bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stakeholder concept and fields of management thought
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stakeholder concept is popular with management theorists and has influenced several management disciplines. Theory development, academic debate, and management education are influenced by managerial practice and therefore a review of theory development can indicate future directions in management thought and action. At the time of writing (May 2005), a simple search in Ingenta, the social science electronic catalogue, returned 1,678 academic articles with title, keyword, or abstracts containing the word stakeholder.
Adjectives in Papantla Totonac
Authors: Levy Paulette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Papantla Totonac (PT) is spoken by about 80,000 speakers in the region around the town of Papantla, in the Mexican state of Veracruz. PT belongs to the Totonac Tepehua family of languages, systematic reconstruction of which has not been undertaken.’ It is provisionally agreed that there are at least four varieties of Totonac (Northern, Sierra, and Misantla, in addition to Papantla). One of the features in which they differ is in the degree of syntactization of adjectives.
Board Structure, in Particular the Role of Non-Executive and Supervisory Directors
Authors: Davies Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies the defects in governance which are perceived in the United Kingdom to have underlain the demise of Enron and other companies in the United States and to analyse the responses on the part of the UK authorities. It analyses in particular the strengthening of the Combined Code of Corporate Governance and the nature of the (unsuccessful) opposition on the part of British management to those proposed reforms. It contrasts that strengthening of the ‘soft law’ of corporate governance with a significant shift towards the use of mandatory legislative rules in the area of directors’ remuneration, albeit in pursuance of the traditional policies of disclosure and shareholder approval.
Prologue
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An earlier book of mine on mind design (Hinzen 2006a, henceforth referred to as MMD, for ‘Minimal Mind Design’) was dedicated to the pursuit of the naturalization of semantics on a novel, ‘internalist’ course. It consisted in reversing the traditional strategy that this naturalization enterprise had taken ever since the work of W. V. O. Quine and B. F. Skinner. That latter tradition aims to account for the semantic in terms of the non-semantic, and in particular in terms of external relations between expressions (or neurological configurations), on the one hand, and mind-external things in the world that pass the filter of metaphysical ‘physicalism’, on the other (where physicalism is the doctrine that only what is physical is real). In a thoroughly non-reductive spirit, by contrast, the internalist stance I defended in MMD grounded semantics in mental structures in our organism that, while formally described, provide a necessary structural skeleton for linguistic meaning to emerge in these structures. Put differently, the syntax of natural language expressions is intrinsic to their semantics.
The Telecommunications Regime In The United Kingdom
Authors: Angel John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sense the beginning of telecommunications in England started in 1660 when King Charles II was restored to his thrones in England and Scotland. He was acutely mindful that his father had lost his head in painful circumstances and wanted to retain his throne. To maintain his position as king he needed to forestall a new Great Rebellion; therefore he needed to know who was writing letters to whom, what people were saying about events, and what people were saying about him.
Access And Interconnection
Authors: McCormack Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the purposes of this chapter, and under the European Union’ s Access Directive,1 the term ‘ access’ encompasses all kinds of arrangements under which an operator or service provider acquires services from another operator in order to enable it to deliver services to its own customers. ‘ Interconnection’ is a type of access right.2 At its most basic level, interconnection involves the physical means of linking two different networks for the exchange of traffic, so that users on one network may communicate with users on the other.
Telecommunications Contracts: Outsourcing
Authors: Sinclair Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outsourcing has recently come to mean sourcing externally anything that would otherwise have to be provided internally in order to support business operations. However, the traditional conception of an outsourcing is somewhat narrower than this contemporary meaning. It connotes two elements: the transfer out of the business of some kind of infrastructure into the new outsourced service provider; and the provision by the new outsourced service provider of some kind of service back to the business.
Content Regulation
Authors: Higham Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulation of content and content services carried over any type of electronic communications network, whether it is a wired or wireless network, or a terrestrial or a satellite broadcasting system, and whatever the format or protocol used in encoding and delivering the information of any kind. By content, we mean primarily voice, data, and audio-visual entertainment, although the definition under the Communications Act 2003 is wider than that.
