bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Dependence of Young's Modulus of Vitreous Germania and Silica
Authors: Spinner S. , Cleek G. W. 
Published: April 2005

The temperature dependence of Young's modulus of vitreous GeO2 has been determined by a dynamic resonance method from −195°C to 540°C. The modulus increases with increasing temperature from about −120°C to 400°C. Below and above this range the modulus decreases with increasing temperature. Young's modulus for vitreous SiO2 also increases from about −190°C to 1175°C and decreases with increasing temperature outside this range.
In view of the similarity in structures and bond energies of these two materials, the similarity in the elastic modulus-temperature relations is believed to be significant; especially when contrasted with the lack of agreement in another commonly measured anharmonic property, thermal expansion.
Dislocations in Metal Crystals Grown from the Melt
Authors: Elbaum C. 
Published: April 2005

Dislocation densities and arrangements were studied, as a function of specimen thickness, in metal crystals grown from the melt. Aluminum crystals containing fewer than 104 dislocations per cm2 were produced by this method. The results of this study are consistent with the mechanism of collapsing vacancy disks for generating dislocations in crystals grown from the melt.
It was found, in aluminum, that below a dislocation density of about 106 lines per cm2, dislocations remain in a random network and do not form sub-boundary arrays. The range of effective interaction between dislocations, to form arrays, thus appears to be limited to the average distance between dislocations when the density is about 106 lines per cm2, or about 10 μ.
Negative Glow Plasma as a Cathode for Electron Tubes
Authors: Anderson J. M. , Harris L. A. 
Published: April 2005

The plasmas of the negative glow region of a cold-cathode discharge in helium and neon are examined for their ability to supply free electrons for operation of a ``vacuum'' amplifier tube. The plasma replaces the conventional oxide-coated hot cathode in a tube with closely-spaced fine-mesh grids. At gas pressures ∼1-mm Hg the volt-ampere characteristics of the amplifier portion of the total discharge tube are essentially the same as found in the high-vacuum, hot-cathode counterpart.The noise content of the plate current of the ``glow-cathode'' tube, defined by equivalent noise-diode current, was examined from 50 kc to 50 Mc. At the lower frequency this equivalent current is ∼10 times the actual plate current flowing. At frequencies approaching 50 Mc the equivalent current drops to a factor ∼0.5 and may be considerably lower for unexamined frequencies above 50 Mc.
Permanent Magnets Obtained by Drawing Compacts of Parallel Iron Wires
Authors: Levi F. P. 
Published: April 2005

