bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barbarians and Bishops
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barbarians and Bishops is concerned with two fundamental themes of Late Antiquity: the barbarization of the Roman army, and the interrelation of Church and secular government. The conspicuous role played by barbarian, particularly German, soldiers in the Late Roman state has always been recognized. It still has not been satisfactorily explained. This is not surprising since the development which compelled the Empire to call on foreigners for its defence is a complex one, related to changes in basic structures and attitudes of Roman society. One of these was the triumph of Christianity which required the abandonment of a civic religion closely integrated with secular government. Conflict between representatives of the pagan Empire and major religious leaders was impossible, even unthinkable, but it was only too easy in the Christian Empire within which the Church had an elaborate empire-wide organization which received some support from the Empire but was quite independent of it. Professor Liebeschuetz illuminates the demilitarization and Christianization through the discussion of narrower themes: Part I deals with Alaric's Goths in the West, who are treated as a federate regiment rather than a migrating tribe; Part II describes how the civilian authorities at Constantinople maintained control over the largely German army in a conflict which culminated in the Gainas rising; and Part III discusses how the same authorities came into conflict with John Chrysostom, the bishop of Constantinople, and had him deposed. Two appendices supplement the text, one dealing with the identity of Typhos in Synesius' De Providentia, and the second with the Column of Arcadius, which is illustrated with 7 black and white plates.
Cities of Reason
Authors: Murray Oswyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertrand Russell describes a puzzling feature of the mentality of apes. Their ability to think rationally was in his day investigated through a series of experiments in which the monkey was put inside a cage and presented with a banana just out of reach; in order to obtain the banana he had to perform some simple logical task, like fitting two sticks together, pulling a string, or pressing a catch. The reward triggered off a learning response which enabled the experimenter to build up more and more complicated variants of the primitive task, with the monkey learning as it went along.
Survey Archaeology and the Rural Landscape of the Greek City
Authors: Snodgrass Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘For all scholars’ good intentions the study of the ancient city has remained the study of the town.’ This chapter is addressed to those (surely the great majority) who think that thisstatement is true, and especially to those-still I think amajority-who think that it ought not to be true. Most studies of the polis at least pay lip service to the axiom that it formed an indissoluble union between town and countryside but, when and if they move from the abstract level to the physical, they find that they have embarrassingly little to say about the second element in this partnership. I shall not linger here on the reasons for this state of affairs: we can, if we wish, comfort ourselves by laying a good part of the responsibility on the ancient Greeks, first for using such an infuriatingly ambivalent term as polis, and secondly because their surviving authors do in fact show an almost exclusive preoccupation with the urban component of the physical make-up of the polis, at the expense of the rural.
Private Space and the Greek City
Authors: Jameson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How space is conceived of and how it is used are arte facts of particular cultures, in much the same way as are relations between the sexes or systems of ritual or of social stratification. Examination of space in this sense can tell us much about the culture as a whole, not least about those aspects which are taken so much for granted that they are rarely expressed verbally. The present essay examines private space, in the form of house and land (oikia kai chorion, in the common Greek phrase) as opposed to public space, such as the religious sanctuaries and the secular meeting-places, markets and fortifications of the city-state. In social terms, the distinction between town and country, residence and cultivated land, may be less significant than that between private and public.
The Demos and its Divisions in Classical Athens
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We are all democrats now’. Or are we? One might pose it as a test of liberal political views whether or not a person favours direct democracy. Direct participatory democracy unquestionably presents popular power in its least compromised form, and the old disclaimer that direct democracy may be desirable but simply not possible in a modern nation state is no longer applicable. There is now no technical barrier to achieving any degree of political participation that might be deemed appropriate: all citizens could be provided with the means of observing and participating in political debates and of voting at the end of them without having to leave their armchairs.
Adult—Child Relationships in Roman Society
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the aspects of family and household discussed in this volume affect adult-child relationships, directly or indirectly. Because of the nature of available evidence, the focus is often on adults. There is virtually no material generated by children themselves in the Roman world, e.g. no diaries, paintings, or poems; so it is difficult to reconstruct children’s perceptions, to write of the family and society from the child’s point of view. Nevertheless, there is evidence to suggest that adult-child relationships could often be close and sensitive, so that we might reconstruct attitudes to and treatment of children. There does seem to have been a concept of childhood, a recognition of it as a distinctive phase of human development: there is recognition of children’s needs and distinctiveness in the Roman concern for education (at least for the upper classes), children are memorialized in art and on tombstones (Plates 3, 4a, and 4b), they are represented sympathetically in Latin literature, their needs figure prominently in medical literature, Roman law reflects a con¬cern with many aspects of their welfare, and the range of jobs held by children suggests a certain economic value attributable to them.
