bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of long-term storage on measured plasma lactate concentrations and prospective lactate results from a multicenter trial of antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Dubé Michael P. , Kitch Douglas W. , Parker Robert A. , Alston-Smith Beverly L. , Mulligan Kathleen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPlasma lactate measurements are typically performed in real time, limiting their usefulness in multicenter or longitudinal studies. To determine the stability of lactate specimens, blood was drawn in sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate tubes from 13 volunteers before and after 5min of handgrip exercise to intentionally increase lactate concentrations. Plasma was stored at −70°C. Aliquots were assayed in real time and after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24months. Real-time lactate concentrations measured at baseline ranged from 0.52 to 2.23mmol/L before and from 2.91 to 11.04mmol/L after handgrip exercise. Using a linear mixed model, the estimated change from baseline at month 24 was 1.67% (95% confidence interval, −0.70% to 4.03%) for pre-exercise samples and 0.39% (95% CI, −1.13% to 1.91%) for post-exercise samples. Stored serial specimens from 232 HIV-infected subjects in a multicenter trial of antiretroviral therapy were also assayed centrally. Among those, median plasma lactate increased from baseline to 64weeks by 0.4mmol/L with zidovudine+lamivudine treatment and by 0.6mmol/L with didanosine+stavudine (each p<0.001 from baseline; p=0.04 for difference between groups over time). When performed as in this study, frozen storage with central batch lactate analysis is appropriate for prospectively collected samples in multicenter trials.
Evaluation of renal function in intensive care: plasma cystatin C vs. creatinine and derived glomerular filtration rate estimates
Authors: Le Bricon Thierry , Leblanc Isabelle , Benlakehal Mourad , Gay-Bellile Cécile , Erlich Danielle , Boudaoud Said 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPlasma cystatin C, a new marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), was prospectively evaluated in surgical intensive care. Cystatin C was measured (immunonephelometry, Dade-Behring) in 10 patients selected to cover a full range of GFR (phase I) and in 28 unselected consecutive patients followed for 5days post-admission (phase II). Results were compared with
The design of TSK‐type fuzzy controllers using a new hybrid learning approach
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Jian , Xu Yong‐Ji 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this paper, the TSK‐type fuzzy controllers with a novel hybrid learning approach (TFC‐HLA) are proposed. The proposed hybrid learning approach consists of the self‐clustering algorithm (SCA) and the dynamic‐form symbiotic evolution (DSE). First, the proposed SCA is used to identify a parsimonious internal structure. Secondly, the proposed DSE uses the sequential‐search‐based dynamic evolution method. Better combinations of the chromosomes will be initially generated while better mutation points will be determined to perform dynamic mutation. The advantages of the proposed learning algorithm are that, first, it converges quickly and the obtained fuzzy rules are more precise. Second, the proposed TFC‐HLA controller only requires a few population sizes. Third, the DSE constructs only four fuzzy controllers every generation. The performance of the TFC‐HLA controller compares excellently with other existing models in our control simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple Synthesis of Hollow Tin Dioxide Microspheres and Their Application to Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Han S. , Jang B. , Kim T. , Oh S. M. , Hyeon T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHollow tin dioxide (SnO2) microspheres were synthesized by the simple heat treatment of a mixture composed of tin(IV) tetrachloride pentahydrate (SnCl4·5H2O) and resorcinol–formaldehyde gel (RF gel). Because hollow structures were formed during the heat treatment, the pre‐formation of template and the adsorption of target precursor on template are unnecessary in the current method, leading to simplified synthetic procedures and facilitating mass production. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images showed 1.7–2.5 μm sized hollow spherical particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the produced spherical particles are composed of a hollow inner cavity and thin outer shell. When the hollow SnO2 microspheres were used as a lithium‐battery anode, they exhibited extraordinarily high discharge capacities and coulombic efficiency. The reported synthetic procedure is straightforward and inexpensive, and consequently can be readily adopted to produce large quantities of hollow SnO2 microspheres. This straightforward approach can be extended for the synthesis of other hollow microspheres including those obtained from ZrO2 and ZrO2/CeO2 solid solutions.
