bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF STREPTOCOCCAL GROUP-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Osterland C. Kirk , Krause Richard 
Published: June 2004

Two serologically distinct antibodies directed against different antigenic sites on the Group A carbohydrate were detected in human sera by agglutination techniques. Agglutinins with A-variant specificity were demonstrable by the direct agglutination of purified A-variant cell walls, whereas indirect Coombs-type agglutinins with Group A specificity were demonstrable with Group A cell walls. Selective adsorption with homologous cell walls as well as inhibition studies with the soluble carbohydrates confirmed the specificity of the two types of agglutinins.
There was an obvious correlation between the magnitude of the antistreptolysin O titer, and the direct Group A-variant and the indirect Group titers. These data suggest that indirect anti-Group A agglutinins and direct anti-Group A-variant agglutinins are produced following a Group A streptococcal infection.
STUDIES ON TUBERCULIN FEVER
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Heijn Cornelis 
Published: June 2004

In a search for the source of the circulating endogenous pyrogen (EP) that mediates tuberculin-induced fever, tuberculin was incubated in vitro with various tissues of rabbits sensitized by intravenous infection with BCG.
Evidence was obtained that tuberculin specifically stimulates cells in the blood of sensitized rabbits to generate pyrogen in vitro, whereas both lymph node and spleen cells from the same donors were inactive.
Since normal blood cells, incubated in plasma of sensitized donors, were similarly activated, it is postulated that circulating antibodies play a role in sensitizing cells (presumably granulocytes) to release pyrogen on contact with tuberculin) both in vitro and in vivo.
Release of endogenous pyrogen in vitro may be a sensitive means of detecting immunologic reactions between antigen and specifically sensitized blood cells-in other allergic states accompanied by fever.
EFFECT OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE (6-MP) ON DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Borel Yves , Fauconnet Marthe , Miescher Peter A. 
Published: June 2004

In the primary response of mice and rabbits immunized with foreign red cells, 6-MP administration prolonged the formation of 19S antibody. 7S antibody formation was delayed and reduced in these animals.
Animals treated with 6-MP during primary response exhibited a preferential 19S response when challenged in the anamnestic response.
Animals immunized with small doses of antigen and treated with 6-MP only during the secondary response, reversed the usual antibody pattern and responded with preferential 19S antibody formation.
ISOLATION OF ß1F-GLOBULIN FROM HUMAN SERUM AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION AS THE FIFTH COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT
Authors: Nilsson Ulf R. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: June 2004

At least 3 complement factors were found necessary for the conversion of the thermolabile intermediate complex EAC'1a,4,2a to a thermostable state. One of these factors is the earlier described ß1C-globulin. The second, a heretofore unrecorded serum protein, ß1F-globulin. The third factor has not yet been defined as a discrete serum protein entity. Kinetic experiments indicated that ß1C reacted prior to ß1F, which in turn seemed to precede the third factor in the reaction sequence. Therefore, the 3 components were tentatively designated the third (C'3), the fifth (C'5), and the sixth (C'6) components of complement, respectively. A procedure was developed allowing the isolation of highly purified ß1C-(C'3) and ß1F-globulin (C'5) and of partially purified C'6.
With respect to its function in immune hemolysis, ß1F-globulin or C'5 was found to be closely dependent on the simultaneous presence of C'6. The hypothesis that C'5 and C'6 form a functional unit was supported by the finding that both components interact with each other in solution resulting in the formation of a complex. A similar complex was also found in fresh human serum.
FURTHER STUDIES ON SPECIFIC TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS IN ROUS SARCOMA OF MICE
Authors: Jonsson Nils , Sjögren Hans O. 
Published: June 2004

