bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicotine improves antisaccade task performance without affecting prosaccades
Authors: Larrison Abigail L. , Briand Kevin A. , Sereno Anne B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlthough there is ample evidence for a cognitive‐attentional benefit of the stimulant nicotine, the source of this benefit is not as well understood. One approach is to address what aspects of performance nicotine affects at a functional systems level. It is currently debated whether the benefits produced by nicotine are the effect of enhanced higher cognitive function or reflect an overall increase in general arousal. In order to address this question, the effects of nicotine on two simple eye movement tasks were studied: the saccade (S) and antisaccade (AS) tasks. Because the S and AS tasks utilize identical sensory stimuli (peripheral targets) and require identical motor responses (eye movements) but differ significantly in their cognitive demands, the use of these two tasks should enable a parsing of nicotine effects on cognitive versus sensory‐motor processes. In this study, the S and AS tasks were performed by two experimental groups, task naïve subjects and highly practised subjects. For the first group, that of the task naïve subjects, nicotine gum administration resulted in a decrease in AS errors. For the second group, that of two experienced subjects tested repeatedly over a 3 week period, nicotine also produced a significant decrease in AS task errors, as well as resulting in a significant decrease in AS response times. Neither task naïve nor experienced subjects showed any effects of nicotine on the S task. Examining the effects of nicotine on highly controlled and constrained tasks such as the S and AS task may provide another level of insight into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial cognitive effects of nicotine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment
Authors: O'Brien Sinead M. , Scott Lucinda V. , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe role of cytokines in depression was first considered when the cytokine interferon resulted in ‘sickness behaviour’, the symptoms of which are similar to those of major depression. The latter is associated with an increase in pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). These cytokines are potent modulators of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) which produces heightened hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) activity characterized by increases in ACTH and cortisol, both of which are reported elevated in major depression. Antidepressant treatment has immunomodulatory effects with increases in the production of IL‐10, which is an anti‐inflammatory cytokine. This review based on a Medline search from 1980–2003, focuses on the evidence available of cytokine changes in acute stress, chronic stress and major depression. It examines the effects of antidepressant treatment on immune parameters in both animal models and clinical trials. We suggest that future antidepressants may target the immune system by either blocking the actions of pro‐inflammatory cytokines or increasing the production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of proliferation and migration in retinoic acid treated C3H10T1/2 cells by TGF‐β isoforms
Authors: Makhijani Nalini S. , Bischoff David S. , Yamaguchi Dean T. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractProliferation of mesenchymal precursors of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells and migration of these precursors to repair sites are important early steps in bone repair. Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) has been implicated in the promotion of bone repair and may have a role in these processes. Three isoforms of TGF‐β, TGF‐β1, ‐β2, and ‐β3, are expressed in fracture healing, however, their specific roles in the repair process are unknown. Differential actions of the TGF‐β isoforms on early events of bone repair were explored in the multipotent mesenchymal precursor cell line, C3H10T1/2. Cell migration was determined using a modified Boyden chamber in response to concentrations of each isoform ranging from 10−12 to 10−9 g/ml. All three isoforms demonstrated a dose‐dependent chemotactic stimulation of untreated C3H10T1/2 cells. Checkerboard assays indicated that all three isoforms also stimulated chemokinesis of the untreated cells. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) and expressing relatively higher levels of osteoblastic gene markers such as alkaline phosphatase and collagen type I, lower levels of chondrocytic gene markers collagen type II and aggrecan, and unchanged levels of the adipose marker adipsin did not demonstrate significant chemokinesis or chemotaxis in response to TGF‐β1 or ‐β3 at concentrations ranging from 10−12 to 10−9 g/ml. In the ATRA‐treated cells, TGF‐β2 stimulated a significant increase in chemotaxis only at the highest concentration tested. Cell proliferation was assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and cell counts at TGF‐β concentrations from 10−11 to 10−8 g/ml. None of the TGF‐β isoforms stimulated cell proliferation in untreated or ATRA‐treated C3H10T1/2 cells. Analysis of TGF‐β receptors (TGF‐βR1, ‐βR2, and ‐βR3) showed a 1.6‐ to 2.8‐fold decrease in mRNA expression of these receptors in ATRA‐treated cells. In conclusion: (1) while all three TGF‐β isoforms stimulate chemotaxis/chemokinesis of multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells, TGF‐β1 and ‐β3 do not stimulate chemotaxis in C3H10T1/2 cells treated with ATRA while TGF‐β2 stimulated chemotaxis only at the highest concentration tested. (2) TGF‐β isoforms do not appear to stimulate cell proliferation in C3H10T1/2 cells in either a multipotent state or after ATRA treatment when expressing higher levels of alkaline phosphatase and collagen type I gene markers. (3) Decrease in mRNA expression for TGF‐βR1, ‐βR2, and ‐βR3 upon ATRA treatment could potentially explain the lack of chemotaxis/chemokinesis in these cells expressing higher levels of alkaline phosphatase and collagen type I. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decoupling task and relationship conflict: the role of intragroup emotional processing
Authors: Yang Jixia , Mossholder Kevin W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the role of emotion in intragroup conflict processes. We propose that how group members handle emotion affects intragroup interactions and has implications for task and relationship conflict. Three types of variables—collective emotional intelligence, intragroup relational ties, and conflict‐relevant interactional norms—constrain negative emotionality and may determine whether task conflict results in damaging relationship conflict. The moderating influence of these variables is discussed, as are compositional issues associated with measuring them. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contexts of knowing: natural history of a globally distributed team
