bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF THE INORGANIC METABOLISM IN PNEUMONIA WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
Authors: Peabody Francis W. 
Published: June 2004

During pneumonia the metabolism of inorganic substances deviates markedly from the normal. While chlorine, sodium, and calcium are retained in the body, potassium and magnesium are excreted normally or in excess. Two cases showed a definite loss of magnesium to the body in the febrile period.
During the period of retention the chlorine content of the blood is distinctly lower than normally, the calcium content is apparently slightly lower, and the magnesium content tends also to be a little lower.
The skin is shown, to play no special part in the chlorine retention. Since no organ or organs have been shown to store up large amounts of the retained substances, it is probable that they are spread diffusely throughout the body.
PNEUMONIC LESIONS MADE BY INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF NON-VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Wollstein Martha , Meltzer S. J. 
Published: June 2004

The intrabronchial insufflation of a non-virulent pneumococcus causes, like the insufflation of a virulent pneumococcus, the development of an exudate in the lungs which, in general, leaves the framework unaffected, and the lesion presents the gross appearance of a lobar pneumonia. It differs, however, materially from the pneumonia produced by virulent pneumococci in the important points that the consolidation tends to a more rapid resolution, the disease is non-fatal, the blood is not invaded by the organism, and the exudate is strikingly poor in fibrin.
As to the question which was the starting point for the foregoing investigation, namely, whether the pneumonic lesion produced by the streptococcus is merely a form of pneumonia caused by a less virulent organism, it may be answered for the dog, it seems, in the negative. The leucocytic infiltration of the framework of the lungs which occurs invariably in streptococcus pneumonia, and which is practically absent in the lesions caused by the virulent as well as by the non-virulent pneumococcus, is a strong enough feature to form a dividing line between the two forms of experimental pneumonia previously described.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BONE AND JOINT TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Fraser John 
Published: June 2004

While one can not assert that the conclusions which experiments appear to offer must of necessity correspond to the conditions which arise clinically in man, nevertheless these results, if definite, must tend to show the direction in which the truth lies.
The conclusions which may be drawn from this research are as follows:
1. Direct infection of the medulla of a long bone is unlikely to lead to the development of a tuberculous osteomyelitis.
2. Inoculation of the interior of a joint with tubercle bacilli readily produces tubercle of the synovial membrane.
3. From such an infected joint the epiphysis or metaphysis of the bone becomes diseased.
4. Infection of the arterial heart blood does not result in the local development of tubercle of the bones or joints.
5. Infection of the main artery supplying a limb leads to the development of tuberculous disease of certain of the joints of that limb.
6. Direct infection of the nutrient artery does not result in tuberculous osteomyelitis of the bone.
THE VALUE OF MALLORY'S CONNECTIVE TISSUE STAIN FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF VARIATION IN THYROID COLLOID
Authors: Jones A. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Mallory's connective tissue stain used in connection with fixation of tissue by Zenker's fluid or bichloride of mercury demonstrates the presence or absence of iodin in the thyroid colloid, as is evidenced by parallel chemical determinations, iodin feeding, and test-tube experiments.
2. Greatly increased activity of the heart is accompanied by a loss of thyro-iodin from the colloid of the thyroid.
3. This method, while apparently not adaptable to clinical use, may prove of value in further experimental work on the thyroid.
THE RESULTS OF THE SERUM TREATMENT IN THIRTEEN HUNDRED CASES OF EPIDEMIC MENINGITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon 
Published: June 2004

