bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What next? Research and policy recommendations
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers may recall research described in Chapter 2 showing that women biologists conduct higher-impact work than their male counterparts when assessed later in their careers (17 years post-PhD). Clearly, these older biologists may represent more of a select group than today’s average biologist. Nevertheless, it seems justified to probe the differing life courses of women’s versus men’s careers, to see how the timing of the current tenure and promotion system may be denying society and science the services of some talented women. If women in STEM fields make greater impacts and do more important work later in their careers, once the bulk of childrearing is complete, and if this work can be shown to compare favorably with that of male colleagues, then at minimum our institutions should be investigating and testing potential systems for offering women part-time tenure-track jobs (with concomitantly longer periods of time in which to amass a tenure portfolio) that convert to full-time tenured jobs, if they wish, once family responsibilities have lessened. Men wishing to experience day-to-day fatherhood rather than abdicating it to their partners might also wish to take advantage of such nontraditional.
Introduction To The First Edition
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many works have been written on expression, but a greater number on physiognomy that is, on the recognition of a character through the study of the permanent form of the features. With this latter subject I am not here concerned. The older treatises,2 which I have consulted, have been of little or no service to me. The famous Conferences3 of the painter Lebrun, published in 1667, is the best known ancient work, and contains some good remarks. Another somewhat old essay, namely, the Discourse, delivered 177482, by the well known Dutch anatomist Camper,4 can hardly be considered as having made any marked advance in the subject. The following works, on the contrary, deserve the fullest consideration.
Low Spirits, Anxiety, Grief, Dejection, Despair
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General effect of grief on the system Obliquity of the eyebrows under suffering On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows On the depression of the corners of the mouth.
After the mind has suffered from an acute paroxysm of grief, and the cause still continues, we fall into a state of low spirits; or we may be utterly cast down and dejected. Prolonged bodily pain, if not amounting to an agony, generally leads to the same state of mind. If we expect to suffer, we are anxious; if we have no hope of relief, we despair.
The words for closely related feelings can be confusing. In the next paragraph Darwin uses the term grief (which the dictionary says is sorrow or anguish in response to a loss) as a general term for two more specific emotions: distress and sadness. W each have suggested that the term distress be used for what Darwin describes as the violent and almost frantic movements of grief. We reserve the term sadness for the state which often follows distress, when, as Darwin observes, the person no longer wishes for action but becomes passively resigned to the feelings of grief.
Joy, High Spirits, Love, Tender Feelings, Devotion
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joy, when intense, leads to various purposeless movements to dancing about, clapping the hands, stamping, etc., and to loud laughter. Laughter seems to be the expression of mere joy or happiness. We clearly see this in children at play, who are almost incessantly laughing. With young persons past childhood, when they are in high spirits, there is always much meaningless laughter. The laughter of the gods is described by Homer as ‘the exuberance of their celestial joy after their daily banquet’. A man smiles and smiling, as we shall see, graduates into laughter at meeting an old friend in the street, as he does at any trifling pleasure, such as smelling a sweet perfume. Laura Bridgman, from her blindness and deafness, could not have acquired any expression through imitation, yet when a letter from a beloved friend was communicated to her by gesture language, she ‘laughed and clapped her hands, and the colour mounted to her cheeks’. On other occasions she was seen to stamp for joy.2Idiots and imbecile persons likewise afford good evidence that laughter or smiling primarily expresses mere happiness or joy. Dr Crichton Browne, to whom, as on so many other occasions, I am indebted for the results of his wide experience, informs me
‘A Crazy Enterprise’: German Translators of Sophocles, from Opitz to Boeckh
Authors: Stoneman Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kindly spirits have long since fled from here. Two knights in dented armour lie in the dust beside a soot-blackened industrial hoist. Iron girders encircle a ruined factory, flames belch from metal casks. The human beings in this post-war rubbish dump declaim, screaming and stuttering, into the void; they lacerate and humiliate each other uncomprehendingly to death. In the highest row of the theatre the schoolchildren are scarcely disturbed by the surrounding racket. Any videotape could offer them something more exciting. At most they whisper more quietly, whenever their teacher leans over to admonish them.
Technical Details
Authors: Cook B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Different types of marble were used in the friezes,. and stable isotope analysis has been used as an aid to identification.Although the analytical technique is widely accepted as a most useful method of distinguishing white marbles, interpretation of the results, leading to the determination of the actual source of the marble, includes comparison against a database of samples (chiefly from known quarries), and the reliability of the method may therefore be limited by the comprehensiveness of the database. It may also be limited by another difficulty: samples from particular sources regularly produce a range of slightly different readings, which for statistical reasons may be represented in the graphs as ellipses, known as ‘quarry signatures’. The ambiguities that arise where the quarry signatures overlap are difficult to resolve.
