bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Larval feeding experience influences adult predator acceptance of chemically defended prey
Authors: Rayor Linda S. , Munson Steven 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGeneralist predatory paper wasps, Polistes dominulus, experience plant secondary defensive compounds as developing larvae through their herbivorous lepidopteran caterpillar prey and as adults through attacking caterpillars while foraging. We evaluated the role that larval and early adult experience with unpalatable prey plays in subsequent foraging choices by adult wasps. For periods of two or four weeks, caged wasps were raised exclusively on caterpillars of either unpalatable Buckeye, Junonia coenia, that sequester substantial levels of iridoid glycosides (IG) or on Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui, that contain very low levels of IG. Wasps were then allowed to forage on both caterpillar species simultaneously. Patterns of prey capture differed significantly based on previous prey experience. Regardless of previous feeding experience, adult wasps overwhelmingly preferred to take Vanessa. Yet Junonia‐experienced wasps continued to attack and take back to the nest over 50% more Junonia than did Vanessa‐experienced wasps. The longer the wasps' larval experience with Junonia, the more likely they were to capture Junonia caterpillars. However, the life stage at which the wasps experienced Junonia was also influential as young adult experience with the unpalatable prey was more of a deterrent than was experience strictly as larvae for Junonia‐experienced wasps. The results demonstrate that, in these predators, previous experience with deterrent chemicals during their larval development alters patterns of prey acceptability to the adult insects.
Host plant use of Phyllotreta nemorum: do coadapted gene complexes play a role?
Authors: de Jong Peter W. , Nielsen Jens Kvist 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe view of (insect) populations as assemblages of local subpopulations connected by gene flow is gaining ground. In such structured populations, local adaptation may occur. In phytophagous insects, one way in which local adaptation has been demonstrated is by performing reciprocal transplant experiments where performance of insects on native and novel host plants are compared. Trade‐offs are assumed to be responsible for a negative correlation in performance on alternative host plants. Due to mixed results of these experiments, the importance of trade‐offs in host plant use of phytophagous insects has been under discussion. Here we propose that another genetic mechanism, the evolution of coadapted gene complexes, might also be associated with local adaptation. In this case, however, transplant experiments might not reveal any local adaptation until hybridization takes place. We review the results we have obtained in our work on the host plant use of the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), and propose a hypothesis involving coadapted genes to explain the distribution of genes that render P. nemorum resistant to defences of one of its host plants, Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Cruciferae).
Overwintering of the sycamore aphid, Drepanosiphum platanoidis
Authors: Wade F.A. , Leather S.R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSpatial and temporal aspects of overwintering in the holocyclic sycamore aphid Drepanosiphum platanoidis (Schrank) (Homoptera: Callaphididae) were investigated. Eggs of D. platanoidis were principally laid on trunks and branches of Acer pseudoplatanus L., at considerable distances from the buds. Trunks with rough bark, followed by branches with moderate roughness supported more overwintering eggs than the relatively exposed smooth surfaces of twigs and terminal buds. Eggs were aggregated on rough bark. Aspect had no effect on the number of eggs laid. Experimental manipulations varying ovipara densities showed intra‐specific competition among oviparae for optimal oviposition sites. Overwintering egg mortality was a function of time, with the greatest mortality rate occurring in late winter. Egg mortality varied from 80.4% to 76.9% on trunks and 83.0% to 65.9% on branches in 1996 and 1997.
Effect of physiological state of young Ceratitis capitata females, on resource foraging behavior
Authors: Cohen Hadass , Voet Hillary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe investigated the influence of the physiological state of young female Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on resource foraging behavior and mating propensity in field cage studies. Three kinds of diets were supplied prior to release on host plants: (1) 2% sucrose, (2) 20% sucrose, and (3) protein hydrolysate. Laboratory‐cultured C. capitata females of different ages, ranging between 3–9 days old, were released in field cages containing two potted citrus tree seedlings, each consisting of either proteinacous or carbohydrate sources. Flies 3–7 days old, exposed to 2% sucrose, showed no preference for either source, while other groups, at the same age, displayed a significant influence of diet. Conversely, the behavior of flies within the age 8–9 days old was governed only by their reproductive needs, all three groups being significantly attracted to protein. In additional field‐cage studies, mating propensity of similar groups was observed. Copulation was significantly higher among immature flies fed on proteinacous diet than those exposed to carbohydrate sources prior to their release.
