bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Documented cases of post‐transfusion malaria occurring in England: a review in relation to current and proposed donor‐selection guidelines
Authors: Kitchen A. D. , Barbara J. A. J. , Hewitt P. E. 
Published: August 2005

Background and Objectives  Although uncommon, five cases of transfusion‐transmitted malaria have been documented in England over the last 20 years. With the reappearance onto the market of high‐quality malaria antibody assays, and by utilizing the results of analysis of these five cases, it has been possible to review the donor malaria‐deferral guidelines.Materials and Methods  Details of the five cases of post‐transfusion malaria were reviewed against the proposed new donor‐deferral guidelines for malaria.Results  Three of the five cases of post‐transfusion malaria were directly attributable to the deferral guidelines, allowing infectious donors to be bled.Conclusions  The proposed new guidelines will prevent further cases of transmission from semi‐immune individuals.
The impact of the re‐engineered world of health‐care in Canada on nursing and patient outcomes
Authors: Shannon Valerie , French Susan 
Published: August 2005

The healthcare environment is knowledge driven and knowledge and human resource dependent. Despite the paucity of evidence on which to shape and evaluate organizational change, health‐care in Canada has undergone many changes in the last 15 years. In the pursuit of enhanced productivity, healthcare administrators have turned to industrial and engineering models. Using available Canadian research and policy reports, and where necessary, American literature, this paper describes the impact of re‐engineering on nursing and on the relationship between nursing and patient outcomes. It also identifies emerging trends and ways forward.
Gender and embodiment in nursing: the role of the female chaperone in the infertility clinic
Authors: Allan Helen T. 
Published: August 2005

This paper develops previous work on theories of embodiment by drawing on empirical data from a study into the experiences of infertile women in the UK. I suggest experiences of embodiment shape the preferences of infertile women for a female nurse as chaperone during intimate medical procedures. I explore the impact of this role on the understandings and meanings of nursing in a highly gendered field of practice. I present data from an ethnographic study of infertile women who chose to attend a British infertility clinic for investigation and fertility treatment cycles. Data were collected over 2 years using participant observation and semistructured interviews with 15 women and 20 members of staff in a British fertility unit. Data analysis was completed using a modified thematic analysis following Boyle and McEvoy. I discuss women's experiences of intimacy and bodily care and how these experiences might be understood by exploring the phenomenological concept of embodiment. I argue that women benefit from having a female nurse as chaperone because of their expectations of gender, nursing and caring. Women's expectations reinforce both notions of gendered caring and the gendered role of nursing. These data challenge notions of patriarchal professionalism prevalent in nursing, which seek to move away from the gendered role of the nurse (which traditionally included a chaperone role) towards a model of professional development based on a mind–body split. I suggest that these data offer a way of understanding the female embodied subject in the field of gendered caring, which is potentially transgressive because they suggest ways in which both mind and body can be integrated through the role of the female chaperone.
DIMINISHING RETURNS? RISK AND THE DUTY TO CARE IN THE SARS EPIDEMIC
Authors: REID LYNETTE 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe seriousness of the risk that healthcare workers faced during SARS, and their response of service in the face of this risk, brings to light unrealistic assumptions about duty and risk that informed the debate on duty to care in the early years of HIV/AIDS. Duty to care is not based upon particular virtues of the health professions, but arises from social reflection on what response to an epidemic would be consistent with our values and our needs, recognizing our shared vulnerability to disease and death. Such reflection underwrites a strong duty of care, but one not to be borne solely by the altruism and heroism of individual healthcare workers.
Reported Peer Conflicts of Children in the United States and Indonesia
Authors: French Doran C. , Pidada Sri , Denoma Jill , McDonald Kristina , Lawton Allison 
Published: August 2005

AbstractU.S. and Indonesian 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children (N=147) reported on multiple occasions conflicts that they experienced with peers. The precursors of conflict, behavior during conflict episodes, and resolutions were coded. Teacher ratings of aggression and social preference were obtained. The conflicts of children in both countries most often occurred between friends, were short, amicably settled, and solved without aggression. Indonesian children reported disengaging from conflict more often than did U.S. children, whereas U.S. children more frequently reported using negotiation. Reports of aggression during conflict were associated with U.S. and Indonesian children's teacher‐rated aggression, whereas reports of disengagement were associated with Indonesian children's teacher‐rated social preference and aggression.
