bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Analysis: The ICJ and South West Africa (Namibia): A Retrospective Legal/Political Assessment
Authors: Pomerance Michla 
Published: March 2004

No single political issue has engaged the ICJ more than that of South West Africa (Namibia). Over a period ranging from 1949 through 1971, recourse was had to the Court, both in its advisory and contentious capacities, on various aspects of the problem. Even today, after Namibia attained independence, the Court's jurisprudence and the saga of UN-Court relations in this matter continue to intrigue. This is because the questions raised have continuing relevance to many issues bearing on international law and international relations.Much has been, and will be, written on the approach of the Court and of individual judges to a panoply of international legal questions raised in the course of the judicial proceedings. But, in fact, the long tale also offers researchers an enticing fountain of material on the role of law and adjudication in international relations, on the interaction between the UN judicial and political fora and, more broadly, between law and politics. This article focuses mainly on these latter, relatively neglected, aspects because it is with respect to these that the benefit of hindsight offers the ability to reassess and revise some of the earlier assumptions and to note some interesting paradoxes not readily discernible at the time. Perhaps revision of some of the axiomatic propositions long perpetuated in the field will offer better guidance to those seeking to enhance the role of international adjudication in world affairs.
Moving Into UNchartered Waters: An Emerging Right of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention?
Authors: Blockmans Steven 
Published: March 2004

With the black letter law of the UN Charter denying states to unilaterally intervene in third states on humanitarian grounds, this article tries to project a picture of the moral controversy of humanitarian intervention as a balance for order and justice. The author argues that some post-cold war armed interventions may be taken as evidence of an emerging rule of international law outside the UN Charter system allowing the use of unilateral humanitarian intervention to keep a third state from committing large-scale human rights violations on its own territory. However, in the absence of prior authorization from the relevant UN organs, it is necessary to address concerns of possible abuse and manipulations of such an emerging rule. The article includes recommendations to this end.To go to war for an idea, if the war is aggressive, not defensive, is as criminal as to go to war for territory or revenue; for it is as little justifiable to force our ideas on other people, as to compel them to submit to our will in any other respect. But there assuredly are cases in which it is allowable to go to war, without having been ourselves attacked, or threatened with attack; and it is very important that nations should make up their minds in time, as to what these cases are.John Stuart Mill, A Few Words on Non-Intervention (1859)
The Transformation of European Universities: Disciplines and Professions in England, Germany and Russia since 1870
Authors: WITTROCK BJÖRN 
Published: March 2004

Dietrich Beyrau, ed., Im Dschungel der Macht. Intellektuelle Professionen unter Stalin und Hitler (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000), 399 pp., €52.00 (hb.), ISBN 3-525-36244-7.Corine Defrance, Les alliés occidentaux et les universités allemandes, 1945–1949 (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2000), 406 pp., €27.50, ISBN 2-271-05768-X.Ralph Jessen, Akademische Elite und kommunistische Diktatur. Die ostdeutsche Hochschullehrerschaft in der Ulbricht-Ära (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999), 552 pp., €52.00, ISBN 3-525-35797-4.Brian Pullan with Michele Abendstern, A History of the University of Manchester, 1951–73 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 281 pp., €32.95, ISBN 0-7190-5670-5.Reba N. Soffer, Discipline and Power: The University and the Making of an English Elite, 1870–1930 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 308 pp., €55.00, ISBN 0-8047-2383-4.
A spectroscopy and isotope study of sediments from the Antarctic Dry Valleys as analogues for potential paleolakes on Mars
Authors: Bishop Janice L. , Anglen Brandy L. , Pratt Lisa M. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Des Marais David J. , Doran Peter T. 
Published: March 2004

