bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Quartz Residue on Cassette Interiors of AIHA Proficiency Samples
Authors: Dobson LR , Reichmann L , Popp D 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Air generated quartz samples have been used for many years in the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) program. It has been observed by the Wisconsin Occupational Health Laboratory (WOHL) that there is material adhering to the cassette interior of several PAT samples. WOHL has collected data on this problem for a number of AIHA PAT rounds and found that the cassette tops can contain a significant amount of quartz. Using data collected from PAT Rounds 146–155, it was found that half of the samples contained quartz on the cassette interior above the WOHL reporting level (RL) of 10 µg. The quartz on the cassette interior is one possible explanation for some of the performance issues found in laboratories participating in the AIHA PAT proficiency program. This problem is not unique to PAT samples. WOHL has noticed the same issue with field samples, which can lead to lower levels of quartz being reported.
Overload Fracture of Flaw Tip Hydrides in Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes
Authors: Shek GK , Cui J , Perovic V 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
CANDU Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes are susceptible to a crack initiation mechanism known as Delayed Hydride Cracking (DHC), which is a process that involves hydrogen diffusion, hydride precipitation, hydride region formation, and fracture at a flaw tip. An overload occurs when the hydrided region is loaded to a stress higher than that at which this region is formed. Service-induced flaws are present in some pressure tubes, which can act as crack initiation sites. Most experimental data to assess DHC initiation are obtained under constant loading conditions in which hydride formation and fracture occur at the same load, and therefore they are not suitable to assess crack initiation under overload condition. A series of step-wise increasing load experiments was performed on unirradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube samples to determine the fracture stress of hydrides formed at notches with 15 μm root radius under different hydride formation stresses and thermal histories. Crack initiation in the overload tests was detected by the acoustic emission technique. The notch tip hydride morphologies were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Test results indicated that the resistance to overload fracture was dependent on the hydride formation stress and thermal histories, which affected the notch tip hydride size, density, and distribution. Overload tests were performed at different temperatures, and a transition temperature to high resistance to overload fracture was observed.
Data Security Issues Relating to End of Life Equipment
Authors: Bennison PF , Lasher PJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Data security is obviously becoming more important for anyone involved in computer security. Encryption methods have become more advanced over the years, and there are plenty of tools available that will prevent intruders from accessing confidential data on an active network. However, one of the easiest methods for would-be attackers to gather confidential information is by recovering data from discarded computer hardware or other storage media. This paper covers security concerns related to end of life computer equipment and methods for properly destroying information so it cannot be recovered.
Geminal Functional Theory
Authors: Rinderspacher B Christopher , Schreiner Peter R 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Geminal functional theory exploits the structure of the Hamiltonian operator in the Schrödinger equation, greatly reducing the computational complexity of the problem. Several approaches have been developed –
strongly orthogonal antisymmetrized geminal products
(SOAGP), singlet‐type strongly orthogonal geminal products,
antisymmetrized geminal products
(AGPs) of
one
geminal, and a general minimum search of the second order reduced density matrix space based on AGPs. Furthermore, SOAGPs have been employed as reference wave functions for perturbation theory.
Nanopartikel in der Energietechnik – Beispiele aus der Elektrochemie und Katalyse
Authors: Raimondi Fabio , Scherer Günther G. , Kötz Rüdiger , Wokaun Alexander 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNanopartikel sind Schlüsselkomponenten bei der Entwicklung künftiger Energietechnologien, sodass besondere Strategien notwendig sind, die eine kosteneffiziente Produktion von Nanopartikeln für Massenanwendungen gewährleisten. Eine wichtige Rolle kommt nanometergroßen Partikeln beim Ersatz fossiler Brennstoffe durch erneuerbare Energiequellen zu, speziell bei der Herstellung von Energievektoren aus variablen und heterogenen Biomassereservoirs. Nanopartikel werden in Reformern für die Produktion von Wasserstoff aus festen, flüssigen oder gasförmigen Energieträgern eingesetzt, wobei die Katalysatoraktivität eine ausgeprägte Größenabhängigkeit zeigt. Sie sind als Elektrokatalysatoren in Brennstoffzellen und anderen elektrochemischen Konvertern unverzichtbar. Mit dem Ziel, höhere Aktivitäten pro Flächeneinheit zu erzielen und mit geringeren Mengen des teuren katalytischen Standardmaterials Platin auszukommen, wurden nasschemische und kolloidale Verfahren sowie physikalische Techniken wie Sputtern entwickelt, die zur Synthese von aus Platinlegierungen bestehenden Nanopartikeln angewendet werden.
