bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proliferative and nutritional dependent regulation of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase expression in the rat liver
Authors: I. R. Corbin , Y. Gong , M. Zhang , G. Y. Minuk 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase is a multifunctional protein possessing numerous cytoplasmic and nuclear functions associated with cellular proliferation. Despite the emerging role of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in regulating the proliferative process, there is a paucity of data regarding its expression and intracellular distribution in non‐malignant proliferating hepatocytes. Thus the aim of the present study was to document the intracellular distribution of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase protein in proliferating hepatocytes derived from regenerating rat livers, and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in fasted and re‐fed rats following partial hepatectomy (PHx). Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA and protein expression were documented by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively, at various times following 70% PHx in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. At 24 h post‐surgery, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression was significantly increased in both PHx and sham operated rats (P < 0.001), respectively. Despite the increase in glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression in both groups, only PHx rats had a significant increase in the nuclear fraction of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase protein (threefold increase compared to sham and baseline levels, P < 0.01), cytoplasmic levels of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase protein remained unaltered in both groups. In terms of the effects of feeding and fasting on rats there were no significant differences in glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels, whether fasted or refed, in rats that had undergone PHx, 8 h earlier. On the other hand, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels were significantly increased in refed compared to fasted sham operated rats 8 h following surgery. Serum insulin concentrations were higher in the refed PHx and sham groups compared to their fasted counterparts. The results of this study indicate that although glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA are altered to the same extent in PHx and sham‐operated rats following surgery, increases in the nuclear fraction of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase protein only occur in PHx rats. The results also indicate that glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase expression is affected by the nutritional status of animals undergoing abdominal sham surgery.
Mothering and child protection practice: rethinking risk assessment
Authors: Krane  , Davies  
Published: March 2003

In recent years, across North America and the UK, child protective service agencies have increasingly begun to rely on bureaucratic, technocratic, and regulatory mechanisms for detecting and managing abuse and neglect. Coupled with a shift from concern for the general social welfare of children to a heightened preoccupation with risk or dangerousness to children, risk assessment systems are becoming integral to child protection practice.Though risk assessment systems aim to enhance the effectiveness of child protection investigations and service provision, as well as filter out high risk cases from the rest, such systems may foster and reproduce often concealed relations of gender, race, and class. This paper presents a review of the risk assessment trend in child welfare, its general objectives, and some criticisms raised to date. Through a feminist analysis of the social construction of mothering, we re‐examine risk assessment. We argue that the risk assessment trend has the potential to entrench oppressive relations of gender, race, and class in child welfare practice with mothers. We suggest that an approach to risk assessment which incorporates a ‘mothering narrative’ might offer a more thorough evaluation of the conditions that shape the context within which risk to children emerges.
Age at placement and adult adopted people's experience of being adopted
Authors: Howe David , Shemmings David , Feast Julia 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTOlder age at placement has long been recognized as a risk factor in successful adoption outcomes. The findings of the present study emerged as part of a larger study that looked at the adoption experiences and reunion outcomes of 472 adults who had either searched for or been sought by one or more of their birth relatives. As part of the investigation, adopted adults were asked to evaluate their adoption experience. Age at placement was used as a key variable in examining whether or not adopted people felt different to their adoptive family, felt they belonged in their adoptive family, and felt loved by their adoptive parents while growing up. Respondents were also asked to evaluate their overall experience of being adopted. Older age at placement significantly increased the risk of adopted people viewing major aspects of their adoption experience with either mixed or negative feelings.
Long‐term foster care or adoption? The evidence examined
Authors: Triseliotis John 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTBased on an examination of the research literature, this paper contrasts six variables connected with the outcome of adoption and long‐term fostering. It provides some answers to the question often being asked by policy makers and family placement workers, as well as judges, about the relative merits and limitations of these two forms of substitute parenting for children who cannot return to live with their birth families. Because of the type of child currently adopted or fostered, breakdown rates by themselves are increasingly an unreliable outcome measure. The main defining difference found between these two forms of substitute parenting appears to be the higher levels of emotional security, sense of belonging and general well‐being expressed by those growing up as adopted compared with those fostered long term. However, for reasons outlined in the paper, long‐term fostering still has a definite place for a range of children who require long‐term plans.
