bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Interpreted Encounters
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpreting has only recently been analyzed in the discourse events where it most frequently occurs, that is, settings which are small, generally private in nature, and in which three or more people come together to accomplish a purpose, a task or a goal while they talk (Roy 1989a; Wadensjo 1992, 1998; Metzger 1995, 1999). Although there is a call worldwide for interpreters to sort out and label the varieties of this setting (Roberts 1995), taxonomies or categories cannot be helpful until we sort out what interpreted events have in common and what features of those events make them separate. Or, until we decide, as Gentile (1995) suggests, “that what we are talking about is simply interpreting” no matter how many people, what type of discourse situation, or what speed of translation is involved (118). Currently, theorists, analysts, practitioners, and others observe and describe interpreting through their own lenses, be they disciplinary or personal. However, interpreting is a discipline that is and must be connected primarily to language; it will be through the lens of language study that primary elements are most readily identified. Through the lens of language as discourse, aided by models of the interaction of language and social life (Hymes 1972), the multiple relationships between linguistic means and social meaning are brought to light. Hymes suggested that constructing models of this interaction is an empirical problem which calls for description that is both ethnographic and linguistic. To develop models, Hymes warns, there must be adequate descriptions of interaction, and such “descriptions call for an approach that partly links, but partly cuts across, partly builds between the ordinary practices of the disciplines” (41). Although Hymes is referring to linguistics, anthropology, and other social sciences, we can extrapolate the warning that there must be adequate descriptions of interpreting and approaches that link, cut across, and build upon other disciplines.
Paradise for a Prosecutor
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In prosecution as in policing, context matters immensely. David Bayley’s (1991) classic study of police behavior in Japan and the United States starts from the premise that Japan is “heaven for a cop.” Police in Japan confront little serious crime, few guns or drugs, and an impressive quality of public ordercontexts which make their work less demanding and vastly less dangerous than police work in the United States. Further, since Japanese police enjoy widespread public support and operate in a “benign” political environment, they are able to perform their jobs “virtually without stress” or serious misconduct. To Bayley, Japan is so thoroughly heaven for a cop that “if Japanese and American police changed places, Americans would perform as efficiently as Japanese and Japanese police might come unhinged.”
Prosecutor Culture
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No question has more engaged students of Japan than the obvious one: How different is this, the first major industrial society to emerge outside the Western tradition? Likewise, no question has bred more, or more rancorous, disagreement. For every scholar who believes there is no need to invoke “the peculiarities of Japanese culture” in order to understand the essence of Japanese law or politics, another can be heard contending for the converse. This book addresses a parallel question about Japanese prosecutors How different are they? -and this chapter concentrates on two core qualities of Japan’s prosecutor culture: prosecutor preferences, or what prosecutors want, and prosecutor beliefs about the factors that influence their discretion. It shows that prosecutors in Japan and the United States have markedly different work objectives and, in important respects, hold different beliefs about how toexercise the discretion to charge.
Consistency
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I met Larry for the first time in July 1993. At the time, he was an eighteen-year veteran in the Oakland County District Attorney’s Office, one of 142 prosecutors in what may be the most highly respected local prosecutors office in California. Nearly two decades earlier Larry had graduated from a prestigious public law school in the same state. A former classmate, now a public defender in the Oakland County Superior Court, regards Larry as “a good guy,” “an able prosecutor,” and a more-or-less “typical” senior deputy district attorney.
Convictions
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My professor friend is hardly alone in finding Japan’s conviction rates noteworthy. Claims about the country’s “extremely high” conviction rates or, what is the same thing, its “astonishingly low” acquittal rates, are indeed widespread. But while Japan’s conviction rates are often lauded and lamented, they remain poorly understood because their causes have seldom been seriously sought or studied. This chapter locates Japan’s famous conviction rates within the broader contexts of comparative criminal justice research in order to assess the veracity and significance of conventional claims. I first summarize the orthodox views and inspect their foundations. The analysis reveals that the conviction rate “gap” between Japan and other countries is not as wide as commonly supposed but that there is a real difference that needs to be explained. I then show that the procuracy’s conservative charging policy and bureaucratic controls the same controls that produce high levels of “consistency” are largely responsible for the high rates of conviction.
