bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of parents’ oral health behaviour on oral health status of their school children: an exploratory study employing a causal modelling technique
Authors: Okada M. , Kawamura M. , Kaihara Y. , Matsuzaki Y. , Kuwahara S. , Ishidori H. , Miura K. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.Objectives.The aim of this study was to examine the simultaneous interrelationships between parents’ oral health behaviour and the oral health status of their school children.Sample and methods. Subjects comprized 296 pairs of parents (mother or father) and their children at an elementary school in Hiroshima. The child’s dental examination was performed using the World Health Organization (WHO) caries diagnostic criteria for decayed teeth (DT) and filled teeth (FT). The Oral Rating Index for Children (ORI‐C) was used for the child’s gingival health examination. Hiroshima University Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU‐DBI) was used for the assessment of the parents’ oral health behaviour. A parent–child behavioural model was tested by the linear structural relations (LISREL) programme.Results. There was a significant correlation between DT and ORI‐C (r = – 0·168; P < 0·01). Correlation was found between ORI‐C and oral health behaviour in children (OHB‐C) (r = 0·182; P < 0·01). OHB‐C was significantly associated with the HU‐DBI (r = 0·251; P < 0·001). The hypothesized model after some revisions was found to be consistent with the data (χ2 = 1·3, d.f. = 6, P = 0·97; Goodness of Fit Index = 0·999). Parents’ oral health behaviour affected their children’s oral health behaviour (P < 0·001). Children’s oral health behaviour affected their DT through its effect on gingival health level. Parents’ oral health behaviour also had a significant direct effect on their children’s DT (P < 0·05). Children’s grade affected both DT and their oral health behaviour.Conclusions. Parents’ oral health behaviour could influence their children’s gingival health and dental caries directly and/or indirectly through its effect on children’s oral health behaviour.
Determinants of self‐rated oral health status among school children in northern Tanzania
Authors: Åstrøm A. N. , Mashoto K. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objective. This study aimed to assess the perceived oral health status and to explore its relationship with clinically assessed dental fluorosis among school children in Arusha town, Tanzania. Methods. A total of 478 students (mean age 15·7 years) completed questionnaires administered in the schools during May to July 2000. Clinical photos of the upper and lower incisors were taken under field conditions. A total of 461 slides were rated under laboratory conditions. The severity of dental fluorosis in the permanent maxillary central incisors was assessed using the Thylstrup & Fejerskov Index (TFI). Results. The prevalence of dental fluorosis at TFI score ≥ 2 was 74%. A total of 67% of boys and 70% of girls rated their teeth as yellow to brown, 58% of boys and 68% of girls (P < 0·05) confirmed dissatisfaction with their dental appearance. Kappa values of 0·40–0·44 were obtained between dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 2) and self‐reported discoloration. The proportion of school children reporting dissatisfaction with oral condition and dental appearance increased with increasing TFI scores. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis explained 21% and 32% of the variance in the dissatisfaction with oral condition and dental appearance scores; TFI scores 11% and 15% of variation in points, and social and psychological variables 11% and 17%. Conclusion. Whereas dental fluorosis at different diagnostic cut‐off points impacts self‐rated oral health negatively, social and personal factors are as important in shaping the responses of school children to oral condition and dental appearance.
Caries reductions between 1995, 1997 and 1999 in preschool children in Diadema, Brazil
Authors: Bönecker M. , Marcenes W. , Sheiham A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Aims. This study aimed to assess changes in caries prevalence and severity in preschool children in Diadema, Brazil.Methods. Three cross‐sectional surveys were conducted, using the same protocol, in 1995, 1997 and 1999. The first survey included children aged 5–35 months, and the second and third, children aged 5–59 months. Participants were selected from all children attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination; 548, 992 and 690 in 1995, 1997 and 1999, respectively. This approach was sound as uptake rates for all years studied were above 90% for children aged between 1 and 59 months in all three surveys. Caries experience was measured using the World Health Organization (WHO) def index. Time‐lag and quasi‐longitudinal analysis were carried out.Results. Time‐lag analysis showed a marked and statistically significant decline in the prevalence and severity of coronal and rampant caries between 1995 and 1999. There were reductions of 36·5% in the prevalence of caries in 2‐year‐olds between 1995 and 1997 (P < 0·002) and 36·0% between 1997 and 1999 (P = 0·041). The mean def‐s at the same age decreased from 2·0 in 1995 to 1·1 in 1997 (P < 0·001) and to 1·0 in 1999 (P > 0·05). The quasi‐longitudinal analysis showed a statistically significantly increase in the percentage of children with caries between 1995 and 1997 and 1997 and 1999 (P < 0·001), but not for 2‐year‐old children between 1995 and 1997 (P > 0·05). The same pattern was observed for severity of dental caries.Conclusion. Oral health in preschool children in Diadema improved markedly during 1995–99.
