bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteosarcoma
Authors: Davis Aileen M. , Wunder Jay S. , Bell Robert S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPrimary bone tumors are rare with an incidence of 2 to 3 per million, and of these, high‐grade osteosarcoma is the most common, representing 35% of all bone sarcomas. The typical patient diagnosed with osteosarcoma is male, between the ages of 10 and 20 years, and complains of pain for one to three months. The tumor is most commonly at the metaphysis of a long bone, with a predilection to the knee region. Dramatic improvements in disease‐free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were demonstrated with the advent of doxorubicin and methotrexate chemotherapy regimes. The current standard of treatment for the patient with osteosarcoma is chemotherapy and resection of the primary tumor, most commonly preserving the limb. Despite the advances in radiological imaging, chemotherapy and surgery, 40 to 50% of patients will develop distant metastases and die of their disease.This chapter discusses the prognostic factors of disease outcome for osteosarcoma patients, specifically disease‐ or tumor‐related factors, host‐related factors, and environment‐ or treatment‐related factors.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Denis Louis , Murphy Gerald P. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Prostate cancer became an endemic disease in the Western world mainly because of the aging of the population. The peak age incidence hovers around 70. The introduction of prostatic‐specific antigen (PSA) assay for the diagnosis of prostate cancer resulted in a considerable shift in the detection of disease toward earlier stages that are potentially curable. In countries where PSA is widely used for the detection of prostate cancer, up to 75% of patients present with localized disease. This has given great expectations to patients and their physicians. However, conclusive proof that mortality is decreasing due to population screening is still lacking. The problem is enhanced by the heterogeneous behavior of the prostate.
The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM (tumor, nodules, metastasis) classification of malignant tumors is the means by which the prognosis of most solid cancers can be staged and defined at diagnosis. However, the TNM system does not include all relevant prognostic parameters in prostate cancer, especially the PSA. There is a need to evaluate prognostic factors not only at diagnosis but also after treatment. The need to fine‐tune the staging process in early prostate cancer drives the search for better prognostic markers. Needed measures to predict the outcome and support treatment decisions at diagnosis include biologic, pathologic, genetic, molecular, and other nonanatomic prognostic factors. Prognosis could be enhanced further using a neural network methodology, especially for an analysis of risk for each patient. However, despite efforts and hopes, no superior marker to the anatomic disease, extent, histologic grade, on PSA is available today.
Within the scope of this chapter, we will present prognostic factors relevant for the treatment and outcomes in localized and advanced prostate cancer according to relationship to the tumor, the host, and the environment. A relevance‐based subdivision into essential, additional, and promising prognostic factors is also presented.
Renal‐cell Carcinoma
Authors: Van Poppel Hein , Beckers Goedele , Baert Luc 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA significant problem for clinicians who treat cancer is the application of the known determinants of disease outcome to the individual patient. The clinical course can be affected by the inherent properties of the tumor, the host‐related factors, and the treatment applied. Renal‐cell carcinoma (RCC) has the reputation of an individual unpredictable outcome with rare cases of spontaneous tumor regression and extended survival despite the presence of metastases. This unpredictable outcome is determined by the genotypic biological behavior and the tumor‐host interaction. Refinement of our ability to predict the outcome should facilitate the rational choice of treatment alternatives and provide more reliability in the interaction with the patient. In case of RCC the absence of other effective treatment modalities besides surgery, renders these considerations even more important.
Intraocular Tumors
Authors: Singh Arun D. , Shields Carol L. , Shields Jerry A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe eye structures are composed of a variety of tissue types derived from ectodermal and mesodermal germinal layers. Therefore, several kinds of benign and malignant tumors arise in and around the ocular structures. The two most common primary intraocular malignancies are melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) and retinoblastoma. Uveal melanoma is usually seen in adults and retinoblastoma usually manifests in children less than 5 years of age. Although both arise primarily from the intraocular structures, each of these tumors is a distinct clinical entity with unique clinical features and systemic prognosis. In this chapter, prognostic factors that influence the survival in uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma are discussed.
