bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monumental Miracles
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Museo della Zecca in Rome holds two sets of wax models for medals which the Italian engraver Benedetto Pistrucci designed for the British state between 1815 and 1820. One medal was to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the other was to celebrate the acquisition of the Elgin Marbles in 1816. Quarrels over Pistrucci’s terms of employment in the British Mint, and the complex design and unusual size of the dies for the Waterloo Medal delayed their completion until 1849, when a subscription for soft impressions in gutta percha and electrotypes substituted for an official award of medals to the now deceased allied sovereigns and the veterans of Waterloo. The Elgin Marbles Medal was never struck, just as an ambitious Waterloo Monument, initially allocated £300,000 by Parliament in 1815, never got beyond the planning stages. But the very conception of the medal and of the monument manifest national pride in the fact that, at long last, Britain’s cultural prowess matched her military might.
What Is Problematic about Masculinities?1
Authors: Clatterbaugh Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The old Men’s Studies Review became masculinities in the winter of 1993. The name change is politically and methodologically significant. Politically, the new title seeks to allay’suspicions that “men’s studies “ is some ill-defined reaction against women’s studies ( masculinities 1:1,2). Methodologically, this change represents an effort to be inclusive and, thereby, to gain a more honest appraisal of the lives of men.
Women over 35: Old Maids, Merry Widows, and Cosy Wives
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study has mainly examined the representation of relatively young women within satirical prints. While not necessarily restricted to young women, the female roles discussed so far favored young women. Then as now, young women were seen as more appealing than old women, and images of them were more likely to attract viewers. Thus, most satirical as well as non-satirical prints of prostitutes, courtesans, actresses, female writers, artists, and politicians, as well as wives and mothers, depict young women. Yet this does not tell the whole story. ‘ Old’ women were also represented within satirical prints, but were treated largely separately from young women.
The Effect of Market Conditions on Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Rajan Raghuram , Servaes Henri 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why are initial public offerings (IPOs) underpriced (Ibbotson 1975), and why does the average underpricing vary over time? Why do IPOs come to market in clusters creating the appearance that firms are taking advantage of windows of opportunity (Ibbotson and Jaffe 1975)? Why do IPOs perform poorly in the long run (Ritter 1991)? There are many models with rational agents which explain why underpricing occurs.
Law, Legitimacy, and European Governance
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This volume examines the role of law in increasing the legitimacy of European decision-making by structuring and facilitating diverse forms of participation, representation, and deliberation whilst ensuring transparency and accountability. The democratic deficit and the legitimacy of the European Union have attracted the attention of both lawyers and political scientists, but few have examined normatively the role of interest groups or of functional participation in European governance.This book examines institutional settings, such as committees, agencies, and social dialogue within which such participation occurs. Moving beyond generalities, tye author provides a detailed empirical account of participation within one policy sector: EC occupational health and safety. Smismans argues that different institutional settings for functional participation are underpinned by very different considerations: they weight balanced representation, deliberation, and expertise differently. He shows how this participation differs between legislation and regulatory implementation, and appraises the extent to which participation can compensate for a lack of territorial representation in implementation procedures, and can exert some control over ‘scientific experts ‘. This book reveals changes in functional participation over time, from regulatory to persuasive policy-making; and argues that the ‘new ‘ forms of governance are not necessarily more participatory than the old.
Conclusion
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The traditional democratic deficit debate has focused mainly on territorial representation, referring in particular to the parliamentary model as a normative framework, linked to the assumption of a hierarchical and neutral bureaucracy. In this framework interest group participation cannot appear other than as a democratic nightmare. More recently, the European governance debate has discovered ‘civil society ‘ as a source of legitimacy in European policy-making. Yet, claims about the legitimacy and the legitimizing potential of ‘civil society participation ‘ have only been made in general terms.
Introduction To The Law Of Marine Insurance
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The need to protect investment in maritime adventure was recognized in early civilizations. Contractual transfer of risk was pioneered through loans on the security of a vessel or cargo, repayable at a high rate of interest should the secured property arrive safely but otherwise not repayable. Such maritime loans existed in ancient Babylon, were used by the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, and Romans, and were revived in medieval Italy. They became known as ‘bottomry’ where the secured property was a vessel and ‘respondentia’ where the secured property was cargo. In addition, from at least the time of commercial prominence of ancient Rhodes, risk has been shared through the system of general average, by which a loss incurred for the benefit of a common maritime adventure is shared among all interests benefited by the loss. In general average, however, the interest that sustains the loss must still carry its share and recovery is contingent upon other interests deriving benefit from the loss.
