bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Politics and Growth in the European Context
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the rich literature on the association of politics and institutions with growth based on national cross-sections and on case studies, little has been published about the actual connection between regional politics, policies, and growth at a cross-regional level. In light of this shortage of scientific literature, some questions arise. Is there a positive connection between regional politics and growth levels at the European level? Or is it just a place-specific phenomenon, limited to industrial districts in Italy and other dynamic areas? And, if this association exists, is it robust? Do active and efficient regional governments generate greater growth than inefficient or passive ones? Or are regional politics quite unrelated to economic outcomes at a regional level? These are some of the questions which this chapter will-to the extent that the available data allows-try to address.
Accessing Resources
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been demonstrated in the previous chapter, Hai‖om hunting and gathering are in many ways incorporated into the commercial economy and linked to other subsistence strategies. It is therefore inappropriate to take the exploitation of specific natural resources as the main criterion for defining Hai‖om economy and culture because to do so overstates the difference between hunting wild animals and gathering wild fruits, on the one hand, and other forms of foraging for things that one has not planted, bred, bought, or produced, on the other. In popular descriptions of ‘Bushmen’ in Namibia and abroad, wage labour is considered the exact opposite of living off nature.
Born and Bred
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born and Bred is an ethnography of Bacup in the north-west of England. At the heart of the cotton industry in the nineteenth century, this Lancashire town has undergone deep social and economic change during the twentieth, yet it remains a hive of social activity. The book dwells on the way in which the past features large in people’s talk about the place and about each other, but it questions the claim that such a preoccupation is simply due to nostalgia for better times. Narratives about the past, like narratives about the kind of place Bacup is, mobilize cultural understandings of kinship, which are also deployed when people talk about the implications of new reproductive technologies. Jeanette Edwards argues that kinship is resonant in the way in which residents of the town belong to pasts, places and persons. She challenges the idea that kinship is no longer an organizing principle in post-industrial Western society.
Spatial Attributes and Relations
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is perhaps not possible to identify a clearly delineated subset of the attributes of an object which are to count as the spatial ones. Attributes may be more or less spatial. At one extreme are those properties of an object, such as shape, size, and position, that can be expressed in purely geometrical terms; they can be regarded as properties of the space occupied by the object just as well as properties of the object itself. Next come physical properties which include a spatial element as an essential component of their definition, but which are not purely geometrical; an example is density, which involves both volume (geometrical) and mass (non-geometrical). Third, there are attributes which are spatial only in the sense that they are dependent on more immediately spatial attributes; an example is colour, which can only be attributed to extended, and hence spatial, objects. In this chapter I draw the line between the second and third categories: I shall regard density as a spatial attribute, but not colour. One reason for this is that change in density always involves an overt spatial change, whereas change in colour need not.
Qualitative Continuity
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 I stated that ‘the qualitative is supervenient on the quantitative’. There can be no qualitative distinctions without underlying quantitative ones. This does not in itself necessarily imply that qualitative distinctions arise from quantitative ones, but that conclusion is all but irresistible in very many cases. In particular, the qualitative spatial attributes I have discussed in the previous chapters can to a very large extent be defined in terms of partitions of an underlying space of quantitative attributes. This was quite explicit in
§1.4.1, where I considered the admittedly very simple qualitative division of the range of a real variable into the three qualitative attributes ‘negative’, ‘zero’, and ‘positive’. Elsewhere in this book we have repeatedly witnessed a pervasive interplay between the qualitative and the quantitative; I have often illustrated qualitative distinctions by means of examples which were, or could have been, fully specified quantitatively. And I have used the language of ‘phases’ (quantitative) and ‘modes’ (qualitative) on numerous occasions.
