bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway in Secretory Stress and Regulation of INO1 Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Chang Hak J , Jesch Stephen A , Gaspar Maria L , Henry Susan A 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) enables the cell to cope with the buildup of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR loss-of-function mutants, hac1Δ and ire1Δ, are also inositol auxotrophs, a phenotype associated with defects in expression of INO1, the most highly regulated of a set of genes encoding enzymes of phospholipid metabolism. We now demonstrate that the UPR plays a functional role in membrane trafficking under conditions of secretory stress in yeast. Mutations conferring a wide range of membrane trafficking defects exhibited negative genetic interaction when combined with ire1Δ and hac1Δ. At semipermissive temperatures, carboxypeptidase Y transit time to the vacuole was slower in Sec− cells containing an ire1Δ or hac1Δ mutation than in Sec− cells with an intact UPR. The UPR was induced in Sec− cells defective in subcellular membrane trafficking events ranging from ER vesicle trafficking to distal secretion and in erg6Δ cells challenged with brefeldin A. However, the high levels of UPR induction observed under these conditions were not correlated with elevated INO1 expression. Indeed, many of the Sec− mutants that had elevated UPR expression at semipermissive growth temperatures failed to achieve wild-type levels of INO1 expression under these same conditions.
Core Promoter Sequences Contribute to ovo-B Regulation in the Drosophila melanogaster Germline
Authors: Bielinska Beata , Lü Jining , Sturgill David , Oliver Brian 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Utilization of tightly linked ovo-A vs. ovo-B germline promoters results in the expression of OVO-A and OVO-B, C2H2 transcription factors with different N –termini, and different effects on target gene transcription and on female germline development. We show that two sex-determination signals, the X chromosome number within the germ cells and a female soma, differentially regulate ovo-B and ovo-A. We have previously shown that OVO regulates ovarian tumor transcription by binding the transcription start site. We have explored the regulation of the ovo-B promoter using an extensive series of transgenic reporter gene constructs to delimit cis-regulatory sequences as assayed in wild-type and sex-transformed flies and flies with altered ovo dose. Minimum regulated expression of ovo-B requires a short region flanking the transcription start site, suggesting that the ovo-B core promoter bears regulatory information in addition to a “basal” activity. In support of this idea, the core promoter region binds distinct factors in ovary and testis extracts, but not in soma extracts, suggesting that regulatory complexes form at the start site. This idea is further supported by the evolutionarily conserved organization of OVO binding sites at or near the start sites of ovo loci in other flies.
Reversible Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation Mediate Genome-Wide, Promoter-Dependent and Locus-Specific Changes in Gene Expression During Plant Development
Authors: Tian Lu , Fong M Paulus , Wang Jiyuan J , Wei Ning E , Jiang Hongmei , Doerge R W , Chen Z Jeffrey 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Histone acetylation and deacetylation activate or repress transcription, yet the physiological relevance of reversible changes in chromatin structure and gene expression is poorly understood. We have shown that disrupting the expression of AtHD1 that encodes a putative Arabidopsis thaliana histone deacetylase induces a variety of developmental abnormalities. However, causal effects of the AtHD1 disruption on chromatin structure and gene expression are unknown. Using Arabidopsis spotted oligo-gene microarray analysis, here we report that &gt;7% of the transcriptome was up- or downregulated in A. thaliana plants containing a T-DNA insertion in AtHD1 (athd1-t1), indicating that AtHD1 provides positive and negative control of transcriptional regulation. Remarkably, genes involved in ionic homeostasis and protein synthesis were ectopically expressed, whereas genes in ionic homeostasis, protein transport, and plant hormonal regulation were repressed in athd1-t1 leaves or flowers, suggesting a role of AtHD1 in developmental and environmental regulation of gene expression. Moreover, defective AtHD1 induced site-specific and reversible acetylation changes in H3-Lys9, H4-Lys12, and H4 tetra-lysines (residues 5, 8, 12, and 16) in homozygous recessive and heterozygous plants. Transcriptional activation was locus specific and often associated with specific acetylation sites in the vicinity of promoters, whereas gene repression did not correlate with changes in histone acetylation or correlated directly with H3-Lys9 methylation but not with DNA methylation. The data suggest that histone acetylation and deacetylation are promoter dependent, locus specific, and genetically reversible, which provides a general mechanism for reversible gene regulation responsive to developmental and environmental changes.