A spectroscopy and isotope study has been performed on igneous sediments from Lake Hoare, a nearly isolated ecosystem in the Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. The mineralogy and chemistry of these sediments were studied in order to gain insights into the biogeochemical processes occurring in a permanently ice-covered lake and to assist in characterizing potential habitats for life in paleolakes on Mars. Obtaining visible/near-infrared, mid-infrared and Raman spectra of such sediments provides the ground truth needed for using reflectance, emittance and Raman spectroscopy for exploration of geology, and perhaps biology, on Mars. Samples measured in this study include a sediment from the ice surface, lake bottom sediment cores from oxic and anoxic zones of the lake and the magnetic fractions of two samples.These sediments are dominated by quartz, pyroxene, plagioclase and K-feldspar, but also contain calcite, organics, clays, sulphides and iron oxides/hydroxides that resulted from chemical and biological alteration processes. Chlorophyll-like bands are observed in the spectra of the sediment-mat layers on the surface of the lake bottom, especially in the deep anoxic region. Layers of high calcite concentration in the oxic sediments and layers of high pyrite concentration in the anoxic sediments are indicators of periods of active biogeochemical processing in the lake. Micro-Raman spectra revealed the presence of ~5 μm-sized pyrite deposits on the surface of quartz grains in the anoxic sediments. C, N and S isotope trends are compared with the chemistry and spectral properties. The δ13C and δ15N trends highlight the differences in the balance of microbial processes in the anoxic sediments versus the oxic sediments. The biogenic pyrite found in the sediments from the anoxic zone is associated with depleted δ34S values, high organic C levels and chlorophyll spectral bands and could be used as a potential biomarker mineral for paleolakes on Mars.
Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Trepanier Angela , Ahrens Mary , McKinnon Wendy , Peters June , Stopfer Jill , Grumet Sherry Campbell , Manley Susan , Culver Julie O. , Acton Ronald , Larsen‐Haidle Joy , Correia Lori Ann , Bennett Robin , Pettersen Barbara , Ferlita Terri Diamond , Costalas Josephine Wagner , Hunt Katherine , Donlon Susan , Skrzynia Cecile , Farrell Carolyn , Callif‐Daley Faith , Vockley Catherine Walsh 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThese cancer genetic counseling recommendations describe the medical, psychosocial, and ethical ramifications of identifying at‐risk individuals through cancer risk assessment with or without genetic testing. They were developed by members of the Practice Issues Subcommittee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors Cancer Genetic Counseling Special Interest Group. The information contained in this document is derived from extensivereview of the current literature on cancer genetic risk assessment and counseling as well as the personal expertise of genetic counselors specializing in cancer genetics. The recommendations are intended to provid information about the process of genetic counseling and risk assessment for hereditary cancer disorders rather than specific information about individual syndromes. Key components include the intake (medical and family histories), psychosocial assessment (assessment of risk perception), cancer risk assessment (determination and communication of risk), molecular testing for hereditary cancer syndromes (regulations, informed consent, and counseling process), and follow‐up considerations. These recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of management, nor does use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. These recommendations do not displace a health care provider's professional judgment based on the clinical circumstances of a client.
Short‐ and Long‐Term Impact of Receiving Genetic Mutation Results in Women at Increased Risk for Hereditary Breast Cancer
Authors: Lim Jacqueline , Macluran Mariette , Price Melanie , Bennett Barbara , Butow Phyllis ,   kConFab Psychosocial Group
Published: March 2004

AbstractForty‐seven unaffected women from high‐risk breast cancer families who had received results for hereditary breast/ovarian predisposition genes between 1 month and 5 years ago were interviewed regarding their experiences. Women responded to open‐ended questions. The initial emotional turmoil reported by most was generally short lived. However, the impact of genetic testing went beyond the individual to the extended family and social context, particularly in the short‐term. A common theme was the difficulty associated with divulging a result to family members, who were also adjusting to their own result. The majority of carriers reported advantages that were both physical (options for surveillance programs and prophylactic surgery) and emotional (reduced uncertainty, increased awareness of options and knowledge about risk, preparation time). Most carriers reported no change in lifestyle although some reported discovering their mutation status as a positive life‐changing experience. Implications for genetic counseling and further research are discussed.
Initiation of Reflective Frames in Counseling for Huntingtons Disease Predictive Testing
Authors: Sarangi Srikant , Bennert Kristina , Howell Lucy , Clarke Angus , Harper Peter , Gray Jonathon 
Published: March 2004

