bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femur and humerus length in trisomy 21 fetuses at 11–14 weeks of gestation
Authors: Longo D. , DeFigueiredo D. , Cicero S. , Sacchini C. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the value of measuring fetal femur and humerus length at 11–14 weeks of gestation in screening for chromosomal defects.MethodsFemur and humerus lengths were measured using transabdominal ultrasound in 1018 fetuses immediately before chorionic villus sampling for karyotyping at 11–14 weeks of gestation. In the group of chromosomally normal fetuses, regression analysis was used to determine the association between long bone length and crown–rump length (CRL). Femur and humerus lengths in fetuses with trisomy 21 were compared with those of normal fetuses.ResultsThe median gestation was 12 (range, 11–14) weeks. The karyotype was normal in 920 fetuses and abnormal in 98, including 65 cases of trisomy 21. In the chromosomally normal group the fetal femur and humerus lengths increased significantly with CRL (femur length = − 6.330 + 0.215 × CRL in mm, r = 0.874, P < 0.0001; humerus length = − 6.240 + 0.220 × CRL in mm, r = 0.871, P < 0.0001). In the Bland–Altman plot the mean difference between paired measurements of femur length was 0.21 mm (95% limits of agreement − 0.52 to 0.48 mm) and of humerus length was 0.23 mm (95% limits of agreement − 0.57 to 0.55 mm). In the trisomy 21 fetuses the median femur and humerus lengths were significantly below the appropriate normal mean for CRL by 0.4 and 0.3 mm, respectively (P = 0.002), but they were below the respective 5th centile of the normal range in only six (9.2%) and three (4.6%) of the cases, respectively.ConclusionAt 11–14 weeks of gestation the femur and humerus lengths in trisomy 21 fetuses are significantly reduced but the degree of deviation from normal is too small for these measurements to be useful in screening for trisomy 21. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procedure‐related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of polyhydramnios
Authors: Leung W. C. , Jouannic J.‐M. , Hyett J. , Rodeck C. , Jauniaux E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the procedure‐related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of polyhydramnios.MethodsWe followed prospectively all patients with polyhydramnios treated with rapid amniodrainage under continuous ultrasound guidance using a vacuum wound‐drainage system from 1995 to 2002 in the fetal medicine unit of a university teaching hospital. We recorded: maternal age, type of pregnancy (singleton/twin), cause of polyhydramnios, gestational age at amniocentesis, volume of amniotic fluid drained, duration of the procedure, other intrauterine procedures in addition to the amniodrainage, and procedure‐related complications including placental abruption, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), chorioamnionitis, fetal bradycardia and preterm delivery within 48 h of amniodrainage.ResultsSeventy‐four consecutive women had 134 rapid amniodrainage procedures during the study period. Four procedures were excluded because the women were already in labor at the time of amniodrainage and they delivered within 48 h of the procedure. The final database therefore consisted of 70 patients with 130 procedures. Sixty‐two percent (80/130) of the procedures were performed for the treatment of twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). There were altogether four procedure‐related complications (3.1%; 95% CI, 1.0–8.0%). Three of them occurred in the TTTS group (3/80 procedures, 3.8%; 95% CI, 1.0–11.0%): one case each of placental abruption, PROM and fetal bradycardia. One PROM occurred in the non‐TTTS group (1/50 procedures, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0–11.0%). In both cases of PROM the women presented in labor.ConclusionsRapid amniodrainage using a vacuum wound‐drainage system is safe and efficient to treat severe polyhydramnios, with a 3.1% complication rate. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal echocardiographic differential diagnosis of fetal cardiac tumors
