bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 as a probiotic in clarithromycin‐resistant Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: USHIYAMA ATSUSHI , TANAKA KAZUO , AIBA YUJI , SHIBA TADAHIKO , TAKAGI ATSUSHI , MINE TETSUYA , KOGA YASUHIRO 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBackgrounds and Aim:  Clarithromycin (CAM)‐resistant Helicobacter pylori sometimes offers serious problems with eradication by antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine whether a probiotic can be an alternative therapy in CAM‐resistant Hp infection.Methods:  The effects of Lactobacillus gasseri (strain OLL2716) on the growth of CAM‐susceptible and CAM‐resistant H. pylori and interleukin (IL)‐8 production provoked by these strains were examined by in vitro experiments. Moreover, mice were infected with these CAM‐susceptible or CAM‐resistant H. pylori, and were treated with CAM or L. gasseri.Results:  In vitro experiments demonstrated that L. gasseri inhibited the growth of H. pylori and suppressed H. pylori‐associated IL‐8 production. Such effects were noted in CAM‐resistant and CAM‐susceptible H. pylori. Similarly, in an in vivo model of H. pylori infection, H. pylori colonization was significantly decreased by L. gasseri.Conclusion:  Therefore, L. gasseri was found to act as a probiotic in CAM‐resistant H. pylori infection.
Prognostische Faktoren und operative Strategien bei Melanomen des Gesichts
Authors: Möhrle M. , Schippert W. , Garbe C. , Rassner G. , Röcken M. , Breuninger H. 
Published: July 2003

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Bei Melanomen, die im Gesicht lokalisiert sind, lassen sich die am Körper üblichen Sicherheitsabstände aus funktionellen und ästhetischen Gründen nicht realisieren. In der Literatur fehlen kontrollierte Studien zu Sicherheitsabständen bei Gesichtmelanomen. Bei den Melanompatienten der Universitäts‐Hautklinik Tübingen (1980 – 1999) wurde retrospektiv analysiert, welche klinische Parameter und operativen Strategien die Prognose bei Gesichtsmelanomen beeinflussen. Die Bedeutung der lückenlosen histologischen Kontrolle der Exzisatschnittränder (3D‐Histologie) sollte validiert werden. Patienten und Methodik: Die untersuchten 368 Melanome des Gesichts machten 9,3 % aller 3 960 Primärmelanome im klinischen Stadium I/II und 63 % der Melanome des Kopf/Hals‐Bereichs aus. Ergebnisse: Operationen, die mehrzeitig durchgeführt wurden, eine Exzisonsbiopsie zur Diagnosesicherung gefolgt von einer späteren Nachexzision mit definitivem Sicherheitsabstand oder eine Nachexzision bei histologisch unvollständiger Primärexzision, waren mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit für das rezidivfreie Überleben verbunden (p = 0,0007), jedoch ohne prognostische Bedeutung für das Gesamtüberleben. In der multivariaten Analyse waren Invasionslevel (p = 0,0049), Ulzeration (p = 0,011), 3D‐Histologie (p = 0,027) und die Einhaltung definierter Sicherheitsabstände (Tumordicke ≤ 1,00 mm: 10 mm; > 1,00 mm 20 mm; LMM 5 mm unter Einsatz der 3D‐Histologie) (p = 0,033) unabhängige signifikante Risikofaktoren für das rezidivfreie Überleben. Für das Gesamtüberleben konnten Invasionslevel (p = 0,032), Ulzeration (p = 0,029), 3D‐Histologie (p = 0,0047) als unabhängige signifikante Risikofaktoren identifiziert werden. In der multivariaten Analyse konnte für den histologischen Tumortyp keine prognostische Bedeutung nachgewiesen werden. Schlußfolgerung: Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse können auch reduzierte Sicherheitsabstände im Gesicht als ausreichend sicher eingeschätzt werden. Die 3D‐Histologie ermöglicht eine weitere Reduzierung der Sicherheitsabstände, kann subklinische Tumorausläufer erkennen und ist mit einer besseren Prognose bei Patienten mit Gesichtsmelanomen assoziiert.
The role of dendritic cells during infection
Authors: Kolb‐Mäurer Annette , Bröcker Eva‐B. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe skin and the mucosa of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are continuously exposed to microorganisms, but only a limited number of these enter the body and cause disease. To resist microbial infection, the host has developed a multitude of defense mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dendritic cells (DCs) provide the link between these arms of the immune system. The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of DCs, which can discriminate between different classes of microorganisms and elicit tailored antimicrobial immune responses. They have an extraordinary capacity to stimulate naive T cells and initiate primary immune responses. In turn, some pathogens interfere with DC function to block or delay their elimination by the host. Progress in understanding the role of DCs in the host response to microbes is reviewed.
