bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds with N‐Sulfinyl β‐Amino Weinreb Amides.
Authors: Davis Franklin A. , Nolt M. Brad , Wu Yongzhong , Prasad Kavirayani R. , Li Danyang , Yang Bin , Bowen Kerisha , Lee Seung H. , Eardley John H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Allylboration of α,β‐Enals as a Surrogate for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylic Amines and α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Burghardt Thomas E. , Reddy M. Venkat Ram 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Cysteine‐Derived Ligand as Catalyst for the Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes: The Importance of a “Free” Sulfide Site for Enantioselectivity.
Authors: Braga Antonio L. , Alves Elenilson F. , Silveira Claudio C. , Zeni Gilson , Appelt Helmoz R. , Wessjohann Ludger A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Conversion of N‐Methoxy‐N‐methylamides (Weinreb Amides) to Ketones via a Nonclassical Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Murphy John A. , Commeureuc Aurelien G. J. , Snaddon Thomas N. , McGuire Thomas M. , Khan Tanweer A. , Hisler Kevin , Dewis Mark L. , Carling Robert 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenyl Dibenzophosphole Palladium Dichloride: Synthesis, X‐Ray Crystal Structure and Application in the Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling.
Authors: Thoumazet Claire , Ricard Louis , Gruetzmacher Hansjoerg , Le Floch Pascal 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene in a Novel and Facile Synthesis of 1,4‐Diaryl‐2‐(arylamino)but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diones.
Authors: Prakash Om , Batra Anita , Chaudhri Vishwas , Prakash Richa 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Syntheses of Heterocycles via Intramolecular Ir‐Catalyzed Allylic Amination and Etherification.
Authors: Welter Carolin , Dahnz Axel , Brunner Bernhard , Streiff Stephane , Duebon Pierre , Helmchen Guenter 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Based on Biphenyl Substituted TTF.
Authors: Noda Bunpei , Katsuhara Mao , Aoyagi Isao , Mori Takehiko , Taguchi Tomohiro , Kambayashi Takuya , Ishikawa Ken , Takezoe Hideo 
Published: July 2005

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Unusual Rearrangement in the Reactions of Phenylmalonic Acid Dihydrazide with 1,3‐Diketones.
Authors: Al‐Talib Mahmoud , Tashtoush Hasan , Al‐Ghoul Areej , Ziemer Burkhard , Koert Ulrich 
Published: July 2005

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Regioselective Synthesis of [1,2,3]‐Triazoles Catalyzed by Cu(I) Generated in situ from Cu(0) Nanosize Activated Powder and Amine Hydrochloride Salts.
Authors: Orgueira Hernan A. , Fokas Demosthenes , Isome Yuko , Chan Philip C.‐M. , Baldino Carmen M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bisindoles Containing a 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole Unit: Novel Non‐Doping Red Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Excellent Color Purity.
Authors: Fang Qiang , Xu Bing , Jiang Biao , Fu Haitao , Chen Xiaoyao , Cao Amin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Enantioselective Synthesis of (‐)‐(2S,6S)‐(6‐Ethyltetrahydropyran‐2‐yl)formic Acid.
Authors: Miranda Leandro S. M. , Meireles Bruno A. , Costa Jeronimo S. , Pereira Vera L. P. , Vasconcellos Mario L. A. A. 
Published: July 2005

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FeCl3‐Promoted Intramolecular Annulation of δ‐Keto Nitriles: Facile Approach to Prepare 3‐Acetamido‐2‐pyridone Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Shaozhong , Pan Jia , Hu Yuefei , Hu Hongwen 
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Some New Pyridines, Thienopyridines and Pyrido[2,3:4′,5′]thieno[3′,2′‐d]pyrimidin‐8‐ones from 2‐Acetylbenzoimidazole.
Authors: Hassanien Abu Zied A. , Ibrahim El‐Sayed I. , Afifi Mohamed E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Air‐Stable Ir‐(P‐Phos) Complex for Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Quinolines and Their Immobilization in Poly(ethyleneglycol) Dimethyl Ether (DMPEG).
