bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro contractile responses and contracture testing of skeletal muscle from Quarter Horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Lentz Linnea R. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Mickelson James R. , Gallant Esther M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether increased sensitivity to pharmacologic agents was a general property of equine exertional myopathies, including polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in Quarter Horses.

Animals
5 adult Quarter Horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation in skeletal muscle and 4 clinically normal adult Quarter or Quarter-type horses.

Procedures
Twitch time course measurements and contracture responses to various concentrations of caffeine and halothane for small bundles of intact external intercostal muscle fibers were measured in all horses.

Results
Caffeine contracture threshold of muscles from Quarter Horses with PSSM was not different from that of clinically normal horses (5 mM in both groups). Muscles from horses with PSSM and from clinically normal horses did not have contracture in response to up to 2% halothane.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results were in contrast to the increased sensitivity to caffeine and halothane for muscles from Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER). Although clinical signs of muscular stiffness after exercise are similar between Quarter Horses with PSSM and Thoroughbreds with RER, these breeds appear to have 2 distinct myopathies with different pathophysiologic bases. Unlike RER in Thoroughbreds, PSSM in Quarter Horses does not appear to be accompanied by a defect in regulation of muscle contraction. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:684–688)
Effect of intramammary infusion of β-1,3-glucan or interleukin-2 on leukocyte subpopulations in mammary glands of sheep
Authors: Waller K. Persson , Colditz I. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate effects of intramammary infusion of β-1,3-glucan or recombinant ovine interleukin-2 (rOvIL-2) on blood and mammary leukocyte subpopulations and their expression of various surface antigens in sheep.

Animals
12 healthy multiparous, nonpregnant, non-lactating fine-wool Merino ewes.

Procedure
β-1,3-Glucan in pyrogen-free saline solution (PFSS; n = 6), rOvIL-2 in PFSS (3), or PFSS (3) was infused on days 0 and 7 in 1 udder half of each ewe. Jugular vein blood and mammary secretion samples were taken before infusion and on days 2, 7, and 21 after infusion. Total and differential leukocyte counts were obtained, and blood and mammary cells were labeled for flow cytometry.

Results
Slight swelling of the mammary glands was observed on day 2 after rOvIL-2 but not after β-1,3-glucan infusion. Both substances induced significant increase in mammary secretion leukocyte numbers, compared with controls. β-1,3-Glucan induced an influx of monocyte/macrophages, whereas neutrophils were the predominating cell population after rOvIL-2 infusion. β-1,3-Glucan induced selection for CD4+, B-cell+, WC1+, and L-selectin+ lymphocytes on day 14 after infusion. By comparison, rOvIL-2 induced selection for B-cell+ and L-selectin+ lymphocytes on days 14 and 21 and depletion of CD8+ and, to some degree, of IL-2R+ lymphocytes. β-1,3-Glucan induced an increase in the proportion of CD14+ leukocytes, indicating selective migration of monocyte/macrophages to the nonlactating udder.

Conclusion
β-1,3-Glucan and rOvIL-2 can modulate nonspecific immunity in the udder of sheep but may exert their effects by differing mechanisms.

Clinical Relevance
Stimulation of the nonspecific defense against udder infections may improve control of mastitis. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:703–707)
Genomic screening for fucosidosis in English Springer Spaniels
Authors: Skelly Barbara J. , Sargan David R. , Winchester Bryan G. , Smith Mary O. , Herrtage Michael E. , Giger Urs 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a robust molecular genetic test for α-l-fucosidosis in English Springer Spaniels and to screen dogs from the United Kingdom and United States for the mutant allele.

Animals
35 English-bred English Springer Spaniels, 60 American-bred English Springer Spaniels, and 1 affected dog and its parents from a family of English Springer Spaniels in Colorado.

Procedure
Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to amplify the mutated region in the gene encoding α-l-fucosidase. High guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the region required use of an amplification buffer with high pH. Mutant and normal alleles were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular genetic test results were compared with enzyme data.

