bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertebral age changes in Japanese macaques
Authors: Nakai Masashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study deals with maturation and aging of the vertebrae in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) of known chronological age. The samples used were 103 skeletons of captive raised Japanese macaques varying in age from 6–23 years. Epiphyseal union between the vertebral body and the epiphyseal disk (epiphyseal ring, annular epiphysis) and degenerative changes of the vertebrae were macroscopically examined. It was revealed that vertebral epiphyseal union develops comparatively rapidly in the sacral and cervical vertebrae, moderately in the lumbar vertebrae, and slowly in the thoracic vertebrae. It was found that, as a central tendency, the vertebral epiphyseal union begins at about 6 years of age, progresses lineally in proportion to age, and completes at about 23 years of age. However, considerable variation in developmental states of union was observed among individuals of the same age. Concerning vertebral degenerative changes, few were observed among the present samples. Compared with the other primates with regard to the timing of vertebral maturation, shortening of duration of maturation was found among humans. Human vertebrae may have become an early‐maturing organ in order to sustain the increased loading that is accompanied by the adoption of habitual erect posture and bipedal locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:59–65, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in body mass index among Polish adults: Effects of sex, age, birth cohort, and social class
Authors: Bielicki Tadeusz , Szklarska Alicja , Welon Zygmunt , Rogucka Elzbieta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVariation in the body mass index (BMI) among occupationally active inhabitants of one Polish urban center was studied by means of a three‐factor ANOVA. The material is cross‐sectional and comprises 32,750 men and women aged 22–60 years, examined in five successive surveys between 1983–1999. The factors considered in each sex were: 1) age category, 2) year of examination, and 3) social class. The increase of BMI with age is markedly greater among women than among men. No sustained intergeneration trend towards increased BMI was detectable in either sex. The BMI means rise regularly with decreasing position on the social scale in both sexes, but this effect is much more dramatic in women. The latter finding suggests that the condition of being situated low on the social scale is conducive to growth of fatness with age, markedly more so in women than in men. The absence of a secular trend in BMI means during the period considered contrasts with results reported for a number of other countries. This finding is intriguing, because Poland underwent abrupt and profound socio‐economic transformation in the early 1990s. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:166–170, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood genomic responses differ after stroke, seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia: Blood genomic fingerprints of disease
Authors: Tang Yang , Lu Aigang , Aronow Bruce J. , Sharp Frank R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing microarray technology, we investigated whether the gene expression profile in white blood cells could be used as a fingerprint of different disease states. Adult rats were subjected to ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, sham surgeries, kainate‐induced seizures, hypoxia, or insulin‐induced hypoglycemia, and compared with controls. The white blood cell RNA expression patterns were assessed 24 hours later using oligonucleotide microarrays. Results showed that many genes were upregulated or downregulated at least twofold in white blood cells after each experimental condition. Blood genomic response patterns were different for each condition. These results demonstrate the potential of blood gene expression profiling for diagnostic, mechanistic, and therapeutic assessment of a wide variety of disease states.
Increased HTLV‐I proviral load and preferential expansion of HTLV‐I tax‐specific CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAM/TSP
Authors: Nagai Masahiro , Yamano Yoshihisa , Brennan Meghan B. , Mora Carlos A. , Jacobson Steven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo date, high human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral load in patients with human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis has been reported and is thought to be related to the pathogenesis of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. However, the proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid has not been well investigated. We measured human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid cells from human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan). Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid cells were significantly higher than that of the matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and a high ratio of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid cells to peripheral blood mononuclear cells were observed in patients with short duration of illness. Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax‐specific CD8+ T cells, as detected by peptide‐loaded HLA tetramers, accumulated in cerebrospinal fluid compared with that in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while the frequency of cytomegalovirus‐specific CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid was reduced. These observations suggest that accumulation of both human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I‐infected cells and preferential expansion of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I‐specific CD8+ cells in cerebrospinal fluid may play a role in the pathogenesis of human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.
