bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary experimental research on RF coupling efficiency of CRAFT NNBI prototype ion source
Authors: Wang Na , Liu Zhimin , Wei Jianglong , Xie Yahong , Yang Yuwen , Jiang Caichao , Gu Yuming , Su Guojian , Peng Xufeng , Xie Junwei , Xie Yuanlai 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A radio frequency inductively coupled plasma source was chose as the prototype ion source for CRFAT NNBI system. The RF coupling efficiency of this negative ion(H−) source is researched by experiment. The effect of the RF ion source’s multi-cusp confinement magnet on the RF coupling efficiency is focused on. It is found that the RF ion source, equipped with a linear type cusp magnet array on the expansion chamber walls, exhibits a higher efficiency of 2% to 6.6% compared to the checkerboard type. Furthermore, the RF coupling efficiency improves by approximately 9% when a confinement magnet is used, as opposed to not having one. The variations in bias voltage have no impact on the RF coupling efficiency. Nonetheless, variations in the magnetic field within the driver region caused by changes in the PG current induce an impact on the plasma in that region. When the PG current was raised from 800 A to 2500 A, it led to a minor reduction in RF coupling efficiency of approximately 2%.
Calcium storage in multivesicular endo-lysosome
Authors: Scott Cameron C , Wasnik Vaibhav , Nunes-Hassler Paula , Demaurex Nicolas , Kruse Karsten , Gruenberg Jean 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
It is now established that endo-lysosomes, also referred to as late endosomes, serve as intracellular calcium store, in addition to the endoplasmic reticulum. While abundant calcium-binding proteins provide the latter compartment with its calcium storage capacity, essentially nothing is known about the mechanism responsible for calcium storage in endo-lysosomes. In this paper, we propose that the structural organization of endo-lysosomal membranes drives the calcium storage capacity of the compartment. Indeed, endo-lysosomes exhibit a characteristic multivesicular ultrastructure, with intralumenal membranes providing a large amount of additional bilayer surface. We used a theoretical approach to investigate the calcium storage capacity of endosomes, using known calcium binding affinities for bilayers and morphological data on endo-lysosome membrane organization. Finally, we tested our predictions experimentally after Sorting Nexin 3 depletion to decrease the intralumenal membrane content. We conclude that the major negatively-charge lipids and proteins of endo-lysosomes serve as calcium-binding molecules in the acidic calcium stores of mammalian cells, while the large surface area of intralumenal membranes provide the necessary storage capacity.
Effects of atmospheric aerosols on heat stress over South Asia
Authors: Ajay Parottil , Nair Vijayakumar S , Babu S Suresh , Das Chiranjit , K H Usha 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The recent trend in global mean temperature is expected to increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves and heat stress all around the world, especially over the Indian subcontinent. To investigate the plausible mechanisms and implications of meteorological feedback of aerosol forcing on heat stress over South Asia, simulations using a regional climate model (RegCM4) coupled with aerosols were carried out from 2015 to 2019. Generally, extreme heat days are observed mainly over the central and western Indo-Gangetic plains (IGPs) during May. The two heat-humidity indices, wet-bulb temperature (WBT) and heat index (HI), showed moderate effects due to aerosol forcing despite the high aerosol loading during the pre-monsoon. The inclusion of aerosols leads to surface cooling (a reduction in maximum surface temperature), with the highest impact over western India (WI) and the IGP. However, this surface cooling due to aerosols is compensated by an increase in near-surface relative humidity (RH), leading to an increase in WBT and HI. This compensating effect of RH on WBT and HI is greater in WI than that in eastern India. Regional heterogeneity in aerosol-induced changes in heat stress has a strong dependence on land-atmosphere interactions. This study clearly shows that aerosol-induced changes in RH play a decisive role in the assessment of heat stress, which answers the link between the prevalence of high heat stress conditions despite high aerosol loading (surface cooling) over the Indian region.
The social contract: consent of those governed
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of a social contract, which was accepted as the core of modern conceptions of democratic national governments. Social contract theory’s driving insight is that legitimate government requires the consent of those governed. Moreover, early social contract theory offered new ideas about the best form and origins of governments. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau contributed to the modern theory of the social contract based on the fiction of the state of nature to justify forms of government relevant to their historical circumstances and the interests that they represented.
New democracies and new conceptions of democracy
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the influence of World War II on 20th-century thought about democracy and new forms of activism. The Allies imposed new democratic political structures on the governments of Germany, Italy, and Japan to prevent another world war. However, the war had followed the rise of fascism, which was considered to be the antithesis of democracy. New ideas came from Hannah Arendt, John Rawls, Amartya Sen, and Karl Popper. Internal developments of democracy often resulted from popular movements with charismatic leaders like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela. The chapter also suggests how natural emergencies can provide opportunities to expand democracy, but upheavals, like a man-made war, may increase vulnerability to undemocratic regressions.
