bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined pharmacological preconditioning with a G‐protein‐coupled receptor agonist, a mitochondrial KATP channel opener and a nitric oxide donor mimics ischaemic preconditioning
Authors: Otani Hajime , Okada Takayuki , Fujiwara Hiroyoshi , Uchiyama Takamichi , Sumida Tomohiko , Kido Masakuni , Imamura Hiroji 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Although pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) has emerged as an alternative to ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) in cardioprotection, the efficacy of PPC compared with IPC has not been investigated. Because IPC is mediated by complex signalling cascades arising from multiple triggers, we have hypothesized that combined PPC is necessary to mimic IPC.2. Isolated and perfused rat hearts underwent IPC by three cycles of 5 min ischaemia and 5 min reperfusion before 30 min global ischaemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. Adenosine (30 µmol/L), diazoxide (50 µmol/L) and s‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; 50 µmol/L) were added for 25 min just before (pretreatment modality) or 45 min before (PPC modality) the index ischaemia.3. Ischaemic preconditioning significantly improved isovolumic left ventricular (LV) function and reduced infarct size. Although pretreatment with adenosine, diazoxide or SNAP alone was capable of reducing infarct size, PPC with each drug alone or in a combination of two drugs except for diazoxide plus SNAP failed to reduce infarct size. In contrast, PPC in combination with adenosine, diazoxide and SNAP (triple combination PPC) conferred significant improvement of LV function and reduction of infarct size that was as effective as IPC.4. Cardioprotection afforded by triple combination PPC was abolished by the Gi/o‐protein inhibitor pertussis toxin, the mitochondiral KATP channel inhibitor 5‐hydroxydecanoate or the nitric oxide (NO) scavenger 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl imidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide (carboxy‐PTIO).5. Protein kinase C (PKC)‐ε in the particulate fraction was activated throughout preconditioning ischaemia and reperfusion. Although PKC‐ε was activated during treatment with adenosine, diazoxide or SNAP alone, it was inactivated after washout. In contrast, PKC‐ε remained activated after triple combination PPC. The PKC inhibitor chelerythrine abolished activation of PKC‐ε and cardioprotection afforded by IPC and triple combination PPC.6. These results demonstrate that combined PPC with a G‐protein‐coupled receptor agonist, a mitochondrial KATP channel opener and an NO donor is necessary to mimic IPC and such synergistic cardioprotection is associated with enhanced and sustained activation of PKC‐ε.
Incidence of first‐ever ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in a well‐defined community of southern Italy, 1993–1995
Authors: Intiso D. , Stampatore P. , Zarrelli M. M. , Guerra G. L. , Arpaia G. , Simone P. , Tonali P. , Beghi E. 
Published: August 2003

Most epidemiological surveys in the Italian population, have concentrated on areas of northern and central Italy. The incidence of the first‐ever ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in a well‐defined population of the province of Foggia, a rural area of southern Italy, over a 3‐year period has been investigated, to compare the occurrence of stroke by type in this and other areas.A retrospective study in a local health district (USL FG3) in the province of Foggia was conducted and all cases of first‐ever cerebral infarction (CI) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the local population (41 269) from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995 have been investigated. Case ascertainment was performed by a chart review in the two local hospitals and examination of death certificates. General practitioners were also asked to report on non‐hospitalized cases suffering a stroke during the study period. Patients with recurrent stroke, unclassifiable stroke, transient ischemic attacks and subarachnoid hemorrhage were excluded. Risk factors for stroke and 30‐day mortality were investigated. The rates were standardized to the Italian population (57 138 489, 1991 census).During the 3‐year study period, 202 patients had a first‐ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (66 in 1993, 69 in 1994 and 67 in 1995). Of these, 174 (86.1%) had cerebral ischemia, accounting for 57, 60 and 57 cases in the three index years. The overall crude annual incidence of CI and ICH was 1.60, 1.67 and 1.62 of 1000 for 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The corresponding standardized incidences rates were 2.0, 2.10 and 2.06 of 1000. The rate was 0.11 in patients <55 years of age, and 1.97, 7.01, 13.52, and 25.34 at ages 55–64, 65–74, 75–84, and 85+ years for the entire period; the 30‐day mortality was 27.2, 21.7, and 15% for 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. Hypertension (45.9%), diabetes (26.4%) and atrial fibrillation (16.6%) were the most common risk factors.The incidence of CI and ICH was similar to that of most other Italian studies. It was constant during the 3‐year period, and mostly involved older people.
