bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (Prevnar) on Middle Ear Fluid in Children Undergoing Tympanostomy Tube Insertion
Authors: Caspary Hans , Welch J. Camille , Lawson Louise , Darrow David , Buescher Stephen , Shahab Sohrab , Derkay Craig S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the bacteriology of middle ear effusions in children who have received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Prevnar) compared with unvaccinated children.Methods: A prospective review of medical records from July 2001 to July 2002 was conducted on children with middle ear effusion at time of tympanostomy tube insertion. Middle ear fluid was plated onto culture media immediately after acquisition, and antimicrobial resistance of cultured organisms along with serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae was examined. Vaccination status, demographics, and risk factors were determined from patients' medical records, parent interviews, or contact with their primary care physicians.Results: After adjusting for age and number of previous infections, children vaccinated with Prevnar are two times less likely to have non‐S. pneumoniae pathogenic bacteria isolated than children not vaccinated. Of those with growth, vaccinated children were almost three times more likely than nonvaccinated children to have the presence of H. influenzae. Vaccinated children with H. influenzae were 7.5 times less likely to have β‐lactamase producing H. influenzae than nonvaccinated children with H. influenzae.Conclusion: Because the incidence of S. pneumoniae was low, no inference could be made whether Prevnar decreased otitis media with effusion or recurrent acute otitis caused by the S. pneumoniae serotypes covered by the vaccine. However, vaccinated children did appear to have the unexpected benefit of having a certain level of protection to growth of typical acute otitis media pathogens.
Analysis of Chromosomes 8 and 17 Aneuploidies in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Öztürk Kayhan , Acar Hasan , Durmuş Ercan , Öztürk Adnan , Mutlu Necip 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objectives were to investigate chromosomes 8 and 17 numerical aberrations by using fluorescence in situ hybridization in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and also to determine whether there is any association between chromosomes 8 and 17 aneuploidies and TNM classification and subgroups of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.Study Design: Descriptive study.Methods: Tumor and control samples were taken from 23 patients with LSCC by surgical operation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with chromosomes 8‐ and 17‐specific α‐satellite DNA probes was performed on the interphase nuclei.Results: The percentages for chromosomes 8 and 17 aneuploidies were 33% (SD = 25.7%) (median value, 26.2%; range, 3.5%–81.8%) and 19.2% (SD = 15.8%) (median value, 9.8%; range, 3.6%–63.7%), respectively. There was a significant difference between stage 2 and stage 3 (P < .05) and between stage 2 and stage 4 for chromosome 8 aneuploidy (P < .05) but not for chromosome 17 aneuploidy (P > .05). There was also a significant difference for the T classification for chromosome 8 aneuploidy (P < .05) but not for chromosome 17 (P > .05).Conclusion: Chromosome 8 aneuploidy may be related to stage and T classification of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its progression.
Epstein‐Barr Virus in Head and Neck Cancer Assessed by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Goldenberg David , Benoit Nicole E. , Begum Shahnaz , Westra William H. , Cohen Yoram , Koch Wayne M. , Sidransky David , Califano Joseph A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) has classically been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. Recently, multiple studies have been published linking EBV with oral squamous cell carcinoma and, to a lesser extent, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal tumors. Using a sensitive method of detection, the authors sought to analyze the presence and quantity of EBV DNA in a large cohort of head and neck cancers.Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.Methods: Three hundred head and neck cancer samples exclusive of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were examined for the presence of EBV using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Eighty‐four tumor samples from the larynx, 30 from the hypopharynx, 73 from the oropharynx, and 113 from the oral cavity were analyzed for EBV quantity, which was expressed as the number of viral copies per cell genome. Representative samples, which contained the highest EBV DNA levels, were examined using in situ hybridization. Results were correlated with tumor grade and site and tobacco and alcohol exposure.Results: Three of 300 (1%) tumor samples were overtly positive for EBV DNA (defined as >0.1 copies of viral DNA/cell genome). Five of 300 (2%) tumor samples showed low levels (defined as >0.01 and <0.1 copies of viral DNA/cell genome), and 68 of 300 tumor samples (23%) showed trace levels (defined as < 0.01 copies of viral DNA/cell genome) of EBV DNA. No correlation was found between EBV positivity and tobacco exposure, alcohol exposure, or tumor grade.Conclusion: In the overwhelming majority of head and neck cancers in this North American cohort, EBV did not appear to contribute to growth of a dominant clonal population with integrated EBV genome and was unlikely to be a genetic etiological agent in tumor development. The low quantities of EBV detected in a minority of head and neck cancers may be related to the presence of EBV genome in rare lymphoid or epithelial cells adjacent to the primary head and neck cancer.
