bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grundwasser lebt! Ein globales Ökosystem
Authors: Preuß Gudrun , Schminke Horst Kurt 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGrundwasser ist ein Ökosystem globalen Ausmaßes mit sehr spezifischen Lebensbedingungen. Zu diesen gehören das Fehlen von Sonnenlicht, die Enge des Raumes im Lückensystem grundwasserführender Kiese und Sande, niedrige, aber gleichbleibende Temperaturen sowie ein spärliches Nahrungsangebot. Trotzdem begegnet man im Grundwasser artenreichen Biozönosen, die sich aus Mikroorganismen, Protozoen, Pilzen und Tieren zusammensetzen. Das Zusammenspiel dieser Organismen bestimmt maßgeblich die natürlichen Stoffflüsse und die chemische Beschaffenheit des Grundwassers. Das gelöste und zum Teil auch partikuläre organische Material, das nach der Bodenpassage nur noch in geringen Konzentrationen im Grundwasser ankommt, wird von heterotrophen Bakterien und Pilzen für den Aufbau mikrobieller Biomasse genutzt, die anderen Organismen als Nahrungsgrundlage dient.Vergleichsweise geringe Biomasse, aber hohe Diversität der Biozönosen sind genauso typisch für das Leben im Grundwasser wie verlangsamte Stoffwechselleistungen und Reproduktionsraten, die ein wichtiger Grund für die Empfindlichkeit dieses Systems gegenüber Störungen von außen sind. Jede Organismengruppe trägt durch vielfältige Funktionen zum Bestand der unterirdischen Lebensgemeinschaften bei. Ein Nachhaltiger Grundwasserschutz erfordert daher vor allem den Schutz dieser Gemeinschaften.
Nobelpreise 2004 – Same procedure as every year?
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWie in jedem Jahr werden Anfang Oktober in Stockholm die neuen Nobelpreisträger bekanntgegeben. Wie in jedem Jahr wird die Auswahl nicht auf einhellige Zustimmung stoßen, wobei sich die verhaltene Kritik nicht gegen die Auserwählten, sondern gegen die Auswählenden richten wird, denn nach Meinung einiger Kritiker werden die Nobel‐Komitees – wie in jedem Jahr – preiswürdige Kandidaten übergangen haben. Nach Bekanntgabe der letztjährigen Nobelpreisträger erreichte der angeschlagene Ton aber eine bisher unvorstellbare Schärfe: “Eine Stockholmer Piratenbande betrügt Menschen seit einem Jahrhundert mit ihren Verbrechen” zeterte ein schlechter Verlierer. Ein Blick zurück.
Motion and size estimation of a free moving metallic particle in GIS based on propagation properties of acoustic waves
Authors: Onomoto Michio , Kunitake Yoshitaka , Ohtsuka Shinya , Kozako Masahiro , Yuasa Sadayuki , Okabe Shigemitsu , Hikita Masayuki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the propagation properties of Lamb waves and motion characteristic of free moving metallic particle in a gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) tank to diagnose the insulation performance of GIS. We have proposed a new identification technique for defect location in GIS based on the time–frequency analysis of the Lamb waves using the Wavelet Transform. In this paper, we measured the acoustic signals excited by a metallic particle colliding with the tank sheath. Furthermore, we measured the moving particles under a high electric field in GIS using a high‐speed video camera. As a result, we examined the relationship between maximum lifting height and the flight time during subsequent impacts of a moving particle. Moreover, we estimated particle size based on the propagation properties of Lamb waves. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 26–33, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20023
Green tax reforms in Spain
Authors: Labandeira Xavier , Labeaga José M. , Rodríguez Miguel 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn recent years, the so‐called green tax reforms have become a relevant instrument in the environmental policies of the developed world. These reforms are based on the theory of the double dividend of environmental taxation, which essentially argues in favour of the introduction of such taxes in a revenue‐neutral fashion to reduce other distortionary levies. Given the theoretical ambiguity that exists as to the sign and magnitude of the effects of such reforms, this paper proposes a new methodology which enables us to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the environmental, efficiency and distributional consequences. In order to do so, we have integrated a microeconometric model of household energy demand and an applied general equilibrium model. The simulation of a hypothetical reform in Spain shows that a tax on CO2emissions, with a simultaneous reduction in social security contributions, provides a net and double improvement (both environmental and fiscal benefits). Furthermore, the distributional effects are virtually insignificant and relatively specific. This paper is especially useful to guide future Spanish climate control policies, as current emissions are far beyond the commitments agreed to by the Spanish government. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Path‐dependent climate policy: the history and future of emissions trading in Europe
