bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of 4‐Aminopyridine in Patients with Long‐Term Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Grijalva Israel , Guízar‐Sahagún Gabriel , Castaneda‐Hernández Gilberto , Mino Dolores , Maldonado‐Julián Héctor , Vidal‐Cantú Guadalupe , Ibarra Antonio , Serra Omar , Salgado‐Ceballos Hermelinda , Arenas‐Hernández Rita 
Published: May 2004

Objectives. To study the efficacy and safety of 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP), and to document sensorimotor changes after discontinuation of the drug in patients with long‐term spinal cord injury.Design. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting. Clinical research unit.Patients. Twenty‐seven patients with long‐term spinal cord injury.Intervention. Patients were randomized to receive either oral 4‐AP 5 mg/day, which was increased by 5 mg/week to a maximum dosage of 30 mg/day, or placebo for 12 weeks. They switched to the opposite treatment for the next 12 weeks.Measurements and Main Results. Twenty‐five patients finished the study. The results from the first 12 weeks were used to test efficacy. Positive gains in motor function, sensation, and independence occurred more frequently in patients receiving 4‐AP (69%) than those receiving placebo (46%). Significant functional improvement was also noted in those treated with 4‐AP (χ2, p=0.042). When each evaluation scale was considered separately, significant improvement was seen only in motor function (4‐AP 92% vs placebo 46%, Fisher exact test, p=0.03). Persistent effects of the drug were assessed at week 24 in the group that initially received 4‐AP. A persistent, significant 4‐AP effect was observed in evaluations of sensation and independence (67% and 83% of patients, respectively; Wilcoxon signed rank test, p=0.032 and 0.042, respectively). Fourteen (56%) patients had 26 adverse reactions. One moderate adverse reaction—posterior tibial artery vasospasm—and 25 mild adverse reactions, such as dry mouth, dizziness, nausea, gastritis, oral and peripheral paresthesia, resolved adequately. Six (24%) patients experienced transitory alterations of enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatine kinase) and thrombocytopenia.Conclusion. Patients who received 4‐AP showed significant improvement in motor function, and a persistent effect on sensation and independent function occurred. The drug is safe; however, after starting 4‐AP therapy, patients must be carefully monitored for the possible occurrence of peripheral vasospasm.
A Novel Method of Estimating Cost of Therapy by Using Patient Population Characteristics: Analysis of Fluoroquinolones in Various Populations with Different Distributions of Renal Function
Authors: Enzweiler Kevin A. , Bosso John A. , White Roger L. 
Published: May 2004

Introduction. Formulary decisions regarding a given drug class are often made in the absence of patient outcome and/or sophisticated pharmacoeconomic data. Analyses that consider factors beyond simple acquisition costs may be useful in such situations. For example, the cost implications of using manufacturers' recommendations for dosing in patients with renal dysfunction may be important, depending on the distribution of various levels of renal function within a patient population.Methods. Using four 1000‐patient populations representing different renal function distributions and a fifth population of our medical center's distribution, we determined the costs of therapy for intravenous and oral levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin for a 10‐day course of therapy for community‐acquired pneumonia. Costs considered were average wholesale prices (AWPs), 50% of AWP, or same daily price, plus intravenous dose preparation and administration costs when applicable. Costs for each renal function distribution were examined for significant differences with an analysis‐of‐variance test. Also, costs of failing to adjust dosing regimens for decreased renal function were determined.Results. Differences in fluoroquinolone costs (AWP, 50% AWP, or when matched as the same daily price) among the populations were found. When considering same daily prices, differences among populations ranged from about $35,000 with intravenous gatifloxacin to more than $51,000 for intravenous levofloxacin (all fluoroquinolones, p>0.05). Within a population, differences in costs among the intravenous fluoroquinolones ranged from $47,000–99,000. Rank orders of the drugs and population costs of therapy were affected by the pricing structure used and varied by the specific population and drug. Differences among the fluoroquinolones or populations were much smaller (< $2100) when considering oral regimens. Costs potentially incurred by failing to adjust dosing for renal function were substantial.Conclusion. Formulary decisions can be facilitated by considering factors such as patient characteristics and related dosing in addition to simple acquisition costs. In our example, consideration of the distribution of renal function within a given patient population and related dosing for these fluoroquinolones revealed potentially important differences within the class.
