bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High intake of added sugar among Norwegian children and adolescents
Authors: Øverby Nina C , Lillegaard Inger TL , Johansson Lars , Andersen Lene F 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:It is debated whether the intake of added sugar displaces micronutrient-rich foods and dilutes the nutrient density of the diet, and whether there is a link between sugar and the increased rate of obesity. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of added sugar on the intakes of energy, micronutrients, fruit and vegetables, and to examine the association between intake of added sugar and age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, inactivity and parents' education.Design:Participants recorded their food intake in pre-coded food diaries for 4 days and filled in a questionnaire about physical activity, watching television (TV)/using a personal computer (PC) and parents' education.Subjects:Three hundred and ninety-one 4-year-olds, 810 students in the 4th grade (9 years old) and 1005 in the 8th grade (13 years old) were included in the study.Results:The intakes of all nutrients, except α-tocopherol among 4-year-olds and vitamin C among 4-year-olds and 4th graders, decreased with increasing content of added sugar in the diet. Moreover, high consumers of added sugar had a 30–40% lower intake of fruit and vegetables than did low consumers. A negative association was observed between consumption of added sugar and body mass index among girls in the 8th grade (P= 0.013), whereas a positive association was observed among 4-year-old boys (P= 0.055). Associations between physical activity, hours spent watching TV/using a PC, parents' education and the energy intake from added sugar varied in the different age groups.Conclusions:This study showed a negative association between the intake of added sugar and intakes of micronutrients, fruit and vegetables. The negative association between sugar intake and intake of fruit and vegetables is important from a public health perspective, since one of the main health messages today is to increase current intake of fruit and vegetables.
Eating habits, beliefs, attitudes and knowledge among health professionals regarding the links between obesity, nutrition and health
Authors: Hankey CR , Eley S , Leslie WS , Hunter CM , Lean MEJ 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:To document knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and eating habits of health professionals with respect to obesity, nutrition and weight management.Design:A self-complete questionnaire postal survey.Setting:Primary care and dietetic practice in Scotland.Subjects:A systematic stratified sample of 2290 subjects incorporated general practitioners (n = 1400), practice nurses (n = 613) and all practising dietitians (n = 360) who were members of the British Dietetic Association.Results:The overall response rate was 65%. All professionals showed a clear understanding of nutrition and health. Understanding of obesity as a disease and of the effectiveness of weight management using low-energy diets was limited. Below 10% had carried out audit to determine the incidence of obesity and overweight, and most were uncertain about their own effectiveness in delivering weight management advice.Conclusion:This study confirms that health professionals have some knowledge of nutrition and weight management but are unclear how to deliver effective weight management advice. Further training is justified to ensure the effective provision of nutritional advice to patients.
Reliability of parental and self–reported determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among 6th graders
Authors: Bere Elling , Klepp Knut-Inge 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:To assess the reliability of newly developed questionnaires measuring theoretical constructs believed to predict fruit and vegetable consumption among 6th–grade pupils.Design:Participating pupils and parents completed questionnaires twice, 14 days apart.Setting:One hundred and twenty–nine pupils from 6th–grade classes (average age: 11.9 years) at two schools in Norway and their parents were invited to participate.Results:The test–retest reliability was found to be good or very good for scales reported both by the pupils and their parents. All scales showed acceptable to strong correlations between time 1 and time 2, and only one scale had significant different mean values at the two times. The internal consistency reliability of the scales was acceptable to good.Conclusions:Sixth graders and their parents are able to provide reliable reports on theoretical determinants of the pupilapos;s fruit and vegetable consumption.
Vitamin D status of middle-aged women at 65–71°N in relation to dietary intake and exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Brustad M , Alsaker E , Engelsen O , Aksnes L , Lund E 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:To determine the vitamin D status of middle-aged women living in the Norwegian arctic and its relationship with vitamin D intake and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Design:Cross-sectional study.Subjects and setting:This study is based on measurements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in a sub-sample of the Norwegian component of the EPIC biological bank, which consists of blood samples from a random selection of participants in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. From November 2001 until June 2002, 309 blood samples were collected from a total of 443 invited middle-aged women (44–59 years) in northern Norway (65–71°N) (crude response rate, 69.8%). Questionnaire data provided information on dietary sources of vitamin D and UV exposure.Results:Median plasma 25(OH)D concentration for the whole group was 55.0 nmol l−1 (range 8.1–142.8 nmol l−1). Vitamin D intake was a significant predictor of 25(OH)D status (P = 0.0003). The time of the year when the blood sample was collected significantly predicted plasma 25(OH)D level (P = 0.005). Levels of 25(OH)D were positively associated (P = 0.0002) with estimated hours per day of exposure to UV-B radiation. Residing in northern Norway during the summer prior to blood sampling was negatively associated with 25(OH)D concentration (P = 0.001). The prevalence of moderate hypovitaminosis D was highest in January–February, when a quarter of the participants had 25(OH)D concentrations ≤37.5 nmol l−1.Conclusions:Increased ingestion of marine food items that provide vitamin D should be promoted and further studies should be carried out to investigate vitamin D status in arctic populations in relation to both UV exposure and traditional food sources.
