bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphisms Influence Alcohol‐Elimination Rates in a Male Jewish Population
Authors: Neumark Yehuda D. , Friedlander Yechiel , Durst Ronen , Leitersdorf Eran , Jaffe Dena , Ramchandani Vijay A. , O'Connor Sean , Carr Lucinda G. , Li T.‐K. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract: Background: Genetic variation in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme is associated with an aversion to alcohol and a lower risk of alcoholism among Asians. There is growing evidence of a functional role of the ADH2*2 allele in alcohol‐drinking patterns among Jews, who have traditionally exhibited low rates of alcoholism and alcohol‐related problems. The mechanism by which this allelic effect is mediated is not yet clearly understood. This study examined the effect of ADH2*2 on alcohol‐elimination rates (AER) under experimental conditions.Methods: Young adult male Jews (N= 109) received an intravenous alcohol infusion; metabolism was measured by using standard breath alcohol concentration tests. A clamping technique was used to achieve and maintain a target breath alcohol concentration of 50 mg/100 ml for a defined time period. The AER at steady state was calculated. The alcohol disappearance rate was also calculated from the descending limb slope. Polymerase chain reaction was used for allelic determination of the ADH2 and ADH3 loci.Results: The mean AER among ADH2*2 carriers was significantly higher (8.09 ± 1.4 g/hr) than among ADH2*1 homozygotes (7.14 ± 1.5 g/hr; p= 0.003). Significance was retained on adjustment for potential confounding covariates. The ADH2 allele explains 8.5% of the AER variance in this population. Little AER difference was observed across ADH3 genotype groups. The slope of the descending limb increased with increasing copies of the ADH2*2 allele.Conclusions: The rate of alcohol elimination is significantly associated with the ADH2 genotype of Jewish males. Evidence for variation in alcohol metabolism across ADH genotypic groups provides support for the role of physiologic protective factors in alcohol drinking and suggests that reduced drinking among Jews may be genetically as well as environmentally determined. We believe that application of the novel “Indiana clamp” enhances AER measurement accuracy, allowing for detection of hitherto undetectable differences.
A Tale of Two Solitudes: Comparing Conflict and Development‐induced Internal Displacement and Involuntary Resettlement
Authors: Muggah Robert 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDevelopment projects and war regularly lead to the internal displacement and involuntary resettlement of tens of millions of people each year. Though most “internally displaced people” settle spontaneously, a significant proportion is involuntarily resettled into planned “camps” and “settlements”. This article is primarily concerned with a relatively understudied category of forced migration studies: resettlement. It contends that until very recently, the theory, policy, and practice of resettlement for people internally displaced by development and war have been treated as intellectually and practically exclusive. Decision makers and scholars working on the subject are frequently beholden to narrow disciplinary and bureaucratic interests and are unable or unwilling to look across institutional boundaries. As a result, policies and programmes intended to resettle populations have been clustered into two discrete (and disparate) narratives. Each of these draw from distinct normative moorings, government and non‐governmental interpretations of “success” and “failure” and a division of labour closely tailored to the disciplines and expertise of those in the development and humanitarian communities. Though arising from separate traditions and conceived exclusively by donors, policy makers, and scholars, this article contends that they actually share many common features.Drawing on a vast and rapidly growing literature, this article seeks to frame the key debates on development and war‐induced internal displacement and resettlement. It begins with an overview of definitional issues — including “internal displacement” and “resettlement”— two concepts that are regularly contested and misunderstood. The article observes that the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement have, to some extent, clarified the rights of development and conflict‐induced internally displaced people, as well as the responsibilities of states. It notes that in practice, however, resettlement of both types of populations is treated separately. The article then turns to a number of seminal theoretical contributions to the study of development and conflict‐induced internal displacement and involuntary resettlement (DIDR and CIDR, respectively). The article highlights their separate evolution in theory and practice over time. It closes with a brief treatment of some of the common features of DIDR and CIDR, including their political economy, their institutional and bureaucratic logic, and similar patterns of impoverishment risks.
The Determinants of Immigration from Fiji to New Zealand: An Empirical Reassessment using the Bounds Testing Approach
Authors: Narayan Paresh Kumar , Smyth Russell 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article re‐examines Gani's (1998) findings on the determinants of migrant flows from Fiji to New Zealand by employing the bounds testing procedure to cointegration, within an autoregressive distributive lag framework. The main findings are that in the long run all variables are statistically insignificant, although correctly signed with the exception of the unemployment differential. In the short run, in sharp contrast to Gani's (1998) findings, political instability is consistently the most important determinant of migration flows while the standard of living and real wage differentials are statistically insignificant across all specifications.