AbstractGenetic professionals and clients are likely to assign different meanings to the extended format of the counseling protocols for predictive testing. In order to facilitate informed, client‐centerd decisions about the possibility of predictive testing, counselors routinely use the question format to initiate what we call “reflective frames” that invite clients to discuss their feelings and encourage them to adopt introspective and self‐reflective stances toward their own experience—spanning the past, the present, and the hypothetical future. We suggest that such initiations of reflective frames constitute a key element of counselors' nondirective stance, although the exact nature of their formulations can be complex and varied. Examining 24 Huntington's Disease (HD) clinic sessions involving 12 families in South Wales with the tools of discourse analysis, our focus in this paper is twofold: (i) to propose a classification of six types of reflective questions (e.g. nonspecific invites, awareness and anxiety, decision about testing, impact of result, dissemination, and other) and to examine their distribution across the various clinic appointments, and (ii) to investigate the scope of these questions in terms of temporal and social axes. We link our analysis to the current debate within the genetic counseling profession about the merits of reflection‐ versus information‐focused counseling styles and the need to abide by professionally warranted and institutionally embedded counseling protocols.
Family Environments of Women Seeking BRCA1/BRCA2 Genetic Mutation Testing: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Keenan Lisa A. , Lesniak Karen T. , Guarnaccia Charles A. , Althaus Becky , Ethington Gaby , Blum Joanne L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough there is some understanding of the shared characteristics and predictors of psychological distress of women participating in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer registries, these same characteristics are only beginning to be identified in research on community women seeking genetic testing for BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations. This study provides an initial exploration of characteristics associated with family environments for 51 community women waiting to receive such genetic testing results. Thirty‐four of the 36 women classified on family environment type of the Family Environment Scale (FES) were from Personal Growth‐Oriented families. Comparisons of women with and without personal cancer histories resulted in a trend for women with personal cancer histories to be classified as from Independence‐Oriented families. Reported distress appears to vary for different family emphases based on family and personal cancer history. A moral–religious family emphasis consistently appeared to be associated with decreased psychological distress. Preliminary analyses comparing these community women (who were not part of a hereditary registry but were self‐ or physician‐referred) seeking genetic testing with normal and distressed family means found that increased cohesion and expressiveness may be related to decreased conflict, indicative of potentially supportive family environments for these women. When compared with normative data, a subset consisting of the Ashkenazi Jewish women showed a trend of less cohesion than normal families, but similar cohesion levels as distressed families.
Late Quaternary core stratigraphy of the northern New South Wales continental shelf
Authors: Roberts J. J. , Boyd R. 
Published: March 2004

