bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorinated Phenolic Compounds in Bleaching Filtrates from a Mixed Eucalyptus and Acacia Pulp Using Different Sequences
Authors: Furtado João L. F. , Peralba Maria do Carmo R. , Zini Cláudia A. , Caramão Elina B. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Bench filtrates from three-stage conventional bleaching sequences (CEoD) with substitution degrees of
chlorine by chlorine dioxide in the first stage equals to zero, 25%, 75% and 100% have been analysed
for their content of chlorinated phenolic compounds (CPCs). Alternatively, CPCs filtrates content of an
AZEoPD sequence were also determined. A cellulose pulp obtained from a mixture of 85% Eucalyptus
saligna (young trees) and 15% Acacia mearnsii delignified with oxygen (kappa number 10.0) was
employed in all bleaching tests. Levels of CPCs were determined by using an in situ acetylation method
followed by GC/ECD technique. GC/MS of bleaching filtrates was employed in qualitative analyses.
CPCs content in filtrates and the Kovacs' equivalent toxicity for the total filtrates of the studied bleaching
sequences are presented. The lowest content of CPCs was found in AZEoPD filtrates, as expected
due to the utilised bleaching agents. CPCs were not detected in the filtrates of stage D from the AZEoPD
sequence probably due to the low lignin content of the pulp. Mixed filtrates of the sequence DEoD,
showed the lowest CPCs content among conventional bleachings. Results are in accordance with those
found in the literature for hardwood and softwood pulp. The equivalent toxicity in the sequences
Dc(75/25), DEoD and AZEoPD was found to be lower than the limit given by Kovacs to characterise
chronical toxicity.
Kinetic Studies on Oxidation of Veratryl Alcohol by Laccase-Mediator System. Part 1. Effects of Mediator Concentration
Authors: Balakshin Mikhail Yu. , Chen Chen-Loung , Gratzl Josef S. , Kirkman Adrianna G. , Jakob Harald 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Kinetics of the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of veratryl alcohol with dioxygen in the presence of 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamonium salt (ABTS), the mediator, were studied
to elucidate the possible reaction mechanism and the role of the mediator in this reaction. The reaction
follows a pseudo-first order reaction law. The first order rate constant (κ) is dependent on the Mediator/Substrate (M/S) ratio and has a maximum at M/S molar ratio of 0.15. The kinetic studies show
that the mechanism of veratryl alcohol oxidation with dioxygen-laccase-ABTS is rather complex and
includes different reaction pathways. The mediator is involved in competitive reactions. It has been suggested
that at low mediator concentration, the veratryl alcohol is oxidized via the laccase redox cycle.
The mediator acts mostly as a laccase activator at a M/S ratio lower than 0.15. With increasing ABTS
concentration with respect to the substrate concentration, ABTS acts increasingly as a cosubstrate competing
with the original substrate for active centers of the laccase. This results in inhibition of veratryl
alcohol oxidation in the enzyme cycle and increases the role of substrate oxidation by an oxidized
mediator.
Determination of Residual Stresses in Medium Density Fibreboard
Authors: Houts Jeroen van , Bhattacharyya Debes , Jayaraman Krishnan 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Due to the moisture and temperature gradients developed during hot pressing of medium density fibre-board
(MDF), residual stresses occur within the board as it equilibrates to room conditions. It would be
extremely useful to measure these residual stresses and to determine their effects on board properties
such as moduli of elasticity and rupture in bending, internal bond strength and dimensional stability. In
this article two methods, namely dissection and hole drilling, have been adapted to measure residual
internal stress distributions in six different samples of industry produced MDF. The dissection method
involves cutting several pieces of MDF perpendicular to the thickness direction at different depths. The
residual stresses released by the dissection can be determined by measuring the curvatures of cut pieces
and knowing their elastic moduli. The hole drilling method, on the other hand, involves mounting three
strain gauges on the surface of a piece of MDF and drilling a hole to release residual stresses in close
proximity. The released stresses are manifested as strains in the forms of which can be measured in three
directions on the surface of the board.
A theoretical model for predicting residual stresses involving various parameters has been developed and
an excellent agreement with the experimental results from both the dissection and hole drilling methods
has been achieved. Linear moisture expansion coefficient appears to have the greatest influence on residual
stress. When compared against each other, the residual stresses measured by the hole drilling method
show some shortcomings towards the centre of the board. While all six of the MDF boards exhibited
similar trends in their residual stress distributions, significant differences were identified in the magnitudes
of residual stress measured. Finally, some preliminary results linking the residual stress with the
thickness swell of the samples and their surface densities have been presented.
