bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Broaden and Deepen the Debate”: Fifty Years Without Revision
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Surveys proposals for amending the 1947 Constitution. With the end of the Occupation in 1952, critics were free to propose amendments to the constitution. In its hearings, the Commission on the Constitution (1956‐1964) produced a host of arguments in favor of revision, but the conservative parties have never had the two‐thirds majority in the Diet required to pass an amendment. The 1991 Gulf War again stirred debate on the antiwar clause (Article 9) and stimulated a national debate on revision. In 1999, both houses of the Diet established commissions on the constitution and two years later, in May 2001, announced that public hearings would begin.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ethnic identity of ancient Israelites was constructed in opposition to Gentile, or alien, “others” and was expressed in terms of purity and impurity. Different constructions of Jewish identity entailed different characterizations of aliens and different views on the degree to which Gentiles might acquire Israelite identity. Previous scholarship, which assumes that all ancient Jews viewed Gentiles as ritually impure and thus off‐limits, is reviewed and critiqued. There are, in fact, several distinct modes of impurity (ritual impurity, moral impurity, genealogical impurity) employed by various groups of ancient Jews, and the boundary between pure Israelite and impure alien was more or less permeable depending on the mode of impurity attributed to the alien. These different assessments of the permeability of the boundary between Jews and Gentiles are connected with widely different attitudes to the postexilic phenomena of conversion and intermarriage, and contributed to the sectarianism that characterized Second Temple Judaism as well as the eventual separation of Christianity from rabbinic Judaism.
Gentile Impurity in the Bible
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
According to the Pentateuch, Gentiles are not subject to the laws of ritual impurity and do not communicate ritual impurity to others (the important and apparently exceptional cases of carcass and corpse impurity are considered at some length). However, Gentiles are subject to moral impurity: like Israelites, Gentiles can engage in sinful acts, generating a moral impurity that impinges on the sanctity of the land and the temple but is not communicable to others by contact or removable through rites of purification. Because the distinction between Gentile and Israelite in the Pentateuch is moral, it is impermanent, and Gentiles who renounce idolatry and immorality may reside within the community, intermarry and assimilate to a high degree. But in the period of the Restoration, Gentile access to Jewish identity is denied by Ezra who posits the intrinsic holiness and genealogical purity of all Israelites (not merely priests). According to Ezra's innovation, conversion is impossible and intermarriage – an admixture of seeds that ought to remain distinct – is denounced as an illegitimate profanation of the holy seed of Israel.
Intermarriage in the Writings of Paul and the Early Church Fathers
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Pauline and early Christian attitudes towards the marriage of believers and nonbelievers owe much to the rhetoric and ideology introduced by Ezra and developed in related Second Temple sources (such as Jubilees and 4QMMT). Paul implies that mixed marriage is fornication, a sexual sin that generates a moral impurity that defiles the believer and, by extension, Christ. Paul also implies that mixed marriage is a joining of holy and impure bodies as one body. Through carnal (i.e., sexual) connection, the moral impurity of the morally defiled body of the unbeliever is communicated to the holy and pure body of the believer, resulting in a carnal (i.e., fleshly) defilement. This new “carnal impurity” which conflates the sinful nature of moral impurity with the physicality and communicability of ritual impurity, figures prominently in patristic literature.
Gentiles and Moral Impurity: Rabbinic Attitudes to Intermarriage
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The rabbinic approach to intermarriage differs considerably from that of the Second Temple sources examined in Ch. 4. The rabbis reject the holy‐seed thinking of Ezra and related sources and – in contrast to Jubilees and related texts – they deny that a universal ban on all interethnic sexual unions can be located in the biblical text. For the rabbis, conversion is possible, marriage with converted Gentiles is permitted, and the rationale for the rabbinic prohibition against marriage with unconverted Gentiles is moral–religious rather than genealogical. Nor does the fear of ritual impurity motivate rabbinic prohibitions of sexual unions with unconverted Gentiles. Indeed, the rather limited rabbinic decree of Gentile ritual impurity is best understood as a resistance to competing (and extreme) characterizations of Gentiles and intergroup unions as generating a dangerous carnal impurity or indelible genealogical impurity.
