bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scrutiny
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A considerable amount of light is shed on the Criterion’s place within the field of inter-war literary journalism by considering its relations with Scrutiny. Eliot’s poetry and critical theories were nowhere more influential than in an undergraduate Cambridge dominated by the followers of I. A. Richards and F. R. Leavis. In particular, Leavis’s generalizations of the implications of Eliot’s early critical pronouncements shaped many of the crusades and battles fought by Scrutiny during its formative years. Looking back at Leavis’s self-congratulatory ‘Retrospect’ for the 1963 Cambridge University Press reprint of Scrutiny, however, it is remarkable to note just how far he had come to repudiate the social and cultural values promulgated by the Criterion.
Defence of the West
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovering from the effects of nervous exhaustion in Switzerland in December 1921, Eliot, who read German fluently, purchased a copy of Hermann Hesse’s Blick ins Chaos (1921). The notes appended to the 1922 Boni & Liveright edition of The Waste Land included a citation from this book:
Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken in heiligem Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri Karamasoff sang. Über diese Lieder lacht der Bürger beleidigt, der Heilige und Seher hört sie mit Tränen.
Introduction
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of philosophy, both contemporary and importantly historical, does not, alas, live up to this expectation. Earlier and contemporary philosophers worry, to be sure, about truth, knowledge, the just society, and morally right action, as well as the nature of science, beauty, death, law, goodness, rationality, and consciousness. From reflections on these worries one might even extract a “philosophy of life”, though it would hardly be obvious, on an initial reading of Aristotle, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Hegel, or Husserl that this is what they were after.
Theodicy and Pseudo-History in the Timaeus
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pessimism about the human condition presents a challenge to any form of theism that insists on the goodness and benevolence of god or the gods. Although Plato never sits us down to discuss this and just this question (a type of approach which in any case seems usually not to be his in the dialogues from the Republic onwards), I am supposing that he, as a pessimist, an enlightened theist, and a seeker after truth and coherence, saw and accepted the challenge, and framed an answer. For his pessimism we can look chiefly to the Republic, whereas theodicy, if it is to be found anywhere, is surely in the Timaeus.
Self-Reference, Textuality, and the Status of the Political Project in Plato’s Laws
Authors: Adomenas Mantas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that the Laws is unique among Plato’s dialogues is hardly a radical statement, since one could say the same about two-thirds of Plato’s oeuvre (c.1,200 out of 1,800 Stephanus pages). Nevertheless, certain features in the literary form of the last dialogue, analysed in their relationship to the political project it proposes, are increasingly felt to be highly innovative, and affect our perception of the whole work. ‘From this point of view,’ according to Andre Laks, ‘the Laws is not only without precedent but also without any later equivalent in the history of political thought’.
Fate and Free Will in Stoicism: A Discussion of Susanne Bobzien, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy’
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress in the study of ancient philosophy, as in most scholarly disciplines, is an incremental matter of slow advances. It is a reviewer’s job to record any forward motion, warn readers away from dead ends and diversions, and celebrate the occasional leaps ahead, when a rare contribution puts us ten years further down the road. Susanne Bobzien’s new book, by contrast, sets us back-about two thousand years. Not since the days when Crinis cribbed Chrysippus have we had this clear an account of the Stoic system or this detailed a presentation of the interconnections between their views on logic, modality, causality, determinism, and moral responsibility-and those earlier compendia are now rather difficult to purchase.
Silence
Authors: Brook Clodagh J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Montale writes ‘la pii1 veraragione e di chi take’ (“So Igor in cui’), he places silence in a position of central importance in a world where words often no longer express truth. His turning towards silence, as proposed in this poem, is an act of revolt against an impoverished linguistic medium. However, silence is not simply the absence or suspension of speech, a turning away from expression, but is a multifaceted phenomenon with expressive power in its own right, and as such may have many diverse connotations, interpretations, and uses, both positive and negative.
Philosophy of Biology
Authors: Brandon Robert , Rosenberg Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problems in the philosophy of biology go back to Spinoza, if not to Aristotle. They proliferate after Darwin and become pressing in the late twentieth-century revolution in biology. And these problems are as much those of biologists as philosophers, intersecting as they do both subjects equally. We trace most of these problems back to the nature of adaptation and fitness, and forward in their ramifications for molecular and evolutionary biology and the relations among them. We apply solutions to these problems to illuminate the structure and explanatory strategy of the theory of natural selection, and the controversial conceptual issues about units and levels of biological organization in which it has figured. The philosophy of biology has been a subject of excitement and ferment for more than a generation. We anticipate no relief from this state of affairs.
