bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-19 A Saccharomyces Cerevisiae-Derived Postbiotic Stimulates in Vitro Volatile Fatty Acid Production and Influences Hindgut Microbial Population Characteristics
Authors: Binnebose Andrea M , Sardi Maria , Kozlowicz Briana , Norton Sharon A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Horses rely on volatile fatty acids (VFA) to provide a source of energy and fermentative end-products for their health and performance. Improvement in VFA production, has been associated in various species with improved feed conversion and availability of nutrients necessary to maintain epithelial cell growth, blood flow, and the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the intestine and positive changes in the microbial ecology of the gut. In this study, we characterized the effect of a dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation postbiotic (SCFP; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) using an in vitro equine intestinal model to estimate the effects on VFA production and microbiome changes in the horse hindgut. Treatments contained inoculated medium containing a predigested blend of alfalfa and timothy hay substrate and a dilution of fresh equine excreta. The test article (SCFP) was evaluated at 150 mg (TEC) and 225 mg (TECP), in addition to a negative control containing inoculated medium alone, and the positive control containing inulin. The full array of treatments and replicates were incubated anaerobically at 37.2 C for 24 h. VFA concentrations were analyzed by gas chromatography and the microbiome was characterized through shotgun sequencing. Both levels of SCFP supported greater (P &lt; 0.05) acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total VFA production versus the negative control. Greater production of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total VFA was observed for TECP compared with the positive control (P &lt; 0.05). Between the two SCFP treatments, TECP promoted more acetate, propionate and total VFA (P &lt; 0.01), and 18.3% more butyrate than TEC. Significant microbiome changes were also observed, with TEC and TECP promoting greater microbiome diversity (P &lt; 0.05) compared with both negative and positive controls. Compared with the negative control, both levels of SCFP influenced an increased abundance (P &lt; 0.05) of lactic acid producers (Veillonella), butyrate producers (Butyricicoccus, Anaerobutyricum), and an increased abundance of multiple Bacteroides species, all known for their enrichment of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Interestingly, our data show a distinct effect of inulin in microbial communities by promoting an increased abundance of Streptococcus species. This study provides evidence that a SCFP can stimulate VFA production, and this effect is incremental with the level of administration which could potentially provide gut health benefits in horses.
PSI-15 Impact of Dietary Zinc Source on Post-Weaning Performance and Livability
Authors: Schweer Wesley P , Cornelison Alyssa S , Bradley Casey L , Walk Roger , Nosbisch Shelby , Rodrigues Lucas Alves 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a key trace element involved in protein synthesis and immune development, which makes it a pivotal nutrient for the newly weaned pig. The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary Zn source on pig performance and livability in a commercial nursery setting. A total of 1,296 weaned pigs [5.67 ± 0.15 kg initial body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of Zn Sulfate (ZSF), Zn amino acid complex (AVL), or glycinate-bound Zn (GMT), all supplying 120 ppm of Zn to the diets and fed in a three-phase (Ph) feeding system [Ph1: d 0-14; Ph2: d 14-28; Ph3: d 28-42]. Pigs had ad libitum access to pelleted feed and water throughout the study. Performance and feed intake were measured on d 14, 28, and 42 of the study. All pigs removed from test were recorded and weighed. During the first week of the study, there was an outbreak of Escherichia coli, and pigs were all administered water-soluble Zn via water lines and potato starch in pans. Pigs fed GMT had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/d) during Phase 1 (0.082, SEM = 0.005), 2 (0.628, SEM = 0.002), and overall (0.526, SEM = 0.005) compared with AVL [Phase 1 (0.097, SEM = 0.005), 2 (0.651, SEM = 0.002), and overall (0.552, SEM = 0.005)], and ZSF [Phase 1 (0.107, SEM = 0.005), 2 (0.640, SEM = 0.002), and overall (0.547, SEM = 0.005)]. Moreover, pigs fed GMT had greater (P &lt; 0.05, SEM = 0.710) overall mortality (4.60%) compared with AVL (1.89%) and ZSF (2.53%). Our results indicate that there are differences in feed intake and mortality when post-weaning pigs are fed different sources of Zn, and further work is needed in other health status flows.
