bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Carburizing Treatment on First-Order Correlation between Steel Vickers Hardness and Thermal Diffusivity
Authors: Boubaker K 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We have developed a theoretical and experimental model for imaging heat-treated steel hardness profiles. An analytical solution to the heat equation is presented as a guide to measurements, which are focused on prospecting both mechanical parameters and thermal local properties, indexed on the carbon-iron ratio along treatment depth. We tried to prove that the existence of a simple correlation between treated steel mechanical and thermal characteristics rises only beyond a critical carburizing depth. Comparison between several results allowed us to evaluate this critical depth and establish a simple correlation between treated steel HV microhardness and thermal diffusivity, in a particular case of surface hardening treatment.
Evaluation of Permeability of Tire Shreds Under Vertical Loading
Authors: Warith MA , Evgin E , Benson PAS , Rao SM 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A concern in the use of tire shreds as drainage media in landfill leachate collection systems is the impact of compression strains on the permeability of the waste material, as earlier work has reported that these materials experience large (25 to 50 %) axial strains when subjected to vertical loading. This study examines the changes in permeability of a tire shred sample after being subjected to 30 to 50 % axial strain from average vertical stresses of 75 to 330 kPa. The maximum vertical stress of 330 kPa approximated 40 m of waste overburden. A constant-head permeability apparatus was fabricated to measure the permeability of the tire shred sample under different axial strains. Further, the fabricated assembly was capable of measuring permeability of the sample at various sample locations at a given strain level. Experimental results showed that despite experiencing large axial strains, the average permeability of the tire shred sample consistently remained two to three orders of magnitude higher than the design performance criterion of 0.01 cm/s for landfill drainage layers, suggesting that the compressible nature of tire shreds will not interfere in their use as a leachate collection drainage layer in municipal solid waste landfills.
An Investigation of Hydraulic Bulging as a Biaxial Straining Test for Sheet Metal
Authors: Atkinson M 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The hydraulic bulging test was studied as a means to furnish accurate stress-strain relationships for constant straining rate through the large plastic strain range sustainable in biaxial tension. Careful attention to detail proved to be necessary.
Precise instrumentation was designed to monitor the progress of bulging with minimal interference in the process. Plastic behavior at the pole of the bulge was assessed by refined analysis taking into account curvature and thickness gradation near the pole. Effects of the initial dominance of bending and the later tendency to ‘secondary bulging’ on the derived stress-strain relationship were identified.
Tests of near-isotropic sheet iron showed good agreement with the flow stress level observed in uniaxial tension but revealed significant variation in the progress of strain hardening. The appearance of two-stage strain-hardening was found to be emphasized in biaxial tension.
Perovskite-related Ca(Nb,Ti)O3.33
Authors: Guevarra Jonathan , van Smaalen Sander , Daniels Peter , Rotiroti Nicola , Lichtenberg Frank 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Crystals of nominal composition Ca(Nb0.8Ti0.2)O3.4, an n = 5 member of the homologous series A
n
B
n
O
3n+2, have been synthesized by floating-zone melting. The material was found to be multiphase consisting also of the n = 6 type. A good single crystal of this n = 6 type was found and the crystal structure at room temperature was determined by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. Structure refinements indicate a composition of Ca(Nb0.76Ti0.24)O3.33. The crystal structure is monoclinic P21 and consists of slabs of corner-sharing (Nb,Ti)O6 octahedra interrupted by layers of oxygen atoms. Ca atoms within the slabs are 12-fold coordinated whereas those at the borders show irregular coordination geometries. The octahedral distortion is greatest near the borders of the slabs and least near the middle of the slabs. Ti4+ preferentially occupy octahedral sites in the middle of slabs. The non-stoichiometry in the refined composition and the insulating character of the material may be explained in terms of extra oxygen, vacancies on the cation sites, or by localization of the electrons in the 4d orbitals of Nb at the borders of slabs.
Cancer Pharmacogenomics: Powerful Tools in Cancer Chemotherapy and Drug Development
Authors: Lee Wooin , Lockhart A. Craig , Kim Richard B. , Rothenberg Mace L. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Explain how genetic factors contribute to variability in drug response. Apply this understanding to clinical outcomes in patients treated with specific chemotherapy agents. Describe approaches for improving clinical cancer therapy and cancer drug development.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Interindividual differences in tumor response and normal tissue toxicities are consistently observed with most chemotherapeutic agents or regimens. While many clinical variables have been associated with drug responses (e.g., age, gender, diet, drug-drug interactions), inherited variations in drug disposition (metabolism and transport) genes and drug target genes also likely contribute to the observed variability in cancer treatment outcome. Pharmacogenomic studies aim to elucidate the genetic bases for interindividual differences and to use such genetic information to predict the safety, toxicity, and/or efficacy of drugs. There exist several clinically relevant examples of the utility of pharmacogenomics that associate specific genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., TPMT, UGT1A1, DPD), drug transporters (MDR1), and drug target enzymes (TS) with clinical outcomes in patients treated with commonly prescribed chemotherapy drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan (Camptosar®; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals; New York, NY http://www.pfizer.com). Techniques to discover and evaluate the functional significance of these polymorphisms have evolved in recent years and may soon be applied to clinical practice and clinical trials of currently prescribed anticancer drugs as well as new therapeutic agents. This review discusses the current and future applications of pharmacogenomics in clinical cancer therapy and cancer drug development.
