bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mosaic tetrasomy 14pter‐q13 due to a supernumerary isodicentric derivate of proximal chromosome 14q
Authors: Eggermann Thomas , Gamerdinger Ulrike , Bosse Kristin , Heidrich‐Kaul Christiane , Raff Ruth , Meyer Esther , Heil Ingeborg , Schüler Herdit , Korsch Eckhard , Schwanitz Gesa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTetrasomy of proximal 14q is an extremely rare condition and has never been reported to be associated with survival. We here report on the first case of mosaic tetrasomy of 14pter‐q13 due to a de‐novo supernumerary pseudoisodicentric chromosome in a 2‐year‐old boy with multiple dysmorphisms and malformations. The marker was detectable in nearly 25% of lymphocytes as well as in cells from buccal mucosa. Detailed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses allowed the characterization of the marker to entirely consist of proximal 14q material and to be symmetric. The pattern of clinical features in our patient only slightly correspond to that of patients with trisomy of proximal 14q, but further cases are needed to define whether tetrasomy of proximal 14q is a separate entity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carpal and tarsal synostoses and transverse reduction defects of the toes in two brothers heterozygous for a double de novo NOGGIN mutation
Authors: Debeer Philippe , Huysmans Christel , Van de Ven Wim J.M. , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , Devriendt Koen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe describe two siblings with carpal and tarsal synostoses associated with transverse deficiencies of the toes. Mutation analysis of the NOG gene revealed a double missense mutation in both boys resulting in Pro42Ala and Pro50Arg. The parents were clinically unaffected, and these two mutations were not detected in their white blood cells or buccal mucosa. This indicates the presence of gonadal mosaicism or a low level of somatic mosaicism in one of the parents. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hetero‐Aggregate Compounds of Aryl and Alkyl Lithium Reagents: A Structurally Intriguing Aspect of Organolithium Chemistry
Authors: Gossage Robert A. , Jastrzebski Johann T. B. H. , van Koten Gerard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOrganolithium compounds are often depicted as mononuclear species. However, such compounds are in fact aggregated species and can form hetero‐aggregates containing different organic groups, including heteroatom groups. In reactions involving organolithium reagents, the “pure” homo‐aggregate organolithium compound can change into a hetero‐aggregate, which has a different structure and reactivity to the homo‐aggregate. This fact is often overlooked. When there are chiral centers in the organolithium reagent or the substrate, diastereoselective self‐assembly (the preferential formation of a particular diastereoisomeric aggregate) plays a role. The importance of these contributions in understanding the structure and reactivity patterns of organolithium reagents is the focus of this Minireview.
Synthesis and properties of ultraviolet/moisture dual‐curable polysiloxane acrylates
Authors: Qi Yusong , Meng Xing , Yang Jianwen , Zeng Zhaohua , Chen Yonglie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUltraviolet (UV)/moisture dual‐curable polysiloxane acrylates (PSAs) were prepared from N,N‐bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (G402) and ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (EB160) through Michael addition. The obtained prepolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR and FTIR. The rheological behavior of the prepolymers exhibited the properties of a Bingham fluid and the apparent viscosity was directly correlated with molecular weight. The photocuring kinetics of PSA were studied using photo‐DSC and all the polymerization conversions were high. With increasing content of tertiary amine in the prepolymer, the photocuring rate in air increased as well. The moisture‐curing kinetics of the prepolymers was studied using FTIR. It was found that the curing mechanism may be described as the transforming of SiOC into SiOSi structure, which was consistent with the theoretical expectation. DSC and TGA were used to characterize the glass‐transition temperatures and the thermomechanical stability of the prepolymers. Measurements of physical properties showed excellent gloss, impact strength, and high electric resistance for both UV‐ and moisture‐cured films, but poor adhesion for UV‐cured films and lower hardness for moisture‐cured films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 846–853, 2005
Molecular transport of n‐alkanes through diol chain‐extended polyurethane membranes
Authors: Swamy B. K. Kendaganna , Siddaramaiah  , Naidu B. Vijaya Kumar , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Aminabahvi T. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMolecular transport of n‐alkanes was investigated by calculating sorption, diffusion, and permeation of liquids through the diol chain‐extended polyurethane (PU) membranes in the temperature interval 25–60°C. Sorption experiments were performed gravimetrically. Diffusion coefficients were calculated from Fick's equation. These results showed a dependency on the nature and size of interacting n‐alkane molecules as well as morphology of the chain‐extended PUs. Transport kinetics followed an anomalous trend. Using the temperature‐dependent transport parameters, activation energies were calculated for diffusion and permeation processes using an Arrhenius equation. The van't Hoff relationship was used to obtain enthalpy and entropy of sorption. Concentration profiles of liquids through PU membranes were computed using Fick's equation, solved under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. A correlation was attempted between transport properties of liquids and physicomechanical properties of PU membranes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 874–882, 2005
Cell detection at far ranges: supporting Tb—Z relationships
Authors: Calheiros R.V. , Machado R. , Lima M.A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Bauru radar detects inner cores of deep convective storm cells at long range, but relevant cell areas are left undetected. A procedure is in development to generate a more complete three‐dimensional representation of the cell structure for cost‐beneficial hydrological use at larger distances. A set of satellite microwave brightness temperature (Tb)—radar reflectivity (Z) relationships, basic to the retrieval procedure, has been derived. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
What the papers say: Metabolic compartmentation and ‘soluble’ metabolic pathways
Authors: Clegg James 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStudies on individual enzymes in dilute solutions have largely provided the basis for many of the current views on metabolism and its control in intact cells. An increasing body of evidence from studies made on intact cells suggests that this approach may require re‐evaluation. One recent example of this evidence is briefly reviewed and related to other work that bears on the matter.