Characterization of the grappa Gene, the Drosophila Histone H3 Lysine 79 Methyltransferase
Authors: Shanower Gregory A , Muller Martin , Blanton Jason L , Honti Viktor , Gyurkovics Henrik , Schedl Paul 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
We have identified a novel gene named grappa (gpp) that is the Drosophila ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene Dot1, a histone methyltransferase that modifies the lysine (K)79 residue of histone H3. gpp is an essential gene identified in a genetic screen for dominant suppressors of pairing-dependent silencing, a Polycomb-group (Pc-G)-mediated silencing mechanism necessary for the maintenance phase of Bithorax complex (BX-C) expression. Surprisingly, gpp mutants not only exhibit Pc-G phenotypes, but also display phenotypes characteristic of trithorax-group mutants. Mutations in gpp also disrupt telomeric silencing but do not affect centric heterochromatin. These apparent contradictory phenotypes may result from loss of gpp activity in mutants at sites of both active and inactive chromatin domains. Unlike the early histone H3 K4 and K9 methylation patterns, the appearance of methylated K79 during embryogenesis coincides with the maintenance phase of BX-C expression, suggesting that there is a unique role for this chromatin modification in development.
Haploidy, Diploidy and Evolution of Antifungal Drug Resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Anderson James B , Sirjusingh Caroline , Ricker Nicole 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the time course of the evolution of antifungal drug resistance depends on the ploidy of the fungus. The experiments were designed to measure the initial response to the selection imposed by the antifungal drug fluconazole up to and including the fixation of the first resistance mutation in populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Under conditions of low drug concentration, mutations in the genes PDR1 and PDR3, which regulate the ABC transporters implicated in resistance to fluconazole, are favored. In this environment, diploid populations of defined size consistently became fixed for a resistance mutation sooner than haploid populations. Experiments manipulating population sizes showed that this advantage of diploids was due to increased mutation availability relative to that of haploids; in effect, diploids have twice the number of mutational targets as haploids and hence have a reduced waiting time for mutations to occur. Under conditions of high drug concentration, recessive mutations in ERG3, which result in resistance through altered sterol synthesis, are favored. In this environment, haploids consistently achieved resistance much sooner than diploids. When 29 haploid and 29 diploid populations were evolved for 100 generations in low drug concentration, the mutations fixed in diploid populations were all dominant, while the mutations fixed in haploid populations were either recessive (16 populations) or dominant (13 populations). Further, the spectrum of the 53 nonsynonymous mutations identified at the sequence level was different between haploids and diploids. These results fit existing theory on the relative abilities of haploids and diploids to adapt and suggest that the ploidy of the fungal pathogen has a strong impact on the evolution of fluconazole resistance.
Organ-Specific Silencing of Duplicated Genes in a Newly Synthesized Cotton Allotetraploid
Authors: Adams Keith L , Percifield Ryan , Wendel Jonathan F 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Most eukaryotes have undergone genome doubling at least once during their evolutionary history. Hybridization followed by genome doubling (allopolyploidization) is a prominent mode of speciation in plants, leading to phenotypic novelty and changes in genome structure and gene expression. Molecular events that take place immediately after polyploid formation can be studied using newly synthesized allopolyploids. Here we studied the extent of gene silencing in a newly created and genomically stable allotetraploid cotton, of genotype AAGG, using an AFLP-cDNA display screen. Over 2000 transcripts were screened and ∼5% of the duplicated genes in the allotetraploid were inferred to have been silenced or downregulated. Sequencing of 24 AFLP-cDNA fragments revealed genes with a variety of functions. Analysis by RT-PCR showed silencing or a strong expression bias toward one copy for 9 of 13 genes examined. Comparisons of expression patterns among eight organs in the allopolyploid showed that silencing and preferential expression are organ specific. Examination of silencing patterns in two other synthetic polyploids, of genotype AADD, showed that the same gene can be silenced independently in different genotypes. These results provide a detailed portrayal of gene silencing events that can occur following allopolyploidization and suggest epigenetic causal factors.
