bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrips of Panama: A biological catalogue and bibliography (Thysanoptera)
Authors: Mound Laurence A , Palmer Jenny M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of living insect species is at least equal to, and probably many times higher than, the number of species of all other living organisms taken together (Southwood 19 78; Erwin 1982). Indeed, the number of new species of insects described annually approaches the total number of known bird species (8500). A recent estimate of 30 million for the total number of species of terrestrial arthropods (Erwin 19 82), even if inaccurate by 50 per cent, is an indication of the diversity of the group and a measure of the logistic problems faced by biologists in attempting to record this diversity. The scientific manpower available to record and analyse the total diversity of the Insecta will continue to be inadequate, given that most entomologists must be concerned, in some way, with the relatively few species of known economic importance. One result of this is that our knowledge of an insect fauna is commonly a function of the pattern of life of particular entomologists - where they worked or went on holiday, and who their friends were. Data on most insect faunas have thus been collected both haphazardly and superficially. The insect order Thysanoptera, with about 5000 described species and probably three times that number throughout the world, is typical of this situation. Most thrips are tropical, but most thysanopterists are from temperate regions. The thrips fauna of Panama, judging from the number of papers published, is one of the best known in the tropics. But this knowledge is derived largely from one 6-week visit in 1933 by one man, Prof. J. D. Hood of Cornell University, albeit helped by his friends and relatives. James Zetek also collected thrips sporadically, particularly between 1913 and 1915, and L. A. Mound collected these insects for 12 days in 1983. The total time spent in serious field sampling of the thrips fauna in Panama by all workers, however, is probably less than 500 man hours, possibly much less, and this concentrated at only a few sites. All of the available records are from sites within a few miles of the ‘Canal Zone’. No collections seem to have been made from the highlands, or from the areas with either higher or lower rainfall.
Taxonomy and biology of Central American Robber Flies with an illustrated key to genera (Diptera: Asilidae)
Authors: Fisher Eric M , Hespenheide Henry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The robber fly family Asilidae is one of the largest and most easily-recognized groups of Diptera. All robber flies are predaceous, and they possess adaptations for catching and eating other insects which give them a distinctive appearance. Characteristic features of the Asilidae include large eyes, which are usually flattened in front and protrude above the top of the head; a row or clump of setae (the mystax) located on the face between the mouth and antennae; stout, piercing-sucking mouthparts; and strong, spiny legs. Here we review the taxonomy and biology of all robber flies known to occur in Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize, and Guatemala. Current knowledge of local faunal size, biogeography, seasonality, community ecology, prey selection, predators, mimicry, and foraging and courtship behaviour for regional asilids is summarized by Hespenehide in the first section. An overview of the taxonomy of Central American robber flies, including a key to 68 genera and an annotated list of about 315 species, is provided by Fisher in the second section.
Making sense out of scents: species differences in scent glands, scent-marking behaviour, and scent-mark composition in the Callitrichidae
Authors: Epple G , Belcher A M , Kilderling I , Zeller U , Scolnick L , Greenfield, K L , Smith III A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many mammals, chemical signals are of great importance in socio-sexual communication and in priming of reproductive functions. Such signals are contained in urine, faeces, genital discharge, saliva, and the secretion of specialized skin glands, of which several types may be present on an individual. Often, ingredients from several sources are combined to form complex mixtures. In addition, bacteria may act on substrates such as vaginal discharge or skin secretions to develop volatiles which carry signal function (see recent reviews by Albone 1984; Brown and Macdonald 1985; Duvall et al. 1986).
Flexibility and co-operation as unifying themes in Saguinus social organization and behaviour: the role of predation pressures
Authors: Caine Nancy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of the history of behavioural primatology, New World monkeys were treated as the poor cousins of the Old World monkeys and apes. Despite some important and intriguing early research on captive (e.g. Hampton et al. 1966) and free-ranging (e.g. Carpenter 1934) platyrrhines, the data from these investigations figured only rarely in the development and testing of theory in primate behaviour. Considered to be primitive and simple, and difficult to observe in the wild, New World monkeys were not regarded as good candidates for most behavioural research. It seemed to be the general consensus (with important exceptions) that there was little to be gained from studying social organization and behaviour in species that were far removed from the human lineage in terms of both time and space (Kinzey 1986).
