bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonteratogenicity in rats of blighted potatoes and compounds contained in them
Authors: Ruddick Joseph A. , Harwig J. , Scott P. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA diet supplemented with freeze‐dried blighted potatoes fed to rats had no teratogenic or embryolethal effects. Separate experiments with α‐solanine, scopoletin, cytochalasin B, indoleacetic acid, and α‐chaconine, intubated orally during organogenesis, gave no evidence of teratogenicity attributable to the test compounds.
Aortic arch anomalies associated with the administration of epinephrine in chick embryos
Authors: Hodach Richard J. , Gilbert Enid F. , Fallon John F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSingle doses of epinephrine (5 μg) administered to 83 groups of chick embryos (24–190 h) at 2‐h intervals, produced a spectrum of aortic arch anomalies. The epinephrine was placed on the surface, of the extra embryonic membrane over the developing embryo in ovo, at a time when aortic arch morphogenesis is occurring. The peak incidence of anomalies (94%) occurred after treatment during day 5 of incubation (108–112 h). The anomalies involved the 3rd, 4th, and 6th pairs of aortic arches; those involving the right 4th arch (arcus aortae) were consistently associated with ventricular septal defects.
Whole‐body autoradiography of the distribution of β‐aminopropionitrile in pregnant mice and rat fetuses
Authors: Waddell William J. , Wilk A. L. , Pratt Robert M. , Steffek A. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of the lathyrogenic compound β‐aminopropioni‐trile (BAPN) was studied by whole‐body auto radiography in pregnant A/J mice and Sprague‐Dawley rat fetuses at gestation day 12.5 and 15.5, respectively. [14C] BAPN was administered iv or sc to the mice and by gavage to the rats; 20 min to 24 h after treatment whole maternal mice and rat fetuses were rapidly frozen and processed for autoradiography. The highest maternal concentration of radioactivity in the mice was in salivary gland, kidney, liver, eye, intestinal wall, inner ear, hair, aorta, and ligaments of the vertebral column. The radioactivity accumulated rapidly in mouse fetuses, with all tissue showing appreciable amounts of radioactivity, including the palatal buds and paraoral tissue. Radioactivity also rapidly accumulated in the rat fetuses with the highest concentration in brain and cartilaginous areas, and lesser amounts in tongue, visceral organs, and palatal shelves. Chromatography of extracts of the tissues used for autoradiography revealed that 20 min after injection about one‐third of the BAPN had been converted to the principal metabolite, cyanoacetic acid (CAA). At later times larger proportions of the BAPN had been converted to CAA.
Cleft lip and palate in finland: Incidence, secular, seasonal, and geographical variations
Authors: Saxén Irma , Lahti Aito 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive hundred ninety‐nine cases of cleft lip and cleft palate were reported to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations in 1967–71. The incidence per 1000 for oral clefts was 1.72, for cleft lip with or without cleft palate 0.83, and for cleft palate alone 0.86. The only statistically significant incidence alteration during this time was a doubling in the frequency of cleft lip without cleft palate in 1969. Only cleft palate exhibited significant geographical variation in incidence, being high in the eastern part of the country. Some seasonal variation was noted, with a high frequency of cleftlip with or without cleft palate in the fourth quarter of the year, a season when the frequency of cleft palate alone was lowest.
Aneuploidy in mouse embryos induced by diethylstilbestrol diphosphate
Authors: Chrisman C. Larry 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMouse embryos were collected from females derived from fourway crosses between inbred strains; the females were each treated with a single ip injection of 1, 0.1, or 0.01 μg diethylstilbestrol diphosphate 6, 24, or 48 h before being killed at day 8.5 of gestation. Chromosome counts from ten metaphase plates from each of 307 embryos recovered from 45 experimental females were compared with counts from103 embryos from 15 controls, which had received injections of 0.85% saline. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that both increases in dose and time of exposure were instrumental in producing aneuploid cells. Analysis of treatment means showed that as either dose or exposure time was increased, the rate of aneuploidy was significantly increased.
