bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence‐based typing of HLA class II DQB1
Authors: Dinauer D.M. , Luhm R.A. , Uzgiris A.J. , Eckels D.D. , Hessner M.J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Due to the expanding number of known HLA class II DQB1 alleles, high‐resolution oligotyping is becoming ineffective, therefore a sequence‐based typing (SBT) strategy was developed to provide rapid and definitive typing of HLA‐DQB1. HLA‐DQB1*02, *03, *04, *05, and *06 alleles were individually amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using exon 2 group‐specific primers. Forward and reverse PCR primers were tailed with M13 universal and M13 reverse sequences, respectively. Subsequent bi‐directional cycle‐sequencing was carried out using Cy5.5‐labeled M13 universal primer and Cy5.0‐labeled M13 reverse primer. Automated sequencing was performed in 30 min using a Visible Genetics, Inc. (VGI) MicroGene ClipperTM Sequencer. Full concordance was observed between this SBT method and oligotyping among 151 individuals.
HLA genes in Mexican Mazatecans, the peopling of the Americas and the uniqueness of Amerindians
Authors: Arnaiz‐Villena A. , Vargas‐Alarcón G. , Granados J. , Gómez‐Casado E. , Longas J. , Gonzalez‐Hevilla M. , Zuñiga J. , Salgado N. , Hernández‐Pacheco G. , Guillen J. , Martinez‐Laso J. 
Published: March 2003

Acknowledgments:This work was supported in part by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education (PM 57–95 and PM 96–21) and Comunidad de Madrid (06–70–97 and 8.3/14/98). Gilberto Vargas‐Alarcón was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología and the Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, Mexico.Abstract:The HLA allele frequency distribution of the Mexican Mazatecan Indians (Olmec culture) has been studied and compared with those of other First American Natives and worldwide populations (a total of 12,100 chromosomes; 6,050 individuals from 59 different populations). The main conclusions are: 1) An indirect evidence of Olmec and Mayan relatedness is suggested, further supporting the notion that Olmecs may have been the precursors of Mayans; 2) Language and genetics do not completely correlate in microenvironmental studies; and 3) Peopling of the Americas was probably more complex than postulated by Greenberg and others (three peopling waves). Significant genetic input from outside is not noticed in Meso and South American Amerindians according to the phylogenetic analyses; while all world populations (including Africans, Europeans, Asians, Australians, Polynesians, North American Na‐Dene Indians and Eskimos) are genetically related. Meso and South American Amerindians tend to remain isolated in the Neighbor‐Joining, correspondence and plane genetic distance analyses.
Discovery of two novel variants of KIR2DS5 reveals this gene to be a common component of human KIR ‘B’ haplotypes
Authors: Vilches C. , Pando M.J. , Rajalingam R. , Gardiner C.M. , Parham P. 
Published: March 2003

Acknowledgments:This study was supported by grant AI17892 from the U.S. Public Health Service to P.P. C.V. was supported by a fellowship from the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”, Spain (FIS BAE 98/5105); C.M.G. was supported by a grant from the Leukemia Research Foundation C.V.’s current address: Servicio de Inmunología, H.U. Clínica Puerta de Hierro, San Martín de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain.Abstract:The gene encoding the non‐inhibitory receptor KIR2DS5 has so far been represented by a single cDNA sequence, NKAT9. A previous study by polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) failed to detect NKAT9 in genomic DNA of 52 donors, which suggested that KIR2DS5 could be a rare gene. Here, we have characterized two novel variants of KIR2DS5 that differ from NKAT9 by 8 and 10 nucleotide substitutions. The frequency of KIR2DS5 was then re‐assessed by PCR‐SSP using primers specific for conserved sequences of all three known KIR2DS5 variants. We found KIR2DS5 is not a rare gene, but one present in 26% of 34 donors representing the major ethnic groups. Like other non‐inhibitory KIR, the distribution of KIR2DS5 is restricted to the ‘B’ subset of KIR‐gene haplotypes. Transcription of the KIR2DS5 gene was studied by reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR in natural killer (NK) cells from one donor and shown to follow the clonal distribution seen for most other KIR genes.
