bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance monitoring of field populations of the corn borers Sesamia nonagrioides and Ostrinia nubilalis after 5 years of Bt maize cultivation in Spain
Authors: Farinós Gema P. , De La Poza Marta , Hernández‐Crespo Pedro , Ortego Félix , Castañera Pedro 
Published: December 2003

AbstractApproximately 22 000 hectares (5% of the total maize growing area) of transgenic maize expressing the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) have been planted annually in Spain since 1998. Changes in the susceptibility to Cry1Ab of Spanish populations of the Mediterranean corn borer (MCB), Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were assessed by annual monitoring on Bt maize fields. No increase in resistance was detected in the MCB populations from Ebro, Albacete, and Badajoz, nor in the ECB populations from Ebro and Badajoz during the period 1999–2002. The susceptibility of the MCB population from Madrid fluctuated from year to year, but a gradual trend towards higher levels of tolerance was not observed. Laboratory selection assays for eight generations yielded selected strains of MCB and ECB that were 21‐ and 10‐fold significantly more tolerant to Cry1Ab than the corresponding unselected strains, respectively. Nevertheless, none of the field‐collected or laboratory‐selected larvae were able to survive on Bt maize. Considering these data, no consistent shifts in susceptibility were found for Spanish populations of MCB nor ECB after 5 years of Bt maize cultivation, but systematic field monitoring needs to be continued.
Effects of jackbean lectin (ConA) on the feeding behaviour and kinetics of intoxication of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Sauvion Nicolas , Charles Hubert , Febvay Gérard , Rahbé Yvan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMannose‐binding lectins were shown to be useful in creating transgenic plants resistant to insects, including many phloem‐feeding Hemiptera. Before these plants can be used extensively, it is important to understand how these lectins exert their toxic effects on the target organisms. We investigated the feeding alterations induced by presenting the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a diet containing the lectin from Canavalia ensiformis (ConA). A series of behavioural experiments were carried out to detect potential sensory mediation of lectin activity. Choice tests performed with a 400 µg ml−1 ConA diet (3.7 µm of native tetramer) showed that A. pisum quickly rejected the ConA diet, but that this reaction was not typical of a sensory‐mediated phagodeterrent effect. In addition, the aphids did not develop a conditioned taste aversion to the lectin. Diet uptake was evaluated using a radioactive tracer (14C‐methylated inulin), and showed depression of ingestion only after 16 h at 200 µg ml−1 or after 8 h at 400 µg ml−1 ConA. This effect was reversible under our test conditions. No evidence was obtained for early detection of the lectin, even by intoxicated aphids. An electrical penetration graph technique was adapted to artificial diets and provided short‐term continuous analysis on feeding/probing events. At the 400 µg ml−1 level, adults were affected and had reduced ingestion durations as early as in the first 4 h of contact, but experienced an adaptation to the behavioural alterations induced by lectin feeding. Overall, feeding deterrency following exposure to mannose lectins appeared to be a consequence of intoxication, and not due to a sensory mediated process.
Cage evaluation of augmentative biological control of Thrips palmi with Wollastoniella rotunda in winter greenhouses
Authors: Nakashima Yoshitaka , Uefune Masayoshi , Tagashira Eiko , Maeda Seiko , Shima Katsuya , Nagai Kazuya , Hirose Yoshimi , Takagi Masami 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCage trials of an anthocorid predator, Wollastoniella rotunda Yasunaga et Miyamoto, as a biological control agent of Thrips palmi Karny were conducted in Fukuoka, Japan, under winter greenhouse production conditions. Females of W. rotunda were released on caged eggplants, and placed in two greenhouses on 27 October. The development, population growth, and effectiveness of W. rotunda were observed until early March. Results from the cage trials showed that W. rotunda successfully developed, reproduced, and suppressed T. palmi populations under the conditions found in winter greenhouses. During the experiment, one full generation and a second generation of adult predators occurred. The T. palmi population which was exposed to predators remained at a low density throughout the trial period, but it increased dramatically on eggplants without W. rotunda. The maximum difference between predator treatments and controls was approximately 10‐fold by the end of January. Wollastoniella rotunda has the potential to be an effective control agent for T. palmi on eggplant, even during the winter in temperate regions.
Food stress causes differential survival of socially parasitic caterpillars ofMaculinea rebeliintegrated in colonies of host and non‐hostMyrmicaant species
Authors: Elmes G.W. , Wardlaw J.C. , Schönrogge K. , Thomas J.A. , Clarke R.T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFinal instar larvae ofMaculinea rebeliHirschke (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) are social parasites ofMyrmicaLatreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) nests. In the populations of the southern French Alps and Spanish Pyrenees, >95% adultM. rebeliemerge from colonies ofMyrmica schenckiEmery, despite >60% caterpillars being adopted by otherMyrmicaspecies (non‐hosts). However, in laboratory culture caterpillars can be reared successfully by many of the non‐host species. This contradiction, which has led some to question the existence of host specificity, has been explained by the lack of stress, particularly food stress, in laboratory cultures compared to wild conditions. Here, we report the results of an experiment that tested the survival ofM. rebelicaterpillars that had been growing well, after being socially integrated into a series of host and non‐host cultures, and were then subjected to a 4‐week period of stress induced by a ‘starvation diet’ estimated to be less than the minimum for ant survival. Significantly moreM. rebelisurvived inM. schenckicultures than with any of the otherMyrmicaspecies (all died in most non‐host cultures). Under a starvation diet, caterpillars are killed and eaten along with dead workers – this never happens under an ample diet – rather than simply starving to death. It was noted that the proportion of youngM. rebelicaterpillars that survived initial integration into an ant colony (including someM. schenckicolonies) was a good predictor of subsequent survival under starvation conditions. We concluded that two key phases of host specificity exist in the life of this social parasite: initial integration, in which the caterpillar simply has to be accepted into a host society, followed by full integration, when a relatively high hierarchical status within the host society becomes essential for a caterpillar's survival during periods when the host colony is stressed, e.g., by food shortage. This experimental regime provides a useful bioassay for testing host specificity in other populations ofMaculinea.
Effects of pattern and timing of high temperature exposure on reproduction of the rose grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum
Authors: Ma Chun‐Sen , Hau Bernhard , Poehling Hans‐Michael 
Published: December 2003

