bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possession and Ownership
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As just mentioned, during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an effort to rationalize the common law. Formerly, common lawyers had organized their thinking in terms of writs. Now they did so in terms of fields of law such as property, tort, contract and unjust enrichment which had been familiar to civil lawyers for centuries. In the process, a great deal was borrowed from the civilians. But there was also an effort to try to state what fundamental principles distinguished the one legal system from the other. Some common law property rules were quite different than those of civil law but did not rise to the level of fundamental principles underlying the law of property. For example, traditionally, in common law, an owner had the right to control the future use of his property by creating any of a bewildering variety of ‘ future interests’. Leaseholds were treated as a type of property right which traditionally made it difficult to recognize going contract-like duties between the lessor and the lessee. When land was sold to more than one person, the rights of the purchasers turned on who had a tide that a court of equity would recognize. These differences will not be treated here. The law of future interests chiefly concerns family planning and inheritance, which is beyond the scope of this book. Also beyond its scope are how particular arrangements such as lease or sale or partnership should be governed. The rules of equitable tide have lost much of their traditional significance with enactment of recording statutes.
The Culture of History
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this original and widely researched book, Billie Melman explores the culture of history during the age of modernity. Her book is about the production of English pasts, the multiplicity of their representations and the myriad ways in which the English looked at history (sometimes in the most literal sense of ‘looking’) and made use of it in a social and material urban world, and in their imagination. Covering the period between the Napoleonic Wars and the Coronation of 1953, Melman recoups the work of antiquarians, historians, novelists and publishers, wax modellers, cartoonists and illustrators, painters, playwrights and actors, reformers and educationalists, film stars and their fans, musicians and composers, opera-fans, and radio listeners. Avoiding a separation between ‘high’ and ‘low’ culture, Melman analyses nineteenth-century plebeian culture and twentieth-century mass-culture and their venues - like Madame Tussaud’s Chamber of Horrors, panoramas, national monuments like the Tower of London, and films - as well as studying forms of ‘minority’ art - notably opera. She demonstrates how history was produced and how it circulated from texts, visual images, and sounds, to people and places and back to a variety of texts and images. While paying attention to individuals’ making-do with culture, Melman considers constrictions of class, gender, the state, and the market-place on the consumption of history. Focusing on two privileged pasts, the Tudor monarchy and the French Revolution, the latter seen as an English event and as the framework for narrating and comprehending history, Melman shows that during the nineteenth century, the most popular, longest-enduring, and most highly commercialized images of the past represented it not as cosy and secure, but rather as dangerous, disorderly, and violent. The past was also imagined as an urban place, rather than as rural. In Melman’s account, City not green Country, is the centre of a popular version of the past whose central Images are the dungeon, the gallows, and the guillotine.
Gloriana 1953: Failed Evocations of the Past
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sixteen months between 6 February 1952 and 8 June 1953 were especially opportune for a collective binge of revivals of and spending on the Elizabethans. What better moment for resurrecting the first Elizabeth than the accession and coronation of her namesake? Viewed in comparison with the inter-war preoccupation with the Elizabethans, the moment of the Coronation may be regarded as a phase in a continuous shift in the popular historical imagination towards the monarchy and aristocracies as the agents and carriers of change. This long-term view, stressing continuities in the subject matter of the culture of history, corresponds with the move of the monarchy to the centre of popular culture, discussed earlier in the book.
Timing and Participation
Authors: Konrad Kai A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The importance of commitment, and the advantage or disadvantage from irreversibly choosing one ‘s actions prior to the actions of another player in an interactive situation, can be traced back at least to Stackelberg ‘s (1934) analysis of sequential choice of prices or quantities in a duopoly. In the contest framework, the choice is about effort, and several researchers have considered contests with exogenously given sequential timing. Dixit (1987) asked whether there is an advantage or a disadvantage in being able to commit to an effort choice before other contestants who can observe this choice and react to it. For most strategic games, there is typically an advantage or a disadvantage either for the leader or for the follower and vice versa. The surprising answer to this question in the context of contests is that there may be an advantage for both the leader and the follower, and that contestants may non-cooperatively agree on a sequential choice of moves. Baik and Shogren (1992) and Leininger (1993) independently asked whether contestants would be willing to commit at an early or late point in time to make their own choice of effort, and whether this could lead endogenously to a sequential order of moves in a contest.
The Trading System In Perspective
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEconomic theory suggests that countries should pursue liberal trade policies and exchange goods and services on the basis of their comparative advantage. In practice, however, most nations actively intervene in international trade. Since 1947, the GATT has been the major focal point for industrialized country governments seeking to lower trade barriers. Progress towards liberalization of trade was fitful at times, often involving two steps forward and one step back. Nonetheless, recurring MTNs and the positive demonstration effects of the success of outward-oriented development strategies aimed at integration into the world economy resulted in a steady decline in the average level of protection in most countries. The processes and disciplines of the GATT helped governments to liberalize trade and to resist pressures for protection. This in turn helped foster ever-greater integration of the global economy through trade. The extent to which world trade has grown since the 1950s is truly phenomenal, especially when put in historical perspective. The volume of trade increased 27-fold between 1950 and 2006, three times more than the growth in global gross domestic product (GDP) (WTO, 2007).
Towards Deeper Integration? The ‘Trade And’ Agenda
