bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in galanin immunoreactivity in rat lumbosacral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia after spinal cord injury
Authors: Zvarova K. , Murray E. , Vizzard M.A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlterations in the expression of the neuropeptide galanin were examined in micturition reflex pathways 6 weeks after complete spinal cord transection (T8). In control animals, galanin expression was present in specific regions of the gray matter in the rostral lumbar and caudal lumbosacral spinal cord, including: (1) the dorsal commissure; (2) the superficial dorsal horn; (3) the regions of the intermediolateral cell column (L1–L2) and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (L6–S1); and (4) the lateral collateral pathway in lumbosacral spinal segments. Densitometry analysis demonstrated significant increases (P ≤ 0.001) in galanin immunoreactivity (IR) in these regions of the S1 spinal cord after spinal cord injury (SCI). Changes in galanin‐IR were not observed at the L4–L6 segments except for an increase in galanin‐IR in the dorsal commissure in the L4 segment. In contrast, decreases in galanin‐IR were observed in the L1 segment. The number of galanin‐IR cells increased (P ≤ 0.001) in the L1 and S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after SCI. In all DRG examined (L1, L2, L6, and S1), the percentage of bladder afferent cells expressing galanin‐IR significantly increased (4–19‐fold) after chronic SCI. In contrast, galanin expression in nerve fibers in the urinary bladder detrusor and urothelium was decreased or eliminated after SCI. Expression of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was altered in the spinal cord after SCI. A significant increase in BDNF expression was present in spinal cord segments after SCI. In contrast, NGF expression was only increased in the spinal segments adjacent and rostral to the transection site (T7–T8), whereas spinal segments (T13–L1; L6–S1), distal to the transection site exhibited decreased NGF expression. Changes in galanin expression in micturition pathways after SCI may be mediated by changing neurotrophic factor expression, particularly BDNF. These changes may contribute to urinary bladder dysfunction after SCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:590–603, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in aging Hu‐Bcl‐2 transgenic mice
Authors: Zanjani Hadi , Lemaigre‐Dubreuil Y. , Tillakaratne Niranjala J.K. , Blokhin Andrei , McMahon Robert P. , Tobin Allan J. , Vogel Michael W. , Mariani Jean 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe number of cerebellar Purkinje cells is increased by over 40% in young transgenic mice that overexpress a human Bcl‐2 transgene (Hu‐Bcl‐2). To determine whether the Bcl‐2‐mediated rescue of Purkinje cells persists through life, the numbers of Purkinje cells were estimated in 6‐, 12‐, 18‐, and 24‐month‐old Hu‐Bcl‐2 transgenic mice and age‐matched controls. In addition, the expression of four markers for Purkinje cell differentiation, calbindin (CaBP), the 67‐kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), γ‐aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA‐T), and the NMDA‐R1 receptor subtype (NMDA‐NR1) was analyzed in 6‐month‐old Hu‐Bcl‐2 transgenics and controls to determine whether overexpression of Bcl‐2 and rescue from naturally occurring cell death affects the normal differentiation of Purkinje cells. The estimates of Purkinje cell numbers showed that the number of Purkinje cells in the Hu‐Bcl‐2 transgenics declines after 6 months to approach wild‐type values by 18 months. Although the exogenous human BCL‐2 is still expressed in Purkinje cells at 24 months, the expression levels of human BCL‐2 appear to decline significantly after 6 months, suggesting that survival of the supernumary Purkinje cells depends on the sustained overexpression of Bcl‐2. All the Purkinje cells in the Hu‐Bcl‐2 transgenic mice appeared to express normal levels of the differentiation markers analyzed so there was no evidence for a class of Purkinje cells that do not differentiate normally when rescued from naturally occurring cell death. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:481–492, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activin mRNA induced during amygdala kindling shows a spatiotemporal progression that tracks the spread of seizures