Abstract Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the three most important cereal aphid species in Germany and central European countries. High temperature is known to play a detrimental role in the reproduction and survival of aphids. Detailed experiments were conducted to assess the effects of high temperatures (27, 29, 31, and 33 °C), exposure pattern (8 h day−1 for 1, 2, 4, and 6 days), and exposure development stage (2nd, 3rd, 4th instar larvae, and adult) on the reproduction and longevity of M. dirhodum. All three factors have a significant influence on the aphids. Increasing the temperature to over 29 °C significantly decreases their lifetime fecundity and longevity. Mature aphids are more sensitive to high temperatures than younger ones. A high temperature pulse to treat aphids older than 3rd instar larvae greatly shortened their longevity and lessened their lifetime fecundity. Lifetime fecundity and longevity was found to be inversely related to exposure pattern. A high temperature pulse lasting longer than 1 week greatly reduced the lifetime fecundity and longevity. The limitation of the data collected from experiments at constant temperatures for aphid forecasting is discussed.
Age‐related pupal defenses against congeneric internecine activity in Encarsia species
Authors: Gerling Dan , Rejouan Neli 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe examined whether the young pupae of three parasitoid species, Encarsia inaron (Walker), E. lutea (Masi), and E. sophia (Girault and Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), all attacking the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), exhibited different susceptibility to host feeding and to autoparasitism than older pupae. These parasitoid species differ as follows: E. lutea is autoparasitic and has non‐melanized pupae, E. inaron is not autoparasitic and has melanized pupae, whereas E. sophia is autoparasitic and has melanized pupae. The results showed that the younger pupae were always more susceptible to internecine action (host feeding or autoparasitism) than the older pupae. The relative immunity of the older pupae was not dependent upon pupal melanization, as it was the same for pupae of E. lutea that have unmelanized pupae as the other melanized species. The findings increased the range of the ‘window of opportunity’ for male development discovered by Hunter & Kelly (1998, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 89: 249–259) to more Encarsia species and to the phenomenon of host feeding, and suggest that relative pupal resistance to damage may be widespread among these parasitic Hymenoptera.
The sound of silence – nurses’ non‐verbal interaction within the ward round
Authors: Hill Karen 
Published: December 2003

Summary•  This study describes nurses’ non‐verbal interaction in the ward round within intensive care•  Data were collected through participant observation, fieldwork notes and ethnographic interview techniques from eight intensive care nurses•  This article focuses on the themes ‘Being there’, ‘Knowing the script’, ‘Knowing what you want from the ward round’ and ‘Silencing and gaze’, which emerged from the data•  A key issue highlighted in this study is that nurses need to recognize their contribution to patient management decisions within the ward round•  Drawing from the data, educational and training strategies are suggested to enhance collaborative practice in the clinical setting of intensive care
Care bundles in critical care: a practical approach to evidence‐based practice
Authors: Fulbrook Paul , Mooney Sharon 
Published: December 2003

