bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gettodan Schtetle: Orta ve Doğu Avrupa’daki Yahudi Yerleşimleri Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma
Authors: ÖZMEN Seda 
Published: December 2023

Orta Çağ boyunca Yahudiler çeşitli Avrupa şehirlerinde Hristiyan çoğunluktan ayrı oturmayı tercih etmiş olsalar da çoğu zaman bu durum onların tercihine bırakılmamış ve onlar için ayrı yerleşim bölgeleri oluşturulmuştur. Duvarla çevrili, şehrin diğer kısmından hem yasal hem de fiziki olarak ayrı olan ve geceleri kapıları kilitlenen bu mahalleler ilk kez on altıncı asırda Venedik'te bir dökümhanenin (geto) yakınında bulunmasından dolayı getto olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Daha sonra terim, aynı türden tüm Yahudi mahallelerini kapsayacak şekilde genişlemiştir.
Schtetl ise genellikle Doğu Avrupa'da, özellikle Polonya, Litvanya, Bela-rus, Ukrayna ve Rusya'da bulunan küçük Yahudi kasabalarıdır. Nüfusun çoğunluğunu Yahudilerin oluşturduğu bu kasabalar Geç Orta Çağ’dan itibaren Orta Avrupa’da sıklıkla görülen şiddet olaylarından kaçan Yahudiler için bir sığınak haline gelmiştir. Zamanla schtetl Yahudilerin etnik ve dini kimliklerini yansıtan gelenekler, inançlar ve sosyal yapılarla şekillenerek Yahudi topluluğuna has bir yaşam kültürü meydana getirmiştir. Ancak gönüllü olarak yerleşilen ve doğal bir şekilde genişleyen bu Yahudi kasabaları Hristiyan topluluklarla bağlantısını sürdürmeye devam ederek gettodan farklı bir Yahudi yerleşim modelini oluşturmuştur.
Çalışma, ortaya çıkış süreçleriyle birlikte Orta ve Doğu Avrupa dinamiklerinin şekillendirdiği Yahudi yerleşim biçimlerini ve bunların tarihi süreç içerisindeki değişimlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Yöntem olarak niteliksel yöntem ve literatür taraması tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda schtetl ve gettonun doğası ve tarihsel bağlamları bakımından önemli ölçüde farklılık arz eden yönleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmış ve farklılıkların altında yatan dini, sosyo-ekonomik etmenler irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Religiosity, Spirituality, and Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Pavelea Anișoara , Culic Lorina 
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and well-being in emerging adulthood. A primary contribution of this analysis is an examination of possible mediators. The examined mediators are satisfaction with life, meaning in life, and perceived health. Participants in the study are 319 Romanian social sciences students, aged between 18 and 24 (Mage = 19,87, SDage = 1,39), urban (82%), mostly female (76%), and orthodox (74%). The results of the study confirm that religiosity and spirituality are important protective factors. Well-being is higher for emerging adults who rate their mental health highly, and this appears to mediate the religiosity-well-being relationship. Implications for therapeutic practice and communication between counselors and clients are discussed at the end of the paper.
Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus
Authors: Regalado Fernández Omar Rafael , Stöhr Henrik , Kästle Benedikt , Werneburg Ingmar 
Published: December 2023

