bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA footprints of European hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus and E. concolor: Pleistocene refugia, postglacial expansion and colonization routes
Authors: Seddon J. M. , Santucci F. , Reeve N. J. , Hewitt G. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEuropean hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus and E. concolor, are among the many European plant and animal taxa that have been subjected to cyclical restriction to glacial refugia and interglacial expansion. An analysis of 95 mitotypes, comprising partial cytochrome b and control region sequences, shows deep divergence between the two hedgehog species. Three europaeus and two concolor clades are clearly identified and are consistent with previously identified refugia for Europe: the Iberian peninsula, Italy, and the Balkans. The degree of mitochondrial divergence among these clades suggests pre‐Pleistocene separation of the refugial populations. In contrast, analysis of two nuclear introns clearly separates the two concolor clades, as in the mitochondrial data, but cannot discriminate the three europaeus clades. This discrepancy between nuclear and mitochondrial data is attributed to historical differences in the refugial population size of europaeus and concolor. The geographical distribution of mitotypes is analysed using nested clade analysis. This method, by including unobserved (‘missing’) mitotypes, can identify mitotype groupings that remain undetected in conventional analyses. However, the application of nested clade analysis to the study of refugial populations may be hampered by such factors as the loss of haplotypes from the refugial areas by repeated contractions of the population and the recent time scale of colonization relative to mutation rate.
Origin and radiation of Southern Hemisphere coastal dolphins (genus Cephalorhynchus)
Authors: Pichler F. B. , Robineau D. , Goodall R. N. P. , Meÿer M. A. , Olivarría C. , Baker C. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe genus Cephalorhynchus (Gray 1846) consists of four species of small coastal dolphins distributed in cool temperate waters around the Southern Hemisphere. Each species is sympatric with other members of the subfamily Lissodelphininae but widely separated from other congeners. To describe the origin and radiation of these species, we examined 442 bp of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of 307 individuals from the genus Cephalorhynchus and compared these to sequences from other members of the subfamily Lissodelphininae. We investigate the hypotheses that Cephalorhynchus is a monophyletic genus or, alternatively, that the four species have arisen separately from pelagic Lissodelphine species and have converged morphologically. Our results support the monophyly of Cephalorhynchus within the Lissodelphininae and a pattern of radiation by colonization. We confirm a pattern of shallow but diagnosable species clades with Heaviside’s dolphin as the basal branch. We further examine the monophyly of maternal haplotypes represented by our large population sample for each species. Based on this phylogeographic pattern, we propose that Cephalorhynchus originated in the waters of South Africa and, following the West Wind Drift, colonized New Zealand and then South America. The Chilean and Commerson’s dolphins then speciated along the two coasts of South America, during the glaciation of Tierra del Fuego. Secondary radiations resulted in genetically isolated populations for both the Kerguelen Island Commerson’s dolphin and the North Island Hector’s dolphin. Our results suggest that coastal, depth‐limited odontocetes are prone to population fragmentation, isolation and occasionally long‐distance movements, perhaps following periods of climatic change.
Genetic diversity across natural populations of three montane plant species from the Western Ghats, India revealed by intersimple sequence repeats
Authors: Deshpande A. U. , Apte G. S. , Bahulikar R. A. , Lagu M. D. , Kulkarni B. G. , Suresh H. S. , Singh N. P. , Rao M. K. V. , Gupta V. S. , Pant A. , Ranjekar P. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe analysed genetic diversity across the natural populations of three montane plant species in the Western Ghats, India;Symplocos laurina,Gaultheria fragrantissimaandEurya nitidausing intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. These markers revealed genetic diversity within the populations of these plants from Nilgiri and also between two populations ofS. laurinafrom Nilgiri and Amboli. Genetic variation within and between populations was analysed using various parameters such as total heterozygosity (HT), heterozygosity within population (HS), diversity between populations (DST), coefficient of population differentiation (GST), genetic distance (D) and gene flow (Nm). Total heterozygosity (HT) was higher forS. laurina(0.238) than forG. fragrantissima(0.172) andE. nitida(0.182). Two populations ofS. laurina, separated by > 1000 km, showed a high within‐population variation (53.7%) and a low gene flow (Nm = 0.447).upgmaphenograms depicted a tendency of accessions to group according to their geographical locations in all the three plant species. The insight gained into the genetic structure of these plant populations might have implications in developingin situandex situconservation strategies.
