bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constrained Constructive Optimization of Arterial Tree Models
Authors: Schreiner Wolfgang , Karch Rudolf , Neumann Friederike , Neumann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arterial systems in mammals are essentially networks of binary branching trees, made up of vascular segments. Successive branching gives rise to self-similar structures, and arterial models have indeed been established on the basis of self-similarity. It is, therefore, of particular interest to present another modeling method here, which is also capable of generating arterial models with several thousands of branchings but is based on optimization principles rather than fractal generators. A highly fruitful comparison can be envisaged.
Individual Energy Use and the Allometry of Population Density
Authors: Cyr Hélène 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physiologists have known for a long time that the rate at which organisms function, for example how fast they eat, grow, or respire, is related exponentially to their body mass (i.e., physiological rate ex (body mass)b). The exponents of these relationships (b) are remarkably constant, around 0.75 [15, 103]. Therefore, physiological rates in an individual (e.g., rates of feeding or growth) increase less than proportionately with increases in its body mass. In other words, per unit biomass (e.g., per kg of organisms) small organisms have higher physiological rates than larger organisms. These so-called allometric relationships are so prevalent that physiologists routinely extract them from their data before pursuing any other analysis. Viewed from an ecological perspective, however, these allometric relationships represent physiological “constraints” on individual organisms which are expected to determine, at least in part, the structure and functioning of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Ecologists are interested in using these physiological allometric relationships to predict the structure, dynamics, and interactions of complex assemblages of organisms in nature.
If Death Approaches
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There may come a time when patients and their families start doubting the benefits of further treatment or intervention, wondering whether it will do more harm than good. At some point it may be necessary to accept that the cancer can no longer be treated and that a loved one is dying. Rather than focusing on beating the cancer or buying time, the focus shifts to enhancing the quality of whatever precious time is left. The goal of palliative care is to make the person as comfortable as possible, satisfying his physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs. Families focus on how to help their loved one die as dignified, peaceful, and tranquil a death as possible.
The Way of the Cell
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is life? Fifty years after physicist Erwin Schrodinger posed this question in his celebrated and inspiring book, the answer remains elusive. In The Way of the Cell, one of the world’s most respected microbiologists draws on his wide knowledge of contemporary science to provide fresh insight into this intriguing and all-important question. What is the relationship of living things to the inanimate realm of chemistry and physics? How do lifeless but special chemicals come together to form those intricate dynamic ensembles that we recognize as life? To shed light on these questions, Franklin Harold focuses here on microorganisms – in particular, the supremely well-researched bacterium E. coli – because the cell is the simplest level of organization that manifests all the features of the phenomenon of life. Harold shows that as simple as they appear when compared to ourselves, every cell displays a dynamic pattern in space and time, orders of magnitude richer than its elements. It integrates the writhings and couplings of billions of molecules into a coherent whole, draws matter and energy into itself, constructs and reproduces its own order, and persists in this manner for numberless generations while continuously adapting to a changing world. A cell constitutes a unitary whole, a unit of life, and in this volume one of the leading authorities on the cell gives us a vivid picture of what goes on within this minute precinct. The result is a richly detailed, meticulously crafted account of what modern science can tell us about life as well as one scientist’s personal attempt to wring understanding from the tide of knowledge.
The Quality of Life
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We picked our way gingerly down the boulder-strewn canyon, keeping an eye out for cactus spines and rattlesnakes. One walks warily in the Big Bend, and so it was some time before we spotted our first “living rock.” The nickname is apt: flat, grey and crusty, half-covered with sand, they blend into their stony environment. But once noticed, their nature is not in doubt; they are unmistakably living plants masquerading as rocks. It is almost always so: though the definition of life is elusive, we seldom have difficulty distinguishing living creatures from lifeless objects by their special qualities.
By Descent with Modification
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everything that exists in the universe is the fruit of chance and necessity. Thus spake Democritus in the fifth century B.C.E. and Jacques Monod chose those key words for the title of his celebrated (and often infuriating) book on life in a universe without God. The phrase neatly encapsulates the central principle of evolution as Darwinians see it, adaptation by the interplay of random variation and natural selection, but it is evocative enough to admit of more than one reading.
