bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retirement villages: companionship, privacy and security
Authors: Graham Vicki , Tuffin Keith 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  This study investigated the experience of 12 persons living independently in a retirement village. Method:  These experiences were examined discursively with interviews being conducted and transcribed to form the data. Results and conclusion:  Discursive analysis revealed two key discourses. The discourse of companionship and privacy suggested that both companionship and privacy were important in a retirement village, requiring the careful management of relationships. The discourse of security suggested that the retirement village offered a worry‐free environment where residents were able to relax security measures that were burdensome in the wider community.
Nosology and Therapy of Mental Illness of Ayurveda
Authors: DUBE K. C. 
Published: November 2004

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is described in Atharva Veda and in subsequent treatises by Charak, Susrut, and Vagbhatt, containing the details of etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy of afflictions in humans and animals. The science of mental disorders (Bhoot-Vidya) describes extensively conditions from mild anger and greed to severe psychoses. This paper presents a synoptic overview comparing the clinical conditions described in Ayurveda with clinical conditions decribed in the International Classification of Diseases. The symbiotic relationship between 'psyche' and 'soma' was recognised in Ayurveda, attributing the highest importance to psychic energy as the propulsive power of creation - the orginal force. According to Vedic concepts, personality is composed of three elements (gunas): i. Satva (pure qualities), ii. Rajas (pleasure-seeking propensities and emotions). iii. Tamas (animal-like behavioural tendencies leading to deterioration). Abnormalities result from the excess of Tamas and Rajas. The main therapies are i. suggestion, auto-suggestion, hynotism, assurance, persuasion, and ritualistic therapy; ii. transferring of symptoms; iii. confession, penance, and sacrifice; iv. use of natural elements; v. medicine and endocrine therapies; and vi.l tantric and yogic practices.
A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Tu-chung — Eucommia Ulmoides
Authors: Hu Shiu-ying 
Published: November 2004

Tu-chung is an officinal herbal drug of traditional Chinese medicine. It is obtained from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides. Since time immemorial the Chinese people have used it as a revitalizing and rejuvenating agent. Modern investigators in China found its antihypertensive action and this property has been confirmed by scientists outside of China. In this article, basic information for an understanding of tu-chung obtained from ancient Chinese records and modern reports of various investigators in several disciplines of plant sciences, and of physiologists, pharmacologists, physicians, and phytochemists, is presented. The author suggests that eucommia should be used only for the common name of the plant, and tu-chung be used for the drug. Eucommia is now widely cultivated in arboreta and botanical gardens as a rare plant outside of China. In China and the Soviet Union, plantations of eucommia are operated under government management for the production of gutta-percha. The author advocates that eucommia should be taken out of gardens and research laboratories and be put into plantations for the production of a safe antihypertensive natural drug. As by-products of the manufacture of the hypotensive product, a useful gum for industry, fine quality wood suitable for wooden shoes and clogs, and a high grade oil from the seed will make the cultivation of eucommia very rewarding.
Acupuncture and Rehabilitation (III) Effects of Acupuncture Applied to the Normal Side on Osteoarthritis Deformans and Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee and on Disorders in Motility of the Knee Joint after Cerebral Hemorrhage and Thrombosis
Authors: Arichi Shigeru , Arichi Hideko , Toda Shizuo 
Published: November 2004

In osteoarthritis deformans and rheumatoid arthritis of the knee and in disorders in motility of the knee joint after cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis, acupuncture was applied to the normal side at the symmetrical part to the leison and flection-extension exercise and massage on the affected joint were carried out as rehabilitation (Reha) during the time the needles were used. A most remarkable cure rate was obtained in osteoarthritis deformans of the knee when treated with acupuncture on the normal side and flection-extension exercise and massage on the affected part. The cure rate was low in rheumatoid arthritis, and the therapy was non-effective concerning disorders in motility of the knee joint after cerebral hemorrhage or thrombosis. The improvement rate, however, was extremely low in ostearthritis deformans and rheumatoid arthritis of the knee after the acupuncture on the affected part of the affected side with Reha on the affected part of the affected side, or Reha on the leison, and these means of therapy were completely non-effective concerning disorders in motility after cerebral hemorrhage or thrombosis. Our previous reports No. 1 and 2 accord with the evidence obtained in this study that the acupuncture on the normal side and Reha on the affected part of the affected side produced most remarkable effect in osteoarthritis deformans of the knee. The low improvement rate in rheumatoid arthritis and non-effectiveness concerning disorders in motility of the knee joint after cerebral hemorrhage or thrombosis may be explained by differences in morphology of the diseases.
Are There Long Lasting Effects on Migraine Headache After One Series of Acupuncture Treatments?
Authors: Boivie Jorgen , Brattberg Gunilla 
Published: November 2004

