bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-13 Evaluation of Hydrafit Pre-Slaughter on Finishing Beef Steer: Dressing Percentage, Hot Carcass Weight, and Cold Carcass Weight
Authors: Ribeiro Thiago Lauro Maia , Gubbels Erin R , Francis Forest L , Heldt Jeff S , Hanson Santana , Norman Thomas , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine if electrolyte application (glycerol-based electrolyte solution containing potassium chloride, acetic acid, magnesium hydroxide, sodium propionate, and sodium chloride; 5.10% potassium, 1.00% sodium, and 0.87% magnesium; HydraFit—Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis IN) before shipping for harvest increased cold carcass weight in beef steers. Steers (n = 40; 20 steers per treatment; BW = 659 ± 72.9 kg) were weighed 40 h before harvest, blocked by BW (n = 4 BW blocks), and assigned to one of two treatments: no HydraFit (Con) or HydraFit (HF) added to the water at 4% vol/vol (4 pens/treatment, 8 pens total). Feed and water access was not restricted nor was a shrink percentage applied to any BW measures. Thirty-six hours before harvest a 378 L water tank was filled with water from the same source the steers had been consuming since arrival. Water and feed were introduced at 36 h before harvest. Final BW was captured immediately before shipping (12 h prior to harvest). Cattle were transported 98 km to a commercial abattoir. Cattle were held in lairage with ad libitum access to water before harvest the following morning. Water intake pre-shipment was determined after the cattle were removed from the pens and transported to slaughter. Water volume was estimated by measuring water depth remaining in the tank. Depth measurements were calibrated to water volume by metering (DM-P; Assured Automation, Roselle, NJ; ± 1.0%) 0.64 cm of water into each tank and recording the liters of water metered. Hot carcass weight was determined at the time of slaughter and cold carcass data was determined after a 48-hour chill. One steer from Con was condemned at the abattoir for reasons unrelated to treatment, consequently, the contribution of this steer to the pen mean was deleted. Providing HF in the drinking water for approximately 22 hours before shipping for harvest tended to increase final body weight (P = 0.08) by 1% but had no effect (P ≥ 0.88) on hot or cold carcass weight. In conclusion, providing a glycerol-based electrolyte solution to finished beef cattle for approximately 22 hours before shipping for harvest tended to improve final body weight.
PSV-12 Effects of Diet on Feed Intake, Weight Change, and Gas Emissions in Beef Cows
Authors: Holder Amanda , Gross Megan A , Moehlenpah Alexi , Lalman David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diet energy density on ranking for dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), and greenhouse gas emissions. Forty-two mature, gestating Angus cows [600 ± 69 kg body weight (BW); body condition score (BCS) 5.3 ± 1.1] with a wide range in DMI expected progeny difference (−1.38 to 2.91) were randomly assigned to two diet sequences; forage then concentrate (FC) or concentrate then forage (CF). The forage diet consisted of long-stem native grass hay plus protein supplement (HAY; 1.96 Mcal ME/kg DM). The concentrate diet consisted of 35% chopped grass hay and 65% concentrate feeds on a dry matter basis (MIX; 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM). The GreenFeed Emission Monitoring system was used to determine carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and methane (CH4) flux. Cow performance traits, ultrasound back fat and rump fat, feed DMI, and gas flux data were analyzed in a crossover design using a mixed model including diet, period, and sequence as fixed effects and pen and cow within sequence as random effects. For all measured traits excluding DMI, there was a diet × sequence interaction (P &lt; 0.05). The correlation between MIX and HAY DMI was 0.41 (P = 0.067) and 0.47 (P = 0.03) for FC and CF sequences, respectively. There was no relationship (P &gt; 0.66) between HAY and MIX average daily gain (ADG), regardless of sequence. Fifty-seven percent of the variation in DMI was explained by metabolic BW, ADG, and BCS for both diets during the first period. During the second period, the same three explanatory variables accounted for 38% and 37% of the variation in DMI for MIX and HAY diets, respectively. The negative relationship between BCS and DMI was more pronounced when cows consumed the MIX diet. There was no relationship between MIX and HAY RFI, regardless of sequence (P &gt; 0.18). During the first period, correlations for CO2, CH4, and O2 with MIX DMI were 0.69, 0.81, and 0.56 (P ≤ 0.015), respectively, and 0.76, 0.74, and 0.64 (P &lt; 0.01) with HAY DMI. During the second period, correlations for CO2, CH4, and O2 with MIX DMI were 0.62, 0.47, and 0.56 (P ≤ 0.11), respectively. However, HAY DMI during the second period was not related to gas flux (P &gt; 0.47). Results from this experiment indicate that feed intake of two energy-diverse diets is moderately correlated while ADG while consuming the two diets is not related. Further experimentation is necessary to determine if gas flux data can be used to predict feed intake in beef cows.
