bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History and the Equity Risk Premium
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Ibbotson Roger G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The equity premium puzzle posed in Mehra and Prescott (1985) was, in part, motivated by historical evidence on the return of U.S. stocks in excess of the riskless rate. Much of our own research has focused on estimating the equity risk premium using long-term historical data, and examining how historical accident may relate to the classic puzzle. While the equity premium is a fascinating topic for scholarship, it is also one of the most important economic topics in modern finance. The equity risk premium is widely used to forecast the growth of investment portfolios over the long term. It is also used as an input to the cost of capital in project choice, and employed as a factor in the expected rate of return to stocks. Given its prevalence in practice and its importance to academic thought, it is interesting to discover that the calculation of the equity risk premium is a fairly new phenomenon. Reliable data to estimate the historical premium of stocks over bonds were only collected in the mid-20th century, and precise econometric estimates of the equity premium only came after the development of the theory that uses it as a central input—the Capital Asset Pricing Model, or CAPM.
A New Historical Database for the NYSE 1815 to 1925: Performance and Predictability
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Ibbotson Roger G , Peng Liang. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performance of the U.S. stock market over the period after 1926 is so compelling that it raises the question of whether the last three-quarters of the 20th century might have been an aberration. To test this possibility, we gathered stock prices and dividends for most of the history of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) individual price information for the 110 years before 1926. As a result of this “financial archaeology” we found that U.S. stocks provided a high positive return in the 19th century as well, although the returns were mostly in the form of dividends as opposed to capital appreciation. In other words, the equity risk premium known since 1926 was alive and well in the early history of the U.S. capital markets, albeit slightly lower in magnitude. The raw data had to be hand collected, with many research assistants participating in the process over several years.
The Supply of Capital Market Returns
Authors: Diermeier Jeffrey J , Ibbotson Roger G , Siegel Laurence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article presents one of the first supply-side estimates of the aggregate U.S. capital market. This work is based upon the dividend discount model. But unlike most other uses of the model, our estimate of dividend growth is not based upon historical dividend growth. Instead, the estimate is based upon the assumption that the capital market would maintain in aggregate a constant share of gross domestic product (GDP). In order for the estimate to be correct, it is necessary that it reflect the inflows and outflows into the capital market. The inflows are the net financial new issues, and the outflows are the income generated and paid out of the capital markets. Note that the 5.4 percent real long-term forecast made here is the aggregate capital market return, not the expected return of any one asset class. Since the bond market has greater net inflows than the stock market, the stock market would have to have higher returns than the bond market to maintain its constant aggregate share of the economy.
Free Expression and the Rehnquist Court
Authors: Neuborne Burt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuity” is not a word ordinarily associated with William Rehnquist. For much of his judicial career, the Chief Justice has been an apostle of legal discontinuity; a vigorous critic of Supreme Court doctrine, including much of our modern free speech heritage. From his appointment as an Associate Justice in 1972, Justice Rehnquist was a frequent dissenter in important First Amendment cases. In the years before he was named Chief Justice in 1986, Justice Rehnquist’s most influential free speech opinion for the Court was Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co., where he almost derailed the emerging commercial speech doctrine by persuading a narrowly divided Court that the “greater” power to ban an activity like gambling carries with it the “lesser” power to ban truthful commercial speech about its lawful availability. But “continuity” is the only accurate way to describe the free speech jurisprudence of the Rehnquist Court.
The First Amendment in Cyberspace
Authors: Ennis Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is far too early to know how the Rehnquist Court, or future Courts, will apply the First Amendment to the many novel questions that will arise in cyberspace, but the Court’s holdings in Reno v. ACLU/ALA answer several important questions. The Court’s mode of analysis in that and related decisions suggests that the Court will rely more heavily on ad hoc balancing, and less heavily on categorical analysis, in deciding future First Amendment questions arising in cyberspace, and even in other”new” modes of communication such as cable TV and direct broadcast satellite.
Liberalism, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court
Authors: Henry Robert H , Lefrancois Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter began as a paper we were invited to present at the Rehnquist Court symposium at the University of Tulsa. Bernard Schwartz, of course, was the symposium’s organizer. He was open to a number of areas of inquiry and we looked forward to a long conversation with him. Most tragically, that conversation was cut short. However, Professor Schwartz’s legacy is so rich that in reengaging some of his scholarship, in recalling his presentations, and in reliving conversations with him, we have been able to have a new and-we hope-productive dialogue with him nevertheless. His observations shape this review, and appropriately so, at a time that scholars and others are reconsidering the last three decades’ radical critiques of an older, mainstream liberalism.
