bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioinspired Engineering of Exploration Systems: A Horizon Sensor/Attitude Reference System Based on the Dragonfly Ocelli for Mars Exploration Applications
Authors: Chahl Javaan , Thakoor Sarita , Le Bouffant Naig , Stange Gert , Srinivasan M. V. , Hine Butler , Zornetzer Steven 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBioinspired engineering of exploration systems (BEES) is a fast emerging
new discipline. It focuses on distilling the principles found in successful,
nature‐tested mechanisms of specific crucial functions that are hard to accomplish
by conventional methods, but are accomplished rather deftly in nature by biological
organisms. The intent is not just to mimic operational mechanisms found in
a specific biological organism but to imbibe the salient principles from a
variety of diverse organisms for the desired crucial function. Thereby, we
can build exploration systems that have specific capabilities endowed beyond
nature, as they will possess a mix of the best nature‐tested mechanisms for
each particular function. Insects (for example, honey bees and dragonflies)
cope remarkably well with their world, despite possessing a brain that carries
less than 0.01% as many neurons as ours does. Although most insects have immobile
eyes, fixed focus optics, and lack stereo vision, they use a number of ingenious
strategies for perceiving their world in three dimensions and navigating successfully
in it. We are distilling some of these insect‐inspired strategies for utilizing
optical cues to obtain unique solutions to navigation, hazard avoidance, altitude
hold, stable flight, terrain following, and smooth deployment of payload.
Such functionality can enable access to otherwise unreachable exploration
sites for much sought‐after data. A BEES approach to developing autonomous
flight systems, particularly in small scale, can thus have a tremendous impact
on autonomous airborne navigation of these biomorphic flyers particularly
for planetary exploration missions, for example, to Mars which offer unique
challenges due to its thin atmosphere, low gravity, and lack of magnetic field.
Incorporating these success strategies of bioinspired navigation into biomorphic
sensors such as the horizon sensor described herein fulfills for the first
time the requirements of a variety of potential future Mars exploration applications
described in this paper. Specifically we have obtained lightweight (∼6
g), low power (<40 mW ), and robust autonomous horizon sensing for flight
stabilization based on distilling the principles of the dragonfly ocelli.
Such levels of miniaturization of navigation sensors are essential to enable
biomorphic microflyers (<1 kg) that can be deployed in large numbers for
distributed measurements. In this paper we present the first experimental
test results of a biomorphic flyer platform with an embedded biomorphic ocellus
(the dragonfly‐inspired horizon sensor/attitude reference system). These results
from the novel hardware implementation of a horizon sensor demonstrate the
advantage of our approach in adapting principles proven successful in nature
to accomplish navigation for Mars exploration. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Helicase activity is only partially required for Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rqh1p function
Authors: Ahmad Fouzia , Kaplan Craig D. , Stewart Elspeth 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe RecQ‐related family of DNA helicases is required for the maintenance of genomic stability in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, mutation of three RecQ‐related helicases, BLM, WRN and RecQL4, cause the cancer‐prone and premature ageing diseases of Bloom syndrome, Werner's syndrome and Rothmund–Thompson syndrome, respectively. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, disruption of the rqh1+ gene, which encodes the single Sz. pombe RecQ‐related helicase, causes cells to display reduced viability and elevated levels of chromosome loss. After S‐phase arrest or DNA damage, cells lacking rqh1+ function display elevated levels of homologous recombination and defective chromosome segregation. Here we show that, like other RecQ family members, the Rqh1p protein displays 3′ to 5′ DNA helicase activity. Interestingly, however, unlike other RecQ family members, the helicase activity of Rqh1p is only partially required for its function in recovery from S‐phase arrest or DNA damage. We also report that high cellular levels of Rqh1p result in lethal chromosome segregation defects, while more moderate levels of Rqh1p cause significantly elevated rates of chromosome loss. This suggests that careful regulation of RecQ‐like protein levels in eukaryotic cells is vital for maintaining genome stability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The identification of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene AYT1(ORF‐YLL063c) encoding an acetyltransferase
Authors: Alexander Nancy J. , McCormick Susan P. , Hohn Thomas M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe recent isolation and characterization of Tri101 in Fusarium sporotrichioides has led to the functional identification of the yeast open reading frame (ORF) YLL063c, located on chromosome XII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sequence of YLL063c predicts a protein of 474 residues that has 45% identity and 70% similarity to FsTri101. FsTri101 encodes a trichothecene 3‐O‐acetyltransferase that functions in trichothecene biosynthesis. Feeding studies indicated low levels of C3‐OH acetylation in cultures of the laboratory yeast strain, RW2802. No similar activity was found in RW2802 transformed with an integrative plasmid carrying a disrupted YLL063c gene. Based on these results, which show structural and functional similarities between YLL063c and FsTri101, we propose that YLL063c encodes an acetyltransferase capable of trichothecene 3‐O‐acetylation and have named this gene AYT1. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a gene encoding tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from Candida glabrata
