bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preservation of β-Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for
Diabetes
Authors: Taneera Jalal , Saber-Ayad Maha M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe preservation of pancreatic islet β-cells is crucial in diabetes mellitus,
encompassing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. β-cell dysfunction, reduced mass,
and apoptosis are central to insufficient insulin secretion in both types.
Research is focused on understanding β-cell characteristics and the factors
regulating their function to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In type 1
diabetes (T1D), β-cell destruction by the immune system calls for exploring
immunosuppressive therapies, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and
leukotriene antagonists. Islet transplantation, stem cell therapy, and
xenogeneic transplantation offer promising strategies for type 1 diabetes
treatment. For type 2 diabetes (T2D), lifestyle changes like weight loss and
exercise enhance insulin sensitivity and maintain β-cell function. Additionally,
various pharmacological approaches, such as cytokine inhibitors and protein
kinase inhibitors, are being investigated to protect β-cells from inflammation
and glucotoxicity. Bariatric surgery emerges as an effective treatment for
obesity and T2D by promoting β-cell survival and function. It improves insulin
sensitivity, modulates gut hormones, and expands β-cell mass, leading to
diabetes remission and better glycemic control. In conclusion, preserving
β-cells offers a promising approach to managing both types of diabetes. By
combining lifestyle modifications, targeted pharmacological interventions, and
advanced therapies like stem cell transplantation and bariatric surgery, we have
a significant chance to preserve β-cell function and enhance glucose regulation
in diabetic patients.
Increasing accuracy of pulse arrival time estimation in low frequency recordings
Authors: Montree Roel J H , Peri Elisabetta , Haakma Reinder , Dekker Lukas R C , Vullings Rik 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective. Wearable devices that measure vital signals using photoplethysmography are becoming more commonplace. To reduce battery consumption, computational complexity, memory footprint or transmission bandwidth, companies of commercial wearable technologies are often looking to minimize the sampling frequency of the measured vital signals. One such vital signal of interest is the pulse arrival time (PAT), which is an indicator of blood pressure. To leverage this non-invasive and non-intrusive measurement data for use in clinical decision making, the accuracy of obtained PAT-parameters needs to increase in lower sampling frequency recordings. The aim of this paper is to develop a new strategy to estimate PAT at sampling frequencies up to 25 Hertz. Approach. The method applies template matching to leverage the random nature of sampling time and expected change in the PAT. Main results. The algorithm was tested on a publicly available dataset from 22 healthy volunteers, under sitting, walking and running conditions. The method significantly reduces both the mean and the standard deviation of the error when going to lower sampling frequencies by an average of 16.6% and 20.2%, respectively. Looking only at the sitting position, this reduction is even larger, increasing to an average of 22.2% and 48.8%, respectively. Significance. This new method shows promise in allowing more accurate estimation of PAT even in lower frequency recordings.
A piecewise inverse finite element method for shape sensing of the morphing wing fishbone