The genus Plateosaurus is one of the most challenging aspects of early-diverging sauropodomorph taxonomy, with a total of 29 names and a century of revisions. As a result, nomina dubia have been treated as synonyms of Plateosaurus trossingensis, adding to the confusion about the extent of morphological variability. Here, we provide a thorough revision of the taxonomy proposed by von Huene as well as the subsequent taxonomic interpretations of Plateosaurus through a complete inventory of the specimens stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen. We reassess the status of the specimens in the collection and propose that the sauropodomorph-bearing layers are not necessarily monospecific. Most of the original fieldwork documentation has been lost, but we use the taxonomy established by von Huene as a historical reference point to reconstruct what was known at the time. This revised taxonomy of Plateosaurus narrows the genus to three species: Pl. trossingensis, Pl. longiceps, and Pl. gracilis (as a metataxon), and restricts the genera Gresslyosaurus and Pachysaurus to large and robust individuals, as pragmatic decisions aimed to test their affinities to other Late Triassic sauropodomorphs. Future studies should consider not only morphological variability, but also stratigraphy, palaeogeography, and environmental data when delineating species within and outside the Plateosaurus plexus.
Persepsi Guru tentang Tugas Kepala Sekolah dalam Pengembangan Kewirausahaan di SMK Negeri Se-Kecamatan Padang Timur
Authors: Saputri Santya Marta , Rifma  
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang tugas kepala sekolah dalam pengembangan kewirausahaan di SMK Negeri se-Kecamatan Padang Timur yang terdiri dari SMK N 2 Padang dan SMK N 6 Padang. Pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah seberapa baik persepsi guru tentang (1) perencanaan pengembangan kewirausahaan, (2) pelaksanaan pengembangan kewirausahaan, (3) evaluasi pengembangan kewirausahaan. Populasi penelitian ini adalah guru di SMK N 2 Padang dan SMK N 6 Padang yang berjumlah 161 guru. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 62 guru dengan menggunakan teknik Stratified Proportional Random Sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah model Skala Likert dengan hasil dan pengolahan datanya memuaskan. Persepsi guru tentang tugas kepala sekolah dalam pengembangan kewirausahaan di SMK Negeri se-Kecamatan Padang Timur dapat dilihat dari penjelasan berikut: (1) perencanaan pengembangan kewirausahaan memperoleh rata-rata 3,95 berada pada kategori baik, (2) pelaksanaan pengembangan kewirausahaan memperoleh rata-rata 3,92 berada pada kategori baik, (3) evaluasi pengembangan kewirausahaan memperoleh rata-rata 4,03 berada pada kategori baik. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa persepsi guru tentang tugas kepala sekolah dalam pengembangan kewirausahaan di SMK Negeri se-Kecamatan Padang Timur terlaksana dengan baik, dengan rata-rata 3,96 (baik).
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenlerinin Pedagojik Yeterlik Algılarının Sınıf Yönetim Stilleri ve İletişim Becerileri Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: Karatut Adem , Sertbaş Kürşat 
Published: December 2023

Amaç: Bu araştırmada Beden Eğitimi ve Spor öğretmenlerinin pedagojik yeterlik algılarının sınıf yönetim stilleri ve iletişim becerileri açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeli kapsamında betimsel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmanın evrenini Beden Eğitimi ve Spor öğretmenleri oluştururken örneklemini Marmara bölgesinde çalışan öğretmenler oluşturmuştur. Örneklem seçiminde basit tesadüfü örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmamızda toplamda 1614 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Daha sonra yapılan aykırı uç değerler analizi sonucu 75 anket formu analizden çıkartılarak 1539 form üzerinden analiz yapılmıştır. Araştırmada veriler katılımcılara yüz yüze ulaştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın veri toplama araçları dört kısımdan oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde katılımcının kişisel özelliklerini ölçmeye yönelik cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, eğitim durumu, mesleki tecrübe ve çalışılan eğitim kademesi soruları yer almaktadır. İkinci kısımda Adıgüzel (2017) Pedagojik Yeterlik Algısı Ölçeği, üçüncü kısımda Bosworth (1997) tarafından geliştirilen Türkçe uyarlaması Aktan ve Sezer (2018) tarafından yapılan Sınıf Yönetimi Stilleri Ölçeği ve dördüncü kısımda Korkut (1996) tarafından geliştirilen İletişim Becerilerini Değerlendirme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS 25.0 paket programında yapılmıştır. Ölçüm aracının güvenilirliği Cronbach alpha ile tespit edilmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılımdan gelip gelmediği basıklık çarpıklık katsaytılarına bakılarak karar verilmiştir. Ölçekler arası ilişki arasındaki ilişki pearson korelasyon testiyle belirlenmiştir. Ardından etki durumlarını incelemek için hiyerarşik regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca İstatistiksel açıdan, frekans analizi, Manova analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz yapılırken %95 güven aralığına göre yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş değişkeni ile sınıf yönetiminin ilgisiz alt boyutunda istatistiksel yönden anlamlı farklılaşma olduğu, eğitim durumu ile sınıf yönetiminin yetkeci alt boyutunda lisans mezunu öğretmenler lehine istatistiksel yönden anlamlı farklılaşma olduğu, mesleki tecrübe değişkeni ile pedagojik yeterlik algısının ders giriş etkinlikleri alt boyutunda ve sınıf yönetiminin serbest ve ilgisiz alt boyutlarında istatistiksel yönden anlamlı farklılaşma olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak araştırmamızda öğretmenlerin pedagojik yeterlilik algılarının yüksek olduğu, sınıf yönetimi ortalama puanlarının düşük olduğu, pedagojik yeterlik algılarının sınıf yönetim stilleri ve iletişim becerileri arasında ilişki olduğu ve iletişim becerilerinin çok yüksek düzeyde olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca Beden Eğitimi ve Spor öğretmenlerinin pedagojik yeterlik algıları, sınıf yönetim stilleri ve iletişim becerileri arasında ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Еда для женщин
Authors: Ткачева Наталья  , Елисеева Татьяна  
Published: December 2023

