bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design issues
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the basic types of repeated measurements designs were outlined in Section 1.3. In this chapter, I shall discuss some of the problems that may arise in planning a study and some ways to avoid them. I shall first look at two of the most important issues in designing a study, the calculation of sample size and the procedures of randomization. Next, I shall consider situations in which one may be required to draw marginal conclusions; this can raise especially difficult problems of design and interpretation. Another area of ambiguity arises with random effects models. In this text, I have used them simply as a procedure for constructing multivariate models. However, they are widely employed, often with a view to justifying the extrapolation of con elusions. The validity of such a procedure will depend on the design used. Still another topic, event history analysis, poses its own specific problems because, theoretically, one should monitor the units continuously to determine when events occur, although this is rarely actually possible. Finally, missing data and dropouts create even more serious problems for repeated measurements than in other areas of statistics.
Microparasite transmission and persistence
Authors: Swinton J , Woolhouse M E J , Begon M E , Dobson A P , Ferroglio E , Grenfell B T , Guberti V , Hails R S , Heesterbeek J A P , Lavazza A , Roberts M G , White P J , Wilson K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microparasites are those pathogens whose epidemiology can be usefully modelled with a classification of hosts into susceptible, immune, or recovered individuals. They generally include the viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. The epidemiology of micro- parasites of wildlife naturally has much in common with the better-established studies of microparasite dynamics in human and domestic animals. While much of the basic theory was established in the context of humans, there are a number of features of wildlife epidemiology that give it a particular flavour, including variability in host demography, such as seasonal variation in birth rates, and the significance of social structuring, such as territoriality versus group living.
Jacobi–Perron algorithm
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic references are Perron 1907, Bernstein 1971 and Schweiger 1973b (unfortunately the latter contains misprints and some errors). Kn+l : ={a= (ao, a1, … , an) : ao ≥ ai ≥ 0, ≤ 1 ≤ i ≤ n}. Then we define further The bottom map T which makes the diagram
Convergence and rational dependence
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will prove some results for Jacobi-Perron algorithm. Similar results are true for Podsypanin’s modification (Podsypanin 1977) and may be true for other multidimensional continued fractions, but a lot of details await verification.(Perron 1907): The Jacobi-Perron algorithm is not strongly convergent for n≥ 2. The case n ≥ 3 is easy.
Exploiting observed associations: manifest-variable models
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presence of associations between the variables of a multivariate system implies the existence of relationships among the variables, and the logical follow-on from the measurement of the associations is an investigation of these relationships. Often there is an implied predictive aim in the investigation, and formulating appropriate and parsimonious relationships among the variables is necessary for prediction. Various examples were cited in Chapter 14 to illustrate the different techniques concerned with measurement of association, and each one could give rise to a possible exercise in prediction. Thus we can readily envisage wanting to predict either the rainfall in the Northern region of Israel from knowledge of the rainfall in the other regions, or a person’s response on some physiological variables given his/her responses on other such variables (Section 14.3); to predict a child’s intelligence from his/her age and weight (Section 14.4); and to predict the head measurements of the second son in a family given the first son’s measurements (Section 14.5). Such predictive studies are among the most common sources of statistical involvement in scientific work, and examples abound in the literature: prediction of yield variables for crops from weather variables (Agriculture); prediction of physiological or biochemical responses from simple medical signs or symptoms (Medicine); prediction of criminological variables from socio-economic ones (Sociology). Even if prediction is not a primary concern, an appropriate expression of the relationships among the variables will assist in gaining a deeper understanding of, or extra insight into, the mechanism of the system.
Amazing mazes
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike most other mathematical problems, the study of mazes and labyrinths takes us into the dark territory of murder, suicide, adultery, passion, intrigue, religion, and conquest. Readers of a nervous disposition should proceed rapidly to the next chapter. However we encourage you to stay on, as this study will take us from the dawning of mathematical thought to the modern technology of digital electronics with many interesting diversions along the way. Solving mazes has traditionally been a source of recreation for all ages, but the mathematical techniques developed to accomplish the solution have applications to many important problems.
