bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics and Marriage
Authors: McGrew Roderick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul’s relations with his mother were ambiguous. In his first six years, he almost never saw her, and it was not until he was nearly 18 that he shared any degree of intimacy with her. Contemporaries thought that Catherine disliked her son. They described her as treating him coolly and with reserve, showing none of the spontaneous warmth which marked her relations with people she liked. Privately, she was more relaxed, teasing or chaffing him, and occasionally quarrelling with him. At most what she offered him, however, was a sort of.amused objectivity with no display of spontaneous affection. On his side, Paul was uneasy in her presence. He was reported to have complained that nothing so frightened him as going before his mother, and observers in the court commented that he approached her as if he were guilty of something and expected to be punished. This behaviour contrasted sharply with the ebullience which was his usual style.
The Bank, the Court, and the Knights of Malta: 1797-1798
Authors: McGrew Roderick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1797, Paul could look back with some satisfaction on what he had accomplished. His enemies were scattered, he had firm control over the army and the state administration, and the outward traces of his mother’s reign had all but disappeared. His personal life was in good order. Relations with Mariia Fedorovna were on art acceptable footing; his sons were allied with him and working at his side. Best of all, the men he had chosen to lead the government had so far proved worthy of his trust; the state’s affairs were prospering. The peasant uprisings of the past winter were finished and showed no signs of breaking out again. Governmental reforms were moving steadily ahead and, while finances posed serious problems, there were plans in preparation to deal with them. Progress in the military was especially gratifying to Paul, though he was troubled by evidence of discontent in the ranks, and he resented the large number of officers’ resignations. None the less, he could well believe that he had drawn Russia back from the brink of disaster, that the most dangerous moments were past, and that his reformed version of the autocracy was well launched.
Crisis, Reconstruction, Merchanting, and Produce
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first ten years after the formation of UAC in 1929 had two distinctive features. First, this can be seen in retrospect to have been the last period in which this amalgam of companies and commercial activities operated in much the same way as they had done for decades, certainly since the imposition of European rule over the African territories in which they mainly operated. Secondly, this was also the period in which UAC was most unpopular in certain quarters and its activities most controversial.
Adaptation to Change
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from seeking the political kingdom (to use Nkrumah’s later concept), the first generation of African politicians after 1945 had perhaps three major economic objectives. They wanted the end of racial discrimination at the higher levels of government, the professions, and commerce. They wanted rapid industrialization, which they had been taught to believe was the only way to sustained growth and affluence. And they wanted Africans to take over the major import and export trades. This and the following chapter examine UAC’s response to these clearly articulated demands.
The Last Years of General Trading and Produce
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifteen years after the end of the Second World War which saw the beginning of UAC as an industrial enterprise also saw the end of its two historic functions, at least in their original form. By 1961 it had been decided in principle that the company would run down its general trading business and withdraw from the main produce trades in cocoa, groundnuts, and palm products. So fundamental a redeployment of activities (though then restricted to anglophone and not francophone Africa) poses obvious questions. What connection, if any, was there between the end of these older functions and the entry into manufacturing in tropical Africa? Were the decisions to withdraw from the produce and merchandise trades at roughly the same time causally related or merely contemporary? What influence had decolonization and African economic nationalism? To answer such questions it will be necessary to examine these two commercial activities separately.
Industry: Ghana, the Congo/Zaire, and Francophone States
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nigeria was the most important and successful field for UAC’s industrial investments in Black Africa. But broadly the same approach was adopted in the three other countries or areas which are examined in this chapter. The profile of UAC’s industrialization in Ghana was different from that in any other West African state. For reasons which were outlined above, conditions favouring or demanding import-substituting industrialization existed in Ghana as early as the mid-1950s; by 1959 what were to be the three main Unilever/UAC industrial enterprises in Ghana-breweries, detergents, and textiles-were either in operation or planned. By 1960 also Sewards had started a small manufacturing business in an old building in Jamestown, making balms and face-creams, and there was a vehicle-assembly plant in the new industrial and port area at Tema.
