bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of surgery in the treatment of patients with complications of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Austen W. Gerald , McEnany M. Terry 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the patient in cardiogenic shock with or without a mechanical complication after acute myocardial infarction, medical treatment alone is often inadequate. Occasionally, early mechanical circulatory support by means of intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) may be successful; in such patients, however, operation is usually required later. In most instances, IABP alone is insufficient, but it is an effective stabilizing measure that allows many patients to safely undergo cardiac catheterization, coronary arteriography, and surgical treatment. In selected patients with anterior myocardial infarction, early IABP can interrupt injury. Patients with severe cardiogenic shock due to massive infarction with extensive ventricular dysfunction are best managed with myocardial revascularization and, frequently, infarctectomy. Patients with an interventricular defect who survive to undergo defect repair usually do not undergo concomitant revascularization, but we frequently perform infarctectomy in this situation. Other patients with mechanical complications of myocardial infarction, such as mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture or dysfunction, ruptured chordae tendineae, or annular or ventricular dilatation, are usually best treated with both coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve repair or replacement with or without infarctectomy. In some patients with a malignant ventricular arrhythmia, wide excision of the infarct may be helpful, with or without revascularization. The likelihood of a good result after operation for any of the complications of myocardial infarction improves if the surgical procedure can be safely postponed until the patient is not in an acute state of illness. However, postponement should not be at the expense of other organ systems, and any patient who is showing signs of clinical deterioration while receiving optimal medical therapy should be considered for insertion of the intra‐aortic balloon and operation.
Experimental studies of a nonwoven vascular prosthesis for use in small arteries
Authors: Watanuki Tetsu , Yamamoto Yoshio , Ishikawa Masaaki , Murakami Heihachiro , Akaba Noritake , Yohda Toshiyuki , Kan Rinkei 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe have developed a nonporous, 3‐layered laminated vascular prosthesis made of a new nonwoven cloth. Examination of its physical properties and stress relaxation curve showed that the new prosthesis is strong enough to be used as a vascular substitute and compares favorably with human arteries. Animal experiments showed that the nonporosity of the prosthesis did not adversely affect neointima formation. The prosthesis was implanted in the abdominal aorta of 70 dogs for up to 6 years and had a patency rate of 94.3%. The grafts remained elastic and pliable without aneurysmal dilatation even after prolonged use. Studies using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that a thin, smooth neointima was formed on the inner surface of the prosthesis. The velourlike surface structure of the nonwoven cloth appeared to form a good foundation for deposition of fibrin and formation of the neointima. On the basis of our encouraging experimental results, we have used the new prosthesis for reconstruction of the peripheral arteries in 10 patients, but the followup period has been too short for proper evaluation.
Local exact controllability to the trajectories of the Boussinesq system
Authors: Guerrero S. 
Published: April 2005

In this paper we deal with the local exact controllability to the trajectories of the Boussinesq system with

N + 1

distributed scalar controls supported in small sets. In a first step, we present a new Carleman inequality for a linearized version of the Boussinesq system, which leads to its null controllability at any time

T > 0

. Then, we deduce the desired result concerning the local exact controllability of the (nonlinear) Boussinesq system.

Résumé

Dans ce papier on étudie la contrôlabilité exacte locale aux trajectoires du système de Boussinesq avec

N + 1

contrôles scalaires localisés dans des petits ouverts. Dans un premier temps, on présente une nouvelle inégalité de Carleman pour un système de Boussinesq linéarisé, ce qui nous permet d'établir la contrôlabilité à zéro de ce système pour tout temps

