bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrable functions on ℝk
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Areas are to integrals of functions of one variable as volumes are to integrals of functions of two variables. A first course in multi-variable calculus oriented towards applied mathematics customarily treats ‘double’ and ‘triple’ integrals at the same level of mathematical sophistication as does a first course in I-variable calculus. In developing the I-variable Lebesgue theory, we provided LC as a stepping stone to L, which we shall here call L(ℝ). A similar stepping stone is of little assistance in higher dimensions. However we have set up our theory of L(ℝ) in such a way that it extends to higher dimensions with only notational changes.
Basic applications of parallel matching
Authors: Karpinski Marek , Rytter Wojciech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present some natural applications of parallel algorithms for maximum matchings. We show that due to RNC-algorithms for maximum matchings there exist RNC-algorithms for the following problems: maximum disjoint paths, optimal flows in some networks, DFS-tree construction and subtree isomorphism. If there is an NC-algorithm for maximum matchings then there are NC-algorithms for each of the above problems. Hence the maximum matching problem is the main representative of an important class of combinatorial problems NC-reducible to it. Two unrooted undirected trees T’, T” are isomorphic (we write T’ = T”) iff they have the same shape, that is iff they are isomorphic in the sense of undirected unlabeled graphs. There are linear time sequential algorithms and optimal NC¬ algorithms to test tree isomorphism. However, the problem of subtree isomorphism is much more complex. The subtree isomorphism problem can be defined as follows: there are two trees Tl, T2, test if there is a subtree T of T2 such that Tl= T2. The main result of this section is an RNC-algorithm for the subtree isomorphism problem. We also show that this problem is in NC if and only if the perfect matching problem for bipartite graphs is in NC. It is usually much easier to deal with rooted directed trees: two such trees T’, T” are isomorphic iff there is a bijection between their sets of nodes such that the roots correspond to each other, and the bijection preserves the relation “to be a father of” .
More applications
Authors: Karpinski Marek , Rytter Wojciech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now sketch more applications of parallel algorithms for matching problems. We show that owing to the existence of RNC-algorithms for maximum matchings there exist RNC-algorithms for the following problems: bandwidth approximation, superstring approximation, cycle cover, approximate Metric TSP, unary Chinese postman problem, two-processor scheduling and the approximate Steiner tree problem. Consider the following problem. A postman is supposed to deliver the mail with in his part of the city. He starts at a post office and has to walk along each street at least once. Finally he has to return to the post office. We model the street graph as an undirected graph. For simplicity assume that each street has the same length (the unary version). Assume the graph is connected. We want to find the postman’s route which minimizes the length of the route. Observe that some streets have to be traversed more than once, unless the graph is Eulerian. We call this problem the unary postman problem.
Airflow Over Wavy Surfaces: Anomalies, A Conjecture and Some Results
Authors: Weng Wensong , Xu Dapeng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there have been significant advances in our understanding of the mechanism by which water waves are generated by wind there remain quantitative differences between model predictions and observations of the rate at which energy is transferred from the wind to waves. Wind tunnel studies and theoretical investigations of the airflow over fixed waves have revealed that turbulent boundary-layer flow over two dimensional waves can develop stable secondary flows in the form of pairs of counterrotating longitudinal vortices. It is conjectured, though not demonstrated, that the same mechanism may be active in airflow over water waves and could enhance the rate of energy transfer to the waves. Some numerical model results of the development of vortex pairs in the flow over fixed waves are presented.
Drift Current under the Action of Wind and Waves
Authors: Spaulding Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate estimates of sea surface drift currents are critical to forecast ing oil spill transport and fate and the movement of objects lost at sea. The majority of existing models employ a drift factor and deflection angle, based on the local wind speed and direction, to estimate the wind induced sea surface drift vector. The effects of wind induced shear and wave induced transport are lumped together in this formulation. In the present study the conservation of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme to predict the vertical distribution of currents, turbulent kinetic energy, and vertical eddy viscosity at one point. The model includes coupling between the wave and shear induced currents. Inputs of momentum and energy from the atmosphere to the current and turbulent energy fields are parameterized through free surface boundary conditions. The numerical model has been extensively tested against analytic solutions for wind forced shear flow and prior work on wave current interaction with very good results. The model was applied to predict the steady state surface drift currents for varying wind speeds in deep water.