Dancing with mathematics
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the popular imagination, the mention of folk dancing conjures up many images. Brownies shuffling round an old church hall, while Brown Owl plays the piano and Tawny Owl sings encouragement. Morris dancers, decked out in flowers and ribbons and only slightly drunk, hitting each other on the head with large sticks. Mad Scotsmen, hurtling across the mountains, jumping on swords, and doing strange things with a haggis. This all seems rather remote from mathematical equations like. So why should mathematicians be at all interested in folk dancing? One possible explanation is that to the general public, mathematicians and folk dancers have one thing in common: they are eccentric, mad, and generally detached from reality. (Indeed it was Bernard Shaw who said that you should try anything once, apart from folk dancing.) But there is a much more significant connection between mathematics and folk dancing: both are concerned with patterns. To be precise we can think of a folk dance as the performance of a series of simple motions according to a set of rules. The purpose of these motions may seem strange at first but when combined together they can produce some wonderfully complex dances involving every girl or boy in the room. Indeed some of the best dances involve very complex patterns which marvellously simplify at the end of the dance so that you always end up with the same partner as the one you started with. If you watched such a dance from a bird’s eye view, you would see each dancer trace out an intricate path carefully interwoven with those of the other dancers. There in a nutshell is the basis for nearly all of the well-known traditional English, Scottish, and American dances such as Lucky Seven, Dashing White Sergeant, Nottingham Swing, Dorset Four Hand Reel, most square dances and, of course, the Hokey-Cokey (always a good dance to end an evening with, even if the mathematics behind it is a little simplistic). We shall show in this chapter that the patterns formed by the men and women in such dances are closely related to shapes like triangles and squares. Furthermore, the basic mathematics behind the patterns in a folk dance can also be applied to generate patterns in quite different areas, such as making up the tunes in bell-ringing, or knitting jumpers. This demonstrates the real power of good mathematics, that is the ability to transfer ideas rapidly from one area to a quite different one.
Magical mathematics
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us, if asked, would say that we like to watch magic and magic shows. If you were to think why you like magic you might come up with the following answers: magic shows are full of surprises, magic shows are dramatic, magic shows are mysterious, magic shows make you disbelieve the evidence of your own eyes, magic shows leave you wondering - how does the magician do that? Another feature of magic that adds to its mystery is that it is really hard to do well, and to put on a good magic show takes a lot of time and practice. There is also no absolute guarantee that all will go well on the night.
Practical aspects
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear modelling is a complex area of statistics that requires a solid basis, especially for data manipulation, specifying models, and drawing conclusions. Some of these fundamental problems will be considered here.
Data collected in medical studies can have very complex structures. For nonlinear models, unbalanced series of repeated measurements are often recorded on each subject. For example, these may be unequally spaced in time with different numbers of observations for each subject. Before even contemplating fitting any models, we must be able to manipulate the data easily and surely to ensure that we shall indeed really be fitting the models that we want. Nonstandard data structures are required.
Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pharmacokinetics involves the study of the course of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of some substance in a living body over time, usually relating it to the dose given. Thus, it is not concerned with what a drug does to the body, but only with how the drug moves through the body.
In order to model the concentration of some substance in the body over time, information must be collected from the body. Most often the substance of interest cannot be measured directly at the site of action so that its concentration in the blood or plasma is usually recorded.
The causes of cancer
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever the cause of cancer, chemical, physical, viral, or spontaneous, all cancers have in common changes of genes controlling the programme that regulates growth and differentiation of cells. Probably, the first person to see clearly the causal relation between defects in the genetic information of a cell, dysregulation of cellular proliferation, and malignant transformation was the eminent biologist, Theodor Bovery, Professor at the University of Würzburg. He wrote 1914, ‘In those cases, where the unconstrained tendency of cells to grow is the only phenomenon characterizing the disease, probably only the chromosomes (genes) which regulate cell division are either absent or are overactive’.
Sedation in the Imminently Dying Patient
Authors: Foley Raymond Voltz Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sedation in the imminently dying patient is an aspect of aggressive palliative care. It is most commonly a treatment option for refractory symptoms in a dying patient. The indication for sedation is dependent on several factors including the intractable nature of the symptoms, the articulated goals of care for comfort only, and the options for care. Sedation does not hasten death but is a commonly observed aspect of impending death. The goals of treatment, the methods used, and the decision making must be transparent and openly discussed, with guidelines focused on providing comfort and reducing suffering, not hastening death.
Copper: extracytoplasmic oxidases and matrix formation
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are five distinctive characteristics of the biochemistry of copper, four of which are chemical: Cu(II) is the most effective available divalent ion for binding to organic molecules (Fig. 2.8). Since this is in fair measure due to its electron affinity, it is also the best attacking acid available at around pH= 7, but it rarely used as such in organisms.
