bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Final Thoughts
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our concept and view of the Universe has changed dramatically over the last four centuries. Back in the time of Galileo (1564–1642), there were many who still believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. As this geocentric theory faded away like a dying flower, new theories evolved that suggested the Sun was the center of the Universe, and when this theory died, many considered the idea that the Milky Way galaxy was the center of everything. Today, we realize that our modern telescopes have only begun to reveal the immense numbers and variety of stars, and we know that the Sun is just an ordinary star in our Galaxy that contains roughly 200 billion stars. The galactocentric view of the Universe, which placed our Milky Way at the center of the Universe, turned out to be just another centrism that finally died in the 1920s, when astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that the Milky Way was not the only galaxy in the Universe.2
Costs
Authors: Haddix Anne C , Corso Phaedra S , Gorsky Robin D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The costs of health care are essential components of economic evaluations of prevention-effectiveness programs. This chapter describes key concepts in cost analysis and discusses the collection and analysis of data needed to calculate the costs of interventions and health outcomes. The first section defines the types of costs typically included in a cost analysis. The second section presents methods for conducting a cost analysis of a health intervention. The third section describes the cost-of-illness approach to assessing the costs of health outcomes.
Mental Life and Its Assessment
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a psychiatrist? What conditions do psychiatrists treat? These apparently simple questions have proven to be sources of great contention. Various “schools of therapy” have offered different answers, typically based on quite different (even diametrically opposed) underlying premises. At the furthest extreme, some commentators have questioned the very existence of “mental illness.” They have charged that psychiatrists apply “diagnostic labels” to any individuals who they consider to be “different” and therefore “in need of treatment.” At the other extreme would be those who reply with what appears to be the obvious answer to both questions, that psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of “mental illnesses” or “brain diseases,” just as cardiologists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. But this definition is simply too narrow. Consider the following example: An 18-year-old single male college freshman is brought to the emergency room by his dormitory supervisor after his roommate discovers him lying on the floor, somnolent and confused. The patient admits to having taken an overdose of sleeping pills. After treatment with gastric lavage and activated charcoal, a psychiatric consultation is requested.
Clinical Neurobiology from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you press your face up against a television screen, ostensibly sharp images break down into a jumble of colored dots. This is the case regardless of the current content being displayed on the screen. Similarly, the four perspectives presented in Chapter 3 appear to break down the more one “zooms in” from the level of clinical phenomena to the level of neuroanatomy and neurochemistry. This phenomenon occurs for several reasons. First, our limited understanding of the neurophysiology of everyday mental experience, to say nothing of the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness, makes it difficult to trace backward from specific clinical symptoms to specific types of brain pathology. Second, each psychiatric disorder likely contains contributory elements from each of the four perspectives, such that there are few “pure” conditions. Third, it is probable that each perspective shares underlying neurobiological processes with the other three perspectives. Finally, since neural networks interact so closely with other, any correlation between a given illness and a given neurotransmitter system or given brain region will be simplistic and excessively reductionistic. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the neurophysiologic contributors to mental life in general and to psychiatric illness in particular. Our discussion will emphasize how diseases, extremes of dimensional variation, and aberrant behaviors—when viewed at the neurobiological level—tend to boil down to a single common theme. The theme is that physiologic and behavioral responses that are adaptive and that enhance the survival of an organism under most circumstances also have the propensity to become maladaptive under other circumstances, thereby becoming sources of psychiatric morbidity.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all have experienced anxiety, just as we all have experienced sadness. Particular life situations are especially likely to lead to anxiety, and some people are more prone to become anxious than others. Given this, the anxiety disorders— like the mood disorders—are easier to describe than to explain. Consider the following example: A 40-year-old woman is referred for evaluation of anxiety. She describes herself as having been a “worrier” for most of her life, although the anxiety became much worse at age 17 following the death of her mother. At that time, she was seen in weekly psychotherapy for a year. She feels that the therapy helped her to cope, but she continued to worry about matters that she recognized were minor. She has tended to view her problems as being due to “not knowing where I am going in my life” and to difficulties in her interpersonal relationships. She describes herself as prone to self-doubt and rumination. She is perfectionistic, “expects the worst” even when she is putting forth her best efforts, and often worries about “what other people must think of me.” Her anxiety has always become more intense when starting at a new job. At these times, she has difficulty concentrating and finds herself constantly wondering if she is “passing the grade.” Over the past two decades, she intermittently has received further psychotherapy, and ultimately has seen five therapists for weekly psychotherapy, with each course of therapy lasting for 1–2 years.
Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients present to physicians for evaluation of a wide variety of somatic complaints. Sometimes it isn’t clear to what extent these complaints are physical or “psychological” in nature, especially when assessment for commonly associated physical conditions is unrevealing. Such cases frequently lead primary care physicians to worry that they are overlooking an underlying psychiatric problem; however, just as often they lead consulting psychiatrists to worry that they are overlooking an underlying medical problem. In the some cases, it soon becomes apparent that—despite the presence of dramatic physical complaints—no underlying physical pathology is present. For example, pathological signs and symptoms might be inconsistent from one minute to the next or might not adhere to any known physiologic distribution (such as when the patient covers one eye but his complaints of “double vision” persist, or when he complains of having “triple vision”). While physicians have acknowledged the existence of such cases for over 4000 years, their cause remains just as baffling today, despite the our technological advances.
Do All Religions Worship The Same God?
Authors: Hick John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin by proposing a working definition of religion as an understanding of the universe, together with an appropriate way of living within it, which involves reference beyond the natural world to God or gods or to the Absolute or to a transcendent order or process. Such a definition includes such theistic faiths as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism; the theistic Hinduism of the Bhagavad Giti; the semi-theistic faith of Mahayana Buddhism and the non-theistic faiths of Theravada Buddhism and non-theistic Hinduism. It does not however include purely naturalistic systems of belief, such as communism and humanism, immensely important though these are today as alternatives to religious life. When we look back into he past we find that religion has been a virtually universal dimension of human life-so much so that man has been defined as the religious animal. For he has displayed an innate tendency to experience his environment as being religiously as well as naturally significant, and to feel required to live in it as such. To quote anthropologist Raymond Firth, “religion is universal in human societies.”1 “In every human community on earth today,” says Wilfred Cantwell Smith, “there exists something that we, as sophisticated observers, may term religion, or a religion.
A Most Unhappy Division: The Ministry Act, Demographic Changes, and the Rise of Frontier Pietism
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1697, honoring Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana, Dominie Henricus Selyns of New York wrote a long poem which contained a broadside against everything from Catholicism to Anabaptism and betrayed his intolerance for ecclesiastical schismatics:
Selyns had already established himself as an implacable foe of pietism. When two Labadists visited New York early in the 1680s, he observed that “in order to lay the groundwork for a schism, they began holding meetings with closed doors, and to rail out against the church and consistory, as Sodom and Egypt, and saying they must separate from the church.” Early on, Selyns detected their schismatic tendencies. “They could not come to the service, or hold communion with us,” he wrote. “Then they absented themselves from the church.”
Consumed by Quarrels: Dutch Religion in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Wednesday, November 2, 1748, the avuncular Gualtherus Du Bois penned his final letter to Amsterdam. Having spent forty-nine of his seventy-eight years as minister to the New York church, Du Bois indulged in some ruminations about the condition of the colonial Dutch churches. He took considerable pride in the establishment (with Amsterdam’s blessing) of an indigeneous, yet subordinate, ecclesiastical tribunal in America, the Coetus. But other, less salutary conditions also caught his attention. A personality conflict between two dominies on Long Island continued to vex the churches there, and the congregation at Tappan was divided. “In some congregations, the difficulty lies quite as much with the minister, as with members of the church,” he wrote. “Here, even as in other places, many earnest and peaceable ones are found; but also many quarrelsome ones.” Du Bois feared the further unraveling of the colonial Dutch Reformed Church. “For the Dutch churches here are gradually beginning to languish; both on account of internal strife in some of them, and because of the distaste of true piety in others; and not less, on account of the fact that the Dutch language is gradually, more and more being neglected.”
Transforming Bodies, Transforming Epic
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cannot date exactly the publication-that is, the circulation in manuscript form-of Ovid’s great epic of transformation. Our earliest report comes from the poet himself, but from a chastened Ovid, exiled to the northern edge of empire, to Tomis on the Romanian Black Sea coast, by the decree of Augustus. For almost thirty years Ovid had enjoyed popularity and fame as a poet of love, first with five books of poems in narrative or dramatic form illustrating his own love affairs (reduced to three books in a second edition), then with his Letters from Heroines, which presented, in character, the messages of Homeric and tragic heroines, even Virgil’s Dido, to the husbands and lovers who had left them, then more elaborately with books of instruction in the art of love (two for men and one for girls-but not respectable women), and finally with a book of cures for love.
