bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scapegoat and Sacrifice: Some Versions of Pastoral
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘You suggest I am ‘‘waiting about’’ in a kind tone, and no doubt I shall start doing that in time,’ Empson wrote to a friend in Tokyo on 13 January 1935. But he hastened to explain that he had not been idle over the past five months. ‘Since getting [back] to England I have prepared three books for the press and am still busy.’1 Actually, he underestimated his own productivity: in addition to readying for publication by Chatto & Windus both Poems (for publication in May 1935) and Some Versions of Pastoral (October 1935), he had prepared Basic English ‘translations’ of two little monographs by his old hero J. B. S. Haldane, The Outlook of Science and Science and Well-Being (both published as ‘Psyche Miniatures’ in 1935).
William Empson
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the acclaimed first volume, Among the Mandarins, this is the second and concluding volume of the authorized biography of William Empson, one of the foremost poets and literary critics of the twentieth century. Against the Christians begins during the Second World War and follows Empson's turbulent years of writing wartime propaganda for the BBC. As Chinese Editor, he organised broadcasts to China and propaganda programmes for the Home Service, during which time his friends and colleagues included the prickly George Orwell. The effectiveness of Empson's work for the BBC provoked the Nazi propagandist Hans Fritzsche to call him a 'curly-headed Jew' -- a charge which gave him enormous satisfaction. In 1947 he returned to China, where he was caught up in the Communist siege of the Peking and witnessed Mao Tse-tung's triumphant entry. 'I was there for the honeymoon between the universities and the communists; we were being kept up to the mark rather firmly.' He saw 'the dragooning of independent thought and the hysteria of the confession meetings'. In the late 1940s he also taught in the USA, where he relished the irony of his situation. 'My position here really seems to me very dramatic; there can be few other people in the world who are receiving pay simultaneously and without secrecy from the Chinese Communists, the British Socialists, and the capitalist Rockefeller machine.' From 1953 to 1971 he held the Chair of English Literature at Sheffield, where he engaged more vigorously than ever before in public controversy, being driven by a desire to correct the wrong-headed orthodoxies of modern literary criticism -- most notably 'neo-Christianity'. He acquired massive publicity for his views on the wickedness of Christianity when he published Milton's God in 1961: 'The poem is wonderful because it is an awful warning. The effort of reconsidering Milton's God, who makes the poem so good just because he is so sickeningly bad, is a basic one for the European mind.' Haffenden presents a full account of the work on Milton, along with analyses of Empson's many other writings on subjects including Marlowe, Donne, Marvell, and Coleridge, and The Structure of Complex Words (1951). In a full and candid study of the public and private Empson, John Haffenden enables the reader to understand one of the most gifted, eccentric, witty, and controversial figures of our age -- a giant of modern literature and criticism.
Cottage Politics
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1770s and 1780s, at Bath and then in London, Thomas Gainsborough painted a series of landscapes in which rustic women and their children gathered in front of cottage doors.1 The cottages were not situated in villages but isolated, usually in woodland glades. The children were cherubic, and the women were well dressed, strikingly pretty, and apparently too young, one might think, to have borne so many children. These were evening scenes, and the family groups were usually waiting for the father of the household, seemingly imagined as the sole breadwinner, to return from work and complete the family circle. Often he is in view, bent and struggling towards the cottage under a burden of firewood, underwood perhaps collected from the forest floor.
Transgression and Pathology
Authors: Horsley Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The murder that Lew Griffin commits in the first chapter of Long-Legged Fly has a visceral, firsthand intensity that impresses itself indelibly on the reader ‘s mind. The protagonist in this scene becomes likethe criminal in a very disturbing way: ‘Nigger ‘s gonna carve you up like you did her[. . .] I let him see the knife in my hand then, a leatherworker ‘s knife [. . .] Then I bent down and opened his wasted belly with the knife ‘ (Sallis [1992] 1996: 4–5, my italics). Sallis ‘s intention of turning the murderer of this dark vignette into the protagonist of his series is accomplished by his authorial act of opening Lew to our view, often as brutally and degradingly as Lew has opened the terrified addict.
Black Appropriations
Authors: Horsley Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chester Himes said of the creation of his Harlem-centred crime novels, ‘The detective story originally in the plain narrative form–– straightforward violence –– is an American product. I just made the faces black. ‘1 Himes touches here on one of the main issues addressed in this chapter, that is, the relevance of this form of genre fiction to the black experience of American life. He also, in his self-deprecating description of his own contribution, skirts round a crucial question: what are the ramifications, in so white-dominated a form, of ‘making the faces black ‘? The Harlem cycle is an obvious starting point for a discussion of black appropriations of the crime novel.