The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might well be thought that any doctor familiar with the facts outlined in preceding chapters would have no difficulty in diagnosing MS correctly, but this is far from being so. In some instances, the diagnosis is certainly obvious enough but even here some caution is advisable. In series of published case histories the average interval between the first symptom and diagnosis is several years. Early symptoms, such as pins and needles, even if persistent, are often ignored or, if the doctor is consulted, are misinterpreted. No general practitioner has much opportunity to obtain extensive personal experience of the more difficult aspects of the disease. When confronted by someone complaining of tingling or numbness of strange distribution, in whom no weakness or change in the reflexes conventionally examined can be found, it is possible that the patient, usually a young woman, might be being ‘hysterical’. The numbness complained of may be hard to detect by the usual methods of testing with pinpricks and cotton wool.
Coping with Multiple Scerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one who reads this chapter should think for a moment that everyone with MS must inevitably develop the more unpleasant symptoms described in this chapter. The existence of mild or ‘benign’ MS has been emphasized in earlier chapters. Everyone knows, however, that MS can be far from benign and it is those severely affected who are most in need of help in managing their lives.
Savannah Lives
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a lively, personal style, Savannah Lives offers an introduction to the African savannahs as home to a unique wildlife and as the context for the origin and evolution of the human species. After briefly explaining the geology of the African continent and the climatic changes that have shaped its vegetation, Staffan Ulfstr and describes how the savannah is constantly modified by fire, water, elephants - and people. Much of the book is taken up with describing the lives of some of the most charismatic savannah species and how they have evolved to cope with the environment they lived in. Ulfstrand goes on to explain how our knowledge of animals' behaviour and evolution can provide insights into much of our behaviour and modern life-style. The book is written for everyone who is interested in the natural history of savannahs, in their animal inhabitants, and in the human species. Most of all, it will appeal to anyone who has visited or hopes to visit the fabulous scenery and spectacular animal diversity of Africa´s savannahs.
Preliminaries
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book, X denotes a non-empty finite set. The sets of integers, rational numbers, real numbers, non-negative real numbers, and positive real numbers will be denoted by ℤ, ℚ, ℝ, ℝ≤0, and ℝ&lt;0, respectively. The collection of subsets of X is denoted by 2X.
Subtrees and supertrees
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central task in phylogenetics is to combine phylogenetic trees that classify overlapping sets of species into a single phylogenetic tree classifying the union of the sets of species. If possible, one would like the resulting parent tree to preserve all of the relationships that are shown in each of the initial phylogenetic trees. In this chapter, we formulate and examine this task for both the rooted and unrooted settings. As we shall see. the underlying concepts in this chapter are closely related to notions introduced earlier.
Neurocognitive deficits and first-episode schizophrenia: characterization and course
Authors: Bratti Irene M , Bilder Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely acknowledged that neurocognitive deficits are an important aspect of the schizophrenia syndrome. Clinicians increasingly recognize the pervasive impact these deficits may have on daily functioning, and there is a new optimism that neurocognitive deficits may be at least partially ameliorated by novel psychopharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. This chapter aims to describe the overall pattern of neurocognitive
Automorphisms Of Subfactors and Central Sequences
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As seen in Section 13.4, the orbifold construction gives new series of interesting subfactors as simultaneous fixed point algebras of finite group actions on the original subfactors. This construction suggests that automorphisms appearing in the orbifold construction have interesting operator algebraic properties. The aim of this chapter is to show that this is indeed the case. This chapter is mainly for operator algebraists.
A Perspective of Computational Fluid Dynamics Research at NASA
Authors: Thomas J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) algorithms and the future needs of industry are reviewed from the perspective of the NASA program in aeronautics. The role of NASA’s program in aeronautics is to pioneer the development of advanced, economically viable aircraft that have improved performance, have increased safety and reliability, and are environmentally compatible. CFD complements theory and experiment (i.e., both ground-based experiments and flight testing) in the design, development, and assessment of these aircraft. The CFD codes are used extensively as analysis and design tools in NASA programs focused on a particular class of vehicle, such as the High-Speed Research or Advanced Subsonic Technology Programs. The simulations from CFD codes provide pathfinder demonstrations of new technology and an improved understanding of flow phenomena for fundamental investigations in fluid mechanics. In many cases, CFD has been used to design new experimental facilities.