Geometry and Motion
Authors: Belot Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will discuss only one of the several entwined strands of the philosophy of space and time, the question of the relation between the nature of motion and the geometrical structure of the world.1 This topic has many of the virtues of the best philosophy of science. It is of long-standing philosophical interest and has a rich history of connections to problems of physics. It has loomed large in discussions of space and time among contemporary philosophers of science. Furthermore, there is, I think, widespread agreement that recent insights here have lead to a genuine deepening of our understanding.
Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Huggett Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention has been directed to the philosophical implications of quantum field theory (QFT) in recent years; this paper attempts a survey in low-technical terms. First the relations of QFT to other kinds of theory, classical and quantum, particle and field, are discussed. Then various formulations of QFT are introduced, along with related interpretations. Finally a review is made of some of the most interesting foundational problems.
For our discussion of the foundations of quantum field theory (QFT) it will be useful to have a map showing where QFT stands in relation to other physical theories. Figure 1 locates theories as points of a three-dimensional lattice: describing particles or fields, formulated in different spacetimes and either classical or quantum. Consider the classical plane of Figure
Great Apes and the Human Resistance to Equality
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions about the nature and limits of the community of equals are controversial in both theory and practice. As I write these words, a bloody war between Serbs and Croats is continuing in the former Yugoslavia. Many fear that this is a preview of what may happen in what was once the Soviet Union. Tensions between Czechs and Slovaks are running high, and “the troubles” continue in the northern part of Ireland. Here in New York, where I am writing this essay, relations between Hasidic Jews and African-Americans in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn have deteriorated to the point where a cycle of reprisal killings may have begun. Relations between blacks and Koreans are generally very bad, and all over America there are incidents of white racism against blacks and Asians.
Wild/Captive and Other Suspect Dualisms
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dualisms have had a hard time in recent years. Philosophers used to think that facts and values were distinct, and that philosophy and science were radically different enterprises. While scientists employed empirical methods to discover the way the world happens to be, the job of philosophers was to use conceptual analysis to reveal how the world necessarily is. In the wake of the revolution unleashed by Quine in the early 1950s, philosophers either had to learn some science, find another job, or fight an irredentist action on behalf of conceptual analysis that is mainly of interest only to a few other philosophers.
Ecosystem Health: Some Preventive Medicine
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the language of health and disease has often been employed in discussions of environmental quality. Many people in everyday life find it natural to speak of environments as healthy or diseased. A Southern California mesa, formerly populated by interesting and subtle forms of life, now bulldozed and covered with tract houses and shopping malls, can strike one as the environmental equivalent of a cancer-wracked body. A highly acidic lake or a beetle-infested forest can strike us in the same way.
Why Meaning (Probably) Is n’t Conceptual Role
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT ‘s an achievement of the last couple of decades that people who work in linguistic semantics and people who work in the philosophy of language have arrived at a friendly, de facto agreement as to their respective job descriptions. The terms of this agreement are that the semanticists do the work and the philosophers do the worrying. The semanticists try to construct actual theories of meaning (truth theories, or model theories, or whatever) for one or another kind of expression in one or another natural language; for example, they try to figure out how the temperature could be rising compatibly with the substitutivity of identicals. The philosophers, by contrast, keep an eye on the large, foundational issues, such as: What ‘s the relation between sense and denotation; what ‘s the relation between thought and language; whether translation is determinate; and whether life is like a fountain. Every now and then the philosophers and the semanticists are supposed to get together and compare notes on their respective progress. Or lack thereof. Accordingly, this paper is about not semantics but the philosophy of language. Some of us have been poking around in the basement of meaning theory, and we seem to have discovered a large, nasty crack; as far as we can tell, one of the foundation stones is coming unstuck. We thought we ‘d better tell you about it before the thing gets worse.
On Strawson ‘s Rehabilitation of Metaphysics
Authors: Hacker P M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There appears to be a rhythm in the history of philosophy. Periods of great metaphysical system building are followed by brief periods of anti-metaphysical reaction. The great constructive systems of seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century metaphysics were followed by Hume ‘s damnation and Kant ‘s drastic restriction of metaphysics (even though we rightly deem both to have elaborated metaphysical systems). The early nineteenth century saw the revival of grand systematic metaphysics among the post Kantian German Idealists, only to be followed by the destructive reaction of nineteenth-century positivism. But this too was a passing phase, followed by such metaphysical system-builders as Bergson, Bradley, McTaggart, Alexander, and Heidegger. And this again bred a reaction in the inter-war years.