Authors: Hanic‐Joyce Pamela J. , Joyce Paul B. M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA gene encoding ATP (CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (EC2.7.7.25) was isolated from Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The predicted amino acid sequence of the protein revealed a large region with high sequence similarity to members of the Class II group of the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily and an N‐terminal region characteristic of a mitochondrial targeting sequence. The essential role of the carboxylates within the conserved DXD and RRD motifs was confirmed by mutagenesis. C. glabrata strains bearing truncated CCA1 genes that lacked sequences encoding the putative mitochondrial targeting peptide were unable to grow on non‐fermentable carbon sources but were able to grow on a fermentable carbon source. These results suggest that, as in S. cerevisiae, the C. glabrata CCA‐adding enzyme is a sorting isozyme that functions in multiple cellular compartments. Mapping of the 5′‐ends of primary transcripts of CCA1 revealed multiple transcription start sites located both upstream of and between two in‐frame start codons. When the cells were cultured on a non‐fermentable carbon source the longer transcripts appeared more abundant, suggesting that the choice of transcription start sites was influenced by carbon source. The shorter transcripts, which lacked sequences encoding the mitochondrial targeting information, were more predominant in cells grown on glucose. These observations suggest that expression of CCA‐adding isozymes in C. glabrata may be regulated. The DNA sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. AF098803. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymorphism of the MPR1 gene required for toxic proline analogue resistance in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae complex species
Authors: Kimura Yasuko , Nakamori Shigeru , Takagi Hiroshi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe recently discovered, on the chromosome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Σ1278b, novel MPR1 and MPR2 genes required for resistance to a toxic analogue of L‐proline, L‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid. The MPR genes, which were absent in the S. cerevisiae genome project strain S288C, encoded a novel acetyltransferase of 229 amino acids that detoxifies the analogue by acetylating it. The MPR1 gene homologue found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was also shown to encode a similar acetyltransferase. To further analyse the origin and the physiological role of the yeast novel gene, we report here the comparative analysis of the MPR1 gene in the S. cerevisiae complex spp. which belong to the Saccharomyces sensu stricto group. Only the type strain of S. paradoxus exhibited resistance and acetyltransferase activity to L‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid. PCR was then used to isolate the new MPR1 homologue (Spa MPR1) from S. paradoxus with the primers based on the sequence of the MPR1 gene. Gene expression and enzymatic analysis showed that the cloned Spa MPR1 gene encodes an L‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid acetyltransferase of 231 amino acids, which has 87% identity to the MPR1 protein. We also found in the protein databases that S. bayanus contains a DNA fragment that is partly homologous to the MPR1 gene. However, the gene product was considered to lose the enzymatic activity, possibly due to the gene truncation or the base substitution(s) at the important region for catalysis. Further, genomic PCR analysis showed that most of the S. cerevisiae complex spp. have the sequence highly homologous to the MPR1 gene. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and characterization of the gene URA3 encoding the orotidine‐5′‐phosphate decarboxylase from Torulaspora delbrueckii
Authors: Hernandez‐Lopez Maria Jose , Prieto Jose Antonio , Randez‐Gil Francisca 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA DNA fragment containing the URA3 gene from Torulaspora delbrueckii was isolated by complementation cloning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of an ORF of 795 bp, encoding a 264 amino acid protein, which shares a high similarity to the Saccharomycetaceae Ura3 proteins. Furthermore, the cloned ORF fully complemented the ura3 mutation of S. cerevisiae, confirming that it encodes for the TdUra3 protein. The GeneBank Accession No. for TdURA3 is AF518402. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective memory functioning in people with and without brain injury
Authors: Groot Yvonne C. T. , Wilson Barbara A. , Evans Jonathan , Watson Peter 
Published: December 2002

AbstractProspective remembering has been relatively underinvestigated in neurological patients. This paper describes a group study in which the prospective memory performance of 36 people with brain injury and 28 control participants is compared. We used a new instrument, the Cambridge Behaviour Prospective Memory Test (CBPMT) to assess prospective memory. This comprises 4 time-based and 4 event-based tasks. Participants were allowed to take notes to help them remember the tasks. The relationships between CBPMT scores, scores on formal tests and subjective reports on memory, attention and executive functioning were analyzed. The key findings were that (1) note-taking significantly benefited prospective memory performance, (2) significant relationships were found between scores on the prospective memory test and scores on tests of memory and executive functions, and (3) participants had more difficulty with the time-based than with the event-based prospective memory tasks. The results suggest that compensatory strategies improve prospective memory functioning; memory for content as well as attention and executive functioning processes are involved in prospective memory; and that time-based tasks are more difficult than event-based tasks because they place higher demands on inhibitory control mechanisms. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation.