Telecommunications Reform In Developing Countries
Authors: Buckingham Ann , Bustani Camilla , Satola1, David , Schwarz Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant reform has occurred in the telecommunications sectors of developing countries over the past 15 years. Governments have established new regulatory regimes and institutions, corporatized and privatized their state-owned telecommunications operations, and liberalized markets by issuing operating licences to new entrants. Many developing countries have undertaken some or all of these reforms; a sizeable number are only just beginning. The downturn in the global telecommunications sector that began in 2000 had a substantial impact on the developing world, both changing the competitive landscape and influencing the types of transaction that took place.
The Relevance of Computational Issues for Morphological Theory
Authors: Roark Brian , Sproat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many decades a central debate in the theory of morphology has been whether morphology is best thought of in terms of constructing a complex form out of small pieces, usually called morphemes, which are roughly on a par with each other; or, alternatively, as involving base forms (stems, or roots) modified by rules. Hockett (1954) termed these two approaches “item-and-arrangement” versus “item-and-process”.
Context-sensitive Approaches to Syntax
Authors: Roark Brian , Sproat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as context-free grammars describe languages that cannot be described with finite-state grammars, context-sensitive grammars go beyond what can be described with CFGs, though again at an efficiency cost. In this chapter, we will describe a number of computational approaches to syntax that go beyond the context-free models that we have described in the last chapter.
The Values of Bureaucracy: An Introduction
Authors: Gay Paul du 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The demise of bureaucracy has been anticipated, and demanded, many times throughout the history of management thought, as well as in modern social and political theory. However, despite the scorn regularly heaped upon it, bureaucracy, both as an organizational ideal and as a diversely formatted organizational device, has proven remarkably resilient. Reports of its death have turned out to be some­ what premature. Despite the dramatic claims of certain prominent contemporary management gurus and social theorists that the end of the bureau is once again nigh (Castells 2000; Giddens 1998; Heckscher and Donnellon 1994; Leadbeater 1999; Peters 1989), there remain plenty of reasons to be cautious.
Grounds For Liability
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the grounds on which liability may be established in a civil claim for damages. In legal jargon the grounds are known as the causes of action. The chapter is necessary because the law does not simply allow a claim to succeed when the judge thinks that it would be fair to allow it. Instead, a claimant must show that the circumstances of his claim fit in with established categories where claims have been allowed in the past, or which fit in with circumstances established by Parliament.
Employers' Liability
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An employer owes a range of common law duties to his employees in the law of negligence. It has been traditional to categorize these duties under four headings, requiring the provision of safe fellow employees, safe equipment, a safe place of work and a safe system of work. All of these duties arise in the law of negligence and they are therefore examples of a duty to take reasonable care to protect against any foreseeable risk of injury.
Defective Products
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where an injury is caused by a defective product there are three potential grounds for establishing a right to compensation. First, a defect will probably have been a breach of contract and the purchaser can claim against the seller for this breach. Damages for an injury caused by a breach of contract would be assessed in the same way as a claim in tort. Secondly, there may be a remedy in tort. The classic case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 was a claim in the tort of negligence brought by the person who drank, but did not buy, the ginger beer, against the company which made and bottled it and delivered it in an opaque bottle which prevented inspection of the contents. Thirdly, the Consumer Protection Act 1987 may create strict liability where personal injury or property damage has been caused as a result of a defect in a product. This Act was introduced to comply with a 1985 European directive on product liability, following a path marked out by the United States.
The State of Land and Buildings
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 begins with a statement that its rules 'shall have effect, in place of the rules of the common law, to regulate the duty which an occupier of premises owes to his visitors in respect of dangers due to the state of the premises or to things done or omitted to be done on them' (s 1(1)). The rules of the common law which were replaced by the 1957 Act comprised a complex and technical range of duties which varied according to the purpose for which a person had come onto another's premises. There were anomalies and inconsistencies which made the law unfair. The purpose of the Act was to bring the law in this area into line with the developing law of negligence. This alignment is found in the common duty of care owed under the Act by the occupier of premises to all visitors on the premises.
Animals
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law concerning liability for injury caused by animals is a compromise between two conflicting interests. The behaviour of animals, however tame, cannot always be controlled and may result in injury to others who are blameless. It is reasonable keep an animal, whether as a pet or for agriculture, and yet it is not reasonable to expect that such animals will be kept so closely confined and controlled as to eliminate all risk of injury to others. With the types of animal commonly kept in Britain, whether as pets or for agriculture, people can be expected to know and to cope with the usual and predictable ways that animals behave. The principles of the law reflect this. Broadly, the keeper of an inherently dangerous animal keeps it at his peril and is strictly liable for any injury that the animal may cause. But the keeper of a domesticated animal is not liable for an injury it may cause unless he has been negligent, or there are special reasons for him to believe that the individual animal might be unusually dangerous.
