bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of c‐Ret, GFRα1, and GFRα2 in the substantia nigra Pars compacta in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Marco Sònia , Saura Josep , Pérez‐Navarro Esther , José Martí María , Tolosa Eduard , Alberch Jordi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGlial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family members have been proposed as candidates for the treatment of Parkinson's disease because they protect nigral dopaminergic neurons against various types of insult. However, the efficiency of these factors depends on the availability of their receptors after damage. We evaluated the changes in the expression of c‐Ret, GFRα1, and GFRα2 in the substantia nigra pars compacta in a rat model of Parkinson's disease by in situ hybridization. Intrastriatal injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) transiently increased c‐Ret and GFRα1 mRNA levels in the substantia nigra pars compacta at 1 day postlesion. At later time points, 3 and 6 days, the expression of c‐Ret and GFRα1 was downregulated. GFRα2 expression was differentially regulated, as it decreased only 6 days after 6‐OHDA injection. Triple‐labeling studies, using in situ hybridization for the GDNF family receptors and immunohistochemistry for neuronal or glial cell markers, showed that changes in the expression of c‐Ret, GFRα1, and GFRα2 in the substantia nigra pars compacta were localized to neurons. In conclusion, our results show that nigral neurons differentially regulate the expression of GDNF family receptors as a transient and compensatory response to 6‐OHDA lesion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 343–351, 2002
Short window of opportunity for calpain induced growth cone formation after axotomy of Aplysia neurons
Authors: Gitler Daniel , Spira Micha E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOur laboratory has established that local activation of calpain by a transient elevation of the free intracellular calcium concentration is crucial for the induction of growth cone (GC) formation in cultured Aplysia neurons. The mechanisms and stages in which calpain is involved in the formation of a GC are not known. We began to study these questions by determining the nature of calpain's action and the stages in which calpain activity affects the cascade of events that leads to the formation of the GC and its extension. We report that the calpain‐dependent transformation of an axonal segment into a GC occurs within a narrow window of opportunity that lasts approximately 5 min. If calpain is inhibited during this window of opportunity, GC formation does not occur. Inhibition of calpain after the window of opportunity slows down the rate of lamellipodial extension but doesn't arrest it. The proteolysis of spectrin, a calpain substrate and a major component of the membrane skeleton, occurs within this window of opportunity, in agreement with the hypothesis that spectrin proteolysis is an early step in the formation of the GC. If the onset of proteolysis is deferred, spectrin remains unchanged and GC formation is compromised. We suggest that calpain participates in two different processes: it is critical for the triggering of GC formation and plays a modulatory role during the extension of the GC's lamellipodia. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 267–279, 2002
Female canaries that respond and discriminate more between male songs of different quality have a larger song control nucleus (HVC) in the brain
Authors: Leitner Stefan , Catchpole Clive K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn male songbirds the song control pathway in the forebrain is responsible for song production and learning. In most species, females do not sing and have smaller nuclei in the song control pathway.Although the function of the pathway in females is assumed to be associated with the perception of male song, there is little direct evidence to support this view. In this study on female canaries, we investigate the role of two key nuclei in the song control pathway (HVC and lMAN) in relation to playback of male song. Male canaries produce elaborate songs that function to attract and stimulate females. The songs are constructed from smaller units called syllables, and special syllables with a more complex structure (sexy syllables) are known to induce females to perform copulation solicitation displays (CSD) as an invitation to mate. By using computer‐edited experimental songs, we first show that females discriminate between songs by producing significantly more CSD to those containing sexy syllables. We then sectioned the brains and usedin situhybridization to reveal song nuclei containing androgen receptors. We report positive correlations between the size of HVC and both total CSD response and the amount of discrimination between sexy and nonsexy songs. We found no such relationships between these measures and the size of lMAN. These results provide some evidence to support the view that, in female canaries HVC is involved in female perception and discrimination of male song. The results also have implications for the evolution of complex male songs by sexual selection and female choice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 294–301, 2002
Changing patterns of ganglion cell coupling and connexin expression during chick retinal development
Authors: Becker David L. , Bonness Viola , Catsicas Marina , Mobbs Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have used dye injection and immunolabeling to investigate the relationship between connexin (Cx) expression and dye coupling between ganglion cells (GCs) and other cells of the embryonic chick retina between embryonic days 5 and 14 (E5–14). At E5, GCs were usually coupled, via soma‐somatic or dendro‐somatic contacts, to only one or two other cells. Coupling increased with time until E11 when GCs were often coupled to more than a dozen other cells with somata in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) or inner nuclear layer (INL). These coupled clusters occupied large areas of the retina and coupling was via dendro‐dendritic contacts. By E14, after the onset of synaptogenesis and at a time of marked cell death, dye coupling was markedly decreased with GCs coupled to three or four partners. At this time, coupling was usually to cells of the same morphology, whereas earlier coupling was heterogeneous. Between E5 and E11, GCs were sometimes coupled to cells of neuroepithelial morphology that spanned the thickness of the retina. The expression of Cx 26, 32, and 43 differed and their distribution changed during the period studied, showing correlation with events such as proliferation, migration, and synaptogenesis. These results suggest specific roles for gap junctions and Cx's during retinal development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 280–293, 2002
