bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clitic Doubling
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with clitic doubling in Mac and Bg. It should be of broader significance because, among other things, clitic doubling is not associated with a preposition in SI, as it is in the Romance languages, and because it has become grammaticalized as an obligatory marker of specificity in Mac.
There are two classes of questions concerning clitic doubling in Mac and Bg. The first is when it occurs; that is, what semantic and discourse factors license clitic doubling. This question is of particular concern in these and other Balkan languages in which not all objects and indirect objects are doubled. The second question is how clitic doubling can be analyzed syntactically; that is, how both the clitic and the doubled argument can be assigned a theta-role. These questions can be, and often are, addressed separately because a given set of semantic and discourse lincensors of clitic doubling may be compatible with a number of syntactic analyses and vice versa. Note that there is a large literature on clitic doubling; of primary relevance to us is that on the Balkan languages because clitic doubling in Greek (Anagnostopoulou 1994; Schneider-Zioga 1994; Anagnostopoulou and Giannakidou 1995), Romanian (Dobrovie-Sorin 1990), and Albanian {Kallulli 1995) is similar to clitic doubling in Mac and Bg (Rudin 1996, 1997; Dimitrova-Vulchanova and Hellan 1991, 1996; Alexandrova 1997; Guentcheva 1994).
Penal Populism in Context
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses and explores the evolution of criminal justice policies, particularly those pertaining to the sentencing of offenders. Our sentencing policies represent the greatest intrusion into the lives of offenders and are therefore worthy of the closest scrutiny. The policy making process is complex and cannot be reduced to categories of “good” and “bad” programs or policies; nor can policymakers and politicians be assigned to categories such as “populists” and “rationalists.” All policies—and the individuals responsible for them—are subject to pressures relating to the reality of electoral politics. It is these pressures, the ways in which they are managed, and their effects that are the subject of this book.
Public Opinion about Crime and Punishment
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we brieﬂy review the principal findings from the research on public opinion, crime, and criminal justice that has accumulated over the past 30 years (for earlier reviews of this literature, see Cullen, Fisher, and Applegate, 2000; Flanagan and Longmire, 1996; Kury and Ferdinand, 1999; Roberts and Stalans, 1997; Roberts, 1992). Public views are of particular interest to the evolution of penal policy, because the argument is frequently made that the hardening of sentencing policies is a reaction to changes in public demands for harsher sentencing. This is particularly true for mandatory sentencing. As we shall demonstrate, there is a remarkable convergence of findings from the countries included in this survey: most people respond to polls about sentencing trends with the same answer—sentencing is too lenient.
Recent Penal Policy Developments
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores developments in our five jurisdictions over the last two or three decades. These case studies show how public opinion has played different roles in the formation of criminal policy in different countries at different times, although commonalities do emerge. For example, the tendency toward populist punitiveness is common to all countries. Within this picture, however, as will be seen, there are important variations between jurisdictions. Inevitably, our case studies are impressionistic.
The Influence of the Media
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No exploration of penal populism would be complete without a discussion of media inﬂuences on the public. It is not only information about crime that is transmitted by the media but also suggestions about how to understand, view, and respond to crime; the media play a central role in shaping mainstream views of crime and justice. It will be argued in this chapter that the media treatment of crime contributes in a number of ways to a distorted view of crime and the utility of punishment. For example, the way that crime is portrayed in the news media suggests that crime is more prevalent, more threatening, and also that more punishment is required in response. The entertainment media have also been found to inﬂuence public perceptions of the perceived effectiveness of punishment.
Institutionalizing Law and Order
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1980 and 1994, the incarcerated population grew by 300% (from 500,000 to 1.5 million). Federal and state prisons now house over one million prisoners, up from approximately 250,000 in 1970. The growth of the prison population in the U.S. is to a large extent a consequence of the war on drugs: between 1979 and 1994, the percentage of state inmates convicted of nonviolent drug offenses increased from 6% to nearly 30%; among federal inmates that percentage jumped from 21% to 60% (and the jail population is also likely to include non­ violent drug offenders). Keeping this many people behind barsis, of course, quite costly: it is estimated that federal, state, and local governments spent more than $30 billion on corrections in 1994, up from $4 billion in 1975.