H
odgkin's Disease
Authors: Specht Lena 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The Ann Arbor staging classification remains the basis for the evaluation of patients with Hodgkin's disease. The Ann Arbor classification has been adopted by the American Joint Committe on Cancer (AJCC) and International Union Against Cancer (UICC) as the recommended staging classification for Hodgkin's disease. It is evident, though, that this staging cannot be relied on as the only prognostic tool in Hodgkin's disease. A modification of the Ann Arbor system was proposed at the Cotswold meeting to incorporate a designation for number of sites and bulk. These recommendations have not been universally adopted, however, and a multitude of other factors and combinations of factors are currently being employed worldwide. The anatomic extent of disease is the most important prognostic factor in Hodgkin's disease and forms the baseline for decision making regarding treatment. Because of this, the prognostic factors will be considered in the context of stage.
Lung
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Breast Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical subsites

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

R Classification

Stage grouping

Summary
Fallopian Tube
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Prostate
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Sarcoma of Orbit
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Comparison of Electronic Transport Measurements on Organic Molecules
Authors: Salomon A. , Cahen D. , Lindsay S. , Tomfohr J. , Engelkes V.B. , Frisbie C.D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe compile, compare, and discuss experimental results on low‐bias, room‐temperature currents through organic molecules obtained in different electrode–molecule–electrode test‐beds. Currents are normalized to single‐molecule values for comparison and are quoted at 0.2 and 0.5 V junction bias. Emphasis is on currents through saturated alkane chains where many comparable measurements have been reported, but comparison to conjugated molecules is also made. We discuss factors that affect the magnitude of the measured current, such as tunneling attenuation factor, molecular energy gap and conformation, molecule/electrode contacts, and electrode material.
Swelling of crosslinked polyacrylates in isotropic and anisotropic solvents
Authors: Bouchaour Tewfik , Benmouna Farida , Coqueret Xavier , Benmouna Mustapha , Maschke Ulrich 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the swelling and deswelling of photochemically crosslinked poly(n‐butylacrylate) networks in isotropic and anisotropic solvents. The phase diagrams were established in terms of composition and temperature for five isotropic solvents, acetone, cyclohexane, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene, and two low‐molecular‐weight nematic liquid crystals, 4‐cyano‐4′‐n‐pentyl‐biphenyl and an eutectic mixture of cyanoparaphenylenes. Networks were formed by ultraviolet curing in the presence of 0.5 wt % difunctional monomer (hexane diol‐di‐acrylate) and 0.5 wt % photoinitiator (Darocur 1173). Immersion in excess solvent allowed us to measure the solvent uptake by weight and to determine the size increase by optical microscopy in terms of temperature. We calculated weight and diameter ratios considering the swollen‐to‐dry network states of the samples. Phase diagrams were analyzed with the phantom network model according to the Flory–Rehner theory of rubber elasticity, and for the anisotropic solvents, modeling was supplemented with the Maier–Saupe theory of nematic order for free energy. The polymer–solvent interaction parameter was deduced as a function of temperature, but the values were in discrepancy with Fedors's model of solubility parameters, which overestimated the interaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1–9, 2004
Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto methylcellulose by potassium permanganate‐p‐xylene redox pair
Authors: Eromosele C. O. , Nwokata S. P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPoly(acrylic acid) was grafted onto methylcellulose in aqueous media by a potassium permanganate‐p‐xylene redox pair. Within the concentration range from 0.93 × 10−3 to 9.33 × 10−3M, p‐xylene, the graft copolymerization reaction exhibited minimum and maximum graft yields and was associated with two precursor‐initiating species, a p‐xylyl radical and its diradical derivative. The efficiency of the graft was low, not higher than 12.9% at a p‐xylene concentration of 0.93 × 10−3M and suggested the dominance of a competitive homopolymerization reaction under homogeneous conditions. The effect of permanganate on the graft yield was normal and optimal at 135% graft yield, corresponding to a concentration of the latter of 33.3 × 10−3M over the range from 8.3 × 10−3 to 66.7 × 10−3M. The conversion in graft yield showed a negative dependence on temperature in the range 30–60°C and suggested a preponderance of high activation energy transfer reaction processes. The calculated composite activation energy for the graft copolymerization was 7.6 kcal/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 278–281, 2004
