bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platonic and Aristotelian Roots of Teleological Arguments
Authors: Ariew André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors contributing to this anthology focus on a variety of issues concerning ‘functional explanations’ in both biology and psychology. ‘Functional explanation’ is our chosen term because ‘teleological explanation’ is thought to imply backwards causation or bizarre ontological categories (for example, vital forces) attributable to the teleological theories of Plato and Aristotle. Functional explanation is not so imbued and hence, as opposed to teleology, is an appropriate topic for naturalistic analysis. However, scholars of ancient Greek science and metaphysics know that Aristotle’s and Plato’s teleologies are richer and more interesting than many of the writers on modern functional explanation realize.
On the Normativity of Functions
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Function is a strange concept: normative, on the one hand, and completely naturalistic, on the other. The word both describes what a thing is supposed to do and tells us something about the way the world works. The function of my microwave oven is to heat foods at an inordinate speed. My microwave has this function even if it is brand new and sitting unused in its original packing material. It has this function even if I have never used it to cook anything but instead use it for additional countertop space. It has this function even if it is broken and can no longer emit any microwaves, even if it has always been broken and I never fix it. Regardless, its function is still to heat food.
Pagan Teleology: Adaptational Role and the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Perlman Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1980s, philosophers of mind have increasingly looked to biology, and biological functions, to supply a stable basis for mental content. Philosophy of mind has long been in need of naturalizing, to free it from what was the metaphysical approach to the mind that has dominated philosophy since at least Descartes. The central issues were the mind–body problem, freedom of the will, and the nature of ideas. Even among metaphysical problems, these are notoriously vague and seemingly insoluble. Moreover, they cut off the mind from the brain and the physical world in a way that increasingly clashed with the ever-increasing reach of science.
Locomotive Soul: The Parts of Soul in Aristotle’s Scientific Works
Authors: Whiting Jennifer E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is remarkable in so far as it seems obvious that one can perceive something (e.g. giving up alcohol) as good without desiring to do it, and that one can perceive something (e.g. unsafe sex) as bad without having any aversion to it. Moreover, Aristotle himself—in so far as he recognizes the possibility of incontinence—must to some extent agree. So what is going on here?
Brand Values and Capital Market Valuation
Authors: Barth Mary E , Clement Michael B , Foster George , Kasznik Ron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is growing recognition that intangible assets are important determinants of firm value. Examples of intangible assets include brands, technology, customer loyalty, and the human capital and commitment of employees. US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) do not consistently recognize such intangible assets as accounting assets. A major reason for not according these assets financial statement recognition is concern about whether their values are reliably estimable. This study tests hypotheses relating to whether brand values estimated and published by a well-respected financial magazine reflect valuation relevant information and are sufficiently reliable and timely to be reflected in share prices and returns.
Social Dialect in Attica
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social varieties of speech are commonly designated social dialects or sociolects. The terms refer to speech variation that is correlated with social distinctions: immediately the term is more complicated than the unmarked term dialect, which refers of course to regional dialect. To identify regional dialect we have to know some basic facts about the geography of the speech community; but in the case of social dialect we are committing ourselves to a range of interlocking theories about the social structure of the community, which—at least in the case of a corpus language, and probably also in other cases—cannot be merely observed, but must be abstracted from whatever data are available to the investigator.
Langage de femmes et d’hommes en grec ancien: l’exemple de Lysistrata
Authors: Duhoux Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nous aimerions savoir à quoi pouvait ressembler le grec parlé en Attique à l’époque classique. Ceci suppose que l’on définisse ce que peut être ce ‘grec parl’. Une premie›re difficulté vient évidemment de l’absence de tout document oral conservé Une deuxième, de ce que la situation linguistique attique classique ŉétait pas unitaire. Une troisie›me, de la me‹thodologie a› utiliser pour acce‹der, autant que faire se peut, au grec parle‹ a› travers le corpus attique
Consumer Issues: Beowulf 3115a and Germanic ‘Bison’
Authors: Stiles Patrick V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manuscript weaxanhas the form of a well-established Old English word, the infinitive of the verb ‘to grow’, ModE. to wax. However, it does not suit the context, not least because it creates syntactic diffculties (being an intransitive verb). Omitting the problematic half-line, one can translate: ‘Now fire shall consume . . . the ruler of warriors’; the remaining two words denote ‘dark flame’. It has often been remarked that, if weaxan‘to grow’ is accepted, then 3115a must be taken as parenthetic—‘the dark flame (will) grow’—which is clumsy, as it comes between fretanand its direct object. It also interrupts the flow of the thought unduly. What is more, a parenthesis in the first half-line is very rare in the older poetry and may have been considered bad style. Cosijn trenchantly observed (1882: 573–4): ‘Es liegt auf der hand, dass weaxan wonna lêgentweder verdorben ist oder eine andere bedeutung hat als man bisher angenommen hat.’
