bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NORMAL WEIGHT GAIN IN PREGNANCY: A SERIES FROM GENERAL PRACTICE
Authors: Craddock Denis 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a general practice the weight gain for the whole of pregnancy was carefully estimated in 158 consecutive antenatal patients with a complete weight record from before the 20th week of pregnancy until the 36th week or later. Fifty‐six nontoxaemic subjects not requiring dietary advice gained an average of 9·9 kg. for the whole of pregnancy and 77 non‐toxaemic subjects, who gained excessive weight during the early stages of pregnancy and were advised to diet, gained an average of 10·4 kg. The average weight gain in the whole series was 10·6 kg. There was no calorie control whatsoever and dieting consisted merely of reducing the intake of carbohydrates and in some cases of fats. It is contended that the building up of a large fat store during pregnancy is unnecessary and that the normal or optimum average weight gain in pregnancy should be regarded as 9·5 kg.±3·6 kg. rather than 12·5 kg. as quoted in recent British series.
URETHRAL LENGTHENING BY ADVANCEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL MEATUS IN THE TREATMENT OF URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Bennett Marjorie , Mitchell J. P. , Smith Patrick 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA technique is described to cure stress incontinence in the female by urethral advancement. This technique is easily combined with a standard anterior repair. It is of particular value when a previous repair operation has failed and when scar tissue has distorted the urethral anatomy. It has also proved successful in cases of stress incontinence associated with a urethrocoele, when there is a “concertina” effect of the urethra.
TERMINATION HYSTERECTOMY
Authors: Lewis A. C. W. , Williams E. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTermination hysterectomy has been performed 56 times in the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Oxford from April, 1968, until the end of 1969. The operation is preferred over all others when the patient is highly parous, needs permanent contraception, and suffers from uterine disease. It is not essentially different from hysterectomy for other accepted indications. Termination hysterectomy may well be the procedure of choice when pregnancy is to be terminated and when sterilization is required.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BLOOD FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN NORMAL WOMEN, PREGNANT WOMEN AND WOMEN ON ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Menon I. Sudhakaran , Peberdy Mary , Rannie G. H. , Weightman Doris , Dewar H. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA decrease in blood fibrinolytic activity in women taking chlormadinone compared with normal women was found (p<0.01).The mean fibrinolytic activity in pregnant women was significantly lower than that of normal women, those taking chlormadinone acetate and also those on a combined oestrogen‐progestagen preparation (p<0.001).No significant difference in fibrinolytic inhibitor content was observed when normal women were compared with pregnant women (p>0.2) and those taking chlormadinone (p>0.3). On the other hand, the women on a combined oestrogen‐progestagen preparation had a lower fibrinolytic inhibitor content than both normal women (p<0.001) and those receiving chlormadinone (p<0.02).
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIENCE IN AN ACTION LINE METHOD FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RHESUS ISO‐IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Whitfield C. R. , Lappin T. R. J. , Carson Max 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe further development of the previously described action line method of determining the time for intrauterine transfusion or delivery in rhesus iso‐immunization has been described. The method is easily interpreted and only occasionally requires more than two amniocenteses. It was used in 407 pregnancies with rhesus isoimmunization completed during a 30‐month period, a further 127 being managed correctly by other criteria.Correct management along these lines reduced the rhesus mortality rate (including abortions) to 11·6 per cent, and to 9·5 per cent if high risk cases transferred from other rhesus centres are excluded. Reduction in rhesus mortality was particularly striking in first affected pregnancies (3·4 per cent) and when previous babies had required exchange transfusion but had survived (9·6 per cent).Unnecessary prematurity was almost entirely eliminated in mildly affected and unaffected babies.
