bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Athermal simulation of plastic deformation in amorphous solids at constant pressure
Authors: Utz Marcel , Peng Qing , Nandagopal Magesh 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn algorithm is introduced for the molecular simulation of constant‐pressure plastic deformation in amorphous solids at zero temperature. This allows to directly study the volume changes associated with plastic deformation (dilatancy) in glassy solids. In particular, the dilatancy of polymer glasses is an important aspect of their mechanical behavior. The new method is closely related to Berendsen's barostat, which is widely used for molecular dynamics simulations at constant pressure. The new algorithm is applied to plane strain compression of a binary Lennard‐Jones glass. Conditions of constant volume lead to an increase of pressure with strain, and to a concommitant increase in shear stress. At constant (zero) pressure, by contrast, the shear stress remains constant up to the largest strains investigated (ε = 1), while the system density decreases linearly with strain. The linearity of this decrease suggests that each elementary shear relaxation event brings about an increase in volume which is proportional to the amount of shear. In contrast to the stress–strain behavior, the strain‐induced structural relaxation, as measured by the self‐part of the intermediate structure factor, was found to be the same in both cases. This suggests that the energy barriers that must be overcome for their nucleation continually grow in the case of constant‐volume deformation, but remain the same if the deformation is carried out at constant pressure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2057–2065, 2004
Relict sorted patterned ground in Lesotho
Authors: Sumner Paul 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRelict sorted patterned ground is described from an upland interfluve on the Lesotho‐South Africa border at an elevation of 3280 m a.s.l. The site comprises 2–4° slope angles. Frost penetration through the regolith is inferred to have been to 1 m depth during pattern formation. Sorting is thought to have resulted from deep seasonal freezing during the depressed temperatures of the Late‐Pleistocene Last Glacial Maximum (∼18 000 years B.P.). No direct evidence for permafrost is documented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A field perspective on modelling ‘single‐ridge’ ice‐wedge polygons
Authors: Burn C. R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPlug and Werner (Nature 2002, vol. 417, pp. 929–933) have constructed a model for the growth of ice‐wedge polygons. Contrary to field evidence, the model describes development of ice wedges in frozen ground beneath a centre line of ridges and assumes that effects associated with perturbations in the thermal stress field due to growth of individual wedges may dissipate in the long run. In the field, troughs, not ridges, overlie wedges, and development of the troughs as the ice wedges grow increases snow accumulation above the wedges, so that older wedges may crack less frequently than younger ice wedges. As a result, the ‘single‐ridge’ model does not replicate the inexorable evolution of polygonal networks in the field, because the underlying assumptions are inconsistent with field conditions. Instead, the ‘single‐ridge’ ice‐wedge model attributes network development only to periods of high thermal stress, i.e. particularly cold winters. The model has been used to simulate development of such networks ab initio, by considering conditions in a recently drained thaw lake. However, the results do not reproduce field conditions because the model operates in frozen, not freezing ground, and therefore the initial modelled network is greatly exaggerated from known field observations. While the conclusions of the modelling are presented in general terms, the model only considers epigenetic polygons, which comprise a small fraction of the ice‐wedge polygons in polar terrain. Other, more extensive, syngenetic and anti‐syngenetic (hillslope) polygon networks are not mentioned. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The thermal environment of blocky materials in the mountains of Central Asia
