bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and reactivity of substituted anilines with 2‐chloro‐5‐nitropyridine in dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide
Authors: El‐Bardan Ali A. , El‐Subruiti Gehan M. , El‐Hegazy Fatma El‐Zahraa M. , Hamed Ezzat A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction of substituted anilines with 2‐chloro‐5‐nitropyridine were studied in dimethyl sulfonide (DMSO) and dimethyl formamide (DMF) at different amine concentrations and temperatures in the range 45–60°C. In both solvents the reaction was not a base‐catalyzed one. A plot of ΔH# versus ΔS# for the reaction in DMSO and DMF gave good straight lines with isokinetic temperatures 128°C and 105°C, respectively. Good linear relationships were obtained from the plots of log k1 against σ° values at all temperatures with negative ρ values (−1.63 to −1.28 in DMSO) and (−1.26 to −0.90 in DMF). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 645–650, 2002
Effects of Er:YAG laser irradiation on human dentin: Polarizing microscopic, light microscopic and microradiographic observations, and FT‐IR analysis
Authors: Ishizaka Yaeko , Eguro Toru , Maeda Toru , Tanaka Hisayoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe effects of Er:YAG laser irradiation on dentin have not been sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Er:YAG laser irradiation on dentin.Study Design/Materials and MethodsAfter cavities were prepared using Er:YAG laser irradiation or rotary cutting instruments, histological observations of cavity‐floor dentin utilizing polarizing microscopy, microradiography and light microscopy, and analysis of composition of cavity‐floor dentin using Fourier‐transformed (FT‐IR) spectrometry were conducted.ResultsIn the laser‐treated side, a deeply stained basophilic layer was observed. The number of odontoblastic processes present was obviously less in the laser‐treated side than in the bur‐treated side. FT‐IR analysis revealed that compared to the bur‐treated side, a broad background peak at around 1,600 cm−1 was present.ConclusionsEr:YAG laser irradiation might have denatured the organic materials of dentin. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:171–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoeradication of Helicobacter pylori using 5‐aminolevulinic acid: Preliminary human studies
Authors: Wilder‐Smith Clive H. , Wilder‐Smith Petra , Grosjean Pierre , van den Bergh Hubert , Woodtli Alain , Monnier Philippe , Dorta Gian , Meister Friedrich , Wagnières Georges 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHelicobacter pylori (HP) is an endemic pathogenic bacterium causing gastritits and gastroduodenal ulceration in humans and is linked to the development of gastric malignancies. These first human in vivo studies investigated the photoeradication of HP using laser and white light.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn 13 HP‐positive volunteers, a zone of gastric antrum was irradiated with laser (410 nm, 50 J/cm2) or endoscopic white light (10 J/cm2) 45 minutes after oral 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) 20 mg/kg. HP‐eradication was assessed by biopsy urease test and HP‐culture from irradiated and control zones 5 minutes, 4 and 48 hours post‐irradiation.ResultsA maximum eradication effect was achieved at 4 hours post‐irradiation when 85% of biopsies in the monochromatic and 66% in the white light exposed zones, and 58 and 33% in the respective control zones were HP‐negative.ConclusionsHP numbers were greatly reduced following exposure to 5‐ALA and either laser or white light in vivo. Photoeradication appears feasible, but further light dosimetry and the development of convenient application methods is required. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:18–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryogen spray cooling efficiency: Improvement of port wine stain laser therapy through multiple‐intermittent cryogen spurts and laser pulses
Authors: Aguilar Guillermo , Díaz Sergio H. , Lavernia Enrique J. , Nelson J. Stuart 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser treatment of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. Unfortunately, CSC may not provide the necessary protection for patients with high concentrations of epidermal melanin. The objectives of this study are to: (1) provide a definition of cooling efficiency (η) based on the amount of heat removed per unit area of skin for a given cooling time; (2) using this definition, establish the η of previously reported spray nozzles; (3) identify the maximum benefit expected in PWS laser therapy based solely on improvement of η; and (4) study the feasibility of using multiple‐intermittent cryogen spurts and laser pulses to improve PWS laser therapy.