bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordination of feeding, locomotor and visual systems in parrotfishes(Teleostei: Labridae)
Authors: Rice Aaron N. , Westneat Mark W. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYFishes require complex coordinated motions of the jaws, body and fins during feeding in order to successfully execute the strike or bite and then move away from the predation site. In conjunction with locomotor systems,sensory modalities guide coordinated feeding behavior, with vision playing an important role in many fishes. Although often studied separately, the locomotor, feeding and visual systems have not previously been examined together during fish feeding. To explore feeding coordination, we examined the kinematics of feeding behavior in two species of herbivorous parrotfish, Sparisoma radians and Scarus quoyi, which exhibit different single bite and repetitive bite strategies. Kinematic data on pectoral fin movements and body position show distinctive differences in strategies for the approach and post-strike motion between these species. Sparisoma and Scarus exhibited significant differences in the magnitude of jaw protrusion, time to maximum jaw protrusion, cranial elevation, and order of events in the feeding sequence. Oculomotor data show that both species orient the pupil forward and downward directed at the site of jaw contact until 100 ms before the bite, at which point the visual field is rotated laterally. Combinations of kinematic variables show repeated patterns of synchrony (onset and duration) for the approach to the food (distance, velocity, eye movement),prey capture (eye movement, jaw movement, fin movement) and post-capture maneuvering (fin movement, distance). Kinematic analyses of multiple functional systems reveal coordination mechanisms for detecting and approaching prey and executing the rapid opening and closing of the jaws during acquisition of food. Comparison of the coordination of feeding,swimming and sensory systems among fish species can elucidate alternative coordination strategies involved in herbivory in coral reef fishes.
Cloning, characterization and expression of escapin, a broadly antimicrobial FAD-containing l-amino acid oxidase from ink of the sea hare Aplysia californica
Authors: Yang Hsiuchin , Johnson Paul Micah , Ko Ko-Chun , Kamio Michiya , Germann Markus W. , Derby Charles D. , Tai Phang C. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY
A 60 kDa monomeric protein isolated from the defensive purple ink secretion of the sea hare Aplysia californica was cloned and sequenced, and is the first sea hare antimicrobial protein to be functionally expressed in E. coli. Sequence analysis suggested that this protein is a flavin-containing l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), with one predicted potential glycosylation site, although the glycosylation could not be experimentally confirmed. This protein, which we call `escapin', has high sequence similarity to several other gastropod proteins. Escapin was verified by NMR, mass spectroscopy and HPLC to have FAD as its flavin cofactor. Escapin's antimicrobial effects, bacteriostasis and bactericidal, were determined using a combination of two assays: (1) incubation of bacteria on solid media followed by assessment of inhibition by direct observation of zones of inhibition or by turbidity measurements; and (2) incubation of bacteria in liquid media followed by counting viable colonies after growing on agar plates. Native escapin inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including marine bacteria (Vibrio harveyiiand Staphylococcus aureus) and pathogenic bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Escapin also inhibited the growth of yeast and fungi, with different efficacies. Escapin's antimicrobial activity was concentration dependent and did not decrease when stored for more than 5 months at room temperature. Escapin was bacteriostatic and not bactericidal in minimal media (e.g. salt media) with glucose, yeast extract, and a mixture of 20 amino acids each at 50 μmol l-1, but was bactericidal in media enriched with Tryptone Peptone. Escapin was also strongly bactericidal in media with l-lysine at concentrations as low as 3 mmol l-1 and slightly bactericidal in 50 mmol l-1l-arginine, but not in most other amino acids even at 50 mmol l-1. Escapin had high oxidase activity (producing hydrogen peroxide) with either l-arginine or l-lysine as a substrate and little to no oxidase activity with other l-amino acids. Hydrogen peroxide alone (without escapin or amino acids) was strongly bacteriostatic but poorly bactericidal, similar in this respect to l-arginine but different from l-lysine in the presence of escapin. Together these results suggest that there are multiple mechanisms to escapin's antimicrobial effects, with bacteriostasis resulting largely or entirely from the effects of hydrogen peroxide produced by escapin's LAAO activity, but bactericidal effects resulting from lysine-dependent mechanisms not directly involving hydrogen peroxide. Recombinant escapin expressed in bacteria was also active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,suggesting that glycosylation is not essential for antimicrobial activity.