Use of two spatially explicit models to determine the effect of injury geometry on natural resource recovery
Authors: Fonseca Mark S. , Whitfield Paula E. , Judson Kenworthy W. , Colby David R. , Julius Brian E. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Disturbance to sessile communities has been evaluated in a wide variety of terrestrial and marine settings, but, to our knowledge, recovery has not explicitly considered the effects of injury shape, except in an exploratory fashion. Therefore, we have developed a simple, but spatially explicit relationship between the geometry of a disturbance and the recovery rate in the context of natural resource damage assessment.
Here, grounding of motor vessels in shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii), manatee grass (Syringodium filiforme), and turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) habitats results in a variety of injury shapes whose recovery must be evaluated to assign penalties and restoration costs to the party responsible.
We developed two spatially explicit, cellular automata modelling techniques to evaluate injury recovery trajectory. Techniques in both SAS® and ArcINFO® were developed and applied to injuries of varying perimeter but fixed area.
The SAS method utilized either a simple Boolean or probabalistic interrogation of the status of adjacent pixels using the matrix language component of the software. ArcINFO utilized a cost/distance module to evaluate proximity of unfilled to filled (colonized) pixels and then applied a decision rule that governed conversion from unfilled to a filled state. As expected, the greater the perimeter/area ratio, the faster the recovery; and modelling approaches yielded almost identical results.
A case study involving ∼1200 m2 of almost monotypic T. testudinum revealed that both models predicted that 100% recovery of above‐ground components of the injury would not occur for approximately 60 years. This model is now being used routinely in the assessment of vessel groundings in seagrass beds within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and has been used successfully by the Government to prevail in US Federal Court challenges. Both methods have substantial, untapped capabilities to explore the effect of numerous ecological effects on the processes influencing recovery from disturbance.
Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase II study of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and ifosfamide with peripheral blood stem cell support in patients with skeletal osteosarcoma and variant bone tumors with a poor prognosis
Authors: Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Papadopolous Nicholas , Raymond A. Kevin , Donato Michele , Seong Chu‐Myong , Yasko Alan W. , Lewis Valerae O. , Lin Patrick P. , Champlin Richard , Benjamin Robert S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin with peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support in adult patients with osteosarcomas and variants with a poor prognosis.METHODSBetween December 1994 and January 2001, 37 patients (20 males and 17 females) with a median age of 38 years (range, 18–63 years) entered the study. Ten patients had pelvic osteosarcomas (OS), 6 had malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 5 had metastatic OS, and 16 had miscellaneous histologies. The authors used doxorubicin (60–75 mg/m2) and ifosfamide (10 g/m2) followed by granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) (5 μg/kg twice per day) for mobilization of PBSC, collected at a median of 12 days (range, 10–14 days). Three cycles with cisplatin (120 mg/m2), ifosfamide (10 g/m2), and doxorubicin (75 mg/m2), given 28 days apart, were planned followed by PBSC (2–4 × 106 CD34‐positive cells/kg) infusion plus G‐CSF.RESULTSPatients received a median of three cycles (range, one to three cycles) in addition to the mobilizing cycle. The median PBSC collection was 17.5 × 106/kg (range, 13.2–90.8 × 106/kg) with a median of 1 apheresis (range, 1–2 aphereses). Twenty‐eight patients underwent surgery, 10 achieved 95–100% necrosis, and 4 achieved 90–94% necrosis. Six patients required early discontinuation of therapy due to toxicities, two patients developed progressive disease, and one patient was deemed unresectable. The median time to progression (TTP) and overall survival by Kaplan–Meier estimates for all 37 patients was 19 months and 49 months, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe authors accomplished the objective of improving the rate of necrosis with intensification of preoperative therapy. However, TTP and survival rates remained poor. The toxicity profile of this regimen is prohibitive and alternative strategies need to be investigated. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Quantitation of microsporidia in cultured cells by flow cytometry