Transmissible and Nontransmissible Mutations Induced by Irradiating Arabidopsis thaliana Pollen With γ-Rays and Carbon IonsThis article is dedicated to Toshiya Takano, who passed away in December 2003.
Authors: Naito Ken , Kusaba Makoto , Shikazono Naoya , Takano Toshiya , Tanaka Atsushi , Tanisaka Takatoshi , Nishimura Minoru 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
An early genetic study showed that most radiation-induced mutations are not transmitted to progeny. In recent molecular studies in plants, mainly M2 plants or their progeny, which contain only transmissible mutations, have been analyzed, but the early results imply that these studies are insufficient as comprehensive descriptions of radiation-induced mutations. To study radiation-induced mutations caused by low-LET γ-rays and high-LET carbon ions at the molecular level, we used the pollen-irradiation method and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study various mutations, including nontransmissible mutations. This analysis revealed that most mutants induced with irradiation with γ-rays (150–600 Gy) or carbon ions (40–150 Gy) carried extremely large deletions of up to &gt;6 Mbp, the majority of which were not transmitted to progeny. Mutations containing 1- or 4-bp deletions, which were transmitted normally, were also found. Comparison of the deleted regions in the mutants showing various manners of transmission suggests that the nontransmissibility of the large deletions may be due to the deletion of a particular region that contains a gene or genes required for gamete development or viability.
Initiators, Cationic
Authors: Faust Rudolf 
Published: September 2004

AbstractCationic initiation in general and the cation donor (initiator)/Friedel‐Crafts acid (coinitiator) initiating system in particular are reviewed. The efficiency of a particular initiating system depends on the reactivity of the initiating cation relative to that of the propagating center. The strength of the Friedel‐Crafts acid and the nucleophilicity of the formed counteranion also affect the rates of initiation and propagation as well as the influence of solvent polarity. Controlled initiation in the absence of chain transfer, the inifer technique, and living cationic polymerization systems are reviewed. These systems have resulted in head group control, molecular weight, and end group control, and in the synthesis of well‐defined materials with controlled architecture, molecular weight, molecular weight distributions, and end functionalities.
Herbicides
Authors: Plimmer Jack R. , Bradow Judith M. , Dionigi Christopher P. , Johnson Richard M. , Wojkowski Suhad 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWeeds, ie, unwanted plants, reduce crop yields and quality. Of the many approaches used to control weeds, the use of chemical herbicides is considered the most effective and efficient. Herbicides are a critical factor in agricultural productivity and represent a significant economic input in crop production. This review discusses herbicide mode of action, environmental fate, and chemistry, as well as the historical perspectives and future trends in herbicide development. Topics addressed include analytical methods, allelopathy and natural products, biological control, carcinogenicity, herbicide degradation, leaching, sorption, volatilization, movement in soil, enzyme and biosynthesis inhibition, free‐radical induction, photosynthesis and pigment bleaching, plant growth regulators, seed safeners, water quality, and weed seeds. Primary herbicide groups include acid amides, amino acid analogues, aliphatic carboxylic acids, benzonitriles, bipyridiniums, carbamates, dinitroanilines, diphenyl ethers, imidazoles, inorganic and metallorganic compounds, mycoherbicides, phenoxy acids, phenoxyalkanoic acids, pyridines, pyridazones, phthalics, sulfonylureas, thiocarbamates, triazines, and ureas. Miscellaneous herbicides include acrolein, cinmethylin, clethodim, clomazone, ethofumesate, sethoxydim, and tridiphane. A list of herbicide, agrichemical, and toxicology databases is provided.
