bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
64‐channel array coil for single echo acquisition magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: McDougall Mary Preston , Wright Steven M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA 64‐channel array coil for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been designed and constructed. The coil was built to enable the testing of a new imaging method, single echo acquisition (SEA) MRI, in which an independent full image is acquired with every echo. This is accomplished by entirely eliminating phase encoding and instead using the spatial information obtained from an array of very narrow, long, parallel coils. The planar pair element design proved to be key in achieving well‐localized field sensitivity patterns and isolated elements, the crucial requirements for performing SEA. The matching and tuning of the array elements were accomplished on the coil array printed circuit board using varactor diodes biased over the RF lines. The array was successfully used to obtain SEA images as well as conventional partially parallel images at unprecedented acceleration factors. Magn Reson Med 54:386–392, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved quantitative dynamic regional oxygen‐enhanced pulmonary imaging using image registration
Authors: Naish Josephine H. , Parker Geoffrey J. M. , Beatty Paul C. , Jackson Alan , Young Simon S. , Waterton John C. , Taylor Chris J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOxygen‐enhanced MR imaging has been demonstrated in a number of recent studies as a potential method to visualize regional ventilation in the lung. A quantitative pixel‐by‐pixel analysis is hampered by motion and volume change due to breathing. In this study, image registration via active shape modeling is shown to produce significant improvements in the regional analysis of both static and dynamic oxygen‐enhanced pulmonary MRI for five normal volunteers. The method enables the calculation of regional change in relaxation rate between breathing air and 100% oxygen, which is proportional to the change in regional oxygen concentration, and regional oxygen wash‐in and wash‐out time constants. Registration‐corrected mapping of these parameters is likely to provide improved information in the regional assessment of a range of lung diseases. Magn Reson Med 54:464–469, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limitations of apparent diffusion coefficient‐based models in characterizing non‐gaussian diffusion
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Bammer Roland , Moseley Michael E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDiffusion in complex heterogeneous structures, for example, the neural fiber system, is non‐gaussian. Recently, several methods have been introduced to address the issue of non‐gaussian diffusion in multifiber systems. Some are based on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analysis; and some are based onq‐space analysis. Here, using a simple mathematic derivation, ADC‐based models are shown to be mathematically self‐inconsistent in the presence of non‐gaussian diffusion. Monte Carlo simulation on restricted diffusion is applied to demonstrate the poor data fitting that can result from ADC‐based models. Specific comparisons are performed between two generalized diffusion tensor imaging methods: one of them is based on ADC analysis, and the other is shown to be consistent withq‐space formalism. The issue of imaging asymmetric microstructures is also investigated. Signal phase and spin exchange are necessary to resolve multiple orientations of an asymmetric structure. Magn Reson Med 54:419–428, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common SENSE (sensitivity encoding using hardware common to all MR scanners): A new method for single‐shot segmented echo planar imaging
Authors: Carmichael David W. , Priest Andrew N. , De Vita Enrico , Ordidge Roger J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA new method is presented that enables image acquisition to be segmented into two readouts. This is achieved using a new pulse sequence that creates two components of magnetization with different spatial profiles. Each component of the magnetization is measured in one of the readouts. This produces two images with complimentary “sensitivity profiles” and near identical contrast. The images can be acquired with a reduced data matrix that corresponds to shorter periods of data acquisition. The reduced matrix images are then combined to produce a full matrix image using reconstruction methods previously applied to images from multiple RF coils in the sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique.The most promising application for this technique is in improving the performance of echo planar imaging (EPI) at high field. In this application, common SENSE obtains two segments of data in a single excitation of the magnetization (i.e., two readouts are performed per shot). The combination of these segments in image space avoids the difficulties normally associated with segmented EPI methods, namely, increased ghosting from discontinuities in the k‐space data. The main advantages are a reduction in distortion and blurring. Common SENSE is compatible with parallel imaging and partial Fourier methods. Magn Reson Med 54:402–410, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noise removal in magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Chen Bin , Hsu Edward W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlthough promising for visualizing the structure of ordered tissues, MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been hampered by long acquisition time and low spatial resolution associated with its inherently