The Idea of Physical Reality
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that an absolute conception of reality, starting from a minimal, absolute framework, is needed in order to investigate whether colour belongs to it or is due to human subjectivity. Examines ideas about the physical world, from Descartes's dualism to the question of what physical facts are in science, and assesses the translational reductionism of 1940s positivistic physicalists, who tried to reduce subjective reality to observable scientific phenomena. Argues against Berkeley's support of the objective existence of colour by stating that things in an independent, physical world have only the properties of physical truths, and therefore no colour. Concludes that physical truths do not consider colour, and therefore the question remains of how to conclude that objects have no colour.
Unmasking Explanation and the ‘Unreality’ Of Colour
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues against the idea that reality is purely physical and can be totally captured by scientific explanation, thus excluding colour from reality. Counters exclusive physicalism by arguing that explanation does not necessarily constitute a true account of the world and its supposedly subjective qualities, and scientific language does not go beyond the limits of the physical. Raises questions about the link between physical and psychological phenomena and about the view of perception as separate from what is perceived, and argues that an understanding of the perception of colour is required in order metaphysically to unmask its link to physicality.
Discomforts and Distortions of Metaphysical Theory
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses the failure of the metaphysical unmasking project, referring to the difference between knowledge of and perception of colour. Argues that the relativity of perception of colour is not generally true, and that physical‐scientific facts do not explain psychological facts such as colour. Counters dispositional theory and Straw's attempts to resolve the conflict between metaphysical error theory and human beliefs about colour through the introduction of a degree of relativity.
Morals
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that the investigation of the relation between the human conception of reality and objective reality requires a determinate conception of the world, the identification of beliefs, and resistance to the tendency to utilise metaphysical preconceptions about reality which limit the understanding of beliefs. Examines the irreducibility of causation and necessity and concludes that humans are unable to elevate themselves sufficiently above the world to answer the book's metaphysical question fully.
Incarnation and Physics
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Thomas Torrance's original contribution to the dialog between theology and the natural sciences arises from two interrelated features in his thought: first, his adherence to the theology of Karl Barth and, second, his insistence on the centrality of Christology, especially the doctrine of the Incarnation and the concept of the homoousion. He has succeeded in having brought into the dialog not only his own Reformed tradition (Calvinism and Barthianism) but also the central viewpoints of patristic theology of the Early Church. His claim that the empirical natural sciences, both in their epistemological and ontological aspects, as well as the modern relational view of space and time, are actually an outcome of the patristic incarnational theology needs a firmer evidential ground to be convincing. Realism proves to be essential for Torrance's discussion, but, at the same time, his view of realism does not open fully through philosophy of science but rather, through his understanding of God's compulsive power as revealed, especially in the election, a central Reformed doctrine. The most serious threat to realism and its proper function in theology and science is, according to Torrance, the phenomenon he calls dualism, a deep‐seated way of perceiving reality through two opposing principles with no genuine interaction between them. Torrance's interpretation of Arius and Arianism as well as Isaac Newton and his science proves that the main reason for Torrance's criticism of dualism lies in its inability to take seriously the true humanity and true divinity of Christ. Torrance holds that the modern natural sciences, having begun to free themselves of dualistic habits of thought, now have something important to remind theology of, especially regarding the ontological and epistemological grounds of theological science. Torrance's view of the doctrines of Christology, involving the Incarnation and the homoousion, and Trinity as the correct basis with which to begin theological reflection is an ambitious effort to redirect modern theology to follow the example of theoretical novelties in physics back toward its ontological and epistemological basis. Both the freshness and the strength, and the restrictions and the weaknesses, of Torrance's contribution to theology–science dialog can be seen to lie in his determinate adherence to the Incarnation and to the concept of homoousion.
Torrance's Thought in Outline
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Torrance's theological basis lies deep in the Reformed tradition, in the thinking of both Jean Calvin and Karl Barth. Partly because of his extensive ecumenical activity, Torrance has made important contributions in patristics and especially in the Trinitarian theology. Torrance's view on the relationship between theology and the natural sciences is characterized by his periodization in which the history of Western thinking is divided into three phases, those of the Ptolemaic, Newtonian, and Einsteinian cosmology. His efforts to give a personal and markedly Christian face to the philosophical, neutral concept of God can be regarded as an answer to the problem of ”the God of the gaps.”
