bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Needs, Values, Truth
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Needs, Values, Truth brings together of some of the most important and influential writings by a leading contemporary philosopher, David Wiggins; they are drawn from twenty-five years of his work in the broad area of the philosophy of value. The author passes to and fro between problems of ethics, meta-ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of logic and language. The following themes are prominent: the elucidation of the ideas of truth, objectivity, subjectivity and intersubjectivity the scope and limits of the attribution of the status of plain truth among the judgements of morals, politics and aesthetics the compatibility of moral cognitivism both with criticism and with a 'no-foundations' view of morals, politics and aesthetics the part played in the fixation of the sense of evaluative language by the antecedent possibility of agreement not only in judgements but also (the Humean addendum) in sentiments the philosophical ineliminability of explanations that explain a subject's thought by vindicating it, and the indispensability of evaluative and subjective categories to such vindications the irreplaceability and irreducibility for practical or valuational thinking of such ideas as those of need, self and metaphysical freedom. For this third edition the author has added a new essay on incommensurability, in addition to making minor revisions to the existing text. The volume will stand as a definitive summation of his work in this area.
Eugenics: Some Lessons from the Nazi Experience
Authors: Glover Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one way, the existence of bioethics is very cheering. It is a fine thing that in our time there is so much ethical discussion about what we should do with the remarkable new developments in biology and medicine. But it is also hard not to be struck by the feeling that much work in bioethics is un-philosophical, in the sense of being unreflective on its own methods.
Embedding the Embryo
Authors: Novaes Simone Bateman , Salem Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions about embryos are rarely addressed to social scientists: the fact that they tend to contextualize issues rather than inquire into their universal logical and moral properties may seem to circumvent essential discussions about life, individualization, humanness, and personhood that appear crucial to the solution of problems involving embryos. A social science approach may none the less provide a distinctive perspective on how, when, where, and why such discussions arise and, above all, on who are engaged in these discussions-possibly a useful step in better identifying and framing the immediate implications of the questions we ask ourselves.
The Vocabulary of Science in the OED
Authors: Hoare Michael Rand , Salmon Vivian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific terminology has always confronted lexicographers with special problems, manifested as early as Cawdrey’s monoglot English dictionary of 1604. Most important of these are the criteria for inclusion in a dictionary, namely, which ‘hard words’, as Cawdrey and several successors described rare or difficult terms, would be of sufficient general interest to be included-a particular problem when those likely to be concerned constituted a small elite group. A second major issue is the extent to which scientific terminology should be glossed; should the definition be sufficiently detailed to make clear to the layman the objects and processes denoted by the word, or should only the briefest of definitions be given which would satisfy the specialist but not necessarily enlighten the layman? The ‘hard words’ of the early dictionaries were often derived from Latin, and frequently denoted a technical or scientific concept. At first, lexicographers like Cawdrey, made no attempt to classify ‘hard words’, but in 1656 Blount grouped them into semantic categories, and shortly after Edward Phillips made use of such classifications as natural history, chirurgery, chemistry, astronomy, and mechanics, as well as less technical subjects such as hunting and hawking (1658).
Counselling and HIV Testing: Ethical Dilemmas
Authors: Sherr Lorraine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Counselling has become a catchword associated with HIV infection and AIDS. It has entered the arena from the start of the epidemic as a direct result of the need for information transfer, behaviour change, and as a possible solution to action in the face of ignorance and uncertainty. Yet now, with the hindsight of over a decade of experience with HIV infection and AIDS, the nuances of counselling, psychological intervention, and client care need to be carefully scrutinized. A variety of ethical issues permeate the debate and cannot be overlooked.
Aristotle’s Psycho-physiological Account of the Soul-Body Relationship
Authors: Eijk Philip j. Van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s remarks on the soul and its relationship to the body, perhaps more than those of any other ancient philosopher, continue to be welcomed as stimulating contributions to contemporary debate in the philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences. Indeed, no modern reader with an interest in philosophical psychology will fail to be impressed by the high degree of conceptual sophistication Aristotle displays on such topics as perception, awareness, memory, dreaming, imagination, desire, thinking, and on the involvement of physical factors in all these processes, his work at times presenting striking similarities to some of the approaches taken in the modern debate.
