bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines and incidence of esophageal cancer
Authors: Etemadi Arash , Poustchi Hossein , Chang Cindy M , Calafat Antonia M , Blount Benjamin C , Bhandari Deepak , Wang Lanqing , Roshandel Gholamreza , Alexandridis Apostolos , Botelho Julianne Cook , Xia Baoyun , Wang Yuesong , Sosnoff Connie S , Feng Jun , Nalini Mahdi , Khoshnia Masoud , Pourshams Akram , Sotoudeh Masoud , Gail Mitchell H , Dawsey Sanford M , Kamangar Farin , Boffetta Paolo , Brennan Paul , Abnet Christian C , Malekzadeh Reza , Freedman Neal D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Studying carcinogens in tobacco and nontobacco sources may be key to understanding the pathogenesis and geographic distribution of esophageal cancer.

Methods
The Golestan Cohort Study has been conducted since 2004 in a region with high rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. For this nested study, the cases comprised of all incident cases by January 1, 2018; controls were matched to the case by age, sex, residence, time in cohort, and tobacco use. We measured urinary concentrations of 33 exposure biomarkers of nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for associations between the 90th vs the 10th percentiles of the biomarker concentrations and incident esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Results
Among individuals who did not currently use tobacco (148 cases and 163 controls), 2 acrolein metabolites, 2 acrylonitrile metabolites, 1 propylene oxide metabolite, and one 1,3-butadiene metabolite were significantly associated with incident esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (adjusted odds ratios between 1.8 and 4.3). Among tobacco users (57 cases and 63 controls), metabolites of 2 other volatile organic compounds (styrene and xylene) were associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 6.2 and 9.0, respectively). In tobacco users, 2 tobacco-specific nitrosamines (NNN and N’-Nitrosoanatabine) were also associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Suggestive associations were seen with some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially 2-hydroxynaphthalene) in nonusers of tobacco products and other tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco users.

Conclusion
These novel associations based on individual-level data and samples collected many years before cancer diagnosis, from a population without occupational exposure, have important public health implications.
Exploring the Potential of a Thermionic LaB6 Virtual Source Mode Electron Gun for a High Angular Current Density and a Narrow Energy Distribution
Authors: Lee Ha Rim , Hwang Junhyeok , Ogawa Takashi , Kim Jisoo , Lee Jeong-Woong , Jung Haewon , Yun Dal-Jae , Lee Sangsun , Park In-Yong 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTo date, lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) thermionic electron sources have not been able fully to capitalize on their inherent potential, resulting in an ambiguous position within the application area. Although they exhibit higher brightness compared with a tungsten filament source, they still fall short of the performance of Schottky electron sources. This study aims to explore the capabilities of the LaB6 electron source under different operating conditions to bridge the gap, ultimately to realize its untapped potential. Simulations in virtual source mode indicated enhanced beam brightness and a reduced beam half-angle with an increase the extraction voltage, promising up to tenfold times higher beam brightness compared with the crossover mode. The energy distribution measured using a prelens retarding field energy analyzer revealed an energy distribution of 0.55 eV and a high angular current density of 33 mA/sr in the virtual source mode. Therefore, the virtual source mode of LaB6 can provide a narrow energy distribution akin to that of a ZrO/W Schottky electron gun (1600 K) while having an angular current density over 2,000 times higher. In addition, the stability of the virtual source mode is ±0.022%, while that of the crossover mode is ±0.138%.
An RNA thermometer in the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas facilitates temperature-controlled gene expression
Authors: Chung Kin Pan , Loiacono F Vanessa , Neupert Juliane , Wu Mengting , Bock Ralph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Riboregulators such as riboswitches and RNA thermometers provide simple, protein-independent tools to control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In bacteria, RNA thermometers regulate protein synthesis in response to temperature shifts. Thermometers outside of the bacterial world are rare, and in organellar genomes, no RNA thermometers have been identified to date. Here we report the discovery of an RNA thermometer in a chloroplast gene of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The thermometer, residing in the 5′ untranslated region of the psaA messenger RNA forms a hairpin-type secondary structure that masks the Shine–Dalgarno sequence at 25°C. At 40°C, melting of the secondary structure increases accessibility of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence to initiating ribosomes, thus enhancing protein synthesis. By targeted nucleotide substitutions and transfer of the thermometer into Escherichia coli, we show that the secondary structure is necessary and sufficient to confer the thermometer properties. We also demonstrate that the thermometer provides a valuable tool for inducible transgene expression from the Chlamydomonas plastid genome, in that a simple temperature shift of the algal culture can greatly increase recombinant protein yields.
