bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Erosion of U.S. Technological Leadership as a Factor in Postwar Economic Convergence
Authors: Nelson Richard R , Wright Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surge of research and writing on convergence in recent years has been motivated, in part, by a sharpening awareness of how rapidly other countries have been catching up to the United States, the clear twentieth-century world leader in productivity and technology (Figure 5-1). This chapter, certainly, was so motivated. We are concerned with two big questions. Where did the large lead come from, in the first place? And what have been the essential forces behind its erosion?
Childrearing, Training, and Education
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socializing the young is, ultimately, the parents’ or guardians’ responsibility. But this has never stopped moralists from providing books and poems of advice on what it means to be a well-brought-up child or youth and on how parents can achieve this desirable end. Manuals of childrearing in the medieval period were as spiced with proverbs as is Polonius’s advice to Laertes; no doubt, Shakespeare was familiar with this pervasive literature. Because London’s population was continually being replenished with recruits from the countryside and because its urban elite turned over rather quickly, the market for books on deportment and on rearing children for success in an urban environment was very good. London had few established elite households where the young could learn manners. Young people who aspired to success in London, either as merchants and craftsmen or as servants, needed to know the polite behavior that would make them acceptable in wealthy households. Parents with ambitions for their children also needed to know how to instruct. Thus the socialization of children and young people into polite society occupied an important segment of medieval London culture.
Relationships Between Masters and Apprentices
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Walter Prata, a thoroughly disreputable apprentice, gives a clear picture of the division of labor in a medium-size shop and of the relationship between the master and his apprentices. Walter was apprenticed in 1400 to John Lincoln, a liveried goldsmith. Being, perhaps, fourteen at the time, Walter was the youngest apprentice in the establishment. The two others, Henry Goldsmith and William Fannt, completed their apprenticeship a year after Walter joined the household but continued to work in Lincoln’s shop as bachelors. Lincoln took in another apprentice as well, John Lannden, so that the business consisted of himself, two experienced workers, and two apprentices. The two apprentices lived with the master, as did Fannt, who occupied a separate chamber. They all took their meals together.
Servants
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Servants were ubiquitous in medieval London, as in all the large cities of Europe. The title included a range of unskilled and skilled workers who either lived in their master’s house and received compensation in the form of room and board and wages or worked only for wages and lived in rented rooms. The age range was from seven to seventy, with the majority being in their teens or early twenties.
Return To Negation
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A basic debate over Indian policy developed in the yearsimmediately after World War II. The debate was at first a minor play within a general dialogue concerned with government spending and the growth of “big government.” It began as a demand that trusteeship over Indian property be curtailed and that some functions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs be transferred to other agencies, but it soon broadened into a full attack on the Indian reform program. In and out of Congress there was an increasing tendency to view trusteeship as a failure. It had not provided a method by which the United States might bring its responsibilities to an end. It had not even earned the United States a good name for its efforts.
Against The Protestant Gnostics
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gnosticism is a term covering a group of heresies that for a time had great influence within the early church, including: belief in the existence of a hidden or secret revelation available only to the initiated; rejection of the physical world as evil or impure; and stress on the radical individuality of the spiritual self. In this book Philip Lee finds parallels between gnosticism and belief and practice in contemporary North American Proestantism. Sharply attacking conservatives and liberals alike, Lee spares no one in this penetrating and provocative assessment of the current stage of religion and its effects on values and society at large. The book concludes with a call for a return to orthodoxy and a series of prescriptions for reform. Lee will add a short preface for this paperback edition.
Greece and the art of the word
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muses from Pieria, who glorify by songs, come to me, tell of Zeus your father in your singing. Because of him mortal men are unmentioned and mentioned, spoken and unspoken of, according to great Zeus’ will. For easily he makes strong, and easily he oppresses the strong, easily he diminishes the conspicuous one and magnifies the inconspicuous, and easily he makes the crooked straight and withers the proud-Zeus who thunders on high, who dwells in the highest mansions.
The hidden track of the cow: Obscure styles in Indo-European
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be emphasized that in the early Indo-European world the primary form of artistic expression is precisely verbal.Visual art typically plays a distinctly limited role until relatively late in the tradition. In Indo-European-speaking areas from the British Isles, the Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic continent, Italy and Hellas, to Anatolia, Iranian Asia, and Western India the discrepancy in sophistication between plastic and verbal art at the dawn of our documentation is striking.
