bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the combination of the method of auxiliary sources with reaction matching for the analysis of thin cylindrical antennas
Authors: Papakanellos Panagiotis J. , Capsalis Christos N. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn the present paper, a combination of the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) with the reaction matching (RM) technique is investigated for the treatment of thin wire antennas. The influence of the use of additional monopole terminal sources on the numerical stability and the accuracy of the solution is thoroughly studied for both scattering and radiating antennas. Although the proposed method (MAS–RM) is somehow similar to the method of moments (MoM) with sinusoidal basis and testing functions, it possesses substantial advantages against the MoM with regard to the numerical stability of the current distribution and the behaviour of the boundary condition error. Several examples are presented for both the scattering and radiating case in order to illustrate the features and capabilities of the proposed method. Finally, a few concluding remarks are discussed and the advantages of the proposed method over the MoM are outlined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of the temperature distribution on the PN junction behaviour in the electro‐thermal simulation
Authors: Garrab Hatem , Allard Bruno , Morel Hervé , Ghedira Sami , Besbes Kamel 
Published: September 2004

AbstractElectro‐thermal simulations of a PIN‐diode based on the finite‐element method, show a non‐uniform temperature distribution inside the device during switching transients. Hence, the implicit assumption of a uniform temperature distribution when coupling an analytical electrical model and a thermal model yields inaccurate electro‐thermal behaviour of the PIN‐diode so far. The idea of including non‐uniform temperature distribution into power semiconductor device models is not new, as accurate electro‐thermal simulations are required for designing compact power electronic systems (as IC or MCM). Instead of using a one‐dimensional finite difference or element method, the bond graphs and the hydrodynamic method are utilized to build an electro‐thermal model of the PIN‐diode. The results obtained by this original technique are compared with those obtained by a commercial finite‐element simulator. The results are similar but the computation effort of the proposed technique is a fraction of that required by finite‐element simulators. Moreover, the proposed technique may be applied easily to other power semiconductor devices. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odour of cooked silurus (Silurus glanis) flesh: evaluation by sensory analysis and comparison of collection methods to assess the odour representativeness of extracts obtained by dynamic headspace
Authors: Hallier Arnaud , Serot Thierry , Prost Carole 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe odour of silurus (Silurus glanis) coming from two types of rearing environment developed in France was studied. Odour sensory analysis was performed on cooked fillets of silurus. The odour representativeness of extracts obtained by dynamic headspace was assessed. Two methods of extract collection were compared. Rearing environment had an effect on the odour of cooked fillets of silurus. Silurus reared in outdoor ponds for 2 years with no renewal of water had a stronger odour of hay, cut grass and hot milk and a weaker odour of mouldy, hard‐boiled egg and cooked cabbage than silurus reared in indoor concrete ponds for 1 year with renewed geothermal water. Odour extracts collected with the Teflon bag method were more representative of the odour of cooked fillets of silurus than those collected with the glass flask method. Teflon bags showed the relevance of dynamic headspace extraction to analyse the odour of cooked fillets of silurus. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of extraction of phenolic antioxidants from peanut skins
Authors: Nepote Valeria , Grosso Nelson R , Guzmán Carlos A 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis work was conducted to optimize the extraction conditions for the best recovery of antioxidant compounds from peanut skins. The extracts from the peanut skins were obtained by different extraction methods. The extraction conditions were: different ethanol proportions as the solvent (0, 30, 50, 70 and 96% v/v in distilled water), different peanut skin particle sizes (0–1, 1–2 and 2–10 mm and non‐crushed skins), different proportions of solvent/skins (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ml g−1), different extraction times (by maceration and shaking) and different numbers of extractions. The different extracts obtained under different extraction conditions were compared with special regard to yield, total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the best delivery of phenolic compounds was reached using 70% ethanol, non‐crushed peanut skins, ratio of solvent/solid of 20 ml g−1, at 10 min shaking and three extractions. The maximum yield of 0.118 g g−1 was recorded for phenolic compounds when extracted at the optimum conditions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of high‐pressure processing on the migration of antioxidant Irganox 1076 from polypropylene film into a food simulant
Authors: Caner Cengiz , Harte Bruce 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effect of high‐pressure processing (HPP) on the migration behaviour of a typical antioxidant, Irganox 1076, from polypropylene (PP) flexible structures was studied. Initial concentrations of Irganox 1076 in polypropylene (PP) were 2.0 and 5.0 mg g−1. The migration experiments were carried out on high‐pressure treated and non‐treated polypropylene pouches containing either 95 or 10% ethanol aqueous food simulating liquids (FSL) for 20 days at 40 and 60 °C. After the contact period, concentrations of Irganox in PP and FSL were measured to determine migration behaviour. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of Irganox 1076 migrating from PP, and into the FSL for pressure‐treated vs non‐treated samples. No significant concentration differences were found in non‐treated (control) samples and those treated for 5 and 10 min. However, there was a storage time effect on the migration level. There was also a significant migration effect on the migration of Irganox between the two different food simulants, and an increase in the HPP temperature increased the rate of migration. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymer Morphology: A Guide to Macromolecular Self‐Organization
Authors: Bassett D.C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe study of polymer morphology continues to be the principal means of acquiring knowledge and understanding of macromolecular self‐organization. Longstanding problems of the nature of melt‐crystallized lamellae and spherulitic growth have been resolved, bringing understanding of how characteristic properties such as a broad melting range and spatially‐varying mechanical response are inherent in spherulitic morphologies. This reflects the distinctive features of the crystallization of long molecules, i.e. that they impede each other and, for faster growth, form rough basal surfaces. Knowledge of morphology is an essential accompaniment to the informed development of advanced polymeric materials and a full understanding of their structure/property relations.