The data brought together in this report have been gathered from a wide territory and for a period extending over several years. The antimeningitis serum was first employed in 1906 and the latest figures relating to its use included in this report were furnished in 1912. There is no longer doubt that the serum has come to be applied under conditions fairly representing all known manifestations of epidemic meningitis. Hence the test of the serum treatment may be regarded as having been a rigorous one. The initial difficulties surrounding the administration by direct subdural injection have been largely overcome and doubtless will be still further mastered. Already the serum is being successfully applied in private as well as in hospital practice. This gain will probably be reflected in a still further diminution of the mortality since early injection plays such a large part in determining the results achieved.
The 1,300 cases studied in this report are a part only of a far greater number of cases actually treated with the serum supplied by the Rockefeller Institute. It was not found possible to secure histories of all the cases treated; but there is no reason to suppose that the results of the analysis would have been essentially different if reports of a still larger number of cases had been returned. The decision arrived at is not based upon statistical computations alone, but upon objective data as well that are not readily misinterpreted.
The conclusion that follows was first stated in 1909 as the result of an analysis of 400 serum-treated cases. It is supported by the study of the larger series of cases just presented.
"In view of the various considerations presented, the conclusion may be drawn that the antimeningitis serum, when used by the subdural method of injection, in suitable doses and at proper intervals, is capable of reducing the period of illness; of preventing, in large measure, the chronic lesions and types of the infection; of bringing about complete restoration of health, in all but a very small number of the recovered, thus lessening the serious, deforming, and permanent consequences of meningitis; and of greatly diminishing the fatalities due to the disease."
HEMATOGENOUS AND OBSTRUCTIVE ICTERUS
Authors: Whiffle G. H. , Hooper C. W. 
Published: June 2004

Normal and Eck fistula dogs react in a similar manner to the intravenous injection of hemoglobin obtained from laked red cells of the same animal. Hemoglobin appears in the urine after a few minutes and bile pigments in one to one and one half hours. In this simple type of hematogenous jaundice the reaction is in no way influenced by shutting out the portal blood from the liver and cutting down its blood supply to about 25 per cent. of normal.
In a second type of hematogenous jaundice produced by chloroform anesthesia, which produces central liver necrosis, there is no essential difference between the normal and Eck fistula dog. The Eck fistula dog, as a rule, is more resistant to this poison, but, given a definite liver necrosis, the jaundice developing will reach its maximum on the second day as in the normal animal. This jaundice must be explained in part by capillary biliary obstruction, but in part by a hemolysin formed in the injured liver cells (Joannovics and Pick).
Simple obstruction of the common duct when combined with an Eck fistula gives rise to a definite low grade icterus with bile pigment constantly present in the urine. Under these conditions after doubly ligating and cutting the common duct with separation of the cut ends, the lumen of the duct may be established and bile may enter the intestine by means of a fistulous tract between the cut ends of the bile duct.
The formation of bile and bile pigments is much less in an Eck fistula dog than in a normal animal and consequently the icterus is much less intense. This is probably due to a lessened activity of the liver cells because of decreased blood supply.
This observation does not harmonize with the current view that bile pigments are formed solely from hemoglobin, as there is no evidence of more hemolysis in a normal than in an Eck fistula dog. This suggests that the bile pigment may be formed in part, at least, from other substances than hemoglobin, and, further, that bile pigment formation normally may depend in part upon the functional activity of the liver cell rather than upon the amount of hemoglobin supplied to it.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL CRETINISM
Authors: Tatum Arthur L. 
Published: June 2004

In summarizing the findings of this paper it may be said that degenerative changes have been noted in practically every parenchymatous organ. Among these the most striking has been that of serous imbibition by the most active cells of these organs.
In regard to the changes in the glands of internal secretion, the findings corroborate the statements of Cushing in regard to hypophysectomy, that removal of one gland of internal secretion results in changes in all the other glands. In this case, degenerative changes predominate in the hypophysis, thymus, ovary, and testis, while hyperplasia is seen in the islands of Langerhans and the medullas of the adrenal glands.
Finally, in the rabbit athyroidism is responsible for grave degenerative changes in practically all organs and tissues of the body, and many of the symptoms of cretinism have an anatomical basis in organic cellular changes.
CONCERNING AGGLUTININS FOR TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: June 2004

