bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Romance And Anti-Romance From Brontë’S Jane Eyre To Rhys’S Wide Sargasso Sea
Authors: Oates Joyce Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jean rhy’s haunting and hallucinatory prose poem of a novel, Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), boldly tells the story—authentic, intimate, and unsparing, because first-person confession—of Mrs. Bertha Rochester, the doomed madwoman of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre. Yet Rhys’s novel is more than a remarkably inspired tour de force, a modernist revision of a great Victorian classic: it is an attempt to evoke, by means of a highly compressed and elliptical poetic language, the authentic experience of madness— more precisely, of being driven into madness; and it is a brilliantly sustained anti-romance, a reverse mirror image of Jane Eyre’s and Rochester’s England. Rhys’s sympathy is fully with the innocent Creole heiress who is married off to the visiting Englishman, Rochester, and trapped in a loveless (but not, it seems, atypical) marriage: born Antoinette, she is rebaptized Bertha by her husband, and brought back to England, to Thornfield, to be kept in captivity like a wild animal. When Jane Eyre is surprised by the “Vampyre” in chapter 25 of Charlotte Brontë’s novel, Bertha has become a savage, “fearful and ghastly,” and possessed of a “discolored” and “lurid” visage; glimpsed more closely, she is not a human figure at all, but bestial, repellent. (“It grovelled, seemingly on all fours; it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing; and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face.”) Yet the first Mrs. Rochester, in Rhys’s novel, is despised by her Englishman husband precisely because she is beautiful, and because, in the frank sensuousness of her beauty, she is aligned with the “magic” of the West Indies which he finds treacherous. One way of life, one vision, makes war upon its opposite; for all of the West Indies is dismissed by Rochester as dreamlike and unreal, just as, by extension, all of the non(or anti-) English world must be dismissed by the English, before it can be conquered and exploited. (Rhys’s novel is set in the 1830s and 1840s.)
New Roles for External Players
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Supreme Court nomination process today is not one where those involved are merely the traditional, Constitutionally defined players. External forces play significant new roles. Interest groups, the press, and the public now perform functions within the process that are affected by and affect each other’s involvement, as well as the roles of the traditional players—the president, the Senate, and the Court. This chapter enumerates permanent roles now performed by players who only occasionally participated in the past.
General Browsing, Focused Browsing, and Use of Classified Bookstacks
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fact that books in libraries are shelved by subject, rather than by accession numbers or by the height of the volumes, gives researchers a major advantage in gaining subject access to their contents—one that, in many cases, cannot be matched by any computer searches. This advantage, however, is nowadays in jeopardy from many library administrators who often assume that the shelving of books by subject is no longer necessary in a “digital age.” Part of this view stems from the library profession’s difficulty in distinguishing the real from the imaginary capabilities of computers, and especially in a willful blindness to the difficulty researchers have in trying to actually read book-length texts in electronic formats. Another part springs from inexperienced theorists who believe that all books relevant to a topic can be identified through the prior specification of uncontrolled keywords, in the complete absence of alternative search mechanisms that enable scholars to simply recognize important texts that they cannot specify in advance. Yet another part of the problem springs from academics in the library field who assert that “all formats of information records are equal.” Their conclusion is that, since audiocassettes and DVDs are never sensibly stored in subject arrangements, books, too, do not merit costly preferential treatment in shelving.
