bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum chemischen Transport von Molybdän mit SbBr3 – Experimente und Modellrechnungen
Authors: Pausch N. , Burggraf J. , Gruehn R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBei Zugabe von SbBr3 wandert Mo im Temperaturgefälle einer Quarzglasampulle vom heißen zum weniger heißen Ende. Die Transportraten (750 ⩾ T ⩾ 1000°C; T = 0,5 (T1 + T2); T2  T1 = 100°C) sind niedrig (ṁ ⩾ 0,6 mg/h) und steigen erst bei zunehmender SbBr3‐Konzentration bis auf 16 mg/h an. Neben elementarem Mo wurden MoO2 und Sb in sehr geringer Menge in der Senke mit abgeschieden. Die beobachtete Bodenkörperzusammensetzung wird ebenfalls von thermodynamischen Modellrechnungen (Rechenprogramm CVTrans) wiedergegeben. Wie die Rechnungen weiter zeigen, wird die Bildung von MoO2 und Sb sowie die Wirkung von SbBr3 als Transportmittel erst durch die in Quarzglasampullen vorhandenen Wasserspuren ermöglicht. Die unterschiedlichen Abfolgen, die für die Abscheidung der Bodenkörper Mo, MoO2 und Sb bei Variation der Temperatur im Bereich von 750–1000°C zu erwarten sind, lassen sich berechnen (CVTrans) und bei hinreichender Dauer des jeweiligen Abscheidungszeitraumes auch mit der Transportwaage erfassen.
Homoleptische Zinkamide: Der Übergang zu monomeren Molekülen
Authors: Schumann Herbert , Gottfriedsen Jochen , Girgsdies Frank 
Published: December 2004

AbstractZinkchlorid reagiert mit den Lithiumsalzen der sterisch anspruchsvollen sekundären Amine HN(i‐Bu)2 und HN(t‐Bu)2 zu den homoleptischen Zinkamiden {Zn[N(i‐Bu)2]2}2 (1) und Zn[N(t‐Bu)2]2 (2). Entsprechend der Ergebnisse von NMR‐Spektroskopie, Massenspektrometrie, Molmassenbestimmung und Röntgenstrukturanalyse ist 1 dimer, 2 dagegen in der Gasphase, in Lösung und im Festkörper monomer.
Academic and nonacademic community psychologists: An analysis of divergence in settings, roles, and values
Authors: Elias Maurice J. , Dalton James H. , Franco Robert , Howe George W. 
Published: December 2004

ConclusionsDifferences between academic and nonacademic psychologists may be viewed as immutable, worthy of encouragement, or as a situation which the latter group must remedy by becoming “more scientific.” We contend that for community psychology, which perceives theory, application, and action as valid aspects of its broad paradigm, it would be most adaptive toexplicitly address the challenge of managing a balance between diversity and cohesion. There are signs that the present leadership of Division 27 recognizes aspects of this problem and is reconsidering the role and purpose of the Division as an organizing framework for the discipline (Trickett, Note 3). It is our view that engendering a commitment from various subgroups within the membership to addressing the disparities revealed by our respondents is required for resolving what we see as major obstacles to future development of the discipline. The conceptual and empirical approach presented in this study can be an important tool in forging constructive solutions to the challenges we have presented.
015 Two broadspectrum SPF 15 sunscreens offer different protection against UV induced depression of delayed type hypersensitivity response in humans
Authors: Moyal D. 