ATM, KAP1 and the Epstein–Barr virus polymerase processivity factor direct traffic at the intersection of transcription and replication
Authors: Xu Huanzhou , Akinyemi Ibukun A , Haley John , McIntosh Michael T , Bhaduri-McIntosh Sumita 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The timing of transcription and replication must be carefully regulated for heavily-transcribed genomes of double-stranded DNA viruses: transcription of immediate early/early genes must decline as replication ramps up from the same genome—ensuring efficient and timely replication of viral genomes followed by their packaging by structural proteins. To understand how the prototypic DNA virus Epstein–Barr virus tackles the logistical challenge of switching from transcription to DNA replication, we examined the proteome at viral replication forks. Specifically, to transition from transcription, the viral DNA polymerase-processivity factor EA-D is SUMOylated by the epigenetic regulator and E3 SUMO-ligase KAP1/TRIM28. KAP1’s SUMO2-ligase function is triggered by phosphorylation via the PI3K-related kinase ATM and the RNA polymerase II-associated helicase RECQ5 at the transcription machinery. SUMO2-EA-D then recruits the histone loader CAF1 and the methyltransferase SETDB1 to silence the parental genome via H3K9 methylation, prioritizing replication. Thus, a key viral protein and host DNA repair, epigenetic and transcription-replication interference pathways orchestrate the handover from transcription-to-replication, a fundamental feature of DNA viruses.
Comparison of cell response to chromatin and DNA damage
Authors: Luzhin Artyom , Rajan Priyanka , Safina Alfiya , Leonova Katerina , Stablewski Aimee , Wang Jianmin , Robinson Denisha , Isaeva Natalia , Kantidze Omar , Gurova Katerina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
DNA-targeting drugs are widely used for anti-cancer treatment. Many of these drugs cause different types of DNA damage, i.e. alterations in the chemical structure of DNA molecule. However, molecules binding to DNA may also interfere with DNA packing into chromatin. Interestingly, some molecules do not cause any changes in DNA chemical structure but interfere with DNA binding to histones and nucleosome wrapping. This results in histone loss from chromatin and destabilization of nucleosomes, a phenomenon that we call chromatin damage. Although the cellular response to DNA damage is well-studied, the consequences of chromatin damage are not. Moreover, many drugs used to study DNA damage also cause chromatin damage, therefore there is no clarity on which effects are caused by DNA or chromatin damage. In this study, we aimed to clarify this issue. We treated normal and tumor cells with bleomycin, nuclease mimicking drug which cut predominantly nucleosome-free DNA and therefore causes DNA damage in the form of DNA breaks, and CBL0137, which causes chromatin damage without direct DNA damage. We describe similarities and differences between the consequences of DNA and chromatin damage. Both agents were more toxic for tumor than normal cells, but while DNA damage causes senescence in both normal and tumor cells, chromatin damage does not. Both agents activated p53, but chromatin damage leads to the accumulation of higher levels of unmodified p53, which transcriptional activity was similar to or lower than that of p53 activated by DNA damage. Most importantly, we found that while transcriptional changes caused by DNA damage are limited by p53-dependent activation of a small number of p53 targets, chromatin damage activated many folds more genes in p53 independent manner.
Brands Matter
Authors: Colombino Annalisa , Palladino Paolo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between intellectual property right and biological resources by shifting the focus of attention away from processes of production to the act of consumption. It does so by attending to the eating of meat as both a metaphor and an empirical phenomenon. This enables us to frame a philosophical debate between Esposito and Nancy (2001) over bodies, flesh, and the Eucharist and Porcher’s (2017) more sociologically and ethnographically grounded analysis of relations between human and non-human animals. The encounter leads us to conclude that current debates over the relationship between property and biological resources might benefit from shifting the focus from Marx and processes of commodification to Mauss and an understanding of the gift as conceptually prior to exchange.
Modified Pearl Oysters and Repeatable Peaches
Authors: Ericson Kjell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Questions about the place of living creatures in Japanese patent law have extended for over 100 years. This chapter introduces three pivotal conflicts in Japan that bookended the twentieth century. The earlier dispute touched on the issue of whether the induction of pearls through the surgical modification of living shellfish was subject to patent claims. The second traces the historical outlines of plant variety protection in Japan by focusing on the intensification of plant patent lobbying in the 1970s. And the third follows Kurakata Eizō, a Japanese fruit breeder who started his career in colonial Korea in the 1930s and who later became a key player in the 1970s plant-patent lobby. Kurakata’s 1977 application for a Japanese patent covering what he claimed as a new variety of peach was, over two decades later in 2000, the subject of the first-ever High Court ruling on plant patents in Japan.
Was the Roman Imperial Court an ‘Emotional Community’?