The Challenge of (Managing) New Risks
Authors: Zinn Jens O , Taylor-Gooby Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research in the field of risk has expanded rapidly in recent years, as Chapter 2 shows. Social science approaches have developed from an initial concern with the management of technical issues, drawing on rational actor models of behaviour, to include psychological and sociological perspectives which seek to capture the complexity of the factors that influence risk responses in different settings, and the ways in which thinking about and managing risk is embedded in social and cultural contexts.
Crime and Risk
Authors: Kemshall Hazel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crime and risk have become intrinsically linked, and contemporary penal practices have been significantly influenced by the risk society (although just how extensively is a matter of some debate [Pratt 2000a, 2000b; Rose 2000; Sparks 2000]). The key contention is that the modernist disciplinary agenda delivered through the welfare state has been replaced by a welfarepenal agenda based upon risk (Kemshall 2002a). The modernist agenda sought to rehabilitate and normalize offenders, and to discipline the wider population through the ‘soft policing’ of welfare (Donzelot 1980; Garland 1985, 1996).
Voice-Defying Lyricism
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of Les Amours jaunes, the sole volume published in Corbière’s lifetime (1873), sums up the paradoxical nature of his work as a whole. ‘Amours’ promises a prototypical lyrical collection and alludes to noble antecedents, but the pejorative ‘jaunes’ immediately undercuts any expectations of harmony. Yellow literally qualifies the love as jaundiced and unhealthy, but also connotes venality and jealousy, for it could refer to coins used to purchase sexual favours, or the expression être peint en jaune, meaning to be cuckolded. Above all, the title gives the rire jaune, the bitter forced laughter of someone pretending to find something funny when it is not. This reference to ambivalent humour hints at the predominant tone of the volume as a whole, while the juxtaposition of incongruous terms encapsulates its heteroclite style.
Uniquely!Over-Time Mapping of Party Policy Movements in Central and Eastern Europe 1990–2003
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are of course inevitable errors in these estimates which caution us against taking differences, especially small differences, at face value. The ‘noise’ surrounding estimates for a party at two consecutive elections may produce an impression of movement, whereas in fact no real change has actually taken place. Our estimates for error, already presented for Left-Right scores in our previous book (Budge et al. 2001: 139) and in Chapters 4 and 5, indicate however that it is limited to about 10 per cent of variation. While confidence intervals can be formed around each individual score on this basis the figure indicates more generally that estimates can be taken broadly at face value as indicating real change and movement in policy positions.
Beyond the Left-Right Dimension: Policy Profiles and Programmatic Coherence of Party Groupings in the European Parliament
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned, like Chapter 1, to see how far our manifesto-based policy estimates fit the new democracies—and new political developments—in Europe. However, it extends the inquiry from the Left-Right divisions we have been examining so far to all the issues covered by the coding frame. One of the most direct ways to see if these are relevant to contemporary politics is to use them to explain the evolution of party groupings in the European Parliament (EP). These have often been said to rest on strategic or pragmatic considerations (the arguments are reviewed in Volkens 2006). Our own feeling is that the groups— which in their present forms were formally constituted only recently (2004), after the enlargement of the EU to take in eight new CEE members—have a strong basis in the old party families and hence are grounded in their policies and ideologies rather than in situational and strategic influences.
Evaluating Validity with the Standard Left-Right Scale: Matching Measurements to Conceptual Intentions
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mappings based on the standard MRG Left-Right scale distinguish between parties reasonably well and in plausible ways, grouping them to Left and Right as we would broadly expect and identifying changes which we can link to known historical events. This is true not only for the ex-Communist countries studied in Part I but also for the range of established post-war democracies examined in our previous volume (Budge et al. 2001: 24–50). Thus far, therefore, our representa tions pass the test of face validity.
Some Key Ideas
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiments are conducted in order to study how the settings of certain variables affect the observed values of other variables. Figure 2.1 is one schematic representation of an experiment. A single trial consists of measuring the values of the h response, or output, variables y 1 , ..., yh. These values are believed to depend upon the values of the m factors or explanatory variables ui, ..., um, the values of which will be prescribed by the experimental design.
Optimum Design Theory
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have presented ideas, mostly informal, about good experimental design, leading up to a discussion in Chapters 5 and 6 of some optimum designs for linear and quadratic regression in one factor. In this chapter we begin the second part of the book with a more formal discussion of the General Equivalence Theorem, which is the central result on which the theory of the optimum design of experiments depends. The theory applies to a wide variety of design criteria, many of which are called by a letter of the alphabet, so that the subject is sometimes called ‘alphabetic optimality’.
