bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Authors: Aggarwal B B , Reddy S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TNF is produced in response to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their products (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, lipid A analogue muramyl peptide) , viruses (e.g. HIV-1), mycoplasma, immune complexes, cytokines (e.g. GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2, IFNy), tumour cells, complement (CSa), glucose-modified proteins, neuropeptides, myelin P2 protein, protein kinase C activators (phorbol esters), protein phosphatase inhibitors(okadaic acid), reactive oxygen species, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, and platelet activating factor (PAF) (Aggarwal 1992; Spriggs et al. 1992).
Receptors for the Alpha and Beta Interferon (IFN) Family
Authors: Uze G , Lutfalla G , Mogensen K E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Receptors are generally found on all human cells whatever their origin, even on cells poorly responsive to interferon. Cell lines showing no binding at all of one or other of the family are relatively rare or deliberate constructs. Binding studies with radiolabelled ligand have been reported for the following human recombinant interferon: alphas, 1(D), 2 (A), 8(8), 4 and for beta interferon. Competitive binding experiments with unlabelled ligand against a given radiolabelled interferon have been reported for a wider range of alpha interferons. Taking account of differences in specific activity (e.g. that of alpha-1 is markedly less on human cells than those of the other alpha beta interferons), these results all tend to the conclusion that the alpha beta interferons interact with the same receptor site (Branca 1988). However, direct binding studies with the radiolabelled ligand reveal differences that are not easily apparent from competitive studies.
Cysteine-string proteins
Authors: Zinsmaier K E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Omega-conotoxin receptor or CCCS1 for candidate calcium channel subunit 1 (Mastrogiacomo et al., 1994b), now denoted Tcsp. The Drosophila csp gene was isolated using the antibody MAb DCSP-1 (former Mab ab49) (Zinsmaier et al., 1990,
1994) .The gene (Flybase gene id #Fbgn0004179) is located at 79E1-2 on the third chromosome, expresses three alternatively spliced RNA (2.3-2.9 kb) transcripts (Zinsmaier et al., 1994). The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of two cDNA clones isolated from a Drosophila head cDNA library (GenBank accession numbers M63421, M63008; Zinsmaier et al., 1990) reveals proteins of 249, 223 amino acids (designated Dcsp-32, Dcsp29a).
BPAG1
Authors: Dowling James , Fuchs Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The BPAG1 gene locus encodes two major isoforms which share a common C terminal intermediate filament binding domain. The 230 kDa epidermal splice variant, BPAG1e, is a major component of the inner plaque portion of the hemidesmosome and is required for stable interaction of this junction with keratin filaments. The 280 kDa neuronal isoform, BPAG1 n, contains a bona fide actin-binding domain in addition to the intermediate filament binding domain and is essential for primary sensory neurone function. Both BPAG1e and BPAG1n are members of a growing family of intermediate filament linker proteins that also includes desmoplakin, envoplakin, and plectin.
Introduction
Authors: Erickson Harold P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years ago the cytoskeleton included the big three: microtllbules, actin, and intermediate filaments. More than ten years ago a fourth system was fleshed out: the membrane cytoskeleton, based on spectrin, dystrophin, and clathrin. This seemed enough for biochemists struggling to explain the assembly of filaments, the associated proteins and the motor proteins that run along them, but it is apparently not enough for biology. New cytoskeietal proteins have been discovered in recent years, each providing a fascinating new mechanism for cell structure and motility.
Centrin
Authors: Lee Vincent D , Huang Bessie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centrin is a ubitiquitous protein associated with the centrosomes in cells from diverse evolutionary lineages. it is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. It appears to play a role in the reproduction cycle of the centrosome, the major microtubule-organizing centre of the eukaryotic cell.
Kinesin, heteromeric
Authors: Scholey Jonathan M , Wedaman Karen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heteromeric kinesins (or heterokinesins)1,2 are motor proteins that move towards the plus ends of microtubules at rates ∼0.3-0.6 µ,m s-1• They consist of two distinct heterodimerized kinesin subunits, and most motors of this class also contain an additional accessory subunit of unknown function. The heteromeric kinesins are thought to participate in anterograde flagellar transport during the assembly of axonemes, to drive anterograde axonal vesicle transport, and to disperse pigment granules in melanophores.
Muscle myosin, skeletal
Authors: Cooke Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skeletal muscle myosin is a large hexameric protein with two globular heads and a long coiled-coif a-helical rod. A portion of the skeletal muscle myosin rod aggregates to form the core of the thick filament found at the centre of the muscle sarcomere. The globular heads contain sites for the interaction with both actin filaments and ATP, and it is this interaction which generates the force of muscle cells.
