bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hand preference in a captive island group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Marchant Linda F. , Steklis Horst D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMorphological cerebral asymmetries in chimpanzee brains, similar to those found in humans, in whom they are associated with speech and handedness, suggest the possibility of functional lateralization in the chimpanzee. This possibility was investigated by examining hand preferences in an island group of five chimpanzees on a series of unimanual and bimanual tasks that are diagnostic of human hand and cerebral dominance. Each subject was tested in a double compartment cage on three unimanual nonsequential, three unimanual sequential, and three bimanual coordination tasks. One of the three unimanual sequential tasks was a bar‐press task that is analogous to the commonly used human finger‐tapping task. For the unimanual tasks, exclusive of the bar‐press, the chimpanzees showed a highly individualistic pattern of hand preference that did not change as a function of task complexity. On the bar‐press task, four of five subjects produced higher rates with one hand compared to the other; however, relative hand performance on this task was unrelated to hand preference on the other unimanual tasks. For the group of subjects, performance rates did not differ between the left and right hands; however, a practice effect was observed for the right hand in all subjects. The bimanual tasks also revealed a complex pattern of individual handedness, with no trends apparent for the group as a whole. Consistent with previous findings, the results from these tests on this group of five chimpanzees suggest that cerebral morphological asymmetries in the chimpanzee are not associated with motor dominance as reflected in handedness.
Male‐infant relationships in semifree‐ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) of affenberg salem/FRG: Testing the “male care” hypothesis
Authors: Kuester Jutta , Paul Andreas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe infant‐directed behavior of Barbary macaque males was analyzed in order to determine whether it is essential for an infant's survival during the first year and whether males interact selectively with closely related infants. Dyadic male‐infant contacts were recorded in a large group of semifree‐ranging Barbary macaques. Data collected during the first 12 weeks of life on each infant born in 1983 (n = 36) were analyzed. All adult and almost all subadult males established strong relationships with at least one infant. Almost two‐thirds of the infants (22) had frequent contacts with one or several males. Males showed no preference for closely related infants. Sexual associations with an infant's mother during the preceding mating season had no significant effect. Natal males did not prefer infants of their own matrilineage. There was no evidence that contacts with males had a positive influence on infant survival or that other benefits to the infants resulted from these contacts. Instead, excessive carrying by males and females led to starvation of some very young infants and was a major cause of neonatal deaths in this population. Males interacted preferentially with infants that were born early in the birth season, had a high‐ranking multiparous mother, and were male. Younger males established strong relationships with male infants only, while mother's rank was more important for older males. It is suggested that certain mothers prevented early contacts between their infants and males so that the observed preferences for certain infants were also a result of easier access to them. All results suggested that males interacted with infants for their own benefit.
Physical and activity changes associated with pregnancy in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Meder Angela 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe physical appearance and the behavior of five lowland gorilla females at two zoos were recorded before and during 14 pregnancies. Whereas only the quality of changes associated with pregnancy had been described previously, in this study the behavior of the females was recorded quantitatively and evaluated statistically. All females at Stuttgart showed distention of the abdomen three to four months before delivery and development of the breasts a few weeks before parturition. Milk was produced by the third month in one case, and in the sixth month or later in the others, sometimes after delivery. The female at Frankfurt stopped social play seven days after conception; the Stuttgart females, in general, stopped, in the first weeks of pregnancy. Social activity and locomotion decreased considerably within the first three months in all females and were significantly different between the pregnant and the nonpregnant state in all the Stuttgart females. In this study, as in others in the literature, behavioral changes were much more reliable signs of pregnancy than were physical changes. Thus the quantitative results confirm those obtained solely by qualitative observation.
Census and preliminary observations on the ecology of the black‐faced black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Manu National Park, Peru
Authors: White Frances 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe black‐faced black spider monkey, Ateles paniscus chamek, was studied at Cocha Cashu, Manu National Park, Peru, from June to August 1982. The density of independently locomoting individuals was found to be 31/km2, and the average party size was 3.15. Data on age and sex compositions of parties, activity patterns, and diet composition are presented. The spider monkeys spend approximately 30% of observed time feeding, 44% resting, and 25% moving. They ate 80% fruit and 17% new leaves. Spider monkeys appear to be important seed dispersers. The best dispersal observed was for fruits with few, relatively large seeds. A rough day‐range of 2,400 m was estimated from measured travel times and distances. The social system of Ateles is discussed.