Results
A 262-bp PCR product was amplified from normal dogs and compared with a 248-bp product from affected dogs. Carriers had 1 copy of each allele, distinguishable by the 14-bp size difference. Two carriers among the English-bred dogs were identified by use of enzyme and genomic DNA analyses. The molecular defect in dogs from Colorado was proven to be the same as that in British and Australian dogs. None of the other 60 American-bred dogs carried the mutant allele.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
A PCR method that can be used to identify dogs affected with or carriers of the autosomal recessive disease fucosidosis was established. Amplification was achieved within a GC-rich region, using a method that may be useful in overcoming amplification problems in GC-rich areas within other genes. Using this test, fucosidosis can be controlled and ultimately eradicated from the English Springer Spaniel population. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:726-729)
Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Rush Bonnie R. , Hoskinson James J. , Davis Elizabeth G. , Matson Charles J. , Hakala Joyce E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate is improved after inhalation of a single dose of albuterol sulfate in horses susceptible to recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).

Animals
6 horses with heaves and 4 horses with normal respiratory tract function.

Procedure
Images were obtained during ventilation of horses at baseline (maximal change in pleural pressure during tidal breathing [ΔPplmax] > 15 cm H2O) and after aerosolized albuterol sulfate (360 µg) administration, with a 24-hour washout period between experiments. The ΔPplmax was determined prior to the baseline scan, prior to albuterol sulfate administration, and 5 minutes after albuterol sulfate administration. Images were assessed by visual inspection (semiquantitative scoring system) and histogram analysis.

Results
Images obtained from horses with heaves had nonuniform pulmonary distribution of radionuclide characterized by poor penetration in peripheral lung fields and excess deposition in large airways. Histogram analysis of images of the caudal portions of the lungs revealed nonuniform radionuclide deposition in horses with heaves and uniform radionuclide deposition in control horses.

Conclusion
Administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate improved pulmonary distribution of aerosolized radiolabeled pentetate suspension in horses with heaves but did not alter pulmonary distribution in clinically normal horses.

Clinical Relevance
Precedent bronchodilator administration may improve pulmonary distribution of aerosolized, surface-active anti-inflammatory preparations. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:764–769)
Safety and efficacy of vaccination of pregnant gilts against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Vorwald Ann C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the safety and efficacy of vaccination of pregnant gilts with an attenuated strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Animals
16 pregnant gilts.

Procedure
Pregnant gilts free of antibodies for PRRSV were assigned (4 gilts/group) to the following groups: group I, untreated controls; group II, vaccinated on day 60 of gestation; group III, vaccinated on day 60 of gestation and exposed to virulent PRRSV on day 90 of gestation; and group IV, exposed to virulent PRRSV on day 90 of gestation. Safety and efficacy of vaccination was evaluated by group comparisons of prenatal and postnatal survival of fetuses and pigs, respectively, and by the condition and rate of weight gain of liveborn pigs.

Results
Collective (prenatal and postnatal) death losses up to day 15 after farrowing (conclusion of study) were similar for groups I (7/47, 14.9%) and II (7/44, 16.9%) but were greater for group III (18/49, 36.7%) and were greater still for group IV (23/37, 62.2%). Mean body weight 15 days after farrowing was greatest for pigs in litters of group I (4.46 kg) and progressively less for the other groups (3.87, 3.76, and 2.18 kg for groups II, III, and IV, respectively).

Conclusions
Using these conditions, vaccination of gilts during midgestation appeared to be safe. However, it provided only partial protection against subsequent exposure to virulent virus.

Clinical Relevance
Attenuated-PRRSV vaccines may have to be administered to naive gilts > 30 days before conception to provide maximum protection throughout gestation. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 796–801)
Upregulation of thyroid hormone receptor β1 and β2 messenger RNA in the myocardium of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic valvular disease
Authors: Shahrara Shiva , Tidholm Anna , Drvota Viktor , Häggstöm Jens , Sylvén Christer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate whether expression of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) messenger RNA (mRNA) is changed in the myocardium of dogs with heart failure.

