bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long distance selective fiber outgrowth of transplanted hNT neurons in white matter tracts of the adult rat brain
Authors: Baker K. Adam , Mendez Ivar 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTerminally differentiated neurons derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line (NT2N or hNT neurons) are promising as a cell source for transplantation, as they have been shown to be safe for transplantation in humans. We have shown previously that hNT neurons can express a catecholaminergic phenotype in a rat Parkinson model. In this study, we investigated the long‐term survival and ability of hNT neurons to express tyrosine hydroxylase and reconstruct the dopamine‐denervated nigrostriatal pathway. Hemiparkinsonian rats received grafts of 400,000 viable hNT neurons into each of the denervated striatum and substantia nigra. Robust hNT grafts were detected up to 24 weeks posttransplantation, although few cells expressed tyrosine hydroxylase. Many hNT fibers were often associated with ipsilateral and contralateral white matter tracts—corpus callosum, rostral migratory stream, optic tract, and external capsule. Fewer fibers were associated with the superior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, and nigrostriatal pathway. Axons also projected into the frontal cortex and extended parallel to the surface of the brain in the superficial cortical layers. These pathways were seen in all grafted animals, suggesting that specific guidance cues exist in the adult brain governing hNT fiber outgrowth. Injured adult axons and transplanted embryonic neuronal axons rarely extend for such distances in the adult nervous system. We propose that elucidating the factors promoting and guiding hNT axonal outgrowth could provide important clues to enhancing regeneration and target reinnervation in the adult brain, two factors of critical importance for cell restoration strategies aimed at brain repair. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:318–330, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Efficient Keim‐Type Catalyst Based on an Electron‐Poor P,O‐Chelate; Tuning the Selectivity of Ethylene Oligomerisation towards Short α‐Olefins
Authors: Kuhn Pierre , Sémeril David , Jeunesse Catherine , Matt Dominique , Lutz Pierre , Welter Richard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe tertiary phosphane Ph2P‐pzONa, in which the phosphorus atom is substituted by an electron‐withdrawing pyrazol‐onato unit, reacts with trans‐[NiPhCl(PPh3)2] to afford quan‐titatively trans‐P,P'‐[NiPh(Ph2P‐pzO)(PPh3)] (4), the first Keim‐type catalyst derived from an amide. In the absence of any cocatalyst, complex 4 converts ethylene in high selectivity and activity into α‐olefins. The product distribution is drastically shifted towards lower oligomers when compared to the outcome of the reaction carried out with the conventional SHOP catalyst. Thus, when operating at 1 bar, over 99 wt.‐% of the oligomers formed are C4–C16 oligomers. In ethylene‐free solvents, 4 was shown to slowly undergo reductive elimination to produce the stabilised phosphorus ylide Ph3P‐pzO (5). Both compounds (4 and 5) were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Luminescence from Lanthanide(3+) Ions in Solution (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 8/2005)
Authors: Dessing Anders 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe cover picture shows the absorbance of incident UV light in the bipyridine chromophore of a polypyridyl complex of terbium(3+). Subsequent energy transfer to the metal centre results in a metal‐centred emission of VIS light. Topical aspects are presented in the Microreview by A. Døssing on p. 1425ff.
