bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actions of a histaminergic/peptidergic projection neuron on rhythmic motor patterns in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis
Authors: Christie Andrew E. , Stein Wolfgang , Quinlan John E. , Beenhakker Mark P. , Marder Eve , Nusbaum Michael P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHistamine is a neurotransmitter with actions throughout the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Nevertheless, the actions of only a few identified histamine‐containing neurons have been characterized. Here, we present the actions of a histaminergic projection neuron on the rhythmically active pyloric and gastric mill circuits within the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab Cancer borealis. An antiserum generated against histamine labeled profiles throughout the C. borealis stomatogastric nervous system. Labeling occurred in several somata and neuropil within the paired commissural ganglia as well as in neuropil within the STG and at the junction of the superior oesophageal and stomatogastric nerves. The source of all histamine‐like immunolabeling in the STG neuropil was one pair of neuronal somata, the previously identified inferior ventricular (IV) neurons, located in the supraoesophageal ganglion. These neurons also exhibited FLRFamide‐like immunoreactivity. Activation of the IV neurons in the crab inhibited some pyloric and gastric mill neurons and, with inputs from the commissural ganglia eliminated, terminated both rhythms. Focal application of histamine had comparable effects. The actions of both applied histamine and IV neuron stimulation were blocked, reversibly, by the histamine type‐2 receptor antagonist cimetidine. With the commissural ganglia connected to the STG, IV neuron stimulation elicited a longer‐latency activation of commissural projection neurons which in turn modified the pyloric rhythm and activated the gastric mill rhythm. These results support the hypothesis that the histaminergic/peptidergic IV neurons are projection neurons with direct and indirect actions on the STG circuits of the crab C. borealis. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:153–169, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic projection from the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra to the periaqueductal gray region and the dorsal raphe nucleus
Authors: Kirouac Gilbert J. , Li Sa , Mabrouk Gehan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) project to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAGvl) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Research has also shown that stimulation of neurons in the VTA/SN elicits cardiovascular depressor responses that are mediated by a projection to the PAGvl/DR. Anatomic and physiological experiments were done in the present study to determine the neurochemical identity of the VTA/SN projection to the PAGvl/DR. Experiments were done to characterize the origin and chemical nature of this projection by combining cholera toxin B tracing with immunofluorescence for the 67K isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine hydroxylase. The PAGvl/DR region was found to receive a substantial input from neurons in the VTA, SN, and deep mesencephalic nucleus. The DR was preferentially innervated by neurons in the VTA, whereas the PAGvl was preferentially innervated by neurons in the SN. A proportion of neurons in the VTA and the reticular portion of the SN found to project to the PAGvl/DR were GAD positive. In addition, experiments were done in urethane‐anesthetized rats to determine whether injections of a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist in the region of the PAGvl/DR attenuated the cardiovascular depressor responses produced by glutamate stimulation of the VTA/SN. Injections of the GABA‐blocking agent picrotoxin (2.5 nmol, 500 nl) into the PAGvl/DR eliminated the cardiovascular responses from stimulation of the VTA/SN (0.01 M, 50 nl). The results of the present investigation provide evidence for a GABAergic projection from the VTA/SN to the PAGvl/DR. This projection may be an important regulator of the PAGvl/DR, an area of the midbrain involved in the production of behavioral and physiological responses to pain and stress. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:170–184, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and connections of nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis in chicks (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Wang Yuan , Major Daniel E. , Karten Harvey J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) and pars parvocellularis (Ipc) influence the receptive field structure of neurons in the optic tectum (TeO). To understand better the anatomical substrate of isthmotectal interactions, neuronal morphology and connections of Imc were examined in chicks (Gallus gallus). Cholera toxin B injection into TeO demonstrated a coarse topographical projection from TeO upon Imc. Retrogradely labeled neurons were scattered throughout Imc and in low density within the zone of anterogradely labeled terminals, suggesting a heterotopic projection from Imc upon TeO. This organization differed from the precise homotopic reciprocal connections of Ipc and the nucleus isthmi pars semilunaris (SLu) with TeO. By using slice preparations, extracellular biotinylated dextran amine injections demonstrated a dense projection from most neurons in Imc upon both Ipc and SLu. Intracellular filling of Imc neurons with biocytin revealed two cell types. The most common, Imc‐Is, formed a widely ramifying axonal field in both Ipc and SLu, without obvious topography. A less frequently observed cell type, Imc‐Te, formed a widely ramifying terminal field in layers 10–12 of TeO. No neurons were found to project upon both Ipc/SLu and TeO. Both types possessed local axon collaterals and flat dendritic fields oriented parallel to the long axis of Imc. Imc neurons contain glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is consistent with Imc participating in center‐surround or other wide‐field inhibitory isthmotectal interactions. The laminar and columnar pattern of isthmotectal terminals also suggests a means of interacting with multiple tectofugal pathways, including the stratified subpopulations of tectorotundal neurons participating in motion detection. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:275–297, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Up‐regulation of phosphorylated CREB but not c‐Jun in bladder afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia after cystitis