William H. Rehnquist in the Mirror of Justices
Authors: Garrow David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once again it was a great honor to be back here at the University of Tulsa College of Law for the Rehnquist Conference. Cumulatively perhaps it is the nicest honor of all to have been invited to be part of all three of these sequential Supreme Court symposia, beginning with the Warren Court conference in 1994 and then followed by the Burger Court conference in 1996. The other participants in this symposia have perhaps said somewhat less than one might expect about both William H. Rehnquist as an individual jurist and about the eight Justices with whom he currently serves. Thus my remarks here are going to focus both on William H. Rehnquist’s individual judicial voice since 1972 and on William Rehnquist’s service as Chief Justice since 1986.
The Scope of Emotion in Marketing
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marketing folklore suggests that emotion can stimulate buying interest, guide choices, arouse buying intentions, and influence future buying decisions. All these popular beliefs about the power of emotion have received research support. Thoughts about buying are not listless mental acts. They can be exciting and can involve strong likes and dislikes, anxieties, and aspirations. Just think about the emotional component of buying a new car. Emotions intensify wants and desires and intensify motivation. Even ethical behavior can be suppressed because of a failure to generate the emotion needed to motivate moral action.
Emotion in Building Brand Equity
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Branding has little significance unless it is perceived as offering assurances to those who buy the brand. The assurances offered may have nothing to do with the core function of the product and may be mainly social, as when the brand symbolizes social acceptance and status. Although market exchange follows the cost-benefit principle, in that both consumer and seller weigh costs against benefits, benefits for the consumer are not confined to tangible benefits. Every brand in fact has a product component and an equity component, though the boundary between them is apt to be fuzzy.
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain substances injected into the blood stream appear only in trace amounts in the brain and spinal cord, yet others pass unhindered from capillaries into the cerebral tissue. The selective filtering at the interface between blood and central nervous tissue could be thought of as a protective device, except that some of the compounds that are freely admitted into the brain are more harmful than some of those that are excluded. Rather than being a filter, the blood-brain barrier acts as an active regulator of the internal environment of brain cells. For clinicians, the barrier is sometimes a hindrance that must be overcome in order to deliver drugs to their targets in central nervous tissues.
Seizures, Channels, Genes
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem in most, if not all, clinical epileptic conditions is defective ion channel or ion transporter function. The fault can be inherited or acquired, and it can lie in either ligand-operated or voltage-gated ion channels, or in exchangers or ion pumps. The malfunction can affect neurons or glial cells. The result can be excessive inward ion current, too little outward current, or too much of both, or the abnormal distribution of ions.
Hypoxia, Asphyxia, and lschemia
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are acclimated to the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere in which we live. Too much or too little of this gas can cause trouble.
More than other cells, neurons of the forebrain need oxygen for survival. The research reviewed in Part IV shows that maldistribution of ions and malfunction of ion channels have much to do with the selective vulnerability of cerebral neurons. Chapter 17 introduces the topic, clarifies similarities and differences between cerebral hypoxia and ischemia, and summarizes the chief overt signs in these conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In mid-august of 1947 the world’s mightiest modern empire, on which “the sun never set,” abandoned its vow to protect one-fifth of humankind. Britain’s shameful flight from its Indian Empire came only ten weeks after its last viceroy, Lord Louis (“Dickie”) Mountbatten, took it upon himself to cut ten months from the brief time allotted by the Labor government’s cabinet to withdraw its air and fleet cover, as well as the shield of British troops and arms, from South Asia’s 400 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.
From the Fall of Singapore to the Failure of Cripps’s Mission, February–April 1942
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fall of singapore to a Japanese force one-third the size of the British-Indian garrison, in mid-February of 1942, sent shock waves of fear for India’s security from what had been Britain’s insular bastion of Southeast Asian naval and air power, directly to 10 Downing Street. So integral was that city to imperial defense that when Prime Minister Winston Churchill learned of the Japanese invasion on February 10, he telegraphed General Sir Archibald Wavell, British Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Southeast Asia: “There must . . . be no thought of saving the troops or sparing the population. The battle must be fought to the bitter end at all costs. The honour of the British Empire and of the British Army is at stake.
