bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic accuracy of the age‐adjusted and prostate volume‐adjusted biopsy method in males with prostate specific antigen levels of 4.1–10.0 ng/mL
Authors: Ito Kazuto , Ohi Masaru , Yamamoto Takumi , Miyamoto Shigeto , Kurokawa Kohei , Fukabori Yoshitatsu , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Yamanaka Hidetoshi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors evaluated a new age‐adjusted and prostate volume‐adjusted biopsy method for the detection of prostate carcinoma through the transperineal and the transrectal approaches in men with PSA levels of 4.1–10.0 ng/mL.METHODSThe value of the adjusted biopsy method was calculated by using the following four factors: 1) life expectancy in Japanese men in 1998, 2) prostate volume estimated by transrectal ultrasonography, 3) tumor doubling time (4 years), and 4) tumor volume that influenced death (20 cc). The number of biopsy sites was set at 8–20. Between August, 1999 and December, 2001, 100 men age ≤ 79 years with prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels of 4.1–10.0 ng/mL underwent age‐adjusted and volume‐adjusted, systematic prostate biopsy.RESULTSThe detection rate for the adjusted biopsy method was 46% (46 of 100 men). The clinical stage of prostate carcinoma was Stage II in 85% of patients and Stage III in 15% of patients. If routine six‐sextant biopsy had been performed in all of the men who underwent adjusted systematic biopsy, then 15 of 46 patients (33%) with prostate carcinoma would have been missed. The detection rates of prostate carcinoma in men who underwent adjusted biopsies were relatively high, especially in men with PSA levels of 6.1–10.0 ng/mL, men age ≤ 64 years, men with prostate volumes ≥ 50 cc, and men with PSA density (PSAD) levels ≤ 0.15 ng/mL/cc compared with the detection rates from six‐sextant and directed biopsies. The high detection rates were observed from biopsy sites at the posterior aspect of the lateral lobe through both the transperineal approach and the transrectal approach and at the anterior aspect of the transition zone through the transperineal approach.CONCLUSIONSThe age‐adjusted and prostate volume‐adjusted prostate biopsy method was more useful for detecting clinically significant disease compared with the traditional six‐sextant biopsy method. This adjusted biopsy method was especially useful in patients age ≤ 64 years, patients with large prostate volumes (≥ 50 cc), and patients with PSAD levels ≤ 0.15 ng/mL/cc. The authors recommend that patients undergo an additional transition zone biopsy at the anterior aspect through the transperineal approach. Cancer 2002;95:2112–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10941
Cancer incidence in parents who lost a child
Authors: Li Jiong , Johansen Christoffer , Hansen Dorthe , Olsen Jørn 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt has been debated whether psychological stress causes cancer, but the scientific evidence remains contradictory. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the death of a child is related to cancer risk in bereaved parents.METHODSThe authors undertook a follow‐up study based on national registers. All 21,062 parents who lost a child from 1980 to 1996 were recruited for the exposed cohort together with 293,745 randomly selected, unexposed parents. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the relative risk of cancer incidence up to 18 years after the bereavement. The main outcomes of interest were all incident cancers, breast carcinoma, smoking‐related malignancies (International Classification of Diseases [ICD] 7 codes 140, 141, 143–149, 150, 157, 160–162, 180, and 181), alcohol‐related malignancies (ICD7 codes 141, 143–146, 148–150, 155, and 161), virus/immune‐related malignancies (ICD7 codes 155, 171, 191, 200–202, and 204), lymphatic/hematopoietic malignancies (ICD7 codes 200–205), and hormone related malignancies (ICD7 codes 170, 172, 175, and 177).RESULTSThe authors observed a slightly increased overall cancer risk in bereaved mothers (relative risk [RR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.01–1.37; P = 0.028) at 7–18 years of follow‐up. There was an increased risk for smoking‐related malignancies (RR, 1.65; 95%CI, 1.05–2.59; P = 0.010) among bereaved mothers during the 7–18 years of follow‐up. The authors observed no significantly increased relative risk of breast carcinoma, alcohol‐related malignancies, virus/immune‐related malignancies, or hormone‐related malignancies.CONCLUSIONSThe current data suggest that the death of a child was associated with a slightly increased overall cancer risk in mothers and that the increase may be related to stress‐induced adverse life styles. Cancer 2002;95:2237–42. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10943