Summary•  The care bundle is a new concept in critical care, which is currently being promoted by the National Health Service Modernisation Agency for Critical Care•  Care bundles originated in North America and are described best as groups of evidence‐based practice interventions•  The theory behind care bundles is that when several evidence‐based interventions are grouped together in a single protocol, it will improve patient outcome•  Care bundles are relatively easy to develop, implement and audit, and provide practitioners with a practical method for implementing evidence‐based practice•  This article describes the care bundle and offers practical suggestions about how to develop, implement and audit them in practice
Life review following critical illness in young men
Authors: Jones Colin , Lyons Christina , Cunningham Cliff 
Published: December 2003

Summary•  Surviving events that have posed a serious threat to life can result in major psychological problems during the recovery period•  Younger patients, with years of life ahead of them, are at risk of depression and loss of self‐esteem following their ordeal, despite their physical recovery•  Traditional forms of counselling and psychotherapy following traumatic events can sometimes carry a stigma and be viewed as ‘disease centred’•  Reminiscence and life review therapies, used until now, with the elderly, appear to have valuable transferable benefits to younger survivors of critical illness•  Life review and reminiscent interventions are holistic and person centred, techniques resonating with the essence of critical care nursing•  Life review and reminiscence can be used therapeutically from an early stage to help minimize the negative psychological effects of being critically ill
An evaluation of critical care lecturer practitioners
Authors: Richardson Annette , Turnock Christopher 
Published: December 2003

Summary•  The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational value and impact upon staff of critical care lecturer practitioners•  Data were collected through three staff focus groups (n = 21) and a questionnaire completed by 70 members of trust or university staff•  A majority of respondents felt that the lecturer practitioner roles had considerable effect upon adult critical care services•  Six main categories of findings were derived from analysis and integration of both focus group and questionnaire data – development of knowledge; staff support; being a teacher; developing and maintaining the workforce; role improvement plus removal of the lecturer practitioner role•  Many of these findings concur with the limited quantity of evaluative literature on the lecturer practitioner role•  The authors produced a report recommending continued funding for existing lecturer practitioner posts; introduction of more lecturer practitioner posts should be considered, and further role evaluation should be conducted at both a local and national level
Peri‐operative β‐blockade and haemodynamic optimisation in patients with coronary artery disease and decreasing exercise capacity presenting for major noncardiac surgery
Authors: Biccard B. M. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryPatients with coronary artery disease presenting for major noncardiac surgery may have indications for both peri‐operative β‐blockade and haemodynamic optimisation. The combination of peri‐operative cardiorespiratory failure and myocardial ischaemia has a grave prognosis. Recent investigations have shown that in patients with coronary artery disease, β‐blockade does not depress cardiac output as much as originally thought. There may, therefore, be a place for both peri‐operative β‐blockade and haemodynamic optimisation. The indications for peri‐operative β‐blockade and haemodynamic optimisation, the effect of acute β‐blockade on cardiac output in patients with coronary artery disease, and the interaction of peri‐operative β‐blockade and haemodynamic optimisation are discussed.
Comparison of four different emergency airway access equipment sets on a human patient simulator*
Authors: Vadodaria B. S. , Gandhi S. D. , McIndoe A. K. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryThis study used a patient simulator to study the ease of use and efficacy of four currently available cricothyroidotomy sets. We assessed the success of insertion of each piece of equipment and measured the subsequent adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation. We also examined the complications encountered using each set. We found that there was a 100% success rate of achieving an adequate airway within acceptable time limits using the ‘Quiktrach’ and ‘Melker’ sets, with good airway patency and ease of ventilation. There was an unacceptably high failure rate in achieving a patent airway when using the ‘Transtracheal airway catheter with ENK‐flow modulator’ and ‘Patil's airway'. The pre‐assembled and user‐friendly ‘Quiktrach’ set provided the fastest and most effective means of oxygenation in the simulated patient requiring an emergency surgical airway.
A comparison of 8% and 12% sevoflurane for inhalation induction in adults
Authors: Goodwin N. , Campbell A. E. , Hall J. E. , Plummer S. , Harmer M. 
Published: December 2003

