bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ageing on the distribution of platinum group elements and catalyst poisoning elements in automobile catalysts
Authors: Moldovan Mariella , Rauch Sébastien , Morrison Gregory M. , Gómez Milagros , Antonia Palacios M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe distribution of platinum group elements (PGEs) and catalyst poisoning elements (Pb, Zn, P and S) on the surface of gasoline and diesel automobile catalysts was investigated within this study. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICPMS) provides both the sensitivity and the spatial resolution required for the surface analysis of sectioned automobile catalysts, and scanning along channels reveals the distribution of longitudinal changes in PGE and catalyst poisoning elements. Changes in catalyst surface features were studied for fresh catalysts and after ageing of the catalyst up to 80 000 km for both types of catalysts studied. The PGEs in the gasoline catalyst were found to decrease at the front of the catalyst after ageing, whereas the diesel catalyst presented a more constant loss along the catalyst. The fraction of poisoning elements (Pb, P and Zn for the gasoline catalyst and P and Zn for the diesel catalyst) retained by the catalyst is distributed non‐uniformly over the length of the catalyst. This could indicate different ageing mechanisms for gasoline and diesel catalysts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic force microscopy investigation of cold‐plasma‐treated poly(ethyleneterephthalate) textiles
Authors: Poletti G. , Orsini F. , Riccardi C. , Raffaele‐Addamo A. , Barni R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied to investigate the morphological and topographical surface modifications induced by radiofrequency cold plasma processing of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) textiles. Surface effects are analysed in low‐pressure air plasma for different plasma exposure times. The results show a progressive degradation of the surface with increasing roughness. The analysis suggests that modification of the surface during textile treatment may be ascribed to a plasma‐induced physical process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of energy‐loss functions from REELS spectra with surface and bulk energy loss functions for Ag
Authors: Zengming Zhang , Koshikawa Takanori , Iyasu Takeshi , Shimizu Ryuichi , Goto Keisuke 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEffective energy‐loss functions were derived from the reflection electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra of Ag by an extended Landau approach. The effective energy‐loss functions obtained are close to the surface energy‐loss function in the low‐energy‐loss region, but tend to be closer to the bulk energy‐loss function in the higher energy‐loss region for higher primary energy. The REELS spectra incorporating the effective energy‐loss function are also reproduced in a Monte‐Carlo simulation model and confirm that the simulation reproduces the experimental REELS spectra with considerable success. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical solutions for forced long waves on a sloping beach
Authors: LIU PHILIP L.-F. , LYNETT PATRICK , SYNOLAKIS COSTAS E. 
Published: March 2003

We derive analytic solutions for the forced linear shallow water equation of the following form:<?TeX \partial^2 Y \over \partial t^2}-b{\partial \over \partial
x}\left(x {\partial Y \over \partial x}\right)={\partial^2 f\over \partial t^2 ?>for x>0,
in which Y(x,t) denotes an unknown variable, f(x,t) a
prescribed forcing function and b a positive constant. This equation has been used to
describe landslide-generated tsunamis and also long waves induced by moving atmospheric
pressure distributions. We discuss particular and general solutions. We then compare our
results with numerical solutions of the same equation and with the corresponding solutions
of the nonlinear depth-integrated equations and discuss them in terms of landslide-generated
tsunamis.
The soft red patch of the Australian freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)): a review and prospects for future research
Authors: Karplus Ilan , Sagi Amir , Khalaila Isam , Barki Assaf 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe red patch located on the propodus of Cherax quadricarinatus males is a sexually dimorphic structure. This patch presents an enigma because it is soft and uncalcified, consisting of a thin red to whitish‐orange membrane. It presents an impairment of the fighting capability of the males, which, like many other clawed crustaceans, use these appendages in intra‐ and interspecific aggressive interactions. Present knowledge on patch structure and colour, development and their endocrine control by the androgenic gland is reviewed. The function of the red patch as a possible sensory organ or social signal is discussed. The red patch may transmit information concerning the gender, size and quality of its owner. Several hypotheses concerning the signal function of the patch are suggested and evaluated in the light of our present knowledge of the social behaviour of C. quadicarinatus.
