bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a triblock copolymer: Poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(alkylene phosphate)‐poly(ethylene glycol) as a modifier of CaCO3 crystallization
Authors: Penczek Stanislaw , Pretula Julia , Kaluzynski Krzysztof 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTriblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(alkylene phosphate)‐poly(ethylene glycol) was prepared by first reacting hexamethylene glycol with dimethyl‐H‐phosphonate at conditions of transesterification and then replacing the CH3OP(O)(H)O‐… end‐groups by monomethyl ether of poly(ethylene glycol). The course of reaction was studied by 31P NMR indicating complete conversion. After oxidation the poly(alkylene H‐phosphonate was converted into the final triblock polyphosphate. This triblock copolymer was used as a modifier of CaCO3 crystallization. Unusual semi open empty spheres resulted, composed of small crystallites of the size (diameter) equal to 40–90 nm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 650–657, 2005
Examining Political Change and Presidential Power in the US
Authors: DUMBRELL JOHN 
Published: December 2004

H. W. Brands, The Strange Death of American Liberalism (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, paperback edition, 2003, £9.95). Pp. 200. ISBN 0 300 098 24 3.Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis (Durham NC and London: Duke University Press, revised and expanded paperback edition, 2003, £18.50). Pp. 406. ISBN 0 8223 3199 3.William G. Howell, Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action (Princeton NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003, cloth £29.95, paper £12.95). Pp. 239. ISBN 0 691 10269, 0 691 10270 8.Drew Noble Lanier, Of Time and Judicial Behavior: United States Supreme Court Agenda – Setting and Decision-Making, 1888–1997 (Selinsgrove PA: Susquehanna University Press and London: Associated University Presses, 2003, $42.50). Pp. 276. ISBN 1 57591 067 5.Byron E. Shafer, The Two Majorities and the Puzzle of Modern American Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003, cloth $35, paper $19.95). Pp. 356. ISBN 0 7006 1235 1, 0 7006 1236 X.One does not have to be an especially sophisticated philosopher of explanatory method to appreciate that, in explaining change in human affairs, much depends on the situation of and level of analysis adopted by the would-be explainer. Do the dots connect or are they mostly what they appear to be – just dots? Reality, according to Bertrand Russell's famous aphorism, is either a bowl of connected jelly or a bucket of disconnected shot. It all depends on the observer, who, of course, is also part of the reality being considered.
Genetic counseling for prostate cancer risk
Authors: Nieder AM , Taneja SS , Zeegers MPA , Ostrer H 
Published: December 2004

Nieder AM, Taneja SS, Zeegers MPA and Ostrer H. Genetic counseling for prostate cancer risk.Clin Genet 2003: 63 169‐176. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003Major risk factors for developing prostate cancer, including positive family history and African–American ethnicity, can be quantified for genetic counseling. Factors increasing familial risk for prostate cancer are closer degree of kinship, number of affected relatives, and early age of onset (< 50 years) among the affected relatives. Genetic testing may be useful for modification of risk, but currently should be performed only within the context of a well‐designed research study that will determine penetrance and genotype–phenotype correlation of specific mutations. Even in the absence of genetic testing, African–American men and men with a strong family history of prostate cancer may opt to initiate screening by prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal exam (DRE) screening at age 40.
Osseointegration of endosseous ceramic implants after postoperative low‐power laser stimulation: an in vivo comparative study
Authors: Guzzardella Gaetano A. , Torricelli Paola , Nicoli‐Aldini Nicolò , Giardino Roberto 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:Stimulation with low‐power laser (LPL) can enhance bone repair as reported in experimental studies on bone defects and fracture healing. Little data exist concerning the use of LPL postoperative stimulation to improve osseointegration of endosseous implants in orthopaedic and dental surgery. An in vivo model was used for the present study to evaluate whether Ga–Al–As (780 nm) LPL stimulation can improve biomaterial osseointegration. After drilling holes, cylindrical implants of hydroxyapatite (HA) were placed into both distal femurs of 12 rabbits. From postoperative day 1 and for 5 consecutive days, the left femurs of all rabbits were submitted to LPL treatment (LPL group) with the following parameters: 300 J/cm2, 1 W, 300 Hz, pulsating emission, 10 min. The right femurs were sham‐treated (control group). Three and 6 weeks after implantation, histomorphometric and microhardness measurements were taken. A higher affinity index was observed at the HA–bone interface in the LPL group at 3 (P<0.0005) and 6 weeks (P<0.001); a significant difference in bone microhardness was seen in the LPL group vs. the control group (P<0.01). These results suggest that LPL postoperative treatment enhances the bone–implant interface.
