bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of improved performance monitoring on the consistency of a bottom trawl survey
Authors: Zimmermann Mark , Wilkins Mark E , Weinberg Kenneth L , Lauth Robert R , Shaw Franklin R 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Numerous trawl hauls, made during the triennial bottom trawl surveys (1977–1998) conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service off the U.S. West Coast, had unusually small catch rates of benthic fish and invertebrates (cpueB), probably because the trawl failed to contact the seabed (off-bottom). Technological advances in the equipment used to monitor trawl performance since 1986 have increased our ability to recognize off-bottom tows, and cpueB has risen. As direct trawl performance measurements were not available in earlier surveys, a minimum cpueB derived from the survey with the best monitoring of bottom contact of the time-series (1998) was used as a criterion to eliminate trawls with poor bottom contact from earlier surveys. The truncated data sets produce significantly larger biomass indices, especially in 1980, with increases of 43, 45, and 56% for Dover sole, petrale sole, and Pacific sanddab, respectively. The analysis suggests that changes in cpueB over the time-series may be related more to changing survey fishing methods than to changes in abundance. Other bottom trawl surveys, which have also added trawl monitoring equipment during their time-series, may have experienced similar changes in trawl performance.
Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations of herring movement
Authors: Zedel Len , Knutsen Tor , Patro Ranjan 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Observations were made of over-wintering (December 1997) and migrating (January 1998) Norwegian, spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) using a moored 307 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The location of herring in ADCP data is identified by regions of volume-backscatter strength greater than −60 dB re 1 m−1. The presence of herring was verified using net trawls and 38 kHz, EK500 data. While the ADCP cannot make speed measurements of individual fish, the system does provide a measure of the swimming speed and direction of large herring schools. Herring were observed to move both horizontally and vertically: horizontal speeds were from 0 to 50 cm s−1. Higher speeds were observed during daylight hours for both deployments with somewhat increased activity at both dawn and dusk. At night-time, over-wintering herring demonstrated no well-defined velocity.
The role of inorganic and organic nutrients on the development of phytoplankton along a transect from the Daugava River mouth to the Open Baltic, in spring and summer 1999
Authors: Põder Tõnis , Maestrini Serge Y , Balode Maija , Lips Urmas , Béchemin Christian , Andrushaitis Andris , Purina Ingrida 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The importance of dissolved silicate (DSi), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), phosphate and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) on algal growth is analysed for the Gulf of Riga and the adjacent open Baltic Sea. The results of three cruises (May, June, and July, 1999) along a transect across the Gulf of Riga from the entrance to the Daugava River to the open Baltic are presented. Nutrient-limitation was identified on the basis of available nutrient concentrations and stoichiometric analysis. In spring, phosphate appeared to be the algal-growth-potential-limiting nutrient at the entrance of the Daugava River, DSi in the central Gulf, and DIN at the open Baltic station. There was no correlation between limiting nutrient and spring phytoplankton community structure. Both the DIN and phosphate pools of the upper mixed layer were exhausted by mid-May, except at the river mouth. In summer there was a good correlation between phytoplankton biomass and DOP along the transect. Contrary to the situation in the open Baltic, the lower layer DIN/phosphate ratio in the Gulf of Riga significantly exceeds the Redfield ratio, and upwelling likely does not favour nitrogen-fixing species. Therefore, the upper layer DOP pool should be regarded as potentially the main source of phosphorus for nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Riga.
Acoustic observations of the swimming behavior of the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica Hansen
Authors: De Robertis Alex , Schell Chad , Jaffe Jules S 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA high-resolution, 445 kHz, multi-beam sonar and new data-processing techniques were used to characterize the swimming behavior of the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica Hansen, in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. The instrument was deployed when the euphausiids were at depth during the day and during dusk periods of population ascent. Three-dimensional swimming paths of individual euphausiids were reconstructed by linking successive, acoustically determined positions. Median swimming speeds were 1.8 cm s−1 during the day and 2.2–3.5 cm s−1 during dusk periods of vertical ascent. The presence of a fish at distances of 20–300 cm did not affect the swimming speed or turning of the euphausiids, suggesting that they did not respond to the presence of a potential predator at these distances. Euphausiids moved primarily obliquely in the vertical plane, with few individuals moving directly up or down, even during periods of vertical migration at dusk. We hypothesize that oblique swimming trajectories of euphausiids may reduce vulnerability to visual predators by allowing them to maintain bioluminescent counter-illumination during vertical migration.