low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the uncertainty in the DTI measurements has a direct impact on the accuracy of structural renderings such as fiber streamline tracking. Noise removal techniques can be used to improve the SNR of DTI without requiring additional acquisitions, albeit most low‐pass filtering methods are accompanied by undesirable image blurring. In the present study, a modified vector‐based partial‐differential‐equation (PDE) filtering formalism was implemented for smoothing DTI vector fields. Using an image residual‐energy criterion to equate the degree of smoothing and error metrics empirically derived from DTI data to quantify the relative performances, the effectiveness in denoising DTI data is compared among image‐based and vector‐based PDE and fixed and adaptive low‐passk‐space filtering. The results demonstrate that the edge‐preservation feature of the PDE approach can be highly advantageous in enhancing DTI measurements, particularly for vector‐based PDE filtering in applications relying on DTI directional information. These findings suggest a potential role for the postprocessing enhancement technique to improve the practical utility of DTI. Magn Reson Med 54:393–407, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biological tissues using projected magic angle spinning
Authors: Martin Rachel W. , Jachmann Rebecca C. , Sakellariou Dimitris , Nielsen Ulla Gro , Pines Alexander 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHigh‐resolution NMR spectra of materials subject to anisotropic broadening are usually obtained by rotating the sample about the magic angle, which is 54.7° to the static magnetic field. In projected magic angle spinning (p‐MAS), the sample is spun about two angles, neither of which is the magic angle. This provides a method of obtaining isotropic spectra while spinning at shallow angles. The p‐MAS experiment may be used in situations where spinning the sample at the magic angle is not possible due to geometric or other constraints, allowing the choice of spinning angle to be determined by factors such as the shape of the sample, rather than by the spin physics. The application of this technique to bovine tissue samples is demonstrated as a proof of principle for future biological or medical applications. Magn Reson Med 54:253–257, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling and suppression of respiration‐related physiological noise in echo‐planar functional magnetic resonance imaging using global and one‐dimensional navigator echo correction
Authors: Barry Robert L. , Menon Ravi S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA major source of noise in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) arises from modulations in the local magnetic field in the head due to motion of the subject's chest through the respiratory cycle, and this physiologic noise can nullify the gains in statistical power expected by the use of higher magnetic fields for fMRI. In particular, fMRI data acquired using echo‐planar imaging (EPI) are very sensitive to these spatially and temporally varying respiration‐induced frequency offsets. In this study, accurate 3D magnetic field maps in the head were measured and used to determine the frequency offsets at the two extremes of the respiratory cycle. From these maps, spatially dependent frequency variations from about −1.0 Hz to +1.5 Hz were measured in the brain through the respiratory cycle. Simulations of a typical axial EPI fMRI experiment acquired in the presence of this measured field variation were performed, demonstrating regional image intensity variations between 1 and 5% in single pixel time series. The inadequacy of either global or 1D navigator echo corrections to measure and suppress respiratory‐induced noise in fMRI time series is demonstrated. The nature of the spatial variations observed suggests that 2D approaches should be considered. Magn Reson Med 54:411–418, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodegradable polymers based on renewable resources. IX. Synthesis and degradation behavior of polycarbonates based on 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols and tartaric acid derivatives with pendant functional groups
Authors: Yokoe Makito , Aoi Keigo , Okada Masahiko 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNovel polycarbonates, with pendant functional groups, based on 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols and L‐tartaric acid derivatives were synthesized. Solution polycondensations of 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐bis‐O‐(p‐nitrophenoxycarbonyl)hexitols and 2,3‐di‐O‐methyl‐L‐threitol or 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐L‐threitol afforded polycarbonates having pendant methoxy or isopropylidene groups, respectively, with number average molecular weight (Mn) values up to 3.61 × 104. Subsequent acid‐catalyzed deprotection of isopropylidene groups gave well‐defined polycarbonates having pendant hydroxyl groups regularly distributed along the polymer chain. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that all the polycarbonates were amorphous with glass transition temperatures ranging from 57 to 98 °C. Degradability of the polycarbonates was assessed by hydrolysis test in phosphate buffer solution at 37 °C and by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements in an activated sludge at 25 °C. In both tests, the polycarbonates with pendant hydroxyl groups were degraded much faster than the polycarbonates with pendant methoxy and isopropylidene groups. It is noteworthy that degradation of the polycarbonates with pendant hydroxyl groups was remarkably fast. They were completely degraded within only 150 min in a phosphate buffer solution and their BOD‐biodegradability reached nearly 70% in an activated sludge after 28 days. The degradation behavior of the polycarbonates is discussed in terms of their chemical and physical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3909–3919, 2005