Investment Advice
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lump sum award of damages to a badly injured claimant will put into his hands a large sum of money which is assessed on the basis that it will be sufficient to provide for his needs for the rest of his lifetime. Most claimants will be inexperienced in managing large sums, and will need help. In the management of their day to day practical needs, the reasonableness of appointing a case manager has achieved widespread acceptance for claimants who cannot manage their own affairs. This has become a common feature of claims for seriously injured claimants and the award of damages on a multiplier basis for this purpose is often agreed. Why should the same not apply to the need for sound financial advice?
Interim Payments
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of claiming damages can take a long time. Lawyers are often blamed for this. Sometimes the accusation is just, but sometimes there are good reasons for delay. In particular, some injuries require prolonged treatment with an uncertain outcome, and the final extent of recovery cannot be ascertained until some time has passed. Since a final lump sum award cannot be altered subsequently in the light of events, it would be unjust to make a final assessment of damages before the true extent of the injury has become clear. Where liability is not disputed it would be very harsh if the claimant could not obtain some money on account. Lost wages may have to be paid so that the mortgage is kept up to date, and funds may be required for medical treatment. None the less, in simple cases where there is no medical reason for delay, the court will often prefer to arrange an early assessment date rather than accept the inevitability of delay and order an interim payment.
The Civil Procedure Rules
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of some key provisions of the CPR. Space does not permit the inclusion of the full text of the rules and Practice Directions, but commentary is no substitute for a careful study of the original text and cross references have therefore been included to the relevant passages in Blackstone's Civil Practice 2004 (hereafter Blackstone). The current version of the CPR can also be accessed at. This narrative should not be thought sufficient on its own: its purpose is to direct readers to the relevant sources where the answers will be found.
Disclosure
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The obligation to disclose all relevant documents to the other side and to the court, whether they help or hinder a person's case, is a central feature of civil litigation. The Civil Procedure Rules do not weaken this obligation, but they do seek to limit the scope of disclosure to what is readily available or really needed and therefore to keep the cost and time devoted to disclosure proportionate to the needs of the case. The rules also make it explicit that the duty of disclosure continues throughout the life of a case and does not end with the completion of inspection.
Experts
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An expert is a witness who, because of his special knowledge and experience, is entitled to give the court admissible evidence of his own opinion on a matter in dispute. An ordinary or 'lay' witness is not allowed to express his opinion, but should only give evidence about the facts. There are no specific rules which define the qualification of an expert to be regarded as such, but the proposed expert must have a high degree of specialist skill and knowledge in the particular subject, and it must be knowledge which the court does not otherwise have: so, for example, expert evidence is not admissible on the credibility of witnesses or on matters of English law. The area in which the expert witness is entitled to express an opinion is the area of his expertise and opinions which the expert may express in passing about the law, the facts, or the other aspects of the case should carry no weight.
Costs
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central principle about liability for costs is that the unsuccessful party will be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party. This general rule is restated in r 44.3(2) (Blackstone's Civil Practice 2004 1706; hereafter Blackstone). However the CPR have introduced greater flexibility, and therefore uncertainty, both as to the question where liability for costs will fall and as to the amount that will be ordered to be paid. Costs are a matter of discretion, but the discretion must be exercised judicially, on proper grounds relevant to the facts of the case.
The Physiognomy Captured and Lost in a Book
Authors: Porter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this is chapter is to carry out a basic philological examination of the words that make up the physiognomical aphorisms found in these ‘books on physiognomy’. In so doing I shall stress that it is in terms of the epistemological debate about the nature of the so-called ‘natural language’ of physiognomy which they represented that any philological approach has to be carried out. The many evident disagreements among the aphorisms make it impossible to establish with any scientific accuracy what any particular feature always meant. Moreover, the changes they underwent over time are best explained by reference to the internal hazards involved in textual transmission. Some of the more intriguing aphorisms refer to a particular historical personage.
