bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Short Oxford History of English Literature
Authors: Sanders Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Short Oxford History of English Literature provides in a single volume a comprehensive beginner's guide to the literature of the British Isles from the Anglo-Saxon period to the present day. Now established as the leading introduction to English literature, separate chapters trace the development from Beowulf to the `post-modern' fictions of Seamus Heaney and Angela Carter. The History provides detailed discussion of Old and Middle English Literature, the Renaissance, Shakespeare, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Romantics, Victorian and Edwardian literature, Modernism, and post-war writing. Discussions of key writers and works from Anselm and Chaucer to Spencer and Bunyan, and from Swift and Johnson to Dickens and D.H. Lawrence, are combined with analysis of the impact on literature of contemporary political, social, and intellectual developments. The History looks again at the canon of English literature and provides a fresh assessment of the distinctive contribution of Scottish, Irish, and Welsh writers, and it asks about the future of the canon in the light of the fragmented condition of British writing in the post-imperial period. This revised edition includes for the first time detailed, chapter-by-chapter guidance on further reading. Lively, accessible, and up-to-date, The Short Oxford History of English Literature will be an invaluable source for general readers and a key textbook for sixth-form students, first year undergraduates, and foreign students of English literature.
Sobolev spaces
Authors: Allaire Gregoire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we define Sobolev spaces which are the ‘natural’ spaces of functions in which to solve variational formulations of partial differential equations. Physically, Sobolev spaces can be interpreted as spaces of functions with finite energy. This chapter is the most ‘technical’ of this book and relies in part on a course of ‘pure’ mathematics Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the results below well to follow the rest, of the course, including its more numerical aspects. In general, it is not necessary to know the proofs of these results (expect for the most simple and most useful).
Evolution problems
Authors: Allaire Gregoire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the mathematical and numerical analysis of problems of evolution in time (in the preceding chapters we have studied stationary problems without a time variable). More precisely we shall analyse two different types of partial differential equations: parabolic, and hyperbolic. The typical example of a parabolic equation is the heat, flow’ equation which we will study in detail (but our analysis extends to more complicated models like the time-dependent Stokes equations). The prototype of a hyperbolic equation is the wave equation on which we shall concentrate (but once more our analysis extends to more complicated models like the elastodynamic equations or the electromagnetic equations). More generally, the approach developed here extends to many other evolution problems, not. necessarily parabolic or hyperbolic, like, for example, the Schrodinger equation in quantum mechanics.
COREPER and National Governments
Authors: Saurugger Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adopting an institutionalist viewpoint, we argue that the characteristics of political systems and their structures of power and decision-making deeply influence the nature of interest representation. While the first writings on the European integration process predicted a supranational governance system, where actors would reorient their loyalties (Haas 1958), the 1970s and 1980s contradicted this approach. Decision-making processes remained mainly intergovernmental, with member state governments making decisions. According to a neo-liberal intergovernmentalist approach (Moravcsik 1993, 1998), member state governments thus remained the most important actors in EU policy-making processes. For this reason, interest groups were said to attach more importance to national arenas than to European processes.
Business Lobbying in the European Union
Authors: Coen David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business lobbying is an ever present reality in European Union (EU) politics. With their significant economic and informational resources, business interests are able to exert influence along the European policy process from initiation and ratification of policy at the Council of Ministers, agenda-setting and formulation at European Commission (EC) forums, reformulation of policy at the European Parliament (EP) committees, to the final interpretation, harmonization, and implementation of regulation in the nation state. In being one of the few actors to follow all points of the policy process, business interests are an important supply of information for the development and delivery of EU public policy, and a potential source of legitimacy to policy-makers.
Bargaining and Lobbying in EU Social Policy
Authors: Treib Oliver , Falkner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social policy has long led a shadowy existence in the process of European integration. The founding treaties clearly subordinated social policy to economic integration. Subsequently, however, several major treaty revisions gradually expanded the legislative competences and the scope of qualified majority voting in social policy. This has facilitated the adoption of binding legislation, especially in the areas of occupational health and safety, gender equality, and general working conditions. With regard to the field of social security, in contrast, Majone’s (1993: 155) assessment that the European Union (EU) is a ‘welfare laggard’ still holds true, although areas such as pensions, health care, and social inclusion have recently been addressed through the soft governance mechanisms offered by the Open Method of Coordination (OMC).