PSII-20 The Effect of Hemolysis on Vitamin A, E, and Trace Mineral Analysis in Plasma
Authors: Greiner Laura L , Elefson Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the level of interference that occurs to vitamin A, E, and trace mineral analyses when plasma is subjected to hemolysis. Blood (14 mL; K3EDTA blood tubes; BD Vacutainer, Franklin Lankes, NJ) was collected from six gilts (approximately 85 kg) via jugular venipuncture. Collected whole blood (20 mL) was aliquoted equally into three test tubes. One test tube was processed with no manipulation, the second was aspirated with a 26-gauge one-half inch needle 5 times, and the third was subjected to sonification for 5 seconds (Model: GE 130PB; Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL; outage = 02). Plasma was separated from red blood cells via centrifugation (2,000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C) and stored at -80°C until time of analysis. All plasma from the samples were analyzed for vitamin A (retinol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) and trace minerals at the Iowa State University Veterinarian Diagnostic Laboratory (Ames, IA). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) with animal as the experimental unit and a fixed effect of hemolysis. Significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) were found for vitamin A, E, and trace minerals, but at varying degrees of hemolysis (Table 1). Vitamin E, calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, selenium, and zinc were not different (P &gt; 0.05) when the sample was not manipulated or aspirated with a needle but were different (P &lt; 0.05) when the sample was subjected to sonification. Vitamin A was different (P &lt; 0.05) when the blood was aspirated and subjected to sonification compared with no manipulation. Iron and molybdenum were different (P &lt; 0.05) across all three degrees of hemolysis. Based on these data, hemolysis can reduce vitamin A and E and calcium concentrations while increasing detectable concentrations of other minerals in plasma.
PSII-10 Ammonium Phosphate is an Appropriate Nitrogen Source in Nitrogen-Limiting Diets for Growing Pigs
Authors: Buchinski Miranda , Camire Carley M , Babatunde Olufemi O , Shoveller Anna K , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The use of low protein (LP) diets is common in swine production, but there is potential for reduced dietary N for the endogenous synthesis of non-essential amino acids (NEAA), impacting overall animal growth. It has been previously demonstrated that inclusion of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in a diet with an increased essential amino acid-nitrogen:total nitrogen (EAA-N:TN) ratio (i.e. limiting in total N) reduced the Lys requirement and maximum NR in growing pigs. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of NPN inclusion and Lys content on growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 240 growing pigs (120 gilts and 120 barrows) with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.2 ± 2.18 kg were housed in groups of 5 pigs/pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments over 3 blocks (n = 8 pens/treatment) in a 2 × 3 factorial design, with factors of NPN inclusion (no ammonium phosphate [NAP] or ammonium phosphate inclusion at 1.7% [AP]) and dietary lysine (Lys; 1.03%, 1.15% or 1.27% standardized ileal digestible). The AP and NAP diets were formulated to have an EAA-N:TN ratio of 0.48 and 0.54, respectively. All diets were corn and soybean meal-based and formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements. The experimental period was 28 d, with individual BW and per pen feed intake determined weekly. On d 28, backfat and lean depth were measured on 2 pigs per pen, one male and one female. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of N content, Lys, and their interactions, and block as a random effect. Backfat and lean depth analysis included sex as a fixed effect. Inclusion of NPN reduced feed intake and increased gain:feed compared with pigs fed NAP diets (P &lt; 0.05). Overall ADG and d 28 BW increased with increasing Lys, but were not impacted by dietary NPN content (P &gt; 0.05). Pigs fed AP diets had increased lean depth (P &lt; 0.05) and reduced backfat. Overall, NPN, as ammonium phosphate, can improve feed efficiency and increase lean depth while maintaining similar ADG and final BW.