Myosin 1
Authors: Titus Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Class I myosins are low molecular weight actin-based motors expressed in a wide range of organisms. They are typically found in association with membranes and all myosin Is contain a tail domain, rich in basic residues, that mediates direct binding of the myosin I to anionic phospholipids. The myosin Is are likely to play important roles in moving membranes against actin and mediating membrane-actin interactions.
Myosin V
Authors: Cheney Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The class V myosins are an abundant and widely distributed group of motor proteins implicated in organelle trafficking and membrane targeting. They appear to form two-headed dimers that are joined by a stalk to a globular tail domain of unknown function. A combination of biochemical and molecular genetic studies has led to the hypothesis that class V myosins may function as actin-based motors for organelle transport.
Myosin VII
Authors: Hasson Tama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myosin Vila is an unconventional myosin implicated in deafness syndromes in mouse and human. It has a conserved N-terminal motor domain, a light chain-binding neck region, which may associate with five calmodulin light chains, and a C-terminal tail comprised of coiled coil and a direct repeat of two motifs termed the Myth domain and the talin-like domain. These structural domains target myosin Vila to the actin cytoskeleton and to membrane domains in inner ear hair cells, retina, and testis.
Myosins, divergent
Authors: Cheney Richard E , Baker Jeff P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for unconventional myosins has led to the discovery of several highly divergent motor proteins. like other members of the myosin superfamily, these proteins have myosin-like motor domains attached to a variety of specific tail domains. Although little is known about the properties of most of these proteins, phylogenetic analyses suggest that these divergent myosins may constitute novel classes of the myosin superfamily.
C- and H-proteins
Authors: Fischman Donald A , Reinach F C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telokin, titin, M-protein, myomesin, skelemin. All are composed of tandem globular domains with sequence homology to either the lgC2 or Fnlll motifs. One of these proteins, telokin, which consists of a single lgC2 domain, has been crystallized and its high resolution structure established.
Caldesmon
Authors: Huber Pia A J , Marston Steven B , Hodgkinson Julie L , Wang C -L Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smooth muscle caldesmon isolated from chicken gizzard migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 14 000 on SDS gels; cDNA sequencing gives molecular weights of 93 kDa for human and 89 kDa for chicken gizzard caldesmon. The protein sequence shows a long central α-helical region containing a repeated 13 (or 15) amino acid motif; the number of repeats is 8–12, depending on the degree of degeneracy allowed. Circular dichroism measurements of a central fragment are consistent with a helical structure. The 60 174 Da non-muscle caldesmon (I-CaD, for its lower molecular weight) is smaller than the muscle isoform; cDNA sequencing of an I-CaD indicates deletion of 232 amino acids beginning near residue 200 and including the region of repeats.
Elongation factor 1A (eEF1A)
Authors: Edmonds Brian T , Liu Gang , Condeelis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EF1A (formerly known as EF-Tu) is the bacterial G protein (Mr 42 kDa) that similarly binds aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome. However, EF1A does not bind actin (G. Liu; unpublished observations) and cannot substitute for eEF1A in eukaryotic cell free translation systems.
The Age of Alleles
Authors: Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mathematical theory arising in the study of the age of an allele that arose as a unique mutation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on methods based on coalescent theory, importance sampling, and linear birth-death processes. In a population of constant size, allele frequency provides little information about the age of a neutral allele because, for a given frequency, the distribution of ages is broad. Rapid population growth reduces the average age and results in a much narrower distribution. Natural selection in favor of or against the mutation has an effect similar to population growth. Variation of marker loci closely linked to an allele of interest (intra-allelic variability) also provides information about allele age. The relationship between estimates of allele age based on frequency and based on intra-allelic variability provide ways to test hypotheses about the population genetic forces affecting an allele and to estimate parameters of population genetic models. The methods described in this chapter are applied to several mutations that have been studied in human populations.
Teleology: the explanation that bedevils biology
Authors: Hanke David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biology is sick. Fundamentally unscientific modes of thought are increasingly accepted, and dominate the way the subject is explained to the next generation. The heart of the problem is that we persist in making (literally) sense of a world that we now know to be senseless by attributing subjective values to the objects in it, values that have no basis in reality.
