bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why the Death Penalty Is Morally Permissible*
Authors: Pojman Louis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death penalty as punishment for the most serious crimes is morally justified. Honest people and philosophers may disagree on these matters, but I will present my reasons for supporting the retention of this practice. I have no illusions about my ability to change the minds of my ardent abolitionist opponents, but I can hope to clear the air of misperceptions and help those with an open mind come to an informed judgment of this crucial matter.
The Twentieth-Century “Disappearance” of the Gisaeng during the Rise of Korea’s Modern Sex-and-Entertainment Industry
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the vanished Korean female professional entertainer known as gisaeng is riddled with ambiguities. These arise from the inherent social-structural ambiguity of Korean (and many other) traditional female entertainers who have operated outside of established morality but in a way that often reinforces the conventions they seem to subvert. The ideological contexts in which gisaeng are remembered are no less ambiguous: as symbols of national culture, as pre-modern symbols of the oppression of women, and as early examples of emancipated females. Some scholars understand the gisaeng to have been a kind of sex worker or a prostitute, while many others insist that the gisaeng were entertainers, forbidden from selling their bodies, who only became involved in sex work under Japanese colonial ism (1905–45).
The Daoist Monastic Manual
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fengdao kejie or "Rules and Precepts for Worshiping the Dao" dates from the early seventh century and is a key text of medieval Daoist priesthood and monasticism, which was first formally organized in the sixth century. Compiled to serve the needs of both monastic practitioners and priests in training it describes the fundamental rules, organizational principles, and concrete establishments of Daoist institutions. Speaking in their own voices and presenting the ideal Daoist life of their time, priests and recluses come to life in this fascinating ancient document. Livia Kohn here offers the first complete annotated translation of the Fengdao kejie. She begins with three introductory chapters that outline the development of Daoist organizations and institutions, discuss the date and compilation of the work, and present key issues of terminology and worldview. The text itself contains eighteen sections that address the importance of karma and retribution, the creation of buildings, sacred statues, and scriptures, the design of sacred utensils and ritual clothing, the organization and structure of the ordination hierarchy, as well as a number of essential rituals, from the recitation of the scriptures to the daily devotions and the ordination ceremony. The Daoist Monastic Manual offers a clear and vibrant description of the lifestyle and organizational structures of medieval Daoism, rooting the religion in the concrete reality of daily activities.
Authorship and Textual History
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then, this year, the fifth year of the era Great Purity, with the year star in xinwei [551], at noon of the first day of the fifth month, I was again visited by the Most Eminent Jade Emperor of Heavenly Treasure, who descended to the jasper palace on the Dai peak to transmit to me the Mysterious Register of Perfect Numen of the Highest Prime of the Nine Heavens. Through this, I was confirmed in the rank and title of an official general [of heaven].
Comprehensive Structures
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rules say: According to the “Statutes of Mystery Metropolis” and the “Code of Orthodox Unity,” all Daoists, whether male or female, and even ordinary followers, receive a subtraction in reckoning if they disobey the scriptures and precepts. According to one system, a subtraction in reckoning means that one reckoning [unit] is subtracted from a person’s life expectancy so that longevity cannot be extended. [12b] According to another, one reckoning [unit] means sixty days. The two theories are different, thus I present them both.
The Ritual Order
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rules say: All Daoists, whether male or female, have ritual ranks, formal order, and religious titles, each of their specific class. You must know which is superior and inferior, higher and lower, so there is neither favoritism nor abuse of power. For this reason I have set them out in detail below. Familiarize yourself thoroughly with them. Failure to comply in each case carries a subtraction of 1,200 [days of life].
Fragments and Citations
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following renders passages from the Fengdao kejie found in Dunhuang manuscripts or as citations in contemporaneous works. Section numbers have been supplied to make access easier, but they are largely conjecture. Section 24, complete with heading and number, appears in P. 3682. The manuscript also contains the end of the previous section, which was accordingly numbered 23. The last sentence of this section, in turn, appears in a citation in the Miaomen youqi, thus allowing me to give the Section number 22 to this citation. Numbers 20 and 21 were assigned arbitrarily. Headings, too, were supplied by the translator.
Ecosystem Disturbance, Biodiver sity Loss, and Hum an Infectious Disease
Authors: Molyneux David H , Ostfeld Richard S , Bernstein, Aaron , Chivian Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we develop an infectious illness, we tend to believe that we caught it from another person, who in turn caught it from someone else, and that the germ that made us ill had never resided in any species other than our own. But this belief, it turns out, is false more times than not. For most human infectious diseases—some 60 percent— the pathogen has lived and multiplied in other organisms before having been transmitted to people.