Published: December 2004

Sunscreens are designed to protect against sunburn and their efficacy is indicated by the so‐called sun protection factor (SPF). However this index may be inadequate to provide a relevant measurement of protection against other biological damages induced by UV such as immunosuppression.We measured in human volunteers the ability of two broad spectrum SPF 15 sunscreens, with different UVA protection levels, to prevent the fall in local delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to recall antigens (Multitest Pasteur/Mérieux) after acute solar simulated UV exposure. We first determined the UVR‐dose needed to induce a significant reduction of DTH response in different groups of 15 volunteers.Two minimal erythernal dose (MED) were found to be the minimal immunosuppressive dose. This dose induced a 36% average fall in immune DTH response. The lower doses tested (0.5 and 1 MED) were ineffective. Sunscreen treated groups were exposed to a dose equal to 2 MED × SPF of the products. The DTH response was not lowered in the group treated by the product having the highest UVA protection. Conversely the DTH response was significantly reduced by 55.7% in the group treated with the low UVA protection sunscreen.These data suggest that sun protection factor may not be sufficient to predict the ability of sunscreens to protect the immune system. A measurement of UVA protection may also be necessary as UVA seems to have a low contribution to erythema but strongly affects immune response.
Direct effects on proliferation, antigen expression and melanin synthesis of cultured normal human melanocytes in response to UVB and UVA light
Authors: Abdel‐Naser M. Badawy , Krasagakis Konstantin , Garbe Claus , Eberle Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

Background/Purpose: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation; induces a variety of responses in the skin, including tanning and inflammation, and may also act as a carcinogen. As epidermal melanocytes are seen as the major targets of UV light, the present study was conducted to evaluate the direct effects of UVA and UVB irradiation on melanocytes in vitro.Methods:
Normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHM) were exposed on 3 consecutive days to UVA (0.072–7.2 J/cm2) and UVB (7.2–48 mJ/cm2), respectively, and changes of morphology, cell number, melanin synthesis and antigen expression (APAAP technique) were determined 5 days after the first exposure.Results:
UVA radiation caused only minimal effects on NHM by slightly inducing expression of the activation marker HMB‐45 and decreasing expression of the proliferation marker Ki‐67. No changes of morphology, cell number or melanin synthesis were detectable with any of the applied doses. On the other hand, UVB radiation significantly induced dendrite formation and decreased the number of NHM in a dose‐dependent manner (74% of the controls at 7.2 mJ/cm2, 64% at 14.4 mJ/cm2 and 28% at 36 mJ/cm2). Significant induction of the activation marker HMB‐45 was found in parallel to decreased expression of the differentiation marker K.1.2.58. UVB doses 9.6 mJ/cm2 also resulted in significant downregulation of the proliferation marker Ki‐67, confirming the data of the cell counts, and melanin content was increased in NHM (20% over the controls, P<0.01) after applying 7.2 mJ/cm2 UVB.Conclusion:
Our results may suggest that the effect of UVB radiation in skin is due to direct activation of melanocytes, whereas skin tanning caused by UVA is mediated rather in an indirect way.
Developing rice lines possessing neutral alleles at sterility loci to improve the width of compatibility
Authors: Lu C. G. , Zou J. S. , Ikehashi H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo improve the width of compatibility for overcoming various sterilities in inter‐subspecific hybrid rice, some elite lines combining several sterility‐neutral genes were developed and the effects on mitigating various hybrid sterilities were tested. From Akihikari// IR36/Dular, neutral genes at ga11 and six sterility loci, S5, S7, S8, S9, S15 and S16, were combined and elite lines were obtained in their successive progeny. Four of the lines tested were confirmed to combine the neutral alleles S5‐n, S7‐n, S8‐n, S9‐n, S15‐n and S16‐n at the sterility loci and, among them, two harboured an additional gamete abortion‐neutral allele, ga11‐n. F1s, which used the lines and various testers as parents, mitigated the spikelet sterilities by six sterility loci and gamete abortion by a gametophyte gene, ga11. These lines could be selectively used as parents or donors to increase the width of compatibility of rice varieties for improving fertility in inter‐subspecific hybrid rice breeding.
