bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE SITE OF ANTIBODY FORMATION IN RABBITS FOLLOWING INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS OR OF STREPTOCOCCUS VACCINE
Authors: deGara Paul F. , Angevine D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. The antibody response of rabbits following intracutaneous injections of pneumococcus or of streptococcus vaccines showed three phases.
(a) Within 5 to 12 days following a single injection of pneumococcus or of streptococcus vaccine, high antibody titres were detected in extracts from the site of the injection into the skin, the spleen, the bone marrow, and the liver. Occasionally, antibodies were also found in the draining lymph nodes. During this first phase, the titre of the circulating antibodies was low or negative. (b) During the next phase, when the interval between antigen injection and antibody titrations was prolonged from 2 to 4 weeks, the titres of the blood and of the organs showed only slight differences. High titres were observed during this period in extracts from the injected parts of the skin. (c) After a still longer interval during a third phase of antibody response, the serum titre decreased more rapidly than the titre of the extracts from spleen, bone marrow, and injected skin.
2. Similar results were obtained in rabbits following repeated intracutaneous injections of the vaccines. In these rabbits, however, antibodies usually were not detected during the first phase in extracts from the site of the injection into the skin. The repeated injections of the antigen had perhaps neutralized locally formed antibodies and interfered with their detection until an excess of antibodies was produced. No antibodies were found in the lymph nodes of the rabbits that had received repeated injections of vaccines.
3. The antibody titre of the kidney, anterior wall of the stomach, and non-injected parts of the skin was negative or very low.
4. The demonstration of antibodies in extracts from the site of the injection of antigen into the skin and their presence in lymph nodes before they are demonstrable in the blood shows that they are formed at the local site of inflammation. At the same time antibodies are formed in organs that fix antigen, namely in spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
STUDIES IN SENSITIZATION TO SKIN
Authors: Hecht Rudolph , Sulzberger Marion B. , Weil Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. Techniques for the preparation of skin antigen suitable for intramuscular injection in rabbits, and of skin antigens (autolysate) for serological experiments are described.
2. A method was evolved which produced a soluble skin antigen (autolysate) suitable for performing precipitin tests.
3. Injection of the rabbit skin antigen and of staphylococcus toxin in rabbits resulted in the formation of antibodies (precipitins) to homologous skin.
4. When homologous skin alone was injected into rabbits, the antibody formation was questionable, or at most, slight.
5. The injection of staphylococcus toxin alone resulted in antibody formation, this antibody being specific for the toxin and not reacting with broth.
6. By utilization of the synergistic action of staphylococcus toxin and of homologous skin antigen, it has been possible for the first time to produce specific antiskin antibodies in experimental animals.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Katz Yale J. , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. Extraction of finely ground fresh hog kidney with distilled water adjusted to pH 7.8 with sodium hydroxide, followed by successive treatment, as described, with trichloroacetic acid and acetone, gives renin in good yield of a purity suitable for physiological studies and a good starting material for further purification. It contains 15 dog units per mg. N.
2. Further successive purification of this material with ethyl alcohol and ammonium sulfate gives a preparation containing 130 dog units per mg. N. The purest preparation hitherto reported (15) contained 16.0 to 20.8 units per mg. N. Preliminary Tiselius electrophoresis studies suggest homogeneity, but further studies to establish purity are in progress.
3. The properties of the most purified renin indicate that it is a protein. Its chemical and physiological properties correspond to those of the material in crude renal extract which induces an elevation of blood pressure when it is injected intravenously.
RADIOACTIVE IRON ABSORPTION BY GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Bale W. F. , Ross J. F. , Balfour W. M. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Iron absorption is a function of the gastro-intestinal mucosal epithelium. The normal non-anemic dog absorbs little iron but chronic anemia due to blood loss brings about considerable absorption—perhaps 5 to 15 times normal. In general the same differences are observed in man (1).
Sudden change from normal to severe anemia within 24 hours does not significantly increase iron absorption. As the days pass new hemoglobin is formed. The body iron stores are depleted and within 7 days iron absorption is active, even when the red cell hematocrit is rising.
Anoxemia of 50 per cent normal oxygen concentration for 48 hours does not significantly enhance iron absorption. In this respect it resembles acute anemia.
Ordinary doses of iron given 1 to 6 hours before radio-iron will cause some "mucosa block"—that is an intake of radio-iron less than anticipated. Many variables which modify peristalsis come into this reaction. Iron given by vein some days before the dose of radio-iron does not appear to inhibit iron absorption.
Plasma radio-iron absorption curves vary greatly. The curves may show sharp peaks in 1 to 2 hours when the iron is given in an empty stomach but after 6 hours when the radio-iron is given with food. Duration time of curves also varies widely, the plasma iron returning to normal in 6 to 12 hours.
Gastric, duodenal, or jejunal pouches all show very active absorption of iron. The plasma concentration peak may reach a maximum before the solution of iron is removed from the gastric pouch—another example of "mucosa block."
Absorption and distribution of radio-iron in the body of growing pups give very suggestive experimental data. The spleen, heart, upper gastro-intestinal tract, marrow, and pancreas show more radio-iron than was expected.
The term "physiological saturation" with iron may be applied to the gastro-intestinal mucosal epithelium and explain one phase of acceptance or refusal of ingested iron. Desaturation is a matter of days not hours, whereas saturation may take place within 1 to 2 hours. We believe this change is a part of the complex protein metabolism of the cell.
THE STABILITY OF VARIOLA VIRUS PROPAGATED IN EMBRYONATED EGGS
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

