bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional involvement of Pax‐1 in somite development: Somite dysmorphogenesis in chick embryos treated with Pax‐1 paired‐box antisense oligodeoxynucleotide
Authors: Smith Carol A. , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe metameric pattern of the vertebrate axial skeleton, defined by structures such as the vertebral bodies and ribs, is a result of segmentation events that occur during embryogenesis. The key event in axial segmentation is somite formation. This study examines the role of Pax‐1, a member of the paired‐box containing Pax gene family, in chick somite development. To investigate whether misexpression of Pax‐1 during somite development is functionally related to abnormal axial patterning, antisense methodologies were used to perturb Pax‐1 expression. An antisense, phosphorothioate‐modified oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was designed based on the mouse Pax‐1 paired‐box sequence, and was either injected into or directly applied topically to early, somitic stage chick embryos. Abnormalities in somite structure and pattern were subsequently observed and scored, including loss of somites (18% of injected embryos, 35% of embryos treated by topical application), fusion of somites (25% of injected, 6% with topical application), and shortened body axis (0% of injected, 11% with topical application). Control embryos receiving sense ODN or non‐sense ODN (a scrambled sequence with base composition identical to the antisense ODN) showed substantially fewer somite anomalies, indicating that the effects were sequence‐specific. These developmental abnormalities were analyzed using standard histological methods. Whole mount in situ hybridization was carried out to analyze the three‐dimensional pattern of Pax‐1 expression in whole embryos. In control, untreated embryos, the expression was localized to the entire epithelial somite, and as the somite matured, the expression was limited to its ventromedial region. With Pax‐1 antisense ODN treatment, embryos with fused somites retained expression over the entire fused somite, and embryos that had complete loss of somites had greatly reduced expression of Pax‐1 transcript. The results presented here provide strong evidence that Pax‐1 is functionally important during somitogenesis and morphogenesis of the vertebral column. The spatial pattern of gene expression appears to delineate different populations of cells in the developing embryo (i.e., somite from somite, sclerotome from dermomyotome), and is consistent with the hypothesis that Pax‐1 is involved in forming or maintaining boundaries at specific times and locations during development. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of spatial crowding on social behavior in a chimpanzee colony
Authors: Nieuwenhuijsen Kees , de Waal Frans B. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong mammals there is usually an increased frequency of aggressive interactions when population density increases. Conducted at the Arnhem Zoo, the present study examined the effects of spatial crowding on social behavior. Observations were carried out during three winter and two summer periods, using six distinct behavioral categories as dependent variables. The hypothesis that the behavior of individual chimpanzees would be intensified under crowded conditions was examined. Only absolute grooming changes supported the “density‐intensity” hypothesis. Aggression data exhibited only a slight increase. Apparently, advanced mammalian forms, such as chimpanzees and human beings, are able to cope with crowding‐induced stress by engaging in alternatives to overt aggression.
The control of progression order in a captive herd of sable antelope (Hippotragus niger)
Authors: Stine Wm. Wren , Howell Leonard L. , Murdock Gwendolyn K. , Newland M. Christopher , Conradsen Linda , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA small herd of captive sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) was observed repeatedly while progressing through a gate connecting a pasture to a corral. The ordinal position of each herd member was recorded during each progression. These data were analyzed quantitatively with respect to three models of progression order control and one of random ordering. An end point‐control model, stating that the oldest female of a progression occupies the first position while the remainder of the animals randomly distribute themselves within the progression, accounts for the data. These results are related to both protection and resource learning theories of progression order. The terminology used in the study of leadership and ordinal progressions is discussed as well.
Studies on Asian elephant reproduction at the Washington Park Zoo
Authors: Schmidt Michael J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies of Asian elephant reproduction at the Washington Park Zoo in the areas of the estrous cycle, semen collection, bull elephant management and health care, pregnancy, and pheromones have yielded sufficient information to attempt repeated artificial insemination (AI) at the time of ovulation. While no pregnancy has been achieved to date, with the information now at hand AI can be expected to become a practical technique for breeding elephants in captivity.
Behavioral effects of a change in the physical environment: A pilot study of captive chimpanzees
Authors: Clarke A. Susan , Juno Charles J. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA small group of chimpanzees was studied before and after their translocation from a laboratory environment to a naturalistic man‐made island. After 22 weeks of island living, stereotyped and self‐directed behavior was dramatically reduced. Social behavior did not improve on the island, but the animals were more active and manipulative in the enriched setting. Naturalistic environments are clearly conducive to normal behavior patterns.
