bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of fos‐like immunoreactivity in the caudal brainstem of the rat following noxious chemical stimulation of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Hathaway Charles B. , Hu James W. , Bereiter David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCentral expression of the protooncogene c‐fos was used to examine areas receiving noxious sensory input from the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Fos‐like immunoreactivity (Fos‐LI) in the caudal brainstem was visualized 2 hours after unilateral injection of the small‐fiber‐specific excitant /inflammatory irritant mustard oil into the TMJ region. Control animals received injection of either mustard oil into the subcutaneous fascia overlying the masseter muscle or mineral oil vehicle into the TMJ region. In all groups, Fos‐LI was consistently observed ipsilaterally in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and cervical dorsal horn and, bilaterally, in the nucleus of the solitary tract and. the ventrolateral medulla. The expression of Fos‐LI ipsilaterally in the paratrigeminal nucleus was variable. Within the trigeminal sensory complex, Fos‐LI was restricted to subnucleus caudalis and the caudal portions of subnucleus interpolaris near the level of the obex. Approximately 12% of Fos‐LI cells in subnucleus caudalis and in the cervical dorsal horn were found in laminae III‐VI. Compared to TMJ mustard oil injection, mineral oil injection produced less Fos‐LI at all rostrocaudal levels, whereas subcutaneous mustard oil injection produced less Fos‐LI in caudal subnucleus caudalis but similar amounts in the cervical dorsal horn. Neither of these injections yielded significant ipsilateral responses in subnucleus caudalis, indicating that Fos‐LI in this region following TMJ mustard oil injection could be ascribed solely to small‐fiber stimulation in the deep TMJ region. The wide rostrocaudal distribution of Fos‐LI within the caudal brainstem reflects the distribution of TMJ‐responsive nociceptive neurons that may underlie the spread and referral of pain from the TMJ region. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptide tyrosine in the brain of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens: Immunohistochemical localization and biochemical characterization
Authors: Vallarino Mauro , Tranchand‐Bunel Denis , Thoumas Jean‐Louis , Masini Maria Angela , Conlon J. Michael , Fournier Alain , Pelletier Georges , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLungfishes, which share similarities with both fishes and amphibians, represent an interesting group in which to investigate the evolutionary transition from fishes to tetrapods. In the present study, we have investigated the localization and biochemical characteristics of neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐immunoreactive material in the central nervous system of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. NPY‐immunoreactive cell bodies were found in various regions of the brain, most notably in the telencephalon (septal area, ventral striatum, and nucleus accumbens), in the diencephalon (preoptic nucleus, periventricular region of the hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus), and in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. A strong immunoreaction was also detected in cell bodies of the nervus terminalis. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were particularly abundant in the ventral striatum, the nucleus accumbens, the diagonal band of Broca, the hypothalamus, and the mesencephalic tegmentum. Positive fibers were also seen in the median eminence and in the neural lobe of the pituitary. The NPY‐immunoreactive material localized in the brain and pituitary was characterized by combining high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and radioimmunological quantitation. The displacement curves obtained with synthetic porcine and frog NPY and serial dilutions of brain and pituitary extracts were parallel. Reversed‐phase HPLC analysis of telencephalon, diencephalon, and pituitary extracts resolved a major NPY‐immunoreactive peak that coeluted with frog NPY. The similarity between the distribution of NPY‐containing neurons and the biochemical characteristics of the immunoreactive peptide in the brain of lungfish and frog strongly favors a close phylogenetic relationship between dipnoans and amphibians. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric and electrical properties of reconstructed hippocampal CA3 neurons recorded in vivo
