bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labour Markets and Wages Policies during Economic Transition
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Arguments in favour of wage controls in post-communist economies have changed considerably since the issue was first addressed in the late 1980s (Chapters 2 and 3). Then it was suggested that Latin American experience showed that wage controls were necessary during stabilization (Fischer, 1988). Two kinds of argument were put forward: the first centring on the danger of increases in the real wage upon stabilization (discussed in Section 2), the second on controls (both wage and price) as a mechanism for coordinating expectations (Section 3). Indeed, it was believed that if such controls were combined with the fixing of the exchange rate, balancing the budget and bringing monetary emission under control, then ‘virtually cost less stabilization is possible’.
Introduction to Part Two
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Part II deals with inflation and economic disintegration in the former Soviet Union. Chapter 7 analyses the reasons for the failure of Gaidar’s 1992 attempt at stabilization. Apart from weaknesses in the design and implementation of policy, the main cause of failure was the combination of a particularly high level of structural distortion (over-consumption of raw materials, above all energy, a particularly large military industrial complex) with the collapse of key state structures (customs borders, monopolised money creation at the central bank). Russia has shown that the populist policy of ‘transformation without stabilization’ is possible. However, this has happened at a particularly high cost in terms of income inequality, capital flight, criminality, and output depression. Moreover, the chaos which high inflation brings strengthens authoritarian, anti-democratic politicians. Chapter 8 deals with the inter enterprise debt explosion which has a key factor in forcing Gaidar to retreat from stabilization.
The Inter-Enterprise Debt Explosion in the Former Soviet Union: Causes, Consequences, Cures
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inter-enterprise debt (IED) has long been perceived to be a problem in market socialist economies, and it has resurfaced as an acute anxiety for policy makers in many post-communist economies attempting to implement so-called ‘big bang’ liberalization/stabilization programmes. However, it is in the states of the former Soviet Union (FSU) that the phenomenon has attained truly epic proportions. Between 1 January and 30 April 1992, IED in Russia grew from a few dozen billion roubles to 1800 billion roubles, the equivalent of total GNP generated in the first four months of the year. Roughly the same relationship of IED/GDP held in Latvia in June 1992. This suggests that in both countries about half of transactions were not being paid for. By the end of June the stock of IED in Russia had reached 3000 billion roubles.
Universal Banking and Economic Growth in Post--Communist Economies
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A number of authors with otherwise very different views on the transition of PCEs have postulated an important role for banks in the corporate governance of non-financial firms (e.g. Lipton and Sachs, 1991, and Corbett and Mayer, 1992). The idea is that banks in PCEs should follow the model of universal banks in Germany: owning, and controlling as proxies, large equity stakes in non-financial firms, and having significant representation on their supervisory boards (most PCEs have a two board structure of the German kind for their larger joint stock companies).
Introduction
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with Adam Smith (1776) and David Ricardo (1817), economists have always viewed free international trade as a source of wealth and welfare gains. The voluntary exchange of commodities induces favorable patterns of specialization and, therefore, leads to an improvement in the international division of labor. Since each country is driven to utilize its comparative advantage and to produce what it can produce most efficiently, the global output is increased and gains from trade accrue to all countries. This optimistic view of free trade has been challenged both from inside the body of mainstream economic theory (e.g. the optimal-tariff and infant-industry arguments) and by outsiders like dependence theorists. It has survived these critiques, albeit with some qualifications. Knowing that there are some exceptions to the rule, most economists now accept the general validity of the free-trade principle, at least as a good rule of thumb e.g. see Krugman (1987). This view is now being challenged again, this time by environmentalists. ‘ Free Trade: The Great Destroyer’ is a title of a recent article by Morris (1990) in the Ecologist.
Basic Concepts
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neoclassical economists view environmental disruption as a problem of negative externalities. A negative externality occurs whenever an agent has to bear a part of the cost of another agent’s activity without being compensated. The agent causing the externality does not take this into account. She bears only the private costs of the activity. The social costs, i.e. the total costs that are borne by society, exceed the private costs. Since a part of the social costs is external and does not enter the agent’s optimization calculus, too much of the activity is performed. Too much pollution is generated and environmental disruption exceeds its socially acceptable level. This is illustrated by Figure 1.1 where a market of a commodity is considered whose production causes environmental damage. Thus, the social costs exceed the private costs of production. Let pand qdenote the price and quantity of the commodity under consideration, and let Dbe the demand curve. The private and social supply of the good are given by the private and social marginal cost curves, PMC and SMCThe social marginal cost exceeds the private marginal cost since damages that accrue to the rest of society are not taken into account by the individual supplier.