Authors: Woerdman Edwin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAt the end of the 1990s, the EU was still sceptical towards emissions trading, but in 2003 it adopted a directive that enables such trading in the EU from 2005 onwards. Instead of presenting ad hoc explanations, we develop and apply the path dependence approach to clarify this remarkable attitude change. Sunk costs, switching costs and learning explain why politicians were initially tempted to add credit trading to existing, sub‐optimal policy. Permit trading, however, is more efficient and effective. An institutional lock‐in was bound to occur, but attitudes changed as a result of internal pressures, such as the pioneering role of the European Commission, and external ‘shocks’, such as the withdrawal of the US from the Kyoto Protocol. A full‐scale institutional break‐out towards efficiency is not guaranteed, though, because elements of credit trading can still enter the permit trading directive. The risk is that these elements become locked in, from which it may be difficult to escape. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
An implicit three‐dimensional fully non‐hydrostatic model for free‐surface flows
Authors: Yuan Hengliang , Wu Chin H. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn implicit method is developed for solving the complete three‐dimensional (3D) Navier–Stokes equations. The algorithm is based upon a staggered finite difference Crank‐Nicholson scheme on a Cartesian grid. A new top‐layer pressure treatment and a partial cell bottom treatment are introduced so that the 3D model is fully non‐hydrostatic and is free of any hydrostatic assumption. A domain decomposition method is used to segregate the resulting 3D matrix system into a series of two‐dimensional vertical plane problems, for each of which a block tri‐diagonal system can be directly solved for the unknown horizontal velocity. Numerical tests including linear standing waves, nonlinear sloshing motions, and progressive wave interactions with uneven bottoms are performed. It is found that the model is capable to simulate accurately a range of free‐surface flow problems using a very small number of vertical layers (e.g. two–four layers). The developed model is second‐order accuracy in time and space and is unconditionally stable; and it can be effectively used to model 3D surface wave motions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoulder function after accessory nerve–sparing neck dissections
Authors: Erisen Levent , Basel Bekir , Irdesel Jale , Zarifoglu Mehmet , Coskun Hakan , Basut Oguz , Tezel Ilker , Hizalan Ibrahim , Onart Selcuk 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground.This study was designed to observe the effect of preserving the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) during neck dissection (ND) and adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) after ND on shoulder function.Methods.Fifty‐seven patients with head and neck cancer who had undergone primary tumor resection and various types of NDs were enrolled in this prospective study. Postoperative shoulder joint range of motion was evaluated by goniometry, and muscle strength was measured manually. SAN function was evaluated with electromyography (EMG) with respect to percentage of denervation and presence of neurogenic involvement. Patients were grouped by treatment as follows: radical ND (RND) versus modified radical ND (MRND)/selective ND (SND) and ART versus no ART.Results.Shoulder joint range of motion and shoulder muscle strength were significantly better in the MRND/SND group than in the RND group. However, EMG findings were similar in the RND and MRND/SND groups. When all patients who underwent ND, RND, or MRND/SND were compared with the control group, statistically significant changes in shoulder joint range of motion and shoulder muscle strength were found. Also, denervation and neurogenic involvement of the SAN were significantly higher after all NDs than in the control group. ART did not affect range of motion of the shoulder joint, shoulder muscle strength, or the degree of denervation and neurogenic involvement in any of the ND groups.Conclusions.ART does not have a negative effect on shoulder function after ND. SAN is always functionally impaired even if we preserve it macroscopically during ND. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 967–971, 2004
Surgical treatment of paragangliomas of the carotid bifurcation: Results of 36 patients