Approaches to fungal diagnosis in transplantation
Authors: Patterson T.F. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in patients undergoing solid organ or bone marrow transplantation remains a significant clinical challenge. Consideration of the epidemiology of these infections and host risk factors may be an important clue to a specific fungal diagnosis. Despite extensive investigation on methods such as serologic techniques to improve the rapid diagnosis of these infections, the diagnosis of invasive mycoses remains largely dependent on clinical presentation. For example, the signs and symptoms that result from angioinvasion of fungal organisms include pleuritic chest pain or hemoptysis. In a high‐risk patient these findings can be important clues to invasive fungal infection. Cultures of opportunistic fungi in certain settings, such as Aspergillus in respiratory samples from immunosuppressed patients, may be associated with infection. Radiographic findings can also be useful to establish a diagnosis of infection. In patients with invasive aspergillosis as well as other angioinvasive moulds, chest CT scans may demonstrate lesions that are not visible on plain radiographs. Serodiagnosis of these infections remains largely investigational. Microbiological antifungal resistance has increasingly been reported, but in patients at high risk for serious fungal infection, including patients undergoing bone marrow and organ transplantation, antifungal resistance remains uncommon, particularly in Candida albicans. Higher doses of azoles should be used to treat patients with infections due to less susceptible yeasts and those with more serious infection. Prompt recognition of fungal infection combined with intensive antifungal therapy is needed for successful therapy.
Immunosuppression without immunosuppression? How to be a tolerant individual in a dangerous world
Authors: Kirk A.D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The field of transplantation has developed based on two principles: allografts are rejected because they express foreign antigens, and the immune system must be suppressed to prevent rejection. Recently, in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence has accumulated that calls both of these beliefs into question. This article reviews an alternative approach to transplantation that focuses on tissue injury as the instigator of graft rejection and employs physiological mechanisms of tolerance to avoid graft loss. Methods that allow for defense against infectious microbes while at the same time allowing for graft survival are proposed. In particular, the rationale behind the use of anti‐CD154 antibody treatment is highlighted. A model is introduced that takes into consideration the experimental successes seen with anti‐CD154 therapies
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Lack of variation in αgal expression on lymphocytes in miniature swine of different genotypes
Authors: Chae Sanders J. , Kramer Aaron D. , Zhao Yong , Arn Scott , Cooper David K. C. , Sachs David H. 
Published: March 2003

Chae S.J., Kramer A.D., Zhao Y., Arn S., Cooper D.K.C., Sachs D.H. Lack of variation in αGal expression on lymphocytes in miniature swine of different genotypes. Xenotransplantation 1999; 6: 00‐00. ©Munksgaard, CopenhagenAbstract: Background: Galα1–3Gal epitopes (αGal) have been demonstrated to be present on tissues of all pig breeds tested to‐date and are the major target for human antiαgalactosyl (αGal) antibodies. We investigated members of an MHC‐inbred miniature swine herd to assess whether there was an association between genotype and expression of αGal. Identification of a low expressor genotype would potentially enable selective breeding of pigs that might prove beneficial as donors in clinical xenotransplantation. Methods: we measured αGal expression on various pig cells by use of fluorescent ‐activated cell sorter (FACS) using (i) purified human antiαGal antibody and (ii) the isolectin GS‐I‐B4. Initial studies were on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and subsequent studies on, lymphocytes, platelets, and T cell subsets (CD4 + and CD8 + cells). Results: there was considerable day‐to‐day variation in αGal expression on PBMCs from the same pig. When only lymphocytes were examined, there was a high degree of reproductibility, and no significant difference in αGal expression was detected between representative pairs of animlas of three different genotypes. Purified anti‐αGal antibody bound to different sites on the αGal epitope than did the Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia I‐B4 (GS‐I‐B4). Lectin binding was significantly reduced in the absence of divalent cations. When CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were examined for αGal expression, two distinct populations of each type of cell were observed, with larger cells expressing a higher level of αGal. Conclusions: although the number of pigs of different genotypes studied was small, on the basis of this limited study pigs, of a low αGal expressor genotype that could be selectively bred for use in clinical xenotransplantation were not identified.