Mice allografted with different sarcomas, induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin variant of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV-SR), showed a resistance against subsequent isografting of 9 different Rous sarcomas. Transplantation resistance could also be induced by Rous mouse tumor cells x-irradiated with 8000 r or with cell-free tumor extracts, containing no demonstrable virus. No transplantation resistance could be demonstrated after allograft pretreatment with various polyoma tumors or non-viral tumors. Allograft pretreatment with Rous tumors induced no demonstrable resistance against isografting of polyoma tumors. Inoculation of RSV-SR or Rous chicken sarcoma suspension into adult mice gave no clear cut resistance against isografting of mouse sarcomas. Neither after allografting of Rous tumors nor after virus or chicken sarcoma inoculation into adult mice could virus-neutralizing activity be demonstrated in the sera.
The results demonstrate the presence of common, specific transplantation antigen(s) in different Rous sarcomas in mice and speak against an identity between the transplantation antigen(s) and viral antigen(s).
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Jones Valerie E. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: June 2004

Injections of various conjugates of arsanilic acid into newborn guinea pigs produced a specific tolerance in respect to subsequent development of hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity. In general, larger polyvalent conjugates produced longer lasting and more profound suppression of delayed sensitivity than did the smaller ones. Carrier injections alone were ineffective. At lower doses of conjugate, breakthrough of tolerance occurred first with animals immunized with the heterologous carrier conjugate.
The duration of tolerance produced by injection of monovalent conjugates into neonates is in contrast to the transient inhibition produced by the same conjugates in previously sensitized animals, suggesting that different target cells may be involved in these two phenomena.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXCESS SALT INGESTION
Authors: Dahl Lewis K. , Heine Martha , Tassinari Lorraine 
Published: June 2004

Two strains of selectively inbred rats were demonstrated previously to have opposite genetic predisposition to develop hypertension from NaCl ingestion (1, 2), DOCA-NaCl (3), and unilateral renal artery compression without NaCl (3).
Using these same strains, similar disparate responses were elicited with two other models for inducing experimental hypertension, namely cortisone and adrenal regeneration.
On the basis of these experiences, it is proposed that the genetic substrate will be found to modify significantly the influence of all non-genetic factors considered to play a primary role in the etiology of experimental hypertension. Furthermore, it is suggested that similar genetic and non-genetic factors interact to produce hypertension in man. An hypothesis has been elaborated that is compatible with the experimental data and there is some clinical evidence to support this hypothesis.
PHYLOGENETIC ORIGINS OF ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
Authors: Marchalonis J. , Edelman G. M. 
Published: June 2004

The elasmobranch Mustelus canis has been shown to produce antibodies to Limulus hemocyanin. The serum of both normal and immunized M. canis contains immunoglobulins having sedimentation coefficients of approximately 7S and 17S. Antibody activity was found in the 17S immunoglobulin which may be dissociated to 7S components with concomitant loss of activity. Both 17S and 7S serum, immunoglobulins were antigenically identical. They consisted of light and heavy chains present in amounts comparable to those of higher vertebrates. Peptide maps indicated that the light chains had an entirely different primary structure than the heavy chains, but that the corresponding chains of 7S and 17S dogfish serum immunoglobulins were similar in primary structure. The heavy chains appeared to resemble the n chains of immunoglobulins of higher vertebrates in their starch gel electrophoretic behavior. It is suggested that the elasmobranch M. canis may have only one major class of immunoglobulins resembling that of macroglobulins (γM-immunoglobulins) seen in higher vertebrates.
The results indicate that the multichain structure of antibodies is an ancient evolutionary development.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE STIMULATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN CULTURES OF SPLEEN CELL SUSPENSIONS BY HOMOLOGOUS CELLS IN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE AND RATS
Authors: Dutton Richard W. 
Published: June 2004

