bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter-discharge optimization for fast, reliable access to ASDEX Upgrade advanced tokamak scenario
Authors: Van Mulders S. , Sauter O. , Bock A. , Burckhart A. , Contré C. , Felici F. , Fischer R. , Schramm R. , Stober J. , Zohm H. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Rapid inter-discharge simulation and optimization using the RAPTOR code have allowed the development of a reliable and reproducible early heating strategy for an advanced tokamak (AT) scenario on ASDEX Upgrade. Solving for electron heat and current diffusion in RAPTOR with ad-hoc formulas for heat transport and electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) efficiency is found to robustly recover the coupled dynamics of

T

e

and q, while maintaining model parameters fixed for all discharges. The pedestal top boundary condition in pre-shot simulations is set by a newly derived scaling law for the electron pressure at ρ = 0.8, using a data set of previous AT discharges. RAPTOR simulations have allowed to develop an understanding of the onset of 3/2 tearing modes, which were observed to have a detrimental impact on confinement when low magnetic shear conditions are present at the rational surface during the high-β phase. Delaying the NBI heating, by a specific time interval found via simulations, has led to avoiding these modes. A non-linear optimization scheme has been applied to optimize the ECCD deposition radii to reach a stationary state with

q

m
i
n

>
1

at the beginning of the flat-top phase, while ensuring a non-zero magnetic shear at q = 1.5 throughout the high-β phase, and has been successfully tested in experiment. However, further experiments, aiming for

q

m
i
n

>
1.5

, have highlighted limitations of the present feedforward control approach in the presence of shot-to-shot variations that are not included in the applied model. Application of real-time model-based control is proposed to overcome model-reality mismatches in future work.
Fast-ion orbit origin of neutron emission spectroscopy measurements in the JET DT campaign
Authors: Järleblad H. , Stagner L. , Eriksson J. , Nocente M. , Kirov K. , Rud M. , Schmidt B.S. , Maslov M. , King D. , Keeling D. , Maggi C. , Garcia J. , Lerche E.A. , Mantica P. , Dong Y. , Salewski M. ,   JET Contributors
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the JET DTE2 deuterium-tritium campaign, neutron diagnostics were employed to measure 14 MeV neutrons originating from D(T,n)4He reactions. In discharge 99965, a diamond matrix detector (KM14) and a magnetic proton recoil (MPRu) detector with a vertical and an oblique line-of-sight were used, respectively. At the timepoints of interest, a significant decrease in the expected diagnostic signals can be observed as electromagnetic wave heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) is switched off. Utilizing only TRANSP simulation data, the fast-ion distribution is found to have been likely composed mostly of trapped orbits. In contrast, analysis performed using orbit weight functions revealed that the majority of neutrons in the KM14

E

d

=
9.3

MeV and MPRu

X

cm

=
33

cm measurement bins are to have originated from fast deuterium ions on co-passing orbits. This work explains the perhaps surprising results and shows that the relative signal decrease as ICRF heating is switched off is largest for counter-passing orbits. Finally, for the magnetic equilibria of interest, it is shown how stagnation orbits, corresponding to