Eighth-Century Attic Inscriptions
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No extant Attic inscriptions are earlier than the third quarter of the eighth century BC; nor am I aware of potters’ marks or other signs on Attic Protogeometric or Early Geometric pottery, with the exception of an upright painted cross under one handle of a Protogeometric amphora from the Athenian Agora. In view of the large quantity of Attic pottery from these periods, this fact supports the notion that Greece was illiterate in the first quarter of the first millennium BC, especially since potters’ marks are frequent in the Mycenaean period and reappear after the middle of the eighth century.
Developed Black-Figure Writing, 550–530BC
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned earlier, after the middle of the sixth century it is best to divide the vases into large and small, or pots and cups. This isolates the majority of the Little Master cups (below, Section III). The three major groups of large vases (treated in Section I) are (r) Lydos and his circle, (2) Group E and Exekias, and (3) the Amasis Painter. Beside these stand a peculiar group, that of the so-called Tyrrhenian vases (below, Section II).
Early Classical: From the Persian Wars to the Mid-Fifth Century
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Persian Wars certain changes took place in the production and distribution of Attic pottery. Yet many painters and potters continued their prior activities, so that there is not so much a break as a gradual transformation in the direction of the Classical style. Among smaller vases, the lekythos and the small Nolan amphora replace the cup in popularity; among large vases, the column krater becomes more common. The export is still to Etruria, but more so for the small vases. Larger vases are used mainly in Athens and in South Italy: no doubt these changes in the market cause the change in the statistics of shapes. The trade is a flourishing one, and we find a great increase in the number of painters, especially minor painters who are not yet fully understood. The schools of Douris, the Brygos Painter, and Makron continue with copious production of small vases (AR V2781-836), and the same is true for the larger vases painted by the followers of the Berlin Painter (the Providence Painter, Hermonax, etc.) and the Mannerist school (AR V 5 62 ff., IIo6 ff.). But there are also many new schools, such as those of the Altamura and Niobid Painters, and of the Pistoxenos and Penthesilea Painters. The white-ground lekythos comes to the fore in this period (AR V 743 ff.). The second quarter of the fifth century is altogether a lively and somewhat chaotic period, in which the old and the new are mixed; this is what we would expect in the founding years of the Athenian Empire.
Classical: From the Mid-Fifth Century to the Early Fourth
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under this heading I group together two periods. The first is the Classical, 450-420 BC, in which the new style of writing we saw developing in the preceding period has become dominant. The second period is the Late Classical, which covers the late fifth and early fourth centuries; by the end of it inscriptions on vases are quite rare. The principal distinction between the two periods lies in the fact that after 420 (and certainly not earlier) the Ionic alphabet is standard on vases, although traces of the Attic can still be found in the early fourth century. The late fifth-century vase script is also smaller and neater, one might say more educated, and is used mainly for ‘sensible’ purposes such as naming figures. The very tiny letters often found on vases of this period show considerable writing skill. By contrast, the preceding period might be called the period of the Mixed Alphabet, as distinct from the Ionic. In both periods the writing is better than it was earlier, but also less interesting.
Some Conclusions
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tms study has been based on the assumption that the more informal inscriptions give a better picture of the state of Athenian literacy in the Archaic and Classical periods than the official stone inscriptions. While each class of documents–private graffiti, painted vase–inscriptions, ostraca, lead tablets, and the dedicatory and funerary inscriptions on stone-has its own characteristics, and thus cannot simply be equated with the (lost) manuscript writing of the period, 1 these texts provide a much broader basis for assessing the state of education in Archaic and Classical Athens.
Culture and Society
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether the legislator is establishing a new state or restoring an old and decayed one, in respect of gods and temples, —the temples which are to be built in each city, and the gods or demi-gods after whom they are to be called, —if he be a man of sense, he will make no change in anything which the oracle of Delphi, or Dodona, or the god Ammon, or any ancient tradition has sanctioned in whatever manner, whether by apparitions or by inspired words from heaven, in obedience to which mankind have established sacrifices in connection with mystic rites, either originating on the spot, or derived from Tyrrhenia or Cyprus or some other place, and on the strength of which traditions they have consecrated oracles and images, and altars and temples, and portioned out a sacred domain for each of them.
