bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal inference using influence diagrams: the problem of partial compliance
Authors: Dawid A Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article I aim to illustrate the fruitfulness, for purposes of causal modelling and inference, of an elaboration of graphical modelling based on influence diagrams. These can be used to model, in a clear and unambiguous way, probabilistic relationships that are regarded as invariant features across a range of circumstances.
A comparison of spatial point process models in epidemiological applications
Authors: M0ller Jesper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As pointed out in Sylvia Richardson’s article (hereafter referred to as [SR]), point process models provide a natural setting in epidemiological applications. The aims of this contribution are to review the advantages and problems when using such models for aggregated data, compare the properties of different model classes, clarify some of the properties of these model classes in connection to epidemiological applications (which sometimes seem to have been misunderstood), propose some alternative models which are not covered in [SR], and point out some open problems.
Linked versus unlinked DNA data - a comparison based on ancestral inference
Authors: Weiss Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coalescent theory provides a conceptually simple - but very general - way to describe the ancestral relationship of individuals randomly selected from a large population. The application of coalescent ideas in population genetics has mainly focused on the exploration of demographic scenarios and genetic forces that shaped the intraspecific DNA samples we observe today, as well as the dating of specific genealogical events.
Movement timing: a tutorial
Authors: Wing Alan M , Beek Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two broad traditions underlie behavioural studies of movement timing. In one, which we will refer to as the information processing approach, time is considered a mental abstraction, applicable to, but represented independently of, any particular effector system. In this view our ability to carry out an action fast or slow, to write slow or fast, to speak with variation in rate, or to adjust the speed of the music we play, depends on central timing processes. It may be supposed that these depend on brain circuits that make contact with the motor system. However, they are functionally contained in that they do not require the action of any particular effector system. Rather they may be set to initiate movements at certain times, and these movements’ other parameters, such as force or direction, may be independently speci1ed.
Timing mechanisms in sensorimotor synchronization
Authors: Aschersleben Gisa , Stenneken Prisca , Cole Jonathan , Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. This study examines the in2uence of sensory feedback on the timing of simple repetitive movements in a sensorimotor synchronization task. Subjects were instructed to synchronize 1nger taps with an isochronous sequence of auditory signals. Although this is an easy task, a systematic error is commonly observed: taps precede clicks by several tens of milliseconds. One explanation proposed for ‘negative asynchrony’ is based on the idea that synchrony is established at the level of central representation (and not at the level of external events) and that the timing of an action is determined by the (anticipated) action effect. To test this hypothesis the sensory feedback available from the tap as well as its temporal characteristics were manipulated, and evidence supporting the hypothesis was obtained. After reviewing these 1ndings we report new evidence obtained from a deafferented subject who suffers from a complete loss of tactile and kinesthetic afferences from below the neck. In three experiments we studied his performance (and compared it with a group of age-matched control subjects) under conditions with differing amounts of feedback. In the 1rst experiment, in which all information about the tapping movement was excluded, the deafferented subject nevertheless maintained a stable phase relationship between the pacing signal and his movements but with a large negative asynchrony.
The embodiment of musical structure: effects of musical context on sensorimotor synchronization with complex timing patterns
Authors: Repp Bruno H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Two experiments demonstrate that musical context facilitates sensorimotor synchronization with complex timing patterns that are compatible with the musical structure. Several very different timing patterns were derived from an analysis of expressive performances of a musical excerpt. A random pattern (Exp. 1) or phase-shifted versions of the musical patterns (Exp. 2) served as comparisons, and an isochronous pattern served as practice. Musically trained participants 1rst attempted repeatedly to synchronize their 1nger taps with click sequences instantiating these timing patterns. Subsequent repetitions of the click sequences were accompanied by the identically timed music, and 1nally, the music disappeared and was only to be imagined in synchrony with the clicks. Compared with the random or phase-shifted patterns, synchronization accuracy for the musical patterns improved as soon as the music was introduced, especially when the pattern was highly typical. This relative improvement was reduced or absent when the music was merely imagined. Nevertheless, both musical context and imagery systematically modulated the timing of 1nger taps in synchronization with strictly isochronous click sequences. Thus perception or imagination of musical structure can involuntarily affect the timing of concurrent action, presumably by modulating the timekeeping processes that pace the motor behavior. This study also demonstrates that radically different timing patterns are compatible with the same musical structure, as they seem to be in expert artistic performance.
