bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multiagent‐based adaptive QoS management scheme
Authors: Kosuga Masakatsu , Yamazaki Tatsuya , Ogino Nagao , Matsuda Jun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the improvement of speed in personal computers and workstations for communication networks and communication terminals, various applications have been emerging in recent years based on multimedia communications, including stream‐type media. In these communication applications, there must be a framework by which the QoS of its stream is determined and adjusted to meet its own purposes according to the user's request and the situation of the terminal and the network. When such an adaptive QoS control mechanism is built in an individual communication application, however, the communication application will become complicated. It is thus desirable that the adaptive QoS control mechanism should be realized as a common basis for various communication applications. This paper proposes a framework to realize an adaptive QoS control mechanism that can serve as the common basis for various communication applications, based on direct or indirect collaboration by multiple agents. The proposed framework is implemented and its operation is verified. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(10): 96–105, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1135
Cavity‐backed slot array antenna with backward excitation
Authors: Yamamoto Manabu , Ishizaki Kosuke , Muramoto Mitsuru , Sasaki Kanemi , Itoh Kiyohiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe slot array antenna with backward excitation is promising as a constituent element of a planar multisector antenna. This paper deals with a slot array antenna with backward excitation that prevents radiation into the backside by installing a cavity. With a view to simplifying the fabrication process, all slots in the array share one cavity. A design guideline is discussed for reducing mutual coupling between the elements. It is found that the cavity width should cause the TE10 mode to be cut off. For a four‐element array with a cavity satisfying this condition, the characteristics are evaluated by the spectral domain moment method. It is shown that a beam tilt toward the end fire direction can be obtained, similarly to the case without a cavity. The antenna characteristics are evaluated in terms of cavity length and depth. It is demonstrated that the effect of the cavity length on the antenna characteristics is significant and that the cavity thickness can be reduced. Further, a test experiment is conducted at 19 GHz to confirm the validity of the numerical study. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(11): 68–76, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1139
Color balancing filters using liquid crystal for image pickup
Authors: Yonai Jun , Fujikake Hideo , Aida Tahito , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Kawakita Masahiro , Takizawa Kuniharu , Iwashita Kenichi , Umeda Shinya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to correct the color deviation due to variation of illumination in film shooting, a liquid‐crystal filter with dichroic dyes that can control the color temperature of the transmitted light in real time has been developed. By using Planck's radiation rule and the Lambert–Beer law, the absorption spectra of the dyes are designed. It is found that the color balance can be adjusted continuously between 4450 and 2530 K. The time needed for control is about 80 ms. When a liquid‐crystal filter is used for actual television film shooting, it is confirmed that the color balance of the image can be corrected naturally. The present device is useful in location film shooting for television when the color temperature of the image changes drastically under such conditions as the lighting changing from indoor light to solar light. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(10): 40–48, 2001
Hybrid Finite‐Element Analysis of Surface Acoustic Waveguides with One‐Wavelength Period along Propagation Direction
Authors: Hasegawa Koji , Koshiba Masanori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe finite‐element analysis method based on the hybrid variational principle is proposed for analysis of the dispersion characteristic of periodic surface acoustic waveguides with a one‐wavelength period. A new formulation is used for finite element approximation applied to the periodic function part of Floquet modes. This approach allows elimination of the uniform field without sinusoidal variations in the periodic direction, which has been included in the conventional hybrid finite‐element analysis to directly approximate the entire field distribution. Hence, an analysis of periodic waveguide structures with a one‐wavelength period is now possible. Specifically, the reflection properties are studied for a metallic grating reflector with a one‐wavelength period formed on an X‐112°Y LiTaO3 substrate and for a DART and an EWC‐SPUDT. Comparison of experimental values and numerical results confirms the validity and usefulness of the method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(1): 31–40, 2002
Refractive Index Control of Polyimide by Synchrotron Radiation, and the Application to Fabrication of a Waveguide Grating
Authors: Kobayashi Junya , Ishii Tetsuyoshi , Maruo Yasuko , Tamamura Toshiaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSynchrotron radiation alters the refractive index of fluorinated polyimide, and it is possible to adjust the refractive index to within 10–2 by varying the irradiation dose. The chemical condition of the polyimide after irradiation was investigated by XPS, and it was shown that the refractive index change was caused by decreasing molecular volume following separation of fluorine atoms. Using this refractive index controllability and the linearity of the synchrotron radiation, a method of fabrication of a waveguide diffraction grating using only synchrotron irradiation of a fluorinated polyimide optical waveguide through an X‐ray mask having a diffraction grating pattern was proposed. The waveguide diffraction grating fabricated by this method exhibited a reflectivity of 60% and a half‐value width of 0.25 nm. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(1): 59–66, 2002
