bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of pre-fishery abundance modelling and Bayesian hierarchical stock and recruitment analysis to the provision of precautionary catch advice for Irish salmon (Salmo salar L.) fisheries
Authors: Ó Maoiléidigh N. , McGinnity P. , Prévost E. , Potter E.C.E , Gargan P. , Crozier W.W. , Mills P. , Roche W. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Ireland has one of the last remaining commercial salmon driftnet fisheries in the North Atlantic, with recent catches averaging 162 000 salmon (1997–2003), approximately 20% of the total landings of salmon in the entire North Atlantic. Since 2001, the Irish commercial salmon fishery has been managed on the basis of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) in each of 17 salmon fishing districts. This has been made possible by applying a number of new and innovative techniques to the estimation of conservation limits (CLs) and pre-fishery abundance (PFA) for combined stocks in each district. Stock and recruitment parameters from well-monitored European rivers were “transported” to all Irish rivers using a Bayesian hierarchical stock and recruitment (BHSRA) model. This provided the posterior probability distributions of the model parameters and related reference points, including individual river CLs. District PFA and the number of spawners were estimated for a baseline period of 1997–2003, using district catch data, estimates of unreported catch, and exploitation rate. Harvest guidelines were established on the basis of surplus of spawning fish over the CL for the baseline period. In line with scientific advice, the commercial fishery has been reduced from 212 000 fish in 2002 to 182 000 in 2003. In 2004, a total catch (including the rod catch) of approximately 160 000 wild salmon was advised.
Considerations for using spawner reference levels for managing single- and mixed-stock fisheries of Atlantic salmon
Authors: Chaput Gerald 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The probability of achieving the spawning requirement objective of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is defined by the stochastic properties of small numbers and biological characteristics of the stock. The uncertainty in achieving the spawning escapement objective is greater for small stocks than for large ones, such that measures of annual performance are more variable for small stocks. Summing individual river spawner requirements into a regional requirement reduces the probability of meeting the objectives simultaneously in all rivers. Variations in productivity among stocks, when not accounted for, can result in under-escapement in areas of lower productivity. The impact of mixed-stock fisheries can be most important for small stocks, and especially if these are of low relative productivity. Increasing the regional spawner requirement in an attempt to compensate for lower productivity may alleviate the problem somewhat, but it is not a guaranteed solution to the challenge of protecting all stocks, specifically those of low productivity in mixed-stock fishery situations. Each mixed-stock fishery situation can be evaluated on a case-by-case basis using Monte Carlo techniques.
Effects of Long‐Term Episodic Access to Ethanol on the Expression of an Alcohol Deprivation Effect in Low Alcohol–Consuming Rats
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Rodd Zachary A. , Boutwell Caron L. , Hsu Cathleen C. , Lumeng Lawrence , Murphy James M. , Li Ting‐Kai , McBride William J. 
Published: December 2004

Background: The alcohol‐preferring (P) and ‐nonpreferring (NP) and high alcohol–drinking (HAD) and low alcohol–drinking (LAD) rats have been selectively bred for divergent preference for ethanol over water. In addition, both P and HAD rats display an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). This study was undertaken to test whether the NP, LAD‐1, and LAD‐2 lines of rats could display an ADE as well.Method: Adult female NP, LAD‐1, and LAD‐2 rats were given concurrent access to multiple concentrations of ethanol [5, 10, 15% (v/v)] and water in an ADE paradigm involving an initial 6 weeks of 24‐hr access to ethanol, followed by four cycles of 2 weeks of deprivation from and 2 weeks of re‐exposure to ethanol (5, 10, and 15%). A control group had continuous access to the ethanol concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) and water through the end of the fourth re‐exposure period.Results: For NP rats, a preference for the highest ethanol concentration (15%) was evident by the end of the fifth week of access (∼60% of total ethanol fluid intake). Contrarily, LAD rats did not display a marked preference for any one concentration of ethanol. All three lines displayed an ADE after repeated cycles of re‐exposure to ethanol, with the general ranking of intake being LAD‐1 > NP > LAD‐2 (e.g., for the first day of reinstatement of the third re‐exposure cycle, intakes were 6.5, 2.9, and 2.4 g/kg/day compared with baseline values of 3.1, 2.0, and 1.3 g/kg/day for each line, respectively). By the 13th week, rats from all three lines, with a ranking of LAD‐1 > NP > LAD‐2, were drinking more ethanol (3.3, 2.2, and 2.0 g/kg/day, respectively) compared with their consumption during the first week of access (∼1.1 g/kg/day for all three lines).Conclusion: These data indicate that access to multiple concentrations of ethanol and exposure to multiple deprivation cycles can partially overcome a genetic predisposition of NP, LAD‐1, and LAD‐2 rats for low alcohol consumption. In addition, the findings suggest that genetic control of low alcohol consumption in rats is not associated with the inability to display an ADE.
