bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. If normal guinea pigs are confined with an equal number of tuberculous cage mates the incidence of "contact" tuberculosis is increased by crowding. This is probably due largely to an increase in the amount of tubercle bacilli available in the more crowded cages, although no constant relationship could be established between the intensity of the exposure and the incidence of tuberculosis acquired by contagion. Other factors must be determined.
2. If guinea pigs are inoculated intraperitoneally with a given quantity of human tubercle bacilli and distributed in different degrees of crowding, the duration of survival is shortened in the more crowded animals, and the incidence of chronic types of tuberculosis is greater among the less crowded animals.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P. , Smith Frederick 
Published: June 2004

The permeability of the capillaries in the skeletal muscles of mammals increases progressively along their course and is greatest where they pass into the least venules. The gradient of permeability is so largely independent of functional states as to give grounds for the view that it is determined by inherent local differences. Through the gradient opportunity is equalized along the capillary. In the liver lobule this object is accomplished by an artifice of arrangement whereby the blood flow past the cells is increased with their distance from the source of supply. In the urinary bladder the interlacing of capillaries, their progressive widening, and a consequent gradual slowing of the blood flow act to achieve the same end. Here a gradient of permeability has not been demonstrable.
Where cells of different sorts are served by a slender capillary, their differing requirements may render unnecessary any provision to equalize their opportunities; but where shortcomings in local maintenance will reduce the efficiency of an entire fabric, as the muscle fibre, and where cells of like character live competitively along the same channel, as in the liver, some arrangement must exist to ensure an even distribution of the services rendered by the blood. In situations of the kind last mentioned the immediate environment of the individual cell, the "milieu interne" of Bernard, is not only kept as constant as possible but it must be the same, by and large, for all of the cells.
The task of serving voluntary muscle is not strictly limited to the capillaries. The intrafascicular arterioles and venules act so effectively to sustain the tissue about them that where they run no capillaries are supplied.
TOTAL WATER AND CHLORIDE CONTENT OF DEHYDRATED RATS
Authors: Drake T. G. H. , McKhann C. F. , Gamble J. L. 
Published: June 2004

The circumstances present in upper intestinal obstruction which may be expected to reduce the water content of the body are fasting with water deprivation and a continued loss of secretions into the stomach. According to the data obtained from the above described experiments with rats, loss of body water during the first third of the survival period following pyloric obstruction is more than half accounted for by fasting with water deprivation. This body water is accompanied by a parallel loss of solids and may be regarded as a waste product of the consumption of body fat, glycogen, and protoplasm. Its loss does not disturb the per cent water content of the body tissues. The water lost into the stomach is responsible for an actual excess of water reduction over consumption of solids. Except in the case of the skin and blood, this excess loss of water is extremely small and produces a reduction of the per cent water content of tissues which is so slight as to permit the surmise that the water loss here derives entirely from the interstitial fluid of the tissues and that no dehydration of tissue cells occurs. The data are, however, not directly informative on this point. The total loss of body water during 12 hours following pyloric obstruction was found to be 12.6 per cent of the water content of a control animal.
More than one-quarter (28.3 per cent) of the total body content of chloride ion was found to be lost and was entirely accounted for by the amount of chloride found in the gastric contents. Nearly half of the chloride loss derives from the skin.
Data are presented which demonstrate that lower intestinal obstruction causes slight, if any, depletion of the water content of the body.
ACCUMULATION OF ANTIBODIES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: June 2004

1. Antibodies can be extracted from the brain and spinal cord of rabbits actively or passively immunized with typhoid bacilli.
2. The titers of the antibodies in the extracts of brain and cord depend upon the titer of the blood serum. In actively immunized rabbits the following numerical relationships exist between the titers of the serum and of these organ extracts: The ratio of the titer of the serum is to the titers of extract of brain and of the spinal cord about as 100 is to 0.8; the titer of the serum is to the titer of the cerebrospinal fluid as 100 is to 0.3. In passively immunized rabbits the titer of the serum is to the titer of brain and spinal-cord extract as 100 is to 0.7.
3. The antibodies recovered from the brain are not due to the presence of blood in it for perfusion of the brain does not reduce its antibody content appreciably.
4. Antibodies penetrate into the spinal fluid from the blood even in the absence of inflammation of the meninges. When the penetration is completed the following numerical relationship exists between the titer of the serum and that of the cerebrospinal fluid: 100 to 0.25.
5. The penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid of antibodies injected intravenously proceeds at a slow rate, being completed only several hours after the immune serum has been injected. The penetration of antibodies into the tissue of the brain occurs at a very rapid rate. It is completed within 15 minutes.
6. It is very unlikely that when the immune serum is injected intravenously the antibodies reach the brain tissue by way of the cerebrospinal fluid, for (1) the antibody titer of the cerebrospinal fluid is lower than that of the brain extract, and (2) antibodies penetrate faster into the tissue of the brain than into the cerebrospinal fluid.
THE EFFECT OF CATHODE RAYS UPON CERTAIN BACTERIA
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

