bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Prior Commitment in Governance Choice
Authors: Argyres Nicholas , Liebeskind Julia Porter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trade-off between commitment and flexibility is a major theme in the economics literature on business strategy. Much of this work has focused on the strategic benefits to the firm from credibly committing to a course of action. Industrial organization theories have shown that committing to a future level of production can deter the entry of competitors (Spence 1977, 1979), especially when that commitment can be made credible (Dixit 1980).
The Historical Development of Self-Regulation by Japan’s Trade Associations
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese trade associations date back at least to the 11th century, and throughout their long history, these associations have been actively engaged in various forms of self-regulation. Initially formed by merchants and artisans trying to create markets and establish mechanisms by which to differentiate upstanding merchants from charlatans, trade associations were soon also engaged in practices such as creating barriers to entry, quality controls, or price setting. Because Japan did not have a Commercial Code until the 19th century, the creation and functioning of early markets were dependent on such selfregulation. Even after the introduction of commercial laws, the practice of selfregulation continued and eventually was institutionalized during WWII. Thus, the function of self-regulation is a feature as old as the associations themselves.
The Extravasation of the Sacred and the Crisis in Liberal Protestantism
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although secularization is a major term in the social scientific study of religion-and has been from the beginning-knowledge of just how it occurs is less certain than the belief that it does occur. After all, people do not believe they create the sacred but encounter it; likewise, it seems, we can more readily encounter the result of secularization than control the process itself. How holy things escape from their ‘proper vessels’ is puzzling indeed; the extravasation of the sacred is not easy to understand.
World Order and Mainline Religions
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it is safe to say that world order or world system theory has had most to say about economic actions and processes, religious reverberations from world order changes have also been noted.1 The following broad assertions would seem to summarize the current outlook with respect to this relationship: A nation-state’s position in the world political economy is reflected in its religious institutions During shifts in the world order, ideological reformation is likely, including religious unrest and diversity.
Religion and Ethnicity in Late Twentieth Century America
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After four decades of heightened ethnic consc10usness by African Americans, Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans, asserting that assimilation in America remains the greater trend in ethnic relations may seem absurd. Indeed, controversies over ‘multiculturalism’ in the college curriculum, the ‘rise’ of ‘unmeltable’ white ethnics, and the persistence of vibrant ethnic organizations, ethnic newspapers, and ethnic fund appeals would suggest that ethnicity remains a powerful force in American society. And so it does.
Neutron Interferometry
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quantum interference of DeBroglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry. This book provides the reader with a detailed account of neutron interferometry experiments. The basic ideas and experiments related to coherence properties of matter waves and various post-selection criteria, gravitationally induced phase shifts, Berry's geometrical phase, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects, and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are topics of this book. It includes the theoretical motivations as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the beginning graduate level, and will excite many students and researchers in neutron physics, quantum optics, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics and quantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.
Solid state physics applications
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most neutron interferometric experiments carried out until now have dealt with fundamental physics applications, but it was known from the beginning that the interferometric method could also open new horizons for solid state physics research. Samples with density or magnetic fluctuations or decomposition effects cause inhomogeneous phase shifts, which cause a measurable loss of contrast of the interference pattern. Such experiments give complementary information to small-angle, critical, and depolarization experiments (Rauch and Seidl 1987). Phase tomography with neutrons can be realized, which permits inspection of materials without absorbing or scattering neutrons at the object. By measuring the neutron coherence function (Section 4.2), one gets direct access to the correlation functions G(r, t) of condensed matter instead of measuring its Fourier transform S(Q,w) by spectroscopic methods. Various examples of related investigations will be discussed together with their future perspectives. The essentials of future neutron Fourier spectroscopy are formulated.
The completeness theorems
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formalization that we have implemented thus far allows us to represent mathematical statements, or at least some of them, in the form of sequences of symbols. We will now pursue further in this direction and formalize proofs. There are many ways of doing this and, let us admit it from the start, the one we have chosen comes with a certain number of inconveniences; in particular, it does not properly reflect the manner in which proofs are conceived in the minds of mathematicians. Moreover, it does not lend itself well to the analysis of proofs, a topic that is known as proof theory and that we will discuss only briefly in this text. In its favour, our method is a bit closer to the way in which proofs are actually written and, primarily, it requires the introduction of few prerequisites. That is why it appeared to us that this approach is the easiest to understand upon first exposure.