Carbohydrate impairment and insulin secretory abnormalities among Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago
Authors: Howard Charles F. , Kessler Matt J. , Schwartz Susan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from Cayo Santiago were examined for evidence of carbohydrate intolerance indicative of potential development of non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Monkeys 6 to >20 years from natal Groups J, M, and P, an AGED Group (all >20 years), and unrelated monkeys removed from the island in association with other groups (CAYO), were examined with intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv‐GTT). Morphometric measurements were made on all tested monkeys. Impairments included fasting hyperglycemia (>115 mg/dl), impaired glucose clearance (K <2.0%/min), fasting hyperinsulinemia (>150 μU/ml) or hypoinsulinemia (<20 μU/ml), and insulin secretory abnormalities (>500 μU/ml or <75 μU/ml). Natal groups J and M had 31% with impairments, group P had 0% the AGED group had 45%, and the CAYO group had 33%. Impaired glucose clearance was usually attributable to a reduced insulin response. Impairments correlated significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) to body weight and a modified Quetelet index, but not to sex, acute stress, or islet cell antibodies; the relationships to age could not be delineated in this survey. Impairements in monkeys are indicative of various stages in the asynchronous development of carbohydrate intolerance leading to NIDDM.
Individuality in a contact call of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta)
Authors: Macedonia Joseph M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA vocalization of the ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) was examined for individual differences according to several temporal‐ and frequency‐dependent variables. Vocalizations were tape recorded at the Duke University Primate Center (Durham, NC) and spectrographically analyzed. Significant differences were found in pair‐wise comparisons of call structure among the study subjects, thus providing the physical basis for individual discrimination. A separate analysis comparing degree of kinship and vocal similarity revealed a positive but nonsignificant correlation between these two variables. This study represents an initial examination of vocal individuality in prosimian primates.
Adrenal responsiveness and social status in intact and ovariectomized Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Kaplan Jay R. , Adams Michael R. , Koritnik Donald R. , Rose James C. , Manuck Stephen B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPlasma cortisol (F) response to intravenous adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) infusion (following dexamethasone suppression) was examined in adult female Macaca fascicularis that had been living for 22 months in social groups consisting of four to six females and one male. A portion of these females were ovariectomized (n = 21), while the rest were reproductively intact (n = 23). The social behavior of all animals was monitored with a focal sampling procedure, and dominance ranks were determined on the basis of fight outcomes. Further, intact females were swabbed vaginally to determine onset of menstruation and were sampled for plasma progesterone (P) every three days during the luteal phase of their cycles. Among the results was that the plasma F response to ACTH infusion was greater in subordinate animals than in dominants (P < .02). Subordinates and dominants did not, however, differ in plasma F measured at baseline. It was found further that plasma F concentrations were greater in ovariectomized than in intact females at baseline and following ACTH injection (P < .01). Finally, there was an appreciable elevation in plasma F across all animals during the 15‐ and 30‐minute post‐ACTH injection measurements (P < .01). Subsequent analyses of data from intact females showed interrelationships among dominance rank, reproductive function (indicated by luteal phase plasma P concentrations), adrenal size, and adrenal response to ACTH infusion. These data indicated that subordinate females were at a reproductive disadvantage compared to dominants, a result that may have been mediated, in part, by the increased adrenal size and enhanced adrenal responsiveness of subordinate females.
Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in neocortex and hippocampus of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Walker Lary C. , Brizzee Kenneth R. , Kaack M. Bernice , Price Donald L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in five neocortical regions and in the hippocampal formation of one hemisphere in eight 30‐day‐old squirrel monkeys. Enzyme levels in the hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) were higher than in any neocortical region. Within neocortex, ChAT activity was highest in superior temporal and precentral regions, intermediate in prefrontal and postcentral regions, and lowest in occipital cortex. AChE activity also varied across neocortical regions and correlated significantly, but imprecisely, with ChAT activity. The activity of overall neocortical ChAT, but not AChE, differed significantly among animals. The pattern of cholinergic innervation of neocortex in the lissencephalic squirrel monkey is highly similar to that reported in gyrencephalic Old World primates.