1. For the two motile bacilli, B. coli and B. aertryke, the absorption of a single 155 K.V. electron is sufficient to cause death. Furthermore, all, or nearly all, the electrons absorbed are lethal. The same is undoubtedly true of Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to providing a quantitative picture of the interaction of bacteria and cathode rays, these results suggest that radiation of the energy content used in our experiments is not suitable for altering the inheritable characteristics of bacteria.
2. The differences in sensitivity to cathode rays shown by the bacteria studied can be explained by the purely physical factor of size.
3. Counts giving significant conclusions concerning killing rates can be obtained only if there is no clumping of the cells when spread and only if the cells are not allowed to multiply before irradiation. Both these precautions seem rarely to have been met in the experiments that have in the past been made with X-rays and other forms of radiation.
INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Rivers T. M. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits (Sanarelli) induces multiple lesions in the skin, lymph glands, tunica vaginalis,epididymis, testicle, spleen, and lungs.
Growth and destruction of cells in the epidermis overlying the myxomatous masses leads to the formation of vesicles. Cytoplasmic inclusions are found in affected epidermal cells. Occasionally, similar inclusions are seen in other involved epithelial cells. The nature of the inclusions is an open question.
In the myxomatous masses situated in the subcutaneous and other tissues, evidences of alteration and growth of certain cells are observed.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF ALBINO RATS
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David 
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of Bartonella muris anemia of splenectomized rats may be transmitted to normal young unoperated rats and rabbits. This confirms the observations of Ford and Eliot.
2. Trypanosoma lewisi infections in normal adult rats are accompanied by an anemia most marked at the height of the infection and the appearance of Bartonella muris bodies in the red blood cells.
3. In young rats Trypanosoma lewisi may produce death from the severity of the anemia, complicating the disease. The anemic virus may be separated from the Trypanosoma lewisi infected blood by passage through young rabbits with subsequent maintenance of the strain in immature rats.
4. A strain of the virus of Bartonella muris anemia capable of producing an anemia in young rabbits and young rats for successive transfers has been isolated from the blood of normal adult unoperated rats by passage through young rabbits.
5. The adult normal rat is a carrier of the Bartonella muris virus.
6. Splenectomy in young suckling rats separated from the mother is not followed by a Bartonella muris anemia. The young suckling rat is not a carrier of the infection.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF ALBINO RATS
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J. 
Published: June 2004

Autoplastic splenic transplants were made in adult albino rats 4 weeks and 7 weeks prior to splenectomy and the protective effects against infection with the Bartonella muris anemia observed.
1. One-fourth of the spleen left in situ will protect adult albino rats against the Bartonella muris anemia.
2. Autotransplantation of splenic tissue in adult rats is successful in over 90 per cent of instances.
3. Autoplastic splenic transplants performed 7 weeks prior to splenectomy afford protection against Bartonella muris anemia in more than 50 per cent of instances, whereas 4 week old transplants do not protect.
4. A comparative histological study of the transplants of protected and unprotected rats reveals a regeneration of the pulp cells in the protected rats and an exhaustion destruction of the pulp in the unprotected rats.
5. The reticular cells play a specific rôle in protecting the adult albino rat against Bartonella muris anemia.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

Consecutive weekly observations on the lymphocyte and monocyte counts of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. Individual groups were examined 8 to 35 weeks. The results are analyzed on the basis of the mean group values of each week.
In the case of the 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, there was a general tendency for the lymphocyte mean values to become increased; with the group observed 8 weeks, the level of mean values showed little change. The general trend of the monocyte mean values was also in the direction of higher levels but it was less pronounced than that of the lymphocytes.
The period of greatest irregularity in the mean values of the lymphocytes was in the late winter and spring months of both years. With the monocytes, periods of fluctuating values occurred in the fall of 1927, the spring and early summer of 1928, and in the late winter, spring, and early summer of 1929.
There was a certain degree of parallelism in the case of two groups examined during the same months with respect to the direction and time of occurrence of a change in the level of lymphocyte and monocyte mean values.
The general levels of lymphocyte and monocyte mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 were higher than in the groups of 1928–29.
The results based upon the trends of mean group values obtained from consecutive weekly observations showed no evidence of a consistent numerical relationship between lymphocytes and monocytes.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Smith Pearl 
Published: June 2004