RADIOLOGICAL MATURITY OF THE SMALL‐FOR‐DATES FETUS
Authors: Croall J. , Grech P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe accuracy of intrauterine radiological estimates of maturity in 93 fetuses of low birth weight for dates has been assessed.Ossification delay sufficient to cause a high proportion of misleading underestimates of maturity occurred only in grossly underweight fetuses, viz. those who corrected birthweights were 200 g. or more below the fifth percentile of birthweights. In such cases, reliable X‐ray confirmation of maturity can only be obtained when a lower femoral epiphyseal centre is seen at 36 to 38 weeks. This happened in only one in three cases at 36 to 37 weeks, and in half the cases at 38 weeks.
PROSTAGLANDINS AND SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
Authors: Karim S. M. M. , Hillier K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryHigh concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2α have been found in human amniotic fluid following spontaneous abortion at 13–23 weeks gestation. Prosta‐glandin‐like activity is also present in maternal venous blood obtained during spontaneous abortion. Detectable amounts of prostaglandins E2 and F2α were not found in samples of amniotic fluid obtained from women during abdominal termination of pregnancy on therapeutic grounds. The possible role of prostaglandins in premature labour leading to spontaneous abortion is discussed.
UTERINE DISEASE AFTER THE MANCHESTER REPAIR OPERATION
Authors: Tipton R. H. , Atkin P. F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEighty‐two premenopausal patients treated by the Manchester repair operation were reviewed 6 to 12 years later. Two patients had developed uterine carcinoma, 29 had heavy or painful periods, and 8 had required abdominal hysterectomy. Unwanted pregnancies and the fear of pregnancy were major problems.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA TO ITS FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY
Authors: Garrow J. S. , Hawes Susan F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn analysis was made of placentae from 500 consecutive deliveries of live singleton babies in the Royal Free Hospital, and of a further series of “high risk” patients, so as to bring the combined series to 700 cases.The mother's age, height, parity, duration and complications of pregnancy, the type of delivery, the sex, birthweight and Apgar score of the child, and the weight and composition of the placenta were recorded and correlated.Premature deliveries were significantly more common among short mothers, and with male children. Low Apgar scores were more common among babies born before 34 weeks gestation, but after that time there was no apparent relationship between duration of gestation and Apgar score.The gross weight of the trimmed placenta continued to increase with advancing pregnancy duration, but this was entirely due to increased blood trapping in postmature placentae; the weight of the blood‐free placenta did not increase after term. The blood‐free weight of the placenta of dysmature babies bore approximately the same relationship to the weight of the baby as did that of well‐grown babies, but the dysmature placenta contained a greater proportion of insoluble, and presumably metabolically inert, protein.It is concluded that to assess functional placental size it is necessary to correct for the amount of blood trapped in the placenta after drainage. However, the assessment of protein solubility is tedious and makes only a minor contribution to the estimation of the functional capacity of the placenta.
AMNIOTIC FLUID UREA AND CREATININE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Roopnarinesingh Syam , Morris David 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUrea and creatinine concentrations in the amniotic fluid and maternal blood were studied in normal and toxaemic mothers. There was a good correlation between liquor creatinine and duration of pregnancy, but a significant relationship between liquor urea and gestational age was not established. In pre‐eclampsia, levels of urea and creatinine in the amniotic fluid were significantly greater than normal values, at corresponding periods of gestation. These changes in the amniotic fluid were not accompanied by a similar increase in the maternal serum, and are consistent with the concept of a renal origin for this fluid. It is postulated that this trend in pre‐eclampsia reflects the inability of the placenta to fulfil its transfer function.
