bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical studies of the infection mechanisms of Botrytis fabae I. The fungal extracellular matrix in penetration and post‐penetration processes
Authors: COLE L. , DEWEY F. M. , HAWES C. R. 
Published: March 2003

Extracellular matrices associated with conidia and germ tubes of Botrytis fabae (Sard.) sporelings grown on Vicia faba L. leaves were clearly visualized by epi‐fluorescence microscopy following immunolabelling with the monoclonal antibodies, BC‐KH4 and BC‐FD7‐G9. These antibodies were raised against surface washings of B. cinerea, are directed against B. cinerea and B. fabae, and are known to recognize carbohydrate epitopes on a glycoprotein. Both BC‐KH4 and BC‐FD7‐G9 also labelled matrix material located at the surface of penetration and infection hyphae inside the leaf tissue by epi‐fluorescence microscopy. Such matrix material was not visible by DIC microscopy.Immunoelectron microscopy of B. fabae‐infected leaf tissue, prepared by progressive low‐temperature dehydration and embedding in acrylic resin, allowed further investigation of the spatial distribution of the antibody‐binding sites. An abundance of BC‐KH4 and BC‐FD7‐G9 antigenic sites were observed throughout the fibrillar‐like matrix material surrounding the germ tubes on the leaf surface and the infection hyphae inside the host cells. However, close examination of the V. faba–B. fabae interface inside the host tissue showed that this fibrillar material extended some distance from the surface of the infection hyphae and through the swollen epidermal and mesophyll cell walls. Such fibrillar matrix material is thought to be of fungal origin. The possible role(s) of this matrix material in the infection process are discussed.Double‐immunolabelling studies using the BC‐KH4 MAb and a polyclonal antiserum directed against oligosaccharides containing β‐(1→3)‐glucose were carried out in order to localize and distinguish between the fungal extracellular matrix material and translucent cell wall respectively. This technique allowed a closer examination of the interactions of the fungal matrix components with the host walls and degenerate host cytoplasm. Finally, inward curling of the leaf cuticle suggested that mechanical pressure is involved in the penetration process.
The effects of nutrient limitation on the response of Plantago major to ozone
Authors: WHITFIELD C. P. , DAVISON A. W. , ASHENDEN T. W. 
Published: March 2003

Most natural and semi‐natural communities are limited by major nutrients such as nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P), but most experiments on the effects of ozone on wild plants have used nutrient‐rich composts or soil. In order to investigate interactions between ozone and low nutrient supply, two artificially selected lines (ozone‐resistant and ozone‐sensitive) of two populations Plantago major ssp. major L. were grown on a sandy loam, with (HN) and without (LN) addition of fertilizer. The soil was from a semi‐natural grassland that has never been fertilized. Plants were exposed to either charcoal/Purafil®‐filtered air (CF=<5 nl O3 l−1) or 70 nl O3 l−1 7 h d−1 from the seedling stage to seed production.Poor growth (c. 25% of that in HN) of the low‐nutrient plants, and leaf concentrations of N and P showed that the LN plants were severely nutrient‐limited. In addition to affecting the total dry mass of the plants, the nutrient supply altered seed production, reproductive effort (number of seeds per total mass) and root‐to‐shoot allocation. Exposure to ozone had significant effects on physiology, growth, and seed production that varied with population, selection line, time, and plant development. There also were significant interactions between ozone effects and nutrient regime. In the Lullington Heath population, ozone reduced plant dry weight at 4 wk only in the LN treatment, and in the sensitive line of the Bush population, seed production was reduced by ozone only in LN. Therefore, contrary to what was expected, in the present experiment, plants given the LN treatment were often more sensitive to ozone than those grown under the high‐nutrient regime. This increase in sensitivity was despite the fact that the LN treatment reduced stomatal conductance and ozone flux. It is concluded that there are potentially important interactions between ozone and low nutrient supply that need further investigation, particularly under field conditions.
The ups and downs of signalling between root and shoot
Authors: Beveridge Christine 
Published: March 2003

