bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fully automated method for accurate mass determination using high‐performance liquid chromatography with a quadrupole/orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Colombo Maristella , Sirtori Federico Riccardi , Rizzo Vincenzo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA generic LC/ESI(+)‐oaTOFMS method has been developed for routine automated high accuracy mass determinations of different classes of substances. The system makes use of micro‐high‐performance liquid chromatography and a hybrid quadrupole/orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight (Q‐oaTOF) mass spectrometer. Reproducible and accurate mass measurements were obtained using an electrospray dual sprayer with reserpine as reference compound, introduced into the mass spectrometer alternating with the samples. Experiments were performed to optimize analyte/reference response ratio, statistical algorithm correction setting, and analyte concentration. In these experiments, a clear dependence of the mass measurement error on the analyte/reference response ratio was observed. The dependence of average mass error versus different dead time correction algorithm settings (Np factors) was also explored. In the final automated procedure, verified for a statistically significant set of compounds (∼550) obtained from a medicinal chemistry department, about 70% of the analyzed samples satisfied the acceptance criteria fixed at a maximum error of ±5 ppm (mass range 150–800 Da). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring myoelectric fatigue of the serratus anterior in healthy subjects and patients with long thoracic nerve palsy
Authors: Ebied Ayman M. , Kemp Graham J. , Frostick Simon P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractProper function of serratus anterior plays a vital role in the movement and stability of the scapula, and thus of the glenohumeral joint and the upper limb. The unique anatomy of this muscle makes direct measurements of its fatigue properties impossible. Here we describe for the first time indirect measurements of the myoelectric manifestations of fatigue in the serratus anterior. Eight healthy volunteers (29–35 years) were tested, four of them on two different occasions, using two exercise protocols (60 s isometric maximum upward force in 120° arm flexion, and 60 s maximum forward force at 90° arm flexion) with simultaneous recording by surface and wire electrodes applied according to established methods. Signals were analysed to obtain the rate of fall of median EMG frequency and the rate of rise of amplitude. Both exercise protocols gave similar results. Frequency‐slope measurements (mean rate of fall 0.6 ± 0.1% initial value per second (% s−1) with both surface and wire electrodes) were more precise than those of amplitude (mean rate of rise 2.6 ± 0.3% s−1 with surface electrodes, only 1.3 ± 0.2% s−1 with wire electrodes). Surface electrodes gave much lower variation than fine wires, the coefficient of variation of slopes for surface electrodes being approximately 20–40% both between studies in a single subject and between subjects. In 5 patients (aged 22–59 years) recovering from long thoracic nerve palsy studied using surface electrodes the frequency slopes was normal (0.6 ± 0.1% s−1), while the amplitude slope was reduced (0.9 ± 0.4% s−1, P = 0.01). This shows abnormal fatigue properties of the reinnervated muscle and a dissociation between the frequency and amplitude manifestations of fatigue. Crown Copyright © 2003 Published by Elseiver Ltd. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. All rights reserved.