Latex Technology
Authors: Grady Michael C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLatices are colloidal dispersions of discrete polymer particles, usually in an aqueous medium. Technology used to make and use latex involves many aspects of colloidal and polymer chemistry. This article reviews the fundamentals of emulsion polymerization, the techniques used to make most synthetic latices, general properties of latices, as well as colloidal and polymer compounding ingredients to convert latices into useful products, and discusses the wide variety of applications in which latices are used.
The effects of training professional groups and lay persons to use criteria‐based content analysis to detect deception
Authors: Akehurst Lucy , Bull Ray , Vrij Aldert , Köhnken Günter 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis experiment was designed to assess, for the first time, the effects of training police officers, social workers and students in Criteria‐Based Content Analysis (CBCA) in an attempt to increase lie detection accuracy. A within‐subjects design was implemented. Participants rated the truthfulness of a maximum of four statements before training in CBCA and rated the truthfulness of a different set of four statements after training. The raters were only exposed to the written transcripts of the communicators. Two thirds of the statements utilized were truthful and one third were based on fabrications. Before training, there were no significant differences in detection accuracy between the police officers (66% accuracy), the social workers (72% accuracy) and the students (56% accuracy). After training, the social workers were 77% accurate and significantly more accurate than the police officers (55%) and the students (61%). However, none of the three groups of raters significantly improved their lie detection accuracy after training, in fact, the police officers performed significantly poorer. Overall, police officers were significantly more confident than social workers and lay persons regardless of accuracy. Further, participants were most confident when labelling a statement truthful regardless of whether or not this was the correct decision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐laboratory analysis of endotoxin in cotton dust samples
Authors: Jacobs Robert R. , Chun David 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundCurrently there are no mandated exposure limits for endotoxin, but recommended limits have been proposed and interest expressed in developing quantitative standards for endotoxin. A limitation for developing a quantitative standard for endotoxin is the measurement variability between laboratories. Inter‐laboratory variability of up to four orders of magnitude has been reported for replicate samples. To evaluate both the intra‐ and inter‐laboratory variability, Round–Robin studies were conducted using replicate samples of cotton dust.MethodsReplicate samples of cotton dust were collected using vertical elutriators (VE) in a model cardroom. Each participating laboratory evaluated the samples for endotoxin using: their normal extraction procedure; a common extraction procedure; and a common extraction procedure and the same type and lot of a commercially available endotoxin kit.ResultsThese studies demonstrated that both intra‐ and inter‐laboratory variability is reduced by using a common extraction protocol and a common assay kit; however, significant differences remained between the laboratories.ConclusionsThe data suggest that intra‐laboratory assays can be used to assess the relative differences between endotoxin samples, however, the inter‐laboratory variability suggests that limitations remain for developing a reliable exposure assessment assay that could be used for a quantitative exposure standard. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:333–337, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in cellular and inflammatory cytokine profiles in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in bagassosis and silicosis
Authors: Zhai Rihong , Ge Xianmin , Li Helin , Tang Zhongquan , Liao Ruiqing , Kleinjans Jos 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the crucial mediators involved in the inflammation and fibrogenesis in bagassosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the cellular and cytokine patterns in the airways of bagassosis and to compare these with silicosis subjects and controls.MethodsBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 11 patients with bagassosis, 16 cases with silicosis, and 8 controls. Differential cell counts, total protein concentration, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐5, IL‐6, and IL‐8 were analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).ResultsBagassosis was characterized with hypercellularity with neutrophilia in BALF; while the predominant cell in the BALF in silicosis was macrophage. Compared with control subjects, increased TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐8, and IL‐6 levels were found in the BALFs in both bagassosis and silicosis. Furthermore, IL‐6 levels in the BALF of silicosis subjects were significantly higher than that seen in bagassosis. In contrast, bagassosis had higher level of IL‐8 in BALF than that in silicosis. Relationship among these parameters were found between IL‐8 levels and neutrophils, lymphocytes and IL‐1 β in bagassosis, macrophages and IL‐1β in silicosis. No significant differences of total protein concentrations and IL‐5 in BALF were found between controls or bagassosis, and silicosis.