Experimental modification of patterns of cell death and chondrogenesis in insulin‐induced micromelia of the developing chick limb: An autoradiographic analysis of 35SO4 uptake into chondroitin sulfate
Authors: Hinchliffe J. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe etiology of micromelia of chick limb caused by the effect of insulin on development in vivo was investigated with reference to patterns of cell death and chondrogenesis in the femur/tibia/fibula region. Insulin (3 IU) was injected into the sub‐blastodermic fluid of 3½‐day chick embryos. Acid phosphatase staining indicated that insulin had no effect in extending the naturally occurring area of cell death in the “opaque patch” region during stages 24–5 (4½–5 days). Autoradiographic study of 35SO4 incorporation into chondroitin sulfate was carried out by administration of a 2‐h pulse of 40 μCi of 35S‐labeled sulfate to the chorioallantoic membrane of 7‐day chick embryos. The autoradiographs showed that insulin suppressed chondrogenesis (i) in the centers of the heads of tibia and femur and (ii) in the joint region. Cell death was found at the center of these regions of suppressed chondrogenesis which may overlap. It is suggested that insulin interferes in vivo with the nutrition of the cartilage and joint regions, possibly through hypoglycemia. These results conflict with Zwilling's ('59) interpretation that in vivo insulin causes extension of the area of the “opaque patch” region of degeneration and its persistence for a longer time than normal.
Single umbilical artery with caudal defects in human fetuses
Authors: Chaurasia B. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSingle umbilical artery associated with multiple anomalies is described in three stillborn human fetuses. Detailed study of the abdominopelvic arteries showed replacement of the abdominal aorta below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery by the umbilical artery in all three specimens. This finding greatly helps in solving the age‐old riddle of the cause‐effect relation between the umbilical anomaly and its associated defects. Single umbilical artery can give rise to the developmental anomalies in three ways. First by replacing the greater part of the abdominal aorta and disturbing the blood supply of the caudal half of the body during early embryogenesis it can give rise to the developmental anomalies of the cloaca, the genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems, and of the lower limbs; second by impairing the growth of the umbilical mesoderm it can disturb the formation of the infraumbilical portion of anterior abdominal wall and its correlates; and third by disturbing the hemodynamics of the embryo it can give rise to cardiovascular anomalies and possibly also to defects toward the cephalic half of the body. Although single umbilical artery and the associated developmental defects may both be secondary to another regionally operative teratogenic influence the extreme vascular reduction caudal to the aorticoumbilical junction and the concentration of malformations in the caudal half of the body greatly support the angiogenic theory.
Ultrastructural observations on closure of the soft palate in hamsters
Authors: Shah Ravindra M. , Chaudhry A. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSubcellular events during soft palate closure in hamsters were studied electron microscopically. In the early stages the surface epithelium of the palatal shelves was 2–3 cell‐layers thick and was separated from the underlying mesenchyme by an intact basal lamina. The epithelial cells contained few cytoplasmic organelles and were attached to each other by desmosomes. During further development tonofilaments and lysosomes appeared in the epithelial cells. Prior to fusion the epithelia of the opposing shelves displayed thickening followed by desquamation of the superficial cells. Fusion occurred by means of newly formed desmosomes between the fresh surfaces of the opposing epithelia of the shelves, thereby forming an epithelial seam bounded on each side by the basal lamina. Subsequent thinning and fragmentation of the seam occurred as a result of autophagy, exfoliation, and extrusion of cells through the intercellular spaces. Macrophages appeared at a later stage of soft palate development and removed the cellular debris. At no time during these stages of palatogenesis was there evidence of penetration of the basal lamina on either side of the epithelial seam by the surrounding mesenchyme.