Light Out‐Coupling Efficiencies of Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Structures and the Effect of Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
Authors: Smith L. H. , Wasey J. A. E. , Samuel I. D. W. , Barnes W. L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractResults obtained from modeling the light out‐coupling efficiency of an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) structure containing the recently developed first‐generation fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridine) iridium‐cored dendrimer (Ir‐G1) as the emissive organic layer are reported. Comparison of the results obtained for this material with those of corresponding structures based upon small‐molecule and polymer emissive materials is made. The calculations of out‐coupling efficiency performed here take account of many factors, including the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the emissive materials. Further, how each material system might perform with regard to out‐coupling efficiency when a range of possible PLQYs are considered is shown. The calculations show that the very high efficiency of dendrimer‐based OLEDs can be attributed primarily to their high PLQY.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions in Poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Chatterjee T. , Yurekli K. , Hadjiev V. G. , Krishnamoorti R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDispersions of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) assisted by a lithium‐based anionic surfactant demonstrate an electrical percolation of 0.03 wt.‐% and a geometrical percolation, inferred from melt rheometry, of 0.09 wt.‐%. Both the melting temperature and the extent of crystallinity of the PEO crystals decrease with increasing SWNT loading. Raman spectroscopy of the nanocomposites indicates a down‐shift of the SWNT G‐modes and suggests that the nanotubes are subjected to tensile stress transfer from the polymer at room temperature.
Microcavity‐Controlled Single‐Molecule Fluorescence
Authors: Steiner Mathias , Schleifenbaum Frank , Stupperich Clemens , Virgilio Failla Antonio , Hartschuh Achim , Meixner Alfred Johann 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe present for the first time cavity‐controlled fluorescence spectra and decay curves of single dipole emitters interacting at room temperature with the first longitudinal mode of a Fabry–Perot microcavity offering a λ/2‐spacing between its silver mirrors. The spontaneous emission rate of individual dye molecules was found to be enhanced by the Purcell effect by up to three times compared to the rate in free space, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Moreover, our new microcavity design was found to provide long‐term stability and single‐molecule sensitivity under ambient conditions for several months without noticeable reduction of the cavity‐Q value. We consider this as a significant advance for single‐photon sources operating at room temperature.
The Chemistry of Phosphanyl‐ferrocenecarboxylic Ligands (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 19/2005)
Authors: S̆tĕpnic̆ka Petr 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe cover picture shows the structures of ferrocene‐based phosphanyl‐carboxylic acids that have been synthesized, characterized by various physicochemical methods, and further utilized as novel organometallic synthons, ligands in coordination compounds, and components of various catalytic systems over the last ten years that have passed since the discovery of the first representative. Some aspects of the chemistry of these and other related phosphanyl‐ferrocenecarboxylic ligands addressed in the Microreview by P. S̆tĕpnic̆ka on p. 3787 ff. are indicated in the centre of the cover picture, which is arranged in a chessboard‐like manner to emphasize their close, and sometimes causal, relations and complementarity.