The early proliferative response previously demonstrated in rabbits has now been shown to follow the mixing of spleen cell suspensions from 2 inbred strains of mice or rats. The size of the response is comparable to that seen in cells from hyperimmune animals exposed to antigen in vitro. Autoradiographs of cells from stimulated cultures showed 1 to 4 per cent of the total population had incorporated thymidine. Modifications in the conditions necessary for the culture of mice and rat spleen cell suspensions and the measurement of thymidine incorporation are described.
No responses were observed in isologous mixes. The responses obtained on mixing individual pairs of spleens from different strains showed relatively little variation. Responses were obtained in all of the 21 possible combinations between 7 inbred strains of mice. Responses were obtained when parental cells were mixed with their F1 hybrids. Analysis of these responses showed that, in every case, parental-F1 hybrid responses were less intense than those between the 2 parents. It was shown that there was no inherent defect in the ability of the hybrid cells to respond when mixed with an unrelated strain. The results suggested that the hybrid cells made no response to the parent cells although this was not conclusively established. This has been taken as circumstantial evidence that the response is immunological in nature.
The significance of the vigor of the response and the large fraction of the immunologically competent cells that take part is discussed.
STUDIES ON RABBIT LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Sell Stewart , Rowe David S. , Gell P. G. H. 
Published: June 2004

In vitro cultures of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of rabbits may be stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, staphylococcal filtrate, antiallotype serum, or sheep anti-rabbit whole serum to synthesize protein, RNA and DNA as indicated by the incorporation of radiolabelled precursor substances into these products. A sequence of events found in all stimulated cultures characteristically shows protein synthesis followed by RNA synthesis, histologic blast transformation, DNA synthesis, and mitosis, with the complete sequence requiring 48 hours. All four stimulants induce essentially identical metabolic changes. Characterization of the proteins synthesized by lymphocytes in vitro has failed to demonstrate immunoglobulin synthesis by stimulated or non-stimulated cultures. It is concluded that the majority of proteins produced by peripheral lymphocytes stimulated in vitro are most likely cellular proteins related to the metabolic alterations necessary for mitosis.
Absorption of sheep antisera to whole rabbit serum with rabbit IgG does not always remove the transforming capacity of the sheep antisera. Thus, it is likely that antibodies to proteins other than IgG present in the small lymphocyte may also be able to stimulate transformation. A possible common mechanism for the induction of lymphoblast transformation may be the ability of both specific and non-specific stimulants to react with protein constituents of the lymphocyte which may also be present in serum.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENDOTOXIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF MICE
Authors: Dubos René , Costello Richard , Schaedler Russell W. 
Published: June 2004

Albino mice lose weight within 24 hours following administration of bacterial endotoxin. The initial weight loss is proportional to the dose of endotoxin injected only when this dose is very small. The loss during the 1st day reaches a maximum with 10 to 30 µg of endotoxin; larger doses increase the duration of the overall effect.
The rate at which mice regain weight after administration of endotoxin is markedly influenced by the composition of the diet. Recovery was rapid and complete within a few days when the animals were fed commercial pellets or a semisynthetic diet containing casein. In contrast, recovery was slow and incomplete when wheat gluten was used instead of casein in the diet. The deleterious effect of the gluten diet was less marked in older than in younger animals, probably because the latter have less exacting nutritional requirements.
It was postulated that the failure of endotoxin-treated mice to regain weight when fed the gluten diet was due to the fact that this protein is low in certain amino acids. In fact, rapid and complete recovery from the weight loss uniformly occurred when the gluten diet was supplemented with proper amounts of lysine and threonine.
The composition of the diet did not influence the extent of the initial loss of weight caused by endotoxin, nor did it prevent the animals from developing tolerance to this substance.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS WITH DIFFERENT ALLOTYPIC SPECIFICITIES IN RABBIT LYMPHOID TISSUES
Authors: Pernis Benvenuto , Chiappino Gerolamo , Kelus Andrew S. , Gell Philip G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The cellular localization of allotypes in rabbit lymphoid tissues has been studied by immunofluorescence. In heterozygous animals the double staining for two allotypes controlled by allelic genes (A1 and A2; A4 and A5; A4 and A6) has shown the existence of two populations of plasma cells, one containing one allotype and the other the alternative one. The localization in different cells of immunoglobulins marked by allelic allotypic specificities has been confirmed by microspectrography of single cells. An exception to this rule was given by the presence in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles of apparently uniform mixtures of products of the two allelic genes.
Double staining for two allotypes controlled by genes at different loci showed, instead, the presence of many cells containing both allotypes; the number of these cells was highest in doubly homozygotes, in the other it was consistent with random association of non-allelic specificities.
In addition double staining for one allotype and gamma G globulins in the lymphoid tissues of rabbits homozygous at the a or at the b locus, has shown the presence of cells containing immunoglobulins that lack one allotype.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RILEY VIRUS
Authors: Mahy B. W. J. , Rowson K. E. K. , Parr C. W. , Salaman M. H. 
Published: June 2004