AMNIOTIC AND URINARY OESTRIOL ASSAYS IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY RHESUS IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Michie Eileen A. , Robertson John G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOestriol was measured in 163 samples of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis from 53 rhesus negative women. It was not possible to correlate the oestriol concentration in amniotic fluid shortly before delivery with the severity of haemolytic disease in the five severely affected infants in the series. In only two of eight patients whose infants died in the neonatal period was it possible to assess from the amniotic fluid oestriol results that the fetus was at risk. Five patients who aborted spontaneously before the 26th week of pregnancy generally had low oestriol concentrations in the amniotic fluid prior to abortion.Eight patients were monitored by serial urinary oestriol assays before and after intrauterine transfusion. The results were helpful in prognosis. Fluctuating and falling levels indicated fetal deterioration while rising levels were associated with successful pregnancies.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE FETAL ADRENAL GLAND IN STEROIDOGENESIS DURING DIABETIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Charles D. , Ismail A. A. A. , Loraine J. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryClinical and endocrinological findings are reported in a patient with diabetes mellitus who was subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal hyperplasia and to removal of 80 per cent of the pancreas on account of an islet cell tumour. The patient subsequently became pregnant as a result of treatment with Pergonal (Serono) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).During the gestation period levels of HCG did not differ from normal while values for oestrogens and pregnanediol were at the lower end of or below the normal range.Levels of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone during the pregnancy were considerably higher than in an adrenalectomized subject previously studied, suggesting that, in the presence of maternal diabetes, the main site of elaboration of precursors of these hormones was the fetal adrenal gland.
KIDNEY LENGTH AND URETERIC DILATATION IN THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Bailey R. R. , Rolleston G. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWomen within one week of delivery had larger kidneys than the normal for their body height. Shrinkage of renal length of 1 cm. occurred over a period of six months. Non‐obstructive dilatation of the lumbar segment of the right ureter was invariably demonstrated in the early puerperium, and dilatation of the left ureter was often present.
ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STUDIES IN WOMEN APPROACHING THE MENOPAUSE
Authors: Adamopoulos D. A. , Loraine J. A. , Dove G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerial assays of urinary FSH, LH, oestrogens and pregnanediol have been performed in 12 subjects approaching the menopause. Six of these women, designated premenopausal, were symptom free, while in the remainder, designated perimenopausal, symptoms of the menopause were present.LH levels were some seven times higher in women approaching the menopause than in normal young women studied early in reproductive life. The corresponding elevation in FSH output was only three‐fold, and the mean FSH/LH ratios in the premenopausal and perimenopausal groups were 0.43 and 0.29 respectively.Excretion values for oestrogens and pregnanediol tended to be lower in women approaching the menopause than in younger subjects, and in only 3 out of the 12 patients was there definite evidence on the basis of steroid assays that ovulation had occurred.In both the pre‐ and perimenopausal subjects high urinary LH levels could co‐exist with oestrogen readings which were within or at the upper end of the normal range, suggesting that at this time of life the feed back mechanisms operating between the pituitary and the ovary are disturbed.The data reported herein emphasize the differences which occur in endocrine function in late as opposed to early reproductive life.
CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF UNDELIVERED HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Ma H. K. , Yip S. K. , Chun Daphne 
Published: August 2005

SummaryMethotrexate and 6‐mercaptopurine given to five cases of undelivered hydatidiform mole brought about degeneration of molar vesicles in utero, which was indicated by a fall in urinary gonadotrophin and a reduction in the size of the uterus. Spontaneous evacuation of the molar tissue occurred in three cases and artificial termination in two. All evacuated and surgical specimens showed various degrees of degeneration of the molar vesicles. In the last follow‐up 28 months later all five patients were alive and well with no evidence of trophoblastic disease.
THE USE OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRAUTERINE DEATH, MISSED ABORTION AND HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Filshie G. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIntravenous infusion of prostaglandin E2 was used successfully to evacuate the uterus in seven cases of intrauterine death, five cases of missed abortion and one case of hydatidiform mole. Haemorrhage associated with hypofibrinogenaemia occurred in one patient with an intrauterine death.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHANGES IN THE CONTINUOUS FETAL HEART RATE IN THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR
Authors: Beard R. W. , Filshie G. M. , Knight C. A. , Roberts G. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA comparison between data derived from changes in fetal heart rate and p H of fetal blood in 279 high‐risk patients is described. The incidence of fetal acidosis was low when the continuous record of FHR showed good beat‐to‐beat variation in rhythm and no slowing during uterine contractions. The incidence of fetal acidosis accompanying fetal tachycardia or bradycardia was low if the rate remained unaltered during contractions. Decelerations of fetal heart rate accompanied by baseline tachycardia and/or loss of beat‐to‐beat variation were the changes most commonly associated with fetal acidosis and hence, by inference, with fetal asphyxia. Deep and/or delayed decelerations were also suggestive of fetal asphyxia. Late decelerations, although at first sight innocuous, were frequently found to be a sign of severe fetal asphyxia.