Authors: Foster Jane A. , Puchowicz Michael J. , McIntyre Dan C. , Herkenham Miles 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe progressive development of seizures in rats by amygdala kindling, which models temporal lobe epilepsy, allows the study of molecular regulators of enduring synaptic changes. Neurotrophins play important roles in synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection. Activin, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily of growth and differentiation factors, has recently been added to the list of candidate synaptic regulators. We mapped the induction of activin βA mRNA in amygdala and cortex at several stages of seizure development. Strong induction, measured 2 hours after the first stage 2 (partial) seizure, appeared in neurons of the ipsilateral amygdala (confined to the lateral, basal, and posterior cortical nuclei) and insular, piriform, orbital, and infralimbic cortices. Activin βA mRNA induction, after the first stage 5 (generalized) seizure, had spread to the contralateral amygdala (same nuclear distribution) and cortex, and the induced labeling covered much of the convexity of neocortex as well as piriform, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices in a nearly bilaterally symmetrical pattern. This pattern had filled in by the sixth stage 5 seizure. Induced labeling in cortical neurons was confined mainly to layer II. A similar temporal and spatial pattern of increased mRNA expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found in the amygdala and cortex. Activin βA and BDNF expression patterns were similar at 1, 2, and 6 hours after the last seizure, subsiding at 24 hours; in contrast, c‐fos mRNA induction appeared only at 1 hour throughout cortex and then subsided. In double‐label studies, activin βA mRNA‐positive neurons were also BDNF mRNA positive, and they did not colocalize with GAD67 mRNA (a marker of γ‐aminobutyric acidergic neurons). The data suggest that activin and BDNF transcriptional activities accurately mark excitatory neurons participating in seizure‐induced synaptic alterations and may contribute to the enduring changes that underlie the kindled state. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:91–102, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript in catecholamine and noncatecholamine presympathetic vasomotor neurons of rat rostral ventrolateral medulla
Authors: Burman Kathleen J. , Sartor Daniela M. , Verberne Anthony J.M. , Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPresympathetic vasomotor adrenergic (C1) and nonadrenergic (non‐C1) neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) provide the main excitatory drive to cardiovascular sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. C1 and non‐C1 neurons contain cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART), suggesting that CART may be a common marker for RVLM presympathetic neurons. To test this hypothesis, we first used double‐immunofluorescence staining for CART and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to quantify CART‐immunoreactive (‐IR) catecholamine and noncatecholamine neurons in the C1 region. Next, we quantified the proportion of CART‐IR RVLM neurons that expressed Fos in response to a hypotensive stimulus, using peroxidase immunohistochemistry for Fos and dual immunofluorescence for CART and TH. Finally, we fluorescently detected CART immunoreactivity in electrophysiologically identified, juxtacellularly labeled RVLM presympathetic neurons. In the RVLM, 97% of TH‐IR neurons were CART‐IR, and 74% of CART‐IR neurons were TH‐IR. Nitroprusside infusion significantly increased the number of Fos‐IR RVLM neurons compared with saline controls. In nitroprusside‐treated rats, virtually all Fos/TH neurons in the RVLM were immunoreactive for CART (98% ± 1.3%, SD; n = 7), whereas 29% ± 8.3% of CART‐positive, TH‐negative neurons showed Fos immunoreactivity. Six fast (2.8–5.8 m/second, noncatecholamine)‐, two intermediate (2.1 and 2.2 m/second)‐, and five slow (<1 m/second, catecholamine)‐conducting RVLM presympathetic vasomotor neurons were juxtacellularly labeled. After fluorescent detection of CART and biotinamide, all 13 neurons were found to be CART‐IR. These results suggest that, in rat RVLM, all catecholamine and noncatecholamine presympathetic vasomotor neurons contain CART. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:19–31, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of glutamate receptors in avian neural pathways for learned vocalization
Authors: Wada Kazuhiro , Sakaguchi Hironobu , Jarvis Erich D. , Hagiwara Masatoshi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLearned vocalization, the substrate for human language, is a rare trait. It is found in three distantly related groups of birds—parrots, hummingbirds, and songbirds. These three groups contain cerebral vocal nuclei for learned vocalization not found in their more closely related vocal nonlearning relatives. Here, we cloned 21 receptor subunits/subtypes of all four glutamate receptor families (AMPA, kainate, NMDA, and metabotropic) and examined their expression in vocal nuclei of songbirds. We also examined expression of a subset of these receptors in vocal nuclei of hummingbirds and parrots, as well as in the brains of dove species as examples of close vocal nonlearning relatives. Among the 21 subunits/subtypes, 19 showed higher and/or lower prominent differential expression in songbird vocal nuclei relative to the surrounding brain subdivisions in which the vocal nuclei are located. This included relatively lower levels of all four AMPA subunits in lMAN, strikingly higher levels of the kainite subunit GluR5 in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), higher and lower levels respectively of the NMDA subunits NR2A and NR2B in most vocal