∼

1

% of the fast-ion distribution, were completely unobservable by the KM14 diagnostic.
A large field-of-view angled panel detector for the development of a plant PET system
Authors: Yamamoto Seiichi , Watabe Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Mitsutaka , Suzui Nobuo , Kawachi Naoki , Kataoka Jun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In plant research, positron emission tomography (PET) is
sometimes employed for physiological studies of plants. However, due
to the generally high cost of PET systems, their application in
plant research centers can be challenging. Furthermore, the
configurations of commercial PET systems might not always align well
with the requirements of plant research. To address these issues, we
have taken the initial steps towards a solution by developing a
large field-of-view (LFOV) angled panel detector intended for the
development of a plant PET system. This panel detector is composed
of two gadolinium orthosilicate (GSO) scintillator blocks, an angled
light guide, and four flat panel photomultiplier tubes
(FP-PMTs). The GSO pixel size used in the scintillator block
measures
2.65 mm (radial)× 2.85 mm (axial)×
15.0 mm, arranged in a configuration of
16 (radial)× 32 (axial) to form a scintillator
block with overall dimensions of
44.0 mm (radial)× 94.4 mm (axial)×
15 mm (depth). By implementing an angled light guide, the
two scintillator blocks were positioned at a 22.5-degree angle,
resulting in the creation of a LFOV angled panel detector. This
specific angle allowed for the arrangement of 16 scintillator blocks
in a hexadecagonal shape using 8 panel detectors when arranged in a
circular configuration. We successfully constructed a panel detector
with an approximate field-of-view of 10 cm× 10 cm
and conducted a comprehensive performance evaluation. Upon
irradiating the panel detector with 511 keV gamma photons, nearly
all 1024 GSO pixels were accurately resolved in the position
histogram, displaying minimal distortion, and exhibiting an average
peak-to-valley ratio of 5.0. Additionally, the energy resolution
achieved was 14% full width at half maximum (FWHM). The resulting
LFOV angled panel detector holds considerable promise for the use
within a cost-effective, user-friendly as well as high performance
plant PET system.
Artificial intelligence methods for in-process high-speed image analysis in laser beam welding of hairpins
Authors: Hake C. , Omlor M. , Breitbarth A. , Notni G. , Dilger K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the production of modern electric drives for battery electric vehicles, hairpin technology is used to increase the copper fill factor in the stator of a permanently excited synchronous machine. A central process in the production of these stators is the contacting of the hairpin ends by means of laser beam welding. This welding process is characterized by geometric and process-related deviations from previous process steps, which influence the result of the welded joint. It is desirable to find an in-process method for monitoring. As part of the process monitoring of welded joints, high-speed camera images are often used to detect weld spatter. These can be detected by a program based on a static algorithm. For this reason, a feasibility analysis is performed regarding the application of AI for the detection of spatters, in which the methods of semantic segmentation and single-image classification prove to be useful. In a preliminary experiment, three base networks for each of the two methods are evaluated with respect to the best training results. The single-image classification method will then be extended by a subsequent static algorithm, so that a hybrid use of AI and static algorithm will be investigated. The evaluation and final comparison of all evaluation methods is performed using data from a welding experiment. It turns out that the hybrid approach of single-image classification and static algorithm has numerous advantages in the detection of spatter compared to semantic segmentation and the static algorithm.
Tequila, bats, and agave farmers: towards an understanding of the right incentives to protect genetic diversity
Authors: Zapata-Morán Irene , López-Feldman Alejandro , Bejarano Hernán 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tequila has a designation of origin by which it can only be produced with the blue agave (Agave tequilana Weber blue variety) grown in certain regions of Mexico. For several decades, an intensive asexual technique of reproduction has prevailed in the tequila industry. This has not only been detrimental for the agave’s genetic diversity, but it has also harmed bat populations. The low levels of diversity have increased the agave’s exposure to pests and diseases and have limited the possibilities for artificial selection of beneficial characteristics that can improve production. Arguably, with the cooperation of producers and consumers, it is possible to have an environmentally friendly and resilient production system. We focus on the agave producers and analyze their willingness to let some of their plants flower in exchange of some monetary and non-monetary benefits. By analyzing data from a choice experiment, we show that farmers are willing to let some of their plants flower even when they only receive partial compensation for the value of the plants. Farmers also show a willingness to participate in a conservation program if they receive a non-monetary transfer or expect an increase in yield because of the program. Our results provide a relevant piece of information that can help policymakers, producers, NGOs, and other participants in the tequila industry, in the design of effective strategies that can lead to the genetic conservation of blue agave and the protection of magueyero bats.
A systematic literature review on advanced persistent threat behaviors and its detection strategy
Authors: Che Mat Nur Ilzam , Jamil Norziana , Yusoff Yunus , Mat Kiah Miss Laiha 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) pose significant security-related challenges to organizations owing to their sophisticated and persistent nature, and are inimical to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of organizational information and services. This study systematically reviews the literature on methods of detecting APTs by comprehensively surveying research in the area, identifying gaps in the relevant studies, and proposing directions for future work. The authors provide a detailed analysis of current methods of APT detection that are based on multi-stage attack-related behaviors. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and conducted an extensive search of a variety of databases. A total of 45 studies, encompassing sources from both academia and the industry, were considered in the final analysis. The findings reveal that APTs have the capability to laterally propagate and achieve their objectives by identifying and exploiting existing systemic vulnerabilities. By identifying shortcomings in prevalent methods of APT detection, we propose integrating the multi-stage attack-related behaviors of APTs with the assessment of the presence of vulnerabilities in the network and their susceptibility to being exploited in order to improve the accuracy of their identification. Such an improved approach uses vulnerability scores and probability metrics to determine the probable sequence of targeted nodes, and visualizes the path of APT attacks. This technique of advanced detection enables the early identification of the most likely targets, which, in turn, allows for the implementation of proactive measures to prevent the network from being further compromised. The research here contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of integrating multi-stage attack-related behaviors, vulnerability assessment, and techniques of visualization for APT detection to enhance the overall security of organizations.
Landmark annotation through feature combinations: a comparative study on cephalometric images with in-depth analysis of model’s explainability
Authors: S Rashmi , S Srinath , S. Murthy Prashanth , Deshmukh Seema 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The objectives of this study are to explore and evaluate the automation of anatomical landmark localization in cephalometric images using machine learning techniques, with a focus on feature extraction and combinations, contextual analysis, and model interpretability through Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values.

