bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of transitive annotation on the training of taxonomic classifiers
Authors: Muralidharan Harihara Subrahmaniam , Fox Noam Y. , Pop Mihai 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionA common task in the analysis of microbial communities involves assigning taxonomic labels to the sequences derived from organisms found in the communities. Frequently, such labels are assigned using machine learning algorithms that are trained to recognize individual taxonomic groups based on training data sets that comprise sequences with known taxonomic labels. Ideally, the training data should rely on labels that are experimentally verified—formal taxonomic labels require knowledge of physical and biochemical properties of organisms that cannot be directly inferred from sequence alone. However, the labels associated with sequences in biological databases are most commonly computational predictions which themselves may rely on computationally-generated data—a process commonly referred to as “transitive annotation.”MethodsIn this manuscript we explore the implications of training a machine learning classifier (the Ribosomal Database Project’s Bayesian classifier in our case) on data that itself has been computationally generated. We generate new training examples based on 16S rRNA data from a metagenomic experiment, and evaluate the extent to which the taxonomic labels predicted by the classifier change after re-training.ResultsWe demonstrate that even a few computationally-generated training data points can significantly skew the output of the classifier to the point where entire regions of the taxonomic space can be disturbed.Discussion and conclusionsWe conclude with a discussion of key factors that affect the resilience of classifiers to transitively-annotated training data, and propose best practices to avoid the artifacts described in our paper.
Voluntary postural sway control and mobility in adults with low back pain
Authors: Chen Zhengquan , Tirosh Oren , Han Jia , Adams Roger David , El-Ansary Doa , Pranata Adrian 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionLow back pain (LBP) is associated with altered somatosensory perception, which is involved in both involuntary and voluntary control of posture. Currently, there is a lack of methods and tools for assessing somatosensory acuity in patients with LBP. The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the reliability of the sway discrimination apparatus (SwayDA) (2) to evaluate the differences in somatosensory acuity between patients with LBP and pain-free individuals, and (3) to examine relationships between somatosensory acuity, severity of LBP, and mobility in patients with LBP.MethodsTwenty participants (10 patients with LBP and 10 matched asymptomatic controls) were recruited in a test–retest reliability test. Another 56 participants were recruited for this study with 28 individuals presenting with LBP and a further twenty-eight being asymptomatic. The SwayDA was custom-built to measure somatosensory perception during voluntary anterior–posterior (SwayDA-AP), medial-lateral to the dominant side (SwayDA-ML-D), and non-dominant side (SwayDA-ML-ND) postural sway control. Participants also completed mobility tests, including 10 times and 1-min sit-to-stand tests (10-STS, 1 m-STS). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to quantify somatosensory acuity in discriminating different voluntary postural sway extents.ResultsThe ICC (2.1) for the SwayDA-AP, SwayDA-ML-D, and SwayDA-ML-ND were 0.741, 0.717, and 0.805 with MDC95 0.071, 0.043, and 0.050. Patients with LBP demonstrated significantly lower SwayDA scores (tSwayDA-AP = −2.142, p = 0.037; tSwayDA-ML-D = -2.266, p = 0.027) than asymptomatic controls. The AUC values of the SwayDA-AP test were significantly correlated with ODI (rSwayDA-AP-ODI = −0.391, p = 0.039). Performances on the 1 m-STS and the 10-STS were significantly correlated with the AUC scores from all the SwayDA tests (−0.513 ≤ r ≤ 0.441, all p &lt; 0.05).DiscussionThe SwayDA tests evaluated showed acceptable reliability in assessing somatosensory acuity during voluntary postural sway. Somatosensory acuity was diminished in patients with LBP compared to asymptomatic controls. In patients with LBP, lower somatosensory acuity was associated with increased LBP-related disability. Future research could focus on investigating the factors contributing to the decreased somatosensory perception and mobility in individuals with LBP.
PLK1 and PARP positively correlate in Middle Eastern breast cancer and their combined inhibition overcomes PARP inhibitor resistance in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Siraj Abdul K. , Poyil Pratheesh Kumar , Padmaja Divya , Parvathareddy Sandeep Kumar , Alobaisi Khadija , Thangavel Saravanan , Diaz Roxanne , Begum Rafia , Almalik Osama , Al-Dayel Fouad , Al-Kuraya Khawla S. 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundDespite advancements in treatment approaches, patients diagnosed with aggressive breast cancer (BC) subtypes typically face an unfavorable prognosis. Globally, these cancers continue to pose a significant threat to women's health, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Consequently, there has been a significant struggle to identify viable molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in these patients. Polo-like Kinase-1 (PLK1) represents one of these molecular targets currently undergoing rigorous scrutiny for the treatment of such tumors. Yet, its role in the pathogenesis of BC in Middle Eastern ethnicity remains unexplored.MethodsWe investigated the expression of PLK1 protein in a cohort of more than 1500 Middle Eastern ethnicity BC cases by immunohistochemistry. Association with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis were performed. In vitro studies were conducted using the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib and the PARP inhibitor olaparib, either alone or in combination, in PTC cell lines. ResultsOverexpression of PLK1 was detected in 27.4% of all BC cases, and this was notably correlated with aggressive clinicopathological markers. PLK1 was enriched in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype and exhibited poor overall survival (p = 0.0347). Notably, there was a positive correlation between PLK1 and PARP overexpression, with co-expression of PLK1 and PARP observed in 15.7% of cases and was associated with significantly poorer overall survival (OS) compared to the overexpression of either protein alone (p = 0.0050). In vitro, we studied the effect of PLK1 and PARP inhibitors either single or combined treatments in two BRCA mutated, and one BRCA proficient TNBC cell lines. We showed that combined inhibition significantly reduced cell survival and persuaded apoptosis in TNBC cell lines. Moreover, our findings indicate that inhibition of PLK1 can reinstate sensitivity in PARP inhibitor (PARPi) resistant TNBC cell lines. ConclusionOur results shed light on the role of PLK1 in the pathogenesis and prognosis of Middle Eastern BC and support the potential clinical development of combined inhibition of PLK1 and PARP, a strategy that could potentially broaden the use of PLK1 and PARP inhibitors beyond BC cases lacking BRCA.
Ameliorative inhibition of sirtuin 6 by imidazole derivative triggers oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis associated with Nrf2/Keap1 signaling in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines
Authors: Dindi Uma Maheswara Rao , Al-Ghamdi Sameer , Alrudian Naif Abdurhman , Dayel Salman Bin , Abuderman Abdulwahab Ali , Saad Alqahtani Mohammed , Bahakim Nasraddin Othman , Ramesh Thiyagarajan , Vilwanathan Ravikumar 
Published: January 2024

