7–Nb2O5
Authors: Cibulková Jarmila , Chrenková M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The viscosity of melts of the system KF–K2NbF7–Nb2O5 has been measured using computerized torsion pendulum method. An equation describing the dependency of the viscosity in logarithm values on composition at 1173 K was calculated by multiple linear regression analysis. The sum of viscosities of pure components in logarithm values multiplied by their mole fraction was used as an “additive” behaviour. In the concept of modified Redlich–Kister's type equation binary interactions of the particular components were found.
A Characteristic Effect of Pressure on the Inclusion Complexation of Modified β-Cyclodextrins with 4-Substituted Phenols
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Ide Tatsuhiro 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The equilibrium constants for the inclusion complexation of two kinds of modified β-cyclodextrins (heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-βCD) and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TM-βCD)) with 4-substituted phenols were determined at high pressures. A characteristic pressure effect was found in the inclusion equilibria of modified β-CDs. As the external pressure increases, the inclusion equilibrium constants for the phenols/TM-βCD system increased remarkably, while the effect of pressure for the phenols/DM-βCD system was small. The reaction volumes for the CD inclusion complexation with 4-substituted phenols were estimated from the pressure dependence of the inclusion equilibria: ΔV = −14.9∼−33.4 cm3 mol−1 for the phenols/TM-βCD system and −2.7∼8.6 cm3 mol−1 for the phenols/DM-βCD system. Analysis of the effect of pressure on the inclusion complexation with DM- and TM-βCDs revealed that there is a pressure-dependent competing complexation between included phenols and water molecules, and the number of water molecules included in the DM- and TM-βCD cavities in water was estimated.
Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (
WUE
) and Productivity (
WP
)
Authors: Steduto Pasquale 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Among the different sectors of society, agriculture represents the major water consumer. Rain‐fed and irrigated agriculture uses water at various degrees of
efficiency
, resulting in different levels of
productivity
.

The general term
efficiency (e)
indicates the ratio of
output
to
input
of variables (Eq. 1) associated with
transformation
(e.g., of energy) or
transport
(e.g., of mass and energy)
processes
:

urn:x-wiley:9780471478447:media:aw29:xm1

The
efficiency
term (
e
) has two peculiarities: (1) the units are nondimensional and (2) the values are always between the theoretical limits of 0 and 1. In water use, the efficiency (
e

w

) has water amounts (e.g., volumes, quantities, or depth) in both
input
and
output
variables.

The general term
productivity
(
p
) still indicates a ratio of output to
input
of variables, as in Equation 1, but these
output
and
input
variables are not associated with
transport processes
and might be associated, but not necessarily, with a
transformation process
. The consequent peculiarities of the
productivity
term (
p
) do not match those of the
efficiency
term (
e
), that is, the units are dimensional, and the theoretical limits of 0 and 1 are lost. In water use, the productivity term (
p

w

) has water amounts (e.g., volumes, quantities, or depth) only in the
input
. The
output
, instead, generally takes the form of quantities produced: physical (e.g., dry matter or final yield of crops, or meat or dairy products from animal husbandry, etc.), economic (e.g., gross income, net revenue, etc.), or any other form.

The efficiency term
e

w

has to do more with the way water is used by the system, whereas
p

w

has to do more with the outcome from the system per unit of water it consumes. Nevertheless, it turns out that a change in
e

w

is reflected in a change in
p

w

, implying that there is a link between
e

w

and
p

w

, though the reverse is not the case. Moreover, though
p

w

cannot be strictly defined by Equation 1, it still resembles a sort of efficiency of the system to produce a given
output
for a given
input
. The undefined degree of commonality and distinction between
e

w

and
p

w

has led to some confusion in investigating agricultural water use.
Soil Phosphorus Availability and Its Impact on Surface Water Quality
Authors: Sarkar Dibyendu 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is ubiquitous in soils and is an essential element for plant and animal growth. Without enough soil P, crop yields will be low. However, excess soil P may become a part of surface runoff and can accelerate eutrophication of receiving fresh waters. Eutrophication has been identified as the main problem in U.S. surface waters that has impaired water quality. Although P and nitrogen (N) both influence eutrophication, P is generally the limiting nutrient in freshwater bodies. The degree of P input in surface waters depends on the soil availability of P and the degree of transport of dissolved and particulate P, especially in agricultural lands that have been fertilized for a long period of time. The availability of P in soils is controlled by various factors, such as soil pH, clay content, soil organic matter, amorphous Fe/Al oxide and carbonate content, soil moisture content, and degree of soil compaction. The amount of available P is generally estimated by a variety of soil‐test methods, including both chemical extractants and nondestructive techniques simulating plant root action. Phosphorus transport from the source to surface waters is controlled by the rate of erosion and surface runoff. Hence, reducing P loss in agricultural runoff may be brought about by implementing proper source and transport control strategies. Popular source control techniques include soil P management, estimating thresholds for environmental risk assessment, manure management, and refining feed rations, common transport management techniques include conservation practices such as reduced tillage, cover crops, and buffer strips in critical areas of P export from a watershed.
Sprinkler Irrigation
Authors: Asghar Muhammad Nadeem 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In recent decades, various sprinkler irrigation methods and installations have been developed to meet the needs of farmers, particularly smallholders. Hand‐move sprinkler irrigation is the most widely adopted and least expensive system operated with pressure ranges from 2.0–3.5 bars. The sprinklers are mounted on lateral pipelines temporarily laid across a field. To reduce labor requirements, this system was modified to hose‐move sprinkler irrigation. In this modified system, lateral pipelines are placed permanently, and the sprinklers, mounted on tripod stands, are not fitted directly to the lateral pipelines but are connected to them via flexible hoses. The hoses and sprinklers can be moved laterally on either side to cover a number of lateral positions (2).
Assessment of Pollution Outflow from Large Agricultural Areas
Authors: Jha Ramakar , Bhatia K.K.S. , OJHA C.S.P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