Plasma LDH levels were determined in normal and Riley virus-infected mice following treatment with various drugs known to alter the activity of the RES. The rise in plasma LDH level after Riley virus infection was considerably enhanced by previous treatment with thorotrast (to produce blockade of the RES), and decreased by previous treatment with stilboestrol (to stimulate the RES).
A dose of 2000 r whole-body x-irradiation, lethal within 3 to 4 days, did not alter the phagocytic activity of the RES, and was without effect on plasma LDH activity in normal mice, or on the rise in plasma LDH level following infection with Riley virus.
Blockade of the RES with cholesterol oleate, thorotrast, or zymosan, resulted in a 2- to 3-fold rise in plasma LDH level within a few hours. The level returned to normal by 1 to 3 days. Stimulation of the RES with stilboestrol resulted in a decrease in plasma LDH level by 1 to 2 days in both normal and infected mice, with a return to normal by about a week.
Blockade of the RES in uninfected mice with thorotrast or cholesterol oleate, besides increasing the plasma LDH level caused a rise in plasma phosphoglucose isomerase level, but no significant alterations in plasma aldolase or alanine transaminase levels, studied up to 10 days. Riley virus causes a similar pattern of enzyme elevation. It is suggested that the increased levels of certain plasma enzymes in Riley virus-infected mice may be due to competitive inhibition by virus particles of plasma enzyme clearance by the RES.
STUDY OF PENICILLIN ANTIBODIES BY FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION AND IMMUNODIFFUSION
Authors: Dandliker W. B. , Halbert S. P. , Florin M. C. , Alonso R. , Schapiro H. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Antibodies prepared in the rabbit to penicilloyl-rabbit serum albumin or to penicilloyl-bovine serum albumin were demonstrated by immunodiffusion and absorption methods to be apparently directed exclusively against the penicilloyl moiety. The antibodies could precipitate heavily substituted penicilloyl polylysine, as well as each other, with "reactions of identity". All could mutually deplete detectable antibodies by cross-absorption.
2. Small haptens containing both fluorescein and the penicilloyl group were synthesized. They were also capable of completely absorbing the antipenicilloyl antibodies from rabbit antiserum, as evidenced by immunodiffusion tests. The haptens were used in fluorescence polarization tests with gamma globulin from normal and immunized rabbits, and from normal and allergic humans. The rabbit antipenicilloyl gamma globulins in concentrations as low as 5 to 10 µg of protein/ml could significantly increase the polarization of the haptens. Normal gamma globulin had no effect at the highest concentrations tested, 1200 µg/ml. In all tests, rabbit and human antibody reacted similarly.
3. Fluorescence polarization titration curves for both human and rabbit antipenicilloyl gamma globulins were analyzed by computer and the antibody concentrations, avidities, and heterogeneity constants were determined. For the human antibody, the latter two values were 3.0 x 107 M–1 and 0.78, while for the rabbit, they were 8.7 x 106 M–1 and 0.71. The data were employed to estimate the limit of sensitivity of fluorescence polarization for detecting antipenicilloyl antibodies. Under the conditions employed, this value was roughly 0.4 µg antibody/ml.
4. When the whole rabbit sera were tested for penicilloyl antibodies by fluorescence polarization, both normal (preimmune) and immune sera revealed striking and equivalent increases in polarization with the penicilloyl haptens. This non-specific binding was shown to be due at least in part to serum albumin. Indications were obtained that it might be significantly reduced by increasing the pH or the salt concentration of the medium, or by addition of certain anions.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN FETUS
Authors: van Furth R. , Schuit Henrica R. E. , Hijmans W. 
Published: June 2004