PSII-8 Effects of Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal and Benzoic Acid on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Carcass Fat Iodine Value of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Bromm Jenna J , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Berg Kiah M , De Jong Jon A , Pohlen Courtney , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 2,162 pigs (PIC 1050 × DNA 600; initially 31.4 ± 0.47 kg) were used in a 109-d finishing trial to evaluate the effects of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat iodine value. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 27 to 28 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of soybean meal source and benzoic acid. Diets contained either conventional soybean meal (SBM) or extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM; Lester Feed and Grain, Lester, IA) with or without 0.25% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products; Parsippany, NJ). The EESBM was analyzed to be 43.2% CP and 7.73% fat (acid hydrolysis). Experimental diets were not balanced for energy, but rather formulated to the same SID Lys:ME ratio and fed based on a feed budget from d 0 to 109 in 6 phases. Overall (d 0 to 109), there were no interactions between soybean meal source and benzoic acid (P &gt; 0.10; Table 1). There was a main effect of soybean meal source where pigs fed EESBM had reduced (P = 0.010) ADFI compared with pigs fed conventional SBM without influencing ADG, resulting in increased (P &lt; 0.001) G:F. Also, pigs fed diets with benzoic acid had reduced (P = 0.022) ADFI compared with pigs fed diets without benzoic acid without changes in ADG, resulting in pigs fed benzoic acid having increased (P = 0.006) G:F. When evaluating caloric efficiency, pigs fed diets containing benzoic acid had improved (P &lt; 0.001) metabolizable energy (ME) caloric efficiency compared with pigs fed diets without benzoic acid, with soybean meal source not having any impact. For carcass belly fat IV, pigs fed EESBM had increased (P &lt; 0.001) carcass belly fat iodine value compared with pigs fed conventional SBM. In summary, replacing conventional SBM with EESBM and the addition of benzoic acid improved feed efficiency. Also, as expected, pigs fed EESBM had a greater carcass belly fat iodine value compared with pigs fed conventional SBM, most likely due to the greater dietary unsaturated fatty acid contribution from EESBM.
PSII-9 Effects of Increasing Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Growth Performance, Mortality Rate, and Medication Usage in Prrs-Virus Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Bromm Jenna J , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Flohr Josh , Schmitt Raymond , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 91,140 weaned pigs (DNA 600 × PIC 1050; initially 5.1 ± 0.05 kg) originating from PRRSV-positive sow farms, were used across 8 nursery sites to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, total removal and mortality rate, and medication usage of nursery pigs. Each of the 8 sites contained 5 barns with 2 rooms, and each room contained 40 pens with 27 to 28 pigs per pen. Rooms of pigs were blocked by nursery site and allocated within sow source to 1of 2 dietary treatments. Room was the experimental unit with 40 rooms per treatment with approximately 1,100 pigs per room. The first treatment was a standard nursery diet specific to the production system. The second treatment was the same standard nursery diet with the addition of 3% O3 Trial Feed. At placement, all pigs received 0.45 kg/pig of a common pre-starter. Pigs were then fed experimental diets across 3 phases with all diets fed in pelleted form. Oral fluids verified that 61 of the 80 rooms tested positive for PRRSV one-week post-placement in the nursery and 78 of the 80 rooms tested positive for PRRSV three weeks post-placement. Overall, there were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.10) observed in growth performance between pigs fed diets containing 0 or 3% O3 Trial Feed (Table 1). Pigs fed control diets had reduced (P &lt; 0.001) total removals and mortality percentage compared with pigs fed diets containing 3% O3 Trial Feed. When evaluating medication usage, there were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.10) observed in the total number of injections given per 1,000 pig days. However, pigs fed diets containing 3% O3 Trial Feed had a reduced (P &lt; 0.001) number of total injections per pig placed. In summary, the increase in omega-3 fatty acids in the diet, through the inclusion of 3% O3 Trial Feed, did not impact growth performance during the duration of this trial. There was an increase in total removals and mortality in pigs fed diets containing O3 Trial Feed. However, there was a reduction in total injections given per pig placed in pigs fed diets containing O3 Trial Feed. We hypothesize that because of the high prevalence of PRRSV at entry, O3 Trial Feed may not have had sufficient time to impact the immune system before the PRRSV challenge.
