bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘New Woman’ And The Militant
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1850s and 1860s saw the emergence of the first women’s movement in Britain, with headquarters, journals, and a host of different campaigns aimed at the emancipation of women. Beginning with a petition to reform the laws which oppressed married women and deprived them of any property, the early feminist activists soon turned their attention to expanding the range of employment open to women, to improving secondary education and making higher education accessible to women, and then to the suffrage. The campaigns were accompanied by the establishment of a number of feminist periodicals, some of which spelled out in graphic detail the full extent of women’s economic, sexual, and political oppression while spreading the ideas and publicizing the activities of those who worked for women’s emancipation.
The Saint and the Operation of the Law: Reflections Upon the Miracles of St Thomas Cantilupe
Authors: Flint Valerie I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When historians of medieval law turn to the written record, they do not (as a rule) turn readily to collections of miracles. Such reluctance is, at first sight, understandable, for in that such collections are compelled by their very nature to laud the supernatural over the works of rational man, are necessarily prejudiced towards their subjects, and are often anecdotal and repetitive to boot, they appear to be the very antithesis of all that sober legal historians hold most dear. They are often relegated as evidence, therefore, to a status well beneath that given to laws, legal treatises, government documents, charters, biographies, and even monastic chronicles.
The History of The History of England: The Evolution of a Standard Text and its Illustrations
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It is Hume who is read by everybody, Hume is the historian, whose views and opinions insensibly become our own’: here William Smyth, professor of modern history at Cambridge, rightly identified the most influential work of history in early nineteenth-century Britain. David Hume’s History of England (1754-62) went through numerous editions in the course of the century, and it was also one of the few multi-volumed histories to be almost always illustrated.
The Mystique of the Book
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Christmas Day 1085 William, duke of Normandy and conqueror and king of England, had much thought and deep discussion with his council at Gloucester about England: how it was occupied or with what sort of people. Then he sent his men over all England into every shire and had them find out how many hundred hides there were in the shire, or what land and cattle the king himself had in the country, or what dues he ought to have in twelve months from the shire. Also he had a record made of how much land his archbishops had, and his bishops and his abbots and his earls—and though I relate it at too great length—what or how much everyone had who was occupying land in England, in land or cattle, and how much money it was worth. So very narrowly did he have it investigated, that there was no single hide nor virgate of land, nor indeed (it is a shame to relate but it seemed no shame for him to do) one ox nor one cow nor one pig which was there left out, and not put down in his record; and all these records were brought to him afterwards.
Afterword
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Avowed Aim of this study has been to examine afresh the relationship between the Domesday inquest and Domesday Book. Its assertion that the aims and objectives of the survey were manifold, on the one hand, and executed within a different context from that which produced LDB and GDB, on the other, are at variance with the consensus embodied in recent historiography. Following the publication of Galbraith’s article on the making of Domesday Book in 1942, and with increasing confidence after his more lengthy study of 1961, a generation of historians have argued that Domesday Book was the aim of the Domesday inquest. The argument was originally formulated as a radical reaction to what was seen as an earlier generation’s preoccupation with the geld. Round, it seems, was never entirely clear what Domesday Book was for. But he was in no doubt that the ‘original returns’ of the inquest were hundred rolls and that the aim of the survey was connected with the collection of the geld. It is ironic that the current consensus is largely founded on these, the terms of debate formulated by Round in 1895.
Hiberno-Latin literature to 1169
Authors: Cróinín Dáibhí Ó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It meant the arrival of a new law to compare and eventually to vie with native legal practices; a new religion that was eventually to replace the old one of Ireland’s pagan past; a new institution—the church—whose structure and personnel offered a challenge to the Irish learned orders. Above all, though, Christianity transformed Irish society by its introduction of a new language, church Latin, whose history and literature were markedly different from anything hitherto known in Ireland. The history of Hiberno-Latin learning and literature in the period following the missions of Patrick and Palladius is the story of how the Irish came to terms, first of all, with this new language and its traditions, and how they subsequently assimilated them to the point where Irish Latin writers were indistinguishable, either in style or in language, from their continental counterparts.