nuclei and lower levels of the metabotropic group I subtypes (mGluR1 and ‐5) in most vocal nuclei and the group II subtype (mGluR2), showing a unique expression pattern of very low levels in RA and very high levels in HVC. The splice variants of AMPA subunits showed further differential expression in vocal nuclei. Some of the receptor subunits/subtypes also showed differential expression in hummingbird and parrot vocal nuclei. The magnitude of differential expression in vocal nuclei of all three vocal learners was unique compared with the smaller magnitude of differences found for nonvocal areas of vocal learners and vocal nonlearners. Our results suggest that evolution of vocal learning was accompanied by differential expression of a conserved gene family for synaptic transmission and plasticity in vocal nuclei. They also suggest that neural activity and signal transduction in vocal nuclei of vocal learners will be different relative to the surrounding brain areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:44–64, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral effects of spinal overhemisections on the development of the somatosensory system in rats
Authors: Remple Michael S. , Jain Neeraj , Diener Pamela S. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractConnections of the forepaw regions of somatosensory cortex (S1) were determined in rats reared to maturity after spinal cord overhemisections at cervical level C3 on postnatal day 3. Overhemisections cut all ascending and descending pathways and intervening gray on one side of the spinal cord and the pathways of the dorsal funiculus contralaterally. Bilateral lesions of the dorsal columns reduced the size of the brainstem nuclei by 41%, and the ventroposterior lateral subnucleus (VPL) of the thalamus by 20%. Bilateral lesions also prevented the emergence of the normal cytochrome oxidase barrel pattern in forepaw and hindpaw regions of S1. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were placed in the forepaw region of granular S1 and surrounding dysgranular S1 contralateral to the hemisection. The VPL nucleus was densely labeled, whereas the adjoining ventroposterior medial subnucleus, VPM, representing the head, was unlabeled. Thus, there was no evidence of abnormal connections of VPM to forepaw cortex. Foci of transported label in the ipsilateral hemisphere appeared to be in normal locations and of normal extents, but connections in the opposite hemisphere were broadly and nearly uniformly distributed in sensorimotor cortex in a pattern similar to that in postnatal rats. Rats with incomplete lesions that spared the dorsal column pathway on the left side but not the right demonstrated surprisingly normal distributions of callosal connections in the nondeprived right hemisphere, even though the injected left hemisphere was deprived. Thus, the development of the normal pattern of callosal connections depends on dorsal column input and not on normal interhemsipheric interactions. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:604–619, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
OFF‐cholinergic‐pathway‐selective localization of P2X2 purinoceptors in the mouse retina
Authors: Kaneda Makoto , Ishii Katsuyoshi , Morishima Yosuke , Akagi Takumi , Yamazaki Yasuhiro , Nakanishi Shigetada , Hashikawa Tsutomu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIt is known that, in the retina, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) release from cholinergic neurons, but the types of purinoceptors on cholinergic neurons have not been examined. In the present work, we immunohistochemically examined the distribution of the purinoceptors P2X1, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X7 in relation to the cholinergic system of the retina in wild‐type mice and transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Immunoreactivity for P2X2 was very strong in sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer but very weak in sublamina b of the inner plexiform layer of the retina. Immunoreactivity for P2X2 was colocalized with that for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). When transgenic mice were treated with the immunotoxin‐mediated cell‐targeting technology to ablate cholinergic amacrine cells selectively, immunoreactivity for P2X2 and the signals for GFP disappeared in parallel and selectively in the OFF pathway. The distribution of immunoreactivity for P2X1, P2X4, and P2X7 differed from that of ChAT immunoreactivity. The selective distribution of P2X2 purinergic receptors in OFF‐type cholinergic amacrine cells indicates that the P2X2 purinergic signaling systems in the ON and OFF pathways of the inner plexiform layer of the mouse retina are functionally different. The distribution of P2X2 purinoceptors may be responsible for the selective regulation of ACh release in the OFF pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:103–111, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the cellular expression pattern of β‐CGRP in α‐CGRP‐deficient mice
