bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthrones, naturally occurring competitive inhibitors of adenosine‐triphosphate‐citrate lyase
Authors: Oleynek Joseph J. , Barrow Colin J. , Burns Michael P. , Sedlock David M. , Murphy Dennis J. , Kaplita Paul V. , Sun Hao H. , Cooper Raymond , Gillum Amanda M. , Chadwick Christopher C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐citrate lyase (ACL) is a homotetrameric liver enzyme which catalyzes the cytosolic formation of acetyl‐CoA. This reaction provides the major source of acetyl‐CoA for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of ACL offers a potentially unique way to control plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In this study, we describe the activity of an active microbial metabolite derived from a soil fungus, Penicillium sp., SC2193. This culture produces a series of related anthrones and anthraquinones. We present evidence for one of these anthrones, 2‐chloro‐1, 3, 8‐trihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐9‐anthrone, as a specific and competitive inhibitor of ACL against the substrate Mg citrate and mixed noncompetitive inhibition against two other required substrates for this enzyme, Mg ATP and CoA. With an IC50 of 283 nM in the primary assay and, more specifically, a Ki of <100 nM against the substrate Mg citrate, SC2193 represents the most potent competitive inhibitor of ACL yet described, and, as such, might prove very useful as a molecular tool for the discovery of selective, mechanistically novel hypolipidemic agents. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antinociceptive effects of a novel dual cyclooxygenase/5‐lipoxygenase inhibitor (tepoxalin) and its primary (carboxylic acid) metabolite (RWJ 20142) in acute tests in mice and rats
Authors: Raffa Robert B. , Connelly Charlene D. , Martinez Rebecca P. , Schupsky James J. , Argentieri Dennis C. , Singer Monica M. , Smith Ian L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTepoxalin is a novel dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (CO) and lipoxygenase (LO) pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism with a relative lack of gastrointestinal side effects within its preclinical therapeutic dose range. The present study investigated the antinociceptive action of tepoxalin and its primary (carboxylic acid) metabolite (RWJ 20142) in several acute tests in mice and rats. Tepoxalin produced dose‐related, non‐opioid (i.e., naloxone‐insensitive) antinociception in the mouse acetylcholine (ACh) induced abdominal irritant test (AIT) with an onset within 15 min and an exceptional duration (about 12 h). The oral ED50 value at peak effect (30 min) was 0.3 mg/kg (0.8 μmol/kg), compared to 0.9, 38.0, and 164 mg/kg (2.5, 160.8, and 1, 085 μmol/kg), respectively, for indomethacin, zileuton, and acetaminophen. Tepoxalin was inactive via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration (up to 200μg) or (up to 100mg/kg [259 μg/kg] p.o. or s.c.) in the endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) AIT and mouse 48°C hot‐plate tests. RWJ 20142 (a CO inhibitor), produced dose‐related, non‐opioid antinociception in the ACh test following oral (ED50 = 0.3 mg/kg [0.8 μmol/kg] at 30 min) or i.c.v. administration (ED50 = 3.3 μg [0.1 μmol] at 15 min) and was active p.o. in the phenyl‐p ‐quinone (PpQ) (ED50 = 0.2 mg/kg [0.6 μmol/kg] at 30 min) and ET‐1 tests (ED50 = 19.6 mg/kg [54.9 μmol/kg] at 30 min). It was the only compound active p.o. in the 48°C hot‐plate test and was significantly more potent than tepoxalin in the rat air‐induced AIT. Measurement of plasma levels suggests RWJ 20142 might be a major contributor to tepoxalin‐induced antinociception. The inactivity of tepoxalin in the ET‐1 test suggests a separate antinociceptive action of the parent compound. In summary, it appears that both tepoxalin and its primary metabolite contribute to tepoxalin‐induced antinociception in rodents, possibly by different mechanisms or at different sites, i.e., peripheral vs. central. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic antinociceptive interaction between aspirin and tramadol, the atypical opioid analgesic, in the rat