Driving in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Knowledge, performance, adverse outcomes, and the role of executive functioning
Authors: Barkley Russell A. , Murphy Kevin R. , Dupaul George J. , Bush Tracie 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPast studies find that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) creates a higher risk for adverse driving outcomes. This study comprehensively evaluated driving in adults with ADHD by comparing 105 young adults with the disorder (age 17–28) to 64 community control (CC) adults on five domains of driving ability and a battery of executive function tasks. The ADHD group self-reported significantly more traffic citations, particularly for speeding, vehicular crashes, and license suspensions than the CC group, with most of these differences corroborated in the official DMV records. Cognitively, the ADHD group was less attentive and made more errors during a visual reaction task under rule-reversed conditions than the CC group. The ADHD group also obtained lower scores on a test of driving rules and decision-making but not on a simple driving simulator. Both self- and other-ratings showed the CC group employed safer routine driving habits than the ADHD group. Relationships between the cognitive and driving measures and the adverse outcomes were limited or absent, calling into question their use in screening ADHD adults for driving risks. Several executive functions also were significantly yet modestly related to accident frequency and total traffic violations after controlling for severity of ADHD. These results are consistent with earlier studies showing significant driving problems are associated with ADHD. This study found that these driving difficulties were not a function of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder, depression, anxiety, or frequency of alcohol or illegal drug use. Findings to date argue for the development of interventions to reduce driving risks among adults with ADHD.
Semantic priming in schizophrenia: A review and synthesis
Authors: Minzenberg Michael J. , Ober Beth A. , Vinogradov Sophia 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we present a review of semantic priming experiments in schizophrenia. Semantic priming paradigms show utility in assessing the role of deficits in semantic memory network access in the pathology of schizophrenia. The studies are placed in the context of current models of information processing. In this review we include all English-language reports (from peer-reviewed journals) of single-word semantic priming studies involving participants with schizophrenia. The studies to date show schizophrenic patients to exhibit variable semantic priming effects under automatic processing conditions, and consistent impairments under controlled0attentional conditions. We also describe associations with other neurocognitive dysfunction, neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances, and clinical manifestations (such as thought disorder).
Semantic monitoring of words with emotional connotation during fMRI: Contribution of anterior left frontal cortex
Authors: Crosson Bruce , Cato M. Allison , Sadek Joseph R. , Gökçay Didem , Bauer Russell M. , Fischler Ira S. , Maron Leeza , Gopinath Kaundinya , Auerbach Edward J. , Browd Samuel R. , Briggs Richard W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPrevious studies showed that cortex in the anterior portions of the left frontal and temporal lobes participates in generating words with emotional connotations and processing pictures with emotional content. If these cortices process the semantic attribute of emotional connotation, they should be active whenever processing emotional connotation, without respect to modality of input or mode of output. Thus, we hypothesized that they would activate during monitoring of words with emotional connotations. Sixteen normal subjects performed semantic monitoring of words with emotional connotations, animal names, and implement names during fMRI. Cortex in the anterior left frontal lobe demonstrated significant activity for monitoring words with emotional connotations compared to monitoring tone sequences, animal names, or implement names. Together, the current and previous results implicate cortex in the anterior left frontal lobe in semantic processing of emotional connotation, consistent with connections of this cortex to paralimbic association areas. Current findings also indicate that neural substrates for processing emotional connotation are independent of substrates for processing the categories of living and nonliving things.
Information processing difficulty long after self-reported concussion
Authors: Bernstein Daniel M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractRecovery of cognitive function after mild head injury (MHI) is thought to be relatively swift and complete. The present study replicates and extends previous work in which university students with self-reported concussion demonstrated reduced P300 amplitude on a set of easy and difficult attention tasks, in addition to performing more poorly than controls on demanding cognitive tasks many years after injury. In the present study, 13 students with self-reported concussion (MHI group: M time since injury 5 8 years) and 10 controls were matched for age, sex, education, and a variety of cognitive, physical and emotional complaints. Controls outperformed the MHI group on the Digit Symbol substitution task and on a difficult dual task involving tone discrimination and visual working memory. Additionally, controls exhibited larger P300 amplitudes on both an easy and a difficult auditory discrimination task. A combination of electrophysiological, neuropsychological and self-report indices predicted group membership (MHI vs. control) with 88% accuracy. The present results, coupled with previous work, offer preliminary evidence that the combination of event-related potentials and demanding behavioral measures might reveal long-lasting, subtle cognitive problems associated with MHI. These findings may challenge existing notions of complete recovery after MHI.