The quantitative definition of the Barents Sea Atlantic Water: mapping of the annual climatic cycle and interannual variability
Authors: Smolyar I. , Adrov N. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The Barents Sea Atlantic Water (AW) is defined in eight different ways in the literature. These definitions can be consolidated into one statement (decision rule) that allows the separation of the AW of the Barents Sea from the rest of the water masses there. The decision rule defines AW as a straight-line function of temperature and salinity and non-Atlantic Water and Mixed Water by their proximity to AW on a temperature–salinity diagram. This rule is used to map the monthly-mean distribution of AW in the Barents Sea at 0, 30, 50 and 100 m depths. These maps demonstrate two stable seasons (winter and summer) of AW intrusion into the Barents Sea. The average duration of the AW-winter season is five months (January to May), whilst that of the AW-summer season is four months (July to October). During the winter, the area coverage of the AW at the surface equals 23% and varies slightly with depth. During summer, there is zero areal coverage of the AW at the surface, and with depth it varies considerably. The decision rule was used to map the monthly distribution of AW along latitude 74°30′N in the Barents Sea for the period 1975–1989. The maximum inflow of AW into the Barents Sea along 74°30′N occurs during March. The minimum inflow of AW occurs in August. The March/August inflow ratio is 1.55.
Spatial variation in growth of the green tiger prawn (Penaeus semisulcatus) along the coastal waters of Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Qatar
Authors: Ye Y. , Bishop J.M. , Fetta N. , Abdulqader E. , Al-Mohammadi J. , Alsaffar A.H. , Almatar S. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) length-frequency data collected from the coastal waters of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Qatar during a 23-month study from 1999 to 2001 were analyzed to estimate parameters of von Bertalanffy growth equation. All growth curves show a strong seasonal oscillation and a difference in size between males and females. The estimates of l∞ exhibit a southward decreasing trend with increasing temperature and salinity. A single variable of annual mean temperature explains 94 and 81% of the variations in l∞ for males and females, respectively. Likelihood ratio tests compared growth parameters among survey areas. A significant difference in growth was found between Kuwait and Kufji, and between Manifa and Dareen. Based on these results, we conclude that three separate populations of P. semisulcatus are present in the western Arabian Gulf: one in Kuwait, one in Kufji and Manifa, Saudi Arabia, and a third occupying Dareen, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Qatar waters. Countries sharing unit stocks should implement a cooperative approach to the management of each.
Time scale of ovarian maturation in Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, Walbaum)
Authors: Junquera S , Román E , Morgan J , Sainza M , Ramilo G 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Evidence for a prolonged ovarian development phase in Greenland halibut is presented. The reproductive cycle in this species was originally described based on the assumption that this phase should last about one year. The results of the present study, which involves data series covering a long time period and different geographic areas, show instead that there is more than one year between the mean age of the females that are at the onset of ovarian development and the mean age of the females that are actually spawning. There are two possible interpretations for this observation. One is that the ovarian development phase (vitellogenesis) could last more than one year and thus as a consequence, individual spawning would not necessarily occur on an annual basis. The other would be the existence of a high proportion of non-spawning females every year for other reasons not related with the natural rhythm of oocyte development.
