bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Cultures and Population Movement: Implicationsfor AIDSISTDs
Authors: Herdt Gilbert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The contributors to this volume have grappled with the fundamental observation that as people migrate, the rules of sexual behaviour change, opening new avenues for sexual encounter, but also exposing the person to enhanced risk of HIV and STDs. Human mobility in the era of AIDS has dramatically increased the poten tial for the spread of the HIV virus and other sexually transmitted diseases in populations around the world. AIDS/HIV is now the leading killer of persons between the ages of 25 and 44 in the United States and similar Western nations. It is the leading cause of adult death in many Third World countries. Since these years are crucial to fertility in humans, and are also the time of greatest aggregate human movement, there can be little doubt of the urgent need to gain an under standing of the interaction between migration and sexual risk in AIDS/STD epidemics. It is therefore not surprising that a group of anthropologists and demographers, colleagues from social epidemiology and the health sciences, should come together to discuss these urgent problems.
Sexual Networking, Use of Condoms, and Perception of STDs and HIV/AIDS Transmission Among Migrant Sex Workers in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Orubuloye I O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Across Nigeria, attitudes towards female sexuality vary among ethnic and reli gious groups. Some ethnic and religious groups are punitive in their pursuit of even discreet female sexual transgressions, while male sexual transgressions have always been taken for granted. In certain parts of Nigeria, women have some de gree of freedom and a substantial degree of equality with men, while in some parts, especially in the north, where the majority are Muslims, the society sup presses and closets its women. Similarly, premarital chastity has traditionally been rigidly enforced among some ethnic and religious groups, while in others the society has traditionally been flexible. These differences lead to variations in sexual patterns and they are likely to cause differences in the risk of sexually trans mitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS.
Education and Growth in East Asia
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although there has been a major slowdown recently due largely to financial crises, the sources of medium-and longer-run per capita economic growth in East Asia with which this chapter is concerned are based on relatively strong longer-run fundamentals there. These sources are particularly interesting because of the very high per capita growth sustained from before 1960 to 1997, essentially 40 years, in the Far East and because of fundamentals which are likely to re-emerge. Apart from the needed reforms now under way in the banking systems, there are additional lessons, that can be learned from the dramatic increase in per capita incomes and poverty reduction since the end of World War II that might be transferrable to other regions.
Democracy, Human Rights, and Political Stability
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The expansion of political rights, civil rights or human rights, and political stability are important aspects of general well-being. They involve a broader concept of development than just increases in per capita income. There are non-market final satisfactions that political freedoms, civil liberties, and reasonable economic sta bility provide to individuals over and above money earnings. But then there are also feedback effects TO be discussed, from democratization to political stability to higher rates of investment and faster economic growth, This chapter focuses on tracing the net impacts of education, controlling for its impacts on per capita income that influence democratization, human rights, and political stability. It also addresses the structural interaction among these sectors.
The Environment
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Destruction of the environment reduces human welfare, both in the present and in the future. True economic development includes using some of the fruits of growth to improve the preservation of forests, animal, fish, and bird wildlife, ecosystems, soils, and air and water quality. lf the benefits of 1ising money incomes are offset by implicit costs reducing health and the quality of life due to pollution, and if forests, soils, and ecosystems are destroyed and natural resources depleted, this cannot be called true economic development.
Separating and Valuing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Education
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The total benefits of education to be discussed will be separated in chis chapter into measures of the direct or partial effects and the indirect structural effects. Indirect effects, which are also externalities, will then be expressed as a per cent of the total benefits. One or two countries from each region worldwide are chosen to illustrate this separation: Brazil, India, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States; but the same could be done for any of the 78 countries in the complete model.
The Note-Issuing Bank within the State Structure
Authors: Stern Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Writing about the position of the German note-issuing bank under state law shortly prior to the institution of a European note-issuing bank might create the impression of intending to take a more historical than a present-day view. Having said that, this impression is deceptive. Categorising the Bundesbank within the state structure as the central German note-issuing bank is also of primary importance for the European Central Bank since the status and the role of the Deutsche Bundesbank have in many ways become a model for Europe’s common note-issuing bank, as reWected in article 105ff. of the Treaty Establishing the European Community in the version dated 7 February 1992.
