bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTROGEN: PHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND FORMULATIONS FOR REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Authors: Ruggiero Ronald J. , Likis Frances E. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTEstrogen is the central component in 6 of the 100 most widely prescribed medications in the United States today. This steroid has several therapeutic uses including contraceptive applications, treatment of menopausal symptoms, and the prevention of osteoporosis. A wide variety of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and estrogen plus progestational hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) preparations are available. In addition, there are an increasing number of products with estrogenic properties that are being promoted as alternatives to drugs containing estrogen, such as phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs). This article reviews the physiology of estrogenic effects, estrogen metabolism, and the pharmacokinetics of marketed preparations.
MIDWIVES AND POSTABORTION CARE: EXPERIENCES, OPINIONS, AND ATTITUDES AMONG PARTICIPANTS AT THE 25TH TRIENNIAL CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF MIDWIVES
Authors: Miller Suellen , Billings Deborah L. , Clifford Barbara 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTMidwifery practice may not include caring for women experiencing complications from unsafe abortion, despite the importance of this care for the health and lives of millions of women around the world. This article summarizes data collected from midwives from 41 countries who attended the 25th Triennial Congress of the International Confederation of Midwives in 1999, focusing on their experiences with, and attitudes toward, the provision of postabortion care. Barriers to provision of postabortion care and factors for changes in postabortion care‐related policies were explored. Midwives from developing countries, where complications from unsafe abortion present a serious public health problem, were cognizant of the need to authorize, train, and equip midwives in postabortion care, including the use of uterine evacuation of incomplete abortion with manual vacuum aspiration. Changes in policy and practice are needed throughout the world so that women will have access to quality, compassionate postabortion care services regardless of where they live. Ensuring that midwives are able to provide such services will help to reduce abortion‐related morbidity and mortality.
A LIGHT IN THE FOG: CARING FOR WOMEN WITH POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Authors: Kennedy Holly Powell , Beck Cheryl Tatano , Driscoll Jeanne Watson 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTIt is estimated that at least 1 in 10 women will experience postpartum depression, yet systematic screening for it in clinical practice is too often neglected. The foggy unreality of this affective disorder leads women to believe they are losing their minds, and their efforts to find help can be elusive. Women with postpartum depression who go undetected and untreated are at risk for immediate harm and potential lifelong sequelae for themselves and their families, and especially for their children. This article provides 1) an understanding of the woman's experience of postpartum depression, 2) a review of two instruments, developed through a focused program of research to screen for the disorder, 3) triage in clinical practice, and 4) an overview of the three dimensions of treatment: psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, and psychosocial care. Practical guidance and client information are provided to assist midwives and primary care providers to incorporate systematic screening into clinical practice, to identify effective interdisciplinary treatment teams, and to muster family and community resources to help with this commonly hidden childbearing crisis.
VAGINAL BIRTH AFTER CESAREAN BIRTH: A NATIONAL SURVEY OF U.S. MIDWIFERY PRACTICE
Authors: Carr Catherine A. , Burkhardt Patricia , Avery Melissa 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTMidwives have been providing care for women choosing vaginal birth after cesarean birth (VBAC) for over 20 years. The 1999 American College of Obstetrician Gynecologist (ACOG) guidelines and recent studies questioning the relative safety of VBAC have raised concerns about continuing to offer this option. As part of an effort to understand VBAC care provided by midwives, this study used a national survey sample to examine practices, scope, and recent changes in the provision of VBAC care. The survey, which included demographic and practice items was mailed in late 2000 to a purposeful sample of 325 midwifery practices. The return rate was 62%. Nearly all (94%) of the responding practices were providing VBAC care, and almost half of them (43%) stated that their ability to do so had changed within the past 2 years secondary to recent studies in the obstetric literature, the 1999 ACOG statement, and concerns from third‐party payers. Criteria for offering VBAC are stricter, and consent forms are more extensive. Other changes included the need for additional or more intensive support services, in‐house anesthesia, and surgery backup. Midwives continue to provide VBAC care, although with some increased restrictions. This study provides background for future research that will determine how midwifery care affects the rate of successful VBACs.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DURING PREGNANCY: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Authors: Espinosa Lisa , Osborne Kathryn 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTDomestic violence affects many women and their families. Although estimates of the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy vary, it is likely that most providers of women's health care will encounter pregnant women who experience domestic violence. The purpose of this article is to review research that has investigated associations between domestic violence during pregnancy and other demographic and lifestyle variables, as well as the literature regarding clinical assessment and intervention strategies.