Facial premature ageing as a side‐effect following bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Selvaag Edgar , Jacobsen Niels , Thomsen Kristian 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTTwo female patients developed an acute graft versus host reaction with generalized erythema and subsequent desquamation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Later, over a period of months both developed chronic graft versus host reactions with involvement of liver and lungs. Shortly after the diagnosis of the chronic graft versus host disease both patients developed severe elastosis of the facial skin. The pathogenetic linkage of the clinical picture, which resembles photodamage to graft versus host disease and autoimmunity is discussed.
Actinic superficial folliculitis
Authors: Jaeger C , Hartschuh W , Jappe U 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTActinic superficial folliculitis was first described in 1985, and since then only three reports have been published. Clinically and histopathologically this disease is very particular and has been suggested to be considered as an entity.We report on a 30‐year‐old man who presented with an extensive superficial follicular pustulosis on his back, shoulders and upper chest after exposure to intense heat and subsequent sweating on a sunny day. The pustules arose within 24–36 h afterwards. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed subcorneal pustules, suppurative folliculitis and an infiltrate consisting of T cells, macrophages and neutrophils around the hair follicle, sebaceous glands and small vessels. To the best of our knowledge this is the fourth report on actinic superficial folliculitis and the first on which a characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate has been performed. Because of the impressive, unique symptoms and the characteristic histology we agree with those who have suggested that actinic superficial folliculitis is a new entity.
The emigration of Germany's Jewish dermatologists in the period of National Socialism
Authors: Eppinger S , Meurer M , Scholz A 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTIn the context of our investigation, we found information on 432 (76%) of the 569 Jewish dermatologists in Germany. There is evidence that 57 (10%) of the Jewish dermatologists were murdered in concentration camps, 61 (10.7%) died a natural death, 13 (2%) committed suicide, and 25 (4%) survived the Third Reich in Germany. After 1933, 276 (49%) Jewish dermatologists were able to leave Germany; the United States of America was the main destination and 107 (or 41%) emigrated there. A total of 34 (13%) Jewish dermatologists emigrated from Germany to Palestine and 16 to Latin America. Regarding emigration to other European countries, 20 of the Jewish dermatologists from Germany went to Great Britain (including Walter Freudenthal, 1893–1952, and Ernst Sklarz, 1894–1975), and 24 emigrated to other European countries, such as France (Rudolf Mayer, 1895–1962), Sweden (Carl Lennhoff, 1883–1963), and the Netherlands (Otto Schlein, 1895–1944).
Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia
Authors: Derenko M. V. , Grzybowski T. , Malyarchuk B. A. , Dambueva I. K. , Denisova G. A. , Czarny J. , Dorzhu C. M. , Kakpakov V. T. , Miścicka‐Śliwka D. , Woźniak M. , Zakharov I. A. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryTo investigate the origin and evolution of aboriginal populations of South Siberia, a comprehensive mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis (HVR1 sequencing combined with RFLP typing) of 480 individuals, representing seven Altaic‐speaking populations (Altaians, Khakassians, Buryats, Sojots, Tuvinians, Todjins and Tofalars), was performed. Additionally, HVR2 sequence information was obtained for 110 Altaians, providing, in particular, some novel details of the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny. The total sample revealed 81% East Asian (M*, M7, M8, M9, M10, C, D, G, Z, A, B, F, N9a, Y) and 17% West Eurasian (H, U, J, T, I, N1a, X) matrilineal genetic contribution, but with regional differences within South Siberia. The highest influx of West Eurasian mtDNAs was observed in populations from the East Sayan and Altai regions (from 12.5% to 34.5%), whereas in populations from the Baikal region this contribution was markedly lower (less than 10%). The considerable substructure within South Siberian haplogroups B, F, and G, together with the high degree of haplogroup C and D diversity revealed there, allows us to conclude that South Siberians carry the genetic imprint of early‐colonization phase of Eurasia. Statistical analyses revealed that South Siberian populations contain high levels of mtDNA diversity and high heterogeneity of mtDNA sequences among populations (Fst = 5.05%) that might be due to geography but not due to language and anthropological features.
Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on development and consumption rates of Octotoma championi and O. scabripennis feeding on Lantana camara
Authors: Johns Caitlin V. , Beaumont Linda J. , Hughes Lesley 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe carried out a factorial experiment to explore the effect of doubled CO2 concentration and a 3 °C temperature increase on the development of a complete generation of the beetles Octotoma championi Baly and O. scabripennis Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). These species are biological control agents of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), with a leaf‐mining larval phase and free‐living, leaf‐chewing adults.Plants grown at elevated CO2 had enhanced above‐ground biomass, thicker leaves, reduced nitrogen concentration, and increased C:N ratios. Under the high temperature treatment, plants grown at ambient CO2 suffered wilting and premature leaf loss, despite daily watering; this effect was ameliorated at elevated CO2. The wilting of plants in the ambient CO2/high temperature treatment reduced the emergence success of the beetles, particularly O. championi. Development time was accelerated by approximately 10–13 days at the higher temperature, but was not affected by CO2. Neither CO2 nor temperature affected adult beetle weight. Consumption rates of free‐living beetles were not affected by either CO2 or temperature. By contrast, in the short‐term trials using excised foliage, beetles given no choice between ambient and elevated CO2‐grown foliage, consumed more from ambient plants. When beetles were offered a choice between foliage grown at the two CO2 levels, O. championi did not display a significant preference but O. scabripennis consumed more ambient CO2‐grown foliage when feeding at the lower temperature.This study indicates that under future conditions of higher temperatures, amelioration of water stress in host plants growing in elevated CO2 may benefit some endophagous insects by reducing premature leaf loss. Under some circumstances, this benefit may outweigh the deleterious effects of lower leaf nitrogen. Our results also indicate that foliage consumption under elevated CO2 by mobile, adult insects on whole plants may not be significantly increased, as was previously indicated by short‐term experiments using excised foliage.
Comparative population genetic structures of the fruit fly Urophora cardui and its primary parasitoid Eurytoma robusta
Authors: Johannesen Jes , Seitz Alfred 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe interaction between two species may depend on geographic scale and this in turn can affect co‐evolution among them. The present study comparatively examines population genetic structures of the tephritid gall fly Urophora cardui and its primary ectoparasitoid Eurytoma robusta for inference of relative dispersal patterns and host‐parasitoid specificity. Genetic differentiation patterns indicated two levels of hierarchical structure in both species: locally similar distance‐dependencies but globally differences. Locally, both species showed isolation by distance and a high correlation between host and parasitoid FST for the same population‐pairs was found. At the local level, E. robusta populations were most structured. These findings suggest that locally E. robusta is tracking behind its host, U. cardui, and that colonisation of new patches by both species underlie a stepping‐stone dispersal process. The investigation as a whole showed that U. cardui populations were hierarchically structured across a genetic‐geographical cline. There was no sign of a comparable cline in E. robusta where populations globally became independent of one another and of the host. The different degree of hierarchical genetic structure of the two species suggests that dispersal processes or interactions differ relative to geographical scale and population history.