Computational Fluid Dynamics in Airplane Design – an Industrial Point of View
Authors: Rill S , Becker K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one studies the literature on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), focussing on the role that CFD plays in the aerodynamic design cycle, one will find several investigations that review that topic in the last decade. What makes it interesting, is the tremendous pace of the introduction of this new technology into the industrial aerodynamic design procedure in this timeframe. Very often, even the most optimistic projections of future CFD applications have been too conservative.
A Semi-staggered Residual Distribution Method for 2- and 3-D Steady Inviscid Compressible Flows
Authors: Catalano L A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few years, a great effort has been devoted by CFD researchers to develop new and more sophisticated compressible flow solvers which aim at modelling the complex multidimensional wave propagation more correctly than the standard 1-D solvers. Among these, the author has contributed to the development of a genuinely multidimensional upwind method for the solution of the Euler equations based on simple-wave decomposition models [l]: assuming a piece-wise linear distribution of the parameter vector [ineq] on a cell-vertex triangular grid, a set of five-to-six simple wave contributions to the flux-balance over each cell are analytically computed and then split to the downwind nodes of the cell itself by means of the fluctuation splitting N-scheme of [2]. The resulting first-order-accurate algorithm, accelerated by a standard FAS multigrid strategy using an optimal Runge-Kutta scheme as smoother [3] and combined with an adaptive grid-refinement technique [4], has been proven very accurate and efficient for solving complex flow problems in all regimes [1, 4, 5]. However, as demonstrated in [6], a model employing a number of waves higher than the number of equations fails in satisfying the linearity preservation property introduced in [2], which guarantees that all properties (order of accuracy, monotonicity) of the scalar space discretization schemes are retained when solving the entire system. As a consequence, the accuracy of the six-wave fluctuation splitting method is limited to first order, and a significant amount of numerical entropy is generated at solid walls. For such a reason, the extension to the solution of viscous flow problems seems unfeasible and the simple wave methodology has been recently abandoned in favour of using a characteristic decomposition model, which satisfies the linearity preservation property cited above.
Conservative Interface Algorithm for Overlapped Structured/Structured, Structured/Unstructured Grids
Authors: Wang Z J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multi-zonal overlapped grid approach (Chimera) provides a very powerful means of handling complex geometries in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). With Chimera, different zones (or blocks) can intersect each other in an arbitrary manner. Independent/modular grid generation and parts library of frequently used component grids become possible, drastically reducing the degree of difficulty and user time associated with grid generation. With its first introduction into CFD about a decade ago by Steger et al [15], and Benek et al [1], [2], Chimera has been extended to solve both steady and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for complex geometries ([8]—[9]). For example, transonic flow around the complete space shuttle vehicle with over 16 million grid points was simulated successfully in [11], and an unsteady flow around a tiltrotor helicopter under forward flight was solved with moving overlapped grids [9].
An Adaptive Finite Element Method for Turbulent Flow Simulations
Authors: Arnoux-Guisse F , Bonnin O , Sousa L Léal De , Nicolas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main problems that the finite element code N3S deals with are thermo-hydraulic problems concerning flows with heat transfers in the various components of nuclear power plants such as head adapter, reactor vessel, steam generator pipes. N3S has also been applied to various studies in flow configurations where the fluid is either compressible or incompressible such as external aerodynamics (flow around vehicles or in the urban environment). Specific applications required complementary developments like turbomachinery, flow around cooling towers.
A Temporal Refinement Algorithm for Unstructured Mesh Methods
Authors: Batten P , Lambert C , Toro E F , Saunders R , Causon D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years a number of promising new adaptive spatial refinement techniques have been developed for the numerical solution of partial differential equations on both structured and unstructured meshes[2, 1, 6, 4]. The use of dynamic local mesh adaption within a Cartesian mesh framework has proved extremely powerful in simulating a number of unsteady flows involving moving shock waves[2, 5, 3]. Aside from the obvious benefit of providing greater resolution for a fixed computational cost, the success of these adaptive Cartesian mesh methods can be attributed to the use of matured, high resolution total variation diminishing type schemes and the application of temporal refinement, a technique which allows different regions of the physical domain to advance with different time steps. Whilst bounded higher order methods for unstructured elements are continuing to improve, temporal refinement appears to be continuing an exclusive deployment in adaptive Cartesian mesh methods.