From the End of World War II through the Cabinet Mission, August 1945–June 1946
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Churchill was in berlin for the “terminal” Allied Potsdam Summit Conference in mid-July of 1945, when the election avalanche that removed him and Amery from high office struck. He had sensed two weeks earlier from loud heckling he elicited during electioneering appearances around London that Labor had made inroads into his own constituency. But on July 5, when Britain went to the polls he still expected to win, just as he had won the European war. Most British soldiers were eager to stop fighting and go home and opted for a new Labor government, as Churchill realized with a jolt when he and Attlee, each in his own jeep, reviewed British troops in Berlin on July 21, Deputy Prime Minister Attlee getting more “vociferous cheers” from the soldiers than weary old Churchill did. Churchill learned from Truman at Potsdam that the United States had successfully tested the atom bomb it would drop on Japan in early August. The night before that last Allied summit ended, Churchill dined alone with Mountbatten, who flew in from his Southeast Asia Colombo Headquarters at Churchill’s invitation, and announced “I have great plans . . . about your future.” That confident promise of India’s viceroyalty gave Mountbatten an “eerie feeling,” he later recorded, since “I felt equally confident that he would be out of office within 24 hours.”
Freedom’s Wooden Loaf, September–December 1947
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lahore’s railway station became a veritable death trap by Au- gust 12, Justice Gopal Das Khosla reported. “On the evening of August 11, the railway station was packed with passengers . . . when news came that the Sind Express, on its way to Lahore, had been attacked by Muslims, panic spread. They found that men, women and children had been brutally murdered and were lying in pools of blood. The dead bodies were carried across several platforms while all that was visible in the city of Lahore was a huge tower of smoke.”1 Passengers on the Frontier Mail were murdered near Wagah. Next day no Hindu or Sikh reached Lahore station alive; Muslim gangs were prowling the environs of the city in armed packs. In June 1947 some 300,000 Hindus and Sikhs lived in Lahore. By August 19 fewer than 10,000 remained; and by August 30, fewer than one thousand. Endless caravans of Hindu-Sikh refugees moved out of that smoking pyre of death, trekking west to try and reach the new Punjab border at Wagah, twenty miles away, hoping to stay alive for another twenty miles to Amritsar.
Measuring Nations’ Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Levy Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sustainability as an environmental policy objective has been embraced by a growing number of governments and organizations. Yet the ability to measure environmental sustainability—and to give concrete meaning to the term (Esty, 2001)—has not kept pace with the spread of this goal. This chapter reports on efforts to create one of the first such measures: the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI). The ESI seeks to measure overall progress toward, and capacity to achieve, environmental sustainability for 122 countries.
Statistical Probability Density Functions
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most structured finance analytical work will involve the selection of random numbers from given probability distributions. Consequently, the following is a brief overview of the distributions most likely to be encountered in a typical structured credit analysis. This section should be read in conjunction with the section on sampling random deviates at the end of the chapter, which deals with sampling from such distributions using the inverse distribution function method (IDFM), the most commonly used of all random sampling methods. We deal exclusively with one-dimensional distributions, as they are by far the most commonly encountered. For multiple dimensions, other straightforward sampling methods exist, notably the copula function approach,1 which is readily applicable to multidimensional normal distributions. Probability distributions are usually defined via their associated probability density function f (x ), a non-negative function of its argument, x. For discrete distributions, f (k ) is the probability that the process will take on the valuek, where k is an integer. For continuous distributions, f (x )dx is the probability that the process will be found between x and x + dx, where x is a real number.
Tchebychev Polynomials
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discuss here only the most basic non-linear scheme: the NR method, in its scalar and vector forms. For structured finance, one-dimensional (i.e., scalar) solutions are virtually nonexistent because most useful nonlinear models have multiple parameters. However, from a didactic standpoint the vector-valued NR iterative technique is easier to grasp if one first understands the scalar case. Chief among implementation issues with respect to nonlinear optimization, and one that may cause the scheme to fail locally, is the requirement for a suitable initial guess. We address this problem in Appendix F by investigating sufficient conditions under which the NR scalar and vector iterative solutions will converge uniformly. The vector-valued NR iteration is similar in principle to the scalar case, except for the use of matrix notation. Unfortunately, unlike with linear regression, solving vector-valued NR problems will involve inverting matrices that will usually turn out to be neither symmetric nor nonnegative definite. In that case, the use of standard methods like GaussSeidel iteration1 or Gaussian elimination2 will be required. Most desktop spreadsheet packages usually contain a matrix inversion routine. Therefore, in practice credit analysts will not be forced to write their own matrix inversion codes. In the worst case, codes can often be lifted wholesale from textbooks— for instance, Numerical Recipes 3 is a treasure trove of such techniques.
