bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daniel Defoe and the Social Structure of Pre-Industrial England
Authors: Downie J. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses Defoe’s classification of English society into seven social strata to understand the gradations of rank in England prior to the Industrial Revolution. In the Review, Defoe wrote that English men and women fell into the following social levels: ‘the Great, who live profusely’; ‘the Rich, who live very plentifully’; ‘the middle Sort, who live well’; ‘the working Trades, who labour hard, but feel no Want’; ‘the Country People, Farmers, &c. who fare indifferently’; ‘the Poor, that fare hard’; and ‘the Miserable, that really pinch and suffer Want’. The chapter challenges simplified understandings of Defoe which see him announcing and embracing the rise of the middle class, promoting ‘middle-class gentility’, or embodying liberal and democratic ideals. It addresses Defoe’s social conservatism, the centrality of the possession of landed property to his understanding of the political nation, and the compatibility with this outlook of his consistent championing of trade.
Defoe, Science, and Technology
Authors: Loar Christopher F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Daniel Defoe’s practical and pragmatic approach to scientific and technological knowledge. It first examines Defoe’s understandings of non-human nature and his ideas about how apprehensions of the natural world generated through empirical observation and experimentation intersect with faith. From early writings that engage with the Royal Society through to late writings on supernatural topics, Defoe was a promoter of new kinds of scientific knowledge, but he consistently left space for religion. Second, the chapter turns to the application of science through technology, especially in industry, travel, and commerce. It finds that Defoe adheres to the view that human action improves the world, in harmony with Divine Providence, and that human innovation is a form of imitation of the natural creation.
Defoe and War
Authors: Alker Sharon , Nelson Holly Faith 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe lived through a period when Britain was often at war. This chapter assesses Defoe’s writings on warfare, appraising his methods of reporting remotely on wars, his fascination for war as a complex system, and his interest in the emotional effects of soldiery. The chapter examines Defoe’s topical commentaries on international relations and military conflicts, particularly the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), in panegyric poetry, pamphlets, and his periodicals, the Review (1704–13) and The Master Mercury (1704). And it evaluates Defoe’s interest in the history of military technology, ranging from An Essay upon Projects (1697) to A General History of Discoveries and Improvements (1725–6). Finally, it analyses the depiction of soldiers’ experiences in Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) and Colonel Jack (1722), novels that bring war up close, exploiting eyewitness testimony to explore the psychic effects of battles and sieges.
Crime and the Law in Defoe’s Works
Authors: Loveman Kate 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Daniel Defoe’s representations of the law and its agents in Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722), and his early satires. It begins by outlining how criminals were apprehended and prosecuted in the early eighteenth century, explaining the ways these legal processes were manipulated by the various parties involved. In pamphlets such as The True-Born Englishman (1700/1), Defoe attacked the injustice of the legal system and the corruption of certain London magistrates. Moll Flanders and Colonel Jack similarly assume that their readers will be knowledgeable about the operation of the law in London—assumptions which include crafty appeals to readers’ knowledge of local history and legal personalities. In carefully plotted moments, perceptions of right and wrong, duty and mercy are tested. Defoe’s works urge readers to recognize and scrutinize the forces affecting the administration of justice; forces which, he insists, include readers themselves.
Defoe and Britain
Authors: Sills Adam 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Daniel Defoe’s progressive view of Great Britain as a social, political, cultural, and commercial entity. Against the grain of more nostalgic, backwards-looking idealizations of Britain in antiquarian and historical writing, Defoe anticipated a more glorious and prosperous future. His optimism was based on a view of the British nation as mixed, which inclined him to promote (Protestant) immigration and toleration, and to celebrate linguistic plurality across the kingdom. In his writings in support of the foreign King William III, especially The True-Born Englishman (1700/1), his promotion of the Anglo-Scottish Union (1707), and his descriptions of inland and international trade in A Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–6), Defoe imaginatively constructed a Britain made more cohesive by its internal diversity as well as its rising global power.
Defoe and the Pacific
Authors: Markley Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe was fascinated by the Pacific Ocean. From his early journalistic works to his last novel, he projected onto the region a vision of the endless profits to be made by exploiting opportunities for trade, piracy, and colonization. In Defoe’s era, the Pacific was perceived as a mosaic of distinct regions and spheres of influence: the trade-rich coastal waters of China; the unapproachable empire of Japan; the South Seas along the coasts of Chile and Peru, patrolled by Spanish war ships and raided by the British and French; the Spanish colony in the Philippines; the Dutch commercial empire in the East Indies; the known and hypothesized islands dotting the vast ocean. No one attitude or consistent view of the vast Pacific existed; instead, the open ocean and its bordering lands served as ideological screens for the dreams and fantasies, the values and assumptions, that animated an ideology of ‘infinite Advantage’.