Overexpression of the insulin‐like growth factor I receptor in human colon carcinomas
Authors: Weber Matthias M. , Fottner Christian , Liu Sun Bin , Jung M. Christina , Engelhardt Dieter , Baretton Gustavo B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I and IGF‐II have been demonstrated in human colonic adenocarcinomas and exert mitogenic effects through paracrine/autocrine interactions with the IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR). However, definitive studies of IGF‐IR expression in these tissues have not been performed.METHODSTo study changes in the levels of the IGF‐IR in colorectal carcinoma, we analyzed the expression of IGF‐IR in 40 paired samples of normal and carcinomatous colonic tissue by quantitative reverse‐transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and ligand binding.RESULTSAs measured by RT‐PCR, the IGF‐IR mRNA ratio in paired tumor and adjacent normal mucosa was higher than 2.0 in 32 of 40 (80%) samples. The overall mean IGF‐IR mRNA level was five‐fold higher in tumor versus adjacent normal mucosa (P < 0.0001). Overexpression of IGF‐IR in colon carcinomas was confirmed at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and receptor‐binding studies. Colon carcinoma cells exhibited a positive staining for IGF‐IR in 91% of all tumors (30 of 33) whereas the adjacent normal colonic epithelial cells showed only a very faint or no significant IGF‐IR immunoreactivity. Radioligand assays and Scatchard analysis in both tissue types revealed a single class of high‐affinity IGF‐IR–binding sites with a similar dissociation constant (Kd; 0.14 ± 0.02 nmol/L, n = 18). However, specific 125IGF‐I–binding and receptor concentrations were elevated in tumor membranes compared with normal mucosa (33.6 ± 5.6 vs. 22.7 ± 3.4 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). IGF‐I affinity crosslinking and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis displayed specific bands corresponding to the size of the normal α‐subunit of the IGF‐IR that were more intense in carcinomatous samples. IGF‐II mRNA levels were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinomas (P < 0.0001). The IGF‐II mRNA ratio in tumor versus normal tissue was elevated more than twofold in 28 of 40 paired samples and a positive correlation was observed between the overexpression of IGF‐II and IGF‐IR in the tumors.CONCLUSIONSOur results demonstrate that, in addition to IGF‐II, a strong overexpression of IGF‐IR is found in the majority of colorectal carcinomas, supporting the hypothesis of an important role of the IGF system in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:2086–95. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10945
Long‐term outcome of patients with insular carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: Pellegriti Gabriella , Giuffrida Dario , Scollo Claudia , Vigneri Riccardo , Regalbuto Concetto , Squatrito Sebastiano , Belfiore Antonino 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDInsular thyroid carcinoma was described originally as a tumor with aggressive behavior. However, whether a predominant insular component is an independent factor for poor prognosis is unclear.METHODSThe authors compared the clinical behavior of tumors in three groups of patients with thyroid carcinoma—13 patients with insular thyroid carcinoma, 18 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma, and 26 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma—who were selected based on similar tumor size and similar age. Disease free survival and disease specific deaths were assessed in the three groups with a Kaplan–Meier analysis and were compared using the log‐rank test. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of histotype and other prognostic factors on the occurrence of distant metastases and disease specific death.RESULTSPatient follow‐up ranged from 5.2 months to 190.0 months. At last follow‐up, only 1 of 13 patients (7.7%) with insular carcinoma, compared with 8 of 18 patients (44.4%) with follicular carcinoma and 12 of 26 patients (46.1%) with papillary carcinoma, were disease free. The disease specific death rate was 61.5% among patients in the insular carcinoma group compared with 16.7% and 15.4% among patients in the follicular carcinoma group (P = 0.006) and the papillary carcinoma group (P = 0.025), respectively. At multivariate analysis, the insular histotype was the only variable that was related independently to disease specific death (hazard ratio = 4.27; P = 0.005). Distant metastases occurred in 84.6% of patients in the insular carcinoma group compared with 50% and 19.2% of patients in the follicular carcinoma group (P = 0.039) and the papillary carcinoma group (P = 0.0003), respectively. All metastases from patients with insular carcinomas (n = 11 patients) showed radioiodine uptake, but a clinical benefit from this treatment was observed only in 1 patient.CONCLUSIONSPatients with insular thyroid carcinoma have a poorer outcome compared with patients of similar age who have differentiated types of thyroid carcinoma with tumors of a similar size. Because radioiodine rarely is effective in the treatment of patients with metastatic insular thyroid carcinoma, novel and possible multimodal therapies should be explored for the treatment of patients with these aggressive tumors. Cancer 2002;95:2076–85. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10947
Prognostic significance of thymidine kinase activity in bladder carcinoma
Authors: Mizutani Yoichi , Wada Hiromi , Yoshida Osamu , Fukushima Masakazu , Kamoi Kazumi , Miki Tsuneharu 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThymidine kinase (TK) plays a key role in the complimentary or alternative salvage pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. Little is known about the significance of TK activity in bladder carcinoma. The authors examined the activity of TK in 55 patients with bladder carcinoma to determine the prognostic significance of TK activity.METHODSTK activity in nonfixed, fresh‐frozen specimens of bladder carcinoma and normal bladder tissue was determined by using the diethylaminoethanol cellulose disc method.RESULTSThe activity of TK was approximately two‐fold higher in bladder carcinoma specimens compared with normal bladder tissues. The TK activity in muscle‐invasive bladder carcinoma was two‐fold higher compared with the activity in superficial bladder carcinoma (Ta and T1). In addition, the activity of TK in T1 tumors was two‐fold higher compared with the TK activity in Ta tumors. The level of TK activity in Grade 3 bladder tumors was two‐fold higher compared with the activity in Grade 1 and Grade 2 tumors. Patients with Ta and T1 bladder carcinoma who had low TK activity had a longer postoperative tumor free period compared with the patients who had high TK activity during the 2 years of follow‐up. TK activity was correlated with the activity of thymidine synthase, which is a key enzyme for pyrimidine synthesis in the de novo pathway.CONCLUSIONSThis study is the first to demonstrate that the level of TK activity is correlated with both disease stage and tumor grade in patients with bladder carcinoma and that elevated TK activity predicts early recurrence in patients with Ta and T1 disease. These results suggest that the level of TK activity may be used as a prognostic parameter and that TK may be a molecular therapeutic target in patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:2120–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10948
HER‐2/neu status and tumor morphology of invasive breast carcinomas in Ashkenazi women with known BRCA1 mutation status in the Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry
Authors: Quenneville Louise A. , Phillips Kelly‐Anne , Ozcelik Hilmi , Parkes Robert K. , Knight Julia A. , Goodwin Pamela J. , Andrulis Irene L. , O'Malley Frances P. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe prevalence of BRCA1 germline mutations is greater in the Ashkenazi Jewish population than in the general North American population. The Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry collects clinical and family history data in familial breast carcinoma cases, and unselected Ashkenazi breast carcinomas, and acts as a tumor tissue repository.METHODSUsing this resource, we examined the tumor morphology, hormone receptor status, and HER‐2/neu protein overexpression in Canadian Ashkenazi breast carcinoma patients whose germline BRCA1 mutation status is known.RESULTSThirty‐eight tumors from 32 BRCA1 carriers and 354 tumors from 334 noncarriers were analyzed.The tumors in BRCA1 mutation carriers were more likely to be high grade (P < 0.0001) and estrogen receptor negative (P < 0.004). There was an increased frequency of typical medullary carcinomas in mutation carriers when all tumors were analyzed. However, this difference did not remain statistically significant when only the first tumor diagnosed in each patient was included in the analysis. There was no difference in HER‐2/neu protein overexpression between the two groups overall (P = 0.07). However, when the analysis was restricted to Grade III tumors, there were significantly fewer HER‐2/neu‐positive tumors in the mutation carriers versus noncarriers (3.1% vs. 21.5%, P = 0.012). No significant differences were found in the incidence of lymph node status, progesterone receptor status, lymphatic vessel invasion, degree of lymphocytic infiltration, or in the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ associated with the invasive tumors.CONCLUSIONSIncreasing awareness of the morphologic and immunophenotypic features more commonly found in BRCA1‐associated breast carcinomas may lead to a wider use of these characteristics in genetic screening programs and provide further clues to their pathogenesis. Cancer 2002;95:2068–75. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10949