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractStarting with the Kennedy Round, MTNs began to focus on domestic regulatory policies and administrative procedures that have an impact on trade. This trend shows no sign of abating. In the Doha Round competition law and investment policy was discussed, and there are long standing proposals and pressures to incorporate disciplines on labour standards and environmental policy. The focus of the GATT was largely limited to the reduction or abolition of discrimination against foreign products. The approach was one of negative or shallow integration: agreement not to do specific things (for example, raise tariffs above bound levels, use indirect taxes to discriminate against foreign products, or to use QRs) or to do things in a certain way if a government decided to pursue a policy (for example, make a determination of injury caused by dumping a pre-condition for the imposition of an AD action). Shallow integration has been (and continues to be) the bedrock of the trading system. But this approach is more difficult to use to address differences in domestic regulatory regimes. Positive or deep integration may be required: agreement to pursue common policies, to harmonize (Tinbergen, 1954; Lawrence and Litan, 1991).
The World Trade Organization
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe World Trade Organization was established on 1 January 1995. The WTO builds on the organizational structure of the GATT and its secretariat—to a significant extent it formalizes and extends the structure that had gradually evolved over a period of some 50 years. The Punta del Este Ministerial Declaration launching the Uruguay Round did not call for the creation of a WTO. In principle, it was not necessary to create an international organization to implement the outcome of the negotiations. The Canadian suggestion to establish a Multilateral Trade Organization in 1990—subsequently supported by the EU—was therefore something of a surprise. The proposal was motivated by a desire to create a single institutional framework for world trade (Croome, 1999). This would encompass the modified GATT, the new agreements on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The US initially opposed the idea, but after negotiations on the substance of the new organization, agreed to the framework that currently exists, including the name change.
Negotiating Forum
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNegotiation is the driving force of the multilateral trading system. Negotiations are used to agree on rules and procedures, to periodically reduce trade barriers, in instances when new countries want to join the club, and to resolve trade conflicts. The WTO is a negotiating forum in which disciplines on trade policies may be agreed upon, against the background of the provisions of the various agreements already concluded. Negotiations take place in permanent and ad hoc bodies, and are often informal. Although the WTO is a multilateral institution, it relies very strongly on bilateral and plurilateral interactions among members. Whatever agreement emerges is multilateralized through the MFN rule.
Trade In Goods
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractGovernments pursue trade policies for a variety of reasons, including as a means to raise revenue, to protect specific industries (whether infant, strategic, senile or other), to shift the terms of trade, to attain certain foreign policy or security goals, or simply to restrict the consumption of specific goods. Whatever the underlying objective, an active trade policy redistributes income by transferring resources to specific industries and the factors of production employed there, generally at the expense of domestic consumers and taxpayers. It usually does so in an inefficient and nontransparent manner, and for precisely that reason tends to be supported by interest groups that lobby for import restrictions.
Protection Of Intellectual Property
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMultilateral cooperation in the field of intellectual property rights (IPRs) dates back more than a century. Although certain IPR-related issues were a matter of long standing concern under the GATT—in particular trade in counterfeit goods—it was not until the creation of the WTO that enforceable rules regarding ownership rights to intellectual property were embedded in the trading system. The Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is unique in the WTO-context in that it imposes obligations upon governments to adopt a set of substantive rules in an area that traditionally has been the purview of domestic regulation. It is an example of what Tinbergen (1954) has called positive integration. This contrasts with the ‘negative’ integration that is the basic principle underlying GATT disciplines, which involves agreement not to use certain policies that directly affect (distort) trade flows—such as export subsidies or quotas—or if used, imposes constraints on when and how they may be applied.
Introduction
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEstablished in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) administers the trade agreements negotiated by its members, in particular the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The value of total world trade in goods and services, including payments for intellectual property was some US$16 trillion (thousand billion) in 2007. The WTO’s rules and principles establish a legal framework for much of this exchange.
Introduction
Authors: Shepherd Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is Aaron Hill’s daughter, Urania Johnson, paying poetic tribute to her father’s friend, Samuel Richardson, the celebrated ‘author of Clarissa’. The most striking thing about this otherwise rather ordinary verse is Johnson’s insistence that Richardson’s texts operate upon the reader as ‘Paintive Art’—as ‘active Pictures’ that are ‘Turgid with speaking Life, and thinking Woe’. Since Mark Kinkead-Weekes’s influential 1973 study it has been a critical commonplace to view Richardson as a ‘dramatic novelist’, and Clarissa in particular has been praised for its ability to ‘achieve the equivalent in the novel to the experience of drama’.
Payments and monetary and financial stability
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier, Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To this day, central-bank liabilities are typically used to settle claims between payment-system participants, and central banks often strengthen their influence via a role in the ownership, operation or oversight of key components of the financial infrastructure. This chapter explores in more detail why central banks typically assume these roles. Section 2.1 begins with an explanation of the distinction between settlement in commercial and central-bank money, and describes how the ‘payments pyramid’ evolved. Sections 2.2 and 2.3 explore why a role in payments is core to the functions typically associated with central banking today: the maintenance of price stability and financial stability.
Liquidity risk in large-value payment systems
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With RTGS having become the dominant settlement model for large-value payment systems around the world, the focus of attention has naturally shifted away from credit risk, to liquidity risk. A long-established finding in the monetary economics literature is that the presence of a ‘cash-in-advance’ constraint can inhibit trade (Svensson, 1985; Lucas and Stokey, 1987). However, it is only recently, with the widespread adoption of RTGS, that this fundamental insight has been applied to the analysis of payment-system design. A number of studies – including those by Freeman (1996a, 1996b), cited in Chapter 2, but also Green (1997), Lacker (1997) and Kahn and Roberds (2001a) – have adapted neoclassical monetary models to settings more closely resembling those seen in modern payment systems.
Effect of Angiotensin Receptor-neprilysin Inhibitor on Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Li Gonghao , Zhao Yanli , Peng Zhongxing , Liu Kun , Yin Delu , Zhao Yunfeng 
Published: October 2023