Changing Inner Mongolia
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Chinese Communists took control of Inner Mongolia, very little has been written about the region. This book is an attempt to redress the balance. It is a study of the effect of decades of social engineering on a Minority Nationality in China. David Sneath charts the recent history of the pastoral Mongolians of Inner Mongolia since they became the subjects of the Chinese Communist state, and examines the society that has emerged since the abolition of the Communes in the 1980s. He explores the history of local economic and political forms to illuminate the transformations and continuities of life in pastoral Mongolian society, and offers an account that includes both the swings of national and regional government policy and the experiences of individuals subject to those changes. By taking a historical perspective his study reveals underlying modes of symbolism, and notions of domestic organization and paternalistic authority, that have remained fundamental to pastoralism in Inner Mongolia. It suggests an indigenous mechanism for economic inequality and dependency in pastoral society, one that has helped to shape the pastoral nomadic sociopolitical order of the past.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book distinguishes two fundamentally contrasting sets of politico religious dynamics which may be dubbed ‘doctrinal’ and ‘imagistic’ modes of religiosity. Modes of religiosity constitute tendencies towards particular patterns of codification, transmission, cognitive processing, and political association. The imagistic mode consists of the tendency, within certain small-scale or regionally fragmented ritual traditions and cults, for revelations to be transmitted through sporadic collective action, evoking multivocal iconic imagery, encoded in memory as distinct episodes, and producing highly cohesive and particularistic social ties. By contrast, the doctrinal mode of religiosity consists of the tendency, within many regional and world religions, for revelations to be codified as a body of doctrines, transmitted through routinized forms of worship, memorized as part of one’s ‘general knowledge’, and producing large, anonymous communities.
Interacting Modes of Religiosity
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing arguments may have created the impression that religions gravitate towards either the doctrinal mode (e.g. the Pomio Kivung, the Paliau Movement) or the imagistic mode (e.g. the Baktaman initiation complex, the Taro Cult). If this were so, however, it would make little sense to speak of modes of religiosity. Rather, we would be dealing simply with a typology by means of which different religions may be classified.
It is true that, prior to colonization, the communities of the Ok Mountain region, who included the Baktaman, had an abundance of imagistic religious practices, whereas the doctrinal mode was unelaborated. This state of affairs helps to account for the radical differences of ritual and cosmology between proximate and contiguous tribes. In attempting to convey a sense of this fragmentation, Barth wrote: ‘If one were to imagine a Christian from one English village who entered the church of a community some miles away and found an image of the devil on the crucifix, and the altar wine being used for baptism, this seems the closest analogy I can construct.
Modes of Religiosity and Political Evolution
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has been concerned with the historical dynamics of modes of religiosity in Melanesia, including their entanglement with religious forms originating in Europe. The question of whether the imagistic/doctrinal dichotomy might be applied to a much wider range of ethnographic examples around the world has been deliberately set aside. In part, this is because a considerable body of evidence is required to demonstrate the operation of modes of religiosity in any given case. Even limiting the discussion to Melanesia has involved focusing heavily on a small number of detailed case studies. Any attempt to generalize the approach to religions in other continents is likely to appear superficial and unconvincing, unless it is carried out in comparable detail, and then perhaps only by those with specialist knowledge of the ethnography. Even if general tendencies towards the coalescence of modes of religiosity in far-flung regions could be established, critics would immediately point to other cases where doctrinal and imagistic features are so thoroughly enmeshed that the distinction breaks down.
Environmental Change, Entitlements, and Poverty in Pastoral Systems
Authors: Sporton Deborah , Thomas David S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines society-environment links arising from the expansion of commercial pastoralism into the dry subsumed to arid Kalahari Desert of Botswana. The context of structural and land-use changes in Botswana is provided by the 1975 Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP) which aimed to enhance national economic and social development by reforming the organization of Botswana’s livestock industry, improving the livelihoods of rural dwellers, and ameliorating environmental degradation.
Children of the Japanese State
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Japan today over 30,000 children are in the care of the state because their parents or guardians cannot, will not, or are not considered competent to look after them. Drawing on his long-term fieldwork in an institution for such children, Roger Goodman describes what happens to them in a country that has no professional social workers and little tradition of adopting or fostering children in need of care, and explains how, in the 1990s, the convergence of several factors - in particular Japan's rapidly declining birth-rate, its signing of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and its `discovery' of child abuse - led to a new role for child protection institutions which had otherwise scarcely changed over the past 50 years. In the process, he provides the first full account in English of the development and delivery of child welfare in the world's second largest economy.
Introduction
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study introduces a people called Keo who reside in the south-central part of the Indonesian island of Flores. To an even greater extent than their Nage neighbours immediately to the north (Forth 1989a, 1998), inhabitants of the Keo region are among the least described populations, not only of Flores but of the whole of eastern Indonesia. The present monograph more particularly concerns a part of this population I specify as western Keo. In describing western Keo society, I focus on its most pervasive feature: dualism.
Ancestors and Descendants: ‘Mothers’ and ‘Children’
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following a tradition widespread in central Flores, the earliest ancestors of the Keo people were a group of siblings, all surnamed Ga’e, who came from the So’a region, to the northwest. From these derive the principal ‘land mother’ (inetana) clans as well as their ‘defenders’ (ana tuku), among whom the former divided their territories in an initial partition.1 Although the entire population ultimately recognizes an external origin (a notion of local autochthony being absent from their mythology), Keo reserve the term ‘immigrant’ for a number of clans that arrived in the region significantly later.
