bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A variational r‐adaption and shape‐optimization method for finite‐deformation elasticity
Authors: Thoutireddy P. , Ortiz M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the formulation of a variational r‐adaption method for finite‐deformation elastostatic problems. The distinguishing characteristic of the method is that the variational principle simultaneously supplies the solution, the optimal mesh and, in problems of shape optimization, the equilibrium shapes of the system. This is accomplished by minimizing the energy functional with respect to the nodal field values as well as with respect to the triangulation of the domain of analysis. Energy minimization with respect to the referential nodal positions has the effect of equilibrating the energetic or configurational forces acting on the nodes. We derive general expressions for the configurational forces for isoparametric elements and non‐linear, possibly anisotropic, materials under general loading. We illustrate the versatility and convergence characteristics of the method by way of selected numerical tests and applications, including the problem of a semi‐infinite crack in linear and non‐linear elastic bodies; and the optimization of the shape of elastic inclusions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element modelling of fibre reinforced polymer sandwich panels exposed to heat
Authors: Krysl P. , Ramroth W. T. , Stewart L. K. , Asaro R. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA finite element model that predicts temperature distribution in a composite panel exposed to a heat source, such as fire, is described. The panel is assumed to be composed of skins consisting of polymer matrix reinforced with fibres and a lightweight core (the paper concentrates on the crucial aspect of the problem, i.e. the behaviour of the ‘hot’ skin of the panel. The core is assumed not to decompose, and the ‘cold’ skin is treated exactly as the ‘hot’ skin.) It is assumed that the polymer matrix undergoes chemical decomposition. Such a model results in a set of coupled non‐linear transient partial differential equations. A Galerkin finite element framework is formulated to yield a fully implicit time stepping scheme. The crucial input parameters for the model are carefully identified for subsequent experimental determination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 20‐node hexahedron element with enhanced distortion tolerance
Authors: Ooi E. T. , Rajendran S. , Yeo J. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a distortion resistant 20‐node hexahedron element that employs two different sets of shape functions for the trial and test functions. The formulation seeks to satisfy the continuity and completeness requirements by exploiting the intrinsic properties of these two sets of shape functions. Several test problems are used to assess the performance of the element under various mesh distortions. The ability of the proposed as well as the classical 20‐node element to maintain solution accuracy under severe mesh distortions has been studied. The proposed element exhibits a very high tolerance to mesh distortions. In particular, for problems involving linear and quadratic displacement fields, the element is capable of reproducing exact solution under all admissible geometrical distortions of the mesh. For test problems involving higher‐order displacement fields, the performance of the present element is in general better than that of the classical element. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein neuer Stern am Antibiotikahimmel — Daptomycin
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat bei nosokomonialen Infektionen eine Verschiebung zu gram‐positiven Bakterien stattgefunden. Außerdem wird im Krankenhaus zunehmend eine Resistenz gegen Penicilline, z. B. Methicillin‐ resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), festgestellt.
Neues Asthmaassoziiertes Gen identifiziert
Authors: Winckler Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEin finnisches Forscherteam hat durch die genetischen Analysen verschiedener geographisch isolierter Populationen zwei neue Gene identifiziert, deren Verlust oder Inaktivierung das Risiko erhöhen, eine asthmatische Erkrankung zu entwickeln. Eines dieser Gene kodiert für einen bislang nicht charakterisierten G‐Proteingekoppelten Rezeptor.
Curcumin als Mittel der Wahl bei Cystischer Fibrose?
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCystische Fibrose ist mit einer Inzidenz von 1/2.500 bis 1/1.600 die häufigste autosomal‐rezessive Erbkrankheit in Mittel‐ und Nord‐Europa. Ungefähr jeder Zwanzigste ist Träger eines defekten Allels. Jetzt ist ein Naturstoff gefunden worden, der den Defekt bei Cystischer Fibrose (CF) korrigieren könnte.