Evidence for host race formation in the leaf beetle Galerucella lineola
Authors: Ikonen Arsi , Sipura Mika , Miettinen Sari , Tahvanainen Jorma 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe examined preference and performance of four Finnish Galerucella lineola F. populations on alder and willow. In standardized two‐choice laboratory feeding trials with alder and willow, only two naturally alder‐associated G. lineola populations accepted alder. Two conspecific willow‐associated populations preferred willow. These preferences seem to be unstable, however, because they can be modified by the beetles’ experience. Thus, there probably is not a complete host preference‐based isolation of alder‐ and willow‐associated G. lineola beetles in nature. In performance experiments, larvae of all four populations survived better on willow than on alder. This may indicate that willows are the ancestral hosts for G. lineola. Nevertheless, larvae of the two alder‐associated G. lineola populations survived better on alder than larvae of the two willow‐associated populations. On the other hand, larvae of the two willow‐associated populations survived better on willow than larvae of the two alder‐associated populations. This performance trade‐off suggests that G. lineola encounters different selective pressures on alders and willows. On both of them, selection probably disfavours those G. lineola genotypes that are the most successful and abundant on alternative hosts. This may reduce the effects of gene flow that is likely to occur as a consequence of incomplete host preference‐based isolation of alder‐ and willow‐associated G. lineola populations. Data from pupal weights support the idea that alder‐ and willow‐associated G. lineola populations may be genetically differentiated. Pupae of the two alder‐associated populations were heavier than those of the willow‐associated populations irrespective of whether larvae had fed on alder or on willow. Overall, our results indicate host race formation in G. lineola. This process may be enforced by the variable abundance of alders and willows in local communities.
Dietary specialization and infochemical use in carnivorous arthropods: testing a concept
Authors: Steidle Johannes L. M. , Van Loon Joop J. A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFor the location of hosts and prey, insect carnivores (i.e., parasitoids or predators) often use infochemical cues that may originate from the host/prey itself but also from the food of the host/prey, a food plant, or another feeding substrate. These cues can be either specific for certain host/prey complexes or generally present in various complexes, and the reaction of the carnivores to these cues is either innate or learned. According to the concept on dietary specialization and infochemical use in natural enemies, the origin and specificity of the infochemical cues used and the innateness of the behavioural response are dependent on the degree of dietary specialization of the carnivore and its host/prey species. This concept has been widely adopted and has been frequently cited since its publication. Only few studies, however, have been explicitly designed to test predictions of the concept. Thus, more than 10 years after publication and despite of its broad acceptance, the general validity of the concept is still unclear. Using data from about 140 research papers on 95 species of parasitoids and predators, the present literature study comparatively scrutinises predictions from the concept. In accordance with the concept, learning to react to infochemicals and the use of general host and host plant cues was more often found in generalists than in specialists. In addition, more specialists were using specific infochemicals than generalists. In contrast to the concept, however, there was no significant difference between specialists and generalists in the proportion of carnivore species that use infochemicals during foraging and also extreme generalists are using infochemical cues for foraging. Likewise, an innate reaction to infochemicals was found in both specialists and generalists. Several reasons why infochemical use, including an innate reaction to infochemicals, is adaptive in generalist carnivores are discussed . We conclude that the concept has been a useful paradigm in advancing the chemical ecology of arthropod carnivores, but needs to be modified: the use of infochemicals is expected in all arthropod carnivores, regardless of dietary specialization.
Effects of herbicide‐tolerant transgenic oilseed rape genotypes on honey bees and other pollinating insects under field condtions
Authors: Pierre J. , Marsault D. , Genecque E. , Renard M. , Champolivier J. , Pham‐Delègue M.H. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractField experiments were carried out to compare the diversity and density of pollinators foraging on two winter oilseed rape varieties, ‘Falcon’ and ‘Artus’, and their respective transgenic counterparts ‘Falcon pat’ and ‘Artus LL’, which are tolerant to glufosinate, a non‐specific herbicide. The number of insects per 1000 available flowers was counted for the four main pollinators: honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and Diptera. Additionally, on ‘Falcon’/‘Falcon pat’ the foraging behaviour of the main pollinating insects, i.e., honeybees and bumblebees, was observed (number of flowers visited per min, foraging postures, intervariety flights). A pleiotropic effect could affect nectar and pollen production, therefore we measured nectar volume, nectar sugar concentration, and composition for the four plant genotypes, and on ‘Falcon’ and ‘Falcon pat’ pollen production was also estimated. The diversity and density of the foraging insect population observed on the transgenic genotypes were similar to that on the non‐transgenic controls. Moreover, the foraging behaviour strategy was similar on ‘Falcon’ and ‘Falcon pat’, and honeybees flew indifferently across these two genotypes. No difference was found in nectar and pollen between the genotypes. Thus, we may assume that the insects do not discriminate between conventional and transgenic oilseed rape specifically resistant to glufosinate. A case‐by‐case approach is recommended for other genetic modifications to plants potentially visited by bees.
