bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion pseudodementia in older people: a descriptive case series
Authors: Hepple J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMethodsThis paper reports a case series of ten patients collected over a 12‐year period of clinical work in old age psychiatry in the UK by the author.ResultsThe core features of the syndrome are: apparent cognitive impairment, regression and increasing physical dependency beginning in late middle or early old age, without evidence for an organic dementia from investigations or from taking into account the course of the illness. The syndrome is more common in women from a higher socio‐economic background with past psychiatric histories dominated by depressive symptoms. The syndrome usually progresses to the point where long term institutional care is needed although the mean survival from onset is 13 years.ConclusionsThe author suggests that conversion pseudodementia in older people is caused by a catastrophic reaction to cumulative loss in later life in individuals who have predisposing borderline and narcissistic personality traits. Treatment using psychotherapeutic approaches may limit the progression of the syndrome if it is recognised at an early stage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An open trial of venlafaxine for the treatment of late‐life atypical depression
Authors: Roose Steven P. , Miyazaki Marissa , Devanand Dev , Seidman Stuart , Fitzsimmons Linda , Turret Nancy , Sackeim Harold 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectivesThe atypical subtype in patients with major depressive disorder is characterized by mood reactivity, significant weight gain or increase in appetite, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis and a long‐standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity. Though atypical depression is well documented in younger patients, little attention has been paid to the atypical subtype in samples of late‐life depressed patients. This study reports the patient characteristics and treatment results of an eight‐week open‐label trial of venlafaxine in a sample of older depressed patients with atypical subtype.MethodsPatients received fixed dosing schedule (up to 300 mg/day) of venlafaxine (Effexor XR) for 8 weeks.ResultsIn this sample of 17 patients, the mean age was 65.6 years and 77% were female. Most strikingly, 53% of patients presented with late‐onset atypical depression defined as first episode after the age of 50. Fifteen of the 17 patients (88%) completed the eight‐week treatment trial. The mean score on the HRSD 24‐item decreased from 22.2 ± 5.1 at baseline to 11.8 ± 8.9 (p<0.001), and the mean total atypical item score decreased from 6.2 ± 1.6 to 2.8 ± 2.0 (p < 0.001). Remission was defined as a final HRSD ≤ 10 and a 50% reduction in baseline HRSD score. The intent‐to‐treat remission rate was 65% and the completer remission rate was 73%.ConclusionsIn this sample of late‐life patients with atypical depression venlafaxine treatment was reasonably effective and well tolerated. However, the effectiveness of venlafaxine in this study must be considered in the context that this was an open trial of antidepressant medication. Insufficient attention has been given to the atypical subtype in late‐life depression. Whether late‐onset atypical depression is significantly different from early‐onset atypical depression, and whether late‐onset patients with atypical depression are significantly different from late‐onset patients with other depressive subtypes are questions of compelling interest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracranial volume in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: evidence for brain reserve?
Authors: Wolf Henrike , Julin Per , Gertz Hermann‐Josef , Winblad Bengt , Wahlund Lars‐Olof 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe possibility of brain volume reserve effects was examined in a sample of geriatric outpatients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). The total intracranial volume (ICV) served as an estimate of the maximum attained brain volume in life.MethodsSubjects (n = 181, mean age 60.7) were consecutive referrals to a geriatric outpatients clinic (n = 96) and a group of age‐matched healthy control subjects (n = 85). ICV and brain volume were attained from T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images using a stereological method. Hippocampal atrophy was assessed with a visual rating scale.ResultsICV was significantly smaller in patients with AD and VaD than in control subjects, but effect size was small. After adjusting for age and gender, having ICV in the smallest quartile significantly increased the risk of cognitive impairment (either MCI or dementia). In patients with dementia, but not in MCI, severity of cognitive impairment and ICV were moderately correlated. The effect of ICV on cognition was not mediated by hippocampal atrophy.ConclusionsThese findings are compatible with volume reserve effects that modify the clinical expression of symptoms in both AD and VaD. They may have implications for the design of neuroimaging studies that use ICV for normalization procedures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Update on olfactory mucosal metabolic enzymes: Age‐related changes and N‐acetyltransferase activities