Study of the System Wood – Coating Material. I. Wood – Liquid Coating Material
Authors: Liptáková Eva , Kúdela Jozef , Sarva Ján 
Published: October 2004

Summary
This paper deals with the evaluation of wood—wetting process with coating materials on the basis of
interactions of surface forces on phase boundary. The obtained results are compared with the actual state
in the system wood—coating material. Primary ability of coating materials—spontaneous spreading over
the wood surface has been proved. There is also the secondary influence of rheological properties of coating
materials causing deformations of the phase boundary, non-perfect wetting of the wood surface and
apparent lowering of adhesion work. The influence of rheological properties has been expressed by using
the coefficient F the meaning of which follows from the comparison between results of adhesion work
computed according to modified Young-Dupré equation and of adhesion work determined on the basis
of the interactions of surface forces on the phase boundary between wood and liquid coating materials.
A direct dependence between the values of the coefficient F and coating materials viscosity has been
proved.
Step‐Stress Testing
Authors: Gouno Evans 
Published: October 2004

AbstractStep‐stress accelerated life test have been studied at least since the 1950s. The strategy consists in testing items successively under different levels of stresses. The main advantage of this strategy is to overcome the issue of selecting the proper level of stress that generates enough failures to make inference in classical accelerated life test where the stress is constant. It reduces test time and the variability of the failure times. Various types of data are obtained from step‐stress tests. According the nature of the basic assumptions, different statistical techniques can be used. The following work gives an overview of various approaches to handle step‐stress accelerated life test data.
CERESPlots
Authors: Berk Kenneth N. , Booth David E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn a multiple linear regression, it is assumed that the dependence on each of the predictors is linear. The partial residual plot has been available as a diagnostic, but it can fail if there are nonlinear relationships among the predictors. The Mallows augmented partial residual plot is effective even if there are quadratic relationships among the predictors. Dennis Cook developed the CERES plot to show a curve in the relationship of the dependent variable to a predictor, in spite of any nonlinear relationships among the predictors.
Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Griffith Daniel A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA geographic information system (GIS) is a computer hardware and software information system designed to capture, edit, manage, house, manipulate, analyze, and display georeferenced data. It comprises high‐resolution scientific visualization capabilities, large‐capacity electronic storage devices, efficient and effective structures for data storage and retrieval, high‐volume communication channels, specialized algorithms for data integration and reliability analysis, and specialized query languages. Its reference point is a digital map. The first GIS was developed by the Canadian government and implemented in 1964. A differentiating feature among GISs is whether the underlying map involves a raster or vector surface partitioning. Spatial statistics requires attribute data, a map, and the tagging of each data observation to a location on a map, items furnished by a GIS. A GIS also supplies a practical and useful way to reveal spatial and temporal relationships among data. The UCGIS is an organization whose mission is to serve as an effective unified voice for the community of GIS users.
Income and Wealth Distributions,Dagum System of
Authors: Dagum Camilo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis entry presents the Dagum generating system of income and wealth distributions from which can be derived the Dagum Type I, II, and III as well as other well‐known models, specified in the literature on income distribution. The supports of the Dagum Type I, II, and III models are (0, ∞), [0, ∞), and (y0, ∞),y0 > 0 respectively. This family of models has been further generalized to fit net wealth distributions with support (−∞, ∞). Eight basic properties are introduced to validate the income and wealth distribution models. The models are illustrated with applications to real‐life data; the fit of each is excellent, meeting the requirements of the eight properties retained as essential.
Rainfall, Landforms, and Streamflow
Authors: Troutman Brent M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA wide variety of stochastic modeling procedures has been applied to rainfall, landforms, and streamflow. A representative selection of these procedures is reviewed in this article. Emphasis is placed on interesting features that pose a challenge to modeling, such as the intermittency of rainfall in both space and time, the discrete branching structure of channel networks, and small streamflow measurement samples necessitating regional analysis methods. In all three areas, traditional modeling notions are discussed and modern scaling approaches introduced. Dependence of streamflow on rainfall and landforms is discussed in the final section, and it is demonstrated how stochastic and physical process ideas come together in understanding the relationships among these areas.
Geostatistics
Authors: Wackernagel Hans 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGeostatistics is an application of the theory of random functions to spatially distributed data. The methods, initially proposed by Matheron in mining and petroleum exploration, found their way back to mainstream statistics more than a decade ago. The geostatistical methodology can be subdivided into linear and multivariate geostatistics, nonstationary geostatistics, nonlinear geostatistics, geostatistical simulation.
