bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OFF LINE RECOGNITION OF HANDWRITTEN POSTAL WORDS USING NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: BURGES C.J.C. , BEN J.I. , DENKER J.S. , LECUN Y. , NOHL C.R. 
Published: November 2004

We describe a method, “Shortest Path Segmentation” (SPS), which combines dynamic programming and a neural net recognizer for segmenting and recognizing character strings. We describe the application of this method to two problems: recognition of handwritten ZIP Codes, and recognition of handwritten words. For the ZIP Codes, we also used the method to automatically segment the images during training: the dynamic programming stage both performs the segmentation and provides inputs and desired outputs to the neural network. Results are reported for a test set of 2642 unsegmented handwritten 212 dpi binary ZIP Code (5- and 9-digit) images. For handwritten word recognition, we combined SPS with a “Space Displacement Neural Network” approach, in which a single-character-recognition network is extended over the entire word image, and in which SPS techniques are then used to rank order a given lexicon. We report results on a test set of 3000 300 ppi gray scale word images, extracted from images of live mail pieces, for lexicons of size 10, 100, and 1000. Representing the problem as a graph as proposed in this paper has advantages beyond the efficient finding of the final optimal segmentation, or the automatic segmentation of images during training. We can also easily extend the technique to generate K “runner up” answers (for example, by finding the K shortest paths). This paper will also describe applications of some of these ideas.
A SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF SKELETONIZATION ALGORITHMS
Authors: LEE SEONG-WHAN , LAM LOUISA , SUEN CHING Y. 
Published: November 2004

As a result of its central role in the preprocessing of image patterns, or because of its intrinsic appeal, the design of skeletonization algorithms has been a very active research area. However, few attempts have been made to evaluate the performance of different skeletonization algorithms. This paper presents the results of experiments to evaluate the performance of 20 skeletonization algorithms previously published in the literature. These algorithms have been implemented on the SUN 3/60 workstation in C and tested with a large variety of character patterns. A systematic comparison of these algorithms has been made based on the following criteria: reconstructibility, computation speed, similarity to the reference skeleton, quality of the skeleton, connectivity after skeletonization, and the degree of parallelism.
SIMULATING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A SOCIETY AND A RENEWABLE RESOURCE
Authors: BOUSQUET F. , CAMBIER C. , MULLON C. , MORAND P. , QUENSIERE J. , PAVÉ A. 
Published: November 2004

Since a few years environmental studies have included human societies in the ecosystem in order to understand the interaction between the ecological and social dynamics and therefore there is a need to synthesize various scientific points of view. We have developed a simulator to represent both social, economic and ecological knowledge to contribute to a synthesis of the multidisciplinary knowledge of the Niger inland delta fishery. In this paper we present the simulator, and, in order to give a general outline of its use we present different experimentations. The architecture of the simulator is based on Distributed Artificial Intelligence principle (multi-agents simulations, blackboard architecture, object oriented language). We simulate an aquatic ecosystem submitted to an increase of the fishing effort and compare the effect of different representation of fishing effort. As a result of the simulations, focus can be put on the relation between space sharing rules and the evolution of the ecological equilibrium. The simulator is considered as a discussion tool to lead to interdisciplinary meetings.
AN ATTEMPT TO GENERALIZE THE CONTROL COEFFICIENT CONCEPT
Authors: BACONNIER P.F. , PACHOT P. , DEMONGEOT J. 
Published: November 2004