Predatory behaviour of the intertidal snail, Nucella lapillus, and its effect on community structure
Authors: Hughes Roger N , Burrows Michael T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecologists often seek generalizations about the structure and dynamics of communities in predator-prey interactions, because simple logic demands a causal relationship between the extent of predation and state of the prey population. In tightly coupled systems, such as those envisaged by the Lotka-Volterra equations, the relationship between predator and prey population is mutual, but with increasing polyphagy, the interaction becomes diffuse, with specific prey perhaps having little influence on the abundance of the predator. Either way, it is easy to imagine that details of predatory behaviour would have critical effects on the system. A predator that concentrates its effort where prey are dense will tend to have a population regulatory effect (Hassel 1978), and one that abandons a prey-type once it has become relatively rare will avoid driving any population to local extinction (Murdoch and Oaten 1975). If predators choose to eat the potential dominants, competitive exclusion among prey should be prevented (Paine 1966). These ideas are familiar to all ecologists and have been reviewed many times.
Discussion: predators, predation, and community structure: patterns and processes
Authors: Noakes David L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationships between predators and prey have attracted the interest of human observers for as long as any aspect of ecology. Certainly, predation has been a fact of life for at least the past 110 million years, from direct evidence (Figs 8.1, 8.2), and not just the ghost of predation past (Connell 1980). The possibility of cycles of vertebrate predators and prey, the potential for control of pests by predators, and the possibility of regulation of consumers by producer species, are only a few of many well-known examples of human interest in predation (see Hassell and Anderson 1989). Of course, humans, as a predatory species, have presumably always been interested in predicting and regulating their harvest of other species. Our understanding of predators and predation continues to change, to become more refined, and (hopefully) more sophisticated. More importantly, we focus on the details of mechanisms, rather than just increasingly detailed descriptions of individual cases or of patterns, apparent or real (Schoener 1971; Huey and Pianka 1981; Dill 1983; Milinski 1984; Ydenberg and Dill 1986; May 1989; Lima and Dill 1990). Law and Watkinson (1989) remarked on an absence of progress in our understanding of competition in ecology, and noted a particular need for more empirical studies.
An extension of niche theory for complex interactions
Authors: Higashi Masahiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No other concept in ecology has so strong an appeal and yet receives such diverse interpretations as that of ecological niche. The term tends to be very convenient as long as it is used in a loose fashion. This is why the concept is so appealing. But, such a loose usage of a term almost unavoidably generates and amplifies the ambiguity of the concept that the term should represent, and as a result, the single term comes to have many different meanings. Effort is then needed to separate the distinctive concepts that the single term embodies, and to sort out the relationships among those related but separable concepts. Such an effort is creative because it makes explicit those separate concepts that the term has accumulated with use over a period of time. There have been many excellent reviews and analyses of the notion of ecological niche, including recent ones by Abrams (1983), Schoener (1986), and Pianka (1988); more complete lists of relevant literature are already available in any of these reviews. An early definition of an organism’s (or a species’) niche is its status in the biotic environment (i.e. the community to which it belongs), or the relations that it has with its foods and enemies (Elton 1927). Hutchinson (1957) formulated the niche of an organism as a hypervolume in an Euclidian space with environmental factors as its axes; the hypervolume consists of points, each of which represents a specific state of the environment that allows the organism’s normal life. This definition represents an effort to formalize the concept on a quantitative basis. Hutchinson also introduced the notion of ‘realized niche’ of an organism, which is distinguished from the ‘fundamental niche’ of the organism, the realized niche of the organism when there is no other organism sharing the same habitat.
On the relative importance of direct versus indirect effects in ecological communities
Authors: Schoener Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The science of ecology is becoming increasingly complex. Theoreticians are telling us that we can expect a variety of important indirect effects in food webs, some of them over fairly long pathways, at least in models with random interaction coefficients and sometimes with real ones. Experimentalists, discovering new techniques and working harder and longer, are beginning to uncover indirect effects in fair number. Although they will never be able to investigate the full scope of complexity available to theoreticians, there is some feeling, perhaps fear, that this is the tip of the iceberg We are presently trying to determine how important indirect effects are, and how indirect they can be and still be important. This issue can be cast precisely in two ways First, pick two species in a community of interacting species. To what extent does the net or total effect of one on the other, in terms of sign and magnitude, depend on a direct effect component v. effect components of varying degrees of indirectness — how much do distant species matter? Secondly, perturb a given species.
Early Vertebrates
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents our current knowledge of the early vertebrates, which were mainly fish, but included some land vertebrates, and lived about 470 to 250 million years ago. It centres on anatomical and phylogenetic questions, but includes information about fossil discovery and preparation, as well as the analysis of the characteristics from which their relationships may be reconstructed. It addresses critically both old and new problems in the evolution of certain anatomical structures and deals briefly with the animals' way of life, extinction, and former distribution. In addition, the author gives a potted history of the field of vertebrate palaeontology and the rise of cladistics, a major methodological revolution in comparative biology. The book is the first in theif field to use a cladistic approach. For each major vertebrate group, the reader will find a diagram of relationships, or cladogram, with a selection of characters at each node, and a cuccinct phylogenetic classification. The book is illustrated with numerous line drawings, culminating in a series of reconstructions of early vertebrates and their environment, which may have a more popular appeal.
Derivation of the exhalations
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seems no reason to doubt* that de Beaumont and de la Beche assumed the ore-bearing emanations to result from degassing of the associated molten volcanic rocks, and hence to have a common, deep, origin with the latter. Indeed, in differing from the views of Werner, de Beaumont asserted that ‘One admits with him that mineral substances have been deposited by the action of waters ... but one does not admit that it may have been by supergene solutions; one considers, on the contrary, that the substances spread on the surface have come from the interior of the earth ... ‘ (de Beaumont 1847, p. 1284). One possible deviation from this assumption was the statement by N. H. and H. V. Winchell, in connection with the origin of the Lake Superior banded iron ores, that sea water, on encountering recently erupted basalts, would ‘... become surcharged with soluble silica and iron, obtaining the latter from the augitic minerals of the basic lavas, and possibly from masses of erupted metallic iron’ (Winchell and Winchell 1891, p. 396).
Sundry elements
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the Solomons lavas of present concern contain, in addition to the trace elements considered in Chapters 6-19, very small quantities of elements such as cadmium, gallium, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, and others that also commonly occur as minor to trace components of exhalative ores. They also contain varying, very small, amounts of sulphur. In addition they contain traces of elements such as rubidium, zirconium, and thorium, which, through their often highly systematic abundance relations with the traces of the ‘ore elements’ serve to emphasize the intimacy of the tie between the incidence of the latter and the geochemical and mineralogical evolution of the relevant lava systems.
The diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids
Authors: Hoffmeister Thomas S , Vidal Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three decades ago Hutchinson (1959) asked in his influential paper on niche differentiation and community structure ‘Why are there so many kinds of animals?’. Since then the diversity of species sharing the same resources, or in the case of parasitoids sharing the same hosts, has attracted increasing interest. Strong et al. (1984) discussed the major determinants of diversity in herbivorous insects, but only in recent years have patterns emerged on how life history traits of hosts shape the composition and diversity of their parasitoid communities (e.g. Askew and Shaw 1986). Subsequently, patterns have been studied at various levels, ranging from global (Hawkins 1990) to regional (Hawkins and Lawton 1987; Hawkins 1988a), and parasitoid complexes of exposed versus concealed herbivores have been compared (Hawkins 1988b; Price and Pschorn-Walcher 1988).
Patterns of parasitoid accumulation on introduced herbivores
Authors: Cornell Howard V , Hawkins Bradford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of what we know about the structure of parasitoid communities comes from the examination of native host-parasitoid systems. More can be learned by studying parasitoid assemblages associated with hosts introduced into foreign locations. Such introductions can often be treated as natural experiments to test ideas about the assembly of ecological communities (Elton 1958; Diamond 1986). Surveys of many such introductions and their outcomes make it possible to profile successful invaders as well as their impacts on local communities (e.g. McDonald et al. 1986; Mooney and Drake 1986; Crawley 1987; Drake et al. 1989; Simberloff 1991).
The use and construction of parasitoid webs
Authors: Memmott J , Godfray H C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is composed of two parts. In the first we argue that the construction of parasitoid webs offers the best prospects of advancing parasitoid community ecology, and also provides the hope of linking this field of parasitoid biology with other areas, such as population dynamics and behavioural ecology. At once we must declare an interest-our recent research activities have involved the construction of parasitoid webs-we are not exactly disinterested observers. In the second part we describe the construction of a parasitoid web centred around the leaf-mining insects of regenerating tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We hope our experiences may be of use to workers building parasitoid webs involving other groups of hosts and parasitoids.
African fig wasp parasitoid communities
Authors: Compton Stephen G , Rasplus Jean-Yves , Ware A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are fig trees and fig wasps? Fig trees are a group of approximately 850 species placed in the genus Ficus (Moraceae), and are characterized by their unique inflorescence-the fig. Around 105 Ficus species are found in Africa, where they range in size from small shrubs to huge rain forest emergents (Berg 1990; Berg and Wiebes 1992). The term ‘fig wasps’ is sometimes applied to all the hymenopterans that develop inside figs, but more often is restricted to certain chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea), the taxonomic placement of which has changed considerably in recent years (Table 18.1). At present, the fig wasps previously placed in the families Agaonidae, Pteromalidae, and Torymidae are all considered to belong to a single family, the Agaonidae (Boucek 1988). All agaonid species are associated exclusively with fig trees.
Building parasitoid communities: the complementary role of two introduced parasitoid species in a case of successful biological control
Authors: Takagi Masami , Hirose Yoshimi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has now been just over a century since the successful control of the cottony cushion scale after the introduction of the vedalia beetle from Australia into California. Following this initial success, about 4300 introductions of natural enemies against insect pests have been attempted (Waage 1990; Godfray and Waage 1991), and some of them have resulted in spectacular successes. However, most attempts have not succeeded because of failures in establishment of the natural enemies or insufficient reduction of pest densities. To improve the success rate for classical biological control, a more scientific approach should be adopted in the selection of natural enemies for introduction. Ecologists and population biologists as well as biological control workers have been concerned with introduction strategies in classical biological control (Ehler 1990, Chapter 21). One long-standing debate on introduction strategies has been that between the ‘multiple species introduction’ and ‘single species introduction’ schools.
The implications of population dynamics theory to parasitoid diversity and biological control
Authors: Hochberg Michael E , Hawkins Bradford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insect parasitoids constitute an important and diverse group of taxa. Recent estimates indicate an average of about five to six parasitoid species per insect herbivore species (Askew and Shaw 1986; Hawkins and Lawton 1987; Hawkins 1990; Mills 1992, Chapter 3), although the range extends to almost 100 species (Delucchi 1982). Explaining this range in richness is an important challenge to community ecology. Comparative studies have shown how host feeding niche contributes substantially to explaining variation in parasitoid richness (Hawkins and Lawton 1987; Mills 1993; Hawkins 1993a). Feeding niche has been interpreted as a mechanism generating a ‘refuge’ for those host individuals that are sufficiently (and best) protected from parasitoid attack (Simmonds 1948; Gross 1991; Hawkins and Gross 1992; Hawkins 1993a).
Parasitoids as model communities in ecological theory
Authors: Lawton John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I recently lectured to some 200 new undergraduates about to embark on a biology degree course. One of my themes was parasitoid diversity, and sensing that my young listeners were not entirely turned on by parasitoids, I stopped lecturing and asked how many in the audience had actually seen a parasitic wasp? The answer was four, and one of those wasn’t sure. Undeterred, I then foolishly asked how many knew what parasitoids were, and what they looked like, despite the fact that very few had actually seen one of these remarkable little creatures? Back came the show of hands-11 of them. From then on the lecture was, as they say, dead in the water. I might as well have been talking about little green men from Mars.
Interacting metapopulations and metacommunities
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two or more species can live in the same patch network without any interactions among the respective metapopulations. More interestingly, interspecific interactions might affect the rates of migration, extinction and colonization, in which case interspecific interactions modulate metapopulation dynamics of the species concerned. Extinction rates might become elevated, but local interactions between the species may also enhance metapopulation persistence by increasing asynchrony in local dynamics. An important recurring theme in the dynamics of two or more interacting metapopulations is the creation and maintenance of aggregated spatial distributions of species in the absence of any environmental heterogeneity. In singlespecies metapopulations, where extinctions are due to external perturbations, increased migration rate is generally beneficial for long-term persistence in facilitating colonization, with the caveat that too much is too much: massive emigration and high mortality during migration may increase extinction rate so much that metapopulation persistence is reduced.
Badger sociality—models of spatial grouping
Authors: Woodroffe Rosie , Macdonald David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European badgers (Meles meles L.) are unusual amongst carnivores in that they form large groups, sharing a territory and a communal den, but forage alone on small prey. There is very little evidence of co-operative behaviour, raising the question of why groups form. Most discussions of group living in non-co-operative carnivores have concentrated upon group territoriality, suggesting circumstances under which territory holders might benefit from allowing other animals to share their territories. One family of models, the Resource Dispersion Hypotheses (RDH), demonstrates that the rule which a primary territory holder uses to choose a minimum territory, in a world where food is patchily distributed in space and time, can allow additional animals to share the territory at little or no cost to the territory holder. Another model, the Prey Renewal Hypothesis, shows more generally how rapid prey renewal may allow several animals to share a home range. Finally, the Territory Inheritance Hypothesis (TIH) suggests that territory holders might allow their offspring to share the territory if the possibility of inheriting this resource would enhance their future reproductive success.