bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of TLCK‐sensitive serine protease in colchicine‐induced cell death of sympathetic neurons in culture
Authors: Mitsui Chizu , Sakai Kazuhisa , Ninomiya Takafumi , Koike Tatsuro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuperior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells from neonatal rats underwent apoptosis upon treatment with colchicine, a microtubule‐disrupting agent. Western blotting and activity measurements showed that caspase‐3 was indeed activated, but its peptide inhibitor (Ac‐DEVD‐CHO) neither suppressed nuclear fragmentation nor rescued the neurons from cell death. z‐VAD‐fmk, the general inhibitor of caspases, prevented nuclear fragmentation and delayed the cell death. Moreover, N‐α‐tosyl‐L‐lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), but not N‐α‐tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), prevented nuclear fragmentation and provided neuronal protection as well. The combination of both z‐VAD‐fmk and TLCK provided a long‐term neuronal protection (>4 days), whereas neither one alone could do so, suggesting that there are both caspase‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. TLCK‐sensitive serine protease is also likely to act upstream of caspase‐3 in a caspase‐dependent pathway. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated that z‐VAD‐fmk suppressed nuclear fragmentation and improved mitochondrial swelling, but failed to prevent vesicular formation, which resulted in a slowly‐occurring necrosis. More importantly, TLCK effectively blocked this abundant vesicular formation along with suppressing chromatin condensation. Thus, the combination of both conferred a nearly normal morphology, which is consistent with the results of cell survival experiments. These findings clearly indicate that TLCK‐sensitive serine protease plays multiple roles in caspase‐dependent and ‐independent pathways of colchicine‐induced cell death, and suggest a novel mechanism underlying a necrotic pathway involving ER swelling and vesicular formation. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:601–611, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resonance Raman spectrum of [Ru(bipyridine)3]2+ in water, acetonitrile and their deuterated derivatives: the possible role of solvent in excited‐state charge localization
Authors: Adam Webb M. , Knorr Fritz J. , McHale Jeanne L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResonance Raman spectra excited at 458 and 476 nm are reported for [Ru(bipyridine)3]2+ in water, acetonitrile and their perdeuterated derivatives. Raman intensities of [Ru(bipyridine)3]2+ are about a factor of two greater in H2O than D2O for all vibrational modes, but are independent of solvent isotopomer in acetonitrile. Solvent dynamics apparently contribute more strongly to the dephasing dynamics in water than in acetonitrile. Mode‐specific dephasing rates seem to cause different depolarization ratios for different observed vibrations which can lead to a potentially misleading interpretation of the depolarization ratios. We speculate that a static complex between [Ru(bipyridine)3]2+ and water influences the excited‐state dynamics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure dependence of photoluminescence of ZnTe/Zn1−xCdxTe strained‐layer superlattice
Authors: Li W. S. , Shen Z. X. , Li H. Y. , Shen D. Z. , Fan X. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) spectra of ZnTe/Zn1−xCdxTe (x = 0.23) strained‐layer superlattice (SLS) samples were studied at hydrostatic pressures up to 4.8 GPa at room temperature. A sublinear pressure dependence of the PL peaks for both the heavy‐hole exciton and the donor–acceptor pair was observed. The first‐ and second‐order pressure coefficients of the PL peaks were obtained by a least‐squares fit. An analytical expression for the heavy‐hole exciton was also derived. The pressure coefficients obtained from the analytical expression are 104 meV GPa−1 and −4.44 meV GPa−2, in excellent agreement with the experimental values of 103.9 meV GPa−1 and −4.5 meV GPa−2. It is shown that the contribution to the linear pressure coefficient comes exclusively from the hydrostatic component. Both hydrostatic and biaxial terms are responsible for the second‐order pressure coefficient, with a negative contribution of −6.07 meV GPa−2 and a positive contribution of 1.63 meV GPa−2, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Raman spectra of NdxY1−xBa2Cu3O7−δ
