bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gender, Education, Income, Social Rank, Financial Stress, and Shame on Beliefs About the Autonomy of One’s Opinions and Their Expression
Authors: Magee William 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Individuals’ beliefs about their opinion-related tendencies should interest public opinion researchers for at least two reasons. First, these beliefs could influence opinion-related behaviors. Second, they are likely to indicate tendencies that transcend specific situations and pertain to a wide range of subjects for which opinions can be held. This study investigates the associations of demographic characteristics, material and social resources, and subjective experiences with the belief that one tends to develop independent opinions (i.e., opinion autonomy) and expresses one’s minority opinions (i.e., expressed autonomy). Effects are estimated through analyses of three waves of data collected from a sample of the U.S. adult population. Education, age, community rank, financial stress, and shame are revealed to have effects of similar magnitude on expressed autonomy and opinion autonomy. Gender is the only variable investigated associated with only one form of autonomy—expressed autonomy. The findings are interpreted through the lenses of identity and affect control theories. Processes related to maintaining authenticity, perceived self-worthiness, and confidence in oneself as an independent thinker and agent are theorized as underlying the results.
Frequency-weighted and frequency interval Gramian framework-based model reduction using singular value decomposition
Authors: Sharma Vineet , Kumar Deepak 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
It is observed that the reduced-order models (ROMs) by some existing limited Gramians-based techniques deviate significantly from the high-order model, resulting in a large approximation inaccuracy. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel solution for finite-frequency model reduction using new frequency-weighted Gramians by employing balanced truncation. This work provides a novel structure of fictitious input and output matrices, resulting in the proposed continuous-time system Gramians. The suggested strategy provides stable ROMs even when input and output weightings are incorporated into the system. Furthermore, the proposed approach is extended with the frequency-interval Gramians, ensuring stable ROMs. The proposed simulation outcomes are compared with other well-known frequency-weighted and frequency-interval Gramians-based techniques using numerical examples to demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested strategies.
Effective Morphisms and Quotient Stacks
Authors: Di Lorenzo Andrea , Inchiostro Giovanni 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We give a valuative criterion for when a smooth algebraic stack with a separated good moduli space is the quotient of a separated Deligne–Mumford stack by a torus. For doing so, we introduce a new class of morphisms, the effective morphisms, which are a generalization of separated morphisms.
Trend to Equilibrium for Flows With Random Diffusion
Authors: Aryan Shrey , Rosenzweig Matthew , Staffilani Gigliola 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Motivated by the possibility of noise to cure equations of finite-time blowup, the recent work [ 90] by the second and third named authors showed that with quantifiable high probability, random diffusion restores global existence for a large class of active scalar equations in arbitrary dimension with possibly singular velocity fields. This class includes Hamiltonian flows, such as the SQG equation and its generalizations, and gradient flows, such as the Patlak–Keller–Segel equation. A question left open is the asymptotic behavior of the solutions, in particular, whether they converge to a steady state. We answer this question by showing that the solutions from [ 90] in the periodic setting converge in Gevrey norm exponentially fast to the uniform distribution as time $t\rightarrow \infty $.
Epidemiology of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses Among People With Mild and Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in Blantyre, Malawi, 2011–2017
Authors: Kovacs Dory , Mambule Ivan , Read Jonathan M , Kiran Anmol , Chilombe Moses , Bvumbwe Thandiwe , Aston Stephen , Menyere Mavis , Masina Mazuba , Kamzati Moses , Ganiza Thokozani Namale , Iuliano Danielle , McMorrow Meredith , Bar-Zeev Naor , Everett Dean , French Neil , Ho Antonia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of human seasonal coronaviruses (HCoVs) in southern Malawi.

Methods
We tested for HCoVs 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on upper respiratory specimens from asymptomatic controls and individuals of all ages recruited through severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) surveillance at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, and a prospective influenza-like illness (ILI) observational study between 2011 and 2017. We modeled the probability of having a positive PCR for each HCoV using negative binomial models, and calculated pathogen-attributable fractions (PAFs).