Regeneration of retinal axons in the lizard Gallotia galloti is not linked to generation of new retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Lang Dirk M. , del Mar Romero‐Aleman Maria , Arbelo‐Galvan Juan‐Francisco , Stuermer Claudia A.O. , Monzon‐Mayor Maximina 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUsing anterograde tracing with HRP and antibodies (ABs) against neurofilaments, we show that regrowth of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the lizard Gallotia galloti commences only 2 months after optic nerve transection (ONS) and continues over at least 9 months. This is unusually long when compared to RGC axon regeneration in fish or amphibians. Following ONS, lizard RGCs up‐regulate the immediate early gene C‐JUN for 9 months or longer, indicating their reactive state. In keeping with the in vivo data, axon outgrowth from lizard retinal explants is increased above control levels from 6 weeks, reaches its maximum as late as 3 months, and remains elevated for at least 1 year after ONS. By means of BrdU incorporation assays and antiproliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry, we show that the late axon outgrowth is not derived from new RGCs that might have arisen in reaction to ONS: no labeled cells were detected in lizard retinas at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months after ONS. Conversely, numbers of RGCs undergoing apoptosis were too low to be detectable in TUNEL assays at any time after ONS. These results demonstrate that retinal axon regeneration in G. galloti is due to axon regrowth from the resident population of RGCs, which remain in a reactive state over an extended time interval. Neurogenesis does not appear to be involved in RGC axon regrowth in G. galloti. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 322–335, 2002
On the classical shell model underlying bilinear degenerated shell finite elements: general shell geometry
Authors: Malinen Mika 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe study the shell models arising in the numerical modelling of shells by geometrically incompatible finite elements. We build a connection from the so‐called bilinear degenerated 3D FEM to the classical 2D shell theory of Reissner–Naghdi type showing how nearly equivalent finite element formulations can be constructed within the classical framework. The connection found here facilitates the mathematical error analysis of the bilinear elements based on the degenerated 3D approach. In particular, the connection reveals the ‘secrets’ that relate to the treatment of locking effects within this formulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active control of FGM shells subjected to a temperature gradient via piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches
Authors: Liew K. M. , He X. Q. , Ng T. Y. , Kitipornchai S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA generic static and dynamic finite element formulation is derived for the modelling and control of piezoelectric shell laminates under coupled displacement, temperature and electric potential fields. The base shell is of functionally graded material (FGM) type, which consists of combined ceramic–metal materials with different mixing ratios of the ceramic and metal constituents. A multi‐input–multi‐output (MIMO) system is applied to provide active feedback control of the laminated shell using self‐monitoring sensors and self‐controlling actuators through a close loop. Numerical studies clearly show the influence of the positional configurations of sensor/actuator pairs on the effectiveness of static and dynamic control for the shell laminates. The effects of the constituent volume fractions on the static and dynamic responses of the shell laminate are also elucidated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order predictor–corrector algorithms
Authors: Lahmam H. , Cadou J. M. , Zahrouni H. , Damil N. , Potier‐Ferry M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNew predictor–corrector algorithms are presented for the computation of solution paths of non‐linear partial differential equations. The predictors and the correctors are based on perturbation techniques and Padé approximants. This extends the Asymptotic Numerical Method (ANM), which is an efficient high‐order continuation technique without corrector. The efficiency and the reliability of the new technique are assessed by several examples within thin shell theory and Navier–Stokes equations. Many variants have been tested to establish an optimal algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved four‐node hybrid‐mixed element based upon Mindlin's plate theory
Authors: Ayad Rezak , Rigolot Alain 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBased on the mixed shear projected (MiSP) approach (Reference [54]: Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 1998; 42:1149–1179), an enhanced bending approximation for homogeneous isotropic plates is presented. Some hard benchmark tests, such as the skew plate (30°) problem, have often shown poor convergence when low‐order elements (3‐ or 4‐node element) are developed using linear approximations for kinematic variables. To put right this weakness, we propose a high‐order interpolation for rotational dofs which results in more rich bending curvatures. The mid‐side rotational nodes are eliminated using a combination of local discrete kinematic and constitutive Mindlin hypotheses. The derived 4‐node quadrilateral element, called MiSP4+, is free of shear locking and passes all patch tests for thick and thin plates in an arbitrary mesh. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axisymmetric modal analysis of liquid‐storage tanks considering compressibility effects
Authors: Cho J. R. , Kim K. W. , Lee J. K. , Park T. H. , Lee W. Y. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we address analytical and numerical studies on the free vibration of fluid–structure interaction problems considering the fluid compressibility. According to the separation of variables together with the boundary condition enforcement, we first derive a compressible‐fluid velocity potential function. Next, we split the structure region into the wet and dry parts, for which we apply the Novozhilov thin shell theory. Combining two dynamic displacement fields, for two split structure parts, using the displacement compatibility conditions, we finally obtain a simultaneous equation system for computing natural frequencies and modes. According to the derived analytical formulae, we compute natural frequencies and modes, stress resultants, together with the comparison with the FEM analysis and the incompressible case. Numerical results show, compared to the incompressible case, that the compressible case produces lower natural frequencies and, furthermore, the relative difference is influenced by the slenderness of tanks and the relative liquid fill height. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tragedy Reshapes the American Workplace: A Symposium with Lynn Martin
Authors: Williams Sandra L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn March 2002, the Midwest Workplace Symposium was sponsored by the Union League Club of Chicago. The

