bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What predicts failure to engage in or drop out from treatment for bulimia nervosa and what implications does this have for treatment?
Authors: Bell Lorraine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this review was to analyse and summarize the research findings regarding which factors predict failure to engage (FTE) or drop out from treatment for bulimia nervosa. A literature search was carried out with PubMed and PsychLit from 1985 to September 2000. Key terms searched were those classified as bulimia nervosa: outcome, FTE, drop‐out and attrition. Outcome studies were also screened for inclusion of characteristics of those who failed to engage or dropped out. Twenty‐eight studies were identified. They examined a range of factors—patient characteristics, patient–therapist and therapist factors. Three trials report different drop‐out rates between treatments. Most samples studied are small and studies vary methodologically, making comparison difficult. FTE and drop‐out is not a uniform phenomenon. The only robust finding for patient characteristics is that co‐morbid borderline personality disorder increases the risk of FTE or drop‐out. Discrepant expectations between patients and therapists may also contribute to drop‐out. Drop‐out is higher for medical treatment. Recommendations are made as to how clients may be more successfully engaged or maintained in treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable fibre Bragg grating based optical cross connects using multi‐port optical circulators: structure and crosstalk analyses
Authors: Wu Xiangnong , Ghassemlooy Z. , Lu Chao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTunable fibre Bragg grating (FBG)‐based reconfigureably non‐blocking optical cross connect (OXC) using multi‐port optical circulators (MOCs) are proposed and presented. In an FBG–MOC‐based OXC, system insertion loss, system differential insertion loss together with OXC dimensions have been analysed and compared with FBG–OC‐based OXC structure using three‐port optical circulators (OCs). Optical crosstalk in a multiwavlength FBG–OC‐based OXC is discussed, and two crosstalk mechanisms, intraband and interband are identified. To compare FBG based OXC with other OXC structures, an analytical model of intraband optical crosstalk is presented. Results show that tunable FBGs based OXCs are attractive OXC schemes as crosstalk level is independent of the number of wavelength channel per fibre. For the worst case the coherent crosstalk is the dominant crosstalk, which is about 20–30 dB higher than the incoherent crosstalk, depending on the sitching state of the cascaded 2×2 OXCs. However, in practical applications incoherent crosstalk is usually dominant, since it is highly unlikely that all the same wavelength‐channels will originate from the same optical source. And the crosstalk of FBGs is the dominant crosstalk. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A path accommodation method for reliable ring networks with optical compression TDM
Authors: Baba K. , Yamaguchi T. , Gokyuu K. , Murata M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVery high‐speed optical ring networks were recently developed for metropolitan area network (MAN). In such high‐speed networks, survivability is a very important issue since a single failure leads to a disastrous service interruption. In this paper, we propose a design method for the reliable ring network based on optical compression TDM. We assume a single failure; at most a single link fails at a time. We then propose methods to establish paths accommodating all traffic demands among nodes. As protection/restoration methods, we consider a dedicated path protection, a shared path protection, and a path restoration method. For these networks, we first derive theoretical lower bounds on the numbers of slots and frames in order to accommodate all paths among nodes. We next propose path accommodation algorithms which allocate paths to slots in order to achieve the theoretical lower bound as closely as possible. Our proposed path accommodation methods are evaluated through several numerical examples. Three protection/restoration methods are also compared by applying our algorithms in order to investigate which method is suitable for optical compression TDM. The numerical results show that the shared path protection and path restoration methods can achieve better performance than the dedicated path protection method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraoperative diagnosis of tanycytic ependymoma: Pitfalls and differential diagnosis
Authors: Dvoracek Marc A. , Kirby Patricia A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSmear preparations have become increasingly popular in the intraoperative assessment of central nervous system pathology. The cytological features of a histologically proven tanycytic ependymoma are presented with the pitfalls and differential diagnosis. The smear preparation showed a glial neoplasm composed of cells with long, bipolar glial processes and oval to spindle‐shaped nuclei resembling those seen in pilocytic astrocytoma smears. The smear characteristics of an ependymoma usually show remarkably uniform round‐to‐oval nuclei, fluffy glial processes, and a perivascular nuclear‐free zone (pseudorosetting). None of these features were present in our case. The accompanying frozen section showed a fascicular spindle‐cell tumor that resembled a schwanomma, a commonly reported misinterpretation of the histology of tanycytic ependymomas on frozen sections. Careful attention to the radiological findings, the surgeon's impression, and the intraoperative smear preparation details should allow one to include this uncommon entity in the differential diagnosis of spinal neoplasms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:289–292, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloned P2X receptor subunits in cerebellum and hippocampus
Authors: Soto Florentina , Rubio Maria E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractP2X receptor subunits have been found in the brain, with P2X2, P2X4, and P2X6 showing a high level of expression. Here, we review the findings about the distribution of P2X receptor subunits in cerebellum and hippocampus and discuss their implication on the possible roles of ATP as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the brain. Drug Dev. Res. 52:133–139, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenesis of female‐to‐male sex‐reversal in XX polled goats
