bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot plant biosorption in an integrated contact–settling system: application to Cu(II) removal by anaerobically digested sludge
Authors: Artola Adriana , Martin Maria J , Balaguer MaDolors , Rigola Miquel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSurplus biological sludge can be used as a low‐cost adsorbent in the removal of heavy metal from wastewater. A three‐zone contact–settling pilot plant was designed and operated to maintain continuous sludge–metal solution contact and subsequent separation of solid–liquid phases, all in the same vessel. Mild agitation was used to ensure good contact between Cu(II) and sludge without impairing solid–liquid separation. Heavy metal removal efficiency was largely unaffected by an increase in the Cu/sludge feed ratio as long as metal binding sites in the sludge remained unsaturated. Maximum metal uptake (75 mg Cu(II) g−1 of total solids in the sludge) was found for Cu/sludge feed ratios ≥ 90 mg Cu(II) g−1 of total solids. Pilot plant metal sorption uptake at different operational conditions correlated well with the calculated values from batch equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The amount of Cu(II) adsorbed on sludge influenced the degree of clarification due to the flocculating effect of Cu(II). Under operational conditions, a high degree of heavy metal removal and efficient clarification were achieved. Pilot plant operation at a Cu/sludge feed ratio around 90 mg Cu(II) g−1 of total solids allowed efficient use of the biosorbent and high heavy metal removal efficiency in addition to a good quality metal‐free effluent in terms of low total suspended solids content.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Ammonia‐functionalized particulate poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate)‐based polymers as stationary phase for protein retention
Authors: Paredes B , Suárez E , Rendueles M , Villa‐García M A , Díaz J M 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) polymeric matrix was synthesized, amino‐functionalized and packed to be tested for protein retention and separation. Functionalization was carried out by reacting the epoxy groups with 30% ammonia solution to provide amino groups for anion exchange with proteins. Physical characterization of the particulate material showed that the functionalized polymer is macroporous and exhibits a unimodal pore size distribution. The resin presents good thermal stability. Chromatographic characterization using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and α‐lactalbumin as model proteins showed good retention properties for the amino‐functionalized matrix. The values obtained for the equilibrium constant (K) were around 3 for BSA, both in batch reactor and column‐packed operation mode. The K values for α‐lactalbumin were even higher, 8.01 and 4.65 for the batch and column‐packed experiments, respectively. Finally, axial dispersion coefficients were obtained, with a constant value of 0.0141 cm2s−1 for BSA. Higher values were obtained for α‐lactalbumin, but in this case the axial dispersion coefficient was not constant and its values were dependent on the flows used.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects on the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution by crab shell
Authors: Kim Dong Seog , Park Byoung Yoon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of temperature, pH, chitin and chitosan on Pb2+ removal by crab shell were investigated. Pb2+ removal by crab shell was greater than that of chitin and chitosan, indicating that chitin did not contribute to Pb2+ removal by crab shell. The quantity and rate of Pb2+ removal increased as the pH value increased. The rate of Pb2+ removal increased with increased temperature, but the maximum amount of Pb2+ removal was constant irrespective of temperature. Metal ions (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were released from crab shell concomitant with Pb2+ removal by ion exchange. The amount of Ca2+ released was greater than any for other metal ions in both Pb2+ and Pb2+‐free solutions. The amount of Ca2+ released in Pb2+ solution was greater than that in Pb2+‐free solution, whereas CO32− release in Pb2+ solution was less than in Pb2+‐free solution. Pb2+ removal was mainly a consequence of dissolution of CaCO3(s) with consequence precipitation of Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2(s) and PbCO3(s). Pb2+ accelerated the dissolution of CaCO3(s) by ion exchange and the precipitation occurred both at the surface and in the inner part of the crab shell.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of no‐carrier‐added [124I]A14‐iodoinsulin as a radiotracer for positron emission tomography