Turbulence Structure and Mass Transfer at a Wind-Driven Air-Water Interface
Authors: Komori Satoru , Shimada Takashi , Misumi Ryuta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The CO2 transfer velocity across the air-sea interface was estimated through laboratory experiments in both a wind-wave tank and an oscillating grid tank. The results show that the CO2 transfer velocity is not affected by contaminants characteristic of natural sea water, but the CO2 transfer velocity of sea water is damped to 50% of the transfer velocity of fresh water for non-breaking air-water interfaces. The damping is caused by the reduction of apparent molecular diffusivity at the interface due to tiny surface-active impurities.
Turbulence Modelling Near Interfaces: The Case for TCL Closures
Authors: Launder Brian E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of predicting turbulent stresses and fluxes in the vicinity of an abrupt interface is considered, a class of flow phenomena that arises widely in stratified flows both in engineering and the environment. Second moment closures have in the past been applied to fairly simple problems of this type with “wall-reflection” terms being used to mimic the non viscous damping of turbulent transport that arises at the interface. It is argued, however, that a more generally valid approach needs to build on a modelling strategy that fully respects the two-component limit (TCL) to which turbulence must reduce at these interfaces. A summary of the closure developed by Craft et al. [5] and a number of applications of the model to flows involving interfaces is shown.
Functions of Bounded Variation
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is entirely devoted to functions of bounded variation and sets of finite perimeter. We have collected several results scattered in the literature, from classical ones up to recent developments, trying to give a self-contained and unified treatment of this topic. In particular, no prior knowledge of Sobolev spaces and weak derivatives is assumed, besides the basic terminology introduced in Section 2.2. Many proofs are obtained by blow-up arguments, and for this reason we use as much as possible the measure theoretic tools introduced in Chapter 2. We also deal from the beginning with realand vector-valued BV functions at the same time, because in some cases the vector case (see for instance Theorem 3.9) cannot be obtained from the scalar case arguing component by component; as a consequence we develop the whole theory without using the classical identification between real-valued BV functions and subgraphs of finite perimeter. Although this identification leads to a geometric understanding of the fine properties of BV functions and is of great importance in some applications (see for instance [11], [106], [237]), we omit it because this aspect of the theory is already well developed in other treatises, such as [152], [208] and [173].
Special Functions of Bounded Variation
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The knowledge of the fine properties of functions of bounded variation and sets of finite perimeter presented in the previous chapter allows us to introduce and study the subspace SB V of special BV functions. These functions (defined as those BV functions whose Cantor part of derivative vanishes) have been singled out by E.
Loss of poly convexity by homogenization
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the structure of the ‘homogenized integrands ‘. It is clear that convexity is preserved by the passage to the ┌-limit, and hence also after homogenization, while the homogenized energy density is always quasiconvex. We will also show here that polyconvexity properties, in contrast, are not maintained by homogenization.
The functions of bHLH proteins
Authors: Littlewood Trevor D , Evan Gerard I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most known bHLH proteins are transcriptional regulators. That is, they are proteins that are able to alter the genetic programme of cells by repressing or activating specific genes, often genes involved in control of growth and differentiation. Not surprisingly, therefore, inappropriate expression of genes encoding both bHLH and bHLHZ proteins is frequently, associated with tumorigenesis and/or developmental dysfunctions. bHLH proteins can be divided into two broad functional groups by their patterns of expression. In the first group, expression is restricted to cells of a particular lineage. These are sometimes referred to as ‘class B’ bHLH proteins and examples are the myogenic factors MyoD, MyfS, MRF4 and myogenin. The second group (‘class A’ bHLH prqteins) are expressed fairly ubiquitously. These proteins, for example the E12 transcription factor, typically form heterodimers with the lineage-specific bHLH proteins. A similar classification holds for the bHLHZ proteins. One group comprises members whose expression is either tissue-specific (e.g. the restricted expression of N-Myc [524, 732, 733]) or else correlated with a specific cellular state, for example c-Myc in proliferation, apoptosis and, in some cell types, the potential to differentiate (reviewed in [3, 25, 31, 39, 47, 49]). In order to function, members of this first group must dimerize with members of the second group of bHLHZ proteins which are ubiquitously expressed (e.g. the obligate interaction between the Myc proteins and the ubiquitous bHLHZ protein Max (reviewed in [3])). The functions of both classes of bHLH and bHLHZ proteins are reviewed in this section.
Introduction
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine proteinases are proteolytic enzymes that in their mature form are localized 1n lysosomes and the catalytic activity of which 1s based on a cysteine residue in the active site. They are synthesized as preproenzymes with molecular masses of 37 000-55 000 Da, and are processed to the mature, catalytically active enzymes with molecular masses of 23 000-30 000 Da.
