Promoting Economic Empowerment Through Effective Implementation and Linking Social Capital in Urban Agriculture Programs
Authors: Nazuri Nur Shuhamin , Rosnon Mohd Roslan , Salim Sara Shakilla Mohd , Ahmad Mohamad Firdaus , Suhaimi Siti Shazwani Ahmad , Safwan Nur Syazwani Zulaikha 
Published: November 2023

Akhter, J., & Cheng, K. (2020). Sustainable empowerment initiatives among rural women through microcredit borrowings in Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12: 2275.

Ani, F., Ramlan, N., Yusoff, R., & Damin, Z.A. (2018). Measuring the level of participation and its relationship with psychological empowerment through community based organisation (CBO) activities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8: 647-658.

Barker, J., & Thomson, L. (2015). Helpful relationships with service users: Linking social capital. Australian Social Work, 68: 130-145.

Bisaga, I., Parikh, P., & Loggia, C. (2019). Challenges and opportunities for sustainable urban farming in South African low-income settlements: A case study in Durban. Sustainability, 11: 5660.

Cheah, J.H., Thurasamy, R., Memon, M.A., Chuah, F., & Ting, H. (2020). Multigroup analysis using SmartPLS: Step-by-step guidelines for business research. Asian Journal of Business Research, 10: I-XIX.

Claridge, T. (2018). Functions of social capital–bonding, bridging, linking. Social Capital Research, 20: 1-7.

Cohen, J. M., & Uphoff, N. T. (1977). Rural development participation: concepts and measures for project design, implementation and evaluation. Rural development participation: concepts and measures for project design, implementation and evaluation., 2: 29-46.

Díaz-Gibson, J., Zaragoza, M.C., Daly, A.J., Mayayo, J.L., & Romaní, J. R. (2017). Networked leadership in educational collaborative networks. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45: 1040-1059.

Eryanto, H., Swaramarinda, D.R., & Nurmalasari, D. (2019). Effectiveness of entrepreneurship practice program: using CIPP program evaluation. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22: 1-10.

Evans, P. (1997). State-society synergy: Government and social capital in development.

FAO. (2019). Urban and peri-urban agriculture in Asia and the Pacific: Opportunities, challenges and policy implications. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia

Guitart D., Pickering C., Byrne J. (2012). Past results and future directions in urban community gardens research. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 11: 364-373.

Gunasekara, R.W.M.N., Premaratne, S.P., & Priyanath, H.M.S. (2017). Impact of social capital on livelihood success of the members of community-based organizations in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7: 1156-1167.
Hair Jr, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109: 101-110.

Haldane, V., Chuah, F. L., Srivastava, A., Singh, S. R., Koh, G. C., Seng, C. K., & Legido-Quigley, H. (2019). Community participation in health services development, implementation, and evaluation: A systematic review of empowerment, health, community, and process outcomes. PloS one, 14: e0216112.

Ibrahim, M. B. (2016). Role of participation in decision making and social capital on sustainability of watershed usage among peri-urban agricultural farmers of Kwadon, Gombe State, Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Jackson, K. T., Burgess, S., Toms, F., & Cuthbertson, E. L. (2018). Community engagement: Using feedback loops to empower residents and influence systemic change in culturally diverse communities. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 9: 1-21.

Jiang, J., & Wang, P. (2020). Is linking social capital more beneficial to the health promotion of the poor? Evidence from China. Social Indicators Research, 147: 45-71.
Kieffer, C. H. (1984). Citizen empowerment: A developmental perspective. Prevention in Human Services, 3: 9-36.

Kilpatrick, S. U. E., Field, J., & Falk, I. A. N. (2003). Social capital: An analytical tool for exploring lifelong learning and community development. British Educational Research Journal, 29: 417-433.

Mai, V. N., Nguyen, Q. N., & Hien, L. T. D. (2023). Citizen Participation in Community-Based Tourism Development in the Mekong Delta. Vietnam. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(5), e749.

