bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to olfactory neuroepithelium
Authors: Nibu Ken‐Ichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmong the five senses, the sense of smell (olfaction) is the most sensitive and emotional window on the outside world (Stern and Marx, 1999). The olfactory system recognizes and discriminates myriad odorants of diverse molecular structures. What makes the olfactory system so specific and sensitive? OE harboring the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) also has an another unusual characteristic ability that fascinates scientists. Neurogenesis in this tissue continues throughout lifetime. This unique character provides an elegant model to study neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity, since neuronal birth, differentiation, survival, axon pathfinding, target recognition, synapse formation, and cell death can be examined in the mature OE. This special issue of Microscopic Research and Technique presents the recent developments in this exciting field of neuroscience, “structure and function of olfactory neuroepithelium.” Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:133–134, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The electroolfactogram: A review of its history and uses
Authors: Scott John W. , Scott‐Johnson Pamela E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe electroolfactogram (EOG) is a negative electrical potential recorded at the surface of the olfactory epithelium of vertebrates. It represents primarily, if not exclusively, the summated generator potential in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a number of studies suggest that secretory or inhibitory events may also contribute to the EOG, these are not well established. This review outlines (1) the cellular and physiological nature of the EOG response; (2) methodological considerations regarding odor selection and delivery, surgical preparation, response descriptions, and analysis; and (3) application of the EOG in human, fish, and insect olfaction and pheromonal responsivity. A number of technical issues associated with EOG recording are also discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:152–160, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progenitor cells of the olfactory receptor neuron lineage
Authors: Calof Anne L. , Bonnin Alexandre , Crocker Candice , Kawauchi Shimako , Murray Richard C. , Shou Jianyong , Wu Hsiao‐Huei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe olfactory epithelium of the mouse has many properties that make it an ideal system for studying the molecular regulation of neurogenesis. We have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify three distinct stages of neuronal progenitors in the olfactory receptor neuron lineage. The neuronal stem cell, which is ultimately responsible for continual neuron renewal in this system, gives rise to a transit amplifying progenitor identified by its expression of a transcription factor, MASH1. The MASH1‐expressing progenitor gives rise to a second transit amplifying progenitor, the Immediate Neuronal Precursor, which is distinct from the stem cell and MASH1‐expressing progenitor, and gives rise quantitatively to olfactory receptor neurons. Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation occurs at each of these three cell stages, and growth factors of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) families appear to play particularly important roles in these processes. Analyses of the actions of FGFs and BMPs reveal that negative signaling plays at least as important a role as positive signaling in the regulation of olfactory neurogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:176–188, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cuticle Ultrastructure Changes in the Crab Scylla serrata Over the Molt Cycle
Authors: Pratoomchat Boonyarath , Sawangwong Pichan , Guedes Ricardo , Reis Maria de lurdes , Machado Jorge 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMorphological and chemical studies on the cuticle during the molt cycle of the crab Scylla serrata were performed in order to understand the layer formation. Cuticle ultrastructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy‐dispersive, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray fluorescence analysis were used for identification of the elements and phases in the inner surface of the cuticle. In the first stage (A) of cuticle formation, a thin pellicle organized as an irregular fragmented structure is built. It is composed mainly of α‐chitin/protein β‐keratin‐like complexes where heterogeneous mineral nucleation occur. It is impregnated by ferric concretions, responsible for the brown colour of the carapace. At the beginning of the mineralization process, a spheroidal inorganic phase appears consisting