Authors: Baba Marietta L. , Gluesing Julia , Ratner Hilary , Wagner Kimberly H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe focus of this paper is cognitive convergence in a globally distributed team (GDT), defined as the process by which cognitive structures of distributed team members gradually become more similar over time. To explore the convergence process, we employed a longitudinal, ethnographic research strategy that allowed us to follow a naturally occurring GDT over a 14‐month period, producing a rich case study portraying factors and processes that influence convergence. Confirming previous studies, we find that increases in shared cognition alone are not sufficient to account for performance gains on a GDT. Rather, it may be necessary not only to increase the sharing of cognition, but also to reverse a pattern of increasing divergence that can result from rejection of key knowledge domains. We also found that several factors influence the process of cognitive convergence beyond direct knowledge sharing. These include: separate but parallel or similar learning experiences in a common context; the surfacing of hidden knowledge at remote sites by third‐party mediators or knowledge brokers; and shifts in agent self‐interest that motivate collaboration and trigger the negotiation of task interdependence. Also relevant to cognitive convergence on a GDT is the geographical distribution pattern of people and resources on the ground, and the different ways in which leaders exploit the historical, cultural and linguistic dimensions of such distribution to further their own political agendas. Several propositions related to these observations are suggested. We conclude that GDTs can be effective in bringing together divergent points of view to yield new organizational capabilities, but such benefits require that leaders and members recognize early and explicitly the existence and validity of their differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated manufacturing, empowerment, and company performance
Authors: Patterson Malcolm G. , West Michael A. , Wall Toby D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere is controversy over whether integrated manufacturing (IM), comprising advanced manufacturing technology, just‐in‐time inventory control and total quality management, empowers or deskills shop floor work. Moreover, both IM and empowerment are promoted on the assumption that they enhance competitiveness. We examine these issues in a study of 80 manufacturing companies. The extent of use of IM was positively associated with empowerment (i.e., job enrichment and employee skill enhancement), but, with the minor exception of AMT, bore little relationship with subsequent company performance. In contrast, the extent of empowerment within companies predicted the subsequent level of company performance controlling for prior performance, with the effect on productivity mediating that on profit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From enterprise to empowerment: the evolution of an Anglo‐American approach to strategic urban economic regeneration
Authors: Lavin Marilyn , Whysall Paul 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

This paper traces the development and evolution of a policy instrument designed to regenerate inner urban areas suffering the effects of long‐term economic decline.

The origins of the Enterprise Zone concept are examined from radical town planning thought to government policy under Margaret Thatcher in Britain in the 1970s and 1980s, and its subsequent reappearance in American urban policy through the 1980s and 1990s, culminating in the concept of Empowerment Zones in the mid‐1990s.

Through this time, shifts occur in the nature and application of the policies and critics are heard on both sides of the Atlantic, as explained here. It is suggested the American experience benefited from its later occurrence in a more favourable economic climate. More recently there is evidence of British policy shifting closer to the evolved form of policy, as has emerged in the United States.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Two‐Step Interval and Modified Rosenbrock Method for Kinetic Parameter Estimation in Copolymerization Systems: A Robust and Reliable Approach
Authors: Habibi Ali , Vasheghani‐Farahani Ebrahim 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSummary: The kinetics of solution free radical copolymerization of isobutyl methacrylate (i‐BMA) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA) in benzene, initiated with 2,2‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were studied at different monomer feed compositions at low conversion levels. In order to avoid the complications of copolymerization kinetics, the pseudo‐kinetic rate constant method was applied in constant and variable volume polymerization systems. A two‐step procedure based on interval analysis and the modified Rosenbrock method was used to estimate the kinetic parameters of copolymerization. In the first step, initiation, coupled propagation‐termination and transfer rate parameters were determined from steady state kinetic equations using interval analysis. Since the objective function is non‐linear, non‐convex and has multiple local optima, a robust computational technique, based on the Interval Newton/Generalized Bisection (IN/GB) algorithm, was developed to solve this set of non‐linear algebraic equations. This method was used with mathematical and computational guarantees of certainty to find the global optimum. In the second step, the system of mole balance, population balance and moment equations, which are highly stiff ordinary differential equations, were discritized and solved by the modified Rosenbrock method. The results of the first computational step were inserted as an active or equality constraint in the second step to calculate the individual elementary rate parameters of the reaction. Statistical analysis indicated that the copolymer composition is well described by the terminal unit model (TUM), but the implicit penultimate unit effect (IPUE) model of Fukuda and coworkers is more suitable for describing the rate data. In contrast to most previously studied systems, it was found that propagation and coupled rate parameters are greater than those predicted by the TUM.Variation of number average molecular weight of the copolymer in polymerization system for various initial monomer feed compositions at different reaction times (solid lines are computed results).imageVariation of number average molecular weight of the copolymer in polymerization system for various initial monomer feed compositions at different reaction times (solid lines are computed results).