Background: Redox homeostasis is the vital regulatory system with respect to antioxidative response and detoxification. The imbalance of redox homeostasis causes oxidative stress. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2, also called Nfe2l2)/Kelchlike ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling is the major regulator of redox homeostasis. Nrf2/Keap1 signaling is reported to be involved in cancer cell growth and survival. A high level of Nrf2 in cancers is associated with poor prognosis, resistance to therapeutics, and rapid proliferation, framing Nrf2 as an interesting target in cancer biology. Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are class III histone deacetylases with NAD + dependent deacetylase activity that have a remarkable impact on antioxidant and redox signaling (ARS) linked with Nrf2 deacetylation thereby increasing its transcription by epigenetic modifications which has been identified as a crucial event in cancer progression under the influence of oxidative stress in various transformed cells. SIRT6 plays an important role in the cytoprotective effect of multiple diseases, including cancer. This study aimed to inhibit SIRT6 using an imidazole derivative, Ethyl 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1-H-Imidazole-4-yl] acetate, to assess its impact on Nrf2/Keap1 signaling in A549 and NCI-H460 cell lines.Method: Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ethyl 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1-H-Imidazole-4-yl] acetate was fixed by cell viability assay. The changes in the gene expression of important regulators involved in this study were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein expression changes were confirmed by Western blotting. The changes in the antioxidant molecules are determined by biochemical assays. Further, morphological studies were performed to observe the generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis.Results: We inhibited SIRT6 using Ethyl 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1-H-Imidazole-4-yl] acetate and demonstrated that SIRT6 inhibition impacts the modulation of antioxidant and redox signaling. The level of antioxidant enzymes and percentage of reactive oxygen species scavenging activity were depleted. The morphological studies showed ROS generation, mitochondrial damage, nuclear damage, and apoptosis. The molecular examination of apoptotic factors confirmed apoptotic cell death. Further, molecular studies confirmed the changes in Nrf2 and Keap1 expression during SIRT6 inhibition.Conclusion: The overall study suggests that SIRT6 inhibition by imidazole derivative disrupts Nrf2/Keap1 signaling leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis induction.
Factors increasing the risk for food addiction in Ecuadorian students
Authors: Reivan Ortiz Geovanny Genaro , Campoverde Ximena , Vinañzaca Juan , Estrada Johanna , Yanza Rafael , Granero Roser 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundFood addiction (FA) is a construct that has gained interest in recent years, but its relevance in the Ecuadorian population has not yet been explored. The aims of this study were to explore the differences in the psychological profile (including FA) between university students from Ecuador and to identify the underlying structure of the relationships of the FA severity level through a mediational model.MethodsThe sample consisted of 972 university students, women and men (mean age: 20.1 years old, SD = 2.6), recruited from four Ecuadorian regions. The assessment tools included a unidimensional scale of FA, eating-related measures, emotion regulation state, impulsivity, and psychopathology state. Path analysis modeled the direct and indirect effects explaining the FA severity level.ResultsThe results indicated that higher psychopathological levels were associated with FA. Similarly, no differences in FA were observed between the Ecuadorian regions. The path analysis suggested that older age, female sex, and higher difficulties in emotional regulation, impulsivity, negative mood, and anxiety trigger disordered eating; subsequently, more impaired eating behavior impacted the FA level.ConclusionFA is a complex clinical entity that includes multiple components related to eating disorders (EDs) and other mental health problems. The results of this study provide empirical knowledge for designing evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.
Short-term clinical outcomes and five-year survival analysis of laparoscopic-assisted transanal natural orifice specimen extraction versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for sigmoid and rectal cancer: a single-center retrospective study
Authors: Zheng Zhizhong , Kang Fenfen , Yang Yugang , Fang Yicong , Yao Kaiyuan , Zeng Qunzhang , Fu Muhai , Luo Lixiong , Xue Xiajuan , Lin Shuijie , Shi Xingpeng , Fang Xun , Zhou Baohua , Guo Yincong 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundThe cosmetic benefits of natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) are easily noticeable, but its principles of aseptic and tumor-free procedure have caused controversy.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients who underwent laparoscopic-assisted transanal NOSE or conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS) for sigmoid and rectal cancer at our hospital between January 2018 and December 2018. The study aimed to compare the general characteristics, perioperative indicators, postoperative complications, and five-year follow-up results between the two groups.ResultsA total of 121 eligible patients were enrolled, with 52 underwent laparoscopic-assisted transanal NOSE and 69 underwent CLS. There were no significant differences observed between the two groups in terms of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), TNM stage, etc. (P &gt; 0.05). However, the NOSE group exhibited significantly shorter total incision length and longer operation time compared to the CLS group (P &lt; 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences observed between the two groups in terms of positive rate of bacterial culture, incidence rates of intraabdominal infections or anastomotic leakage (P &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, during follow-up period there was no statistically significant difference observed between these two groups concerning overall survival rate and disease-free survival outcomes (P &gt; 0.05).ConclusionsThe management of surgical complications in CLS is exemplary, with NOSE presenting a sole advantage in terms of incision length albeit at the cost of prolonged operative time. Therefore, NOSE may be deemed appropriate for patients who place high emphasis on postoperative cosmetic outcomes.
The Evolution of Tegal's Wayang Cepak: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Transformations
Authors: Firmansyah Lutfi , Hidayatullah Taufan 
Published: January 2024