An Alternative Technique For Nasal Biopsy
Authors: Thornton M. A. , Walshe P. , Costello R.W , McConn‐Walsh R. , Walsh M.A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of co‐phenylcaine as a topical anesthetic agent for nasal mucosal biopsy.Study Design: A prospective study.Methods: Nasal mucosal biopsy specimens were taken from a site just anterior to the inferior turbinate following topical anesthesia with co‐phenylcaine. All volunteers graded pain according to standard visual analogue scale (0–10) (VAS) scoring, and all were followed up after 24 hours for any epistaxis.Results: Ninety nasal biopsy specimens were removed from 41 patients in all. Eight‐two percent did not report any discomfort following this procedure (VAS score, 0). Ten patients reported mild discomfort (VAS scores ranging between, 1and3) and only six reported pain (VAS scores ranging from 5 to7). However, five of these patients agreed to further biopsy and documented no discomfort during the repeat procedure. Only one patient required immediate intervention for hemorrhage after the procedure. In cases in which bleeding occurred (seven patients) it was documented within the first 6 hours, was minimal in content, and was controlled with local pressure. No systemic side effects were experienced.Conclusion: Co‐phenylcaine is a suitable topical anesthetic agent for nasal mucosal biopsy. Removal of nasal tissue from a site anterior to the inferior turbinate can be performed under direct vision and provides sufficient tissue for histological assessment.
Functional Significance of Peripheral Head‐Shaking Nystagmus
Authors: Pérez Paz , Llorente José Luis , Gómez Justo R. , Campo Alfredo del , López Aurora , Suárez Carlos 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to determine the characteristics of horizontal head‐shaking nystagmus of peripheral origin and its relationship to vestibular dysfunction.Study Design: Retrospective case series.Methods: Eighty‐three patients met the inclusion criteria of having peripheral and unilateral vestibular disease. Patients were tested with video nystagmography. Head‐shaking nystagmus was performed in the horizontal plane during 30 cycles at a frequency of approximately 3 Hz. Head‐shaking nystagmus was classified as monophasic or biphasic and, based on the pathological ear, as ipsilateral or contralateral related to nystagmus fast phases. The two‐tailed t test, ANOVA, Mann‐Whitney and χ2 tests, and lineal and polynomial regression tests were used for statistical analysis.Results: Twenty‐three patients showed a positive head‐shaking nystagmus. All cases of head‐shaking nystagmus observed were horizontal. There were four biphasic and 19 monophasic cases of head‐shaking nystagmus. First phases of biphasic head‐shaking nystagmus beat toward the normal ear. Eleven of the monophasic cases of head‐shaking nystagmus were ipsilateral, and nine were contralateral. There was a statistically significant correlation between caloric weakness and head‐shaking nystagmus. Ipsilateral head‐shaking nystagmus corresponded to lower caloric asymmetries, and contralateral and biphasic head‐shaking nystagmus corresponded to greater caloric weakness (P < .001). As the caloric asymmetry increased, the maximal slow‐phase eye velocity of head‐shaking nystagmus was greater (P = .01) and its duration shortened (P = .008). Ipsilateral responses could be distinguished from contralateral responses based on their latency (P = .03), maximal slow‐phase eye velocity (P < .05), and duration (P = .02). The frequency of head‐shaking nystagmus was significantly higher among older patients. There was no correlation between head‐shaking nystagmus and clinical patterns.Conclusion: Head‐shaking nystagmus of peripheral vestibular origin is a response both qualitatively and quantitatively associated with the degree of the vestibular loss.
Incidence of Unexpected Malignancies in Routine Tonsillectomy Specimens in Children
Authors: Garavello Werner , Romagnoli Marco , Sordo Lorenza , Spreafico Roberto , Gaini Renato Maria 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives: Controversy continues to exist regarding the necessity to routinely send for histologic examination those specimens obtained after tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in children. Otolaryngologists fear missing an unsuspected diagnosis, such as a tonsil malignancy. However, given the rare incidence of this event, the cost‐effectiveness ratio of routine microscopic analysis is questionable. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of clinically relevant unexpected diagnosis among children who underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy in our units and to review current available series on this topic.Study Design: Retrospective study and review.Methods: All patients aged less than 16 years who underwent routine tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) at San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy from January 1994 to June 2002 were reviewed. Histologic examination is routinely performed in our units. Patients were excluded if the primary indication for surgery was to rule out a tonsil malignancy.Results: One thousand one hundred twenty‐three (1,123) patients were recruited. Two cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma were detected, corresponding to a rate of 0.18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07–0.56). Three previously published series were identified. The reported incidences of unexpected clinically relevant diagnoses varied between 0.0% and 0.05%.Conclusions: The results of our study highlight that the incidence of unexpected clinically relevant diseases of the tonsil in pediatric patients is low, albeit not extremely rare. This finding could be used to perform a cost‐effectiveness analysis.