Pathologic interactions in pulpal and periodontal tissues
Authors: Zehnder M. , Gold S. I. , Hasselgren G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBoth endodontic and periodontal disease are caused by a mixed anaerobic infection. The pathways for the spread of bacteria between pulpal and periodontal tissues have been discussed with controversy. This article is an attempt to provide a rational approach to the perio‐endo/endo‐perio question based on a review of the relevant literature. In the light of evidence, clinical concepts for the diagnosis and treatment of lesions involving both periodontal and pulpal tissues are discussed.
Effectiveness of an electrically active brush in the removal of overnight plaque and treatment of gingivitis
Authors: Van Der Weijden G. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Piscaer M. , Snoek I. , Van Der Velden U. , Galgut P. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an electrically active toothbrush on established plaque and gingivitis in a 7‐month clinical trial.Material and methods: For this study, 66 volunteers (non‐dental University students) were selected on the basis of having moderate gingival inflammation. At baseline, plaque (Quigley & Hein), bleeding upon marginal probing and the Modified Gingival index were assessed on the vestibular, mesio‐vestibular, disto‐vestibular and lingual surfaces at four sites per tooth. Subjects were randomly divided among two groups; one group brushed with a control brush (Butler® GUM 309) while the other used the electrically active test brush. After 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 4 months and 7 months the clinical indices were again recorded. At each assessment the participants received a new brush head for the electrically active brush (test group) or a new manual control toothbrush (control group).Results: All baseline indices appeared to be well balanced. A mean Quigley & Hein plaque score of 1.98 and 2.13 was found in the control and test group, respectively. Little change was observed from baseline to 7 months. The mean bleeding upon marginal probing score at baseline was 0.62 for the control group and 0.59 for the test group. Little to no improvement was observed for the manual brush, whereas an increase in bleeding was observed in the test group in the course of this study. The mean percent reduction in plaque after 1 min of brushing varied throughout the study between 36% and 46%. No difference between the brushes was observed at any time point during the 7‐month test period. Conclusion: No beneficial effect could be shown for the ‘electrically active design feature’ compared to a regular manual toothbrush control.
A rare case of gingival myiasis caused by Diptera (Calliphoridae)
Authors: Gursel Mihtikar , Aldemir Osman Selçuk , Ozgur Zübeyde , Ataoglu Tamer 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMyiasis was first described by Hope in 1840. Since then, many cases of myiasis affecting different human organs have been reported. Oral myiasis is very rare in healthy persons but occurs mainly in the tropics and associated with inadequate public and personel hygiene. In this case report, we present clinical findings gingival myiasis. The patient was 26‐year‐old farmer and his chief complaint was discomfort and swelling in his maxillary gingiva. The patient's medical and family histories were non‐contributory and oral hygiene was not acceptable. The diagnosis was based on the characteristic clinical features and the visual presence of wriggling larvae about 1 cm in size. The larvae were identified as Calliphoridae. Treatment consisted of removal of the maggots from the gingival sulcus, followed by scaling and oral hygiene instruction. One week later, a periodontal flap operation was done. The patient was followed‐up for 6 months and healing was uneventful.
Deproteinized bovine bone (Bio‐Oss®) and bioactive glass (Biogran®) arrest bone formation when used as an adjunct to guided tissue regeneration (GTR)
Authors: Stavropoulos Andreas , Kostopoulos Lambros , Nyengaard Jens Randel , Karring Thorkild 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives:  Grafting of deproteinized bovine bone or bioactive glass has been suggested as an adjunct to guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for the treatment of periodontal and peri‐implant bone defects but the influence of these materials on bone formation is not clarified. The aim of the study was to examine the long‐term influence of deproteinized bovine bone (Bio‐Oss®) or bioactive glass (Biogran®) on bone formation produced by GTR.Material and Methods:  Eighteen rats were used. Following incisions along the inferior border of the mandible, muscle‐periosteal flaps were raised to expose the mandibular ramus. Rigid, hemispherical, Teflon capsules (6 mm internal diameter and 1 mm peripheral collar) loosely packed with a standardized quantity of either deproteinized bovine bone (test group 1) or bioactive glass (test group 2), or empty capsules (control group) were then placed with their open part facing the lateral surface of the ramus (one capsule per animal). After 1 year, the capsules were removed by a reentry operation, and the animals were sacrificed. Histological specimens of the augmented sites were prepared, and the volumes of (1) newly formed bone, (2) graft particles, and (3) soft connective tissue in the space originally created by the capsule were estimated by a point‐counting technique in three to four histological sections, taken by uniformly random sampling.Results:  Limited bone formation was observed in the two test groups. The major part of the space originally created by the capsules was occupied by graft particles embedded in connective tissue. The mean volume of newly formed bone occupied only 23% of the total space in the animals grafted with Bio‐Oss® and 12.6% in those grafted with Biogran®. In the control animals, however, 88.2% (p<0.01) of the space was filled with newly formed bone. There were no signs of ongoing bone formation in any of the three experimental groups.Conclusion:  It is concluded that grafting of Bio‐Oss® or Biogran® as an adjunct to GTR arrests bone formation.
Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in chronic periodontitis patients
Authors: Gamonal J. , Sanz M. , O'Connor A. , Acevedo A. , Suarez I. , Sanz A. , Martínez B. , Silva A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground, aims: Neutrophil cells constitute the first defense barrier against the oral bacterial challenge in the periodontium. Reduction of neutrophils could impair this response against periopathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Our previous work implicates the apoptosis of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. We now demonstrate that granulocyte monocyte‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) present in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and secreted during the immune response reduces the apoptosis of neutrophils.Method: In this study, the presence of GM‐CSF and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in GCF was determined in samples obtained from adult patients with periodontitis and from control subjects with clinically healthy gingiva. GCF was collected for 30 s using Periopaper® strips, and cytokines were quantified by ELISA. We used ex vivo culture of gingival tissue biopsies for 2 and 4 days in the presence of GM‐CSF. Apoptosis was determined using the terminal TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique, and expression of Bax by immunohistochemistry.Results: The presence of GM‐CSF and TNF‐α was detected in the majority of sites from periodontal patients (83.3% and 63.3%, respectively), presenting a total amount of 27.65 and 42.38 pg, respectively. GM‐CSF reduces the neutrophil apoptosis determined by double staining with TUNEL and myeloperoxidase and by a reduction of Bax expression.Conclusions: These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which neutrophils specifically accumulate in adult patients with periodontitis.
Comparison of body composition and periodontal disease using nutritional assessment techniques: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Authors: Wood Nelson , Johnson Roger B. , Streckfus Charles F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the association of body composition (obesity) and periodontal disease using simple, inexpensive nutritional assessment techniques available in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).Material and Methods: Caucasian subjects, aged 18 years and above, participating in NHANES III, were used for this study. Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, skinfold thickness (S), and bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements were performed and used in the calculation of body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) (visceral fat), log sum of S (subcutaneous fat), and fat‐free mass (FFM). Data were analyzed using SPSS®. One‐way, factorial ANOVA, multivariate analyses, and regression curve analyses were performed. p<0.05 was used to reject the null hypothesis.Results: Adjusting for age, gender, history of diabetes, current smoking, and socioeconomic status, statistically significant correlations were found between periodontitis and WHR, BMI, FFM, and in some instances S.Conclusion: This study, indicating significant correlations between body composition and periodontal disease (with WHR being the most significant, followed by BMI, FFM, and S), showed similarities to those observed in other obesity‐related health problems. This strengthened arguments that periodontal disease and certain obesity‐related systemic illnesses are related, with abnormal fat metabolism possibly being an important factor.
Effects of specific nutrients on periodontal disease onset, progression and treatment
Authors: Neiva Rodrigo F. , Steigenga Jennifer , Al‐Shammari Khalaf F. , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this paper is to review the available literature pertaining to the effects of specific nutritional elements (e.g. vitamin B‐complex, vitamin C and dietary calcium) on general wound healing, periodontal disease status and response to periodontal therapy.Methods: Critical appraisal of various studies that have evaluated the effects of calcium, ascorbic acid and vitamin B‐complex in wound healing and periodontal treatment.Results: Periodontal disease onset, progression and response to therapeutic interventions have been shown to be influenced by several systemic, local and environmental modifying factors. Nutritional supplementation has been suggested as a possible influencing factor on periodontal status and wound healing. Several studies have reported various degrees of association between nutritional elements/supplements and periodontal status, and others have reported possible positive influences of nutritional supplementation on periodontal therapeutic outcomes. Future research needs to more fully explore the presence and strength of association between nutrition and periodontal health.Conclusions: Data collected from the literature suggests that nutrient supplementation causes minimal or no side effects. However, the efficacy of prophylactic nutrient supplementation for the prevention of the onset and progression of periodontal disease, or for the enhancement of periodontal wound healing, remains to be determined.
Herpesviral–bacterial interactions in aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Kamma Joanna J. , Slots Jørgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Human cytomegalovirus, Epstein‐Barr virus and herpesvirus co‐infections occur with significantly higher frequency in actively progressing than in stable periodontitis sites of adolescents and young adults. Also, periodontal presence of cytomegalovirus and Epstein‐Barr virus is associated with increased occurrence of subgingival Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Dialister pneumosintes, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Treponema denticola and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.Aim: This article reviews the evidence linking herpesviruses to the development of aggressive periodontitis and suggests a potential mechanism for herpesviral acceleration of the periodontal disease process.Conclusions: It seems to be a reasonable supposition that the etiopathogenesis of various types of aggressive periodontitis includes the combined action of herpesviruses and specific bacterial species. New vaccines and vaccination technologies that are being developed against herpesviruses warrant testing for their ability to induce a protective immune response against destructive periodontal disease. Clearly, the importance of combined herpesviral‐bacterial infections and associated host responses in the development of periodontitis needs to be studied further.
