bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Nuclear Spin Systems
Authors: Ernst Richard R , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Wokaun Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of isolated spins can be understood in terms of the motion of classical magnetization vectors (see §4.2). To describe coupled spins, however, it is necessary to have recourse to a quantum mechanical formalism where the state of the system is expressed by a state function or, more generally, by a density operator. In this chapter, we give a condensed account of the density operator treatment, in particular of those aspects which are relevant to pulse experiments in liquids and solids. The equation of motion of the density operator is introduced in §2.1.
Quantum Description of High-Resolution NMR in Liquids
Authors: Goldman Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Available in paperback for the first time, this book describes the main methods of one- and two-dimensional high-resolution NMR spectroscopy in liquids within the quantum-mechanical formalism of the density matrix. In view of the increasing importance of NMR in chemistry and biochemistry, it is particularly addressed to those scientists who do not have a working knowledge of quantum calculations. This knowledge is provided in the first part of the book through a description of quantum mechanics as applied to spin systems: this description is both self-contained and limited to the essentials. A final chapter is devoted to the principles of relaxation theory. The book will endow the reader with enough practice in the theoretical tools of NMR to enable him to analyse critically comprehensive treatises or articles on new methods.
Asymmetric conjugate addition
Authors: Alexakis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conjugate addition, the most popular reaction in organocopper chemistry, is very well suited for the formation of new stereogenic centres. Several examples of very high levels of diastereoselectivity show that organocopper reagents are very sensitive to the steric and electronic environment of the prochiral sp2 carbon β to the carbonyl. Owing to the importance of this synthetic transformation it is not surprising that the asymmetric version of this reaction was attempted at the very early stages of the organocopper era. There are several ways to attain this goal. The most obvious one is to attach covalently a chiral auxiliary, do a diastereoselective conjugate addition, and then remove this chiral auxiliary, the overall result being an enantioselective transformation. This chiral auxiliary may be placed either on the electrophile or on the R group of the organocopper reagent itself.
Preparation of Alkenes
Authors: Williams Jonathan M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alkenes represent an important structural target for organic chemists. From the large scale synthesis of simple alkenes through to the small scale synthesis of densely functionalized molecules which contain an alkene subunit, the chemical literature contains many examples of alkene synthesis. This laboratory handbook provides useful practical procedures for many of the more widely used alkene syntheses. Individual authors have shared their experiences of alkene synthesis to provide guidance and practical advice to the novice and expert alike.
Preparations of alkenes: a practical approach not only provides detailed practical procedures, but also clearly reviews important developments in this area. Additionally, an extended summary enables the reader to find out which methods are most suitable for particular classes of alkene, including mono-substituted, (E)- or (Z)- di-substituted, tri-substituted, cyclic, and heteroatom-substituted alkenes.
The Wittig reaction and related methods
Authors: Lawrence Nicholas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Wittig reaction, the reaction of an a-phosphorus estabilized anion with a carbonyl derivative, is undoubtedly one of the most useful methods for selectively constructing carbon-carbon double bonds. This is for many reasons: the precursors are easily prepared and in many instances are available readily, the reaction is high yielding, the alkene is specifically positioned, and in many instances is stereoselective. Wittig developed the reaction of phosphoniumylides with aldehydes in the early 1950s.
Non-phosphorus stabilized carbanions in alkene synthesis
Authors: Armstrong Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foremost amongst the methods available to the synthetic chemist for the preparation of alkenes is the reaction of carbanions a- to phosphorus with carbonyl compounds (the Wittig reaction and its variants; Chapter 2). The essential principles of the Wittig reaction-the stabilization of a carbanion by the phosphorus atom, reaction of this carbanion with a carbonyl compound, and subsequent elimination-can be extended to the use of anions stabilized by other, non-phosphorus heteroatoms (Scheme 3.1). This chapter will consider alkene formation involving carbanions stabilized by trialkylsilyl groups (Peterson olefination), sulfoximines (Johnson methylenation), sulfones (Julia olefination), and boron. These methods can offer useful alternatives to phosphorus-based olefinations, particularly in terms of ease of isolation of the product and, importantly, in the control of alkene stereochemistry.
