bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shifts and Realignments 1880–1886
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What the Liberal administrations of April 1880–June 1885 and February—July 1886 actually did was the reverse of what the Midlothian campaigns had suggested. The handling of foreign and colonial matters proved a sorry disappointment. Gladstone entirely failed to breathe continuing life into the notion of a concert of Europe (designed to prevent international imbalances through co-operation between the powers), and, far from keeping imperialism in check, his governments rendered the world map redder still. By contrast, much was achieved in two areas little touched upon by Liberals during the election of 1880—Ireland and domestic affairs generally—though the failure of Home Rule in 1886 and misleading comparisons with the administration of 1868–74 have tended to disguise the fact. There was, in other words, a particularly severe disjunction between intention and performance in the years between 1880 and 1886.
Post-War Turmoil, 1945-1954: The Japanese Economy in Disorder
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned in large part with the Japanese economy after the mid-1950s, when the rapid economic growth started. The perfor¬mance of the Japanese economy since then has on the whole been so good that one is apt to forget the period of turbulence that immediately followed the war. This chapter describes the difficulties the Japanese economy faced in the first decade after the war (1945-54), and explains how it overcame those difficulties.
Keynesian Economics Survives Supply Shocks: Demand/Supply Constraints and Inventory
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I argued that business cycles in post-war Japan were caused basically by fluctuations in effective demand. I also explained that the permanent deceleration in economic growth in the early 1970s was caused by changes in the internal structure of the Japanese economy, rather than by the oil embargo of 1973. It would be unreasonable to suppose, however, that a sharp increase in the real price of inputs would have no impact on the macro economy.
Monetary Policy and the Real Economy
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the role that money plays in the economy. There is considerable disagreement among economists over the role of money in economic fluctuations. On the one hand, monetarists (M. Friedman 1968; Lucas 1972) consider unanticipated changes in the money supply exogenously caused by central banks to be the major shock driving economic fluctuations. As explained in Chapter 1, ‘new’ Keynesians also often identify demand shocks with exogen¬ous money supply shocks in their theoretical and empirical works; in their view, money supply shocks translate into real shocks because prices are inflexible. This idea motivates attempts to explain nominal price/wage rigidities.
In Search of the Secret of Centenarians A Demographic and Medical Survey about Centenarians in France
Authors: Allard Michel , Vallin Jacques , Andrieux, Jean-Michel , Robine Jean-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Industrialized countries are currently experiencing a sudden and unexpected profusion of centenarians among their population. In France, the increase in the number of centenarians is considerable: in 1954 there were approximately 200 centenarians, this number rose to 1,000 in 1970 and to over 3,000 in 1990 (Labat and Dekneudt, 1989). This represents the highest growth rate of all population age groups. This tendency is likely to continue and the number of centenarians is expected to double by the year 2,000. Even the numbers of 95-year olds have increased from 5,000 in 1954 to 53,000 in 1993 (52,619 as of 1 January 1993 according to INSEE), while the nonagenarian age group has increased from 46,000 to 299,000. Jeanne Calment who had reached the age of 119 years on 21 February 1994, was, at the time of writing, the oldest woman alive, not only in France but in the world, at least in populations where civil registration is sufficiently accurate to verify the age of very old people (Kannisto and Thatcher, 1993). However, accurate estimation of the number of centenarians is a very delicate area of demography and it should be noted that there is considerable discrepancy between the different evaluations which have been carried out (Labat and Dekneudt, 1989).
Social Support, Life Satisfaction and Survival at Older Ages
Authors: Grundy Emily , Bowling, Ann , Farquhar Morag 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many developed countries the increase in the relative size of the elderly, and more particularly the very old, population has been perceived as an issue presenting major challenges to governments, service providers, and society as a whole (Pifer and Bronte, 1986; Stolnitz, 1992). Ageing in the individual is associated with declines in the homeostatic mechanisms that bring about adaptive responses to environmental challenges, and all indicators of health status, including service use, show strong associations with age (Evans, 1988; Grundy, 1991). In England and Wales in 1989/90, for example, per capita public expenditure on health and social services for those aged 85 and over was 15 times as great as expenditure on those aged 15-64, and four-and-a-half times as great as expenditure on 65-74-year-olds (Robins and Wittenberg, 1992).