5‐FU in chick embryos as a source of label for DNA and a depressant of protein synthesis
Authors: Ruddick Joseph A. , Runner Meredith N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSingle injections of 100 μg of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) containing 1.25 μc of [2‐14C]5‐FU were made into the yolk sac of 4‐day chick embryos. Greater amounts of label were incorporated into DNA than into RNA extracts. The rate of accumulation of protein per embryo was lowered by 5‐FU to a somewhat greater extent than was either DNA or RNA. Chromatography of TCA‐soluble fraction from 5‐day embryos indicated presence of 5‐FU and two peaks of unidentified heavier molecules derived from 5‐FU. Thus the selective depression of protein accumulation and the progressive labeling of DNA from 5‐FU indicate a wider spectrum of metabolic effects in chick embryos than might be expected from the reports of 5‐FU in the literature. These data suggest that 5‐FU may act as a teratogen by one or more routes other than as an analogue of an RNA precursor.
Morphogenesis of cleft palate induced by exogenous factors VI. The question of delayed palatal‐process horizontalization
Authors: Dostál M. , Jelínek R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe course of secondary‐palate closure was studied in control, cortisone‐, and 6‐azauridine‐treated randombred H‐Velaz mice. The size of the gap between the developing palatal processes and wet fetal weight were used as measures of secondary‐palate development and overall fetal development. It was found that 250 mg of 6‐azauridine injected im on day 14 both retarded the rate of fetal development and delayed initiation of horizontalization of palatal processes with regard to developmental age of fetuses; and that 7.5 mg of cortisone acetate injected im on day 12 affected the progress of horizontalization rather than its initiation. The mean distance between ihe medial edges of the palatine processes was significantly higher in cortisone‐treated fetuses than in controls just before horizontalization. According to this finding the supposed discrepancy between the width of the head and the palatal processes (resulting in absolute or relative narrowness of palatal processes when they beccme horizontal) is present, at least in part, even before horizontalization.
Fetal pathology in rats following uterine‐vessel clamping on day 14 of gestation
Authors: Leist K. H. , Grauwiler J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe main uterine vessels of pregnant rats were clamped on day 14 for 30, 60, or 90 min. The fetal death rate was increased by 60 or 90 min clamping, proportional to duration. Some surviving fetuses showed skeletal retardation, bilateral limb anomalies, and cleft palate when examined on day 21. As early as 3 h after declamping, edema was seen in the mesenchymal tissue of the limbplates, together with a marked dilatation of the fetal vessels. Later this tissue became necrotic. The necrotic changes also involved surrounding mesenchyme including developing bone, which resulted in the observed limb malformations. In addition large blisters and hematomas at the tip of the snout may have caused tongue displacement to such an extent that palate closure was mechanically impaired. The malformations thus apparently resulted secondarily from necrosis of mesenchymal tissues that had been fully differentiated. This pathogenesis may be a common one for various malformations after impairment of fetal nutrition in rats at this particular develop mental stage.
Teratogenic and embryolethal effects in mice of fission‐spectrum neutrons and γ‐rays
Authors: Cairnie A. B. , Grahn D. , Rayburn H. B. , Williamson F. S. , Brown R. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFission‐spectrum neutrons from the Janus reactor at Argonne National Laboratory were compared with γ‐rays in terms of their relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for embryolethal and teratogenic effects in mice. No evidence was found of any processes that were abnormally sensitive to neutrons. The RBE for killing embryos and producing abnormal embryos or specific abnormalities was between 2 and 3. This is close to the values found in other systems for processes involving cell killing.
Effect of physical activity before pregnancy on fetuses of mice exercised forcibly during pregnancy
Authors: Terada Mitsuyo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractColony‐bred ICR‐JCL female mice were subjected to physical training by imposing a daily routine of running 6 days a week for 4 weeks from the 6th‐9th weeks of age. These and nontrained females were mated and some from both groups were forced to exercise (running for 30 min/day) on the 9th‐16th days of gestation. Pregnant mice were killed on the 19th day of gestation. The fetuses of females exercised during midpregnancy showed increased mortality, slight decrease in body weight, and some delayed ossification, but no malformations. Training before pregnancy was effective in decreasing the fetal mortality in the females exercised during midpregnancy.
Lack of in vivo cytogenetic effects of imipramine in rats
Authors: Bishun N. , Smith N. , Williams D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe cytogenetic effects of single and multiple intraperitoneal injections of imiprarnine HCl on bone marrow cells of Sprague‐Dawley rats were investigated. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations between the test and control animals.