Ecological Factors Impacting Provider Attitudes Towards Human Service Delivery Reform
Authors: Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Salem Deborah A. , Allen Nicole E. , Fahrbach Kyle 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough reform efforts are substantially altering the structural operations and guiding ideological framework of the human service delivery system, little empirical work has been done to systematically examine these transformations. This study examines providers' attitudes regarding two reform elements that are being widely implemented: an increased emphasis on inter‐agency collaboration and a shift from a medical model service delivery philosophy, that focuses on client deficits, to one that emphasizes consumer strengths. Through survey data collected from 186 providers from 32 human service agencies in one county, the relationship between providers' perceptions of contextual support for human service delivery reform and providers' attitudes towards these initiatives is explored. The findings from this study support the importance of attending to the ecology in which we initiate system reform efforts. For both reform elements, working within contexts that are perceived as providing ideological and functional support for change was associated with positive provider attitudes towards those changes. Staffs' perceptions of the external environment played the most critical role in shaping staff attitudes. Interestingly, unique aspects of providers' work environments were related to positive attitudes towards the two different reforms. The implications of these findings for the success of human service delivery reform are discussed.
Effect of Favorable Employment Change on Alcohol Abuse: One‐ and Five‐Year Follow‐Ups in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Authors: Dooley David , Prause JoAnn 
Published: March 2003

AbstractJob loss has been linked to adverse outcomes such as alcohol abuse, but improved employment, usually assumed to be beneficial, has seldom been evaluated and may not help with addictive disorders. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, young adults who were unemployed or underemployed (low income or involuntary part‐time) in 1984 were followed up in 1985 and 1989. Controlling for 1984 alcohol abuse, there were no effects of positive employment change on 1985 symptoms, but there were significant restorative effects on 1985 binge drinking among those who were heavy drinkers in 1984. There also appeared to be an indirect link of favorable 1984–1985 employment change to heavy drinking in 1989 via 1989 employment status. Because the effects of underemployment partially resembled those of unemployment, the discussion cautions against the conventional wisdom of promoting any work, including underemployment, as curative for the ills of unemployment.
Psychological Dysfunction in Southeast Asian Refugees as Mediated by Sense of Coherence
Authors: Ying Yu-Wen , Akutsu Phillip D. , Zhang Xiulan , Huang Larke N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInvestigated Antonovky's (1979, 1987) construct of sense of coherence (i.e., an individual's belief that the world was comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful) as the internal psychological mechanism mediating the effects of external stressors (generalized resistance deficits) and resources on psychological dysfunction (measured by depression, anxiety, and psychosocial dysfunction) in 2,234 Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Hmong, and Chinese‐Vietnamese refugees. Generalized resistance and deficits significantly predicted sense of coherence as well as psychological dysfunction. The amount of variance accounted for increased significantly when the mediating effect of sense of coherence was tested using a path analysis. Sense of coherence significantly reduced the predictive power of generalized resistance and deficits in the psychological dysfunction models. Results support the hypothesized mediating role of sense of coherence. Thus, interventions aiming to enhance Southeast Asian refugees' functioning may gain in effectiveness by targeting and promoting their sense of coherence.
Profiles of Self‐Esteem in Early Adolescence: Identification and Investigation of Adaptive Correlates
Authors: DuBois David L. , Felner Robert D. , Brand Stephen , George Gina R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInvestigated profiles of self‐esteem during early adolescence and their adaptive correlates in two separate longitudinal studies. Using multidimensional ratings of self‐esteem within a developmental‐ecological framework, cluster analysis revealed five distinct profiles for each sample. The profiles found were characterized by differing patterns of self‐evaluation across major contexts of development, including consistently positive or negative ratings for all domains as well as more variable patterns in which ratings for one or more domains (e.g., school) were elevated or diminished relative to those for other areas. Profiles, in turn, were found to be related to measures of youth adjustment both concurrently and longitudinally, independent of their associations with ratings of global self‐esteem. Prospective analyses in each study further revealed that profile type predicted differential change in measures of youth adjustment over time, whereas this type of relationship was not found for global ratings of self‐esteem. Implications for esteem‐enhancement interventions with youth are discussed.
Validity of Adolescents' Report of Maternal Age
Authors: Zimmerman Marc A. , Rowe Karen , Tuttle Lisa , Bryant Alison 
Published: March 2003

AbstractExamined the validity of adolescents' reports of their mother's age. Most research on the validity of self‐report focuses on personal behaviors such as alcohol and substance use, or response bias due to social desirability. Few studies investigate the validity of adolescents reporting of nonsensitive information. Data from 80 mother–adolescent pairs were collected. The sample included 9th graders from four high school English classes, equal numbers of males and females, and 15% African Americans. The correlation between mothers' reports and youths' reports of mother's age was .99, and 95% of the youth were within a year of their mother's correct age. No race or gender differences were found. These results allow researchers to examine adolescent outcomes for youth born to teen mothers without the expense of also collecting data from their mothers. Results also suggest that adolescents' self‐reports of other nonsensitive familial data may also be valid.
