bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case-Study: Cars
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cotton industry discussed in the previous chapter may be seen as symbolic of Britain ‘s industrial pre-eminence in the nineteenth century, fallen on hard times in the twentieth. In contrast, the car industry, whose life only began right at the end of the nineteenth century, symbolizes the problems of those new industries central to industrial performance through much of the twentieth century. The literature on British economic decline commonly treats cars as reflecting (perhaps in exaggerated form) the general difficulties the country has had in matching the industrial performance of major competitors. Certainly that decline has been striking. Although always well behind the Unites States as a car producer in the first half of the century, Britain was the first or second largest European producer. As late as 1955 she produced more cars than Germany, and at that date was the world ‘s largest exporter (Table 14.l). But by the beginning of the 1990s Britain was the only major industrial country without a domestically owned mass-production car manufacturer, and was running a major deficit on trade in cars.
The Demographic Impact of Family Benefits: Evidence from a Micro-Model and from Macro-Data
Authors: Blanchet D1Dier , Ekert-Jaffe Olivia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper presents two ways to evaluate the impact of family allowances on fertility. The first approach consists of an a priori evaluation derived from a small micro-model of fertility behaviour. Inspired by some ideas from the new home economics, and remaining as analytkally simple as possible, this model tries to describe a little more realistically, in our view, how people plan the successive births of their children. Taking into account the discrete character of individual fertility decisions, it will pay particular attention to the aggregation of these individual decisions in determining the total level of fertility and its changes in response to changes in family policy.
High Inflation
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book looks at very high inflations, exemplified by those suffered by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Israel, Mexico, and Peru in the eighties and by the Soviet Union today. The authors argue that a better grasp of high inflation processes is necessary in order for countries intricated in it to design stabilization strategies. The extremes of monetary instability can also give a clearer picture of the purpose that money and financial institutions serve under more normal circumstances, thus deepening our understanding of the benefits of monetary stability. The authors examine the financial problems that governments have to wrestle with in high inflation, the private sector's adaptations to high inflation conditions, and the difficulties of finding a policy strategy that can be sustained through disinflation to lasting stabilization. In describing, analysing, and explaining a number of high inflationary experiences, the authors show that standard macroeconomic theory cannot account for the phenomenon of these extreme cases and ask how received inflation theory needs to be changed in order for it to accommodate the various effects on the functioning of the economy. Finally, the authors make a series of policy prescriptions which will help policy-makers to avoid inflationary situations.
The Role of Government in Japan’s ‘Catch-up’ Industrialization: A Neoinstitutionalist Perspective
Authors: Yamamura Kozo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Did the Japanese government, its central bureaucracy in particular, make a substantive positive contribution to the transformation of a late nineteenth-century agrarian economy into an economic superpower of today? If so, are there lessons the governments of developing nations around the globe can learn from the Japanese experience? Joining a large majority of students of the Japanese economy, I answer the first question in the affirmative. And although many answer the second question negatively, my answer to it too is affirmative.
The Structure of Bureaucratic Rationality and Economic Development in Japan
Authors: Silberman Bernard S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relationship between state administration and economic development has been a subject of fitful and sometimes anxious concern ever since Max Weber first called attention to the relationship between organizational rationality and the development of modern capitalism and society. Despite a great deal of writing there has not been much success in showing precisely what constitutes this relationship. Weber, in a fit of functionalism, argued that organizational roles characterized by specific rules defining hierarchy, hierarchical authority, specialization, differentiation, career, expertise, and the possession of office were required, if by nothing else, by the sheer size and complexity of modern society and its capacity for engendering resources. Furthermore, Weber argued, this rationalized structure of administration was the most efficient form of administration.
The Role of the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program in Postwar Japanese Economic Growth
Authors: Noguchi Yukio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP; Zaisei Toyushi Keikaku) is a unique financing system operated by the government and is frequently referred to as ‘the second budget.’ It has been used by the government as a policy instrument in a manner similar to the regular budget to achieve policy objectives, but the FILP is different from the regular budget (the General Account budget) in terms of source of funds, type of projects financed, and nature of legislative control. In this latter sense, it can be said that the FILP has given the Japanese government a unique and powerful policy tool not possessed by the governments of other countries.