Authors: Genter Mary Beth 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe have expanded previous observations on olfactory metabolic enzymes by examining the content of various metabolic enzymes in the olfactory mucosa of the male Long‐Evans rat at different ages. Age‐related changes in metabolic enzyme content may be related to changes in susceptibility to toxicants with age and may also contribute to altered odorant perception in the elderly. While some enzymes did not vary over the age range examined, decreases in the microsomal content of other enzymes were observed. While mRNA for acetyltransferase enzymes has previously been described in olfactory mucosa (Debic‐Rychter, Land, King. Cancer Res 1996;56:1517–1525), the markedly higher activity of olfactory acetyltransferases compared to liver had not previously been described. Acetyltransferases are important in the metabolism of drugs and toxicants that are aromatic amine derivatives and may contribute to the bioactivation of rodent olfactory mucosal carcinogens such as 2,6‐dimethylaniline and alachlor. These studies show that the olfactory mucosa varies in its metabolic capacity with age, and characterize another class of metabolic enzymes in the olfactory mucosa, both of which may impact significantly on responses to toxicants and therapeutic agents in the nasal cavity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:239–244, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20029
Activation of mitochondrial lactate uptake by flavone induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Wenzel Uwe , Schoberl Katrin , Lohner Katrin , Daniel Hannelore 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLactate production from glucose even in the presence of oxygen is a characteristic of cancer cell metabolism and an important feature for tumor progression. Here, we describe that an increased uptake of lactate into mitochondria of HT‐29 human colon cancer cells by treatment of cells with the flavonoid flavone is associated with an increased production of mitochondrial superoxide anions and apoptotic cell death. In search of the mitochondrial transporter that could promote enhanced lactate uptake and energetic flow through the electron transport chain, we used fluorescein as a model substrate. Flavone increased fluorescein uptake at pH 7.4 into mitochondria of HT‐29 cells almost tenfold while lactate inhibited uptake significantly. Uptake of fluorescein in the absence or presence of flavone was strongly increased by lowering pH from 7.4 to 6.0 and almost abolished by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The lactate‐sensitive part of fluorescein transport was completely blocked by p‐chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (pCMBS), a specific inhibitor of the monocarboxylate transporter‐1 (MCT‐1) that by Western blotting and immunofluorescence was identified in mitochondria of HT‐29 cells. Finally, lactate increased and pCMBS inhibited the flavone‐induced generation of mitochondrial O radicals and in turn blunted the apoptotic response. In conclusion, our studies provide evidence that flavone reverts the metabolic phenotype of transformed colonocytes towards a phenotype characteristic for normal cells. Transformed colonocytes, however, seem especially vulnerable to O, produced in mitochondria as a consequence of these metabolic alterations, and respond with the induction of apoptosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of mass transfer coefficient in an airlift reactor with internal loop using coalescent and non‐coalescent liquid media
Authors: Blažej M , Juraščík M , Annus J , Markoš J 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn this work the sulfite oxidation (SOM), dynamic pressure‐step (DPM) and gassing‐out (GOM) methods were compared for volumetric mass transfer coefficient measurement in an airlift reactor with internal loop. As a liquid phase both, non‐coalescent and coalescent media were used. Among the methods discussed here, the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) values obtained by the DPM appear as the most reliable as they were found to be independent of oxygen concentration in the inlet gas, which confirmed the physical correctness of this method. The difference between data measured using air and oxygen was not higher than 10%, which was comparable to the scatter of experimental data. It has been found that the sulfite oxidation method yielded kLa values only a little higher than those obtained by the DPM and the difference did not exceed 10%. Up to an inlet gas velocity (UGC) of ≅0.03 m s−1 the GOM using oxygen as a gas medium gave kLa values in fact identical with those obtained by the DPM. At higher flows of the inlet gas, the GOM yielded kLa values as much as 15% lower. The enhancement in oxygen mass transfer rate determined in non‐coalescent media was estimated to be up to +15%, when compared with a coalescent batch. The experimental dependence of kLa vs the overall gas hold‐up was described by an empirical correlation.1 Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Globalization and agrarian change: a case of freshwater prawn farming in Bangladesh
Authors: Ito Sanae 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper examines changing agrarian institutions in south‐western Bangladesh where a large number of farmers, small and large, have switched from rice farming to export‐oriented freshwater prawn farming within the last decade. The local economy boomed until ecological and managerial problems began to threaten the sustainability of the farming activities. At the same time, the impact of global competition is forcing the industry to adopt so‐called global standards concerning food safety and sanitary conditions. This demands the restructuring of the local supply chain at the bottom of which a significant number of small farmers are struggling to survive. It is argued that this restructuring is leading to small farmers' reduced access to financial capital, and possibly to changes in ownership patterns of freshwater prawn farms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chasing the dragon: accounting for the under‐performance of India by comparison with China in attracting foreign direct investment
Authors: Henley John S 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper compares the performance of India and China in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). China ranks number one as the world's preferred foreign investment destination. FDI statistics suggest that India's performance has been significantly understated but India still lags absolutely for several reasons. These include a high tariff regime, poor physical infrastructure, a regulatory system that is too often not business friendly and a policy of reservation of many potentially export‐oriented sectors for small businesses. The paper concludes that further liberalization of India's FDI regime is likely to be driven by external pressures and state‐level initiatives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making globalization work for the poor: the 2000 White Paper reconsidered