SAFE PRESCRIBING PRACTICES IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
Authors: Hansen Wendy F. , Peacock Anne E. , Yankowitz Jerome 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTMidwives and other health care providers face a dilemma when a pregnant woman develops a condition that usually is treated with a pharmacologic agent. Understanding of basic teratology associated with drugs as well as the FDA categorization of agents can assist professionals in recognizing which pharmaceuticals should be used or avoided. In addition to reviewing teratology, this article addresses the use of common drugs for the treatment of upper respiratory conditions, minor pain, gastrointestinal problems, psychiatric illnesses, and neurologic disorders. In each category, current evidence is presented pertaining to which agents should be recommended for pregnant women.
WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN THE BABY IS WINKING AT YOU? CASE REPORT OF A FACE PRESENTATION
Authors: Barger Mary K. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTFace presentation is an uncommon presentation at birth. The identification of a fetus with a hyperextended neck on ultrasound antenatally warrants close scrutiny for other anomalies. A fetus who presents as a face presentation in labor that is of average estimated fetal weight and has no anomalies in a woman with an adequate pelvis is likely to deliver vaginally if the mentum rotates to anterior prior to birth. Persistent mentum posteriors are best left alone without manual intervention and delivered by cesarean section. Prolonged labor is common. The clinician must be patient and closely monitor descent and rotation. Infants born as face presentations should be assessed closely after birth for normal respiratory transition and the presence of significant pain warranting analgesics.
THE DRUG DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND THE PREGNANT WOMAN
Authors: Frederiksen Marilynn C. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTThe drug development process in the United States includes extensive pre‐clinical testing and a series of clinical trials designed to explore the safety and efficacy of a new drug entity. As part of this process, animal studies are conducted to assess the effects of the new drug on the reproductive process. These studies, called developmental and reproductive toxicology studies, form the basis for the information included in the current pregnancy subsection of the drug label. The new drug's effects on the human fetus are gathered through post‐marketing studies, usually observational registries. There is usually no information regarding the dose appropriate for pregnancy. The usual adult dose is assumed to be appropriate. Proposed changes to the current pregnancy subsection would replace the categories with narrative text, allow more detailed clinical management advice, including inadvertent fetal exposure, and provide a summary of risks associated with the drug. The sections on fertility, pregnancy and lactation would be combined, since they are a continuum. A provision is also being made to incorporate information from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies relevant to pregnancy.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: SHORT‐TERM VERSUS LONG‐TERM USE
Authors: Rousseau Mary Ellen 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTMidwives manage health care of women throughout the life cycle including prescribing hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This article presents a history of research on the use of HRT, as well as risks and benefits. Older research on the effects of HRT on heart disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer is included. The results and recommendations of the Women's Health Initiative are examined.
ADDRESSING THE EPIDEMIC: PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN WOMEN
Authors: Reedy Nancy Jo 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTDiabetes is epidemic in the United States. More than half of the victims are women, and women from vulnerable populations have particularly high rates of diabetes. In addition, long‐term complications of diabetes are contributing factors to poverty, disability, and premature death, and complications of diabetes are more common and more serious in women. The provision of health care to women with diabetes must include knowledge of the pharmacotherapeutic agents used to treat diabetes to provide care that compliments and does not complicate diabetes management.