A bioeconomic multispecies analysis of an estuarine small-scale fishery: spatial structure of biovalue
Authors: Rueda Mario , Defeo Omar 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe estimated the spatial population structure by size and the economical potential (biovalue) of a multispecies fish resource in an estuarine lagoon in Colombia, based on fishery-dependent (catch and effort) and independent (seasonal fishing surveys) data. Model-based (geostatistics, kriging) estimations of such performance variables were used to quantify the uncertainty in abundance, individual price by size and variable costs per haul. Monte Carlo analysis was used to assess the status of the fishery. The spatial dimension of risk analysis was explored by indicator kriging, whereas effects of biovalue on the spatial allocation of fishing effort were evaluated using contingency tables. Fish abundance, individual sizes and biovalue were spatially structured, but the spatial patterns varied between seasons and species. Analysis of biovalue showed a moderate risk that fishers had economic losses derived from the fishing activity. Spatial risk analysis showed that no more than 30% of the total area from the lagoon registered profitable levels of fish abundance, which affected the spatial allocation of fishing effort. Management implications supported by our study suggest seasonal and spatial fishing closures to protect juveniles and spawning stock of fish species.
Botulinum toxin in the therapy of gastrointestinal motility disorders
Authors: Gui D. , Rossi S. , Runfola M. , Magalini S. C. 
Published: July 2003

SummarySince 1980, botulinum toxin has been employed for the treatment of various voluntary muscle spastic disorders in the fields of neurology and ophthalmology. More recently, botulinum toxin has been proved to be effective in the therapy of dyskinetic smooth muscle disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Achalasia and anal fissure are the gastrointestinal disorders in which botulinum toxin therapy has been most extensively investigated. Botulinum toxin is the best treatment option for achalasia in patients whose condition makes them unfit for pneumatic dilation or surgery. In anal fissure, botulinum toxin is highly effective and may become the treatment of choice. In the future, botulinum toxin application in the gastrointestinal tract will be extended to many other gastrointestinal disorders, such as non‐achalasic motor disorders of the oesophagus, dysfunction of Oddi's sphincter, achalasia of the internal anal sphincter and others. This article describes the mechanism of action, rationale of employment, indications and side‐effects of botulinum toxin application in smooth muscle disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and compares the results of different techniques of botulinum toxin therapeutic application.
Is a 9‐month treatment sufficient in tuberculous enterocolitis? A prospective, randomized, single‐centre study
Authors: Kim S. G. , Kim J. S. , Jung H. C. , Song I. S. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBackground : Tuberculosis has increased in parallel with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic and the use of immunosuppressive therapy, and the growing incidence of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis, especially with intestinal involvement, reflects this trend. However, the duration of anti‐tuberculous therapy has not been clarified in intestinal tuberculosis.Aim : To compare the efficacy of different treatment durations in tuberculous enterocolitis in terms of response and recurrence rates.Methods : Forty patients with tuberculous enterocolitis were randomized prospectively: 22 patients into a 9‐month and 18 into a 15‐month group. Diagnosis was made either by colonoscopic findings of discrete ulcers and histopathological findings of caseating granuloma and/or acid‐fast bacilli, or by clinical improvement after therapeutic trial. Patients were followed up with colonoscopy every other month until complete response or treatment completion, and then every 6 months for 1 year and annually. Complete response was defined as a resolution of symptoms and active tuberculosis by colonoscopy.Results : Complete response was obtained in all patients in both groups. Two patients in the 9‐month group and one in the 15‐month group underwent operation due to intestinal obstruction and perianal fistula, respectively. No recurrence of active intestinal tuberculosis occurred during the follow‐up period in either group.Conclusions : Tuberculous enterocolitis can be managed by 9‐month chemotherapy without disease recurrence. Further investigations are needed in immunocompromised patients.