Authors: Glaser Matthias , Brown David J. , Law Marilyn P. , Iozzo Patricia , Waters Stephen L. , Poole Keith , Knickmeier Markus , Camici Paolo G. , Pike Victor W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA14‐Iodoinsulin is a close biochemical and pharmacological mimic of insulin. Human insulin was labelled in its A chain tyrosine‐14 residue by direct iodination with the positron‐emitter iodine‐124 (β+=25.6%; t1/2=4.15 days) to provide a radiotracer for imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Several reagents were compared for conversion of cyclotron‐produced [124I]iodide into a reactive species for the labelling reaction. Radiochemical yields from the use of Iodo‐Gen®, Chloramine‐T, N‐bromosuccinimide or lactoperoxidase–hydrogen peroxide were similar [35% (n=1), 33±9% (n=10), 32±11% (n=25) or 33% (n=2), respectively]. [124I]A14‐Iodoinsulin was separated from unreacted insulin and radioactive by‐products by tandem reverse phase HPLC and rapidly formulated for intravenous injection by adsorption on a Sep‐Pak tC18‐Plus® cartridge, followed by elution with 10 mM hydrochloric acid–ethanol (1:1 v/v, 1 ml). This radiotracer can now be obtained in useful radioactivities at high effective specific radioactivity and is now being applied to PET studies of its biodistribution in living subjects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 14C‐labeled E4010
Authors: Watanabe N. , Tokumura T. , Nakamura T. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract14C‐Labeled E4010, [4‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxybenzyl)amino‐1‐(4‐hydroxy) ‐piperidino]‐6‐[4‐14C]phthalazinecarbonitrile monohydrochloride was synthesized for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies using [1‐chloro‐4‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxybenzyl)amino]‐6‐[4‐14C]phthalazinecarbonitrile as the starting material. The radiochemical yield was 33.4%. The specific radioactivity and radiochemical purity, as determined by radio‐HPLC and LSC, were 4.77 MBq/mg and 99.8%, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial synthesis of a deuterium‐labelled metabolite of an NK1 receptor antagonist, TAK‐637
Authors: Tarui Naoki , Ikeura Yoshinori , Natsugari Hideaki , Nakahama Kazuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMicrobial conversion of deuterium‐labelled TAK‐637 ((aR,9S)‐[10,10,11, 11‐2H4]‐7‐[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]‐8,9,10,11‐tetrahydro‐9‐methyl‐5‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐7H‐[1,4]diazocino[2,1‐g][1,7]naphthyridine‐6,13‐dione, 1) was carried out using Streptomyces subrutilus IFO13388 to give a deuterium‐labelled hydroxylated TAK‐637 ((aR,9S)‐ [10,10,11,11‐2H4]‐7‐[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]‐8,9,10,11‐tetrahydro‐9‐methyl‐5‐(4‐hydroxymethylphenyl)‐7H‐[1,4]diazocino[2,1‐g][1,7]naphthyridine‐6,13‐dione, 2) for use as an internal standard in LC‐MS studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of fatty acids cationized with copper by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry under low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation
Authors: Afonso Carlos , Riu Anne , Xu Ying , Fournier Françoise , Tabet Jean‐Claude 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFatty acids have for many years been characterized by mass spectrometry using electron ionization after chemical derivatization. When fatty acids are ionized using desorption/ionization methods such as electrospray ionization or fast atom bombardment, structural information is usually obtained through high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) using sector instruments. It has been shown that copper displays very interesting properties in the gas phase during CID. In this study, the reactivity of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid–copper [M − H + CuII]+ complex and the role of the copper ion in promoting fragmentations were investigated under low‐energy collisional activation conditions. The decomposition of these species in an ion trap instrument led to diagnostic ion series that reflect CC bond cleavage, which involves CuII reduction followed by the release of an alkyl radical. It was demonstrated that in this way the localization of one or two homoconjugated double bonds is possible using low‐energy CID. Moreover, the distinction of cis and trans isomers is possible through characteristic product ions related to a specific loss of CO2. When these experiments are repeated using a triple‐quadrupole instrument with argon as collision gas, a different behavior is observed as in this case, in addition to the product ion distributions observed in the ion trap, other distributions are observed that reflect the influence of the different kinetic shifts and the occurrence of consecutive decompositions. Different examples are presented with various saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains. Mechanisms are proposed in order to rationalize the experimental observations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of flavonoids by aluminum complexation and collisionally activated dissociation