Imaging hippocampal function across the human life span: Is memory decline normal or not?
Authors: Small Scott A. , Tsai Wei Yann , DeLaPaz Robert , Mayeux Richard , Stern Yaakov 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMemory function commonly declines in later life. Whether memory decline represents a disease process or whether it is part of normal aging remains unknown. Here we answer this question by assessing the function of multiple subregions that make up the hippocampal circuit across the human life span. A newly developed MRI approach—designed to detect functional changes in individual hippocampal subregions—was used to assess the hippocampal circuit in 70 subjects between 20 and 88 years of age. Using strict parametric criteria, analysis revealed that function in two hippocampal subregions—the subiculum and the dentate gyrus—decline normally with age. In contrast, function in the entorhinal cortex declines pathologically. Single‐subject analysis revealed that hippocampal dysfunction, found in 60% of elders was selectively correlated with memory decline. These results show that memory decline is caused by different mechanisms and suggests how memory decline should be approached clinically.
Localization of autosomal recessive early‐onset parkinsonism to chromosome 1p36 (PARK7) in an independent dataset
Authors: Bonifati Vincenzo , Breedveld Guido J. , Squitieri Ferdinando , Vanacore Nicola , Brustenghi Pierluigi , Harhangi Biswadjiet S. , Montagna Pasquale , Cannella Milena , Fabbrini Giovanni , Rizzu Patrizia , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Oostra Ben A. , Meco Giuseppe , Heutink Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo new loci, PARK6 and PARK7, for autosomal recessive early‐onset parkinsonism have recently been identified on chromosome 1p, in single large pedigrees. Among 4 autosomal recessive early‐onset families analyzed here, 2 supported linkage to PARK7, 1 with conclusive evidence. These data confirm localization of autosomal recessive early‐onset parkinsonism to PARK7, suggesting it to be a frequent locus. Assignment of families to either PARK6 or PARK7 might be difficult because of the proximity of the two loci on chromosome 1p.
Septo‐optic dysplasia associated with a new mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation
Authors: Schuelke Markus , Krude Heiko , Finckh Barbara , Mayatepek Ertan , Janssen Antoon , Schmelz Michael , Trefz Friedrich , Trijbels Frans , Smeitink Jan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report on a 25‐year‐old patient with isolated mitochondrial complex III deficiency and a new heteroplasmic mutation (T14849C) in the cytochrome b gene. He suffered from septo‐optic dysplasia, retinitis pigmentosa, exercise intolerance, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and rhabdomyolysis. A HESX1 mutation was excluded as a cause of his septo‐optic dysplasia. Low α‐tocopherol concentrations in his muscles and an elevated urinary leukotriene E4 excretion indicate increased production of reactive oxygen species.
Brain proteasomal function in sporadic Parkinson's disease and related disorders
Authors: Furukawa Yoshiaki , Vigouroux Sophie , Wong Henry , Guttman Mark , Rajput Ali H. , Ang Lee , Briand Marièle , Kish Stephen J. , Briand Yves 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBecause genetic defects relating to the ubiquitin–proteasome system were reported in familial parkinsonism, we evaluated proteasomal function in autopsied brains with sporadic Parkinson's disease. We found that proteasome peptidase activities in a fraction specific to the proteasome were preserved in five brain areas (including the striatum) of Parkinson's disease where neuronal loss is not observed. Striatal protein levels of two proteasome subunits were normal in Parkinson's disease but reduced mildly in disease controls (multiple system atrophy). Our brain data suggest that a systemic, global disturbance in the catalytic activity and degradation ability of the proteasome itself is unlikely to explain the cause of Parkinson's disease.
