bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression pattern of the Brachyury gene in the arrow worm paraspadella gotoi (chaetognatha)
Authors: Takada Norio , Goto Taichiro , Satoh Nori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: Arrow worms (the phylum Chaetognatha), which are among the major marine planktonic animals, are direct developers and exhibit features characteristic of both deuterostomes and protostomes. In particular, the embryonic development of arrow worms appears to be of the deuterostome type. Brachyury functions critically in the formation of the notochord in chordates, whereas the gene is expressed in both the blastopore and stomodeum invagination regions in embryos of hemichordates and echinoderms. Here we analyzed the expression of Brachyury (Pg‐Bra) in the arrow worm Paraspadella gotoi and showed that Pg‐Bra is expressed in the blastopore region and the stomodeum region in the embryo and then around the mouth opening region at the time of hatching. The expression of Pg‐Bra in the embryo resembles that of Brachyury in embryos of hemichordates and echinoderms, whereas that in the mouth opening region in the hatchling appears to be novel. genesis 32:240–245, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In utero complementation of a neural crest‐derived melanocyte defect using cell directed gene transfer
Authors: Dunn Karen J. , Incao Arturo , Watkins‐Chow Dawn , Li Yi , Pavan William J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: This study describes an in utero approach for overexpressing genes in a cell‐type directed manner. It uses an avian leukosis retroviral expression system coupled with a transgenic mouse line expressing the viral receptor tv‐a from a tissue‐specific promoter (RCAS‐TVA system) (Federspiel et al., 1994, and reviewed in Fisher et al., 1999). A transgenic mouse line was generated expressing tv‐a from the Dopachrome tautomerase promoter (DCT‐tv‐a) in embryonic melanocyte precursors (melanoblasts). RCAS virus encoding β‐galactosidase (RCAS‐LacZ) or tyrosinase (RCAS‐Tyr) was injected in utero into embryonic day 12.5 albino (tyrosinase inactive) mouse embryos. Animals were analyzed for β‐galactosidase activity or tyrosinase activity (hair pigmentation). RCAS gene expression was detected in 44% and 25% of the transgenic mice, respectively. We demonstrate the RCAS‐TVA system coupled with the DCT‐tv‐a line of mice can be used for in utero infection. genesis 30:70–76, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a major gene influence on abdominal fat distribution: The Minnesota breast cancer family study
Authors: Olson J.E. , Atwood L.D. , Grabrick D.M. , Vachon C.M. , Sellers T.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAbdominal fat has been shown to be an important risk factor for many chronic conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, and breast cancer. The objective of this study was to provide evidence for a major gene influence on the ratio of waist to hip circumference (WHR), a measurement commonly used in large scale studies to indicate the presence of abdominal fat. Segregation analysis was conducted on three subsets of families from the Minnesota Breast Cancer Family Study. One analysis was conducted among families with WHR measurements on all women. Two additional analyses were conducted on subsets of women stratified on menopausal status. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with WHR expressed as a continuous trait. Complex segregation analyses were performed on the continuous trait of WHR and the covariates identified in the regression analysis. In the analysis of all women, all hypotheses were rejected. Among premenopausal women, the environmental hypothesis with no heterogeneity between generations fit the data best (P = 0.85). However, among postmenopausal women, the requirements for conclusion of the presence of a major gene were met. All non‐Mendelian hypotheses were rejected (P < 0.0001), but the additive hypothesis was not rejected (P = 0.19) and provided the best fit to the data. The putative major gene identified by this model accounted for 42% of total phenotypic variance in WHR among these postmenopausal women. The allele for high WHR had a frequency of 27%. These findings support the hypothesis that the distribution of abdominal fat in postmenopausal women is under genetic control. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:458–478, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retroviral labeling of Schwann cells: In vitro characterization and in vivo transplantation to improve peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Mosahebi Afshin , Woodward Barbara , Wiberg Mikael , Martin Robin , Terenghi Giorgio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) is a promising treatment modality to improve neuronal regeneration. Identification of the transplanted cells is an important step when studying the development of this method. Genetic labeling is the most stable and reliable method of cell identification, but it is still unclear whether it has deleterious effect on SC characteristics. Our aim was to achieve a stable population of SCs transduced with the lacZ gene at a high frequency using a retroviral vector in vitro, and to follow the labeled SC in vitro to assess their viability and phenotypic marker expression. Furthermore, we transplanted lacZ‐labeled SCs in a conduit to repair peripheral nerve to investigate their effect on nerve regeneration in vivo. Rat and human SCs were cultured and transduced with an MFG lacZ nls marker gene, achieving a transduction rate of 80% and 70%, respectively. Rat SCs were kept in culture for 27 weeks and examined every 4 weeks for expression of lacZ, viability, and phenotypic marker expression of GFAP, p75, MHC I and II. Throughout this period, transduced rat SCs remained viable and continued to proliferate. The proportion of cells expressing lacZ dropped only by 10% and the expression of phenotypic markers remained stable. Transduced human