bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SPOROPHYTE CELL WALL PROTEIN OF THE RED ALGA PORPHYRA PURPUREA (RHODOPHYTA) IS A NOVEL MEMBER OF THE CHYMOTRYPSIN FAMILY OF SERINE PROTEASES1
Authors: Liu Qing Yan , Reith Michael 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTA complementary DNA (cDNA) clone from a Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh sporophyte‐specific subtracted cDNA library was found to encode a protein similar to serine proteases of the chymotrypsin class. The encoded protein contains a typical signal peptide and is particularly similar to chymotrypsins in the regions surrounding the active site residues and the activation site where cleavage of the propeptide occurs. In addition, the six cysteine residues characteristic of chymotrypsins are conserved. However, two of the three residues of the active site His/Asp/Ser charge relay triad have been replaced, indicating that the protein is unlikely to have peptidase activity. Northern hybridization confirmed that this cDNA is derived from an abundant, sporophyte‐specific messenger RNA (mRNA). The presence of signal peptide on the encoded protein and the abundance of its mRNA suggested that this protein might be localized in the cell wall. Consequently, sporophyte cell walls were isolated and a major protein having a molecular weight similar to that estimated for the encoded protein was purified. N‐terminal sequence analysis indicated that this cell wall protein is identical to that encoded by the cDNA with the amino terminus of the mature protein beginning at the activation site. This cell wall structural protein appears to have evolved from a chymotrypsin‐like progenitor but has been adapted to bind cell wall proteins and/or polysaccharides rather than to cleave proteins.
DIFFERENTIATION OF ULVA MUTABILIS (CHLOROPHYTA) GAMETANGIA AND GAMETE RELEASE ARE CONTROLLED BY EXTRACELLULAR INHIBITORS1
Authors: Stratmann Johannes , Paputsoglu Georg , Oertel Wolfgang 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTBlade cells of Ulva mutabilis Føyn (Chlorophyta) excrete regulatory factors into their cell walls and into the environment. These factors are essential for the maintenance of the vegetative state. “Sporulation inhibitor‐1a” (SI‐1a) is a glycoprotein that was isolated from the culture medium of axenic Ulva growing as an undifferentiated callus. This protein was unusually stable to denaturing treatments and showed an extremely high apparent molecular mass (Mr) of 1–4 × 107 daltons estimated by size exclusion chromatography. The glycosylation was not essential for activity. SI‐1a suppressed gametogenesis completely at concentrations lower than 10−14 M. When Ulva developed normally in the presence of their symbiotic bacteria, smaller forms of SI‐1 accumulated in the medium (104–106 daltons). Sporulation inhibitors of the same size spectrum and with similar properties were also extracted from crude cell walls of nonaxenic Ulva. A class of different nonprotein sporulation inhibitors (SI‐2) of very low Mr and yet unknown structure was isolated from the inner space between the two blade cell layers. Excretion of all SI‐1 forms decreased with maturation of the thallus, whereas the overall concentration of SI‐2 in the thallus stayed constant throughout the life cycle. The SI‐2 affected different Ulva species whereas SI‐1 was species‐specific. Gametogenesis was induced upon removal of both Sporulation inhibitors from small single‐layered fragments of mature blades.After a “determination phase” of 23–46 h, dependent on the time of induction within the cell cycle, the cells became irreversibly committed to differentiation and were no longer susceptible to SI‐1 or SI‐2. Subsequently, during a 28‐h “differentiation phase,” 16 progametes were formed by synchronous genome doublings and cell divisions and differentiated into mature gametes. These became motile and were released from the gametangia when the concentration of a “swarming inhibitor” of low Mr, excreted mainly during the “determination phase,” declined below a threshold concentration. The biochemical properties of these regulatory factors and their effects on gametogenesis and gamete release are described.
DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION IN THE RIBOSOMAL INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGION OF FRESHWATER CLADOPHORA SPECIES (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Marks Jane C. , Cummings Michael P. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTFreshwater species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) are globally distributed and occupy an unusually wide range of ecological habitats. Delineating species is difficult because most easily observed morphological traits are highly variable and because sexual reproduction has not been clearly documented. Synthesizing ecological data on freshwater Cladophora species is problematic because it is unclear whether freshwater Cladophora species comprise many genetically distinct species or a few ecologically and morphologically variable and/or plastic species. We determined nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal cistron of freshwater Cladophora species from a wide range of habitats and geographic locations. We compared these sequences to those derived from culture collections of C. fracta and C. glomerata, the two most commonly reported freshwater Cladophora species. Cladophora fracta and C. glomerata had very similar ITS sequences (95.3%). All other sequences were identical to those from the C. fracta or C. glomerata culture collections with the exception of one California sample that was similar to both C. fracta (95.6%) and C. glomerata (92.4%). ITS genotypes did not correlate with morphology or geography. This analysis shows that common freshwater Cladophora species comprise very few (possibly one) ecologically and morphologically variable species.
RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKERS (RAPDs) AS TOOLS FOR GENE MAPPING IN CHLAMYDOMONAS EUGAMETOS (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Haring Michel A. , Schuring Frank , Urbanus Jos , Musgrave Alan , van den Ende Herman , Ferris Patrick J. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTStudying the sexual behavior of the heterothallic green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos Moewus has revealed genetic differences among the few available strains: different O‐methylated sugar patterns on plasma membrane glycoproteins (oms A/B locus) and light‐(in)dependent sexual agglutinin activation (lsa locus). However, due to the lack of a reliable linkage map, genes controlling these traits are not accessible by map‐based cloning. Here we present a partial linkage map for Chlamydomonas eugametos based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and one restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. Most of these RAPDs (80%) represent unique DNA sequences, which implies that they can be used as starting points for chromosome walking. RAPDs linked to the lsa locus, the mating type locus (mt), and the oms A/B locus were identified by bulk segregant analysis.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATES ALEXANDRIUM CATENELLA AND A. TAMARENSE (DINOPHYCEAE) USING DNA PROBES AND WHOLE‐CELL HYBRIDIZATION1
Authors: Adachi Masao , Sako Yoshihiko , Ishida Yuzaburo 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTFluorescent DNA probes (cCAT‐F1 and cTAM‐Fl) complementary to the 3′ end of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences (ITS 1: positions 154–176) of toxic species of Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Taylor and A. tamarense (Lebour) Taylor were applied to various cultures of the genus Alexandrium and several other phytoplankters using whole‐cell fluorescent in situ hybridization. cCAT‐F1 and cTAM‐F1 reacted with targeted strains of A. catenella (catenella type) and A. tamarense (tamarense type), respectively, and did not react with isolates of A. affine (Inoue et Fukuyo) Balech, A. fraterculus (Balech) Balech, A. insuetum Balech, A. lusitanicum Balech, A. pseudogonyaulux (Biecheler)Horiguchi ex Yuki et Fukuyo comb. nov., nor isolates of Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt, Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein, Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake et Kominami ex Oda, Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada, and Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono. DNase I and RNase A treatment showed that probes hybridized to ribosomal DNA, not rRNA. Probes were localized at the bottom of the U‐shaped nucleus, a region that corresponds to the nucleolus. The probes are highly specific for particular strains of A. catenella and A. tamarense and are applicable for identifying these species collected from cultured and possibly natural populations.
FURTHER SEM STUDY OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES: THE GENUSOSTREOPSIS(DINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Faust Maria A. , Morton Steve L. , Quod Jean P. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a comprehensive examination of the taxonomy of the genusOstreopsisSchmidt. The morphology of six species of marine dinoflagellates,Ostreopsis siamensisSchmidt 1902.Ostreopsis lenticularisFukuyo 1981,Ostreopsis ovataFukuyo 1981,Ostreopsis heptagonaNorris, Bomber, et Balech 1985,Ostreopsis mascarenensisQuod 1994, andOstreopsis labensFaust et Morton 1995 from three geographical regions (Japan, Southwest Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean) and three marine habitats (sand, water column, and macroalgal surfaces) are described from scanning electron micrographs. Differences in the following morphological characteristics differentiated the species: cell shape and size, and ornamentation of the epitheca, cingulum, and hypotheca. The thecal plate formula of the sixOstreopsisspecies is Po,3′, 7″, 6C, 6S?, Vp, Rp, 5′″, 1p, 2″″, with differences in thecal plate size and shape. The cingulum in ventral view has two prominent structures: a ventral plate (Vp) with a ventral pore (Vo) and a ridged plate (Rp) that distinguishesOstreopsisspecies from any other dinoflagellate taxa. This paper also includes ecological and toxicity information regarding the sixOstreopsisspecies.
