bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methadone
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist that was developed over 50 years ago. It is a biphenyl propylamine synthetic potent mu and delta agonist. The chemical structure is distinctly different from other opioid alkaloids or theobaine derivatives. Methadone’s physicochemical properties, pharmacodynamics and kinetics are unique compared with hydrophilic opioids. In addition methadone is not a pure mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, which adds complexity to the determination of opioid equianalgesia. Finally, as evidenced by clinical experience, there is a large interindividual difference in methadone pharmacology, which necessitates guidelines for safe use that are distinctly different than those used for morphine.
Opioid rotation
Authors: Hardy Janet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphine is the opioid of choice for moderate to severe cancer pain and can be used successfully to control pain in the majority of cancer patients. Although criticized for a lack of formal validation, there is a wealth of clinical experience in the use of morphine in the context of the WHO analgesic ladder and claims of efficacy above 80%. Some patients, however, experience intolerable adverse effects before adequate analgesia is achieved or, more rarely, have no analgesic benefit at all. It has been estimated that 10–30% of all patients have a poor response and/or unacceptable toxicity when started on morphine. This is often due to factors such as co-morbid medical disorders predisposing to toxicity, the pathophysiology of the pain and specific pharmacological effects of individual drugs.
Opioid dosing strategies
Authors: Glare Paul , Davis Mellar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) three-step approach to managing cancer pain bases drug choice upon pain severity. Such an approach has been generally accepted as valid. The choice of opioids, whether ‘weak’ or ‘potent’, is usually determined by geographic availability, although morphine is preferred by most palliative specialists as the potent opioid of choice. Low doses of morphine are frequently substituted for weak opioids in countries where morphine is readily available without prescription barriers. One of the major drawbacks to the WHO recommendations is that the guidelines do not include dosing strategies for temporal changes in pain severity.
Risk estimation in ovarian cancer
Authors: Evans D Gareth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer, affecting approximately 1 in 70 of the general female population. Ovarian cancer generally presents late and the overall 5-year survival for ovarian cancer is only 28 per cent. If diagnosed with stage I–II ovarian cancer, the prognosis is much improved with a 5-year survival of up to 84 per cent (1).
Management of familial breast and breast–ovarian cancer in Europe
Authors: Møller Pål 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Broca, in 1866, was the first to describe inherited breast–ovarian cancer (1). He demonstrated the transmission of the assumed underlying genetic defect, its expression, the age-related and sex-limited penetrance, and the possibilities of modifying environ- mental and genetic factors, but his work attracted limited attention. The concept of inherited breast cancer re-emerged a hundred years later, when it was subjected to formal segregation analyses, which also demonstrated an association with ovarian cancer (2). Efforts were undertaken to locate the genes, leading to description of the BReast CAncer 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) genes. It emerged that in some families most women died of ovarian cancer:the genetic basis of inherited breast–ovarian cancer had been uncovered. BRCA2 mutations also cause cancers in other organs. Mutations in a number of additional genes cause multiorgan cancer syndromes (TP53, PTEN, ATM, CHEK2). Thus, in contrast to the popular concept of ‘inherited breast cancer’, we are faced with the need for a multidisciplinary approach to a number of distinct multiorgan cancer syndromes.
Management of familial breast and ovarian cancer in North America
Authors: McGillivray Barbara C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women identified to have either a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have an increased lifetime risk of breast cancer of 50 to 85 per cent. Having a BRCA1 mutation also confers a lifetime risk of 15 to 45 per cent for ovarian cancer. The ovarian cancer risk associated with a BRCA2 mutation has been estimated to be as high as 20 per cent (1).
Other tumour predisposing syndromes
Authors: Lalloo Fiona , Evans D Gareth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melanoma is an increasing problem in western Caucasian societies as the consequences of excessive sun exposure have their effects on melanoma incidence. Rates of melanoma for Europe are now 7 per 100 000 (1), with rates in the USA of 10 (2) and Australia of 35 (3) per 100 000 per year. This equates to a lifetime risk of 0.6 per cent in Europe and 2.8 per cent in Australia. Life expectancy is inversely proportional to the thickness of the lesion, with the result that early diagnosis and detection of precursor lesions will have a beneficial effect on long-term mortality.
Statistical Concepts and Issues Related to Prognostic Models
Authors: Gimotty Phyllis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prognostic studies have traditionally been used to identify significant prognostic factors that are important for risk prediction to aid in clinical management. These studies have identified relevant prognostic factors for stratification in designs of clinical trials and for development of cancer classification schemes and staging systems. Prognostic factors are patient and tumour characteristics that have been shown to be related to clinical events such as response to treatment, development of metastasis, and survival. Prognostic models are statistical models that are used to characterize and evaluate the relationship between potential prognostic factors and clinical events of interest.
Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Glare Paul , Maltoni Marco , Brunelli Cinzia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the following clinical situation, as presented in the article ‘Doc, How much time do I have?’ published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology a few years ago. ‘Mary Smith’, a 42-year- old woman, has pancreatic cancer with liver metastases. Despite chemotherapy for 2 months, a repeat CT scan shows progressive disease. Her oncologist tells her that no further chemotherapy is indicated. There is a pause, and then she asks ‘How much time do I have?’The oncologist has several options for responding to this question. One would be to avoid answering – given the choice, the option preferred by many physicians – and reply ‘it’s not possible for me to answer that question’.
Bladder Cancer
Authors: Schips Luigi , Zigeuner Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in humans, the fourth most common cancer in males and the eighth most common cancer in females, which translates into male- to-female ratio of approximately 2.5:1.1 Histologically, the majority (more than 90 per cent) of cases are transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). Rare cases include squamous cell carcinoma, especially caused by schistosomiasis in endemic regions and indwelling catheters, as well as adenocarcinomas, and urachal carcinoma.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Gilligan Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prostate cancer presents a unique challenge for the prognostician. It kills more men in the United States than any other malignancy except lung cancer but its 5-year relative survival rate of 99.5 per cent is the highest of any common malignancy other than non-melanoma skin cancer. In other words, for every 1000 men diagnosed with prostate cancer, there are only five more deaths in the five years after diagnosis compared to what would have been expected without a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Yet we lose nearly 30,000 men annually in the US to this disease.
Gynaecological Cancer
Authors: Carter Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovarian cancer unfortunately holds the dubious distinction as the most deadly of all the gynaecological cancers. More women die each year from ovarian cancer than from the more common corpus and cervical cancers combined. The main reason for this is that most patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease. The most common histological variants include serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, mixed and undifferentiated.
Unknown Primary
Authors: Dowell Jonathan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the majority of cancer patients, the organ in which the malignancy developed is evident at presentation. However, some patients present with cancer that has metastasized, and the primary tumour site cannot be identified. Cancer from an unknown primary site (CUP) represents 2–3 per cent of all cancer diagnoses. While certain subgroups of patients with this diagnosis benefit from specific therapeutic approaches, unfortunately, these subgroups constitute only a small minority (10–15 per cent) of the patients with CUP.1 Treatment options for the remainder of patients are limited and the prognosis for this group is poor.
Hypercalcaemia
Authors: Zojer Niklas , Pecherstorfer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypercalcaemia is defined as increase of serum calcium above the upper limit of normal range. In adults, the normal range of serum Ca is 2.1–2.7 mmol/L (or 8.4–10.6 mg/dl). Approximately 40 per cent of serum Ca is bound to albumin, 10 per cent is found in the form of inorganic complexes, while 50 per cent is circulating in the free, ionized form, which is the biologically active form. Abnormally high or low serum albumin levels can lead to the detection of false high or low total serum Ca levels (pseudohyper- or pseudohypocalcemia, respectively).
Prognostication in the Imminently Dying Patient
Authors: Stevenson James , Ellershaw John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many of the preceding chapters of this book there have been discussions related to prognosis in a variety of cancer-related states, from early through to metastatic disease, as well as a number of clinical conditions which occur as complications of advancing cancer. Statistics are available which, in conjunction with clinical assessment, assist clinicians with calculating prognosis and communicating this to patients, their families and other healthcare professionals. In the broad sense, it is now possible to discuss prognosis from the time of diagnosis for many of these conditions in terms of mean and median survivals for all those who have been diagnosed with the same condition.
Classical semantics
Authors: Bornat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part II you saw that constructive proof was easier than classical proof. In Chapter 9 you saw the subtlety of constructive semantics. I dealt with constructive semantics first for two reasons: I wanted to show you that even easy-to-use logic can be weird; and I wanted to prepare you to take a sceptical view of the claim that classical semantics is the only model of logic.