Lysosomal cysteine proteinases catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide, amide, ester and thiol ester bonds. The mechanism of this hydrolysis is discussed in several reviews, e.g. [269]. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is dependent on pH values below 7 and the presence of reducing compounds.
The main in vivo function of the cysteine proteinases in lysosomes is the degradation of proteins that have been taken up by the cell or originate from other compartments of the same cell.
Cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1971, Bohley and co-workers [1248] and, in 1972, Kirschke et al. [340] described a new enzyme from rat liver lysosomes which degraded proteins but not synthetic substrates. In 1974 the enzyme was named cathepsin L (in which 'L' stands for lysosomes) by the same authors [343, 1284]. ln 1976 and 1977 cathepsin L was characterized in detail by Kirschke and colleagues [169, 341]. At about the same time, Towatari and co-workers [285, 401] isolated a new cathepsin from rat liver lysosomes which also proved to be cathepsin L. The first indication that this enzyme might be involved in the process of malignant tumour growth came from work in 1978 on the precursor of cathepsin L called major excreted protein (l\1EP) by Gottesman [630]. The name cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.15) was recommended by the nomenclature committee of IUB in 1978.
Other lysosomal cysteine proteinases
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some lysosomal cysteine proteinases that differ in their physical and catalytic properties from cathepsins B, H, L, K, Sand DPP I have been described. These enzymes have been named cathepsins T, N, 0 and fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase-converting enzyme. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that cathepsin J [353] is identical to DPP I [368]. Cathepsin M [251,252,379,541] seems to be identical to cathepsin B by their similarity in size, carbohydrate and amino acid composition, pattern of peptides formed on digestion by trypsin [321] and catalytic properties [122]. The primary structures of cathepsin T and cathepsin N are not known yet. The enzyme from rat liver and kidney has a molecular mass of about 35 000 Da, and has the unique property among the lysosomal cysteine proteinases of converting the 52.5 kDa form of tyrosine aminotransferase to the 48 kDa form [49, 137, 138, 145, 327, 792].
Reaction with inhibitors
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cysteine proteinases contain a highly reactive cysteine residue in their active centre. They react readily with many thiol-blocking reagents, such as Hg2+ derivates, disulfides, heavy metal ions, iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide.
To achieve a more selective reaction with the enzymes rather than with SH-containing compounds generally, several peptidyl derivatives can be used. Compounds of this type can show selectivity amongst the cysteine proteinases. As will be shown in this section, nearly all of the synthesized cysteine proteinase inhibitors react (in some cases very weakly) with serine proteinases, with the exception of the epoxysuccinyl peptides. Selectivity amongst the individual cysteine proteinases has been obtained by variation of the peptidyl portion of the inhibitors, and in some cases (peptidyl-O-acyl hydroxamates and peptidyl-(acyloxy)methanes) also by modification of the leaving group.
Late response genes
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similarly to *immediate early genes, late response genes (or simply ‘late genes’) is a term born in virology (Honess and Roizman 1974; Weinheimer and McKnight 1987). In mammalian cells, the expression of immediate early genes is detectable within minutes of stimulation, followed by the expression of delayed early genes, and finally, starting a few hours after stimulation, late response genes (Nathans et al. 1988; Lanahan et al. 1992). The latter encode a variety of proteins, including transcription factors,1 enzymes that produce other cellular products (biosynthetic enzymes), enzymes that degrade other proteins (proteases), and cytoskeletal elements.
Limbic system
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For example, the *hippocampus is a classical limbic structure, but is involved in functions that are characterized by more ‘neocortical-ness’ than ‘limbic-ness’; so are ‘limbic’ cortici (e.g. Suzuki et al. 1993).After so many viable years it is unlikely that the limbic system notion will suddenly disappear. It will probably give way to more sophisticated classifications of brain structure and function. But in that respect it does not differ from some other concepts of brain organization and function, that may reflect an artificial entity rather than a natural one (e.g. Kirkpatrick 1996).
Long-term potentiation
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of memory research, interest in activity dependent lasting synaptic *plasticity is a natural sequel to the tenet that learning involves synaptic modifications. Over the years, cellular physiologists have identified a number of stimulation protocols that unveil synaptic plasticity (Johnston and Wu 1995). For example, in many types of synapses, when a pair of stimuli are delivered sequentially within a fraction of a second, the response to the second stimulus is larger than that to the first (del Castillo and Katz 1954). This is ‘paired-pulse facilitation’ (PPF).
