bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Church, State, and Nationalism in Ireland
Authors: Rafferty Oliver P. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The influence of the Catholic Church in Ireland was felt in every aspect of Irish life. At the beginning of the period the Church was at the zenith of its political power having helped to deliver Catholic emancipation. The Famine came to overshadow all aspects of Irish life and its end coincided with the return to Ireland of Paul Cullen who did much to refashion the ethos of Irish Catholicism. By the 1880s, the hierarchy gave unqualified support to Home Rule in exchange for support over Catholic education, and thus began a symbiotic relationship between the Church and the Irish Party. The Church’s support, however, for the radical turn in Irish politics brought rebukes for Pope Leo XIII. The chapter examines Church and State in Ireland through the ecclesiastical politics of emancipation and Repeal; through the public figure of Paul Cullen and Fenianism; and through the intervention of the papacy.
Irish Diaspora
Authors: Barr Colin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Irish Catholic Church followed Irish Catholics as they spread across the globe. Of the millions who migrated in the nineteenth century, most were settlers. By 1901, some 2.5 million Irish-born people lived permanently elsewhere, some 1.6 million in the United States alone. They formed a Catholic ‘Greater Ireland’ through which the Catholic Irish moved freely, and which shared common cultural, political, and religious characteristics. This chapter examines how the institutional Catholic Church came to serve this population, how the Irish seized ecclesiastical control from their rivals of different ethnicities, and how Irish priests, sisters, and brothers built an enduring and ideologically coherent Catholic Irish culture that survives to the present day. As an Australian archbishop boasted in 1897, ‘the faith of Ireland’s sons, like a golden chain, binds the whole English-speaking world to God.’
Modernity and Anti-Modernism, 1850–1910
Authors: Pierce Andrew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the Catholic Church, the contest between modernity and anti-modernism achieved classical expression in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Modernist Crisis. ‘Modernism’ denoted both a cultural experience as well as the pejoratively defined theology attacked by Pope Pius X in his 1907 encyclical Pascendi. Modernism’s defining feature, as a heresy of the modern age, was its failure to accept the magisterial answer to modernity in allegedly perennial truth as articulated by St Thomas Aquinas. In England, the Modernist Crisis was anticipated in difficulties faced by John Henry Newman in securing a hearing from an ascendant ultramontanism for the ways in which he connected revelation, ecclesiology, history, and the ecclesial agency of the laity. The Church’s response to modernity at Vatican II signalled an opportunity to reappraise this crisis, and to reinterpret the significant theological contributions of George Tyrrell, John Henry Newman, Friedrich von Hügel, and Maude Petre.
Trust
Authors: Simpson Thomas W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTrust and trustworthiness are core social phenomena, at the heart of most everyday interactions. Yet they are also puzzling: while it matters to us that we place trust well, by trusting people who will not let us down, both also seem to involve morally driven attitudes and behaviours. Confronted by whether I should trust another, this tension creates very practical dilemmas. In Trust, Thomas W. Simpson addresses the foundational question: why should I trust? Philosophical treatments of trust have tended to focus on trying to identify what the attitude of trust consists in. Simpson argues that this approach is misguided, giving rise to merely linguistic debates about how the term ‘trust’ is used. Instead, he focuses attention on the ways that trust is valuable. The answer defended comprises two claims, which at first seem to be in tension. One is a form of evidentialism about trust: normally, your trust should be based on the evidence you have for someone’s trustworthiness. But second, someone’s word is normally enough to settle for you whether you should trust them. Social norms of trustworthiness explain why both are normal. Methodologically innovative, Trust also applies the account, addressing how cultures of trust can be sustained, and the implications of trust in God. While it is a philosophical essay, the book is written in a way that presumes no prior knowledge of philosophy, to be accessible to scholars from the many disciplines also attracted to and puzzled by trust.
Indian Hindu Diasporas in South East Asia
Authors: Ramstedt Martin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the absence of archaeological proof for an ancient Indian colonization that would explain the extent of the early cultural Indianization, or Sanskritization, of the region, we can speak of veritable ‘Indian Hindu diasporas’ in South East Asia only since the beginning of British colonialism expanding into Asia at large. It prompted waves of deployment and displacement of Indian sepoys, plantation workers, merchants, and clerks to Java, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, and—to a much lesser extent—Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. In their trail came Hindu priests, missionaries, and reformers, who disseminated ‘Hinduism’ as a modern transregional religious identity, along with Hindu reform and anti-caste movements. During World War II, recruits to the pro-Japanese and anti-British Indian National Army (INA) hailed from a wide range of Indian communities in Southeast Asia. After INA’s defeat, the capitulation of the Japanese, and ensuing decolonization, the presence of Indians in the region never again reached the size it had before. In Malaysia, where today the Indian presence is the largest, social integration and emancipation of Hindus has been impeded by an adverse national policy favouring ethnic Malays. Moreover, Malaysia’s national identity is intrinsically connected with Sunni Islam, which has exposed local Hindus simultaneously to massive ethnic and faith-based discrimination. Increasing Islamization has likewise disadvantaged naturalized Indian Hindu communities in Indonesia, along with autochthonous religious minorities. However, due to their much smaller size, Indian Hindus in Indonesia have kept a low profile, which has so far enabled them to avert open, violent conflict.