The Land Development Corporation: A System for Selling Rural Real Estate
Authors: Stroud Hubert B. 
Published: October 2003

This research illustrates ways in which rural real estate is converted into potential vacation home sites by large land development corporations. The individual and previously disorganized approach to selling property is replaced by an organized framework that is designed to create a demand for rural real estate.Unfortunately, development is progressing without serious or adequate consideration being given to a number of specific problems. Developers and local governmental officials often fail to consider the environmental impact of these developments, the adequacy of service facilities being provided or the direct and indirect public costs associated with this type of developmental activity. Because of these shortcomings and others, serious questions arise concerning the desirability of this kind of developmental activity for rural areas.
Multifamily Housing Demand: 1980–2000
Authors: Sternlieb George , Burchell Robert W. 
Published: October 2003

Using Annual Housing Survey data on multifamily structure occupancy by household type for 1975, together with number of household projections from the Department of Agriculture, a gross level of multifamily housing demand is projected. Allowance is made for a 2 percent replacement rate of the total stock as well as a 5 percent vacancy figure for new household demand. Assuming that: (1) there is no massive shift away from one‐family ownership to multifamily units, and (2) the present level of conversions from one‐family units to multiple occupancy continues to offset the trend of conversion from rental multifamily units to condominium status, then total future demand for multifamily rental units is well within current construction levels.

We are presently building one and one‐half times the demand of 416,000 units per year projected for 1975–80.
The demand from 1980 to 1990 decreases to 367,000 new units annually.
This is further reduced to 335,000 units annually for the period 1990–2000.

The major determinants of future demand will focus on the scrap‐page rate of extant facilities and the regional shifts of population.The future supply of multifamily structures depends on an abatement of construction costs and interest rates, and/or massive levels of Government subsidy.There is evidence that operating cost rises are challenging the financial integrity of multifamily structures. This is manifested by the HUD and private market mortgage delinquency and foreclosure rates.Policy focus for the future should emphasize the minimization of both construction and operating costs rather than augmented delivery rates.
The Changing Spatial Relationship Between Residences and Worksites in the New York Metropolitan Region: Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Kamer Pearl 
Published: October 2003

In recent decades, most new metropolitan population and job growth has occurred in the suburbs. Conventional wisdom suggests that because of the selective nature of suburban labor market development, most metropolitan workers currently live further from their jobs. Distance, in turn, fragments urban labor markets and creates physical and informational barriers to employment.This article examines the selective pattern of central city‐suburban labor market development within the New York Metropolitan Region between 1960 and 1975 and analyzes the extent to which worker residences have adapted to spatial shifts in employment.
Clofarabine, a novel nucleoside analog, is active in pediatric patients with advanced leukemia
Authors: Jeha Sima , Gandhi Varsha , Chan Ka Wah , McDonald Lisa , Ramirez Irma , Madden Renee , Rytting Michael , Brandt Mark , Keating Michael , Plunkett William , Kantarjian Hagop 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Despite progress in leukemia therapy, most children who experience relapse have a dismal prognosis. New, effective approaches are needed. We conducted a phase 1 study of a novel nucleoside analog, clofarabine, in pediatric patients with refractory and relapsed leukemia. Clofarabine was infused intravenously over 1 hour each day for 5 days. Six dose levels, between 11.25 and 70 mg/m2 per day for 5 days, were studied in 25 patients. A modified 3 + 3 phase 1 design was followed with 30% dose escalation until the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 52 mg/m2 per day for 5 days. At the end of infusion at MTD, clofarabine triphosphate levels in leukemia blasts varied between 6 μM and 19 μM, which resulted in complete and sustained inhibition of DNA synthesis. The DLT was reversible hepatotoxicity and skin rash at 70 mg/m2 per day for 5 days. Twenty-five patients were treated. Five patients achieved complete remission (CR), and 3 achieved partial remission (PR), for an overall response rate of 32%. Clofarabine is well tolerated and shows significant antileukemic activity in heavily pretreated children. Multicenter phase 2 trials in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are ongoing.