Teratogenic action of acetazolamide in mice
Authors: Castro‐Correia J. , Sousa‐Nunes A. , Silva‐Bacelar A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSodium acetazolamide, 1 g/kg/day, was given sc to CR mice, in 3 divided doses, every 8 h, on 1, 2, or 3 days, on the 8th to 12th day of gestation. The maternal toxicity and embryolethality of the acetazolamide were weak but its teratogenicity was marked. The most frequent deformities consisted of eyelid abnormalities, exencephaly, and macroglossia. Limb defects also occurred, mostly of the forelimb, especially the right forelimb. Postaxial polydactyly was much more frequent than postaxial ectrodactyly. The results permit the conclusion that in mice cephalic development is not disturbed by acetazolamide after the 10th day of gestation, and that its highest sensitivity to the drug seems to be on the 8th day.
Some aspects of corticosteroid‐induced cleft palate: A review
Authors: Greene R. M. , Kochhar D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSince the discovery 25 years ago that cortisone can produce cleft palate in mouse embryos investigations into possible mechanisms of this corticosteroid‐induced defect have been many and varied. However, the teratogenic mode of action remains not fully clarified. It is with this thought in mind that we have reflected upon what is known concerning corticosteroids and cleft palate. The major metabolic pathways upon which glucocorticoids act as well as their intracellular mode of action are well known. Differential sensitivity of various mouse strains to cortisone treatment as well as recent results from interstrain blastocyst transfer experiments demonstrate that corticosteroid action is influenced by both the fetal and maternal genomes. Labeling experiments indicate that corticosteroid‐induced cleft palate is the result of direct action of the steroid molecule on the fetus, whose own sensitivity to insult, perhaps owing to differences in binding of corticosteroids to tissue proteins, determines the final effect. Possible mechanisms that have been proposed by which corti coids may produce cleft palate include: disruption of glycosaminoglycan or, collagen synthesis or both, intracellular lysosomal membrane stabilization, myopathy, weakened midline fusion, and loss of amniotic fluid. Also discussed is the role of stress and stress‐induced corticosteroids and their possible role in the production of cleft palate.
Tissue phosphatase changes following triamcinolone associated with cleft palate in rats
Authors: Holst P. A. , Mills B. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne theory of the development of cleft palate in rats involves the action of lysosomal enzymes secreted by epithelial cells at the time of fusion of the palatal shelves. To test this theory we studied the biochemistry of the palates of fetal rats daily between days 14 and 19 (from 3 days before to 3 days after palate closure). Triamcinolone was administered once im on gestation day 14 to Wistar rats; 0.5 mg/kg body weight produced approximately 50% cleft palates. Pooled control palatal tissue was compared with pooled experimental tissue, that from fetuses with clefts being pooled separately from those not affected. Acid phosphatase and β‐glucuronidase were assayed. Concentration vs. time curves for both enzymes were very similar. Prior to the time of palate closure both enzymes were present in low concentration. Between days 16 and 17, the normal time of closure, there was an abrupt increase in enzyme concentration, with experimental tissue showing a significant elevation over control tissue on days 17 and 18. Alkaline phosphatase was also present in small amounts before closure and significantly higher in control tissue on day 17. Protein was depressed in palates having clefts on day 17; thus the ratio of enzyme activities to protein synthesis was significantly elevated at a critical time. Unaffected experimental palates had a normal ratio. These results suggest imbalanced acid phosphatase, β‐glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase activity compared with protein synthesis at the time of palate closure following triamcinolone in rats.
Teratologic evaluation of synthetic Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in rats
Authors: Banerjee B. N. , Galbreath C. , Sofia R. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractΔ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was dissolved in propylene glycol and 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg administered daily sc to pregnant Charles River Sprague‐Dawley rats on days 6–15 of gestation (presence of sperm considered day 1). Maternal weight gain was depressed, but a significant decrease in fetal weight occurred only in the 50 mg/kg group. No malformations were noted, only some abnormalities consisting of several instances of rudimentary 14th rib and soft or spongy spinal cords.
