bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of silane coupling agent on the polymer‐filler interaction and mechanical properties of silica‐filled NR
Authors: Yan Hexiang , Tian Guohua , Sun Kang , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of filler loading and a new silane coupling agent 3‐octanoylthio‐1‐ propyltriethoxysilane (NXT silane) on the polymer‐filler interaction and mechanical properties of silica‐filled and carbon black‐filled natural rubber (NR) compounds were studied. Silica (high dispersion silica7000GR, VN2, and VN3) and carbon black (N330) were used as the fillers, and the loading range was from 0 to 50 phr. The loading of NXT silane was from 0 to 6 phr. Experimental results show that the maximum and minimum torques of silica and carbon black‐filled NR increase with increasing filler loading. With increasing filler loading, the scorch time and optimum cure time decrease for carbon black‐filled NR, but increase for silica‐filled NR. The minimum torque, scorch time, and optimum cure time decrease because of the presence of NXT silane. For the carbon black and silica‐filled NR, the tensile strength and elongation at break have maximum values, but the hardness, M300, M100, and tear strength keep increasing with filler loading. The mechanical properties of silica‐filled NR were improved in the presence of NXT silane. With increasing filler loading, the storage modulus of filled NR increases, but the loss factor decreases. Carbon black shows the strongest polymer‐filler interaction, followed by VN3, 7000GR, and VN2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 573–584, 2005
Taking stock of herbicide‐resistant crops ten years after introduction
Authors: Duke Stephen O 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSince transgenic, bromoxynil‐resistant cotton and glufosinate‐resistant canola were introduced in 1995, planting of transgenic herbicide‐resistant crops has grown substantially, revolutionizing weed management where they have been available. Before 1995, several commercial herbicide‐resistant crops were produced by biotechnology through selection for resistance in tissue culture. However, non‐transgenic herbicide‐resistant crops have had less commercial impact. Since the introduction of glyphosate‐resistant soybean in 1996, and the subsequent introduction of other glyphosate‐resistant crops, where available, they have taken a commanding share of the herbicide‐resistant crop market, especially in soybean, cotton and canola. The high level of adoption of glyphosate‐resistant crops by North American farmers has helped to significantly reduce the value of the remaining herbicide market. This has resulted in reduced investment in herbicide discovery, which may be problematic for addressing future weed‐management problems. Introduction of herbicide‐resistant crops that can be used with selective herbicides has apparently been hindered by the great success of glyphosate‐resistant crops. Evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds and movement of naturally resistant weed species into glyphosate‐resistant crop fields will require increases in the use of other herbicides, but the speed with which these processes compromise the use of glyphosate alone is uncertain. The future of herbicide‐resistant crops will be influenced by many factors, including alternative technologies, public opinion and weed resistance. Considering the relatively few recent approvals for field testing new herbicide‐resistant crops and recent decisions not to grow glyphosate‐resistant sugarbeet and wheat, the introduction and adoption of herbicide‐resistant crops during the next 10 years is not likely to be as dramatic as in the past 10 years. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bishop score and transvaginal ultrasound for preinduction cervical assessment: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bartha J. L. , Romero‐Carmona R. , Martínez‐del‐Fresno P. , Comino‐Delgado R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo compare transvaginal ultrasound with the Bishop score in assessment of cervical ripening for choice of induction agent.MethodsEighty women were randomized to have preinduction cervical assessment for choice of induction agent based on either Bishop score or transvaginal ultrasound. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of women who were administered prostaglandin as a preinduction agent. The criteria for considering the cervix as unripe and thus for using prostaglandin were either a Bishop score < 6 or a cervical length > 30 mm with cervical wedging of < 30% of the total cervical length. Secondary outcome measures included interval to active phase, interval to delivery and rate of Cesarean section.ResultsWhile 85% of women received prostaglandin in the Bishop score group, only 50% of them did in the transvaginal ultrasound group (P = 0.001). The interval to active phase, interval to delivery and rate of Cesarean section were similar in both groups.ConclusionsWith the suggested cut‐off values of a Bishop score < 6 or a cervical length > 30 mm and wedging < 30%, the use of transvaginal ultrasound instead of Bishop score for preinduction cervical assessment to choose induction agent significantly reduces the need for intracervical prostaglandin treatment without adversely affecting the success of induction. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple ultrasound evaluation of the anal sphincter in female patients using a transvaginal transducer
Authors: Timor‐Tritsch I. E. , Monteagudo A. , Smilen S. W. , Porges R. F. , Avizova E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveFecal incontinence affects 0.2% of women aged 15–64 years and about 1.3% of women over 64 years. Most cases are related to instrumental deliveries affecting the anal sphincter complex. We propose a simple technique using the generally available transvaginal transducer to evaluate the anal sphincter complex.MethodsNinety‐two patients underwent ultrasound examination. Group I consisted of 53 nulliparous patients. In Group II there were six patients with normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries without episiotomies. In Group III there were 14 patients with vaginal deliveries and one to three episiotomies but no lacerations. In Group IV there were nine postpartum patients with recently repaired (48 h to 3 weeks) third‐ and fourth‐degree lacerations. All women in Groups I–IV were asymptomatic. Group V consisted of 10 patients symptomatic for fecal incontinence. We used a vaginal probe (5–9‐MHz) with the footprint placed in the fourchette pointing towards the anus in a transverse and then in a median (sagittal) plane. If seen, the combined internal and external anal sphincter thickness at the 12 o'clock location was measured. We visualized normal star‐shaped mucosal folds on the transverse section and described the sonographic anatomy in both planes.ResultsThe mean sphincter thickness measured at 12 o'clock in Group I was 2.3 (range, 1.0–4.7) mm, in Group II it was 2.9 (range, 2.4–3.4) mm, and in Group III it was 2.3 (range, 1.0–3.7) mm. The differences between these three groups were not significant. Patients from Group IV showed thinning or discontinuous sphincter anatomy at the 12 o'clock position. All symptomatic patients from Group V showed abnormal sphincter anatomy, and the normal star‐like appearance of the anal mucosa on the transverse section was deformed, radiating from the point of the sphincter damage. Four of the 10 patients in this group underwent surgical repair. In these patients the sonographic findings were confirmed.ConclusionsThe images obtained using this imaging modality show the sphincter muscle anatomy as well as the possible pathology. Due to its simplicity the technique can be applied in any place where a vaginal transducer is available. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Literature trends in x‐ray emission spectrometry in the period 1990–2000–a review
