bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limits of Sovereignty
Authors: Kakati Aditya Kiran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the paradoxes of establishing state sovereignty in transnational borderzones against competition by insurgent armed groups. The costs of achieving authority in such situations were generally reckoned to be high due to the historically spasmodic presence of states in borderzones. Yet, we find that states did not always seek to establish sovereignty by traditional means such as administrative and legal structures. What emerges instead are continuities in colonial policies of fragmenting spaces, creating exceptional legal regimes and using coercion, all of which assumed new forms after the end of the Second World War in the China-India-Burma border-confluence.
This conflict and subsequent decolonization disrupted existing patterns of state-making, and created ‘blank spaces’ at a time when new nation-states sought to claim more sharply defined international “bordered-lands”. Insurgencies emerged in these ‘blank spaces’ either in response to the forced nationalization of territory, or due to exclusions caused by such spatial policies. I argue that states did not seek to ‘fill’ the vacuum in these spaces through routinized administration and welfare-development, and instead oscillated between various modes of coercive control and power-sharing arrangements to coopt local populations. From that immediate post-war period, counter-insurgency and development-like activities have gone hand in hand in maintaining these geographies as ‘remote’ and ‘dangerous’ and have thus served to justify further securitization.
Exile, Safe Havens, and Rear Bases
Authors: von Bülow Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars have increasingly turned their attention to the transnational dimensions of late colonial insurgencies. Their research has helped shed new light on the diplomatic activities of anti-colonial movements, the responses of the international community of states, and the role of non-state solidarity movements both east and west of the Iron Curtain and in the nascent ‘Third World’. Few, however, have examined the other ways in which liberation movements used external places and spaces to further their strategic goals, or the manner in which the transnational dimension of late colonial insurgencies affected counter-insurgent strategies. This chapter seeks to address this gap in our understanding of colonial insurgencies and counter-insurgencies. It will do so by (a) examining how anti-colonial movements made use of external exile, safe havens and rear bases in order to aid and abet internal insurgent action, and (b) assessing how these activities encumbered colonial counter-insurgency efforts. The chapter will focus primarily on the Algerian War of Independence, which became a model for subsequent liberation struggles. It will situate the Algerian case study within a wider framework in order to identify patterns in practice. Ultimately, the chapter will argue that resort to external sanctuary proved a vital asset to the survival and success of many liberation movements during the late colonial era.
Internment, Imprisonment, Interrogation, and Resistance in Low-Intensity Conflict
Authors: Craig Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the context of the Northern Ireland Troubles to situate a wider discussion of legal and carceral warfare within counter insurgency. The chapter argues that strategies relating to imprisonment, along with those related to its resistance in these circumstances, constitute a conflict of significance and importance in their own right. Beyond Northern Ireland, examples from Kenya, Cyprus, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia are used to highlight similarities and shared approaches by both insurgents and counter insurgents before looking at how education is perceived among both prisoners and those imprisoning them in these contexts. The chapter concludes that far from acting as a site for either further radicalisation or deradicalization, imprisonment and prisoner treatment can serve as both a crucial indicator of the wider conflict as well as a potentially pivotal component of it.
Unwanted Friends
Authors: Branch Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the role and significance of loyalists in Britain’s imperial wars from the South African War of 1899–1902 to the wars of decolonization fought in Kenya, Cyprus, and Malaya. It draws upon archival research carried out in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Kenya, and Singapore to demonstrate the various motivations of loyalty by imperial subjects during periods of anti-colonial rebellion. The chapter argues against an assumption that British imperial rulers instinctively welcomed loyalty by non-white imperial subjects. Drawing on recent scholarship on race, identity, and citizenship within the British Empire, the chapter argues that loyalty by imperial subjects provoked anxiety and suspicion on the part of British actors. This had significant implications for subjects seeking to demonstrate their loyalty. They discovered that their erstwhile allies within colonial and imperial institutions were unwilling to recognize the loyalty of imperial subjects. That loyalty was only finally widely acknowledged and reciprocated in the final years of imperial rule. Loyalists then assumed a new importance as imperial priorities were adjusted away from maintaining formal rule to transferring power to new independent states and ensuring lasting British influence.
