bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Episode of Strengthened Summer Monsoon Climate of Younger Dryas Age on the Loess Plateau of Central China
Authors: Zhisheng An , Porter Stephen C. , Weijian Zhou , Yanchou Lu , Donahue Douglas J. , Head M. J. , Xihuo Wu , Jianzhang Ren , Hongbo Zheng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Baxie loess section, just east of the Tibetan Plateau, contains evidence showing that the Asian monsoon climate experienced an abrupt reversal near the end of the last glacial age. Rapid deposition of dust under cool, dry full-glacial conditions gave way to an interval of soil development and reduced dust influx attributed to a strengthening of the warm, moist summer monsoon. A subsequent abrupt increase in dust deposition, a response to a weakening of the summer monsoon, was later followed by renewed soil formation as summer monsoon circulation again intensified during the early Holocene. By one interpretation, the thin upper loess is a manifestation of the European Younger Dryas oscillation; however, in this case the available 14C ages require either that (1) onset of loess deposition lagged the beginning of the Younger Dryas event in Europe by as much as 2000 calibrated 14C years or (2) all the 14C ages are too young, possibly due to contamination. Alternatively, the late-glacial paleosol, the top of which is synchronous with the abrupt end of the late-glacial δ18O anomaly in the Dye 3 Greenland ice core, records the Younger Dryas event. Such an interpretation is consistent with general circulation model simulations of Younger Dryas climate that show strong seasonality and a strengthened summer monsoon, and with marine cores from the western Pacific Ocean that contain evidence of pronounced cooling of surface waters during Younger Dryas time.
Soil-Geomorphic Analysis of Late-Pleistocene Glacial Sequences in the McGee, Pine, and Bishop Creek Drainages, East-Central Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Berry Margaret E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLate-Pleistocene glacial sequences at McGee, Pine, and Bishop creeks, in the east-central Sierra Nevada, are resolvable into distinct relative-age groups on the basis of soil development, the weathering of surface and subsurface clasts, and geomorphic criteria. The data differentiate moraines from Tioga and Tahoe glaciations at McGee Creek, and Tioga, Tahoe, and pre-Tahoe/post-Sherwin glaciations at Pine and Bishop creeks; no moraines from a Tenaya glaciation are differentiated by the data, perhaps because the soil-geomorphic methods are not sensitive enough to resolve small age differences between moraines. The lack of fine age resolution is probably due to a combination of factors, including (1) slow rates of soil development, (2) low amounts of atmospheric dust added to the soils, (3) the susceptibility of crest soils to erosion, and (4) the susceptibility of footslope soils to burial by colluvium. Age resolution is improved by evaluating soils at both the moraine crests and the relatively wetter footslope sites, and by basing age assignments on a combination of macro- and micromorphologic soil properties, the disintegration of subsurface clasts, and parameters of surface-clast weathering.
Late Stage 5 Glacio-isostatic Sea in the St. Lawrence Valley, Canada and United States
Authors: Occhietti Serge , Balescu Sanda , Lamothe Michel , Clet Martine , Cronin Thomas , Ferland Pierre , Pichet Pierre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough post-glacial marine sediments of late Wisconsinan and early Holocene age are common in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, remnants of older Pleistocene marine sediments are scarce. A fossiliferous marine clay that predates the classical Wisconsinan was recently discovered in the St. Lawrence Valley. A dominantly estuarine environment is inferred from the geochemistry of the shells (δ18O = −7.1) and from benthic foraminifer and ostracode assemblages. The clay indicates a marine invasion (Cartier Sea) shallower and probably shorter than that during the upper late Wisconsinan Champlain Sea episode (12,000–9,500 yr B.P.). The pollen content shows that regional vegetation during the marine episode began as open tundra, then became a Betula and Alnus crispa forest, reached a climatic optimum with Quercus, Corylus, and Abies, and concluded as a Pinus/Picea boreal forest. A corrected infrared stimulated luminescence age of 98,000 ± 9000 yr is compatible with the epimerization ratio of shells. The Cartier Sea resulted from a post-glacial glacio-isostatic marine invasion in the St. Lawrence lowlands. It probably occurred during late stage 5 and is tentatively assigned to the transition of oxygen isotope substages 5b/5a. This marine episode dates to stage 5 of the preceding continental glacier which extended to middle latitudes in NE America.