International Trade in Hazardous Waste
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
International trade in toxic waste is a controversial issue. The extreme positions are those of the free-trade advocate and of the environmentalist. The liberal position is that the acceptance of toxic waste in exchange for goods must be mutually beneficial. Otherwise the exchange would not take place. The exporters benefit since they get rid of the problem of storing the waste; the importers gain because they are compensated in terms of better-consumption possibilities.2 Environmentalists argue that the recipients of the waste are not free to choose. Usually these countries are relatively poor and, therefore.. have a weaker position than the waste exporters. Moreover, it is often argued that the storing facilities in poor countries are unsafe compared to those existing in the exporting countries and the worldwide pollution problems may be aggravated for that reason. On top of that, there may be information asymmetries in that the exporter has better information about the composition of the toxic waste and about its least damaging treatment. Thus, trade in toxic waste tends to be inefficient-at least in the technical meaning of the term. Another green argument is that the possibility to export environmental problems reduces the incentives to solve them. If trade in hazardous waste were banned, the main ex porters would have to find ways to avoid the creation of waste, and this would be beneficial to the environment.
Imperfect Coinpetition, Foreign Trade, and the Environinent
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, models have been discussed that are based on the assumption of perfect competition in all goods and factor markets. This assumption simplifies the analysis considerably and in many cases it is also a satisfactory approximation to real markets. However, not all markets are ap proximately competitive and this limits the applicability of perfect-competition models. For example, traditional models fail to explain the large share of intra industry trade, i.e. trade in similar commodities between similar countries. Moreover, some of the policy implications derived from these models depend decisively on the assumption of price-taking behavior and zero profits. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a ‘ new’ trade theory was established and one started to use the tools of modern industrial economics to look at non-competitive market structures. In the meantime, this approach has been incorporated into the main body of modern international trade theory.
Interten1poral Trade and the Environn1ent: The Foreign-Debt Problem
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far we have been occupied with the static aspects of international trade and the environment. In Chapters 4 and 5,where the issue has been addressed in a general-equilibrium framework, it has been assumed that the value of exports equals the value of imports and that there is no trade deficit nor a trade surplus. This is not particularly realistic and it neglects the important dimension of time. In what follows, this dimension will be introduced and intertemporal aspects of foreign trade and the use of environmental resources will be addressed. In a world where international trade does not always balance, some countries are debtors and some countries are lenders.
A Comparison of Supplementary Feeding and Medical Care of Preschool Children in Guatemala, 1959-1964
Authors: Scrimshaw Nevin S , Guzman Miguel A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s there was only limited recognition of the fact that malnutrition is often precipitated by episodes of infection and that malnourished children were more susceptible to infection, a synergistic interaction. The Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) was established in 1949 and immediately began studying factors responsible for the high prevalence of protein-calorie malnutrition including kwashiorkor. It was observed that almost every case of kwashiorkor was precipitated by antecedent infections (Behar and Scrimshaw 1960), and that the more malnourished children had infections of greater frequency and severity.
Japan-China Relations in the l960s
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The years 1960 and 1962 marked a breakthrough in postwar Japan-China trade. While the mechanisms for bilateral trade in the 1950s did not give rise to an institutionalized channel, the trade system in the 1960s embraced two separate channels with different functions and participants: Friendship Trade (from 1960) and LT Trade (from 1962, which was renamed Memorandum Trade in 1968). In retrospect, Japan-China trade relations survived the turbulent decade of the 1960s because of the existence of these two distinct channels. In a way, trade relations more than survived; Japan’s trade with China surpassed that with Taiwan from 1964 to 1967 (Table 3.1).