discussion explored leadership needs, cultural management issues, and the reshaping of attitudes and values at

American businesses in the post‐9/11 environment. A panel of business experts gathered to share

observations and provide insight into future challenges facing domestic and international commerce. The honorable

Lynn Martin, former Secretary of Labor, facilitated the group. This article details salient portions of their

discussion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Principles of High Performance—and How to Apply Them
Authors: Martel Leon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGeneral principles emerge from the practices of the best companies in work content and the work environment,

recruiting and hiring, compensation and benefits, and education and training. Several of these principles are

universally found, others are exhibited by a number of the best companies, and some are only suggested by the

directions in which a few of the companies are heading. In addition, several may seem counterintuitive or contrary

to current advice. But all are consistent with the structural changes occurring in the nature of work and the values

of workers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovering the Value of Executive Coaching as a Business Transformation Tool
Authors: Niemes Jim 
Published: September 2002

AbstractToday's transformation initiatives—everything from Enterprise Resource Planning to Six

Sigma—often require the development of new abilities in a company's leaders. Executive coaching is a

powerful tool that can be used to rapidly introduce new skills into a company's leadership ranks. For both

high‐potential executives and those newly entrusted with high‐level leadership,

one‐on‐one executive coaching can meet developmental, not remedial, needs. Getting it right,

though, requires willing participants, a robust measurement system, careful feedback, a feedback‐based

