bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic monitors of zoo populations: Morphological and electrophoretic assays
Authors: Wayne Robert K. , Forman Lisa , Newman Andrea K. , Simonson Janice M. , O'Brien Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractZoo populations can be empirically studied and monitored genetically from three distinct and informative prospectives: (1) the careful collection of breeding and pedigree history; (2) biochemical genetic surveys of gene variation from electrophoretic data; and (3) the extent of variation in morphological characters. We present here a summary of the results and conclusions of biochemical genetic surveys performed to date in mammals and indicate those biochemical genetic loci most likely to be informative in management programs. The results of a number of studies of morphological variation (estimated by coefficients of variation or fluctuating asymmetry) as related to the genetic status of biological populations are reviewed. The applications of such measurements to the characterization of the South African cheetah are reviewed briefly with attention to captive vertebrate species. Specific recommendations for the evaluation of captive populations and for the monitoring of breeding programs by using biochemical and morphological characters are proposed.
Gene survival in the Asian wild horse (Equus przewalskii): I. Dependence of gene survival in the calgary breeding group pedigree
Authors: Geyer Charles J. , Thompson Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe joint probability distribution of the number of distinct (not identical by descent) genes from each founder of the Equus przewalskii population that survive in the five horses of the Calgary Zoological Gardens breeding group has been calculated. The dependence structure of this distribution is investigated, and informative marginal distributions are given, among them the distributions of the genetic contributions of each founder to the Calgary horses and the distribution of wild‐type genes in these horses. The dependence pattern is found to be complex; there is no substitute for exact calculation of the full joint probability distribution of numbers of surviving genes. Probabilities of gene survival give a more complete summary of the genetic structure of a set of individuals than is provided by more routine measures such as heterozygosity or founder contributions. The feasibility of computing these probabilities for small groups of current individuals descended from few founders via long and complex pedigrees, provides a new approach to assessing such groups, and could be used also in selecting animals to form the founder stock of propagules for future reintroduction programs.
Correlates of sexual and maternal competence in captive gorillas
Authors: Beck Benjamin B. , Power Michael L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe captive gorilla population may not be self‐sustaining, in part because the overall birth rate is low and because many potential founders have failed to reproduce. We used questionnaires to collect standardized biographies of every gorilla held in North America. These biographies were searched for factors associated with reproductive success or failure.Captive‐born gorillas are reproducing at least as well as wild‐borns, when reproductive success is expressed as number of infants per year of reproductive opportunity. Mother‐reared females are reproductively more successful than hand‐reared females, but there is no difference in the reproductive success of mother‐reared and hand‐reared males. Social access to conspecifics in the 1st year is associated with higher reproductive success, at least for females. Reproductively successful and unsuccessful gorillas of both sexes have had equal access to potential mates, but unsuccessful animals are less likely than successful ones to exhibit normal sexual behavior.We conclude that many cases of reproductive failure are due to deficits in sexual behavior, which in turn may result from lack of early social experience with conspecifics. Some reproductive failure involves medical problems; interventive diagnostic techniques continue to be useful, if only to identify healthy individuals that can be managed intensively.The probability that a female will be a competent mother is not affected by her being wild‐born or captive‐born, or mother‐reared or hand‐reared.
Evaluation of the role of refugia in conservation efforts for the Devils Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales
Authors: Baugh Thomas M. , Deacon James E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Hoover Dam Refugium was built to help insure the survival of the Devils Hole pupfish during an especially critical period. It served that purpose well. The Amargosa Pupfish Station added an additional, nearly identical artificial habitat to use in conservation and management of the Devils Hole pupfish. Contemporary concerns of conservation biology suggest that: 1) Genetic diversity or homogeneity of refugium populations should, when possible, be established by biochemical and morphological techniques; 2) protection of the natural habitat has been effected, and population levels have returned essentially to normal, therefore, management intervention in the natural population is not now appropriate; 3) refugium populations represent a unique opportunity to develop information useful in conservation and management of small populations of endangered fishes, if legal restrictions to such investigations can be accommodated; and 4) refugia, dependent on human activities for construction and maintenance, are less reliable than natural habitats.
