bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dermatoglyphics of American Caucasians
Authors: Plato Chris C. , Cereghino James J. , Steinberg Florence S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDigital and palmar dermatoglyphics were collected from 360 male and 360 female seven year old Caucasians from the greater Boston area. All participants were screened and found to be free of minor anomalies or chronic diseases. All individuals with I.Q. scores below 70 were also excluded. The results were presented in such a way as to give information on bilateral symmetry as well as overall frequencies of the various dermatoglyphic features. The results were compared with those of the corresponding sample of seven year old normal male and female Negrose of the accompanying report.A review of the distribution of the dermatoglyphic features in different Caucasian populations has also been presented and the overall dermatoglyphics of the Caucasians were discussed in reference to the distribution of the same features in the other major “racial” groups.The method of collection and selection of the subjects, described in the text, makes this set of data unique and one of the most suitable for use as controls in studying the dermatoglyphics of the individuals with diseases or congenital anomalies.
Population variation in asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger for digital ridge‐counts
Authors: Jantz Richard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPopulation variation in ridge‐count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger has received scant attention in dermatoglyphic studies. Asymmetry, in particular, has generally been attributed to environmental effects operating during the formation of dermal ridges. Examination of samples from several groups of diverse racial background revealed the existence of considerable population variation with respect to finger ridge‐count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger. Patterning along population lines suggests a genetic rather than environmental basis for such variation. The genetic mechanisms responsible for ridge‐counts may also mediate asymmetry and diversity, or the degree of developmental stability in different populations may itself be under genetic control.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Bagathas of Araku Valley (A.P.), India
Authors: Reddy G. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFinger prints of the Bagathas, a dominant endogamous tribal population of Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh (India) were analysed. They are distributed in Araku, Paderu and Chintapalli agency areas of Visakhapatnam district of A.P. Investigations on finger prints of 235 males and 235 females reveal that loops are higher in females (57.58%) than in males (49.19%). Sex differences in the distribution of the patterns are statistically significant (X2 = 27.8277; d.f. = 2; 0.001 > P). The index of pattern intensity shows a higher value in males (14.17) than the females (12.84). It is evident from the mean ridge counts that there is a clear sexual dimorphism, males showing higher mean ridge counts than females. Bagathas show greater affinity with the Valmikis in the frequency distribution of pattern types and in the pattern intensity index. However, a more detailed dermatoglyphic study of all the tribes of Andhra Pradesh yields information of great value in disclosing the pattern distributions among these Dravidian or proto‐Australoid tribal populations.
High pattern intensity indices and ridge counts from the Milne bay district of Papua‐New Guinea and their bearing on the origin of the Australian Aborigines
Authors: McKenzie Ruth L. , Parsons P. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA population sample from the Milne Bay district of Papua‐New Guinea was found to have extremely high pattern intensity indices and total ridge‐counts. These fell into the range of certain Australian Aboriginal tribes, and so argue for a possible connection between this region of Melanesia and the Australian Aborigines, although equally strong connections with other regions of Melanesia are known.
Epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Brehme Heinz 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe characteristics of the epidermal ridge system were studied in a series of eighteen lesser or pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). The general ridge alignments are very similar to those of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes); Biegert ('61). On the average the pattern intensity (P.I.) of the palm configurations is considerably higher in the pygmy chimpanzee than in the chimpanzee, thus representing the highest total palm pattern intensity of all species of the Hominoidea. The sole configurations show parallel main results to those of the palm; however, the decreased sole pattern frequency of the pygmy chimpanzee is of a smaller predominance only as compared to the values of the other species of this superfamily. The preliminary data on the finger tip patterns, translated into P.I. values, are much higher than in chimpanzees and within the range of the mean values of gorillas (Brehme, '73), while those of the toes of pygmy chimpanzees seem to possess the lowest P.I. values of the African apes.
Ridge course of the whorls: Classification and methods
Authors: Vijaya Bhanu B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn dermatoglyphic methodology the system of gross classification of digital pattern types needs modifications. More attention should be focussed on the study of minute morphological variations among pattern types in order to understand fully the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern variations. A systematic classification to record many of the morphological peculiarities is lacking.This paper proposes a classification and methods of identification of the direction of the course of the ridges inside the pattern area of true whorls. In all, nine ridge course types are identified, named and described. Data analysed on the basis of the above methods and classification reveal significant bilateral differences for clockwise and counter‐clockwise types of ridge directions.Mode of inheritance, bisexual differences, etc., of the polymorphic course of these ridges should be studied. Its usefulness in the field of personal identification, population genetics and medicine should also be evaluated.