Possible roles of esterase, glutathione S‐transferase, and superoxide dismutase activities in understanding aphid–cereal interactions
Authors: Ni Xinzhi , Quisenberry Sharron S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractActivities of the detoxification enzymes esterase, glutathione S‐transferase, and of superoxide dismutase in aphids and aphid‐infested cereal leaves were assayed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a spectrophotometer to elucidate the enzymatic mechanisms of aphid resistance in cereal plants. A chlorosis‐eliciting Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and non‐chlorosis‐eliciting bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and four cereals were used in this study. The four cereal genotypes were ‘Arapahoe’ (susceptible) and ‘Halt’ (resistant) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), ‘Morex’ (susceptible) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and ‘Border’ (resistant) oat (Avena sativa L.). Esterase isozymes differed between the two aphid species, although glutathione S‐transferase and superoxide dismutase did not. Esterase, glutathione S‐transferase, and superoxide dismutase activities in either aphid species were not affected by the level of resistance of a cereal to D. noxia. The assays of cereal leaf samples showed that D. noxia feeding elicited an increase in esterase activity in all four cereal genotypes, although R. padi feeding did not. The increase of esterase activity in cereals, however, was not correlated to aphid resistance in the cereals. The time‐series assays of aphid‐infested cereal leaves showed that D. noxia‐infested Morex barley had a significant increase in esterase activity on all sampling dates (3, 6, and 9 days) in comparison with either uninfested or R. padi‐infested barley. No difference in glutathione S‐transferase activity was detected among either aphid infestations or sampling dates. The electrophoretic assays, however, revealed that aphid feeding elicited a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity, which served as the control of glutathione S‐transferase activity assays. The increase in esterase and superoxide dismutase activities suggested that D. noxia feeding imposes not only toxic, but also oxidative stresses on the cereals. The ramification of using these enzyme activity data to understand the etiology of D. noxia‐elicited chlorosis is discussed.
Effects of plot vegetation diversity and spatial scale on Coccinella septempunctata movement in the absence of prey
Authors: Banks J. E. , Yasenak C. L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe influence that vegetation diversity and the spatial scale of that diversity exert on insect behavior has increasingly been explored in the ecological literature, but relatively few experiments have explicitly incorporated both factors in experimental treatments. We conducted a field study designed to explore the effect of both of these factors on insect movement behavior in a broccoli agroecosystem. We caught and released seven‐spotted ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata L.) in plots containing different degrees of vegetation diversity at two different spatial scales in which prey had been removed. Beetle movement was recorded at timed intervals, and move lengths and turning angles were used to generate discrete path maps for each beetle. Observed mean beetle net squared displacements were compared with predicted net squared displacements, and 95% confidence intervals were generated using a bootstrap method described by Turchin (1998) [Quantitative Analysis of Movement: Measuring and Modeling Population Redistribution in Animals and Plants. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA.]. Predicted net squared displacements underestimated beetle movement in smaller plots with both low and higher vegetation diversity for the first five move lengths, whereas no significant difference between observed and predicted net squared displacement for beetles in larger plots of either level of vegetation diversity were detected. These findings highlight the need for a better understanding of how natural enemies are influenced by vegetation diversity and the spatial scale of that vegetation in agroecosystems. The implications of these results for biological control are discussed.