Current trends in quantitative structure activity relationships on FXa inhibitors: Evaluation and comparative analysis
Authors: Kontogiorgis Christos A. , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article evaluates the quantitative structure activity relationships of FXa inhibitors, using the C‐QSAR program of Biobyte. Diaryloxypyridines, aminophenols, biaryl isoxazoline derivatives, 1,2‐dibenzamidobenzenes, 3‐amidinophenylalanine derivatives, benzoxazinones, naphthoanilides, tetrazoles, glucolic and mandelic acid derivatives were included in this survey. Clog P plays a significant role in the QSAR, especially as hydrophilicity. In the most of the cases, CMR/MR molar refractivity as well as sterimol parameters (B5 and L) are important. Electronic effects with the exception of the Hammett's constant σm, are not found to govern the biological activity. Es was found to be important indicator variables were used after the best model was found to account for the usual structural features. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 24, No. 6, 687–747, 2004
Challenges and strategies: The immune responses in gene therapy
Authors: Zhou Hai‐sheng , Liu De‐pei , Liang Chih‐chuan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe host immune responses, including T lymphocytes mediated immune response and humoral immune responses are the important parts of the challenges in gene therapy. There are some potential immunostimulants in gene delivery systems, such as viral and non‐viral vectors. Viral gene products, transgene products, viral proteins derived from viral particles required by dead‐end infection, and CpG DNA in plasmid may play important roles in inducing the host immune responses when foreign genes are transferred into the targeted tissues. The immune responses should lead to many problems in gene therapy: transient expression of therapeutic gene, non‐efficient re‐administration of the same vectors, and severe side‐effects in clinical trials. Although RNAi may act as gene therapeutic agent for suppression of specific gene expression, little attention has been given to the potential non‐specific effects that might be induced. It was reported that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can induce the host interferon response following transfected to mammalian cells. Facing these challenges, a number of studies have been focused on taking measures to solve them, such as immunosuppression, selection of different administration routes and dose of the vectors, using the tissue‐specific promoters and modifying the vectors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 24, No. 6, 748–761, 2004
Analysis of finite dimensional approximations to a class of partial differential equations
Authors: Bao Gang , Zhou Aihui 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a unified approach for analysing finite dimensional approximations to a class of partial differential equations boundary value problems (second‐kind Fredholm differential equations) is introduced. The approach is shown to be general despite of its extremely simple form. In particular, it is expected to be useful in the convergence analysis of finite element methods for solving PDE problems. Three specific examples are presented to illustrate the broad applicability of the approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tautomerism of Omeprazole in solution: a 1H and 13C NMR study
Authors: Claramunt Rosa M. , López Concepción , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José , Yang Rong , Schulman Steve 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe tautomerism of 5(6)‐methoxy‐2‐{[(4‐methoxy‐3,5‐dimethyl‐2‐pyridinyl)methyl] sulfinyl}‐1H‐benzimidazole (omeprazole) was determined in solution, KT = 0.59 in THF at 195 K, in favor of the 6‐methoxy tautomer. The assignment of the signals was made by comparison with its two N‐methyl derivatives in acetone‐d6 and through theoretical calculations of the absolute shieldings (GIAO/DFT/6‐311++G**). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
29/28, 30/28Silicon, 34/32sulfur and 80/77selenium isotope‐induced fluorine chemical shifts through two bonds
Authors: Tordeux Marc , Magnier Emmanuel , Guidotti Jérôme , Diter Patrick , Wakselman Claude 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIsotope effects on fluorine chemical shifts induced by heteroatoms bonded covalently to a carbon atom bearing fluorine atoms were studied. For each compound, the isotope‐induced chemical shifts 2Δ 19F(X) through two bonds were measured for the heteroatom (X = 29/28Si, 30/28Si, 34/32S and 80/77Se). The 1Δ 19F(13/12C) values for the carbon bonded to the fluorine atoms were also recorded. Examination of the 19F NMR data showed homogeneity of the isotope‐induced chemical shifts along the rows of the periodic table and regularity down the columns (from 10 to 15 ppb per mass unit for the second row to 0.4 ppb for the fourth row). It became negligible for atoms of the fifth row. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐crystal 2H NMR of deuterated 1,10‐decanedicarboxylic acid included in hydrogenated urea channels
