bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jews, Arabs, Russians and Foreigners in an Israeli City: Ethnic Divisions and the Restructuring Economy of Tel Aviv, 1983–96
Authors: Menaham Gila 
Published: March 2003

This article examines the role of urban economic restructuring in the emerging new ethnic division of labor in Tel Aviv, in the context of large waves of migration to and from the city. The occupational structures of four groups – veteran Jews, Israeli Arab citizens, new immigrants from the former USSR who are Israeli citizens, and non‐citizen foreign workers – are analyzed. Study of the evolution of polarized occupation and income levels in the city of Tel Aviv relative to the rest of Israel shows that both aspects of polarization widened in the city of Tel Aviv as the restructuring process advanced. The findings are discussed in view of the theoretical debates regarding polarization, professionalization and the emergence of a new urban ‘underclass’. The data are based on Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) censuses and labor force surveys.Cet article examine le rôle de la restructuration économique urbaine dans la nouvelle division ethnique du travail à Tel Aviv dans le contexte des grandes vagues de migration vers la cité et loin de la cité. Les structures professionnelles de quatre groupes – les vétérans juifs, les citoyens israéliens arabes, les nouveaux immigrants de l'ancienne URSS qui sont des citoyens israéliens, et les travailleurs étrangers qui ne sont pas des citoyens – sont analysées. Une étude de l'évolution de l'occupation et du niveau des revenus polarisés dans la ville de Tel Aviv par rapport au reste d'Israël montre que les deux aspects de la polarisation se sont agrandis dans la cité de Tel Aviv durant la progression du processus de restructuration. Les résultats sont discutés par rapport aux débats théoriques sur la polarisation, la professionnalisation et l'émergence d'une nouvelle ‘sous‐classe’ urbaine. Les données sont basées sur les recensements du Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) et sur des enquÃtes sur les travailleurs.
Backyard Soweto
Authors: Crankshaw Owen , Gilbert Alan , Morris Alan 
Published: March 2003

Backyard accommodation is widespread in South African cities; a phenomenon that is rare in most other parts of the world. Such a ‘solution’ is an outcome of past and present policies and this article demonstrates that over the years there have been certain similarities in government policy between Chile and South Africa, the only other country with significant numbers of families living in backyard accommodation. However, Sowetan backyard dwellers are different from their contemporaries in Chile. Sowetans do not usually have family relationships with people in the main structure. They also live in significantly worse conditions, in terms both of the quality of the structure and the services available. The backyard dwellers are not likely to disappear quickly. As such, there is a vital need to develop some kind of response to improve their current living conditions. The government is correct to argue that it is seeking to help those in the backyards through its housing subsidy programme, but to presume that a subsidized home is going to be available to most backyard families in the next ten years is surely wishful thinking. As such, something should be done to improve living conditions in the backyard shacks and to do this it is important to know who is living there. The article provides the empirical information that will allow an appropriate policy to be defined.Habiter une arrière‐cour est un phénomène courant dans les villes sud‐africaines, contrairement à la plupart des autres régions du monde, cette ‘solution’ résultant de politiques passées et présentes. L'article démontre qu'au fil des années, certaines similitudes se sont dessinées dans les axes gouvernementaux en Afrique du Sud et au Chili, seul autre pays comptant un nombre significatif de familles vivant dans des arrière‐cours. Toutefois, ces habitants de Soweto se singularisent par un point: ils n'ont généralement aucun lien familial avec les résidents de l'habitation principale; de plus, ils vivent dans des conditions nettement plus mauvaises que leurs équivalents chiliens, en termes de qualité du bâtiment et des services disponibles. Il est peu probable que cette population disparaisse rapidement. De ce fait, la situation nécessite une réponse impérative pour améliorer les conditions de vie existantes. Le gouvernement assure à juste titre qu'il cherche à aider ces familles au travers de son programme d'accès au logement, mais supposer que la majorité d'entre elles disposera d'une habitation subventionnée dans les dix prochaines années tient certainement de la pure fiction. En conséquence, si l'on veut tenter d'améliorer les conditions dans les baraques des arrière‐cours, il est important de savoir qui y vit. L'article présente les informations empiriques qui contribueront à l'établissement d'une politique publique appropriée.
‘You're Good with your Hands, Why Don't You Become an Auto Mechanic’: Neighborhood Context, Institutions and Career Development
Authors: Bauder Harald 
Published: March 2003

