bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physician Bedside Discretion
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding discussion explains that fundamentally three different mechanisms are conceivable for making health care spending decisions. Cost-sensitive treatment decisions can be made by patients, by physicians, and by third parties (primarily private and governmental insurers, but also various regulatory or review organizations). Elsewhere in our economy, cost/benefit trade-offs are usually made through the purchasing decisions of individual consumers. Chapter 2 explains that this simple market mechanism is not generally available or desirable for health care because the unpredictability of illness causes us to purchase insurance, and the complexities of medical judgment cause us to delegate vast authority to our physicians. Some role for consumer rationing may be preserved to the extent that insurance is incomplete (requiring, for instance, patients to pay deductibles and coinsurance) and to the extent that informed-consent requirements place the ultimate authority in the hands of patients. But because insurance will never be entirely abandoned, and because patients will always rely to some significant degree on their physicians’ recommendations, medical spending decisions are necessarily made through the agency of insurance and the agency of physicians.
Motivating Physicians With Financial Incentives
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have determined that it is permissible to induce physicians in some manner to consider the costs of treatment, whether this inducement occurs through education, peer supervision, practice guidelines, or other behavioral influences. A more difficult question is whether to condone the particular form of physician rationing that occurs when doctors are influenced to perform this function through various financial incentive arrangements. The problem with more acceptable, nonfinancial means for changing physicians’ behavior is that they are notoriously ineffective. They either do not accurately address the way in which physicians approach clinical problems, or they fail to alter physicians’ fundamental motivations and therefore are too easily ignored or circumvented. For instance, various education efforts have been shown to be somewhat successful while they are being conducted, but when they cease, physicians’ behavior lapses back to its original pattern. Even practice guidelines and reconmendations issued by prestigious organizations such as the NIH have little demonstrable effect on doctors.
In contrast, there is no dispute about whether financial incentives will work; indeed, the controversy is over whether they are too potent. Financial incentives clearly affect physicians’ behavior, as they do everyone else in society. Unlike categorical clinical rules, incentives are well suited to the judgmental and individualized discretion that characterizes much of clinical practice.
Informed Consent to Rationing
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the extent to which resource allocation mechanisms and decisions must be disclosed to patients. Certainly some disclosure is required, but how much and at what time? These are crucial legal and ethical questions regardless of whether health care spending decisions are made by doctors, insurance companies, or government regulators. In any event, someone other than the patient is deciding, so the patient clearly has a right at least to know, if not to alter, the decision.
The right to know is especially crucial for those rationing mechanisms and incentives whose legitimacy depends on the autonomy rationale. The previous chapter, for instance, develops a detailed defense of using financial incentives to encourage economizing by physicians. This defense is based almost entirely on the principle of patient consent to economic conflicts of interest. If patients are not informed of these incentives, or are given no choice over whether to accept them, the foundational consent is obviously undermined. The disclosure issue is compelling even where financial inducement is absent. Regardless of whether physicians are forced to make rationing decisions by third-party rules, or whether they are induced to do so by educational or professional incentives, the messenger who delivers the news is under a fiduciary obligation of candor which the law of informed consent is designed to enforce.
Conclusion: Deciding Who Decides
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who makes medical spending decisions is of vital but underrecognized importance. That is why I have analyzed the issue in such exhaustive detail. The danger is that we have wound our way through such a complex maze of arguments that even the most attentive readers will have lost their bearings. This chapter will attempt to map a path through this maze.
The best way to understand where we started and where we have ended is to recall the point made in Chapter 1: Health care rationing, like most social policy decisions, can be debated at three fundamentally different levels: (1) what should be done, (2) who decides what to do, and (3) how to choose the proper decision maker. Most of this book has been addressed to the level (2) debate. I have not attempted to answer the level (1) question of which patients should receive which treatments or even what the more general substantive criteria should be for allocating medical resources. Instead, I have compared the merits and flaws of making these health care spending decisions by patients at the time of treatment, by doctors at the bedside, or through rules established by commercial or governmental institutions. This chapter summarizes the main points of this level (2) analysis, and makes a foray into the level (3) inquiry.