Manurung, A., & Lubis, S. (2023). The Potential of Budget Participation and Dalihan Natolu Leadership Style to Improve Community Welfare in the Toba Caldera Tourism Geography Area. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(9), e573-e573.

Menasseri-Aubry, S., Viaud, V., Santillàn-Carvantes, P., Akkal-Corfini, N., Le Guillou, C., Prévost-Bouré, N. C., & Ranjard, L. (2018). Landscape-scale analysis of cropping system effects on soil quality in a context of crop-livestock farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 265: 166-177.

Nakagawa, Y., & Shaw, R. (2004). Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, 22(1): 5-34.

National Agrofood Policy (NAFP). Malaysia’s Agrofood Policy (NAP 2011–2020). Available online: https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1368 (accessed on 20 September 2021).

Nazuri, N. S., Rosnon, M. R., Ahmad, N., Suhaimi, S. S. A., Sharifuddin, J., & Wijekoon, R. (2022). Vindication of linking social capital capacity to urban agriculture: A paradigm of participation based on social empowerment in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Sustainability, 14: 1509.
Ndaeji, M. N. (2014). Participation in self-help groups and empowerment among rural women in Niger state, Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Pereira, V. A., dos Santos Brandalize, M., Grosko, S., de Oliveira, I. C., Zitkoski, J. J., Corbari, F., & Zonin, W. J. (2023). Extension, popular education and agroecology in family agriculture: experience report of students and graduate teachers. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 17(7), 1-17.

Purwanto, A. (2021). Partial least squares structural squation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis for social and management research: a literature review. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 21: 65-84

Putnam, R. (2001). Social capital: Measurement and consequences. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2: 41-51.

Rappaport, J., & Seidman, E. (2000). Handbook of community psychology. Springer Science & Business Media.
Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116: 1865-1886.

Riwalnu S. (2014). Community empowerment through participatory approach of Indonesia poverty reduction program. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153: 209-220.

Siegner, A., Sowerwine, J., & Acey, C. (2018). Does urban agriculture improve food security? Examining the nexus of food access and distribution of urban produced foods in the United States: A systematic review. Sustainability, 10: 2988.

Siwar, C., Ahmed, F., Bashawir, A., & Mia, M. S. (2016). Urbanization and urban poverty in Malaysia: consequences and vulnerability. Journal of Applied Sciences, 16: 154-160.

Smit, J., Bailkey, M., & Van Veenhuizen, R. (2006). Urban agriculture and the building of communities. Van Veenhuizen, R. Cities farming for the future, urban agriculture for green and productive cities, pp. 146-171, Leusden: RUAF Foundation Press.

United Nations. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2: 11-17.

Yan, X., Lin, H., & Clarke, A. (2018). Cross-sector social partnerships for social change: The roles of non-governmental organizations. Sustainability, 10: 558.

Yapanto, L. M., Fadhli, A., Tamod, Z. E., Warouw, F. F., Musa, D. T., & Tenda, M. P. (2023). Community Participation in the Management of Tourist Areas (Case Study in the Tourist Area of Bongo, Gorontalo District) Indonesia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 17(5), e03460-e03460.

Yusoff, N. H., Hussain, M. R. M., & Tukiman, I. (2017). Roles of community towards urban farming activities. Planning Malaysia, 15: 4-10.

Zaidi, N. A. M., Yusoff, S., Ismail, M. H. S., Ismail, S. A., Harun, S. N. S., Latif, M. A. (2019). Urban agriculture in Malaysia: Issues, prospects and sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26: 17-25.

Zainal, M., & Hamzah, S. R. A. (2018). Urban agriculture: The role of knowledge among farmer in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7: 77-85.

Zainoddin, A. I., Shaharudin, M. R., Hassim, N. H., Haniff, W. A. A. W., Shaari, N. F., & Legino, R. (2022). The mediating effects of capability development on the relationships between social capital and the effectiveness of community development programme among farmers in malaysia. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 12: 28-44.