bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed genomic responses to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
Authors: Kim Jung‐Bin , Piao Chun‐Shu , Lee Kang Woo , Han Pyung‐Lim , Ahn Joon Ik , Lee Yong Sung , Lee Ja‐Kyeong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIschemic stress in the brain induces acute and massive neuronal death in the targeted area, which is followed by a second round of detrimental processes, called delayed neuronal death, in the neighboring areas. To test the hypothesis that transcriptional control plays a role in the pathophysiology of the postischemic brain, the genomic responses that occurred in the brain at 3, 6 and, 12 h, and 1, 2 or 4 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were examined using a microarray harboring 5000 rat cDNAs. This analysis indicated that the number of up‐regulated genes was gradually increased, along with the concomitant reduction in the number of down‐regulated genes, until 12 h to 1 day after MCAO. It was followed by a delayed surge of down‐regulated genes at 2 days after MCAO. Northern blots and immunohistological analysis confirmed the validity of these microarray data. We present a list of 85 genes that were up‐regulated more than 2.3‐fold between 12 h and 4 days after MCAO, which included 56 novel genes whose expression has not previously been implicated in ischemic pathophysiology. The list included genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM), neuronal development and differentiation processes. Together these results suggest that the pathophysiology of the postischemic brain proceeds by the transcriptional activation of genes related to the process of delayed neuronal damage and/or recovery and repair.
Increased expression of tissue‐type transglutaminase following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Tolentino Paul J. , Waghray Anuradha , Wang Kevin K. W. , Hayes Ronald L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTissue‐type transglutaminase (TG‐2) has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, induction of TG‐2 was studied in rats following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Alterations in 2,3,5‐triphenylterazolium chloride staining revealed maximum infarction 3 days after injury. Measurement of mRNA transcript levels by real‐time PCR analysis showed both forms of TG‐2 mRNA peaking on day 5 after injury in ipsilateral cortex, with greater induction of the full‐length TG‐2 (TG‐L) transcript than the truncated form of the TG‐2 (TG‐S) transcript. However, in the ipsilateral hippocampus, peak induction of both forms of TG‐2 mRNA peaked 1 day after injury and to a lesser extent than observed in the ipsilateral cortex. Western blot analysis demonstrated that TG‐L protein expression progressively increased from 1 to 7 days after ischemia, with greater expression in cortex than hippocampus (525 ± 10% vs. 196 ± 8% of control, respectively). However, expression of TG‐S was not detected. These results demonstrate that increased TG‐2 mRNA and protein expression occurs in a delayed fashion following ischemic injury. The temporal profile of TG‐2 induction after ischemia was similar to that observed after traumatic brain injury (previously described), suggesting a similar role of TG‐2 in both pathological conditions.
Increased plaque burden in brains of APP mutant MnSOD heterozygous knockout mice
Authors: Li Feng , Calingasan Noel Y. , Yu Fangmin , Mauck William M. , Toidze Marine , Almeida Claudia G. , Takahashi Reisuke H. , Carlson George A. , Flint Beal M. , Lin Michael T. , Gouras Gunnar K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA growing body of evidence suggests a relationship between oxidative stress and β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation, a hallmark in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, a direct causal relationship between oxidative stress and Aβ pathology has not been established in vivo. Therefore, we crossed mice with a knockout of one allele of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a critical antioxidant enzyme, with Tg19959 mice, which overexpress a doubly mutated human β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP). Partial deficiency of MnSOD, which is well established to cause elevated oxidative stress, significantly increased brain Aβ levels and Aβ plaque burden in Tg19959 mice. These results indicate that oxidative stress can promote the pathogenesis of AD and further support the feasibility of antioxidant approaches for AD therapy.