1. The damage produced by corrosive sublimate, potassium bichromate and uranium nitrate in the frog's kidney is described.
2. The morphological lesions consist of evidences of tubular damage, such as regressive changes in the epithelium, and of damage to the glomeruli ranging from increase in their permeability to gross damage of and hemorrhage from the tuft.
3. The point is emphasized that these lesions differ in their degree rather than in their nature from those found in the mammalian kidney after the administration of the same poisons.
4. The frog's kidney is exceptionally well suited therefore for the study of lesions which though present are masked in the complexities of structure and function of the mammalian kidney.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGGLUTININS AND PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS, AFTER INHALATION OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Following repeated inhalations of the degenerated non-virulent "R" forms of Type II pneumococcus, no type specific antibodies can be demonstrated in the serum of rabbits.
2. Following repeated inhalations of slightly virulent Type II (SAv) pneumococci, only protective antibodies can be demonstrated in the serum of rabbits.
3. Following repeated inhalations of virulent Type II (Sv) pneumococci, agglutinins and protective antibodies can be demonstrated in the serum of rabbits.
4. Following repeated exposures of rabbits to inhalation of pneumococci, the type specific response, evidenced by type specific protective antibodies and agglutinins, varies in direct proportion to the virulence of the culture used.
THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION ON THE WEIGHT OF ADULT RABBITS, NORMAL AND SYPHILITIC
Authors: Harnes Alvin R. 
Published: June 2004

In summarizing the results obtained for these 6 groups of animals, the following conclusions may be drawn:
Normal rabbits living in total darkness and exposed to ultra-violet radiation at regular intervals showed a more rapid rate of increase in weight than animals living under the same condition, but after an initial period of rapid increase, the irradiated animals maintained a lower body weight than those living in the dark.
Under the same conditions, animals inoculated with T. pallidum and exposed to ultra-violet light maintained a lower weight than the corresponding control groups living in total darkness.
Furthermore, the mortality rate from pneumonic infection was found to be greater in animals exposed to ultra-violet radiation than in those living entirely in the dark.
It is evident, therefore, that, under the conditions given, ultra-violet radiation was detrimental rather than beneficial.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max 
Published: June 2004

As a further test of the theory of tropin action proposed in the preceding paper artificial surfaces have been prepared, and have been found to be phagocytized according to prediction from the theory.
Protein was adsorbed on collodion particles according to the technique of F. S. Jones. These particles were then agglutinated and prepared for phagocytosis by the corresponding protein precipitin sera. The precipitating, agglutinating, surface and tropin effects for each serum or serum globulin fraction have been found to be in satisfactory quantitative correspondence. All of these effects were serologically specific; all remained almost unaffected by inactivation of the immune sera for 30 minutes at 56°C. or by washing of the particles after sensitization.
The surfaces of particles maximally sensitized by homologous rabbit immune serum or one of its globulin fractions have shown certain characteristic properties, i.e., they were cohesive, had wetting properties characteristic for protein, and were isoelectric at pH. 5.5 to 5.8. The same set of properties were found for immune precipitate in the zone of maximal precipitation. The same properties have also been found for maximally sensitized acid-fast bacteria, and for maximally sensitized sheep erythrocytes.
These results indicate, we believe, that precipitation, agglutination, the surface changes and increased phagocytosis are all consequences of one underlying phenomenon. This phenomenon is the specific chemcal combination with, and deposit on the surface of the antigen of antibody protein. The several serological reactions then follow as consequences of the properties of the sensitized surface and of the special environing conditions.
The antibody is contained in the globulin fractions of immune serum, and appears to be a globulin with physico-chemical differences from normal serum globulin.
EXPERIMENTS ON ANAPHYLAXIS TO AZOPROTEINS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: June 2004