A method of producing permanent magnets, which is believed to be novel, is briefly described. The method consists of drawing a compact containing parallel iron wires spaced by a copper alloy matrix until the iron wires become extremely small.
Intrinsic coercive forces of 400 oe have been measured in samples drawn from compacts in which the initial spacing between the iron wires corresponded to an iron packing fraction p of about 0.45. Annealing of cold-drawn samples generally increased both the coercive force and the squareness of the demagnetizing curve.
Reflection on the relationship between technology and caring
Authors: Johns Christopher 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTBeing attached to a piece of medical technology may cause patients physical and emotional distress. Critical care nurses need to empathize and respond to the patient's experience on being attached to all forms of medical equipment. The use of sedation must be carefully considered in response to agitation. Critical care is also palliative care. Compassion is a virtue.
Going home from ICU to die: a celebration of life*
Authors: Ryder‐Lewis Michelle 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThere is much literature regarding going home to die in terminally ill cancer patients however, little is written about withdrawing treatment at home in critical care. One intensive care unit's experience in New Zealand demonstrates how this can be done safely. The preparation of families and patients must be done with great care. There are challenges to be overcome including supportive resources in the community, staffing and safety of the patient and family. It is possible to withdraw/withhold treatment in a patient's home and this is highly valued by the families.
The effect of sample temperature on instrumental and sensory properties of mashed potato products
Authors: Canet Wenceslao , Dolores Alvarez María , Fernández Cristina , Estrella Tortosa María 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe effect of sample temperature on texture, firmness and the sensory attributes of fresh and frozen/thawed natural and commercial mashed potatoes was studied. Scanning electron microscopy was used to obtain information on the structure of potato cells and how this is affected by processing. Various parameters were measured and were found to increase at 55 °C, these changes could be related to gelatinisation of the starch remaining in the products. In natural mashed potato, texture profile analysis (TPA) and firmness parameters were lower in the processed than in the fresh samples, indicating a weakening of the structure; this was confirmed by photomicrographs. In commercial mashed potato, TPA parameters measured at 55 and 65 °C and firmness parameters measured at 25 °C were higher in the processed samples, indicating enhanced structural strength; this was confirmed by photomicrographs. Firmness per gram of product was the best instrumental parameter for measuring texture in these products. The results of the different analyses indicated that 55 °C was the preferred temperature for consumption of mashed potatoes.
Physico‐chemical, textural and sensory properties of a fried cookie system containing soy protein isolate
Authors: Lee Kyong‐Ae , Brennand Charlotte P. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryA fried cookie, with the local name of Yackwa, was prepared by partially replacing wheatflour with soy protein isolate (SPI). The physico‐chemical, textural and sensory characteristics were then investigated. The addition of SPI caused a decrease in fat content and an increase in the moisture and protein content of Yackwa. Dehydration and oil absorption during frying decreased as the level of SPI replacement increased. The dough consistency increased with addition of SPI and was highly correlated with dehydration and oil absorption. Colour determination showed that addition of SPI darkened the external and internal colour of Yackwa, probably because of browning caused by the Maillard reaction. The textural hardness increased with increasing SPI content. The addition of SPI made Yackwa darker, more cracked and liable to fracture, harder and less moist as perceived by sensory panellists. Up to 15% of the wheatflour could be replaced by SPI without diminishing acceptability.
Studies on the quality of Turkish flat breads based on blends of triticale and wheat flour
Authors: Coşkuner Yalçın , Karababa Erşan 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe effect of different levels of triticale flour on the rheological and sensory characteristics of a range of Turkish flat breads made with blends of triticale with two bread wheat cultivars (Kınacı 97 and Dag&#x030c;daş 94) was studied. Wheat flour was replaced with triticale flour at 20, 40, 50, 60 and 80% levels. Bread samples were tested for shape and symmetry, crust colour, crumb colour and structure, mouth‐feel, taste and aroma and flexibility. All bread types had high overall sensory scores and they were considered acceptable. Analysis of variance (anova) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Dag&#x030c;daş 94 and Triticale blends are more suitable than Kınacı 97 and Triticale blends for bazlama, yufka and lavash production. Results show that Triticale‐wheat flour blends can be successfully used for the production of flat breads. Dough and sensory properties of triticale‐wheat flour blends were highly cultivar specific and dependent on blend proportion.
The effects of different levels of non‐fat dry milk and whey powder on emulsion capacity and stability of beef, turkey and chicken meats
Authors: Kurt Sukru , Zorba Omer 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe effects of different concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50%) of either non‐fat dry milk (NFDM) or whey powder (WP) on emulsion capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES) of beef, chicken and turkey meats were studied by using a computer model system. The effects of meats types and additives (NFDM and WP) on EC and ES were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). Of the meats, chicken had the highest and beef the lowest values of EC and ES. When using different concentrations of WP and NFDM, 0.25% WP and 0.50% NFDM had the highest values of EC. The effect of different concentrations (0.25 and 0.50%) of WP was insignificant on ES; however, the effects of different concentrations (0.0, 0.25 and 0.50%) of NFDM were significant on ES.
The effect of intermittent shaking, headspace and temperature on the growth of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in stored apple juice
Authors: Walker Michelle , Phillips Carol Ann 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe presence of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in stored juices can be difficult to detect. In this study the effects of storage temperature, headspace and agitation of juice containers was investigated. The results indicate that the amount of headspace has a significant effect on growth of vegetative cells and spores of A. acidoterrestris at 35 °C. Intermittent shaking before sampling increased growth and therefore probable detection rates at 30 °C, Agitating containers and sampling from several areas within containers is therefore recommended for determining whether A. acidoterrestris is present or absent from stored juice, especially in large containers.
Effect of milling method on selected physical and functional properties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) paste
Authors: Singh Amandip , Hung Yen‐Con , Corredig Milena , Phillips Robert D. , Chinnan Manjeet S. , McWatters Kay H. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryParticle size distribution (PSD) of cowpea meal is an important determinant of paste functionality and end product quality. Samples from various mills and screen sizes were used to determine PSD, water‐holding capacity (WHC) and swelling capacity (SWC). Hammer mill (1.73 mm screen) meal had a geometric mean diameter (dgw) of 221 microns, whereas PM‐360 [plate mill with one complete turn (360°) of clearance] meal had a dgw of 1559 microns. All other milling processes resulted in meal with an intermediate particle size. To reduce the particle size of cowpea pastes, cowpea meals were hydrated to pre‐determined moisture contents, held for 15 min, and then blended in a blender before whipping. Blending increased the WHC and SWC of all samples.
Functional and sensory properties of chicken meat from spent‐hen carcasses deboned manually or mechanically in Jordan
Authors: Abdullah Basem , Al‐Najdawi Rula 
Published: April 2005

