bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mystical Perception: St Teresa, William Alston, and the Broadminded Atheist
Authors: Kretzmann Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Richard Swinburne’s well-known Principle of Credulity, ‘How things seem to be is good grounds for a belief about how things are. From this it would follow that, in the absence of special considerations, all religious experiences ought to be taken by their subjects as genuine, and hence as substantial grounds for belief in the existence of their apparent object.’1 Naturally, Swinburne subjects his principle to several refinements in the course of carefully considering objections against it, but its fundamental simplicity is a very important aspect of its appeal. A more recent, fundamentally more complex attempt to establish a result very much like Swinburne’s application of his principle to religious experience is what I want to consider here.
Language in Society
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As early as 1704, Vico asserted that objects of culture do not exist independently of what we think they are (Vico 1948). Similarly, Pateman (1989: 10–14) claims that the study of objects of culture, like language, is concept-dependent and requires a hermeneutic approach. As representation, contends Wittgenstein, language is both social and accessible to a person’s introspection, that is, both normative and subjective. It is the attribute of individuals, but there cannot be a one-person language (Wittgenstein 1958, quoted by Pateman 1989: 13). Pateman (1989: 22-42) takes this line of thought further: language is an open system but partially determined by socio-causal mechanisms. However, Wittgenstein vigorously states the primarily social nature of language, which consists of conventions between people and not of traits of people. Language is made up of rules pertaining to common knowledge, and language is basically an intentional object of mutual belief.
Social Divisions and Language
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Researchers widely associate linguistic variation with social identities, using the notion of marker to refer to the linguistic peculiarities bound to cleavages (Garmadi 1981; Myers Scotton 1983; Laver and Trudgill 1979; Helfrich 1979; Halliday 1979). These markers may be of all sorts of limit (see Goffman 1972; 1973)—territories, boundaries, sites, and so on—but the linguistic variants of particular groups do not generally enjoy the support granted to the legitimate language by institutional standardization such as school-teaching, language academies, official publications, or written literature. By differentiating between the standard language used for high cultural needs and the less formalized codes used in more prosaic circumstances, Ferguson’s (1959) notion of diglossia does not require, as Howard (1984: 21) puts it, seeing an informal variant like slang ‘as a disgusting excrescence on the face of the Queen’s English’. Slang, Howard argues, ‘enriches the public stock of harmless pleasure’.
The Shift to Hebrew
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research Study 1 (see Table 1.1) investigated the emergence of Hebrew as a dominant language in hundreds of three-generation family clusters. This research started at Tel Aviv University, among students of the Sociology Department, and proceeded by investigating their brothers and sisters, parents, and grandparents. The goal was to study the linguistic history of these families, the making of the linguistic transformation that has been experienced by Israeli Jews.
Imposing without Coercing
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hebrew language was adopted by the early waves of Zionist immigrants, who as a rule were solidly organized in the political movements that inaugurated the Zionist enterprise. These immigrants came from Russia, Poland, and other Eastern or Central European countries. For them, Hebraization was a conversion. For the ‘later-comers’, who came from different countries and continents, Hebrew was a reality of the setting, imposed on them by the necessity of civil, social, and economic absorption.
Subjacency Forever
Authors: Richards Norvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baker (1970) noted that sentences of the following form are ambiguous in English: (1) [Who asked [who bought what]]? Here what can have scope either with the who in the embedded clause or with the who in the matrix clause. The availability of the latter reading is somewhat surprising in light of the ill-formedness of (2): That is, the process whereby what gets its scope in (1) is apparently immune to the constraint which rules out (2). One can imagine a number of ways in which the contrast between (2) and the wide-scope reading of (1) might be explained; I will concentrate here on two.
Phonology and Phonetics in Psycholinguistic Models of Speech Perception
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jennifer , Wheeldon Linda R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between psychological and linguistic theory has never been clear-cut. Indeed, following the unsuccessful attempts to demonstrate the psychological reality of transformational grammar, developments in these disciplines have been more parallel than interactive. However, in recent years, increasing use has been made of many ideas from generative phonology by psycholinguists interested in the processes underlying our comprehension of spoken language. In this chapter we will examine and evaluate the developing relationship between linguistic and psychological approaches to the representations and processes underlying the comprehension of spoken words.