Effects of alcohol and cigarette use on cognition in middle-aged adults
Authors: Schinka John A. , Vanderploeg Rodney D. , Rogish Miles , Ordorica Patricia Isbell 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this retrospective cohort study we examined the independent and interactive effects of drinking and smoking on cognition in a sample of 3361 males, ages 31 to 49, with varying lifetime histories of alcohol and cigarette use. Dependent variables were neuropsychological measures of global and specific cognitive abilities. Comparison of the ability scores of seven groups, defined by their drinking and smoking histories, explained only 5.4% of the multivariate variance in cognitive ability and less than 2% in any individual cognitive measure. Regression analyses for current drinkers and smokers showed only a single significant, but negligible, effect of pack-years of smoking on a measure of global cognitive ability. Differences in cognitive function in groups defined by intensity of alcohol and cigarette use revealed no significant effect for drinking and a significant, but very small, effect for smoking.
Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: The role of verbal processing
Authors: Öberg Christina , Larsson Maria , Bäckman Lars 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe investigated sex difference across a number of olfactory tasks. Thirty-six men and 35 women ranging in age from 19 to 36 years were assessed in 6 different tasks: absolute sensitivity for n-butanol, intensity discrimination, quality discrimination, episodic recognition memory for familiar and unfamiliar odors, and odor identification. No sex differences were observed in the tasks tapping primarily sensory acuity (i.e., odor sensitivity, intensity discrimination, and quality discrimination) or in episodic memory for unfamiliar odors. By contrast, women outperformed men in the tasks involving verbal processing (i.e., memory for familiar odors and odor identification). Interestingly, controlling for odor naming ability resulted in that the observed sex difference in episodic odor memory for familiar odors disappeared. This outcome suggests that women's superiority in episodic odor memory is largely mediated by their higher proficiency in odor identification.
Nasomaxillary Hypoplasia and Severe Orofacial Clefting in a Child of a Mother with Phenylketonuria
Authors: Sweeney E. , Fryer A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe offspring of mothers with untreated or poorly controlled phenylketonuria (PKU) (McKusick 261600) are at risk of having congenital anomalies including microcephaly, congenital heart defects and developmental delay (Rouse et al 1997). We report a child born to a mother with poorly controlled PKU and suggests that the facial abnormalities seen in this child could be part of the spectrum of maternal PKU embryopathy.
Glycolipid Analysis of Different Tissues and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Type II Gaucher Disease
Authors: Gornati R. , Berra B. , Montorfano G. , Martini C. , Ciana G. , Ferrari P. , Romano M. , Bembi B. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe lipid composition or the liver, spleen, brain, cerebellum and cerebrospinal fluid of a Gaucher disease type II patient who died at the age of 5 months was examined. The glycolipid analysis demonstrated a marked increase of total amounts not only in the peripheral tissues but also in the brain cerebellum and cerebrospinal fluid, with a prevalence of glucosylceramide. A reduction in gangliosides was observed in all the analysed tissues with a relative increase of GD3 in the nervous tissue. The fatty acid composition of glucosylceramide showed a prevalence of stearic acid in the central nervous system, while in the peripheral tissues palmitic acid was prevalent. This result suggests a different origin of the glucosylceramide stored in different tissues. The generalized reduction of gangliosides and their modified distribution together with the central nervous system GD3 increment represent a new observation. These data could be useful in the effort to clarify the pathophysiological mechanism of brain damage in neuronopathic Gaucher disease.
Cell Death Processes during Expression of Hybrid Lethality in Interspecific F1 Hybrid between Nicotiana gossei Domin and Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Mino Masanobu , Maekawa Kenji , Ogawa Ken'ichi , Yamagishi Hiroshi , Inoue Masayoshi 
Published: December 2002

Abstract
Hybrid lethality, a type of reproductive isolation, is a genetically controlled event appearing at the seedling stage in interspecific hybrids. We characterized the lethality of F1hybrid seedlings from Nicotiana gosseiDomin and Nicotiana tabacum cv Bright-Yellow 4 using a number of traits including growth rate, microscopic features of tissues and cells, ion leakage, DNA degradation, reactive oxygen intermediates including superoxide radical (O2 −) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and expression of stress response marker genes. Lethal symptoms appeared at 4 d after germination in the basal hypocotyl and extended toward both the hypocotyl and root of the plants grown at 26°C. Microscopic analysis revealed a prompt lysis of cell components during cell death. Membrane disruption and DNA degradation were found in the advanced stage of the lethality. The death of mesophyll cells in the cotyledon was initiated by the vascular bundle, suggesting that a putative factor inducing cell death diffused into surrounding cells from the vascular tissue. In contrast, these symptoms were not observed in the plants grown at 37°C. Seedlings grown at 26°C generated larger amounts of reactive oxygen intermediate in the hypocotyl than those grown at 37°C. A number of stress response marker genes were expressed at 26°C but not at 37°C. We proposed that a putative death factor moving systemically through the vascular system induced a prompt and successive lysis of the cytoplasm of cells and that massive cell death eventually led to the loss of the hybrid plant.