Authors: Kelly Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers the Roman imperial court as an ‘emotional community’ with its own standards and expectations of the expression of emotions such as love and anger. It focuses on three periods with sufficient evidence to conduct such an investigation: the courts of Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian in the late first and early second centuries; the Antonine court in the mid-second century; and the court in the late fourth century, from the late 350s to the 380s. The chapter shows that the Roman imperial court did function as a cohesive emotional community during the first two periods, but that normative expectations had broken down in the late fourth century. This final period therefore resembles an ‘emotional arena’ marked by conflicts regarding which emotions were acceptable at court and how they should be expressed.
Jurists as Courtiers from Augustus to Justinian
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the transition of jurists from outside experts to salaried court officials during the Roman Empire. In the first century, jurists were consulted for their legal expertise and did not hold any formal roles in the administration or at court. However, as equestrians replaced freedmen as the heads of the administrative bureaux in the second century, jurists were employed to manage the emperor’s letters and petitions, and even rose to the position of praetorian prefect, especially in the Severan period. This resulted in jurists playing prominent roles in the cutthroat politicking of the court. In Late Antiquity, the transformation of jurists into court functionaries was consolidated by the establishment of the office of quaestor sacri palatii. The reign of Justinian shows that actions of jurists, both positive and negative, were regarded as emblematic of the emperor’s own regime.
Representatives and Co-Rulers
Authors: Busch Anja 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the public presentation and political roles of imperial women, with a focus on the women of the Theodosian dynasty. While most fourth-century women after the reign of Constantine had largely been denied official honours, the Theodosian women were distinguished with the title of Augusta and had coins minted in their own name. This new recognition mirrored the involvement of imperial women in politics and patronage, chiefly, but not only, in ecclesiastical matters. Aspects of female identity, such as virginity or child-bearing, could be used not only as elements of official imperial ideology, but also as tools of political persuasion. In the fifth century, the role of imperial women changed so that they could even be perceived as a partner in the emperor’s rule (consors imperii).
Splendid Isolation
Authors: Icks Martijn 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the significance of the Oriental court, as it was imagined by Greek and Roman authors, as a parallel or counterpoint to the Roman court in the Principate and Late Antiquity, especially with regard to imperial seclusion and courtly splendour. In classical Greek discourse, the kings of the Assyrians, Medes, and especially the Persians, often exemplified the flaws of Oriental despotism, since they shielded themselves from their subjects and seemed to care for nothing but the unrestrained pursuit of physical pleasure. By the turn of the first century, this theme was picked up by Dio Chrysostom to contrast the aloof, secluded Domitian with the accessible Trajan. With the development of highly ceremonious ‘palace emperorship’ in Late Antiquity, the literary topos of the princeps clausus emerged in the works of authors and orators such as Synesius of Cyrene and Claudian, who once again evoked the ‘splendid isolation’ of Oriental kings to criticize more aloof, ritualized modes of imperial behaviour and display. Hence, these authors sought to make a vital distinction between the secluded Oriental despot and the active, accessible Roman princeps, even while the changing role of the late antique emperor put this traditional ideal under increasing pressure.
Organic Chemistry, Molecules, and the Implications for Atomism
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the notion of chemical structure had been used prior to the work of Alexander Butlerov, he gave it a new meaning when he included in it the disposition of interatomic bonds. The introduction of the theory of molecular structure radically altered organic chemistry. Instead of engaging in blind attempts during the synthesis of new compounds, the new approach followed a method that was based on knowledge of the structure of the starting products and of those that were being synthesized. Successful syntheses thus confirmed the fertility of the theory of molecular structure, and its validity has never since been called into doubt. Although the theory could not predict the existence of optical and geometric isomers, the development of stereochemistry did not undermine it but, rather, gave it greater depth. Replacing the concept of entity with that of the molecule (structured entity) not only modified chemistry but also profoundly altered the conception of the microscopic world. For chemists, the material world had always been formed by a large variety of different substances to which they attributed distinct names. The concept of molecular structure gave substance to these differences by assigning a distinctive molecular structure for each type of molecule. The difficulty of explaining what held atoms together remained open. However, to overcome this difficulty, it would become necessary to enter into the atom itself and discover that it is not an elementary entity at all but is itself also structured.
The Emergence of the Concept of Macromolecule
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of biological macromolecule emerged in the first half of the 20th century and was the product of overcoming two epistemological obstacles: the possibility of having such large molecules held together by normal chemical bonds and the obstacle created by aperiodic polymers. The emergence of the concept of the aperiodic polymer, which is made up of several repeating units, is one of the ideas that grounds the concept of the biological macromolecule. In this chapter, we will begin by discussing the protoplasmic theory and the theory of the colloidal state, and continue with the role that two new experimental techniques, the X-ray and the ultracentrifuge, played in helping early-20th-century biochemists approach the new concept of macromolecules. We will then analyze the general problem of protein folding, the role of the environment, and the use of statistics and self-organization aspects in this process. Finally, we will highlight the difference between the concepts of structure and of shape in molecules and macromolecules.
