bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Postpartum Depression: A Review of the Research
Authors: Ugarriza Doris N. , Robinson Mary K. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) The postpartum period is a time when many women are vulnerable for the development of a variety of emotional syndromes. One of the problems with treating the emotional problems is the difficulty in differentiating them. For example, there are at least three distinct postpartum depression disorders: postpartum blues, postpartum psychosis, and postpartum depression. Each of these syndromes is discussed. A review of the instruments used to test for risk factors for the development of postpartum affective disorders indicates that conceptual muddiness still exists in differentiating the three disorders. The notion of whether postpartum depression is a reactive depression to stress or a distinct syndrome is examined. A suggestion is made to more closely examine the role of culture in the development of affective disorders in the puerperium.
Large-scale Synthesis of Crystalline Tellurium Nanowires with Controlled-Diameters via a Hydrothermal-reduction Process
Authors: Xu Liqiang , Ding Yanwei , Xi Guangcheng , Zhang Wanqun , Peng Yiya , Yu Weichao , Qian Yitai 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Single crystalline Te nanowires with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to ≈30 nm and lengths ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers were produced with a yield of ≈95% via a hydrothermal-reduction process using Na2TeO3 and glucose as reactants and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) as surfactant at 180 °C.
CAP Forum on Enron: Professional Insecurity and the Erosion of Accountancy's Jurisdictional Boundaries*
Authors: GENDRON YVES , SUDDABY ROY 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTThis study examines attitudes about professionalism in accounting shortly before the debacles of Enron and Andersen. Interviews with experienced Canadian chartered accountants (CAs) conducted mostly in late 2000 and early 2001 indicate significant doubts about the notion of auditor independence and a relatively high degree of uncertainty about the future of the profession. Accountants also expressed significant difficulties in describing the basic features of what it means to be a professional accountant. On the basis of these observations, we introduce and detail the construct of “professional insecurity". Relying on Giddens's theoretical developments on the role of trust and systems of expertise in today's society, we reflect on the significance and implications of the professional insecurity of CAs, particularly its impact on accountancy's ability to hold on to its jurisdictional boundaries. Our thesis is that the difficulties that accountants experienced in their day‐today lives in sustaining a coherent sense of self‐identity were particularly stressful to them given people's fundamental need for coherence, and this significantly affected the capacity of their profession to hold jurisdiction.
Graphical Chain Models and Mental Disorders: An Application to Pathological Gambling
Authors: Clelia Di Serio , Biffi Sara 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that graphical chain models are a suitable statistical tool for investigating the complex structure of a psychiatric disease. The article is motivated by a crucial question arising in psychometric studies on pathological gambling: how are depression and anxiety associated and how do they determine the personality of a pathological gambler? Starting from an initial recursive structure that reduces the complexity of the data, graphical chain models investigate both direct associations and indirect dependencies among the psychometric scales measuring the personality traits. A “behavioral chain” acting in pathological gambling is suggested by the final chain resulted from the Cox and Wermuth variables selection strategy (Cox and Wermuth, 1996). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Better prediction of prognosis for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma using primary tumor volume
Authors: Chen Mu‐Kuan , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi , Liu Jen‐Pei , Chang Cheng‐Chuan , Chie Wei‐Chu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDHeterogeneity of primary tumor volume within tumors of the same classification indicates a need to elucidate the effects of primary tumor volume on treatment outcomes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).METHODSFrom 1994 through 1996, 129 patients with newly diagnosed NPC who were treated with high‐dose radiotherapy were enrolled in the study. Computed tomography‐derived primary tumor volume was measured using the summation‐of‐area technique. Correlations between American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) disease stage, primary tumor volume, and disease‐specific survival were assessed using a Cox regression model. Cross‐validation based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve also was examined.RESULTSCompared with the AJCC staging system and the TNM classification system, primary tumor volume was better at determining cumulative survival for patients with NPC. Hazard ratios increased with tumor volume, ranging from 6.68 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.89–23.67) for tumor volumes between 20–40 mL, 18.03 (95% CI, 4.80–67.75) for tumor volumes between 40–60 mL, and 26.06 (95% CI, 7.70–88.20) for tumor volumes > 60 mL. With both tumor volume and T classification in the same Cox regression model, only tumor volume remained statistically significant in the prognosis of NPC. The validation results with ROC curves also revealed that, in predicting patient outcome, primary tumor volume (area under the ROC = 83.33%) was superior to disease stage (area under the ROC = 66.53%) and TNM classification (area under the ROC = 58.61%).CONCLUSIONSThe incorporation of primary tumor volume may lead to a further refinement of the current AJCC staging system, particularly for patients with large primary tumor volumes (> 60 mL), who require more aggressive treatment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Identification of crystal symmetry in Kramers and non‐Kramers ions by optical absorption: Divalent copper and nickel ions in diamagnetic lattices