Theories That Might Explain Why Restorative Justice Works
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The review of evidence in the last chapter concluded that the first of the new generation of restorative justice programs of the 1990s may have had some effects in reducing reoffending and enhancing restoration in other ways. Some of these programs seemed to be somewhat effective, even though we look back on them in the new century as flawed first-generation efforts. We think we can and are doing better now as we look back on all the mistakes we learned from those earlier programs. Yet to do better in a significant way, the argument of this chapter is that we must commit to sustained research and development of restorative justice that tests theories of the conditions where it is productive and counterproductive.
Predicting the Magnitude and Direction of Strategic Change
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in chapter 5, an array of strategic issues helped to reshape the pharmaceutical industry from the 1970s through the mid-1990s. These industry-wide trends reflect changes in the strategic environment that triggered adaptive strategic responses from individual firms within the industry. If all or even most firms within the industry responded similarly to these changes in the strategic environment, then a causal analysis at the industry level would suffice, and firms could be treated as identical actors in the strategic change process. However, as will be seen in the subsequent empirical analysis, individual firms within the pharmaceutical industry respond quite differently to industry-wide changes in their strategic environment; furthermore, these differences in strategic response are predictable.
The Quest for the General Part
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The criminal law is rooted in a set of distinct offenses, each with its problems of definition and its set of defenses that counteract the implications of incriminating events. Yet the quest of Western legal theory for the last hundred years or so has been the cultivation of a general part of the criminal law. The general part goes beyond the particular offenses and even particular patterns of liability, such as we have articulated in the first five chapters of this book. The general part has as its object the study of issues that cut across all offenses and merit analysis in isolation from their specific applications.
The Theory of Derivative Liability
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard cases of criminal liability are those in which an individual violates a prohibitory norm, with neither justification nor excuse. He may act in concert with others, but his conduct is assessed on its own terms. The crime perpetrated might take a variety of forms. It might be an act of causing harm, such as homicide, or an inchoate offense, such as conspiracy or possession of contraband. It might be an affirmative act or a failure to act, as in the failure to file an income tax form or the failure to answer a question before a congressional hearing. The standard form of perpetration is readily adapted to all of these variations in the form of criminal conduct.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Renal Disorders
Authors: Glindzicz Maria Bitner , Heath, Karen E , Campos-Barros Angel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we have attempted to place the conditions considered here into groups such as specific nephritides, nephroses, and renal acidoses. Molecular genetic studies are rapidly clarifying the molecular basis of various syndromes, confirming genetic heterogeneity in some while identifying allelic disorders in others. Alport syndrome (nephritis and sensorineural hearing loss) The syndrome of hereditary progressive glomerulonephritis with intermittent or gross hematuria and sensorineural hearing loss was first described by Alport (I) in 1927. Earlier reports of the same family were published by Guthrie (45) and Kendall and Hurst (67). Classic Alport syndrome represents a defect in type IV collagen. What has been called Alport syndrome is now known to represent a genetically heterogeneous group of at least six different disorders (Table 9-1) that exhibit unique ultrastructural and antigenic abnormalities in basement membranes due to defective type IV collagen (7,59,60,62,64,106). The gene frequency is about 1/5000 (30,33). The syndrome is seen in at least I% of those with congenital hearing loss and in 0.6% of those seeking renal replacement (30).
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Dental Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1972, Levin and Jorgenson (7) described a syndrome of dental anomalies and sensorineural hearing loss. To date, several unrelated families have been described (1-11,13,15,16); one case is doubtful (12). An early example is that of Denes and Csiba (4). Dental findings. The incisors of both dentitions are spared. The crowns of the canines and posterior teeth are enlarged, bulbous, and malformed with multiple prominent lobules (Fig. 15-lA,B). The deciduous dentition is more severely involved. The relationship between cusps and major grooves is eliminated (Fig. 15-lC); hence the use of the term globodontia (I I). An enamel defect is frequently noted on the facial surface of the canine teeth. Premolar teeth are frequently missing or small in size (1-5,10,11). There is often delayed eruption of the deciduous malformed teeth or even of the permanent posterior teeth (l,2,15).
“Un homme sur deux est une femme”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1971, women students at Harvard Divinity School protested that the masculine He should not be used in reference to God, nor should masculine pronouns be used to refer to people in general. Each time some one in the lecture room used the masculine pronoun or a masculine generic such as man or mankind when speaking of humanity at large, the women blew paper kazoos to express their disapproval. The matter was reported to the Harvard Crimson (the college in-house magazine). Calvert Watkins, chair of the Harvard linguistics department, responded with a letter cosigned by seventeen colleagues, including the departmental secretary. They assured readers that what was really at issue was not masculist tyranny, but the question of markedness. Since the masculine is the unmarked term of the masculine/feminine dyad, it has both generic and specific use.
