bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary fibre level and enzyme inclusion affect nutrient digestibility and excreta characteristics in grower pigs
Authors: Moeser Adam J , van Kempen Theo A T G 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn experiment was conducted with 12 grower pigs to determine the effects of (1) manipulating dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) level and (2) dietary inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes on nutrient digestibility and excreta characteristics in pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain three levels of NDF: 1, 66 g kg−1 NDF (low fibre); 2, 121 g kg−1 NDF (moderate fibre); 3, 222 g kg−1 NDF (high fibre); 4, diet 3 plus 2.0 g kg−1 enzyme. Increasing levels of dietary NDF linearly decreased dry matter and energy digestibilities (r2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Lowering dietary NDF from 222 to 121 g kg−1 improved nitrogen digestibility by 13% (P < 0.01). Faecal production was decreased by 9% for each 1% decrease in dietary NDF content (r2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes in the high‐fibre diet improved dry matter and energy digestibilities by 2 and 3% respectively, and reduced faecal production by 10% (P < 0.01). Faecal and manure (faeces plus urine) pH values from pigs fed the high‐fibre diet and the high‐fibre plus enzyme diet were lower than those from pigs fed the other experimental diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lowering the dietary NDF level or inclusion of fibre‐degrading enzymes in high‐fibre diets may offer relatively practical and easy methods for reducing waste production in pigs.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification and origin of the character‐impact compounds of raw oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Pennarun Anne‐Laure , Prost Carole , Demaimay Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe French consume large amounts of raw oysters. The study of the aroma of oyster Crassostrea gigas is of economic interest because it is a good method of checking the sensory quality. Aromas were extracted by vacuum steam distillation at 20 °C using whole oyster flesh. This extract presented similar sensory characteristics to raw oyster. The odour‐active compounds were characterised by gas chromatography coupled with olfactometry using a panel of 10 judges trained in seafood aroma recognition. Fifty‐nine volatile compounds were identified in oyster aroma extract. Among these, 25 were responsible for the overall odour of raw oyster. Four compounds identified in oysters were characterised by fresh and marine odour: 3‐(E)‐hexen‐1‐ol, decanal, 2‐undecanone and 3,6‐(E,Z)‐nonadien‐1‐ol. Some compounds were identified for the first time in oysters: 4‐(Z)‐heptenal (white boiled fish odour), which comes from n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation, and 3‐octanol (moss and sulphury odour), 2‐nonanol (cucumber odour) and octanoic acid, which arise from n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition and nutritional attributes of selected newly developed lines of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr)
Authors: Giami Sunday Y 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe chemical composition and nutritional properties of raw, autoclaved and boiled samples of three promising advanced breeding lines of soybean (TGx 923 − 2EN, TGx 1019 − 2EN and TGx 1497 − 1D), part of a larger collection evaluated in agronomic field trials in Nigeria, were investigated. Protein quality was evaluated using weanling albino rats fed diets which were formulated to supply 10% protein using soybean samples, with casein as a control. Raw seeds contained 35.6–42.4% crude protein, 8.9–9.8 mg iron per 100 g, 8.62–18.21 mg trypsin inhibitor g−1 and 2.25–6.15 mg phytic acid g−1 seed flour. TGx 923 − 2EN possessed higher crude protein contents and lower amounts of trypsin inhibitor, polyphenol and phytic acid compared with TGx 1019 − 2EN or TGx 1497 − 1D. Boiling proved more effective than autoclaving for reducing the levels of antinutrients and improving the protein quality of the beans, as shown by the higher values for weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and true digestibility (TD) of boiled samples. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the values obtained for PER, NPR and TD of diets containing boiled samples of TGx 923 − 2EN and casein, indicating the nutritional superiority of this soybean line compared with TGx 1019 − 2EN and TGx 1497 − 1D.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Loss of tocopherols and formation of degradation compounds at frying temperatures in oils differing in degree of unsaturation and natural antioxidant content
Authors: Barrera‐Arellano Daniel , Ruiz‐Méndez Victoria , Velasco Joaquín , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Dobarganes Carmen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSamples of oils of different degrees of unsaturation, namely palm olein, olive oil, high‐linoleic sunflower oil, high‐oleic sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and soybean oil, were heated at 180 °C for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h in the presence or absence of their natural antioxidants. Also, tocopherol‐stripped oils were supplemented with α‐tocopherol (500 mg kg−1), δ‐tocopherol (500 mg kg−1) or a mixture of α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols (250 mg kg−1 each) and heated under the same conditions. Losses of tocopherols and formation of polymeric triacylglycerols were followed. Total polar compounds were also evaluated after 10 h of heating. Results demonstrated that tocopherols were lost very rapidly, in the expected order, with α‐tocopherol being the least stable. Polymeric and polar compound formation during heating was inhibited to a variable extent, being more dependent on the natural content and type of tocopherols than on the degree of unsaturation of the oil. For example, polymeric and polar compound contents in soybean oil were significantly lower than those found in high‐linoleic sunflower oil. However, the expected influence of the degree of unsaturation was evident when oils were unprotected or possessed identical initial antioxidant contents. Finally, levels of degradation compounds after 10 h of heating were not dependent on the remaining content of antioxidants.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Aesthetic and functional advantages of the anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of tumor‐related scalp defects