The long term effect of one series of acupunture treatments on migraine headache was investigated. Twenty-five patients (20 women, 5 men) with a mean migraine history of 22 years and a stable, severe migraine (mean frequency 8 days/28 days) completed the study, out of 30 days originally enrolled. The patients recorded the presence, severity and duration of headache as well as drug consumption during three 12 weeks long periods: one pretreatment period (baseline period = BP), follow up period I (FU I) immediately following the treatment period of 6-8 weeks and follow up period II (FU II) starting the 25th post treatment week. An index for migrainous headache was calculated for each 28 days period (number of days times severity rated, 1, 2 or 3). Acupuncture was given close to or in the region of the headache. During FU I and FU II the migraine index had decreased 40% and 39%, respectively, compared to BP (to 10.3 and 10.5 from 17.2), giving a statistical signficance with p<0.01. The number of days with migraine headache was reduced 35 and 34% respectively, during FU I and FU II to 5.1 to 5.2 from 8.0 days/28 days during BP. This reduction is signicant too with p<0.05 and was responsible for almost the whole reduction of the index. Thus the severity of the pain was not much changed. On the individual basis 7 of the 25 patients obtained a very large reduction of migraine headache. Their index was down to 3.6 and 2.1 during FU I and FU II from 20.8 during BP. In 11 patients the treatments gave no benefits. In general a good effect during FU I lasted throughtout and FU II, i.e. for at least 9 months. In the 14 patients with non-migrainous headache a decrease of 33 and 20%, respectively, was recorded to an index of 8.5 and 10.5 from 12.7 before treatment. The reduction during FU I gave a p-value of <0.05, but the reduction during FU II was not stastically significant. In conclusion, acupuncture treatments appear to give a long lasting reduction of severe migraine headache in some patients, whereas other patients get no benefit at all treatments. The present study does not show, however, if that is a specific affect of the acupuncture needling itself.
EXCLUSIVE HADRON PRODUCTION IN TWO-PHOTON REACTIONS
Authors: POPPE M. 
Published: November 2004

This paper summarizes experimental results on exclusive hadron production in two-photon collisions at electron-positron storage rings and attempts some interpretation. Experimental know-how is described and new suggestions are made for future analyses. New model calculations on resonance form factors and pair production amplitudes are presented. The two-photon vertex is decomposed such that experiments can be parameterized with the minimal number of free parameters. Selection rules for off-shell photon collisions are given in addition to Yang’s theorems. [Formula: see text]
Factors Affecting IT-Based Knowledge Management Strategy in UK Healthcare System
Authors: Guah Matthew W. , Currie Wendy L. 
Published: November 2004

The technological development by the beginning of the 21st century is making it humanly impossible for unaided healthcare professionals to possess all the knowledge needed to deliver medical care with the efficacy and safety made possible by current scientific knowledge. Several healthcare organizations are adopting rigorous methods and technologies for KM as a potential solution to the knowledge predicament. However, awareness and understanding of such methods are not widespread with critics claiming that these technologies are not designed to be compatible with others neither are they interoperable. This paper describes an effort by the NHS for individuals, organizations and partners (commercial companies supplying services to the NHS) to demonstrate their belief in the importance of improving KM in medicine and show that this can be best achieved through collaboration and consensus. It looks at National Knowledge Service, set up to provide a range of services, through one or more open-access web sites. There is an asymmetry in most of the discussion of the field. KM, in this paper, is primarily discussed from the point of view of the user of medical knowledge. The motivation is seen to be the enhancement capabilities, and the utilization of knowledge to increase healthcare effectiveness.
The Impact of Knowledge Management Technology on Intellectual Capital
Authors: O'Sullivan Kevin J. , Stankosky Michael 
Published: November 2004

