bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic lethality of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
NADH dehydrogenases is due to impaired NADH oxidation
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Ehrt Sabine , Schnappinger Dirk , Beites Tiago 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Type 2 NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh-2) is an oxidative phosphorylation enzyme discussed as a promising drug target in different pathogens, including
Plasmodium falciparum
and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
Mtb
). To kill
Mtb
, Ndh-2 needs to be inactivated together with the alternative enzyme type 1 NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh-1), but the mechanism of this synthetic lethality remained unknown. Here, we provide insights into the biology of NADH dehydrogenases and a mechanistic explanation for Ndh-1 and Ndh-2 synthetic lethality in
Mtb
. NADH dehydrogenases have two main functions: maintaining an appropriate NADH/NAD+ ratio by converting NADH into NAD+ and providing electrons to the respiratory chain. Heterologous expression of a water-forming NADH oxidase (Nox), which catalyzes the oxidation of NADH, allows us to distinguish between these two functions and shows that Nox rescues
Mtb
from Ndh-1/Ndh-2 synthetic lethality, indicating that NADH oxidation is the essential function of NADH dehydrogenases for
Mtb
viability. Quantification of intracellular levels of NADH, NAD, ATP, and oxygen consumption revealed that preventing NADH oxidation by Ndh-1/Ndh-2 depletes NAD(H) and inhibits respiration. Finally, we show that Ndh-1/Ndh-2 synthetic lethality can be achieved through chemical inhibition.