Mixture Experiments
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall chiefly consider the case when the remaining factors, if any, do not vary during the experiment. Then (16.1) defines the q components of a mixture. In mixture experiments the response will depend only on the proportions of the components in the mixture, for example an alloy, but not on the total amount. Experiments of this kind occur frequently in such areas as chemistry, medicine, and agriculture. An extensive survey of mixture experiments is given by Cornell (2002).
Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods of experimental design described so far are appropriate if the response, perhaps after transformation, has independent errors with a variance that is constant over . This is the customary assumption that is made in applications of the normal theory linear model. However, it is not a characteristic of the Poisson and binomial distributions, where there is a strong relationship between mean and variance. The main emphasis of this chapter is on optimum designs for these and other generalized linear models.
Response Transformation And Structured Variances
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the regression models that are the major subject of this book it is assumed that the error variance is constant. In 22.2 this assumption was relaxed to allow symmetrical errors with non-constant variances of the form σ/w(xi), where the w(xi) were a set of known weights. Weighted least squares was the appropriate form of analysis. We start this chapter with design when the mean–variance relationship is such that the response may be transformed to approximate normality.
Collecting and recording insects
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Specimen collection (or recording) starts once the ecological or conservation question has been identified and once the study objectives have been set. The records or specimens collected will constitute your samples or voucher specimens from which to answer the questions posed at the start. The aim is always to collect insect specimens ethically, parsimoniously, and efficiently. In other words, time and effort is directed specifically to answering the question posed. This does not necessarily mean that you are so locked in that subsequent new ideas are precluded. However, any new set of records or samples must be planned from scratch, or should be directly comparable with results already gathered. This point re-emphasizes the importance of advance planning, as well as preliminary sampling, as part of a pilot study (see Chapter 3.4).
Field planes and PG (r,F)
Authors: Casse Rey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Definition 2.5, the extended Euclidean plane (R2 ∪l∞) was constructed, but no coordinates were assigned to the points at infinity. We now show that, by introducing the concept of homogeneous coordinates, the extended Euclidean plane can be coordinatised. Take the extended Euclidean plane.
Introduction Where is ‘West Africa’?
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the pages of a world atlas, it is relatively easy to recognize the vast land mass which faces the Atlantic Ocean in the south and stretches inland towards the Sahara Desert in the north (Map 1.1). The region known as West Africa is composed of approximately a dozen states with clearly demarcated national boundaries. Edged by sea and desert, the postcolonial countries that make up this region are linked together by their shared history of slavery and European colonial rule: names such as ‘Freetown’ and ‘Liberia’ testify to these aspects of their collective history.
Griots with Pens in their Hands Literary Experiments with Oral Genres, 1960s–1990s
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writers who choose to publish in the European languages are not cut of from their oral and vernacular literary heritage simply by their choice of linguistic medium. Focusing on Ghana and Nigeria, this chapter will discuss the ways in which, rather than existing in oppositional relationships, oral, vernacular, and Europhone literatures often interact with and inspire one another in West Africa. This is especially the case in the work of ‘second-generation’ English- language writers, including Ghana’s Kofi Anyidoho (1947– ), Kojo Laing (1946– ), and Atukwei Okai (1941– ), and Nigeria’s Niyi Osundare (1946– ) and Ezenwa-Ohaeto (n.dat), all of whom find inspiration in local oral genres.
Marxism and West African Literature
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fierce disagreement broke out in the late 1970s between Wole Soyinka and the ‘Ibadan-Ife Group’ of Nigerian intellectuals and writers, who criticized Soyinka for failing to demonstrate sufficient class awareness in his work (Jeyifo, 2004: xiii–xiv). The Ibadan-Ife Group, composed largely of young, ‘second-generation’ writers seeking ways to transform the political disaster-zone of post-Civil War Nigeria, called for a class analysis of African cultural production and criticized earlier authors for failing to secure genuine post-colonial freedom (Jeyifo, 2004).
The Three ‘Posts’: Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marxism is a largely humanist discourse in which history is represented as the rational, dialectical working-out of human intentions.1 As such, it foregrounds the coherence and presence of human subjects, particularly people’s capacity to unite and take action on the world: as Kate Soper writes, ‘the categories of ‘‘consciousness’’, ‘‘agency’’, ‘‘choice’’, ‘‘responsibility’’, ‘‘moral value’’, etc., are indispens able’ to the understanding of humanism (1986: 12).
