bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of natural killer cells and CD56+ T-cells in sarcoidosis patients
Authors: Katchar K. , Söderström K. , Wahlstrom J. , Eklund A. , Grunewald J. 
Published: July 2005

The aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency, phenotype and functional activity of natural killer (NK) cells and CD56+ T-cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis when compared with healthy volunteers, using staining with a panel of monoclonal antibodies followed by flow cytometry.The results revealed that the majority of the lung NK cell subpopulation expressed CD56bright. In contrast, there was a predominant CD56dimsubset in the blood of both patients and healthy controls. Most lung NK cells expressed C-type lectin-like human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E-specific inhibitory receptor (i.e.CD94/NKG2A), but only a few lung NK cells expressed killer cell immunoglobulin-like inhibitory receptors specific for HLA-A, -B or -C molecules. In addition, a significantly increased number of CD56+ T-cells were observed in the blood of patients when compared with controls. Uponin vitrostimulation, both lung NK and CD56+ T-cells produced considerable amounts of interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α.Thus, in the lungs of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, a distinct phenotype of natural killer cells with the capacity to produce cytokines and actively participate in the T-helper 1-like inflammatory response associated with sarcoidosis was identified.
Operational definitions of asthma in studies on its aetiology
Authors: Pekkanen J. , Sunyer J. , Anto J. M. , Burney P. 
Published: July 2005

The most popular way to define asthma based on questionnaires is to use definitions taken from cross-sectional international studies on asthma. These definitions may not, however, be optimal for future studies focusing on risk factors of asthma. The current authors, therefore, compared the performance of different operational definitions of asthma.The European Community Respiratory Health Study I was a cross-sectional study of 21,924 subjects aged between 25–44 yrs in 18 countries. Operational definitions of asthma compared included different combinations of symptoms of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A continuous asthma score, ranging from 0–8, was defined as the sum of positive answers to eight main symptom questions.There was no threshold in the associations of asthma symptoms with severity or risk factors of asthma, which would have suggested a dichotomous definition of asthma. Using dichotomous definitions requiring the presence of several asthma symptoms strengthened associations with studied risk factors, and also increased the estimated specificity and positive predictive value. Using a continuous asthma score also improved the power of the analyses.In conclusion, dichotomous definitions of asthma yielding higher odds ratios are achieved by requiring positive responses to several questions on symptoms. However, symptoms of asthma are possibly best analysed as a continuous asthma score.
Death, dying and informatics: misrepresenting religion on MedLine
Authors: Rodríguez del Pozo Pablo , Fins Joseph J 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe globalization of medical science carries for doctors worldwide a correlative duty to deepen their understanding of patients' cultural contexts and religious backgrounds, in order to satisfy each as a unique individual. To become better informed, practitioners may turn to MedLine, but it is unclear whether the information found there is an accurate representation of culture and religion. To test MedLine's representation of this field, we chose the topic of death and dying in the three major monotheistic religions.MethodsWe searched MedLine using PubMed in order to retrieve and thematically analyze full-length scholarly journal papers or case reports dealing with religious traditions and end-of-life care. Our search consisted of a string of words that included the most common denominations of the three religions, the standard heading terms used by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature (NRCBL), and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used by the National Library of Medicine. Eligible articles were limited to English-language papers with an abstract.ResultsWe found that while a bibliographic search in MedLine on this topic produced instant results and some valuable literature, the aggregate reflected a selection bias. American writers were over-represented given the global prevalence of these religious traditions. Denominationally affiliated authors predominated in representing the Christian traditions. The Islamic tradition was under-represented.ConclusionMedLine's capability to identify the most current, reliable and accurate information about purely scientific topics should not be assumed to be the same case when considering the interface of religion, culture and end-of-life care.
Altered dendritic cell distribution in patients with common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Viallard Jean-François , Camou Fabrice , André Marc , Liferman François , Moreau Jean-François , Pellegrin Jean-Luc , Blanco Patrick 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRecent data suggest a critical role for dendritic cells (DCs) in the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. In the work reported herein, we analyzed the frequency of peripheral blood plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and myeloid DCs (mDCs) in a cohort of 44 adults with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) classified according to their CD27 membrane expression status on B cells. A deep alteration in the distribution of DC subsets, especially of pDCs, in the peripheral blood of CVID patients was found. Patients with a reduced number of class-switched CD27+IgD-IgM- memory B cells and patients with granulomatous disease had a dramatic decrease in pDCs (P = 0.00005 and 0.0003 vs controls, respectively) and, to a lesser extent, of mDCs (P = 0.001 and 0.01 vs controls, respectively). In contrast, patients with normal numbers of switched memory B cells had a DC distribution pattern similar to that in controls. Taken together, our results raise the possibility that innate immunity contributes to pathogenesis in CVID.
Early and late skin reactions to radiotherapy for breast cancer and their correlation with radiation-induced DNA damage in lymphocytes
Authors: López Escarlata , Guerrero Rosario , Núñez Maria Isabel , del Moral Rosario , Villalobos Mercedes , Martínez-Galán Joaquina , Valenzuela Maria Teresa , Muñoz-Gámez José Antonio , Oliver Francisco Javier , Martín-Oliva David , de Almodóvar José Mariano Ruiz 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Radiotherapy outcomes might be further improved by a greater understanding of the individual variations in normal tissue reactions that determine tolerance. Most published studies on radiation toxicity have been performed retrospectively. Our prospective study was launched in 1996 to measure the in vitro radiosensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes before treatment with radical radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer, and to assess the early and the late radiation skin side effects in the same group of patients. We prospectively recruited consecutive breast cancer patients receiving radiation therapy after breast surgery. To evaluate whether early and late side effects of radiotherapy can be predicted by the assay, a study was conducted of the association between the results of in vitro radiosensitivity tests and acute and late adverse radiation effects.

