bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes Towards Suicide in Slovenia: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Kocmur Marga , Dernovšek Mojca Z. 
Published: April 2003

Background: Slovenia has been experiencing a very high suicide rate (30 per 10,000 inhabitants per year or higher) and there are no data on public attitudes towards suicide in Slovenia. Aims: To identify public attitudes towards suicide in order to expand the basis for prevention. Methods: A Suicide Attitudes Questionnaire (SUIATT) was sent to a representative sample of adult Slovenian citizens. Results: Some 5.2% of respondents had at least one previous suicidal attempt and 21.6% reported suicidal ideation (SI). More respondents with SI than respondents without SI reported: 1) the suicidal act as deliberated, 2) less importance attached to the mental illness in suicidal behaviour, 3) that a person has the right to commit suicide, and 4) the suicidal act as an act of cowardice. Conclusions: Results do not allow a general statement whether attitudes towards suicide are permissive or restrictive. However, in the subgroup of respondents with SI we found a tendency towards permissiveness regarding suicide.
Time- and Temperature-Dependent Failures of a Metal-to-Composites Bonded Joint with PMMA Adhesive Material
Authors: Sihn Sangwook , Miyano Yasushi , Nakada Masayuki , Tsai Stephen W. 
Published: April 2003

A metal–composite bonded joint with a PMMA adhesive material was fabricated and tested under various loading conditions to help a short-term and long-term design of the bonded-jointed structures. The bonded joint is composed of a cast-iron rod and a GFRP composite pipe as adherends, and ductile PMMA as adhesive material (Plexus AO425). Tubular-lap bonded joints were fabricated conveniently and consistently with a devised mold and a curing condition to yield a reliable test data set. Experiment was performed to measure creep compliances of the PMMA material, andconstant strain rate (CSR) andfatigue strengths of the bonded joint under various loading and temperature conditions. We observed the CSR and fatigue strengths significantly depended on time and temperature, but little on direction of loadings and size of joints. The bonded joints failed under consistent damage mechanism in the combination of the cohesive and interfacial failure modes, which mainly occurred in the adhesive material and at the interface between the cast-iron rodandthe adhesive material, respectively. In order to further substantiate the utility of the time–temperature superposition principle that has been extended to describe destructive behavior of composite materials, we made the first attempt to apply the superposition principle to failure behavior of the bonded joints. The superpostion principle yielded smooth master curves for the creep compliance of the adhesive material as well as the CSR and fatigue strengths of the bonded joint. Time–temperature shift factors of the non-destructive creep compliance of the adhesive material were closely related to destructive CSR strength of the bonded joint. The master curves that were created by shifting fatigue curves with shift factors of the CSR strength yielded an extended range of the long-term life prediction at any temperatures, frequencies and stress ratios. It was shown that the life prediction of the bonded joints by using the master curves made a good agreement with the experimental results.
Les Antinomies De La Raison Islamo-féministe
Authors: DIALMY Abdessamad 
Published: April 2003

Each separate religious tradition combines in its own way elements which favour discrimination, and other elements which favour the equality of the sexes. Within a single religion, different currents of thought have taken different paths, and within each religion there are varying interpretations of the same texts. The status which a given religion assigns to women (and to men) depends upon the position which that religion occupies within a given society. In brief, always two poles, always two terms, always a duality, in the image of this sex, divided by definition in two, but constantly seeking unity. This oscillation promotes the notion of an antinomy to the rank of a concept, making of it the most adequate prism possible. Such a prism is in our sense the most apt for taking account of the internal tension which each religious tradition experiences with regard to the male-female duality. Consequently, this text aims at identifying the principal antinomies which allow us to express the position of Islam with regard to the male-female duality. At the present stage of the development of our thought, we propose distinguishing five antinomies: an antinomy of history, a textual antinomy, a hermeneutic antinomy, a political antinomy, and a contextual antinomy.
The Real World of Modern Science, Medicine, and Qigong
Authors: Tiller William A. 