Growth of the maxillary complex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: McNamara James A. , Riolo Michael L. , Enlow Donald H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe growth of the maxillary complex of 36 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively during four defined stages of postnatal development (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each stage, growth was observed during a 24 week period. Since some animals were observed during two successive stages of development, 47 periods of growth were studied. The incremental growth data were collected by superimposing serial cephalograms on cranial base implants and on maxillary implants.The largest increments of growth were observed in the infant animals and were successively less during the other periods studied. The horizontal growth component was more prominent than the vertical component in all age groups. The contribution of sutural growth to the vertical displacement of the maxilla was greater posteriorly, leading to a rotation of the maxillary complex during growth. The occlusal relationship was maintained by selective bone remodeling in conjunction with dentitional migration.
Factor analysis of body hair distributions
Authors: Barker Donald G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing observations on the presence or absence of terminal hair in 13 locations on 700 white adult males, descriptive statistics were tabulated, phi coefficients of intercorrelation were computed, principal axis factor loadings were extracted, and varimax rotation of factors to simple structure was performed. The resulting rotated factors were interpreted as five independent components of body hair distribution: dorsal (less sacral), pubic extension, thoracic, sacral, and abdominal.
Genetic basis of hair medulla by twin study
Authors: Das‐Chaudhuri A. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on the incidence of medulla of human head hair based on 9,600 strands examined from 48 pairs of zygosity — determined German twins were quantified as medullary ratio and subjected to variance analysis to give information about genetic significance of the character concerned. The results of F test and heritability estimate yielded significant values indicating the presence of a strong genetic component of variability in the incidence of medulla of human head hair. Sex influence upon the character is found to be absent.
Troop fission in free‐ranging baboons in the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Nash Leanne T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring a 13 month field study of baboons in the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, the troop under observation divided into two groups. One group left the main troop to become ultimately an independent troop with a separate range. The troop fission followed a period of instability in the male status hierarchy. The events prior to and during the troop fission are described in detail and the membership of the group which left is analyzed. Social bonds prior to the fission, including kinship, determined membership in the group which left. Aggression from members of the main troop played a major role in causing the group which left to establish a new range. This fission is compared with troop fissions observed in rhesus and Japanese macaques.
The cephalometric analysis of Cercopithecus aethiops
Authors: Preston C. B. , Evans W. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA Steiner‐based cephalometric study of 46 adult Vervet monkeys was undertaken using craniometric points as closely correlated to those in the human as possible. On tracings of each cephalogram 13 measurements were recorded. The results were statistically analysed. Whilst the monkey face does vary individually this variation is apparently much less than is that of the human face. It is possible that the positions of the monkey incisor crowns bear a relatively constant relationship to the soft tissue profile. The establishment of some cephalometric norms for the Vervet monkey may be useful for future growth studies.
The dentition of the Indian Knoll skeletal population: Odontometrics and cusp number
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on the permanent dentition of 153 individuals from the well known Indian Knoll skeletal population are presented. Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were taken with a Helios dial caliper. Cusp number of maxillary and mandibular molars was recorded.The Indian Knoll dentition is larger than many modern groups but smaller than Australoid or Mesolithic groups. With the exception of maxillary 12, males have larger teeth than females in both dimensions. The lower canine is the most dimorphic tooth. Through rank order correlation, an association was shown between the sexual dimorphism of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions. Compared to modern groups, the Indian Knoll population displays a moderate degree of sexual dimorphism in tooth size.In general, the coefficients of variation were greater for the more distal teeth within morphological classes. Amounts of size variability did not differ significantly between the sexes; moreover, rank order correlations indicated that patterns of variability in both dimensions were similar for males and females.The predominant cusp number pattern for upper molars is 4‐3‐3 and for lowers, 5‐5(4)‐5. No sex differences were shown for cusp occurrence or bilateral asymmetry in cusp number.