Animals
21 dogs.

Procedure
Concentrations of TR α2, β1 and β2 mRNA in the myocardium were determined for clinically normal dogs (n = 7) and dogs with heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM; 7) or chronic valvular disease (CVD; 7). Concentrations were quantified by use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and ELISA.

Results
The ratio of expression of TR α2, β1, and β2 mRNA was typically 100:10:1. Differences in concentration of TR α2 mRNA among the 3 groups of dogs were not detected, but concentrations of TR β1 and β2 mRNA were greater in diseased myocardium. Thyroid hormone receptor β1 mRNA was upregulated approximately threefold, and TR β2 mRNA was upregulated approximately eightfold in myocardium of dogs with DCM and CVD, compared with clinically normal dogs. There was no difference in TR β1 and β2 mRNA upregulation between dogs with DCM and CVD.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Altered regulation of transcription of the TR β gene may be one facet of the myocardial phenotype in heart failure. Because this phenotypic response did not differ on the basis of cause (DCM vs CVD), it appears to be a secondary effect of heart failure and the alteration in metabolism of thyroid hormone. Treatment of dogs with heart failure with thyroid hormone or thyroid hormone analogues may improve cardiac performance. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:848–852)
Use of a urea breath test to evaluate short-term treatments for cats naturally infected with Helicobacter heilmannii
Authors: Neiger Reto , Seiler Gabriela , Schmassmann Adrian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of 3 short-term treatments in cats naturally infected with Helicobacter heilmannii.

Animals
29 cats infected with H heilmannii that had positive results for a urea breath test, rapid urease test, and Helicobacter species-specific polymerase chain reaction test.

Procedures
Cats anesthetized for routine surgical procedures were randomly allocated to 4 groups: group 1, control cats; group 2, cats treated with azithromycin, tinidazole, ranitidine, and bismuth once daily for 4 days; group 3, cats treated with clarithromycin, metronidazole, ranitidine, and bismuth twice daily for 4 days; and group 4, cats treated with clarithromycin, metronidazole, ranitidine, and bismuth twice daily for 7 days. Efficacy was determined on the basis of results of a urea breath test performed 10 and 42 days after end of treatment.

Results
Ten days after treatment, 0 of 4, 4 of 6, 11 of 11, and 8 of 8 cats in groups 1 to 4, respectively, had a negative result for a urea breath test. Forty-two days after treatment, 0 of 4, 3 of 6, 7 of 11, and 4 of 8 cats in groups 1 to 4, respectively, still had a negative result.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Treatments used in this study regularly suppressed breath 13CO2 production. However, although 23 of 25 (92%) cats had negative results for a urea breath test 10 days after treatment, only 14 of 25 (56%) cats still had negative results 42 days after treatment. It is difficult to achieve a definitive long-term cure in cats naturally infected with H heilmannii. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:880–883)
Adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonadrenergic-noncholinergic intrinsic innervation of the jejunum in horses
Authors: Malone Erin D. , Kannan Mathur S. , Brown David R. , Turner Tracy A. , Trent Ava M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the major neurotransmitters that regulate contractile activity in the jejunum of horses.

Sample Population
Jejunal specimens from 65 horses without gastrointestinal tract lesions.

Procedure
Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscular layer, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 30 and 70 V intensities and at various frequencies on muscle strips maintained at low or high muscle tone. To detect residual nonadrenergic-noncholinergic neurotransmission, the response of muscle to EFS in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade was compared with the response in the presence of tetrodotoxin.

Results
Atropine (ATR) decreased the contractile response of muscle strips to EFS under most conditions. However, ATR increased the contractile response of high-tone circular muscle. Adrenergic blockade generally increased the muscle responses to 30 V EFS and in high-tone longitudinal muscle but decreased contractile responses in high-tone circular muscle. Tetrodotoxin significantly altered the responses to EFS, compared with adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blockade.