Late Holocene Phytolith and Carbon-Isotope Record from a Latosol at Salitre, South-Central Brazil
Authors: Alexandre Anne , Meunier Jean-Dominique , Mariotti Andre , Soubies Francois 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe reliability of paleovegetation records inferred from soil phytolith assemblages and SOM (soil organic matter) carbon isotope analysis was examined in light of previous pollen and charcoal reconstructions. The sampled latosol is located in south-central Brazil (Salitre), at a boundary between forest and cerrado. The derived mean age of phytoliths and SOM at each level is the result of a balance between continuous translocation and selective dissolution. It increases with depth in a regular, quantifiable fashion that allows paleoenvironmental interpretation. Phytoliths and SOM tracers first record a savanna phase, associated with the last Holocene long dry period occurring between ca. 5500 and 4500 yr B.P. Two periods of tree community development followed, between ca. 4000 and 3000 and after ca. 970 yr. B.P., leading to the present cerrado/forest association. The dry spell interrupted this trend about 970 ± 60 yr B.P. The second development of woody elements was contemporaneous with an increase in anthropogenic fires. Therefore, climate was more important than fires and human activities in constraining the growth of vegetation during the last nine centuries at Salitre. More generally, despite pedogenic processes, soil phytoliths and δ13C values of the SOM may be accurate tracers of vegetation changes.
In vitro differentiation of a cloned bovine mammary epithelial cell
Authors: ROSE MICHAEL T. , ASO HISASHI , YONEKURA SHINICHI , KOMATSU TOKUSHI , HAGINO AKIHIKO , OZUTSUMI KYOUHEI , OBARA YOSHIAKI 
Published: October 2002

The aim of the study was to establish in vitro a bovine mammary epithelial cell (MEC) clone, able to respond to mitogenic growth factors and to lactogenic hormones. Mammary tissue from a 200-d pregnant Holstein cow was used as a source of MEC, from which a clone was established through a process of limiting dilution. When plated on plastic, the cells assumed a monolayer, cobblestone, epithelial-like morphology, with close contact between cells. Inclusion of IGF-1 and EGF in the media significantly increased the number of cells 5 d after plating. All cells stained strongly for cytokeratin and moderately for vimentin at young and old passage stages, indicating the epithelial nature of this cell clone. When the cells were plated at a high density on a thin layer of a commercial extracellular matrix preparation (Matrigel), lobular, alveoli-like structures developed within approximately 5 d, with a clearly visible lumen. When cells were plated onto Matrigel in differentiation media (containing lactogenic hormones), detectable quantities of α-casein were present in the media and particularly on the lumen side of the structures. Omission of one of the lactogenic hormones (insulin, prolactin or hydrocortisone) reduced α-casein release to the limit of detection of the assay used. Lactoferrin was also produced when the cells were plated on Matrigel, again principally on the lumen side of the lobules, though this was independent of the lactogenic hormones. By passage 40, the cells had senesced, and it was not possible to induce α-casein or lactoferrin production. This study notes the establishment of a functional bovine mammary epithelial cell clone, which is responsive to mitogenic and lactogenic hormones and an extracellular matrix.
Characterizing complex craniodental patterns related to feeding behaviour in ungulates: a multivariate approach
Authors: Mendoza Manuel , Janis Christine M. , Palmqvist Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis work examines whether stepwise discriminant function analysis of a suite of craniodental variables enables feeding behaviour and habitat preferences to be identified in fossil ungulates. There are several morphological features of the ungulate skull, mandible and dentition that are well correlated with dietary adaptations, and thus can be used for estimating the feeding ecology of extinct taxa. However, most studies have followed an univariate approach for characterizing the relationship between diet and craniodental structure in extant ungulates (but see Pérez‐Barberia & Gordon, 2001), even though such a relationship has been revealed to be complex because of functional, phylogenetic and biomechanical constraints. In this paper a multivariate perspective is followed, developing quadratic discriminant functions for pairwise comparisons of dietary/habitat groups in modern species. Given that the stepwise method for selecting the morphological variables to be included in the algorithms was used, alternative discriminant functions are provided. Results obtained show that these algorithms reclassify correctly the species according to their feeding and habitat ecology, and thus may be useful for obtaining reliable palaeoautecological inferences (i.e. those related to the life style of extinct species, such as feeding ecology and habitat preferences) when applied to extinct ungulate taxa.
