bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling invertebrates: aquatic environments
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the principles and conditions for use of some of the techniques used to sample invertebrates from aquatic habitats, both fresh¬ water and marine. Many of the principles and apparatus are similar for the two habitats, but there are numerous differences due to scale and ease of access. Many of the marine-based devices used in deeper waters are, in essence, commercial fishing devices and may need to be operated from ships; large dredges and trawls, for example, may also need several kilometres of cable to allow operation in deep water, whereas similar devices for smaller freshwater bodies may need no more than a few metres of rope to permit efficient operation. Rather than towing a net at great depth, it may then be feasible to throw it from a pond bank and haul it back by an attached line. Such marine sampling devices are, in essence, remote and outside the immediate control of the operator. From the ecologist’s point of view, they provide only minimal data sets with little idea of sampling efficiency or representativeness, because the performance of the devices cannot be moni¬tored adequately at great depths.
Taxonomy and target groups for conservation studies
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practicalities of sampling and sample analysis, particularly the recogni¬tion and identification of taxa at finer levels of separation, tend to ensure that not all the groups of organisms in invertebrate surveys are processed for incorporation into analysis, synthesis and decision-making. The dearth of practical identification guides, coupled with many of the existing ones being incomplete, outdated, and unreliable, so that they cannot be used with confidence by non-specialists, comes as a surprise to many biologists familiar with better-known animal groups. There is little realistic short-term prospect of reliable guides becoming available for most invertebrate groups in many parts of the world. Even for the best-known groups in the most completely documented faunas, problems of identification are not infrequent. Although many groups of macro-invertebrates are understood reasonably well-so that in Britain, for example, taxonomy has progressed well beyond the descriptive phase for some groups-this is more usually not the case.
Sparse Numerical Linear Algebra: Direct Methods and Preconditioning
Authors: Duff Iain S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common with many of my co-authors in this volume, my starting point was to read the review on this subject given at the last State of the Art meeting in Birmingham. The article “Sparse Matrices” was authored by John Reid, and it is perhaps significant that it covered both iterative and direct methods, the subject of two talks at this meeting. Indeed, although I have been working in this field for about twenty five years, I find it amazing how many advances have occurred in the last ten, necessitating the dual lectures of this meeting. Although this paper is primarily on direct methods, I also include a section on preconditioning techniques for use with iterative methods.
The Numerical Solution of Boundary Integral Equations
Authors: Atkinson Kendall E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the research on the numerical analysis of Fredholm type integral equations during the past ten years has centered on the solution of boundary integral equations (BIE). A great deal of this research has been on the numerical solution of BIE on simple closed boundary curves S for planar regions. When a BIE is defined on a smooth curve S, there are many numerical methods for solving the equation. The numerical analysis of most such problems is now well-understood, for both BIE of the first and second kind, with many people having contributed to the area. For the case with the BIE defined on a curve S which is only piecewise smooth, new numerical methods have been developed during the past decade. Such methods for BIE of the second kind were developed in the mid to late 80s; and more recently, high order collocation methods have been given and analyzed for BIE of the first kind.
A Review of Methods for Multivariable Interpolation at Scattered Data Points
Authors: Powell M J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Study three different kinds of methods for constructing the interpolant when the positions of the data points are general. Firstly, s may be formed from polynomial pieces. Secondly, some algorithms are designed for the case when s(£) is required for only a finite number of values of£ that can be treated individually, so the form of s as a function is less important than the ability to generate each s(£) efficiently from the data.
Finite Element Methods for Hyperbolic Problems: a Posteriori Error Analysis and Adaptivity
Authors: Siili Endre , Houston Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partial differential equations of hyperbolic type are of fundamental importance in many areas of applied mathematics, particularly fluid dynamics and electromagnetics. Solutions to these equations exhibit localised phenomena, such as propagating discontinuities and sharp transition layers, and their reliable numerical approximation presents a challenging computational task; indeed, in order to resolve such localised features in an accurate and efficient manner it is essential to use adaptively refined computational meshes whose construction is governed by sharp a posteriori error bounds. Over the last decade the a posteriori error analysis of finite element methods for partial differential equations of hyperbolic and nearly-hyperbolic character has been a subject of intensive research. For an overview of current activity in this area we refer to the article of Johnson [11]; see also [10-13], and references therein. The approach proposed in those papers, and reviewed in the next section, rests on performing an elliptic regularisation of the hyperbolic problem and exploiting the smoothing properties of the resulting adjoint problem in conjunction with Galerkin orthogonality.