Synthesis, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of cyanate ester/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites
Authors: Liang Kaiwen , Toghiani Hossein , Li Guizhi , Pittman Charles U. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCyanate ester (PT‐15, Lonza Corp) composites containing the inorganic–organic hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) octaaminophenyl(T8)POSS [1; (C6H4NH2)8(SiO1.5)8] were synthesized. These PT‐15/POSS‐1 composites (99/1, 97/3, and 95/5 w/w) were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission election microscopy (TEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, solvent extraction, and Fourier transform infrared. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the composite with 1 wt % 1 increased sharply versus the neat PT‐15, but 3 and 5 wt % 1 in these cyanate ester composites depressed Tg. All the PT‐15/POSS composites exhibited higher storage modulus (E′) values (temperature > Tg) than the parent resin, but these values decreased from 1 to 5 wt % POSS. The loss factor peak intensities decreased and their widths broadened upon the incorporation of POSS. XRD, TEM, and IR data were all consistent with the molecular dispersion of 1 due to the chemical bonding of the octaamino POSS‐1 macromer into the continuous cyanate ester network phase. The amino groups of 1 reacted with cyanate ester functions at lower temperatures than those at which cyanate ester curing by cyclotrimerization occurred. In contrast to 1, 3‐cyanopropylheptacyclopentyl(T8)POSS [2; (C5H9)7(SiO1.5)8CH2CH2CH2CN] had low solubility in PT‐15 and did not react with the resin below or at the cure temperature. Thus, phase‐separated aggregates of 2 were found in samples containing 1–10 wt % 2. Nevertheless, the Tg and E′ values (temperature > 285 °C) of these composites increased regularly with an increase in 2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3887–3898, 2005
DFT investigation of the mechanism of CH2CO + O(3P) reaction
Authors: Sun Hao , Tang Yi‐Zhen , Wang Zhan‐Liang , Pan Xiu‐Mei , Li Ze‐Sheng , Wang Rong‐Shun 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA detailed theoretical survey of the potential energy surface (PES) for the CH2CO + O(3P) reaction is carried out at the QCISD(T)/6‐311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level. The geometries, vibrational frequencies, and energies of all stationary points involved in the reaction are calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level. More accurate energy information is provided by single‐point calculations at the QCISD(T)/6‐311+G(3df,2p) level. Relationships of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products are confirmed by the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations. The results suggest that P1(CH2+CO2) is the most important product. This study presents highlights of the mechanism of the title reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Effect of temperature and food availability on reproductive investment of first-time spawning male Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua
Authors: Yoneda Michio , Wright Peter J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This study demonstrates how temperature and food availability affect growth, maturation, and sperm production in first-time spawning male cod in captivity. Cod, prior to the onset of maturation, were held under four different varying temperature and feeding regimes between November 2002 and March 2003. Lower food availability resulted in poor growth and body condition. Decreasing temperature partly led to slower growth in fish that matured during the experiment. Low temperature resulted in lesser proportions of mature fish relative to the higher temperature treatments. Higher temperature and food availability resulted in higher sperm production (testicular weight and gonadosomatic index). Our findings suggest that variation in food availability would mainly affect the growth and condition and the level of gamete production whilst variation in temperature would affect the proportion of males that mature. These results are contrasted with similar data for female cod.
Cochlear Changes in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Fukushima Hisaki , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Schachern Patricia A. , Kusunoki Takeshi , Oktay Mehmet F. , Fukushima Naomi , Paparella Michael M. , Harada Tamotsu 
Published: July 2005

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of diabetes on cochlear elements in human beings.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:Twenty‐six temporal bones (mean age, 37.5 years) with type 1 diabetes and 30 age‐matched controls were examined by light microscopy. We compared the findings of cochlear vessels, hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, and cochlear lateral walls.RESULTS:In diabetics, the walls of vessels of the basilar membrane (P < 0.001) and vessels of the stria vascularis were (P < 0.01) significantly thicker in all turns and loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) was significantly greater in the lower basal turn (P < 0.01). Atrophy of the stria vascularis in all turns (P < 0.0001) and loss of spiral ligament cells in upper turns (P < 0.01) were significantly higher than controls. No significant difference was obtained in the number of spiral ganglion cells between groups.CONCLUSION:This study suggests that type 1 diabetes mellitus can cause cochlear microangiopathy and subsequently degeneration of cochlear lateral walls and OHCs.