Catalytic coupling reactions
Authors: Reiser Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palladium- and nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions have become a powerful method for the functionalization of alkenes and arenes. There is a broad variety of different reactions to choose from, which in many cases can be used to reach the same synthetic end-point. Moreover, in recent years many different procedures for each type of reaction have been published, making it even more difficult to choose the right procedure for a particular synthetic problem. The following chapter will provide the reader with procedures that are applicable to a large number of substrates. Nevertheless, if a protocol should not work for a specific case, it might be worth changing the reaction conditions—even if this change appears to be rather small—since palladium-and nickel-catalyzed reactions are quite sensitive towards parameters such as the palladium source, ligand, base, solvent, temperature, and substrate.
Techniques for the study of physical properties
Authors: Besson J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrical measurements are among the most ancient methods used to characterize samples at high pressures. Indeed, before the advent of diamond-anvil cells (DACs), they were the most often used characterization methods in belt-type or multianvil devices at pressures above 2 GPa for the detection of solid-solid phase transitions—upon which the so-called fixedpoint pressure scale was based (see Section 2.2 in Chapter 2).
The development of man’s ideas concerning nature
Authors: Williams R J P , Da Silva J J R Frausto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since man became self-conscious he has tried to build up knowledge about himself and his relationship with his surroundings, even with the universe. One approach through chemistry and the associated physics of chemicals, which we will use in this book, has existed for thousands of years in developing form. It is based on the concept that all that we observe can be broken down into basic primary components, of which there are a limited number. The physical if not in chemical terms. In effect, today we express the physical relationships in a simple phase diagram of a one-component system (no chemical distinctions), as shown in Fig. 4.1. What is more, the phases, of water for example, can be changed into one another by a supply of energy, which, in a general sense, is to be likened to ‘fire’, (Chapter 3). The Greeks had no chemistry, but it would be quite wrong to push the idea of a purely philosophical (and physical) attitude in the Greek world too far-they were looking for cosmological explanations but also for explanations of the ‘chemical’ behaviour of materials on Earth and their possible applications (see footnote ton p. 4). Of course, they were not alone in this search-thoughtful man everywhere has always puzzled in this way about his environment.
Phase equilibria
Authors: Williams R J P , Da Silva J J R Frausto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we maintained that all material objects on Earth are to be described in terms of atomic elements and their combinations. Since there are 90 different types of element on Earth, it might appear as if their combinations were of virtually infinite variety, especially since we can choose to put together any number of kinds of element in any quantity. In Chapter 2 we showed that, in fact, some ordered combinations or association of atoms were more stable than others due to the different strengths of bonding between atoms and molecules. Thus, there are limitations on combinations and this is one indication of the natural selection of the elements. By treating specific combinations of elements in isolation, both in fixed atomic chemical proportions, for example H and O in H20, and in given physical states, for example H2O as ice, we could then discuss many features of the nature of element combinations, here of the atoms Hand 0. We established that some followed valence rules, which placed further restrictions on variability. We noted too that it was possible to produce more than one combination of some elements, for example Hp2 from Hand 0, although this compound is not as stable as H20. Each such chemical substance could also be discussed in isolation in at least three physical states-solid, liquid and gas. However, as stressed in Chapter 2, the majority of combinations did not give rise to simple stoichiometric compounds, which implies a greater opportunity for variability. In the present chapter we use the principles of Chapter 3, that is, of order disorder equilibrium, to extend our discussion of the variability of chemical systems to put together all kinds of physical and chemical equilibria. This will help us to see to what extent physical and chemical equilibria, all related to chemical selective combination, have constrained the formation of the objects seen around us within the limits of the particular composition of the Earth.
The evolution of inorganic chemicals on Earth
Authors: Williams R J P , Da Silva J J R Frausto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the principles of chemistry, thermodynamics and kinetics outlined in the previous chapters, we can only follow the natural selection of the chemical elements at a sophisticated inorganic level by homing in on Earth. Earth itself may or may not be very similar to millions of other planets, but this we do not know. We know that it is quite different in inorganic chemistry from all other planets in the solar system and differs considerably from the moon. We can sense with some security too that only conditions of chemistry and physics, especially temperature, similar to those on Earth could have given rise, after cooling below l00°C at the surface, to the equally sophisticated organic chemistry that we describe in Chapter 9, and thus, with the pre-existing inorganic chemistry, could have generated life which, we shall see, illustrates the most refined chemical selection we know. Earth itself could therefore be a unique chemical laboratory formed 4.5 x 109 years ago and life, which probably appeared around 4.0 to 3.5 x 109 years ago, has then had a very long time to search out optimal element selection for survival. As we shall show, the steps that have occurred up to man exhibit an almost inevitable progression in the natural selection of the elements given the conditions around and on Earth. Moreover, given the time taken for man to appear, it could be that he too is unique as a self-conscious living organism.