Feeding and oral hygiene habits of preschool children in Hong Kong and their caregivers’ dental knowledge and attitudes
Authors: Chan S. C. L. , Tsai J. S. J. , King N. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objectives. This study was designed to gather data on infant feeding habits and oral hygiene practices of Hong Kong preschool children, on the dental knowledge and attitudes of their caregivers and on the oral health status of the same group of children.Design. Cross‐sectional study.Sample and methods. Data was gathered for a total of 369 boys and 297 girls (207 1‐year‐olds, 269 2‐year‐olds and 190 3‐year‐olds) with a mean age of 20·19 (± 0·38) months. Information related to children attending six randomly selected Maternity and Child Health Centres. It was obtained by examining the children and by interviewing the attending caregivers and completing a questionnaire. Each child was given an oral examination using a torch, disposable mirror and wooden tongue spatula.Results. Only 7% of the children were exclusively breast‐fed. More than 98% (656/666) of infants used a nursing bottle for at least some drinks. Over 62% (411/656) had used a nursing bottle to take fluids other than water and infant formula. At bedtime, 56% (361/656) were given a nursing bottle prior to sleep and 96% (340/361) of these bottles contained formula milk. Of these children, only 37% (131/361) finished the contents of the bottle before falling asleep. Over 73% (139/190) of the children continued to use a feeding bottle after 2 years of age. Non‐nutritive sucking habits were practised by 35·6% (237/666) of the children. Visible plaque, on the labial surface of at least two maxillary incisors, was found in 19·5% (120/615) of the children. Oral cleansing habits were practised for 66·2% (441/666) of the children. Toothbrushing habits were reported for 42·3% (260/615) of the dentate children, of whom 19% (49/260) had their teeth brushed twice daily. Toothpaste was used by 49·23% (128/260) of the children and 57·3% (149/260) brushed their own teeth. Caries was seen in 7·6% of the infants (47/615). Of the caregivers, 67·7% said they did not think carious primary teeth needed to be restored. Among the mothers, 12·6% (43/342) did not know the oral condition of their child. Reportedly, 82% (417/510) and 87·5% (446/510) of the mothers had not received any oral health care information during the ante‐ or postnatal periods. Nearly all, 97%, of the respondents said that they would like to receive more information on oral health care.
The power of children over adults when obtaining sweet snacks
Authors: Roberts B. P. , Blinkhorn A. S. , Duxbury J. T. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Background. There is evidence to suggest that the family is becoming a more democratic unit and that children are spending more on sweet snack items than ever before. A study was thus undertaken to investigate the influence of children on parental decision‐making in relation to the use of sugary snacks.Methods. A cross sectional interview study; children aged 7–8 years from 20 inner‐city Manchester primary schools were asked about their sweet eating, their pocket money and their perceived levels of influence or autonomy within the household. The parents of these children were also asked to fill in a questionnaire that mirrored the children's questions.Results. There was a moderate but significant correlation between the opinion of the parents and that of the children on the extent of influence (Pearson coefficient r = 0·25, P = 0·001). When the adults (n = 181) were split into age groups, ≤ 29 years (n = 33), 30–35 years (n = 61) and ≥ 36 years (n = 87), the study showed that the older the adult, the less the child seemed to get his or her own way. Spearman's rho = 0·16, P = 0·03 (children's view) and rho = 0·17, P = 0·02 (adult's view). The dominant factors were related to money in the children's opinion, although the adults’ data suggested that older mothers (≥ 36 years) may be trying to limit their children's access to sweet snacks.Conclusions. Adults’ efforts to limit their children's intake of sweet snacks and drinks are being undermined by earlier and earlier influences in the child's life and by access to money, which allows the child to out‐manoeuvre his or her parents. This is compounded by the provision of additional income, mostly from grandparents.
Constructing career pathways in nursing: some issues for research and policy
Authors: Robinson Sarah , Murrells Trevor , Marsland Louise 
Published: March 2003

