bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET
Authors: Pommerenke W. T. , Slavin H. B. , Kariher D. H. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring the dog to a steady state of low plasma protein and uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. Such dogs are excellent test subjects by which the potency of various diet factors for plasma protein regeneration can be measured.
To regenerate plasma proteins in any significant amount the depleted dog requires food protein. Some proteins are very potent for new plasma protein production and others are utilized poorly.
Beef serum is very potent and its proteins (2.6 gm.) will produce 1 gm. of new plasma protein in the depleted dog—a potency ratio of 2.6.
Kidney protein stands at the bottom of our list and the dog needs 21 gm. of kidney protein to regenerate 1 gm. of plasma protein—a potency ratio of 21.0.
Some grain proteins approximate the potency of beef serum and may show potency ratios of 2.7 to 4.6. Some of these grain proteins appear to favor the production of globulin more than albumin in the plasma.
Skeletal muscle, gizzard (smooth muscle), lactalbumin and egg white fall into a favorable group with a potency ratio of 5.3 to 6.0.
Whole liver, liver fractions, casein, and beef heart are a little less potent and present potency ratios of 6.5 to 8.0. Many of these food substances favor the production of albumin more than globulin.
Pancreas and salmon muscle show less favorable potency ratios of 19.0 and 15.0 respectively.
Fasting periods indicate that these depleted dogs can produce little if any new plasma protein.
Iron feeding in some unexplained manner will influence body metabolism so that an excess of plasma protein will be produced.
These observations have a bearing on clinical conditions associated with hypoproteinemia and give suggestions for diet aid or control in some of these abnormal states. The make-up of the diet is obviously of great interest and it is possible that protein combinations may be more potent than a single protein or that food potency ratios may differ in health and disease.
DOG PLASMA PROTEIN GIVEN BY VEIN UTILIZED IN BODY METABOLISM OF DOG
Authors: Pommerenke W. T. , Slavin H. B. , Kariher D. H. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Foreign plasma protein (horse) introduced parenterally into the protein fasting dog is not utilized in the body economy. Its fate appears to be disintegration and elimination as excess urinary nitrogen. This is totally different from the fate of dog plasma protein under similar conditions.
Dog hemoglobin given parenterally to the protein fasting dog is not utilized as is dog plasma protein to keep the animal in nitrogen equilibrium but the globin is largely broken down and discarded as excess urinary nitrogen. A small part of the injected hemoglobin is probably utilized to maintain the red cell concentration in the blood at high levels.
Dog plasma given parenterally in a protein fasting dog will maintain the dog in nitrogen equilibrium and there is no surplus nitrogen elimination in the after periods. It is apparent that the introduced plasma protein is utilized efficiently in body metabolism to replace or repair tissue protein. It is suggested that although this is an emergency reaction the same reactions may go on in normal internal metabolism. The observation that foreign plasma and dog hemoglobin cannot be utilized when given parenterally actually strengthens this last argument for a normal contribution from plasma proteins to body proteins.
NUTRITIONAL EDEMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Weech A. A. , Goettsch E. , Reeves E. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. The concentration of protein in the serum and plasma of normal dogs is given. Analyses of serum from 38 animals yielded the following averages and standard deviations, (a) for albumin: 3.26 ± 0.48 gm. per cent, (b) for globulin: 2.72 ± 0.76 gm. per cent, and (c) for total protein: 5.98 ± 0.67 gm. per cent. Analyses of plasma from 19 animals showed, (a) for albumin: 3.38 ± 0.38 gm. per cent, (b) for globulin: 2.98 ± 0.55 gm. per cent, and (c) for total protein: 6.36 ± 0.71 gm. per cent.
2. A diet for dogs is described, the feeding of which results in a progressive decline in the concentration of protein in the serum. A composite curve constructed from the findings with 21 animals discloses a rapid initial fall and a slower subsequent decrease in albumin and total protein and an approximately constant level for globulin. The course of the globulin curve was subject to wide variation in separate experiments, both increases and decreases being recorded.
3. With five dogs the nitrogen balance was followed through a total of 42 metabolism periods of approximately 7 days each. The average daily loss of nitrogen was 1.15 gm. Approximate calculations disclose that only 3 or 4 per cent of the nitrogen eliminated is accounted for by the decline in circulating protein, the remainder being represented by loss from the tissues.
4. An episode is described with one dog when, during a period of self-imposed fasting, the serum albumin regenerated to a normal level, apparently at the expense of catabolized tissue protein.
5. The course of serum proteins is described during the recovery which follows interruption of the low protein diet and return to a regime of adequate feeding.
6. A discussion is given of the relationship between tissue proteins and plasma proteins. The data permit one to entertain the hope that a way will be found for stimulating an internal readjustment to provide temporary relief from hypoproteinemia, a way which will depend upon the potential ability of the tissues to provide sufficient protein for the needs of the plasma.
RENAL DAMAGE FOLLOWING THE INGESTION OF A DIET CONTAINING AN EXCESS OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