Conclusions
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine appear to be important neurotransmitters regulating smooth muscle contractility in the equine jejunum. They induce contraction and relaxation, respectively, in most muscle preparations, although they may cause opposite effects under certain conditions. In addition, nonadrenergic-noncholinergic excitatory and inhibitory influences were detected.

Clinical Relevance
Acetylcholine or norepinephrine release within the myenteric plexus of horses may alter gastrointestinal motility. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:898–904)
Circadian changes in blood ionized calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations and pH in cattle
Authors: Bajcsy Csaba Á. , Reiczigel Jenő , Szenci Ottó 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To explore diurnal variation in blood ionized calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations and pH in pregnant dairy cows.

Animals
14 dairy cows in their third or later pregnancy approximately 6 weeks before expected parturition.

Procedure
Throughout a 24-hour period, blood samples were taken at 2-hour intervals and analyzed for ionized calcium (iCa2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl−) concentrations and pH. Paired t-tests were used to compare initial and final values. Circadian changes were tested by use of repeated-measures ANOVA. Additionally, a nonparametric analysis was performed for each animal to determine minimal and maximal values for the variables.

Results
Significant differences were not detected between initial and final values of any variable. Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated significant diurnal fluctuations in all variables. With the exception of Cl− concentration, nonparametric analysis of individual values also revealed significant changes over time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The magnitude of daily fluctuations does not make it necessary to standardize time of sample collection for routine diagnostic examination of blood iCa2+, Na+, K+, and Cl− concentrations and pH. However, it may be important to standardize time of sample collection in comparative studies in which more discrete differences may be identified. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:945-948)
Gastric hemorrhage in dogs given high doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Authors: Rohrer Cécile R. , Hill Richard C. , Fischer Andrea , Fox Leslie E. , Schaer Michael , Ginn Pamela E. , Casanova Jackie M. , Burrows Colin F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether healthy dogs given high doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) develop gastrointestinal tract ulcers and hemorrhage.

Animals
19 healthy male hound-type dogs.

Procedure
Dogs were assigned randomly to intravenously receive high doses of MPSS (30 mg/kg of body weight, initially, then 15 mg/kg 2 and 6 hours later, and, subsequently, every 6 hours for a total of 48 hours; n = 10) or an equal volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (9). Gastroduodenoscopy was performed before and after treatment. Endoscopic evidence of gross hemorrhage in the cardia, fundus, antrum, and duodenum of each dog was graded from none (0) to severe (3), and a total stomach score was calculated as the sum of the regional gastric scores. Number of ulcers were recorded. The pH of gastric fluid and evidence of occult gastric and fecal blood were measured. Food retention was recorded.

Results
Gastric hemorrhage was evident in all dogs after MPSS administration and was severe in 9 of 10 dogs but not visible in any dog after saline treatment. Occult gastric blood was detected more commonly (9/10 vs 2/9), median gastric acidity was greater (pH 1 vs pH 3), and food was retained more commonly (7/10 vs 1/9) in the stomach of MPSS-treated dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
High doses of MPSS cause gastric hemorrhage in dogs. All dogs treated with high doses of MPSS should be treated with mucosal protectants or antacids to prevent gastric hemorrhage. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:977–981)
Abnormal regulation of muscle contraction in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Lentz Linnea R. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Balog Edward M. , Mickelson James R. , Gallant Esther M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether abnormal regulation of muscle contraction similar to that associated with malignant hyperthemia (MH) was evident in intact external intercostal muscle cells from Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER).

Animals
5 adult Thoroughbred horses with RER and 7 clinically normal adult Thoroughbred or mixed-breed horses.

Procedures
Twitch time course variables and contracture responses to various concentrations of potassium, caffeine, and halothane were measured in small bundles of intact external intercostal muscle cells from clinically normal horses and horses with RER.