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the long‐distance signalling associated with many developmental processes is complex and that novel hormone‐like signals may play substantial roles. The past decades have seen several substances (e.g. brassinosteroids, systemin and other polypeptides, mevalonic and jasmonic acids, polyamines, oligosaccharides, flavonoids, and quinones) vie for a place among the classical plant hormones (e.g. Spaink, 1996). Recent microinjection and grafting studies have also shown that RNA may act as a long‐distance signal (Jorgensen et
al., 1998; Xoconostle‐Cázares et al., 1999). In this issue,
Hannah et al. describe long‐distance signalling and the
regulation of root–shoot partitioning in dwarf lethal or
dosage‐dependent lethal (DL) mutants of common bean
(Shii et al., 1980, 1981), and present evidence indicating that substances in addition to classical plant hormones (e.g. cytokinins) may be involved.As in the report by Hannah et al., much of the evidence for roles of unidentified long‐distance signals in the control of plant development is indirect. The possibility that a small number of long‐distance signals might control a multitude of developmental processes arises through the potential for differences in tissue sensitivity, fluctuations in hormone levels and differences in the nature of responses of different tissues to the same hormone. Consequently, particular hormones may influence numerous processes seemingly simultaneously, yet independently. Even so, long‐distance signalling is involved in processes as diverse as root–shoot balance, senescence, branching, flowering, nodulation, stress responses and nutrient uptake. Through comparison of even a few different developmental processes, progress can be made to reveal the true complexity of plant development. Using this approach it is also clear that many unknown signals may be involved.
Do species and functional groups differ in acquisition and use of C, N and water under varying atmospheric CO2 and N availability regimes? A field test with 16 grassland species
Authors: Reich Peter B. , Tilman David , Craine Joseph , Ellsworth David , Tjoelker Mark G. , Knops Jean , Wedin David , Naeem Shahid , Bahauddin Dan , Goth Jenny , Bengtson Wendy , Lee Tali D. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

To evaluate whether functional groups have a similar response to global change, the responses to CO2 concentration and N availability of grassland species from several functional groups are reported here.
Sixteen perennial grassland species from four trait‐based functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses, non‐leguminous forbs, legumes) were grown in field monocultures under ambient or elevated (560 µmol mol−1) CO2 using free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE), in low N (unamended field soil) or high N (field soil +4 g N m−2 years−1) treatments.
There were no CO2 × N interactions. Functional groups responded differently to CO2 and N in terms of biomass, tissue N concentration and soil solution N. Under elevated CO2, forbs, legumes and C3 grasses increased total biomass by 31%, 18%, and 9%, respectively, whereas biomass was reduced in C4‐grass monocultures. Two of the four legume species increased biomass and total plant N pools under elevated CO2, probably due to stimulated N‐fixation. Only one species markedly shifted the proportional distribution of below‐ vs aboveground biomass in response to CO2 or N.
Although functional groups varied in responses to CO2 and N, there was also substantial variation in responses among species within groups. These results suggest that current trait‐based functional classifications might be useful, but not sufficient, for understanding plant and ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and N availability.
Patterns made of patterns: variation and covariation of leaf nutrient concentrations within and between populations of Prunus mahaleb
Authors: Alonso Conchita , Herrera Carlos M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

Patterns of within and between population variation in concentrations of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) are reported in mature leaves of individual Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) trees from five south‐eastern Spanish populations.
MANOVA and canonical discriminant analysis were used to identify the contribution of individual nutrients in explaining differences between populations in average nutrient composition. Common principal components analysis was used to test whether the structure of covariation between leaf macronutrients was maintained at different populations.
Populations differed in average nutrient composition and were separated mostly by variation along an axis defined by Ca on the positive side, and Mg on the negative one. The sign and magnitude of the correlations between individual nutrients varied between populations. Multivariate patterns of nutrient covariation differed between populations, the variation being unrelated to population differences in mean nutrient composition.
Results suggest that, at the regional scale, phenotypic integration of the foliage concentrations of different nutrients was weak, and highlights the importance of studying nutrient covariation structures.
Exploring mycorrhizal function with NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Pfeffer Philip E. , Bago Berta , Shachar‐Hill Yair 
Published: March 2003

SummaryNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of mycorrhizal symbioses have illuminated a number of functional aspects of these complex associations. Here we review studies of the two main types of mycorrhiza (ectomycorrhizas and arbuscular mycorrhizas) to which NMR has been applied. Although the physiological questions addressed in each case are frequently the same, these two mutualistic symbioses are sufficiently different to justify separate discussion. In conjunction with isotopic labelling NMR is able to examine the transfer of substrates between the symbionts both in vivo and in vitro, as well as the production of secondary metabolites in response to colonization. In addition, this methodology is capable of determining the locations of the biosynthesis and translocations of storage compounds, such as polyphosphates, lipids and carbohydrates, in mycorrhizal fungi both in the free‐living and in the symbiotic stages of their life cycle. NMR has been useful in analysing metabolism, transport and energetics, and the results of such studies have practical and ecological significance. Models of transport and physiology to which NMR has contributed form the necessary foundation for functional genomic exploration.
The advantage of early flowering in the spring ephemeral annual plant Floerkea proserpinacoides
Authors: Houle Gilles 
Published: March 2003