of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) Ca/P=1.00, octacalcium phosphate (OCP) Ca/P=1.33 associated with hydromagnesite and bromapatite traces. During further cuticle development in the remaining A stage and in the beginning of the B stage, calcite and magnesian calcite are formed from the precursor calcium phosphate phase. The next development in the C stages is characterized by intense calcareous thickening consisting mainly of calcite and of magnesian calcite, which become the major mineral fraction of the cuticle. Organic‐inorganic complex precipitations exhibit different aspects as spongiform, filamentary helicoidal, and concentric radial arrangements during C1, C2, and C3, respectively. During different stages of the cuticle formation in Scylla serrata, these mineral deposits may partially result from the balance among different organic contents, mainly between α‐chitin and protein β‐keratin‐like compounds. On the other hand, the calcium crystallization on apatite and calcite polymorphic structures may be influenced by variations of physico‐chemical factors in the cuticle compartment. J. Exp. Zool. 293:414–426, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On Cheeger‐type inequalities for weighted graphs
Authors: Friedland Shmuel , Nabben Reinhard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe give several bounds on the second smallest eigenvalue of the weighted Laplacian matrix of a finite graph and on the second largest eigenvalue of its weighted adjacency matrix. We establish relations between the given Cheeger‐type bounds here and the known bounds in the literature. We show that one of our bounds is the best Cheeger‐type bound available. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 1–17, 2002
Social funds as instruments for reducing childhood poverty: lessons from Save the Children's experience
Authors: Marcus Rachel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDrawing on Save the Children's experience of working with three social fund financed programmes, this paper examines their potential for reducing childhood poverty. Examining direct and indirect effects on children it discusses the relevance and impact of activities supported, the extent to which the these three social fund programmes reached very poor families and children, and the extent of and mechanisms for poor people's participation. The paper situates this analysis within a discussion of the considers some of the broader factors influencing social fund effectiveness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 13C‐ and 14C‐labelled catechol
Authors: Ji Rong , Schäffer Andreas 
Published: October 2002

Abstract13C‐ and 14C‐uniformly labelled catechol was synthesized from phenol in three steps. Phenol was derivatized with 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzophenone in THF containing NaH, followed by ortho‐hydroxylation with 35% aqueous H2O2 in sulphuric acid/glacial acetic acid solution, and by cleavage with piperidine, giving an overall 80% yield with respect to phenol. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of stable isotopically labelled versions of lamotrigine and its methylated metabolite
Authors: Manning Calvin O , Wadsworth Alan H , Fellows Ian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLamotrigine is a sodium channel antagonist used for the treatment of epilepsy. Synthesis of stable isotopically labelled (SIL) [M+7] versions of Lamotrigine (1) and its N‐methylated metabolite (2) are described. The routes to prepare these compounds used [M+5] labelled [13C, 15N4]‐aminoguanidine (obtained from labelled thiourea). The overall yield for the metabolite (2) was 34% from [M+3] labelled [13C, 15N2]‐thiourea. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and mass spectra of labelled 4(5)‐nitro‐1H‐imidazole‐5(4)‐carbonitriles
Authors: Suwiński J. , Świerczek K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCine nucleophilic substitution of 1,4‐dinitroimidazole and its 2‐methyl derivative with nitrogen‐15 or carbon‐13 potassium cyanides afforded, respectively, labelled 4(5)‐nitro‐1H‐imidazole‐5(4)‐carbonitriles. Detailed mass spectra analysis led to the conclusion that during fragmentation in mass spectrometer the labelled atoms are present in all the main fragmentation ions of m/z higher than 42. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New characters in the Gnathostomulid mouth parts revealed by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Sørensen Martin Vinther , Sterrer Wolfgang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn analysis with SEM of the mouth parts of 16 species belonging to 10 genera of Gnathostomulida resulted in the following new characters and conclusions: 1) At least in the genus Haplognathia, jaw teeth that are visible by conventional light microscopy are composed of the same aggregated needle‐like denticles that are found, often in large numbers, on the basal plates of many filospermoid species. 