DETERMINATION OF RNA AND DNA CONCENTRATIONS IN NATURAL PLANKTON SAMPLES USING THIAZOLE ORANGE IN COMBINATION WITH DNASE AND RNASE DIGESTIONS1
Authors: Fara Angela , Berdalet Elisa , Arin Laura 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTA fluorometric technique, based on the combination of RNase and DNase incubation with the use of thiazole orange (RNase/DNase method), was investigated to determine DNA and RNA concentrations in marine plankton. Tests were performed to optimize both RNase and DNase assay conditions. The RNase assay should be conducted at 37° C for 20 min with 0.5 μg·mL−1 of DNase‐free RNase. An incubation at 25° C for 20 min with 10 units ·mL‐1 of RNase‐free DNase were the optimal conditions required for DNA digestion by DNase. The detection limits in terms of minimum biomass for reliable measurements of DNA and RNA were 7.5 and 10 μg of protein · (mL assay)−1, respectively.RNA and DNA concentration were estimated in oligotrophic water samples using the RNase/DNase and other available methods (e.g. a double fluorochrome method). The different techniques provided similar DNA estimations. However, the RNase/DNase method provided the highest sensitivity and a low variability for the estimation of RNA.
AN EMPIRICAL PROTOCOL FOR WHOLE‐CELL IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Lin Senjie , Carpenter Edward J. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAn immunofluorescence protocol for intracellular antigens of phytoplankton was developed empirically. Paraformaldehyde (4%) was used to fix samples for 6 h at 4° C; fixed samples can be stored in cold (–20°C) methanol for at least 1 month. We used Triton X‐100, Nonidet P‐40, and dimethyl sulfoxide to permeabilize the cells for antibody penetration across the cell wall and plasma membrane. After immunolabeling at room temperature, the samples were mounted on slides and could be stored at 4° C for up to 6 months without significant decay of the fluorescence. The staining was examined with an epifluorescence microscope; semiquantitative (percentage of cells with positive staining) and quantitative (staining intensity measured with an imaging system) analyses were performed. Reproducible staining was achieved for nuclear, chloroplastic, cytoplasmic, and cell surface antigens in species of Chlorophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Dinophyceae including some field‐collected samples. This protocol is advantageous to previously published protocols in that it allows relatively simple and long‐term storage of fixed samples and allows staining of multiple antigens for the same sample. Although improvement on cell permeabilization is required for some species, the present protocol could prove useful for physiological or ecological studies when frequent sampling is required and immediate processing of the samples is not possible.
New insights into the proton‐dependent oxygen affinity of Root effect haemoglobins
Authors: Bonaventura C. , Crumbliss A. L. , Weber R. E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA long‐standing puzzle with regard to protein structure/function relationships is the proton‐dependent modification of haemoglobin (Hb) structure that causes oxygen to be unloaded from Root effect Hbs into the swim bladders and eyes of fish even against high oxygen pressure gradients. Although oxygen unloading in Root effect Hbs has generally been attributed to proton‐dependent stabilization of the T‐state, protonation of Root effect Hbs can alter their ligand affinities in both R‐ and T‐state conformations and either stabilize the T‐state or destabilize the R‐state. The C‐terminal residues that are so important in the Bohr effect of human Hb appear to be involved in the Root effects of some fish Hbs and not in others, indicating that several evolutionary pathways have resulted in expression of highly pH‐dependent Hbs. New data are presented that show surprising similarities in the pH‐ and anion‐dependence of sulfhydryl group reactivity and anaerobic oxidation of human and fish Hbs. The available evidence supports the concept that in both Bohr effect and Root effect Hbs a large steric component acts in addition to quaternary shifts between R and T conformations to regulate ligand affinity. Allosteric effectors moderate these steric effects within both R‐ and T‐state conformations and allow for an elegant match between Hb function and the wide‐ranging physiological needs of diverse organisms.
