bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Three Methods of Nasal Irrigation
Authors: Wormald Peter‐John , Cain Tim , Oates Lyndell , Hawke Lianne , Wong Ian 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective: To assess the effectiveness of three methods of nasal irrigation on distributing saline to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.Design: A prospective, cross‐over study.Materials and Methods: Twelve subjects (9 patients with chronic sinusitis after functional endoscopic sinus surgery and 3 healthy controls) underwent nasal irrigation with normal saline containing Technetium 99m sulfur colloid. The distribution of radioactivity was assessed on each subject after three different irrigation techniques: metered nasal spray, nebulization with RinoFlow, and nasal douching while kneeling with the head on the floor.Results: The nasal cavity was well irrigated by all three techniques. Compared with the other two methods, douching was significantly more effective in penetrating the maxillary sinus (P = .036) and frontal recess (P = .003). The sphenoid and frontal sinuses were poorly irrigated by all three techniques.Conclusion: Nasal douches are more effective in distributing irrigation solution to the maxillary sinus and frontal recess. This should be the method of choice for irrigating these areas.
Elective Neck Dissection and Survival in Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Authors: Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Simental Alfred A. , D'Angelo Gina , Johnson Jonas T. , Ferris Robert L. , Gooding William , Myers Eugene N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: The utility of elective neck dissection in the management of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer who present without neck metastases remains controversial. The study addressed the question of whether elective neck dissection improves regional control and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx presenting with T1/T2 node‐negative disease.Study Design: A nonrandomized, uncontrolled retrospective chart review.Methods: A nonrandomized, uncontrolled retrospective chart review was performed. Resection of the primary tumor was performed in all patients. The neck was observed in one group, and elective neck dissection was performed for patients in another group.Results: The study data indicated that elective neck dissection significantly improves regional control and regional recurrence‐free survival. Elective neck dissection when compared with observation of the neck did not improve overall survival.Conclusion: Elective neck dissection reduces regional recurrence and may extend disease‐free survival.
Cochlear Degeneration in Leigh Disease: Histopathologic Features
Authors: Ulualp Seckin O. , Wright Charles G. , Pawlowski Karen , Roland Peter S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective: To describe pathologic findings from temporal bones acquired from an infant with Leigh disease.Study Design: Retrospective case review.Materials and Methods: Temporal bones were taken at autopsy from an 8‐month‐old infant with Leigh disease. The right temporal bone was studied by microdissection. The middle ear was examined and the inner ear sensory organs dissected for study by light microscopy. The left temporal bone was embedded in celloidin, and sections were cut for microscopic examination.Results: Middle ear structures were normal bilaterally. There was, however, evidence of otitis media in both middle ears, which was more severe on the left side. Inner and outer hair cell loss, patchy degeneration of organ of Corti, and loss of nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina were found in the basal and middle turns of both cochleas. Basophilic deposits in the stria vascularis were observed in the apical portion of the left cochlea.Conclusions: Inner ear sensorineural degeneration may occur in Leigh disease. Possible cochlear dysfunction caused by the degenerative changes needs to be considered in the hearing assessment of patients with Leigh disease.
Detection of Herpesvirus DNAs in Perilymph Obtained from Patients with Sensorineural Hearing Loss by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Sugiura Saiko , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Morishita Yoshihiro , Sato Eisuke , Beppu Reiko , Hattori Taku , Nakashima Tsutomu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Perilymph and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with bilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) were evaluated for the presence of DNA from cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human herpesvirus (HHV)6.Study Design: A prospective clinical study.Methods: The subjects were 14 patients who underwent cochlear implantation and 1 patient who underwent gentamicin injection in the inner ear. We attempted to detect viral DNA from perilymph and PBMCs by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR).Results: CMV DNA was detected in two perilymph specimens obtained from patients who were diagnosed as congenitally symptomatic CMV infection, although no CMV DNA was detected in PBMCs. Neither HSV DNA nor HHV6 DNA was detected in any other perilymph specimens. CMV DNA was detected in three PBMC samples, HSV DNA was detected in two samples, and HHV6 DNA was detected in six samples.Conclusion: CMV may persistently infect the inner ear of patients with congenital CMV infection, and rtPCR analysis may prove to be a valuable tool for investigating the etiology of SNHL.
Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Supraglottic Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implication for Estimating Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Xie Minqiang , Sun Yanan , Li Yun 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective: Twenty to 30% of clinically node‐negative patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of supraglottic larynx were pathologically confirmed with occult lymph node metastasis after operation. Therefore, preoperative judgment on the neck node metastasis should be very important for making an appropriate surgical plan. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of matrix metalloprotineases (MMPs) in the metastatic potential of supraglottic carcinoma in this regard.Study Design: Examination of MMPs expression in supraglottic carcinoma and establishment of the mathematic model for diagnosis of occult lymph node metastases in a prospective manner.Methods: Thirty‐two patients with supraglottic SCC underwent supraglottic horizontal partial laryngectomy and neck dissection, and the samples of primary cancer and the corresponding adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues were evaluated for both mRNA and protein expression of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐7, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, and MMP‐10 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry. In addition, cervical lymph nodes were examined by routine histopathology to determine whether there was any evidences of node metastasis. RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, and then two mathematical models were established according to the multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results: Among the six kinds of MMPs, both mRNA and protein expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9 were found up‐regulated in more than 63% of the tumor tissues as compared with the adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues, and this was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (all P < .05). Twenty patients, including seven cases with N0, were pathologically confirmed as having cervical lymph node metastasis. Using RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical data of MMP‐2, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9, two mathematic models were tested, and their diagnostic efficiencies for lymph node metastasis were 84% and 88%, respectively.Conclusion: Expressions of MMP‐2, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9 are up‐regulated in supraglottic carcinoma tissues, suggesting that MMPs may be useful in the detection of occult lymph node metastasis but that more research is needed.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Histamine Receptors in Rat Cochlea
Authors: Azuma Hiroshi , Sawada Shoichi , Takeuchi Shunji , Higashiyama Kasumi , Kakigi Akinobu , Takeda Taizo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective: Histamine may have physiologic functions in the inner ear. The locations of histamine receptors, however, have not yet been identified in the mammalian cochlea. The aim of this study was to investigate the localization of histamine receptor subtypes (H1, H2, and H3 receptors) in rat cochlea.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies specific for each of the histamine receptors (H1, H2, and H3). To identify the type I and II spiral ganglion cells in the cochlea, some cryostat sections were double stained with antibodies to both a histamine receptor and neurofilament 200 kD, which predominantly stains type II spiral ganglion cells in the cochlea.Results: All H1, H2, and H3 receptor immunoreactive staining was limited to the spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea. Spiral ganglion cells with positive immunoreactivity to the neurofilament 200 kD antibody were stained only slightly by histamine H1, H2, and H3 receptor antibodies, indicating that histamine receptor immunoreactivity is specific to type I ganglion cells.Conclusions: These findings indicate that histamine receptors are present in the cochlea and support the hypothesis that histamine plays a physiologic role in the cochlea.
Electrosurgery after Cochlear Implantation: Eighth Nerve Electrophysiology
Authors: Poetker David M. , Runge‐Samuelson Christina L. , Firszt Jill B. , Wackym P Ashley 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHypothesis: Monopolar electrosurgery below the neck in cochlear implant recipients can be performed without damage to the internal cochlear stimulator, electrode array, and the cochlear nerve.Study Design: Prospective pre‐ and postintervention electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) study of cochlear nerve function and behavioral sound perception assessment.Methods: Neural response telemetry (NRT) was used to measure ECAPs before and after the use of monopolar electrosurgery during coronary artery bypass surgery to assess prosthetic device function and electrophysiologic function of the cochlear nerve. In addition, electrode voltage impedances and behavioral sound perception was measured at the same time intervals.Results: ECAPs, behavioral sound perception, and electrode voltage impedances were within the normal range, within compliance, and similar preoperatively and on postoperative day 6.Conclusion: The studies reported herein were a series of measurements designed to test neural integrity and prosthetic device function before and after the use of monopolar electrosurgery. With appropriate precautions, use of monopolar electrosurgery below the neck in cochlear implant recipients can be performed safely.
Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study
Authors: Blanchflower David G. , Oswald Andrew J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe links between income, sexual behavior and reported happiness are studied using recent data on a sample of 16,000 adult Americans. The paper finds that sexual activity enters strongly positively in happiness equations. Higher income does not buy more sex or more sexual partners. Married people have more sex than those who are single, divorced, widowed or separated. The happiness‐maximizing number of sexual partners in the previous year is calculated to be 1. Highly educated females tend to have fewer sexual partners. Homosexuality has no statistically significant effect on happiness.
Choosing the Joneses: Endogenous Goals and Reference Standards
Authors: Falk Armin , Knell Markus 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA growing economic literature stresses the importance of relative comparisons, e.g., for savings and consumption or happiness. In this literature it is usually assumed that reference standards against which people compare themselves are exogenously given. In contrast, findings from social psychology suggest that people play an active role in determining their reference standards. We introduce a social comparison model where people choose their reference standards to serve motives of self‐improvement and self‐enhancement. The model predicts that reference standards increase in individuals’ abilities and that people thus tend to compare themselves to similar others. The results of a questionnaire study confirm the prediction of the model.