In Defence of Explanatory Ecumenism
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the things that we try to explain, in both our common sense and our scientific engagement with the world, are capable of being explained more or less finely: that is, with greater or lesser attention to the detail of the producing mechanism. A natural assumption, pervasive if not always explicit, is that other things being equal, the more fine00ADgrained an explanation, the better. Thus, Jon Elster, who also thinks there are instrumental reasons for wanting a more fine00ADgrained explanation, assumes that in any case the mere fact of getting nearer the detail of production makes such an explanation intrinsically superior: ‘a more detailed explanation is also an end in itself’ (Elster 1985: 5). Michael Taylor (1988: 96) agrees: ‘A good explanation should be, amongst other things, as fine00ADgrained as possible.’’
Parfit’s P
Authors: Pettit Philip , Smith Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Reasons and Persons, Derek Parfit describes two theories of rationality, the Self00ADinterest Theory, S, and the Present-aim Theory, P. ‘S and P are simply related: they are both theories about rationality’ (p. 129). Parfit thinks that S represents an overwhelming orthodoxy. ‘The Self-interest Theory has been believed by most people for more than two millennia’ (p. 194). P is not a single theory, but rather a class of theories, and Parfit thinks that one of those versions of P which he describes as critical-CP-is the best theory. He rejects some versions of CP, but leaves a number of candidates in the field. ‘We should reject the Self-interest Theory about rationality, and accept the Critical Present-aim Theory’ (p. 450).
A Rebuttal on Functions
Authors: Boorse Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay has a narrow aim: to answer all major criticisms, except two, of a kind of analysis of function statements previously offered by several writers. Let me call it a general goal-contribution (GGC) analysis, since it defines functions generally as causal contributions to goals. This analysis seeks to cover a wide range of functions, including ordinary ones in artifacts, biological ones in living organisms, and perhaps others as well, as in social science.
Functional Organization, Analogy, and Inference
Authors: Wimsatt William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds upon my earlier selectionist analysis (Wimsatt 1972) to characterize functional organization, to examine judgments of functional analogy, and to give conditions for evaluating functional inference. The problem of teleology was not invented for philosophers’ amusement, so a good analysis should give some methodological guidance in the construction and evaluation of descriptions of functional organization that could be useful for practitioners. I thus analyze and then move beyond ‘ideal’ functional hierarchies to consider the kinds of pragmatic compromises necessary in the field, and to bring our analyses closer to our practice.
The Rational Analysis of Human Cognition*
Authors: Chater Nick , ford Mike Oaks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rationality appears basic to the understanding of mind and behaviour. In practical decisions, such as whether a person is morally responsible for his or her actions, to whether a person can be hospitalized without consent, it seems crucial to be able to draw a boundary between sanity and madness, between rationality and irrationality. In economics, and increasingly, other areas of social science, human behaviour is explained as the outcome of ‘rational choice’, concerning which products to buy, whom to marry, or how many children to have (Becker 1975, 1981; Elster 1986). But rationality assumptions go deeper still—they are embodied in the folk psychological style of explanation in which we describe each other’s minds and behaviour (Fodor 1987; Stich 1983).
Language Contact In Amazonia
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book considers how forms and meanings of different languages at different times may resemble one another and what the explanation is for this. The author aims (a) to explain and identify the relationship between areal diffusion and the genetic development of languages, and (b) to discover the means of distinguishing what may cause one language to share the characteristics of another. This is done using the example of Arawak and Tucanoan languages spoken in the large area of the Vaupés river basin in northwest Amazonia, which spans Colombia and Brazil. In this region language is seen as a badge of identity: language mixing, interaction, and influence are resisted for ideological reasons. Professor Aikhenvald considers which grammatical categories are most and which are least likely to be borrowed in a situation of prolonged language contact where lexical borrowing is reduced to a minimum. She provides a genetic analysis of the languages of the region and considers their historical relationships with languages of the same family outside it. She also examines changes brought about by recent contact with European languages and culture, and the linguistic and cultural effects of being part of a group that is aware its language and identity are threatened. The book is presented in relatively nontechnical language and will interest linguists and anthropologists.