“La sphyngesse, la taure, et les agnelles nouvelles-nées”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapters 2 and 3 I looked at novels in French and English in which at least one prominent character is described without the usual gender markers. I now turn to an examination of lexical innovation, literary experiments that create new words to highlight the feminine, rather than decribing characters without recourse to gender. In this chapter, I evaluate the lexical neologisms introduced by Monique Wittig in her fiction. In the next, I move on to a consideration of Wittig’s pronominal experiments, principally her use of the nongendered on as the main pronominal vehicle for her first novel, L’opoponax.
My discussion of Wittig’s novels is divided into two chapters reflecting two different features of her work: lexical innovation and pronominal experimentation. To the literary theorist, such a division may seem at first awkward, and indeed, it would be more orthodox to consider Wittig’s work in a single chapter.
“Pendue pour des inventions illicites”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book started with a discussion of pronoun envy, a phrase coined by the Harvard Linguistics Department as a way of disparaging feminist concern about the social implications of a linguistic gender system based on binary thinking in which masculinity and femininity figure as the two terms in a hierarchical opposition. Having closely examined the workings of the linguistic gender system in a wide range of French and English novels and other literary works, I believe it is helpful to look again at the presuppositions with which I set out.
Knowledge, Knowledge Work, and Organizations: An Overview and Interpretation
Authors: Blackler Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Galbraith (1967) suggested that a powerful new class of technical-scientific experts was emerging, and Bell (1973) proposed that knowledge is a central feature of postindustrial societies, the significance of experts in contemporary society has attracted much comment (see Reed 1991 for a discussion of contemporary trends). Indeed, in recent years, the importance of expertise for competitive advantage has been emphasized again by economists and business strategists who have suggested that wealth creation is less dependent on the bureaucratic control of resources than it once was, and more dependent on the exercise of specialist knowledge and competencies, or the management of organizational competencies (e.g., Prahaled and Hamel 1990, Hague 1991, Reich 1991, Drucker 1993, Florida and Kenny 1993). This debate has found echoes in discussion about “knowledgeintensive firms,” that is, organizations staffed by a high proportion of highly qualified staff who trade in knowledge itself (Starbuck 1992, 1993, Alvesson 1993a), in the suggestion that organizational competencies can be nurtured by the development of interorganizational links (Kanter 1989, Badaracco 1991, Wikstrom and Normann 1994) and in the proposal that, because of technological changes, team organization is becoming of crucial importance and employees generally should be managed as “knowledge workers” (Zuboff 1988).
The Creation and Sharing of Knowledge
Authors: Boisot Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the challenges posed by the effective management of knowledge resources are not particularly new. They have, in effect, been with us since the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, if not before. The learned societies of the seventeenth century, the Academia dei Lincei in Rome (founded in 1603), the Royal Society in London (founded in 1660), and the Academie des Sciences in Paris (founded in 1666), were all concerned with the routinization of discovery and were all set up to promote the dissemination of useful knowledge (Shapin and Schaffer 1985). The European scientists of the day were grappling with the same sort of issues that confront knowledge management today: how to generate knowledge that is both valid and hopefully useful, how to share it, and how to keep in touch with each other as well as up to date (Sprat 1662). In the eighteenth century, encyclopedias provided one way of storing and providing access to newly created knowledge. The nascent scientific community provided another. The key to the effective growth and management of scientific knowledge was thus as much social and institutional as it was technological.
Aligning Human Resource Management Practices and Knowledge Strategies: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Bierly III Paul E , Daly Paula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a knowledge-based view of organizations, the principal function of a firm is the creation, integration, and application of knowledge (Grant 1996, Spender 1994, Nonaka 1994, Conner and Prahalad 1996). The essence of strategy, the development of sustainable competitive advantages, can then be viewed as the identification, development, and application of key resources, and in most cases the resource that ultimately leads to a sustainable competitive advantage is the firm’s unique knowledge base (Grant 1996, Barney 1991, Peteraf 1993). This knowledge base comprises the firm’s intellectual capital, which can be viewed as the tangible and intangible knowledge, experience, and skills of employees in an organization. The set of strategic choices addressing knowledge creation in an organization comprise the firm’s knowledge strategy, which provides the firm with guidelines for developing intellectual capital and therefore creating competitive advantage (Bierly and Chakrabarti 1996a, Zack 1999). For any firm, the best of all possible worlds would be not having to make strategic choices due to resource constraints. This is seldom the case, and therefore most firms must carefully evaluate their strategic choices in order to allocate resources in a way that maximizes their knowledge base.