The Decline of the Open Economy
Authors: Fieldhouse D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ‘open economy’ has been briefly defined as one ‘that is heavily dependent on international trade, exports and imports being large in relation to the size of that economy’s national income’. By contrast, a ‘closed economy’ is one ‘that is not influenced by any form of international trade, that is, there are no exports or imports of any kind’. These are highly formal definitions; in practice, virtually no modern economy is entirely open or closed. But the economies of colonial Africa in which UAC and the other big European trading firms operated were, before decolonization, ‘open’ to a degree almost never found in the more developed West. That is, their economies were geared to production and export of certain raw materials and to importing a large proportion of their total consumption. To take as examples four of the countries with which UAC was most concerned, as late as 1968 trade (the sum of exports and imports) as a percentage of GNP was 21 per cent for Nigeria, 37 per cent for Ghana, 63 per cent for the Congo/Zaire, and 69 per cent for the Ivory
Introduction
Authors: Tibble Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Relationship between the monarchy and nobility of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem is a subject which has attracted the attention of many historians. Broadly, three views of the relationship between the kings and their lords have been propounded. The first school of thought, of which J. L. La Monte was the last proponent, argued that the Latin Kingdom represented a state of ‘pure feudalism’ where the king was primus inter pares and a vigorous nobility exercised effective control over an emaciated monarchy.
Royal Manipulation of the Feudal Structure
Authors: Tibble Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any discussion of the balance of power between the monarchy and the nobility of the Latin Kingdom, a primary consideration must be the extent to which the feudal framework was both unchanging in time and rigid in structure. John of Ibelin presents us with a list of the lordships, their rights and obligations. Because of the natural appeal of accepting this list as a key point of reference, historians have tended to assume implicitly, with minor exceptions, that it was a broadly accurate representation of the number and extent of the lordships of the Latin Kingdom, particularly in the twelfth century.
Seigneurial Resources I: The Example of Caesarea
Authors: Tibble Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kings of Jerusalem exercised political control over the seigneuries both on a broad structural level and in more prosaic ways, such as through fief distribution. It might reasonably be argued, however, that the existence of such controls would not necessarily imply the impotence of the seigneuries: it could be said that given a certain level of resources, of whatever derivation, any of the more substantial lordships might still exert a major influence on the monarchy. At the very least, such a resource level would tend to bode well for the power and influence wielded by a lord within his own seigneury and it has been generally assumed that the lords of the Latin Kingdom were masters within their fiefs.
Seigneurial Resources Ill: The Examples of Sidon and Arsur
Authors: Tibble Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lordships of the Latin Kingdom were, as we have seen, militarily and financially much less powerful than has hitherto been assumed. Two lordships have always been identified as weak, however, because their poverty forced their lords to sell them to the Military Orders. This assertion, while true on one level, hides a deeper irony: that it was only the success of the Lords of Sidon and Arsur in retaining control of extensive portions of their land that made the sale of the seigneuries an attractive proposition to a Military Order. In the case of other lordships, such as Caesarea, the landed assets available to the seigneury were no longer sufficient to justify the extra military expenses that a take-over of the lordship would have entailed: potential purchasers were therefore not forthcoming.
Wales
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1284 a group of Welshmen came to Edward I at Conwy and presented him with a reliquary cross, the Croes Naid, containing some of the wood of the Cross itself. The surrender of this to the English king was a symbolic, moving acknowledgement of conquest, for the cross had been the prized possession of Llywelyn ap GruVudd, prince of Wales.1 Edward spent most of 1284 on a tour of Wales, no doubt content in the knowledge that Llywelyn’s head adorned a pike mounted on the Tower of London. Conquest may appear, with the beneWt of hindsight, to be the logical end of a process that began in the eleventh century, if not earlier, but to men in the early thirteenth century it would not have seemed an obvious outcome.
Political Crises, 1294-1311
Authors: Crises Political , [CT] 1294-1311 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1290s the years of success for Edward I came to an end. The men who had been the architects of the remarkable transformation of the English State in the Worst twenty years of the reign were no longer by his side, nor was his beloved Eleanor. The king’s ambition to lead western Europe in a successful crusade had to be abandoned; instead, he was faced with a succession of expensive and difficult wars nearer home. The political unity that had been forged from the unpromising material presented by England in the aftermath of civil war could not be maintained under the pressures of war Wnance and military logistics.
The Knights and the Gentry
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir GeoVrey Luttrell was a knight of no very great distinction, but his is one of the most celebrated images of knighthood. On a page of the Luttrell Psalter he is shown mounted, encased in an elaborate high saddle, his surcoat, aillettes, crest, and pennon all bear his arms, azure a bend between six martlets argent, as does his horse’s trapper and crest. His dappled grey horse is still, head bent down, but his bared teeth express a warlike character. Glover’s wife, Agnes, hands him his gilded helm, and holds his lance, which bears a triangular pennon. Grover’s daughter-in-law Beatrice Scrope waits to hand him his shield. Both ladies wear gowns embroidered both with the Luttrell arms and with those of their fathers.