Inter-regional innovation in Brazilian agriculture and deforestation in the Amazon: income and environment in the balance
Authors: CATTANEO ANDREA 
Published: July 2005

The paper examines how recent trends in agricultural productivity in Brazil, occurring both inside and outside the Amazon, affected deforestation and agricultural incomes. The analysis uses a computable general equilibrium model adapted to capture regional economic structures, and accounts for uncertainty concerning productivity improvements. Due to countervailing effects on deforestation of innovation inside and outside the Amazon – respectively, increasing and decreasing it – innovation in Brazilian agriculture in the period from 1985 to 1995 has not altered substantially deforestation rates. However, innovation inside the Amazon has to be reckoned as a driving force behind the continuing high levels of deforestation rates.Innovation rates for livestock activities, inside and outside the Amazon, prove crucial in determining deforestation and agricultural income. Technological improvements outside the Amazon for small farm production systems and for farms in general in the North-East increase agricultural income, improve income distribution, and limit deforestation rates.
WEDS: a Web services-based environment for distributed simulation
Authors: Coveney Peter V , Vicary Jamie , Chin Jonathan , Harvey Matt 
Published: July 2005

Web services have the potential to radically enhance the ability of researchers to make use of distributed computing resources, but jargon and a plethora of standards make their use almost impossible for the scientist without prior experience of the necessary technologies. A powerful and simple WSRF-based middleware scheme is presented, designed to let scientists remotely deploy single or multiple instances of a pre-existing code across multiple resources, and giving steering, visualization and workflow functionality with only simple modifications to program code.
It is hoped that the development and implementation of such a toolkit will be relevant not only to the problem of deploying workstation-class codes in real time, but also the move towards more tractable alternatives to the Globus toolkit for deployment of processes in a high-performance computing environment.
Why change fails: knowledge counts
Authors: Washington Marvin , Hacker Marla 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the relationship between managers' understanding of a specific organizational change process and their attitudes towards implementing the change.Design/methodology/approachAfter a review of the current literature on the link between organizational change, knowledge of the change, and attitudes towards implementing the change, limited research was found that examined the relationship between knowledge of change and resistance to change. Then original empirical research was conducted by administering a survey to 296 managers from the Botswana Government.FindingsThe results of the regression models suggest that managers who understand the change effort are more likely to be less resistant to change. Specifically, the more a manager understood the change, the more likely they were to be excited about the change, the less likely that they would think the change effort would fail, and the less likely they were to state that they wished their organization had never implemented the change.Research limitations/implicationsThe major limitation of our research is that the data are self‐reported. The managers themselves rated their knowledge of the change and their resistance or lack of resistance to the change. However, because the question is one where social desirability bias (a major concern of self‐reported data) would lead to no variance (all managers should have said that they understood the change) and the self‐report bias is minimal. The research implications are that a link between knowledge of the organizational change has been found, and resistance to change, adding to the literature on why individuals resist change.Practical implicationsThe practical implications is that senior managers need to focus more on developing checks to ensure that managers understand the change program and the implications of the change program as a way of ensuring that they, and their subordinates, understand the change program.Originality/valueThe value of the study is that it is one of the first studies to empirically show a link between knowledge of change and resistance to change. The originality of the study is the dataset (managers from the public sector in Botswana) and the application (managers attempting to implement total quality techniques in a large‐scale bureaucracy).
Self‐assessment in a multi‐organisational network
Authors: Saunders Max , Mann Robin 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe New Zealand Benchmarking Club (NZBC), a multi‐organisational network, aimed to improve the performance of member organisations through best practice benchmarking. The purpose of this paper is to critique the NZBC self‐assessment process, report the scores for self‐assessments from 2000‐2002, and present an analysis of the 2001 self‐assessment data.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire measured the improvement rate of NZBC organisations through annual self‐assessments against the Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence (CPE). Training was provided for facilitators in each organisation, who supported teams of four to six persons who completed the self‐assessment. Correlation coefficients of pairs of CPE categories and items were used to identify strong relationships between them.FindingsSelf‐assessment data from 2001 identified 57 strong relationships between different CPE categories and items. The strongest correlation identified (0.94) among CPE items was found between “customer focused results” and “financial and market results”. Acting on the self‐assessment results, management initiatives were implemented and scores in 2002 showed significant improvements over 2001.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research involves case studies and longitudinal studies of annual data to identify possible causes of the strong relationships found.Practical implicationsResults indicate the benefit organisations obtain from sharing best practices, resources, and self‐assessment experiences. The practices required for effective administration of self‐assessment in a network are given.Originality/valueAn example of self‐assessment in a multi‐organisational network, and how it was managed. Of interest to organisations that are in an existing network, or wish to create a similar network. No studies of self‐assessment in a network were found in the literature.