Narratology and Narrative Techniques in Thucydides*
Authors: Hornblower Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his classic book The Rhetoric of Fiction, Wayne Booth speaks of ‘the rhetoric that makes me believe in Thucydides’ History as a report of actual events’. The remark is an aside, specifically a disclaimer: Booth is actually saying that he has not discussed, and does not propose to discuss, the rhetoric which is found in narrative history. But he implies that such an analysis is possible. By contrast, Gerard Génette, in his Narrative Discourse, scarcely glanced at historiography at all. Genette returns in his more recent Fiction et diction to the difference between fictional and factual writing and concludes that fictional writing is parasitic on factual; and that narratology should be willing to cross the boundary between fiction and fact.
To the Persian Conquest
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far Back in Time When The Earliest Forms of writing began, cities already sprawled along the banks of the two great rivers in lower Mesopotamia. Writing seems to have developed there out of an accounting system. Our first geometric is limited to geometric tokens of solid clay, sometimes enclosed in clay envelopes. A stone cylinder, carved with a design, was rolled over the outside surface to seal it. Sometimes the clay envelopes were also impressed with tokens of the same shape and number as those enclosed within. In this way seals and writing were inextricably linked in a union that persists to this day. Some early signs that were impressed upon clay tablets resemble the tokens.
Mesopotamian Contact And Influence In The Greek World
Authors: Dalley Stephanie , Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardly Two Or Three Days Had Passed Before I went up to Homer the poet, when we were both at leisure, and questioned him about everything. ‘.Above all,’ said I, ‘where do you come from? The point is being investigated even yet at home.’ ‘I am not unaware’, said he, ‘that some think me a Chian, some a Smyrnaean, and many a Kolophonian. As a matter of fact, I am a Babylonian, and among my fellow countrymen, my name was not Homer, but Tigranes. Later on, when I was a hostage (homeros) among the Greeks, I changed my name.’’
Legacies In Astronomy And Celestial Omens
Authors: Pingree David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Celestial Phenomena That Were Regarded as ominous in Mesopotamian culture fall into three broad categories: meteorological (for example thunder, lightning, rainbows, and cloud formations), optical (for example halos, coronas, parhelia, flashes, and variations in the colour and brilliance of stellar light), and, for the want of a better term, astronomical (for example eclipses; first and last visibilities of the Moon, the planets, and certain constellations; retrogressions of the planets; and conjunctions of the planets and the Moon with each other and with the fixed stars).
The Legacy Of Babylon And Nineveh In Aramaic Sources
Authors: Salvesen Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most People, If They Know Anything about Aramaic, will rightly associate it with the language of Jesus. Those familiar with the Old Testament may recall that it was used much earlier by the Jews following their exile to Babylon (after 586 BC) and that parts of the Books of Daniel and Ezra are written in Aramaic, not Hebrew. Aramaic and its descendant Syriac still have an important function today in respectively the Jewish and Eastern Christian liturgies.
Demeter in the Ancient Greek City and its Countryside
Authors: Cole Susan Guettel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek conceptions of space and time were shaped by ideas that identified the world of nature with the world of the gods. The gods were thought to control the forces of nature and were believed to have their own place in the natural world. The countryside was thought to have been the home of the gods long before the birth of the first humans, and local political charter myths always placed human struggle for survival or human competition for political dominance in the context of the divine world. With the development of the walled city (asty) marked off as separate from its countryside (chora), the divine pantheon was standardized, and the functions of the gods were adapted to the new communal organization of the city-state. The gods of the countryside, however, never lost their vitality, and the history of the religious life of the Greek city is very much a history of rituals that helped the polis to maintain a balance between its nucleated centre and its rural periphery.
Da Capo Structure in Some Odes of Horace
Authors: Tarrant R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The craftsmanship of Horace’s lyric poetry is universally admired., but the specifically structural element of these poems has so far received less attention than their verbal and metrical features. This may be in part because, as Robin Nisbet has observed, ’those brought up in a non-classical tradition tend to undervalue structural coherence’,1 partly as well because Horace’s manipulation of structural patterns can be so unobtrusive as to escape notice. For much of the last century it was indeed not uncommon among critics of Horace writing in English to doubt his interest in structural coherence; not much more than a generation ago Steele Commager still felt it necessary to defend the study of architectural patterns in the Odes against a scepticism illustrated by the following dictum of R. Y. Tyrrell: ’no reader of the odes, however careless, can have failed to notice the extraordinary difficulty of discovering in them anything like a connected train of thought’.