SummarySevoflurane is a non‐pungent volatile anaesthetic agent with a low blood‐gas solubility coefficient. It has been studied in concentrations of up to 8% for induction of anaesthesia. Previous work has suggested that there may be a ceiling effect with increasing concentration of sevoflurane above 6%, but there are no published studies using 12% sevoflurane. This study compared 8 and 12% sevoflurane to induce anaesthesia in adults. Sevoflurane was administered using two adapted datum vaporisers with the interlock removed. Induction with 12% sevoflurane compared to 8% sevoflurane produced a significant decrease in the time to achieve central pupils, corresponding to surgical anaesthesia and the third part of Guedel's stage 3 of anaesthesia (mean time (SD) 201 s (81) and 247 s (39), respectively, p < 0.05). Twelve‐percent sevoflurane produced a similar stable cardiovascular profile to 8% sevoflurane, and there was no increase in respiratory complications.
Entropy during propofol hypnosis, including an episode of wakefulness
Authors: Anderson R. E. , Barr G. , Öwall A. , Jakobsson Jan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDepth of anaesthesia has proved to be a complex process to quantify. Monitors based on bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram and auditory evoked potential have been available, but only recently has a monitor based on entropy become available. This study determined state entropy and response entropy in nine healthy volunteers during propofol hypnosis with a brief intervening period of wakefulness. Both the calculated entropy indices decreased with increasing levels of sedation (r2 = 0.58 and 0.61, respectively) and they showed a high correlation with each other (r2 = 0.94). However, an overlap was observed in real time indices between different stages of the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale. Only three of the nine volunteers had explicit memories from the episode of wakefulness. Electroencephalographic entropy monitors seem to have potential for staging clinical hypnotic effects.
Assessment of tracheal intubation in children after induction with propofol and different doses of remifentanil
Authors: Blair J. M. , Hill D. A. , Wilson C. M. , Fee J. P. H. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryTracheal intubating conditions were assessed in 112 children after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 µg.kg−1. Subjects in a control group were given propofol and mivacurium 0.2 mg.kg−1. Haemodynamic and respiratory parameters were recorded. Plasma catecholamine levels were measured in a subgroup of 40 children. Intubating conditions were acceptable in 14/28 (50%), 18/26 (69%) and 22/27 (82%) in those subjects given remifentanil 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 µg.kg−1, respectively, and in 27/28 (96%) of the control group. Intubating conditions in subjects given remifentanil 3.0 µg.kg−1 were better than in those given remifentanil 1.0 µg.kg−1 (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in intubating conditions between those given remifentanil 3.0 µg.kg−1 and the control group. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased in response to tracheal intubation in subjects given remifentanil 1.0 µg.kg−1 and in the control group (p < 0.05). Time to resumption of spontaneous respiration was prolonged in subjects given remifentanil 3.0 µg.kg−1 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, remifentanil 2 µg.kg−1 provides acceptable intubating conditions and haemodynamic stability without prolonging the return of spontaneous respiration.
Simple bedside assessment of level of consciousness: comparison of two simple assessment scales with the Glasgow Coma scale*
Authors: McNarry A. F. , Goldhill D. R. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryNeurological assessment is an essential component of early warning scores used to identify seriously ill ward patients. We investigated how two simple scales (ACDU – Alert, Confused, Drowsy, Unresponsive; and AVPU – Alert, responds to Voice, responds to Pain, Unresponsive) compared to each other and also to the more complicated Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Neurosurgical nurses recorded patients' conscious level with each of the three scales. Over 7 months, 1020 analysable measurements were collected. Both simple scales identified distinct GCS ranges, although some overlap occurred (p < 0.001). Median GCS scores associated with AVPU were 15, 13, 8 and 6 and for ACDU were 15, 13, 10 and 6. The median values of ACDU were more evenly distributed than AVPU and may therefore be better at identifying early deteriorations in conscious level when they occur in critically ill ward patients.
Anaesthetic management in facial bipartition surgery: The experience of one centre
Authors: Mallory S. , Yap L. H. , Jones B. M. , Bingham R. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryFacial bipartition is amongst the most radical craniofacial surgery undertaken but is performed rarely. There is little published information on its anaesthetic management. We undertook a retrospective case‐note review of 22 consecutive patients undergoing bipartition surgery by the same surgical team in one centre in the period 1993–2001. There were incomplete data for two cases and these were therefore excluded. Patients were aged 2 months to 19 years. Conditions treated were facial cleft (n = 5), frontonasal dysplasia (n = 7) and facial dysostosis (n = 8).Intra‐operative complications included major haemorrhage (n = 4), bradycardia (n = 3) and unintentional tracheal extubation (n = 1). There were no peri‐operative deaths. All patients required intra‐operative blood transfusion and 15% of them had a postoperative haemoglobin concentration > 115% of their pre‐operative value. In this series, four patients required postoperative lung ventilation for a median duration of 3 days. Infants < 14 months old were significantly more likely to receive a massive blood transfusion (p = 0.0002), to have an excessively high postoperative haematocrit (p = 0.008) and to require postoperative lung ventilation (p = 0.0002) compared with older patients. We conclude that patients in this age group have a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications.
Unplanned admission rates and postdischarge complications in patients over the age of 70 following day case surgery
Authors: Aldwinckle R. J. , Montgomery J. E. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryThe elderly are a group of patients who would seem ideally suited to day surgery. However, age was initially regarded as a potential barrier to this process. We conducted a retrospective review of 1647 elderly patients (> 70 years of age) over a two‐year period. Our results show a favourable outcome for these patients with low rates of unplanned admission and postoperative complications. Elderly patients seem to be at no increased risk of complications after day surgery, and show excellent satisfaction scores.