Authors: Hiep Duong Cong , Lam Vu Dinh , Hong Le Van 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNdxY1−xBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor samples were prepared by the solid‐state reaction method. Yttrium was partially substituted by Nd with a content ranging from 0 to 100%. The phase purity of the given samples was checked by x‐ray diffraction, which showed that the samples are of the pure superconducting phase. The phase transition temperatures Tc of all the samples were estimated from the temperature dependence of their resistance measured by the four‐probe technique. Tc decreases slightly with increasing neodymium concentration substituted for yttrium. The Raman backscattering spectra were recorded at room temperature in the two polarization configurations z(x′,x′) − z and x′(z,z) − x′. The results show that the Raman shifts of the vibrational modes of the oxygen O4 and of the couple O2–O3 are affected by an internal pressure effect due to the substitution for yttrium by neodymium, which has a larger ion radius. Nd substitution also affects the crystalline structure and leads to disorder of the copper chain layers, which is the main reason for the appearance of Raman lines related to the vibration modes of Cu1 and O1 in the copper chain layer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product levels as an aid to functional strategy development
Authors: Connor Tom 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is argued that practising managers benefit from conceptual frameworks to provide techniques for implementing business strategies. This paper:
Considers the link between the concept of strategy levels and the marketing concept of product levels,
Stresses that the success of business strategy is necessarily dependent upon effective implementation by the functional activities of the business,
Proposes a technique based on the product level concept for approaching the practical issues of strategy implementation at the functional level,
Suggests a greater emphasis by researchers on the practical problems of strategy implementation.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lutein in patients with cataracts and age‐related macular degeneration: a long‐term supplementation study
Authors: Olmedilla B , Granado F , Blanco I , Vaquero M , Cajigal C 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLutein, a non‐provitamin A xanthophyll, is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables frequently consumed. In human serum, lutein is transported by lipoproteins and selectively accumulated in certain tissues (eg the retina). Epidemiological studies suggest that high intake and serum levels of lutein are associated with a lower risk of cataracts and age‐related maculopathy. Subjects diagnosed with cataracts (CA; n  = 5) or age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD; n  = 5) agreed to take three lutein capsules per week. Each capsule potentially provided about 12 mg of all‐trans‐lutein, 3 mg of 13/15‐cis‐lutein and 3.3 mg of α‐tocopherol, as revealed by HPLC. Zeaxanthin was not detected. Average supplementation time was 13 months (range 4–20 months) for ARMD subjects and 26 months (range 16–36 months) for CA subjects. Blood samples for carotenoid analysis were collected every 3 months, coinciding with ophthalmological revision. In serum, concentrations of lutein, 13‐cis‐lutein and two ketocarotenoids increased significantly. Maximum increments were observed at 3–6 months, reaching levels above the 95th percentile of the reference population (>0.44 µmol l−1). Ophthalmological evaluation showed an average increment in visual acuity of 0.4, and glare sensitivity also improved. No significant side effects such as hypercarotenemia, carotenodermia or changes in biochemical or haematological profile were observed. Thus, lutein supplementation at achievable dietary levels increased and maintained serum lutein levels, which were associated with an improvement in the visual function of the patients.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Steric factors in the gas phase elimination kinetics of ethyl N‐benzyl‐N‐cyclopropylcarbamate and ethyl diphenylcarbamate
Authors: Luiggi Marniev , Dominguez Rosa M. , Rotinov Alexandra , Herize Armando , Cordova Mary , Chuchani Gabriel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe elimination kinetics of ethyl N‐benzyl‐N‐cyclopropylcarbamate and ethyl diphenylcarbamate were investigated over the temperature range of 349.9–440.0°C and the pressure range of 31–106 Torr. These reactions have been found to be homogeneous, unimolecular, and obey a first‐order rate law. The products are ethylene, carbon monoxide, and the corresponding secondary amine. The rate coefficient is expressed by the following Arrhenius equations:For ethyl N‐benzyl‐N‐cyclopropylcarbamate

log k1 (s−1) = (12.94 ± 0.09) − (198.5 ± 0.9) kJ mol−1 (2.303RT)−1
For ethyl diphenylcarbamate

log k1 (s−1) = (12.91 ± 0.18) − (208.2 ± 2.4) kJ mol−1 (2.303RT)−1
The presence of phenyl and bulky groups at the nitrogen atom of the ethylcarbamate showed a decrease in the rate of elimination. Steric factor may be operating during the process of decomposition of these substrates. These reactions appear to undergo a semipolar six‐membered cyclic transition type of mechanism.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 67–71, 2002
The fate of the hydroxyalkoxy radical in the OH‐initiated oxidation of isoprene