Africa and the Levant in Defoe’s Writings
Authors: Mitsein Rebekah , Powell Manushag N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe viewed Africa and the Middle East with a mixture of fear and uncertainty: fear of the threat posed to European Christianity by Islam in northern Africa and the Levant, and uncertainty about the unchartered regions of sub-Saharan Africa. But Defoe also wrote about these parts of the world with a sense of opportunity, anticipating prospects of British trade and colonialism. This chapter analyses Defoe’s call for commercial and intellectual investment in Africa, including his demonizations of Ottomans as a justification for military conquest to dispossess Muslims of the coastal regions of North Africa. It then examines Defoe’s writings in support of the commercial monopoly of the Royal African Company amidst debates about how best to conduct the transatlantic slave trade. Finally, it explores Defoe’s representations of the African interior and its peoples in Captain Singleton (1720), showing how Defoe’s polemical arguments on international trade inform his fiction.
Attribution and the Defoe Canon
Authors: Pauley Benjamin F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The question of what Daniel Defoe wrote was vexed in his own day and has continued so ever since. While it seems clear that Defoe wrote more than the approximately sixty works whose authorship he affirmed, it seems equally clear that he did not write all of the hundreds of works that have been attributed to him over the years. This chapter surveys the debates surrounding the attribution of works to Defoe (with particular attention to the critique of the Defoe canon by Furbank and Owens and subsequent responses to their work), and it weighs the equivocal promise of computer-assisted stylometric analysis for author attribution. Many of the uncertainties surrounding the Defoe canon simply reflect the circumstances of printed publication in Defoe’s day. Thinking about the Defoe canon demands, to an unusual degree, engagement with the broader universe of early eighteenth-century print, in which certainty about authorship is necessarily elusive.
Habits of Gender and Genre in Three Female Robinsonades, 1767–1985
Authors: Swenson Rivka 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Almost from the moment it was published, Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) has provoked fictional responses and appropriations, and the microgenre that depicts a castaway battling for survival is known as the Robinsonade. This chapter addresses the female Robinsonade, dealing in particular with three novels that respond to Robinson Crusoe by reframing the masculine castaway story with a woman protagonist. The chapter analyses The Female American (1967), published under the pseudonym Unca Eliza Winkfield; Muriel Spark’s Robinson (1958); and Jane Gardam’s Crusoe’s Daughter (1985). It argues that these novels, in distinctive ways, push against the sartorial and architectural authority of the original novel, challenging gendered structures of power. In this respect they are self-consciously metafictional and metageneric contributions to the well-established genre of novels that rework Crusoe.
Defoe, Prose Fiction, and the Novel
Authors: Sill Geoffrey 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Defoe has long been regarded as the father of the realistic English novel, but that label obscures the variety of prose fictional genres in which he worked. Recent scholarship sees his fictions as hybrids of genres such as biography (both historical and imaginative), history (both private or ‘secret’ as well as public), and moral or propagandistic tracts (advancing political, religious, or social purposes). The three volumes that comprise the life, adventures, and reflections of Robinson Crusoe exemplify this hybridity, each drawing on multiple genres to reveal different aspects of Crusoe’s personality. Memoirs of a Cavalier, Journal of the Plague Year, and New Voyage Round the World use imaginary narratives of public events to examine historical and political subjects. Defoe’s most ‘novelistic’ works, Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, and Colonel Jack, commence as works of entertainment but explore topics including piracy, crime, and slavery. Finally, The Fortunate Mistress flouts the conventions of ‘the novel’ and creates something entirely new.
Dialogue and Didacticism
Authors: Pritchard Penny 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses Daniel Defoe’s extensive corpus of didactic writings, particularly The Family Instructor (1715) and Religious Courtship (1722), which make extensive use of fictional dialogue. The first section surveys Defoe’s conduct books directed at various groups in society, which provided advice on topics as diverse as sexual morality, commercial integrity, and domestic worship. The second section establishes the didactic models with which Defoe worked, particularly those that used invented dialogues, and the religious and social contexts that Defoe’s advice literature addressed. The final section examines Defoe’s dialogic didacticism, showing how he educates and entertains readers through realistic and lively illustrations of moral quandaries that allow him to capture the point of view of disputants as well as to provide authoritative commentary to inculcate moral wisdom. Defoe emerges from the analysis as an artful didactic writer.