The effect of sample attrition on the frequency distribution of blood pressure and genetic marker phenotypes representing a natural unselected community: Tecumseh, Michigan
Authors: Smith David G. , Sing Charles F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHighly significant differences in mean age, blood pressure and phenotype frequency distributions between the non‐migrants and “emigrants” of a total unselected community sample were discovered. Use of the mean of BP scores collected from epidemiologic surveys over a period of time as an individual score allows sample attrition to produce both a genetically and demographically biased sample of a population intended to represent an unselected community of people.Multiple regression analyses estimated the contribution of an individual's age, genotype and mobility out of the sample to predicting blood pressure variation. Variation in blood pressure means among certain marker phenotype classes was greater in those who leave than in those who stay, but only the upper portion of the pressure distribution contributed to this relationship. A genetic‐environment interaction is suggested.
The incidence of red‐green colourblindness in the populations of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in Libya, and of the Kikuyu, Kamba, Taita, Taveta and Luo tribes of Kenya
Authors: Sunderland E. , Rosa P. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe results of surveys of colourblindness carried out using the Ishihara test cards in Libya and Kenya, involving 384 and 504 individuals respectively, are reported. The Libyan samples, drawn from three geographically distinct regions of the country, are relatively homogeneous. The Kenyan samples, on the other hand, are, heterogeneous, but in toto they display a markedly lower colourblindness percentage than do the Libyans. The Kenyan data are in broad accord with the other data available for sub‐Saharan African populations. There are very few sets of comparative data available for North African populations, but the Libyan material displays a lower incidence of colourblindness than the values reported in European populations.
Bipedal behavior of olive baboons (Papio anubis) and its relevance to an understanding of the evolution of human bipedalism
Authors: Rose M. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe bipedal behavior of a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis) is described. Bipedalism is relatively rare but nevertheless occurs in a wide variety of situations, although bipedalism during feeding occurs much more frequently than in other situations. The incidence of bipedalism varies between different age‐sex classes and between individuals within age‐sex classes. This pattern of bipedalism occurred within an overall adaptive response, particularly in feeding behavior, which was similar to that of the gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada). The data on bipedalism is used together with an existing model of early hominid differentiation based on T. gelada to indicate the types of bipedal behavior which might have occurred in early hominid small object feeders and to suggest how a bipedal pattern of this type might have served as a basis for the action of selection for a more committedly bipedal pattern at later stages of hominid evolution.
Histological analysis of undecalcified thin sections of archeological bone
Authors: Stout Samuel D. , Teitelbaum Steven L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArcheological bone often lends itself to histological analysis. Sections from bone samples approximately one thousand years old may show as much structural preservation as those only a few hundred years old; hence, it appears that the degree of preservation is not necessarily affected by time. Enough structure may be preserved to permit the diagnosis of metabolic disorders of bone which might go undetected by other methods. This type of analysis can be utilized to accept or reject individual remains suspected of being pathological on the basis of other, less precise diagnostic techniques.
Newborn brain: Body weight ratios
Authors: Jordaan Harold V. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNewborn brain:body weight ratios are generally considered to be constant in man. In autopsy studies many factors influence the measured weight of the brain, and therefore the conclusions based on such observations, including the gestational age of the material, the presence or absence of intrauterine growth retardation, and the cause of death. In this study these influences have been eliminated by careful selection of normally grown fullterm newborns not subject to the factors influencing brain weight. Using double logarithmic plots, brain size in fullterm newborns is found to be related to the 0.64 power of birth weight. There is a negative correlation between relative brain size and increasing fullterm birth size in man.
The interaction between nonmetric and metric cranial variation
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranial discrete or “epigenetic” traits have been analyzed for interrelationships with measurements of the skull in a sample of American Negro males. Univariate t and multivariate T2 tests are used. It has been the previous consensus view that nonmetric and metric characters are unrelated. Statistically significant associations between the total of 50 discrete and 23 metrical characters, however, are much more frequent than would be expected through random distribution. Multivariate analysis supplements simpler statistics by synthesizing patterns of variation within regions of the skull, identifying many interrelations of skull size and shape with discrete traits. A low but observable general influence is exerted upon nonmetric morphology by metrical variation of the human skull (or vice versa).