Symmetric Mach‐Zehnder‐type all‐optical switches and ultrafast all‐optical signal processing
Authors: Tajima Kazuhito , Nakamura Shigeru , Ueno Yoshiyasu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSymmetric Mach‐Zehnder (SMZ) type all‐optical switches, namely, the SMZ, polarization‐discriminating SMZ (PD‐SMZ), and delayed interference signal wavelength converter (DISC), are described in detail. All of these all‐optical switches are characterized by push–pull operation and allow ultrafast switching not limited by the relaxation time of high‐efficiency nonlinear optical materials that are suitable for low‐power operations. They make possible a low‐chirp switching window of a quasi‐square type that is important in practice. Ultrafast all‐optical signal processing with an SMZ, namely, 168 → 10.5 Gbit/s error‐free DEMUX (using a hybrid‐integrated SMZ, HI‐SMZ), zero‐penalty optical signal pulse regeneration at 84 and 168 Gbit/s, and error‐free all‐optical wavelength conversion are reported. In experiments with pulse regeneration and wavelength conversion, the error rate is evaluated after DEMUX to 10.5 Gbit/s by HI‐SMZ because the signal light after signal processing has ultrahigh speed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(2): 1–17, 2002
The influence of background carbon concentration on the transient enhanced diffusion of boron
Authors: Saito Tomoya , Xia Jianxin , Kim Ryangsu , Aoki Takenori , Furuta Yoshikazu , Kamakura Yoshinari , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Taniguchi Kenji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have observed transient enhanced diffusion (TED) in silicon substrates with boron doping superlattices and varying background carbon concentrations after ion implantation with silicon ions followed by low‐temperature annealing. Our results clarify the effects of low‐level carbon concentrations on this process. In addition, we have found that the effective diffusion coefficient of self‐interstitial Si atoms is inversely proportional to the square of the substrate carbon concentration. We also discovered that the carbon atoms segregate out in the ion‐implantation damage regions, forming boron–carbon clusters. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(2): 54–60, 2002
Reducing the numerical dispersion in the FDTD analysis by modifying the speed of light
Authors: Suzuki Kosuke , Kashiwa Tatsuya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn FDTD analysis, the numerical dispersion caused by the discretization of time and space becomes a problem. Previously, the numerical dispersion was corrected by changing the speed of light. However, such an approach is limited to isotropic meshes. In this paper, a generalized formulation is introduced such that this correction method can also be used in nonisotropic meshes. As an application example, the method is used for the analysis of a large cavity, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(2): 61–69, 2002
A neural network combined two‐stage algorithm for route assignment problems with reliability satisfaction in multihop radio networks
Authors: Baba Takayuki , Funabiki Nobuo , Tajima Shigeto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe radio network is a large‐scale communication network in which a large number of stations are distributed over a wide area. Each station can communicate directly by radio packets only with neighborhood stations. Packet communication between stations which cannot communicate directly is realized by passing packets through multiple stations between them. For this purpose, when a packet communication request arises, the route for the packet and the transfer timing must be chosen so that the total transfer time is minimized and the efficiency of the radio network is maximized. It should be noted that the reliability, representing the probability that the required performance is achieved, fluctuates among the stations in the network due to the differences in the time of installation, the designed performance, and communication congestion. Consequently, this paper proposes a two‐stage algorithm in which the route is assigned so that its reliability is larger than the required value. The proposed algorithm is composed of the iterative reliability satisfaction extraction procedure, in which a set of path candidates satisfying the reliability condition for the given transfer request, and the greedy neural network procedure, in which the route minimizing the cost is selected from the set of path candidates. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by simulation for networks with up to 500 stations. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(6): 63–73, 2002
Design of stabilized laser for optically pumped atomic frequency standards
Authors: Hisadome Kenji , Kihara Masami 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of a stabilized laser's fluctuations in an optically pumped atomic frequency standard is considered. It is important to use a laser with narrow linewidth and select the modulation frequency where the laser's free‐running frequency fluctuation at twice the modulation frequency is the lowest. Employing these considerations, the stabilized laser for our optically pumped cesium beam frequency standard is designed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(2): 31–37, 2001
Equivalent circuit and characteristics of an induction motor with reduced turns of terminal coils
