bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare’s Fickle Fee-Simple
Authors: Warley Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first adjective used to describe the central character in Shakespeare’s A Lover’s Complaint—a maid who has been seduced by a young man—is ‘fickle’, and ‘fickle’ seems a pretty good description of the poem generally. Everything in the poem appears changeable, inconstant, unreliable, and perhaps—in an older sense of the word—false, deceitful, and treacherous. This mutability of the poem has generally been taken as a bad thing: readers have tended to find it hard going, and criticism has by and large not been kind. The work has regularly been seen (apologetically) as unfinished or (optimistically) as not by Shakespeare. Whatever one thinks about such arguments, the shiftiness and difficulty—call it the ‘transitoriness’—of the work remain conspicuous. Writing in 1922, J. Denton Snider registered the confusion many readers have felt: the poem, he lamented, ‘employs no Greek Mythos (like Venus and Adonis), no Roman Tale (like Lucrece) for its scaffolding’.3 Without a scaffold, A Lover’s Complaint seems simply to fall down.
International drug policy—is it working?
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 182 current signatory nations to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), and the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988) are required to ‘limit to medical and scientific purposes the cultivation, production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use, and possession of [certain] drugs’. Draconian enforcement of controls is imposed because of the grave public health, social, and economic risks the drugs are said to pose.
Biology is only part of the story
Authors: Read Dwight , Leeuw Sander van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we are interested in extrapolating from what we know about the development of prehistoric technologies to the evolution of human cognition. Our interest is driven by the following (unsolved) questions concerning the history of human technology: (i) Given that primates, for millions of years, have made and used simple tools, but have not developed any complex technologies, what is different about human beings that enabled them to develop the latter? (ii) Are the enabling factors biological, are they social cultural or are they a bit of both?(iii) When was that capacity acquired? Was that the result of a sudden change, an incremental one or a more complex process that combined both? (iv) Why did it take so long to ‘invent’ and accelerate innovation? (v) Why did the rate of innovation increase so rapidly, once that point was reached? Numerous authors (e.g. Stout et al. 2000 and references therein) have argued that changes in the technology of artefact production and in artefact form, variety and diversity relate to cognitive changes, but what constitutes those cognitive changes has remained unclear due to our as yet imprecise understanding of how the brain functions.
Talking Science at the University of Padua in the Age of Antonio Vallisneri
Authors: Dooley Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even for an accomplished scholar like Antonio Vallisneri, it was no simple matter to declaim extemporaneously in Latin before a public possibly demanding the best from a setting where Vesalius and Fabricius had once changed medical education forever in the West. Therefore successful completion of the inaugural lecture was a cause for celebration, so he wrote to the Tuscan grand ducal librarian Antonio Magliabechi in 1700: ‘Today is a holy day for me, since I made my solemn entrance into the university favoured by the applause of all the learned, the podesta`[of Padua] and the captain of the city’.
Microbial biosensors
Authors: Karube Isao , Suzuki MasaYasu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, many kinds of biosensors have been developed for the determination of organic compounds (1-3). Enzyme sensors are highly specific for substrates of interest, but the enzymes employed are generally expensive and unstable. Microbial sensors are composed of immobilized microorganisms and an electrochemical device and are suitable for on-line control of biochemical processes.
Viral–receptor binding assays
Authors: Schwimmbeck Peter L , Löhr Matthias , Tishon Antoinette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viral receptors are the main determinants for viral tropism. Receptors govern pathogenesis by allowing a cell to be susceptible by its attachment to virus. The primary function of receptor proteins on cells is, of course, not the promotion of an infection but a function in the life cycle of the cell. Viruses may utilize several specific host surface proteins like CD4 (human immunodeficiency virus), the Cr2 component of C3 (Epstein Barr Virus), ICAM-1 (rhinovirus), a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (poliomyelitisvirus), the adrenergic-like receptor (reovirus) or several proteins of defined molecular weights but not functionally defined (coronaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, etc). Restricted presence of the receptor molecules may account for the tissue specificity along with virus-specific enhancer sequences (1-4). In addition, unrelated viruses may share receptors on a given cell (5).
Viral-autoimmune experimental models
Authors: Fujinami Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The approach taken for the analysis of virus induced autoimmune disease has been adapted from that for the examination of experimental autoimmune diseases such as allergic encephalomyelitis. The major principle is to use defined viral peptides sharing common amino acids with disease inducing regions from self proteins in order to initiate disease (1). Thus, critical viral determinants which share similar regions with host disease inducing epitopes need to be identified. For our consideration here we will confine the descriptions to the central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, similar approaches can be taken for the study of other organspecific experimental autoimmune disease such as thyroiditis, diabetes, orchitis and myocarditis.
