bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of SUV and ADC values as a predictors of grade and molecular subtypes of breast malignancy
Authors: Ramakrishnan Banupriya , Sivaramalingam Geethapriya , Raghavan Bagyam , Govindaraj Jayaraj , Viswanathan Sathyasree , Umretiya Nidhi 
Published: November 2023

Objectives
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the role of Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values as a predictor of histologic grade and molecular subtype of breast malignancy and to evaluate the correlation of grade of malignancy with background parenchymal uptake, background parenchymal enhancement and fibroglandular tissue of the contralateral normal breast

Material and Methods
53 patients with unilateral breast cancer were included in the study. Images from Computed Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) were analyzed measuring maximum SUV and background SUV from the contralateral normal breast by placing a single Region of interest (ROI). From Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) images ADC values were calculated with b value 0–1200 s/mm2 and single ROI placed in an area corresponding to the ROI placed to obtain maximum SUV of the mass. Type of fibroglandular tissue and background parenchymal enhancement was categorized based on Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)–lexicon on T1 weighted and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) images respectively. Necrotic and hemorrhagic areas within the mass were excluded in both positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while calculating SUV and ADC.

Results
A positive correlation was found between grade and Mean SUVmax with higher values in grade 3 malignancy (11.41 ± 4.76) (p-value – 0.003). Statistically significant variation in SUVmax was seen among estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status with low values in ER/PR positive tumors (p-value < 0.05). There was significant correlation between the molecular subtypes with higher SUVmax in triple-negative tumors (12.27 ± 4.22) (p-value – 0.02). Significant variation in ADC values among different molecular subtypes was seen with higher values in human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-Enriched tumors (1.032 ± 0.25) and low values in luminal A subtype (0.798 ± 0.13).

Conclusion
Therefore, PET-CT and MRI can be used as a complementary imaging tool in assessing the aggressiveness and biological characteristics of tumors.
Temporal trends in neurosurgical volume and length of stay in a public healthcare system: A decade in review with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Snowdon Ella , Biswas Sayan , Almansoor Zahra R. , Aizan Luqman Naim Bin , Chai Xin Tian , Reghunathan Sharan Manikanda , MacArthur Joshua , Tetlow Callum James , Sarkar Ved , George K. Joshi 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Over the past decade, neurosurgical interventions have experienced changes in operative frequency and postoperative length of stay (LOS), with the recent COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacting these metrics. Evaluating these trends in a tertiary National Health Service center provides insights into the impact of surgical practices and health policy on LOS and is essential for optimizing healthcare management decisions.

Methods:
This was a single tertiary center retrospective case series analysis of neurosurgical procedures from 2012 to 2022. Factors including procedure type, admission urgency, and LOS were extracted from a prospectively maintained database. Six subspecialties were analyzed: Spine, Neuro-oncology, Skull base (SB), Functional, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and Peripheral nerve (PN). Mann-Kendall temporal trend test and exploratory data analysis were performed.

Results:
19,237 elective and day case operations were analyzed. Of the 6 sub-specialties, spine, neuro-oncology, SB, and CSF procedures all showed a significant trend toward decreasing frequency. A shift toward day case over elective procedures was evident, especially in spine (P < 0.001), SB (tau = 0.733, P = 0.0042), functional (tau = 0.156, P = 0.0016), and PN surgeries (P < 0.005). Over the last decade, decreasing LOS was observed for neuro-oncology (tau = −0.648, P = 0.0077), SB (tau = −0.382, P = 0.012), and functional operations, a trend which remained consistent during the COVID-19 pandemic (P = 0.01). Spine remained constant across the decade while PN demonstrated a trend toward increasing LOS.