Methods
We conducted extensive experimentation on a private dataset of 300 lateral cephalograms to thoroughly study the annotation results obtained using pixel feature descriptors including raw pixel, gradient magnitude, gradient direction, and histogram-oriented gradient (HOG) values. The study includes evaluation and comparison of these feature descriptions calculated at different contexts namely local, pyramid, and global. The feature descriptor obtained using individual combinations is used to discern between landmark and nonlandmark pixels using classification method. Additionally, this study addresses the opacity of LGBM ensemble tree models across landmarks, introducing SHAP values to enhance interpretability.

Results
The performance of feature combinations was assessed using metrics like mean radial error, standard deviation, success detection rate (SDR) (2 mm), and test time. Remarkably, among all the combinations explored, both the HOG and gradient direction operations demonstrated significant performance across all context combinations. At the contextual level, the global texture outperformed the others, although it came with the trade-off of increased test time. The HOG in the local context emerged as the top performer with an SDR of 75.84% compared to others.

Conclusions
The presented analysis enhances the understanding of the significance of different features and their combinations in the realm of landmark annotation but also paves the way for further exploration of landmark-specific feature combination methods, facilitated by explainability.
Sustainable ESL teacher support in the Global South through e-coaching
Authors: Inwang Victoria Idongesit 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This qualitative study investigates the challenges faced by five ESL teachers in Nigeria and the role of an e-coaching intervention in providing support for these challenges. In undertaking the study, the author engaged in a two-cycle coaching session involving a pre-planning conference and post-observation feedback with the teachers. Teachers were interviewed to examine their perceptions about e-coaching support. Analysis revealed several key findings on the role of the coach in providing instrumental support to the teachers, which they felt had a positive impact on their professional development. The study proposes e-coaching as a feasible teacher development activity in low-resource contexts and sheds light on whether the coaching models adopted via online platforms are accessible and practicable for experienced ESL teachers in comparable contexts across both sub-Saharan Africa and the wider Global South.
Discrimination and Cognition in Midlife Black Women: The Roles of Social Support and Spirituality
Authors: Dixon Jasmine S , Wang Dongwei , Ready Rebecca E 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Black women are at high risk for discrimination and cognitive impairment in late life. It is not known if discrimination is a risk factor for cognitive decline in Black women and if so, what factors are protective against the adverse cognitive effects of discrimination. Using the biopsychosocial model of gendered racism, we determined if discrimination is associated with poorer cognition in midlife Black women and if social support and/or spirituality would protect against the deleterious effects of discrimination on cognition.

Methods
Participants were midlife Black women (N = 669) from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Discrimination was measured by the Everyday Discrimination scale. Cognitive outcomes included episodic memory, processing speed, and working memory. Total social support, emotional support, instrumental support, and spirituality were assessed as protective factors.

Results
Contrary to expectations, structural equation modeling indicated that discrimination was associated with better immediate recall. For women with more emotional support, greater discrimination was associated with better immediate recall than for women with lower emotional support. Spirituality was not a significant moderator in the association between discrimination and cognition.