Prenatal effects of the cancer chemotherapeutic drug ICRF 159 in mice, rats, and rabbits
Authors: Duke D. I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe antimitotic, anticancer drug ICRF 159 [(±)‐l,2‐bis(3,5‐dioxopiperazine‐1‐yl)propane] when given to pregnant BALB/c mice, Sprague‐Dawley and Wistar rats, and New Zealand White rabbits had mainly embryolethal effects; the margin between no apparent activity and total embryolethality was narrow. A small percentage of fetuses were malformed and some exhibited retarded development. In all three species the time of maximum sensitivity to the drug was early in gestation, between days 6–10 in mice, 6–8 in rats, and 7–10 in rabbits.
The fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Jones Kenneth L. , Smith David W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA specific pattern of malformation involving prenatal‐onset growth deficiency, developmental delay, craniofacial anomalies, and limb defects is now recognized in offspring of chronic alcoholic women, Historical evidence suggests that this is not a new observation. A recent French study of 127 offspring of alcoholic mothers indicates that this specific syndrome has been recognized in other parts of the world. Many of the features of this disorder could be related to the kind of malorientation of brain structure seen at the autopsy of one patient described herein. The frequency (43%) of adverse outcome of pregnancy for chronic alcoholic women suggests that serious consideration be given to early termination of pregnancy in severely chronic alcoholic women.
Retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies of 1500 karyotyped spontaneous human abortions
Authors: Boué Joëlle , Boué André , Lazar Philippe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEpidemiologic studies, retrospective and prospective, were done on 1500 abortions collected from 1966‐1972. No secular or seasonal variations were observed. From the analysis of the relative frequencies of the different types of chromosome anomalies it is estimated that 1 out of every 2 conceptions has a chromosome anomaly. Maternal‐age influence was found only for the autosomal trisomy group, mainly D and G trisomies. No effect of oral contraceptives was discovered. An increased frequency of chromosome anomalies occurred after ovulation‐inducing therapy and after occupational exposure of the father to irradiation. No variations in the fertility rate and in the frequency of congenital malformations in births following abortions was noted. The incidence of recurring abortion was mainly influenced by the reproductive history of the couple before the karyotyped abortion.
Genetics of urogenital abnormalities in ACI inbred rats
Authors: Cramer Donald V. , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe frequency of urogenital abnormalities in adult ACI rats was 18.8%. These abnormalities consisted of a spectrum of defects ranging from focal aplasia of the ureter to the complete absence of the ureter, kidney, and tubular genital tract on the affected side. When ACI rats with normal urogenital tracts were crossed with F344 rats the frequency of the defects decreased to a constant level in the F1, F2, and F3 generations. There was no clearly significant decrease in the frequency of the defects in the backcross offspring of (ACI × F344)F1 × ACI matings, but there was a significant and dramatic decrease in the backcross to F344 rats. Attempts to select against these defects by brother‐sister matings among normal ACI rats were not successful: 5 generations of inbreeding did not alter the frequency of the urogenital abnormalities. The frequency of the abnormalities was the same in the offspring of affected parents as in the offspring of normal parents, indicating homozygosity of the factors responsible for the defects. The results suggest that the transmission of these defects is polygenic.
Physiological effects of hypoxia and trypan blue in 17‐day chick embryos
Authors: Hoffman David J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeventeen‐day chick embryos were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: (1) untreated, (2) yolk‐sac injected with 0.1 ml of saturated trypan blue solution solution in sterile saline, (3) saline, (4) hypoxia, i.e., 10.5% oxygen, and (5) hypoxia plus trypan blue, After 5 h hypoxia‐treated embryos had an increased mortality rate, severe hypoglycemia, reduced blood pH, elevated plasma potassium, and reduced CO2 content. Trypan blue treatment induced few deaths and few physiological imbalances. Hypoxia plus trypan blue was without synergistic effects and had effects that did not differ significantly from hypoxia alone. This lack of response of 17‐day chick embryos to high doses of trypan blue may be related to a marked decline in oxygen consumption by the yolk at this age.