Friendship Trade
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter explored the China policy of the Japanese government which constituted one layer of the pluralistic structure in Japan’s relations with China. This chapter and the following one focus on specific trade arrangements of the 1960s, namely, Friendship Trade and LT/MTT rade, and their relationship. These two forms of trade had quite different characteristics, and constituted the second tier of structural pluralism in Japan’s trade relations with China in the 1960s. Also, this chapter will illuminate the third tier of the pluralistic structure, i.e., the structural characteristics of Friendship Trade, and thus explicate how and why Friendship Trade could survive the turbulant era swayed by the conflict between the Japan Communist Party GCP) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
LT/MT Trade
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
LT Trade between Japan and China started as a result of a trade memorandum signed by Liao Chengzhi and Takasaki Tatsunosuke on 9 November 1962. It was named LT Trade after the initials of the two signatories. As Chinese domestic politics made a radical turn during the Cultural Revolution, it was reorganized and renamed Memorandum Trade in 1968 (when referring to both of these trade forms as a set, they will be abbreviated to LT/MT Trade).
Conclusion
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The conventional wisdom is that international politics dictated the course of postwar Japan-China relations. This study, however, has stressed the fact that Japan-China trade during the three postwar decades was more stable and constant than the argument presupposing the primacy of security factors suggests. The study has demonstrated that three distinct foreign policy orientations held by the Japanese and the rise of Japanese non-governmental actors as the architects of Japan-China trade gave rise to structural pluralism in Japan’s trade relations with China, and that this structure produced a significant extent of stability and continuity in the postwar Japan-China relationship. In concluding this study, we will review the pattern of structural pluralism in Japan’s trade relations with China, and discuss its implications in the overall context of Japanese diplomacy in the postwar years.
Others Have Sex With Others: Captain Cook and the Penetration of the Pacific
Authors: Gagnon John H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is only recently in the history of an expanding Euro-American global cultural hegemony that there has been careful reflection on what the natives of other cultures, large and small, advanced and simple, must have thought when first confronted by (usually) white-faced bearers of advanced armaments, religious and commercial fervour, and genocidal impulses based on racist or evolutionary principles. Even those traditional cultures that are currently being recorded by anthropologists are ending with silence as they are erased by nation-building, entry level positions in the global economy and the worldwide media (Wilford, 1994).
Mobility, Marriage, and Prostitution: Sexual Risk among Thai in the Netherlands
Authors: Brummelhuis Han Ten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the Second World War, it was a commonly held assumption that Thai never migrate to other countries. Thai were not thought to be able to survive without rice and Buddhism. Developments since the Second World War have belied such assumptions. Now, some observers tend to presuppose a special Thai talent for mobility and survival abroad. With regard to the past, however, the statement ‘Thai do not migrate’ must also be qualified. Actually, processes of (im)migration and mobility were crucial to the formation and maintenance of the old Thai social fabric and polity.
Summary of Conclusions: Measuring the Social Benefits, Convergence, and Policy Dialogue
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rich nations are continuing to get richer, and the poorest nations are getting poorer. This concluding chapter reflects on this lack of absolute convergence worldwide, and also Within Africa. It then appraises what has been achieved by way of systematic measurement of the net outcomes of education and their cost effectiveness. Finally, it considers the use of policy dialogue simulations as a possible strategy for achieving cost-effective economic development. Hopefully, the latter may contribute to better understanding of the full scope of the central role of education as an investment in tht diffusion of knowledge for knowledge based growth and development.
The Central Bank and Money in the GDR
Authors: Thieme H Jörg 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Providing a description of the origins and development of the monetary system in the GDR is at once interesting and difficult. Interesting, because following German reunification it ought to be possible to analyse the monetary side of administrative socialism, to review the interplay between socialist ideology and the pragmatic approach to monetary relations under a system of central economic planning over a period of more than 40 years. Interesting also because Western research into the GDR was long dominated by the view—a view shared by the theorists of socialism and the official policy of the GDR—that ‘money doesn’t matter in socialism’. On the other hand, it is difficult, given the limited space available, to explain in detail the vast range of monetary reforms, administrative reformses and reorganizations, and their economic consequences. This is not helped by the lack of empirical material available for the monetary sector, which was deemed secret in the GDR; a reading of internal Staatsbank documents, which is possible today, actually reveals less than one might hope, because the theoretical stance and political objectives in the GDR clearly affected the structure, quantity, and quality of the data.