Discussion
Discrimination had unexpected positive associations with learning and attention-based cognitive skills for midlife Black women. Discrimination might enhance vigilance, which could be facilitated by higher levels of emotional support. There is an opportunity for clinical and public health interventions for cognitive health and discrimination focused on Black women to better incorporate emotional support as a coping resource.
Noticing education campaigns or public health messages about vaping among youth in the United States, Canada and England from 2018 to 2022
Authors: East Katherine , Taylor Eve , Simonavičius Erikas , Nottage Matilda , Reid Jessica L , Burkhalter Robin , Brose Leonie , Wackowski Olivia A , Liber Alex C , McNeill Ann , Hammond David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Public health campaigns have the potential to correct vaping misperceptions. However, campaigns highlighting vaping harms to youth may increase misperceptions that vaping is equally/more harmful than smoking. Vaping campaigns have been implemented in the United States and Canada since 2018 and in England since 2017 but with differing focus: youth vaping prevention (United States/Canada) and smoking cessation (England). We therefore examined country differences and trends in noticing vaping campaigns among youth and, using 2022 data only, perceived valence of campaigns and associations with harm perceptions. Seven repeated cross-sectional surveys of 16–19 year-olds in United States, Canada and England (2018–2022, n = 92 339). Over half of youth reported noticing vaping campaigns, and noticing increased from August 2018 to February 2020 (United States: 55.2% to 74.6%, AOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.18-1.24; Canada: 52.6% to 64.5%, AOR = 1.13, 1.11-1.16; England: 48.0% to 53.0%, AOR = 1.05, 1.02-1.08) before decreasing (Canada) or plateauing (England/United States) to August 2022. Increases were most pronounced in the United States, then Canada. Noticing was most common on websites/social media, school and television/radio. In 2022 only, most campaigns were perceived to negatively portray vaping and this was associated with accurately perceiving vaping as less harmful than smoking among youth who exclusively vaped (AOR = 1.46, 1.09-1.97). Consistent with implementation of youth vaping prevention campaigns in the United States and Canada, most youth reported noticing vaping campaigns/messages, and most were perceived to negatively portray vaping.
Microtargeting, voters’ unawareness, and democracy
Authors: van Gils Freek , Müller Wieland , Prüfer Jens 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Recent technological developments have raised concerns about threats to democracy because of their potential to distort election outcomes: (a) data-driven voter research enabling political microtargeting and (b) growing news consumption via social media and news aggregators that obfuscate the origin of news items, leading to voters’ unawareness about a news sender’s identity. We provide a theoretical framework in which we can analyze the effects that microtargeting by political interest groups and unawareness have on election outcomes in comparison to “conventional” news reporting. We show which voter groups suffer from which technological development (a) or (b). While both microtargeting and unawareness have negative effects on voter welfare, we show that only unawareness can flip an election. Our model framework allows the theory-based discussion of policy proposals, such as to ban microtargeting or to require news platforms to signal the political orientation of a news item’s originator (JEL C72, D72, D82, D83).
Efficient auxiliary information synthesis for cure rate model
Authors: Ding Jie , Li Jialiang , Wang Xiaoguang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe propose a new auxiliary information synthesis method to utilize subgroup survival information at multiple time points under the semi-parametric mixture cure rate model. After summarizing the auxiliary information via estimating equations, a control variate technique is adopted to reduce the variance efficiently, together with a test statistic to check the homogeneity assumption. Revision using penalization is further considered to adaptively accommodate potential population heterogeneity. Our methods can be adjusted when the uncertainty is not negligible. We establish asymptotic properties of our proposed estimators, and demonstrate their practical performances through extensive simulations and an invasive breast cancer study.
A pseudo-response approach to constructing confidence intervals for the subset of patients expected to benefit from a new treatment
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Zhiwei , Hu Zonghui , Xu Ping , Cohen Calvin J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In precision medicine, there is much interest in estimating the expected-to-benefit (EB) subset, i.e. the subset of patients who are expected to benefit from a new treatment based on a collection of baseline characteristics. There are many statistical methods for estimating the EB subset, most of which produce a ‘point estimate’ without a confidence statement to address uncertainty. Confidence intervals for the EB subset have been defined only recently, and their construction is a new area for methodological research. This article proposes a pseudo-response approach to EB subset estimation and confidence interval construction. Compared to existing methods, the pseudo-response approach allows us to focus on modelling a conditional treatment effect function (as opposed to the conditional mean outcome given treatment and baseline covariates) and is able to incorporate information from baseline covariates that are not involved in defining the EB subset. Simulation results show that incorporating such covariates can improve estimation efficiency and reduce the size of the confidence interval for the EB subset. The methodology is applied to a randomized clinical trial comparing two drugs for treating HIV infection.
Ukrainian Healthcare Professionals’ Experiences During Operation Gunpowder: Implications for Increasing and Enhancing Training Partnerships
Authors: Shumaker Jonathan T , Shen Cynthia , Cole Rebekah 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
Because of the diverse backgrounds of their healthcare professionals, Ukrainian military medicine needs expanded and enhanced military medical training to increase their readiness in the war against Russia. During March 2023, eight Ukrainian healthcare professionals participated in Operation Gunpowder, a high-fidelity prolonged casualty care simulation conducted by the USU as a part of its Military Unique Curriculum. In order to evaluate their experiences, we interviewed each healthcare professional and analyzed the data to determine common themes. The participants first described the challenges of operational medicine in Ukraine. They then described the benefits of simulation training such as learning how to navigate a resource-limited operational environment, learning prolonged casualty care, and enhancing leadership and teamwork. Finally, they discussed how they planned to implement training such as Operation Gunpowder in Ukraine in order to increase force readiness. After experiencing the prolonged casualty care simulation training, the Ukrainian participants believed Operation Gunpowder to be a valuable training tool due to its ability to help them overcome the current challenges they are facing in their war against Russia. They described how they would integrate similar training in Ukraine, and follow-up correspondence revealed the success of these efforts. Other universities and institutions are likewise called to use their knowledge and resources to help train Ukrainian health professionals using simulation-based training or other education modalities.