The Power of Reality
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Torrance's realism is characterized by his idea of compulsion, which, in turn, is strongly based on his Barthian interpretation of Calvin's doctrine of election. Reality compels us to know itself because rationality in nature and in human beings is based on Christ the Logos as the One chosen by God. Torrance's theologically reasoned realism has one serious threat, dualism, a paradigmatic way of perceiving reality, which is seen as consisting of two principles with a relationship either distorted or totally missing. The roots of Torrance's understanding lie in his interpretation of Arius’ Christology in which the human aspect overruns the divine one in Christ's Person. From these premises Torrance criticizes Isaac Newton's dualistic anti‐Trinitarianism and finds there the reason for the rise of determinism and for the eclipse of contingency.
The Impact of the Natural Sciences on Theology
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Torrance holds that the scientists James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein remind theology of its ontological basis in the Incarnation and the Trinity, a basis largely neglected in modern theology. Torrance's view of the indeterminism of Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field as well as Einstein's theory of relativity is grounded on his understanding of the tension between causal relations and inherent relations. Torrance sees a deep epistemological integration taking place in the modern natural sciences, e.g., between noumenal and phenomenal as held by Immanuel Kant and between subject and object as entertained in Cartesianism, all features that cannot but have a positive effect on theology. Torrance is detected to use the natural sciences for programmatic purposes, first, to regard theology as an empirical science, whether it deals with Christology and the Trinity or Biblical interpretation, and, second, to provide the ecumenical movement with insights resulting from a major paradigm shift in the Western culture.
Environmental Justice
Authors: Shrader-Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Environmental problems do not affect everyone equally. Environmental injustice occurs whenever innocent people bear disproportionate environmental risks, have unequal access to goods like clean air, or have unequal voice in imposition of environmental risks. Most minorities and poor people are victims of environmental injustice, either because of their increased health risks or because of the way their rights are limited, even in a democracy. 40,000 people die each year from pesticides that are mostly manufactured in the U.S., but banned in the U.S.and used abroad. And even in the U.S., 80 % of all hazardous‐waste facilities are sited in minority neighborhoods. But should everyone have equal rights to breathe clean air or drink clean water, independent of income? This book argues “yes.” Each chapter gives a detailed analysis of how and why a particular environmental‐ justice (E.J.) value is threatened. The book discusses democracy, distributive justice, participative justice, equality, procedural justice, informed consent, duties to future generations, equity, paternalism, just compensation, moral heroism, and citizens's responsibilities for E.J. Using case studies focusing on offshore oil, Appalachian coal, California farmland, Louisiana hazardous facilities, Nevada nuclear waste dumps, exploitation of indigenous people, African oil drilling, workplace risks, and shipment of banned products to developing nations, the author shows how flawed scientific methods, flawed ethics, and flawed policy contribute to environmental injustice. The final two chapters argue for ordinary citizens's duties to fight against environmental injustice, and it suggests some strategies for doing so.
Introduction
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on native Americans, Latinos, and developing nations, the chapter analyzes the concepts of biocentrism and environmental justice. It also gives examples of how environmental injustice violates rights to equal treatment and informed consent, and traces the history of the environmental‐justice movement. It shows that, throughout the world, poor people and minorities consistently bear disproportionate environmental risks. These risks harm those least able to bear such health burdens, like children, and are a major threat to genuine democracy. After examining and responding to the two main excuses (or justifications) for environmental injustice, the chapter closes with an outline of each chapter of the book.
African Americans, LULUs, and Free Informed Consent
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on energy development in Louisiana, the chapter analyzes the concepts of equality and free informed consent in order to show how African‐Americans are typically victims of environmental injustice. In one chapter example, blacks were victimized by a multinational corporation seeking to build a production facility for nuclear energy. Carefully assessing the scientific and ethical flaws in the arguments for siting such facilities in poor and minority neighborhoods, the chapter focuses on the first major U.S. environmental‐justice victory, in Louisiana, in which the author and her students played a role. By assessing scientific and ethical flaws in the Louisiana environmental impact statements, they were able to protect affected minorities and stop the facility.