Authors: Qiao Li‐Ya , Vizzard Margaret A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe examined the changes of two transcription factors, CREB and c‐Jun, in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after acute (8 or 48 hours) or chronic (10 days) cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced cystitis. Results showed an increase in the number of p‐CREB‐immunoreactive (‐IR) cells in the L1 and L2 DRG (5–7‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) as well as L6 and S1 DRG (2–4‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) after acute and chronic cystitis. The number of p‐CREB‐IR cells in the L4–L5 DRG was not altered with cystitis. The number of c‐Jun‐IR cells increased in the L1–L2 DRG (L1: 10‐fold; L2: 8‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) only with chronic cystitis, although it increased in the L6–S1 DRG with CYP‐induced cystitis of acute (2–3‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) and chronic (6–10‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) duration. After CYP treatment, the percentage of bladder afferent cells expressing p‐CREB immunoreactivity (3–7‐fold; P ≤ 0.05) increased in L1, L2, L6, and S1 DRG. The increase occurred 8 hours post‐CYP injection and was maintained with chronic cystitis. There were few c‐Jun‐IR cells in the bladder afferent population. These results demonstrate that CYP induces p‐CREB and c‐Jun expression in DRG in a time‐dependent manner. However, c‐Jun expression is not associated with bladder afferent neurons. Resiniferatoxin reduced CYP‐induced up‐regulation of p‐CREB in DRG, suggesting that cystitis can reveal an altered CREB phosphorylation that may be mediated by capsaicin‐sensitive bladder afferents. Colocalization of p‐CREB and Trk receptor(s) showed that a subpopulation of p‐CREB‐IR cells expressed p‐Trk with cystitis. These results suggest that up‐regulation of p‐CREB may be mediated by a neurotrophin/Trk signaling pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:262–274, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An immunohistochemical and pathway tracing study of the striatopallidal organization of area X in the male zebra finch
Authors: Reiner Anton , Laverghetta Antonio V. , Meade Christopher A. , Cuthbertson Sherry L. , Bottjer Sarah W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractArea X is a nucleus within songbird basal ganglia that is part of the anterior forebrain song learning circuit. It receives cortical song‐related input and projects to the dorsolateral medial nucleus of thalamus (DLM). We carried out single‐ and double‐labeled immunohistochemical and pathway tracing studies in male zebra finch to characterize the cellular organization and circuitry of area X. We found that 5.4% of area X neuronal perikarya are relatively large, possess aspiny dendrites, and are rich in the pallidal neuron/striatal interneuron marker Lys8‐Asn9‐neurotensin8–13 (LANT6). Many of these perikarya were found to project to the DLM, and their traits suggest that they are pallidal. Area X also contained several neuron types characteristic of the striatum, including interneurons co‐containing LANT6 and the striatal interneuron marker parvalbumin (2% of area X neurons), interneurons containing parvalbumin but not LANT6 (4.8%), cholinergic interneurons (1.4%), and neurons containing the striatal spiny projection neuron marker dopamine‐ and adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate‐regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP‐32) (30%). Area X was rich in substance P (SP)‐containing terminals, and many ended on area X neurons projecting to the DLM with the woolly fiber morphology characteristic of striatopallidal terminals. Although SP+ perikarya were not detected in area X, prior studies suggest it is likely that SP‐synthesizing neurons are present and the source of the SP+ input to area X neurons projecting to the DLM. Area X was poor in enkephalinergic fibers and perikarya. The present data support the premise that area X contains both striatal and pallidal neurons, with the striatal neurons likely to include SP+ neurons that project to the pallidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:239–261, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell proliferation in the lamprey central nervous system