Authors: Wood Adrian 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMost aspects of the argument of the UK government's 2000 White Paper on globalization and development stand up reasonably well to the findings of subsequent research. But there is significant new evidence in two areas: the size of the contribution of institutions to growth; and the complexity of the effects of increased openness on poor people. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative ways of paying for global public goods
Authors: Clunies‐Ross Anthony 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe paper considers various possible means, mooted as alternatives or supplements to a simple schedule of governmental contributions, of paying for global public goods and common purposes: use of IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDRs); the United Kingdom's International Finance Facility (IFF); globally coordinated taxes (on arms exports, deep‐ocean mineral rents, international air transport, greenhouse‐gas emissions, or currency transactions) and the tapping of private fortunes. There is discussion of whether the various possible methods might have political advantages over a schedule of governmental contributions; of their revenue possibilities and of equity considerations. Promising, the paper argues, provided what are essentially prejudices can eventually be overcome, are first a global tax on currency transactions, and second the regular issue of SDRs, with those that would according to the allocation formula go to the rich countries recycled for development purposes. There is more doubt about the IFF, even if it were to receive sufficient support from the donor countries. It would probably need to be modified if it were to have much chance of being both workable and acceptable. Private fortunes on the face of it offer a huge potential; attention needs to be given to providing the right incentives; and it may be that they can be increasingly tapped for international development with the help of the new ‘global funds’. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of market and coordination failures for rural development in least developed countries
Authors: Kydd Jonathan , Dorward Andrew 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMarket failures affecting economic growth in poor rural areas are firmly on the agenda but for goods and services with private good characteristics are generally not conceptualized and understood in ways that help policy analysis and formulation to recognize and address these failures. We need greater recognition and understanding of the causes and nature of coordination failures that lead to these market failures. This paper examines core features of poor rural areas, the nature of coordination problems faced by different potential economic actors, the impacts of these problems on markets and economic development and ways that these have been addressed or ignored in different policies and policy approaches in Asia and Africa. We conclude by drawing out the implications for policies seeking to promote pro‐poor economic growth in poor rural areas today. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coffee futures: role in reducing coffee producers' price risk
Authors: Mohan Sushil , Love James 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe paper investigates whether coffee producers can benefit by taking coffee production/marketing decisions on the basis of coffee futures forecasts. The methodology employed is to match futures and spot prices for the coffee futures contract traded at the international commodity exchanges. Regression analysis demonstrates that changes in spot prices are not explained by changes in lagged futures prices. On the contrary, it emerges that futures prices tend to adapt to the prevailing spot prices. The deviations of the spot prices from the lagged futures prices are over 30 per cent on average and they do not follow any systematic pattern. Therefore, the hypothesis that coffee futures market information could benefit coffee producers cannot be empirically supported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Millennium Development Goals: the pledge of world leaders to end poverty will not be met with business as usual
Authors: Fukuda‐Parr Sakiko 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis article reviews the prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It argues that these goals will not be achieved by the target date of 2015 unless new action is taken by both rich and poor countries. It shows that current trends sharply contrast countries on their way to meeting the goals and those in a poverty trap. Crisis proportions have been reached in deterioration of life expectancy and falling incomes, but also in a wide range of other indicators in countries such as Zambia as well as Nepal. The origins of this crisis are not just poor governance or poor macroeconomic policies, but rather the difficulties of competing in global markets. A priority for these countries is to invest in basic education and health, infrastructure, agriculture and manufacturing. Rich countries have fallen seriously behind in living up to their promises to increase aid, debt relief and access to their markets for exports from developing countries—with the welcome but still inadequate increase in aid to reach the 0.7 per cent GDP target, with the collapse of trade talks at Cancun, slow implementation of HIPC, and slow progress in implementation of TRIPS provision for access to technology. Business as usual will not be enough to meet the goals and new action is urgently needed to achieve the goals. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making research on globalization work for the poor: a commentary on Adrian Wood's ‘making globalization work for the poor: the 2000 White Paper reconsidered’