Authors: Velavan K. , Ravikumar R. V. S. S. N. , Venkatesan R. , Sambasiva Rao P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe optical absorption spectra of Ni(II) doped hexaimidazole zinc(II) dichloride tetrahydrate (HZDT) and Cu(II) doped magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MPPH) have been studied at room temperature. Ni(II)/HZDT spectrum consists of three strong and one weak band. The calculated value of Dq is 1051 cm‐1and the interelectron repulsion parameters B and C are 854 and 3626 cm‐1respectively. The correlation of optical work with EPR has yielded the spin‐orbit interaction parameters λ and ξ as –225 and –450 cm‐1respectively. The symmetry around the Ni(II) ion is distorted octahedral, as suggested by EPR results. The estimated percentage covalency of the nickel‐nitrogen bond is around 30%. The optical absorption studies of Cu(II)/MPPH show three bands, which are identified as2B1g→2A1g,2B1g→2B2gand2B1g→2Egtransitions. The octahedral field parameter Dq and the tetragonal field parameters have been evaluated from the observed adsorption bands. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The making of twenty‐first‐century HR: An analysis of the convergence of HRM, HRD, and OD
Authors: Ruona Wendy E. A. , Gibson Sharon K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwenty‐first‐century HR is emerging to uniquely combine activities and processes of human resource management (HRM), human resource development (HRD), and organization development (OD)—three fields that “grew up” distinct from each other. Contributing strategically to organizations demands that HRM, HRD, and OD coordinate, partner, and think innovatively about how they relate and how what they do impacts people and organizations. An analysis of the evolutions of these fields helps to explain why the distinctions between them continue to blur and how the similarities among them provide the necessary synergy for HR to be a truly valued organizational partner.©2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential use of e ‐democracy in MCDA processes. Analysis on the basis of a Swiss case
Authors: Bollinger Dominique , Pictet Jacques 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we compare the ‘vision’ of e‐democracy presented by the European Scientific Foundation programme Towards e‐democracy (TED) with our practice of MCDA. On the basis of a recent real‐world case, we try to analyse the potential for electronic tools.In our opinion, the first steps towards e‐democracy are to be made in the direction of the external legitimization (exchange of information with actors not involved directly in the decision process). The relationship with the external actors could be dramatically improved if an Extranet site was used to gather and publish relevant information about the project.It remains to be seen if the introduction of e‐democracy at the heart of the decision process—done at face‐to‐face meetings for the time being—is possible and useful. There are many issues to address, dealing for instance with the balance of legitimacy and power and the changing role of the actors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stakeholder compensation model based on decision analysis
Authors: Rosqvist Tony 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA prescriptive decision model of stakeholder compensation is presented. The supra decision‐maker (regulator) may derive the optimal compensation for redefining decision options in a decision context with unevenly distributed, uncertain, consequences in a way that reflects fairness among stakeholders with different representational weight and risk‐attitude. The derived compensation is used by the supra decision‐maker as a bargaining factor for committing stakeholders in a decision‐making process. Expert judgement is utilized for specifying the probability distributions related to the uncertain consequences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening extracts of Achyranthes japonica and Rumex crispus for activity against various plant pathogenic fungi and control of powdery mildew
Authors: Kim Jin‐Cheol , Choi Gyung Ja , Lee Seon‐Woo , Kim Jin‐Seog , Chung Kyu Young , Cho Kwang Yun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMethanol extracts of fresh materials of 183 plants were screened for in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea, Corticium sasaki, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita and Erysiphe graminis f sp hordei. Among them, 33 plant extracts showed disease‐control efficacy of more than 90% against at least one of six plant diseases. The methanol extracts of Achyranthes japonica (whole plant) and Rumex crispus (roots) at concentrations greater than 11 g fresh weight of plant tissue per litre of aqueous Tween 20 solution effectively controlled the development of barley powdery mildew caused by E graminis f sp hordei in an in vivo assay using plant seedlings. At a concentration of 300 g fresh weight of plant tissue per litre of Tween 20 solution, the two extracts were as efficient as the fungicide fenarimol (30 mg litre−1) and more active than the fungicide polyoxin B (100 and 33 mg litre−1) against Sphaerotheca fuliginea on cucumber plants in glasshouse trials. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Low‐Dose Stimulatory Effects of Ethanol During Adolescence in Rat Lines Selectively Bred for High Alcohol Intake