Systemic and local ibandronate enhance screw fixation
Authors: Skoglund Björn , Holmertz Jonas , Aspenberg Per 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe trauma involved with inserting implants into bone leads to an activation of the inflammatory response and an activation of osteoclasts. In addition, apoptosis of osteocytes in the surrounding area has been implicated in further activation of osteoclasts. If the balance between resorption and bone formation shortly after implantation favours resorption, an impairment of early fixation might ensue.Because bisphosphonates inhibit resorption, this study analyses whether they can improve early fixation. Stainless steel screws (M 1.7) were inserted into the tibiae of 76 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Daily subcutaneous injections of ibandronate (3 μg) or saline were given to 20 rats. The remaining rats received ibandronate or saline directly applied into the drill hole before the screw was inserted. Tibiae were harvested at 14 days. Mechanical tests were performed on 50 tibiae. Systemically treated tibiae were tested for pull‐out strength alone. Locally treated tibiae were tested for either pull‐out or torque resistance. The remaining 18 tibiae were prepared for histology.Systemic ibandronate increased the pull‐out force at failure by 30% (p = 0.04). Local treatment increased the force at failure by 15% (p = 0.02) and stiffness by 28% (p = 0.01). In the removal torque measurements, local ibandronate increased the torque‐moment at failure by 60% (p = 0.04), and the maximum friction moment by 51% (p = 0.04). Energy for turning the screw 1/4 revolution was increased by 68% (p = 0.02).These results demonstrate that early remodeling events plays an important role in screw fixation, and that systemic or local bisphosphonate treatment could be an effective pharmacological path to improve early implant fixation. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Space allocation in Melanophila knoteki knoteki (Reitt.) var. hellenica (Obenberger) (Col., Buprestidae) in the attack of Greek fir [Abies cephalonica Loud. var. graeca (Fraas) Liu]: a pattern to process approach
Authors: Petrakis P. V. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:The phloeo‐cambiophagous buprestid Melanophila knoteki knoteki (Reitt.) var. hellenica (Obenberger.) is not a primary factor of fir decline problem although the beetle substantially contributes to Greek fir Abies cephalonica Loud. var. graeca (Fraas) Liu mortality. By using mapping depiction of the exit holes of the insect on a set of fir trees located on a line transect in a randomized point‐centred quarter scheme and employing pattern analysis techniques we were able to reveal various scales of the infestation pattern. Four scales were recognized, two of them corresponding to the pattern of microsite selection on the bark of a fir tree. While the dispersed exit holes exhibited a statistically significant random dispersion on the bark, within each aggregation the pattern was uniform. The area of compartments created by Dirichlet partition approximated very well the sizes of the actual larval galleries. The Dirichlet tessellation of the bark space and the analysis of the parameter of the resulting partitions showed the predominance of the hexagonal conformation of the larval spaces when space was limited. When some exit holes were positioned close together it was found that they were directed away from each other so the resulting galleries were well separated. Several hypotheses are presented as to the mechanisms underpinning the observed patterns. The allocation of space is in accordance with the widely accepted ‘central place theory’ of W. Christaller, a general theory of pattern generated in the geographical dispersion of human settlements. The revealed pattern was also in accordance with the predictions of the theory of ‘central place foraging’ of R. H. MacArthur and the theory of ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ of R. Root.
Absence of non‐target effects of two Bacillus thuringiensis coleopteran active δ‐endotoxins on the bulb mite, Rhizoglypus robini (Claparède) (Acari, Acaridae)
Authors: Carter M. E. , Villani M. G. , Allee L. L. , Losey J. E. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Transgenic crops with plant‐incorporated protectants are often more specific than synthetic insecticides and have the potential to reduce impacts on non‐target organisms. In this study we assessed the impact of Cry3Aa and Cry3Bb1 coleopteran‐active δ‐endotoxins on the bulb mite, Rhizoglypus robini. The effect of Cry3Aa prototoxin in solutions of the biopesticide Novodor® on mite survival was assessed in laboratory studies. Survival of R. robini exposed to Cry3Aa in a short‐term contact and ingestion experiment was not affected, although R. robini was significantly affected by the insecticide Fipronil® used as a positive control. Similarly, R. robini exposed in a longer duration feeding trial to the Cry3Aa toxin in artificial diet were also not significantly affected. When Cry3Aa was tested on the positive control insect, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, reduced weight of larvae and increased mortality was recorded. The effect of Cry3Bb1 toxin in transgenic corn tissues on R. robini food choice was assessed in a laboratory study. In no‐choice tests a greater proportion of R. robini were found on garlic roots than on Cry3Bb1 transgenic corn and a near‐isogenic non‐transgenic corn. In a choice test, more R. robini was recovered on garlic roots than on either corn variety, and on Cry3Bb1 corn than on non‐transgenic corn. In large field plots using specific mite traps across the growing season, R. robini mite populations were not significantly different between Cry3Bb1 corn and non‐transgenic corn alone or non‐transgenic corn treated with different combinations of two insecticides. Our results, combined with results from other studies, suggest that transgenic plants expressing the Cry3Aa or Cry3Bb1 Bacillus thuringiensis toxins are likely to have negligible impact on R. robini mite populations.
