bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
276 Investigating the Colonization History of Early-Life Microbiome of Piglets
Authors: Adams Seidu , Knapp Josh P , Neujahr Alison , Burkey Thomas , Miller Phillip S , Fernando Samodha C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early-life microbiome establishment and colonization is essential for gut development, nutrient digestion and metabolism, and modulation of the immune system. Microbial colonization of the infant digestive tract begins at birth, and as such, maternal microbiota has an important influence on the early-life establishment and colonization of the infant gut microbiota. Therefore, perturbations during early life establishment of the infant gut microbiome may have long-term impact on the microbiota composition and function, and may serve as a major determinant on host health and development. To evaluate the effects of early life microbiomes on long-term colonization of the microbiome, and effect host function, we set out to quantify the percentage of the sow microbiome that contributes to early-life colonization in the piglet and how such microbiomes would persist within the piglet gut. To this end, we investigated the colonization history and the role of the sow microbiome in establishment of the piglet microbiome over time using 16S rRNA sequencing. We observed 125 amplicon sequence variants to be persistent across different sampling time points, day 0, day 14, and day 21, representing 89.73%, 68.99%, and 67.30% of the total reads on day 0, day 14 and day 21, recovered from the piglets respectively. Comparing the piglet microbiota to that of the sow, we observed 114 of the 125 persistent ASVs in the piglet microbiota to arise from the sow that account for 75% of the total reads in the sow microbiota. This core microbiome includes Bacteroides, Methanobrevibacter, Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae Genus, Romboutsia, Phascolarctobacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae Genus, Muribaculaceae Genus, Streptococcus, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group Genus and others. The species abundance increased for Bacteroides, Methanobrevibacter, Lachnoclostridium, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Lactobacillus, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae Genus, Romboutsia, Phascolarctobacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae Genus, Muribaculaceae Genus, Streptococcus, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes group Genus and other species over time while species abundance of pathogens or opportunistic pathogens such as Escherichia-Shigella and Salmonella species decreased over time. In conclusion, the maternal microbiota has an important role in early-life microbiome establishment and can be utilized to develop a more beneficial microbiome to increase pig health and productivity.
288 Effect of Increasing Mn from Mn Hydroxychloride on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Van de Ligt Chris P A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 2,025 grow-finish pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 39.9 ± 0.55 kg) were used in a 95-day trial to determine the impact on growth and carcass performance by increasing Mn from Mn hydroxychloride compared with a control diet containing MnSO4. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment. The treatments were structured as a completely randomized design and consisted of a control diet containing 30 mg/kg of Mn from MnSO4 (Eurochem, Veracruz, Mexico) or 15, 30, 45 or 65 mg/kg of Mn from Mn hydroxychloride (IBM; IntelliBond M, Micronutrients USA, LLC, Indianapolis, IN). Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and were formulated with a premix without Mn and containing 150 mg/kg of Cu from IntelliBond C (Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and 100 mg/kg of Zn from IntelliBond Z (Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN). Diets were fed in 4 phases from 39.9 to 49.9, 49.9 to 74.8, 74.8 to 99.8, and 99.8 to 133.3 kg. In the grower period (d 0 to 43), G:F was improved (quadratic, P = 0.035) when IBM level increased up to 45 mg/kg but then worsened thereafter (Table). Overall (d 0 to d 95), there was no evidence of difference (P &gt; 0.05) for any growth or carcass response criteria when comparing the Mn sources at 30 mg/kg of Mn or when increasing the level of IBM in diets. In conclusion, no differences were observed in this trial with the exception of an improvement in G:F observed in the grower phase as Mn from IBM increased up to 45 mg/kg.