Authors: Reitz June E. , McGivern W. Sean , Church M. Clark , Wilson Marc D. , North Simon W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRate constants for several intermediate steps in the OH‐initiated oxidation of isoprene were determined using laser‐photolysis/laser‐induced fluorescence of OH radicals at total pressures between 3 and 4 Torr at 295 K. The rate constant for decomposition of the hydroxyalkoxy radical was determined to be (3.0 ± 0.5) × 104 s−1 in this pressure range, which is in fair agreement with previous work. The presence of a prompt alkoxy decomposition pathway was also investigated and found to contribute less than 10% to the total hydroxyalkoxy radical decomposition. The rate constant for the reaction of the hydroxyperoxy radical with NO was determined to be (2.5 ± 0.5) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which is moderately higher than previously reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 255–261, 2002
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of OH with ClO
Authors: Bedjanian Yuri , Riffault Véronique , Bras Georges Le 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanism of the following reactions have been studied in the temperature range 230–360 K and at total pressure of 1 Torr of helium, using the discharge‐flow mass spectrometric method: 1a:

1b:

The following Arrhenius expression for the total rate constant was obtained from the kinetics of OH consumption in excess of ClO radical, produced in the Cl + O3 reaction either in excess of Cl atoms or ozone: k1 = (6.7 ± 1.8) × 10−12 exp {(360 ± 90)/T} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (with k1 = (2.2 ± 0.4) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at T = 298 K), where uncertainties represent 95% confidence limits and include estimated systematic errors. The value of k1 is compared with those from previous studies and current recommendations. HCl was detected as a minor product of reaction (1) and the rate constant for the channel forming HCl (reaction (1b)) has been determined from the kinetics of HCl formation at T = 230–320 K: k1b = (9.7 ± 4.1) × 10−14 exp{(600 ± 120)/T} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (with k1b = (7.3 ± 2.2) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k1b/k1 = 0.035 ± 0.010 at T = 298 K), where uncertainties represent 95% confidence limits. In addition, the measured kinetic data were used to derive the enthalpy of formation of HO2 radicals: Δ Hf,298(HO2) = 3.0 ± 0.4 kcal mol−1. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 587–599, 2001
Cross‐group comparisons: A cautionary note
Authors: Yoo Boonghee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article alerts researchers to the importance of factorial invariance in comparative studies. Cross‐group or cross‐national comparisons, without a clear understanding of factorial structures, can result in misleading conclusions regarding compared groups. The types and process of invariance test are discussed. Then, as an empirical illustration, American consumer ethnocentrism toward Japanese products is examined across gender and age. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized comparison of cefepime versus ceftazidime monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in children with solid tumors*
Authors: Kebudi Rejin , Görgün Ömer , Ayan İnci , Gürler Nezahat , Akici Ferhan , Töreci Kurtuluş 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundWith the availability of new broad‐spectrum antibiotics, initial therapy with a single agent has become an alternative to classic combinations, especially β‐lactam antibiotics plus aminoglycosides, in the management of febrile neutropenic cancer patients.ProcedureSince January 1994, monotherapy has been used for empiric initial treatment at our center. The aim of this prospective randomized study is to compare the efficacy of cefepime (CFP), a new fourth‐generation cephalosporin, and ceftazidime (CFZ) as empirical monotherapy of febrile neutropenic patients with solid tumors. From January 1998 to November 1998, 63 episodes of fever and neutropenia occurring in 33 children with solid tumors including lymphomas, were randomized to receive treatment with either CFP or CFZ. The patients were analyzed for leukocyte count and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) at entry, days in fever, neutropenia and hospitalization, and side effects of drugs. Success with or without modifications of the initial antibiotic was defined as survival through neutropenia; failure was death due to infection.ResultsIn our study group, with a median age of 7 [(1/12)–14] years, CFP was administered in 32, and CFZ in 31 episodes. An infection was documented microbiologically in eight episodes (25%) in the CFP arm and in nine episodes (29%) in the CFZ arm. The success rate with initial empiric monotherapy was 62.5% in the CFP arm and 61.3% in the CFZ arm respectively (P > 0.05). The total success rate (success with or without modification) was 100% in both arms. No major adverse effects were observed in either groups.ConclusionsCFP is as effective and safe as CFZ for the empirical treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients with solid tumors. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:434–441, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subvoxel processing: A method for reducing partial volume blurring with application to in vivo MR images of trabecular bone
