Ultrasound shear wave elastography for detection of myocardial fibrosis
Authors: Popescu A , Cvijic M , Wouters L , Youssef A , Bezy S , Duchenne J , Orlowska M , Degtiarova G , Bogaert J , D'hooge J , Voigt J U 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Myocardial fibrosis has important clinical and prognostic implications. Cost-effective imaging tools for fibrosis screening to enable personalized therapies are thus of major interest. Echocardiographic shear wave (SW) elastography is an emerging approach for measuring myocardial stiffness (MS). SWs occur after mechanical excitation of the myocardium, e.g. after mitral valve closure (MVC,i.e natural SW), and their propagation velocity is directly related to MS.

Purpose
To investigate if natural SW velocities can detect myocardial fibrosis.

Methods
We included 99 subjects (31 heart transplant patients[52±17years, 77% male], 23 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [55±16 years, 78% male] and 45 healthy volunteers [HV, 44±17 years, 71% male]). SW elastography was performed in parasternal long axis views of the left ventricle (LV) using an experimental scanner (HD-PULSE) at 1134±255 frames per second. Tissue acceleration maps were extracted from an anatomical M-mode line along the midline of the LV septum. SW propagation velocity at MVC was measured as slope in the M-mode image. Patients underwent besides conventional echocardiography also 1.5T cardiac magnetic resonance with T1 mapping as well as late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) to assess the presence of myocardial fibrosis (Fig 1). Subjects were divided into 4 groups: HV, patients with no fibrosis (NF), interstitial fibrosis (MIF) and replacement fibrosis (MRF).

Results
SW velocities differed significantly among groups (p&lt;0.0001, Fig 2A). The NF group showed higher SW velocities than HV (4.3±1.3 vs. 3.4±0.9 m/s, p=0.02), while both MIF and MRF groups showed significantly higher values than NF subjects (6.5±1.1 and 8.7±1.2 m/s, respectively).
SW velocity showed significant correlations with ECV values (r=0.70) and T1 values (r=0.47), and markers of LV diastolic function (E/e’: r=0.54; isovolumetric relaxation time: r=0.41; deceleration time: r=0.30 (all p&lt;0.01)(Fig 2B-D).
A cut-off SW velocity of 3.86m/s allowed to differentiate between HV and the NF group with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 76% (area under the curve (AUC)= 0.73). A cut-off of 4.58 m/s distinguished between HV and all patient groups (sensitivity 95%, specificity 73%, AUC 0.88). SW velocities below 6.01 m/s showed highest accuracy to identify patients without any type of fibrosis (sensitivity 97%, specificity 90%, AUC=0.97). A cut-off of 8.11 m/s could distinguish MRF from MIF with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 69%, respectively (AUC=0.92).

Conclusions
SW velocity measurements can differentiate between fibrotic myocardium and healthy tissue with very good accuracy. Different types of fibrosis (interstitial vs. replacement) could also be distinguished. Nevertheless, we hypothesize that stiffness changes relate mainly to the fibrosis burden. Shear wave elastography appears as promising new tool for the non-invasive assessment of myocardial fibrosis.