Authors: Injuk Jasna , Van Grieken René 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA quantitative overview is given of the role that x‐ray emission analysis methods, in their various forms, play in the literature for the period from January 1990 to the end of December 2000. The major sources of information were computerized searches through Chemical Abstracts and Web of Science and, specifically for 1998, a manual search through Analytical Abstracts. Areas that are covered in this review pertain to the recent trends in x‐ray emission spectrometry in general and in some specific techniques such as x‐ray fluorescence analysis, synchrotron radiation‐induced and particle‐induced x‐ray emission, total‐reflection and micro‐x‐ray fluorescence analysis. A brief outline of recent developments in the specific fields is given, with emphasis on the various excitation and detection modes, on different application areas and on relative contributions of different countries and languages to the x‐ray emission spectrometry literature. It appears that environmental monitoring and research continue to be particularly important publication fields for x‐ray spectrometry. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of technological characteristics of powder material on the fluorescence intensity of elemental analytical lines
Authors: Zagorodniy V. V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of technological and physical–mechanical characteristics of powder irradiators on the fluorescence intensity of elemental analytical lines was studied experimentally. Investigations were conducted with the use of ferroalloy powders of different grain size, in bulk and pelleted form, at various loads. A dependence of elemental analytical line intensity on the density of powders, both in bulk and pelleted at constant pressure, that was defined by the variation in particle size and surface interaction forces was found. Calculations revealed a correlation between the dependences obtained and the variation of the effective absorption characteristics of irradiators due to different concentrations of the solid irradiation phase, caused by the variations in density and autoadhesive properties of the particles. Variations in pelleting pressure led to similar dependences at other densities of the particle packing, the roughness of the irradiators not exceeding several microns and having a considerable effect on the formation of the irradiation layer. The parameters were found that have the greatest effect on the fluorescence intensity of powder materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lι, Lα1,2, Lη, Lβ1,2,3,4,5,6 and Lγ1,2,3 spectra of x‐ray tubes
Authors: Ebel Horst 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInvestigations of L spectra of Mo, Rh, Ag, Sn, Gd, Er, W, Au and Bi were performed with an electron probe microanalyzer with acceleration voltages from 10 to 30 kV and typical values of the angles with respect to the plane target surface of 90° for electron incidence and 35° for x‐ray take‐off. A systematic analysis of measured intensities of 13 L lines and a comparison with literature data on relative intensities and transition probabilities led to a general description of L spectra. The production of characteristic spectra is described by Love and Scott's constant depth distribution of x‐ray excitation by electrons. The ionized levels L1, L2 and L3 corresponding to the characteristic radiation are characterized by proportionality factors Const‐L1, Const‐L2 and Const‐L3. Essential data are transition probabilities and fluorescence yields. Coster–Kronig transition probabilities are not necessary. The quality of the semi‐empirical description of L spectra is demonstrated by a comparison of measured and computed spectral responses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of selected fundamental parameters in x‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Zhuo Shangjun , Tao Guangyi , Ji Ang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effectiveness of selected fundamental parameters in x‐ray fluorescence analysis previously proposed by the authors was examined with a few examples. Some synthetic fused binary disks were prepared and measured to obtain the measured binary coefficients. The theoretical influence coefficients were also calculated based on the synthetic specimens and measuring conditions using those selected fundamental parameters and compared with the measured values. It was found that the theoretical influence coefficients calculated with selected fundamental parameters agreed better with measured values than those calculated with original parameters. The synthetic fused disks, some Au–Ag–Cu alloys and some Chinese rock reference materials were measured and quantitatively calculated with the program NRLXRF, that uses original parameters, and with NRL301, that uses selected fundamental parameters, using only one calibration standard for fused disks and only pure elements for alloys. The relative errors of the results from NRL301 are much smaller than those from NRLXRF. Data for the example of pressed powders of cement published in an NBS Technical Note were also calculated with NRL301 with one calibration standard. The results are comparable to those from NBSGSC obtained with seven calibration standards. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HOPG as powerful x‐ray optics
Authors: Grigorieva I. G. , Antonov A. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new method of producing strongly bent highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is presented. The method allows one to make a crystal of almost arbitrary shape, but has some thickness limits. A review of the results obtained on this type of crystal by different laboratories during the last 10 years is given. An x‐ray intensity gain from a synchrotron radiation source and Mo Kα tube beams of one order of magnitude could be achieved when using a crystal of optimized shape. The application of the crystals for secondary monochromatization in EDXRF improves by one order of magnitude the detection limits for the elements of interest. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of inclusions and precipitates in steel by means of XRF and LEEIXS
Authors: Reisel J. , Geyer J. , Flock J. , Sommer D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFundamentals of x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and X‐ray emission spectrometry in the case of electron probe x‐ray microanalysis and low‐energy electron induced x‐ray spectrometry are compared. The different aluminum and titanium compounds occurring in steel can be investigated by examining soft x‐ray spectra, arising from valence shell orbitals. The non‐metallic inclusions were isolated by galvanometric electrolysis. In the case of the speciation of titanium, direct electron bombardment of the sample is used to generate soft x‐rays. By investigating the Ti L lines, titanium carbide, nitride and sulfide can be distinguished. To specify aluminum compounds, the Kβ transition in the x‐ray fluorescence spectrum was examined. The concentration of aluminum oxide and nitride in precipitates of special steel qualities can be determined with a satisfactory determination limit. Finally, pre‐operational studies for the determination of different silicon inclusions using electron excitation were carried out. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When mothers have serious mental health problems: parenting as a proximal mediator
Authors: Oyserman Daphna , Bybee Deborah , Mowbray Carol , Hart‐Johnson Tamera 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMaternal mental health (MMH) problems are associated with lack of confidence in one's parenting, overly lax or too harsh discipline, and child academic underperformance. We asked if parenting mediates the effect of MMH problems on academic outcomes even among mothers with serious mental illness (). Structural equation analyses show a significant association between MMH problems and permissive (lack of parenting confidence, lack of follow through) parenting and verbal hostility as well as worse academic outcomes (school recorded grades, teacher reported behaviour). Permissive parenting completely mediated the direct effect of MMH on academic outcomes. Further analyses showed that the mediation effect was attributed to a single component of permissive parenting—lack of parenting confidence.
Existence of solutions for three-point boundary value problems for second order equations
Authors: Henderson Johnny , Karna Basant , Tisdell Christopher 
Published: January 2005

