bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filiality and Woman’s Autobiographical Storytelling
Authors: Smith Sidonie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since harrict mart1ne Au wrote her autobiography in 1856, many hundreds of women have contributed the story of their lives to the cultural heritage. Writers, artists, political figures, intellectuals, businesswomen, actors, athletes all these and more have marked history in their own way, both as they lived their lives and as they wrote about them. A tradition so rich and various presents a challenge to the critic of twentiethcentury autobiography. There is much to be written about the works; indeed, studies of twentieth-century autobiography are beginning to emerge. Articles now abound. I do not want to conclude this study of women’s autobiographies without attention to a contemporary work; but I also realize that there are many choices that would have served my critical purposes. Nonetheless, for me at least, no single work captures so powerfully the relationship of gender to genre in twentieth-century autobiography as Maxine Hong Kingston’s Woman Warrior.
Chinese American Women Writers The Tradition behind Maxine Hong Kingston
Authors: Ling Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing Is An Act Of self-assertion, self-revelation, and self-preservation. One writes out of a delight in one’s storytelling powers, out of a need to reveal and explain oneself, or from the desire to record and preserve experience. However, for women brought up in the old Chinese tradition that for eighteen hundred years codified their obedience and submission to the men in their lives-father, husband, son-a tradition that stressed female chastity, modesty, and restraint; that broke girls’ toes and bound their feet as an ideal of beauty; that sold daughters into slavery in times of hardship; that encouraged and honored widow suicides-any writing at all was unusual, even an act of rebellion. Workingclass women did not have the education or leisure, and upper-class women were taught that writing was “an unwomanly occupation, destructive of one’s moral character, like acting” (Han Suyin, Destination 8; 1969).
Intelligibility and Meaningfulness in Multicultural Literature in English (Excerpts)
Authors: Dasenbrock Reed Way 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literature In English is an increasingly international, even global, phenomenon. Writers all over the world, from the Pacific, Asia, Africa, and the West Indies as well as from the traditional centers in the British Isles and the United States, use English as a medium for fiction and poetry. One consequence has been that literature in English has become increasingly cross- or multicultural, as writing about a given culture is destined-because of its language, English, and its place of publication, usually London or New York-to have readers of many other cultures. This is not simply a matter of readers in the traditional centers of the English language struggling to understand work rooted in other cultural traditions; a Kenyan reader of a Nigerian or Guyanese or Indian novel is caught up in the same multicultural dynamic as an American reader of that novel.
Susan Brownmiller Talks with Maxine Hong Kingston, Author of The Woman Warrior
Authors: Brownmiller Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Thursday night I have dinner with my Honolulu friends Diane Morisato and Susan Yim who are appropriately envious that I am getting to meet Maxine Hong Kingston before they do since, after all, it’s their city. The Woman Warrior has just been published, to rave reviews. Five thousand miles away in New York City it has been instantly celebrated with drums and smoke signals peculiar to the trade. “Who is Maxine Kingstonl” people have asked in print. Who is this unknown Chinese-American woman who has dropped a brilliant, polished gemstone in our midst?
Scholasticism in Calvin: A Question of Relation and Disjunction
Authors: Muller Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name of John Calvin and the term “scholasticism” have seldom been stated positively in the same breath. The reasons for assuming a profoundly negative relationship between Calvin and the scholastic doctors of the Middle Ages literally abound on the pages of Calvin’s Institutes, in the form of his running diatribe against the “schoolmen.” Nonetheless, Calvin’s theology—whether from the perspective of its methods or from the perspective of its contents—did not arise in a sixteenth-century vacuum. Not only did Calvin formulate his theology in distinct opposition to elements of late medieval and early sixteenth-century Roman Catholicism; he also quite subtly felt the influence of the medieval as well as the patristic past. It is worth recognizing from the outset that the Reformation altered comparatively few of the major loci of theology: the doctrines of justification, the sacraments, and the church received the greatest emphasis, while the doctrines of God, the trinity, creation, providence, predestination, and the last things were taken over by the magisterial Reformation virtually without alteration. In addition, many of the differences between the theological methods of the Reformation and those of the Middle Ages can be attributed to the development of logic and rhetoric and to their impact on the relatively stable disputatio, rather than to a vast rebellion in academic approach.