Population genetic structure ofTomicus piniperdaL. (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) on different pine species and validation ofT. destruens(Woll.)
Authors: Kerdelhué Carole , Roux‐Morabito Géraldine , Forichon Julien , Chambon Jean‐Michel , Robert Annelaure , Lieutier François 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGenetic diversity and population structure ofTomicus piniperdawas assessed using mitochondrial sequences on 16 populations sampled on 6 pine species in France. Amplifications of Internal transcribed space 1 (ITS1) were also performed. Our goals were to determine the taxonomic status of the Mediterranean ecotypeT. piniperda destruens, and to test for host plant or geographical isolation effect on population genetic structure. We showed thatT. piniperdaclusters in two mtDNA haplotypic groups. Clade A corresponds to insects sampled in continental France onPinus sylvestris,P. pinasterandP. uncinata, whereas clade B gathers the individuals sampled in Corsica onP. pinasterandP. radiataand in continental France onP. pineaandP. halepensis. Insects belonging to clade A and clade B also consistently differ in the length of ITS1. Individuals belonging to both clades were found once in sympatry onP. pinaster. Genetic distances between clades are similar to those measured between distinct species ofTomicus. We concluded that clade B actually corresponds to thedestruensecotype and forms a good species,T. destruens. Analyses of molecular variance (amova) were conducted separately onT. destruensandT. piniperdato test for an effect of either geographical isolation or host species. Interestingly, the effect of host plant was significant forT. piniperdaonly, while the effect of geographical isolation was not. Pine species therefore seems to act as a significant barrier to gene flow, even if host race formation is not observed. These results still need to be confirmed by nuclear markers.
Longitudinal evaluation of anthracycline cardiotoxicity by signal‐averaged electrocardiography in children with cancer
Authors: FukuMi Daichi , Uchikoba Yohko , Maeda Miho , Ogawa Shunichi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Background
: The aim of the present study was to investigate the detection of anthracycline cardiotoxicity by signal‐averaged electrocardiography (SAE) in children with cancer.
Methods
: There were 29 patients with a cumulative
anthracycline (ATC) dose of 75−600 mg/m2.
None of them had congestive heart failure. Patients underwent SAE
just before (detection of chronic cardiotoxicity) and just after
(detection of acute cardiotoxicity) ATC therapy. Echocardiography
and Holter electrocardi­o­graphy were performed
at the same time. The rates of abnormal SAE, echocardiography, and
electrocardiogram findings were calculated and compared for every
100 mg/m2 of ATC.
Results
: The SAE showed a significantly higher
detection rate for acute cardiotoxicity was at a cumulative ATC
dose of less than 400 mg/m2 when compared
with other methods (P < 0.05).
The lowest dose at which acute cardiotoxicy was detected by SAE
was 117.3 mg/m2. The detection of chronic
cardiotoxicity by SAE was significantly higher at a cumulative ATC
dose of 100−400 mg/m2 when
compared with other methods (P < 0.05),
and the lowest value showing toxicity was 373.3 mg/m2.
The lowest ATC dose causing chronic cardiotoxicity was significantly
lower in patients less than 2‐years‐old (120.0 ± 28.3 mg/m2)
than in the other age groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
: Acute and chronic ATC cardiotoxicity were detected by SAE at lower cumulative doses compared with other methods. The technique of SAE was a potentially useful method for detection of cardiotoxicity among those investigated and it provides useful information on subclinical cardiac dysfunction in patients receiving ATC therapy.