Topiramate blocks perinatal hypoxia‐induced seizures in rat pups
Authors: Koh Sookyong , Jensen Frances E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeonatal seizures caused by hypoxia can be refractory to conventional anticonvulsants. Currently, there is no effective postnatal intervention for newborn infants with hypoxic encephalopathy to prevent brain injury and long‐term neurologic sequelae. We previously developed a rat model of perinatal hypoxia‐induced seizures with subsequent long‐term increases in seizure susceptibility and showed that these epileptogenic effects are selectively blocked by the α‐amino‐3‐hydoxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist 6‐nitro‐7‐sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline‐2,3‐dione. Using this model of perinatal seizures, we evaluated the efficacy of topiramate, a structurally novel anticonvulsant drug recently shown to attenuate AMPA/kainate currents. Topiramate effectively suppressed acute seizures induced by perinatal hypoxia in a dose‐related manner with a calculated ED50 of 2.1mg/kg, i.p. Furthermore, in animals that had seizures suppressed by topiramate during acute hypoxia, there were no long‐term increases in susceptibility to kainate‐induced seizures and seizure‐induced neuronal injury. Our results suggest that topiramate may have clinical potential as a therapeutic agent for refractory seizures in human neonates.
Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation
Authors: Wainwright Mark S. , Martin Paul L. , Morse Richard P. , Lacaze Mary , Provenzale James M. , Coleman R. Edward , Morgan Marcello A. , Hulette Christine , Kurtzberg Joanne , Bushnell Cheryl , Epstein Leon , Lewis Darrell V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCentral nervous system complications are common in stem cell transplant recipients, but selective involvement of the medial temporal area is unusual. The 5 patients reported here presented after stem cell transplantation with increased hippocampal T2 signal on magnetic resonance imaging and increased hippocampal glucose uptake on [F‐18]fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) associated with short‐term memory loss, insomnia, and temporal lobe electrographic seizure activity. The initial scalp electroencephalograms (EEGs) failed to detect seizure activity in these patients, although the memory dysfunction along with the magnetic resonance imaging and FDG‐PET findings suggested subcortical seizure activity. However, extended EEG monitoring revealed repetitive temporal lobe electrographic seizure activity. Follow‐up MRIs in 2 patients and postmortem findings on 1 patient suggested that hippocampal sclerosis had developed following the clinical syndrome. Cerebrospinal fluid studies revealed the presence of human herpesvirus 6, variant B, DNA in all of 3 patients who had lumbar punctures. Immunohistochemical staining for the P41 and P101 human herpesvirus 6 protein antigens showed numerous immunoreactive astrocytes and neurons in the hippocampus of 1 of the patients who died from other causes. Because of its subtle clinical presentation, this syndrome may be underrecognized, but can be diagnosed with appropriate magnetic resonance imaging techniques, EEG monitoring, and cerebrospinal fluid viral studies.
Immunopathology of secondary‐progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Prineas John W. , Kwon Eunice E. , Cho Eun‐Sook , Sharer Leroy R. , Barnett Michael H. , Oleszak Emilia L. , Hoffman Brad , Morgan Bryan P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwenty‐three plaques obtained at early autopsy from 2 patients with secondary‐progressive multiple sclerosis were examined immunohistochemically for microglia/macrophages, and for immunoglobulins and components of activated complement. Most of the lesions examined in both cases exhibited evidence of low‐grade active demyelination of an unusual type (frustrated phagocytosis) in periplaque white matter. This included linear groups of microglia engaging short segments of disrupted myelin that were associated with deposits of C3d, an opsonin formed during complement activation. Similar microglia/C3d/myelin profiles were not observed in newly forming lesions in cases of acute multiple sclerosis or other central white matter diseases. As C3d coupling is known to increase the immunogenicity of potential antigens enormously, present findings point to disrupted myelin close to plaques as a possible source of the putative multiple sclerosis antigen. Ongoing myelin destruction found in a high proportion of old, established plaques was surprising. It suggests that slowly expanding lesions (progressive plaques), in which ongoing myelin breakdown occurs in the absence of florid perivascular cell cuffing or other histological signs of acute inflammation, contribute to disease progression in cases of secondary‐progressive multiple sclerosis.