Altes und Neues von den RA‐Biologicals
Authors: Zündorf Ilse 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAuf der 5. Jahrestagung der European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) wurden im ICC in Berlin vom 9. bis 12. Juni 2004 die neuesten Fakten in der Rheumatologie mit insgesamt 2.037 eingereichten Abstracts zusammengetragen.
Prenatal diagnosis of a rhodopsin mutation using chemical cleavage of the mismatch
Authors: Tessitore Alessandra , Toniato Elena , Gulino Alberto , Frati Luigi , Ricevuto Enrico , Vadalà Maria , Vingolo Enzo , Martinotti Stefano 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectiveMutations of the rhodopsin gene are responsible for autosomal dominant or recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The present study reports the first prenatal diagnosis performed on chorionic villi biopsy of a pregnant woman affected by a severe form of autosomal dominant transmitted RP, due to the Arg135Trp substitution.MethodsThe rhodopsin gene was analysed by automated direct sequencing and, for the first time, by fluorescence‐assisted mismatch analysis (FAMA). The latter is an inexpensive, rapid and particularly sensitive method, based on the chemical cleavage of the mismatch in heteroduplex DNA molecules marked with strand‐specific fluorophores.ResultsFAMA is a feasible procedure for prenatal molecular diagnosis of rhodopsin mutations. The redundancy of signals obtained by FAMA and its sensitivity make it suitable for identifying exactly the position of the mutation and the nucleotide substitution.ConclusionsAn association is proposed between FAMA and automated direct sequencing procedures, in order to achieve optimal results in terms of reliability for prenatal diagnosis of rhodopsin mutations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of frontonasal dysplasia
Authors: Martinelli Pasquale , Russo Rosa , Agangi Annalisa , Paladini Dario 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe report a case of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of frontonasal dysplasia. This represents a very rare disorder involving the face (hypertelorism, median cleft lip, absence of the nasal tip) and often the central nervous system (CNS) (cranium bifidum occultum, ethmoidal cephalocele, agenesis of the corpus callosum). Although several of the typical anomalies are diagnosable by ultrasound in utero (hypertelorism, median cleft lip, anterior cephalocele), very few cases have been reported prenatally, the present being only the third. In the present case, hemimegalencephaly is first reported among the anomalies possibly associated with frontonasal dysplasia. The diagnosis was made at 22 weeks' gestation and was confirmed by necropsy following termination of pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The variation of risk estimates through pregnancy in second trimester maternal serum screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Christiansen Michael , Høgdall Estrid V. , Larsen Severin O. , Høgdall Claus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe variation of risk estimates in second trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome has been shown to be considerable in quality control schemes, i.e. UKNEQAS. We studied the biological variation of risk estimates in 16 women through pregnancy. The maternal serum markers alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3) and β‐hCG were determined six times during late first to late second trimester, and the associated likelihood ratios for Down syndrome were calculated. The interpersonal variation of markers, as well as that of the likelihood ratio, was much greater than the intrapersonal variation. The average intrapersonal standard deviation (SD) of the triple test log likelihood ratio was 0.2291, corresponding to a central 95‐percentile interval 0.36–2.81 of the likelihood ratio. The interpersonal SD of the log likelihood ratio was 0.5482, corresponding to a central 95‐percentile interval 0.08–11.87 of the likelihood ratio. The large difference between the intra‐ and interpersonal variation makes it unlikely that biological variation through pregnancy is a major contributor to the variation of risk estimates obtained several times in the same pregnancy. Rather, improvements in analytical quality and laboratory management must be expected to result in reduced variation and, in consequence, better performance of screening. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of brain abnormalities in Wolf–Hirschhorn (4p‐) syndrome