The Management of Land
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If proWts were to be made from estates, they had to be electively managed. There were two main ways of doing this. The manors could be rented out, and a Weed sum received. Leases could vary in length, but were usually fairly long. Alternatively, manors could be administered directly. Paid socials would run them, and the landlord would take the proceeds. There would still be a rental income from the tenants on a directly run manor, but the lord or his oYcials would take the proceeds of the demesne lands directly. A rental system overed a stable income, whereas under direct management there was a much greater potential for taking advantage of improving economic circumstances, and also, of course, a greater risk when times were not good. In periods of inexertion, it made little sense to settle for weed rents, which would steadily decline in real terms; direct management was the wiser option.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might take very little for the order and restraint that controlled medieval society to collapse. In 1345 a miracle play was taking place in the marketplace at Carlisle. Two of the spectators came to blows. One was a servant of the bishop, one of a local magnate, Peter de Tillioll. The latter sent the coroner and two others to the bishop, who was in the castle, to demand justice. A body of thirty-one armed men rushed out from the castle, and with a lethal volley of arrows stopped the legal proceedings that the mayor was conducting into the affair. The mayor decided to arrest those responsible for the attack, and this led to a full-scale riot, in which the castle garrison spread terror through the town.1 This was a society that could be close to the edge.
The Catalan Industrial élite, 1898-1923*
Authors: Harrison Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Antonio Cánovas, architect of the Restoration system, set about his task of reinstalling the previously discredited Bourbon monarchy in 1875, he soon secured the approval of the majority of the fuerzas vivas (the so-called productive forces) of Catalonia. At first sight perhaps, Cánovas’s achievement of introducing a system oflimited pluralism—in which a narrow oligarchy of agrarian and financial interests alternated in power, represented in two artificial parties, Conservatives and Liberals—might seem to have little appeal to representatives of Spain’s foremost industrial region. Catalan politicians, it should be remembered, played no small part both in the ousting of the unpopular Isabel II and in the administration of the ill-fated Federal Republic. Was it not a Catalan, Laureano Figuerola, who, as Minister of Finance, championed the cause of free trade in 1869 when he led the assault on the country’s high tariff barriers? However, Barcelona in the second half of the nineteenth century was not Manchester: the textile manufacturers of the ciudad condal were protectionists to a man. Figuerola, with his Cobdenite ideas, attracted only antipathy from the owners of a plethora of small, undercapitalized, and uncompetitive mills who clamoured for even greater customs duties to be imposed on imported goods whenever market forces turned against them.
Introduction
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much scholarly interest and debate surrounds the history of the reformed Church of England from 1558 to 1642. It is a startling fact, therefore, that we still know little about the pastoral work of its nominal leaders, the bench of bishops. For many years attention was focused on the episcopate’s economic fortunes and social status, not on its government.1 No doubt this was connected with the uneven and uninviting character of episcopal archives. More importantly, at work was the unproven assumption that the diocesan government of the reformed episcopate was at best uninteresting, at worst insignificant. Uninteresting, since on one view the Reformation was largely completed with the Elizabethan Settlement of 1559, so there was little reason to study episcopal activities; insignificant, because it was held that after 15 59 English protestantism fissured into two antagonistic groups, Anglicans and Puritans, the forces of conformity, hierarchy and sterility ranged against the progressive dynamism of radical protestantism. Unsurprisingly, Puritans won the contest for historians’ attention.2 The choice seemed all the more sensible in the light of Hugh Trevor-Roper’s influential essay of 1955 which identified the episcopate of 1610-2 8 as a group of time-serving careerists who ignored their spiritual responsibilities.3
Central Politics
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1619 James I believed he was dying. Prince Charles and leading councillors were summoned to his bedside at Royston to hear the King deliver his political testament. Among other instructions, Charles was reminded of his duty as Supreme Governor of the Church, and was urged to respect the bishops ‘as grave and wise men, and the best companions for princes’.1 James here expressed his steadfast devotion to the institution and personnel of episcopacy.