SummarySamples of chicken meat from spent laying hens were obtained by four different methods: (1) manual deboning of whole carcasses; (2) manual deboning of skinned carcasses; (3) mechanical deboning of whole carcasses; and (4) mechanical deboning of skinned carcasses. The meat was packaged, frozen and stored at −18 °C for up to 3 months. Functional properties studied were pH, emulsifying capacity (EC) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) and, in addition, pigment concentration was investigated. Sensory properties included aroma, colour, texture and overall acceptability, as judged by a trained panel using a nine‐point hedonic scale. Removal of the skin prior to deboning by either method gave significantly higher values (P < 0.05) for EC, while WHC values were not significantly different among the experimental treatments, despite higher pH values for mechanically‐deboned meat, with and without skin. Pigment concentrations were highest in meat from Treatment 4 and lowest for Treatment 1, but values for both methods of deboning were affected by the presence of skin. There were no significant differences between treatments for any of the sensory properties studied. Changes occurring in the meat during frozen storage are described.
The characterization of soybean varieties by fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Khatib Khaled A. , Herald Thomas J. , Muiño Pedro L. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryFluorescence spectroscopy was used to differentiate between β‐conglycinin (βC) and glycinin (G) fractions that were isolated from four food grade soybean varieties (Glycine max var. K1430, Hutcheson, K93‐90‐29, and KS4997) grown in the same location. The protein fractions were discriminated by using spectroscopic tryptophan fluorescence emission and synchronous scanning techniques that took advantage of the sensitivity of the chromophore to changes in the protein environment. The relative intensities of the βC and glycinin fluorescence ranged from 1.00 to 1.30 and 1.00 to 1.31 respectively. The intensities of the βC and glycinin synchronous fluorescence ranged from 1.00 to 1.45 and 1.00 to 1.30 respectively. The spectroscopic method proved to be an effective technique to differentiate between different soybean varieties.
Eating habits, smoking and toothbrushing in relation to dental caries: a 3‐year study in Swedish female teenagers
Authors: BRUNO‐AMBROSIUS K. , SWANHOLM G. , TWETMAN S. 
Published: April 2005