‘Queering’ West African Literatures: Calixthe Beyala, Werewere Liking, and Ve´ronique Tadjo
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of Calixthe Beyala (1961– ) from Cameroon, Werewere Liking (1950– ), who was born in Cameroon and lives in the Ivory Coast, and Ve´ronique Tadjo (1955– ) from the Ivory Coast. Of all ‘third generation’ writers, these three francophone women seem to be the most forceful in their rejection of systems of classification and ‘-isms’, including feminism and Marxism, on the grounds that such discourses conceal more than they reveal.
Introduction: Reparation: A Moral and Political Dilemma
Authors: Barkan Elazar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 11, 2005, the The Observer in London published a story under the headline ‘JP Morgan faces boycott over slave trade reparations’. In it, the paper reported on a campaign calling on American students to boycott the bank’s student loans business, a business reportedly worth US$9 billion a year. If the story escaped your attention, you may excuse yourself. A search on both Nexis and Google suggests that no major US media outlet reported on the proposed boycott. So while boycott may overstate the situation, nonetheless the story is interesting.
Atoms In External Fields
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a classic problem concerning a hydrogen atom in the ground state immersed a uniform electric field . To second order in the electric field, the shift of the ground-state energy is where α is the polarizability. Estimate the polarizability α for the hydrogen ground state. For the purposes of this estimate, one may neglect the fine (Problem 1.3) and hyperfine (Problem 1.4) structure, i.e., ignore effects associated with the electron spin. Compare this result to the polarizability of a classical conducting sphere of radius a 0.
Interaction Of Atoms With Light
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this problem, we consider a system (e.g., an atom) that has two nondegenerate levels subject to a periodic perturbation that couples these two states. The goal is to describe the temporal evolution of the system, assuming that it is in the lower state initially, and that the lower state does not decay. The upper state decays to some other states with a rate Γ. This is one of the central problems in atomic and optical physics [in fact, there have been entire books written on the subject, see, for example, Allen and Eberly (1987)] arising in a great variety of situations, as will be discussed in a number of further problems. Note that the content of this problem is closely related to the phenomenon of magnetic resonance (Problem 2.6) and the discussion of the AC Stark and Zeeman shifts in Problem 2.7.
Cold Atoms
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laser cooling is an elegant and important tool that has been useful in many branches of atomic physics. For example, laser cooling has enabled the creation and study of Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute atomic vapors (Anderson et al. 1995, Bradley et al. 1995, Davis et al. 1995) and is a central feature in the latest generation of atomic clocks (Santarelli et al. 1999). The creation of cold atomic gases via laser cooling has provided a new venue in which to study atomic collision processes, nonlinear optical effects, and basic quantum-mechanical phenomena. There are innumerable excellent reviews on this vast subject – good starting points are the Nobel lectures by Chu (1998), Phillips (1998), and Cohen-Tannoudji (1998), as well as the text by Metcalf and Van der Straten (1999).
Diophantine equations
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an appetizer, here is a typical problem of the kind Sections 1–5 should equip you to solve. You are invited to try it as soon as you wish. You may find it hard for now, but by the end of Section 5, where its solution is given, it should not look difficult to you.
Miscellaneous problems and solutions
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems in this last Toolchest can fairly be called a ‘miscellany’, in that they vary greatly, both in the tools needed for solution, and in difficulty. They are only roughly ordered, in that you will generally find the easier problems before the more difficult ones, but there is no guarantee of that: in any case, different people will find different problems easier.
Brideshead Relocated
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was struck by a huge advertisement on Dalston Lane the other day. Pasted on to a large hoarding next to the New Four Aces Club, it showed an ornate wrought-iron gate and behind it a gravel drive winding through lush sheep-dotted parkland towards a great country house that peeped out suggestively from behind ancient trees. Beneath this seigneurial prospect was printed the slogan ‘Permanence in an Age of Change’. The gate, which had the word ‘Araldite’ figured in its metal, was ajar, but despite this teasing hint of access, the image still seemed like an affront, an indication of everything that the people of this street will never attain.
The London Bus Queue Falls Apart
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For as long as I can remember, conservatively inclined commentators have been lamenting the decline of the London bus queue. Indeed, it is said that this venerable British institution doesn’t really exist any more: its ordered and generally accepted civilities having been replaced by a brutish stampede in which the pushiest get through first, while the frail and well mannered are left standing, if they are lucky, in the gutter.