bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financing Economic and Social Infrastructure
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Sectoral analysis of private participation in infrastructure shows that most private investment has gone into economic infrastructure (like telecom, power, transport) as compared to social infrastructure (like water supply, health, education). Social infrastructure in India is currently suffering from resource crunch as well as abysmal levels of efficiency. Therefore, the need for private investment may perhaps be greater in these sectors, both in terms of resource augmentation and efficiency improvement. However, the projects in social sectors tend to be small (e.g. the cost of a primary school is much less compared to a power plant), and there may be issues in imposing full-cost-recovery user fees given that many such services (like water supply and primary education) are merit goods. Therefore, they are much less attractive to the private sector. The chapter will focus on challenges in financing social infrastructure and the strategies to overcome them. The Manila Water Company example for water supply, and the numerous education and health PPP projects in Australia and the United Kingdom show that private participation in social infrastructure is possible for mutual benefit to the private and public sectors. Impact investment, importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) norms, social stock exchange, and so on will also play a part in popularizing private investment in social infrastructure.
Generic Issues for Sustainable Infrastructure Financing—Sanctity of Contracts and Autonomous Regulation of Infrastructure
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Infrastructure projects require huge investments, which are in the nature of sunk costs, with returns that are spread over decades. As such, the sanctity of contracts needs to be upheld as the private sector typically uses these contracts to model their returns and submit bids accordingly. This chapter looks at one case study (the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project) to illustrate the point about upholding sanctity of contracts for sustainable financing of infrastructure projects. Because of the characteristics of infrastructure, autonomous tariff regulation is also very important for sustainable financing of infrastructure projects. If there is regulatory capture, either by the public or the private sector, the returns to infrastructure projects are affected, including the regulatory risk and its impact on the cost of capital. In this context, the chapter examines infrastructure regulation in India to evaluate whether some of the decisions taken by infrastructure regulators are increasing regulatory risk. This discussion leads to a case for other regulatory options like ‘regulation by contract’ and multi-sectoral regulators, rather than creating an independent sectoral regulator for each sector opened up for private participation.
Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Infrastructure and Its Financing
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic is a black swan event and has had a major impact on infrastructure and its financing. The impact on infrastructure has been both from the demand and the supply side. In terms of its treatment, the Covid-19 pandemic is a non-political force majeure event in the Indian road sector’s Model Concession Agreement and the relief provided is an extension of the concession period by the force majeure period. To address the issue of the concessionaire’s liquidity during this period, the country’s central bank (Reserve Bank of India) has put in place a moratorium period for loan repayment up to August 2020. However, bank financing was already grappling with non-performing assets of 8.5 per cent of their portfolio, which was expected to go up because of the Covid-19 pandemic (however, the actual numbers are much lower), with consequent impact on bank financing of infrastructure. Implementation of India’s first National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP, April 2020) has been impacted adversely at least in the first two years (financial years 2020 and 2021) as public-sector resources were constrained because of the high-priority expenditures associated with the pandemic and private-sector investments suffered from increased risk. However, since the NIP is a six-year infrastructure development plan, the slack in the first two years may be covered in the later years given the infrastructure green shoots that have appeared even in the midst of the pandemic.
How Can You Have Law Without Lawyers?
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Lon Fuller’s parable of King Rex, which begins The Morality of Law, is intended to show how governing through law differs in morally significant ways from governing by top-down commands. But there is a key omission from Fuller’s story: There are no lawyers in Rex’s kingdom. Rex aimed to make law, which affects the practical reasoning of citizens. In order to do this, it is necessary for citizens to grasp the way in which the law has an impact on what they have reason to do. In a legalized society, the co-deliberation about what we owe to each other will frequently make reference to what the law permits or requires. Participating in a social practice of co-deliberation requires the assistance of experts in the law. Thus, lawyers do not perform merely an epistemic function but in fact constitute the relevant social practice along with rulers and citizens.
Private Law Theory from an Empirical Perspective
Authors: Tobia Kevin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One of private law theory’s longstanding projects is the analysis of (private law’s) concepts. The New Private Law has renewed interest in that project, which includes the careful comparison of legal concepts to similar ordinary ones. Insofar as legal theorists may not know—from the armchair—every feature of the relevant ordinary concepts, empirical research about those concepts can offer new insights for private law theory. This chapter considers, as an example, recent research in experimental jurisprudence, including work on comparative private law theory. Recent multi-country and multi-linguistic empirical research has examined concepts of legal interest, including intent and reasonableness. These studies reveal similarities and differences among citizens of varied legal systems, languages, and cultures, raising new possibilities and questions for private law theory.
