bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for iron deficiency in a hospitalized urban New Zealand population
Authors: Grant CC , Wall CR , Wilson C , Taua N 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To determine which dietary practices and sociodemographic factors are associated with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and iron deficiency (ID) in hospitalized New Zealand children.Methodology:  A prospective study of children 8−23 months of age hospitalized with an acute illness from 1997 to 1999. Iron deficiency was defined as abnormal values for two out of three of serum ferritin (< 10 µg/L), serum iron saturation (< 10%) and red cell distribution width (> 14.5%). Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) was defined as ID + serum haemoglobin concentration <110 g/L. Those with IDA or ID were compared separately with those who were not iron deficient.Results:  Three hundred and ninety‐one children were enrolled. Two hundred and twenty had IDA, 73 had ID and 98 were not iron deficient. In a multivariate analysis, those children who had a diagnosis of pneumonia (odds ratio 4.43, 95% CI 1.49, 13.13) were Pacific (odds ratio 6.31, 95% CI 2.14, 18.63), were currently drinking breast milk (odds ratio 10.22, 95% CI 2.95, 35.42), had a mother who restricted her meat intake during pregnancy (odds ratio 4.40, 95% CI 1.53, 12.64) or lived in a household with more than three children (odds ratio 7.42, 95% CI 1.88, 29.34) were at increased risk of IDA. Those children who were Pacific (odds ratio 5.44, 95% CI 1.37, 21.65) or who drank tea (odds ratio 7.88, 95% CI 1.10, 56.33) were at increased risk of ID. Those with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis (odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI 0.03, 0.75) were at decreased risk of ID.Conclusions:  Both dietary and non‐dietary factors are associated with an increased risk of IDA and ID in New Zealand children. In this hospitalized sample, more non‐dietary than dietary factors were associated with poor iron status.
Paediatric bronchiectasis in the twenty‐first century: Experience of a tertiary children's hospital in New Zealand
Authors: Edwards EA , Asher MI , Byrnes CA 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  Despite its decline in developed countries, bronchiectasis appeared to be a common diagnosis in Auckland, New Zealand children. The aims of this study were: to document the number of children in Auckland with bronchiectasis, their severity, clinical characteristics and possible aetiologies; to assess whether there was a relationship between ethnicity and poverty; and to estimate a crude bronchiectasis prevalence rate for New Zealand.Methods:  A retrospective review of the case histories of all children attending a tertiary children's hospital in Auckland with bronchiectasis diagnosed by high‐resolution chest computed tomography (CT) scan, during the period 1998−2000 was undertaken. Data collected included patient demographics, number of hospitalizations pre‐ and post‐diagnosis, lung function tests, radiology and investigations. The New Zealand deprivation 1996 index was applied to the data to obtain a measure of socio‐economic status.Results:  Bronchiectasis was found to be common, with an estimated prevalence of approximately one in 6000 in the Auckland paediatric population. It was disproportionately more common in the Pacific Island and Maori children. In Pacific Island children, bronchiectasis not caused by cystic fibrosis was nearly twice as common in the general population than cystic fibrosis. Socio‐economic deprivation and low immunization rates may be significant contributing factors. The bronchiectasis seen was extensive. Ninety‐three percent had bilateral disease and 64% had involvement of four or more lobes on chest CT scan. A wide range of comorbidities and underlying aetiologies were evident.Conclusions:  Paediatric bronchiectasis in Auckland, New Zealand, is common but underresourced. Only the most severe cases are being recognized, providing a significant challenge for paediatric health professionals.
Television, computer use and body mass index in Australian primary school children
Authors: Wake M , Hesketh K , Waters E 
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To investigate relationships between children's body mass index (BMI) and parent reports of children's television and video game/computer habits, controlling for other potential risk factors for paediatric obesity.Methods:  Child BMI was calculated from measured height and weight collected in 1997 as part of a large, representative, cross‐sectional study of children in Victoria, Australia. Parents reported the amount of time children watched television and used video games/computers, children's eating and activity habits, parental BMI and sociodemographic details.Results:  A total of 2862 children aged 5−13 years participated. Child mean BMI z‐score was significantly related to television (F = 10.23, P < 0.001) but not video game/computer time (F = 2.23, P = 0.09), but accounted for only 1 and 0.2% of total BMI variance, respectively. When parental BMI, parental education, number of siblings, food intake, organized exercise and general activity level were included, television ceased to be independently significantly related to child BMI. Using adjusted logistic regression, the odds of being overweight and obese generally increased with increasing television viewing. No relationship was found for video game/computer use.Conclusions:  A small proportion of variance in child BMI was related to television, but not video game/computer time. This was far outweighed by the influence of other variables. Causal pathways are likely to be complex and interrelated.
Diversity and dynamics of microbial communities in soils from agro‐ecosystems
Authors: Buckley Daniel H. , Schmidt Thomas M. 
Published: May 2003