Gender, Race, and Class in Organizational Contexts
Authors: Bond Meg A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCreating settings that support diversity has been a long‐standing concern of community psychology. In this paper, I propose two qualities as important aspects of organizational contexts that support the meaningful participation of diverse groups:(a) a culture of connection and (b) recognition of multiple “realities.” For each theme, I first examine countervailing values that can undermine meaningful participation of nondominant groups. I suggest that organizational values for independence and a press for sameness can contribute to settings where members of traditionally oppressed groups will be prevented from meaningful participation. I also suggest that fostering a culture of connectedness that actively legitimizes multiple realities is a constructive alternative. To illustrate these points, I share observations based on experiences in manufacturing, educational, and community‐based settings. Then, I explore two dynamics that are important when confronting the countervailing values and building more inclusive contexts: (a) accountability for impact and (b) privilege dynamics. Last, I turn to some possibilities for change through a stance of connected disruption.
Pathways to Risk Among Inner‐City African‐American Adolescent Females: The Influence of Gang Membership
Authors: Harper Gary W. , Robinson W. LaVome 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDifferential rates of participation in three categories of risk behaviors (i.e., sexual activity, substance use, violence) were explored, comparing gang members to nonmembers, within a sample of 1,143 inner‐city African American adolescent females. The relationship between gang membership and risk behavior also was examined, by exploring the association between a variety of microsystemic influences (e.g., gang, family, school) and participation in risk behaviors. MANOVA analyses indicated that gang members, relative to nonmembers, reported higher rates of participation in each of the three categories of risk behaviors. Stepwise linear regression analyses indicated that gang membership was the variable with the most consistent predictive ability, across all categories of risk, as it entered early in all equations and remained in all three final models after controlling for other statistically significant contextual variables. Findings suggest that intervention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent females' participation in sexual activity, substance use, and violence should consider the influence of gang membership on the participation in these behaviors.
A Survival Analysis of Communal‐Living, Self‐Help, Addiction Recovery Participants
Authors: Bishop Peter D. , Jason Leonard A. , Ferrari Joseph R. , Huang Cheng-Fang 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examined individual and group characteristics associated with the duration of community involvement (i.e., length of residence) in 11 Illinois Oxford Houses for 129 male recovering addicts. Survival analyses indicated that the best predictor of duration of community involvement from demographic items was age (i.e., older age and older age of fellow residents were associated with being more likely to continue residence). Among psychological measures, the best survival predictor was lack of pessimism of the future. Although the relationship between longer length of residence and treatment outcomes are complex, because it is often difficult to keep people involved in treatment programs, knowledge that we can gain about those factors that might lead to greater lengths of stay are of importance.
The Public Schools: America's Achilles Heel
Authors: Sarason Seymour B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a 1973 paper in The American Psychologist, a case was made for why it would take many decades for Blacks to improve their performance on school achievement and other cognitive tests. The paper was in opposition to Jensen's conclusion which emphasized genetics. One important part of the argument was deliberately omitted in that paper. The present paper deals with that omission which concerns the fact that our schools violate what is known about context for productive learning, a fact by no means peculiar to city schools. The near total failure of the educational reform movement has had and will continue to have consequences beyond the educational arena, one of these being Black anti‐Semitism. Our cities are social time bombs. When they will ignite and explode is unpredictable. If classrooms become context for productive learning, the predicted positive outcomes require changes outside the schools, that is, the work arena.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Teacher Perceptions of Parent Involvement in Children's Education and School Performance
Authors: Izzo Charles V. , Weissberg Roger P. , Kasprow Wesley J. , Fendrich Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study examines the ways in which parental involvement in children's education changes over time and how it relates to children's social and academic functioning in school. Teachers provided information on parent involvement and school performance for 1,205 urban, kindergarten through third‐grade children for 3 consecutive years. They rated the following four dimensions of parent involvement: frequency of parent‐teacher contact, quality of the parent‐teacher interactions, participation in educational activities at home, and participation in school activites. As predicted, the frequency of parent‐teacher contacts, quality of parent‐teacher interactions, and parent participation at school declined from Years 1 to 3. Every parent involvement variable correlated moderately with school performance and parent involvement in Years 1 and 2, and accounted for a small, but significant amount of variance in Year 3 performance after controlling for initial performance level. Participation in educational activities at home predicted the widest range of performance variables. Results suggest that enhancing parental involvement in children's schooling relates to improvements in school functioning.
