bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila populations: Rapid genetic adaptation to captivity
Authors: Frankham Richard , Loebel David A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLong‐term captive breeding programs for endangered species generally aim to preserve the option of release back into the wild. However, the success of re‐release programs will be jeopardized if there is significant genetic adaptation to the captive environment. Since it is difficult to study this problem in rare and endangered species, a convenient laboratory animal model is required. The reproductive fitness of a large population of Drosophila melanogaster maintained in captivity for 12 months was compared with that of a recently caught wild population from the same locality. The competitive index measure of reproductive fitness for the captive population was twice that of the recently caught wild population, the difference being highly significant. Natural selection over approximately eight generations in captivity has caused rapid genetic adaptation.Captive breeding strategies for endangered species should minimize adaptation to captivity in populations destined for reintroduction into the wild. A framework for predicting the impact of factors on the rate of genetic adaptation to captivity is suggested. Equalization of family sizes is predicted to approximately halve the rate of genetic adaptation. Introduction of genes from the wild, increasing the generation interval, using captive environments close to those in the wild and achieving low mortality rates are all expected to slow genetic adaptation to captivity. Many of these procedures are already recommended for other reasons. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategic collection planning: Theory and practice
Authors: Hutchins Michael , Willis Kevin , Wiese Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStrategic collection planning is a relatively new concept for zoos. Until recently, personal preference, availability, and competition determined which species or subspecies were acquired. In the last few years, however, there have been attempts to employ systematic criteria for taxon selection that better serve conservation objectives. Planning currently occurs at three levels: global, regional, and institutional. The current planning process is reviewed and recommendations are made for ways the process might be improved. An efficient, economical, and effective collection planning process is critical if modern, professionally managed zoological institutions are to make a significant impact on wildlife and ecosystem conservation. Rather than selecting taxa solely on the possibility of a future reintroduction, serious consideration should be given to the ability of a species or subspecies to contribute to more immediate conservation goals, including public education, fund raising to support field conservation, and scientific research. Because resources are limited, perhaps zoos should focus their long‐term breeding programs primarily on flagship species—that is, those that have the potential to excite public attention and help to protect habitat and other taxa—rather than on a broad array of species that are currently endangered. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal localization during embryonic and fetal human development of the transcription factor SIM2 in brain regions altered in Down syndrome
Authors: Rachidi Mohammed , Lopes Carmela , Charron Giselle , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Paly Evelyne , Bloch Bernard , Delabar Jean‐Maurice 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman SIM2 is the ortholog of Drosophila single‐minded (sim), a master regulator of neurogenesis and transcriptional factor controlling midline cell fate determination. We previously localized SIM2 in a chromosome 21 critical region for Down syndrome (DS). Here, we studied SIM2 gene using a new approach to provide insights in understanding of its potential role in human development. For the first time, we showed SIM2 spatial and temporal expression pattern during human central nervous system (CNS) development, from embryonic to fetal stages. Additional investigations were performed using a new optic microscopy technology to compare signal intensity and cell density [M. Rachidi, C. Lopes, S. Gassanova, P.M. Sinet, M. Vekemans, T. Attie, A.L. Delezoide, J.M. Delabar, Regional and cellular specificity of the expression of TPRD, the tetratricopeptide Down syndrome gene, during human embryonic development, Mech. Dev. 93 (2000) 189–193]. In embryonic stages, SIM2 was identified predominantly in restricted regions of CNS, in ventral part of D1/D2 diencephalic neuroepithelium, along the neural tube and in a few cell subsets of dorsal root ganglia. In fetal stages, SIM2 showed differential expression in pyramidal and granular cell layers of hippocampal formation, in cortical cells and in cerebellar external granular and Purkinje cell layers. SIM2 expression in embryonic and fetal brain could suggest a potential role in human CNS development, in agreement with Drosophila and mouse Sim mutant phenotypes and with the conservation of the Sim function in CNS development from Drosophila to Human. SIM2 expression in human fetal brain regions, which correspond to key structures for cognitive processes, correlates well with the behavioral phenotypes of Drosophila Sim mutants and transgenic mice overexpressing Sim2. In addition, SIM2‐expressing brain regions correspond to the altered structures in DS patients. All together, these findings suggest a potential role of SIM2 in CNS development and indicate that SIM2 overexpression could participate to the pathogenesis of mental retardation in Down syndrome patients.