Methods
Intrinsic molecular radiosensitivity was measured by using an initial radiation-induced DNA damage assay on lymphocytes obtained from breast cancer patients before radiotherapy. Acute reactions were assessed in 108 of these patients on the last treatment day. Late morbidity was assessed after 7 years of follow-up in some of these patients. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) morbidity score system was used for both assessments.

Results
Radiosensitivity values obtained using the in vitro test showed no relation with the acute or late adverse skin reactions observed. There was no evidence of a relation between acute and late normal tissue reactions assessed in the same patients. A positive relation was found between the treatment volume and both early and late side effects.

Conclusion
After radiation treatment, a number of cells containing major changes can have a long survival and disappear very slowly, becoming a chronic focus of immunological system stimulation. This stimulation can produce, in a stochastic manner, late radiation-related adverse effects of varying severity. Further research is warranted to identify the major determinants of normal tissue radiation response to make it possible to individualize treatments and improve the outcome of radiotherapy in cancer patients.
Quality of interhospital transport of critically ill patients: a prospective audit
Authors: Ligtenberg Jack JM , Arnold L Gert , Stienstra Ymkje , van der Werf Tjip S , Meertens John HJM , Tulleken Jaap E , Zijlstra Jan G 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Introduction
The aim of transferring a critically ill patient to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral centre is to improve prognosis. The transport itself must be as safe as possible and should not pose additional risks. We performed a prospective audit of the quality of interhospital transports to our university hospital-based medical ICU.

Methods
Transfers were undertaken using standard ambulances. On departure and immediately after arrival, the following data were collected: blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, arterial blood gas analysis, serum lactic acid, plasma haemoglobin concentration, blood glucose, mechanical ventilation settings, use of vasopressor/inotropic drugs, and presence of venous and arterial catheters. Ambulance personnel completed forms describing haemodynamic and ventilatory data during transport. Data were collected by our research nurse and analyzed.

Results
A total of 100 consecutive transfers of ICU patients over a 14-month period were evaluated. Sixty-five per cent of patients were mechanically ventilated; 38% were on vasoactive drugs. Thirty-seven per cent exhibited an increased number of vital variables beyond predefined thresholds after transport compared with before transport; 34% had an equal number; and 29% had a lower number of vital variables beyond thresholds after transport. The distance of transport did not correlate with the condition on arrival. Six patients died within 24 hours after arrival; vital variables in these patients were not significantly different from those in patients who survived the first 24 hours. ICU mortality was 27%. Adverse events occurred in 34% of transfers; in 50% of these transports, pretransport recommendations given by the intensivist of our ICU were ignored. Approximately 30% of events may be attributed to technical problems.

Conclusion
On aggregate, the quality of transport in our catchment area carried out using standard ambulances appeared to be satisfactory. However, examination of the data in greater detail revealed a number of preventable events. Further improvement must be achieved by better communication between referring and receiving hospitals, and by strict adherence to checklists and to published protocols. Patients transported between ICUs are still critically ill and should be treated as such.
Functional analysis of human and chimpanzee promoters
Authors: Heissig Florian , Krause Johannes , Bryk Jaroslaw , Khaitovich Philipp , Enard Wolfgang , Pääbo Svante 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
It has long been argued that changes in gene expression may provide an additional and crucial perspective on the evolutionary differences between humans and chimpanzees. To investigate how often expression differences seen in tissues are caused by sequence differences in the proximal promoters, we tested the expression activity in cultured cells of human and chimpanzee promoters from genes that differ in mRNA expression between human and chimpanzee tissues.