The apomorphine test: a biological marker for heroin dependence disorder?
Authors: Guardia José , Casas Miguel , Prat Gemma , Trujols Joan , Segura Lidia , Sánchez‐Turet Miguel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis experimental study was conducted in the inpatient detoxification addictive behavior unit of the Sant Pau Hospital in Barcelona and included 22 healthy subjects (HS) and 42 intravenous heroin‐dependent subjects (HDS). Apomorphine‐induced yawning rates were investigated in three different groups; heroin‐dependent patients stabilized on d‐propoxiphene, heroin‐dependent patients recently withdrawn from d‐propoxiphene and normal controls. Yawning responses were recorded continuously by independent observers for periods of 45 minutes following administration of low doses of subcutaneous apomorphine and NaCl. The lowest subcutaneous apomorphine dose able to induce a significantly higher number of yawning responses in HS was 0.005 mg/kg. The yawning responses induced by this dose in HDS were also significantly higher than those induced by placebo. When comparing the number of yawning responses between the study groups, differences were observed only between HDS and HS and no effect of gender was obtained. The apomorphine test may be useful in assessing central dopamine system alterations associated with chronic heroin consumption and could be a stable and reliable biological marker of heroin‐dependence disorders.
Absence of Telomerase Activity in Malignant Bone Tumors and Soft‐TissueSarcomas
Authors: Lauer Nina K. , Maier Sandra M. , Oberringer Martin , Schulte Michael , Mutschler Wolf , Hanselmann Rainer G. , Schartl Manfred , Scherer Stefan J. , Wirbel Reiner J. 
Published: October 2002

Purpose: Telomerase activity appears to play a crucial role in the development of many tumors. More than 80% of all malignant
human tumors show an increased telomerase activity. However, conflicting results have been reported about telomerase
activity in sarcomas. The aim of the study was to obtain more information about telomerase activity in sarcomas based on a
large number of cases.Methods: Telomerase activity was measured in 69 different tumor samples (33 malignant bone tumors and 36 soft tissue
sarcomas). Tumor samples were obtained intraoperatively and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen. Telomerase activity
was detected by the telomeric repeat amplification assay (TRAP‐assay).Results: Only 7% of the samples showed telomerase activity. No correlation between staging and telomerase activity could be
observed.Discussion: The fact that only five out of 69 examined tumor samples showed a telomerase activity provides experimental
evidence that in sarcomas the reactivation of telomerase may play a subordinate role. Our results suggest that alternative
mechanisms for cell immortalization, yet to be determined, seem to be involved in the development and/or maintenance of
soft‐tissue sarcomas and malignant bone tumors.
Live-structure dataflow analysis for Prolog
Authors: Mulkers Anne , Winsborough William , Bruynooghe Maurice 
Published: October 2002

For the class of applicative programming languages, efficient methods for reclaiming the memory occupied by released data structures constitute an important aspect of current implementations. The present article addresses the problem of memory reuse for logic programs through program analysis rather than by run-time garbage collection. The aim is to derive run-time properties that can be used at compile time to specialize the target code for a program according to a given set of queries and to automatically introduce destructive assignments in a safe and transparent way so that fewer garbage cells are created.
The dataflow analysis is constructed as an application of abstract interpretation for logic programs. An abstract domain for describing structure-sharing and liveness properties is developed as are primitive operations that guarantee a sound and terminating global analysis. We explain our motivation for the design of the abstract domain, make explicit the underlying implementation assumptions, and discuss the precision of the results obtained by a prototype analyzer.