Authors: Huang Tianxiang , Dong Tianyu , Yuan Shenfang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The shape sensing technology plays a significant role in enhancing the structural performance and flight efficiency of the morphing aircraft by providing feedback to actuation and control systems in real time. The inverse finite element method (iFEM) is a fast, accurate, and robust shape-sensing method based on in-situ surface strain measurements. However, the conventional iFEM becomes less effective when applied to real engineering structures. Thus, this paper proposes a piecewise iFEM (P-iFEM) based on a two-node inverse Hermite beam element (iHB2) for the load-bearing structure of the morphing wing. The P-iFEM method discretizes the structure into a combination of rigid and elastic parts, based on the geometry of the structure when assembling the inverse elements. The Hermite polynomial shape function in iHB2 is adopted to increase the reconstruction efficiency, as only one degree of freedom of deflection is required to achieve the C1-continuity to reconstruct the displacement fields. The high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are validated with a numerical fishbone model. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a fishbone structure of a real adaptive deformed wing with high accuracy.
Interfacial charge associated reliability improvement in arsenide/antimonide tunneling interfaced-junctionless TFET
Authors: Sharma Samriti , Madan Jaya , Chaujar Rishu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on the investigation of reliability improvement in the arsenide/antimonide tunable bandgap tunneling interfaced junctionless TFET (HD-HJLTFET) by introducing positive (donor) and negative (acceptor) localized interfacial trap charges (ITCs) at the semiconductor/oxide (S/O) and semiconductor/semiconductor (S/S) interface. The compound semiconducting materials, InAs (lower bandgap) and AlGaSb (higher bandgap) have been incorporated in the source and channel regions in the proposed device (HJLTFET). Further, to improve the device reliability against ITCs, a hetero dielectric engineered gated device has also been designed and analysed (HD-HJLTFET). In HD-HJLTFET, a high-k dielectric near source to channel (S/C) interface and low-k dielectric region towards drain to channel (D/C) interface has been used. It has been obtained that HD engineering enhances the microwave and harmonic distortion performance of HD-HJLTFET. It has been evaluated that HD-HJLTFET/ HJLTFET delivers ON current of 38.3 μA/14μA, transconductance 108 μS/23.2μS, cut-off frequency 805.8GHz/406.7GHz and gain of 223.5/197.4. Further results show that HD delivers gm2 (∼28% ↓), gm3 (∼9 times), second-order and third-order harmonic distortion (∼42% ↓ and ∼90% ↓), and total harmonic distortion (∼26% ↓) as compared to HJLTFET. The linearity parameters of HD-HJLTFET (VIP2, VIP3, IIP3, 1dB compression point, and IMD3) also showed marked improvement with negligible variation against different ITC polarity than its counter device, making it more reliable for low power microwave and distortion-free wireless communication systems.
Dark count of 20-inch PMTs generated by natural radioactivity
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Zhimin , Li Min , Liu Caimei , Rodphai Narongkiat , Zhang Yongpeng , Xu Jilei , Yang Changgen , Heng Yuekun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The primary objective of the JUNO experiment is to determine
the ordering of neutrino masses using a 20-kton liquid-scintillator
detector. The 20-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) plays a crucial
role in achieving excellent energy resolution of at least 3 % at
1 MeV. Understanding the characteristics and features of the PMT
is vital for comprehending the detector's performance, particularly
regarding the occurrence of large pulses in PMT dark counts. This
research paper aims to further investigate the origin of these large
pulses in the 20-inch PMT dark count through measurements and
simulations. Our results confirm that natural radioactivity and
muons striking the PMT glass are the main sources of the large
pulses. We evaluate their contribution quantitatively by performing
spectrum fitting. By analyzing the PMT dark count spectrum, it
becomes possible to roughly estimate the radioactivity levels in the
surrounding environment.
(Non-)unitarity of strictly and partially massless fermions on de Sitter space II: an explanation based on the group-theoretic properties of the spin-3/2 and spin-5/2 eigenmodes
Authors: Letsios Vasileios A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In our previous article (Letsios 2023 J. High Energy Phys. JHEP05(2023)015), we showed that the strictly massless spin-3/2 field, as well as the strictly and partially massless spin-5/2 fields, on N-dimensional (

