bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron localization and delocalization in open‐shell molecules
Authors: Fradera Xavier , Solà Miquel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLocalization and delocalization indices derived in the framework of the quantum Atoms in Molecules theory have recently been used to analyze the electron‐pair structure of closed‐shell molecules. Here we report calculations of localization and delocalization indices for open‐shell molecules at the Hartree‐Fock (HF) level. Several simple doublet and triplet radical molecules are studied. In general, interatomic delocalization between bonded atoms is heavily dependent on the order and polarity of the bond. Unpaired electrons also have a significant effect on the interatomic delocalization indices. Indeed, for many radicals, the analysis of the spin components reveals that the interatomic delocalization is very different for α and β spin electrons in many cases. In general, at the HF level, the results can be rationalized in terms of orbital contributions. However, the definition of localization and delocalization indices is completely general, and they could be calculated at any level of theory, provided that the one‐ and two‐electron densities are available. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1347–1356, 2002
Treatment of spider leg veins with the KTP (532 nm) laser—A prospective study
Authors: Spendel Stephan , Prandl Eva‐Christina , Schintler Michael V. , Siegl Alexander , Wittgruber Gabriela , Hellbom Bengt , Rappl Thomas , Berghold Andrea , Scharnagl Erwin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSpider leg veins are telangiectasias located intracutaneously. This condition poses a cosmetic problem.Study Design/Patients and MethodsThe purpose of this study was to determine what influence the KTP (532 nm) laser has on spider leg veins dependent on the vascular diameter and to what extent the skin has been affected. Seventy female patients were treated in three laser sessions. Analysis was done 30 weeks after the last laser treatment session.ResultsFifty‐six patients completed the study. In group 1 (vascular diameter ≤ 0.6 mm), spider leg veins were no longer visible in 33%; in 40%, a decrease in vascular diameter could be observed; in 27%, no change in size occurred. In group 2 (vascular diameter 0.7–1.0 mm), laser‐treated spider leg veins were visible in all patients. Hyperpigmentation occurred in 13 patients.ConclusionsThe KTP (532 nm) laser is an effective for treating spider leg veins having a vascular diameter under 0.7 mm. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:194–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of customer preconsumption mood on the evaluation of employee behavior in service encounters
Authors: Liljander Veronica , Mattsson Jan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of customers' affective states on the evaluation of service encounters has been conceptually discussed for more than a decade. However, empirical studies, field studies in particular, are scarce. Recent studies have contributed to the area by empirically demonstrating mood effects on service satisfaction. Because of the interpersonal nature of services, the behavior of the service personnel is of utmost importance for overall service satisfaction. This article extends previous research by investigating the impact of customers' reported preconsumption mood on the evaluation of three service behaviors, proposed by Winsted (2000) in her seminal study. The findings support the existence of three service behavioral dimensions, namely, concern, congeniality and uncivility, and show that mood valence influences these behaviors as well as encounter satisfaction. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the importance of past service experiences for customers' responses, especially their repurchase intentions. Future research directions regarding mood effects in services are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebral palsy in very preterm infants: new epidemiological insights
Authors: O'Shea T. Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe focus of this review is on new insights from recent epidemiological research on cerebral palsy in preterm infants. These include: 1) a better understanding of issues related to diagnosis and classification; 2) new information about the brain abnormalities underlying cerebral palsy in preterm infants; and 3) a better understanding of biological mechanisms that may underlie previously described epidemiological associations. Ongoing efforts to improve the diagnosis and classification of cerebral palsy have been enhanced by findings from serial examinations of cohorts of very preterm infants. Cranial ultrasonography through the anterior fontanelle of very preterm infants has provided information about grossly evident brain damage, found in about one‐half of preterm infants who develop cerebral palsy. Insights into the pathophysiologic basis for certain epidemiologic associations have come from studies of experimental brain damage in animals and clinical studies of neurologic disorders in adults. Much of the current epidemiological research into the causes of cerebral palsy in preterm infants has focused on two potential mechanisms of brain damage. One mechanism involves insufficient cerebral perfusion; the other, cytokine‐mediated damage, potentially triggered by events such as maternal infection (e.g., intrauterine or periodontal infection), neonatal infection (e.g., sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis), and neonatal oxygen‐ or ventilator‐induced lung injury. In addition to the preterm infant's increased exposure to such damaging factors, the high frequency of cerebral palsy in these infants might be due, in part, to insufficient levels of developmentally regulated protective substances, such as thyroid hormone and glucocorticoids. Models of causation currently are being investigated using recently developed methods for quantifying, with small quantities of blood, biomolecules that are suspected to either promote or protect against brain damage in the neonate. Clinical investigations now under way can be expected to identify strategies to be tested in clinical trials that could lower the risk of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:135–145. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The epidemiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view
Authors: Rowland Andrew S. , Lesesne Catherine A. , Abramowitz Ann J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. However, basic information about how the prevalence of ADHD varies by race/ethnicity, sex, age, and socio‐economic status remains poorly described. One reason is that difficulties in the diagnosis of ADHD have translated into difficulties developing an adequate case definition for epidemiologic studies. Diagnosis depends heavily on parent and teacher reports; no laboratory tests reliably predict ADHD. Prevalence estimates of ADHD are sensitive to who is asked what, and how information is combined. Consequently, recent systematic reviews report ADHD prevalence estimates as wide as 2%–18%. The diagnosis of ADHD is complicated by the frequent occurrence of comorbid conditions such as learning disability, conduct disorder, and anxiety disorder. Symptoms of these conditions may also mimic ADHD. Nevertheless, we suggest that developing an adequate epidemiologic case definition based on current diagnostic criteria is possible and is a prerequisite for further developing the epidemiology of ADHD. The etiology of ADHD is not known but recent studies suggest both a strong genetic link as well as environmental factors such as history of preterm delivery and perhaps, maternal smoking during pregnancy. Children and teenagers with ADHD use health and mental health services more often than their peers and engage in more health threatening behaviors such as smoking, and alcohol and substance abuse. Better methods are needed for monitoring the prevalence and understanding the public health implications of ADHD. Stimulant medication is the treatment of choice for treating ADHD but psychosocial interventions may also be warranted if comordid disorders are present. The treatment of ADHD is controversial because of the high prevalence of medication treatment. Epidemiologic studies could clarify whether the patterns of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in community settings is appropriate. Population‐based epidemiologic studies may shed important new light on how we understand ADHD, its natural history, its treatment and its consequences. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:162–170. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal variation and influence of stress, caffeine intake, and sexual activity on uroflowmetry parameters of a middle‐aged asymptomatic cohort of volunteer male urologists
Authors: Cohen Daniel D. , Steinberg Jordan R. , Rossignol Michel , Heaton Jeremy , Corcos Jacques 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAimsTo assess normal variations of uroflowmetry in middle‐aged asymptomatic male urologists and to analyse the influence of stress, caffeine intake, and sexual activity.MethodsThirty‐one male urologists from Quebec and Ontario were recruited for this study. All were healthy, not taking any current medications known to interfere with lower urinary tract function, and symptom‐free (International Prostate Symptom Score less than 5). Each received two identical flowmeters to keep over a period of 2 weeks, one at home and one in his busiest office. Ten uroflow tracings, with a volume greater than 150 mL, were requested from each of them; five at home and five in the office. A total of 310 flows were analysed. The subjective level of stress, coffee intake, and sexual activity, in the hour before each uroflowmetrogram, was recorded, through a short self‐administered questionnaire and stress visual scale.Resultsare presented as an average per individual. The voided volume was 331.9 mL, with an SD of 94.8 mL. The voiding time was 32.7 seconds (SD=15.5). The peak flow rate was 20.5 mL/sec (SD=3.9), the mean flow rate was 14.3 mL/sec (SD=3.0), and the time to maximum flow was 7.2 sec (SD=4.0). Subjective levels of stress did not significantly change these parameters. Uroflows were obtained with and without coffee drinking. The voided volume was 337.4 mL (SD=109.2) vs. 290.8 mL (SD=77.3) (P=0.03), and peak flow rate 19.4 mL/sec (SD=4.1) vs. 18.9 mL/sec (SD=3.1) (P=0.49), respectively.ConclusionsUroflowmetry parameters and voided volume are highly variable in a normal asymptomatic population. Subjective stress level does not seem to have an influence on these parameters. Coffee intake significantly increases the voided volume but does not change the peak flow rate. These conclusions should be considered when using uroflowmetry parameters as an outcome measure. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:491–494, 2002. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multilevel genetic algorithm for the optimum design of structural control systems