Synthesis of novel oligo(primary‐tertiary alkyl peroxides) via oligocondensation reactions under phase transfer catalysis conditions
Authors: Zawadiak Jan , Danch Mirosløaw 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNovel oligoperoxides, products of polycondensation of primary alkyl dibromide with tertiary dihydroperoxides, were obtained. The structure of the oligoperoxides was determined by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Their thermal properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and a mechanism of the thermal decomposition was proposed basing on the gel chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the degradation products. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 15–21, 2004
Fabrication and optical characterization of poly(2,5‐di‐n‐butoxyphenylene) nanofibril arrays
Authors: Yu Bozhang , Gao Yuan , Li Hulin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAnodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane can be used as template for the synthesized nanostructures. In this article, we have prepared the AAO membrane by using electrooxidation of aluminum substrate in phosphoric acid, and fabricated poly(2,5‐di‐n‐butoxyphenylene) (BuO–PPP) nanofibril arrays by oxidative coupling polymerization of 1,4‐di‐n‐butoxybenzene (DBB) within the pores of the AAO template membrane. The detailed molecular structure of the polymer nanofibrils was characterized by using infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and estimated to consist of almost equal fractions of 1,4‐ and 1,3‐ linkages. We have used transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atom force microscopy to confirm the morphologies and images of the AAO template membrane and the fabricated nanometer scale of BuO–PPP nanofibril arrays. The experimental results demonstrated that the pores of the AAO membrane were regular and uniform, and parallel each other, and the BuO–PPP chains in the narrowest template‐synthesized nanofibrils were oriented parallel to the porous axes of the AAO membrane and perpendicular to the surface of the aluminum substrate. The polymer chain orientation was partially responsible for the enhanced conductivity. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the BuO–PPP nanofibril arrays shown that the polymer contains a better extended π‐conjugation system along poly‐(p‐phenylene) backbone, which resulted in longer wavelength shift of the absorption band, the absorption maxima were located at 258 nm (E1 absorption band) and 332 nm (E2 absorption band), respectively. Photoluminescence spectrum of the BuO–PPP nanofibril arrays exhibited a blue emission. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 425–430, 2004
Water‐soluble/dispersible cationic pressure‐sensitive adhesives. II. Adhesives from emulsion polymerization
Authors: Yan Zegui , Luo Yingwu , Deng Yulin , Schork Joseph 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn our previous work, we reported that cationic water‐soluble pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) could be synthesized in ethanol or methanol. These cationic water‐soluble adhesives would not cause a stickies problem during paper recycling and can be easily removed from the papermaking system by adsorbing on wood fibers. In this study we report the synthesis and application of water‐based cationic PSAs using miniemulsion polymerization. A redox initiator system of cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine was used to force interfacial polymerization. The end‐use properties of the PSAs were evaluated, and the repulpability of the PSAs in paper recycling was studied. It was found that the cationic PSA from miniemulsion polymerization itself was insoluble and nondispersible in water during the paper recycling process. However, if this water‐insoluble cationic PSA from miniemulsion was formulated with a water‐soluble cationic PSA made from ethanol, the solubility or dispensability of the former PSA in water was improved. The molecular weight and degree of crosslinking of the PSA polymer have significant effects on the properties and dispersability of PSA. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 347–353, 2004
Novel device of CO adsorption on degradable cellulose‐based strips
Authors: Singh Man , Yadav Suman , Ahmed Sharif 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAn antipolution polymer strip (APPS) was designed using a cellulose strip (8 × 3 cm) coated with disinfectant polymer resin followed by impregnation with transitional metals (100 μm each). The present studies focused primarily on protection of animals, especially humans, from carbon monoxide (CO) present in the atmosphere because of incomplete combustion of fuel from motor vehicles. Diffusion of atmospheric CO gas causes air pollution. Human blood absorbs CO from the atmosphere, resulting in breathing difficulty and various other ailments. The investigation confirmed that APPS adsorbs CO, thereby providing some protection for living beings. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 678–685, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives containing liquid crystalline oxadiazole groups
