bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-16 The Effects of Vaccination Program and Grazing Season on Beef Cattle Milk Fatty Acid Composition When Grazing Native Rangeland in New Mexico
Authors: Ropp Kate , Melchior-Tiffany Emily A , Scholljegerdes Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of vaccine program and progression of grazing season on beef cow milk fatty acid composition. In 2015, Fifty-one Angus-crossed beef heifers were randomly assigned to receive a modified-live viral vaccine (MLV; Bovishield Gold 5 FP) or killed viral vaccine (KV; Cattlemaster Gold 5 FP) against BVDV beginning at 3 months of age and for the duration of their lifespan in the herd. In 2019, 2020, and 2021, milk samples were collected on days 1, 63, and 205 of lactation. Milk samples were subjected to fatty acid analysis using Gas Chromatography. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with repeated measures using SAS. Milk concentrations of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, or total fatty acids when expressed as mg/g were not affected by vaccine treatment (P ≥ 0.58). However, milk 16:0 concentrations decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.0001) as the grazing season progressed from day 1 to day 205 of lactation. This was despite a linear increase (P = 0.05) in forage concentrations of 16:0. Milk concentrations of 18:0 decreased linearly throughout lactation (P = 0.002). Likewise, milk concentrations of 18:1n-9 decreased throughout lactation (P &lt; 0.0001). Milk concentrations of 18:2n-6 declined linearly (P &lt; 0.0001) as the grazing season progressed into the fall weaning period. Interestingly, milk concentration of 18:3n-3 did not change (P = 0.62) with time. Biohydrogenation intermediates were reduced in concentration and did not vary across grazing season (P ≥ 0.06) Total fatty acids decreased throughout lactation (P &lt; 0.0001). Total fatty acid content of forage did increase linearly (P = 0.02), which would suggest milk production (volume) and de novo milk fatty acid synthesis altered milk composition more so than forage fatty acid composition. In conclusion, vaccine treatment did not affect milk composition. However, grazing season progression resulted in decreased milk fatty acid concentrations from day 1 to day 205 of lactation.
PSXIV-17 Examining Mammary Gland Transcriptomic Profiles Using Rna-Seq in Slick and Wild-Type Haired Holstein Cattle Under Tropical Conditions
Authors: Contreras-Correa Zully E , Arick Mark A , Sánchez-Rodríguez Héctor L , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In lactating dairy cows, heat stress reduces feed intake, alters the metabolism of the animal, and compromises milk production. Holstein cattle carrying the prolactin receptor gene mutation (SLICK) have been shown to have superior performance under tropical conditions by exhibiting increased milk yield compared with wild-type haired Holstein cattle (WT). Recent research indicated that SLICK cattle have greater mammary gland blood flow and lower vaginal temperatures, while maintaining prolonged voluntary exposure to direct solar radiation than their WT counterparts. Nevertheless, differences in molecular mechanisms between genotypes at the mammary gland level have been unexplored. The objective of the current study was to investigate possible differences in the mammary gland transcriptome from SLICK (n = 7) and WT (n = 6) Puerto Rican Holstein cattle. At 160 ± 3 days in milk (DIM), ultrasound guided mammary biopsies were collected from the left rear quarter of each animal and samples were snap frozen. Unstranded RNA-seq libraries were created from the frozen mammary tissue and sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 2x150bp. Quantification of expression was done by salmon [v1.9.0] using the Bos taurus (ARS UCD1.3) transcriptome database. Testing for significant differential expression (DE) was done using a pipeline consisting of the R packages tximport [v1.26.1] and edgeR [v3.40.2]. The fry method from edgeR was used to do gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms. A single gene (GeneID:513329, major allergen Equ c 1 isoform X2) showed significant (B.H. adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) differential expression. Aligning the protein sequence for this gene using the BLASTp against the non-redundant (NR) database revealed high similarity to two pheromones, salivary lipocalin 2 and salivary lipocalin-like. Both the KEGG pathway and GO term GSEA showed no statistically significant enrichment at B.H. adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05; however, using a less stringent criteria with a normal P-value ≤ 0.05, multiple relevant pathways were identified. For example, the KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway (bta00590) was enriched, and the tight junction function pathway (bta4530) was depleted in the SLICK Holstein samples. Among the GO analysis, genes were found to be downregulated in response to cold (GO:0009409), hair follicle development (GO:0001942), and vasoconstriction (GO:0042310), whereas positive regulation of oxytocin production (GO:0140668), and defense response to Gram-positive bacterium (GO:0050830) were upregulated. In conclusion, differences in gene expression were limited, but after enrichment interesting pathways were revealed and deserve further exploration to aid in elucidating different molecular mechanisms between SLICK and WT cattle.