For examples, read anything written by the first Oxford Professor of Public Understanding of Science, probably the most influential communicator of biology in his generation. Here ‘s a smattering from the book he intended for professional biologists:
Introduction
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enron mental problems result from a difference between the existing and the desired values for variables that describe an environmental condition. For policy-makers, environmental problems exist, most of the time, only when dramatic events prompt media news and, as a result, a public interest. With the gradual decline of the media attention, the solution to the problem becomes less pressing. Sometimes, as pointed out by Dmvns (1972), there may be a long period with occasional resurgence of public interest and this may result in a solution.
Multidimensional Environmental Modelling
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical entities are easily manipulated, interpreted, and have a compact notation (Nickerson, I 988). These features, available data, and limited computing resources have made environmental modelling to be a strictly numerical process until recently. In the last thirty years, hundreds of numerical environmental models have been developed. Comprehensive reviews may be found in Zannetti ( 1990) for air pollution modelling, Clark (1996) and Schnoor (1996) for water, air, and soil pollution models, and Chapra (1997) for water quality modelling. The behaviour of ecosystems has also been extensively modelled using both compartment views, such as in Brown and Rothery (1993) and Bossel (1994), and individual-based approaches as in DeAngelis and Gross (1992). Brebbia et al. (1997) presented a compilation of noise propagation models and McGuffie ( 1997) offered a review of climate models.
The European Union and the United States as two variants of Western modernity
Authors: Martinelli Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first aim of the volume is describing, interpreting, and analyzing key selected features of European society and American society and major social trends in the United States and in the European Union (EU) in the past fifty years (since the 1957 Treaty of Rome), looking for convergences and divergences. The United States of America and the European Union are the two strongest economic powers in the contemporary world, roughly equivalent in terms of gross national product (GNP), market size, and scientific potential, but asymmetrical in terms of political influence and military might. The United States and the EU can be seen as successful examples both of economic development and of political and cultural modernization. But they have followed diﬀerent paths to reach such a position. They can be considered as two variants of Western modernity.
Religion
Authors: Bös Mathias , Hebel Kai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘When I arrived in the United States, it was the country’s religious aspect that first captured my attention. The longer I stayed, the more I became aware that this novel situation had important political consequences. In France, I knew, the spirit of religion and the spirit of liberty almost always pulled in opposite directions. In the United States I found them intimately intertwined: together they ruled the same territory.’ (Tocqueville [1835] 2004: 340–1) Through the centuries, numerous observers have been struck by the diﬀerences in the role religion plays in European and US-American life. This is especially note-worthy since both societies are, from a structural point of view, Christian despite an increasing number of non-Christian denominations and atheists in both societies, three quarters of the populations are Christians (the EU about 75% and United States 80%, see Barret, Kurian, and Johnson 2001).
Commentary, By Nicholas Higham
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the fundamental tenets of numerical linear algebra is to exploit matrix factorizations. Doing so has numerous benefits, ranging from allowing clearer analysis and deeper understanding to simplifying the efficient implementation of algorithms. Textbooks in numerical analysis and matrix analysis nowadays maximize the use of matrix factorizations, but this was not so in the first half of the 20th century. Golub has done as much as anyone to promulgate the benefits of matrix factorization, particularly the QR factorization and the singular value decomposition, and especially through his book Matrix Computations with Van Loan [28]. The five papers in this part illustrate several different facets of the matrix factorization paradigm.
Numerical Methods For Computing Angles Between Linear Subspaces (With a. Bjo Rck)
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I spent the academic year 1968/69 as a postdoc at Stanford University and UC Berkeley. This gave me the possibility to see Gene regularly and George Forsythe occasionally. Another highlight I recall was to meet with the group of PhD students at the Computer Science Department, all of whom would later become famous. Although I don’t have a precise recollection of how the collaboration on this paper originated, I am pretty sure it was like this: Gene would sit down with me, take out a sheet of paper and in ten minutes he had sketched an elegant outline of the paper. The main starting point was the close connection between the minimax characterization of the singular values and that of the cosines of the principal angles. This works also in Cn and all the theory in the paper was done for the complex case. I recall that I was very excited about Gene’s new algorithm for stably computing the SVD and this was a good application.
(With C. De Boor)
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This was a fun paper to work on. Gene had come to the Mathematics Research Center (MRC) in Madison, WI, in May of 1976 (giving Gene the pleasure to write in the paper’s acknowledgements of having been a “guest worker” there) to work with Paul Concus, had recently talked with Victor Barcilon about the inverse eigenvalue problem for 5-diagonal matrices, and must have given a talk about the general problem, with stress on tridiagonal matrices. I became intrigued since Gene mentioned some unsolved problems and I had recently gone through, jointly with Allan Pinkus, Gantmakher and Krein’s “Oszillationsmatrizen, Oszillationskerne und kleine Schwingungen mechanischer Systeme”, hence felt at home with Jacobi matrices and the power of Sylvester’s determinant identity (which, so Allan had taught me, is the only determinant identity one really needs, other than Cauchy–Binet).