Results
Overall, 8.8% (539/6107) of specimens were positive for ≥1 HCoV. OC43 was the most frequently detected HCoV (3.1% [191/6107]). NL63 was more frequently detected in ILI patients (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 9.60 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.25–28.30]), while 229E (aIRR, 8.99 [95% CI, 1.81–44.70]) was more frequent in SARI patients than asymptomatic controls. In adults, 229E and OC43 were associated with SARI (PAF, 86.5% and 89.4%, respectively), while NL63 was associated with ILI (PAF, 85.1%). The prevalence of HCoVs was similar between children with SARI and controls. All HCoVs had bimodal peaks but distinct seasonality.

Conclusions
OC43 was the most prevalent HCoV in acute respiratory illness of all ages. Individual HCoVs had distinct seasonality that differed from temperate settings.
The Engineered Lysin CF-370 Is Active Against Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens In Vitro and Synergizes With Meropenem in Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia
Authors: Sauve Karen , Watson Aubrey , Oh Jun T , Swift Steven , Vila-Farres Xavier , Abdelhady Wessam , Xiong Yan Q , LeHoux Dario , Woodnutt Gary , Bayer Arnold S , Schuch Raymond 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Lysins (cell wall hydrolases) targeting gram-negative organisms require engineering to permeabilize the outer membrane and access subjacent peptidoglycan to facilitate killing. In the current study, the potential clinical utility for the engineered lysin CF-370 was examined in vitro and in vivo against gram-negative pathogens important in human infections.

Methods
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) and bactericidal activity were determined using standard methods. An in vivo proof-of-concept efficacy study was conducted using a rabbit acute pneumonia model caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Results
CF-370 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, with MIC50/90 values (in µg/mL) for: P aeruginosa, 1/2; Acinetobacter baumannii, 1/1; Escherichia coli, 0.25/1; Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2/4; Enterobacter cloacae 1/4; and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 2/8. CF-370 furthermore demonstrated bactericidal activity, activity in serum, a low propensity for resistance, anti-biofilm activity, and synergy with antibiotics. In the pneumonia model, CF-370 alone decreased bacterial densities in lungs, kidneys, and spleen versus vehicle control, and demonstrated significantly increased efficacy when combined with meropenem (vs either agent alone).

Conclusions
CF-370 is the first engineered lysin described with potent broad-spectrum in vitro activity against multiple clinically relevant gram-negative pathogens, as well as potent in vivo efficacy in an animal model of severe invasive multisystem infection.
Exploring JC Polyomavirus Sequences and Human Gene Expression in Brain Tissue of Patients With Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Honkimaa Anni , Laine Pia , Suppula Joni , Tynninen Olli , Saarela Mika , Laakso Sini M , Hetemäki Iivo , Liimatainen Hanna , Auvinen Petri , Auvinen Eeva 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare neurological condition associated with reactivation of dormant JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). In this study, we characterized gene expression and JCPyV rearrangements in PML brain tissue. Infection of white matter astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as well as occasional brain cortex neurons was shown. PML brain harbored exclusively rearranged JCPyV variants. Viral transcripts covered the whole genome on both strands. Strong differential expression of human genes associated with neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurodegenerative diseases was shown. Pathway analysis revealed wide immune activation in PML brain. The study provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of PML.
Essential dataset features in a successful obesity registry: a systematic review
Authors: Nosrati Mina , Seifi Najmeh , Hosseini Nafiseh , Ferns Gordon A , Kimiafar Khalil , Ghayour-Mobarhan Majid 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of obesity and the diversity of available treatments makes the development of a national obesity registry desirable. To do this, it is essential to design a minimal dataset to meet the needs of a registry. This review aims to identify the essential elements of a successful obesity registry.

Methods
We conducted a systematic literature review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis recommendations. Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed databases and Google sites were searched to identify articles containing obesity or overweight registries or datasets of obesity. We included English articles up to January 2023.