Intergenerational Wealth Flows and the Elderly in Indonesia
Authors: Hugo Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the prolific and varied contributions that Jack Caldwell has made to demography, perhaps the best known is his reformulation of demographic transition theory in terms of the changing structure and functioning of families and relations between generations. While this seminal theoretical work has been used to further our understanding of the fertility transition, it is the argument of this paper that its implications for other social and economic transitions occurring in developing societies have been neglected. The theory is in fact rich in insights into the patterns, causes, and consequences of changes in population mobility, the labour force, and ageing.
Marriage Change as Moral Change: Culture, Virtue, and Demographic Transition
Authors: Fricke Tom 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Surveying the field today, it is impossible to imagine an anthropological demography that fails to acknowledge the extraordinary impact of Jack Caldwell. In a series of watershed articles, papers, and books ranging across substantive, theoretical, and methodological themes, Caldwell has helped to confer a new demographic legitimacy on the research strategies of anthropologists. Methodologically, the micro-demographic techniques formalized by him have encouraged more anthropologists to pursue demographic field research while also drawing members of the demographic community towards new syntheses of these two traditions (Kertzer and Fricke 1997). Theoretically, Caldwell’s modification of demographic transition theory and his development of the wealth flows theory of fertility decline continue to motivate new studies and commentary. Substantively, his contributions to the study of fertility and family transitions in multiple contexts are landmark empirical studies for their settings.
Numerators and Denominators in the Study of High Fertility Populations: Past and Potential Contributions from Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Banja Caroline Bledsoe With Contributions By Fatoumatta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Researchers from Western societies, where fertility now hovers around replacement level, face an increasing struggle to understand the experience of high fertility, a pattern that is receding slowly into a temporal and geographical vanishing point. Nowhere is the need to understand the dynamics of high fertility more obvious now than in sub-Saharan Africa, the only major world region where fertility rates have not declined appreciably. Most African fertility regimes are considered to be governed by ‘natural fertility’. The hallmark of these regimes is regular intervals between births, a pattern that suggests no deliberate efforts to control births and an ignorance of, if not an aversion to, Western birth control technologies. Indeed, our initial focus on Western contraception in rural Gambia1 was almost a contradiction in terms. The 2,980 married women in our 1992 study sample had one of the highest total fertility rates in the world, 7.5 children, and one of the lowest rates of contraceptive use: only 9 per cent were currently using any kind of contraceptive, including traditional, and only 5 per cent were using a Western method—mostly pills and the injectable Depo Provera.
Contraception and Religiosity in Bangladesh
Authors: Amin Sajeda , Diamond, Ian , Steele Fiona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As family planning programmes play increasingly salient roles in promoting contraceptive use, religion, along with other cultural factors, deserves increased attention as a variable affecting the course of fertility decline. Bangladesh provides an interesting setting for studying the influence of religion on contraceptive use for several reasons. First, there is a strong state-supported family planning programme which has been in place for over twenty years. Second, although contraceptive use has increased dramatically in recent years, a high level of regional variation persists. While the reasons for this variation have not been explored extensively, it has been linked to variations in religious conservatism (Huq and Cleland 1990). Third, even though Bangladesh has never been a conservative Muslim society, at least by the standards of Western Asia, there is evidence of rising Islamic influence in everyday life.
Population and Poverty in the Developing World
Authors: Livi-Bacci Massimo , Santis Gustavo De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increasing gap between developed and developing world will be one of the most important themes of the 21st century. The contributions contained in this volume take a multidisciplinary approach to the problem, offering a comprehensive review of the theoretical issues and empirical findings that relate to the complex and multidirectional link between poverty and demographic behaviours and outcomes in the contemporary developing world. The starting point of the volume is an exact definition of poverty. The contributors go on to analyse in the detail its causes and effects, both at the micro and macro level, concentrating on those factors and consequences which relate more directly to the demographic sphere. Population growth, household structure and labour, fertility, AIDS, urbanization, migration, and mortality are amongst the areas covered, with the major themes discussed and elaborated in an introductory overview chapter.
Famine, Demography, and Endemic Poverty
Authors: Osmani Siddiqur R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Studies on the connections between famine and poverty have usually been concerned with the causality running from long-term processes of poverty to periodic famines. But the reverse causation—from famine to endemic poverty, or more generally from ‘conjunctural’ to ‘structural’ poverty in the words of Iliffe (1987) — has remained relatively unexplored. I shall attempt in this paper to clarify some of the issues involved in understanding this reverse causation and to identify some of the possible channels of causation, citing along the way whatever little empirical evidence there is.
Household Structure and Poverty: What are the Connections?