Kurtosis
Authors: Zenga Michele 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe interpretation of the kurtosis index β2proposed by Karl Pearson is first examined. The Moors' indexTbased on quantiles and some partial orderings of kurtosis (by Van Zwet, Laurence, and Loh) are presented. Zenga's new approach to kurtosis, working for symmetrical as well as for asymmetrical distribution, is introduced. This latter approach is based on the definition of a particular transformation increasing kurtosis; a kurtosis curve, for the left and the right side of a distribution, can thus be obtained.
Human Capital
Authors: Dagum Camilo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis entry deals with the concept of human capital and its monetary value estimation. The basic assumptions and limitations of the traditional prospective (actuarial) and retrospective (cost of production) methods are discussed.A more efficient estimation procedure, the latent variable‐actuarial method, is presented and illustrated using information from the 1983 US Federal Reserve Board sample survey of income and wealth distribution. The main results obtained are the standardized value of each household HC latent variable, the average HC by age of the household heads, the average national HC, the monetary value of each household HC, and its size distribution.
Log‐Gamma Distribution
Authors: Chan Ping‐Shing 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe density function of a log‐gamma distribution is given. Its moment generating function and hence the mean, variance, coefficients of skewness, and kurtosis are derived. Two other forms of the distribution under reparametrization are also given such that the normal distribution is included as a member of the distribution. Its relationship to the generalized gamma distribution will also be discussed
Income Inequality Measures
Authors: Dagum Camilo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study purports to present, analyze, and evaluate the following:The income inequality measures (IIMs) proposed since Pareto and Gini and to derive their corresponding utility and disutility functions from the specification of a fundamental equation of income. Furthermore, a dual relationship between utility and disutility functions and between IIMs and social welfare functions are established.The decomposition approach of the generalized entropy measure (GEM) and the Gini ratio showing the extreme limitations of GEM to meaningful account for the contribution of the between‐group inequalities.The directional distance ratio (DDR) between binary combinations of income distributions showing that it is a better alternative to the decomposition approach, and unlike the latter, DDR offers sound policy implications.The distance function between income distributions.
Bayesian Networks
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Hadi Ali S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMany practical applications require the specification of the joint probability density (JPD) of a large set of random variables. This task can be very difficult in practice. Bayesian and Markov networks are two graphically based models that make the specification of the JPD and the propagation of uncertainty simple and efficient because they exploit the conditional independence structure of the JPD. This entry deals with Bayesian networks, also known as Belief networks. Markov networks are discussed in another entry. Bayesian networks are defined and their usefulness is illustrated by examples of the two most commonly used Bayesian networks, namely, the multinomial and Gaussian networks. The questions about how Bayesian networks can be constructed, how Bayesian networks can be learnt from data, and how uncertainty can be propagated when new evidence becomes available are also discussed.
Markov Networks
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Hadi Ali S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMany practical applications require the specification of the joint probability density (JPD) of a large set of random variables. This task can be very difficult in practice. Bayesian and Markov networks are two graphically based models that make the specification of the JPD and the propagation of uncertainty simple and efficient because they exploit the conditional independence structure of the JPD. This entry deals with Markov networks. Bayesian networks are discussed in another entry. Markov networks are defined and the questions about how Markov networks can be constructed, how Markov networks can be learnt from data, and how uncertainty can be propagated when new evidence becomes available are also discussed.
Functional Networks
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Hadi Ali S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFunctional networks (FNs) are a general framework useful for solving a wide range of problems in various fields. In FNs, the network structure is not necessarily a black box; it is derived from the reality being modeled, that is, it is design‐driven. Unlike in neural networks (NNs), the neural functions in FNs are true multiargument, and different for all neurons. In FNs, neural functions are learned instead of weights as in NNs. In addition, neural functions can be forced to output the same values, thus leading to a system of functional equations that impose strong conditions on the neuron functions and allow simplification of the topology. FNs are illustrated by an example of application.
Generalized Order Statistics
Authors: Kamps Udo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOrder statistics and record values appear in many statistical applications and are widely used in statistical modeling and inference. Both models describe random variables arranged in ascending order of magnitude. Generalized order statistics provide a unified approach to a variety of models of ordered random variables with different interpretations, such as ordinary order statistics, sequential order statistics, progressively type II censored order statistics, record values,kth record values, and Pfeifer's records. These models can be effectively applied, for example, in reliability theory. Here, an order statistic represents the life length of somek‐out‐of‐nsystem, which is an important technical structure. For this application, sequential order statistics serve to describe influences of failures on the life‐length distributions of the remaining components. Record values are used in shock models, and they are closely connected with the occurrence times of some corresponding nonhomogeneous Poisson process, with some minimal repair scheme, and with the relevation transform. The distribution theory of generalized order statistics is established along the lines of ordinary order statistics. By this, we find that many well‐known properties of order statistics and record values are also valid for generalized order statistics. The results on generalized order statistics concern their distribution theory, relations and bounds for moments, characterizations of distributions, preservation of aging properties and stochastic ordering, extreme‐value theory, and statistical inference with respect to model and distribution parameters.