Energy Status and Its Control on Embryogenesis of Legumes. Embryo Photosynthesis Contributes to Oxygen Supply and Is Coupled to Biosynthetic Fluxes
Authors: Rolletschek Hardy , Weber Hans , Borisjuk Ljudmilla 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Legume seeds are heterotrophic and dependent on mitochondrial respiration. Due to the limited diffusional gas exchange, embryos grow in an environment of low oxygen. O2 levels within embryo tissues were measured using microsensors and are lowest in early stages and during night, up to 0.4% of atmospheric O2 concentration (1.1 μm). Embryo respiration was more strongly inhibited by low O2 during earlier than later stages. ATP content and adenylate energy charge were lowest in young embryos, whereas ethanol emission and alcohol dehydrogenase activity were high, indicating restricted ATP synthesis and fermentative metabolism. In vitro and in vivo experiments further revealed that embryo metabolism is O2 limited. During maturation, ATP levels increased and fermentative metabolism disappeared. This indicates that embryos become adapted to the low O2 and can adjust its energy state on a higher level. Embryos become green and photosynthetically active during differentiation. Photosynthetic O2 production elevated the internal level up to approximately 50% of atmospheric O2 concentration (135 μm). Upon light conditions, embryos partitioned approximately 3-fold more [14C]sucrose into starch. The light-dependent increase of starch synthesis was developmentally regulated. However, steady-state levels of nucleotides, free amino acids, sugars, and glycolytic intermediates did not change upon light or dark conditions. Maturing embryos responded to low O2 supply by adjusting metabolic fluxes rather than the steady-state levels of metabolites. We conclude that embryogenic photosynthesis increases biosynthetic fluxes probably by providing O2 and energy that is readily used for biosynthesis and respiration.
Genetic Modification of Alternative Respiration Has Differential Effects on Antimycin A-Induced versus Salicylic Acid-Induced Resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Gilliland Androulla , Singh Davinder P. , Hayward Jennifer M. , Moore Catherine A. , Murphy Alex M. , York Caroline J. , Slator Jo , Carr John P. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA), a natural defensive signal chemical, and antimycin A, a cytochrome pathway inhibitor, induce resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Pharmacological evidence suggested signaling during resistance induction by both chemicals involved alternative oxidase (AOX), sole component of the alternative respiratory pathway (AP). Roles of the AP include regulation of intramitochondrial reactive oxygen species and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with modified AP capacities (2- to 3-fold increased or decreased) showed no alteration in phenotype with respect to basal susceptibility to TMV or the ability to display SA-induced resistance to systemic viral disease. However, in directly inoculated tissue, antimycin A-induced TMV resistance was inhibited in plants with increased AP capacities, whereas SA and antimycin A-induced resistance was transiently enhanced in plant lines with decreased AP capacities. We conclude that SA-induced TMV resistance results from activation of multiple mechanisms, a subset of which are inducible by antimycin A and influenced by AOX. Other antiviral factors, potentially including the SA-inducible RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, are regulated by AOX-independent mechanisms.
The Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Controls Lettuce Susceptibility to the PotyvirusLettuce mosaic virus
Authors: Nicaise Valérie , German-Retana Sylvie , Sanjuán Raquel , Dubrana Marie-Pierre , Mazier Marianne , Maisonneuve Brigitte , Candresse Thierry , Caranta Carole , LeGall Olivier 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E cDNAs from several genotypes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) that are susceptible, tolerant, or resistant to infection by Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV; genus Potyvirus) were cloned and sequenced. Although Ls-eIF(iso)4E was monomorphic in sequence, three types of Ls-eIF4E differed by point sequence variations, and a short in-frame deletion in one of them. The amino acid variations specific to Ls-eIF4E 1 and Ls-eIF4E 2 were predicted to be located near the cap recognition pocket in a homology-based tridimensional protein model. In 19 lettuce genotypes, including two near-isogenic pairs, there was a strict correlation between these three allelic types and the presence or absence of the recessive LMV resistance genes mo1 1 and mo1 2. Ls-eIF4E 1 and mo1 1 cosegregated in the progeny of two separate crosses between susceptible genotypes and an mo1 1 genotype. Finally, transient ectopic expression of Ls-eIF4E restored systemic accumulation of a green fluorescent protein-tagged LMV in LMV-resistant mo1 2 plants and a recombinant LMV expressing Ls-eIF4E° from its genome, but not Ls-eIF4E1 or Ls-eIF(iso)4E, accumulated and produced symptoms in mo1 1 or mo1 2 genotypes. Therefore, sequence correlation, tight genetic linkage, and functional complementation strongly suggest that eIF4E plays a role in the LMV cycle in lettuce and that mo1 1 and mo1 2 are alleles coding for forms of eIF4E unable or less effective to fulfill this role. More generally, the isoforms of eIF4E appear to be host factors involved in the cycle of potyviruses in plants, probably through a general mechanism yet to be clarified.
