bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential super-stereotypy of an instinctive fixed action pattern in hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice: a model of obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's
Authors: Berridge Kent C , Aldridge J Wayne , Houchard Kimberly R , Zhuang Xiaoxi 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Background

Excessive sequential stereotypy of behavioral patterns (sequential super-stereotypy) in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is thought to involve dysfunction in nigrostriatal dopamine systems. In sequential super-stereotypy, patients become trapped in overly rigid sequential patterns of action, language, or thought. Some instinctive behavioral patterns of animals, such as the syntactic grooming chain pattern of rodents, have sufficiently complex and stereotyped serial structure to detect potential production of overly-rigid sequential patterns. A syntactic grooming chain is a fixed action pattern that serially links up to 25 grooming movements into 4 predictable phases that follow 1 syntactic rule. New mutant mouse models allow gene-based manipulation of brain function relevant to sequential patterns, but no current animal model of spontaneous OCD-like behaviors has so far been reported to exhibit sequential super-stereotypy in the sense of a whole complex serial pattern that becomes stronger and excessively rigid. Here we used a hyper-dopaminergic mutant mouse to examine whether an OCD-like behavioral sequence in animals shows sequential super-stereotypy. Knockdown mutation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) causes extracellular dopamine levels in the neostriatum of these adult mutant mice to rise to 170% of wild-type control levels.

Results

We found that the serial pattern of this instinctive behavioral sequence becomes strengthened as an entire entity in hyper-dopaminergic mutants, and more resistant to interruption. Hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice have stronger and more rigid syntactic grooming chain patterns than wild-type control mice. Mutants showed sequential super-stereotypy in the sense of having more stereotyped and predictable syntactic grooming sequences, and were also more likely to resist disruption of the pattern en route, by returning after a disruption to complete the pattern from the appropriate point in the sequence. By contrast, wild-type mice exhibited weaker forms of the fixed action pattern, and often failed to complete the full sequence.

Conclusions

Sequential super-stereotypy occurs in the complex fixed action patterns of hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice. Elucidation of the basis for sequential super-stereotypy of instinctive behavior in DAT knockdown mutant mice may offer insights into neural mechanisms of overly-rigid sequences of action or thought in human patients with disorders such as Tourette's or OCD.
Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: A cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia
Authors: Odenwald Michael , Neuner Frank , Schauer Maggie , Elbert Thomas , Catani Claudia , Lingenfelder Birke , Hinkel Harald , Häfner Heinz , Rockstroh Brigitte 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Little is known about the prevalence of khat-induced psychotic disorders in East African countries, where the chewing of khat leaves is common. Its main psycho-active component cathinone produces effects similar to those of amphetamine. We aimed to explore the prevalence of psychotic disorders among the general population and the association between khat use and psychotic symptoms.

Methods
In an epidemiological household assessment in the city of Hargeisa, North-West Somalia, trained local interviewers screened 4,854 randomly selected persons from among the general population for disability due to severe mental problems. The identified cases were interviewed based on a structured interview and compared to healthy matched controls. Psychotic symptoms were assessed using the items of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview and quantified with the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale. Statistical testing included Student's t-test and ANOVA.

Results
Local interviewers found that rates of severe disability due to mental disorders were 8.4% among males (above the age of 12) and differed according to war experiences (no war experience: 3.2%; civilian war survivors: 8.0%; ex-combatants: 15.9%). The clinical interview verified that in 83% of positive screening cases psychotic symptoms were the most prominent manifestations of psychiatric illness. On average, cases with psychotic symptoms had started to use khat earlier in life than matched controls and had been using khat 8.6 years before positive symptoms emerged. In most cases with psychotic symptoms, a pattern of binge use (> two 'bundles' per day) preceded the onset of psychotic symptoms, in contrast to controls of the same age. We found significant correlations between variables of khat consumption and clinical scales (0.35 to 0.50; p < 0.05), and between the age of onset of khat chewing and symptom onset (0.70; p <0.001).