Synthesis, spectroscopy, thermal behaviour and molecular structure of orotatotriethanolaminecopper(II) monohydrate
Authors: Ölmez Halis , İçbudak Hasan , Yeşilel Okan Zafer , Arıcı Cengiz , Ülkü Dinçer 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The orotatotriethanolaminecopper(II) monohydrate, [Cu(C5H2N2O4)(C6H15NO3)] · H2O, has been synthesized and characterized with physico-chemical methods (IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity and thermoanalytical measurements) and X-ray diffraction. The structure derived from physico-chemical methods is consistent with that of the X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, with a = 8.6282(12), b = 16.9919(18), c = 10.6985(15) Å, β = 110.08(3)°, V = 1473.1(3) Å3, Z = 4. The copper atom is chelated by the deprotonated nitrogen pyrimidine atom and by the carboxylate oxygen atom of the orotate dianion ligand, and by the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the triethanolamine ligand. The title compound has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry.
Comparing the Bispectral Index and Suppression Ratio with Burst Suppression of the Electroencephalogram During Pentobarbital Infusions in Adult Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Riker Richard R. , Fraser Gilles L. , Wilkins Micheline L. 
Published: May 2004

Objective. The bispectral index (BIS), a processed variable derived from the raw electroencephalogram (EEG) used to guide sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU), has not been tested during barbiturate therapy for elevated intracranial pressure. We determined the BIS and suppression ratio (SR) values during traditional burst monitoring of the raw EEG during pentobarbital infusions.Design. Prospective, observational cohort study.Setting. A 42‐bed multidisciplinary ICU in a tertiary care medical center.Patients. Twelve consecutive patients with elevated intracranial pressure treated with pentobarbital infusions.Intervention. All patients were monitored continuously with the Aspect Medical Systems A‐1050 bedside EEG monitor using a bilateral referential montage. Pentobarbital doses were titrated based on the raw EEG to attain a burst‐suppression pattern with a goal of 3–5 bursts/minute. Drug dosage, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure values, EEG bursts/minute, BIS version 3.2, and SR were recorded daily.Measurements and Main Results. The 12 patients were monitored for 62 patient‐days. Mean ± SD age was 32 ± 15 years, seven (58%) patients were male, mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Heath Evaluation II score was 17.0 ± 5.0, and hospital mortality was 42%. The mean pentobarbital infusion rate was 124 ± 49 mg/hour or 2.3 ± 1.3 mg/kg/hour, and mean pentobarbital serum concentration was 29.7 ± 13 μg/ml. The mean BIS value was 18 ± 14, mean SR 56% ± 36%; BIS correlated well with SR (r=‐0.99, p<0.001). For patient‐days with a burst‐suppression pattern, BIS 3.2 (r=0.90, p<0.001) and SR (r=‐0.89, p<0.001) strongly correlated with the number of bursts/minute. The mean BIS value corresponding to 3–5 bursts/minute was 15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10–20); SR value was 71 (95% CI 61–80).Conclusion. The Aspect A‐1050 applied to patients and monitored by nurses and physicians works well as a bedside EEG monitor, providing a raw EEG signal to titrate barbiturate therapy. The continuous data trend and realtime digital output for the BIS and SR quantify the degree of EEG suppression well and may prove helpful in facilitating titration of barbiturate infusions.
Comparative Study of the Development of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients Taking Risperidone and Olanzapine
Authors: Fuller Matthew A. , Shermock Kenneth M. , Secic Michelle , Grogg Amy L. 