Summary• Internal conflicts in the allocation of resources lead to trade‐offs or compromises that can influence fitness and the evolution of specific life‐history traits.• Here, the reproductive schedule of Floerkea proserpinacoides plants, a spring ephemeral annual of the deciduous forests of eastern North America, was manipulated to determine the presence of potential conflicts between growth and reproduction, and the advantage of early reproduction.• Plants on which flowering was delayed had a greater relative growth rate (RGR) and vegetative biomass than control plants after 8 wks (when control plants started to senesce). Delayed‐flowering plants took 1 week longer to senesce, which allowed them to mature almost as many seeds as did control plants in 8 wks.• However, late flowering in F. proserpinacoides may be maladaptive. With reduced light availability through canopy closure, early flowering plants can rapidly divert most of the resources accumulated in the stem and leaves to seed maturation. Thus, the advantage of maintaining a higher RGR by delaying flowering is associated with the greater disadvantage of necessitating more time to mature seeds.
Defoliation and site differences influence vegetative spread in grassland
Authors: Barthram G. T. , Elston D. A. , Birch C. P. D. , Bolton G. R. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

Plants spread vegetatively at rates that depend on both their own and their neighbours’ traits. We tested hypotheses that such rates also interact with defoliation intensity and differ between sites.
Well‐established monoculture patches (20 × 20 cm) of five grass species were arranged in plots so that every species patch had all the remaining species as neighbours. Sites were in central Scotland, UK, and at a drier location in eastern Scotland. Plots were cut at 3 cm (‘short’) or 6 cm (‘tall’), either uniformly or in a chessboard pattern.
Invasiveness and resistance to invasion followed the transitive hierarchy, Agrostis capillaris
>
Festuca rubra
>
Lolium perenne
=
Holcus lanatus
>
Poa trivialis
, except that
P. trivialis
strongly invaded
H. lanatus at the damper, more fertile site. ‘Tall’ patches spread and intermixed most, independent of species. The effects of cutting neighbouring patches depended on both invading and invaded species’ traits.
Thus, defoliation altered the relationships between species, as did differences between sites, influencing both the speed and direction of species replacement.
Arsenic hyperaccumulation by different fern species
Authors: Zhao F. J. , Dunham S. J. , McGrath S. P. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

Pteris vittata
was the first identified arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator. Our aim was to test whether As hyperaccumulation occurs in other fern species, and whether
P. vittata collected from both contaminated and uncontaminated environments accumulates As similarly.
Three accessions of P. vittata
, two cultivars of
Pteris cretica
,
Pteris longifolia
and
Pteris umbrosa
were grown with 0–500 mg As kg
−1 added to the substrate. A second experiment compared As uptake by five common ferns obtained from commercial suppliers.
The results show that, in addition to P. vittata
,
P. cretica
,
P. longifolia
and
P. umbrosa
also hyperaccumulate As to a similar extent. There was little difference between different
Pteris
species, or between different accessions of
P. vittata
. By contrast,
Asplenium nidus
,
Davallia canarensis
,
Polypodium aureum
,
Polystichum tsus‐simense do not hyperaccumulate As.
This study identified three new species of As hyperaccumulators in the Pteris
genus and suggests that As hyperaccumulation is a constitutive property in
P. vittata .
Evaluation of fat replacers Avicel™, N Lite S™ and Simplesse™ in mayonnaise
Authors: Cheung I. , Gomes F. , Ramsden R. , Roberts D. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSamples of mayonnaise were prepared in which the oil content was reduced from 30% to 10% and replaced with the fat replacers, Avicel, N Lite S and Simplesse. The control sample had a significantly higher viscosity (P< 0.001)

and droplet size (P< 0.01) than the samples containing the replacers.

There was a significant (P< 0.001) correlation (r=

0.97) between viscosity and droplet size. Sensory analysis also showed that the control