2) Other new ultrastructural tooth features include the tricuspid basal plate teeth in Problognathia minima, tripartite teeth in Austrognathia and Austrognatharia, and the clear separation, in the Gnathostomula basal plate, of a mediodorsal set of teeth from a more extensive rostroventral set. 3) Three rows of teeth, as typical for Gnathostomulidae and Austrognathiidae, are also present in the filospermoid Haplognathia filum. 4) The wide range of geographic variation in Haplognathia ruberrima is confirmed by significant differences in jaw teeth between specimens from Belize and Bermuda. 5) A compartmentalized involucrum is present in Labidgonathia longicollis. 6) A pair of lamellae addentales, until now only known from Valvognathia pogonostoma, was found in Tenuignathia rikerae, Problognathia minima, and probably also Labidognathia rikerae. 7) In all gnathostomulids, the lamella symphysis is composed of identical rods that are considered homologous with those in the mouth parts of Rotifera and Micrognathozoa. J. Morphol. 253:310–334, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the interaction between the aspartic peptidase inhibitor SQAPI and aspartic peptidases using surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Farley Peter C. , Christeller John T. , Sullivan Michelle E. , Sullivan Patrick A. , Laing William A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAspartic peptidase inhibitors, which are themselves proteins, are strong inhibitors (small inhibition constants) of some aspartic peptidases but not others. However, there have been no studies of the kinetics of the interaction between a proteinaceous aspartic peptidase inhibitor and aspartic peptidases. This paper describes an analysis of rate constants for the interaction between recombinant squash aspartic peptidase inhibitor (rSQAPI) and a panel of aspartic peptidases that have a range of inhibition constants for SQAPI. Purified rSQAPI completely inhibits pepsin at a 1:1 molar ratio of pepsin to rSQAPI monomer (inhibition constant 1 nM). The interaction of pepsin with immobilized rSQAPI, at pH values between 3.0 and 6.0, was monitored using surface plasmon resonance. Binding of pepsin to rSQAPI was slow (association rate constants ca 104M
−1s−1), but rSQAPI was an effective pepsin inhibitor because dissociation of the rSQAPI‐pepsin complex was much slower (dissociation rate constants ca 10−4s−1), especially at low pH values. Similar results were obtained with a His‐tagged rSQAPI. Strong inhibition (inhibition constant 3 nM) of one isoform (rSap4) of the family of Candida albicans‐secreted aspartic peptidases was, as with pepsin, characterized by slow binding of rSap4 and slower dissociation of the rSap4‐inhibitor complex. In contrast, weaker inhibition of the Glomerella cingulata‐secreted aspartic peptidase (inhibition constant 7 nM) and the C. albicans rSap1 and Sap2 isoenzymes (inhibition constants 25 and 400 nM, respectively) was, in each case, characterized by a larger dissociation rate constant. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of clinically benign and malignant breast lesions using diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Guo Yong , Cai You‐Quan , Cai Zu‐Long , Gao Yuan‐Gui , An Ning‐Yu , Ma Lin , Mahankali Srikanth , Gao Jia‐Hong 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the value of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lesions.Materials and MethodsFifty‐two female subjects (mean age = 58 years, age range = 25–75 years) with histopathologically proven breast lesions underwent DWI of the breasts with a single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) sequence using large b values. The computed mean apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of the breast lesions and cell density were then correlated.ResultsThe ADCs varied substantially between benign breast lesions ((1.57 ± 0.23) × 10−3 mm2/second) and malignant breast lesions ((0.97 ± 0.20) × 10−3 mm2/second). In addition, the mean ADCs of the breast lesions correlated well with tumor cellularity (P < 0.01, r = −0.542).ConclusionThe ADC would be an effective parameter in distinguishing between malignant and benign breast lesions. Further, tumor cellularity has a significant influence on the ADCs obtained in both benign and malignant breast tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:172–178. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silylation of an OH‐terminated self‐assembled monolayer surface through low‐energy collisions of ions: a novel route to synthesis and patterning of surfaces