PSVII-18 Applying the Marbling Window Concept to Enhance Intramuscular Fat Development in Beef Cattle
Authors: Santos Marta M , Costa Thais C , Silva Walmir , Pistillo Leticia Z , Dean Sarah E , Teixeira Dante V , Sampaio Claudia B , Gionbelli Mateus P , Verardo Lucas L , Paulino Pedro Veiga Rodrigues , Duarte Marcio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increase in marbling deposition without increasing the overall fatness of the carcass is one of the most challenge goals in meat industry. Previous studies have suggested the nutritional interventions at the neonatal stages as a strategy to enhance the commitment of muscular mesenchymal stem cells to adipogenesis, which may contribute to enhance marbling deposition at the finishing phase. As such the objective of this study was designed the evaluate the impact nutrient supplementation during the pre-weaning stage of beef calves has on intramuscular adipogenic determination. Thirty-four female calves were assigned to two experimental treatments: Control (CON, n = 17), where calves received only a mineral mixture as a supplement; Supplemented (SUP, n = 17), where calves received an energy-protein supplement (0.5 kg·100 kg of BW-1·day-1; the same mineral mixture was used in the CON supplement). Calves were supplemented from 100 to 250 days of age. Once animals reached 250 days of age, skeletal muscle tissue samples were biopsied from the 10th and 11th rib and used for identification of mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes through immunofluorescence, mRNA and protein abundance of adipo-fibrogenic markers, and abundance of candidate miRNA controlling expression of adipogenic commitment. Data were analyzed considering the completely randomized design of the experiment. Heifers were randomized across paddocks, and paddocks were randomized across treatments. The PROC MIXED of SAS 9.2 was used for all analyses. The average daily gain (P = 0.08) and final body weight (P = 0.07) tended to be greater in SUP than CON calves. The number of fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (P = 0.69) did not differ between treatments, while a greater number of intramuscular pre-adipocytes were observed in SUP than CON calves (P = 0.01). The expression of miRNA-4429 (P = 0.20) did not differ between treatments, while the expression of miRNA-129-5p (P = 0.09) and miRNA-129-2-3p (P = 0.05) tended to be greater in CON than SUP calves. Our findings demonstrate that energy-protein supplementation from 100 to 250 days of age is capable to enhance intramuscular adipogenesis in beef cattle. Moreover, our results suggest that regulation of adipogenic commitment occurs by post-transcriptional regulation through miR-129 family.
