bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost of a Pharmacist‐Directed Intervention to Increase Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Hilleman Daniel E. , Faulkner Michele A. , Monaghan Michael S. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the cost of a pharmacist‐directed intervention that prompts physicians to treat hypercholesterolemia more aggressively in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods. Health care resource use and CHD outcomes were evaluated for 612 patients with CHD followed for 2 years after an index hospitalization for an ischemic event. After discharge, the physicians of 309 patients who had been admitted from January 1–March 31, 1999, were contacted by telephone and mail concerning lipid profiles and statin therapy. These patients were the intervention group. Controls were 303 patients admitted from October 1–December 31, 1998; their physicians were not contacted. Costs of the physician‐prompting intervention, clinic visits, laboratory tests, statin drugs, and CHD outcomes were compared between these two patient groups.Results. The number of clinic visits, laboratory tests, and statins prescribed was significantly greater for the intervention group versus the controls. A significantly higher percentage of patients in the intervention group (55%) than in the control group (18%) achieved their National Cholesterol Education Program target low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level and had significantly better CHD outcomes. The cost of the physician‐prompting intervention (pharmacist salaries, postage, telephone calls) was $102,941. For patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively, the cost of statin therapy was $352,365 and $200,087, the cost of clinic visits and laboratory tests $48,097 and $27,367, and the cost of coronary heart disease outcomes, such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous transluminal and coronary angioplasty, $1,073,495 and $1,741,220. The total cost was $1,576,898 and $1,968,674, respectively, for patients in the intervention and control groups. Net savings was $1394/patient over the 2‐year period.Conclusion. A relatively simple physician‐prompting intervention involving patients with CHD significantly improved the use of lipid testing and statin therapy. Improved use of statins was associated with better CHD outcomes. As a result, the physician‐prompting intervention was associated with cost savings. This intervention should be implemented for patients with CHD discharged after hospitalization for an ischemic event.
Air Pollution, Indoor Air Pollution and Control
Authors: Tucker W. Gene 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAir quality in residential, commercial, and institutional buildings has become a public health issue. The indoor environment contains a wide variety of chemical and biological substances and occupant activities that can create air contaminants by evaporation, sublimation, combustion, resusupension, and chemical reactions in the air itself (particularly between ozone and unsaturated organic vapors). Because dispersion of these contaminants is much more restricted in the confinements of buildings than in the relatively unconfined outdoors, indoor concentrations tend to be higher than ambient (outdoor) concentrations. Furthermore, since most people spend ∼90% of their time indoors, their exposure (concentration breathed times duration) is generally at least 10 times greater indoors than outdoors. Building occupant complaints of odors, sensory irritation of eyes, nose and throat, neurological symptoms including nausea and headache, respiratory symptoms and infections, aggravation of asthma, and concerns about chronic diseases like cancer have increased markedly over the past two decades. Litigation of so‐called “sick building” cases has increased public awareness and concern. This article gives an overview of indoor air quality issues, the nature of contaminants in the air we breathe, health effects that are of potential concern, sources of air contaminants, and a discussion of source management, ventilation and air cleaning as approaches to providing good indoor air quality. The section on source management includes discussion on criteria for materials and products with desirable characteristics for preventing indoor air pollution. Numerous references are cited from the extensive and growing technical and public information literature.
Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Golemi‐Kotra Dasantila , Mobashery Shahriar 
Published: July 2004

AbstractResistance to antibiotics has created a state of crisis in clinics for treatment of infections. Historically, the majority of known classes of antibiotics have come from natural sources, examples of which are macrolides,β‐lactams, and aminoglycosides, among others. They target vital bacterial biochemical events, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA replication. A description of these process is provided herein. Furthermore, resistance to known antibiotics has emerged by a multitude of mechanisms, a subject that has been elaborated in this article in detail.