Factors influencing mortality among young women with second primary breast carcinoma
Authors: Bernstein Jonine L. , Lapinski Robert , Lynch Charles , Holford Theodore , Thompson W. Douglas 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTumor characteristics are strong predictors of survival among women with breast carcinoma, yet the variability in prognosis among women presenting with similar stages suggests other factors may also play an important role. We examine the prognostic significance of etiologic risk factors for breast carcinoma to determine whether factors that influence the development of breast carcinoma also affect the course of the disease among a prospective cohort of young women with bilateral breast carcinoma.METHODSThe 369 U.S. women included in this study were from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study who were diagnosed with an invasive first primary breast carcinoma between 1980 and 1982 and a second primary breast carcinoma before 1999. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors known and suspected to be associated with breast carcinoma and with survival, based on reporting at the time of the first primary.RESULTSOne hundred sixty women died during the 16–18‐year follow‐up period. The adjusted 1, 5, 10, and 15‐year survival rates following diagnosis of second primary breast carcinoma were 94%, 70%, 55%, and 49%, respectively. Survival rates werepoorest among the youngest women, those diagnosed with a second primary within 5 years of their first, poor African American women, women with either primary diagnosed at a later stage, those with less than 12 years of school, single women, and those with major weight gain between age 18 and adulthood.CONCLUSIONSThis study provided little evidence that important etiologic factors for breast carcinoma predict mortality following diagnosis of a second primary breast carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:2051–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10950
Phase II trial combining paclitaxel with 24‐hour infusion cisplatin for chemotherapy‐naïve patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast carcinoma
Authors: Hsu Chiun , Huang Chiun‐Sheng , Chao Tsu‐Yi , Lu Yen‐Shen , Bu Ching‐Fang , Chen Mary M. , Chang King‐Jeng , Cheng Ann‐Lii 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDBoth paclitaxel and cisplatin are active as second‐line chemotherapy for patients with breast carcinoma. A synergistic cytotoxicity of these two drugs has been demonstrated in vitro. This study sought to determine the efficacy of combining these two drugs in the treatment of chemotherapy‐naïve patients with breast carcinoma.METHODSThe inclusion criteria for the study were 1) women with histologically proven breast carcinoma; 2) locally advanced disease, as defined by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage T4 (locally advanced breast carcinoma [LABC]) or clinically proven metastases (metastatic breast carcinoma [MBC]); and 3) no prior cytotoxic chemotherapy. The regimen consisted of paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 intravenously by 3‐hour infusion immediately followed by cisplatin 50 mg/m2 intravenously by 24‐hour infusion on Day 1 and repeated every 3 weeks. After a maximal response to chemotherapy was achieved, patients with LABC underwent resection of their primary tumor if the procedure was not contraindicated.RESULTSFrom July, 1999 to January, 2001, 46 patients were enrolled into this study (28 patients with LABC and 18 patients with MBC). Their median age was 49.5 years (range, 29.8–65.5 years). A total of 205 cycles of chemotherapy were given. All patients were evaluable for toxicity, and 45 patients were evaluable for response. There were 3 complete responses (CRs) and 24 partial responses (PRs), for an overall response rate of 58.7% (95% confidence interval, 44.5–72.9%). Grade 4 hypersensitivity (asthma) to paclitaxel occurred in one patient. Grade 3–4 nausea and emesis and Grade 3–4 myelosuppression occurred in six patients and four patients, respectively. Of the 28 patients with LABC, 2 patients achieved a CR, and 14 patients achieved a PR. Twenty‐seven patients underwent mastectomy patients after chemotherapy. A pathologic CR was documented in one patient. Postoperatively, 23 patients with LABC received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 18 patients with LABC received adjuvant radiotherapy. During a median follow‐up of 14.6 months, 5 of 28 patients with LABC developed recurrent disease, and 2 patients died of progressive disease, whereas 3 of 18 patients with MBC died of progressive disease.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of paclitaxel by 3‐hour infusion and cisplatin by 24‐hour infusion appears to be an active and well‐tolerated regimen for chemotherapy‐naïve patients with LABC or MBC. Cancer 2002;95:2044–50. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10951