Authors: Lutz Barbara S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEleven patients underwent free‐flap reconstruction of tumor‐related defects of the scalp, forehead, and temporal region. Flap selection aimed at achieving acceptable functional and aesthetic results combined with negligible donor‐site morbidity. Ten males and one female, aged 61.3 ± 14.3 years, were included in this study. Eight patients presented with tumor recurrences after previous surgery, irradiation, and/or chemotherapy. The average extension of defects was 169.5 (range, 30–600) qcm. Free flaps employed for reconstruction included antero‐lateral thigh flaps (8), suprafascial radial forearm flap (1), lateral arm flap (1), latissimus dorsi muscle flap (1), and myocutaneous vertical rectus abdominis flap (1). Other procedures included nerve grafts to the facial nerve (2), ectropion correction (2), and fascia lata slings for static procedure in facial palsy (2). There was no pedicle revision and no flap failure. Donor‐site morbidity was negligible. Hospitalization averaged 9.2 ± 1.7 days. The anterolateral thigh perforator flap offers excellent coverage of tumor‐related defects of the scalp, which require a thin flap for adequate contouring. The customized harvested myocutaneous anterolateral thigh flap is regarded as an elegant option for covering defects which consist of both deep and superficial areas. Fascia lata and nerve grafts are available at the same donor site. This easily allows additional procedures for cosmetic and functional improvement that are of high benefit for patients. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.MICROSURGERY 22:258–264 2002
Numerical methods for the topology optimization of structures that exhibit snap‐through
Authors: Bruns T. E. , Sigmund O. , Tortorelli D. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe inclusion of non‐linear elastic analyses into the topology optimization problem is necessary to capture the finite deformation response, e.g. the geometric non‐linear response of compliant mechanisms. In previous work, the non‐linear response is computed by standard non‐linear elastic finite element analysis. Here, we incorporate a load–displacement constraint method to traverse non‐linear equilibrium paths with limit points to design structures that exhibit snap‐through behaviour. To accomplish this, we modify the basic arc length algorithm and embed this analysis into the topology optimization problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to suck eggs, or is there a case for a postgraduate development studies benchmark?
Authors: Copestake James 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany academic disciplines in the UK have recently introduced subject benchmarks that specify core or minimum content for particular degrees. The article suggests that efficiency, quality, and transparency arguments in favour of such benchmarks may be undermined by problems in specification, identification, and implementation. By contrasting the programme specification for the Master's in development studies at Bath (overspecified) with the benchmark for Master's in management and business administration (underspecified), it suggests that an intermediate benchmark for development studies could usefully enhance transparency about what development studies is and what it has to offer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building e‐government in East and Southeast Asia: Regional rhetoric and national (in)action
Authors: Holliday Ian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmong many regional policy initiatives taken by states in East and Southeast Asia in the wake of the 1997 financial crisis, one central project launched by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and taken up by its dialogue partners in East Asia, was promotion of information and communication technology. While part of ASEAN's 1999–2004 action plan focused on services for business, another part sought to put public sectors online, and to promote electronic government, or e‐government. Taking the 16 states and quasi‐states of East and Southeast Asia, this article evaluates progress at the action plan's mid‐point in January 2002. It begins by defining e‐government and reviewing three academic literatures on the information age, developmental states, and Confucian societies. It then describes the major policy initiatives taken by ASEAN and its partner states, and surveys implementation progress through an analysis of government homepages and sites. Its main finding is that e‐government activity in East and Southeast Asia is highly diverse, reflecting national strengths and weaknesses rather than regional capacity for policy change. The article argues for increased attention to national implementation strategies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent expression of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐induced gene, EBI3, an IL‐12 p40‐related cytokine, in Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells
Authors: Niedobitek Gerald , Päzolt Doreen , Teichmann Martina , Devergne Odile 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) usually occur in patients without clinically manifest deficiencies in anti‐viral immunity. In spite of expressing viral proteins, both tumours are apparently able to escape EBV‐specific immunity in vivo. EBI3 is an EBV‐induced cytokine homologous to the interleukin (IL)‐12 p40 subunit and can heterodimerize with IL‐12 p35. It has been suggested that EBI3 may function to antagonize IL‐12 and to inhibit the development of a Th1 immune response. EBI3 expression has been studied in tumour entities frequently associated with EBV infection to examine if EBI3 might contribute to local modulation of the immune response. It is shown that EBI3 is strongly expressed in Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells in 32 of 33 HL cases, independently of the EBV status of the tumour cells. Furthermore, EBI3 expression was detected in the epithelial tumour cells of six of 40 NPC biopsies but not in Burkitt lymphomas. The results suggest that EBI3 may be an additional component of the repertoire employed by Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells to inhibit an effective anti‐tumour or anti‐viral immune response. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐laboratory and inter‐observer reproducibility of immunohistochemical assessment of the Ki‐67 labelling index in a large multi‐centre trial