Drinking and Spouse Abuse Among U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: Bell Nicole S. , Harford Thomas , McCarroll James E. , Senier Laura 
Published: December 2004

Background: This study examines the relationship between typical weekly drinking and perpetration of spouse abuse as well as the relationship between the perpetrator's typical weekly drinking and alcohol use during the abuse event among U.S. Army male soldiers.Methods: Cases include all active duty, male, enlisted Army spouse abusers identified in the Army's Central Registry who had also completed an Army Health Risk Appraisal Survey (HRA) between 1991 and 1998 (N= 9534). Cases were matched on sex, rank, and marital status with 21,786 control subjects who had also completed an HRA.Results: In multivariate logistic regression models, heavy drinkers (22 or more drinks per week) were 66% more likely to be spouse abusers than were abstainers (odds ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval 1.40–1.96). In addition, self‐reported moderate and heavy drinkers were three times as likely and light drinkers (1–7 drinks per week) were twice as likely as nondrinkers to be drinking during the time of the abuse event.Conclusion: Self‐reported heavy drinking is an independent risk factor for perpetration of spouse abuse among male, enlisted Army soldiers. Even 5 years or more after ascertainment of typical drinking habits, there is a significant association between self‐reported heavy drinking and alcohol involvement at the time of the spouse abuse event. Personnel who work with perpetrators and victims of spouse abuse should be trained carefully to query about current and typical drinking patterns.
Ethanol's Effects on Gait Dynamics in Mice Investigated by Ventral Plane Videography
Authors: Kale Ajit , Amende Ivo , Meyer Gerd P. , Crabbe John C. , Hampton Thomas G. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Performance of mice in motor function tests for ethanol sensitivity is often task dependent, not reflective of coordinated movement, and reported qualitatively. Therefore, we applied a new imaging technique to record and quantify coordinated gait dynamics in mice in response to ethanol.Methods: We applied ventral plane videography to record and report gait indices in mice walking on a transparent treadmill belt. We examined the effects of ethanol on gait in C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice walking at a speed of 25 cm/sec. B6 and D2 are two inbred strains that are widely used to study the genetic influences of ethanol on motor function.Results: Gait posture in D2 mice was less stable than in B6 mice. B6 mice always showed an alternate step sequence, whereas D2 mice sometimes showed cruciate and rotary step sequences. Ethanol in increasing doses increased stride frequency, decreased stride length, and increased stride length variability in D2 mice but not in B6 mice. The forelimb braking duration was significantly shortened and the hind limb propulsion duration was significantly prolonged with a high dose of ethanol in D2 mice but not in B6 mice. Differences in gait indices between the two strains of mice were more pronounced of the forelimbs with the highest dose of ethanol (2.75 g/kg).Conclusion: Our data suggest that the higher susceptibility of D2 compared with B6 mice to the effects of ethanol on motor function may be attributed to less stable basal gait characteristics that are perturbed by ethanol. The ability of this method to quantify step sequence patterns and gait indices of forelimb and hind limbs could provide new data regarding ethanol‐induced motor incoordination.