Conclusion:
Most subspecialties demonstrate a decreasing LOS coupled with a shift toward day case procedures, potentially attributable to improvements in surgical techniques, less invasive approaches, and increased pressure on beds. Setting up extra dedicated day case theaters could help deal with the backlog of procedures, particularly with regard to the impact of COVID-19.
STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS FOR STUDENTS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Aldiansyah Rifki , Ariyansyah Irvan , Efriani Efriani , Dewantara Jagad Aditya , Sulistyarini Sulistyarini , Sudagung Aditya Darmawan 
Published: November 2023

Environmental ethics is human-wise behavior related to all components of the environment. Environmental ethics talks about human behavior towards nature and the view of the universe, including nature, humans, and other living things. A moral view is needed to know the relevance of the theory of anthropocentrism and ecocentrism. Students must know which theories can benefit human life and how to maintain a balance between nature and humans. Belief in the theory will bring up pros and cons; therefore, the relevance that can be found from the two theories is education that understands environmental ethics as a balance. Relevance gained trust in these two theories will bring up pros and cons. We found out students in Indonesia had their main critizism towards each philosophical thought. We also found that the emerging technology and modernisation has been an issue on the debate. A better environmental ethics understanding would serve a better goal of balancing both view of anthropocentrism and ecocentrism
Undergraduate students’ reading preference in the extensive reading program: Diary method
Authors: Prancisca Stella , Fergina Ana , Deping Zou , Ramadhan Iwan , Rizqi Muhammad Ainur , Ananda Elsa 
Published: November 2023

Although the Extensive Reading (ER) program has multiple benefits for language learners, the long nature of this program can make it daunting, especially for those with limited book selection. Thus, ensuring a book collection that fits the learners’ preferences is crucial, not only to maintain their reading enjoyment during the program but also to save costs. This research then investigated learners' reading preferences during an ER program, particularly by looking at the reading genres that were frequently chosen by the learners. This research was conducted on 30 university students who took English as a mandatory course. The course used ER as part of the curriculum. This research recorded the learners’ reading preferences through a reading log. This log must be filled in after reading a book or text. Overall, the research generated 373 entries. The results of this research indicated participants’ high interest in books with the themes of drama (slice of life), tales, and comedy. The current research also discovered a preference difference between gender. In conclusion, this research believes ER practitioners must consider learners’ preferences to provide suitable book collections for students. Thus, the learners can read more comfortably and maintain their motivation.
Dommun
Authors: Corrales Pamela 
Published: November 2023

La exposición Dommun brinda una perspectiva aguda de la fotografía contemporánea en relación con la conexión humana con el espacio. Dividida en tres capítulos:
En "Inmueble", se examinan las restricciones temporales y espaciales de la fotografía como índex, requiriendo elementos adicionales para plasmar la intención original.
“Varianza" interroga el papel de la fotografía en el proceso fotográfico, generando imágenes finales a partir de cálculos estadísticos de 100 fotografías.
Finalmente, "Hogar" expande la fotografía incorporándola en una instalación doméstica proyecta también en el espacio expositivo.
Dommun desafía convenciones, predefiniendo el medio en la creación de imágenes.
Analisis Serat Jatiswara dalam Acara Nyunatan di Desa Lendang Nangka Kecematan Masbagik Lombok Timur: Kajian Hermeneutika Gadamer
Authors: Azima Pauzan , Nursaly Baiq Rismarini , Muttaqin Zainul 
Published: November 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keterkaitan antara teks Serat Jatiswara dengan tradisi nyunatan di Desa Lendang Nangka, Kecamatan Masbagik, Kabupaten Lombok Timur, NTB. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif karena mendeskripsikan tentang keterkaitan teks Jatiswara dengan tafsiran masyarakat Sasak Desa Lendang Nangka yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai salah satu prosesi dalam acara nyunatan. Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai-nilai dan pesan yang terkandung dalam teks Jatiswara sehingga mempunyai kelarasan dengan acara nyunatan di Desa Lendang Nangka. Teks Serat Jatiswara adalah sastra lama berbentuk prosa yang mengisahkan tentang perjalanan Jatiswara menyebarkan Islam ke tanah Jawa. Dari isi teks tersebut masyarakat Sasak di Desa Lendang Nangka menilai secara filosofis bahwa ada keterkaitan antara nilai-nilai dan pesan dengan acara nyunatan. Adapun teori yang dipakai untuk bisa memantau apakah ada keselarasan di antara dua aspek yang berbeda itu penulis skripsi ini memakai Hermeneutika Gadamer. Teori ini dijadikan alat penelitian karena memiliki nilai humanisme yang bisa melihat dari segi tradisi masyarakat dalam penafsiran suatu teks. Sehingga dalam hasil penelitian ini, peniliti menemukan keselarasian antara kedua aspek yang berbeda itu dari tafsiran terhadap teks dengan kepercayaan yang ada di masyarakat (culture) Desa Lendang Nangka.Kata Kunci: Keterkaitan, Serat Jatiswara, Nyunatan, dan Hermeneutika Gadamer
ÖZBEK HALK DESTANLARINDA KULLANILAN ATASÖZLERİNİN DİL ÖZELLİKLERİ
Authors: MAKHMADİEV Shavkatjon 
Published: November 2023