Authors: Wade Nathan , Evans Chris , Jo Sung‐Chan , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing a multi‐sector ion–surface scattering mass spectrometer, reagent ions of the general form SiR3+ were mass and energy selected and then made to collide with a hydroxy‐terminated self‐assembled monolayer (HO‐SAM) surface at energies of ∼15 eV. These ion–surface interactions result in covalent transformation of the terminal hydroxy groups at the surface into the corresponding silyl ethers due to Si—O bond formation. The modified surface was characterized in situ by chemical sputtering, a low‐energy ion–surface scattering experiment. These data indicate that the ion–surface reactions have high yields (i.e. surface reactants converted to products). Surface reactions with Si(OCH3)3+, followed by chemical sputtering using CF3+, yielded the reagent ion, Si(OCH3)3+, and several of its fragments. Other sputtered ions, namely SiH(OCH3)2OH2+ and SiH2(OCH3)OH2+, contain the newly formed Si—O bond and provide direct evidence for the covalent modification reaction. Chemical sputtering of modified surfaces, performed using CF3+, was evaluated over a range of collision energies. The results showed that the energy transferred to the sputtered ions, as measured by their extent of fragmentation in the scattered ion mass spectra, was essentially independent of the collision energy of the projectile, thus pointing to the occurrence of reactive sputtering.A set of silyl cations, including SiBr3+, Si(C2H3)3+ and Si(CH3)2F+, were similarly used to modify the HO‐SAM surface at low collision energies. A reaction mechanism consisting of direct electrophilic attack by the cationic projectiles is supported by evidence of increased reactivity for these reagent ions with increases in the calculated positive charge at the electron‐deficient silicon atom of each of these cations. In a sequential set of reactions, 12 eV deuterated trimethylsilyl cations, Si(CD3)3+, were used first as the reagent ions to modify covalently a HO‐SAM surface. Subsequently, 70 eV SiCl3+ ions were used to modify the surface further. In addition to yielding sputtered ions of the modified surface, SiCl3+ reacted with both modified and unmodified groups on the surface, giving rise not only to such scattered product ions as SiCl2OH+ and SiCl2H+, but also to SiCl2CD3+ and SiCl2D+. This result demonstrates that selective, multi‐step reactions can be performed at a surface through low‐energy ionic collisions. Such processes are potentially useful for the construction of novel surfaces from a monolayer substrate and for chemical patterning of surfaces with functional groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexes of bivalent metal cations in electrospray mass spectra of common organic compounds
Authors: Bieńkowski Tomasz , Brodzik‐Bieńkowska Agnieszka , Danikiewicz Witold 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the standard electrospray ionization mass spectra of many common, low molecular mass organic compounds dissolved in methanol, peaks corresponding to ions with formula [3M + Met]2+ (M = organic molecule, Met = bivalent metal cation) are observed, sometimes with significant abundances. The most common are ions containing Mg2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+. Their presence can be easily rationalized on the basis of typical organic reaction work‐up procedures. The formation of [3M + Met]2+ ions has been studied using N‐FMOC‐proline methyl ester as a model organic ligand and Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ chlorides or acetates as the sources of bivalent cation. It was found that all ions studied form [3M + Met]2+ complexes with N‐FMOC‐proline methyl ester, some of them at very low concentrations. Transition metal cations generally show higher complexation activity in comparison with alkaline earth metal cations. They are also more specific in the formation of [3M + Met]2+ complexes. In the case of alkaline earth metal cations [2M + Met]2+ and [4M + Met]2+ complex ions are also observed. It has been found that [3M + Met]2+ complex ions undergo specific fragmentation at relatively low energy, yielding fluorenylmethyl cation as a major product. [M + Na]+ ions are much more stable and their fragmentation is not as specific. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seroprevalence and determinants of herpes simplex type 2 infection in an STD clinic in Milan, Italy
Authors: Suligoi Barbara , Calistri Arianna , Cusini Marco , Palù Giorgio ,   the Italian Herpes Management Forum
Published: October 2002