N
⩾
3

) de Sitter (dS) spacetime (dS

N
) are non-unitary unless N = 4. The (non-)unitarity was demonstrated by simply observing that there is a (mis-)match between the representation-theoretic labels that correspond to the unitary irreducible representations (UIR’s) of the dS algebra spin

(
N
,
1
)

and the ones corresponding to the space of eigenmodes of the field theories. In this paper, we provide a technical representation-theoretic explanation for this fact by studying the (non-)existence of positive-definite, dS invariant scalar products for the spin-3/2 and spin-5/2 strictly/partially massless eigenmodes on dS

N
(

N
⩾
3

). Our basic tool is the examination of the action of spin

(
N
,
1
)

generators on the space of eigenmodes, leading to the following findings. For odd N, any dS invariant scalar product is identically zero. For even N > 4, any dS invariant scalar product must be indefinite. This gives rise to positive-norm and negative-norm eigenmodes that mix with each other under spin

(
N
,
1
)

boosts. In the N = 4 case, the positive-norm sector decouples from the negative-norm sector and each sector separately forms a UIR of spin(4, 1). Our analysis makes extensive use of the analytic continuation of tensor-spinor spherical harmonics on the N-sphere (S

N
) to dS

N
and also introduces representation-theoretic techniques that are absent from the mathematical physics literature on half-odd-integer-spin fields on dS

N
.
High-performance broadband SnS photodetector based on photoconductive-bolometric coupling effect
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Yunjie , Hu Bing , Guo Fuhai , Zhang Mingcong , Li Siqi , Yu Weizhuo , Hao Lanzhong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Due to its large absorption coefficient and high carrier mobility, SnS exhibits strong promise in the area of optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, the fabrication of large-area, high-quality films for SnS photodetectors (PDs) with superior photoresponse remains a formidable task, seriously limiting its further practical application. In the present study, we report a superior-performance broadband PD founded on the epitaxial SnS film. Large-area uniform SnS films were grown epitaxially on (100)-oriented KBr using magnetron sputtering technique, further exfoliated, and transferred in a wafer size to fabricated two-ends PD devices. Benefitting from high crystallization and unique photoconductive-bolometric coupling effect, the two modes of operation exhibit a wide range of spectral responses from the visible to near-infrared wavelength (405–1920 nm). Particularly noteworthy is the SnS device fabricated, which demonstrates an impressive responsivity of 95.5 A W−1 and a detectivity of 7.8 × 1011 Jones, outperforming other devices by 1–2 orders of magnitude. In addition, SnS PD shows excellent environmental durability. This work provides a robust approach to develop high-performance broadband SnS PDs, while simultaneously offering deep insight into the light–matter interactions.
Wideband radar cross-section reduction by a double-layer-plasma-based metasurface
Authors: ZHAO 赵 Zhiming 智明 , LI 李 Xiaoping 小平 , DONG 董 Guoxiang 果香 , LIU 刘 Xu 旭 , MU 牟 Xiangchao 相超 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Reduction of the radar cross-section (RCS) is the key to stealth technology. To improve the RCS reduction effect of the designed checkerboard metasurface and overcome the limitation of thin-layer plasma in RCS reduction technology, a double-layer-plasma-based metasurface—composed of a checkerboard metasurface, a double-layer plasma and an air gap between them—was investigated. Based on the principle of backscattering cancellation, we designed a checkerboard metasurface composed of different artificial magnetic conductor units; the checkerboard metasurface can reflect vertically incident electromagnetic (EM) waves in four different inclined directions to reduce the RCS. Full-wave simulations confirm that the double-layer-plasma-based metasurface can improve the RCS reduction effect of the metasurface and the plasma. This is because in a band lower than the working band of the metasurface, the RCS reduction effect is mainly improved by the plasma layer. In the working band of the metasurface, impedance mismatching between the air gap and first plasma layer and between first and second plasma layers cause the scattered waves to become more dispersed, so the propagation path of the EM waves in the plasma becomes longer, increasing the absorption of the EM waves by the plasma. Thus, the RCS reduction effect is enhanced. The double-layer-plasma-based metasurface can be insensitive to the polarization of the incoming EM waves, and can also maintain a satisfactory RCS reduction band when the incident waves are oblique.
Efficacy and Pain Tolerance of Alexandrite Laser Hair Removal at Different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Karanfil Ertuğrul , Görgü Metin 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Several different parameters play a role in the transition of hair follicles to the anagen phase, with the role of androgens, progesterone, and estrogen hormones and receptors being significant.

Objectives
The effectiveness of laser hair removal (LHR) and pain tolerance during procedure were investigated during 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Methods
Forty-eight axillae were randomly divided into 3 groups: menstruation, ovulation, and luteal. Three laser sessions were performed on each axilla at a 1-month interval. Blood hormone levels were measured in the patients. An alexandrite laser was applied during LHR sessions. Before each LHR session and 1 month after the third session, hair follicles in 4-cm2 areas in the center of the axillae were counted. Patients self-assessed the pain they felt during the laser application in each session with a visual pain scale.