Keeping a Butterfly and an Elephant in a House of Cards: The Elements of Exceptional Success
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My wife and I were eating dinner with Donna and Joe. Joe asked what I had been doing lately. I explained that I had been studying knowledge-intensive firms-ones that earn revenues from specialized expertise. I cited the Rand Corporation and Arthur D. Little as examples, and briefly described their work. Joe, a partner in a prominent Park Avenue law firm, asked if I had studied any law firms. With insufficient tact and excessive confidence, I told him I had not. I understood law firms to make most of their revenues by routinely generating standardized documents such as contracts, stock offerings, or wills. Because legal word-processing systems are widely available, because all lawyers have adequate basic knowledge, and because law firms employ lawyers with diverse skills, clients can readily substitute one law firm for another. My interest lay, I said, in firms that are renowned for their unusual expertise. Joe replied quietly that he thought I was misjudging law firms in general, and more important, that some law firms do have reputations for unusual expertise. I asked him to suggest such a firm for me to study.
Opportunity and Constraint: Chain-to-Component Transfer Learning in Multiunit Chains of U.S. Nursing Homes, 1991-1997
Authors: Mitchell Will , Baum Joel A C , Banaszak-Holl Jane , Berta, Whitney B , Bowman Dilys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How and when do multiunit chains affect the capabilities of their component units? Chains are collections of component units that produce similar goods and services, linked together into larger “superorganizations” (Ingram and Baum 1997). This study explores how the level and similarity of capabilities of chains and their components-both existing and newly acquiredaffects transfer learning across component units.1 Transfer learning occurs when one organization causes a change in the capabilities of another, either through sharing experience or by somehow stimulating innovation. Attention to transfer learning processes is critical to understanding organizational performance because it is one of the most important routes through which organizations develop competitive advantage (Capron and Mitchell 1998). Within chains, transfer learning leads to changes in the capabilities of component units and, in turn, to changes in component performance. Past research has shown that ownership relationships, such as chain membership, influence transfer learning greatly. Changes in capabilities are, however, typically inferred from evidence of the effects of learning on performance (e.g., Baum and Ingram 1998, Darr et al. 1995, Ingram and Baum 1997). By contrast, we focus here on changes in the underlying capabilities themselves.
Knowledge across Boundaries: Managing Knowledge in Distributed Organizations
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Andreu Rafael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of managing knowledge still needs to be set in fruitful terms before effective organizational and technical solutions are envisaged. Not only does one have to distinguish between various forms of knowledge, like tacit or explicit, individual and collective, and how one can move from one type to another, but also what is relevant is the specific interdependence between knowledge and organizational context. Alternative ways to manage knowledge, including different systems to support knowledge management (KM) are required for different organizational contexts. For example, consider the design and implementation of a new organizational arrangement, including the tailored change of configuration of resources and policies fit perfectly the needs of the firm in question. On the other hand, if that firm, to access new knowledge or acquire new capital for growth, is forced by market or technology circumstances to enter an alliance with another firm that has its own KM systems and practices, it may well turn out that its internal KM arrangements and resources are too rigid, “closed,” and incompatible.
Formation of the Primary Palate
Authors: Sperber Geoffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary palate is the keystone to the upper lip and anterior portion of the definitive palate. Its embryogenesis is fundamental to normal development of the midface, and its maldevelopment has profound clinical and sociological consequences upon breathing, suckling, swallowing, mastication, osculation, speech, and facial physiognomy. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have provided significant insights into craniofacial embryology. Orofacial development in the embryo is first demarcated by the appearance of the prechordal plate at the cranial end of the embryonic disk at the 14th day postconception (Sperber, 2001). This plate designates the site of the future mouth or stomodeum. The mesenchyme that provides the facial primordia is peculiarly of ectodermal derivation, arising from neural crest cells at the apices (crests) of the neural folds prior to neural tube formation (Fig. 1.1) (La Bonne and Bronner-Fraser, 1999; Lawson et al., 2001). The neural crest cells peculiarly disrupt the ectodermal-mesodermal boundary and migrate into the subjacent tissue as ectomesenchymal cells. Their migration and proliferation are fundamental in facial development. During their migration, they interact with the extracellular matrix and adjacent epithelia, which partly determines the patterning and nature of the derivative tissues they will form. These derivatives include neural, skeletal, connective, and muscular tissues (Sarkar et al., 2001).