bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Getting control of Corona takes many angles’: COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among refugee/immigrant/migrant communities in four US cities
Authors: Owen-Smith A , Porter J , Thomas C m , Clarke S , Ogrodnick M m , Hand L J , Dawson-Hahn E , O’Connor M h , Feinberg I , Adde S , Desta R , Yubo Z , Chin A , Safi M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The objectives of the study were to (i) document refugee, immigrant and migrant (RIM) communities’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs (KABs) related to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine and (ii) identify best practices for developing and disseminating culturally and linguistically responsive health messaging addressing those KABs. Thirteen online focus groups (OFGs) in 10 languages were conducted. Each OFG was conducted in the participants’ native language. OFGs were recorded, transcribed, translated and uploaded to qualitative software for coding. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results suggest that while there was some variation between different language groups (e.g. whether religious leaders were seen as trusted sources of information about COVID), there were also important commonalities. Most language groups (i) alluded to hearing about or having gaps in knowledge about COVID-19/the COVID-19 vaccine, (ii) reported hearing negative or conflicting stories about the vaccine and (iii) shared concerns about the negative side effects of the vaccine. There continues to be a need for health messaging in RIM communities that is culturally and linguistically concordant and follows health literacy guidelines. Message content about the COVID-19 vaccine should focus on vaccine importance, effectiveness and safety, should be multimodal and should be primarily delivered by healthcare professionals and community members who have already been vaccinated.
Governments and Markets in the Digital Age
Authors: Calcara Antonio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The academic literature has revamped its interest in economic statecraft, geoeconomics, geopoliticization of trade and technology sectors, and in the role of value chains as vectors for exerting control over critical technologies. However, there has been less reflection on state-market relations in the production of technological innovation and on the evolution of government business relations. Four recent books address these two important issues from different angles. Mazzucato and Mallaby’s books focus on the right mix of state and market needed to stimulate technological innovation, and they do so from opposite perspectives. Chen and Ripley’s books look, respectively, at the rise of Tencent as one of China’s major big tech companies and the rise of SpaceX as a key private player in the traditionally state-led US space market. These two books are therefore of interest to gauge the evolving relations between government and private businesses in two key areas of current geopolitical competition, the digital and the space sectors. The aim of this review essay is not only to briefly summarize the content of these books and their strengths and weaknesses, but also to use them as a starting point to reflect on the mix of state and market in the production of innovation, and on government-businesses relations in digital markets.
Incidence of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid associated hepatotoxicity in an Australian children’s hospital
Authors: Eldredge Jessica A , Pittet Laure F , Gwee Amanda 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid is the most common antimicrobial cause of drug-induced liver injury in adults. It is a less common cause of severe drug-related hepatotoxicity in children despite its frequent use. We studied the incidence, characteristics and predictive factors for amoxycillin/clavulanic acid hepatoxicity in children.

Design
Retrospective cohort study of children who received oral or intravenous amoxycillin/clavulanic acid at a quaternary children’s hospital over a 5-year period. Children were included if they had liver function tests (LFTs) determined at baseline, during and within 3 months after the treatment course. Causality was assessed using the Naranjo criteria for adverse drug reactions and Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method.

Results
Of 3271 children prescribed amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, 374 were included. Forty-nine (13%) had LFT abnormalities related to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. Fourteen (3.6%) fulfilled Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 2 criteria with clinically significant hepatotoxicity. Age &lt;2 years, sepsis, post-gastrointestinal surgical indications, prolonged treatment course of &gt;7 days and higher cumulative amoxycillin (&gt;10 g) and clavulanic acid dose (&gt;1 g) were predictive of hepatotoxicity. The median time to resolution of LFT abnormalities was 4 weeks (range 3–7).

Conclusions
The incidence of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid related LFT abnormalities (CTCAE Grade 2 or above) in children was 3.6%. A prolonged treatment course &gt;7 days, high cumulative amoxycillin (10 g) and clavulanic acid (&gt;1 g) doses, those aged &lt;2 years, and patients with sepsis or post-gastrointestinal surgery were predictive of a higher likelihood of abnormal LFTs. LFT monitoring should be considered in children receiving ≥7 days of treatment, particularly in those with other predisposing factors.
Riparin II-type benzamides as novel antibiofilm agents against dermatophytes: chemical synthesis, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico evaluation
Authors: Rocha Marcelo Antônio Nóbrega da , Silva Emanuel Pereira , Silva Risley Nikael Medeiros , Sousa Gabriela Ribeiro de , Barbosa-Filho José Maria , Maia Mayara dos Santos , Lima Alberto Shellygton , de Souza-Ferrari Jailton , Pereira Fillipe de Oliveira 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms in host tissues confers physical and biochemical resistance to antifungal drugs. Therefore, research to find new compounds against dermatophyte biofilm is crucial.