Toxic event detection by respirometry and adaptive principal components analysis
Authors: Le Bonté Sébastien , Potier Olivier , Pons Marie‐Noëlle 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTwo methods based on adaptive principal components analysis (APCA) are compared to extract, from primary measurements, information related to the changes of wastewater characteristics induced by variable weather conditions and/or to the presence of toxic substances. The primary measurements are activated sludge respiratory data obtained by short‐term experiments in an on‐line batch respirometer, combined with indirect information on soluble pollution (UV‐visible absorbance, turbidity, pH, etc.) and wastewater flow rate. The Benchmark Simulation Model 1 (BSM1), which simulates the functioning of a large wastewater treatment plant by activated sludge, has been used to obtain large data sets and to test the proposed APCA method, which has then been applied to real wastewater characteristics. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glial nitric oxide and ischemia
Authors: Gibson Claire L. , Coughlan Teresa C. , Murphy Sean P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOne of the responses to cerebral ischemia is an increase in the production of nitric oxide, catalyzed by enzymes expressed in both resident and infiltrating cells. The nitric oxide that is generated does contribute to the ensuing pathology, but it can also be beneficial. The effects of nitric oxide depend on the cell site of production, the amount generated, and the chemical nature of the products of further oxidation. Understanding how nitric oxide production from microglia and astrocytes contributes to ischemic pathology is important for the development and application of future therapeutics based on inhibiting or amplifying its production in the injured brain. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytes in cerebral ischemic injury: Morphological and general considerations
Authors: Panickar Kiran S. , Norenberg Michael D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAsrocytic responses constitute one of the earliest and most prominent changes in the CNS following ischemic injury. Astrocytes are known to carry out critical functions such as maintenance of ionic homeostasis, prevention of excitotoxicity, scavenging free radicals, provision of nutrients and growth factors, promotion of neovascularization, and support of synaptogenesis and neurogenesis that potentially may influence the outcome of ischemic injury. This article reviews ischemia‐associated alterations in astrocytes and their potential significance. Interactions with neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells are also considered. This article highlights the critical role of astrocytes in the CNS response to ischemic injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of glial cells in cerebral ischemia
Authors: Nedergaard Maiken , Dirnagl Ulrich 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDespite intense efforts at the bench and at the bedside, few therapeutic strategies exist to combat the consequences of cerebral ischemia. Traditionally, a “neurocentric” view has dominated research in this field. Evidence is now accumulating that glial cells, in particular astrocytes, play an active and important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Brain energetics, water and ion homeostasis, inflammation, trophic factor production, vascular regulation, neuroneogenesis, and vasculogenesis, among others, are all under the control of glial cells. As a consequence, glial cells have been identified as promising targets for novel therapeutic approaches in brain protection. This review aims at dissecting possible protective as well as destructive roles of astrocytes (and other glial cells) in cerebral ischemia. By emphasizing open issues in this field, we hope to stimulate further research into this relatively unexplored aspect of brain pathophysiology. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted expression of anti‐apoptotic protein p35 in oligodendrocytes reduces delayed demyelination and functional impairment after spinal cord injury
Authors: Tamura Mutsuhiro , Nakamura Masaya , Ogawa Yuto , Toyama Yoshiaki , Miura Masayuki , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFunctional impairment after spinal cord injury (SCI) is attributed to neuronal cell necrosis death and axonotmesis, with further worsening caused by the accompanying apoptosis of myelin‐forming oligodendrocytes (OLGs). However, it is unclear as to how much OLG apoptosis contributes to functional impairment. To address this issue, we used transgenic mice characterized by the targeted expression of p35, a broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor, in OLGs using the cre/loxP system (referred to as cre/p35 transgenic mice). In this study, we examined the motor function and histopathologic changes after a contusive thoracic spinal cord injury in the cre/p35 transgenic mice. A larger number of OLGs and a lesser extent of demyelination were observed after SCI in the cre/p35 transgenic mice than in the control cre mice, which did not carry the p35 transgene. Furthermore, the motor function of the hindlimbs recovered to a significantly better degree in the cre/p35 transgenic mice than in the control cre mice. Thus, the inhibition of OLG apoptosis decreased the extent of functional impairment after SCI. These findings suggest that the inhibition of OLG apoptosis may be a potential treatment for SCI. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new approach to neuroimaging with magnetoencephalography