An Analysis of Time and Staff Utilization for Open Versus Percutaneous Tracheostomies
Authors: Kaylie David M. , Andersen Peter E. , Wax Mark K. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEWe examined staff utilization and procedure length for percutaneous and open bedside tracheostomies in an intensive care settingSTUDY DESIGNProspective clinical outcomes study.METHODSIntensive care unit (ICU) tracheostomy consults meeting criteria for bedside procedures were randomized to open or percutaneous procedures. The Cook percutaneous kit and a prepackaged tracheostomy tray were used. ICU nursing and respiratory therapy staff was present for all procedures. The total resident time, staff time, and procedure length were recorded. Twelve patients underwent percutaneous tracheostomy, and 12 received an open tracheostomy.RESULTSAn operating room nurse was present for 7 of the open procedures. Ancillary medical staff was present for 3 open tracheostomies: anesthesia for 2 and critical care for 1. Ancillary medical staff was present for 4 percutaneous tracheostomies: anesthesia staff for 1 and critical care for 3. The average resident presence, staff presence, and procedure length for open tracheostomies were 47, 30, and 12 minutes, respectively. For percutaneous tracheostomies, the times were 39, 29, and 12 minutes, respectively. One intraoperative complication occurred during a percutaneous procedure and 2 perioperative complications occurred: 1 in the open group and 1 in the percutaneous group.CONCLUSIONSThere was no significant difference in procedure length, resident time, or staff time between the 2 procedures. Ancillary staff was occasionally used but was not thought to be necessary for the majority of procedures. Both procedures can be safely and expediently performed in the ICU.
A Population‐Based Analysis of Survival Factors in Differentiated and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEThe study purpose was to determine survival and prognostic factors for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).METHODSCases of DTC were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database from 1988 through 1998. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was conducted for papillary, follicular, and medullary histologies. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to examine the influence of age, gender, tumor size, local extension, and cervical node involvement on overall survival.RESULTSA total of 18,118 cases were identified, including 15,820 (87.3%) papillary carcinomas, 1799 (9.9%) follicular carcinomas, and 499 (2.8%) medullary carcinomas. Mean survival (10‐year survival) was 122 (87.7%), 117 (80.2%), and 108 (73.7%) months for papillary, follicular, and medullary tumors, respectively. For each histology, increasing age, male gender, and degree of local extension substantially reduced survival. Cervical metastasis did not influence survival for papillary or follicular carcinomas but approached significance for medullary carcinoma (P = 0.065).CONCLUSIONSDegree of local extension in thyroid carcinoma should be subclassified to more accurately determine prognosis. Treatment of the neck should be considered for medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Increased Independence and Decreased Vertigo after Vestibular Rehabilitation
Authors: Cohen Helen S. , Kimball Kay T. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEWe sought to determine the effectiveness in decreasing some symptoms, such as vertigo, and increasing performance of daily life skills after vestibular rehabilitation.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGPatients who had chronic vertigo due to peripheral vestibular impairments were seen at a tertiary care center. They were referred for vestibular rehabilitation and were assessed on vertigo intensity and frequency with the use of the Vertigo Symptom Scale, the Vertigo Handicap Questionnaire, the Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale, and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. They were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 home program treatment groups.RESULTSVertigo decreased and independence in activities of daily living improved significantly. Improvement was not affected by age, gender, or history of vertigo.CONCLUSIONFor many patients a simple home program of vestibular habituation head movement exercises is related to reduction in symptoms and increasing independence in activities of daily living.