The Effect of Father–Toddler and Mother– Toddler Role Reversal on the Development of Behavior Problems in Kindergarten
Authors: Macfie Jenny , Houts Renate M. , McElwain Nancy L. , Cox Martha J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRole reversal is a relationship disturbance in which a parent looks to a child to meet a parent's need for comfort, parenting, intimacy or play, and the child attempts to meet these needs. The current study examined, within a developmental psychopathology framework, the effect of father and mother role reversal with toddlers on the development of attention problems, externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, and social problems in kindergarten. In a normative sample, N=57, role reversal was assessed in an observational paradigm, and teachers rated behavior problems. Father role reversal predicted attention problems and externalizing symptoms, whereas mother role reversal predicted social problems. Gender was an important moderator such that father role reversal predicted social problems for boys and mother role reversal predicted social problems for girls. The importance of a developmental psychopathology perspective, the role of fathers, and implications for the development of diagnosable disorders and for preventive interventions are discussed.
Coping with their lives – women, learning disabilities, self‐harm and the secure unit: a Q‐methodological study
Authors: James Melissa , Warner Sam 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDeliberate self‐harm represents a significant, yet it can be argued, a poorly theorized area of concern with respect to women who have learning disabilities – particularly in the context of secure service provision. Utilizing ideas from social constructionism we explore how some ways of understanding dominate the professional literature and, thereby, restrict how such women can be understood. We recognize that despite this, multiple understandings about why women with learning disabilities self‐harm do exist and are drawn upon by practitioners and the women themselves. In order to identify how women with learning disabilities who self‐harm are understood a Q‐methodological study was conducted with patients and professionals in a medium secure unit. Six distinct accounts of why women self‐harm emerged. These accounts emphasized that self‐harming behaviour is meaningful and that women with learning disabilities are understood to have complex needs and a range of strategies for coping with these. The study, therefore, suggests that when working with such women consideration should be given to how they understand and manage their experiences, cognitions and emotions.
Complainants with learning disabilities in sexual abuse cases: a 10‐year review of a psycho‐legal project in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Dickman Beverley Jo , Roux Amanda Jane 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWe describe a project established in 1990 to assist complainants with learning disabilities in sexual assault cases in Cape Town, South Africa. Complainants are prepared for court and psychologists advise investigating officers and prosecutors, and provide expert testimony. There has been an enormous increase in the utilization of the project by justice personnel. This paper examines 100 cases seen over a 10‐year period. We describe the demographics and sexual abuse history of the cohort as well as documenting speed of investigation and outcome of the trials. Almost all charges were of rape and most complainants had learning disabilities in the mild or moderate categories. No men with learning disabilities were among the accused. We raise questions about which cases are perceived as evidentially strong. The conviction rate of 28% was almost identical to the best conviction rate in such cases in the general population in South Africa. In contrast to recent research into conviction rates in South Africa, these cases appear to have been vigorously pursued.
