bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complementary care in oncology: a patient-led revolution?
Authors: Thomas Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hilary Thomas is Professor of Oncology at the University of Surrey and the Royal Surrey County Hospital. Her main clinical interest is in gynaecological cancers. Her main research interest is biological therapy for cancer, in particular cytokine therapy and monoclonal antibodies. She is also involved in work relating to the relevance of cytokines in ovarian cancer and strategies for overcoming resistance to cancer therapy.
Complementary therapy and paediatric cancer
Authors: Weitzman Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sheila Weitzman is Senior Staff Oncologist and Associate Director of Clinical Affairs, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto and Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto. She has a long-standing interest in alternative/complementary therapy for paediatric malignancy.
Introduction: Influences on Health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These arguments are not purely philosophical or only of interest to academics. The definition of the issue has an influence on the way one tries to solve the health problem. For example, if one sees illegal drug use purely or largely as an individual choice, one would try to find a solution that involves getting (potential) drug misusers to make different choices. This could include health education interventions to warn drug misusers of the dangers and side-effects of drug use, but also prison sentences to make them think twice the next time they are in a position where they have to decide about using illegal substances. However, if one sees drug misuse largely as determined by external factors, such as unemployment, poor housing, lack of opportunities in life, etc., one would try to find different solutions to problem drug use. The latter approach might include skill training for drug misusers, creating jobs and/or improving council house estates.
Environmental influences on health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
supply of food, water, and air. Requirements for food vary according to energy expenditure and habit but, at rest, the requirements for air and water are remarkably constant at 10–20 m3 and 1–2 l per day, respectively. There are three major routes by which we come into contact with chemicals: the air, water, and soil (Fig. 9.1). There are other exposure routes and they differ in importance according to individual circumstances. The most important additional routes include the occupational setting, the home and lifestyle characteristics.
What is haemophilia?
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haemophilia is a disorder of blood clotting. Normally, when somebody injures themselves the blood clots in a few minutes and wound healing can begin. In haemophilia this does not happen. This is because one of the ingredients needed for making a blood clot does not work properly. This deficiency in the activity of the ingredient may be complete or partial. When the deficiency is complete the person is said to have severe haemophilia.
Even in severe haemophilia clotting is not prevented altogether. Instead it is much slower than normal. The result is a friable clot that cannot withstand the pressure of escaping blood. Body tissues involved become disrupted, and wounds do not heal properly.
When and what to treat: bleeding episodes
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effects of these disorders are very similar and they will be discussed together. They are related to the clotting activity level of factor VIII in the blood in the case of haemophilia A, and of factor IX in haemophilia B. They are also related to the individual. Some people with haemophilia with very low factor levels rarely experience trouble, whilst others with the same level have many bleeds. Whilst most people with haemophilia A have roughly the same degree of factor VIII deficiency throughout life, levels of factor IX rise steadily with age in some of those with haemophilia B (Christmas disease). I suspect that there are some families with mild haemophilia A in which factor VIII does the same.
Physiotherapy
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maintenance of healthy joints and muscles is crucial to the quality of life of the person with haemophilia. Clotting factor replacement may stop or even prevent bleeds, but it does not restore joint or muscle function. Only regular movement can do that.
If a house is neglected, things are far more likely to go wrong, and be harder to put right than if the property had been kept in a good state of repair in the first place. The same goes for the body. A well-maintained body shrugs off everyday stresses and strains, and repairs itself far more quickly than a body that has been neglected.
Towards a cure
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fourth edition of Living with Haemophilia I recounted that, whilst I was attending a World Federation of Hemophilia meeting in America, news had came through that two youngsters with haemophilia B had received gene therapy in Shanghai. The news had excited us for two reasons. First, it suggested that at least one form of haemophilia could be cured. Second, in highlighting the gap between developed and developing countries, it held out enormous promise for people previously without access to treatment. J said that, if the experiment were successfull, the Chinese would in one leap have cleared the gulf between diagnosis and cure without having to think in terms of conventional dotting factor therapy. The savings, both in terms of human health and happiness and in terms of economic resource, were obvious.