Coding of visible and hidden actions
Authors: Jellema Tjeerd , Perrett David I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. We review the properties of cells in the temporal cortex of the macaque monkey, which are sensitive to visual cues arising from the face and body and their movements. We speculate that the responses of populations of cells in the cortex of the anterior superior temporal sulcus (STSa) support an understanding of the behaviour of others. Actions of an agent, including whole body movements (e.g. walking) and articulations (of the limbs and torso), made during the redirecting of attention and reaching are coded by STS a cells in a way which: (1) allows generalization over different views and orientations of the agent with respect to the observer;
Activation and suppression in conflict tasks: empirical clarification through distributional analyses
Authors: Ridderinkhof K Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to explore and clarify the role of inhibitory processes in correspondence effects in con2ict tasks (and in the Simon task in particular), in which responses are typically slowed when an irrelevant stimulus feature is associated with the incorrect response. An activation-suppression hypothesis, describing a pattern of direct activation followed by the selective suppression of that activation, was developed and applied to the Simon task. Distributional analyses (in particular, delta plots for both response speed and accuracy) were argued to reveal the dynamics of these inhibitory processes. Three different empirical approaches provided evidence for differential patterns of selective suppression in Simon tasks. First, the results of an experimental manipulation, designed explicitly to vary the need to suppress (the context in which the Simon task appeared either emphasized or opposed the need to suppress the task-irrelevant location of the stimulus), provided independent evidence that differential patterns of suppression of location-driven direct activation showed up in diverging delta plot patterns.
From perception to action: making the connection—a tutorial
Authors: Jolicœur Pierre , Tombu Michael , Oriet Chris , Stevanovski Biljana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We review results that bear on the relationship between perception and action, with an emphasis on capacity limitations in the information processing system. Over and above limitations in storage capacity of short-term memory (STM) stores, several converging sources of evidence suggest that limitations are also imposed by transformation operations into and out of the short-term memory system (STMS). In particular, entry into an STM store appears to require a capacity-limited operation we call short-term consolidation. The psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm also provides evidence for central capacity limitations, which we attribute to the consolidation of response codes. Results from PRP experiments show that explicit retrieval of information from long-term memory or from STM requires central mechanisms. We present new evidence suggesting that the bottleneck observed in the PRP paradigm is not merely strategic, but rather reflects central processing limitations. We review evidence for the capacity-free activation of stored semantic information and present a model in which such activation occurs before the capacity-limited operations in the STMS are required. Evidence for parallel activation of response codes is evaluated within the context of several well- known paradigms including the flanker effect, the crosstalk effect, the Simon effect, and the Stroop effect. We highlight the importance of maintaining an appropriate task set in observing these effects and introduce a model that details the stages of processing that mediate the flow of information from perception to action. In outlining the components of this model, we attempt to account for the wide range of phenomena reviewed in the chapter. Pipelining, chunking, and chording allow the system to have high throughput despite structural limitations imposed by the STMS.
The representational nature of sequence learning: evidence for goal-based codes
Authors: Hazeltine Eliot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motor sequence learning guides much of our behavior yet the nature of the underlying representations remains elusive: some have argued that stimuli are incorporated in the representations; others have emphasized codes that specify anatomical units; and still others have proposed that the representations are based on locations in egocentric space. To examine what information is learned, the present study used variants of the serial reaction time task in which the responses were associated with task-relevant environmental consequences. In two experiments, these environmental consequences determined whether sequence knowledge transferred to new sets of stimuli and responses, indicating that the learned representation includes the intended goals of the component actions. Such an encoding scheme can account for apparently conflicting findings in the sequence learning literature.
Ecological basis of life-history diversity
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we identified the core associations between avian life-history traits (Fig. 4.2). Such relationships can be thought of as fundamental axes along which avian life-histories vary. Our task now is to explain why different families of birds are at different points along these axes. Why, for instance, have New World quail and albatrosses arrived at such very different compromises between growth, survival, and reproduction? A number of ecological factors have been suggested to explain avian life-history diversity. In the following sections we will review the rationale behind five of these traits: body size, food availability, developmental mode, and mortality risk to offspring and parents. We will then describe our comparative analyses of their relative explanatory power.
