bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from bacteria and yeast causing growth inhibition of sapstain fungi
Authors: Bruce A. , Verrall S. , Hackett C. A. , Wheatley R. E. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
This paper describes an experiment to identify volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from a range of three bacteria
and one yeast strain that had previously been
shown to be inhibitory to selected sapstain fungi. The
bacteria and yeast were cultured on two media, malt
extract (ME) and tryptone soya (TS) and the VOCs
trapped on chromatographic adsorbant before being
analysed by Integrated Thermal Desorption—GC-MS.
Since sapstain fungi were only inhibited by VOCs produced
on the TS media, it was possible to use Principle
Component Analysis to highlight the individual VOCs that
are most likely to be responsible for the inhibition. A number
of ketones together with dimethyl disulphide and
dimethyl trisulphide were highlighted. The importance of
VOC production by organisms during the biological control
of sapstain is discussed.
Frequency and Causes of Overanticoagulation and Underanticoagulation in Patients Treated with Warfarin
Authors: Wittkowsky Ann K. , Devine Emily Beth 
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To determine the frequency and the specific causes of over‐and underanticoagulation in patients who receive warfarin therapy and are managed in an anticoagulation clinic.Design. Retrospective medical record review.Setting. University‐affiliated anticoagulation clinic.Subjects. One thousand twenty patients (mean age 60.2 yrs [range 17–84 yrs]) receiving warfarin therapy during a 1‐year index period.Measurements and Main Results. Of 12,897 international normalized ratios (INRs) evaluated, 6642 (51.5%) were within range and 8525 (66.1%) were within 0.2 INR units of range. Among 2881 out‐of‐range INRs below 2.0, the most common cause of underanticoagulation was indeterminate (856, 29.7%). Response to previous change in dosage (16.4%), noncompliance or dosing errors (16.3%), and initiation of therapy (15.6%) were other common causes of underanticoagulation. Changes in drugs, medical condition, dietary vitamin K intake, alcohol use, and activity level, in combination, accounted for only 15.1% of INRs below 2.0. Among 603 out‐of‐range INRs greater than 4.0, the most common cause of overanticoagulation was indeterminate (43.0%). Changes in medical condition (15.9%), response to a previous change in warfarin dosage (11.4%), and interactions with prescription drugs (7.3%) were other common causes of overanticoagulation. In combination, noncompliance or dosing errors, initiation of therapy, and change in dietary vitamin K intake accounted for only 15.4% of INR values above 4.0.Conclusion. Out‐of‐range INRs are encountered frequently during warfarin therapy as a result of changes in numerous factors. Despite extensive evaluation of potential causes of over‐ and underanticoagulation, a specific cause commonly cannot be determined.
Collaboration and Social Inquiry: Multiple Meanings of a Construct and Its Role in Creating Useful and Valid Knowledge
Authors: Trickett Edison J. , Espino Susan L. Ryerson 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe concept of collaboration in community research and intervention, although not new, has grown tremendously in importance in the past 20 years. Yet, it is both a contested concept in terms of its intent and a still evolving idea in terms of its meaning and implications. The purpose of this monograph is to begin to “unpack” the collaboration construct in terms of its many meanings, rationales, goals, models, dynamics, and accomplishments. Although models of collaboration are often well articulated there is “partial paradigm acquisition” (E. J. Trickett, 1984) in terms of understanding their behavioral and ethical implications. There is more theology than conclusion. The promise of collaboration, although considerable, is still in need of multiple and varied empirical examples of how collaboration contributes to both the process and goals of community research and intervention, however defined. The monograph closes with a brief overview of what we have learned from reviewing this literature, an articulation of the kinds of questions that need to be addressed, and a series of recommendations for how to increase our understanding of the collaboration construct in community research and intervention.
Racial Identity, Parental Support, and Alcohol Use in a Sample of Academically At‐Risk African American High School Students
Authors: Caldwell Cleopatra Howard , Sellers Robert M. , Bernat Debra Hilkene , Zimmerman Marc A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis study examined racial identity and parental support as predictors of alcohol use in a sample of 488 African American adolescents. Two dimensions of racial identity were investigated: (1) racial centrality (i.e., the significance that one places on race in defining oneself) and (2) private regard (i.e., the extent to which one feels positively about Black people). In addition, perceived support from mothers and fathers was examined. Multivariate results showed that private regard and father support were associated with less self‐reported alcohol use after partialling out the effects of age and gender. An interaction between the two racial identity dimensions was also found such that private regard was associated with less alcohol use for adolescents who reported that race was a more central part of their identity.
Methamphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy) Neurotoxicity: 'of Mice and Men'
