bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of lead exposure on components of verbal memory
Authors: Bleecker M L , Ford D P , Lindgren K N , Hoese V M , Walsh K S , Vaughan C G 
Published: February 2005

Aims:To determine if verbal learning and memory requiring acquisition and retention of information is differentially affected by lead exposure.Methods:The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), a test of verbal learning and memory, was administered to 256 English speaking lead smelter workers who had a mean (SD) age of 41 (9.4) years and employment duration of 17 (8.1) years. Lead exposure variables, based on up to 25 years of prior blood lead data, included a mean (SD) current blood lead (PbB) of 28 (8.8) μg/dl, working lifetime time weighted average blood lead (TWA) of 39 (12.3) μg/dl, and working lifetime integrated blood lead index (IBL) of 728 (434.4) μg-y/dl. Associations of these chronic and recent lead exposure variables with measures from the RAVLT were modelled through multiple linear regressions after controlling for age and educational achievement.Results:PbB was not associated with any of the RAVLT variables. However, TWA and IBL contributed significantly to the explanation of variance of measures of encoding/storage and retrieval but not to immediate memory span, attention, and learning. Grouping study participants by RAVLT performance according to three recognised clinical memory paradigms showed significantly higher TWA and IBL in the group with “generalised memory impairment” after adjusting for age and educational achievement. We examined recall mechanisms in each group by serial position in the word list and found stronger primacy (recall of words from the beginning of the list) in the “no impairment” and “retrieval difficulties” groups while the “generalised memory impairment” group had better performance on recency (recall of words from the end of the list).Conclusions:Lead exposure over years and not PbB interfered with the organisation and recall of previously learned verbal material. Chronic lead exposure affects encoding/storage and retrieval of verbal information.
Hospitalisations among seafarers on merchant ships
Authors: Hansen H L , Tüchsen F , Hannerz H 
Published: February 2005