First developed in the case of a stationary flux, the notion of control strength inside a metabolic pathway is extended here to the case of a periodic flux. In this case, the control strength is no more defined on the stationary flux, but on other characteristics of the dynamics like the period or the amplitude, depending on the characteristic whose evolution we wished to describe. We simulated a subsystem of the glycolysis where a periodic behaviour exists and calculated the control strength on the period and on the amplitude of the ATP concentration. The results showed the value of the control coefficients were different on both characteristics: some steps exerts more control on the period than on the amplitude and conversely for other steps. Then, in a given step of the metabolic chain, we tried to relate the control coefficient obtained in the stationary flux situation to the one obtained for the flux amplitude in the periodic situation. We did not observe any continuity phenomenon and we explain that it is due to the qualitative properties of the system. Finally, we think the extension of the notion of control strength to periodic or chaotic motion is a good approach to analyze the way a metabolic step influences specific characteristics of the dynamics.
Chemical evolution of Nb-Ta oxides and zircon from the Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai, northwestern China
Authors: Zhang A. C. , Wang R. C. , Hu H. , Zhang H. , Zhu J. C. , Chen X. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai, northwestern China, is a strongly zoned rare-element granitic pegmatite, where the petrographic zones were distinguished into two groups: outer zones (I to IV) and inner zones (V to IX). Nb-Ta oxides and zircon are investigated in this paper by using quantitative electron-microprobe analyses (EMPA) and backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging. Columbite-tantalite and zircon occur in most textural zones, whereas tapiolite and uranmicrolite are mainly restricted to zone VII. Manganocolumbite and zircon from the outer zones (zones II and IV) are homogeneous except for a few exceptions, whereas manganotantalite and hafnian zircon from the inner zones (V–VII) are obviously heterogeneous and strongly zoned. Chemically, Ta/(Nb+Ta) in columbite-tantalite and Hf/(Zr+Hf) in zircon increase from the outer to the inner zones on one hand, and from core to rim in single zoned crystals on the other hand. Observations of intra-zonal variations of the chemical composition of Nb-Ta oxides and zircon in the Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite may suggest that the outer zones crystallize under magmatic conditions, whereas the inner zones crystallize under fluid-rich magmatic conditions, and locally under hydrothermal conditions. The extreme enrichments of columbite-tantalite in Ta, and of zircon in Hf, as well as the occurrence of uranmicrolite and tapiolite, indicate an elevated evolution of the Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite.
Book Reviews
Authors: Smith Marian W. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:The Northern Paiute Indians of California and Nevada. Ruth Underhill.Indians of Southern California. Ruth Underhill.The Papago Indians of Arizona and Their Relatives the Pima. Ruth Underhill.Workaday Life of the Pueblos. Ruth Underhill.Indians of the Pacific Northwest. Ruth UnderhillThe Story of the Blackfeet. John C. Ewers.Quill and Beadwork of the Western Sioux. Carrie A. Lyford.Navajo Native Dyes: Their Preparation and Use. Nonabah G. Bryan and Stella YoungThe Crafts of the Ojibwa (Chippewa). Carrie A. Lyford.Iroquois Crafts. Carrie A. Lyford.Pueblo Crafts. Ruth Underhill.Spruce‐Root Basketry of the Alaska Tlingit. Frances Paul.Blackfeet Crafts. John C. Ewers. (Ibid., 66 pp., illus., 1945.)
Book Reviews
Authors: Satterthwaite Linton 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 12, The Conquest of Mexico. Fray Bernardino de SahagúnETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Selden Roll, An Ancient Mexican Picture Manuscript. Cottie A. Burland
Book Reviews
Authors: Caldwell Joseph R. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 5—Central Europe. Robert W. Ehrich and Marijas Gimbutas (Eds.)ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 7—Eastern Mediterranean. John H. Young (Ed.)ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 10—Northwest Africa. Bruce Howe(Ed.)ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 15—Western Asia. Frederick R. Matson. (Ed.)ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 18—Northern Asia. Chester S. Chard (Ed.)ARCHEOLOGY: COW A Survey Area 20—Indonesia. Harold C. Conklin (Ed.)
Book Reviews
Authors: ANGEL J. LAWRENCE 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Primatologia. Handbook of Primatology. H. HOFER, A. H. SCHULTZ, D. STARCKPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Volarhaut der Hände und Füsse. JOSEF BIEGERT. PrimatologiaPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Das OhrPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Pattern of the Cerebral Isocortex. GERHARDT VON BONIN and PERCIVAL BAILEYPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Vertebral Column and Thorax. ADOLPH H. SCHULTZ
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: GRAMLY MICHAEL 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:GENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: The Cooper's Craft. 1967. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITHGENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Basketmaking in Colonial Virginia. 1968. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITHGENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Gunsmith of Williamsburg. 1969. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITHGENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Silversmith of Williamsburg. 1971. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITH
Book Reviews
Authors: ROSSI INO 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:General, Applied, and Theoretical: Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique: Précédé de trois études d'ethnologie kabyle. PIERRE BOURDIEU.General, Applied, and Theoretical: Horizon, trajets marxistes en anthropologie. MAURICE GODELIER.General, Applied, and Theoretical: Structuralisme ou ethnologie: Pour une critique radicale de l'anthropologie de Levi‐Strauss. PAOUL MAKARIUS and LAURA MAKARIUS.
What Is Canadian Anthropology?
Authors: Sweet Louise E. 
Published: November 2004