The Lives of Women
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in chapter 3 that Teiresias had the unique experience of downward transformation from male to female and engineered his return to male status. Although he also reported to Jupiter and Juno that women had more pleasure than men from sexual intercourse, he clearly believed the privileges of masculinity outweighed these (unexplained) pleasures. Similarly, young Hermaphroditus clearly feels that he has been victimized by his transformation from male to epicene, that is, having sexual characteristics of both genders. In Ovid’s time, as usually now, men enjoyed a superior status to women and believed it was their entitlement.
Catholics in the New World
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 14, 1528, a band of 400 Spanish explorers in four ships made landfall on the west coast of Florida, in a bay not far from the present-day city of Sarasota. The expedition was led by red-bearded Pánfilo de Narváez, a one eyed former governor of Cuba. His second in command was 37-year-old Á lvar Nú ñ ez Cabeza de Vaca, a veteran of several military campaigns on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire and the heir to a family with large landholdings near the southern Spanish coastal city of Cadiz.
Building an American Catholic Community
Authors: Fisher James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 30, 1789, on the balcony of New York City’s Federal Hall, General George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. Several weeks later, at Whitemarsh Plantation in Maryland, John Carroll was elected the first American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Carroll was elected by his peers in the American priesthood, who numbered fewer than 30 in active service at the time. Many, like Carroll himself, were Jesuits who had been serving in a freelance capacity since the suppression of their order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV, who had feared the Jesuits’ growing international influence.
Medications
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, there is unanimity amongst rheumatologists worldwide that for persons with even mild RA, medication therapy forms an essential part of their treatment plan. However, for you-the person with RA-making the decision to include medication therapy can be difficult. Arming yourself with information on available medications will help you to make informed decisions about which one (or which combination) you should include in your treatment plan. Knowing what medications are commonly used; how they work; what their potential benefits and possible side effects are; how they are taken; and what they cost-all are factors to consider before maldng your decision. Although no medication available today “cures” RA, there are a number that have been proven safe and effective. For the vast majority of people with RA, these therapies help restore their ability to care for themselves and their family, the ability to resume or continue to work, and the ability to enjoy physical activity again. In other words, the ability to maintain or regain quality of life.
Exercise
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical fitness plays a critical role in maintaining, or gaining back, optimal health-especially when living with a chronic condition like RA. The benefits of being fit touch every part of our lives-our overall energy level, sleep patterns, psychological and emotional well-being, and relationships. Except when you are experiencing severe or sharp joint pain and noticeable swelling, exercise should be a regular part of your day. The latest research shows that physical conditioning exercise can improve your fitness level without aggravating your RA or causing a flare of symptoms.1’2’3’4 So whether you have mild, moderate, or severe disease, exercise is an important part of your plan. However, it is important to understand that the type and intensity of exercise may need to be regulated, depending on your disease activity. Getting started with an exercise program and making it part of your daily routine can be challenging, even a little intimidating, at first. But fear not-you can do it. By starting slowly and learning proper exercise techniques from qualified health care professionals, you will be well on your way toward having a body optimally equipped to deal with the physical challenges RA presents.
Diet, Nutrition, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your Plan To Win would not be complete without considering the role of diet and nutrition. A healthy diet will help you maintain ideal body weight and prevent undue stress on weight-bearing joints; provide your body with adequate energy stores; help support your immune system to fight common illnesses such as colds and flu; and maintain adequate levels of nutrients in your body. There is unanimity among rheumatologists, GPs, and registered dieticians/ nutritionists that a nutritionally sound diet delivers health benefits for people with RA. Much is known about the relationship between RA and diet, but few health care practitioners treating the disease pay attention to this area. RA is a chronic health condition for which western medicine’s most powerful medications fail to bring a cure. For the moderate to severe disease category (which describes the majority of RA cases), even control of the disease is a major battle. Not surprisingly, people with RA can be especially vulnerable to false claims of cure-claims that can be costly in terms of money and even more costly in terms of proven treatment delayed.