Financing Japanese Industry: The Interplay between the Financial and Industrial Bureaucracies
Authors: Mabuchi Masaru 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The nature of a country’s financial system holds the key to the effectiveness of its industrial policy. In countries with mature capital markets, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, where equity capital is the predominant source of industrial funds, the state’s capacity to implement industrial policy is limited. In contrast, in countries such as Japan and France where capital markets are less developed and where the state administers interest rates, banks play a prominent role as suppliers of funds and the state is thus in a much better position to expand its control of the industrial economy.
Developmental Bureaucracy in Comparative Perspective: The Evolution of the Korean Civil Service
Authors: Woo-Cumings Meredith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The World Bank Project on the Japanese Civil Service seeks to understand the evolution of the Japanese bureaucracy’s role in mediating the relationship between the state and the economy. This task is important not only because, as E. H. Norman observed more than 40 years ago, ‘the key to understanding Japanese political life was given to whoever appreciated fully the historical role and actual position of the bureaucracy,’ but also because we want to know whether the Japanese case, to the extent that it exemplifies a particularly salutary relationship between the state and economic development, might be emulated elsewhere.
The Indonesian National Urban Development Strategy and its Relation to Policy and Planning
Authors: Gardiner Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Concepts and approaches to strategic planning are now fairly well entrenched in the literature, although only a few fully national planning exercises have actually been carried out specifically for urban development. Egypt and Pakistan are per haps the best examples of major studies predating the work in Indonesia dis cussed in this chapter. Nevertheless, more integrated planning has increasingly been seen by administrators as a means of dealing with such problems as increasing urban-rnral disparity, escalating development costs connected with congestion and environmental degradation in primate cities, and distortions in regional development caused by imbalances in the functional and economic linkages between cities, and between these cities and their rural hinterlands.
Extent and Implications of Rural-Urban Migration in India
Authors: Papola T S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
India has a relatively low degree of urbanization. About one-fourth of its population is located in urban areas. The extent of urbanization has been increasing over several decades; and a part of the increase is contributed by migration from rural areas. Increasing urbanization, particularly rural-urban migration, is often viewed as a ‘problem’. This chapter represents a preliminary attempt to examine the nature and extent of this problem on the basis of available evidence from the population censuses and other sources of data and studies undertaken by other scholars on related aspects.
Monetary Stability: Threat and Proven Response
Authors: Neumann Manfred J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The goal of ensuring the stability of the purchasing power of money can be justiVed ethically. The guiding ‘ordo-liberal conception’ of the market economy is that the economic activities of the population require a regulatory framework (Ordnungsrahmen) that offers them the greatest possible degree of individual freedom and self-fulVlment, with individual responsibility. This includes private property and open meritocratic competition. It also includes a currency whose purchasing power is stable. Only this sort of money is ‘minted freedom’.It is precisely because the state claims a monopoly of money creation that it is of central ethical importance that it offers citizens, in exchange for their services, a means of exchange whose purchasing power is stable.
.Household Labour Allocation and Mobility in Times of Crisis
Authors: Oppong René Wéry With Christine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with a variety of ‘coping mechanisms’ adopted to combat poverty at the household or individual level. Two related types of adaptation are dealt with: geographical mobility (temporary and permanent) and the changes in volume, types, distribution, and allocations of household labour. A major theme is the fact that the globalization of the world’s economy, has affected the international divisions of labour. Several dramatic changes have taken place in labour markets with regard to the roles played by female as well as male workers. One has been the increasing feminization of labour force and employment. Whilst recorded female labour force participation rates have been rising, in many cases those for men are on the decline. At the same time, more people than ever before are now on the move, both inside and across national borders, in search of work and less harsh living conditions. This global mobility and dispersal is affecting the residential patterns of kin, spouses, parents, and children and changing the traditional divisions of labour between the sexes and age groups.