Conclusion
Evidence indicates a relationship between the consumption of khat and the onset of psychotic symptoms among the male population, whereby not the khat intake per se but rather early onset and excessive khat chewing seemed to be related to psychotic symptoms. The khat problem must be addressed by means other than prohibition, given the widespread use and its role in Somali culture.
Ancel Keys: a tribute
Authors: VanItallie Theodore B 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Ancel Keys, Ph.D., who died in November, 2004, at the age of 100, was among the first scientists to recognize that human atherosclerosis is not an inevitable consequence of aging, and that a high-fat diet can be a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. During World War II, he and a group of talented co-workers at the University of Minnesota conducted a large-scale study of experimentally-induced human starvation. The data generated by this study – which was immediately recognized to be a classic – continue to be of inestimable value to nutrition scientists. In his later years, Keys spent more time at his home in Naples, Italy, where he had the opportunity to continue his personal study of the beneficial effects on health and longevity of a Mediterranean diet.
Reduced Hypothalamic Vasopressin Secretion Underlies Attenuated Adrenocorticotropin Stress Responses in Pregnant Rats
Authors: Ma Shuaike , Shipston Michael J. , Morilak David , Russell John A. 
Published: February 2005

We sought to explain decreased ACTH secretory responses to stress in pregnant rats by investigating hypothalamic CRH and vasopressin secretion and actions on anterior pituitary corticotrophs. In late pregnancy median eminence, CRH content was reduced (by 12%). Anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression, measured by in situ hybridization but not radioimmunoassayed ACTH content, was also reduced (by 45% on d 21); CRH receptor (CRHR)1 mRNA expression was unaltered in pregnancy, but V1b receptor mRNA expression was reduced (by 19%). ACTH secretory responses, measured in jugular blood, to CRH (200 ng/kg iv) or vasopressin (1.7 μg/kg, iv) were reduced on d 21 vs. virgins (49% and 44%), but the response to combined CRH and vasopressin injection was intact. Either antalarmin (CRHR1 antagonist; 20 mg/kg ip) or dP(Tyr(Me)2),Arg-NH29)AVP (V1a/b antagonist; 10 μg/kg, iv) pretreatment reduced the ACTH secretory response to forced swimming (90 sec) in virgin rats (by 57% and 40%), but only antalarmin was effective in pregnant rats (53% decrease).
In vitro, measuring ACTH secretion from acutely dispersed anterior pituitary cells showed increased corticotroph sensitivity in pregnancy to CRH and to CRH augmentation by vasopressin, attributable to increased intracellular cAMP action. Hence, in late pregnancy, reduced anterior pituitary CRHR1 or V1b receptor expression did not impair corticotroph responses to CRH or vasopressin. Rather, diminished secretagogue secretion in vivo accounts for reduced action of stress levels of exogenous CRH or vasopressin alone; the late pregnancy attenuated ACTH secretory response to swim stress is deduced to be due to reduced vasopressin release by parvocellular paraventricular nuclei neurones.
Labordiagnose der Schistosomiasis (Bilharziose). Laboratory diagnosis of schistosome infections
Authors: Kapaun Annette 
Published: February 2005

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Für die Diagnose der Schistosomiasis (Bilharziose) bei Reisenden und Patienten aus Endemiegebieten stehen neben dem direkten Parasitennachweis (S. haematobium-Eier im Urin; S. japonicum-Eier und S. mansoni-Eier im Stuhl) immundiagnostische Methoden mit hoher Sensitivität und Spezifität zur Verfügung. Der Einsatz immundiagnostischer Verfahren ist für die Erkennung schwacher Infektionen bei Reisenden gut geeignet, auf den zusätzlich durchgeführten direkten Parasitennachweis darf jedoch nicht verzichtet werden. Für dieIndikationsstellung und Befundinterpretation der Laboruntersuchung sind fundierte Kenntnisse der Krankheit und ihres Verbreitungsgebietes sowie Angaben zur Reiseanamnese, zum Expositionsrisiko und (falls vorhanden) zur klinischen Symptomatik des Patienten unerlässlich.
Newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism with tandem mass spectrometry in Bavaria, Germany. Neugeborenen-Screening auf angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen mit Tandem-Massenspektrometrie in Bayern (Deutschland)
Authors: Roscher Adelbert A. , Olgemöller Bernhard 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