Formation Of Marine Insurance Contracts
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In general, the formation of a contract of marine insurance is governed by the ordinary principles of contract law. Their application must be considered, however, in the context of certain practices of the insurance markets. For these purposes, a distinction needs to be drawn between the ‘London market’ and the ‘United Kingdom market’. The London market operates generally on a subscription basis, with insurers each accepting a percentage of the risk, and is characterized by the processing of documentation and money through centralized facilities.
Marine Insurance Brokers
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The broker is the agent of the assured and therefore owes the assured a combination of fiduciary and contractual duties. Much of the law relating to marine insurance brokers is merely the application in a specific context of the law of agency and of professional negligence. It is, however, necessary also to examine the role of the broker in the context of the duty of utmost good faith and the payment of premiums and indemnities. The broker acts as agent of the assured, but may occasionally incur liability to third parties.
Principles Of Causation
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Causation is fundamental in defining the scope of marine insurance contracts. The standard policies, in general, provide cover against losses caused by specified perils. Consequently, consideration of whether a particular loss is covered involves two questions. First, did an event occur or a circumstance arise that corresponds to one of the perils covered under the policy?Secondly, was that event or circumstance linked to the casualty in the manner required by the causal phrase employed by the policy to link peril to loss or damage?Moreover, the cover is invariably subject to a number of exceptions, most of which are also drafted in terms of loss caused by an excepted peril, although the language of causation may be different.
Cover Provided By Mutual Insurance Associations
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The principal cover provided by the mutual insurance associations, or clubs, falls into three broad categories: protection and indemnity, war risks, and defence costs. A club may cover all three classes of risk, albeit clearly distinguishing between the different classes, or restrict its cover to just one class. An example of the former is provided by the Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Ltd. while the three United Kingdom clubs provide an example of the latter structure. The precise scope of the cover provided by any given club depends ultimately upon the true interpretation of the rules of that club, which in effect constitute the policy of insurance between the club and the club member.
Configuring the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Should we pay attention to the everyday? If so, how should we do it? Our concluding chapter starts out from four parameters identified in earlier discussion. First, while many things are commonly identified with the quotidian—eating, phoning, shopping, objects, and gadgets—everydayness is not a property or aggregate of these things; it inheres rather in the way they are part of manifold lived experience.
Public–private sector cooperation
Authors: Belfrage Erik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Security has been an important policy area for private corporations since World War II, although the industries engaged in defence production have had a traditional interest in security issues. The areas of particular interest at that time were industrial espionage, banks and other companies involved in keeping and transporting valuables, and corporations in socially unsafe and turbulent countries or regions. Corporations in the industrialized world have relied largely on the host state for the provision of security.
What price values?
Authors: Tarschys Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The title suggested for this chapter, ‘What price values?’, brings to mind the words of Oscar Wilde, who defined a cynic as ‘a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing’. A writer in The Financial Times recently applied this profound insight to economists rather than to cynics, but that might rather exaggerate the knowledge of prices among economists—who at least seem to quarrel on the topic. The concept of value or values is in fact a tricky one. It is one of those faux amis, or false friends, that mean different things in different languages, in this case the languages of different professions.
An International Response To Terrorism
Authors: Norgren Claes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Terrorism has for a long time plagued countries throughout the world. In Europe, for example, the Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Fatherland and Liberty) Basque separatists, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Red Army Faction (RAF) operated and spread fear in the late 20th century. The attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001, however, clearly changed perspectives on terrorism. These events represented a new and important development, not only politically but in a number of other dimensions as well. The United States’ reaction to the attacks was clear and strong.
The economic consequences of terrorism
Authors: Lenain Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most shocking aspect of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States was the tragic loss of lives. The attacks also, however, caused serious economic disruption: financial markets did not operate for some days; a large part of southern Manhattan, where Wall Street stock exchanges and major investment banks are located, was destroyed; and communication links were inoperative. All US airport commercial flight operations were halted, and border crossings and ports were subject to intense scrutiny. In October, letters filled with concentrated anthrax spores were mailed to US news media and politicians, causing postal mail to be disrupted in a large part of the country.