Ecclesiastical architecture before 1169
Authors: Stalley Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the twelfth century, ecclesiastical architecture retained a simplicity that forms a puzzling contrast to the intricate skills encountered in metalwork, manuscript illumination, and stone sculpture. For reasons that have never been satisfactorily explained, the Irish clergy were reluctant to erect the type of imposing buildings that many of them must have seen abroad. The story of Irish architecture thus centres on the simple stone oratories that survive in great numbers throughout the country, often in remote locations of great natural beauty.
Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marian apparitions were among the great collective dramas of nineteenth-century Europe. They drew scores of thousands of men and women to obscure valleys and remote mountains where the Virgin Mary had allegedly appeared, a figure that rose to hundreds of thousands at a place such as Lourdes. The apparitions were perhaps the most spectacular sign of a religious revival that is one of the outstanding characteristics of the nineteenth century, although one of the least well studied. They also represented an ambiguous counterpoint to the more familiar social and political upheavals of the period.
One Step Backwards Two Steps Forward
Authors: Pethybridge Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of Soviet politics and society under the New Economic Policy is the first to relate local problems directly to changing central ideological views during the crucial early years of the Soviet State. Roger Pethybridge makes an intensive examination of five Russian and minority localities in 1922, when the NEP was at its early stages, and again at its height in 1926. These detailed studies demonstrate that under the early NEP there were effectively two capitals - Moscow for politics, and Petrograd for culture, and their roles are examined in depth, as Professor Pethybridge analyses the workings of Bolshevik control mechanisms, and means of communication between centre and periphery in this period. One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward throws new light on the roles of socio-political agents, and potential enemies in Russia's vast hinterland. Professor Pethybridge argues that the well-known threat to the regime from the kulaks was less menacing than that from the Nepmen and the artisans. This carefully researched and provocative account of the formative years of the USSR will be invaluable to all scholars of Soviet history and government.
From Reform to Revolution
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the first few decades of the nineteenth century, as we have seen, imprisonment gradually became the standard penal sanction against non-capital offenders. In the wake of the General Law Code of 1794 in Prussia and the gradual decline of corporal punishment as the institution of serfdom was dismantled, it became normal for prison sentences to be imposed on the vast majority of criminals. New gaols were built to cope with ·this shift in policy, but the construction programme failed to keep pace with the massive population growth of these decades. The situation was exacerbated by a rising crime rate as pauperism spread under the impact of industrialization, and rural theft reached epidemic proportions following the enclosure of common lands.
Restoration and Change
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactionary governments in Germany after the failure of the 1848 Revolution regarded the axe and the block as vital instruments in the restoration of order. In Prussia the new Criminal Code, introduced in 1851, sought to carry out this restorative function while making a number of concessions to bourgeois opinion. The death penalty in particular was restricted to various kinds of homicide, and to treason. But this did not mean that the letter of the law was necessarily adhered to. For as part of the arsenal of restored, divinely-sanctioned monarchical authority, the Prussian King insisted on the royal prerogative of clemency. This was not new, of course, but had been wielded systematically since the eighteenth century, when the founding of prisons and penitentiaries had first provided a workable alternative to execution in the form of lifelong imprisonment. Every death sentence had to receive the formal approval of the monarch before it could be carried out. The Prussian King was advised on such cases by his judicial officials. In order to guide their recommendations in the light of the new provisions of the Criminal Code, and to maintain some kind of consistency, officials at the Prussian Ministry of Justice began keeping detailed notes and statistics on each capital case after the Criminal Code came into effect at the beginning of 1852. The notes offer a fascinating insight into the workings of the judicial-bureaucratic mind.
The Culture of Embarrassment
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, on the introduction of ‘intramural’ executions, every effort was made to avoid the impression of secrecy, from the announcement of the event through the red posters put up in advance in the town where it was scheduled to take place, to the issuing of entry cards to citizens who wished to view the proceedings for themselves. Thus the authorities could continue to regard executions as taking place in public; the difference from the previous practice of holding them in the open air was simply that the public attending them was now carefully controlled and selected. The only change, as the Bavarian Ministry of Justice informed the monarch when considering the change in 1854, was that the new system required executions to be carried out before a ‘limited public’ in an ‘enclosed space’.
‘The Death Penalty Practically Abolished!’
