bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HEALING PROCESS OF GASTRIC ARTIFICIAL ULCERS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION
Authors: Kakushima Naomi , Yahagi Naohisa , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Iguchi Mikitaka , Oka Masashi , Kobayashi Katsuya , Hashimoto Takuhei , Omata Masao 
Published: September 2004

Background:  Due to the remarkable progress of endoscopic resection techniques, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been widely performed for larger mucosal tumors that would result in large artiﬁcial ulcers. The healing process of peptic ulcers has been previously studied in detail; however, no precise investigation for artiﬁcial ulcers after ESD has been reported. To conﬁrm the validity of the treatment from the aspect of wound healing, we aimed to clarify the healing process of large gastric artiﬁcial ulcers after ESD.Methods:  Seventy patients with gastric mucosal tumors treated by ESD were enrolled. The size, location and time of scar formation of the ulcers were reviewed using endoscopic pictures taken from the same view and angle. Follow‐up endoscopy was performed at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after ESD. For postoperative medication, all patients received normal doses of proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate for 8 weeks.Results:  The average size of the resected specimen was 34.7 mm (20–90 mm). Irrespective of ulcer size and location, all of the cases healed up to scarring stages within 8 weeks.Conclusions:  Gastric artiﬁcial ulcers after ESD healed within 8 weeks regardless of size and location using normal doses of medication as peptic ulcers. The fact that even giant ulcers after ESD heal within 8 weeks could be helpful information for candidates for ESD and for postoperative management of patients after ESD.
The Origins of Wittgenstein's Imaginary Scenarios: Something Old, Something New
Authors: Peach Andrew J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe imaginary scenarios that appear in nearly every work of the later Wittgenstein – ones involving laughing cattle, disembodied eyes that see, and the like – are decidedly absent from the Tractatus. What necessitated this change in methodology? A comparison of the Tractatus with the Philosophical Remarks, Wittgenstein's first major work after his return to philosophy, reveals that these devices are the product of something old and something new. The rationale for these devices is already present in the notion of a “propositional variable,” but Wittgenstein had little use for them until he rejected the phenomenological language and laconic style of the Tractatus.
Faith, Belief and Perspective: Peter Winch's Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Springsted Eric O. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPeter Winch's philosophy of religion is controversial, accused of mere “perspectivism” and fideism, and for avoiding discussion of any existential reference for the object of belief. This essay examines what Winch meant by a “perspective.” It first deals with problems of first person propositions of belief. For Wittgenstein and Winch belief and the fact it believes are inextricably bound together. Thus Winch argues that what is said cannot be divorced from the situation of the sayer; understanding requires making shifts in perspective. Finally I compare Winch's use of religious language to Augustine's doctrine of the “inner word,” arguing that there are important parallels in Winch to pre‐Lockean theological understandings of faith.
Is Knowing‐how Simply a Case of Knowing‐that?
Authors: Rosefeldt Tobias 
Published: September 2004

AbstractJason Stanley and Timothy Williamson have argued that there is no fundamental distinction between what Gilbert Ryle famously called ‘knowing how’ and ‘knowing that’, and that the former can be treated as a special kind of the latter. I will endeavour to show that sentences of the form ‘a knows how to F’ are ambiguous between a reading in which we ascribe knowledge‐that to a and another in which we ascribe something to a which is irreducible to any kind of knowledge‐that and can most appropriately be characterized as an ability. The authors’ attempt to reduce also the latter reading to an ascription of knowledge‐that fails because it rests on an unexplained conception of practical modes of presentation.
