bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical gene diversity and genetic structure of tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Murty J. S. , Muralidhar B. , Goud J. D. , Rao P. Jagan Mohan , Babu B. Ramesh , Rao V. Srinivas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGene diversity and genetic structure of tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, India, have been analyzed under a hierarchical model consisting of five regions of the state, tribes within the regions, and local subpopulations within the tribes. Average gene diversity has been estimated from gene frequency data for 15 polymorphic loci by using nested gene diversity analysis of GST. The intralocation coefficient of gene diversity was estimated at 96% of the total, whereas the intertribal, within—and between—regional gene diversities were found to be only 1.90, 0.95, and 1.43%, respectively. The estimate of gene diversity was higher for loci with higher degrees of polymorphism such as ABO, MN, ESD, and PTC and lower for loci with low‐level polymorphism and extreme gene frequencies such as Hb, Tf, PHI, 6PGD, and Hp. The nature of selective preference or neutrality at the loci seems to be important in this respect. Tribes of the plains exhibit the least gene diversity, apparently because of higher gene flow among them. The contribution of loci with intermediate gene frequencies in intertribal and regional gene diversity was found to be higher than for loci with extreme allelic frequencies. These results suggest that the most significant component of variation is between individuals within locations and that variation between local subpopulations is negligible in the genetic structure of a population. Forces like selection, gene flow and drift also influence the diversity depending upon the nature of the locus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and testosterone levels in normal males
Authors: Jamison Cheryl Sorenson , Meier Robert J. , Campbell Benjamin C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDermatoglyphic prints and salivary samples were taken on a sample of 39 adult males. A statistical relationship between dermatoglyphic asymmetry and adult testosterone levels as measured in saliva was examined for seven dermatoglyphic variables by means of correlation, regression, and analysis of covariance, controlling for age and stature when necessary. The first two types of analyses indicated a significant effect of testosterone level upon the asymmetry of three dermatoglyphic variables: a‐b ridge count, palmar pattern intensity, and the combined pattern intensity of palm and digits. Analysis of covariance, which examined the effect of testosterone level as a categorical variable, while holding age or stature constant, demonstrated the asymmetry of five variables to be significantly affected by testosterone level: radial digital count, digital pattern intensity, palmar pattern intensity, total digital ridge count, and the combined palmar and digital intensity. Although there is as yet only associational evidence linking levels of prenatal and secondary testosterone, the results of the present study lend support to the hypothesis that prenatal testosterone levels may have a significant effect on the development of dermatoglyphics. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex determination of infant and juvenile skeletons: I. Morphognostic features
Authors: Schutkowski Holger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAncient cemeteries are often characterized by a considerable number of infants and young children. Sex differences in childhood mortality, however, could rarely be studied up to now, mainly because there were only few proven traits for sexual determination of immature skeletons. Based on a historic sample of sixty‐one children of known sex and age from Spitalfields, London (37 boys, 24 girls), sexually distinctive traits in the mandible and ilium are presented for morphognostic diagnosis. Besides other features, boys typically show a more prominent chin, an anteriorly wider dental arcade, and a narrower and deeper sciatic notch than girls. Most of the traits presented in this study allow individuals between birth and five years of age to be successfully allocated to either sex in 70–90% of the cases. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Logarithmic transformation bias in allometry
Authors: Smith Richard J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been known for some time (DJ Finney, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Suppl. 7:155–161, 1941) that transformation of an arithmetic data set to logarithms results in biased estimates when predicted values from a leastsquares regression are detransformed back to arithmetic units. Predicted values are estimates of the geometric mean of the dependent variable at that value of the independent variable, rather than the arithmetic mean. Since the geometric mean is always less than the arithmetic mean, detransformed predictions will underestimate the value in question. This bias affects the interpretations of allometric equations used for estimation, such as predicting fossil body mass from skeletal dimensions, and applications of allometry as a “criterion of subtraction,” in which residual variation is evaluated.A number of parametric and nonparametric corrections for transformation bias have been developed. Although this problem is relatively unexplored in mammalian morphometrics, it has received considerable attention in other disciplines that use power functions structurally identical to the allometric equation. Insights into transformation bias and the use of correction terms from economics, limnology, forestry, and hydrology are reviewed and interpreted for application to mammalian allometry. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hominoid heterochromatin: Terminal C‐bands as a complex genetic trait linking chimpanzee and gorilla