The Forest and the Animals
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Uduk often speak and behave as though they were surrounded by thick woodland, tempting them with rich rewards for the skilful hunter or gatherer. It is not so very long since this image had some basis in truth. The hilly country to the south of the Y abus, whence they have come according to their own account (and now inhabited by Komo and Shyita) is still relatively well forested and the larger game can stiH be found. A graphic picture of these hills as a ‘hunter’s paradise’ is sketched in a government report for I9JI, a picture recalling (apart from the threat of Abyssinian poachers) the primeval scenes of Uduk myth in which they perceive the first emergence of humanity. The description refers particularly to Jebel Dute and the Khor Matuk (see Fig. I).
Persons
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The human being, as the locus of knowledge of self and others, is the experiential centre to which we must return again and again in exploring the regions of ‘symbolism’, ‘belief’, ‘religion’, and ‘cosmology’ among the Uduk: domains which the ethnographic tradition has too often separated from embodied experience. In this chapter an inevitably lengthy account is given of the experiential foundations of personal knowledge among the Uduk, an account which acts as ballast to the discussion of innovative theistic cos mologies in Part II. The Uduk themselves return to the touchstone of personal knowledge in their encounter with religious discourse a_nd in doing so they draw again upon the archival base of their culture.
Kindling the Ebony: Divination, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Uduk have many uses for the wood they call cir, and which is commonly known in the Sudan as babanus, translated normally as ebony, though strictly an ebony substitute. 1 It grows straight and slender when young, and hard and gnarled when old. The young wood is white, but the older branches and trunks develop a black core. The straight young growths may be used for fire dril1s, and the iron-hard black wood for arrow tips. A popular style of throwing-stick is cunningly fashioned with a pointed dark head of the core wood, and a curving handle of black and white, from the natural shape and colour of the ebony branch. The wood burns bright and sharp, and is a first-class fuel, increasingly marketable in Chali. The older trees may still be found in thickets well away from settlements, and near the hills. Trees near the hamlets have usually been culled, but younger whippy growths are often spotted around old stumps. It is this new growth which is used for oracular consultation.
The Rights and Interests of Land-Locked and Geographically Disadvantaged States with Respect to the Sea-Bed Beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Vasciannie S C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of the relevant literature on the law of the sea highlights the role played by the factor of development in determining the spirit, and the letter, of Part XI of the 1982 Convention. This emphasis is fully understandable because, at the UNCLOS III and in related fora, the States participating in the deep sea-bed debate formed alliances according to their level of development and negotiated primarily on that basis. Since a large part of this chapter is concerned with broad issues in this debate, the general pattern in the literature will be repeated here.
T. H. Green, J. S. Mill, and Isaiah Berlin on the Nature of Liberty and Liberalism
Authors: Bellamy Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his seminal lecture ’Two Concepts of Liberty’, Isaiah Berlin examines the work of Mill and Green as exponents of the concepts of negative and positive liberty respectively. Berlin regards the two accounts of liberty as incompatible and opposed to each other. He charges Green with adopting the two cardinal errors of positive liberty: (1) the use of a notion of self-realization which confuses ’freedom from’ with ’ability to do’; and (2) the identification of liberty with equality.
Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories 1967-1988
Authors: Roberts Adam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To what extent are international legal rules formally applicable, and practically relevant, to a prolonged military occupation? The question has assumed prominence because of the exceptional duration of the occupation by Israel of various territories that came under its control in the war of 5-10 June 1967. The situation there has had two classic features of a military occupation: first, a formal system of external control by a force whose presence is not sanctioned by international agreement; and second, a conflict of nationality and interest between the inhabitants, on the one hand, and those exercising power over them, on the other. In highlighting these features, the Palestinian uprising, or intifada, which began in Gaza and the West Bank in December 1987, has added urgency to the question of the law applicable to prolonged occupations.
Avenues open for Defence of Human Rights in the Israeli-Occupied Territories[CT005D
Authors: Kuttab Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Palestinians in the Occupied Territories face a wide variety of human rights violations. Some pertain to their collective rights, such as the right of self-determination, others pertain to individual rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement, as well as the property rights and their rights to life and security of the person. The perpetrators of these violations range from the Israeli military government and its different constituent parts, to Jewish settlers in the Occupied Territories and even Palestinian collaborators with the authorities (such as the Village Leagues) who have also been guilty of a wide variety of abuses and human rights violations.