Molecular biology of herbicides
Authors: Hardy R. W. F. , Giaquinta R. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOne of the most dynamic areas of plant molecular biology is the investigation of the actions of three classes of herbicides: s‐triazines (atrazine, simazine), glyphosate, and sulfonylureas (chlorsulfuron, sulfometuron methyl) (Figure 1). The results of this work are expected to provide the first significant applications of plant biotechnology: directly, in the genetic engineering of crop plants resistant to specific herbicides and, indirectly, in providing a molecular basis for the rational design of new herbicides for specific biological targets.s‐Triazines affect photosynthesis by inhibiting the binding of quinones to the chloroplast membrane QB protein. An s‐triazine resistant QB protein isolated from weeds in fields consistently treated with the herbicide has a serine in place of a glycine in this highly conserved protein. Glyphosate inhibits 5‐enolpyruvyl‐shikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase), an enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Mutagenized bacteria produce a resistant EPSP synthase with a substitution of serine for proline. Sulfonylureas inhibit the acetolactate synthase (ALS) of bacteria, yeast, and higher plants; this enzyme catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of branched chain amino acids. Resistant ALS has been found in bacteria, yeast and tobacco with a proline substituted by serine in yeast ALS. These findings provide a strong basis for developing projected plant biotechnology applications.
Genetic manipulation and analysis of higher plant plasmagenes using somatic cell fusion
Authors: Gleba Yuri Yu. , Meshkiene Irute 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe majority of higher plants (including almost all important crops) demonstrate strict uniparental maternal inheritance of plasmagenes in the process of conventional sexual crossing; it is therefore impossible to generate heterozygosity for these genes with standard crossing procedures. However, recent experiments have shown that hybrid plants can be produced by somatic cell fusion and that these contain the cytoplasmic genes of both parents. The phenotypic and genetic properties of these hybrid plants are described here.
The heat shock genes: A family of highly conserved genes with a superbly complex expression pattern
Authors: Voellmy Richard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe heat shock genes (hsp genes) are a family of truly ubiquitous genes which have been highly conserved throughout evolution. The protein products of these genes, the heat shock proteins (hsps) are thought to play a protective role in cells (although this may not be their only function). The genes and their products have been the subjects of intense research both at the cellular and molecular levels over the past few years. This review deals with the conservation of the heat shock response and with the expression of the hsp genes under different conditions: they are usually activated as a group by different forms of stress, but can be expressed individually or in subsets at different stages during normal development and the expression of one of them is evoked by the products of different transforming genes. Experimental approaches which have provided information or which have led to hypotheses regarding the molecular details of the mechanisms regulating the expression of the genes are discussed.
What the papers say: Differential roles of paternal and maternal genomes during embryogenesis in the mouse
Authors: Surani M. Azim H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough female and male gametes are presumably equivalent in their genetic contribution to embryos, they carry specific information, perhaps reversibly imprinted into the genomes during oogenesis and spermatogenesis, as to their maternal or paternal origin. This information is crucial for embryogenesis and, in the absence of at least one haploid set of chromosomes from each parent, embryos do not develop to term. The paternal genome is probably required for proliferation of extraembryonic tissues and the maternal genome for some stages of embryogeneis. Furthermore, the effects of certain mutations are determined by the paternal or maternal origin of the inheritance.
Metamorphosis of a protein
Authors: Ryan Robert O. , Law John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAll insects appear to have a transport lipoprotein in the hemolymph (blood) that is responsible for moving hydrophobic materials through aqueous compartments. This has been called lipophorin because it is believed to be a reversible transport shuttle. Since most insects undergo some degree of metamorphosis from larval stages to the adult, the need to transport hydrophobic materials or the nature of these materials may change in the course of the life span. This is especially marked in the case of the holometabolous insects – those which undergo drastic change of form, e.g. caterpillar‐pupa‐adult moth. We have found that lipophorin undergoes a molecular metamorphosis paralleling that of the insect.