Authors: De Keersmaecker B. , Albert M. , Hillion Y. , Ville Y. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectivesAlthough there have been occasional reports of prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome, most cases are diagnosed postnatally. The objective was to evaluate the presence of brain abnormalities in the prenatal diagnosis of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome.MethodsPrenatal ultrasound and MRI examination of the fetal brain were performed in a case of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome. A comprehensive review of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome reported between 1960 and 2000 in the literature was carried out.ResultsThe late diagnosis of a growth‐retarded fetus with normal amniotic fluid volume, normal Doppler and negative infection screen calls for a detailed examination of the fetal brain and heart. Multifocal white matter lesions and periventricular cystic changes, which are often attributed to perinatal distress, are possible prenatal features causing suspicion of 4p‐ syndrome in an IUGR fetus.ConclusionSubtle abnormalities on ultrasound may suggest a chromosomal problem. Standard cytogenetics cannot always demonstrate a microdeletion. High‐resolution banding and molecular analysis can help to confirm the diagnosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of apparently isolated unilateral multicystic kidney: implications for counselling and management
Authors: Aubertin G. , Cripps S. , Coleman G. , McGillivray B. , Yong S.L. , Van Allen M. , Shaw D. , Arbour L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCases where initial prenatal diagnosis was made of isolated unilateral multicystic kidney (UMCK) were reviewed to determine appropriate counselling and management strategies. For the 73 cases, chromosome abnormalities, pregnancy complications and family histories were reviewed. In addition, subsequently diagnosed birth defects, and pediatric medical and surgical outcomes were available for 54 cases. Of those with outcome information available renal/genital–urinary tract abnormalities were diagnosed subsequently in 33% and non‐renal abnormalities in 16% of cases. Of the non‐renal abnormalities, congenital heart defects were most frequent (7%). One chromosome abnormality, a trisomy 21, was present among 32 cases where karyotypes were known (3%). Amniotic fluid volume abnormalities were present in 11 cases but not predictive of associated anomalies, with the exception of one case where polyhydramnios accompanied multiple malformations consistent with VATER association. A family history of structural renal anomalies was reported in 11 cases (20%). There were 14 cases of partial or complete involution (25%), including two cases of complete prenatal involution of the cystic kidneys. No long‐term associated morbidity such as hypertension or malignancy was present in our cohort. Based on our study and corroborating literature, amniocentesis should be offered to women when a seemingly isolated UMCK is detected on routine prenatal ultrasound. Furthermore, a detailed ultrasound with careful assessment of the fetal heart and contralateral kidney is indicated at diagnosis and during the third trimester to assess for further evidence of structural abnormalities, as well as amniotic fluid volume abnormalities. Careful assessment of the newborn is indicated with appropriate speciality referral as required. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereological quantification of placental villus vascularization and its relation to umbilical artery Doppler flow in intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Sağol Sermet , Sağol Özgül , Özdemir Necmettin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the number of vessels within tertiary stem villi and intermediate/terminal villi which may be responsible for the abnormalities in placental vascular resistance and Doppler velocity index values in growth‐restricted fetuses. The placentas of 20 cases with intrauterine growth restriction and 30 cases which were appropriate for gestational age were studied. The umbilical artery resistance index, pulsatility index and systolic to diastolic ratio were measured in each case. The vessels were quantified by a stereological method described previously and vascular surface density and the volume portion of the villi were calculated. The placentas of preterm and term cases with intrauterine growth restriction displayed significant reductions in the vascular surface density of stem and intermediate/terminal villi and volume portion of intermediate/terminal villi stroma when compared with gestation‐matched normally grown cases (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between Doppler index values of the umbilical artery and the stereological parameters of the intermediate/terminal and stem villi in the intrauterine growth restriction group (p>0.05). Some of the pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction (six patients) with normal Doppler flow velocity waveforms had reduced vascularization in the placentas, and these pregnancies were found to have no perinatal complications. We conclude that,although the placental villi show reduced vascularization in pregnancies with intrauterine growth restriction, the Doppler indices may be normal and this normal flow pattern is related to reduced complication rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester sonographic diagnosis of distal urethral atresia with megalourethra in VACTERL association