Muslim Historical Genre and Muslims in Historical Genre
Authors: Khatun Nadira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the recent genre of Historical films represents Muslim rulers through the prism of aggressive Hindu nationalist discourse. The chapter discusses and critically look at the sharp distinction between representing Muslims in the Historical genre and in the Muslim Historical genre. Most of the Muslim Historical films in the post-Independence period (the 1950s and 1960s)—the so-called Nehruvian era—were based on the secular Mughal rulers and focused on the exoticism of those rulers. The films in this genre and the participants of my empirical study hint that Muslims were positively stereotyped at this time. Contemporary historical films are inspired by iconic Muslim historical figures, myths, and events to create ‘enemy images’ of ‘outsiders’ who have been marked with specific ‘political signs’. This chapter argues that by adopting an anti-Islamic stance, contemporary historical films in Bollywood have become a valuable tool for propagating the idea of nationalism. It shows how the most recent Bollywood films such as Panipat (2019), Kesari (2019), and Tanhaji (2020) are suitably aligned with the saffronized version of historical narratives. This chapter critically investigate the representation of Muslims in historical cinematic text in two categories: (1) Muslim Historical films from the 1950s to 2000s and (2) Muslims in Historical films from 2011 to 2019.
Origen of Alexandria and the Theology of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Origen of Alexandria and the Theology of the Holy Spirit offers a comprehensive study of Origen’s pneumatology. In its examination of the Spirit’s identity and activity, the study reads Origen in his context and surveys his entire corpus. It shows that Origen grounds his pneumatology in Scripture and uses Jewish, philosophical, and earlier Christian teachings in exegeting the passages he believes pertain to the Holy Spirit. The study finds that Origen considers the Holy Spirit to be dependent on the Father and Son but above all other beings, a relationship which serves as the basis for Origen’s belief that the Spirit’s activities are a common operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The Spirit, then, plays an integral role in the salvation of the human person. In addition to providing an understanding of Origen’s pneumatology, the study also provides a fresh perspective of his trinitarian thought.
The Holy Spirit and the Salvation of the Human Person
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the Holy Spirit’s role in the salvation of the human person. The chapter discusses the Spirit’s cooperation in Christ’s ministry, a relationship that serves as a model for and the means of the Spirit’s relationship with believers. The chapter also considers the Spirit’s role in the life of believers, both how the Spirit comes to believers and what the Spirit’s role in the believer is. Through an analysis of Origen’s language, the chapter argues that the Spirit is present in each believer, a presence that entails the participation in not only the Holy Spirit, but also the Father and the Son. Alongside the Father and Son, then, the Holy Spirit plays an integral part in the salvation of the human person.
Buck-Passing and the Value of a Person
Authors: Ebels-Duggan Kyla 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Some philosophers hold that value can be reduced to reasons: to say that something is valuable is just to say that there are reasons to respond to it in certain ways. T.M. Scanlon’s buck-passing account of value is a leading example of this sort of view. In the important case of the value of a person, Scanlon suggests that the relevant reasons are moral reasons. This paper argues that the value of a person cannot be understood in this reductive way. Scanlon’s approach cannot account for the value that we see in those we love, but neither can it account for the value to which we respond with moral respect. Widening the range of reasons to include reasons for attitudes does not solve the problem. The paper concludes that the value of a person is more fundamental than the reasons that we have to treat and regard her in various ways.
Pro Tanto Rights and the Duty to Save the Greater Number
Authors: Kiesewetter Benjamin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter has two aims. The first is to present and defend a new argument for rights contributionism—the view that the notion of a moral claim-right is a contributory (or pro tanto) rather than overall normative notion. The argument is an inference to the best explanation: it is argued that (i) there are contributory moral factors that contrast with standard moral reasons by way of having a number of formal properties that are characteristic of rights, even though they can be overridden, and (ii) that this is best explained by a view that takes these factors to correlate with rights. The second aim is to show that the truth of rights contributionism matters for normative ethics. More specifically, it is argued that rights contributionism clears the way for deontologists to justify the pre-theoretically plausible verdict that we have a duty to save the greater number in so-called Taurek scenarios—scenarios in which we have to choose between saving either a greater or a smaller number of different people. The chapter offers a novel and distinctively deontological explanation of this verdict that is based on the assumption that everyone has a pro tanto right to be saved in a Taurek scenario.
What Does Virtue Have to Do with Consequences?
Authors: Fileva Iskra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Consider the question of what makes a disposition a virtue. The intuitive answer would appeal to the inner motivational state associated with the disposition rather than its effects. You would be virtuous if you are trying to help even if, unbeknownst to you, the devil keeps thwarting your intentions, and you fail every time. Call this the motivationalist intuition. Now consider another question: What makes a disposition a good candidate for inculcation? Why do we encourage helpfulness and kindness rather than their opposites? Our intuition now involves real world consequences rather than motivation: Helpfulness is a trait worth encouraging and deserves the label “virtue,” because it tends to produce good, not because of the way it’s motivated. Call this latter the consequentialist intuition. This is precisely the intuition Hume appeals to in the famous passage about the self-flagellating monk: Hume does not criticize the monk’s motive but rather, argues that self-abnegation is not a virtue however it may be motivated. There is tension between the consequentialist and the motivationalist intuitions. The purpose of this chapter is to resolve the tension. The solution will invoke a key distinction between virtuous and merely permissible dispositions.
The Comparative Syntax of Korean and Japanese
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This work provides a detailed survey of Korean/Japanese linguistics from a comparative perspective and attempts to take the reader through most of the major issues in Korean/Japanese linguistics in a generative grammar way. The two languages exhibit remarkably similar morpho-syntactic features, e.g., similar sets of particles for specific linguistic functions and similar patterns of relativization (pertaining to a syntactic issue of movement vs in-situ operation for realization). Particularly, this work also introduces often overlooked aspects of these languages, i.e., how they behave differently in constructions with a genitive marker, sentence negation, multiple occurrences of Negative Polarity Items, formation of causatives, ranges of passivization, and other morpho-syntactic constructions. This work also depicts such topics related to pragmatics and sociolinguistics as differences between Korean and Japanese in perception and realization of ‘givenness’ as a topic marker and the influence of relationships of power and distance on the use of honorifics. Before the discussion of these morpho-syntactic issues, it illustrates the phonological systems of the two languages and refers to phonological issues such as the status of the obstruent series in a manner useful and comprehensible to a student conversant with the basics of phonological description. In addition, this work refers to the typological perspectives of the two languages in relation to the surrounding languages (e.g. Ainu, Chinese, and Altaic languages) and socio-cultural and historical backgrounds regarding the adoption and adaptation of a script (e.g., Chinese characters for writing).
The Concertation Impulse in World Politics
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book unravels the centrality of contestation over international institutions under the shadow of crisis. Breaking with the widely accepted image in the mainstream, US-centric literature of an advance of global governance supported by pillars of institutionalized formality, the book points to the retention of a habitual impulse towards concertation related to informal institutionalism. The focus on the durability of a concertation impulse challenges common assumptions about change and continuity with special reference to the debate over fundamental institutions in world politics. With the mainstream institutionalist international relations (IR) literature situated as the scholarly foil, the book relies for conceptual guidance on the recovery of a valuable component in the intellectual contribution of Hedley Bull. If the overarching theme of this book is to expose the core defect of institutionalist IR analysis by its constricted neglect of the concert model, however, the subsidiary aim is to examine forensically an extended array of basic gaps, and so refine and accent our understanding of the context and content of institutional design in world politics. Operationally, the work underscores the striking—and unanticipated—persistence of an organizational variant with origins in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As highlighted by the experience of the Covid-19 pandemic, even when the supply falls short, some demand for stratified concertation persists. This imbalance becomes more pronounced when the concertation impulse separates from apex plurilateral summitry as illustrated by the Group of Twenty (G20) to challenger variants of informality: whether animated by Trump’s disruptive populism or by the tensions in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) between a solidarity concert model and a looser construct.
Keeping the Peace in the Village
Authors: Forster Marc R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book examines the state formation in Germany from the perspective of social practice at the local level in the century after the end of the Thirty Years’ War, 1650–1750. Based on extensive archival research in local court records from four small territories in Southwest Germany, the study demonstrates the active role rural people took in shaping how they were governed. Rural society was of course riddled with conflicts of all kinds, yet people consistently sought to settle disputes and bring peace to their communities. In this effort, people turned increasingly to the law courts provided by their rulers, using them to strengthen existing methods of settling conflicts. The consequence of this process was popular support for the small states that provided those legal services. The local court records that underpin this study provide many examples of conflict and peacekeeping. The analysis of these sources shows real people, women and men, interacting in particular spaces. Conflicts of all kinds appear in the sources, especially honor conflicts sparked by verbal insults, but also drunken brawls, sexual assaults, family disputes, and routine fist fights. An analysis of the gender dynamics of conflicts, as well as an examination of the places and spaces where disputes occurred, deepens our understanding of the dynamics of rural society. The argument for state formation from below and the dense analysis of life in villages are the unique characteristics and mutually reinforcing hallmarks of this study.
The Honor of Peasants
Authors: Forster Marc R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Almost every dispute involving insulting language and physical violence was construed as an attack on someone’s honor. At the same time, such honor conflicts often resulted from a pre-existing conflict or set of issues, a dispute over property or a debt, political divisions in the community, or contested social interactions and sexual relations. This chapter focuses on the central place of ideas of honor in rural society and how honor disputes were increasingly adjudicated in law courts. Most honor disputes began with insults (most often “scoundrel and thief” for men and “whore and witch” for women) and insults often led to violence or to slander suits in court. The chapter includes close readings of a number of cases, teasing out the meaning of language and actions in order to gain a nuanced understanding of the importance of honor. Importantly, honor was not just a possession of men with property. Poor people, including poor women, servants, apprentices, and farm laborers, also defended their honor, often in court and even against their employers and their more powerful neighbors.
Social Discipline and the State Formation from Below
Authors: Forster Marc R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the interplay of “state formation from below” and the efforts of state authorities to discipline the population. Since the “states” in Southwest Germany were small and lightly governed, top-down “state-building” was a modest endeavor, aimed primarily at enforcing public obedience to the authorities and controlling the poor, migrants, and the youth. One aspect of this “social discipline” was the regulation of sexuality. In this area, servants, especially female servants, and poor people were harshly punished for sexual activity outside of marriage, while children of propertied farmers were allowed to practice various forms of “pre-marital intimacy.” The lower courts were centrally important to the process of state formation that did occur. First, the population came to use the courts more often in the first decades of the eighteenth century. Secondly, the courts did not function primarily as tools of the state, but rather as part of a more complex system of conflict resolution on the one hand, and as a vehicle for communication between the authorities and local communities on the other. Thirdly, these interactions between the population and the state were most often routine, pragmatic, and reasonably cooperative.
The Nature of Christian Doctrine
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This work is a critical study of the historical development of Christian doctrine, focusing especially on the period of the early church, and an assessment of the functions of doctrine. It challenges and corrects some of the theories of doctrine set out in George Lindbeck’s still-influential Nature of Doctrine (1984), particularly its ‘cognitive-linguistic’ model of doctrine, and offers a richer and more reliable account of the nature and functions of doctrine based on a close reading of the Christian tradition. This study notes the important parallels between the development of Christian doctrine on the one hand, and scientific theories on the other, using this to correct the influential account of the relation of heresy and orthodoxy developed by Walter Bauer. In place of Bauer’s account of the suppression of early orthodoxies, this study argues that multiple doctrinal formulations were proposed for discussion, only becoming ‘orthodox’ as a result of a consensual assessment within the church. The work also explores the way in which Christian doctrines can be seen as both ontological disclosures and epistemic frameworks, affirming the coherence of Christian doctrine.
On the Origins of Christian Doctrine
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens by considering the distinction between ‘doctrine’, ‘dogma’, and ‘theology’. It then moves on to explore the historical origins of Christian doctrine in the early church, in response to a ‘paradigm shift’ caused by the radical novelty of Jesus Christ, who could not be convincingly accommodated within the inherited conceptual categories of Judaism. This led early Christian theologians to develop new ways of reading the Hebrew Bible (such as Melito of Sardis’s typological exegesis) which allowed the continuities and discontinuities between Christianity and Judaism to be appreciated. Particular attention is paid to the way in which doctrine was seen as enabling a new way of seeing things, often linked with the notion of metanoia, understood not primarily as ‘repentance’ but rather as a transformation of understanding and vision.