Authors: Salazar L. A. , Martínez R. Ventura , López‐Muñoz F. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to assess a possible synergistic antinociceptive interactions, the analgesic effects of aspirin per s̀s (acetyl salicylic acid or “ASA”), a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), and tramadol s.c. (TRA), an atypical opioid analgesic, administered either separately or in combination were determined in a model of pain‐induced functional impairment in the rat, groups of six rats received either vehicle, ASA (175.4, 312.1, 555.1, 987.0, 1, 755.3, or 3, 121.2 μmol/kg) and TRA (21.3, 38.0, 67.5, 120.0, or 213.5 μmol/kg), or a combination of ASA and TRA (24 different combinations). This allowed us to detect the interaction profile of these combinations. The ED50 for either ASA or TRA were 1, 173.5 ± 7.4 μmol/kg and 141.5 ± 6.8 μmol/kg, respectively. The data obtained confirmed an interaction between ASA and TRA and showed antinociception that may be additive or synergistic, depending on the drug ratio administered. Furthermore, eight combinations showed various degrees of potentiation (P < .01), whereas the others (16) exhibited analgesic effects not different from that of ASA alone. The combination of ASA (3, 121.2 μmol/kg) and TRA (120.0 μmol/kg) produced the maximum analgesic effect. However, the combination of ASA (987/ μmol/kg) with TRA (120.0 μmo/kg) produced the highest potentiation effects. This study clearly showed (1) that there is an interaction between ASA and TRA and (2) which combination of these analgesic drugs produced either the maximum analgesic effect or the highest degree of potentiation in the rat. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of metrifonate and tacrine in the spatial morris task and modified irwin test: Evaluation of the efficacy/safety profile in rats
Authors: Blokland Arjan , Hinz Volker , Schmidt Bernard H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present study we investigated the efficacy/safety profile of the cholinesterase inhibitors metrifonate (MTF) and tacrine [tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA)]. We tested the efficacy of MTF (12, 39, and 120 μmol/kg po) and THA (1.3, 4.3, and 13 μmol/kg po) in the spatial Morris task in 19‐month‐old rats. The modified Irwin test was used to evaluate the safety of both drugs, using in 19‐month‐old rats. In this observation test, higher doses of MTF (39, 120, and 390 μmol/kg) and THA (4.3, 13, and 43 μmol/kg) were tested. MTF was found to improve the performance of rats in the spatial Morris task. Independent of dose, MTF‐treated rats performed better than vehicle‐treated rats in the Morris task during the 2nd week of testing. THA treatment (1.3 μmol/kg) had only a minor effect on the spatial discrimination performance, i.e., effect on the probe trial after 2 weeks of training. In the modified Irwin test, both MTF and THA dose dependently induced side effects which were classified as being typically cholinergic. The threshold dose for the occurrence of side effects for acutely administered MTF and THA was 39 and 4.3 μmol/kg, respectively. Remarkably, repeated administration of 390 μmol/kg MTF (5 day treatment) resulted in fewer side effects. This was not observed for THA treatment. The data of the present study indicate that the efficacy/safety profile of MTF is more favorable than that of THA. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal and infantile influences upon exploratory behavior and emotional reactivity in the albino rat
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Wehmer Francine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of maternal infantile handling, maternal pregnancy (offspring pre‐natal) stress, and offspring infantile handling on adult open‐field behavior and weight of albino rats. The primary results are as follows: (1) both offspring infantile handling and maternal pregnancy stress tend to increase adult exploratory behavior; (2) adult weight was lower for subjects whose mother had undergone stress during pregnancy than for offspring of non‐stress females; (3) several 2‐way interactions were found to significantly influence open‐field exploration; (4) when offspring infantile handling was combined with maternal pregnancy stress, emotional reactivity (i.e., defecation) was found to increase significantly over that following either type of stimulation alone.