Characteristics of fresh and cryopreserved Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) semen and its seminal plasma chemical constituents
Authors: Schmehl M. K. , Graham E. F. , Byers A. P. , Hunter A. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSemen was collected by electroejaculation from four Siberian tigers. The cells were separated from the seminal plasma by centrifugation, extended in TEST‐yolk buffer with 4% glycerol and frozen for a Sephadex filtration assay. The seminal plasma was analyzed for chemical constituents and characteristics.There were significant differences between tigers for volume, cell concentration, pre‐ and post‐thaw motility, total cells, percent live/normal cells, pH, specific gravity, albumin, alkaline phosphate, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total protein, urea nitrogen, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide and glucose. There were no differences between tigers for total live cells, osmotic pressure, acid phosphatase, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, or creatinine. There were significant differences between months only for pre‐freeze motility, albumin, chloride, carbon dioxide, and calcium. The differences in seminal plasma chemistry may be useful for semen quality evaluation after successful breeding techniques have been developed. As the data base of information concerning the reproductive physiology of tigers increases, application of advanced technologies may become a reality.
Serving science and conservation: The biological materials request protocol of the New York Zoological Society
Authors: Hutchins Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBiological materials obtained during routine veterinary treatment and necropsies on zoo and aquarium animals provide opportunities to study a wide variety of phenomena, many of which have important implications for wildlife conservation and captive animal management. Collection and shipment of biological materials require extensive coordination, and few zoological institutions have developed detailed, standardized protocols to facilitate these efforts. The value of using biological materials is reviewed and a set of policies and guidelines are outlined for their collection, preservation, and shipment. Several related issues are discussed, including health hazards and liability issues, permit requirements, and animal welfare considerations.
The relationship between forage material and levels of coprophagy in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Fritz Jo , Maki Susan , Nash Leanne T. , Martin Timothy , Matevia Marilyn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough coprophagy is practiced in the wild by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), it occurs more frequently and under more varied circumstances in captivity. This study was designed to determine if different forage materials and amount of residual undigested grain particles found in the feces might cause an increase in coprophagous behavior in those animals which already exhibited the behavior. A possible effect of availability of seed pits and fibrous leaves for “wadge” making, a typical chimpanzee behavior, on levels of coprophagy was also considered. Observations for coprophagous behavior were conducted on 65 juvenile, adolescent, and adult chimpanzees. Coprophagy levels were significantly lower with popcorn than either chicken scratch or sweet feed. A significant increase in coprophagy was noted for all weeks of forage types when tested against the wadge weeks. Residual grain content analysis showed no significant difference in coprophagous behavior between any of the testing conditions. Decreasing levels of coprophagous behaviors may be assisted by the provision of wadge materials. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of infectious disease: A biocultural analysis of AIDS
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Ryan Mary , Leatherman Thomas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe evolution of infectious disease can be understood from an ecological model that incorporates information from anthropology, epidemiology, and biomedicine. This model considers variables such as the pathogen, the host population, and the environment. In this model, the role that culture as well as other environmental variables plays in the transmission of infectious disease in human populations is considered. In addition, the sociocultural response and its impact on the disease process can be analyzed. The present AIDS epidemic is placed in an ecological and evolutionary context of the disease in hominid evolution. The interaction between Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and human populations is considered in this perspective. The ability of the virus to survive in semen and blood both increases as well as limits the possibility of transmission. Cultural practices that increase the transmission of blood and semen or increase sexual activity will obviously increase the potential risk of viral transmission. In societies that practice exchange of blood, blood transfusion, and where vaccinations with unclean needles exist or where there is intravenous (IV) drug use, the transmission of HIV by blood is enhanced. HIV which can cause a breakdown of the immunological system is paradoxically a very fragile pathogen. Replication occurs within T‐cells, an important part of the immunological system. Outside of the blood or semen the virus dies quickly. From the perspective of the pathogen's adaptation, the virus has effectively solved the problem of survival. The fragile virus's long incubation period and its ability to survive in the presence of antibodies help to assure its transmission. HIV's ability to suppress the immunological system may assure its immediate survival, but this adaptation may cause the death of its host from other opportunistic pathogens that are usually not lethal.
AIDS in Africa: A bioanthropological perspective
Authors: McGrath Janet W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe epidemiological characteristics of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Africa are reviewed. Infection rates with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) and human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV‐2) vary across the continent of Africa with the highest infection rates occurring in East and Central Africa. The primary pattern of infection with HIV‐1 is characterized by high rates of heterosexual vs. homosexual transmission, a low male to female sex ratio of cases, and high rates of pediatric AIDS. Cultural anthropologists have emphasized variation in human sexual behavior as an important factor in understanding the HIV epidemic. These studies have focussed on understanding the range of sexual risk behaviors present in different cultures and the cultural meanings of these behaviors. Biological anthropologists approach the study of human disease with an interest in human biological variation, evolutionary models, and the interface between biology and behavior. A Bioanthropology Research Agenda for AIDS is proposed which focuses on these three areas. Potential research domains for biological anthropologists include: human biological variation and cofactors of infection and disease, the evolutionary impact of HIV infection, and the interface between biology and behavior and the biological impact of behavior. Working with colleagues in other disciplines, biological anthropologists can assist in furthering understanding of the variables of HIV infection and disease.