Violence and (Dis)Order in the Caribbean Postcolony
Authors: Curless Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Anglophone Caribbean state entered the twenty-first century in crisis. For many observers, the region’s various maladies—political violence, crime, and economic deprivation—were symptoms of a post-Cold War neoliberal (dis)order. Such diagnoses correctly identified the proximate causes of the crisis, but there was a deeper history shaping the postcolonial condition. The crisis of the Anglophone Caribbean state, as this chapter demonstrates in relation to Guyana and Jamaica, was rooted in the contested nature of decolonization and its violent afterlives. In both cases, decolonization witnessed the emergence of rival political parties, who were more concerned with capturing the state and distributing resources to their respective supporters than they were in effecting radical change. The result was low-intensity political conflict, linked to party, trade union, and communal affiliation, and, as the hopes of independence went unrealized, growing anger amongst the most disenfranchised. These episodes of political warfare and collective popular protest meant that the postcolonial state in Guyana and Jamaica came to rely on the same violent modalities as its colonial predecessor. In turn, the continuities between the colonial and postcolonial contributed to an experience of time that for many people was, as Deborah Thomas has argued, non-linear, characterized by a sense of stasis, repetition, and even reversal. In other words, if we are to understand the successive crises that have affected the Anglophone Caribbean since the end of the Cold War, we have to listen attentively to the ongoing dialogue between the colonial past and the postcolonial present.
The Place of Revolutionary Violence in India, 1905–1947
Authors: Singh Gajendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ordering principle in the historiography of the nationalist movement(s) in colonial India—the longest and most sustained of anti-colonial nationalist movements from the early years of the First World War to the aftermath of the Second—has been to consider them in relation to the normative nationalism of Gandhi and Gandhism. Non-violence is assumed to have been its natural character, and political violence its failure, its limits, and the expression of sub-, semi-, or aberrant nationalisms. If these movements are considered on their own terms, however, a different history can be constructed. They were central to the imaginary that justified the violence excesses of the colonial state (both in judicial and extra-judicial violence), developed a logic or legitimate violence and proportionate response that endured throughout the early twentieth century, and defined the nationalist mainstream in the 1940s, through the Quit India Movement and the mass insurgencies and genocides of that decade. This paper will offer an overview of these movements; of their logics, consciousnesses, and violent excess.
The Labours Of (In)Security In Portuguese Late Colonialism
Authors: Bandeira Jerónimo Miguel , Monteiro José Pedro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses studies of the historical entanglements between securitarian and developmental languages and repertoires of action during late colonial insurgencies and counter-insurgencies. Health, education, and social policies broadly defined were constitutive elements of imperial strategies designed either to strengthen the allegiance of local populations or to minimize sources of unrest and anti-colonial mobilization. Focusing on the labour question in Portuguese late colonialism, this chapter stresses its centrality as a political issue and securitarian concern for Portuguese authorities even before organized anti-colonial conflict erupted in the early 1960s. As the chapter reveals, labour remained a fundamental aspect of military, civil, and diplomatic strategies as colonial wars in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau were being waged. Colonial labour policies were recognized as, at once, a potential source of dissent, a fundamental element in efforts to control the movements and spatial distribution of local populations, and, additionally, an effective means to counter ‘subversive’ activities and to conquer the ‘hearts and minds’ of African subjects in a bid to prevent the advance of decolonization.