PSXI-20 Effects of Termite Meal Supplementation on Egg-Laying Hens and Their Egg Quality
Authors: Tsukahara Yoko , Kumagai Hajime , Nishida Keisuke , Tomonaga Shozo , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Matsuura Kenji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, the interest in utilizing insect meal as an alternative protein and energy source in chicken production has emerged in developed and developing countries. The damp wood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti is most unlikely to be a pest among termite species, which enhances its expectation as a potential feed source. Furthermore, termites are generally known for their longevity. This study investigated the effects of termite (H. sjostedti) meal supplementation on BW, feed intake, laying performance, egg quality, and blood plasma profiles for aged Japanese Momiji layer hens as a small-scale preliminary trial. Ten laying aged hens [initial age 99.4 wk old and body weight (BW) 1.98 kg] resided in individual pens were randomly divided into two groups for similar mean BW, egg laying rate, and egg weight and offered either a high-performance commercial formula [COM; 18.0% crude protein (CP) and &gt; 2,850 kcal/kg metabolic energy] or [TM; 2.5% inclusion of freeze-dried ground termite meal (19.1% CP)]. After 12 d of an adaptation period with the treatment diets, eggs were collected daily for 8 d. Each sampled egg was measured for a whole egg, albumen, and yolk weight, albumen and yolk height, yolk diameter, and yolk color referring to the DSM Yolk Color Fan, and eggshell thickness and strength. The egg-laying rate and Haugh unit were calculated. At the end of the study, BW and feed intake were measured individually, and blood samples were collected from the brachial wing vein. All the egg quality values were averaged by hen so that data with one value per hen were analyzed by GLM of SAS. Final BW (P = 0.069) and egg yolk height (P = 0.082) tended to be greater for TM hens than COM hens, whereas feed intake, egg weight, feed efficiency, egg laying rate, and also egg quality traits were similar between the treatments. The whole egg and albumen weights of hens were greater than regular eggs because of their old age. All the hens had increased blood Ca, triglyceride, and phospholipid concentrations, probably because of the base diet formulation and their old age. On the other hand, blood urea nitrogen for TM hens tended to be less (P = 0.055) than COM hens, despite the greater CP concentration in the TM diet. Blood total protein was numerically greater for TM than COM, which implies greater protein metabolism in the diet for TM hens and may support and explain their greater final BW. In conclusion, termite meal supplementation in the high-performance commercial chicken diet enhanced the protein concentration and potential metabolization that suggested preferable tendencies in aged laying hens, which requires further investigation.
PSXI-1 A Case Study of the Environmental Footprint of Dairy-Beef Production in Catalonia: a Tool to Improve Sustainability
Authors: Devant Maria , Ruiz-Colmenero Marta , Terre Marta , De Planell Guillem , Ballega Adriadna , Andón Miquel , Anton Assumpció , Rosenbaum Ralph , Núñez Montserrat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aims to assess the environmental impact of the dairy beef meat value chain in Catalonia, north-eastern Spain, from cradle to distribution, using the methodology recommended by the European Commission’s in its Product Environmental Footprint (PEF; EC, 2021) initiative. Case studies and the construction of regionalized databases are needed, together with addressing the challenges when utilizing the PEF methodology in real-world applications, to address primary sector large variability. For that, the PEF methodology was applied in 2 beef farms which grow calves from 120 kg to 410 kg fed with 2 different feed compounds each (growing and finishing). Data gathering was performed at the distribution gate including the following stages: raw milk production at farm, transport to dairy centrals, milk processing and packaging, and transport to market and supermarket centrals. The contribution analysis showed that the farm was the life cycle stage with the major contribution to the environmental impact (65% or more in all 16 PEF indicators). Results at farm gate showed the overall importance of the feed production impact (between 30% and 90% of the impact at farm gate in all indicators). Looking specifically at climate change (CC), emissions produced at the farm from manure management and enteric fermentation (IPCC & EMEP/EEA, 2019) were a major contributor to the impact: 19 and 36% contribution to CC respectively. Results of this study showed an average final carbon footprint of 6.62 kg CO2 eq per kg body weight at farm gate, what corresponds to 12.00 kg CO2 eq per kg carcass at farm gate (55% carcass dressing). This value increases slightly to 12.7 kg CO2 eq per kg carcass meat at distribution gate. These results are considerably below the benchmark value found in literature of 32.5 kg CO2 eq per kg carcass meat sold to retailers (TS Red meat FCR, 2019). This benchmark is calculated considering an average mix of production systems and technologies using both dairy and beef enterprises (TS Red meat FCR, 2019). Currently, different feed alternatives are being studied with the aim to improve beef production sustainability, without compromising animal performance and wellbeing. These might include assessing alternative ingredients that are nutritionally equivalent to the major impact contributors, additives that reduce emissions, research for optimizing crop production rates, and assessing different geographical origin of ingredients where improved agronomic practices are used or where crop production is located in ecosystems with lower susceptibility to environmental impact.