Results
Threshold for significant contracture induced by potassium depolarization was lower for RER-affected muscles, compared with normal muscles, although the relationship between potassium concentration and membrane potential were not different. Thresholds for contracture induced by caffeine and halothane were also lower for RER-affected muscles, compared with normal muscles. Lower thresholds for caffeine- and halothane-induced contractures, as well as depolarization-elicited contractures, in RER-affected muscles suggest a defect in myoplasmic calcium regulation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Regulation of muscle contraction is abnormal in Thoroughbreds with RER. The specific defect may be attributable to abnormal intracellular calcium regulation. Knowledge of the specific defect involved in RER may lead to improved prevention and treatment of RER-affected horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:992-999)
Evaluation of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter effects on preweaning mortality in a birth cohort of puppies
Authors: van der Beek Sijne , Nielen Angelique L. J. , Schukken Ynte H. , Brascamp E. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine relative impact of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter factors on puppy mortality.

Animals
2,622 Boxer puppies of 413 litters born during a 14-month period.

Procedure
For each puppy, pedigree was determined, and litter in which it was born was registered. Overall mortality and mortality per specific cause of death were analyzed by use of a model that included an additive genetic effect, common-litter effect, within-litter effect, and regression of mortality on inbreeding coefficient. Relative importance of the effects was determined from estimates of the variance in mortality explained by each factor.

Results
22% of the puppies died before reaching 7 weeks old. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Most observed differences were attributable to within-litter factors, which explained 67% of the variance in death attributable to infection and ≤ 96% of the variance in death attributable to asphyxia. Common-litter factors were more important than additive genetic factors. Variance attributed to common-litter factors ranged from 2% for cheiloschisis, palatoschisis, or cheilopalatoschisis to 30% for death attributable to infection, and variance attributed to additive genetic factors ranged from 0% for asphyxia to 14% for euthanatized because of white color. Inbreeding coefficient had a significant effect on death attributable to infection, which increased 0.26% for each percentage increase of inbreeding.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Additive genetic factors have less impact on preweaning mortality than common-litter factors, which in turn have less impact than within-litter factors. Mortality attributable to infection increases significantly with increases in inbreeding. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1106-1110)
Effect of surgical technique and use of a rigid centralizing device on stem positioning and geometric reconstruction in the sagittal plane during total hip replacement in canine cadavers
Authors: Schulz Kurt S. , Stover Susan M. , Kass Philip H. , Vasseur Philip B. , Koehler Carl 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of surgical technique and use of a rigid centralizing device on stem positioning and geometric reconstruction in the sagittal plane during total hip replacement in dogs.

Sample Population
Bilateral femurs from 8 adult mixed-breed canine cadavers.

Procedure
Femurs were prepared for femoral stem implantation, using 4 variations in technique. Proximal femoral reconstruction and femoral stem positioning were evaluated on radiographs.

Results
Implants evaluated in this study accurately reconstructed displacement of the femoral head of the intact canine femur in the sagittal plane. Centralization of the distal aspect of the stem was optimized by use of an undersized femoral stem. Ostectomy at the level of the lesser trochanter resulted in the smallest diaphysis-to-implant angle. Anteversion and retroversion of implants significantly decreased the distance between the distal tip of the implant and the adjacent cortex, compared with normoversion. The centralizing device significantly increased the minimum distance between the distal tip of the implant and adjacent cortex but did not improve the odds of actually centralizing the tip of the implant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Malpositioning of implants in the sagittal plane may be minimized through ostectomy at the lesser trochanter and use of an undersized implant positioned in normoversion. Use of a polymethylmethacrylate centralizing device will help eliminate contact between the implant tip and adjacent cortex. Implantation of an undersized femoral component, avoidance of substantial anteversion or retroversion, and use of a rigid centralizing device are recommended when using the prosthesis described-for total hip replacement of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1126–1135)