Metastatic Carcinoid Tumors: A Clinical Review
Authors: Zuetenhorst Johanna M. , Taal Babs G. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Describe the epidemiology of carcinoid tumors and the survival rates observed in patients with different stages of disease. Discuss the diagnostic modalities available for assessing carcinoid tumors and be able to use the results of these studies to choose a treatment option. Summarize the current therapeutic options for the treatment of carcinoid tumors. Identify the importance of carcinoid-related heart disease (CHD) on prognosis in patients with carcinoid tumors.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine tumors derived from enterochromaffin cells, which are widely distributed in the body. They can originate from any location in the body, but they are traditionally described as originating from the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Although the overall incidence of carcinoid tumors appears to have increased in the past decades, the prognosis for patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors has improved during the last decade. Due to longer survival times, complications, such as carcinoid heart disease, and new metastatic patterns, like skin and bone metastases, may become more important features of carcinoid disease. Therapy focused on these complications should be part of the management. Combining new diagnostic and treatment modalities in metastatic carcinoid patients may result in better quality of life and longer survival times. The increasing number of therapeutic options and diagnostic procedures requires a multidisciplinary approach, with decisions made in multidisciplinary meetings focused on “tailor-made” therapy based on patients' specific conditions. Because carcinoid tumors are uncommon, effort should be made to treat these patients in specialized centers and for these centers to join together in multicenter studies.
Increasing Chemotherapy Dose Density and Intensity: Phase I Trials in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Blayney Douglas W. , McGuire Brian W. , Cruickshank Scott E. , Johnson David H. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Dose densification and dose escalation of cytotoxic chemotherapy may be important in improving the cure rates of chemotherapy-responsive cancers. We conducted two phase I studies, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in lymphoma, to explore the possibility of intensifying chemotherapy by compressing the delivery of and escalating the dose of standard combination chemotherapy. One study used etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with unresectable stage III or IV NSCLC, intensifying chemotherapy by reducing the cycle length. The second study used cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, CHOP chemotherapy, in the treatment of stage II–IV intermediate or immunoblastic high-grade lymphoma, intensifying chemotherapy first by reducing the cycle length and then by escalating the dosages of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Filgrastim support was used during dose intensification. Fifty-five patients with NSCLC and 49 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were enrolled and treated in successive cohorts. At standard dosages and intervals of chemotherapy, filgrastim support resulted in incidences of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia that were between 62% and 77% lower than those in the no-filgrastim control; the mean duration of neutropenia was, likewise, more than 80% lower. Absolute neutrophil counts were ≥2 × 109/l at day 14 in virtually 100% of patients receiving filgrastim. In the NSCLC trial, etoposide and cisplatin were intensified by &gt;50%, and in the lymphoma trial, cyclophosphamide was intensified by 270% and doxorubicin was intensified by 87%. Chemotherapy reductions or delays for neutropenia were rare in the groups receiving filgrastim; but at higher chemotherapy intensities, dose-limiting thrombocytopenia was encountered. We conclude that the delivery of myelosuppressive chemotherapy in both a dose-intense and a dose-dense manner is feasible with filgrastim support.
Syntheses Using Alkyne‐Derived Alkenyl‐ and Alkynylaluminum Compounds
Authors: Zweifel George , Miller Joseph A. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

The stereoselective elaboration of alkynes into substituted alkenes via vinylic organometallics derived from hydrometalation and carbometalation of the triple bond comprises one of the most powerful tools for olefinic synthesis. The discovery that mono‐ and disubstituted alkenylaluminum compounds can be directly synthesized via
cis
hydroalumination of alkynes thus has played an important role in the development of stereoselective syntheses of functionally di‐ and tri‐substituted olefins. Also, the introduction of the zirconium‐catalyzed carboalumination has made available alkenylaluminum compounds that can be elaborated into stereodefined trisubstituted olefins, especially those of terpenoid origin. The fact that the hydroalumination of 1‐alkynes not only provides alkenylalanes, but also can be controlled through the choice of solvent to afford 1‐alkynylalanes and bis‐ and tris‐aluminoalkanes greatly enhances the versatility of alkyne‐derived organoaluminum derivatives. However, the chemistry of geminal aluminoalkanes remains to be delineated.