A preliminary assessment of whole‐body radiotherapy interposed within a chemotherapy protocol for canine lymphoma
Authors: Gustafson N. R. , Lana S. E. , Mayer M. N. , LaRue S. M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSix dogs with spontaneously occurring, previously untreated lymphoma were treated with half‐body radiation therapy (RT) doses interposed in a CHOP‐based 25‐week chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy‐related toxicities were as expected and were mildly increased in severity post‐RT compared with pre‐RT. Treatment was delayed by 1–2 weeks per delay in four dogs due to chemotherapy‐related neutropenia. Radiation therapy was administered in two consecutive day fractions of 4 Gray to the cranial and caudal halves of the body 4 weeks apart. Radiation‐related toxicities consisted of lethargy, alopecia, diarrhoea of less than 2‐day duration and average decreases in neutrophil counts of 50%. Late effects from RT were not evident. Median remission and survival times for the six dogs were 455 and 560 days, respectively. The protocol was well tolerated and should be studied further to evaluate the potential therapeutic gain of the addition of RT to chemotherapy for the treatment of canine lymphoma.
Non‐coherent light for photodynamic therapy of superficial tumours in animals
Authors: Reeds K. B. , Ridgway T. D. , Higbee R. G. , Lucroy M. D. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractCultured 9L cells were incubated with varying concentrations of pheophorbide‐a‐hexyl ether (HPPH) and then exposed to 665‐nm red light from a non‐coherent light source or a dye laser. Cell death was produced by both light sources, with the non‐coherent light being most effective at the highest HPPH concentrations. To assess the feasibility of using the non‐coherent light source for clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT), four dogs and three cats presenting with spontaneous superficial tumours were injected intravenously with 0.15 mg kg−1of HPPH, 1 h before their tumours were irradiated with 665‐nm non‐coherent light (50 mW cm−2, 100 J cm−2). Of the nine tumours treated, there were eight complete responses, all occurring in animals with squamous cell carcinoma. After 68 weeks of follow‐up, the median initial disease‐free interval had not been reached. These data suggest that non‐coherent light sources may be efficacious for photodynamic therapy of spontaneous superficial tumours in animals, representing a cost‐effective alternative to medical lasers in both veterinary and human oncology.
Water, women and community in Trinidad, West Indies
Authors: Schneiderman Jill S. , Reddock Rhoda 
Published: September 2004

Abstract This article examines the history and character of the water supply in Trinidad and Tobago and the nature of problems associated with the procurement of water by Trinidadians. The article reports on case studies of two rural communities in which women have taken the lead to solve water problems. It reflects on the importance of small‐scale, community‐managed water systems for the possibility of achieving water democracy.
Women and biodiversity: The long journey from users to policy‐makers
Authors: Deda Paola , Rubian Renata 
Published: September 2004

Abstract Although there has been a broad acknowledgment that women's local and traditional knowledge is fundamental to guarantee food security and conserve biological diversity, few women are represented at the managerial and decision‐making level of environmental movements and organizations. The United Nations, its agencies and agreements have long promoted the full and effective participation of women in decision‐making processes. So how can commitments contained in international agreements be translated into concrete actions? By using the case of the Convention on Biological Diversity, one of the key agreements adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, this article analyses how gender‐equitable initiatives tend to assume an ad hoc character with few governments effectively involving women in their sustainable development strategies. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the United Nations or its subsidiary bodies.
Prospects for the co‐management of mangrove ecosystems on the North Brazilian coast: Whose rights, whose duties and whose priorities?
Authors: Glaser Marion , Da Silva Oliveira Rosete 
Published: September 2004

Abstract This article describes the co‐management approach in situations of open access to and of increasing pressure on resources, using a mangrove coastal zone in North Brazil as an example. Co‐management clearly has the potential to turn nonviable, de facto open access to mangroves into effective common property management. Alliances of different political and ideological groups have been formed under the RESEX (reservas extrativistas — natural resource user reserve) model of coastal co‐management. Local economic interests have been mobilized as client constituencies. The RESEX system of co‐management assigns additional duties to both co‐managing parties, i.e., the state administration and the local users, in exchange for new rights. The authors argue that local support for the RESEX model has been gained on partially distorted premises. As the public authority passes on responsibility for management to local users under the RESEX model, this entails a number of duties for the local users. Thus local users assume the duty to implement and monitor resource management; they also appear to gain the right to take local decisions, such as excluding outsiders from resource access, and designing local resource management rules. However, as this article shows with two examples, some important new rights for local users under the RESEX co‐management concept are contrary to environmental legislation in force. This conflict is at present unresolved. It is argued that increased transparency about their precise rights for local resource co‐managers will considerably improve the prospects of coastal co‐management in Brazil.