Introduction: Restructuring and Dislocations
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in November 1972, Mrs Edna Shakel received an eviction notice. Mrs Shakel, a widow in her seventies, had lived in a three-room apartment in a converted house in the Fairview district of Vancouver for three years, a house she shared mainly with other elderly women like herself. She suspected that the tenants had not been given adequate notice, but she had no plans to protest, nor indeed did she know the channels for protest: ‘At our age, you know, we’re not exactly fighters.’ None the less, with Christmas and winter at hand, the prospect of a move for an elderly woman in a very tight rental market was extremely unwelcome, particularly as Mrs Shakel wished to remain within easy walking distance of her friends, familiar services, and her church.
The Changing Inner-City Housing-Market
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 1977 the first scholarly studies began to appear of a trend that had been noted in the media a few years earlier: the movement of middle-class households into lower-income, and sometimes deteriorating, inner-city neighbourhoods in the United States, England, Australia, and Canada. Research in non-anglophone countries, such as France, Germany, and Sweden followed soon after. In the United States, this settlement attracted great interest from politicians and policy-makers. In early 1977, Mayor Schaefer of Baltimore declared that ‘people are starting to come back and live here ... they’re beginning to find out there is something alive here. They’re coming back for ... life, pride and activity.’
‘Follow the Hippies’: The Cultural Politics of Gentrification
Authors: Ley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The placement of the Hare Krishna cult on Mrs Shakel’s block in Vancouver had accelerated the street’s turnover, and precipitated her eviction from her own apartment. Was this a chance event to which no further attention should be given? Or were the various tribes of the counter-culture part of a broader blockbusting of the inner city, an historically convenient group who permitted the last economic return to be wrung from hand me-down housing that had for long served the bottom end of the market, and who could then, like their dwellings, be cast aside to make way for more profitable uses and users? But there is another possibility which broadens the contexts still further.
Containing Epidemic Spread
Authors: Haggett Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the first lecture was programmatic, the second regional, and the third speculative then this final lecture represents a still further shift of focus. For I now turn to an immensely practical matter, that of containing epidemics. Here, the essential question is pragmatic: How do we delay or stop epidemic waves spreading in geographical space?
First, I set out a fourfold schema for the different spatial and non-spatial control strategies. Then, examples of each of the four types is considered in turn, culminating in an examination of the prime achievement of inter national public health during the twentieth century—the global eradication of smallpox. We ask how far smallpox provides a model for other communicable diseases. In conclusion, we note briefly some of the problems that are likely to effect disease control in the next few decades.
Introduction: The Process of Socio economic Restructuring and its Spatial Consequences
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social scientists generally agree that in the last decades the Western world has undergone a deep process of socio-economic restructuring, which has led to the decline of the traditional ‘Taylorist’ system of mass-production and to the establishment of what has been called the ‘post-industrial society’. The former, identified as ‘mass production’ or ‘the Fordist system’, was based on principles such as the rationalization of labour, vertical integration, the minimizing of the required general education and training, the hierarchical control of company branches, and the application of Taylorist principles to work (Boyer 1989).
Regional Growth Patterns in Western Europe
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choice of growth variable to be used in the analysis is related to the question of the influence of the national dimension on regional growth rates. Having established in the previous chapter that regional growth rates are closely linked to national growth behaviours, what type of growth should we examine: monetary or real growth? growth measured in Ecus, or in purchasing power standards? In the first steps of the analysis (cf. Chapter 1), annual rates of GDP per capita growth were used with no national dummy or weighting factor. The mapping of the data revealed a strong national influence on regional growth trends.
Social Conditions and Regional Growth in Western Europe
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Introduction it was argued that social and political conditions today play a greater—or, at least, more visible—role in the determination of the growth potential of an area than they did at the high point of the model of mass production. The flexibilization of the productive system seems to have shaken the traditional bases of locational analysis, allowing a greater decentralization of the centres of production and a reduction of the initial costs of setting up industries. In this context, technological advances have rendered physical distances and the dependency levels on raw materials and labour less important. In addition, the organizational systems of most firms have been substantially transformed. A vertical organization is no longer an essential element in order to maximize benefits, neither are economies of scale, scope, or the existence of externalities absolutely necessary. Instead, the creation of both production and informational networks is sought after, as is a way in which different productive entities can be integrated with them. As a result, one can say that the spatial spectrum of the location of firms has expanded enormously, owing to the fact that the basic factors which determine the placement of production plants-capital, raw materials, and labour—now possess greater mobility than ever before.