Published: April 2003

Humankind is concerned with scientific enquiry because humans want to understand the milieu in which they find themselves. They want to engineer and reliably control or cooperatively modulate as much of the environment as possible to sustain, enrich, and propagate their lives. Following this path, the goal of science is to gain a reliable description of all natural phenomena so as to allow accurate prediction (within appropriate limits) of nature’s behavior as a function of an ever-changing environment. As such, science is incapable of providing us with absolute truth. Rather, it provides relative knowledge, internally self-consistent knowledge, about the relationships between different phenomena and between different things. The goal of engineering, on the other hand, is to build on this fundamental understanding to generate new materials, devices, structures, attitudes, moralities, philosophies, and so on, for producing tangible order, harnessing the latent potential in nature’s phenomena and expanding human capabilities in an ever-changing environment. In this context, medicine is to human biology as engineering is to physical science. As each of us rides the “river of life,” the great consciousness adventure, we perceive events occurring around us, but more often than not, we do not perceive the total information content inherent in those events nor the true reality of those events. The latter point is so because what we take as the reality of an observation is actually a convolution between (1) what our sensory system actually senses and (2) our mindset or belief structure that filters and/or selectively amplifies segments of the basic gathered data stream. Further, only what we call the five physical senses are well-developed and integrated in our overall sensory system, so only a portion of the total available data becomes our basic internal data stream. We are thus always making personal observations through the distorting and spectrally-limited lens of our mindsets, and we have no way at present to perform a deconvolution and perceive the pure information inherent in our basic input data stream. By using designed instruments to access information patterns in nature, we gain a more objective perspective of these events. However, we must always remember that these instruments were designed on the basis of the logic of our average cognitive development and therefore probably also have only a limited access to the total information spectrum for these events occurring in nature. In particular, these instruments only respond to positive energies. Over the course of the past four to five centuries, we have learned how to conduct true scientific investigations, first under the rubric of classical mechanics and, more recently, quantum mechanics. Let us now look a little more deeply to see what this means.
Occlusion Problems in Central Venous Catheters: The child and Family Perspective
Authors: Gordon K. , Dearmun A. K. 
Published: April 2003

The use of central venous catheters (CVCs) has revolutionized practice within paediatric oncology settings. However, many children experience problems with occlusion of these devices. When working effectively, CVCs can assist the administration of medication and withdrawal of blood samples and minimize the need for venepuncture, thus considerably easing the trauma of children undergoing treatment for malignant disease. However, when lines are occluded children will be subjected to vene-puncture or anaesthetic for line replacement. There are a myriad of factors that may lead to occlusion. A study was undertaken to identify these and explore the effects that occlusion of a CVC can have on the child and family. The research was conducted in two phases. Phase one consisted of a review of case notes of 63 children from which five families were selected for interview. These were undertaken to examine the possible factors that may have precipitated line occlusion and the subsequent effect of this on their lives. The issues arising from the interviews and review of the case notes were used inform phase two, which comprised the development and distribution of a questionnaire in order to investigate key aspects within a larger population of 63 families. This article explores the information gained from children and families about the effect occlusion can have on them and their lives. Overall the findings revealed that parents felt anxious, angry and helpless when faced with occlusion and they described the coping strategies they used when the problem arose. Furthermore, providing information and education to parents regarding the care of the CVC was crucial. Following an analysis of the implications for practice the main recommendations were twofold. First, that structured teaching programmes and shared learning protocols should be developed to ensure that parents are fully conversant with the possible complications associated with the CVC. Second, parents should be provided with the knowledge and skills to feel competent in flushing their child’s line when they go home. Both these recommendations have subsequently been introduced within the unit.
Some remarks on the use of isothermal thermogravimetric data for the evaluation of kinetic parameters. Applications for degradation of polymeric materials
Authors: Budrugeac P. , Segal E. , Popescu C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA critical analysis of the isoconversional methods for evaluating kinetic parameters of decomposition of solids from isothermal thermogravimetric data is presented. An isoconversional integral method to evaluate the activation energy is suggested. This method allows removing the errors due the correction of the degradation time by subtracting the induction period to onset of the main reaction (also including the time required to heat the sample to the temperature at which the isotherm is recorded). This procedure was used to study the degradation of two series of polymeric materials, (a) poly(vinyl chloride)/acrilonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PVC/ABS) blends and (b) poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated poly(ethylene) (PVC/CPE) blends. The values obtained for the activation energy are in fairly good agreement with those obtained from the Prout–Tompkins model in case (a) and from nonisothermal data in case (b). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 355–360, 2003
