bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anatomy of Sartorius Muscle and its Implications for Sarcoma Radiotherapy
Authors: Burnet Neil G. , Bennett-Britton Tom , Hoole Andrew C. F. , Jefferies Sarah J. , Parkin Ian G. 
Published: March 2004

Purpose: Controversy exists as to whether sartorius muscle is completely invested in fascia. If it is, then direct tumour
involvement from soft tissue sarcoma of the anterior thigh would be unlikely and would justify omitting sartorius from the
radiotherapy volume.Subjects and methods: Eight thighs in six cadavers were examined in the dissecting room. Using a previous case, conformal
radiotherapy plans were prepared to treat the anterior compartment of the thigh including and excluding sartorius. The
corridor of unirradiated normal tissue was outlined separately.Results: In all cases, sartorius was enclosed within a fascial sheath of its own. In four of the six cadavers, there was clear
evidence of a fascial envelope surrounding sartorius, fused to the fascia lata and medial intermuscular septum. In two,
sartorius was fully ensheathed in the upper half of the thigh; in the lower half the intermuscular septum became
thin, and blended with the tendinous aponeurosis on the surface of vastus medialis in an example case. By excluding
sartorius, the volume of the anterior compartment was reduced by 8%, but the volume of the unirradiated normal tissue
corridor increased by 134%. With sartorius included, the unirradiated corridor became very small inferiorly, only 6% of the
circumference of the whole leg, compared to 27% with sartorius excluded.Discussion: The anatomy suggests that sartorius could be safely omitted from the clinical target volume of anterior
compartment soft tissue sarcomas. This substantially increases the size of the unirradiated normal tissue corridor, expressed
as a volume and a circumference, which could give a clinical advantage by reducing normal tissue complications.
Adult Pelvic Sarcomas: A Heterogeneous Collection of Sarcomas?
Authors: Keyzer-Dekker Claudia M. G. , Houtkamp Richard G. , Peterse Johannes L. , Van Coevorden Frits 
Published: March 2004

Introduction. Adult pelvic soft tissue sarcomas are a rare group of heterogeneous malignancies. These sarcomas differ from
extremity and trunk soft tissue sarcomas in presentation, characteristics and response to treatment.Methods. A retrospective analysis of patient and tumor characteristics, treatment and prognosis and prognostic factors was
performed.Results. Between 1977 and 1997, a total of 33 adult patients with soft tissue sarcomas involving the pelvis but excluding
uterine leiomyosarcoma were identified. Leiomyosarcomas (18), including six GIST, and rhabdomyosarcomas (eight) were
the most commonly seen tumors. At first presentation, nine patients already had metastases. The mean follow‐up was
52 months (1–200). Recurrences developed in 15 of the 24 cases (63%) with tumors without metastases at first presentation;
in six (25%) recurrence was locally only, in nine distant metastases occurred. The nine patients with metastatic disease
at first presentation died of the disease, while eight of the 24 patients with localized disease at presentation died. One patient
died of an unrelated cause, four were alive with disease, and 11 patients were alive and free of disease. The only identifiable
prognostic factor of disease‐free interval and overall survival was histological grade.Conclusion. Soft tissue sarcomas of the pelvis appear to be associated with increased rate of metastasis at the time of diagnosis
and higher rates of local recurrence. In this study, multi‐modality treatment for most primary tumors did not show a
significant benefit in recurrence rate, DFI and OST, when compared to single modality approach. Although the number of
patients in this study is small, and different types of sarcomas were studied, the only identifiable predictor for survival was
low histological grade of the tumors. The differences of this heterogeneous group of pelvic sarcomas with retroperitoneal,
trunk and extremity sarcomas should be taken into consideration in the management of these sarcomas.
