bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Smart Theory of Moral Responsibility and Desert
Authors: Arneson Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Smart’ of my title is J. J.C. Smart. He has proposed an austere version of compatibilism.1 The generic doctrine of compatibilism holds that the claim—that all human choices are events in the physical world that are caused either deterministically or indeterministically—is compatible with moral responsibility and desert.2 According to Smart’s version, one is morally responsible for a choice one makes just in case praising or blaming, rewarding or punishing one for making the choice would produce good consequences by altering the future behavior of oneself or others. Compatibilism of this ilk does not include the assertion that free will and the causation of choices are compatible, and indeed Smart repudiates the libertarian idea of free will on the ground that it is logically incoherent and does not consider whether some watered-down notion of free will might make sense. If compatibilism plus determinism equals soft determinism, Smart’s doctrine merits the label ‘hard soft determinism’.
Semiology
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-linguistic domain of pure thought, or devoid of and outside of vocal signs, made up of absolute quantities. Linguistic domain of the vocal sign (Semiology). Here it is as pointless to try and approach ideas divorced from signs as signs divorced from ideas. This domain encompasses at one and the same time relative thought, relative vocal figures, and the relationship between the two.
Grammar: categories
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A grammatical category, like the genitive category for instance, is something that it is quite impossible to grasp, a term truly devoid of meaning, in the way in which we use it everyday. Obviously we are not trying to deny that this category is necessary for the mind, nor that it is necessarily represented in the various languages that we shall examine, nor that it is unitary in its general, or specific scope, for a given language.
Alternation
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this case treating what is a detail as though it were an important distinction would be tantamount to abandoning the essential object of inquiry. Sometimes it is possible to make out the (‘phonetic’) conditions underlying each of the alternating terms, or at least one of the two . . . (note: all our work points to these being thoroughly morphological since they are instant).
Question of synonymy (continued )
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us put it differently: if a word does not correspond to the idea of a material object, there is absolutely nothing that can determine its meaning otherwise than negatively. If however the word is associated with a material object, it might be said that the object’s very essence is likely to bring the word a positive meaning. This is not the place for the linguist to lay down that objects can only ever be known through the idea we create of them, and the good or bad comparisons we establish.
New Documents (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The misapprehension that the school of thought founded by [Franz] Bopp fell into at the outset was to assign to languages an imaginary body and existence separate from individual speakers. An abstraction relating to language, even if justifiably made, never in practice allows for anything other than limited applications—it is a logical device—so professing allegiance to an abstraction endowed with a body was an even greater obstacle . . .
Early Documents (from the Engler edition)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not only acoustically but in articulatory terms that obstruents (plosives and silibants) form a single unit. The sound b only starts at the moment when contact is established; 3282.1¼921it does not begin with the movement of closure, but with the position of closure; the preceding operation bears acoustically not on the b, but on the previous phoneme. 3282.1¼931 Explosion, on the other hand, can only begin after an opening, however small, has been produced. It marks the start of the opening movement.
New Documents (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immaterial nature, as for any value, of what makes up units of langue. It is not acoustic matter, a vocal substance that It is quite impossible to consider langue without considering sound and sounds. Sound change is a crucial factor, but that does not stop sound being in a sense not part of its nature etc. Take the example of the matter of which a coin is made. It is not that this matter cannot be studied, but it would be foolish to believe that that is what constitutes the coin.
The Decad, A Scribal Curriculum
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Decad is the clearest example we have of a curricular grouping of Sumerian literary compositions. As its name suggests, there are ten works in the group. Evidence for its existence comes from a variety of sources. First, there are two ancient catalogues of Sumerian literary works, one excavated at Nibru (Literary catalogue from Nibru), and one unprovenanced but strikingly similar to the first, which both start by listing the members of the Decad in the same order. Another one, from Sippar, shares the first nine of those entries. Second, several large tablets and four-sided day prisms contain sequences of two or more Decad compositions in identical order to the catalogues.
Introduction
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about cultural change in seventeenth-century England, specifically the adoption of new architectural styles at provincial level. In its broad outline, the story of how the vernacular traditions and idiosyncratic splendours of Tudor design were abandoned in favour of more strictly classical models derived from continental Europe is well known. Although the pace of developments varied across the country, this period witnessed a decisive shift in taste in both buildings and sculpture too far-reaching to be explained purely in artistic terms. Rather, it involved a substantial overhaul of building practice and craftsmanship, and a major reassessment by patrons of their social and cultural priorities.