Results
A total of 82 articles were identified. Data collection of all registries was carried out via a web-based system. According to the included datasets, the important features were as follows: demographics, anthropometrics, medical history, lifestyle assessment, nutritional assessment, weight history, clinical information, medication history, family medical history, prenatal history, quality-of-life assessment and eating disorders.

Conclusions
In this study, the essential features in the obesity registry dataset were demographics, anthropometrics, medical history, lifestyle assessment, nutritional assessment, weight history and clinical analysis items.
Covid-19 vaccination coverage and associated factors among older hypertensive patients in Hangzhou, China
Authors: Liu Shijun , Jiang Caixia , Liu Yan , Qiu Xin , Luo Jun , Wang Jing , Xu Yuyang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Vaccination could provide effective protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to describe the COVID-19 vaccination coverage and influential factors in Chinese older hypertensive patients.

Methods
Using a cross-sectional design, participants were randomly selected from the electronic health records system during the pandemic era in Hangzhou, China. Logistic regression models were employed to compute the OR and 95% CI in order to assess the relationships between variables and the extent of COVID-19 vaccination coverage.

Results
As of 3 August 2022, among a sample of 77 970 individuals, 75.11% had completed the full COVID-19 vaccination, while 57.66% had received a booster dose. Disparities in coverage were observed across genders, regions and age groups. Unhealthy lifestyles, cardiovascular disease, cancer, uncontrolled blood pressure, abnormal fasting plasma glucose, dyslipidemia and renal dysfunction were risk factors for COVID-19 vaccination coverage. The coverage rates continuously declined along with the number of risk factors. The ORs for full and booster vaccination in subjects with ≥4 risk factors were 2.55 (2.12∼3.07) and 2.60 (2.16∼3.13), compared to individuals without risk factors.

Conclusion
The COVID-19 vaccination program for older hypertensive patients must be strengthened further. Emphasis should be placed on patients who reside in urban areas, have comorbidities or multiple risk factors.
AI Impact 2024
Authors: Runciman Brian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the BCS ‘Digital in Business Life 2024’ survey, we asked some Al-specific questions in addition to the normal ‘planning-for-the-next-year’ style queries. In keeping with a new BCS Fellows Technical Advisory Group paper on the augmented intelligence economy, Brian Runciman MBCS, ChatGPT and BCS members collaborate to report on the prevailing view of members on AI's current and near-future impact.
Phenotypic and genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance inSalmonella entericaserovar Choleraesuis isolates from humans and animals in Spain from 2006 to 2021
Authors: Jacqueline Camille , Samper-Cativiela Clara , Monzon Fernandez Sara , Ugarte-Ruiz María , Cuesta de la Plaza Isabel , Alvarez Julio , Herrera-Leon Silvia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectivesWhile an increase in the levels of MDR in Salmonella enterica sevorar Choleraesuis has been reported in Europe, little is known about the situation in Spain. Therefore, we first aimed to assess the phenotypic resistance profile and to determine the presence of genetic determinants of resistance of S. Choleraesuis isolates collected in animal and human. Our second objective was to identify and characterize clusters of highly related isolates.MethodsWe analysed 50 human and 45 animal isolates retrieved from 2006 to 2021 using the disc diffusion method and performed WGS followed by analyses of genetic determinants and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsAll isolates were of ST145 and corresponded to the variant Kunzendorf. Swine isolates harboured a significantly higher number of antimicrobial resistance genes than human isolates, and often carried plasmid replicons of the IncHI2/IncHI2A type (42% of all animal isolates). In addition, we identified several MDR S. Choleraesuis strains circulating in humans and swine between 2006 and 2021. The phylogenetic analyses identified four clades associated with specific patterns of resistance genes and plasmid replicons. The clades also included isolates that differed in terms of year and region of isolation as well as host of origin.ConclusionsThis One Health approach highlights that reducing human MDR S. Choleraesuis infections may require the adoption of strategies that not only seek to prevent cases in humans but also to characterize and reduce the infection burden in swine.
Lower blood levels of isavuconazole in critically ill patients compared with other populations: possible need for therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Mikulska Malgorzata , Melchio Monica , Signori Alessio , Ullah Nadir , Miletich Franca , Sepulcri Chiara , Limongelli Alessandro , Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Balletto Elisa , Russo Chiara , Magnasco Laura , Vena Antonio , Di Grazia Carmen , Raiola Anna Maria , Portunato Federica , Dentone Chiara , Battaglini Denise , Ball Lorenzo , Robba Chiara , Angelucci Emanuele , Brunetti Iole , Bassetti Matteo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Isavuconazole is first-line treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is deemed not necessary, since most patients reached therapeutic levels (&gt;1 mg/L) in large studies. Low levels were reported in some critically ill patients admitted to the ICU. The aim was to compare isavuconazole levels between critically ill and non-critically ill patients.

