bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of a Constitution
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By some minds government is conceived as strictly a practical art, giving rise to no questions but those of means and an end. Forms of government are assimilated to any other expedients for the attainment of human objects. They are regarded as wholly an affair of invention and contrivance. Being made by man, it is assumed that man has the choice either to make them or not, and how or on what pattern they shall be made. Government, according to this conception, is a problem, to be worked like any other question of business. The first step is to define the purposes which governments are required to promote. The next is to inquire what form of government is best fitted to fulfill those purposes. Having satisfied ourselves on these two points and ascertained the form of government which combines the greatest amount of good with the least of evil, what further remains is to obtain the concurrence of our countrymen, or those for whom the institutions are intended, in the opinion which we have privately arrived at. To find the best form of government, to persuade others that it is the best, and, having done so, to stir them up to insist on having it, is the order of ideas in the minds of those who adopt this view of political philosophy. They look upon a constitution in the same light (difference of scale being allowed for) as they would upon a steam plow or a threshing machine.
Federalism
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When one individual consumes a pure public good all other members of the community either must consume the good in equal quantity, as with protection provided by the police, or may consume the good in equal quantity, as with a bridge. Public goods generally have a geographic component to them. The San Francisco Police Department protects the citizens of San Francisco, not those of Chicago. The Golden Gate Bridge is used by residents of the Bay Area of San Francisco, not those of Chicago. The same can be said of most externalities. If a student sets off fireworks on the Berkeley campus it disturbs, or perhaps benefits, other Berkeley students, but probably not people in San Francisco, and certainly not those in Chicago.
Bicameralism
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I set little value on any check which a Second Chamber can apply to a democracy otherwise unchecked; and I am inclined to think that if all other constitutional questions are rightly decided, it is but of secondary importance whether the Parliament consists of two Chambers, or only of one. Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States have two legislative assemblies with differing powers. Italy has two with identical responsibilities. Each of the Scandinavian countries has only one. Much debate has taken place as to the advantages and disadvantages of these alternative legislative structures. We review the pros and cons of bicameralism in the context of the kind of constitutional system herein described. such an institution [an upper chamber] may be sometimes necessary as a defense to the people against their own temporary errors and delusions. As the cool and deliberate sense of the community ought, in all governments, and actually will, in all free governments, ultimately prevail over the views of its rulers; so there are particular moments in public affairs when the people, stimulated by some irregular passion, or some illicit advantage, or misled by the artful misrepresentations of interested men, may call for measures which they themselves will afterwards be the most ready to lament and condemn.
The Constitutional Convention
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Logically, this chapter might have been the first of the set on constitutional design. One first describes how a constitutional convention is assembled and its operation, and then goes on to discuss the outcomes of its deliberations. But this has in a way been the most difficult chapter to write, and I have chosen to save the most difficult for the last. There is also a pedagogic justification for this choice. It is somewhat easier to contemplate how the convention should be convened and how it should function after considering the tasks it must accomplish.
Epilogue
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book began with a list of problems faced by different countries. Some, like budget deficits, are present in varying degrees in most countries. Others, like recurring lapses. into dictatorship, are more localized. This book has not presented detailed solutions for these problems. However, included in the constitutional options discussed are at least partial solutions for many or all of these problems. We begin by illustrating some of these.
History of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art and the Collections
Authors: Lipton Barbara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art, formerly named the Jacques Marchais Center of Tibetan Art and also known popularly as the Tibetan Museum, was built between 1943 and 1947 by Jacqueline Klauber, who called herself Jacques Marchais. The museum consists of two fieldstone buildings designed to resemble a small Himalayan monastery, situated in a quiet garden high on a hillside overlooking New York Bay in Staten Island, New York. The interior of one building that is used as the main exhibition area is a square room, two-stories high, that resembles the chanting hall of a Tibetan temple. There is a three-tiered stone altar across one end that is covered with statues, paintings, and ritual objects. Four pillars painted with Tibetan motifs support the flat roof, which has a cupola in the center. Eighteen small windows surround the top of the room on the three sides facing the altar. The other building, dominated by a large stone fireplace, was originally furnished like a baronial library but at this writing is used for office space and a museum gift shop.The property nestles into the side of the hill, and no sounds intrude from the street above. All the noise and bustle of New York seem far away. Statues of Shakyamuni Buddha sit peacefully in the garden, and colorful, printed Tibetan prayer flags flutter in the breeze, sending out their message of compassion for all sentient beings. The atmosphere is one of serenity and beauty. The Tibetan Museum is unique in displaying its art in a setting that contributes to the visitor’s understanding and enjoyment. When he saw the museum in 1991, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, said it felt like being in Tibet.