Trials of Celebrity
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Forrest affair’s spectacle of passion made compelling public theater not just because many in the audience at large believed, as Willis surely would have wished, that they knew its celebrated principles intimately. As we have come to see, this imbroglio also rehearsed a riveting drama of cultural anxieties that took in such prickly matters as the proper relation of husband and wife, the propriety of fashion and refinement, and the prerogatives of honor. The affair assumed this significance, moreover, in light of an intense glare of commercial publicity that had become national, even international, in scope. As early as six months into the proceedings, the Georgia journal and Messenger reprinted a humorous vignette that suggested the unprecedented dimensions of this development. A traveler approaching a hut “fifty miles from anything in the Western Prairie,” so the story went, had asked its tenant of his opinion of a notorious murder case, the so-called Golphin claim, and the Forrest divorce suit. When he replied that he knew nothing of such matters, the stranger reportedly “burst into tears” and resolved to stay with the farmer for three weeks, that being the time news took to travel to this remote quarter. What was the reason for this outburst? So the account joshed: “He was a man who had been bored into madness by reading newspaper discussions on the three cases.” Of course, such complaints did little to arrest the march of publicity and probably only served to underscore the general preoccupation with celebrated legal actions that gripped the nation in the early 1850s. It was here, as much as on the concurrent political maneuvering surrounding the issue of slavery, that public interest settled in these early days of mass popular culture.
After The Terror: Mortality, Equality, Fraternity
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capital punishment, in this historical moment, in this political space, is visited by the powerful upon the dominated, by the state upon the subject. Death is the culmination of a long series of procedures, performed by technicians under the surveillance of diverse, carefully trained administrators, recorded in scrupulous de­ tail. In this historical moment, capital punishment appears as an enactment of the finality of the power of the state. In it, the subjection of the dominated is confirmed. The execution of the condemned marks the boundary dividing writing from violence. Death removes the condemned from the reach and power of the law, of writing, of constitutional guarantees. Death marks that point at which the rule of law finds itself exhausted.
Beyond Intention: A Critique Of The “Normal” Criminal Agency, Responsibility, And Punishment In American Death Penalty Jurisprudence
Authors: Culbert Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the United States Constitution is interpreted by the Supreme Court, there is a heightened obligation to determine as accurately as possible the culpability of a defendant who may be sentenced to death for participation in a crime.’ However, in a “deregulated” political and legal environment, just how such determinations are to be made in a court of law is not clear. As Robert Weisberg has argued, the Supreme Court has failed in its efforts to articulate formal criteria by which to determine responsibility at law. Consequently, lower courts have to rely on the discretion of judges and jurors to make “reliable” sentencing decisions. As a result, defendants are sentenced to death when they violate deeply held though not necessarily articulated assumptions about socially acceptable behavior. In other words, when the Supreme Court fails to define formal criteria for judgment, the legitimacy of legal decisions about punishment and responsibility hinges on moral norms instead of formal principles.
Ascaridida
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order Ascaridida comprises a large number of relatively large nematodes that parasitize many groups of animals; those that are important to humans belong in the superfamily Ascaridoidea. Two families of the Ascaridoidea, Ascarididae and Anisakidae, have all the species important in human medicine, and most of them inhabit the gastrointestinal tract as adult worms. The life cycles of these parasites are either direct or indirect. Parasites with direct cycles have eggs that require development in soil to become infective and must be ingested by the final host to complete their cycles. Parasites with indirect cycles also pass eggs that require maturation in soil, but they are ingested by intermediate hosts, where the larvae usually encapsulate in the tissues, to infect the predator final host when they are ingested. In some species of the Ascaridoidea with direct life cycles, the infective eggs may be ingested by unnatural hosts. In these cases, the eggs produce larvae in the intestine that migrate through the tissues and encapsulate in the muscles in a state of paratenesis, and the unnatural host becomes a paratenic host. This is a feature of the life cycle of species of Toxocara, a feature that is important in medicine because it is the biologic basis for the production of visceral larva migrans (see Chapter 17).
Trematodes Of The Blood Vessels-Schistosomes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The schistosomes are trematodes that inhabit the blood vessels of humans and animals and produce schistosomiasis or bilharziasis, the general terms applied to the infection. Schistosomiasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world because of the number of individuals affected and the morbidity and mortality produced. The disease usually occurs in persons living in poor socioeconomic conditions in tropical and subtropical areas. The classification of the schistosomes is rather complicated if all species that produce zoonotic infections, especially schistosomal dermatitis in humans, are included. In general, all the species of importance to human medicine belong to the family Schistosomatidae.