Authors: Turner D. A. , Li X.‐G. , Pyapali G. K. , Ylinen A. , Buzsaki G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCA3 pyramidal neurons were stained with biocytin during intracellular recording in rat hippocampus in vivo and reconstructed using a computer‐based system. The in vivo CA3 neurons were characterized primarily according to their proximity to the hilus and secondarily with respect to the septotemporal location. Neurons measured in CA3a (n = 4), in CA3b (n = 4), and in posterior/ventral locations (n = 3) had the greatest dendritic lengths (19.8, 19.1, and 26.8 mm on average, respectively). Cells closer to the hilus showed much shorter dendritic lengths, averaging 10.4 mm for CA3c neurons (n = 4) and 11.6 mm for zone 3 neurons (n = 2). Half of the cells showed more than one major apical dendrite, and dendritic trees were highly variable even within CA3 subregions. The mean electrotonic length for these cell groups averaged between 0.30 λ (CA3c) and 0.45 λ (posterior /ventral), assuming a constant specificmembrane resistivity of 60 KΩ‐CM2. These CA3 neurons form a database of reconstructed neurons for further morphometric and electrical modelling studies. The large degree of variability between individual CA3 neurons indicates that both dendritic and electrical properties should be specifically calculated for each cell rather than assuming a “typical” morphology. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stunted morphologies of cerebellar Purkinje cells in lurcher and staggerer mice are cell‐lntrinsic effects of the mutant genes
Authors: Soha James M. , Herrup Karl 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPurkinje cells in the neurological mutants lurcher and staggerer exhibit a number of abnormal properties; mutant ↔ wild‐type chimeras have shown that these properties are direct effects of the mutant gene. What has remained unexplored are the numerous dendritic abnormalities that the two mutant Purkinje cells exhibit. In staggerer, Purkinje cells have rudimentary, unbranched dendrites that lack tertiary branchlet spines, In lurcher, before the Purkinje cells die, their dendrites remain short and underdeveloped. To determine whether or not a system of healthy afferents (or other environmental factors) would alter either of these phenotypes, we examined young lurcher and adult staggerer mouse chimeras using Golgi impregnation. In postnatal day 20 (P20) lurcher chimeras, we found two distinct morphological classes of Purkinje cells. One, inferred to be wild type, had a dendritic structure similar to normal Purkinje cells in age‐matched controls. The other consised of cells with small somata, reduced dendritic arbors, and multiple dendritic processes, making them indistinguishable from Purkinje cells in P20 lurcher mutants. We also examined mature staggerer chimeras. We found no evidence that the stunted morphology of staggerer Purkinje cells is rescued in mosaic animals but observed numerous examples of medium to large neurons resembling atrophic Purkinje cells of staggerer mutants. These results suggest that the dendritic abnormalities described in both mutants reflect cell autonomous, developmental genetic blocks in the cytological maturation of the cerebellar Purkinje cell. The implication is that the action of the wild‐type alleles at these two loci are required to execute a normal program of dendritic development. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laminar organization of frequency‐defined local axons within and between the inferior colliculi of the guinea pig
Authors: Malmierca Manuel S. , Rees Adrian , Le Beau Fiona E. N. , Bjaalie Jan G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe present a comprehensive description of the local (intrinsic and commissural) connections in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculi (CNICs) in guinea pig. Focal injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin were made into physiologically identified loci of the CNIC and the spatial organisation of the labeled fibres was revealed with computer‐assisted threedimensional (3‐D) reconstruction.The intrinsic fibres form a series of V‐shaped laminar plexuses composed of fibres bearing both terminal and en passant boutons. Each laminar plexus has a central wing located in the CNIC that extends into the dorsal cortex and an external wing located in the external cortex. The edge where the two wings intersect delimits the lateral border of the central nucleus with the external cortex. The density of labeled terminals was consistently lower in the cortices than in the CNIC. The laminar plexus connects points of similar frequency within the CNIC. Seen in 3‐D, the location, orientation, shape, and area of the laminar plexus vary as a function of best frequency. The commissural fibres ending in the contralateral IC to the injection also form a laminar plexus which is symmetrical to the ipsilateral plexus. Electrolytic lesions placed in the contralateral IC at sites with best frequencies corresponding to those of the injection coincided with the terminals of the commissural fibres in most instances. Possible patterns for the organisation of these connections (point‐to‐point and diverging) are discussed.Three systems of peripheral axons to the laminar plexus are described: parallel, oblique, and perpendicular to the central wing. The novel parallel system has terminals in both ICs that run parallel to the central wing. It might constitute the anatomical basis for across‐frequency interactions. The oblique and perpendicular systems are fibres of passage projecting to the commissure and brachium of the IC, respectively. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate receptor subunits at mossy fiber‐unipolar brush cell synapses: Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study in cerebellar cortex of rat and cat