Effects of Different Telephone Intervention Styles with Suicidal Callers at Two Suicide Prevention Centers: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Mishara Brian L. , Daigle Marc S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo determine the relative effectiveness of telephone intervention styles with suicidal callers, researchers listened unobtrusively to 617 calls by suicidal persons at two suicide prevention centers and categorized all 66,953 responses by the 110 volunteer helpers according to a reliable 20‐category checklist. Outcome measures showed observer evaluations of decreased depressive mood from the beginning to the end in 14% of calls, decreased suicidal urgency ratings from the beginning to the end in 27% of calls, and reaching a contract in 68% of calls, of which 54% of contracts were upheld according to follow‐up data. Within the context of relatively directive interventions, a greater proportion of “Rogerian” nondirective responses was related to significantly more decreases in depression. Reduction in urgency and reaching a contract were related to greater use of Rogerian response categories only with nonchronic callers.
Comparison of Peritoneal Fluid and Peripheral Blood pH, Bicarbonate, Glucose, and Lactate Concentration as a Diagnostic Tool for Septic Peritonitis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Bonczynski Jennifer J. , Ludwig Lori L. , Barton Linda J. , Loar Andrew , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective—To establish a reliable diagnostic tool for septic peritonitis in dogs and cats using pH, bicarbonate, lactate, and glucose concentrations in peritoneal fluid and venous blood.Study Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—Eighteen dogs and 12 cats with peritoneal effusion.Methods—pH, bicarbonate, electrolyte, lactate, and glucose concentrations were measured on 1‐ to 2‐mL samples of venous blood and peritoneal fluid collected at admission. The concentration difference between blood and peritoneal fluid for pH, bicarbonate, glucose, and lactate concentrations were calculated by subtracting the peritoneal fluid concentration from the blood concentration. Peritoneal fluid was submitted for cytologic examination and bacterial culture. Peritonitis was classified as septic or nonseptic based on cytology and bacterial culture results.Results—In dogs, with septic effusion, peritoneal fluid glucose concentration was always lower than the blood glucose concentration. A blood‐to‐fluid glucose (BFG) difference > 20 mg/dL was 100% sensitive and 100% specific for the diagnosis of septic peritoneal effusion in dogs. In 7 dogs in which it was evaluated, a blood‐to‐fluid lactate (BFL) difference < −2.0 mmol/L was also 100% sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of septic peritoneal effusion. In cats, the BFG difference was 86% sensitive and 100% specific for a diagnosis of septic peritonitis. In dogs and cats, the BFG difference was more accurate for a diagnosis of septic peritonitis than peritoneal fluid glucose concentration alone.Conclusions—A concentration difference > 20 mg/dL between blood and peritoneal fluid glucose concentration provides a rapid and reliable means to differentiate a septic peritoneal effusion from a nonseptic peritoneal effusion in dogs and cats.Clinical Relevance—The difference between blood and peritoneal fluid glucose concentrations should be used as a more reliable diagnostic indicator of septic peritoneal effusion than peritoneal fluid glucose concentration alone.
Nonlinear Increasing Axial Gap Stiffness in Type II External Skeletal Fixation: A Mechanical Study
Authors: Kowaleski Michael P. , Marston Mathew T. , Kraus Karl H. 
Published: March 2003

Objective—To quantify the effect on gap stiffness and cranial to caudal bending stiffness of conversion of the 6 distal clamps of planar bilateral fixator models to sliding clamps and the effect of attachment of composite beams to the sliding clamp models.Study Design—Mechanical testing performed on models.Sample Population—Five models using birch dowels and a commercially available external skeletal fixator system.Methods—A segmentally comminuted, middiaphyseal fracture was simulated with the use of wooden dowels, and a bilateral 6‐pin fixator was applied to create each of 5 models. The models were mechanically tested with all fixed clamps, with the 6 distal clamps converted to sliding clamps and with composite beams attached to the sliding clamp models. Testing was carried out in axial loading with physiologically relevant loads for a canine model, and in bending in the cranial to caudal plane.Results—Sliding clamp fixators with composite beams attached exhibited a nonlinear increase in axial loading gap stiffness as load increased. The composite beam group also exhibited an increase in cranial to caudal bending stiffness as compared with fixed clamp and sliding clamp models.Conclusions—Using composite beam elements, planar bilateral external fixators can be constructed such that the fracture site would undergo controlled amounts of displacement at low loads and lessening displacement at higher loads.Clinical Relevance—The nonlinear stiffness profile attained by the addition of composite beam elements to a planar external fixator allows controlled axial micromotion at the fracture site. Because controlled axial micromotion appears to stimulate fracture healing, a nonlinear stiffness profile of this type should enhance fracture healing.