Authors: Zhou Q. C. , Fan P. , Peng Q. H. , Zhang M. , Fu Z. , Wang C. H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectivesTo present data on echocardiographic findings of fetal cardiac tumors and discuss their differential diagnoses.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 14 cases of fetal echogenic cardiac mass diagnosed between 1990 and 2003; 12 were confirmed to be cardiac tumors and two were false‐positive diagnoses. The echocardiographic characteristics examined included number, size, location and associated complications.ResultsEight fetuses had a single tumor and four fetuses had multiple tumors. The left ventricle was most often affected. Parents of eight fetuses opted for termination of pregnancy, one fetus died in utero and three affected fetuses survived. Histopathological examination revealed cardiac rhabdomyoma in six fetuses, fibroma in two, teratoma in two, lipoma in one and hemangioma in one. The pitfalls associated with prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac tumors include: they may be too small to be visualized, intracardiac echogenic foci may mimic tumors, and echogenicity resulting from extracardiac structures or neoplasms near the heart may falsely appear as tumors.ConclusionFetal cardiac tumors can be detected by echocardiography. However, differential diagnosis is important as this will affect prognosis and subsequent management. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultured peritoneal mesothelial cells exhibit apical primary cilia
Authors: Bird Stephen D. , Legge Michael , Walker Robert J 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study examined primary cilia on cultured human and rabbit peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMC) and investigated factors that influence ciliary expression. Primary cilia were examined with indirect immunocytochemistry, laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ciliary expression was evaluated in cultures with or without l‐cysteine (0.25 mM) or exposure to Ca2+‐free Krebs—Ringer solution supplemented with EGTA, 0.5 mM. This treatment disrupted cell monolayer integrity. Cilia were counted and normalized to total cell counts using NIH image. Primary cilia were identified on both human and rabbit PMC. Cells treated with l‐cysteine expressed significantly more cilia compared with monolayers deprived of l‐cysteine. Exposure to Ca2+‐free Krebs—Ringer solution significantly reduced cilia (5.9±1.0%, n=7). Although ciliary expression could be augmented with l‐cysteine, approximately 60% of human PMC and 84% of rabbit PMC did not exhibit cilia. Together, these data show that monolayers of PMC express apical cilia that can be augmented with l‐cysteine, independently of increased cell density.
Metabolic rate depression in animals: transcriptional and translational controls
Authors: Storey Kenneth B. , Storey Janet M. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTMetabolic rate depression is an important survival strategy for many animal species and a common element of hibernation, torpor, aestivation, anaerobiosis, diapause, and anhydrobiosis. Studies of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate reversible transitions to and from hypometabolic states are identifying principles of regulatory control that are conserved across phylogenetic lines and that are broadly applied to the control of multiple cell functions. One such mechanism is reversible protein phosphorylation which is now known to contribute to the regulation of fuel metabolism, to ion channel arrest, and to the suppression of protein synthesis during hypometabolism. The present review focuses on two new areas of research in hypometabolism:(1) the role of differential gene expression in supplying protein products that adjust metabolism or protect cell functions for long‐term survival, and (2) the mechanisms of protein life extension in hypometabolism involving inhibitory controls of transcription, translation and protein degradation. Control of translation examines reversible phosphorylation regulation of ribosomal initiation and elongation factors, the dissociation of polysomes and storage of mRNA transcripts during hypometabolism, and control over the translation of different mRNA types by differential sequestering of mRNA into polysome versus monosome fractions. The analysis draws primarily from current research on two animal models, hibernating mammals and anoxia‐tolerant molluscs, with selected examples from multiple other sources.