Palladium-catalysed carbon—carbon bond formation
Authors: Browning Andrew F , Greeves Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of palladium complexes as catalysts for a range of reactions has been one of the most remarkable developments in synthetic organic chemistry over the last 25 years. The variety of reactions that can be catalysed, together with the range of functional groups tolerated and usually excellent chemo-and regioselectivity, has meant that an increasing amount of research has gone into this area of chemistry and that· there are several important industrial applications. Indeed, such is the widespread use of these compounds, there is seldom a total synthesis project that does not involve palladium chemistry in one or more key steps. For example, compounds containing an ene-diyne function, a class of molecules which has been under considerable scrutiny in recent years, have been targeted for total synthesis by a number of research groups. Frequently, the ene-diyne unit of these molecules is constructed using a Sonogashira coupling in excellent yield.
Organoiron chemistry 2: iron acyl and 1r-ally1tricarbonyliron lactone chemistry
Authors: Wills Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two classes of organoiron chemistry will be described in this chapter. The first part concerns the synthesis and applications of acyl derivatives of the enantiomerically pure chiral auxiliary [(C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)]. Such complexes may be elaborated through a variety of synthetic transformations with invariably high diastereoselectivity. Removal of the acyl group furnishes enantiomerically enriched or pure products. The second class of organoiron reagents featured in this chapter are iron tricarbonyl ir-allyl complexes. These have been employed as intermediates in general methods for the synthesis of lactones and lactams and have been applied to a number of total syntheses of complex natural products.
Arene chromium tricarbonyl chemistry
Authors: Perrio Stéphane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chromium tricarbonyl complexes range in colour from bright yellow to red. They are air-stable, crystalline solids but are generally air sensitive in solution. The decomposition in solution, leading to chromium oxides, is autocatalytic in nature; as a consequence, when decomposition products are detected, at any stage of a synthesis, a filtration should be carried out. Purification is easily accomplished by chromatography on silica gel and/or recrystallisation from a nonpolar organic solvent.
General techniques for handling air-sensitive compounds
Authors: Guillo Nathalie , Perrio Stéphane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manipulation and purification of many of the compounds described in this Practical Approach volume are best performed using a vacuum/inert gas manifold together with Schlenk tubes (or round-bottomed flasks fitted with a gas inlet adapter). The protocols in this chapter describe, in general terms, how a vacuum/inert gas manifold is used to fill Schlenk tubes with an inert gas (nitrogen or argon), how a solvent or solution is saturated with an inert gas using Schlenk techniques, and how solvents are removed from a Schlenk tube. The transfer of liquids from one Schlenk to another, either directly or via a filtration device, is also described, as is the column chromatography of air-sensitive materials. Finally, a technique for preparing samples for NMR spectroscopy under an inert atmosphere is detailed.
Introduction
Authors: Merricks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biography is a somewhat peculiar branch of history. History, conventionally, looks at and tries to explain a particular community or culture, whether a parliament or food riots, through a particular period of time. In this it is selective, choosing what is relevant to that specific organization and the relationships of individuals to it, and history therefore tends to remain within a set of parameters defined by the topic. For example, historians of parliament rarely look at the popular culture of their period. In contrast to this, the only defining feature of a biography is that it centers on one person. This can lead to the most unexpected areas of investigation since any individual will intersect with a number of different societies in the course of a lifetime. What are fascinating are the connections between these different areas and the ways in which they interact with each other and with the subject of the biography.
Exercises in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Ghiron Chiara , Thomas Russell J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is comprised of a series of exercises in synthetic organic chemistry based around recently published syntheses. Each exercise gives a reference to the original work, a synthetic scheme in which either structures or reagents have been omitted, a series of questions on the exercise, and in most cases references to related literature and useful reviews. The exercises are designed to provide challenges for people with a wide range of backgrounds, from undergraduates to academic staff and industrial group leaders, and they enable the readers to increase their vocabulary of synthetic transformations. Taking a novel approach, this volume encourages active participation; instead of absorbing standard strategies, readers are asked to propose solutions to set problems. The exercises are ideal for group discussions of organic chemistry.