The Parthian Abstract Suffix -yft
Authors: Sims-Williams Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the Manichaean Parthian suffix -yft[-I: ft] has long been recognized as functionally equivalent and etymologically cognate with Middle Persian -ih, its derivation from *-iya-θwa-has been seen as problematic. A hundred years ago Carl Salemann (ap. Müller 1904: 34 n. 1) apparently took it for granted that -ftis a direct outcome of Old Iranian *-θw-, and this view has been accepted by Wolfgang Lentz (1926: 253) and Philip Huyse (2003: 85 n. 125), both of whom refer to the development as a ‘metathesis’.
Perception Naturalized in Aristotle’s De Anima
Authors: Bolton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most prominent feature of Aristotle’s general introduction to his psychological works, in the opening chapter of the De Anima, is his insistence that what he expects to do there is not only genuine science but also genuine natural science ( phusike). The first half of that first chapter (402a1–403a3) mainly introduces features of Aristotle’s intended method that are dictated by the fact that what he expects to do is science as he understands it.
A Puzzle In Stoic Ethics
Authors: Barney Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is an expression of perplexity. Recent decades have seen immense scholarly progress in our understanding of Stoicism; yet on some fundamental points the structure of Stoic moral theory remains, to me at any rate, quite obscure. This is true in particular of the Stoic doctrine of the ‘indifferents’[ineq], a doctrine so central to Stoicism that the puzzle I will be raising about it can also be phrased as the following general question: ‘How is a Stoic supposed to deliberate?’ If this question is as hard to answer as I think it is, then there is still a great deal which remains to be understood about Stoic moral theory.
Persons and their pasts
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Persons have, in memory, a special access to facts about their own past histories and their own identities, a kind of access they do not have to the histories and identities of other persons and other things. John Locke thought this special access important enough to warrant a special mention in his definition of “person,” viz., “a thinking, intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider it self as it self, the same thinking thing, in different times and places...”1 In this essay I shall attempt to explain the nature and status of this special access and to defend Locke’s view of its conceptual importance. I shall also attempt to correct what now seem to me to be errors and oversights in my own previous writings on this topic.
Embodiment and behavior
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prominent question in recent philosophy of mind is whether some of the connections between mental states and behavior are (in some interesting sense) “logical,” “necessary,” “internal,” or “conceptual,” as opposed to being “purely contingent.” Another prominent question, a much older one, is whether subjects of mental states, in particular persons, can exist in “disembodied form,” that is, whether it is possible (logically possible) for there to be something (or someone) that has mental states without having (or being) a body and so without having any physical states whatever.1 While both of these questions concern the relationships that hold between the realm of the mental and the realm of the physical, they are on the face of it very different questions, and they are often discussed as if their answers were independent of one another.
Immortality and dualism
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Someone who believes in immortality is not thereby committed, logically, to believing in dualism and in the possibility of disembodied existence. Nevertheless, any antidualist who believes in immortality is committed to believing things which most antidualists would find even less plausible than dualism. Observe that if at some future time I die and then undergo bodily resurrection, or if I arrange to have myself deep-frozen and then thawed a few millennia later,1 or if I have my brain transferred to a younger and healthier body, or if I have my brainstates transferred to a younger and healthier brain, or if I undergo rejuvenation at the hands of the microsurgeons, then no matter how much my bodily existence will have been extended beyond threescore years and ten, I will still have an eternity ahead of me. None of the imagined life-prolonging (or life-restoring) episodes would, by itself, bring one immortality, as opposed to mere increased longevity.
Bundles and differentiation of individuals
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differentiation of disembodied intellects has proved in chapter six to be very difficult. I want to go back down now to the more mundane differentiation of persons and things in the physical world. forms of individuals in aristotle Plato already had much to say on individuals,1 and I shall come back to him shortly, but I shall start with his pupil Aristotle.