Objectives
To evaluate the antifungal activity of riparin II (RIP2), nor-riparin II (NOR2) and dinor-riparin II (DINOR2) against Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Nannizzia gypsea strains.

Methods
Initially, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of benzamides. We evaluated the inhibitory effects on the development of dermatophyte biofilms using in vitro and ex vivo models. Finally, we built three-dimensional models of the sulphite pump Ssu1 to investigate the interactions with the benzamides by molecular docking.

Results
RIP2 showed a broad spectrum of activity against T. rubrum, M. canis and N. gypsea, whereas NOR2 and DINOR2 were more selective. Furthermore, the shortening of the carbon chain from RIP2 benzamide to NOR2 and DINOR2 homologs caused a decrease in the MIC values. The benzamides reduced biofilm production and viability in vitro (P &lt; 0.05) at MIC. This result was similar ex vivo in human nail fragments tests, but NOR2 and DINOR2 showed significant results at 2xMIC (P &lt; 0.05). We constructed a model of the Ssu1 protein for each dermatophyte with high similarity. Molecular docking showed that the benzamides obtained higher binding energy values than ciclopirox.

Conclusions
Our study shows the antibiofilm potential for riparin II-type benzamides as new drugs targeting dermatophytes by inhibiting the Ssu1 protein.
Protein homeostasis and degradation in quiescent neural stem cells
Authors: Kobayashi Taeko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Tissue stem cells are maintained in the adult body throughout life and are crucial for tissue homeostasis as they supply newly functional cells. Quiescence is a reversible arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and a strategy to maintain the quality of tissue stem cells. Quiescence maintains stem cells in a self-renewable and differentiable state for a prolonged period by suppressing energy consumption and cell damage and depletion. Most adult neural stem cells in the brain maintain the quiescent state and produce neurons and glial cells through differentiation after activating from the quiescent state to the proliferating state. In this process, proteostasis, including proteolysis, is essential to transition between the quiescent and proliferating states associated with proteome remodeling. Recent reports have demonstrated that quiescent and proliferating neural stem cells have different expression patterns and roles as proteostatic molecules and are affected by age, indicating differing processes for protein homeostasis in these two states in the brain. This review discusses the multiple regulatory stages from protein synthesis (protein birth) to proteolysis (protein death) in quiescent neural stem cells.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon
Authors: Jurdi Nidal Nabil 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The article aims to discuss some of the underlying factors that have significantly hindered the ability of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL, or ‘the Tribunal’) to fulfil its mandate — bringing those responsible for the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and others to justice, and thereby bringing justice to victims. Since its inception, the Tribunal has been received with mixed feelings. On the one hand, given the inability and unwillingness of Lebanese domestic courts to deal with gross human rights violations — including heinous terrorist crimes — the establishment of a judicial body was considered indispensable to ending impunity for such crimes. On the other hand, the Tribunal has been perceived as selective and the outcome of a politically-convenient temporary impetus. Adopting a Third World Approach to International Law, the article argues that the model applied in establishing the STL adopted most of the shortcomings of international criminal justice. Furthermore, considering the perceptions of the Tribunal’s legacy among victims and the public in Lebanon and in the wider region, it is no less contentious from a transitional justice perspective. The article concludes that such a model, due to its legal, structural, policy, and management shortcomings, has failed to fulfil its mandate and there are lessons that can be learnt from this contentious experience.
CXCL17 is a proinflammatory chemokine and promotes neutrophil trafficking
Authors: Lowry Emily , Chellappa Rani C , Penaranda Brigith , Sawant Kirti V , Wakamiya Maki , Garofalo Roberto P , Rajarathnam Krishna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
CXCL17, a novel member of the CXC chemokine class, has been implicated in several human pathologies, but its role in mediating immune response is not well understood. Characteristic features of immune response include resident macrophages orchestrating successive and structured recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the insult site. Here, we show that Cxcl17 knockout (KO) mice, compared with the littermate wild-type control mice, were significantly impaired in peritoneal neutrophil recruitment post–lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Further, the KO mice show dysregulated Cxcl1, Cxcr2, and interleukin-6 levels, all of which directly impact neutrophil recruitment. Importantly, the KO mice showed no difference in monocyte recruitment post–LPS challenge or in peritoneal macrophage levels in both unchallenged and LPS-challenged mice. We conclude that Cxcl17 is a proinflammatory chemokine and that it plays an important role in the early proinflammatory response by promoting neutrophil recruitment to the insult site.
First-trimester uterine rupture in a twin gestation after a motor vehicle collision: a case report
Authors: Cenac Leshae A , Cacciotti Maria , Griffith Tracy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Uterine rupture following trauma in pregnancy is rare, especially in earlier gestational ages. The diagnosis can be challenging, and treatment may be delayed when patients present with nonspecific findings. Therefore, a high index of suspicion must be maintained. Once diagnosed, the treatment involves surgical exploration. We present a case report of a first-trimester uterine rupture of a twin pregnancy following a motor vehicle collision in a patient with prior cesarean sections.