PSI-30 A Novel Direct-Fed Microbial Influences Growth Performance, Health Parameters, and Carcass Characteristics in Feedlot Finishing Steers
Authors: Preedy Garrett W , Guimaraes Octavio , Schutz Jennifer S , Fox Trent , Theurer Miles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-hormone-treated beef steers (n = 1,625; 370.6 ± 8.4 kg) were used to determine the impact of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, health parameters, and cost of gain in finishing beef cattle. Steers were sorted into 3 optimal marketing groups for each day of enrollment and randomly assigned, within block to 1 of 2 treatments (12 replicates per treatment). Treatments included: 1) Control (no DFM), 2) BDP (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus containing (50 mg· animal-1· /day-1; Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis). Steers averaged 133 days on feed (DOF) at time of harvest. Both pens within a block were harvested on the same day. Steers were weighed in drafts on a certified scale by pen at closeout. Hot carcass weights and liver scores were collected at the time of slaughter. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design and pen was considered the experimental unit. Dry matter intake and final body weight were not different across treatments. Total outs (dead animals and removed) throughout the experiment were less (P &lt; 0.01) for BDP steers. Performance tended to be greater as ADG (P &lt; 0.06) and FE (P &lt; 0.01) were better for steers receiving BDP treatment. Hot carcass weight and quality grade were not different across treatments; however, total liver abscesses were found to be less (P &lt; 0.01) in steers receiving BDP compared with controls. These data suggest that BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus supplementation improves growth performance during the finishing phase, reduces overall mortality, and increases return on investment of feedlot cattle.
PSII-22 Effect of Protein Supplementation Level and Degradability on N Balance By Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: I.Bos Taurus Taurus
Authors: Cox Jodi R , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globally, cattle convert low-quality forage to beef and milk; therefore, understanding protein utilization in Bos taurus taurus is critical to enhancing sustainability as over and under-supplementation of protein are economically and environmentally costly. Low-quality forage lacks the N necessary for proper utilization and metabolic function. Supplemental protein improves low-quality forage utilization and is expected to increase N absorption and retention. Accordingly, our objective was to determine the effect of ruminal degradability and level of protein supplementation on N balance in Bos taurus taurus steers. To achieve this objective, six ruminally cannulated Angus steers (BW 294 ± 37.7 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square to evaluate the interaction between level and degradability of protein supplementation when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 71.0% NDF). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial steers receiving protein supplements (43% CP) with two ruminal degradable protein levels; 35% RDP (35%; 58% corn gluten meal and 42% soybean hulls) and 70% RDP (70%; 100% soybean meal). Supplements were fed at two levels, providing 1.26 or 2.53 g of supplement/kg BW (LOW and HIGH, respectively). A control (CON) provided no supplement. Five, 14-d periods, consisted of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake, digestion, and N balance, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. No significant (P ≥ 0.14) degradability × level interactions were detected for any measures of N balance. Although forage organic matter intake increased (P &lt; 0.01) in response to supplementation, forage N intake was not improved. Supplemental N intake increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) with increased supplementation, as designed, resulting in a significant linear (P &lt; 0.01) increase in total N intake. In addition, 70% RDP supplement resulted in greater supplemental N intake than the 35% RDP supplement. Fecal N excretion increased linearly with supplementation. Supplementation at the HIGH level increased (P &lt; 0.01) fecal N excretion 90% compared with CON. There was no significant (P = 0.94) effect of ruminal degradability. Urinary N excretion was greater (P &lt; 0.01) when the 70% RDP supplement was fed than the 35% RDP. Nitrogen absorption linearly increased with supplementation (P &lt; 0.01). Similarly, nitrogen retention linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) with level of supplementation but was not significantly affected by degradability (P = 0.87). In conclusion, providing supplemental N to Bos taurus taurus increased N intake, excretion, absorption, and retention. Level of ruminal degradability did not affect N retention or absorption suggesting that protein supplementation regardless of ruminal N degradability improves N balance in Bos taurus taurus consuming low-quality forage.