Effects of metaldehyde and methiocarb on feeding preferences and survival of a slug predator (Pterostichus melanarius (F.): Carabidae, Pterostichini)
Authors: Langan A. M. , Taylor A. , Wheater C. P. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:The potential for reducing slug populations in crops through predation by generalist carabid beetles is well documented. However, few studies have considered interactions between biological and chemical control agents of slugs. Laboratory assays supported previous findings that the consumption of metaldehyde by slugs (Deroceras reticulatum) leads to increased duration of feeding bouts by carabid beetles (such as Pterostichini) on sub‐lethally affected individuals. However, a similar effect was not found for Pterostichus melanarius exposed to slugs fed on the other widely applied pelleted molluscicide formulation (methiocarb). Examination of beetle survival after consumption of slugs containing molluscicides demonstrated the strong biocidal properties of methiocarb, whereas metaldehyde consumption (ingested through slug predation) did not differ from control slugs killed by freezing. Beetle avoidance of slugs containing a more toxic molluscicide compound and the interaction between slug mucus production and beetle attack rates are discussed.
Apple and peach fruit volatiles and the apple constituent butyl hexanoate attract female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta, in the laboratory
Authors: Natale D. , Mattiacci L. , Pasqualini E. , Dorn S. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Volatiles emitted from immature and mature peach and apple fruits were all attractive to mated female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in a dual choice arena. Females did not discriminate between odours emitted by these two major host plants. The same natural blends were behaviourally ineffective for virgin females. A major component of apple fruit volatiles, butyl hexanoate, also attracted female C. molesta. Mated females were attracted to two medium dosages, while virgin females responded positively to the lowest of the five dosages tested. The time course of the captures of the moths shows a diurnal activity cycle known from the field. The possible implications of a semiochemical which attracts females are discussed in the context of previous findings that gravid females may immigrate from peaches into apple orchards particularly in the later phase of the season.
Effects of host on functional response of offspring in two populations of Trissolcus grandis on the sunn pest
Authors: Allahyari H. , Fard P. A. , Nozari J. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract: Trissolcus grandis Thompson is the most important egg parasitoid of Eurygaster integriceps Put. in Iran. It can be reared on some alternative hosts such as eggs of Podisus maculiventris (Say). In this study, the functional response of female wasps that emerged from the factitious host, P. maculiventris, has been compared with that of females that emerged from the primary host, E. integriceps. In both wasp groups, at 23 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 15.00 : 9.00 hours (L : D) photoperiod, a type III functional response was observed. Parameters of Holling's disk equation for both populations were estimated and compared with an equation with indicator variable. Estimated handling time for females that emerged from Eurygaster and Podisus eggs are 0.62 and 0.77 h and parameter b, which describes the change in attack rate with host density in a type III functional response, was 0.004 and 0.005, respectively. The results indicated that the functional responses of the two populations differed in handling time. Longer handling time in wasps that emerged from factitious host showed that the wasps have lower quality in comparison with the wasps that emerged from primary host. This may be the first evidence of the effect of host on functional response of offspring and a promising result for use of functional response in quality testing.
Catches of vine bud moth Theresimima ampellophaga (Lep., Zygaenidae: Procridinae) males in pheromone traps: effect of the purity and age of baits, design, colour and height of the traps, and daily sexual activity of males
Authors: Subchev M. , Toshova T. , Tóth M. , Voigt E. , Mikulás J. , Francke W. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Pure (2R)‐butyl (7Z)‐tetradecenoate, as well as racemic 2‐butyl (7Z)‐tetradecenoate, in a dose of 100 μg (calculated for the active (2R)‐enantiomer) applied onto serum bottle caps of grey rubber, were an effective pheromone bait for Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle‐Barelle, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae). This bait remained active for longer than one full flight of the pest in the regions with one generation per year. Colourless transparent as well as red and yellow sticky traps were the cheapest and most simple design for trapping T. ampellophaga, while green and blue traps performed worse. Among the traps tested, VARL (CSALOMON®) funnel traps had the highest capture ability for the pest. Traps had to be mounted at least 1.0–2.0 m above ground level. T. ampellophaga males flew to a source of sex pheromone all day long with a main peak between 07.00 and 09.00 hours and a much smaller one between 19.00 and 21.00 hours.