Cannabinoid pharmacology in the cardiovascular system: potential protective mechanisms through lipid signalling
Authors: Hiley C. Robin , Ford William R. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTCannabinoids include not only plant‐derived compounds (of which Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive ingredient of cannabis), but also synthetic agents and endogenous substances termed endocannabinoids which include anandamide (2‐arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol. Cannabinoids act on specific, G‐protein‐coupled, receptors which are currently divided into two types, CB1 and CB2. Relatively selective agonists and antagonists for these receptors have been developed, although one agent (SR141716A) widely used as an antagonist at CB1 receptors has non‐cannabinoid receptor‐mediated effects at concentrations which are often used to define the presence of the CB1 receptor. Both cannabinoid receptors are primarily coupled to Gi/o proteins and act to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Stimulation of CB1 receptors also modulates the activity of K+ and Ca2+ channels and of protein kinase pathways including protein kinase B (Akt) which might mediate effects on apoptosis. CB1 receptors may activate the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase cascade through ceramide signalling. Cannabinoid actions on the cardiovascular system have been widely interpreted as being mediated by CB1 receptors although there are a growing number of observations, particularly in isolated heart and blood vessel preparations, that suggest that other cannabinoid receptors may exist. Interestingly, the currently identified cannabinoid receptors appear to be related to a wider family of lipid receptor, those for the lysophospholipids, which are also linked to Gi/o protein signalling. Anandamide also activates vanilloid VR1 receptors on sensory nerves and releases the vasoactive peptide, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which brings about vasodilatation through its action on CGRP receptors. Current evidence suggests that endocannabinoids have important protective roles in pathophysiological conditions such as shock and myocardial infarction. Therefore, their cardiovascular effects and the receptors mediating them are the subject of increasing investigative interest.
The brain's calendar: neural mechanisms of seasonal timing
Authors: Hofman Michel A. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTThe suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the principal component of the mammalian biological clock, the neural timing system that generates and coordinates a broad spectrum of physiological, endocrine and behavioural circadian rhythms. The pacemaker of the SCN oscillates with a near 24 h period and is entrained to the diurnal light‐dark cycle. Consistent with its role in circadian timing, investigations in rodents and non‐human primates furthermore suggest that the SCN is the locus of the brain's endogenous calendar, enabling organisms to anticipate seasonal environmental changes. The present review focuses on the neuronal organization and dynamic properties of the biological clock and the means by which it is synchronized with the environmental lighting conditions. It is shown that the functional activity of the biological clock is entrained to the seasonal photic cycle and that photoperiod (day length) may act as an effective zeitgeber. Furthermore, new insights are presented, based on electrophysiological and molecular studies, that the mammalian circadian timing system consists of coupled oscillators and that the clock genes of these oscillators may also function as calendar genes. In summary, there are now strong indications that the neuronal changes and adaptations in mammals that occur in response to a seasonally changing environment are driven by an endogenous circadian clock located in the SCN, and that this neural calendar is reset by the seasonal fluctuations in photoperiod.
Calcium sensing and cell signaling processes in the local regulation of osteoclastic bone resorption
Authors: Zaidi Mone , Moonga Baljit S. , Huang Christopher L.‐H. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTThe skeletal matrix in terrestrial vertebrates undergoes continual cycles of removal and replacement in the processes of bone growth, repair and remodeling. The osteoclast is uniquely important in bone resorption and thus is implicated in the pathogenesis of clinically important bone and joint diseases. Activated osteoclasts form a resorptive hemivacuole with the bone surface into which they release both acid and osteoclastic lysosomal hydrolases. This article reviews cell physiological studies of the local mechanisms that regulate the resorptive process. These used in vitro methods for the isolation, culture and direct study of the properties of neonatal rat osteoclasts. They demonstrated that both local microvascular agents and products of the bone resorptive process such as ambient Ca2+ could complement longer‐range systemic regulatory mechanisms such as those that might be exerted through calcitonin (CT). Thus elevated extracellular [Ca2+], or applications of surrogate divalent cation agonists for Ca2+, inhibited bone resorptive activity and produced parallel increases in cytosolic [Ca2+], cell retraction and longer‐term inhibition of enzyme release in isolated rat osteoclasts. These changes showed specificity, inactivation, and voltage‐dependent properties that implicated a cell surface Ca2+ receptor (CaR) sensitive to millimolar extracellular [Ca2+]. Pharmacological, biophysical and immunochemical evidence implicated a ryanodine‐receptor (RyR) type II isoform in this process and localized it to a unique, surface membrane site, with an outward‐facing channel‐forming domain. Such a surface RyR might function either directly or indirectly in the process of extracellular [Ca2+] sensing and in turn be modulated by cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPr) produced by the ADP‐ribosyl cyclase, CD38. The review finishes by speculating about possible detailed models for these transduction events and their possible interactions with other systemic mechanisms involved in Ca2+ homeostasis as well as the possible role of the RyR‐based signaling mechanisms in longer‐term cell regulatory processes.
Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community‐based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse
Authors: Pederson Cathy L. , Maurer Scott H. , Kaminski Patricia L. , Zander Kelly A. , Peters Christina M. , Stokes‐Crowe Linda A. , Osborn Robin E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractChildhood abuse is linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which follows abuse survivors into adulthood. This study identified the neuropsychological and neuromorphological sequelae of PTSD among prepubescently abused women. Right‐handed women aged 20–40 years were placed into PTSD and abuse, abuse only, and normal control groups (n = 17 per group). Participants were screened for trauma history and psychiatric symptoms, demographically matched, and given neuropsychological tests and a magnetic resonance scan of their brain. Women with PTSD did not express significant deficits in memory performance or hippocampal volume when compared with the abuse and normal control groups.
Mental health impact of the World Trade Center attacks on displaced Chinese workers
Authors: de Bocanegra Heike Thiel , Brickman Ellen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo identify psychological sequelae of the World Trade Center attacks in immigrant Chinese displaced workers, we interviewed 77 displaced workers in May 2002. One third of the sample was classified as at least moderately depressed, and 21% met diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder; however, few had utilized mental health services. Depression and PTSD scores were positively correlated with age, age at immigration to the United States, and prescription drug use after September 11th, among other variables. Results suggest the need for mental health outreach in this community. This outreach should target both displaced workers and their informal support networks to facilitate identification of and service access for those impacted by the attacks.
Social support and depressive symptoms among displaced older adults following the 1999 Taiwan earthquake
Authors: Watanabe Chie , Okumura Junko , Chiu Tai‐Yuan , Wakai Susumu 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis longitudinal study examines changes in depressive symptoms among displaced older Taiwanese adults (N = 54, M = 68 years), and the impact of various social supports for them at between 6 and 12 months after an earthquake. The average depression score between 6 and 12 months following the earthquake was unchanged and kept high score. Child and extended family support levels related to depressive symptoms after 6 months. In contrast, after 12 months, significant factors associated with a lessening of the depressive symptoms were social support from the extended family and neighbors, and social participation. Intervention to promote increased social networks and social participation, within their new environment in a temporary community, is highly recommended for older adults.
Residual insomnia following cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD
Authors: Zayfert Claudia , DeViva Jason C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis studs examined whether insomnia persisted after completion of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD and whether persistence of insomnia was associated with continuing nightmares, vigilance, depression, childhood abuse history, or having been traumatized in a sleep‐related context. A retrospective analysis of posttreatment Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) data from 27 patients who no longer met PTSD diagnosis following CBT for PTSD revealed that 48% reported residual insomnia. For the large majority, insomnia persisted in the absence of continuing nightmares and hypervigilance. Experiencing trauma in a sleep‐related context was associated with greater risk for residual insomnia, whereas childhood abuse history and depression were not. These findings suggest that interventions to address factors maintaining insomnia residual to PTSD warrant study.
Personality disorders in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
Authors: Dunn Nancy Jo , Yanasak Elisia , Schillaci Jeanne , Simotas Sofia , Rehm Lynn P. , Souchek Julianne , Menke Terri , Ashton Carol , Hamilton Joseph D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLittle is known about the frequency of the full‐range of personality disorders in outpatients with concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, a common and oftentimes treatment‐resistant combination in clinical practice. In a group therapy outcome study, Axis I and II diagnoses were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV and the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale to select 115 male combat veterans with FTSD and depressive disorder. Within this sample, 52 (45.2%) had one or more personality disorders—most commonly paranoid (17.4%), obsessive‐compulsive (16.5%), avoidant (12.2%), and borderline (8.7%)—and 19 (16.5%) had two or more. Documenting a substantial frequency of personality disorders is a first step in devising appropriate interventions for this treatment‐resistant combination of disorders.