Building disaster‐resilient communities: The road to the second World Conference on Disaster Reduction, January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
Authors: Briceño Sálvano 
Published: September 2004

Abstract The statistics paint a shocking picture: Over the past ten years around 7,000 ‘natural’ disasters have occurred, killing more than 300,000 people and resulting in over US$800 billion in economic losses (Munich Re, 2003). Increasing interest in global warming has provoked intense debate on the issue of climate change and its implications for more frequent and intense extreme weather events, placing more people at risk than ever. While all countries may be threatened by natural hazards, experience shows that developing countries are disproportionately affected, with losses sometimes exceeding years of hard‐won and desperately needed economic development. The World Conference on Disaster Reduction,1 to be held in Japan in 2005, aims to address these and other crucial issues that are posing an unprecedented challenge to the international community.
Clinical and radiological profile of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in Malaysia
Authors: VEERAPEN Kiran , ASOKAN Raman N. , RATHAKRISHNAN Vimalah 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAims:  To create a clinical and radiological profile of patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee in Malaysia.Methods:  One hundred consecutive patients presenting with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis at a private rheumatology clinic were profiled for demographic and clinical features. Anteroposterior weight‐bearing, skyline and lateral knee X‐rays were taken. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for data analysis.Results:  Women predominated (93%). Fifty‐eight percent of the patients reported bilateral knee pain. Difficulty in walking, climbing and squatting was high (85%, 97% and 93% respectively). Patients with knee pain had a higher BMI than controls. Radiological abnormality, related to osteoarthritis was present in 97%. Osteophytes were generally tricompartmental while joint space narrowing was less evident in the lateral tibiofemoral joint than in the medial tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint. Almost half (49%) the patients manifested radiological varus deformity The severity of radiological abnormality increased with age. Although patients with unilateral pain had milder radiological abnormality, it tended to be bilateral. Clinically detectable hip abnormality and nodal osteoarthritis were uncommon, as was radiological chondrocalcinosis.Conclusions:  Patients presenting with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis to a rheumatology service had a high degree of disability, radiological abnormality and varus deformity. Radiological abnormalities were essentially bilateral and tricompartmental.
Inhibition of synoviocytes proliferation by two types of c‐myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: ZHAO Xinxin , ZHAO Lijuan , YANG Pinting , XIAO Weiguo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAim:  The c‐myc proto‐oncogene is over‐expressed in synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For improving the inhibition of c‐myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS ODN) on RA synoviocytes proliferation, we used two antisense sequences: one (antimyc‐AUG AS ODN) targeting the initiation codon (AUG) and the next four codons on c‐myc mRNA; another (antimyc‐CRD AS ODN) targeting the coding region determinant (CRD) on c‐myc mRNA to investigate if there was a difference on inhibiting synoviocytes proliferation.Methods:  Cultured human synoviocytes from patients with RA. The sequences were modified by phosphorothioates. Lipofectin was used as carrier. MTT assay was used to examine the inhibition of cell proliferation.Results:  Antimyc‐AUG AS ODN and antimyc‐CRD AS ODN both can inhibit synoviocytes proliferation dose‐dependently. The maximum decrement of cell number was 40% at 2.5 µM and 48 h, 41.4% at 5 µM and 48 h, respectively. The action time of antimyc‐AUG AS ODN inhibiting synoviocytes proliferation was earlier than that of antimyc‐CRD AS ODN. ODN at high levels had non‐sequence‐specific cytotoxicity.Conclusions:  Both c‐myc AS ODN are useful in inhibiting synoviocytes proliferation.