Results
The average values for hair counting in the groups were as follows (M, menstruation; O, ovulation; L, luteinization): M0 = 47.6, M1 = 27.4, M2 = 16.1, M3 = 9.9; O0 = 41.8, O1 = 21.1, O2 = 13.8, O3 = 8.6; and L0 = 49.4, L1 = 27.1, L2 = 15.1, L3 = 9.8. The average values on the visual analog scale scores in the groups were: M1 = 3.94, M2 = 3.06, M3 = 1.94; O1 = 3.50, O2 = 3.06, O3 = 1.69; and L1 = 3.63, L2 = 2.50, L3 = 1.56. Statistical analysis was conducted with Tukey post hoc analysis after analysis of variance.

Conclusions
The results of LHR are not affected by changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle in females. Although not statistically significant, it has been observed that pain tolerance during laser application is lower during the menstruation cycle.

Level of Evidence: 3
Variation in growth rates between cultures hinders the cultivation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
Authors: Isshiki Rino , Fujitani Hirotsugu , Tsuneda Satoshi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, key players in the nitrogen cycle, have been the focus of extensive research. Numerous novel species have been isolated and their growth dynamics were studied. Despite these efforts, controlling their growth to obtain diverse physiological findings remains a challenge. These bacteria often fail to grow, even under optimal conditions. This unpredictable growth pattern could be viewed as a survival strategy. Understanding this heterogeneous behavior could enhance our ability to culture these bacteria. In this study, the variation in the growth rate was quantified for the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas mobilis Ms1. Our findings revealed significant growth rate variation under low inoculum conditions. Interestingly, higher cell densities resulted in more stable cultures. A comparative analysis of three Nitrosomonas species showed a correlation between growth rate variation and culture failure. The greater the variation in growth rate, the higher the likelihood of culture failure.
The impact of age and sex on the inflammatory response during bone fracture healing
Authors: Molitoris Kristin Happ , Balu Abhinav Reddy , Huang Mingjian , Baht Gurpreet Singh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Inflammation is thought to be dysregulated with age leading to impaired bone fracture healing. However, broad analyses of inflammatory processes during homeostatic bone aging and during repair are lacking. Here, we assessed changes in inflammatory cell and cytokine profiles in circulation and in bone tissue to identify age- and sex-dependent differences during homeostasis and repair. During homeostatic aging, male mice demonstrated accumulation of CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells within bone while both pro-inflammatory “M1” and anti-inflammatory “M2” macrophage numbers decreased. Female mice saw no age-associated changes in immune-cell population in homeostatic bone. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-9, IFNγ, and CCL3/MIP-1α increased with age in both male and female mice, whereas concentrations of IL-2, TNFα, TNFR1, IL-4, and IL-10 increased only in female mice – thus we termed these “age-accumulated” cytokines. There were no notable changes in immune cell populations nor cytokines within circulation during aging. Sex-dependent analysis demonstrated slight changes in immune cell and cytokine levels within bone and circulation, which were lost upon fracture injury. Fracture in young male mice caused a sharp decrease in number of M1 macrophages; however, this was not seen in aged male mice nor in female mice of any age. Injury itself induced a decrease in the number of CD8+ T cells within the local tissue of aged male and of female mice but not of young mice. Cytokine analysis of fractured mice revealed that age-accumulated cytokines quickly dissipated after fracture injury, and did not re-accumulate in newly regenerated tissue. Conversely, CXCL1/KC-GRO, CXCL2/MIP-2, IL-6, and CCL2/MCP-1 acted as “fracture response” cytokines: increasing sharply after fracture, eventually returning to baseline. Collectively, we classify measured cytokines into three groups: (1) age-accumulated cytokines, (2) female-specific age-accumulated cytokines, and (3) fracture response cytokines. These inflammatory molecules represent potential points of intervention to improve fracture healing outcome.
Impact of diapause on the cuticular hydrocarbons and physiological status of Hippodamia variegata