Authors: Jaarsma Dick , Wenthold Robert J. , Mugnaini Enrico 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study provides a survey of the immunolocalization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits throughout the rat and cat cerebellar cortex, with emphasis on the unipolar brush cell (UBC), a hitherto neglected cerebellar cell that is densely concentrated in the granular layer of the vestibulocerebellum and that forms giant synapses with mossy fibers. An array of nine previously characterized antibodies has been used, each of which stained a characteristic profile of cerebellar cells. The UBCs of both rat and cat were strongly immunostained by an antibody against the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleproprionate (AMPA) receptor subunits, GluR2 and GluR3; were moderately immunostained by a monoclonal antibody to kainate receptor subunits, GluR5/6/7; were weakly immunostained by antibodies to NR1 subunits; and were not stained by antibodies to GluR1, GluR4, GluR6/7, KA‐2, and NR2A/B. Postsynaptic densities of the giant mossy fiber‐UBC synapses were GluR2/3, GluR5/6/7, and NR1 immunoreactive. The other cerebellar neurons were all immunolabeled to some extent with the GluR2/3 and NR1 antibodies. In addition, Purkinje cells were immunopositive for GluRl and GluR5/6/7; granule cells were immunopositive for GluR5/6/7, GluR6/7, KA‐2, and NR2A/B. The Golgi‐Bergmann glia was densely stained by GluRl and GluR4 antibodies, whereas astrocytes of the granular layer were stained by the GluR4 antiserum. Data provided herein may guide further electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of cerebellar cells in general and the UBCs in particular. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory neuroanatomy of a skin‐penetrating nematode parasite: Strongyloides stercoralis. I. Amphidial neurons
Authors: Ashton F. T. , Bhopale V. M. , Fine A. E. , Schad G. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Strongyloides stercoralis infective larva resumes feeding and development on receipt of signals, presumably chemical, from a host. Only two of the anterior sense organs of this larva are open to the external environment. These large, paired goblet‐shaped sensilla, known as amphids, are presumably, therefore, the only chemoreceptors. Using three‐dimensional reconstructions made from serial electron micrographs, amphidial structure was investigated. In each amphid, cilialike dendritic processes of 11 neurons extend nearly to the amphidial pore; a twelfth terminates at the base of the amphidial channel, behind an array of lateral projections on the other processes. A specialized dendritic process leaves the amphidial channel and forms a complex of lamellae that interdigitate with lamellae of the amphidial sheath cell. This “lamellar cell” is similar to one of the “wing cells” or possibly the “finger cell” of Caenorhabditis elegans. Each of the 13 amphidial neurons was traced to its cell body. Ten neurons, including the lamellar cell, connect to cell bodies in the lateral ganglion, posterior to the nerve ring. The positions of these cell bodies were similar to those of the amphidial cell bodies in C. elegans. Therefore, they were named by using C. elegans nomenclature. Three other amphidial processes connect to cell bodies anterior to the nerve ring; these have no homologs in C. elegans. A map allowing identification of the aimphidial cell bodies in the living worm was prepared. Consequently, laser ablation studies can be conducted to determine which neurons are involved in the infective process. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of a very early monocular enucleation upon the development of the uncrossed retinofugal pathway in ferrets