Authors: Hwang Scott N. , Wehrli Felix W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPartial volume blurring precludes accurate measurement of structural dimensions in the limited‐resolution regime in which image voxel size is larger than the typical structural element to be resolved. Since acquiring images at increased resolution often exacts an unacceptable signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) penalty, methods to alleviate the adverse effects of partial volume blurring are instrumental for the accurate measurement of architectural parameters in applications such as predicting the mechanical competence of trabecular bone networks. In the current work, a novel post‐processing method, referred to as “subvoxel processing,” is described for increasing apparent image resolution. The method is applicable to volumes of interest containing material phases of two discrete signal intensities. The principal strategy consists of subdividing voxels and assigning voxel intensities to each subvoxel on the basis of local neighborhood criteria and strict mass conservation. In the current work, the method's accuracy has been evaluated using microcomputed tomography images (22 × 22 × 22 μm3 voxel size) of human trabecular bone. The results demonstrate that subvoxel processing is significantly more accurate than trilinear interpolation in decreasing apparent voxel size, especially in the presence of noise. In addition, the method's effectiveness is illustrated with MR images of human trabecular bone acquired in vivo at 137 × 137 × 350 μm3 voxel size. The subvoxel‐processed images are shown to have architectural features characteristic of images acquired at higher spatial resolution. Magn Reson Med 47:948–957, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spiral‐in/out BOLD fMRI for increased SNR and reduced susceptibility artifacts
Authors: Glover Gary H. , Law Christine S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBOLD fMRI is hampered by dropout of signal in the orbitofrontal and parietal brain regions due to magnetic field gradients near air‐tissue interfaces. This work reports the use of spiral‐in trajectories that begin at the edge of k‐space and end at the origin, and spiral in/out trajectories in which a spiral‐in readout is followed by a conventional spiral‐out trajectory. The spiral‐in trajectory reduces the dropout and increases the BOLD contrast. The spiral‐in and spiral‐out images can be combined in several ways to simultaneously achieve increased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and reduced dropout artifacts. Activation experiments employing an olfaction task demonstrate significantly increased activation volumes due to reduced dropout, and overall increased SNR in all regions. Magn Reson Med 46:515–522, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic spiral MRI of pulmonary gas flow using hyperpolarized 3He: Preliminary studies in healthy and diseased lungs
Authors: Salerno Michael , Altes Talissa A. , Brookeman James R. , de Lange Eduard E. , Mugler John P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn optimized interleaved‐spiral pulse sequence, providing high spatial and temporal resolution, was developed for dynamic imaging of pulmonary ventilation with hyperpolarized 3He, and tested in healthy volunteers and patients with lung disease. Off‐resonance artifacts were minimized by using a short data‐sampling period per interleaf, and gradient‐fidelity errors were compensated for by using measured k‐space trajectories for image reconstruction. A nonsequential acquisition order was implemented to improve image quality during periods of rapid signal change, such as early inspiration. Using a sliding‐window reconstruction, cine‐movies with a frame rate of 100 images per second were generated. Dynamic images demonstrating minimal susceptibility‐ and motion‐induced artifacts were obtained in sagittal, coronal, and axial orientations. The pulse sequence had the flexibility to image multiple slices almost simultaneously. Our initial experience in healthy volunteers and subjects with lung pathology demonstrated the potential of this new tool for capturing the features of lung gas‐flow dynamics. Magn Reson Med 4:667–677, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safe distances