Knowing Self Through Others Versus Direct And Invariable Self-Knowledge
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter one, we encountered an idea opposite to Descartes ; suggestion in the Second Meditation that one knows oneself but cannot see other people, only the hats and coats that may cover automata. On the contrary, it is a prerequisite for an infant ;s acquiring a concept of self that it should engage, as tends to happen around nine months, in activities of shared attention and social referencing with someone else. It is by noticing that its gaze is not aligned with the other ;s gaze, or that its inclinations are not aligned with the other ;s approval, that it comes to see itself as having a mind of its own. It would be too grand to speak of it as yet having a concept of self, but this is a prerequisite for such a concept. Moreover, it has been suggested, we saw, that the interest in alignment of attention and intention is also a prerequisite for the later learning of language.
The Debate Between Ancient Buddhism And The Nyaya School
Authors: Sorabji Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I think there is great value in looking at another culture to which the question of a continuous self has been much more central, the culture of India. Among various Buddhists and Hindus we will find the idea that reductionism can be applied to bodies as well as minds. We will find the question of whether there are any basic entities at all to which a reduction can be made.
Morphosyntactic Change
Authors: Fischer Olga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a critical comparison of the two leading theories of linguistic change. After introducing the aims and methods of historical linguistics, Olga Fischer provides an exposition of the main theories used to describe morphosyntactic change and a full account of the causes and mechanisms by which their leading exponents seek to explain it. She measures the effectiveness of rival theories and methods in different contexts and in the process throws fresh light on the balance of factors influencing linguistic change. Professor Fischer emphazises the unity of form and meaning in the linguistic sign and examines the role played by analogy. She looks at how changes in discourse, lexicon, semantics, pragmatics, and sound interact with changes in morphosyntax, and explores the relationship between external and internal causes of change. She considers whether morphosyntactic change is gradual or abrupt and discusses how far rates of change reflect the degree to which grammar is innate or learned. She uses detailed case studies to illustrate different types of morphosyntactic change, and to show how each theory fares when put into practice. The author's clear style and her balanced approach to this fascinating and complex subject combine to make this a book that will be of central interest and value to scholars and students of linguistic change, at graduate level and above.
Singapore
Authors: Simpson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singapore is a small island state located at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula which has undergone tremendous economic growth and modernization since 1965, resulting in a per capita income which is second only to that of Japan within Asia. During the course of its recent dramatic development, Singapore has also had to face up to and deal with important challenges to its national coherence which are present because of two simple facts about the country. First of all, Singapore is a very new state, with no sense of collective identity among its inhabitants existing prior to the establishment of full independence in 1965. Secondly, the population of Singapore is highly mixed, being composed of the descendants of immigrants into Singapore from (primarily) southern China, India, and Malaya. Confronted with the problem of how to accommodate such a broad ethnic mix in a single society and also build up a national identity, the post-independence government of Singapore made the significant decision to attempt to maintain cultural and linguistic pluralism within Singapore at the same time as building up an overarching Singaporean identity based on broad, traditional Asian values, and supported by increased prosperity.
Permanent relations? Love, marriage, and philosophical lives
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being single is, for some, a lifestyle choice. Indeed, the very idea of the couple relationship can meet with reflective philosophical opposition from those who believe that, in a couple culture based on sexual exclusivity, authenticity is at risk for the coupled, and that their preoccupation with each other rebounds on those who are alone: a world of couples, they argue, imposes on the uncoupled the risk of social isolation and loneliness.¹ For others, though, the need for intimacy and security can best be met in a relationship that offers some guarantee of continuity.
From philosophy to law
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that children make a difference is hardly new. Tradition has it that, when the Buddha was told of the birth of his child, he responded with the words: ‘A fetter has been forged for me.’ Nor is the idea that the difference may not be entirely positive — a view the idealist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer certainly shared: ‘Happy marriages are well known to be rare; just because it lies in the nature of marriage that its chief end is not the present but the coming generation.
Feminist aims, family consequences
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The portrait of today’s family is a mosaic built up from a variety of ingredients. But one major contribution to the changing fortunes of the family that must be added to this picture is the contribution made by developing philosophical perspectives on the role and position of women, spearheaded in the Western democracies by an emerging body of feminist thinking about gender roles and reproductive choices. Some of this philosophical thinking has been radical and rejectionist. It has taken the form of a demand for equality that cuts across traditional structures and expectations, especially those embedded in the concept of family, although there are other tendencies, too, within the feminist movement, that involve a more cautionary attitude to social change.