AbstractA number of studies have shown that the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) is higher among persons attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) than among the general population. The HSV‐2 seroprevalence among STD patients, however, varies greatly among studies, possibly reflecting differences in the baseline prevalence of the infection among different general populations or in the distribution of risk factors. A cross‐sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of and the risk factors for HSV‐2 infection among 776 HIV‐negative persons attending an STD clinic in Milan, Italy. All samples were tested with a commercial HSV type‐2 specific gG ELISA test. The HSV‐2 seroprevalence was 29.5% (95% CI: 26.3–32.7%). The seroprevalence increased with age, yet it did not differ by gender. Among persons with a current STD, the seroprevalence was 44.3%. At the multivariate analysis, older age was independently associated with HSV‐2 infection. A self‐reported history of genital herpes was predictive of HSV‐2 infection. The agreement between history of genital herpes and HSV‐2 seroprevalence was poor, however, stressing that in clinical practice, caution should be used in interpreting the presence or absence of a history of genital herpes as an indicator of the presence or absence of HSV‐2 infection. Our data show that HSV‐2 seroprevalence among persons attending an STD clinic in Italy is high; thus serological screening for HSV‐2 might be advisable for STD patients. J. Med Virol. 67:345–348, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the efficacy of lamivudine and famciclovir in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B: Results of 24 weeks of therapy
Authors: Lai Ching‐Lung , Yuen Man‐Fung , Hui Chee‐Kin , Garrido‐Lestache Silvia , Cheng Charles Tze‐Kin , Lai Yim‐Ping 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLamivudine therapy improves hepatic necro‐inflammatory activity, decreases progression of fibrosis, and suppresses hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Famciclovir has also been shown to have some effect in the suppression of HBV replication. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of treatment with lamivudine and famciclovir on serum HBV DNA levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B and to assess safety. A prospective randomised clinical study was carried out on 100 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (50 patients received lamivudine 100 mg daily and 50 patients received famciclovir 500 mg three times a day for 12 weeks. From the twelfth week onwards, patients were offered lamivudine 100 mg daily up to 48 weeks). Significantly more patients treated by lamivudine than by famciclovir had undetectable HBV DNA levels after 12 weeks of therapy (P< 0.001). The median HBV DNA levels were significantly lower in the lamivudine‐treated patients from the second week of treatment onwards (P< 0.001 for all time points up to 12 weeks). At week 16, 4 weeks after the famciclovir treated patients were put on lamivudine, there was no longer any difference in HBV DNA levels between the two groups of patients. Both treatments were well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported. It was concluded that in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, lamivudine achieved effective suppression of HBV DNA levels within 4 weeks of therapy whereas famciclovir had a significantly weaker action. J. Med Virol. 67:334–338, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role for mucosal immune responses and cell‐mediated immune functions in protection from airborne challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus*
Authors: Elvin Stephen J. , Bennett Alice M. , Phillpotts Robert J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) replicates in lymphoid tissues following peripheral inoculation and a high titre viraemia develops. Encephalitis develops after the virus enters the central nervous system from the blood, with the earliest neuronal involvement being via the olfactory nerve. Following aerosol challenge with virulent VEEV, the virus is thought to replicate in the nasal mucosa and there could be direct entry into the olfactory nerve via infected neuroepithelial cells. Protection from VEEV infection is believed to be primarily mediated by virus specific antibody. The correlation between protection and neutralising serum antibody titres is, however, inconsistent when the virulent virus is administered by the airborne route. This study demonstrates a link between antibody in serum and the nasal mucosa and protection by means of passive immunisation studies. Intra‐nasal administration of antibody increased protection against airborne virus in Balb/c mice. Vaccination of μMT strain mice that do not have functional B cells and cannot produce antibody revealed normal proliferation of spleen cells in vitro and robust cytokine production. Aerosol challenge of μMT mice demonstrated that complete protection was only achieved when passive immunisation with antibody was supplemented with active immunisation with the TC‐83 vaccine strain of the virus. This implies that cell‐mediated immune functions are required for protection against airborne challenge with virulent VEEV. J. Med Virol. 67:384–393, 2002. Copyright © Crown Copyright 2002. Recorded with the permission of the controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.