bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Voluntary Biotechnology Labels Matter to the Consumer? Evidence from the Fluid Milk Market
Authors: Kiesel Kristin , Buschena David , Smith Vincent 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article examines the effects on the demand of voluntary labeling for the use of genetically modified growth hormone for retail fluid milk using supermarket scanner data. Retail fluid milk tracks one of the first biotechnology products approved, is fairly standardized and ubiquitous, and allows for cross‐sectional differentiation between labeled and unlabeled products and between conventional and organic brands. The results indicate that voluntary labeling increases the demand for recombinant bovine growth hormone free milk. In addition, the estimated effects of labeling appear to have increased over time.
A Multivariate Sample‐Selection Model: Estimating Cigarette and Alcohol Demands with Zero Observations
Authors: Yen Steven T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHeckman's sample‐selection model is generalized to the multivariate case and used to estimate demands for cigarettes, beer, and wine by individuals in the United States. The specification allows correlations between the error terms of multiple selection and level equations, and nests the popular bivariate sample‐selection model and two‐part model. Empirical results suggest that the proposed model performs better than the restricted specifications. Differentiated effects of variables on probabilities and levels of consumption also suggest rejection of the Tobit system. Gender differences are present, and demographic variables are more important than income in determining consumption of cigarettes, beer, and wine.
Output Price Subsidies in a Stochastic World
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Quiggin John 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article studies the comparative statics of output subsidies for firms, with monotonic preferences over costs and returns, that face price and production uncertainty. The modeling of deficiency payments, support‐price schemes, and stochastic supply shifts in a state‐space framework is discussed. It is shown how these notions can be used, via a simple application of Shephard's lemma, to analyze input‐demand shifts once comparative‐static results for supply are available. A range of comparative‐static results for supply are then developed and discussed.
Local Leaders in a Global Setting: Dependency and Resistance in Regional New South Wales and Newfoundland
Authors: Gray Ian , Sinclair Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSmall regional communities are having widely different experiences of globalisation but many share dependent relations with corporations and governments. Those which are under threat are often finding themselves dependent on their own resources, including the leadership of local people. This article compares the interpretations of change and the experiences of local leaders in two geographically and historically diverse situations. It finds that despite such diversity, there are similarities of experience. It concludes with some consideration given to state policy regarding community leadership, tempering a view that leadership can provide solutions to regional decline.
Signaling in Political Budget Cycles: How Far Are You Willing to Go?
Authors: STREB JORGE MIGUEL 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA key assumption in the literature on political cycles with rational voters and opportunistic politicians is that opportunism is common knowledge. In this framework, political cycles have been interpreted as a signal of competency. However, if opportunism is not common knowledge, cycles may no longer indicate competency, but rather opportunism. This is because highly opportunistic incumbents are willing to go farther to be reelected. Since political cycles require discretionality to reallocate budget items, a decrease of discretionality curbs cycles. It may also make elections more effective at selecting competent incumbents.
Health, Wealth, and Fairness
Authors: FLEURBAEY MARC 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHow much health should we have and how should it be distributed? This paper studies how to define social objectives for the allocation of health and income in a setting where individuals may differ in their preferences about health and consumption, earning ability, and health disposition. It is shown, on the basis of three simple ethical principles, that a reasonable social objective is to apply the maximin criterion to “full‐health equivalent” incomes. An application to the choice of the optimal health policy illustrates how this social objective may be used.
Common mental disorders and use of general health services: a review of the literature on population‐based studies
Authors: Koopmans G. T. , Donker M. C. H. , Rutten F. H. H. 
Published: April 2005

Objective:  To review population‐based studies on the association between common mental disorders and the use of general (non‐mental) health care services.Method:  Literature search in Medline and PsychLit databases. Only studies with a prospective design and correction for somatic morbidity were included for review.Results:  On the most general level of outcomes considered and in the majority of studies, mental disorders were associated with higher service use. This general tendency is not consistently reflected in the use of specific health care services, but is materialized in different patterns of out‐patient and in‐patient service utilization, which vary from study to study. Findings for the elderly were less clear‐cut than for other age groups.Conclusion:  Mental disorders are related to higher general health care service use on a global, aggregated level. These associations are not specific for certain types of services.
Atypical mood stabilizers: a ‘typical’ role for atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Malhi G. S. , Berk M. , Bourin M. , Ivanovski B. , Dodd S. , Lagopoulos J. , Mitchell P. B. 
Published: April 2005