Incremental Expansion with Rapid Global Coverage
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stan Shih knew from personal experience all about the hazards involved in entering foreign markets as a new player-his ownpath to “going global” as a late-mover.1 Rather than emulate incumbent MNEs by entering markets through large investments in wholly owned subsidiaries, he favored an approach that would reduce the risk by entering into partnerships with local distributors. In this way, Acer could gradually acquire knowledge of the market and gradually increase its commitment to that market, leaving room to change course or adjust strategy if circumstances changed.
Globalization and the Dragon Multinational
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of what will be the outcome of the processes of world integration of economic, industrial, and financial systems-the processes summarized as globalization-continues to be the central issue of our time. Indeed, as the words of Marx and Engels reveal, written on the eve of the 1848 revolutions in Europe, it has been the central issue for a century and a half, at least.
The Evidence for a Return Across Groups of Companies
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To provide convincing evidence that there is a return from investing in information technology, we have to locate some examples of value, and the strongest evidence comes from financial results. In this chapter we discuss several studies of firms in an effort to show value from IT investments. There have been a number of studies of IT investment by different groups, for example, information systems academics and economists; this chapter focuses on studies that have shown mostly positive returns. These studies provide cause for optimism, though one of them has such positive results that it is hard to believe! It has proven very difficult to study the return from investing in information technology, particularly if you would like to relate that investment with the overall performance of a company. Consider the typical large firm with over $100 million a year in sales. What is the likelihood that anyone can track the return from a single investment in IT to the bottom line?
Putting it Together
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, I touched on the role of industry-specific organizations such as the ASI and sematech and their role in identifying and diffusing information about best practices. I discussed the activities of customer-supplier networks in spreading and serving as transmission links for the new ideas about quality. Accumulating quality improvement expertise in the 1980s involved not so much adopting a specific approach to quality improvement as creating and participating in an infrastructure for the identification and diffusion of best practices.
Modeling the Future for Hewlett-Packard
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the discussion in this book has been about the enormous uncertainty that gripped top managers in large U.S. manufacturing firms in the early 1980s as they came to realize that their Japanese competitors had opened up a large quality advantage over them. They did not understand the basis for the Japanese success, and there were many competing explanations as to the cause of the American industry problem and how to eliminate the quality gap. In Chapter 3, I discussed the importance of organizations obtaining the earliest available information to resolve actor uncertainty. The earliest good information that becomes progressively available in distinct social locations shows actors the direction successful competitors have taken.
Gapping, PF Merger, and Patterns of Partial Agreement
Authors: Aoun Joseph , Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
7.1 Introduction
Two types of partial agreement arise in the context of subject-verb agreement in Standard Arabic (SA), Lebanese Arabic (LA) and Moroccan Arabic (MA). The first type of partial agreement exclusive to SA is characterized by the fact that in the context of postverbal simple plural NPs the verb agrees with the subject in gender and person only. The second type of partial agreement is present in all three varieties of Arabic and is characterized by the fact that, when the postverbal subject is a conjoined NP, the verb may agree with the first conjunct only.
The First Stage of Second Language Attrition: A Case Study of a Japanese Returnee
Authors: Tomiyama Machiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite a short history of language attrition as a field of linguistic research, we have witnessed new insights being accumulated, hypotheses being generated, and evidence and counter evidence being provided. However, as young a field as it is and the methodological paths to the inquiry being multifold, many areas still remain basically unexplored. The present study is devoted to one such area, namely, a longitudinal study-in a genuine sense, of natural second language (L2 English) attrition within an individual in the first language (LI Japanese) environment.