Shooting methods are employed to obtain solutions of the three-point boundary value problem for the second order equation,

y
=
f
(
x
,
y
,

y
′

)
,

y =f(x,y,y’),

y
(

x
1

)
=

y
1

,

y
(

x

3

)
−
y
(

x
2

)
=

y
2

,

y(x_1)=y_1, \ y(x_{3}) - y(x_2)=y_2,

where

f
:
(
a
,
b
)
×

R

2

→

R

f: (a,b) \times \mathbb R^2 \to \mathbb R

is continuous,

a
>

x
1

>

x
2

>

x
3

>
b
,

a > x_1 > x_2 > x_3 > b,

and

y
1

,

y
2

∈

R

,

y_1,y_2 \in \mathbb R,

and conditions are imposed implying that solutions of such problems are unique, when they exist.
Recombinant Coagulation Factor VIIa in Major Liver Resection
Authors: Lodge J Peter A. , Jonas Sven , Oussoultzoglou Elie , Malagó Massimo , Jayr Christian , Cherqui Daniel , Anthuber Matthias , Mirza Darius F. , Kuhlman Luce , Bechstein Wolf-Otto , Díaz Juan Carlos Meneu , Tartiere Jack , Eyraud Daniel , Fridberg Marianne , Erhardtsen Elisabeth , Mimoz Oliver 
Published: January 2005

Background
Prevention of bleeding episodes in noncirrhotic patients undergoing partial hepatectomy remains unsatisfactory in spite of improved surgical techniques. The authors conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to evaluate the hemostatic effect and safety of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in major partial hepatectomy.