Authors: Li Q. S. , Liu D. K. , Leung A. Y. T. , Zhang N. , Luo Q. Z. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA multilevel genetic algorithm (MLGA) is proposed in this paper for solving the kind of optimization problems which are multilevel structures in nature and have features of mixed‐discrete design variables, multi‐modal and non‐continuous objective functions, etc. Firstly, the formulation of the mixed‐discrete multilevel optimization problems is presented. Secondly, the architecture and implementation of MLGA are described. Thirdly, the algorithm is applied to two multilevel optimization problems. The first one is a three‐level optimization problem in which the optimization of the number of actuators, the positions of actuators and the control parameters are considered in different levels. An actively controlled tall building subjected to strong wind action is considered to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The second application considers a combinatorial optimization problem in which the number and configuration of actuators are optimized simultaneously, an actively controlled building under earthquake excitations is adopted for this case study. Finally, some results and discussions about the application of the proposed algorithm are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating wetting and drying algorithms for finite element models of shallow water flow
Authors: Horritt M. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree methods for the treatment of partially wet elements in finite element (FE) models of shallow water flow are evaluated: two previously used techniques, the element masking (EM) method and the free surface correction method, and a technique using a continuity correction to the EM method. A simple 1D Runge–Kutta method is used to develop a uniform velocity solution to the problem of inundation of a planar beach, which is used to assess the success of the FE model and the three wetting and drying algorithms in reproducing the water free surface profile. The EM technique is found to be most successful at reproducing the profile, but at the expense of mass balance errors, which can be reduced by use of a finer mesh. This has implications for environmental models of moving boundary shallow water flows, where different wetting and drying algorithms may be required in different parts of the mesh. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological concerns for non‐Hispanic investigators conducting research with Hispanic Americans
Authors: Lange* Jean W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe fastest‐growing ethnic population in the United States, Hispanic Americans are underrepresented in health care research because of an insufficient number of Hispanic American researchers, study teams without Spanish‐speaking members, a lack of Spanish‐language instruments, and investigator ignorance about cultural differences. Culturally insensitive research produces biased results that can inaccurately represent Hispanic Americans. The purpose of this article is to discuss methodological concerns when conducting research with Hispanic Americans including: instrument response format, translation issues, population‐related extraneous variables, and response tendencies that can influence results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:411–419, 2002
Reference ranges for Doppler‐assessed pulmonary venous blood flow velocities and pulsatility indices in normal human fetuses
Authors: Lenz Franka , Chaoui Rabih 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo establish reference ranges with gestation for Doppler parameters of fetal pulmonary venous blood flow during the second half of pregnancy, including not only peak velocities, but also relative indices reflecting left atrial pressure changes.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 114 normal singleton pregnancies between 19 and 37 weeks' gestation were examined by Doppler echocardiography. In 98 fetuses, peak systolic velocity (S), peak diastolic velocity (D), end‐diastolic velocity (A), and time velocity integral (TVI) were measured, and S/D ratio, pulsatility index for veins (PIV), as well as peak velocity index for veins (PVIV), were calculated. Regression analysis was used to determine reference ranges with gestation.ResultsWith advancing gestation, a significant increase in S, D and A velocities as well as in TVI, was observed. Whereas the S/D ratio remained constant, PVIV and PIV decreased significantly during the second half of pregnancy.ConclusionsDuring the second half of pregnancy the increase in left atrial and ventricular compliance is reflected by the observed decrease in PIV and PVIV, which could be mainly due to the increased flow during atrial contraction. Such relative Doppler indices are better comparable than absolute values and are independent from the insonation angle. Potential clinical applications for such Doppler indices are conditions with possibly impaired left atrial function, like heart defects with left atrial obstruction or late stages of severe intrauterine growth retardation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural coordinate representation for the protein backbone structure