Interference between male‐targeted and female‐targeted lures of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Dipt., Tephritidae) in Italy
Authors: Tóth M. , Nobili P. , Tabilio R. , Ujváry I. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:The efficacy of male‐targeted and female‐targeted baits was compared when lures were presented together or singly in traps for capturing the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). For male‐targeted baits, either trimedlure or ceralure presented singly attracted large numbers of flies, supporting data from many previous reports. The present results are the first published data on the attractiveness of ceralure to a European population of C. capitata. The quaternary female bait consisting of ammonium carbonate, putrescine, trimethylamine and acetic acid was a potent attractant for female flies (and also showed some activity for males). Replacing acetic acid with ammonium acetate in the quaternary female bait did not influence activity. Traps with female‐targeted and male‐targeted baits together always showed a tendency of catching fewer flies than traps with only one type of bait. The decrease was significant in females, regardless of whether ceralure or trimedlure was the male‐targeted bait. In males, the tendency was the same for traps with trimedlure or ceralure alone, catching higher numbers than those with both male and female baits. Our present results suggest that both types of baits mutually decrease the numbers of the non‐target sex in the trap. In conclusion, it is advisable to use both male‐ and female‐targeted baits in separate and distant traps and not jointly in the same trap, lest the efficacy of detection or monitoring trials be compromised.
Spin-Density Space Oscillations and Hyperfine Interaction in RbCoF3
Authors: Petrov M. P. , Nedlin G. M. 
Published: February 2004

An experimental investigation of NMR on the 19F, 87Rb, 59Co nuclei in polycrystalline RbCoF3 has been performed.
From these data the spin-density distribution was obtained in the discrete points of the crystal and it was found that the spin density oscillates, and a change of sign is observed in the space between the F− and Rb+ ions.
The spin density was examined theoretically on the 19F and 87Rb ions taking into consideration that the ground state of Co2+ in RbCoF3 is the superposition of (egt2g2) and (eg2t2g) states. Most attention was paid to the successive definition of the spin density when it was necessary to account for the spin-orbit coupling in a paramagnetic ion. This question had not been considered earlier.
The negative sign of the spin density on 87Rb implies the predominant role of bonding orbitals in the hyperfine interaction.
Detailed Spin-Echo Spectra of Ferromagnetic Fe–Al Alloys
Authors: Murphy J. J. , Budnick J. I. , Skalski S. 
Published: February 2004

We have studied the application of the spin-echo technique of NMR to the problem of determining the detailed distribution of hyperfine interactions in a ferromagnet. The resonances of both solvent and solute nuclei have been studied in the helium temperature range for concentrations up to 6 at.% Al in Fe. For both nuclei we find appreciable structure in the spectra on the low-frequency side of a main line (the only line visible at the lowest concentration studied, 0.5%). Attempts have been made to fit consistently the observations on both Fe and Al in terms of a single conduction electron polarization model by explicitly considering effects out to the third neighbor shell. We find two features common to both spectra: (1) a concentration-dependent linewidth for the main line of each, and (2) a concentration-dependent field shift of the maximum of the main line which is equal for both nuclei. The Al linewidth (in kOe) is found to be ½ the Fe width which suggests that the hyperfine field shifts should be scaled by a factor of approximately ½ rather than unity when comparing the solvent and solute spectra.
The variation of the hyperfine interaction at both the Al and Fe sites for particular near-neighbor configurations are presented.
Hyperfine Structure of 57Fe in RbFeF3
Authors: Wertheim G. K. , Guggenheim H. J. , Williams H. J. , Buchanan D. N. E. 
Published: February 2004

In magnetization and Mössbauer effect (ME) studies the cubic perovskite RbFeF3 exhibits magnetic phase changes at 39°, 87°, and 102°K. Above 102°K the material is paramagnetic. From 87° to 102°K the ME yields well-resolved hfs showing the combined effects of magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole interactions. Both are consistent with an exchange splitting of the low-lying, spin-orbit triplet of Fe2+. However, the sublattice magnetization if proportional to (TN−T)1/3, indicating that a molecular-field treatment is not applicable. Absence of remanence indicates that the crystal is antiferromagnetic in this region.