Arthropathies primarily occurring in childhood
Authors: Davidson J E , Carty H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthritis is a common cause of childhood morbidity with a UK incidence of 10 per 100,000 children. Improving outcome depends on early diagnosis and control of the inflammatory process, thus minimizing long-term damage. The place of imaging in the diagnosis and management of children with chronic arthrites can only be considered in the context of the clinical conditions.
Constipation
Authors: Mancini Isabelle , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constipation is a common and distressing symptom in patients with advanced cancer. The term refers to infrequent or difficult defaecation with reduced number of bowel movement, which may or may not be abnormally hard, with increased difficulty or discomfort (1). Constipation occurs in approximately 40% of patients referred to a palliative care service and 90% of patients treated by opioids (2). Terminally ill cancer patients have many risk factors, but the routine assessment of constipation in this population is insufficient (3).
Jaundice in gastrointestinal malignancy
Authors: Cherny Nathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jaundice among patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancy is generally caused by obstruction of biliary drainage, extensive hepatocellular failure due to liver infiltration by metastases, or a combination of both. Uncommonly it may be due to co-morbid conditions such as infectious or drug-induced hepatitis.
Jaundice is a common feature of generalized hepatic dysfunction. Jaundice caused by primary liver cancer or intrahepatic metastases, in the absence of evidence of intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholestasis, is a sign of very extensive dysfunction and it is usually accompanied by other features of liver failure.
Peritoneal host defence in patients with end-stage renal failure treated by peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Davenport Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis, in the form of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), was introduced in 1976 (Popovich et al. 1976). In those days CAPD had two major complications: firstly the original dialysis solutions came in glass jars, which made the exchanges time-consuming and difficult to complete, and secondly there was a high rate of peritoneal infection, due to the frequency of exchanges with the consequent disconnection and reconnection of the dialysis circuit.
Hepatitis B in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Natov Svetlozar N , Pereira Brian J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the viral genomic structure is relatively stable, mutations in various regions of the viral genome can still occur and give origin to variants of HBV. These mutations can potentially alter the level of HBV replication or the expression of immunogenic epitopes and thus modulate the severity of liver disease. Indeed, some viral mutants have been incriminated in causing severe forms of liver injury. In contrast, other mutants have been found in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, suggesting that not all mutations necessarily lead to increased pathogenicity.
Cytomegalovirus in the renal allograft recipient
Authors: Griffiths Paul D , Emery Vincent C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is often detected in renal transplant patients but it can be difficult to determine if this is clinically significant for an individual patient because of their complex medical history and multiple potential explanations for morbidity. In this chapter we will review the evidence that CMV is important because in some patients it both causes specific end-organ disease and triggers graft rejection, and in others possibly initiates accelerated atherosclerosis.
Virus-related tumours
Authors: Sweny P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the tumours that are encountered with a greatly increased frequency following renal transplantation have a viral aetiology (Table 14.1). In some cases these tumours behave more like infections in that they can regress completely on reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppression, particularly if this is embarked upon early in their natural history. Malignancy has been estimated to be about 100 times more frequent in the transplant population than in the non-immunosuppressed (Toukraine et al, 1996).
Prevention and treatment of infections in vascular access
Authors: Dasgupta Mrinal K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The haemodialysis patient is continually susceptible to infection, vascular access providing a convenient avenue for bacterial entry. Environmental and autochthonous Gram-positive bacteria are the primary pathogens, although fungal and Gram-negative infections are not rare. Of the three types of long-term vascular access—the native arteriovenous fistula, the prosthetic arteriovenous graft, and the plastic central venous double-lumen catheter—the fistula is least likely to become infected.
Antimicrobial dosing regimens in renal patients
Authors: Brater D Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal impairment leads not only to the accumulation of endogenous compounds, but can also result in the retention of exogenously administered antibiotics and their polar metabolites, some of which may be active. For many antibiotics, doses must be reduced to attain concentrations similar to those obtained in patients with normal renal function. Several general characteristics of a drug allow prediction as to whether renal dysfunction is likely to mandate changes in dosing.