Wayang Cepak Tegal is a traditional performing art that has strong historical roots in Tegal City, Central Java, Indonesia. Over time, Wayang Cepak Tegal has undergone significant changes. Wayang Cepak Tegal experienced changes in form due to the influence of changes in human culture caused by technological advances that encourage contemporary transformation in the Tegal Cepak puppet show, these changes can be seen especially in terms of changes in characters, dimensions of form and duration of the show as well as the use of technology in the Tegal Cepak puppet show. Based on this, the research was conducted to examine the changes in Tegal Cepak puppetry from a historical perspective and see the contemporary transformation that occurred in the Tegal Cepak puppetry performance art, limited to changes in characterization, dimensions of form and duration of the Tegal Cepak puppetry performance. The research methods used included literature study, observation and interviews with the puppeteers of Wayang Cepak Tegal. The results of the study found that Tegal Cepak puppet experienced changes in characterization, shape dimensions, especially in proportion, the size changed from large to smaller and the duration of the performance was shorter. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide scientific contributions about changes in Tegal Cepak puppet, can also be a reference for academics and practitioners, and as a preservation effort through documentation of Tegal Cepak puppet as an important part of the cultural heritage of Tegal City in particular and Indonesia in general.
Keywords: Evolution, Traditional Performing Arts, Contemporary Transformation, Wayang Cepak Tegal
ﺃﺛﺭ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺗﻼﻣﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺍﺑﺗﺳﺎﻡ ﻣﻭﺳﻰ  , ﺩ. ﺟﻳﻬﺎﻥ ﺿﻳﺎء ﻋﺎﻟﻕ  
Published: January 2024

اﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻝ اﻹﺴـﻼم اﻟﺘـدرﻴب اﻟﻌﻤﻠـﻲ أﺴـﻠوﺒﺎً ﻤـن أﺴـﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺴـﺎب اﻟﺨﺼـﺎﻝ اﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ
اﻟﺤﻤﻴـدة واﻟﻘـﻴم واﻟﻌـﺎدات اﻟﺴـﻠوﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻀـﻠﺔ ٬ وﻤـن اﻟﻤﻼﺤـظ أن ﺘﻌﻠـﻴم اﻟﻘـﻴم ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤـدارس ﻤـﺎ ﻴـ ازﻝ
ﻴﻌﺘﻤـد اﻋﺘﻤـﺎداً ﻛﺒﻴـ اًر ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻻﺴـﺘظﻬﺎر واﻟﺤﻔـظ ﻤـن دون اﻟرﻗـﻲ إﻟـﻰ ﻤرﺤﻠـﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺴـﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ ﻤﻤـﺎ
ﻴﻔﻘد اﻟﻘﻴم أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴن ٬ ﻓﻘد أﺜﺒﺘت ﻫذﻩ اﻟطرﻴﻘﺔ ﻋدم ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ٬ ﻓﻨﻤو اﻷﺨﻼق ﻴﻛون
أﻛﺜر ازدﻫﺎ اًر ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﻴرﺘﺒط ﺒﻤواﻗف ﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﺒﺸﻛﻝ ﻋﻀوي داﺨﻝ اﻟﻔﺼﻝ أوﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴت واﻟﻤدرﺴـﺔ .. وﻗـد
أﻛدت ﺒﻌض اﻟد ارﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﻴداﻨﻴﺔ أن ﻤﺠرد ﺘﻠﻘﻴن اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴن اﻟﻘﻴم ﻻ ﻴﺘرﺘب ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺘﻌـدﻴﻝ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠوﻛﻬم

اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻲ (ﻋﺒد اﷲ (١١٨/٢ : ١٩٩٧ ٬ .
وﺒذﻟك ﻴﺒﻴن اﺒن ﺴﻴﻨﺎ ﻀـرورة اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴـﺔ واﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎم ﺒﻤﻴـوﻝ اﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴـذ واﺴـﺘﻌداداﺘﻬم وﻗـد ارﺘﻬم ﻋﻨـد

ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻬم وﺘﻘدﻴم اﻹرﺸﺎدات اﻟﻼزﻤﺔ ﻟﻬم ﻋﻨد اﺨﺘﻴﺎرﻫم ﻟﻨوع اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﺴب ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻝ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬم .
وﻋـﱠد اﺒـن ﺴـﻴﻨﺎ د ارﺴـﺔ ﻤﻴـوﻝ اﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴـذ ﺸـرطﺎً أﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺎً ﻟﺘﺤﺴـﻴن ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم وﺠﻌﻠﻬـﺎ أﺴﺎﺴـﺎً

ﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺘﻬم ٕوارﺸﺎدﻫم .
وﻫﻛـذا ﻨـرى ﻛﻴـف ﺤـّرض اﺒـن ﺴـﻴﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن اﻟﻤﺴـﻠﻤﻴن ﺒﻀـرورة اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻋ ّﻤـﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺴـب ﻤﻴـوﻝ
واﺴـــﺘﻌدادات وﻗـــد ارت ﺘﻼﻤﻴـــذﻫم ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﺘﻌﻠـــﻴم اﻟﻌﻠـــوم اﻟﺘـــﻲ ﻴرﻏﺒـــون اﻟﺘﺨﺼـــص ﻓﻴﻬـــﺎ ﻤﺴـــﺘﻘﺒﻼً