Authors: Taylor J. S. H. , Guillery R. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMonocular enucleations were done in ferret embryos before or during the earliest stages of development of the retinofugal pathway (E23‐E26). The effects on the development of the uncrossed pathway from the surviving eye were assessed on embryonic day 30. This stage was chosen for two reasons: (1) we show that in normal development a substantial uncrossed component from the temporal crescent has developed by E30; and (2) the pathway cannot yet have been affected by the cell death that normally occurs in the retina in the perinatal period. Using DiI labelling from either the temporal crescent or the optic nerve head, we have shown that such early enucleations prevent the formation of the uncrossed pathway from the temporal crescent of the surviving eye. Enucleation at E23/24, before or during the period when the first axons reach the chiasm, prevents the formation of the uncrossed projection. The axons that would normally take an uncrossed course stall lateral to the midline of the optic chiasm. At E26, when many axons have reached the optic chiasm, but none yet come from the temporal crescent, enucleation causes a dramatic reduction in the uncrossed projection, and the complete abolition of the normal uncrossed pathway from the temporal crescent. This demonstrates that there is a requirement for an interaction between the axons of the two eyes at the optic chiasm to establish the normal formation of the uncrossed pathway at the optic chiasm. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the olfactory and accessory lobes in the american lobster: An allometric analysis and its implications for the deutocerebral structure of decapods
Authors: Helluy Simone M. , Ruchhoeft Maureen L. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe allometric changes characterizing the growth of the deutocerebrum (midbrain) of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) are studied using computerized three‐dimensional reconstructions of serial brain sections. During the embryogenesis of the midbrain, the paired accessory lobes (higher order processing areas) appear later than the paired olfactory lobes (primary olfactory centers), but the former grow faster from their emergence until metamorphosis. The accessory lobes, as they enlarge, shift progressively from a medial to a posterior position in the lateral deutocerebrum. In early juvenile stages the accessory lobes are one of the largest neuropils of the brain. However, these lobes stop growing in adult animals, whereas the brain and olfactory lobes continue to enlarge, albeit at a slow rate.The overall shape of the brain and the relative proportions and locations of the deutocerebral neuropils and associated cell clusters of various lobster ontogenetic stages are similar to those of selected adult decapods. In addition, the relation between deutocerebral organization and brain size seem parallel during lobster development and across crustacean species. Measurements of the brains of 13 species of decapods (illustrated in Sandeman et al. [1993] J. Exp. Zool. 265:112, plus Homarus) indicate the following trends: Small brains possess olfactory lobes but no accessory lobes, larger brains possess accessory lobes that are medial and small relative to the olfactory lobes, and the largest brains contain relatively voluminous posterior accessory lobes. These observations indicate that some differences in the organization of the deutocerebrum are related to absolute brain size in crustaceans and suggest that ontogenetic scaling of proportions may apply to the deutocerebral neuropils of decapods. Peramorphosis and paedomorphosis in the evolution of the decapod brain are considered. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of chicken‐II gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in mammalian brain
Authors: Rissman Emilie F. , Alones Vinessa E. , Craig‐Veit Chris B. , Millam James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBrains of nonmammalian vertebrates typically contain multiple forms of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH). Until recently, only the mammalian form of GnRH (mGnRH) had been isolated in placental mammals. Biochemical and histological data show that both mGnRH and chicken‐II GnRH (cGnRH‐II) are present in a primitive placental mammal, the musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Similar to the case in nonmammalian species, in the musk shrew, neurons that express cGnRH‐Il are located in a discrete cluster in the midbrain. We have used a combination of radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry, analyzed at the light level and with electron microscopy, to describe the distribution of cGnRH‐II cell bodies and fibers in the musk shrew brain. All cGnRH‐II‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons reside in the midbrain, and this area contains the greatest concentration of cGnRH‐II peptide in the brain, At the light and electron micrographic levels, we have identified synaptic terminals containing dense core vesicles that are immunoreactive for cGnRH‐II in the medhd habenula. Radioimmunoassay reveals that this region contains the second greatest concentration of cGnRH‐II in the brain. Widely scattered cGnRH‐II‐ir fibers are present throughout the forebrain, particularly in the medial septum, hypothalamus, and midbrain central gray. Scant cGnRH‐II fibers are present in the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and infundibular stem, and only low concentrations of the peptide are detected in these areas. Finally, intravenous administration of mGnRH is ten times more effective than cGnRH‐II in promoting ovulation. Taken together, the results suggest that cGnRH‐II is likely to act as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in mammals and that the medial habenula is the major site of cGnRH‐II action in mammalian brain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct patterns of activated neurons throughout the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray induced by chemical stimulation within its subdivisions