Interpolation and recovery
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will be concerned first with an operator-theoretic approach to some of the classical problems of interpolation in the Hardy spaces, such as those of Nevanlinna and Pick, or Carathéodory and Fejér, where one asks whether there is an analytic function f satisfying certain interpolation constraints together with an inequality on the norm of f. This will lead on to a discussion of interpolation and zero sets for the disc algebra, where the main interest is constructing functions with prescribed boundary values and we shall derive results such as the celebrated Rudin-Carleson theorem.
Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In topology the three basic concepts of metrics, topologies and uniformities have been treated so far as separate entities by means of different methods and terminology. This is the first book to treat all three as a special case of the concept of approach spaces. This theory provides an answer to natural questions in the interplay between topological and metric spaces by introducing a uniquely well suited supercategory of TOP and MET. The theory makes it possible to equip initial structures of metricizable topological spaces with a canonical structure, preserving the numerical information of the metrics. It provides a solid basis for approximation theory, turning ad hoc notions into canonical concepts, and it unifies topological and metric notions. The book explains the richness of approach structures in great detail; it provides a comprehensive explanation of the categorical set-up, develops the basic theory and provides many examples, displaying links with various areas of mathematics such as approximation theory, probability theory, analysis and hyperspace theory.
Simulation of nucleic acid structure
Authors: Miller Jennifer L , III, Thomas E Cheatham , Kollman Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Cahpter we briefly introduce the importance and usefulness of applyling molecular mechanical models to studies of nucleic acid syterms Section1, on force fields for nucleic acids, acids, and section 2, and introduction to simulation methods discuss the more important methodoogical issues encountered i theorectical studies of nucleic and systems, reviews thee history of both in vacuoand solution phase simulations.
The single-crystal structures of Z-DNA
Authors: Basham Beth , Eichman, Brandt F , Ho P Shing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Z-DNA is a highly unique and unusual structure in biology. It is a left-handed double-helix, which, at the time of its discovery in 1979, was dramatically different from any of the known forms of DNA or RNA. Prior to the characterization of Z-DNA by crystallography, the fibre diffraction X-ray structures of naturally occurring and synthetic DNAs were all right-handed helices, with B-DNA, first described by Watson and Crick (1), and A-DNA, described by Franklin and Gosling (2) immediately afterwards, being the predominant models for the double-helix in solution and in the cell.
DNA bending by adenine-thymine tracts
Authors: Crothers Donald M , Shakked Zippora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifteen years have elapsed since the observations of Marini et al. (1) which associated DNA bending or curvature with the anomalously slow electrophoretic mobility and fast overall rotational relaxation observed for DNA restriction fragments from the kinetoplast body of Leishmania tarentolae. Confirmation of increased curvature soon followed, using techniques such as electric birefringence decay (2) and electron microscopy (3). The sequences responsible for bending were identified as tracts of oligo (dA):oligo (dT), each about half a helical turn long, repeated in phase with the DNA helical screw (4). The experiment on which this conclusion was based relied on the slow electrophoretic mobility of a molecule containing a bend at its centre, compared with a circularly permuted sequence variant in which the bend is at the end. A simple rule of thumb in interpreting such experiments is that the shorter the end-to-end distance in molecules of equal contour length, the slower the electrophoretic mobility (5). Gel electrophoretic methods for characterizing DNA bending have been reviewed by Crothers and Drak (6).
Codes and Algebraic Curves
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geometry of curves has fascinated mathematicians for 2500 years, and the theory has become highly abstract. Recently links have been made with the subject of error correction, leading to the creation of geometric Goppa codes, a new and important area of coding theory. This book is an updated and extended version of the last part of the successful book Error-Correcting Codes and Finite Fields. It provides an elementary introduction to Goppa codes, and includes many examples, calculations, and applications. The book is in two parts with an emphasis on motivation, and applications of the theory take precedence over proofs of theorems. The formal theory is, however, provided in the second part of the book, and several of the concepts and proofs have been simplified without sacrificing rigour.
Introduction: curves and codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Aegean island of Delos was one of the great centres of worship of Apollo in ancient Greece. His cave temple stands there to this day. According to an apocryphal story an oracle required the Delians to double the size of a cubical altar. They initially responded by placing a second cube next to the first, but this was rejected. A second attempt created a monstrous altar with double the side length of the original. This too was rejected and it became clear that the requirement was to construct a cubic altar of exactly twice the volume of the original.