Searching for the Beginning
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the unsolved mysteries remaining in science, the most consequential may be the origin of life. This opinion is bound to strike many readers as overblown, to put it mildly. Should we not rank the Big Bang, life in the cosmos, and the nature of consciousness on at least an equal plane? My reason for placing the origin of life at the top of the agenda is that resolution of this question is required in order to anchor living organisms securely in the physical world of matter and energy, and thus relieve lingering anxiety as to whether we have read nature’s book correctly. Creation myths lie at the heart of all human cultures, and science is no exception; until we know where we come from, we do not know who we are.
Ideas of Emergence
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning the universe was unimaginably hot and inconceivably dense. It was chaotic and void of matter as we know it. Within this exploding mystery of mysteries lay the roots of all subsequent existence, the next 12 billion or so years from the original creative event for our universe to the much more mundane but scientifically still mysterious act of my taking pen to paper to comment on exploring the unfolding of the universe in time and the meaning of that process to me and my fellow inhabitants of our Earth. Both the workings of the cosmos and the activities of the human mind call out for our understanding. Contemporary scholars in many disciplines are impelled to answer the call. Emergence is a new and promising tool in that understanding.
The Periodic Table
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along with stars at the large-scale level, we have seen that the workings of the cosmos produce, as a result of several processes of nucleosynthesis, a wide variety of atomic nuclei varying in atomic number and atomic weight. As the nuclei emerge from the stellar cauldrons and cool down, they reach a temperature at which they can combine with electrons to form atoms.
The Geospheres
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the abode of life on Earth is a thin spherical shell ranging from about five kilometers below sea level to five kilometers above sea level, we focus on the structure of this zone. Geochemists classify this extremely active outer region into four geospheres: the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. When the maturing planet settled down, the crust and the rocks on top of the crust hardened into the archean lithosphere. With time, three kinds of surface rock have emerged: igneous rock formed directly from the molten mantle, sediment formed by deposition, and metamorphic rock that comes about by the crystallization of other types. The lithosphere maintains cycles due to erosion and weathering, subduction and uplift, vulcanism and other processes.
Cells
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of self-replicating protocells marks a major transition in the evolving world. First, replication of similar objects populates the world with distinguishable entities. There is thus a system memory since the replicated objects resemble their progenitors. This property of systems could even have occurred before macromolecules, as the memory could be embodied in a collection of small molecules and the reaction network among them that keeps regenerating itself. Second, variation or mutation populates the world with variety.
Chordateness
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We next focus on one of the branches of the protostomia/deuterostomia divide. The figure shown below (p. 113) is the dendrogram or branch of the animal tree of the deuterostomia. This is the branch that includes us. As with all such dendrograms, there is some uncertainty in where they are rooted. That is, the original fiatworm may have branched off to the left of the echinoderms or may have given rise to an earlier, no longer extant taxa that gave rise to the echinoderms and a second branch of all the Chordata.
Mammals
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the emergence of mammals from their early reptilian ancestors. The stem reptiles, descendants of amphibians, have been at the base of a radiation leading to turtles, snakes and lizards, crocodiles, and therapsids, which led to stem mammals, and the ruling reptiles, which led to birds. Since this radiation occurred early, we here concern ourselves only with emergence of mammals that include these features: internal temperature control, possession of mammary glands in females, and ability to give birth to live young, except in the case of monotremes, such as egg-laying mammals.
Language
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that the emergence of language was a crucial step in hominization. There is considerable debate as to whether language was acquired over a long period of two million years, beginning with Homo habilis, or suddenly emerged in modern Homo sapiens some 60,000 years ago. For our form of language, the following features must have developed: (1) the ability to hear and process sounds, (2) the ability to produce a sequence of distinguishable phonemes, (3) the ability to assign meaning to the processed sound signals, and (4) a grammar to lead to a sophisticated language.
Radiating Pain and Pott’s Disease
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two years previously, a 46-year-old woman first experienced low back pain radiating to the left flank This was increased by Valsalva’s maneuver. She also noted numbness of the anterior left thigh. X-ray examination showed collapse of the 13 vertebra, and vertebral biopsy established tuberculosis of the bone. There was a medical history of bladder infection.