Estimation of arsenobetaine in the NIES candidate certified reference material no. 18 human urine by HPLC–ICP‐MS using different chromatographic conditions
Authors: Chatterjee Amit , Shibata Yasuyuki , Yoshinaga Jun , Morita Masatoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHPLC–ICP‐MS, employing a silica‐based LC‐SCX cation‐exchange column, styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer‐based PRP‐X100 anion exchange column, an ODS reversed‐phase and gel‐permeation (polyvinyl alcohol‐based resin) GS‐220 columns, has been used for the separation, identification, and quantification of arsenic compounds, particularly arsenobetaine (AB), present in NIES candidate certified reference material (CRM) no. 18 human urine. AB is the predominant arsenic species, followed by dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonic acid and arsenic acid. The peak of each arsenic compound has been validated by spiking of the authentic standard solution to the urine sample and by using the above chromatographic systems. The high concentration of chloride that co‐elutes with the arsenic acid from the LC‐SCX and with the AB from the GS‐220 columns has interfered with the ion signals of arsenic acid and AB, by forming the molecular ions 40Ar35Cl+ and 38Ar37Cl+ in the plasma. Thus, the concentration of AB has been carefully estimated on the ­GS‐220 after extracting the chloride interference (37Cl:35Cl = 1:3.1271) by measuring the 40Ar37Cl+. The peak of AB overlapped with the peak of arsenous acid and hindered the estimation of AB on the ODS and PRP‐X100 columns. But AB has been baseline separated from the other arsenic compounds and also from the chloride with 20 mM pyridine at pH 2.60 on the LC‐SCX. So, the LC‐SCX column has been proven and used for the determination of AB in NIES candidate CRM no. 18 human urine. The concentrations of AB, estimated by the standard addition method and found using the LC‐SCX and GS‐220 columns, are 70.5 ± 5.5 (n = 20) and 71.5 ± 4 µgl−1 (n = 9). The concentration of AB thus found has been applied as the baseline value for the collaborative study to certify the AB in the NIES candidate CRM no. 18 human urine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of arsenic species in oyster tissue by microwave‐assisted extraction and liquid chromatography–atomic fluorescence detection
Authors: Vilanó Marc , Rubio Roser 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for the determination of arsenic species in oyster tissue is established. The extraction of arsenic species is carried out by using low‐power microwaves. Quantitative extraction is obtained at a power of 40 W, and in 5 min, using the extracting agent methanol/water (1 + 1). The measurements are carried out using liquid chromatography–UV irradiation–hydride generation–atomic fluorescence detection (LC–UV–HG–AFS). Three arsenic species were detected in oyster tissue: arsenobetaine (AsBet) (87%), a probable arsenosugar (AsS) (4.9%), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) (4.7%). No influence of the clean‐up, the microwave field or the IR drying system on the stability of the arsenic compounds was observed. The extracts can be kept stable up to 3 days at 4 °C. The performance of the method is proved on fresh samples, as they are usually analysed in routine laboratories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and pyrolysis of a blended precursor possessing TiN and AlN bonds
Authors: Cheng Fei , Sugahara Yoshiyuki , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe preparation and pyrolysis of a blended precursor possessing TiN and AlN bonds were investigated. The precursor was prepared by mixing (HAlN
iPr)
n, whose main compo‐nent was a cage‐type compound, and an aminolysis product of Ti(NMe2)4 with MeHNCH2CH2NHMe with a molar ratio of Ti:Al = 2:1. IR analysis of the products pyrolyzed under NH3–N2 indicated that a large proportion of the organic groups in the precursor were removed by an amine‐exchange reaction during the pyrolysis under NH3; thus, the products contained only a small amount of carbon. On the contrary, a considerable amount of carbon was present in the product pyrolyzed under Ar. Composites consisting of AlN and an NaCl‐type compound were obtained after pyrolysis of the precursor under both NH3–N2 and Ar. The composition of the NaCl‐type compound depended significantly on the pyrolysis atmosphere. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of NR/SBR blends