INTENSIVE CARE OF THE HIGH RISK FETUS IN LABOUR
Authors: Beard R. W. , Brudenell J. M. , Feroze R. M. , Clayton S. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe clinical details of 392 patients who were monitored over one year have been compared with those of unmonitored patients (1569) delivered during this time. Practical problems associated with monitoring are discussed. It has been found that fetal monitoring is a practical procedure on an average labour ward. Clinical management of the mother and fetus based on the results of monitoring has proved safe and has not led to an increase in operative interventions or intrapartum fetal mortality.
NUCHAL ENCIRCLEMENT BY THE UMBILICAL CORD
Authors: Tipton Richard H. , Chang Allan M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryNuchal encirclement by the umbilical cord is a common cause of fetal distress, and may result in neonatal depression and acidaemia. Severe irregularity of the fetal heart gives prolonged warning of the condition. The temporal relationship of transient episodes of bradycardia to uterine contractions is not helpful in differentiating cord entanglement from other causes of fetal hypoxaemia.
CONTINUOUS LOW DOSES OF CLOMAGESTONE IN FERTILITY CONTROL
Authors: El Mahgoub S. , Karim M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryClomagestone (supplied by Sohering, Berlin) 0.75 mg. was given daily for one year to 186 patients known to be fertile. Among 163 patients with complete follow‐up there were four pregnancies and three of them were due to patient failure. The length of cycles 77.5 per cent of the 1725 observed was between 25 and 35 days. Break‐through bleeding and spotting occurred in only 2.9 per cent of cycles. The occurrence of regular menstrual cycles and the results of endometrial and ovarian biopsies suggested that the function of the pituitary ovaries and uterus was not altered to any degree. The cervical mucus was rendered hostile to spermatozoa. Cervical smears revealed no changes suggestive of malignancy. Glucose tolerance and liver function tests were normal after one year of treatment.Oral contraceptives containing oestrogen and progestogen affect hypothalamic, pituitary and ovarian function and may alter other physiological systems. There is doubt about the safety of these “combined pills” especially with regard to their role in the aetiology of thromboembolic disease. The administration of progestogens only as a method of contraception has therefore been recommended. Progestogens in sufficiently high doses suppress ovulation but in continuously administered low doses may be effective in fertility control without inhibiting ovulation (Rudel, 1964; Rudel et al., 1965; Martinez‐Manautou et al., 1966, 1967; a, b and c; 1969; and Avendano et al., 1970). Clomagestone is a progesterone derivative (6‐chloro‐17 acetoxy‐16 α methyl 1–4, 6 pregnanediene 3–20 dione). The present communication deals with the evaluation of this progestogen as a contraceptive when continuously administered in a daily dose of 0.75 mg.
CONFIGURATION OF THE FETAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN RELATION TO FETAL ACID‐BASE BALANCE AND PLASMA ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Symonds E.M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe configuration and time constants of the fetal electrocardiogram have been analyzed in relation to maternal and fetal acid‐base status and plasma electrolytes in 102 cases in which the fetus was considered to be “at risk”.Computer analysis of the results showed that fetal acidosis is associated with prolongation of electrical systole (QT) and with T‐wave inversion, and that these changes became better defined at the time of delivery. Similar changes were seen in relation to fetal hyperkalaemia. A comparison of scalp blood pH and corrected QT times has shown that scalp blood pH provides the more reliable method for prediction of fetal condition at birth.Maternal plasma sodium and potassium concentrations showed a highly significant positive linear correlation with fetal plasma sodium and potassium concentrations. Fetal plasma potassium levels showed a significant negative relationship with fetal blood pH and standard bicarbonate values. In the presence of fetal acidosis the ratio of fetal to maternal plasma potassium concentration increases, and hence a gradient for potassium loss from the fetus develops.