Renaissance Theories of Body, Soul, and Mind
Authors: Michael Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human soul, or psyche, from ancient times to the early modern period played a double role in relation to the body. First, it was believed to be integrally linked to the human body as the locus or cause of its vital and cognitive activities; and, second, it was believed to be the vehicle, as separable from the human body, of personal immortality. Different aspects of this double role were emphasized at different times and by different thinkers. The story of the human soul’s career during the Renaissance is that of the progress from general agreement on the harmony of these two roles to a common preoccupation with their reputed conflict. This story is the subject of the following study.
Stahl, Leibniz, and the Territories of Soul and Body
Authors: Duchesneau François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a medical theorist, Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734) is known for the particular kind of anti-mechanist theory of physiology and pathology he proposed, animism. In a celebrated controversy, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) attacked the main theses developed in Stahl’s Theoria medica vera of 1708;1 shortly after the work’s appearance, Leibniz drafted Animadversiones in G. E. Stahlii Theoriam medicam veram, which was forwarded to Stahl through the intermediary Karl Hildebrandt von Canstein in July 1709.2 To the thirty-one Dubia of Leibniz, Stahl replied with an identical number of Enodationes, accompanied by a summary of the points of discussion (Conspectus).
Dependency Theory Meets OT: A Proposal for a New Approach to Segmental Structure
Authors: Smith Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It used to be suggested that the question of phonological segmental structure was orthogonal to Optimality Theory (OT). In other words, it was claimed that from the point of view of OT there was no particular reason to prefer one theory of segmental structure to another—OT could as it were be used together with any segmental theory with equal facility. More recently, a consensus seems to have emerged that the point of view that segmental structure is somehow not the concern of OT cannot be maintained, as discussions on the Optimality List during 1997 have concluded.
Ethical Particularism in Context
Authors: Bakhurst David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent ethical writing of a realist bent there is an increasing appreciation of the ‘situatedness’ of moral cognition. This manifests itself, first, in the contextualist idea that the nature and influence of moral reasons cannot be understood unless agents are seen as situated in traditions of moral thought and practice, traditions that contribute to the character of moral reality and that empower agents to discern its nature, and second, in the particularistview that the structure of moral reality is not best captured by systems of moral principles; moral judgement involves a sensitivity to context which outruns anything moral rules can establish.
Unprincipled Ethics
Authors: Rawling David McNaughton ,Piers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘ethical particularist’ has sometimes been used, in a broad and loose way, as a label for anyone who expresses hostility to the view that a decision about what we ought to do in some particular case can be mechanically ‘read off’ from a general moral principle or principles. Rather, it is urged, a correct moral verdict can only be reached by paying close attention to the individual case-to what differentiates it from other cases as much as what it has in common with them. As well as an understanding of the correct moral principles, we need fine judgement, sensitivity and even something approaching a perceptual capacity to appreciate the saliences of the circumstances in which we find ourselves. Particularism in this broad sense, which claims that a grasp of moral principles is insufficient for the correct moral appreciation of the particular case, has won many adherents in recent years. We will call this view, with which we agree, moral verdict particularism. It is a position explicitly held by intuitionists1 (and no doubt by some other moral theorists) as can be seen from Rawls’ classic definition:
Perceiving and reasoning about objects: Insights from infants
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S , Walle Gretchen A Van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human environment is populated by a rich variety of material objects, from rocks, to spoons, to pocket calculators, to animals and people. To act on our surroundings effectively, we must apprehend these objects and anticipate their behaviour. Some of this task appears to be accomplished by perceptual mechanisms: a cup stands before us and we see its shape, colour and texture. Even in this case, however, perception goes beyond the immediately visible, for we appear to ‘see’ the complete cup, not just the surfaces reflecting light to our eyes. To act on the cup, moreover, we must apprehend object properties that are not obviously visible at all, such as the cup’s weight and centre of mass. As our encounters with objects become extended over time, object perception appears to become increasingly inferential in character.