Breast‐feeding and weight change in newborns in Jamaica
Authors: Jolly P E , Humphrey M , Irons B Y , Campbell‐Forrester S , Weiss H L 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study was conducted to examine weight change of exclusively breast‐fed infants during the first week and through the first 24 days of life, and to evaluate the effect of breast‐feeding factors and maternal characteristics on early weight change in the infants. The weights of 21 infants were recorded on day 1 (day of birth), and on days 3, 7, 10, 17, and 24, and the data analysed to evaluate weight change over the period. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess whether birth weight as well as maternal and breast‐feeding factors were significant predictors of weight on day 24. Nineteen of the 21 infants gained weight between days 1 and 3, and 20 infants gained weight between days 3 and 7. All infants gained weight over the 24‐day period and their weights at day 7 and day 24 were significantly different (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) from their birth weights. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that significant (P < 0.01) predictors of weight gain by day 24 included birth weight, mother’s educational level, whether the baby cried before feeding, and length of feeding time periods. This is the first study of weight change in the early days and weeks of life of exclusively breast‐fed newborn infants in Jamaica. The infants showed significant weight gain during the study period and weight gain was affected by certain maternal and breast‐feeding factors.
Validation of the Warwick Child Health and Morbidity Profile in routine child health surveillance
Authors: Spencer N J , Coe C 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Objective To further validate a simple instrument for the measurement of parent‐reported health and morbidity in infancy and childhood when used in routine child health surveillance as part of a whole year birth cohort study. Setting The socially and ethnically diverse city of Coventry. Methods Health visitors administered the Warwick Child Health and Morbidity profile (WCHMP), incorporated into the Parent Held Record (PHR), to the parents of infants born in 1996 and enrolled in the Coventry Cohort study as part of routine child health surveillance at 8 weeks and 8 months. Criterion validity was estimated for Hospital admission status and immunization status against health records and validity against medically plausible constructs was tested by comparing responses between domains and between the two data collection points for the whole cohort. Results Criterion validity for parental reporting of immunization status (Kappa 0.824 [95% CIs, 0.708, 0.940]) and hospital admission (Weighted Kappa 0.987 [95% CIs, 0.977, 0.997]) were high. There was a high level of concordance between parental responses to related domains and the medically plausible constructs. The proportion of parents reporting chronic illness, acute significant illness, chronic illness and accidents increased as expected between 8 weeks and 8 months. As expected, adverse outcomes at 8 weeks were associated with an increased risk of the same outcomes at 8 months. Conclusions The WCHMP is a simple measure of parent‐reported health and illness which was shown to be reliable and valid with low inter‐observer variation on initial field‐testing. Further validation of the WCHMP, incorporated into the PHR, in a routine child health surveillance programme demonstrates its suitability for use in infancy to collect cross‐sectional and longitudinal health and morbidity data for research and service planning purposes.
Gender role attitudes and other determinants of breast feeding intentions in Brazilian women
Authors: Paine P , Dorea J G 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study of 230 Brazilian mothers examined the associations of several sociodemographic variables, maternal attitudes and perceptions with intended breast feeding duration. The usual relationships of sociodemographic variables such as mother’s age, education, smoking, parity and infant birth weight with intended breast feeding duration were not found. However, mother’s intentions were related to gender role attitudes with both the least and the most traditional women intending to breast feed longer than women with moderately traditional gender role attitudes. Mother’s attitude toward breast feeding, help with household tasks, and the attitudes of friends and relatives toward breast feeding were also very significantly related to intended breast feeding duration. Women who did not work outside the home intended to breast feed significantly longer than those who were employed.
Development of a global motor rating scale for young children (0–4 years) including eye–hand grip coordination
Authors: Vaivre‐Douret L , Burnod Y 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA comparative study of the eight motor rating scales available in Western countries demonstrated methodological differences in the choice of items and standardization. We have developed a global motor rating scale that includes items which measure postural‐motor, locomotor (PML) and eye–hand grip coordination (EHGC), and which allows the assessment of an average of motor function level (MFL), PML and EHGC development. Scores obtained were used to define the acquisition of motor age based on the skills completed. The items were selected on the basis of the average age at which the function developed in two populations of healthy full‐term French infants, followed from birth to 4 months (n = 60) and from 4 months to 4 years (n = 63). Recent French developmental standards (mean age and standard deviation) of acquisition allow the identification of neuro‐psychomotor deviations from normal motor behaviour. This includes both static and dynamic motor coordination sequences. Inter‐examiner correlations (n = 3) for 15 randomly selected children indicated a coefficient of 0.90. The scale revealed a sequence in the organization of learned postural‐motor, locomotor and eye–hand gripping skills which can contribute to the understanding of brain areas implicated in this maturation process.