Methods
Two hundred four noncirrhotic patients were equally randomized to receive either 20 or 80 microg/kg rFVIIa or placebo. Partial hepatectomy was performed according to local practice at the participating centers. Patients were monitored for 7 days after surgery. Key efficacy parameters were perioperative erythrocyte requirements (using hematocrit as the transfusion trigger) and blood loss. Safety assessments included monitoring of coagulation-related parameters and Doppler examination of hepatic vessels and lower extremities.

Results
The proportion of patients who required perioperative red blood cell transfusion (the primary endpoint) was 37% (23 of 63) in the placebo group, 41% (26 of 63) in the 20-microg/kg group, and 25% (15 of 59) in the 80-microg/kg dose group (logistic regression model; P = 0.09). Mean erythrocyte requirements for patients receiving erythrocytes were 1,024 ml with placebo, 1,354 ml with 20 microg/kg rFVIIa, and 1,036 ml with 80 microg/kg rFVIIa (P = 0.78). Mean intraoperative blood loss was 1,422 ml with placebo, 1,372 ml with 20 microg/kg rFVIIa, and 1,073 ml with 80 microg/kg rFVIIa (P = 0.07). The reduction in hematocrit during surgery was smallest in the 80-microg/kg group, with a significant overall effect of treatment (P = 0.04).

Conclusions
Recombinant factor VIIa dosing did not result in a statistically significant reduction in either the number of patients transfused or the volume of blood products administered. No safety issues were identified.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Pneumoperitoneum on Development of Atelectasis during Anesthesia, Examined by Spiral Computed Tomography
Authors: Andersson Lena E. , Bååth Margaretha , Thörne Anders , Aspelin Peter , Odeberg-Wernerman Suzanne 
Published: January 2005

Background
Anesthesia per se results in atelectasis development in the dependent regions of the lungs. The effect of pneumoperitoneum on atelectasis formation is not known. The aim of the current study was to measure by spiral computed tomography the effect of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery on the development of atelectasis, overall lung volume, and regional tissue volumes of gas and tissue.

Methods
Seven patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I), scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were observed. After induction of anesthesia, the patients were mechanically ventilated and positioned supine on the computed tomography table. Tomography of the lungs (10 mm spiral) was performed before and 10 min after induction of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum at an intraabdominal pressure of 11-13 mmHg. The Student t test was used for statistical analysis. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results
Induction of pneumoperitoneum increased the mean atelectasis volume in the dependent lung regions by 66% (range, 11-170%). The overall lung volume and gas as well as tissue volume significantly decreased. Relative to the total lung volume, lung tissue volume increased, while gas volume decreased significantly. Both upper and lower lobes reacted the same way. A cranial displacement of the diaphragm between 1 and 3 cm (mean, 1.9 cm) was registered.

Conclusion
Pneumoperitoneum at an intraabdominal pressure level of 11-13 mmHg increased the volume of atelectasis. Because lung tissue volume increased in the lung, there may have been an opening of previously closed vessels, which could explain previously seen increase in arterial oxygenation after induction of pneumoperitoneum.
Opposing Actions of Etomidate on Cortical Theta Oscillations Are Mediated by Different γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Subtypes
Authors: Drexler Berthold , Roether Claire L. , Jurd Rachel , Rudolph Uwe , Antkowiak Bernd 
Published: January 2005

Background
Cortical networks generate diverse patterns of rhythmic activity. Theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) are commonly observed during spatial learning and working memory tasks. The authors ask how etomidate, acting predominantly via gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors containing beta2 or beta3 subunits, affects theta activity in vitro.

Methods
To characterize the effects of etomidate, the authors recorded action potential firing together with local field potentials in slice cultures prepared from the neocortex of the beta3(N265M) knock-in mutant and wild type mice. Actions of etomidate were studied at 0.2 microm, which is approximately 15% of the concentration causing immobility ( approximately 1.5 microm).

Results
In preparations derived from wild type and beta3(N265M) mutant mice, episodes of ongoing activity spontaneously occurred at a frequency of approximately 0.1 Hz and persisted for several seconds. Towards the end of these periods, synchronized oscillations in the theta band developed. These oscillations were significantly depressed in slices from beta3(N265M) mutant mice (P < 0.05). In this preparation etomidate acts almost exclusively via beta2 subunit containing GABAA receptors. In contrast, no depression was observed in slices from wild type mice, where etomidate potentiates both beta2- and beta3-containing GABAA receptors.

Conclusions
At concentrations assumed to cause sedation and amnesia, etomidate depresses theta oscillations via beta2-containing GABAA receptors but enhances these oscillations by acting on beta3 subunit containing receptors. This indicates that the overall effect of the anesthetic reflects a balance between enhancement and inhibition produced by different GABAA receptor subtypes.