Are hearing sensitivities of freshwater fish adapted to the ambient noise in their habitats?
Authors: Amoser Sonja , Ladich Friedrich 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYSeveral groups of fishes, among them two thirds of all freshwater fishes,have developed hearing specializations that enhance auditory sensitivity and broaden frequency ranges compared with hearing non-specialists (generalists),which lack such adaptations. It has been speculated that the enhanced sensitivities of these so-called hearing specialists have evolved in quiet habitats such as lakes, backwaters of rivers, slowly flowing streams or the deep sea. To test this hypothesis, noise levels and frequency spectra of four different freshwater habitats near Vienna, Austria (Danube River, Triesting stream, Lake Neusiedl, backwaters of the Danube River), were recorded and played back to native fish species while simultaneously measuring their auditory thresholds using the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique. As a representative of hearing specialists, we chose the common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae) and for the hearing generalists the European perch (Perca fluviatilis, Percidae). Data show that the carp's hearing is only moderately masked by the quiet habitat noise level of standing waters (mean threshold shift 9 dB) but is heavily affected by stream and river noise by up to 49 dB in its best hearing range (0.5-1.0 kHz). In contrast, the perch's hearing thresholds were only slightly affected (mean up to 12 dB, at 0.1 kHz) by the highest noise levels presented. Our results indicate that hearing abilities of specialists such as carp are well adapted to the lowest noise levels encountered in freshwater habitats and that their hearing is considerably masked in some parts of their distribution range. Hearing in non-specialists such as perch, on the other hand, is only slightly or not at all impaired in all habitats.
Functional trade-offs in the limb bones of dogs selected for runningversusfighting
Authors: Kemp T. J. , Bachus K. N. , Nairn J. A. , Carrier D. R. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYThe physical demands of rapid and economical running differ from the demands of fighting in ways that may prevent the simultaneous evolution of optimal performance in these two behaviors. Here, we test an hypothesis of functional trade-off in limb bones by measuring mechanical properties of limb bones in two breeds of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris L.) that have undergone intense artificial selection for running (greyhound) and fighting (pit bull) performance. The bones were loaded to fracture in three-point static bending. To correct for the effect of shear, we estimated the shear stress in the cross section and added energy due to shear stress to the tensile energy. The proximal limb bones of the pit bulls differed from those of the greyhounds in having relatively larger second moments of area of mid-diaphyseal cross sections and in having more circular cross-sectional shape. The pit bulls exhibited lower stresses at yield, had lower elastic moduli and failed at much higher levels of work. The stiffness of the tissue of the humerus, radius, femur and tibia was 1.5-2.4-fold greater in the greyhounds than in the pit bulls. These bones from the pit bulls absorbed 1.9-2.6-fold more energy before failure than did those of the greyhounds. These differences between breeds were not observed in the long bones of the feet, metacarpals and metatarsals. Nevertheless, the results of this analysis suggest that selection for high-speed running is associated with the evolution of relatively stiff, brittle limb bones, whereas selection for fighting performance leads to the evolution of limb bones with relatively high resistance to failure.