Authors: Schütz Burkhard , Mauer Daniela , Salmon Anne‐Marie , Changeux Jean‐Pierre , Zimmer Andreas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this study we compared the α‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide (αCGRP) and βCGRP expression patterns in wild‐type and knockout mice by using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of wild‐type animals, αCGRP mRNA was about two times more abundant than βCGRP mRNA. The βCGRP mRNA was the only isoform expressed in the intestine. In αCGRP knockout mice, we found no change in βCGRP mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord compared with wild‐type controls, but a twofold decrease in the intestine. CGRP immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in many small and some large neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, was found in sensory fibers and motor neurons in the spinal cord, and labeled neuromuscular junctions in wild‐type mice. In the dorsal root ganglia of αCGRP knockout mice, punctate βCGRP‐IR again was predominantly found in small neurons. In the spinal cord, βCGRP‐IR fibers were localized to the outermost layer of the dorsal horn. IR was found in the cell bodies of motor neurons, but it was undetectable in neuromuscular junctions. In the intestine, CGRP‐IR was localized to neurons of the myenteric plexus and to fibers in the mucosal folds, with similar staining intensity in both wild‐type and knockout mice. Finally, CGRP‐IR was undetectable in preganglionic fibers and postganglionic sympathetic neurons in mice from both genotypes. Our results indicate that αCGRP and βCGRP are variably coexpressed in different functional aspects of the mouse nervous system. This pattern suggests distinct roles for βCGRP in pain, neuromuscular, and gastrointestinal systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:32–43, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location of preganglionic neurons is independent of birthdate but is correlated to reelin‐producing cells in the spinal cord
Authors: Yip Yee Ping , Zhou Guangdou , Capriotti Christine , Yip Joseph W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMany studies suggest that during neuronal development the birthdate of a neuron appears to have significant consequences for its ultimate location and identity. Our past study shows that sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in mice lacking the reelin gene settle in abnormal positions in the spinal cord. In the present study we determined that birthdate is not a factor contributing to the abnormal position of SPN in reeler. In both normal and reeler mice the period of neurogenesis of SPN was similar, and the final location of SPN in the spinal cord was independent of birthdate. Additionally, we have identified at least two types of ventral interneurons, V1 and V2, that are involved in the production of Reelin and the positioning of SPN in the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:564–574, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of σ‐Bond Metathesis Pathways in H/D Exchange Reactions on [(SiO)3ZrH]: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Copéret Christophe , Grouiller Annie , Basset Jean‐Marie , Chermette Henry 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe mechanism of the H/D exchange reaction in alkane/hydrogen mixtures on silica‐supported zirconium hydride was investigated by a modelling study using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The electronic activation enthalpy (ΔH${^{\ne }_{\rm elec}}$) for the CH bond activation step (TS3) was calculated to be around 92 kJ mol−1, whereas it would be 258 kJ mol−1 for a direct exchange process (TS1, also called the kite TS). These data clearly speak in favour of the former as a mechanism for CH bond scrambling. Moreover, the calculated enthalpy of activation (ΔH${^{\ne }_{{\rm elec}}}$) for H/D exchange in H2/D2 mixtures (TS2) is 33.5 kJ mol−1, which shows that this reaction is much faster than the H/D scrambling in alkane/H2 mixtures, as shown experimentally. Additionally, the calculated activation entropies (For TS1–4, ΔS${^{\ne }_{{\rm tot}}}$ ranges between −129 and −174 J mol−1 K−1) are very negative. Although the calculated activation entropies are also in full agreement with experimental data (ΔS${^{\ne }_{{\rm exp}}}$=−113 J mol−1 K−1), overall, the calculated activation enthalpies are much higher than the experimental ones. This suggests that the actual catalyst is probably more electrophilic than the model chosen for the calculations.
Engineering Nanoarchitectures for Photonic Crystals
Authors: Marlow Frank , Dong Wenting 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe detailed shape of the dense material network of inverse opals has a significant influence on the appearance of band gaps in these photonic crystals. One example of these topologically very similar networks is the skeleton structure, which can show two complete band gaps. Like all inverse opals, these structures are self‐standing and can be fabricated via self‐assembly strategies. The first step for obtaining these novel kind of photonic crystals has been achieved by synthesizing a titania skeleton structure.