The European Economic and Social Committee
Authors: Westlake Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) is, alongside the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the Court of Justice, one of the most venerable of the European Union’s institutions. As a consultative body, the EESC is naturally less well known than its peers. In the burgeoning literature about EU interest group representation, the Committee has frequently been portrayed as an anachronism, but this chapter will argue that a series of developments have shifted the Committee back to greater relevance and a productive role. Through a process of modernization and reform, it has developed considerable potential value to the lobby and therefore should figure more on the latter’s radar screen than is currently the case. The Committee does not pretend to an exclusive role, but its Treaty-based prerogatives make it a privileged interlocutor and a valuable partner. From the lobby’s point of view, the EESC potentially represents a valuable source of intelligence and an additional vector for influence.
Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom?
Authors: Woll Cornelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade policy is a classic field for the study of private influence on policy-making. Firms and industries can gain clear advantages by protecting their markets from foreign competition or by gaining access to other countries. A large portion of the literature on international political economy therefore explains policy choices with reference to the demands of constituent interests (see Frieden and Martin 2002). For anybody interested in business lobbying, trade policy would seem to be the most appropriate place to start. And yet, comparing trade policy lobbying in the United States and the European Union (EU) leaves many observers surprised. Aggressive business lobbying on trade issues is much less common in Brussels than it is in Washington, DC (e.g. Coen 1999; cf. Woll 2006).
Mechanics on manifolds
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manifolds are locally equivalent to Euclidean spaces. The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics on Euclidean spaces introduced in Chapter 1 provide the local mathematical formulations of mechanics on manifolds. However, global issues may still arise from the need to use multiple coordinate charts.
Lie groups and Lie algebras
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, a system is symmetric when its state does not change under a certain transformation. For mechanical systems, a symmetry is a transformation of phase space, and possibly time, that leaves the Hamiltonian or Lagrangian invariant. Symmetries form groups, with the group operation being composition. For instance, a group consisting of a reflection and the identity transformation is isomorphic to Z2; while the group of rotations of R3 is the matrix Lie group SO(3).
Euler–Poincaré theorem for geophysical fluid dynamics
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) studies the large-scale circulatory motions of the atmosphere and ocean, which are of importance, for example, in modelling climate change. The history of predicting climate, or rather predicting the general circulation in the atmosphere and ocean, records a series of challenges that were met and overcome in formulating the important questions and finding numerical solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE) that govern climate dynamics.
Heavenly learning, statecraft, and scholarship: the Jesuits and their mathematics in China
Authors: Jami Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of the transmission of mathematics from Europe to China in the early modern age is closely linked to that of the Jesuit mission from 1582 to 1773, which spanned the last decades of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) from its advent to its apogee in the mid-eighteenth century. For almost two centuries, the Jesuits put the sciences in the service of evangelization: their knowledge enhanced the prestige of their religion and opened the way first to the patronage of individual o7cials, and then to that of the state.
Mathematics education in an Old Babylonian scribal school
Authors: Robson Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early second millennium bc, southern Iraq—ancient Babylonia—produced large quantities of mathematics, written on small clay tablets in the Akkadian in Sumerian languages using the cuneiform, or wedge-shaped, script. For many decades after its discovery and decipherment in the early twentieth century the study of Old Babylonian (OB) mathematics quite rightly focused on the recovery of knowledge: what was known, and where and when.
The Bayesian Approach to the Analysis of Finite Population Surveys
Authors: Little Roderick J A , Zheng Hui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many Bayesian statisticians, and many sampling statisticians, but very few Bayesian sampling statisticians. This article considers why this is the case. We argue that the Bayesian approach is very attractive in the survey sampling setting, and offer a recipe for successful application of Bayesian ideas: Bayesian models for surveys need to take into account features of the survey design like clustering and stratification, limit strong parametric assumptions, and incorporate weakly informative prior distributions. Examples are provided to show that Bayesian inferences with these features can have good repeated sampling properties. We also describe a new Bayesian approach for the situation where the selection probabilities are known only for the sampled units, a case where some authors have argued that the Bayesian approach is problematic.