bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-11 Effects of Sprouted Barley on Weights, Ribeye Area, Backfat in Growing Steers
Authors: Sego Mia , Crump Zachary C , Brown Bailee , Okamoto Lillian , Roholt Bryce W , Ranathunga Sanjeewa , Harding Rob , Blackett Brady , Thornton Kara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the climate of our world continues to change, alterations to traditional farming methods are necessary to adapt to the environment and available resources. Changes in weather and costs of feed, coupled with decreased availability of feed and labor necessitate alternative methods for livestock feed production. One alternative to traditional farming is the production of sprouted grains in controlled environment, vertical farming units. However, little research has been completed on how including these feeds in the ration of beef cattle impacts production. This research examined the effects of including sprouted barley in growing rations of steers relative to body weight gain, ribeye area (REA) and ribeye fat thickness (REFT). A group of 60 commercial Angus steer calves (328.24 ± 6.48 kg) were initially stratified by body weight into one of four different treatment groups (n = 15/group). The control group were fed a typical ration for the region and the three treatment groups were fed a ration that included barley sprouts at 5%, 10%, or 20% (DM). Steers were fed their treatment diets for 60 days and body weight and ultrasound images for REA and REFT were collected on days 0, 30, and 60. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with day as a repeated measure to determine the main effect of treatment. Over time, REA, REFT, and body weight each increased (P &lt; 0.05) in each treatment group. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in body weight or REFT due to treatment. REA tended (P = 0.09) to increase in steers receiving 20% sprouted barley compared with controlled steers, but no other differences (P &gt; 0.10) were found in REA in other treatment groups. These data demonstrate that including sprouted barley in the ration at the levels analyzed has no negative effect on animal growth performance. Additional research needs to be conducted to determine whether there is an impact on other production parameters, such as economic viability.
PSVIII-13 Evaluating the Effects of a Dried brewer’s Yeast Product on the Fecal Characteristics, Metabolites, and Microbiota Populations of Adult Dogs
Authors: De La Guardia-Hidrogo Vanessa M , Rummell Lindsey M , Asquith Thomas N , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inclusion of brewer’s yeast in pet foods has become popular because of the potential health benefits it provides. However, more research is needed to evaluate the effects of different brewer’s yeast products on canine gut health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a brewer’s yeast product on the fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota populations of adult dogs. Sixteen healthy adult dogs (BW: 9.0 ± 1.7 kg) were acclimated for 7 days and then randomly assigned to a control diet containing no yeast or a brewer’s yeast-containing diet (n = 8/group) for a 21-day period. Fresh fecal samples were collected before and after treatment for measurement of fecal scores, pH, dry matter content, metabolite concentrations [short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), ammonia, phenols, indoles], and microbiota populations. All data were analyzed as a percent change from baseline using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS, with treatment as the main effect and dog as a random effect. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05, and trends reported if 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. The brewer’s yeast treatment tended to increase (P = 0.10) fecal butyrate concentrations more than that of controls, but fecal characteristics (pH; dry matter; fecal scores) and other metabolite concentrations were not affected by treatment. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity metrics were not affected by treatment, but beta diversity analysis (unweighted UniFrac distances) tended (P = 0.09) to show a shift between treatments. Change in relative abundance of fecal Blautia was less (P = 0.05) in dogs fed brewer’s yeast than controls, but other bacterial genera were unaffected by diet. In conclusion, this study suggests that the dried brewer's yeast products tested had little impact on fecal characteristics, metabolites, or microbiota populations of adult dogs. The tendency of greater fecal butyrate concentrations in dogs fed brewer’s yeast is encouraging, but further research is needed to identify the potential health benefits of these products in canine diets.