Authors: Odin C. , Garcia P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe intergrowth of 1,10‐decanedicarboxylic acid and urea give infinite hydrogen‐bonded chains of the guest included in the hexagonal urea host. A deuterium high‐resolution solid‐state NMR study of the selectively deuterated intergrowth compound 1,10‐decanedicarboxylic acid/hydrogenated urea at variable temperature in the range 90 ≤ T ≤ 300 K was performed on a single crystal. The analysis of the second moment as a function of temperature is shown to be compatible with the known phase transition occurring near Tc = 203 K. Moreover, the spectra indicate that the orientational disorder is strong, and is compared to an axial uniform disorder. For this purpose, the general equation for the second moment of a system with uniform two‐dimensional axial orientational disorder is given, and a method to take into account the non‐uniform excitation of the pulse sequence is proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators protect hippocampal neurons from kainic acid excitotoxicity: Differences with the effect of estradiol
Authors: Ciriza Iratxe , Carrero Paloma , Azcoitia Iñigo , Lundeen Scott G. , Garcia‐Segura Luis M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNeuroprotective effects of estradiol are well characterized in animal experimental models. However, in humans, the outcome of estrogen treatment for cognitive function and neurological diseases is very controversial. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may represent an alternative to estrogen for the treatment or the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. SERMs interact with the estrogen receptors and have tissue‐specific effects distinct from those of estradiol, acting as estrogen agonists in some tissues and as antagonists in others. In this study we have assessed the effect of tamoxifen, raloxifene, lasofoxifene (CP‐336,156), bazedoxifene (TSE‐424), and 17β‐estradiol on the hippocampus of adult ovariectomized rats, after the administration of the excitotoxin kainic acid. Administration of kainic acid induced the expression of vimentin in reactive astroglia and a significant neuronal loss in the hilus. SERMs did not affect vimentin immunoreactivity in the hilus, while 17β‐estradiol significantly reduced the surface density of vimentin immunoreactive profiles. Estradiol, tamoxifen (0.4–2 mg/kg), raloxifene (0.4–2 mg/kg), and bazedoxifene (2 mg/kg) prevented neuronal loss in the hilus after the administration of kainic acid. Lasofoxifene (0.4–2 mg/kg) was not neuroprotective. These findings indicate that SERMs present different dose‐dependent neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, the mechanisms of neuroprotection by SERMs and estradiol are not identical, because SERMs do not significantly affect reactive gliosis while neuroprotection by estradiol is associated with a strong down‐regulation of reactive astroglia. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2004
Determination of reactivity ratios and kinetics of free radical copolymerization of linalool with styrene
Authors: Shukla Anjali , Srivastava A. K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCopolymerization of acyclic monoterpenoid, namely linalool (LIN), with styrene (STY) initiated by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) p‐acetyl benzylidene triphenyl arsonium ylide (p‐ABTAY) in xylene separately at 80°C for 180 min under inert atmosphere of nitrogen was performed. The results give a nearly alternating copolymer as evidenced from reactivity ratios (r1 = 0.016, r2 = 0.057) w.r.t. BPO; (r1 = 0.017, r2 = 0.052) w.r.t. p‐ABTAY (i.e. r1 = 0.0165 ± 0.0005 and r2 = 0.0545 ± 0.0025 per initiator set) using Kelen–Tudos method. The FT‐IR spectrum shows a band at 3026 cm−1 due to the aromatic ring of polystyrene and an alcoholic band of linalool at 3408 cm−1. 1H‐NMR spectrum shows peaks at δ 7.0–7.7 ppm of OH protons and peaks at δ 7.5–8.0 ppm due to phenyl protons of styrene. The system follows ideal kinetics i.e. Rp ∝ [LIN]1.0[STY]1.0[BPO]0.5/[p‐ABTAY]0.5. The overall energy of activation in the temperature range 75–85°C is 77.0 kJ mol−1 and 90.0 kJ mol−1, respectively. The values for Mark–Houwink constants for the functional copolymer has been evaluated as a = 0.40 and K = 1.60 × 10−4 with the help of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Alfrey–Price, Q and e parameters for linalool have been evaluated as Q2 = 0.80; e2 = 1.25 w.r.t. BPO and Q2 = 0.90; e2 = 1.54 w.r.t. p‐ABTAY. Thermal properties of copolymers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.