Introduction
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The subject of this book-the gloss, the apparatus, authors’ commentaries on their own lives or work-is always in danger of growing beyond proportion, finally comprising everything a given author wrote, or of dwindling until it includes only a handful of footnotes. “Framing pieces” can designate scraps loosely assembled around the peripheries of a poem, an essay, a novel; or the phrase can point to the elaborate construction of a textual border substantial enough to gather under a single title the scattered pieces of a broken text. Any collection of glosses may perform both functions sequentially or simultaneously. Eliot advises us at one moment in his “Notes on ‘The Waste Land”‘ to “c£ The Tempest, I, ii” (WL, 52.192);1 six notes later he offers us his crucial, gnomic characterization (perhaps the single most discussed gloss in twentieth-century literature) of Tiresias as the “most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest” (WL, 52.218). And, depending on a particular reader’s particular convictions, the most unobtrusive of Eliot’s notes may stand transfigured on the page, the briefest reference to Dante or Webster or Weston suddenly revealing a way to set this tangled poem in order.
Disorders of Iron Metabolism
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The anemias due to abnormalities of iron metabolism include iron-deficiency anemia, sideroblastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease. These anemias share deficient hemoglobin synthesis due to defective incorporation of iron into heme. The resultant anemia may be hypochromic microcytic (most cases of iron deficiency), hypochromic or dimorphic (sideroblastic anemia), or normochromic normocytic (most cases of anemia of chronic disease). Anemia of chronic renal insufficiency is also considered in this chapter, since a major feature is decreased incorporation of iron into circulating red cell mass as a result of erythropoietin deficiency. Lastly, hemochromatosis, a condition of systemic iron overload, will be considered. Iron-deficiency anemia results from depletion of body iron stores with resultant impaired synthesis of hemoglobin. The most important cause is chronic blood loss. Iron deficiency is an important cause of anemia. Iron is a principal constituent of heme, the nonprotein oxygen-binding moiety of hemoglobin. Iron is normally tightly conserved, recycling between red cell (hemoglobin), storage (ferritin and hemosiderin), and transport (transferrin) compartments. Dietary deficiency of iron is uncommon except during periods of increased iron demand in childhood and in the reproductive years in women. The most important cause of iron deficiency is chronic blood loss. Menometrorrhagia and occult gastrointestinal bleeding are the most common clinically identified causes of blood loss associated with iron deficiency.
Disorders of Platelets
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thrombocytosis occurs as a reaction to hemorrhage, chronic blood loss and iron deficiency, chronic inflammatory and neoplastic disorders, and in association with primary hematologic disorders, including chronic granulocytic leukemia, the myeloproliferative disorders, and, rarely, the myelodysplastic syndromes (the 5q- syndrome). Bone marrow examination is commonly performed in patients with thrombocytosis in an effort to distinguish reactive thrombocytosis from thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disease and primary hematologic disorders, which differ in therapeutic and prognostic implications. Reactive thrombocytosis is discussed in this chapter; thrombocytosis associated with primary hematologic disorders is discussed in Chapter 13, “Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders.” Reactive thrombocytosis is an increase in platelet count in reaction to underlying acute or chronic blood loss, iron deficiency, or chronic inflammatory or neoplastic disorder. The platelet count is commonly increased following acute hemorrhage and in chronic blood loss and iron deficiency. This may be viewed as a physiologic response to limit further blood loss. The platelet count is also increased in patients with a variety of chronic inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.
The Low Countries
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before the thirteenth century and for some time thereafter, the North Sea and the Baltic were one trading system separate and for the most part distinct from the Mediterranean. The major network holding it together was the Hanseatic League, a loose collection of largely German cities, such as Lubeck, Hamburg, Cologne, Rostock, which traded from Bruges to Novogorod, and occasionally through Russia to the Black Sea, continuously northward to Bergen in Norway, and sporadically by way of the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay to Iberia and the Mediterranean. Herring from Scania, cod from Bergen, honey and furs from Russia, ales from Hamburg, salt from Lunenberg, plus grain and timber from Danzig and Konigsberg, were shipped west to Kontors (counting houses) in Bruges and the Steelyard in London. Going eastward, the Hansa’s cogs brought especially salt from Portugal and France to cure the herring and cod, woolen cloth from Bruges and metals from London.