PSVIII-22 A Probiotic Blend Improves Fecal Quality and Enhances Gut Immunity in Dogs with Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Lin Ching-Yen , Panasevich Matt , Daristotle Leighann , Franz Nolan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probiotics have been fed to pets for their enhanced health benefits beyond basic nutrition, as well as to manage diarrhea. Species and strains of probiotics and the combinations may elicit different beneficial effects in dogs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a probiotic blend (2 strains of Bacillus subtilis and 1 strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) on digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolites in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic diarrhea (CD = dogs with intermittent diarrhea persisting for more than 3 months before study start that were otherwise clinically healthy). Twenty-two adult dogs (11 healthy, 11 CD; mean BW = 14.1 kg; mean age = 8.1 yr) were enrolled in a cross-over design study, with two 3-week feeding periods and a 3-week washout between feeding periods. Protocols were approved by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Dogs were assigned to a control kibble or control kibble + probiotic blend (1.5 × 106 CFU/g) top dressed on the food. Fecal scores were evaluated daily during each period. Fecal samples were collected during days 14 to 18 for nutrient digestibility. Fresh fecal samples were collected on days 17 to 18 for dysbiosis index and fecal metabolites measurements. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS. Probiotic supplementation did not affect digestibility, dysbiosis index, or fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations in both healthy and CD dogs. Fecal scores were lower (P &lt; 0.05; firmer stool) when dogs consumed the probiotic blends for both healthy and CD groups. In dogs with CD, consumption of the probiotic blend resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.05) fecal IgA concentrations. These data demonstrate that the probiotic blend may elicit intestinal health benefits by improving stool quality and enhancing gut immunity, especially in dogs with CD.
PSVIII-A-7 Effects of New Forage Barley and Oat Varieties on Silage Fermentation Characteristics, and Feed Intake, Milk Production and Composition, and N Balance in Dairy Cows
Authors: Leach Christine , Beattie Aaron D , Christensen David , Mutsvangwa Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forages are the foundation of dairy cow diets and typically comprise 50% of the dietary dry matter and ≥40% of the total NEL intake. New forage barley (CDC Renegade; designated RENE) and forage oat (CDC Arborg; ARBO) varieties are available for feeding dairy cows in western Canada. The objectives were to determine the ensiling characteristics of RENE and ARBO and to compare the effects of feeding them as the major forage source on feed intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal pH, and nitrogen (N) balance in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (82 ± 12 days-in-milk at the beginning of the study) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design study with 14 d of dietary adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection. Cows in one Latin square were ruminally cannulated to determine dietary effects on ruminal pH and N balance. The four diets tested contained RENE, ARBO, Conlon (CONL), and Rosser (ROSS) silages as the major source of forage, with ROSS and CONL being included for comparison as they are commonly used barley varieties in western Canada. Silage fermentation characteristics were largely similar for the four forages, except for total short-chain fatty acid concentrations which tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for RENE and ROSS when compared with CONL and ARBO. Silage starch contents were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for CONL and ROSS when compared with RENE and ARBO, which were similar. Silage aNDFom contents were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for RENE and ARBO when compared with CONL and ROSS, which were similar. Dry matter intake (mean = 34.3 kg/d) and milk yield (mean = 48.6 kg/d) were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.42). Milk fat content was greater (P = 0.03) for cows fed RENE compared with those fed CONL, with that of cows fed ROSS and ARBO being intermediate and not different to RENE and CONL. Milk fat yield was greater (P = 0.02) for cows fed RENE compared with those fed ROSS, with that of cows fed CONL and ARBO being intermediate and not different to RENE and ROSS. Intake of N, urinary and fecal excretion of N, total N excretion, milk N, and apparent N balance were unaffected by diet (P ≥ 0.21). Mean ruminal pH was greater (P = 0.02) in cows fed ARBO compared with those fed ROSS, with that of cows fed CONL and RENE being intermediate and not different to CONL and RENE. Our results show that the new forage varieties, RENE and ARBO, can support similar levels of milk yield compared with forage varieties such as CONL and ROSS.