Conceptual Foundations of Phonology as a Laboratory Science
Authors: Pierrehumbert Janet , Beckman Mary E , Ladd D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘laboratory phonology’ was invented more than a decade ago as the name of an interdisciplinary conference series, and all three of us have co-organized laboratory phonology conferences. Since then, the term has come into use not only for the conference series itself, but for the research activities exemplified by work presented there. In this chapter we give our own perspective on how research in laboratory phonology has shaped our understanding of phonological theory and of the relationship of phonological theory to empirical data.
Research activities within laboratory phonology involve the cooperation of people who may disagree about phonological theory, but who share a concern for strengthening the scientific foundations of phonology through improved methodology, explicit modelling, and cumulation of results. These goals, we would argue, all reflect the belief that phonology is one of the natural sciences, and that all of language, including language-specific characteristics and sociolinguistic variation, is part of the natural world. In what follows, we explore the ramifications of this position for the relationship of data and methods to phonological theory; for the denotations of entities in that theory; and for our understanding of Universal Grammar (UG) and linguistic competence.
Embedded Interrogatives and Plurality
Authors: Lahiri Utpal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I observe certain phenomena that require some extension and modification to be made to the theory presented in Chapter 3. I observe that interrogative complements of a predicate like know show a certain kind of reading when the subject of the predicate know is a plural NP, that is similar to the readings of sentences which contain a transitive predicate or verb and both of whose arguments are plural NPs: this is the kind of reading that has been noted by Scha (1981) and called semidistributive by Schwarzschild (1996) (whose analysis of this phenomenon is inspired by Gillon 1987). I also show that such readings are sensitive to the presence of adverbs of quantity. I show how the notion of answerhood with the relevant part–whole relation argued for in the last chapter can be made to handle this phenomenon, and show that this provides us with further arguments for the aforementioned lattice-theoretic approach to answers (to wh-questions whose domain itself consists of a complete atomic Boolean Algebra with its bottom element removed). This allows us to preserve the main outline of the analysis of QVE presented earlier (namely, IR of the interrogative complements of predicates like know followed by type-shifting to a formula consisting of the Ans predicate, and measure-quantification; contrasted with the absence of IR for complements of predicates like wonder). I outline a solution to this problem that will at the same time preserve the basic insights of the analysis of QVE presented earlier. The basic solution is inspired by the work of Scha (1981) and Schwarzschild (1996). I also note certain problems related to QVE when one considers plurality seriously and outline solutions to them.
The Syntax of Embedded Interrogatives and the Lexical Semantics of Interrogative- Embedding Predicates
Authors: Lahiri Utpal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, we observed that among predicates that embed interrogatives, there are some differences between predicates like know and predicates like wonder, in that whereas a sentence like (1a) is paraphrasable by (16), there is no corresponding paraphrase for (2): (I) a. John knows what Bill bought.
The Doctrines of the Sophists: A Tabula Rasa
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Sophists’ written works, quoted extracts and summaries of which were circulating in the city, more than confirmed the fears of the Athenians. The doctrines that they reflected were by no means confined to the subject of teaching rhetoric: they boldly rejected the existing traditions, and their potential power to shock was considerable. At this point, we enter upon new ground. These were truly philosophical doctrines, closely and confidently argued and every bit as audacious as the Sophists’ activities in the sphere of teaching. It is important to make this absolutely clear, for the Sophists’ doctrines should not be underestimated as a result of being associated with their teaching activities. Conscious of the practical aspect of the lessons that the Sophists gave and the arbitrary methods that, as masters of rhetoric, they used to show off their ability to defend an antithesis to every thesis, some critics have been led to minimize the importance of the Sophists’ thought, despite the fact that it could hardly be more rigorous. Others have also been influenced by Plato and much affected by the contrast between his philosophical rigour and the more practical character of the Sophists’ thinking. Hence the idea that has arisen that these teachers had no personal doctrines but just adopted those which suited their own professional interests.
Experience and Expression
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writings preserved in Wittgenstein's manuscripts from 1945 to 1949, after he had completed the first part of Philosophical Investigations, chiefly concern the nature of certain psychological concepts. In this book Joachim Schulte uses these manuscripts - not the selections from them published so far - as a basis for reconstructing the central arguments and conceptual elucidations developed by Wittgenstein during that period. One of the principal subjects is the connection between instinctive reactions, linguistic and non-linguistic context, and mastery of a technique. This connection is explored through clarification of the concepts experience, sensation, and understanding - a clarification which provides illuminating contributions to the philosophy of psychology, aesthetics, and the theory of meaning. Wittgenstein's thoughts on the logic of language and his reflections on psychological concepts are closely knit. This is shown by his discussion of Moore's paradox, which sheds new light both on the limits of logical analysis and on certain curious features of the concepts believe, assume, and assert. The original German edition of this book was widely applauded as an outstanding work of scholarship offering unique and valuable insights. By translating it into fluent and limpid English, and at the same time enriching it with various amendments and additions, Dr Schulte has brought an important work to a wider scholarly community.