SCs were followed up for 4 weeks in culture. They proliferated and continued to express the lacZ gene and phenotypic marker expression of GFAP and p75 was preserved. Primary culture of transduced rat SCs were transplanted, syngeneically, in a conduit to bridge a 10 mm gap in sciatic nerve and the grafts were examined after 3 weeks for the presence and participation of labeled SCs and for axonal regeneration distance. Transplanted transduced rat SCs were clearly identified, taking part in the regeneration process and enhancing the axonal regeneration rate by 100% (at the optimal concentration) compared to conduits without SCs. Thus, retroviral introduction of lacZ gene has no deleterious effect on SCs in vitro and these SCs take part and enhance nerve regeneration in vivo. GLIA 34:8–17, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alzheimer's disease in the UK: comparative evidence on cost of illness and volume of health services research funding
Authors: Lowin Ana , Knapp Martin , McCrone Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo review the economic cost of Alzheimer's disease, to determine the level of research expenditure directed at this illness and to make comparisons with cancer, stroke and heart disease.MethodA literature search of cost‐of‐illness studies was conducted and major funders of research were contacted. Cost‐of‐illness estimates were updated and adjusted to enable comparability across the four disease areas.ResultsThe direct costs of Alzheimer's disease were estimated to be between £7.06 billion and £14.93 billion, which was substantially greater than stroke (£3.2 billion), heart disease (£4.05 billion) and cancer (£1.6 billion excluding informal care costs). Research expenditure on Alzheimer's disease was 57% of that on stroke, 10% of that on heart disease and 3% of that on cancer.DiscussionAlzheimer's disease imposes a high economic burden. However, spending on research is disproportionately low compared with spending on other major illnesses. In the light of these two findings we recommend further discussion of the distribution of public funding for research into this disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile synthesis of N,N‐dialkylselenoamides from amides
Authors: Koketsu Mamoru , Okayama Yoshihiro , Aoki Hiroshi , Ishihara Hideharu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN,N‐Dialkylamides were chlorinated with oxalyl chloride and then allowed to react with LiAlHSeH to afford the corresponding N,N‐dialkyselenoamides in moderate to good yields. The N,N‐dialkylamides bearing bulky substituent groups were not converted into the corresponding selenoamides because of their steric hindrance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:195–198, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10016
Reactions of sterically congested 1,6‐ and 1,7‐bis(diazo)alkanes with elemental sulfur and selenium: Formation of cyclohexene, 1,2‐dithiocane, 1,2‐diselenocane, and 1,2,3‐triselenecane derivatives
Authors: Ishii Akihiko , Furusawa Ken , Omata Takenori , Nakayama Juzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of 3,8‐bis(diazo)‐2,2,4,4,7,7,9,9‐octamethyldecane (5) with elemental selenium in 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) at 130°C yielded 1,2‐di‐tert‐butyl‐3,3,6,6‐tetramethylcyclohexene (1) (64%) and trans‐3,8‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4,4,7,7‐tetramethyl‐1,2‐diselenocane (8) (13%), while that of 5 with elemental sulfur in DBU gave trans‐3, 8‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4,4,7,7‐tetramethyl‐1,2‐dithiocane (9) (77%). The reaction of 3,9‐bis(diazo)‐2,2,4,4,8,8,10,10‐octamethylundecane (6) with elemental selenium in DBU at 80°C gave a cyclic triselenide, cis‐4,10‐di‐tert‐butyl‐5,5,9,9‐tetramethyl‐1,2,3‐triselenecane (11), in 15% yield as the only identifiable product. The structures of 9 and 11 were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:351–356, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10046
Photoinduced electron‐transfer reaction of cyclic oligosilanes and polysilanes in solution
Authors: Karatsu Takashi , Kanayama Koji , Takahashi Masakazu , Ishigohoka Noriaki , Fukui Keijiro , Kitamura Akihide 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhotoinduced electron‐transfer (PET) reactions were investigated for the cyclic oligosilanes and high molecular weight polysilanes in the presence of 9‐cyanoanthracene (CA), 9,10‐dicyanoanthracene (DCA), and triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPP+BF) using chemical and spectroscopic methods in solution. For the cyclic oligosilanes, the pyranyl radical (TPP·) and silane radical cation were observed as direct evidence of the PET from silanes to TPP+BF, and the reaction quantum yields showed that the ring opening of the radical cation of the cyclic oligosilane competed with the nucleophilic attack on the radical cation by the counter ion of the pyrylium salt and a back electron transfer (BET). For the high molecular weight polysilane, the observation of the transient absorptions of TPP· and the radical cation of polysilane is evidence of the PET, and the extremely long lifetime observed for the radical cation indicates the inefficient BET and reactivities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:269–275, 2001
Indium‐catalyzed reductive coupling of aromatic carbonyl compounds and imines in the presence of aluminum and chlorosilanes