Results
Twelve promoters for which the corresponding gene had been shown to be differentially expressed between humans and chimpanzees in liver or brain were tested. Seven showed a significant difference in activity between the human promoter and the orthologous chimpanzee promoter in at least one of the two cell lines used. However, only three of them showed a difference in the same direction as in the tissues.

Conclusion
Differences in proximal promoter activity are likely to be common between humans and chimpanzees, but are not linked in a simple fashion to gene-expression levels in tissues. This suggests that several genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees might be responsible for a single expression difference and thus that relevant expression differences between humans and chimpanzees will be difficult to predict from cell culture experiments or DNA sequences.
Validation and refinement of gene-regulatory pathways on a network of physical interactions
Authors: Yeang Chen-Hsiang , Mak H Craig , McCuine Scott , Workman Christopher , Jaakkola Tommi , Ideker Trey 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAs genome-scale measurements lead to increasingly complex models of gene regulation, systematic approaches are needed to validate and refine these models. Towards this goal, we describe an automated procedure for prioritizing genetic perturbations in order to discriminate optimally between alternative models of a gene-regulatory network. Using this procedure, we evaluate 38 candidate regulatory networks in yeast and perform four high-priority gene knockout experiments. The refined networks support previously unknown regulatory mechanisms downstream of SOK2 and SWI4.
Integrating mental health in global initiatives for HIV/AIDS
Authors: Freeman Melvyn C. , Patel Vikram , Collins Pamela Y. , Bertolote Jose M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryA more prominent role is needed for mental health interventions in global HIV/AIDS initiatives – such as the World Health Organization ‘3 by 5’ Initiative. Significant numbers of infected people have, or develop, mental health problems, and this often adversely impacts on HIV/AIDS treatment and adherence. Integrating psychiatric and psychosocial interventions should benefit both the mental and the physical health of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Autism: Functional brain mapping of exceptional calendar capacity
Authors: Boddaert Nathalie , Barthélémy Catherine , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Samson Yves , Brunelle Francis , Zilbovicius Mônica 
Published: July 2005

Background‘Autistic savants' are individuals with autism who have extraordinary skills. Brain mechanisms underlying such capacities are still unknown.AimsTo map the exceptional calendar capacity of a man with primary autism.MethodPositron emission tomography was used to map brain activity in a man who is able to associate a day of the week with the corresponding calendar date.ResultsDuring the calendar task, the left hippocampus, the left frontal cortex and the left middle temporal lobe were activated.ConclusionsThe cerebral circuit involved in this man's prodigious calendar skill is similar to that normally involved in memory retrieval tasks. These results suggest that the prodigious capacities may be sustained by memory processing.
‘Bipolarity’ in bipolar disorder: Distribution of manic and depressive symptoms in a treated population
Authors: Bauer Mark S. , Simon Gregory E. , Ludman Evette , Unützer Jurgen 
Published: July 2005

SummaryCross-sectional analysis of 441 individuals with bipolar disorder treated at a US health maintenance organisation investigated the distribution of manic and depressive symptoms in that illness. Clinically significant depressive symptoms occurred in 94.1% of those with (hypo)mania, while70.1% inadepressive episode had clinically significant manic symptoms. DSM-unrecognised depression-plus-hypomania was over twice as prevalent as DSM-recognised mixed episodes. Depressive symptoms were unimodally distributed in (hypo)mania. Depressive and manic symptoms were positively, not inversely correlated, and their co-occurrence was associated with worse quality of life. Implications for the DSM and ICD nosological systems are discussed.
Is clinical service development simply applied evidence-based medicine? A focus group study
Authors: Ruddy Rachel , House Allan 
Published: July 2005

