bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Q
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A god, one of the major deities of the Aztecs. Quetzal is a Nahuatl word referring to a bird found in Central America, and coatl means “snake,” so Quetzalcoatl means a “feathered serpent,” and this god is often called the Plumed Serpent. Stories about him indicate that he was an earthly hero, a lightskinned man, who acted as the ruler of the Toltecs for some time. In one legend Quetzalcoatl is sent to the underground to get the bones of the ancients. After the end of the Fourth Sun (an Aztec era), when the ancient people have been drowned or changed into fish, the spirits decide he should go seek the bones in order to start a new race. He must try three times, overcoming many obstacles, before he succeeds in bringing the bones to the sky. They are ground to a powder and placed in a bowl by the goddess Cihuacoatl. The other gods shed blood into the bowl and humans are born. Quetzalcoatl discovered corn, which he brought for the new humans to eat. He saw an ant bringing a kernel of corn from inside a mountain, and he changed himself into an ant and followed it. Lightning was used to split open the mountain to bring the corn to the people. He left the Toltecs to return to his home. It just happened that Quetzalcoatl promised to return in the same year that Hernan Cortes landed in Veracruz. It was to the Spaniards’ advantage to use the Indians’ belief in Quetzalcoatl’s return. Cortes was well received because he was thought to be Quetzalcoatl and the conquest of the Aztecs by the Spaniards was legitimized.
R
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is accepted that the word ranchera refers to a type of Mexican song, although sometimes it is an adjective that describes a character or a type of person. Ranchera comes from the word rancho, meaning a “cattle ranch, farm, or rural settlement.” A poor unsophisticated person may be called a ranchero or ranchera, implying he or she is from the countryside, the sticks, and a hick. In the context of Mexican folk music la canci6n ranchera is a love song, sung by the common folk, the peasants of the rural countryside. After the Mexican Revolution rancheras became more agreeable to the upper classes because of the movement toward a Mexican identity and nationalism and a rejection of European cultural values. The modern canci6n ranchera was made popular in Mexico City in the early 1950s by the songwriter Jose Alfredo Jimenez. The poetic structure of the ranchera is brief and simple, yet emotionally it is very intense. According to Ruben Campos as quoted by Gradante, “it is a moan and a sigh ... , the briefest form of composition and, as such, requires a greater intensity of expression than any other compositional form. It must say precisely what it means” (1983, 105). The themes of rancheras are love and unrequited love, but from the point of view of the ordinary common man.
V
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vaquero was the early Hispano cowboy and the antecedent of the Hollywood cowboy. Horses and cattle were brought to New Spain by the Spaniards. When Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico, he had with him sixteen horses and at least three breeds of cattle. Cattle breeding was a tradition hundreds of years old in Spain, and Cortes brought this tradition to Mexico and eventually to the Southwest. The Spaniards introduced the system of el rancho, with vaqueros being the workers who herded the cattle and conducting cattle drives. Vaca means “cow” and a vaquero is “one who works with cows.” The Spanish mission padres recognized this labor and conscripted mestizos (mixed-race people), Indians, and Mexicans to take care of the cattle. It was these individuals who developed the system, equipment, practices, and traditions that have lasted these past few hundred years. The Anglo cowboy learned everything about cattle from the vaquero.
Y
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The creation of yard displays, as shrines or ofrendas (offerings), or nacimientos (nativity scenes) during Christmas, is an important way to commemorate many holidays such as Halloween, D(a de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), Cinco de Mayo (Fifth of May), and even the Fourth ofJuly. A yard shrine may be a permanent display in the form of a small chapel, a nicho (niche), or a gruta (grotto or shrine), set up in the front yard of a home. It may contain one or more holy images, of saints or the Virgin Mary, especially La Virgen de Guadalupe, flowers or potted plants, colorful garlands, and votive candles. These shrines are often just called nichos, and the word shrine is not even mentioned. During special holidays such as Christmas or on a saint’s feast day, a shrine may be lighted up for the community to share. It is a common practice to make the sign of the cross or recite a short prayer when walking past a religious yard shrine.
The Ins and Outs of Othering
Authors: Thorne Barrie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gender, race, and other lines of social difference sometimes seem frozen and fixed, like ice; they may also feel fluid in meaning and significance, like water; and, on occasion, these lines of difference may almost seem to evaporate. This metaphor, borrowed from Troy Duster, evokes complex dynamics that have long fascinated and also disturbed me. The women’s liberation movement of the late 1960s opened my eyes to the complexities of gender and, broadly, to the workings of categories, boundaries, and relations between difference and power. In the ensuing decades, as the protagonist in the movie Groundhog Day who revisits the same scene again and again, I have obsessed about questions of difference, power, and knowledge.