Objective:  To assess the potential role of atypical antipsychotics as mood stabilizers.Method:  A MedLine, PsychLIT, PubMed, and EMBASE literature search of papers published up to December 2004 was conducted using the names of atypical antipsychotics and a number of key terms relevant to bipolar disorder. Additional articles were retrieved by scrutinizing the bibliographies of review papers and literature known to the authors. Data pertinent to the objective was reviewed according to the various phases of bipolar disorder.Results:  The data is most substantive for the use of atypical antipsychotics in mania, to the extent that an argument for a class effect of significant efficacy can be made. This does not extend to bipolar depression, however, good data is now emerging for some agents and will need to be considered for each individual agent as it accumulates. As regards mixed states and rapid cycling the evidence is thus far sparse and too few maintenance studies have been conducted to make any firm assertions. However, with respect to long‐term therapy the atypical antipsychotics do have clinically significant side‐effects of which clinicians need to be aware.Conclusion:  Based on the evidence thus far it is perhaps premature to describe the atypical antipsychotics as mood stabilizers. Individual agents may eventually be able to claim this label, however, much further research is needed especially with respect to maintenance and relapse prevention.
Enhancement of Both EDHF and NO/cGMP Pathways is Necessary to Reverse Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Angulo Javier , Cuevas Pedro , Gabancho Sonia , Gonzalez-Corrochano Rocio , Videla Sebastian , de Tejada Iñigo Saenz 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Aims and Methods
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are less effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in diabetic men than in nondiabetic patients. We have evaluated the effects of sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor that enhances the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway, calcium dobesilate (DOBE), which potentiates endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated responses and the combination of both on erectile responses elicited by cavernosal nerve electrical stimulation (CNES) in a rat model of ED after 8 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Results
After 8 weeks of diabetes, erectile responses to CNES were significantly decreased in diabetic animals compared with nondiabetic time controls. While intravenous administration of sildenafil (0.3 mg/kg) or DOBE (10 mg/kg), individually, enhanced erectile responses in nondiabetic rats (214.7 ± 34.1% and 268.5 ± 30.1% of control response at 1 Hz, respectively), each failed to significantly enhance erectile responses in diabetic rats. Only when administered in combination did DOBE and sildenafil markedly potentiate erectile responses in these animals (380.1 ± 88.6% of control response at 1 Hz), completely restoring erectile function.

Conclusions
These findings emphasize the importance of NO/cGMP and EDHF pathways for normal erectile function. They also give support to the in vitro observation that diabetes impairs NO and EDHF-dependent responses, precluding the complete recovery of erectile function with PDE5 inhibitors and explaining the relatively poor clinical response of diabetic men with ED to PDE5 inhibition. Finally, our study suggests that a pharmacological approach that combines enhancement of NO/cGMP and EDHF pathways could be necessary to treat ED in many diabetic men.
Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Leiblum Sandra , Brown Candace , Wan Jim , Rawlinson Leslie 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Persistent sexual arousal disorder (PSAS) is a poorly documented condition characterized by persistent genital arousal in the absence of conscious feelings of sexual desire.

Aim
To determine whether there are replicable features associated with PSAS, to describe salient characteristics of women reporting this condition, and to determine predictors of distress.

Methods
A 46-item Internet survey containing demographic information, symptom description, triggers, exacerbation and relief measures, distress ratings, and life and sexual satisfaction was placed on a secure server.

Main Outcome Measures
Frequency analyses of descriptive data, and stepwise multiple regression analysis to identify independent predictors of level of distress.

Results
Of the 103 respondents, most were in good health, well educated, and in long-term relationships. Ninety-eight percent of respondents met at least one criterion for PSAS and 53% met all five criteria. Involuntary genital and clitoral arousal persisting for extended time periods, genital arousal unrelated to subjective feelings of sexual desire, and genital arousal not relieved with orgasms were the most frequently endorsed features associated with this syndrome. Symptom triggers included sexual stimulation, masturbation, stress, and anxiety. Distress about the condition was low in 25%, moderate in 35%, and high in 40% of respondents. The strongest predictors of distress were intrusive and unwanted feelings of genital arousal (P &lt; 0.0001), continuous symptoms (P &lt; 0. 001), feelings of unhappiness (P &lt; 0.03), shame (P = 0.0001) and worry (P = 0.01), reduced sexual satisfaction (P &lt; 0.004), enjoyment of symptoms some of the time (P = 0.01), and relationship status (P &lt; 0.004).