The World of the Small Entrepreneur
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early history of the middle classes in America is a history of how the small entrepreneur, the free man of the old middle classes, came into his time of daylight, of how he fought against enemies he could see, and of the world he built. The latter-day history of these old middle classes is, in large part, the history of how epochal changes on the farm and in the city have transformed him, and of how his world has been splintered and refashioned into an alien shape. The small entrepreneur built his world along the classic lines of middle-class capitalism: a remarkable society with a self-balancing principle, requiring little or no authority at the center, but only wide-flung traditions and a few safeguards for property. Here the ideas of the political economist Adam Smith coincided with those of the political moralist Thomas Jelferson; together they form the ideology of the naturally harmonious world of the small entrepreneur.
The Great Salesroom
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the world of the small entrepreneur, selling was one activity among many, limited in scope, technique, and manner. In the new society, selling is a pervasive activity, unlimited in scope and ruthle in its choice of technique and manner. The salesman’s world has now become everybody’s world, and, in some part, everybody has become a salesman. The enlarged market has become at once more impersonal and more intimate. What is there that does not pass through the market? Science and love, virtue and conscience, friendliness, carefully nurtured skills and animosities? This is a time of venality. The market now reaches into every institution and every relation. The bargaining manner, the huckstering animus, the memorized theology of pep, the commercialized evaluation of personal traits-they are all around us; in public and in private there is the tang and feel of salesmanship. The American Salesman has gone through several major phases, each of which corresponds to a phase in the organization of the business system. This system is a vast and intricate network of institutions, each strand of which is a salesman of one sort or another. Any change in this system and of its relations to society as a whole will be reflected in the development of types of salesmen and of the kind of salesmanship that prevails.
Communitarians Living on the Margins
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence against people trying to live according to their religious beliefs was commonplace in the United States during the nineteenth century. One striking example occurred in 1825 at a village called Pleasant Hill in central Kentucky. This site was home to several hundred Shakers, members of a religious community founded by Ann Lee, an eighteenth-century English prophet. In early June the village was attacked by a mob organized by family members of Lucy Bryant, a teenage girl who had joined the community. Lucy’s relatives were intent on forcing her to leave the Shakers because they believed she was being held against her will, which was not the case.
Transplanted People: 1880–1924
Authors: Diner Hasia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American poet Emma Lazarus was descended on her father’s side from Sephardim who could trace their ancestry back to Spain. Her mother’s family were German Jewish immigrants who had prospered in the United States. In 1883 Lazarus entered a poetry competition. The organizers of the competition planned to auction off the winning poem to raise money for something unusual, something monumental—the pedestal on which an enormous statue would stand. The statue was of a woman holding a torch, and it was to be placed on Bedloe’s Island at the tip of Manhattan in New York Harbor, the gateway to the United States.
Emma Lazarus won the competition, but the story does not have a perfectly happy ending. Lazarus died at thirty-three, before the statue’s unveiling. The plaque bearing her poem was not fastened to the statue for another twenty years—and then it somehow got placed inside the pedestal where few could see it. It would be thirty more years before the plaque was moved to the outside of the Statue of Liberty.
On Human Choice
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that human beings choose necessarily and not freely, for the following reasons: Jer. 10:23 says: “The path of human beings is not theirs, nor do they walk and direct their steps.” But acts regarding which human beings enjoy liberty are their own, as acts in their control. Therefore, it seems that human beings do not enjoy free choice regarding their paths and acts. People have said that the aforementioned text refers to the execution of choices, and human beings sometimes do not have the power to execute their choices. But the Apostle says in Rom. 9:16: “It,” that is, willing, “does not belong to the one willing, nor does it,” that is, running, “belong to the one running,” but willing belongs to God showing mercy. And as running belongs to the external execution of acts, so willing belongs to internal choice. Therefore, human beings do not have power even over their internal choices, and God moves human beings to their choices. People have said that internal impulses, namely, those from God himself, inevitably cause human beings to choose what they choose, and this is not contrary to human freedom. But although every animal moves itself by its appetites, animals other than human beings do not have free choice. Other animals do not have free choice because an external cause, namely, the power of a heavenly body or the action of another material substance, moves their appetites. Therefore, if God inevitably moves the wills of human beings, then human beings do not enjoy free choice in their acts. Something is coerced if its cause is from without, and what is being coerced contributes nothing. Therefore, if an external cause should cause the will’s choice, it seems that coercion and necessity determine the will to act. Therefore, the will does not have free choice in its acts.