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1922 a young man by the name of Florian Huber was sentenced to death in Landshut in 1922 for breaking into an isolated farmhouse, murdering the farmer and his wife, plundering the building’s contents, and setting fire to it afterwards. The report submitted by the Bavarian Ministry of Justice recommending the denial of clemency emphasized, as recommendations for execution had done since the 1880s, the public interest which the case had aroused. But in the Weimar Republic it was more legitimate than it had been before to cite public demand for execution as a reason for not granting a reprieve. There had been, said the report, ‘tremendous anger’ in the public against Huber, and violent scenes had taken place outside the court-house at his trial. ‘Embitterment against the perpetrator is boundless, and the people are generally of the opinion that there must be no clemency in the case of such a disgusting and bestial murder.’ What was really novel, however, was the tone set by the report’s description of Huber’s appearance and personality:
‘ Murderers Amongst Us’
Authors: Evans Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On n April 1929 the prospects for abolition, which had seemed so bright in the second half of the previous year, were suddenly darkened by the enforced resignation of Erich Koch-Weser as Reich Justice Minister. There was no scandal or political disagreement with the Reich Chancellor; it was simply a matter of coalition arithmetic. Given the existence of half a dozen well-established major political parties, and the system of election by strict proportional representation, every government in the Weimar Republic was of necessity a coalition government.
The French Revolution and Europe
Authors: Blanning T C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the last essay in this volume also has the most general title, its generosity of scope posing a problem of focus. Bearing in mind that Albert Sorel managed to write well over a million words in the eight volumes of his L’Europe et la Revolution frangaise,1 it is clear not only that I must be highly selective but also that even then the breadth and depth of analysis that can be achieved in an essay of this length can only be limited. I have decided not to conduct a country-by-country tour of Europe, enumerating as I go the Revolution’s achievements in the manner of Leporello’s immense list of Don Giovanni’s conquests—although my own treatment, I suspect, would make it seem more like Ko-Ko’s little list of society offenders. There never has been a shortage of historians seeking—and, of course, finding—ideological soulmates, whether conservative, nationalist, liberal, or radical.
A People Apart
Authors: Vital David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century has seen both the greatest triumph of Jewish history and its greatest tragedy: the birth of the nation of Israel, and the state-sponsored genocide of the Holocaust. A People Apart is the first study to examine the role played by the Jews themselves, across the whole of Europe, during the century and a half leading up to these events. David Vital explores the Jews' troubled relationship with Europe, documenting the struggles of this 'nation without a territory' to establish a place for itself within an increasingly polarized and nationalist continent. He examines the clash within the Jewish community between politically neutral traditionalists and a new group of activists, whose unprecedented demands for national and political self-determination were stimulated both by increasing civil emancipation and the mounting effort to drive the Jews out of Europe altogether. Controversially, Professor Vital concludes that the history of the Jewish people was indeed in crucial respects although certainly not all of their own making; at times by their own autonomous action and choice; at others by inaction and default. This powerful and stimulating new analysis represents a watershed in our understanding of the history of the Jews in Europe.
Movement
Authors: Vital David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pogroms were attacks by mobs composed preponderantly of peasants and urban workers (who were themselves mostly of recent peasant origin), unskilled as a rule, often unemployed, but laced, as often as not, with elements of the petty criminal class all of whom together were bound on pillage as much as on punishment of the Jews for whatever were supposed to be their historic, economic, or recent political misdeeds. The first of the series in Elizavetgrad in the Kherson guberniya (governorate) broke out on 15 April 1881 (OS). By the end of the year at least 200, but very likely 250 or more other Jewish communities in southern and south-western Russia had suffered some form of violent attack. The results were severe. Before the wave in its entirety had petered out tens of thousands of Jews, their houses and workshops sacked, found themselves homeless or without means of livelihood or both. The total value of property destroyed ran into several hundreds of millions of roubles. But worst of all were the human casualties: the dead, the wounded, the women raped, the traumatized. The incidence of violence against persons varied greatly from place to place. The number of the victims might add up to no more than a handful. In many cases there were none at all, only damage to property. In other cases the number of dead ran to several dozen. In the well-documented case of Balta in the Podolia governorate, when the Jewish community was attacked in a second wave of pogroms in the following year and the rioters had a free run of the Jewish quarter for three days between 10 and 12 April 1882, nine men and women were killed and over two hundred injured, some very severely.
Deciphering the Sabbath*
Authors: Ginzburg Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE theme of witchcraft in Europe, formerly considered marginal and even frivolous, has in the last fifteen years become a subject of international discussion among historians. However, few of the numerous studies have devoted much attention to the sabbath—the nocturnal meeting of witches and sorcerers—although it is clearly of decisive importance in the history of witchcraft and witch-hunting.