In vitro micronucleus scoring by flow cytometry: Differential staining of micronuclei versus apoptotic and necrotic chromatin enhances assay reliability
Authors: Avlasevich Svetlana L. , Bryce Steven M. , Cairns Siân E. , Dertinger Stephen D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe in vitro micronucleus test has received considerable attention in recent years for its use in drug safety assessment and toxicological research. The less tedious nature of the assay relative to chromosome aberration analyses is a driving force, and explains why many chemical and drug safety programs have adopted the endpoint. Development of a high‐throughput micronucleus scoring system would further enhance the utility of the assay for lead optimization and other early drug development work. Although several variations of a flow cytometric (FCM) method for scoring cell‐culture‐derived micronuclei (MN) have been described in the literature, they have been unable to distinguish true MN from apoptotic and necrotic chromatin (Nüsse M and Marx K 1997: Mutat Res 392: 109–115). Here, we report advances to this methodology whereby a sequential staining procedure is used to differentially label these types of sub‐2n particles. With the use of ethidium monoazide (EMA), the chromatin of dead and dying cells is labeled. After a photoactivation step that covalently binds EMA to chromatin, cytoplasmic membranes are digested and resulting lysates are incubated with RNase plus a pan‐nucleic acid dye (SYTOX Green). This process provides a suspension of free nuclei and sub‐2n particles that are labeled with either SYTOX or SYTOX and EMA. Preliminary studies with heat‐shocked L5178Y mouse cells demonstrated that EMA stains necrotic and mid‐ through late‐stage apoptotic cells. Importantly, the sequential labeling procedure provided reliable micronucleus enumeration, even when cultures contained high percentages of dead cells. Subsequently, experiments with the following diverse genotoxicants were performed: hydroxyurea, methyl methanesulfonate, benzo[a]pyrene, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and vinblastine. Additionally, the nongenotoxicants sucrose, tributyltin methoxide, and dexamethasone were tested up to 5 mg/ ml, or to cytotoxic concentrations. FCM data were found to correspond closely with microscopy‐based measurements. Collectively, these data suggest that this sequential EMA/SYTOX staining procedure provides reliable, high‐throughput enumeration of in vitro MN. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Negative BOLD responses to epileptic spikes
Authors: Kobayashi Eliane , Bagshaw Andrew P. , Grova Christophe , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSimultaneous electroencephalogram/functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) during interictal epileptiform discharges can result in positive (activation) and negative (deactivation) changes in the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal. Activation probably reflects increased neuronal activity and energy demand, but deactivation is more difficult to explain. Our objective was to evaluate the occurrence and significance of deactivations related to epileptiform discharges in epilepsy. We reviewed all EEG‐fMRI studies from our database, identified those with robust responses (P= 0.01, with ≥5 contiguous voxels with a |t| > 3.1, including ≥1 voxel at |t| > 5.0), and divided them into three groups: activation (A = 8), deactivation (D = 9), and both responses (AD = 43). We correlated responses with discharge type and location and evaluated their spatial relationship with regions involved in the “default” brain state (Raichle et al. [2001]: Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:676–682]. Deactivations were seen in 52/60 studies (AD+D): 26 related to focal discharges, 12 bilateral, and 14 generalized. Deactivations were usually distant from anatomical areas related to the discharges and more frequently related to polyspike‐ and spike‐and‐slow waves than to spikes. The “default” pattern occurred in 10/43 AD studies, often associated with bursts of generalized discharges. In conclusion, deactivations are frequent, mostly with concomitant activation, for focal and generalized discharges. Discharges followed by a slow wave are more likely to result in deactivation, suggesting neuronal inhibition as the underlying phenomenon. Involvement of the “default” areas, related to bursts of generalized discharges, provides evidence of a subclinical effect of the discharges, temporarily suspending normal brain function in the resting state. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Polymer Microspheres with Mercapto Groups and Their Application as a Stabilizer for Gold Metallic Colloid
Authors: Li Shuning , Yang Xinlin , Huang Wenqiang 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: Monodisperse polymer microspheres with functional mercapto groups on the surface were prepared from poly[(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)‐co‐(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)], poly(EGDMA‐co‐HEMA), microspheres successively through esterification of the active hydroxyl groups with acryloyl chloride to introduce carbon‐carbon double bonds and then the addition reaction of hydrogen sulfide to the double bond at pH 10–11. All of the polymer microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT‐IR spectra. The mercapto‐functionalized polymer microspheres were utilized as a stabilizer for gold metallic colloids through coordination of the mercapto group on the polymer with gold metallic nanoparticles, which were prepared by the reduction of gold chloride trihydrate with sodium borohydride as the reductant. The size and morphology of the gold on the microspheres were determined to be of narrow dispersity (in the range 4–8 nm) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Preparation of mercapto‐modified polymer microspheres and their application as a stabilizer for gold metallic colloids.magnified imagePreparation of mercapto‐modified polymer microspheres and their application as a stabilizer for gold metallic colloids.