Inter-Asian Hinduism in East Asian Diasporic Nodes through a Material Lens
Authors: Cheuk Ka-Kin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
East Asia has arguably received the least attention from scholars in comparative and transregional studies of Hinduism and Hindu diasporas. While the Hindu population continues to increase in East Asia, there is still a lack of understanding about the broader analytical significance of this shift. This chapter aims to address this knowledge gap by centring the studies of Hinduism and Hindu diasporas in East Asia in an Inter-Asian research paradigm. Following anthropologist Engseng Ho’s call for reconceptualizing Asia as an Inter-Asian space that is regionally expansive, trans-historical in terms of time, as well as cross-communally interactive, I seek to map out the East Asian diasporic nodes, such as Hong Kong, Yiwu, and Kolkata, in which the material meanings of Inter-Asian Hinduism have been created, transformed, disrupted, and mutated, largely because of the ongoing changes in diasporic flows that could neither be foreseen nor avoided. Precisely due to the transient nature of such diasporic flows, the chapter strategizes a material lens in documenting and analysing the changing meaning of Inter-Asian Hinduism in East Asia, given that concrete materials—including, for example, an abandoned Hindu temple in Hong Kong and made-in-China plastic idols that can be ritually transformed into sacred Hindu objects—are some of the most trackable material objects in the East Asian diasporic nodes.
Hinduism in Suriname
Authors: Strange Stuart Earle 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Hinduism in Suriname resembles the traditions of neighbouring Guyana and nearby Trinidad and Tobago that share histories of large-scale South Asian indentured labour migration. With 19.9 per cent of Surinamese identifying as Hindu as of 2022, Hinduism is the largest religion of people of South Asian descent (who self-describe as Hindustani), themselves a plurality among Suriname’s highly diverse demographics. With nineteenth- and early twentieth-century migrants’ lives radically upended by harsh labour on sugar plantations in a colony premised on colonial racial capitalism and European cultural and religious supremacy, Hinduism was redefined to be both more universal in its ideologies, more exclusive in its practice and emphasise the Hindu household as the centre of religious life. Separated from the vibrant specificity of local Hindu traditions, Surinamese Hinduism mirrors wider trends in the Hindu diaspora and becomes a kind of paradox: a universalist ethnic religion. The offspring of conciliation, organizational modernism, Brahmanization, and transnationalism, Surinamese Hinduism is consequently a notional unity that masks numerous controversies over practice, interpretation, and identity.
A Global Hindu Tamil Diaspora?
Authors: Trouillet Pierre-Yves 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
At a time when the ideas of ‘global Indian diasporas’ and of a ‘global Hinduism’ are developing, the aim of this chapter is to establish whether it is relevant to speak of a ‘global Hindu Tamil diaspora’, given the cultural and migration specificities of Hindu Tamils and their involvement in the development of overseas Hinduism. To answer this question, this chapter deals with overseas Hindu Tamils as a whole, considering Tamils from India and Sri Lanka jointly. The chapter first examines the history and scope of Tamil migration around the world. Then, it questions the relevance of using the term ‘diaspora’ to refer to the Tamil émigrés and their descendants, based on the criteria of a diaspora proposed by Rogers Brubaker. The third part shows that many specific religious practices are common among Hindu Tamils living in different parts of the world, and that these practices are increasingly connected through transnational networks and exchanges, especially in temple activities. Thus, although all Hindu emigrants of Tamil origin are far from constituting a homogeneous transnational community, it seems appropriate to speak of a global Hindu Tamil diaspora, given the global scale of Tamil emigration, the increasing homeland-orientation and transnational consciousness among overseas Tamils, and the formation of a transnational Tamil Hinduism.