Unipolar depression
Authors: Alexopoulos George S , Apfeldorf william 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although depression affects a large number of elders, it is not an expected or a necessary consequence of aging. The Epidemiological Catchment Area study found that the prevalence of major depressive disorder in persons 65 years of age or older was 1.4% in women and 0.4% in men, with an overall combined prevalence of 1 % (Weissman et al., 1988). The prevelance of depression changes with the setting. Some type of depressive disorder has been identified in 17%-30% of geriatric patients treated in primary care settings: approximately 30% of these patients meet criteria for major depressive disorder (Alexopoulos, 1996). Major depression has been found in 11 % of patients hospitalized for treatment of medical illness (Blazer, 1994) and in 12% of patients confined to long-term care facilities (Parmelee et al., 1989). Depressive symptoms were documented in 50% of patients with dementia, and major depression was diagnosed in 17%-30% of demented patients (Alexopoulos and Abrams, 1991).
Bereavement and Depression
Authors: Clayton Paula J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The loss of a loved one is an unavoidable human experience. By the time American women reach the age of 65 (Carr et al., 2001), almost half will be widowed, whereas at the same age, only 14% of men are widowed. Besides this notable loss, there may have been losses of children, brothers, sisters, and parents, so older women and men have much experience with dying and death. Not surprisingly, the majority of elderly persons handle losses with minimal morbidity (Murrell et al., 1984, 1988, 1989). Still, significant loss may lead to increased doctors’ visits for new or worsening medical illnesses, increased use of substances such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, and cigarettes, the development of chronic depression, complicated grief, and increased mortality.
Managing Human Capital
Authors: Hagel John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Performance demands—especially growth demands—on business are increasing. Technological and regulatory forces are combining to create more demanding markets. Technology, especially the growth of electronic markets, inexorably shifts power from vendor to customer, leading to the emergence of reverse markets in which companies must deliver more value at lower prices just to stay in the game. Technological and regulatory forces are also restructuring financial markets, creating more demanding investors who richly reward companies that deliver higher levels of performance and severely punish those that don’t. In this kind of environment, companies must increasingly focus on growth in order to continue to create value. Cost-cutting is necessary but not sufficient, since the cost savings will be competed away in reverse markets and captured by the customer.
Marriage
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are different cultural conceptions of marriage. In some societies marriage is based on the individual choice of a mate and depends on love or romantic attachment. In others a marriage is designed to permit an alliance between groups. In some instances, when immigrants and refugees attempt to follow marriage rituals required in their countries of origin based on a group-oriented conception, this conflicts with the law of the new nation.
The Cultural Defense in Theory and Practice
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The material in Part II demonstrates both the ubiquity and extraordinary variety of disputes involving diverse cultural traditions. One of the most striking features of many of these cases is the arbitrary treatment of cultural minorities in the legal system. Cultural evidence may be found admissible or inadmissible. Either way, the decision to exclude or not is sometimes upheld and sometimes overturned on appeal. There is no uniformity in the way culture is handled by the courts, and this variation leads to dissimilar outcomes, sometimes for similar offenses.
Mayoral Races, Mayoral Colors
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 2, 1927, only days before Chicago’s mayoral election between William Hale Thompson and William Dever, La Tribuna Italiana Transatlantica weighed in on the contest. Openly expounding on the “Negro Question and Thompson,” it noted bitterly that Thompson, by courting African-American support, was making Chicago “the Paradise Land of the negroes” and a living hell for “bianchi” (whites)—especially the Italians among them. According to the paper, African Americans were invading Italian neighborhoods, depreciating property values, stealing jobs, and giving rise to a “promiscuity of races” and a new generation of “cioccolattini” (little chocolate-colored people), who were “neither whites nor blacks but ‘fifty and fifty.’” While not necessarily typical of Italian views on politics or color at the time, La Tribuna’s article does accurately reflect the central role color had come to play in Chicago’s mayoral campaigns of the late 1920s and early 1930s. And while race—or at least Italian racewas not mentioned in this article, it too was a part of these campaigns.
Bitter Almond Hedges: Colonization, Servitude, and Slavery
Authors: Berger Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1651 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) appointed the merchant Jan Van Riebeeck to establish and command a permanent settlement on the southern tip of Africa. After sailing for nearly four months, he arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on April 6, 1652 with his wife and son, eighty-two men, and seven women. While concerned primarily with the valuable spices from its colonial outpost at Batavia in the East Indies, the Company had to supply sailors with fresh fruits and vegetables midway through the long journey from the Netherlands to keep them from dying of scurvy. In the interests of trade, the new commander was instructed to keep the peace with the area’s indigenous population.