Association between burst‐pulse sounds and aggressive behavior in captive Atlantic bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Overstrom Neal A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA specific display observed during agonistic behavior among captive Atlantic bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) was examined. The primary component of the display was an open‐mouthed posture accompanied by violent vertical head motions and the emission of pulse‐type vocalizations. Jaw‐clap behavior produced during the display was quantified for use as an index of aggressive motivation. By aurally monitoring the animals' vocalizations it was found that the level of aggressive response between the participants of the interactions increased with the production and subsequent duration of burst‐pulse sounds. The possibility of burstpulse sounds resulting in auditory or tactile discomfort when directed toward conspecifics is discussed.
Mass propagation techniques currently being used in the spawning and rearing of marine fish species
Authors: Frakes Thomas A. , Hoff Frank H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPropagation techniques for marine fish species, applicable to public aquariums, are reviewed based on work with ornamental tropicals and foodfish species. Adult conditioning, spawning procedures, incubation of eggs, larval rearing, larval food culture, and facilities are discussed with specific references to techniques used at Instant Ocean Hatcheries, Inc, for Anemonefish (Amphiprion spp) culture in synthetic seawater.
The breeding of captive wild species by artificial methods
Authors: Seager S. W. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe growing interest in many zoos, wildlife parks and game ranches in the captive breeding of wild species has brought about much interest and research in developing and testing artificial methods of breeding. Much of this work has been concentrated in endangered species. The author outlines the relevance and utilization of such techniques and reviews successful attempts in this area and elaborates on future potential ones. A brief review is given of successful artificial methods of breeding domestic species and how this may be applied to non‐domestic ones. Areas that are covered are semen collection, semen freezing, induction of estrus, artificial insemination, embryo transfer including interspecies transfer and embryo surgery. It is acknowledged that it is highly unlikely that an artificial program could save a species from extinction but such methods could greatly assist a comprehensive natural breeding program.
Development of a masterplan for captive propagation of Siberian tigers in North American Zoos
Authors: Seal U. S. , Foose T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe status of the Siberian tiger in the wild is endangered. A captive propagation program has been initiated by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA). A Species Survival Plan (SSP) has been prepared and 50 institutions have agreed to participate. The goals of the SSP include management for longterm survival with retention of maximum genetic diversity.
Breeding condors in captivity for release into the wild
Authors: Bruning Donald 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecognizing the decline of the South American Condor in some parts of its range and the highly endangered status of the California condor, the New York Zoological Society developed a captive‐breeding program for South American condors. This program was designed to produce techniques applicable to hand‐rearing of either species of condor. Once condors were successfully reared in captivity, it became imperative to develop techniques to ensure that captive‐reared condor chicks could be released into the wild, could survive there, and could interact naturally with other wild condors. Captive‐bred hand‐reared condor chicks were taken to Northwestern Peru and successfully released into the wild.
Several examinations on the reproductive status of lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Hannover Zoo
Authors: Böer Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere as been no reproduction within the Hannover Zoo's gorilla group, although several adult females and a silverback male have been living together for a prolonged period. Therefore, the sexual cycle of three adult females was examined by means of total urinary estrogen excretion, measurement of the urogenital cleft length, ovulation detection with the help of the Subhuman‐Primate‐Pregnancy Test (SPPT), measurement of basal body temperature, semiquantitative blood tests to detect menstruation, and observation of sexual behavior. Fertility status of the silverback male was examined by means of behavioral observation, rectal probe ejaculation (RPE), and testicular biopsy. Sexual cyclicity was demonstrable in two females, whereas the third had an irregular occurrence of estrogen peaks and her menstruation and sexual behavior did not show normal cyclicity. The male's infertility was characterized by absence of any sexual behavior, azoospermia in repeated RPE, unsuccessful treatment with clomiphene, and atrophy of seminiferous tubules in the extirpated tissue.Several factors, such as vitamin E deficiency, humoral dysregulation, testicular hypoxy, and spermatogenic arrest, caused through stress due to inadequate shelter systems, are discussed hypothetically in regard to their possible etiological relevance with respect to infertility in this species.In many cases infertility in the gorilla male is presumably based on a polyfactoral etiology. Analysis of urinary hormone levels in parallel with behavioral studies is still to be tested as a practical method of gaining information on the puberty development of adolescent males and on the fertility status of adult males under zoo conditions.