action plan, and strong follow‐up. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histamine induces the phosphorylation of a 58 KDa protein in GT1‐7 neuronal cells
Authors: Zamani M. Reza , Leeson Andrea H. , Nash Joanne , Bristow David R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractExposure to histamine mediates homologous histamine H1 receptor desensitisation by a process involving calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). This suggests a direct involvement of a phosphorylation cascade during desensitisation. Here we investigated histamine‐induced substrate phosphorylation in mouse hypothalamic GT1‐7 neuronal cells. CaMKII activity was detected in GT1‐7 cell extracts incubated with [32P]ATP and autocamtide, a selective CaMKII substrate, which was inhibited by 1‐[N,O‐Bis(5‐isoquinolinesulfonyl)‐N‐methyl‐L‐tyrosyl]‐4‐phenylpiperazine (KN‐62). [32P]orthophosphate‐loaded GT1‐7 cells were exposed to histamine (30 µM, 30 min) with or without KN‐62. Phosphopeptide autoradiograms were generated after 2‐dimensional SDS‐gel (2D‐gel) electrophoresis and the integrated intensity quantified with 2D‐image analysis. Histamine induced the phosphorylation of a 58 kDA phosphoprotein that was prevented by KN‐62. The phosphorylation of this 58 kDa protein suggests a negative feedback step in the signal transduction cascade that results in H1 receptor desensitisation.
A stereological estimation of total neuron number and volume of the hippocampus at one and seven day‐old chicks
Authors: Sahin B. , Aslan H. , Canan S. , Kaplan S. , Unal B. , Odacı E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHippocampal complex of the avian brain is one of the most studied brain regions in recent years. This structure is thought to be homologous to mammalian hippocampus and have an important role in spatial memory. Connection patterns between the avian hippocampus and other brain regions strongly support the idea of homology between mammalian and avian hippocampal complexes.Total neuron number of chick hippocampus in different ages was estimated using optical fractionator counting method. Animals were separated into two groups as one day‐ and seven day‐old chicks. The mean total number of nerve cells in the right hippocampi of one day‐old and seven day‐old chicks was estimated as 783 310 ± 12 749 and 760 028 ± 12 256 respectively. The difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The mean total volume of hippocampi of chicks was estimated by Cavalieri's principle and it was found to be 2.48 ± 0.08 mm3 for one day‐old chicks and 2.80 ± 0.04 mm3 for seven day‐old chicks. The difference between these volume values was statistically significant (p < 0.01).Although the difference in total neuron numbers between two groups was not raised statistically significant level, decreasing cell number with age might be depend on the destruction of unneeded nerve cells with aging. The increased volume in seven day‐old group may be associated with enlargement due to several reasons during development.
A fractional splitting algorithm for nonoverlapping domain decomposition for parabolic problem
Authors: Daoud Daoud S. , Subasi D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this article we study the convergence of the nonoverlapping domain decomposition for solving large linear system arising from semi‐discretization of two‐dimensional initial value problem with homogeneous boundary conditions and solved by implicit time stepping using first and two alternatives of second‐order FS‐methods. The interface values along the artificial boundary condition line are found using explicit forward Euler's method for the first‐order FS‐method, and for the second‐order FS‐method to use extrapolation procedure for each spatial variable individually. The solution by the nonoverlapping domain decomposition with FS‐method is applicable to problems that requires the solution on nonuniform meshes for each spatial variable, which will enable us to use different time‐stepping over different subdomains and with the possibility of extension to three‐dimensional problem. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 609–624, 2002
Toward anisotropic mesh construction and error estimation in the finite element method
Authors: Kunert Gerd 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDirectional, anisotropic features like layers in the solution of partial differential equations can be resolved favorably by using anisotropic finite element meshes. An adaptive algorithm for such meshes includes the ingredients Error estimation and Information extraction/Mesh refinement. Related articles on a posteriori error estimation on anisotropic meshes revealed that reliable error estimation requires an anisotropic mesh that is aligned with the anisotropic solution. To obtain anisotropic meshes the so‐called Hessian strategy is used, which provides information such as the stretching direction and stretching ratio of the anisotropic elements. This article combines the analysis of anisotropic information extraction/mesh refinement and error estimation (for several estimators). It shows that the Hessian strategy leads to well‐aligned anisotropic meshes and, consequently, reliable error estimation. The underlying heuristic assumptions are given in a stringent yet general form. Numerical examples strengthen the exposition. Hence the analysis provides further insight into a particular aspect of anisotropic error estimation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 625–648, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.10023
Assessing JPAM after 20 Years
Authors: Reuter Peter , Smith‐Ready Jeri 
Published: September 2002

AbstractJPAM aims to be the principal research journal for public policy scholars. A citation

analysis of JPAM and competitor journals for the period 1986–1995 shows that

JPAM's most frequently cited articles are cited more often than those of other broad

policy journals, about as often as those in journals on specific policy areas, except for health policy, and

less often than principally methodological journals. JPAM does meet its goal of serving as an

outlet primarily for public policy scholars and it covers a wide range of policy topics. A survey of subscribers

shows correspondingly broad interests and that members rated the journal among their most valued. However, few

articles are frequently cited, very few of the citations appear in major journals, and the range of disciplines

represented is narrow. Some suggestions are offered for strengthening the journal. © 2002 by the

Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Agency governance and enforcement: the influence of mission on environmental decisionmaking
Authors: Firestone Jeremy 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAdministrative agencies seeking to impose sanctions for regulatory violations can handle matters internally or

through civil or criminal courts. Organizational culture, legal constraints, and political and private actors may

influence governance and hence choice of enforcement venue. An enforcement behavior model is constructed and tested

empirically using a 1990–1997 sample of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air, water, and

hazardous waste penalty cases involving individuals. While EPA's enforcement arm embraces the mission of its

regulatory arm—minimizing environmental harm—in part, it also has attributes of a police and

prosecution force—specifically deterring (and maximizing social welfare) or incapacitating

individual violators. Nevertheless, EPA may fail to minimize violations of and generally deter non‐culpable

individuals who are affiliated with large firms. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and

Management.