1. There is no demonstrable amount of agglutinin for Treponema pallidum (Noguchi) in normal human and normal rabbit serum in dilutions as low as 1:20.
2. Agglutinins for Treponema pallidum are readily produced in young rabbits by the administration of pure cultures of living spirochetes.
3. There is no appreciable amount of agglutinin for Treponema pallidum culture used in the sera of secondary and tertiary syphilis or in the cerebrospinal fluid of tertiary syphilis in dilutions of 1:20 to 1:640.
STUDIES ON THE CIRCULATION IN MAN
Authors: Stewart G. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the cases of anemia studied (pernicious anemia, chlorosis, and secondary anemia) the blood flow in the hand is smaller than the normal flow.
2. Accepting Plesch's result, that the minute volume of the heart is increased in the anemias, the diminution in the hand flow is interpreted as a sign of a vasoconstriction in peripheral parts, which facilitates the increased flow through the lungs.
3. The deficiency in the hand flow is less in the chlorotic group than in the other cases of anemia. The explanation suggested is that the increased total volume of the blood in chlorosis permits the normal amount of hemoglobin to circulate through the lungs without a marked increase in the peripheral vasoconstriction.
4. The view that the diminution in the cutaneous blood flow in anemia is a necessary compensatory arrangement for increasing the flow through the lungs affords a natural explanation of the beneficial effect in many cutaneous disorders of general measures, especially those aimed at improving the quality of the blood.
5. In a case of bradycardia with a pulse rate permanently below 40 during rest in a sitting position, the hand flow was normal.
THE GROWTH OF TISSUE IN ACID MEDIA
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Connective tissue cells of chick embryos and cells of a chicken sarcoma, proliferating in vitro, soon render acid the plasma about them, but they nevertheless continue to grow well. Evidently the tissue cell will withstand a considerably greater change in the reaction of the fluids about it than has usually been supposed.
Under conditions of in vitro life in plasma, which do not provide for an artificial circulation, the acid produced by growing tissues diffuses only slowly and is subject to little dilution from this source. About tissues which grow very rapidly in vitro, as, for example, tumor tissues, there must be a marked concentration of metabolic products, and this may largely account for the poor results of attempts at the continuous propagation of such tissues in vitro.
THE RELATION OF THE RATE OF ABSORPTION OF ADRENALIN TO ITS GLYCOSURIC AND DIURETIC EFFECTS
Authors: Kleiner Israel S. , Meltzer S. J. 
Published: June 2004

Subcutaneous injections of adrenalin are, in contrast with its behavior in the production of the other effects of that drug, more favorable to the production of glycosuria in rabbits than intramuscular injections; the failures are fewer and the quantities of dextrose in the urine are generally larger. In general, as regards the stimulation of diuresis by adrenalin, a subcutaneous injection exerts generally a greater effect than an intramuscular one.
Subcutaneous injections of a certain dose of adrenalin distributed over several areas are far less effective than the administration of that dose in a single injection; they fail frequently to produce any glycosuria, the quantity of dextrose in the urine, when present, being less, and the quantity of urine being generally diminished.
Apparently the more slowly the injected adrenalin reaches the blood, the greater is its effect in producing glycosuria and generally, also, the greater its diuretic action.
TARTRATE NEPHRITIS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOME OF THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH IT MAY BE PRODUCED
Authors: Underhill Frank P. , Wells H. Gideon , Goldschmidt Samuel 
Published: June 2004