Objective:
The risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) is high in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The aim of this study is to analyze the role of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) in diagnosing AKI in patients with ADHF and evaluate the therapeutic effect of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) on AKI.

Method:
Sixty patients with ADHF were enrolled at the First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to June 2021, and randomized into 2 groups (ARNI group: 30 patients treated with tablets of sacubitril valsartan sodium; and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) group: 30 patients treated with benazepril). The uNGAL level was measured immediately after as well as 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after hospital admission. The serum creatinine (sCr) level and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured immediately as well as 2 and 7 d after hospital admission. The urine volume, dose of loop diuretics, and duration of hospital stay (DoHS) were recorded.

Result:
The most valuable diagnostic metric for AKI in patients with ADHF was the uNGAL level 1 d after hospital admission, which had a sensitivity of 0.94, specificity of 0.84, and optimal cutoff of 125.62 μg/L. In the presence of AKI, during the first 2 d, patients in the ARNI-AKI and ACEI-AKI groups showed an increase in the sCr level and a reduction in the eGFR level, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). After 7 d of treatment, the sCr level decreased and the eGFR level increased in both groups, with a significantly greater changes being observed in the ARNI-AKI group than in the ACEI-AKI group (P < 0.05, respectively). In the absence of AKI, the difference in the sCr level and eGFR between the 2 groups was not significant. The DoHS ((11.25 ± 2.38) d vs. (14.11 ± 2.89) d), urinary microalbumin level ((22.95 ± 6.04) mg/L vs. (31.91 ± 2.18) mg/L), and daily dose of loop diuretics ((19.03 ± 3.04) mg/d vs. (23.62 ± 4.46) mg/d) were significantly lower in patients with AKI in the ARNI group than in the ACEI group (P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion:
In patients with ADHF, uNGAL measurement enables the diagnosis of AKI earlier than that using the sCr level by 1 to 2 d. ARNI treatment reduced the sCr level, facilitated eGFR recovery, reduced the daily dose of loop diuretics, and decreased the DoHS compared with that in patients receive ACEI treatment.
Learning Experiences for Addressing Financial Management Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes in Entry-Level Physical Therapy Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lairson Alexia , Berg-Carramusa Cara , Murray Leigh , McCallum Christine 
Published: October 2023

Background and Purpose.
Financial management (FM) knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) are essential components of contemporary physical therapist (PT) practice. The Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education requires that FM content is included in professional PT education program (PTEP) curriculums but provides freedom in how the content is delivered. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify learning experiences PTEPs used to educate students regarding FM KSAs that are necessary for entry-level PT practice in the United States.