Housing conditions and breeding success of chimpanzees at the primate center TNO
Authors: Goosen C. , Schrama A. , Brinkhof H. , Schonk J. , van Hoek L. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResults of rearing and breeding chimpanzees at the Primate Center TNO are presented. The colony was built up from 1964 to 1971 by the acquisition of mostly young chimpanzees; thereafter, it was increased by local breeding. The ages at which the animals became reproductive were between 6 and 11 years for the males and between 7 and 15 years for the females. Seventy‐six percent of the pregnancies (N = 132) were carried to full term and 87% of these were live births. Fifty‐five percent of the babies were nursed by their mothers for 2–10 months. The next pregnancy after an abortion occurred on the average after 7 months; after a carriage to term, this occurred after 11.9 months. The difference was not influenced by the duration of the weaning period. Animals of 2 years or more that had been weaned within a month were more likely to show body rocking than animals weaned later. Cases of disturbed social or reproductive behavior were rare; the first locally bred animals have become reproductively active.
Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees
Authors: Bader H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractElectroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 106, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6‐year‐old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.
An integrative approach to environmental engineering in zoos
Authors: Quick Debra L. Forthman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractZoos have shifted recently from the historical tendency to display as many species as possible to an emphasis on improved education and captive propagation. Many enlightened zoo administrations attempt to achieve these goals through creation of exhibits that mimic animals' natural physical and social environments, as extrapolated from field studies. An adjunct is the increased use of technology as a tool in environmental engineering, the term used herein to refer to the design of habitats for captive animals. Recently there has been discussion about the degree of technological control that is appropriate in zoo displays. One progressive group has proposed that natural resources and technology should only be used to enhance displays passively. Their efforts are concentrated on simulation of natural physical and social environments. Another group has suggested that technology should play an active role in the design of captive environments. They attempt to modify displays so that captive animals participate actively to obtain food. This paper first reviews the literature of both groups and suggests an integration of their views. The second section illustrates how both methods may be used to solve problems zoos face with animals during reproduction, development, and adulthood.
An ethometric analysis in a zoological garden: Modification of ungulate behavior by the visual presence of a predator
Authors: Stanley Mark E. , Aspey Wayne P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractZoological gardens often juxtapose enclosures of predator and prey for educational purposes under the assumption that the predator and prey habituate to each other. To determine if prey are aware of the predator, we studied an exhibit with five species of African ungulates separated by a dry moat from their natural predator, the African lion. Using both focal and scan sampling, activity budgets of ungulates in response to various predator behaviors were quantified. Interindividual distances also were recorded as a measure of the degree of herding relative to predator behavior. Ungulates spent significantly less time in seven behaviors (Lying Down, Feeding, Drinking, Sniffing Ground, Sniffing Each Other, Defecating, Urinating) when the predator was visually present than when the predator was visually absent. Five of these behaviors (Drinking, Sniffing Ground, Sniffing Each Other, Defecating, Urinating) occurred at low frequencies and durations. Interindividual distances, on the other hand, varied little, although intraspecific distances were significantly shorter than interspecific distances. The changes in ungulate behavior indicate an awareness of the predator; for example, less time was spent with the head down (Feeding, Drinking, Sniffing Ground) when the predator was present, allowing more time for predator surveillance. These results indicate that the ungulates in this zoo exhibit modify their behavior when a lion is visually present. These modifications, though, seem to have no deleterious effects on ungulate behavior.
Interspecific aggression in mixed ungulate species exhibits
Authors: Popp James W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMixed ungulate species exhibits are often plagued with difficulties stemming from interspecific aggression. Several aspects of interspecific aggression were investigated in mixed ungulate species exhibits at the Audubon Zoolnogical Garden in New Orleans, Louisiana. Success of a mixed species exhibit was found to be correlated with the rate of male‐initiated aggression, but not with the total rate of aggression. Neither taxonomic relatedness nor size difference between the species could be used to predict the success of a species pairing. The total rate of aggression in an exhibit was related to taxonomic relatedness, aggression being highest between distantly related species. Increases in aggression were triggered by births, mating activity, and introduction of an animal to an exhibit.