The future of democracy: threats and resilience
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the threats to, and resilience of, democracy, by looking into history and current events. Democracy has become an internationally recognized ideal for society, as well as for government. However, the goal of social equality has been met by backlash against gains for minorities, presenting new problems for progressives. According to the political theorist Arthur Bentley, external forces or biological differences cannot account for the social disadvantages suffered by some groups. Therefore, democratic humanitarian policies are an important element of political morality. The chapter addresses such problems in democracy as internal politics, natural disasters, climate change, pandemics, conspiracy theories, and undemocratic populism.
Spectres in the prison garden
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Nelson Mandela’s prison years in Robben Island Maximum Security Prison, Pollsmoor and Victor Verster. It mentions how Mandela was incarcerated for a longer period than his political mentors Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. The predominant spectral qualities of life on Robben Island range from the cooperation between prisoners and warders, the brutal regime of everyday existence, and the transformative aspects of incarceration. Gardening offered Mandela a practical correlative to his visions of change. Even though Mandela entered the prison as a hot-headed opinionated young leader, he left prison life as a reflective, disciplined person able to force a consensus and yet to draw humanity out of another by sheer conviction and persistence.
How does film music work?
Authors: Kalinak Kathryn 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Film music can be music in its own right, but when it is “film music” it is defined by its function within a cinematic field of reference. “How does film music work?” introduces some of the basic ways in which film music can be meaningful, in terms of both its constitution as music and its function as a component of filmic narrative. Musical concepts examined include tonality, melody, harmony, rhythm, tempo, dynamics, timbre, instrumentation, and form. Film music concepts examined include parallelism and counterpoint as well as mutual interdependence. Examples in this chapter are drawn from a variety of eras and global practices and include Psycho, Beauty and the Beast, Monsoon Wedding, The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, The Power of the Dog, The Shape of Water, and Lars von Trier’s Europa trilogy.
The U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The U.S. Supreme Court: A Very Short Introduction draws on the Court’s history and its written and unwritten rules to show how it operates in the twenty-first century. Today’s Supreme Court, housed in a majestic building on Capitol Hill, bears little resemblance to the institution launched by the Framers of the Constitution and was originally seen as the weakest of the three branches of government. Over the next 200 years, the Court put the independence the Framers gave it to use and now largely defines itself, exercising so much power over how Americans live that some have begun to question whether the Court has gone too far. How do cases reach the Supreme Court? What features have other courts around the world taken from the Supreme Court, and what have they left?
The Court at work (1)
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A very small percentage of all cases decided by the country’s judicial system reach the Supreme Court. “The Court at work (1)” explains that even if a case meets all the criteria, the justices are not likely to accept it. The Court has navigated debates about the separation of powers and conflicting approaches to interpretations of the statutes. The growth of the administrative state means that the Court is now more often tasked with determining whether administrative agencies are carrying out their duties correctly. What do cases and controversies mean to the Supreme Court? Why are these terms important, and how have the Court’s interpretations of them changed over time?
The justices
Authors: Greenhouse Linda 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
There are no formal requirements for becoming a Supreme Court justice. “The justices” notes that the job is theoretically open to anyone who can be nominated by the president and confirmed by a majority vote. The current Supreme Court consists of nine justices. The first membership was entirely Protestant, and there were no women until 1981. Now, there are four women, and all but two of the justices were raised in the Catholic Church. The modern court lacks diversity of professional backgrounds; all but one of the justices were formerly federal appellate judges. Some appointments, both historical and recent, have been controversial. It is not unheard of for a justice’s ideology to drift after his or her appointment, in some cases amounting to considerable changes in outlook during that justice’s time in the Court.
Alcohol Consumption and Antihypertensive Treatment Effect in Male Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Ye Xiao-Fei , Wang Wen-Yuan-Yue , Wang Xin-Yu , Huang Qi-Fang , Li Yan , Wang Ji-Guang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Alcohol consumption is a proven risk factor of hypertension. In the present analysis, we investigated the use of antihypertensive medications and blood pressure control in male alcohol drinkers and non-drinkers with hypertension (systolic/diastolic blood pressure 160–199/100–119 mm Hg).