“Active” and “Passive” Resettlement: The Influence of Support Services and Refugees' own Resources on Resettlement Style
Authors: Peisker Val Colic , Tilbury Farida 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the process of resettlement among recent refugees in Perth, Western Australia. We propose four refugee resettlement styles created through the interaction of a number of factors. These factors can be clustered as: (1) the social features of refugees (their human, social, and cultural capital), and (2) the host society's responses to refugee settlers (Australia's resettlement policy and services and the broader influence of the host society's responses to refugees). We propose that refugees approach their resettlement in predominantly active (“achievers” and “consumers”) or passive (“endurers” and “victims”) ways and that these are differentially successful strategies. Medicalization of the refugee experience in Australia is a factor that may influence refugees to adopt a passive “victim role”, so we propose that a greater emphasis during early resettlement should be placed on refugees' own culturally defined priorities such as employment and stable housing. The argument developed in this paper is supported by data from two qualitative research projects conducted in Western Australia. The fieldwork consisted of interviews, focus groups, and participant observation, and targeted refugees from the former Yugoslavia and the Horn of Africa who arrived in Australia during the 1990s and 2000s, as well as resettlement service providers.
English Language Proficiency of Immigrants and Refugees in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area
Authors: Fennelly Katherine , Palasz Nicole 
Published: January 2004

AbstractStudies of the determinants of English language ability have generally focused on the largest immigrant groups in the United States. Much less is known about smaller, but significant regional concentrations of immigrants and refugees. This article presents data on four very distinct and understudied groups: Russians, Somalis, Hmong, and Mexicans in the Midwest. We found large differences in English language proficiency across the different national origin groups, even after controlling for background variables. These differences were not attributable to refugee status or to linguistic distance from English. Being Somali, migrating to the United States at a young age and having a college diploma were the best predictors of both spoken and written proficiency. The returns to higher education were particularly noteworthy — respondents with college diplomas were more than 29 times more likely than non‐high school graduates to speak English well, and more than 20 times as likely to read well. Women appear to have benefited more than men from completing college in terms of spoken English proficiency since the male‐female gap narrows among the highly educated. Length of time in the United States was a good predictor of whether an individual speaks English at home, regardless of age of entry to the country.
Unemployment Transitions among Brazilians in the United States and Canada
Authors: Goza Franklin , DeMaris Alfred 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study uses the job search framework to examine the unemployment experiences of Brazilian immigrants in the North American labour force. Primary data gathered in Canada and the United States is used in these analyses. The model generally used to monitor transitions among the native‐born was modified to make it more appropriate to the immigrant experience. To do this a composite model was constructed that incorporates variables unique to the immigrant experience.Event history analyses revealed that, in general, job search theory is very relevant for examining the transitions of immigrants. However, not all standard measures behaved as predicted (e.g. reservation wage). Several immigrant specific variables were very significant (e.g. target earner and legal status) and improved the overall model fit. Brazilians who worked primarily with other co‐ethnics were more likely to become re‐employed than those who did not, while working for a Brazilian employer had no effect on being re‐employed. US/Canadian comparisons also revealed that residents of Canada endured longer periods of unemployment. We believe this result is because Canadian residents had greater access to public services and, as such, were able to have higher reservation wages.
Retired and Making a Fresh Start: Older Russian Immigrants Discuss their Adjustment in Israel
Authors: Remennick Larissa 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSocial research on immigrants has usually centred on working age groups or youth, while studies on retired immigrants were typically driven by the social work, geriatric, or nursing agendas, centring on the issues of health, stress, social, and medical services. Trying to explore migration in old age from a broader sociological perspective, this qualitative study addressed different aspects of the socio‐cultural adjustment of older Russian immigrants of the 1990s in Israel. Drawing on group discussions and in‐depth interviews conducted in two major urban centres, the study covers senior immigrants' attitudes toward the host Israeli society; material privations and coping tools; intergenerational families; patterns of social organization, communication, and cultural consumption; ties with places of origin in the former Soviet Union (FSU); and the perceived sum total of losses and gains from migration. The findings indicate that older immigrants have developed multiple ways for meaningful identification with Israel and generally perceived their resettlement experience as difficult but positive. As their social networks were limited to the Russian immigrant community, most elders did not see their poor knowledge of Hebrew as a major integration obstacle. The main reported difficulties were in the areas of housing, low income, and weakening ties with younger family members.
Sponsorship of Relatives for Migration and Immigrant Settlement Intention
Authors: Khoo Siew‐Ean 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe paper examines how important family reunification is in immigrants' decision to settle permanently in their country of destination. Using longitudinal data for a cohort of recent immigrants to Australia, it examines whether migrants' permanent settlement intention reported soon after arrival is related to their family sponsorship patterns and intention to sponsor, and whether family sponsorship patterns and intention in turn have an effect on immigrants' permanent settlement/return migration decision.The results show that a significant relation exists between sponsorship of close family members for migration and immigrants' permanent settlement intention and that the relation is particularly strong among skilled migrants. The study demonstrates the importance of kinship ties in permanent settlement and return migration decisions and suggests that liberal policies on family reunion migration may minimize settle loss, especially among skilled immigrants.