Cyprus and Persia
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now general agreement that, around 525 BC, shortly after the Phoenician states of the Levantine coast had joined the Persian Empire, the Cypriot kingdoms became part of the Empire as well.1 It is generally agreed also that, once the Great King of Persia had incorporated Cyprus, he used the existing structures of local government to maintain informal control over the island, as he had done in other parts of the Near East. But in 499 BC, the Cypriot kingdoms, with the exception of Amathus, participated in a revolt led by the Ionian Greek states against Persian rule. Eventually, however, the Cypriot kingdoms that had assisted the Greek states capitulated once more to the Persians.
Internal Relations
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tendency of archaeologists and historians of Cyprus to focus on the foreign 'dominations' of the island during the Cypro-Archaic period has encouraged the study of external relations, rather than internal ones. As Gjerstad saw, however, it is necessary to identify patterns of contact within Cyprus, between different local kingdoms.1 Gjerstad felt that he could do little in this regard, however, and since the results of an extensive programme of clay analysis on Iron Age Cypriot pottery are not yet to hand, 2 it is possible here only to make a start toward identifying the island's main internal relations.
External Relations
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have heard it denied, both in and out of Palestine, that Cyprus could be seen from Lebanon; but from many a stand-point up yonder I have often beheld that favourite isle of the Paphian Venus glowing in the golden light of our summer evenings. More distinctly still is Lebanon visible from Cyprus. There is a splendid view of it from the mountain of the Cross, a few miles back of Lamica; and many years ago, when travelling through the island, I climbed with infinite toil, the northern range of mountains to a giddy pinnacle, not far from the ruined but romantic castle of Buffavento, and from it the higher half of Lebanon looked like a huge snow-bank drifted up against the sky. Beneath my feet rolled the sparkling seas of Cilicia and Pamphylia, over which Paul sailed on his way to Rome; while far beyond, the glaciers of Taurus flashed back the setting sun. Through such an atmosphere, objects are visible to a distance quite incredible to the inexperienced.
The Garlands and the Cycle
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Palatine lemmatist (hereafter J), Meleager’s Garland was arranged alphabetically, that is to say according to the initial letter of the first word of each poem. There is no corresponding lemma to Philip’s Garland, but there are unmistakable alphabetical traces in all the major and most of the minor Philippan sequences in AP. The problem is that, despite J’s statement about Meleager, there are no comparable alphabetical traces in any of the Meleagrian sequences.
Some Dates
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unfortunate that the only ancient writer to offer a date for Meleager should be two centuries in error. According to Diogenes Laertius (Vit. Phil. vi. 99), the books of the Cynic philosopher Menippus (who lived in the early third century) ‘overflow with laughter, much the same as those of his contemporary Meleager.’ But although a recent work on the hellenistic love epigram leaves the possibility open, Meleager simply cannot have lived that early. At least seven Garland-poets—Alcaeus, Amyntas, Antipater of Sidon, Moschus, Nicander, Polystratus, and Samius—wrote in the second century. The obvious connection between Meleager and Menippus is not their date but their native city: both were Gadarenes. The most natural solution is that Diogenes misunderstood some such reference to their connection in his source.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one has yet written the history of the Byzantine epigram or of the classical epigram at Byzantium, nor is it my purpose or within my competence to do either here. But it may be a helpful start to indicate the role played by the anthology of Cephalas in both. The Cycle of Agathias represents the swan-song of the classicizing elegiac epigram. A few competent elegiacs continued to be written down to the end of the sixth century, but by the beginning of the seventh the pattern of the Byzanti1;1m epigram for centuries to come had been firmly established by George of Pisidia: anything from two to a dozen or more iambic (dodecasyllabic) lines on a religious theme.
Poetic Fieldwork
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Which of the gods was it who set these two to their fighting? It was the son of Zeus and Leto. In anger at the king he raised a vile plague throughout the army, and the people were dying, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses, his priest. Chryses had come to the fast ships of the Achaians to gain release for his daughter, bringing with him unlimited ransom, and holding in his hands the sacred woollen bands of Apollo the far-shooter, wreathed on a golden staff. He began to entreat the whole body of the Achaians, but especially the two sons of Atreus, the marshals of the army. ‘Sons of Atreus, and you other well-greaved Achaians, may the gods who live on Olympos grant you the sacking of Priam’s city and a safe return to your homes. But release my dear child to me, and accept this ransom, in reverence for the son of Zeus, Apollo the far-shooter.