Validity of two oral health‐related quality of life measures
Authors: Robinson Peter G. , Gibson Barry , Khan Farrah A. , Birnbaum Warren 
Published: December 2004

Abstract –Objectives: To assess the validity of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) and the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP 14) in the UK.Setting: Primary care department at a UK dental hospital.Sample: Consecutive patients.Method: Cross‐sectional comparison of impacts using OIDP and OHIP 14 against clinical findings, Global Oral Health Ratings and pain.Results: A total of 179 patients participated (83.2% response rate). OIDP had weak face validity because it contained contingency questions. Both instruments were developed from the same theoretical model and appeared to have reasonable content validity. In regression analyses, the number of impacts detected by each measure and the total score using OHIP 14 were related to the presence of oral disease and inversely related to age. No suitable transformation could be found to allow regression analysis of OIDP total scores. OHIP 14 correlated more closely with Global Oral Health Ratings but both measures correlated similarly to the experience of pain (0.43 < r < 0.47). The correlation between OHIP and OIDP scores was +0.78. The use of a simple additive method for calculating the total OHIP 14 score did not compromise its validity.Conclusion: Both instruments have some validity as measures of Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among dental hospital patients. The superior face, criterion and convergent validity and greater amenability to analysis of OHIP 14 render it more suitable for questionnaire‐based research and for comparing groups. The additive method may be used to calculate the total score for OHIP 14.
Epithelioid sarcoma: an immunohistochemical analysis evaluating the utility of cytokeratin 5/6 in distinguishing superficial epithelioid sarcoma from spindled squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lin Lin , Skacel Marek , Sigel Jessica E. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Montgomery Elizabeth , Fisher Cyril , Goldblum John R. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare, aggressive soft tissue tumor characterized by nodular aggregates of epithelioid and/or spindled cells that are immunoreactive to cytokeratins (CKs) and epithelial membrane antigen. ES that arises in the dermis may cause epidermal ulceration and can resemble, clinically, morphologically and immunohistochemically, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. CK 5/6 has recently been found to be an excellent marker of squamous cell carcinoma, including spindled variants, but it is not known if this marker can be utilized to distinguish superficial ES from cutaneous spindled squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC).Methods:  Twenty‐four cases of ES with typical histologic features and 10 cases of SSCC with ultrastructural evidence of epithelial differentiation were studied. Immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody to CK 5/6 was performed. The extent of immunoreactivity was evaluated in a semiquantitative manner using the following scale: 0, < 5% of cells staining; 1+, 6–25% of cells staining; 2+, 26–50% of cells staining; 3+, 51–75% of cells staining; 4+, > 75% of cells staining.Results:  CK 5/6 was expressed in all 10 cases of SSCC, including one case with 3+ staining and six cases with 4+ staining. In contrast, CK 5/6 staining was found only in rare tumor cells (1+ staining) in one of 24 (4%) cases of ES.Conclusions:  CK 5/6 staining is useful in distinguishing superficial ES from cutaneous SSCC.
Bednár tumor associated with dermal melanocytosis: melanocytic colonization or neuroectodermal multidirectional differentiation?
Authors: Goncharuk Viktor , Mulvaney Michael , Carlson J. Andrew 
Published: December 2004

Background: Neuroectodermal differentiation or melanocytic colonization are the opposing theories of histogenesis for the Bednár tumor or pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP).Observation: A 31‐year‐old African‐American woman presented with a 2‐cm blue‐black shoulder nodule of 1‐year duration. Punch biopsy revealed a CD34+, Factor XIIIa‐DFSP, harboring numerous, pigmented spindle S100+, Mart‐1+ and HMB‐45+ cells. Subsequent wide excision demonstrated pigmented dendritic and spindled cells widely scattered throughout the dermis of the 3‐cm excisional margins and punch biopsy specimens of normal skin from both shoulders. This latter process was interpreted as dermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ito). The dermal pigmented spindle cells were Mart‐1+ and CD34−, and were associated with non‐pigmented CD34+, cytologically banal spindle cells, which were more numerous in the excisional margins than the contralateral shoulder.Conclusion: Reported herein is a singular case of Bednár tumor associated with dermal melanocytosis. Although the coexistence of these processes implicates colonization of the DFSP by constituent dermal melanocytes, the mixed immunophenotype (CD34+ or Mart‐1+ cells) of dispersed dermal spindle cells hints at the possibility of a common cell of origin: the putative neuromesenchymal cell. In effect, the Bednár tumor could represent one part of a spectrum of neural crest‐derived dermal tumors that includes dermal melanocytosis, cellular blue nevus and conventional DFSP.