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA theoretical definition to quantify η is introduced. Subsequently, finite difference heat diffusion and Monte Carlo light distribution models are used to study the spatial and temporal temperature distributions in PWS skin considering: (1) the current approach to PWS laser therapy consisting of a single cryogen spurt followed by a single pulsed dye laser exposure (SCS‐SLP approach); and (2) multiple cryogen spurts and laser pulses (MCS‐MLP approach). At the same time, an Arrhenius‐type kinetic model is used to compute the epidermal and PWS thermal damages (ΩE and ΩPWS, respectively) for a high epidermal melanin concentration (20%), corresponding to skin types V–VI.ResultsThe η corresponding to a wide range of heat transfer coefficients (h) is quantified. For reported CSC nozzle devices η varies from 40 to 98%. Using the SCS‐SLP approach, it is shown that even η = 100% cannot prevent excessive ΩE for a skin types V–VI. In contrast, the MCS‐MLP approach provides adequate epidermal protection while permitting PWS photocoagulation for the same skin types.ConclusionsThe new proposed definition allows to compute the cooling efficiency of CSC nozzle devices. Computer models have been developed and used to show that the SCS‐SLP approach will not provide adequate epidermal protection for darker skin patients (skin types V–VI), even for η = 100%. In contrast, the MCS‐MLP approach may be a viable solution to improve PWS laser therapy for darker skin patients. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:27–35, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct experience and the strength of the personal norm–behavior relationship
Authors: Thøgersen John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigates whether the behavioral influence of personal norms with regard to repeated pro‐social behavior depends on direct experience of this behavior. Based on previous norm and attitude research, it is hypothesized that (a) direct experience strengthens the influence of personal norms on behavior, and (b) direct experience is a stronger moderator in this case than in the attitude–behavior case. The case in question is the purchase of organic red wine. It is found that the outcome of consumers' choice between organic and nonorganic wine depends on their personal (moral) norms, after controlling for attitudes and subjective social norms. However, the influence of personal norms, though not of attitude, depends on whether the consumer has direct experience of buying organic red wine. Hence, both hypotheses are confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatoblastoma: Assessment of criteria for histologic classification
Authors: Rowland Jon M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundComparison of outcomes in different clinicopathologic studies of hepatoblastoma requires reproducible histologic classification. This review examines the diagnostic criteria employed by different pathologists for the classification of subtypes of hepatoblastoma and identifies specific problem areas.ProcedureA selected review of published literature is provided.ResultsPublished studies demonstrate that uniform criteria have not been applied in the classification of hepatoblastoma. These discrepancies hinder attempts to compare outcome data from different studies. Sampling error and potential treatment effects further complicate analysis of the published literature on the relationship between morphologic classification and outcome.ConclusionsStandardized criteria are essential to allow reproducible histologic classification of hepatoblastoma. There is significant variation in diagnostic criteria used to define the major subtypes of hepatoblastoma in published studies. Additional potential problems are identified in sampling methods and treatment effects. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:478–483. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemotherapy for suspected hepatoblastoma without efforts at surgical resection is a bad practice
Authors: Finegold Milton J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundUS and European practices differ with respect to treating hepatoblastoma (HB). Should chemotherapy be given prior to resection in all cases, and even without biopsy confirmation (SIOPEL)?Procedure and ResultsUS data indicate that 40% of HBs are primarily resectable with no operative mortality and that those with pure fetal histology and low mitotic rate do not require toxic chemotherapy. They also suggest that those with a significant fraction of small undifferentiated cells do not respond to otherwise effective chemotherapy. Both US and European studies report a significant error rate in the clinical and imaging diagnosis of HB.ConclusionsAlthough only 6.5% of confirmed HBs fall into categories that would be managed differently by US standards, there is no justification for denying those patients a more appropriate treatment nor should the 6–10% of cases that are misdiagnosed as HB be treated incorrectly. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:484–486. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data from frequency‐volume charts versus maximum free flow rate, residual volume, and voiding cystometric estimated urethral obstruction grade and detrusor contractility grade in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: van Venrooij Ger E.P.M. , Eckhardt Mardy D. , Boon Tom A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAimsTo examine associations of data from frequency‐volume charts with maximum free flow rate, residual volume, and voiding cystometric estimated urethral obstruction grade and detrusor contractility in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).MethodsThe 160 men included in the study met the criteria of the International Scientific Committee on BPH, i.e., they voided more than 150 mL during uroflowmetry, their residual volume and prostate size were estimated, and they completed frequency‐volume charts correctly. From the frequency‐volume charts, voiding habits and fluid intake were evaluated. Pressure‐flow studies were performed as well.ResultsIncreasing residual volume was related to a decrease of maximum voided volume and to a decrease of maximum free flow rate. Cystometric capacity was little affected by residual volume. Low contractility did not result in high residual volume. A marked decrease in voided volumes with increasing obstruction grade was observed, due to a decrease of cystometric capacity and an increase of residual volume. Detrusor contractility was little associated with voided volumes. A higher voiding frequency was related to a higher fluid intake. However, increased standardized frequency (number of voidings per 1,000 mL) was associated with a substantial reduction of fluid intake.ConclusionsInfravesical obstruction is the most important factor influencing voided volumes, cystometric capacity, and residual urine volume. Frequency of voiding was not influenced significantly because patients with small voided volumes minimized their fluid intake. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:450–456, 2002. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the experience with acute and chronic electrically stimulated detrusor myoplasty
Authors: Van Savage John G. , Perez‐Abadia Gustavo , Palanca Lucio G. , Bardoel Janou W. , Harralson Thomas , Amin Mohammad , Palacio Martin , Tobin Gordon , Maldonado Claudio , Barker John H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the acute and chronic urodynamic effects of electrically stimulated detrusor myoplasty in dogs.MethodsEight female mongrel dogs were studied acutely and six dogs chronically (0 to 12 weeks postoperatively). Bladders were wrapped with the rectus abdominis muscle, keeping an intact blood supply and at least two intercostal nerves of the flap preserved. Bladders were electrically stimulated with bipolar electrodes inserted into the muscle. Urodynamics and post void residual were measured post operatively in the acute studies and every 2 weeks for 3 months in chronic studies.ResultsAcutely, the increase in intravesical pressure was 45±7 cm H2O, which resulted in a postvoid residual of 26±3%. In the chronic study, increases of intravesical pressure sufficient to empty the bladder during myoplasty electrical stimulation were not sustained, although detrusor compliance and flap viability were preserved.ConclusionsThe electrically stimulated detrusor myoplasty worked well acutely to increase vesical pressure sufficient to empty the bladder, but the chronically stimulated myoplasty did not maintain efficient bladder emptying primarily due to electrode problems. Further studies with improved electrode material and placement are required before clinical application of the electrically stimulated detrusor myoplasty can be assessed. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:516–521, 2002. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early discharge following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Impact on patients and caregivers