Importance of Silene latifolia ssp. alba and S. dioica (Caryophyllaceae) as host plants of the parasitic pollinator Hadena bicruris (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: Bopp Sigrun , Gottsberger Gerhard 
Published: March 2004

With regards to pollination there exist several mutualistic relationships between Hadena‐species and Caryophyllaceae. As mutualists have both negative and positive effects on their partners, mutualism is often betoken as reciprocative exploitation which may shift to parasitism if the exploitation of one partner becomes prevalent.Several Silene‐ and Saponaria‐species are considered to be larval host plants of Hadena bicruris. Although Silene latifolia ssp. alba and S. dioica are frequently cited as hosts of the seed eating larvae, field and laboratory observations at Ulm were suggestive for only S. latifolia ssp. alba being a suitable host. Records of the oviposition behavior of H. bicruris made it evident that in fact a considerable number of eggs could be found in planted stands of both species. On the other hand, phenological data of the flowering periods and of the oviposition behavior of H. bicruris showed that S. latifolia ssp. alba is clearly preferred for oviposition if host selection is possible due to contemporaneous flowering of individuals of both plant species growing at close range. In addition, the flowering periods of S. latifolia ssp. alba and the periods of moth activity overlap to a large extent. This is not the case in S. dioica. Feeding experiences first indicated that the caterpillars may not prefer one of the species to the other, but comparison of the pupal weight of the animals reared on fruits of exclusively one of the species showed that the seeds of S. latifolia ssp. alba were more profitable for nutrition than those of S. dioica; the pupal weight of animals reared on seeds of the former species significantly exceeded that of animals reared on seeds of the latter one. The question arises if the symbiosis of H. bicruris and its hosts constitutes a stable situation or if an evolutionary shift to mutualism or parasitism will take place.
WHO and ATPIII proposals for the definition of the metabolic syndrome in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Marchesini G. , Forlani G. , Cerrelli F. , Manini R. , Natale S. , Baraldi L. , Ermini G. , Savorani G. , Zocchi D. , Melchionda N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAims  Different criteria have been proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATPIII) for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Its identification is of particular importance for coronary risk assessment.Methods  The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was determined according to the two different proposals in 1569 consecutive subjects with Type 2 diabetes.Results  By the WHO proposal, 81% of cases (95% confidence interval, 79–83) were labelled as metabolic syndrome. Microalbuminuria had the highest specificity (99%) and visceral obesity the highest sensitivity (93%). Seventy‐eight per cent of patients (95% CI, 76–80) fulfilled the ATPIII criteria for metabolic syndrome, low HDL‐cholesterol having the highest specificity (95%), elevated blood pressure having the highest sensitivity. According to both proposals, 1113 patients were positive; 183 were concordantly negative, indicative of a fairly good agreement (k statistics, 0.464). Subjects only positive for the WHO proposal were more frequently males, had a lower BMI and a higher arterial pressure. Only subjects identified by the ATPIII proposal had a significantly higher prevalence of previously detected coronary heart disease.Conclusions  Minimum criteria for the metabolic syndrome are met in most patients with Type 2 diabetes. Correct identification of the syndrome is important for an integrated approach to reduce the high costs and the associated disabilities. The ATPIII proposal more clearly identifies the burden of coronary heart disease associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Clustering of autoimmune disease in parents of siblings from the Type 1 diabetes Warren repository
Authors: Tait K. F. , Marshall T. , Berman J. , Carr‐Smith J. , Rowe B. , Todd J. A. , Bain S. C. , Barnett A. H. , Gough S. C. L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAims  Autoimmune disorders co‐exist in the same individuals and in families, implying a shared aetiology. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of the common autoimmune diseases in the parents of siblings from the Type 1 diabetes Warren repository with the general population.Methods  Between 1989 and 1996, 505 British families with at least two siblings affected by Type 1 diabetes were recruited. Clinical information was collected regarding the presence of autoimmune disease in the parents and the prevalence of disease in the parents was compared with that expected in the general population.Results  The prevalence of autoimmune disease in the parents was significantly higher in the repository compared with that expected in the general population [P‐value = 1.98 × 10−5 (female), P‐value = 1.1 × 10−8 (male)]. Type 1 diabetes was recorded in 63/1010 (6.2%) parents with a marked paternal preponderance (9.5 vs. 3%P = 0.002). Other autoimmune diseases affected 27% of parents with diabetes and 13.2% of parents without diabetes (P < 0.01).Conclusion  These data confirm the importance of family history as a significant risk factor for the development of Type 1 diabetes and support the hypothesis that the common autoimmune diseases share at least some aetiological mechanisms.