Stylistic Innovation: Processes and Constraints
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1690 Henry Guy, the wealthy former Treasury Secretary, received the signal honour of a visit by William III to his country seat, Tring Park. The house itself was a striking example of the latest taste, but the equally progressive gardens which Guy had planted around it were even more eye-catching. Although constrained in scale by the lack of a park, the basic layout was one of great splendour and formality, developed around vistas which led from the mansion’s three show-fronts. One main axis of the gardens featured a lengthy double avenue graced with ponds and a canal. The other took in ornamental shrubbery, two huge parterres which sloped down to a second canal, wide lawns, and a profusion of pavilions.
Stylistic Dissemination: Strategies and Perceptions
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1698 the gentleman architect and commentator Roger North contemplated the relative merits of brand new and modernized houses.
There is more art to cover faults, than to compose perfections. The latter may be done by authentick patternes and rules; but the other hath no patterne nor rule, but is the product of original skill. Old houses will have, to the present esteem, gross faults; and an artist by disposing the adjacent parts, both hide[s], and with small additions render[s] them ornamentall; at least to such eyes as are not very nice, or who have no hints of the defect given to draw the observation that way. A juggler, to conceal the action of one hand; points with the other earnestly to the roof. This draws away the spectators’ eyes.
Community Projects and the Limits of Elite Display
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In about 1613 Sir Baptist Hicks, a wealthy London mercer, began to build him self a country seat on his recently acquired estate at Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire. He probably obtained the design in the capital, and its cupola-crowned porch, curvilinear gables, loggia, and prominent moulded string courses certainly had much more in common with recent developments around London and the Court than with the pattern of local gentry housing. At almost the same time, Hicks curried favour in the town by constructing a set of almshouses just down the road from his own front gates.
Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856—1918
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carl Peters (1856-1918) ranked among Germany's most prominent imperialists in the Bismarckian and Wilhelmine periods. In the 1880s he emerged as a leader of the colonial movement and became known as the founder of Deutsch-Ostafrika, a region many Germans regarded as the pearl of their overseas possessions. In Nazi Germany he was revered as a precursor of Hitler and ascended retrospectively to new glory as a pioneer in the struggle for Lebensraum. This scholarly biography examines Peters's nationalist agenda and sheds light on his colonial expeditions into East Africa. It seeks to explain how this young academic who had written about Schopenhauer and metaphysics eventually became a skilful agitator for a German world empire.
King or Pawn? Peters on Kilimanjaro(189I—1892)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 2 June 1891, Carl Peters arrived in Tanga, ‘booted and spurred’,2 to meet the newly appointed governor, Baron Julius von Soden. The two Germans disliked each other from the very beginning. Soden, a full-blooded bureaucrat whom the Africans soon nicknamed Bwana Karatasi3—Mr Paper—had served six years in the Cameroons before he was appointed governor of East Africa in April 1891. He thus ranked among Germany’s more experienced colonial administrators and he was highly suspicious of Peters’s grand designs.
Strugglingfor a Political Comeback (1897—1918)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Peters story did not end with the decision of the appeal chamber. True, for the moment he seemed ‘a dead man in political terms’. In July 1896, Peters moved to London, and there he revived his interest in King Solomon’s legendary gold mines at Ophir. From 1899 he undertook various expeditions to the Zambesi region to prove that Manicaland, Mashonaland, and Matabeleland, were indeed Solomon’s Ophir as described in the Bible. However Peters’s theories failed to find general acceptance.3 He also founded a mining company, called ‘Dr. Carl Peters’s Estates and Exploration Co.’ (later renamed ‘South East Africa Ltd.’), and established various mines in southern Africa. In 19 rn, however, he sold the enterprise to a British group of financiers. According to his own statement, he lost around 170,000 marks in the venture.4 Peters private life also changed. At the age of 54 he decided to give up his life as a single man and married Thea Herbers from Iserlohn.
Mill Numbers and Revenues 13OO–1540
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a curious fact when studying the Middle Ages that it is usually easier to measure possessions than people. This is certainly the case with watermills and windmills, which are recorded in a great variety of document types for medieval England. Much of this derives from the increasing tendency for English government and manorial officials to keep records for practical purposes over the Middle Ages, a phenomenon described as ‘pragmatic literacy’. Coupled with England’s fortunate history of being able to preserve its records, this has meant that many critical series of documents have survived for assessing the fortunes of milling in later medieval England, especially from the late thirteenth century onwards.These include on the government side documents such as inquisitions post mortem, mentioned in the last chapter, and on the manorial side, accounts, surveys, extents, and court rolls.