Dissociated neurons from adult rat hippocampus
Authors: Chad J E , Stanford I , Wheal H V , Williamson, R , Hall G Wood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For quantitative experiments on neurons it is imperative that the number of variables be minimized. Ideally the voltage across the whole-cell membrane and the ionic conditions on both sides of the membrane would be controlled. This ideal is most nearly achieved with isolated membrane patches (1, 2), but this also has the effect of removing the influence of the cell metabolism. A useful compromise between control and integrity of the cell has been the perfusion and voltage clamping of isolated spherical neurons (3, 4). Under these conditions voltage and drug activated currents can be accurately determined and their modulation by intra- or extracellularly applied agents measured.
Chemical synapses in cell culture
Authors: Haydonandm P G , Zoran .J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A topic of considerable interest and debate since the discovery of the ability of the vagus nerve to release acetylcholine (ACh) has been the investigation of the mechanisms of synaptic transmission. Such studies are hampered. however, due to the small size of most synaptic terminals and due to the inaccessibility of neurons in vivo. The elucidation of cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic development and transmission has been facilitated in recent years by techniques which permit the reconstruction of specific neuronal elements in cell culture. By plating neurons in cell culture it is possible to study specific synapses in isolation. For example, with a single pair of neurons in cell culture it becomes possible to monitor spontaneous transmitter release from a defined pre-synaptic cell, an approach that is impossible in vivo due to the polyneuronal innervation of most neurons.
Annexins: Calcium-Dependent Phospholipid-Binding Proteins
Authors: Boustead Catherine M , Walker John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The effects of calcium as an intracellular second messenger are mediated by its interaction with calcium-binding proteins. Recently, a new family of calcium-binding proteins, the annexins, has been identified in a wide variety of species and tissues (for reviews see refs 1-4). Annexins are abundant proteins (up to 0.5% of cell protein) which bind reversibly to phospholipids at micromolar calcium concentrations, and inhibit the action of phospholipase A2 in vitro. Certain annexins are also substrates for serine and tyrosine kinases, and some exhibit calcium-dependent binding to F-actin. Structurally, the annexins are characterized by a variable N-terminal tail, followed by four (in the case of annexins I-V and VII-VIII) or eight (annexin VI) repeats of a highly conserved 70 amino acid sequence.
Site-directed mutagenesis using gapped-heteroduplex plasmid DNA
Authors: Inouye Sumiko , Inouye Masayori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis is the most effective and powerful method to create desired mutations at a specific site in a gene. The method involves the use of a short, synthetic oligonucleotide carrying the appropriate mutation, which acts as a primer of in vitro DNA synthesis on a complementary single-stranded circular DNA template. There are two basic methods to create a complementary single-stranded circular DNA template; one utilizes double-stranded plasmid (the plasmid method) and the other utilizes single-stranded M13 or phagemid vectors (the M13 method). The M13 method originally developed by Zoller and Smith (1, 2) has been modified to obtain higher yields of mutants (see Chapters 1 to 3). Today, kits for the M13 method are commercially available with which one may get desired mutations with a yield of higher than 50%. However, one of the drawbacks of this method is that one usually has to redone a target fragment into an M13 vector for mutagenesis. In addition, one has to move the mutated fragment back to the original expression plasmid after mutagenesis. In contrast, the plasmid method allows one to directly use double-stranded plasmid DNA for mutagenesis. Although the yields of a desired mutation are usually lower (3-25%) with the plasmid method than with the M13 method, in practice the yields with the plasmid method are high enough to easily obtain desired mutation by a simple screening method.
Fixation
Authors: Hopwood David , Milne Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The techniques chosen to fix tissues should enhance the sort of microscopical information which is eventually produced. Ideally, the tissue should be retained in as near life-life condition as possible, but the better the morphological preservation, the less the biological activity and vice versa. Some compromise has to be reached. Fixation should also prepare tissues to withstand the subsequent rigours of the preparative techniques (Chapter 2) and finally irradiation by the electron beam (1, 2).
Quantitative biological X-ray microanalysis
Authors: Warley Alice , Gupta Brij L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a specimen is examined in the electron microscope the interaction of the electron beam with the atoms of the specimen results in the generation of X-rnys: these originate from two different sources. The interaction of the electron beam with orbiting electrons in atoms of the specimen causes the emission of characteristic X-rays, whose energy depends on the atomic number of the element in which the transition is occurring and the electron shells involved.
Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Co-Crystallization of Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Authors: Dock-Bregeon A -C , Moras D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a first glance crystallizing nucleic acids poses the same problems as crystallizing proteins since the variables under investigation arc alike. Some differences can be underlined, however. Most of the papers dealing with crystallization of biological macromolecules describe protein crystal growth. Thus it seems important to add a contribution for nucleic acid crystallization. As seen from crystallization data banks and from the Protein Data Rase, it is obvious that these banks contain a large majority of proteins; this is largely due to the difficulty in obtaining large single crystals of nucleic acids.
Isolation of intercellular junctions
Authors: Hertzberg Elliot L , Stevenson Bruce R , Green, Kathleen J , Tsukita Shoichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early electron microscopic studies revealed the existence of a number of distinct types of intercellular junctions. Specific physiological properties of a cell or tissue could often be correlated with the presence of a particular type of junction, suggesting very different functions for each type. Some types of cell contacts, the desmosomes and adherens junctions, appeared to tether different elements of the cell’s cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane while forming adhesion points between cells. Others were proposed to provide a barrier to paracellular diffusion of solutes (tight junctions) or facilitate intercellular communication (gap junctions). Roles were hypothesized for these junctions in tissue modelling, and in regulation of cell function and cell proliferation.
Multiple regression
Authors: Iles Terence c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter covers methods of fitting equations to data where there is just one predictor variable x for the dependent variable y. Sometimes data are collected on two or more different predictor variables x, x, … xk and an equation is sought to calculate y from the set of measurements of x x, … x k. This chapter describes the fitting and interpretation of linear equations with such data sets. The choice of the variables that should be included in the prediction equation, and the possible transformation of variables, will also be discussed. The calculations required for multiple regression are usually too time-consuming to be done by hand so it is necessary to use a computer. Fortunately, most statistical packages have regression routines and these give the user a wide choice of statistics that help in finding suitable prediction equations. Many of these diagnostic statistics are most easily interpreted by the use of plots, so a package with built-in plotting routines should be used.
Dynamic models of homogeneous systems
Authors: Bowker David w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides instructions for the development of simple mathematical models which simulate the dynamics of single species populations of organisms in cultures and natural environments. These models are particularly suitable for biologists with limited previous experience in modelling because they are conceptually straightforward, mathematically tractable, and easy to implement on a computer. They consist of equations which recur frequently in modelling to describe fundamental processes such as exponential growth and decay, and they serve as a starting point from which the beginner can acquire sufficient expertise to progress to more complex modelling problems such as those described in Chapter 9.
Toxin ablation in Drosophila
Authors: Steller Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods for the selective removal of specific cells have been widely used to investigate the influence of a particular cell on the development of its neighbours. In the past, cell ablation techniques have primarily relied on physical methods, including classical surgical techniques that date back to the origin of developmental biology (1). More recently, laser microbeam ablation has been used extensively for developmental and functional studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (2, 3), and also to investigate certain aspects of insect development (4, 5). Unfortunately, the small size and opaque cuticle of Drosophila place severe restrictions on the widespread use of laser ablation in this organism. In addition, physical ablation methods are only practical for killing rather small numbers of cells, but fail when it is necessary to remove larger cell populations, in particular if its members are distributed widely throughout the animal. Finally, given the Jabour-intensive nature of the technique, it is usually not possible to produce a sufficient number of individuals needed for genetic, biochemical, or behavioural analyses.
Introduction to cell cycle controls
Authors: Hartwell Leland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A theory for eukaryotic cell cycle control has emerged in the last few years that has achieved a consensus in the research community. Although many surprises undoubtedly await the detailed testing of this theory, it is likely that its major tenets will stand the test of time. In this introductory chapter I will present a broad outline of our current understanding of how the cell cycle is controlled and raise a number of questions that are presently motivating cell cycle research. Most of the topics discussed in this chapter have been extensively reviewed recently; consequently, where possible, I will refer the reader to these reviews for documentation of the primary literature.