The Modernization of Sinhalese Buddhism as Reflected in the Dambulla Cave Temples
Authors: Katzrituals Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will argue that modern Sinhalese Buddhism begins not with the arrival of the British, much less with the 1957 watershed elections, but during Kandyan times (1649–1815), especially during the reign of Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1780). As John C. Holt has shown in his masterful book The Religious World of Kirti Sri, a close examination of Kirti Sri’s renovations of the Dambulla cave temples, among several other sites, reveals themes, concerns, and motifs typically associated with modern Buddhism. Holt sees Kirti Sri as a transitional figure, a revivalist rooted in his late medieval era. Of his meaning for modern Sinhalese Buddhism, Holt writes, “Yet his response remains relevant in modern Sri Lanka, despite the fact that it is a late medieval, revived form of classical religion and, as such, is not completely synchronized (in fact, is often at odds) with the emphases and orientations of twentieth-century, urban Buddhist modernism.”While obviously Sinhalese Buddhism has changed over the past two and a half centuries, it is in precisely this revival of classical themes that Kirti Sri so closely resembles the nation’s Buddhism modernists.
Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Yokoyama Yuji , Ninomiya, Shinsuke , Narahara Koji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patients were brothers, aged 2 years 9 months and 1 year 8 months, and were referred to our hospital for evaluation of developmental delay. The elder brother was born at term when his mother was 22 years old and his father 33. Pregnancy and delivery were uneventful, and birth weight was 3260 g. Neonatal screening for metabolic diseases and hypothyroidism was unremarkable. However, gross psychomotor retardation became apparent; head control was achieved at the age of 5 months, sitting unaided at 12 months, and walking began at 20 months, but the child had not acquired any meaningful words at the time of examination (2 years 9 months). Physical examination revealed a hyperactive boy with a height of 94.5 cm, weight of 13.2 kg, and head circumference of 47.8 cm (Fig. 1-1a). His face was somewhat long and square with a high forehead and large, prominent ears. The left lower incisor was absent, and the testes were not enlarged. Psychometric testing revealed developmental quotient to be 38% that of a normal child of the same age. The child exhibited unique behavioral abnormalities characterized by hyperactivity, short attention span, poor eye contact, and excessive withdrawal response to strange people or environments; however, these behaviors did not meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for childhood autistic disorders. Electroencephalography (EEG) and acoustic brainstem response were normal.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors and Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Cuchel Marina , Rader Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 10-year-old girl from China was evaluated at the University of Pennsylvania for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and possible participation in an experimental gene therapy protocol for her condition. Cutaneous xanthomas (lesions characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipids in macrophages) were first observed at 3 months of age. However, the origins were not fully investigated until the age of 3 years, when she was found to have a total cholesterol level of 1150 mg/dL (desirable levels are 200 mg/dL) with normal triglyceride levels, and the diagnosis of homozygous FH was made. Both of her parents’ total cholesterol levels were in the range of 300–400 mg/dL, consistent with the diagnosis of heterozygous FH. A positive family history for premature coronary artery disease was present on both sides.
Tangier Disease: A Disorder in the Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
Authors: Lai Lien B , Gopichandran, vijayaprasad , Gopalan Venkat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T. L. was a 5-year-old patient who underwent a tonsillectomy in 1960. His enlarged tonsils were yellowish gray, with many septa running through multiple abnormally lobulated regions. On pathological examination, many foam cells (macrophages with lipid deposits) were found in and among the lymph follicles. This histiocytic appearance of the foam cells led to a tentative diagnosis of either Hand-Schüller-Christian (a multifocal eosinophilic granuloma) or Niemann-Pick (a lysosomal lipid storage) disease. Thinking that the tonsillar honeycomblike appearance was unusual for either of these diseases, the attending physician, Dr. Thomas Edmonds, referred T. L. for further analyses to the NIH and thereby initiated a series of investigations that led to the discovery of Tangier disease by Dr. Donald S. Fredrickson and colleagues in 1961.
Gaucher Disease: A Sphingolipidosis
Authors: Hines William C , Glew Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 34-year-old woman of Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry. When she was four years old (September 1974), her parents noticed that she had frequent nosebleeds and bruised easily. In addition, she tired with little exertion and looked pale. They took her to the emergency department, and on admission to the hospital, a bone marrow biopsy revealed the presence of Gaucher cells as seen in Figure 16-1. She was diagnosed as having Gaucher disease, an inborn error of metabolism affecting -glucosidase (also known as acid -glucosidase or glucocerebrosidase). White blood cell (WBC) -glucosidase assays were performed on the patient and her immediate family members. Her parents and only sibling had slightly reduced levels of WBC -glucosidase, whereas the patient’s -glucosidase activity was only 9% of the control mean level, thus confirming the diagnosis of Gaucher disease on a biochemical-enzymatic basis. In addition, she was found to have an elevated level of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, a characteristic of most patients with Gaucher disease.