Nitrate Does Not Result in Iron Inactivation in the Apoplast of Sunflower Leaves
Authors: Nikolic Miroslav , Römheld Volker 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
It has been hypothesized that nitrate (NO3 –) nutrition might induce iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis by inactivation of Fe in the leaf apoplast (H.U. Kosegarten, B. Hoffmann, K. Mengel [1999] Plant Physiol 121: 1069–1079). To test this hypothesis, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv Farnkasol) plants were grown in nutrient solutions supplied with various nitrogen (N) forms (NO3 –, NH4 + and NH4NO3), with or without pH control by using pH buffers [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid or 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid]. It was shown that high pH in the nutrient solution restricted uptake and shoot translocation of Fe independently of N form and, therefore, induced Fe deficiency chlorosis at low Fe supply [1 μm ferric ethylenediaminedi(O-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)]. Root NO3 – supply (up to 40 mm) did not affect the relative distribution of Fe between leaf apoplast and symplast at constant low external pH of the root medium. Although perfusion of high pH-buffered solution (7.0) into the leaf apoplast restricted 59Fe uptake rate as compared with low apoplastic solution pH (5.0 and 6.0, respectively), loading of NO3 – (6 mm) showed no effect on 59Fe uptake by the symplast of leaf cells. However, high light intensity strongly increased 59Fe uptake, independently of apoplastic pH or of the presence of NO3 – in the apoplastic solution. Finally, there are no indications in the present study that NO3 – supply to roots results in the postulated inactivation of Fe in the leaf apoplast. It is concluded that NO3 – nutrition results in Fe deficiency chlorosis exclusively by inhibited Fe acquisition by roots due to high pH at the root surface.
Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Novel UDP-Glucose:Anthocyanin 3′-O-Glucosyltransferase, a Key Enzyme for Blue Anthocyanin Biosynthesis, from Gentian
Authors: Fukuchi-Mizutani Masako , Okuhara Hiroaki , Fukui Yuko , Nakao Masahiro , Katsumoto Yukihisa , Yonekura-Sakakibara Keiko , Kusumi Takaaki , Hase Toshiharu , Tanaka Yoshikazu 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Gentian (Gentiana triflora) blue petals predominantly contain an unusually blue and stable anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-O-glucosyl-5-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-glucosyl)-3′-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-glucoside) (gentiodelphin). Glucosylation and the subsequent acylation of the 3′-hydroxy group of the B-ring of anthocyanins are important to the stabilization of and the imparting of bluer color to these anthocyanins. The enzymes and their genes involved in these modifications of the B-ring, however, have not been characterized, purified, or isolated to date. In this study, we purified a UDP-glucose (Glc):anthocyanin 3′-O-glucosyltransferase (3′GT) enzyme to homogeneity from gentian blue petals and isolated a cDNA encoding a 3′GT based on the internal amino acid sequences of the purified 3′GT. The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that 3′GT belongs to the same subfamily as a flavonoid 7-O-glucosyltransferase from Schutellaria baicalensis in the plant glucosyltransferase superfamily. Characterization of the enzymatic properties using the recombinant 3′GT protein revealed that, in contrast to most of flavonoid glucosyltransferases, it has strict substrate specificity: 3′GT specifically glucosylates the 3′-hydroxy group of delphinidin-type anthocyanins containing Glc groups at 3 and 5 positions. The enzyme specifically uses UDP-Glc as the sugar donor. The specificity was confirmed by expression of the 3′GT cDNA in transgenic petunia (Petunia hybrida). This is the first report of the gene isolation of a B-ring-specific glucosyltransferase of anthocyanins, which paves the way to modification of flower color by production of blue anthocyanins.