О принципиальной разнице в восприятии одних и тех же вещей мужчинами и женщинами написаны целые трактаты. Однако различие в рационах питания доселе практически не обсуждалось. А зря, ведь представителей обоих полов отличают не только первичные и вторичные половые признаки, но и гормональная система, и генетика. В результате, женщины страдают одними заболеваниями, а мужчины – другими.
К тому же, функционирование отдельных органов и систем у мужчин и женщин осуществляется по-разному. Интенсивность и принципы их работы и диктуют потребности в витаминах и микроэлементах.
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Manejo odontológico del paciente en tratamiento de anticoagulante oral sometido a cirugía oral: una revisión narrativa [Versión Original en Español]
Authors: Cancino Javiera , Fonseca Diego , Parada Fernando 
Published: December 2023

Los pacientes que se encuentran bajo tratamiento de anticoagulantes orales, presentan alteraciones en distintas etapas de la hemostasia, lo que conlleva a tener implicancias y consideraciones médico/quirúrgicas durante su atención. En la actualidad, no existe un consenso en relación con el manejo odontológico de estos pacientes que serán sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos, llevando a protocolos clínicos que siguen diversas posturas, como la de disminuir la ingesta farmacológica del anticoagulante, sustituir con heparina y la de mantener el tratamiento bajo control. Objetivo: Establecer el manejo estomatológico del paciente que se encuentra en tratamiento de anticoagulante oral mediante una revisión profunda de la literatura. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de revisión bibliográfica manualmente de artículos indexados a las bases de datos de PUBMED y EBSCO que correspondiesen a las palabras “cirugía bucal”, “anticoagulantes”, “atención dental” y “hemorragia oral”. En cuanto a los criterios de inclusión, se consideraron revisiones bibliográficas, estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos, guías, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis publicados entre noviembre de 2005 y 2022, en idiomas inglés o español. Conclusiones: Existen múltiples protocolos para la atención del paciente anticoagulado que será sometido bajo procedimiento de cirugía oral menor. Es importante considerar el anticoagulante utilizado, motivo, control de este, el procedimiento a realizar en el paciente y medidas hemostáticas tanto intra como postoperatorias por realizar, tras analizar lo anterior, se advierte que disminuir la ingesta del fármaco para realizar el procedimiento, puede ser más perjudicial al paciente como al clínico, por lo tanto se sugiere mantener el tratamiento antitrombótico y realizar un correcto manejo médico/quirúrgico.
Digitales Trinkgeld in der Plattformökonomie
Authors: Bühler Silja Rahel , Veselá Kateřina 
Published: December 2023

Da kein Abstract des Artikels vorhanden ist, finden Sie hier den Beginn des Artikels:
Alltagssituationen wie diese zeigen, dass der Umgang mit Geld nicht nur eine ökonomische, sondern auch eine soziale und kulturelle Praxis ist. Sie verweist auf Erwartungen, auf Wertvorstellungen und auch auf Einstellungen gegenüber aktuellen Technologien und Plattform Firmen. Trinkgeld zu geben, würde aus einer ökonomischen Perspektive, in der das wirtschaftlich denkende Individuum allein zur Vermehrung des eigenen (finanziellen oder symbolischen) Kapitals handelt, eher in einer Stammbeiz Sinn ergeben – oder wenn die Trinkgeld gebende Person sich anderweitig unter Beobachtung fühlt. In flüchtigen Beziehungen zu Menschen, die ziemlich sicher in Zukunft nicht mehr angetroffen werden, wie das in vielen Restaurants oder eben auch bei Food-Kurier:innen der Fall ist, bringt das Geben von Trinkgeld dem Homo oeconomicus wenig, da keine bessere oder freundlichere Behandlung beim nächsten Wiedersehen angestrebt werden kann. Laut einer Studie der ZHAW sagen 85 Prozent der Befragten, dass sie in einem bedienten Restaurant Trinkgeld geben. Beim relativ neuen (Massen-)Phänomen der Essens-Lieferdienste scheint die Situation jedoch weniger eindeutig zu sein.
การวิเคราะห์สมบัติทางความร้อนและหมู่ฟังก์ชั่นของเซลลูโลสจากชานอ้อย
Authors: ปลื้มใจ กิตติยา , เติมเกาะ กรองทิพย์ , มีชูวาศ เอกรัฐ , เพชรภา วิษณุ 
Published: December 2023

งานวิจัยนี้มุ่งเน้นการวิเคราะห์สมบัติทางความร้อนและหมู่ฟังก์ชันของเซลลูโลส โดยงานวิจัยนี้เลือกวิธีการสกัดเซลลูโลสจากชานอ้อยโดยการปรับสภาพด้วยกระบวนการทางเคมี (Chemical treatment) โดยการใช้กรดซัลฟิวริกแบบเจือจางและด่างคือโซเดียมไฮดรอกไซด์และไฮโดรเจนเปอร์ออกไซด์ จากนั้นศึกษาองค์ประกอบทางเคมีของเซลลูโลสที่เตรียมได้ด้วยเครื่อง Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) พบว่าเซลลูโลสที่ผ่านการปรับสภาพด้วยกระบวนการทางเคมี องค์ประกอบทางเคมีของลิกนินและเฮมิเซลลูโลสได้ถูกกำจัดออกไป วิเคราะห์โครงสร้างผลึกของเซลลูโลสด้วยเครื่อง X-ray diffraction (XRD) พบว่ามีโครงสร้างผลึกแบบ cellulose Iᵦ และพบว่าค่าดัชนีผลึกของเซลลูโลสหลังปรับสภาพด้วยกระบวนการทางเคมี มีค่าเท่ากับ 72 % และวิเคราะห์สมบัติทางความร้อนด้วยเทคนิค Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) พบว่าผลึกไมโครเซลลูโลสมีอุณหภูมิการสลายตัวสูงกว่าเส้นใยไมโครเซลลูโลส
การพัฒนาเครื่องปรับระดับเมนิสคัสแบบอัตโนมัติ
Authors: วาริยาตร์ วีระชัย , วัฒนหัตถกรรม อัจฉราวรรณ 
Published: December 2023

งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อพัฒนาเครื่องปรับระดับเมนิสคัสแบบอัตโนมัติ โดยได้ทำการออกแบบโครงสร้างของชุดควบคุมการปรับระดับเมนิสคัสแบบอัตโนมัติ และโปรแกรมซอฟแวร์คอมพิวเตอร์สำหรับควบคุมการทำงาน โครงสร้างของเครื่องประกอบด้วยชุดอุปกรณ์ 3 ส่วนหลัก คือ ชุดจับปิเปตต์ที่ได้รับการออกแบบมาสำหรับการจับปิเปตต์ขนาดต่าง ๆ ตั้งแต่ 1 มิลลิลิตร ถึง 100 มิลลิลิตร สามารถควบคุมการปรับระดับ-ขึ้นลงและอัตราเร็วได้ด้วยมอเตอร์ ชุดดูดและปล่อยของเหลวให้เข้าออกปิเปตต์ด้วยมอเตอร์ (Water pump) ที่จะเชื่อมต่อกับโปรแกรมการประมวลภาพแบบ Real time และชุดจับยึดอุปกรณ์ขยายภาพแบบดิจิทัลไมโครสโคปที่เคลื่อนที่ได้ทั้งแนวแกน x, y และ z
ส่วนโปรแกรมซอฟแวร์คอมพิวเตอร์สำหรับควบคุมการทำงานของเครื่องปรับระดับเมนิสคัสที่นักวิจัยได้ออกแบบและพัฒนาขึ้นมาเองภายใต้ชื่อ DSS Pipette calibration สามารถทำงานได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพทั้งในส่วนของการควบคุมตำแหน่งของปิเปตต์ด้วยมอเตอร์ การควบคุมการดูดปล่อยของเหลวด้วยปั๊ม การแสดงภาพบนจอคอมพิวเตอร์แบบ Real time เพื่อใช้ตรวจสอบระดับของของเหลว และการควบคุมของเหลวที่ตำแหน่ง Meniscus ให้เป็นแบบอัตโนมัติ เพื่อให้ผู้ปฏิบัติงานสามารถปรับระดับ Meniscus ให้อยู่ตำแหน่งที่ถูกต้อง
ผลการทดสอบประสิทธิภาพของการใช้เครื่องปรับระดับเมนิสคัสแบบอัตโนมัติเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับการใช้วิธีการตวงวัดแบบเดิมที่ไม่เป็นระบบอัตโนมัติ พบว่าการใช้เครื่องมือที่พัฒนาขึ้นมานี้ให้ผลการวัดปริมาตรของเครื่องแก้วชนิดปิเปตต์ที่มีความแม่นและความเที่ยงของการวัดมากขึ้น (Accuracy and precision) อีกทั้ง ยังช่วยลดความผิดพลาดที่เกิดจากทักษะความเชี่ยวชาญของผู้ปฏิบัติงาน (Human error) ในการปรับระดับเมนิสคัสให้อยู่บนระดับขีดบอกปริมาตร (Meniscus setting) ที่ผู้ปฏิบัติงานไม่สามารถปรับระดับเมนิสคัสให้อยู่ตำแหน่งขีดบอกปริมาตรได้
Obstacles in Teaching Reading to Asperger Syndrome Students in The Primary School
Authors: Ulfa Nur Auliya , Wulandari Rifa Suci 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Teaching reading to Asperger’s Syndrome students especially in primary level is difficult. Students with Asperger syndrome often struggle to comprehend other people's perspectives, experiences, or even the possibility that other people may hold experiences, emotions, or opinions that diverge from their own.This study aims to outline the challenges associated with teaching English reading to individuals with Asperger syndrome. This study used a descriptive qualitative methodology. The primary school pupils with Asperger syndrome are the focus of this study.To determine the barriers Asperger syndrome students have when learning to read in English, the researcher employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Based on the results, the author came to the conclusion that teaching English reading to primary kids with Asperger syndrome presents a variety of challenges that call for a customized strategy. The biggest challenge was keeping their eyes open for long stretches of time, which affected their focus and participation in class. The author also noted that these children could have trouble digesting and comprehending complicated directions, so it's critical to provide structured instructions that are broken down into smaller, more doable steps. To keep students' interest and attention, teachers must give clear directions, divide work into manageable chunks, and come up with creative ways to do things.
A PAISAGEM VISUAL NO CINEMA: UM ESTUDO DA LINGUAGEM NA MISE-EN-SCÈNE
Authors: Grubba Leilane Serratine 
Published: December 2023

Resumo: A pesquisa tem por objeto a paisagem visual no cinema. Partindo do pressuposto que o cinema apresenta uma linguagem comunicacional, verbal e imagética, busca-se realizar um estudo esquemático sobre a mise-en-scène, adotando o modelo proposto por Bordwell & Thompson (2008), segundo a qual ela é composta pelo cenário, iluminação, vestimenta e comportamento da figura. Problematiza, nesse sentido, os elementos comunicacionais presentes na mise-en-scène. A pesquisa apresenta caráter interdisciplinar foi realizada com pesquisa em fontes bibliográficas nas áreas de Estudos Culturais, Estudos em Cinema e Semiologia.
Identification and validation of prognostic and tumor microenvironment characteristics of necroptosis index and BIRC3 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wei Kai , Zhang Xi , Yang Dongrong 
Published: December 2023

Background
Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death; it has an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, details of the regulation and function of necroptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain unclear. It is necessary to explore the significance of necroptosis in ccRCC.

Methods
Necroptosis-related clusters were discerned through the application of Consensus Clustering. Based on the TCGA and GEO databases, we identified prognostic necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) with univariate COX regression analysis. The necroptosis-related model was constructed through the utilization of LASSO regression analysis, and the immune properties, tumor mutation burden, and immunotherapy characteristics of the model were assessed using multiple algorithms and datasets. Furthermore, we conducted comprehensive GO, KEGG, and GSVA analyses to probe into the functional aspects of biological pathways. To explore the expression and of hub gene (BIRC3) in different ccRCC cell types and cell lines, single-cell sequencing data was analysed and we performed Quantitative Real-time PCR to detect the expression of BIRC3 in ccRCC cell lines. Function of BIRC3 in ccRCC was assessed through Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay (for proliferation), transwell and wound healing assays (for migration and invasion).

Results
Distinct necroptosis-related clusters exhibiting varying prognostic implications, and enrichment pathways were identified in ccRCC. A robust necroptosis-related model formulated based on the expression of six prognostic NRGs, presented substantial predictive capabilities of overall survival and was shown to be related with patients’ immune profiles, tumor mutation burden, and response to immunotherapy. Notably, the hub gene BIRC3 was markedly upregulated in both ccRCC tissues and cell lines, and showed significant correlations with immunosuppressive cells, immune checkpoints, and oncogenic pathways. Downregulation of BIRC3 demonstrated a negative regulatory effect on ccRCC cell proliferation migration and invasion.

Conclusion
The necroptosis-related model assumed a pivotal role in determining the prognosis, tumor mutation burden, immunotherapy response, and immune cell infiltration characteristics among ccRCC patients. BIRC3 exhibited significant correlations with the immunosuppressive microenvironment, which highlighted its potential for informing the design of innovative immunotherapies for ccRCC patients.
Breathlessness and “exacerbation” questions predictive for incident COPD (MARKO study): data after two years of follow-up
Authors: Vrbica Žarko , Steiner Justinija , Labor Marina , Gudelj Ivan , Plavec Davor 
Published: December 2023

Aims
To determine the predictability of the MARKO questionnaire and/or its domains, individually or in combination with other markers and characteristics (age, gender, smoking history, lung function, 6-min walk test (6 MWT), exhaled breath temperature (EBT), and hsCRP for the incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in subjects at risk over 2 years follow-up period).

Participants and Methods
Patients, smokers/ex-smokers with >20 pack-years, aged 40–65 years of both sexes were recruited and followed for 2 years. After recruitment and signing the informed consent at the GP, a detailed diagnostic workout was done by the pulmonologist; they completed three self-assessment questionnaires—MARKO, SGRQ and CAT, detailed history and physical, laboratory (CBC, hsCRP), lung function tests with bronchodilator and EBT. At the 2 year follow-up visit they performed: the same three self-assessment questionnaires, history and physical, lung function tests and EBT.

Results
A sample of 320 subjects (41.9% male), mean (SD) age 51.9 (7.4) years with 36.4 (17.4) pack-years of smoking was reassessed after 2.1 years. Exploratory factor analysis of MARKO questionnaire isolated three distinct domains (breathlessness and fatigue, “exacerbations”, cough and expectorations). We have determined a rate for incident COPD that was 4.911/100 person-years (95% CI [3.436–6.816]). We found out that questions about breathlessness and “exacerbations”, and male sex were predictive of incident COPD after two years follow-up (AUC 0.79, 95% CI [0.74–0.84], p < 0.001). When only active smokers were analyzed a change in EBT after a cigarette (ΔEBT) was added to a previous model (AUC 0.83, 95% CI [0.78–0.88], p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Our preliminary data shows that the MARKO questionnaire combined with EBT (change after a cigarette smoke) could potentially serve as early markers of future COPD in smokers.