Analysis of the bite force and mechanical design of the feeding mechanism of the durophagous horn shark Heterodontus francisci
Authors: Huber Daniel R. , Eason Thomas G. , Hueter Robert E. , Motta Philip J. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARY
Three-dimensional static equilibrium analysis of the forces generated by the jaw musculature of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci was used to theoretically estimate the maximum force distributions and loadings on its jaws and suspensorium during biting. Theoretical maximum bite force was then compared with bite forces measured (1) voluntarily in situ, (2) in restrained animals and (3) during electrical stimulation of the jaw adductor musculature of anesthetized sharks. Maximum theoretical bite force ranged from 128 N at the anteriormost cuspidate teeth to 338 N at the posteriormost molariform teeth. The hyomandibula, which connects the posterior margin of the jaws to the base of the chondrocranium, is loaded in tension during biting. Conversely, the ethmoidal articulation between the palatal region of the upper jaw and the chondrocranium is loaded in compression, even during upper jaw protrusion, because H. francisci's upper jaw does not disarticulate from the chondrocranium during prey capture. Maximum in situ bite force averaged 95 N for free-swimming H. francisci, with a maximum of 133 N. Time to maximum force averaged 322 ms and was significantly longer than time away from maximum force (212 ms). Bite force measurements from restrained individuals (187 N) were significantly greater than those from free-swimming individuals (95 N) but were equivalent to those from both theoretical (128 N)and electrically stimulated measurements (132 N). The mean mass-specific bite of H. francisci was greater than that of many other vertebrates and second highest of the cartilaginous fishes that have been studied. Measuring bite force on restrained sharks appears to be the best indicator of maximum bite force. The large bite forces and robust molariform dentition of H. francisci correspond to its consumption of hard prey.
Symmetry at the active site of the ribosome: structural and functional implications
Authors: Agmon Ilana , Bashan Anat , Zarivach Raz , Yonath Ada 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sizable symmetrical region, comprising 180 ribosomal RNA nucleotides, which has been identified in and around the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) in crystal structures of eubacterial and archaeal large ribosomal subunits, indicates its universality, confirms that the ribosome is a ribozyme and evokes the suggestion that the PTC evolved by gene fusion. The symmetrical region can act as a center that coordinates amino acid polymerization by transferring intra-ribosomal signals between remote functional locations, as it connects, directly or through its extensions, the PTC, the three tRNA sites, the tunnel entrance, and the regions hosting elongation factors. Significant deviations from the overall symmetry stabilize the entire region and can be correlated with the shaping and guiding of the motion of the tRNA 3′-end from the A- into the P-site. The linkage between the elaborate PTC architecture and the spatial arrangements of the tRNA 3′-ends revealed the rotatory mechanism that integrates peptide bond formation, translocation within the PTC and nascent protein entrance into the exit tunnel. The positional catalysis exerted by the ribosome places the reactants in stereochemistry close to the intermediate state and facilitates the catalytic contribution of the P-site tRNA 2′-hydroxyl.
GPCR-induced migration of breast carcinoma cells depends on both EGFR signal transactivation and EGFR-independent pathways
Authors: Hart Stefan , Fischer Oliver M. , Prenzel Norbert , Zwick-Wallasch Esther , Schneider Matthias , Hennighausen Lothar , Ullrich Axel 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in the regulation of important cellular processes under normal and pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. In human mammary carcinomas the EGFR is involved in regulating cell growth, survival, migration and metastasis and its activation correlates with the lack of response in hormone therapy. Here, we demonstrate in oestrogen receptor-positive and -negative human breast cancer cells and primary mammary epithelial cells a cross-communication between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the EGFR. We present evidence that specific inhibition of ADAM15 or TACE blocks GPCR-induced and proHB-EGF-mediated EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, downstream mitogenic signalling and cell migration. Notably, activation of the PI3K downstream mediator PKB/Akt by GPCR ligands involves the activity of sphingosine kinase (SPHK) and is independent of EGFR signal transactivation. We conclude that GPCR-induced chemotaxis of breast cancer cells is mediated by EGFR-dependent and -independent signalling pathways, with both parallel pathways having to act in concert to achieve a complete migratory response.