Aims:To study morbidity among active seafarers in the merchant navy in order to clarify possible work related morbidity and the morbidity related to work and lifestyle where possible preventive measures may be initiated.Methods:From a register in the Danish Maritime Authority a cohort of Danish merchant seafarers who had been actively employed at sea in 1995 was identified. For each seafarer, information on all employment periods at sea, charge aboard, and ship was available. The cohort was linked with the National In-patient Register in Denmark. Standardised hospitalisation ratios (SHRs) were calculated for all major diagnostic groups using all gainfully employed as reference.Results:Seafarers were shown to be inhomogeneous, with significant differences in SHRs for the same disease groups between different groups of seafarers depending on charge and ship type. SHRs for lifestyle related diseases were high, although rates for acute conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction, were low, probably due to referral bias, as acute conditions are likely to cause hospitalisation abroad, and thus are not included in the study. SHRs for injury and poisoning were high, especially for ratings and officers aboard small ships.Conclusion:Despite pre-employment selection, a large proportion of the seafarers constitute a group of workers with evidence of poor health probably caused by lifestyle. The subgroups with high risk of hospitalisation due to lifestyle related diseases also had an increased risk of hospitalisation due to injury and poisoning.
Deferred Imitation of Action Sequences in Developmental Amnesia
Authors: Adlam Anna-Lynne R. , Vargha-Khadem Faraneh , Mishkin Mortimer , Haan Michelle de 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate whether patients with developmental amnesia (DA) associated with bilateral hippocampal volume reduction show an impairment in incidental nonverbal recall of action sequences, and whether the severity of this memory impairment is influenced by the sequence structure (causal vs. arbitrary). Like adult-onset cases of amnesia (McDonough, Mandler, McKee, & Squire, 1995), patients with DA did not differ significantly from their age-, sex-, and IQ-matched controls in spontaneous production of the sequences prior to modeling but recalled fewer target actions and action pairs than the control group after a 24-hour delay, independent of sequence structure. Unlike the patients with adult-onset amnesia, however, the patients with DA showed some memory for both types of sequences after a 24-hour delay. This difference in severity of memory impairment might reflect differences in extent of pathology and/or age at injury.
Separation of the Systems for Color and Spatial Manipulation in Working Memory Revealed by a Dual-task Procedure
Authors: Mohr Harald M. , Linden David E. J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The manipulation of different kinds of content is fundamental to working memory. It has been suggested that the mere maintenance of color and spatial information occurs in parallel, but little is known about whether this holds true for manipulation as well. Using a dual-task delayed-response paradigm that required the manipulation of color and angles, this study finds that the two functions do not interfere. Conversely, interference did occur when both components of a dual-task tapped into the spatial system. Thus, color and spatial information are manipulated in parallel. A concurrent phonological task did not interfere with either maintenance or manipulation, whereas a task requiring central executive processes interfered with manipulation only. We speculate that the ventral–dorsal dissociation of visual processing is conserved for manipulation processes and that manipulation differs from maintenance in the extent to which is relies on central executive resources.
Repetition-priming Modulates Category-related Effects on Event-related Potentials: Further Evidence for Multiple Cortical Semantic Systems
Authors: Kiefer Markus 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In the present study, the significance of category-related brain activations as an index of semantic memory structure was assessed within a repetition-priming paradigm during a lexical decision task. The interpretation of category-related effects has been debated since previous studies observed category-related brain activity mainly in tasks requiring explicit semantic categorization. Furthermore, categories were frequently associated with behavioral performance differences, which could have influenced the pattern of brain activation. Event-related potentials (ERPs) to words denoting objects from artifactual (e.g., tools) and natural categories (e.g., animals) were recorded while subjects were presented with words and pseudowords as distracters, which were repeatedly presented. Category-related ERP differences emerged in the time window of the N400, an electrophysiological index of semantic processing, over occipito-parietal and fronto-central regions as well as in the following window of a late positive potential. Repetition priming modulated these category-related ERP effects whereas behavioral repetition priming (faster reactions to repeated words) was comparable for both categories. Differences in ERP repetition effects were specifically due to diminished category-related activity at repeated presentation. The present results show that category-related brain activation is not confined to tasks requiring explicit semantic categorization. Most importantly, the study demonstrates that category-related brain activation can be specifically modulated by repetition priming in the absence of corresponding behavioral performance differences. These findings therefore substantiate the significance of category-related brain activations as reflections of semantic memory structure and support the notion of multiple cortical semantic systems.
Listening to Action-related Sentences Activates Fronto-parietal Motor Circuits
Authors: Tettamanti Marco , Buccino Giovanni , Saccuman Maria Cristina , Gallese Vittorio , Danna Massimo , Scifo Paola , Fazio Ferruccio , Rizzolatti Giacomo , Cappa Stefano F. , Perani Daniela 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Observing actions made by others activates the cortical circuits responsible for the planning and execution of those same actions. This observation–execution matching system (mirror-neuron system) is thought to play an important role in the understanding of actions made by others. In an fMRI experiment, we tested whether this system also becomes active during the processing of action-related sentences. Participants listened to sentences describing actions performed with the mouth, the hand, or the leg. Abstract sentences of comparable syntactic structure were used as control stimuli.
The results showed that listening to action-related sentences activates a left fronto-parieto-temporal network that includes the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), those sectors of the premotor cortex where the actions described are motorically coded, as well as the inferior parietal lobule, the intraparietal sulcus, and the posterior middle temporal gyrus. These data provide the first direct evidence that listening to sentences that describe actions engages the visuomotor circuits which subserve action execution and observation.
Between Transnational Interest and Domestic Politics: Understanding Middle Eastern Fatwās on Jihad in the Moluccas
Authors: Hasan Noorhaidi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn 2000 muftīs from the Arabian Peninsula issued seven fatwās in response to requests from the Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah (FKASWJ), a Salafist movement in Indonesia seeking justification for jihad in the Moluccas. In this essay I analyze these fatwās against the background of the Moluccan conflict and the emergence of FKASWJ.The Arabian muftīs, who participate in a global Salafī discourse on jihad, serve as transnational sources of legitimacy for FKASWJ; and this discourse has important implications for the contestation of the Indonesian public sphere. I argue that FKASWJ and similar communities that have emerged in various parts of the Muslim world are now demanding greater acceptance within the political landscape of their respective countries; and that launching jihad is a means of enhancing their self-proclaimed identity as the most committed defenders of Islam in the nation.
Reflections on the Notions of "Empire" and "Kingdom" in Seventeenth-Century Ethiopia: Royal power and Local Power
Authors: Toubkis Dimitri , Pennec Hervé 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to re-interrogate the notions of "empire" and "kingdom" in seventeenth-century Ethiopia, attentive to the borrowings and models used by the sources, which are particularly rich for this period. But it is equally through a study of a person close to King Susneyos, the the ras Se'lä Krestos, and the relations that he maintained with his sovereign, that we can reformulate these notions of "empire" and "kingdom."
At Home Abroad: Ethnicity and Enclave in the World of Scots Traders in Northern Europe, c. 1600-1800
Authors: Catterall Douglas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis article examines the formation of Scots ethnicity from the perspective of the corporate, ethnic enclave and treats Scots migrants as boundary-crossers, members of an ethnic group that could operate independently of a state-driven agenda. Beginning with the reaction in a particular Scots network to the mid-18th-century bankruptcy of a Scots merchant and progressing to an overview of Scots enclaves from the Netherlands to Poland-Lithuania, it argues that Scots traders in the North and Baltic Sea zones depended on and in turn deferred to enclaves of their fellow countrymen in conducting their lives and careers. Moreover, because they tended to provide poor relief on the basis of ethnicity and promote non-denominational codes of behavior, northern Europe's Scots enclaves could accommodate an ethnic identity somewhat shorn of confessional division. In this regard, the piece concludes, Scots seem to have operated like other boundary-crossers such as the Sephardim of northern Europe or the Armenians of New Julfa.
"How Beautiful She Is!" in Her Mirror: Polysemic Images and Reflections of Power of an Eighteenth-Century Ethiopia Queen
Authors: Bosc-Tiessé Claire 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAfter a difficult succession, Queen Mentewwab governed the Ethiopian kingdom for, and then with, her son King Iyasu II (1730-55), as the official chronicle of their reign describes. A parallel study of a painting representing those members of the royal family who participated in the government, analyzed according to its specific logic and not only in reference to the history of the time, illustrates the nature of her power and allows one to see, in return, how she used pictures to legitimate herself as well as how these pictures work.
La Chimie de Homberg: Une vérité certaine dans une physique contestable
Authors: Peterschmitt Luc , Franckowiak Rémi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper aims to provide an account of Homberg's definition of chemistry as given in the first part of his "Essays de chimie" (1702). We show that his definition inverts the respective status traditionally assigned to chemistry and physics, which allows Homberg to establish chemistry as a science in its own right. For Homberg, chemistry alone is true, whereas physical explanations, though plausible, remain uncertain. Yet, in his chemical writings, Homberg did not hesitate to make use of physical principles in order to account for chemical phenomena. But the paradox is only apparent, because for Homberg, the use of physical principles amounted to providing an intelligible model for chemical phenomena, which would otherwise seem to be inconceivable (e.g. the transformation of mercury into gold). If such phenomena can be physically accounted for (by using figures and movements of corpuscles), we may be certain that they are real and not an experimental illusion. It is this view that implies the aforementioned inversion of status: whether physics is true is a moot question, because the only veritable science of matter is chemistry.
Between Medicine and Rhetoric
Authors: Pender Stephen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInspired by Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis' claim in 1798 that physicians might learn forms of medical reasoning from les anciens rhéteurs, in this paper I explore intimate associations between medicine and rhetoric over the longue durée. Gravely susceptible to error, medical reasoning relies on signs and examples, both gleaned from experience and both the subject of rhetorical inquiry; like rhetoric, medicine reaches plausible conclusions from probable premises. Here, ranging from Hippocrates and Plato through Aristotle to early modern England, I argue that forms of inference developed and refined in the history of rhetoric offer ancient and early modern philosophers and physicians models and metaphors for their own forays into the probable.
The Manufacture of Particleboards using Sunflower Stalks (helianthus annuus l.) And Poplar Wood (populus alba L.)
Authors: Bektas Ibrahim , Guler Cengiz , Kalaycioğlu Hulya , Mengeloglu Fatih , Nacar Mehmet 
Published: February 2005