Impact of immunoadsorption on xenogeneic extracorporeal pig liver perfusion: assessment of organ function during autologous reperfusion
Authors: Kornberg A. , Dietz O. , Mau H. , Pascher A. , Stangl M. , Scheele J. , Hammer C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe shortage of liver grafts has resulted in an intensive search for alternative strategies of liver support in acute liver failure. Extracorporeal perfusion of pig livers (ECLP) is not a new concept, but recent improvements in cardiopulmonary bypass technology and new knowledge about xenogeneic immunologic mechanisms have made it a potential therapeutic modality. In previous suboptimal experimental and clinical models, no statements about the beneficial effect of long‐lasting periods of ECLP were made. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of pig liver for metabolic regeneration after xenogeneic ECLP under largely physiologic conditions. To delay hyperacute rejection (HAR), we utilized immunoadsorption (IA) of naturally preformed xenogeneic antibodies (XNAbs). This led to a stable xenogeneic ECLP for 45 min. However, IA was not able to prevent completely organ damage or loss of function resulting from insufficient autologous reperfusion. The inability to regenerate during autologous reperfusion provides a new measure of the function of a xenogeneic perfused pig liver. In addition, our results implicate that patients with fulminant liver failure will benefit from short perfusions with several fresh organs rather than from long perfusion with a single pig liver.
The problem of anti‐pig antibodies in pig‐to‐primate xenografting: current and novel methods of depletion and/or suppression of production of anti‐pig antibodies
Authors: Alwayn Ian P. J. , Basker Murali , Buhler Leo , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe role of antibodies directed against Galα1–3Gal (α‐Gal) epitopes in porcine‐to‐primate xenotransplantation has been widely studied during the past few years. These antibodies (anti‐α‐Gal) have been associated with both hyperacute rejection and acute vascular rejection of vascularized organs. Depletion and (temporary or permanent) suppression of production of anti‐α‐Gal seem to be essential to the long‐term survival of these organs, even when the ultimate aim is accommodation or tolerance. Although more than 95% depletion of anti‐α‐Gal can be achieved by the use of immunoaffinity column technology, to date no regimen has been successful in preventing the return of anti‐α‐Gal from continuing production. In this review, we discuss current and novel methods for achieving depletion or inhibition (i.e. extracorporeal immunoadsorption, anti‐idiotypic antibodies, the intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin or oligosaccharides) and suppression of production (i.e. irradiation, pharmacologic agents, specific monoclonal antibodies, immunotoxins) of anti‐α‐Gal antibodies.
A novel human homolog of eosinophil major basic protein
Authors: Plager Douglas A. , Adolphson Cheryl R. , Gleich Gerald J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary: Eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) contributes to host defense and disease pathophysiology. Chromosome 11 contains the genes for human MBP1 (hMBP1) and a second novel MBP, hMBP2, in the centromere to 11q12 region. Interestingly, greater similarity exists between human and murine MBP1 and MBP2 orthologs, respectively, than between hMBP1 and hMBP2, suggesting a gene duplication event prior to the divergence of humans and mice. There is abundant mRNA for hMBP1 in both bone marrow (eosinophils and basophils) and placenta, but hMBP2 mRNA is present only in bone marrow (eosinophils). Comparison of proximal promoters for hMBP2, hMBP1, and murine MBP1 (mMBP1) shows a conserved GATA transcription factor binding site (functionally active in hMBP1). However, whether a C/EBP binding site common to hMBP1 and mMBP1 is functionally conserved in hMBP2 remains unresolved. Similarly, the role of conserved putative IK2 and STAT binding sites in MBP transcriptional control remains unknown. Like hMBP1, hMBP2 is in the eosinophil secondary granule. However, hMBP2 is twofold less positively charged than hMBP1 (+8 versus +16 at neutral pH), and this difference may explain hMBP2's similar, but often less potent, in vitro biological activities. Overall, while conservation of hMBP2's amino acid sequence (63% identity with hMBP1) suggests a common function(s) with hMBP1, hMBP2's substantially reduced charge and the existence of the similar mMBP2 argue for additional, unique functions for hMBP2.This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, AI 34577 and AI 09728 (GJG), and by the Mayo Foundation.