Environmental context, social interactions, and the spread of HIV
Authors: Sattenspiel Lisa , Castillo‐Chavez Carlos 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe spread of HIV through a population is influenced by many factors. These include the frequency and type of sexual activity, age distribution of the population, use of intravenous drugs and behaviors associated with their use, the pattern of infectivity of the virus during the several stages of the infection, geographic location, and the patterns of interaction among individuals and the context in which those interactions occur. A number of questions about the natural history and epidemiology of AIDS remain unanswered. Since the disease has only recently been recognized, historical data are unavailable to aid in answering these questions. Mathematical models provide one approach that can be of use in understanding the spread of the disease. Because of the complexity of the biology and epidemiology of AIDS, useful models must focus on specific aspects of the disease. In addition to a brief review of existing models for the spread of AIDS, a new model which incorporates the effects of social context operating at the time of a sexual encounter is described. The model considers the spread of the disease in a population of homosexual men divided into groups based on relative risk for the disease. Individuals are assigned to a specific group on the basis of their normal sexual activities, but they may take on the characteristics of a different risk group temporarily given the conditions operating when they engage in a sexual encounter. Results from preliminary analyses of the new model indicate that the major effects of incorporating social context include a decrease in the number of cases of the disease, sometimes by an order of magnitude or more, delayed spread of the disease, and a decreased impact of the disease on low and medium risk groups.
Association of ABO phenotypes and body weight in a sample of Brazilian infants
Authors: Kelso A. J. , Siffert Tobi , Maggi Wynne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between body weight and ABO blood types was examined in a sample of infants included in a sample of Brazilian migrant families collected by N.E. Morton 30 years ago. The results, obtained by one‐way analyses of variance using SPSS Release 4, indicate: (1) an excess of females (N = 85) over males (N = 56) due almost entirely to an excess of type A and type B females, (2) no significant differences in body weight by ABO blood type among the male infants, (3) differences between type A females and types O and B female infants with type A females significantly heavier (P = .009) than the other phenotypes, and (4) infant daughters, regardless of ABO phenotype, born to type A mothers are significantly heavier than infant daughters born to type B mothers (P = .016). The results are consistent with earlier work of Kircher (1963), Reed (1967), and Clausen and Hakomori (1989), and suggest that selection on the ABO system may act very early in ontogeny and may act on females and not on males. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postpartum nutritional status of Filipino women
Authors: Adair Linda S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPostpartum weight, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thicknesses (TSF) and upper arm circumferences (AC) were measured bimonthly for 24 months in a large cohort of urban and rural Filipino women. Weight loss, leading to an increasing prevalence of low BMI (<18.5) is the norm in this population where dietary intakes of energy, calcium, and iron fall below WHO recommended intakes. The effects of lactation on postpartum changes in weight and TSF during 6‐month intervals were examined by stratifying women into groups defined by lactation duration. In addition, multivariate models were used to examine the effects of lactation on changes in weight or TSF while controlling for other factors such as energy intake, seasonality, morbidity, pregnancy interval, parity, and age. Lactation was associated with significantly increased weight losses from birth to 18 months postpartum. Furthermore, full lactation (breast‐feeding with the addition of less than 20 kcal/day to the infant's diet) also significantly increased weight loss in the first 6 months, when the overall duration of lactation in that interval was controlled. Lactation had a small but statistically significant effect on changes in TSF as well. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximal mechanical aerobic and anaerobic power output of low‐income Brazilian schoolchildren as a function of growth
Authors: Anjos Luiz A. , Boileau Richard A. , Misner James E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMaximal mechanical aerobic and anaerobic power outpout (POWER) on a cycle‐ergometer were measured in 131 children (60 girls and 71 boys) 8 and 9 years of age attending a public school in a low‐income area in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Deficits in stature were classified relative to American reference data (NCHS) to identify three groups of children: Group A, Z‐score of stature for age (S‐Age) ≥ 0 (no deficit); Group B, – 1 < Z S‐age < 0 (moderate deficits); and Group C, Z S‐age ≤ −1 (greatest deficit). A two‐way ANOVA with interaction was used to assess the influence of growth and sex on performance. There were no differences between sexes in anthropometric dimensions but boys had significantly greater estimated upper arm muscle + bone area than girls and also performed better on both tests. Deficits in stature negatively influenced (P < 0.05) aerobic and anaerobic function expressed in absolute values. However, when expressed in relation to body size, POWER and the anaerobic to aerobic ratio values were, in general, not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, children living in underprivileged environments show deficits in growth, but appear to maintain a level of performance proportional to their smaller body size. From a practical point of view, however, the absolute functional capacity value may be more important, because under such underprivileged conditions, it is the total amount of work produced which determines work capacity in adult life and thus, may determine physical, economic, and social well‐being. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One year follow‐up study of stature, weight, emergence of dentition, and sexual maturation of well‐nourished indian girls from birth to 20 years