Physicalism and Mathematics
Authors: Hale Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no straightforward matter to give a satisfactory detailed characterization of physicalism and it may well be that for some purposes it is best to distinguish different interpretations of the position—some, no doubt, more plausible than others—for separate critical evaluation. But on any understanding of it that does not break faith with the broad, if somewhat vague, conception that informs and motivates it, physicalism is usually taken to be, at least in part, an ontological thesis: there are in reality no entities—objects, properties, relations, events, or states of affairs—but physical ones. Just what being physical amounts to is again far from straightforward, but we can safely take it, I think, that it requires at least locatability in space and time. And that is enough for it to be clear that the physicalist confronts a serious-looking problem over mathematics which, taking its syntax at face value, is replete with reference to and quantification over abstract entities—numbers of various sorts, sets, and functions. The natural philosophy of mathematics for the physicalist is, it would seem, some version of nominalism.
Actions, Causes, and Mental Ascriptions
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the pivotal axioms of a physicalist theory of mind is that actions are caused by physical events and explained by laws of causality. Indeed, if this were abandoned then physicalist theory could supply no explanation for human behaviour. Davidson has challenged physicalist theories of mind on this basis. However, he claims that mental events are, in some sense, supervenient upon the physical events denoted by mental ascriptions, and while arguing for the irreducibility of mental ascriptions, he also espouses a causal theory of action: ‘the primary reason for an action is its cause.’ I will argue, by using Kant’s analysis of action, that causality as normally understood has no place in mental explanation. This tends to undermine the (Humean) assumption that there are causally effective mental events and that actions are produced by causal impulses.
Truth, Physicalism, and Ultimate Theory
Authors: Wagner Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I believe that the ideas behind physicalism are poorly understood. A better grasp of them encourages a position with significant physicalist elements. How one may reach that destination, then step far off the physicalist path, is recounted here. I will also shed light on the concern, found in Quine and elsewhere, with ultimate theories as standards of epistP.mic merit. Central to my project is the clash between Quinian epistemology and its pragmatic critics. This formulation may be surprising, since Quine ushered in the half-century by identifying the rational with the pragmatic, in opposition to Carnap and C. I. Lewis. But Quine in turn is charged with insufficient pragmatism.
Incorrigibility
Authors: Warner Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will defend the spirit of the traditional doctrine of incorrigibility. The letter, I abandon. The spirit is that there is a fundamental epistemological difference between the mental and the physical. The letter is that the difference consists in having or lacking immunity to error; more fully: certain beliefs about mental items are immune to error, while beliefs about physical items exhibit no such immunity. One source of this view was the now discredited doctrine of the given. Traditional epistemology held that certain mental states could be ‘given’ to the mind. ‘Givenness’ involved no ‘conceptual interpretation’, and for this reason it was thought that certain beliefs about the given were immune to error. I will stand the traditional doctrine on its head: incorrigibility is the result of conceptual interpretation—or, more accurately, the result of the exercise of a recognitional ability. So conceived, incorrigibility turns out to be a kind of conditional immunity to error.
The Grain Problem1
Authors: Lockwood Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is, today, no glimmer of a consensus amongst philosophers about the mind-body problem. Nevertheless, an increasing number of philosophers find themselves occupying a middle ground between physicalist reductionism, on the one hand, and dualism on the other. Physicalist reductionism I take to be the view that the physical story about what is going on in the brain and the world with which it interacts is in some sense the whole story. If there really are such things as mental states and processes—which eliminative materialists notoriously deny—then their existence must be logically implicit in facts statable in the language of physics. Space does not permit a detailed rebuttal of reductionist physicalism; nor do the arguments I have elsewhere presented admit of brief summary.
The Autonomy of Colour
Authors: Broackes Justin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay takes two notions of autonomy and two notions of explanation and argues that colours occur in explanations that fall. under all of them. The claim that colours can be used to explain anything at all may seem to some people an outrage. But their pessimism is unjustified and the orthodox dispositional view which may seem to support it, I shall argue, itself has difficulties. In broad terms, Section 2 shows that there exist good straight scientific laws of colour, constituting what one might call a phenomenal science. Section 3 offers a larger view of what we are doing when we attribute colours to things, a view which makes it a case of holistic explanation, similar in many ways to psychological explanation. Section 2 emphasizes the model of scientific explanation, and Section 3 the holistic model found in rational explanation; but it will emerge that colour explanation in different ways fits both models, as it also does the two principal notions of autonomy that the first section identifies.