Primacy of the negative aftereffect over positive adaptation in prism adaptation with newly hatched chicks
Authors: Rossi Patrick J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNegative afteraffects (NAE) to prism displacement should not exist without prior positive adaptation (PA) during initial prism exposure. In 4 experiments, chicks wearing hoods containing 8.5° wedge prisms from the day of hatching showed: (a) significant NAE (pecking overcompensation in the direction opposite to their initial displacement error when matched O‐degree clear plates were substituted for the prisms), but not significant PA (reduction in the lateral error of pecking while wearing the prisms) at the sixth day; (b) NAE exceeding the theoretically predicted PA on the sixteenth day; (c) significant short and long duration NAE, and significant short and long duration reversal overcompensation effects (ROE) (left‐right pecking asymmetry following reversal of the prism base directions) on the seventh and eighth days, without prior PA on the seventh day; (d) neither significant NAE nor significant PA on the fourth day. Both significant NAE and significant PA had been reported previously on the eighth day. Geometrical analyses suggest that variables latent in unrestricted application of adult sensory rearrangement techniques to rapidly growing chicks of low sensory‐motor plasticity produce an ontogenetic‐development‐related reciprocity paradox.
Transfer of a learned form discrimination in the infant and adult monkey
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEight infant monkeys with a mean age of 67 days, range 50 to 84, and 8 adult monkeys were trained to discriminate an equilateral triangle from a circle. After reaching the criterion of learning, they were subjected to a series of transfer tests containing 20 different stimulus pairs. The groups did not differ significantly in rate of learning or transfer scores. Adults showed significant interproblem transfer to stimuli that had high generalization scores in other studies. Significant transfer was found to outline figures, intensity reversal and no consistent effect in responses to the sides of the triangle as opposed to the angles appeared.
Texture density and normal development of visual depth avoidance
Authors: Karmel Bernard Z. , Miller Patricia N. , Dettweiler Lawrence , Anderson Gary 
Published: January 2005

AbstractKittens, dutch‐belted rabbits, and albino rabbits were tested daily after eye opening for development of a reliable avoidance response on the visual cliff under varying conditions of texture density of elements comprising the checkerboard patterns of deep and shallow surfaces. Depth avoidance was demonstrated at an earlier age when coarse (34° to 18° retinal angle) rather than fine (2° or less of retinal angle) elements comprising shallow and deep surfaces were available to the subject. Visually guided placing to surfaces (in cats) developed after onset of visual cliff depth avoidance when coarse texture elements, but not when fine texture elements were used. Differences in onset of depth‐avoidance responding under different conditions of texture density across species as well as non‐coincidence of onset of visual placing with depth avoidance in cats indicated that changes in texture‐processing abilities with age and as a function of species characteristics interact with developing visual‐motor responding. The results were interpreted relative to organismic development of texture‐processing systems affecting degree of degradation of primary visual input during development. The importance of texture‐derived afferent information on development of visual‐motor behaviors was discussed.
Effects of maternal mobility, partner, and endocrine state on social responsiveness of adolescent rhesus monkeys
Authors: Anderson Clark O. , Mc Kenney Ann M. , Mason William A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe social behavior of rhesus monkeys raised for the 1st year of life with mobile (MS) or stationary (SS) cloth surrogate mothers was investigated when the animals reached 4–5 yr of age. The MS males generally refrained from social interaction during initial pairings with females, whereas SS males interacted frequently, but were more often the targets of attacks and chases from adult females than were MS males. The MS males were more likely to vary their social behavior according to the behavior of the social partner and seemed to benefit more from extended social exposure than their SS counterparts. The MS females were more similar to wild‐born females than were SS females in nearly every behavior category and dimension tested. These results suggest that rearing with mobile artificial mothers improves the chances of later adaptive social adjustments in socially restricted monkeys.