In this study, three-layer particleboards are produced from a mixture of sunflower stalks (Helianthus annuus L.) and poplar wood (Populus alba L.) at certain ratios utilizing urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives. Panels with a density of 0.7 g/cm 3are manufactured with the ratios of 25, 50, and 75 percent particles from sunflower stalks or poplar. For comparison, panels are solely manufactured with sunflower stalks and poplar wood. All panels are tested for physical properties (thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA)) and mechanical properties (internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and screw holding capacity (SHC)). Results show that all the panels provide properties required by the Turkish standards for general purpose-use particleboards. Furthermore, properties of the panels have improved with the rising percentage of poplar particles in the panels. The combination of sunflower stalks and poplar particles can be used at different ratios and the resulting panels can be utilized in indoor applications for general purposes such as furniture manufacturing. This result may prove that sunflower stalks can be an alternative raw material for the manufacture of particleboards.
Knowledge Refinement for Engineering Knowledge Management
Authors: Wang Chin-Bin , Chen Yuh-Jen , Chen Yuh-Min , Chu Hui-Chuan 
Published: February 2005

Engineering design is a knowledge-intensive process, including conceptual design, detailed design, engineering analysis, assembly design, process design, and performance evaluation. Each of these tasks involves various aspects of knowledge and experience. They are the most valuable sources for capitalizing enterprise knowledge and know-how on building enterprise memory, which may become part of enterprise assets. Therefore, capturing and representing product design information, design intents, and underlining design knowledge for later reuse is the basis of and one of the key tasks in engineering knowledge management. This study develops an approach for engineering knowledge refinement to facilitate engineering knowledge management. This approach is basically a refinement process that includes the steps of knowledge capture, knowledge representation and storage, and knowledge compilation. This study involves the development of a semantic graph for describing product-related information, design intent and know-how, a tag-based scheme for representing various types of captured product information and engineering knowledge, a case-based representation for a designed entity, and the design of a knowledge compilation model and algorithm. The objective of this study can be achieved by performing the following tasks: (i) developing an engineering knowledge management framework, (ii) establishing an engineering knowledge refinement process, (iii) developing levels of knowledge representation schemes, and(iv) implementing engineering knowledge refinement mechanisms.
CGMGRAPH/CGMLIB: Implementing and Testing CGM Graph Algorithms on PC Clusters and Shared Memory Machines
Authors: Chan Albert , Dehne Frank , Taylor Ryan 
Published: February 2005