Authors: Hillebrand Arjan , Singh Krish D. , Holliday Ian E. , Furlong Paul L. , Barnes Gareth R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe discuss the application of beamforming techniques to the field of magnetoencephalography (MEG). We argue that beamformers have given us an insight into the dynamics of oscillatory changes across the cortex not explored previously with traditional analysis techniques that rely on averaged evoked responses. We review several experiments that have used beamformers, with special emphasis on those in which the results have been compared to those observed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and on those studying induced phenomena. We suggest that the success of the beamformer technique, despite the assumption that there are no linear interactions between the mesoscopic local field potentials across distinct cortical areas, may tell us something of the balance between functional integration and segregation in the human brain. What is more, MEG beamformer analysis facilitates the study of these complex interactions within cortical networks that are involved in both sensory‐motor and cognitive processes. Hum. Brain Mapp 25:199–211, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Voxel‐based analysis of MRI detects abnormal visual cortex in children and adults with amblyopia
Authors: Mendola Janine D. , Conner Ian P. , Roy Anjali , Chan Suk‐Tak , Schwartz Terry L. , Odom J. Vernon , Kwong Kenneth K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAmblyopia, sometimes called “lazy eye,” is a relatively common developmental visual disorder well characterized behaviorally; however, the neural substrates associated with amblyopia in humans remain unclear. We hypothesized that abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of subjects with amblyopia exist, possibly as a result of experience‐dependent neuronal plasticity. Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and psychophysical vision testing was carried out on 74 subjects divided into two age ranges, 7–12 years and 18–35 years, and three diagnoses, strabismic amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia, and normal vision. We report a behavioral impairment in contrast sensitivity for subjects with amblyopia, consistent with previous reports. When the high‐resolution MRI brain images were analyzed quantitatively with optimized voxel‐based morphometry, results indicated that adults and children with amblyopia have decreased gray matter volume in visual cortical regions, including the calcarine sulcus, known to contain primary visual cortex. This finding was confirmed with a separate region‐of‐interest analysis. For the children with amblyopia, additional gray matter reductions in parietal‐occipital areas and ventral temporal cortex were detected, consistent with recent reports that amblyopia can result in spatial location and object processing deficits. These data are the first to provide possible neuroanatomic bases for the loss of binocularity and visual sensitivity in children and adults with amblyopia. Hum Brain Mapp 25:222–236, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies of the Wisconsin Card‐Sorting task and component processes
Authors: Buchsbaum Bradley R. , Greer Stephanie , Chang Wei‐Li , Berman Karen Faith 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA quantitative meta‐analysis using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was used to investigate the brain basis of the Wisconsin Card‐Sorting Task (WCST) and two hypothesized component processes, task switching and response suppression. All three meta‐analyses revealed distributed frontoparietal activation patterns consistent with the status of the WCST as an attention‐demanding executive task. The WCST was associated with extensive bilateral clusters of reliable cross‐study activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobule. Task switching revealed a similar, although less robust, frontoparietal pattern with additional clusters of activity in the opercular region of the ventral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally. Response‐suppression tasks, represented by studies of the go/no‐go paradigm, showed a large and highly right‐lateralized region of activity in the right prefrontal cortex. The activation patterns are interpreted as reflecting a neural fractionation of the cognitive components that must be integrated during the performance of the WCST. Hum Brain Mapp 25:35–45, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of label‐based review and ALE meta‐analysis in the Stroop task