Social Motivations For Codeswitching
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book-length treatment of the social motivations for codeswitching, that is, the use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation. Using data from multilingual African contexts (mostly from conversations studied in Kenya), Carol Myers-Scotton advances a theoretical argument which aims at a general explanation of these motivations. She treats codeswitching as a type of skilled performance, not as the 'alternative strategy' of a person who cannot carry on a conversation in the language in which it began. When engaging in codeswitching, speakers exploit the socio-psychological values which have come to be associated with different linguistic varieties in a specific speech community: they switch codes in order to negotiate a change in social distance between themselves and other participants in the conversation, conveying this negotiation through the choice of a different code. Switching between languages, Professor Myers-Scoton suggests, has a good deal in common with making different stylistic choices within the same language: it ias as if bilingual and multilingual speakers have an additional style at their command when they engage in codeswitching between different languages.
Mental Causation: Sustaining and Dynamic
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The causal power of the mental is at once pervasively presupposed in common-sense thinking and widely disputed among philosophers. In everyday life we constantly talk about doing things because of what we want or believe; we even explicitly dub as ‘causes’ such mental phenomena as suspicion, anger, and pain. There are, however, non-causal uses of ‘because’, as where a syllogism is said to be invalid because it has two negative premisses; and clearly the question of the causal power of mental phenomena cannot be settled by mere terminological observations. To make the issue tractable, I propose to consider only one major domain: that of propositional attitudes and closely related mental elements. Even here, my main concern will be beliefs, desires, and intentions. These, after all, seem to be the basic mental elements crucial in everyday explanations of human action; and if cognitive psychology is to provide a broadly scientific understanding of our actions, it is presumably these or quite similar mental states that must play the central role.
Socrates on Trial
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brickhouse and Smith argue, contrary to virtually every modern interpretation of Plato's Apology of Socrates, that Plato's Socrates offers a sincere defence against the charges he faces. In doing so the book offers an exhaustive historical and philosophical interpretation of and commentary on Plato's Apology. The authors demonstrate that Socrates' moral and religious principles prohibit him from needlessly risking a negative vote at his trial. By providing a complete commentary, they show that each specific claim Socrates makes in the Apology can be construed as a sincere attempt to inform the jury of the truth and convince the jurors of his blamelessness. The effect of these two strategies is a novel interpretation of the Apology which sheds new light on various aspects of Socrates' life and philosophy.
Rightness and Reasons in Musical Interpretation
Authors: Krausz Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall argue that works of music characteristically admit of a multiplicity of ideally admissible interpretations and that he who requires that there must be a single right interpretation of musical scores as classically construed will do violence to musical interpretative practice. No work of music can be understood as such, nor can it be evaluated as one of its kind, independently of the practices in which it is found and fostered. Such practices shape the idea of a work of music as a kind of cultural entity, and they provide the terms in which works of music can be made intelligible and appreciated. Indeed, in order to formulate the category of works of music, we need to fix upon good cases, and fixing upon good cases depends upon considerations of historically variable practices.
Notation and Realization: Musical Performance in Historical Perspective
Authors: Bujic Bojan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music has played an important, sometimes an essential part in systematic and speculative aesthetic theories from the late eighteenth century onwards. The main intention of the philosophers was not to pronounce an opinion on the music of their time, but rather to formulate general principles which determine the position of music within the system of the arts, or the universal nature of its meaning and expressiveness.1 Very often their whole view of what music was appeared condensed in brief maxims: ‘Music is the universal imageless language of the heart’ (Schopenhauer); or ‘Music is the abstract inner life of feeling’ (Hegel); or ‘The content of music consists of forms set in motion by sounding’ (Hanslick). In all these cases ‘music’ was taken to be a sounding object, music at the moment of performance, without any consideration of whether the performance was a spontaneous act or whether it followed a notated score. It is probably fair to assume that the question of relationship between performance and score did not even arise as a significant one, although some general cultural assumptions of their time stood behind their view of music. These, not unreasonably, would have assigned the position of primacy to the sounding object which revealed music in an actual mode of existence whereas the notation, as a preparatory state, represented only the potential mode, a set of signs in a score. Even extemporizing, since it tended to adhere to the salient features of style, could easily be imagined in notated form—the processes of notation and performance would appear to be reversed—without bringing any new dimensions into play.