Salts of tartaric acid administered subcutaneously to fasting phlorhizinized animals exert a markedly detrimental influence upon the secretory efficiency of the kidney, which is indicated by a greatly lessened output of certain typical urinary constituents. A histological study of the nephritic kidney demonstrates that the salts act specifically upon the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, and to a less extent upon the tubules of the loops of Henle, the glomerules, and interstitial tissue remaining unharmed. In the disintegrative process taking place, vacuolation first occurs, is rapidly followed by necrosis, and finally the dead cells or their debris may entirely fill the lumina of the tubules and form granular and hyaline casts.
There is no strict relation between the dose of tartrate and the extent of damage inflicted. While large doses invariably induce a well marked response small doses may at times produce effects equally significant.
Tartrates introduced into fasting animals call forth symptoms practically identical with those observed in fasting phlorhinized animals. It is therefore apparent that in the establishment of the pathological condition under discussion phlorhizin is without significant influence.
Neither the liver nor the adrenal exhibits any detrimental effect from the injection of tartrates.
The introduction of tartrates by way of the mouth to fasting rabbits is not nearly so effective in the production of nephritic symptoms as the administration of much smaller doses subcutaneously. In general, under the former circumstances the initial stages only of epithelial disintegration of the convoluted tubules obtain, which, however, are scarcely sufficient to account for the rapidity with which death usually ensues.
Although in well fed animals distinct pathological changes in the kidney are induced by the introduction of tartrates per os, these abnormalities are less in degree, but similar in kind, than those provoked under like conditions in the fasting animal. When tartrates are given subcutaneously to well fed rabbits the effects evoked are somewhat less pronounced than when the salts are injected into fasting animals. From these facts it is evident that the state of nutrition plays a part in the development of tartrate nephritis.
It is indicated that the introduction of a sufficiency of alkali to animals in a state of fasting permits a greater elimination of urinary constituents during tartrate nephritis than obtains under similar circumstances when the alkali is omitted. Histologically there is evidence that the administration of alkali exerts a slight modifying action.
A STUDY OF THE SPIROCHÆTICIDAL ACTION OF THE SERUM OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH SALVARSAN
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Ellis Arthur W. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The serum of rabbits treated intravenously with neosalvarsan, and of syphilitic patients treated intravenously with salvarsan or neosalvarsan, has a definite spirochæticidal action upon Spirochœta duttoni.
2. Although this spirochæticidal action is exerted in vitro, it can be demonstrated only after the treated spirochætæ are injected into susceptible animals.
3. A curative action of the serum of neosalvarsan-treated rabbits is exercised on mice infected with Spirochœta duttoni.
4. The spirochæticidal action of the serum of salvarsan-treated rabbits and patients is markedly increased by heating at 56° C. for thirty minutes.
5. The increased spirochæticidal action produced by heating is due in part to the destruction of some inhibitory substance contained in normal serum and in part to a direct effect of the heat upon the serum and salvarsan mixture.
6. Cerebrospinal fluid does not contain the inhibitory substance present in normal unheated serum.
STUDIES IN INFARCTION
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Ghoreyeb Albert A. 
Published: June 2004

From series 1 it is concluded that increases in pulmonary pressure improve the circulation in the embolic areas and that decreases in pulmonary pressure limit the circulation in the same areas. In this series the bronchial vessels showed no tendency to take up the circulation in the area of pulmonary embolism until the pulmonary pressure was as low as zero, and then only to a limited degree. It has been shown, however, that in the circulation of an entire lobe the fall to zero pressure in the pulmonary circuit is followed by almost complete taking over of the circulation by the bronchial arterial supply and the most reasonable explanation of why this does not occur when embolism is present in a smaller branch of the pulmonary is the inference that the physiological anastomosis between the two systems takes place in part before the pulmonary artery breaks up into branches small enough to be occluded by seeds of about three millimeters in diameter.
From series 2 it is concluded that although increases in pressure in the bronchial arteries cause somewhat greater inflow of bronchial injection mass into the embolic area, extremely high pressures are not sufficient to provide for complete circulation in the same district. This fact would tend to support further the belief that the anastomosis between the two vascular systems occurs before the smaller divisions of the pulmonary artery are reached.
From series 3 it is concluded that with a zero pressure in the pulmonary artery there is improved injection of the embolic area through the bronchial artery which is to be expected when it is remembered that zero pressure in the pulmonary artery favors a taking over of the circulation by the bronchial system. What pressure is found in the smaller pulmonary vessels is supplied by the bronchials. It has been shown that the anastomosis between the two systems probably occurs before the branches are reached which would provide lodgment for the turnip radish seeds. The pressure supplied by the bronchials would naturally be less beyond this point and hence the injection would be less complete in the embolic area than in the normal lung. This is shown to be the case by the results of the experiment.
From series 4 it is concluded that the absence of pressure in the bronchial circulation favors a better injection of the embolic area through the pulmonary vessels, which is to be expected when it is recalled that not until zero pressure is reached in the bronchial circuit does the pulmonary artery supply the bronchial vessels with blood.
Throughout the study it was found that whenever the two vascular systems were injected simultaneously the pleural vessels over the embolic area, as well as those over the normal lung, received their supply from the pulmonary vessels. When only one system was used for injection the pleural vessels over the embolic area showed about the same degree of injection as those of the embolic area itself.
THE PURINES AND PURINE METABOLISM OF SOME TUMORS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: Long Esmond R. 
Published: June 2004