Discretion: Meaning, Rationale, and Regulation
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Discretion is an imprecise word which takes its meaning from the context in which it is found. The term has been used in legal materials in so many ways that in 1923 one despairing commentator advocated dropping it from the vocabulary of the law. Since, however, the term is in widespread use, and appears in legal literature going back at least as far as Callis’s book Upon the Statute of Sewers2, which appeared in 1622, this is scarcely possible. The best that can be done is to distinguish the various ideas that have become attached to this slippery concept. A number of different, albeit overlapping, usages of discretion can be made out. All are concerned in some way with choice.
Trial Discretions: The Judge and the Accused
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If a prosecutor ignores the spirit of the double jeopardy rule by seeking to prosecute the same person twice for the same misconduct the trial judge has an inherent power to stay the second trial irrespective of whether the special pleas of autrefois acquit and autrefois convia are open to the accused.
Trial Discretions: The Judge and the Public
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘As a general rule’, Lord Diplock observed in Attorney-General v. Leveller Magazine Ltd, ‘the English system of administering justice does require that it be done in public.’ This principle, now reinforced by the European Convention on Human Rights, has two aspects: the public must be admitted to trials and the reporting of proceedings must not be hindered. Only if these requirements are generally upheld will society be in a position to judge the working of the criminal justice system.
Appellate Court Discretions
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about discretions exercised by the courts of England and Wales below the level of the House of Lords when hearing an appeal against the verdict reached in a criminal trial or when confronted with an application for judicial review of proceedings in, or a decision of, an inferior court in the exercise of its criminal jurisdiction. The error which the lower court allegedly perpetrated need not have involved the exercise of a discretion. For the purposes of this chapter it is best to assume that the decision impugned is discretion-free. Sentencing matters are outside the scope of this book, and so too is the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)’s jurisdiction to hear appeals against sentence.
European Community Law
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the second of three self-contained volumes, making up the Oxford Encyclopaedia of EC Law, a major reference work on the law of the European Community/Union. The first of its kind in any language, it provides an authoritative guide to the interpretation of Community law. This volume focuses in particular upon those areas of Community law which are relevant to the creation and functioning of the internal market, such as the four freedoms, i.e. the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital, including the right of establishment; customs law; company law; intellectual property rights; sex equality law; social security law; public procurement; tax law; and related areas. There will be a companion volume that focuses upon competition law and policy, while a new edition of the volume of the Encyclopaedia covering Institutional Law (first published 1991) will be produced once the fate of the European Constitution has been decided. Each entry begins with a short definition of a term or concept, followed by a longer and more detailed explanation. The definitions and explanations are based on the Treaties and the legal acts of the institutions (secondary legislation), as interpreted in the extensive case-law of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance, to which full references are made in the text. The volume thus contains a comprehensive and detailed coverage of its subject, reflecting the authoritative interpretation of Community law by the Community Courts. The entries are arranged alphabetically, with a full list of entries at the beginning of the volume guiding the reader to the relevant term or concept. For ease of use, the book is thoroughly cross-referenced, and each entry is followed by a reading list to facilitate further research in a particular area. There are comprehensive tables of cases, Treaties, international agreements and secondary legislation, plus an Index to the entire volume. Prepared by a team of recognized experts in the field of EC/EU law, the volume will serve both as a reliable tool for practitioners looking for an authoritative and up-to-date explanation of a subject supported by an extensive citation of cases, and as a starting-point for advanced students or academics wishing to carry out further research in this branch of the law.
Historical Background: International Law Moves from Protection of Particular Groups to Norms of a Universal Character
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the history of international law there are examples of protective treaties concluded for the benefit of specific groups; the treaty is the paradigmatic instrument recognizing the right of minorities to fair treatment. The treaties produce a wilderness of single instances rather than any comprehensive scheme. There is, however, a certain similarity in the occasions and circumstances resulting in a treaty, even though the occasions and circumstances did not produce this result in all cases. Occasions for instituting a protective treaty were similar to those relating to the protection of aliens; a bond between protecting Power and protected minority, whether of religion, nationality, or culture.