Modified Translabyrinthine Approach and Hearing Preservation
Authors: Magliulo Giuseppe , Parrotto Donato , Stasolla Alessandro , Marini Mario 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: In 1991, the translabyrinthine approach was modified by sealing the vestibule with bone wax, which allowed preservation of the hearing function in one patient. The present study aimed specifically at evaluating the effectiveness of the modified translabyrinthine approach in preserving hearing function in a group of patients with vestibular schwannoma that involved the internal auditory canal.Study Design: Prospective study.Methods: The series consisted of 12 patients with vestibular schwannoma (average age, 49.7 y). The schwannoma was smaller than 2 cm in all patients who had surgery. The patients accepted for the study were required to have preserved hearing function.Results: None of the patients has shown signs of persistence or tumoral relapse on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Immediately after surgery, the entire group had excellent facial functionality. Six patients had maintained their hearing function (four in Class 1 and two in Class 2 according to the Gardner‐Robertson scale) at the last follow‐up after surgery. A patient during follow‐up noted fluctuating hearing contemporarily with a tinnitus in the ear that had maintained its hearing, which was attributable to an endolymphatic hydrops. Three of the six patients with preserved hearing complained of persistent tinnitus. None of the patients had any of the complications or consequences of cerebellopontine surgery.Conclusion: In our patients, Class 1 or 2 hearing was preserved in 50% of the patients, with no persistence or tumoral relapse. The follow‐up has obviously been short, but the first results are encouraging and deserve to be studied further in a more comprehensive survey.
Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the rumen of red deer during prenatal development
Authors: Franco A. J. , Masot A. J. , Aguado Ma C. , Gómez L. , Redondo E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA detailed study of the ontogenesis of deer stomach has not been undertaken to date, and our aim was to sequence several histological phenomena that occur during the ontogenesis of one of the gastric compartments, the rumen. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. For the purposes of testing, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: group I, 1.4–3.6 cm crown–rump length, 30–60 days, 1–25% of gestation; group II, 4.5–7.2 cm crown–rump length, 67–90 days, 25–35% of gestation; group III, 8–19 cm crown–rump length, 97–135 days, 35–50% of gestation; group IV, 21–33 cm crown–rump length, 142–191 days, 45–70% of gestation; and group V, 36–40 cm crown–rump length, 205–235 days, 75–100% of gestation. The rumen of the primitive gastric tube was observed at approximately 60 days. At 67 days the rumen consisted of three layers: internal or mucosal, middle or muscular, and external or serosal layer. The stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by changes in its structure with the appearance of ruminal pillars and papillae. The outline of the ruminal papillae began to appear at 142 days of prenatal development as evaginations of the basal zone toward the ruminal lumen, pulling with it in its configuration the stratum basale, the lamina propria and the submucosa. From the pluripotential blastemic tissue at 60 days we witnessed the histodifferentiation of the primitive tunica muscularis, composed of two layers of myoblasts with a defined arrangement. It was also from the pluripotential blastemic tissue, at 97 days, that the lamina propria and the submucosa were differentiated. The serosa showed continuity in growth as well as differentiation, already detected in the undifferentiated outline phase. The tegumentary mucosa of deer rumen was shown without secretory capacity in the initial embryonic phases; neutral mucopolysaccharides appeared from 67 days. The presence of neuroendocrine cells (non‐neuronal enolase) in the ruminal wall of deer during development was not detected until 97 days. The glial cells were detected at 142 days for glial fibrillary acidic protein and at 67 days for vimentin. The immunodetection of neuropeptides vasointestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y progressively increased with gestation period, starting from 97 days. In terms of the structure of the rumen of the primitive gastric tube, our observations revealed that the deer is less precocious than small and large domestic ruminants. Thus its secretory capacity, detected by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides, and its neuroendocrine nature, determined by the presence of positive non‐neuronal enolase cells, were evident in more advanced stages of prenatal development than those detected in the sheep, goat and cow.
Research and Development in Computable Production Functions
Authors: Luna Francesco 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTIn this paper, transmissibility and replicability of blueprints confine production functions to computable processes. The immediate consequence is that research and development and the emergence of technological innovations are naturally embedded in computable production functions. There is no need to introduce ad hoc probability distributions to model the arrival of innovations as the uncertain result of research and development activity. Rather, in this approach, well‐known results like the halting problem or Rice theorem harness production theory so as to encompass product and process innovation.
Emergence and Universal Computation
Authors: Lee Cassey 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTEmergence refers to the spontaneous formation of higher level (macro) structures or patterns in complex systems. Attempts to formalize the notion of emergence via algorithmic complexity theory runs into the problem that the Kolmogorov complexity function is not computable. The reason for this motivates a closer examination of the link between emergence and universal computation. Following Wolfram's pioneering work in the classification of cellular automata behavior, the research programs of Langton and Crutchfield, while incomplete, provide important insights to economists seeking to understand the relevance of emergence and universal computation to their discipline. They lead to questions on the emergence of institutions and the concomitant changes in rule‐based behavior on the part of economic agents.
