bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered Metabolism and Function of T Cells Isolated from Influenza Vaccinated Obese Adults
Authors: Green William David , Rebeles Jennifer , Noah Terry J , Hudgens Michael G , Weir Sam S , MacIver Nancie J , Beck Melinda A 
Published: November 2023

In 2009, obesity was identified as an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality to infection with influenza. Currently, vaccination provides the best protection against influenza infection. Given the high prevalence of obesity within the United States, coupled with the associated risk of obesity and influenza‐related poor health outcomes, our laboratory studies the effects of obesity on the influenza vaccine response. Previously, we demonstrated that, compared with vaccinated healthy weight adults, influenza‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from vaccinated obese adults were less activated and expressed fewer functional markers. We hypothesized that the mechanism responsible for the impaired vaccine response was due to obesity‐induced alterations in the metabolic profile of these T cells. To elucidate the influence of obesity as an independent metabolic factor, we recruited 30 women, ages 35–65, who were either healthy weight (18.5 < BMI < 24.9) or obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) with no history of autoimmune disease or conditions that would be immunosuppressive. Metabolic profiles of cells were determined using the Agilent XFe96 Flux Analyzer immediately following isolation and at 72‐hours post CD3/CD28 activation. Additionally, freshly isolated PBMCs were cultured with a strain of influenza virus represented in the vaccine all subjects received, A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) virus, for 72 hours. Following stimulation, the cells were stained for intracellular and extracellular functional markers and analyzed on the BD LSRII flow cytometer. We found that freshly isolated (quiescent) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed no metabolic differences among groups. However, upon stimulation, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from obese subjects showed higher basal respiration and basal glycolytic rates compared to cells from healthy weight subjects. Furthermore, obese cells showed reduced spare‐respiratory capacity compared to healthy weight. Correlating with the differences in metabolism, activation and functional markers were lower on cells from obese subjects. These results suggest that metabolic and hormonal dysregulation associated with obesity alters the cellular metabolism of influenza‐specific T cells. This alteration in metabolism likely impairs their ability to respond to influenza, thereby resulting in higher influenza morbidity and mortality in an obese population. Our findings suggest that obesity‐driven metabolic changes in immune cells may impair the response to other vaccines as well, putting an increasingly obese population at higher risk for vaccine failures.Support or Funding InformationNIH Grant RO1 AI078090, P30DK056350 IRB 08‐1606
Ancestral and multi‐generational consumption of the total Western diet in mice promotes colitis‐associated colorectal cancer in third‐generation offspring
Authors: Phatak Sumira , Larson Deanna , Hunter Ashli , Neal Canyon , Contreras Kevin , Pontsler Katie , Armbrust Tess , Rodriguez Daphne , Abercrombie Braden , Hintze Korry , Ward Robert , Benninghoff Abby 
Published: November 2023

Diet is widely recognized as an important factor in lifetime cancer risk, yet Americans routinely consume foods that are energy‐dense and nutrient‐poor. The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of ancestral or multi‐generational consumption of the total Western diet (TWD), a Western‐style diet formulated for rodents using human US nutrient intake data, in a murine model of inflammation‐associated colorectal carcinogenesis. The hypotheses tested were 1) that ancestral exposure to the TWD would promote colitis‐associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in F3 generation offspring and 2) that cumulative exposure to the TWD over multiple generations would further exacerbate disease development. C57BL/6J mice were bred for three generations, during which they were fed a standard diet (AIN93G), TWD, or a simple high fat diet (45% diet‐induced obesity diet, DIO) during only the F0 generation, the F0 through F3 generations or only the F3 generation. The azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate model of CAC was employed in the F3 offspring. Notably, incidence of CAC was significantly higher in F3 offspring exposed ancestrally to the TWD (92%) as compared to their F3 counterparts fed AIN93G (56%). Moreover, tumor burden was markedly higher (> 3‐fold increase) in F3 offspring