An important feature of alkenyl‐ and alkynylaluminum compounds is that they exhibit chemical properties that differ distinctly from those of the corresponding organolithium or organomagnesium compounds or of their organoboron congeners. For example, although unsaturated organoaluminum compounds undergo Grignard‐like reactions with a variety of organic and inorganic electrophiles, they show some significant differences in reactivity and substrate selectivity as compared to organolithium and Grignard reagents. This results because the trigonal aluminum in organoalanes possesses a rather low intrinsic nucleophilicity. However, conversion of the organoalanes into the corresponding filled‐octet aluminate species by treatment with bases markedly increases their carbanion character. Also, transmetalation of alkenylaluminum compounds with transition metals produces stereodefined organometallics with reaction characteristics different from those of their progenitors, thus providing an additional tool for modifying the reactivity of unsaturated organoaluminum compounds.
For simplicity and clarity, organoaluminum compounds are referred to in this chapter as monomers even though they actually may be associated. Except for the 1‐alkynylaluminum compounds, we have chosen to include in this chapter only those alkenylaluminum compounds whose preparations involve the direct formation of a carbon–aluminum bond. Those derived by exchange reactions are not covered.
TheBeckmann Reactions: Rearrangements, Elimination–Additions, Fragmentations, and Rearrangement–Cyclizations
Authors: Gawley Robert E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Beckmann rearrangement, the acid‐mediated isomerization of oximes to amides, was discovered by Beckmann in 1886. As one of the oldest and most familiar transformations in organic chemistry, it has been reviewed several times. What has become known as theBeckmannfragmentationwas in fact first observed by Wallach in 1889 but was not developed extensively until the 1960s. It has been referred to by several names over the years and has also been reviewed. The rearrangement cyclization is the intramolecular cyclization of a nitrilium ion generated by Beckmann rearrangement from an oxime. Within the context of an aromatic terminator, the process was first reported by Goldschmidt in 1895. Wallach reported the first case of an aliphatic terminator in 1901, although the reported structure was incorrect, and Perkin was apparently the first to observe a heteroatom terminator, but he also reported an incorrect structure. The process has been exploited only quite recently. This chapter is an update of these reactions, last reviewed in this series in 1960. Not covered are transformations that have been labeled Beckmann‐type reactions but are mechanistically unrelated. The most prominent of these is the so‐called photochemical Beckmann rearrangement, first observed by De Mayo in 1963 and discussed in a review several years ago. Worthy of mention, however, is the fact that many oximes that suffer fragmentation under acidic conditions undergo rearrangement when photolyzed.Throughout this chapter, the (E) and (Z) nomenclature is used to describe oxime geometry.
The Persulfate Oxidation of Phenols and Arylamines (TheElbs and theBoyland–Sims Oxidations)
Authors: Behrman E. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA phenolate anion reacts with persulfate ion in alkaline solution to yield a product in which a sulfate group enters the ringparaororthoto the phenolic group.Parasubstitution predominates. Subsequent acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis yields the dihydric phenol.The reaction was discovered by Karl Elbs in 1893 and named theElbs persulfate oxidation. The reaction is generally applicable toortho‐,meta‐, andpara‐substituted phenols with isomer distributions. The yields are not very high, particularly frompara‐substituted phenols, but the major contaminant is usually unchanged starting material that can be separated easily from the intermediate sulfate ester by solvent extraction. Other generally oxidizable groups such as an aldehyde or a double bond are usually not affected under the reaction conditions. The reaction was last thoroughly reviewed in 1951. T. R. Seshadri has made major contributions to the development of the Elbs oxidation. Nearly 30% of the references in this chapter are due to him and his colleagues.By analogy with the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols, it might be expected that aromatic amines would react with persulfate to givep‐aminoaryl sulfates. Although the Elbs reaction had been known since 1893, it was not until 60 years later that Boyland et al. reported the extension of this reaction to aromatic amines. In accordance with expectations, aminoaryl sulfates were indeed the major products of the reaction, but, unexpectedly, the substitution took place exclusivelyorthoto the amino group rather than predominantly in theparaposition as in the phenol oxidation.Parasubstitution takes place only if theorthopositions are occupied by substituents other than hydrogen. Boyland and Sims explored the preparative aspects of this reaction in a series of papers. It seems appropriate to name the reaction the Boyland–Sims oxidation. Primary, secondary, and tertiary aromatic amines are all converted to the correspondingo‐aminoaryl sulfates under conditions similar to those used for the Elbs oxidation, that is, room temperature or below, aqueous alkali, and equimolar quantities of amine and persulfate.
