An epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation, racialized and economic inequities, and air pollution
Authors: Watkins Sarah Holmes , Testa Christian , Simpkin Andrew J. , Smith George Davey , Coull Brent , De Vivo Immaculata , Tilling Kate , Waterman Pamela D. , Chen Jarvis T. , Diez-Roux Ana V. , Krieger Nancy , Suderman Matthew , Relton Caroline 
Published: December 2023

AbstractImportanceDNA methylation (DNAm) provides a plausible mechanism by which adverse exposures become embodied and contribute to health inequities, due to its role in genome regulation and responsiveness to social and biophysical exposures tied to societal context. However, scant epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have included structural and lifecourse measures of exposure, especially in relation to structural discrimination.ObjectiveOur study tests the hypothesis that DNAm is a mechanism by which racial discrimination, economic adversity, and air pollution become biologically embodied.DesignA series of cross-sectional EWAS, conducted in My Body My Story (MBMS, biological specimens collected 2008-2010, DNAm assayed in 2021); and the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA; biological specimens collected 2010-2012, DNAm assayed in 2012-2013); using new georeferenced social exposure data for both studies (generated in 2022).SettingMBMS was recruited from four community health centers in Boston; MESA was recruited from four field sites in: Baltimore, MD; Forsyth County, NC; New York City, NY; and St. Paul, MN.ParticipantsTwo population-based samples of US-born Black non-Hispanic (Black NH), white non-Hispanic (white NH), and Hispanic individuals (MBMS; n=224 Black NH and 69 white NH) and (MESA; n=229 Black NH, n=555 white NH and n=191 Hispanic).ExposuresEight social exposures encompassing racial discrimination, economic adversity, and air pollution.MainoutcomeGenome-wide changes in DNAm, as measured using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip (MBMS; using frozen blood spots) and Illumina 450k BeadChip (MESA; using purified monocytes). Our hypothesis was formulated after data collection.ResultsWe observed the strongest associations with traffic-related air pollution (measured via black carbon and nitrogen oxides exposure), with evidence from both studies suggesting that air pollution exposure may induce epigenetic changes related to inflammatory processes. We also found suggestive associations of DNAm variation with measures of structural racial discrimination (e.g., for Black NH participants, born in a Jim Crow state; adult exposure to racialized economic residential segregation) situated in genes with plausible links to effects on health.Conclusions and RelevanceOverall, this work suggests that DNAm is a biological mechanism through which structural racism and air pollution become embodied and may lead to health inequities.Key pointsQuestionCould DNAm be a mechanism by which adversity becomes embodied?FindingsTraffic-related air pollution exposure may induce epigenetic changes related to inflammatory processes and there are suggestive associations with measures of structural racismMeaningDNAm may be a biological mechanism through which structural racism and air pollution become biologically embodied