Introduction to Susan Moller Okin
Authors: Miller David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is both an honour and a pleasure to introduce Professor Susan Okin’s Amnesty lecture on women’s human rights in the late twentieth century. Before her tragic and untimely death, she was, in my view, unsurpassed as a political philosopher writing on feminist issues. The most notable features of her work, reaching back nearly a quarter of a century to the publication of Women in Western Political Thoughtin 1979, are the lucidity with which she wrote, and her overriding concern to use theoretical analysis to address issues of practical political relevance. This is in contrast to much contemporary work in political philosophy, including feminist political philosophy, which often seems to involve producing concepts and theories of ever-increasing obscurity with no practical aim in sight. From this point of view, Women in Western Political Thought, which examined how women were represented in the political theories of Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and John Stuart Mill, was her most ‘academic’ book. In her next book, Justice, Gender and the Family, published a decade later, she turned the spotlight on to contemporary theories of social justice, and especially their treatment of gender issues. She highlighted the way in which the nuclear family in its current form works to women’s disadvantage, and ought therefore to be (though it rarely is in practice) a central concern of such theories.
Defence and immunity: the old immune system
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter of this book I suggested that defending the body against pathogens was very much like defending a country against invasion, and now we are ready to pursue this analogy and see how far it holds good. We have met the enemy forces – viruses, bacteria, etc. – and we know that some of them, the pathogens, will cause damage, perhaps even kill us, if they get in. This is a problem that has been faced by animals of every kind right back to the earliest invertebrates, and by plants and even bacteria, which can themselves be infected by viruses.
Homeless in America
Authors: Caton Carol L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive account of the homeless in the United States. In addition to the "traditional" homeless - bag ladies, alcoholics, and tramps - the author looks at the growing number of new homeless: young people, welfare mothers and families, and the mentally ill. The book includes case perspectives, as well as a description of alternative living arrangements and policies affecting the homeless.
On the Campaign Trail
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Cincinnati riot, it became apparent that the Brinkerhoff candidacy was a move the Whig Know Nothings were pushing to cut short Chase’s political career or force him into their party. As Chase saw it this latter course was far more dangerous to the antislavery cause and to his own political ambitions. Though Brinkerhoff had a fine antislavery record as a congressman (one of the authors of what became known as the Wilmot Proviso), this splenetic lawyer from Mansfield, in north-central Ohio, was one of the few Democratic political leaders in the state who had openly joined the Know Nothing organization.
For the Good of the Party
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near-anarchy in Kansas had subsided in the early spring of 1857, but mutual suspicions remained. There were enough threats of violence, enough perplexing factors bedeviling that troubled territory to lend credence to claims that the Taney Court in the Scott case was a part of a great slaveholding conspiracy bent on encircling and destroying free institutions everywhere.
Loaves and Fishes
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As he had in his letter to Judd on the Illinois resolutions Chase gave Lincoln the benefit of his information from Washington and his advice. He thought that the defense of the capital was totally inadequate. Buchanan was said to be “incredulous and apathetic.” He took a direct shot at the Crittenden and Adams resolutions: a greater danger “and more imminent . . . is the disruption of the Republican party through Congressional attempts at compromises.” Then he summarized what he believed policy should be in one of those striking phrases which quickly became a slogan for the Republican party. “Let the word pass from the head of the column before the Republicans move. . . . the simple watchword-Inauguration first-adjustment after-wards.”
One Clear Call
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the tense moments of the impeachment trial, the brief excitement of his abortive candidacy for the Democratic nomination, and, it must be said, his rejection by his former friends and party associates who held him under that dread political ban of apostasy, the election of U. S. Grant to the presidency, Chase could find little time for contemplation and for reassessing his position as a Justice and a public man. He was not able to escape for more than a few weeks from the miasmic heat of a Washington August. He could gain no respite from the family problems at Canonchet nor the grueling routine, the careful judgments, and the decisions to be made on his circuit court rounds. Mounting claims on the Supreme Court involving all sorts of war and Reconstruction matters were requiring additional sessions. Some of these decisions were of a political nature, more were increasingly complex business transactions as the economy expanded and diversified after the war. Chase himself decided a range of political, economic, and social cases while on circuit duty that brought legal stability to investment, to financial transactions, and to property ownership that existed before and during the war.1 Though associated with the district court judges, most of the business that came before the circuit as the senior man he handled himself and in so doing established the framework for crucial aspects of Reconstruction.