Published: May 2004

Objectives.A growing body of literature suggests that certain atypical antipsychotics, especially olanzapine and clozapine, may induce glucoregulatory dysfunction. We assessed the differences in risk of developing diabetes mellitus during treatment with olanzapine and risperidone by using patients treated with haloperidol and fluphenazine as control subjects in whom we would not expect to see an increased risk.Methods.We conducted a retrospective analysis of the Veteran's Integrated Service Network 10 Veterans Affairs (VA) database. Data for patients receiving olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, or fluphenazine from January 1, 1997‐December 31, 2000, were included. Diabetes was defined as any health system encounter associated with theInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modificationdiagnosis for diabetes (250.xx) or prescription for a hypoglycemic agent. Data of patients with markers for diabetes within 1 year before their index date, female patients, racial groups other than Caucasian or African‐American, and patients receiving clozapine were not analyzed. We performed a Cox regression, with antipsychotic therapy as a time‐dependent covariate. Other covariates considered for inclusion in the final model were number of days supply of antipsychotic drug, age, race, psychiatric diagnoses, substance abuse, lithium, valproic acid, and other typical or atypical antipsychotic agents.Results.Data for 5837 patients were analyzed. Overall rate of developing diabetes in the study population was 6.3% (368 of 5837 patients). Olanzapine therapy was associated with a significantly higher risk of development of diabetes compared with risperidone (hazard ratio [HR] 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.76, p=0.016) while controlling for race, age, diagnosis, substance abuse, lithium, valproic acid, and other atypical antipsychotic agents. No differences in the rate of developing diabetes were detected between fluphenazine and risperidone (HR 1.11, p=0.69), or haloperidol and risperidone (HR 0.89, p=0.41).Conclusions.Olanzapine was associated with a 37% (HR 1.37) increased risk of development of diabetes compared with risperidone in a VA population, even after adjusting for other factors associated with the development of diabetes and temporal exposure to study drug. Because of limitations associated with database research, prospective studies should be conducted to corroborate these findings.
The Effect of Postnatal Age on Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics in Neonates
Authors: Knight Jennifer A. , Davis Estella M. , Manouilov Konstantine , Hoie Eric B. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To determine if gentamicin serum concentrations obtained from newborns on day 2 of life versus days 3–4 yield significantly different pharmacokinetic parameter values.Design. Retrospective chart review.Setting. Neonatal intensive care unit.Patients. Two hundred and sixty‐seven infants who had peak and trough gentamicin serum concentrations determined on days 2, 3, or 4 of life.Intervention. Determination of peak and trough serum gentamicin concentrations on days 2, 3, or 4 of life.Measurements and Main Results. The elimination rate constant, serum half‐life, volume of distribution, and clearance of gentamicin were calculated using a one‐compartment pharmacokinetic model. Gestational age, birthweight, gentamicin dosage, peak and trough gentamicin concentrations, and hours after birth at which serum concentrations were drawn were recorded for all infants. Infants were stratified into three groups based on gestational age: 28 weeks or younger, older than 28 weeks but younger than 37 weeks, and 37 weeks or older. Birthweight and calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared by 2‐tailed Student t test to determine if significant differences existed between pharmacokinetics parameters determined on day 2 of life versus days 3 or 4 within each of the gestational age groups. These analyses revealed only one significant difference between parameters assessed on day 2 versus days 3 or 4: at day 2, the mean trough concentration of gentamicin in infants of gestational age between 28 and 37 weeks was 1.63 ± 0.44 mg/L, whereas at days 3 or 4, the same parameter for patients of the same gestational age was 1.4 ± 0.48 mg/L (p=0.005).Conclusions. With one exception—elevated trough concentrations in infants in the gestational age group between 28 and 37 weeks—pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using gentamicin serum concentrations determined on day 2 of life are not significantly different from those derived from gentamicin serum concentrations determined on days 3 or 4. This suggests that gentamicin serum concentrations and subsequent dosage adjustments can be determined on day 2 of life.
B
rueckner Doubles Method and its Application to Simple Systems
Authors: Vincent M. A. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The Brueckner doubles (BD) method is derived, and by the consideration of two applications of this theory, it is shown that the standard triple excitation correction (BD(T)) can considerably increase the accuracy of the wave function. This theoretical approach is then applied to simple nitrogen and oxygen species to assess its usefulness in determining molecular properties.