‘Accelerated aging’: a primrose path to insight?
Authors: Miller Richard A. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryOrganism envy afflicts most researchers who work on aging in mice; how frustrating it is to see the worm and fly biologists nail down milestone after milestone, citation after citation! Surely genetic trickery can produce mice that age in a comparable jiffy? Alas, our near‐total ignorance of what times the aging process makes it hard to guess what genes to tweak, if indeed aging can be mimicked a presto. Building a case that a given short‐lived mutant ages quickly is a steep and thorny path, requiring more than just plucking a symptom here and there from a list of things that sometimes go wrong in old people or old mice. The hallmark of aging is that a lot goes wrong more or less at the same time, in 2‐year‐old mice, 10‐year‐old dogs and 70‐year‐old people. Finding ways to damage one or two systems in a 6‐week or 6‐month‐old mouse is not too hard to do, but the implications of such studies for improved understanding of aging per se are at best indirect and at worst imaginary and distracting.
Folate deficiency and homocysteine induce toxicity in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons via cytosolic calcium accumulation
Authors: Tjiattas Lindsay , Ortiz Daniela O. , Dhivant Sirikarnt , Mitton Kerrie , Rogers Eugene , Shea Thomas B. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryFolate deficiency induces neurotoxicity by multiple routes, including increasing cytosolic calcium and oxidative stress via increasing levels of the neurotoxin homocysteine (HC), and inducing mitochondrial and DNA damage. Because some of these neurotoxic effects overlap with those observed in motor neuron disease, we examined the impact of folate deprivation on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in culture. Folate deprivation for 2 h increased cytosolic calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired mitochondrial function. Treatment with nimodipine [an L voltage‐sensitive calcium channel (LVSCC) antagonist], MK‐801 (an NMDA channel antagonist) and thapsigarin (an inhibitor of efflux of calcium from internal stores) indicated that folate deprivation initially induced calcium influx via the LVSCC, with subsequent additional calcium derived from NMDA channels and internal stores. These compounds also reduced ROS and mitochondrial degeneration, indicating that calcium influx contributed to these phenomena. Calcium influx was prevented by co‐treatment with 3‐deaza‐adenosine, which inhibits HC formation, indicating that HC mediated increased cytosolic calcium following folate deprivation. Nimodipine, MK‐801 and thapsigargin had similar effects following direct treatment with HC as they did following folate deprivation. These findings support the idea that folate deprivation and HC treatment can compromise the health of DRG neurons by perturbing calcium homeostasis.
Abnormal blood lactate accumulation after exercise in patients with multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions and minor muscular symptoms
Authors: Lindholm Harri , Löfberg Mervi , Somer Hannu , Näveri Hannu , Sovijärvi Anssi 
Published: March 2004

SummaryStudy objectives:  Muscle is one of the most commonly affected organs in mitochondrial disorders, and the symptoms are often exercise related. The cardiopulmonary exercise test with the determination of lactic acid formation could give supplementary information about the exercise‐induced metabolic stress and compensatory mechanisms used in these disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exercise capacity and lactate kinetics related to exercise in subjects with two genetically characterized mitochondrial disorders (multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions with PEO, MELAS) compared with lactate kinetics in subjects with metabolic myopathy (McArdle's disease) and in the healthy controls.Design:  The subjects were consecutive, co‐operative patients of Department of Neurology of Helsinki University Hospital. Molecular genetic analyses were used for group classification of the mitochondrial myopathy.Study subjects:  The study groups consisted of 11 patients with multiple deletions (PEO) and five patients with a point mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (MELAS), four patients with a muscle phosphorylase enzyme deficiency (McArdle's disease) and 13 healthy controls. The clinical disease of the patients was relatively mild.Measurements and results:  A graded exercise test with ventilatory gas analyses and venous blood lactic acid analyses was performed. The main finding was the prolonged accumulation of blood lactate after the exercise in the PEO and MELAS groups compared with the controls. An overcompensation in ventilation was found in the MELAS and PEO group.Conclusions:  The blood lactate accumulation after exercise occurs in patients with multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions or MELAS even in patients with only mild exercise intolerance. Cardiopulmonary exercise can be used in the diagnostic process of patients with mitochondrial myopathies.