“Us Is Human Flesh” Race and Humanity in Black Folk Thought
Authors: Bay Mia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Heap people says negro ent got no brains. ... I suppose this is because they ent never carried out no Bizziness. Some negro don’t know what it take to carry out bizziness. Mighty few knows the Lord Prayers. Thay go to bed like a hog get up like a Dog,“ wrote ex-slave Charles Williams in his autobiography “Tse Much a Man.“
Transitional Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the century’s end, societies all over the world are moving from authoritarian rule to democracy. At any such time of radical change, the question arises: should a society punish its ancien regime or let bygones by bygones? Transitional Justice takes the debate to a new level with an interdisciplinary approach that challenges the very terms of the contemporary debate. Teitel explores the recurring question of how regimes should respond to evil rule, arguing against the prevailing view favoring punishment, and contending through historical and comparative illustrations that the law nevertheless plays a profound role in periods of radical change. She proposes a new normative conception of justice—one that is highly politicized—offering glimmerings of the rule of law that, in her view, have become symbols of liberal transition.
The Myth Of The Friendly Markets
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development pendulum is swinging once again, from over commitment to the public sector to an overenthusiasm for the private sector. A “garage sale” of public enterprises is going on all over the world-from New Delhi to Rio, from Moscow to Warsaw enough to warm the heart of any ideologue of capitalism. And professional shock therapists roam the globe in search of willing victims, delivering the message of overnight change. This long overdue return to the market is welcome, but the pendulum may once again swing too far.
Father-Son Relationships: The Father’s Voice
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To understand how this high-achieving group of African American college-age men are succeeding, we interviewed the fathers who raised them. Most of these men were the biological fathers and were living with the sons’ mothers. In a few cases, the father was a stepfather or a single father who had raised his son alone. Through our information gathering, we often felt we were weaving together threads that would result in a magnificent tapestry of family culture, history, and life. Part of that construction meant learning from these fathers about their own early experiences and how those experiences influenced how they raised, and are still raising, their sons. Their explanations provide an essential perspective as we progress in the next two chapters toward our interviews with the young men.
Parenting African American Males for the Twenty-first Century: What We Have Learned
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How do we understand the success of the sixty families represented here? What can we learn from studying these families that can help African American children (and children of other races) fulfill their potential? Before attempting to answer these questions, we provide a recapitulation of the previous chapters. This book focuses on the voices of two groups we rarely hear from: high-achieving African American young males and their parents. We have talked with families from different backgrounds: those with two parents in the home, others with one, some with college education, and others who did not complete high school. What these families have in common are academically successful sons.
Joshua Chamberlain and the American Dream
Authors: Lafantasie Glenn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There was an air of expectation that filled the Boston Music Hall as the audience waited for Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, the incumbent governor of Maine and “The Hero of Little Round Top,” to be introduced. Chamberlain was going to speak on one of his favorite subjects, “The Left at Gettysburg,” and his skill as a public orator had already brought him considerable fame in his home state and throughout New England. It was “the celebrity of Gen. Chamberlain,” said one newspaper, that had drawn the sizeable crowd to the music hall that November evening in 1868. The people of Boston wanted to see for themselves this great hero of the war and hear him tell his tale.
Measuring Well-Being
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some people think that there is a deep opposition between “government intervention” and “free markets.” But the opposition is too simple. No one is really opposed to “government intervention.” Markets depend for their existence on law, which is necessary to establish property rights and to set out the rules governing contracts and tort. Short of anarchy, a system of legal entitlements, set by the state, is inevitable. If we are asking whether the state is an important part of the solution to current social problems, there can be only one answer: It had better be. But what is the relationship between the state and social well-being?
Congress, Constitutional Moments, and the Cost-Benefit State
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Spurred by widespread popular dissatisfaction with government and the Contract with America, the 104th Congress promised to change the national government in America in fundamental ways. The House of Representatives attempted to rethink government more deeply than at any time since the New Deal; in fact, the New Deal was a central target of the process of rethinking. America may now be experiencing a constitutional moment in which foundational issues are answered in novel ways.