IMPORTANCE

In 2022, it was estimated that 10.6 million people fell ill, and 1.6 million people died from tuberculosis (TB). Available treatment is lengthy and requires a multi-drug regimen, which calls for new strategies to cure
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
Mtb
) infections more efficiently. We have previously shown that simultaneous inactivation of type 1 (Ndh-1) and type 2 (Ndh-2) NADH dehydrogenases kills
Mtb
. NADH dehydrogenases play two main physiological roles: NADH oxidation and electron entry into the respiratory chain. Here, we show that this bactericidal effect is a consequence of impaired NADH oxidation. Importantly, we demonstrate that Ndh-1/Ndh-2 synthetic lethality can be achieved through simultaneous chemical inhibition, which could be exploited by TB drug development programs.
The missing ridge Enigma: A new model for the Tuamotu Plateau conjugate and Peruvian flat slab
Authors: Fletcher Michael , Wyman Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a new tectonic plate reconstruction that suggests substantial revisions to events associated with development of the Peruvian flat slab and resolves several long-standing issues regarding the subduction of bathymetric highs in the region. The Tuamotu Plateau is widely considered to be the product of Easter Plume magmatism, and plate reconstructions suggest it formed following initial plume ascent at ca. 55 Ma. The Nazca Ridge is also linked to the Easter Plume and is an obvious candidate to be the spreading ridge conjugate to the Tuamotu Plateau. Models for the paired evolution of the two ridges, however, generally stop at ca. 33 Ma because of the inability of plate reconstructions to associate the two ridges across a spreading center prior to this time. In addition, seafloor magnetic data demonstrate that the Tuamotu Plateau developed at a complexly shaped and evolving mid-oceanic ridge that precluded development of a simple mirror image conjugate of the type commonly employed in Nazca Ridge reconstructions. Seafloor isochrons also suggest that a ridge jump separated the Tuamotu Plateau from its conjugate at ca. 42 Ma. Global plate models offer an alternative approach to assessing conjugate development, by showing how a hypothetical conjugate to the Tuamotu Plateau is built up over time. Using such a model, we found that the conjugate that developed during the main stage of Tuamotu growth (55 Ma to 42 Ma) cannot be the Nazca Ridge, which appears to have initiated at ca. 42 Ma, when the Easter Plume diverted volcanism southward. We named the newly recognized conjugate the Enigma Ridge. Importantly, subduction of this ridge starting from ca. 17 Ma on the north Peruvian trench can account for the missing slab buoyancy previously attributed to the hypothesized, but controversial, Inca Plateau. The Enigma Ridge must still be providing far more buoyancy over a much greater area than the Nazca Ridge, which only began to subduct rather recently.
Integrated geologic and geophysical modeling across the Bartlett Springs fault zone, northern California (USA): Implications for fault creep and regional structure
Authors: Langenheim V.E. , McLaughlin R.J. , Melosh B.L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rate and location at depth of fault creep are important, but difficult to characterize, parameters needed to assess seismic hazard. Here we take advantage of the magnetic properties of serpentinite, a rock type commonly associated with fault creep, to model its depth extent along the Bartlett Springs fault zone, an important part of the San Andreas fault system north of the San Francisco Bay, California (western United States). We model aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies using geologic constraints along 14 cross sections over a distance of 120 km along the fault zone. Our results predict that the fault zone has more serpentinite at depth than inferred by geologic relationships at the surface. Existing geodetic models are inconsistent and predict different patterns of creep along the fault. Our results favor models with more extensive creep at depth. The source of the serpentinite appears to be ophiolite thrust westward and beneath the Franciscan Complex, an interpretation supported by the presence of antigorite, a high-temperature serpent ine mineral stable at depth, in fault gouge near Lake Pillsbury.
Recruitment of participants with pancreatic cancer to a mixed media study for optimal recruitment in an Australasian survey of pancreatic enzyme replacement
Authors: Landers Amanda , Cahill Charlotte , McCall Poppy , Kaw Anu , Brown Helen , McKenzie Clare , Agar Meera , Yenson Vanessa , Clarke Kate , Windsor John 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundPancreatic cancer is relatively rare and aggressive, with digestion and malabsorption issues often leading to significant weight loss. Recruitment of people with this malignancy into studies can be challenging, and innovative methods need to be explored to improve recruitment rates.AimTo describe a mixed media methodology and the outcomes used to recruit patients to participate in a binational survey.MethodsThe details of the mixed media method used to identify and recruit people with pancreatic cancer are described. This method was used to investigate pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy use in people with pancreatic cancer across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.ResultsThe mixed media approach was successful in reaching 334 participants from a range of ethnicities and regions. Results showed that social media platforms were notably more efficient and cost-effective than radio and newspaper but required additional expertise, including graphic design and media strategy knowledge.ConclusionsSocial media is an effective and efficient method of recruiting people with pancreatic cancer to a national survey. Studies using media to recruit patients may need to include team members with a range of skills.
Quality and reporting of large-scale improvement programmes: a review of maternity initiatives in the English NHS, 2010–2023
Authors: McGowan James , Attal Bothaina , Kuhn Isla , Hinton Lisa , Draycott Tim , Martin Graham P , Dixon-Woods Mary 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundLarge-scale improvement programmes are a frequent response to quality and safety problems in health systems globally, but have mixed impact. The extent to which they meet criteria for programme quality, particularly in relation to transparency of reporting and evaluation, is unclear.AimTo identify large-scale improvement programmes focused on intrapartum care implemented in English National Health Service maternity services in the period 2010–2023, and to conduct a structured quality assessment.MethodsWe drew on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidance to inform the design and reporting of our study. We identified relevant programmes using multiple search strategies of grey literature, research databases and other sources. Programmes that met a prespecified definition of improvement programme, that focused on intrapartum care and that had a retrievable evaluation report were subject to structured assessment using selected features of programme quality.ResultsWe identified 1434 records via databases and other sources. 14 major initiatives in English maternity services could not be quality assessed due to lack of a retrievable evaluation report. Quality assessment of the 15 improvement programmes meeting our criteria for assessment found highly variable quality and reporting. Programme specification was variable and mostly low quality. Only eight reported the evidence base for their interventions. Description of implementation support was poor and none reported customisation for challenged services. None reported reduction of inequalities as an explicit goal. Only seven made use of explicit patient and public involvement practices, and only six explicitly used published theories/models/frameworks to guide implementation. Programmes varied in their reporting of the planning, scope and design of evaluation, with weak designs evident.ConclusionsPoor transparency of reporting and weak or absent evaluation undermine large-scale improvement programmes by limiting learning and accountability. This review indicates important targets for improving quality in large-scale programmes.
Should I take aspirin? A qualitative study on the implementation of a decision aid on taking aspirin for bowel cancer prevention
Authors: Onwuka Shakira , McIntosh Jennifer , Boyd Lucy , Karnchanachari Napin , Macrae Finlay , Fishman George , Emery Jon 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesAustralian guidelines recommend 50–70 years consider taking aspirin to reduce their bowel cancer risk. We trialled a decision aid in general practice to facilitate the implementation of these guidelines into clinical practice. This publication reports on the qualitative results from the process evaluation of the trial. We aimed to explore general practitioners’ (GPs) and their patients’ approach to shared decision-making (SDM) about taking aspirin to prevent bowel cancer and how the decision aids were used in practice.MethodsSemistructured interviews were conducted with 17 participants who received the decision aid and 12 GPs who participated in the trial between June and November 2021. The interviews were coded inductively, and emerging themes were mapped onto the Revised Programme Theory for SDM.ResultsThe study highlighted the dynamics of SDM for taking aspirin to prevent bowel cancer. Some participants discussed the decision aid with their GPs as advised prior to taking aspirin, others either took aspirin or dismissed it outright without discussing it with their GPs. Notably, participants’ trust in their GPs, and participants’ diverse worldviews played pivotal roles in their decisions. Although the decision aid supported SDM for some, it was not always prioritised in a consultation. This was likely impacted during the trial period as the COVID-19 pandemic was the focus for general practice.ConclusionIn summary, this study illustrated the complexities of SDM through using a decision aid in general practice to implement the guidelines for low-dose aspirin to prevent bowel cancer. While the decision aid prompted some participants to speak to their GPs, they were also heavily influenced by their unwavering trust in the GPs and their different worldviews. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, SDM was not highly prioritised. This study provides insights into the implementation of guidelines into clinical practice and highlights the need for ongoing support and prioritisation of cancer prevention in general practice consultations.Trial registration numberACTRN12620001003965.
Social and economic factors associated with child unintentional injury mortality in high-income countries
Authors: Shimony-Kanat Sarit , Orr Daniela , Falk Amir 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionRecognising the connection between country-level social determinants of health, and child unintentional injury mortality can contribute to better resource allocation for child safety. This cross-sectional country-level study aims to investigate such a link where the role of income inequality (Gini Index) is examined alongside education expenditure, current health expenditure and gross national income (GNI) per capita.MethodsA total of 49 high-income countries were studied, using the WHO Global Health Estimates 2016, the World Bank’s World Development Indicators for education and GNI per capita, and the standardised world income inequality database to compile estimates of child unintentional injury mortality rates and selected socioeconomic characteristics.ResultsA wide range of childhood mortality rates from unintentional injury was observed (1.3–10.0 deaths per 100 000 children). Such risk is strongly associated with income inequality (0.50), GNI per capita (–0.35) and education expenditure (–0.01) (mediated by income inequality). No association was found to current health expenditure. The results explain 52% of the variance in child unintentional injury mortality.ConclusionsIn countries with higher overall economic activity and lower-income inequality, child mortality from unintentional injuries is lower. Allocation of education expenditure is one contributor to reducing income inequality; other factors need further exploration.
Metabolomic profiles, polygenic risk scores and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study in the UK Biobank
Authors: Fang Xin-Yu , Zhang Jie , Qian Ting-Ting , Gao Peng , Wu Qing , Fang Quan , Ke Su-Su , Huang Rong-Gui , Zhang Heng-Chuan , Qiao Ni-Ni , Fan Yin-Guang , Ye Dong-Qing 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between metabolomic profiles, genome-wide polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods143 nuclear magnetic resonance-based plasma metabolic biomarkers were measured among 93 800 participants in the UK Biobank. The Cox regression model was used to assess the associations between these metabolic biomarkers and RA risk, and genetic correlation and Mendelian randomisation analyses were performed to reveal their causal relationships. Subsequently, a metabolic risk score (MRS) comprised of the weighted sum of 17 clinically validated metabolic markers was constructed. A PRS was derived by assigning weights to genetic variants that exhibited significant associations with RA at a genome-wide level.ResultsA total of 620 incident RA cases were recorded during a median follow-up time of 8.2 years. We determined that 30 metabolic biomarkers were potentially associated with RA, while no further significant causal associations were found. Individuals in the top decile of MRS had an increased risk of RA (HR 3.52, 95% CI: 2.80 to 4.43) compared with those below the median of MRS. Further, significant gradient associations between MRS and RA risk were observed across genetic risk strata. Specifically, compared with the low genetic risk and favourable MRS group, the risk of incident RA in the high genetic risk and unfavourable MRS group has almost elevated by fivefold (HR 6.10, 95% CI: 4.06 to 9.14).ConclusionOur findings suggested the metabolic profiles comprising multiple metabolic biomarkers contribute to capturing an elevated risk of RA, and the integration of genome-wide PRSs further improved risk stratification.
Moss regeneration for lithium mine waste rock revegetation in Québec, Canada
Authors: Liu Chao , Pouliot Kathy , Roy Sébastien , Rochefort Line 
Published: November 2023