Authors: Rodd Z. A. , Bell R. L. , McKinzie D. L. , Webster A. A. , Murphy J. M. , Lumeng L. , Li T.‐K. , McBride W. J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: The low‐dose stimulatory effect of ethanol (EtOH) in rats has been hypothesized to reflect its hedonic effects and to be associated with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol preference. To test the hypothesis that phenotypes associated with high alcohol preference in adulthood are also present in adolescent rats at the time of onset of alcohol drinking, the current study examined the effects of EtOH on locomotor activity (LMA) during adolescence in lines of rats selectively bred for divergent alcohol intakes.Methods: Subjects were adolescent (31–40 days of age) rats from the alcohol‐preferring (P) and ‐nonpreferring (NP) lines and from the high–alcohol‐drinking (HAD) and low–alcohol‐drinking (LAD) replicate lines. On day 1, all subjects (n= 8–10/line/gender/dose) received intraperitoneal saline injections and were placed in the activity monitor for 30 min. On day 2, subjects received intraperitoneal saline or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 g EtOH/kg.Results: The LMA of male and female P rats was increased with low doses (0.25–0.75 g/kg) and decreased at the highest dose (1.5 g/kg) of EtOH. Similar effects were observed with low doses of EtOH on the LMA of HAD‐1 and HAD‐2 rats. None of the EtOH doses stimulated LMA in the NP, LAD‐1, or LAD‐2 rats, although all of the low–alcohol‐intake lines of rats showed decreased LMA at the highest dose of EtOH. Only the P rats among the high–alcohol‐consuming lines of rats showed decreased LMA at the highest dose of EtOH.Conclusion: Selective breeding for high alcohol consumption seems to be associated with increased sensitivity to the low‐dose stimulating effects of EtOH and reduced sensitivity to the high‐dose motor‐impairing effects of ethanol. The expression of these phenotypes emerges during adolescence by the age of onset of alcohol‐drinking behavior.
Alcohol‐Related Olfactory Cues Activate the Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area in High‐Risk Drinkers: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Kareken David A. , Claus Eric D. , Sabri Merav , Dzemidzic Mario , Kosobud Ann E. K. , Radnovich Alexander J. , Hector Dwight , Ramchandani Vijay A. , O'Connor Sean J. , Lowe Mark , Li Ting‐Kai 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is implicated in motivation and reward and may be involved in the development of alcoholism.Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response to alcohol‐related olfactory stimuli (AROS; odors of beer and whiskey) and non‐alcohol‐related olfactory stimuli (NAROS; odors of grass and leather) in 10 high‐risk (HR) drinkers (average drinks per week, 19.99; SD, 6.99; all with ≥2 first‐ or second‐degree alcoholic relatives) and 5 low‐risk (LR) social drinking controls (drinks per week, 2.82; SD, 2.87; 1 subject had 1 second‐degree alcoholic relative). Data were analyzed with SPM99 and random effects analysis by using regions of interest and corrected cluster statistics (p < 0.05) to focus on the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA).Results: In HR subjects, there was a greater BOLD signal increase in the NAc during AROS than during clean air. BOLD signal increases during AROS were also greater in the NAc than the signal increases induced by NAROS. The AROS signal was significantly greater than the NAROS signal in a small number of voxels in the VTA. Finally, the AROS/NAROS difference signal was larger in HR drinkers in both the NAc and VTA.Conclusions: Alcoholic olfactory cues may invoke the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system to a greater degree than nonalcoholic odors and could be effective tools in exploring the role of the dopamine system in susceptibility to alcoholism.
Excess Alcohol Consumption Is Common in Patients With Cytopenia: Studies in Blood and Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Latvala Jaana , Parkkila Seppo , Niemelä Onni 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: Although alcohol abuse is known to create a variety of adverse effects on hematopoiesis, the associations between ethanol consumption and hematological abnormalities have not been fully established.Methods: We studied 144 consecutive adult patients who underwent clinical and bone marrow examinations due to abnormal findings in peripheral blood cell counts or red blood cell indices without previously established diagnoses of specific hematological diseases, malignancies, or infections. Assessment included the amount of alcohol consumption, complete blood cell counts, morphological review of peripheral blood and bone marrow, markers of liver status, and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 levels.Results: There were 57 (40%) patients who showed a history of hazardous drinking and 87 patients who were either nondrinkers or social drinkers. The incidence of anemia was 51% in the alcohol abusers, as compared with 69% of the nonalcoholics (p < 0.05). A diverse pattern of hematological effects was observed in the alcohol abusers. Abnormal platelet and leukocyte levels were common, especially in the anemic alcoholics. Both increased mean cell volume of erythrocytes (macrocytosis; 67 vs. 18%; p < 0.0001) and mean cell hemoglobin (63 vs. 22%; p < 0.0001) were more frequent in the alcoholics than in the nonalcoholics. Reticulocytosis (37%), thrombocytopenia (41%), and combined cytopenias (34–38%) were also common findings in the alcoholic patients. The blood smears from such patients typically showed round macrocytes, stomatocytes, and knizocytes. Bone marrow aspirates revealed vacuolization of pronormoblasts in 24% of the alcoholic patients. Interestingly, megakaryocytes in the cell periphery were also vacuolized in 20% of the alcohol abusers, especially in those with recent intoxication.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that alcohol abuse results in diverse patterns of hematological effects and affects several cell lines. Therefore, in patients undergoing bone marrow examinations due to cytopenias, the probabilities for likely findings seem to be different between alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Information on ethanol consumption should be systematically included in the clinical assessment of such patients.