‘Fantasticall and Devilishe Persons’: European Witch-beliefs in Comparative Perspective*
Authors: Rowland Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following narrative sequence is typical of most of the witchcraft confessions recorded in Continental Europe between the late fifteenth and the late seventeenth centuries: One relatively early confession will suffice as an illustration of the standard pattern.2 In September 1477 Antoinette, the wife of Jean Rose of Villars-Chabod in Savoy, was examined by the Vice-Inquisitor General, Father Stephan Hugonod.
‘The Ladies from Outside’: An Archaic Pattern of the Witches’ Sabbath*
Authors: Henningsen Gustav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN an article published in 1975 Professor Mircea Eliade, after briefly reviewing the recent historiography of European witchcraft, drew attention to the fact that the phenomenon cannot be properly explained ‘as a creation of religious and political persecution’. A satisfactory understanding could not be reached without the help of other disciplines, ‘such as folklore, ethnology, sociology, psychology, and the history of religions’.
Hungary: The Accusations and the Universe of Popular Magic
Authors: Klaniczay Gábor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE surviving historical records of Hungarian witch persecutions start–as in many other European countries–with a few legal measures against maleficium and veneficium, to be found in the legislation of the first Hungarian kings: Saint Stephen (1000-38), Saint Ladislaus (1077-95), and Coloman (1095-n16).°1 These laws also mention strigas, the existence of which Coloman simply denies, following the tradition of the Canon episcopi and the Carolingian capitularies.2 During the following four centuries, a dozen scattered items of data indicate that witchcraft charges were dealt with at hot-iron ordeal places, at feudal courts, and by town juries.
Estonia I: Werewolves and Poisoners
Authors: Madar Maia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ACCORDING to the available redactions of the Livonian Peasant Law, the earliest of which date from the fourteenth century, witches and heretics were to be burnt (‘soll man Ketzer und Zauberer verbrennen’). Leonid Arbusow believed that these paragraphs had been added at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The Latvian historian Arveds Švābe at first shared this opinion, but in a later work he argued that the laws against witches and heretics had been enacted in the early thirteenth century during the visitation in Livonia of the papal legate William of Modena.
Norway: The Criminological Context
Authors: Naess Hans Eyvind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FROM the late fourteenth century, Norway was joined with Denmark in a personal union, that is, the two countries had their king in common, but otherwise their political and legal administrations were kept apart. This system was changed in 1536. The war of succession (1534-6) had discredited the noblemen and prelates of the Norwegian council, who supported the losing cause. All political power was now vested in the king’s person and in a council without Norwegian representation. The king in council decided that from now on Norway was to be considered a province of the Danish kingdom like Jutland, Sjaelland, and Fyn. This real union lasted until 1814.
Paris And Its People Under English Rule
Authors: Thompson Guy Llewelyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of Paris during the period in the fifteenth century when it fell under English rule. Paris was the headquarters of the Lancastrian government in northern France, established by the victories of Henry V. Its history thus forms a key chapter in the story of the rule of Henry VI on both sides of the Channel. The English garrison in Paris was always small; Burgundian Frenchmen continued to occupy key posts both in the offices of state and in the municipality. Guy Thompson examines the advantages that, for a time, occupation seemed to offer the indigenous population, and shows how the English were able to retain secure control. He provides a political and administrative history, and offers a fascinating exploration of Parisian society at a unique period of the city's history. Based on a broad range of sources, Paris and Its People is an illuminating and scholarly study which makes an important contribution to the history of the Hundred Years War.
English Reformations
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English Reformations takes a refreshing new approach to the study of the Reformation in England. Christopher Haigh's lively and readable study disproves any facile assumption that the triumph of Protestantism was inevitable, and goes beyond the surface of official political policy to explore the religious views and practices of ordinary English people. With the benefit of hindsight, other historians have traced the course of the Reformation as a series of events inescapably culminating in the creation of the English Protestant establishment. Dr Haigh sets out to recreate the sixteenth century as a time of excitement and insecurity, with each new policy or ruler causing the reversal of earlier religious changes. This is a scholarly and stimulating book, which challenges traditional ideas about the Reformation and offers a powerful and convincing alternative analysis.