Environmental Stress Cracking of Polymers Monitored by Fatigue Crack Growth Experiments
Authors: Altstaedt Volker , Keiter Sven , Renner Michael , Schlarb Alois 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis article describes fatigue crack growth experiments to investigate the degradation of the durability of polymers due to fluid environments. The degrading effect of media causing stress cracking can be observed on the fracture surfaces of tested samples by scanning electron microscopy. Strategies to improve environmental stress cracking like changes in molecular weight, orientation, toughening with rubber particles of different sizes are discussed. Fatigue crack growth experiments can be employed as a very fast and effective screening method.
Toughness Enhancement of Nanostructured Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers
Authors: Michler Goerg H. , Adhikari Rameshwar , Henning Sven 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn overview is given of different micromechanical deformation processes leading to an enhancement of toughness in heterophase polymers. The well‐known mechanism of rubber or particle toughening of semicrystalline polymers was studied in HDPE and PP blends. In particular, the micromechanical processes in the semicrystalline polymer strands between modifier particles were investigated in detail, revealing processes of separation, yielding, breaking and twisting of lamellae. These processes are compared with lamellae forming amorphous SBS block copolymers with alternating soft (polybutadiene) and hard (polystyrene) layers. Depending on the deformation direction, the mechanism of thin layer yielding or chevron formation appears. In both polymeric systems, the initial stage of deformation is characterized by a plastic yielding of the soft phase with a reorganization of the hard (glassy or crystalline) lamellae. The second stage is determined by the alignment of the hard phase towards the deformation direction and the plastic yielding. Detailed comparison of these similar mechanisms in very different polymers with similar nanostructured morphology should help to improve toughening of amorphous as well as semicrystalline polymers.
Use of the Surfmer 11‐(Methacryloyloxy) undecanylsulfate MET as a Comonomer in Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Hartmann P.C. , Pienaar A. , Pasch H. , Sanderson R.D. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe polymerizable surfactant sodium 11‐(methacryloyloxy) undecanylsulfate (MET) has been synthesized with high purity, and its thermal stability and phase transitions have been studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. MET has been copolymerized in solution with methylmethacrylate (MMA) or styrene (S), initiated by azo‐bis‐isobutyronitrile (AIBN). The copolymers thus obtained have been studied by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and DSC. Due to the incompatibility between the polar head of the MET units and the non polar S or MMA units, MET units organize in the amorphous polymer matrix and arrange in lamellar structures.
Influence of Reactive Compatibilization on the Morphology of Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends
Authors: Pionteck J. , Pötschke P. , Schulze U. , Proske N. , Kaya A. , Zhao H. , Malz H. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTo study the efficiency of different mechanisms for reactive compatibilization of polypropylene/polystyrene blends (PP/PS blends), main chain or terminal‐functionalized PP and terminal‐functionalized PS have been synthesized by different methods. While the in‐situ block and graft copolymer formation results in finer phase morphologies compared to the corresponding non‐reactive blends, the morphology development in the ternary blend system PP/PS + HBP (hyperbranched polymer) is a very complex process. HBP with carboxylic acid end groups reacts preferably with the reactive sites of the oxazoline functionalized PS (PS‐Ox) and locates mainly within the dispersed PS‐Ox phase. A bimodal size distribution of the PS‐Ox particles within the oxazoline modified PP (PP‐Ox) matrix phase is observed with big PS‐Ox particles (containing the HBP as dispersed phase) and small PS‐Ox particles similar in size to the unimodal distributed particles in the non‐reactive PP‐Ox/PS‐Ox blends. Factors influencing the morphology are discussed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Novel Poly(Ester‐Amide‐Urethane)s
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Einollahy Parvin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA diacid (TOBA) containing an ester group was synthesized by reaction of terephthaloyl chloride with 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid. Reaction of the obtained diacid with thionyl chloride resulted in preparation of the related diacid chloride (TOBC). Nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4‐aminophenol and also 5‐amino‐l‐naphthol with the prepared diacid chloride afforded two aromatic diols containing ester and amide groups, respectively. Aromatic and semi‐aromatic poly(ester‐amide‐urethane)s were prepared via addition polymerization of different diisocyanates with novel diols. The prepared polyurethanes showed improved thermal stability.