Cell proliferation and renewal of normal hepatocytes and bile duct cells in adult mouse liver
Authors: Magami Yasushi , Azuma Takeshi , Inokuchi Hideto , Kokuno Shinichiro , Moriyasu Fuminori , Kawai Keiichi , Hattori Takanori 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Background/Aims: The source of new cells in the normal adult liver has been controversial. Some investigators have hypothesized the streaming liver model. On the other hand, others reject this hypothesis. We examined hepatic cell kinetics by a special labeling method with [3H]thymidine.Methods: ICR mice received 112 repeated injections of [3H]thymidine at 6 h intervals for 28 days after birth and were killed immediately thereafter, or 100, 200 or 300 days after the last injection. Immediately after killing the animals, samples of the liver were taken and autoradiography was performed.Results: After continuous labeling, more than 90% of the cells in the liver were labeled. Mean grain counts of hepatocytes decreased to half over approximately 100 days. Those of bile duct cells decreased at a slower rate (50%) than hepatocytes. Mean grain counts of hepatocytes decreased over the regions, although those in perivenular region decreased more rapidly in comparison to those in periportal region.Conclusions: The present study indicated that most cells in the liver arise postnatally. The changes in labeling of cells show that there is no special zone for proliferation of hepatocytes and they renew in all regions of the hepatic lobule, suggesting (i) that hepatocytes are supplied by postnatal replication and (ii) streaming of hepatocytes from periportal to pericentral regions does not occur in the adult mouse liver. The bile duct cells renewed more rapidly than hepatocytes.
Immunohistochemical detection of hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor‐β and their receptors in epithelial odontogenic tumors
Authors: Kumamoto Hiroyuki , Yoshida Mitsuhide , Ooya Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:   Tumors derived from odontogenic epithelium exhibit considerable variation and are classified into several benign and malignant entities. To clarify the role of growth factors in oncogenesis, cytodifferentiation and progression of epithelial odontogenic tumors, expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and their receptors were analyzed in these tumors as well as in tooth germs.Methods:   Specimens of five tooth germs, 34 ameloblastomas, three calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors (CEOTs), two clear cell odontogenic tumors (CCOTs), five adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOTs), six calcifying odontogenic cysts (COCs) and six malignant ameloblastomas were examined immunohistochemically with the use of antibodies against HGF, TGF‐β and their receptors.Results:   In tooth germs and epithelial odontogenic tumors, immunoreactivity for HGF and TGF‐β was detected in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, while expression of their receptors was found only in epithelial cells. In tooth germs and main types of ameloblastomas, HGF and TGF‐β reactivity was marked in epithelial cells near the basement membrane, and their receptors were diffusely positive in most epithelial cells. In subtypes of ameloblastomas, reduced expression of HGF, c‐Met and TGF‐β and increased reactivity for TGF‐β receptors were detected in keratinizing cells in acanthomatous ameloblastomas, and granular cells in granular cell ameloblastomas demonstrated little or no expression of HGF, TGF‐β or their receptors. As compared with main types of ameloblastomas, basal cell ameloblastomas showed high HGF reactivity, and desmoplastic ameloblastomas exhibited elevated reactivity for TGF‐β and its receptors. Neoplastic cells in CEOTs, AOTs and COCs showed reactivity for HGF, TGF‐β and their receptors. Elevated HGF and TGF‐β reactivity was found in pseudoglandular cells in AOTs, and high expression of their receptors was noted in ghost cells in COCs. Metastasizing ameloblastomas showed similar expression patterns of HGF, TGF‐β and their receptors to those of benign ameloblastomas, while CCOTs and ameloblastic carcinomas had increased HGF expression and low reactivity for TGF‐β and its receptors as compared with benign ameloblastomas.Conclusions:  Immunohistochemical localization of HGF, TGF‐β and their receptors in tooth germs and epithelial odontogenic tumors supports the hypothesis that HGF and TGF‐β act on epithelial cells via paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. Altered expression of the agents in these epithelial odontogenic tumors, especially subtypes of ameloblastomas, AOTs and COCs, suggests that HGF and TGF‐β signaling might affect differentiation of neoplastic odontogenic epithelial cells. Activated HGF/c‐Met pathway and reduced TGF‐β signaling in CCOTs and ameloblastic carcinomas may be associated with the malignant potential of these epithelial odontogenic tumors.
