bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gone To Texas
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Gone to Texas, historian Randolph Campbell ranges from the first arrival of humans in the Panhandle some 10,000 years ago to the dawn of the twenty-first century, offering an interpretive account of the land, the successive waves of people who have gone to Texas, and the conflicts that have made Texas as much a metaphor as a place. Campbell presents the epic tales of Texas history in a new light, offering revisionist history in the best sense--broadening and deepening the traditional story, without ignoring the heroes of the past. The scope of the book is impressive. It ranges from the archeological record of early Native Americans to the rise of the oil industry and ultimately the modernization of Texas. Campbell provides swift-moving accounts of the Mexican revolution against Spain, the arrival of settlers from the United States, and the lasting Spanish legacy (from place names to cattle ranching to civil law). The author also paints a rich portrait of the Anglo-Texan revolution, with its larger-than-life leaders and epic battles, the fascinating decade of the Republic of Texas, and annexation by the United States. In his account of the Civil War and Reconstruction, he examines developments both in local politics and society and in the nation at large (from the debate over secession to the role of Texas troops in the Confederate army to the impact of postwar civil rights laws). Late nineteenth-century Texas is presented as part of both the Old West and the New South. The story continues with an analysis of the impact of the Populist and Progressive movements and then looks at the prosperity decade of the 1920s and the economic disaster of the Great Depression. Campbell's last chapters show how World War II brought economic recovery and touched off spectacular growth that, with only a few downturns, continues until today. Lucid, engaging, deftly written, Gone to Texas offers a fresh understanding of why Texas continues to be seen as a state unlike any other, a place that distills the essence of what it means to be an American.
Introduction
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the problems faced by the Christian minority are for many Egyptians a taboo subject, there can be no doubt that the condition of the Copts steadily deteriorated, during the second half of the twentieth century, as Egypt was ineluctably drawn to the Islamic orbit. The Coptic Orthodox Church took upon itself the role of bolstering the battered self-image of Egyptian Christians as well as of equipping them with the values and skills that would enable them to succeed economically despite discrimination. That the church has been able to assume this challenge as well as to confront the danger posed by the resurgence of Islamic militancy, in the 1970s, is attributable to a reform movement known as the “Sunday School Movement.” This book is about a generation of Egyptian Christians, the “Sunday School generation,” part of the new urban middle class that surfaced in the 1940s and early 50s, with a reform project to reconstitute Coptic culture as well as to reinvigorate their community by upgrading its educational and socioeconomic level. They found in the church the main outlet for their reforming zeal and proceeded to use it as a safe haven, outside the reach of the Muslim state, from which to launch their project.
Roots and Branches: Nazir Jayid versus Saad Aziz
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the disappointment in the unfulfilled promise of equality made in the name of democracy gave it further impetus, the movement of church reform, known as the Sunday School Movement arose earlier, at the beginning of the twentieth century. The chief catalyst for change then was not Islamic militancy but the threat posed by western missionaries, particularly the enterprising Protestants, to the national Church of Egypt, the Egyptian-Orthodox Church. The latter was fiercely proud of its heritage and desirous of protecting itself from foreign inroads. While the Protestants were the most active group of missionaries in Egypt in the nineteenth century-by 1878 the American Presbyterian church alone had opened thirty-five schools-they were not the first ones on the scene. That place belongs to the Catholics: the Franciscans arrived in the eighteenth century.
Haraka wa Barakah: Arsanios, a Model Bishop
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Bishop Samuel’s idea of church-administered socio-economic programs, as opposed to a mere meting out of alms, was in itself a revolutionary idea for the Orthodox Church, it has by now been superseded by the realization that opening up literacy classes, family planning units, women’s centers, and vocational schools, in an ad hoc fashion in response to arising needs, is not enough. There should be an overall plan for the development of the dioceses, with institutions to ensure the continuity of projects beyond the lifetime of the sponsoring bishop. Investments must be made in profitable enterprises that will generate local funds for welfare programs. And training institutes must be created for church-servants, some of whom will have to specialize in the writing of project proposals for submission to western foundations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)-a know-how that is vital for small dioceses, which do not have a stratum of rich professionals, merchants, and businesspeople to provide funding for major development projects.