The Management of Myths: The Politics of Legitimation in a Newfoundland Community. Anthony P. Cohen. Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies, 14. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1975. viii + 146 pp. n.p. (cloth).Saint Pascal: Changing Leadership and Social Organization in a Quebec Town. Gerald L. Gold. Cultures and Communities: A Series of Monographs, Community Studies. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1975. viii + 215 pp. n.p. (paper).Natives without a Home. Mark Nagler. Canadian Social Problems Series. Don Mills, Ontario: Longman Canada, 1975. xvii + 85 pp. $2.95 (paper).Crime in Canadian Society. Robert A. Silverman and James J. Teevan, Jr., comps. Toronto: Butterworth, 1975. xi + 455 pp. $7.95 (paper).
The Predication of the Individual in Anthropological Interactionism
Authors: EVENS T. M. S. 
Published: November 2004

In Memory of Max GluckmanTheories of strategic interaction have been offered as a cure for the failings of structural functionalism and currently enjoy considerable influence in social anthropology. Employing in illustration Barth's Models of Social Organization, this essay argues that interactionism's focus on the individual, rather than on the group, issues from the presupposition of physicalism and makes it impossible to account for values and socioculture as such. A dialectical approach is urged. [transactional analysis, theory, dialectical approach, the “individual”]
The Problem of Development in the Non‐Western World
Authors: WEISS GERALD 
Published: November 2004

Victims of Progress. John H. Bodley.Politics and Society in the Third World. Jean‐Yves Calvez. M. J. O'Connell, trans.The Sociology of the Third World: Disparity and Involvement. J. E. Goldthorpe.Enterprise: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Development: Based on Case Studies from the Sudan. K. A. Hammeed.La Pluralité des mondes: Théorie et pratiques du développement. Institut D'Etudes du Développement.Economic Development, Peace and International Law. Wil D. Verwey. Preface by B. V. A. Roling, Polemological Studies.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wax Murray L. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Educational Patterns and Cultural Configurations: The Anthropology of Education. Joan I. Roberts and Sherrie K. Akinsanya, eds.Educational Patterns and Cultural Configurations: Schooling in the Cultural Context: Anthropological Studies of Education. Joan I. Roberts and Sherrie K. Akinsanya, eds.Educational Patterns and Cultural Configurations: The Anthropological Study of Education. Craig J. Calhoun and Francis A. J. Ianni, eds.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dougherty Molly C. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Applied Anthropology: Health Care Issues. Madeleine Leininger, ed.Applied Anthropology: Barriers and Facilitators to Quality Health Care. Madeleine Leininger, ed.Applied Anthropology: Transcultural Health Care Issues and Conditions. Madeleine Leininger, ed.
Museum Exhibit
Authors: Schuster Helen H. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Sacred Circles: Two Thousand Years of North American Indian Art. American Exhibition: Nelson Gallery of Art‐Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, Kansas City, Missouri, April 16 to June 19, 1977 (European Exhibition: Hayward Gallery, London, October 1976 to January 1977).Sacred Circles: Two Thousand Years of North American Indian Art. Ralph T. Coe.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stern Theodore 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Aboriginal Sign Languages of the Americas and Australia. Volume 1, North America Classic Comparative Perspectives. D. Jean Umiker‐Sebeok and Thomas A. SebeokAboriginal Sign Languages of the Americas and Australia. Volume 2, The Americas and Australia. D. Jean Umiker‐Sebeok and Thomas A. Sebeok
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Authors: Cordell Linda S. 
Published: November 2004