Comparison of quality of life outcomes in laryngeal cancer patients following chemoradiation vs. total laryngectomy
Authors: Lotempio Maria M. , Wang Kevin H. , Sadeghi Ahmed , Delacure Mark D. , Juillard Guy F. , Wang Marilene B. 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate quality of life issues in patients with laryngeal cancer after treatment with either chemoradiation or total laryngectomy and radiation therapy.METHODSForty‐nine patients with a history of stage II‐IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated primarily with either chemoradiation or by total laryngectomy with postoperative radiation completed the University of Washington Quality of Life instrument, version 4. Patients were identified on a volunteer basis in an academic university head and neck clinic setting. Each patient completed the above instrument, and statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon and X 2, tests.RESULTSInstruments were completed by all 49 patients: 15 patients who underwent primary chemoradiation and 34 patients who underwent a total laryngectomy followed by radiation. Domains reported in both treatment groups without significant differences were appearance, activity, recreation, moods, taste, saliva, anxiety, and general questions. However, there were significant differences between the 2 groups in the domains of pain, swallowing, chewing, speech, and shoulder function. The laryngectomy patients reported greater impairment of speech (P = 0.001), and shoulder function (P = 0.018), whereas the chemoradiation patients suffered from greater pain, difficulty swallowing (P = 0.061), and problems chewing (P = 0.027).CONCLUSIONSMost patients with laryngeal cancer, whether treated primarily with chemoradiation or total laryngectomy, reported excellent functional outcomes and health‐related quality of life. Pain, swallowing, chewing, saliva, and shoulder function were recorded as significant factors affecting their daily quality of life.
Ion channel proteins in mouse and human vestibular tissue
Authors: Hotchkiss Karin , Harvey Margaret , Pacheco Mary , Sokolowski Bernd 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEElectrical activity in hair cells and neurons of the inner ear is necessary for the transduction and modulation of stimuli that impinge on the cochlea and vestibular endorgans of the inner ear. The underlying basis of this activity is pore‐forming proteins in the membrane of excitable cells that allow the influx and efflux of various ions, including Na+, Ca2+, and K+, among others. These channels are critical to both electrical activity as well as the development of excitable cells because they may initiate long‐term signals that are important in the maintenance and survival of these cells. We investigated the expression of several Shaker potassium ion channel proteins and an accessory β subunit in the vestibular endorgans of mouse and human.METHODSVestibular tissue consisting of cristae ampullares was harvested from adult and neonatal mice as well as from human subjects undergoing vestibular surgery. Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to identify the presence or absence, in mouse, of α subunits Kv1.2, Kv1.4, and Kv1.5 and of β subunit Kvβ1.1 in mouse. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to identify interactions between α and β subunits. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize Kv1.2 in mouse and human tissues.RESULTSThe presence of Kvα1.2 and Kvβ1.1 was confirmed in adult mouse crista ampullaris by Western blotting. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that Kv1.2 and Kvβ1.1 interact in these tissues. Immunostaining localized Kv1.2 to regions within and extraneous to the sensory epithelium of mouse and human cristae ampullares. In comparison, Kv1.4 and Kv1.5 were not found in the crista ampullaris.CONCLUSIONSWe describe the presence, location, and interaction of various potassium ion channel α subunits and a β subunit. These data are initial descriptions of potassium ion channels in the mammalian vestibular system and begin to provide an understanding of the protein subunits that form ion channels of the mammalian inner ear. In addition, our data show that there are interactions that occur that may regulate the biophysical properties of these channels, thereby contributing to the diversity of channel function. This knowledge is critical to understanding the genes that encode these channels and finding cures for pathologies of hearing and balance.SIGNIFICANCEWe detail initial characteristics of potassium ion channel proteins including α subunits Kv1.2, Kv1.4, and Kv1.5 and β subunit Kvβ1.1 in mammalian vestibular tissue. This knowledge is critical to understanding the processing of vestibular stimuli and the regulation of endolymphatic function. Mutations of ion channels can cause neurological pathologies including auditory and vestibular disorders in humans.
Laser myringotomy for otitis media with effusion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Authors: Hwang Chung‐Feng , Chien Chih‐Yen , Lin Hsin‐Ching , Peng Jyh‐Ping , Chang Hsueh‐Wen , Su Chih‐Ying 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effectiveness of laser myringotomy in otitis media with effusion (OME) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGLaser myringotomy was performed with a CO2 laser otoscope in 53 NPC patients (68 ears) and 32 non‐NPC patients (37 ears). All patients had a history of OME.RESULTSIn the NPC group, 40% of ears developed persistent perforation, 37% had recurrent OME, and 23% were free of disease. In the non‐NPC group, only 3% of ears developed persistent perforation, and 43% were free of disease. Significant differences in perforation and disease‐free state were evident between the 2 groups. Tumor stage was found to be a significant determining factor for clinical outcome in NPC group.CONCLUSIONLaser myringotomy for NPC group carries a significantly higher risk of persistent perforation and lower rate of cure. This procedure may be considered for early staging NPC patients with serious OME symptoms.