SummarySoil microbial communities are integrally involved in biogeochemical cycles and their activities are crucial to the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the importance of soil microorganisms, little is known about the distribution of microorganisms in the soil or the manner in which microbial community structure responds to changes in land management. We investigated the structure of microbial communities in the soil over two years in a series of replicated plots, that included, cultivated fields, fields abandoned from cultivation and fields with no history of cultivation. Microbial community structure was examined by monitoring the relative abundance of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from seven of the most common bacterial groups in soil (the Alpha and Beta Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cytophagales, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and the Acidobacteria) and the Eukarya. These data reveal that soil microbial communities are dynamic, capable of significant change at temporal scales relative to seasonal events. However, despite temporal change in microbial community structure, the rRNA relative abundance of particular microbial groups is affected by the local environment such that recognizable patterns of community structure exist in relation to field management.
Phylogeny and distribution of nitrate‐storing Beggiatoa spp. in coastal marine sediments
Authors: Mußmann Marc , Schulz Heide N. , Strotmann Bettina , Kjær Thomas , Nielsen Lars P. , Rosselló‐Mora Ramon A. , Amann Rudolf I. , Jørgensen Bo Barker 
Published: May 2003

SummaryFilamentous sulphide‐oxidizing Beggiatoa spp. often occur in large numbers in the coastal seabed without forming visible mats on the sediment surface. We studied the diversity, population structure and the nitrate‐storing capability of such bacteria in the Danish Limfjorden and the German Wadden Sea. Their distribution was compared to the vertical gradients of O2, NO3– and H2S as measured by microsensors. The main Beggiatoa spp. populations occurred in a 0.5–3 cm thick intermediate zone, below the depth of oxygen and nitrate penetration but above the zone of free sulphide. The Beggiatoa spp. filaments were found to store nitrate, presumably in liquid vacuoles up to a concentration of 370 mM NO3–, similar to the related large marine sulphur bacteria, Thioploca and Thiomargarita. The observations indicate that marine Beggiatoa spp. can live anaerobically and conserve energy by coupling sulphide oxidation with the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen and/or ammonia. Calculations of the diffusive nitrate flux and the potential sulphide oxidation by Beggiatoa spp. show that the bacteria may play a critical role for the sulphur cycling and the nitrogen balance in these coastal environments. 16S rDNA sequence analysis shows a large diversity of these uncultured, nitrate‐storing Beggiatoa spp. Smaller (9–17 µm wide) and larger (33–40 µm wide) Beggiatoa spp. represent novel phylogenetic clusters distinct from previously sequenced, large marine Beggiatoa spp. and Thioploca spp. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the natural Beggiatoa spp. populations showed that filament width is a conservative character of each phylogenetic species but a given filament width may represent multiple phylogenetic species in a mixed population.
Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards*
Authors: Cutter Susan L. , Boruff Bryan J. , Shirley W. Lynn 
Published: May 2003

Objective.County‐level socioeconomic and demographic data were used to construct an index of social vulnerability to environmental hazards, called the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) for the United States based on 1990 data.Methods.Using a factor analytic approach, 42 variables were reduced to 11 independent factors that accounted for about 76 percent of the variance. These factors were placed in an additive model to compute a summary score—the Social Vulnerability Index.Results.There are some distinct spatial patterns in the SoVI, with the most vulnerable counties clustered in metropolitan counties in the east, south Texas, and the Mississippi Delta region.Conclusion.Those factors that contribute to the overall score often are different for each county, underscoring the interactive nature of social vulnerability—some components increase vulnerability; others moderate the effects.
Is Combat Pay Effective? Evidence from Operation Desert Storm*
Authors: Dunn Lucia F. 
Published: May 2003

Objective. To determine whether combat pay for U.S. Army officers has been adequate to maintain troop strength during wartime in the all‐volunteer military.Methods. Data from a panel survey of 3,800 officers collected one year prior to Operation Desert Storm and again during the Iraqi engagement are used. The primary economic indicator of work disutility—the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) or tradeoff of time for money—is estimated; and the MRS‐hourly pay relationship in both time periods is determined.Results. Combat pay was found to be generally adequate to offset increases in wartime disutility. Additional payment was required for male officers in only two branch groups, and these involved relatively small numbers of personnel compared to the larger Combat Arms branches.Conclusions. We find no evidence that a market‐oriented volunteer army could not maintain adequate troop strength during wartime, at least in environments similar to that of the early 1990s when these data were collected.
Ethnic Differences in Predictors of Support for Municipal Affirmative Action Contracting*
Authors: Klineberg Stephen L. , Kravitz David A. 
Published: May 2003