Materials and methods
Retrospective analysis of data from all patients treated with standard-dose isavuconazole between 1 January 2019 and 26 October 2022 was performed. The following data were collected: TDM results from the first 30 days of therapy; ward of admission; demographic and clinical characteristics; continuous renal replacement therapy; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; and co-administered drugs.

Results
Seventy-two patients (median age 65 years) and 188 TDM measurements (mean number of samples per patient 2.6 ± 1.7) were included; 33 (45.8%) were ICU patients (3 also had haematological disorders); 39 (54.2%) were non-ICU patients, of whom 31 had haematological disorders. In all patients, the mean isavuconazole blood level was 3.33 ± 2.26 mg/L. Significantly lower levels were observed in the ICU versus the non-ICU population: mean 2.02 ± 1.22 versus 4.15 ± 2.31 mg/L (P &lt; 0.001). Significantly higher rates of subtherapeutic levels were observed in ICU patients compared with the non-ICU population: all determinations &lt;2 mg/L in 33.3% versus 7.7%, and all determinations &lt;1 mg/L in 12.1% versus 0%, respectively. Predictors of lower isavuconazole levels were admission to the ICU, BMI &gt; 25 kg/m2, bilirubin &gt; 1.2 mg/dL and the absence of haematological disorder.

Conclusions
ICU patients had significantly lower isavuconazole blood levels compared to non-ICU population. The TDM of isavuconazole for efficacy should be performed in ICU.
Global spread of the linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST476 clonal lineage carrying optrA
Authors: Brenciani Andrea , Cinthi Marzia , Coccitto Sonia Nina , Massacci Francesca Romana , Albini Elisa , Cucco Lucilla , Paniccià Marta , Freitas Ana R , Schwarz Stefan , Giovanetti Eleonora , Magistrali Chiara Francesca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the global distribution of an optrA-harbouring linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST476 clonal lineage.

Methods
Comprehensive searches of the NCBI database were performed to identify published peer-reviewed articles and genomes of E. faecalis ST476. Each genome was analysed for resistome, virulome, OptrA variant and optrA genetic contexts. A phylogenetic comparison of ST476 genomes with publicly available genomes of other STs was also performed.

Results
Sixty-six E. faecalis ST476 isolates from 15 countries (China, Japan, South Korea, Austria, Denmark, Spain, Czech Republic, Colombia, Tunisia, Italy, Malaysia, Belgium, Germany, United Arab Emirates and Switzerland) mainly of human and animal origin were identified. Thirty available ST476 genomes compared with genomes of 591 STs indicated a progressive radiation of E. faecalis STs starting from ST21. The closest ancestral node for ST476 was ST1238. Thirty E. faecalis ST476 genomes exhibited 3–916 SNP differences. Several antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were conserved among the ST476 genomes. The optrA genetic context exhibited a high degree of or complete identity to the chromosomal transposon Tn6674. Only three isolates displayed an optrA-carrying plasmid with complete or partial Tn6674. The WT OptrA protein was most widespread in the ST476 lineage.