Authors: Itzhak Yossef , Achat‐Mendes Cindy 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMethamphetamine (METH) and 3,4‐meythylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') are currently major drugs of abuse. One of the major concerns of amphetamines abuse is their potential neurotoxic effect on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Although data from human studies are somewhat limited, compelling evidence suggests that these drugs cause neurotoxicity in rodents and primates. Recent studies in transgenic and knockout mice identified the role of dopamine transporters, nitric oxide, apoptotic proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in amphetamines neurotoxicity. Further research into the mechanisms underlying the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity and the behavioral corollaries of these neuronal insults could facilitate our understanding of the consequences of human abuse of METH and MDMA on cognition, drug‐seeking behavior, extinction and relapse.
IUBMB Life, 56: 249‐255, 2004
Ephrins and their Receptors: Binding versus Biology
Authors: Blits‐Huizinga Carla T. , Nelersa Claudiu M. , Malhotra Arun , Liebl Daniel J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractEphrins and Eph receptors play important roles in the development of the central nervous system and peripheral tissues by orchestrating cellular movements, resulting in events such as axonal growth cone guidance, tissue segmentation, and angiogenic remodeling. To understand the role of specific ephrin and Eph receptor interactions, it is important to identify the binding specificity between individual ligand‐receptor complexes. To date, a dogma in the field suggests that there may be promiscuous binding within the subclasses of the ephrin family. However, this overlooks and contradicts several binding studies that suggest specificity within each subclass. Although binding studies only provide evidence on the dynamics and strength of protein interactions, they do not indicate whether particular interactions are physiologically relevant. Thus, distribution and gene targeted mutations of ephrins and their receptors can provide critical insights into the relevance of specific ligand‐receptors interactions. This review mainly focuses on the B‐class family and will evaluate the differences between binding affinities and biological functions, importance of oligomeric interactions, and structural differences and similarities between classes.
IUBMB Life, 56: 257‐265, 2004
Viruses and the Development of Quantitative Biological Electron Microscopy
Authors: Crowther RA 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe electron microscope has become an important tool for determining the structure of biological materials of all kinds. Many technical advances in specimen preparation and in sophisticated methods of image analysis, initially based on optical systems but latterly on computer processing, have contributed to the development of the subject. Viruses of various kinds have often provided a convenient and appropriate test specimen. This paper describes the major technical advances and shows how viruses have had an important role in most of the developments.
IUBMB Life, 56: 239‐248, 2004
Altering dietary nutrient intake that reduces glycogen content leads to phosphorylation of nuclear p38 MAP kinase in human skeletal muscle: association with IL‐6 gene transcription during contraction
Authors: Chan M. H. Stanley , McGee Sean L. , Watt Matthew J. , Hargreaves Mark , Febbraio Mark A. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTTo determine the effect of glycogen availability and contraction on intracellular signaling and IL‐6 gene transcription, eight males performed 60 min of exercise on two occasions: either with prior ingestion of a normal (Con) or low carbohydrate (LCHO) diet that reduced pre‐exercise muscle glycogen content. Muscle biopsies were obtained and analyzed for IL‐6 mRNA. In addition, nuclear proteins were isolated from the samples and analyzed for the mitogen‐ activated protein kinases (MAPK) c‐jun amino‐terminal kinase (JNK) 1 and 2 and p38 MAPK. Nuclear fractions were also analyzed for the phosphorylated forms of JNK (p‐JNK) and p38 MAPK (p‐ p38 MAPK) and the abundance of the nuclear transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappa‐β (NF‐κβ). No differences were observed in the protein abundance of total JNK 1/2, p38 MAPK, NFAT, or NF‐κβ before exercise, but the nuclear abundance of p‐p38 MAPK was higher (P<0.05) in LCHO. Contraction resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in nuclear p‐JNK 1/2, but there were no differences when comparing CON with LCHO. The fold increase in IL‐6 mRNA with contraction was potentiated (P<0.05) in LCHO. A correlation between pre‐exercise nuclear phosphorylated p38 MAPK and contraction‐induced fold increase in IL‐6 mRNA was performed, revealing a highly significant correlation (r=0.96; P<0.01). We next incubated L6 myotubes in ionomycin (a compound known to induce IL‐6 mRNA) with or without the pyridinylimidazole p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Treatments did not affect total nuclear p38 MAPK, but ionomycin increased (P<0.05) both nuclear p‐p38 MAPK and IL‐6 mRNA. The addition of SB203580 to ionomycin decreased (P<0.05) nuclear p‐ p38 MAPK and totally abolished (P<0.05) the ionomycin‐ induced increase in IL‐6 mRNA. These data suggest that reduced carbohydrate intake that results in low intramuscular glycogen leads to phosphorylation of p38 MAPK at the nucleus. Furthermore, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the nucleus appears to be an upstream target for IL‐6, providing new insights into the regulation of IL‐6 gene transcription.