Citation Searches
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen so far that the techniques of controlled vocabulary searching, general browsing and focused browsing in classified bookstacks, and keyword searching each have advantages and disadvantages. There are still other means of gaining subject access to written records; one of the most important is citation searching. This approach, like the others, is potentially applicable in any subject area; and it, too, has both strengths and limitations. In citation searching you must start with a known source that is relevant to your topic. It may be a book, a journal article, a conference paper, a dissertation, a technical report, an unpublished manuscript—it can be any kind of knowledge record. Further, the date of the starting-point source is irrelevant: it can be something published last year or centuries ago. What a citation search will tell you is whether someone has written a subsequent scholarly journal article that cites your source in a footnote, as a follow-up discussion of it, or at least reference to it. The assumption is that a later work which cites an earlier one is probably talking about the same subject. This is sometimes not true—a work can be cited in a context irrelevant to your interests—but the connection works often enough that you will want to make use of it.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a hot day some twenty-five centuries ago, Socrates and one of his companions, Phaidros, were walking alongside the cool stream of the Ilissos outside the walls of Athens. “Tell me, Socrates,” said Phaidros, “wasn’t it from the Ilissos somewhere around here that Boreas is said to have carried off Oreithyia?” He was thinking of the myth according to which a daughter of the king of Athens was playing on the banks of the stream when suddenly the god of the north wind abducted her, carrying her off to his northerly kingdom. “Yes, that’s what they say.” “Was it from here, then?” “No,” Socrates replied, “the spot is actually some distance downstream, at the place where you cross over to the precinct of Agra. There is an altar of Boreas somewhere around there.” Phaidros asked if Socrates believed the story was true. Socrates replied that clever men might explain the story away by saying, for example, that the force of the north wind pushed the girl off the nearby rocks as she was playing and that after she had died in this way people said she had been taken away by Boreas. After all, he said, such men take pains to rationalize the centaurs, Chimaeras, Gorgons, and other strange creatures. As for himself, having no time to waste on such speculations, he was content to accept the usual beliefs about them.1
The Ukrainian Revolution
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1917 and 1920, the collapse of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires allowed the creation of a Ukrainian state, for the first time uniting eastern and western Ukraine. The Ukrainian Revolution was at once the culmination of the Ukrainian national movement and an aspect of the larger political upheaval in eastern Europe after World War I-the turmoil best represented by the Russian Revolution. The revolution in Ukraine did not mean a clear-cut fight between socialists and nationalists-they were often the same people-but involved a confusing struggle between Ukrainian patriots of different stripes, as well as among the many varieties of local socialists and anarchists. Moreover, if the collapse of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires made the Ukrainian Revolution possible, the ensuing international struggle influenced its outcome. The military might of the German, Polish, Red, and White (anti-Bolshevik Russian) armies, together with the political decisions made by the victorious Allies after World War I, sealed the fate of the Ukrainian lands.
Nazi Occupation and the Soviet Victory
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following the Soviet annexation of Galicia, Volhynia, and Bukovina in 1939 and 1940, Stalinist ideologues had to redefine their notion of “Ukraine.” Much of their prior propaganda had belabored the alleged opposition between the happy life of Soviet Ukrainians under socialism and the suffering of their brethren in Poland and Romania under the power of landowners and capitalists. With most of the Ukrainian ethnic lands now united in the Ukrainian SSR, an important change had to take place in the republic's ideology. Official pronouncements began celebrating the reunification as the completion of Ukrainian nation building. In its address to Stalin in November 1939, the republic's Supreme Soviet stated, “Having been divided, having been separated for centuries by artificial borders, the great Ukrainian people today reunite forever in a single Ukrainian republic.”
“Dear Brother . . .”: 1750-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both the Squire and the Widow had sought a cordial relationship with their kinfolk at Stratford, whose occupants tried to reciprocate in the spirit of a letter which the eldest among them, Philip Ludwell Lee, wrote to the Squire: “When one person was tied by blood to another, as I am to you, nothing shall be wanting on my part to make us enjoy a constant and harmonious friendship.” Though his nature was very different from those of the Squire and the Widow, Phil Lee, whom his relatives always called Colonel Phil, was an extraordinary personality in his own right. While the Squire was described as a “rough diamond,” Colonel Phil earned the characterization once applied to his parents, being considered haughty, condescending, and even rude to persons of lesser station.
Ambition in London: 1768–1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After William Lee helped his sister Alice escape Colonel Phil and go to London in 1760, the two of them lived with Philip Ludwell, their mother’s widower brother. He had recently emigrated from Virginia with his three daughters. There were no sons. When William returned to Stratford in 1763, he doubtless carried memories of cousin Hannah Ludwell. As Uncle Philip’s eldest child, she would someday be mistress of Green Spring, once Sir William Berkeley’s vast estate on the James River. Between 1763 and 1768, William worked at Stratford as business aide to Colonel Phil, an experience William believed taught him how to succeed were he to reappear in London as a merchant for Virginia planters. Having no land of his own and approaching age thirty, William thought a try at international business was worth the gamble. He chose to leave the banks of the Potomac and go abroad, turning his possessions over to the care of brother Frank.