Authors: Marks Jonathan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe genetic relations of the apes have been the source of contention throughout the last decade. A potentially useful suite of phylogenetic characters is the distribution of darkly staining material (heterochromatin) in the chromosomes of the apes. While the precise etiology of this character suite remains unclear, it appears to be fairly easily reconciled to hominoid phylogeny in general. The distribution of heterochromatin at the tips of the chromosomes of gorillas and chimpanzees suggests a phylogenetic association between those two taxa exclusive of humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occipital lesions: A possible cost of cradleboards
Authors: Holliday Diane Young 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis examination of a Mimbres‐Mogollon pueblo skeletal sample reveals a surprising percentage of individuals with occipital lesions. Each lesion is located in the approximate center of the squama immediately superior to the external occipital protuberance. Notably, no child over the age of 1 year exhibits a lesion that would have been active at the time of death, but a number of older children and adults exhibit evidence of healed lesions in this same area on the occipital. The restricted nature of these lesions, in terms of both their locations and ages of those actively affected, suggests that the use of cradleboards may have been at least a contributing, if not initiatory, factor in their creation. Specifically, this study suggests that the pressure and friction of an infant's head against a cradleboard may have 1) produced ischemic ulcers, 2) produced the conditions favorable for bacterial infections such as impetigo or carbuncles, or 3) complicated the treatment of other infections appearing on the back of the scalp. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elastic properties of human supraorbital and mandibular bone
Authors: Dechow P. C. , Nail G. A. , Schwartz‐Dabney C. L. , Ashman R. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractElastic constants, including the elastic modulus, the shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio, were measured on human craniofacial bone specimens obtained from the supraorbital region and the buccal surfaces of the mandibles of unembalmed cadavers. Constants were determined using an ultrasonic wave technique in three directions relative to the surface of each sample: 1) normal, 2) tangential, and 3) longitudinal. Statistical analysis of these elastic constants indicated that significant differences in the relative proportions of elastic properties existed between the regions. Bone from the mandible along its longitudinal axis was stiffer than bone from the supraorbital region. Directional differences in both locations demonstrated that cranial bone was not elastically isotropic. It is suggested that differences in elastic properties correspond to regional differences in function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing human tooth length between birth and 5.4 years
Authors: Liversidge H. M. , Dean M. C. , Molleson T. I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMost previous studies of tooth development have used fractional stages of tooth formation to construct growth standards suitable for aging juvenile skeletal material. A simple alternative for determining dental age is to measure tooth length throughout development. In this study, data on tooth length development are presented from 63 individuals of known age at death, between birth and 5.4 years, from an archeological population recovered from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. Isolated developing teeth (304 deciduous, 269 permanent) were measured in millimeters and plotted against individual age. Regression equations to estimate age from a given tooth length, are presented for each deciduous maxillary and mandibular tooth type and for permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and first permanent molars. Data on the earliest age of root completion of deciduous teeth and initial mineralization and crown completion of some permanent teeth in this sample are given, as well as the average crown height and total tooth length from a small number of unworn teeth. This method provides an easy, quantitative and objective measure of dental formation appropriate for use by archeologists and anthropologists. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: Whose choice?