Conclusions
The results of this research support the description of a condition (persistent sexual arousal) involving involuntary genital and clitoral arousal unrelated to subjective feelings of sexual desire which persists despite one or more orgasms and which usually feels intrusive and unwanted. Varying levels of distress were identified with this condition as well as a variety of primarily negative emotional reactions.
Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome Associated with Increased Soy Intake
Authors: Amsterdam Alison , Abu-Rustum Nadeem , Carter Jeanne , Krychman Michael 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Persistent sexual arousal syndrome is an uncommon sexual complaint. Patients with this disorder can be distressed by the escalation of tension in the pelvic region and the prevailing necessity to diminish the pressure by self-stimulation. Patients frequently suffer from guilt or shame and often do not seek medical care. There are many potential causes of this disorder; however, a definitive etiology has yet to be elucidated.

Case
The patient is a 44-year-old female who presented to her gynecologist for evaluation of dysmenorrhea and menometrorrhagia. During the review of systems, the patient reported 5–6 months of increased pelvic tension, not associated with an increase in desire that required her to self-stimulate to orgasm approximately 15 times daily. Upon further inquiry, the patient disclosed that her dietary regimen included soy intake in excess of 4 pounds per day that began approximately 1 month prior to the onset of symptoms.

Results
Treatment consisted of supportive counseling and dietary modification. At the 3-month follow-up visit, the patient's menstrual difficulties and sexual complaints resolved.

Conclusions
Although no known cause or cure of persistent sexual arousal syndrome has been identified to date, the success of reducing dietary of phytoestrogens in this patient may provide insight into the etiology of the disorder and suggest potential treatments.
Hemodynamic Effects of Sildenafil Citrate and Isosorbide Mononitrate in Men with Coronary Artery Disease and Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Jackson Graham , Keltai Matyas , Csanady Miklos , Edes Istvan , Bellamy Gregory R. , Widimsky Petr , Lisa Libor , Gillies Hunter 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Mild hemodynamic effects have been reported with sildenafil citrate therapy.

Aim
To compare the hemodynamic effects of sildenafil and isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) in men with coronary artery disease and erectile dysfunction.

Methods
A total of 31 men aged 35 years or older with coronary artery disease (at least 50% narrowing of the left main stem or at least 70% narrowing of any other coronary artery) and erectile dysfunction (receiving medication for erectile dysfunction or scoring less than 26 out of a maximum score of 30 on the erectile function domain questions of International Index of Erectile Function) were randomized to sildenafil 100 mg (n = 10), ISMN 40 mg (n = 11), or placebo (n = 10) in this single-dose multicenter study.

Main Outcome Measures
Hemodynamic parameters were measured at baseline, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours post dose.

Results
Compared with baseline, cardiac index increased slightly with sildenafil (0.29 L/min/m2 at 1 hour) and decreased slightly with placebo (−0.12 L/min/m2 at 4 hours) and ISMN (−0.14 L/min/m2 at 1 hour). The stroke volume index increased from baseline at each time point post dose with sildenafil (4.4 mL/m2 at 2 hours), but decreased with ISMN (−5.8 mL/m2 at 1 hour) and placebo (−2.8 mL/m2 at 4 hours). ISMN reduced mean arterial pressure more than sildenafil did (−22 vs. −10 mm Hg at 2 hours, respectively). Both sildenafil and ISMN increased heart rate (4 vs. 7 beats/minute at 1 hour, respectively) and decreased systemic vascular resistance, but sildenafil produced greater reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance. There were no serious adverse events in the sildenafil group.

Conclusions
Sildenafil 100 mg was well tolerated and induced smaller changes in central and peripheral hemodynamic pressures compared with ISMN 40 mg. Moreover, sildenafil selectively reduced pulmonary resistance, which may have clinical importance in pulmonary hypertension.
Use of a Visual Analog Scale to Assess Pain of Injection with Intracavernous Injection Therapy
Authors: Lane Brian Z. , Ausmundson Sandra J. , Butler Robert S. , Zippe Craig D. , Jones J. Stephen , Lakin Milton M 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Aim
Fear of pain with intracavernosal injection (ICI) therapy may discourage its use in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods
We prospectively analyzed patient self-report of discomfort with ICI therapy for ED utilizing a visual analog scale from 0 to 10.

Results
Patient self-report using a visual analog scale revealed minimal discomfort, with 59 consecutive patients reporting an average pain score of 1.93 ± 1.76. There was no statistical difference between self-administered or nurse-administered injections. The volume of the injection also had no statistical effect on pain score, and there was no difference observed between those who received alprostadil alone or combination treatment. Patients with diabetes mellitus did have significantly higher pain scores than other patients (3.31 ± 2.25 vs. 1.62 ± 1.39, P = 0.009), even when controlling for other factors.