Fairness and Incentives in a Multi‐task Principal–Agent Model
Authors: Fehr Ernst , Schmidt Klaus M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper reports on a two‐task principal–agent experiment in which only one task is contractible. The principal can either offer a piece‐rate contract or a (voluntary) bonus to the agent. Bonus contracts strongly outperform piece‐rate contracts. Many principals reward high effort on both tasks with substantial bonuses. Agents anticipate this and provide high effort on both tasks. In contrast, almost all agents with a piece‐rate contract focus on the first task and disregard the second. Principals understand this and predominantly offer bonus contracts. This behavior contradicts the self‐interest theory but is consistent with theories of fairness.
Decreasing Impatience: A Criterion for Non‐stationary Time Preference and “Hyperbolic” Discounting
Authors: Prelec Drazen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDespite recent interest in hyperbolic discounting, there has been little discussion of exactly what property of time preferences is instantiated by hyperbolic or quasi‐hyperbolic functional forms. The paper revives an earlier proposal in Prelec (1989) that the key property is Pratt–Arrow convexity of the log of the discount function, which corresponds to decreasing impatience(DI) at the level of preferences. DI provides a natural criterion for assessing the severity of departure from stationarity in that greater DI is equivalent to more choices of dominated options in two‐stage decision problems, as well as greater convexity of the log of the discount function. Inefficient choices may arise as intentional precommitments, or as unintended reversals of preference by “naïve” agents.
Social Comparisons in Ultimatum Bargaining
Authors: Bohnet Iris , Zeckhauser Richard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractExperiments are used to examine the effects of social comparisons in ultimatum bargaining. We inform responders about the average offer before they decide whether to accept or reject their specific offer. This significantly increases offers and offer‐specific rejection probabilities. For comparison, we consider another change in informational conditions: telling responders the total pie is $30—ex anteit was either $15 or $30—affects offers and rejection probabilities roughly as much. Our results are consistent with people’s dislike for deviations from the norm of equity but inconsistent with fairness theories, where people dislike income disparity between themselves and their referents.
Neuroeconomics: Why Economics Needs Brains
Authors: Camerer Colin F. , Loewenstein George , Prelec Drazen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNeuroeconomics uses knowledge about brain mechanisms to inform economic theory. It opens up the “black box” of the brain, much as organizational economics opened up the theory of the firm. Neuroscientists use many tools—including brain imaging, behavior of patients with brain damage, animal behavior and recording single neuron activity. The key insight for economics is that the brain is composed of multiple systems which interact. Controlled systems (“executive function”) interrupt automatic ones. Brain evidence complicates standard assumptions about basic preference, to include homeostasis and other kinds of state‐dependence, and shows emotional activation in ambiguous choice and strategic interaction.
Noisy Directional Learning and the Logit Equilibrium
Authors: Anderson Simon P. , Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe specify a dynamic model in which agents adjust their decisions toward higher payoffs, subject to normal error. This process generates a probability distribution of players’ decisions that evolves over time according to the Fokker–Planck equation. The dynamic process is stable for all potential games, a class of payoff structures that includes several widely studied games. In equilibrium, the distributions that determine expected payoffs correspond to the distributions that arise from the logit function applied to those expected payoffs. This “logit equilibrium” forms a stochastic generalization of the Nash equilibrium and provides a possible explanation of anomalous laboratory data.
What’s Causing Overreaction? An Experimental Investigation of Recency and the Hot‐hand Effect
Authors: Offerman Theo , Sonnemans Joep 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA substantial body of empirical literature provides evidence of overreaction in markets. Past losers outperform past winners in stock markets as well as in sports markets. Two hypotheses are consistent with this observation. The recency hypothesis states that traders overweight recent information; they are too optimistic about winners and too pessimistic about losers. According to the hot‐hand hypothesis, traders try to discover trends in the past record of a firm or a team, and thereby overestimate the autocorrelation in the series. An experimental design allows us to distinguish between these hypotheses. The evidence is consistent with the hot‐hand hypothesis.
Thermal acclimation of neonates to prolonged cool exposure as regards sleep stages
Authors: Telliez Frédéric , Chardon Karen , Leke André , Cardot Virginie , Tourneux Pierre , Bach Véronique 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe thermal responses of neonates during a cool acclimation period were studied with regard to sleep stages. Sleep stages, body temperatures and metabolic rate (o2) were studied for seven neonates nursed in incubators and exposed to a cool temperature (thermoneutrality minus 2 °C) for 75 h. Each recording session lasted 3 h in the morning: firstly under thermoneutral baseline conditions, then during the first and last 3‐h periods of the cool acclimation and finally during the last 3 h of a 24‐h recovery period. Sleep structure was modified during the initial hours of cool exposure: the percentage of active sleep increased (AS: +13%, P = 0.028) at the expense of quiet sleep (QS: −11%, P = 0.043). This alteration in sleep structure persisted at the end of the acclimation period. Metabolic heat production only increased in the later period of cool acclimation. Throughout the cool exposure, o2 increased more (P = 0.040) in QS (+33%) than in AS (+20%) so that by the end of the cool period, o2 levels were similar in both sleep stages. During cool acclimation, the maintenance of homeothermy is related not only to a change in sleep organization but also to modifications in the thermoregulatory processes in both sleep stages. Considering the importance of AS/QS patterns in the neurobehavioral development of neonates, the present results could have clinical implications for the thermal management of neonates.