Nationalism and Social Division In Black Arts Poetry of The 1960s
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who is being spoken to, and how, is a key issue in the material to which I now turn, as is the sort of dynamic of expulsion that characterized Magic Johnson’s 1992 experiences in the NBA. At the same time, however, both of these issues signify differently in Johnson’s situation—where they refer primarily to masculine identification—than they do in the context I am now considering, in which masculinity gives way to—and simultaneously grounds—black identity. I have already alluded to this process in my brief consideration of Haki Madhubuti’s “Don’t Cry, Scream” (1969); and it is perfectly emblematized in Nikki Giovanni’s contemporaneous exhortation, “Learn to kill niggers / Learn to be Black men” (“True Import;’ p. 319), in which the accession to manhood that Giovanni demands coincides with the achievement of “Blackness” that she extols, both these developments deriving from the execution of cathartic violence against those who are yet “niggers” (according to a strict reading of the first line’s syntax), by those very “niggers,” who will thus emerge as “black men” (if we imagine a comma before “niggers” that renders it in the vocative case).
The Position of NPs
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, I showed that Mohawk has the classical properties of a non configurational language: any NP can be omitted; NPs are freely ordered with respect to each other and the verb; some discontinuous nominal expressions are allowed. I also briefly reviewed Jelinek’s (1984) theory that in such languages the pronominal agreement morphemes are the real arguments of the verb and the NPs are independent adjuncts. This approach is attractive because it explains the non configurational properties almost immediately. Thus, compare the following two paradigms: In (1), the non configurational properties of Mohawk are illustrated; (2) shows the behavior of ordinary temporal adverbs in English. The parallelism is essentially perfect. An English clause can have zero, one, or more than one temporal adverbs. Moreover, if it has one such adverb, it can appear either at the beginning or at the
Discontinuous Constituents
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapters 2 and 3, a reasonably comprehensive theory of non configurationality as it is found in polysynthetic languages was presented. In particular, I explained why overt NPs cannot appear in argument positions and why they can appear in adjunct positions in terms of familiar principles of Universal Grammar together with the Morphological Visibility Condition. This structural fact, in turn, explains why anaphora, quantification, and extraction work so differently in Mohawk and English, without having to posit any parameters specific to the principles that govern those domains. The theory also accounts for two characteristics of non configurational languages discussed by Hale (1983). Both the fact that overt NPs are optional and the fact that they do not have fixed structural positions follow immediately from the claim that they have the status of adjuncts, as emphasized in Jelinek’ s (1984) original presentation.However, we have not yet considered carefully the third of Hale’s characteristics of nonconfigurationality: the existence of discontinuous expressions. These are quite common in Warlpiri. Some examples can be found in Mohawk and other polysynthetic languages as well:
Agreement and the Structure of NP
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5, we saw that details about agreement on the verb and its relationship to the arguments of that verb revealed aspects of the structure of clauses in polysynthetic languages. This chapter examines agreement on nouns to gain similar insight into the internal structure of NPs. Nominal in the polysynthetic languages share several unusual properties that distinguish them from nominal in a language like English. Morphologically, nouns in these languages often have agreement prefixes that are cognate, in curious ways, to the agreement prefixes of verbs. Syntactically, the internal structure of nominal in these languages is often quite simple: NPs do not have determiners or complements, for example; even possessors are much more restricted than one might expect. Ideally, these peculiarities should follow from the Morphological Visibility Condition, plus the theory of agreement developed in chapter 5. In this chapter, I will show that this ideal can be met, once one considers the implications of the MVC for the “R” argument of nouns.
Preface
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writer of this tale has made an humble effort to add something to the scanty stock of native American literature. Any attempt to conciliate favour by apologies would be unavailing and absurd. In this free country, no person is under any obligation to write; and the public (unfortunately) is under no obligation to read. It is certainly desirable to possess some sketches of the character and manners of our own country, and if this has been done with any degree of success, it would be wrong to doubt that it will find a reception sufficiently favourable.
Chapter VIII
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than two years glided away without the occurrence of any incident in the life of our heroine that would be deemed worthy of record, by any persons less interested in her history than Mary Hull, or the writer of her simple annals. The reader shall therefore be allowed to pass over this interval, with merely a remark, that Jane had improved in mortal and immortal graces; that the development of her character seemed to interest and delight Mr. Lloyd almost as much as the progress of his own child, and that her uniform patience had acquired for her some influence over the bad passions of her aunt, whose rough points seemed to be a little worn by the continual dropping of Jane’s virtues.