Authors: Hitosugi Kazuyoshi , Moriyasu Shoji , Nanba Noriyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of a PWM inverter with high switching characteristic for adjustable speed drive systems causes an overvoltage with steep‐fronted waveform on the motor terminals. Since this steep‐fronted transient voltage in an inverter drive heavily loads the terminal coils of the motor winding, insulation failure in the motor winding occurs mostly in the terminal coils. Therefore, it is reasonable to reduce the turns of only the terminal coils and to increase the dielectric strength of the interturn insulation.This describes an equivalent circuit taking the space harmonic into account and discusses the starting and operating characteristics of the induction motor with reduced turns of the terminal coils. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(4): 64–75, 2001
Life cycle CO2 emissions of a photovoltaic/wind/diesel generating system
Authors: Kemmoku Yoshishige , Ishikawa Keiko , Nakagawa Shigeyasu , Kawamoto Teru , Sakakibara Tateki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA photovoltaic/wind/diesel generating system with a battery (PWD system) is discussed from the viewpoint of total CO2 gas emissions during system lifetime. The total emissions are the sum of the emissions occurring at manufacturing and operating. First, the manufacturing CO2 emissions of the photovoltaic generator and the wind turbine generator are calculated by “the process analysis method.” This method considers the material used in each generator, its weight and its CO2 emission rate. On the other hand, the manufacturing CO2 emissions of the diesel generator and the battery are calculated using “the interindustry (input‐output) table.” Second, the PWD system is operated on a computer so that the fuel consumption of the diesel generator is a minimum assuming that hourly series data of electric load, insolation intensity, wind speed, and air temperature are known during the year. And CO2 emissions occurring at system operation are obtained from the annual fuel consumption of the diesel generator.The results show that CO2 total emissions of the PWD system are lower than those of the conventional diesel generator system. The CO2 total emissions reach a minimum when the photovoltaic/wind generating ratio is 50/50. The CO2 emissions of manufacturing decrease with increasing of the wind generating ratio from 100/0 to 0/100. The CO2 total emissions decrease as the natural energy ratio increases. It is, however, saturated to about 60% when the ratio is more than 60%. And the CO2 total emissions increase with increasing of the battery capacity. It is concluded that the PWD system plays an important role in decreasing considerably the CO2 total emissions while the total system cost is high under the present price circumstances. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 14–23, 2002
Multidimensional binary search calculation of the neuron model
Authors: Chujo Naoya , Kuroyanagi Susumu , Doki Shinji , Okuma Shigeru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArtificial neural networks have the potential for parallel processing with integrated circuit technology. Over 1 million gates are now available in the latest FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). However, the sum‐of‐product circuit used for evaluating inputs of the neuron model is complex and not effective for hardware implementation by FPGAs. In this paper, an improved calculation algorithm of the perceptron‐type neuron model is proposed, based on multidimensional binary search. Since the search does not need the sum‐of‐product circuit, the designed neuron circuit is small and fast. It is suitable for hardware implementation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 24–32, 2002
Dual mode synchronous positioning with switching of master–slave axes by using a torque signal for contour control of articulated robot arms
Authors: Nakamura Masatoshi , Yamanaka Shinji , Goto Satoru , Kyura Nobuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDual mode synchronous positioning control with switching of master and slave axes is proposed to realize accurate contour control of industrial robot arms. The axis which is contaminated with disturbance is selected as the master axis, then the disturbances in both first axis and second axis can be compensated. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by experimental results of an actual articulated robot arm. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 33–40, 2002
A load dispatch method using fractional programming and semidefinite programming
Authors: Kobayashi Yasuhiro , Sawa Toshiyuki , Furukawa Toshiyuki , Kawamoto Shigeru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a load dispatch method which minimizes power cost—[fuel cost]/[electric output]—for a power system with thermal plants and energy storage facilities. The proposed method employs fractional programming to convert a minimization problem with fractional objective function to a series of quadratic minimization problems, and semidefinite programming to solve converted problems. The method provides the optimum time‐dependent power output/input and storage level of energy storage facilities as well as time‐dependent power output of thermal plants.The method has been applied to a power system with five thermal plants, two energy storage facilities of various performances, and five load demands. The optimum load scheme of four time mesh points is obtained for the thermal plants and energy storage facilities. The fractional programming successfully converges the optimal scheme through a few iterations. The semidefinite programming deals with a variable matrix of 164 dimensions, and 185 inequality constraints. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 49–58, 2002
A harmonic compensation brushless synchronous condenser using a cascade induction machine