Authors: Gorbunov Aldar P. , Marchenko Sergei S. , Seversky Eduard V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGeothermal investigations in the Transili Alatau Range (Northern Tien Shan) during 1974–87 reveal a significant difference between the thermal regime of coarse blocky materials and adjacent fine‐grained soils. Mean annual temperatures inside the coarse debris are 2.5–4.0°C cooler than mean annual air temperatures (MAATs). In such conditions, permafrost may develop within coarse debris even under a positive mean annual air temperature. In the Transili Alatau Range, the process of perennially freezing is possible at altitudes of 1800–1900 m ASL where the MAA T is about 4°C. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probability mapping of mountain permafrost using the BTS method, Wolf Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Lewkowicz Antoni G. , Ednie Mark 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe basal temperature of snow (BTS) method was used to predict the distribution of permafrost within a mountainous basin located in the southern Yukon Territory. A modelled BTS surface, based on several hundred measured values, was created within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment using elevation and potential incoming solar radiation as independent variables. The distribution of frozen ground at 200 test sites was compared to the modelled BTS values using logistic regression. The resultant map of permafrost probability shows that all four conventional permafrost distribution classes (isolated patches, scattered and widespread discontinuous permafrost, and continuous permafrost) are present within the basin. Supplementary logistic regression analyses reveal that at certain elevations and aspects, the probability of permafrost occurrence varies markedly over short distances in response to snowpack depth. They also show that widespread alterations in snow cover would be expected to substantially affect permafrost distribution even if air temperatures were to remain unchanged. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrosulindac (NCX 1102): A new nitric oxide‐donating non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NO‐NSAID), inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostatic epithelial cell lines
Authors: Huguenin Sandra , Fleury‐Feith Jocelyne , Kheuang Laurence , Jaurand Marie‐Claude , Bolla Manlio , Riffaud Jean‐Pierre , Chopin Dominique K. , Vacherot Francis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe aim of our study was to explore the anti‐tumoral potential of the Nitric Oxide‐Donating Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs (NO‐NSAID) NCX1102 (nitrosulindac), on three human prostatic epithelial cell lines at varying degree of transformation (PNT1A, LNCaP, and PC3).METHODSCytotoxicity, anti‐proliferative effects, cell‐cycle alterations, morphological changes, and apoptosis were investigated after treatment with nitrosulindac in comparison to the native molecule sulindac. Involvement of the polyamine pathway in the action of nitrosulindac was also examined.RESULTSNitrosulindac but not sulindac exerted a cytotoxic effect on all cell lines and an anti‐proliferative effect on LNCaP and PC3 cells only. Nitrosulindac differentially altered the cell cycle, induced mitotic arrest and displayed a pro‐apoptotic activity in all cell lines. Finally, the polyamine pathway does not seem to be involved in the mechanism of nitrosulindac action.CONCLUSIONSOur results demonstrate the anti‐proliferative and proapoptotic activity of nitrosulindac on prostate cancer cell lines and suggest its potential interest for new strategies in the management of prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prosaptide TX14A stimulates growth, migration, and invasion and activates the Raf‐MEK‐ERK‐RSK‐Elk‐1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Koochekpour Shahriar , Sartor Oliver , Lee Tae‐Jin , Zieske Arthur , Patten David Y. , Hiraiwa Masao , Sandhoff Konrad , Remmel Natascha , Minokadeh Ardalan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDProsaposin is a neurotrophic factor. Prosaposin knock‐out mice have been reported to develop a number of abnormalities, including atrophy of the prostate gland and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐inactivation in prostate epithelial cells. These abnormalities underscore a potential fundamental role in prostate development. The trophic factor activity of prosaposin has been localized at a specific amino terminal portion of the molecule that has been the source for a number of biologically active peptides called prosaptides (e.g., TX14A). The expression and function of prosaposin in prostate cancer is not known.METHODSUsing conventional protein expression analysis, immunohistochemical staining, cell proliferation assays, and in vitro invasion assays, we determined the expression of prosaposin and the effect of prosaptide TX14A on cell growth/death protection, motility, invasion, and MAPK signal transduction pathway in prostate cancer cells.RESULTSWe found a higher expression of prosaposin in androgen‐independent (AI) prostate cancer cells (PC‐3 and DU‐145) than in androgen‐dependent (AD) LNCaP or normal prostate epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining on benign and malignant prostate tissues revealed an intense cytoplasmic anti‐prosaposin immunoreactivity in tumor cells, as well as stromal, endothelial, and inflammatory mononuclear cells. The intensity of staining was proportional to the overall Gleason's score. In addition, we demonstrated that TX14A stimulates cell proliferation/survival, migration, and invasion, and activates the Raf‐MEK‐ERK‐RSK‐Elk‐1 signaling cascade of the MAPK pathway.CONCLUSIONSThese results are suggestive of a potential pleuripotent regulatory function for prosaposin in prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrated modeling environment for statewide assessment of groundwater vulnerability from pesticide use in agriculture