Isolation and characterisation of microsatellites for Xiphinema index using degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR
Authors: He Yu , Li Hongmei , Brown Derek , Lamberti Franco , Moens Maurice 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A short insert genomic library for Xiphinema index, the natural vector of
Grapevine Fanleaf Virus, was constructed from degenerate oligonucleotide
primed PCR (DOP-PCR) products. The genomic library was screened for (CA)n
microsatellites. Screening of 6200 colonies and comparison of the sequencing
results revealed seven (CA)n containing microsatellites, coded here as
XIMSL1, XIMSL2, XIMSL3, XIMSL4, XIMSL5, XIMSL6 and XIMSS1. XIMSL prefixed
microsatellites were followed by the motif of the same long interspersed
element. Microsatellite XIMSS1 has some similarity to the short interspersed
element. Except for XIMSL1, all microsatellites were proven to be effective
diagnostic tools at species level. Genetic diversity between and within
populations was also evaluated for each microsatellite.
Trade-off between dispersal and reproduction of a seed-borne nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, parasitic on rice plants
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Hoshino Shigeru 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effect of nematode infestation on dispersal and survival of both host plant and parasitic nematode was investigated experimentally using rice plants, Oryza sativa L. and Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, a seed-borne ectoparasite. Nematode-inoculated plants produced a greater proportion of light seeds floating on water than non-inoculated plants. Nematode mortality was greater in light seeds than in heavy seeds. In the case of light seeds, the mean degree of seed swelling increased as the number of nematodes harboured increased, whereas it was constant with increasing numbers of nematodes for the intermediate and heavy seed groups. A smaller proportion of light seeds germinated and these took longer for seminal roots to protrude than from heavy seeds, irrespective of whether they derived from nematode-inoculated or non-inoculated plants. These results indicate a trade-off for rice seed specific gravity between dispersal and competition of rice seeds and another trade-off between dispersal and reproduction of nematodes harboured in the seed.
Hairy roots to test for transgenic nematode resistance: think twice
Authors: Plovie Eva , De Buck Sylvie , Goeleven Els , Tanghe Miek , Vercauteren Isabel , Gheysen Godelieve 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been proposed as a
versatile, easy and reproducible system for testing nematode resistance in
crop plants. Here, A. rhizogenes was used to induce transgenic hairy roots
on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) containing the LEMMI9 cDNA in sense
and/or antisense orientation under control of a nematode responsive
promoter. The purpose was to inhibit the expression of this gene that is
strongly activated in the nematode-induced feeding sites in order to block
their development and, thus, make the plants resistant. Several LEMMI9
transgenic lines produced fewer Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles
than the control lines, but a large variation in progeny was also seen among
the control lines. Therefore, we recommend that several independent
wild-type hairy root lines are generated and tested to obtain a solid
control group for evaluating putative resistance constructs.
Boarding abilities of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and B. xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Jikumaru Shota , Togashi Katsumi 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is closely related to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,
the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Both nematodes are transmitted
between host pine trees as the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) by
insect vectors. After the invasion of Japan by B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus,
native to Japan, appears to have been replaced in the pine forests during
the spread of the disease. To help understand this species replacement, the
number of JIV carried by an insect vector (the initial nematode load) was
compared between the two nematode species by using the beetle, Monochamus
alternatus, in the laboratory. The initial load of B. mucronatus was
significantly smaller than that of B. xylophilus although the number of
third-stage dispersal juveniles (JIII) concentrated at the pupal chambers
did not differ. Statistical analysis showed that the proportion of JIII
moulting to JIV was the most important among three components explaining the
difference in the initial load of B. mucronatus while the number of JIII
concentrated at the pupal chamber was the most important for B. xylophilus.
The phoretic affinity between the nematode and its vector is discussed in
relation to its role in the species replacement.
Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) from Swedish potato cultivation - an AFLP study of their genetic diversity and relationships to other European populations
Authors: Manduric Sanja , Andersson Stig 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSixteen Swedish PCN populations (nine Globodera rostochiensis and seven G. pallida populations) were compared with 20 other European populations (nine G. rostochiensis and 11 G. pallida populations) from Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom in an AFLP study. Seven AFLP primer combinations were used to amplify genomic DNAs extracted from cysts. A dendrogram, based on UPGMA and evaluated by bootstrap analysis, contained two main clusters, one for each species. The Swedish Ro1 populations were very similar to corresponding populations from other parts of Europe. Remaining G. rostochiensis populations appeared as a genetically heterogeneous group with two Swedish populations being most dissimilar. Within G. pallida there was strong support for differentiating Pa1 populations from Pa2/3 populations. All Swedish G. pallida populations were grouped in the Pa2/3 cluster, and there were indications that they might have two main European origins. On the whole, the study indicates that there is considerable heterogeneity in Swedish PCN populations, justifying the maintenance of effective phytosanitary regulations.