Authors: Franzen Caspar , Müller Andreas , Hartmann Pia , Salzberger Bernd 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundMicrosporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that emerged as major opportunistic pathogens in humans since the onset of the AIDS pandemic. In the present study, we investigated whether FCM is a useful method for the quantitation of intracellular microsporidian spores in cultured cells.MethodsMicrosporidia (Encephalitozoon cuniculi) were grown in cell cultures and various cell‐lines were coincubated with microsporidian spores at different multiplicities of infection, as well as for different periods of time. After permeabilization of the cells, intracellular spores were stained with a polyclonal anti‐E. cuniculi serum and a FITC‐labeled secondary antibody. Stained cells were analyzed on a flow cytometer and results were compared with those of fluorescence microscopy.ResultsNoninfected cells showed a lower fluorescence, while the relative fluorescence observed for infected cells was significantly higher. The cell population with the more intense fluorescence, representing cells with internalized microsporidian spores, increased with the multiplicity of infection as well as over time. Results of FCM and fluorescence microscopy were in excellent agreement for all experiments.ConclusionsWe have developed a flow cytometric assay to detect and quantify cells with intracellular microsporidian spores. This method is easy to use, highly reproducible, and should be useful for future research. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome among the middle‐aged Bengalee Hindu men of Calcutta, India
Authors: Ghosh Arnab 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is known to be very high in the people of Indian origin. In India, rates are rising and CHD has been predicted to rank first among the causes of death in the Indian population by 2015. The reasons for the increased susceptibility of Indians to CHD are yet to be understood completely. However, studies hinted that clustering of risk variables of the metabolic syndrome (MS) could be responsible for the increasing incidence of CHD in the Indians. Therefore, identification of the components of the MS could be one aspect in the way to curb the increasing incidence of CHD among the Asian Indians.MethodsPrincipal component factor analysis (PCFA) was undertaken to identify the components or factors of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among the middle‐aged Bengalee Hindu men of Calcutta, India, and was compared with the findings from other studies. The present cross‐sectional study consisted of 212 Bengalee Hindu men aged 30 years and above. Besides anthropometric measures, lipid profile, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were collected from each participant. Waist–hip ratio (WHR), trunk–extremity ratio (TER), and central fat skinfold ratio (CFSR) were computed accordingly. The lipid profile measures that were included were total cholesterol (TC), fasting triglyceride (FTG), high (HDL‐C), low (LDL‐C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C).ResultsPrincipal components factor analysis revealed four uncorrelated factors that cumulatively explained 72.37% of the observed variance of the metabolic syndrome by measured variables. These four factors could be identified as central obesity (factor 1), centralized subcutaneous fat (factor 2), lipid profile blood glucose (factor 3), and blood pressure (factor 4). The present factor analysis confirms the general finding from other factor analyses of the metabolic syndrome on different ethnic groups that have identified three to four factors. Furthermore, the first two factors, that is, central obesity and centralized subcutaneous fat cumulatively explained 47% of the observed variance of metabolic syndrome in this population.ConclusionSince more than one factor was identified for the metabolic syndrome and as no observed variable loaded on all four factors, therefore, more than one physiological mechanism could be accounted for the clustering of risk variables of the metabolic syndrome among the Bengalee Hindu men. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Three 3‐D Lanthanide Coordination Polymers that Form 1‐D Channels