The Transition’s Population Crisis: Nuptiality, Fertility, and Mortality Changes in Severely Distressed Economies
Authors: Cornia Giovanni Andrea , Paniccià Renato 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In most of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (hereafter referred to in brief as ‘Eastern Europe’, unless explicitly specified), the economic and political reforms since 1989 have been accompanied by an unprecedented fall in output, a rapid impoverishment of large sections of society, increasing uncertainty about the future and an exceptional population crisis. For instance, between 1989 and 1994, marriage rates fell by between one-quarter and one-half in Georgia; birth rates shrank by up to 40 per cent, as in Estonia, and death rates among male adults due to cardiovascular and violent causes more than doubled, as in Russia (UNICEF 1994, 1995). To give an idea of the extent of the recent demographic crisis, it suffices to mention that by 1994 the life expectancy at birth of Russian males had fallen to the same level as that of Pakistani males, while the natural increase of the population had become negative in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, the three Baltic countries, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
Bases for Civil Society in Reform China
Authors: Gold Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The popular demonstrations of 1989 revealed a number of things about the Chinese people, or, more specifically, about many urban Chinese. They exposed the depth of frustration with the slow pace of political reform, with the corruption of the élite, and with the loss of many of the certainties of the old system, such as fixed prices and the iron rice bowl. The demonstrations also made clear to the world, and to the Chinese people themselves, that the people were not, as commonly assumed, mere passive objects of party policy, but were capable of acting as subjects, as agents of historical change, organizing on their own without party mediation, and articulating their grievances in public.
Trade Shocks: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many developing countries are prone to temporary trade shocks. Shocks have long been seen as a problem, either because they have produced booms and busts in which private agents have misallocated resources through myopia, or because they have lured governments into huge fiscal errors. To date there have been three phases in the debate on appropriate policy responses. In the first the problem was seen as inappropriate private responses to which the solution was public action at the international or domestic level. Public action at the international level sought to reduce fluctuations in the international prices of commodities. The main instrument envisaged for this was the buffer stock, financed by international collaboration. In the 1970s this led to the proposal of a common fund involving buffer stock operations for each of the major commodities. Although some of these were established, by the 1990s they had collapsed.
Dynasties, Intergenerational Transfers, and Life-Cycle Income: A Case Study of Taiwan
Authors: Mason Andrew , Miller Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The life cycle of income is a prominent feature of all economies. The young experience extended periods of time during which they are dependent upon their parents or other adults for their very survival. The personal incomes of the elderly are typically well below the levels achieved during their prime earning years. Because of these sustained periods of dependency, intergenerational or inter-age transfers are a pervasive aspect of all economies.
Three institutions have evolved that effect the transfer of economic resources from working generations to the young and the elderly: the state, financial markets, and the family (R. D. Lee in this volume). The state uses its taxing and spending authority to transfer resources between generations. Financial markets enable individuals to save during some periods in their lives and dissave during others. Families redistribute income among their members by living together and pooling their individual incomes or by making interhousehold transfers.
Weapons of the Underdog
Authors: O’Neill Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My argument is that with the end of the cold war the utility of nuclear weapons has changed. Formerly they were the weapons of the top dogs: now they are becoming weapons of the underdogs. Let me explain. The first book that I edited on nuclear weapons (in 1975) was set in a context very different to that of the current work. The Vietnam War was in its final stages, the SALT I agreement was not long in place, and the Vladivostok agreement had been reached while the book was in progress.
Trade Empirics
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) model was generalized by Jaroslav Vanek (1968) into a theory of the factor content of trade. It is called the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model in this context. The HO–HOV framework offers testable predictions about who exports what, who imports what and the factor content of trade. Incorporating some additional assumptions produces testable predictions about international factor rewards. The framework has naturally become, for many years, the support of a large body of empirical work on the determinants and effects of international trade. The evidence about international trade patterns shows, though, that the HOV model pre- dictions about the factor content of trade are frequently at odds with the data. In the early nineties, the HOV model seemed to be on the way out as an empirical tool.