Influence of chronic hypoxemia on peripheral muscle function and oxidative stress in humans
Authors: Faucher Marion , Steinberg Jean Guillaume , Barbier Dominique , Hug François , Jammes Yves 
Published: March 2004

SummaryTransient re‐oxygenation of humans suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) allows the assessment of the consequences of chronic hypoxemia on peripheral muscle and metabolism apart from the effects of de‐conditioning. The subjects performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of flexor digitorum and vastus lateralis muscles and sustained infra‐maximal contractions. COPD patients repeated the whole challenge during a 50‐min oxygen breathing period and after recovery to baseline hypoxemia. We measured the compound evoked muscle mass action potential (M‐wave) and the medium frequency (MF) of surface electromyography (EMG) power spectrum. Blood lactate (LA) and potassium (K+), erythrocyte‐reduced glutathione (GSH), and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also measured. Compared with a control group, COPD patients had lower MVCs, an attenuated decrease in MF during exercise, lower resting level of GSH, no posthandgrip TBARS increase and no GSH consumption. Reoxygenation (1) increased MVCs, (2) accentuated the MF decline and (3) elicited a posthandgrip TBARS increase and GSH consumption. Thus, we conclude that chronic hypoxemia exerts specific muscular effects: a reduced force production, an attenuated ‘muscle wisdom’, and the suppression of the exercise oxidative stress.
Differential effects of peripheral ketamine and lidocaine on skin flux and hyperalgesia induced by intradermal capsaicin in humans
Authors: Gottrup Hanne , Bach Flemming Winther , Jensen Troels Staehelin 
Published: March 2004

SummaryThe capsaicin‐induced flux in the primary and secondary hyperalgesic area after pretreating the capsaicin injection site with local ketamine, lidocaine or saline 10 min prior to injection was examined in this study. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in two randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over experiments. In the first experiment, the skin on the volar forearm was pretreated with s.c. ketamine or saline, 10 min prior to capsaicin injection. Flux was recorded before and continuously after the injection of capsaicin in the primary and secondary hyperalgesic area. Spontaneous pain, evoked pain and areas of hyperalgesia were measured. In the second experiment, a similar capsaicin test was carried out 10 min after pretreating the skin with s.c. lidocaine or saline. Ketamine reduced flux significantly both in the primary and secondary hyperalgesic area. Lidocaine reduced flux significantly in the primary hyperalgesic area. No effect was observed on flux in the secondary hyperalgesic area. Only lidocaine reduced spontaneous pain, evoked pain and areas of hyperalgesia, whereas ketamine had no effect. Our results suggest that there is no simple and close relation between vascular and sensory reactions to pharmacological manipulation following intradermal capsaicin injection. We propose distinct mechanisms for local lidocaine and ketamine based on the differential effects of local lidocaine and ketamine on flux and pain.
REVERTER ET SON FILS, DEUX OFFICIERS CATALANS AU SERVICE DES SULTANS DE MARRAKECH
Authors: Clément François 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSome individuals who decided or had to move from Christian Spain to Muslim Maghrib during the Middle Ages succeeded in having a second start in their new country, whether they converted to Islam or not. As most of these men were soldiers, this study recalls first how Moroccan sovereigns got into the habit of recruiting Christian militia as a kind of personal bodyguard, then it focuses on the careers of Reverter and his son 'Alī. The former was a senior officer of Catalan origin, and he reached a high rank in the Almoravid army, although preserving his Christian faith. The latter, who converted to Islam, loyally served under the Almohad sultan, while never forgetting his roots, as it would seem from his attitude towards the Christian renegades and captives he cooperated with during a mission in Majorca.