Workers and Customers
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I am going to consider the other two groups of people who were intimately involved with the milling industry: those who derived employment from it and those who patronized it. As we have already seen, the reach of the milling industry in terms of its distribution across the countryside was very broad indeed. On the one hand, this required an extensive personnel to enable the industry to function smoothly and without undue interruptions. The fact that the diverse episodes of very inclement weather, catastrophic disease, political crises, and severe bullion shortage characterizing the period did not lead to a devastating loss of mills but, in many instances, were instead dealt with by certain adjustments (such as, say, converting water corn-mills to industrial uses or the selective culling of windmills) is powerful testimony not only to a determined entrepreneurial spirit but also to a ready supply of operating and service personnel and a basically loyal consumer base.
Britain 1815–1914
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
4061. Bendall, Sarah (ed.) Baker’s map of the town and university of Cambridge, 1830 (Cambridgeshire Records Society, 13). Cambridge: Cambridgeshire Records Society, 1998. 4062. Berry, Allan W. Early nineteenth century Sudbury. Colchester: A.W. Berry, 2002. 106p. 4063. Cohen, Edward H. (ed.) ‘Victorian bibliography for 1999’, Victorian Studies, 43:4 (2001), 699-839. 4064. Daunton, Martin James; Rieger, Bernhard (eds.) Meanings of modernity: Britain in the age of imperialism and world wars. Oxford: Berg, 2001. x, 250p.
Medieval Wales
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
8382. Dumville, David N. (ed. & transl.) Anna/es Cambriae, A.D. 682-954: texts A-C in parallel (Basic texts for Brittonic history, 1). Cambridge: Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge, 2002. xix, 24p. 8383. Griffiths, Ralph Alan. ‘After Glyn Dwr: an age of reconciliation?’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 117 (2002), 139-64. 8384. Stephenson, David. The Aberconwy chronicle (Kathleen Hughes Memorial Lectures on Mediaeval Welsh History, 2). Cambridge: Hughes Hall and Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge, 2002. iii, 19p. 8385. Turvey, Roger. The Welsh princes: the native rulers of Wales 1063-1283. Harlow: Longman, 2002. xxxi, 215p.
Ireland Since c.1640
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
See also [M]: 9350, 9362, 9364 See also [G]: 3042; [H]: 4089; [I]: 5993, 6004; [L]: 8840, 8851, 8853; [M]: 9656 9339. Anon. ‘Major accessions to repositories relating to Irish history, 2000’, Irish Historical Studies, 32:128 (2001), 579-80. 9340. Anon. ‘Major accessions to repositories relating to Irish history, 2001’, Irish Historical Studies, 33:129 (2002), 110-14. 9341. Almqvist, Bo. ‘C.W. von Sydow agus Eire: Scolaire Sualannach agus an Leann Ceilteach’, Bealoideas, 70 (2002), 3-50. 9342. Andrews, Roddie. Requiem for a village: a history of the village of Monkstown. Newtownabbey: Hollybank, 1998. 171p. 9343. Bradley, Jim. ‘Strabane in the wider world-famous people from the area’, A129, 267-85.
Introduction
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Study Of Italian legal procedures in the twelfth century, at least in the lands between Rome and the Alps, is inescapably associated with two of the best known developments in medieval European history: the establishment of communal government in the cities, and the rise of the schools of Roman and canon law in Bologna. The fact is well known; what is less often recognized is that the effect that these had on Italian law was at the least inconsistent, and in many ways contradictory.
Lucca: The Developinent of Judicial Procedures
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How and why city communes appeared in northern and central Italy, in the decades around 1100, has been the object of endless debate for a century and more. There are perhaps three main reasons for this. First, city autonomy has long been regarded by Italians as one of the major features of their country’s history, and therefore the moment of its initial affirmation has had an important place in the construction of a national historiography; major symbolic moments in a nation’s past always provoke intense and never-finished arguments among historians.
Pisa: Roinan Law in Practice
Authors: Wickham Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lucca was part of the first wave of Italian city communes to develop and stabilize institutional structures, as a background to the court strategies we have been looking at. It was not in most ways particularly atypical in its history, and had reasonably close parallels in a dozen or more cities in Tuscany and the Po plain. It certainly paralleled Pisa, its close neighbour and rival, in many ways: for one, their common history as cities of the march of Tuscany left them both almost wholly dominant over their dioceses already by 1100 or so, and their rural societies developed in the twelfth century along very similar lines.