Formalization of arithmetic, Godel’s theorems
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the branches of mathematics that we could choose to formalize, arithmetic is no doubt the most natural choice. This is what we undertake in the present chapter. In Section 6.1, we describe the language of arithmetic and present the set of its axioms, commonly known as Peano’s axioms, which we denote by P. The purpose of some of these axioms ( A1 through A7) is to force addition and multiplication to behave correctly; the others (the axiom scheme IS) are to sanction the well known proofs by induction. Superficially, these are very simple axioms and we could even ask ourselves whether they are not too simple.
Movement
Authors: Alexander R McNeill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the energy that animals use for travelling around; walking, flying, or swimming. For many of them, this is the principal energy cost additional to the basic costs discussed in Chapter 2. We will discuss the energy costs of moving on land, in the air, and in water, how these costs arise, and how animals adjust their patterns of movement to keep the costs as low as possible. What gaits should animals use, how should they plan their journeys, and when is a long migration worthwhile? We will also consider the mechanisms that make possible the bursts of very high power output that are needed when an animal sprints to catch prey or to escape a predator.The energy costs of walking and running have generally been measured indirectly, by measuring animals ‘ rates of oxygen consumption. A large part of the best research was done by the late Professor C. R. (Dick) Taylor of Harvard University, and I will describe the methods that he developed and used.
Optical Spectroscopy As A Tool In Hot-Electron Studies
Authors: Shah J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The non-linear electrical conductivity of a semiconductor under the application of an electric field has been a subject of interest since the early days of semiconductor physics (Conwell 1967). At low fields, Ohm's law is obeyed and the resistance and hence the mobility of the electrons or holes remains constant. With increasing electric field, the mobility is no longer constant but begins to decrease. In III-V semiconductors, on which we concentrate in this chapter, this non-ohmic behaviour at intermediate fields can be attributed primarily to heating of the carriers by the applied electric field. Under steady-state bias, the carrier distribution function changes (i.e. the carrier temperature increases) until the rate of input of energy from the field to the carriers is balanced by the rate of loss of energy from the carriers to the lattice. Therefore, investigation of the non-ohmic transport behaviour provides information about how carriers interact with the lattice through various carrier-phonon scattering processes. At larger applied electric fields, other interesting effects such as negative differential resistance, impact ionization and dielectric breakdown occur, but we will not be concerned with these effects in this chapter.
Dynamical Theory Ii. Transmission High-Energy Electron Diffraction
Authors: Peng L -M , Dudarev S L , Whelan M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of practical applications of high-energy electron diffraction are associated with the use of transmission geometry of scattering. Transmission geometry was also the first considered by Laue (Friedrich et al., 1912, von Laue, 1912) in his work on X-ray diffraction, and later by Thomson and Reid in their studies of electron diffraction (Thomson and Reid, 1927). In the literature transmission high-energy electron diffraction (THEED) is often referred to as the Laue case of electron diffraction (see for example the book by Thomson and Cochrane (Thomson and Cochrane, 1939) where they describe the history of the development of the subject). In THEED geometry the electrons are incident nearly normally at the top face of a thin crystal, the thickness of which typically does not exceed 1 μm (see Fig. 4.1). In almost all the theoretical treatments the specimen is assumed to have the form of a perfect crystal slab with parallel faces terminated by low-index atomic planes. In the Cartesian system of coordinates the (x, y) plane is normally chosen to be parallel to the surface with the z axis pointing into the crystal. In transmission geometry of diffraction the general dynamical theory discussed in Chapter 3 may be greatly simplified, since backscattering of electrons may be safely neglected.