As we have moved into the knowledge economy, many organizations have invested in knowledge management initiatives. A great deal of the focus of these initiatives has been on the technological aspects of knowledge management with many organizations implementing knowledge management systems utilizing various technologies. As these technologies have moved to common use in these organizations, there has been the opportunity to use them to manage more than pure knowledge.The purpose of this research is to determine the extent to which knowledge management technologies are being used to manage intellectual capital. It identifies eight main groupings of knowledge management technologies that are examined in the context of the core elements of intellectual capital — human capital, customer capital and relationship capital. Based on the type of technology used, the research examines whether it is more or less likely to succeed in managing the different elements of intellectual capital. In the case of all three areas of intellectual capital we show that knowledge management technologies are used successfully.The results of the research illustrate which technologies are more effective in managing intellectual capital taking organizational size into consideration. It adds to the growing body of knowledge by illustrating the value of knowledge management initiatives beyond the scope of the predominant perception of how knowledge management tools are used.
An fMRI Investigation of Speech and Tone Segmentation
Authors: LoCasto Paul C. , Krebs-Noble Donna , Gullapalli Rao P. , Burton Martha W. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Recent research strongly indicates that phonological tasks activate a subregion of the inferior frontal gyrus. The purpose of the present fMRI study was to investigate the extent to which activation of this region during phonological processing is due to speech processes per se such as articulatory recoding or to other cognitive task demands such as working memory. Thus, we compared activation patterns during segmentation of speech and tone sequences to a tone discrimination task. In particular, participants performed same/different judgments on pairs of words, pseudowords, and tone sequences that required segmentation of a continuous acoustic signal as well as tone pairs that did not require segmentation. Accuracy and reaction time data showed that speech and tone sequence segmentation conditions patterned more similarly to each other than to tone discrimination pairs. Analyses of group data revealed strong activation of the region at the border of the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus for all three segmentation conditions compared to tone discrimination, but no consistent differences were observed when word and pseudoword segmentation were directly contrasted. Analyses of individual subjects indicated that a large number of participants activated a small area of the middle frontal gyrus during the speech conditions compared to the sequences. These results suggest that a significant portion of active frontal areas is recruited for extracting acoustic information and maintaining it in memory for decision. However, some regions at the border of the inferior/middle frontal gyrus may be unique to speech segmentation.
Evidence for Neural Effects of Repetition that Directly Correlate with Behavioral Priming
Authors: Maccotta Luigi , Buckner Randy L. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Stimulus repetition associates with neural activity reductions during tasks that elicit behavioral priming. Here we present direct evidence for a quantitative relation between neural activity reductions and behavioral priming. Fifty-four subjects performed a word classification task while being scanned with functional MRI. Activity reductions were found in multiple high-level cortical regions including those within the prefrontal cortex. Importantly, activity within several of these regions, including the prefrontal cortex, correlated with behavior such that greater activity reductions associated with faster performance. Whole-brain correlational analyses confirmed the observation of anatomic overlap between regions showing activity reductions and those showing direct brain–behavioral correlations. The finding of a quantitative relation between neural and behavioral effects in frontal regions suggests that repetition reduces frontally mediated processing in a manner that ultimately facilitates behavior.
Neural Correlates of Syntactic Ambiguity in Sentence Comprehension for Low and High Span Readers
Authors: Fiebach Christian J. , Vos Sandra H. , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Syntactically ambiguous sentences have been found to be difficult to process, in particular, for individuals with low working memory capacity. The current study used fMRI to investigate the neural basis of this effect in the processing of written sentences. Participants with high and low working memory capacity read sentences with either a short or long region of temporary syntactic ambiguity while being scanned. A distributed left-dominant network in the peri-sylvian region was identified to support sentence processing in the critical region of the sentence. Within this network, only the superior portion of Broca's area (BA 44) and a parietal region showed an activation increase as a function of the length of the syntactically ambiguous region in the sentence. Furthermore, it was only the BA 44 region that exhibited an interaction of working memory span, length of the syntactic ambiguity, and sentence complexity. In this area, the activation increase for syntactically more complex sentences became only significant under longer regions of ambiguity, and for low span readers only. This finding suggests that neural activity in BA 44 increases during sentence comprehension when processing demands increase, be it due to syntactic processing demands or by an interaction with the individually available working memory capacity.
Interference of Left and Right Cerebellar rTMS with Procedural Learning
Authors: Torriero Sara , Oliveri Massimiliano , Koch Giacomo , Caltagirone Carlo , Petrosini Laura 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests cerebellar involvement in procedural learning. To further analyze its role and to assess whether it has a lateralized influence, in the present study we used a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation interference approach in a group of normal subjects performing a serial reaction time task.