The root *g4hen-: Hittite kuen- and the Indo-European theme and formula
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is most important to note that the Hittite sentence, like the Vedic and Avestan, focusses on the object; the subject is known from the preceding clause, but not overt in its own clause, regardless of the order of Verb and Object. As in normal unmarked word order in Hittite narrative prose, the sentence begins with a particle sequence and concludes with the verb.
First variant: The root *uedh-
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning strophes of the latter hymn with its series of ‘memorative’ injunctive verb forms recalling the scene of Indro’s birth and deeds are effectively analyzed in Hoffmann 1967: 178-80. The remarkable grammatical figure of ten, perhaps originally twelve, successive injunctives in strophes 1-4 is forcefully underlined by the word order: all but the last of the twelve verbs are phrase-initial.
The myth in Greece: Variations on the formula and theme
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First he sent him away with orders to slay the Chimaira none might approach; a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle, and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire. He slew Chimaira, obeying the portents of the immortals.
Nektar and the adversary Death
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The same inverted formula is used by Euripides in the Alcestis with an entirely different tone. The coldness, impersonalness, and inflexibility of Death come through vividly in the abrupt shift in pronominalization from the first person singular (before and after) to first person plural in his dialogue with Apollo, line 49 (Death speaking).
From god to hero: The formulaic network in Greek
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first is an equipollent opposition of noble adversaries, like Hector and Patroklos, Achilles and Hector; an example of the second, where the anti-hero is assimilated to a monster, would be Odysseus and the suitors, or Orestes and Klutaimestra. In both the action is bidirectional, potentially reciprocal; either member may be the subject of the verb.
The charms of Indo-European
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now for the first time, in Jamison’s work, an arbitrary list which is a structural set. The sequence is conceptually similar, at times virtually identical in India (where it can be observed over more than a millennium) and Iran, and therefore necessarily of at least common Indo-Iranian antiquity. As such it can serve as a solid point of departure for comparison further afield.3
Law and Providence in Joseph Bellamy’s New England
Authors: Valeri Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of religious thought and social life in early America focuses on the career of Joseph Bellamy (1719–1790), a Connecticut Calvinist minister noted chiefly for his role in originating the New Divinity—the influential theological movement that evolved from the writings of Bellamy’s teacher, Jonathan Edwards. Tracing Bellamy’s contributions as a preacher, noted controversialist, and church leader from the Great Awakening to the American Revolution, Mark Valeri explores why the New Divinity was so immensely popular. Set in social contexts such as the emergent market economy, the war against France, and the politics of rebellion, Valeri shows, Bellamy’s story reveals much about the relationship between religion and public issues in colonial New England.
Back into the Lion’s Jaws: A Note on Jewish Return Migration to Nazi Germany(1933-1938)
Authors: Niederland Doron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarly literature dealing with the migration of German Jews under the Nazi regime has been concerned exclusively with “outward-bound migration,” i.e., emigration. Such an emphasis derives from a basic assumption that the Nazi’s anti-Jewish policy resulted in a forced migration. However, when the question of German-Jewish migration is examined in all its aspects, an interesting phenomenon emerges: thousands of Jews who had emigrated from Nazi Germany after 1933 came back, although the “push factor”-the Nazi regime and its anti-Jewish policy-continued to exist. This fact, which demands an explanation, also calls into question the accepted approach that views the German Jews as refugees and classifies their migration as a “forced” one.
Coming of Age in Phaiakia: The Meeting of Odysseus and Nausikaa
Authors: Shapiro H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, as A. J. Graham demonstrates elsewhere in this volume, Odysseus’ far-flung travels reflect the large-scale colonization movement of the Greek Renaissance, then Scheria, the land of the Phaeacians, the setting of nearly one quarter of the poem, is surely the ultimate Greek colonist’s fantasy of a faraway paradise. It has often been noted that one conspicuous fantasy element of Phaeacian society is a kind of gender reversal at the court. It is Arete, the queen, whom Odysseus is advised to supplicate on his entry into the palace (6.304-5); it is Arete upon whose favor Odysseus, the shipwrecked stranger, will depend for his success.