Misoprostol versus expectant management in premature rupture of membranes at term
Authors: da Graça Krupa Fabiana , Cecatti José Guilherme , de Castro Surita Fernanda Garanhani , Milanez Helaine Maria Besteti Pires , Parpinelli Mary Ângela 
Published: August 2005

Objective  To compare the effectiveness of immediate induction of labour with vaginal misoprostol versus expectant management for 24 hours followed by oxytocin induction in women with premature rupture of membranes at term (term PROM).Design  An open, randomised, controlled trial.Setting  Public university hospital in Campinas City, Brazil.Population  One hundred and fifty pregnancies, half of them allocated to each group.Methods  Statistical analysis used Student's t test, the χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, survival analysis and risk ratio estimates with 95% CI.Main outcome measures  Latency period, recruitment to delivery period, period of hospitalisation, mode of delivery, contractility pattern, fetal wellbeing, labour and delivery complications, neonatal and maternal morbidity.Results  Both groups had similar general characteristics, but the misoprostol group had a significantly shorter latency period (9.4 vs 15.8 hours), a shorter time interval from recruitment to delivery (18.9 vs 27.5 hours), a shorter period of maternal hospitalisation and a slightly higher proportion of alterations of contractility when compared with the expectant group. Caesarean section rates were 20% in the misoprostol group and 30.7% in the other. There were no differences between them regarding fetal wellbeing, complications during labour and delivery and neonatal or postpartum maternal morbidity. Within 24 hours, 44% of women had delivered in the expectant group against 73.3% in the misoprostol group.Conclusions  Immediate labour induction with misoprostol in cases of term PROM shortens the latency period, the total time between recruitment to delivery and the time of maternal hospitalisation, increasing the occurrence of alterations of contractility without any maternal and perinatal outcomes disadvantages.
Effect of Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Centromedian Thalamic Nuclei on Various Intractable Seizure Patterns: II. Psychological Performance and Background EEG Activity
Authors: Velasco Marcos , Velasco Francisco , Velasco Ana Luisa , Velasco Gabriela , Jiménez Fiacro 
Published: August 2005

Summary:We studied the effect of electrical stimulation of centromedian thalamic nuclei (ESCM) on seizure control and paroxysmal EEG activity in 23 patients. We report the effect of chronic ESCM on psychological performance and background EEG activity of patients with various intractable seizure patterns. In each patient, a simple specifically designed neuropsychological scales (one for adults and one for children) was administered at the end of the baseline (BL), ESCM, and poststimulation (Post) periods; and 14 consecutive EEG recordings during these periods were performed to determine the degree of neuropsychological improvement and the temporal course of EEG changes. A significant increase in psychological scores and the number of background EEG waves per 10 s was noted in groups A (generalized tonic‐clonic seizures, GTC), C (complex partial seizures, CPS), and D (generalized tonic seizures) and the total group of patients from BL to ESCM and from BL to Post periods. Group B patients showed a substantial increase (partial motor seizures) during the same periods. Improvement on psychological performance correlated better with age and baseline degree of deterioration than with the nature of the particular psychological improvement in any given subtest. The improvement in EEG background rhythm was most noticeable at the end of ESCM and at the beginning of the Post periods. Complete normalization of neuropsychologic scores and EEG rhythms was rare, but improvement was significant for both. Psychological scores increased from BL 14 ± 2 to ESCM 21 ± 2 and Post 23 ± 2 (normal expected 26), and EEG background rhythm increased from BL 42 ± 2 to ESCM 62 ± 2 and Post 54 ± 2 EEG waves/10 s. (normal expected >80).
Localization of Focal Cortical Lesions Influences Age of Onset of Infantile Spasms
Authors: Koo Betty , Hwang Paul 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: To determine whether the localization of focal cerebral lesions affects age of onset of infantile spasms (IS). Methods: We reviewed 216 cases of IS and identified patients with focal cerebral lesions confined to frontal, centrotemporoparietal, or occipital regions. The age of onset of spasms in each of the three groups was analyzed. Results: Ninety‐three patients were found to have focal cerebral lesions confined to one of the three regions previously described. The mean age of onset of IS was 3·36 ± 1·71 months in patients with occipital lesions, 6·26 ± 2·68 months in centrotemporoparietal lesions, and 9·83 ± 2·56 in frontal lesions. Conclusions: Occipital lesions are found to be associated with earliest onset of spasms, whereas frontal lesions are rare and associated with latest spasms onset. The age distribution pattern of spasms onset according to localization of cortical lesion is in close correlation with that of normal sequence of brain maturation. This supports the hypothesis that cerebral lesions located in critical areas of brain maturation have a role in the genesis of infantile spasms.