Authors: Köhler Hugo Fontan , Carvalho André Lopes , Mattos Granja Nara V. , Nishinari Kenji , Kowalski Luiz Paulo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground.Paragangliomas of the carotid bifurcation are rare and usually benign neoplasms arising from the carotid body chemoreceptors. The aim of this retrospective study was to report long‐term results of carotid bifurcation paragangliomas treated in a single institution over a period of 20 years. The following variables are described: age, sex, localization, diagnostic workup, operative procedure, complications, proportion and characteristics of malignant tumors, and cure rates.Methods.Thirty‐six patients,10 men and 26 women, were treated. Twenty‐three patients had tumors on the right side, 10 patients had tumors on the left side, and three patients had bilateral tumors. All patients were symptomatic. The most common complaint was a neck mass that had been present for 1 to 144 months. All patients had diagnostic procedures done before treatment. The most widely used was ultrasonography (26 patients). Angiography was performed in 14 patients.Results.All patients underwent complete tumor resection. In three cases, resection of the internal carotid was necessary. In all patients who underwent internal carotid resection, immediate reconstruction was performed. No patients had postoperative strokes. Five patients had postoperative nerve palsies. During the follow‐up period of 4 months to 12 years, no patients had local recurrence develop. Four patients had distant metastasis.Conclusion.The complete removal of paragangliomas of the carotid bifurcation is effective with acceptable morbidity. All recurrences of the malignant tumors were distant metastasis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1058–1063, 2004
Reinnervated anterolateral thigh flap for tongue reconstruction
Authors: Yu Peirong 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground.Total or near‐total glossectomy defects are commonly reconstructed with rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps for coverage. Sensory reinnervation has rarely been performed.Methods.Thirteen consecutive total or near‐total glossectomy reconstructions were performed in a 12‐month period with anterolateral thigh flaps with (n = 8) or without (n = 5) sensory reinnervation to the lingual nerve. Two‐point discrimination, Semmes‐Weinstein monofilament testing, pain, and temperature testing were performed before and after 12 months of surgery. Speech and swallow functions were assessed with an established grading system.Results.Innervated flaps had superior sensory recovery to noninnervated flaps in all testing modalities. Postoperative radiotherapy may delay sensory recovery. Swallow function was better in the innervated group. Return of sensation also improves overall patient satisfaction.Conclusions.The reinnervated anterolateral thigh flap is a viable option to reconstruct total or near‐total glossectomy defects with good speech and swallow functions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1038–1044, 2004
Metastasis to the submandibular gland in head and neck carcinomas
Authors: Spiegel Jeffrey H. , Brys Agata K. , Bhakti Amol , Singer Mark I. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground.The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to determine whether and how the submandibular gland is involved in metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Methods.We reviewed the records of all patients for whom pathology specimens were available after neck dissection for primary head and neck cancers at two institutions.Results.One hundred sixty‐nine patients were included in the study, 27 underwent bilateral neck dissections, and 196 submandibular glands were resected and sent for pathology. One hundred forty‐four glands had normal histologic findings. Normal or benign histologic changes were present in 187 glands. Three submandibular glands showed invasion from a locally involved lymph node, and six had direct extension from a primary lesion. The primary lesions were all ipsilateral to the involved gland and originated from cancers of the floor of the mouth, alveolar ridge, and tongue. No submandibular glands showed pathologic evidence of metastases.Conclusions.Because the submandibular gland has no intraparenchymal lymph nodes, its involvement in upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas must be through extension from a locally involved lymph node or the primary tumor. Previous work has demonstrated that the submandibular gland can undergo transplantation out of the neck with subsequent reimplantation, as a possible means of protection from the effects of radiation. We demonstrated the submandibular gland to be involved only in cases of ipsilateral oral cavity tumors or metastasis to ipsilateral level I lymph nodes. We conclude that it is oncologically sound to consider transplantation and replantation of the contralateral submandibular gland for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma when level I lymph nodes are unlikely to be involved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1064–1068, 2004