Aspect and Verbs of Movement in the History of Greek: Why Pericles Could ‘Walk into Town’ but Karamanlis Could Not
Authors: Horrocks Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phrase in (1) means ‘having wandered (in)to many cities’, with a clear ‘goal’ reading for the prepositional phrase (PP): But the Modern Greek sentence in (2), even though σε+ accusative may in principle have both locative and allative readings:
The Unity Of Opposites In Plato’S Symposium
Authors: Wardy Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing in Plato is easy, but the Symposium poses a special puzzle. Other dialogues might confront us with arguments which are fiercely difficult to understand, or challenge us with material which is not argumentative, and obscurely related to what we do without hesitation recognize as argument. The distinctive problem of the Symposium is: where are the arguments?’ Of course there are other dialogues which hardly teem with dialectic: and having set such curiosities as the Menexenus aside, one might protest that the argumentative density of the Phaedrus, say, is not so very different from the composition of the Symposium. Yet there is still a difference. If philosophers are wont to remark the rarity of argumentation in this work, no reader alive above the neck-or maybe below the waist-can fail to be gripped by the spectacular richness of ideas it contains. And this bewildering profusion of remarkable notions is distributed between an unparalleled number of Platonic speakers, each of whom works in a different way with and against the conventions of the encomium, and with and against one another.
Not-Being And Difference: On Plato’S Sophi St 256 D 5-258 E 3
Authors: Van Eck Job 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s analysis of falsity at Sophist 263 is given in terms ofnotbeing and difference. ‘Theaetetus flies’ is false because what is different is stated as the same, and what is not as what is, 0aTEpa ws TU avTa Kat µ OVTa W&lt;; OVTa (263 D 1-2), things that are different from what is the case concerning him (viz. flying) are described as the same (as what is the case about him). That there are indeed manyµ ovrn, ‘not-beings’ in the sense of things different from the things that are, the Eleatic Stranger (ES) and Theaetetus remarked some lines above, ‘for we said there are many things that are with regard to each thing and many things that are not’ (263 B 11-12), referring to 256 E 6-7, ‘so, with regard to each of the forms, being is many and not-being is indefinite in quantity’. In this way they had been disobedient to Parmenides, who had stated, ‘Never shall it force itself on us that things that are-not are [d’vai µ J6vrn].’ But they had gone even further in their disobedience: ‘but we have not merely shown that the things that are-not are, but also brought to light the form not-being happens to have’ (258 D 5-7).
Aristotle versus Descartes on the Concept of the Mental
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I think we may assume that the history of philosophy is valuable for its own sake, as an understanding of the major thinkers of the past. But I want to appeal here to a derivative use, in which the history of philosophy can contribute more directly to the contemporary discussion of philosophical issues. This can occur when the understanding of a remote and sufficiently unfamiliar perspective permits us to reflect critically on the assumptions that underlie a contemporary discussion. Something like this happened in ethics in the last generation, where reflection on ancient ethics succeeded in shedding a critical light on the standard debate between deontologists and consequentialists, with the result that a new approach was opened up under the title of virtue ethics.
Alexander of Aphrodisias on the Nature and Location of Vision
Authors: Sharples Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-called second book of the treatise On the Soul ( De anima) by Alexander of Aphrodisias is a collection of short discussions on a range of topics, more or less closely connected with psychology. Since 1887 it has commonly been known by the title Mantissa given to it by its editor Ivo Bruns, Mantissa originally being an Etruscan word meaning a make-weight, something the trader puts in to balance up the scales.1 One sequence of discussions in the Mantissa, §§9–14, consists of a series of refutations of non-Aristotelian theories of vision, followed in §15 by an exposition of Aristotelian doctrine and in §16 by a discussion of the Aristotelian account of colour.
Seneca on Freedom and Autonomy
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a pleasure to offer this short essay to Richard Sorabji. He has done path-breaking work on philosophy in the Roman imperial period, with particular emphasis on the interaction of pagan philosophy and non-pagan traditions. In particular, his enthusiastic engagement with Seneca’s philosophical achievements has been a major stimulus for a great deal of recent work. In discussing, however superficially, the relationship between Stoic and Platonic strands in Seneca’s thought and their relationship to some themes in the historian Josephus, I hope at least to suggest some areas and approaches where further exploration might be fruitful.
The Rightness of Acts and the Goodness of Lives
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prominent tendency in recent work of Joseph Raz’s has been to deny that there is any interesting philosophical problem about the authority of moral considerations to govern our lives. Philosophers who address this problem typically suppose that morality designates a domain of putatively normative considerations that hang together in some non00ADvacuous way. They then ask whether the considerations within this unified domain really do constitute reasons for action, and how they stack up compared to reasons of other kinds in respect of their normative importance. Thus it is common to contrast moral considerations with considerations of rational self00ADinterest, and to ask whether and why we should conform to the former when they conflict with the latter.