Effect of exogenous angiotensin II on renal tissue nitric oxide and intrarenal circulation in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Bądzyńska B. , Grzelec‐Mojzesowicz M. , Sadowski J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim:  The renal medullary circulation is protected against depressor action of angiotensin II (Ang II) because of the opposed action of a vasodilator agent, possibly nitric oxide (NO). This possibility was evaluated by a simultaneous determination of the effect of exogenous Ang II on renal cortical and medullary tissue NO and on intrarenal circulation.Methods:  In anaesthetized rats effects were determined of pressor and subpressor Ang II doses on tissue NO concentration in the renal cortex and inner medulla (selective NO electrodes), total renal blood flow (RBF, Transonic renal artery probe) and inner medullary blood flow (IMBF, laser Doppler flux). The measurements were repeated in rats treated with tempol, a scavenger of superoxide.Results:  Moderately pressor Ang II infusion significantly decreased tissue NO signal from 5.7 ± 0.2 to 5.3 ± 0.2 nA in the cortex and from 10.7 ± 0.6 to 10.1 ± 0.6 nA in the medulla. The RBF, a measure of cortical perfusion, decreased, and IMBF did not change. Subpressor doses of Ang II did not change medullary or cortical tissue NO. Tempol prevented an Ang II dependent decrease in medullary (but not cortical) NO without affecting RBF or IMBF responses.Conclusion:  An absence of an increase in renal cortical or medullary tissue NO after infusion of subpressor or pressor doses of Ang II speaks against the role of this agent in buffering the intrarenal vasoconstrictor action of the hormone. Elimination of the post‐Ang II decrease in medullary NO in animals pre‐treated with tempol suggests that tissue superoxide generation stimulated by the hormone might reduce local bioavailability of NO.
Review article: the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of proton pump inhibitors – overview and clinical implications
Authors: Robinson M. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryDuring the past two decades, enormous changes occurred in the management of gastric acid‐related diseases. First, the histamine2‐receptor antagonists were introduced, offering patients the first single‐agent therapy that effectively reduced gastric acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors became widely available in the early 1990s, and they generally appeared to be superior to the histamine2‐receptor antagonists in acid‐suppressing activity, symptom control and healing. Most physicians now use proton pump inhibitors as first‐line treatment for many patients with acid‐peptic disorders, including erosive gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) and duodenal and gastric ulcers. Although proton pump inhibitors are often thought to be interchangeable, some differences have emerged in their pharmacological properties, which may be reflected in some aspects of clinical efficacy. Such differences include potency, speed of onset and duration of pH ‘holding times’. Helicobacter pylori has now been recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of acid‐peptic disorders. It is clear that H. pylori eradication can dramatically reduce the chronicity of gastric and duodenal ulcers, and accepted therapeutic regimens for H. pylori eradication now include proton pump inhibitors and two or more antibiotics. Although all accepted proton pump inhibitor‐based ‘triple therapies’ are roughly equivalent in efficacy, there is now a shortened regimen available that will potentially enhance compliance and decrease cost. This review examines the relative advantages of proton pump inhibitors vs. histamine2‐receptor antagonists in the context of acid suppression and in various gastric acid‐related diseases. A brief overview presents the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the proton pump inhibitors with particular attention paid to rabeprazole, one of the newer drugs in its class.
Presence of monoclonal free light chains in the serum predicts risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kyle Robert A. , Therneau Terry M. , Clark Raynell J. , Bradwell Arthur R. , Melton L. Joseph , Larson Dirk R. , Plevak Matthew F. , Katzmann Jerry A. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryWe hypothesized that the presence of monoclonal free light chains (FLC) in the serum of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a marker of clonal evolution and a risk factor for progression. Forty‐seven patients with MGUS and documented progression to myeloma or related malignancy were compared with 50 age‐ and gender‐matched patients with MGUS and no evidence of progression after 5 or more years of follow‐up. The presence of an abnormal kappa/lambda FLC ratio in the serum was associated with a higher risk of MGUS progression (relative risk 2·5; 95% confidence interval: 1·6–4·0; P < 0·001).