Authors: Sandkühler J. , Herdegen T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study provides a map of those neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray which are activated by chemical stimulation within different subdivisions of the periaqueductal gray. In pentobarbital anesthetized rats, the expression of the c‐FOS protein was detected by immunocytochemistry and was used as a marker of neuronal activity. Microinjections of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline (200 pmol in 50 nl) were used to increase selectively the firing rate of neurons originating from the injection site. The pattern of c‐FOS immunoreactivity was highly specific for different injection sites. Dorsal injections were characterized by an extensive distribution of c‐FOS immunoreactivity along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the periaqueductal gray, while ventral injections produced a much more restricted labeling. Following injection into the dorsal subdivision of the rostral periaqueductal gray, c‐FOS immunoreactivity was present bilaterally in the dorsal and dorsolateral subdivisions of the rostral periaqueductal gray and was found in all subdivisions of the caudal periaqueductal gray. Dorsolateral injections at the level of the oculomotor nuclei produced strictly ipsilateral labeling in the dorsal and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray at the level of injection and throughout the ipsilateral half of the periaqueductal gray at more caudal levels. Stimulation in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray induced FOS in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and the adjoining reticular formation. At rostral levels c‐FOS immunoreactivity was also seen in the lateral periaqueductal gray but was absent caudal to the injection site. The identified patterns of activity in the periaqueductal gray provide a new basis for the interpretation of the diverse functional consequences of stimulation at periaqueductal gray sites. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase profiles in the human hippocampal formation and perirhinal cortex
Authors: Sobreviela Teresa , Mufson Elliott J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d)‐stained profiles were evaluated throughout the human hippocampal formation (i. e., dentate gyrus, Ammon's horn, subicular complex, entorhinal cortex) and perirhinal cortex. NADPH‐d staining revealed pleomorphic cells, fibers, and blood vessels. Within the entorhinal and the perirhinal cortices, darkly stained (type 1) NADPH‐d pyramidal, fusiform, bipolar, and multipolar neurons with extensive dendrites were scattered mainly within deep layers and subjacent white matter. Moderately stained (type 2) NADPH‐d round or oval neurons were seen mainly in layers II and III of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, in the dentate gyrus polymorphic layer, in the CA fields stratum pyramidal and radiatum, and in the subicular complex. The distribution of type 2 cells was more abundant in the perirhinal cortex compared to the hippocampal formation. Lightly stained (type 3) NADPH‐d pyramidal and oval neurons were distributed in CA4, the entorhinal cortex medial subfields, and the amygdalohippocampal transition area. Sections concurrently stained for NADPH‐d and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) revealed that all type 1 neurons coexpressed NOS, whereas types 2 and 3 were NOS immunonegative. NADPH‐d fibers were heterogeneously distributed within the different regions examined and were frequently in close apposition to reactive blood vessels. The greatest concentration of fibers was in layers III and V–VI of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, dentate gyrus polymorphic and molecular layers, and CA1 and CA4. A band of fibers coursing within CA1 divided into dorsal and ventral bundles to reach the presubiculum and entorhinal cortex, respectively. Although the distribution of NADPH‐d fibers was conserved across all ages examined (28–98 years), we observed an increase in the density of fiber staining in the aged cases. These results may be relevant to our understanding of selective vulnerability of neuronal systems within the human hippocampal formation in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.