THE LANGUAGES OF MEDIEVAL IBERIA AND THEIR RELIGIOUS DIMENSION1
Authors: Gallego María Angeles 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe aim of this article is to investigate language use as a social phenomenon in the period of eight centuries during which there was a Muslim state in the Iberian peninsula—that is, more exactly, the period comprising 711 C.E. to 1492 C.E., which are the dates of the Muslim arrival and conquest of the peninsula, and the end of the reconquest of the Muslim territory by the Christians, respectively. For this purpose, I will look into the contexts and registers in which the different languages of Medieval Iberia were used, as well as references to linguistic usages that the written sources of this period contain. Religious affiliation will prove to be a decisive factor in the use of different linguistic varieties and, moreover, the values ascribed to each of them.
FINANCING A CAPTIVE'S RANSOM IN LATE MEDIEVAL ARAGON
Authors: Rodriguez Jarbel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCapture and Captivity were significant problems in the lands of the medieval Crown of Aragon, due to the ongoing struggle between Muslims and Christians in the Iberian Peninsula. This article addresses the question of how Christian captives and their families raised the large ransoms that were demanded for their release. The raising of a ransom often began with the captives or those acting on their behalf having to beg on the streets for the money. By the late fourteenth century, however, additional options had emerged to help those in need. Consequently, raising the money became a complex process whereby captives depended not only on their own resources and whatever they could beg for, but also whatever aid civic, ecclesiastical, and royal sources could provide.
Towards a Paradigm of Multiparty Negotiation
Authors: Glendon A. Ian , Crump Larry 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDespite considerable research on multiparty negotiation, no prior attempt has been made to organize and describe knowledge from the various disciplines represented within this field of study. The present article seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of multiparty negotiation. It establishes a foundation for a multiparty negotiation paradigm by building a coherent multi-disciplinary framework. Development of this framework begins by defining fundamental concepts and identifying essential dynamics that structure the field of multiparty negotiation. This article then describes the building blocks and boundaries of the field. A review of the three most developed multiparty negotiation bodies of literature or domains – international negotiations, public disputes, and organizational and group negotiations – follows. Similarities and differences between the three domains are identified, as are points of theoretical integration. This examination of multiparty negotiation concepts and dynamics, building blocks, boundaries, and domains constitutes a framework that defines multiparty negotiation as a field of practice. The article also establishes a research agenda that will contribute to the development of multiparty negotiation as an area of study.
Multistakeholder Dialogue at the Global Scale
Authors: Susskind Lawrence , Fuller Boyd , Fairman David , Ferenz Michèle 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMultistakeholder Dialogues (MSDs) are being used as part of many international policy-making efforts. Official and unofficial representatives are being brought together to build relationships, set agendas for future official and unofficial dialogues, and even to generate packages of proposals or recommendations. The authors describe the key challenges that face prospective MSD designers, including: finding the right participants, managing with extremely limited financial resources, providing effective meeting facilitation, and integrating the work of MSDs into existing institutional activities and structures. While there are examples of successful MSDs that contribute to official policymaking, too many multistakeholder dialogues founder because the participants are inadequately prepared, the processes are managed ineffectively, and expectations are unrealistic.
Leadership in Multilateral Negotiation and Domestic Policy: The Netherlands at the Kyoto Protocol Negotiation
Authors: Kanie Norichika 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis article examines the causal mechanisms through which domestic policies and underlying domestic structural and institutional factors influenced the Netherlands' leadership-taking capability during climate change negotiations leading up to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Two causal mechanisms are prominent. One is the importance and necessity of building domestic capacity before the negotiation, and the other is the role of the "power devise" for a middle power to become influential in the negotiation. In this case, a regional organization provided the framework for a middle power to materialise its leadership potential.