The Empirical Valence Bond (
EVB
) Method
Authors: Warshel Arieh , Florián Jan 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The empirical valence bond (EVB) model is a powerful conceptual and practical tool for studies of reactions of complex systems, ranging from reactions of large molecules to chemical processes in solutions and in enzymes. This method that can be viewed as an extension of force‐field approaches to chemical reactivity is related here to other hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods and to other approaches. The review starts by pointing out the relationship between the EVB and early VB concepts. It is noted that while the VB models were developed for studies of chemical bonding in small molecules, the EVB models have provided a general and uniform way of simulating chemical reactions in large molecules and molecules in any environment. The use of the EVB approach in modeling chemical reactions is reviewed, emphasizing the effectiveness of the method in studies of enzyme catalysis. The advantages of the EVB approach are also considered, pointing out the usefulness of the analytical form of this method and its crucial importance for molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations of processes in condensed phases. Finally, the current proliferation of the EVB approach and its emergence under different names is discussed, clarifying the relationship between the different EVB–type models.
Recent Advances in Relativistic Density Functional Methods
Authors: Liu Wenjian , Wang Fan , Li Lemin 
Published: May 2004

Abstract

Relativistic density functional theory has evolved into a powerful method for the electronic structure calculations of systems containing heavy elements. This article reviews the recent developments in this area but with the focus mainly on computational methodologies. The salient features of the Beijing Density Functional (BDF) program package are discussed. BDF is a code that can perform nonrelativistic and one‐, two‐, and four‐component relativistic density functional calculations on medium‐sized molecular systems with various functionals in most compact and yet sufficient basis set expansions. The necessity for merging the whole spectrum of the Hamiltonians into a single code is twofold: on the one hand, it facilitates
direct
and
systematic
comparisons between different Hamiltonians, and on the other hand, it facilitates the construction of hybrid relativistic and nonrelativistic methods for systems consisting of only a few heavy elements but many light ligands.
Rainfall parameterization in an off‐line chemical transport model
Authors: Giannakopoulos C. , Good P. , Law K. S. , Wang K.‐Y. , Akylas E. , Koussis A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this paper, techniques for the modelling of both large‐scale and convective precipitation in a three‐dimensional off‐line chemical transport model are proposed. Relatively simple formulations are proposed that will yield meaningful rainfall rates to be used for the wet deposition of chemical species without compromising the computational efficiency of the model. As the profiles of humidity and temperature obtained from available meteorological analyses are too stable to produce any rainfall, we destabilize them through advection. This technique has been tested here for the large‐scale rainfall only, but can also be applied to the convective rainfall to make it less spotty and improve the comparison with observations. For an off‐line model, TOMCAT seems to capture surprisingly well the global distribution pattern of the rainfall as witnessed by observational climatologies. It performs well in capturing the dry subtropical regions and the wet Asian monsoon season as well as the mitigation of rains in the tropics with the change of season. However, it underestimates precipitation in the continents in the summer and south of 30 °S all year round. These shortcomings could be improved if we apply the advection technique to the convective rainfall as well. In addition, we could obtain the surface precipitation totals from the meteorological analyses and subsequently scale these amounts vertically using our model‐derived grid point condensation rate. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Ackroyd R , Watson D I , Majeed A W , Troy G , Treacy P J , Stoddard C J 
Published: May 2004

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic and open Nissen fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in a randomized clinical trial.

Methods
Ninety-nine patients were randomized to either laparoscopic (52) or open (47) Nissen fundoplication. Patients with oesophageal dysmotility, those requiring a concurrent abdominal procedure and those who had undergone previous antireflux surgery were excluded. Independent assessment of dysphagia, heartburn and patients' satisfaction 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery was performed using multiple standardized clinical grading systems. Objective measurement of oesophageal acid exposure and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure before and after surgery, and endoscopic assessment of postoperative anatomy, were performed.