Beyond the Abyss and the Labyrinth: An Ordo recte docendi
Authors: Muller Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its appearance in 1988, William Bousma’s Portrait of Calvin has received much positive attention, and quite a few reviewers and commentators have indicated that it has marked out a new direction in Calvin studies. There have, of course, been a few doubts raised by reviewers and commentators about the method and the conclusions of the book, but, for the most part, its picture of a deeply troubled Calvin, suspended in an “age of anxiety” between the abyss and the labyrinth, has gone unquestioned. This way of portraying Calvin offers, in fact, an extended case study for Bouwsma’s earlier characterization of the Renaissance as an age of anxiety, a characterization that has broad ramifications for Calvin’s theology. In place of the orderly, disciplined, and highly systematized Calvin of so much past scholarship, Bouwsma presents a terrified Calvin, profoundly at odds with himself and incapable of producing anything like a system of theology.
The Form And Function Of Koan Literature A Historical Overview
Authors: foulk T Griffith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of koans in the history of East Asian Buddhism needs to start with a definition of the word “koan” itself, for although the word has entered into relatively common English usage, few people have a clear idea of what it refers to, and ambiguities remain even in scholarly studies. The first part of this chapter, accordingly, is dedicated to a brief history of the koan, with particular attention to the etymology of the word and the evolution of its meaning in China and Japan. The second part delineates the range of texts that I take to be “koan literature” and explains my reasons for regarding them as such. The remaining parts of the chapter are dedicated to a form-critical analysis of the complex internal structure of the koan literature and an exploration of how that literature has both mirrored and served as a model for its social and ritual functions.
Indian Literary Renaissance and the Continuing Search for Community (1968—)
Authors: Weaver Jace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The signal event in Native literature came in 1968 with the publication of House Made of Dawn by Natachee Momaday’s son, N. Scott Momaday.
After the novel won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969, it was as if floodgates had been opened, and through them poured a steady stream of books by Natives. As Paula Gunn Allen puts it, ‘‘As the last quarter of the century has unfolded, the tiny trickle of fiction begun by Native writers during the first seventy years has become a broad and stately river.” Unlike the publication boomlet of the 1930s and 1940, which quickly subsided, after Momaday’s breakthrough, ever increasing numbers of writers, poets, and critics have found their way into print. The reasons for this development are manifold and complex.
Deadly Silence: Reflections On Homosexuality And Human Rights
Authors: Anderson Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The black homosexual is hard-pressed to gain audience among his heterosexual brothers; even if he is more talented, he is inhibited by his silence or his admissions. This is what the race has depended on in being able to erase homosexuality from our recorded history. The “chosen” history. But these sacred constructions of silence are futile exercises in denial. We will not go away with our issues of sexuality. We are coming home.
Sexual Orientation And The Language Of Higher Law
Authors: Hart William D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are “we” trying to do when we use the language of “natural” or “higher” law? Why are claims about sexual orientation especially likely to be articulated in such language? These questions circumscribe my effort to make sense of natural law as a common vocabulary for both advocates and opponents of same-sex relationships. My voyage into these troubled waters is anchored by Victor Anderson’s advocacy and Cheryl Sanders’s opposition. My purpose is not to navigate a safe and neutral middle passage, but to chart my own position by clearly fixing theirs.
Sexual And Religious Pluralism
Authors: Koppelman Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contending claims in this volume may be roughly taxonomized into two competing moral visions. According to one, sex can be morally worthy precisely and only because of its place in procreation. Even the marriages of infertile heterosexual couples take their meaning from the fact that they form a union of the procreative kind, and their bodily union therefore has procreative significance. From this perspective, the movement for same-sex marriage is a misguided attempt to deny fundamental moral distinctions.
The Lengthened Shadow of One Man
Authors: Rubin Julius H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Author, theologian, publisher, visionary, charismatic leader, and founder of the Bruderhof, a utopian Christian socialist community that continues to this day, Eberhard Arnold (1883-1935) exemplified Emerson’s char acterization of an extraordinary personality. Today, more than two thou sand of his followers live in seven communities in the United States and Britain “and seem to follow his steps as a train of clients.”
World Christianity and Marxism
Authors: Janz Denis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Denis Janz argues that the encounter with Marxism has been the defining event for twentieth century Christianity. No other worldview shook Christianity more dramatically and no other movement had as profound an impact on so many. Now the Cold War is over and as we approach the end of the century we need, Janz says, to ask ourselves what happened. This book is the first unified and comprehensive attempt to analyze this historic meeting between these two antagonistic worlds of thought and action. The intellectual foundation of this antagonism is to be found in Karl Marx himself, and thus the book begins with an account of Marx’s assault on Christianity. All the diverse philosophical and political manifestations of Marxism were ultimately rooted in Marx’s thought, and supporters based their greater or lesser hostilities toward Christianity on their reading of his critique. Janz follows this with an overview of Christian responses to Marx, extending from the mid-19th century to the onset of the Cold War. He argues that within this time frame Christianity’s negation of Marx was not absolute; the loud “no” to Marx bore with it an important, if muted, “yes.” With this intellectual groundwork in place, Janz turns to an examination of the encounter as it unfolded in specific national contexts: the United States, the Soviet Union, Poland, Nicaragua, Cuba, China, and Albania. The experiences of these countries varied widely, from Poland where Christianity maintained its strongest independence, to Nicaragua where a Christian alliance with Marxism contributed to revolutionary change, to Albania where a Stalinist government attempted to abolish religion entirely. From this survey emerges the evidence that world Christianity has clearly internalized some of the prominent features of its antagonist, suggesting that the “Marxist project” is not as utterly defunct as many have assumed.