The standard model
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book :ℒA will denote the first-order language of arithmetic whose nonlogical symbols consist of the following: the constant symbols, 0 and l; the binary relation symbol,&lt;; and the two binary function symbols, + and From one point of view this book is about a particular :ℒA-structure, ℕ, and a particular axiom system by which theorems about ℕ can be deduced. The structure ℕ (called the standard model) is the ℒA-structure whose domain is the set of non-negative integers, {O, 1, 2, 3, ... }, and where the symbols in ℒA are given their obvious interpretation. The axiom system involved is the formal system of Peano arithmetic (PA) which consists of a small number of basic axioms together with the axiom scheme of mathematical induction.
Subsystems of PA
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we return to considering the subsystems I ∑n, B∑n of PA defined in Section 7.1. (The reader should consult the diagram in Exercise 7.3 as a guide to the various implications between these theories.) The two main results of this chapter show that these subsystems form a hierarchy, and therefore PA is not finitely axiomatized.
Suggestions for further reading
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arithmetic is a large subject and touches on many different branches of mathematics and logic. The last fifteen chapters have been devoted to what could be described as the ‘core’ of the subject of models of arithmetic, and there are many directions that the reader could now pursue; I would like to indicate some suggestions here. Inevitably these suggestions reflect my own interests, and some areas of study will be unjustly under-represented. I have concentrated mainly on those papers with a specifically model theoretic interest: this has made my task more tractable, but it has meant that proof-theoretic aspects of arithmetic and also reverse mathematics (to name just two further areas with a large literature) have been largely omitted.
A new scaling of a problem in combustion theory
Authors: Wake G C , Burnell J B , Graham-Eagle J G , Gray B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The well-established approach to the theory of thermal ignition expresses the heat balance equation in terms of the dimensionless variables introduced by FrankKamenetskii( 1955). Unfortunately, this choice of scaling confuses the role of ambient temperature to such an extent that it is almost impossible to consider the effect of varying the ambient temperature alone. The purpose of this paper is to use different dimensionless variables which allow the ambient temperature to be varied independently of the remaining system parameters. The problem obtained from this approach is nonstandard in as much as the bifurcation parameter occurs in the boundary condition, but it is nevertheless amenable to treatment by the usual methods of functional analysis; see Burnell et al. (1989) for a summary of results.
Enumeration of paths and cutsets
Authors: Shier Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several exact methods for calculating network reliability, such as the inclusion-exclusion and disjoint-products techniques, require that the simple s-t paths or the s-t cutsets be first enumerated. Likewise, a number of methods for obtaining bounds on the exact reliability (Section 4.1) are predicated on a knowledge of the s-t paths and cutsets. It will be seen in the next chapter that certain ‘pseudopolynomial’ algorithms for calculating reliability also require that such objects be generated in advance. Consequently, this chapter discusses various methods for enumerating the paths and cutsets of a directed network. of particular interest will be algebraic enumeration methods that parallel and extend the algebraic techniques presented in previous chapters.
Pseudopolynomial algorithms for calculating reliability
Authors: Shier Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in previous chapters, the calculation of reliability is known to be #P-complete, meaning that there is unlikely to exist an algorithm that is polynomial in the size of the input network (the number of nodes and the number of edges). Part of the difficulty inherent in reliability calculations is the fact that the number of simple paths and cutsets in a network can grow exponentially with its size. Thus the techniques of inclusion-exclusion and disjoint products, as well as other methods that process a given listing of the paths or cutsets, are automatically doomed to exponential growth in the worst case. A less ambitious, but still important, objective is to seek pseudopolynomial algorithms for calculating network reliability-methods that are polynomially bounded in the number of simple paths or the number of cutsets. Since there exist methods, described in Chapter 5, that allow the paths and cutsets to be generated efficiently in terms of the number of such objects, subsequent processing of these objects by a pseudopolynomial algorithm might be effective in cases where the number of such objects is not too large.
Mfe In 1-D: First-Order Equations
Authors: Baines M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we extend the results of the previous chapter concerning exact semi-discrete solutions to more general first order equations by the use of Miller’s MFE residual minimization procedure of Chapter 1, Section 1.4. The minimization (1.44) can be regarded simply as the L projection of the driving function ℒU of the PDE into the Sαβ or tangent, space of the approximating manifold occupied by Ut. As we saw in Chapter 3, this is equivalent in 1-D to projection into Sϕ, the space of discontinuous linear functions. In this chapter we show that the projection provides additional grid movement, over and above the approximate characteristic speeds already observed, initially in the form of element velocities which can then be transformed into nodal speeds.