Adenosine up‐regulation of the mucin gene, MU2, in asthma
Authors: McNamara Nancy , Gallup Marianne , Khong Amy , Sucher Anatol , Maltseva Inna , Fahy John V. , Basbaum Carol 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTMucus hypersecretion is a hallmark of asthma that contributes to airway obstruction. While the etiology is not well understood, hypersecretion has been linked to the presence of cytokines such as IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐9, and IL‐13 in the inflamed airway. The presence of adenosine has also been noted in asthmatic airways, and adenosine‐mediated signaling in mast cells has been implicated in the severe bronchoconstriction and inflammation prevalent in these patients (1, 2). Here we examine the possibility that adenosine also contributes to mucus hypersecretion by airway epithelial cells. Results in cultured airway epithelial cells showed that MUC2 mucin expression increased in response to adenosine. This appeared to be mediated by a pathway initiated at the adenosine A1 receptor that transduced signals through a Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel and EGFR. That this signaling cascade is relevant to asthmatic hypersecretion was indicated by results showing that mucin induction by asthmatic tracheal aspirates was reduced by A1, CLCA1, and EGFR inhibitors. These results suggest that adenosine cooperates with inflammatory cytokines to stimulate mucin production in the asthmatic airway and supports the use of A1, CLCA1, and EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of asthma.
Putting copper into action: copper‐impregnated products with potent biocidal activities
Authors: Borkow Gadi , Gabbay Jeffrey 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTCopper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used for centuries to disinfect liquids, solids, and human tissue. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide, and antibacterial and antifouling agent. Copper also displays potent antiviral activity. We hypothesized that introducing copper into clothing, bedding, and other articles would provide them with biocidal properties. A durable platform technology has been developed that introduces copper into cotton fibers, latex, and other polymeric materials. This study demonstrates the broad‐spectrum antimicrobial (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal) and antimite activities of copper‐impregnated fibers and polyester products. This technology enabled the production of antiviral gloves and filters (which deactivate HIV‐1 and other viruses), antibacterial self‐sterilizing fabrics (which kill antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococci), antifungal socks (which alleviate symptoms of athlete’s foot), and anti‐dust mite mattress covers (which reduce mite‐related allergies). These products did not have skin‐sensitizing properties, as determined by guine pig maximization and rabbit skin irritation tests. Our study demonstrates the potential use of copper in new applications. These applications address medical issues of the greatest importance, such as viral transmissions; nosocomial, or healthcare‐associated, infections; and the spread of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria.
Transplantation of low dose CD34+Kdr+ cells promotes vascular and muscular regeneration in ischemic limbs
Authors: Madeddu Paolo , Emanueli Costanza , Pelosi Elvira , Salis Maria Bonaria , Cerio Anna Maria , Bonanno Giuseppina , Patti Mariella , Stassi Giorgio , Condorelli Gianluigi , Peschle Cesare 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTHematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation can contribute to revascularization of ischemic tissues. Yet, the optimal cell population to be transplanted has yet to be determined. We have compared the therapeutic potential of two subsets of human cord blood CD34+ progenitors, either expressing the VEGF‐A receptor 2 (KDR) or not. In serum‐free starvation culture, CD34+KDR+ cells reportedly showed greater resistance to apoptosis and ability to release VEGF‐A, as compared with CD34+KDR− cells. When injected into the hind muscles in immunodeficient SCIDbg mice subjected to unilateral ischemia, a low number (103) of CD34+KDR+ cells improved limb salvage and hemodynamic recovery better than a larger dosage (104) of CD34+KDR− cells. The neovascularization induced by KDR+ cells was significantly superior to that promoted by KDR− cells. Similarly, endothelial cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis were significantly attenuated by KDR+ cells, which differentiated into mature human endothelial cells and also apparently skeletal muscle cells. This study demonstrates that a low number of CD34+KDR+ cells favors reparative neovascularization and possibly myogenesis in limb ischemia, suggesting the potential use of this cell population in regenerative medicine.
Intraoperative Mild Hypothermia Ameliorates Postoperative Cerebral Blood Flow Impairment in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Karibe Hiroshi , Sato Kiyotaka , Shimizu Hiroaki , Tominaga Teiji , Koshu Keiji , Yoshimoto Takashi 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Intraoperative mild hypothermia has been used during cerebral aneurysm surgery to reduce ischemic injury induced by temporary vessel occlusion and brain retraction. However, the clinical effects on cerebral hemodynamics are unclear. This study investigated the effects of intraoperative mild hypothermia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) after surgery to treat aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

