bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TFII-I Regulates Induction of Chromosomally Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat in Cooperation with USF
Authors: Chen Jiguo , Malcolm Tom , Estable Mario C. , Roeder Robert G. , Sadowski Ivan 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication is coupled to T-cell activation through its dependence on host cell transcription factors. Despite the enormous sequence variability of these factors, several
cis
elements for host factors are highly conserved within the 5′ long terminal repeats (LTRs) of viruses from AIDS patients; among these is the RBEIII upstream element for the Ras response element binding factor 2 (RBF-2). Here we show that RBF-2 is comprised of a USF1/USF2 heterodimer and TFII-I, which bind cooperatively to RBEIII. Recombinant USF1/USF2 binds to the RBEIII core sequence 160-fold less efficiently than it binds to an E box element, but the interaction with RBEIII is stimulated by TFII-I. Chromosomally integrated HIV-1 LTRs bearing an RBEIII mutation have slightly elevated basal transcription in unstimulated Jurkat cells but are unresponsive to cross-linking of the T-cell receptor or stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Induction is inhibited by dominant interfering USF and TFII-I but not by the dominant negative I-κB protein. USF1, USF2, and TFII-I bind to the integrated wild-type LTR in unstimulated cells and become phosphorylated during the induction of transcription upon stimulation with PMA. These results demonstrate that USF1/USF2 and TFII-I interact cooperatively at the upstream RBEIII element and are necessary for the induction of latent HIV-1 in response to T-cell activation signals.
Epstein-Barr Virus Transforming Protein LMP1 Plays a Critical Role in Virus Production
Authors: Ahsan Nazmul , Kanda Teru , Nagashima Kazuo , Takada Kenzo 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is critical for EBV-induced B-cell transformation, is also abundantly expressed during the lytic cycle of viral replication. However, the biological significance of this strong LMP1 induction remains unknown. We engineered a bacterial artificial chromosome clone containing the entire genome of Akata strain EBV to specifically disrupt the LMP1 gene. Akata cell clones harboring the episomes of LMP1-deleted EBV were established, and the effect of LMP1 loss on virus production was investigated. We found that the degree of viral DNA amplification and the expression levels of viral late gene products were unaffected by LMP1 loss, demonstrating that the LMP1-deleted EBV entered the lytic replication cycle as efficiently as the wild-type counterpart. This was confirmed by our electron microscopic observation that nucleocapsid formation inside nuclei occurred even in the absence of LMP1. By contrast, loss of LMP1 severely impaired virus release into culture supernatants, resulting in poor infection efficiency. The expression of truncated LMP1 in Akata cells harboring LMP1-deleted EBV rescued the virus release into the culture supernatant and the infectivity, and full-length LMP1 partially rescued the infectivity. These results indicate that inducible expression of LMP1 during the viral lytic cycle plays a critical role in virus production.
RNA Polymerase I-Driven Minigenome System for Ebola Viruses
Authors: Groseth Allison , Feldmann Heinz , Theriault Steven , Mehmetoglu Gülsah , Flick Ramon 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

In general, Ebola viruses are well known for their ability to cause severe hemorrhagic fever in both human and nonhuman primates. However, despite substantial sequence homology to other members of the family
Filoviridae
,
Reston ebolavirus
displays reduced pathogenicity for nonhuman primates and has never been demonstrated to cause clinical disease in humans, despite its ability to cause infection. In order to develop a tool to explore potential roles for transcription and replication in the reduced pathogenicity of
Reston ebolavirus
, we developed an RNA polymerase I (Pol I)-driven minigenome system. Here we demonstrate successful
Reston ebolavirus
minigenome rescue, including encapsidation, transcription, and replication, as well as the packaging of minigenome transcripts into progeny particles. The Pol I-driven
Reston ebolavirus
minigenome system provides a higher signal intensity with less background (higher signal-to-noise ratio) than a comparable T7-driven
Reston ebolavirus
minigenome system which was developed simultaneously. Successful
Reston ebolavirus
minigenome rescue was also achieved by the use of helper plasmids derived from the closely related
Zaire ebolavirus
or the more distantly related
Lake Victoria marburgvirus
. The use of heterologous helper plasmids in the
Reston ebolavirus
minigenome system yielded levels of reporter expression which far exceeded the level produced by the homologous helper plasmids. This comparison between minigenomes and helper plasmids from different filovirus species and genera indicates that inherent differences in the transcription and/or replication capacities of the ribonucleoprotein complexes of pathogenic and apathogenic filoviruses may exist, as these observations were confirmed in a
Lake Victoria marburgvirus
minigenome system.