Authors: Kaur Balvinder , Singh Raghbir 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStature, weight, and emergence of deciduous and permanent teeth of 1,330 well‐nourished girls from birth to 20 years belonging to well‐off families residing in Delhi are reported. All subjects were measured on two occasions 1 year apart. In addition, each subject was examined for gingival emergence of deciduous or permanent teeth on both occasions. Data on age at menarche were also collected. Single‐year velocities of stature and weight are highest during the first year. The peak of adolescent spurts in stature and weight velocities are observed at 11.0 and 12.0 years, respectively. The first deciduous tooth to emerge is the mandibular I1, of girls at 7.6 months. The sequence of emergence based on ascending median ages is I1, I2, M1, C, and M2 for both maxillary as well as mandibular deciduous teeth. The permanent dentition starts with the emergence of mandibular M1 at 5.75 years. The sequence of emergence of permanent teeth is M1, I1, I2, PM1, C, PM2, and M2 in the maxilla, and M1, I1, I2, C, PM1, PM2, and M2 in the mandible. Annual increase in number of permanent teeth erupted shows a spurt between 9 and 10 years of age. Median age at menarche is 12.37 ± 0.03 with a standard deviation of 0.8 years; it is about one and one‐half years later than the estimated age at peak height velocity. Single‐year velocities of stature and weight decline after the onset of menarche. An association of emergence of deciduous teeth with birth weight is observed. Newborns with higher birth weight tend to have more teeth emerged at one year of age compared to those having lower birth weight. In all age groups, girls who had experienced menarche are taller and heavier and have more erupted permanent teeth compared to those who have not yet attained menarche. Girls with earlier menarche apparently have short adult stature compared to those with later menarche. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and fitness of Canadian inuit: Secular trends, 1970–1990
Authors: Rode Andris , Shephard Roy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe growth and development of Inuit children and adolescents living in the high arctic (Igloolik, NWT, 69°40′ N, 81°W) has been surveyed crosssectionally and semilongitudinally on three occasions during a period of rapid acculturation: 1969–1970, 1979–1980, 1989–1990. Recruitment declined from 85% (1969–1970) to 63% (1989–1990) of eligible subjects, in the most recent survey a total of 91 males and 65 females. Secular trends in the community have included a change from nomadic to settled life, improved access to health care, reduction of average family size, a progressive shift from country to market foods, the introduction of a 12‐grade school, and a progressive reduction of habitual physical activity with the advent of television and video programs. The stature of the youngest students has tended to increase by ∼1cm/decade, possibly as a consequence of dietary changes and resultant earlier maturation, but the stature of older adolescents has tended to decrease, possibly as a consequence of spinal trauma sustained during high‐speed snowmobile operation. In the boys, the estimated onset of rapid pubertal growth has advanced from an age of 13–14 to 12–13 years, and in the girls, the period of rapid growth is now already established at 11 years. Over the 20 years of observation, skinfold thicknesses at any given age have increased, handgrip and knee extension forces have diminished, and relative aerobic power has also decreased. In consequence, the current generation of Inuit children are no more fit than their sedentary peers in southern Canada. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The trisomy 4p syndrome: Case report and review
Authors: Gonzalez Claudette Hajaj , Sommer Annemarie , Meisner Lorraine F. , Elejalde B. Rafael , Opitz John M. , Francke U. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report a further case of trisomy 4p: a 5‐year‐old mentally retarded boy with characteristic facial features, eye abnormalities, flexion contractures, several bone anomalies, and hyperactivity.In a review of 27 cases (11♂, 16♀, 22 families) the cytogenetic and clinical data were tabulated and analyzed. Diagnosis is established by karyotype: there is always partial or apparently “total” trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 4. In 19 families a parent carried either a balanced translocation (16 times) or a pericentric inversion (3 times); 3 patients had de novo duplication of 4p. In several cases, additional deletions or trisomies were present. From the analysis of all cases, but particularly of the “pure” trisomies, the phenotypic spectrum of this condition was observed and found to be a specific multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. Its main features are a characteristic facial appearance, postnatal growth retardation, severe psychomotor retardation with or without seizures, microcephaly, and various major and minor anomalies.