Disease assessment in systemic vasculitis
Authors: LUQMANI R. A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe vasculitides represent a set of uncommon but chronic persistent relapsing disorders which were previously fatal without the advent of effective immunosuppressive therapy. In the absence of a cure for most forms of vasculitis, we need to use accurate tools to measure disease status in order to establish an appropriate therapeutic regimen in every case. Accurate serological markers of disease activity remain elusive. Therefore, the clinician must use the quantitative and qualitative information available from careful clinical evaluation of these patients. Effective measurement of disease activity, disease damage and function are the current gold standards of evaluation of patient status. In this paper, we review the evidence for the usefulness of serological markers of disease activity and discuss the role of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, the Vasculitis Damage Index and the Short Form 36 in the comprehensive evaluation of systemic vasculitis.
Comparison of carcass composition among Japanese Black, Holstein and their crossbred steers fattening on farm
Authors: MUKAI Fumio , SADAHIRA Masayuki , YOSHIMURA Toyonobu 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTCarcass composition among Japanese Black, Holstein and their crossbreed (F1), by Holstein mated with Japanese Black sires, was compared by using carcass components of fattening steers collected at eight carcass processing factories. The least squares means of 14 retail cuts, total weights of retail cuts, trimmed fat and bones, and six carcass traits measured at 6th−7th rib section were used for the comparison and examined the expression of heterosis. The comparison was performed at the same level of left‐side carcass weight and under 10 mm fat cover on each retail cut. Japanese Black had the heaviest total weight of retail cuts, followed by F1 and then Holstein. By contrast, non‐edible parts, trimmed fat and bones, were heavier in the order of Holstein, F1 and Japanese Black. Of the retail cuts, so called higher‐priced cuts, such as Shoulder‐Chuck‐Roll, Tender‐Loin, Rib‐Chuck‐Roll, Strip‐Loin and Sirloin‐Butt surrounding the spinal column, were heavier in Japanese Black than Holstein. Although F1 showed intermediate values for almost all traits, Tender‐Loin, Rib‐Chuck‐Roll and Strip‐Loin of F1 were similar to those of Japanese Black rather than the mid‐parent averages. It reflects that at least the average parent heterosis of 2.3–4.3% might be expressed in these higher‐priced cuts. The classification of breeds was carried out by the canonical discriminant analysis using 20 carcass measurements. By the canonical variates, breeds can be effectively discriminated with misdiscrimination rate of 11.6%. When the comparison is made at the carcass weight constant, Japanese Black has characteristics for producing superior carcass quality as well as meat quality.
Performance of sheep offered ammonia, or urea‐calcium hydroxide treated rice straw as an only feed
Authors: FADEL ELSEED Abdel Nasir M. A. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTThe effect of ammonia (AS) and urea‐calcium hydroxide (US) treated rice straw as a sole diet on the voluntary intake, digestibility of feed components, nitrogen retention, rumen parameters and microbial nitrogen yield of Suffolk ewes, were compared in a double 2 × 2 latin square design. The digestibility of feed components was not differed in sheep offered either AS or US. Dry matter intake was higher in AS (28 g/kg BW0.75) than US (22 g/kg BW0.75). Although there was high nitrogen intake in sheep given AS diet, this did not result in higher nitrogen retention compared with US diet. No difference was observed in purine derivatives or microbial nitrogen supply between the two groups. The rumen ammonia‐N of sheep offered AS or US exhibited a similar trend in diurnal change with the peak at 1.5–2.5 h after feeding and decline gradually thereafter. However, volatile fatty acid production peaked at approximately 8 h after evening feed and then steadily declined. AS and US diets led sheep to lose weight. In conclusion, urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw can be used for sheep as an alternative to ammonia treated straw. Without supplementation, ammonia or urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw was not sufficient even for the maintenance of sheep.