The purines of tumors are generally the same as those of the normal tissue, chiefly guanine and adenine, little more than traces of xanthine, and relatively small amounts of hypoxanthine being found. No uric acid was found in the tumors of this series.
In one tumor, an embryonal adenosarcoma in a pig's kidney, a large amount of hypoxanthine, and no adenine was found, while the yield of xanthine was also unusually high. This result cannot be explained at present on experimental grounds, but evidently a nucleic acid complex containing no adenine was encountered. Possibly hypoxanthine was present in inosinic acid.
The purine enzymes are generally the same in tumors as in the normal tissue from which the tumors are derived. This fact sometimes makes it possible to learn by chemical study from what tissue a given kind of tumor is derived, when the microscopic evidence is inconclusive.
Although the liver of the sheep contains the enzyme xanthine oxidase, it may be absent from primary tumors in the sheep liver, as it has also been shown to be from secondary tumors in the human liver. As xanthine oxidase is one of the last of the purine enzymes to develop in the embryonal organism, its absence in a malignant tumor containing otherwise the same purine enzymes as the tissue from which it is derived, is evidence of the embryonal character of the tumor tissue.
ON THE HEMOLYTIC PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE CAUSATION OF TOXIC HEMOLYSIS AND PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Authors: McPhedran William Fletcher 
Published: June 2004

1. The smallest amount of the sodium soaps necessary for the complete hemolysis of 0.5 of a cubic centimeter of a 5 per cent. suspension of the red blood corpuscles of the sheep, ox, rabbit, dog, or of man, is about the same,—0.03 of a milligram in the case of the following acids: oleic, linoleic, dibromostearic, chloriodostearic, and two isomeric monobromostearic acids; in the case of erucic acid about twice as much of the soap was found to be necessary; in that of palmitic or of dihydroxystearic acid more than ten times as much.
2. The minimum hemolytic quantity of the sodium soaps of the highly unsaturated acids obtained from cod liver oil and from linseed oil is only very slightly less than that of sodium oleate.
3. It follows, therefore, from these results that hemolysis by unsaturated fatty acids is not more active in proportion to the degree to which these acids are unsaturated, nor is it diminished when the unsaturated carbon atoms are saturated by halogens. It is, on the other hand, greatly diminished when they are converted into the corresponding hydroxyl acids, which are hemolytic only to the same degree as the saturated acids.
4. The idea that toxic hemolysis, in disease, in poisoning by phosphorus or toluylene diamine, results from the liberation of specially hemolytic fatty acids from the fatty complexes of disintegrating cells is not well supported by evidence; none of the fatty acids, still less any of the fatty complexes from which these acids can be obtained in any of the organs examined, either in this work or in the work of others that has preceded it, show on analysis any evidence for the existence of fatty acids more toxic than the common oleic acid which is constantly being set free by hydrolysis from common fat in health.