(أﺒو ﺠﻼﻟﺔ (١٣٣-١٣٢ : ١٩٩٩ ٬ .
أن ﺘﺤﺼـﻴﻝ اﻟﻘـﻴم ﻻ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟـﻪ ﻤـﺎ ﻟـم ﻴﺘﺤـوﻝ إﻟـﻰ ﺴـﻠوك وﻋﻤـﻝ وﻤﻤﺎرﺴـﺔ ﻤوﺠﻬـﺔ ٬ وﻟﻬـذا
ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻴﺤرص اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤون ﻛﻝ اﻟﺤرص ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺘﻛون ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻘﻴم ﻤﻠﻤوﺴـﺔ ﻟـدى اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤـﻴن ﻗﺒـﻝ أن

ﺘﻛون ﻤﺠرد ﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ اﻟد ارﺴﻴﺔ (ﻋﺒد اﷲ (٢٢١-٢٢٠/٢ : ١٩٩٧ ٬ .
وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻨت اﻷﻫداف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﺤـددﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠـم واﻀـﺤﺔ ﻟﻛـﻝ ﻤـن اﻟﻤﻌﻠـم واﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴـذ ٬ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ
ﻛﺎﻨـت طرﻴﻘـﺔ اﻻﺨﺘﻴـﺎر ﻟطرﻴﻘـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ﻨﺎﺠﺤـﺔ ٬ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﻐـﻲ أن ﺘﻨﺎﺴـب اﻟطرﻴﻘـﺔ ﻤﺴـﺘوى اﻟﺘﻼﻤﻴـذ
وﻗـد ارﺘﻬم ٬ ﻓﺎﻟﻨـﺎﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬـﺎﺌﻲ ﻤـن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﻫـو ﺒﻨـﺎء اﻟﻤﻌرﻓـﺔ ٕواﻛﺴـﺎب ﻤﻬـﺎ ارت وﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤﻴـوﻝ
واﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت إﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ﻨﺤـو اﻟﻤـﺎدة (أﺒـو ﺠﻼﻟـﺔ (١٩٩٩:٢١٧ ٬ وﻫـذﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﻴـ ارت اﻨﻌﻛﺴـت ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ
ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺷﻌﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺛﻳﻥ ﻭﺻﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﺭﻳﺔ ۱۹۷٥­۱۹٤٥
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ. ﺩ. ﻳﻭﻧﺱ ﻋﺑﺎﺱ ﺣﺳﻳﻥ  , ﺃ. ﻡ. ﺩ. ﺟﻣﺎﻝ ﺟﻠﻳﻝ ﺇﺳﻣﺎﻋﻳﻝ  
Published: January 2024