Missing Data, Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Molenberghs Geert 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWith the growing amount of methodology to analyze incomplete data, the awareness has grown that the results of such an analysis may be very sensitive to the modeling assumptions made, many of which are not, strictly speaking, verifiable from the data. Therefore, a lot of the later work is devoted to the exploration of such sensitivities. For both categorical as well as continuous outcomes, we provide a broad definition for such sensitivity analyses, give an overview of methods, and provide some detail about a number of strategies that have become available.
Surrogate Markers
Authors: Molenberghs Geert 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe validation of surrogate endpoints has been studied by Prentice. He presented a definition as well as a set of criteria that are equivalent if the surrogate and true endpoints are binary. Freedman and colleagues supplemented these criteria with the so‐calledproportion explained. Buyse and Molenberghs proposed to replace the proportion explained by two quantities:(i)therelative effectlinking the effect of treatment on both endpoints and(ii)theadjusted association, an individual‐level measure of agreement between both endpoints. Later, a number of proposals have been made to replace the single‐unit validation measures by multiunit (e.g., meta‐analytic) counterparts.
Generalized Variance
Authors: Sengupta Ashis 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGeneralized variance (GV), proposed by Wilks, is an one‐dimensional measure of multidimensional scatter. It plays an important role in both theoretical and applied research. GV has been extended to Standardized GV (SGV) to enable comparison of scatters in differing dimensions. Interesting results on the distribution, estimation, and testing of GVs and SGVs have been emerging. Also, these measures have been finding novel applications in a variety of applied problems, ranging from such age‐old areas as agriculture and sample surveys to the modern developments in signal processing and Bioinformatics.
Generalized Canonical Variables
Authors: Sengupta Ashis 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOften the random vector variable, X, being encountered, for example, in atmospheric, biological, economic and environmental and other research, is of a large dimension but admits of meaningful grouping(s) into two or more mutually exclusive and exhaustive subvectors. Dimension reduction techniques are then sought to obtain “representative” new variables for each group to be formed by taking suitable compounds of the components within that group. This results in the substantially reduced dimensional vector variable Y to represent X. This greatly facilitates the associated computational and inferential statistical analyses. Hotelling's construction of canonical variables for the case of two groups of quantitative variables has been generalized in various directions to yield Generalized Canonical Variables that encompass more than two groups, both quantitative and qualitative components in X, order constraints imposed by the user on the compounding coefficients, and so on. The availability of packages makes the implementation of such techniques for real‐life problems quite feasible and attractive. On the inferential side, a variety of new types of hypotheses is posed: determination of optimal number of groups, best grouping for the same number of groups, and so on. While the corresponding distribution theory is quite involved, some interesting results are, nevertheless, emerging also. This topic is a fertile area and is in need of further theoretical and applied research, which should be very useful to a wide variety of practitioners.
Hospital response to chemical terrorism: Personal protective equipment, training, and operations planning
Authors: Georgopoulos Panos G. , Fedele Paul , Shade Pamela , Lioy Paul J. , Hodgson Michael , Longmire Atkinson , Sands Melody , Brown Mark A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundHospitals distant from the immediate site of an incident involving a hazardous materials (HAZMATs) release which could include chemical warfare agents, must develop emergency response plans (ERPs) to protect healthcare professionals if they receive potentially contaminated victims. The ERP must address OSHA, EPA, and JCAHO requirements.MethodsThe VHA convened groups to develop a hazard and exposure assessment, identify actions for compliance with existing regulatory standards, and review site and operational planning issues. Exposure modeling results were used to derive relationships between operational parameters (time and distance from sites/sources) and potential exposure for healthcare workers.ResultsAccording to exposure modeling, level C personal protective equipment is adequate to protect hospital staff distant from the chemical release site. Decontamination runoff and contaminated clothing should also be controlled to limit exposure.ConclusionsDevelopment and coordination of ERPs must include the local emergency planning committee, with clear assignment of tasks, locations, and training in order to prevent exposures to healthcare workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:432–445, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.