Authors: David Israel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work highlights the problem in military operations of setting safety limits for friendly forces, neutral forces, or civilians, to avoid sustaining unnecessary casualties both in wartime and in training. We present and investigate an analytic model which both enables the quantitative understanding of the inherent problems, and which furnishes a reasonably flexible tool in the hands of the analyst. Characteristic numerical results are displayed and analyzed: They show in particular that prevailing crude approximations are inadequate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 259–269, 2001
Numerical methods for fourth‐order nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems
Authors: Pao C. V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present several computational algorithms for numerical solutions of a nonlinear finite difference system that represents a finite difference approximation of a class of fourth‐order elliptic boundary value problems. The numerical algorithms are based on the method of upper and lower solutions and its associated monotone iterations. Three linear monotone iterative schemes are given, and each iterative scheme yields two sequences, which converge monotonically from above and below, respectively, to a maximal solution and a minimal solution of the finite difference system. This monotone convergence property leads to upper and lower bounds of the solution in each iteration as well as an existence‐comparison theorem for the finite difference system. Sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of the solution and some techniques for the construction of upper and lower solutions are obtained, and numerical results for a two‐point boundary‐value problem with known analytical solution are given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:347–368, 2001
A germacranolide and three hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives from Hieracium murorum and Crepis bocconi
Authors: Zidorn Christian , Ellmerer‐Müller Ernst P. , Stuppner Hermann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe methanol extract of sub‐aerial parts of Hieracium murorum L. gave germacra‐7αH‐1(10)E,4Z,11­(13)‐trien‐12,8α‐olide‐15‐oic acid (15 → 1)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (1), a new sesquiterpenoid of the germacrane‐type, and two new 4‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives, 4‐hydroxy‐cinnamomic acid 4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (2) and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐[(4‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐acetoxy]‐3‐methyl‐butyric 4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (3). The methanol extract of sub‐aerial parts of Crepis bocconi P. D. Sell gave 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid 4‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (4), another new 4‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivative. The structures of these compounds were established by means of MS and one‐ and two dimensional‐NMR experiments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues and methodological challenges in developing and evaluating health care interventions for older people with diabetes mellitus, part 1
Authors: Forbes A , Berry J , While A , Hitman GA , Sinclair AJ 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis review (part one of a two‐part review) discusses a number of different issues relating to the development and evaluation of interventions for the diabetes care of older people. The review draws on the experience of a pilot study examining a new model of care for older frail people with type 2 diabetes, which comprised a specially developed clinical protocol to support district nurses in carrying out a diabetic annual review for the ‘older housebound’. The review examines the difficulties encountered in conducting research with this vulnerable subset of the population of people with diabetes and suggests how they may be overcome. Particular attention is directed at clarifying the research population, the validity of the proposed intervention, alternative approaches to the care of the older population with diabetes, sample selection and recruitment and outcome measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conducting pharmacoepidemiologic research in Denmark
Authors: Hallas Jesper 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDenmark has one of the worlds most comprehensive registration of its citizens' use of medical and social services. Most databases are population‐based and of very high quality. Virtually all employ a mutual person identifier, which renders it technically possible to link any of them with others. There are two prescription registries of interest for research, the OPED and the NJPD, each covering 0.5 million persons. The content of these are described in brief. The most recent Danish data protection act can be viewed as a liberalization of prevailing registry practice. Our most important obstacles for performing record‐linkage studies are costs, academic resources and a lack of generally accepted guidelines on the ethics of observational research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.