Excavations at Gu Achi: A Reappraisal of Hohokam Settlement and Subsistence in the Arizona Papagueria. W. Bruce Masse.Snaketown Revisited: A Partial Cultural Resource Survey, Analysis of Site Structure and an Ethnohistoric Study of the Proposed Hohokam‐Pima National Monument. David R. Wilcox, Thomas R. McGuire and Charles Sternberg.An Archaeological Test of Sites in the Gila Butte‐Santan Region, South‐Central Arizona. Glen Rice, David Wilcox, Kevin Rafferty and James Schoenwetter.
Bilingualism and Bilingual Education in the United States
Authors: Timm Lenora A. 
Published: November 2004

Bilingual Education for Hispanic Students in the United States. Joshua A. Fishman and Gary D. Keller, eds. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982. x + 502 pp. $18.95 (paper).Bilingualism and Language Contact: Spanish, English, and Native American Languages. Florence Barkin, Elizabeth A. Brandt, and Jacob Ornstein‐Galicia, eds. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982. xiii + 320 pp. $24.95 (cloth).Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Aspects. Jon Amastae and Lucia Elias‐Olivares, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. x + 434 pp. $14.00 (paper).The New Bilingualism: An American Dilemma. Martin Ridge, ed. Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by Center for Study of the American Experience. The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Southern California, May 1980. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press, 1981. 272 pp. $20.00 (cloth).
Film Reviews
Authors: Muecke Marjorie A. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:House of the Spirit: Perspectives on Cambodian Health Care. 1984. Produced by American Friends Service Committee. Directed by Ellen Bruno and Ellen Kuras.Peace Has Not Been Made: A Case History of a Hmong Family's Encounter with a Hospital. 1983. Produced by John Fink and Doua Yang. Directed by Peter O'Neill.
Living with Gay and Lesbian Identity and Community, Dreaming of Utopia
Authors: Kennedy Elizabeth Lapovsky 
Published: November 2004

Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. Esther NewtonChildren of Horizons: How Gay and Lesbian Teens Are Leading a New Way Out of the Closet. Gilbert Herdt and Andrew BoxerLesbian Mothers: Accounts of Gender in American Culture. Ellen Levin
Mayaness at Its Most Complex
Authors: Coggins Clemency Chase 
Published: November 2004

Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D.: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 7th and 8th October 1989. Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, eds.The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches, and Problematical Deposits. T. Patrick Culbert.
Archaeology, Anthropology, and the Culture Concept
Authors: WATSON PATTY JO 
Published: November 2004

AbstractsThe culture concept has been central to anthropology since the formational period of the discipline. Yet for much of the discipline's history it was used without explicit definition. Recent attempts to define it have yielded a range of varied formulations in the subdisciplines of archaeology and sociocultural anthropology. Does this mean that the center of anthropology—shared belief in a unified culture concept—has been destroyed? Quite the opposite, the author concludes—the debate has yielded benefits.
Revenants That Cannot Be Shaken: Collective Fantasies in a Maroon Society
Authors: VAN VELZEN H. U. E. THODEN 
Published: November 2004