Findings from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America on secular change in mean height of children, youths, and young adults
Authors: Meredith Howard V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudies conducted during the past century in Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway, and the United States indicate that the magnitude of secular increase in mean height rose with advancing age from childhood to mid‐adolescence. Comparisons for a period approximating two‐thirds of a century yield average increases in mean height of 12.2 cm for female youths age 12 years, and 12.5 cm for male youths age 14 years; for the same calendar span, the amount of secular increase in mean height declines from mid‐adolescence to early adulthood. Comparisons of Belgian females, spanning a period approximating 130 years, yield increases in mean height of 18.1 cm at age 12 years, 11.9 cm at age 16 years, and 3.7 cm in early adulthood. For a period of 90 years, increases obtained on United States White males are 14.8 cm at age 14 years, 8.8 cm at age 17 years, and 5.3 cm in early adulthood. These and other displayed findings show clearly that the search for causes of secular change should take particular account of a phenomenon widespread among human populations, i.e., the phenomenon of childhood and early adolescent growth in body height proceeding at a faster pace in recent decades than about a century ago.
A twin study of dental dimension. II. Independent genetic determinants
Authors: Potter Rosario H. , Nance Walter E. , Yu Pao‐Lo , Davis W. Bailey 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo demonstrate the presence of independent genetic determinants of multiple correlated tooth dimensions from twin data, a multivariate analysis was performed on the covariance matrices of monozygotic and dizygotic within‐pair differences for mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of 28 teeth of the secondary dentition. The results provided strong evidences that the correlation among tooth dimensions is primarily genetic in origin, probably attributable to the pleiotropic action of either independent genes or groups of genes. Among the genetic factors that were identified, one appeared to affect the maxillary teeth in general while a second influenced primarily the anterior mandibular teeth. There was a striking tendency for homologous measurements on the right and left sides to be associated with the same genetic factor. In contrast, genetic determination of the maxillary and mandibular dentition seemed to be independent of each other, and a wider range of genetic factors were found to influence the mandibular than the maxillary teeth, suggesting that a differential degree of evolutionary stability may have been achieved in the teeth of the two jaws.
A comparative study of the temporal bone in three populations of man
Authors: Schulter Frances P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA comparative study was made to determine race and sex differences in the temporal bone, to investigate growth relationships, and to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal bone and the temporal lobe of the brain.Data on Eskimo, Indian, and white crania were collected from radiographs and directly from the skulls. Of the 25 variables studied, only the minimum diameter of porus failed to demonstrate some difference among the races.Variation between sexes was found for all measurements except the cranial base angle (of deflection) and three angles related to the petrous pyramids. Correlation coefficients indicated that none of the angles are related in any consistent manner to the other variables studied. This is interpreted as further evidence of cranial base stability.The Indians have the lowest, longest squamae, differing most from the whites. The position of squama is more anterior in the Eskimos. Females of each race possess more anteriorly positioned squamae than males. When the squama is more anteriorly located, the porus is in a more posterior position within the squama itself. Strong race variation exists in the shape of porus.In order to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal lobe of the brain better reference points for reflecting its size and shape must be found.
Hereditary and environmental determinants of growth in height in a longitudinal sample of children and youth of Guatemalan and European ancestry
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Wainer Howard , Thissen David , MacVean Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon the growth in stature of children living in Guatemala City has been studied. Heights at yearly examinations were fitted, by individual, to a double logistic curve in samples of Guatemalan and European children attending a private school in Guatemala City. These two samples differed genetically yet shared the same environment. Their growth was compared, by a multivariate analysis of the parameterized curves, to that of children from the Berkeley Growth Study, genetically similar to the European sample, yet living in different environments. The European children in Guatemala grew, before adolescence, more similar to Guatemalan and differed significantly from the Berkeley sample children. However, the amount of growth during the adolescent years experienced by the European children was similar to that of the Berkeley sample and differed from their Guatemalan counterparts.
A factor analysis of body build in the rat
Authors: Watson R. H. J. , Broadhurst P. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFollowing a survey of the problems associated with the comparative study of measures of physique in domesticated and laboratory animals, techniques were developed for the measurement of body build in the adult albino laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). They involved anesthetisation of the animals and the use of calipers and a simple apparatus devised for the purpose. The 17 measures taken on 100 rats, 50 of each sex, are detailed and the reasons for excluding others given. Intercorrelations of all the measures and their reliability co‐efficients, which were judged satisfactory, are presented. The tables of intercorrelations, one for each sex, were factor analysed separately, and rotations to simple structure performed. Two factors were identified, one having factor saturations on measures of body length and the other similarly defining body width. This pattern was similar for the two sexes and a single index of body build was therefore proposed in which the length of the rear foot is divided by the width of the shoulder girdle and multiplied by 100 to avoid decimals. The use of the index in other investigations is mentioned.