Early environmental influences on conditioned and unconditioned ingestional and locomotor behaviors
Authors: Domjan Michael , Schorr Rebecca , Best Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor 34–44 days after weaning one group of rats was raised in a socially enriched environment, whereas another group was raised in isolated individual cages without handling. Following this differential rearing subjects were tested for ingestional neophobia and its attenuation, enhancement of ingestional neophobia by aversive drug administration, taste‐aversion learning and extinction, open‐field activity, and passive shock‐avoidance learning. Although the differential rearing influenced open‐field activity and shock‐avoidance, this manipulation did not have a significant effect on the various measures of conditioned and unconditioned ingestional behaviors. The results provide further evidence for the distinctiveness of gustatory‐visceral and telereceptor‐cutaneous sensory systems.
Long‐term effects of obstetrical anesthesia on infant autonomic function
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe results of this study suggest that anesthetics administered to mothers during delivery affect infants' autonomic function for at least 8 postnatal months. Under repeated auditory stimulation, those infants born without medication tended to show heart rate deceleration (orienting reflex) whereas those born under medication shifted from initial deceleration to acceleration (defense reflex).
Postweaning environmental stimulation and somesthetic performance in rats sustaining cortical lesions at maturity
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats were enucleated at 28 days of age and were assigned to complex or relatively barren tactile environments for the duration of the experiment. Approximately half of the animals in each group received large, bilateral lesions of the somatosensory cortex when they were 60 days of age, and the remainder underwent sham operations. Twenty days later all groups were tested for the ability to master a series of tactile discriminations. Statistical tests revealed a highly significant lesion effect, but no environment or lesion x environment interaction effects. These sensory discriminative findings stand in contrast to some earlier reports which have shown that environmental complexity provided prior to or following other forebrain lesions can minimize error scores on simple learning tasks.
Female mouse maturation: Effects of excreted and bladder urine from juvenile and adult males
Authors: Drickamer Lee C. , Murphy Robert X. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA sequence of 4 experiments examined the effects of prepubertal and adult males on the sexual maturation of young female house mice. The results support 3 conclusions: (1) the presence of a prepubertal male or of urine from prepubertal males does not affect the timing of sexual maturation in young female house mice; (2) the maturation‐accelerating pheromone produced by adult males is present in the bladder urine of intact adult males but is absent from both excreted and bladder urine of castrated males; and (3) young females caged with 7 prepubertal males or with a castrated adult male mature earlier than control females caged alone. Results indicating that the presence of a castrated male leads to earlier sexual maturation of young female mice differ from previous findings. A possible explanation for this contradictory result is based on the ability of young weanling female mice to acclimatize and thermoregulate when separated from the dam and litter‐mates. A model for density‐feedback population regulation in house mice involving pheromones produced by males and females is presented.
Neonatal stimulation, maternal behavior, and accelerated maturation in BALB/c mice
Authors: Cross Michael S. , LaBarba Richard C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of neonatal handling and hypothermia on infant physical maturation and growth and on maternal behavior in BALB/c mice. Stringent methodological and statistical controls were employed for experimenter bias and litter effects. No evidence appeared to support claims that neonatal stimulation leads to accelerated physical maturation. Alterations in maternal behavior patterns were found only immediately following hypothermia of pups. Maternal behavior did not correlate highly with offspring maturational rates, but maternal weight and age and pup birth weight were highly predictive of infant physical maturation.
Ontogeny of two‐way avoidance in male and female rats
Authors: Bauer Richard H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn Experiment I, 17‐, 21‐, 36‐, 51‐, 90‐, and 200‐day‐old male and female rats were given a single session of 100 two‐way avoidance (TWA) trials. In the 2nd experiment, males and females of these ages and 15 and 28 days of age that were obtained from a different source, weaned at a later age, and housed differently received TWA training. Results of both studies showed that avoidance of 15‐, 17‐, and 21‐day‐old rats is low, but avoidance increases from 21 to 51 days of age. Avoidance of 95‐ and 200‐day‐old animals was generally lower than 51‐day‐old rats. No significant gender differences appeared until 90 days of age; at this age avoidance of males was lower than females. In Experiment III, CS intensity was varied and the US intensity was lower than that used in Experiments I and II. Avoidance of 21‐ and 90‐day‐old rats was higher with a more intense CS, but 21‐day‐olds were still lower than adults. Avoidance of 17‐day‐old rats was not affected by CS intensity.