Authors: Xu Lijin , Lam Kim Hung , Ji Jianxin , Wu Jing , Fan Qing‐Hua , Lo Wai‐Hung , Chan Albert S. C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Route to the Synthesis of Novel 2‐Amino‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidines from Baylis—Hillman Products of Acrylonitrile.
Authors: Pathak Richa , Roy Amrendra K. , Batra Sanjay 
Published: July 2005

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Synthetic Studies on 3‐Arylquinazolin‐4‐ones: Intramolecular Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction of 2‐Carboxamido‐3‐arylquinazolin‐4‐ones and Its Application to the Synthesis of Secondary Aryl Amines.
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko , Kobayashi Toshitake , Tokitoh Takashi , Torii Yukiko , Natsugari Hideaki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quinolone Analogues. Part 7. Synthesis of 3‐Heteroaryl‐1‐methylpyridazino[3,4‐b]quinoxalin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Kaji Eisuke , Okamoto Yoshihisa , Kim Ho Sik 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New 1,2,4‐Triazine‐Containing Podands: Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Chupakhin O. N. , Rusinov G. L. , Itsikson N. A. , Beresnev D. G. , Fedorova O. V. , Ovchinnikova I. G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Reaction of 3,6‐Dimethoxybenzonorbornadiene with 2‐Chlorosulfenyl‐1‐pyridine 1‐Oxide.
Authors: Borisov A. V. , Osmanov V. K. , Sokolov I. G. , Borisova G. N. , Matsulevich Zh. V. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Methoxy‐Substituted Optically Active 7‐Alkoxycarbonylcycloheptatrienes and Their Acid‐Promoted Rearrangements.
Authors: Sugimura Takashi , Kagawa Masami , Ohuchi Naoko , Hagiya Kazutake , Okuyama Tadashi 
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of Several Soluble Tetraphenoxy‐Substituted Copper and Zinc Phthalocyanines
Authors: Ma Chunyu , Tian Dongliang , Hou Xiaoke , Chang Yuchun , Cong Fangdi , Yu Haifeng , Du Xiguang , Du Guotong 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rearranged Vibsane‐Type Diterpenes from Viburnum awabuki and Photochemical Reaction of Vibsanin B.
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Kubo Miwa , Minami Hiroyuki , Yuasa Hiroaki , Matsuo Asami , Fujii Takako , Morisaki Mai , Harada Kenichi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Juncenolides F and G, Two New Briarane Diterpenoids from Taiwanese Gorgonian Junceella juncea.
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chi , Huang Yeh‐Li , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Chen Meng‐Hsien , Shen Ya‐Ching 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acaricidal Daphnane Diterpenoids from Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib Roots.
Authors: Soonthornchareonnon Noppamas , Sakayarojkul Monnum , Isaka Masahiko , Mahakittikun Vanna , Chuakul Wongsatit , Wongsinkongman Prapai 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Hemiketal Steroid from the Soft Coral Cladiella sp.
Authors: Zhang Guang‐Wen , Ma Xiang‐Quan , Kurihara Hiroshi , Zhang Cui‐Xian , Yao Xin‐Sheng , Su Jing‐Yu , Zeng Long‐Mei 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of 1‐Alkylallenylsilane with α‐Imino Ester: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dehydroproline Derivatives.
Authors: Daidouji Kazunori , Fuchibe Kohei , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Efficient Coupling of β‐Substituted Aminoethane Sulfonyl Azides with Thio Acids, Toward a New Chemical Ligation Reaction.
Authors: Merkx Remco , Brouwer Arwin J. , Rijkers Dirk T. S. , Liskamp Rob M. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evidence of the Electronic Factor for the Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Efficiency of Cinchona‐Derived Phase‐Transfer Catalysts.
Authors: Yoo Mi‐Sook , Jeong Byeong‐Seon , Lee Jeong‐Hee , Park Hyeung‐geun , Jew Sang‐sup 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of Epoxysulfones: A New Route to Polyhydroxylated Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Diez David , Beneitez M. Templo , Gil M. J. , Moro R. F. , Marcos Isidro S. , Garrido N. M. , Basabe P. , Urones Julio G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 4‐(N‐Mesylamino)‐2,3‐unsaturated‐α‐O‐glycosides via a New Glycal‐Derived Vinyl α‐N‐(Mesyl)‐aziridine.