Authors: Zhang Junmei , Wang Junmei , Brodbelt Jennifer S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAluminum complexes of the type [AlIII (flavonoid −H)2]+ are generated by electrospray ionization in order to allow differentiation of isomeric flavonoids by tandem mass spectrometry. The dominant species observed from the aluminum complexation reaction has a 1 : 2 aluminum(III) : flavonoid stoichiometry. Differentiation of 18 flavonoids constituting seven isomeric series was achieved based on the collisionally activated dissociation patterns of the aluminum complexes. Characteristic fragmentation pathways allow identification of the site of glycosylation, the type of saccharide (rutinose versus neohesperidose) and the type of bond between the C‐2 and C‐3 atoms (thus distinguishing flavanones from flavonols and flavones). Two stable coordination geometries of the aluminum complex of apigenin were identified. The non‐planar structure with a plane‐angle of nearly 90° is 25.3 kcal mol−1 more favorable than the planar structure. The conformations of the complexes, which involve multiple interactions between the aglycone and disaccharide portions of the flavonoid with the metal ion, are significantly different for the isomeric flavonoids. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the glycosylation site in flavonoid mono‐O‐glycosides by collision‐induced dissociation of electrospray‐generated deprotonated and sodiated molecules
Authors: Cuyckens Filip , Claeys Magda 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe influence of the glycosylation site on the fragmentation behavior of 18 flavonoid glycoside standards was studied using positive and negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with collision‐induced dissociation and tandem mass spectrometry. The glycosylation position is shown to affect the relative abundance of the radical aglycone ions that can be observed in the [M − H]− collision‐induced dissociation spectra. In particular, the radical aglycone ions are very abundant for deprotonated flavonol 3‐O‐glycosides. Collisional activation of the radical aglycone ions produced from positional isomers revealed minor differences: m, nB0− product ions are pronounced for 7‐O‐glycosides, whereas m, nA0− product ions are relatively more abundant for 4′‐O‐glycosides. In addition, the ratio between the radical aglycone and the regular aglycone ions in the [M + Na]+ high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation spectra gives an indication about the glycosylation site. This ion ratio allows the differentiation between flavonoid 3‐O‐ and 7‐O‐glycosides or can be useful in the comparison of unknown compounds with standards. Unambiguous differentiation between O‐glycosylation at the common positions of flavonoid O‐glycosides, i.e. the 3‐, 4′‐ and 7‐positions, is achieved by collisional activation of sodiated molecules at high collision energy. The presence of a B‐ring product ion containing the sugar residue indicates 4′‐O‐glycosylation, whereas the loss of the B‐ring part from the aglycone product ion is characteristic of 3‐O‐glycosylation and the loss of the B‐ring part from both the [M + Na]+ precursor ion and the aglycone product ion points to 7‐O‐glycosylation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exogenous Bcl‐xl fusion protein spares neurons after spinal cord injury
Authors: Nesic‐Taylor O. , Cittelly D. , Ye Z. , Xu G.Y. , Unabia G. , Lee J.C. , Svrakic N.M. , Liu X.H. , Youle R.J. , Wood T.G. , McAdoo D. , Westlund K.N. , Hulsebosch C.E. , Perez‐Polo J.R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) induces neuronal death, including apoptosis, which is completed within 24 hr at and around the impact site. We identified early proapoptotic transcriptional changes, including upregulation of proapoptotic Bax and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, and Bcl‐w, using Affymetrix DNA microarrays. Because Bcl‐xL is the most robustly expressed antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 molecule in adult central nervous system, we decided to characterize better the effect of SCI on Bcl‐xL expression. We found Bcl‐xL expressed robustly throughout uninjured spinal cord in both neurons and glia cells. We also found Bcl‐xL localized in different cellular compartments: cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, and nuclear. Bcl‐xL protein levels decreased in the cytoplasm and mitochondria 2 hr after SCI and persisted for 24 hr. To test the contribution of proapoptotic decreases in Bcl‐xL to neuronal death, we augmented endogenous Bcl‐xL levels by administering Bcl‐xL fusion protein (Bcl‐xL FP) into injured spinal cords. Bcl‐xL FP significantly increased neuronal survival, suggesting that SCI‐induced changes in Bcl‐xL contribute considerably to neuronal death. Because Bcl‐xL FP increases survival of dorsal horn neurons and ventral horn motoneurons, it could become clinically relevant in preserving sensory and motor functions after SCI. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of hydrogen peroxide during brief oxygen‐glucose deprivation induces preconditioning neuronal protection in primary cultured neurons