Study of rheological property of nylon‐1212 with Haake Rheometer
Authors: Zhang Chenggui , Liu Minying , Zhao Qingxiang , Wang Yudong , Liu Songtao 
Published: April 2003

AbstractRheological properties of nylon‐1212 have been studied by means of Haake Rheometer. The effect of shear rate and temperature on the apparent vicosity of nylon‐1212 was discussed. A correlation of non‐Newtonian index with the temperature was obtained. The results showed that the apparent viscosity decreases with the increase of the temperature. With increasing shear rate, shear thinning of nylon‐1212 was observed clearly. From the relation of the temperature dependence of the polymer, we obtained the viscous flow activation energy. We conclude that the apparent viscosity is sensitive to temperature at lower shear stress because of higher viscous flow activation energy, and the temperature affect on the apparent viscosity becomes weaker at higher shear stress because of lower viscous flow activation energy. We have investigated the creep and elastic recovery of nylon‐1212. A creep test was carried out to define the linear viscoelastic range as 1.0 and 5.0 Pa for 195 and 190°C nylon‐1212 melts, respectively. A time‐dependent response was found for the creep and recovery phases at a lower applied shear stress. However, at higher shear stress, the creep and recovery phases were time‐independent. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 379–385, 2003
Cocontinuous morphologies in polystyrene/ethylene–vinyl acetate blends: The influence of the processing temperature
Authors: Moreira Ana Cristina F. , Cario Francisco O. , Soares Bluma G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe influence of the compression‐molding temperature on the range of cocontinuity in polystyrene (PS)/ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer blends was studied. The blends presented a broad range of cocontinuity when compression‐molded at 160°C, and they became narrower when compression‐molded at higher temperatures. A coarsening effect was observed in PS/EVA (60:40 vol %) blends upon compression molding at higher temperature with an increase in the phase size of the cocontinuous structure. Concerning PS/EVA (40:60 vol %) blends, an increase in the mixing and molding temperatures resulted in a change from a cocontinuous morphology to a droplet–matrix morphology. This effect was observed by selective extraction experiments and scanning electron microscopy. The changes in the morphology with the molding conditions affected the storage modulus. An increase in the storage modulus in blends compression‐molded at 160°C was observed as a result of dual‐phase continuity. An EVA copolymer with a higher vinyl acetate content (28 wt %) and a higher melt‐flow index resulted in blends with a broader range of cocontinuity. This effect was more pronounced in blends with lower amounts of PS, that is, when EVA formed the matrix. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 386–398, 2003
Statistical and kinetic approaches for linear low‐density polyethylene melting modeling
Authors: Greco A. , Maffezzoli A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare different models, either originating from literature or originally proposed in this study, for the interpretation of the melting behavior of polymers. In particular, these models, tested with a linear low‐density polyethylene widely used in rotational molding, are suitable for coupling with energy balances in the study of polymer processing. We obtained the experimental data from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) dynamic scans, assuming that the endothermic flux was related to the rate of melting of the polymer. The studied models were able to predict the broad melting temperature range typically observed during polymer melting with either a statistical or a kinetic approach. The two different approaches were compared with experimental DSC data. The analysis of model performances with complex thermal programs showed that the statistical approach could provide a more realistic representation of polymer melting. These models were particularly suitable in rotational molding, where the lack of any flow and, hence, of any crystalline orientation leads to a degree of melting determined by the actual temperature of the polymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 289–295, 2003
Preparation of water‐repellent silks by a reaction with octadecenylsuccinic anhydride
Authors: Arai Takayuki , Freddi Giuliano , Innocenti Riccardo , Tsukada Masuhiro 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSilk fibers and membranes were acylated with octadecenylsuccinic anhydride (ODSA) at 75°C for different times. Swelling [N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] and nonswelling (xylene) solvent media were used for the reaction. Silk membranes that reacted in DMF or DMSO displayed faster reaction kinetics and attained higher weight‐gain values than fibers. The effect of the solvent on the reaction yield was in the following order: DMSO > DMF ≫ xylene. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of acylated silk samples showed the characteristic absorption bands of the anhydride at 2990, 2852, 1780–1700, and 1170 cm−1. The intensity of the latter band, which increased linearly with the weight gain, was used as a marker for evaluating the reaction kinetics of the samples acylated in the nonswelling medium. The moisture regain and water retention of silk fibers acylated with ODSA decreased significantly, regardless of the solvent system used. Accordingly, the water repellency increased. Acylation induced an increase in the thermal stability of the silk fibers and membranes. Fine particles adhering to the surfaces of the silk fibers acylated in xylene were detected by scanning electron microscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 324–332, 2003
Pervaporation separation of water and dioxane mixtures with sodium alginate‐g‐polyacrylamide copolymeric membranes