Infant cross‐fostering in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): A procedure for the long‐term management of captive populations
Authors: Smith Steve 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBecause of the constraints of captivity, captive populations are generally closed to the introduction of unrelated individuals and may eventually experience inbreeding depression and its associated problems. As a means of increasing genetic diversity in established social gropus of rhesus monkeys at the California Primate Research Center, 36 infants were used as subjects in a cross‐fostering experiment in which 27 infants (75%) were successfully integrated into non‐natal groups by fostering them onto unrelated females. These results have important practical implications for maintaining self‐sustaining populations of captive rhesus monkeys and may eventually be extended to other captive species. Cross‐fostering infants between captive social populations may be an important means of minimizing the higher mortality and morbidity and reduced fertility effects associated with inbreeding depression. Furthermore, this procedure causes a minimum of social disruption and reduces the chances that older animals introduced into new groups will be traumatized.
Serum chorionic gonadotropin levels determined by radioreceptorassay and early diagnosis of pregnancy in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Suzuki Kinue , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe radioreceptorassay developed to determine serum luteinizing hormone level in the cynomolgus monkey was evaluated for its usefulness in early pregnancy diagnosis by the detection of serum chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals from the 1st to the 5th week after conception to determine changes in circulating levels of CG. In the pregnancy cases, serum CG levels increased to above 50 μg/ml in almost all animals. By the determination of CG 3 weeks after conception, 86% of all pregnant cases exhibited a positive response. Cases that were negative 3 weeks after conception were followed by a repeated test in the next week. According to this test schedule, 95% of the pregnant cases were detected by 4 weeks after conception, and 5% were undetected as negative responses because their CG levels were low.
Type locality of Hylobates concolor leucogenys
Authors: Fooden Jack 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKloss [1929] restricted the type locality of the northern white‐cheeked gibbon, Hylobates concolor leucogenys, on the basis of two specimens that were collected at Muang Khi, Laos, not at Muang Pak‐Lay, Laos, as conventionally assumed. The locality difference is zoogeographically important because Muang Khi is east of the Mekong River, within the known range of H. c. leucogenys, whereas Muang Pak‐Lay is west of the river, outside the known range of the subspecies. The type‐locality restriction is appropriately amended.
Taxonomic assessment of the allopatric gray‐cheeked mangabey (Cercocebus albigena) and black mangabey (C. aterrimus): Comparative socioecological data and the species concept
Authors: Horn Arthur D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA brief review of past taxonomic assessments of the allopatric gray‐cheeked mangabey (Cercocebus albigena) and the black mangabey (Cercocebus aterrimus) is presented. On the basis of pelage, cranial, and biomolecular morphology, aterrimus and albigena have been lumped together in the same species‐group, superspecies, subgenus, or species by various systematists over the years. A comparison of the available socioecological data on the two forms supports their close taxonomic association, as they are found to be very similar in socioecological traits. After a brief review of current species concepts, the author, on the basis of the socioecological commonalities, tentatively supports Groves' [1978] conspecific designation of albigena and aterrimus and suggests further tests for this proposal and for the species concept, from the points of view of both taxonomic and evolutionary theory.
Banded karyotypes of 20 Papionini species reveal no necessary correlation with speciation
Authors: Stanyon Roscoe , Fantini C. , Camperio‐Ciani A. , Chiarelli B. , Ardito G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe G‐banded karyotypes of 20 species of the tribe Papionini are remarkably similar, and the amount of phylogenetic interpretation permitted is limited. The genera Mandrillus and Cercocebus may be linked by a derived chromosome 10. T. gelada may be linked to the macaques by chromosome 2. Chromosome 5, which differs in M. fascicularis, makes this species an unlikely ancestor of the Sulawesi (Celebes) macaques. An alternate hypothesis, which takes into consideration the possibility that ancestral populations may be polymorphic for these chromosome variants, suggests that different chromosome variants have become fixed in different lines. These chromosomes would therefore not reflect phylogenetic relations. In the Papionini the karyotype has not played a major role in diversification and speciation.
A study of postnatal appendicular skeletal maturation in captive‐born squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)
Authors: Galliari Carlos A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study is based on a mixed longitudinal radiographic sampling of appendicular bones in 82 captive‐born squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). All appendicular ossification centers had appeared radiographically by 17 weeks of age, and epiphyseal fusion was complete by 47‐53 months of age. No statistically significant differences were found between the sexes in comparisons carried out at birth and at 6 and 8 months of age. Valid sex comparisons could not be made at other ages owing to the small size of the sample. The sequence of appearance of the ossification centers (Spearman correlation coefficient of Saimiri vs. Callithrix = 0.68) shows greater interspecies differences than the sequence of fusion (Saimiri vs. Callithrix = 0.88).