Molecular Reorientational Dynamics of the Neat Ionic Liquid 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate by Measurement of 13C Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Data
Authors: Antony Jürgen H. , Mertens Dirk , Dölle Andreas , Wasserscheid Peter , Carper William R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe reorientational dynamics of the ionic liquid 1butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6) were studied over a wide range of temperatures by measurement of 13C spin–lattice relaxation rates and NOE factors. The reorientational dynamics were evaluated by performing fits to the experimental relaxation data. Thus, the overall reorientational motion was described by a Cole–Davidson spectral density with a Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann temperature dependence of the correlation times. The reorientational motion of the butyl chain was modelled by a combination of the latter model for the overall motion with a Bloembergen–Purcell–Pound spectral density and an Arrhenius temperature dependence for the internal motion. Except for C2 in the aromatic ring, an additional reduction of the spectral density by the Lipari–Szabo model had to be employed. This reduction is a consequence of fast molecular motions before the rotational diffusion process becomes effective. The C2 atom did not exhibit this reduction, because the librational motion of the corresponding C2H vector is severely hindered due to hydrogen bonding with the hexafluorophosphate anion. The observed dynamic features of the [BMIM]+ cation confirm quantum‐chemical structures obtained in a former study.
Cover Picture: Electronic Excitation Energy Migration in a Photonic Dye–Zeolite Antenna (ChemPhysChem 6/2003)
Authors: Yatskou Mikalai M. , Meyer Marc , Huber Stefan , Pfenniger Michel , Calzaferri Gion 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe cover picture shows a zeolite L crystal containing organized dye molecules that act as donors (green) and acceptors (red). The confocal fluorescence microscopy images of a cylindrical crystal, seen after selective excitation of the green dyes, visualize the organization of the donors and acceptors. These crystals behave as photonic antenna, in which excitation energy is transported by a Förster‐type mechanism until it reaches the acceptor, where the energy is emitted as red luminescence. The intensity decrease is faster in the presence of acceptors (solid green curve) than in their absence (dashed). But the main characteristic of the time evolution of the crystals is that the acceptor intensity is first built up before it starts to decay. Find out more in the article by Calzaferri et al. on pages 567–587.
Das vereinfachte Berechnungsverfahren für Mauerwerk nach Eurocode 6
Authors: Reeh Helmut , Schlundt Andreas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVereinfachte Berechnungsverfahren für Mauerwerk sind zukünftig in Eurocode 6 Teil 3 geregelt. Nachfolgend werden die wichtigsten Festlegungen in der aktuellen Fassung der Norm — Draft prEN 1996‐3, November 2003 — vorgestellt und erläutert.Im einzelnen wird neben den Grundlagen und Anwendungsvoraussetzungen zunächst auf die vereinfachten Berechnungsverfahren zum Nachweis von Wänden auf Druck und Schub eingegangen. Danach wird der vereinfachte Nachweis der Gebäudestabilität für Gebäude mit bis zu drei Geschossen vorgestellt. Abschließend werden die vereinfachten Nachweise für Wände unter Teilflächenlasten, für Kelleraußenwände, für unbelastete Innenwände mit begrenzten seitlichen Lasten und für unbelastete Wände mit gleichmäßig verteilter seitlicher Last behandelt.Es ist zu erwarten, daß Mauerwerk in Deutschland wie bisher überwiegend nach den vereinfachten Berechnungsverfahren bemessen wird. Mit den vorgestellten Nachweisen in Eurocode 6 Teil 3 ist auch zukünftig analog zum vereinfachten Berechnungsverfahren in DIN 1053‐1 eine vereinfachte, wenig aufwendige Bemessung von Mauerwerk möglich.
Bautechnische Prüfung des Wiederaufbaus der Frauenkirche zu Dresden
Authors: Peter Jörg , Hertenstein Martin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie statischen Berechnungen und Nachweise zum Bestand und zu den wieder aufzubauenden Bauteilen waren entsprechend der Sächsischen Bauordnung einer bautechnischen Prüfung zu unterziehen. In diesem Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Ansätze und die Ergebnisse dieser sehr komplexen Aufgabe in einer Übersicht dargestellt. Ausführlichere Berichte darüber sind in /1/ bis /3/ enthalten.Der Auftrag zur bautechnischen Prüfung wurde durch das Baurechtsamt der Landeshauptstadt Dresden im Oktober 1992 Prof. Dr.‐ Ing. Jörg Peter erteilt.