Development and validation of a patient‐assessed gastroparesis symptom severity measure: the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index
Authors: Revicki D. A. , Rentz A. M. , Dubois D. , Kahrilas P. , Stanghellini V. , Talley N. J. , Tack J. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBackground : Patient‐based symptom assessments are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatments for gastroparesis.Aim : To summarize the development and measurement qualities of the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI), a new measure of gastroparesis‐related symptoms.Methods : The GCSI was based on reviews of the medical literature, clinician interviews and patient focus groups. The measurement qualities (i.e. reliability, validity) of the GCSI were examined in 169 gastroparesis patients. Patients were recruited from seven clinical centres in the USA to participate in this observational study. Patients completed the GCSI, SF‐36 Health Survey and disability day questions at a baseline visit and again after 8 weeks. Clinicians independently rated the severity of the patients' symptoms, and both clinicians and patients rated the change in gastroparesis‐related symptoms over the 8‐week study.Results: The GCSI consists of three sub‐scales: post‐prandial fullness/early satiety, nausea/vomiting and bloating. The internal consistency reliability was 0.84 and the test–re‐test reliability was 0.76 for the GCSI total score. Significant relationships were observed between the clinician‐assessed symptom severity and the GCSI total score, and significant associations were found between the GCSI scores and SF‐36 physical and mental component summary scores and restricted activity and bed disability days. Patients with greater symptom severity, as rated by clinicians, reported greater symptom severity on the GCSI. The GCSI total scores were responsive to changes in overall gastroparesis symptoms as assessed by clinicians (P = 0.0002) and patients (P = 0.002).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the GCSI is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the symptom severity in patients with gastroparesis.
Bioavailability of oral vs. subcutaneous low‐dose methotrexate in patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Kurnik D. , Loebstein R. , Fishbein E. , Almog S. , Halkin H. , Bar‐Meir S. , Chowers Y. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBackground : Oral methotrexate and folic acid are partly absorbed by a common intestinal transporter.Aim : To determine the relative bioavailability of oral low‐dose methotrexate administered with and without concomitant folic acid vs. subcutaneous administration in patients with stable Crohn's disease.Methods : Ten patients were randomized to receive their regular maintenance dose of methotrexate (15–25 mg) for three consecutive weeks: orally, orally with 5 mg folic acid or subcutaneously. Blood samples were drawn at specified intervals during 24 h, and methotrexate levels were determined by fluorescence immunoassay. Areas under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC∞) were compared between the three routes.Results : The geometric mean AUC∞ values (95% confidence intervals) were 360 nmol.h/L (301–430 nmol.h/L), 261 nmol.h/L (214–318 nmol.h/L) and 281 nmol.h/L (209–377 nmol.h/L) per milligram of methotrexate administered for subcutaneous, oral and oral with folic acid administration, respectively (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 for oral with folic acid and oral vs. subcutaneous administration, respectively). The geometric mean relative bioavailabilities (95% confidence intervals) were 0.73 (0.62–0.86) and 0.77 (0.60–0.99) for oral and oral with folic acid administration, respectively (difference not significant).Conclusions : In patients with stable Crohn's disease, the oral bioavailability of methotrexate is highly variable and averages 73% of that of subcutaneous administration. Concomitant folic acid has no significant effect on the bioavailability. Dose adjustments based on individual pharmacokinetic assessment should be considered when switching patients from parenteral to oral therapy.
Inhibitory effect of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 on adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by adherent–invasive E. coli strains isolated from patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Boudeau J. , Glasser A.‐L. , Julien S. , Colombel J.‐F. , Darfeuille‐Michaud A. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBackground : Pathogenic adherent–invasive Escherichia coli have been isolated from ileal lesions of Crohn's disease.Aim : To investigate the non‐pathogenic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (Mutaflor) as possible maintenance therapy in inflammatory bowel disease by testing its ability to prevent adherent–invasive E. coli strains from adhering to and invading human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.Methods : Bacterial adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (Intestine‐407) were assessed by counting the colony‐forming units. The inhibitory effect of E. coli Nissle 1917 was determined after co‐incubation with adherent–invasive E. coli strains or after pre‐incubation of the intestinal epithelial cells with this probiotic strain prior to infection with adherent–invasive E. coli strains.Results : Strain Nissle 1917 exhibited dose‐ and time‐dependent adherence to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibited the adhesion and invasion of various adherent–invasive E. coli strains. In co‐infection experiments, the inhibitory effect on adherent–invasive E. coli adhesion reached 78–99.9%. Pre‐incubation of intestinal epithelial cells with strain Nissle 1917 reduced adherent–invasive E. coli adhesion by 97.2–99.9%. The inhibitory effect on adherent–invasive E. coli invasion paralleled that on adhesion.Conclusion : As strong and significant inhibitory effects on adherent–invasive E. coli adhesion and invasion were observed in co‐infection and pre‐infection experiments, E. coli Nissle 1917 could be efficient for preventive or curative probiotic therapy in patients with Crohn's disease.