Goal Setting Theory Theory Building By Induction
Authors: Locke Edwin A , Latham Gary P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life is a process of goal-directed action. This applies both to the vegetative level (e.g., one’s internal organs) and to the level of purposeful choice (Locke and Latham, 1990). The conscious mind is the active part of one’s psychology; one has the power to volitionally focus one’s mind at the conceptual level (Binswanger, 1991; PeikoV, 1991). Volition gives one the power to consciously regulate one’s thinking and thereby one’s actions. Goal setting theory (Locke and Latham, 1990, 2002) rests on the premise that goal-directedness is an essential attribute of human action and that conscious self-regulation of action, though volitional, is the norm.
Do employee attitudes towards organizations matter? The study of employee commitment to organizations
Authors: Porter Lyman W , Steers Richard M , Mowday Richard T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States were both turbulent and tranquil. Campus unrest over the war in Vietnam and civil rights wreaked havoc across many college campuses as students, and sometimes faculty, picketed, struck, and otherwise protested situations that they thought were both unjust and unfair.
Developing theory about the development Of theory
Authors: Mintzberg Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have no clue how I develop theory. I don’t think about it; I just try to do it. Indeed, thinking about it could be dangerous: The centipede was happy quite Until a toad in fun Said, ‘‘Pray, which leg goes after which?’’ That worked her mind to such a pitch, she lay distracted in a ditch Considering how to run. (Mrs Edward Craster, 1871) I have no desire to lay distracted in a ditch considering how to develop theory. Besides, that’s the work of cognitive psychologists, who study concept attainment, pattern recognition, and the like, but never really tell us much about how we think.
The Twenty-First-Century Consumer Society
Authors: Fitchett James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to critically evaluate some of the prospects for the twenty-first-century consumer society. As the discussion progresses a number of possible future scenarios are introduced and evaluated. The goal is not to present a coherent series of projections of the future that could be used, for example, as part of some sort of planning process. Interesting and captivating as these often are, the chapter instead emphasizes the fictional and constructed nature of futuristic accounts of consumer society. The future is both unknowable and unavoidable. Despite this obvious truism, marketers and business professionals have a peculiar and definite interest in the future. We might say that the ability to accurately predict future trends in consumer behavior or to foresee the next generation of new product developments constitutes the modern elixir of management.
Marketing Communications Trends in the Emerging Global Marketplace
Authors: Hennessey H David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managing the communications process for a single market is no easy task. However, the task is even more difficult for global marketers, who must communicate to prospective customers in many markets. In the process, they struggle with different cultures, habits, and languages. This chapter describes the marketing communications trends in the emerging global marketplace, focusing on marketing communications in multiple countries. It examines the opportunities and challenges of global advertising, personal selling, and global account management. New methods of sales promotion are discussed, and the effects of new communications media, such as the Internet and the World Wide Web, satellite TV, online advertising channels, cable TV, and mobile devices on global marketing operations are explored. In short, this chapter highlights emerging trends in marketing communications for global marketers in both business-to-consumer and business-to-business contexts.
Integrated Marketing Communications and the Emerging Role of the Website
Authors: Gruen Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence and widespread use of the Internet for both consumer and business commerce has fundamentally changed the organization of marketing communications. Historians compare this change with the emergence of other major new media, such as television, which allowed marketing communications to reach a mass audience, thus providing broad-based consistent messages about the features and benefits of a marketplace offering. However, unlike other new media that have provided marketers the ability to utilize the new channel to distribute messages and even conduct commerce (e.g. direct marketing and telemarketing), the world of e-commerce and the emergence of the unparalleled tool we call the Internet, transcends all of the previous media additions. In this chapter, I argue that the central organizing mechanism for communications has—or must become—the organization’s website. When one speaks of the notion of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC), I suggest that the central integrating point—that is, the ‘command center’ for communications—must migrate to the organization’s website.
Marketing Communications in a Postmodern World
Authors: Firat A Fuat , Christensen* Lars Thøger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although relatively new, the subject of postmodernism has evoked considerable debate and discussion in the field of marketing (Brown 1993b; Firat and Dholakia 1998; Firat and Venkatesh 1995; Firat et al. 1993/1994; Holbrook 1993; Ogilvy 1990; Sherry 1991). With few exceptions (Christensen, Torp and Firat 2005; Proctor and Kitchen 2002), however, only little of this debate is reflected in the subfield of marketing communications. The aim of this chapter is to apply insights and perspectives from discussions of postmodernity to marketing communication phenomena so as to demonstrate that the conditions for communication in today’s world are radically different from what they used to be.