Second Positive Phototropism Results from Coordinated Co-Action of the Phototropins and Cryptochromes
Authors: Whippo Craig W. , Hangarter Roger P. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Phototropism and hypocotyl growth inhibition are modulated by the coaction of different blue-light photoreceptors and their signaling pathways. How seedlings integrate the activities of the different blue-light photoreceptors to coordinate these hypocotyl growth responses is still unclear. We have used time-lapse imaging and a nontraditional mathematical approach to conduct a detailed examination of phototropism in wild-type Arabidopsis and various blue-light photoreceptor mutants. Our results indicate that high fluence rates of blue light (100 μmol m– 2 s– 1) attenuate phototropism through the coaction of the phototropin and cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors. In contrast, we also demonstrate that phototropins and cryptochromes function together to enhance phototropism under low fluence rates (&lt;1.0 μmol m– 2 s– 1) of blue light. Based on our results, we hypothesize that phototropins and cryptochromes regulate phototropism by coordinating the balance between stimulation and inhibition of growth of the hypocotyl depending on the fluence rate of blue light.
In Vivo Changes of the Oxidation-Reduction State of NADP and of the ATP/ADP Cellular Ratio Linked to the Photosynthetic Activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Forti Giorgio , Furia Alberto , Bombelli Paolo , Finazzi Giovanni 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The ATP/ADP and NADP/NADPH ratios have been measured in whole-cell extract of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to understand their availability for CO2 assimilation by the Calvin cycle in vivo. Measurements were performed during the dark-light transition of both aerobic and anaerobic cells, under illumination with saturating or low light intensity. Two different patterns of behavior were observed: (a) In anaerobic cells, during the lag preceding O2 evolution, ATP was synthesized without changes in the NADP/NADPH ratio, consistently with the operation of cyclic electron flow. (b) In aerobiosis, illumination increased the ATP/ADP ratio independently of the intensity used, whereas the amount of NADPH was decreased at limiting photon flux and regained the dark-adapted level under saturating photon flux. Moreover, under these conditions, the addition of low concentrations of uncouplers stimulated photosynthetic O2 evolution. These observations suggest that the photosynthetic generation of reducing equivalents rather than the rate of ATP formation limits the photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 in C. reinhardtii cells. This situation is peculiar to C. reinhardtii, because neither NADPH nor ATP limited this process in plant leaves, as shown by their increase upon illumination in barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves, independent of light intensity. Experiments are presented and were designed to evaluate the contribution of different physiological processes that might increase the photosynthetic ATP/NADPH ratio—the Mehler reaction, respiratory ATP supply following the transfer of reducing equivalents via the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle, and cyclic electron flow around PSI—to this metabolic situation.
Hormonal Control of Cell Proliferation Requires PASTICCINO Genes
Authors: Harrar Yaël , Bellec Yannick , Bellini Catherine , Faure Jean-Denis 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
PASTICCINO (PAS) genes are required for coordinated cell division and differentiation during plant development. In loss-of-function pas mutants, plant aerial tissues showed ectopic cell division that was specifically enhanced by cytokinins, leading to disorganized tumor-like tissue. To determine the role of the PAS genes in controlling cell proliferation, we first analyzed the expression profiles of several genes involved in cell division and meristem function. Differentiated and meristematic cells of the pas mutants were more competent for cell division as illustrated by the ectopic and enlarged expression profiles of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE A and CYCLIN B1. The expression of meristematic homeobox genes KNOTTED-LIKE IN ARABIDOPSIS (KNAT2, KNAT6), and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS was also increased in pas mutants. Moreover, the loss of meristem function caused by shoot meristemless mutation can be suppressed by pas2. The KNAT2 expression pattern defines an enlarged meristematic zone in pas mutants that can be mimicked in wild type by cytokinin treatment. Cytokinin induction of the primary cytokinin response markers, ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR (ARR5 and ARR6), was enhanced and lasted longer in pas mutants, suggesting that PAS genes in wild type repress cytokinin responses. The expression of the cytokinin-regulated cyclin D, cyclin D3.1, was nonetheless not modified in pas mutants. However, primary auxin response genes were down-regulated in pas mutants, as shown by a lower auxin induction of IAA4 and IAA1 genes, demonstrating that the auxin response was also modified. Altogether, our results suggest that PAS genes are involved in the hormonal control of cell division and differentiation.