Expression pattern of FCRL (FREB, FcRX) in normal and neoplastic human B cells
Authors: Masir Noraidah , Jones Margaret , Pozzobon Michela , Marafioti Teresa , Volkova Olga Y. , Mechetina Ludmila V. , Hansmann Martin‐Leo , Natkunam Yasodha , Taranin Alexander V. , Mason David Y. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryFCRL (also known as FREB and FcRX) is a recently described member of the family of Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G (IgG). In the present study we analysed its expression in normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissue using immunohistochemical techniques. FCRL was preferentially expressed in a proportion of germinal centre cells and, more weakly, in mantle zone B cells. In addition, strong labelling was observed in marginal zone B cells in the spleen, representing one of the few markers for this cell type. The majority of cases of small B‐cell lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease were positive for FCRL. However, the number of positive cells varied widely, and in consequence we could not define a cut‐off that distinguished subsets of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Our results also showed that FCRL tended to be negative in T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma and in classical Hodgkin's disease. FCRL may therefore represent a novel marker for normal B cells (e.g. splenic marginal zone cells) and may also be useful as a potential marker of B‐cell neoplasms.
Long‐term disease‐free survival of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Toze Cynthia L. , Barnett Michael J. , Connors Joseph M. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Voss Nicholas J. , Nantel Stephen H. , Nevill Thomas J. , Shepherd John D. , Sutherland Heather J. , Lavoie Julye C. , Forrest Donna L. , Song Kevin W. , Hogge Donna E. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryMyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) may be curative in patients with follicular non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, however, the impact of this therapy on long‐term survival, disease progression and functional status is less clear. Twenty‐nine patients (median age 42 years, range: 20–53) with advanced stage follicular lymphoma proceeded to allogeneic BMT a median of 25 (range: 8–154) months postdiagnosis, between 1985 and 2001, and have been followed for a minimum of 2 years. Eleven of 29 (38%) had refractory disease (n = 5 induction failure, n = 6 resistant relapse). Most (27 of 29, 93%) received total body irradiation‐based conditioning; stem cell source was marrow from a related donor (n = 20) or unrelated donor (n = 9). Seventeen of 29 patients (59%) were alive a median of 5 years (range: 2–11) post‐BMT with a median Karnofsky Performance Score of 100%. Death occurred because of transplant complications in seven patients (cumulative incidence of non‐relapse mortality 24%), and progressive lymphoma in five patients (cumulative incidence of refractory/recurrent lymphoma 23%). The 5‐year probability of overall and event‐free survival was 58% and 53% respectively. Allogeneic BMT has resulted in long‐term disease‐free survival for approximately 50% of this cohort of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma and most of them now enjoy robust health.
Prognostic significance of hepatocyte growth factor and c‐MET expression in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Kawano R. , Ohshima K. , Karube K. , Yamaguchi T. , Kohno S. , Suzumiya J. , Kikuchi M. , Tamura K. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe expression and prognostic significance of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c‐MET (MET proto‐oncogene) was analysed in 96 cases of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for HGF and c‐Met. The prognosis of HGF‐positive and c‐Met‐positive cases was significantly worse than negative cases (HGF: P = 0·0036; c‐Met: P = 0·0002). In addition, in the low‐risk international prognostic index group, HGF‐negative and c‐Met‐negative cases had a significantly better prognosis than positive cases (HGF: P = 0·0009; c‐Met: P < 0·0001). Our results suggest that HGF/c‐MET is a useful clinical marker of prognosis for patients with DLBCL.
Human bone marrow adipocytes support complete myeloid and lymphoid differentiation from human CD34+ cells
Authors: Corre Jill , Planat‐Benard Valérie , Corberand Joël X. , Pénicaud Luc , Casteilla Louis , Laharrague Patrick 
Published: October 2004

SummaryIn humans, the role of bone marrow (BM) adipocytes in supporting haematopoiesis has been questioned. A co‐culture system of CD34+ cells seeded onto either BM undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells or differentiated adipocytes showed that BM adipocytes did not support the maintenance of immature progenitors but enabled their complete differentiation along the myeloid and lymphoid pathways. These properties appear to be opposite to those of osteoblasts, although both cell types share a common mesenchymal progenitor. These results suggest that stromal cells play a variety of roles in the haematopoietic microenvironment, which could be significant in situations such as osteoporosis or ageing.