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the main themes of geometric mechanics in the setting of systems of N point masses. In addition, the final section introduces rigid body dynamics as motion on the group of 3*3 orthogonal matrices. For more details, see [Arn78] or [Gol59].
EPDiff
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arnold [Arn66] showed that the Euler equations for incompressible motion of an ideal fluid may be cast into Lagrangian and Hamiltonian forms that are similar to those for the rigid body, but are suitably generalized to allow for continuum motions, instead of only rigid rotations. Rigid rotations preserve the distances between any pair of particles. However, in continuum motions, no metric relation is imposed on the distances between the particles.
Mathematics and mathematics education in traditional Vietnam
Authors: Volkov Alexei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter is devoted to the transmission of mathematical expertise from China to Vietnam. Throughout this Chapter China and Vietnam will play the parts of ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’. However, the conventional use of these terms, suggesting that the tradition was established in one specific location (identified as the ‘centre’) before being transferred to a number of others (the ‘periphery’), proves to be somewhat inadequate. This model excludes other possible options, such as interaction between several centres, each contributing to the growth of knowledge circulating in the network.
Some Aspects of Bayesian Model Selection for Prediction
Authors: Chakrabarti Arijit , Ghosh Jayanta K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider cross-validatory Bayes factors for prediction in both the -open and ℳ-closed cases and explore how much of a sample is to be used for estimating parameters of competing models and how much for model selection. The dimension p of the model may be fixed or go to infinity. We also re-examine critically the relation between classical cross-validation and AIC. The latter is shown to be Parametric Empirical Bayes in prediction problems and its performance is studied in all subsets model selection.
Approximating Interval Hypothesis: p-values and Bayes Factors
Authors: Rousseau Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we study Bayes factors and special p-values in their capacity of approximating interval null hypotheses (or more generally neighbourhoods of point null) hypotheses by point null or eventually parametric families in the case of the goodness of fit test of a parametric family. We prove that when the number of observations is large Bayes factors for point null hypotheses can approximate Bayes factors for interval null hypotheses for extremely small intervals. We also interpret the significance of calibration goodness of fit tests using a p-value in terms of width of neighbourhoods of the point null hypothesis. Finally we study the consistency of Bayes factors for goodness of fit tests of parametric families, which enables us to shed light on the behaviour of the Bayes factors.
Partial Differential Equations in General Relativity
Authors: Rendall Alan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A graduate level text on a subject which brings together several areas of mathematics and physics: partial differential equations, differential geometry and general relativity. It explains the basics of the theory of partial differential equations in a form accessible to physicists and the basics of general relativity in a form accessible to mathematicians. In recent years the theory of partial differential equations has come to play an ever more important role in research on general relativity. This is partly due to the growth of the field of numerical relativity, stimulated in turn by work on gravitational wave detection, but also due to an increased interest in general relativity among pure mathematicians working in the areas of partial differential equations and Riemannian geometry, who have realized the exceptional richness of the interactions between geometry and analysis which arise. This book provides the background for those wishing to learn about these topics. It treats key themes in general relativity including matter models and symmetry classes and gives an introduction to relevant aspects of the most important classes of partial differential equations, including ordinary differential equations, and material on functional analysis. These elements are brought together to discuss a variety of important examples in the field of mathematical relativity, including asymptotically flat spacetimes, which are used to describe isolated systems, and spatially compact spacetimes, which are of importance in cosmology.
Introduction To Connections, Curvature And Holonomy Groups
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will introduce the theory of connections, focussing in particular on two topics, the curvature and the holonomy group of a connection. Connections can be defined in two different sorts of bundle, that is, vector bundles and principal bundles. Both definitions will be given in 2.1. Sections 2.2–2.4 define the holonomy group of a connection on a vector or principal bundle, and explain some of its basic properties, including its relationship with the curvature of the connection. The curvature is a local invariant of the connection, since it varies from point to point on the manifold, whereas the holonomy group is a global invariant, as it is independent of any base point in the manifold.
Special Lagrangian Geometry
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Special Lagrangian submanifolds (or SL m-folds for short) in C m, or in a Calabi–Yau m-fold or almost Calabi–Yau m-fold ( X, J, g, θ), are real m-dimensional submanifolds in C m or X calibrated by the real part Re θ of the holomorphic volume form θ. They were invented by Harvey and Lawson [151, III], who concentrated on SL m-folds in C m. For a long time, essentially the only nontrivial result on SL m-folds in Calabi– Yau m-folds was McLean ‘s beautiful theorem on the deformation theory of compact SL m-folds in 8.4.1 below.