Objective. This study explores attitudes toward municipal affirmative action contracting among Anglos, African Americans, and Hispanics, testing predictors of support separately for each group and measuring changes over time.Methods. In five successive annual Houston‐area surveys, U.S.‐born Anglos, African Americans, Hispanics, and Hispanic immigrants evaluated a strong version of the city's affirmative action contracting program.Results. Ethnic contrasts in support were partly mediated by differences on the predictors. The predictors of affirmative action attitudes varied greatly by ethnic group. Changes in support across the five years appeared to be associated with the 1997 campaign surrounding the effort to end the city's affirmative action program, and with subsequent policy modifications.Conclusions. The ethnic divisions and the recent increases among all groups in support for the city's program underscore the value of crafting carefully targeted and flexible policies that are perceived to be responding only to documented disadvantage.
Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos*
Authors: Pantoja Adrian D. , Segura Gary M. 
Published: May 2003

Objective. This article uses a political empowerment approach to explore the effect that descriptive representation in legislatures has on levels of political alienation among Latinos.Methods. Using data from the 1997 Tomás Rivera Policy Institute post‐election survey carried out in California and Texas, supplemented with data on the ethnicity of legislators serving each respondent, we test this political empowerment thesis.Results. The presence of Latino representatives in the state assembly, state senate, and/or U.S. House is associated with lower levels of political alienation among Latino constituents. The effect is modest, and we find that other factors—demographic, political, and ethnic‐specific—also exert powerful influences on levels of political alienation among Latinos.Conclusions. Although finding modest evidence for the political empowerment thesis, descriptive representation alone is not a panacea for creating politically engaged personas among Latinos.
OPTIMAL LISTING POLICY FOR IPOs IN THE GERMAN FINANCIAL MARKET
Authors: ECKERT MANFRED 
Published: May 2003

Using an existing theoretical model, we investigate a firm's decision to go public empirically. In other words, should their shares be listed on either the 1st Market Segment, or on the Neuer Markt Segment (modelled on NASDAQ) of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, provided the fact, that the listing requirements for both market segments are fulfilled is the major question of this paper. A binary choice model (the so-called dichotomous Probit-model) is used, i.e., a regression on a dummy dependent variable will be conducted, using also a mixture of qualitative and quantitative explanatory variables describing the particular market best, to test for German circumstances and conclusions are drawn.
Pax5 determines B- versus T-cell fate and does not block early myeloid-lineage development
Authors: Cotta Claudiu V. , Zhang Zheng , Kim Hyung-Gyoon , Klug Christopher A. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Progenitor B cells deficient in Pax5 are developmentally multipotent, suggesting that Pax5 is necessary to maintain commitment to the B-cell lineage. Commitment may be mediated, in part, by Pax5 repression of myeloid-specific genes. To determine whether Pax5 expression in multipotential cells is sufficient to restrict development to the B-cell lineage in vivo, we enforced expression of Pax5 in hematopoietic stem cells using a retroviral vector. Peripheral blood analysis of all animals reconstituted with Pax5-expressing cells indicated that more than 90% of Pax5-expressing cells were B220+ mature B cells that were not malignant. Further analysis showed that Pax5 completely blocked T-lineage development in the thymus but did not inhibit myelopoiesis or natural killer (NK) cell development in bone marrow. These results implicate Pax5 as a critical regulator of B- versus T-cell developmental fate and suggest that Pax5 may promote commitment to the B-cell lineage by mechanisms that are independent of myeloid gene repression.
Causal uncertainty, claimed and behavioural self‐handicapping
Authors: Thompson Ted , Hepburn Jonathan 
Published: May 2003