Thomas Tomkinson The White Divell Uncased
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr James Steward or Scott, for so you call your selfe, and I shall call you so too. I have lately seene a pamphlet of yours being wrote against us and acted forth from a most malesious hearte and a poysoned tounge not for any evell wee have dun you but because our prinsepals runs counter to yours, all this you pretend you catched by it and beleived it for some time but I see very well by your languidy that you never beleived it att all but Jesuiticaly came creeping in to spi out our libertye and to get knowledg of all thinges on purpose to write against us. And you begin to show your selfe in your Titlepage, beeing called Muggleton Unmasked or his Atheisticall principals discovered and under this title you have sett down two Scripture verses, as the subject of your Masterpeece and added two more to them page 5 and these 4 Scripture verses must make good prose to your Bookes title and to bee prose sufesiant for the unmasking of Muggleton and must prove him not onely a false prophet but an Athesticall one.
Catholic Religion, Irish Ethnicity, and the Civil War
Authors: Miller Randall M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1988, while looking for relics on the Antietam battlefield, a collector happened on an extraordinary discovery. Unearthing a brass hook, ammunition, and buttons at one site, he dug deeper. He found a tooth. The collector and his fellow workers reported the findings to the landowner and then to the National Park Service. Archeologists returned to the spot and eventually uncovered the bones of four Union soldiers, who had been hastily buried and forgotten on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest day of the Civil War.
Civil War, Religion, and Communications The Case of Richmond
Authors: Stout Harry S , Grasso Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was inevitable that the juggernaught of the New Social History would eventually catch up with that last bastion of political and military history, the Civil War. After a century of domination by political and military historians, professional and antiquarian, the war is at last recognized for the “total” event that it was: a social convulsion affecting civilian populations as much as armies, women and children as much as men, slaves as well as free blacks, laborers as well as soldiers. To the 50,000 books and articles already written on the Civil War, entirely new histories are appearing that tell the other stories, the stories of noncombatants at war.
The Perception of a Problem Is a Problem
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of works seldom consulted outside the academic fraternity, W. I. Thomas, the dean of American sociologists, set forth a theorem basic to the social sciences: “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences....”The first part of the theorem provides an unceasing reminder that men respond not only to the objective features of a situation, but also, and at times primarily, to the meaning this situation has for them.
A Youth Violence Epidemic Myth or Reality?
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current concerns about youth violence policy have been driven by interpretations of official statistics on youth arrests, as noted in chapter 1. Arrest statistics have been quoted as proof of substantial increases in the violence attributable to young of fenders. These statistics have then been used as evidence that a new and more vicious breed of juvenile offender is the reason for the in crease in arrests. Finally, predictions about future rates of youth violence have been based on projecting recent trends many years in the future.
Adolescents Who Kill
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The teenager accused of criminal homicide is the worst case in a system that seeks to protect young offenders and to preserve their opportunity for normal development into adult hood. Causing a death is inflicting the greatest harm that crime can cause in a developed nation, a type of loss that the economic re sources and insurance mechanisms of a rich nation cannot protect against or meaningfully compensate. If death is caused by intentional infliction of a serious injury, the youth who inflicted the injury will often have intended enough harm so that his or her moral culpability would have been great even if death had been avoided. In such cases, the combination of high levels of personal culpability and the worst case outcome puts maximum pressure on the legal system to generate extensive punishment. Dealing with homicide is an important and particularly difficult part of a comprehensive policy toward youth violence.
Substance versus Procedure
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you look at the law from a distance, you see a maze of rules. This is the maze that ensnared the accused Joseph K. in Kafka’s The Trial when he tried to determine whether he was guilty of a crime. If you look at the maze more carefully, you find that the rules break down into two general categories, rules of substance and rules of procedure. The substantive rules define the crimes that are punished in the particular state or country. If Joseph K. was guilty of a crime, that crime would have been defined in the substantive rules of the local criminal law. If those rules are secret or too complicated or too vague to understand, then the legal system inhumanely drives people to anxiety about whether they are guilty of a transgression against the rules.