The Business of Being Opinionated
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Farthest from the neutral, fact-driven, straight-news wire services stand the syndicated columnists. Time dubbed them “pundits,” from the Sanskrit word for “wise men.” William Safire refined the definition to “an expert on nothing but an authority on everything.” As news pages attempted to bury their partisanship, the columnists emerged as an elite within the profession, journalists licensed to express their own minds. From their prominent perches on the oped pages an assortment of Washington-based hawks, owls, eagles, and other harriers of power have exercised ample influence over policymaking, public opinion, and the rest of the press corps.
The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a substantially expanded and completely revised verision of Bradshaw’s classic account, first published in 1993. Traditional liturgical scholarship has generally been marked by an attempt to fit together the various pieces of evidence for the practice of early Christian worship in such a way as to suggest that a single, coherent line of evolution can be traced from the apostolic age to the fourth century. Bradshaw examines this methodology in the light of recent developments in Jewish liturgical scholarship, of current trends in New Testament studies, and of the nature of the source-documents themselves, and especially the ancient church orders. In its place he offers a guide to Christian liturgical origins which adopts a much more cautious approach, recognizing the limitations of what can truly be known, and takes seriously the clues pointing to the essentially variegated character of ancient Christian worship.
The Faiths of the Founding Fathers
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not uncommon to hear Christians argue that America was founded as a Christian nation. But how true is this claim? In this compact book, David L. Holmes offers a clear, concise and illuminating look at the spiritual beliefs of our founding fathers. He begins with an informative account of the religious culture of the late colonial era, surveying the religious groups in each colony. In particular, he sheds light on the various forms of Deism that flourished in America, highlighting the profound influence this intellectual movement had on the founding generation. Holmes then examines the individual beliefs of a variety of men and women who loom large in our national history. He finds that some, like Martha Washington, Samuel Adams, John Jay, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson's daughters, held orthodox Christian views. But many of the most influential figures, including Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John and Abigail Adams, Jefferson, James and Dolley Madison, and James Monroe, were believers of a different stripe. Respectful of Christianity, they admired the ethics of Jesus, and believed that religion could play a beneficial role in society. But they tended to deny the divinity of Christ, and a few seem to have been agnostic about the very existence of God. Although the founding fathers were religious men, Holmes shows that it was a faith quite unlike the Christianity of today's evangelicals. Holmes concludes by examining the role of religion in the lives of the presidents since World War II and by reflecting on the evangelical resurgence that helped fuel the reelection of George W. Bush. An intriguing look at a neglected aspect of our history, the book will appeal to American history buffs as well as to anyone concerned about the role of religion in American culture.
Introduction
Authors: Carpio Glenda R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does anyone navigate the contradictions of race, so succinctly described by Winant? Without a sense of humor, they might just drive one crazy. Race, of course, has not always been deemed illusory or common nonsense. Far from it. The belief in biologically determined differences in race has generated atrocities such as genocide, enslavement, and colonization. While today we live in the more “enlightened” state in which race is understood for the construction that it is, old-fashioned racism not only persists but also creates new, strange fictions around its concept. In the United States, the last decades of the twentieth century witnessed a pendulum swing in which, after playing a crucial role in the making of the American nation and throughout the nation’s history, race became so purportedly insignificant that broad sectors of the country could claim the end of institutional racism and the achievement of a coloblind society. In many ways this swing constituted a backlash against the gains made by the civil rights movement of the 1960s. A great reversal occurred almost as soon as the major civil rights acts passed: the focus was no longer on white racism—because segregation in public accommodations and proscribed discrimination in employment and disenfranchisement had been outlawed—but on the moral deficiencies of minorities. For African Americans, such backlash included the reemergence of long-standing stereotypes regarding their character.