Clans, Estates, and Houses
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keo conceive of relations among clans (suku) and villages (nua) largely as relations among male ancestors. As noted, recipients of territory granted by original Land Mothers were frequently male affines, husbands of female relatives, who then founded villages and erected sacrificial instruments of their own. In this way, their children and descendants formally established themselves as separate clans. Hence clans have their origin in, or as, villages. In the course of time, however, settlements have split, moved, and merged with others, so that at present a single village can comprise two or more clans.
Introduction
Authors: Odden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kimatuumbi is spoken in the area of Kipatimu in Kilwa District of Tanzania, south of the Rufiji river. It is a member of the Bantu language family, and is designated as P13 in Guthrie (1971). In the Guthrie scheme of classifying Bantu, languages are grouped into ‘relatedness’ zones indicated with letters between A and S (excluding I, J, 0, and Q). Within a zone, sets of more closely related languages are indicated by being within the same decade, and individual languages are indicated by distinct digits (and occasionally letters). Therefore, by this system Kimatuumbi would be most closely related to Ndengereko (Pll), Rufiji (P12), Ngindo (P14), and Mbunga (PlS), and less closely related to Yao (P21), Mwera (P22), Makonde (P23), Ndonde (P24), Makua(P31),Lomwe (P32), and Chuabo (P34).In the Nurse (1988)classification of Eastern Bantu Languages, Kimatuumbi is part of the Rufiji group, which also includes Manda (Nl 1), Ngoni (Nl 3), Matengo (Nl 3), Ndendeuli (no Guthrie classification), Mpoto (N14), Ngindo, Ndengereko, and Rufiji. The Rufiji group is a component of the Rufiji-Ruvuma group, which additionally includes Yao, Mwera, Makonde, and Ndonde. As of 1967, the last census where linguistic data was collected, the Matuumbi population was set at 60,583 (Legère, 1992).
External Sandhi
Authors: Odden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bantu languages commonly have rules applying at the phrasal level, as illustrated by Chimwi:ni (Kisseberth and Abasheikh, 1974), Luganda (Hyman, Katamba, and Walusimbi, 1987), Jita (Downing, 1988), Kinyambo (Bickmore, 1989), and Chaga (McHugh, 1990). Kimatuumbi has quite a number of rules which apply between words, and these rules are the focus of this chapter. The first section describes the syntactically sensitive rules, namely Shortening, Perfective Tone Loss, Phrasal Tone Insertion, Initial Tone Insertion, and Lengthening. The rule Shortening applies to the head of a phrase, i.e. X in X ‘. Perfective Tone Loss applies between verb and complement within the VP. Phrasal Tone Insertion takes the syntactic seam between two X” elements in an X” phrase as its conditioning environment. Initial Tone Insertion is constrained so that it cannot apply across a righthand S bracket, although it applies across a left-hand S boundary. The last rule, Lengthening, only applies to members of the same S.
The Phonological System Of Portuguese
Authors: Mateus Maria Helena , d’Andrade Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into three sections. After presenting the phonetic data including salient differences betweeen EP, BP and other dialects of the language (2.2), we describe, in 2.3, the EP sound system within the framework of feature geometry (see Clements and Hume, 1995) going on to consider segmental representation in the light of radical underspecification theory (2.4). The main purpose of this chapter is to describe the sound system of standard European Portuguese (Lisbon region). To begin with, we identify the consonants (C), vowels (V) and glides (G) that occur in this variety of the language at the phonetic level, and point out their distributional characteristics.
Portuguese Morphology: Inflection
Authors: Mateus Maria Helena , d’Andrade Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of Portuguese phonology requires some degree of familiarity with its morphology. As in other languages, a number of phonological rules are interrelated with word-formation rules. The present chapter and the following one are concerned with the most relevant and basic morphological aspects and with the morpho-phonological processes involved in Portuguese word inflection (this chapter) and derivation (Chapter 5). Morphologically, EP and BP do not diverge. There are a few interesting differences with respect to morphologically triggered phonological rules, however, which call for a comparison between the two varieties. Except in such cases, the phonetic transcriptions of the two chapters correspond to an EP pronunciation; for comparison with a BP pronunciation, however, the information given in Chapters 2 and 3 is relevant.