The Great Polemicist
Authors: Hopes Jeffrey 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses Daniel Defoe’s pamphlets and tracts. It explores his contributions to intersecting political and religious debate during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, showing that he made his name as a radical Whig and Dissenter in the wake of the 1688 Revolution, though he was also an analyst of the emergent party system and displayed ambivalence towards his co-religionists, as in his contributions to debates over occasional conformity. It then turns to trade and finance, showing Defoe’s support for strong British trade and his critical treatment of high finance, especially in the wake of the South Sea Bubble (1720). Defoe’s occasional writings extend to foreign affairs, where his writings on European diplomacy and warfare were motivated by his patriotic promotion of British strength. Defoe also produced tracts on a succession of moral and social themes, which like all of his pamphlets demonstrate his verve and versatility.
Defoe and the Idea of Travel
Authors: Baines Paul 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe died in hiding and was often imprisoned, but his imagination roamed the world. He had a powerful vision of networked trade, fluidly operating along frictionless routes, with merchant princes as supreme travellers along the magical map of international exchange (whether or not they left the counting-house). But he was also fascinated by blocked, spasmodic, and unpredictable motion, represented mystically by the Great Storm, with its irrational, chaotic, kinetic force. The Great Plague too moved without logic, obstructing trade, imprisoning sufferers, generating mad parodies of travel. Defoe’s protagonists from Crusoe to Roxana are hyperkinetic, deracinated, migrant, and restless, ‘rambling’ against stasis, criss-crossing the Atlantic, Africa, or Europe, yet often driven from the mapped world, blocked by random pirate encounters, diverted by shipwreck, or possessed by an inner pathology of pointless motion. This chapter surveys the tensions between economically plotted movement and psychological misdirection through a range of Defoe’s writing.
Archival Education and Professionalism
Authors: Sexton Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Using the Masters in Archives and Records Management at University College London as a case in point, this chapter seeks to problematize the origin stories that are told within professional recordkeeping education in the United Kingdom. By tracing how the concept of impartiality is explored within the UCL MA programme, this chapter problematizes the White Eurocentric lens through which key conceptual and theoretical underpinnings are introduced, while seeking to highlight the affective impact this can have on the student’s lived experience of the curriculum. Through this exploration, the author argues for a re-envisioning of how the anchor points of archival theory are taught and introduced within archive education in the UK, with a more thorough de-centring of concepts such as impartiality and the development of a curriculum that pays respect and gives space to long-standing archival traditions, concepts, and practices that currently remain sidelined and unseen in the traditional professional canon.
Networks
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The application of methods from network science to the arts and humanities has gained traction in recent years. This chapter discusses how network analysis provides a way of connecting entities both within and across archives. Using examples from our work on epistolary data we show how network metrics provide a way of describing the contours of the archive in question, drawing attention to how the distribution of entities are shaped by collection biases, loss, and other organizational factors. The network framework also provides solutions for linking across archives, through the construction of a ‘meta-archive’: an online hub where the metadata from multiple digital projects can be stored and cross-linked. The power of network analysis scales with the size and complexity of the data, allowing us to navigate the data deluge and make new connections that could have not been found on the scale of a single collection.
Authenticating and Evaluating Evidence
Authors: Moss Michael , Thomas David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Archivists and historians have made elaborate truth claims for archives. We critically assess these claims both in the analogue world and in the digital, and show that they are problematic. We contend that archives operate in two truth spaces: the mundane and the imaginal. Archives can fulfil their mundane administrative functions and meet all possible tests of authenticity but remain full of half-truths and distortions. The only way to determine whether a document is authentic is to apply the scholarly tests developed by classicists and biblical scholars since the sixteenth century and which are as relevant in the digital era as they were when applied to the second century Epistles of Phalaris. Our arguments echo the views of Lord Acton, the founder of ‘scientific’ history in Britain, who saw history as a process of criticism and evaluation which requires everything, including the authenticity of documents, to be continually evaluated.
Doors into the Archives
Authors: Richardson Catherine 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the sometimes uncomfortable and anomalous place that material objects occupy within contemporary archives. It investigates how they enter the archive in the first place, their relationship with other parts of the collections, and the challenges and opportunities which they present for a deeper engagement with those collections. The focus is upon two case-study groups of objects and associated texts which have stayed together—cabinets of curiosities and sets of cupboard doors—used to think through the relationship between things and the documents kept within and written about them and their owners and compilers. In order to explore the way documents can become implicated and entangled in the spaces that produce and house them, reference will also be made to artists’ studios and writers’ huts—creative spaces which can be shut off from surrounding environments—exploring the access things give to working practices.