Comparison of the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) to a modified behavioral test (OSLER) in the evaluation of daytime sleepiness
Authors: Krieger Ana C. , Ayappa Indu , Norman Robert G. , Rapoport David M. , Walsleben Joyce 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe objectives were to evaluate the correlation between sleep onset as defined by the Oxford sleep resistance (OSLER) test and by simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and to determine the correlation between sleep latencies measured by the OSLER test and maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) performed on the same day. This was a prospective, cross‐sectional study carried out in a tertiary‐care university‐based sleep laboratory. Participants were 11 consecutive subjects presenting to the sleep center with clinical indications for nocturnal polysomnography and MWT. The interventions included MWT and OSLER test. Mean sleep latencies for the OSLER and MWT in each subject were closely correlated (ICC = 0.94, [Intra‐class correlation]P < 0.05). Sleep latency by OSLER and simultaneous measurement of EEG also had excellent agreement (ICC = 0.91) with a bias of −0.97 min. The OSLER test is a practical and reliable tool for evaluating daytime sleepiness when compared with the MWT. No obvious systematic adaptation was seen during sequential OSLER test performance. Given its portability and minimal technical requirements, the OSLER test may be useful for large‐scale applications in the evaluation of daytime wakefulness and vigilance.
Testing thermogenesis as the basis for the evolution of cetacean sleep phenomenology
Authors: Pillay Praneshri , Manger Paul R. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryCetacean sleep phenomenology consists of a combination of unihemispheric slow wave sleep and a massive reduction in the amount of rapid eye movement sleep. Despite various proposals, the selection pressure driving the evolution of this combined sleep phenomenology is unknown. It was recently suggested that the need to produce heat in the thermally challenging aquatic environment might have been the selection pressure. Mechanisms of heat loss and heat production can be measured directly or indirectly. The present study was designed to test the thermogenetic proposal by recording indirect measurements of heat loss (surface area to volume ratio) and heat production (tail‐beats per minute). A strong correlation was found between these two parameters, such that increases in potential heat loss were matched by increases in potential heat production. This result suggests that the need to compensate for heat loss can provide an evolutionary rationale for the appearance of extant cetacean sleep physiology.
Incorporation of presleep stimuli into dream contents: evidence for a consolidation effect on declarative knowledge during REM sleep?
Authors: Cipolli Carlo , Fagioli Igino , Mazzetti Michela , Tuozzi Giovanni 
Published: November 2004

SummaryPresleep stimuli to be retained for further recall is often incorporated into dream contents. To establish whether processing for insertion into dream contents may improve consolidation, we compared the retention rate at delayed recall of contents resulting from incorporation of presleep sentence‐stimuli with those of other contents of the same dream experiences. We hypothesized that association with a cognitive task of recall facilitates access to recently acquired items of declarative knowledge such as presleep stimuli, and triggers the deep elaboration of their semantic features, which involves rehearsal. Twelve subjects were given a task of delayed recall for three nonsense sentences delivered once a time before each of the sleep (re‐)onsets over an experimental night. After each awakening in rapid eye movement sleep, subjects were asked to report dream experience and recall the sentence to be retained. In the morning, after spontaneous awakening, subjects were unexpectedly requested to again report their dream experiences and to recall the stimuli. Two pairs of judges independently identified possible incorporations of the stimuli, and parsed dream reports into propositional content units. The proportion of night reports with at least one incorporation of the stimulus delivered (i.e. valid incorporations) was higher than that of reports with contents similar to a stimulus(‐i) not yet delivered (forward pseudo‐incorporations) or delivered prior to an earlier sleep period (backward pseudo‐incorporations). The proportion of content units common to night and morning reports (considered to be better consolidated) was significantly higher for incorporated contents than for other contents, including pseudo‐incorporated contents. Instead, the retention at morning recall of words of sentence‐stimuli corresponding to incorporated contents was not significantly higher than that of other words. The better retention of incorporated contents provides a partial confirmation (that is, limited to the output of the processing) that a generation effect, which benefits retention of actively processed information, is operative during sleep as well as in waking.