Sinning Quietly
Authors: Drohan Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of human rights and law during British counter-insurgencies in Kenya, Cyprus, and Aden. Colonial law was designed not to protect the colonized subject, but to enhance the power of the state. Using this dynamic to their advantage, colonial officials adopted emergency regulations as a weapon against insurgents, while insurgents, dissenting British officials, and international organizations responded by making legal claims against colonial governments and appealing to human rights norms to win public support for their causes. Ultimately, the chapter explains how British officials handled legal and human rights issues and links these actions to broader developments concerning the emergence of international human rights movements. The result is a story in which violent decolonization is inextricably intertwined with the history of human rights.
Refugees in Violent Decolonizations
Authors: Nguyen Phi-Vân 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Refugee flows are not only an important consequence of violent decolonizations. Population movements also affect belligerents’ access to human resources, food, or information. In the case of competing groups vying for power, the arrival or departure of the population may also reinforce or diminish their political legitimacy. In the case of the Vietnam wars, competing factions engineered population movements and instrumentalized their representations to undermine their opponent. Contrary to the idea that population movements are collateral damage, the politics of refugee protection in violent decolonization underscore their importance in sustaining an armed effort and backing the legitimacy of a nascent and oft-contested nation-state.
Evaluating the Neural Underpinnings of Motivation for Walking Exercise
Authors: Doren Sarah , Schwab Sarah M , Bigner Kaitlyn , Calvelage Jenna , Preston Katie , Laughlin Abigail , Drury Colin , Tincher Brady , Carl Daniel , Awosika Oluwole O , Boyne Pierce 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjectiveMotivation is critically important for rehabilitation, exercise, and motor performance, but its neural basis is poorly understood. Recent correlational research suggests that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) may be involved in motivation for walking activity and/or descending motor output. This study experimentally evaluated brain activity changes in periods of additional motivation during walking exercise and tested how these brain activity changes relate to self-reported exercise motivation and walking speed.MethodsAdults without disability (N = 26; 65% women; 25 [standard deviation = 5] years old) performed a vigorous exercise experiment involving 20 trials of maximal speed overground walking. Half of the trials were randomized to include “extra-motivation” stimuli (lap timer, tracked best lap time, and verbal encouragement). Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy measured oxygenated hemoglobin responses from frontal lobe regions, including the dmPFC, primary sensorimotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior prefrontal, supplementary motor, and dorsal premotor cortices.ResultsCompared with standard trials, participants walked faster during extra-motivation trials (2.43 vs 2.67 m/s; P &lt; .0001) and had higher oxygenated hemoglobin responses in all tested brain regions, including dmPFC (+842 vs +1694 μM; P &lt; .0001). Greater dmPFC activity was correlated with more self-determined motivation for exercise between individuals (r = 0.55; P = .004) and faster walking speed between trials (r = 0.18; P = .0002). dmPFC was the only tested brain region that showed both of these associations.ConclusionSimple motivational stimuli during walking exercise seem to upregulate widespread brain regions. Results suggest that dmPFC may be a key brain region linking affective signaling to motor output.ImpactThese findings provide a potential biologic basis for the benefits of motivational stimuli, elicited with clinically feasible methods during walking exercise. Future clinical studies could build on this information to develop prognostic biomarkers and test novel brain stimulation targets for enhancing exercise motivation (eg, dmPFC).
Effects of Analgesics on Self-Reported Physical Function and Walking Ability in People With Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sveaas Silje H , Smedslund Geir , Walsh David A , Dagfinrud Hanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objective
Hip and knee osteoarthritis are among the leading causes of global disability, and one of the main aims of the management is to improve physical function. The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of analgesics on physical function (self-reported physical function and walking ability).