On the southeast Australian continental margin, mixed siliciclastic and temperate carbonate sediments are presently forming along the narrow 20–35 km‐wide northern New South Wales shelf over an area of 4960 km2. Here, year‐round, highly energetic waves rework inner and mid‐shelf clastic sediments by northward longshore currents or waning storm flows. The strong East Australian Current flows south, sweeping clastic and outer shelf biogenic sands and gravels. Quaternary siliciclastic inner shelf cores consist of fine to medium, lower shoreface sand and graded storm beds of fine to coarse sand. Physically abraded, disarticulated molluscs such as Donacidae and Glycymeridae form isolated gravel lags. Highstand inner shelf clastics accumulate at 0.53 m/103 y in less than 50 m water depth. Clastic mid‐shelf cores contain well‐sorted, winnowed, medium shoreface sands, with a fine sand component. Fine sand and mud in this area is discharged mainly from New South Wales' largest river, the Clarence. The seaward jutting of Byron Bay results in weakened East Australia Current flows through the mid‐shelf from Ballina to Yamba allowing the fine sediments to accumulate. Quaternary carbonate outer shelf cores have uniform and graded beds forming from the East Australian Current and are also influenced by less frequent storm energy. Modern clastic‐starved outer shelf hardgrounds are cemented by coralline algae and encrusting bryozoans. Clay‐sized particles are dominantly high‐Mg calcite with minor aragonite and smectite/kaolinite. Carbonate sands are rich in bryozoan fragments and sponge spicules. Distinctive (gravel‐sized) molluscs form isolated shells or shell lag deposits comprising Limopsidae and Pectinidae. The upper slope sediments are the only significant accumulation of surficial mud on the margin (18–36 wt%), filling the interstices of poorly sorted, biogenic gravels. Pectinid molluscs form a basal gravel lag. During highstand the outer shelf accumulates sediment at 0.40 m/103 y, with the upper slope accumulating a lower 0.23 m/103 y since transgression. Transgression produced a diachronous (10–14 ka) wave‐ravinement surface in all cores. Relict marine hardgrounds overlie the wave‐ravinement surface and are cemented by inorganic calcite from the shallow and warm East Australian Current. Transgressive estuarine deposits, oxygen isotope Stage 3–5 barriers or shallow bedrock underlie the wave‐ravinement surface on the inner and mid shelf. Northern New South Wales is an example of a low accommodation, wave‐ and oceanic current‐dominated margin that has produced mixed siliciclastic–carbonate facies. Shelf ridge features that characterise many storm‐dominated margins are absent.
Geochronological constraints on the polymetamorphic evolution of the granulite‐hosted Challenger gold deposit: implications for assembly of the northwest Gawler Craton*
Authors: Tomkins A. G. , Dunlap W. J. , Mavrogenes J. A. 
Published: March 2004

A temperature–time history for the granulite‐hosted Challenger gold deposit in the Christie Domain of the Gawler Craton, South Australia, has been derived using a range of isotopic decay systems including U–Pb, Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr and40Ar/39Ar. Nd model ages and detrital zircon ages suggest a protolith age of ca2900 Ma for the Challenger Gneiss. Gold mineralisation was probably introduced under greenschist/amphibolite‐facies conditions towards the end of the Archaean, between 2800 and 2550 Ma. However, evidence for the exact age and P–T conditions of this event was almost completely removed by granulite‐facies metamorphism during the Sleafordian Orogeny, which peaked aroundca 2447 Ma. Cooling to 350°C occurred before 2060 Ma. It is possible that the Christie Domain was then subject to further sedimentation and volcanism in the periodca 2000–1800 Ma before reburial and a second period of orogeny aroundca 1710–1615 Ma. During this second orogeny, the eastern Christie Domain experienced heterogeneous fluid‐induced retrograde metamorphism at lower greenschist‐ to amphibolite‐facies conditions, with metamorphic grade varying between structural blocks. At this time, the Challenger deposit was subject to greenschist‐facies conditions (not significantly hotter than 350°C), while at Mt Christie (50 km to the south) lower amphibolite‐facies conditions prevailed and to the west the Ifould Block experienced extensive plutonism. A third very low‐temperature thermal pulse aroundca 1531 Ma, which reached ∼150–200°C, is recorded at the Challenger deposit. It is likely that the global Grenvillian Orogeny (1300–1000 Ma) was a major period of domain exhumation and juxtaposition.
4350–3130 Ma detrital zircons in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia: implications for the early evolution of the Yilgarn Craton
Authors: Wyche S. , Nelson D. R. , Riganti A. 
Published: March 2004