Rights and Decentralized Computation
Authors: Holm Håkan J. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper emphasizes that rights facilitate decentralized use of information and computation. A dynamically efficient adjustment process that solves a private information linear resource allocation problem by a sequential auction of production and trading rights is presented. It is shown that in equilibrium the sequential auction mimics the simplex algorithm in a decentralized way and thereby gives it an institutional economic interpretation, where the structure of rights imposes restrictions on the problem sequentially.
Oviposition preference and larval performance within a diverging lineage of lycaenid butterflies
Authors: Forister Matthew L. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract.1. The butterfly genusMitourain Northern California includes three nominal species associated with four host plants having parapatric or interdigitated ranges. Genetic analyses have shown the taxa to be very closely related, and adults from all host backgrounds will mate and produce viable offspring in the laboratory. Oviposition preference and larval performance were investigated with the aim of testing the hypothesis that variation in these traits can exist in a system in which non‐ecological barriers to gene flow (i.e. geographic barriers and genetic incompatibilities) appear to be minimal.2. Females were sampled from 12 locations throughout Northern California, including sympatric and parapatric populations associated with the four different host‐plant species. Oviposition preference was assayed by confining wild‐caught females with branches of all four host species and counting the number of eggs laid on each. Offspring were reared on the same host species and two measures of larval success were taken: per cent survival and pupal weight.3. For populations associated with one of the hosts, incense cedar, the preference–performance relationship is simple: the host that females chose is the plant which results in the highest pupal weights for offspring. The preference–performance relationship for populations associated with the other hosts is more complex and may reflect different levels of local adaptation. The variation in preference and performance reported here suggests that these traits can evolve when non‐ecological barriers to gene flow are low, and that differences in these traits may be important for the evolution of reproductive isolation withinMitoura.
Aerial dispersal and host plant selection by neonate Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
Authors: Moore Robert G. , Hanks Lawrence M. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract.  1. Neonate evergreen bagworms, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), disperse by dropping on a strand of silk, termed silking, and ballooning on the wind. Larvae construct silken bags with fragments of plant foliage. This species is highly polyphagous, feeding on more than 125 species of woody plants of 45 families. The larvae commonly infests juniper (Juniperus spp.) and arborvitae (Thuja spp.), but rarely feed on deciduous hosts such as maples. The hypothesis is proposed that polyphagy in T. ephemeraeformis is maintained by variation among larvae in dispersal behaviour, and time constraints on the opportunity to disperse, but patterns of host species preference result from a predisposition for larvae to settle on arborvitae and juniper but disperse from other hosts.2. Consistent with that hypothesis, laboratory experiments revealed: (a) starved larvae varied in their tendency to disperse from paper leaf models; (b) starved larvae readily silked only during their first day; (c) larvae became increasingly sedentary the longer they were exposed to plant foliage; (d) when provided with several opportunities to silk, larvae became sedentary after exposure to arborvitae foliage, but repeatedly silked after exposure to maple (Acer species) foliage or paper; and (e) larvae were less inclined to silk from foliage of arborvitae than from maple.3. Field experiments supported the hypothesis by demonstrating that: (a) neonates tended to disperse from maple leaves while larvae older than 1 day tended to settle and remain; and (b) neonates were less likely to disperse from arborvitae and juniper trees than from maples.
Incomplete Information, Trading Costs and Cross‐autocorrelations in Stock Returns
Authors: Chordia Tarun , Swaminathan Bhaskaran 
Published: May 2004

This paper provides an economic rationale for the cross‐autocorrelation patterns in stock returns in the context of a microstructure model in which investors have incomplete information. The paper shows that in a market in which investors are informed about only a sub‐set of stocks, the emergence of lead‐lag, cross‐autocorrelations is a function of the cost of trading in other stocks based on information about the sub‐set of stocks. If cross‐trading costs are high, informed investors will trade only in the sub‐set of stocks they are informed about; if cross‐trading costs are moderate, informed investors will randomize between trading and not trading in other stocks; and if cross‐trading costs are low, they will trade in all stocks. When informed investors trade only in a sub‐set of stocks, prices of stocks with more informed trading will adjust to common factor information faster than the prices of stocks with less informed trading giving rise to asymmetric lead‐lag cross‐autocorrelations. When informed investors trade in all stocks, asymmetric lead‐lag cross‐autocorrelations will disappear as a result of their cross‐market arbitrage trading. These results provide a number of testable implications for lead‐lag cross‐autocorrelation patterns. The data is consistent with the empirical predictions. (J.E.L.G12, G14).