Results
Operating time was longer in the laparoscopic group (median 82 versus 46 min). Postoperative pain, analgesic requirement, time to solid food intake, hospital stay and recovery time were reduced in the laparoscopic group. Perioperative outcomes, postoperative dysphagia, relief of heartburn and overall satisfaction were equally good at all follow-up intervals. Reduction in oesophageal acid exposure, increase in lower oesophageal sphincter tone and improvement in endoscopic appearances were the same for the two groups.

Conclusion
The laparoscopic approach to Nissen fundoplication improved early postoperative recovery, with an equally good outcome up to 12 months.
Major resection for chronic pancreatitis in patients with vascular involvement is associated with increased postoperative mortality
Authors: Alexakis N , Sutton R , Raraty M , Connor S , Ghaneh P , Hughes M L , Garvey C , Evans J C , Neoptolemos J P 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe aim was to evaluate the outcome of major resection for chronic pancreatitis in patients with and without vascular involvement.MethodsOf 250 patients with severe chronic pancreatitis referred between 1996 and 2003, 112 underwent pancreatic resection. The outcome of 17 patients (15·2 per cent) who had major vascular involvement was compared with that of patients without vascular involvement.ResultsThe 95 patients without vascular involvement had resections comprising Beger's operation (39 patients), Kausch–Whipple pancreatoduodenectomy (28), total pancreatectomy (25) and left pancreatectomy (three). Twenty-five major vessels were involved in the remaining 17 patients. One or more major veins were occluded and/or compressed producing generalized or segmental portal hypertension, and three patients also had major arterial involvement. Surgery in these patients comprised Beger's operation (eight), total pancreatectomy (five), Kausch–Whipple pancreatoduodenectomy (two) and left pancreatectomy (two). Perioperative mortality rates were significantly different between the groups (two of 95 versus three of 17 respectively; P = 0·024). There were similar and significant improvements in long-term outcomes in both groups.ConclusionResection for severe chronic pancreatitis in patients with vascular complications is hazardous and is associated with an increased mortality rate. Vascular assessment should be included in the routine follow-up of patients with chronic pancreatitis, to enable early identification of those likely to develop vascular involvement and prompt surgical intervention.
Gemcitabine‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy
Authors: Humphreys Benjamin D. , Sharman Jeff P. , Henderson Joel M. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Marks Peter W. , Rennke Helmut G. , Zhu Andrew X. , Magee Colm C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDGemcitabine‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is believed to be very rare, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.015%. Indications for gemcitabine are expanding, and comprehensive characterization of this complication is therefore important.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective chart review of all cases with gemcitabine‐associated TMA diagnosed at Partners Healthcare System (Boston, MA) between January 1997 and February 2002.RESULTSNine patients with gemcitabine‐associated TMA were identified. Diagnosis was aided by clinical and laboratory features. Renal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in two patients. The cumulative incidence of gemcitabine‐associated TMA was 0.31% (8 cases among 2586 patients) when only the 8 patients with TMA who were treated at clinics associated with the current study were considered (1 patient with a TMA syndrome was transferred from another institution). The median patient age was 53 years, and the median time to development of a TMA syndrome after the initiation of gemcitabine was 8 months (range, 3–18 months), with a cumulative dose ranging from 9 to 56 g/m2. New or exacerbated hypertension was a prominent feature in 7 of 9 patients and preceded the clinical diagnosis by 0.5–10 weeks. Treatment of TMA included discontinuation of gemcitabine, antihypertensive therapy, plasma exchange, and dialysis. Outcomes are known for all nine patients. Six patients remain alive, whereas three have died of disease progression. No patient died as a direct result of TMA, but two developed kidney failure requiring dialysis, and one developed chronic renal insufficiency.CONCLUSIONSIn the current series, the largest single‐institution study to date, the incidence of gemcitabine‐associated TMA was higher than previously reported (0.31% vs. 0.015%). Seven of nine patients developed new or exacerbated hypertension, which could be a useful early identifier of patients with gemcitabine‐associated TMA syndromes. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.