Fluorinated Aromatic Polyamides and Poly(amide‐imide)s: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Su Yu‐Yang 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: A CF3‐containing diamine, 4,4′‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)biphenyl (I), was synthesized from 4,4′‐biphenol and 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluoride. The imide‐containing diacids (Va‐b and VIa‐l) were prepared by condensation reaction of amino acids, aromatic diamines and trimellitic anhydride. Then, a series of soluble aromatic polyamides (VIIa‐f) and poly(amide‐imide)s (VIIIa‐b and IXa‐l) were synthesized from diamine I with various aromatic diacids (IIa‐f) and the imide‐containing diacids (Va‐b and VIa‐l) via direct polycondensation with triphenyl phosphate and pyridine. Aromatic polyamides and poly(amide‐imide)s had inherent viscosities of 0.60–0.85 dL/g and 0.52–1.44 dL/g, respectively. All synthesized polymers showed excellent solubility in amide‐type solvents such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N‐dimethylforamide and afford transparent and tough films by DMAc solvent casting. These polymer films had tensile strengths of 87–135 MPa, elongations to break of 8–22%, and initial moduli of 2.0–3.0 GPa. Glass transition temperature of these polymers were in the range of 259–317 °C, and the poly(amide‐imide)s had better thermal stability than aromatic polyamides. In comparison with the isomeric X series, the IX series exhibited less coloring and showed a lower b* (yellowness index) values than the corresponding IX series.
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Formation of Thermoresponsive Gold Nanoparticle/PNIPAAm Hybrids by Surface‐Initiated, Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Kang Sung Min , Kong Bokyung , Kim Wan‐Joong , Paik Hyun‐jong , Choi Hyeon , Choi Insung S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: We investigated the formation of thermoresponsive gold nanoparticle/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (AuNP/PNIPAAm) core/shell hybrid structures by surface‐initiated, atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) in aqueous media and the effect of cross‐linking on the thermoresponsiveness of the AuNP/PNIPAAm hybrids. The disulfide containing an ATRP initiator was attached onto AuNPs and the monomer, NIPAAm, was polymerized from the surface of AuNPs in the absence or presence of a cross‐linker, ethylene diacrylate, in aqueous media at room temperature. The resulting brush‐type and cross‐linked AuNP/PNIPAAm hybrids were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and variable temperature dynamic light scattering.
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Surface Modification of Ceramic‐Supported Polyethersulfone Membranes by Interfacial Polymerization for Reduced Membrane Fouling
Authors: Chu Liang‐Yin , Wang Shu , Chen Wen‐Mei 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: This study reports a simple and effective route for the hydrophilic surface modification of ceramic‐supported polyethersulfone membranes by synthesizing a poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyamide composite thin surface layer with an interfacial polymerization method. The fabricated membranes were characterized with XPS, SEM, and contact angle measurements, and the effects of hydrophilic surface modification on the membrane flux and oil rejection in the treatment of oil‐in‐water (O/W) microemulsions were experimentally studied. All the characterizations and filtration results showed that, the hydrophilic surface modification was achieved successfully and consequently reduced the membrane fouling effectively. The presented route is valuable for developing robust membranes with a low level of membrane fouling in the separation of O/W microemulsions.Hydrophilic surface modification resulted in enhanced membrane performance.magnified imageHydrophilic surface modification resulted in enhanced membrane performance.