The Global Gujarati Hindu Diasporas
Authors: Lourenço Inês 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Gujarati Hindu diasporas worldwide, focusing on different migration patterns, strategies of adaptation, and on their various cultural expressions. Gujarati migrants have carried with them, along their multiple journeys, the diversity of practices and beliefs that, in many cases, coexist and overlap with each other. This diversity also reflects the variety of social groups, professional activities, and education options, as well as new ways of living, and worshipping. The transformations resulting from their many journeys and settlement patterns also led to innovative cultural and religious adaptations, by which gender patterns were also transformed. Therefore, particular attention must be paid to the centrality of women in cultural and religious maintenance and reproduction among Hindu Gujarati global diasporas.
Pilgrimage Sites and Procession Rituals in the Hindu Diasporas
Authors: Jacobsen Knut A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the establishment and presence of Hindu sites of pilgrimage (tīrthas) in the Hindu diasporas. It documents that the sacred geography of Hinduism is no longer limited to an Indian or a South and South East Asian sacred geography but encompasses the whole world. Hindus from South Asia who have migrated to the rest of the world have sacralized the landscapes where they have settled. The chapter suggests that making Hindu sacred sites is one of the ways traditions today identified as Hindu have been expanding historically in South Asia and now are expanding worldwide in the diasporas. The chapter suggests a typology of Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Hindu diasporas and presents significant examples of the different types.
ISKCON and Diaspora Hindus in a Shared Cultural Atmosphere
Authors: Valpey Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches interactional contours between Hindu diasporas and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) from the latter’s founding in 1966 to the present. It is argued that interactions between diaspora Hindu and Western participants in temple and missionizing functions can be fruitfully viewed through the metaphor of a ‘shared cultural atmosphere’. In addition to public interactions between ISKCON and Hindu organizations, a progression of Hindu diaspora private involvement in ISKCON is discernible, from casual curiosity to active involvement, including, for some, full commitment through formal initiation. But with increasing Hindu involvement, new initiatives intended to attract a more diverse patronage can be seen. A bi-directional cultural change can be viewed in ISKCON today with regard to diaspora Hindu presence: one is the ‘Hinduization of ISKCON’, and the other is the ‘ISKCONization of Hindus’. Both directions show potential drawbacks and benefits for non-Hindu and Hindu diaspora participants in ISKCON.
Date
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews evidence that Chaucer probably composed Troilus and Criseyde between c.1382 and 1386. The poem possibly makes contemporary references to Richard II’s marriage to Anne of Bohemia in 1382 and to a rare planetary conjunction in 1385. Other possible contexts include disruptions to Chaucer’s career (with more free time for writing) caused by political factionalism, and also a contemporary emphasis on London’s supposed origins as ‘New Troy’, founded by Trojan exiles. The poem’s completion must precede the death in 1387 of its co-dedicatee, Ralph Strode, whom Chaucer asks for corrections. Chaucer’s Prologue to the Legend of Good Women refers back to contemporary reception of Troilus without mentioning The Canterbury Tales among his works. This situates Troilus at a key mid-point in Chaucer’s poetic development, drawing on his recent exposure to the exciting modern Italian literature of his time.
Sources
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter both identifies Chaucer’s sources for Troilus and Criseyde and analyses the uses that Chaucer makes of them. It begins with Chaucer’s apparent invention of (or conceivably his mistaken attribution to) a bogus source for Troilus by an author whom Chaucer names ‘Lollius’. An introductory section also discusses readers’ alertness to the intertextuality of Troilus. Chaucer’s use of his unacknowledged principal source, Boccaccio’s Il Filostrato, is analysed first, although Filostrato is last and most recent of the tales about Troilus and Criseyde and the Trojan War to which Chaucer also refers back more selectively, as illustrated here. Influences on Troilus from the Roman writers Boethius and Ovid are discussed, as also more contemporary French texts, the tradition of narratives about Thebes, and the model that Chaucer found in Dante.
Genre
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter highlights the multi-generic quality of Troilus and Criseyde by analysing features of each genre identifiable in the poem. Chaucer’s distinctive combination of generic features builds into an intertextual critique and commentary between genres and the perspectives on experience that these genres represent. The contribution of the sources and analogues that lie behind Chaucer’s generic inclusiveness is also part of the analysis, including tragedies of the ‘falls’ of princes. Discussion focusses on the generic features in Troilus of epic, romance, history-writing, tragedy, drama and debate, lyric (including song, letter, and complaint), fabliau, allegory, and comedy.
Structure
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyses how aspects of the ‘double sorrow’ in Troilus and Criseyde make Chaucer’s accomplishment in form and five-book structure part of the poem’s commentary on its subject. One chapter-section sets out how Chaucer’s fashioning of a symmetrical structure works with the rise and fall in the lovers’ fortunes, with doublings and inversions matching each other across the poem’s mid-point at the lovers’ greatest happiness together. The following section explores the structure provided by the poem’s references to the social and architectural setting of the action, particularly as this influences possibilities for privacy and secrecy. Next comes analysis of the role played by narrative plotting of time, in a mixture of detailed chronology and studied ambiguity. A final section explores the poem’s references to the state of the heavens in relation to the narrative, concluding by reviewing interpretations of the ascent of Troilus’ soul.