Abstract Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is rapidly being adopted by newborn screening programs to screen dried blood spots for >20 markers of disease in a single assay. We report here key developments in the introduction and validation of MS-MS screening during a >4 year of experience in Bavaria, Germany. We identified confirmed cases of treatable inborn errors of metabolism at a cumulative rate of 1:2700 (out of 525,000 newborns). This rate is considerably higher than previously recognized by combined data from traditional newborn screening and high-risk clinical screening of symptomatic patients in the same area. The application of MS-MS also made a major impact on the early detection of disease classes such as the fatty acid oxidation defects, that are associated with high mortality if left unrecognized. The overall highly favorable outcome of our model program was instrumental to advise this technique as standard care methodology in Germany.
Cs6[Fe2O6] and Rb4[Fe2O5]: New oxoferrates(III) with edge sharing FeO4 tetrahedra
Authors: Frisch Gero , Röhr Caroline 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The two new oxoferrates(III) Cs6[Fe2O6] and Rb4[Fe2O5] were synthesized at temperatures of 500 and 600 °C via reaction of Fe2O3 with the elemental alkali metals (A) and their hyperoxides AO2 in the form of dark-red crystals. Their crystal structures have both been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of Cs6[Fe2O6] (monoclinic, P21/c, a = 724.6(2), b = 1212.1(5), c = 767.6(3) pm, β = 105.03(4)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0272, K6[Mn2O6] structure type) contains isolated bi nuclear anions [O2FeO2FeO2]6- composed of two edge sharing FeO4 tetrahedra, which are also known from the potassium and rubidium compounds A6[Fe2O6] that crystallize in the klassengleiche super group C2/m. Comparable building blocks are connected via common O vertices to form chains 1
∞[O1/2OFeO2FeOO1/2]4– in the rubidium ferrate(III) Rb4[Fe2O5] (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 711.43(14), b = 1750.0(5), c = 725.3(2) pm, β = 104.72(2)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0611). As a consequence of the edge sharing of FeO4 tetrahedra, both compounds show short Fe—Fe distances of 273.3(2) pm in Cs6[Fe2O6] and 265.6(3) pm in Rb4[Fe2O5] respectively. Based on similarities in the packing of the (FeIII/AI) cations, a structural relationship between the two compounds can be derived. The influence of the different counterions on the structure of the oxoferrate units in the phases of general composition A6[Fe2O6] and A4[Fe2O5] is discussed.
The Lewis acid-base adducts of bismuth and aluminium trihalides — crystal structures of [Bi2X4][AlX4]2(X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Beck Johannes , Hengstmann Michael , Schlüter Stefan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe reactions of BiCl3with AlCl3and of BiBr3with AlBr3yield [Bi2Cl4][AlCl4]21and [Bi2Br4][AlBr4]22in almost quantitative yield. The reactions were performed in closed, evacuated glass ampoules at temperatures of 240 °C and 200 °C, respectively. The colorless and yellow crystals are sensitive towards hydrolysis by moist air.1crystallizes in the monocline space groupP21/c(a= 7.7322(2) Å,b= 11.9565(3) Å,c= 10.3535(3) Å,β= 95.090(2)°,Z= 2),2crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP-1 (a= 7.693(2) Å,b= 7.706(2) Å,c= 9.739(2) Å,α= 104.19(2)°,β= 102.65(2)°,γ= 99.46(2)°,Z= 1). Both structures are made up of [Bi2X4] cations and [AlX4]–anions. The centrosymmetric cations consist of four membered Bi2X2rings with an additional halogen atom attached to each Bi atom in atransarrangement. The tetrahalogeno aluminate ions are almost regular tetrahedral. Although both compounds contain isomorphous ions, the structures of1and2are not isotypic. The different packing can be understood by abstracting both structures to simple AB2types.1adopts the PtHg2structure type with eightfold coordination of the cations whereas2adopts the MoSi2structure with tenfold coordination.
The 1-N amides 1
∞[Eu2(Pyr)4(PyrH)2(NH3)] · PyrH and [Yb2(Cbz)4(NH2)2(NH3)4] · 3CbzH: Distinctions in the crystal structures, thermal properties and ammonolysis tendency
Authors: Müller-Buschbaum Klaus , Quitmann Caterina C. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The low-temperature oxidation of the rare earth metals europium and ytterbium with the 1-N amines pyrrole and carbazole in liquid ammonia gave the pyrrolate 1
∞[Eu2(Pyr)4(PyrH)2(NH3)] · PyrH (1) (Pyr
– = C4H4N–, pyrrolate anion; PyrH = C4H4NH, pyrrole) and the carbazolate [Yb2(Cbz)4(NH2)2(NH3)4] · 3CbzH (2) (Cbz
– = C12H8N–, carbazolate; CbzH = C12H8NH), respectively. Though both compounds are ammine complexes, the course through the redox potentials ELn(II/III) as well as the growing steric demand of the ligand result in various differences in the properties of the products. 1 shows a 1-dimensional structure of pyrrolate, pyrrole groups and one equivalent of ammonia coordinating and bridging divalent europium centers. This includes η