The Role of the Bundesbank in Intra-German Payments
Authors: Plassmann Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Intra-German payments’ means payments between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which operated both legally and technically on a very different basis from payments with other countries. The legal basis for intra-German payments was formed by the Allied foreign exchange control laws, which remained in force until the GDR acceded to the Federal Republic in 1990.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Gavin W , Douglas R M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the twentieth century, the world’s population will have climbed from 1.6 billion to an expected 6.3 billion. This extraordinary expansion of population, one of the key distinguishing features of this century, has resulted from a widening gap between falling death rates and less sharply falling birth rates. Successively shorter intervals have been required for the addition of each billion people: thirty years for the third billion, fourteen years for the fourth billion, thirteen years for the fifth and an expected eleven years for the sixth billion. This contracting time has resulted from the larger base on which each successive billion was added, as well as from increasing rates of population growth until the peak of 2.1 per cent per annum in the 1965-70 period, after which the rate has been gradually declining.
In The First Health Transition . Australia, 1880–1910
Authors: Smith F B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Through the decades of the first white Australian health transition, roughly 1880-1910, colonial and state statistical officers commonly set their mortality returns beside figures from England and Wales, as markers of progress or retrogression. The communities the statisticians tabulated were offshoots of the United Kingdom, mostly only two generations old, living in warmer, drier climates on different soils; together they embodied an isolated, radically smaller, farming, mining, transport, manufacturing, and service economy functioning across prodigious distances from six or so nodes at port suburbia, all wired to London.
The Demise of Universal Marriage 1n East and South-East Asia
Authors: Jones Gavin W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than a decade ago, Smith (1980) noted that, although a great increase in age at marriage had occurred in many Asian countries, levels of permanent non-marriage in Asia were quite low, with virtually no evidence of any increase over time. Rates of female non-marriage at ages 45–49 were only 1 or 2 per cent with only three exceptions: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and the Philippines. A more recent study by the United Nations stressed that ‘Asia remains a region where conformity to universal marriage norms has been maintained and prevalence of marriage for both sexes has remained very high in most countries’ (United Nations 1990: 184).
An Analysis of Parity-Dependent Fertility Falls in Tropical Africa
Authors: Brass William , Juarez, Fatima , Scott Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tracing of fertility trends by traditional measures in the early stages of a demographic transition is speculative and uncertain even if the data are of good quality. Alterations in exposure to risk through fluctuations in the intensity and patterns of mating are hard to allow for with sufficient accuracy. When the data are subject to significant reporting errors (even when quite modest), as in most Third World countries, the difficulties are exaggerated greatly. It is no surprise then that there is a history of controversy about the nature and indeed existence of fertility falls in many countries. Mexico and Brazil in the 1970s, Pakistan in the 1980s, and Nigeria and Senegal currently are notable examples.
Replacement-Level Fertility: The Implausible Endpoint of the Demographic Transition
Authors: Demeny Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During much of the period following the Second World War, attention to issues related to fertility change—scientific, programmatic, and popular—has been centred on the transition from high to low fertility. The reasons for this are well known and need no elaboration here. The concept of ‘low fertility’, however, is elusive, and a facile assumption that the notion is correctly understood by all who use it can lead to a neglect of an important aspect of contemporary and prospective demographic change.
Health Treatment Behaviour in Sri Lanka
Authors: Pieris Indrani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of health transition was originated as an attempt to fill the apparent gap left by the demographic transition and the epidemiological transition in explaining the processes and causes of mortality decline. Both these approaches consider mortality as the ultimate measure of health status of a population, but both fail to consider what happens to those who recover from their illnesses. Health transition extends its scope to include morbidity and disability as well as mortality as key health outcomes; it also covers social and behavioural health problems in populations and demands upon and responses of health policy and the health care system (Bell and Chen 1994). Health transition research, particularly the research on health behaviour, has contributed to our understanding of how some societies which spend a minimum of resources on health succeed in achieving a good health status. It has also helped us understand such problem areas as the availability of health services and the people’s perception and use of such services. This in turn can help health planners and policy-makers to target their efforts on the areas that are in need of special attention.
The Governance of Fertility Transition: Reflections on the Asian Experience
Authors: Mcnicoll Geoffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The major advances in fertility theory and theorizing in recent decades have come from investigation and modelling at the family level. Beckerian household economics offers a formal analytical structure within which to derive hypotheses about individual and family demographic response to changing economic circumstances. Caldwellian quasi-anthropology depicts demography at the grass roots—more precisely, in the thatch hut and village market—using a research methodology that supplements the dry and formulaic categories of fertility surveys with thickly detailed responses and scope for triangulation from neighbour, kin, and local official. Fertility studies have become firmly grounded in the family, whether apprehended through abstract micro-economic analysis or through efforts to lay out and create order from the messy realities of everyday life.