Etiologic diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss in adults
Authors: Angeli Simon I. , Yan Denise , Telischi Fred , Balkany Thomas J. , Ouyang Xiao M. , Du Li L. , Eshraghi Adrian , Goodwin Leslie , Liu Xue Z. 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVETo determine the etiology of adult‐onset sensorineural hearing loss.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGThis is a prospective cohort study of 60 adult subjects with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss of no obvious etiology by medical history and physical examination. These patients were evaluated at an academic medical center and underwent evaluation by high‐resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone, autoimmune panel, and DNA testing for mutations of both the GJB2 gene and the mitochondrial DNA (1555A>G and 7445A>G).RESULTSAn etiologic diagnosis was achieved in 6 patients: cochlear otosclerosis, 1 case; dilated vestibular aqueduct, 1 case; a mitochondrial DNA 7445A>G mutation, 3 cases; and a mitochondrial DNA 1555A>G mutation, 1 case.CONCLUSIONThis result underscores the importance of a search for the etiology of a hearing deficit in adult patients. There are specific interventions now available for the management of hearing‐impaired patients with cochlear otosclerosis and mitochondrial DNA mutations.
Preoperative radiation therapy and its effects on outcomes in microsurgical head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Lin Samuel , Dutra Jose , Keni JAY , Dumanian Gregory A. , Fine Neil , Pelzer Harold 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVEPreoperative radiation therapy is considered a significant factor in head and neck reconstruction.STUDY AND DESIGN AND SETTINGIn our consecutive series of 114 patients, 44 patients had prior head and neck irradiation. The 2 groups were compared on the basis of age, ischemic time, and flap size and were found not to be statistically different. The average ischemic time for the irradiated group was 94.1 minutes, and the average was 102.8 minutes for the nonirradiated group. The average flap size for the irradiated group was 69.5 cm2, and was 72.0 cm2, for the nonirradiated group.RESULTSUsing a single‐factor analysis of variance, the 2 groups did not differ statistically. The overall major flap complication rate for both irradiated and nonirradiated groups was approximately 10%.CONCLUSIONMicrovascular reconstruction was accomplished in both irradiated and nonirradiated head and neck patients, with a 99% total flap survival rate and a 10% major flap complication rate.
High-resolution last deglaciation record from the Congo fan reveals significance of mangrove pollen and biomarkers as indicators of shelf transgression
Authors: Scourse James , Marret Fabienne , Versteegh Gerard J.M. , Jansen J.H. Fred , Schefuß E. , van der Plicht Johan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHigh abundances of mangrove pollen have been associated with transgressive cycles on tropical margins, but the detailed relations between systems tracts and the taphonomy of the pollen are unclear. We report here the occurrence and high abundance of Rhizophora pollen, in association with taraxerol, a Rhizophora-sourced biomarker, from a high-resolution Congo fan core covering the last deglaciation. An age model based on 14C dates enables the temporal changes in taraxerol content and the percentage frequencies and flux (pollen grains (pg) cm–2 (103 yr)–1) of mangrove pollen to be compared quantitatively with the lateral rate of transgression across the flooding surface (derived from glacio-hydro-isostatic model output and the bathymetry of the margin). Rhizophora pollen concentrations and taraxerol content of the sediment are very strongly positively correlated with the lateral rate of transgression and indicate, independently of any sequence stratigraphic context, that mangrove pollen spikes are associated with the transgressive systems tract rather than the highstand systems tract or maximum flooding surface. Lower-resolution longer-term records from this margin indicate an association between taraxerol concentrations and transgressive rather than regressive phases. The flux of these materials to the Congo fan is interpreted as a function of the erosion of flooded mangrove swamp on the shelf and less importantly, changing extent of mangrove habitat, during sea-level rise. Congo River palaeoflood events also result in reworking of mangrove pollen and supply to the fan, but this mechanism is subdominant. Rhizophora pollen has been underestimated in many palynological studies undertaken on cores from the African margin because of inappropriate sieve mesh size used during laboratory preparation.
The behavior of lot‐sizing procedures in the presence of forecast errors
Authors: Wemmerlöv Urban 
Published: June 2005

Executive SummaryThis paper discusses lot‐sizing in time‐phased order point systems under three different conditions: with no forecast errors present, with forecast errors present but no safety stocks, and finally, with forecast errors present but with safety stocks introduced to counter the effects of the demand uncertainty. Fourteen different single stage lot‐sizing procedures have been observed during simulation experiments where each of these operating environments have been modeled. The existence of forecast errors radically affects the behavior of the lot‐sizing procedures compared to situations without forecast errors. For example, forecast errors not only lead to stockouts, they also induce larger inventories. Introduction of safety stocks, in turn, generates even larger inventories and also more orders. These environments, therefore, are so different, as are the associated lot‐sizing performances, that the relevance of previous research which has not considered stochastic environments must be questioned.One must conclude that, despite the enormous interest in lot‐sizing research over the years, the “scientific” body of knowledge, as it can be applied in practice, remains relatively undeveloped. Few guidelines with respect to lot‐sizing can, therefore, be offered to the practitioner by the research community. More relevant, i.e., more realistic, lot‐sizing research should alleviate such a situation.