Dil, insanlar arasındaki en önemli iletişim aracı, fikirlerin başkalarına aktarılmasını sağlayan bir araçtır. Ayrıca dil, milli kültürün aynasıdır, onu koruyan bir hazinedir. Her milletin yaşadığı toprakların doğası, o milletin ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve manevi sistemini, sözlü yaratıcılığını, kurgusunu, sanatını, bilimini ve geleneğini yansıtır ve bunları toplayıp nesilden nesile aktarır, dilin gelecek kuşaklara aktarılması da ulusal-kültürel bir görevdir.
Sözlü biçimde hareket eden kısa ve anlamlı mantıksal genellemeler, kısa ve anlamlı mantıksal genellemeler olarak görünen atasözleri, deyimler, aforizmalar gibi bilgece ifadelerin geliştirilmesinde ve öğrenilmesinde dilin hizmeti de büyüktür.
Her atasözü ve atasözü halkın hükmü sayılır. Bir şeyi ya onaylıyorlar ya da inkar ediyorlar.
Özbek folklorunun en yaygın ve geniş türlerinden biri destandır. Bu bakımdan halk arasında popüler olan destan metinlerindeki (“Alpomiş” ve “Yodgor”) atasözlerinin dilsel özelliklerinin çeşitli yönlerden incelenmesi Özbek dilbiliminin acil sorunlarından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.
Mayo Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Admission Risk Score (M-CARS) validation test to assess mortality during treatment in Cardiovascular Care Unit (CVCU) patients at Haji Adam Malik Hospital
Authors: Siahaan Basten Jeremiah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Background: Approximately 85% of all in-hospital deaths occur in Cardiovascular Care Unit (CVCU) where M-CARS will be an important starting point for development of CVCU-specific mortality risk prediction models.
Aim: This research aims to assess M-CARS validation to assess mortality during treatment in CVCU patients at Haji Adam Malik (HAM) General Hospital.
Methods: This research is a prospective research that examines M-CARS score validity as a predictor of intra-hospital mortality in patients treated at CVCU HAM General Hospital Medan from September 2021 - January 2022. If correlation test results show a significant relationship, cut-off value M-CARS score will be taken using ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis, then analysis of M-CARS score diagnostic value will be carried out according to cut-off value obtained to predict mortality during hospitalization. Then Hosmer-Lemeshow test was carried out to assess suitability of logistic regression on risk prediction assessment within population that being assessed.
Results: M-CARS had a very good discriminatory ability (AUC 0.93) to predict intrahospital mortality. The calibration value using Hosmer Lemeshow test (R2 = 0.982; p = 1.516; p>0.05) shows that there is no significant difference between observed and expected mortality rate by two scoring systems therefore considered as accurate.
Conclusion: M-CARS is valid to be used in assessing risk of mortality events during CVCU treatment at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan.
Keywords: Mortality, Cardiovascular Care Unit, Mayo Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Admission Risk Score, Braden Score.
An investigation of the phase composition and microstructure of (Ti,W)C ceramics obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering of WC and TiC powders
Authors:   Baikov Institute of metallurgy and materials science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Terent’ev А. V. , Blagoveshchenskij Yu. V. ,   Baikov Institute of metallurgy and materials science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Isaeva N. V. ,   Baikov Institute of metallurgy and materials science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lancev E. A. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Smetanina K.E. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Murashov А. А. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nokhrin А. V. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Boldin М. S. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvil’deev V. N. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Shcherbak G. V. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: November 2023