Just Health Care in a Pluri-National Country
Authors: parijs philippe van 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Justice in health care is an important issue for a number of reasons. Some of these are obvious, others less so. I shall here illustrate one of the less obvious ones by showing how the choice of a conception of justice in health care can crucially affect the conquest of a city and the survival of a country. This is not science fiction of a sort philosophers relish in concocting. This is about the fate of my own country in the last few years, today, and in the difficult years to come. Nor is it a parochial issue whose relevance is confined to a handful of anomalous corners of the world. Let us bear in mind that the world ‘s estimated 6,000 living languages only have 211 sovereign countries to house them. Moreover, as economic globalisation tightens its grip on small and medium-sized nation-states, redistributive institutions organised entirely at the national level will become increasingly difficult to sustain, and one will have to think about how best to conceive of social justice or solidarity, inter alia in matters of health care, at a level that exceeds the nation-state.
Introduction
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the spirit of ‘1968 ‘. Pride of place is given to the dynamic towards personal and collective liberation unleashed in ‘1968 ‘ and the rise of social movements at that time. Written at a time of widespread pessimism experienced by social movement activists in the age of Blair and Bush, it appeared important to recall a very recent period in modern and contemporary history when, to paraphrase one of the ubiquitous Situationist graffiti gracing the walls of Paris in 1968, it was considered realistic to demand the impossible.
Under the Cobblestones Lies the Beach: Student Activism in the 1960s
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was the first day of February 1960. The setting? A provincial town in the Piedmont area of North Carolina: Greensboro. Apart from its textile and furniture industry, Greensboro was above all known as the home of the predominantly black Agricultural and Technical College. In the late afternoon of that Monday, four young black college students decided to go to the downtown Woolworth store and to sit down at the lunch counter reserved for white customers only. This provocation was not carefully prepared; indeed they had come up with this scenario during conversations the previous evening. None of the four students was particularly radical or even unconventional. Certainly, none was a known civil rights activist.
Vogliamo Tutto: The Working-Class Dimension of ‘1968 ‘
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was 7 April 1962. The setting? A provincial town in a mountain valley in Asturias, northern Spain: Mieres. By the 1960s, Mieres, located in the valley of the Turón, was able to look back on a century of mining and industrial activity. Today, the mining industry has virtually shut down, and the area ‘s administration, benefiting from the natural beauty of the Cantabrian mountain ranges and hillsides, is banking on the benefits of a growing tourist industry. In the 1960s, mining and heavy industry was still the mainstay of local employment, though warning signs of impending decline were already clearly visible on the horizon. ‘The coal industry was in decline; wages were low; the infrastructure was antique; imported coal was cheaper and of better quality; other forms of energy were highly competitive.
Left, Left, Left: The Old, the New, and the Far Left
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Tuesday, October 30, 1956. A date that will long be remembered. ‘ Thus are the opening lines of the opening chapter in a book co-authored by a lifelong spokesperson for the British Labour Party ‘s left-wing tendency, Michael Foot, and Mervyn Jones, who had dropped out of the British Communist Party in 1953 and soon became an early spokesperson for the British new left. ‘In the Sinai desert, it was half past six in the evening; a warm day was ending in the sharpness that comes with twilight. It had been the first day of war.
Smoothing and Interpolation with the State-Space Model
Authors: Jong Piet De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article develops and explores a new result dealing with smoothing for state-space models. Smoothing for state-space models arises in areas such as signal extraction (Kohn and Ansley 1987a), maximum likelihood estimation of parameters in the state-space model (Shumway and Stoffer 1982), cross-validation (Ansley and Kohn 1987), and missing-value estimation and interpolation (Kohn and Ansley 1986). Kitagawa (1987) dealt with smoothing for nonlinear processes. A good survey of smoothing results was given by Anderson and Moore (1979).
Diagnostic Checking of Unobserved-Components Time Series Models
Authors: Harvey Andrew C , Koopman Siem Jan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diagnostic checking of the specification of a time series model is normally carried out using the innovations—that is, the one-step-ahead prediction errors. In an unobserved-components model, other residuals are available. These auxiliary residuals are estimators of the disturbances associated with the unobserved components. The auxiliary residuals are functions of the innovations, but they present the information in a different way. This can lead to the discovery of features of a fitted model that are not apparent from the innovations themselves. Unfortunately, the auxiliary residuals suffer from the disadvantage that they are serially correlated, even in a correctly specified model with known parameters. The purpose of this article is to show how the properties of auxiliary residuals may be obtained, how they are related to each other and to the innovations, and how they can be used to construct test statistics. The methods extend straightforwardly to models containing observed explanatory variables.