PSVIII-A-1 Effect of Source of Trace Mineral and Bismuth Subsalicylate on Growth, Ruminal H2s, and Trace Mineral Status of Growing Heifers
Authors: Evans Mikaela G , Campbell John R , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Henry Darren D H , Waldner Cheryl , Penner Greg B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of providing inorganic, chelated, and inorganic plus injectable trace mineral supplementation strategies with or without the inclusion of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration, and trace mineral status of growing beef heifers provided high sulfate (5,055 ± 228 mg/L) water. This study consisted of an 84-d feeding period with a 2×2 + 1 factorial treatment arrangement conducted using 2 blocks. Beef heifers (n = 15/block; 367 ± 33 kg BW) in each block were stratified according to their initial liver copper concentration. Mineral treatments included inorganic [added CuSO4 (7.76 mg/kg), ZnSO4 (22.92 mg/kg), MnSO4 (15.28 mg/kg)], chelated (100% of the Cu-methionine (7.68 mg/kg ), Zn-methionine (22.89 mg/kg), and Mn-methionine (15.27 mg/kg), and injectable trace mineral (15 mg/mL Cu, 10 mg/mL Mn, 60 mg/mL Zn) provided in combination with the inorganic mineral treatment. The BSS treatments were 0.0 (CON) or 0.2% (BSS) on a DM basis. Feed and water intake (weekly), ruminal H2S concentration (d 42 and 84), and liver (pre-study, d 42 and 84) and serum trace mineral concentrations (d 1, 28, 56, and 84) were evaluated. Initial liver trace mineral concentration was used as a covariate. Dry matter intake tended to be greater (mineral × BSS, P = 0.05) for heifers provided chelated minerals and fed CON, compared with BSS, and tended to be less for heifers fed inorganic and CON than BSS. Heifers fed chelated minerals drank 6.1 L/d more (P &lt; 0.05) water than those provided inorganic minerals. Injectable trace-mineral provision did not affect DMI or water intake. Ruminal H2S was not affected by mineral type or BSS (P ≥ 0.33). The inclusion of BSS reduced (P &lt; 0.01) liver Cu concentration from 60.5 to 31.3 ppm. Heifers provided the injectable minerals had greater (P &lt; 0.01) liver Cu concentration than the inorganic without BSS treatment. Serum copper was not affected by BSS or mineral treatment (P ≥ 0.44). The liver concentration of Se was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) by the inclusion of BSS. The serum Se concentration was not affected by mineral type, BSS, time, or any two- or three-way interactions (P ≥ 0.24). Bismuth subsalicylate did not affect ruminal H2S, and negatively affected liver Cu concentration. The use of organic trace mineral supplementation strategies did not affect the trace mineral status of beef heifers drinking high sulfate water, but use of an injectable trace mineral supplement increased liver Cu.
PSVIII-A-4 Evaluation of Blood Parameters Associated to Environmental Stress in Grazing Beef Heifers with Divergent Residual Feed Intake
Authors: Londono-Mendez Maria Camila , Lasso Sergio , Fitzsimmons Carolyn J , Plastow Graham , Bork Edward , Basarab John A , da Silva Gleise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is considerable interest in improved feed efficiency to enhance sustainability in beef production, but a lack of understanding exists on the interaction between residual feed intake (RFI) and environment while grazing. Increasing variation in environmental conditions has been documented in western Canada with summers becoming warmer. This study evaluated blood parameters and rumen temperature (RT) of grazing beef heifers with divergent residual feed intake (RFI) during summer (July to August) of 2022. Forty-four crossbred beef heifers (358 ± 4.78 kg body weight; approximately 14 months of age) previously tested for RFI in drylot and classified as more (n = 21; LOW-RFI = -0.9 ± 0.70) or less feed efficient (n = 23; HIGH-RFI = 1.3 ± 1.00) were grazed at 2.72 AUM/ha over 7 wk in Alberta, Canada. Rumen temperatures were automatically recorded throughout the study using the Smart Rumen Bolus by Moonsyst. Plasma was collected every 14 ± 1 d for 42 d to determine concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), leptin (LEP), free triiodothyronine (fT3), haptoglobin (HP), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Environmental