Authors: Lloyd Cynthia B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Improved living standards have usually been associated with a tendency towards smaller and less complex households. Yet, growing numbers of female-headed households, which also tend to be smaller and less complex, have often been associated with increasing rates of poverty among women and children. In the first instance, economic trends are viewed as the determinants of household structure while, in the second case, changes in household structure are seen as the cause of increasing poverty. These trends appear contradictory but are not. The problem is that the household unit is used as the basis for measuring living standards, poverty, and inequality, despite our fundamental interest in the fate of individuals. Indeed, given the way data are collected, we have no way of knowing how individual women and children have fared within different types of households but only that, when they are observed separately in their own households, women and children in female-headed households often appear disadvantaged (particularly when assessed on the basis of income) relative to those in male-headed households.
Rapid Urbanization and the Urban Environment
Authors: Satterthwaite David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the range of environmental hazards present in urban areas in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and their impact on human health. It discusses the groups that are most vulnerable to environmental hazards and suggests that low income groups (and, within such groups, women and children) bear most of the health burden arising from environmental problems. It also questions two common assumptions: that the large and often rapidly growing cities in the South have the most serious environmental problems; and that poverty necessarily contributes to environmental degradation.
The Essence of Contemporary Chinese Bureaucracy: Socialism, Modernization, and Political Culture
Authors: Kokubun Ryosei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of administrative management (xingzheng guanlixue) is currently receiving much attention from Chinese academics, even taking priority over research on the political system per se. In effect, this consists of research into what the Chinese bureaucratic system should ideally be.
In China, the term ‘bureaucratism’ (guanliaozhuyi) (which shares the same meaning that the cognate term kanryoshugi has in Japanese) is frequently used; however, perhaps because of its association with ‘bureaucratic capital’ (guanliao ziben), which refers to the imbrication of the state and financial cliques in the Nationalist period, the terms ‘bureaucracy’ (guanliaozhi) and ‘bureaucrat’ (guanliao) are almost never employed formally. As for the so-cal1ed yamen, which constituted the basic administrative unit of imperial China, the term is of course no longer used in the present despite the institution’s long existence. The English word ‘bureaucracy’ is sometimes translated as guanliao zhengzhi in Chinese, but once again this term is never employed when referring to the political organs of the present Chinese state. In the place of such terms, such concepts as ‘bureaucracy’ (guanliaozhi), ‘administrative organization’ (xingzheng jigou), ‘government organization’ (zhengfu jigou), and ‘bureaucrat’ (guan- liao) are expressed by formulations such as ‘administrative cadre’ (xingzheng ganbu), ‘state cadre’ (guojia ganbu), and ‘government employee’ (zhengfu zhiyuan).
Fostering ‘Love of Learning’: Naxi Responses to Ethnic Images in Chinese State Education
Authors: Hansen Mette Halskov 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper, based on a local study, describes and analyses some of the ethnic images that national minorities are presented with in Chinese state education today. It goes on to discuss how Chinese minority education, as part of a modernizing and homogenizing process, has unintentionally caused members of the Naxi minority in Yunnan to strengthen their ethnic consciousness while enabling them to utilize this to their own potential political and economic advantage. Without running counter to the government’s ideology of ·national unity’, the Naxi in Lijiang have started to make use of their high level of education by providing alternative and supplementary education in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County.
France
Authors: Blotnicki Laurence , Heckly Christophe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French tax system remains very different from those of other developed countries. The top marginal income tax rate is among the highest in developed countries, but the average rate of this tax is one of the lowest. This paradox is one example of the uniqueness of the French tax system. While the proportion of French total tax receipts to GDP is appreciably above the average OECD ratio (44 percent for France against an average level of 39 percent for OECD countries in 1991), it is above all reliance on revenue sources that is so different in France (see Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for details).
Germany
Authors: Leibfritz Willi , Büttner, Wolfgang , Essen Ulrich Van 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic structure of the present German tax system emerged at the end of the First World War. Taxes on income and net wealth, which before this time had been the principal sources of revenue for the States (Lander), came under federal control in 1920. Since then, legislation in the field of taxation has been primarily a federal matter, although the states have continued to play an important role in the administration of the tax system.
Spain
Authors: Lasheras Miguel A , Menendez Isabel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the end of the 1970s, Spain’s tax system was based on indirect taxation, with a cumulative and cascade sales tax, and a set of direct taxes that represented a poorly generalized tax system with few formal obligations that applied to few taxpayers. Individual taxation played a complementary role and consisted of source-based taxes (minimum taxes paid against a general income tax). Almost all the revenue collected from the income tax was in the form of withholding taxes, and the tax administration was simple. However, by the end of the 1970s, the tax system was unable to provide sufficient funds to meet the increasing demand for public services, and it was widely criticized, not only for its failure to produce sufficient revenue, but also for the lack of equity in the distribution of the tax burden among the population.’