The Modeling and Seasonal Adjustment of Weekly Observations
Authors: Harvey Andrew , Koopman Siem Jan , Riani Marco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The weekly figures on the U.K. money supply are eagerly anticipated in the City of London because they are believed to be an important economic indicator. One of the key series is the value of the Bank of England notes and coins in circulation, plus cash deposits of commercial banks with the Bank of England. This basically corresponds to the measure known as M0, and we will refer to it in this way here- after. These figures display considerable seasonal fluctuations and are particularly high just before Christmas. As a result there is a need for the Bank of England to produce a seasonally adjusted series for ease of interpretation.
The Simulation Smoother for Time Series Models
Authors: Jong Piet De , Shephard Neil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper introduces a simple and efficient method, the simulation smoother, for sampling from the smoothing density associated with time series models. The simulation smoother exploits the common structure which most time series models possess. Simulation smoothing comes up in a number of papers, e.g. FrühwirthSchnatter (1994, 1995), Carter and Kohn (1994), Shephard (1994), Chib and Greenberg (1994), and may be of importance in future time series work. One area of application is the Markov chain Monte Carlo method or Gibbs sampling, described by Smith and Roberts (1993) and Ripley (1987, pp. 113–6).
Optimal Compensation Schemes: Foundation
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Choosing an appropriate compensation mechanism is probably the core problem of human resource managers, and represents the heart of personnel economics. Loosely speaking good compensation packages must be consistent with profit maximization on the part of firms, but they should also provide workers with the incentives to do as well as possible. If we pay the worker independently of his or her performance, most likely we will not provide him or her with the right incentives to act in the interest of the firm. In the jargon of the economics of imperfect information, the problem with a fully fixed salary is one of moral hazard. The term moral hazard arises in the insurance market and refers to the fact that a person who has insurance coverage will have less incentive to take proper care of insured objects than a person who does not. Here is an example. A worker who sells computers for a small company has to decide how much effort to put into selling the hardware. The number of computers sold certainly depends on how hard she works, but the total sales will also depend on other factors, like customer willingness to buy computers. Such factors are outside the worker’s control.
Belle Sauvage: Catharine Macaulay and the American War in Britain
Authors: Davies Kate 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I will begin with a representation of femininity and patriotic or national identification, an image from 1776 entitled The Female Combatants, or Who Shall (Fig. 15). This print represents the war between Britain and America in the then familiar terms of familial conflict. In response to the mother country’s attempts to force her rebellious daughter to obedience, a bare-breasted America plants a solid right fist in her face. Beneath the figure of Britannia, the withered tree of liberty and north-pointing compass provide comment on the administration, while America’s cap and cockerel signal colonial determination and French sympathy. Here, America’s representation as the figure of the savage conveys that idea of natural liberty with which the colonists’ cause was often associated. By contrast, Britain’s imperial corruption is suggested in the elaborate dress and extravagantly high head for which the fashions of the 1770s were notorious.
Free and Easy: Boston’s Fashionable Dilemma
Authors: Davies Kate 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early months of 1785, Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren had a misunderstanding. Macaulay, Britain’s celebrated republican historian, visiting New England to much acclaim after the close of the war, had looked forward to meeting Mercy Otis Warren. Warren, a writer well known in Boston for her patriotic plays and prolific correspondence, was equally keen to develop Macaulay’s friendship. Their disagreement was difficult for both women; played out in the public eye, it became the focus of satire and conjecture. Yet, prior to this, Macaulay and Warren had corresponded with one another for over a decade. Over the course of the war between Britain and America they had maintained a close epistolary friendship based on the similarity of their political principles and their views of their own roles as women.
Introduction
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early 1921, little more than two years after the end of the Great War and the outbreak of the German of 1918-19, the left-liberal periodical “Weltbiihne devoted a two-page article to a cultural phenomenon which it referred to as the ‘Bismarck legend’. What the author of the article, the distinguished journalist Richard Lewinsohn, described in his analysis was alarming: Bismarck-dead since 1898-had become ‘a severe political danger’ for the Republic of Weimar. The Republic, so Lewinsohn insisted, had to emerge from Bismarck’s shadow if it was ever to become a state in its own historical right.1 Lewinsohn was not the only democrat who perceived Bismarck’s legacy and the way it was exploited by Weimar’s right-wing circles as a threat to the Republic. In his book Bismarcks Schatten, a liberal professor of jurisprudence, Hermann Ulrich Kantorowicz, maintained that the consolidation of democracy in Germany could only emerge ‘over the rubble of the Bismarck cult’.