Authors: Laird Angela R. , McMillan Kathryn M. , Lancaster Jack L. , Kochunov Peter , Turkeltaub Peter E. , Pardo Jose V. , Fox Peter T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMeta‐analysis is an important tool for interpreting results of functional neuroimaging studies and is highly influential in predicting and testing new outcomes. Although traditional label‐based review can be used to search for agreement across multiple studies, a new function‐location meta‐analysis technique called activation likelihood estimation (ALE) offers great improvements over conventional methods. In ALE, reported foci are modeled as Gaussian functions and pooled to create a statistical whole‐brain image. ALE meta‐analysis and the label‐based review were used to investigate the Stroop task in normal subjects, a paradigm known for its effect of producing conflict and response inhibition due to subjects' tendency to perform word reading as opposed to color naming. Both methods yielded similar activation patterns that were dominated by response in the anterior cingulate and the inferior frontal gyrus. ALE showed greater involvement of the anterior cingulate as compared to that in the label‐based technique; however, this was likely due to the increased spatial level of distinction allowed with the ALE method. With ALE, further analysis of the anterior cingulate revealed evidence for somatotopic mapping within the rostral and caudal cingulate zones, an issue that has been the source of some conflict in previous reviews of the anterior cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 25:6–21, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of Chinese characters and alphabetic words: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Tan Li Hai , Laird Angela R. , Li Karl , Fox Peter T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe used the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method to quantitatively synthesize data from 19 published brain mapping studies of phonological processing in reading, six with Chinese and 13 with alphabetic languages. It demonstrated high concordance of cortical activity across multiple studies in each written language system as well as significant differences of activation likelihood between languages. Four neural systems for the phonological processing of Chinese characters included: (1) a left dorsal lateral frontal system at Brodmann area (BA) 9; (2) the dorsal aspect of left inferior parietal system; (3) a bilateral ventral‐occipitotemporal system including portions of fusiform gyrus and middle occipital gyrus; and (4) a left ventral prefrontal system covering the superior aspect of inferior frontal gyrus. For phonological processing of written alphabetic words, cortical areas identified here are consistent with the three neural systems proposed previously in the literature: (1) a ventral prefrontal system involving superior portions of left inferior frontal gyrus; (2) a left dorsal temporoparietal system including mid‐superior temporal gyri and the ventral aspect of inferior parietal cortex (supramarginal region); and (3) a left ventral occipitotemporal system. Contributions of each of these systems to phonological processing in reading were discussed, and a covariant learning hypothesis is offered to account for the findings that left middle frontal gyrus is responsible for addressed phonology in Chinese whereas left temporoparietal regions mediate assembled phonology in alphabetic languages. Language form, cognitive process, and learning strategy drive the development of functional neuroanatomy. Hum Brain Mapp 25:83–91, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stuttered and fluent speech production: An ALE meta‐analysis of functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Brown Steven , Ingham Roger J. , Ingham Janis C. , Laird Angela R. , Fox Peter T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study reports an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis of imaging studies of chronic developmental stuttering in adults. Two parallel meta‐analyses were carried out: (1) stuttered production in the stutterers; (2) fluent production in the control subjects. The control subjects' data replicated previous analyses of single‐word reading, identifying activation in primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, Rolandic operculum, lateral cerebellum, and auditory areas, among others. The stuttering subjects' analysis showed that similar brain areas are involved in stuttered speech as in fluent speech, but with some important differences. Motor areas were over‐activated in stuttering, including primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, and cerebellar vermis. Frontal operculum, Rolandic operculum, and anterior insula showed anomalous right‐laterality in stutterers. Auditory activations, due to hearing one's own speech, were essentially undetectable in stutterers. The phenomenon of efference copy is proposed as a unifying account of the pattern activation revealed within this ALE meta‐analysis. This provides the basis for a stuttering system model that is testable and should help to advance the understanding and treatment of this disorder. Hum. Brain Mapp 25:105–117, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brainmap taxonomy of experimental design: Description and evaluation