A Polymorphism of the μ‐Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) and Sensitivity to the Effects of Alcohol in Humans
Authors: Ray Lara A. , Hutchison Kent E. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Recent research has implicated the endogenous opioid system in the development of alcohol use disorders. The A118G polymorphism of the OPRM1 gene has been shown to confer functional differences to μ‐opioid receptors, such that the G variant binds β‐endorphin three times more strongly than the A variant. The goal of this study was to test whether the A118G polymorphism is associated with sensitivity to the effects of alcohol.Methods: Participants who were either homozygous for the A allele (n= 23) or heterozygous (n= 15) received intravenous doses of alcohol designed to reach three target levels of breath alcohol concentration: 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06. The testing procedure consisted of measures of subjective intoxication, stimulation, sedation, and mood states at baseline and at each of the three target breath alcohol concentrations.Results: The results suggested that individuals with the G allele reported higher subjective feelings of intoxication, stimulation, sedation, and happiness across trials as compared with participants with the A allele. Furthermore, participants with the G allele were almost three times more likely to report a positive family history of alcohol use disorders than participants with the A allele.Conclusions: These findings may help to explain previous research suggesting that naltrexone is more effective among individuals with the G allele. A medication that reduces feelings of euphoria after alcohol consumption may be more successful among individuals with a genetic predisposition to greater feelings of euphoria after consuming alcohol.
Impact of socio‐demographic factors, knowledge and attitude on the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy
Authors: Nordeng Hedvig , Havnen Gro C. 
Published: December 2004

Background.  Herbal drugs are often promoted as ‘natural’ and ‘safe’. These claims may especially attract pregnant women who are often concerned about their unborn child's well‐being. Few studies have assessed the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy and the factors related to this use.Objective.  To investigate the impact of socio‐demographic factors, knowledge and attitude on the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy.Methods.  A total of 400 postpartum women at Ullevål University Hospital in Oslo, Norway were interviewed within 3 days after giving birth by using a structured questionnaire in the period from February to June 2001.Results.  In all, 36% of the women reported herbal use during their pregnancy. Both women who had used herbal drugs in pregnancy and those not, had a positive attitude toward the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy. Echinacea was the most well known herb among both groups of women. The factors associated with the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy were: prior use of herbs, high knowledge about herbal drugs and age between 26 and 35 years. There was a non‐significant higher frequency of herbal drugs use in pregnancy among women with a higher education level.Conclusion.  The widespread use and positive attitude toward herbal drugs in pregnancy indicates an increased need for documentation about both the efficacy and safety of herbal drugs in pregnancy. Women between 26 and 35 years with a prior history of herbal drug use and high knowledge about herbs, are more prone to using herbal drugs in pregnancy.
Domestication and absolute ownership of fish in the English common law
Authors: Walrut B. P. 
Published: December 2004

The English common law has, for the purpose of describing the rights of ownership of animals, divided them into two classes, those the subject of absolute ownership and those the subject of a limited property right. In this system, fish have long been regarded as the subject of a limited property right, one dependent on possession.The principles underlying those concepts follow the Roman law concepts applicable to the proprietorship of animals and adopted in much of Europe. Those principles were further developed and adapted over many centuries in England, but more significantly in the common law countries outside of England, over the last century. They are principles that have a limited relationship to domestication. Drawing on the recent decisions outside of England it is possible to refashion the commonly presented tests as to the absolute ownership of animals. Based on those decisions, it may be asserted, that a person may absolutely own an animal that is a member of a population of animals that have had a long association with humans, or are exploited by a community in a recognized manner, other than by hunting. When applied to fish, particularly those from stock enhancement, sea ranching and aquaculture escapes, those principles raise a number of questions. Does the aquaculturist remain the owner of the fish that have escaped? Is it possible to retain ownership of stock enhancements and sea ranched fish? In some cases they may also raise an issue as to the liability for those fish at large.
Distribution of genetic variation in farmed and natural stocks of european eel
Authors: Pujolar J. M. , Maes G. E. , Volckaert F. A. M. 