Authors: Furuichi Takamitsu , Liu Wenlan , Shi Honglian , Miyake Minoru , Liu Ke Jian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in ischemic preconditioning (IPC)‐induced neuronal protection, several key questions concerning ROS remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study is to obtain direct evidence for the formation of specific ROS species generated by IPC, and to determine the specific species that is responsible for the observed neuronal protection. Primary cultured cortex neurons from rat embryos were preconditioned with 10 min of oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD), which increased the intracellular levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. This preconditioning markedly induced neuronal protection against 2‐hr OGD stimuli. Preconditioning with exogenous ROS by the administration of xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), or hydrogen peroxide was also found to induce IPC‐like neuronal protection. Administration of hydrogen peroxide scavengers, such as catalase, glutathione, or the thiol reductant N‐(2‐mercaptopriopionyl)‐glycine, all reduced the increase in the intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, which effectively eliminated IPC‐ or exogenous ROS‐induced neuronal protection. In contrast, administration of the membrane‐permeable superoxide dismutase mimic Mn(III)tetrakis(1‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride was able to block the increase of intracellular superoxide levels during IPC, but did not abolish either IPC‐ or exogenous X/XO preconditioning‐induced neuronal protection. These findings strongly suggest that IPC enhances the generation of superoxide, which is then converted to hydrogen peroxide, and that hydrogen peroxide is likely the main trigger involved in the mechanism of IPC‐induced neuronal protection. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A critical review of the glaciomarine model for Irish sea deglaciation: evidence from southern Britain, the Celtic shelf and adjacent continental slope
Authors: Scourse J. D. , Furze M. F. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn support of their ‘glaciomarine’ model for the deglaciation of the Irish Sea basin, Eyles and McCabe cited the occurrence of distal glaciomarine mud drapes onshore in the Isles of Scilly and North Devon, and of arctic beach‐face gravels and sands around the shores of the Celtic Sea. Glacial and sea‐level data from the southern part of the Irish Sea in the terminal zone of the ice stream and the adjacent continental slope are reviewed here to test this aspect of the model. The suggestion that the glacial sequences of both the Isles of Scilly and Fremington in North Devon are glaciomarine mud drapes is rejected. An actively calving tidewater margin only occurred early in the deglacial sequence close to the terminal zone in the south‐central Celtic Sea. Relative sea‐levels were lower, and therefore glacio‐isostatic depression less, than envisaged in the glaciomarine model. Geochronological, sedimentological and biostratigraphical data indicate that the raised beach sequences around the shores of the Celtic Sea and English Channel were deposited at, or during regression soon after, interglacial eustatic highstands. Evidence for ice‐rafting at a time of high relative sea‐levels is restricted to a phase(s) earlier than the Late Devensian. These data indicate that the raised beach sequences have no bearing on the style of Irish Sea deglaciation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sedimentary evidence for deforming bed conditions associated with a grounded Irish Sea glacier, southern Ireland
Authors: Cofaigh Colm Ó , Evans David J.A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlong the south coast of Ireland, a shelly diamict facies, the Irish Sea Till, has been variously ascribed to subglacial deposition by a grounded Irish Sea glacier or to glacimarine sedimentation by suspension settling and iceberg rafting. Observations are presented here from five sites along the south coast to directly address this question. At these sites, sedimentary evidence is preserved for the onshore advance of a grounded Irish Sea glacier, which glacitectonically disturbed and eroded pre‐existing sediments and redeposited them as deformation till. Recession of this Irish Sea glacier resulted in the damming of ice‐marginal lakes in embayments along the south coast, into which glacilacustrine sedimentation then took place. These lake sediments were subsequently glacitectonised and reworked by overriding glacier ice of inland origin, which deposited deformation till on top