Quadratic Residues
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we shall continue the development of congruence theory begun in the previous chapter: we shall discuss the quadratic case in detail and prove Gauss’s famous law of quadratic reciprocity. This illustrates many of the ideas used in the general (nth degree) theory whilst being amenable to elementary treatment Over the past hundred years many mathematicians have been involved in the development of the cubic, quartic, and higher degree theory culminating in the results associated with Artin’s reciprocity law, a considerable generalization of Gauss’s law. The general theory is beyond the scope of an undergraduate text as it builds upon deep results about algebraic number fields: a good introduction is given in Ireland and Rosen (1982) where the cubic and quartic cases are discussed in detail.
Discrete and continuum descriptions: general introduction
Authors: Maugin Gerard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We first examine the discrete case in its simplest form, a one-dimensional lattice-a linear chain-in which a cell at each site comprises only one ‘atom’ of mass m (Fig. 2.1). Each of these atoms-not to be mistaken for the real atoms of atomic physics-is a point-like mass, without internal structure, subject to interactions with all other atoms in the chain, but more significantly with its nearest neighbours. The first question raised, therefore, is about the modelling of these interactions, which must be consistent with known facts, e.g. the macroscopically observable elasticity of perfect crystals. On the other hand, the interactions are such that a typical interatomic potential V (Fig. 2.2a) is attractive at relatively large distances and repulsive at short distances, with the equilibrium at the binding energy. The binding energy is a characteristic feature of a specific crystal. The force f acting between the ‘atoms’ is the derivative (V’) of V. Figure 2.2 shows both V (with respect to separation R binding potential) and f The force/max is the maximum force that the pair can sustain, corresponding.
Nonlinear waves in martensite structures
Authors: Maugin Gerard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martensite is the principal product of the quenched iron-carbon alloys. The martensitic transformation is a first-order phase transition involving a shearinduced homogeneous deformation of the crystalline lattice. This transformation takes place according to two criteria: (i) the transition from the crystal structure of the mother phase to that of a new phase occurs via a crystallographic mechanism that involves a shear-type cooperative displacement of all atoms, and the displacements are smaller than the interatomic distance so that no diffusion occurs. The chemical composition of the new phase is thus identical to that of the mother phase.
Gravity flow of a granular material in compression between vertical walls and through a tapering vertical channel
Authors: Spencer A J M , Bradley N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We give two applications of the double-shearing theory of flow of granular materials under gravitational forces in plane strain. In the first the material is constrained between vertical rigid rough walls which compress the material by moving towards each other. Exact solutions for the stress and velocity fields are obtained. In the second problem the material flows under gravity through a tapering rough vertical channel with fixed walls. For this problem we derive an approximate solution that is accurate to the first order in a small parameter that is related to the wall slope relative to the vertical, and is based on the solution for compression between vertical walls as a first approximation.
A Construction for Negative Representations
Authors: Hoffman P N , Humphreys J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we shall give an operation which enables the irreducible negative representations of G Y˜ H to be built from those of given objects G and H in 𝒢. It is more convenient to express this construction in terms of modules than of representations. We therefore first recall the basic facts about G-modules and tensor products. The irreducible representations of a direct product G × H are then constructed from those of G and H. In the case of G ˜ H, we define a twisted action on the tensor product, which is used to construct the negative modules. Its character values are then detennined in terms of those of its factors.
Nearest defective matrices and the geometry of ill-conditioning
Authors: Demmel James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of finding the nearest defective matrix to a given matrix has attracted the attention of J. H. Wilkinson as well as many other researchers in numerical linear algebra. In this paper we review the motivation for this probelm, and the contributions made by Wilkinson and others toward its solution. We also present a general theory of ill-conditioning which explains many of these results and relates them to analogous results about the distance to the nearest singular matrix, the distance to the nearest polynomial with a multiple root, and in fact the distance from any problem whose solution is an algebraic function to the nearest ‘ill-posed’ problem.
Oscillation Theory of Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Györi I , Ladas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in the study of delay differential equations motivated largely by new applications in physics, biology, ecology, and physiology. The aim of this monograph is to present a reasonably self-contained account of the advances in the oscillation theory of this class of equations. Throughout, the main topics of study are motivated by applications as diverse as the populations of blowflies, logistic equations in ecology, the survival of red blood cells in animals, integro-differential equations, and the motion of the tips of growing plants. The authors begin by reviewing the basic theory of delay differential equations including the fundamental results of existence and uniqueness of solutions and the theory of the Laplace and z-transforms. Consequently, little prior knowledge of the subject is required other than a firm grounding in the main techniques of differential equation theory. As a result this book provides an invaluable reference to the recent work both for mathematicians and for all those whose research includes the study of this fascinating class of differential equations.