Surgical Treatment of Extratemporal Epilepsy: Clinical, Radiologic, and Histopathologic Findings in 60 Patients
Authors: Zentner Josef , Hufnagel Andreas , Ostertun Burkhard , Wolf Helmut K. , Behrens Elga , Campos Manuel G. , Solymosi Laszlo , Elger Christian E. , Wiestler Otmar D. , Schramm Johannes 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose and Methods: The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings in 60 consecutive patients with medically intractable extratemporal epilepsy who were operated on between November 1987 and May 1993. Results: Histologically, there were distinct structural abnormalities in 50 (83%) of the surgical specimens. Signal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were present in all patients with neoplastic lesions (n = 17) and in 94% of patients with nonneoplastic focal lesions (n = 32). Overall, structural abnormalities were detected by MRI in 47 (96%) of 49 patients with focal lesions. During a mean follow‐up of 4 years, 30 (54%) patients remained completely seizure free, 11 (20%) had ≤2 seizures per year, seven (12%) showed a seizure reduction of ≥75%, and eight (14%) had <75% reduction in seizure frequency. The fraction of seizure‐free patients was 12 (80%) of 15 in patients with neoplastic lesions, 16 (52%) of 31 in patients with nonneoplastic focal lesions, and two (20%) of 10 for those without histopathologic abnormalities. The differences in seizure outcome between patients with and without focal lesions were statistically significant (p < 0.05), if seizure‐free outcome was compared with persistent seizures. Conclusions: Focal lesions and particularly neoplasms are associated with improved postoperative seizure control compared with patients without histopathologic abnormalities. We advise caution in considering surgery to treat extratemporal epilepsy in patients who have normal MRI scans, because the outcome with the approach described in this study is poor in such cases.
Intracartotid Amobarbital Procedure Memory Performance and Age at First Risk for Seizures Distinguish Between Lateral Neocortical and Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Hamberger Marla J. , Walczak Thaddeus S. , Goodman Robert R. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: To determine whether intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) memory‐performance asymmetries and early risk factors for epilepsy distinguish between lateral neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (LNTLE) and mesiobasal temporal lobe epilepsy (MBTLE). Methods: We studied 10 patients with LNTLE and 22 with MBTLE. All LNTLE patients showed (a) presence of temporal neocortical lesion or lateral seizure onset by intracranial recording, and (b) absence of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) by histopathologic analysis. All patients with MBTLE showed (a) video‐scalp EEG seizures consistent with mesial TLE, and (b) presence of unilateral MTS by histopathologic analysis. All patients had good surgical outcomes (Engel I or II). Unilateral IAP memory performance was defined as percentage of memory items presented during hemispheric anesthesia that was recognized after recovery. IAP asymmetry scores were the differences in memory performance after right and left injections. Results: Mean memory‐asymmetry scores were significantly lower in the LNTLE than in the MBTLE group. An IAP memory asymmetry of <25% correctly classified seven of 10 patients with LNTLE, and an asymmetry of ≥25% correctly classified 18 of 22 patients with MBTLE. Age at first risk for epilepsy was significantly younger in those with MBTLE than in those with nonlesional LNTLE. Results suggest that both IAP memory performance and age at first risk can help distinguish between MBTLE and LNTLE.