Authors: Khabir Mahsa , Izadi Hamzeh , Mahdian Kamran 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The spotted amber ladybird, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is known to be a potent predator of aphids, psyllids, whiteflies, mealybugs, and some butterfly species. This ladybeetle overwinters in the diapausing adult stage. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of diapause on the energy resources and cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of the female ladybeetle, specifically comparing the changes in glycogen, lipid, and protein contents, and CHCs profile of diapausing and non-diapausing adults. In this study, gas chromatography-mass was used to analyze whole-body extracts of the beetles. Results showed no significant differences between the amount of glycogen, lipid, and protein contents of diapausing and non-diapausing ladybeetle. The CHCs profile of H. variegata consisted of 24 hydrocarbons categorized into 2 groups: linear aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) and methyl-branched hydrocarbons (17 molecules), as well as unsaturated cyclic compounds (7 molecules). The n-alkanes, with 14 compounds, were identified as the primary constituents of the CHCs of the ladybeetle. Six molecules were common to non-diapausing and diapausing beetles, 5 were exclusive to non-diapausing beetles, and 13 were exclusive to diapausing beetles. Moreover, we noted a significant difference in the quantity and quality of CHCs between diapausing and non-diapausing beetles, with diapausing beetles synthesizing more CHCs with longer chains. This disparity in CHC profiles was concluded to be an adaptation of H. variegata to survive harsh environmental conditions during diapause.
Medical Toxicology
Authors: Murray B. Patrick , Carpenter Joseph 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Encountering a toxicologic emergency can be an overwhelming experience. Despite the rarity of these events, their potential implications for a patient's life make timely and accurate intervention paramount. Yet, for many emergency medicine providers, these scenarios stir a troubling question: “What do I do now?” “What Do I Do Now?: Emergency Medicine series: Toxicology Emergencies” is crafted to address this knowledge gap. This book serves as a guide for a broad audience, stretching beyond the foundational steps of management, delving into the nuanced care of complex cases, and shedding light on the pathophysiology of severe overdoses. Whether you're a prehospital provider, Medical Student, Resident, Advanced Practice Provider, staff member in an Emergency Department, Hospitalist, or Critical Care physician, this volume promises to be a valuable reference. Yet, it’s crucial to understand the scope of this volume. While it offers an overview, it's not designed to supplant the specialized knowledge of a Poison Center or a Medical Toxicologist. Instead, think of it as a supplementary tool, a reservoir of knowledge and background reasoning for those times when a more profound exploration isn't feasible. In the face of a toxicological emergency, let this book be an ally, a dependable companion, and a ready guide to illuminate the path forward.
Gravitational wave mergers of accreting binary black holes in AGN discs
Authors: Ishibashi W , Gröbner M 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Binary black hole (BBH) evolution in the discs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is a promising channel for gravitational wave (GW)-driven mergers. It is, however, unclear whether binaries interacting with the surrounding disc undergo orbital contraction or expansion. We develop a simple analytical model of accreting BBHs in AGN discs to follow the orbital evolution from the disc-dominated regime at large separations into the GW-driven regime at small separations (the coupled ‘disc + GW’-driven evolution). We obtain that accreting binaries expand in thick discs with aspect ratio greater than a critical value (&gt;hcrit); whereas accreting binaries contract and eventually merge in thin discs (&lt;hcrit). Interestingly, accreting BBHs can experience faster mergers compared to non-accreting counterparts, with a non-monotonic dependence on the disc aspect ratio. The orbital contraction is usually coupled with eccentricity growth in the disc-dominated regime, which lead to accelerated inspirals in the GW-driven regime. We quantify the resulting BBH merger time-scales in AGN discs (τmerger ∼ 105–107 yr) and estimate the associated GW merger rates ($\mathcal {R} \sim (0.2 {\small --} 5) \, \text{Gpc}^{-3} \text{yr}^{-1}$). Overall, accreting binaries may efficiently contract and merge in thin discs, hence this particular BBH-in-AGN channel may provide a non-negligible contribution to the observed GW merger event rate.