Authors: Fox Peter T. , Laird Angela R. , Fox Sarabeth P. , Fox P. Mickle , Uecker Angela M. , Crank Michelle , Koenig Sandra F. , Lancaster Jack L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCoordinate‐based, voxel‐wise meta‐analysis is an exciting recent addition to the human functional brain mapping literature. In view of the critical importance of selection criteria for any valid meta‐analysis, a taxonomy of experimental design should be an important tool for aiding in the design of rigorous meta‐analyses. The coding scheme of experimental designs developed for and implemented within the BrainMap database provides a candidate taxonomy. In this study, the BrainMap experimental‐design taxonomy is described and evaluated by comparing taxonomy fields to data‐filtering choices made by subject‐matter experts carrying out meta‐analyses of the functional imaging literature. Fifteen publications reporting a total of 46 voxel‐wise meta‐analyses were included in this assessment. Collectively these 46 meta‐analyses pooled data from 351 publications, selected for experimental similarity within each meta‐analysis. Filter implementations within BrainMap were graded by ease‐of‐use (A–C) and by stage‐of‐use (1–3). Quality filters and content filters were tabulated separately. Quality filters required for data entry into BrainMap were classed as mandatory (five filters), being above the use grading system. All authors spontaneously adopted the five mandatory filters in constructing their meta‐analysis, indicating excellent agreement on data quality among authors and between authors and the BrainMap development team. Two non‐mandatory quality filters (group size and imaging modality) were applied by all authors; both were Stage 1, Grade A filters. Field‐of‐view filters were the least‐accessible quality filters (Stage 3, Grade C); two field‐of‐view filters were applied by six and four authors, respectively. Authors made a total of 115 content‐filter choices. Of these, 78 (68%) were Stage 1, Grade A filters; 16 (14%) were Stage 2, Grade A; and 21 (18%) were Stage 2, Grade C. No author‐applied filter was absent from the taxonomy. Hum Brain Mapp 25:185–198, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical regions involved in eye movements, shifts of attention, and gaze perception
Authors: Grosbras Marie‐Hélène , Laird Angela R. , Paus Tomás 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHuman vision is an active process that involves shifting attention across the visual scene, with or without moving the eyes. Such shifts of attention can be generated at will (endogenously) or be triggered automatically, i.e., generated in response to exogenous stimuli including socially relevant cues such as someone else's gaze. What are the common and distinct brain mechanisms involved in these processes? To address this question, we carried out a quantitative effect‐location meta‐analysis of 59 brain‐imaging experiments whose results were published using standardized coordinates. For each condition of interest, namely voluntary and visually triggered eye movements, voluntary and visually triggered (covert) shifts of attention, and perception of someone else's gaze, we computed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps. Those maps represent at each voxel of the brain the probability of reporting a signal change related to the condition of interest. For eye movements, this analysis confirmed the spatial location of the frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, and parietal saccade‐related regions. The map of covert shifts of attention demonstrated highest similarity with the map of saccadic eye movements. Gaze perception showed common activation likelihood with the other conditions in the right intraparietal sulcus and in the lateral precentral gyrus. It demonstrated more similarity with the reflexive than with the voluntary saccades and shifts of attention. We propose that a core network of frontoparietal and temporal brain regions is recruited when we shift the focus of our attention with or without eye movements in response to the appearance of a visual target, as well as when we see someone else shift his or her gaze. Hum Brain Mapp 25:140–154, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid activation of JNK and p38 by glucocorticoids in primary cultured hippocampal cells
Authors: Qi Ai‐Qun , Qiu Jian , Xiao Lin , Chen Yi‐Zhang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRapid activation of JNK and p38 and their translocation to the cell nucleus by glucocorticoids, corticosterone (Cort), and bovine serum‐conjugated corticosterone (Cort‐BSA) were studied in primary cultured hippocampal cells by using immunobloting and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The rapid activation occurred 5 min after stimulation and was maintained at plateau for as long as 2–4 hr; i.e., the response persisted for 2 hr after washing out the 15‐min application of Cort‐BSA. The activation occurred at a minimal concentration of 10–9 M for Cort and 10–8 M for Cort‐BSA. GDPβS blocked the activation, but RU38486, a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, could not block the activation, indicating the involvement of the membrane‐delineated receptor in this reaction. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Gö6976 blocked the response, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 could not, implying the involvement of PKC in the intracellular signal transduction pathway. The nongenomic nature of the responses and the transduction pathway and the significance of persistent action and biological significance are discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.