Mutual Interaction Between Remacemide Hydrochloride and Carbamazepine: Two Drugs with Active Metabolites
Authors: Leach John Paul , Blacklaw Jackie , Jamieson Virginia , Jones Tracey , Richens Alan , Brodie Martin J. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: We wished to determine mutual interaction of two drugs with active metabolism: remacemide, hydrochloride and carbamazepine (CBZ). Methods: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study of add‐on remacemide hydrochloride was performed in 10 of 14 recruited patients being treated with CBZ monotherapy. Forty‐eight‐hour concentration profiles of CBZ, its active epoxide metabolite (CBZ‐E), remacemide, and its desglycinyl metabolite (ARL12495XX) were assayed after single and multiple dosing. Results: After patients were treated with 300 mg remacemide hydrochloride twice daily for 14 days, the mean area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) of CBZ was increased by 22% (p = 0.12), Cmax was increased by 27% (p = 0.07), and Cmin was increased by 22% (p = 0.29). Trough concentrations of CBZ were higher (p = 0.0037) during active treatment as compared with placebo treatment. CBZ‐E levels were unaffected. No symptoms of CBZ toxicity were reported. There was no evidence of autoinduction of remacemide metabolism. However, in CBZ‐treated patients, the AUC of remacemide and its active metabolite was 60 and 30%, respectively, of values observed in healthy volunteers treated previously with the same dose. Conclusions: Remacemide hydrochloride inhibits CBZ metabolism, which itself induces that of remacemide hydrochloride and its active metabolite. This mutual interaction between remacemide hydrochloride and CBZ is predictable and modest and should not present a barrier to their clinical use in combination.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Induces a Sustained Anticonvulsant Effect
Authors: Takaya Mikio , Terry Wendy J. , Naritoku Dean K. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: Stimulation of the vagus nerve can effectively abort several types of experimentally induced seizures in animals when administered near the time of seizure onset. Indirect evidence from human trials and animal studies suggests that the anticonvulsant effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) extend beyond the duration of stimulation. We used the pentylenetetrazol model to determine whether VNS exerts a persistent anticonvulsant effect. Methods: VNS (1 mA, 30 Hz, 500 μs pulse width) was administered continuously for 0, 1, or 60 min, or intermittently (30 s on, 5 min off) for 60 min, to awake and freely moving animals. After the end of stimulation, pentylenetetrazol (50 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to induce seizures. Time‐course studies were also performed, consisting of 60 min of VNS followed by pentylenetetrazol injection after 0, 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐min intervals. Results: The greatest anticonvulsant effect occurred after 60 min of continuous VNS, which prevented convulsions in four of 12 rats and reduced significantly seizure duration, the total number of seizures, and number of tonic seizures. Intermittent VNS was less effective than continuous stimulation for 60 min, but more effective than that for 1 min. The anticonvulsant effect declined in a time‐dependent fashion after discontinuation of VNS, with return to nonstimulated control values by 10 min. Conclusions: The results of this study verify a persistent VNS‐induced anticonvulsant effect and indicate that its efficacy is dependent on the cumulative stimulus duration.
Lamotrigine Adjunctive Therapy in Childhood Epileptic Encephalopathy (the Lennox Gastaut Syndrome)
Authors: Donaldson Jennifer A. , Glauser Tracy A. , Olberding Lynn S. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: We assessed efficacy and safety of adjunctive lamotrigine (LTG) therapy in patients with the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Methods: The study was a single‐center, retrospective chart review of open‐label adjunctive LTG therapy in patients with LGS. Initial LTG dose and titration was dependent on concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Efficacy was based on the change in seizure frequency between the initiation of LTG therapy and December 1, 1995 (or LTG discontinuation). Seizure diaries were used to count patient seizures. A secondary evaluation of efficacy was a parental or guardian assessment of the patient's global status. The evaluation of safety involved chart review for treatment‐emergent adverse events (AE). Results: Data from 16 LGS patients were analyzed. Fifty‐three percent (8 of 15) had a >50% reduction in seizure frequency with LTG adjunctive therapy. Tonic, atonic, generalized tonic‐clonic (GTCS), and atypical absence seizure frequency but not myoclonic seizure frequency decreased significantly during LTG therapy. Fifty‐three percent of the patient's parents (8 of 15) reported that their child's quality of life (QOL) was much or very much improved during the study. The major treatment‐emergent AE were infection (50%, 8 of 16) and sleep disturbance (19%, 3 of 16). A rash was noted in 13% (2 of 16) of the patients and resulted in LTG discontinuation in 1. No clinically significant changes were noted in neurologic examination or laboratory tests during the study. Conclusions: Our results indicate that LTG adjunctive therapy is effective and well tolerated in patients with LGS.