After 24 transfers in embryonated eggs a strain of variola virus (Chinese) was established in the testis of the rabbit and maintained for 11 passages at intervals of 7 days. Residence in the rabbit testis was not accompanied by any significant alteration in the species identity of the virus.
A second strain of variola virus (Minnesota) was transferred 180 times in embryonated eggs with no apparent change in its behavior. Subsequent attempts, however, to maintain this strain in the rabbit by serial testicular passage were unsuccessful.
These observations are discussed in relation to the so called transformation of variola to vaccinia virus by animal passage.
THE OXIDATION OF p-AMINOBENZOIC ACID AND ANTHRANILIC ACID BY SPECIFICALLY ADAPTED ENZYMES OF A SOIL BACILLUS
Authors: Mirick G. S. 
Published: June 2004

1. A soil bacillus has been isolated capable of developing specific adaptive enzymes which oxidize PABA apparently to carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. A few related compounds which, however, do not give the diazo reaction are similarly attacked.
2. This bacillus is also capable of developing analogous but apparently independent adaptive enzymes specifically directed against anthranilic acid, the ortho isomer of PABA.
3. Sulfapyridine is bacteriostatic for this bacillus and this effect is inhibited as in the case of other bacterial species by PABA. Other effects of the sulfonamide drugs and sulfanilic acid upon the specific oxidative enzymes have been described.
4. The specific adaptive enzymes of this soil bacillus may be used for the identification of as little as 10 gamma of either PABA or OABA. A method is described for carrying out these determinations.
5. The possible advantages of this enzymatic method as compared with the more sensitive but less specific techniques which measure the activity of PABA as a growth factor for certain bacterial species have been discussed.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CEBUS CAPUCINA (THE SOUTH AMERICAN RINGTAIL MONKEY) AND CERCOPITHECUS CEPHUS (THE AFRICAN MUSTACHE MONKEY) TO POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Paul John R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The South American ringtail monkey, Cebus capucina, has been infected with the virus of poliomyelitis as found in ultracentrifuged concentrates from poliomyelitic human stools.
2. This species was also found susceptible to poliomyelitis virus found in rhesus and cynomolgus monkey cords, representing early generations of virus derived from two different human sources and from flies trapped in an epidemic area.
3. The Hartford strain of poliomyelitis has been successfully established in different generations in Cebus capucina monkeys.
4. The African mustache monkey, Cerocopithecus cephus, has been infected with poliomyelitis virus by the intra- and subcutaneous routes as readily as the green African monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, and the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta.
THE EFFECTS OF ROENTGEN RAYS ON CELL-VIRUS ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Anderson Rubert S. 
Published: June 2004

The virus-induced papillomas of cottontail as well as domestic rabbits regress completely within a few weeks when exposed to 5,000 r of x-ray irradiation. The x-rays do not immediately kill the papilloma cells, but lead to death by inhibiting cellular division and producing pathological changes in the cells which then continue to differentiate. The virus associated with the growths, however, not only persists in undiminished amount during regression, but often an increased yield of it can be obtained on extraction.
The fibroma virus in crude extracts or in vivo is inactivated by far less irradiation than the papilloma virus. 10,000 r destroys 90 per cent or more of the infectivity of the fibroma virus, whereas at least 100,000 r is required to inactivate 50 per cent of the papilloma virus in extracts containing about the same amount of protein.
No variant of the papilloma virus or fibroma virus has been encountered as a result of the irradiation.
PRODUCTION OF A SCURVY-LIKE CONDITION BY FEEDING OF A COMPOUND STRUCTURALLY RELATED TO ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: Woolley D. W. , Krampitz L. O. 
Published: June 2004