Native Peoples and the Problem of Paternalism
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on Shell Oil drilling in Africa and on native American attempts to take U.S. hazardous and radioactive waste onto reservations, the chapter analyzes the concept of paternalism. It argues that it is not paternalistic to demand a halt to imposing such risks on indigenous people. Showing that behavior – which victimizes indigenous people – amounts to threats to equality and to supporting colonialism, the chapter argues for a concept of geographical equality.
Risky Occupational Environments, the Double Standard, and Just Compensation
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on higher workplace risks because of exposure to pollutants in exchange for “hazard pay” or a “compensating wage differential,” the chapter analyzes the ways in which workers are victims of environmental injustice. Using detailed data about a Department of Energy cover‐up of occupational risks, the chapter reveals the hazards faced by the 600,000 U.S. D.O.E. workers in nuclear energy and nuclear weapons facilities. Workers would receive equal treatment if they were really compensated for the higher risks they bear, but they are not typically compensated, even though they face pollution often 50 times higher than members of the public. Moreover, occupational pollution threatens the integrity of the gene pool, so workers cannot give genuine informed consent to these risks because they cannot consent for others who may be innocent victims of it.
Taking Action
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on biased scientific research that helps promote environmental injustice, the chapter argues that there are both deontological and utilitarian ethical reasons for citizens to behave as public‐interest and environmental advocates. These duties are to protect victims of environmental injustice. The chapter also argues that such duties are not a matter of moral heroism or supererogation, but rather normal duties of citizenship in a democracy. Analyzing constraints on public‐interest advocacy, the chapter closes by suggesting a number of ways that citizens might exercise their duties of public‐interest advocacy, particularly through work with nongovernmental organizations or N.G.O.s.
The Making of a Frontier Church
Authors: Machado Daisy L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) is a Protestant denominational body born on the frontier of the U.S. As such, it was shaped by that environment and ethos. The impact of the frontier ethos can be found in the many writings of Alexander Campbell, one of the founders of the Disciples. An examination of his prolific works makes it clear that the Disciples were able to develop a nineteenth‐century theology that did gain a great appeal among the Euro‐American frontier people. It was a theology in tune with the frontier values of democracy, separation of church and state, primitive Christianity, evangelism, Anglo‐Saxons as a chosen people, and the importance of freedom of ideas and beliefs.
If Moses Was a Mulatto
Authors: Wright Melanie J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses Zora Neale Hurston's 1939 novel, Moses, Man of the Mountain, characterizing the novel as a complex, sophisticated work influenced by biblical narrative, African‐American religion, and the social sciences. In the light of Hurston's near iconic status in some feminist circles, the importance of her identity as an African‐American woman for her representation of the exodus is considered. Hurston's anthropological training with Franz Boas, and consequent familiarity with the concept of cultural relativism, is also shown to be formative of her presentation of the biblical story as at once both unique and relative, the myth by which Americans live(d).
The Press Effect
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What Americans know, understand, and believe about the world of politics is the product of a negotiation between journalists and political actors. The news is primarily shaped not by a liberal or conservative bias, but by the need for news to be dramatic and easily packaged. Consequently, the frames into which events are fit – more than any objective idea of truth – determine what information passes through the news filter.
The Press Effect surveys events in a critical period of American history, from the election of 2000 through the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. In each of the events that took place, journalists inhabited a different role that shaped the news. During the election between Bush and Gore, they acted as amateur psychologists, delving into the minds of the candidates in an attempt to reveal their true character. On election night, they acted as soothsayers, while in the postelection events in Florida, the press actively shaped events. On September 11 and after, journalists functioned as patriots, seeking to unify the country. In each case, the role inhabited by the press left critical questions unanswered and allowed distortions of the facts to pass into news. The book closes with a discussion of the means by which the press can enhance its most critical role, that of custodian of fact.
The Press as Soothsayer
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
If news is the rough draft of history, the draft written on November 7, 2000 was rougher than most. This chapter analyzes how the preconceptions journalists brought to election night 2000 resulted in critical errors in judgment, leading to mistaken calls alternately benefiting Al Gore and George W. Bush. While all the networks did not use the same frames to describe the same events, each was misled by the metaphors guiding their coverage.