Authors: Hong Chang Kook , Isayev A. I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ultrasonic devulcanization of sulfur‐cured natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) blends was studied with the goal of understanding the devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in which two networks of different natures were present. Also, similarities and differences in the devulcanization behaviors of NR, SBR, and their blends were found. During the devulcanization of cured NR/SBR blends, we observed that, as for NR, the ultrasonic power consumption for 75/25 and 50/50 (w/w) NR/SBR blends passed through a maximum at 7.5 μm. For SBR and 25/75 (w/w) NR/SBR blends, the power consumption increased with increasing ultrasonic amplitude. The higher power consumption led to a higher degree of devulcanization. The crosslink densities of the devulcanized 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25 (w/w) NR/SBR blends were lower than those of the devulcanized NR and SBR, possibly because of the reduced degree of unsaturation. The tensile properties of the revulcanized blends were lower than those of the virgin vulcanized blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 160–168, 2002
Preparation, characterization, and properties of unbleached, bleached, and grafted pulps from JRC‐321 variety jute fiber
Authors: Sahoo P. K. , Swain S. K. , Debsarkar N. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGraft copolymerization onto jute pulps opened the door to new concepts in pulp and paper research. Jute pulp from the JRC‐321 variety white jute fiber was prepared by the alkaline sulfite pulping process. The pulp obtained was bleached by the chlorination, extraction, and hypochlorite sequence technique to remove excess lignin for making bright and good quality paper. Special attention was focused on the graft copolymerization of acrylamide monomer onto the unbleached and bleached pulps by the use of a complex initiating system: Cu(II)/glycine/KHSO5 in aqueous solution. It was found that percentage grafting was high in the case of bleached pulp. The grafted pulps so obtained were characterized by FTIR and their thermal behavior was characterized by TGA. Their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, percentage elongation, and tenacity were measured and compared. The physical properties such as rot‐resistance and water‐retention capacity of the grafted and the ungrafted pulps were determined. The effect of the percentage grafting variation on the above mentioned properties was examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1963–1969, 2002
Catalytic reduction of residual styrene monomer in polystyrene
Authors: Kim Yongsin , Harwood H. James , Priddy Duane 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStyrene monomer has a low taste and odor threshold, and its presence in the polystyrene used in food packaging applications must be as low as possible. Conventional devolatilization technology does not lower styrene contents to desired levels, so special costly devolatilization techniques have to be used. Attempts to employ scavengers for styrene to reduce residual monomer levels have been largely unsuccessful. This article evaluates the possibility that strong acids can be used to induce residual styrene to alkylate styrene units in polystyrene by Friedel–Crafts reactions. The results of studies evaluating this approach indicate its feasibility, but colored products are obtained when sulfonic acids are used and prohibitively high levels of acids must be used to be effective. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1786–1791, 2002
A comparison of tetraethylthiuram and tetramethylthiuram disulfide vulcanization. II. Reactions in rubber
Authors: Gradwell M. H. S. , Grooff D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reactions of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) with polyisoprene were investigated under vulcanization conditions. Samples of polyisoprene compounded with various combinations of TETD, sulfur, and ZnO were heated in a differential scanning calorimeter to various degrees of vulcanization. The crosslink density of the compounds was determined by swelling, and the extractable residual curatives and reaction products were analyzed with high‐performance liquid chromatography. TETD caused crosslinking to occur in the absence of added sulfur, as did tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), both sulfur donors. In the presence of sulfur, the formation of TETD polysulfides occurred immediately before the crosslinking reaction started. The TETD polysulfides were the initial crosslinking agents. The ready reaction between TETD and zinc oxide to form zinc diethyldithiocarbamic acid resulted in considerably higher crosslink densities. This greater reactivity between TETD and zinc oxide, compared with that between TMTD and zinc oxide, did not lead to any noticeable differences in the vulcanizate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1119–1127, 2002