New insights into the origin of biological chirality
Authors: Blumenthal Steven J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLife is characterized by a selectivity for asymmetric molecules. A great deal of theoretical and experimental work has yet to explain why living organisms utilize only L‐amino acids in proteins and D‐sugars in RNA and DNA. Also unknown is how a form of life based on asymmetric molecules evolved from an environment containing a racemic mixture of prebiotic molecules. By what mechanism did this selectivity for asymmetric molecules take place?
Radioimmunoassay and molecular phylogeny
Authors: Lowenstein Jerold M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTraditionally, phylogenetic relations among living and extinct species have been estimated from their morphology, particularly that of the bones and teeth. During the past two decades, molecular comparisons of DNA, RNA and proteins have increasingly influenced the taxonomy of living forms. Recently, radio‐immunoassay (RIA) has been applied to the resolution of phylogenetic disputes by testing the relationships of residual fossil proteins with those of living organisms.
Roots: Molecular basis of gene expression: Origins from the Pajama experiment
Authors: Pardee Arthur B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Pajama (Pardee, Jacob, Monod) experiment provided a breakthrough in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which gene expression is regulated. Today, twenty‐five years later it provides a paradigm for thinking about problems of gene expression, such as growth regulation and differentiation. From this experiment emerged entities such as repressors, regulatory genes, the operon as a group of jointly controlled genes, and messenger RNA.
Education: Transdisciplinary science and the graduate curriculum
Authors: Lawson Robert B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the accompanying article contributed by Robert B. Lawson, proposals are made for revising the curriculum for doctoral students in biology in order to enhance a transdisciplinary awareness of biological science. The article is written mainly in the context of Dr Lawson's role as a scientist and educator in the United States. BioEssays will welcome articles along similar lines from educators in other countries. These should be sent to the Staff Editor, Dr Adam S. Wilkins.
Molecular biology and biophysics of ion channels
Authors: Keynes Richard D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe transmission of electrical impulses in nerve and muscle cells depends fundamentally on the operation of specific ion channels in their membranes. Recent technical advances in electrical recording from cell membranes have permitted the analysis of the properties of single ion channels and the measurement of gating currents. The results have revealed considerable complexities, in particular in the operation of voltage‐gated sodium channels, and in the relationships between the several open and closed states of the channels. An important new development is the cloning and analysis of the structural genes for the acetylcholine receptor and sodium channel protein, which promises to yield fresh insights into the functioning of these proteins.
Molecular biology of blood coagulation disorders
Authors: Peake Ian R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCurrent research into the molecular biology of blood‐clotting factors suggests that the basis of inherited bleeding disorders may soon be understood. In addition, the expression of cloned genes for the factors in mammalian cell lines provides the hope of pure factors being available for replacement therapy, uncontaminated with the causative agents for Hepatitis and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), identified in the blood products at present available. The recent findings on the molecular biology of several of the key blood clotting genes are described here.
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Authors: Denhardt David T. , Faust Emanuel A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeveral factors are contributing to an increased air of excitement about the eukaryotic DNA replication problem: new insights into the nature of origins of replication, a better appreciation of the factors that control initiation, and studies of a DNA polymerase α‐primase enzyme complex. In this review, recent research on the initiation, elongation and termination phases of DNA replication is critically examined and a coherent picture is formulated. In the not‐far‐distant future we expect to reproduce these processes in biochemically defined systems.
Splicing of messenger RNA precursors
Authors: Patwardhan Satish , Kaltwasser Gustavo , Dimaria Peter R. , Goldenberg Carlos J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe splicing of pre‐mRNAs in vitro is accomplished by formation of RNA intermediates in a lariat form. Lariat RNAs have been recently identified in vivo supporting the validity of the proposed pathway for processing pre‐mRNAs in vitro.We have recently reported20 a partial purification scheme for a pre‐mRNA splicing activity. Purification of the individual components and eventually reconstitution of the reaction with purified activities will firmly establish the pathways for pre‐mRNA splicing and help to elucidate the detailed biochemical mechanism of the several reactions involved in mRNA splicing.
What the papers say: Early steps in T lymphocyte development within the thymus
Authors: Shortman Kenneth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe differentiation of T lymphocytes, the cells that are responsible for cell‐mediated immunity, takes place within the thymus, but details of the developmental pathway have long been obscure. Although distinct subpopulations of thymocytes had been characterized, they acted like separate developmental streams rather than sequential differentiation stages. Recently, a minor subgroup of thymocytes representing an earlier blast population has been identified, offering the hope that the key developmental events will be discerned by focus on this new population of precursor cells.