Role of prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy in ovarian cancer prevention in Thailand
Authors: Charoenkwan Kittipat , Srisomboon Jatupol , Suprasert Prapaporn , Phongnarisorn Chailert , Siriaree Sitthicha , Cheewakriangkrai Chalong 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim:  To determine the impact of prophylactic oophorectomy on ovarian cancer prevention in Thai women by estimating the magnitude of reduction in ovarian cancer incidence in Thailand if the procedure was routinely offered.Methods:  A database of 752 women with epithelial ovarian cancer treated at Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 1990 and December 2001 was reviewed in an attempt to identify those who had hysterectomy performed for indications other than ovarian and corpus cancer with conservation of one or both ovaries prior to diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Pertinent clinical and pathologic data of the women in this subset were further reviewed in detail.Results:  Of 752 ovarian cancer patients, 13 (1.73%) had hysterectomy performed prior to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer with only one woman (0.13%) having had a hysterectomy at the age of 45 or above. The mean interval between the hysterectomy and the diagnosis of ovarian cancer was 9.9 years (range 2–25 years). Considering the rate of prior hysterectomy at age 45 or beyond of 0.13% and the annual national ovarian cancer incidence of 1252 cases, an estimated one to two cases of ovarian cancer could be prevented annually if prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy in a woman age 45 or beyond were routinely offered in Thailand.Conclusion:  Prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy in general Thai population as a preventive measure for subsequent ovarian cancer should not be recommended without complete knowledge of patients’ socioeconomic background and propensity to comply with hormone replacement therapy regimens.
Vaginal delivery in a woman with uncorrected coarctation of aorta
Authors: Singh Bhawna Malhotra , Kriplani Alka , Bhatla Neerja 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAortic coarctation is an uncommon condition complicating pregnancy and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Due to the perceived risk of aortic dissection/rupture during labor, the rate of cesarean delivery is higher in these women. We report a young woman with uncorrected coarctation of aorta who had two successive vaginal deliveries with successful maternal and neonatal outcome. Cesarean delivery is not mandatory for women with coarctation of aorta.
Prospective study of saline infusion sonohysterography in evaluation of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Pasrija Shikha , Trivedi Shubha Sagar , Narula Mahinder Kaur 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim:  To evaluate saline infusion sonohysterography as an investigative modality in abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.Methods:  Fifty‐eight patients, 52 perimenopausal and six postmenopausal women, with abnormal uterine bleeding were selected from the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shrimati Sucheta Kriplani Hospital. After complete work‐ups, transvaginal examinations were performed followed by sonohysterographies. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were calculated for transvaginal sonography (TVS) and saline infusion sonohysterography as compared with findings of hysteroscopy/hysterectomy.Results:  Saline infusion sonohysterography was performed in 56 cases. It could not be done in one perimenopausal and one postmenopausal woman. Cavity was normal in 41 perimenopausal and five postmenopausal women. Ten women displayed abnormalities. Two had submucosal fibroids, two had intramural fibroids, one had fibroid polyp, three had endometrial polyps and two patients had endometrial growths. We found that TVS missed three endometrial polyps and one endometrial growth and led to mislabeling two intramural fibroids as submucosal. On comparing the sonohysterographic findings with those of hysteroscopy or hysterectomy, one endometrial polyp and one endocervical polyp was missed on sonohysterography, and one false positive growth was observed on sonohysterography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of TVS were 84.8%, 79%, 82.4% and 82%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of saline infusion sonohysterography were 94.1%, 88.5%, 91.4% and 92%, respectively.Conclusion:  Saline infusion sonohysterography is a safe, convenient, time conserving, cost effective, easily accessible and acceptable investigative modality. It definitely enhances the diagnostic potential of TVS in assessment of endometrium and intracavitary pathologies.