METHODS
The study participants were patients enrolled in a 12-week therapeutic study and treated with the irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination 150/12.5 mg once daily, with the possible up-titration to 300/12.5 mg/day and 300/25 mg/day at 4 and 8 weeks of follow-up, respectively, for blood pressure control of &lt;140/90 mm Hg or &lt;130/80 mm Hg in patients with diabetes mellitus. Alcohol consumption was classified as non-drinkers and drinkers.

RESULTS
The 68 alcohol drinkers and 168 non-drinkers had similar systolic/diastolic blood pressure at baseline (160.8 ± 12.1/99.8 ± 8.6 vs. 161.8 ± 11.0/99.2 ± 8.6, P ≥ 0.55) and other characteristics except for current smoking (80.9% vs. 47.6%, P &lt; 0.0001). In patients who completed the 12-week follow-up (n = 215), the use of higher dosages of antihypertensive drugs was similar at 4 weeks of follow-up in drinkers and non-drinkers (10.6% vs. 12.4%, P = 0.70), but increased to a significantly higher proportion in drinkers than non-drinkers at 12 weeks of follow-up (54.7% vs. 36.6%, P = 0.01). The control rate of hypertension tended to be lower in alcohol drinkers, compared with non-drinkers, at 4 weeks of follow-up (45.6% vs. 58.9%, P = 0.06), but became similar at 12 weeks of follow-up (51.5% vs. 54.8%, P = 0.65).

CONCLUSION
Alcohol drinkers compared with non-drinkers required a higher dosage of antihypertensive drug treatment to achieve similar blood pressure control.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER
NCT00670566 at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Testing the function of a colour pattern polymorphism in a lizard
Authors: Matthews Genevieve , Chapple David G 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Trait polymorphisms can vary across different contexts of selection and be maintained through trade-offs between these contexts. For example, colour polymorphic variants may represent alternative strategies optimizing crypsis or thermoregulation in different populations. Here we use visual modelling to test the conspicuousness of different colour pattern morphs in males and females of an Australian lizard, Lampropholis delicata, to predators and conspecifics. We further assess differences in reflectance, microhabitat selection, and mate preference to determine the functional role of the polymorphism and explain its variable distribution across latitude and the sexes. Plain morphs are more conspicuous than striped morphs in both bird and lizard visual models, suggesting predation selection, and habitat structure varies among sex-morph types, but we find no difference in microhabitat selection or mate preference based on colour. We suggest that a combination of spatially varying selection, habitat preference, and context-specific behaviour may be necessary to explain spatial patterns of colour morph frequencies.
Assessing the genetic risk of nodular melanoma using a candidate gene approach
Authors: Stark Mitchell S , Sturm Richard A , Pan Yan , Smit Darren J , Kommajosyula Varsha , Lee Katie J , Jagirdar Kasturee , McLean Catriona , Duffy David L , Soyer H Peter , Mar Victoria J 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Nodular melanoma (NM) is a challenge to diagnose early due to its rapid growth and more atypical clinical presentation, making it the largest contributor to melanoma mortality.

Objectives
Our study aim was to perform a rare-variant allele (RVA) analysis of whole-exome sequencing of patients with NM and non-NM (minor allele frequency ≤ 1% non-Finnish European) for a set of 500 candidate genes potentially implicated in melanoma.

Methods
This study recruited 131 participants with NM and 194 with non-NM from South-east Queensland and patients with NM from Victoria to perform a comparative analysis of possible genetic differences or similarities between the two melanoma cohorts.

Results
Phenotypic analysis revealed that a majority of patients diagnosed with NM were older males with a higher frequency of fair skin and red hair than is seen in the general population. The distribution of common melanoma polygenic risk scores was similar in patients with NM and non-NM, with over 28% in the highest quantile of scores. There was also a similar frequency of carriage of familial/high-penetrant melanoma gene and loss-of-function variants. We identified 39 genes by filtering 500 candidate genes based on the greatest frequency in NM compared with non-NM cases. The genes with RVAs of greatest frequency in NM included PTCH1, ARID2 and GHR. Rare variants in the SMO gene, which interacts with PTCH1 as ligand and receptor, were also identified, providing evidence that the Hedgehog pathway may contribute to NM risk. There was a cumulative effect in carrying multiple rare variants in the NM-associated genes. A 14.8-fold increased ratio for NM compared with non-NM was seen when two RVAs of the 39 genes were carried by a patient.

Conclusions
This study highlights the importance of considering frequency of RVA to identify those at risk of NM in addition to known high penetrance genes.
Evolving challenges of leadership in surgery to improve inclusivity, representation, and well-being
Authors: Mishra Kritika , Kovoor Joshua G , Gupta Aashray K , Bacchi Stephen , Lai Christine S , Stain Steven C , Maddern Guy J 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Leadership is a complex and demanding process crucial to maintaining quality in surgical systems of care. Once an autocratic practice, modern-day surgical leaders must demonstrate inclusivity, flexibility, emotional competence, team-building, and a multidisciplinary approach. The complex healthcare environment challenges those in leadership positions. The aim of this narrative review was to consolidate the major challenges facing surgeons today and to suggest evidence-based strategies to support surgical leaders.

Methods
Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Ovid databases were searched to review literature on the challenges faced by surgical leaders. The commonly identified areas that compromise inclusivity and productive leadership practices were consolidated into 10 main subheadings. Further research was conducted using the aforementioned databases to outline the importance of addressing such challenges, and to consolidate evidence-based strategies to resolve them.

Results
The importance of increasing representation of marginalized groups in leadership positions, including women, ethnic groups, the queer community, and ageing professionals, has been identified by surgical colleges in many countries. Leaders must create a collegial environment with proactive, honest communication and robust reporting pathways for victims of workplace harassment. The retention of diverse, empowering, and educating leaders relies on equitable opportunities, salaries, recognition, and support. Thus, it is important to implement formal training and mentorship, burnout prevention, conflict management, and well-being advocacy.

Conclusion
There are two aspects to addressing challenges facing surgical leadership; improving advocacy by and for leaders. Systems must be designed to support surgical leaders through formal education and training, meaningful mentorship programmes, and well-being advocacy, thus enabling them to proactively and productively advocate and care for their patients, colleagues, and professional communities.
Long-term patient-reported outcomes of immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer: population-based cohort study
Authors: Johnson Leigh , White Paul , Jeevan Ranjeet , Browne John , Gulliver-Clarke Carmel , O’Donoghue Joe , Mohiuddin Syed , Hollingworth William , Fairbrother Patricia , MacKenzie Mairead , Holcombe Chris , Potter Shelley 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Breast reconstruction is offered to improve quality of life for women after mastectomy for breast cancer, but information regarding the long-term patient-reported outcomes of different reconstruction procedures is currently lacking. The Brighter study aimed to evaluate long-term patient-reported outcomes after immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) in a population-based cohort.