A Test of Courage: 1775-1779
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1775, the Anglo-American empire collapsed, smashing a relationship cherished by four generations of Lees. The courage of the family’s earlier personalities had been tested amid circumstances very different from those that tried Richard Henry and his brothers. They would be even more sternly challenged. Having to break with England grieved them, as it did most Americans. Among those who still referred to the mother country as “home” was Colonel Phil. By dying in 1775, he was spared seeing others in the Lee family defend the move for independence. Although at the time of his death Phil was a senior statesman in Virginia, his papers contain no comment on the increasing tension between the Old Dominion and England. One wonders if he tried to ignore the fact that much of the imperial agitation came from his brothers and their cohorts.
The General: 1861-1865
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early in 1861, and still in Texas, Robert watched what he most dreaded, an unraveling Union. Then came orders that he appear in Washington. For once, he encountered no delays in the long trip home. He arrived at Arlington on 1 March 1861, where he joined Mary in praying that “designs of ambitious and selfish politicians who would dismember our glorious country may be frustrated and that our own state may act right and obtain the result promised in the Bible to the peace makers.” Robert found Mary an even more advanced cripple, while their daughters seemed to grow frailer. Custis was nearly disabled by rheumatism, and Rooney had discovered agriculture posed unanticipated difficulties. It was such a dismaying homecoming that Robert’s only encouragement were signs he was approaching the end of what he considered a lackluster life. At age fifty-four he could point to a steadfast military career, but few uninitiated observers standing outside the army would see it as very promising. There was little sign at the start of April 1861 that soon Robert E. Lee would have star casting in one of history’s greatest tragedies. Lee was not impressed when he was told in Washington of his belated promotion to full colonel. He knew it was a gesture by a War Department scrambling to strengthen the loyalty of officers from the Southern states. He was more stirred when his old friend General Winfield Scott encouraged him to remain with the Union. Taking this urging to heart, Robert went across the Potomac to Arlington to think about his future and that of Virginia.
The Fundamental Economics of Intertemporal Allocation
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fundamental economic objective of every person is to allocate her scarce resources among various alternatives so as to maximize her lifetime utility. These alternatives include producing goods and services for current consumption, and producing goods that can be used as inputs for the production of goods and services in future years. The allocation of resources each year between these two kinds of production is the essence of intertemporal allocation. Even if a person were living on a desert island, without contact with other persons with whom he could cooperate or trade, that person would still have to decide how to allocate his resources between the production of consumption goods and capital goods if he wanted to maximize his lifetime utility. A benefit of living in a society of individuals who cooperate and trade is that each individual can use mutually beneficial exchanges to reach higher levels of lifetime utility than he could reach if he did not cooperate and trade. The function of financial markets is to organize those intertemporal exchanges.
A Transition to Models in Which Future Outcomes Are Uncertain
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding five chapters, we presented an elementary analysis by considering several models. Although these models are instructive, their usefulness is limited by the unrealistic assumption that consumers, investors, and managers of firms all know with certainty how the future will unfold. There will be no defaults by persons who borrow money today and promise to repay it later. Banks that promise to pay interest at rate r will do so, and there will be no unanticipated changes in the interest rate in future years. The sequences of future payments that could be generated by proposed investment projects are known with certainty today. In short, everyone knows how the future will develop.
Introduction
Authors: Turvey Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The major goal of flim theory before the 1960—what today is known as “classical” flim theory—was to prove that the cinema is an art on a par with, or perhaps even superior to, the other arts. Due to its novelty, the prejudice against its photographic medium (the claim that photography is mere mechanical reproduction and therefore not art), and its quick development into a form of mass entertainment, the cinema was not accepted as an art, at least initially. Classical flim theorists therefore set out to show why and how the cinema is art.
Introduction
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Studies of the Middle Paleolithic are closely linked with the question of modern human origins. Historically, the appearance of morphologically modern humans in Europe was conceived as the immediate cause for the emergence of cultural and behavioral modernity. The picture in the Levant has been dramatically different, with Anatomically Modern Humans (referred to throughout the book as “Moderns”) appearing on the local scene as early as the Middle Paleolithic. During the Middle Paleolithic in the Levant cultural shifts were not coterminous with biological changes, and behavioral differences between Neanderthals and Moderns are not easily recognized. Consequently, the Levantine Middle Paleolithic record is highly pertinent for understanding the conditions under which behavioral modernity (in itself an elusive term that rests on weak theoretical foundations and is open to many, sometimes contradictory, interpretations) emerged (see Henshilwood and Marean 2003; Kuhn and Hovers 2006).