Horace’s Epodes: The Impotence of lambos?
Authors: Watson L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several recent pepers1 have explored what they sec as the ‘impotence’ of Hornce’ persona in the Epodes. This ‘impotence’, it is argued, is both physiological and psychological. Three poems in particular are invoked in support of this rcading—Epodes 8 and 1 2, where Horace experiences literal enervaUo in the face of the vetula’s sexual demands, and Epode T 5, which is a llnely drawn study of the ineffectual bluster of an abandoned lover. In these papers especial importance is accorded to line 12 of Epode I 5, man si quid in Flacco viri est, ‘as sure as there is any manliness in “Floppy”‘, where the pun on Flaccus comically undercuts Horace’s assertion of manly resolve. This verse encapsulates, it might be said, that blend of weakness and assertiveness which is characteristic of the book of Hpodes as a whole.
Horace’s Moyen de Parvenir
Authors: Mayer R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horac’E chose to cast a bright light upon facets of his own career and social position in all of his poetry. Ile docs not talk about himself out of egotism, though he is undeniably proud of his social, as distinct from his poetic, achievement. As he says crisply at Odes 2. 18. Io-II, ‘pauperem ... dives I me petit’. He uses this social success to guarantee his literary achievement later in his life when he boasts that his works are in the hands of the ingenui (Ep. 1. 19. 34). The rise in life that Horace thus glancingly describes is meant to serve as an example. He believed that the poet’s social role is the improvement of his fellow citizens; he ought to advise his readers (Ep. 2. I. 125–31, AP 343-4), and an agreeable way of helping us to better our lot, if we choose to, is to show how the poet himself managed it. So, for instance, in the Satires he recounts how tactful was his introduction to Maecenas, and how circumspect the great man was in bestowing his favour (Sat. r. 6. 49–64). The ninth satire implicitly praises the liberal society that Maecenas had gathered around himself, a society free from petty ambition.1 No doubt the account is heavily edited to produce an ideal, but men live by ideals and poets work to realize them imaginatively for less favoured mortals. The autobiographical element in Horace’s poetry may usually be seen as exemplary, for the reader’s benefit and, at times, amusement.
From Epos to Cosmos: Lucretius, Ovid, and the Poetics of Segmentation
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Again, what after all is the power which explores what is hidden, which is called discovery and research? Do you think it was compounded from this earthy, mortal, and transitory nature, for example, the man who first gave names to things, a feat which Pythagoras thought required outstanding wisdom, or who first gathered together mankind, hitherto dispersed, and called it to a communal way of life, or who brought within the limits of only a few written signs the sounds of speech which seemed infinite, or who marked the courses, advances, and pauses of the wandering stars?
On Impulse
Authors: Winterbottom Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Iuba, Scipio, Labienus in legionarios impetum fecerunt’ (B. Afr. 1). But one might suffer impetus from something less rational than a general: from a wild beast, or a disease. One might be carried along by one’s own impetus when making an attack on another: fert impetus ipsum (Virg. A. 12. 369). The impetus assailing one might come from within oneself, a mental impulse, a burst of passion. When the word came to be used in literary criticism, it brought with it more than a hint of lack of control and even violence.
Learning from History: Categories and Case-Histories
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since I arrived as a research lecturer at Christ Church, David Lewis has been a benign presence and a constantly reliable colleague. generous with time, advice, offprints, books, and computing expertise. It is a daunting reflection that he was appointed Tutor in Greek History here the year before I was born, and has been indefatigable in his pursuit of knowledge about most aspects of the ancient world ever since. I do not expect to tell him anything he does not know; but he will, I am sure, be ready to look again at the greatest historian of democratic Athens, and he will be able to point out at once the passages which may support my argument or which get it into difficulties.
Athenian Religion Abroad
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Religion and the Athenian Empire’ is a theme that can be approached from many different sides. There has been much discussion of the use of cult and myth as instruments of empire, means of establishing bonds between the inhabitants of Attica and their subjects abroad. Less attention has been given to the religious life of the many Athenians who went to live abroad in colonies and cleruchies implanted within the empire. For the political historian the subject is no doubt of little importance. But for the student of religion new settlements have an especial interest, because they represent the point of impact, as it were, between an established religious order, that of the founding state, and quite new circumstances. The Attic settlements, often short-lived, ill-documented, and untypical of Greek colonies as a whole, have scarcely been investigated from this perspective. But they provide, as we shall see, at least one remarkable case-study.