Seasonal cycle of water storage in major river basins of the world
Authors: Masuda Kooiti , Hashimoto Yukie , Matsuyama Hiroshi , Oki Taikan 
Published: February 2004

The seasonal cycle of water storage of each of the 70 major river basins of the world is evaluated by means of basin‐atmosphere water budgets. The atmospheric data of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis is used together with river runoff data.In the tropics and in the temperate zone of East Asia, storage becomes largest at the end of the rainy season and smallest at the beginning of the rainy season. In the cold region and in the temperate zone of North America, storage becomes largest in spring and smallest in summer or autumn. The global sum of storage becomes largest in spring of the northern hemisphere, when the contribution of the northern cold region and the southern tropics coincide.
Sea level rise in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Proshutinsky Andrey , Pavlov Vladimir , Bourke Robert H. 
Published: February 2004

About 60 tide‐gauge stations in the Kara, Laptev, East‐Siberian and Chukchi Seas have recorded the sea level change from the 1950s through 1990s. Over this 40‐year period, most of these stations show a significant sea level rise (SLR). In light of global change, this SLR could be a manifestation of warming in the Arctic coupled with a decrease of sea ice extent, warming of Atlantic waters, changes in the Arctic Ocean circulation, and an increase in coastal erosion and thawing of permafrost.We have analyzed monthly mean sea level data and assessed the role that different factors may play in influencing the process of sea level change in the Arctic Ocean. Analysis of the observational data and model results shows that changes in the patterns of wind‐driven and thermohaline circulation may account for most of the increase of sea level in the Arctic Ocean and their cumulative action can explain more than 80% of the sea level variability during 1950–1990.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide facilitates serotonin release from guinea‐pig colonic mucosa via myenteric neurons and tachykinin NK2/NK3 receptors
Authors: Kojima Shu‐ichi , Ueda Shuichi , Ikeda Masashi , Kamikawa Yuichiro 
Published: February 2004

The ability of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), to alter the outflow of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) from the guinea‐pig proximal colon, was evaluated using three different isolated preparations: whole colon, mucosa‐free muscle layer and submucosa/mucosa preparations.
In the presence of the monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, clorgyline, CGRP elicited a concentration‐dependent increase in 5‐HT outflow from the whole colon, but not from mucosa‐free muscle layer preparations. The CGRP‐evoked 5‐HT outflow was sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) or hexamethonium, but was not detectable in submucosa/mucosa preparations. HCGRP8–37 (3 μM) inhibited the submaximal effect of CGRP on the 5‐HT outflow. [Cys(ACM)2,7]hCGRP had a slight stimulant influence on the 5‐HT outflow.
The selective NK2 and NK3 receptor antagonists, SR48968 or SR142801, respectively, prevented the enhancing effect of CGRP. By contrast, a selective NK1 receptor antagonist L703606, failed to block the effect of CGRP.
The enhancing effect of CGRP was mimicked by the NK2 receptor agonist [β‐Ala8]‐neurokinin A (NKA)4–10 and the NK3 receptor agonist senktide. The effect of [β‐Ala8]‐NKA4–10 on the 5‐HT outflow was unaffected by TTX, while the effect of senktide was prevented by TTX, hexamethonium or SR48968. The present data also demonstrated a synergistic action of the NK2 and NK3 receptor agonists on the CGRP‐evoked 5‐HT outflow.
We concluded that CGRP facilitates 5‐HT release from the guinea‐pig colonic mucosa through an action on myenteric neurons and that this effect is mediated by endogenously released tachykinins, acting via tachykinin NK2/NK3 receptors in cascade.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 141, 385–390. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705624