Closing Cadences
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then he stood up and spoke to the Argives: ’Son of Atreus, and you other well-greaved Achaians, these prizes set out in your gathering here are the prizes that await the charioteers. Now if we Achaians were holding these games at any other man’s death, I would certainly take first place and carry the prize away to my hut. You know how far my horses excel all others, as they are immortal horses, given by Poseidon to my father Peleus, and he then handed them to me. But I and my strong-footed horses will stay here, out of the race. They have lost their great and glorious charioteer, that gentle man who so often would pour soft olive oil down over their manes after washing them in bright water. So they stand there grieving for him, and their manes trail on the ground-there is sorrow in their hearts, and they will not move. But the rest of you get ready now, any Achaian in the camp who is confident in his horses and strongly-made chariot.
Form and Content
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally, though not universally, agreed that if I am asked about the style of your performance of a certain act, I am being asked not what you did but how you did it.1 If, however, I am to give a truly informative answer to the question and not take refuge in some jocular adverb such as ‘reluctantly’ or ‘superbly’, I must specify in more detail, and in temporal sequence, what you did. That is to say, I give a ‘what’ answer to a ‘how’ question. Yet the datails given in my answer are not an exhaustive catalogue; I select only those items in which I think you had a choice between alternatives, so that your choice may be compared with the choices made by others.
Units of Utterance
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A text composed of very long sentences and a text composed of very short sentences differ greatly in their aesthetic effect, and length is normally regarded as a function of the number of words. For those of us who are accustomed to alphabetic scripts (of which Greek script is one) and also to the graphic conventions of the last few centuries, ‘word’ is implicitly defined as ‘continuous succession of letters bounded at each end by at least one letter-space’. For Greek, that definition is wholly unsatisfactory, but before attempting to improve on it let us remove an ambiguity which is inherent in ‘word’, however defined. The usual disambiguation is to replace ‘word’ in some contexts by ‘type’ and in others by ‘token’.
Time and Place
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prosecutor of Theomnestus in 384/3 (Lys. x), having occasion to ridicule the defendant for a quibble over the wording of the law of slander, attempts to educate him by quoting from the ‘old laws of Solon’ (15–20) provisions containing words which are no longer in use at Athens (πoδoκá κκη,δρσκáζ∈ν, áπíλλ∈ν )or have changed their meaning.
A Sophist’s Novel: The Metamorphoses
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eleven-book Metamorphoses of Apuleius, the longest and most interesting of the few surviving prose fictions in Latin, has been aptly described as ‘a sophist’s novel’. A summary of the novel is provided below for readers’ convenience and orientation, but my present purpose is not to provide a complete interpretation of this celebrated work, or even to give a basic guide to it, as I have done in other chapters for other less-known Apuleian texts, since several good introductions already exist.
Review C. J. Herington, The Author of the Prometheus Bound
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Professor Herington assembles, revises, augments, and appraises the evidence bearing on the date and authenticity of the Prometheus. His presentation is clear, his appraisal fair, and the cumulative effect of his arguments, especially the linguistic argu¬ments, impressive. He shows that the evidence, such as it is, points unambiguously to one conclusion, namely that if the play is by Aeschylus it is his latest play, while the same evidence does not tend to show that the play is not by Aeschylus. So far, so good, and for this reviewer an orthodoxy in which he was brought up.
Hamartia In Aristotle and Greek Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if it were true that the word was used in a ‘moral’ sense by Aristotle only once in twenty-five times, the argument is dubious. If we are presented with an isolated instance of a word in an unknown context, e.g. in a papyrus, the statistical argument is fair enough: it is more likely to mean X than Y here, because in this author it means X much more often than Y. But when we have the full context, the method is less plausible. We might indeed argue that if Aristotle has a strong preference for one sense of a word, he would be careful to avoid ambiguity when using it in another. But anyone tolerably familiar with Aristotle knows that he has no such consideration for his readers, at least in the esoteric works.
From Greece to Rome: Naevius and Ennius
Authors: Feeney D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Romans’ creation of a national literary culture in response to the literary culture of the Greeks is a phenomenon which fascin ates and baffles us as it fascinated and baffled them, a phenom enon which invites enquiry from many directions. Here we have no more than three aims: first (and most modestly), to give a sketch of how the Romans took over Greek literature, together with the apparatus of scholarship which had become an inextricable element of that literature; second, to mark out those key differences between Greek and Roman attitudes to religion which will be most important for an understanding of how Roman epic treated the divine; finally, to investigate the role of the divine in the epics of Naevius and Ennius, so as to set the scene for our enquiries into the Aeneid, and the subsequent tradition.