Japan’s Banking Crisis in International Perspective
Authors: Corbett Jenny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While there has been a great deal of interest in the banking difficulties faced by many countries during the 1980s and 1990s and there have been some theoretical and historical studies of financial fragility, relatively few attempts have been made explicitly to compare countries’ recent experience of crisis. Many of the studies which do make comparisons (OECD 1992; BIS 1993; Nakajima and Taguchi 1995; Lindgren et al. 1996; Alexander et al. 1997) stress common features in the causes of crises and do not attempt systematically to catalogue differences internationally. This is partly explained by the search for general policy lessons from the experiences. Yet, despite a lack of careful international comparison, several studies of the Japanese experience make quite strong statements which imply comparison (Nakajima and Taguchi 1995; Horiuchi 1996a). In particular, there is a view that the size of the Japanese crisis is particularly large and that the extent of moral hazard as a cause of the Japanese crisis was particularly great.
Empowering Women for Reproductive Rights
Authors: Sen Gita , Batliwala Srilatha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the first major international population conference in which women’s health advocates played a central role, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in September 1994 broke new ground by winning acceptance in the mainstream population policy discourse for a range of new concepts concerning women’s health, rights, and empowerment. Concepts such as reproductive health, sexual health, reproductive rights, sexual rights, and women’s empowerment have been current in the language of women’s health advocates for at least the last fifteen years; in the three or four years prior to Cairo they had even begun to seep into articles in population journals. But it was at ICPD that they finally began to come into their own by gaining recognition in the global policy arena.
Female Empowerment and Adolescent Demographic Behaviour
Authors: Gage Anastasia J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the past two decades, there has been a considerable amount of research on adolescent sexual behaviour and childbearing. This interest has been spurred by a growing awareness of the negative health, social, and economic consequences of early sexual activity and childbearing for parents and children. These consequences include unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent data from the United States Bureau of the Census, the Population Reference Bureau, and the International Center for Research on Women compiled by Scommegna (1996) illustrate the magnitude of the problem. About 15 million young women aged 15-19 give birth every year, accounting for more than 10 per cent of births worldwide. About two million adolescent women in developing countries have illegal unsafe abortions each year and at least 10 per cent of abortions worldwide occur to women aged 15-19 years. In addition, rates of STD infection among adolescents are high and their risk of contracting AIDS is growing rapidly. About half of all HIV infections have occurred in young people under age 25. Since the start of the pandemic, at least 12 million young people have become infected with the human immune deficiency (HIV) virus. In many countries, women aged 15-24 account for 40 per cent of all new HIV infections (Scommegna, 1996). The trend toward later age at first marriage, and in some areas, younger age at first intercourse, translate into a longer period during which adolescents may not be adequately protecting themselves against unwanted pregnancy, STDs, and HIV.
Portugal The Rationale of Democratic Regime Building
Authors: Magone José M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Portugal is a latecomer to the club of democracies, and from the beginning democratic government was constrained by a lack of historical experience with genuine democracy based on universal secret and equal suffrage. The Portuguese parliamentary system was in flux from 1976 to 1987. It became consolidated only after the absolute majority of Anibal Cavaco Silva (PSD) in the elections of 19 July 1987. In the early consolidation period, this fledgling democracy had some experiences with coalition government, yet over time they have remained exceptions to the rule. The importance of the coalition experience lies in the fact that it was important for the consolidation of the political system.
Conclusion Coalition Governance in Western Europe
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C , Strøm Kaare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The European experience with coalition government is complex and evolving. Patterns of coalition membership, formation, governance, and performance vary from country to country and in many cases from era to era. The chapters of this volume have illustrated this diversity with greater specificity and in more intimate detail than any previous study of cabinet coalitions. Such an intensive empirical survey is timely for more than one reason. For one thing, all major existing surveys have become dated, since no comprehensive volume containing studies by country experts has been published since the mid-1980s.
Trade, Agriculture, and Environment
Authors: Ervin David E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most developed nations are pursuing liberalized and expanded agricultural trade as well as improved environmental quality. Therein lie several potential conflicts. Will the trade expansion be hindered by stronger environmental programs for agriculture? Or, will environmental quality be sacrificed, especially in developing countries, in the rush to capture growing global food markets? Will nontariff trade barriers appear disguised as environmental protection efforts? Will the opening of new trade pathways spread harmful nonindigenous pests? How can transboundary environmental resources affected by food production and marketing be protected without raising trade tensions? These diverse concerns form a central question: How can trade expansion and environmental protection be managed such that the pursuit of one objective complements the other, or has negligible adverse effects?