Endemically exposed asymptomatic individuals show no increase in the specific Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis‐Th1 immune response in comparison to patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Trujillo C. M. , Robledo S. M. , Franco J. L. , Velez I. D. , Erb K. J. , Patiño P. J. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY In Colombia, most cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Interestingly, up to 30% of the exposed population do not suffer from clinical leishmaniasis although it is likely that they are continuously infected with Leishmania parasites. Since it is believed that the induction of efficient Th1 immune responses protects against Leishmania infections both in humans and in animal models, we determined if endemically exposed asymptomatics showed stronger Leishmania‐specific Th1 immune responses than patients with active localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). We found that Montenegro skin test responses were slightly higher among asymptomatic individuals compared to patients suffering from LCL. However, PBMC from patients with LCL showed similar Leishmania‐specific proliferative responses compared to PBMC from asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, PBMC from both groups also secreted similar amounts of IFN‐γ, IL‐12p40 and IL‐10 after in vitro exposure to L. panamensis. No IL‐4 was detected in the supernatants. Taken together our results suggest that lack of LCL development in endemically exposed asymptomatics cannot be explained by stronger systemic anti‐Leishmania Th1 immune responses or decreased Th2 responses in these individuals in comparison to individuals who develop LCL. It may be possible that other mechanisms are responsible for resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia in endemically exposed asymptomatics.
Ingestion of sugar diets correlates with spike activity in labellar chemosensilla of the flesh‐fly,Neobellieria(=Sarcophaga)bullata
Authors: Cheung Una S. , Smith J. J. Berry 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Female 2‐day‐old Neobellieria (= Sarcophaga) bullata (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) were exposed to different concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose in a single‐choice potometer, and the volume ingested in the first hour was measured. Nerve spike activity in response to the same sugars was recorded from medium labellar taste hairs of similar flies by tip‐recording. Two classes of chemosensory cells responded to sucrose, glucose and fructose. Cell 1 showed an increasing spike activity with sugar concentration, whereas cell 2 did not; cell 1 was identified as the ‘sugar cell'.For both spike activity in cell 1 and feeding, sucrose was the most stimulatory sugar. The dose–response curves for glucose and fructose crossed over at about 200 mm. At higher concentrations, glucose was more stimulatory for both cell 1 and for feeding, and at lower concentrations, fructose. The pattern of spike activity supports a separate location on the sensory cells of receptors for pyranose and fructose forms of sugar. The strong correlation between volume ingested and spike activity indicates that sugar feeding is controlled by sensory input from the ‘sugar' cells of labellar chemosensilla. Moreover, the results suggest that the flies do not distinguish between these sugars except by apparent ‘sweetness'.
Transcript levels of AtMRPs after cadmium treatment: induction of AtMRP3
Authors: BOVET L. , EGGMANN T. , MEYLAN‐BETTEX M. , POLIER J. , KAMMER P. , MARIN E. , FELLER U. , MARTINOIA E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn yeasts, the ABC‐type transporters are involved in vacuolar sequestration of cadmium. In plants, transport experiments with isolated vacuoles indicate that this is also true. In order to know more about the response of AtMRPs, a subclass of Arabidopsis ABC transporters, to cadmium, their expression pattern was analysed using the microchip technology and semi‐quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. From 15 putative sequences coding for AtMRPs, transcript levels were detected for 14. All were expressed in the roots as well as in the shoots, although at a different level. In 4‐week‐old Arabidopsis, transcript levels of four AtMRPs were up‐regulated after cadmium treatment. In all cases up‐regulation was exclusively observed in the roots. The increase of transcript levels was most pronounced for AtMRP3. A more detailed analysis revealed that induction of AtMRP3 could also be observed in the shoot when leaves were cut and cadmium allowed to be taken up in the shoot. In young plantlets, a far higher portion of Cd2+ was translocated in the aerial part compared with adult plants. Consequently, AtMRP3 transcript levels increased in both root and shoot of young plants. This suggests that 7‐day‐old seedlings do not exhibit such a strict root–shoot barrier as 4‐week‐old plants. Expression analysis with mutant plants for glutathione and phytochelatin synthesis as well as with compounds producing oxidative stress indicate that induction of AtMRP3 is likely due to the heavy metal itself.