Determination of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni CAA glycoprotein antigen using neoglycoconjugate variants
Authors: Carvalho de Souza Adriana , van Remoortere Alexandra , Hokke Cornelis H. , Deelder André M. , Vliegenthart Johannes F.G. , Kamerling Johannis P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe immunogenic
The Spiral Journey Back Home: Brahms's “Heimweh” Lieder
Authors: HIRSCH MARJORIE 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT
Considering Brahms's “Heimweh” Lieder (op. 63 nos. 7–9) together rather than individually is indispensable to their interpretation. In each song, Brahms conveys the protagonist's longing for lost childhood by introducing the folklike qualities of Kinderlieder within the frame of a Kunstlied. The expression of nostalgia also takes places across the minicycle as a whole. The recurrence and transformation of musical patterns and motifs enhances the retrospective nature of the three songs, which seem to reflect on childhood from successively greater temporal distances. Despite the overt despondency of the poetic speaker in each text, the musical settings together convey a positive message: Death is a welcome refuge from life's afflictions. In offering this consolation, Brahms draws upon the Romantic concept of Heimweh, including its characteristic spiral-like pattern of expression, but tempers it in accordance with the scaled-back artistic goals of the post-Romantic period.
Musicology According to Don Giovanni, or: Should We Get Drastic?
Authors: BERGER KAROL 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT
In a recent essay, Carolyn Abbate argues for a “drastic” rather than “gnostic” conception of music and would want to see musicology's efforts redirected accordingly. In the wake of the 1985 call by Joseph Kerman urging musicologists to shift their attention from “positivism” and “formalism” to “criticism” or “hermeneutics”—that is, to musicology centered on interpretation—Abbate issues a call for a new disciplinary revolution, one that would shift our attention from works to performances and thus undo what she perceives as the fatal weakness in Kerman's position. When we ignore the actually made and experienced sounding event in favor of the disembodied abstraction that is the work, we bypass the sensuous, audible, immediate experience (the “drastic”) and put in its place the intellectual, supra-audible, mediated (that is, interpreted) meaning (the “gnostic”) and thus avoid what is of real value in music—the experience, the powerful physical and spiritual impact it may have on us. While I am in fundamental sympathy with Abbate's arguments and aims, I believe that the opposition between the real performance and the imaginary work—the former the object of immediate, sensuous experience, the latter the vehicle of mediated (that is, interpreted, “hermeneutic”) intellectual meaning—on which her argument rests is overdrawn: The hermeneutic element cannot be wholly banished from the arena of performance; there is no such thing as pure experience, uncontaminated by interpretation.
Exposed: Adorno and Schubert in 1928
Authors: Perrey Beate 
Published: September 2005

In this close reading of the first page of Adorno's "Schubert," one aim is to highlight the sheer intensity of Adorno's literary ambition, generating a visual poetics that contributes to the text's striking, and daunting, narrative complexity. With reference to the French poet Louis Aragon, Adorno situates Schubert within a distinctly surrealist landscape--a strategic move that is rhetorically as provocative as it is hermeneutically and methodologically risky. I briefly follow up some of this modernist imagery in Schubert's Winterreise, envisioned here as a nondevelopmental, glacial compositional canvas across which the wanderer wanders with a single idea in mind, forever repeated in subtle variations, affecting atmosphere (Stimmung) but not essence: in Winterreise, as Adorno's text suggests, the mind is lost in its own idea, accommodating the pre-human or post-human experience: life-in-death in the midst of an apocalyptic landscape.
A second aim of this paper is to respond to Adorno's stylistic provocation: do we need poetry in music criticism, or indeed criticism as poetry? Do we need allegories of death and Utopian landscapes to talk about music? As will be argued, "Schubert" is a text whose author does not deny that his subject matter--Schubert--is, in fact, wholly fictional. Moreover, as Adorno goes on to describe Winterreise as a journey in search of an inner, and de-centered, self, and as we see this journey slowly unfold before our eyes, it becomes more than usually apparent that Adorno's true subject matter is the admission and expression of emotion. With great poetic acumen, his pen traces like a seismograph the rhythmic pulsations and shockwaves traversing Schubert's landscape. Adorno's essay begins with a fully imagined and powerfully articulated landscape, and as he goes on to render "Schubert's landscape" visible, his text takes on a geography that informs us about the structure of the very selves it describes: first Schubert's; then Adorno's; and finally, possibly, our own.