A note on “Stochastic unpaced line design: Review and further experimental results”
Authors: Karwan Kirk R. , Philipoom Patrick R. 
Published: June 2005

Executive SummaryA 1985 study in this journal examined the “bowl phenomenon” and claimed to demonstrate that Hillier and Boling's original results 1967 were due to an assumption of unrealistically large variations in processing times. A closer look at these findings reveals that they are derived from a flawed experiment that cannot possibly serve to verify whether or not average task times at work stations on an assembly line should be selected in a bowl distribution. We offer further arguments in clarification of Hillier and Boling's original work based both on our own simulation experiments as well as recent studies by other authors. We also comment on the need to orient future efforts toward practical integration of the bowl phenomenon result with other findings that relate to improving the throughput of unpaced assembly lines.
Differential activation of ABI3 and LEA genes upon plant parasitic nematode infection
Authors: DE MEUTTER JAN , ROBERTSON LEE , PARCY FRANÇOIS , MENA MONTAÑA , FENOLL CARMEN , GHEYSEN GODELIEVE 
Published: June 2005

SUMMARYPromoter activity of ABI3 and of three LEA genes was monitored in Arabidopsis transgenics infected with Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita. ABI3::GUS expression was induced (in four different promoter deletion constructs) during early infection stages with H. schachtii. Similar GUS expression patterns, though slightly later in time compared with ABI3, were observed for one of the LEA promoter constructs, whereas the other two were not induced by H. schachtii. Expression was mainly observed in the syncytia. In contrast, little or no reporter gene expression was observed upon infection with M. incognita. The data suggest a role for ABI3 during the formation and active growth of the syncytium and demonstrate a marked difference between syncytium and giant cell ontogenesis.
The cost of medical care for patients with diabetes, hypertension and both conditions: does alcohol use play a role?
Authors: FRENCH M. T. , MUNDT M. P. , FLEMING M. , ZAVALA S. K. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract.Objective.  To estimate and compare the medical costs of individuals with diabetes and/or hypertension relative to a matched sample of individuals with neither condition, and determine if these costs are significantly influenced by alcohol use.Research design and methods.  Data were obtained from a sample of 799 patients from eight primary care clinics in south‐central Wisconsin between 2001 and 2002. Medical care costs were calculated within four categories [hospital and emergency room (ER) costs, clinic costs, medication costs and total cost] for three chronic disease samples [diabetes only (n = 89), hypertension only (n = 299), and both diabetes and hypertension (n = 209)] as well as a matched sample with neither diabetes nor hypertension (n = 202). Annual medical care costs were estimated using a combination of insurance billing records, self‐reported information and chart review. All cost data pertain to a 12‐month period in 2001–2002. In addition to a descriptive analysis of costs across medical service categories and samples, we also conducted multivariate analyses of total cost, controlling for patient demographics, education, employment, smoking, and comorbidities, such as heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, liver disease, chronic back pain, asthma, depression, anxiety and bronchitis.Results.  The estimated differential in total annual medical cost (relative to the control group) was $2183 for diabetes only, $724 for hypertension only and $3402 for diabetes and hypertension. Alcohol use did not significantly impact medical care costs amongst individuals with diabetes and/or hypertension.Conclusions.  These cost estimates can serve as an important and useful reference source for doctors, insurance companies, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and policy makers as they try to anticipate the future medical care needs and associated costs for diabetic and hypertensive patients.
Plasmodium berghei ookinetes bind to Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster annexins
Authors: Kotsyfakis Michalis , Ehret‐Sabatier Laurence , Siden‐Kiamos Inga , Mendoza Jaqueline , Sinden Robert E. , Louis Christos 
Published: June 2005

SummaryUsing a proteomic approach we identified polypeptides from Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster protein extracts that selectively bind purified Plasmodium berghei ookinetes in vitro; these were two and three distinct polypeptides, respectively, with an apparent molecular weight of about 36 kDa. Combining two‐dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI‐TOF (matrix‐associated laser desorption ionization time of flight) mass spectrometry we determined that the polypeptides correspond to isomorphs of the annexin B11 protein of the fruit fly. When protein extracts derived from A. gambiae and D. melanogaster tissue culture cells were further fractionated, the binding activity matching the annexin protein could be localized in the fraction derived from cell membranes in both diptera. Antibody staining showed that annexin also binds to ookinetes during the invasion of the mosquito midgut. Finally, inclusion of antiannexin antisera in a mosquito blood meal impaired parasite development, suggesting a facilitating role for annexins in the infection of the mosquito by Plasmodium.