The addition of an excess of inorganic phosphate in the form of orthophosphoric acid, acid, basic or neutral sodium or potassium phosphate to the diet of albino rats results in the development of an interesting and permanent renal lesion.
The phosphate renal lesion is characterized by a necrosis of the cells of the convoluted tubules commencing at the terminal end, followed by a regeneration of atypical epithelium and calcification of the necrotic debris that fills the tubules.
The entire outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla is transformed into a zone of distorted structures and there is an increase in the interstitial connective tissue. The adjoining cortex is also involved with cystic dilatation of tubules and collapse. Such areas may reach the free surface of the organ and produce a retracted scar.
In the gross the kidneys are enlarged and firm on section with a pebbled surface produced by numerous scars.
The maximum changes in the kidney structure are reached after some 15 days although necrosis of the convoluted tubule cells is evident after a single day of phosphate feeding.
The renal structure is not restored to its normal form when the excess of phosphate is removed from the diet.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

The mucous surfaces of the nasal passages and orbital sinuses appear to afford particularly favorable conditions for the development of the fowl coryza bacillus. Injected in the nasal tract, in any appreciable number, the bacilli regularly develop and may continue to exist for a considerable period of time in spite of an active inflammatory reaction on the part of the host.
The specific bacillus multiplies either sparsely or not at all when injected extranasally, regardless of the nature of the cellular surface with which it is brought in contact.
If the locus of injection is in communication with the upper air passages, as in the case of the trachea, internal ear, and orbital cavity, the bacilli may be carried there, even in the absence of a local development, and produce a coryza.
Introduction of the bacilli in loci not in communication with the upper air passages is followed by a nasal carriage only in the case of the peritoneal cavity. Following intraperitoneal injection, 7 of 12 birds showed the specific bacillus in the nasal passages and except in one instance without an accompanying inflammation.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

New toxic substances in certain tuberculin, O.T., and B. typhosus culture filtrates are described. These substances are capable of eliciting the hemorrhagic necrosis characteristic of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity provided heterologous bacterial filtrates of high potency are used either for the intradermal or the intravenous injection. The toxic substances apparently have no relationship to the tuberculin substances proper.
The experiments with inactive preparations also demonstrate in rabbits a state of hypersensitiveness to tuberculin, O.T., and bacteria-free culture filtrates in the absence of tuberculous foci. The reactions are elicited provided the tissues are rendered vulnerable through contact with certain soluble bacterial factors capable of eliciting the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates, and provided the tuberculin or the tuberculous culture filtrates are injected intravenously into immunized rabbits.
THE COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Smooth, round, shiny, non-granular, and non-spreading colonies have been observed in cultures of virulent tubercle bacilli freshly isolated from eight human sources other than sputum. The classification of six of these strains as of human type was established by inoculation into rabbits and guinea pigs.
2. The 3 per cent NaOH or 6 per cent H2SO4 frequently used in the isolation of tubercle bacilli are definitely unfavorable to the development of smooth colonies.
3. It was observed that smooth colonies are produced in greater number when the pH of the medium (Corper's egg yolk-glycerine) is adjusted to a point near to but slightly on the acid side of neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Fite George L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The infectious agent from fatal cases of St. Louis and Kansas City encephalitis passes Seitz pads in high dilution without appreciable loss of infectivity and traverses collodion membranes with an average pore size of 66 mµ or greater.
2. It is highly infectious for mice by the intracerebral and intranasal routes, but practically innocuous by the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes.
3. Certain strains of mice are more susceptible than others.
4. The agent administered to mice intranasally causes tremors and convulsions after a 6 to 7 day incubation period, followed by prostration and death in 8 to 10 days. Lesions are demonstrable in the olfactory bulbs 3 days after infection, in the piriform lobe after 4 days, and in Ammon's horn after 5 days.
5. In Macacus rhesus monkeys, the agent provokes a mild, non-fatal reaction and the development of specific neutralizing bodies. On passage in monkeys, the virus becomes progressively weaker.
6. In rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and sheep the agent is apparently without effect.
7. All available strains of the agent proved alike in effects in animals and in immunological response.
8. The available data enable one to conclude that the agent is a filtrable virus differing from those studied heretofore.
TRANSMISSION OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA OF MICE
Authors: Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