Three new species of the subfamily Lordellonematinae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Japan
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Araki Masaaki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThree new species belonging to the subfamily Lordellonematinae Siddiqi, 1969 are described and illustrated from Japan. Lordellonema minutum sp. n. has 394-440 μm long body; dorsal and ventral body pores restricted to pharyngeal region; lip region distinctly offset; 11.0-11.5 μm long odontostyle; a thin cardiac disc; pore-like vulva; amphidelphic genital system; short conoid tail with bluntly rounded terminus, and males with spicules lacking median piece and three regularly spaced ventromedian supplements. Sicorinema orientale sp. n. has 490-557 μm long body; lip region distinctly offset; 9.0-9.5 μm long odontostyle with wide aperture; fovea with median support; a thin cardiac disc; pore-like vulva; amphidelphic genital system; short conoid tail, and male with spicules lacking median piece and five regularly spaced ventromedian supplements. Sicorinema caudatum sp. n. has 432-454 μm long body; lip region distinctly offset; 9.0-9.5 μm long odontostyle with wide aperture; fovea with median support; pore-like vulva; amphidelphic genital system and elongate conoid tail. The males are reported for the first time for both Lordellonema Andrássy, 1960 and Sicorinema Siddiqi, 1982 and consequently the diagnoses of both genera are emended. A diagnostic compendium of the species of the genus Sicorinema is also provided.
Management of Meloidogyne graminicola and yield of upland rice in South-Luzon, Philippines
Authors: Soriano Imelda , Reversat Georges 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMeloidogyne graminicola, the rice root-knot nematode, has become a constraint on Asian rice production due to rice cropping intensification and increasing scarcity of water. This work relates to the assessment of crop rotation, fallow and nematicide treatments in naturally infested fields to manage M. graminicola populations and prevent yield losses. One or two consecutive crops of cowpea or seasons of fallow before a rice crop lowered nematode populations and improved rice yield by 30-80%. Methyl bromide was used to determine yield potential and almost eradicated the nematode, trebling rice yield. Carbofuran improved yield of the first rice crop but did not affect the second rice crop. Due to its short life cycle, M. graminicola populations were similar after only a single rice crop and after three consecutive crops. It is recommended that, to ensure higher rice yields, M. graminicola populations should be maintained at low density by non-host crop rotations or fallows, ideally for two seasons before planting rice.
Soil factors determined nematode community composition in a two year pot experiment
Authors: Griffiths Bryan , Neilson Roy , Bengough A. Glyn 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Two similar, sandy loam soils from the same geographical region but with
distinct nematode communities were used to determine the extent to which
water, soil and inoculum factors affected nematode community structure.
Treatments were established in pots containing a middle layer of frozen
defaunated soil, sandwiched between an inoculum that was either fresh soil
from the same site ('self') or a mixture of soils to give a more diverse
inoculum ('mixed'). During year 2, half the pots were watered at regular
intervals while the other half received only rainfall. For individual
nematode taxa, soil layer and watering regime were the main factors
discriminating between treatments, while initial inoculum had a larger
influence than soil type. Acrobeloides was most affected by the watering
regime, being more abundant under variable water conditions, whereas
Hoplolaimidae, Longidorus and Pratylenchus were more abundant in deeper soil
layers in contrast to other taxa. For the community as a whole, when
analysed by principal component analysis, soil factors clearly influenced
composition and also indicated that the biological properties of the soils
were important.
Assessment of cement introduction and pressurization techniques
Authors: Dunne N J , Orr J F , Beverland D E 
Published: March 2004

The objective of this study was to measure the medullary pressures generated during bone cement injection, pressurization and femoral prosthesis insertion. The measurements were recorded throughout the length of an in vitro femoral model while implanting a series of prosthetic hip stems using different pressurization techniques. The prostheses used were a Charnley 40 flanged stem (Johnson & Johnson DePuy International Limited), an Exeter No. 3 stem (Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, Howmedica International Limited), and a customized femoral component (Johnson & Johnson DePuy International Limited). The following parameters were derived from the pressure data recorded: peak pressure, decay pressure and duration above optimum pressure of 76 kPa to predict adequate penetration. The custom and Exeter stems generated cement pressures throughout the length of the cavity model that were predicted to achieve adequate bone cement interdigitation into cancellous bone. For all the conditions investigated in this study, when using the Charnley femoral component, an adequate level of cement pressurization was generated in the medial-distal portion of the femoral cavity. It is postulated that this could result in reduced integration of the cement mantle with bone and less effective transmission of functional loads applied during a patient's normal activity, postoperatively.