The Recruitment of Bishops
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reason for the rapid spread of developmental programs throughout the dioceses is not just that modem times have brought about a considerable expansion of the bishops’ social consciences, but also, that the downtrodden Egyptian masses are far more vociferous in their demands today than they were before the 1952 revolution. They have been fed a lot of unfilled promises almost daily, on television and in the newspapers. Thus the church experiences, in much the same way as the state does, a crisis generated by the inability of living standards to catch up with rising expectations. In the case of the Christians, these demands are pressed upon the church, not the state, from which, as second class citizens, they have come to expect very little. In most dioceses, the relationship between individual and church is not just pastoral but resembles a citizen-state relationship. Even though his relationship to his church does not carry with it the same element of compulsion as does the state-citizen counterpart, the demands made by a Copt on his church are similar. He expects it to not only cater to his spiritual needs but also to help him with educational, occupational, housing, and medical problems.
Toward the Empowerment of Women?
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In talking about opening the church to lay participation, one cannot fail to address the issue of female participation. For a place is being made for women in the service of the church, albeit grudgingly, but not as yet for women’s voices in church affairs. We have seen earlier that the Sunday School Movement reached its apogee in the ‘40s and early ‘50s, a period of the twentieth century marked by the breakdown of traditional controls and by a questioning of the hierarchic status and corporate privileges of the ruling class in Egypt. This phenomenon culminated in the 1952 revolution. The newly educated, pious youths who were caught up in the rebellious mood that swept over the country had, in joining the voluntary associations of the saintly, turned their backs on traditional relationships. There are countless stories about the angry confrontations between the fathers of novices, who wished to wrench their sons away from the monasteries before it was too late, and their abbots. Most of the parents frowned on their sons’ single-minded pursuit of the Godly, which they had reason to fear would lead to a monastic vocation.
The Ecumenical Olympics—The Games in the Roman Era
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During their history of over a millennium, Olympia and the Olympics underwent a series of dynamic transformations, particularly during the period of Roman ‘imperial’ hegemony in the Eastern Mediterranean. The changes, most notably the general accommodation of Roman interests and the wider geographic spectrum of participants, in part evidence the vitality of the festival. The Olympic metamorphosis also Illustrates. a fortiori, how athletic institutions in general reflected and influenced their contemporary society. As we shall see In subsequent chapters, even lesser. local festivals adopted and adapted athletics to serve the Interests of the time and place. for example, in the initiation of Its young citizens and In the fostering of communal values. Just as those from Rome and the far reaches of the Roman Empire could participate In the Olympics and be assimilated into the unique complex of Greek athletic values. so too the girls’ Herala Games at Olympia or the Games for Eros at Thespiae could offer to women or men of many cities a festival experience where common goals were forged. Athletic phenomena were, in short, the signifiers, the media for transmitting messages of collective importance and for retlecting the social contexts of their times.
Drama, Desire, and Death in Athletic Performance
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philostratus recounts the following myth of origin for the ancient Olympic “stade” or single-length footrace:
The stade race was founded in the following way. When the Eleans were offering sacrifice as Is required, the offerings were laid on the altar, but fire was not yet applied to it. The runners went one-stadium length from the altar, in front of which a priest stood with a torch, acting as umpire, The winner then lit the sacrifice, and departed from there as Olympic victor. (Gymn, 5)
However historically suspect Phllostratus’ Information may be, as we noted In chapter 1, it is not likely that the aetiological tale is a total fabrication, Some, perhaps most, ancient Greeks believed that this was the origin of the simplest footrace at Olympia—it is the only such explanation that has survived, The story has importance, then, at least as evidence of folk beliefs about the footrace, and it implies direct associations between athletic success and ritual actions.
Effortless Action
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a systematic account of the role of the personal spiritual ideal of wu-wei--literally "no doing," but better rendered as "effortless action"--in early Chinese thought. Edward Slingerland's analysis shows that wu-wei represents the most general of a set of conceptual metaphors having to do with a state of effortless ease and unself-consciousness. This concept of effortlessness, he contends, serves as a common ideal for both Daoist and Confucian thinkers. He also argues that this concept contains within itself a conceptual tension that motivates the development of early Chinese thought: the so-called "paradox of wu-wei," or the question of how one can consciously "try not to try." Methodologically, this book represents a preliminary attempt to apply the contemporary theory of conceptual metaphor to the study of early Chinese thought. Although the focus is upon early China, both the subject matter and methodology have wider implications. The subject of wu-wei is relevant to anyone interested in later East Asian religious thought or in the so-called "virtue-ethics" tradition in the West. Moreover, the technique of conceptual metaphor analysis--along with the principle of "embodied realism" upon which it is based--provides an exciting new theoretical framework and methodological tool for the study of comparative thought, comparative religion, intellectual history, and even the humanities in general. Part of the purpose of this work is thus to help introduce scholars in the humanities and social sciences to this methodology, and provide an example of how it may be applied to a particular sub-field.