The Accession of Estonia to the EU
Authors: Streimann Alar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relations between Estonia, a small country on the northern coast of the Baltic Sea with slightly more than one million inhabitants, and the rest of Europe have been full of controversy for centuries. The fact that Estonians, who are considered one of the most ancient populations in Europe, have lived at their current habitat for thousands of years and retained their own distinct language and culture is indeed a miracle in today’s fast-changing world where whole civilizations have perished without trace.
The Accession of Slovenia to the EU
Authors: PotoČnik Janez , Černe Fedor , Mrak Emil Erjavec in Mojmir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to provide an overview and analysis of Slovenia’s accession process to the European Union (EU). In addition to the introduction, the chapter consists of five main sections. First, the chapter discusses the relationship between newly independent Slovenia and the EU before the accession negotiations (section 2), and continues with the presentation of the institutional structure for effective carrying out of the negotiations (section 3). Further on, the chapter provides a brief overview of the negotiating process throughout the 1998–2002 period (section 4), and a more detailed analysis of selected issues of negotiations (section 5). These issues were chosen because they were of particular importance for Slovenia and required particular attention in negotiations. The final part of the text summarizes the lessons learnt by Slovenia in its process of accession to the EU (section 6).
Nets, Puzzles, and Postmen
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do road and railway systems, electrical circuits, mingling at parties, mazes, family trees, and the internet all have in common? All are networks - either people or places or things that relate and connect to one another. Only relatively recently have mathematicians begun to explore such networks and connections, and their importance has taken everyone by surprise. The mathematics of networks form the basis of many fascinating puzzles and problems, from tic-tac-toe and circular sudoku to the ‘ Chinese Postman Problem’ (can he deliver all his letters without traversing the same street twice?). Peter Higgins shows how such puzzles as well as many real-world phenomena are underpinned by the same deep mathematical structure. Understanding mathematical networks can give us remarkable new insights into them all.
Novel Applications of Nets
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have now seen enough to be shown some striking applications of network theory. The first is merely a puzzle, while the final one involves unravelling the mystery of life itself. As is often the case, the mathematics pays scant regard to our initial motivation and takes care of things in its own way.
This is a colourful and tactile Parker Brothers game that is based on a simple set of four plastic cubes each face carrying one the four colours, red, yellow, green, or blue, with each colour featuring at least once on every cube. The task is to form a tower from the four blocks so that each colour appears on each face of the four long sides of the tower.
Built to Last? The Durability of EU Federalism
Authors: kelemen R D aniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many observers of EU politics viewed 2005 as an annus horribilis, and 2006 has brought little relief. Again and again, politicians and pundits of all stripes have proclaimed the EU to be ‘in crisis’. Events great and small, from the French and Dutch ‘No’ votes on the European Constitution, to the stalled budget talks, to threats of Italy quitting the Euro, to the rising tide of protectionism, to alleged strains on the EU’s absorption capacity, are routinely portrayed as threats to the very survival of the Union. Many policymakers and scholars maintain that the EU’s current institutional arrangements will not function in an EU of twenty- five (or more) member states, and that without significant reform, the EU’s institutional machinery will grind to a halt.
The European Company Statute and the Governance Dilemma
Authors: Fioretos Orfeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central institutional dilemma of the European Union (EU) has remained how to create a common economic space without barriers to exchange in ways that do not undermine national designs held dear by individual member states. Already in the negotiations surrounding the Treaty of Rome, this governance dilemma shaped debates among member states over what powers and competencies should be given to Community institutions and what should be the structure of common European-wide rules. Similar debates took place during deliberations over the internal market in the 1980s, economic and monetary union in the 1990s, and most recently during the Constitutional convention that ended in 2005.
The Constitutionalization of the European Union: Explaining the Parliamentarization and Institutionalization of Human Rights
Authors: Rittberger Berthold , Schimmelfennig Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constitutionalization has become one of the buzzwords in the study of the EU. Past years have seen a constant increase of references to constitutionalization in the academic literature and in political commentary. In the EU literature, constitutionalization has traditionally been employed to denote the process of European legal integration which has led to a remarkable transformation of the EU replacing the traditional notion of a state-centered international organization with ‘a vertically integrated legal regime conferring judicially enforceable rights and obligations on all legal persons and entities, public and private, within the sphere of application of EC law’ (Haltern 2002: 2).
Understanding the European Union as a Global Political Actor: Theory, Practice, and Impact
Authors: Ginsberg Roy H , Smith Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The EU today is one of the most unusual and widest-ranging political actors in the international system. Since the 1950s, this capacity has gradually expanded to encompass foreign policy initiatives toward nearly every corner of the globe, using a range of foreign policy tools: diplomatic, economic, and now limited military operations. This capacity, however, was neither included in the original Treaty of Rome, nor was it expected by many knowledgeable observers of European integration. On both sides of the functional-intergovernmental spectrum we find skepticism about the EU’s prospects as a global actor: Ernst Haas (1961) explicitly excluded foreign and security policy from his neofunctional logic of regional integration, which stresses spillover processes in socioeconomic affairs, while Stanley Hoffmann (2000) argued that political cooperation in the EU would remain very difficult owing to concerns over national sovereignty.
Impacts of invasions
Authors: Davis Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-native species, like native species, can impact human health, national and local economies, and the ecosystems and ecological communities in which they reside. In fact, most non-native species do not have a large impact in any of these three areas. Some even have desirable effects. However, a small proportion of non-native species are considered harmful or undesirable owing to their impacts. In some instances, the harmful impacts can be dire. Introduced pathogens can threaten human health, crops, and livestock.
Researching invasion biology
Authors: Davis Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of specialty areas seems to be an inevitable consequence of scientific activity. Certainly, ecology has developed many of them (Graham and Dayton 2002, Pickett et al. 2007). Without question, there are benefits to be gained from such focused attention. Researchers with similar interests may be able to work more efficiently by collaborating on research with one another, and findings may be disseminated within the group very quickly. As long as specialists in different groups continue to regularly communicate with one another, it remains possible to pursue a narrow path while still remaining connected to the larger scientific landscape.
Uniqueness Of The Solution For The Filtering Equation
Authors: Xiong Jie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we prove the uniqueness for the solution to the filtering equation. To this end, we consider an interacting particle system whose weighted empirical distribution process satisfies the filtering equation. Note that the filtering equation is a non-linear stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE). The main idea in proving the uniqueness in this chapter is to show that the uniqueness of a non-linear SPDE is implied by that of the infinite system of ordinary stochastic differential equations and that of a corresponding linear SPDE, which follows from the same arguments as those in the previous chapter. The uniqueness for the system is obtained by a truncation argument.
Approximation Of Irrationals By Rationals
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statement of the problem. The problem considered in this chapter is that of the approximation of a given number ξ ,usually irrational, by a rational fraction Since the rationals are dense in the continuum, there are rationals as near as we please to any ξ .Given ξand any positive number E, there is an r= p/qsuch that any number can be approximated by1a ratio1nal with any assigned degree of accuracy. We ask now how simplyor, what is essentially the same thing, how rapidlycan we approximate to ξ? Given ξand E, how complex must p/qbe (i.e. how large q)to secure an approximation with the measure of accuracy E? Given ξand q, or some upper bound for q, how small can we make E? and in Ch. X we proved a num1ber of s1imilar theorems by the use of continued fractions.‡ The inequality (11.1.1), or stronger inequalities of the same type, will recur continually throughout this chapter.
Generating Functions Of Arithmetical functions
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generation of arithmetical functions by means of Dirichlet series. A Dirichlet seriesis a series of the form The variable smay be real or complex, but here we shall be concerned with real values only. F(s), the sum of the series, is called the generating functionof αn. The theory of Dirichlet series, when studied seriously for its own sake, involves many delicate questions of convergence. These are mostly irrelevant here, since we are concerned primarily with the formal side of the theory; and most of our results could be proved (as we explain later in § 17.6) without the use of any theorem of analysis or even the notion of the sum of an infinite series. There are, however, some theorems which must be considered as theorems of analysis; and, even when this is not so, the reader will probably find it easier to think of the series which occur as sums in the ordinary analytical sense. We shall use the four theorems which follow. These are special cases of more general theorems which, when they occur in their proper places in the general theory, can be proved better by different methods. We confine ourselves here to what is essential for our immediate purpose.