The pathogenic roles of tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Ishida Yuko , Kondo Toshikazu , Tsuneyama Koichi , Lu Peirong , Takayasu Tatsunori , Mukaida Naofumi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAcetaminophen (APAP) causes a massive production of intrahepatic tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). However, it still remains elusive regarding the roles of TNF-α in APAP-induced liver injury. Hence, we examined pathogenic roles of the TNF-α–TNF receptor with a molecular weight of 55 kDa (TNF-Rp55) axis in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity using TNF-Rp55-deficient [TNF-Rp55-knockout (KO)] mice. When wild-type (WT) BALB/c and TNF-Rp55-KO mice were intraperitoneally injected with a lethal dose of APAP (750 mg/kg), the mortality of TNF-Rp55-KO mice was marginally but significantly reduced compared with WT mice. Upon treatment with a nonlethal dose (600 mg/kg), WT mice exhibited an increase in serum transaminase levels. Histopathologically, centrilobular hepatic necrosis with leukocyte infiltration was evident at 10 and 24 h after APAP challenge. Moreover, mRNA expression of adhesion molecules, several chemokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was enhanced in the liver. On the contrary, serum transaminase elevation and histopathological changes were attenuated in TNF-Rp55-KO mice injected with APAP (600 mg/kg). The gene expression of all molecules except for IFN-γ and iNOS was significantly attenuated in TNF-Rp55-KO mice. Moreover, anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibodies alleviated liver injury when administered at 2 or 8 h after but not at 1 h before APAP challenge to WT mice. Collectively, the TNF-α–TNF-Rp55 axis has pathogenic roles in APAP-induced liver failure.
The chronic consequences of severe sepsis
Authors: Benjamim Claudia F , Hogaboam Cory M , Kunkel Steven L 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe early events of severe sepsis set in motion a cascade of events that significantly contributes to the morbidity and mortality observed during the first few days of this syndrome. Although sepsis is a deadly, acute disease, survivors also suffer long-term consequences. Clinical data underscore subsequent high mortality rates associated with patients who are long-term survivors of the acute septic episode. Within 1 year of surviving severe sepsis, there is a 26% predicted mortality rate, and many patients succumb to lung complications. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that dictate the longer-term sequela of sepsis and related lung injury. We have established a murine model of experimental sepsis [cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)], which results in an approximate 60% survival rate. Our studies have demonstrated that these survivors are susceptible to a fungal infection with 100% mortality when challenged 3 days or 15 days post-recovery from the initial CLP. This increased mortality correlates with changes in cytokines and Toll-like receptor expression and alterations in lung leukocyte populations. We hypothesize that the lung becomes predisposed to nosocomial infections for extended periods of time after severe sepsis via mechanisms that include alterations in inflammatory cytokines and an increase in immunomodulatory chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and C10. These mediators may alter the innate-immune response by affecting dendritic cells and macrophages, which could provide a mechanism for the immunosuppression observed following sepsis.
Generation of a Phenotypic Array of Hypothalamic Neuronal Cell Models to Study Complex Neuroendocrine Disorders
Authors: Belsham Denise D. , Cai Fang , Cui Hong , Smukler Simon R. , Salapatek Anne Marie F. , Shkreta Lulzim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKnowledge of how the brain achieves its diverse central control of basic physiology is severely limited by the virtual absence of appropriate cell models. Isolation of clonal populations of unique peptidergic neurons from the hypothalamus will facilitate these studies. Herein we describe the mass immortalization of mouse primary hypothalamic cells in monolayer culture, resulting in the generation of a vast representation of hypothalamic cell types. Subcloning of the heterogeneous cell populations resulted in the establishment of 38 representative clonal neuronal cell lines, of which 16 have been further characterized by analysis of 28 neuroendocrine markers. These cell lines represent the first available models to study the regulation of neuropeptides associated with the control of feeding behavior, including neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, urocortin, proopiomelanocortin, melanin-concentrating hormone, neurotensin, proglucagon, and GHRH. Importantly, a representative cell line responds appropriately to leptin stimulation and results in the repression of neuropeptide Y gene expression. These cell models can be used for detailed molecular analysis of neuropeptide gene regulation and signal transduction events involved in the direct hormonal control of unique hypothalamic neurons, not yet possible in the whole brain. Such studies may contribute information necessary for the strategic design of therapeutic interventions for complex neuroendocrine disorders, such as obesity.
