bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HPA axis normalization, estimated by DEX/CRH test, but less alteration on cerebral glucose metabolism in depressed patients receiving ECT after medication treatment failures
Authors: Yuuki N. , Ida I. , Oshima A. , Kumano H. , Takahashi K. , Fukuda M. , Oriuchi N. , Endo K. , Matsuda H. , Mikuni M. 
Published: September 2005

Objective:  To examine the clinical effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depressed patients with medication treatment failures, we investigated the alterations in hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) function and regional cerebral metabolism rate of glucose (rCMRGlu) after ECT in these patients.Method:  Before and after ECT, the combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test was administered to seven patients who were referred for ECT. In the same patients, 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) was also assessed.Results:  Cortisol response in the DEX/CRH test significantly decreased after a successful ECT. A significant hypometabolism in various frontal regions and hypermetabolism in the parietal regions of these patients when compared with controls remained after ECT.Conclusion:  Depressed patients who failed trials of antidepressant medication showed a remission with ECT that was accompanied by resolution of HPA dysregulation. However, measures of cerebral brain metabolism did not resolve.
Incision design in implant dentistry based on vascularization of the mucosa
Authors: Kleinheinz Johannes , Büchter André , Kruse‐Lösler Birgit , Weingart Dieter , Joos Ulrich 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives: The delivery of an adequate amount of blood to the tissue capillaries for normal functioning of the organ is the primary purpose of the vascular system. Preserving the viability of the soft tissue segment depends on the soft tissue incision being properly designed in order to prevent impairment of the circulation. A knowledge of the course of the vessels as well as of their supply area are crucial to the decision of the incision. The aim of this study was to visualize the course of the arteries using different techniques, to perform macroscopic‐ and microscopic analyses, and to develop recommendations for incisions in implant dentistry.Material and methods: The vascular systems of seven edentulous human cadavers were flushed out and filled with either red‐colored rubber bond or Indian ink and formalin mixture. After fixation a macroscopic preparation was performed to reveal the course, distribution and supply area of the major vessels. In the area of the edentulous alveolar ridge specimens of the mucosa were taken and analyzed microscopically.Results: The analyses revealed the major features of mucosal vascularization. The main course of the supplying arteries is from posterior to anterior, main vessels run parallel to the alveolar ridge in the vestibulum and the crestal area of the edentulous alveolar ridge is covered by a avascular zone with no anastomoses crossing the alveolar ridge.Conclusion: The results suggest midline incisions on the alveolar ridge, marginal incisions in dentated areas, releasing incisions only at the anterior border of the entire incision line, and avoidance of incisions crossing the alveolar ridge.
Sinus floor elevation via hydraulic detachment and elevation of the Schneiderian membrane
Authors: Vitkov Ljubomir , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Hannig Matthias 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives: Minor sinus floor elevation is a method with relatively high predictability but is technically demanding. Improvement of the technique and increase in the predictability are desirable.Material and methods: A clinical protocol for minor sinus floor elevation with SLA®‐ITI® (large grit acid‐etched implants with diameter of 4.8 mm) is described. Using trephine instead of spiral burrs enables the harvesting of autogenous grafts from the implant socket and guarantees a perfect implant socket. The latter is necessary for optimal implant anchoring and for the hydraulic seal between socket and the osteotome. The whole allows a hydraulic detachment of the Schneiderian membrane, where the blood cushion gradually detaches and elevates the membrane, preventing its contact with the graft.Results: Eight patients were successfully treated with the method described above. No membrane perforation occurred and an uneventful healing was observed in all patients. All implants were loaded prosthodontically 3 months after the implantation.Conclusions: The clinical protocol presented provides high predictability in clinical outcome, together with extremely low morbidity and shortened surgery.
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIOCYTE-ASSOCIATED ENDOSYMBIONTS OF PLANT SAP-SUCKING INSECTS
Authors: Baumann Paul 
Published: September 2005

Psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs are members of the suborder Sternorrhyncha and share a common property, namely the utilization of plant sap as their food source. Each of these insect groups has an obligatory association with a different prokaryotic endosymbiont, and the association is the result of a single infection followed by maternal, vertical transmission of the endosymbionts. The result of this association is the domestication of the free-living bacterium to serve the purposes of the host, namely the synthesis of essential amino acids. This domestication is probably in all cases accompanied by a major reduction in genome size. The different properties of the genomes and fragments of the genomes of these endosymbionts suggest that there are different constraints on the permissible evolutionary changes that are probably a function of the gene repertoire of the endosymbiont ancestor and the gene losses that occurred during the reduction of genome size. Pel piacer di porle in lista. Leporello Because Annushka has already bought the sunflower oil, and not only bought it, but spilled it too. Master and Margarita
Interannual Variability of Patterns of Atmospheric Mass Distribution
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Stepaniak David P. , Smith Lesley 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) for 1958 to 2001, adjusted for bias over the southern oceans prior to 1979, an analysis is made of global patterns of monthly mean anomalies of atmospheric mass, which is approximately conserved globally. It differs from previous analyses of atmospheric circulation by effectively area weighting surface or sea level pressure that diminishes the role of high latitudes. To examine whether global patterns of behavior exist requires analysis of all seasons together (as opposite seasons occur in each hemisphere). Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, R-mode varimax-rotated EOF analysis, and cyclostationary EOF (CSEOF) analysis tools are used to explore patterns and variability on interannual and longer time scales. Clarification is given of varimax terminology and procedures that have been previously misinterpreted. The dominant global monthly variability overall is associated with the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM), which is active in all months of the year. However, it is not very coherent from month to month and exhibits a great deal of natural unforced variability. The third most important pattern is the Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) and associated North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is the equivalent Northern Hemisphere expression. Neither of these is really a global mode, although they covary on long time scales in association with tropical or external forcing. For monthly data, the second mode is coherent with Niño-3.4 sea surface temperatures and thus corresponds to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is truly global in extent. It exhibits more coherent evolution with time and projects strongest onto the interannual variability, where it stands out by far as the dominant mode in the CSEOF analysis. The CSEOF analysis extracts the patterns phase locked with annual cycle and reveals their evolution throughout the year. Standard EOF and varimax analyses are not able to evolve with time of year unless the analysis is stratified by season. Varimax analysis is able to extract the SAM, NAM, and ENSO modes very well, however.
Spatial Patterns of Preinstrumental Moisture Variability in the Southern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Watson Emma , Luckman Brian H. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Extreme wet and dry intervals of the last 350 yr in the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent United States are examined using a network of 25 tree-ring-based precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) reconstructions. Reconstructed twentieth-century-mapped patterns compare well with patterns based on the instrumental records at both annual and decadal scales. During the most extreme events, dry conditions occurred over the entire area. The longest widespread drought in the last 350 yr occurred from 1917 to 1941. Shorter intervals of more severely dry conditions occurred in the early 1720s, 1750s, 1790s, 1860s–70s, and the 1890s. Many of the driest individual years and most extreme dry periods of &lt;7 yr are reconstructed for the eighteenth century. The longest, wettest periods identified by these reconstructions occurred in the early twentieth century. In agreement with published studies that explore links between instrumental precipitation records from the region and conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the reconstructed records show that drier (wetter)-than-normal conditions are associated with El Niño (La Niña) events and the positive (negative) phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO).
Maintenance of the Sea-Ice Edge
Authors: Bitz C. M. , Holland M. M. , Hunke E. C. , Moritz R. E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A coupled global climate model is used to evaluate processes that determine the equilibrium location of the sea-ice edge and its climatological annual cycle. The extent to which the wintertime ice edge departs from a symmetric ring around either pole depends primarily on coastlines, ice motion, and the melt rate at the ice–ocean interface. At any location the principal drivers of the oceanic heat flux that melts sea ice are absorbed solar radiation and the convergence of heat transported by ocean currents. The distance between the ice edge and the pole and the magnitude of the ocean heat flux convergence at the ice edge are inversely related. The chief exception to this rule is in the East Greenland Current, where the ocean heat flux convergence just east of the ice edge is relatively high but ice survives due to its swift southward motion and the protection of the cold southward-flowing surface water. In regions where the ice edge extends relatively far equatorward, absorbed solar radiation is the largest component of the ocean energy budget, and the large seasonal range of insolation causes the ice edge to traverse a large distance. In contrast, at relatively high latitudes, the ocean heat flux convergence is the largest component and it has a relatively small annual range, so the ice edge traverses a much smaller distance there. When the model is subject to increased CO2 forcing up to twice preindustrial levels, the ocean heat flux convergence weakens near the ice edge in most places. This weakening reduces the heat flux from the ocean to the base of the ice and tends to offset the effects of increased radiative forcing at the ice surface, so the ice edge retreats less than it would otherwise.