Form and Argument in Late Plato
Authors: Gill Christopheer , Mccabe Mary Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did Plato put his philosophical arguments into dialogues, rather than presenting them in a plain and readily understandable fashion? In writing rich tales of philosophical encounters, does Plato desert clarity in favour of seducing his readers with fine words, or is there a philosophical reason behind the form of his argument? While recent work has focused on the literary brilliance of the early dialogues, the late dialogues present a particular problem: they lack the vivid literary character of Plato's earlier works, and the dialogue structure seems to be a mere formality. Is there a philosophical reason why Plato's late works are in the form of dialogues? In this volume, a group of internationally prominent scholars address that question. Their answers are fresh, varied, and powerfully argued. This volume offers both a series of first-class essays on major late Platonic dialogues and a discussion which has important implications for the study of philosophical method and the relation between philosophy and literature. It shows that the literary form and modes of dialectic of the late dialogues are richly rewarding to study, and that doing so is of deep importance for Plato's philosophical project.
The Domains Of Letzebuergesch
Authors: Hoffmann Fernand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following analysis will view the concept of diglossia or polyglossia as it exists within the ‘domain’ structure outlined by Joshua Fishman (1972). This describes areas of use for all languages. The domains of ‘literature’, ‘the Press’, ‘advertising’, ‘profession and work’, ‘church’, ‘school’, ‘trade and industry’, ‘politics’, ‘the State’, and ‘the family’, as described here below, are therefore to be understood in Fishman’s sense. Since the domains of Lëtzebuergesch show great variation between speech and writing, these will be dealt with as separate areas.
Lëtzebuergesch And The Establishment Of National Identity
Authors: Newton Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in Belgium, with language movements such as De Tael is gansch het Volk (‘the language is entirely the nation’; 1836), the impetus to equate national language with national political identity grew most strongly in Luxembourg as a consequence of the 1830 revolution and the establishment of Luxembourg independence in 1839. It came more sharply into focus during 1848, when the language made its first appearance in political speeches I and in short features in newspapers. Close acquaintance with Dutch as an official language2 gave rise to the idea (Gangler 184T preface) that ‘Luxembourg German’ would move along the same path towards full cultural evolution as that followed since the end of the sixteenth century by Dutch itself.
Theories and Practices of Demonstration in Galen
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been a remarkable resurgence of interest in Galen as logician and philosopher of science. The interest in his contributions to syllogistic, for instance, is, to be sure, a long standing one. The new interests are in areas that correspond to the subject-matter not of Aristotle‘s Prior, but of his Posterior Analytics. To a degree matched, in antiquity, only by Aristotle himself,2 Galen presents us with material that enables us to investigate not just his theory of scientific method, and not just his practice, but also just how well these two match one another. Of the various complex strands that go to make up that method, I want to focus here particularly on one, the theory and practice-or rather, as I shall argue, the theories and practices-of demonstration. This was a subject dear to Galen‘s own heart, as seen by the fact that he devoted a fifteen-book treatise to it. It is a subject, too, on which we have an abundance of evidence in the extant medical treatises despite the loss of all but a few paltry fragments of that master work.
Descartes’s Concepts of Substance
Authors: Markie Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance is a central concept in Descartes’s metaphysics, just as certainty is a central concept in his epistemology, and Descartes’s remarks about substance are often obscure and confusing, just as his remarks about certainty are, yet his views on substance have not received the same critical attention as his views on certainty. The imbalance is part of a general tendency, especially among Anglo American commentators, to concentrate on Descartes’s epistemology at the expense of his metaphysics. To help correct it, I shall examine Descartes’s conception of substance in three well-known passages: Principles, pt. I, arts. 51-2, the Second Replies’ definition of substance, and the Synopsis of the Meditations.
Phonology as Cognition
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to ground phonology within psychology. That is, we are interested in phonology as a branch of the study of mental representation, the psychology of mind. In order to develop this ‘phonology of mind’ we need to understand the relationship between form and substance in linguistic representation. A coherent account of this distinction has yet to be proposed for either phonology or syntax. We attempt to contribute to this necessary enquiry in the domain of phonology by first defining ‘form’ and ‘substance’, and then critiquing some recent work that implicitly or explicitly touches on the relationship between the two. We will argue that current trends in phonology fail to offer a coherent conception of form and substance and are also inconsistent with basic principles of science. Since we are not proposing a complete alternative model of phonology, we invite the reader to reflect on how our proposals could be implemented or on how our assumptions (which we believe are widely shared in principle, if not in practice) should be modified.