Susan Glaspell Her Life and Times
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trifles—a play exploring what happens when women unite against forces that deny them a voice and identity—has become an international classic, as powerful and relevant today as it was in the summer of 1916, when it was first staged by vacationing friends in a converted fishing wharf in Provincetown, Massachusetts. This biography is the story of its author, Susan Glaspell, and the forces that propelled her from her Midwest birthplace in Davenport, Iowa to Greenwich Village during its glory days, where she established herself as a central figure in the avant-garde community and became the first modern American woman playwright. Glaspell’s life is a feminist tale of pioneering in which she broke new ground for women. A journalist by age eighteen, she worked her way through university as a news reporter and became a leading novelist of the period. A co-founder of many of Greenwich Village’s important avant-garde institutions, she was a close friend of its leading figures, including Eugene O’Neill. She and O’Neill were equally credited with launching a new type of indigenous drama, hers addressing such pressing topics as suffrage, birth control, female sexuality, marriage equality, socialism, and pacifism. In 1931 she won the Pulitzer Prize for drama. “Out there—lies all that’s not been touched—lies life that waits,” Claire Archer says in The Verge, Glaspell’s most experimental play. This biography is the exciting and inspiring story of Glaspell’s personal exploration of the same terrain
Conquest by Law
Authors: Robertson Lindsay G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Marshall's landmark 1823 decision in Johnson v. M'Intosh gave the European sovereigns who "discovered" North America rights to the land, converting Native Americans in one stroke into mere tenants. In 1991, while investigating the historical origins of this highly controversial decision, Lindsay Robertson made a startling find in the basement of a Pennsylvania furniture-maker--the complete corporate records of the Illinois and Wabash Land Companies, the plaintiffs in the case. Drawing on these records, Conquest by Law provides, for the first time, a complete and troubling account of collusion, detailing how a spurious claim gave rise to a doctrine--intended to be of limited application--which led to the massive displacement of Native Americans and the creation of a law that governs indigenous people to this day.
Understanding an Other
Authors: Schweickart Patrocinio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “audience” is problematical, according to drama critic Alice Rayner, not only because it obscures the diverse perspectives and reactions that can be found in every actual audience but also because it glosses over the “listening function” that constitutes the activity of the audience members. Something similar can be said of the term “reception.” Although reception study understands the variability of meaning and has long been concerned to restrain collectivizing and homogenizing tendencies, something like the second problem persists, particularly in the tension between reception study and readerresponse criticism. Reception study emphasizes the macroscopic analysis of reading conditions and effects, but it tends to gloss over the “receiving function,” the interaction between reader and a text that, multiplied countless times, constitutes the phenomenon of reception.
Habitus Clivé
Authors: Bennett Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the sketch for a self-analysis that he wrote shortly before his death, Pierre Bourdieu said that his was a divided habitus—a habitus clivas a consequence of the contradictions he experienced in coming from lowly social origins to achieve high scholarly distinction (Esquisse 127). This seems entirely plausible. Indeed, in this respect, Bourdieu might be seen as an ideal type for a generation that experienced similar kinds of social and cultural dislocation as the price of educational and occupational advancement. Yet the claim stands in sharp contrast to what Bourdieu had to say elsewhere about the concept of the habitus as a set of regulative principles organizing practices of cultural consumption. For here Bourdieu usually insisted on the unity of the habitus. This construction of the habitus is central to the analytical architecture of Bourdieu’s Distinction. It constitutes the key conceptual hinge through which analyses at the level of the individual and that of classes are integrated within the social space of lifestyles and through which the operation of cultural capital across different fields is mediated. If, therefore, the unity of the habitus is shown to be unsustainable, other aspects of Bourdieu’s approach in this study are also called into question.
Main Street Reading Main Street
Authors: Blair Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sinclair Lewis’s Main Street was a “literary sensation,” garnering both critical acclaim and phenomenal sales (Bucco 13). Published with relatively little fanfare in October 1920, by a year later it had sold 295,000 copies (Lingeman 157). Main Street was not only the best-selling novel in the United States for 1921; it continued to be so for the following four years (Hart 525). And people who did not buy books were also jumping on the Main Street bandwagon: According to the Bookman, it was the book requested most in public libraries across the United States from February through December 1921 and remained in the top five for requests for months after.1 The book had both legs and buzz: In May 1921, Catherine Beach Ely, a reviewer for the New York Times, claimed she was “the last inhabitant” (she does not say of what) to read “the season’s wonderwork.” In the same issue of the Times, one publishing executive bemoaned the fact that “there are actually thirty-seven neo–Main Streets getting into type at present” (Lowry), one of which, Dorothy Canfield’s The Brimming Cup, also published by Harcourt and touted as an “answer” to Main Street, became the second-best-selling novel of 1921. Lewis’s novel spawned parodies such as Carolyn Wells’s Ptomaine Street, and the phrase “Main Street” became almost immediately a shorthand derogatory term for small town U.S.A.