From the Gene to Metagenomics: The Frontiers of Molecular Biology
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter will begin by examining Mendel’s research on biological heredity and his theory that hereditary elements are passed on through discrete units. This idea would eventually lead to the discovery of DNA. Mendel’s formulation of the laws governing the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next constituted a fundamental conceptual evolution in biology. Mendel’s ideas were also fundamental in the process that led to the molecularization of biology. After the 20th-century rediscovery of Mendel’s work, biologists identified and determined the structure of the molecule responsible for storing and passing on genetic information. This molecule is DNA, and the information that it carries is closely related to its molecular structure. Hence, the chapter traces the historical and philosophical development that led from the unit of heredity to the concept of the gene, to its molecularization in DNA, and to the latest developments in epigenetics and metagenomics. Particular focus is placed on DNA because this concept has transcended its strictly scientific role. Because this molecule is the seat of the identity not only of all living beings but also of all biological species, DNA represents both a medical resource and the possibility of genetic manipulation to selectively “improve” the human genome. These abilities to manipulate DNA have given rise to a great deal of philosophical debate and a wide range of ethical concerns about genetics.
Cellular Chemism
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we focus on the components and processes that occur in the cell, the cellular chemism. By examining the cell, we are dealing with the components and processes of living things in general. The identification of the cell with the fundamental unit of living things has required both philosophical clarifications and some scientific considerations, starting from the determination of what a living being is. More specifically, we analyze the internal state of the cell and the relationship of the cell with the environment, its ability to “know” it and react to it. We then consider the “code” within the cell and all the processes connected to it. Next we discuss two classes of chemical reactions in cells, molecular and macromolecular, and their grouping in pathways, which are often cyclical. In the case of macromolecular reactions, we also consider how they can occur in enzymatic action. Finally, we examine the energy metabolism of the cell and reveal that it is not distinct from cell chemism.
Dancing Mestizo Modernisms
Authors: Reynoso Jose Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dancing Mestizo Modernisms analyzes how national and international dancers contributed to developing Mexico’s cultural politics and notions of the nation at different historical moments. It emphasizes how dancers and other moving bodies resisted and reproduced racial and social hierarchies stemming from colonial Mexico (1521–1821). Relying on extensive archival research, choreography as an analytical methodology, and theories of race, dance, and performance studies, the book examines how dance and other forms of embodiment participated in Mexico’s formation after the Mexican War of Independence (1821–1876), the Porfirian dictatorship (1876–1911), and postrevolutionary Mexico (1919–1940). In so doing, the book analyzes how underlying colonial logics continued to influence relationships among dancers, other artists, government officials, critics, and audiences of different backgrounds as they refashioned their racial, social, cultural, and national identities. The book proposes and develops two main concepts that explore these mutually formative interactions among such diverse people: embodied mestizo modernisms and transnational nationalisms. “Embodied mestizo modernisms” refers to combinations of indigenous, folkloric, ballet, and modern dance practices in works choreographed by national and international dancers with different racial and social backgrounds. The book contends that these mestizo modernist dance practices challenged assumptions about racial neutrality with which whiteness historically established its ostensible supremacy in constructing Mexico’s “transnational nationalisms.” This argument holds that notions of the nation-state and national identities are not produced exclusively by a nation’s natives but also by historical transnational forces and (dancing) bodies whose influences shape local politics, economic interests, and artistic practices.
Embracing the Indigenous while Establishing a Mestizo Nation
Authors: Reynoso Jose Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While tracing the transition from the Porfirian dictatorship to a revolutionary state, this chapter focuses on three dance artists consecrated in Europe—Anna Pavlova, Norka Rouskaya, and Carmen Tórtola Valencia. It analyzes how these artists functioned as legitimizing agents whose work contributed to establishing mestizaje as the official cultural and racial ideology in postrevolutionary Mexico between 1919 and the mid-1920s. Rouskaya reimagined the Aztec as a figure of representation. Valencia’s indigenized dance, inspired by the Incas of Peru and performed in Mexico City, reflected Mexico’s position within a Latin American pan-indigeneity central to imagining post/colonial national and hemispheric identities. Pavlova’s performance of the folkloric Jarabe Tapatío en pointe consolidated the dance’s prominent role in the nationalist dance repertoire and the state’s project of establishing a mestizo state. Analyzing these artists’ mestizo modernisms reveals aspects of the colonial racial unconscious underlying the coloniality of modernist dance practices and artistic subjectivities.