Authors: Mengel Michael , von Wasielewski Reinhard , Wiese Birgitt , Rüdiger Thomas , Müller‐Hermelink Hans Konrad , Kreipe Hans 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProliferative activity of tumour cells, as assessed by the Ki‐67 labelling index, has been suggested as a potential prognostic indicator in many neoplastic diseases. Meaningful application of the immunohistochemically determined tumour cell growth fraction in clinical decision‐making requires information about its inter‐laboratory reproducibility. To assess the reproducibility of Ki‐67 determined growth fraction, a multi‐centre immunohistochemical trial was performed with 172 participating laboratories, each testing 30 different tissue samples. Evaluating 5160 Ki‐67 labelling indices with a newly developed tissue microarray, good inter‐observer reproducibility but high inter‐laboratory variability was found. Reassessment of all stainings revealed considerable inter‐laboratory differences in the intensity and frequency of labelled nuclei, suggesting that antigen retrieval or staining techniques are predominantly responsible for the inter‐laboratory variability found in this trial. Consequently, cut‐off levels for Ki‐67, suggested to distinguish prognostic subgroups in tumours, appear to have limited reproducibility in a multi‐centre approach. It is concluded that there is a need to standardize the immunohistochemical determination of the Ki‐67 labelling index when it is used as a prognostic indicator in surgical pathology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer‐specific survival of patients with multiple cancers: an application to patients with multiple breast cancers
Authors: Heinävaara S. , Teppo L. , Hakulinen T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the analysis of cause‐specific survival, the causes of death must be known. For single‐cancer patients with a known cause of death, the estimation of the cause‐specific survival rate is straightforward. For multiple‐cancer patients with two primary cancers, however, the analysis of cause‐specific survival rates is more complex, particularly if the cancers are of the same primary site. In these situations, a concept of cancer‐specific survival may also be distinguished from cause‐specific survival. Cancer‐specific survival rates are studied here by introducing two models, the primary one where the death from cancer is attributed to one of the cancers, and an alternative where such an attribution is not necessary. The models are illustrated using data on patients with multiple breast cancers. The model‐based survival rates are compared with each other and with the corresponding relative survival rates based on analogous modelling of relative survival. The results show that for the subsequent breast cancer, the cancer‐specific survival rates based on the alternative, where the distinction between the cancers as a cause of death was not necessary, tended to be higher than those based on that distinction. It is thus possible that the subsequent cancer was too often coded as a cause of death, particularly when being localized at diagnosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the potential of measurement error to induce differential bias on odds ratio estimates: an example from radon epidemiology
Authors: Heid I. M. , Küchenhoff H. , Wellmann J. , Gerken M. , Kreienbrock L. , Wichmann H. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is well established that odds ratios estimated by logistic regression are subject to bias if exposure is measured with error. The dependence of this bias on exposure parameter values, particularly for multiplicative measurement error, and its implications in epidemiology are not, however, as fully acknowledged. We have been motivated by a German West case‐control study on lung cancer and residential radon, where restriction to a subgroup exhibiting larger mean and variance of exposure than the entire group has shown higher odds ratio estimates as compared to the full analysis. By means of correction formulae and simulations, we show that bias from additive classical type error depends on the exposure variance, not on the exposure mean, and that bias from multiplicative classical type error depends on the geometric standard deviation (in other words on the coefficient of variation of exposure), but not on the geometric mean of exposure. Bias from additive or multiplicative Berkson type error is independent of exposure distribution parameters. This indicates that there is a potential of differential bias between groups where these parameters vary. Such groups are commonly compared in epidemiology: for example when the results of subgroup analyses are contrasted or meta‐analyses are performed. For the German West radon study, we show that the difference of measurement error bias between the subgroup and the entire group exhibits the same direction but not the same dimension as the observed results. Regarding meta‐analysis of five European radon studies, we find that a study such as this German study will necessarily result in smaller odds ratio estimates than other studies due to the smaller exposure variance and coefficient of variation of exposure. Therefore, disregard of measurement error can not only lead to biased estimates, but also to inconsistent results and wrongly concluded effect differences between groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of electronic data interchange for supply chain coordination in the food industry
Authors: Hill Craig A. , Scudder Gary D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSupply chain management (SCM) is concerned with the relationship between a company and its suppliers and customers. It is characterized by interorganizational coordination: companies working jointly with their customers and suppliers to integrate activities along the supply chain to effectively supply product to customers. More developed SCM is indicated by systematic integration, i.e. standardized and automatic interorganizational interfaces. Information technology (IT) engenders such systematic integration by allowing more efficient and automatic information flow.This research focuses on electronic data interchange (EDI), an important class of IT used for interorganizational information transfers in the supply chain. Data from a survey of the food industry is used to examine the use of EDI with respect to interfirm coordination activities involving suppliers and customers. The influence of demographic characteristics on EDI use is also investigated. The results suggest that firms view EDI as a tool for improving efficiencies rather than as a tool for facilitating supply chain integration. There is also a surprising difference in firms use of EDI with customers vis‐à‐vis suppliers. Firms tend to be much more accommodating of the desires of their customers than of their suppliers.
