bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Outbreak of Infection Due to TEM-21-Producing Strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand Enterobacteria in a Nursing Home
Authors: Dubois Véronique , Arpin Corinne , Noury Patrick , Andre Catherine , Coulange Laure , Quentin Claudine 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTOver a 6-year period, 24 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosawere collected from 18 patients living in a nursing home. These isolates had a delayed development of a red pigment and exhibited a similar antibiotype (resistance to all β-lactams except for imipenem and to gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin) associated with the production of the TEM-21 β-lactamase and a type II 3′-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase [AAC(3)-II] enzyme. Surprisingly, serotyping showed that these isolates belonged to four successive serotypes (P2, P16, P1, and PME), although molecular typing by PCR methods and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis yielded identical or similar profiles. Moreover, in all isolates theblaTEM-21gene was part of a chromosomally located Tn801transposon truncated by an IS6100element inserted within the resolvase gene, and theaac(3)-IIgene was adjacent to this structure. During the same period, 17 ESBL-producing isolates of enterobacteria were also collected from 10 of these patients. These isolates harbored a similar large plasmid that contained theblaTEM-21and theaac(3)-IIgenes and that conferred additional resistance to sulfonamides and chloramphenicol, as well as to kanamycin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin, conveyed by an AAC(6′)-I enzyme. TheblaTEM-21gene was part of the Tn801transposon disrupted by IS4321. Thus, a single clone ofP. aeruginosathat had undergone a progressive genetic drift associated with a change in serotype appeared to be responsible for an outbreak of nosocomial infections in a nursing home. This strain has probably acquired theblaTEM-21-encoding plasmid that was epidemic among the enterobacteria at the institution, followed by chromosomal integration and genomic reorganization.
Improved Laboratory Safety by Decontamination of Unstained Sputum Smears for Acid-Fast Microscopy
Authors: Giacomelli Luiz Roberto Bigão , Helbel Cesar , Ogassawara Roger Leandro Nunes , Barreto Ângela Maria Werneck , Martins Fátima Moreira , Cardoso Celso Luíz , Leite Clarice Queico Fujimura 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Tubercle bacilli may survive in unstained heat-fixed sputum smears and may be an infection risk to laboratory staff. We compared the effectiveness of 1% and 5% sodium hypochlorite, 5% phenol, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 3.7% formalin in killing
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
present in smears prepared from 51 sputum samples. The smears were decontaminated by the tube and slide techniques. Phenol at 5%, glutaraldehyde at 2%, and buffered formalin at 3.7% for 1 min (tube technique) or for 10 min (slide technique) were effective in decontaminating sputum smears and preserved cell morphology and quantitative acid-fast microscopy results.
Primers for Clinical Detection of
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Authors: San-Blas Gioconda , Niño-Vega Gustavo , Barreto Laura , Hebeler-Barbosa Flavia , Bagagli Eduardo , Olivero de Briceño Rosa , Mendes Rinaldo Poncio 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

From a 0.72-kb fragment universally generated in
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
strains, primers were designed and tested on genomic DNA of this and other pathogenic fungi. They were specific and highly sensitive for
P. brasiliensis
DNA. Positive results were obtained when these were tested in clinical samples.
Fatal Family Outbreak of
Bacillus cereus
-Associated Food Poisoning
Authors: Dierick Katelijne , Van Coillie Els , Swiecicka Izabela , Meyfroidt Geert , Devlieger Hugo , Meulemans Agnes , Hoedemaekers Guy , Fourie Ludo , Heyndrickx Marc , Mahillon Jacques 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Bacillus cereus
is a well-known cause of food-borne illness, but infection with this organism is not commonly reported because of its usually mild symptoms. A fatal case due to liver failure after the consumption of pasta salad is described and demonstrates the possible severity of the emetic syndrome.
Infections Due to the Newly Described Species
Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum
Authors: Tortoli Enrico , Chianura Leonardo , Fabbro Lionella , Mariottini Alessandro , Martín-Casabona Nuria , Mazzarelli Gianna , Russo Cristina , Spinelli Mario 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

We report on four cases of infection by the recently described species
Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum
. In two cases the mycobacterium was isolated from AIDS patients, while in the others it was responsible for pulmonary disease in elderly men. Our findings suggest that
M. parascrofulaceum
is an opportunistic pathogen, like many other nontuberculous mycobacterial species.
Peritonitis Due toCurvularia inaequalisin an Elderly Patient Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis and a Review of Six Cases of Peritonitis Associated with OtherCurvulariaspp
Authors: Pimentel Jason D. , Mahadevan Kumar , Woodgyer Alan , Sigler Lynne , Gibas Connie , Harris Owen C. , Lupino Michael , Athan Eugene 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTFungal peritonitis due toCurvulariaspecies in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis is a very rare problem. We report a case of peritonitis caused byCurvularia inaequalis. This is the first report in the English literature of this species causing human infection. We also review the six previously reported cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis caused by otherCurvulariaspecies.
Differentials in poisoning rates of young Australian children according to residential location and geographical remoteness
Authors: O’Connor P J 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:To assess differentials in the poisoning rates of children aged 0–4 years according to residential location and geographical remoteness.Design:Cross sectional study based on hospitalizations.Setting:Australia.Subjects:Children aged 0–4 years admitted to hospital due to poisoning during the financial year 1996–97.Main outcome measures:Crude rates of hospitalization.Results:The rate of hospitalization due to poisoning peaked in the third year and second year of life for medicinal and non-medicinal substances respectively. Rates were significantly higher among children aged 0–4 years residing in rural and remote areas when compared with those residing in metropolitan areas, and rate differentials increased with geographical remoteness.Conclusions:The observed differentials suggest the need for targeted research and prevention efforts aimed at rural and remote area communities. A detailed empirical study is recommended, involving the assessment of risk factors and an in-home hazard checklist, as a precursor to any intervention program.
Do wrist guards have the potential to protect against wrist injuries in bicycling, micro scooter riding, and monkey bar play?
Authors: Cassell E , Ashby K , Gunatilaka A , Clapperton A 
Published: August 2005

Objective:To test the potential of wrist guards to prevent wrist injury in recreational activities that require good grip strength and hand dexterity.Methods:Forty eight children aged 5–8 years from one Melbourne school volunteered for tests chosen or devised following a review of the literature on the effects of orthoses use and hand function.Results:Wrist guard wearing significantly degraded grip strength, bicycle steering, and performance on a monkey bar. Micro scooter steering was not significantly affected by their use.Conclusion:Wrist guards designed for skating are not recommended for bicycle riding and playing on climbing apparatus, and their suitability for scooter riding requires further investigation.
The emergency department approach to violently injured patient care: a regional survey
Authors: Wilkinson D L , Kurtz E M , Lane P , Fein J A 
Published: August 2005

Objective:Since the early 1990s public health workers have challenged healthcare practitioners to take an active role in violence prevention with patients aged 10–24 years. Emergency department (ED) clinicians are uniquely positioned to identify, assess, and refer youth involved in violent events. The objective of this study was to describe ED directors’ estimate of the number of violently injured youth seen, the presence of established protocols or guidelines for handling youth violence, and the type of training programs offered to ED physicians regarding this issue.Methods:The authors conducted a survey of EDs (n = 64) in the Philadelphia metropolitan region to determine the standard of ED care for violently injured youths. Half of the EDs were in urban areas and half in suburban.Results:A total of 41 out of 64 (64.1%) ED directors completed and returned the written questionnaire. In addition to treating the specific injuries sustained, ED responses to youth violence primarily involved talking with patients about the events surrounding the injury. The estimated number of violently injured youth seen per month varied considerably. Twenty four directors (58.5%) estimated that their institution treated fewer than 10 per month; 10 (24.4%) reported 11–30, and seven (17.1%) mostly large urban hospitals, saw more than 30 per month. Although most hospitals reported that the staff counsels patients about safety concerns, only 17% offered their staff formal training programs on youth violence.Conclusions:To address the prevention of youth violence, EDs need specific training programs for ED staff, as well as systematic risk assessment and referral resources for structured intervention and follow up.
Should football players wear custom fitted mouthguards? Results from a group randomised controlled trial
Authors: Finch C , Braham R , McIntosh A , McCrory P , Wolfe R 
Published: August 2005

Objective:Head/orofacial (H/O) injuries are common in Australian rules football. Mouthguards are widely promoted to prevent these injuries, in spite of the lack of formal evidence for their effectiveness.Design:The Australian football injury prevention project was a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of mouthguards for preventing H/O injuries in these players.Setting and subjects:Twenty three teams (301 players) were recruited from the largest community football league in Australia.Intervention:Teams were randomly allocated to either the MG: custom made mouthguard or C: control (usual mouthguard behaviours) study arm.Main outcome measures:All injuries, participation in training and games, and mouthguard use were monitored over the 2001 playing season. Injury rates were calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 person hours of playing time. Adjusted incidence rate ratios were obtained from Poisson regression models.Results:Players in both study arms wore mouthguards, though it is unlikely that many controls wore custom made ones. Wearing rates were higher during games than training. The overall rate of H/O injury was 2.7 injuries per 1000 exposure hours. The rate of H/O injury was higher during games than training. The adjusted H/O injury incidence rate ratio was 0.56 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.97) for MG versus C during games and training, combined.Conclusions:There was a significant protective effect of custom made mouthguards, relative to usual mouthguard use, during games. However, the control players still wore mouthguards throughout the majority of games and this could have diluted the effect.
Driver dependent factors and the risk of causing a collision for two wheeled motor vehicles
Authors: Lardelli-Claret P , Jiménez-Moleón J J , de Dios Luna-del-Castillo J , García-Martín M , Bueno-Cavanillas A , Gálvez-Vargas R 
Published: August 2005

Objective:To assess the effect of driver dependent factors on the risk of causing a collision for two wheeled motor vehicles (TWMVs).Design:Case control study.Setting:Spain, from 1993 to 2002.Subjects:All drivers of TWMVs involved in the 181 551 collisions between two vehicles recorded in the Spanish registry which did not involve pedestrians, and in which at least one of the vehicles was a TWMV and only one driver had committed a driving infraction. The infractor and non-infractor drivers constituted the case and control groups, respectively.Main outcome measures:Logistic regression analyses were used to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratio estimates for each of the driver related factors recorded in the registry (age, sex, nationality, psychophysical factors, and speeding infractions, among others).Results:Inappropriate speed was the variable with the greatest influence on the risk of causing a collision, followed by excessive speed and driving under the influence of alcohol. Younger and older drivers, foreign drivers, and driving without a valid license were also associated with a higher risk of causing a collision. In contrast, helmet use, female sex, and longer time in possession of a driving license were associated with a lower risk.Conclusions:Although the main driver dependent factors related to the risk of causing a collision for a TWMV were similar to those documented for four wheeled vehicles, several differences in the pattern of associations support the need to study moped and motorcycle crashes separately from crashes involving other types of vehicles.
Cross national study of injury and social determinants in adolescents
Authors: Pickett W , Molcho M , Simpson K , Janssen I , Kuntsche E , Mazur J , Harel Y , Boyce W F 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:To compare estimates of the prevalence of injury among adolescents in 35 countries, and to examine the consistency of associations cross nationally between socioeconomic status then drunkenness and the occurrence of adolescent injury.Design:Cross sectional surveys were obtained from national samples of students in 35 countries. Eight countries asked supplemental questions about injury.Setting:Surveys administered in classrooms.Subjects:Consenting students (n = 146 440; average ages 11–15 years) in sampled classrooms. 37 878 students (eight countries) provided supplemental injury data.Exposure measures:Socioeconomic status (material wealth, poverty) and social risk taking (drunkenness).Outcome measures:Specific types and locations of medically treated injury.Results:By country, reports of medically treated injuries ranged from 33% (1060/3173) to 64% (1811/2833) of boys and 23% (740/3172) to 51% (1485/2929) of girls, annually. Sports and recreation were the most common activities associated with injury. High material wealth was positively (OR>1.0; p<0.05) and consistently (6/8 countries) associated with medically treated and sports related injuries. Poverty was positively associated with fighting injuries (6/8 countries). Drunkenness (social risk taking) was positively (p<0.01) and consistently (8/8 countries) associated with medically treated, street, and fighting injuries, but not school and sports related injuries.Conclusion:The high prevalence of adolescent injury confirms its importance as a health problem. Social gradients in risk for adolescent injury were illustrated cross nationally for some but not all types of adolescent injury. These gradients were most evident when the etiologies of specific types of adolescent injury were examined. Prevention initiatives should focus upon the etiologies of specific injury types, as well as risk oriented social contexts.
Gaps in injury statistics: multiple injury profiles reveal them and provide a comprehensive account
Authors: Aharonson-Daniel L , Giveon A , Peleg K 
Published: August 2005

Objective:To demonstrate the benefit of using multiple injury profiles (MIP) as an alternative to “primary diagnosis,” for the presentation and analysis of multiple injuries in populations.Methods:Retrospective analysis of national trauma registry data in Israel between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2002. Multiple diagnoses per patient were recorded. A primary diagnosis was selected for each patient and data were presented twice: first by selecting a primary diagnosis and then using multiple injury profiles.Results:23 909 transport casualties were included. Findings show that MIP enable the identification of all patients with a specific injury, even where secondary. The proportion of additional injuries recorded when using MIP ranged from 12% in head injuries to 270% for facial injuries.Based on the primary diagnosis patients with head, chest, and abdominal injuries had a 5–6% inpatient death rate each. Multiple injury profiles of the same population reveal that an isolated head injury has a 3% inpatient death rate, isolated chest and isolated abdomen have a 1% inpatient death rate, while combined head and chest casualties have a 21% inpatient death rate.Conclusions:Multiple injury profiles are a new approach that enables presenting an improved picture of injury in a population.
Cytologic features of nipple aspirate fluid using an automated non-invasive collection device: a prospective observational study
Authors: Proctor Kerry AS , Rowe Leslie R , Bentz Joel S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Detection of cytologic atypia in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) has been shown to be a predictor of risk for development of breast carcinoma. Manual collection of NAF for cytologic evaluation varies widely in terms of efficacy, ease of use, and patient acceptance. We investigated a new automated device for the non-invasive collection of NAF in the office setting.

Methods
A multi-center prospective observational clinical trial involving asymptomatic women designed to assess fluid production, adequacy, safety and patient acceptance of the HALO NAF Collection System (NeoMatrix, Irvine, CA). Cytologic evaluation of all NAF samples was performed using previously described classification categories.

Results
500 healthy women were successfully enrolled. Thirty-eight percent (190/500) produced fluid and 187 were available for cytologic analysis. Cytologic classification of fluid producers showed 50% (93/187) Category 0 (insufficient cellular material), 38% (71/187) Category I (benign non-hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells), 10% (18/187) Category II (benign hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells), 3% (5/187) Category III (atypical ductal epithelial cells) and none were Category IV (unequivocal malignancy). Overall, 19% of the subjects produced NAF with adequate cellularity and 1% were found to have cytologic atypia.

Conclusion
The HALO system is a simple, safe, rapid, automated method for standardized collection of NAF which is acceptable to patients. Cytologic assessment of HALO-collected NAF showed the ability to detect benign and pre-neoplastic ductal epithelial cells from asymptomatic volunteers.
Macrophages and cytokines in the early defence against herpes simplex virus
Authors: Ellermann-Eriksen Svend 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 are old viruses, with a history of evolution shared with humans. Thus, it is generally well-adapted viruses, infecting many of us without doing much harm, and with the capacity to hide in our neurons for life. In rare situations, however, the primary infection becomes generalized or involves the brain.Normally, the primary HSV infection is asymptomatic, and a crucial element in the early restriction of virus replication and thus avoidance of symptoms from the infection is the concerted action of different arms of the innate immune response. An early and light struggle inhibiting some HSV replication will spare the host from the real war against huge amounts of virus later in infection. As far as such a war will jeopardize the life of the host, it will be in both interests, including the virus, to settle the conflict amicably. Some important weapons of the unspecific defence and the early strikes and beginning battle during the first days of a HSV infection are discussed in this review.Generally, macrophages are orchestrating a multitude of anti-herpetic actions during the first hours of the attack. In a first wave of responses, cytokines, primarily type I interferons (IFN) and tumour necrosis factor are produced and exert a direct antiviral effect and activate the macrophages themselves. In the next wave, interleukin (IL)-12 together with the above and other cytokines induce production of IFN-γ in mainly NK cells. Many positive feed-back mechanisms and synergistic interactions intensify these systems and give rise to heavy antiviral weapons such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. This results in the generation of an alliance against the viral enemy.However, these heavy weapons have to be controlled to avoid too much harm to the host. By IL-4 and others, these reactions are hampered, but they are still allowed in foci of HSV replication, thus focusing the activity to only relevant sites. So, no hero does it alone. Rather, an alliance of cytokines, macrophages and other cells seems to play a central role. Implications of this for future treatment modalities are shortly considered.
Anti-HIV activity of dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans from Phenax species endemic in Costa Rica
Authors: Piccinelli A L , De Simone F , Rastrelli L , Mahmood N , Mora G , Poveda L 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Previously, we isolated two new dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans, named phenaxolactones 1 and 2, from the leaves of Phenax angustifolius Wedd. (Urticaceae). In this investigation three new dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans (phenaxolactones 3–5), together with phenaxolactone 1, and flavones vitexin (6), isovitexin (7), were isolated from Phenax rugosus Wedd. leaves collected in Santa Ana, Costa Rica. The structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Phenaxolactones 1–5 and flavones 6 and 7 were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1MN in infected C8166 cells. The most promising compound was phenaxolactone 1 with an EC50 value of 3.0μM, no cytotoxicity at 112μM and a therapeutic index value of 37.3.
Brain permeability of inhaled corticosteroids
Authors: Arya Vikram , Issar Manish , Wang Yaning , Hochhaus Guenther , Talton James D 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate if the permeability of inhaled corticosteroids entering the brain is reduced and if P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporters are involved. Currently employed inhaled corticosteroids were given intravenously and intratracheally to rats at a dose of 100 μg kg−1. An ex-vivo receptor binding assay was used to monitor over 12 h the glucocorticoid receptor occupancy in the brain and a systemic reference organ (kidney). The involvement of P-gp in the brain permeability of triamcinolone acetonide was assessed in wild-type mice and mdr1a(-/-) knockout mice (mice lacking the gene for expressing P-gp). After both forms of administration, the average brain receptor occupancies were 20–56% of those of the reference organ, with the more lipophilic drugs showing a more pronounced receptor occupation. While the receptor occupancies in the liver of wild-type and mdr1a(-/-) mice were similar after administration of triamcinolone acetonide, brain receptor occupancies in mdr1a(-/-) mice were significantly greater (mdr1a(-/-): 47.6%, 40.2–55.0%, n = 2; wild-type: 11.5±33.0%, n = 3). Penetration into the brain for inhaled corticosteroids (especially those of lower lipophilicity) is reduced. Experiments in mdr1a(-/-) mice confirmed the involvement of P-gp transporters. Further studies are needed to assess whether potential drug interactions at the transporter level are of pharmacological significance.