The Basics of the Structures and Spectra of Simple Molecules
Authors: Hartquist T W , Viti S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atomic spectroscopy concerns the electronic states of atoms. Molecular spectra are richer than atomic spectra because they depend on the properties of the motions of the nuclei as well as the electronic characteristics of the systems. Section 2 of this chapter describes the Born—Oppenheimer approximation which is at the heart of the description of molecular states. Section 3 treats diatomic molecules. When considering polyatomic molecules we focus mostly on their rotational properties because, though (particularly in the local interstellar medium) a number of astronomically abundant diatomic species are detectable in transitions that are between states differing by more than their rotational properties, observations of polyatomic astronomical molecules are made primarily in purely rotational transitions at wavelengths usually (but not always) in the range of a few tenths of millimetres to a few centimetres.
The Chemistry of Diffuse and Dark Interstellar Clouds
Authors: Dishoeck Ewine F van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the realization early this century that the space between the stars is not empty, the study of the physics and chemistry of the interstellar gas has played a prominent role in astrophysics (Eddington 1926). Most of the early work focused on absorption line observations of diffuse interstellar clouds, which do not completely obscure the light from bright background stars. The electronic transitions of atoms and molecules can then be seen as sharp lines superposed on the stellar spectra at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. After the development of millimetre telescopes in the early 1970s, most of the interest shifted to dense, dark molecular clouds where a rich chemistry is revealed through the rotational emission lines of molecules (see Table 1). Diffuse and dark clouds form the essential link in the lifecycle between the death and birth of stars: late-type stars return heavy elements and dust grains back to the diffuse interstellar medium, whereas new stars are born deep inside dense molecular clouds. A good understanding of these processes is therefore a prerequisite for interpreting observations of the interstellar medium and star formation in the local and distant Universe.
The Chemistry of Planetary Nebula Formation
Authors: Howe D A , Williams D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high mass loss rates of red giant stars during the AGB (asymptotic giant branch) phase of stellar evolution obviously cannot continue for very_ long. For example, the central star of IRC+10216 is losing roughly 10-4 M0yr-1 (solar masses per year), and contains only a few M0. The chemistry of matter ejected during the post AGB (PAGB) evolution of such stars is the subject of this chapter. The matter will continue to drift from its parent star, even after the end of the high mass loss rate phase. The changes in physical properties of this material (density, opacity, temperature) occur on timescales of the order of hundreds of years, or less:—even shorter than those that characterize the· AGB phase. In addition, the remnant star will continue to evolve quite rapidly, perhaps on comparable timescales. The interaction of the ejected envelope with the remnant star thus provides a fascinating field of study, both for the theoretician and the observer. The attraction of this field is the challenge of following a dynamic, evolving system, displaying widely differing physical conditions that change during the course of a human lifetime. However, the short evolutionary timescale implies that few such objects will be observable at any one time.
The Suppression of Dust Formation in Evolved Stars Near Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Hartquist T W , Bertoldi F , Durisen R H , Dyson J E , Williams R J R , Rawlings J M C , Williams D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As stated in-Chapter 17, dust formation probably does not occur in environments in which photodissociation and photoionization processes are sufficiently rapid to maintain most carbon in c+. Chapter 15 describes the influence of the external interstellar background radiation field on the chemistries of the outflowing envelopes of evolved star’s; the typical interstellar background radiation field is too weak to be of importance at the depths in the envelopes at which dust formation occurs. However, near enough to an active galactic nucleus (AGN) the radiation field impinging on the outside of an evolved star’s envelope is sufficiently strong to cause carbon to be primarily in the form of c+ at the positions where dust formation would occur in the absence of an AGN (Hartquist et al. 1995).
Deposition and properties of group III nitrides by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Popovici Galina , Morko’5, Hadis , Mohammad S Noor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wide bandgap semiconductor materials extend the field of semiconductor applications to the limits where classical semiconductors such as Si and GaAs fail [1- 7]. They can emit light at shorter wavelengths (blue and ultraviolet), and can operate at higher temperatures due to the large bandgap, high thermal conductivity, and chemical inertness.
Movpe growth of nitrides
Authors: Briot Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding a proper group III precursor for growth of nitrides is an easy thing, since well-suited molecules have been developed, purified, and tested for the growth of the other III-V materials. The ‘simplest’ trimethyl, triethyl molecules are widely available, in very high purities, but more complicated molecules were also developed for specific purposes, which can be tested to grow nitrides.