Authors: Ohtaka Seiji , Mori Kenji , Uemura Sakae 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReductive homocoupling of aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and imines has been achieved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature using a catalytic amount of InCl3 (0.5–3.0 mol %) under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) and aluminum metal (Al) to provide the corresponding 1,2‐diols and 1,2‐diamines, respectively, in good to moderate yields. Other indium compounds such as In(NO3)3, cyclopentadienylindium, and indium metal have also been revealed to be effective as catalysts. The catalytic effect of the indium compound is remarkable, and, thus, without it, no reaction occurs in the case of aromatic aldehydes and aldimines, and an induction period is quite long in the case of aromatic ketones. Without either TMSCl or Al, no reaction proceeds even in the presence of the catalyst. Unfortunately, the diastereoselectivity of the products (dl and meso) is not high. Although the precise reaction scheme is not yet clear, we tentatively propose that a redox‐active In‐Al alloy might be formed on the surface of aluminum in the presence of TMSCl, and an electron transfer from the alloy to substrate might occur. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:309–316, 2001
Preoperative evaluation of patients with parathyroid adenoma: Role of high‐resolution ultrasonography
Authors: Ulanovski David , Feinmesser Raphael , Cohen Maya , Sulkes Jaqueline , Dudkiewicz Mickey , Shpitzer Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundUnilateral parathyroid exploration with adenoma removal and identification of a normal parathyroid gland is a controversial surgical approach to the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of high‐resolution ultrasonography to localize adenomas preoperatively and to assess the effect of such localization on operative time.MethodsOne hundred twenty consecutive previously non‐operated patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent ultrasonography before surgery, which consisted of unilateral neck exploration. The procedure was changed to bilateral exploration when justified by the surgical findings.ResultsThe sensitivity and positive predictive value of the ultrasonographic examinations were 89% and 98%, respectively. These results were obtained regardless of the size of the adenoma. No significant difference was found in the presence of thyroid multinodular disease (p = .2). A positive sonographic examination decreased the operative time to an average of 59 minutes. The average size of the adenomas was 19 mm (range, 4–55 mm). A positive and highly statistically significant correlation was found between adenoma size and both preoperative calcium level (p = .01) and parathyroid hormone level (p = .0001).ConclusionsIn experienced hands, high‐resolution ultrasonography can be a cost‐effective means of localizing parathyroid adenomas when unilateral neck exploration is considered the acceptable surgical approach. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 1–5, 2002.
Low expression of p27Kip1 in advanced mucoepidermoid carcinomas of head and neck
Authors: Choi Choong Sik , Choi Geon , Jung Kwang Yoon , Choi Jong Ouck , Chae Yang Seok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundp27Kip1, a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, negatively regulates the G1 phase progression of the cell cycle by binding to the cyclin E/cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 complex. This study was done to investigate the expression of p27Kip1 in mucoepidermoid carcinomas and its usefulness as an indicator in tumor progression, aggressiveness, and prognosis.MethodsThirty‐one patients with mucoepidermoid carcinomas who had surgical resection were studied retrospectively. Clinicopathologic features, including histologic types, T stage, nodal status, perineural invasion, overall AJCC stage, and survival data, were obtained from medical records. Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against p27Kip1 was performed on the formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens from each patient. The percentage of tumor cells expressing p27Kip1 (labeling index) was evaluated by counting 1000 cells per slide in at least four different areas and comparing with the patients' clinicopathologic features and survival rates.ResultsSignificant correlation was found between low p27Kip1 expression and tumors with high‐grade, advanced T stages, positive nodal status, and advanced clinical stages (p = .001 for all) except perineural invasion. Multivariate analysis indicated that p27Kip1 expression (p = .030) was the most significant, and gender (p = .048) was the next significant predictor of overall survival among the variables. Also patients with low p27Kip1 expression showed poor prognosis (p = .002).ConclusionsWe suggest that p27Kip1 is a reliable independent marker of tumor progression, invasiveness, and prognosis in the mucoepidermoid carcinomas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 22: 292–297, 2001.
Unusual T‐ and T/NK‐ cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the larynx: A diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists
Authors: Mok Johnny S. W. , Pak Martin Wai , Chan K. F. , Chow John , Hasselt C. A. van 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundLymphomas of T‐cell and T/natural killer (T/NK)‐cell types rarely involve the larynx. Early symptoms are subtle and nonspecific, and confirmation of the diagnosis is often difficult. Because of the rarity of this disease entity, the optimal management remains controversial.MethodsThe case records of patients with the diagnosis of lymphoma involving the larynx were retrospectively reviewed. Details of the pathologic condition, the difficulties in diagnosis, and treatment were presented.ResultsOne case of T‐cell lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma subtype) and two cases of T/NK‐cell lymphomas involving the larynx were presented. The diagnoses were all difficult to establish. All three patients received either multiagent chemotherapy or radiotherapy as the first‐line treatment. They all died of the disease within 32 months of diagnosis.ConclusionsT‐ and T/NK‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the larynx is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists. Conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy has not been effective. A more aggressive therapy should be considered. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 625–628, 2001.