METHODS
Twenty-four patients with ruptured internal carotid or middle cerebral artery aneurysms, of preoperative Hunt and Hess Grade II or III, underwent aneurysm clipping within 72 hours after the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage. During surgery, patients were randomly assigned to either intraoperative mild hypothermia (33.5°C, n = 12) or normothermia (37°C, n = 12). Brain single photon emission computed tomography with 99m Tc-hexamethylpropylenamine oxime or 99m Tc-l,l-ethylcysteinate dimer was performed on Days 4, 7, and 14 after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Regional CBF was determined in the basal ganglia and cingulate, frontal, and frontoparietal cortices, using a semiquantitative method.

RESULTS
CBF in the frontal cortex ipsilateral to the aneurysm was significantly higher in the hypothermia group than in the normothermia group on Day 4 (P &lt; 0.01) but not Day 7 or 14. There was a similar trend in the ipsilateral frontoparietal cortex, but it was not significant. There were no differences in regional CBF in the ipsilateral cingulate cortex or basal ganglia or in any contralateral region during the study period.

CONCLUSION
Intraoperative mild hypothermia may reduce the severity of ischemia induced by intraoperative temporary vessel occlusion and brain retraction, thus ameliorating postoperative CBF impairment. (47;601;2000)
Magnesium Sulfate in the Management of Patients with Fisher Grade 3 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study
Authors: Boet Ronald , Mee Edward 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on the clinical course of patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

METHODS
Ten patients with Fisher Grade 3 aneurysmal SAH were evaluated. The patients were given a bolus as well as a constant infusion of intravenous MgSO4 up to 10 days postictus. Blood magnesium levels were obtained to adjust the daily requirement of MgSO4. The goal was to raise the serum level to 2.0 to 2.5 mmol/L or twice the baseline serum level. Daily transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography was performed on each patient, insonating both anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries. Further management followed standard protocols, including the use of nimodipine and hypervolemic therapy. TCD ultrasonographic findings, as well as clinical evidence of cerebral vasospasm, were documented. All patients had a 3-month assessment using the Glasgow Outcome Scale.