Self‐Diffusion of PEO‐Modified Paclitaxel in Aqueous Solution: Hydrodynamic Properties
Authors: Hess Michael , Zähres Manfred , Jo Byung‐Wook 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe anti‐cancer drug Paclitaxel has been hydrophilized by coupling with poly(ethylene oxide) through a self‐immolating linker to the polymer. The mobility of the functionalized polymer and of the amphiphilic drug‐modified polymer in D2O was studied by the temperature and concentration dependence of the long‐time self‐diffusion coefficients of the components. The technique applied was pulse‐gradient field NMR spectroscopy. The diffusivity of the molecules can be described in terms of the Einstein‐Sutherland and the Stokes‐Einstein equations. First results indicate that combining the drug with the polymer rather influences the rigidity parameter and the pair‐interaction in solution than the shape and the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer coil. Unexpectedly, micelle‐formation, although highly probable, was not observed within the concentration range investigated here.
Allowable tolerances in the position of antenna elements in an array amenable to adaptive processing
Authors: Hwang Seunghyeon , Sarkar Tapan. K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) degradation due to random position errors in the location of the antenna elements in an array is derived through the expected value and standard deviation of the EIRP. The expressions are derived for a linear and a semicircular array (SCA). The minimum tolerance of the array elements is presented by means of the relationship between the EIRP degradation and a standard deviation or the uniform bound of the probability distribution. Using this tolerance, the output signal to interference and noise ratio (OSINR) is examined in the framework of adaptive processing using the direct data‐domain least‐squares (D3LS) approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 215–221, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20423
A fully integrated 5.2‐GHz single‐ended‐in and single‐ended‐out 0.18‐μm CMOS Gilbert upconverter
Authors: Meng C. C. , Lin M. Q. , Huang G. W. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA monolithic 5.2‐GHz single‐ended‐in and single‐ended‐out Gilbert upconverter with balanced operation is demonstrated using 0.18‐μm deep n‐well CMOS technology. The fully matched Gilbert upconverter has conversion gain of −11.5 dB and OP1dBof −19 dBm when input IF = 300 MHz, LO = 4.9 GHz, and output RF = 5.2 GHz. The IF input return loss is better than 14 dB for frequencies up to 7 GHz, while RF output return loss is 15 dB at 5.2 GHz. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 240–242, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20430
Characterization of periodic microstrip‐line EBG structures with improved bandstop behaviors
Authors: Wang Hang , Zhu Lei 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPeriodic microstrip‐line electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) structures with improved bandstop behaviors are constituted by adding the backside aperture and widening the strip conductor regarding to the low‐ and high‐impedance microstrip‐line sections, respectively. Its characteristics are studied by using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. After our FDTD‐derived results are independently verified by those from ADS for an initial EBG structure, extensive work is done to investigate the concerned bandstop behaviors versus strip/aperture widths and lengths in order to achieve a broadened and deepened frequency stopband. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 242–244, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20431
Developmental regression in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Rogers Sally J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe occurrence of developmental regression in autism is one of the more puzzling features of this disorder. Although several studies have documented the validity of parental reports of regression using home videos, accumulating data suggest that most children who demonstrate regression also demonstrated previous, subtle, developmental differences. Counter to clinical intuition, the earlier development of social, language, and attachment behaviors followed by regression does not seem to support later recovery of skills or better developmental outcomes compared to children who never had speech or typical social responsivity. In fact, this regressive group may have somewhat greater developmental impairment than the nonregressive group, though the two groups do not appear to present different behavioral phenotypes. Although autism is not the only condition in which regression occurs, it appears to be the most frequent condition. Other disorders that demonstrate an early regression with no known etiology include total blindness from birth and childhood disintegrative disorder, both of which demonstrate behavioral relations to autism. In addition, two biological conditions with known etiologies also involve regression with some behaviors resembling autism behavioral phenotype: Rett syndrome (a genetic disorder; see Glaze, this issue) and Landau–Kleffner syndrome (see McVicar and Shinnar, this issue), which involves a seizure disorder. MRDD Research Reviews 2004;10:139–143. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pubo‐fascial versus vaginal sling operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: A prospective study