Putting it together online: Information need identification for the domain novice user
Authors: Cole Charles , Leide John E. , Large Andrew , Beheshti Jamshid , Brooks Martin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDomain novice users in the beginning stages of researching a topic find themselves searching for information via information retrieval (IR) systems before they have identified their information need. Pre‐Internet access technologies adapted by current IR systems poorly serve these domain novice users, whose behavior might be characterized as rudderless and without a compass. In this article we describe a conceptual design for an information retrieval system that incorporates standard information need identification classification and subject cataloging schemes, called the INIIReye System, and a study that tests the efficacy of the innovative part of the INIIReye System, called the Associative Index. The Associative Index helps the user put together his or her associative thoughts—Vannevar Bush's idea of associative indexing for his Memex machine that he never actually described. For the first time, data from the study reported here quantitatively supports the theoretical notion that the information seeker's information need is identified through transformation of his/her knowledge structure (i.e., the seeker's cognitive map or perspective on the task for which information is being sought).
The power of power laws and an interpretation of Lotkaian informetric systems as self‐similar fractals
Authors: Egghe L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPower laws as defined in 1926 by A. Lotka are increasing in importance because they have been found valid in varied social networks including the Internet. In this article some unique properties of power laws are proven. They are shown to characterize functions with the scale‐free property (also called self‐similarity property) as well as functions with the product property. Power laws have other desirable properties that are not shared by exponential laws, as we indicate in this paper. Specifically, Naranan (1970) proves the validity of Lotka's law based on the exponential growth of articles in journals and of the number of journals. His argument is reproduced here and a discrete‐time argument is also given, yielding the same law as that of Lotka. This argument makes it possible to interpret the information production process as a self‐similar fractal and show the relation between Lotka's exponent and the (self‐similar) fractal dimension of the system. Lotkaian informetric systems are self‐similar fractals, a fact revealed by Mandelbrot (1977) in relation to nature, but is also true for random texts, which exemplify a very special type of informetric system.
Speech perception as a window for understanding plasticity and commitment in language systems of the brain
Authors: Werker Janet F. , Tees Richard C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this article, we provide a critical review of the literature on speech perception and phonological processing in infancy, and in populations with different experiential histories as a window to understanding how the notion of critical periods might apply to the acquisition of one part of language: the sound system. We begin by suggesting the use of the term “optimal period” because (a) both the onset (opening) and offset (closing) of openness to experience is variable rather than absolute and (b) phonological acquisition involves the emergence of a series of nested capabilities, each with its own sensitive period and each best explained at one of several different levels of specificity. In support, we cite evidence suggesting that to fully understand plasticity and commitment in phonological acquisition, it is necessary to consider not only the biological and experiential factors which may contribute to the onset and the offset of openness to experience but also how the sequentially developing parts of phonology constrain and direct development. In summary, we propose a nested, cascading model wherein biology, experience, and functional use each contribute. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 46: 233–251, 2005.