Quality of life in elderly patients with head and neck cancer one year after diagnosis
Authors: Derks Wynia , de Leeuw Rob J. , Hordijk Gerrit Jan , Winnubst Jacques A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground.Little is known about quality of life (QOL) in elderly patients.Methods.Seventy‐eight older (≥70 years) and 105 younger patients (45–60 years) with carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx (stage ≥II), or larynx (stage ≥III) completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life Questionnaire and EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire before treatment. Fifty‐one older and 70 younger patients completed all follow‐up questionnaires at 3, 6, and 12 months.Results.Before and after treatment, the physical functioning of the older patients was worse than that of younger patients. This difference remained relatively constant during follow‐up and is probably related to normal aging. At baseline and 3 months, no other differences were found between both groups. At 6 months, younger patients reported more pain, but at 12 months no relevant differences were found.Conclusions.Treatment did not affect QOL differently in older and younger patients. Therefore, standard treatment should always be considered, irrespective of the patient's age. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 1045–1052, 2004
Skin permeation, biodistribution, and expression of topically applied plasmid DNA
Authors: Kang Min‐Jeong , Kim Chong‐Kook , Kim Mi Young , Hwang Tae Sun , Kang Sang Yoon , Kim Won‐Ki , Ko Jung Jae , Oh Yu‐Kyoung 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundTopical application is emerging as a new route of gene delivery. However, the extent of skin permeation and the in vivo fate of topically applied plasmid DNA are not fully understood.MethodsIn vitro permeation of plasmid DNA across human skin and keratinocyte layers was tested using Franz diffusion cells. In vivo absorption and biodistribution of topically applied plasmid in mice were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The expression levels of plasmid DNA in various tissues were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR.ResultsIn vitro, topically applied DNA was capable of penetrating human skin and keratinocyte layers. Following topical application of plasmid DNA onto murine skin, the levels of plasmid DNA in the serum peaked at 4 hr. At 24 hr post‐dose, topically applied DNA existed at higher levels than intravenously administered DNA in almost all tissues, and induced 11.4‐ and 22‐fold higher mRNA expression in muscle and skin, respectively. Moreover, the topical route showed sustained expression of plasmid DNA in the regional lymph nodes over 5 days, whereas the intravenous route did not.ConclusionsTaken together, our results show that topically applied plasmid DNA is capable of permeating the skin and being expressed for prolonged periods in various tissues including lymph nodes. This suggests that skin may provide an appealing, noninvasive route of delivery for DNA vaccines and other therapeutic genes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and fragmentation of hydrolyzed aluminum species by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sarpola Arja , Hietapelto Vesa , Jalonen Jorma , Jokela Jukka , Laitinen Risto S. , Rämö Jaakko 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEarlier characterization of some hydrolysis products of AlCl3·6H2O was confirmed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with increasing collision energy of projectile ions. At lower collision energies, the aqua ligands were stripped off. At higher energies, two hydroxo groups formed a bridging oxo group with loss of one water molecule. Aluminum complexes could also capture aqua ligands in the collision chamber so long as the parent ion did not fragment, and the fragment ion spectra broadened toward higher m/z values. The chloro ligands were eliminated as hydrochloric acid. The aluminum cores remained highly intact. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ColoRaman project: Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy of oil, tempera and fresco paint pigments
Authors: Burrafato G. , Calabrese M. , Cosentino A. , Gueli A. M. , Troja S. O. , Zuccarello A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn on‐line database was compiled for the Raman and fluorescence spectra, obtained using three different excitation wavelengths (531.5, 632.8 and 780 nm), of 99 pigments analysed dry and already applied with four painting techniques (egg tempera, casein tempera, oil and fresco). The database makes it possible to determine easily the most suitable excitation wavelength for the identification of pigments already applied with these painting techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online monitoring of crevice corrosion with electrochemical noise