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo , Hering Flávio , Meler Alex , Campagnari João Carlos , D'Império Márcio 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAimsTo compare the long‐term results of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) treatment involving the fascial or vaginal sling operations.Material and MethodsTwo‐hundred‐thirty‐two women were consecutively submitted to fascial or vaginal sling operations due to urodynamic proven SUI. The fascial group had a median age of 47.3 years with a parity of 2.2 and 1.8 surgeries/patient, while the vaginal group demonstrated a median age of 48.5 years with a median parity of 3.1 and 2.2 anterior surgeries/patient. The results were subjectively classified as cured—no further pads, greatly improved—very rare dribbling, improved—eventual dribbling necessitating one pad, no cure—with no urine loss change and worse. The number of pads/day, the presence of urgency or urge‐incontinence episodes were all measured. Statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test was employed.ResultsThe patients were followed up for an average time of 70.3 and 44.9 months, in the fascial and vaginal sling group respectively. Subjective clinical success rate was 93.7% for the fascial sling group and 79.8% for the vaginal one, however, the stratification of the results favored the fascial sling group mostly with 74.4% (94 cases) of the cases with total urinary control and no voiding dysfunctions. Only two cases (1.6%) in this group classified themselves as worsened. On the other hand, the vaginal sling subset revealed cure with total clinical satisfaction and no urinary complaint in 61.5% (62 females) (P > 0.05). Thirteen cases (12.5%) reported recurrence of the urine loss under stress and these constituted the failure group. The average number of pads diminished from 3.3 (±0.8) to 0.2 (±0.2) and from 3.2 (±0.7) to 0.6 (±0.5) after the surgery, for the fascial and vaginal sling operations respectively. Return to daily activities occurred after 9.3 days (±1.2, max: 33, min: 2) for the fascial slings and 5.3 days (±0.2, max: 17, min: 2) in the vaginal group. Surgical complications were compared between the groups. Time to urethral voiding varied according to expertise, demonstrating a diminishing tendency after the initial 20 cases. Female obstruction was observed in 11.1% of the fascial slings and 8.6% after vaginal approach, but none in the vaginal group required urethrolysis. Looking individually, the FS group migrated to the worse results while the VWS group started to lose the efficiency after 6 months.ConclusionsSling operations are a safe and efficacious option to treat SUI, however, the results can vary according to the technique employed. Shorter efficacy and fewer complications are observed in vaginal wall sling operations, while durable results, but with a higher rate of voiding dysfunctions compromising the long‐term clinical satisfaction may be observed after excessive urethral suspensions, as in fascial sling suspension. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pad tests and self‐reports of continence in men awaiting radical prostatectomy: Establishing baseline norms for males
Authors: Moore Katherine , Allen Marion , Voaklander Donald C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAimsIn this study, we report normal pad weight gain in a group self‐reported continent men and compare the self‐report data with the 24‐hr pad test and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).Materials and MethodsSubjects awaiting radical prostatectomy were consecutively recruited. Exclusion criteria were a previous history of urologic surgery, reported urinary incontinence, or a medical problem which could affect bladder function.ResultsTwo hundred forty five men were enrolled. All were Caucasian, mean age 62.7 years, mean Gleason score 6.5, and mean PSA 8.3. At initial interview, all described themselves as continent of urine and 26 declined the 24‐hr pad test because they were emphatic that they were continent. Of the 220 remaining, mean pad weight gain was 4.0 g on 24‐hr pad test (SD 3.8; range 0–35.0 g), mean IPSS score was 7.23; 95 subjects scored  ≥8 (moderate), 13 scored  ≥20 (severe). The IPSS single Quality of Life (QOL) question and the 24 hr pad weight were not correlated; the summary IPSS score and pad weight had a correlation of 0.16 (P = 0.02) and the QOL question and the summary IPSS score had a correlation of 0.63 (P < 0.001). IPSS QOL scores were worse for those recording  ≥8 (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe range of weight gain between 0 and 35 g suggests that self‐report alone of urinary continence is an inaccurate measure of continence for research purposes. We propose that a pad weight gain of 8 g or less is indicative of urinary continence in men. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.