conditions were assessed by calculating the Climate Comprehensive Index using temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and humidity data from a weather station within 1 km of the grazed pastures. Daily weather conditions were considered to impose risk to cause mild, moderate, severe, and extreme stress for 8, 21, 8, and 1 days, respectively. Plasma and RT data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with repeated measures. An RFI × day interaction was observed for BUN (P = 0.018). LOW-RFI had greater (P = 0.02) BUN on d 42 compared with HIGH-RFI heifers (42.5 vs. 32.6 mg/dL, respectively), while GABA tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.09) for HIGH-RFI heifers on d 0 and 42. Free T3 concentrations were greater (P = 0.04; 8.54 vs. 7.78 pmol/L, respectively), whereas HP was less (P = 0.01) in LOW-RFI heifers. However, HP concentrations were below the threshold for inflammation throughout the study. There was also an effect of day (P &lt; 0.01) for fT3, IGF-1, LEP, NEFA, HSP70, and BHBA. Leptin and HSP70 concentrations were greatest on d 14 and 28, whereas BHBA was the greatest (P &lt; 0.01) and IGF-1 the least on d 42 (P &lt; 0.01). An RFI × hour interaction was detected for RT (P = 0.0003), where HIGH-RFI heifers had greater RT throughout the day. In summary, weather conditions in western Canada changed blood parameters of replacement beef heifers during summer. Feed efficient heifers had decreased RT and greater plasma concentrations of fT3, which could be associated with metabolic homeostasis and regulation of thermogenesis.
PSIX-30 Results from a Statewide Needs Assessment of Iowa Beef Producers
Authors: Culbertson Miranda M , Reynolds Mary E , Schwab Denise L , Wall Patrick B , Clark Christopher A , Doran Beth E , Lundy-Woolfolk Erika L , Euken Russell M , Loy Daniel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extension personnel routinely conduct needs assessments to develop programs addressing challenges faced by cattle producers. The objective of this project was to identify and evaluate the needs of cattle producers in Iowa. Needs assessment listening sessions were conducted by the Iowa Beef Center across six regions of the state of Iowa. A total of 54 stakeholders across the six regions participated, representing cow-calf, feedlot, veterinary, and allied industries. During each session, participants were asked to write down a list of challenges or opportunities they observed in the beef industry. Each producer was asked to share an item on their list that they perceived or experienced as the most challenging and briefly expand on the topic. Once every attendee had an opportunity to engage, the process was repeated until topics had been exhausted. Each listening session lasted approximately 2 to 3 hours. Notes from all six meetings were compiled, and major themes were aggregated. Common themes were found across all six regions, while others were only addressed within specific regions. Producers statewide addressed challenges in cattle marketing (n = 31), land use and availability (n = 22), herd health (n = 20), and feed costs (n = 19). Farm transition (n = 14), consumer education (n = 14), and animal handling and welfare (n = 8) were discussed in five of the six regions. Production profitability (n = 8) and labor (n = 5) were only addressed in four regions. Topics discussed in fewer than four regions tended to be specific to either cow-calf or feedlot enterprises. For example, traceability (n = 4) was only discussed in the northwestern and northcentral regions with a large feedlot presence. In contrast, heifer development (n = 4) was discussed in three regions with more cow-calf operations. In conclusion, this project illustrates the diversity and commonality of challenges facing cattle producers in the state of Iowa and is indicative of issues facing cattle producers nationally. Although these listening sessions were specific to Iowa cattle producers, the methods used to gain insight into challenges facing cattle producers have applications beyond Iowa. The diversity of responses reinforces the need for routine needs assessments for extension program development to address the needs of the beef industry nationally and globally.