Authors: Eason Audra , Tim U Sunday , Wang Xixi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAtrazine, a herbicide widely used for corn production in the Midwest, has been detected in groundwater of several states, and has been identified as a possible human carcinogen. With the widespread use of pesticides in crop production, and the frequent detection of these chemicals in groundwater, large‐scale risk assessments would help water resource managers to identify areas that are more susceptible to contamination and implement practices to ameliorate the problem. This paper presents an integrated, visual and interactive system for predicting potential environmental risks associated with pesticide contamination at spatial scales ranging from fields to landscapes and regions. The interactive system extends the predictive ability of the Pesticide Root Zone Model Release 2.0 (PRZM‐2) to a landscape and statewide scale through integration with a geographic information system (GIS), graphical user interface and environmental databases. Predictions of statewide (Iowa) vulnerability of groundwater from atrazine leaching below the unsaturated zone were made to demonstrate the utility of the system, and the results were used in risk assessment. In the example application, atrazine fate and transport were evaluated using long‐term climatic data (1980–1989) in combination with several environmental databases (eg STATSGO soils database) and exposure risks were expressed in terms of the probability of the predicted pesticide concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water. The results indicate that the predicted pesticide concentrations were significantly lower than the EPA‐established MCL. In addition to providing an interactive environment for landscape‐level assessment of potential risks from pesticide leaching, the system significantly reduces the time and resources needed to organize and manipulate data for use with PRZM‐2, and provides an analytical framework for evaluating groundwater‐leaching impacts of pesticide management practices. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Monitoring and characterization of Magnaporthe grisea isolates with decreased sensitivity to scytalone dehydratase inhibitors
Authors: Sawada Haruko , Sugihara Minoru , Takagaki Makiichi , Nagayama Kozo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRice blast fungus isolates were collected in Kyushu to investigate resistance to scytalone dehydratase inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis (MBI‐D). In 2001, failure of control of rice blast was reported in the Saga prefecture, where MBI‐Ds have been used since 1998. At that time, the distribution of resistant isolates was mainly limited to that area. However, in 2002, resistant isolates were detected in all prefectures of Kyushu. DNA fingerprinting analysis showed that the mutation causing resistance to MBI‐Ds had arisen independently in each area. These data suggest that resistant isolates may occur in any area and become dominant under continuous selection pressure for MBI‐Ds. Nevertheless, resistant strains can be controlled by reductase inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis (MBI‐R) or commercial rice seed disinfectants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Femtomol sensitivity post‐digest 18O labeling for relative quantification of differential protein complex composition
Authors: Bantscheff Marcus , Dümpelfeld Birgit , Kuster Bernhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractStable isotope labeling (SIL) has emerged as a powerful tool to measure the relative quantitative differences between samples in many differential display‐type proteomic applications. However, current SIL procedures tend to suffer from the fact that one needs to decide very early in a biochemical strategy whether or not a sample will be subjected to relative quantification. Typically, the entire strategy has to be adapted to the needs of the particular quantification method chosen which might limit the range of biochemical experiments amenable to quantification. Metabolic labeling approaches, albeit very sensitive, can only be applied to studies using appropriate cell culture systems which might not necessarily be compatible with