Methods.
Articles were eligible for inclusion if they were 1) published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal, 2) written in English, and 3) described a learning experience used to deliver FM content. Articles describing didactic education, clinical education, or service-learning activities that were a required or voluntary component of professional PTEPs in the United States were included if they reported on objectives or outcomes related to FM. Electronic databases and relevant journals were searched. Search results were subjected to title, abstract, and full-text review. Selected articles were evaluated for methodological rigor. Pertinent data were extracted, analyzed, and synthesized.

Results.
Eighteen articles were included. Four categories were identified: 1) classroom learning 2) clinical education 3) pro bono clinics, and 4) service learning.

Discussion and Conclusion.
Student PTs were exposed to FM content in several ways. There was variability in whether participation was required or voluntary, the time commitment required by the student, and the concepts to which students were exposed. There are many opportunities for future research in this area from operationally defining FM, determining necessary FM KSAs for entry-level PTs, and to identifying the most effective learning experiences to ensure that new clinicians are prepared to effectively engage in this aspect of clinical practice.
Women 50 Years and Older With Negative Pap Test and Positive Human Papillomavirus Test for Genotypes Other Than 16 and 18—Follow-up Outcomes
Authors: Baban Farah S. , Henry Michael R. , Long Margaret E. , VandeHaar Meredith A. , Spears Grant M. , Jenkins Sarah M. , Salomao Diva R. 
Published: October 2023

Objective
A follow-up of women 50 years or older with concomitant positive high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes other than 16 and 18 (hrHPVO) and negative Pap test (NILMPap) was conducted to better understand the implications of hrHPVO positivity on potential risk of developing significant high-grade lesions.

Material and Methods
A retrospective review of 2014 cytology data of patients with co-testing (Pap test and HPV DNA) identified 85 women 50 years or older with NILMPap and hrHPVO+.

Results
Most patients (63) had repeat co-testing on next follow-up. Of these, 41 patients with persistent hrHPVO+ status, 3 developed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2), and 1 CIN3. Nineteen patients were followed with biopsies. Of these, 7 biopsies were abnormal, 5 of which showed low-grade (CIN1) and 2 high-grade (CIN3) histology; none progressed on further follow-up. Three patients were followed with Pap test only, all had NILMPap, and none progressed on further follow-up. In summary, of the 85 patients, 26 developed abnormal histology during follow-up, 6 of whom had high-grade histology (CIN2 and CIN3, 3 each).
The 5-year risk of CIN1+ in this cohort was 43.8% and for CIN2+ was 12.3%. The risk of abnormal histology did not differ significantly by prior history of Pap tests, histology, and/or HPV results.

Conclusions
A persistent positivity for hrHPVO indicated higher likelihood to develop a lesion, and this risk was not reduced for patients 50 and older compared with the published screening population risk.
Exploring the Influence of Pre-Existing Conditions and Infection Factors on Pediatric Long COVID Symptoms and Quality of Life
Authors: Chen Erin Y. , Morrow Amanda K. , Malone Laura A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Pediatric post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) or “long COVID” is a multisystemic disease with a wide range of symptoms more than 4 weeks after initial infection. This study explores the quality of life in children with long COVID and how pre-existing conditions affect symptoms and quality of life.

Design
A retrospective single-center study of 97 patients was completed to analyze PedsQLTM quality of life in pediatric patients with long COVID and associations between pre-existing conditions, long COVID symptoms, and PedsQLTM scores.

Results
Children with long COVID had significantly lower quality of life compared to previously published normative samples (PedsQLTM Core: p < 0.001; Fatigue: p < 0.001; Family Impact: p < 0.001). Number of long COVID symptoms, age, and pre-existing history of depression, allergies, and developmental delay affected the overall fatigue PedsQLTM scores. Pre-existing mood disorders were associated with a higher prevalence of worsening mental health symptoms (anxiety, p = 0.01; depression, p = 0.04), dizziness/lightheadedness/vertigo (p = 0.02) and change in appetite (p = 0.04).

Conclusions
Long COVID has a significant impact on the quality of life of children and their families. Children with long COVID can benefit from multidisciplinary care addressing fatigue, mental health, and family coping.