Authors: Krapp Martin , Geipel Annegret , Germer Ute , Krokowski Manuela , Gembruch Ulrich 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCongenital megalourethra is a rare disorder. We present an early case diagnosed in the first trimester. Prenatal ultrasound showed a megalourethra with a normal fetal bladder, hyperechogenic cystic right kidney and single umbilical artery. After termination of pregnancy, necropsy confirmed all sonographic findings and revealed other malformations (spina bifida occulta, anal atresia, tracheo‐oesophageal fistula, brachydactylia) resulting in the diagnosis of VACTERL association. The prenatal diagnostician should seek histological examination firstly to confirm his findings and secondly to avoid missing associations and inherited malformations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal findings in a monozygotic twin pregnancy with Costello syndrome
Authors: Van den Bosch T. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Fryns J. P. , Naulaers G. , Inion A. M. , Devriendt K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis report describes the prenatal findings in monozygotic twins with Costello syndrome. At 16 weeks one twin had 9 mm of nuchal oedema: coarctation of the aorta was diagnosed after birth. At 225/7 weeks relative macrocephaly, mild pyelectasia and moderate polyhydramnios were noted in both twins. In the following 4 weeks the polyhydramnios increased significantly without visualisation of filling of the stomach. Between 275/7 and 302/7 weeks a total of 9 l amniotic fluid was drained and at 304/7 weeks prelabor premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) occurred followed by premature labor and delivery. The neonatal period was complicated by growth retardation, deglutition problems, hypotonia, cardiac and respiratory problems. Both twins died on Day 57 because of respiratory insufficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small is beautiful—but is it always viable?
Authors: Miller Michael Page 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA significant challenge facing smaller nonprofits concerns developingeffective, mission‐based fundraising programs. Technical assistanceproviders, consultants, trainers, and others dedicated to supportingsmall nonprofits need to understand the strengths and weaknesses inorganizations and their fundraising programs. This final chapterprovides an overview of strategies to support small organizations.
Education and Hispanic philanthropy: Family, sacrifice, and community
Authors: Rodriguez Charles G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Hispanic community is stalemated in its progress toward school retention and graduation. For too many years academic dropout rates have hovered close to 50 percent, even as the total Hispanic population continues to grow rapidly. From the perspective of dollars contributed, philanthropy among Hispanics is modest and not increasing relative to the community's demographic growth. This chapter offers a more comprehensive definition of philanthropy and, with it, the hope that Hispanics might reassess their strengths and forfeit debilitating attitudes. Hispanic philanthropy in dollar terms may well depend on working out sacrifice philanthropy in their hearts and minds.
Religion, philanthropy, and the Hispanic people in North America
Authors: Miranda Jesse 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHistorical, cultural, and religious factors have combined to serve as disincentives for the philanthropic participation of the Hispanic community in North America. Why should Hispanics give to the good of the church when the church has not been good to them? An integrated view of religion in the form of discipleship and spiritual vitality provides an incentive for the action necessary to correct the attitude and offset the historical spiritual neglect and cultural insensitivity of the Christian church toward Hispanics.
Capital campaigns and the new charitable investors
Authors: Briscoe Marianne G. , Marion Barbara H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCapital campaign strategies and tactics differ when donors are the new charitable investors: entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and stock option millionaires. Fundraisers must do more than determine what new approaches will work with these donors; they must also figure out how to adapt the new approaches to known effective strategies and how to be clear about which basics cannot be abandoned.
The irony of parachurch organizations: The case of Habitat for Humanity
Authors: Baggett Jerome P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAs a parachurch organization, Habitat for Humanity owes much of its success to the fact that it institutionalizes a pragmatic, nondoctrinal, and individualistic form of religiosity well adapted to the secular climate of modernity; ironically, this form of religiosity is problematic for marshaling an ideological resistance to the class divisions and instrumental logic of the market that impinges on Habitat's organizational culture.