Photoperiodic regulation of CS‐ACS2, CS‐ACS4 and CS‐ERS gene expression contributes to the femaleness of cucumber flowers through diurnal ethylene production under short‐day conditions
Authors: YAMASAKI S. , FUJII N. , TAKAHASHI H. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTPhotoperiod and the plant hormone, ethylene, modify sex expression of flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In the present study, femaleness of cucumber occurred under short‐day (8 h photoperiod) conditions compared to that under long‐day (16 h photoperiod) conditions, although the effect of photoperiod was more pronounced in a monoecious than in an andromonoecious cucumber. Application of ethylene had a greater effect than photoperiod on the production of female and bisexual flowers in monoecious and andromonoecious cucumbers, respectively. Ethylene evolution and the expression of CS‐ACS2, CS‐ACS4 and CS‐ERS genes in the shoot apices of both monoecious and andromonoecious cucumber plants had a diurnal rhythm with a peak in the middle of an 8 h or a 16 h light period. Peak ethylene evolution and expression of CS‐ACS2 was greater under short‐day conditions than under long‐day conditions in a monoecious cucumber but not in an andromonoecious one. Expression of CS‐ACS4 in monoecious and andromonoecious cucumber plants did not differ, but the level was higher under short‐day conditions compared with that under long‐day conditions. Thus, CS‐ACS2 and CS‐ACS4 might be involved in the basic diurnal rhythm of ethylene evolution in cucumber. Because exogenous ethylene increased the expression of CS‐ACS2 and CS‐ERS in monoecious cucumber possessing the M locus, but not in andromonoecious cucumber in which the function of the M locus was lost (Yamasaki et al. Plant and Cell Physiology 42, 608–619, 2001), the CS‐ACS2 gene might also be involved in ethylene production by positive feedback via regulation of M locus under short‐day conditions.
Cynipid galls: insect‐induced modifications of plant development create novel plant organs
Authors: HARPER L. J. , SCHÖNROGGE K. , LIM K. Y. , FRANCIS P. , LICHTENSTEIN C. P. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTCynipid gall formation is achieved by an insect–plant interaction whereby cynipid gallwasps redirect host‐plant development to form novel structures to protect and nourish the developing larvae. Work was carried out to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this interaction, and extend the understanding of plant tissue development. Cytological changes of the inner‐gall tissue throughout the development of several gall species was investigated and the developmental stages of gall formation defined, to reveal two different patterns of development followed by the galls tested. Fluorescentin situhybridization demonstrated many of the inner‐gall cells to be polytenized. Comparisons between inner‐gall and non‐gall tissue protein signatures by Schönroggeet al. (Plant, Cell and Environment23, 215–222, 2000) have demonstrated the variation between gall and non‐gall protein signatures, and identified a number of inner‐gall proteins. Further analysis of one of these inner‐gall proteins involved in lipid synthesis, putative biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), revealed differential expression throughout development, and showed this expression to be concentrated in the inner‐gall tissue in all the gall species tested.
Defoliation effects on carbon and nitrogen substrate import and tissue‐bound efflux in leaf growth zones of grasses
Authors: LATTANZI F. A. , SCHNYDER H. , THORNTON B. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTGrassland plants suffer regular defoliation, causing loss of photosynthetic activity and internal resources. Consequently, re‐foliation may be substrate‐limited. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that decreased C import in leaf growth zones is (partially) compensated by: (i) mobilization of substrate within growth zones; and (ii) increased efficiency of substrate use in leaf area expansion; but (iii) that these processes depend on the C status of growth zones at defoliation. Mixtures of a C3 (Lolium perenne L.) and a C4 grass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) were grown at 15 °C (C3 dominance) and 23 °C (C4 dominance). Individual plants thus grew in contrasting (light and temperature) environments before being defoliated. Defoliation caused a drastic and immediate decrease in C import, but effects on leaf area expansion were buffered by biomass mobilization in the growth zone and increases in specific leaf area of produced tissue. Thus, over the first 2 d post‐defoliation, the amount of leaf area produced per unit imported C increased by 39 to 102% depending on treatment. The magnitude of these buffering responses was correlated with the concentration of water soluble carbohydrates in the growth zone at defoliation. Similar responses were observed for N, although defoliation effects were smaller and delayed relative to those on C import. This study demonstrates refoliation is sustained by short‐term mobilization of reserves within the growth zone and reduced costs of produced leaf area, but that these mechanisms depend on growth zone C status at defoliation.
Characterization of phytoplasmas detected in Chinaberry trees with symptoms of leaf yellowing and decline in Bolivia
Authors: Harrison N. A. , Boa E. , Carpio M. L. 
Published: December 2004

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to detect phytoplasmas in foliage samples from Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) trees displaying symptoms of yellowing, little leaf and dieback in Bolivia. A ribosomal coding nuclear DNA (rDNA) product (1·8 kb) was amplified from one or more samples from seven of 17 affected trees by PCR employing phytoplasma‐universal rRNA primer pair P1/P7. When P1/P7 products were reamplified using nested rRNA primer pair R16F2n/R16R2, phytoplasmas were detected in at least one sample from 13 of 17 trees with symptoms. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of P1/P7 products indicated that trees CbY1 and CbY17 harboured Mexican periwinkle virescence (16SrXIII)‐group and X‐disease (16SrIII)‐group phytoplasmas, respectively. Identification of two different phytoplasma types was supported by reamplification of P1/P7 products by nested PCR employing X‐disease‐group‐specific rRNA primer pair R16mF2/WXint or stolbur‐group‐related primer pair fSTOL/rSTOL. These assays selectively amplified rDNA products of 1656 and 579 bp from nine and five trees with symptoms, respectively, of which two trees were coinfected with both phytoplasma types. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed Chinaberry yellows phytoplasma strain CbY17 to be most similar to the chayote witches’‐broom (ChWBIII‐Ch10) agent, a previously classified 16SrIII‐J subgroup phytoplasma. Strain CbY1 resembled the Mexican periwinkle virescence phytoplasma, a 16SrXIII‐group member. The latter strain varied from all known phytoplasmas composing group 16SrXIII. On this basis, strain CbY1 was assigned to a new subgroup, 16SrXIII‐C.
Applicability of molecular markers in the context of protection of new varieties of cucumber
Authors: Bernet G. P. , Bramardi S. , Calvache D. , Carbonell E. A. , Asins M. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe growing number of candidate varieties presented every year at each national Plant Variety Protection Office and their decreasing genetic variability forces strategies to be adopted that will reduce costs without losing rigour when deciding about the acceptance or rejection of a candidate variety. Molecular markers have been envisaged as a reliable tool to establish differences, but can molecular markers be used for assessing distinctness? A comparison between a molecular and a morphological characterization of 41 seed samples belonging to 36 cucumber varieties and including several external controls has been carried out to investigate the applicability of molecular markers in the context of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) tests and the protection of new varieties. Both types of character indicate the same relationships among main groups, Dutch and Beth‐Alpha types, and Gerking and Slice types, the correlation between distance matrices being only 0.6489. Varieties considered uniform for morphological traits proved not to be so for molecular markers. Therefore, molecular characterization is not offering the same estimates of uniformity and relatedness between varieties as does morphological characterization. External controls were used to establish distinction limits with morphological and molecular dendrograms to focus on those varieties, which were suspiciously similar. The results with cucumber show that molecular identity could be used to assess any lack of distinctness and so corroborate the morphological assessment of candidate varieties. The morphological trait ‘type’ provides distinct characterization of varieties and the molecular characterization of candidate varieties could be used to design better field experiments to assess distinction within each group of morphological cucumber type.