The role of information in Uganda's reduction of HIV/AIDS prevalence: The Rakai Project and World Vision cases
Authors: Albright Kendra S. , Kawooya Dick 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa over the last two decades has seriously impaired the continent's health care services and overall welfare. Unlike other African nations, however, Uganda developed and implemented a unique approach to combating this problem, reducing HIV/AIDS infection rates from 18.5% in 1995 to 6.1% in 2000. In response to the AIDS pandemic, national policies were developed for an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategy. This strategy provides goals for the dissemination of information from numerous partners of multisectoral organizations including government at all levels, non‐governmental organizations, including those that are faith‐based, bilateral and multilateral agencies, and others. This paper presents a case study of two organizations in the Rakai District of southwestern Uganda whose goal is to provide information and education, research, and services to communities with a large HIV/AIDS population. The Rakai Project and World Vision have contributed toward the establishment of a community network that interfaces with the District government in order to facilitate the flow of both internal and external information to the organizations. This provides a conduit for current information to reach those most affected, which is believed to be one factor in the overall success of Ugandan HIV/AIDS intervention policy.
Contribution of information professionals in the multidisciplinary world of web information systems (WIS)
Authors: Dufour Christine , Bergeron Pierrette 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the results from an analysis of the tasks of information professionals pertaining to Web information systems (WIS). This research was based on information professionals working in seven departments of the Canadian federal government. This study offers a better understanding of the information professionals' role in WIS, in the context of an organization heading toward becoming “digital”. A qualitative content analysis was completed on the basis of 32 interviews conducted with information professionals involved in WIS. The results indicate that information professionals are performing tasks that can be grouped in four categories–content, technology, users, graphic interface. The predominant tasks are those related to the content, although the technological tasks and the WIS management task are also very present. Three factors were identified that have an impact on the involvement of information professionals in WIS: (1) the types of WIS, (2) the organizational levels represented by WIS, and (3) the types of positions filled by the information professionals.
The UNDP: From a hierarchy to an information based network organization
Authors: Holohan Anne 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has, since 1999, been undergoing a restructuring and a transformation from a hierarchical bureaucratic organization to a flatter, more flexible, information based network organization. A Business Re‐engineering Team has been established, which is overseeing three organization‐wide information technology based projects. One of these is a Portal, an electronic gateway to all the information within the UNDP, which had its initial ‘roll‐out’ in June 2002. This paper examines the facilitating and obstructing factors to the success of this project. By extension, I illuminate the facilitating and obstructing factors to the ongoing transformation to a network organization of the UNDP, and indeed the United Nations as a whole.
Information in the Namibian national liberation struggle (1966–1989): Applying a model
Authors: Sturges Paul 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Namibian liberation struggle against South African rule, 1966–1990, can be looked at as an information war rather than a military conflict. The author has previous elaborated a model that incorporates information and communication activity by both contestants in such struggles, at their command centres, in the field and in the media. Here, the Namibian struggle is used to examine the capacity of the model to assist in explaining the outcomes of the conflict. Using published sources and printed archive material, the range of information inputs, the incidence of suppression of information and information outputs are set out in the pattern provided by the model. This shows how both sides used covert intelligence gathering, secret communication, propaganda and disinformation, accompanied by censorship and the suppression of critical comment by force to further their political/military aims. The liberation movement won the information and communication struggle and was, in consequence, ultimately victorious despite South Africa's military superiority. The model exposes the way in which this came about with particular clarity.
Evaluation of a statewide collaborative chat‐based reference service: Approaches and directions
Authors: Pomerantz Jeffrey , McClure Charles R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe State Library of North Carolina recently launched an 18‐month pilot of a collaborative statewide chat‐based virtual reference service, for which the authors have been contracted as program evaluators. The primary evaluation question motivating this pilot program is: “Is collaborative virtual reference an effective way to meet the information needs of North Carolinians?” This paper describes the evaluation plan, the methodologies, and the data analyses that will be employed to answer the evaluation question. The paper also describes some preliminary findings from one of the libraries participating in the service and currently offering chat‐based virtual reference service.