Linguistic Fieldwork among Speakers of Endangered Languages
Authors: Grinevald Colette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colette Grinevald was previously Colette Craig. The title of this chapter was suggested to me by Nancy Dorian whom I wish to thank here for her generous sharing of ideas and materials, and whose pioneering work in the field of endangered languages, including its issues of fieldwork, I wish to acknowledge here. I also want to thank Roberto Zavala for all the brainstorming time and effort he invested in the production of the original version of this chapter. While I think of myself simply as a spokesperson for the fieldworker colleagues from various continents with whom I know I share the concerns expressed here (in particular North American, Latin American, European, and Australian colleagues on career tracks parallel to mine over the last decades), I am also sure others could have been more eloquent and I will therefore take full responsibility for the likely awkwardness and roughness of my own statements.
Indigenous Languages of Formosa
Authors: Tsukida Naomi , Tsuchida Shigeru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Han Chinese are subgrouped into three: Holo (75 per cent), Hakka (13 per cent), and mainlanders (10 per cent). Their languages are not endangered. The ancestors of the Holo, which is one of their self-appelations, and the Hakka began to migrate to Taiwan in the seventeenth century. The Holo are from the Fujian province and speak a type of Southern Min dialect of Chinese, which is often called Taiwanese.
Introduction: The French Wars, Industrialization, and the Professions
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social history of the professions has attracted considerable attention in recent years, moving on from the narrative and institutional history of individual professions common in the past to a wider appreciation of the place of the professions in the broader historical and social context. Echoing the perspective taken by some of the first generation of sociologists, notably Weber, Harold Perkin in particular has argued that professionalization—the process whereby the professions became autonomous institutions controlling a field of knowledge or expertise and entered through competitive examination—is a key factor in the emergence of what we think of as ‘modern’ society.1
Education
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most crucial aspects of a nascent medical practitioner’s early education was instruction in the classics. It was a long-established precept, from R. Campbell in The London Tradesman in 1747, through Robert Hamilton’s Duties of a Regimental Surgeon Considered of 1787, to the pseudonymous Aesculapius’s Hospital Pupil’s Guide, published in 1818, that doctors should know Latin and Greek.1 During the Royal Commission on the Scottish Universities in 1826, as Michael Moss and Derek Dow have outlined, much discussion took place as to the degree of classical knowledge required by candidates for the MD. Some promoted the idea that all medical students should have previously taken an MA and recommended an improved grounding in classics and languages. However, others feared that such stipulations would drive away students, cause a decline in numbers, and thereby make the institution less attractive to the best medical professors.2
Contextualism and the New Linguistic Turn in Epistemology
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the thesis of contextualism in epistemology, many of our knowledge attributions (including self-attributions) are context sensitive. That is, a particular knowledge attribution uttered in one context might be true, while more or less the same attribution, uttered in a context with different epistemic standards, might be false. Typically, one might think of contexts with lower epistemic standards as holding in informal chats in a bar, while higher standards might hold in a court of law or a discussion of skepticism in an epistemology class. This basic idea can be embodied in two apparently distinct formulations.
What Shifts? Thresholds, Standards, or Alternatives?
Authors: Schaffer Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the extant discussion of epistemic contextualism focuses on the question of whether contextualism resolves skeptical paradoxes. Understand ably. Yet there has been less discussion as to the internal structure of context-ualist theories. Regrettably. Here, for instance, are two questions that could stand further discussion: (i) what is the linguistic basis for contextualism, and (ii) what is the parameter that shifts with context? The question of linguistic basis can be understood as a request for an explanation of how the truth conditions for knowledge ascriptions are sup-posed to shift with context. Is there some extra variable hidden in the syntax? Is ‘knows’ to be treated as a semantic indexical? Are there general indices of semantic evaluation that impact knowledge ascriptions? Or … ? (Here the range of options will depend on one’s overall view of the levels of linguistic structure-further discussion of this issue is under way in this volume.)
The Phonology of Polish
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the most complete phonology of contemporary Polish ever published. It is topic-oriented and presents the fundamental characteristics and problems associated with each topic, among them syllable structure, vowel-zero alternations, palatalizations, and other vowel and consonant changes. Professor Gussmann re-examines assumptions about phonological contrasts and alternations, and raises and addresses central questions in morphophonology. He takes morphophonology to be systematically separate from phonology. Palatalizations, he shows, are crucial to Polish, as both phonological and morphophonological phenomena: their detailed description leads him to a systematic presentation of vocalic alternations. The book develops a Government Phonology account of Polish, but is primarily a description of the language with the model subordinated to the organization of data. All the many examples used to illustrate the presentation are transcribed in standard IPA, and translated. This important book will interest all scholars and advanced students of Polish and Slavic phonology.