Having and not having children
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the new developments in medicine and reproductive technology have been welcomed as holding out the promise of help to families, whether they want to limit the number of their children or whether, on the other hand, they have problems of infertility or subfertility. Medically, the new technologies can be used to filter out serious genetic diseases, while, socially, they offer new kinds of choice, although not all of these choices are regarded by everyone as ethically or legally desirable. The more problematic possibilities include, for example, being able to choose whether to have a boy or a girl or whether to try for other more general characteristics through donor or embryo selection.
Finding a way through the wood
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Western societies contemplate with increasing misgiving the decline of the family and a painful struggle for the realignment of gender roles, the issues that have been touched on here reveal that ideas about sexuality and reproduction are deeply embedded in broader political and philosophical ideologies. Despite the fact that it is usually thought to be the most intimate and personal of human relations, sex has almost always been the subject of social and legal regulation. But the widely held libertarian view that personal and sexual relationships between adults belong entirely in the area of individual choice needs some qualification.
the aporetic interlude and fifth elenchus of Plato’s Euthyphro
Authors: Mcpherran Mark L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical fame of Plato’s Euthyphro stems almost entirely from its portrayal of Socrates’ relentless interrogation of Euthyphro’s five attempted definitions of piety (∊uδ∊βla) However, the overall characterization of the dialogue’s participants, and the complex motivations that drive them, also deserve careful scrutiny if we are fully to comprehend each argumentative episode as well as the entire import of the dialogue. That Plato himself wishes to provoke such scrutiny is indicated by the unusually vivid, complex, and long dramatic introduction he provides, amounting to roughly a third of the dialogue’s length. Various studies have rightly focused on this introductory section, attempting in particular to make sense of Euthyphro’s unusual suit against his father and, thus, its implications for our understanding of Socrates’ own forthcoming trial (in view of the parallels Plato clearly intends between Euthyphro and Socrates’ prosecutor Meletus, and Socrates and Euthyphro’s father).
Commonalities and Conflicts Between Different Perspectives of the Employment Relationship: Towards a Unified Perspective
Authors: Coyle-Shapiro Jacqueline A-M , Taylor M Susan , Shore Lynn M , Tetrick Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part I allows us to view the employment relationship through a pentagonal prism composed of social exchange, justice, industrial relations, and economic and legal perspectives. As we rotate the prism, allowing the light to refract through different sides, various features of the employment relationship move into the foreground and dominate, while others recede. When gazing through some sides of the prism, the sur-rounding context so dominates our view that it is difficult to see the relationship at all, while in other cases, the context itself is virtually unnoticeable.
Job Creep: A Reactance Theory Perspective on Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Overfulfillment of Obligations
Authors: Dyne Linn Van , Ellis Jennifer Butler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Doing more with less” characterizes many employee jobs and employment relationships in most organizations these days. This is because competitive pressures have triggered downsizing, reorganization, flattened hierarchies, and layoffs (Cappelli et al. 1997; Rousseau 1997). Large numbers of employees have lost their jobs and many fear the possibility of future cutbacks (Brockner et al. 1986). Accordingly, employees often feel they must protect their employment status by making sure that their contributions to the organization exceed their obligations.
Adjectives in Qiang
Authors: LaPolla Randy J , Huang Chenglong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Qiang is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by 70,000-80,000 people in Northern Sichuan Province, China, classified as being in the Qiang or Tibetan nationality by the Chinese government’ the language is verb final, agglutinative (prefixing and suffixing), and has both head-marking and dependent-marking morphology.
The Accountability of Multinationals for Human Rights Violations in European Law
Authors: Schutter Olmer De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) domiciled in the Member States of the European Union may generally be said to benefit from complete impunity when they commit human rights violations abroad. This is especially true in the typical situation in which they invest in developing countries, either by extending their activities to those countries or by creating subsidiaries with a distinct legal personality, because of the lack of interest of local governments in the protection of human rights or, more often, because of their inability to ensure that protection effectively. The impunity of MNEs is a reality, whether these enterprises are directly responsible for human rights violations or whether their responsibility is more indirect, such as when their presence in certain jurisdictions facilitates or encourages human rights abuses by governments.