Chapter XII
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jane entered upon the duties of her new vocation with more energy and interest than could have been reasonably expected from a young lady who had so recently entered into an engagement, and one which opened upon her the most flattering prospects. She already felt the benefits resulting from the severe discipline she had suffered in her aunt’s family. She had a rare habit of putting self aside: of deferring her own inclinations to the will, and interests, and inclinations of others.
Chapter XIV
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Oh evil, my dear, evil enough to grieve and frighten you. Your wretched cousin David Wilson has got himself into a scrape at last, from which all the arts of all his family cannot extricate him. You know,” she continued, “that we saw an account in the New-York paper of last week, of a robbery committed on the mail-stage: the robbers have been detected and taken, and Wilson, who it seems had assumed a feigned name, is among them.”
Chapter XVI
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have anticipated our story, tempted by a natural desire to conclude the history of Mrs. Wilson, that its deep shade might not interfere with the bright lights that are falling on the destiny of our heroine. After the dissolution of her engagement with Erskine, Jane continued her humble vocation of school-mistress for some months. Rebecca Lloyd had from the beginning been one of her pupils, and a favourite among them; and so devotedly did the child love her instructress, that Mr. Lloyd often thought impulse was as sure a guide for her affections as reason for his.
America on Canvas, America in Manuscript: Imaging the Democracy
Authors: Johns Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1871 in Democratic Vistas Walt Whitman dismissed American drama, verse, and art in no uncertain terms: “Do you [call] that perpetual, pistareen, paste-pot work, American art?” (PW 2: 388-89) When several years ago I considered this snub in the context of evidence in the popular anthologies in the Library of Congress, I appreciated his disdain for much of his era’s literary production. I already knew from years of looking at storerooms of museums and old exhibition catalogs that many bad pictures had been relentlessly exhibited during the years that ambition exceeded training. However, because I admired many strong paintings created during even the early years of Whitman’s career, I wondered if there were not an underlying reason for his contempt for images that would tell us something about the very relation in cultural production between “canvas” and “manuscript.” Could there even have been a “Whitman” in paint in the 1850s and 1860s-at least one artist who would have evoked Whitman’s admiration? This essay offers some thoughts on the question. Near the heart of the matter may be the different social “work” taken up by journalists and image makers across Whitman’s lifetime, missions fundamental to the nineteenth-century nature of print and images and their publics. The very function of the printed text, especially in journalism, was to unite the reader with the writer and thus with other readers as well (in recent terms, to interpellate the reader in the same relation to the material as the writer constructs). Much of the population at midcentury shared at least an intuitive grasp of verbal rhetoric and felt at home with words. They did not feel this way about images, however.
Making Capital: War, Labor, and Whitman in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with the question many, perhaps all, critics have asked when considering Whitman’s relation to the Civil War: “What is to be done with the bodies?” Whitman’s literal handling of soldiers’ bodies, his rendering of them in poetry and prose, and the reader’s response to the textual specificity of wounds, dismemberment, disease, and death have posed a critical crux for understanding the poet of the body and the Union. In his reading of Drum-Taps, Michael Moon connects these levels of bodily contact, arguing that the “proximity of the writing to the kinds of bodies it tries to incorporate . . . frequently renders the relations of these bodies to each other and to the reader uncanny” (173). In this essay I want to consider the perhaps even more pressing significance of this proximity within Whitman’s wartime prose, particularly his Memoranda During the War and its later incorporation into Specimen Days, and to expand this consideration to a second level of proximity, one generating equally uncanny relations: the presence of the wounded and writing in the nation’s capital city. In early 1863, “Whitman wrote a letter to Emerson announcing his intention to write “a little book” about the war and emphasizing the significance of the capital in his design. The familiar quote, “America, already brought to Hospital in her fair youth---brought and deposited here in this great whited, sepulchre of Washington itself-•-” (Corr 1: 69), begins a dramatic, even melodramatic description of Washington city as a corrupt political space redeemed by the presence of sacrificial youth:
Porn: Tempest on a Soapbox
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine this movie: A helpless and troubled, though attractive, woman is married off to an ineffectual man. Later, a second man coerces her into selling herself sexually, and somehow, she falls in love with her coercer. When her husband learns of the affair he attempts to rape her, and then, when she continues the affair, he mutilates her.