The possibility of low-temperature in-situ synthesis of (Ti, W)C ceramics from plasma-chemical nanopowders of tungsten carbide and commercial micron-sized titanium carbide powders has been demonstrated. Sintering/synthesis of WC – (25, 50, 75) wt. % TiC ceramics was carried out by spark plasma sintering (SPS) by heating powders at a rate of 50 °C/min in vacuum under conditions of application of a voltage of 70 MPa, to a temperature of more than 1200 °C. It has been established that the synthesis proceeds most efficiently in nanopowders with the addition of 50 and 75 wt. % TiC. It is shown that the joint application of plasma-chemical synthesis of nanopowders and the SPS method makes it possible to obtain fine-grained ceramics with increased density and satisfactory mechanical properties (Vickers hardness 17 – 18 GPa, minimum crack resistance coefficient according to Palmquist ~ 3 MPa·m1/2).
Effect of irradiation with 132Xe27+ ions at different angles on the critical parameters of second generation HTSC tapes basedon GdBa2Cu3O7–x
Authors:   All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, Antonova L. Kh. ,   Moscow Polytechnic University, Semina V. K. ,   Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Troitskii A. V. ,   Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: November 2023

The effect of irradiation with 132Xe27+ ions (167 MeV) at angles of 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90° to the tape surface on the critical parameters of second-generation superconducting tapes based on the SuperOx GdBa2Cu3O7–x compound has been studied. The dependences of the critical current (Ic) at T = 77 K in the intrinsic magnetic field and the critical temperature (Tc) on the ion irradiation fluences at different irradiation angles are obtained. At all studied irradiation angles, a small (up to ~ 5 %) increase in the critical current of HTSC tapes is observed in the fluence range from 3.4·108 to 5·109 ion/cm2. The radiation resistance of a superconductor to ion irradiation is determined as a function of the irradiation angle. To determine the radiation resistance of the tape, the threshold irradiation fluence Φth was measured, at which the critical current tends to zero. The dependence of Φth on the irradiation angle α is well approximated by the formula: Φth = Φ0 + A·exp(–α/t).
The Organizational Ambidexterity of School Principals in Hebron Governorate from the Teachers' Point of View
Authors: د. منال ماجد أبو منشار  
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to determine the extent of organizational ambidexterity among school principals in Hebron governorate, as perceived by teachers. Additionally, it sought to investigate whether there were statistically significant differences, at a significance level of α≤ 0.05, in the average responses of the study sample members based on the following variables: gender, educational qualification, years of experience, and educational stage. The study adopted an analytical descriptive (quantitative) approach.

During the academic semester of 2022/2023, a sample of 323 male and female teachers was selected using the stratified random sampling method. These teachers were given a questionnaire consisting of 46 items, divided into four areas: ambidexterity in optimizing opportunities, ambidexterity in exploring new opportunities, ambidexterity in maximizing material resources, and ambidexterity in maximizing human resources.