291 Effect of Early vs. Late Maturing Sire Lines and Creep Feeding on the Stress Response, Intestinal Permeability, and Growth Performance of Nursery and Finishing Pigs
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 21 litters (early or late maturing Duroc × DNA 241) resulting in 247 pigs were used in a 170-day trial to determine the effect of sire lines selected for either early or late maturing growth rates and creep feeding on the stress response, intestinal permeability, and growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with main effect of Duroc sire line (early or late maturing) and creep feeding (with or without starting 14 d before weaning). In the nursery, there were 4 or 5 pigs per pen and 12 or 13 replications per treatment. Thirty minutes after weaning (initially 6.4 kg BW), 7 gilts per treatment were used to determine cortisol concentrations in response to weaning. Blood cortisol concentrations were increased (P &lt; 0.01; 104.0 v. 83.5 ng/mL) in late maturing pigs compared with early maturing pigs. After almost no feed consumption by either group on d 1, late maturing pigs had decreased daily feed intake (P &lt; 0.001) than early maturing pigs from days 2 to 14 post-weaning. Likewise, a greater percentage (P &lt; 0.001) of late maturing pigs had BW less than their weaning weights on d 3 post-weaning compared with early maturing pigs (Table). Thus, late maturing pigs had decreased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG and ADFI during the first 3 days in the nursery. Creep feeding had no effect on initial performance. No differences were observed in intestinal permeability between treatments. For overall nursery performance, a significant interaction was observed for ADG (P = 0.007) and ADFI (P &lt; 0.001), with creep feeding providing a benefit in late maturing pigs, but not in early maturing pigs. Early maturing pigs had poorer G:F (P &lt; 0.001) than late maturing pigs. At the end of the nursery, 241 pigs were transported to the finisher and randomly placed in pens based on treatment. There were 7 or 8 pigs per pen and 7 or 8 replications per treatment. For overall finishing performance, an interaction was observed for ADG (P = 0.037), with late maturing pigs that received creep feed having increased ADG compared with the other treatments. An interaction was also observed for ADFI (P = 0.007), with late maturing pigs that did not receive creep feed having decreased ADFI compared with late maturing pigs that received creep feed or early maturing pigs whether they received creep feed or not. In summary, early maturing pigs had lower stress response at weaning and improved ADG and ADFI until approximately 100 kg, at which point late maturing pigs began to exhibit greater ADG. Late maturing pigs had improved feed efficiency throughout the experiment. Creep feeding late maturing pigs resulted in improved growth performance compared with providing no creep feed, whereas creep feed did not impact early maturing pigs.
297 Determining the Effects of Energy Concentrations and Diet Forms on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Lunedo Raquel , Schlesner Gerson , Perondi Dani , Junior Ademir Dahmer , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A , Santi Mônica , Kummer Rafael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of two different dietary energy concentrations and diet forms on growth performance of nursery pigs. Barrows and gilts (n = 1,300 PIC337×Camborough, initial BW = 6.7±1.40 kg) were used in a 35-day growth trial with 52 pens in two rooms, 13 pens per treatment, and 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens within each room were formed by segregating pigs into three body weight (BW) categories and gender, and then randomly allotted to one of four treatments in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed in three dietary phases and phase changes occurred based on assigned feed budget (Phase 1: 2 kg/pig, Phase 2: 4 kg/pig, and Phase 3: ad libitum until 35d post-weaning). Treatments consisted of a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with one factor being the energy concentration of the diets with 2 levels (low and high) and the other factor being the diet form with 2 plans (mash throughout phases 1 to 3 or mash in phase 1 and 2 then pelleted in phase 3). Pellet size was 4 mm, and PDI measurements averaged 84.0 and 83.4% in the low and high energy diets, respectively. Growth performance data were analyzed using a generalized mixed model in Minitab and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of BW category, energy, diet form, and their interaction, and random effects of room. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05. There was no evidence for a significant interaction between energy level and diet form (P &gt; 0.10) for any response criteria. Increasing energy of the diet fed to nursery pigs did not result in significant differences (P &gt; 0.10) in overall average daily gain (ADG; 356 and 367 g/d), average daily feed intake (ADFI; 501 and 510 g/d), or feed efficiency (G:F; 711 and 719 g/kg) between low and high energy, respectively. Feeding a pelleted diet in the last nursery phase resulted in increased (P = 0.004) overall ADG (368 vs 355 g/d), increased (P = 0.018) final BW (19.6 and 19.2 kg), and improved (P = 0.002) overall G:F (727 and 702 g/kg) compared with pigs fed mash diets throughout the entire nursery period. There was no evidence for differences in ADFI due to diet form. In addition, no evidence for treatment differences were observed for overall removal and mortality rates. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence for an energy impact in nursery pig growth performance. Feeding a pelleted diet in the last nursery phase resulted in improvements in overall ADG, G:F, and final BW of nursery pigs.