Geometric Issues in Quantum Gravity
Authors: Ashtekar Abhay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was a post-doc in Roger Penrose’s group in Oxford in tlie mid-seventies and I learned a great deal during those two years with Roger; indeed, more than in any comparable period in my subsequent academic career. This, of course, included much technical material in general relativity and geometry. However, I learned something even more valuable, something intangible and deeper, just watching Roger select scientific problems and arrive at solutions with his unique geometric insights, almost effortlessly, with a touch of magic. Since then, his way of approaching science has continued to have a deep influence on all my work. It is therefore an honour and a pleasure for me to contribute to this volume.
Hyperbolic Manifolds and Kleinian Groups
Authors: Matsuzaki Katsuhiko , Taniguchi Masahiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Kleinian group is a discrete subgroup of the isometry group of hyperbolic 3-space, which is also regarded as a subgroup of Möbius transformations in the complex plane. The present book is a comprehensive guide to theories of Kleinian groups from the viewpoints of hyperbolic geometry and complex analysis. After 1960, Ahlfors and Bers were the leading researchers of Kleinian groups and helped it to become an active area of complex analysis as a branch of Teichmüller theory. Later, Thurston brought a revolution to this area with his profound investigation of hyperbolic manifolds, and at the same time complex dynamical approach was strongly developed by Sullivan. This book provides fundamental results and important theorems which are needed for access to the frontiers of the theory from a modern viewpoint.
Weyl and the theory of connections
Authors: Scholz Erhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Connections have become a central conceptual tool in modern differential geometry and geometrical field theories of the second half of our century. One of the early contributors who set the stage for this development was Hermann Weyl in his work on differential geometry and physics. This article presents Weyl ‘s most important contributions to this field in the slightly extended decade between 1918 and 1929. It starts with Weyl ‘s introduction of abstract affine connections and of length connections in an appropriate line bundle of his ‘purely infinitesimal ‘ geometry (pp. 264-270). While Weyl initially had strong hopes for immediate physical applications of his theory, which turned out to be premature, he also started to rethink the case early in the years 1920-21 and turned towards a more philosophical argument for the fruitfulness of his new type of geometry. In this context he started to work with general linear connections over differentiable manifolds (pp. 274-277). All these contributions stood in the perspective of a ‘neoclassical ‘ field theoretic approach to matter and geometry in the spirit of general relativity.
Linnaeus’ Philosophia Botanica
Authors: Freer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations of modern biological systematics and nomenclature. Inspired by the work of his predecessors and contemporaries, Linnaeus was the first scientist to develop a coherent system for describing, classifying and naming organisms. The method he developed, known as binominal nomenclature, is the classification system still used in botany and zoology today. Philosophia Botanica was first published in 1751. Its publication followed that of several earlier works written by Linnaeus such as his Systema Naturae (1735) and Fundamenta Botanica (1736). Philosophia Botanica is an expanded version of Fundamenta Botanica with added commentary, and represents a critical stage in the evolution of Linnaeus’ ideas and the development of his binominal nomenclature applied to plants. In this new translation of Philosophia Botanica, example pages from Linnaeus’ original Latin text are presented alongside Stephen Freer’s English translation of the complete text. The book contains images of all eleven of the original plates, which illustrate the shapes of leaves and other plant structures and forms. Also included are Linnaeus’ explanations of the effects of soil and climatic conditions on plant growth, plus six short memoranda that describe Linnaeus’ botanical excursions, his ideas for garden lay-out and herbarium construction, and his thoughts on what was required of a botanist and his pupils. The Introduction, dedicated to the memory of Professor William Stearn is by Professor Paul Alan Cox of the National Tropical Botanical Gardens, Hawaii. This beautifully presented translation of Philosophia Botanica, is a valuable resource to botanists, taxonomists, r storians and all interested individuals, who will gain greater access to, and new insights into, the work of Carl Linnaeus, the father of modern systematics.