Herpes Simplex Virus Entry Mediator Associates in Infected Cells in a Complex with Viral Proteins gD and at Least gH
Authors: Perez-Romero Pilar , Perez Aleida , Capul Althea , Montgomery Rebecca , Fuller A. Oveta 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT
We examined herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected human HEp-2 cells or porcine cells that express herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) for virus and receptor protein interactions. Antibody to HVEM, or its viral ligand gD, coimmunoprecipitated several similar proteins. A prominent 110-kDa protein that coprecipitated was identified as gH. The HVEM/gD/gH complex was detected with mild or stringent cell lysis conditions. It did not form in cells infected with HSV-1(KOS)Rid1 virus or with null virus lacking gD, gH, or gL. Thus, in cells a complex forms through physical associations of HVEM, gD, and at least gH.
Depletion and enrichment of primary haloes: their importance in the genesis of and exploration for mineral deposits
Authors: Goldberg I.S. , Abramson G.Ya. , Los V.L. 
Published: March 2005

The model of the primary halo that was created in the 1930s has not fundamentally changed. The primary halo of an ore deposit (ore body) is considered an environment of enrichment of ore-forming and associated elements as a result of ore genesis. However, extensive multi-element geochemical data show that the primary halo, like the positive anomaly, is only part of a complexly differentiated geochemical system. The system comprises the primary haloes of enrichment (positive anomalies) and haloes of depletion (negative anomalies) of ore-forming and other elements. However, negative anomalies have not been generally recognized for various reasons: they are combined with the background, taken to be background, or seen to be a random phenomenon, since they are not featured in the existing conceptual model of the primary halo.
The structure of geochemical systems is characterized by polar zoning, a fundamental feature of a system. Polar zoning can be defined as two separate areas (zones) within the system that are distinguished by the concentration or the composition of element or group of elements. The positive anomaly of deposit elements is the nucleus of the system. Polar zoning of the ferrous group (e.g. Sc, Ti, Cr) of elements is formed within the nucleus of the system: negative anomalies of this group of elements spatially coincide within mineralization and positive anomalies are recorded on the margin of the positive anomaly of ore-forming elements of system. The size of the geochemical ore deposit system varies, with a range between several and a few hundred square kilometers. The ore bodies are located in the nucleus of the geochemical system of the deposit.
The main criteria for the evaluation of a favorable area are based upon the linear dependence between the dimensions of the halo of depletion of the ore-forming elements and the metal reserves in the deposits. Larger ore bodies are found in systems with larger haloes of depletion. The linear dependency indicates a significant role of country rock as a source of metal.
Two lithogeochemical approaches to the identification of alteration patterns at the Elura Zn–Pb–Ag deposit, Cobar, New South Wales, Australia: use of Pearce Element Ratio analysis and Isocon analysis
Authors: Whitbread M.A. , Moore C.L. 
Published: March 2005

Lithogeochemical approaches to the identification of ore-related alteration can be obscured by closure effects and/or pre-existing lithological variations. Two mass balance approaches that can address these problems are Pearce Element Ratio analysis (PER) and Isocon analysis (IA). Both approaches have been applied to sedimentary rocks hosting the Elura ore-body, north of Cobar, in central-west New South Wales, Australia. Elura is an epigenetic, zinc–lead–silver deposit, (45 Mt with 8.5% Zn, 5.3% Pb, and 69 ppm Ag), hosted within Devonian siltstone–sandstone turbidites of the Cobar Basin. The ability of PER and IA to identify alteration at Elura and to navigate towards ore within altered zones is evaluated.