Integrated Assessment of Male Infertility and Decision on Application of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Based on Male Factor Index (MFI) Combining Multiple Semen‐parameters
Authors: Jinno Masao , Sato Manabu , Hoshiai Toshihisa , Sugawara Akihiro , Iwashita Mitsutoshi , Nakamura Yukio 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: An integrated assessment of male infertility based on several parameters and the decision on ICSI application.Methods: Significant sperm parameters were selected and a male factor index(MFI) was devised in retrospective analyses of 271 IVF cycles (study I). The effectiveness of MFI was prospectively examined in 546 IVF cycles (study II). Finally, 54 cycles of ICSI were performed in patients with a 0 MFI (study III).Results: In study I, Significant correlations(R2 = 0.627) were demonstrated between the rate of fertilization by human IVF and five parameters (sperm concentration, motility, proportion of sperm with strictly normal morphology, hamster test, and the serum concentration of FSH). In study II, significant differences were observed among three groups of patients with 0, 1–2 and 3–5 MFI (20, 95 and 431 cycles, respectively) in the rates of fertilization (26.5, 51.3 and 65.2%, respectively), embryo transfer (30, 78 and 92.6%, respectively), and ongoing pregnancy (0, 18 and 28.3%, respectively). The rate of abortion was significantly higher in patients with a 0 MFI than in ones with an MFI of 1 to 5 (100 and 19%, respectively). In study III, ICSI significantly improved the rates of fertilization, embryo transfer, ongoing pregnancy and abortion (63.0, 98, 26 and 6.7%, respectively) in patients with a 0 MFI.Conclusion: MFI is useful in predicting IVF outcomes and patients with MFI 0 should be treated by ICSI.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma and strumal carcinoid tumor arising in one mature cystic teratoma of the ovary with synchronous cervical cancer
Authors: Kim Seok Mo , Choi Ho Sun , Byun Ji Soo , Kim Yoon Ha , Kim Kyoung Seon , Rim So Yi , Kim Hyung Rok , Nam Jong Hee , Choi Yoo Duk 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMalignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma is an uncommon complication. While any of the constituent tissues of a teratoma has the potential to undergo malignant transformation, squamous cell carcinoma is the most commonly associated cancer. We present an unusual case of a postmenopausal woman with synchronous mucinous adenocarcinoma and strumal carcinoid tumor from one of two ovarian mature cystic teratomas (one in each ovary) with synchronous cervical cancer. We suggest that malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma and synchronous cervical cancer be treated by hysterectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
Conditioning of cellular defence responses to powdery mildew in cereal leaves by prior attack
Authors: Lyngkjær M. F. , Carver T. L. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractField‐grown plants sequentially encounter many different fungal pathogens and nonpathogens that are capable of triggering an array of responses that may affect the subsequent level of disease they develop following later pathogen attack. These changes, which are induced by prior encounters, may be manifest as increased susceptibility or enhanced resistance to later pathogen attack; they may be expressed systemically or their effects may be localized within a few cells distance of the original encounter site. Here, we review our recent investigations of cellular changes effected by sequential inoculations of cereal leaves with the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis DC.In susceptible barley and oats, a successful B. graminis attack followed by haustorium formation, renders the attacked cell, and to some extent its adjacent cells, highly accessible to later B. graminis attacks. By contrast, a failed attack due to papilla formation by the attacked host cells, renders the attacked cell and its adjacent cells highly inaccessible to later B. graminis attacks. Importantly, barley carrying the mlo5 allele for powdery mildew resistance is also conditioned to accessibility if prior attacks by an mlo‐virulent isolate penetrates successfully. In the partial resistant oat cultivar Maldwyn B. graminis attacks either succeeded, failed due to papilla deposition, or failed because the attacked host cells died in response to the attacks. Sequential inoculation of Maldwyn demonstrated the induction of accessibility and inaccessibility, as well as a complete suppression of cell death response to attack where the cells had survived an earlier attack. Furthermore, when a prior attack induced cell death, a later attack on adjacent cells caused greatly increased rate of cell death, demonstrating potentiation of cell death. The importance of the induced cellular changes for plant resistance in the field is discussed.