Imitation and Allusion
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses responses and references to Chaucer’s Troilus, and to the story of Troilus and Criseyde, from the poem’s early circulation to the present day. Topics for analysis include: treatments of Troilus and Criseyde as stock figures and stereotypes, especially once Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid is mistaken for part of Chaucer’s poem; how Troilus functions as a model for fifteenth-century narrative technique, and as a lexicon and style manual for lovers’ language and epistles; how Troilus is cannibalized to create new short poems and centos, and how it is drawn on in Early Modern drama. As Chaucer’s language comes to seem archaic, the seventeenth century sees attempts to modernize Troilus, but the Canterbury Tales becomes Chaucer’s best-known work at the expense of Troilus, a shift in emphasis that continues until revival of interest in the twentieth century, although Troilus continues to attract readers during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Constitutional Identity in the European Union
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the role that constitutional identity arguments have played in the European Union and offers a theoretical account of the argument from constitutional identity underpinning constitutional identity claims. It provides a brief conceptual history of the use of constitutional identity, drawing on the case law of the EU Member States and discusses the role and relevance of Article 4(2) TEU to the use of constitutional identity arguments. The second half of the chapter provides a theoretical account of the foundations of the ‘argument from constitutional identity’. Constitutional identity arguments occupy the interstitial space between national and European constitutional orders and help to negotiate the allocation of authority between them. First, an appeal to protecting the constitutional core of the national constitution; and secondly, an appeal to constitutional culture ties this normative core of the constitution to the political community and constitutional culture underlying it.
Relational Abuse of Constitutional Identity
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the final dimension of the abuse of constitutional identity: the relational dimension. The key argument of this chapter is that the legitimacy of constitutional identity claims against the primacy of EU law is necessarily tied up with the way in which these claims are advanced. They should not be seen as peremptory assertions of final authority, but as arguments for increased relative authority. As both the repercussions of the Hungarian challenge to the Refugee Relocation decision, as well as the Polish ‘muzzle law’ demonstrate, constitutional identity has, in these cases, been used as a reason for disengagement from the European constitutional order. These cases can be differentiated from mere instances of judicial egotism or intransigence. The ‘constitutional solipsism’ on display in both cases is a function of the authoritarianism it is supposed to bolster.
Why? The Purpose of the Universe
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Western thought has been dominated by the dichotomy of traditional religion and secular atheism. But do we have to choose between these options? Philip Goff argues that it is time to move on from both God and atheism. Through an exploration of contemporary cosmology, as well as cutting-edge philosophical research on the nature of consciousness, Goff argues for cosmic purpose: the idea that the universe is directed towards certain goals, such as the emergence of intelligent life. However, in contrast to religious thinkers, Goff argues that the Omni-God (defined as all-knowing, all-powerful, and perfectly good) is a bad explanation of cosmic purpose. Instead, we explore a range of alternative possibilities for accounting for cosmic purpose. Perhaps our universe was created by an evil or morally indifferent designer, or a designer with limited abilities. Perhaps we live in a computer simulation. Maybe cosmic purpose is rooted not in a conscious mind but in natural tendencies towards the good, or laws of nature with purposes built into them. Or maybe the universe is itself a conscious mind which directs itself towards certain goals. Goff scrutinises these options with analytic rigour, laying the groundwork for a new paradigm of philosophical enquiry into the middle ground between God and atheism. The final chapter outlines a way of living in hope that cosmic purpose is still unfolding, involving political engagement and a non-literalist interpretation of traditional religion.
A Conscious Universe
Authors: Goff Philip 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The mind-body problem is the challenge of explaining how consciousness and the physical world fit together in a single, unified theory of reality. This chapter begins with a defence of panpsychism as the best solution to the mind-body problem. Panpsychism is the view that consciousness pervades the universe and is a fundamental feature of it. Building on this defence of panpsychism, we explore a third account of the source of cosmic purpose: teleological cosmopsychism, the hypothesis that the universe is a conscious mind which directs itself towards certain goals. Whilst taking seriously all three accounts of cosmic purpose defended in this chapter and the last, it is argued that teleological cosmopsychism has the edge due to its ability to secure explanatory depth at little cost. The ‘Digging Deeper’ section presents an argument that the resources of physical science alone cannot fully explain consciousness, and also explores how teleological panpsychism could connect with the pan-agentialist hypothesis defended in Chapter 3.