5 – π-interactions between the metal centers and pyrrolate and pyrrole rings. The resulting polymer shows a rather high thermal stability and melts at 445 °C prior to decomposition under release of ammonia at 475 °C. Contrary to this, 2 contains dimeric units around trivalent ytterbium consisting of carbazolate, ammonia and NH–
2 amide groups. No π-interactions are observed. Instead ammonolysis of liquid ammonia results in formation of an amide that contains two different amide groups. The thermal stability of 2 is lower than of 1. The building units of complex 2 decompose at 310 °C without melting. Both compounds were investigated by low-temperature single crystal X-ray analysis, Mid IR, Far IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as simultaneous DTA/TG.
Tetranuclear [Zr4(OH)8(H2O)16] units in the crystal structure of ZrOI2 · 8 H2O
Authors: Sinram Diethard , Krebs Bernt 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
ZrOI2 · 8 H2O was synthesized from ZrI4 and concentrated aqueous HI leading to colourless crystals. Single X-ray diffraction data gave a monoclinic cell with a = 8.392(5) Å, b = 37.497(5) Å, c = 16.217(5) Å and β = 102.76(6) Å in P21/c. The zirconyl cation is tetrameric, the iodide anions exhibit no contacts to the zirconium atoms but are linked to the tetrameric cations by weak hydrogen bridge bonds.
Single crystal structure refinement of tetramethylammonium-hectorite
Authors: Seidl Wolfgang , Breu Josef 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A synthetic Cs-fluorohectorite was intercalated with Tetramethylammonium-cations (TMA+). Under appropriate reaction conditions, a complete cation exchange is feasible while preserving the phase relationship between adjacent silicate layers. Starting from a three-dimensionally (3D) ordered [1] and homogeneously charged [2], synthetic Cs-hectorite it is possible to synthesize single crystals of a 3D ordered intercalation compound (TMA-hectorite). Single crystal structure refinement (TMA0.5
interMg2.5Li0.5
octSi4
tetO10F2, monoclinic, C2/m, a = 5.2735(11) Å, b = 9.1165(14) Å, c = 13.5609(35) Å, β = 97.693(3)°, V = 646.1(2) Å3, Z = 2) conclusively reveals the arrangement of the TMA-cations in the interlayer space. The results are compared with an earlier structure refinement of an analogous TMA-intercalated natural vermiculite [3] and the results of a computer simulation carried out on TMA-vermiculite [4].
Crystal structures of Gd2(Cl3CCOO)6(bipy)2(H2O)2 · 4 bipy, Pr(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2, Nd(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2 and Er(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2(H2O)
Authors: Rohde Alexander , John Daniela , Urland Werner 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Single crystals of Gd2(Cl3CCOO)6(bipy)2 × (H2O)2 · 4 bipy, Pr(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2, Nd(Cl3CCOO)3 × (bipy)2 and Er(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2(H2O) have been obtained by reaction of the corresponding trichloroacetate salts with 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) in a water/ethanol (1:1) solution. Gd2(Cl3CCOO)6(bipy)2(H2O)2 · 4 bipy crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14, Z = 4, a = 1642.40(9) pm, b = 1227.36(10) pm, c = 2303.48(14) pm, β = 107.043(7)°). The Gd3+ ions are bridged to dimers by carboxylate groups and are surrounded by six oxygen and two nitrogen atoms. One 2,2′-bipyridyl molecule is coordinated to Gd3+, the two other ones are non-coordinated.
The monomeric compounds Ln(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2 (Ln = Pr, Nd) are isotypic with each other and crystallize in the triclinic space group P-1 (no. 2, Z = 2, Pr: a = 989.83(8) pm, b = 1032.22(8) pm, c = 1791.56(13) pm, α = 99.312(9)°, β = 102.036(9)°, γ = 99.166(9)°; Nd: a = 990.09(7) pm, b = 1030.74(8) pm, c = 1788.70(13) pm, α = 99.393(9)°, β = 102.064(8)°, γ = 99.242(9)°). The Ln3+ atom is surrounded by six oxygen and four nitrogen atoms. A chelating coordination by the carboxylate groups is observed. There are two 2,2′-bipyridyl molecules coordinated to Ln3+.
The compound Er(Cl3CCOO)3(bipy)2(H2O) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 (no. 2, Z = 2, a = 1060.65(9) pm, b = 1273.35(11) pm, c = 1402.49(11) pm, α = 105.484(10)°, β = 104.504(9)°, γ = 93.712(10)°). The Er3+ ion is coordinated by four oxygen and four nitrogen atoms. There are two 2,2′-bipyridyl molecules attached to Er3+.
Neutron powder diffraction study on Li1.8Na0.2MgCl4
Authors: Nagel René , Lutz Heinz Dieter 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The crystal structure of inverse spinel-type (space group Fd-3m, Z = 8), quaternary lithium chloride Li1.8Na0.2MgCl4 has been determined by neutron powder diffraction methods (a = 1044.16(7) pm, 114 reflections, R