ﻟﻛـﻝ ﻤرﺤﻠـﺔ زﻤﻨﻴـﺔ أﺼـوﻟﻬﺎ وﻤﺘﻐﻴ ارﺘﻬـﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﻨﻌﻛس آﺜﺎرﻫـﺎ وﺘﺄﺜﻴ ارﺘﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺠﻤـﻝ اﻟﻨﺸـﺎط
اﻟﻔﻛري واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ٬ وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻹﻨﺴـﺎن أﺒﻨـﺄ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻓﻼﺒـد أن ﻴﺤـدث اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـﻝ و اﻟـﺘﻼﻗﺢ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤـﺎ ٬
ﺒﻤـﺎ ﻴـؤدي إﻟـﻰ ﻨﺸـوب اﻟﺼـ ارع ﺘـﺎرة ٬ واﻟﺘﺠـﺎذب ﺘـﺎرة أﺨـرى ٬ ﻓـﺈن ﻛـﺎن ذﻟـك ﻴﺒـدو ﻤﺄﻟوﻓـﺎً ﻟﻠﻤـرء ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ
ﻴﺒــدو ﺴــﺎطﻌﺎً وواﻀــﺤﺎً ﻟﻺﻨﺴــﺎن اﻷدﻴــب واﻟﺸــﺎﻋر ٬ ﻟﻤــﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻠــﻰ ﺒــﻪ اﻟﺜــﺎﻨﻲ ﻤــن ﻗــد ارت ٕواﻤﻛﺎﻨﻴــﺎت
وﻤؤﻫﻼت ودور ﻤﻬم ﻓـﻲ ﺒﻨـﺎء اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ وﻤـﺎ ﻴﻛّوﻨـﻪ ﻤـن ﺘﻼﺤـم وارﺘﺒـﺎط وﺜﻴـق ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ واﻟﻤﺤـﻴط
اﻟـذي ﻴﺤﻴـﺎ ﻓـﻲ وﺴـطﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻴـﺎة واﻟـزﻤن واﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﺘﻠﻘـﻲ ﺒظﻼﻟﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ روح اﻟﺸـﺎﻋر وﻫواﺠﺴـﻪ ٬ ﻓﻬـو أي
اﻟﺸﺎﻋر ﻴﺴﺘﻤد ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ٬ ﻓﺎﻟﺸـﺎﻋر ﻗرﻴـب ﺒﺤﻴﺎﺘـﻪ وأدواﺘـﻪ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ٬ وأﻀـﺤﻰ ﻫـذا ﺨطـﺄً واﻀـﺤﺎً
وﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﻻ ﻤﻨـﺎص ﻤﻨـﻪ ٬ ﻴﻌـﻴش ﻓﻴـﻪ وﻴﺤﻴـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻀـوء ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴر ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠـف ﻤـن ﻤﻛـﺎن ﻵﺨـر ٬ وﻤـن
ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ وزﻤـن ﻵﺨـر . ﻫـذا اﻻرﺘﺒـﺎط اﻟﺼـﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻴـدﻓﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸـﺎﻋر أن ﻴﺘﻤﻴـز ﺒـﻝ ﻻﺒـﱠد أن ﻴﺘﻤﻴـز وﻴﻛـون ﻫـذا
اﻟﺘﻤﻴز ﻤؤﺸ اًر ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ٬ ﻴدﻓﻊ ﺒﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤث ﻋن ﻟﻐﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ٬ وأﺴﻠوب ﺨﺎص ﻴﻨﻔرد ﺒ ِﻪ ﻋن اﻵﺨر ﻤرة ٬
وﻋن ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻘوﻩ ﻤن اﻟﺸﻌ ارء ﻤرة أﺨرى . وﻫذا اﻟﺨط واﻷﺴﻠوب ﺒﻪ ُﻴﻌـرف وﻴﺸـﺘﻬر وﻴـدرس ٬ ﻓـﻼ ﻏـرو
إذن أن ﺘﻛــون اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ أﺴــﺎس اﻟﺸــﻌر واﻷﺴــﺎﻟﻴب واﻟﺼــور اﻟﺸــﻌرﻴﺔ ﺠــوﻫر اﻹﺒــداع ٕوان ﺘﺨطــﻰ ﻫــذﻩ

اﻟﻤﺴﻴرة ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن واﻟدارﺴﻴن واﻟﻨﻘﺎد .
ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ
Authors: ﻡ.ﻡ. ﻭﻓﺎء ﻛﺎﻅﻡ ﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﻋﺑﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺑﻳﺩﻱ  
Published: January 2024

ﺘﻌـد اﻟﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ ذات اﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﻗﺼـوى ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨـﺎ ٬ ﻻﻨﻬـﺎ ﻓـن ﻤـن ﻓﻨـون اﻻﻨﺴـﺎن ٬ وﺼـﻴﺎﻏﺔ

ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼـﻪ اﻟﻔﻛرﻴـﺔ واﻟوﺠداﻨﻴـﺔ ٬ وﻫـﻲ ﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘـﺔ ﻤـن اﻻﺴـﻼم ٬ واﻟﻘـرآن اﻟﻛـرﻴم ﻛﺘـﺎب اﷲ ﺘﻌـﺎﻟﻰ اﻟـذي

ﺨﺎطـب ﺒﻨـﻲ آدم ٬ ﻤﺒﻴﻨـﺎً ﻟﻬـم ﻓﻴـﻪ اﻟﺤـق ﻤـن اﻟﻀـﻼﻝ ٬ واﻟﺨﻴـر ﻤـن اﻟﺸـر ٬ وﻴﺴـﺘﻤد ﻤﻨـﻪ اﻫـداﻓﻬﺎ

واﺴﺴﻬﺎ واﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻛوﻴن اﻟﻨﺸﺊ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ .

ﻓﺎﻻﺴــﻼم ﺸــرﻴﻌﺔ اﷲ ﻟﻠﺒﺸــر اﻨزﻟﻬــﺎ ﻟﻬــم ﻟﻴﺤﻘﻘــوا ﻋﺒﺎدﺘــﻪ ﻓــﻲ اﻻرض ٬ وان اﻟﻌﻤــﻝ ﺒﻬــذﻩ

اﻟﺸـرﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻴﻘﺘﻀـﻲ ﺘطـوﻴر اﻻﻨﺴـﺎن وﺘﻬذﻴﺒـﻪ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻴﺼـﻠﺢ ﻟﺤﻤـﻝ ﻫـذﻩ اﻻﻤﺎﻨـﺔ ٬ وﺘﺤﻘﻴـق ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﺨﻼﻓـﺔ

وﻫــذا اﻟﺘطــوﻴر واﻟﺘﻬــذﻴب ﻫــو اﻟﺘرﺒﻴــﺔ اﻻﺴــﻼﻤﻴﺔ ٬ ﻓــﻼ ﺘﺤﻘﻴــق ﻟﺸــرﻴﻌﺔ اﻻﺴـﻼم اﻻ ﺒﺘرﺒﻴــﺔ اﻟــﻨﻔس

واﻟﺠﻴـﻝ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻹﻴﻤـﺎن ﺒـﺎﷲ وﻤ ارﻗﺒﺘـﻪ واﻟﺨﻀـوع ﻟـﻪ وﺤـدﻩ ٬ اﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ اﻻﻨﺴـﺎن ﻋﻠـﻰ ان

ﻴﺤﻛم ﺸرﻴﻌﺔ اﷲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ وﺘﺼرﻓﺎﺘﻪ .

واﻟﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ اﻻﺴــﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻫــﻲ اﻟﺘﻨظـﻴم اﻟﻨﻔﺴــﻲ واﻻﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻲ اﻟــذي ﻴـؤدي اﻟــﻰ اﻋﺘﻨــﺎق اﻻﺴــﻼم

وﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻔرد ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ٬ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن اﻨﻬـﺎ ﻀـرورة ﺤﺘﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـق اﻻﺴـﻼم ﻛﻤـﺎ ا اردﻩ اﷲ

ان ﻴﺘﺤﻘق ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎت اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﻴدة واﻟﻰ اﻻﻴﻤﺎن ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻪ ﺨﺎﻟق اﻟﻛون

٬ وﻤﺎ ﻴؤدي اﻟﻴﻪ ﻤن اﻗ ارر ﻤﻛﺎﻨﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟوﺠود وﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ٬ وﻤـن اﺴﺘﺸـﻌﺎرﻩ اﻟﻘـوي واﻟﺜﻘـﺔ

واﻻطﻤﺌﻨﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺠواﻨﺒﻬﺎ وﺴﻌﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻝ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠدﻴن واﻟدﻨﻴﺎ وﻓﻲ ﺨﻴر اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ

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وﻤن ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻘف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﻬوم او ﻤدﻟوﻝ اﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ واﻫداﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺴـﺎﻤﻴﺔ واﻫـم ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼـﻬﺎ

اﻟوظﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻨد ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ٬ واﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﺎ داﺨﻝ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ .
ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭﻳﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ. ﻛﺭﻳﻡ ﻁﻼﻝ ﻣﺳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﺎﺑﻲ  
Published: January 2024