Nurses currently construct careers in a climate of continuing occupational and organizational change. A longitudinal project is in progress which is documenting the post‐qualification histories of a cohort of registered general nurses, and studying the extent to which their careers represent occupational choice, a response to organizational constraints, or a combination of both. Three elements comprise the core of the research: questions which provide information on the cohort's career plans, charts which document their career histories and questions which explore the relationship between the two. The basis of the design is the first element, and this paper focuses on the problems encountered in designing the questions and routeing structures which enabled all cohort members to describe their plans for the future.The importance of extensive pilot work is demonstrated in the development of options tailored for each potential career pathway and to allow expressions of uncertainty to emerge at points when appropriate to respondents. Of the 1164 members of the cohort, 1015 returned the questionnaire; a response rate of 87%. Findings are presented on the cohort's plans at qualification. The majority of respondents (86%) saw themselves as remaining in nursing and in clinical practice in the early post‐qualification period. Eighteen per cent said they intended to practise abroad at some point, 30% foresaw a likelihood of working in the private sector, 59% wanted to take one or more English National Board courses and 42% expressed interest in obtaining an undergraduate or postgraduate degree.
Care, cure and interpersonal understanding
Authors: Widdershoven Guy A.M. 
Published: March 2003

Care, cure and interpersonal understanding This article distinguishes two approaches within care theory, relating them to different views on the physician–patient relationship within philosophy of medicine. The first regards care as a skillful comportment by the care‐giver, based upon intuitive insight into the needs of the care‐receiver. The second regards care as a mutual endeavour, based upon openness and dialogue. The first approach resembles the interpretative model of the doctor–patient relationship; the second is parallel to the deliberative model. The two approaches within care theory and the two positions within philosophy of medicine are both expressions of a fundamental distinction between two different views of interpersonal understanding. This distinction is elaborated upon by discussing Gadamer's analysis of interpersonal understanding.
Lost in the crucible of supportive clinical supervision: supervision is not therapy
Authors: Yegdich Tania 
Published: March 2003

Lost in the crucible of supportive clinical supervision: supervision is not therapy Clinical supervision as a mechanism that supports both professional and personal development is a concept that has captured the imagination of nurses. Though nurses generally agree that `supervision is not therapy', a clear distinction cannot be enunciated between these two processes when both aim at personal growth. In combining personal and professional growth, the rationale for clinical supervision is unnecessarily confused, with the unfortunate result that supervision may, unwittingly, become a form of therapy for nurses. This paper examines a model of supportive clinical supervision qua Chambers and Long's example of a facilitative therapeutic supervisory style, that reflects nurses' conceptualization of clinical supervision as enhancing personal and professional growth. However, it could be argued that this stance is in crucial respects incorrect, and needs to be rethought if clinical supervision is to be established as credible in nursing. Subsequently, it is important to remember that the utilization of certain techniques rather than their stated goals, will dictate the form that supervision, or therapy, will take. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the logical unacceptability in combining two processes as one, while developing a conceptual framework that differentiates supervision from therapy.
Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment
Authors: Omdahl Becky L. , O'Donnell Carol 
Published: March 2003

Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment Based on data gathered from registered nurses at two hospitals, this research examined the extent to which empathy variables contributed to nursing stress and occupational commitment. The empathy variables examined were emotional contagion (i.e. sharing the emotions of patients), empathic concern (i.e. being concerned for patients) and communicative effectiveness (i.e. effectively communicating with patients and their families). Nursing stress was explored through the variables of depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment and emotional exhaustion. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the combination of the three emotional communication variables explained significant proportions of the variance in all three of the stress variables, as well as occupational commitment. The analyses further revealed that a lack of empathic concern and poor communicative responsiveness accounted for significant proportions of the variance in depersonalization. Lack of empathic concern, poor communicative responsiveness and high emotional contagion significantly contributed to reduced personal accomplishment. Emotional contagion explained a significant proportion of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Emotional contagion also significantly reduced occupational commitment. The findings are discussed in terms of nursing education and administration.
Strategies used by burns nurses to cope with the infliction of pain on patients
Authors: Nagy Sue 
Published: March 2003