Authors: Maxwell Simon 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAdrian Wood is right to note a significant shift in official thinking since the publication in 2000 of the DFID White Paper on globalization. This is confirmed by the 2004 White Paper on the same subject, published by the Department for Trade and Industry: there is more emphasis on the institutional pre‐conditions for successful liberalization, more on the specificity of individual country experience, more on the plight of losers, and more on the need for social protection. These themes are important and require some re‐thinking of aid policy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental change and peatland forest dynamics in the Lake Sentarum area, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Anshari Gusti , Peter Kershaw A. , Van Der Kaars Sander , Jacobsen Geraldine 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFour short pollen and charcoal records from sites within and around Lake Pemerak on the margins of the Danau (Lake) Sentarum National Park in inland West Kalimantan, supported by modern surface samples from the Reserve, provide a partial picture of lowland equatorial vegetation and environments over at least the last 40 000 years. They demonstrate general stability in the distribution of wetland and ombrotrophic (or raised) peatlands through the recorded period with dominance throughout of peatland and swamp forest. However, there was marked variation in sediment accumulation rates and in the floristic composition of the vegetation. The period prior to the last glacial maximum appears to have been the time of most active peatland growth and contrasts with the perception, from previous studies on largely coastal and subcoastal peatlands in Indonesia, that the Holocene was the time of major tropical peat accumulation. A general increase in charcoal, just prior to about 30 000 years ago, suggests that burning became more frequent, and is attributed to initial human impact rather than climate change. The subsequent latest Pleistocene period, embracing the Last Glacial Maximum, is marked by a peak in montane–submontane rainforest taxa, strongly indicating a substantial lowering of temperature. It appears that much of the Holocene is not recorded but recommencement of peat accumulation is evident within the last few thousand years. At the time of fieldwork access to the central part of the Lake Sentarum system was inhibited by strong El Niño drought conditions, but this area has the potential to provide a longer and more continuous history of environmental change for the region. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropical forest structure: a missing dimension to Pleistocene landscapes
Authors: Cowling Sharon A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBy focusing on the horizontal distribution of Pleistocene vegetation types within tropical landscapes, we may be overlooking an equally important feature of palaeovegetation, namely their vertical structure. Tropical forest structure is a critical factor contributing to canopy microclimatology and thus plays a role in defining canopy habitats and species population dynamics. Because of this tight relationship between forest structure and canopy microclimate, flora and fauna with narrow canopy niches may have responded to glacial reductions in forest canopy density in the same manner as if the tropical forest were completely replaced by grassland. This alternative interpretation of palaeo‐forest response to past climate change holds significance for the application of the Pleistocene refugia hypothesis in explaining various biogeographical trends. The role of forest structure in influencing hydrological cycling and the exchange of carbon between the biosphere and atmosphere are highlighted to illustrate how palaeoprecipitation and palaeoproductivity proxy data may be misinterpreted when forest structure is not explicitly considered. This is accomplished through theoretical scenarios using hydrological mass balance equations and simulations using a soil–plant–atmosphere landscape model. Available methodologies to reconstruct tropical palaeovegetation structure are identified, including the use of fully coupled earth system models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene changes of Andean alder (Alnus acuminata) in highland Ecuador and Peru
Authors: Weng Chengyu , Bush Mark B. , Chepstow‐Lusty Alex J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFossil pollen records from the high Andes of Ecuador and northern Peru show that Alnus increased in abundance at most sites following warming associated with the onset of the Holocene. The peak of Alnus pollen abundance occurred between ∼9000 and 5000 yr BP. However, between 6500 and 4500 yr BP, the abundance of Alnus pollen declined markedly in all of the available records, including sites both within and above its modern distribution range. Even though the beginning of this decline may have been time‐transgressive, the greatest reduction of Alnus abundance is consistent between sites, occurring at ca. 4500 yr BP. This synchrony suggests that one or more factors affected Alnus populations across the whole region. A cooler climate, droughts and anthropogenic activity are discussed as possible causes on such a large spatial scale. A scenario is suggested in which the early–mid Holocene increase in Alnus populations was curtailed by droughts, and then further impacted by major regional cooling from ca. 5000 yr BP onwards. Human agricultural activities in this wetter interval may also have delayed Alnus recovery. A resurgence of Alnus populations at 2000–1000 yr BP may have been a response to regional warming coupled with human land management practices. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.