Komplexe Materialien auf mesoskopischer Skala: Was ist Weiche Materie?
Authors: Gompper Gerhard , Dhont Jan K. G. , Richter Dieter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Weiche Materie verdankt ihre besonderen Eigenschaften der Strukturierung auf supramolekularen, mesoskopischen Längenskalen: Diese liegen zwischen der mikroskopischen Skala der Atome und der makroskopischen Skala unserer täglichen Erfahrung. Ebenso wichtig sind die schwachen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den supramolekularen Strukturen (Aggregaten), so dass thermische Fluktuationen ihre Eigenschaften wesentlich mitbestimmen. Weiche Materie ist deshalb leicht deformierbar, ihre Eigenschaften können leicht variiert werden, und es treten neuartige dynamische Phänomene auf. Die klassischen Systeme der Weichen Materie sind Dispersionskolloide, Membranen, Mikroemulsionen und Polymere. Die moderne Forschung untersucht verstärkt Systeme aus mehreren dieser Komponenten, zum Beispiel biologische Membranen.
Eine Welt zwischen Fest und Flüssig: Aktuelle Forschung an Weicher Materie
Authors: Gompper Gerhard , Dhont Jan K. G. , Richter Dieter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Systeme der Weichen Materie sind gekennzeichnet durch Universalität und Komplexität. Für viele Eigenschaften spielen die Details der chemischen Struktur der Moleküle und der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Atomen nur eine geringe Rolle. Die Ursachen hierfür sind die Strukturen auf der supramolekularen, mesoskopischen Längenskala und der bedeutende Einfluss thermischer Fluktuationen. Die große Zahl verschiedener Komponenten und die enorme Fülle an Eigenschaften und Phänomenen bieten viele Möglichkeiten der Materialentwicklung. Das zeigt zum Beispiel die aktuelle Forschung an Polymerschmelzen, Mikroemulsionen und Suspensionen im Scherfluss.
Chips aus Plastik: Organische Elektronik
Authors: Kiy Michael 
Published: June 2004

AbstractKünstliche organische Materialien werden in Zukunft vermehrt in der Elektronik eingesetzt werden. Obwohl sie gute Isolatoren sind, kann ein ausreichend großes elektrisches Feld in ihnen einen elektrischen Strom fließen lassen. Dazu injizieren Metallelektroden freie Ladungsträger wie Elektronen oder Löcher in das organische Material. Diese Ladungsträgerinjektion kann die elektrischen Eigenschaften geeigneter organischer Materialien vom Isolator bis zum Leiter steuern. Eine zukünftige Domäne solcher Kunststoffe werden einfache, billige Chips sein. Bei den Displays könnten sie bald die konventionellen Flüssigkristallanzeigen technisch überflügeln.
Predictors of deterioration of lung function in cystic fibrosis*
Authors: Schaedel C. , de Monestrol I. , Hjelte L. , Johannesson M. , Kornfält R. , Lindblad A. , Strandvik B. , Wahlgren L. , Holmberg L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) may be related to the type of mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, and to environmental and immunological factors. Since pulmonary disease is the main determinant of morbidity and mortality in CF, it is important to identify factors that can explain and predict this variation. The aim of this longitudinal study of the whole Swedish CF population over age 7 years was to correlate genetic and clinical data with the rate of decline in pulmonary function. The statistical analysis was performed using the mixed model regression method, supplemented with calculation of relative risks for severe lung disease in age cohorts.The severity of pulmonary disease was to some extent predicted by CFTR genotype. Furthermore, the present investigation is the first long‐term study showing a significantly more rapid deterioration of lung function in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus. Besides diabetes mellitus, pancreatic insufficiency and chronic Pseudomonas colonization were found to be negative predictors of pulmonary function. In contrast to several other reports, we found no significant differences in lung function between genders. Patients with pancreatic sufficiency have no or only a slight decline of lung function with age once treatment is started, but an early diagnosis in this group is desirable. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:483–491. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.