Previous research has linked sociodemographic neighborhood characteristics with labor market outcomes for youth, but this research has provided little evidence of how these linkages work. In this article I examine practices of urban institutions and the career development of inner‐city minority youth in the United States. A comparative study of two Latino inner‐city neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas, analyzes in‐depth interviews with seventeen administrative officers of community‐based institutions. The results reveal that institutional practices and administrators' interpretations of the cultural attributes of youth and neighborhoods differ between the two case study areas. In one neighborhood, cultural preconceptions among administrators, accompanied by the spatial and social isolation of youth, channel some youth towards secondary careers. Institutions in the other neighborhood focus on social and spatial integration strategies and thereby facilitate acculturation. The article explores institutional practices of cultural marginalization.Certaines recherches ont déjè lié les caractéristiques socio‐démographiques des quartiers aux débouchés du marché du travail pour les jeunes, mais elles ont apporté peu d'indications sur les modes de fonctionnement de ces liens. Cet article examine les usages d'institutions urbaines et le parcours professionnel de jeunes de minorités vivant dans des quartiers urbains déshérités aux Etats‐Unis. Une étude comparative de deux quartiers défavorisés latino‐américains de San Antonio (Texas) analyse les entretiens poussés réalisés avec dix‐sept agents administratifs d'institutions liées á la collectivité. Les résultats révélent que les usages institutionnels et les interprétations des administratifs quant aux attributs culturels de la jeunesse et des quartiers différent entre les deux zones d'étude. Dans l'une, les a priori culturels des administratifs, associés á l'isolement géographique et social des individus, canalisent les jeunes vers des carriéres de second ordre. Dans l'autre, les institutions se consacrent aux stratégies d'intégration sociale et spatiale, facilitant ainsi l'acculturation. Les pratiques institutionnelles de la marginalisation culturelle sont également examinées.
On Technology, Infrastructure and the Contemporary Urban Condition: A Response to Coutard
Authors: Graham Stephen 
Published: March 2003

This response to Coutard’s piece, ‘Premium Network Spaces: A Comment’ (in this issue) takes issue with his three main arguments in turn. First, it is argued that post‐monopolistic systems of infrastructure supply, along with the biased application of new technology, do often lead to exaggerated inequalities in social power which his analysis of water fails to reveal because it is the sector where natural monopoly characteristics are most difficult to undermine. Second, I explore Coutard’s argument that intensifying spatial specialization in infrastructure supply can often be benign and economically positive because of the wider trickle‐down and fiscal impacts of major development spaces. Under conditions of intensifying place competition and the erosion of regional planning coordination, however, I argue that such trickle‐down and fiscal impacts are often less significant than the spatially and socially regressive cross‐subsidies that support and sustain the emergence of such spaces. Finally, I argue that boundary control around powerful ‘glocal’ economic spaces, far from being socially benign as Coutard suggests, usually amounts to a powerful set of exclusionary practices with all too real social effects.Cette réponse à la partie de Coutard, ‘Premium Network Spaces: A Comment’ (dans ce même numéro) critique successivement ses trois principaux arguments. Tout d’abord, les systèmes post‐monopolitistiques de distribution, ainsi que l’application détournée des nouvelles technologies, conduisent souvent à amplifier les inégalités de pouvoir social, ce que Coutard ignore dans son analyse de l’eau alors que ce secteur présente les caractères de monopole naturel les plus difficiles àéliminer. L’article étudie ensuite l’argument de Coutard selon lequel intensifier la spécialisation spatiale d’une infrastructure de distribution peut fréquemment ?tre salutaire et positive sur un plan économique, du fait des impacts fiscaux et des effets de diffusion plus larges des grands espaces de développement; cependant, dans un contexte d’intensification de la concurrence entre les lieux, et d’érosion de la coordination régionale de l’aménagement, ces conséquences fiscales et cette diffusion sont souvent moins significatives que les inter‐financements régressifs au plan spatial et social qui soutiennent et entretiennent l’émergence de ces espaces. Pour finir, un contrôle à la périphérie des puissants espaces économiques ‘glocaux’, loin d’être favorable socialement comme le suggère Coutard, couvre généralement un ensemble efficace de pratiques d’exclusion aux conséquences sociales trop réelles.
Female Asylum‐Seekers in the Netherlands: An Empirical Study
Authors: Van Wetten Jos W. , Bijleveld Catrien C.J.H. , Heide F. , Dijkhoff N. 
Published: March 2003

This article presents the findings from a study into the chances for refugee status, or a temporary residence permit, for three cohorts of male and female asylum‐seekers to the Netherlands. The study investigated whether men and women with similar backgrounds in terms of country of origin, social and demographic characteristics have a similar likelihood of obtaining permission to stay in the Netherlands.The quantitative findings are corroborated with an in‐depth qualitative study of refugees' files from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (IND), as well as with an experiment in which decision‐making personnel were asked to judge hypothetical case studies of refugees in which gender as well as other gender‐specific properties were systematically varied.We recommend that further in‐depth studies be conducted to capture elements in the decision‐making process that could not be investigated in our kind of large‐scale study.
Network Approach versus Brain Drain: Lessons from the Diaspora
Authors: Meyer Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: March 2003