Initiatives and behavioral sequence of maternal behavior in Japanese Black and Japanese Shorthorn cattle (Bos taurus)
Authors: KOHARI Daisuke , SATO Shusuke , SUGAWARA Kazuo 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTMaternal grooming (MG), nursing (NS) and mother‐infant behavior 5 min before (IB5) and immediately before (LIB) maternal behavior were observed in Japanese Black (JB) and Japanese Shorthorn (JS) cow‐calf pairs. During MG of the JB, the number of calf's IB5 was more than that of cows, but the duration of the MG positively correlated with the number of cow's IB5. During MG of the JS, the duration positively correlated with the number of calf's IB5. The number of the NS with calf's LIB and the number of calf's IB5 in the NS were more than those of cows in both breeds. The duration of the NS tended to correlate with the number of calf's IB5 in the JS. Main behavior sequence was observed like cow's approach, MG, calf's contact and NS, in this order, in both breeds. It is thought that the MG is released by cow's and calf's activities in both breeds and accelerated by the cow's activeness in the JB and by the calf's activeness in the JS, and that the NS is released and accelerated by the calf's activeness in JS.
Effects of feeding methods on eating frustration in stabled horses
Authors: NINOMIYA Shigeru , KUSUNOSE Ryo , SATO Shusuke , TERADA Misao , SUGAWARA Kazuo 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTFive feeding methods were tested in stabled horses: (i) cutting hay (hay was cut into 5 cm lengths), (ii) delaying feeding time (feeding was delayed until 1 h after the usual time), (iii) increasing the feeding frequency (hay was divided into two portions; one half was given at the normal time and the other 1 h later), (iv) increasing the feeding locations (hay was available at three locations), and (v) increasing the hay varieties (three species of hay were used). The behavioral durations in the 2 h after the experimental feedings were compared with those after usual feeding. In the cutting hay treatment, hay‐eating time decreased (P < 0.05), whereas bedding‐eating time and resting time tended to increase. In the delaying feeding time treatment, bedding investigation time increased (P < 0.01) and hay‐eating time tended to increase. In the increasing the feeding frequency treatment, hay‐eating time tended to increase. In the increasing the feeding locations treatment, bedding investigation time tended to decrease. In the increasing the hay varieties treatment, resting time tended to decrease and hay‐eating time tended to increase. It was suggested that the former two feeding methods might stimulate and the latter three feeding methods might suppress eating frustration in terms of increasing consummatory behavior (eating) and decreasing appetitive (investigating) and displacement behavior (resting).
Fetal heart rate monitoring from maternal body surface potentials using independent component analysis
Authors: CHEN Wenxi , ZHU Xin , NEMOTO Tetsu , KOBAYASHI Toshio , SAITO Toshiyuki 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTThe fetal heart rate is indispensable for monitoring the health of unborn cattle fetuses. To monitor the fetal heart rate, a method employing independent component analysis (ICA) to extract the fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) from potentials measured on the maternal body surface and composed of a mixture of the maternal ECG (mECG), fECG, baseline drift and noise is described. A mixing of the raw data was simplified using a linear time‐invariant model. To separate the fECG from the mECG, baseline drift, and noise, an ICA strategy was applied, using a hyperbolic tangent as the contrast function and treating mutual information with the minimization principle to find the optimum demixing matrix to derive the fECG from the measured signals. After the feasibility of this method was shown on simulated signals obtained by randomly mixing pure fECG, pure mECG, low frequency sinusoidal drift and noise, real signals from three cloned pregnant Holstein cows with 157, 177 and 224‐day gestation periods were used to verify the separation method. The results show that the fECG, mECG, low‐frequency sinusoidal drift and noise can be clearly segregated in simulations, and that the fECG, mECG, baseline drift and noise can be successfully derived from real signals. The ICA approach has great potential in effectively detecting the fECG from maternal body surface potentials.