299 Poultry Meal Autoclaving Time-Related Reduction in Amino Acid Digestibility for Broiler Chickens and Growing Pigs
Authors: Sung Jung Yeol , Park Chan Sol , Ragland Darryl , Wiltafsky-Martin Markus K , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poultry meal (PoMe), a rendered product of slaughtered poultry carcasses, is widely used in swine and poultry diets because of its highly digestible protein and balanced amino acid profile. Rendering may reduce amino acid digestibility of PoMe because rendering can induce heat damage to PoMe, and the effect of heat damage on amino acid digestibility in PoMe may be different between broiler chickens and growing pigs. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of autoclaving on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid in PoMe fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134°C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min for 7 samples. Eight experimental diets consisted of 7 diets containing each PoMe sample as a sole source of nitrogen and a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 1, 656 male broiler chickens (initial BW = 719 ± 97 g) at d 18 post hatching were assigned to the 8 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. On d 23, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and dissected for the collection of ileal digesta. In Exp. 2, 16 barrows (initial BW = 23.3 ± 0.7 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with the 8 diets and 4 periods. Each experimental period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods. Data for Exp. 1 and 2 were pooled together as a 2 × 7 factorial treatment arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., pigs and broiler chickens) and autoclaving time (i.e., 0 to 180 min). An Interaction between species and linear effect of autoclaving time was observed (P &lt; 0.05) in SID of nitrogen, arginine, and threonine in PoMe. To be specific, the linear decrease in ileal digestibility of nitrogen and those AA with increasing autoclaving time was greater in pigs compared with broiler chickens. The SID of AA both linearly and quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.05) as autoclaving time increased. The SID of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in PoMe was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in growing pigs compared with broiler chickens regardless of autoclaving time. In conclusion, increasing autoclaving time decreases SID of amino acids in PoMe, and SID values in some indispensable amino acids are greater in growing pigs compared with broiler chickens.
83 Developing Mortality Risk Profiles to Better Feed and Manage High-Producing Sows
Authors: Weaver Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sow is the origin of pigs born, maternal care, and nutrition in the most critical, neonatal period of life of the pig. Increasing pigs born, birth weight, age, and body weight of pigs at weaning remain effective predictors of the measures of productivity in swine production systems: pigs weaned, growth rate, and full value market pigs. Factors that impact the health and longevity of the sow affect the measures of production. However, as prolificacy continues to increase in sows, a parallel trend for increasing sow mortality reduces the potential gains in productivity. Lameness and musculoskeletal issues account for nearly one-half of the current mortality while sudden non-euthanasia deaths account for the remainder. The increasing mortality of first or second parity sows that is sudden, non-euthanasia, such as prolapses, torsions, gastrointestinal ulcers, and others has exposed our limited knowledge of the metabolism and physiology of the high-producing sow. General risk factors for increased mortality in a herd are age, season, flooring, feeding, body condition, and disease/health status of the sow. A greater understanding of the etiology for the those causes of death is needed for sustainable progress in changing the trend from greater to lower mortality. Reducing sow mortality correlates well to greater productivity as measured by pigs per sow year. Deaths occur most commonly in the peri-parturient period. One path to improving pigs weaned per sow is to gain the needed understanding of the metabolic changes and stressors on the sow at farrowing. Retaining sows in the herd through lower mortality also promises to increase herd productivity through improving parity structure. Pigs from first parity sows have lighter birth weights and transfer less effective passive immunity compared with pigs from older sows but these differences have not been consistently shown. The pre-natal impacts of exposure to viral pathogens and altering nutrient supply also have been shown to affect the pig and needs additional research. Increasing the management, health, and nutrition of the sow to promote longevity is path forward to more pigs weaned and sustainable production.