the biological system under investigation. Chemical labeling of complex protein mixtures by, e.g., isotope‐coded affinity tags (ICAT), can offer great simplification of protein mixtures but is restricted by the accessibility of the often few suitable peptides (i.e. cysteine containing peptides) for both protein identification and quantification. Here, we describe a post‐digest 18O‐labeling method that can circumvent some of the above limitations by separating protein identification from quantification. An aliquot of all samples in a set can be used for rapid protein ID using, e.g., matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS). In a second step, relative quantification is performed using trypsin‐catalyzed 18O incorporation into all tryptic peptides. This two‐stage procedure introduces significant experimental flexibility because it enables postponement of the decision about which pairs of samples from a given set of experiments are to be compared until after the protein ID stage. In‐gel digested protein quantities between 50 fmol and 15 pmol are amenable to this new method, with a dynamic range of 1:10 within one sample. Accuracy for measured relative abundances is similar to those reported for other SIL strategies (errors typically <20%), and the method is applicable to protein samples from all kinds of tissue or cell culture. This paper presents quantification data for a set of standard proteins, as well as a study of differential complex formation around the NFκB transcription factor p65 following stimulation with TNF‐α. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequit: software for de novo peptide sequencing by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization post‐source decay mass spectrometry
Authors: Demine Rodion , Walden Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPeptide sequencing by mass spectrometry is gaining increasing importance for peptide chemistry and proteomics. However, available tools for interpreting matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization post‐source decay (MALDI‐PSD) mass spectra depend on databases, and identify peptides by matching experimental data with spectra calculated from database sequences. This severely obstructs the identification of proteins and peptides not listed in databases or of variations, e.g. mutated proteins. The development of a new computer program for database‐independent peptide sequencing by MALDI‐PSD mass spectrometry is reported here. This computer program was validated by the determination of the correct sequences for various peptides including sequences listed in the sequence databases, but also for peptides that deviate from database sequences or are completely artificial. This strategy should substantially facilitate the identification of novel or variant peptides and proteins, and increase the power of MALDI‐PSD analyses in proteomics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risiko und Qualität: Die zwei Seiten einer Medaille?
Authors: Meier Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIm Rahmen einer Systembetrachtung werden Risiko und Qualität zusammen definiert. Sie ergeben sich aus einem definierten SOLL‐Wert und einem beobachteten IST‐Wert der entsprechenden Kriterien. Risiko ist die absolute Differenz zwischen SOLL und IST, skaliert um die Wahrscheinlichkeit dieser Differenz. Qualität ist das relative Verhältnis von IST und SOLL. Diese Definitionen sind kompatibel mit dem üblichen Gebrauch von Schadensrisiko und von Managementqualität. Sie legen eindeutige Anforderungen an Kennzahlen für Risiko und Qualität fest. Sie zeigen, wie Risiko und Qualität als komplementäre Steuergrößen für Unternehmensprozesse wirken.
Raus damit! Damit beim Outsourcing nichts schief geht, sind Controlling und Risikomanagement ein Muss
Authors: Gammelin Kai 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFür Manager ist die Möglichkeit, Teilbereiche des Betriebes an Dritte auszulagern, ein geeignetes Instrument, um Kosten einzusparen und das Unternehmen in beschwerlichen konjunkturellen Schwankungsphasen zu flexibilisieren. Unternehmen, die das beabsichtigen, sind sich allerdings häufig nicht bewusst, dass der Erfolg maßgeblich von der Qualität und Leistung ihres Outsourcing‐Nehmers abhängt. Hinzu kommen Schwierigkeiten bei der internen Ausgestaltung der Anforderungen an ein geeignetes Outsourcing‐Controlling und ‐Risikomanagement. Infolgedessen gab es in den vergangenen Jahren auch nennenswerte Schäden in Unternehmen, die aus der Auslagerung von Teilbereichen resultierten — Fälle, in denen ein schlecht leistender oder insolvent gewordener Outsourcing‐Nehmer nicht nur dem auslagernden Unternehmen, sondern auch weiteren prozessual abhängigen Unternehmen Schwierigkeiten bereitete.
Terrorismus — Gefahr oder Risiko? Gibt es Alternativen zur Bewältigung dieses Phänomens?