Published: December 2004

European eel (Anguilla anguilla; Teleostei) is a valuable commercial species. However, over the past 25 years, the population of European eel has been declining to such a degree that major concerns have been raised for its long‐term conservation. Since little information is available on the life‐cycle and genetic structure of European eel, it has been difficult to evaluate the existence of any population substructuring. Molecular genetic methods contribute to a better knowledge of the demography and population structure in marine fish. In addition, management strategies and conservation goals must consider information on genetic substructuring as well as on life history patterns.The aim of the study is to provide more detailed knowledge on the genetic variability, demography and population substructuring of European eel by analysing and comparing natural and farmed individuals. Natural eel samples have been obtained in two geographical sites (Netherlands, France) including temporal samples in a short‐scale (within years) and a long‐scale (between years). Simultaneously, farmed glass eels have been grown in two separate batches during one year. Batches have been monitored and genetic samples have been obtained during the year.A combination of selection‐sensitive (allozymes) and selection‐neutral markers (microsatellites) has been used in the study since selection seems to play an important role in the determination of the quality of future eel spawners. Results suggest a positive correlation between growth and genetic variability since individuals attaining a large length and mass present significant higher heterozygosities.
Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) when administered with tenofovir diproxil fumarate in HIV‐1‐infected subjects
Authors: Boffito Marta , Back David , Stainsby‐Tron Meredith , Hill Andrew , Di Perri Giovanni , Moyle Graeme , Nelson Mark , Tomkins Jaqui , Gazzard Brian , Pozniak Anton 
Published: December 2004

AimsTo investigate whether the administration of tenofovir diproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily alters the plasma pharmacokinetics of the saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir combination in HIV‐1 infected individuals.MethodsOn day 1, 12 h pharmacokinetic profiles for saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg given twice daily) were obtained for 18 subjects. All subjects were receiving ongoing treatment with a saquinavir/ritonavir‐containing regimen. Tenofovir diproxil fumarate 300 mg given once daily was then added to the regimen and blood sampling was repeated at days 3 and 14. Saquinavir and ritonavir concentrations were measured by HPLC–MS/MS, and tenofovir concentrations by HPLC with UV detection.ResultsFollowing the addition of tenofovir diproxil fumarate to the regimen, saquinavir and ritonavir plasma concentrations were not significantly different compared with day 1. Thus the geometric mean ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the area under the concentration‐time curve were 1.16 (0.97, 1.59) and 0.99 (0.87, 1.30) for saquinavir and 1.05 (0.92, 1.28) and 1.08 (0.97, 1.30) for ritonavir, on days 3 and 14, respectively.ConclusionsTenofovir diproxil fumarate did not alter the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir.
Bioavailability of diclofenac potassium at low doses
Authors: Hinz Burkhard , Chevts Julia , Renner Bertold , Wuttke Henrike , Rau Thomas , Schmidt Andreas , Szelenyi Istvan , Brune Kay , Werner Ulrike 
Published: December 2004

AimDiclofenac‐K has been recently launched at low oral doses in different countries for over‐the‐counter use. However, given the considerable first‐pass metabolism of diclofenac, the degree of absorption of diclofenac‐K at low doses remained to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of low‐dose diclofenac‐K.MethodsA randomized, three‐way, cross‐over study was performed in 10 subjects. Each received diclofenac‐K, 22.5 mg via short‐term i.v. infusion and orally at single doses of 12.5 mg and 25 mg.ResultsMean (± SD) times to maximal plasma concentration (tmax) of diclofenac were 0.48 ± 0.28 h (12.5 mg) and 0.93 ± 0.96 h (25 mg). The absolute bioavailability of diclofenac‐K after oral administration did not differ significantly in the 12.5‐mg and 25‐mg dose group (63.1 ± 12.6%vs. 65.1 ± 19.4%, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals for the AUC∞ and AUCt ratios for the two oral regimes were 82.6, 103.4% (point estimate 92.4%) and 86.2, 112.9% (point estimate 98.6%), respectively. These values were within the acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80–125%).ConclusionsOur data indicate that diclofenac‐K is rapidly and well absorbed at low dose, and are consistent with a rapid onset of action of the drug.AbbreviationsAUC, area under plasma concentraton‐time curve; Cmax, peak plasma concentration; CI, confidence interval; COX, cyclooxygenase; D, dose; F, absolute bioavailability; tmax, time to reach Cmax.