Qafzeh Cave: The Region and the Site
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Galilee is a region of complex geological structure, characterized by a high frequency of faulting and numerous other tectonic features that are dated to various periods (Freund 1978). These faulting events shaped many of the geomorphic features of the region, which is divided into two major units: the Lower Galilee (up to 600 m above mean sea level [a.m.s.l.]) and Upper Galilee (1000–1200 m a.m.s.l.); they are separated by the Beit HaKerem Valley (Biq’at Beit HaKerem) (only 150 m a.m.s.l.). The Lower Galilee is divided into three distinct geological and geomorphologic sub-units.
Lithic Production: 2. The Debitage
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Research in empirical disciplines tends to focus on units of analysis that can be defined by particular criteria (Adams and Adams 1991; papers in Ramenofsky and Steffen 1998). In Paleolithic archaeology, that analytical focus was supplied for a long time by retouched artifacts grouped into “types,” regardless of the fact that unretouched artifacts constituted the quantitative bulk of most assemblages. Today it is unthinkable that lithic assemblages could be studied without taking into account the component of the unretouched Vaked pieces (debitage). This change in the approach to the study of the Middle Paleolithic can be traced back to François Bordes, who introduced the study of complete assemblages through quantitative methods (see chapter 1). White Bordes recognized that unretouched elements embodied information about the technological process that could not be gleaned from the analysis of retouched “types” alone. Bordes’s recognition of Mousterian cultural variants was based Erst and foremost on the relative distributions of retouched artifact groups, considered them in tandem with the patterning of key technological characteristics in both the retouched and unretouched components of any given assemblage.
The Organization of Lithic Technology at Qafzeh
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analyses of the lithic assemblages of Qafzeh followed the logic of “reverse engineering” (see chapter 2; discussed specifically in relation to lithics and Levallois Vaking by Hovers 1997; Sandgathe 2005, among others). The sets of analyses presented in the previous chapters attempted to accomplish the Erst of two stages involved in thinking about the meaning of ancient artifacts. By looking at the interrelationship of the various properties of the artifacts, I attempted to understand how artifacts were made and how material constraints and production processes affected the respective characteristics of these groups of artifacts. In this chapter I engage in the second question involved in the research strategy of reverse engineering: what could these artifacts do? The strategy of “reverse engineering” was Erst defined and described within evolutionary studies, where it clearly does not assume “intelligent design” but does ask what ecological survival functions could be answered by the structure of evolutionary designs. In our case, it is the technological designs that we wonder about. Reverse engineering is easiest if artifact structure includes some sort of signature pointing to the function (e.g., through differential use-wear signatures on various artifact types). However, in many cases recognizing the signature of prehistoric artifacts involves some a priori premises and assumptions about their potential functions.
Budget Battles
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The budget fight for me is the equivalent of Gettysburg in the Civil War,” Gingrich told reporters in August 1995. Although he was not as fond of military metaphors as Gingrich, Clinton would have agreed with the point: the party that won the battle over the budget would likely win the ideological war. For many observers, Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich personified the larger struggle between the two parties about the role of government in American life at the end of the twentieth century. “At the apex of the budget drama,” observed the journalist Major Garrett, “it was as if the entire Democratic Party, past, present, and future, lived within Bill Clinton, and the entire Republican Party—not the doddering, pliant, feeble legislative weakling of yore, but the rippling, youthful, proud, and intemperate majority of today—lived and breathed through Newt Gingrich.”
Bank-To-Bank Indemnity
Authors: Kurkela Matti S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An Indemnity Agreement between two banks involved is of a somewhat different character. In most cases it is a cross-border agreement, which causes a conflict-of-law issue to arise. Further, the bank-to-bank relationship is of special character because both parties are experts in their own business and both usually enjoy a high credit rating.
“Sailing Down My Golden River”
Authors: Winkler Allan M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Looking down from his hillside home, Seeger could see the Hudson River rolling south toward Manhattan. He loved the cabin he built with his own hands and the river that flowed beneath it. The thick forest reminded him of a childhood spent tromping through the woods, camping out, exploring the outdoors. “I luff the woods,” he once told his father. Even now, in his early forties, with his long legs and strong constitution, he still delighted in hiking across the land. But as he looked down at the river, he liked what he saw less and less. The water was filling up with chemical waste and sludge from factories and sewage plants. Once clear and blue, the Hudson was turning murky and brown. Cleaning it up became his focus as he threw himself into the fledgling environmental movement.