The feeding of glucoascorbic acid, an analog of ascorbic acid, to mice and cotton rats caused the production of a condition exhibiting many of the changes characteristic of scurvy as seen in susceptible species.
The condition was not prevented or cured by ascorbic acid, but was cured by removal of the glucoascorbic acid from the ration.
The condition was produced in mice fed a highly purified ration. It was not produced in mice fed a natural ration. The presence of a substance in certain plant products which prevented the production of the condition was demonstrated.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK
Authors: Russell Jane A. , Long C. N. H. , Engel Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

The changes in the blood levels of amino nitrogen, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were compared in eviscerate (liverless) rats and eviscerate rats subjected to hemorrhage, in order to establish the rôle of the peripheral tissues in the blood changes during shock. It was found that:—
1. The blood amino acids accumulate at a more rapid rate in the bled liverless rats than in the control liverless animals.
2. The blood sugar falls more rapidly in the liverless rat after hemorrhage, both in animals with intact suprarenal glands and those with enucleated suprarenal medullae.
3. The blood lactate and pyruvate rise slowly in the liverless rat, but maintain a constant relation to each other except terminally when convulsions occur. In the bled liverless rat both lactate and pyruvate increase much more rapidly than in the control liverless rat, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio also increases.
These data are interpreted to indicate that a decrease in liver function during hemorrhagic shock serves to make apparent a considerable increase in peripheral protein catabolism and accentuates the effects of an increased carbohydrate utilization by the periphery. The lactate and pyruvate changes are determined chiefly by anoxia of the peripheral tissue and probably indicate an increasing predominance of anaerobic over aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate in muscle. The liver plays a negligible rôle in the lactate and pyruvate changes in shock.
VARIATION IN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF MURINE TYPHUS INFECTION IN MICE WITH CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Moragues Vicente , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

Murine typhus rickettsiae injected intraperitoneally in mice of the dba strain caused a uniformly fatal rickettsial peritonitis if the animals were kept at a room temperature ranging from 65–73°F. or from 70–80°F. With an environmental temperature range of 85–98°F., a mortality of less than 25 per cent was observed.
By utilizing different strains of mice and controlling the environmental temperature, conditions may be created under which murine typhus will have any desired degree of mortality. Such conditions have obvious advantages for the evaluation of therapeutic measures in typhus infection.
THE SIZE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Stanley W. M. 
Published: June 2004

The sedimentation behavior of influenza virus in dilute solutions of electrolyte was found to be quite variable. At times the virus activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of particles about 80 to 120 mµ in diameter, at other times at a rate comparable with that of particles about 10 mµ in diameter, and at still other times the bulk of the activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of the larger particles and the residual activity at a rate comparable with that of the smaller particles. However, in the presence of a sucrose density gradient, the virus activity was always found to sediment with a rate comparable to that of particles about 80 to 120 mµ in diameter; hence it appeared that the variable sedimentation behavior in dilute electrolyte solution was due to convection or mechanical disturbances during centrifugation.
About 30 per cent of the high molecular weight protein present in the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the F 12 strain of influenza virus was found to consist of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 30 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 10 mµ. The residual protein of high molecular weight was present in the form of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mµ. The proportion of the 30 S component in allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus was found to be considerably less. The 600 S and 30 S components of F 12 allantoic fluid were purified and separated by differential centrifugation. The purified preparations of the 600 S component were found to possess a specific virus activity from 100 to over 10,000 times that of the purified preparations of the 30 S component, the difference in activity apparently depending only on the degree of fractionation of the two components. The purified 30 S component was found to sediment normally in the presence of 12 per cent sucrose, whereas the small residual virus activity of such preparations was found to sediment in the presence of a sucrose density gradient with a rate comparable to that of much heavier particles. It is concluded that influenza virus activity is not associated with material having a particle diameter of about 10 mµ, but is associated solely with material having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mµ.
PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID PRODUCTION BY STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Spink Wesley W. , Wright Lemuel D. , Vivino Jean J. , Skeggs Helen R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of staphylococci produce diazotizable materials which can be converted to a dye, and the intensity of the color reaction can be quantitated in the same manner as p-aminobenzoic acid. The sulfonamide-resistant strains which we have studied produce more diazotizable substance than non-resistant strains.
2. The development of a color by the diazotizable substance can be inhibited by exposing the substance to a soil bacillus (Mirick) specifically adapted to oxidize PABA.
3. The diazotizable substance produced by staphylococci inhibits the anti-staphylococcic action of sodium sulfathiazole to approximately the same degree as equivalent amounts of pure p-aminobenzoic acid.
4. Two microbiological methods for assaying p-aminobenzoic acid were employed for quantitating the amount of this material produced by staphylococci. In general, the sulfonamide-resistant strains produced more p-aminobenzoic acid than the sulfonamide-sensitive strains. The inconstant results obtained with these biological assays are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE DENATURATION OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Wright George G. 
Published: June 2004