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that neutrophils, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐8, and IL‐6 are involved in the pathogenesis in bagassosis. The mechanisms underline the different cellular and cytokine profiles in bagassosis and silicosis warrant further investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:338–344, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute toxic pneumonitis complicating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a farmer
Authors: Sigurdarson Sigurdur T. , Donham Kelley J. , Kline Joel N. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundToxic pneumonitis or Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS) is a common, usually self‐limiting condition among agricultural workers, occurring after high level exposure to agricultural dust.Case ReportWe describe the case of a 68‐year‐old smoker and farmer who became ill with dyspnea, flu‐like symptoms, and hypoxia after cleaning out a grain bin.ResultsChest radiograph was normal. He was treated with steroids, antibiotics, and oxygen supplementation and recovered over 3 months, but continues with lingering exercise intolerance after 2 years.DiscussionAlthough toxic pneumonitis usually follows a relatively benign course with spontaneous recovery and no permanent sequale it can lead to the exacerbation of underlying lung conditions, resulting in incomplete or delayed recovery. Prevention is aimed at limiting exposure by avoidance, by increasing ventilation in closed spaces and by appropriate use of personal protective equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:393–395, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solubility of endotoxins from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Eduard Wijnand , Westby Mette Haraldsen , Larsson Lennart 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay may underestimate endotoxins because only soluble endotoxins are determined. The solubility of endotoxins was, therefore, studied in two species of Gram‐negative bacteria.MethodsCultures were grown in serum broth, cells were harvested by centrifugation and washed in physiological saline. Bacterial suspensions were either filtered through PTFE filters and air dried at room temperature, dried in polypropylene tubes at room temperature in a desiccator, or freeze dried. Samples were extracted with aqueous Tween 20. The soluble and insoluble fractions were dried, methanolysed, and hydroxy‐fatty acid methyl esters were determined by gas chromatography (GC) as markers of endotoxins.ResultsThe solubility of the endotoxins from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranged from 9% to 83%. Species and drying conditions had substantial influence on the solubility.ConclusionsEndotoxin exposure may be underestimated in environmental samples by the LAL test because a substantial fraction can be non‐soluble and is not detected. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:375–377, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multimetallic Cooperative Activation of N2
Authors: Gambarotta Sandro , Scott Jennifer 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe impressive number of breakthroughs reported in recent years in the field of dinitrogen activation reiterates the great interest that is still attracted by this molecule as a target for molecular activation studies. In spite of the fact that the discovery of dinitrogen fixation is rapidly approaching its 40th birthday, a thorough understanding of the factors that determine either fixation or activation is yet to be achieved. Nevertheless, substantial progress has recently been made. The aim of this article is to review some of the most recent literature and to assess the necessity of multimetallic attack to dinitrogen as a prerequisite towards further cleavage and functionalization.
Long‐term exposure of several marine benthic animals to static magnetic fields
Authors: Bochert R. , Zettler M.L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractElectrical currents in underwater sea cables could induce magnetic fields. The sea cables lie on or within the sea bottom and this is the living area for many invertebrate and vertebrate species. North Sea prawn Crangon crangon (Crustacea, Decapoda), round crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Crustacea, Brachyura), glacial relict isopod Saduria entomon (Crustacea, Isopoda), blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia), and young flounder Plathichthys flesus (Pisces) were exposed to a static magnetic field (MF) of 3.7 mT for several weeks. The results showed no differences in survival between experimental and control animals. Mussels M. edulis were kept under static magnetic field conditions for 3 months during their reproductive period in spring. The determination of gonad index and condition index revealed no significant differences to the control group. Bioelectromagnetics 25:498–502, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.