Authors: Manson Joseph H. , Perry Susan E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhether nonhuman primates avoid copulating with close kin living in their social group is controversial. If sexual aversion to relatives occurs, it should be stronger in females than in males because of females' greater investment in each offspring and hence greater costs resulting from less viable offspring. Data presented here show that adult male rhesus macaques breeding in their natal groups at Cayo Santiago experienced high copulatory success, but copulated less with females of their own matrilineages than with females of other matrilineages. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods. Although natal males sometimes courted their relatives, examination of two measures of female mate choice showed that females chose unrelated natal males over male kin. Female aversion to male kin was specific to the sexual context; during the birth season, females did not discriminate against their male relatives in distributing grooming. Evolved inbreeding avoidance mechanisms probably produce different outcomes at Cayo Santiago than in wild rhesus macaque populations. Gender differences in sexual aversion to relatives may be partly responsible for differences between studies in reported frequency of copulations by related pairs. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four‐million‐year‐Old hominids from East Lake Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Coffing Katherine , Feibel Craig , Leakey Meave , Walker Alan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA piece of mandible and several isolated teeth are reported from fluviatile sediments older than 4 million years at East Lake Turkana. They most closely resemble hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania and Hadar, Ethiopia which have been assigned to Australopithecus afarensis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vertebral arthritis and physical activities in the prehistoric Southeastern United States
Authors: Bridges Patricia S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVertebral arthritis is examined in a prehistoric Native American sample from northwestern Alabama. Both osteophytosis (OP) of the vertebral bodies and osteoarthritis (OA) of the apophyseal facets are highest in the lumbar vertebrae, followed by the cervical and thoracic segments, although differences are much more striking in OP. OA is bilaterally asymmetric, with greater prevalence on the right side in the upper thoracic region. Much of the patterning seen in arthritis in this and other samples is due to the stresses imposed by spinal curvature and weight‐bearing due to our erect posture. In addition, handedness is the probable cause of asymmetry in OA. However, the high levels of cervical OP are unexpected, and may be due to use of the tumpline in carrying burdens. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degrees of freedom in interspecific allometry: An adjustment for the effects of phylogenetic constraint
Authors: Smith Richard J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe data used in studies of bivariate interspecific allometry usually violate the assumption of statistical independence. Although the traits of each species are commonly treated as independent, the expression of a trait among species within a genus may covary because of shared common ancestry. The same effect exists for genera within a family and so on up the phylogenetic hierarchy. Determining sample size by counting data points overestimates the effective sample size, which then leads to overestimating the degrees of freedom that should be used in calculating probabilities and confidence intervals. This results in an inflated Type 1 error rate.Although some workers (e.g., Felsenstein [1985] Am. Nat.125:1–15) have suggested that this issue may invalidate interspecific allometry as a comparative method, a correction for the problem can be approximated with variance components from a nested analysis of variance. Variance components partition the total variation in the data set among the levels of the nested hierarchy. If the variance component for each nested level is weighted by the number of groups at that level, the sum of these values is an estimate of an effective sample size for the data set which reflects the effects of phylogenetic constraint. Analysis of two data sets, using taxonomy to define levels of the nested hierarchy, suggests that it has been common for published studies of interspecific allometry to severely overestimate the number of degrees of freedom.Interspecific allometry remains an important comparative method for evaluating questions concerning individual species that are not similarly addressed by the format of most of the newer comparative methods. With the correction proposed here for estimating degrees of freedom, the major statistical weakness of the procedure is substantially reduced. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone remodeling rates: A test of an algorithm for estimating missing osteons
Authors: Stout Sam D. , Paine Robert R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrost (1987a) proposed an algorithm for estimating the number of missing osteons that correspond to observed osteon population densities (OPD). Such an algorithm should allow more accurate estimates of bone remodeling rates for skeletal remains for which in vivo labeling is not possible. In order to validate the algorithm, it was tested on an autopsy sample of 44 ribs. Estimates of activation frequency. (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \mu }\limits^ - $\end{document}RC) and bone remodeling rate (Vf,r,t) using the new algorithm are in reasonable agreement with age‐matched tetracycline‐based values. Although mean values for activation frequencies (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \mu }\limits^ - $\end{document}RC) and bone formation rate (Vf,r,t) generated by the algorithm were generally lower, they fell below 1 standard error for only an age category that included all ages above the 5th decade. It is now appropriate to apply the algorithm to archaeological skeletal remains. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel hypoplasia and age at weaning in 19th‐century Florence, Italy
Authors: Moggi‐Cecchi Jacopo , Pacciani Elsa , Pinto‐Cisternas Juan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA sample representing a population of the Florence district of middle 19th century was studied to determine the age of occurrence of enamel hypoplasias. The age interval most affected was that between 1.5 and 3.5 years. Historical sources on weaning habits of 19th‐century Italian populations indicate a weaning period between 12 and 18 months. This is in agreement with the data on enamel defects, showing that children of post‐weaning age are more subject to stress. Wide “grooves”, with prolonged duration, are concentrated between 2 and 2.5 years, whereas “lines” occur primarily between 2.5 and 3 years. We suggest that this distribution could reflect the gradual introduction of dietary supplements until weaning is complete. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) share similar ancestral centromeric alpha satellite DNA sequences but other fractions of heterochromatin differ considerably
