bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Effects of Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Chinook and Coho Salmon on Wild Juvenile Salmonids in Two Washington Streams
Authors: Riley Stephen C. , Fuss Howard J. , LeClair Larry L. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We observed wild salmonid fry at sites downstream (treatment) and upstream (control) from experimental releases of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha smolts and coho salmon O. kisutch fry in two streams to estimate the effects of hatchery releases on the density, group size, microhabitat use, and size of wild fish. Most hatchery-reared Chinook salmon smolts that were released left treatment sites within a few days; hatchery-reared coho salmon fry remained at treatment sites for at least several weeks. We found limited evidence to suggest that the release of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon smolts or coho salmon fry caused consistent, significant effects on the density, group size, microhabitat use, or size of wild coho salmon fry in the two streams. We observed significant decreases in the densities of wild coho salmon and trout fry (steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) O. mykiss and cutthroat trout O. clarki combined) after hatchery-reared Chinook salmon were released, but they did not occur when large numbers of hatchery fish were present at treatment sites. We observed an increase in the group size of wild coho salmon in one stream when Chinook salmon were released, but not in the other stream. We observed few changes in microhabitat use by wild coho salmon fry associated with the release of hatchery-reared fish; most changes were observed in only a single stream or occurred after only some of the releases. The lengths and weights of wild coho salmon fry over the sampling season were not significantly different between treatment and control sites in one study stream. These results suggest that small-scale releases of hatchery-reared Chinook or coho salmon have few significant ecological effects on wild salmonid fry in small, coastal Washington streams, particularly when wild fry occur at low densities.
Factors Affecting Condition of Flannelmouth Suckers in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: Paukert Craig , Rogers R. Scott 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The impoundment of the Colorado River by Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, in 1963 created a highly regulated environment in the Grand Canyon that altered the native fish populations, including the flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis. Flannelmouth suckers were sampled from 1991 to 2001 to determine seasonal, annual, and spatial trends in fish condition (i.e., relative weight (Wr)). Mean Wr peaked during the prespawn and spawning periods and was lowest in summer and fall, but it was never lower than 93. Condition was variable throughout the Grand Canyon but was typically greatest at intermediate distances from Glen Canyon Dam, possibly because of the increased number of warmwater tributaries in this reach. Flannelmouth sucker condition in September was positively correlated with Glen Canyon Dam discharge during summer (June–August); this result may be due to the larger euphotic zone and greater macroinvertebrate abundance observed during higher water flows. Increased dam discharge that stimulates river productivity may provide benefits for this native fish.
Retention and Nonlethal External Detection of Calcein Marks in Rainbow Trout and Chinook Salmon
Authors: Negus Mary T. , Tureson Fred T. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
An osmotic induction method was used to apply calcein marks to Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and the Kamloops strain of rainbow trout O. mykiss (both migratory strains used for stocking into tributaries of Lake Superior). Preliminary exposure to a saline solution followed by immersion in a 0.5% calcein solution encouraged rapid infusion of calcein into fish tissues. Four-month-old Chinook salmon were exposed to a 1.5% or 5.0% salt solution to evaluate tolerance of different salinities and effects on mark intensity and retention. Rainbow trout were marked at three ages (2 weeks, 3.5 months, and 16 months posthatch) to evaluate the effects of age at treatment on mark intensity and long-term retention (a 5.0% preliminary salt bath was used). External detection of marks in scales, head, and fin rays was accomplished with a hand-held detector. The marking technique we used was well tolerated by both Chinook salmon and rainbow trout, and marks persisted into adulthood for rainbow trout treated at 3.5 months posthatch or later. The 5% salt concentration resulted in the persistence of more intense marks than did the 1.5% salt concentration. We demonstrated the potential applicability of calcein marks for instream population studies of migratory or anadromous species treated as fry or for studies involving release of post-fry-stage migratory or anadromous fish intended for recapture as adults.
An Economic Analysis of a Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Study of Clinical Pharmacist Interventions for High‐Risk Veterans: The IMPROVE Study
Authors: Malone Daniel C. , Carter Barry L. , Billups Sarah J. , Valuck Robert J. , Barnette Debra J. , Sintek Charles D. , Okano Gary J. , Ellis Samuel , Covey Douglas , Mason Barbara , Jue Sandra , Carmichael Jannet , Guthrie Kelly , Sloboda Lubica , Dombrowski Robert , Geraets Douglas R. , Amato Mary G. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine if clinical pharmacists could affect economic resource use and humanistic outcomes in an ambulatory, high‐risk population.Design. Prospective, randomized, controlled study.Setting. Nine Veterans Affairs medical centers.Patients. Patients who were at high risk for medication‐related problems.Intervention. Patients were randomized to usual medical care with input from a clinical pharmacist (intervention group) or just usual medical care (control group).Measurements and Main Results. Of 1054 patients enrolled, 523 were randomized to the intervention group and 531 to the control group. The number of clinic visits increased in the intervention group (p=0.003), but there was no difference in clinic costs. Mean increases in total health care costs were $1020 for the intervention group and $1313 for the control group (p=0.06).Conclusion. Including the cost of pharmacist interventions, overall health care expenditures were similar for patients randomized to see a clinical pharmacist versus usual medical care.
Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Oral Phytonadione for Excessive Anticoagulation
Authors: Patel Rachana J. , Witt Daniel M. , Saseen Joseph J. , Tillman Donald J. , Wilkinson Debra S. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare the efficacy of managing excessive anticoagulation in the absence of bleeding by either omitting warfarin therapy alone or administering oral phytonadione in addition to omitting warfarin therapy.Design. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.Setting. Clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service in a group model health maintenance organization.Subjects. Thirty nonbleeding patients with international normalized ratios (INRs) ranging from 6.0–10.0.Interventions. Patients were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of phytonadione 2.5 mg or placebo. Both groups omitted warfarin doses until the INR became less than or equal to 4.0.Measurements and Results. The mean calculated time to reach an INR of 4.0 was significantly greater in the placebo than the phytonadione group (2.6 vs 1.4 days, p=0.006). Overcorrection of anticoagulation was significantly more common in patients receiving phytonadione. Overt warfarin resistance was not observed in either group after reinitiating warfarin therapy. No major bleeding or thromboembolic complications occurred, and minor bleeding episodes were similar in both groups.Conclusion. The addition of oral phytonadione 2.5 mg reduced the time to achieve an INR of 4.0 by approximately 1 day compared with omitting warfarin therapy alone. Adverse events did not differ between the two groups. Both strategies were effective in managing asymptomatic patients with INRs of 6.0–10.0. Oral phytonadione may be most appropriate for patients at high risk for bleeding in whom the benefit of prompt INR reduction would outweigh the thromboembolic risk associated with INR overcorrection.
Evaluation of the Half‐Life of Intravenous Human Cytomegalovirus Immune Globulin in Patients Receiving Partially Mismatched Related Donor Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: DeRienzo Shannon Y. , Chiang Kuang‐Yueh , O'Neal Wane M. , Godder Kamar , Abhyankar Sunil , Christiansen Neal P. , Bridges Kerry D. , Henslee‐Downey P. Jean 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and use of intravenous human cytomegalovirus immune globulin (CytoGam) in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT).Design. Prospective, nonrandomized, nonblinded, single‐center study.Setting. University teaching hospital.Patients. Five consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies receiving partially mismatched related donor BMT with a uniform conditioning regimen including total body irradiation and chemotherapy.Intervention. Serum immunoglobulin and cytomegalovirus (CMV) titers were measured before and 24 hours after the first CytoGam infusion on day −6 during the conditioning regimen.Measurements and Main Results. These levels were measured every 5 days, and a second dose was administered when the CMV titer returned to 25–50% of the 24–hour level. The half‐life of CytoGam was approximately 7 days.Conclusion. We believe this is the first report of CytoGam's half‐life in allogeneic BMT. The information may prove vital in a future study in which the agent's potential beneficial effects can be maximized.
Pharmacokinetics of Cycloserine under Fasting Conditions and with High‐Fat Meal, Orange Juice, and Antacids
Authors: Zhu Min , Nix David E. , Adam Rodney D. , Childs James M. , Peloquin Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To determine the effect of a high‐fat meal, orange juice, and antacids on absorption of a single oral dose of cycloserine and to estimate its population pharmacokinetic parameters.Design. Randomized, four‐period, crossover study.Setting. Clinical research center.Patients. Twelve healthy volunteers.Interventions. Subjects received single doses of cycloserine 500 mg after a 12‐hour fast (reference), with a high‐fat meal, with orange juice, and with antacids. They also received clofazimine 200 mg, ethionamide 500 mg, andp‐aminosalicylic acid granules 6000 mg.Measurements and Main Results. Plasma samples were collected for 48 hours and assayed by validated high‐performance capillary electrophoresis assay. Concentration‐time data were analyzed with noncompartmental, one‐compartment, and population methods. The maximum concentration (Cmax) of cycloserine was decreased (p=0.02) by the high‐fat meal. No other statistically significant differences were observed for Cmaxand area under the curve from time zero to infinity across the four treatments. The high‐fat meal significantly (p<0.0001) delayed time to maximum concentration by 4.7 times compared with that of the reference (1.1 hr).Conclusion. The pharmacokinetics of cycloserine were minimally affected by orange juice and antacids, whereas the high‐fat meal delayed absorption. Administering cycloserine without a high‐fat meal avoids potential alterations in the pattern of absorption.