Development of Interface in Hydroxyapatite Implanted in the Middle Ear of the Rat: A Light and Scanning Microscopy Study
Authors: Pinilla M. , Ramírez‐Camacho R. , Salas C. , González F. , López‐Cortijo C. , Vergara J. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this work is to study the chronology in the biological covering of the hydroxyapatite bioprostheses in the healthy middle ear of the rat.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGDense hydroxyapatite is implanted into the middle ear of 45 Long‐Evans rats, between stapes and tympanic membrane. The sample was divided into 3 groups for morphologic, functional, and chemical studies at 15 days, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery, respectively.RESULTSThe short‐term studies reveal that the prostheses is surrounded by a fibrous epithelial tissue referred as the interface; it presents a marked inflammatory reaction that decreases gradually in the medium‐term and long‐term studies; in this way, we observe a progressive adhesion between implant and the contact tissues.CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCEThis model has enabled us to study the cell reaction produced by the contact of the prostheses with bone and soft tissue and their impact on the functional qualities of the prostheses.
Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases‐2 and ‐9 in Advanced Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Bogusiewicz Michal , Stryjecka‐Zimmer Marta , Szymanski Marcin , Rechberger Tomasz , Golabek Wieslaw 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVESMatrix metalloproteinases‐2 and ‐9 (MMP‐2 and MMP‐9) are proteolytic enzymes that digest collagen type IV and other components of the basement membrane. They play a key role in local invasion and the formation of distant metastases by malignant tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in stage III and IV laryngeal cancers.STUDY DESIGNIn the study we used specimens of laryngeal cancer and surrounding normal mucosa obtained from 23 patients undergoing surgical treatment as a primary therapy. After extraction of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 from tissue samples, their activity was assessed with zymography.RESULTSGreater activity of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 and a higher active/latent MMP‐2 ratio were found in cancer compared with normal mucosa. Moreover, N2 tumors revealed greater activity of MMP‐2 in comparison with N1 and N0 tumors.CONCLUSIONSResults of the study indicate that both MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 may be involved in the expansion of laryngeal cancer. MMP‐2 may also play an important role in the lymphatic spread of some laryngeal tumors.
Plato and the Method of Analysis
Authors: Menn Stephen 
Published: February 2003

AbstractLate ancient Platonists and Aristotelians describe the method of reasoning to first principles as "analysis." This is a metaphor from geometrical practice. How far back were philosophers taking geometric analysis as a model for philosophy, and what work did they mean this model to do? After giving a logical description of analysis in geometry, and arguing that the standard (not entirely accurate) late ancient logical description of analysis was already familiar in the time of Plato and Aristotle, I argue that Plato, in the second geometrical passage of the Meno (86e4-87b2), is taking analysis as a model for one kind of philosophical reasoning, and I explore the advantages and limits of this model for philosophical discovery, and in particular for how first principles can be discovered, without circularity, by argument.
Leucippus, Democritus and the oυ μαλλoν Principle: An Examination of Theophrastus Phys.Op. Fr. 8
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThis paper is a piece of detective work. Starting from an obvious excrescence in the transmitted text of Simplicius's treatment of the foundations of Presocratic atomism near the beginning of his Physics commentary, it excavates a Theophrastean correction to Aristotle's tendency to lump Leucippus and Democritus together: Theophrastus made application of the oυ μαλλoν principle in the sphere of ontology an innovation by Democritus. Along the way it shows Simplicius reordering his Theophrastean source in his efforts to find material which will strengthen the contrast between Leucippus's atomism and Eleatic metaphysics. And it argues that in doing so he all but obliterates Theophrastus's attempt to point up the Democritean credentials of the oυ μαλλoν principle.
Aristotle on Platonic Recollection and the Paradox of Knowing Universals: Prior Analytics B.21 67a8-30
Authors: Gifford Mark 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe paper provides close commentary on an important but generally neglected passage in Prior Analytics B.21 where, in the course of solving a logical puzzle concerning our knowledge of universal statements, Aristotle offers his only explicit treatment of the Platonic doctrine of Recollection. I show how Aristotle defends his solution to the "Paradox of Knowing Universals", as we might call it, and why he introduces Recollection into his discussion of the puzzle. The reading I develop undermines the traditional view of the passage and lends fresh insight into Aristotle's conception of Plato's particular version of innatism; more specifically, when understood as I recommend, the passage strongly suggests that, on Aristotle's view, Plato's theory of Recollection is specifically designed to explain our apprehension of universal truths. The reading I propose also enables us to see how the allegedly non-standard use of the technical term επαγωγη in B.21 can be understood in a perfectly straightforward fashion to refer to an inductive inference from singular statements to the universal truth they exemplify. Owing to this last point in particular, the paper carries serious consequences for our understanding of the purported doublet in the problematic opening chapter to the Posterior Analytics where Aristotle offers his only explicit attempt to solve Meno's Paradox.