PER identified mineralogical controls on calcium, carbonate, potassium and aluminium. Molar Ca/Ti v. C/Ti plots segregate calcite-bearing background samples from iron–magnesium–carbonate altered rocks closer to ore. Molar K/Ti v. Al/Ti and K/Ti v. (Al–Na)/Ti diagrams show altered rock bulk compositions to be consistent with the development of muscovite, while background samples have an illite ± albite precursor. The precursor lithotype has a major influence on the intensity of alteration and resultant mineralogy of altered samples.
IA shows that carbonate carbon, Ag, As, K, Pb, Rb, Sb, Tl and Zn are strongly added to host rocks, while Na is strongly leached. Other elements show variable trends towards ore, with lithotype strongly affecting the patterns. Samples have greater mass gains closer to ore. Selection of an appropriate parent rock is critical in gaining meaningful results in IA.
Groundwater geochemistry and exploration methods: Myra Falls volcanogenic massive-sulphide deposits, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Phipps Graham C. , Boyle D.R. , Clark I.D. 
Published: March 2005

The Myra Falls Price deposit is a zinc-rich volcanogenic massive-sulphide ore-body located in a mountainous region of central Vancouver Island, British Columbia. High rainfall and steep hydraulic gradients limit the water–mineral contact, which results in a low solute load in the oxygenated groundwater. Despite this, significant element contrasts exist that permit the development of groundwater geochemical methods for exploration. Zinc displays the strongest and most reliable anomaly contrasts in groundwaters associated with mineralization related to the Price deposit. Statistical procedures are used to differentiate two overlapping subpopulations of Zn concentrations, which are partitioned into two constituent populations. A threshold value of 20 μg/l was established, which includes an uncertainty that allows up to 10% of the background population being defined as anomalous. Zn anomalies can be further enhanced with a suite of pathfinder elements associated with primary mineralization and hydrothermal alteration, including Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, As, Sb, Ba and U.
In addition to massive-sulphide mineralization, sulphides also exist as clasts within a breccia unit designated as the ore-clast breccia (OCB). Effective discrimination is possible between anomalies in groundwaters associated with massive-sulphide mineralization and groundwaters associated with OCB through the use of elements associated with primary mineralization and hydrothermal alteration such as K, Rb, B, Ba, Cd, Sb, U and barite saturation, which are elevated in groundwaters associated with massive-sulphide mineralization but not the OCB.
Groundwater geochemical exploration methods offer a supplemental tool to exploration of Zn-rich massive-sulphide deposits where existing infrastructure, exploration drifts and drill holes are present.
High thallium content in rocks associated with Au–As–Hg–Tl and coal mineralization and its adverse environmental potential in SW Guizhou, China
Authors: Xiao Tangfu , Guha Jayanta , Boyle Dan 
Published: March 2005

Very few investigations have dealt with the environmental impact of the highly toxic metal thallium (Tl), and its subsequent dispersion through natural processes and human activities such as mining and farming. This study is focused on high concentrations of Tl in rocks in SW Guizhou, China, that are related to several widely scattered disseminated gold–mercury–arsenic and coal deposits, and a primary Tl deposit within an Au–As–Hg–Tl metallogenic belt of the Huijiabao anticline. The Tl, Hg and As in the Lanmuchang Hg–Tl deposit area are associated with the abundant occurrence of sulfide minerals such as lorandite, realgar, orpiment and cinnabar. Concentrations of Tl range from 100 to 35 000 ppm in sulfide ores, and 39–490 ppm in host rocks. The enrichment of Au, Tl, Hg, As, and Sb in the Yanshang gold mineralized area reflects the occurrence of Au mineralization and its mineral assemblage of Tl–Hg–As–Sb sulfides. Thallium ranges from 0.22 to 16 ppm in Au ores and host rocks. Thallium in coals is enriched up to 46 ppm within the Au–As–Hg–Tl metallogenic belt, and is derived from the regional Au–As–Hg–Tl mineralization. Mercury and As show a similar distribution to Tl with high concentrations in sulfide ores, coals and host rocks.