Optimally profiling and tracing programs
Authors: Ball Thomas , Larus James R. 
Published: October 2002

This paper describes algorithms for inserting monitoring code to profile and trace programs. These algorithms greatly reduce the cost of measuring programs with respect to the commonly used technique of placing code in each basic block. Program profiling counts the number of times each basic block in a program executes. Instruction tracing records the sequence of basic blocks traversed in a program execution. The algorithms optimize the placement of counting/tracing code with respect to the expected or measured frequency of each block or edge in a program's control-flow graph. We have implemented the algorithms in a profiling/tracing tool, and they substantially reduce the overhead of profiling and tracing.
We also define and study the hierarchy of profiling problems. These problems have two dimensions: what is profiled (i.e., vertices (basic blocks) or edges in a control-flow graph) and where the instrumentation code is placed (in blocks or along edges). We compare the optimal solutions to the profiling problems and describe a new profiling problem: basic-block profiling with edge counters. This problem is important because an optimal solution to any other profiling problem (for a given control-flow graph) is never better than an optimal solution to this problem. Unfortunately, finding an optimal placement of edge counters for vertex profiling appears to be a hard problem in general. However, our work shows that edge profiling with edge counters works well in practice because it is simple and efficient and finds optimal counter placements in most cases. Furthermore, it yields more information than a vertex profile. Tracing also benefits from placing instrumentation code along edges rather than on vertices.
Information-flow and data-flow analysis of while-programs
Authors: Bergeretti Jean-Francois , Carré Bernard A. 
Published: October 2002

Until recently, information-flow analysis has been used primarily to verify that information transmission between program variables cannot violate security requirements. Here, the notion of information flow is explored as an aid to program development and validation.
Information-flow relations are presented for while-programs, which identify those program statements whose execution may cause information to be transmitted from or to particular input, internal, or output values. It is shown with examples how these flow relations can be helpful in writing, testing, and updating programs; they also usefully extend the class of errors which can be detected automatically in the “static analysis” of a program.
SUFFERING FOR THE REIGN OF GOD. THE PERSECUTION OF DISCIPLES IN Q
Authors: Jervis L. Ann 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe standard understanding of Q's presentation of the suffering entailed in discipleship is Deuteronomistic; just as the Deuteronomistic history describes prophets being persecuted and even killed when they preached repentance, so does Q present Jesus' followers. The Deuteronomistic explanation, however, fails to reckon adequately with the fact that Q does not portray Jesus' disciples as prophets preaching repentance, and that the cause of their suffering is not Israel's refusal to repent. Rather, Q's understanding of discipleship suffering is that it is the means by which the reign of God is extended.
New species of Xanthoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) from Africa
Authors: Elix John A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe following new species of Parmeliaceae are described from Africa: Xanthoparmelia bainskloofensis Elix & T. H. Nash, X. boyeri Elix, X. dubitella Elix, X. kleinswartbergensis Elix, X. lobuliferella Elix, X. malawiensis Elix, X. micromaculata Elix and X. waboomsbergensis Elix. The new combination Xanthoparmelia patula (Brusse) Elix is made and X. hypoleiella Elix, X. neoconspersa (Gyeln.) Hale, X. neocumberlandia T. H. Nash & Elix and X. sipmanii T. H. Nash & Elix are reported from Africa for the first time.
Elevational Shifts of Coleogyne ramossissima in the Mojave Desert during the Little Ice Age
Authors: Hunter Kimberly L. , McAuliffe Joseph R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPlant macrofossils from woodrat (Neotoma) middens collected in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada were used to reconstruct the timing and magnitude of vegetation change during the past 1000 yr. Although vegetation at the site now is dominated by the shrubColeogyne ramossissima, this species does not occur in fossil middens prior to 600 ± 50 yr B.P. The appearance and persistence ofC. ramosissimain middens was coincident with the Little Ice Age (ca. 1250 to 1850 A.D.) and was probably related to an increase in precipitation.