A Comparison between the Acid-Catalysed Reactions of Some Dihydroxamic Acids, Monohydroxamic Acids and Desferal
Authors: Ghosh Kallol K , Patle Shyam Kumar , Sharma Pokhraj , Rajput Surendra Kumar 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
A kinetic study on the hydrolysis of some dihydroxamic acids HOHNOC–(CH2)n–CONHOH (n = 0, oxalo, [ODHA]; n = 1 malono [MDHA]; and n = 2, succino, [SDHA] dihydroxamic acids) in aqueous mineral acids is reported. A comparison of the kinetic data with those from the hydrolysis of simple monohydroxamic acid, (acetohydroxamic acid [AHA] CH3CONHOH, benzohydroxamic acid [BHA] C6H5CONHOH) and the natural trihydroxamate-based siderophore desferal (DFB) revealed that the hydrolytic stability sequence of the compounds is generally: BHA &gt; ODHA &gt; MDHA &gt; DFB &gt; AHA &gt; SDHA. An excess acidity analysis reveals that the reaction involving a pre-equilibrium protonation was followed by a rate determining A-2 type nucleophilic attack of water molecule on the protonated substrate. An attempt has been made to study protonation equilibria.
Production Yields of H(D) Atoms in the Reactions of N2(a′ 1Σu−) with H2O, D2O, and HOD
Authors: Umemoto Hironobu , Oku Mizuki 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The deactivation processes of N2(a′ 1Σu−, v = 0), the lowest metastable singlet-state molecular nitrogen, by H2O, D2O, and HOD were investigated. The overall rate constants as well as the quantum yields for the production of H(D) atoms were determined. N2(a′, v = 0) was produced by energy transfer from N2(a 1Πg, v = 0), while N2(a, v = 0) was produced by a two-photon excitation of the ground-state N2. The rate constants for the deactivation by H2O and D2O were determined to be (4.22 ± 0.27) × 10−10 and (4.21 ± 0.11) × 10−10 cm3 s−1, respectively, by measuring the decay profiles of N2(a, v = 0) under equilibrated conditions. The quantum yields for the production of H(D) atoms were determined to be 0.9 −0.2+0.1 both for H2O and D2O under the assumption that the only exit for H2(D2) is the production of two H(D) atoms. In a reaction with HOD, the yield ratio of [H]/[D] was measured to be 1.0 ± 0.1. This lack of the isotope effect suggests that the decomposition proceeds by forming bound intermediate complexes, such as HNNOD and DNNOH.
Transfer Mechanism of Dodecyl Sulfate with Methylene Blue across an Oil/Water Interface Studied by Single-Droplet Injection and Microabsorption Methods
Authors: Chikama Katsumi , Negishi Takayuki , Nakatani Kiyoharu 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The ion-pair extraction mechanism in a dodecyl sodium sulfate (Na+DS−)/Methylene Blue (MB+Cl−) system was kinetically investigated by single microdroplet techniques. A single tributyl phosphate microdroplet was injected into an aqueous solution and the extraction rate of MB+ by DS− into the single droplet was measured with time using a microabsorption method. The MB+ concentration in the droplet at the extraction equilibrium was independent of the pH in water, while the extraction rate was highly influenced by the pH. The characteristic pH dependence of the MB+/DS− extraction was considered in terms of the mass transfer of MB+, DS− and H+ as individual ions across the oil/water interface.