Human populations living near and downstream of Tl deposits and Tl-bearing ore deposits are susceptible to Tl contamination because of its high toxicity and high uptake rate by crops. The dispersion of Tl, Hg and As associated with the primary mineralization of Au–As–Hg–Tl can be traced through physical erosion and chemical weathering, producing secondary dispersion into soils, groundwater and surface water and crops. Mining activities compound the natural processes, readily dispersing Tl into the surface environment. The Lanmuchang area illustrates Tl contamination related to a Tl-rich deposit due to both natural processes and the impact of mining. The Yanshang area demonstrates Tl contamination related toa Tl-bearing gold deposit, caused by natural processes in the absence of mining activity.
Statistical evaluation of anomaly recognition performance
Authors: Stanley C. R. 
Published: March 2005

Over the past several years there have been a number of ‘new’ selective extraction/partial digestion (SE/PD) methods introduced to the mineral exploration industry. Some of these are truly novel, employing emerging technologies and recent chemical discoveries to digest specific mineral components of geochemical samples. Others represent improved, but recycled, historic approaches that benefit from advanced instrumentation and knowledge to surpass the performance of historic SE/PD techniques. Nowadays, most major commercial geochemical laboratories offer their own versions of a variety of SE/PD approaches, and all claim thattheir versions offer significant exploration advantage over conventional analytical techniques.
However, a significant number of geochemists remain unconvinced regarding the advantage that some of these SE/PD techniques offer. This is due to a large number of factors, including: i) the lack of disclosure of the geochemical procedures involved in the digestions, ii) the lack of knowledge of what is actually being extracted from a sample by these methods, iii) the lack of an adequate number of objective assessments of these techniques in orientation surveys, and iv) the lack of adequate rigorous comparisons of the results of these new techniques with those from conventional (trusted) exploration methods.
The objective of empirical assessment of a new exploration technique is to determine whether the new technique provides exploration advantage over competing, established methods. Exploration performance can be determined using the hypergeometric probability of obtaining a result by chance that is equivalent in performance to the results of an orientation survey testing a new SE/PD method. The lower the hypergeometric probability of a result equivalent to that from an orientation survey, the more likely the exploration method successfully detected the presence of mineralization. This probability is thus a quantitative measure of exploration performance that allows rigorous comparison of conventional andnew exploration techniques. Furthermore, this statistical procedure for assessing exploration performance of new SE/PD techniques provides the objectivity required to evaluate the effectiveness of any new exploration method.
Fusiform Activation to Animals is Driven by the Process, Not the Stimulus
Authors: Rogers Timothy T. , Hocking Julia , Mechelli Andrea , Patterson Karalyn , Price Cathy 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Previous studies have found that the lateral posterior fusiform gyri respond more robustly to pictures of animals than pictures of manmade objects and suggested that these regions encode the visual properties characteristic of animals. We suggest that such effects actually reflect processing demands arising when items with similar representations must be finely discriminated. In a positron emission tomography (PET) study of category verification with colored photographs of animals and vehicles, there was robust animal-specific activation in the lateral posterior fusiform gyri when stimuli were categorized at an intermediate level of specificity (e.g., dog or car). However, when the same photographs were categorized at a more specific level (e.g., Labrador or BMW), these regions responded equally strongly to animals and vehicles. We conclude that the lateral posterior fusiform does not encode domain-specific representations of animals or visual properties characteristic of animals. Instead, these regions are strongly activated whenever an item must be discriminated from many close visual or semantic competitors. Apparent category effects arise because, at an intermediate level of specificity, animals have more visual and semantic competitors than do artifacts.