Application of DNA fingerprinting probes to old world monkeys
Authors: Weiss Mark L. , Wilson Victoria , Chan Cindy , Turner Trudy , Jeffreys Alec J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of tandem‐repetitive minisatellite DNA in humans provides great discriminatory power in paternity identification and individualization of tissue samples. The molecular probes used to study these hyper‐variable loci are here applied to DNA isolated from related animals in four species of Old World monkeys. Probes 33.6 and 33.15 are shown to cross‐hybridize with variable minisatellites in Macaca fuscata, Macaca silenus, Erythrocebus patas, and Colobus guereza. The DNA fingerprint patterns are consistent with germ‐line stability and mendelian inheritance. Application of DNA fingerprinting to Old World monkeys thus provides a new tool for identifying parentage and can thereby aid in colony management. The technique can also help to elucidate the role of behavioral factors in evolution. The breadth of applicability in other primates remains to be mapped.
Growth of nursery‐raised Macaca nemestrina infants: Effects of feeding schedules, sex, and birth weight
Authors: Sackett Gene P. , Ruppenthal Gerald C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPonderal growth, caloric intake, growth velocity, and growth efficiency were studied from birth through 90 days in 523 nursery‐raised pigtailed macaque infants. The male and female subjects ranged in birth weight from the 1st through 100th centiles of the colony distribution and were all judged to be clinically healthy. One group of infants was fed on an ad lib schedule, with formula continuously available from dispensers which were replenished every 8 h. A second group was fed on a distributed regimen, with formula available on a 4‐h‐on/4‐h‐off schedule. The latter schedule was instituted because of bacterial growth in the milk after 4 h. Infants fed the distributed diet had 20–25% lower caloric intake than those fed ad lib, but equaled or exceeded ad lib infants in body weight, growth velocity, and grams gained per 100 kilocalories (growth efficiency). The poorer utilization of calories by the ad lib group was attributed to a combination of bacteria in the milk, which caused diarrhea, and inability to metabolize the excess nutrients gained from overconsumption of fluids. The effects of the distributed diet occurred for both males and females, and across the full range of birth weights. Peak velocity and growth efficiency for both males and females occurred at 2 weeks after birth for high‐birth‐weight (HBW) infants and at 3 weeks for low‐birth‐weight (LBW) infants. However, the growth efficiency of LBW infants was equal to, or greater than, that of HBW infants after postnatal day 2. Descriptive statistics and regression equations based on this large sample are presented for quantitative comparisons of growth parameters with those of other primate species reared in laboratory or field settings. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditioned exercise method for use with nonhuman primates
Authors: Rogers Walter R. , Coelho Anthony M. , Carey K. Dee , Ivy John L. , Shade Robert E. , Easley Stephen P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using appetitive methods to train adult male olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), who were socially housed and fitted with indwelling catheter/ transducer systems, to exercise on an inclined, motorized, moving treadmill. All subjects were first trained to walk on a motorized treadmill for 30 min at a speed of approximately 1.6 km/hr on a 0 grade. Upon completion of initial exercise training, six animals were assigned to a low exercise group (LOW), six were assigned to a moderate exercise group (MOD), and six were assigned to a sedentary control group (SED). The LOW group exercised 30 min per day on an elevated treadmill, the MOD group exercised 60 min per day on an elevated treadmill and the SED group did not perform any treadmill exercise. The 12 animals comprising the LOW and MOD groups were exercised 4 days per week and their performance was increased over a subsequent 30‐week experimental period. We gradually increased speed and grade demands over several weeks and produced an animal model capable of traveling at speeds up to 5.5 km/hr on a 22% grade and distances up to 3,353 m horizontally and 549 m vertically in a 1‐hr session. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food puzzle for singly caged primates
Authors: Murchison Mark A. , Nolte Randolph E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo enhance environmental complexity for singly caged pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), we designed a food puzzle to promote foraging. The puzzles, made of clear plastic tubing and loaded with peanuts in the shell, were suspended from linked chains and attached to the fronts of the cages. Animals manipulated the puzzles by reaching through a cage opening. Upon presentation of loaded puzzles, most animals attempted to remove the peanuts. More peanuts were removed within an hour after the puzzle was loaded than at any other time during the day. Young adult animals showed no sex differences in number of peanuts removed and were more proficient than middle‐aged animals in removing peanuts during the first hour of testing. Middle‐aged females were more proficient than middle‐aged males. The food puzzle enhanced the animals' cage environment by providing a goal‐oriented activity that they could control. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.