84 Dead Sows do not Rear Piglets
Authors: Knauer Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Increasing sow mortality continues to challenge pig producers in the U.S. Sow mortality is an animal well-being, economic and sustainability concern. The majority of sow death loss occurs during late gestation and lactation. Unborn piglets are not able to survive when a sow dies in late gestation. During lactation, sow death (depending on stage of lactation) reduces the availability of colostrum, milk and number of functional teats available to a batch of piglets. Hence sow mortality impedes reproductive throughput. The author characterized sow mortality and evaluated nutritional interventions at a 2,600 animal commercial sow farm in eastern North Carolina over a 27-week period. Sows were housed in individual stalls during gestation. Sow mortality was specifically evaluated between day 95 of gestation and 30 days post-farrowing. Females were evaluated at day 95 of gestation for body condition using the Knauer sow body condition caliper. Sows were further evaluated for abnormalities (e.g., structural conformation, overgrown toes and dew claws, perineal swelling, behavior). Farm recorded sow mortality codes included difficult farrow (7%), lameness (32%), prolapse (21%) and unknown (40%). Of the 3,340 sows evaluated, 190 (5.7%) died between day 95 of gestation and 30 days post-farrow. Abnormalities were more likely (P &lt; 0.01) to be recorded for sows that subsequently died when compared with sows that lived (15.3 vs. 4.5%). Sow mortality was associated (P &lt; 0.05) with both parity and sow body condition. First litter females and heavier conditioned sows were more likely to survive. Yet these two factors combined explained less than 2% of the variation in sow mortality. Few nutritional interventions have been scientifically evaluated in relation to sow mortality. The author will report on five pilot studies, conducted at the commercial sow farm in eastern North Carolina, evaluating the impact of different nutritional strategies to enhance sow livability. Pilot studies consisted of vitamin supplementation experiments (n = 3) in late gestation or the transition period, soybean meal supplementation in late gestation and increased feeding levels in late gestation. Supplementing a combination of vitamins E and C, in late gestation, showed promise in enhancing sow livability. Results challenge the author’s paradigm that poor stockmanship and structural conformation are largely related to the sow U.S. sow mortality dilemma. Hence it is recommended that the swine industry work to better understand the micro and macro nutrient requirements of modern sow genotypes under commercial environments.
102 Growth Performance in Pigs fed a High Soybean Meal Diet During Heat Stress
Authors: Johnson Erika M , Kiefer Zoe E , Studer Jamie M , Kerr Brian J , Griener Laura , Gabler Nicholas K , Baumgard Lance H , Ross Jason W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the U.S. swine industry, feeding programs are focused on using feed ingredients that are easily digestible and cost effective. With the predicted increases in soybean processing, pig producers may have increased availability of a cost-effective protein source in soybean meal (SBM). This expanded availability of SBM may result in feeding protein above the ostensible requirements, which would likely intensify the thermic effect of digestion, potentially increasing the susceptibility of the pig to heat stress (HS). Heat stress has damaging effects on feed intake and growth performance, costing the swine industry &gt;$900 million annually. Therefore, the study objectives were to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein diets (in the form of SBM) during HS on growth performance in growing pigs. Growing pigs (n = 40; initial BW = 55 ± 5.6 kg) were allocated into six treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) ad libitum control diet (TN-Ctl; n = 6), 2) TN pair-fed (PF) control diet (PF-Ctl; n = 6), 3) HS ad libitum control diet (HS-Ctl; n = 8), 4) TN ad libitum high SBM diet (TN-SBM; n = 6), 5) TN PF high SBM diet (PF-SBM; n = 6), and 6) HS ad libitum high SBM diet (HS-SBM; n = 8). The control diet