Introduction
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been more than twenty-five years since feminist activists coined the term “sexual harassment.”It has been more than twenty years since a federal court first recognized sexual harassment as actionable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Today, approximately 40 percent of workplace discrimination lawsuits involve allegations of sexual harassment, and U.S. companies are buying “sexual harassment insurance” to protect themselves. Yet, many of the central questions about the concept of sexual harassment remain unsettled.
Legal Issues
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I shall address several issues in sexual harassment law that are controversial and that help to explain some of the controversy surrounding sexual harassment in general. The issues, to be addressed consecu-tively, are (1) whether sexual harassment should be considered sex discrimination under Title VII, (2) whether the so-called reasonable woman standard should be adopted (3) whether same-sex harassment is sex discrimination, and (4) whether other forms of harassment should be conceptualized in the same way as sexual harassment.
Jump Start
Authors: Wolf Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For years, Robert Wolf traveled around the Midwest and the South teaching small town folk, farmers, and homeless individuals to write about their lives through poems, essays and fiction. Through his own small publishing company, Free River Press, Wolf published these stories of the forgotten parts of America. In 1999, Oxford published an anthology of his students' works in a volume entitled American Mosaic: Poetry and Prose by Everyday Folk. Now, we have Jump Start--a concise guide that offers Wolf's writing techniques from his Free River Press workshops across the country. Rooted in the oral tradition, Wolf's methods include storytelling, visualization, spontaneous prose composition, and sketching. Useful for both the individual and groups as well as for beginning or practiced writers, his concrete techniques are flexible enough to be applied towards any form (poetry, composition, non-fiction, plays, etc.). With the inclusion of writing samples from past workshop participants, Wolf's main emphasis is that people from all walks of life, even with no previous background in writing, may produce meaningful and memorable work.
Prologue
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1770, on the eve of the American Revolution, African American slavery was legal and almost unquestioned throughout the New World. The ghastly slave trade from Africa was still expanding and for many decades had beenshipping five Africans across the Atlantic for every European immigrant to the Americas. An imaginary “hemispheric traveler” would have seen black slaves in every colony from Canada and New England all the way south to Spanish Peru and Chile. In the incomparably rich colonies of the Caribbean, they often constituted population majorities of 90 percent or more. But in 1888, one hundred and eighteen years later, when Brazil finally freed all its slaves, the institution had been outlawed throughout the Western Hemisphere.
The Amistad Test of Law and Justice
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALTHOUGH THE STORY of the Cuban ship La Amistad was long ignored in American history textbooks and standard works on slavery and antislavery, it received enormous publicity in 1997 as a result of Steven Spielberg’s some-what inaccurate but powerful film, Amistad. I have chosen to begin with this historical narrative because it presents a concrete test of American law and justice and also dramatically illustrates the multinational character of the Atlantic Slave System. Indeed, if the American courts had reached a different decision, one can well imagine England imposing a naval blockade on Cuba and even a war exploding between Britain and the United States and perhaps Spain. The Amistad case involved American politics, the judiciary, and foreign relations at the highest levels. It also epitomized slavery’s deepest contradictions, both legal and philosophical.
The Ancient Foundations of Modern Slavery
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To Give Some Idea Of the difficulty and complexity of finding a workable definition of slavery, I will begin by considering two examples of prouder bondage: the first from Neo-Babylonia in the sixth century before the Common Era (B.C.E.); the second from the Tupinamba, an aboriginal tribe living along the coast of Brazil from the Amazon south at the time of the first European contact.
The Origins of Antiblack Racism in the New World
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “racism” was apparently not used in America until 1936, but the reality to which the word refers loomed like a fatal and contagious disease in the eyes of free African Americans one hundred years earlier. For black abolitionists like Theodore S. Wright, such racial prejudice was the central evil to be overcome, even more than slavery. A Presbyterian minister in New York City, a graduate of Princeton Seminary, and a founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, Wright was physically assaulted by a Southern student when he visited his alma mater in September 1836. The attacker who seized and kicked him yelled, “Out with the nigger—out with the nigger.”