Homer in the Early Church
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“This poet,” Plato said of Homer, “educated Greece,”1 a statement that would hold true for nearly two millennia. Greek youngsters learned their ABrs from lists of Homeric names; one of the first sentences they wrote was “Homer was not a man but a god”; and among their first reading assignments was a selection of verse from The Odyssey. 2 Among papyri that survive from the early empire are scraps of lines from The Iliad and The Odyssey copied as a writing exercise,3 a school manual quoting from The Odyssey and containing an elegy celebrating a temple in Homer’s honor,4 an epitome of Books 3 and 5 of The Odyssey,5 and student essays on Homeric themes, such as the preparations for the Trojan War,6 events of the war after the death of Achilles,7 and the sufferings of Philoctetes.8
Philodemus on the Technicity of Rhetoric
Authors: Blank David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is one thing to attack the practice of an art or arts as useless or even harmful and quite another to say that a certain practice is not an art at all, but rather a mere knack, and then to claim that any attempt to make that practice into an art will fail. In his attacks on the liberal arts, Sextus Empiricus employs both these arguments, claiming, for example, that rhetoric teaches falsehood, that it does not achieve its end of persuasion with any regularity, and that if it is considered as a science, its principles (words, propositions, etc.) are non-existent. He informs us (Adv. math. 6.4-5; cf. 1.1) that Epicureans argue dogmatically that an art is not necessary for happiness, but is rather harmful, while others aporetically attack the fundamental principles of an art, thereby destroying it entirely.
The Reemergence of Political Abolitionism
Authors: Haines Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was not clear at the time, 1983 was a turning point in the national struggle over capital punishment in the United States. The justices of the U.S. Supreme Court retreated from their involvement in the procedural details of capital sentencing. As a result, many of the available grounds for lifesaving appeals began to evaporate and the pace of executions started to climb gradually from year to year. These were bad omens for a movement that had for almost 20 years leaned heavily on the skills of lawyers to combat the state-sanctioned extermination of convicted killers. But the legal setbacks of the period from 1983 to the present did not diminish the intensity of the abolitionist movement. Rather, they stimulated a change in its strategic direction. Litigators are still involved, to be sure. But now they struggle to save individual lives rather than mount coordinated challenges to the institution of capital punishment itself, as they did in the 1960s and 1970s. The broader attack has shifted from the courts to the arenas of legislative politics and public persuasion. Activists have emphasized new issues, including the danger of fatal miscarriages of justice, the fiscal and system costs of the death penalty for the criminal justice system, and the unique ethical dilemmas of juvenile and mentally retarded offenders. The shift has been fraught with difficulties – few abolitionists expect the nation to stage its final execution any time soon – but it has not been totally without signs of success. Cracks in public support for the death penalty have been exposed but not fully exploited. A backlog of death-sentenced inmates is building, one which dwarfs that of the 1960s moratorium years, and the willingness of Americans to endorse really large numbers of executions every year is still very much in doubt.
Reframing Capital Punishment: Pragmatic Abolitionism
Authors: Haines Herbert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning of this book posed the question of why the death penalty shows signs of flourishing in the United States when it is disappearing from the rest of the Western democratic world. For various reasons, most of those nations did not require a groundswell of popular pressure before they renounced the state’s right to kill lawbreakers. The United States seems to be different in that regard; apparently a vigorous anti-death penalty movement is a prerequisite to any prospects for abolition in the future. Part of the answer to why capital punishment seems to be so well entrenched here is the current weakness of that opposition movement. In a nation where policy advocacy has become a capital-intensive enterprise, death penalty opponents have little money. On an issue that is fought mostly at the state level, abolitionism consists primarily of eastern-based national organizations with weak state affiliates and few local ones. These two disadvantages are linked intimately to a third. In the cynical and angry climate that exists in America, abolitionists have trusted mostly in their ability to bring about not just a national change of mind, but a change of heart. What has remained underdeveloped within the movement is a more pragmatic vocabulary, capable of more than just preaching to the choir.