included 15% crude protein (CP) while the high SBM diet included 23% CP with excess amino acids. The study consisted of two periods: Period 1 (P1; 7 d) in which all pigs were housed in TN environments (26.7 ± 1.4°C) with ad libitum access to respective diets. Period 2 (P2; 21 d), HS groups were exposed to cyclical HS with daytime temperatures reaching 35°C and evening temperatures decreased to 29.4°C. During P2, PF groups were fed to respective HS-Ctl or HS-SBM equivalents in TN conditions. Pigs exposed to HS had an overall increase in rectal temperature and respiration rate (0.91°C and 45 bpm, respectively; P ≤ 0.01) and HS-SBM pigs had increased evening rectal temperature (± 0.13°C; P ≤ 0.01), relative to HS-Ctrl. Overall, HS decreased ADFI (19%; P ≤ 0.01), ADG (26%; P ≤ 0.01) and increased F:G (10%; P ≤ 0.01) irrespective of dietary CP levels. Loin muscle area (P = 0.19) and backfat (P = 0.98) were not different between the TN and HS pigs regardless of diet. Circulating blood urea nitrogen levels did not differ between HS and TN pigs (P = 0.68), but an increase was observed in pigs fed the SBM diet relative to the control diet (P ≤ 0.01). In summary, these results demonstrate that HS decreases growth performance, but the negative effects are not augmented by feeding a high SBM diet.
71 Effects of Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction on Calf pre-Weaning Growth, Backgrounding and Feedlot Performance, and Carcass Composition
Authors: Meyer Allison M , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Wichman Lindsey G , Petzel Emily A , Brake Derek W , Redifer Colby A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers [single-sired; BW: 451 ± 28 (SD) kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.7] bred to a single sire were individually fed 100% (control; CON; n = 12) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from day 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all females were fed chopped tall-fescue hay supplemented to meet lactational nutrient requirements in Calan gates to constrain diets of calves to milk only until day 147, then pen-fed in drylots until weaning at day 242 ± 3 (SD). Post-weaning, calves were fed a tall fescue hay-based backgrounding diet in the same large drylots for 53 ± 12 d, then moved to partially covered pens with GrowSafe feeding systems in 2 groups and fed a corn-based feedlot diet (formulated to be 18.3% CP, 1.21 Mcal NEg/kg, DM basis; 89% DM) for 255 ± 3 d (similar days on feed rather than carcass endpoint). Cattle were harvested in a commercial plant, and camera carcass grading was performed. Data were analyzed with maternal treatment, calving date, and calf sex (when P &lt; 0.25) as fixed effects; feedlot group was included for feedlot and carcass measures. We previously reported that birth weight was not affected (P = 0.72), but NR decreased (P &lt; 0.04) milk production by 15%. Calves born to NR dams had reduced ADG from birth to day 147 (P = 0.02), day 147 to weaning (P = 0.08), and birth to weaning (P = 0.003), resulting in NR calves having 13% lighter (P = 0.004) weaning weight. Backgrounding ADG was not affected (P = 0.80) by maternal treatment; thus, feedlot entry BW was 11% less (P = 0.009) in NR calves. On day 28, 56, 84, and 112 on feed, NR calves weighed less (P ≤ 0.09) than control. Final BW was not affected (P = 0.91) by maternal treatment. Feedlot ADG was greater for NR calves from day 168 to slaughter (P = 0.02) and the overall feeding period (P = 0.03), but not before day 168 on feed (P ≥ 0.22). Calves born to NR dams had less (P = 0.02) dressing percentage, but improved (P = 0.02) yield grade and backfat thickness. Hot carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling score, and KPH were not affected (P ≥ 0.26) by maternal treatment. Percent prime, yield grade ≤ 2, and yield grade ≥ 4 were not affected (P ≥ 0.29) by maternal treatment. Overall, late gestational nutrient restriction decreased growth pre-weaning but increased late finishing growth, without affecting backgrounding or early feedlot growth. These cattle had leaner carcasses after similar days on feed, suggesting that late gestational nutrient restriction altered growth patterns or body composition.