Two mechanisms for escape from immune surveillance by neurotropic retroviruses
Authors: Clements Janice E. , Narayan Opendra 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe mechanism(s) by which lentiviruses and related non‐oncogenic retroviruses (e.g. HTLV‐III, the etiologic agent of AIDS) escape immune surveillance, and thereby create long term progressive disease conditions, has been unknown until recently. Studies with two lentiviruses have begun to illuminate the mechanisms. In one, antigenic drift in the virus appears to be the primary mechanism of escape from immune surveillance; in the second, selective masking of the viral envelope glycoprotein epitope, which normally elicits neutralizing anti‐body, appears to provide the means of escape.
Fertilization and the cytoskeleton in the mouse
Authors: Maro Bernard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe behaviour and roles of the microtubule network and the microfilaments following fertilization in the mouse oocyte are described. The microtubule network is organized by multiple microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) and these play a major role in establishing spindle structure and pronuclear movement following fertilization; in contrast to sea urchin and frog eggs, the sperm centriole plays little part in organization of the post‐fertilization spindle. The microfilaments are required for spindle rotation, polar body formation, certain changes in the egg cortex, and also for pronuclear movement. Influences of the chromosomes on microtubule and microfilament organisation are also discussed.
Gene amplification in multidrug‐resistant cells: Molecular and karyotypic events
Authors: Gudkov Andrey , Kopnin Boris 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMultidrug resistance (MDR) is developed in a population of somatic mammalian cells in vivo or in vitro when they are selected for resistance to each of a large group of drugs (colchicine, adriamycin, actinomycin D, etc.). It is produced by the amplification of some unknown gene(s) whose product(s) evidently change(s) the plasma membrane permeability of a cell to a selective agent and to other unrelated compounds. A large specific genomic region (150–250 kbp) undergoes amplification in MDR cells selected for the resistance to different drugs. Amplified DNA is located in homogeneously staining regions of chromosomes, double minute chromosomes and small chromatin bodies – episome‐like structures that replicate out of the S‐phase of a cell cycle. The selection of MDR cell variants is accompanied by regular karyotypic evolution specific for this type of drug resistance.
The molecular genetics of collagen
Authors: Sykes Bryan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn their Bioessays review ‘Current views of collagen degradation’, Gillian Murphy and John Reynolds gave an outline of the molecular structure of the members of the collagen family and described their traditional role in providing stable tissue frameworks.1 This short review considers the relationship between the different members of that family and what gene structure reveals about their evolution. Mutation of the collagen structural genes has been discovered in patients suffering from brittle‐bone syndrome and other inherited connective tissue disorders, and here I attempt to rationalize these results into an overall concept of collagen gene mutation and evolution.
Histones in perspective
Authors: von Holt Claus 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHistones occur in equal amounts to DNA in the cell nucleus and are largely responsible for the compaction of the genome into chromatin via the formation of nucleosomes and higher‐order structures. Whereas two of the five histone types exhibit little structural variation, the remaining three occur in many variant tissue‐ or species‐specific forms. Multiple postsynthetic enzymatic modifications accompanying virtually any type of genome activity, together with the programmed appearance of many histone variants during sea urchin embryogenesis (and other differentiation events in a number of organisms) make histones a challenging enigma in eukaryotic molecular biology.
What the papers say: Short odds for malaria vaccines
Authors: Mitchell G. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe immunology of falciparum malaria, the lethal type of human malaria, has been transformed by two developments. First, a culture system for the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum.1 Secondly, the cloning and expression of genes coding for a large number of the protein antigens of this malaria parasite over the past two years. Data on proteins, protein antigens and epitopes of P. falciparum supplied by gene cloning techniques have been supplemented by monoclonal antibody approaches, peptide synthesis, and high‐resolution immunochemistry.
Plant transposable elements
Authors: Döring Hans‐Peter 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBiochemical and genetical analysis of plant transposons has shown that these elements can induce unstable mutations and also that the transposon structure can be altered in different ways. Upon insertion, a transposon can give rise to a variety of chromosomal changes in the vicinity of the insertion site. The alterations range from the nucleotide level to large‐scale rearrangements.
Roots: Chloroplast genetics
Authors: Sager Ruth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe existence and properties of the chloroplast genome were established by a combination of genetic methods which identified chloroplast mutations and placed them into a linear sequence or map; and by chemical methods, CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation and base analysis, which identified non‐nuclear DNA extracted from isolated chloroplasts. These studies, carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, primarily with Chlamydomonas, as well as parallel studies of mitochondrial DNA with yeast and Neurospora, laid the framework for distinguishing organelle and nuclear genomes. On this basis, the coding and regulatory functions of three genomes – nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial – are being addressed in modern plant molecular biology.