Effects of age and stimulus intensity of the far field auditory brain stem potentials in the laboratory mouse
Authors: Henry Kenneth R. , Haythorn Mark M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe vertex‐positive, volume‐conducted far field response was used to evaluate age‐related changes of the 8th cranial nerve and auditory brainstem in the anesthetized C57BL/6 mouse. Responses were obtained from stimuli as low as 10 dB (within the 10‐20 kHz bandpass). When latencies were compared between 16‐ and 35‐day‐old subjects, the older mice had a P1 component which was .175 msec faster, a P2 which was .505 msec faster, a P3 which was .953 msec faster, and a P4 which was 1.315 msec faster. A retest of the younger mice showed that much of this retrocochlear latency decrease occurred between 16 to 18 days postpartum. The latencies of the younger mice were also less likely to decrease as the stimulus intensity was increased from 30 to 70 dB, and this effect was most pronounced at higher neural levels. These age‐related changes bear considerable relationship to the development of susceptibility of audiogenic seizures in the mouse.
Pituitary‐adrenal response to separation in mother and infant squirrel monkeys
Authors: Mendoza Sally P. , Smotherman William P. , Miner Martin T. , Kaplan Joel , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPituitary‐adrenal response in mother and infant squirrel monkeys following brief separation was assessed. Each mother and infant pair was tested under each of 3 conditions: (1) Basal; (2) Separation‐Reunion; and (3) Separation. Samples were obtained from mothers and infants in the Separation and Separation‐Reunion conditions 30 min following the initial disturbance. A similar paradigm was used to assess the effects of separation in surrogate‐reared animals. The results indicate that mothers, infants, and surrogate‐reared infants respond to 30‐min separation with a substantial increase in plasma cortisol. The values obtained in the Separation‐Reunion condition did not differ significantly from Basal values in any of the 3 groups, suggesting that the effect of separation on the pituitary‐adrenal system is not due to the disturbance involved in the separation procedure. The response of surrogate‐reared infants suggests that these infants develop similar attachments to the surrogate as normal infants to their own mothers.
A comparison between the models of the psychological refractory period proposed by Welford and Surwillo and Titus
Authors: Smith Glen A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA model of the psychological refractory period (PRP) proposed by Surwillo and Titus (1976) is compared critically with that proposed by Welford (1952) noting the following points:
Surwillo and Titus augment the single channel hypothesis of Welford's model with other assumptions that are unnecessary as Welford's model fits their data (and the great bulk of other studies) with great precision.
An anomaly overlooked in their application of the model to the data was found, namely, a counterintuitive decrease in reaction time to the 2nd stimulus below its asymptotic value. This has not been reported in any PRP data. The assumption in error is pointed out and a correction suggested.
When an essential expansion of their model to incorporate varying signal processing times is made, the notion of an inert Recovery Period used by Survillo and Titus becomes redundant. If this is discarded on grounds of parsimony, the major remaining difference between the models is Surwillo and Titus' additional restrictive assumption of discrete time segments gated by an EEG rhythm for which their data do not present any strong evidence.Although Welford's model is limited for developmental data as it only fits, rather than predicts, increases in reaction time with development, it is more accurate and preferable. Investigations of more cognitive variables such as practice may produce better explanations of developmental changes in reaction time than will measurement of small concomitant changes in physiological time parameters.
Effects of differential early experience upon parental behavior in Mus musculus
Authors: Bell Robert W. , Little Jill 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfant mice reared with both parents were subjected to 1 of 4 different early experience contingencies at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of age. Observation of parental behaviors following return of the pups to the nest revealed that mothers attended more to pups subjected to intermediate levels of stress, with the differences in maternal behavior persisting across the age span without change. Fathers exhibited marked changes in responsiveness to young across the ages observed, with their attention to young correlating directly with rate of ultrasonic calling by the young.