Authors: Pailhoux Eric , Vigier Bernard , Vaiman Daniel , Servel Nathalie , Chaffaux Stéphane , Cribiu Edmond P. , Cotinot Corinne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe association of polledness and intersexuality in domestic goats (PIS mutation) made them a practical genetic model for studying mammalian female‐to‐male sex reversal. In this study, gonads from XX sex‐reversed goats (PIS‐/‐) were thoroughly characterized at the molecular and histologic level from the first steps of gonadal differentiation (36 days post coitum [dpc]) to birth. The first histologic signs of gonadal sex reversal were detectable between 36 and 40 dpc (4–5 days later than the XY male) and were mainly characterized by the reduction of the ovarian cortex and the organization of seminiferous cords. As early as 36 dpc, aromatase (CYP19) gene expression was decreased in XX (PIS‐/‐) gonads, whereas genes normally up‐regulated in males, such as SOX9 and AMH, showed an increased expression level from 40 dpc. Thereafter, steroidogenic cell precursors were affected, and at 56 dpc, WNT4 and 3β‐HSD were expressed in a male‐specific manner in sex‐reversed gonads. Another noticeable feature was a progressive disappearance of germ cells, clearly visible in testicular cords around 70 dpc where 50–75% of germ cells were absent in XX (PIS‐/‐) gonads. These observations indicated that the causal mutation of PIS acts very early in the sex‐determining cascade and affects primarily the supporting cells of the gonad. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Villin: A marker for development of the epithelial pyloric border
Authors: Braunstein Evan M. , Qiao Xiaotan T. , Madison Blair , Pinson Kathleen , Dunbar Laura , Gumucio Deborah L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the adult gastrointestinal tract, the morphologic borders between esophagus and stomach and between stomach and small intestine are literally one cell thick. The patterning mechanisms that underlie the development of these sharp regional divisions from a once continuous endodermal tube are still obscure. In the embryonic endoderm of the developing gut, region‐specific expression of certain genes (e.g., intestine‐specific expression of the actin bundling protein villin) can be detected as early as 9.0 days post coitum, although the morphologic differentiation of the gut epithelium proper does not begin until 4 to 5 days later. By using a mouse model in which a β‐galactosidase marker has been inserted into the endogenous villin locus, we examined the development of the stomach/intestinal (pyloric) border during gut organogenesis. The data indicate that the border is not sharp from the outset. Rather, the initial border region is characterized by a decreasing gradient of villin/β‐galactosidase expression that extends into the distal stomach. A sharp epithelial border of villin/β‐galactosidase expression appears abruptly at day 16 and is further refined over the next 3 weeks to form the distinct one‐cell‐thick border characteristic of the adult. These results indicate that an important previously unrecognized patterning event occurs in the gut epithelium at 16 days; this event may define an epithelial compartment boundary between the stomach and the intestine. The villin/β‐galactosidase mouse model characterized here provides an excellent substrate with which to further dissect the mechanisms involved in this patterning process. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymes active in the areas undergoing cartilage resorption during the development of the secondary ossification center in the tibiae of rats aged 0–21 days. II. Two proteinases, gelatinase B and collagenase‐3, are implicated in the lysis of collagen fibrils
Authors: Davoli Maria Antonietta , Lamplugh Lisa , Beauchemin Annie , Chan Kevin , Mordier Sylvie , Mort John S. , Murphy Gillian , Docherty Andrew J.P. , Leblond Charles Philippe , Lee Eunice R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the transformation of the cartilaginous epiphysis into bone, the first indication of change in the surfaces destined for resorption is the cleavage of aggrecan core protein by unidentified matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Lee et al., this issue). In cartilage areas undergoing resorption, the cleavage leaves as superficial, 6‐μm‐thick band of matrix, referred to as “pre‐resorptive layer.” This layer harbors G1‐fragments of the aggrecan core protein within a framework of collagen‐rich fibrils exhibiting various stages of degeneration. Investigation of this layer in every resorption area by gelatin histozymography and TIMP‐2 histochemistry demonstrates the presence of an MMP whose histozymographic activity is inhibited by such a low dose of the inhibitor CT1746 as to identify it as gelatinase A or B. Attempts at blocking the histozymographic reactions with neutralizing antibodies capable of inhibiting either gelatinase A or B reveals that only those against gelatinase B do so. Immunostaining of sections with anti–gelatinase B IgG confirms the presence of gelatinase B in every pre‐resorptive layer, that is, at the blind end of excavated canals (stage I; 6‐day‐old rats), at sites along the walls of the forming marrow space (stage II; 7days), at sites within the walls of this space as it becomes the ossification center (stage III; 9 days) and along the wall of the maturing center (stage IV; 10–21 days). We also report the presence of collagenase‐3 in precisely the same sites, possibly as active enzyme, but this remains to be proven. Because the results reveal that collagenase‐3 is present beside gelatinase B in every pre‐resorptive layer and, because these sites exhibit various signs of degradation including fibrillar debris, reduction in fibril number, or overt loss, we propose that gelatinase B and collagenase‐3 mediate the lysis of this pre‐resorptive layer—most likely through a cooperative attack leading to the disintegration of the collagen fibril framework. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive factors in anorexia nervosa: A case history
Authors: Lena S. M. , Chidambaram U. , Panarella C. , Sambasivan K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMethod and ResultsThis paper reports on an anorexic adolescent female with a history of attentional problems and on the favorable effects on eating‐disordered behavior of a pharmacotherapeutic intervention for attentional deficits.DiscussionThe role of cognitive and attentional deficits in the initiation and maintenance of eating disorders (ED) is discussed and guidelines for the use of stimulant medication with anorexic patients are presented. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 354–358, 2001.