In this paper, we present CGMgraph, the first integrated library of parallel graph methods for PC clusters based on Coarse Grained Multicomputer (CGM) algorithms. CGMgraph implements parallel methods for various graph problems. Our implementations of deterministic list ranking, Euler tour, connected components, spanning forest, and bipartite graph detection are, to our knowledge, the first efficient implementations for PC clusters. Our library also includes CGMlib, a library of basic CGM tools such as sorting, prefix sum, one-to-all broadcast, all-to-one gather, h-Relation, all-to-all broadcast, array balancing, and CGM partitioning. Both libraries are available for download at http://www.scs.carleton.ca/~cgm. In the experimental part of this paper, we demonstrate the performance of our methods on four different architectures: a gigabit connected high performance PC cluster, a smaller PC cluster connected via fast ethernet, a network of workstations, and a shared memory machine. Our experiments show that our library provides good parallel speedup and scalability on all four platforms. The communication overhead is, in most cases, small and does not grow significantly with an increasing number of processors. This is a very important feature of CGM algorithms which makes them very efficient in practice.
Zur Labordiagnostik von Entamoeba histolytica-Infektionen. The laboratory diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica-infections
Authors: Tannich Egbert 
Published: February 2005

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Die klassische Stuhlmikroskopie zum Nachweis intestinaler Protozoen-Infektionen wird mehr und mehr ersetzt durch neue Detektionsverfahren wie Immunfluoreszenz, Antigen-ELISA oder PCR. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Diagnostik von Entamoeba histolytica, da dieser Parasit mikroskopisch nicht von anderen, apathogenen Amöbenspezies wie Entamoeba dispar oder Entamoeba moshkovskii unterschieden werden kann.
Zur Diagnostik der Leishmania-Infektionen. Diagnosis of Leishmania infections
Authors: Schönian Gabriele , Al-Jawabreh Amer , Presber Wolfgang 
Published: February 2005

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Mehr als 20 Leishmanien-Spezies sind für den Menschen pathogen. Leishmaniosen kommen in über 100 Ländern endemisch vor. In den letzten Jahren haben sie in Südeuropa auch eine besondere Bedeutung als Erreger von Koinfektionen mit HIV erlangt. Neben der Einschleppung der Krankheit durch infizierte Personen oder Hunde erscheint auch eine Übertragung des Erregers in Deutschland selbst möglich. Damit gewinnt die Diagnostik von Leishmaniosen an Bedeutung.
Der mikroskopische Nachweis der Erreger in Bioptaten (Ulkusrand, Lymphknoten, Knochenmark, Milz und Leber) ist der Goldstandard. Neben einigen Antigen- und Antikörpernachweisen bei generalisierten Erkrankungen werden immer häufiger PCR-Nachweise eingesetzt. Vorteile der PCR sind ihre hohe Empfindlichkeit und hohe Spezifität wie auch die Tatsache, dass sie eine Speziesoder sogar Subspezies-Diagnose ermöglicht. Auch auf Filterpapier getrocknete Proben oder Giemsa-gefärbte Objektträger sind als Untersuchungsmaterial geeignet.
Immunoassay
Authors: Taylor Richard F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractImmunoassay, a diagnostic and measurement method that utilizes antibodies to detect and quantify specific analytes (antigens), is characterized by high analyte specificity, high sensitivity (routinely detecting ng to pg analyte levels), and rapid data output. It is amenable to a variety of formats, from single immunoassays carried out manually, to fully automated instruments capable of performing multiple assays on the same or different analytes. Immunoassay quantification methods are based on immunoprecipitation, such as agglutination assays, or on specific indicator reagents linked to antibody or antigen reagents used in the immunoassay. These include radioisotopes for radioimmunoassay, enzymes for enzyme‐linked immunoassay, fluorophores for fluorescence immunoassay, and chemicals or proteins for chemiluminescent or bioluminescent immunoassay. Immunoassay technology is continuing to evolve and applications have moved beyond traditional clinical settings to industry and the environment. Immunoassays are also serving as the basis for newer measurement technologies including hybrid immunoassay–nucleic acid probe assays, immunobiosensors, and antibody‐based microarrays.