Characterization of a gene (sp1) encoding a secreted protein from Leptosphaeria maculans, the blackleg pathogen of Brassica napus
Authors: Wilson Leanne M. , Idnurm Alexander , Howlett Barbara J. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYA gene (sp1) encoding a 12.3 kDa protein with a predicted secretion signal has been characterized from Leptosphaeria maculans, the dothideomycete that causes blackleg disease of canola (Brassica napus). This protein (SP1) contains four cysteine residues and shows a high sequence similarity to proteins from other ascomycetes. L. maculans sp1 has been placed on genetic and physical maps. This gene is expressed during the infection of B. napus cotyledons 10 days post‐inoculation, coinciding with detection of the constitutively expressed fungal gene, β‐tubulin. L. maculans sp1, along with opsin and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, is light regulated. A recombinant SP1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli and a crude protein fraction secreted by L. maculans induced an autofluorescence response on B. napus leaves. The sp1 gene was mutated by targeted gene disruption whereby a hygromycin resistance gene was inserted. Such mutants caused similar‐sized lesions on B. napus cotyledons as those caused by the wild‐type isolate, indicating that sp1 is not crucial for pathogenicity of L. maculans on B. napus. This is the first report of disruption of this gene in any fungus.
What does the British Library do for medical librarians?
Authors: DALE PETER 
Published: March 2003

The author contends that most librarians are not fully aware of all the many and varied services offered by the British Library. In this article he outlines all of the services which are designed to help medical librarians. The various component parts of the British Library are considered in turn and it is found that all the Divisions have something worthwhile to offer.Having described each service in some detail the author concludes by exhorting readers to tell British Library staff what they want from their national library. At the end of the article a list of contact addresses and telephone numbers is given.
Malignant melanoma re‐excision specimens — how many blocks?
Authors: Martin  , Birkin  , Theaker  
Published: March 2003

Aims:Wide local excision is commonly undertaken as part of the further management of cutaneous melanoma. Although the original excision is usually complete, pathologists vary considerably in their macroscopic handling and sampling of the wide excision specimens. This study evaluates the sampling of re‐excision specimens and the information gained from histological examination of tissue blocks in order to develop guidelines for the handling of these specimens.Methods and results:The study group comprises 219 cases of melanoma which underwent initial biopsy followed by wider excision. The macroscopic appearance, number of blocks taken and presence of residual melanoma in the wide excision specimen was assessed. Residual melanoma was detected in the wide excision specimen in only four cases out of the 167 in which the original melanoma had been described as completely excised and in these cases the detection of a residual lesion reflected either advanced local disease at the time of the original excision, or an incompletely excised extensive radial growth phase. The sampling of wide excision specimens varied (range of blocks 1–12, average 3.1) but statistical analysis showed no undersampling of the wide excision specimens in which no residual lesion was found.Conclusions:These results show that detection of a residual lesion in wide excision specimens of melanomas previously completely excised is unusual and offers no additional clinically useful information. Random block taking in the abscence of a macroscopic abnormality is therefore unlikely to be clinically useful. Guidelines for the gross handling of these wide excision specimens are proposed which are likely to save resources in most histopathology departments by reducing block numbers.