Summary.  Objectives.  The aims of the present study were to describe eating, toothbrushing and smoking habits in a cohort of Swedish female adolescents, and to relate the findings to dental caries increment.Design.  The research took the form of a longitudinal study.Subjects and methods.  The study sample consisted of a cohort of 162 girls under regular dental care, aged 12 years at baseline, who were followed for 3 years, from the sixth to the ninth grade. Eating, oral cleaning and smoking habits were self‐reported three times per year through a questionnaire, and caries data at baseline and after 3 years were collected from dental records.Results.  The results showed significantly (P < 0·05) impaired eating habits during the study period and that adherence to regular main meals diminished. In the eighth grade, one‐third of the girls skipped breakfast before school and only 50% had their free school lunch daily. The omission of breakfast and irregular main meals, as well as smoking were significantly associated with caries (decayed, missed and filled surfaces) increment in the eighth grade (odds ratio = 4·1–4·9, P < 0·05). Snacks, light meals, soft drinks and sweets were already frequently consumed at baseline and continued to be so over the years. Although > 95% of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, approximately 20% did not do it every evening, and this figure remained stable over the study period. However, snacks, soft drinks and sweets, and toothbrushing habits had no significant influence on caries development.Conclusion.  Dietary advice for caries prevention in adolescent girls should focus on the importance of retaining regular main meals, and especially, not skipping breakfast.
Acid‐etched and Erbium:Yttrium Aluminium Garnet laser‐treated enamel for fissure sealants: a comparison of microleakage
Authors: MOSHONOV J. , STABHOLZ A. , ZYSKIND D. , SHARLIN E. , PERETZ B. 
Published: April 2005

Summary.   Objectives.  A pilot study aimed to compare the microleakage of pit and fissure sealants in acid‐etched and Erbium:Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Er:YAG)‐treated enamel.Methods.  Forty permanent noncarious young molars and premolars, which were extracted for orthodontic reasons, were selected. The teeth were divided into four groups, with five molars and five premolars in each group. The groups were treated as follows: (1) group A – laser irradiation of the enamel of the occlusal surface without contact and in scanning mode was carried out using an Er:YAG laser, placement of sealant material, light curing, and thermocycling between 6° and 55 °C; (2) group B – the same as group A, but with no thermocycling; (3) group C – acid etching of the enamel surface, placement of sealant material, light curing and thermocycling; and (4) group D – the same as group C, but with no thermocycling. After being immersed in 1% methylene blue solution, all teeth were sectioned in the mesio‐distal dimension into four slices. Images of the slices were then scanned to a Macintosh G3 computer and examined for marginal leakage. Leakage was measured by the degree of dye penetration. Three independent examiners evaluated the dye penetration.Results.  No penetration of dye material was observed in any of the slices in any of the four groups by any of the examiners.Conclusions.  No difference in microleakage was seen between lasing or acid etching, and therefore, the results of the present study would suggest that the technique may be efficacious.
Dental emergencies presenting to a university‐based paediatric dentistry clinic in the West Indies
Authors: NAIDU R. S. , BOODOO D. , PERCIVAL T. , NEWTON J. T. 
Published: April 2005

Summary. Objectives.  The aims of the present study were to investigate the type and prevalence of dental emergencies presenting at a teaching hospital paediatric emergency clinic in Trinidad, and to describe the socio‐demographic factors related to the use of the service.Design and methods.   The authors used a prospective study of consecutive dental patients presenting to a paediatric emergency clinic. Data recorded included type of presenting emergency and socio‐demographic variables.Results.  Data were available for 309 participants; 47% were male and 53% female. The average age of the participants was 8·66 years (SD = 3·75 years; range = 1–16 years). Seventy‐three per cent of the participants’ parents were involved in manual work or unemployed, and 21% were in nonmanual/professional employment; the occupation was not known in 6% of cases. Caries‐related problems accounted for 74% of emergencies. Dental trauma mostly affected the upper permanent incisor teeth, with concussion, subluxation and intrusion being the most common injuries.Conclusion.  Dental emergencies presenting to this university‐based clinic were predominantly related to caries and trauma. The service was more frequently utilized by children in the mixed dentition stage, children from lower socioeconomic groups and those living in the local area. The frequency of caries‐related problems indicates the need for more community‐based preventive strategies, including encouraging greater attendance for routine dental care and dental health education. Strategies for oral health promotion should also be developed to prevent dental trauma.
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome in a 14‐year‐old boy: case report and review of the literature
Authors: PEREIRA C. M. , COLETTA R. D. , JORGE J. , LOPES M. A. 
Published: April 2005