Strategies used by burns nurses to cope with the infliction of pain on patients The infliction of pain on patients is part of the daily routine for many nurses, particularly those who work in burns units, but there has been little help available for nurses to develop useful ways of coping with such circumstances. Few researchers have considered how the ways that nurses manage their feelings about pain may provide insights into the reasons why available pain control methods have not been fully practiced. The aim of this study was to identify the range of coping strategies used by nurses when conducting painful procedures. Nurses working in five burns units were interviewed about their feelings when it was necessary for them to inflict pain on patients in the course of giving patient care. Content analysis was used to identify the kinds of coping strategies used by nurses to manage their feelings about such situations. Fourteen kinds of strategy were identified and were then grouped into four categories: (i) distancing oneself from the patient’s pain; (ii) engaging with the patient’s pain; (iii) seeking social support and (iv) reconstructing the nurse’s core role. The use of each of these categories of coping have implications for both the management of patient’s pain and the nurse’s emotional well‐being. While distancing oneself from the patient’s pain was the most prevalent way for nurses to cope with their feelings about causing pain to patients, all types of coping strategies had their advantages. It is possible that combinations of various strategies may be the most effective way for nurses to deal with their patients’ pain.
Practice nurses and the care of patients receiving depot neuroleptic treatment: views on training, confidence and use of structured assessment
Authors: Millar Elaine , Garland Carol , Ross Fiona , Kendrick Tony , Burns Tom 
Published: March 2003

Practice nurses and the care of patients receiving depot neuroleptic treatment: views on training, confidence and use of structured assessment The movement of care into the community for the mentally ill with severe and enduring problems has important implications for primary care services. This paper reports the findings from an interview with practice nurses working in south‐west London, United Kingdom, who had participated in a randomised control trial to investigate the effectiveness of training and structured assessment on clinical and social outcomes of patients receiving maintenance medication of depot antipsychotics. The aim of the interview was to explore current practice, attitudes, confidence and priorities for training in relation to these patients. Thirty‐nine nurses were interviewed. The majority of practice nurses received scant referral information and worked without protocols. Even though these nurses had received the training, and as a result of the study had increased awareness of the problems of the severely mentally ill, there was a significant relationship between inadequate knowledge of schizophrenia to carry out the task of medication management and lack of confidence. Although the small size of the sample does not permit generalization, important questions are raised for further practice development and research, including the future training needs of practice nurses and partnership relationships with mental health professionals for supervision and support.
Evidence for nursing practice: a clarification of the issues
Authors: Closs  , Cheater  
Published: March 2003

Evidence for nursing practice: a clarification of the issues There has been considerable confusion and unease within the nursing profession about the emphatic push for all healthcare to be ‘evidence‐based’. In particular, there has been anxiety that the emphasis on evidence ignores practitioners’ skills and individual patient preferences. This paper attempts to clarify the main issues surrounding evidence‐based nursing. These include its epidemiological origins and purpose, the meaning and limits of ‘evidence’, the need for individual skills and expertise in the use of evidence, and the strengths and weaknesses of different kinds of evidence. It aims to debunk the misconception that randomized controlled trials are synonymous with evidence, and to increase critical awareness of the nature of evidence in nursing.
The theory–practice relationship in nursing: the practitioners’ perspective
Authors: Fealy Gerard M. 
Published: March 2003

The theory–practice relationship in nursing: the practitioners’ perspective Within contemporary scholarly discourse, there are a number of distinctive approaches to understanding the theory–practice relationship. Carr identifies four principal approaches, each of which is sustained within explicit views about the nature of theory. Carr terms these approaches the ‘common‐sense’ approach, the ‘applied‐science’ approach, the ‘practical’ approach and the ‘critical’ approach. Each approach is recoverable from the explicit and implicit content of scholarly literature. The study reported here sought to uncover the ways in which practising nurses understand the relationship between theory and practice and to establish the extent to which their explicit and implicit understandings accord with Carr’s typology. The study involved in‐depth interviews with six practising nurses. The purpose of the interviews was to prompt each study participant to enter into a reflective mode in a way that would generate narrative information, which would illustrate the various ways in which each theorized with respect to the theory–practice relationship. In this reflective theorizing, the study participants indicated that they understood the theory–practice relationship in ways that accorded with elements of Carr’s typology. A brief discussion considers the limitations of the study and the implications for further research into the theory–practice relationship.
‘Levels’ of attainment in nursing practice: reality or illusion?
Authors: Ashworth Peter D. , Gerrish Kate , Hargreaves Janet , McManus Mike 
Published: March 2003

‘Levels’ of attainment in nursing practice: reality or illusion? In earlier research based on an analysis of course documentation, it had been found that there was little consensus among nurse educators concerning the parameters which distinguish levels of practice skills, particularly those which differentiate diploma and degree qualifications in the United Kingdom. This result was confirmed and strengthened in the current study. Lecturers in nursing, when presented with a sorting task using 40 statements derived from course documentation selected from the earlier study, were unable to distinguish statements describing diploma level from those describing degree level practice. Possible reasons for the difficulty are discussed. It is concluded that the attempt to represent practice skill in a hierarchy of assessment for degree or diploma qualifications is premature since the parameters of practice remain unreliably specified.