Conclusion
Clinicians should be aware of the greater potential for discomfort in ED patients with diabetes. In the majority of ED patients, however, discomfort is minimal, and this information should be helpful in alleviating fear of injection in those who may benefit from this therapy.
The Hemodynamics of Erectile Dysfunction Following External Beam Radiation for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Mulhall John , Ahmed Absaar , Parker Marilyn , Mohideen Najeeb 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Radiation to the pelvis is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). The mechanisms include neural injury, vascular alterations, and corporal smooth structural changes. There exists little data on the vascular assessment of men who present with ED following radiation therapy for prostate cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the erectile hemodynamics in such a patient population.

Methods
Men who presented for the evaluation of ED following radiation therapy for prostate cancer underwent vascular evaluation in the form of dynamic infusion cavernosometry and cavernosography (DICC). Established parameters were recorded to define arterial insufficiency and venocclusive function including cavernosal artery occlusion pressure, flow-to-maintain, and pressure decay.

Results
Sixteen men with a mean age of 61 years presenting with ED after radiation underwent DICC at a mean duration post radiation of 11 months. All of the patients in whom arterial hemodynamics were measurable had abnormal arterial parameters, and 85% had abnormal venocclusive parameters. Of the patients who could undergo cavernosography, 80% had venous leak, most commonly from the crura.

Conclusions
Men presenting with ED following radiation therapy for prostate cancer are likely to have significant alterations in erectile hemodynamics, often of a combined arterio-venogenic nature. In patients with venous leak the majority had venocclusive dysfunction with venous leak emanating from the crura.
The Burden of Premature Ejaculation: The Patient's Perspective
Authors: Sotomayor Mariano 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT
Premature ejaculation (PE) remains an underdetected and under-treated condition, despite the advances in available treatment options. Men with PE often feel stigmatized by the condition and embarrassment is a key barrier to discussing the problem with healthcare professionals. Men with PE perceive themselves as having little control over ejaculation and this lack of control is mirrored in diminished satisfaction with sexual intercourse. The burden of PE is both emotional and physical. Premature ejaculation is associated with low self-esteem, anxiety, and feelings of shame and inferiority. In some studies there is an association with depression. Premature ejaculation places a significant burden on the patient–partner relationship and there is evidence to suggest that there is a higher prevalence of female sexual dysfunction associated with PE. Patients with PE often view the condition as purely psychological or as a problem that will resolve with time and many are unaware that medical treatment could be of benefit. This endorses the particularly important role of healthcare professionals in recognizing the barriers to patient diagnosis and promoting the view that PE is not only a common but also a treatable medical condition.
AEROBIC PLATE COUNTS OF PHILIPPINE READY‐TO‐EAT FOODS FROM TAKE‐AWAY PREMISES
Authors: AZANZA MA. PATRICIA V. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The Aerobic Plate Counts (APCs) of some Philippine ready‐to‐eat (RTE) foods from take‐away premises were established for the first time within the context of using the information for the development of Philippine microbial guidelines for RTE foods. The calculated APCs for most of the RTE foods analyzed in the study were ≤ 10 5 cfu/unit of food sample. Among the reasons cited to explain higher APC values were: use of raw ingredients for the final product, temperature abuse during vending, inadequate cooking and use of leftovers. It was recommended that the generally acceptable microbial guideline value for APC of RTE foods set at < 105 cfu/unit be adapted locally until more precise microbial criteria for this food type could be developed through an appropriate scientific process.
ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALS OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND EXTRACTS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS SPICE MATERIALS†
Authors: SINGH G. , MARIMUTHU P. , MURALI H.S. , BAWA A.S. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of essential oils and acetone extracts of black pepper, cumin, black cumin and mace were carried out by different techniques. The antioxidative capacity of the essential oils and acetone extracts were evaluated against mustard oil by measuring peroxide and thibarbituric acid values at fixed intervals. In addition, their antioxidant potential was evaluated by 2, 2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydracyl radical and conjugated diene assays. Their reducing power was determined with standards, which proved the strong antioxidant capacity of essential oils and extracts. The antioxidant activity of essential oils and extracts exerted by all the antioxidant assays can be compared with synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The antibacterial activity was studied by disk diffusion and poison food methods. Black cumin essential oil showed complete zone of inhibition (P < 0.05) against tested bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis at 2 and 6 µL level by disk diffusion method. Black cumin and black pepper extracts showed complete reduction of colonies against tested bacterial strains of S. aureus, B. cereus and B. subtilisat 5 and 10 µL level by poison food method. Poison food method exhibited good results for the tested essential oils and extracts. Essential oils of black pepper, cumin, black cumin and mace may be used to stabilize mustard oil after screening.