Diphtheria antitoxin has been shown to be inactivated in the presence of urea. In 7.5 molar area at pH 7.82 nearly half the activity is destroyed in 24 hours, as measured by the neutralizing power of toxin. The reaction appears to be first order with respect to antitoxin, since the initial rate is independent of the antitoxin concentration, but the rate decreases rapidly with time. Higher or lower pH of the presence of M/10 sodium sulfite increases the antitoxin inactivation.
The meaning of the results is discussed.
ISOLATION FROM NORMAL MICE OF A PNEUMOTROPIC VIRUS WHICH FORMS ELEMENTARY BODIES
Authors: Nigg Clara , Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A pneumotropic virus which forms elementary bodies has been isolated from apparently normal albino Swiss mice.
2. The antigenic relationship of this virus to those of meningopneumonitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, hamster pneumonia (7), and human pneumonitis (8) was established either by cross-immunity or complement fixation or both.
3. In spite of a relationship to other viruses, the virus could be differentiated from all the others studied by certain of its properties.
THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS ON VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Friedewald William F. 
Published: June 2004

The application of methylcholanthrene and tar to virus-induced papillomas of the domestic rabbit caused them to become carcinomatous with great rapidity, and the malignant changes were frequently multiple. In bringing on the cancers the chemical agents acted in their specific capacity as carcinogens, not as ordinary stimulants of cell proliferation. The cancers derived from the virus-infected cells and were of the same types as arise from these elements spontaneously after a much longer time.
The evidence would seem to indicate that the chemical carcinogens acted by way of the virus.
HETEROGENETIC ANTIBODIES IN ACUTE HEPATITIS
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Murphy William D. , Hanford V. Lee 
Published: June 2004

A heterogenetic antibody showing fixation of complement with human liver and agglutination of sheep erythrocytes was found in certain cases of acute infective hepatitis.
The antigen concerned in these reactions was apparently heat stable and alcohol soluble.
Differences from other heterogenetic antigen-antibody systems have been noted.
The possible relation of the heterogenetic antibody to liver damage was considered.
AMINO ACID MIXTURES EFFECTIVE PARENTERALLY FOR LONG CONTINUED PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION. CASEIN DIGESTS COMPARED
Authors: Madden S. C. , Woods R. R. , Shull F. W. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of red cells suspended in saline (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet nitrogen intake is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and to certain intoxications.
The ten growth essential amino acids of Rose plus glycine will maintain nitrogen balance and produce as much new plasma protein as will good diet proteins. This good utilization is demonstrated over periods of several months when the amino acids are given either orally or parenterally. There is no evidence of toxicity in general nor to unnatural forms of these synthetic amino acids in particular.
Given parenterally appropriate mixtures of these amino acids are well tolerated even upon rapid injection. The minimal daily requirements for a 10 kilo dog may be given intravenously in 10 minutes without reaction. Subcutaneously a 10 per cent solution may be given rapidly without reaction.
Among various mixtures tested Vt approximates a minimum for a 10 kilo dog. It contains in grams (dl-threonine 0.7, dl-valine 1.5, l-(-) leucine 1.5, dl-isoleucine 1.4, dl-lysine hydrochloride 1.5, l(-) tryptophane 0.4, dl-phenylalanine 1.0, dl-methionine 0.6, l(+)-histidine hydrochloride 0.5, l(+)-arginine hydrochloride 0.5, and glycine 1.0. The presence of glycine improves tolerance to rapid intravenous injection, but excess glycine does not improve utilization of the mixture. Over a long period this mixture appears suboptimal in quantity. Doubled it is more than ample.
Of two casein digests tested the one prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis provided good nitrogen retention and fairly good plasma protein production but was much less tolerable upon intravenous injection than certain mixtures of pure amino acids. The other one prepared by acid hydrolysis and tryptophane fortification afforded bare nitrogen equilibrium and produced virtually no plasma protein.
Skin lesions observed after 10 to 20 weeks of synthetic diet probably reflect a deficiency of some member or members of the vitamin B2 group. A persistent slight weight loss in the face of a strongly positive nitrogen balance may accompany this deficiency.