Authors: Di Bussolo Valeria , Romano Maria Rosaria , Pineschi Mauro , Crotti Paolo 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. Part 125. Fluoro, Alkylsulfanyl, and Alkylsulfonyl Leaving Groups in Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Purine 2′‐Deoxynucleosides and Nucleosides.
Authors: Liu Jiangqiong , Robins Morris J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 4‐Aryl‐5‐phenyl‐imino‐3‐ (tetra‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylimino)‐1,2,4‐dithiazolidines (Hydrochlorides).
Authors: Dhonde Madhukar G. , Deshmukh Shirish P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted 1‐\C\‐Phenyl‐D‐tetritols and 1‐C‐(1H‐Pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐D‐tetritols by Ring Transformation of 2‐Formylglycals.
Authors: Montero Alina , Michalik Manfred , Feist Holger , Reinke Helmut , Rudloff Ivo , Peseke Klaus 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of C‐Nucleoside Analogues Starting from 1‐(Methyl 3‐O‐benzyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐altropyranosid‐2‐yl) ‐4‐phenyl‐but‐3‐yn‐2‐one.
Authors: Taboada Lidcay Herrera , Feist Holger , Suarez Jose Quincoces , Michalik Manfred , Peseke Klaus 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling in the Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates: Preparation of 6‐[(Phosphonomethoxy)alkynyl]‐ and 6‐[(Phosphonomethoxy)alkyl]pyrimidines.
Authors: Hockova Dana , Masojidkova Milena , Holy Antonin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,12a,12b‐Hexahydrocyclopropa[1,2‐d]benzo[f]pyrrolo [1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐5,7‐dione Related to Duocarmycins and Anthramycin.
Authors: Venkatram Atigadda , Colley Tara , DeRuiter Jack , Smith Forrest 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiopure Isoprenoid Building Blocks: Application in the Synthesis of Apple Leafminer Pheromones.
Authors: van Summeren Ruben P. , Reijmer Sven J. W. , Feringa Ben L. , Minnaard Adriaan J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arthrotome: A specific joint forming compartment in the avian somite
Authors: Mittapalli Venugopal Rao , Huang Ruijin , Patel Ketan , Christ Bodo , Scaal Martin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSomitocoele cells previously have been shown to form the proximal part of the ribs, the intervertebral discs, and the intervertebral joints (synovial joints). To determine whether the somitocoele cells are necessary for the development of axial skeleton joints, we microsurgically ablated the somitocoele cells in epithelial somites of 2‐day‐old chick embryos. The operated embryos were analyzed after whole‐mount skeletal preparations and in sections. Removal of the somitocoele cells led to two major outcomes: (1) Intervertebral joints failed to develop and resulted in the fusion of the superior articular process and the inferior articular process; (2) Adjacent vertebral bodies fused and lacked the intervertebral disc. These results demonstrate that somitocoele cells specifically give rise to intervertebral joints and discs. Furthermore, these results suggest that neighboring sclerotome cells cannot adapt to form vertebral joints in the absence of the somitocoele compartment. Thus, we provide for the first time experimental evidence for the existence of a joint forming compartment in the somites, which we term the “arthrotome.” Developmental Dynamics 234:48–53, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies to reduce variation in Xenopus regeneration studies
Authors: Nye Holly L.D. , Cameron Jo Ann 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this study, we present strategies for experimental design that minimize variation in Xenopus hindlimb regeneration results. We have standardized our laboratory culture conditions for older stage Xenopus tadpoles. We have established a normal tadpole growth curve for our laboratory and characterized normal tadpole behaviors in an effort to eliminate abnormal tadpoles from our experiments. We have used large sample sizes and statistical analysis to establish normal regeneration performances for seven amputation planes in stages 55–57 tadpole hindlimbs. We have demonstrated that regeneration performance of abnormal tadpoles is significantly different than that of normal tadpoles. We have examined the kinetics of ossification in developing Xenopus hindlimbs, and have found that increasing ossification rates and rates of regeneration decline are inversely correlated. Developmental Dynamics 234:151–158, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen chloride evolution from the heating of poly(vinyl chloride) compounds