Authors: Vidal Pizarro Ivonne , Swain Gary P. , Selzer Michael E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAfter spinal cord transection, axons regenerate both in larval and adult lampreys. It is not known to what degree cells proliferate, even in the uninjured animal. Therefore, we have determined the prevalence of mitosis in the lamprey central nervous system (CNS). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected and incorporated for 4 hours into 2‐ to 5‐year‐old larvae, animals undergoing metamorphosis, and young adults. Labeled cells were counted in the rhombencephalon (where most supraspinal projecting neurons are located) and spinal cord. A mitotic index (MI) was calculated as the percentage of nuclei that were labeled. There was a seasonal variation in mitotic activity, with higher MIs occurring in summer. Within the summer, there was an additional transient spike in mitosis, especially in the rhombencephalon. There was no correlation between age and MI within the range of developmental stages examined. Baseline MIs in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord were approximately 0.15% and 0.20%, respectively. In most animals, the highest mitotic rates in both the rhombencephalon and spinal cord were seen in the ependyma, but many labeled cells were found in nonependymal regions as well. During the summer spike, almost all of the additional mitosis in the rhombencephalon was in the ependyma, but this finding was not true in the spinal cord. Many BrdU‐labeled cells in the spinal cord and rhombencephalon were also stained by monoclonal antibodies specific for lamprey glial keratin but were never labeled by anti‐neurofilament antibodies. These results suggest that (1) neurogenesis is uncommon in the lamprey CNS; (2) during most of the year, baseline gliogenesis occurs mainly in the ependyma with substantial contribution by nonependymal areas. During the summer, a spike of mitotic activity occurs in the ependyma of the rhombencephalon and throughout the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:298–310, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aberrant transcription of unrearranged T‐cell receptor β gene in mouse brain
Authors: Nishiyori Atsushi , Hanno Yoko , Saito Michiko , Yoshihara Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe nervous system and the immune system share several functional molecules involved in various cell–cell interaction events. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to identify immune molecules that are expressed by a restricted population of neurons in the mouse brain and found that mRNA for the β subunit of T‐cell receptor (TCRβ) was predominantly and strongly localized to neurons in deep layers of the cerebral neocortex and weakly expressed in the thalamus. Developmentally, TCRβ mRNA expression started at embryonic day 15 in the thalamic nuclei and at postnatal day 1 in the cerebral neocortex. The level of TCRβ mRNA in the neocortex subsequently increased until postnatal day 21, and it remained high in the adult. Detailed analysis revealed that only the Cβ2 segment of TCRβ, not the Cβ1 or Vβ segments, was expressed by the brain neurons. By the 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, we determined a brain‐specific transcription start site in the Jβ2 region locus, not in the Vβ region locus. Furthermore, we confirmed that the aberrant transcription around the Jβ2 region took place only in neurons and lymphocytes in transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that the transcriptional machinery for unrearranged TCRβ expression is shared by the nervous and immune systems and raise a possibility of gene rearrangement in neurons under certain circumstances. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:214–226, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bridging evidence‐based practice and practice‐based evidence: developing a rigorous and relevant knowledge for the psychological therapies
Authors: Barkham Michael , Mellor‐Clark John 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFour key areas of research work are identified: efficacy, effectiveness, practice, and service system. These research areas are placed within the paradigms of evidence‐based practice and practice‐based evidence. This article provides an introduction to these two paradigms and these four research areas together with examples of current work. From this basis, we argue for a knowledge base for the psychological therapies in which each area has a place within an overall research model and in which the interdependence of each area on the others is acknowledged. A cyclical model exemplifying the complementary relationship between evidence‐based practice and practice‐based evidence is presented as a means for furthering the delivery of a rigorous but relevant knowledge base for the psychological therapies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical practice guidelines in clinical psychology and psychotherapy
Authors: Parry Glenys , Cape John , Pilling Steve 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEvidence‐based clinical practice guidelines have proliferated over the past two decades. Few are limited to psychological therapies or are targeted at clinical psychologists and psychotherapists – the UK guideline Treatment Choice in Psychotherapy and Counselling is a major exception. However, psychological therapies will increasingly be considered alongside medical treatments in diagnosis‐specific guidelines. There has been interest and debate about the place of guidelines in the psychological therapies, with views ranging from scepticism to enthusiasm. This paper defines clinical practice guidelines, describes major guideline programmes internationally, examines guidelines of specific interest to psychologists and psychotherapists, explores issues in their implementation, reviews evidence for their effectiveness in changing practice and improving therapy outcomes and draws out implications for practice. Guidelines are only one aspect of informing psychologists and psychotherapists about best practice. They need to be supplemented by other clinical support methods and with methods of monitoring what is actually done in practice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal analysis when the experimenter does not determine when treatment ends: what is dose–response?