Novel Activation Step Required for Transcriptional Competence of Progesterone Receptor on Chromatin Templates
Authors: Thackray Varykina G. , Toft David O. , Nordeen Steven K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo elucidate the earliest molecular steps in the activation of transcription by the progesterone receptor (PR), we investigated its activity in a cell-free transcription system utilizing chromatin templates. PR prepared as a ligand-free, recombinant protein failed to induce transcription on chromatin templates. However, transcriptional competence could be restored by coincubation with rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL). The interaction of PR with chaperones results in a receptor conformation competent to bind ligand and RRL contains abundant chaperone-mediated protein folding activity. Blocking this activity with the specific inhibitor geldanamycin inhibited receptor-dependent transcriptional activity. However, recombinant chaperones could not replace RRL in the restoration of transcriptional activity on chromatin templates, suggesting the presence of an additional activity in the lysate. Under chromatin assembly conditions, PR could bind naked DNA and RRL did not increase that binding. In contrast, PR bound to a chromatin template only poorly. Interestingly, RRL stimulated sequence-specific binding by PR to target sites in chromatin and the concomitant recruitment of the steroid receptor coactivator 1 to the promoter. Thus, our results indicate that a novel protein-mediated activity in RRL is involved in an additional, heretofore unrecognized, activation step required for PR to become transcriptionally competent on chromatin templates.
Wavelet‐based estimation of a discriminant function
Authors: Chang Woojin , Kim Seong‐Hee , Vidakovic Brani 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we consider wavelet‐based binary linear classifiers. Both consistency results and implementational issues are addressed. We show that under mild assumptions on the design density wavelet discrimination rules are L2‐consistent. The proposed method is illustrated on synthetic data sets in which the ‘truth’ is known and on an applied discrimination problem from the industrial field. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis of Oxo Transfer to Prochiral Sulfides by Oxovanadium(V) Compounds That Model the Active Center of Haloperoxidases
Authors: Santoni Gabriella , Licini Giulia , Rehder Dieter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe catalytic properties of a new class of chiral vanadium compounds—[(S,S,S)‐VO(OMe)L1] (5), [(S,S)‐VO(OMe)L2] (6), [(S,S)‐VO(OMe)L3] (7), and [(R,R,R)‐VO(OMe)L4] (8), as well as the system VO(OiPr)3/(R,R,R)‐H2L4 [H2L1=(S,S)‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)‐(S)‐1‐phenylethylamine, 1; H2L2=(S,S)‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)benzylamine, 2; H2L3=(S,S)‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)isopropylamine), 3; (H2L4)=(R,R)‐bis(2‐phenylethanol)‐(R)‐1‐phenylethylamine, 4]—in the asymmetric oxidation of prochiral sulfides by organic hydroperoxides have been investigated. Particular attention has been paid to the factors that guide the discrimination between the two prochiral faces of the sulfides (methyl p‐tolyl sulfide and benzyl phenyl sulfide), to steric implications stemming from the oxidant (cumyl hydroperoxide and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide), and to the specific complex used. As an example, (S)‐methyl p‐tolyl sulfoxide was obtained in a 31 % enantiomeric excess by use of cumyl hydroperoxide as oxidant and complex 5 as the catalyst, after 150 min at 0 °C and with 100 % conversion of the sulfide. The crystal and molecular structures of 5 and 6 reveal the close relationship between these complexes and the active center of vanadate‐dependent haloperoxidases: the vanadium is in a slightly distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal environment with the nitrogen and the methoxy group in the axial positions, and the oxo and alkoxide functions of L2 and L3 are the plane. The presence and equilibrium situation of isomers of the catalysts in solution has been investigated by 51V EXSY and variable‐temperature multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. An intermediately formed peroxo (ROO−) vanadium complex was detected by 51V NMR spectroscopy.
