bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatotopic and laminar organization of fos‐like immunoreactivity in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn induced by noxious facial stimulation in the rat
Authors: Strassman Andrew M. , Vos Bart P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of fos‐like‐immunoreactivity (fos‐LI) in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn was examined following noxious facial stimulation, in order to evaluate the use of fos as a marker for neuronal activation in trigeminal nociceptive pathways. Control animals that received urethane anesthesia and no facial stimulation showed substantial bilateral labeling in the trigeminal complex that was restricted to one rostrocaudal level, at the transition between the medullary dorsal horn (nucleus caudalis) and nucleus interpolaris. Noxious mechanical stimulation (pinch) of different facial sites produced labeling in the ipsilateral dorsal horn whose distribution varied predictably with the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral position of the facial stimulation site, such that rostral facial sites were represented rostrally in the dorsal horn and dorsal sites were represented ventrolaterally. The cornea was exceptional among the facial stimulation sites in that it had a specific representation at two distinct rostrocaudal levels, in C1 and the interpolaris‐caudalis transition region; the position of the rostral peak was somatotopically inappropriate, based on the representation of other facial sites. The proportion of labelling in laminae III–IV relative to laminae I–II was higher with noxious mechanical stimulation than with noxious thermal (55°C) or chemical (subcutaneous injection of capsaicin) stimulation. The proportion of labelling in laminae III–IV produced by electrical stimulation of the infraobital nerve was no greater than that produced by pinch.The results suggest that fos‐LI mapping can be a useful method for the investigation of somatotopy but is subject to serious limitations when used for the investigation of laminar organzation. The results also suggest that the interpolaris‐caudalis transition region may have properties that are distinct from those of the rest of the trigeminal complex, possibly related to an involvement in autonomic function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The octavolateral systems in the stingray, Dasyatis sabina. I. Primary projections of the octaval and lateral line nerves
Authors: Puzdrowski Richard L. , Leonard Robert B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe central projections of the electrosensory, mechanosensory, and octaval nerves of the Atlantic stingray were examined by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. Particular attention was paid to the relation of the projections to cell plates C1 and C2, and to a newly described cell plate, C3.The electroreceptors in the stingray are found in three groups on the dorsal and ventral sides of the body. The electroreceptors are represented topographically on the ipsilateral dorsal nucleus. Those of the rostral part of the head and pectoral fins are represented on the rostroventral part of the nucleus, and those on the caudal part of the head and the pectoral fin on the dorsocaudal part of the nucleus.Mechanosensory lateral line afferents terminate within the ipsilateral intermediate and caudal nuclei, and the lateral granular mass of the vestibulocerebellum. Anterior lateral line afferents also project to the magnocellular octaval nucleus. A topographic representation of the mechanosensory lateral line periphery is present on the intermediate and caudal nuclei. Mechanoreceptors on the trunk are represented laterally and those on the head medially. The terminal field of the anterior lateral line afferents on the intermediate nucleus surrounds cell plates C1 and C2. The anterior lateral line afferents also project to the medial part of the lateral granular mass, whereas the posterior lateral line afferents project to the lateral portion. Sparse projections of anterior lateral line afferents to the periventricular octaval nucleus were also observed.The octaval nerve afferents terminate largely within the octaval column. Octaval nerve projections were also observed to the reticular formation, the periventricular octaval nucleus, the deep cerebellar nucleus, the vestibulocerebellum, particularly the lower lip and medial granular mass, and the intermediate nucleus. A sparse projection to cell plate C3 was found.The relation between cell plates C1 and C2 and the anterior lateral line afferents suggests that these cell plates are related to processing lateral line information. While the relationship between cell plate C3 and the octaval afferents is not strong, the sparse octaval projection C3 receives suggests that it is relaying octaval information. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the rat septohippocampal projection: Tracing with DiI and electron microscopy of identified growth cones