Stereodivergent Syntheses of Highly Substituted Enantiopure 4‐Alkoxy‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐1,2‐oxazines by Addition of Lithiated Alkoxyallenes to Carbohydrate‐Derived Aldonitrones
Authors: Helms Matthias , Schade Wolfgang , Pulz Robert , Watanabe Toshiko , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed , Fišera Lubor , Hlobilová Iva , Zahn Gernot , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAdditions of lithiated alkoxyallenes to D‐glyceraldehyde‐based nitrones 1 and 2 did not provide the expected hydroxylamine derivatives. Instead, a novel [3+3] cyclization process furnished 4‐alkoxy‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐1,2‐oxazines 9–14 with excellent syn selectivities and in moderate to good yields. Through precomplexation of the nitrones the corresponding anti‐configured 1,2‐oxazines 9, 10 and 13 could be obtained with high stereoselectivity. The reactions of nitrones 3–6, derived from D‐erythrose or D‐threose, generally proceeded less diastereoselectively, but reasonable yields of anti‐configured 1,2‐oxazines such as anti‐17 and anti‐19 could be obtained under Lewis acid promotion conditions. This was also the case for reactions of the D‐arabinose‐derived nitrone 7, which provided the anti‐1,2‐oxazines 23 and 24 with excellent diastereoselectivity and in good yields. Bis‐nitrone 8 and lithiated methoxyallene furnished a mixture of six compounds, among which the major componentwas the C2‐symmetric syn/syn‐1,2‐oxazine 29. The diastereoselectivities of these reactions are interpreted on the basis of Dondoni’s model for reactions between organolithium compounds and nitrones. The mechanisms for formation of 1,2‐oxazines and of side products are discussed. The method introduced here seems to be of broad applicability and an excellent tool for diastereoselective chain elongation of carbohydrate derivatives, affording stereodefined precursors of aminopolyols and other highly functionalized compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Facially Controlled C‐Methylation of Oxolanyl and Cyclopentyl Acetate Enolates: Application to the Total Synthesis of (+)‐Nephromopsinic Acid
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Steffen Ulrich , Martin Harry J. , Zorn Ludwig 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe stereoselectivity of the C‐methylation of oxolanyl and cyclopentyl acetate enolates 5a–22a was investigated. The configuration of the C‐methyl diastereomers was elucidated by a combination of crystal structure analysis, NMR spectroscopy and chemical correlations. Generally, the methylation proceeded re*‐selectively, although with very different degrees of selectivity. The most important stereodirecting effect was a steric one exerted by the 5‐phenethyl substituent, and this steric effect was strongly increased by the stereodirecting effect of a 3‐OR group. Contrary to previous literature evidence, the endocyclic oxolanyl oxygen does not exert an effect. These findings were applied in a highly stereoselective synthesis of (+)‐nephromopsinic acid (94). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cycloaddition Reactions of Phosphorylated 1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐butadienes with Olefins: Regioselective Synthesis of Pyridazine Derivatives
Authors: Palacios Francisco , Aparicio Domitila , López Yago , de los Santos Jesús M. , Alonso Concepción 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe aza‐Diels–Alder reaction of 4‐phosphinyl‐ and 4‐phosphonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐butadienes with styrene, cyclopentadiene, dihydrofuran and norbornadiene is reported. Monocyclic, bicyclic and polycyclic tetrahydropyridazines containing a phosphane oxide or a phosphonate substituent are obtained. The formation of cycloadducts can be explained by an endo transition state in the cycloaddition process of these heterodienes with styrene, cyclopentadiene, dihydrofuran, and by means of an exo transition state in the case of norbornadiene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Towards Benign Synthesis of Indenes from Indanones: Zinc‐Mediated Allylation of Ketones in Aqueous Media as a Source of Substituted Indenyl Ligand Precursors