Authors: Jones Mildred A. , Hoffman Leslie A. , Makaroun Michel S. , Zullo Thomas G. , Chelluri Lakshmipathi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough early discharge is common place, little is known about its impact after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. We sought to prospectively describe patient outcomes and caregiving experience after early discharge following elective AAA repair using a standard or endovascular grafting system (EGS) procedure. Fifty‐one patients (Standard, n=25; EGS, n=26) completed questionnaires on symptoms and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) while hospitalized and 1, 4, and 8 weeks after discharge. Data were also obtained from caregivers. HRQoL decreased at Week 1 in both groups but returned to near baseline by Week 8. Standard AAA patients experienced more symptoms and activity limitations, but these were concentrated in Week 1. Most caregivers were positive about caregiving and required no additional resources. Findings suggest that most patients who undergo early discharge following elective AAA surgery experience few problems. Those problems that occur concentrate in the week following discharge, suggesting the need for closer monitoring at this time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:345–356, 2002
Association between fetal nuchal translucency thickness in first trimester and subsequent gestational hypertension and preeclampsia
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Song , Lee Fa‐Kung , Cheng Chih‐Chien , Hwa Kuo‐Yuan , Cheong Mei‐Leng , She Bo‐Quing 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIncreased fetal nuchal translucency (NT) in the first trimester is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Whether the increased NT is also associated with an increased frequency of pregnancy‐associated hypertension (PAH) is not known. Seven hundred and seventy‐nine pregnant women who received NT‐based Down syndrome screening and delivered their babies at our hospital by September 2000 were enrolled into this study. Among these women, there are 46 cases of preeclampsia, 68 cases of gestational hypertension (GH); 665 women without any adverse pregnancy outcomes served as controls. Correlation analysis demonstrated that NT MoM (multiples of median) level had a positive association with maternal diastolic blood pressure at the time of admission for delivery (r = 0.104; p < 0.01). The severity of PAH was concordant with the stepwise increase of mean NT MoM level, which was 0.88 in control, 1.07 in gestational hypertension, and 1.13 in preeclampsia (p < 0.001). Using the 95th (1.52 MoM) and 90th (1.31 MoM) percentiles of NT thickness as cut‐offs, the sensitivities and odds ratios of the women at risk for developing GH after 20 weeks of gestation were 8.8%, 19.1% and 1.98, 2.15 respectively, while for preeclampsia were 10.9%, 28.3% and 2.49, 3.58 respectively. It is concluded that the pathological changes in the placenta responsible for the development of PAH may also influence the physiological decrease of NT thickness in late first trimester. However, the sensitivity of fetal NT measurement in first trimester is not sufficient as a single marker for predicting the pregnant women at risk for subsequent PAH. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting the decision regarding amniocentesis in women at genetic risk because of age 35 years or older
Authors: Vergani Patrizia , Locatelli Anna , Biffi Anna , Ciriello Elena , Zagarella Andrea , Pezzullo John C. , Ghidini Alessandro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of anamnestic factors and sonographic findings on the patient's decision regarding amniocentesis in a cohort of women at genetic risk because of advanced age.MethodsAll women 35 years of age or older registered for prenatal care between January 1990 and December 1998 were asked about their attitude towards genetic amniocentesis during the course of individual genetic counseling and once again after ultrasound examination inclusive of markers of aneuploidies (nuchal fold thickness greater than 6 mm, renal pyelectasis, choroid plexus cysts, and hyperechogenic bowel). Their attitudes towards genetic amniocentesis before and after ultrasound examination were compared using chi‐square, Fisher's exact test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, and logistic regression analysis, with a two‐tailed p < 0.05 or an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) not inclusive of the unity considered significant.ResultsAmong the 1486 women in the cohort, 1368 (97%) expressed an opinion towards genetic testing at the time of counseling: 501 (37%) were in favor and 867 (63%) were against having the procedure. After ultrasonographic examination, 33% (446/1368) of women opted for amniocentesis, 36% (146/402) after abnormal findings and 31% (300/966) after normal ultrasound findings. Significantly more women with abnormal than normal ultrasound findings opted for diagnostic testing in both groups. Overall, only 8% (115/1368) of women changed their attitude towards diagnostic testing after ultrasonographic examination. Normal sonographic findings were three times more likely to change the attitude of women initially interested in amniocentesis than abnormal sonographic findings did in women a priori not interested in the procedure (20% versus 7%, p < 0.001, OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.8; 5.8).ConclusionsIn a cohort of women at genetic risk because of advanced age, the key determinant of the choice regarding genetic amniocentesis is the a priori opinion of the woman towards the procedure, which was expressed by 93% of women. Ultrasonography plays a secondary role in changing or confirming women's attitude towards invasive diagnostic testing. Normal sonographic findings affect women's decisions more powerfully than abnormal sonographic findings, suggesting that ultrasonography has an important reassuring function for the woman. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aromatic polyamides derived from unsymmetrical diamines containing the phthalazinone moiety
Authors: Cheng Lin , Jian Xi Gao , Mao Shi Zhen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo unsymmetrical and kink non‐coplanar heterocyclic diamines, 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐4‐[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl](2H)phthalazin‐1‐one and 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐4‐[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl](2H) phthalazin‐1‐one, were successfully synthesized by readily available heterocyclic bisphenol‐like monomers through two steps in high yields. A series of novel poly(arylene ether amides)s containing the phthalazinone moiety with inherent viscosities of 1.16–1.67 dL/g were prepared by the direct polymerization of novel diamines and aromatic dicarboxylic acids using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. The polymers were readily soluble in a variety of solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacctamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, and even in pyridine, chloroform and m‐cresol. The glass‐transition temperatures were in the range of 291–329 °C, and the temperatures for 5% weight loss in nitrogen were above 490 °C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3489–3496, 2002
Synthesis of lipo‐glycopolymer amphiphiles by nitroxide‐mediated living free‐radical polymerization
Authors: Götz Heide , Harth Eva , Schiller Stefan M. , Frank Curtis W. , Knoll Wolfgang , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe nitroxide‐mediated living free‐radical polymerization of 1,2,5,6‐di(isopropylidene)‐D‐glucose‐2‐propenoate was achieved in dimethylformamide at 105 °C with an α‐hydrido alkoxyamine initiator functionalized with a lipophilicN,N‐di(octadecyl)amine group. The kinetics of the polymerization were investigated, and the mechanism was shown to be a living process allowing, after hydrolysis, controlled molecular weight, low‐polydispersity lipo‐glycopolymers to be prepared. The amphiphilic character of the macromolecule could be altered by either the exchange of the alkoxyamine at the chain end with hydrogen or the preparation of copolymers with lipophilic monomers such asN,N‐di(octadecyl)acrylamide. The surface and membrane‐forming properties of these novel lipopolymers demonstrate their amphiphilic character. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3379–3391, 2002
Synthesis, structural analysis, and visualization of poly(2‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole)s and poly(3‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole)s containing chiral and achiral minidendritic substituents
Authors: Percec Virgil , Obata Makoto , Rudick Jonathan G. , De Binod B. , Glodde Martin , Bera Tushar K. , Magonov Sergei N. , Balagurusamy V. S. K. , Heiney Paul A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole and 3‐ethynyl‐9‐substituted carbazole monomers containing first‐generation chiral and achiral dendritic (i.e., minidendritic) substituents, 2‐ethynyl‐9‐[3,4,5‐tris(dodecan‐1‐yloxy)benzyl]carbazole (2ECz), 3‐ethynyl‐9‐[3,4,5‐tris(dodecan‐1‐yloxy)benzyl]carbazole (3ECz), 2‐ethynyl‐9‐{3,4,5‐tris[(S)‐2‐methylbutan‐1‐yloxy]benzyl}carbazole (2ECz*), and 3‐ethynyl‐9‐{3,4,5‐tris[(S)‐2‐methylbutan‐1‐yloxy]benzyl}carbazole (3ECz*), is presented. All monomers were polymerized and copolymerized by stereospecific polymerization to produce cis‐transoidal soluble stereoisomers. A structural analysis of poly(2ECz), poly(2ECz*), poly(3ECz), poly(3ECz*), poly(2ECz*‐co‐2ECz), and poly(3ECz*‐co‐3ECz) by a combination of techniques, including 1H NMR, ultraviolet–visible, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, thermal optical polarized microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction experiments, demonstrated that these polymers had a helical conformation that produced cylindrical macromolecules exhibiting chiral and achiral nematic phases. Individual chains of these cylindrical macromolecules were visualized by atomic force microscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3509–3533, 2002