Experiments with azoproteins containing stereo-chemical isomeric groups of d- and l-tartaric acid showed well marked specificity of the anaphylactic reaction to these antigens, in conformity with the results of precipitin tests.
Shock in these animals could be prevented by injection of azodye containing the specific groups. This phenomenon is ascribed to a desensitization.
THE ORIGIN OF MONOCYTES IN CERTAIN LYMPH NODES AND THEIR GENETIC RELATION TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Forkner Claude E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The theories for the origin of monocytes from myeloblasts, lymphocytes, endothelium, macrophages, and primitive cells are reviewed and considered.
2. Monocytes in all stages of development have been demonstrated to be present constantly in large numbers in all the lymph nodes of the body, except in the large mesenteric group.
3. The relations of these cells to undifferentiated cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and endothelium are described.
4. The origin of adult monocytes from primitive undifferentiated cells through the stages of monoblasts and pre-monocytes is described and illustrated.
5. The demonstration in certain lymph nodes of innumerable monocytes in all stages of development permits of a shifting of the term "monoblast" from a more or less theoretical name to its proper place as a term designating that particular cell which is derived from a primitive undifferentiated cell and which is the immediate precursor of the pre-monocyte.
6. The term "pre-monocyte" is proposed to designate the intermediate stage between the monoblast and the mature monocyte.
7. Evidence is advanced to show that monocytes are an independent strain of cells, but that under physiological conditions they may be transformed into macrophages, this representing at least one way in which the latter cells normally are produced.
8. In no organs or tissues other than in certain specific lymph nodes, chiefly the peripheral group, can one constantly find monocytes in all stages of development.
9. Developing monocytes occasionally may be found in small numbers in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, subcutaneous connective tissues, lungs, and omenta of normal rabbits, but their presence is by no means constant and their numbers are insignificant in comparison with those found in the peripheral lymph nodes.
10. Monocytes and pre-monocytes do not stain by the common methods used for the demonstration of the reticulo-endothelial system and therefore must be considered for the present as independent of this system, except in so far as monocytes may be transformed into macrophages.
11. Plasma cells, stained with the supravital technique, as seen in lymph nodes, are described. No basis has been found for the theory that plasma cells and monocytes are closely related structural elements.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MARMOSETS TO YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Davis Nelson C. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been possible to introduce yellow fever virus into the small Brazilian monkeys, Callithrix albicollis and Leontocebus ursulus, by the bites of infected mosquitoes and to carry the virus through a series of four passages in each species and back to rhesus monkeys by the bites of Stegomyia mosquitoes fed on the last marmoset of each series.
2. Five specimens of L. ursulus were used. Four developed fever, and all died during the experiments. At least two showed liver necroses comparable to those found in human beings and rhesus monkeys that died of yellow fever.
3. Twenty specimens of C. albicollis were used. Very few showed a temperature reaction following the introduction of virus. Of those that died, none had lesions typical of yellow fever as seen in certain other species of monkeys and in humans.
4. The convalescent serum from each of five C. albicollis protected a rhesus monkey against yellow fever virus, but the serum from a normal marmoset of the same species was found to be non-protective.
THE EXTRACTION OF THE CELL CONTENT OF MICRO-ORGANISMS BY PERCUSSION OF THE FROZEN CELLS
Authors: Johlin J. M. , Avery Roy C. 
Published: June 2004

A method is described for rapidly obtaining fresh extracts of microorganisms by percussion of the frozen cells.
Filtrates giving the biuret reaction and yielding heavy precipitates upon the addition of acetic acid were obtained from the washed cells of cultures of yeast, hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, B. coli, B. xerosis, B. dyphtheriae and the bacillus of bovine tuberculosis.
THE KILLING OF CERTAIN BACTERIA BY X-RAYS
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: June 2004

Both copper K X-rays and the soft general radiation from a tungsten tube operated at 12 KV kill B. coli and B. aertryke in a linearly exponential fashion. Within the experimental limits, the two organisms appear to be equally sensitive to these radiations.
By making use of the fact that X-ray energy is absorbed in quanta, an approximate picture can be formed of the mechanism of this destructive action. If the average numbers of quanta (α) absorbed per bacterium per second are calculated from measurements of air ionization using the quantities outlined in the text, survival ratios for these bacilli can be approximately represented by the equations
See PDF for Equation
for filtered copper rays and
See PDF for Equation
for unfiltered copper rays (peak voltage = 34 KV).
In terms of the foregoing interpretation this means that when death results, it is caused by the absorption of a single X-ray quantum of energy. Since only about one in twenty of the absorbed quanta kills, the sensitive cell constituents whose destruction leads to cell death must have a volume which is less than 0.06 of the bacterium itself.
CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Li C. P. , Rivers T. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of neurovaccine virus was cultivated in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution.
2. The virus upon cultivation apparently lost none of its essential characteristics.
3. The culture virus can be preserved and stored for long periods of time. Furthermore, the preserved virus can be used to initiate fresh cultures.
THE STANDARDIZATION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM TYPES I AND II
Authors: Zozaya José , Boyer John , Clark Janet 
Published: June 2004

1. The mouse protection test used for the standardization of anti-pneumococcic serum Type I and II is very unreliable.
2. The specific polysaccharide precipitation test can be used to establish the comparative value of a test serum to a standardized serum.
3. The polysaccharide used for such tests does not have to be of the highest purity.