PSVI-1 Effect of Soy co-Products in Supplements for Growing Cattle on Hemocytology Following a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
Authors: Midkiff Kirsten A , Scott Rachel M , Dunkel Sidney N , Cheek Robin A , Lansdell Bralee S , Littlejohn Brittni P , Powell Jeremy G , Galloway Doug L , Reynolds Jana L , Kegley Elizabeth B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of including soy co-products (soybean meal and soy oil) in the diet on the hemocytology of cattle after an endotoxin challenge. For the growing phase, crossbred Angus steers (n = 36; initial body weight = 289 ± 31 kg) were stratified by body weight and sire and randomly assigned to pastures (n = 9; 0.45 ha mixed grass). Pastures were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: 1) a control supplement containing no soy co-products (CON); 2) a supplement containing soybean meal (SBM); or 3) a supplement containing soy oil (SBO). All supplements were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Cattle were fed supplements (2.45 kg DM/day) for 56 days. At the conclusion of the growing phase, cattle were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups for a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (i.v. infusion of 0.5 µg LPS/kg of body weight). A minimum of 18 hours before sampling, cattle were fitted with jugular vein catheters and placed into stanchions. Blood was collected starting 2 hours before LPS infusion (-2 hr), immediately prior to LPS infusion (0 hr), and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr. Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 as repeated measures with treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction as fixed effects, challenge group as random effect, and calf specified as the subject. Statistical significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies declared at 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.1. There were treatment × time interactions for neutrophils (P = 0.003), percentage of neutrophils (P = 0.002), percentage of lymphocytes (P = 0.006), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NE:LY ratio; P = 0.001). Briefly, neutrophils, percentage of neutrophils, and NE:LY ratio were decreased in cattle on CON diets compared with SBM at -2 h and 0 h (P &lt; 0.01). Also, the percentage of neutrophils were greater at 8 h for cattle on SBO diets than SBM diets (P = 0.018). The percentage of lymphocytes were greater in cattle on the CON diets compared with the SBM diets at 0 and -2 h (P &lt; 0.015). There was a treatment effect for percentage of monocytes (P = 0.035), as the CON diet had greater monocyte percentage compared with the SBM diet, and the SBO diet tended to have greater monocyte percentage compared with SBM diet. There was a time effect for all other hematology variables (P &lt; 0.0001), as leukocytes were typically greater pre-administration of LPS, sharply decreased at 2 and 4 h post-administration of LPS and began to increase at 6 and 8 h. Preliminary results indicated that the inclusion of soy co-products in growing cattle diets influenced hemocytology.