Atypical lipomatous tumor of the lip with pleomorphic lipoma‐like myxoid area, clinically simulating mucocele
Authors: Hattori Hideo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLipomatous tumor is least common in the oral cavity. We present a case of atypical lipomatous tumor arising in the lower lip of an 81‐year‐old male. Clinical diagnosis was mucocele. The tumor measured 12 mm in diameter with a round shape. It was solid, firm, myxomatous and translucent with a small yellowish focus in the central portion. Histologically, the tumor was a circumscribed and well‐encapsulated mass with prominent myxoid matrix. The central minor portion showed a well‐differentiated liposarcoma. In the myxoid area, lipoblasts and large atypical cells with dense chromatin including floret‐like giant cells were seen in abundance. Atypical lipomatous tumor may be indistinguishable from pleomorphic lipoma and its distinction from the latter is based on location as well as relative abundance of floret‐type giant cells and lipoblasts. According to its abundance in lipoblasts over floret‐like cells, pleomorphic lipoma‐like area in our case could also be a part of atypical lipomatous tumor. It may be possible to interpret myxoid change in our case as to represent a superficial counterpart of myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma‐like change reported in the retroperitoneal lesion.
Proliferation and distribution of myoepithelial cells during atrophy of the rat sublingual gland
Authors: Takahashi S. , Shinzato K. , Domon T. , Yamamoto T. , Wakita M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:  The present study was aimed to determine the proliferation and distribution of myoepithelial cells during atrophy of rat sublingual glands.Methods:  The excretory duct of the right sublingual gland of rats was doubly ligated with metal clips to induce atrophy in the gland. The atrophic sublingual glands were taken from 1 to 28 days after duct ligation and examined with single immunohistochemistry for actin as a marker of myoepithelial cells and with immunohistochemical double staining for actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a marker of proliferating cells.Results:  In unligated sublingual glands, myoepithelial cells embraced acini and intercalated ducts, but not striated and interlobular excretory ducts. In the early stages of atrophy, myoepithelial cells surrounded small ducts but not large ones. However, in the later stages of atrophy, myoepithelial cells were also observed at the periphery of the large ducts. The immunohistochemical double staining showed that there were PCNA‐positive myoepithelial cells in the normal as well as in the atrophic sublingual glands. However, the PCNA labeling indices of myoepithelial cells were low in the unligated and atrophic sublingual glands, and there were no statistically significant differences in these labeling indices.Conclusion:  The observations suggest that the distribution of myoepithelial cells change during atrophy of rat sublingual glands and that myoepithelial cells have low proliferative activity in both the normal and atrophic condition of rat sublingual glands.
Effects on human skin of repetitive ultraviolet‐A1 (UVA1) irradiation and visible light
Authors: Edström Desiree Wiegleb , Porwit Anna , Ros Anne‐Marie 
Published: March 2003

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has a variety of effects on human skin. Best known are the effects of UVB (290–320 nm) and UVA2 (320–340 nm), which cause DNA damage and increased risk of cancer. However, the effects of UVA1 (340–400 nm) have been not completely investigated.Methods: The effects of repetitive low doses of UVA1 and visible light were studied in 12 healthy individuals. A part of the buttock was exposed to 20 J/cm2 UVA1 and another part to 126 J/cm2 of visible light three times a week for 4 weeks. Repeated punch biopsies were taken during the 4 weeks of treatment and also 2 weeks after the last irradiation. The avidin‐biotin‐immunoperoxidase technique was used to investigate the expression of p53, p21WAF, bcl‐2, Ki67 and cyclin A.Results: By comparison to untreated skin, an increased expression of p53 but not p21WAF in keratinocytes was seen. The bcl‐2 protein expression increased slightly after both UVA1 and visible light. An increased staining with Ki67 and cyclin A after UVA1 but not after visible light was observed as a sign of increased proliferation.Conclusion: These results suggest that suberythemal doses of UVA1 and even visible light may cause DNA damage.