Map
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mappa is a cloth or napkin in Latin; yet the first maps were probably drawn not on cloth but rather on clay, by the Babylonians. In the neurosciences, the term is occasionally used in its everyday connotation (definition 2), to denote functional architecture and spatiotemporal activity patterns in discrete brain areas (e.g. in *functional neuroimaging), without necessarily making assumptions about the code and the fine properties of the map. This usage needs no further elaboration. But ‘map’ is also used more specifically in two different contexts or *levels of analysis. One refers to the mode of representation of sensorimotor space in neuronal space (definitions 3 and 4), the other to cognitive representation of the world (definition 5).
Mnemonics
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr Memory, Hitchcock’s master of facts, earned his living by performing feats of trivia pursuit in night clubs, while in parallel trusting to memory information for the sake of the notorious spy organization ‘39 Steps’ (Hitchcock 1935). Most mnemonists, both in fiction and in real life, are engaged in much more innocent activities. In modern times mnemonists are either regarded as curiosities or at most as interesting *subjects for research. But only a few centuries ago, mnemonists were still masters of an important and respectable art.
Ockham’s razor
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term had originated from Greek palimpsestos, ‘scraped again’ (palin, again, psestos, scraped). It seems to have occurred first in the writings of the Roman poet Catullus (Hammond and Scullard 1970). When vellum was scarce, especially in the early middle ages, early manuscripts were erased and the writing material used again. As the removal of the original writing was seldom complete, valuable religious and classical texts have been recovered from such palimpsests (Lewis and Gibson 1900; Cuddon 1979; Shailor 1988).
Performance
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In behaving animals, the process or the outcome of learning are measured by monitoring changes in performance. But learning and performance are not equivalent. Learned information may remain latent until the appropriate conditions emerge for its expression as a change in performance (‘latent learning’; Tolman 1932). Earlier in the twentieth century, orthodox *behaviourists attempted to shy away from this common knowledge. They claimed that only overt behavioural acts (definition 3) are legitimate psychological data, whereas inferred implicit changes in the potential to behave are not.
Phase
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phases (phasis, Greek for ‘appearance’) are distinct states in time and space. *Acquisition, *consolidation, retention, *retrieval, and *forgetting are all phases of memory. Some authors use the term ‘stage’ instead of phase to refer to these different periods of memory. ‘Phase’, however, is more suitable, because in addition to denoting a distinct state (definition 1), including in development (definition 2), it also connotes the recurrence of states (definition 3). This is important, because memory phases could recur.
Plasticity
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasticity is probably the most widely used term in modern neurobiology, clearly not to be recommended as an effective keyword in literature searches in this field. In its rudimentary form, the notion of plasticity as a vehicle for memory appears already in pre-scientific times: Socrates depicted memory as an impression on wax tablet, too hard in slow learners and over oft in the forgetful ones (Plato, Theaetetus). It is likely that this and similar *metaphors were used much earlier.
Protein synthesis
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic code is decoded in all living cells in two major *phases. First it is transcribed from the DNA into a specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This process is termed ‘transcription’. The code is then read from the mRNA molecule to produce the copy of the corresponding protein. This process, which takes place in a complex cellular factory called ribosome, is termed ‘translation’. In practice, a group of ribosomes (‘polyribosome’) performs the task on each mRNA. There are many complex steps in protein synthesis (Alberts et al. 1994), but most of the details need not concern us here.
Real-life memory
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may come as a surprise to postdocs running mice in water *mazes, poking molluscan neurons in a dish, or flashing computerized test icons in front of bored students—but memory does have a life outside the laboratory. It is this potential detachment from reality, particularly in dealing with human memory, that has prompted Neisser (1978) to deliver in the first International Conference on Practical Aspects of Memory a signal presentation, entitled ‘Memory: what are the important questions?’. Neisser claimed, more or less, that the bulk of experimental research on human memory, since its first days some one hundred years earlier (Ebbinghaus 1885), meant very little as much as memory in real life is concerned.
Introduction
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a simple matter to trace the roots of this field. Although it had long been recognized that con nective tissue collagen was rapidly broken down in many physiological situations, such as bone remodelling, postpartum involution of the uterus and embrvogenesis, and in pathological process, such as decubitus ulcer, cancer and arthritis [1431, there was no evidence identifying the degradative factor(s) involved. Then in 1962, Gross and Lapiere [672] demonstrated that skin from the resorbing tail of the metamorphosing frog, when cultured on collagen gels, released an enzyme that could attack the triple-helix of collagen. This was a true collagenase that could digest collagen at neutral pH and 27 °C (well below the denaturation temperature of collagen). The same report also showed a similar activity produced by cultures of embryo skin, postpartum uterus and bone. In ret rospect, these last three activities were probably due to MMP-13.