Basiliximab (anti‐CD25) in combination with steroids may be an effective new treatment for steroid‐resistant ulcerative colitis
Authors: Creed T. J. , Norman M. R. , Probert C. S. J. , Harvey R. F. , Shaw I. S. , Smithson J. , Anderson J. , Moorghen M. , Gupta J. , Shepherd N. A. , Dayan C. M. , Hearing S. D. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBackground : Steroid resistance represents a major clinical problem in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. In vitro, interleukin‐2 renders lymphocytes steroid resistant.Aim : To explore the therapeutic potential of interleukin‐2 receptor blockade in steroid‐resistant ulcerative colitis with both in vitro measures and a pilot in vivo study.Methods : Ten patients with steroid‐resistant ulcerative colitis received a single bolus of 40 mg of intravenous basiliximab plus steroid treatment in an open‐label, uncontrolled, 24‐week study. The outcome was assessed using the Ulcerative Colitis Symptom Score, rectal biopsy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. Lymphocyte steroid sensitivity was measured in vitro in 39 subjects in the presence or absence of basiliximab.Results : Nine of the 10 patients achieved clinical remission within 8 weeks. At 24 weeks, seven patients were in clinical remission. Marked improvement in the Ulcerative Colitis Symptom Score was seen by 1 week (P = 0.004) and on rectal biopsy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire by 2 weeks (both P < 0.05). Improvements persisted to 24 weeks (Ulcerative Colitis Symptom Score, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, both P < 0.005). Eight of the nine responders relapsed (median, 9 weeks), but remission was re‐achieved with further corticosteroids and the addition of azathioprine. At 24 weeks, seven patients were in full clinical remission, five off all steroid therapy. In vitro measurement of lymphocyte steroid sensitivity demonstrated steroid resistance in 22% of subjects. All were rendered steroid sensitive in the presence of basiliximab.Conclusions : Basiliximab appears to be effective at inducing remission in steroid‐resistant ulcerative colitis. In vitro, basiliximab also produced a dramatic increase in lymphocyte steroid sensitivity in healthy subjects. Confirmation in randomized controlled studies is required.
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of prednisolone in post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Dunlop S. P. , Jenkins D. , Neal K. R. , Naesdal J. , Borgaonker M. , Collins S. M. , Spiller R. C. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryBackground : Post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome is associated with increased serotonin‐containing enterochromaffin cells and lymphocytes in rectal biopsies. Animal studies have suggested that steroids reduce the lymphocyte response and suppress some of the post‐infectious changes in neuromuscular function.Aim : To evaluate whether steroids reduce the number of enterochromaffin cells and improve the symptoms of post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome.Methods : Twenty‐nine patients with post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome underwent a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of 3 weeks of oral prednisolone, 30 mg/day. Mucosal enterochromaffin cells, T lymphocytes and mast cells were assessed in rectal biopsies before and after treatment, and bowel symptoms were recorded in a daily diary.Results: Initial enterochromaffin cell counts were increased and correlated with initial lamina propria T‐lymphocyte counts (r = 0.460, P = 0.014). Enterochromaffin cell counts did not change significantly after either prednisolone (− 0.8% ± 9.2%) or placebo (7.9% ± 7.9%) (P = 0.5). Although lamina propria T‐lymphocyte counts decreased significantly after prednisolone (22.0% ± 5.6%, P = 0.003), but not after placebo (11.5% ± 8.6%, P = 0.1), this was not associated with any significant treatment‐related improvement in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, frequency or urgency.Conclusions : Prednisolone does not appear to reduce the number of enterochromaffin cells or cause an improvement in symptoms in post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Other approaches to this persistent condition are indicated.