Authors: Luke Sunny , Verma Ram S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe euchromatic regions of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) genome share approximately 98% sequence similarity with the human (Homo sapiens), while the heterochromatic regions display considerable divergence. Positive heterochromatic regions revealed by the CBG‐technique are confined to pericentromeric areas in humans, while in chimpanzees, these regions are pericentromeric, telomeric, and intercalary. When human chromosomes are digested with restriction endonuclease AluI and stained by Giemsa (AluI/Giemsa), positive heterochromatin is detected only in the pericentromeric regions, while in chimpanzee, telomeric, pericentromeric, and in some chromosomes both telomeric and centromeric, regions are positive. The DA/DAPI technique further revealed extensive cytochemical heterogeneity of heterochromatin in both species. Nevertheless, the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (FISH) using a centromeric alpha satellite cocktail probe revealed that both primates share similar pericentromeric alpha satellite DNA sequences. Furthermore, cross‐hybridization experiments using chromosomes of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) suggest that the alphoid repeats of human and great apes are highly conserved, implying that these repeat families were present in their common ancestor. Nevertheless, the orangutan's chromosome 9 did not cross‐hybridize with human probe.The euchromatic regions of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) genome share approximately 98% sequence similarity with the human (Homo sapiens), while the heterochromatic regions display considerable divergence. Positive heterochromatic regions revealed by the CBG‐technique are confined to pericentromeric areas in humans, while in chimpanzees, these regions are pericentromeric, telomeric, and intercalary. When human chromosomes are digested with restriction endonuclease AluI and stained by Giemsa (AluI/Giemsa), positive heterochromatin is detected only in the pericentromeric regions, while in chimpanzee, telomeric, pericentromeric, and in some chromosomes both telomeric and centromeric, regions are positive. The DA/DAPI technique further revealed extensive cytochemical heterogeneity of heterochromatin in both species. Nevertheless, the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (FISH) using a centromeric alpha satellite cocktail probe revealed that both primates share similar pericentromeric alpha satellite DNA sequences. Furthermore, cross‐hybridization experiments using chromosomes of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) suggest that the alphoid repeats of human and great apes are highly conserved, implying that these repeat families were present in their common ancestor. Nevertheless, the orangutan's chromosome 9 did not cross‐hybridize with human probe. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Habitat, annual, and seasonal effects on positional behavior in red colobus monkeys
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Chapman Colin A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPositional behavior in adult red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius) was examined in a variety of ecological contexts. Using a focal‐animal methodology, we assessed how data collected by different observers, in different years, in different seasons, and in different forests affected estimates of positional behavior. In all, 23,000 bouts were recorded. Variation in frequency is greatest in the common behaviors, especially arboreal quadrupedalism. Significant behavioral differences occur more often in the context of different forests than in annual or seasonal comparisons. The activity of feeding exhibits the largest frequency changes across positional behavior and ecological context. In all, red colobus monkeys exhibit substantial amounts of flexibility in positional behavior across different ecological contexts. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability of reliability coefficients in the estimation of asymmetry
Authors: Fields S. J. , Spiers M. , Hershkovitz I. , Livshits G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough promising to provide insight into the interaction between genotype and environment, investigations into fluctuating asymmetry suffer from a lack of standardization in the reporting of measurement error. In the present paper we show, using both anthropometric and odonto‐metric data, that the use of the reliability coefficient calculated for a bilateral measurement provides no indication of the reliability of the corresponding asymmetry estimate, because reliability of asymmetry depends on the relationship between measurement error and the difference between sides. Thus, we suggest that future investigations either provide reliability coefficients for asymmetry estimates specifically, or use methods that account for measurement error. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical remodeling data are affected by sampling location
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan , Lazenby Richard , Chiang James 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been argued that techniques for estimating adult ageat‐death from cortical histology are deleteriously affected by sampling location. This study uses nine complete femoral midshaft cross‐sections to test the effect of sampling site on measurement of a standard histological variable, percent remodeled bone. Circumferential periosteal fields from four anatomically defined locations (anterior, posterior, medial, lateral) and four mechanically defined locations (maximum and minimum moments of area) were evaluated. Locations deviating from the periosteal surface toward the endosteal surface were also compared. Significant differences were found for both location and field placement. The anatomical axes exhibited greater variability than the mechanical axes, in particular the anterior location, a standard sampling site for age‐at‐death estimation techniques. More endosteal fields tended to show elevated levels of percent remodeled bone. This study demonstrates that circumferential and radial sampling locations are important considerations in deriving and applying predictive equations based on cortical remodeling. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.