Classifying local disease recurrences after breast conservation therapy based on location and histology
Authors: Huang Eugene , Buchholz Thomas A. , Meric Funda , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Mirza Nadeem Q. , Ames Frederick C. , Feig Barry W. , Kuerer Henry M. , Ross Merrick I. , Singletary S. Eva , McNeese Marsha D. , Strom Eric A. , Hunt Kelly K. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo distinguish true local recurrences (TR) from new primary tumors (NP) and to assess whether this distinction has prognostic value in patients who develop ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences (IBTR) after breast‐conserving surgery and radiotherapy.METHODSBetween 1970 and 1994, 1339 patients underwent breast‐conserving surgery at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. Of these patients, 139 (10.4%) had an IBTR as the first site of failure. For the 126 patients with clinical data available for retrospective review, we classified the IBTR as a TR if it was located within 3 cm of the primary tumor bed and was of the same histologic subtype. All other IBTRs were designated NP.RESULTSOf the 126 patients, 48 (38%) patients were classified as NP and 78 (62%) as TR. Mean time to disease recurrence was 7.3 years for NP versus 5.6 years for TR (P = 0.0669). The patients with NP had improved 10‐year rates of overall survival (NP 77% vs. TR 46%, P = 0.0002), cause‐specific survival (NP 83% vs. TR 49%, P = 0.0001), and distant disease‐free survival (NP 77% vs. TR 26%, P < 0.0001). Patients with NP more often developed contralateral breast carcinoma (10‐year rate: NP 29% vs. TR 8%, P = 0.0043), but were less likely to develop a second local recurrence after salvage treatment of the first IBTR (NP 2% vs. TR 18%, P = 0.008).CONCLUSIONSPatients with NP had significantly better survival rates than those with TR, but were more likely to develop contralateral breast carcinoma. Distinguishing new breast carcinomas from local disease recurrences may have importance in therapeutic decisions and chemoprevention strategies. This is because patients with new carcinomas had significantly lower rates of metastasis than those with local disease recurrence, but were more likely to develop contralateral breast carcinomas. Cancer 2002;95:2059–67. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10952
Low bone density and high percentage of body fat among men who were treated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate carcinoma
Authors: Chen Zhao , Maricic Michael , Nguyen Paul , Ahmann Frederick R. , Bruhn Roberta , Dalkin Bruce L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMen with prostate carcinoma who are treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are reported to be at an increased risk of bone loss and weight changes due to the sudden disruption of hormonal levels. In the current case–control study, the authors examined the prevalence and magnitude of low bone density and obesity among men with prostate carcinoma who were treated with ADT.METHODSSixty‐two men with prostate carcinoma who had been receiving ADT for 1–5 years were included as cases. Healthy men (n = 47) with a prostate specific antigen level < 4.0 ng/mL were recruited as controls. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. The average age was 74.3 years for the cases and 72.8 years for the controls.RESULTSThe results of the current study demonstrate that prostate carcinoma cases had significantly higher body weight (86.5 kg vs. 80.6 kg), a higher percentage of body fat (30% vs. 26%), and a lower total body BMD (1.12 mg/cm2 vs. 1.17mg/ cm2) compared with controls (P < 0.05). Cases were more likely to be obese (27.4% vs 43%) and have low BMD at trochanter (32.3% vs. 10.6%), intertrochanter (48.4% vs. 29.8%), and total hip measurements (50.0% vs. 25.3%).CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study indicate that men with prostate carcinoma who are treated with ADT have a significantly increased risk of low bone density and obesity. Cancer 2002;95:2136–44. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10967