Political Reciprocity in Dark Age Greece: Odysseus and his Hetairoi
Authors: Donlan Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rule of reciprocity, that one gives of one’s own accord, with the expectation that a suitable return will follow, was a powerful regulator of social behaviour at every stage of Greece’s history. The Homeric epics provide our earliest observation of its operation. In I lomer’s ‘world’, reciprocity is a very strong cultural value, manifested in a myriad of ways, both friendly and hostile. In this chapter I explore what may properly be called ‘political reciprocity’ in Homeric society, that is to say, the nature of the relationship between the leaders and the people.
Introduction
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The influence of Aristotle’s economic writing has been incalculably great, yet it amounts to fewer than half a dozen pages of the Nicomachean Ethics and the Politics in the Bekker text. It was the backbone of medieval thinking about commercial behaviour and matters that we would call ‘economic’ .It still provides the foundation for Catholic social teaching, and it was an important influence in Islamic economic thought. It is usually held to be the first analytical contribution to economics, and histories of economic thought usually begin with it. Aristotle’s theory of money substantially informed treatments of the subject into the twentieth century, and most schools of modern economic thought have had claims of Aristotelian paternity made on their behalf, including Jevonian utility theory, mathematical economics, neo-classical economics, and Marxism.
Defining the Imagines?
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A STUDY of the imagines maiorum must ask what they actually were. This question includes both the physical nature of Roman ancestor masks and their role and meaning as social artefacts. In this chapter the outward appearance of the imagines will be addressed first. Their evolving function in Roman culture is a more complex matter which forms the subject of the rest of this study. However, the legal position of the imagines is so intimately linked with their material definition that both aspects are treated together here. My immediate concern is to show how physical character and legal status can combine to provide a definition of the imagines maiorwn in their original context.
Greek Bastardy
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Societies are defined at their margins. In the ancient Greek world bastards were often marginal, their affinities being with the female, the alien, the servile, the poor, and the sick. The study of bastardy in ancient Greece is therefore of an importance that goes far beyond the subject's intrinsic interest, and provides insights into the structure of Greek society as a whole. This is the first full-length book on the subject, and it reviews the major evidence from Athens, Sparta, Gortyn, and Hellenistic Egypt, as well as collating and analysing fragmentary evidence from the other Greek states. Dr Ogden shows how attitudes towards legitimacy differed across the various city states, and analyses their developments across time. He also advances new interpretations of more familiar problems of Athenian bastardy, such as Pericles' citizenship law. The book should interest historians of a wide range of social topics - from law and the economy to the study of women in antiquity and sexuality.
From Aristotle to Atticus: Cicero and Matius on Friendship
Authors: Griffin Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study does not presume to add to the copious bibliography on the intractable problem of Cicero’s debt to Aristotle. Certain basic facts are, however, relevant to our theme: that Cicero agrees with the Peripatetic speaker of De finibus in regarding Aristotle as the princeps philosophorum, if Plato is left out of account;’ that Cicero knew at least the titles of various exoteric Aristotelian works; that he tried to give the impression that he had read some of the esoteric works (Fin. 3. 10); and that he felt confident enough of his knowledge of Peripatetic doctrine to produce a rundown of it in De finibus 5. 9—14.
Plato’s Auctoritas and the Rebirth of the Commentary Tradition
Authors: Sedley* David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In striking this note of caution, Simplicius incidentally allows that a Platonist like himself will, of course, treat Plato as completely infallible. This merely makes explicit a notion of philosophical authority that had been commonplace in Greek philosophy at least since the mid—third century BC, and which had much older roots. Since the founder of your school is ex officio above criticism, you must seek a compromise between adjusting your views to fit what he says (the fundamentalist approach), and adjusting, that is, reinterpreting, what he says to fit your views.1 This requirement is especially well served by that genre, ubiquitous in later antiquity; the philosophical commentary.
The Ancient Mesopotamian City
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urban history starts in ancient Mesopotamia: the earliest known cities developed there as the result of long indigenous processes, and, for millennia, the city determined every aspect of Mesopotamian civilization. Marc Van De Mieroop examines urban life in the historical period, investigating urban topography, the role of cities as centres of culture, their political and social structures, economy, literature, and the arts. He draws on material from the entirety of Mesopotamian history, from c. 3000 to 300 BC, and from both Babylonia and Assyria, arguing that the Mesopotamian city can be regarded as a prototype that inspired the rest of the ancient world and shared characteristics with the European cities of antiquity.