Probabilistic tools
Authors: Karpinski Marek , Rytter Wojciech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we use several (rather simple) facts from probability theory. We state and prove most of them in this chapter and they will be used later to justify the effectiveness of our randomized algorithms. Now we introduce some very basic terminology and formalism. For more details refer to standard textbooks on probability theory, for example [Ch74]. T is a collection of subsets of Q (with Q G 7 and closed under the complement and union). The elements of T are called probabilistic events;
Algebraic tools
Authors: Karpinski Marek , Rytter Wojciech 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assume A = [ai,j]1≤i,j≤n is an n x n integer matrix. For a permutation σ (i1, ... , in) define product A((σ) = a1,i 1 • •••·an,in. The permanent and determinant of A are defined as follows:
Voigt function model in diffraction-line broadening analysis
Authors: Balzar Davor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract
Diffraction-line broadening routes are briefly reviewed. Both laboratory and synchrotron X-ray measurements of Wand MgO showed that a Voigt function satisfactorily fits the physically broadened line profiles. The consequences of an assumed Voigt function profile shape for both size-broadened and strain-broadened profiles (‘double-Voigt’ method) are studied. It is shown that the relationship between parameters obtained by the Warren-Averbach approximation and integral-breadth methods becomes possible. Line-broadening analysis of W and MgO is performed by using the Warren–Averbach and ‘double-Voigt’ approaches and results are compared.
Sea Surface Slicks - Surface Chemistry and Hydrodynamics in Radar Remote Sensing
Authors: Scott John C , Thomas Neale H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The response of the ocean surface to wind excitation is reduced dramatically by the presence on the surface of an elastic film. Surface-active films arise naturally as a result of biogenic production in the ocean and following molecular diffusion to the surface they form adsorbed monomolecular layers, significantly reducing the surface tension. This reduction is accom panied by adilational elasticity such that the surface resists tangential stress, thereby greatly increasing the attenuation of surface wave motions compared with film-free surfaces. At low wind speeds this creates regions of very low surface roughness, reducing the scatter of ambient light and the backscatter of microwave energy from imaging radar systems. Sensing methodologies and transport mechanisms are reviewed as a summary of applicable knowledge offering opportunities to infer ocean circulations on length scales up to and including the mesoscale.
Lower Semicontinuity And Coerciveness
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The direct methods of the calculus of variations can be summarized in the equation lower semicontinuity + coerciveness existence, meaning that, in order to obtain the existence of minimizers for a certain functional, it suffices to find a suitable topology in which a compact set can be found where a minimizing sequence lies (coerciveness), and at the same time the functional under consideration is lower semicontinuous. In this chapter we present a general introduction to lower semicontinuity and coerciveness. In Chapters 2-6 these two concepts will be specialized to the case of integral functionals defined on Sobolev spaces of vector-valued functions.
Iterated homogenization
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now consider the case of media with ‘multiple scales of homogenization ‘,
whose microscopic behaviour can be studied by means of functionals
We will see that these functionals, as e→0, behave as a homogeneous integral functional, whose representation can be obtained from the function / by iteration of the homogenization formula.
Regulation of target genes by HLH proteins
Authors: Littlewood Trevor D , Evan Gerard I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The activities of bHLH and bHLHZ proteins are modulated by a variety of mechanisms. First, as outlined above, many HLH proteins can dimerize with more than one partner (including themselves), and both the DNA-binding specificity and activity of a particular HLH protein can be influenced by the identity of its dimeric partner. Second, phosphorylation modulates the affinity of DNA binding and the activity of the activation/repression domain( s) of some dimers. Third, there is evidence that the activity of some HLH proteins depends on their ability to recruit accessory factors. These issues are discussed in detail below.
TIMP sequences
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-five amino acid alignments are presented at the end of the book. These are linked to a more complete description of each sequence presented in Table 4. For each item in Table 4 there is a number relating to the line number in the alignment. The sequences in both tables arc in the same order (with a few additional inserts in Table 4) so that matching the items is simplified. The major features of the alignments are the signal peptide, the 12 invariant Cys residues that form six disulfide bridges and the C- and N-terminal domains separated by 1-2 residues between the sixth and seventh Cys.
Specificity requirements of the MMPs
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information about the specificity of the various MMPs is gathered in several ways: the site at which the MMPs cleave natural substrates of known sequence can be determined; their action on peptide substrates of defined sequence can be measured (usually be determining the Specificity constant kcar/ Km); synthetic inhibitors can be tested for binding affinity; and the structure of the binding site can be examined by X-ray crystallography and by NMR. In the first two cases, which will be the topic of this section, one is limited to combinations of the 20 known amino acids, whereas further subtleties of the binding pockets can be explored by the last two methods, which will be taken up in their appropriate sections.
A-Posteriori Estimation Of The Error
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Strouboulis Theofanis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 3 and 4, we analyzed the properties of the Finite Element Method. We have shown that the finite element solution converges to the exact solution by establishing asymptotic estimates for the energy norm, the L2 norm, and various other norms of the error.