Hemosiderosis in lemurs
Authors: Gonzales John , Benirschke Kurt , Saltman Paul , Roberts Jeff , Robinson Phillip T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the late 1960s, pathologists at the San Diego Zoo began to notice iron storage in the internal organs of captive lemurs. Hemosiderin was found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, duodenum, and occasionally other organs. This was most pronounced inLemur macaco, least pronounced inLemur catta, with the severity inLemur variegatus variegatusandLemur variegatus ruberfalling somewhere in between. Since 1968, 20 of 29 necropsied lemurs had hemosiderosis, three with hepatomas, three with cholangiomas, and one with a metastatic pheochromocytoma. In a preliminary attempt to compare their iron absorption, five black‐and‐white ruffed lemur (Lemur variegatus variegatus) weanlings and five rhesus monkey weanlings were each given ∼500 nmol/kg FeCI3(27.9 μg iron/kg) containing 5 μCi of59Fe in 0.1 M HCl via a nasogastric tube. Retained59Fe was measured by whole body gamma counting and found to be roughly the same in the two groups, possibly because insufficient quantities of iron were administered and/or excessive iron absorption becomes apparent only in older animals. Our conclusions were the following: (1) Hemosiderosis in lemurs is associated with tissue damage similar to that seen in humans with idiopathic hemochromatosis. (2) Because iron deposits occur both in parenchymal cells and reticuloendothelial cells, hemosiderosis in lemurs is probably not a model for idiopathic hemochromatosis in a pure sense.
In vitro fertilization and potential reproductive strategies for rare animals
Authors: Brackett Benjamin G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis review presents ways that in vitro fertilization (IVF) methodology might be employed in future animal‐breeding practices. The utility of IVF in promotion of reproduction in endangered animals hinges on the production of viable embryos that can survive to, in turn, procreate. Progress has evolved through rabbit and cow experimentation and parallels between potential practical applications in cattle breeding and those to enhance propagation of rare animals are becoming apparent.
Reproductive physiology studies in zoological species: Concerns and strategies
Authors: Wildt David E. , Bush Mitchell 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA sophisticated understanding of reproductive physiology of domestic animals has evolved over only the past several decades. Related technical advances in this field have permitted propagation through artificial insemination and/or embryo transfer using fresh or frozen‐thawed gametic or embryonic material. More recent studies in genetic engineering and embryo micromanipulation have generated additional potential for improved reproductive efficiency in the farm‐animal industry. Although these procedures provide incentive for solving management problems and improving the endangered status of many zoological species, achieving these objectives will be neither simple nor immediate. Major obstacles to confront include the poor image of research, unavailability of research stocks, lack of financial support, scarcity of trained personnel, and the idea that new reproductive techniques offer a “quick fix” to the problem of inadequate reproduction in an endangered species. Zoological researchers should now concentrate on establishing basic reproductive relationships in species of interest. Comparative studies in domesticated animals will accelerate progress. The immediate goal should be the production of sound scientific data of publishable quality. Only then can artificial propagation be considered as a viable alternative to preserving wildlife species.
Animal behavior and the captive management of wild mammals: A personal view
Authors: Schaaf C. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBehaviorists can undertake noninvasive studies of zoo animals using only the simplest of research tools, unlike those biologists who are concerned with functions below the level of the whole, living organism. With careful interpretation, the results of behavioral studies can be applied to improve the management, husbandry, and exhibition of wild mammals in captivity. This often involves comparisons with research results obtained from studies of animals in the wild, since the behavior of captive specimens may in some measure be altered. Examples are given involving the breeding biology or social organization of three species: (1) barasingha or swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli), (2) mongoose lemur (Lemur mongoz), and (3) drill (Papio leucophaeus). Suggestions are made to improve the allocation of time and resources for research by zoo personnel, including a greater reliance on cooperative efforts to solve problems of common interest.
Alginate‐ and gelatin‐bound foods for exhibit fishes
Authors: Spotte Stephen , Stake Paul E. , Bubucis Patricia M. , Buck John D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProcedures are given on how to prepare alginate‐ and gelatin‐bound moist foods for exhibit fishes. Fish meal is the principal nutrient source; no fresh ingredients are used. The liquid portion can be seawater, distilled water. NaCl dissolved in distilled water, or canned clam juice, depending on whether the fishes to be fed are freshwater or seawater. Proximate analysis of the foods is provided on both a moist (ready‐to‐feed) and dry (desiccated) basis.
Additional notes on requirements of captive whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus), with emphasis on ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Townsend Carol R. , Cole Charles J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSince 1972 we have maintained a colony of parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus exsanguis, which has reached the seventh generation in our laboratory. This paper reports improved husbandry techniques that allow maintenance of healthy, reproducing colonies of this and additional species of Cnemidophorus. In addition, aspects of the physiology of calcium regulation and metabolic bone disease are discussed in relation to the captive rearing of lizards through many generations.