Explaining variation in extinction risk
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we approach the problem, identified by Bob May and John Lawton (see quotations at the start of this section), of understanding the ecological mechanisms that underlie interspecific variation in extinction risk? Nearly 10,000 living bird species are recognized, of which 12% (1183) are currently classified as being threatened with extinction (BirdLife International 2000). In the last decade considerable progress has been made in describing the geographical distribution of extinction risk and the relative importance of the main anthropogenic causes of threat to living birds (Collar et al. 1994; Stattersfield et al. 1998; BirdLife International 2000).
Locally compact abelian groups and the foundations of harmonic analysis
Authors: Reiter Hans , Stegeman Jan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most fundamental locally compact abelian groups are the following: R. the additive group of real numbers; Z, the additive group of integers; and 11’, the multiplicative group of complex numbers of absolute value I. The group 1I’ is isomorphic, as a topological group, to R/Z; this is the significance of the mapping x 1-1e2(see also the discussion on the algebra F1(‘JI’) in Section 1.1).
Perturbation Theory for Infinite Dimensional Dynamical Systems
Authors: Stuart Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering the effect of perturbations on initial value problems over long time intervals it is not possible, in general, to uniformly approximate individual trajectories. This is because well posed initial value problems allow exponential divergence of trajectories and this fact is reflected in the error bound relating trajectories of the perturbed and unperturbed problems. In order to interpret data obtained from numerical simulations over long time intervals, and from other forms of perturbations, it is hence often necessary to ask different questions concerning the behavior as the approximation is refined. One possibility, which we concentrate on in this review, is to study the effect of perturbation on sets which are invariant under the evolution equation. Such sets include equilibria, periodic solutions, stable and unstable manifolds, phase portraits, inertial manifolds and attractors; they are crucial to the understanding of long-time dynamics.
Kramer’s Sampling Theorem in Signal Analysis and its Role in Mathematics
Authors: Butzer P L , Nasri-Roudsari G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas a number of papers exist surveying various aspects of the Whittaker Kotel’nikov-Shannon sampling theorem-see for example [1-9], (see also [10-12] for special aspects) as well as the books [13-16]-this paper is primarily concerned with a survey of the Kramer sampling theorem, its connections with the Shannon theorem and Lagrange interpolation, both from a deterministic and random point of view. Special emphasis is placed on various applications, in fact nine, to Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems, also in a multivariate setting. Thus this overview is fully complementary to the surveys of the senior author and his former students and collaborators cited.
Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a definitive account of the theory, practice and applications of atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM). The APFIM technique provides a unique method for observing and chemically identifying single atoms on solid surfaces. Recent advances in the method,which are largely due to the present authors, now permit the atomic-scale chemistry of a solid specimen to be recognised in three dimensions. As a result of these developments, new and exciting applications are rapidly emerging in the field of material science, surface science, and catalysis. The book is a state-of-the art account of this important field, and is intended for a graduate-level readership.
Two conceptions of natural number
Authors: George Alexander , Velleman Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between the completed and the potential infinite is well known. Less noted is a corresponding contrast between two different conceptions of natural number. It is only to be expected that there would be such a contrast, since the natural numbers form our most basic model of an infinite collection. In this note, we present these two distinct conceptions by articulating the philosophical visions that inspire them and the mathematical definitions that give them substance. We show how these analyses satisfy, in interestingly different ways, the basic demands that any such definition must meet. In keeping with the fundamental difference in perspective between these accounts of natural number, we should expect that those who advance the one definition will find the other wanting. We try to describe what form these respective criticisms will take and to say why they will appear misguided to proponents of the conception against which they are directed.
The CW-Tower of Categories
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A CW-complex X is obtained inductively by constructing the skeleta Xn, n ≥0. Since we here only consider homotopy types of simply connected CW-complexes we may assume that X is reduced in the sense that the 1-skeleton of X consists of a single point, X1 = * However, the skeletal filtration has the disadvantage that the homotopy type of Xn is not well defined by the homotopy type of X. For this reason J.H.C. Whitehead introduced the (n −1)-type of X which is also the (n −1)-type of Xn and which can be obtained from Xn by ‘killing’ homotopy groups πmXn, m≥n. The (n−1)-type is the (n−1)-section of the Postnikov tower of X which we denote by P n−1(X). It is a classical result that the homotopy type of Pn−1(X) is well defined by the homotopy type of X. This fact justifies the construction of Pn−1(X), though it is to some extent absurd to replace a nice n-dimensional CW-complex Xn by a CW-complex Pn−1 (X) which in general is infinite dimensional, and the homology of which is hard to compute.