Authors: Fukami Tadashi , Ishii Naoto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a new brushless synchronous condenser termed the BSC‐Filter is presented. It consists of two wound‐rotor induction machines connected in a cascade, and acts not only as a synchronous condenser but also as a passive filter with a capacitor connected to its stator field winding. An equivalent circuit model seen from the sixth harmonic in the field system is illustrated using the method of symmetrical coordinates. Based on this equivalent circuit model, a fundamental formula is derived to select the capacitor value properly. The validity of the theoretical analysis is verified through experiments, and basic characteristics of the BSC‐Filter are clarified. In addition to phase compensation, this new machine is capable of reducing low‐order fifth and seventh harmonics in power lines. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 71–78, 2002
Fabrication and evaluation of LaCrO3 thin film heaters
Authors: Hayashi Shinichiro , Sofue Satoshi , Yoshikado Shinzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLanthanum chromium oxide (LaCrO3) has excellent high‐temperature properties. LaCrO3 doped with alkaline earth metals also has high electric conductivity. The purpose of this study is to fabricate thin film heaters using LaCrO3 doped with Ca by RF magnetron sputtering method. The crystal structure of thin films was evaluated and the surface form was studied. The results show that the thin film deposited on Si(100) single crystal and quartz glass substrates in Ar gas had a strong orientation and that its surface form was comparatively smooth. The crystal structure of the thin films deposited on Si(100) and quartz glass substrate at temperatures of 700 and 800 °C by sputtering in a mixture of Ar and O2 gases was the same as the crystal structure of LaCrO3. The heating characteristics of a thin film heater on Si(100) substrate with Pt electrodes were evaluated by measurement of the equilibrium temperature‐current (T–I) and resistance‐equilibrium temperature (R–T) characteristics. The maximum equilibrium heating temperature was about 1100 °C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 18–25, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1156
Propagation and radiation field characteristics of nanometer electromagnetic waves in x‐ray dielectric waveguides with random media
Authors: Miyazaki Yasumitsu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractX‐rays in the nanometer electromagnetic region are useful for nanospace fabrication, information and high‐energy transmission and control techniques of angstrom‐size structures in biomedical sciences and technology. In this paper, the electromagnetic fields in X‐ray gradient fiber with random refractive index media are studied. Statistical mode conversion of beam propagation, beam broadening, and beam center are investigated by the stochastic process theory of electromagnetic fields. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 53–61, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.10002/eej.1160
Environmental indicators of transition
Authors: Ichikawa Nobuko , Tsutsumi Rie , Watanabe Kohei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper uses a range of environmental indicators in order to assess the progress being made in addressing environmental transition challenges within the EBRD's 26 countries of operation. [In 2001, FR Yugoslavia joined the EBRD's member countries. As of February 2002, the EBRD's countries of operation are 27 countries.] The assessment is based on a survey carried out in summer 2000 among environment ministries in the region, which aimed to obtain information about economic/environmental interactions, environmental quality changes and developments in policy, institutional capacities and public participation. The paper evaluates the various national responses to the region's environmental problems. This includes an examination of environmental policy developments, frameworks for establishing environmental liability and systems of environmental funds. The final section looks at the development of public environmental initiatives and non‐governmental organizations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Greenhouse gas emission policies in the UK and Germany: influences and responses
Authors: Schrader Bettina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClimate change is considered to be one of the greatest environmental threats. In response to this threat, developed countries agreed in Kyoto to legally binding targets, which will reduce their atmospheric emissions. In April 1999 Germany introduced an environmental tax. At the same time the UK announced the introduction of a levy on energy consumption, from April 2001. This paper investigates the proposals from both governments and the influences upon them of a variety of institutions (NGOs, industry and business organizations). The similarities and differences between the consultation experiences, and the resulting policies, will be discussed for the two countries. Lessons are drawn applicable to the wider context of EU environmental legislation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Crossed categorization effects on the formation of illusory correlations
Authors: Meiser Thorsten , Hewstone Miles 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigates how stereotypes are formed and whether stereotype formation is reduced by the prevalence of multiple categorizations. Illusory correlations between the desirability of behaviours and two dimensions of social categorization, both containing a majority and a minority category, were assessed in single categorization and crossed categorization conditions. In the single categorization conditions, the usual illusory correlation in favour of the majority category was obtained. In the crossed condition, the combination of the two majority categories was positively discriminated from the remaining three combinations, while no differences were found among the latter. A source‐monitoring analysis of assignment frequencies replicated earlier findings that illusory correlations are due to an evaluative guessing bias, rather than to enhanced memory for individual instances of behaviour. The results show inconsistencies with a distinctiveness‐based and a social categorization account of illusory correlations, but they can be explained in terms of information loss. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.