PSVI-3 Effects of Different Concentrate Inclusion Levels in Diets Containing Agri002E Sorghum Silage on Intake and Digestibility in Growing Nellore Bulls
Authors: Pucetti Pauliane , de Filho Sebastião Campos Valadares , da Silva Julia Travassos , Cidrini Ferndando Alerrandro Andrade , de Souza Gilyard Angelo Pinheiro , Hollerbach Lucas Germano , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sorghum hybrid, AGRI002E, sorghum was developed for high dry matter (DM) production per area. However, there are no reports in the literature evaluating the use of this silage with different inclusion levels of concentration on the ingestive and digestive variables of beef cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to access the effects of different concentrate levels in diets containing AGRI002E sorghum silage (SS) on feed intake, ruminal and apparent total tract digestibilities of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber corrected for contaminant ash and protein (apNDF), and starch. Nellore rumen-cannulated bulls (n = 5; BW = 242 ± 5 kg) were used in a 5×5 Latin square design. The experimental treatments consisted of five concentrate levels (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g of concentrate/kg of diet DM) in SS-based diets. The concentrates used in the experimental diets were based on corn, soybean meal, sulfated urea, virginiamycin, and mineral supplement. The diets were formulated to provide approximately 120 g of crude protein per kg dietary DM. In the 0% concentrate diet, the protein level was adjusted with sulfated urea. All diets contained the same amount of virginiamycin and mineral supplement. Each experimental period lasted 24 d, with 17 d adaptation, 4 d of total feces collection, and 3 d collection to obtain omasal flow using a double marker technique (indigestible NDF and Co-EDTA). Data were analyzed using MIXED-SAS. Starch and OM intake linearly increased (P &lt; 0.001) with increasing concentrate inclusion. Intake of apNDF decreased linearly (P = 0.018) and tended to be quadratically influenced (P = 0.022) with increasing concentrate inclusion (Table 1). Ruminal digestibility of OM increased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) with increasing concentrate inclusion. Starch ruminal digestibility decreased linearly (P = 0.003) and tended to be influenced quadratically (P = 0.0015) with increasing concentrate inclusion. Ruminal digestibility of apNDF tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.057) with increasing concentrate inclusion. Total apparent digestibility of OM increased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) and apNDF and starch total apparent digestibility decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.002) with increasing concentrate inclusion. Increasing inclusion of concentrate in AGRI002E sorghum silage-based diets increased OM and starch intake, and ruminal and total apparent OM digestibility and decreased apNDF intake and ruminal and apNDF and starch total apparent digestibility.
PSVI-2 Economic Evaluation of Forage-Fed vs Concentrate-Fed Beef Finishing Systems
Authors: O'Malley Micah L , Robertson Caleb , Holder Amanda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the price points at which it is more economical to finish beef animals on forage-based or concentrate-based diets. To accomplish this, Hereford steers (n = 21; BW = 444 ± 10 kg) were fed out on one of three diets: a long-stemmed grass hay (HAY, 10.8% CP, 2.11 Mcal ME/kg DM), an alfalfa hay diet (ALF, 20.5% CP, 2.85 Mcal ME/kg DM) or a mixed ration consisting of 30.0% corn silage, 28.0% DDGS, 30.0% rolled corn, 10.5% soybean meal, and 1.5% mineral supplement (CON, 22.0% CP, 2.90 Mcal ME/kg DM). The data were analyzed in SAS v9.4. Animals were evaluated on intake, growth, and performance measures during a 35-day feeding trial. Average daily gain (ADG) and hot carcass weight differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05) between treatments with CON steers gaining 1.47 kg/d with a hot carcass weight of 394.8 kg, ALF steers gaining 0.77 kg/d with a hot carcass weight of 334.7 kg, and HAY steers gaining 0.1 kg/d with a hot carcass weight of 237.4 kg. Dressing percentage was significantly different between all treatments (P &lt; 0.05). The dressing percentage was 58.2%, 54.3%, and 50.6% for CON, ALF, and HAY, respectively. The HAY diet rendered significantly lower marbling scores than ALF or CON (P &lt; 0.05). It was concluded based on carcass quality data that there was no difference in the high-quality forage (ALF) and the concentrate diet (CON) other than diet cost and growth rate. Price per kilogram of gain was $1.42, $1.23, and $14.80 for CON, ALF, and HAY, respectively. Results of this trial are expected to indicate at what price point it becomes more economically effective to finish animals on a high-quality forage or a concentrate-based diet.