Comparison of 24‐Hour Blood Pressure Profiles in Patients with Hypertension Who Were Switched from Amlodipine to Nisoldipine
Authors: Lenz Thomas L. , Wurdeman Richard L. , Hilleman Daniel E. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare 24‐hour blood pressure control and adverse effects in patients with essential hypertension who were switched from amlodipine to nisoldipine.Design. Open‐label, one‐way crossover study.Setting. Cardiac clinic and patients' homes.Patients. Twenty‐five patients with stage I or II essential hypertension stabilized with amlodipine for at least 3 months, of whom 21 patients completed the study.Intervention. All patients underwent 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring while receiving amlodipine 5 or 10 mg/day. Patients then were switched to nisoldipine 10 mg/day (≥ 65 yrs old) or 20 mg/day (< 65 yrs old) and returned to the clinic at 2‐week intervals to assess cuff blood pressure, heart rate, adverse effects, and compliance. No adverse effects were experienced in 15 of the 25 patients. Lower extremity edema was the most commonly reported adverse effect (four patients). Two patients discontinued treatment because of pulmonary edema in one and chest pain in the other. Two patients were lost to follow‐up. After a mean of 10.6 weeks, repeat 24‐hour ambulatory monitoring was performed to evaluate blood pressure control with nisoldipine. Systolic and diastolic ambulatory results for daytime, nighttime, and total 24 hours were calculated. For amlodipine versus nisoldipine, no significant differences existed in any of the blood pressure parameters (p>0.05) in the 21 patients who completed the study, except for 24‐hour diastolic pressure (p<0.05); however, this latter difference was only 2 mm Hg (nisoldipine 77 mm Hg, amlodipine 75 mm Hg).Conclusion. Both amlodipine and nisoldipine have similar 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure profiles. The frequency of lower extremity edema was no different after the switch to nisoldipine than when the patients were taking amlodipine.
Use of Point‐of‐Service Health Status Assessments by Community Pharmacists to Identify and Resolve Drug‐Related Problems in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Ernst Michael E. , Doucette William R. , Dedhiya Seema D. , Osterhaus Matthew C. , Kumbera Patty A. , Osterhaus Jane T. , Townsend Raymond J. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine whether community pharmacists can use point‐of‐service health status assessments to identify and resolve drug‐related problems (DRPs) in ambulatory patients with selected musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders.Design. Twelve‐month, prospective, multicenter demonstration project.Setting. Twelve independent community pharmacies in eastern Iowa.Patients. Ambulatory patients with self‐reported diagnosis of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or low back pain.Measurements. During quarterly pharmacy visits for 1 year, patients used touch‐screen computers to report their health status. Patients answered questions on the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) general health survey, as well as questions assessing limitations associated with their MSK condition. Pharmacists used this data in interviewing patients to assess for DRPs.Main Results. The study enrolled 461 patients, of whom 388 returned for the 12‐month visit. During this 1‐year period, community pharmacists identified 926 cumulative DRPs. Patients with no DRPs had significantly higher physical component summary scores on the SF‐36 (p<0.05) than patients with more than one DRP at baseline (36.2 vs 31.6), 6 months (39.2 vs 33.3), and 12 months (40.1 vs 35.4). At 12 months, actions performed by pharmacists led to resolution or improvement of 70.7% of DRPs.Conclusion. Drug‐related problems are numerous in community‐dwelling patients with MSK disorders and correspond to decreased physical health status. Community pharmacists can use patient‐reported measures of health status to identify DRPs and initiate processes to resolve them.
Rates of Torsades de Pointes Associated with Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and Moxifloxacin
Authors: Frothingham Richard 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare the rates of torsades de pointes associated with ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin administration.Design. Retrospective database analysis.Intervention. Evaluation of reported rates of torsades de pointes in patients who received these quinolones between January 1, 1996, and May 2, 2001.Measurements and Main Results. In the United States, 25 cases of torsades de pointes associated with these quinolones (ciprofloxacin 2, ofloxacin 2, levofloxacin 13, gatifloxacin 8, moxifloxacin 0) were identified. Ciprofloxacin was associated with a significantly lower rate of torsades de pointes (0.3 cases/10 million prescriptions, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0–1.1) than levofloxacin (5.4/10 million, 95% CI 2.9–9.3, p<0.001) or gatifloxacin (27/10 million, 95% CI 12–53, p<0.001 for comparison with ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin). When the analysis was limited to the first 16 months after initial U.S. approval of the agent, the rates for levofloxacin (16/10 million) and gatifloxacin (27/10 million) were similar (p>0.5).Conclusion. Levofloxacin should be administered with caution in patients with risk factors for QT prolongation. Gatifloxacin should be avoided in the same patient population, and the recommended dosage of 400 mg/day should not be exceeded.