Authors: Sun Xiaobo , Li Min , Liu Dong , Zhang Peng , Tian Wenjing 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTwo novel poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivatives containing liquid crystalline oxadiazole side chains were prepared by a dehydrochlorination process. The homopolymer poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐((2‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐5‐hexyloxy‐phenyloxy‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (HO–PE6) is insoluble in common solvents, whereas the copolymer poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐((2‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐5‐hexyloxy‐phenyloxy‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole))‐(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy))‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (CO–PE6) is soluble in common solvents such as chloroform, THF, and p‐xylene. The molecular structure of CO–PE6 was confirmed by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, UV–vis spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy. CO–PE6 showed a maximum emission at 556 nm in chloroform and at 564 nm in solid film, when excited at 450 nm. The maximum electroluminescence emission of the device indium–tin oxide (ITO)CO–PE6/Al is at 555 nm. The turn‐on voltage of LEDs based on CO–PE6 and MEH–PPV is 6.5 and 8.5 V, respectively. The electron mobility of CO–PE6 is higher than that of MEH–PPV based on the results of current–voltage and electrochemical behavior of both MEH–PPV and CO–PE6. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 396–403, 2004
True sample temperatures in isothermal differential scanning calorimetry scans and their effect on the overall polymer crystallization kinetics
Authors: Martins J. A. , Pinto J. J. C. Cruz 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe true temperature of a sample during isothermal crystallization is higher than the recorded differential scanning calorimetry program temperature because of two combined effects: the thermal resistance of the sample, which is mainly dependent on the thickness of the sample, and the release of the heat of crystallization. This is especially true for a low crystallization temperature, at which the heat of crystallization is released within a relatively short time. Isothermal crystallization is treated here as a nonisothermal process, and the values of the parameters obtained with single‐mechanism equations (Avrami and Nakamura's) used in their description are compared. The validity of the procedure used for evaluating the temperature increase of a sample is analyzed and discussed (i.e., the evaluation of the thermal resistance of a sample as a function of its thickness). Some isothermal crystallization data obtained at relatively high supercoolings may be affected by errors if temperature corrections are not carried out. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 125–131, 2004
Concentrated emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate initiated by a redox initiator at lower temperature
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Tao , Chen Min , Lv Rui 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe concentrated emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate with an ammonium persulfate/sodium hydrogen sulfate mixture as a redox initiator, with a sodium dodecyl sulfate/cetyl alcohol mixture as a compound surfactant, and with poly(vinyl alcohol) as a liquid film reinforcer was carried out at lower temperature. In less than 3 h, the polymerization conversion was greater than 95%. The effects of the surfactant, the initiator, the volume fraction of the monomer, and the temperature on the stability of the concentrated emulsion, the kinetic process, and the average size of the latices were examined. The morphology of the polymer particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the average size and distribution of the particle diameter were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. The kinetic equation was Rp = k[M]0.38[I]0.89[E]−0.80 at 30°C (where Rp is the polymerization rate, [I] is the initiator concentration, [M] is the monomer concentration, and [E] is the concentration of the compound surfactant), and the apparent activation energy was 22.69 kJ/mol. The thin‐layer polymerization of the concentrated emulsions, which enabled the removal of the heat of polymerization, was performed first. In comparison with test‐tube polymerization, thin‐layer polymerization provided a more regular morphology of the polymer particles. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 570–576, 2004