A transmissible strain of myeloid leukemia of mice is described. It can be readily passed from diseased to healthy mice by the transfer of tissues that contain live cells; but inoculation fails when the latter are not present.
Inoculation is successful in almost every mouse whose resistance is lowered by X-rays. It is often successful in mice related to the animal in which the spontaneous leukemia took its origin, and occasionally successful in mice unrelated to it.
The systemic diffuse disease (myeloid leukemia) is produced only by intravenous inoculation with relatively large doses, whereas subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation results in the formation of tumors composed of myelocytes with basophile granules, in other words malignant blood cells of the strain described.
Intravenous inoculation with small doses in susceptible mice, or similar inoculation with larger doses in somewhat resistant mice, results in the formation of tumors composed of myelocytes (multiple myeloma).
THE NEUTRALIZATION TEST IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D. 
Published: June 2004

In experiments devised to compare the neutralizing action of normal adult human sera on different strains of poliomyelitis virus, and to fill in certain gaps in our series of neutralization tests with different strains of virus on different types of cases in different age groups, we have made the following observations.
1. The difference between two human and two passage strains of the virus when tested by this method amounted to about 25 per cent, and there was less power in normal adult sera to neutralize human than passage strains of virus.
2. The differences between the two human strains amounted to 15 per cent, and between the two passage strains to 8 per cent, the last figure falling within the limits of the experimental error of the method.
The extent to which these findings affect certain concepts with regard to the epidemiology of poliomyelitis based on passage strain neutralization experiments cannot be determined from the data presented in this paper, except that they more or less confirm the view previously derived from passage strain experiments, that 70 to 95 per cent of normal urban adults possess in their blood, substance which neutralizes poliomyelitis virus in a given amount. However, certain other indications appear when the present results are supplemented by those we have previously obtained (25). Primarily, we have found no relation between the clinical acquisition of poliomyelitis and the presence of substance in the serum which neutralizes a passage strain of poliomyelitis virus. With a passage strain the results seem rather to bear a closer relationship to age than to illness. With a human strain we have obtained results in which there is some evidence, shown only in the juvenile group, that acquisition of the clinical disease is accompanied by the appearance of antiviral properties in the blood.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PROTEIN RATIONS ON THE SERUM PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OF THE RAT
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of various percentages of protein (casein) in the diet on the serum protein concentration of the rat was studied.
2. With high protein rations (50 per cent or over) there is no drop at all of serum protein concentration, even though the diet is otherwise poorly balanced and inadequate as evidenced by weight loss.
3. With protein rations under 20 per cent the serum protein concentration falls promptly to a level of about 5.25–5.50 gm. per cent, where it is maintained regardless of whether the diet contains 1, 5, or 10 per cent of protein. Further depletion of the blood colloid concentration seems to meet with resistance on the part of the body.
STUDIES ON THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS OF HUMAN ORIGIN
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Lyons Champ 
Published: June 2004

1. Four common variants of the hemolytic streptococcus of human origin have been described. These have been designated the F, M, attenuated M, and C variants.
2. The F and M variants only have been isolated from the blood stream in streptococcal infections. Only the M, however, has any primary virulence for the mouse.
3. Both these variants resist phagocytosis in human blood under suitable conditions, and this appears to be a reliable test for human virulence.
4. The attenuated M variant, found only in laboratory cultures, has a capsule as well developed as that of the virulent variants, and yet does not resist phagocytosis.
5. The C variant has no capsule and is readily phagocyted. It appears to correspond to the avirulent variant in other species.
6. An attempt has been made to correlate these four variants with those already described in the literature.
7. The application of these findings to the problem of virulence has been discussed.
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Rake Geoffrey 
Published: June 2004