Punishment versus Treatment
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All systems of criminal law represent a shared commitment to acquitting the innocent and punishing the guilty. This shared commitment confers upon them a single unifying purpose that centers on the institution of punishment. Without punishment and institutions designed to measure and carry out punishment, there is no criminal law. It is fair to say, then, that the institution of punishment provides the distinguishing features of criminal law. The problem is: What is punishment? Not every form of coercion, not every sanction, constitutes punishment. Not even coerced confinement provides an adequate signal that the criminal law has come into play. One can lock people up for many reasons-for example, quarantine for disease, commitment for mental illness. Not all seizures of the person are equivalent to the old fashioned punishment of flogging. Grabbing a person to prevent him from committing suicide is neither assault nor punishment but rather beneficial coercion.
Justice versus Legality
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the fall of the Berlin wall and the beginning of East German unification with West Germany, a politician from the East was heard to say, “We wanted justice and we got the rule of law.” The disappointment was understandable. Justice has the appeal of knowing what is right and securing it immediately. Justice offers instant gratification. The rule of law requires time, patience, and procedures of high ritual. Justice stands to the rule of law as fast food hamburgers compare with an eight-course meal.
The Poem of Queen Esther
Authors: Delgado João Pinto , Slavitt David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a translation from the Spanish of a long poem based on the biblical book of Esther. The author, Joao Pinto Delgado (c. 1585-1653) lived in Portugal, the Spanish Netherlands, and France. The choice of subject for this poem, with its theme of resistance to murderous oppression, was a subversive act of protest against the persecution of th Jews by the Inquisition. Today, it is equally resonant with the events of the Holocaust. It is also an elegant piece of Renaissance writing. Slavitt's skillful translation preserves the thyme scheme of the original, and wonderfully evokes the lavishness and sensuousness of Pinto Delgado's descriptions.
Bloody Constraint
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chivalry, one of Shakespeare’s central themes, retains its pertinence and topicality in our rules for international humanitarian law and the conduct of war. Against a background of Medieval and Renaissance sources as well as Shakespeare’s historical and dramatic realms, Professor Meron considers the ways in which law, chivalry, morality, conscience, and state necessity are deployed in Shakespeare to promote a society in which soldiers behave humanely and leaders are held to high standards of civilized behavior. In doing so, he illustrates the literary genealogy of such contemporary international humanitarian concerns as the treatment of prisoners and of women and accountability for war crimes. An insightful consideration of modern humanitarian law as seen from the perspectives of both Shakespeare and history, Bloody Constraint will also interest students of Medieval and Renaissance studies.
Koonjaen, Floup, and the Forging of a Diola-Esulalu Religious Tradition in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forging of an Esulalu religious tradition from the older traditions of Koonjaen and Floup began during a period of political, economic, and environmental uncertainty throughout the lower Casamance. This tradition began to take shape after the fall of the Floup state, when ritual elders and the cults they controlled became the major force for the maintenance of the social order. Indirect links to European traders operating in the Casamance region expanded the market for captives, rice, and beeswax while increasing the availability of such goods as iron, firearms, cloth, and cattle.1 Contact with Europeans, through various African middlemen, also introduced new diseases. The greater mobility of people through various trade networks helped spread both new and old maladies with far greater speed. All of these changes had to be explained within an Esulalu system of thought and controlled through the development of appropriate ritual forms. Central to the task of creating an Esulalu cultural tradition was the development of a system of thought that could appeal to both Floup and Koonjaen populations within the townships. The Floup majority itself was not unified; each lineage traced its origins back to a particular Huluf or Ediamat township. In many cases, lineage names reflected these diverse origins.2 Settlers from each of these communities had their own shrines and a strong sense of loyalty to their group, a loyalty that was far stronger than their initial allegiance to the new townships.
The Elaboration of Tradition: Esulalu Religion, 1800-1880
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the nineteenth century was a period of increasing interaction with the French and with other African groups, the people of Esulalu preferred to contact these newcomers at Carabane or the stranger villages, rather than in the townships. They were suspicious of French and Muslim Senegambian motives for entering the region and sought to control the influences of their new neighbors. They carefully protected the autonomy of Esulalu community institu-tions, while adapting to new conditions associated with cross-cultural contact. They limited their involvement in the religions of the newcomers to the purchase of saints’ medals and gris-gris to ensure good health, good luck, or safety in war. Furthermore, they steadfastly refused to plant such cash crops as peanuts, which the French suggested, but which had the potential of undermining Esulalu’s elabo rate system of rice cultivation.