PSXI-27 Live Yeasts Enhance Ruminal Fermentation of Fibrous Feedstuffs
Authors: Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Gonzalez-Mora Bexy , Anderson Robin C , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Angulo-Montoya Claudio , Romero-Vilorio Lianne , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar , Copado-Garcia Ramon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the beginning of the present century, research results have shown that ruminant researchers have explored the idea of manipulate ruminal fermentation, trying to improve a much better metabolism of nutrients in the rumen, all of this with the aim to increase the productivity of ruminants. The main goal of this experiment was to evaluate the potential use of a savage yeast strain (Pichia guilliermondii) on the ruminal fermentation of maize stover. To accomplish the objective two in vitro treatments were examined: a) filtered rumen liquid + powdered maize stover + yeast-free culture medium, and b) filtered rumen liquid + powdered maize stover + culture medium inoculated with yeast. Samples were collected at different time, 0, 6, 12, and 24 h and examined for effects on culture pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), the fiber digestibility percentages of neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) and acid detergent fiber (ADFD), as well the digestibility of dry matter (DMD), and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The results showed that the addition of Levica 27 had no effect on the ruminal pH, NH3-N or the digestibility indicators (P &gt; 0.05). However, at 12 h, the inclusion of Levica 27 increased (P &lt; 0.05) the molar total of VFAs, and acetic and propionic acids in ruminal fluid and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the C2:C3 ratio. Our conclusion was that Pichia guilliermondii had a stimulating effect on the in vitro ruminal fermentation over a range within 6 and 12 h, a result that should be taken into account when in vivo studies are replicated with this yeast strain.
PSXIII-14 Supplementation of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Feed Intake and Carcass Traits of Growing and Finishing Beef Steers
Authors: Yang Wenzhu , de Lima Paulo Mello Tavares Lima , Ramirez Shelby M , Schwandt Erin F , McAllister Tim A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) have been shown to provide anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and antioxidant properties across many species including livestock and can positively influence animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding a PFA to growing and finishing beef steers on growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass traits, and liver abscesses. Forty-five crossbred steers (initial BW; 272 ± 20.5 kg) were housed in individual pens and used in a randomized complete block design including a 110-d growing period followed by a 120-d finishing period. The steers were blocked by BW and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: control (CON) basal diet without PFA or monensin; basal diet with a phytogenic feed additive (PFA; 500 mg· animal-1· /day-1) or basal diet with monensin (MON; 300 mg/head/d). The growing diet consisted of 60% silage and 40% concentrate, while the finishing diet consisted of 10% silage and 90% of concentrate (DM basis). In the growing period, dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ; whereas, final BW (415 vs. 403 kg; P = 0.10) and average daily gain (1.31 vs. 1.20 kg/d; P = 0.12) was numerically greater with PFA than CON, respectively, with no difference from MON. Feed efficiency (gain:feed) in the growing period was greater (P = 0.04) with MON (173 g/kg) than PFA (161 g/kg) and CON (156 g/kg). In the finishing period, growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass traits did not differ among treatments; whereas, DMI was numerically less (P = 0.11) with PFA (10.2 kg/d) than CON (10.8 kg/d), but there was no difference between PFA and MON (9.8 kg/d). The percentage of abscessed livers did not differ between PFA and CON, but the proportion of abscessed livers tended (P = 0.09) to be greater with MON compared with PFA and CON, without difference in severely abscessed livers among treatments. These results indicate that feed efficiency of growing steers was not improved by PFA to the level with MON. However, supplementation of PFA or MON resulted in similar finishing performance and feed efficiency.