Beyond Race: Sex and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students of the history of the Fourteenth Amendment disagree among themselves about precisely what racially discriminatory state laws (and other racially discriminatory state action) section one of the Fourteenth Amendment was understood and meant to forbid. (I explored that disagreement in chapter 3.) They agree, however, that section one was understood and meant to forbid some racially discriminatory state laws; they agree, in particular, that section one was meant to forbid at least the kinds of racially discriminatory state laws and practices-the Black Codesoutlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Racial discrimination was a core concern of section one of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Introducing the Indigenous Women of Latin America
Authors: Kellogg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes the history of indigenous women in Latin America. It treats them as active agents, instrumental in shaping the region’s history. Neither house-bound nor passive, native women have responded to many challenges—demographic, economic, political, and social—over the past millennia. What my research in both primary and secondary sources ranging across the fields of archaeology, ethnohistory, and ethnography repeatedly demonstrates is that indigenous women have a long history of performing productive labor, contributing to familial well-being in a variety of ways, and being politically active. In responding to the forces of change, whether resisting or embracing them or seeking to control the rate and impact of change, women became creators of change and have served as transformative agents. I began this project thinking it would be interesting to compare Mesoamerican and Andean women across space and time. Along the way the book turned into something bigger—more unwieldy, yet more useful—as I pondered how to tell the stories of women and cultural change across thousands of square miles and years. If every region and group cannot be covered, I nonetheless attempt to include a wide variety of areas and peoples. The book retains some focus on Mesoamerica and Andean South America, in part because these have always been the areas of densest native populations.
Fighting for Survival through Political Action and Cultural Creativity
Authors: Kellogg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If globalization, modernizing aid, and political and cultural changes—especially war, urbanism, and changing ethno-racial categorizations—often carry negative consequences for South and Central America’s indigenous women, there female autonomy and activism sometimes found their fullest expression in native Latin America. In parts of the Andes, where women’s political energies express themselves very directly and openly, this is especially the case.
Quantitative Studies of Normal and Leukemic Stem Cells: Definition and Regulation
Authors: Conneally Eibhlin , Hogge Donna E , Sutherland, Heather J , Eaves Connie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day, in normal adults, billions of blood cells of different types die and are replaced. This is achieved by a constant and equally massive outpouring of mature blood cells from the marrow. Ultimately, the stability of these processes is dependent upon the presence in the marrow of a relatively tiny population of very primitive hematopoietic cells, each of which has the potential to generate all of the mature blood cells needed for sustained periods of time. Cells with these properties are referred to as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Hematopoietic Signal Transduction
Authors: Hara Takahiko , Nakayama Koh , Miyajima Atsushi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All blood cells are derived from multipotential hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In developing mouse embryos, HSCs are first recognizable in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region of embryos at 10 to 11 days postcoitus (dpc) (Muller et al., 1994). They move to the fetal liver at 12 to 13 dpc and then to the spleen and bone marrow just before birth. In adult mice, HSCs in the bone marrow proliferate and differentiate to lineage-committed progenitors that eventually give rise to all kinds of terminally differentiated mature blood cells (Spangrude et al., 1988; Heimfeld et al., 1991).
Nuclear Receptors in Hematopoietic Development: Cooperation with Growth Factor Receptors in Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Bauer Anton , Gandrillon Olivier , Samarut, Jacques , Beug Hartmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tissue homeostasis, defined as the generation and maintenance of a non-equilibrium steady state, is central to living organisms. Loss of homeostasis usually leads to multiple diseases, particularly cancer. One of the best-studied examples of homeostatic control in animals is the hematopoietic system, responsible for blood formation. During this process, many different blood cell types are constantly generated from the pluripotent stem cell.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Endothelial and Hematopoietic Cell Development
Authors: Puri Mira C , Stanford, William L , Bernstein Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems in vertebrates is a complex process, involving the precisely coordinated differentiation and assembly of several cell lineages to form the heart, blood vessels, and circulating blood cells. Vascularization of the developing embryo begins with the concomitant differentiation of mesodermal cells into two lineages: the endothelial cells (EC) and the hematopoietic cells (HC).
Infinitives Versus Participles
Authors: Ambar Manuela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assuming that both infinitival and participial structures do have Tense—as proposed in my earlier work (1988, 1993, 1994) and, with independent motivation by Kayne (1993), Déchaine, Hoekstra and Rooryck (1994), Giorgi and Pianesi (1992) and Peres (1992); see also Hernanz (1991) and De Miguel (1992) for a proposal considering the existence of an Aspect node in the same type of structures1—we still have to say why these two structures have different behaviors concerning at least the following phenomena: the value of their tenses (generic versus single event reading), agreement, Case, word order, passive voice, negation, and cliticization.