Methods
Women who underwent mastectomy with IBR for breast cancer in England between 1 January 2008 and 31 March 2009 were identified from National Health Service Hospital Episode Statistics. Surviving women were invited to complete the BREAST-Q, EQ-5D-5L™, and ICECAP-A at least 12 years after the index procedure. Questionnaires were scored according to developers’ instructions and compared by IBR type.

Results
Some 1236 women underwent IBR; 343 (27.8 per cent) had 2-stage expander/implant, 630 (51.0 per cent) latissimus dorsi, and 263 (21.3 per cent) abdominal flap reconstructions, with a mean(s.d.) follow-up of 13.3(0.5) years. Women who underwent abdominal flap reconstruction reported higher scores in all BREAST-Q domains than those who had other procedures. These differences remained statistically significant and clinically meaningful after adjusting for age, ethnicity, geographical region, socioeconomic status, smoking, BMI, and complications. The greatest difference was seen in scores for satisfaction with breasts; women who had abdominal flap reconstructions reported scores that were 13.17 (95 per cent c.i. 9.48 to 16.87) points; P &lt; 0.001) higher than those among women who had two-stage expander/implant procedures. Women who underwent latissimus dorsi reconstruction reported significantly more pain/discomfort on the EQ-5D-5L™, but no other differences between procedures were seen.

Conclusion
Long-term patient-reported outcomes are significantly better following abdominal flap reconstruction than other traditional procedure types. These findings should be shared with women considering IBR to help them make informed decisions about their surgical options.
Impact of autofluorescence for detection of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy on postoperative parathyroid hormone levels: parallel multicentre randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bergenfelz Anders , Barczynski Marcin , Heie Anette , Muth Andreas , Passler Christian , Schneider Max , Wierzbicka Paulina , Konturek Alexander , Brauckhoff Katrin , Elf Anna-Karin , Dahlberg Jakob , Hermann Michael 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background
Techniques for autofluorescence have been introduced to visualize the parathyroid glands during surgery and to reduce hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy.

Methods
This parallel multicentre RCT investigated the use of Fluobeam® LX to visualize the parathyroid glands by autofluorescence during total thyroidectomy compared with no use. There was no restriction on the indication for surgery. Patients were randomized 1 : 1 and were blinded to the group allocation. The hypothesis was that autofluorescence enables identification and protection of the parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy. The primary endpoint was the rate of low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels the day after surgery.

Results
Some 535 patients were randomized, and 486 patients received an intervention according to the study protocol, 246 in the Fluobeam® LX group and 240 in the control group. Some 64 patients (26.0 per cent) in the Fluobeam® LX group and 77 (32.1 per cent) in the control group had low levels of PTH after thyroidectomy (P = 0.141; relative risk (RR) 0.81, 95 per cent c.i. 0.61 to 1.07). Subanalysis of 174 patients undergoing central lymph node clearance showed that 15 of 82 (18 per cent) in the Fluobeam® LX group and 31 of 92 (33 per cent) in the control group had low levels of PTH on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.021; RR 0.54, 0.31 to 0.93). More parathyroid glands were identified during operation in patients who had surgery with Fluobeam® LX, and fewer parathyroid glands in the surgical specimen on definitive histopathology. No specific harm related to the use of Fluobeam® LX was reported.

Conclusion
The use of autofluorescence during thyroidectomy did not reduce the rate of low PTH levels on postoperative day 1 in the whole group of patients. It did, however, reduce the rate in a subgroup of patients. Registration number: NCT04509011 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).