The study findings revealed a high degree of availability of organizational ambidexterity among school principals, as perceived by teachers. The total score indicated an arithmetic mean of 3.88. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences, at a significance level of α≤ 0.05, in the average responses of the study sample regarding the availability of organizational prowess, with respect to the variables of educational qualification and years of experience. However, statistically significant differences were observed, at the same significance level, in the average responses of the study sample regarding the availability of organizational prowess, based on the variables of gender and educational stage.
سك النقود (العملة) في عهد الامويين
Authors: م.د. حسنين علي دلي العتابي  
Published: November 2023

تناول بحثنا هذا : (سك النقود (العملة) في عهد الأمويين) ....
أن النقود تعد الوسيلة التي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنها في تسيير أمور الحياة اليومية ، حيث
وجدت النقود كحالة تطورية بعد أن كثرت مشاكل المقايضة ، وتبادل السلع بين الناس والدول .
ووضع الإسلام نظام نقدي متطورا جدا لو طبق بصورة صحيحة لحلت جميع المشاكل التي نتجت عن النقود ، والتعامل بها ، من ربا وقرض ، ودين واعادته.
إن انشغال الرسـول (ص) ، بنشـر الـدعـوة الاسلامية وتثبيت اركانها والتصدي لمناؤيها، قـد اشـغله هذا، إلى معالجـة سـك الـنـقـود اذ ابقى التعامل بها، لأن النقود هي ذاتها تحمل قيمتها لأنها مصنوعة من الذهب والفضة وهذه تعد معادن نفيسة.
وفي عهد الخلفاء الراشدين كانت المحاولات الأولى لإتخاذ عملـة مستقلة فكانت البدايـة منـذ عـهـد الخليفة عمر، وتجسدت اكثر وضوحا في عهد الخليفة الامام علي (ع ) عندما سك عملة عربية على طراز اسلامي واستمرت المحاولات بإجراءات متواضعة.
عندما حاول ملوك الروم الإساءة الى عقيدة الاسلام من خلال سلك العملة، تكاتفت جهد الاخيار على سـك عملة جديدة في عهـد عبـد الملك بن مروان، وبذلك أصبح للعرب المسلمين سكة نقدية خاصة بهم على الطراز العربي الاسلامي، وهذا يعد بداية الاستقلال النقدي للمجتمع الاسلامي.
وفي المجتمعات كافة عبرت النقـود عـن هيبة الدولة ومكانتها في الحياة بمختلف جوانبها، وفي مقدمتها الدولة العربية الإسلامية.
حيث أظهر البحث الخطوات الموفـقـة للدولة الأموية بصورة خاصة ، في إيجـاد نـقـد عربي إسلامي متميز والذي توج بخطوة الخليفة عبد الملك بن مروان ، في تعريب العملات والدواوين .
وإيضا أظهر البحـث مـدى الاهتمام والرعاية المباشرة من قبل الخلفاء الأمويين لموضـوع ضـرب الـنـقـود والمحافظة على نقاوتها
الرؤية النقدية لإحسان عباس في كتب التراجم الأندلسية
Authors: م.م ميادة فاضل عيسى  
Published: November 2023

برع احسان عباس بكل ما هو جديد وأصيل عريق في مجالات شتى عديدة من ثقافتنا العربية والإسلامية ، سواء أكان دراسة أم تحقيقاً أم هما معاً في الأدب والنقد الأدبي، وفنيّ الشعر والنثر وأدب التراجم ، فقد كان يتصف في تراجمه التقاط الظواهر النثرية المتميزة والتعامل مع نصوص نثرية ذات خصائص وسمات فنية ،لقد تعامل احسان عباس مع التراث العربي والإسلامي من جانب تحقيق النصوص في شتى مختلف مجالات التراث كالأدب والنقد العربي والنثر والشعر وأدب التراجم لأنه اتخذ التراث أساساً ومصدراً للدراسة في التاريخ – تاريخ الأدب – والنقد الأدبي من خلال الاعتماد على المؤلفات التراثية لاستلهامه التراث التاريخي والنقدي بقراءته التحولات والتغيرات الحادة في التاريخ الثقافي العربي ؛ فقد استقل بإخراج النصوص المحققة منفرداً مهما طالت اجزاؤها وتعددت ،وبالأخص التراجم الأندلسية ومن أهمها : نفح الطيب للمقري الذي يقع في ثمانية مجلدات وكذلك نشر رسائل ابن حزم الأندلسي سنة 1955م في أربعة مجلدات وغيرها الكثير .
تعامل احسان عباس مع التراث برؤيته النقدية التي تدل على المثاقفة وتبادل الأفكار، ويتضح لنا مما تقدم إن احسان عباس كان ذا شخصية علمية اكاديمية فذة برع في شتى المجالات سواء في التحقيق أو التأليف وذلك لثقافته العربية الأصيلة العريقة بتراث اللغة العربية وثقافته العميقة في مصادر الأدب والشعر والنثر.
An Ideological Analysis of Persuasion in Biden’s Speech on Environmental Crisis
Authors: Samaa Assist. Lect Hamsa 
Published: November 2023