The Atlantic Slave System: Brazil and the Caribbean
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-to-late 1500s the Portuguese gradually transferred the system of sugar plantations worked by slaves from their Atlantic islands such as Madeira, São Tomé, and Principe to northeastern Brazil. The plantation system involved everything from long-term capital investment and the African slave trade to the technology and economic organization for cultivating and harvesting sugarcane and then manufacturing sugar and eventually molasses and rum. It was largely because of the expanding international market for sugar, molasses, syrup, and rum that regions south of what became the United States imported some 95 percent of the African slaves brought to the New World. During the first decades of the sixteenth century the small Portuguese settlements in Brazil exported little more than brazilwood, parrots, and monkeys, at a time when the Portuguese islands of São Tomé and Madeira produced much of Europe’s sugar, which was still a rare luxury and traditional medication.But Portugal became increasingly alarmed by French and British gestures toward founding settlements in Brazil, and in the 1530s and 1540s Portuguese expeditions attempted to chase off foreign ships and then succeeded in establishing sugar plantations or engenhos in northeastern Brazil. By the late 1500s sugar mills had multiplied, African slaves were replacing forced Indian labor, and Brazil was producing more sugar than the Atlantic islands combined with regions like the Algarve, in southern Portugal. These developments represented the first stage of the unforeseen and unprecedented expansion of economic and cultural boundaries initiated by New World slavery.
Slavery in Colonial North America
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although histories of slavery in North America have usually begun with the famous sale in 1619 of twenty “negars” by a Dutch ship captain to some English settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, we now know that some blacks had arrived in Jamestown even earlier and that African slaves had appeared in Spanish Florida as early as the 1560s. Even more telling, by the mid-1600s, when the sugar revolution was beginning to transform the important English colony of Barbados, the Dutch in New Netherland, which was to become England’s New York in 1664, were far more dependent on black slave labor than were the English in Virginia and Maryland! Racial slavery became embedded in the Americas in diverse and unpredictable ways.
The Problem of Slavery in the American Revolution
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much as slavery in the United States was part of a larger Atlantic Slave System, so America’s War of Independence was an outgrowth of Europe’s Seven Years’ War—from 1756 to 1763—and also a precursor or harbinger of the French and Haitian revolutions and of the subsequent Latin American wars for independence from Spain. Those foreign upheavals, really beginning with British and French fighting on the American frontier in 1755, had tremendous political, ideological, and territorial consequences for the future United States.
Epistemic Motivation
Authors: Fairweather Abrol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A growing number of epistemologists use the language of virtue and vice to elucidate the concept of knowledge, an approach now known as Virtue Epistemology (VE).1 VE shifts the focus of epistemic theorizing away from the analysis of familiar concepts like epistemic justification, warrant, and knowledge and toward the concept of intellectual virtue. Some VE theorists make this move in order to eliminate troublesome concepts like justification and even knowledge itself, while others use intellectual virtue as a means of illuminating these concepts.2 These are eliminativist and non-eliminativist variants of VE respectively. In either case, specifying the conditions under which a person possesses intellectual virtue, and when doxastic activity is appropriately connected to such a state, is the fundamental task for a VE theorist. The definitions of justification, warrant, and knowledge come later, if at all.
Epistemic Virtue and Justified Belief
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major presupposition of ethics is that our moral lives can be conducted well or poorly. Our intellectual lives—our questioning and judging, our reflection and inference, our criticism and responses to criticism—can also be conducted well or poorly. We value moral virtues as features of character that govern our overall behavior; but there are also intellectual virtues, such as openmindedness and rigor, that may govern much of our cognitive behavior. Vittue ethics has always been an important theoretical approach in moral philosophy and, in the past few decades, has received renewed attention; it should be no surprise that virtue epistemology has also been explored and developed in recent years.1 Virtue epistemology is interesting and important in its own right, but there is also value in comparing it with virtue ethics. Does it have a similar range of resources and problems? And are there important points still to be learned from the right kind of comparison? I think the answer is “yes” in both cases, and my main effort here is to make some comparisons and bring out some difficulties for virtue epistemology in at least some of its forms. I’ll start with the concepts of (non-intellectual) virtue and of action from it, proceed to the concepts of epistemic virtue and of belief from it, and then explore some major connections between epistemic virtue and, on the other side, justified belief and knowledge. The last section will consider the extent to which the concept of epistemic virtue provides a basis for understanding justification and knowledge independently of a more particularistic, or at any rate non-trait-based, approach.