The Perfect Instrument of Empire: The Colonizing Discourse of Renaissance Spain
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery in the fifteenth century inaugurated the permanent expansion of Europe beyond the Mediterranean world. The emergence of a European world colonizing system necessarily revived legal speculation on the rights and status of the non-Christian peoples that Europe sought to subjugate. Questions that had become peripheral after the cloture of the Crusades and the decline in European colonizing activity in the late thirteenth century resumed prominence in early Discovery-era legal discourse.
Identity, Consciousness and Value
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Unger here presents a fascinating new multidimensional account of the determinants of personal identity. He explains why many influential contemporary philosophers have underrated the importance of physical continuity to survival of the person, shedding new light on the work of such figures as Sidney Shoemaker and Derek Parfit. In the course of his discussion Unger produces a novel and controversial account of the relation of identity and practical human concerns, and explores the implications of his theory for questions of value, certain questions of morality, and the theory of rationality.
The Search Framework: Theory
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search approach was developed as a model for the behavior of unemployed workers. Subsequent developments treat the decision to participate in the labor market and the decision to change jobs or leave a job. To fix ideas, let us focus on the original problem-the search behavior of an unemployed worker. This worker is assumed to be actively looking for employment. The worker is not sure where to look, however, and may uncover unappealing opportunities before finding a suitable job. Unappealing opportunities are those that are dominated by further search. That is, the worker prefers to continue looking. On our making an assumption about the distribution of job opportunities in the labor market, the worker’s search policy leads to a distribution of time spent unemployed (searching), and to a distribution for the characteristics of the job on employment. Although these distributions are not observable for a particular worker, one can hope to learn them by observing a large sample of similar workers.’
Search Strategies and Arrival Rates
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early job search models of Mortensen (1970a,b) and McCall {1970), variation in the arrival rate of offers played no role in producing variation in unemployment spell lengths. For a fixed cost, the worker received one draw from a known wage distribution each period. Accordingly, this assumption was adopted in early empirical search studies (e.g., Ehrenberg and Oaxaca, 1976; Kiefer and Neumann, I 979a,b, 1981). With the length of a period left undefined, however, this assumption seems arbitrary when turning to the data. A stochastic offer arrival process seems more appropriate-perhaps with the parameters of the process modeled as functions of worker behavior and labor market opportunities. In earlier chapters, we discussed a few studies that attempt to estimate the parameters of the arrival process in the absence of any direct evidence on the frequency of offers or search strategies. Genera1ly, the findings indicate an important role for the arrival rate in producing variation in unemployment spell durations across workers. The findings of these studies open the question of why arrival rates might vary across workers. That is, they do not indicate whether the arrival rate variation reflects variation in search intensity or strategy or variation in demand.
Analyzing High Yield Securities
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many industries, the 1980s were one of the most wrenching economic periods since the great Depression. An onslaught of foreign competition, high and volatile interest rates, a deep drop in economic activity, and a long but uneven expansion posed severe tests for many U.S. businesses. At the same time, the 1980s held considerable promise for firms that were able to identify opportunities and mobilize their resources in productive directions. Whether firms pursued aggressive or defensive strategies, however, capital was critical to their success. As a result, a growing number of companies turned to the newly developed high yield bond market.
The Impact of Junk Bonds on Industrial Performance
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important question in the debate over junk bonds is what effect the securities have on corporate performance. To find what really happens, we examined the available data on employment, productivity, sales, capital investment, and capital spending. By comparing the performance of high yield firms with trends in individual industries and industry in general, we found that, overall, high yield financing has had a positive impact on corporations and the economy. Current Research on Job Creation and Retention Much of the research on high yield securities has centered on questions regarding job creation and retention, and related issues concerning corporate evolution and development. Claims that junk bonds are used largely for ‘‘bust-up shut-down takeovers” abound in the business press and some academic articles (Lowenstein, 1985; Lowenstein and Herman, 1986). Yet there appears to be no consistent evidence to support these claims.
System development corporation: a U.S. Factory experiment1
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
System Development Corporation ‘s (SOC) attempt in the mid-1970s to establish a software factory proved significant for several reasons. First, this provided the first case in the United States of a company explicitly adopting a factory label and strategy for a software facility. Second, SOC committed several years of research and experimentation in search of tools, methods, and organizational concepts aimed at achieving in soft­ ware the kind of efficiencies found in factory assembly lines, systematically moving products through design, construction, and testing.