Intratumoral immunotherapy: using the tumour against itself
Authors: Crittenden Marka R. , Thanarajasingam Uma , Vile Richard G. , Gough Michael J. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryDiverse immunotherapy approaches have achieved success in controlling individual aspects of immune responses in animal models. Transfer of such immunotherapies to clinical trials has obtained some success in patients, with clinical responses observed or effective antigen specific immune responses achieved, but has had limited impact on patient survival. Key elements required to generate de novo cell‐mediated antitumour immune responses in vivo include recruitment of antigen‐presenting cells to the tumour site, loading these cells with antigen, and their migration and maturation to full antigen‐presenting function. In addition, it is essential for antigen‐specific T cells to locate the tumour to mediate cytotoxicity, emphasizing the need for local inflammation to target effector cell recruitment. We review those therapies that involve the tumour site as a target and source of antigen for the initiation of immune responses, and discuss strategies to generate and co‐ordinate an optimal cell‐mediated immune response to control tumours locally.
Influence of pathological progression on the balance between cellular and humoral immune responses in bovine tuberculosis
Authors: Welsh Michael D. , Cunningham Rodat T. , Corbett David M. , Girvin R. Martyn , McNair James , Skuce Robin A. , Bryson David G. , Pollock John M. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryStudies of tuberculosis have suggested a shift in dominance from a T helper type 1 (Th1) towards a Th2 immune response that is associated with suppressed cell‐mediated immune (CMI) responses and increased humoral responses as the disease progresses. In this study a natural host disease model was used to investigate the balance of the evolving immune response towards Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle with respect to pathogenesis. Cytokine analysis of CD4 T‐cell clones derived from M. bovis‐infected animals gave some indication that there was a possible relationship between enhanced pathogenesis and an increased ratio of Th0 [interleukin‐4‐positive/interferon‐γ‐positive (IL‐4+/IFN‐γ+)] clones to Th1 (IFN‐γ+) clones. All animals developed strong antimycobacterial CMI responses, but depressed cellular responses were evident as the disease progressed, with the IFN‐γ test failing to give consistently positive results in the latter stages. Furthermore, a stronger Th0 immune bias, depressed in vitro CMI responses, elevated levels of IL‐10 expression and enhanced humoral responses were also associated with increased pathology. In minimal disease, however, a strong Th1 immune bias was maintained and an anti‐M. bovis humoral response failed to develop. It was also seen that the level of the anti‐M. bovis immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype antibody responses correlated with the pathology scores, whereas CMI responses did not have as strong a relationship with the development of pathology. Therefore, the development and maintenance of a Th1 IFN‐γ response is associated with a greater control of M. bovis infection. Animals progressing from a Th1‐biased to a Th0‐biased immune response developed more extensive pathology and performed less well in CMI‐based diagnostic tests but developed strong IgG1 humoral responses.
Deviation from major codons in the Toll‐like receptor genes is associated with low Toll‐like receptor expression
Authors: Zhong Fei , Cao Weiping , Chan Edmund , Tay Puei Nam , Cahya Florence Feby , Zhang Haifeng , Lu Jinhua 
Published: December 2004

SummaryMicrobial structures activate Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and TLR‐mediated cell signalling elicits and regulates host immunity. Most TLRs are poorly expressed but the underlying expression mechanism is not clear. Examination TLR sequences revealed that most human TLR genes deviated from using major human codons. CD14 resembles TLRs in sequence but its gene preferentially uses major codons. Indeed, CD14 expression on monocytes was higher than expression of TLR1 and TLR2. The TLR9 gene is abundant in major codons and it also showed higher expression than TLR1, TLR2 and TLR7 in transfected 293T cells. Change of the 5′‐end 302 base pairs of the TLR2 sequence into major human codons markedly increased TLR2 expression, which led to increased TLR2‐mediated constitutive nuclear factor‐κB activation. Change of the 5′‐end 381 base pairs of the CD14 sequence into prevalent TLR codons markedly reduced CD14 expression. These results collectively show that the deviation of TLR sequences from using major codons dictates the low TLR expression and this may protect the host against excessive inflammation and tissue damages.