Fluorination with Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride and Related Aminofluorosulfuranes
Authors: Hudlický Miloš 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAmong the many organic fluorine compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, dialkylaminotrifluorosulfuranes and bis(dialkylamino)difluorosulfuranes have become very useful fluorinating agents. The first representative of this group, dimethylaminosulfur trifluoride was prepared in 1964, followed in 1970 by diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, which became popular under the acronym DAST. Both compounds were synthesized by treatment of the appropriate dialkylaminotrimethylsilane with sulfur tetrafluoride.Subsequently, bis(dialkylamino)sulfur difluorides were prepared by the reaction of dialkylaminosulfur trifluorides with dialkylaminotrimethylsilanes.Both classes of compounds were found to convert alcohols into fluorides, and aldehydes and ketones into geminal difluorides:Further uses include the preparation of acyl and sulfonyl fluorides from carboxylic and sulfonic acids and the conversion of sulfoxides into α‐fluoroalkyl sulfides.Later, the reaction of bis(dialkylamino)difluorosulfuranes with dialkylaminotrimethylsilanes was shown to give tris(dialkylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicates (TASF).These salts no longer react with alcohols or carbonyl compounds, but they convert even relatively unreactive halides, such as primary chlorides, into fluorides under very mild conditions. Furthermore, they are readily soluble in organic solvents and are useful sources of “naked,” unsolvated fluoride ion.This chapter deals with the preparation of all three classes of reagents and their use as fluorinating agents. The literature is covered exhaustively until the end of 1984; some papers beyond that date are included.
The [3 + 2] Nitrone–Olefin Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Confalone Pat N. , Huie Edward M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEarly researchers studying the condensation product of carbonyl compounds withN‐substituted hydroxylamines elected to coin the term “nitrone” as a combination of the words “nitrogen” and “ketone.” This was done to emphasize the parallel between this newly discovered functionality and the already rich chemistry of the carbonyl group.For example, nitrones are capable of reacting with carbanions of various types, a consequence of the iminium species embedded in the nitrone that renders the functionality susceptible to nucleophilic attack. ThusC‐phenyl‐N‐methylnitrone undergoes a Reformatsky reaction with ethyl bromoacetate in complete analogy with benzaldehyde. The intermediate zinc alkoxide cyclizes to 2‐methyl‐3‐phenylisoxazolidin‐5‐one, a type of compound that can also be prepared by the related nucleophilic addition of dialkyl malonates to nitrones.This chapter deals with a unique property of nitrones not shared by the corresponding carbonyl compounds, namely, a marked ability to undergo a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction in the presence of a dipolarophile. The reactions of nitrones with substituted olefins, both intermolecular and intramolecular are addressed. This process yields isoxazolidines directly, affording products related to those obtained in the Reformatsky reaction but arising by a different reaction mode.The intent of the review presented in this chapter is to provide a thorough understanding of the nitrone–olefin [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction and to illustrate its power by describing some significant applications to complex synthetic problems. Various aspects have been reviewed. This documentation of the nitrone–olefin cycloaddition reaction begins with the preparation and stability of the nitrone component and is followed by mechanistic considerations. A presentation of the dipolarophile syntheses is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, the tabular survey provides leading references to specific examples. The important concepts of regio‐ and stereo‐selectivities are introduced next. Since the general rules of regiochemistry that apply in the intermolecular version of the reaction are often reversed in the intramolecular version, the latter are dealt with separately. Finally, important applications to the total synthesis of natural products are presented. The versatile utility of the nitrone–olefin cycloaddition reaction in the synthesis of natural products has been the major driving force in the development of this long‐neglected chemistry. An in‐depth understanding of the key transformations of the isoxazolidines afforded by the reaction will place this chemistry firmly within the arsenal of organic reactions.
Reductions by Metal Alkoxyaluminum Hydrides. PartII. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives, Nitrogen Compounds, and Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Málek Jaroslav 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn continuation of the previous review on reductions by metal alkoxyaluminum hydrides, this chapter is devoted to reductions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, open‐chain and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, and open‐chain and heterocyclic sulfur compounds by alkoxyaluminum hydrides, metal alkoxyaluminum hydrides, and chiral metal alkoxyaluminohydride complexes. Emphasis is placed on the scope, limitations, and the synthetic utility of metal alkoxyaluminum hydrides. Accepted views on reaction mechanisms are mentioned briefly. Discussion of alternative methods of reduction, particularly those using other metal hydrides or complex metal hydrides, is limited to examples of the most important transformations of functional groups; reducing properties of these hydrides and hydride reagents such as borane–dimethyl sulfide, amine boranes, haloboranes, organoboranes, sodium borohydride–pyridine, sodium borohydride–triphenyl borate, sodium borohydride—transition‐metal complexes, potassium triisopropoxyborohydride, and sodium triacyloxyborohydrides have been reported in several papers and reviews. Monographs and reviews summarize reductions with metal alkoxyaluminum hydrides and asymmetric reductions with chiral lithium alkoxyaluminum hydrides and chiral boron reagents.