Nuclear Cardiology
Authors: Zaret Barry L. , Wackers Frans J. Th. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The initial application of radioisotopes to cardiac studies occurred in the mid-1920s to evaluate left ventricular (LV) function. Myocardial stress perfusion imaging was first performed using potassium-43 and exercise in 1973. Stress imaging rapidly evolved thereafter with new tracers (thallium-201 and technetium-99m-labeled agents) and from planar to SPECT approaches. Perfusion imaging rapidly proved its value diagnostically and in assessing prognosis. Advances in hybrid imaging, combining computed tomography CT with radionuclide imaging, haves recently allowed attenuation correction as well as providing the combination of anatomic and physiologic data. PET myocardial perfusion studies have recently become a standard approach for evaluating myocardial perfusion, absolute quantification of coronary blood flow, and coronary flow reserve. PET FDG studies of cardiac sarcoidosis have recently been established as a new approach for defining myocardial inflammation. 10. New cardiac-centered SPECT systems provide high- sensitivity, high-resolution studies, allowing for radiation dose reduction and high-quality imaging studies.
Artifacts
Authors: Decker William A. Van 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Artifacts are not unique to nuclear cardiac imaging and are observed in many aspects of patient care. All imaging modalities (such as echocardiography, chest x-rays, computed tomography of any type, magnetic resonance imaging, coronary angiography, and electrocardiography) may have artifacts due to the imaging technique. Their recognition and correction improves precision and patient management. With nuclear cardiology, artifacts could be observed with SPECT and PET as well as with radionuclide angiography. The greater number of SPECT studies means that more artifacts are observed with SPECT than PET. Artifacts may affect interpretation of perfusion pattern, LV function, and myocardial blood flow. Artifacts are simply defined as changes in any of the above measurements that are created by the imaging process itself rather than any real biologic or physiologic process. Some are obvious, but others are much more subtle. They could be due to image acquisition, processing, software, hardware, automation, and extracardiac activity. Understanding the causes of the common artifacts will allow recognition of the signature “footprint” on final images. Some artifacts lend themselves to image generation mitigation and others to classic pattern recognition. This chapter will characterize artifacts and explain common ways to manage each for clinically improved interpretation.
Imaging Infection of Valves and Devices
Authors: Schindler Thomas H. , Ghannudi Soraya El , Imperiale Alessio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With the increasing success of cardiovascular device implantations, a significant rise in device infections and hospital admissions has occurred. These infections commonly present a diagnostic challenge as echocardiography as a first-line investigation may be limited. Additional imaging with contrast computed tomography (CTA) and/or 18F-FDG PET may provide incremental diagnostic value that may be critical for decision-making. Diagnostic delay may lead to a delay in appropriate treatment and a worsened clinical outcome. Thus, early identification of device infections with the additional use of 18F-FDG PET and/or CTA within a multidisciplinary expert team is important. Despite the promising emergence of 18F-FDG PET in the detection of device infections, the diagnostic challenge to separate postinterventional sterile inflammation from true bacterial infection, in particular within the first 6 months, necessitates a comprehensive assessment of clinical information, the patient’s presentation, microbiological results, the structure and composition of the device, the post-interventional clinical course, and the FDG-uptake pattern. In particular, early postoperative inflammation around the prosthetic valve’s sewing ring may lead to false-positive findings, if not cautiously interpreted in the clinical context. While 18F-FDG PET affords a high sensitivity in identifying device infections, its specificity may be limited given these confounding factors. In such cases, autologous 99mTc-labeled leukocytes SPECT/CT, with its high specificity for detecting infected devices, may be added to optimize the diagnostic yield where 18F-FDG PET may be equivocal. Large-scale, well-elaborated clinical trials are needed to refine and improve the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in the identification and treatment of device infections.
Nuclear Imaging in Patients with Serious Arrhythmias
Authors: Venkatesh Ravi , Malhotra Saurabh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Identifying patients who are at risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias continues to remain a challenge, and left ventricular ejection fraction has been shown to be an ineffective predictor of arrhythmic events. Cardiac radionuclide imaging has the ability to image not only myocardial perfusion and function but also myocardial dyssynchrony, innervation/denervation, and metabolism, all of which independently and collectively have been shown to enhance arrhythmic risk prediction. Radionuclide imaging can facilitate substrate-based mapping of arrhythmogenic foci and can aid in planning for and facilitating catheter ablation in patients with recurrent ventricular arrhythmias that have been refractory to medical therapy. This chapter reviews the ability of cardiac radionuclide imaging to stratify arrhythmic risk and to guide device and ablation therapies.
Gastritis and Gastropathy