Below 87°K remanence is observed and the ME spectra exhibit two magnetically inequivalent iron sites. The details of the transition to this state show that it is not obtained by a canting of the antiferromagnetic spin system. Below 39°K all iron atoms are again equivalent in the ME spectra. These yield Heff=252 kOe and quadrupole splitting of 0.27 cm/sec with the axis of the EFG tensor at 40° to the direction of the magnetization.
Spatial Distribution of the Magnetic Moment in MnSi
Authors: Brown P. J. , Forsyth J. B. , Lander G. H. 
Published: February 2004

Recent measurements1 of the magnetic properties of the monosilicides of some 3d transition metals have shown that MnSi has a small ferromagnetic moment (≈0.4 μB/formula unit) at temperatures below 30°K. Neutron-diffraction measurements have been made on both powder and single-crystal specimens. The powder data show that there is no ordered antiferromagnetic component to the moment, so that the total moment is that derived from the saturation magnetization. This result may be compared with the value of 1.4 μB/Mn obtained1 from the Curie-Weiss dependence of the susceptibility above 30°K.
The integrated intensities of the (hk0) reflections from a single crystal at room temperature were measured and the corresponding nuclear scattering amplitudes derived. A comparison of these values with those calculated from Pauling's2 structure (B20) confirmed the two positional parameters and indicated a 5% deficiency of manganese in the sample. This latter observation can be correlated with the lower saturation magnetisation of this sample (0.34 μB/Mn atom). Furthermore, the measurements showed the presence of a small amount of secondary extinction in the strongest reflections. Using the same crystal in a magnetic field at 4.2°K and the polarized neutron technique, measurements of the polarization ratios were made for the same set of reflections; the secondary extinction parameter derived from the room-temperature measurements enabled corrected magnetic scattering amplitudes to be deduced. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of magnetic moment around the Mn atom deviates significantly from spherical symmetry and that a significant negatively polarized moment is associated with the silicon atom.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Rare Earth Metals
Authors: Bly P. H. , Corner W. D. , Taylor K. N. R. , Darby M. I. 
Published: February 2004

Torque measurements have been made to determine K1 on single crystals of Tb, Dy, and Ho. This constant has been measured as a function of field and temperature in the antiferro- and paramagnetic regions. For Dy and Ho, κ1 decreases with decreasing T between TN and TC, changing sign in Ho and becoming large and negative again when ferromagnetism appears. The results are used to estimate critical fields which agree well with those derived from magnetization measurements. In the paramagnetic region K1=βH2 as predicted by Callen and Callen and β∝ (T−TC)−2 where TC is the paramagnetic Curie temperature.
The basal plane constant, K4, has also been obtained for Gd, Tb, and Ho. There is no detectable anisotropy above TC. For Gd the value of K4 varies with T as (σ/σ0)21 and for Tb a good fit is obtained with a function of the form Î13/12[£−1(m)] as suggested by Callen and Callen. The magnitude of K4 extrapolated to 0°K for Gd is −800 erg·g−1; the value for Tb is about 500 times larger. A twelvefold symmetry is obtained with Ho and a further constant, K5, is required to describe the results.
Temperature Dependence of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy
Authors: Birss R. R. , Wallis P. M. 
Published: February 2004

A well-known theoretical treatment of the temperature dependence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy predicts the equality of the reduced first anisotropy constant and the nth power of the reduced spontaneous magnetization where n=10 at low temperatures. To allow for the effect of thermal expansion, the experimental values of this anisotropy constant should be corrected, according to Brenner (1957), by an amount dependent on b3, the third magnetoelastic coupling constant of Becker and Döring (1939).
Measurements of the temperature dependence of magnetostriction constants and of elastic constants are used to calculate b3 as a function of temperature for nickel and it is then found that the experimental value of n is effectively reduced, from about 50 at low temperatures (Carr 1958), to much nearer the theoretical value of 10. A critical examination of possible errors is presented, particularly with reference to experiments in which the pressure dependence of anisotropy is measured.