Authors: Silver Satu , Leppänen Ann‐Sofie , Sjöholm Rainer , Penninkangas Antti , Leino Reko 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSubstituted indenes are valuable ligand precursors for transition‐metal complexes. Previously, most of the methods employed for the preparation of alkyl‐substituted indenes have involved the use of air‐sensitive organometallic lithium or Grignard reagents, often in combination with expensive metal catalysts. The present work evaluates an approach to the synthesis of 2‐ and 3‐allyl‐substituted indenes by employing a simple, environmentally benign organometallic zinc‐mediated Barbier‐type allylation of 1‐ and 2‐indanones in aqueous media. A large series of new achiral and racemic indenyl ligand precursors have been prepared in variable yields byreacting substituted and unsubstituted indanones with allyl‐,crotyl‐, and cinnamyl halides using metallic zinc as the me‐diating metal in THF/NH4Claq followed by acid‐catalyzed dehydration. The method described is applicable also for indanones containing unprotected halide‐ and hydroxyl substituents. As an example of extension of the approach, some indenes have been further hydrosilylated with achiral silanes and disilanes in the presence of Karstedt’s catalyst to provide new silaalkyl‐substituted indenes and bis(indenes). Hydrosilylation with a chiral silane, (+)‐(R)‐methyl‐1‐naphthalenylphenylsilane, provides access to new chirally substituted indenes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Matching of uncalibrated stereo images by elastic deformation
Authors: Li Wan‐Chiu , Leung C. H. , Hung Y. S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe propose a method for uncalibrated stereo matching. The method applies gradual elastic deformation to the line segments in a pair of images until they match with each other. By using an energy function and a neighborhood function, matching is performed in a coarse‐to‐fine manner. Our method gives point correspondences with a low proportion of outliers and is robust in the uncalibrated case (with no need to estimate the epipolar geometry). The computation complexity is proportional to the square of the number of line segments in the images, which is relatively efficient compared with other elaborate methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 14, 198–205, 2004; Published online in Wiley Inter‐Science (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20024
Ethane oxidation and pyrolysis from 5 bar to 1000 bar: Experiments and simulation
Authors: Tranter R. S. , Raman A. , Sivaramakrishnan R. , Brezinsky K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn extensive experimental study of ethane oxidation and pyrolysis has been conducted in the high pressure shock tube at UIC covering reflected shock pressures from 5–1000 bar, reaction temperatures up to 1550 K and stoichiometric (Φ = 1), fuel rich (Φ = 5), and pyrolytic mixtures. The experimental data has been used to develop a single model that can simulate the whole dataset very well and is the first ethane model capable of simulating experimental results over such an extensive range of pressure, temperature, and stoichiometry. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 306–331, 2005
Ferroelectric properties of Sm‐doped Bi4Ti3O12 thin films
Authors: Chen M. , Liu Z. L. , Wang Y. , Yao K. L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSm‐doped bismuth titanate and random oriented Bi4–xSmxTi3O12 (BST) thin films were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a pulsed laser deposition method. The structures and the ferroelectric properties of the films were investigated. Sm doping leads to a marked improvement in the remanent polarization (Pr) and the coercive field (Ec). At an applied electric field of 100 kV/cm, Pr and Ec of a BST (x = 0.8) film annealed at 650 °C are 20.5 µC/cm2 and 60 kV/cm, respectively. However, after 3 × 1010 switching cycles, 20% degradation of 2Pr is observed in the film. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A vibrational analysis of the 7‐azaindole‐water complex: Anharmonicities using the quartic force field
Authors: Taketsugu Tetsuya , Yagi Kiyoshi , Gordon Mark S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractVibrational frequencies for the 7‐azaindole and 7‐azaindole‐water complex are calculated by the vibrational self‐consistent field (VSCF) and correlation‐corrected VSCF (cc‐VSCF) methods using second‐order perturbation theory (MP2), with the 6‐31G(d) basis set, and density functional theory with the B3LYP functional and the same basis set. The potential energies at quadrature points for VSCF calculations are estimated from the quartic force field (QFF) determined by the respective electronic structure methods. The comparison with experimental fundamentals for 7‐azaindole indicates that MP2 gives better results for NH and CH stretching modes than B3LYP, while B3LYP gives better results for CC stretching and ring deforming modes. The vibrational modes for the 7‐azaindole‐water complex are discussed in terms of those of the isolated 7‐azaindole and water. This VSCF/QFF approach will help quantitative evaluations of vibrational energies of a general polyatomic molecule with a reasonable computational cost. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A Review of Obturator Hernia and a Proposed Algorithm for its Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Chang Shen‐Shin , Shan Yan‐Shen , Lin Yih‐Jyh , Tai Yun‐Sheng , Lin Pin‐Wen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide a review of six patients with the various stages of obturator hernia and a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in suspected cases. Obturator hernia is relatively rare and is a diagnostic challenge. It is a significant cause of intestinal obstruction, especially in emaciated elderly women with chronic disease. A palpable groin mass is not common in these patients because the hernia mass is usually concealed beneath the pectineus muscle. The high mortality is directly related to the delayed recognition, with resultant ruptured gangrenous bowel, and to the high incidence of patients with concurrent medical illness. A total of six patients with obturator hernias were treated at this hospital between 1994 and 2004, and one of these patients was diagnosed and treated by elective laparoscopy. We reviewed these six cases and examined the clinical presentation, age, body weight, associated medical conditions, preoperative diagnosis, operative findings, complications, and outcome in this retrospective study. We concluded that we cannot shorten the time from onset of symptoms to admission, but what we can do is to make a rapid evaluation and surgical intervention to reduce the morbidity and mortality from obturator hernia. The approaches to different presentation of obturator hernia and diagnostic role of CT scan are also discussed.
Biomechanical and allergological characteristics of a biodegradable poly(D,L‐lactic acid) coating for orthopaedic implants
Authors: Gollwitzer Hans , Thomas Peter , Diehl Peter , Steinhauser Erwin , Summer Burkard , Barnstorf Sonja , Gerdesmeyer Ludger , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Stemberger Axel 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA poly(D,L‐lactic acid) surface coating (PDLLA) has been developed to optimize interactions at the implant‐tissue interface. Mechanical and allergological characteristics were evaluated in the present study to elucidate possible indications and limitations prior to clinical application. Implants of stainless steel and Ti–6Al–4V and CoCrMo alloys were coated with PDLLA, and mechanical stability was studied during intramedullary implantation into rat and human cadaver bones and during dilation of coronary artery stents. Elongation resistance was examined on AlMgSi alloy specimens. Furthermore, proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of nickel‐allergic donors and controls and interleukin‐4 and interferon‐γ levels were measured in the presence of coated/uncoated implants and after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin or NiSO4. PDLLA remained stable on the implants with a minimum of 96% of the original coating mass and tolerated lengthening of at least 8%. Further lengthening was followed by microcracking and cohesive failure within the coating. PDLLA exerted no suppressive effect upon spontaneous and pan‐T‐cell mitogen inducible T‐cell proliferation. Furthermore, specific proliferation to nickel in cells of nickel‐allergic blood donors and production of interleukin‐4 and IFN‐γ were not influenced by the coating. PDLLA coating proved high mechanical stability on different orthopaedic implants and did not influence in vitro T‐cell reactivity towards specific biomaterials. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Theoretical Evaluation of Capillary Electrophoresis Performance
Authors: Datta Ravindra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn analytical model (Datta and Kotamarthi, 1990) for the electrokinetic dispersion coefficient in capillary electrophoresis (CE), for the case of low ν‐potential, that accounts for the effects of pressure‐driven and/or electroosmotic flow of the elutant, is utilized here to theoretically explore the performance of CE in terms of plate height, plate number, peak resolution, resolving power, and the time of analysis. Practical operating conditions for the voltage gradient and Poiseuille flow fraction, v, are explored that optimize CE column performance. The implications of the results in the rational design of CE columns are discussed. It is also shown that the superposition of Poiseuille flow on the natural electroosmotic flow, while allowing greater freedom in the choice of elutant velocity, does not always cause increased dispersion.