Summary.  Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PSJ) is a relatively rare but well‐recognized condition, with a prevalence of approximately one in 120 000 births in the USA. It is generally inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although 35% of cases are new mutations. This disorder is characterized by melanocytic macules on the hands, feet, peri–oral skin and oral mucosa, and multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps. People with PSJ have an increased risk for developing a variety of malignant tumours. The aim of the present study was to report one case of PSJ in a 14‐year‐old boy with mucocutaneous pigmentation associated with duodenal hamartomatous polyps.
Danish dentists’ knowledge, attitudes and management of procedural dental pain in children: association with demographic characteristics, structural factors, perceived stress during the administration of local analgesia and their tolerance towards pain
Authors: RASMUSSEN J. K. , FREDERIKSEN J. A. , HALLONSTEN ANNA‐LENA , POULSEN SVEN 
Published: April 2005

Summary.  Objective.  The aim of the present study was to describe Danish dentists’ knowledge of, attitudes towards and management of procedural pain during paediatric dental care, and to assess the importance of demographic characteristics, structural factors, perceived stress during administration of local analgesia and the dentists’ own tolerance towards procedural dental pain.Design.  A cross‐sectional questionnaire study was conducted in Denmark in May 2001.Subjects and methods.  The subjects were a random sample of 30% of Danish dentists treating children. Usable information was obtained from 327 (80·3%) of the dentists in the sample.Results.  One‐quarter of the respondents answered that a 3–5‐year‐old child could report pain only with uncertainty. More than 80% of the dentists stated that they never compromised on painlessness. Very few agreed to the statement that children forget pain faster than adults. One‐third agreed to, or were neutral to, the statement that all restorative care in primary teeth could be performed painlessly using N2O‐O2 sedation alone. The majority of the respondents reported using three or more methods to assess the effect of their pain control methods. Almost 90% reported using local analgesia for restorative work ‘always’ or ‘often’. A similar proportion reported using topical analgesia before injection ‘always’ or ‘often’. Administering a mandibular block to preschool children was the procedure perceived as the most stressful (33·6%) pain control method. Demographic factors (gender), structural factors (always working alone and treating 3–5‐year‐old children daily), perceived stress during the administration of a mandibular block in preschool children and the dentists’ own willingness to accept potentially painful dental treatment without local analgesia were associated with knowledge of, attitudes towards and management of procedural dental pain in children.Conclusions.  Danish dentists treating children demonstrate concern about procedural dental pain in children. Factors amenable to change via training and reorganization into larger clinical units seem to determine their knowledge of, attitudes towards and management of procedural dental pain in children.
ANOMALOUS BIDDING IN SHORT‐TERM TREASURY BILL AUCTIONS*
Authors: Fleming Michael J. , Garbade Kenneth D. , Keane Frank 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe show that Treasury bill auction procedures create classes of price‐equivalent discount rates for bills with less than 72 days to maturity. We argue that it is inefficient for market participants to bid at a discount rate that is not the minimum rate in its class. The inefficiency of bidding at other than the minimum rate is related to a quantity shortfall rather than an unexploited profit opportunity. Auction results for weekly offerings of four‐week bills and occasional offerings of cash management bills show that market participants frequently bid at inefficient rates. However, they are more likely to bid at efficient rates than chance would suggest.
LIQUIDITY AND QUOTE CLUSTERING IN A MARKET WITH MULTIPLE TICK SIZES
Authors: Chung Kee H. , Kim Kenneth A. , Kitsabunnarat Pattanaporn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe analyze market liquidity (i.e., spreads and depths) and quote clustering using data from the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE), where the tick size increases with share price in a stepwise fashion. We find that stocks that are subject to larger mandatory tick sizes have wider spreads and less quote clustering. We also find that liquidity providers on the KLSE do not always quote larger depths for stocks with larger tick sizes. Overall, our results suggest that larger tick sizes for higher priced stocks are detrimental to market liquidity, although the adverse effect of larger tick sizes is mitigated by lower negotiation costs (i.e., less quote clustering).