Atomic Force Microscopy ‐ AFM
Authors: Peterson Charles Anthony , Sarid Dror 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn the 15 years since its invention, the atomic force microscope and other scanning probe microscopies derived from it have become an irreplaceable tool for all manner of surface analysis. The first section of this review article explains how the core AFM techniques, contact‐, noncontact, and intermittent‐mode, work. This section also presents discussions on cantilevers, tip‐sample interactions, resolution limiters, and manufacturers. The second section explains several scanning‐probe techniques based of the AFM that are used for a variety of surface analyses. The variants discussed in this section are scanning capacitance microscopy, tunneling atomic force microscopy, scanning spreading resistance microscopy, lateral force microscopy, electric and magnetic force microscopy, Kelvin‐probe microscopy, force modulation microscopy, and scanning thermal microscopy. The final section demonstrates two applications of AFM‐like tools to the field of semiconductor device characterization. In the first example, a tapping‐mode AFM is used to study the formation of copper depositions on silicon. In the second example, a tunneling AFM is used to study the quality of gate oxides created with coppers contamination
Capillary Separations
Authors: Kuban Petr , Dasgupta Pumendu K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this article, four main capillary separation techniques are discussed in detail. Capillary gas chromatography (GC) is the oldest of all capillary‐based separation methods, and is the premier means of analysis of volatile compounds. In this method, a gaseous mobile phase is used to transport the volatile, semivolatile or volatilizable analytes through an open tubular column and typically separation occurs based on volatility differences (boiling points). Liquid chromatography (LC) is especially attractive for the separation and analysis of nonvolatile or thermally labile compounds. The separation of analytes is based on their partitioning between a flowing liquid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase. LC is widely applied in biological, clinical and environmental analysis. In supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), the mobile phase is a fluid brought above its critical point. In this supercritical state, the diffusion coefficient of the mobile phase is close to that of gases. However, its solvating power is closer to that of liquids. SFC is practiced almost exclusively in the capillary format. Lastly, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has evolved into a popular separation method, which uses a very small sample and background electrolyte volumes. It is also characterized by very high efficiency and resolving power. In the future, it is believed that electrophoresis and electroosmosis will play a major role in chip‐scale analysis systems.
Chemoinformatics
Authors: Villar Hugo O. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractChemoinformatics is the intersection between chemistry and information technologies. This discipline has gained importance most noticeably in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, but its presence is felt through all chemistry‐based research and development organizations. This article presents summary of a field that is evolving rapidly and covers the storage, retrieval, and presentation of chemical information, with a brief view of its economic impact.For chemical storage, we describe the two most widely used computer readable chemical notations; SMILES and MOL files. Retrieval of chemical information covers a wide range of multiple aspects that range from simple searches, to virtual screening, pharmacophore‐based searches, and molecular diversity issues. Some aspects of software that allow analysis and presentation of chemical data is also introduced, as well as databases and sources for chemical information.
Dispersions
Authors: Morrison Ian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA dispersion is a mixture of particles suspended in a liquid. Examples are blood, ceramics, concrete, grease, inks, paints, paper coatings, pesticides and photographic “emulsions”. The descriptor, dispersion, is sometimes used broadly to include mixtures of liquids in liquids (emulsions), gases in liquids (foams), powders in gases (dusts), and liquids in gases (aerosols). A dispersion generally has a large contact area between the two phases. This interfacial area is a region of high chemical and physical activity.Special equipment is necessary to make dispersions. High speed stirrers are used to combine dry powders with liquids, to mix two liquids, or to make a foam. High shear mills such as colloid mills and homogenizers produce finer dispersions. The finest dispersions are produced with media mills.Special chemicals, called surfactants, are needed to make dispersions. Examples, are dishwasher soap, engine oil additives, hydrogenated vegetable oil, laundry detergent, and shampoo. Surfactants prevent aggregation, flocculation, or coalescence. They have specialized chemical structures. One part of the surfactant is highly interactive with the particle and another part is highly interactive with the liquid.Dispersed particles can be characterized by size, by electric charge, and by their interparticle forces. Size can be measured by observation, single‐particle detection, light scattering, and acoustic properties. Interparticle forces can be studied by rheological measurements.Dispersed particles are small enough to collide by Brownian motion. If the particles stick when they collide, the dispersion is unstable. If the particles bounce apart after they collide, the dispersion is stable. Theories that account for the effect of particle–particle attraction, electrostatic repulsion, and polymer repulsion explain many observations.
Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Gómez‐Romero Pedro , Lira‐Cantú Monica 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHybrid organic–inorganic materials constitute a fast‐growing field that has already led to a very large variety of materials and applications. These nanocomposite materials abound both with organic or inorganic matrices and represent oportunities to design eclectic materials by taking advantage of the best properties of their components. But the hybrid concept can even go beyond this approach by creating materials with novel structures or supramolecular architectures, with synergic properties, or even with activities impossible for the isolated components.This article is a general review of the field, discussing the different categories of materials according to their chemical nature and their applications as structural or functional materials. A variety of hybrids with organic matrics (most commonly polymers) are distinguished from these in which the dominating phase is inorganic (polymeric or extended in nature). To the category of silicon‐based hybrids that predominated in the early literature a larger variety of hybrids has followed which includes, among many others, inorganic molecular species intergrated in organic polymers, perovskites built with organic and inorganic building blocks or polymer‐inserted inorganic phases. All of them are categorized and discussed with emphasis on their many different applications and commercial developments.
Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Janiak Christoph 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMetallocene catalysts refer to the combination of bis(cyclopentadienyl)metal complexes of Group 4 (IVB) (especially zirconium), or cyclopentadienyl‐substituted derivatives thereof, and a cocatalyst, typically methylalumoxane (MAO) or a perfluorated arylborane. Metallocene catalysts are employed in olefin polymerization as a new generation of Ziegler–Natta catalysts. The single‐site character of the active species enables the syntheses of polymers with narrow molar mass, comonomer distribution and tacticity distribution as industrially important features. Through a rational substitution pattern at the cyclopentadienyl ligands, metallocene catalysts allow for a unprecedented control and variation of the tacticity in α‐olefin polymerization. Furthermore, metallocene catalysts made the polymerization of cyclic olefins without ring opening possible.
Organic Coatings for Corrosion Control
Authors: Wicks Zeno W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe three approaches to corrosion control by coatings are discussed: suppression of anodic reactions (passivation), suppression of cathodic reactions, and barrier coatings. Corrosion control by baking coatings, electrodeposition coatings, in maintenance coatings, automobile coatings, and aircraft coatings are reviewed. Chromium(VI)‐free and Ni‐free metal pretreatments are reviewed. The problems of evaluation and testing are discussed.
Pervaporation
Authors: Wynn Nicholas Patrick 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Pervaporation is a membrane‐based unit process for separating volatile chemicals. It is currently the preferred method for the dehydration of solvents, particularly alcohols, past the azeotropic point but is also used for dehydrating esters, ethers, ketones, and organic acids. Fast growing applications include separation of methanol from organic azeotropes, on‐line removal of water from condensation reactions and debottlenecking of distillation processes. Promising new applications include aliphatic–aromatic separations, gasoline desulfurization and dehydration of hydrocarbons.
The technology described includes an overview of membrane and module types as well as common equipment configurations for various applications of pervaporation and vapor permeation in the pharmaceutical, fine chemical and chemical industries.
Photothermographic and Thermographic Imaging Materials
Authors: Whitcomb David R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPhotothermographic and thermographic imaging technology based on silver carboxylates have evolved into high quality black and white imaging materials suitable for extremely demanding applications such as medical X‐ray and graphic arts films. the unique ability of generating a high quality image that requires only dry processing, without any of the hazards and environmental problems of conventional, wet‐processed films for these applications, has provided significant new commercial opportunities for this technology. Major advances in the state of the art have occurred in this field since photothermography of this type was first introduced as Dry Silver in 1964. This article describes the components and their function in these types of imaging systems, their development over the last 40 years, the advances in basic understanding of the current status of the science behind the technology, and prospects for the future.
Technology Transfer
Authors: Guschl Randolph J. , Champness Michael D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDrawing from the research literature and from focus group discussions, interview data, and other artifacts, this scholarly article traces the emergence, evolution, and application of technology transfer in relation to research collaborations among business, university, and government partners. The report details how technology transfer can be used to invent, develop, and extract value from intellectual property; identifies common barriers to collaboration; and provides summary information about the legal conventions generally employed in contract negotiations. A compilation of best practices, explaining how universities and corporations can facilitate collaborative research, along with three exemplars, is included for technology transfer practitioners.