Authors: Schmitt G. , Moeller K. , Plagemann P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe time‐related cumulated noise charges extracted from the noise signals between two “identical” crevice electrodes yield a direct quantitative easy‐to‐interpret information on time‐related corrosion intensities in the crevice. A new software‐assisted method of noise data evaluation allows a “counting of coulombs” exchanged between the system electrodes, the results of which directly correlate with the metal dissolution intensity in the crevice. The versatility of this “CoulCount” method is demonstrated in a failure analysis on the cause of crevice corrosion at spigots of automotive cooling water pumps.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(trimethylene oxide)‐block‐Polystyrene and Poly(trimethylene oxide)‐block‐Polystyrene‐block‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Combination of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization (CROP)
Authors: Luan Bin , Yuan Qin , Pan Cai‐Yuan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSummary: Diblock copolymers, poly(trimethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(styrene)s abbreviated as poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St), and triblock copolymers, poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA)s (MMA = methyl methacrylate), with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity have been successively synthesized by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and cationic ring‐opening polymerization using the bifunctional initiator, 2‐hydroxylethyl α‐bromoisobutyrate, without intermediate function transformation. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and NMR analyses confirmed the structures of di‐ and triblock copolymers obtained.GPC curves of (a) poly(St); (b) diblock copolymer, poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) before precipitation; (c) poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) after precipitation in cyclohexane/ethanol (2:1); (d) triblock copolymer, poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA).magnified imageGPC curves of (a) poly(St); (b) diblock copolymer, poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) before precipitation; (c) poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA) after precipitation in cyclohexane/ethanol (2:1); (d) triblock copolymer, poly(TMO)‐block‐poly(St)‐block‐poly(MMA).
Effect of Biodegradable Epoxidized Castor Oil on Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Park Soo‐Jin , Jin Fan‐Long , Lee Jae‐Rock 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSummary: Biobased epoxy materials were prepared from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and epoxidized castor oil (ECO) initiated by a latent thermal catalyst. The physicochemical and mechanical interfacial properties of the DGEBA/ECO blends were investigated. As a result, the thermal stability of the cured epoxy blends showed a maximum value in the presence of 10 wt.‐% ECO content, which was attributed to the excellent network structure in the DGEBA/ECO blends. The storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the blends were lower than those of neat epoxy resins. The mechanical interfacial properties of the cured specimens were significantly increased with increasing the ECO content. This could be interpreted in terms of the addition of larger soft segments of ECO into the epoxy resins and thus reducing the crosslinking density of the epoxy network, which results in increasing toughness in the blends.KIC values of the DGEBA/ECO blends as a function of ECO content.magnified imageKIC values of the DGEBA/ECO blends as a function of ECO content.
Ultratopologies
Authors: Sági Gábor , Gerlits János 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe notion of ultratopologies was introduced in [6] motivated by the model theory of first and higher order logics. In [6] we established some model theoretical applications of ultratopologies, for example, we provided a purely set theoretical (or topological) characterization for classes de.nable by second order existential formulas. The present note deals with topological properties of ultratopologies, like density and compactness. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unsupported Boolean algebras and forcing
Authors: Kurilić Miloš S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIf κ is an infinite cardinal, a complete Boolean algebra B is called κ‐supported if for each sequence 〈bβ : β < κ〉 of elements of B the equality $ \wedge$α<κ $ \vee$β>α bβ = $ \vee$ $ \wedge$β∈A bβ holds. Combinatorial and forcing equivalents of this property are given and compared with the other forcing related properties of Boolean algebras (distributivity, caliber, etc.). The set of regular cardinals κ for which B is not κ‐supported is investigated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)