exposed to TWD over multiple generations when compared to F3 offspring provided TWD directly. Alternatively, neither ancestral or multi‐generation exposure to the DIO diet altered CAC incidence, whereas a small, significant increase in tumor burden in F3 offspring ancestrally‐exposed to the DIO was observed as compared to direct‐fed mice. In summary, ancestral exposure to TWD markedly increased colon cancer incidence and disease severity in F3 offspring that were not fed this diet directly. Also, exposure to TWD over multiple generations markedly exacerbated the disease in F3 offspring as compared to those fed TWD directly.Support or Funding InformationUtah Agricultural Experiment Station, Project UTA‐1178;USDA NIFA/AFRI Grant No. 2014‐67017‐21755
Awareness of Dietary Guidance and Diet Quality of Adults, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007–2012
Authors: Hoy Katherine , Goldman Joseph D , Moshfegh Alanna J 
Published: November 2023

The recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are communicated to consumers through graphics, nutrition messages, and online educational resources. Awareness and use of these food guidance tools may be related to whether the individual is considering or trying to implement dietary recommendations. The purpose of this study is to describe awareness of federal dietary guidance, and to compare the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010 and its 12 components by level of awareness for adults 19+ years. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2007–12, respectively, were used to determine level of awareness of either the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) or MyPyramid (MP) and the HEI (N=14,150); MyPlate was not included due to insufficient group sizes. Participants were classified as ‘unaware’, ‘aware’, or as having ‘tried’ either the FGP or MP based on answers to three questions in the NHANES Dietary Behavior Questionnaire. The HEI and its components were compared by level of awareness using paired t‐test. Comparisons were considered significant at P<0.001. When first asked about awareness of MP, almost half were unaware; those unaware were then asked about the FGP. Overall, 22% of adults were unaware of either the FGP or MP, 54% were aware of either, and 25% had tried one or the other. The HEI (mean, (SE)) of those who had tried either the FGP or MP was significantly higher (54.5, (0.49)) than either those aware (49.9 (0.40)) or unaware (49.2 (0.35)) (P<0.001). For HEI components, those who tried the FGP or MP had significantly (P<0.001) better scores for intake of total vegetables, dark green vegetables and legumes, total fruit, intact fruit, whole grains, and empty calories vs those either unaware and aware, and for intake of seafood/plant protein foods vs those unaware. Those who tried or were aware had better scores for dairy intake vs those unaware. There were no differences in component scores for intake of refined grains, total protein foods, fatty acids, or sodium. These results provide insight about how the FGP or MP was implemented by adults, and suggest that nutrition messages provided guidance for individuals actively trying to improve their diet. Further research about MyPlate will provide important feedback about awareness of dietary guidance and its implementation.Support or Funding InformationARS‐USDA
Modeled impact of food and beverage reformulations on added sugars intake and its social gradient in the US
Authors: Gressier Mathilde , Mathias Kevin C , Drewnowski Adam , Vlassopoulos Antonis , Masset Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionThe sugar intake of the US population is above the WHO recommendation, with soft drinks and sugary foods as the main contributors of such intake. Lower socio‐economic classes (SEC) tend to have higher sugar intake than higher SEC. Different incentives are being discussed to limit this intake, like taxation, reformulation, or labelling of added sugars. Reformulation is a possible strategy to improve dietary intakes, without having to change consumers' eating habits.The objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of industry wide reformulation on added sugars intake, from solid and liquid sources, and across SEC.MethodsFoods and beverages consumed by 5076 US adults aged 18+ years were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–12, and assessed against the Nestlé Nutritional Profiling System (NNPS) standards. NNPS classifies products in a dichotomous Pass/Fail, based on whether they meet all criteria for energy, total and saturated fats, sodium, added sugars, protein, fiber and calcium. In a modelling scenario, all Fail products were substituted with the Pass item having the closest nutrition composition using the Euclidean distance. Actual added sugars