The pollution from large agricultural areas in general is discussed. The potential of remote sensing and geographical information system as input for NPS pollution assessment is emphasized. Mathematical models commonly used for assessing of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution are also described. Assessment of nutrient pollution from three agricultural watersheds of a typical Indian river basin ranging from 2–5 km
2
is considered as an illustrative example.
Rock Fracture
Authors: Priyadarshi Nitish 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
From their origin, rocks are more or less disturbed by forces acting within the lithosphere. When a mass of rock is not strong enough to resist forces that are tending either to compress it or to stretch it, the rock is deformed. The change of form is brought about by flow in the deeper parts of the lithosphere and fractures in the upper parts. Fractures in rocks are either joints or faults.
The term joint is most commonly used in reference to relatively continuous and through‐going fractures that are reasonably planar and along which there has been imperceptible movement. Joints may form as a result of either diastrophism or contraction.
A fault may be defined as a fracture along which there has been slipping of contiguous masses against one another. Points formerly in contact have been dislocated or displaced along the fracture. Solid rocks or unconsolidated sands, gravel, etc. may be dislocated in this way. Faulting may result from compression, tension, or torsion. Some faults in loose or weakly consolidated clays, sands, and gravels are produced by the removal of a support.
Safe Yield of an Aquifer
Authors: Wilson Eric S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSafe yield is a controversial term and concept that may be defined for common usage as the amount of water an aquifer system can yield over a long period without producing unacceptable effects. Unacceptable effects may include an excessive decline in groundwater level, sometimes described as groundwater mining; reduction or elimination of riparian vegetation; reduction or elimination of water in streams, lakes, springs, and wetlands; aquifer compaction and land subsidence; reduction in groundwater underflow to downgradient aquifer systems; a change in groundwater temperature; an undesirable change in the chemical quality of groundwater; and salt water intrusion into aquifer systems adjacent to oceans or saline lakes.The definition of safe yield has evolved for nearly a century; initially, it was defined by Lee (1) as “… the limit and quantity of water which can be withdrawn regularly and permanently without dangerous depletion of the storage reserve.” The definition was modified and expanded by Meinzer (2), Conkling (3), and Todd (4). Due to ambiguity and lack of agreement on the definition, many authors have suggested abandoning the term (5–7) for an alternate term such as “sustainable yield.”
Saline Seep
Authors: Moore John E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Jackson defines saline seep as an intermittent or continuous saline water discharge at or near the soil surface under dryland conditions that reduces or eliminates crop growth. Human induced salinization of land and water resources due to water table rise is as old as the history of human settlement and irrigation. Early settlements in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates flourished about 4000
B.C.
: however, the irrigated farming of wheat resulted in salt accumulation, and in time the area was abandoned. Historic evidence from Russia, China, India, Pakistan, South American, United States, Canada, and Australia show that saline seeps are a worldwide problem. The number of saline seeps will probably increase in the future because an increase in world population will be accompanied by increases in irrigation.
Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination
Authors: Trojan Michael D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFor this discussion, groundwater sensitivity is defined asthe likelihood for contaminants to reach a specified position in the groundwater system after introduction at some location above the specified position. Sensitivity is a widely applied concept that has several uses. Sensitivity analyses often lead to the development of maps showing the relative sensitivity of groundwater across a geographic area. These maps are used as a screening tool for land‐use decisions and have increasingly been used in source water protection. Sensitivity analyses are also used in program development, such as identifying areas where groundwater monitoring will occur. The concept of groundwater sensitivity also has educational value because hydrogeologic concepts are easily expressed and the audience can visualize relationships between land use and aquifer protection.
Soil and Water Contamination by Heavy Metals
Authors: Brye Kristofor R. , Steele Kenneth F. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Soil and water contamination by heavy metals has a major adverse environmental impact. Concern has long existed over the threat of contamination of soil and water resources by heavy metals but has heightened in recent years as more knowledge has been gained about the negative and potentially serious affects that chronic exposure to heavy metals may have on the health of humans and other living organisms. Long‐term exposure to lead affects human cognition; cadmium affects kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract functioning; and arsenic affects the skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. This article will address terminology, sources, mobility, risk assessment, and management and remediation alternatives for heavy metals in the environment that may contaminate soil and water resources.
Water Level Drawdown
Authors: Steele Mark D. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Contrary to the popular image of caverns and underground rivers, ground water is the water that fills or saturates the soil in a specific location.
Water level drawdown
describes the effect on the actual or potential water surface of removing water from a well, trench, or sump. The water table is the interface between this saturated water/soil zone (or aquifer) and an unsaturated water/soil zone. The concept of an aquifer can be easily seen by filling a jar with rocks. Water can then be poured into the jar to fill up the empty spaces between the rocks. The level of the water in the jar is analogous to the subsurface water table, and the volume saturated with water is the aquifer. If one then placed a straw in the middle of the jar and began to pull out water, the water table would become depressed in a cone shape around the straw similar to the depression in the water level of a sink as the water goes down the drain. This depression in the water table is known as the cone of depression. The vertical difference, at any given point, between the original (or static) water level and the water surface formed by the cone of depression is called the
drawdown
.