SHRIMP U‐Pb zircon analysis indicates that detrital zircons from extensive quartzite units in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane of the central Yilgarn Craton have ages ranging from ca 4350 Ma to ca 3130 Ma. Regional mapping studies indicate that the quartzites lie at the stratigraphic base of the exposed succession. The detrital zircon age profiles of the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane quartzites are remarkably similar to those of quartzites in the Narryer and South West Terranes, in the northwest and southwest of the Yilgarn Craton respectively, and are significantly older than any igneous rocks that have been dated anywhere in the Yilgarn Craton other than the Narryer Terrane. Similar detrital‐zircon‐bearing quartzites have not been identified in the Murchison Granite–Greenstone Terrane. These age profiles suggest that the quartzites have a common depositional history. Granites in the central Yilgarn Craton are mainly younger than ca 2750 Ma and contain rare xenocrystic zircons older than 3100 Ma. If the central and western Yilgarn quartzites were all deposited at approximately the same time, the lack of preserved continental crust in the Southern Cross and Murchison Granite–Greenstone Terranes, and the South West Terrane, that is older than 3100 Ma, suggests that pre‐3100 Ma Narryer‐like continental crust may have been rifted or extensively reworked during deposition of greenstone successions between ca 3000 and ca 2700 Ma. If not, then a ca 4350 Ma detrital zircon in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane indicates more widespread, very old, continental crust than has previously been identified.
Spatial distribution and source of heavy metals in reclaimed lands of Homebush Bay: the venue of the 2000 Olympic Games, Sydney, New South Wales
Authors: Suh J‐Y. , Birch G. F. , Hughes K. , Matthai C. 
Published: March 2004

A large part of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Site at Homebush Bay was reclaimed over several decades using an estimated 9 Mt of domestic, commercial and industrial waste. Past activities, such as reclamation of wetlands, land clearing, shoreline remodelling and industrial practices, have caused an adverse environmental impact on the Homebush Bay site. Core samples (n = 4513) collected from the reclaimed lands of Homebush Bay show that, prior to remediation, soil contaminated by heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) may have posed a threat to groundwater in the area. Mean Pb concentrations from the three land types at the Olympic site range from 65 to 374 µg/g in reclaimed areas, 78–167 µg/g in landfill areas and 44–52 µg/g in non‐infilled areas, respectively. Heavy‐metal concentrations in soils from non‐infilled areas indicate that these parts of the site were uncontaminated. The distribution of heavy metals in soil samples revealed a close association between elevated concentrations and the presence of fill materials at the site. Metal concentrations were frequently above Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. The Olympic Coordination Authority's remediation strategy to clean up the Homebush Bay site included consolidating contaminated waste into landscaped hills, which were capped with impermeable clay and thermal destruction of scheduled waste on site. The primary aims of the current study were to provide a scientific foundation for the remediation/rehabilitation of natural systems, and to make a contribution to the Olympic Coordination Authority's Development Plan and Environmental Management System for the site.
Cenozoic volcanism, tectonism and stream derangement in the Snowy Mountains and northern Monaro of New South Wales
Authors: Sharp K. R. 
Published: March 2004

Studies of Cenozoic lavas and associated sediments in the Kiandra–Cabramurra and Adaminaby–Cooma areas identify and date tectonic deformations responsible for differential uplift and drainage development of the region. Volcanic activity on the northern Monaro was mainly Eocene–Oligocene but in the extreme north there are Early Miocene sediments and lavas. Volcanic activity and folding began to rearrange the drainage in the Eocene–Oligocene. The headwaters of the Murrumbidgee River originally flowed south into the Eucumbene River but Early Miocene folding and faulting uplifted the Monaro Range and created a large lake near Adaminaby. Lake overtopping rerouted the drainage east and then south along the basalt‐filled valley of an old north‐flowing tributary, the 'Adaminaby River', forming the present‐day Murrumbidgee River. The folding also produced a 300 m height difference between the Berridale and Adaminaby Plateaus and formed a section of the Great Divide. This fold displacement ranks with the largest Cenozoic fault displacements. In the Kiandra area tectonism associated with Early Miocene volcanism rearranged the drainage and tilted the Kiandra area and Kosciuszko Block to the north.