Cholesterol and Glycemic Effects of Niaspan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kane Michael P. , Hamilton Robert A. , Addesse Elizabeth , Busch Robert S. , Bakst Gary 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine the effect of Niaspan—a niacin preparation with both immediate‐ and extended‐release characteristics—on lipid and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.Design. Retrospective study.Setting. Private‐practice endocrinology group.Patients. Thirty‐two patients (mean age 60 yrs; 72% men) with type 2 diabetes identified by a computerized text search.Intervention. Patients received Niaspan 1000, 1500, or 2000 mg/day (median daily dosage 1000 mg).Measurements and Main Results. Total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c, and transaminase levels were compared for each patient before and 6 months after initiation of Niaspan. Niaspan therapy was associated with a significant 34% increase in HDL (p=0.033), a significant 36% reduction of triglycerides (p=0.049), and no significant change in LDL (p=0.236) or total cholesterol (p=0.122). Mean hemoglobin A1c levels significantly decreased from baseline by 0.5 ± 0.3% (p=0.032), even though dosages and treatment with antidiabetic agents remained constant. There were no significant changes in transaminase levels. Seven patients (21.9%) discontinued Niaspan; one of them experienced an increase in blood glucose while receiving the agent.Conclusion. For most patients with type 2 diabetes, Niaspan is a safe and effective therapy for dyslipidemia and does not exacerbate glycemic control.
Enteral Methadone to Expedite Fentanyl Discontinuation and Prevent Opioid Abstinence Syndrome in the PICU
Authors: Lugo Ralph A. , MacLaren Robert , Cash Jared , Pribble Charles G. , Vernon Donald D. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine if enterally administered methadone can facilitate fentanyl discontinuation and prevent withdrawal in children at high risk for opioid abstinence syndrome.Design. Retrospective analysis.Setting. Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a tertiary care children's hospital.Patients. Twenty‐two children (aged 6.1 ± 5.4 yrs) who received continuous fentanyl infusion for 9 days or longer.Intervention. Guidelines for initiating enteral methadone, rapidly tapering and discontinuing fentanyl infusions, and tapering methadone were implemented in the PICU. Development of opioid abstinence syndrome was evaluated during fentanyl and methadone dosage reductions and for 72 hours thereafter.Measurements and Main Results. Children received fentanyl by continuous infusion for 17.8 ± 8.4 days. Peak fentanyl infusion rate was 5.9 ± 3.8 μg/kg/hour, and the median cumulative dose was 1302 μg/kg (range 354–7535 μg/kg). Methadone 0.50 ± 0.22 mg/kg/day was begun 1.6 ± 1.9 days before tapering fentanyl. The fentanyl infusion rate on starting the taper was 5.0 ± 3.6 μg/kg/hour. Fentanyl was tapered and discontinued in a median of 2.6 days (range 0–11.9 days). Twenty‐one patients had no opioid abstinence syndrome during or after fentanyl taper. One patient experienced significant opioid withdrawal after fentanyl discontinuation, which resolved after reinstitution of fentanyl and increasing the dosage of methadone to 0.3 mg/kg every 6 hours. Overall, methadone was tapered and discontinued in 18.2 ± 11.9 days without precipitating opioid abstinence syndrome.Conclusion. Enteral administration of methadone may expedite fentanyl discontinuation and reduce the risk of withdrawal in critically ill children at high risk for opioid abstinence syndrome.
Evaluation of the Association Between St. John's Wort and Elevated Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone
Authors: Ferko Nicole , Levine Mitchell A. H. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate whether St. John's wort is associated with an elevation in thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.Design. Retrospective case‐control study.Setting. Hamilton, Ontario; September 1998–May 1999.Subjects. Thirty‐seven subjects with elevated TSH levels and 37 age‐ (± 6 yrs) and gender‐matched subjects with normal TSH levels who resided in the same region.Measurements and Main Results. Exposure to St. John's wort during the 3–6 months before TSH measurement was assessed through a telephone interview. A total of 4 of 37 subjects with elevated TSH levels and 2 of 37 subjects with normal TSH levels had taken St. John's wort in that time period. The odds ratio for elevated TSH levels associated with taking St. John's wort was 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36–12.36).Conclusion. This study suggests a probable association between St. John's wort and elevated TSH levels. However, because of the wide CIs surrounding the point estimate (which crosses unity), further investigation, including a large, prospective cohort study, is warranted.