Authors: Zheng Xiang‐Jun , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song , Liao Fu‐Hui , Yan Chun‐Hua , Jin Lin‐Pei 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe report the hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of isostructural lanthanide coordination polymers [Ln2(NDC)3(phen)2]·H2NDC [Ln = Tb (1), Ho (2) and Yb (3)] that feature 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate (NDC) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) ligands. The NDC ligands bridge the lanthanide ions in two different modes to form a 3‐D porous framework that accommodates large, neutral 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid molecules as guests in the channels, stabilized through O−H···O hydrogen bonds to the NDC ligand. The effective dimension of the channel is ca. 6.0 × 8.2 Å. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that complex 2 remains stable up to 330 °C, which we confirmed also by powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. The framework collapsed upon the loss of the coordinating phen molecules. The Tb complex shows strong evidence of ferromagnetic coupling interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Fe2+ by the Tris(biguanide)manganese(IV) Ion in Aqueous Acid Media
Authors: Dhar Basab Bijayi , Mukherjee Ritam , Mukhopadhyay Subrata , Banerjee Rupendranath 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTris(biguanide)manganese(IV), [Mn(LH2)3]4+ (LH2 = biguanide, C2N5H7), quantitatively oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ and is itself reduced to Mn2+ with almost quantitative (> 95%) release of biguanide. The reaction rate strongly depends on added Fe3+; in the presence of externally added Fe3+, the reaction shows a clear first‐order dependence in [MnIV], whereas in the absence of any added Fe3+, an initial quick loss of MnIV is associated with a subsequent very sluggish decay. Two consecutive one‐electron transfer inner‐sphere steps are proposed for the entire redox process where [Mn(LH2)3]3+, the initial one‐electron‐reduced product of MnIV, is believed to be a steady‐state intermediate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
EPR Insensitivity of the Metal‐Nitrosyl Spin‐Bearing Moiety in Complexes [LnRuII‐NO·]k
Authors: Frantz Stéphanie , Sarkar Biprajit , Sieger Monika , Kaim Wolfgang , Roncaroli Federico , Olabe José A. , Záliš Stanislav 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA survey of 18 paramagnetic species [LnRu(NO)]k, including seven new examples studied by in situ electrolysis, reveals a surprisingly narrow range of EPR parameters despite a wide variety of ligands such as pyridine, polypyridines, imines, amines, nitriles, phosphanes, carbonyl, cyclopentadienides, halides, hydride, hydroxide, thiocyanate or cyanide: g1 = 2.015 ± 0.02, g2 = 1.990 ± 0.015, g3 = 1.892 ± 0.03, gav = 1.968 ± 0.02, Δg = g1 − g3 = 0.122 ± 0.037, A2(14N) = 3.3 ± 0.5 mT. This rather small variability, smaller still if the organometallic compounds are excluded, differs from the wider range of EPR data reported for nitrosyliron species with S = 1/2; apparently, the {RuNO}7 configuration involves a rather invariant and relatively covalent metal−NO interaction. DFT calculations were employed for [(NC)5Ru(NO)]3− to reproduce the EPR data, to evaluate the spin distribution (58% spin density on NO), and to reveal structural changes on reduction such as the Ru−N−O bending and Ru−NO bond lengthening. In addition, the possibility of staggered and eclipsed conformations is discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
3‐D Water‐Soluble Reversible Neodymium(III) and Lanthanum(III) Coordination Polymers
Authors: Vermonden Tina , de Vos Wiebe M. , Marcelis Antonius T. M. , Sudhölter Ernst J. R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe formation of soluble supramolecular 3‐D coordination polymers with Nd3+ and La3+ in aqueous solution has been studied for two bifunctional ligands consisting of two pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate groups connected at the 4‐position by O(CH2CH2O)4 and O(CH2CH2O)6 spacers (C4 and C6, respectively). Viscosity measurements were used to monitor the network formation as a function of the ligand concentration, and the ratio between metal ions and ligands. For corresponding conditions C4 solutions with Nd3+ always gave much higher viscosities than C6 solutions with Nd3+. C6 is long, and flexible enough to bind with both chelating groups to only one metal ion (ring formation). This causes the polymers to stop growing, resulting in smaller average sizes of the 3‐D polymers. The ring‐structures could be demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy using C6 and La3+ at low concentrations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 5/2004
Authors: Byun Jang‐Woong , Kim Jong‐Uk , Chung Woo‐Jae , Lee Yoon‐Sik 
Published: May 2004

Cover: The picture on the cover presents surface‐grafted polystyrene (PS) beads with comb‐like poly(methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. The resulting PS‐sg‐PEG beads consist of a PS core and a flexible PEG shell layer and show good swelling properties in various solvents ranging from toluene to water. The grafted hydrophilic PEG chains on the surface of the PS beads overcome the limitations posed by hydrophobic PS beads, such as non‐specific protein adsorption.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by J.‐W. Byun, J.‐U. Kim, W.‐J. Chung, Y.‐S. Lee* on page 512.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Methacrylic Phosphonated Surface Active Monomer