T > 0

. On en déduit ensuite la contrôlabilité exacte locale du système (non linéaire) de Boussinesq.
Magic and the Regulation of Reason
Authors: Styers Randall G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the scholarly literature in which magic is defined as faulty or inchoate science. The chapter begins by examining early theoretical constructions of the “primitive”; irrational (or pre-rational) magical thought was seen by numerous early anthropologists and sociologists as a definitive index of the superstitious primitive mind. While the notion of the “primitive” has become intellectually untenable, magic nonetheless retains a central role in subsequent discussions of the nature and limits of modern rationality (often standing as shorthand for non-modern mental and social processes). Finally, the chapter moves to explore recent disputes among historians over the role of medieval natural magic in the emergence of early modern science. Positioned at (or beyond) the boundary of rationality, magic serves both as the foil against which distinctive forms of Western science are defined and as the decisive test of scientific rationality's ability to explain the irrational.
Appendix
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe appendix expounds Kant’s theory of schematism. The topic is introduced in relation to Locke’s attempt to explain what justifies applying a concept to instances and Berkeley and Hume’s responses to Locke. Against this background, Kant’s theory is analyzed as an attempt to explain what justifies applying a pure concept, like the concept of cause, to its instances. The appendix ends by discussing the relation of the schematism to broader aspects of Kant’s critical philosophy.
Causal Explanation: Background and Criticism
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the philosophical background to the notion of causal explanation, focusing on the Deductive-Nomological Model of explanation and the role of laws in explanation and in causal claims. A number of different theses about the role of laws are distinguished: the thesis that at least one law underlies every true causal or explanatory claim, the semantic thesis that all causal claims entail the existence of laws, in virtue of their meaning, the epistemological thesis that knowledge of laws is necessary for establishing causal claims, and the explanation thesis that laws are part of every acceptable causal explanation. Only the first “underlying” thesis is defensible.
IT Governance
Authors: Luftman Jerry N. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIT governance describes how the processes and authority for resources, risk, conflict resolution, and IT responsibility are shared among business partners, IT management, and services providers. The lack of governance affects the organization’s ability to make informed decisions about the direction and use of it. The relationship between the team (business and IT) participating in the six-step process for defining the IT strategy should be continued as the IT executive steering committee.
Introduction
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe hajj has always had far-reaching political ramifications, but today, after a half century of sponsorship and regulation by governments around the world, it is more politicized than ever. In most countries, hajj administration is tainted with favoritism and corruption. All the major pilgrimage programs are explicitly tailored to benefit voting blocks and businesses at home while cultivating prestige and influence abroad. Frequently, pilgrim management is so politicized it subverts the central values of the hajj. Instead of promoting unity and equality, it divides Muslims along every conceivable line–ethnicity, language, class, party, region, sect, gender, and age.
Pakistan
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHajj growth closely tracks the power struggles and ideological shifts that shaped and demolished Pakistan’s political regimes. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and his Pakistan People’s Party helped to invent modern hajj management, spreading its benefits across all regions and ethnic groups in order to gain support from voters who were skeptical of his Islamic credentials. Zia-ul-Haq supported a smaller hajj that favored Punjabi and Pashtun groups who prospered the most from his dictatorship. Benazir Bhutto used state-sponsored pilgrimage to build a nationwide coalition of voters from many regions and sects, including women from families that usually supported the Pakistan Muslim League of her main rival, Nawaz Sharif. Nonetheless, control over the hajj does not give politicians control over the hajjis because many Pakistanis believe that in an Islamic state every government has a duty to support pilgrimage no matter what its ideology or economic policy.
Malaysia
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMalaysia’s leaders have nurtured the state hajj agency, Tabung Haji, into an internationally applauded experiment to spur modern capitalism with the aid of traditional religious values. Pilgrimage not only fosters economic development, it also helps centrist Malay politicians dominate their Chinese partners in the ruling alliance, the Barisan Nasional, and to weaken the appeal of radical Islamic rivals in the major opposition party, PAS. However, the very political prominence that allowed the hajj agency to thrive for nearly forty years is crippling it today. Tabung Haji has become such an effective instrument of the ascendant Malay elite that it now exacerbates the same conflicts of race, class, and region that plague the nation as a whole.
Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This book aims to retrieve, study, and reconstruct the phenomenon of monotheistic myth over the course of two millennia, from its first literary articulations in the Hebrew Bible to mythmaking in classic rabbinic Midrash and the medieval Kabbalistic book of Zohar. Several paradigmatic configurations are isolated and used to explore the characters and construction of monotheistic myth sources, and patterns of thermatic continuity and transformation. This strategy will allow a synchronic analysis of central tropics in each separate period and facilitate their diachronic correlation and comparison with various corpora. The book is divided into three parts. Part I deals with biblical myths. Part II focuses on Rabbinic myth and mythmaking. Part III explores Jewish Myth and Mythmaking in the Middle Ages.
The Passive Leverage of the European Union
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a theoretical framework for the EU’s passive leverage, defined as the traction that the EU has on the domestic politics of credible candidate states merely by virtue of its existence and its usual conduct. Passive leverage includes the political and economic benefits of EU membership, the costs of exclusion, and the way that the EU treats non-member states. The force of the EU’s passive leverage explains why the governments of virtually all credible future EU member states declare EU membership as their foremost foreign policy goal.
A Model of Defensive Rights
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHohfeld treats liberties as a normative relation between three elements: subject (the party who possesses the liberty), content (what the subject has a liberty to do), and object (the party with respect to whom the liberty is held). This chapter develops a working explanatory model of defensive rights by adding to these three elements a so-called end of a defensive right, defined as the good or value which a defensive action is intended to preserve or protect. Two of three legs that constitute the justification of self-defence are explored: those that revolve around the relationship between subject and the end of the right, and those that concern the relationship between the content (defensive action) and the end of the right.
Consequences and Forced Choice
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents the third and final leg of a model of defensive rights discussed in the preceding chapter. It explores the ‘moral asymmetry’ problem between defender and aggressor — why the defender is justified in killing an aggressor but not vice versa. It presents specific objections to the initially promising account of self-defence as a forced choice. It argues that an explanation of self-defence cannot be found in the realm of reduced responsibility and necessity. When one kills in self-defence, one is responsible for one’s killing; if the act escapes condemnation, then it must be because killing is, in the circumstances, rightful.
Grounding Self-Defense in Rights
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a rights-based explanation of self-defence. A right of defence exists when a subject is at liberty to defend a certain good by performing an action that would otherwise be impermissible. The moral justification for this liberty invokes three considerations: an appropriate normative relation exists between the subject and the end of the right, consisting of either of a right to, or a duty of care towards the good protected; the defensive act is a proportionate, necessary response to an imminent threat of harm; and the object of defensive force has an appropriate degree of normative responsibility for, and the subject is innocent of, the harm threatened.
The Constructivist Challenge 2
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractExamines the challenges to moral realism posed by constructivism. Poses a central challenge to constructivism: the initial constraints that define the context of choice for the agents whose responses are determinative of moral reality are either moralized or are not. If the former, then constructivism presupposes moral realism. If the latter, we have no good reason for thinking that the relevant constructors are really well suited to their task.
Catholicism
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
After two chapters on the rise and history of Catholic Christianity, the authors explain systematically how the beliefs and practices of Catholicism came to be what they are. A chapter on revelation, tradition, and scripture introduces six chapters, which set out Catholic doctrines in the order in which they developed: the Trinity and the Incarnation; sin, the life of grace, and the promise of glory; the seven sacraments; the nature of the Church and its mission; and Catholic moral life and teaching. The book ends by drawing together major characteristics of Catholic Christianity and setting out some central challenges, that the Catholic Church now faces. The central aim of the book is to present, with ecumenical sensitivity, the world’s oldest and largest institution, the Roman Catholic Church.
The First Thousand Years
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter first examines the Church’s spread in the post-Pentecost situation, its early leadership, the persecutions, and the enduring contributions of Justin, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Origen, and Cyprian. In 312, the Emperor Constantine brought public freedom to Christianity and initiated the story of the seven general councils, which settled Catholic faith in Christ and the Trinity. The chapter ends by tracing the further spread of the Church, the rise of monasticism and doctrinal developments down to 1054, the year conventionally used to date the break between Eastern and Western Christianity.
The Sensory Classification Thesis
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSensory systems are automatic sorting machines which assign external sensed objects (distal stimuli) to classes on the basis of useful commonalities found in them. The results of a system=s sorting activities are made available to the perceiver in the form of a sensation, which can be held in memory or later recalled. Appearance thus follows classification as the record thereof. It follows (a) that sensory qualities are prior to experience and hence cannot be defined in terms of it, and (b) that all variations in the appearance of the stimulus are representationally significant (but not that all phenomenal variation is representationally significant).
Sense Experience
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the role and character of sensory experience. Sensory classification can lead to action by means of direct manipulation of the effector system; when this is so, the output of the sensory system must be causally apt to coerce the effector system. However, either when a sensory system feeds into many effector systems, or when many sensory systems feed into a single effector, it is simpler for the sensory systems to be non-coercive. Their output will simply signal that a particular situation obtains, leaving the effector system to do whatever it determines to be appropriate. In order to issue such signals, non-coercive systems need as many signs as there are response-demanding situations. In conscious systems, sensory qualia play this role. In the sense developed by David Lewis, it is a matter of convention which quale attaches to which state of affairs. The conventionality of sensory content is overlooked by philosophers who allege an Aexplanatory gap@ with regard to sensory qualia.
Hegel and Christian Theology
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion is one of the most important resources from the nineteenth century for theology as it faces the challenges of modernity and postmodernity. A critical edition of these lectures was published in the 1980s, which makes possible a study of the text on a level of accuracy and insight hitherto unattainable. The present book (by the editor and translator of the critical edition) engages the speculative reconstruction of Christian theology that is accomplished by Hegel’s lectures, and it provides a close reading of the text as a whole. The first two chapters argue that Hegel’s philosophy of religion is a philosophical theology focused on the concept of spirit, and they provide an overview of his writings on religion prior to the philosophy of religion. The book analyses Hegel’s conception of the object and purpose of the philosophy of religion, his critique of the theology of his time, his approach to Christianity within the framework of the concept of religion, his concept of God, his reconstruction of central Christian themes (Trinity, creation, humanity, evil, Christ, Spirit, community), and his placing of Christianity among the religions of the world. The concluding chapter makes a case for the contemporary theological significance of Hegel by identifying currently contested sites of interpretation and their Hegelian resolution (focusing on the categories of spirit, wholeness, narrative, Christ, community, and pluralism). Hegel, it is argued, provides a basis for a revisioning of central doctrinal themes in contrast to the reigning dogmatisms of our time, namely philosophical agnosticism and religious fundamentalism. The book is being published concurrently with the reissuing by Oxford University Press of the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion.
Two Models of Jewish Philosophy
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractJudaism is a religion that historically has emphasized the importance of a set of practical commandments, and in the history of Jewish philosophy various attempts have been made to rationalize or justify these commandments. In this book, Daniel Rynhold attempts to formulate a general model for the justification of practices out of a critical analysis of approaches taken to the issue of ta’amei ha-mitzvot (the rationalization of the commandments) within Jewish philosophy.Bringing a modern analytical framework to bear on the methods of the medieval philosopher Moses Maimonides and the contemporary thinker Joseph Soloveitchik, Rynhold argues that despite being put forward as opposing approaches, their views on ta’amei ha-mitzvot share a central methodological presumption—the Priority of Theory (PoT). Rynhold’s critique of this method, based primarily on developing an argument from uncodifiability is followed by the development of his own original method of justifying practices that he terms the Priority of Practice (PoP). Rynhold’s innovative approach, based on an analysis of the concept of faith as presented in certain central strands of the Jewish tradition emphasizes the limits of propositional methods for justifying practices in general and the need for a more pragmatic line in which practices are justified practically rather than by reference to theories and principles. Whilst much work in Jewish philosophy is more historical than conceptual, Rynhold’s attempt to bring together Jewish and general philosophy yields a work that illustrates how Jewish philosophy can be of more than historical interest and make a genuine contribution to current philosophical debate.
4 Problems with Principles
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDevelops an anti-theory objection from uncodifiability, which questions the central assumption of the PoT theorist—that we can codify a practice in a set of principles—in order to argue that the PoT approach is unsuited to the justification of practices. Despite the project of codification of the halakhah in Judaism, it is argued that while Halakhic principles might have pragmatic uses, even here there is a degree of scepticism towards codification. In the latter part of the chapter, an alternative functional approach to the analysis of the nature of justification is presented. Here, we begin by asking what the function of justification is for us, and then ask what a concept providing that function would be like. The function of a practical justification is then argued to be the production of a reasoned confidence in one's practice.