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى التبحر في خطاب بايدن حول تغير المناخ. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحليل الأفكار المقصودة والخصائص الأساسية للخطاب السياسي للرئيس الأمريكي جو بايدن الذي القاه في افتتاح مؤتمر القادة الافتراضي حول المناخ في 22 أبريل 2021. تم جمع خطابه من www.whitehouse.gov. ومن أجل الوصول إلى الهدف المركزي للدراسة، تم استخدام التحليل النقدي للخطاب كإطار نظري رئيسي لدراسة الخطاب. يتم إجراء تحليل البيانات المختارة من خلال الاعتماد على الاستراتيجيات الأيديولوجية الأربع لفان دايك؛ وصف الفاعل، الإجماع، لعبة الأرقام كاستراتيجيات جزئية، والعرض الذاتي الإيجابي كإستراتيجية كلية. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن هذا الخطاب له خصائصه المميزة وأن اللغة تستخدم بشكل مدروس لكشف النقاب عن الأيديولوجيات الضمنية للمتحدث كقائد سياسي. يستخدم الرئيس الاستراتيجيات المذكورة أعلاه لإقناع العالم الدولي بقوته ونفوذه في التعامل مع المخاوف الرئيسية، وأحدها تغير المناخ.
أثر انتقاء ألفاظ أساليب علم البيان في دلالة القصص القرآني
Authors: صكبان أ.م.د صالح كاظم صكبان 
Published: November 2023

أثر انتقاء ألفاظ أساليب علم البيان في دلالة القصص القرآني
البحث يقوم على دراسة فاعلية الانتقاء في اختيار الألفاظ في القصص القرآني , والانتقاء يقوم على فاعلية العدول في استخدام لفظ دون لفظ أو تعبير دون تعبير من أجل ايصال الدلالة المراد بثها وكان ذلك في أساليب البيان المجاز العقلي , والمجاز المرسل , والتشبيه, والاستعارة , والكناية وهذا الدرس جاء في القصص القرآني الذي تمثل : به الانتقاء اللفظي المجازي , بوصفه قادرا على نقل القصة بكل مفاصلها الموحية مع القدرة على نقل الانفعالات الوجدانية التي تصاحب الأحداث بدقة من خلال انتقاء اللفظ الإيحائي المعبر عن ذلك.
A Bibliometric Analysis on The Concept of Union Effectiveness
Authors: ÖZYAVAŞ Sinan 
Published: November 2023

Aim: The main aim of this research is to examine the concept of 'union effectiveness' through the scientific mapping technique.
Method: Keyword, citation and bibliometric matching analysis was applied to 546 publications obtained from the Scopus database. Scientific mapping visuals were presented through Vosviewer software.
Results: It was determined that the journal with the highest number of publications is the British Journal of Industrial Relations. The USA is the country with the most publications. University of Haifa ranks first among the top 10 universities with the most publications. There is an intense interaction between the USA-China-Israel-South Korea-Ireland in the cluster of the most cited countries in the co-authorship network. The most prominent keywords in the studies are emotional commitment-employee turnover tendency-job satisfaction-organizational citizenship behavior-organizational commitment-performance-trust. It is seen that the most directly cited author is Cohen A. In the co-citation analysis of the document references, it was found that Boxall P and Haynes P (1997) were highly cited.
Conclusion: It is aimed that the data presented by this research will be a guide within its own limitations to academics who will address the issue of union effectiveness in their research.