Structural defects and materials performance of the III-V nitrides
Authors: Ponce Fernando A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collection of extended structural discontinuities in the lattice, such as interfaces, dislocations and stacking faults, is referred to as the microstructure of the material. The microstructure is sensitive to steps involved in crystal growth, such as the substrate used for epitaxy, the growth method itself, and variations in chemical composition during growth. The microstructure is expected to have a substantial effect upon other properties, such as electric transport and optical performance. It is known that in almost all semiconductors dislocations play a detrimental role in the electronic properties for applications ranging from integrated circuits to diode lasers. Achieving superior semicondutor performance has typically meant reducing the density of extended defects
Optical properties and lasing in GaN
Authors: Song Jin Joo , Shan Wei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that widegap Group III nitrides have enormous potential in device applications, particularly in UV-visible light emitters and high¬ temperature and high-power electronics. The study of optical properties in these materials has been hampered by the difficulties in obtaining high-quality nitride materials. The tremendous recent progress made in nitride growth technology, such as MBE and MOCVD as discussed in previous chapters, has renewed interest in optical investigations in GaN after a relatively long inactive period since the early work during the 1970s by Dingle (1971a-c), Pankove (1976), and Monemar (1974).
Dislocations in Patterns
Authors: Pismen L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ordered medium with translational symmetry broken along a certain direction is a one-dimensional spatially periodic structure that can be characterized by a certain phase variable changing along the chosen direction. A common example of such a structure is a striped pattern in a non-equilibrium system, e.g. convection rolls in a fluid heated from below or Turing patterns in an autocatalytic chemical system. An extensive review of pattern formation in non-equilibrium systems is given by Cross and Hohenberg (1993).
Adaptive plant evolution on islands: classical patterns, molecular data, new insights
Authors: Givnish Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of plant life on oceanic islands is shaped by the remoteness of such islands, the resulting selection on plant dispersal mechanisms before arrival, and the ensuing pressures on plant ecology caused by an impoverished set of competitors, predators, pollinators, and frugivores after arrival. Island plants are thus often marked by unusually effective means of long-distance dispersal, the evolution of arborescence, extensive speciation coupled with adaptive radiation in habit and habitat, possession of unspecialized flowers, and loss of anti-herbivore defences (Darwin 1859; Wallace 1878, 1880;
Introduction
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals specifically with the four Indonesian provinces of West Nusa Tenggara (WNT), East Nusa Tenggara (ENT), East Timor, and Maluku, referred to collectively here as Nusa Tenggara and Maluku (NT&M). These provinces are composed of the smallest islands in Indonesia, of archipelagoes within archipelagoes. As such, they have been frequently excluded from general discussions in which reference is made to the six major areas of Indonesia: Sumatra, .Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya.
People and Society
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first section of this book has considered the ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku (NT&M) to be based solidly on its biophysical aspects and the resulting habitats. A comprehensive understanding of this region’s biodiversity is still lacking, however, because of the shortage of detailed knowledge of animals and plants at the population and community level. While observations have been made in previous chapters on the problems resulting from imprudent natural resource management, a major factor has as yet gone broadly unremarked: the role of people in this ecological equation.
Traditional and Modern Environmental Laws
Authors: Monk Kathryn A , Fretes Yance de , Reksodiharjo-Lilley Gayatri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do people view their environment in Nusa Tenggara and Maluku (NT&M)? Why are they settled in that specific spot? How easy is it for local communities to accept changes in land use initiated by outsiders and to adapt to new neighbours and businesses entering their domain? How easy is it for the local people themselves to become involved in or develop new enterprises? In NT&M, most people live in rural communities with traditional systems that cope with the variability in their supporting environment. Interactions with the land are not only for material gains but have other cultural meanings “that are directly and indirectly paramount to the maintenance and order of village social structures” (Bury 1993). Traditional customs, the adat, are still strong within many communities, although weakening. Many younger people, educated in official schools and aware of the lifestyle and opportunities possible in the cities, are increasingly attracted to urban environments. In any new development project that affects indigenous communities, the “rationale of indigenous decision-making and resource evaluation” (Ellen 1978) should be considered.