On the Homotopy Classification of Simply Connected 5-Dimensional Polyhedra
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical result of J.H.C. Whitehead on simply connected 4–dimensional homotopy types relies on the computation of the group Γ3X which fortunately has the simple description in terms of the Γ-functor. A homomorphism Γ (A) → B is given by a quadratic function η: A→ B which is the algebraic equivalent of a simply connected 3-type, denoted by K( η, 2).
Introduction to Functional Analysis
Authors: Meise Reinhold , Vogt Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book is written for students of mathematics and physics who have a basic knowledge of analysis and linear algebra. It can be used as a textbook for courses and/or seminars in functional analysis. Starting from metric spaces it proceeds quickly to the central results of the field, including the theorem of HahnBanach. The spaces (p Lp (X,(), C(X)' and Sobolov spaces are introduced. A chapter on spectral theory contains the Riesz theory of compact operators, basic facts on Banach and C*-algebras and the spectral representation for bounded normal and unbounded self-adjoint operators in Hilbert spaces. An introduction to locally convex spaces and their duality theory provides the basis for a comprehensive treatment of Fréchet spaces and their duals. In particular recent results on sequences spaces, linear topological invariants and short exact sequences of Fréchet spaces and the splitting of such sequences are presented. These results are not contained in any other book in this field.
Fréchet spaces and (DF)-spaces
Authors: Meise Reinhold , Vogt Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already introduced Fréchet spaces in Chapter 5 and have applied them several times. We shall now consider them systematically. Thus we shall next characterize which locally convex spaces are metric linear spaces, resp. Fréchet spaces, collect together the already known facts and consider the class of (DF)—spaces, introduced by Grothendieck, which contain the dual spaces of Fréchet spaces.
Number Theory
Authors: Cook Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Number theory is concerned with the properties of the positive integers. It includes topics such as primality and factorization, multiplicative functions, congruences and quadratic residues, and Diophantine equations. Examples in this chapter show that each of these topics has relevance to graph theory. Number theory is a collection of various results and topics, arising from the properties of the set N of positive integers. The central topics that appear in most undergraduate courses in number theory (see, for example, Hardy and Wright [20] or Schroeder [38]) are the following.
First-order Logic
Authors: Cameron Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns some connections between graph theory and first-order logic. After an introduction to first-order logic and a discussion of which graph properties are first-order, we consider logical concepts such as ℵ0-categoricity and homogeneity for graphs, and present some theorems about finite graphs requiring logical techniques in their proofs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a recent construction method of Hrushovski related to sparse random graphs. Model theory concerns itself with the relationship between mathematical structures and the logical formulas they satisfy. Structures are normally required to have a ‘finitary’ description in terms of relations, functions, etc.; graphs form a particularly natural class of examples. There is some choice about the kind of formulas we allow. The most commonly used is first-order logic, where formulas are finite and quantification is allowed only over the elements of the structure.
Knots
Authors: Welsh Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates some of the uses of graph theory in the study of knots. These include using the intimate relationship between some knot polynomials and the Tutte polynomial of a graph to prove a long-standing Tait conjecture, and also the use of graphs to provide bounds in the knot enumeration problem. Early work on knot theory was motivated by its applications. For example, Gauss [6] was concerned with the magnetic field which a knotted wire would produce if it carried an electric current. Kelvin and others tried to understand atoms as knots, hoping that the table of knots would reproduce the regularities of the table of elements.
Computing
Authors: Whitty Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Connections between graphs and computers are explored in this chapter-in particular, the kinds of digraph that arise in the analysis of computer programs. We examine program structuredness, complexity and testing, using ideas from formal language theory and compiler design: deterministic finite automata, attributed grammars and parse trees. Two important kinds of graph arise out of the theory of formal languages. Finite state machines model computation as a process of recognizing certain strings of symbols; in particular, the Turing machine has become familiar to graph theorists through its role in computational complexity (see Downey [9]). But the most basic machine, the deterministic finite automaton, should be even more familiar: it is a labelled digraph. Formal language theory is applied to programming languages such as Pascal or C, in order to translate them efficiently into machine code. This translation process is called compilation and is based on language parsing (Aho et al. [1] provides a comprehensive introduction); the associated parse trees are arguably the most pervasive of all the many kinds of trees in computing.