Anatomy of a Temporary Trade Shock: The Kenyan Coffee Boom of 1976-79
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Kenyan coffee boom of 1976-79 was an archetypal temporary external shock. First, it was substantial: at its peak in 1977 the barter terms of trade improved overall by 54% on their pre-boom level. Second, although the price change could not reasonably have been foreseen, it was recognisably temporary. Its main cause was a frost in Brazil which damaged but did not destroy the tree stock. Although the precise duration of the boom was uncertain, the fact that it was not a permanent event was not in dispute. A central theme of this chapter is the extent to which assets were used to convert a large temporary shock into a small permanent shock.
Malawi’s Positive 1977-79 Trade Shock
Authors: Harrigan Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Malawi’s brief, temporary (1977-79) positive trade shock provides an interesting case study of an African trade shock since it illustrates how the public sector response is crucial in determining the outcome of the shock even in an economy which was not excessively interventionist and where the shock occurred in the private sector. Although the windfall income initially accrued to the private sector it was rapidly transferred to the public sector via discretionary and automatic government revenue in creases. The public sector therefore played the lead role in fuelling the construction boom which resulted from the trade shock. The evidence suggests that the public sector carried out its role as custodian of the trade shock windfall poorly.
The Groundnut and Phosphates Boom in Senegal, 1974-77
Authors: Azam Jean-Paul , Chambas Gerard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a small country, both in terms of area (less than 200,000km2) and in terms of population (fewer than 7.1 million inhabitants in 1988). It has extensive access to the Atlantic Ocean, thanks in particular to the remark able port of Dakar, the capital city. The Gambia makes an English speaking enclave inside the Senegalese territory and to some extent separates the region of Casamance from the rest of the country.
The Zambian Copper Boom and Crash, 1964-80
Authors: Aron Janine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Zambia lies at one extreme of the group of less developed countries classified as highly mineral dependent, that is, where the mineral sector contributes more than 10% of GDP, or in excess of 40% of total export earnings (Nankani1979). At independence from Great Britain in 1964, copper supplied 90% of Zambia’s foreign exchange, over 60% of its tax revenues and 20% of the formal sector employment and contributed al most half of the GDP.1 Outside the copper sector, the economy was poorly developed. Yet, despite abundant rhetoric in favour of economic diversification, mineral dependence persisted throughout the 1970s and 1980s.2 The extent of Zambia’s mineral dependence following independence is illustrated in Table 8.1. Copper export values in constant US dollars fluctuated substantially during the boom years of 1964-74 and fell by 40% from a boom average of US$620 million, to an average of US$350 million, during 1975-80. Although the mining sector’s share in GDP declined from over 50% in the boom years to 35% in 1975-80, it remained a significant proportion. With the first negative copper price shocks of the early 1970s, the mineral revenue contribution to total revenue fell sharply and all but disappeared after the major copper shock in 1974.
The Uranium Boom in Niger, 1975-82
Authors: Azam Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Niger is by any standards one of the poorest countries in the world, with per capita GNP in 1988 estimated to be US$310 (World Bank 1990). More over, its stock of human capital seems especially low, with life expectancy at birth estimated at 44.5 years in 1987, compared to an average of 54 years for low-income countries (China and India excluded), and the primary school enrolment ratio in 1986 at 29%, compared to 76% (World Bank 1990). As a result, the country was ranked last in the world according to the 1990 UNDP human development index (UNDP 1990).
The Nature and Scope of the Survey Data
Authors: Chai Joseph C H , Fan Gang , Kueh Y Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The possibility of co-operative research on this project was first discussed in 1987 between Professor Y. Y. Kueh and Professor Dong Fureng (then Director of the Institute of Economics (IOE) at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)). Both agreed that a joint research team should be established in 1988. The Chinese team included five Research Fellows, all affiliated to the IOE’s Macroeconomics Research Office; the Hong Kong team initially comprised four economists from the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, possessing specialized expertise on China. The first step, undertaken by Joseph C. H. Chai, was the formulation of a full set of survey questionnaires. Meanwhile, in Beijing, once the research proposal had received the approval of CASS as part of a key project on Chinese economic reform under the Seventh Five-Year-Plan (1986-1990), work also got under way.