For the past two decades, network approaches have led to many conceptual and empirical developments in the studies of international migration as well as of technological innovation. However, surprisingly, such approaches have hardly been used for the study of what is at the intersection of both fields, namely the mobility of highly skilled persons or knowledge workers.This article draws on recent evidence brought by case studies on intellectual diaspora networks to bridge this gap and to explore the issue. These highly skilled expatriate networks, through a connectionist approach linking diaspora members with their countries of origin, turn the brain drain into a brain gain approach. These persons and groups also provide original information that questions conventional human capital based assumptions.The article argues that descriptions in terms of network open interesting perspectives for the understanding as well as management of the current global skills’ circulation. The network approach under consideration combines input from migration as well as from innovation studies. This suggests an expanded version of the network approach, referring to actors and intermediaries, of which traditional kinship ties are but a part of more systematic associative dynamics actually at work.
Best Practices to Reduce Migration Pressures
Authors: Martin Philip , Straubhaar Thomas 
Published: March 2003

Are there best practices to foster economic development, reduce population growth, and protect the environment in source countries of unauthorized migration, in a manner that reduces emigration pressures and redirects migration towards legal channels? This paper outlines cooperative actions that can be undertaken by both source and receiving countries to better manage the movements of people over national borders.There are two broad approaches to foster wanted migration and to reduce unwanted migration. First, maximize migration’s payoffs by ensuring that the 3 Rs of recruitment, remittances, and returns foster economic and job growth in emigration areas. Second, make emigration unnecessary by adapting trade, investment and aid policies, and programmes that accelerate economic development and thus make it unnecessary for people to emigrate for jobs and wages.Most of the changes needed for stay–at–home development must occur in emigration areas, but immigration areas can cooperate in the management of immigration, guest workers, and students, as well as in promoting freer trade and investment, and in targeting aid funds. In a globalizing world, selective immigration policies may have important development impacts, as with immigration country policies toward students, and workers in particular occupations, such as nurses and computer programmers, as well as with mutual recognition of occupational licenses and professional credentials. Trade policies affecting migration are also important, such as trade in services and laws regulating contracts between firms in different countries that allow the entry of lower wage workers as part of the contract. opening channels for legal migration can deter irregular migration.
Das Grollen und Donnern der Volkswirtschaftslehre
Authors: Reckling Falk 
Published: March 2003

Abstract In his article ``Was bewirkt die Volkswirtschaftslehre?“ Bruno S. Frey has argued that economics and their ideas are not very influential in politics and society. While Frey is mainly focusing his analysis on the short-term impact of economic ideas such as economists in politics and in political advising, this commentary does, however, claim that ideas also have a long-term impact since they form worldviews, perceptions and agenda settings. An analysis must thus take into account how ideas are penetrating everyday life in politics, science, bureaucracy and society.
Ein zweiter Kreditmarkt für eine zweite Chance
Authors: Kritikos Alexander , Wießner Frank 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Unregulated credit markets will not finance the majority of unemployed people when they aim to receive a loan for running their own business. In the US an optimal policy mix reduces the entry barriers so that the most promising selfemployment business plans are self-selected and financed via a secondary credit market. By this tool unemployed persons get a second chance which opens the possibility for self-employment. In Germany a similar approach is missing. The existing policy tools in the finance area are not designed to provide a second chance. 378 ß
Ordnungspolitik auf illegalen Märkten: Der Drogen- und Waffenmarkt
Authors: Beck Hanno , Prinz Aloys 
Published: March 2003