Authors: Senhaji O. , Robin J. J. , Achchoubi M. , Boutevin B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: The synthesis of novel methacrylic phosphonated surface‐active monomer by an original method is described. The crucial stage is the telomerization of undec‐10‐enyl acetate with dialkyl (alkyl = methyl or ethyl) hydrogenphosphonate. The phosphonated acetate obtained is selectively hydrolysed to give dialkyl(11‐hydroxyundecyl)phosphonate as a precursor. The alcohol function allows setting of methacrylic side, which is highly reactive in radical polymerization. Particularly, by mono‐dealkylation of dimethyl phosphonate in a selective and quantitative way, the potassium iodide permits to get, at one stage, the expected salt of sodium methyl phosphonate. The new surface‐active sodium methyl(11‐methacryloyloxyundecyl)phosphonate is characterized by 1H and 31P NMR. Its critical micelle concentration evaluated by conductometry is 2.4 × 10−2 mol · l−1.Synthesis of dialkyl(11‐methacryloyloxyundecyl)phosphonate (DAHP) without protection of alcohol function.imageSynthesis of dialkyl(11‐methacryloyloxyundecyl)phosphonate (DAHP) without protection of alcohol function.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 7/2004
Authors: Ubaghs Luc , Novi Christina , Keul Helmut , Höcker Hartwig 
Published: May 2004

Cover: Due to thermodynamical reasons, ethylene carbonate (EC) and 1,2‐propylene carbonate (PC) are monomers which cannot be homopolymerized to polycarbonates with uniform microstructure. However, copolymerization of EC and PC with tetramethylene urea (TeU) leads to polyurethanes with randomly distributed TeU‐EC/TeU‐PC units. It was found that the reactivity of PC is significantly lower than that of EC. The properties of the polyurethanes are determined by the ratio of EC to PC which was deduced from 1H NMR analysis. This isocyanate‐free route to polyurethanes is of ecological importance.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by L. Ubaghs, C. Novi, H. Keul,* and H. Höcker on page 888.
Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers by Iron(II) and Cobalt(II) Pyridyl Bis(imine) Complexes in the Presence of Methylaluminoxane
Authors: Kim Il , Ha Yun S. , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: The polymerizations of ethyl vinyl ether, n‐butyl vinyl ether and isobutyl vinyl ether were investigated with a series of pyridine bis(imine) complexes of iron(II) and cobalt(II) in the presence of methylaluminoxane. The cobalt catalysts showed much higher activity and produced higher molecular weight polymers than their iron analogues. Both catalyst systems produced predominantly atactic polymers. There were no specific trends in the activity and the polymer molecular weight, according to the steric bulk around the metal center.The iron(II) and cobalt(II) catalysts used here.imageThe iron(II) and cobalt(II) catalysts used here.
Prevalence of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in the elderly: A reappraisal
Authors: Blanchet Pierre J. , Abdillahi Ossob , Beauvais Chantale , Rompré Pierre H. , Lavigne Gilles J 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe prevalence and status of spontaneous oral dyskinesia (SOD), clinically defined as the presence of oral stereotypies of no apparent cause, remain controversial in the elderly. The reported high prevalence of SOD in institutionalized demented cases, the apparent similarity between SOD and tardive dyskinesia (TD), and the role of aging in both conditions, are used as arguments to minimise the prevalence of TD and causal role of antipsychotics. We observed 1,018 (69.3% women) noninstitutionalized, frail elderly subjects attending day care centers to document the prevalence and phenomenology of SOD. A total of 38 subjects, including 29 women, were suspected of having SOD, for a prevalence rate of 3.7% (95% confidence interval, 2.6–4.9%), 4.1% for women and 2.9% for men. A survey covering medical and dental issues was filled out by 508 volunteers. Subjects with suspected SOD reported more frequent ill‐fitting dental devices (P = 0.002; odds ratio [OR] = 3.5), oral pain (P = 0.01; OR = 3.0), and a lower rate of perception of good oral health (P = 0.04; OR = 0.4) compared to nondyskinetics. Individuals with suspected SOD typically presented with mild stereotyped masticatory or labial movements compared to the more complex phenomenology of probable TD cases. Thus, SOD is comparatively infrequent in the elderly. The relation between its distinct orodental health profile and stereotyped manifestations warrants further attention. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society