Conclusions
Linezolid-resistant optrA-carrying E. faecalis of the clonal lineage ST476 is globally distributed in human, animal and environmental settings. The presence of such an emerging clone can be of great concern for public health. Thus, a One Health approach is needed to counteract the spread and the evolution of this enterococcal clonal lineage.
Predominance of multidrug-resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infections among symptomatic patients in East Africa: a call for action
Authors: Maldonado-Barragán Antonio , Mshana Stephen E , Keenan Katherine , Ke Xuejia , Gillespie Stephen H , Stelling John , Maina John , Bazira Joel , Muhwezi Ivan , Mushi Martha F , Green Dominique L , Kesby Mike , Lynch Andy G , Sabiiti Wilber , Sloan Derek J , Sandeman Alison , Kiiru John , Asiimwe Benon , Holden Matthew T G 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
In low- and middle-income countries, antibiotics are often prescribed for patients with symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) without microbiological confirmation. Inappropriate antibiotic use can contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the selection of MDR bacteria. Data on antibiotic susceptibility of cultured bacteria are important in drafting empirical treatment guidelines and monitoring resistance trends, which can prevent the spread of AMR. In East Africa, antibiotic susceptibility data are sparse. To fill the gap, this study reports common microorganisms and their susceptibility patterns isolated from patients with UTI-like symptoms in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Within each country, patients were recruited from three sites that were sociodemographically distinct and representative of different populations.

Methods
UTI was defined by the presence of &gt;104 cfu/mL of one or two uropathogens in mid-stream urine samples. Identification of microorganisms was done using biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay. MDR bacteria were defined as isolates resistant to at least one agent in three or more classes of antimicrobial agents.

Results
Microbiologically confirmed UTI was observed in 2653 (35.0%) of the 7583 patients studied. The predominant bacteria were Escherichia coli (37.0%), Staphylococcus spp. (26.3%), Klebsiella spp. (5.8%) and Enterococcus spp. (5.5%). E. coli contributed 982 of the isolates, with an MDR proportion of 52.2%. Staphylococcus spp. contributed 697 of the isolates, with an MDR rate of 60.3%. The overall proportion of MDR bacteria (n = 1153) was 50.9%.

Conclusions
MDR bacteria are common causes of UTI in patients attending healthcare centres in East African countries, which emphasizes the need for investment in laboratory culture capacity and diagnostic algorithms to improve accuracy of diagnosis that will lead to appropriate antibiotic use to prevent and control AMR.
Question answering systems for health professionals at the point of care—a systematic review
Authors: Kell Gregory , Roberts Angus , Umansky Serge , Qian Linglong , Ferrari Davide , Soboczenski Frank , Wallace Byron C , Patel Nikhil , Marshall Iain J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Question answering (QA) systems have the potential to improve the quality of clinical care by providing health professionals with the latest and most relevant evidence. However, QA systems have not been widely adopted. This systematic review aims to characterize current medical QA systems, assess their suitability for healthcare, and identify areas of improvement.

Materials and methods
We searched PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ACL Anthology, and forward and backward citations on February 7, 2023. We included peer-reviewed journal and conference papers describing the design and evaluation of biomedical QA systems. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. We conducted a narrative synthesis and risk of bias assessment for each study. We assessed the utility of biomedical QA systems.

Results
We included 79 studies and identified themes, including question realism, answer reliability, answer utility, clinical specialism, systems, usability, and evaluation methods. Clinicians’ questions used to train and evaluate QA systems were restricted to certain sources, types and complexity levels. No system communicated confidence levels in the answers or sources. Many studies suffered from high risks of bias and applicability concerns. Only 8 studies completely satisfied any criterion for clinical utility, and only 7 reported user evaluations. Most systems were built with limited input from clinicians.

Discussion
While machine learning methods have led to increased accuracy, most studies imperfectly reflected real-world healthcare information needs. Key research priorities include developing more realistic healthcare QA datasets and considering the reliability of answer sources, rather than merely focusing on accuracy.