The investigation of this isolated epidemic of meningococcus meningitis at a C.C.C. camp gave an opportunity to examine the carrier state in contacts carrying what were presumably virulent epidemic strains of organisms.
With the aid of Miller's technique for the enhancement of the demonstrable virulence of meningococci for mice, it proved possible to test the virulence of the carrier strains from Camp Rusk. These results were consistent despite the interval of from 3 to 4 weeks which intervened between the isolation of the strains and the virulence titrations. Type I strains were found to have a high virulence, while the virulence of Type II strains was moderately high but definitely less than that of the Type I, and atypical strains and strains of N. catarrhalis isolated from carriers showed a very low virulence.
The question of the precise nature of the carrier state was investigated. No evidence has been obtained yet as to the existence of a relationship between pharyngitis, coryza or upper respiratory disease and the presence and degree of the carrier state. This is unlike the situation with regard to pneumococcus carriers. On the other hand, it has proved possible to demonstrate reactions within the body to the meningococci in the nasopharynx, consisting of the formation of agglutinins and protective antibodies in the blood serum. 32.3 per cent of Type I and 60 per cent of Type II carrier sera showed moderate or good agglutinins for homologous organisms and 80 per cent of Type I and 40 per cent of Type II sera showed moderate or good protective antibodies against virulent homologous strains. No idea could be obtained as to the relationship of the presence or absence and the degree of serological reaction and the duration of the carrier state.
THE EXTENT OF LOCAL DISPERSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS A FACTOR IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

Progressively decreasing quantities of bacteria of some 20 strains were utilized in experiments upon the effect of dispersing the organisms in the rabbit skin through the agency of an extract of testicle or an invasive staphylococcus. The same was done with 6 strains of filterable viruses.
The bacterial lesions were enhanced by spreading when the organisms introduced were above a certain number or quantity (minimal effective concentration) and on the other hand were partially or totally suppressed when their number was less than this. Virulence and minimal effective concentration were observed to be in inverse relationship. The lesions due to the filterable viruses studied were, on the other hand, enhanced by the spreading factor even when the quantity of virus approached the minimal infective dose. This happened irrespective of whether the virus caused severe lesions or slight ones.
The highly virulent Pneumococcus Type I, injected into normal rabbits together with the spreading factor, yielded enhanced lesions even at practically its minimal infective dose; but when the resistance of the animal was raised with specific antiserum the lesions were totally suppressed by the experimental dispersion of the bacteria. When such an experiment was repeated on a filterable virus, vaccinia, no suppression took place as a result of the dispersion of the infective agent.
The significance of the differences in the bacterial and virus phenomena is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Jacobs John 
Published: June 2004

Experiments on the sensitization of guinea pigs with simple chemical compounds are described. Positive effects were obtained by the administration of small quantities, namely fractions of milligrams, with 1:2:4 chlorodinitrobenzene, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 1:2:4 trinitrobenzene, picryl chloride, four dichlorodinitrobenzenes, and a number of other aromatic compounds. Several substances chemically similar to those enumerated gave negative results. The first named compound is known to produce hypersensitiveness in human beings, a large number of cases having been observed in factory workers.
The mechanism of these effects is discussed.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TYPE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THE BLOOD GROUP SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE A
Authors: Witebsky Ernst , Neter Erwin , Sobotka Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. A relationship between the soluble specific substances of pneumococci and the blood group substance A of man can be demonstrated by the inhibition of sheep cell hemolysis by a group specific A-antiserum. However, there are quantitative differences between the various types.
2. A striking difference exists between the acetyl and the de-acetylated polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I: The de-acetylated carbohydrate fails to react with the group specific A-antiserum, while the acetyl carbohydrate shows a strong reactivity.
3. The minimum amount of the acetyl polysaccharide, which inhibits sheep cell hemolysis by A-antiserum, is almost as small as that of the group specific carbohydrate isolated by Freudenberg and Eichel from urines of group A.
4. The reactivity of the acetyl polysaccharide can be demonstrated not only by the hemolysis inhibition test, but also by complement fixation and by inhibition of group specific iso-agglutination.
5. Feces filtrates, which possess the ability to destroy the blood group specific substances A and B of man, also affect the acetyl polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I. After incubation with an effective feces filtrate, the acetyl polysaccharide almost completely loses its potency toward the group specific A-antiserum and also its ability to inhibit the iso-agglutination of A blood cells.
6. Acetyl polysaccharide of Pneumococcus Type I, having lost its reactivity toward the group-specific A-antiserum after treatment with feces filtrate, still reacts with Type I pneumococcus antiserum which was previously absorbed with de-acetylated polysaccharide, Type I. Thus, the essential effect of the feces filtrate on acetyl polysaccharide, Type I, is not the cleavage of acetyl group, but some other chemical alteration.