Maintenance of the Midtropospheric North African Summer Circulation: Saharan High and African Easterly Jet
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The conspicuous feature of the midtropospheric North African summer circulation is the Saharan high surrounded on its southern rim by the African easterly jet (AEJ). Like a major monsoon circulation, the Saharan high is juxtaposed with the North African divergent center to the east and the eastern Atlantic convergent center to the west. Different from a major monsoon circulation, these pronounced midtropospheric circulation components are overlaid by the western part of the Tibetan high. Because of the unique roles played by the Saharan high and the African easterly jet in the North African summer circulation, an effort is made to explore maintenance mechanisms of these two midtropospheric circulation elements. Major findings of this effort are summarized as follows:In terms of the velocity potential maintenance equation, it is shown that the North African divergent center over the Chad–Sudan region is maintained by the vertical differential heating established by the Saharan thermal-low heating in the lower troposphere and the Saharan radiative cooling in the upper troposphere.The Saharan high is spatially in quadrature with the North African divergent center. It is inferred from the streamfunction budget analysis that the Saharan high is maintained by the east–west circulation, which is formed by the east–west differential heating between the Saharan thermal-low heating and the eastern North Atlantic cooling. This inference is further substantiated by forced barotropic model simulations.The AEJ around the tropical periphery of the Saharan high is almost perpendicular to the equatorward divergent northerlies spilling out of the North African divergent center. The energetic interaction between divergent and rotational flows reveals that this jet is maintained by the Coriolis acceleration associated with these divergent winds.
These findings not only reveal the maintenance mechanism of the Saharan high and the associated AEJ, but also facilitate the search for answers to some problems of the North African summer weather/climate system.
Human-Induced Change in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Fyfe John C. , Saenko Oleg A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Global climate models indicate that the poleward shift of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current observed over recent decades may have been significantly human induced. The poleward shift, along with a significant increase in the transport of water around Antarctica, is predicted to continue into the future. To appreciate the magnitude of the poleward shift it is noted that by century’s end the concomitant shrinking of the Southern Ocean is predicted to displace a volume of water close to that in the entire Arctic Ocean. A simple theory, balancing surface Ekman drift and ocean eddy mixing, explains these changes as the oceanic response to changing wind stress.
Multiconvective Parameterizations as a Multimodel Proxy for Seasonal Climate Studies
Authors: LaRow T. E. , Cocke S. D. , Shin D. W. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A six-member multicoupled model ensemble is created by using six state-of-the-art deep atmospheric convective schemes. The six convective schemes are used inside a single model and make up the ensemble. This six-member ensemble is compared against a multianalysis ensemble, which is created by varying the initial start dates of the atmospheric component of the coupled model. Both ensembles were integrated for seven months (November–May) over a 12-yr period from 1987 to 1998. Examination of the sea surface temperature and precipitation show that while deterministic skill scores are slightly better for the multicoupled model ensemble the probabilistic skill scores favor the multimodel approach. Combining the two ensembles to create a larger ensemble size increases the probabilistic skill score compared to the multimodel. This altering physics approach to create a multimodel ensemble is seen as an easy way for small modeling centers to generate ensembles with better reliability than by only varying the initial conditions.
Skewed T-cell differentiation in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma reversed by ex vivo T-cell culture with γc cytokines
Authors: Anichini Andrea , Mortarini Roberta , Romagnoli Luca , Baldassari Paola , Cabras Antonello , Carlo-Stella Carmelo , Gianni Alessandro M. , Di Nicola Massimo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe unfavorable clinical evolution in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas suggests defective control of neoplastic growth by the immune system. To address this issue, we evaluated phenotype, function, and maturation profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from peripheral-blood, lymph nodes, or bone marrow of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at diagnosis. T cells from these patients frequently showed an activated but apoptosis-prone phenotype with low frequency of tumor-reactive T cells showing a TH2/Tc2 functional profile in the response to autologous tumor. In peripheral blood or in lymph nodes and bone marrow, and, in comparison to healthy donors, patients' T cells showed a skewed differentiation toward Tnaive and Tcentral memory stages, with low expression of granzyme B and perforin. T-cell culture with autologous tumor in the presence of IL-2, IL-15, and autologous bone marrow–derived cells led to massive T-cell expansion and to differentiation of cytotoxic factor+ CD8+ T cells releasing IFN-γ and killing autologous B-cell tumor in an HLA-class I–restricted fashion. These results suggest impaired T-cell differentiation to effector stage in patients with B-cell NHL, but indicate that T-cell responsiveness to γc cytokines is retained, thus allowing to promote generation of antitumor T cells for immune intervention.
Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001
Authors: Morton Lindsay M. , Wang Sophia S. , Devesa Susan S. , Hartge Patricia , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Linet Martha S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Because the causes of most lymphoid neoplasms remain unknown, comparison of incidence patterns by disease subtype may provide critical clues for future etiologic investigations. We therefore conducted a comprehensive assessment of 114 548 lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed during 1992-2001 in 12 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries according to the internationally recognized World Health Organization (WHO) lymphoma classification introduced in 2001. Cases coded in International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Second Edition (ICD-O-2), were converted to ICD-O-3 for WHO subtype assignment. Age-specific and age-adjusted rates were compared by sex and race (white, black, Asian). Age-adjusted trends in incidence were estimated by sex and race using weighted least squares log-linear regression. Diverse incidence patterns and trends were observed by lymphoid neoplasm subtype and population. In the elderly (75 years or older), rates of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma increased 1.4% and 1.8% per year, respectively, whereas rates of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) declined 2.1% per year. Although whites bear the highest incidence burden for most lymphoid neoplasm subtypes, most notably for hairy cell leukemia and follicular lymphoma, black predominance was observed for plasma cell and T-cell neoplasms. Asians have considerably lower rates than whites and blacks for CLL/SLL and Hodgkin lymphoma. We conclude that the striking differences in incidence patterns by histologic subtype strongly suggest that there is etiologic heterogeneity among lymphoid neoplasms and support the pursuit of epidemiologic analysis by subtype.
The paradox of response and survival in cancer therapeutics
Authors: Huff Carol Ann , Matsui William , Smith B. Douglas , Jones Richard J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAlthough most patients with cancer respond to therapy, few are cured. Moreover, objective clinical responses to treatment often do not even translate into substantial improvements in overall survival. For example, patients with indolent lymphoma who achieved a complete remission with conventional-dose therapies in the prerituximab era did not experience a survival advantage over similar patients treated with a “watch and wait” approach. Several studies have also shown that neither the magnitude nor the kinetics of clinical response has an impact on survival in multiple myeloma. Recent data suggesting many malignancies arise from a rare population of cells that exclusively maintains the ability to self-renew and sustains the tumor (ie, “cancer stem cells”) may help explain this paradox that response and survival are not always linked. Therapies that successfully eliminate the differentiated cancer cells characterizing the tumor may be ineffective against rare, biologically distinct cancer stem cells. New methods for assessing treatment efficacy must also be developed, as traditional response criteria measure tumor bulk and may not reflect changes in rare cancer stem cell populations. In this article, we discuss the evidence for cancer stem cells in hematologic malignancies and possible ways to begin targeting these cells and measuring clinical effectiveness of such treatment approaches.
SUPERFICIAL – Surface mapping of proteins via structure-based peptide library design
Authors: Goede Andrean , Jaeger Ines S , Preissner Robert 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
The determination of protein surfaces and the detection of binding sites are essential to our understanding of protein-protein interactions. Such binding sites can be characterised as linear and non-linear, the non-linear sites being prevailant. Conventional mapping techniques with arrays of synthetic peptides have limitations with regard to the location of discontinuous or non-linear binding sites of proteins.

Results
We present a structure-based approach to the design of peptide libraries that mimic the whole surface or a particular region of a protein. Neighbouring sequence segments are linked by short spacers to conserve local conformation. To this end, we have developed SUPERFICIAL, a program that uses protein structures as input and generates library proposals consisting of linear and non-linear peptides. This process can be influenced by a graphical user interface at different stages, from the surface computation up to the definition of spatial regions.

Conclusion
Based on 3D structures, SUPERFICIAL may help to negotiate some of the existing limitations, since binding sites consisting of several linear pieces can now be detected.
Comparison of theoretical proteomes: Identification of COGs with conserved and variable pI within the multimodal pI distribution
Authors: Nandi Soumyadeep , Mehra Nipun , Lynn Andrew M , Bhattacharya Alok 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
Theoretical proteome analysis, generated by plotting theoretical isoelectric points (pI) against molecular masses of all proteins encoded by the genome show a multimodal distribution for pI. This multimodal distribution is an effect of allowed combinations of the charged amino acids, and not due to evolutionary causes. The variation in this distribution can be correlated to the organisms ecological niche. Contributions to this variation maybe mapped to individual proteins by studying the variation in pI of orthologs across microorganism genomes.

Results
The distribution of ortholog pI values showed trimodal distributions for all prokaryotic genomes analyzed, similar to whole proteome plots. Pairwise analysis of pI variation show that a few COGs are conserved within, but most vary between, the acidic and basic regions of the distribution, while molecular mass is more highly conserved. At the level of functional grouping of orthologs, five groups vary significantly from the population of orthologs, which is attributed to either conservation at the level of sequences or a bias for either positively or negatively charged residues contributing to the function. Individual COGs conserved in both the acidic and basic regions of the trimodal distribution are identified, and orthologs that best represent the variation in levels of the acidic and basic regions are listed.

Conclusion
The analysis of pI distribution by using orthologs provides a basis for resolution of theoretical proteome comparison at the level of individual proteins. Orthologs identified that significantly vary between the major acidic and basic regions maybe used as representative of the variation of the entire proteome.