Gender differences in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Barry Declan T. , Grilo Carlos M. , Masheb Robin M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined gender differences in patients with binge eating disorder (BED).MethodParticipants were 182 adults (35 male, 147 female) who were consecutively evaluated for outpatient clinical trials and met criteria for BED as outlined in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. They were administered a battery of measures to examine developmental, eating and weight‐related disturbances, and psychological features associated with BED.ResultsMen and women did not differ significantly on several developmental variables (age at first overweight, age at first diet, age at onset of regular binge eating, or number of weight cycles). Men had significantly higher current body mass index (BMI), highest adult BMI, and were significantly more likely to be classified as obese. Men and women did not differ significantly on measures of current eating disorder features (binge eating, eating concerns, weight or shape concerns) but women reported significantly greater body image dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Men and women did not differ significantly on current depression or self‐esteem but men reported a greater frequency of past drug abuse problems.DiscussionAlthough men and women who present for treatment for BED show many similarities in current eating disorder features, we observed a number of gender differences on important developmental and physical variables as well as associated psychological features. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 63–70, 2002.
Dynamic driving/braking force distribution in electric vehicles with independently driven four wheels
Authors: Sakai Shin‐Ichiro , Sado Hideo , Hori Yoichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel algorithm for the dynamic driving/braking force distribution is proposed for electric vehicles (EV) with four in‐wheel motors. In such EVs, the vehicle lateral motion can be controlled by a yaw moment, generated by the torque difference between wheels. This method is known as DYC (Direct Yaw moment Control) in ordinary engine vehicle engineering; however, the torque difference can be generated more directly with in‐wheel motors. One problem of DYC is its instability on slippery roads, such as wet or snowy asphalt. To achieve high stability, the loads of wheels are preferably equal. The load on each wheel can be evaluated as the square root of the sum of squares of driving/braking force and side force. Therefore, the driving/braking forces, or motor torques, should be distributed depending on the side forces of the wheels, to minimize the load imbalance between wheels. The proposed algorithm can solve this optimization problem approximately with little calculation cost, and thus this method can be applied for real‐time calculation within a control period. Approximate solutions obtained with the proposed method are evaluated by comparison with numerical solutions that require much calculation time. The difference between these solutions is shown to be negligible, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 79–89, 2002
Environmental partnerships in sustainable energy
Authors: Glasbergen Pieter , Groenenberg Ria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPartnerships between environmental organizations and the private sector are fairly new. They are an expression of a professional approach in the environmental movement and a private sector vision of the environment as a business opportunity. Focusing on the field of sustainable energy production, this article considers which functions the partnerships perform and which conditions determine their success. The conclusion is that, although partnerships may shake up the market, their potential is still constrained by their ad hoc character, their limited knowledge of the market, the exclusive nature of the arrangement and the lack of international coordination. Interestingly, partnerships call upon the government for policy to help them make further breakthroughs in the development of sustainable products. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tobacco smoke carcinogens and breast cancer
Authors: Hecht Stephen S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCigarette smoking is an established cause of a variety of cancer types, but its role in breast cancer etiology is not clear. In this report, the potential role of cigarette smoke carcinogens as causes of human breast cancer is evaluated. Of over 60 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke, several are known to induce mammary tumors in laboratory animals: benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), 2‐toluidine, 4‐aminobiphenyl, 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ), 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), 1,3‐butadiene, isoprene, nitromethane, ethylene oxide, and benzene. Studies in humans demonstrate that tobacco constituents can reach breast tissue. The uptake and metabolic activation of mammary carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4‐aminobiphenyl are frequently higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Although it is likely that specific mammary carcinogens in tobacco smoke can reach breast tissue, evidence is lacking at the present time. Some PAHs present in cigarette smoke can be metabolized to sterically hindered diol epoxides, which are potent mammary carcinogens. Thus, compounds such as benzo[c]phenanthrene (B[c]P), not classically considered to be a strong carcinogen in rodents, could nevertheless be metabolized in humans to diol epoxides carcinogenic to the breast. Collectively, the link between smoking and breast cancer is plausible but has been difficult to establish, probably because of the low carcinogen dose. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:119–126, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Richard B. Setlow, a commentary on seminal contributions and scientific controversies