On Reading Adorno Hearing Schubert
Authors: Leppert Richard 
Published: September 2005

Adorno's "Schubert" textually reenacts what he recognizes in Schubert's music, repeating himself but with subtle differences, as though he were holding up a cut gem to light and turning it to see the differences manifested in its facets. Adorno's ideas about this music are less developed than juxtaposed, often paratactically, so as to constitute what Benjamin termed a constellation. What Adorno hears in Schubert is a kind of reciprocity toward otherness. Schubert's "landscape," for Adorno, is grounded in the realm of the cultural imaginary; it represents for him a declaration of love, defined by the difference between subject and object that engenders embrace, rather than domination. The aesthetic truth of Schubert's music doesn't emerge through development, except, ironically perhaps, in the "successful" failure of his developments. Instead, it's articulated in a virtual instant, as in the shape and turn of a melody (and distinctly not in its working out).
The Schubert melody is like the imagined perfection of landscape--as though, like "nature," it were always already complete. The C-minor Andante of the Piano Trio in Eb (op. 100, D. 929) is a case in point. The opening melodic statement in the cello and the folklike second theme in the violin, for the most part, can only be repeated, not improved upon, though Schubert tries--the melodic perfection of the opening statements, the first theme especially, becomes unambiguously evident only when the movement ends. We need everything that follows the initial statements to realize what we first heard: a melody (more than a theme) complete in itself, perfect, and on that account acoustically utopian--a semblance of happiness embedded in the sad honesty of C-minorÕs pensive melancholy.
Feasibility of Using Fluoresceinyl Cypridina Luciferin Analog in a Novel Chemiluminescence Method for Real‐time Photodynamic Therapy Dosimetry
Authors: Qin Yanfang , Xing Da , Luo Shiming , Zhou Jing , Zhong Xueyun , Chen Qun 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTSinglet oxygen (1O2) is the most important cytotoxic agent in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The feasibility of using a chemiluminescence (CL) probe, 3,7‐dihydro‐6‐[4‐(2‐(N′‐(5‐fluoresceinyl)thioureido)ethoxy)phenyl]‐2‐methylimidazo{1,2‐a}‐pyrazin‐3‐one sodium salt (fluoresceinyl Cypridina luciferin analog, FCLA), to monitor 1O2 production during PDT is evaluated in vitro. Lymphoma cells were treated with various protocols of PDT. The results show that the FCLA‐CL production during PDT is linearly related to the corresponding cytotoxicity, regardless of the treatment protocol. With minimum cytotoxicity and interference to the PDT treatment outcome, the FCLA‐CL system is an effective means to quantify PDT 1O2 production and may provide an alternative real‐time dosimeter.
Water/Silica Nanoparticle Interfacial Kinetics of Sulfate, Hydrogen Phosphate, and Dithiocyanate Radicals
Authors: Caregnato Paula , Bertolotti Sonia G. , Gonzalez Mónica C. , Mártire Daniel O. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe values of the rate constants for the reactions of the sulfate (2.5 × 109M−1 s−1) and hydrogen phosphate (2.2 × 108M−1 s−1) radicals with silica nanoparticles are obtained by flash photolysis experiments with silica suspensions containing S2O82− or P2O24−, respectively. The interaction of these radicals with the silica nanoparticles leads to formation of transients, probably adsorbed sulfate and hydrogen phosphate radicals, with absorption maxima at around 320 and 350 nm, respectively. A different mechanism takes place for the interaction of the less oxidizing dithiocyanate radicals with the silica nanoparticles. These radicals selectively react with the dissociated silanol groups of the nanoparticles with a rate constant at 298.2K of 7 × 107M−1 s−1 (per mol of SiO− groups), and there is no evidence for their adsorption at the surface. All the results are discussed in terms of the Smoluchowski equation and redox potential of the inorganic radicals.