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe dehydrochlorination and the thermal decomposition of five PVC materials was studied using two techniques: a batch analytical method, combining ion chromatography and atomic absorption and continuous thermogravimetry. The temperatures studied ranged from 60°C to 120°C, over a period of almost one year (50 weeks). It was found that a very large proportion of the soluble chloride emitted early on by the PVC materials into the liquid phase is not hydrogen chloride. None of the five materials tested emitted significant amounts of HCl at temperatures lower than 105°C. The emissions at 90°C after 50 weeks ranged from <0.01 Φg/g to 23.62 Φg/g. Furthermore, one of the materials tested emitted virtually no HCl, even at 105°C, as the amount of HCl measured was almost indistinguishable from the normal background of the analytical instruments (37.30 Φg/g after 50 weeks).Numerical calculations of kinetic reaction rates and extrapolation of the results to use temperatures (40°C) indicate that properly stabilized PVC compounds will be unlikely to lose 1% of the mass of PVC as HCl until 2 billion years have passed. This number has no physical meaning as such and may be incorrect by a vast margin, but it clearly indicates that a 1% loss of HCl is unlikely to occur during the useful lifetime of a commercial product into which the PVC material has been fabricated. This is a conservative estimate, which ignores the much higher activation energy for dehydrochlorination at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (ca. 85°C). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in Mixed‐Reactant Fuel Cells
Authors: Shukla A. K. , Raman R. K. , Scott K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe mixed‐reactant fuel cell (MRFC) is a new concept, in which a mixture of aqueous fuel and gaseous oxygen (or air) flows directly through a porous anode‐electrolyte‐cathode structure or through a strip‐cell with an anode‐electrolyte‐cathode configuration. These structures can be single cells or parallel stacks of cells and may be in a planar, tubular or any other geometry. Selectivity in the electrocatalysts for MRFCs is mandatory to minimize mixed‐potential at the electrodes, which otherwise would reduce the available cell voltage and compromise the fuel efficiency. MRFC offers a cost effective solution in fuel cell design, since there is no need for gas‐tight structure within the stack and, as a consequence, considerable reduction in sealing, manifolding and reactants delivery structure is possible. In recent years, significant advances have been made in MRFCs, using methanol as a fuel. This paper reviews the status of mixed reactant fuel cells and reports some recent experimental data for methanol fuel cell systems.
Intrafamilial Transmission of Hepatitis C in Egypt *
Authors: Mohamed Mostafa K. , Abdel-Hamid Mohamed , Mikhail Nabiel N. , Abdel-Aziz Fatma , Medhat Ahmed , Magder Laurence S. , Fix Alan D. , Strickland Thomas G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection and associated risk factors were prospectively assessed in a cohort of 6,734 Egyptians from 2 rural villages who were negative for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV). Initial and follow-up sera were tested for anti-HCV by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and possible incident cases were confirmed by using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) and tested for HCV RNA. All follow-up serum samples converting from negative to positive without detectable HCV-RNA were further tested by recombinant immunoblot assay. Over an average of 1.6 years, asymptomatic anti-HCV seroconversion occurred in 33 people (3.1/1,000 person-years [PY]), including 28 (6.8/1,000 PY) in the Nile Delta village (AES), where prevalence was 24% and 5 (0.8/1,000 PY) in the Upper Egypt village (baseline prevalence of 9%). The strongest predictor of incident HCV was having an anti-HCV–positive family member. Among those that did, incidence was 5.8/1,000 PY, compared (

P

< .001) with 1.0/1,000 PY; 27 of 33 incident cases had an anti-HCV–positive family member. Parenteral exposures increased the risk of HCV but were not statistically significant; 67% of seroconverters were younger than 20 years of age, and the highest incidence rate (14.1/1,000 PY) was in children younger than 10 who were living in AES households with an anti-HCV–positive parent.
In conclusion
, young children would especially benefit from measures reducing exposures or preventing infection with HCV. (Hepatology 2005.)