PSII-13 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine, Fiber Level, and Amino Acid Ratios on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan D , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine, dietary fiber, and amino acid ratios on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 4,320 pigs (initial BW = 7.8 kg), placed in pens of 36 mixed sex pigs, were used in a 43-d trial. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial structure with two levels of SID Lys (1.15 or 1.38%), two levels of dietary fiber [control or high fiber (5% sugar beet pulp + 3.75% soy hulls)], and two amino acid ratio profiles [control (65% SID Thr:Lys, 58% SID Met+Cys:Lys, 67% SID Val:Lys, 55% SID Ile:Lys, and 18.5% SID Trp:Lys) or AA+ (5 percentage points greater than control ratios)] with 15 replicates per treatment. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 25 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 25 to 43. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 25, and 43 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS. From d 0 to 25, there was a fiber × amino acid ratio interaction (P = 0.008) for ADFI, where pigs fed the high fiber diet had similar ADFI, regardless of AA ratios, but those fed control levels of fiber had reduced ADFI when fed AA+ ratios (Table 1). Similar interactions were also observed (P &lt; 0.05) for overall (d 0 to 43) ADG, ADFI, and final BW. There were no other significant interactions (P &gt; 0.05). As for main effects, pigs fed low Lys had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Feeding high fiber diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) G:F but did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) ADG or ADFI. Pigs fed AA+ ratios had improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F but no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.05) for ADG or G:F was observed.
PSII-15 Effect of Low Protein Diets Fed to Weanling Pigs on Growth Performance, Fecal Score, and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Cristobal Minoy A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that feeding low protein diets to weanling pigs reduces diarrhea with no effects on growth performance from wean to finish or on carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, 160 pigs (BW: 6.88 ± 0.36 kg) were allotted to 5 diets with 4 pigs/pen and 8 pens/diet. Five phase 1 diets were fed from d 1 to 14 and included the positive control (PC; CP = 23%) with an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), the negative control (NC; CP = 23%) without the AGP, the NC containing 25% rolled oats (RO), and 2 diets containing 17% CP and 0 or 25% RO. Phase 2 diets were fed from d 14 to 35 and included the PC (CP =21 %) with an AGP, the NC (CP = 21%) without the AGP, the NC containing 20% RO, and 2 diets containing 19% CP and 0 or 25% RO. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that pigs fed the 17% CP diet without RO had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) diarrhea scores compared with the NC diet containing RO. Pigs fed the 17% CP diet containing RO had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared with the NC diet, but there was no difference among pigs fed the other 4 diets. In Exp. 2, 160 pigs (BW: 6.29 ± 1.00 kg) were allotted to 4 diets with 5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/diet in a wean to finish experiment with 6 phases. Phase 1 and 2 diets were fed for 14 d each, phase 3 was fed for 18 d, and phase 4, 5, and 6 diets were each fed for 35 d. In Phase 1, four diets included the PC diet (CP = 23%) with an AGP, the NC diet (CP = 23%) without the AGP, and 2 diets containing 19% CP or 17% CP and no AGP. In Phase 2, four diets included the PC diet (CP = 22%) with an AGP, the NC diet (CP = 22%) without the AGP, and 2 diets containing 20% CP or 19% CP and no AGP. All pigs were fed common conventional diets from Phase 3 to market. Data were analyzed as in Exp 1. Overall results from Exp. 2 indicated that there were no differences among treatments in the growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs from wean to finish. In conclusion, feeding low protein diets to weanling pigs reduced post-weaning diarrhea and may replace antibiotic growth promoters without affecting growth performance or carcass characteristics at the time of marketing of pigs although slight reductions in growth performance in the nursery phase may be observed.