Remarks on the Paradigms of Connectionism
Authors: Compiani Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Connectionism is the most interdisciplinary branch of Artificial Intelligence [1]. The current state of this very recent line of research is characterized by a certain openness towards the current cultural context and to historical contingencies, typical of the high-level sciences [2], and implies a substantial osmosis of methodology and paradigms originating in other disciplines. Naturally there is a counteracting effect through which the acquisitions of computer science and AI influence the directions taken by other disciplines (e.g. the theory of cognitive processes [3, 4] ). In this paper, however, we will not consider the historical details of these reciprocal influences (more generally outlined in [5]) but will compare the paradigms of connectionism with the paradigms of other disciplines, confident that this will contribute towards a critical evaluation of the connectionist approach especially as compared with classical AI.
ΣUMП ΛOKH EIΔΩN
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cornford translates sentence S thus: ‘Any discourse we can have owes its existence to the weaving together of Forms.’ In his commentary he writes: ‘All discourse depends on the “weaving together of Forms.” ... It is not meant that Forms are the only elements in the meaning of all discourse. We can also make statements about individual things. But it is true that every such statement must contain at least one Form.’ A few lines later Cornford says that the point made by Plato in S is ‘that every statement or judgement involves the use of at least one Form’; and later he remarks that Plato ‘has said that “all discourse depends on the weaving together of Forms,” i.e. at least one Form enters into the meaning of any statement’ (p. 314).
Aristotle’s Theory of Definition: Some Questions on Posterior Analytics II. 8-10
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In working on Aristotle’s theory of definition in An. post. II I have been impressed by the difficulty and complexity of the problems, both philosophical and philological. I have been equally impressed by the excellence of the commentators, ancient and modern, who have examined the problems with tremendous thoroughness and brilliance. In what follows I do not claim to ask any novel questions or to offer any novel answers. I simply try to open up a few of the philosophically interesting issues with a view to provoking further discussion of them.
Aristotle on Eudaimonia
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most great philosophical works, Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics raises more questions than it answers. Two central issues as to which it is not even quite clear what Aristotle’s view really is are, first, what is the criterion of right action and of moral virtue? and, second, what is the best life for a man to lead? The first question is raised very explicitly by Aristotle himself at the beginning of book VI, where he recalls that moral virtue (or excellence of character) was defined as a mean determined by the rule or standard that the wise man would employ, and now says that this statement, though true, was not clear: we need also to discover what is the right rule and what is the standard that fixes it. Unfortunately, he does not subsequently take up this question in any direct way. The difficulty about the second question is not that he fails to discuss it–it is, after all, the centre of his target – or that he fails to answer it, but that he seems to give two answers. Most of the Ethics implies that good action is–or is a major element in–man’s best life, but eventually, in book x, purely contemplative activity is said to be perfect eudaimonia; and Aristotle does not tell us how to combine or relate these two ideas.
Focus Constructions: Clefts and like
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the overview of general highlighting/focusing constructions in Chapter 5, we will examine in some detail two sets of highlighting devices in spoken English. One set consists of the three cleft constructions (outlined in § 6.2) and the other consists of two constructions with LIKE. The cleft constructions occur in both spoken and written English but are relatively rare in our data compared with highlighting particles such as LIKE. The IT cleft is exceedingly rare, while WH clefts function simultaneously as micro-and macro-focusers, highlighting a particular constituent and at the same time signalling a boundary in text. (See § 5.5 for micro- and macrofocusing.) LIKE is a micro-focusing item but has two different functions. At the end of a clause it signals that the speaker has uttered the clause in order to counter possible objections to a previous statement. In other positions, it functions as a non-contrastive focuser. LIKE is a particularly interesting item because it is generally assumed that it is a mere pause-filler, enabling the speaker to hold the floor while resolving planning difficulties. Our data from the Map Task dialogues does not support the planning-difficulties hypothesis but shows that the occurrence of LIKE has its own patterns.
Historical Linguistics and Typology
Authors: Miller Jim , Weinert Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of Chapters 3 and 4 was to demonstrate, on the basis of data from different languages, that the structure of phrases and clauses in spontaneous spoken language is very different from the structures found in writing. The goal of this chapter and the next is to demonstrate that the spontaneous spoken data and its analysis bear directly on research topics occupying a central position in linguistics. This chapter begins with a note on historical linguistics but focuses on typology, and Chapter 8 is largely devoted to first language acquisition, but ends with a note on the spoken-written dichotomy, non-standard language and education. Educational difficulties affecting speakers of non-standard varieties of a given language are exacerbated by the differences between spontaneous speech and written language.