Authors: Linke Rüdiger , Frotscher Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe factors determining the development of specific fiber tracts in the central nervous system as well as the interactions of growth cones with the surrounding micromilieu are largely unknown. Here we investigated the ontogenetic development of the septohippocampal projection in the rat with the lipophilic carbocyanine dye DiI which is transported anterogradely and retrogradely in neurons and can be applied to fixed embryonic tissue. Photoconversion of anterogradely labeled fibers allowed us to study individual growth cones by electron microscopy.The first axons originating from the septal complex were found in the hippocampus as early as on embryonic day (ED) 19, reaching the fimbrial pole of the hippocampus on ED 18. However, on ED 17 we consistently found retrogradely labeled cells in the hippocampus, indicating that the development of the hippocamposeptal projection precedes that of the septohippocampal projection. On ED 19, the majority of the axons directed toward the hippocampal formation passed the hippocampus and grew further into the subicular complex and entorhinal cortex. These axons gave off collaterals that invaded the hippocampus proper. A fairly adult pattern of the septohippocampal projection was reached on postnatal day 10, although many growth cones were still found. A comparative analysis of individual growth cones found in the fimbria and the hippocampus proper revealed no striking differences in their morphology. Electron microscopic analysis showed that growth cones in the fimbria were mainly contacted by other axons, whereas growth cones in the hippocampus had contact with all available elements. This may indicate that growing septohippocampal fibers are guided by axons of the earlier formed hippocamposeptal projection. In the hippocampus proper, other cues, probably derived from the target itself, may guide the septhippocampal axons to their appropriate target cells. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the amygdaloid complex by catecholaminergic cell groups of the ventrolateral medulla
Authors: Roder Stefanie , Ciriello John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projections to the amygdaloid complex (AMG), originating in the catecholaminergic cell groups of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), were studied in the rat by using either the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) or the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) in combination with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and/or phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) immunohistochemistry. In the first series of experiments, injections of FG were made into regions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) where dense TH and PNMT immunoreactivity was previously observed, and then sections of the brainstem were processed for TH and PNMT immunoreactivity. FG retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies were observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of VLM, bilaterally, with a contralateral predominance. Approximately 44% of the FG labelled cell bodies in VLM were also immunoreactive to the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes TH and/or PNMT. Most of these catecholaminergic neurons were part of the A1 noradrenergic cell group in the caudal VLM and to a lesser extent part of the C1 adrenergic cell group in the rostral VLM.In the second series of experiments, PHA‐L was iontophoresed into VLM at different rostrocaudal levels where in the previous series of experiments FG retrogradely labelled cell bodies were observed Transverse sections of the forebrain and brainstem were then processed for the demonstration of PHA‐L and either TH or PNMT immunoreactivity in cell bodies, axons, and presumptive axon terminals. PHA‐L injection sites within either the caudal or rostral VLM resulted in labelled axons and terminal bouton‐like swellings primarily in the contralateral AMG and to a lesser extent in the ipsilateral AMG. The ACe was observed to receive the greatest innervation from either VLM site. Additionally, PHA‐L labelled fibers and presumptive terminal boutons were observed within the intercalated, medial, basomedial, and basolateral nuclei of the AMG. Most of the PHA‐L labelled fibers and presumptive terminal boutons in the AMG after a caudal VLM (A1 region) injection also displayed TH immunoreactivity, whereas after a PHA‐L injection into the rostral VLM (C1 region) all of the labelled axons and axon terminals in the AMG also were immunoreactive to PNMT. These data demonstrate that catecholaminergic neurons in A1 and C1 regions of VLM innervate the AMG and suggest that these VLM neurons may be involved in relaying afferent information directly to the AMG which influences the activity of AMG neurons controlling autonomic, endocrine, and behavioural functions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rostrocaudal expression of antibody HNK‐1‐reactive glycolipids in mouse cerebellum: Relationship to developmental compartments and leaner mutation
Authors: Nair Sukumaran M. , Prasadarao Nemani , Tobet Stuart A. , Jungalwala Firoze B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSulfoglucuronylglycolipids (SGGLs) and glycoproteins, reacting with monoclonal antibody HNK‐1, are developmentally and spatially regulated in the mammalian cortex and cerebellum. It has been proposed that the HNK‐1 carbohydrate epitope is involved in intercellular adhesion and cell‐cell interactions. Biochemical analysis and immunocytochemical localization of SGGLs and other neolacto series glycolipids were studied in the leaner mutant mouse cerebellum, where a slow and progressive rostral to caudal degeneration occurs with a gradual loss of both granule cells and Purkinje cells. Biochemical analyses showed that SGGLs and other neolacto series of glycolipids were significantly decreased in the adult leaner cerebellum; however, HNK‐1‐reactive glycoproteins were not affected. By an immunocytochemical method which selectively localizes the lipid antigens, it is shown that SGGLs are primarily associated with Purkinje cell bodies and their dendrites in the molecular layer and in cerebellar nuclei where Purkinje cell axons terminate. At postnatal day 30 (P30), SGGL immunoreactivity (rSGGL‐ir) in the leaner cerebellum was reduced moderately compared to normal littermates, which correlated with the minimal degree of Purkinje cell