“Not as a Jew but as a Citizen”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the same time that Sergeant Jimmy Ceriani’s troopship steamed out of New York harbor, Meyer Siegel was preparing for boot camp. An immigrant Jew, Siegel left the village of Czarmin in Russian Poland when he was in his early teens for New York, where he helped with his father’s clothing store on the Lower East Side and attended public schools. He later found work in an attorney’s office and was taking evening law school classes when the United States went to war.
Being Jewish in the National Army
Authors: Sterba Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Sergeant Anthony Teta of the 102nd Infantry wrote home from France in January 1918, he described a double standard in the treatment of American soldiers. “We occasionally get a New Haven paper here,” he told a friend, “and from it, I notice that considerable [sic] is being done for the drafted men.” Teta, having endured three months in Landaville with the Yankee Division, felt that this attention was unfair, since the draftees “are in the States and so near home. . . . It is certainly overlooking us volunteers,” he concludes, “who are soon to see the real stuff and give up their lives for the great cause.”
“New York Jewry Must Do Its Duty”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York Jewry’s response to the home front effort was a good deal more complicated than the Italian experience in New Haven. For the overwhelmingly Orthodox Jewish immigrant population, the government’s secular demands inevitably created a number of cultural and religious problems. The Yiddishes Tageblatt, one of the Orthodox newspapers, found itself acting as a mediator on repeated occasions. In May 1918 the paper had to clear up confusion about the International Red Cross. Many immigrant Jews thought the Red Cross was a Christian organization because of its emblem and ignored its pleas for contributions.
The Iron Age
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the turmoil surrounding Akhenaton’s religious revolution, Egypt gradually lost its hold on Canaan. Diplomatic letters of the period indicate a concern among Egyptians about the presence of Habiru or Apiru (essentially, “foreigners”) under their jurisdiction who were irritants, and topographical lists of Amenhotep III and Ramses II refer to “the land of nomads [of] Yahweh” to the east of the delta in Sinai (Weinfeld, 483). The earliest reference to Israel itself comes in the reign of Merneptah, the son of Ramses II (Lesko, “Egyptian Religion,” 45). It is possible that the term Habiru, which seems to have referred to several tribes, including the future Israelite Hebrews, became Hebrew and that in the situation surrounding these people we have the basis for the biblical story of the Exodus.
Jews, Christians, and Muslim
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Persians under Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 B.C.E. many of the Babylonian Israelites migrated “home” to Jerusalem and eventually rebuilt the city walls and the Temple. Others remained in Babylon, where a Jewish community flourished for several centuries. Those who came to Jerusalem did so with Persian approval; in Cyrus’s Zoroastrian view Yahweh was among the deities on the side of good in the struggle between good and evil in the universe. Most important, the new arrivals in Jerusalem came as committed Jews rather than as Judeans or as Hebrews influenced, as they had been earlier, by the myths and religious ways of the indigenous Canaanites. Judah became an exclusively Jewisq. theocratic state.
The Mythology of Prehistory
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the advent of writing, Middle Eastern religions and myths, like those of other parts of the world, can only be surmised by way of archeological remains such as shrines, paintings, :figurines, and burial sites. From excavations of the earliest human sites, those of the Paleolithic period, little or nothing mythological or religious can be determined with any certainty. Neanderthal sites such as those at Shanidar in Mesopotamia, Mount Carmel in Palestine, and various places in Egypt reveal some care in burial practices-seemingly symbolic, even ritualistic arrangements of bodies and the placing of animals in graves with human corpses, perhaps suggesting either a sacrificial cult and/or a belief in an afterlife.
The Mythology of Mesopotamia
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as Minoan, Mycenaean, Dorian, and Ionian myths are all part of what we think of as Greek mythology, with its diversity, its conflicting versions of particular events, and its literary as opposed to purely religious and folkloric content, Mesopotamian mythology is made up of the myths and religions of several cultures that over many centuries inhabited the same geographic area—essentially modern Iraq—and assimilated each other’s religious understandings and stories. Mesopotamian mythology refers here to the period between the advent of writing in Sumer late in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and the emergence of Christianity in the first century c.E. The mythology in question in all likelihood reaches back in the oral tradition of the preliterate cultures of the area, but in terms of written records, it begins in Sumer and is absorbed and added to by Sumer’s Semitic conquerors and successors, including the various Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian dynasties. The mythology of the Hurrians and Hittites, whose presence in northern Mesopotamia was significant, will be treated in connection with Anatolian traditions.