Abstract In this paper, the economic structure of illegal markets with special reference to the markets for illegal drugs and arms is analyzed. Analytical tools of System Dynamics are employed to emphasize the dynamic aspects of these markets. The results of our analysis enable us to evaluate state intervention in the illegal markets for drugs and arms. It seems possible to mitigate the drugs problem by supplying drugs to heavily addicted people on the basis of health care measures. However, a similar policy seems not to exist for the illegal arms trade. This shows that each illegal market requires a deeper understanding before it can be fought effectively.
Was kann die Aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland aus der Evaluationsforschung in anderen europäischen Ländern lernen?
Authors: Steiner Viktor , Hagen Tobias 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMost evaluation studies for Germany's active labor market policy (ALMP) indicate that subsidized employment programs in the public sector (public works programs, „Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaûnahmen“) and publicly funded training programs have, on average, no or even negative effects on individual re-employment probabilities. This paper provides possible explanations for the ineffectiveness of these programs, where we focus on heterogeneous treatment effects, which are not accounted for in the German evaluation studies due to lack of data, and locking-in effects, in particular related to the relatively high level of income support for participants in these programs. Since there is very little direct evidence on these effects for Germany to date, we draw on results from evaluation studies for other European countries. We argue that the success of ALMP is to a large extent determined by design features like the targeting of particular groups and the incentives from the coordination with unemployment insurance as well as the incentives of program administrators and local governments.
Thoughts on a Relevant Art Curriculum for the 21st Century
Authors: Dash Paul 
Published: March 2003

We have something in photography that is called a zone system . . . the zone system is completely constructed around what makes white people look best. It is our system and our theory – photo theory – for understanding what a good print is, and it is based on white skin. So the very base of photography and the way that photography has been developed in the West as a science, because that’s what most of it is, is based on ideas of whiteness. What would have happened, for instance, if photography, had been developed in Japan? The images would look very different, and what is theoretically impossible or even practically acceptable would be very, very different as well. [Carrie Mae Weems in conversation with bell hooks, Art on my Mind. pp. 91–92]We face as a nation the deep, profoundly perturbed and perturbing question of our relationship to others – other cultures, states, histories, experiences, traditions, peoples, destinies. There is no Archimedian point beyond the question from which to answer it; there is no advantage outside the actuality of relationships among cultures, among us and others; no one has the epistemological privilege of somehow judging, evaluating, and interpreting the world free from the encumbering interests and engagements of the ongoing relationships themselves. [Ibid. p. 65]
Crisis Management in France: Trends, Shifts and Perspectives
Authors: Lagadec Patrick 
Published: March 2003

The object of this article is to give an idea of crisis management in France. I will look at two principal axes: firstly, a simplified outline of the system as it has evolved over the years and with regard to the major changes it is undergoing today; secondly, an overview of the efforts recently made by the most progressive actors in the field.Traditionally, all analyses of this type have concentrated on the French exception, that is, a centralised country answering to a strong state, largely influenced by past references, doctrines, hierarchical rules, and technical dispositions. Although this image is still very accurate in many respects, France has been progressively losing its ‘classicism’. This has come about as a result, first and foremost, of the growing number of crises which contradict the logic of long–standing references. Uncertainties, multiplicity of actors, masses of information, major surprises, cross–over events and abrupt changes are but some of the elements which are increasingly difficult to absorb within pre–established historical models. With the profusion of new actors and networks of people unaware of former royal or Napoleonic regulations, the cards are largely being dealt between the public and the private, the central and the local, the national and the international, and so on. Transformation is continuously occurring by the accumulation of new laws (e.g. decentralisation) or specific adjustments (e.g. critical infrastructures). International markets and new information technologies also play a key role in this transformation. But perhaps the most powerful motor for change are crises. More often than not, crises lead to a loss of faith in yet unquestioned references, with regard to legitimacy, credibility and responsibility.France offers a highly contrasted scene as a country still resisting inevitable change. Although there is growing disorder, new opportunities are arising. Wishing to take a dynamic approach to these questions rather than a descriptive one, I have sought to distinguish the main themes and their interactions. I will particularly look at: problems raised by new crises in complex societies; the means necessary for ensuring progress (Boin; Lagadec 2000); resistance to these measures; and, finally, some of the most promising initiatives. The vocation of the European Crisis Management Academy is to share past experience as well as questions and answers in an area of great instability and critical stakes.
Depression scale scores in 8–17‐year‐olds: effects of age and gender
Authors: Angold Adrian , Erkanli Alaattin , Silberg Judy , Eaves Lindon , Costello E. Jane 
Published: March 2003

Background: The excess of unipolar depression in females emerges in adolescence. However, studies of age effects on depression scale scores have produced divergent estimates of changes from childhood to adolescence.Method: We explored possible reasons for this discrepancy in two large, longitudinal samples of twins and singletons aged 8–17.Results: There were no differences between twins and singletons in their scores on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ), a 13‐item self‐report depression scale. SMFQ scores for boys fell over this age‐range, while those for girls fell from age 9 to age 11 and then increased from age 12 to age 17. The mean scores of girls under 12 and those 12 and over differed by only around one‐fifth of a standard deviation. However, given the non‐normal distribution of the scores, a cut point that selected the upper 6% of scores created the expected female:male ratio of 2:1.Conclusions: Implications for future research on adolescent depression are discussed.