Authors: Feaster Daniel J. , Newman Frederick L. , Rice Christopher 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe most appropriate amount of psychotherapy to address a particular problem is of interest to clinicians, consumers and those responsible for funding of care. The dose–response relationship has been examined within the context of randomized clinical trials, meta‐analysis as well as naturalistic studies; however, each of these approaches has limits. Many of these approaches have conceptually blurred two distinct concepts: do participants with different characteristics need different amounts of therapy and do otherwise equal participants show different outcomes when given different levels of (a particular type of) therapy? For any study design, if the experimenter does not determine the duration of therapy, then the length of therapy is said to be endogenous. This endogeneity can bias any attempt to untangle the answer to these two questions. An extension of the biasing effect of this endogeneity involves the choice of times to assess outcome; if outcome assessment depends on when therapy is terminated (rather than exogenously chosen) then estimates of the trajectory of outcome may be biased. Design considerations to minimize this effect are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Waiting for supershrink: an empirical analysis of therapist effects
Authors: Okiishi John , Lambert Michael J. , Nielsen Stevan L. , Ogles Benjamin M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractImproving the effects of psychotherapy has been accomplished through a variety of methods. One infrequently used method involves profiling patient outcomes within therapist in order to find the empirically supported psychotherapist. This study examined data collected on 1841 clients seen by 91 therapists over a 2.5‐year period in a University Counseling Center. Clients were given the Outcome Questionnaire‐45 (OQ‐45) on a weekly basis. After analysing data to see if general therapist traits (i.e. theoretical orientation, type of training) accounted for differences in clients' rate of improvement, data were then analysed again using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), to compare individual therapists to see if there were significant differences in the overall outcome and speed of client improvement. There was a significant amount of variation among therapists' clients' rates of improvement. The therapists whose clients showed the fastest rate of improvement had an average rate of change 10 times greater than the mean for the sample. The therapists whose clients showed the slowest rate of improvement actually showed an average increase in symptoms among their clients. Use of this information for improving quality of patient outcomes is discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practice‐based evidence: benchmarking NHS primary care counselling services at national and local levels
Authors: Evans Chris , Connell Janice , Barkham Michael , Marshall Chris , Mellor‐Clark John 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThere are a number of problems for evidence‐based practice (EBP) including limited generalizability of efficacy research results, the consequent lack of confidence in the relevance of such research, and the conceptual distance of most practitioners from the research process. The result is that EBP, although sound in principle, often fails to achieve its aim of improving practice. Practice‐based evidence (PBE) provides a complementary bridge for the gap between research and practice to offset some of these problems, promoting collaboration between mental health services and academic institutions. This paper presents the initial results of such a collaboration via three phases: (1) the development of a referential database for primary care counselling services, (2) ‘practitioner‐friendly’ feedback on grouped data to services, and (3) the combination of the two to build an evidence base for work with ethnic minorities—an area in which research trials are not well adapted to provide much evidence. Copyright © 2003 John Wily & Sons, Ltd.
The Ohio mental health consumer outcomes system: reflections on a major policy initiative in the US
Authors: Brower Leslie A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article describes the key elements of Ohio's development and implementation of a statewide system of consumer outcomes measurement for adults and youth, 1996–2003. A complete history would include the view from each component of this decentralized mental health system and from its major participants: consumers and families, providers, and local boards. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory‐based training in constructive conflict for trauma relief personnel: The case of Croatia and Bosnia
Authors: Desivilya Helena Syna , Gal Reuven 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article presents an intervention designed to assist trauma relief personnel in their work with victims of protracted conflict among adversary ethnic groups. The training program presented here incorporates components of conflict escalation and deescalation models and is tailored to the Balkan conflict, especially victims of the Croatian and Bosnian‐Serbian conflict.
The impact of participation in a parent education program for divorcing parents on the use of court resources: An evaluation study
Authors: Ellis Desmond , Anderson Dawn Y. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article assesses the impact of mandatory participation in family information sessions (FIS) and selected demographic and marital
experiences on the use of court resources such as motions, case conferences, and the number of days a divorce case remains active.The study, conducted
in Ontario, Canada, concludes with a number of policy‐practice recommendations.
Consensus building and “Smart Growth”
Authors: Brand Martha 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMany local governments are implementing public processes in conjunction with new “Smart Growth” land use patterns that focus on
increasing
housing choices, encouraging compact new development and redevelopment in older areas, preserving environmentally sensitive lands and open space,
creating a unique sense of community, and providing more transportation options. This article examines nine Minnesota projects that used consensus
building processes and offers general strategies for designing and implementing future processes.
What's news? Reflections of intractable environmental conflicts in the news: Some promises, many premises
Authors: Vraneski Ariella , Richter Ravit 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article presents part of a research project aimed at improving the understanding of the framing and reframing processes of intractable
environmental conflicts. It introduces a hybrid typology for analyzing the media framing and reframing patterns, discussing the frames used by the
media while covering four Israeli case studies. The article also explores some premises and promises of the media framing and reframing processes
with regard to prevention and transformation of environmental conflict.