Interaction of Face and Voice Areas during Speaker Recognition
Authors: Kriegstein Katharina von , Kleinschmidt Andreas , Sterzer Philipp , Giraud Anne-Lise 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Face and voice processing contribute to person recognition, but it remains unclear how the segregated specialized cortical modules interact. Using functional neuroimaging, we observed cross-modal responses to voices of familiar persons in the fusiform face area, as localized separately using visual stimuli. Voices of familiar persons only activated the face area during a task that emphasized speaker recognition over recognition of verbal content. Analyses of functional connectivity between cortical territories show that the fusiform face region is coupled with the superior temporal sulcus voice region during familiar speaker recognition, but not with any of the other cortical regions normally active in person recognition or in other tasks involving voices. These findings are relevant for models of the cognitive processes and neural circuitry involved in speaker recognition. They reveal that in the context of speaker recognition, the assessment of person familiarity does not necessarily engage supra-modal cortical substrates but can result from the direct sharing of information between auditory voice and visual face regions.
Is the Narrator also among the Prophets? Reading Zechariah without Presuppositions
Authors: Frolov Serge 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe article proposes a strategy for integrated reading of the canonical book of Zechariah. This strategy demonstrates that preconceived notions about the book's literary history and especially about the identity of the voices recorded in it are the main factors that have thus far prevented the scholars from adequately accounting for heterogeneity of its form and content in a synchronic perspective. Examined without presuppositions, Zechariah can be plausibly interpreted as an integral, if complex, composition featuring two interrelated principal speakers, Zechariah (in 1:2–6; 1:8–6:15; 7:9–8:17) and an anonymous prophet identified with the book's narrator (in 1:1, 7; 7:1–8; 8:18–14:21). This counterpoint pattern lends authority to the narrator's innovative message in Zech. 8:20–14:21 by placing it in the context of a dialogue initiated by Zechariah and linking it to the correct prediction that the temple of Jerusalem will be successfully rebuilt.
The Meaning of The Ikhtilāf Al-madhāhib In 'Abd Al-wahhāb Al-sha'rānī's Al-mīzān Al-kubrā
Authors: Pagani Samuela 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Mīzān kubrā by 'Abd al-Wahhāb al-ShaAErānī (d. 973/1565) was cited by nineteenth-century Muslim scholars to support a wide range of mutually exclusive conceptions of religious authority. In the twentieth century, modern students of Islamic law have given different assessments of ShaAErānī's view of the relationship between the madhāhib: while some stress its innovativeness and potential for legal reform, others regard it as a conservative restatement of scholastic tradition. In substantial agreement with the latter view, I discuss some of ShaAErānī's theories, focusing on the significance of his peculiar blending of Sufi and legal discourses for the cultural history of Islam in the early Ottoman period. I argue that ShaAErānī's aim is to bring Ibn 'Arabī's spiritual hermeneutics of the revelation into line with the "age of taqlīd." As a "legal theorist" no less than a h agiographer, ShaAErānī was an imaginative and reliable witness of the religious values and mentalités of his time. Far from calling into question the established system of the legal schools, he assigned a pivotal role to the metaphysical validation of ikhtilāf in order to strengthen a pluralist view of mainstream Islam.
Thermohaline Circulation Stability: A Box Model Study. Part I: Uncoupled Model
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Stone Peter H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A thorough analysis of the stability of the uncoupled Rooth interhemispheric three-box model of thermohaline circulation (THC) is presented. The model consists of a northern high-latitude box, a tropical box, and a southern high-latitude box, which correspond to the northern, tropical, and southern Atlantic Ocean, respectively. Restoring boundary conditions are adopted for the temperature variables, and flux boundary conditions are adopted for the salinity variables. This paper examines how the strength of THC changes when the system undergoes forcings that are analogous to those of global warming conditions by applying the equilibrium state perturbations to the moisture and heat fluxes into the three boxes. In each class of experiments, using suitably defined metrics, the authors determine the boundary dividing the set of forcing scenarios that lead the system to equilibria characterized by a THC pattern similar to the present one from those that drive the system to equilibria with a reversed THC. Fast increases in the moisture flux into the northern high-latitude box are more effective than slow increases in leading the THC to a breakdown, while the increases of moisture flux into the southern high-latitude box strongly inhibit the breakdown and can prevent it, as in the case of slow increases in the Northern Hemisphere. High rates of heat flux increase in the Northern Hemisphere destabilize the system more effectively than low ones; increases in the heat fluxes in the Southern Hemisphere tend to stabilize the system.