Authors: Hunter Cornelius G. , Subramaniam Shankar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new model for describing the geometry of the Cα backbone atoms in protein molecules is derived. This model uses one continuous variable per amino acid. This is half the number of degrees‐of‐freedom used in traditional backbone models. The new model was tested on 721 PDB structures and its average accuracy was determined to be 1.14 Å cRMSD. This model can be used as a description of local structure that provides higher resolution than the traditional secondary structure categories. Also, because this structure description is one‐dimensional, it can be used to align structures with the same efficiency and convergence properties available in the popular sequence alignment tools. Furthermore, the 1:1 correspondence with the amino acid sequence has implications for combined sequence/structure alignment. Conventional secondary structure prediction was used to further reduce the number of degrees‐of‐freedom in 16 test proteins. In those cases, the average cRMSD degraded from 0.96 to 2.33 Å while the number of degrees‐of‐freedom improved (reduced) by more than 30%. Proteins 2002;49:206–215. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of the organic‐certified insecticide Diatect II against the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) in cotton
Authors: Sappington Thomas W 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe efficacy of the organic insecticide Diatect II against boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas was assessed in small‐plot field trials and greenhouse cage tests using azinphos‐methyl treatments as a standard for comparison. Plastic sheets were placed in the furrows of the treated plots to retrieve boll weevils which dropped from the plants after being killed by the insecticides. Samples of live weevils taken by a tractor‐mounted vacuum sampler revealed a modest, but significant, reduction in boll weevil populations in Diatect II plots. However, samples of dead weevils indicated that this reduction was due to movement of weevils out of the plots rather than to mortality. This interpretation is supported by greenhouse cage studies, where mortality in Diatect II treated cages was no greater than that in untreated control cages. The effects of insecticide treatments in small plots can be confounded easily and quickly by interplot movement of target insects. Although the relative effects of various compounds can usually be assessed by sampling the populations in plots soon after treatment, the best measure of efficacy is obtained by directly sampling insects that have died in the plot. This parameter is insulated from the effects of interplot movement, unless the toxicant is slow to immobilize the target insect. Taken together, our results indicate little efficacy by Diatect II against boll weevil under our test conditions.Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Analysis of linear parameter‐varying systems using a non‐smooth dissipative systems framework
Authors: Lim Sungyung , How Jonathan P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents new finite‐dimensional linear matrix inequality formulations for several important analysis problems of linear parameter‐varying systems. The approach is based on a non‐smooth dissipative systems framework using a continuous, piecewise‐affine parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function. The new analysis approach yields guaranteed and less conservative results than previously published techniques that are based on affine parameter‐dependent Lyapunov functions or Luré–Postnikov Lyapunov functions. Conservatism is reduced in this new approach because the analysis uses a more general class of parameter‐dependent Lyapunov functions (PDLFs). The new approach also provides an explicit trade‐off between conservatism and computational effort of the analysis technique. Note that, in contrast to the gridding approach typically used to develop a computationally feasible algorithm, this proposed approach guarantees the analysis results. This paper also shows that the numerical results of our approach, while computationally intensive, could be used to develop many new insights into the selection of PDLFs in the other analysis techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive multiple model switching control with the self‐organizing map
Authors: Motter Mark A. , Principe Jose C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA predictive, multiple model control strategy is developed by extension of self‐organizing map (SOM) local dynamic modelling of nonlinear autonomous systems to a control framework. Multiple SOMs collectively model the global response of a non‐autonomous system to a finite set of representative prototype controls. These prototype controls partition the control space and incorporate experiential knowledge gained from decades of operating the targeted application, a transonic wind tunnel. Each SOM provides a codebook representation of the tunnel dynamics corresponding to a prototype control. Different dynamic regimes are organized into topological neighbourhoods where the adjacent entries in the codebook represent the global minimization of a similarity metric. The SOM is additionally employed to identify the local dynamical regime, and consequently implements a switching scheme that selects the best available model for the applied control. SOM‐based linear models are used to predict the tunnel response to a larger family of control sequences which are clustered on the representative prototypes. The control sequence which corresponds to the prediction that best satisfies the requirements on the system output is applied as the external driving signal. Comparison of the new controller against the existing controller shows the superiority of our method. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.