had significantly higher scores (P< 0. 001) for the attributes

of thickness, meltability, glossiness and oiliness. There was a significant (P< 0.05) correlation (r= 0.93) between viscosity and sensory thickness. However, there was no significant preference for any of the samples, showing that variations in physical properties and sensory profile attributes do not necessarily affect preference. The use of the replacers reduced the energy values of the mayonnaises by 52% to 55%.
Impact of adoption in Ghana of an improved fish processing technology on household income, health and nutrition
Authors: Nti Christina Antwiwaa , Plahar Wisdom Annorsey , Larweh Patience Mateko 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSurveys were conducted in three fishing communities in Ghana, where an improved fish smoking technology (the Chorkor smoker) had been introduced previously, to assess the impact of adopting the improved technology on household income, health and nutritional status. Fifty‐one fish processors (all women), who had adopted the improved fish processing technology, were selected for the study, in which the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique, nutritional survey methods and structured questionnaires were used to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data. The results revealed that there was an improvement in economic activities. This resulted in a positive impact on household income and food consumption patterns of the processors. Improvement in household income resulted from increases in the quality and quantity of output, price per unit output and profits. Improvement in food consumption pattern was mostly in respect of quality and quantity of food intake, but the types of food consumed remained the same. The nutrient intake of the respondents was good on average, with a majority exceeding the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of protein, vitamin B1 and calcium. The average body mass index (BMI) of the processors was also within the ideal range of 20–25. Adoption of the new technology also improved the health status of the respondents. Lessening of eye problems and headaches as a result of reduced exposure to smoke and heat was reported by 52% of the women. However, preschool children were undernourished as a result of poor child feeding practices. In any technology transfer process, apparently unrelated nutritional factors need to be considered.
Spouse care for children and other family members: the effects of family benefits
Authors: Garcia Inmaculada , Molina José Alberto 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper first presents evidence from Spain on the relationship between the labour situation of both spouses within the family and the time dedicated to the care of the children, the elderly and the infirm. Second, it analyses the effect that government benefits for such care would have on the labour market and on household poverty. The results show that while Spanish society has advanced in the incorporation of women into the labour market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children, the elderly and the infirm. Against this background, we find that benefits would decrease female participation in the labour market and the number of hours worked, while they would also contribute towards reducing poverty.
Buyer–seller relationships for promotional support in the apparel sector
Authors: Kincade Doris H. , Woodard Ginger A. , Park Haesun 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPromotional supports provided by manufacturers are important to many retailers. With the intense competition for customers and heightened concern for profit margins, retailers’ cooperation is critical in the promotional process so that promotional services mutually benefit both manufacturers and retailers. The purpose of this study was to define promotional support categories offered to apparel retailers from manufacturers, to identify the retailer's perceptions of the offering frequency and importance of the promotional support, and to investigate the relationship between offering frequency and perceptions of importance. A descriptive research design was developed to survey 100 large retail organizations in the USA. Results indicated that monetary support was regarded as the promotional support offered the most and perceived by retailers to be the most important. Findings reveal an overall consistency between apparel retail buyers’ importance perception and manufacturers’ offering frequency of promotional support. A positive and significant correlation was found between items the buyers perceived as important and the frequency of offerings of these items. Indications were that manufacturers recognize their customers’ needs by matching the frequency of support offerings with which they offer the promotional support with the importance perception of buyers toward the promotional support. Future studies should identify and examine additional promotional support items. Also, examining the interrelationships among organizational variables, as well as combined effects on apparel retail buyers’ buying decision‐making using a global model, needs to be investigated.
Experience, change and vulnerability: consumer education for older people revisited
Authors: Lyon Phil , Kinney Dave , Colquhoun Anne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEveryday consumer transactions have the same potential for unexpected consequence whatever the age of the consumers involved. Young and old alike can find that products and services fail to live up to performance claims and that they are left with problems not easily resolved, or costs that are difficult to recover. While not overlooking consumer heterogeneity – especially on the basis of age – older consumers are arguably distinguishable in terms of the social and financial context in which they make decisions and attempt to redress problems. In 1988, attention was drawn to the need for consumer education to look beyond generic objectives to the specific situation of older people and their transactions. More than a decade later, in an allegedly consumer‐oriented society, the issue is revisited here to assess the argument's current relevance. Despite the increased availability of information for decisions and consumer protection, difficulties persist in the way information is presented or accessed. Chameleon‐like, old problems become manifest in new unfamiliar ways and invalidate experience. Consumer education today is as important as it was in 1988. Arguably, technological change means that the need for a better understanding of dangers, rights and redress procedures is greater than ever and the needs of older people in increasingly complex private and public sector transaction environments are all the more pressing. However, a fundamental revision of the way we approach the design of products, services and environments is needed to improve prospects for older consumers.
A comparison of alternative theoretical explanations of consumer food safety assessments
Authors: Sapp Stephen G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe technical approach assumes that risk assessments made by technical experts are relatively objective and value‐free evaluations of the probability of negative consequences arising from use of a technology. Risk communication strategies associated with the technical approach focus upon educating an uninformed public about ‘actual’ risk. When consumer perceptions do not agree with technical assessments, consumers are deemed to be uniformed, irrational and sometimes dangerous to public health programmes. The social process approach assumes that technical assessments and applications of technology are influenced by political, social and economic interests. Consumer perceptions arise from social interaction with family and friends and depend strongly upon trust in societal institutions. Risk communication strategy emphasizes the importance of two‐way communication that encourages well reasoned public discourse and trust in societal institutions. Findings from examining the cognitive, emotional, and social determinants of perceptions of food irradiation for 164 adults residing in the Mid‐western USA indicate that the technical and social process approaches are complementary, but most of the variance in acceptance and perceived risk was explained by variables associated with the social process approach.