Despite bryophytes being well adapted to various ecological settings, they are rarely considered in reclamation projects. In this study, propagation regenerative capabilities of bryophytes on different substrates (sand, amphibolite, and pegmatite) and conditions (with or without peat amendment, shade and shredding) were tested in greenhouse and field experiments. In the greenhouse trial, after 6 months of reintroduction, Racomitrium species ( Racomitrium canescens (Hedw.) Brid. and Racomitrium elongatum Frisvoll.) had higher regeneration compared to Polytrichum species ( Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. mixed with Polytrichum piliferum Hedw.; a combination of shade (65% shading) and peat amendment (0.5 cm depth) was found to be particularly effective, resulting in up to 100% of Racomitrium species regeneration; shredding the stems of Polytrichum species into small pieces of 0.5–1.0 cm inhibited its regeneration. In the field trial, peat amendment had no effect on moss regeneration. The addition of fluvioglacial sand or till on waste rocks promoted bryophytes regeneration in both the greenhouse and field. These results provide science-based practical knowledge to support the inclusion of native bryophytes in waste rock restoration plans for mines located in northern boreal forests.
Stefan–Boltzmann law and Casimir effect for dark photons
Authors: Prata V. G. , Santos A. F. , Khanna Faqir C. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn this paper, the existence of a massive dark photon, associated with a new gauge group is considered. The dark photon can be kinetically mixed with the photon. To study some applications, the thermo field dynamics formalism is used. Exploring the topological structure of this approach, the influence of dark photons on the Stefan–Boltzmann law and the Casimir effect at zero and finite temperature is calculated.
The influence of screening function on exciton mott transition in an asymmetric double quantum well
Authors: Nithiananthi P. , Vignesh G. 
Published: November 2023

The semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) due to excitons exciton mott transition (EMT) in GaAs/Al[Formula: see text]Ga[Formula: see text]As asymmetric double quantum well (ADQW) has been studied theoretically by tuning direct (DX) and indirect (IDX) exciton densities using variation technique combined with the Monte Carlo approximation. The interaction of the optically pumped exciton densities is accounted for through the Thomas–Fermi (TF) dielectric screening and compared with Hartree–Fock (HF) screening. The screening effects of IDX at the barrier regime have been accounted for through size-dependent screening. The important characteristics of EMT, such as (i). binding energy and (ii), diamagnetic susceptibility have been studied in both coupled ([Formula: see text]Å) and isolated ([Formula: see text]Å) regimes of ADQW. The effect of asymmetry on the EMT of DX (IDX) is significant only for [Formula: see text] in the case of the coupled regime of ADQW, which may be due to the dynamic tunneling mechanism. The impact of the screening among the exciton densities to bring out the avalanche breakdown of excitons at the critical concentration has been studied for different kinds of excitons.
Facial recognition based on enhanced neural network
Authors: AL-Qinani Iman Hussein , Saleh Kawther Thabt , Saleh Hayder Adnan 
Published: November 2023

<span lang="EN-US">Accurate automatic face recognition (FR) has only become a practical goal of biometrics research in recent years. Detection and recognition are the primary steps for identifying faces in this research, and The Viola-Jones algorithm implements to discover faces in images. This paper presents a neural network solution called modify bidirectional associative memory (MBAM). The basic idea is to recognize the image of a human's face, extract the face image, enter it into the MBAM, and identify it. The output ID for the face image from the network should be similar to the ID for the image entered previously in the training phase. The tests have conducted using the suggested model using 100 images. Results show that FR accuracy is 100% for all images used, and the accuracy after adding noise is the proportions that differ between the images used according to the noise ratio. Recognition results for the mobile camera images were more satisfactory than those for the Face94 dataset. </span>
Evaluating text classification with explainable artificial intelligence
Authors: Zahoor Kanwal , Zakaria Bawany Narmeen , Qamar Tehreem 
Published: November 2023

<span lang="EN-US">Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) in general and machine learning techniques in particular has been widely employed in automated systems. Increasing complexity of these machine learning based systems have consequently given rise to blackbox models that are typically not understandable or explainable by humans. There is a need to understand the logic and reason behind these automated decision-making black box models as they are involved in our day-to-day activities such as driving, facial recognition identity systems, online recruitment. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an evolving field that makes it possible for humans to evaluate machine learning models for their correctness, fairness, and reliability. We extend our previous research work and perform a detailed analysis of the model created for text classification and sentiment analysis using a popular Explainable AI tool named local interpretable model agnostic explanations (LIME). The results verify that it is essential to evaluate machine learning models using explainable AI tools as accuracy and other related metrics does not ensure the correctness, fairness, and reliability of the model. We also present the comparison of explainability and interpretability of various machine learning algorithms using LIME. </span>
Under-sampling technique for imbalanced data using minimum sum of euclidean distance in principal component subset
Authors: Kasemtaweechok Chatchai , Suwannik Worasait 
Published: November 2023

<span lang="EN-US">Imbalanced datasets are characterized by a substantially smaller number of data points in the minority class compared to the majority class. This imbalance often leads to poor predictive performance of classification models when applied in real-world scenarios. There are three main approaches to handle imbalanced data: over-sampling, under-sampling, and hybrid approach. The over-sampling methods duplicate or synthesize data in the minority class. On the other hand, the under-sampling methods remove majority class data. Hybrid methods combine the noise-removing benefits of under-sampling the majority class with the synthetic minority class creation process of over-sampling. In this research, we applied principal component (PC) analysis, which is normally used for dimensionality reduction, to reduce the amount of majority class data. The proposed method was compared with eight state-of-the-art under-sampling methods across three different classification models: support vector machine, random forest, and AdaBoost. In the experiment, conducted on 35 datasets, the proposed method had higher average values for sensitivity, G-mean, the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) compared to the other under-sampling methods. </span>