Toward improved employment relations practices of casual employees in the New South Wales registered clubs industry
Authors: Lowry Diannah S. , Simon Alan , Kimberley Nell 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis research investigated the effects of casual work arrangements on employee job satisfaction and commitment
in a segment of the hospitality sector in Australia. The authors surveyed a total of 454 casual employees: they
interviewed 42 employees in a sample of clubs within the top two hundred registered clubs in the state of New South
Wales (NSW), Australia, and 384 employees returned questionnaires from a sample of different clubs. For
the interviews, the authors selected eighteen clubs using nonproportionate stratified sampling, the strata being
small, medium, and large. The team conducted systematic random sampling of the clubs within each stratum. Using
nonprobability accidental sampling, they then selected individual interviewees at the clubs. For the questionnaire
survey, the sampling procedure was identical, but the team selected eighteen different clubs. Questionnaires were
administered to all two thousand employees at these eighteen clubs. Because of a low response rate to the survey,
the authors questioned an accidental sample of twenty casual employees, who admitted to not responding, in order to
see whether their responses differed from those of the participants. The responses were very similar. Key findings
suggest that casual employees experience varying levels of commitment and satisfaction according to their
perceptions of work context factors such as training, promotion, work scheduling, management practices, and social
integration. The authors encourage employers in highly casualized enterprises to involve and empower their casual
employees, provide continuous feedback as well as behaviorally based formal performance appraisals, address the
issue of training opportunities and program content for casual workers, and consider ways of developing their
career paths.
The role of human resource management: an exploratory study of cross‐country variance
Authors: Bowen David E. , Galang Carmen , Pillai Rajnandini 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe explore how the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) varies across countries on two
dimensions. One is how the status of HRM departments may vary (e.g., perceptions of its importance and
involvement). Second is whether there is cross‐country strategic HRM (SHRM) in terms of
the conventional contingency approach (linking HRM practices to strategy), as well as a
resource‐based view of the firm (e.g., developing “organizational capability” as
competitive advantage). Results included significant differences in HRM status across countries;
significant correlations between status and “organizational capability”; and in Asian
countries, a slight tendency for HRM practices to be linked more to a “differentiation” strategy,
whereas, in Anglo countries, a strong linkage between HRM practices and “organizational capability.”
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Converging on IHRM best practices: lessons learned from a globally distributed consortium on theory and practice
Authors: Von Glinow Mary Ann , Drost Ellen A. , Teagarden Mary B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article captures the results of the “Best Practices” Project and attempts to identify which
IHRM practices are universally embraced in our ten‐country/region sample. Here we present a compelling
argument for understanding cultural contexts by seeking and establishing derived etics. No longer content with
the traditional conduct of cross‐cultural research, we challenge “how” we do research, and
encourage gatekeepers to broaden their research lenses with multiple embedded
contexts—polycontextuality—as they search for answers. We find anomalies, and counterintuitive
findings, and through our “gap analysis,” we discovered several universally embraced etics or best
practices. We believe we have not only made a significant contribution to research, but, in particular, we offer
a solution methodology for conducting globally distributed IHRM research. These findings signal new directions
for all deeply involved in managing within and across different cultures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Familial and second esophageal cancers: A nation‐wide epidemiologic study from Sweden
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Jiang Yongwen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA few case‐control studies have been published on familial risks in esophageal cancer. Reliable data on familial risks are needed for prevention and clinical decisions. We used the nation‐wide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database on 10.1 million individuals and close to 6000 esophageal cancers to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for esophageal cancer in 0–66‐year‐old offspring by cancers in family members. Additionally, SIRs for second esophageal cancers were analyzed. The SIR for esophageal cancer was 3.91 (95% CI 1.55–7.35) when a parent presented with esophageal cancer and 4.91 (95% CI 1.77–9.62) when a parent presented with squamous cell carcinoma. The sibling risk for esophageal cancer was increased but was based on 1 pair only. The population‐attributable proportion of familial esophageal cancer was 0.70%. Risks for second esophageal cancers were increased after upper aerodigestive tract, esophageal, stomach, larynx, and lung cancers. The data on second cancers suggest that environmental factors are important for esophageal cancer and probably contribute to the familial clustering. However, the high familial risk of 3.91 is unlikely without the involvement of heritable factors. The population‐attributable proportion of familial esophageal cancer is small. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.