Management Information in Decision-Making
Authors: Steinwachs Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge for management information systems (MIS) in meeting the information needs of health care managers and providers is substantial. The changing health care environment demands new management strategies to ensure organizational survival and to prosper. This chapter focuses on managed care organizations (MCOs) and the MIS role in management decisions regarding the allocation of resources to meet health care needs. The objectives of the chapter are (1) to examine some of the major health care issues facing MCOs, (2) to explore the role of MIS in meeting needs for information to manage care in ways that protect quality and contain costs, and (3) to identify specific MIS strategies for meeting information needs and assessing their state of readiness for implementation.
Analytic Approaches
Authors: Hoover Donald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the application of analytic (statistical) methods to epidemiologic research on a major health service problem: drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It begins with an evaluation of case studies that originally drew this problem to the attention of the medical community and progresses to intervention trials that set the stage for program development. The analytic methods for the epidemiologic research described in this chapter can be applied to other problems in health services and policy.
“Preservation Must Depend on Private Initiative”
Authors: Lindgren James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Appleton founded SPNEA in 1910, it was unlike any other preservation enterprise in the United States. Showing the imprint of progressivism, it assumed the task specifically of protecting endangered buildings and declared a commitment to scientific method, expert management, and the market economy. Organized as a regional movement from its corporate base, it also neatly interlocked with existing institutions. Appleton knew that historic preservation faced formidable obstacles. Many Yankees who possessed credentials that matched his own speculated on land and economic development. Lower-class residents, on the other hand, usually occupied the more ancient structures that had been abandoned by gentrifying Yankees. When Appleton formed SPNEA and enlisted his allies, he appealed not to these occupants, but to the upper classes with whom he had always associated. As was the case with the preservation movement in Virginia, this elite defined its interests as those of the region. With the sanction of the state, the commitment of progressivism, the in dependence of private initiative, and the blessings of wealth and education, they had the authority to define what was important in the past and, implicitly, in the future.
“A Mecca for Tourists and a Joy to All”
Authors: Lindgren James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During its first three decades SPNEA acquired forty buildings and aided in the preservation of many more. From the first days it acknowledged having an open-ended acquisitions policy. Henry Erving predicted that bankruptcy and disaster would follow. “I can but think, Mr. Appleton,” he wrote in 1921, that the aims and desires perhaps of the Society are almost too ambitious. I don’t think it possible for it to take up every old house that is offered however meritorious or otherwise My idea of the Society’s function is that it should have two or three bits of property-the best obtainable-and do the very best thing-everything that is necessary in fact-to those particular places.
Introduction
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 30 January 1933 an official government announcement made public President Hindenburg’s decision to appoint Adolf Hitler chancellor of the German Reich. In the last hours and days preceding this move, the forces favoring democracy attempted to block the slide into dictatorship by any means at their disposal. For the German labor movement, this entailed a recourse to its traditional means of public demonstrations and parades. The most notable protest action occurred in the capital city of Berlin. One day prior to Hitler’s rise to power, on 29 January 1933, the “Iron Front,” an antifascist coalition of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), the German General Trade Union Federation and the SPD’s paramilitary group, the Reichs banner, organized mass demonstrations in the streets of Berlin. The plan was to arrange for a series of feeder marches in various locations throughout that city which were, in turn, to converge on the central Lustgarten for a closing rally. The outpouring of support was truly overwhelming. Even before the feeder marches got off to a start in the working-class suburbs of Berlin, it became obvious that the response sur passed all expectations. Each assembly point turned into the scene of massive demonstrations comprising tens of thousands of protesters. A sea of banners, red flags and other symbols of opposition to the course of the German government added its own distinctive note of determinacy to this last-ditch effort to avert catastrophe. Around noon, the protests began to move toward the city center. Songs and music accompanied the endless columns streaming through the busy streets. Long before the speeches began, the central Lustgarten was filled to the brim, and the continuously advancing marchers were directed toward neighboring open spaces and streets.