of the succession. There is no evidence for deposition of the Irish Sea diamicts by glacimarine sedimentation at these sites. The widespread development of subglacial deforming bed conditions reflected the abundance of fine‐grained marine and lacustrine sediments available for subglacial erosion and reworking. Stratigraphical and chronological data suggest that the advance of a grounded Irish Sea glacier along the south coast occurred during the last glaciation, and this is regionally consistent with marine geological data from the Celtic Sea. These observations demonstrate extension of glacier ice far beyond its traditional limits in the Celtic Sea and on‐land in southern Ireland during the last glaciation, and remove the stratigraphical basis for chronological differentiation of surficial glacial drifts, and thus the Munsterian Glaciation, in southern Ireland. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering of Nd0.9Ca0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ with different oxygen contents
Authors: Zhao Yun , Xing Tang Ding , Zuo Jian , Xu Cunyi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA series of Nd0.9Ca0.1Ba2Cu3O7−δ samples with different oxygen contents were fabricated by the solid‐state reaction method and thermally treated under different conditions. The superconducting transition temperatures Tc were measured to be above liquid nitrogen temperature. The measurements of the thermopower S showed a monotonic decrease with increasing oxygen content. The Raman peak of the apical oxygen O(4) stretching vibration shifts to higher wavenumber, which also shows a monotonic increase in oxygen content. Two modes at 224 and 597 cm−1 are assigned to the disorder‐induced stretching vibrations of copper and oxygen atoms, respectively. They arise from symmetry breaking from short‐chain fragments and are not due to impurity phases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of potassium acetate‐intercalated kaolinites over the temperature range 25–300,°C
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Kristof Janos , Horváth Erzsébet , Kloprogge J. Theo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRaman spectra of the hydroxyl‐stretching region of potassium acetate‐intercalated kaolinite were obtained under an atmosphere of both air and nitrogen using a thermal stage over the temperature range 25–300 °C. At 25 °C, an additional band at 3606 cm−1 attributed to the inner surface hydroxyl hydrogen bonded to the acetate ion is observed with a concomitant loss of intensity in the bands attributed to the inner surface hydroxyls. Heating the intercalated complex to 50 °C results in two hydroxyl‐stretching wavenumbers at 3594 and 3604 cm−1. At 100 °C, the bands shift to 3600 and 3613 cm−1. At temperatures from 100 to 300 °C, bands are observed in similar positions. Upon cooling in air to 25 °C, the acetate‐bonded inner surface hydroxyl stretching wavenumber shifts back to 3606 cm−1. Upon heating the intercalated kaolinite to 300 °C under an atmosphere of nitrogen and upon cooling the acetate‐bonded inner surface hydroxyl stretching wavenumber is observed at 3601 cm−1. Upon cooling to 150 °C and subsequently to 25 °C, two bands are observed at 3611 and 3600 cm−1. Upon rehydration, the hydroxyl stretching wavenumber returns to 3606 cm−1. The changes in the Raman spectra of the hydroxyl‐stretching region during dehydration and rehydration are reversible. When the potassium acetate‐intercalated kaolinite is heated to 300 °C and cooled to 25 °C, the inner‐hydroxyl band is observed at 3630 cm−1. The shift in the wavenumber of the inner hydroxyl band is attributed to the insertion of the potassium ion in the ditrigonal cavity of the siloxane layer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐technology firms' perceptions of their international competitiveness
Authors: Jones Marian V. , Crick Dave 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

This paper positions itself in the growing body of work on international entrepreneurship and investigates the perceptions of a small sample of high‐technology UK firms operating in overseas markets.
Some firms were found to employ a number of modes of market entry other than the exporting route prescribed by much of the existing literature and the focus of government trade assistance that is available.
Quantitative analysis is undertaken to establish that few statistical differences exist between two groups of firms — those involved only in exporting and those with activities incorporating multiple forms of market entry — in relation to their perceived performance and competitiveness in overseas markets.
In managing the changing circumstances of dealing with overseas markets, academics, policy makers and trainers should encourage managers to plan and balance resource constraints in accordance with the modes of market entry undertaken. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.