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the findings were performed. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of analgesics on self-reported physical function and walking ability were included. Analgesics were orally administered acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or opioids. Data were pooled in a random-effects model, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was calculated (SMDs: 0.2–0.4 = small, 0.5–0.7 = medium, and ≥0.8 = large effect sizes). The quality of the evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

Results
A total of 1454 studies were identified, of which 33 were included. On self-reported physical function, the results showed low- to moderate-quality evidence for a small beneficial effect of acetaminophen (SMD = −0.13 [95% CI = −0.26 to 0.00]), NSAIDs (SMD = −0.32 [95% CI = −0.37 to −0.27]), or opioids (SMD = −0.20 [95% CI = −0.32 to −0.09]). There was moderate-quality evidence for a small effect of NSAIDs on pain during walking (SMD = −0.34 [95% CI = −0.45 to −0.23]).

Conclusion
In people with hip or knee osteoarthritis, there was low- to moderate-quality evidence for small beneficial effects of analgesics on physical function and walking ability.

Impact
Analgesics may improve physical function by reducing pain during exercise and walking.
Effects of forage quality and particle size on feed intake and ruminoreticulum content of goats
Authors: Lopes Daniel Souza , Rodrigues Marcelo Teixeira , de Oliveira Tadeu Silva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of particle size and hay quality on feed intake, granulometric profile, and composition of the ruminoreticulum content in goats. We used 54 Alpine bucks in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 3 × 3. Treatments were a combination of Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon) with three quality levels: high (35 days), medium (50 days), and low (65 d) harvested at regrowth times. Were evaluated three particle sizes: small (16% ≥4.76 mm), medium (48% ≥4.76 mm), and large (75% ≥4.76 mm), which accounted for 66%, 75%, and 94% of physically effective fiber, respectively. Samples of offered diet, intake, and ruminoreticulum content were used to generate the granulometric profile. The offered diet, intake, and ruminoreticulum content presented different granulometric profiles regarding hay quality and particle size. Dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) increased (P &lt; 0.05) when low-quality hay and large particles were offered. However, when particle size in low-quality hay was reduced, DMI and NDF decreased (P &lt; 0.05). When analyzing the ruminoreticulum content (DM, NDF, peNDF, and indigestible DM), we did not observe any effect (P &gt; 0.05) of hay quality or particle size on the variables. Thus, reducing hay quality and increasing particle size increase dry matter and fiber intake, presenting an interaction between forage quality and particle size. Forage quality and particle size promote intense selective behavior and chewing, which leads to a homogeneous content of particle profile in ruminoreticulum and a uniform average retention time.
Evaluation of a Pressure Injury Prevention Care Bundle in an ICU in Turkey
Authors: Altaş Gülnaz , Çelik Selda 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate a pressure injury (PI) prevention care bundle in ICU patients diagnosed with internal diseases.

METHODS
The study had a quasi-experimental design and included 98 patients who were diagnosed with internal diseases and hospitalized in the ICU. Patients in the control group (n = 49) received routine clinical care, whereas those in the intervention group (n = 49) received the PI prevention care bundle. Data were collected using a patient information form and the Braden Scale.

RESULTS
All patients in the control group and 61.2% of the patients in the intervention group developed PIs. Those in the intervention group who developed PIs did so later on average in comparison with the control group. Patient risk of PI development increased with advanced age, low oxygen saturation, low prealbumin values, and low Braden Scale scores. Fewer PIs developed in the patients in the intervention group despite their longer duration of hospitalization and high glucose levels.

CONCLUSIONS
The PI prevention care bundle may help prevent the development of PI.
Clear-Cell Dermal Duct Tumor: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Urso Carmelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract:
Clear-cell dermal duct tumor is a benign adnexal neoplasm composed of dermal multiple solid islands of clear cells, displaying ductal differentiation. Histopathologically, lesions can be subdivided into 2 distinct subgroups: (1) “pure” clear-cell dermal duct tumors, entirely composed of clear cells, and (2) “mixed” clear-cell dermal duct tumors, showing an associated conventional poroid component. Such a subclassification may be significant for the differential diagnosis: the less frequent “mixed” variant may be more easily recognized because of the presence of poroid and cuticular cells and the more frequent “pure” variant is to be distinguished from many other benign and malignant dermal clear-cell epithelial tumors.
Radioactive iodine treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism: incidence of Graves orbitopathy
Authors: Quah Nicole Q.X. , Sobti Manvi M. , Wren Alison M. , Scawn Richard , Kalogianni Eleni , Cleland James , Maenhout Annelies 
Published: November 2023

Purpose
There are limited recent data on the effect of radioactive iodine (RAI) for Graves’ disease on Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) development or reactivation. This audit investigates the GO incidence in patients with Graves’ disease after RAI treatment, and explores risk factors present, and steroid prophylaxis use.