Attitudes and practices of breastfeeding mothers regarding fasting in Ramadan
Authors: Ertem I Ozturk , Kaynak G , Kaynak C , Ulukol B , Gulnar S Baskan 
Published: March 2003

SummaryObjective To investigate the attitudes and practices of breastfeeding mothers regarding fasting in Ramadan.Design Cross‐sectional observational survey.Setting Well‐child care clinic at Ankara University Medical School and a health station serving an impoverished population in Ankara, Turkey.Participants Breastfeeding mothers of infants aged 12 months or younger.Main outcome measures Fasting during Ramadan.Results Of the 164 participating mothers, 61 (37%) were from the health station and 103 (63%) from the university clinic. Most mothers were older than 25 years of age (55%), had more than primary school education (64%), a single child (53%), were living in a nuclear family setting (70%), supplementing breastfeeding (73%) and fasting (52%). Among the 129 mothers of infants aged 6 months or younger, 22% perceived a decrease in their breast milk and 23% an increase in the amount of solid supplements the infant was receiving. Belief that breastfeeding mothers should fast (RR = 6.45, 95% CI: 2.44–17.06), that fasting does not decrease breast milk (RR = 6.24, 95% CI: 1.85–21.05), receiving well‐child care at the health station (RR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.33–7.44), giving supplements (RR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.09–7.27) and having multiple children (RR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.23–6.28) were associated with fasting, in a logistic regression model.Conclusions Fasting by breastfeeding mothers of infants is common during Ramadan, and rates are affected by beliefs of mothers on the effects of fasting on breastfeeding. We believe that child health care providers need to be knowledgeable about religious and cultural phenomena, study the effects of Ramadan fasting and form links with Islamic teachings to find religiously and culturally appropriate methods to combat the possible unfavourable effects for infants and children.
Psychotropic prescribing practices of paediatricians in the UK
Authors: McNicholas F 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective This study examines the prescribing practices and attitudes to psychotropic medication by paediatricians in the UK.Design Questionnaires were sent to 100 randomly chosen paediatricians in the UK to assess their prescribing practices of psychotropic medication in children.Results Paediatricians see and treat many children with a wide variety of psychotropic medications on a regular basis. However, few of them feel competent, and most requested regular psychopharmacology seminars.Conclusions In the US, primary care physicians and paediatricians are recognized as primarily responsible for the continuing increase in psychotropic prescriptions in children. This study shows that, in the UK, paediatricians also contribute to such prescribing and need to be taken into account when estimating the prevalence and appropriateness of such medication use in children.
Do community‐based support services benefit bereaved children? A review of empirical evidence
Authors: Curtis K , Newman T 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims To consider the evidence of effect from English language, empirically based quantitative evaluations of community‐based interventions for bereaved children; community‐based interventions being understood as those taking place outside a clinical setting.Methods MedLine, PsychInfo, Applied Social Sciences Index and Sociological Abstracts were searched for documents containing the words ‘child’, ‘bereavement’ and ‘program’, ‘group’, ‘intervention’, ‘support’ or ‘evaluation’. The criterion for inclusion was that studies use a control group or pre‐ and post‐test measurements using a standardized instrument.Results Nine relevant studies were identified. However, empirical evidence of positive outcomes for children was limited and compromised by methodological weaknesses in the design of the studies. Small sample sizes, irregular attendance, high levels of attrition, short time scales between pre‐ and post‐testing and difficulty in developing appropriate instrumentation, including assessment of adherence to the agreed intervention programme, all created problems.Conclusions The case for universal inclusion of this group of children in such support programmes remains unproven, and further exploration of the outcomes of a range of different community interventions is required, with a specific focus on long‐term and/or unwanted effects and evaluation of the basis for referral.
Statutory health assessments for looked‐after children: what do they achieve?