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: Interpretation and Collaborative Management
Authors: Fox Michael , Kilpatrick Sarah , King Tekoa , Parer Julian T. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTEffective intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring requires ongoing collaboration among health care providers. Nurses, midwives, and physicians must have a shared understanding of 1) how FHR tracings are interpreted, 2) which FHR patterns are associated with actual or impending fetal acidemia, 3) when and within what time frame the physician or the midwife should be notified of variant FHR patterns, 4) how quickly physicians and midwives should respond when notified of variant patterns, and 5) the indications for and optimal timing of interventions such as operative delivery. This article reviews the literature on FHR monitoring and includes a discussion of the advantages and limitations of different monitoring modalities. An overview of those FHR patterns are associated with presumed fetal acidemia is presented, as well as sample multidisciplinary FHR monitoring guidelines and an exercise in intrapartum FHR pattern evaluation that can be used to initiate development of local FHR monitoring patterns.
Scope of Practice: Freedom Within Limits
Authors: Schuiling Kerri D. , Slager Joani 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT“Scope of practice” has a variety of meanings amongst mid‐wives, other health professionals, health organizations, and consumers of midwifery care. For some, it refers to the Standards for the Practice of Midwifery; for others, it encompasses the legal base of practice; still others equate it with the components of the clinical parameters of practice. Because “scope of practice” is dynamic and parameters of practice can be impacted by many variables, succinctly defining “scope of practice” is difficult.This article provides a comprehensive discussion of the concept “scope of practice.” Clinical scenarios are provided as case exemplars. The aim of this paper is to provide both new and experienced midwives with a substantive definition of the concept “scope of practice.”
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CORE COMPETENCIES FOR BASIC MIDWIFERY PRACTICE
Authors: Burst Helen Varney , Avery Melissa D. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTThe Core Competencies for Basic Midwifery Practice, as promulgated by the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM), was first published in 1978 to provide a standard approach to nurse‐midwifery education. Since then, it has been revised three times, most recently in 1997, and now serve as the curricular template for ACNM‐accredited education programs. This paper discusses the historic evolution of the core competencies and the document's use in midwifery education and practice.
Comparative ab initio prediction of gene
structures using pair HMMs
Authors: Meyer Irmtraud M. , Durbin Richard 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
We present a novel comparative method for the ab initio prediction of protein coding genes in eukaryotic genomes. The method simultaneously predicts the gene structures of two un-annotated input DNA sequences which are homologous to each other and retrieves the subsequences which are conserved between the two DNA sequences. It is capable of predicting partial, complete and multiple genes and can align pairs of genes which differ by events of exon-fusion or exon-splitting.
The method employs a probabilistic pair hidden Markov model. We generate annotations using our model with two different algorithms: the Viterbi algorithm in its linear memory implementation and a new heuristic algorithm, called the stepping stone, for which both memory and time requirements scale linearly with the sequence length.
We have implemented the model in a computer program called Doublescan. In this article, we introduce the method and confirm the validity of the approach on a test set of 80 pairs of orthologous DNA sequences from mouse and human.
More information can be found at: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/analysis/doublescan/
Contact: im1@sanger.ac.ukrd@sanger.ac.uk
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
GENIE: estimating demographic history from molecular phylogenies
Authors: Pybus O.G. , Rambaut A. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Summary: GENIE implements a statistical framework for inferring the demographic history of a population from phylogenies that have been reconstructed from sampled DNA sequences. The methods are based on population genetic models known collectively as coalescent theory.
Availability: GENIE is available from http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk. All popular operating systems are supported.
Contact: oliver.pybus@zoo.ox.ac.uk
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.