Mid-Holocene Climate and Culture Change in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile
Authors: Grosjean Martin , Núñez Lautaro , Cartajena Isabel , Messerli Bruno 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwenty archaeological campsites intercalated between more than 30 debris flows caused by heavy rainfall events between 6200 and 3100 14C yr B.P. have recently been discovered at Quebrada Puripica in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. This record provides detailed information about extreme, short-lived climatic events during the hyperarid mid-Holocene period. For the first time, we found evidence of continuous human occupation in this area, filling the regional hiatus in the Atacama basin (“Silencio Arqueologico”) between 8000 and 4800 14C yr B.P. The transformation of Early Archaic hunters into the complex Late Archaic cultural tradition was an adaptive process. During this time, the site was a local ecological refuge with abundant resources in a generally hostile environment.
Swanson versus Apl Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint: a Prospective and Randomized Study in 26 Patients
Authors: TÄGIL M. , KOPYLOV P. 
Published: October 2002

Twenty-six patients were operated because of osteo-arthritis of the trapeziometacarpal joint. After excision of the trapezium, they were randomized to receive either a Swanson silicone trapezium implant or a tendon interposition arthroplasty using a strip of the abductor pollicis longus tendon (APL). No infection or clinical silicone synovitis occurred and no major radiographic cyst formation was found. Two endoprostheses dislocated early. All 13 patients in the Swanson group and 11 of the 13 in the APL group were subjectively satisfied at 2–5 year (mean, 43 months) follow-up. All patients were free of pain at rest and at light work, but half of the patients in each group still experienced pain with heavy work. Thumb pinch strength and range of motion were not significantly different in the two groups. The trapezial space decreased both with load and length of follow-up in both groups. Five endoprostheses subluxed during stressed pinch. In conclusion, both methods gave good, but not complete, pain relief and neither produced better results than the other in the short term.
Inferring Domain–Domain Interactions From Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Deng Minghua , Mehta Shipra , Sun Fengzhu , Chen Ting 
Published: October 2002

The interaction between proteins is one of the most important features of protein functions. Behind protein–protein interactions there are protein domains interacting physically with one another to perform the necessary functions. Therefore, understanding protein interactions at the domain level gives a global view of the protein interaction network, and possibly of protein functions. Two research groups used yeast two-hybrid assays to generate 5719 interactions between proteins of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. This allows us to study the large-scale conserved patterns of interactions between protein domains. Using evolutionarily conserved domains defined in a protein–domain database called PFAM (http://PFAM.wustl.edu), we apply a Maximum Likelihood Estimation method to infer interacting domains that are consistent with the observed protein–protein interactions. We estimate the probabilities of interactions between every pair of domains and measure the accuracies of our predictions at the protein level. Using the inferred domain–domain interactions, we predict interactions between proteins. Our predicted protein–protein interactions have a significant overlap with the protein–protein interactions (MIPS:http://mips.gfs.de) obtained by methods other than the two-hybrid assays. The mean correlation coefficient of the gene expression profiles for our predicted interaction pairs is significantly higher than that for random pairs. Our method has shown robustness in analyzing incomplete data sets and dealing with various experimental errors. We found several novel protein–protein interactions such as RPS0A interacting with APG17 and TAF40 interacting with SPT3, which are consistent with the functions of the proteins.[Supplementary material is available online athttp://www.genome.organdhttp://www-hto.usc.edu/∼msms/ProteinInteraction.]
Generating editing environments based on relations and attributes
Authors: Horwitz Susan , Teitelbaum Tim 
Published: October 2002

The ability to generate language-based editors depends on the existence of a powerful, language-independent model of editing. A model is proposed in which programs are represented as attributed abstract-syntax trees with an associated relational database. Relations can depend on the state of the attributed tree, and attributes can depend on the values in relations, provided there are no circular dependencies.
The power and the limitations of relational operations are demonstrated with respect to the support of static-semantic checking, anomaly detection, an interrogation facility, and the ability to define alternative program displays. The advantages of the hybrid system over both the purely relational and purely attribute-based systems are presented, and new algorithms are given for query evaluation and incremental view updating motivated by the efficiency requirements of interactive editing under the defined model. A prototype implementation of an editor generator is described, and suggestions for future research are made.