Conventional displays: Evidence for socially mediated costs of threat displays in a lizard
Authors: Hurd Peter L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThreat displays are used to settle the vast majority of contests between green anoles (Anolis carolinensis). While these displays have been the subject of a number of studies, very little is understood about the information they convey. Theoretical models divide displays into several types of signals, based on the mechanism that stabilizes their use: 1) performance signals, 2) handicapping signals, or 3) conventional displays. The existence of performance displays has excellent empirical support, as do models of their use. Handicapped signalling models, especially those relating to mate‐choice, have been highly influential, though little evidence suggests that threat displays are, in fact, handicapping. Most threat displays appear to be conventional, but little empirical work documents conventional signalling systems. This study investigated the use of headbob, pushup, and lateral compression displays, and concluded that headbob cadence, a discrete signal with three alternative rhythms, is a conventional display indicating impending escalation. Pushups and lateral compression displays appear not to be handicaps, since neither indicates impending escalation, and they do not correlate with fighting ability or condition. Aggr. Behav. 30:326–341, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of aggression affects processing and can legitimise subsequent aggression: Influence of trait aggressiveness
Authors: Bond Alyson J. , Bauer Anja , Wingrove Janet 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe present study investigated differences in processing times between positive and negative outcomes to an aggressive reaction to provocation. The effects of outcome, sex, trait aggressiveness and current mood on subsequent subject‐generated material were also examined. Fifty subjects read stories line by line on a computer screen. Reading time for the key sentence describing a positive or negative outcome to an aggressive reaction to provocation was recorded and subjects wrote a continuing sentence to half the stories. Subjects took less time to process the negative outcome. The positive outcome resulted in more subject‐generated aggression than the negative outcome. There were few sex differences but men wrote more aggressive endings than women for the stories containing physical aggression. Trait aggressiveness was correlated with producing more aggressive content in the continuing sentence for both outcomes. Feeling peaceful was correlated with producing prosocial material to neutral stories. Subjects therefore expect a negative outcome to aggressive behaviour. Reading stories which present a positive outcome to aggression increases the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. Subjects high in trait aggressiveness are not inhibited by a negative outcome. Aggr. Behav. 30:284–297, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral profile of L‐655,708, a selective ligand for the benzodiazepine site of GABA‐A receptors which contain the α5 subunit, in social encounters between male mice
Authors: Navarro José Francisco , Burón Estrella , Martín‐López Mercedes 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGABA‐A receptor is a transmembrane hetero‐oligomeric protein which consists of five subunits, the combination of which confers unique pharmacological properties to the receptor. It is well‐known that the GABAergic system is involved in the modulation of aggression. However, the role of α5/GABA‐A receptors has not been explored. In this study, we examined the effect of L‐655,708 (0.625‐5 mg/kg), a selective ligand for the benzodiazepine site of GABA‐A receptors which contain the α5 subunit, on agonistic behavior elicited by isolation in male mice. Individually housed mice were exposed to an anosmic “standard opponent” 30 min after drug administration, and the encounters were videotaped and evaluated using an ethologically based analysis. L‐655,708 (5 mg/kg) exhibited an ethopharmacological profile characterized by a marked reduction of the time spent in offensive behavior (threat and attack) without affecting immobility, accompanied by a significant increase of avoidance/flee and nonsocial exploration behaviors, suggesting that the antiaggressive effect of the drug is unselective. Overall, this behavioral profile might indicate the existence of an anxiogenic‐like activity of L‐655,708 in mice. Aggr. Behav. 30:319–325, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attachment, emotional loneliness, and bullying behaviour: A study of adult and young offenders
Authors: Ireland Jane L. , Power Christina L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis research addresses the question of whether or not offenders who bully others and/or are victimised themselves can be distinguished by their attachment styles and the level of emotional loneliness that they report. Adult and young male offenders (n = 220) were required to complete a self‐report behavioural checklist (DIPC: Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist: Ireland, 1999a) that addressed the level of bullying behaviour at their present institution. Offenders were also required to complete a measure of attachment, namely the Three Attachment Style Measure [Hazan and Shaver, 1987] exploring secure, avoidant and anxious/ambivalent styles, and a measure of emotional loneliness, namely the revised UCLA Loneliness scale [Russell, Peplaw and Cutrona, 1980]. Young offenders were more likely than adult offenders to report behaviours indicative of ‘bullying others’ and of ‘being bullied.’ With regards to attachment style and bullying behaviour, significant differences were restricted to avoidant attachment; bully/victims reported higher avoidant scores than the other bully‐categories, with pure bullies and those not‐involved reporting lower avoidant scores. Finally, when considering emotional loneliness and bullying behaviour, bully/victims reported higher scores on emotional loneliness than the other bully‐categories, with the not‐involved group reporting significantly lower scores. Aggr. Behav. 30:298–312, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.