RESULTS
After administration of a 20 mmol MgSO4 bolus infusion and an average daily continuous infusion of 84.7 mmol, 8 of 10 patients achieved the predetermined serum magnesium levels. No adverse affects were noted during the infusions. Five patients exhibited evidence of vasospasm on TCD ultrasonography; vasospasm was severe in two patients (velocities, &gt;200 cm/s). Three patients, including the two patients in whom TCD ultrasonography demonstrated severe vasospasm, exhibited clinical evidence of vasospasm. Two patients had a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 3; the remainder had Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 5.

CONCLUSION
Administration guidelines for the use of MgSO4 in aneurysmal SAH were established. A prospective double-blind placebo-controlled trial is required to establish the effectiveness of MgSO4 for treating vasospasm in aneurysmal SAH.
Persistent Headache after Supratentorial Craniotomy
Authors: Kaur Amrit , Selwa Linda , Fromes Gail , Ross Donald A. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEAlthough the incidence, possible causes, and treatment of persistent headache after suboccipital craniotomy have been discussed extensively, few data have been published regarding persistent headache after supratentorial craniotomy.METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed the senior author's patient series of 145 consecutive anterior temporal lobectomies for intractable epilepsy performed during a 9-year period. To eliminate confounding causes of headache, all patients studied were seizure-free, none had progressive mass lesions or persisting vascular anomalies, and none had major complications of surgery. With the permission of the institutional review board, information on headache was obtained from patient records, the patients' neurologists, and the patients themselves.RESULTSOf the 145 consecutive patients who underwent operations, 126 patients had adequate follow-up for analysis. Of the 126 patients, 104 did not have headaches and were not using regular analgesics 2 months postoperatively. Twenty-two patients had headaches persisting beyond 2 months. Seven (5.6%) of the 126 patients had headaches that lasted more than 2 months but less than 1 year, and they were free of recurrent headaches 1 year postoperatively. Fifteen (11.9%) of the 126 patients had ongoing headaches 1 year after surgery. Regarding headache severity, 4.0% of patients had medically uncontrolled headaches, and 3.2% continued to require prescription drugs for headaches 1 year postoperatively.CONCLUSIONAlthough the incidence of persistent head pain after supratentorial craniotomy is lower than that reported for posterior fossa procedures, the incidence is not trivial. The cause of persistent pain deserves further investigation.
Surgery for Cervical Spinal Cord Compression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bashir Khurram , Cai Christopher Y. , Moore Thomas A. , Whitaker John N. , Hadley Mark N. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to investigate the clinical and paraclinical features, treatment, and outcomes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and coexisting spinal cord compression secondary to either cervical spondylosis or cervical disc disease. Patients with MS commonly experience neurological disabilities that present as myelopathy associated with bladder dysfunction. For some patients with MS, however, this neurological deterioration may result from coexisting spinal cord compression attributable to either spondylosis or a herniated disc. Overlapping symptoms of the two conditions do not allow clear clinical determination of the underlying cause of worsening.

METHODS
Patients with MS who underwent cervical decompression surgery were selected. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed, to collect data on their pre- and postoperative clinical courses.

RESULTS
Nine women and five men with definite MS were selected for cervical decompression surgery to treat neurological deterioration considered to be at least partially attributable to spinal cord compression. The most common symptoms were progressive myelopathy (n = 13), neck pain (n = 11), and cervical radiculopathy (n = 10). Bladder dysfunction was notably absent among these patients with MS with moderate disabilities. Surgical intervention was frequently delayed because the neurological deterioration was initially thought to be attributable to MS. The majority of patients experienced either improvement or stabilization of their preoperative symptoms in the immediate postoperative period; three subjects (21%) maintained this improvement after a mean follow-up period of 3.8 years. No MS relapses, permanent neurological worsening, or serious complications resulting from surgery or general anesthesia were noted.

CONCLUSION
Carefully selected patients with MS and cervical spinal cord compression secondary to either spondylosis or disc disease may benefit from surgical decompression, with minimal associated morbidity. Clinical features (especially neck pain and cervical radiculopathy) and magnetic resonance imaging may assist clinicians in differentiating between the two conditions and may guide appropriate treatment without undue delay.