Symbiotic Status, Phosphate, and Sucrose Regulate the Expression of Two Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Genes from the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae
Authors: Requena Natalia , Breuninger Magdalene , Franken Philipp , Ocón Aurora 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis results in a modification of the gene expression pattern in both plant and fungus to accomplish the morphological and physiological changes necessary for the bidirectional transfer of nutrients between symbionts. H+-ATPase enzymes play a key role establishing the electrochemical gradient required for the transfer of nutrients across the plasma membrane in both fungi and plants. Molecular analysis of the genetic changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during symbiosis allowed us to isolate a fungal cDNA clone encoding a H+-ATPase, GmPMA1, from Glomus mosseae (BEG12). Despite the high conservation of the catalytic domain from H+-ATPases, detailed analyses showed that GmPMA1 was strongly related only to a previously identified G. mosseae ATPase gene, GmHA5, and not to the other four ATPase genes known from this fungus. A developmentally regulated expression pattern could be shown for both genes, GmPMA1 and GmHA5. GmPMA1 was highly expressed during asymbiotic development, and its expression did not change when entering into symbiosis, whereas the GmHA5 transcript was induced upon plant recognition at the appressorium stage. Both genes maintained high levels of expression during intraradical development, but their expression was reduced in the extraradical mycelium. Phosphate, a key nutrient to the symbiosis, also induced the expression of GmHA5 during asymbiotic growth, whereas sucrose had a negative effect. Our results indicate that different fungal H+-ATPases isoforms might be recruited at different developmental stages possibly responding to the different requirements of the life in symbiosis.
Abscisic Acid and Gibberellin Differentially Regulate Expression of Genes of the SNF1-Related Kinase Complex in Tomato Seeds
Authors: Bradford Kent J. , Downie A. Bruce , Gee Oliver H. , Alvarado Veria , Yang Hong , Dahal Peetambar 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The SNF1/AMP-activated protein kinase subfamily plays central roles in metabolic and transcriptional responses to nutritional or environmental stresses. In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammals, activating and anchoring subunits associate with and regulate the activity, substrate specificity, and cellular localization of the kinase subunit in response to changing nutrient sources or energy demands, and homologous SNF1-related kinase (SnRK1) proteins are present in plants. We isolated cDNAs corresponding to the kinase (LeSNF1), regulatory (LeSNF4), and localization (LeSIP1 and LeGAL83) subunits of the SnRK1 complex from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). LeSNF1 and LeSNF4 complemented yeast snf1 and snf4 mutants and physically interacted with each other and with LeSIP1 in a glucose-dependent manner in yeast two-hybrid assays. LeSNF4 mRNA became abundant at maximum dry weight accumulation during seed development and remained high when radicle protrusion was blocked by abscisic acid (ABA), water stress, far-red light, or dormancy, but was low or undetected in seeds that had completed germination or in gibberellin (GA)-deficient seeds stimulated to germinate by GA. In leaves, LeSNF4 was induced in response to ABA or dehydration. In contrast, LeSNF1 and LeGAL83 genes were essentially constitutively expressed in both seeds and leaves regardless of the developmental, hormonal, or environmental conditions. Regulation of LeSNF4 expression by ABA and GA provides a potential link between hormonal and sugar-sensing pathways controlling seed development, dormancy, and germination.
Integration of Wounding and Osmotic Stress Signals Determines the Expression of the AtMYB102 Transcription Factor Gene
Authors: Denekamp Marten , Smeekens Sjef C. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Transcript levels of the Arabidopsis R2R3-AtMYB102 transcription factor gene, previously named AtM4, are rapidly induced by osmotic stress or abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Reporter gene expression studies revealed that in addition, wounding is required for full induction of the gene. Histochemical analysis showed a local β-glucuronidase induction around the wounding site, especially in veins. In ABA-treated plants, wounding-induced β-glucuronidase activity could be mimicked by the wound signaling compound methyl jasmonate. In silico studies of the AtMYB102 promoter sequence and its close homolog AtMYB74 demonstrated several conserved putative stress regulatory elements such as an ABA-responsive element, its coupling element 1 (CE1), and a W box. Interestingly, further studies showed that the 5′-untranslated region is essential for the osmotic stress and wounding induced expression of the AtMYB102 gene. This 5′-untranslated region contains putative conserved regulatory elements such as a second W box and an overlapping MYB-binding element. These studies suggest that AtMYB102 expression depends on and integrates signals derived from both wounding and osmotic stress.