Vertebral Collapse and Proximal Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 7 years, a 72-year-old woman had been experiencing right anterior thigh pain and paresthesias extending almost to the knee. It was diagnosed as meralgia paresthetica. She also had difficulty rising from a seated position and occasional low back pain. No symptoms were affected by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history of low back injury 35 years earlier and an “old” collapsed T12 vertebra. She had occasional hyperglycemia, but diabetes mellitus was never established. Mastectomy was performed 15 years ago, with no radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
The End
Authors: Kermode Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not expected of critics as it is of poets that they should help us to make sense of our lives; they are bound only to attempt the lesser feat of making sense of the ways we try to make sense of our lives. This series of talks is devoted to such an attempt, and I am well aware that neither good books nor good counsel have purged it of ignorance and dull vision; but I take comfort from the conviction that the topic is infallibly interesting, and especially at a moment in history when it may be harder than ever tq accept the precedents of sense-making―to believe that any earlier way of satisfying one’s need to know the shape of life in relation to the perspectives of time will suffice.
Holy Brotherhood
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Holy Brotherhood: Romani Music in a Hungarian Pentecostal Church is a musical ethnography of a religious community. After the end of socialism, different ethnic groups in Hungary harbored antagonism toward one another. In one Pentecostal church in Pecs, Hungary, however, both Hungarians and Roma (Gypsies) worshipped and made music together. Three musical repertoires coexisted, each with a separate historical background and complex social meanings: Romani religious song; nineteenth-century gospel hymns originally from the United States; and contemporary Christian pop from the United States. Church members accommodated cultural and musical differences by developing several distinct performance styles.
Ethics and Governance
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book argues that ethical business behavior can be enhanced by taking fuller account of human nature, particularly with respect to the need for creating relatively small communities within the corporation. Timothy Fort discusses this premise in relation to the three predominant theories of business ethics--stakeholder, virtue, and contract. Drawing heavily from philosophy, he analyzes traditional business ethics and legal theory. Overall, his work provides a good example of how to integrate normative and empirical studies in business ethics, a task that often receives substantial discussion in academic journals.
Perception and Perceptual Disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perception is our primary awareness of the world; it forms our first and strongest cognitive relation with the environment. In deciphering the cognitive mechanisms underlying normal and abnormal perception, we find that the lines between sensation, perception, memory, and thought processes blur. Sensation is the reception, filtering, and early analysis of external and internal stimuli. Perception requires additional filtering and a higher-order analysis of features in which discriminative and pattern recognition functions are engaged to categorize sensory information.
Memory and Memory Disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding of the neural basis of memory function has advanced rapidly during the past few decades. Numerous neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies of memory function reveal a system of dissociable processes, not a unitary system. Anatomical studies in humans and other primates map these dissociable processes onto distributed neural networks. Neuro pharmacological studies reveal that different neurotransmitter systems play distinct roles in the various memory processes. Memory is not localized to one brain region or restricted to one neurotransmitter system. The theoretical distinctions of memory functions developed by psychologists and neuroscientists provide a meaningful framework for understanding the symptoms of memory disorders. New therapies will likely arise from advances in understanding the neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings of memory function.
Therapy for Cognitive and Neurobehavioral Disorders
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Therapy for cognitive and behavioral disorders remains unsatisfactory. Encompassing the fields of neurology, psychiatry, and psychology, neurobehavioral therapies usually treat symptoms, not the disease process. Un-raveling of the genetic, metabolic, and chemical mechanisms underlying neurobehavioral disorders outpaces therapeutic advances. Symptombased therapy, however, reflects a limited understanding of disease origin and progression (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia) and of ways to translate known mechanisms into therapy (e.g., Huntington’s disease) and to reverse the physiological or structural changes that underlie all neurobehavioral disorders.