Relationship between interleukin‐6 and proliferation and differentiation in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Sugawara H , Yasoshima M , Katayanagi K , Kono N , Watanabe Y , Harada K , Nakanuma Y 
Published: March 2003

AimsInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) has been implicated as a mediator of growth control in several human neoplasms. The significance of IL‐6 expression in human cholangiocarcinoma was examined in this study.Methods and resultsIL‐6 expression was examined in 43 surgically resected cholangiocarcinomas and a cholangiocarcinoma cell line CCKS1, derived from abdominal metastasis of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, by immunohistochemical and in‐situ hybridization techniques. In non‐neoplastic bile ducts, IL‐6 was constitutively but weakly expressed. In surgical cases of cholangiocarcinoma, IL‐6 was frequently and strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of well‐differentiated cholangiocarcinoma, while its expression was decreased, and less intense or absent in moderately and poorly differentiated areas, respectively. IL‐6 mRNA was detected in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells of two cases of cholangiocarcinomas positive for IL‐6. IL‐6 was detected in hepatic bile from two cholangiocarcinoma cases studied. The proliferation antigen Ki67 was found to be more frequently expressed in IL‐6 negative carcinoma cells than in IL‐6 positive carcinoma cells (P < 0.01). In cultured carcinoma cells line CCKS1, IL‐6, IL‐6 mRNA and IL‐6 receptor alpha chain were detected in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, suggesting an autocrine effect of IL‐6 on carcinoma cells.ConclusionIL‐6 expression is inversely related to cell proliferation and positively related to differentiation in cholangiocarcinoma.
Skeletal muscle regeneration mimicking rhabdomyosarcoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Guillou L , Coquet M , Chaubert P , Coindre J M 
Published: March 2003

AimsWe report three cases of skeletal muscle regeneration, of which two mimicked a small round cell tumour, especially a rhabdomyosarcoma.Methods and resultsOne case presented as an intramuscular mass, located in the right quadriceps of a 12‐year‐old male; the second patient was a 25‐year‐old football player who complained of painful left peroneus muscles; the third patient was a 22‐year‐old male who underwent an amputation of the right thigh 5 days after right leg amputation due to limb crush. Histologically, muscle biopsy specimens showed a proliferation of small round cells, either infiltrating the striated muscle in a diffuse manner or growing within and around necrotic myofibres. Immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally, the cellular population was composed of two types of cells: phagocytic cells the nuclei of which occasionally showed a wreathlike arrangement around necrotic myofibres resulting in structures resembling Langhans‐type multinucleated giant cells, and proliferating satellite cells showing enlarged nuclei, prominent nucleoli, mitotic figures, myogenic differentiation and fusion features in order to form regenerating myotubes.ConclusionsMuscle regeneration is a benign process that may occasionally mimic a small round cell proliferation resembling a lymphoma or an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with which it should not be confused.
HIV‐associated lymphoepithelial cysts and lesions: morphological and immunohistochemical study of the lymphoid cells
Authors: Chetty R 
Published: March 2003

Aims: To determine the morphology, immunophenotype and bcl‐2 protein status of intraepithelial lymphocytes in HIV‐positive lymphoepithelial lesions.Methods and resultsSeventeen cases (from adults and children) of HIV‐associated parotid and lung lymphoid lesions were examined. In addition, three lymphoepithelial cysts from HIV‐negative patients were studied in parallel. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin embedded tissue with the following antibodies: CD20, CD79a, CD3, CD4, CD8, bcl‐2, CAM5.2, AE1/3, MIB1, kappa/lambda light chains and EBV‐LMP‐1. Heavy chain rearrangement was sought by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in four of the cases. The lymphocytes participating in lymphoepithelial lesions of HIV‐positive patients had the morphology of centrocyte‐like cells with occasional cells resembling centroblasts. The majority of these cells were of B‐cell lineage, but occasional intraepithelial T‐cells (CD8 positive, CD4 negative) were also present. T‐cells also formed a significant component of the infiltrative lymphoid cells outside the lymphoepithelial lesions. These were mainly CD8 positive, but very occasional CD4‐positive T‐cells were also noted. None of the cases showed light chain restriction and the four cases did not demonstrate heavy chain rearrangement by molecular biology. The interesting finding was the absence of bcl‐2 expression by the intraepithelial lymphocytes. In contrast, the intraepithelial lymphocytes seen in the non‐HIV setting were strongly bcl‐2 positive. The majority of these were B‐cells, and very occasional CD8 and CD4 positive T‐cells formed the intraepithelial population.ConclusionIt is postulated that this finding is due to the HIV causing down‐regulation of bcl‐2 protein.