PSVIII-27 Beef Cattle Body Weight Forecast Monitored on Pasture Through Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Isaac Júnior Marcos Antônio , Ferreira dos Santos Murilo Garrett Moura , Da Silva Vinícius YujiMendes , Albertini Thiago Zanetti , Biase Adriele Giaretta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence through forecasting models for the weight of beef cattle allows decision-making regarding the production chain, which makes it more efficient and respects social, environmental and economic aspects, with ever-increasing predictions. Approaches adopting separately stochastic and deterministic components were adopted. Thus, this work, based on deterministic dynamic systems, aims to forecast the body weight of cattle simultaneously with the variables temperature, atmospheric pressure and global radiation, for the first time being monitored on pasture. Data were collected on a commercial farm located in Britânia/GO/Brazil, 158 male animals of crossbread origin,kept in 101 hectares of pasture, in a rotational system, receiving 0.3% BW day-1 of protein supplement and water ad libitum were weighed. Based on Takens' embedding theorem, it was possible to represent the phase spaces and facilitate data entry into the regression model. The models used were Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), LightGBM, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Echo State Network (ESN). To fit the models, the dataset was separated into 110 animals for K-fold cross-validation with 5 subsets and 48 animals for validation. Bayesian optimization was implemented to find the best hyperparameter values for each model. Three scenarios were evaluated: 7, 14 and 28 days of forecast horizon (fp), respectively. The evaluation metric used was the mean squared error (MSE), which verifies the accuracy of the models. As result, we verified according to Table 1 that the SVM presented the least MSE values for the 3 scenarios. After this step, the best model was selected, and the model was adjusted with the 110 animals and validated with the validation data. The result obtained from the MSE was 0.000071 kg². 0.000176 kg² and 0.000478 kg² for 7, 14 and 28 days of fh, respectively. According to Figure 1, the predicted values in relation to the observed values showed good results for the 3 scenarios; however, for the scenarios of 14 and 28 days, a small overestimation was observed for the body weights with the greatest values. The adjusted SMV model demonstrated that it was possible to predict meat production with deterministic models. Thus, the use of artificial intelligence methods is efficient to assist in decision making on the beef cattle production chain.
PSVII-15 Heart Rate Variability in Post-Race Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: Wendorf Kathryn , Olivier Clelie , Ferguson Clarence Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Performance horses can require a tremendous amount of time, training, and finances to maintain optimal health and reach maximum fitness levels. Racehorses are one of the many performance horses that require such vigorous maintenance schedules to compete. Measuring heart rate variability (HRV) in these equine athletes can allow for post-training, post-competition recovery and stress analysis. In this study, we measured HRV parameters in 13 Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses at Delta Downs Racetrack, located in Vinton, Louisiana. Data were recorded in short-term readings of 5 minutes at 0 to 1 hour post-race (depending on if they went to test-barn), 12 hours, and 24 hours post-race, in 7 TB racehorses. An additional 6 TB racehorses were recorded only at rest (no race or strenuous workouts for over a week). The R-R readings were less (P &lt; 0.0001) at 0 to 1 hour post-race (753.6 ± 43.2) compared with 12 hours (1382.8 ± 44.5), 24 hours (1503.7 ±40.0) and rest (1370.9 ± 39.3). The heart rate (HR) was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) at 0 to 1 hour post-race (82.8 ± 4.6) compared with 12 hours (43.9 ± 1.4), 24 hours (40.3 ± 1.4) and rest (44.0 ± 1.4). The RMSSD was less (P &lt; 0.0001) at 0 to 1 hour post-race (16.9 ± 2.8) compared with 12 hours (31.6 ± 3.1), 24 hours (33.6 ± 1.6) and rest (33.6 ± 3.4). The SDNN was less (P &lt; 0.0003) at 0 to 1 hours post-race (23.7 ± 2.9) compared with 12 hours (38.7 ± 2.9), 24 hours (36.8 ± 1.6) and rest (36.2 ± 2.7). The pNN50 was less (P &lt; 0.0044) at 0 to 1 hour post-race (3.5 ± 3.2) compared with 12 hours (8.9 ± 1.8), 24 hours (11.8 ± 1.3) and rest (11.7 ± 2.9). None of the 12- and 24-hour readings were different from each other or at rest indicating these horses appeared to have recovered from their race within 12 hours.