PSII-7 Considerations for Creating an Agricultural Program Aimed at Engaging Elementary Students
Authors: Dierking Shannon L , Bakker Christina , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cultivating interest of younger generations into all facets of agriculture is a critical component to feeding communities and strengthening the local food systems. Current agriculture programs in school curriculum usually begin in high school, so one of the main focuses of this program was to engage younger students. When planning the activities of this program, the committee determined that the program would be a half-day long with a local fifth-grade class. The activities chosen focused on highlighting the swine industry. During program development, the committee chose swine industry-related activities that were engaging, informational, and age appropriate that included building a diet ration, explaining the difference between primal and retail cuts, and demonstrating the proper way to take the temperature of meat products when cooking. These activities received positive feedback, from both students and the classroom teacher. Students were engaged and responsive to questions and enjoyed the connection between pig production and food preparation at home. For example, the students vocalized their enjoyment in learning the pretzels in their snack ‘ration’ mix represented a carbohydrate/energy source which is important in pig diets like it is for humans. More than 50% of the students were able to demonstrate proper technique to check temperature of cooked meat. Moving forward, an aspect to consider is suitable length of each activity appropriate for the age participating; students would become restless when a given activity lasted more than 10 to 15 minutes. There was a total of 75 minutes allotted for the visit, and timing of each activity was as follows: 7 minutes for introductions and discussions, 20 minutes for the ration activity and questions, 20 minutes for the retail cut activity, 15 minutes for the meat temperature demonstration, and the remainder of the time for questions from students. Additionally, a take home document that includes an activity (i.e., a crossword) with a set of clear messages would be beneficial, as this would provide students an opportunity to revisit key points from the activity. One limitation of the current program was lack of formal age-appropriate post-activity assessment to gauge student learning. This would be a necessary component for future activities to determine overall value to student education. Creating an agriculture activity program is important to encourage interest in meat animal agriculture in students across a range of backgrounds. Ensuring that the individuals providing the activity are enthusiastic and engage with students is one of the most important aspects to a successful program. Given the observed engagement of the participants, we believe this program was an effective framework to get youth excited about animal agriculture and the committee should continue program development efforts to offer this program to a broader audience.
PSI-A-9 A Comparison in Vaginal Gene Expression and Circulating Hormone Concentration in Pre-Pubertal Gilts Achieving Puberty at Different Ages
Authors: Roers Kallista , Dierking Shannon L , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A known predictor of reproductive success in swine breeding herds is age at puberty. Early puberty is associated with improved long-term reproductive performance and more high-quality offspring. The objective of this study was to compare vaginal gene expression in gilts that achieved estrus early (160 to 181 d of age), average (181 to 202 d of age), late (202 to 215 d of age) and anestrus. Pre-pubertal gilts (n = 13) were followed from 70 d of age until first estrus or 214 ± 1 d. Vaginal epithelia was collected using a swabbing method at five time points during reproductive development [70 (on-farm arrival), 100 (mid-folliculogenesis), 130, 160 (start of boar exposure) d of age and standing estrus or end of trial]. At 140 d of age, females received an indwelling titanium catheter for daily blood collection during boar exposure. Following detected standing estrus, a blood sample was collected every 2 hours for 96 hours to characterize the peak serum concentration of luteinizing hormone that occurs at ovulation. At the conclusion of the trial, 3 gilts displayed early estrus (169 to 171 d of age), 3 gilts were deemed average estrus (194 to 195 d of age), 3 gilts were deemed late estrus (203 to 213 d of age), 3 gilts were deemed anestrus and 1 was identified as having a ‘silent’ estrus after 200 d of age. Total RNA were isolated from vaginal epithelia and relative gene expression insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha was quantified by real time RT-PCR, relative to the expression of RPLP0. to D70 was preformed using the PCR package offered in RStudio (version 1.2.5025). There was an increase in ER-alpha expression in the average estrus group (P = 0.03) at 130 d of age. Early estrus females had a greater expression of IGF-1 at 130 d of age compared with anestrus females (P = 0.01). Of the 9 females placed with an indwelling catheter, 2 catheters were nonpatent, and blood sample could not be collected at standing estrus. Of the 7 females where blood sample was collected at standing estrus, all females achieved an luteinizing hormone (LH) peak within 12 h after recorded standing estrus. Identification of key differences in the vaginal epithelium in concert with LH values provides biological evidence that those deemed achieving estrus based on behavior did successfully achieve estrus. These vaginal epithelium differences may serve as putative biomarkers to detect early estrus in pre-pubertal gilts.