intakes (baseline) were compared to the modeled intakes (substitution scenario). Added sugars intakes from solid and liquid sources were studied separately. The study was stratified by SEC, using the income‐to‐poverty ratio (IPR). Linear regressions were performed to assess social gradients of added sugars intake (actual and modeled).ResultsThe average daily intake of added sugars was 77.6 g/d (SE:1.7) for US adults at baseline, with solid and liquid sources contributing similarly (38.7;1.0 and 38.9;1.4 g/d, respectively). Added sugars intake was negatively associated with IPR (1st quintile 89.4g; /d, 5th 70.8g/d, p‐trend<0.001, Figure). This social gradient was explained by intake from liquid sources.The substitution scenario led to a mean daily intake of 41.7;0.9g/d for the whole population. The modeled reduction in added sugar intakes was mainly explained by reduced intakes from liquid sources (−29.5 g/d vs −6.4 for solid sources). This resulted in an overall attenuation of the added sugars intake social gradient (1st IPR quintile 45.9g/d, 5th 41.3g/d, p‐trend= 0.025, Figure).ConclusionIndustry‐wide reformulations could lead to a 46% reduction in the US adults' added sugars intake, mainly through the reformulation of liquid sources. Moreover, the modeling suggests that reformulations are likely to reduce the social gradient in added sugars intakes. Nevertheless, reformulation efforts need to be combined with other initiatives promoting healthier dietary choices and adequate serving sizes.Support or Funding InformationThis study was founded by Nestec SA
Verifying fibers meet regulatory definitions for Nutrition Facts labeling: A randomized, controlled trial evaluating Polydextrose in dry form
Authors: Zhao Anqi , Rahman Sajida , Park Eunyoung , Xiao Di , Edirisinghe Indika , Freeman Britt Burton 
Published: November 2023

National concern over low fiber intake in America has prompted the food industry to supplement processed foods with added fibers. FDA proposed a new rule for Nutrition Facts labeling requiring added/functional fibers to demonstrate a physiological health benefit to be considered as dietary fiber on the Nutrition Facts label. Physiological benefits, however, can be affected by the fiber's physiochemical environment (i.e. food matrix). Polydextrose (PDX) is a synthetic polymer of glucose resistant to digestion with mixed reports regarding its contribution to producing physiological effects based on “acceptable” fiber benefits: glucose control, cholesterol lowering and laxation effect. Previously we showed that PDX does not lower postprandial glucose when added to a sugar drink (wet matrix). In the present study, we tested PDX in a dry cereal bar to determine if the dry matrix would reveal differential effects of PDX on postprandial glycemia. In a randomized, 3 h postprandial, crossover clinical trial, nineteen participants (10 male, 9 female) with a mean (± SD) age of 35.1 ± 8.5 y and BMI 25.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2 consumed a cereal bar with either 0 g or 12 g of PDX as a light breakfast on two separate occasions. Consumption of the cereal bar with 12 g of PDX significantly increased the postprandial glucose and insulin responses compared to 0 g control (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). Total area under the curve (AUC) values for glucose over 3 hours was not significantly higher than control (p=0.16), but total AUC for insulin was significantly higher (p=0.03). Gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability was evaluated using scores ranked according to usual feelings of GI sensitivity. Overall, no significant changes or differences between treatments in GI tolerability were observed (p>0.05). Based on the endpoint of glycemia and the proposed FDA rule for fiber labeling, PDX would not qualify as a dietary fiber on the Nutrition Facts label.Support or Funding InformationIIT/FDA Corporate Research Agreement
Prenatal Iron Deficiency Causes Long‐Term Alterations in Brown Adipose Tissue Quantity and Thermogenic Capacity in Adult Rats
Authors: Bourque Stephane L , Cherak Stephana J , Yoo Jihee , Johnson Peter A , Woodman Andrew G , Panahi Sareh , Gragasin Ferrante 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionFetal exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment can lead to altered growth and developmental trajectories, thereby increasing susceptibility to chronic disease in later life. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional disorder in the world, and pregnant women are the most susceptible subgroup. We have shown that prenatal ID programs offspring metabolic function, characterized by an increased propensity for fat accumulation in later life; however, the mechanisms underlying this metabolic function are unknown. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is highly metabolically active tissue which generates large quantities of heat to maintain core body temperature. The capacity of BAT to burn calories as heat makes it an attractive therapeutic target for obesity. We sought to determine whether prenatal ID predisposes offspring to obesity by chronically altering the thermogenic capacity of BAT, and thus whole body metabolism.MethodsFemale Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a control or an iron‐restricted (3–10 ppm iron) diet prior to and throughout gestation. At birth, dams were fed a normal rat chow, and pups were subsequently fed a high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet at weaning (postnatal day 21). At 4wk of age, one male and female offspring from each litter were subjected to a chronic cold exposure protocol (4°C, 12h/day, 5wk) to stimulate brown fat, and one male and female littermate were maintained at room temperature (22°C). Metabolic parameters were analyzed in vivo via open‐circuit indirect calorimetry. Maximal thermogenic capacity from BAT was assessed following pharmacological stimulation with the β3 agonist CL316,243.ResultsPrenatal ID caused lower body weights in offspring from birth until 4wk of age, but both male and female offspring exhibited catch‐up growth when fed the high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet. Cold exposure increased BAT mass in all offspring (P<0.001), and this correlated with increased thermogenic capacity in all offspring (P<0.001). Whereas cold exposure had minimal effects on control offspring body weight and body composition, cold exposure prevented body weight and fat mass gain in male PID offspring (P<0.001), but not in female PID offspring.ConclusionsPrenatal ID causes sex‐specific programming of body composition and BAT function in the offspring. BAT may therefore represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention to prevent the obesity and metabolic function caused by early stressors such as prenatal ID.Support or Funding InformationThis research has been facilitated by the Women and Children's Health Research Institute through the generosity of the Stollery Children's Hospital Foundation and supporters of the Lois Hole Hospital for Women, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Protein‐Dense Whole Food Ingestion Augments Postprandial Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis in Healthy‐Weight, Overweight, and Obese Young Adults
Authors: Beals Joseph W , van Vliet Stephan , Sukiennik Richard A , Young Justin R , Dilger Anna C , Ulanov Alexander V , Li Zhong , Scott Paluska A , Burd Nicholas A 
Published: November 2023

The effect of protein ingestion on modulating skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in healthy adults has not been systematically examined. Therefore, we compared basal and postprandial skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis rates in response to protein‐rich food ingestion in healthy‐weight, overweight, and obese young men and women. 10 healthy‐weight (HW: age; 24±1 y, BMI; 22.1±0.4 kg/m2), 10 overweight (OW: age; 26±2 y, BMI; 27.1±0.5 kg/m2), and 10 obese (OB: age; 27±3 y, BMI; 35.9±1.3 kg/m2) men and women received primed continuous infusions of L‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine to determine mitochondrial protein synthesis rates before and after the ingestion of 170 g of lean pork (36 g protein, 3 g fat). Repeated blood samples and muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected in the basal‐state and after pork ingestion throughout a 5 h postprandial period. Plasma phenylalanine and leucine concentrations increased after pork ingestion with no differences between groups (Time effect: P<0.001). Plasma insulin concentrations increased after pork ingestion with peak values occurring at 1 h in all groups. However, plasma insulin concentrations reached higher peak values in the OB group (2.2±0.3 fold‐change from baseline) as compared to HW and OW groups (1.7±0.2 and 1.5±0.2 fold‐change from baseline, respectively; P>0.05). Basal mitochondrial protein synthesis rates were not different between groups (P>0.05). Net (0–5 h) postprandial mitochondrial protein synthesis rates after pork ingestion were increased above basal values in the HW (0.09±0.01%·hr−1), OW (0.08±0.01%·hr−1), and OB groups (0.08±0.01 %·hr−1 (P<0.001) with no differences between groups (P>0.05). Our data demonstrate that stimulation of postprandial mitochondrial protein synthesis rates after pork ingestion is not impaired with increased fat mass in young adults. These findings suggest that, alterations in the postprandial mitochondrial protein synthetic response are unlikely to contribute to skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities witnessed with greater fat mass when a typical American dinner‐sized amount of protein is routinely consumed.Support or Funding InformationThe National Pork Board