Authors: Schneider Oliver 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSpätestens seit dem 11. September 2001 ist „Terrorismus”︁ einer der meistgebrauchten Begriffe in der öffentlichen Diskussion. Kaum eine Woche vergeht, in der nicht in den Medien über diese Phänomen berichtet wird. Terroristischen Anschlägen, egal ob auf Djerba, auf Bali oder wie erst kürzlich in Istanbul, fallen unschuldige Passanten, Touristen und Geschäftsleute zum Opfer. Die Attentate in Madrid haben auf schreckliche Weise deutlich gemacht, dass Terrorismus auch für uns Europäer eine sehr konkrete Bedrohung darstellt. So hat sich die Überzeugung herausgebildet, dass es Jeden, zu jeder Zeit, an jedem Ort treffen kann. Das subjektive Sicherheitsgefühl der Menschen wird stets aufs Neue negativ beeinflusst. Ein allgemeines, oft diffuses Gefühl der Verletzbarkeit, des Unwohlseins und der Machtlosigkeit hat sich bei vielen breit gemacht. Die allgemeine Forderung nach mehr „Sicherheit”︁ ist dementsprechend immer deutlicher zu vernehmen.
Agieren statt reagieren
Authors: Beller Ursula , Möllemann Klaus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRisikomanagement einerseits, Qualitätsmanagement andererseits — zwei Begriffe, mit denen deutsche Unternehmen häufig ein notwendiges Übel verbinden. Gemeinsam eingesetzt, bieten sie eine Reihe von Werkzeugen an, die zur Optimierung des Unternehmenserfolgs beitragen. Wird das Ganze noch durch mess‐ und bewertbare Frühindikatoren ergänzt, entsteht ein Frühindikatorensystem, das die aktuelle Situation des Unternehmens widerspiegelt und entsprechende Entwicklungstendenzen aufzeigt. Dadurch wird das Unternehmen befähigt, Chancen frühzeitig zu nutzen und Risiken entgegenzusteuern.
Risikomanagement darf nicht nur auf dem Papier stehen. Integration von Risikomanagement und Total Quality Management bei Stora Enso Kabel
Authors: Matzke Robert 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDass bei einem Papierproduzenten der Fokus des Risikomanagements auf dem Brandschutz liegt, kann sicher nicht überraschen. Stora Enso Kabel hat allerdings schon sehr früh erkannt, dass diese Sichtweise zu einseitig ist. Um eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der unterschiedlichen Risiken zu erreichen, wurde das Risikomanagement des Unternehmens in das vorhandene Total‐Quality‐Management‐System nach dem Modell von Malcolm Baldrige integriert.
Kontrolle ist besser! Der Deutsche Corporate Governance Kodex (Teil II)
Authors: Dörner Dietrich , Orth Christian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNachdem im ersten Beitrag zum Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex (siehe RISKNEWS 01/2004, S. 66—71) die Bedeutung „guter Unternehmensführung”︁ dargestellt wurde, beleuchtet der folgende Teil unserer Serie die Hintergründe und Zielsetzungen dieser Regelungen.
In situ acoustic estimates of the swimbladder volume of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Nero Redwood W. , Thompson Charles H. , Michael Jech J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAcoustic measurements at 1.5–5 kHz on fish in the Gulf of Maine showed a swimbladder-resonance peak near 2.5 kHz at 160–190-m depth. Midwater trawls confirmed that the fish were likely to be Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) of 19–29 cm length. Calculation using a model of swimbladder resonance gives swimbladder volumes of 1.2% of fish weight at 160–190 m. Extrapolation of this volume of gas using Boyle's Law suggests that at the sea surface, these herring would need to inflate their swimbladders by up to five to six times the volume required for neutral buoyancy. If these fish were to maintain this volume of gas with surface “gulping”, they would need to submerge from the sea surface with a 30% excess buoyancy. In general, swimbladders of the Clupeidae may have greater volumes of gas than if the fish were neutrally buoyant at the sea surface and the interpretation of HF-echosounder surveys may be additionally complex when the volume of gas and swimbladder volume are difficult to predict. Mechanisms of how herring obtain additional swimbladder gas are discussed.