The immunogenesis of the human fetus has been investigated by means of the formation of immunoglobulins in vitro, immunofluorescence, morphological studies, and analysis of the immunoglobulins in the serum. Twenty fetuses which were born alive but died soon after delivery, were studied; their ages ranged from 13 to 31 weeks.
The results of the spleen cultures demonstrated the synthesis of IgG and IgM, which starts at about the twentieth week of gestation. In the serum, IgM could be detected at about the same period. The immunofluorescent staining of the spleen tissue showed that medium sized and large lymphoid cells as well as plasma cells, even with Russell bodies, were positive for either IgG or IgM. The peripheral blood was also found to contain a small number of medium sized IgG and IgM-positive cells. Both the spleen and the peripheral blood showed a considerable number of fluorescent small lymphocytes which exclusively contained IgM. The relatively high ratio of IgM to IgG production prenatally as compared to the postnatal situation, agrees with a predominantly primary antibody response in fetal life.
In general, the fetal thymus did not synthesize immunoglobulins. No indications for the synthesis of IgA and IgD during fetal life were found.
STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Curnen Edward C. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The cause for the phenomenon of hemagglutination with heated PVM suspensions has been sought.
2. Evidence in wide variety indicates that the component responsible for hemagglutination is the virus particle itself.
3. The virus is capable of combining with a substance present in lung tissue of certain mammalian host species susceptible to infection by PVM. The occurrence of such combination accounts for a number of unusual properties manifested by this pneumotropic virus.
STUDIES ON SCRUB TYPHUS
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Rights Fred L. , Jackson Elizabeth B. 
Published: June 2004

A complement-fixing antigen specific for scrub typhus occurs in the body fluids and tissues of infected mice, white rats, and cotton rats.
The specific serological substance is demonstrable only in those animals which develop a rapidly fatal disease after an incubation period of a few days. Such an experimental infection is induced in mice and rats by the intravenous injection of suspensions of yolk sac rich in R. orientalis.
Ether extraction is an important step in the preparation of a complement-fixing antigen from tissues of mice dying with scrub typhus.
The Imphal No. 8 and Calcutta strains of R. orientalis are indistinguishable on the basis of complement fixation and cross-immunity tests.
The complement-fixing antigen in body fluids of infected mice and rats and in our preparations of tissues from such animals occurs as a soluble antigen. Under the proper conditions the soluble antigen can be stored or dehydrated without loss of serological activity.
FORMATION OF SEROLOGICALLY REACTIVE DEXTRANS BY STREPTOCOCCI FROM SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
Authors: Hehre Edward J. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

Serologically reactive dextrans were synthesized from sucrose by 22 of 48 strains of streptococci isolated from the blood of patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. One strain formed an appreciable amount of levan as well as dextran. Nine strains of group H streptococci from throats formed dextran serologically similar to that formed by the described endocarditis streptococci. Six strains of S. salivarius from throats and feces, which were included for comparison, formed levan which agreed in serological properties with the purified levan previously described for one strain of that species.
The experimental method comprised a series of serological tests that were controlled and supplemented by physical and chemical tests, and furnished a relatively simple but entirely adequate way of recognizing and distinguishing dextrans and levans in bacterial cultures without isolation of the purified polysaccharides. The possible use of dextran and levan formation in the differential description of non-hemolytic streptococci is suggested.