bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manic-depressive Disorder and Lithium
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Herrington Reginald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lithium salts provide one of the most fascinating stories in psychopharmacology and psychiatric treatment (Jefferson and Greist 1994). The therapeutic effects of lithium in mania were reported by John Cade in 1949. Yet it was 20 years before lithium was licensed in the USA and only in the 1970s was it the subject of widespread study (Goodwin 1979). Not surprisingly, our knowledge of its properties and effects, wanted and unwanted, is still incomplete although it has become firmly established on the therapeutic scene. Its main indications remain mania and depression, in their more severe forms.
Anxiety disorders and antianxiety medication
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Herrington Reginald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anxiety is a ubiquitous emotion within everyone’s experience (Sartorius 1980). It is important in psychiatry because it is found in many mental illnesses as a secondary phenomenon as well as constituting syndromes in its own right, the anxiety disorders. It presents in many forms and comprises a multitude of symptoms, psychological and somatic. It is an unpleasant emotion so that many of those who experience it urgently seek relief. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that drugs used to assuage anxiety, the tranquillizers, are among the most widely used of all drugs (Tyrer 1984).
Post-menopausal bleeding
Authors: Bain Christine , Kitchener Henry C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The definition of post-menopausal bleeding (PMB) varies, but is usually defined as vaginal bleeding that occurs one year or more after the menopause. It is a clinical sign that causes alarm and anxiety in women and is of concern to the clinician, because of its association with malignant disease. Around 10 per cent of women presenting with this problem will have underlying cancer, with the likelihood increasing with the length of duration from menopause. The bleeding may vary from only a few spots of blood to several days of bleeding, or rarely a profuse haemorrhage. However small the amount, every case must be investigated thoroughly and sensitively. This chapter will be concerned only with bleeding from the genital tract and will outline the causes and modem management of this problem which can be divided into three groups dependent on the location of bleeding (Table 21.1). Bleeding from the urinary or gastrointestinal tract should be referred to the relevant specialist. However, it is important to note that haematuria and rectal bleeding may be confused with vaginal bleeding and if there is uncertainty it is best to investigate both possible sources. Previous studies (Brewer and Miller 1954; Keirse 1973; Caspi et al. 1977) have tried to identify the incidence of each cause of post-menopausal bleeding, but this is difficult due to exclusion criteria. In our centre in Aberdeen, which serves a female population of 300 000 we see 500-600 cases of PMB annually, a rate of around 1 per 500 women per year.
Adenomyosis uteri
Authors: Brosens Jan J , Brosens lvo A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, the term adenomyosis denotes the presence of endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium. Until recently, the diagnosis could only be made after hysterectomy by which time its clinical relevance was merely academic. This is not the only reason why adenomyosis has been neglected in the last few decades. The wide range of pathological criteria used to define adenomyosis, and differences in myometrial sampling, have hindered many attempts to correlate the presence of these ectopic endometrial foci with a specific clinical syndrome. Although adenomyosis is apparently associated with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea, current confusion is so profound that some even doubt its clinical relevance.
Psychiatric morbidity and the menstrual cycle
Authors: Gath Dennis , Day Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a review of associations between psychiatric disorders and menstrual disorders. This review is followed by descriptions of common psychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. An account is then given of the causes of emotional disorders (precipitating, predisposing, and perpetuating factors). This account is followed by a review of some gynaecological syndromes including the premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, menorrhagia (and its treatment with hysterectomy), and the menopause. Finally an account is given of methods of detecting and assessing psychiatric disorders in the gynaecology clinic.
Mothers’ views and experiences of care
Authors: Garcia Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons why women’s views and experiences matter, but perhaps the main one is that women’s reactions to care around the time of birth can affect they way they care for themselves and their baby. These reactions also influence their subsequent contacts with their care-givers (Brown et al. 1994). Feelings of having had a good or bad experience are, of course, partly affected by the clinical events at the time, but the explanations and support they get from staff can go on mattering to them for a long time (Menage 1993; Charles 1994; Crompton 1996; Smith and Mitchell 1996). For some women, the decision about having another child may be one of the outcomes. Two comments from mothers who took part in a recent national postal survey (Garcia et al. 1998) help to illustrate some of these issues.
Information management
Authors: Graham Janice E , Agg Maggie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increase over the past two decades in international epidemiological surveys of the aged, dementia disease case registries, and the computerization of clinical practices, has resulted in a multiplicity of databases whose re¬ liability and validity vary dramatically. Their value to those who access patient and population information for clinical and research purposes depends on systematic organization and quality control. In order for information systems to meet quality assurance requirements, these databases should include individual case-specific data, apply standardized criteria and outcomes, and be rigorous in data accuracy and completion. If these databases are also to be used for clinical research then they should include ‘all known characteristics that affect outcome’ (Black 1997). Details omitted, or more often unknown when the database was set up, may be needed later. Acquiring this missing information may require considerable labour, and/ or it may not be available. When designing an information system, these considerations should be taken into account and the system needs to be able to respond to new demands on the information it contains.
Psychiatric assessment
Authors: Ballard C , Eastwood R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the first memory clinics were established in the United States in the mid 1970s, there has been a massive expansion in memory clinic services throughout Europe and North America. Indeed, there are now more than 30 memory clinics in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe (Wright and Lindesay 1995; Verhey et al., 1993; Walstra et al., 1992). The objectives of clinics are broadly similar, aiming to provide comprehensive specialist assessment of patients with mild memory disorders, specialist advice on the management of these disorders, and to identify patients who may be suitable for participation in pharmacological or other research projects. The majority of clinics are multidisciplinary, most commonly involving psychiatrists, geriatricians, psychologists, neurologists, nurses, speech therapists, and occupational therapists (Wright and Lindesay 1995). The tradition in North America is slightly different. Few North American studies have described the characteristics of memory clinic attendees (Hogan et al., 1994) but many have utilized ‘dementia clinics’ or ‘memory clinics’ as a source of patients for research, focusing upon diverse subjects such as driving skills (Fitten et al., 1995), neuroimaging (Wolfe et al., 1995), and the validation of instruments to identify non-cognitive symptoms (Sultzer et al., 1992).
Nutrition as a factor in survival
Authors: Reaich David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The presence of protein—calorie malnutrition is well recognized in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. The nutritional deficiencies are multifactorial, with both inadequate intake and increased catabolism contributing. There is increasing evidence that malnutrition in HD has a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. Long-term survival of the HD patient is therefore likely to be influenced by nutritional status. The optimum management of the HD patient must therefore include an appropriate assessment of his/her nutritional status and interventions to prevent the development of malnutrition, or correct it, should it arise.
Adequacy of dialysis: the key to survival
Authors: Gotch Frank , Levin Nathan W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rationale for the treatment of uremia with dialysis therapy rests primarily on the premise that the uremic syndrome results from the accumulation of toxic solutes, which are normally cleared from body water by the kidney and can be successfully cleared by dialysis. It is well established that adequate dialysis therapy must normalize the extracellular fluid volume and its composition with regard to the concentrations of Na, K, Pi, Ca, HCO3 and Mg. Consequently, the first criteria to be met for adequate dialysis are the optimal control of extracellular volume and the concentrations of these electrolytes.
Growth and development (Physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
occurs at the fastest rate just before birth b is influenced by maternal nutrition is independent of sex is stimulated by fetal insulin production is generally reduced in mothers who drink more than 40 g alcohol daily generally occurs earlier in boys than in girls is preceded by increased adrenal androgen production in both sexes c is associated with an increase in somatotrophin production begins after sexual maturation has occurred e is associated with increased bone density
The Retreat from the Ordinary
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If a person is troubled in her heart and cannot see any avenue of escape from her emotional turmoil it would make good sense to seek help from someone who has a reputation for being of use in such matters. The prospective helper may be a wise person or an expert. By expert, I mean someone who has at their disposal a particular ploy, tactic, technique, procedure, or trick upon which they would rely to ease the supplicant’s torment; such a ploy may or may not involve an illusion. In some cultures a technique used for such a purpose would be thought of as magic or religious and involve supernatural powers; today, we would be more likely to look for an explanation in the natural world, one which we would attribute to what we call ‘science’. There has, however, always been a con fusion between wisdom and technique. As anthropologists have noted, the shaman who enacts a magical ritual or who pretends (and perhaps even believes) that it is efficacious may use whatever common sense or wisdom he or she possesses in order to solve the problem.
Spontaneity
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The further I continued in writing this book the more my heart sank. How can one possibly give a description of psychotherapy which bears sufficient resemblance to the actual article to make the account useful? When I think of some of the most fruitful occurrences in therapy I cannot relate them. This is not because I am ashamed of them. It is because they seem to have no more relevance to a professional undertaking based on a describable method than an account of a slice of life that might appear in a novel. They lack specificity; they do not form part of a planned approach; I do not know how to justify them as a therapeutic endeavour any more than conversations with friends which have been rewarding but from which no formula can be extracted for having rewarding conversations with friends.
The Hazards of Moral Judgement in Psychotherapy
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the many predicaments in life is that of making a judgement between one’s own view and that of others. We are presented with this problem at almost every hour of every day. The issue involved may be a mundane matter but the decision we make will be influenced by our sense of worth and our confidence in our own perception of things; we are, moreover, often genuinely confused as to what is morally the better thing. Debate about human nature does not seem to come up with any clear answer about the motives for our judgements; whereas it is often claimed that we are egotistical beings, out to get our way at all costs, and to believe what it suits us to believe, there is plenty of evidence to show that we tend to be amazingly suggestible and conformist. Perhaps the most that can be said with any assurance is that good judgement is a manifestation of that elusive quality, wisdom.
The Institute of Social Medicine
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the presentation of the budget on 30 June 1942, Ernest Brown, Head of the Ministry of Health, reported that the Ministry was cooperating with the Ministry of Food, the Board of Education, the Medical Research Council, and the University of Oxford to improve the health of the nation. Regional Medical Officers and the Emergency Hospital Service were supported by local nutritional surveys helped by funds and expertise from the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation. Although Hugh Sinclair’s name was not mentioned, reference to the University of Oxford clearly identified his work, thus adding to his personal credibility.
What type of trial is needed?
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview of the general process by which a new treatment is evaluated; from initial clinical investigation through to widescale clinical practice. We review the factors which may determine, at each stage, whether or not a new clinical trial is warranted. Crucial to this is knowing what you want to have achieved by the time each stage is completed.
Vinca alkaloids
Authors: Synold Timothy W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The periwinkle plant (Cantharantus roseus; Vinca rosea L.), originally indigenous to Madagascar but now cultivated all over the world, has a long and colourful history of medicinal uses for the treatment of such widely dissimilar conditions as haemorrhage, scurvy, toothache, wound healing, and diabetes. Research into the compounds responsible for the therapeutic effects of the periwinkle led to the discovery of the antitumour vinca alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine. These cytotoxic vinca alkaloids act by binding to tubulin, thereby preventing the polymerization of microtubules essential for many cellular
Platinum agents
Authors: Johnson Steven W , Stevenson James P , O’Dwyer Peter J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Platinum complexes represent a unique and important class of antitumour drugs. Although cis-diammine dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) was initially synthesized in 1845, it was not realized that platinum compounds exhibited antitumour activity until the work of Barnett Rosenberg published in 1969. These studies led to the clinical development of cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) for the treatment of various solid tumours.
Anti-endocrine drugs used in cancer treatment
Authors: LØnning Per Eystein 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discovery by Beatson a century ago that castration may cause tumour regression in premenopausal breast cancer patients marks endocrine therapy as the first successful systemic treatment strategy for malignant diseases. Although other forms of ablative surgery (orchiectomy in males suffering from prostatic carcinomas, and adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients) and, in the 1950s and 1960s, additive treatment with oestrogens or glucocorticoids came into
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Culleton Bruce F , Bostom Andrew G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death both in the general population and in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). CVD is responsible for about 40% of all deaths in both demographic groups.Although the proportion of people dying of cardiovascular causes is similar, the risk of CVD is far greater for patients with ESRF. Even after stratification by age, gender, race, and presence of diabetes, CVD mortality in dialysis patients is 10-20 times higher than in the general population.
Neuroradiological investigation: functional neuroimaging: SPECT/PET
Authors: Alexander Gene E , Pietrini Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Advances in nuclear medicine technology over the past two decades have significantly enhanced the ability to evaluate the in vivo neurophysiological effects of neurodegenerative disease. The development of functional neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have provided the opportunity to assess regional neural activity in the awake human brain. With these advances it has become possible to study with increasing sensitivity and specificity the regional changes that occur in the brain as neurodegenerative diseases progress. Applications of these neuroimaging techniques to investigate the neurophysiological effects of the most common form of age-related dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has increased our understanding of the mechanisms of the progressive cognitive and behavioural dysfunction characteristic of this debilitating illness.
Congenital muscular dystrophies
Authors: Mercuri Eugenio , Muntoni Francesco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The clinical diversity of CMD is suggested by the different degrees of motor developmental delay, physical disability and muscle pathology, and by the variable presence of mental retardation. Most of the efforts aimed at delineating and subdividing the various CMD forms have originated from the International Consortium on CMD, that, under he auspices of the European Neuromuscular Centre (ENMC), has convened six dedicated workshops, whose proceedings have been published in Neuromuscular Disorders (Dubowitz 1994; 1997; 1999; Dubowitz and Fardeau 1995; Muntoni and Guicheney 2001). The classification proposed in this chapter, that takes into account the recent advances in the molecular genetic studies, is largely a reflection of the data presented at these workshops.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Meryon2019s disease
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This disease is eponymously associated with the name Duchenne because this French physician described the condition in detail in the 1860s (Duchenne 1861; 1868). His contributions were concerned with the clinical description of the condition and the muscle histology findings. However, several years previously an English physician, Edward Meryon, not only described the clinical features of the disease in some detail but also emphasized three very important points (Meryon 1851; 1852). Firstly, he emphasized that the disease affected males and was familial (none of Duchenne’s cases were familial).
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Upadhyaya Meena , Cooper David N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The defining clinical features include the onset of weakness of the facial or shoulder girdle muscles, leading eventually to the wasting of these muscles (Fig. 8.1). Significant facial weakness is evident in more than half of all affected FSHD patients. As the disease progresses, the muscles of the shoulder girdle, the scapula fixators, and the upper arm muscles (especially the biceps and triceps) may become affected. Weakness and atrophy may eventually involve many other skeletal muscles, including the musculature of the pelvic girdle and the foot extensor muscles may become involved, resulting in footdrop. Some patients may display involvement of the proximal muscles of the lower limb prior to any evidence of weakness of the distal muscles. Involvement of the musculature of the pelvic girdle is observed infrequently. However, patients who exhibit pelvic girdle muscle weakness before the age of 20 years are more likely to become wheelchair-bound, and at an earlier age. Studies have indicated that although 10-20 per cent of all FSHD gene carriers will require a wheelchair by their fourth decade, a further 22-30 per cent of carriers will only be mildly affected, or may even remain virtually asymptomatic throughout their lives.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and related cardiac disorders in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Urtizberea J Andoni , Duboc Denis , Schwartz Ketty , Bonne Gisèle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heart dysfunction in muscular dystrophy has been noted a long time ago but did not draw much attention until recently. As Duchenne patients live longer and better now a-days, this complication has become, over the years, a major concern as well as a growing cause of death. The spectrum of cardiac abnormalities turned out to be much broader than originally thought: congestive heart failure, secondary to left ventricular dysfunction, is the commonest risk in many muscular dystrophies but rhythm disturbances and/or conduction defects can also be complications of their own, sometimes (DCM) with the same momentum. In the meantime, the spectrum of genetic diversity in muscular dystrophies has expanded formidably and generated new insights into muscle physiology.
Respiratory care in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Simonds Anita K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Respiratory problems are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the muscular dystrophies. Indeed, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) respiratory complications are the cause of death in over 70 per cent of patients, and virtually all Duchenne patients will develop ventilatory insufficiency if they survive long enough. In the other muscular dystrophies the extent of respiratory compromise will depend on the degree of respiratory muscle involvement, the presence of a thoracic scoliosis and level of bulbar weakness. In congenital muscular dystrophy merosin negative individuals seem more prone to early respiratory failure than merosin positive patients. Ventilatory failure is relatively uncommon, although not unknown in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and has a variable prevalence in limb girdle MD. Although ventilatory support has been used sporadically in neuromuscular patients with chronic ventilatory failure for over 50 years, in the last decade the use of non-invasive ventilation has had a significant impact on survival and long-term outcome, particularly in DMD patients. In this chapter the natural history of respiratory problems in the muscular dystrophies is discussed, with particular emphasis on monitoring, identifying high-risk patients, and the outcome of therapeutic interventions.
Controversies in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis following total hip arthroplasty: a North American perspective
Authors: Colwell Clifford W , Hardwick Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based medicine, which seeks to integrate individual clinical expertise and the best external evidence derived from scientific research, provides an argument for prescribing thrombosis prophylaxis for all total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients.