bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective scoring of animal handling and stunning practices at slaughter plants
Authors: Grandin Temple 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To develop objective methods for monitoring animal welfare at slaughter plants to ensure compliance with the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act.

Design
Survey of existing procedures.

Sample Population
24 federally inspected slaughter plants.

Procedure
6 variables evaluated at each plant were stunning efficacy, insensibility of animals hanging on the bleeding rail, vocalization, electric prod use, number of animals slipping, and number of animals falling.

Results
Of 11 beef plants, only 4 were able to render 95% of cattle insensible with a single shot from a captive-bolt stunner. Personnel at 7 of 11 plants placed the stunning wand correctly on 99% or more of pigs and sheep. At 4 beef plants, percentage of cattle prodded with an electric prod ranged from 5% at a plant at which handlers only prodded cattle that refused to move to 90% at another plant. Use of electric prods at 6 pork plants scored for prod use ranged from 15 to almost 100% of pigs. Percentage of cattle that vocalized during stunning and handling ranged from 1.1 % at a plant at which electric prods were only used on cattle that refused to move to 32% at another plant at which electric prods were used on 90% of cattle and a restraint device was inappropriately used to apply excessive pressure.

Clinical Implications
To obtain the most accurate assessment of animal welfare at slaughter plants, it is important to score all of the aforementioned variables. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:36–39)
Comparison of three methods used for assessment of pain in dogs
Authors: Holton Lynne Louise , Scott Ethel Marian , Nolan Andrea Mary , Reid Jacqueline , Welsh Elizabeth , Flaherty Derek 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate the reliability of 3 scales used for assessment of pain in dogs.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
50 dogs that had surgery.

Procedure
Dogs were allocated into 3 groups (group 1, 25 dogs assessed 1 hour after the end of surgery; group 2, 41 dogs assessed between 21 and 27 hours after the end of surgery; group 3, 16 dogs assessed on the day of surgery and on the subsequent day). Each dog was scored for pain 4 times by 3 (groups 1 and 3) or 4 (group 2) veterinarians, using all 3 scales (ie, simple descriptive, numerical rating, and visual analogue) during each scoring period. Analysis of data was performed using ANOVA, loglinear modeling, calculation of reproducibility coefficients, and Cohen's kappa statistic.

Results
Significant variability existed among observers for use of all 3 scales. Variability among observers and between observers and dogs accounted for 29 to 36% of the total variability (group 1, 36.1 and 32.3% and group 2, 35.1 and 29.7%, for visual analogue scale and numerical rating scale scores, respectively). Kappa statistic values calculated for data obtained by use of the simple descriptive scale indicated that agreement was fair for the observers (group 1, 0.244 to 0.299; group 2, 0.211 to 0.368; group 3, 0.233 to 0.321).

Clinical Implications
Analysis of pain score data in dogs must incorporate observer variability when more than 1 observer is used. Comparative analysis of data accrued from pain studies in various hospitals must account for this variability. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:61–66)
Effect of ranitidine on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals
Authors: Sanchez L. Chris , Lester Guy D. , Merritt A. M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine intragastric pH in newborn foals and to examine the effect of IV or oral administration of an H2-receptor antagonist on intragastric pH.

Design
Prospective controlled study.

Animals
6 healthy mixed-breed neonatal foals.

Procedure
Intragastric pH was measured, using an antimony electrode. Foals were monitored on days 2, 4, and 6 after birth, and each received 3 treatments. The pH was recorded for 4 hours before treatment and for 10 hours after ranitidine administration (2 mg/kg [0.91 mg/lb] of body weight, IV; 6.6 mg/kg [3 mg/lb PO) or 20 hours after corn syrup administration. Mean and median pH and percentage of time pH was ≥ 4 were calculated.

Results
Mean intragastric pH significantly increased for 5 hours after IV administration of ranitidine, compared with baseline data. Percentage of time intragastric pH was ≥ 4 increased significantly for 4 hours after ranitidine administration, and median pH increased significantly for hours 2 to 4 after administration. Oral administration of ranitidine significantly increased mean and median pH for hours 2 to 8 after administration and percentage of time pH was ≥ 4 for hours 2 to 7 after administration.

Clinical Implications
Neonatal foals have highly acidic gastric fluid. Intravenous or oral administration of ranitidine significantly increased intragastric pH for 4 and 8 hours, respectively. Suckling affected intragastric pH and underscored the need for frequent feeding of neonatal foals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:1407–1412)
Use of clinical parameters for differentiation of gram-positive and gram-negative mastitis in dairy cows vaccinated against lipopolysaccharide core antigens
Authors: Morin Dawn E. , Constable Peter D. , McCoy Gene C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether clinical parameters could be used to differentiate clinical mastitis (CM) caused by gram-positive bacteria from CM caused by gram-negative bacteria in dairy cows vaccinated against lipopolysaccharide core antigens.

Design
Case series.

Animals
143 episodes of CM in 86 dairy cows in a single herd.

Procedure
Cows were examined at onset of CM, and 24 clinical parameters including rectal temperature, heart rate, rumen contraction rate, degree of dehydration, various udder and milk characteristics, lactation number, stage of lactation, and season of year were recorded. Milk production and milk constituent concentrations before onset of CM were obtained from Dairy Herd Improvement Association records. Values for cows with gram-negative CM were compared with values for cows with gram-positive CM. Logistic regression was used to identify important predictors of gram-negative CM.

Results
64 (45%) CM episodes were caused by gram-negative bacteria and 79 (55%) were caused by gram-positive bacteria. Rumen contraction rate was significantly lower and milk protein percentage before onset of CM was significantly higher in cows with gram-negative, rather than gram-positive, CM. Logistic regression indicated that CM was more likely to have been caused by gram-negative bacteria if it developed during the summer, milk was watery, or rumen contraction rate was low. Sensitivity and specificity of the final regression model were 0.58 and 0.80, respectively. Predictive value of a positive result was 0.74 when proportion of CM episodes caused by gram-negative bacteria was assumed to be 50%.

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that clinical observations do not allow accurate prediction of CM pathogens and should not be the sole criteria for deciding whether cows with CM are treated with antibiotics. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1423–1431)
Clinical appearances, healing patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of horses with fungal keratitis: 53 cases (1978-1996)
Authors: Gaarder James E. , Rebhun W. C. , Ball M. A. , Patten V , Shin Sang , Erb H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare initial clinical appearances, healing mechanisms, risk factors, and outcomes of horses with fungal keratitis.

Design
Retrospective analysis.

Animals
52 horses (53 eyes) with fungal keratitis.

Procedure
Medical records and clinical photographs of eyes were reviewed. Keratomycoses were categorized on the basis of clinical appearance at initial examination and pattern of healing.

Results
Five distinct forms of mycotic keratitis were recognized. Of 53 affected eyes, 34 (64%) retained sight and had varying degrees of corneal scarring after treatment, 6 (11%) had a cosmetic appearance but were blind, and 13 (25%) were enucleated. Bacterial-like ulcers were the most frequent type and the most difficult for predicting outcome. Eyes affected by superficial fungal keratitis were likely to be chronically infected and to require debridement and extended treatment but usually healed with minimal scarring. Keratomycosis with a surrounding furrow resulted in a grave prognosis. Aspergillus organisms were isolated from 9 of 10 such eyes. Cake-frosting material was a positive prognostic sign. Fungal corneal stromal abscesses tended to be caused by yeast.

Clinical Implications
This information will aid practitioners in recognizing various forms of fungal keratitis and guide them when making therapeutic decisions and prognoses for affected horses. (J AM Med Assoc 1998;213:105-112)
Economic evaluation of neonatal health protection programs for cattle
Authors: Larson R. L. , Pierce V L. , Randle R. F 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To develop an economic tool that can be used to help cattle producers evaluate benefits of neonatal health programs.

Design—
Computer simulation of a multiple-year spreadsheet model, using economic and production variables.

Sample Population—
Records for a university research farm beef herd.

Procedure—
Data from the university research farm beef herd for each year from 1990 to 1995 were evaluated to determine economic benefits for the cowcalf enterprise that would result from a decrease in morbidity and mortality. A baseline economic evaluation of returns to variable costs was performed, using actual production and marketing information. Actual economic performance was contrasted with a projected simulation in which morbidity and mortality were decreased. Sensitivity analysis for the simulation model assessment of a neonatal health program was also performed.

Results—
Mean-per-cow increase in net income for the herd during the 6-year period for morbidity and mortality reductions of 20, 40, and 60% was $7.44, $14.93, and $22.42, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that net income per cow was not sensitive to errors in projections of morbidity and mortality.

Clinical Implications—
Identifying potential economic benefits for implementing a neonatal health plan and quantifying the costs to implement each component of the plan can be used by veterinarians and their clients when formulating a proactive strategy to provide the greatest potential for economic reward. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:810-816)
Human contact with bait containing vaccine for control of rabies in wildlife
Authors: McGuill Michael W. , Kreindel Silvia M. , DeMaria Alfred , Robbins Alison H. , Rowell Steven , Hanlon Cathleen A. , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To document the number of human contacts with bait containing liquid vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine, to evaluate factors that might affect human contact with bait-vaccine units, and to summarize adverse reactions in people after contact with vaccine.

Design
Retrospective 4-year survey of directors of 6 oral rabies vaccination programs.

Sample Population
Human residents in areas of vaccination programs.

Procedure
Data were collected from report forms and telephone conversations with directors of oral rabies vaccination programs in Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Texas, and New York. Data collected included information regarding human contact with bait and vaccine, sex and age of person involved in contact, human population density, bait density, type of labeling used on bait, and other factors.

Results
Human contact with bait was more likely in areas where bait had white labels (vs lettering in black ink) and in areas with high human population densities. Directors of all programs reported that human contact with bait-vaccine units was minimal. Adverse reactions in exposed people were not reported. On the basis of these findings, concerns about V-RG vaccine posing a substantial public health risk remain unfounded.

Clinical Implications
Directors of oral rabies vaccination programs should systematically collect information about exposures and potential factors affecting exposure of people to bait-vaccine units. People with substantial exposure to V-RG vaccine should be evaluated for immune status and any resulting symptoms should be documented and monitored. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1413-1417)
Clinical outcome and associated diseases in dogs with leukocytosis and neutrophilia: 118 cases (1996–1998)
Authors: Lucroy Michael D. , Madewell Bruce R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe diseases, prognosis, and clinical outcomes associated with leukocytosis and neutrophilia in dogs.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
118 dogs with leukocytosis and neutrophilia.

Procedure
Medical records from 1996 to 1998 were examined for dogs with WBC ≥ 50,000 cells/μl and neutrophilia ≥ 50%. Signalment, absolute and differential WBC counts, body temperature, clinical or pathologic diagnosis, duration and cost of hospitalization, and survival time were reviewed.

Results
Mean age was 7.7 years, WBC count was 65,795 cells/μl, and absolute neutrophil count was 53,798 cells/μI. Mean duration of hospitalization was 7.4 days and cost of hospitalization was $2,028.00. Forty (34%) dogs were febrile, and 73 (62%) dogs died. Overall median survival time was 17 days. Dogs with neoplasia or fever were more likely to die than dogs that were hospitalized or had systemic or local infections.

Clinical Implications
Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were associated with high mortality rate and have prognostic value. Given the mean duration and cost of hospitalization, frank discussion with an owner at first recognition of leukocytosis and neutrophilia may be warranted. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:805–807)
Inflammatory bowel disease in horses: 11 cases (1988-1998)
Authors: Scott Edward A. , Heidel Jerry R. , Snyder Stanley P. , Ramirez Santos , Whitler William A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine clinical and surgical abnormalities in, and long-term outcome of, horses that undergo surgery because of colic secondary to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
11 horses.

Procedure
Medical records of horses that had undergone abdominal surgery and in which IBD had been diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of intestinal biopsy specimens were reviewed.

Results
5 horses were examined because of acute colic and 6 were examined because of chronic colic. At surgery, all 11 horses had edematous or hemorrhagic bowel segments suggestive of IBD. In addition, 6 horses had circumferential mural bands (CMB) causing constriction of the small (4 horses) or large (2) intestine. Intestinal resections were performed in 7 horses. All 11 horses survived surgery and were discharged from the hospital; 10 horses were still alive at the time of follow-up (1.5 to 7 years after surgery).

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that IBD is an uncommon cause of colic in horses. Surgical resection of segments of intestine with constrictive CMB may relieve clinical signs of colic. Horses with IBD that had surgery had a good prognosis for long-term survival. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1527-1531)
Use of mammary gland and colostral characteristics for prediction of colostral IgG1 concentration and intramammary infection in Holstein cows
Authors: Maunsell Fiona P. , Morin Dawn E. , Constable Peter D. , Hurley Walter L. , McCoy Gene C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether mammary gland or colostral characteristics at calving could be used to predict colostral immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration or intramammary infection (IMI) and whether leakage of colostrum affects IgG1 concentration.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
113 multiparous Holstein cows.

Procedure
Cows were examined within 3 hours of calving, and mammary gland and colostral characteristics, colostral volume, somatic cell count, and concentrations of IgG1, fat, and protein were determined. Bacteriologic culture of mammary secretions was performed approximately 14 and 7 days before calving and at calving. Associations of gland and colostral characteristics with colostral IgG1 concentration, colostral volume, and IMI were examined.

Results
Thick or thin colostrum had higher IgG1 concentration than colostrum of intermediate viscosity. Colostrum from mammary glands that were firm had low IgG1 concentration. Colostral IgG1 concentration was weakly correlated with volume. Intramammary infection was likely to be detected if colostrum contained clots or blood or if the California Mastitis Test (CMT) score was ≥ 2. Somatic cell count was higher for glands with IMI than for uninfected glands, and CMT score was correlated with cell count.

Clinical Implications
Mammary gland and colostral characteristics were of little value in predicting IgG1 concentration. Our findings do not support recommendations that first milking colostrum that is thin (watery) or that is from cows producing large volumes not be fed to dairy calves. Colostral characteristics, particularly CMT score, were of value for predicting IMI. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1817-1823)
Outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia: 39 cases (1990–1997)
Authors: Tobin Regina L. , Nelson Richard W. , Lucroy Michael D. , Wooldridge John D. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
39 dogs with clinical signs of hypoglycemia and serum glucose and insulin concentrations consistent with a diagnosis of beta cell neoplasia.

Procedure
Information on signalment; clinical history; physical examination findings; results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis; serum glucose and insulin concentrations; results of thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography; treatment and treatment complications; survival time; and cause of death were obtained from medical records.

Results
26 dogs underwent exploratory celiotomy and partial pancreatectomy; 13 dogs were treated medically (ie, dietary change and prednisone). Median survival time was significantly longer for dogs treated surgically than for dogs treated medically. Significant differences were not found in mean age, body weight, duration of clinical signs prior to diagnosis, serum glucose and insulin concentration, or results of other serum biochemical tests between dogs treated surgically and dogs treated medically; also, there was no significant correlation between any of these parameters and survival time for either group of dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that exploratory celiotomy and partial pancreatectomy are indicated once a tentative diagnosis of beta cell neoplasia is established in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:226–230)
“УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ВІСНИК” – ЧАСОПИС УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СПРОТИВУ (1970 – 1972)
Authors: ДЕРЕВІНСЬКИЙ Василь 
Published: December 2023

Метою статті є дослідження самвидавчого підпільного журналу “Український вісник” як чинника та складової боротьби українського національного руху на початку 1970-х рр. Методологічною основою дослідження послужив конкретно-історичний, порівняльний та історико-аналітичний методи. Використано принципи об’єктивності, історизму, багатофакторності. Наукова новизна: вивчено причини створення журналу, особливості формування видавничого колективу, умови здійснення підготовки, друку та змісту журналу. Висновки. У ході проведеного дослідження встановлено, що в умовах тотального контролю та переслідування з боку радянських спецслужб В’ячеславу Чорноволу вдалося створити і видавати підпільний самвидавний журнал. На усіх етапах видання часопаису він дотримувався суворої конспірації: починаючи від збору інформації, опрацювання редакційних матеріалів, друкування “сигнального примірника” та тиражування й оприлюднення. Надретельні засоби конспірації дозволили йому видавати журнал відносно тривалий період часу за непростих тогочасних суспільно-політичних обставин. Небезпека викриття видавців журналу змусила В. Чорновола ретельно підібрати обмежену кількість помічників.
З’ясовано, що В. Чорноволу вдалося успішно організувати канали розповсюдження журналу, особливо, налагодити нелегальне переправлення через радянський кордон на Захід. Завдяки тому, що за кордоном журнал перевидавався значними накладами його читацька аудиторія вельми зросла. Виявлено, що матеріали“Вісника” об'єктивно, ґрунтовно і відносно швидко надали громадськості як у середині країни, так і за її межами інформацію про діяльність борців за свободу та репресії влади. Таким чином, “Український вісник” перетворився на надзвичайно дієвий інструмент провадження українським національним рухом інформаційної війни з радянським режимом.
Ключові слова: “Український вісник”, В. Чорновіл, журнал, самвидав, національний рух.
НАУКОВА І АДМІНІСТРАТИВНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯРОСЛАВА ФЕДОРУКА В УМОВАХ КРИЗИ РАДЯНСЬКОЇ СИСТЕМИ (1960 – 1980-ті рр.)
Authors: МАЛЯРЧУК Олег , САБАДУХА Володимир 
Published: December 2023

Мета дослідження – становлення Ярослава Федорчука як радянського громадсько-політичного діяча з проєкцією на сьогодення, з’ясування різних аспектів його участі в індустріальній розбудові Прикарпаття, висвітлення вкладу у формування економічної концепції “зміцнюється економіка – зростає добробут народу”. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на принципах історизму, об’єктивності, системності. При проведенні дослідження застосовувались загальнонаукові (аналіз і синтез, абстрагування) та конкретно-наукові (критичний, біографічний та просопографічний) методи. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що в 1972 р. молодий науковець-практик Я. Федорчук у своїх розвідках акцентував увагу на питаннях удосконалення централізованого управління економікою з метою поліпшення соціального добробуту населення. У кандидатській дисертації “Ефективність нової техніки в умовах НТР” він поставив під сумнів основу централізованого планування – темпи розвитку засобів виробництва (група А) повинні бути вищими від темпів розвитку засобів споживання (група Б). Висновки. Зважаючи на специфіку західного регіону Української РСР, союзне і республіканське керівництво звертало особливу увагу на посилення ідейно-політичної роботи серед населення, боротьбу з “буржуазним націоналізмом”, “релігійними пережитками”. Однак від громадянської позиції – пом’якшити чи посилити тиск –безпосередньо залежало від керівників низової та середньої (обласної) ланки управління. Усі сфери суспільно-політичного та соціально-економічного життя були пронизані надмірною заідеологізованістю і тотальним контролем. Політика московського керівництва в Україні не досягла бажаних результатів – як через пасивний і активний спротив населення загалом, так і завдяки виваженій політиці окремих партійно-радянських керівників на місцях. Український народ у нелегких умовах тоталітаризму зумів зберегти одвічні духовні цінності завдяки подвижницькій роботі інтелігенці, яскравим представником якої виступає інтелектуал-прагматик Ярослав Петрович Федорчук. Він зробив не менше за тих, котрі пішли на відкриту боротьбу з тоталітарною системою. У другій половині ХХ ст. місцеве населення одержувало роботу, безплатне житло, соціальні гарантії, будувалися школи, дитячі садки, табори відпочинку, санаторії, профілакторії, сільські лікарні, фельдшерсько-акушерські пункти.
Ключові слова: радянська влада, Ярослав Федорчук, особистість, добробут, медицина, освіта, культура.