Electromagnetic and Circuit Modelling of Multicondtuctor Transmission Lines
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiconductor transmission lines form the basic building blocks of microwave and millimetre-wave integrated circuits, and are omnipresent in digital systems. The early chapters of this book give a detailed account of the way in which self-consistent CAD circuit models for such coupled lines, carrying either TEM or hybrid modes, can be obtained from a full-wave solution of Maxwell's equations. Most of the knowledge in the field is covered, including the latest advances for lossy lines. Subsequent chapters discuss the full-wave integral equation solution for basic transmission structures on MMICs, PCBs, and Multiwire® and Microwire® boards with the method of moments. For thin coupled microstrips and striplines the proposed space domain solution offers an alternative for the classical spectral domain approach. This book is the first to handle the full-wave analysis of discrete wire structures and of lossy polygonal conductors. The modal propogation constants and all (coupling) impedances necessary to construct a circuit model are determined.
Innate Immunity And Immune Complexes In Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Nigrovic Peter A , Lee David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prominent within the complex histopathology of the rheumatoid synovium are cellular and soluble constituents traditionally viewed as members of the innate immune system. Support for the notion that innate immune mechanisms function pathogenically in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) derives from multiple animal models that have demonstrated a critical role for innate immune elements in the genesis of joint inflammation. In this chapter, we will introduce innate immunity generally and within the synovium and discuss how these mechanisms may participate in RA, with a focus on the potential role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of this common and potentially disabling condition.
Biomarkers For Cartilage And Bone In Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Saxne Tore , Månsson, Bengt , Heinegård Dick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A biological marker (biomarker) can by consensus be defined as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathological processes, or responses to a therapeutic intervention . This definition includes a variety of methods that relate to the presence and severity of a disease and could comprise both biochemical assays and imaging techniques. In a more restricted sense we consider biomarkers to be such that can be measured in patient samples, that is, blood, urine, synovial fluid, or tissue specimens. This type of marker is often developed following discoveries in basic biology, for example the identification and characterization of a matrix molecule in a certain tissue involved in the pathophysiology of a disease, such as a cartilage protein in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) . In RA, which is characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage and bone, the release of matrix macromolecules or their fragments reflects processes in these tissues that can be detected at an early stage both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Biologics In The Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Tutuncu Zuhre , Kavanaugh Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved rapidly during the last couple of decades. With the improved understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the development and the progression of RA, and the progress in biotechnology, further targets are coming to light, and newer drugs are continually becoming available. While the effects of certain biologic agents on RA were recognized several decades ago, the development of biologics for the treatment of RA is still an area of intense activity and rapid progress. The cause of immunologically driven inflammation in RA is not completely understood. Nevertheless, it is well recognized that multiple exogenous and endogenous antigenic triggers result in series of autoimmune responses. These responses are sustained by cell–cell interactions, including cell types such as T cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, B cells, and mast cells. These complex interactions result in the production of cytokines, prostaglandins, and many other mediators. Biologics that specifically target individual pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules, proteolytic enzymes, and angiogenic factors are now believed to represent a viable therapeutic strategy for arresting disease progression.
Inhibition Of Proteolytic Activity Involved In Cartilage Breakdown
Authors: Cawston Tim E , Young David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In severe cases of arthritis both cartilage and the underlying bone are destroyed and this prevents joints from functioning normally. Cartilage tissue consists of a single cell type, chondrocytes , which are embedded within an extracellular matrix (ECM) of aggrecan, type II collagen, and other minor components. The rodshaped collagen molecules aggregate in a staggered array to form cross-linked fibers giving connective tissues strength and rigidity. Trapped between these collagen fibers are the aggrecan molecules that, in the presence of hyaluronic acid, form highly charged aggregates that attract water into the tissue and allow cartilage to resist compression. Chondrocytes in normal adult cartilage maintain a steady state where the rate of matrix synthesis equals the rate of degradation. Any change in this steady state will affect the functional integrity of the cartilage. During growth and development synthesis of matrix components exceeds the rate of degradation; a reduction in the rate of matrix synthesis and an increase in the rate of degradation occurs during matrix resorption .