Postscript to the League System
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is now primarily of historical interest to recall the conclusions of a study by the United Nations Secretariat in 1950 that the engagements entered into by States after World War I on the treatment of minorities had ceased to exist. The authors of the study examined ordinary causes of extinction of the treaties and declarations: the effects of war, the dissolution of the League of Nations, the implicit abrogation of the minorities undertakings upon the coming into force of the United Nations Charter, the implicit abrogation of the treaties by the stipulations concerning human rights and fundamental freedoms in the Peace Treaties of 1947 with ex-enemy States, and population movements in consequence of World War II.
Content of the Customary Law
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was noted in the previous chapter that in two of the decisions before War Crimes Tribunals, the Greifelt Caseand the Greiser Case,2a broader notion of genocide was expounded in contrast to the narrower version present in the Genocide Convention itself. In the former case, the first count of the indictment, in referring to the crimes against humanity which were part of ‘a systematic programme of genocide’,further alleged that:
The United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United Nations Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities is a subordinate body of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. The Sub-Commission consists of twenty-six independent experts selected by the Commission on Human Rights from nominations by member States of the United Nations. Places on the Sub-Commission are reserved on a geographical basis: twelve to Afro Asian States, six to Western Europe and other States, five to Latin American States, and three to Eastern European States. Membership has expanded from an original allocation of twelve.
The Principles of Article 27 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as General International Law?
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the point of view of the right of minorities to an identity, it is clear that there are serious limitations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights-assuming its status in general international law. As noted, it does not contain a ‘minorities’ article as such. It does, however, contain an article on non-discrimination (Article 2) and an article on equality (Article 7). There are also articles guaranteeing freedom of thought, conscience, and religion (Article 18); freedom of opinion and expression (Article 19); the right to an education, which ‘shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups ... ‘; and ‘the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community .. .’. All of these rights stand in some relationship to Article 27 and may be regarded as supporting the freedom of minorities, though they lack the specific group reference.
The UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice was adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in 1978 at its twentieth session. It represents part of UNESCO’s effort to play, in the words of the Preamble, ‘a vigorous and constructive part in the implementation of the programme of the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination’ as defined by the General Assembly of the UN at its twenty-eighth session. It is not simply about discrimination, but is a more comprehensive instrument covering various aspects of race and racism which summarizes UNESCO’s approach.
The Law of Armed Conflict in Wars of National Liberation
Authors: Wilson Heather A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The application of the humanitarian law of armed conflict to wars of national liberation has met less resistance than the attempt to legitimize the resort to force by national liberation movements. Whereas the extension of the authority to use force runs directly counter to the general trend of the twentieth century towards a jus contra bellum, the idea that the combatants in these wars should have the benefit of certain humanitarian protections is entirely consistent both with the expanding international law of human rights and with increasing concern about the prevalence and brutality of wars of national liberation.
Grendon
Authors: Genders Elaine , Player Elaine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Grendon Prison opened in 1962, originally intended to investigate and treat prisoners whose crimes had recognisable psychiatric causes. Thirty years later, its radical ideas of the rehabilitation of prisoners through psychological or psychotherapeutic treatment have been embraced by the Woolf Report, which clearly committed the Prison Service to a rehabilitation ambition. Based upon interviews with prisoners and prison staff, this new study of a 'model' prison will be of interest to criminologists, penologists and prison staff everywhere.
Therapeutic Achievements
Authors: Genders Elaine , Player Elaine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1978, John Gunn and his colleagues published Psychiatric Aspects of Imprisonment, in which they evaluated the psychotherapeutic effect of Grendon upon a sample of 107 men received into the prison between 1971 and 1972. They concluded that while these men were in Grendon ‘massive changes’ took place in their social attitudes and psychiatric state.
Legal System Between Order and Disorder
Authors: Ost Michel Van De Kerchove François , Stewart Iain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book considers two interrelated core questions. The first is: how have legal philosophers systematized law, and what types of assumptions have they made in undertaking this task? Second, in what sense is law a system, and how is it maintained as such? In answering the first question the book surveys and analyses the theories of a number of European legal philosophers and in answering the second puts forward its own distinct theory.
Relations Among the Elements of a Legal System
Authors: Ost Michel Van De Kerchove François , Stewart Iain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has already been noted that study of the relations among elements of a legal system may be envisaged a priori in two different perspectives: either these relations are seen as inherent in the object studied, ‘law’, so that one could speak of a system per concreto1 or an ‘objective’ system, or they are seen as inherent in theory developed in relation to that object, so that one could speak in that case of a system per abstracto or a ‘scientific’ system.