exp = 5.23%). The sodium ions are solely placed at the octahedral 16d site together with the Mg and a part of the Li+ ions. These results are in agreement with analogous studies on the manganese compound (Lutz et al., 1989) but being in contradiction with the results of 6Li and 7Li MAS NMR experiments (Nagel et al., 2002). The reason of this discrepancy is discussed.
Surface dynamics of III—V semiconductors studied by in situ X-ray diffraction during molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Braun Wolfgang , Kaganer Vladimir M. , Jenichen Bernd , Tinkham Brad , Ploog Klaus H. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We study the coarsening of two-dimensional crystalline islands on the (001) face of GaAs, InAs and GaSb after deposition at typical growth conditions in molecular beam epitaxy. The time-resolved island/pit size distributions are measured in situ using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and are analyzed together with the diffraction intensity oscillations during deposition. Whereas the deposition kinetics is similar for the three materials, they strongly differ in the coarsening. During coarsening, the mean correlation length grows proportional to t
n. GaAs shows coarsening exponents around n = 1 and an exponential island size distribution, in clear contrast to the behavior of InAs and GaSb, where we find coarsening closer to the expected Ostwald ripening behavior (n between 1/3 and 1/2) on InAs and extremely slow kinetics on GaSb.
The real structure of Na3BiO4 by electron microscopy, HR-XRD and PDF analysis
Authors: Vensky Sascha , Kienle Lorenz , Dinnebier Robert E. , Masadeh Ahmad S. , Billinge Simon J. L. , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The real stucture of a new crystalline high temperature phase, metastable at room temperature, in the system sodium – bismuth – oxygen, β-Na3BiO4, was determinated using high resolution X-ray powder diffraction, pair distribution function analysis, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. β-Na3BiO4 was synthesized by anodic oxidation of bismuth(III)-oxide in a sodium hydroxide – lithium hydroxide melt. The average crystal structure of β-Na3BiO4 at ambient conditions (R3m, a = 3.32141(9) Å, c = 16.4852(5) Å) is structurally related to α-NaFeO2 with metal layers almost statistically occupied in a Na:Bi ratio of 3:1. Analysis of the long-range order on the bulk material by Rietveld refinement led to approximately Na:Bi ratios of 2:1 and 4:1, in consecutive metal layers, while a detailed analysis of the local order by means of the pair distribution function revealed the existence of almost pure sodium layers and mixed 1:1 – sodium:bismuth layers. Complementary studies on single crystallites using high resolution transmission electron miscroscopy exhibited a complex domain structure with short-range ordered, partially ordered, and long-range ordered domains.
A structural differentiation of quaternary copper argyrodites: Structure — property relations of high temperature ion conductors
Authors: Nilges Tom , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe crystal structures of 12 argyrodite type copper compounds with the general formula Cu(12–)B+nQ2–6–yX–y(B= P, As, Si, Ge;Q= S, Se;X= Cl, Br, I) were refined. The positions of the copper atoms were refined by using a non-harmonic approach. All polymorphic argyrodites were investigated in their cubic high temperature modification crystallizing in spacegroupF-43m(No. 216). A comprehensible way to describe the complex structures was developed based on a topological description of the rigid anion- andB-cation substructure as an arrangement of Frank-Kasper polyhedra. An analysis of the joint probability density function and of the one particle potentials for the copper atoms was performed to get a detailed insight in the copper distribution in these argyrodites. They can be divided into four types based on their different distribution of copper.This classification corresponds to the physical properties of the argyrodites, especially to their ionic conductivities, which show a significant dependence on the composition.
Structural study of β-Ni(OH)2 and α-Ni(OH)2 variants for electrode applications
Authors: Dittrich Herbert , Axmann Peter , Wohlfahrt-Mehrens Margret , Garche Jürgen , Albrecht Sven , Meese-Marktscheffel Julia , Olbrich Armin , Gille Gerhard 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Powder samples of β-Ni(OH)2 and doped variants of the α-Ni(OH)2 structure type were prepared by a coprecipitation method. Chemical composition was analysed by ICP. Samples were measured by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Single peak profiles were analysed by fitting a splitted Pearson VII funktion to the measured patterns. Peak profile data were collected and a strong anisotropic peak broadening was observed. Structure models of possible stacking orders in β-Ni(OH)2 and doped α-Ni(OH)2 were developed. DIFFaX simulations of structure models with statistical stacking orders were carried out. The simulated peak profiles were compared to the measured ones and a fairly good agreement was found. A semiquantitative analysis of the stacking faults in these materials is shown.