Overview and Physical Principles
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The respiratory system is composed of the airways and lungs as well as the respiratory muscles that regulate gas movement into and out of these structures. Within the lungs, exchange of molecules of oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the gas and blood occurs. The need for gas exchange is met in different ways by various organisms. In single-cell organisms, it can be met by simple molecular diffusion across the cell membrane to and from the external environment. There is no need for specialized gas exchange or a blood-pumping and distribution system. It has been estimated that this strategy may be adequate for spherical-shaped organisms no larger than 1 mm in diameter. Larger, multicellular organisms require circulatory and respiratory gas exchange systems. Such systems are found throughout the animal kingdom. For example, insects have developed in foldings of their body walls that form networks of tube-like airways called tracheae. These tracheae bring external air into close proximity with the cells that require exchange of O2 and CO2• In fish, the respiratory gas exchange system comprises gills, which are turned outward into the water environment. Gills are delicate and dry out quickly when exposed to air. Movement of water across the gills facilitates the exchange of O2• and CO2• • Another example of a specialized exchange system is the lungs. Here the respiratory exchange apparatus is turned inward, creating an in folded cavity. External air is warmed and also humidified before it arrives at the gas-exchanging regions of the lungs. Thus there is a whole host of strategies for solving the problem of efficient gas exchange with the environment.
Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lungs and cardiovascular system work in concert to transport O2 and CO2 between the outside environment and the cells of the body. Bringing blood in close proximity to the ventilated air within the lung yields a high degree of gas exchange efficiency. The pulmonary circulation system has special properties that help deliver blood to the alveoli for gas exchange with a very small energy utilization. In mammals there are two separate circulations in the lung. Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for the uptake of 02 and release of CO2• This pulmonary circulation carries the entire output of the right heart. In addition, there is a small bronchial circulation (see Chapter 2) that carries systemic arterial blood to the large airways and maintains tissue nutrition if some portion of the pulmonary circulation fails. The bronchial circulation represents only a small fraction (usually about 1% to 2%) of the left ventricular cardiac output. A very important feature of the bronchial circulation is its ability to respond to the need for a long-term increase in regional flow by enlarging vessels or forming new vessels in order to supply areas of the lung that have been damaged by chronic inflammation such as lung abscesses, thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, or arterial ligation.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ventilation delivers O2 to and removes CO2 from the lung. The circulation transports O2 and CO2 between the lung and the peripheral tissue. The mechanisms for the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood are the subject of this chapter. These passive mechanisms can be influenced by outside factors, such as gravity and barometric pressure, and they are altered by most respiratory diseases. The factors determining efficiency of the exchange process can be separated into two major components: diffusion and matching of ventilation to perfusion (V)QJ. Furthermore, diffusion can be divided into three components: the gas phase, the alveolocapillary membrane, and the blood. The VA/Q ratio spans a broad range from zero (shunt, no ventilation) to infinity (dead space, no perfusion). Shunt is discussed as a special entity, although it represents only the extreme lower limit of the VA/Q range.
Respiratory Physiology During Special States
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine three states that require the respiratory system to function differently than it does during normal quiet breathing: muscular exercise, with its increased metabolic demands that cause increased breathing; sleep; and the fetal and neonatal states, including the traumatic transition that occurs when in utero life becomes life outside the uterus.
The response to exercise requires coordination of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Exercise increases the demand for O2 (expressed as increased VO2, and the production of CO2 (increased Vco,) by increasing the activity and demands of skeletal muscle. To supply increased 02 and remove excess CO2, three primary physiological changestake place: (1) increased alveolar ventilation, (2) increased cardiac.
The Role of Chromosomal Change in Plant Evolution
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of new molecular technology has greatly increased our understanding of the role of chromosomal change in plant evolution. There is now a broad database on genome size variation within and among species and a wide array of nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic markers. There is a variety of literatures addressing this subject but much of it is scattered. This book created a contemporary synthesis of work in this area and addresses issues such as herogeneity, polyploidy, chromosomal rearrangements within species and phenotypic consequences of chromosome doubling.
Facing the Future
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this elucidating work, the authors attempt to construct a logical analysis of human actions, focusing on those actions based on choice. Using their examination of "seeing to it that," they investigate a large number of topics, including imperatives, deontic logic, strategies, determinism, and promising assertion. One of the work's provocative conclusions is that one, actual future does not exist; instead, all possible futures are on par with one another.