Authors: Cleaver James E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRichard B. Setlow inspired the field of DNA repair. His demonstration that photoproducts could be quantified within cells and their excision examined experimentally pioneered the identification of nucleotide excision repair. His early work was associated with the discovery of many founding phenomena of photobiology and DNA repair: the concept of excision repair itself, correlations between DNA repair, life span and aging, variations in repair among mammalian species, caffeine sensitization to UV damage, and the xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) repair deficiencies. We may now have mapped thoroughly the landscape of DNA repair that Dick helped open to exploration, but questions persist of how comprehensively we have explored all its canyons and mesas. Research into nontraditional species and kingdoms may yet provide unexpected surprises. The signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of DNA replication arrest in damaged mammalian cells remain a challenge. The importance of repair in vivo also provides many difficult research questions. One problem of current interest is the role of endogenous DNA damage and repair in human pathology, especially neurodegeneration exemplified by many XP patients. Cancer and neurodegeneration may represent converse responses of dividing and nondividing cells to mutagenic and lethal effects of DNA damaging agents. Cell death from endogenous oxidative DNA damage (apoptosis) may be antagonistic to malignant transformation in dividing cells but may cause neurodegeneration in nondividing neural tissue. Small reductions in the efficiency of repair, especially transcription‐coupled repair, may overemphasize carcinogenesis in mice, while minimizing neurodegeneration, as compared to human patients. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:122–131, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correction of radioresistant DNA synthesis in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts by prostaglandin E2 treatment
Authors: Mirzayans Razmik , Paterson Malcolm C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCultured cells from patients inheriting the rare cancer‐prone and radiotherapy‐sensitive disorder ataxia telangiectasia (AT) exhibit defects in the activation of cell‐cycle checkpoints after exposure to ionizing radiation. In particular, the failure of AT cells to arrest transiently the DNA de novo replication machinery immediately after irradiation—so‐called radioresistant DNA synthesis (RDS)—is often taken as a molecular hallmark of the disease. Recently we reported that: (i) the radiation‐responsive S‐phase checkpoint operating in normal human cells is mediated by a signal transduction pathway involving Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII); and (ii) the RDS phenotype of AT cells is associated with failure to mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores, which is required for activation of the CaMKII‐dependent S‐phase arrest. In the present study, we demonstrate that the RDS phenotype of AT dermal fibroblasts can be rectified in the absence of ectopic expression of functional ATM, the 350‐kDa protein kinase encoded by the gene mutated in AT. Correction of RDS was observed when AT fibroblasts were coincubated with normal fibroblasts under conditions in which the 2 different cell cultures shared the same medium but were completely separated physically. The RDS trait was also rectified when AT fibroblasts were briefly incubated with prostaglandin E2 in the absence of normal feeder cells, signifying that this ubiquitous eicosanoid can serve as the diffusible “RDS‐correction factor” for AT cells in the aforementioned cocultivation studies. It would therefore appear that prostaglandin E2 can assume the role of an extracellular signaling modulator of the S‐phase checkpoint in AT cells exposed to ionizing radiation, inducing DNA synthesis shutdown via an alternative, ATM‐independent signal transduction pathway. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:191–199, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inelastic buildings with tuned mass dampers under moderate ground motions from distant earthquakes
Authors: Lukkunaprasit P. , Wanitkorkul A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effectiveness of tuned mass dampers (TMD) in vibration control of buildings was investigated under moderate ground shaking caused by long‐distance earthquakes with frequency contents resembling the 1985 Mexico City (SCT) or the 1995 Bangkok ground motion. The elastic–perfectly plastic material behaviour was assumed for the main structure, with linear TMDs employed by virtue of their simplicity and robustness. The accumulated hysteretic energy dissipation affected by TMD was examined, and the ratio of the hysteretic energy absorption in the structure with TMD to that without it is proposed to be used, in conjunction with the peak displacement ratio, as a supplementary TMD performance index since it gives an indication of the accumulated damage induced in the inelastic structures. For the ground motions considered, TMD would be effective in reducing the hysteretic energy absorption demand in the critical storeys for buildings in the 1.8–2.8 s range. The consequence is reduction in damage of the buildings which would otherwise suffer heavy damage in the absence of TMD, resulting in economical restorability in the damage control limit state. This is of practical significance in view of the current trend toward performance‐based design. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.