Serum carbohydrate antigen elevations in endometrial adenocarcinomas: Characterization of DU‐PAN‐2 expression as a tumor marker
Authors: Yasuda Masanori , Saito Kaoru , Kobayashi Youichi , Muramatsu Toshinari , Miyamoto Tsuyoshi , Murakami Masaru , Shinozuka Takao , Ishizuka Bunpei , Makino Tsunehisa , Kajiwara Hiroshi , Osamura Robert Yoshiyuki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim:  To characterize serum elevations of carbohydrate antigens; DU‐PAN‐2, CA19‐9, sialyl Lewisx and CA125 in endometrial adenocarcinomas (EMACs), particularly focusing on the clarification of DU‐PAN‐2 expression profiles.Methods:  Sixty‐four resected EMACs of endometrioid type were used. The preoperative serum values of four markers were measured and comparatively analyzed regarding the relationship between histological grade and clinicopathological stage.Results:  The overall ratios of positive cases were 26.2% for DU‐PAN‐2, 25.0% for CA19‐9, 13.6% for sialyl Lewisx, and 35.5% for CA125. DU‐PAN‐2 decreased as the grading went up (G1: 410.3 ± 243.8 to G3: 246.7 ± 90.0 U/mL), however, the reverse was true with CA19‐9 (G1: 123.9 ± 147.4 to G3: 320.0 ± 180.0 U/mL). Sialyl Lewisx showed a strong tendency towards high elevation in G1 (346.3 ± 102.6 U/mL), compared to G3 (<2.5 U/mL). CA125 increased markedly as the grading went up (G1: 43.5 ± 6.3 to G3: 578.0 ± 10.0 U/mL). During staging‐up from I + II to III + IV, the positive ratios inclined in all four markers as follows: DU‐PAN‐2, 18.4–53.3%; CA19‐9, 20.4–40.0%; sialyl Lewisx, 11.4–22.2%; CA125, 31.8–44.4%. Serum elevations and positive ratios were correlated for DU‐PAN‐2, CA19‐9 and CA125, while the reverse relationship was found for sialyl Lewisx.Conclusion:  It is suggested that DU‐PAN‐2 tends to be produced more in well‐differentiated components of EMACs than in poorly differentiated ones. Since approximately half the cases with EMAC were serologically positive for DU‐PAN‐2 in stage III + IV, the marker is believed to be of much use for monitoring the cases with an extrauterine extent.
Changes of lipocalin‐type prostaglandin D synthase level during pregnancy
Authors: Shiki Yasuhiko , Shimoya Koichiro , Tokugawa Yoshihiro , Kimura Tadashi , Koyama Masayasu , Azuma Chihiro , Murata Yuji , Eguchi Naomi , Oda Hiroshi , Urade Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim:  Prostaglandin D (PGD), synthesized by lipocalin‐type prostaglandin D synthase (L‐PGDS), has marked effects on a number of biological processes, including the prevention of platelet aggregation and the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The aim of the study presented here was to examine the significance of L‐PGDS in human pregnancy.Methods:  We measured the concentration of plasma L‐PGDS in pregnant and non‐pregnant women, and the concentration of L‐PGDS in the umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and urine of newborns by enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay. To determine the localization of L‐PGDS, we performed immunohistochemical analysis. To evaluate the usefulness of diagnosis of rupture of membranes (ROM), we determined the concentration of L‐PGDS in cervicovaginal secretions.Results:  Pregnant women and non‐pregnant women had similar L‐PGDS concentrations (0.57 ± 0.13 µg/mL vs 0.53 ± 0.07 µg/mL). Umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and newborn urine contained higher L‐PGDS concentrations (1.87 ± 0.73 µg/mL, 2.62 ± 0.86 µg/mL, 6.31 ± 4.62 µg/mL, respectively) than maternal blood. The concentration of L‐PGDS in amniotic fluid from 19 weeks onward was significantly greater than that at 15–18 weeks (3.201 ± 0.384 µg/mL, n = 6 vs 1.735 ± 0.477 µg/mL, n = 4; P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the amniotic cells of the placenta expressed L‐PGDS. The sources of L‐PGDS in amniotic fluid are fetus urine and amniotic cells. The concentration of L‐PGDS in cervicovaginal secretions with rupture of membrane (ROM) were significantly higher than those without ROM.Conclusion:  The measurement of L‐PGDS in cervicovaginal fluid was useful in the detection of ROM during pregnancy.
Preliminary study of the crack healing and strength recovery of Al2O3‐matrix composites
Authors: JUN L. , ZHENG Z. X. , DING H. F. , JIN Z. H. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThis study focused on the crack‐healing behaviour of three commercial Al2O3–ceramic‐matrix composites: TiCP/Al2O3, ZrO2/Al2O3 and SiCW/Al2O3. Vickers indentation was used to introduce surface flaws with different loads of 49, 98 and 196 N. Then the cracked specimens were annealed in air for 1 h at 1000, 1200 and 1400 °C. The annealing treatment was also conducted at 1200 °C in vacuum for 1 h. Results showed that the annealing treatments increased the indentation strength, but the extent of the increase was different. When annealed in air, the main crack‐healing mechanism of TiCP/Al2O3 and SiCW/Al2O3 composites was chemical reaction. When annealed in vacuum, stress relaxation caused much less strength recovery. The main crack‐healing mechanism of ZrO2/Al2O3 was the existence of low melting eutectic and the rearrangement of grains caused by ZrO2(m)→ ZrO2(t) transformation in the crack‐opening process zone. The effects of annealing temperature, atmosphere and indentation load on the degree of strength recovery were all related to the crack‐healing mechanisms.