Theology Of The Liturgy
Authors: Jackson Pamela E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constitution on the sacred liturgy Sacrosanctum concilium became the first document promulgated by the Second Vatican Council on December 4, 1963, having been approved by a vote of 2,147 to 4. Those who drafted the schema of Sacrosanctum concilium believed that it was necessary for the constitution to be built on a solid theological foundation. Citing the 1947 encyclical Mediator Dei, they affirmed that the sacred liturgy did not consist merely in the outward aspect of worship, nor could it be reduced to a list of ecclesiastical laws for proper performance of the rites; rather—as exercise of the priesthood of Christ in his Mystical Body, the Church—the liturgy had profound theological significance. The theology of the liturgy in Sacrosanctum concilium has been described as its principal part, which will last for centuries. From this theology, Sacrosanctum concilium then derived the principles, or norms, on which the renewal of the liturgy in accord with the council’s purposes should be based; on the basis of these norms, the constitution decreed specific changes in the celebration of the liturgy. Sacrosanctum concilium’s theology of the liturgy is thus the key to understanding both what the council fathers believed the liturgy to be and how they envisioned it being celebrated. This chapter first summarizes this theology and then considers the sources that informed it, its relationship to the theological tradition that preceded it, and how this theology was intended to serve as basis for renewal. The constitution’s theology of the liturgy is found primarily in article 2 of the introduction and at the beginnings of its first five chapters: articles 5– 13 of chapter 1 (General Principles for the Renewal and Fostering of the Sacred Liturgy); articles 47– 48 of chapter 2 (The Most Holy Mystery of the Eucharist); articles 59–61 of chapter 3 (The Other Sacraments and Sacramentals); articles 83–85 (The Divine Office);
The Decree On The Church’s Missionary Activity, Ad Gentes
Authors: George Francis Cardinal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Missionary Tradition A great Catholic theologian of the twentieth century, Romano Guardini, said of the Church, ‘‘She stands in history and by the power of the Holy Spirit, she proclaims the Savior through her existence, her words and her actions. She translates him into the language of our human life, brings him into relation with its forces and structures.’’ The Church’s intentions and actions, therefore, are as original as those of Jesus Christ.
Organized Womanhood
Authors: Braude Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1873, the women of Hillsborough, Ohio, decided it was time to take action against the abuse of alcohol in their community. After a temperance meeting in a local church, they marched in a group to one of the town’s thirteen saloons. They entered the saloon, knelt on the floor, and began to pray and sing hymns. When the owner asked them to leave, they refused to do so as long as he continued to sell liquor. Few male patrons wanted to drink in the presence of so many praying women. Eventually the tavern keeper agreed to end liquor sales. Strengthened by their success, the women met at church again the next day and marched to another saloon. Within a few weeks, nine of the thirteen businesses selling alcohol in Hillsborough had closed and the women in nearby towns had taken up the campaign to close saloons in their communities. The Ohio Women’s Crusade gave rise to the first nondenominational national organization of Protestant women: the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874. After the Civil War, women across the country joined in national organizations like the WCTU that helped shape U.S. politics and religion, as well as the women themselves. Secular women’s organizations, including those devoted to women’s rights, flowered after the war, but religiously motivated activities drew much larger numbers of women. As new immigrant groups arrived in the United States, they followed the model set by groups such as the WCTU. In the twentieth century, American women organized the largest Jewish organization in the world, Hadassah, the Women’s Zionist Organization of America. Such national organizations of religious women played an important role in shaping public life.
From Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archimedes to Hawking takes the reader on a journey across the centuries as it explores the eponymous physical laws--from Archimedes' Law of Buoyancy and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion--whose ramifications have profoundly altered our everyday lives and our understanding of the universe. Throughout this fascinating book, Clifford Pickover invites us to share in the amazing adventures of brilliant, quirky, and passionate people after whom these laws are named. These lawgivers turn out to be a fascinating, diverse, and sometimes eccentric group of people. Many were extremely versatile polymaths--human dynamos with a seemingly infinite supply of curiosity and energy and who worked in many different areas in science. Others had non-conventional educations and displayed their unusual talents from an early age. Some experienced resistance to their ideas, causing significant personal anguish. Pickover examines more than 40 great laws, providing brief and cogent introductions to the science behind the laws as well as engaging biographies of such scientists as Newton, Faraday, Ohm, Curie, and Planck. Throughout, he includes fascinating, little-known tidbits relating to the law or lawgiver, and he provides cross-references to other laws or equations mentioned in the book. For several entries, he includes simple numerical examples and solved problems so that readers can have a hands-on understanding of the application of the law. A sweeping survey of scientific discovery as well as an intriguing portrait gallery of some of the greatest minds in history, this superb volume will engage everyone interested in science and the physical world or in the dazzling creativity of these brilliant thinkers.