The effect of practice on low‐level auditory discrimination, phonological skills, and spelling in dyslexia
Authors: Schäffler Tina , Sonntag Juliane , Hartnegg Klaus , Fischer Burkhart 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPhonological awareness is believed to play a major role in the auditory contribution to spelling skills. The previous paper reports low‐level auditory deficits in five different subdomains in 33–70% of the dyslexics. The first study of this paper reports the results of an attempt to improve low‐level auditory skills by systematic daily practice of those tasks that had not been passed in previous diagnostic sessions. The data of 140 dyslexics indicate that the average number of unsolved tasks can be reduced from 3 of 5 to 1 of 5. The success rates have values of 70–80% for intensity and frequency discrimination and for gap detection, but reach only 36% for time‐order judgement and 6% for side‐order judgement. The second study reports that successful low‐level auditory training transfers completely to language‐related phonological skills and also to spelling with the largest profit in spelling errors due to poor auditory analysis. Control groups (waiting and placebo) did not exhibit significant improvements. It is concluded that low‐level auditory deficits should be considered and improved by practice in order to give the dyslexics more phonological help when trying to transfer what they hear to spelling. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baeckea frutescens leaf oil from Vietnam: composition and chemical variability
Authors: Tam N'Guyen Thi , Thuam Duong Thi , Bighelli Ange , Castola Vincent , Muselli Alain , Richomme Pascal , Casanova Joseph 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFour essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Baeckea frutescens harvested in three provinces of Vietnam were analysed using GC, GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy. Forty‐seven components, which represented 90–97% of the global composition, were identiﬁed. Two samples were characterized by the pre‐eminence of tasmanone, a non‐terpenic triketone, which accounted for 22.9% and 24.3%, respectively, of the chemical com‐position and which was fully characterized using two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The two remaining samples were respectively characterized by high contents of p‐cymene, α‐thujene and 1,8‐cineole for one sample and β‐pinene, 1,8‐cineole and α‐pinene for the second sample. From these results and the literature data, it appears that B. frutescens essential oil exhibits high chemical variability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A normative probabilistic design of a fair government decision strategy
Authors: Kárný Miroslav , Kracík Jan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA government (a global decision maker) is supposed to search for a fair strategy generating its decisions influencing a population of citizens (local decision makers). The strategy should respect the fact that each citizen has their personal preferences as well as observation and decision spaces. A non‐standard problem formulation and its solution are proposed.Specifically, each citizen (male, female, possibly child) is supposed to express his wishes and restrictions in the way that can be translated into an ideal distribution of data he observes and influences. He is recommended to select his decision strategy so that the real distribution of these data is close to his ideal distribution. This approach is called fully probabilistic design. The government is assumed to be able to influence a few data entries that have an impact on each citizen. The government optimal decision strategy is also formulated in the fully probabilistic sense with its ideal defined as a mixture of the ideal distributions of citizens. Portions of different types of citizens are taken as weights of components forming the mixture.The paper characterizes individual problem elements and information flow, provides an approximate feasible solution and specializes it to normal government model and normal ideal distributions of citizens. Qualitative consequences with respect to rational governing are drawn. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of novel low‐dielectric cyanate esters
Authors: Shieh Jeng‐Yueh , Yang Shih‐Peng , Wu Mei‐Feng , Wang Chun‐Shan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor the purpose of increasing the mobility of residual bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCY) during the final stage of curing and achieving a complete reaction of cyanate groups, a small quantity of monofunctional phenol was added to BADCY to form an imidocarbonate, or a small quantity of monofunctional cyanate esters was added to form cyanate ester copolymers. The proposed structures were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the cured cyanate esters were measured with dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and dielectric analysis. These data were compared with those for the cured BADCY resin. The cured modified cyanate esters exhibited a lower dielectric constant, a lower dissipation factor, and lower moisture absorption than the cured BADCY system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2589–2600, 2004