Engendering Race
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
David Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the Worlti but in particular, and very express!Y, to those of the United States of America (1829), is a work that doggedly maintains a significant position among the handful of texts thought to announce the beginnings of a distinct community of Black American literature. Walker’s Appeal, Henry Highland Garnet’s Address to the Slaves ofthe United States ofAmerica, and Martin Delany’s Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destitry of the Coloured Citizens of the United States, Politicalfy Considered, vie with Phyllis Wheatley’s Poems of Phillis WJ.Jeatl A Native African and a Slave, Gustavus Vassa’s Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, and William Wells Brown’s Clote4 or the President’s Daughter for the place of honor in the lexicon of Black American founding documents. And yet there is surprisingly little that even attempts textual analysis of Walker’s Appeal. Instead, much of what has been written about it approaches hagiography. The text has become less of an object unto itself, Ding an sich, and instead a sort of holy relic, evidence of a revolutionary black presence in early national America.
Illiteracy at Oxford and Harvard: Reflections on the Inability to Write
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What got me interested in writing was being unable to write. First at Oxford, then at Harvard. First, I will tell the story straight-as I experienced it¬ and see what we can learn. But I’ve rethought this story-reexperienced it really-and now I also want to go on to retell it, crooked perhaps, and draw more reflections. But this is not just an exercise in story telling; I will be working for insights about writing, teaching, and learning. In the end, I’ll have two versions of the story and six ruminations. Thus my structure is a kind of collage-a collage in which I am also trying to show that there need be no conflict between academic writing and personal writing.
Closing My Eyes as I Speak: An Argument for Ignoring Audience
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I am talking to a person or a group and struggling to find words or thoughts, I often find myself involuntarily closing my eyes as I speak. I realize now that this behavior is an instinctive attempt to blot out awareness of audience when I need all my concentration for just trying to figure out or express what I want to say. Because the audience is so imperiously present in a speaking situation, my instinct reacts with this active attempt to avoid audience awareness. This behavior—in a sense impolite or anti-social—is not so uncommon. Even when we write, alone in a room to an absent audience, there are occasions when we are struggling to figure something out and need to push aside awareness of those absent readers. As Donald Murray puts it, “My sense of audience is so strong that I have to suppress my conscious awareness of audience to hear what the text demands” (Berkenkotter and Murray 171). In recognition of how pervasive the role of audience is in writing, I write to celebrate the benefits of ignoring audience.
Voice in Literature
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the beginning all literature was voice. That is, what we call literature started out in every culture as voiced—as actual speech, song, or chant. But now in our culture, and in many other industrial cultures, literature is silent text, words on a page. Indeed, the very term for what we are discussing, literature, means “letters.” Thus, “oral literature” is an oxymoron, since there are no letters in oral literature, only voiced sounds.
Your Cheatin’ Art: A CollageA Collage
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A TV documentary on cancer. It opens with shots of a funeral—people standing around the side of a grave: a close-up of a widow, and then over to the coffin being lowered. Cut to a sequence of cells under a high-powered microscope—time-lapse so that we see the cells multiplying and going crazy. A voice-over is telling us about how cancer cells behave. Then a man in the docor’s office—getting the verdict. Then Ronald Reagan cracking a joke about his colon cancer. Then a young medical student telling how she wants to go into cancer research—why she finds it exciting and all the progress that’s being made. We cut from her, bursting with health and enthusiasm, back to a victim, balding and emaciated from the therapy, but walking in the woods-— obviously drinking in the scene as though he can’t get enough. Then a sequence of someone earnestly giving us statistics: how many cases of this and that; how much more than in the past, but also how there are more successful treatments and cures. Back now to Reagan going about his work. Then the victim trying to explain things to his child. Finally, a sequence of advice about how to avoid cancer.
Sheneneh, Gender-Fuck, and Romance: Martin’s Thin Line Between Love and Hate
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the following two chapters, I discuss Martin and Living Single in an interrelated manner, paying close attention to the extratextual contexts of actors Martin Lawrence (Martin) and Queen Latifah (Living Single). My argument is that the real-life politics and documentary experiences of these celebrities, as well as their respective stand-up comedy, feature film, and musical performances, contributed rich and unexpected layers of meaning to the shows in which they starred. Moreover, I propose that the autobiographical dynamics of gender and sexuality in both Lawrence and Latifah’s lives played significant roles (conscious or otherwise) in shaping reception practices among in-group viewers. By reception practices I mean the ways in which audiences make meaning of, respond to, and interact with various texts. For example, an analysis of reception practices surrounding these shows might look at the real-life adaptation of various phrases used by Martin Lawrence in everyday conversations (“You go, girl!” for example), or the fact that the majority of viewers watching Living Single were women.