Genomic analysis of Barrett's esophagus after ablative therapy: Persistence of genetic alterations at tumor suppressor loci
Authors: Hage Mariska , Siersema Peter D. , Vissers Kees J. , Dinjens Winand N.M. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Haringsma Jelle , Kuipers Ernst J. , van Dekken Herman 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBarrett's esophagus (BE) is a major predisposing factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Current strategies for treatment of BE, both dysplastic and nondysplastic, include photodynamic therapy (PDT) and argon plasma coagulation (APC). However, the effect of ablative therapy at the genetic level is unclear. We performed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of BE in baseline and follow‐up biopsy specimens from 21 patients with BE (17 male, 4 female) treated with PDT and/or APC. At baseline, 14 patients had intestinal metaplasia without dysplasia (MET), 4 low‐grade dysplasia (LGD) and 3 high‐grade dysplasia (HGD). LOH was assessed using a panel of 9 polymorphic markers for evaluation of the P53 gene on 17p, P16 on 9p, DCC and SMAD4 on 18q and the APC gene on 5q. The tissue specimens obtained at baseline (t = 0) were analysed, as well as the first (t = 1; mean interval: 4 months) and last (t = 2; mean interval: 8 months) available biopsy with residual or recurrent BE after ablation. At t = 0, allelic loss was detected of 5q in 27%, 9p in 56%, 17p in 31% and 18q in 6% of informative cases. At t = 1 (18 patients with persistent MET and 3 with LGD) and at t = 2 (8 MET, 2 LGD), the LOH patterns were not statistically different from t = 0. Further, multiple genetic lineages before and after therapy were detected in 15 cases illustrating the multiclonal nature of BE. We conclude that recurrent and/or persistent BE after ablative therapy still contains genetic alterations associated with malignant progression to cancer. Therefore, the goal of treatment should be the complete elimination of Barrett's mucosa. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The osteolytic response of macrophages to challenge with particles of Simplex P, Endurance, Palacos R, and Vertebroplastic bone cement particles in vitro
Authors: Ingram Joanne H. , Kowalski Rick , Fisher John , Ingham Eileen 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe capacity of clinically relevant wear particles from Simplex P, Endurance, Vertebroplastic and Palacos R bone cements to activate macrophages to produce cytokines and bone resorbing activity in vitro was compared. Cement particles were generated aseptically by using a pin on plate rig. The particles were irregular in shape, and there were no significant differences in the particle characteristics of the different bone cement types (mean equivalent circle diameter range 0.225–0.36 μm, mean area range 0.048–0.063 μm2, mean aspect ratio range 1.481–1.593, and mean length 0.412–0.523 μm). The volumetric concentration of particles in the 0.1‐ to 1.0‐μm size range was 85% Palacos R, 82% Endurance, 80% Simplex P, and 77% Vertebroplastic. Particles were cultured with C3H macrophages at 100 μm3 per cell for 24 h. Cytokines were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and bone resorption (BR) measured by Ca45 release from murine calvarias. Particles of Palacos R and Endurance stimulated enhanced production of TNF‐α, IL‐1‐β, and IL‐6 (p < 0.05; ANOVA). Simplex P particles only stimulated IL‐1‐β (p < 0.05; ANOVA). Vertebroplastic particles did not stimulate production of any of the cytokines. Particles of Palacos R generated the highest BR (1.38), but this did not reach statistical significance. The BRs for the other bone cements were no greater than the control. Hence, compared with the same volumetric concentrations, particles of Palacos R and Endurance were the most, and particles of Vertebroplastic were the least biologically reactive. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Graduality and innovation in the evolution of complex phenotypes: insights from development
Authors: Salazar‐Ciudad Isaac , Jernvall Jukka 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe neo‐Darwinian paradigm benefits from the assumption that phenotypic variation is gradual and that phenotype and genotype have a relatively simple relationship. These assumptions are historically inherited from the times of the neo‐Darwinian synthesis and, consequently, do not include present understanding about development. In this study, understanding about the dynamics of pattern formation is used to explore to that extent phenotypic variation can be expected to be gradual and simply related to molecular variation. Variation in simple phenotypes seems to fit neo‐Darwinian assumptions but variation in complex phenotypes does not. Instead, variation in complex phenotypes would have a tendency to relatively less gradual evolution, even at microevolutionary time scales, that would make phylogenetic reconstructions more difficult. In addition, they will have a tendency to exhibit specific trends in innovation rates over group radiations with early accelerations and late decelerations. This work also explores further consequences of these results in our understanding of phenotypic evolution.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.