Archival Impulses and the Gunpowder Plot
Authors: Strohm Paul 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the mixture of choice and accident involved in the creation of an archive, and the senses in which a collection’s origins continue to influence the terms of its own study. It considers the assembly of what are known as the Gunpowder papers: the documents associated with the attempt to bomb parliament in London in 1605. Their origins are traced from an initial gathering in a ‘great buckrom bagg of the Powder Treason’ belonging to the Attorney-General Edward Coke, to a ‘Paper Office’ in Whitehall, then to safer lodgings on Chancery Lane and The National Archives at Kew. However, in selecting the Gunpowder papers, many other letters relating to the plot were left in the broader run of State Papers, and perhaps these secondary materials tell us more about the Catholic predicament in Jacobean England.
Irreconcilable Archives
Authors: Kahn Rebecca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares two archival collections which provide different perspectives on a notorious South African story—the 1989 kidnapping and murder trial of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela. The case was a political sensation, and its homophobic undertones polarized members of the anti-apartheid movement, many of whom were also part of the burgeoning gay rights movement. The responses to the trial are viewed through the holdings of two very different collections—the Truth and Reconciliation Commission archives, and those of Gay and Lesbian Memory in Action (GALA) a small activist archive in Johannesburg. This comparison asks whether reconciliation between archives is possible or desirable. It explores the significance of archives and archivists in facilitating complex enquiries into complicated histories and their capacity to contribute to the development of functioning democracies.
Destruction and Displacement
Authors: Whiting Rebecca Abby 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
When the 2003 invasion of Iraq toppled the Baʿth regime, various actors sought to gain control of the records and archives that had been under its control. The seizure of records was indicative of a new order of power that defined what was considered to be of value, who could access it, and how it could be deployed. As archives of immense historic significance were left to the mercy of the war’s destruction, the invading forces captured documents created by the former regime and subsequently displaced them. In addition to documents seized due to their presumed military value, two large collections were displaced through interventions that were justified in terms of efforts to preserve the Iraqi historical record. This chapter considers the impacts of conflict on records and archives and investigates the networks of power that led to the deterritorialization of Iraqi documentary heritage.
Response to ‘Erasures and Exclusion’
Authors: Weld Kirsten 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This short response to the chapters in the preceding section on 'Erasures and Exclusions' emphasizes how the 'archival turn' has made us more aware of the silences and lacunae in archives and the way this reflects power relations. The response reviews how the chapters in 'Erasures and Exclusions' add to our understanding of absences in the archive and urges further probing of these silences as part of a mission to democratize and pluralize archives.
Plato
Authors: Lamm Julia A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schleiermacher changed the course of modern Plato studies and thus changed how we understood Plato. His monumental Platons Werke (Plato’s Works), 1804–1828, which included translation of almost the entire Platonic corpus as well as Introductions to the dialogues, influenced Plato scholars throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. What is less known is the degree to which Plato’s philosophy influenced Schleiermacher’s own thought. The influence on his hermeneutics and his theory of translation is perhaps clearest. Yet, once we understand how Schleiermacher interpreted Plato—that is, once we understand Schleiermacher’s Plato—we will recognize just how profoundly Platonic Schleiermacher’s early ethics, his Christmas Dialogue, Dialectic, and his On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despiser truly are.
Sin and Redemption
Authors: Vander Schel Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Though Schleiermacher’s treatment of redemption often attracts less attention than other aspects of his theology, the opposition of sin and grace and the manner of their expression in history lies at the center of his mature theological vision. This chapter examines Schleiermacher’s distinctive understanding of redemption in his Christian Faith by considering his interconnected analyses of the doctrines of sin and grace. It argues both that sin and grace are inseparably linked in Schleiermacher’s theology, and that his treatment of each is notably distinguished by an emphasis on historical and social mediation. This approach leads to a substantially revised conception of the traditional relationship between sin and evil and to pioneering treatments of social sin and the communication of grace.
Kant
Authors: Grove Peter 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter claims that Kant’s philosophy is one of the most important presuppositions of Schleiermacher’s thought and that his work would have been unthinkable without Kant’s. Firstly, it shows how Schleiermacher’s first formative period 1789–1797—here represented in particular by his 1789 treatise On the Highest Good—displays a critical but constructive reception of Kant, one that is influenced by early Kantians like August Wilhelm Rehberg and Karl Leonhard Reinhold. This reception finds expression in Schleiermacher’s critical-philosophical view of autonomy, cognition, metaphysics, and religion. Secondly, the article argues that Schleiermacher’s much sharper criticism of Kant around 1800 does not make his reception of Kant unimportant for his later work. On the contrary, with modifications, his early Kantianism remains fundamental—for example, for his mature theory of the idea of God.