Fibrinolytic and biochemical factors in patients with venous insufficiency
Authors: Boisseau M R , Khodabandehlou T , Le Dévéhat C 
Published: March 2004

Long-term metabolic changes in vein tissue of the limbs and feet have been reported in the course of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Low fibrinolytic potential was first demonstrated using fibrin-embedded vein rings (Todd's biopsy), then in blood via increased euglobulin lysis time. This defect is especially pronounced when blood is taken from foot veins of patients with grades 5 and 6 of CVI or skin lesions. Haemorrheological disorders such as increased blood viscosity and red cell aggregation, related mainly to high fibrinogen levels, have also been shown in patients with CVI. Such disorders, particularly observed in blood from foot veins, play an important role in the interaction between the blood cell components and the vessel wall. More recently, the margination and adhesion of white cells to the endothelium and the subsequent activation of white cells have been assumed. Adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin have been identified surrounding skin ulceration. There is also evidence that markers of neutrophil degranulation reach high levels in blood taken from foot veins after exposure to experimental venous hypertension. White cell activation results in elevated plasma levels of L-selectin, increased production of oxygen free radicals, pseudopods, CD11b integrin, platelet-monocyte aggregates and abnormal lymphocyte L-selectin. Increased nitric oxide, presumably due to monocyte activation, as well as increased urine haemosiderin related to skin microvessel leakage have also been reported. VCAM-1 and metalloproteinase MMP9 activity have been stated as sensitive markers in relation to endothelium activation and white cell trapping, which follows hypoxia and/or alterations in wall shear stress, mainly in skin venulae and in the region of valves.
Deep venous reflux and incompetent perforators: significance and implications for therapy
Authors: Labropoulos N , Leon L , Rodriguez H , Kang S S , Mansour A M , Littooy F N 
Published: March 2004

Objectives: To define the significance of perforator and deep vein pathology in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD). Methods: Consecutive patients with CVD were referred for venous evaluation (group A). Both saphenous veins and all the deep veins including those in the calf area were evaluated. A separate group of patients with deep venous reflux and/or obstruction was identified from our database and analysed separately (group B). The CEAP classification (clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological) was used to grade the clinical severity of CVD. Results: Age, duration of disease and history of thrombosis increased significantly with disease severity ( P <0.02). Reflux in the superficial veins was the most common pathology in group A and it was present in 75% of limbs in group B. The overall contribution of deep venous disease was 26% in group A and it increased significantly with the severity of disease in both groups. Isolated deep vein disease in group A was significantly less compared with group B (8% vs 23%, P<0.0001). Reflux in deep veins of post-thrombotic limbs was significantly longer compared with those with primary disease. The prevalence of incompetent perforator veins was higher in patients with skin damage from both groups. No patient had isolated perforator vein reflux. Reflux was the most common pathology in both groups, while obstruction alone was rare. Other than superficial reflux, which is very common, ipsilateral recurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT), combined reflux and obstruction, and popliteal vein reflux were the strongest predictors for development of skin damage. Conclusions: Perforator and deep vein involvement increases significantly with the severity of CVD. Isolated deep vein disease in post-thrombotic limbs is more common than in consecutive venous patients. Reflux is the most common pathology and obstruction alone is rare. In post-thrombotic limbs, the most important predictors for skin damage are ipsilateral recurrent DVT, popliteal vein reflux and a combination of reflux and obstruction.
Endoscope-assisted management of primary varicose veins of the long saphenous vein and its tributaries
Authors: Lin S-D , Yang Y-L , Lee S-S , Chang K-P , Lin T-M , Lai C-S 
Published: March 2004

Objective: Primary varicose veins of the long saphenous vein and its tributaries were managed in 104 limbs of 101 patients with the assistance of endoscopic surgery. Methods: Patients were divided into four clinico-anatomical types according to normal veins involved in the varicosities. With good illumination and magnified monitor viewing by means of a surgical endoscope, the varicositic trunk, varicositic tributaries, incompetent perforating veins and healthy veins could be clearly visualized and identified. Through two or more access incisions (2.5-3.0 cm in length), the varicose veins were completely dissected, divided and removed. The incompetent perforating veins were clipped and divided. In all cases, the mean number of incisions in each limb was 3.0. Results: The most common cause of morbidity was maceration of the incision wound. Transient numbness may have presented at the dissected area, but there were no signs of injury to the saphenous nerve. Conclusions: There was very little possibility of recurrence, because no residual varicosities or incompetent perforating veins remained after this operation. Recurrence presented in only one case at follow up, three months postoperatively. Patients were satisfied with the minimal surgical scarring and complete absence of disfiguring varicosities in the limb.