INTERPRETATIVE ASPECTS ON THE ACID‐BASE COMPOSITION AND ITS VARIATION IN FETAL SCALP BLOOD AND MATERNAL BLOOD DURING LABOUR
Authors: Jacobson Lennart , Rooth Gösta 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDifferent acid‐base parameters determined in human fetal scalp blood during normal labour have been studied. In evaluating changes in fetal blood acid‐base components during labour changes in corresponding components in the maternal blood must be considered. A tentative model of the maternal‐fetal acid‐base interaction under normal conditions is presented.It is stressed that several factors, such as time delay in transplacental transport of charged ions, and plasma water movements between different fluid compartments in the mother and the fetus as well as across the placenta, are still not very much understood and deserve further investigation before a proper evaluation of the potential clinical validity and value of fetal scalp blood sampling can be made.
ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN
Authors: Willocks James 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA review of 307 cases of antepartum haemorrhage of uncertain origin occurring in a six‐year period (1964–69) confirms that the fetal risk in these cases is related to prematurity. Departure from a previous policy of routine induction of labour at 38 weeks did not cause fetal loss. Review of 189 cases of abruptio placentae occurring during the same period failed to show any case in which induction at 38 weeks on the grounds of previous antepartum haemorrhage would have prevented fetal loss, and it is concluded that such treatment is unnecessary in patients with a history of a previous minor episode of antepartum haemorrhage not due to placenta praevia.
NEONATAL ACIDAEMIA RELATED TO PROCRASTINATION AT CAESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Fothergill R. J. , Robertson A. , Bond R. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe clinical and biochemical state of infants delivered by elective Caesarean section has been investigated. The results have been related to the duration of anaesthesia to which the fetus was exposed.In the group with a prolonged interval between induction of anaesthesia and delivery the Apgar scores were lower than in the other cases.Evidence is presented which suggests that prompt delivery after induction of general anaesthesia is better for the infant than when long induction‐delivery times are accepted. The acid‐base state of the newborn infants was significantly less favourable in the “slow” than in the “fast” cases. The possible causes for the trend towards infant acidaemia in the “slow” cases are discussed.
46 XX KARYOTYPE IN FOUR TISSUES OF A TRUE HERMAPHRODITE
Authors: Dewhurst C. J. , Haines R. M. , Lucas Mary , Delhanty Joy 
Published: August 2005

SummaryChromosome examination of blood, skin, ovary and testis in a true hermaphrodite revealed only a 46 XX karyotype. Since the sex of upbringing and sexual orientation were entirely male the ovary and uterus were removed and the patient continued in the male role.
VAGINAL ADENOSIS: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MALIGNANT CHANGE
Authors: Blaikley J. B. , Dewhurst C. J. , Ferreira H. P. , Lewis T. L. T. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySix cases of vaginal adenosis have been described. In two of them adenocarcinoma of the vagina was present; in one of these clear transition from benign adenosis to carcinoma was evident whilst in the other the association of benign mucous glands with the carcinoma strongly suggests that the latter arose from the former. The first of these patients survived for nine years free from disease and the second died of metastases after 7 years. In a third patient it was thought that early malignant change might be present. Despite the absence of treatment, however, no obvious change has occurred in the lesion over three years and smears have remained negative. The most prominent presenting symptom in the remaining cases was a mucoid vaginal discharge; other important symptoms include dyspareunia and postcoital bleeding. Treatment is discussed.