Pyrrole‐Appended Derivatives of O‐Confused Oxaporphyrins and Their Complexes with Nickel(II), Palladium(II), and Silver(III)
Authors: Pawlicki Miłosz , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCondensation of 2,4‐bis(phenylhydroxymethyl)furan with pyrrole and p‐toluylaldehyde formed, instead of the expected 5,20‐diphenyl‐10,15‐di(p‐tolyl)‐2‐oxa‐21‐carbaporphyrin, a pyrrole addition product [(H,pyr)OCPH]H2; this product can formally be considered as an effect of hydrogenation of 3‐(2′‐pyrrolyl)‐5,20‐diphenyl‐10,15‐di(p‐tolyl)‐2‐oxa‐21‐carbaporphyrin ([(pyr)OCPH]H). The new oxacarbaporphyrinoid presents the 1H NMR spectroscopy features of an aromatic molecule, including the upfield shift of the inner H21 atom. Insertion of NiCl2 or PdCl2 into [(H,pyr)OCPH]H2 gave two structurally related organometallic complexes, [(pyr)OCP]NiII] and [(pyr)OCP]PdII], in which the metal ions are bound by three pyrrolic nitrogens and the trigonally hybridized C21 atom of the inverted furan. The reaction of [(H,pyr)OCPH]H2 with silver(I) acetate yields a stable AgIII complex [(C2H5O,pyr)OCP]AgIII] substituted at the C3 position by the ethoxy and pyrrole moieties. The macrocyclic frame of [(H,pyr)OCPH]H2 is conserved. Addition of trifluoroacetic acid to [(C2H5O,pyr)OCP]AgIII] yielded a new aromatic complex [(pyr)OCP]AgIII]+. The structures of [(pyr)OCP]NiII] and [(C2H5O,pyr)OCP]AgIII] have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. In both molecules the macrocycles are only slightly distorted from planarity and the nickel(II) and silver(III) are located in the NNNC plane. The dihedral angle between the macrocyclic and appended‐pyrrole planes of [(pyr)OCP]NiII] reflects the biphenyl‐like arrangement with the NH group pointing out toward the adjacent phenyl ring on the C5 position. Tetrahedral geometry around the C3 atom was detected for [(C2H5O,pyr)OCP]AgIII]. The NiC and AgC bond lengths are similar to other nickel(II) or silver(III) carbaporphyrinoids where the trigonal carbon atom coordinates the metal ion. The trend detected in the 13C chemical shifts for the appended‐pyrrole resonances has been rationalized by the extent of effective conjugation between the macrocycle and the appended pyrrole moiety controlled by the hybridization of the C3 atom and the metal ion oxidation state. The dianionic or trianionic macrocyclic core of the pyrrole‐appended derivatives is favored to match the oxidation state of nickel(II), palladium(II), or silver(III), respectively.
Electronically Tuned Chiral Ruthenium Porphyrins: Extremely Stable and Selective Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation and Cyclopropanation
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Kaiser Patrick , Lex Johann 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe report the use of three enantiomerically pure and electronically tuned ruthenium carbonyl porphyrin catalysts for the asymmetric cyclopropanation and epoxidation of a variety of olefinic substrates. The D4‐symmetric ligands carry a methoxy, a methyl or a trifluoromethyl group at the 10‐position of each of the 9‐[anti‐(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydro‐1,4:5,8‐dimethanoanthracene)]‐substituents at the meso‐positions of the porphyrin. Introduction of a CF3‐substituent in this remote position resulted in greatly improved catalyst stability, and turnover numbers of up to 7 500 were achieved for cyclopropanation, and up to 14 200 for epoxidation, with ee values typically >90 % and ≈80 %, respectively. In one example, the axial CO ligand at the ruthenium was exchanged for PF3, resulting in the first chiral ruthenium porphyrin with a PF3 ligand reported to date. In cyclopropanations with ethyl diazoacetate, the latter catalyst performed exceedingly well, and gave a 95 % ee in the case of 1,1‐diphenylethylene as substrate.