Background: Causal uncertainty beliefs involve doubts about the causes of events, and arise as a consequence of non‐contingent evaluative feedback: feedback that leaves the individual uncertain about the causes of his or her achievement outcomes. Individuals high in causal uncertainty are frequently unable to confidently attribute their achievement outcomes, experience anxiety in achievement situations and as a consequence are likely to engage in self‐handicapping behaviour.Aims: Accordingly, we sought to establish links between trait causal uncertainty, claimed and behavioural self‐handicapping.Sample: Participants were N=72 undergraduate students divided equally between high and low causally uncertain groups.Method: We used a 2 (causal uncertainty status: high, low) × 3 (performance feedback condition: success, non‐contingent success, non‐contingent failure) between‐subjects factorial design to examine the effects of causal uncertainty on achievement behaviour. Following performance feedback, participants completed 20 single‐solution anagrams and 12 remote associate tasks serving as performance measures, and 16 unicursal tasks to assess practice effort. Participants also completed measures of claimed handicaps, state anxiety and attributions.Results: Relative to low causally uncertain participants, high causally uncertain participants claimed more handicaps prior to performance on the anagrams and remote associates, reported higher anxiety, attributed their failure to internal, stable factors, and reduced practice effort on the unicursal tasks, evident in fewer unicursal tasks solved.Conclusions: These findings confirm links between trait causal uncertainty and claimed and behavioural self‐handicapping, highlighting the need for educators to facilitate means by which students can achieve surety in the manner in which they attribute the causes of their achievement outcomes.
Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Solids—Highlights of Recent Progress
Authors: Stein A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis report highlights developments in the fields of microporous and mesoporous materials that were published mostly during the year 2002. Selected examples are provided to illustrate new zeolite structures, porous coordination materials, mesoporous solids with new compositions, controlled morphologies, and increased hydrothermal and thermal stabilities, as well as porous solids with tunable pore openings or other structural features that can be dynamically modified. A number of applications are discussed, including stabilization of reactive guests, separations, electronic materials, and sensors.
Mining longitudinal web queries: Trends and patterns
Authors: Wang Peiling , Berry Michael W. , Yang Yiheng 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis project analyzed 541,920 user queries submitted to and executed in an academic Website during a four‐year period (May 1997 to May 2001) using a relational database. The purpose of the study is three‐fold: (1) to understand Web users' query behavior; (2) to identify problems encountered by these Web users; (3) to develop appropriate techniques for optimization of query analysis and mining. The linguistic analyses focus on query structures, lexicon, and word associations using statistical measures such as Zipf distribution and mutual information. A data model with finest granularity is used for data storage and iterative analyses. Patterns and trends of querying behavior are identified and compared with previous studies.
Graph structure in three national academic Webs: Power laws with anomalies
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Wilkinson David 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe graph structures of three national university publicly indexable Webs from Australia, New Zealand, and the UK were analyzed. Strong scale‐free regularities for page indegrees, outdegrees, and connected component sizes were in evidence, resulting in power laws similar to those previously identified for individual university Web sites and for the AltaVista‐indexed Web. Anomalies were also discovered in most distributions and were tracked down to root causes. As a result, resource driven Web sites and automatically generated pages were identified as representing a significant break from the assumptions of previous power law models. It follows that attempts to track average Web linking behavior would benefit from using techniques to minimize or eliminate the impact of such anomalies.
Information science abstracts: Tracking the literature of information science. Part 2: A new taxonomy for information science
Authors: Hawkins Donald T. , Larson Signe E. , Caton Bari Q. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSubject classifications and thesauri have become more important than ever in the Web environment. Efforts made to organize information into subject classifications, or taxonomies, offer users the opportunity to substantially improve the effectiveness of their search and retrieval activities. This article continues earlier research on the development of a new definition of the field of information science and the creation of a “map” of the field showing subjects central to it and their relationships to those on the periphery. A case study describes the creation of a new classification structure (taxonomy) for the Information Science Abstracts (ISA) database, aiming to reflect and accommodate the rapid and continued technological and market changes affecting the information industry today and into the future. Based on a sample of some 3,000 ISA abstracts, two validation experiments were conducted by a three‐member team comprising a database editor, a reference librarian, and an abstractor‐indexer, who represent three of the major communities within the information science field. In the first experiment, the sample of abstracts was classified according to the proposed new taxonomy; after analysis of the data and revision of the taxonomy, it was revalidated and fine tuned in a second experiment. Indexer consistency measures obtained in this study were significantly higher than those found in previous studies. The taxonomy resulting from this research employs the concepts, definition, and map of information science previously developed. It presents them in an organized hierarchical view of the field and thus makes a significant contribution to information science.
Expression of the Kv1.1 ion channel subunit in the auditory brainstem of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus
Authors: Rosenberger Melissa H. , Fremouw Thane , Casseday John H. , Covey Ellen 
Published: May 2003

AbstractVoltage‐gated potassium channels play an important role in shaping membrane properties that underlie neurons' discharge patterns and the ways in which they transform their input. In the auditory system, low threshold potassium currents such as those created by Kv1.1 subunits contribute to precise phaselocking and to transient onset responses that provide time markers for temporal features of sounds. The purpose of the present study was to compare information about the distribution of neurons expressing the KV 1.1 in the brainstem auditory nuclei with the distribution of neurons with known functional properties in the auditory system of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. We used immunocytochemistry and light microscopy to look at the distribution of Kv1.1 subunits in the brainstem auditory nuclei. There was prominent expression in cell types known to contain high levels of Kv1.1 in other species and known to respond to auditory signals with high temporal precision. These included octopus cells and spherical bushy cells of the cochlear nucleus and principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. In addition, we found high levels of Kv1.1 in neurons of the columnar subdivision of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and in ventral periolivary cell groups. Neurons with high levels of Kv1.1 were differentially distributed in the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and in the inferior colliculus, suggesting that these structures contain functionally distinct cell populations, some of which may be involved in high‐precision temporal processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:101–120, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.