Authors: Hill C. M. , Watkins J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective  To examine the outcomes of statutory health assessment of children looked after by an English City Council.Design  Retrospective longitudinal documentary analysis.Setting and participants  Health records of all children looked after by Southampton City Council who had attended at least two statutory health assessments within a designated paediatric service from 1996 to 1999.Main variables studied   Demographic characteristics of the children; physical and mental health problems identified at assessment and extent to which health recommendations were implemented.Results  Twenty‐seven boys and 22 girls aged 6 months−15 years were identified who had attended at least two assessments. One‐hundred and four physical and mental health needs were identified at care entry requiring further assessment or intervention. More health problems were identified for girls than boys. At care entry 15/49 of the children were not fully immunized. At review, on average 14 months later, recommendations had only been implemented in just over half of children.Conclusions  In common with previous studies this work confirms that the statutory health assessment identifies health need and health neglect that may otherwise go unrecognized. Whereas children's needs and problems were diverse, many continued to suffer health neglect in the system of public care designed to help them. In order to be effective, statutory health assessments must be a health promoting rather than disease screening exercise delivered by professionals skilled to address diverse health needs. Crucially, the heath assessment can only succeed as a tool for health advocacy if complementary to and integrated with local authority care and review.
Children's experiences of school toilets present a risk to their physical and psychological health
Authors: Vernon S. , Lundblad B. , Hellstrom A. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective   To ascertain why children and parents frequently describe problems with school toilets.Setting   Two contrasting cities in Northern England (Newcastle upon Tyne 394 pupils) and Southern Sweden (Goteborg/Mölndal 157 pupils)Methods   Self‐administered questionnaires were given to children aged 9–11 years in England and Sweden. Researchers administered questionnaires to Head teachers and recorded their observations of facilities according to predetermined basic standards.Results   Children from both countries said they found school toilets unpleasant, dirty, smelly, and frightening and that bullying occurred there. Many children avoided using the school toilets (62% of boys and 35% of girls (in the UK site) and 28% boys and girls in Swedish site avoided using the school toilets to defaecate). Results were similar in both centres.Conclusion   European standards are needed for school toilets in order to prevent children developing problems such as constipation, urinary tract infections and incontinence.
Development and validation of a tool to measure the impact of childhood disabilities on the lives of children and their families
Authors: Jessen E.C. , Colver A.F. , Mackie P.C. , Jarvis S.N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective   Information on registers of children with special needs will be more meaningful if a validated measure of the severity of impact of a child's disability on life and family is included.Design   We describe the development and initial validation of a parent‐completed questionnaire (Generic Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire LAQ‐G) aimed at measuring such impact.Results   Data were collected on 95 case children, representing various disabilities, and 65 control children without disability, and analysed for case–control, test–re‐test and inter‐reporter reliability. Multidimensional scaling techniques were then used to derive six domains, representing impact of disability in a structure analogous to the participation domains of the revised International Classification ICF (WHO 2001).Conclusions   Initial results suggest that the LAQ‐G is a reliable measure of the impact of disability for children with a range of common disabling conditions.
Ecology of development in children with brain impairment
Authors: Lebeer J. , Rijke R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground  Many children with brain impairments develop well in spite of negative risk factors or prognoses. Most follow‐up and review studies do not show uncontroversial effects of particular physiotherapy or activation programmes. Evidence is accumulating of environmental influence on brain plasticity, but it is not clear what exactly this means for human beings. This paper reports a qualitative study of the life histories of 20 children, with severe developmental disturbance of neurological origin, who showed marked functional improvements.Methods  Qualitative analysis of a group of 20 children, heterogeneous in aetiology or severity of brain impairments (hydrocephalus, porencephalic brain cysts, cerebral palsy, Rubinstein–Taybi, Down's or other genetic syndromes), in methods of rehabilitation as well as in outcome.Results  In these particular children, gross brain abnormalities apparent on initial imaging and early functional testing did not appear highly predictive of final outcome. There was no observed association between final functioning and any particular type of rehabilitation. The outcome rather seems to be the result of a complex process of interaction between the child and his/her human ecology; the way the child, as well as significant people in his/her environment, perceive problems and possible solutions; and the quality and quantity of activation and mediated learning experience.Conclusion  Development in children with brain impairment does not seem to happen spontaneously. It is not a linear but an unpredictable process. Both outer (a stimulating environment with lots of activities) as well inner aspects (will and interactive processes) constitute a child's rehabilitative ecology. The findings are also suggestive for a brain plasticity influenced by the ecology of the child.