Authors: Hansel Stephanie L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Inflammation of the stomach can manifest itself as gastritis or gastropathy. Gastritis is a histologic diagnosis referring to inflammatory processes of the stomach. Patients with gastritis may or may not have identifiable endoscopic findings or clinical symptoms. Gastropathy refers to epithelial damage with little or no inflammation. There are several classifications of gastritis and gastropathy. Most of them distinguish between acute and chronic disease and the predominant inflammatory infiltrate seen in biopsy specimens. The etiology of the gastritis or gastropathy is also an important factor in the classification, as is the topography or specific areas of involvement in the stomach.
Complications After Roux-en-Y Surgery
Authors: Gala Khushboo S. , Acosta Andres J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The incidence of obesity continues to increase alarmingly, the burden of disease having tripled since 1975. The prevalence of obesity in the United States was a staggering 42.4% in 2018. There has also been an associated increase in the incidence of obesity-related conditions, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for severe obesity, resulting in sustained weight loss, improved obesity-associated comorbidities, and reduced mortality. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass remains one of the most popular bariatric procedures. It is extremely effective for weight loss.
Constipation and Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Bharucha Adil E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Colonic functions include the absorption of water and electrolytes, storage of intraluminal contents until elimination is socially convenient, and nutrient salvage from bacterial metabolism of carbohydrates that are not absorbed in the small intestine. The colon absorbs all but 100 mL of fluid and 1 mEq of sodium and chloride from approximately 1,500 mL of chyme received over 24 hours. Absorptive capacity can increase to 5 to 6 L of fluid and 800 to 1,000 mEq of sodium and chloride daily. In a healthy person, the average mouth-to-cecum transit time is approximately 6 hours, and average regional transit times through the right, left, and sigmoid colon are about 12 hours each, with an average total colonic transit time of 36 hours.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Eaton John E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the liver that is associated with formation of autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, plasma cell infiltrate, and interface hepatitis seen on histologic examination. Autoimmune hepatitis affects patients of all ages and both sexes but occurs more commonly in women (female to male ratio, 3.6:1). The global annual incidence of autoimmune hepatitis ranges from 0.7 to 2 cases per 100,000 persons. Among White people of northern European ancestry, the mean annual incidence of autoimmune hepatitis is 1.9 per 100,000, and the point prevalence is 16.9 per 100,000.
A 55-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea, Cough, and Acute Kidney Failure
Authors: Thompson Gwen E. , Specks Ulrich 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease is a pulmonary-renal syndrome characterized by a pathogenic antibody directed against the basement membranes of the glomeruli and alveoli. The result is glomerulonephritis or pulmonary hemorrhage (or both). Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, serologic markers, and pathologic confirmation. Prognosis is determined from renal factors. Treatment consists of plasma exchange and immunosuppression with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide as first-line agents.
An 82-Year-Old Woman With Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
Authors: Herberts Michelle B. , Lau Jessica , Dunn William F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
When a patient presents with orthopnea, hypoxia, and muscle weakness, ALS should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Patients usually present with lower extremity weakness but can present with bulbar symptoms or respiratory failure. Complications associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) include acute hypoxic and hypercapnic respiratory failure that often requires positive pressure ventilation. Noninvasive ventilator support can improve the quality of life and mortality rates of patients with ALS. Sleep-disordered breathing is also common among patients with ALS, and early identification of this disorder is beneficial.
A 74-Year-Old Man With a Pulmonary Nodule and Neck Pain
Authors: Koubek Richard D. , Hoskote Sumedh S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
FDG-avid pulmonary nodules with mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes on PET-CT can have malignant or benign origins. Certain characteristics of the nodule appearance and FDG uptake patterns can help guide consideration for a malignant basis in the appropriate clinical context. Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with ipsiliateral mediastinal lymph node involvement is considered N2 disease and indicates NSCLC that is at least stage IIIA. Treatment of stage III disease is best coordinated with a multidisciplinary team because of the complexity of the decisions involved and the broad spectrum of clinical severity within this stage, but management generally involves platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy.
A 57-Year-Old Woman With Progressively Decreasing Oxygen Saturation After Liver Transplant
Authors: Panda Govind , Patel Bhavesh M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening diagnosis that can be made accurately at the bedside with lung ultrasonography. Treatment consists of emergent needle decompression of the pleural space in the second intercostal space at the midclavicular line or in the fifth intercostal space at the anterior axillary line with a long, large-bore needle and immediate placement of a chest tube.