Authors: Kurkuri Mahaveer D. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPolyacrylamide (pAAm)‐grafted sodium alginate (NaAlg) copolymeric membranes have been prepared and used in the pervaporation separation of dioxane mixtures containing10–70 mass % water. Three different polymeric membranes have been prepared: neat NaAlg, 46% grafted pAAm‐g‐NaAlg, and 93% grafted pAAm‐g‐NaAlg. For reduced brittleness and increased flexibility of the membranes, 10 mass % poly(ethylene glycol) and 5 mass % poly(vinyl alcohol) were added to all three membranes. With the transport data for the mixtures through the membranes, the permeation flux, selectivity, pervaporation separation index, swelling index, and diffusion coefficients have been calculated at 30°C. The Arrhenius activation parameters for the transport processes have been calculated for 10 mass % water in the feed mixture with flux and diffusion data obtained at 30, 40, and 50°C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 300–305, 2003
Hemodialysis membrane prepared from cellulose/N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide solution. II. Comparative studies on the permeation characteristics of membranes prepared from N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide and cuprammonium solutions
Authors: Abe Yoshihiko , Mochizuki Akira 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTwo kinds of regenerated cellulose membranes for hemodialysis were prepared from casting solutions of N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) and cuprammonium (denoted NMMO membranes and cuprammonium membranes, respectively). The concentration of cellulose in the casting solution investigated was 6–8 wt %. The permeation characteristics of both membrane series were compared in terms of the ultrafiltration rate (UFR) of pure water, the sieving coefficient (SC) of dextran, and the solute permeabilities of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B12. The UFR and SC of the NMMO membranes were strongly affected by the cellulose concentration of the casting solution, and NMMO was a preferable solvent for the production of cellulose membranes with high performance; the cuprammonium solution gave low‐performance membranes. The pore structures of both types of membranes were estimated with the Hagen–Poiseuille law. The results showed that the NMMO membranes had larger pore radius and smaller pore numbers than the cuprammonium membranes. The differences in the membrane pore structures led to the differences in the performance between the two membrane series. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 333–339, 2003
Ionic conductivity and related properties of crosslinked chitosan membranes
Authors: Wan Ying , Creber Katherine A. M. , Peppley Brant , Bui V. Tam 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCrosslinked chitosan membranes were prepared with a relatively low degree of crosslinking with epichlorohydrin and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agents under heterogeneous and homogeneous conditions, respectively. The tensile properties, crystallinity, swelling index, and ionic conductivity of the crosslinked membranes were investigated. A significant decrease in the crystallinity and a large change in the swelling ratio of the crosslinked membrane were observed. In comparison with the uncrosslinked chitosan membrane, when the chitosan membrane was crosslinked with an appropriate degree of crosslinking under homogeneous conditions, its ionic conductivity after hydration for 1 h at room temperature increased by about one order of magnitude. In addition, with a lower concentration of the crosslinking agent, the tensile strength and breaking elongation of the crosslinked membrane were almost unchanged. Moreover, up to a critical value, the tensile strength of the membrane increased gradually, and the breaking elongation decreased slowly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 306–317, 2003
Study on kinetics of polymer melt intercalation by a rheological approach
Authors: Li Jian , Zhou Chixing , Wang Gang , Zhao Delu 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe kinetics of melt intercalation of poly(propylene)/montmorillonite nanocomposites was studied by a rheological approach. The experimental sample was elaborately prepared to investigate the whole intercalating process. The intercalation process was demonstrated by the changes of the viscoelastic response with annealing time. The development of the relative volume fraction of intercalated tactoids was obtained from the rheological characterization. The apparent diffusivities was determined and the activation energy of melt intercalation was found to be about 80 ± 6 kJ/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 318–323, 2003
Electrostrictive effect in polyurethanes
Authors: Guillot F.M. , Balizer E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPolyurethane electrostriction was investigated by measuring the tensile electromechanical coupling coefficients of structurally different materials. True values of the strain coefficients M3311, M3322, and M3333 were obtained for four types of polymer: one commercial polyurethane (DOW 2103‐80 AE) and three polyurethanes synthesized at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, including two phase‐separated (PS) materials with molecular weights of 1000 and 2000 and one phase‐mixed (PM) material with a molecular weight of 2000. Measurements were performed at 2 kHz under a bias field of 4 MV/m at room temperature. Measured values of M3333 ranged from −9.4 × 10−18 to −74.6 × 10−18 m2/V2, with the PM material exhibiting the largest coefficient. The electrostatic interaction (Maxwell stress) did not account for more than 15% of the total electromechanical activity in any of the materials. Furthermore, at the macroscopic level, an empirical relationship was established to predict the values of the electrostrictive coefficients from the dielectric constants and the compliance coefficients of the material. Finally, results indicated that, at the microscopic level, the phenomenon of electrostriction in polyurethanes could be best explained by the presence of charges inside the material (space–charge theory). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 399–404, 2003