PSII-14 The Effect of Increasing Soluble Dietary Fiber and the Addition of a Stimbiotic in Gestation on Sow Productivity in a Prrs and Non-Prrs Challenge
Authors: Wilcock Pete , Berg Kiah M , Cordero Gustavo , Russo Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This sow study evaluated the effect that sugar beet pulp (SBP), a soluble fiber source, and a stimbiotic (Signis; AB Vista) can have on sow productivity and health when fed in gestation. A stimbiotic is an additive that stimulates fiber-degrading microbiome, resulting in an increase in fiber fermentability even though the additive itself contributes limited small chain fatty acid production. A commercial gestation barn with two feeding lines was utilized to feed sows (n = 2173) two dietary treatments from d 30 to d 90; a corn, soy, soy hulls with (HSDF) or without (LSDF) SBP (50 kg/t) plus stimbiotic (100 g/t) and from d 90 to entering the farrowing pen the LSDF diet with or without a stimbiotic (100 g/day). Sows were fed 2.0 kg per day providing the following fiber intake levels/day, HDSF: TDF; 266g, SDF 55g, IDF, 211g and LDSF: TDF; 240g, SDF 40g, IDF, 200g. The following variables were measured; total born, live born, still born, mummies, pre-weaning mortality, pigs weaned per sow, prolapse rate and sow mortality/culls. A proportion of sows (n = 81) were moved to a GESTAL system for lactation and intake recorded per gestation treatment. During the study the farm became PRRS positive and any sows that farrowed while the farm was PRRS positive were identified as PRRS positive sows and included as a factor. Data were analyzed with ANOVA evaluating the effects of fiber, parity, and PRRS using the fit model platform in JMP16. Significant treatment means were separated using Student’s t-tests, with significance accepted at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed that for born alive there was an interaction between treatment and parity (P =0.02) and treatment and PRRS (P &lt; 0.05) with the HDSF diet increasing born alive in parity 1 (+1.30 pigs; P = 0.03) and parity 2 (+0.71 pigs; P = 0.08) with no effect in parity 3+. HDSF improved born alive in non PRRS pigs (+1.01 pigs; P &lt; 0.01) and had no effect in PRRS pigs. There was a tendency for HDSF program to reduce stillborn (8.8% v 7.4%; P = 0.09) but had no effect on mummies. There was a tendency to increase in pigs weaned with the HSDF treatment (9.15 v 8.86; P = 0.07) with no effect on sow mortality/culls. There was no effect of treatment on prolapses. On the sub-sample of sows recorded in lactation those sows (Parity 2+) that had been on the HSDF in gestation showed an increased ADFI (5.36 kg v 6.02 kg; P = 0.01) compared with the LSDF. It can be concluded that sow productivity can be improved by increasing the fermentative capacity of the gestation feed through the combination of adding a soluble fiber such as SBP along with a stimbiotic.
PSIII-19 Effect of Dietary Clay Mineral and Organic Selenium Supplementation on Broilers
Authors: Kim Yongju , Chang Seyeon , An Jaewoo , Go Youngbin , Song Dongcheol , Cho Hyunah , Park Sehyun , Jeon Kyungho , Cho Jinho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element that has several important biological roles in humans, including regulation of the antioxidant defense system, improving immunity, and maintaining body homeostasis. However, in countries with densely populated populations around the world, selenium intake is less than the recommended daily intake due to a lack of selenium in the soil. So, we hypothesized that the addition of organic selenium and clay minerals to broiler feed would increase selenium concentration in the meat as well as antioxidant capacity and immune response. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of clay minerals and organotaselenium on growth performance, digestibility, intestinal morphology, blood characteristics, fecal microbiome, foot-pad dermatitis and meat quality characteristics of broilers. A total of 168 1-d old broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to 3 groups based on the initial body weight (37.33 ± 0.24 g) with 7 replicate per 8 birds (mixed sex). The experiments period was 28 d. Dietary treatments were: basal diets based on corn-soybean meal (Control group), basal diet supplemented with 1000 ppm zeolite and 0.2 ppm seleno-methionine (Treatment 1), and basal diet supplemented with 1000 ppm zeolite and 0.4 ppm seleno-methionine (Treatment 2). Supplementation of zeolite and seleno-methionine did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, foot-pad dermatitis. However, increasing level of seleno-metionine showed linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in villus height/crypt depth ratio of duodenum and selenium concentration in breast meat. Also, increasing level of seleno-methionine showed linear decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in blood uric acid. Total genomic DNA was used to assess the fecal microbiota diversity and composition using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. There were differences in alpha diversity and beta diversity in fecal microbiomes among treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Taxonomic analysis at phylum level revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes of Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were significantly less than control group. In genus level, the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus of Treatment groups were greater than control group. In short, 1000 ppm zeolite and 0.4 ppm seleno-methionine supplementation to broiler diet supported positive gut microbime change, and enhanced antioxidant capacity, and concentration of selenium in muscle.