The Mythology of Egypt
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egyptian mythology is dominated by the theme of a sacred kingship and the related theme of death and the afterlife, often in relation to the role of the Nile in a cyclical process by which the land dies and is reborn. Underlying these themes is a tension between light and darkness—between the supreme solar deity, usually Re (Ra), and the god of earth, fertility, and the underworld, Osiris. The Egyptians, as revealed in their myths, their rituals, their funerary writings, and their symbolic art and architecture, were preoccupied—more philosophically than the Mesopotamians, for instance—with questions of the nature of the universe and the relation of humans to the unknown. Their deities and their myths, highly symbolic vehicles for complex theologies, varied considerably in particulars according to the era and the cult center.
The Mythology of Arabia and the Muslims
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pre-Islamic Arabia, before it was influenced through various conquests by Judaism, Christianity, and perhaps Zoroastrianism, was polytheistic in its religion. Jinn (spirits) were worshiped, and various tribal groups worshiped their own, often astral deities. Cult centers were marked by temples, and by holy stones (baetyls) representing these and other tribal deities. Also sacred trees could serve as cult centers. For instance, Muhammad’s tribe, the Qyraysh, worshiped a great tree called the Dhat Anwat on the road between Mecca and Medina. Given the nomadic nature of many of the tribes, objects—especially stones—in any given place could be invested temporarily with the sacred and used as a focus of worship (see Allouche, 364).
“Turning . . . Piety into Hard Cash”: The Marketing of Nineteenth-century Revivalism
Authors: Long Kathryn T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday. February 27. 1858, the most successful daily newspaper in the United States, James Gordon Bennett’s New York Herald,turned its full attention to revival. Under stacked headlines, seven deep, the story received a full column of coverage on page one: For the first time in the nineteenth century in America, revivalism was front page news in the secular press, appearing alongside stories of city politics, the activities of Congress, and sensational crimes.
Cultivating The Garden: The Invention of Lancaster County
Authors: Walbert David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each summer, millions of tourists flock to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in search of America’s rural past. The Lancaster County they seek, the Garden Spot of America, can be found a few miles south of the borough of New Holland. There, on a warm morning in early June, the farmland spreads out on gently rolling hills around the crest of a country lane. An Amish farmer, identifiable even from this distance by his dark clothing and his mode of work, drives a team of horses through a field of newly sprung corn, the lines of cultivation visibly curving around hillsides and farmstead. By the white clapboard farmhouse, jewel toned clothing hangs from a line; a young girl tosses feed to chickens; tomatoes gather strength in a garden plot; a windmill slowly turns, pumping well water to the house. Across the lane, black and white Holstein cows graze—one longs to say contentedly—in a verdant meadow. Beyond it are more meadows, more farms and farmhouses, more Old Order Amish and Mennonite farmers and families, in a patchwork stretching to the horizon.
Domain Of Abundance: Food and Farming
Authors: Walbert David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1943, Life magazine featured a photo essay entitled “Spring on the Farm in Pennsylvania” depicting an idyllic family farm. The central photograph, “The Barnyard Comes to Life,” suggested all the harmony of man and nature described in any back-to-the-land book. The farmer, his dog panting happily behind, at-tends a team of draft horses; behind them, cows graze in a meadow fenced in white pickets. A sow leads her piglets past the corner of the fence. “Here the men and horses start out early,” the text reminds us. “Cows that have been penned up in stalls during the cold months come out in the barnyard to get a whiff of sun-shine and the good green grass to come. Chickens and ducks wander in and out;
Competitive Collusion: The Associational Origins of Special-Interest Group Politics in the United States
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States, the formal business corporation barely existed. There were few if any formal means of protecting capital through legal charter. (As you might recall from chapter l, the nation’s first ever mutual building and loan association was founded in 1831, the very same year Tocqueville and Beaumont toured the country.) By the end of the nineteenth century, however, legal writs of incorporation were absolutely vital to collective enterprise; for-profit firms looked to corporate law as a means of protection from creditors and competitors, and voluntary, nonprofit organizations incorporated as a means of protection from unwanted government interference.1
Whither comprehensive Social Insurance in the United States?: Antistatism and Associationalism before the New Deal
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, I have endeavored to convince you that the rise of the fraternal model of social organization had several adverse effects on American political development: It fostered division of the polity into numerous groups that represented narrowly defined special interests, it helped fracture the nascent labor movement along sectarian lines, and it helped nurture a nation afraid of itself and enamoured with guns. This chapter aims to outline yet another underappreciated consequence of the golden age: the defeat of a national campaign to enact compulsory health insurance during the 1910s.
Luminosity and the Distance Modulus
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bob bangs on the carbon doors that separate the museum corridor from Miss Muxdröözol’s living quarters. Humanity entered the Carbon Age years ago, after soccer ball shaped cages of carbon atoms led to extraordinary new materials. The new materials are a hundred times stronger than any metal and weigh less than ordinary plastics. Unfortunately for Bob, they also block sound very efficiently.