Introduction
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically the interpretation of QT (non-relativistic Quantum Theory) has been dominated by two main traditions. There is the ‘orthodox interpretation’ (or Copenhagen interpretation) which grew out of the views of Bohr and has been promulgated by Heisenberg, Born, Pauli, et al. And there is the ‘realist interpretation’ which developed from Einstein’s criticisms of Bohr, and has been forwarded by Landé, Popper, Putnam, Bohm, and more generally the hidden variables school.
The State-vector and Probabilities
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the features of modern physics is the extensive use of quantitative concepts to enrich qualitative concepts. For example a comparative qualitative judgement that A is hotter than B will be redescribed quantitatively by saying that the temperature value of A is greater than that of B. This quantitative language has much greater expressive power than the qualitative language it replaces. For example it enables sense to be made of such claims as ‘A is as much hotter than B as B is hotter than C’. For our purposes, however, the important feature of quantitative language is that it enables the development of the idea of a possible state.
Heywood and Redhead
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two varieties of realism in QT (Quantum Theory) are distinguished. A strong form which endorses: (VR) If there is zero probability of the measured value of Q being q for system S at time t then Q does not have the value q for S at t; and a weaker form in which what we call the ‘eigenvector rule’ is endorsed. ((VR) is seen as a realist principle because it establishes a mirroring relation between the reality of possessed values and what is measured.) It is argued that if we adopt a minimum completeness condition for QT, one which is ,already incorporated within the standard de-Ockhamization strategy, then the distinction between these two varieties of realism collapses. Moreover adapting an argument by Heywood and Redhead (1983) it is shown that the strong form of realism just defined is inconsistent with Heywood and Redhead’s principle OLOC. But it is also argued that within a realist metaphysics OLOC emerges as a consequence of QT and certain ‘analytic’ principles which give meaning to physical quantities in sub-systems.
Wakingfrom Delirium
Authors: Clark Stephen R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A literal reading1 of mythographic speculation assures us that the days of the very beginning were a long time ago, ‘before’ the everyday world of human life got started. Perhaps human beings as we now know them were involved in those beginnings, perhaps we came after; but certainly there was a time when gods and fairies walked upon the earth. Their sometime presence is recalled in ritual and story. But as I pointed out in Civil Peace and Sacred Order (1989: 27ff.), it is of the very essence of fairyland that it is ‘once-upon-a-time’: however far back along the normal run of history we look we shall find that the fairies have already ‘gone away’, and yet are ‘there’ alongside us. Their ‘pastness’ is not that of last year’s papers-though one could suggest, contrariwise, that last year’s doings very rapidly attain the other status of the Dreamtime Myth. Our childhoods are next door to Eden, as Augustine saw (Manchester 1986: 389). The dinosaurs of a ‘literal’ long-ago actually occupy an alongside world in our children’s imaginations. The ‘pastness’ of the Beginnings is better understood as their permanent alongsideness, their recall is their being. ‘To listen to the recital of the birth of the world is to become the contemporary of the creative act par excellence, the cosmogony’, so Eliade ( l 959: 83) declares with especial reference to Polynesian recitals. The world is always beginning, from the omnipresent centre of attentive consciousness, which we represent to ourselves under the style of myth. At the same time it is always breaking out into a wider world, waking up to judgement.
Language Contact and Change
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past thirty years, sociolinguistic research has been concerned, among other questions, with the examination of language change (Romaine 1982). Labov (1972a; 1981a; 1981b), in particular, has successfully challenged the traditional structuralist position, which argued that change in progress could not be observed, by developing the necessary methodological techniques to identify and study possible changes in progress in apparent or real time. During this period, one of the most debated questions within the field of historical and socio-historical linguistics has been the interaction between internal linguistic factors and external social forces (including as such a different language) in what Weinreich et al. (1968: 186-7) call the actuation or motivation of linguistic change, i.e. the role that both society and the structure of language may play in stimulating or constraining linguistic change. With respect to this dilemma, these authors observe that if the theory that linguistic change is change in social behaviour is taken seriously, then it may not be possible to postulate predictive explanatory hypotheses. Rather, it is conceivable that all explanations may have to be offered a posteriori.