An Introduction to Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interaction of an electron beam with a solid is complex. Within a distance of a few tens to a few hundreds of angstroms of entering the target, the electron will interact with the sample in some way. The interaction could be the result of the attraction between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged atomic nucleus (and equally the repulsion between the negatively charged atomic electrons and negative charge on the incident electron), in which case the electron will be deflected through some angle relative to its previous direction of travel, but its energy will remain essentially unaltered. This is called an elastic scattering event. Alternatively, the incident electron could cause the ionization of the atom by removing an inner-shell electron from its orbit, so producing a characteristic x-ray or an ejected Auger electron; it could have a collision with a valence electron to produce a secondary electron; it could interact with the crystal lattice of the solid to generate phonons; or, in one of several other possible ways, it could give up some of its energy to the solid. These types of interactions in which the electron changes both its direction of travel and its energy are examples of inelastic scattering events. After traveling a further distance, the electron will then again be scattered, either elastically or inelastically as before, and this process will continue until either the electron gives up all of its energy to the solid and comes to thermal equilibrium with it or until it manages to escape from the solid in some way.
The Single Scattering Model
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will develop a Monte Carlo model for the interaction of an electron beam with a solid using the “single scattering” approximation. Within the limits discussed below, this model is the most accurate representation of the electron interaction that we can construct, and it is capable of giving excellent results over a wide range of conditions and materials. This program, together with the faster but less detailed “plural scattering” model developed in the following chapter, will form the framework around which specific applications of Monte Carlo modeling to problems in electron microscopy and microanalysis will be generated in subsequent chapters. The single scattering Monte Carlo simulation calculates the passage of the electron through the solid by tracking it from one interaction to the next. In principle, these interactions could be either elastic or inelastic, so the resultant changes in the direction of motion and the energy of the electron would be computed on the basis of the specific sequence of scattering events that each electron suffered. While this is a feasible way of tackling the problem, it has the disadvantage that because not all scattering events are equally important-in terms of their effect on the trajectory or energy-or probable, the amount of computation required becomes excessively large. The procedure described here makes two significant assumptions to provide an accurate simulation while minimizing the amount of calculation required.
What next in monte carlo simulations?
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stated aim of this book was to develop Monte Carlo simulations that were accurate enough to be useful predictive tools but simple enough to be accessible to nonspecialists. The previous chapters of the book have demonstrated that, within these limits, a great deal can be done. However, in meeting these goals, approximations and simplifications have had to be made. Specifically, we have made the assumptions that only elastic scattering, as described by the Rutherford cross section, need be considered and that energy loss can be treated as a continuous rather than as a discrete process. Such assumptions are not essential to the construction of a Monte Carlo simulation of electron scattering, and so the obvious and desirable move is to remove these approximations for those cases where they represent an unacceptable restriction.
Conclusion
Authors: Thompson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, some of the main issues that are involved in the modern debate on the Trinity were outlined. In this light then what can we say about the being of the triune God? In this concluding chapter, we look at several issues involved in such a reassessment, especially the meaning of unity in Trinity and Trinity in unity. Each issue raises the further question of the validity of the Eastern and Western views, and how far each is right or needs correction. It also leads into ecumenical perspectives. I look first at the unity of the triune God.
The Politics of Child Abuse in America
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child abuse policy in the United States contains dangerous contradictions, which have only intenstified as the public slowly accepted it as a middle class problem. One contradiction is the rapidly expanding child abuse industry (made up of enterprising psychotherapists and attorneys) which is consuming enormous resources, while thousands of poor children are seriously injured or killed, many while being “protected” by public agencies. This “rediscovery” has also led to the frenzied pursuit of offenders, resulting in the sacrifice of some innocent people. Moreover, the media’s focus on the sensational details of high-visibility sexual abuse cases has helped to trivialize, if not commercialize, the child abuse problem. As such, child abuse has gone from a social problem to a social spectacle. By the 1980s the child welfare system had become a virtual “nonsystem,” marked by a staggering turnover of staff, unmanageable caseloads, a severe shortage of funding, and caseloads composed of highly dysfunctional families (many with drug-related problems). To make room for these families, public agencies rationed services by increasingly screening-out child abuse reports which contained little likelihood of serious bodily harm. In The Politics of Child Abuse in America, the authors argue that child abuse must be viewed as a public safety problem. This redefinition would make it congruent with other family-based social trends, including the crackdown on domestic violence. Children must have the same legal protection currently extended to physically and sexually abused women. This can be done by creating a “Children’s Authority,” which would have the overall charge for protecting children. Specifically, Children’s Authorities would have the responsibility for providing the six main functions of child protection: investigation, enforcement, placement services, prevention and education, family support, and research and development. Offering a unique perspective on the cold reality of this crisis, The Politics of Child Abuse in America will be a provocative work for social workers and human service personnel, as well as the general reader concerned with this timely issue.