AbstractsAll societies possess and cherish group fantasies, programs of travels through imaginary space. Although such culturally shaped flights of the imagination influence collective behavior, they are neither an acknowledged part of public discourse nor coterminous with “implicit” or “covert” culture. Two strikingly different fantasies of Suriname's Maroons reveal the main dimensions of collective fantasies.
Transportation Innovation and Social Complexity among Maritime Hunter‐Gatherer Societies
Authors: ARNOLD JEANNE E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractsAdvanced watercraft were in use at historic contact among a number of the most complex hunting‐gathering societies of western North America, including the Chumash and the Nootkans. Though anthropologists often relegate technological innovations to very minor roles as stimuli toward social evolution and power inequities, archaeological analyses of long‐term cultural change cannot afford to ignore the many social, symbolic, and practical implications of major innovations in transportation. Analysis of the linkages between watercraft and political, ideological, and economic systems reveals a strong association between social complexity and transportation of high capacity and range among maritime peoples.
Indigenous Architecture and the Spanish American Plaza in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean
Authors: LOW SETHA M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractsPlazas are often important spatial representations of society and social hierarchy. Those built in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean under the direction of the Spanish have been interpreted as architectural representations of colonial control and oppression. Underlying these interpretations is the tacit assumption that plaza‐centered urban design was of solely European derivation, in spite of considerable evidence of pre‐Columbian contributions. In fact, the correspondence between the indigenous forms and Spanish reconstruction is so well documented that the denial of its significance is startling.
Conceptual Differences between Mexican and Peruvian Archaeology
Authors: Patterson Thomas C. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTSThis essay asks why interpretations of pre‐Columbian history and state formation in Mexico and Peru are framed in different terms by archaeologists. While the differences are due in part to the empirical realities of the two civilizations, this essay explores how sociological considerations and theoretical orientations of archaeologists as they interpreted those empirical realities contributed to the construction of the interpretive differences.
The History of Samoan Sexual Conduct and the Mead‐Freeman Controversy
Authors: SHANKMAN PAUL 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTSThe Mead‐Freeman controversy over Samoan culture—especially Samoan sexual conduct—has provoked debate for more than a decade. A key issue involves the nature of the Samoan system of institutionalized virginity. Citing historical sources, Freeman has argued that the taupou system's restrictive code of sexual behavior permeated colonial Samoan culture. Yet a rereading of many of these sources indicates that sexual conduct was less restrictive and more variable than Freeman allows. His refutation of Mead rests on the accuracy of his historical reconstruction, but the evidence does not support important parts of his interpretation.
Narratives of Jewish Identity
Authors: Boyarin Jonathan 
Published: November 2004

Sojourners: The Return of German Jews and the Question of Identity. John Borneman and Jeffrey M. Peck. Lincoln Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Yael Zerubavel. Chicago The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel. Nachman Ben‐Yehuda. Madison
Europe, Continent of Migrants
Authors: Cole Jeffrey 
Published: November 2004

Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Women on the Move. Floya Anthias and Gabriella Lazaridis. eds. New York: Berg, 2000. 263 pp.Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe. Russell King. Gabriella Lazaridis. and Charalambos G. Tsadanidis. eds. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 368 pp.Guests and Aliens. Saskia Sassen. New York: The New Press, 1999. 202 pp.
Is There a Political Ecology of the Sierra Leonean Landscape?
Authors: Nyerges A. Endre 
Published: November 2004

Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. William Reno. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 229 pp.Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone. Paul Richards. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. 182 pp.Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. John F. Oates. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 310 pp.
Politically Compromised Scholars, or What German Scholars Working under Missions, National Socialism, and the Marxist‐Leninist German Democratic Republic Can Teach Us
Authors: Poewe Karla 
Published: November 2004

Mein Freund Maleboch. Christoph Sonntag. Ulrich van der Heyden. ed. Berlin: Edition Ost, 1999. 256 pp.Von der philologischen zur volkischen Religionswissenschaft. Horst Junginger. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. 399 pp.Die Afrikaw issenschaften in der DDR. Ulrich van der Heyden. Miinster. LIT Verlag, 1999. 640 pp.
Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of Race; German Bodies: Race and Representation after Hitler
Authors: Eidson John R. 
Published: November 2004

Blood and Nation: The European Aesthetics of Race. Uli Linke. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. 332 pp.German Bodies: Race and Representation after Hitler. Uli Linke. New York: Routledge, 1999. 274 pp.
The Anthropology of Globalization (with Notes on Neomedievalism, and the End of the Chinese Model of the Nation‐State)
Authors: Graeber David 
Published: November 2004

Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism. Jean Comaroff and John L. Comaroff. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001. 320 pp.Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multicultural Conflicts. Néstor García Canclini. George Yúdice. trans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. 200 pp.The Anthropology of Globalization:. Reader. Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo. eds. London: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. 498 pp.
Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition/Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess.
Authors: Blank Jonah 
Published: November 2004

Questioning Ramayanas:. South Asian Tradition. Paula Richman. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 452 pp.Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. Tracy Pintchman. ed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 254 pp.