degeneration at this age in leaner and with the biochemical data. At P67 and P90, the SGGL‐ir was significantly more reduced in the leaner as Purkinje cell degeneration proceeded. There was a direct correlation between loss of Purkinje cells and SGGL‐ir in the cerebellar molecular layer. In both normal and young leaner cerebella, the SGGL‐ir in different lobules was not uniform; there were distinct rostrocaudal and mediolateral differences. SGGL‐ir was markedly more intense in rostral than in caudal lobules in the vermis, the dividing line being the region immediately caudal to the primary fissure and rostral to the declival sulcus. In the lateral cerebellum, the SGGL‐ir was less intense than in the vermis and the rostrocaudal difference was not as pronounced. There was also nonuniformity in the intensity of staining in different folia. The rostrocaudal as well as mediolateral differences in the intensity of SGGL‐ir were confirmed independently by biochemical analysis. The differential phenotypic expression of SGGLs and the selective susceptibility to Purkinje cell death in leaner mutant are discussed in relation to the known embryologic and ontogenetic compartmentation of cerebellum. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of synapses on identified cell types in a gustatory subdivision of the nucleus of the solitary tract
Authors: Whitehead Mark C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo morphological types of neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the hamster send axons to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Elongate cells have oval cell bodies and 2 mediolaterally oriented primary dendrites. Large stellate cells have polygonal cell bodies and 3–5 radiating primary dendrites. Both cell types are located in the rostral central subdivision of the NST, surrounded by primary afferent axons from the oral cavity. This study uses electron microscopy to evaluate the synaptic inputs to horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐labelled elongate and stellate PBN projection cells.Three types of axon terminals provide most of the synapses on the labelled cells. Primary‐like terminals contain large, clear, round vesicles and engage in asymmetrical synaptic junctions; they resemble gustatory (facial) afferent terminals identified previously (Whitehead, J. Comp. Neurol. 244:72, 1986). Axon terminals containing small, pleomorphic vesicles (SP terminals), form symmetrical junctions, and resemble Golgi II endings. Terminals containing medium‐sized pleomorphic vesicles (MP terminals) form asymmetrical junctions. These types of axon terminals distribute differentially on the labelled cells. Primary‐like inputs are largely restricted to distal dendrites and their spines. SP terminals provide more synaptic coverage than primary‐like or MP terminals; for both cell types the SP inputs are concentrated proximally on dendrites and cell bodies. The data suggest that elongate and large stellate cells function as second‐order projection neurons in the ascending taste system. The density, spatial distribution, and timing of activation of the various types of synapses could relate to the electrophysiological response properties of the projection neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron microscopic analysis of the rod pathway of the rat retina
Authors: Chun Myung‐Hoon , Han Seung‐Ho , Chung Jin‐Woong , Wässle Heinz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo immunocytochemical markers were used to label the rod pathway of the rat retina. Rod bipolar cells were stained with antibodies against protein kinase C and AII‐amacrine cells with antibodies against parvalbumin. The synaptic circuitry of rod bipolars in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) was studied. Rod bipolar cells make approximately 15 ribbon synapses (dyads) in the IPL. Both postsynaptic members of the dyads are amacrine cells; one is usually the process of an AII‐amacrine cell and the other one frequently provides a reciprocal synapse. No direct output from rod bipolar cells into ganglion cells was found. AII‐amacrine cells make chemical output synapses with cone bipolar cells and ganglion cells in sublamina a of the IPL. They make gap junctions with cone bipolar cells and other AII‐amacrine cells in sublamina b of the IPL. The rod pathway of the rat retina is practically identical to that of the cat and of the rabbit retina. It is very likely that this circuitry is a general feature of mammalian retinal organization. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of chicken gonadotropin‐releasing hormones I and II (cGnRH I and II) in turkey hen brain
Authors: Millam James R. , Faris Patricia L. , Youngren Orlan M. , El Halawani Mohamed E. , Hartman Boyd K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of cells and fibers immunoreactive (ir) for either chicken gonadotropin‐releasing hormone I (cGnRH I; [Gln8]GnRH) or II ([His5, Trp7, Tyr8]GnRH) was determined in brains of turkey hens to reveal whether these peptides occur in separate neuronal systems. ir‐cGnRH I cells were located: along the medial aspect of the ventriculus lateralis, nucleus accumbens, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; ventral to the tractus septomesencephalicus and extending medially to the third ventricle, and caudally into the lateral hypothalamic area; and in a diffuse band extending from the nucleus preopticus medialis to the nucleus dorsomedialis anterior thalami. cGnRH I fibers were evident in these areas in addition to the hippocampus, nucleus subhabenularis medialis, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, and median eminence. Two groups of ir‐cGnRH II cells were observed: a magnocellular group lying between the substantia grisea centralis and the nucleus ruber; and a parvicellular group lying medial to the nucleus of the basal optic root and extending into the lateral hypothalamic area. ir‐cGnRH II fibers were prominent in limbic structures (cortex piriformis, lateral to nucleus taeniae, hippocampus); olfactory areas (tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus subhabenularis lateralis, nucleus septalis lateralis); areas that in other avian species have steroid‐concentrating cells or receptors (medial edge of lobus parolfactorius, nucleus septalis medialis, nucleus periventricularis magnocellularis, nucleus dorsomedialis posterior thalami); and areas containing ir‐GnRH I cells or fibers but not in median eminence. These results suggest that cGnRH I and II occur in separate neuronal systems and that cGnRH II does not directly promote pituitary gonadotropin secretion. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sites of origin of dopaminergic afferent fibers to the lateral habenular nucleus in the rat
Authors: Li Yun‐Qing , Takada Masahiko , Shinonaga Yasuhide , Mizuno Noboru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe lateral habenular nucleus of the rat contains a dense plexus of dopaminergic fibers, which are more marked in the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus than in its lateral counterpart. Employing a combination of fluorescent retrograde axonal tracing with fluorogold and tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence histochemistry, we investigated the distribution of cells of origin of the dopaminergic afferent fibers to the lateral habenular nucleus in the rat. The cells double‐labeled with both fluorogold injected into the lateral habenular nucleus and tyrosine hydroxylase antisera were seen in a variety of fore‐ and midbrain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, periventricular, ventromedial, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, interfascicular nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventrolateral division of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe nucleus. The double‐labeled cells were located bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance, and constituted approximately 10% of the total fluorogold‐positive cell population. We have further observed by anterograde axonal tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris–leucoagglutinin that projection fibers arising from the sites of origin of the dopaminergic afferent fibers to the lateral habenular nucleus terminate mainly in the medial part of the lateral habenular nucleus, and to a lesser extent in its lateral conterpart.Thus, we have found in the present study that the dopaminergic neurons sending their axons to the lateral habenular nucleus are widely distributed in the A9, A10, A14, and A15 dopaminergic cell groups. Such dopaminergic neurons may exert regulatory influences upon many limbic‐associated brain regions via the lateral habenular nucleus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential time course and spatial expression of Fos, Jun, and Krox‐24 proteins in spinal cord of rats undergoing subacute or chronic somatic inflammation
Authors: Lantéri‐Minet M. , de Pommery J. , Herdegen T. , Weil‐Fugazza J. , Bravo R. , Menétrey D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have used the evoked expression of both immediate early gene (IEG)‐encoded proteins (Krox‐24, c‐Fos, Fos B, Jun D, Jun B, c‐Jun), and dynorphin to monitor sensory processing in the spinal cords of rats undergoing subacute or chronic somatic inflammation (i.e., subcutaneous inflammation of the plantar foot and monoarthritis, respectively). Behavioral and immunocytochemical approaches were conducted in parallel up to 15 weeks postinjection in order to detect possible relationships between clinical evolution and spatiotemporal pattern of IEG‐encoded protein expression.Each disease had specific characteristics both in terms of their clinical evolution and pattern of evoked protein expression. All IEG proteins were expressed in both cases. Most of the staining was observed in both the superficial layers of the dorsal horn and deep dorsal horn (laminae V–VII and X). Monoarthritis was distinguished by a high level of total protein expression. Staining was especially dense in the deep dorsal horn. More labelled cells were observed at 1–2 days and at 2 weeks postinjection, corresponding to the initiation and progressive phases of the disease, respectively. Subcutaneous inflammation was characterized by a moderate level of total IEG expression. More labelled cells were observed in the first day following injection. It is the relative degree of expression of each IEG‐encoded protein with regard to the others that characterized the progression of the diseases. Early stages of the diseases coincided with the expression of all Fos and Jun proteins, while late stages showed an increase in Jun D and Fos B involvement; Krox‐24 was induced mostly during the early phases and/or periods of paroxysm of the diseases. Persistent stimulation was characterized by a predominant expression in deep versus superficial layers of the dorsal horn. Evoked expression of c‐Jun in motoneurons was only observed in monoarthritis. The peak of dynorphin expression was late in regard to both the induction of inflammation and period of maximal IEG‐encoded protein expression.The present work indicates that the neural processing that takes place during progression of these diseases can be monitored well at the spinal cord level by using the expression of an array of IEG‐encoded proteins. Study of long term evolutive diseases and especially those that evolve into chronicity can largely benefit from such an approach. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.