Start and the Gl-S phase transition in budding yeast
Authors: Reed Steven I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mechanisms to ensure that division occurs in a coordinated and regulated fashion are prerequisite for fitness and ultimately for viability of all cells. This means that the division process must be responsive to a host of internal and external signals that mediate, among other things, integration of division with the extracellular milieu, coordination of division with cellular growth and the occurrence of cell cycle events in the proper order. In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,both the regulation of division by external signals and the coordination of growth and division occur in the Gl interval of the cell cycle (1). Operationally, there are two types of signal that severely restrain division in Gl in this organism: nutritional limitations (2–13) and the action of mating hormones (4, 14-22). Although the regulatory intents of these signals are quite disparate, each causes a cell cycle arrest characterized by completion of the ongoing cell cycle and arrest in the subsequent Gl interval (1). Additionally, changes in the cellular growth rate are coordinated with the division process to ensure a relatively constant cell size by altering specifically the length of the Gl interval: slow growth is accommodated by extending the length of Gl while rapid growth shortens Gl (5, 23–38). These observations led to the hypothesis of a universal Gl control mechanism in yeast (1). In its simplest formulation, this hypothesis states that all signals governing passage through Gl and entry in S phase do so by regulating the completion of an essential Gl function or event designated START; completion of START commits a cell to S phase and division; delay of completion of START delays entry into S phase; failure to complete START prevents initiation of S phase and imposes alternative fates upon cells.
Regulation of the cell cycle during Drosophiladeveloptnent
Authors: White-Cooper Helen , Glover David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is perhaps surprising that relatively little is known about the regulation of the cell cycle during development, particularly as many of the organisms now used to study the cell cycle were originally the focus of studies of both cell division and development in the late nineteenth century. The classical studies that defined mitosis and its phases, together with the cyclical behaviour of chromosomes and centrosomes, originated from observations made upon developing embryos of a variety of organisms. The nineteenth century view of the cell cycle was one of alternating periods of cell division and a vegetative state. Not until the 1950s did the studies of Howard and Pelc (1) define a discrete period of DNA synthesis (S phase) within this vegetative phase, thus leading to the archetypal view of the cell cycle in which mitosis (M) is separated from S by two gap phases Gl and G2. There are, however, many variations on this theme that are particularly evident during development. Many embryos undertake a series of rapid cell cycles during their early development driven by maternally provided proteins. The Drosophilaembryo begins its existence as a syncytium that becomes populated with several thousand nuclei as a result of 13 extremely rapid rounds of synchronous mitosis at approximately 10 min intervals. These mitoses are separated by periods of DNA synthesis without intervening gap phases. A G2 phase is introduced into the cell cycle only after individual nuclei have become incorporated into cells during division cycle 14. A Gl phase is not introduced into the Drosophilacell cycle until the seventeenth division, and only then do the cells of the embryo undertake ‘conventional’ cell cycles. These occur in the CNS and imaginal tissues, which continue to proliferate throughout larval and pupal development. In most other tissues the cell cycle is far from conventional, since Drosophila,in common with other dipterans, has many tissues whose cells undergo endoreduplication cycles.
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing
Authors: Krainer Adrian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume focuses on the major aspects of post-transcriptional mRNA processing in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each of the described mRNA reactions is required for proper gene expression and can also serve as a control point for regulating the expression of many genes, for example during embryonic development or in different cell types. The different chapters review the assembly of newly synthesized nuclear mRNA transcripts into hnRNP particles and catalytically active spliceosomes; the structure and mechanism of action of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and protein factors that catalyse pre-mRNA splicing in mammalian cells and in yeast; the regulation of gene expression and generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative splicing; the mechanisms of 3' end cleavage and polyadenylation; the architecture of the cell nucleus in relation to these processes and to the localization of the relevant substrates and factors; the diverse mechanisms of RNA processing by ribozymes and their potential relevance for nuclear mRNA processing; the mechanism of spliced-leader addition by trans-splicing in nematodes and trypanosomes; and the process of insertion/deletion mRNA editing in kinetoplasmid protozoa. In each chapter, leading researchers have provided detailed, critical reviews of the history, experimental approaches, major advances, current ideas and models, as well as future directions, for each of these active areas of research.
Postimplantation mammalian embryos
Authors: Morriss-kay Gillian m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Techniques for culturing whole postimplantation mammalian embryos were pioneered by D.A.T. New in Cambridge (1, 2). Originally, rat embryos were cultured on plasma clots in watch glasses. Better development was found to result from the use of blood serum as a culture medium and by the use of ‘circulators’, in which continuously gassed serum passes as a constant stream through a chamber containing the embryos. The serum was obtained after allowing blood to stand and clot; embryonic development was quite good in that somites formed and the trunk elongated, but the two heart tubes often failed to fuse, and the trunk was excessively rigid, often protruding out from the curve of the yolk sac. These problems were overcome by centrifugation of the blood immediately after removal from the animal, so that the clot did not form in contact with blood cells (3). The serum is also heat-inactivated (30 min at 50 °C) to remove complement.