Methods
A retrospective audit of Graves’ disease patients treated with RAI over a 5-year period. Data collected: smoking status, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) status, GO history, Graves’ disease duration, eye features pre- and post-treatment, prophylactic corticosteroids, RAI dose given, post-RAI thyroid status, duration until hypothyroid.

Results
One hundred one patients were included, with a median Graves’ disease duration 36 months. 34/101 (33.7%) were active/ex-smokers, 86/101 (85.1%) were TRAb-positive, 11/101 (10.9%) had a GO history; 32 (31.7%) had eye features present. Median RAI dose given was 596MBq. 8/101 (7.9%) patients received prophylactic corticosteroid; 89/101 (88.1%) achieved hypothyroid state in the year after RAI. GO developed in 5/101 (5.0%), of which 4/5 (80%) were de novo in high-risk individuals who did not receive steroids. One was a GO reactivation despite steroids. Two required intravenous steroids with/without orbital radiotherapy, one completed oral steroid taper; the remainder were treated conservatively.

Conclusion
Our cohort had a lower GO incidence in patients with Graves’ disease receiving RAI, with majority arising de novo. It is essential that all patients are assessed for Graves orbitopathy risk factors and counselled adequately prior to RAI. The decision to initiate steroids should be undertaken in a multi-disciplinary setting involving endocrinologists and ophthalmologists.
Effects of pharmacogenetic profiles on pediatric pain relief and adverse events with ibuprofen and oxycodone
Authors: Ali Samina , Yukseloglu Aran , Ross Colin J. , Rosychuk Rhonda J. , Drendel Amy L. , Manaloor Robin , Johnson David W. , Le May Sylvie , Carleton Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction:
Individual genetic variation may influence clinical effects for pain medications. Effects of CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6 polymorphisms on clinical effectiveness and safety for ibuprofen and oxycodone were studied.

Objective:
Primary objectives were to AU2 evaluate if allelic variations would affect clinical effectiveness and adverse events (AEs) occurrence.

Methods:
This pragmatic prospective, observational cohort included children aged 4 to 16 years who were seen in a pediatric emergency department with an acute fracture and prescribed ibuprofen or oxycodone for at-home pain management. Saliva samples were obtained for genotyping of allelic variants, and daily telephone follow-up was conducted for 3 days. Pain was measured using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised.

Results:
We included 210 children (n = 140 ibuprofen and n = 70 oxycodone); mean age was 11.1 (±SD 3.5) years, 33.8% were female. Median pain reduction on day 1 was similar between groups [ibuprofen 4 (IQR 2,4) and oxycodone 4 (IQR 2,6), P = 0.69]. Over the 3 days, the oxycodone group experienced more AE than the ibuprofen group (78.3% vs 53.2%, P < 0.001). Those with a CYP2C9*2 reduced function allele experienced less adverse events with ibuprofen compared with those with a normal functioning allele CYP2C9*1 (P = 0.003). Neither CYP3A4 variants nor CYP2D6 phenotype classification affected clinical effect or AE.

Conclusion:
Although pain relief was similar, children receiving oxycodone experienced more AE, overall, than those receiving ibuprofen. For children receiving ibuprofen or oxycodone, pain relief was not affected by genetic variations in CYP2C9 or CYP3A4/CYP2D6, respectively. For children receiving ibuprofen, the presence of CYP2C9*2 was associated with less adverse events.