PSI-A-5 Effects of Birth Body Weight Classification on Heifer Growth, Dry Matter Intake, Feed Efficiency, and Grazing Performance
Authors: Hernandez Esmeralda Lopez , Duncan Hattie I , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of birth body weight (BBW) classification on post-weaning growth, dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, and grazing performance of fall-born crossbred heifers. Heifers were classified based on BBW as either light (LtBBW, &lt; -0.5 SD from mean), average (AvgBBW, ± 0.5 SD from mean), or heavy (HvyBBW, &gt; +0.5 SD from mean). Angus and Hereford-sired heifers (n = 153) from commercial Angus dams were utilized in the analysis. Heifers were early weaned at 82 ± 7 days of age. Post-weaning management strategy consisted of calves being kept in partially covered drylot pens and fed a high-energy grain diet (35% dried distillers grains with solubles, 30% whole shelled corn, 30% ground fescue hay, and 5% supplement) in GrowSafe bunks. During the post-weaning evaluation (initiated on day 1), heifer (168 ± 23 kg and 156 ± 7 days of age) DMI was collected for 56 days and body weights (BW) were collected every 14 days. Following the intake evaluation, heifers rotated daily for 166 days though 33 paddocks of 2.4 ± 0.5 hectares each and were weighed every 28 days. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. As designed, birth body weight differed (P &lt; 0.01) between classifications (27, 32, and 37 kg for LtBBW, AveBBW, and HvyBBW, respectively). Heifers classified as LtBBW were born earlier (P = 0.02) than AvgBBW and HvyBBW. Heifer BBW classification affected (P &lt; 0.01) weaning weights; heifers classified as LtBBW and AvgBBW had lighter weaning weights than HvyBBW heifers. Birth weight category affected (P &lt; 0.01) BW on days 1, 28, and 56. On day 1, heifers classified as LtBBW were the lightest, AvgBBW were intermediate, and HvyBBW were the heaviest; however, on days 28 and 56, heifers classified as LtBBW were lighter than AvgBBW and HvyBBW. Heifers classified as LtBBW and AvgBBW had less (P &lt; 0.01) DMI and average daily gain (ADG) than HvyBBW during the post-weaning evaluation period. Gain to feed during post-weaning evaluation period was not affected (P = 0.94) by heifer BBW classification. Birth weight category affected (P &lt; 0.01) BW during the grazing season on days 28, 56, 84, 113, 141, 168, 196, and 223. On days 84, 96, and 223, heifers classified as LtBBW were lighter than AvgBBW and HvyBBW; however, on days 113, 141, and 168, LtBBW were lightest, AvgBBW were intermediate, and HvyBBW were the heaviest. During the grazing period, ADG did not differ (P = 0.72) between BBW classifications. In conclusion heavy birth weight heifers had greater post-weaning DMI and ADG when fed a high grain diet; however, grazing ADG did not differ. Heavy birth weight heifers were heavier throughout the duration of the experiment.
PSI-A-10 Correlations of NR3C1 Gene Expression with Pork Quality and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Schmidt Grace E , Luttman Andrea M , Steibel Juan P , Raney Nancy E , Ernst Catherine W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Genetic control of carcass and meat quality traits is of great interest to the pork industry, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) activation has been reported to have an inverse relationship with lean carcass growth traits in swine. The objective of this study was to determine if transcript abundance of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) in liver is associated with carcass trait variation. The liver is a key player in energy partitioning towards muscle or adipose accretion, and hepatic glucocorticoid receptors that bind cortisol are known to play a role in glucose metabolism. We hypothesized that NR3C1 expression levels are associated with differences in pork quality and carcass traits. We collected liver tissue from 18 gilts at slaughter (avg. BW =127 kg, age at slaughter = 164 d). Additionally, we collected measurements of carcass traits including dressing percentage, loin muscle area, 10th-rib backfat depth, subjective color and marbling scores, Minolta Colorimeter measures of L*, a*, b*, 45-min and ultimate pH, and driploss (Table 1). We extracted RNA from liver samples using a Qiagen miRNeasy kit and performed qRT-PCR using a TaqMan assay to quantify NR3C1 transcript abundance, with ACTB and HPRT1 as reference genes. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between the carcass traits and NR3C1 expression. While liver NR3C1 transcript abundance was not significantly correlated with a majority of these traits, it was found to have a significant positive correlation with dressing percentage (r = 0.606, t = 3.05, P = 0.008). In conclusion, transcript abundance of NR3C1 in liver does not appear have a relationship with carcass merit and meat quality, but does have a positive relationship with dressing percentage. Further investigation into tissue-specific expression of NR3C1 may reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the reported associations between HPA activation and differences in pork quality and carcass traits.