Aims and MethodOur aim was to determine the role of evidence and other factors in specialist service development in liaison psychiatry. We held two focus groups with liaison psychiatry practitioners working in different services throughout Europe. A topic schedule focused the discussions, which were taped and transcribed. We used content analysis to identify the role of evidence and other factors that had hindered or facilitated service development.ResultsOur content analysis revealed two factors relating to evidence and 25 other barriers and facilitators of service development, which we grouped into national factors and factors related to local services.Clinical ImplicationsEvidence appears to have some impact on service development but many other factors are influential. Clinical service development cannot be understood simply as emerging in response to research evidence.
Emx2 Regulates Mammalian Reproduction by Altering Endometrial Cell Proliferation
Authors: Taylor Hugh S. , Fei Xiaolan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms that underlie embryo implantation are poorly understood. Under the control of sex steroids, uterine endometrium undergoes tremendous, yet tightly controlled, proliferation in each estrous cycle to facilitate implantation; disorders of endometrial proliferation underlie several uterine diseases. We have previously identified the Emx2 gene as a transcriptional target of HOXA10 regulation in the reproductive tract. Here we report the function of Emx2 in murine implantation and regulation of endometrial proliferation. We transfected mice on d 2 post coitus with pcDNA3.1/Emx2, Emx2 antisense, or respective controls consisting of empty pcDNA3.1 or a random order oligonucleotide by intrauterine lipofection. Increased expression of Emx2 reduced average implantation rate by approximately 40% (P = 0.00006) resulting in an average number of implanted embryos per litter of 13.7 in the control group to 8.2 in the pcDNA3.1/Emx2-treated group. Neither treatment altered the number of mice attaining pregnancy with at least one embryo. Decreased Emx2 expression did not alter litter size. Neither treatment affected the birth weight of the pups. To elucidate potential mechanisms through which Emx2-regulated reproduction, markers of endometrial differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed. Increased Emx2 expression significantly decreased endometrial cell proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and 5′-bromo-2′ deoxyuridine incorporation. Markers of stromal cell differentiation (IGF binding protein-1, prolactin), epithelial differentiation (calcitonin), and apoptosis (activated caspase3) were unchanged. In human endometrial epithelial cells in vitro, Emx2 reduced cell number indicating diminished proliferation. Emx2 controls mammalian reproduction by adjusting endometrial cell proliferation without effecting differentiation. Regulated uterine Emx2 expression is necessary during reproduction for maximal implantation and litter size.
Development of an Antiferromagnetic Organic Superconductor κ-(BETS)2FeBr4
Authors: Fujiwara Hideki , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The first antiferromagnetic organic superconductor, κ-(BETS)2FeBr4 [BETS = bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene], was developed in the search for novel magnetic molecular conductors. This salt shows successive antiferromagnetic and superconducting transitions at TN = 2.5 K and Tc = 1.1 K, respectively, at ambient pressure. Specific heat measurements and anisotropic behavior of intraplanar conducting properties under applied magnetic fields prove the coexistence of the antiferromagnetic ordering and superconductivity below Tc. The combination of metamagnetism of the magnetic layer and superconductivity of the conduction layer, which makes this salt a dual-functional system, yields two characteristic magnetic field-induced superconducting states around 1.6 and 12.5 T in terms of the Jaccarino–Peter compensation effect. Systematic studies on both the chemical pressure effect by a halogen exchange in the alloy system κ-(BETS)2FeBrxCl4−x and the physical pressure effect by an application of real pressures in κ-(BETS)2FeBr4 were performed to discuss the π–d interaction in the κ-(BETS)2FeBr4 system.
Bioluminescence in the Limpet-Like Snail, Latia neritoides
Authors: Ohmiya Yoshihiro , Kojima Satoshi , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Niwa Haruki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Latia neritoides is a small limpet-like snail that produces a bright green bioluminescence; it is found only in New Zealand streams. The light-emitting system is unique. Although Latia bioluminescence has been studied since 1880, its mechanism is unclear. Shimomura and Johnson clarified the elements of the mechanism, including the structures of luciferin and luciferase, in 1968. However, neither the emitter nor the mechanism of the excited state of luciferin has been determined. We studied molecular mechanisms to clarify the characteristics of luciferin and luciferase and to produce a new application for this system.
Cycloaddition of “N-Acyliminium Ion Pools” with Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bonds
Authors: Suga Seiji , Tsutsui Yamato , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
N-Acyliminium ion pools, which are generated from α-silyl carbamates, were found to react with a variety of alkenes and alkynes to give the corresponding cycloadducts. The reaction with styrene derivatives gave rise to the formation of a significant amount of polymeric products. The use of micromixing, however, resulted in a significant increase in the yield of the cycloadduct at the expense of the polymer. Mechanistic studies indicated that a concerted mechanism seems to be most likely for alkyl-substituted alkenes, whereas a stepwise mechanism seems to be reasonable for aryl-substituted alkenes.
Molecular Symmetry Group as Applied to the Spectroscopy of Molecules with Methyl Groups: Toluene, Nitromethane, and 5-Methyltropolone’s
Authors: Kanamaru Nobuaki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A theory of the molecular symmetry group (MSG) is presented to describe the spectroscopy of molecules that consist of methyl (top) and planar (frame) groups and belong to the G12 MSG. This was done in a form of Fourier-series expansion on the torsional angle of the methyl group concerning its two kinds of coupling terms, by choosing three kinds of systems in the title: (1) A morphing technique to describe the vibronic coupling is applied to interpret the torsionally induced S1 ← S0 absorption spectra of toluene (as partially described in a recent Letter). (2) The torsion–vibration coupling term in the top (through its interaction with the frame) was confirmed to split the degenerate e′ levels of either vibrational or torsional modes into either a1″ + a2″ levels/modes or a1′ + a2′ levels, respectively. The latter was made with the interpretation of either broad IR absorption spectra of nitromethane or peculiar low-frequency bands in the electronic spectra of 5-methyltropolone, respectively.