We studied 36 normal volunteers: 13 subjects underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the left cerebellum and performed the task with the right (6 subjects) or left (7 subjects) hand; 10 subjects underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the right cerebellum and performed the task with the hand ipsilateral (5 subjects) or contralateral (5 subjects) to the stimulation; another 13 subjects served as controls and were not submitted to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; 7 of them performed the task with the right hand and 6 with the left hand. The main results show that interference with the activity of the lateral cerebellum induces a significant decrease of procedural learning: Interference with the right cerebellar hemisphere activity induces a significant decrease in procedural learning regardless of the hand used to perform the serial reaction time task, whereas left cerebellar hemisphere activity seems more linked with procedural learning through the ipsilateral hand.
In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that a transient interference with the functions of the cerebellar cortex results in an impairment of procedural learning in normal subjects and it provides new evidences for interhemispheric differences in the lateral cerebellum.
Visual Activation in Prefrontal Cortex is Stronger in Monkeys than in Humans
Authors: Denys Katrien , Vanduffel Wim , Fize Denis , Nelissen Koen , Sawamura Hiromasa , Georgieva Svetlana , Vogels Rufin , Van Essen David , Orban Guy A. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The prefrontal cortex supports many cognitive abilities, which humans share to some degree with monkeys. The specialized functions of the prefrontal cortex depend both on the nature of its inputs from other brain regions and on distinctive aspects of local processing. We used functional MRI to compare prefrontal activity between monkey and human subjects when they viewed identical images of objects, either intact or scrambled. Visual object-related activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex was observed in both species, but was stronger in monkeys than in humans, both in magnitude (factors 2–3) and in spatial extent (fivefold or more as a percentage of prefrontal volume). This difference was observed for two different stimulus sets, at two field strengths, and over a range of tasks. These results suggest that there may be more volitional control over visual processing in humans than in monkeys.
Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex Activity Reflects Inhibitory Rather Than Facilitatory Priming
Authors: Cardillo Eileen R. , Aydelott Jennifer , Matthews Paul M. , Devlin Joseph T. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Functional neuroimaging has demonstrated reduced activation correlated with behavioral priming effects, a finding generally interpreted in terms of facilitated retrieval of target items in the context of related primes. Without a neutral prime, however, one cannot separate facilitatory effects of related primes from inhibitory effects of unrelated primes. Here we report an auditory semantic priming paradigm with congruent (“The boy bounced the ball”), neutral (“The next item is ball”), and incongruent (“Pasta is my favorite kind of ball”) sentence trials. As previously reported, reduced left inferior prefrontal cortex activation was observed for congruent relative to incongruent trials; however, the neutral condition allowed us to show that the effect arose from increased activation in the incongruent condition rather than reduced activation for congruent trials. Our results suggest that the left inferior prefrontal cortex inhibits interference from prepotent representations in order to select a task-appropriate target, and is consistent with its broader role in behavioral inhibition.
Morphosyntax, Prosody, and Linking Elements: The Auditory Processing of German Nominal Compounds
Authors: Koester Dirk , Gunter Th. C. , Wagner S. , Friederici A. D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe morphosyntactic decomposition of German compound words and a proposed function of linking elements were examined during auditory processing using event-related brain potentials. In Experiment 1, the syntactic gender agreement was manipulated between a determiner and the initial compound constituent (the “nonhead” constituent), and between a determiner and the last constituent (“head”). Although only the head is (morpho)syntactically relevant in German, both constituents elicited a left-anterior negativity if its gender was incongruent. This strongly suggests that compounds are morphosyntactically decomposed. Experiment 2 tested the function of those linking elements which are homophonous to plural morphemes. It has been previously suggested that these indicate the number of nonhead constituents. The number agreement was manipulated for both constituents analogous to Experiment 1. Number-incongruent heads, but not nonhead constituents, elicited an N400 and a subsequent broad negativity, suggesting that linking elements are not processed as plural morphemes. Experiment 3 showed that prosodic cues (duration and fundamental frequency) are employed to differentiate between compounds and single nouns and, thereby, betwen linking elements and plural morphemes. Number-incongruent words elicited a broad negativity if they were produced with a single noun prosody; the same words elicited no event-related potential effect if produced with a compound prosody. A dual-route model can account for the influence of prosody on morphosyntactic processing.
Comparison between exhaled and sputum oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic airway inflammation
Authors: Corradi M. , Pignatti P. , Manini P. , Andreoli R. , Goldoni M. , Poppa M. , Moscato G. , Balbi B. , Mutti A. 
Published: November 2004

The aim of the present study was to compare aldehyde levels resulting from lipid peroxidation in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and induced sputum (IS) supernatant of subjects with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Aldehydes (malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein,n-hexanal (C6),n-heptanal (C7),n-nonanal (C9), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (HHE)) in both biological fluids were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.MDA concentrations in sputum were 132.5 nM (82.5–268.8) and 23.7 nM (9–53.7) in EBC. Similarly, C6, C7 and C9 concentrations in IS were 1.5–4.7-fold higher than in EBC. Acrolein levels were 131.1 nM (55.6–264.6) in IS and 45.3 nM (14.4–127.1) in EBC. The concentrations of HNE and HHE in IS were not significantly different from the levels in EBC. Aldehyde levels in EBC did not show any correlation with aldehyde levels in IS or with differential sputum cellular count. In COPD, MDA in EBC, but not its IS counterpart, was negatively correlated with the severity of disease.In conclusion, the data presented here show that aldehydes can be detected in both exhaled breath condensate and supernatant of induced sputum, but that their relative concentrations are different and not correlated with each other. Therefore, with regard to lipid peroxidation products, exhaled breath condensate and induced sputum must be considered as independent techniques.