Protein Intake in Early Childhood Is not Associated with Adiposity, Height, or IGF‐I in Mid‐Childhood among Well‐Nourished Children in a U.S. Cohort
Authors: Switkowski Karen , Jacques Paul , Must Aviva , Oken Emily 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveOur objective was to examine associations of protein intake in early childhood (~3y) with height, insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) levels, and measures of adiposity in mid‐childhood (~8y). In infancy, higher protein intake, typical of commercial formulas, has consistently been associated with higher IGF‐I levels and more rapid growth compared with intake of breast milk or lower protein formula. We aimed to test the hypothesis that protein intake in early childhood programs later growth.MethodsWe studied 1058 children in the Boston‐area Project Viva cohort. Mothers reported their children's early childhood diet using food frequency questionnaires. We adjusted protein intake for total energy and weight using residuals and categorized intake in g/d into quartiles. Using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, family socioeconomic status, parental and birth anthropometrics, breastfeeding status, and certain mid‐childhood behaviors, we examined associations of early childhood protein intake with mid‐childhood adiposity (BMI z‐score, sum of subscapular and triceps (SS+TR) skinfolds and dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) fat mass), height z‐score and IGF‐I levels.ResultsThe children were predominantly white (66%), and 70% had mothers with a college degree. Mean protein intake in early childhood was 58.2 g/d (3.78 g/kg/d), well above the U.S. recommendation of 13 g/d (1.1 g/kg/d) for ages 1–3y. There were no clear associations between protein intake in early childhood and adiposity, height, or IGF‐I levels in mid‐childhood in the overall sample or in separate analyses of boys and girls. In fully adjusted models, the βs (95% CIs) representing the difference in outcome corresponding to the highest vs. lowest quartile of protein intake were: 0.13 (−0.05, 0.30) for BMI z‐score; 0.02 (−1.66, 1.69) for SS+TR skinfolds (mm); −0.04 (−0.72, 0.63) for DXA fat mass (kg); 0.05 (−0.11, 0.21) for height z‐score; and −5.30 (−29.6, 19.0) for IGF‐I (ng/mL).ConclusionsOur results do not support a role for early childhood protein intake in programming later adiposity or height growth in a sample of children with relatively high protein intake.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the US National Institutes of Health (grant R01 HD034568, UG3 OD023286). Dr. Oken was supported by K24 HD069408 and P30 DK092924
Effects of Dietary Protein Evenly Spread throughout the Day on Sleep and Mood in Overweight Women during Sub‐Chronic Energy Balance and Energy Restriction
Authors: Gwin Jess A. , Leidy Heather J. 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundIncreasing evidence illustrates that poor eating habits are associated with poor appetite control in combination with poor sleep quality. However, whether specific dietary strategies can improve these outcomes remains unclear. Although energy restriction (ER) higher‐protein (HP) diets improve appetite control and subjective sleep outcomes compared to standard‐protein (SP) versions, less is known with respect to objective measures of sleep quantity and quality.PurposeTo investigate the effects of consuming SP vs. HP diets on measured sleep quantity and quality in combination with mood state in healthy, overweight women during ER and energy balance (EB).MethodsThirty‐four women (age: 35±2y; BMI: 28.1±0.3kg/m2) completed the following randomized, full‐feeding, cross‐over design studies. For study 1, 17 participants randomly consumed an EB diet (2000kcal/d) containing SP (76g protein/d) or HP (125g protein/d) for 7 days/treatment. For study 2, 17 participants randomly consumed an ER diet (1250 kcal/d) containing SP (48g protein/d) or HP (125g protein/d) for 7 days/treatment. Beginning on day 6 of each treatment, 24‐h, continuous actigraphy was performed in combination with sleep questionnaires, sleep diaries, and mood assessments.ResultsFollowing both ER and EB diets, no differences in measured sleep quality (total sleep time, wakenings, or sleep efficiency) or mood (i.e., fatigue, vigor, or arousal) were detected between the SP vs. HP treatments.ConclusionsIncreased protein consumption over the shorter‐term does not influence measured sleep time, wakenings, sleep efficiency, or daily perceptions of energy/sleepiness during energy balance or energy restriction in healthy, overweight women.Support or Funding InformationThe Beef Checkoff