ﺘﻌـد اﻟﺘﺠـﺎرة ﻤﺼـد ار ﻤﻬﻤـﺎ ﻤـن ﻤﺼـﺎدر اﻟـدﺨﻝ اﻟﻘـوﻤﻲ ﻟﺴـﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺤـرﻴن وذﻟـك ﺒﺤﻛـم ﻤـوﻗﻌﻬم
اﻟﺠﻐ ارﻓـﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺨﻠـﻴﺞ اﻟﻌرﺒـﻲ ﻤﻤـﺎ ﺴـﻬﻝ ﻟﻬـم ﻤﻬﻤـﺔ اﻻﺘﺼـﺎﻝ ﺒﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﻤﻨـﺎطق اﻟﺨﻠـﻴﺞ اﻟﻌرﺒـﻲ واﻟﻬﻨـد
وﺠﻨـوب ﺸـرق اﺴـﻴﺎ ﻤـن ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺘﺠﺎرﻴـﺔ اﺴـﺘﻴ ارد وﺘﺼـدﻴر اﻟﻔـﺎﺌض اﻟـﻰ اﺴـواق ﺒـﻼد ﻓـﺎرس واﻟﻌـ ارق
وﺤﻠب وﺸﺒﻪ ﺠزﻴرة اﻟﻌرب وﻤﺴﻘط. وﻛﺎﻨت ﻤﻬﻨﺔ اﻟﻐوص ﻟﻠﺒﺤث ﻋن اﻟﻠؤﻟؤ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻐﺎﺼـﺎت اﻟﺒﺤـرﻴن
ﻤﻬﻨﺔ اﺠدادﻫم واﺒﺎﺌﻬم ﻤﻨذ اﻗدم اﻻزﻤﻨـﺔ وﻛـﺎﻨوا ﻴﺤﻘﻘـون ﻤـن و ارﺌﻬـﺎ ﻤﺼـد ار ﻤﻬﻤـﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸـﺘﻬم وﺒـﺎﻟرﻏم
ﻤـن ﻛوﻨﻬـﺎ ﻤﻬﻨــﺔ ﺸـﺎﻗﺔ اﻻ اﻨﻬــﺎ ﺘـوﻓر اﻟﻔرﺼـﺔ ﻋﻤــﻝ ﻟﻛﺜﻴـر ﻤــن طـﺎﻟﺒﻲ اﻟﻌﻤـﻝ ﻋﻠــﻰ ظﻬـر ﺴــﻔن
اﻟﻐـوص وﻟـم ﺘﻘﺘﺼـر ﺘﻠـك اﻟﺘﺠـﺎرة ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﺠـﺎرة اﻟﻠؤﻟـؤ ﺒـﻝ ﺘﻌـدت ذﻟـك اﻟـﻰ اﻟﺴـﻠﻊ واﻟﺒﻀـﺎﺌﻊ اﻻﺨـرى

اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ طﻠب ﺸدﻴد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤرﻴن وﻤﻨﺎطق اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻟﻌرﺒﻲ اﻻﺨرى .
ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻛﺎﻨـت ﺘﻤﺘﻠـك أ ﺴـطوﻻ ﺘﺠﺎرﻴـﺎ ﻛﺒﻴـ ار ﻴﻌﻤـﻝ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﺤـﻴط اﻟﻬﻨـدي واﻟﺨﻠـﻴﺞ اﻟﻌرﺒﻲ.وﻗـد
ﺤﺎوﻟــت اﻟﺴــﻠطﺎت اﻟﺒرﻴطﺎﻨﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘــدﺨﻝ ﻓــﻲ ﺸــؤون اﻟﺘﺠــﺎرة ﻓــﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘــﺔ اﻟﺨﻠــﻴﺞ اﻟﻌرﺒــﻲ ﺒﺸــﻛﻝ ﻋــﺎم
واﻟﺒﺤـرﻴن ﺒﺸـﻛﻝ ﺨـﺎص ﺤﻔﺎظـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺼـﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎدﻴﺔ وذﻟـك ﻋـن طرﻴـق ﻋـدد ﻤـن

اﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺤرﻤت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﺎرة اﻻﺴﻠﺤﺔ واﻟرﻗﻴق ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر ﺒﺤﺠﺞ واﻫﻴﺔ.
وﻗـد ﻤـرت اﻟﺘﺠـﺎرة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺒﺤـرﻴن ﺒﻤ ارﺤـﻝ ﻨﻤـو وازدﻫـﺎر ﺜـم ﺘ ارﺠﻌـت وﺒﺸـﻛﻝ ﺨـﺎص ﺘﺠـﺎرى

اﻟﻠؤﻟؤ وذﻟك ﺒﻌد اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻨﻔط وﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻠؤﻟؤ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭﻳﻥ