bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Satire
Authors: Keane Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The satirist figure’s associations with theater, violence, and law put him in pre carious positions again and again. ½’hen employed for the purposes of exposing and punishing vice, these practices tend to draw their agents as participants into the arenas (literal or metaphorical) that they are trying to control. But the fragile boundary between agent and victim is exactly what makes satire a uniquely thorough critical endeavor instead of a simple replication of any entertaining or punitive practice. The mobility of the satirist figure allows him access to multiple perspectives on the functions and consequences of his work. By undergoing some of the same procedures of exposure and punishment that his targets do, he secures his position as the hero of his text.
Evolution Of Maya Civilization
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of Maya civilization was not a straightforward, progressive development from simple villages to great empires. Instead it today reads as an archaeological drama of fabulous attainments, tumultuous collapses, and renewal. Different areas of the Maya region rose to prominence during the unfolding of this drama. In the Archaic Period (7000–1200 B.C.E.), the southern region (the Pacisfic littoral and the Guatemala highlands) was the most precocious, for example. But in the Classic Period (250–900 C.E.), the south became peripheral to cultural developments in the low-lands, particularly in the Petén region of Guatemala, which is often called the heartland of Maya civilization.
Arithmetic, Astronomy, And The Calendar by Kaylee Spencer-Ahrens and Linnea H. Wren
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Maya were excellent mathematicians and superb astronomers. They invented the concept of zero; they devised innovative methods of measuring and dating time; and they painstakingly tracked the movements of celestial bodies. The sophistication of Maya arithmetic, the exactitude of Maya records of planetary movements, and the orderly logic of the Maya calendar reveal the importance of time in the Maya view of the universe To the ancient Maya, time was a dynamic concept by which temporal existence was raised to historic importance, meshed with natural rhythms, and was imbued by spiritual significance. When conceived as a rational framework, time allowed the Maya to order the sequence of daily events, to recollect the past, and to anticipate the future. When conceived as an active structure, time permitted the Maya to discern the shapes of physical space, to measure the cycles of the natural world, and to comprehend the meaning of the supernatural realms. As an evocative metaphor, time furnished the Maya with opportunities to encounter other gods and ancestors. By formulating time in an extraordinary creative series of calendrical and astronomical cycles, the Maya intertwined virtually all aspects of existence into a harmonious pattern.
Written Evidence by Ruth J. Krochock
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our current understanding of ancient Maya civilization has been greatly enhanced by recent advances in our ability to understand Mayan languages and read Maya hieroglyphic texts, but this understanding has been long in coming and is by no means complete. We are fortunate to live at a time when vigorous and productive decipherment is taking place at an ever-increasing speed. Even so, we may never completely understand all that has been written by the ancient Maya.
Geography of Mesopotamia
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was ancient Greek travelers and historians who first gave the land the name by which we know it: Mesopotamia. The name means “the land between the rivers” (from mesos, the Greek word for “between” or “in the middle”; potamos, the Greek word for “river”; and ia, a suffix that the Greeks attached to the names of places). The ancient Mesopotamians did not have a name for the whole land; instead, their mental horizons were limited to the names of the cities and kingdoms where they lived. Today, most of ancient Mesopotamia lies within the borders of modern Iraq, with some parts-to the west and north-in Syrian and Turkish territory.
Government and Society
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not simply the size of a population or its concentration into large settlements that defines a civilization, but rather the specialized functions of its people and their interdependence and collaboration. Civilization is capable of doing more than earlier forms of society because it represents an amassing of energy that, with leadership, can be directed toward specific ends not feasible, or even conceivable, before. As a by-product of that capability, the individual may, through the use of his or her talents in labor or leisure, achieve a level of productivity or find a degree of fulfillment otherwise not possible.
The Legacy of Mesopotamia
Authors: Bertman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What have the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia bequeathed to us? What is their legacy to us, the inhabitants of a world they never could have imagined? In his book, History Begins at Sumer, Samuel Noah Kramer lists 39 “firsts” in recorded history that can be credited to the Sumerians and the culture they created. Many of these belong to the field of religion: “Man’s First Cosmogony and Cosmology,” “Man’s First Golden of the field of religion: “Man’s First Cosmogony and Cosmology,” “Man’s First Golden Moses,”‘ “The First ‘Job,”‘ “The First Liturgic Laments,” “The First Messiahs,” “The First Mater Dolorosa,” “The First Funeral Chants,” “The First Tale of Resurrection,” and “The First ‘St. George.”‘ Others are landmarks in literature: “The First ‘Farmer’s Almanac,’” “The First Animal Fables,’’ “The First Proverbs and Sayings,’’ “Man’s First Epic Literature,’’ “The First Historian,’’ “The First Love Song,’’ “The First Sex Symbolism,’’ “The First Literary Portrait of the Ideal Mother,’’ “The First Lullaby,’’ “The First Literary Imagery,’’ “The First Case of Literary Borrowing,’’ “The First Literary Debates,’’ and “The First Library Catalogue.” Still others are milestones in social history: “The First Legal Precedent,’’ “The First Bicameral Congress,’’ “The First Case of Tax Reduction,’’ “Labor’s First Victory,’’ “The First ‘War of Nerves,’” “The First ‘Sick Society,’” “The First Schools,’’ “The First Case of ‘Apple-Polishing,’” and “The First Case of Juvenile Delinquency.” Rounding out the 39 are “The First Aquarium,’’ “The First Experiment in Shade-Tree Gardening,’’ “The First Long-Distance Champion,’’ and “The First Pharmacopoeia.”
Phenotypic Plasticity and Species Coexistence: Modeling Food Webs as Complex Adaptive Systems
Authors: Peacor Scott D , Riolo Rick L , Pascual Mercedes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many species respond to changes in the density of a second species by modifying phenotypically plastic traits including behavior. Such trait modifications can affect the interaction strength between the responding species and many other species in the system, and, therefore, pair-wise species interaction magnitudes are potentially a function of the density of multiple species. We briefly review recent theoretical studies regarding the potential role of phenotypic plasticity in species interactions (i.e., trait-mediated interactions). While these studies show a stabilizing or destabilizing role of phenotypic plasticity depending on context, we argue that using a complex adaptive systems (CAS) approach can address important features of this problem not possible using traditional theoretical approaches. The adaptive nature of individuals in the short term, and species in the long term, and the feedback between individual level phenotype and the structure and dynamics of the network of interacting species (i.e., the food web), are all hallmarks of CAS. We have constructed an individually-based computational system in which species are created by artificial evolution. An individual organism’s characteristics determine its ability to survive and reproduce, and offspring receive combinations of characteristics from parents with the possibility of slight alterations (i.e., mutations). Using this computational system, we show that phenotypic plasticity can greatly enhance, by unforeseen mechanisms, the coexistence of two competing species that share a common predator. The discovery of unforeseen processes, especially relating to processes that cross scales of organization, is one strength of using the CAS approach. Our initial studies in this simple system suggest that this approach will help us understand the role of phenotypic plasticity when applied to more complex individuals and communities.
On this Rock i Will Build my Church
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter is historically significant, and not only because he was Jesus’ chief disciple and was among the first to realize that Jesus had been raised from the dead. To be sure, even on their own terms, these two facts would have made Peter one of the most important people in the history of the Christian religion. But his story was to continue long after the days of Jesus. For Peter played an important role, indeed several important roles, in the burgeoning Christian community that sprang up once the followers of Jesus became convinced of the resurrection.
Paul’s Proclamation According to Later Sources
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I must confess that when I was in college and a bit later, when I was a beginning graduate student myself, I belonged to the first set of people. Everything looked pretty much alike. When it came to the New Testament, the Gospel of Mark seemed a lot like Luke, which was very much like John, which had a good deal in common with the writings of Paul, which reflected the things said in the book of Acts, and so on. But the more rigorously I was trained in reading these texts in their original languages, the more I developed a refined sense of just how different they really are from each other. I guess this was a conversion experience of my own, as I moved away from thinking everything is basically the same to seeing that everything is richly unique.
Globalization, Trade, Work, and Health
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Idris is a 10-year-old boy growing up in Dhaka, Bangladesh. As portrayed in the documentary ;lm “A Kind of Childhood,” directed by Tareque and Catherine Masud, Idris works at a garment factory in order to support his family because his blind father is unemployed. When an international nongovernmental organization campaigns against child labor, however, Idris loses his job and the family its income. Local civic organizations, supported through international aid, help Idris and other former child laborers attend school with suspended fees. Because his family still needs money, Idris begins to work as a collector on a three-wheeled minibus, facing the triple perils of treacherous traffic, stress, and contaminated air. When the school schedule changes, he is forced to drop out and transforms his dream of education into one of minibus driver. Idris is involved in a minibus crash, and then faces respiratory problems. As the ;lm progresses, we see Idris age before our eyes; when he becomes ill at the age of 14, he already seems to be an old man (Masud and Masud 2003). As this chapter will illustrate, the factors involved in Idris’s plight, including poverty, child labor, and inadequate health, education, and social protections, are all linked to globalization processes and unsafe working conditions.
The Open-Air Service as Cultural Expression-Themes of Ecclesiastical Inversion
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pilgrimages, as other forms of cultural and social symbolic expression, are not created out of thin air at the sudden whim of people or groups; they are generated and continued as a part of ongoing historical and symbolic processes, and they are constructed out of an existing symbolic inventory. The reunion complex of Protestant pilgrimages has grown over time from a number of historical processes and is made up of symbols that have deep roots in the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon culture shared by the American descendants of Scots and Ulster Scots. Among these symbols are those of the regenerative power of nature and of rural worship, especially worship in the open air. A distinctive feature of all the kin-religious gatherings in the Southern United States-whether based on ancestors and kin, sacred place, or ideational community-is that the gatherings have historically taken place outdoors. The tradition of the open-air service, the pattern I call folk liturgy, is an important tradition among American Southerners and one that fits into older Celtic and Anglo-Saxon cultural forms.1
Disaggregating “Culture”
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
. . . two aspects of culture have struck me as particularly relevant in the flat world. One is how outward your culture is: to what degree is it open to foreign influences and ideas? . . . The other, more intangible, is how inward your culture is . . . to what degree is there a sense of national solidarity and a focus on development, to what degree is there trust within the society for strangers to collaborate . . . and to what degree are the elites in the country concerned with the masses . . . ?
Religions and Progress
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part Of Our Liberal Tradition is to accord equal respect to all religions. We generally try to avoid comparative value judgments when it comes to religions. This presumption—let’s label it religious relativism—is arguably dominant in the West, and surely in our universities. However, when it comes to the relationship between religion and human progress, I find compelling evidence that some religions do better than others in promoting the goals of democratic politics, social justice, and prosperity.
As an example of a religion that is highly resistant to progress, consider again Voodoo, the dominant religion of Haiti and a surrogate for the many animist religions of Africa, the birthplace of Voodoo. Not only does Voodoo nurture irrationality; it also nurtures a sense of impotence and fatalism and discourages the entrepreneurial vocation. It focuses on the present, not the future. It is also essentially without ethical content, at least in the sense of the Golden Rule behaviors so central to the typology. I believe that Voodoo has made a major contribution to the sociopolitical pathology, including poverty and extremely low levels of trust, that has plagued Haiti’s history. I also believe that, as Daniel Etounga-Manguelle argues in Culture Matters, animist religions have similarly impeded progress in many African countries.
Two Revisions of Millennialism
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1909 William Newton Clarke, a leading liberal Baptist theologian, looking back over his career, recalled that during the 1870s American evangelicals had debated with unusual fervor the question of the return of Christ. “The premillennial and postmillennial views of the advent,” he recollected, “were presented, elaborated, and defended, sometimes with conspicuous power.” This debate concerning the “last times” was intimately related to a crisis in basic assumptions that was rending the Western Christian world during Clarke’s lifetime. New patterns of thought demanded that intellectual inquiry focus on describing the natural forces that seemed to determine how change took place.
History, Society, and the Church
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More explicitly articulated than their Baconianism (which they simply regarded as self-evident common sense), the dispensationalists’ other distinct intellectual predisposition was a strong inclination toward the supernatural. “Heightened supernaturalism”1 appeared everywhere in dispensationalist thought. Their view of the supernatural origins of Scripture rendered the human element negligible. They stood firm against any erosion of traditional doctrinal emphasis on the miraculous, especially in fundamental teachings about the birth, work, death, and resurrection of Christ.
Holiness and Fundamentalism
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of D. L. Moody in 1899 and the end of the nineteenth century coincided with the beginnings of serious fragmentation within the evangelical revivalist movement. The dispensationalist movement began to break apart over the issue of whether the secret rapture would remove believers from earth before or after the “tribulation” of the end times. Although contact among the leader:. of the two camps continued (with the Scofield Gaebelein pretribulationists dominant), the controversy brought the demise of the important Niagara Bible Conference in 1901 and a cessation of the “international” prophetic conferences from 1901 to 1914.
The Fundamentals
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fundamentals was conceived by a Southern California oil millionaire and edited by Bible teachers and evangelists. Published in twelve paperback volumes from 1910 to 1915, it was meant to be a great “Testimony to the Truth” and even something of a scholarly tour de force. Lyman Stewart, the chief promoter and financial backer, described the prospective authors as “the best and most loyal Bible teachers in the world.” He had a business man’s confidence that the product would “doubtless be the masterpieces of the writers.’’ Stewart hired as his first editor A. C. Dixon, a well-known evangelist and author, then pastor of Moody Church in Chicago.
The Fundamentalist Offensive on Two Fronts: 1920-1921
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1920 and 1925 fundamentalism took shape as a movement distinct from its antecedents and representing more than just the sum of the sub movements that supported it. It flourished on two fronts. In the major denominations fundamentalists battled against those who denied, or would tolerate denials of, the fundamentals of the traditional faith. In American culture as a whole they fought to stop the teaching of evolution in the public schools. By the early summer of 1925 fundamentalists appeared to be on the verge of winning major victories that would legislate reversals of long developing trends away from evangelical orthodoxy in both churches and culture.
Would the Liberals Be Driven from the Denominations? 1922-1923
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sentiment for the fundamentalist program of recovering lost national foundations was growing rapidly, and the fundamentalists were in the optimal position to push their demand for faithfulness to the Bible in the denominations. In those denominations where there were large parties on each side, schism was widely feared. Everyone concerned seemed to envision the fundamentalists driving the liberals out of these denominations. Although in retrospect the obstacles to such an outcome are obvious, they were not all apparent in the spring of 1922, as the Baptist fundamentalists were laying plans to press their seeming advantage.
Instilling Hope: The Efficacy of Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Group Treatment for Female Patients with Depressive Disorders
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is the one of the most prevalent mental health conditions affecting millions of people around the globe. The Global Burden of Disease study (Murray & Lopez, 1996) states that depression is a leading cause of disability and will account for 15 percent of diseases worldwide by the year 2020. In Taiwan, various treatment programs and approaches have been developed for treating depression. The Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit model (Chan, 2001) integrates concepts and practices from Western therapy, Eastern philosophies of Buddhism, Daoism, as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to create positive changes in clients. This chapter introduces and discusses findings of the efficacy of this model for Taiwanese patients with depressive disorders.
Diagnostic and Screening Tests
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Providers of health care perform tests on a patient largely to obtain information that will influence the management of that patient’s care. If the test is done in response to a symptom, sign, or condition known to be present in the patient, it is referred to as a “diagnostic” test. Tests that are performed in the absence of symptoms or signs in order to identify illnesses at an early stage or to identify predictors of future illness are termed “screening” tests. When you as a provider choose to buy information in the form of the results of diagnostic or screening tests, you do so because you believe that the value of the information exceeds its price. The value of a test result depends both on its accuracy and on how important the result is in leading to action(s) that bear on the individual’s well-being.
Natural History of Illness
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural history studies permit the development of rational strategies for attempting the early detection of untoward consequences in persons who have the symptom, sign, or condition under study. For example, knowledge of the rate at which various early forms of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia progress, either to later forms or to invasive cervical cancer, would have an important bearing on determining the timing of re-examination in women with early intraepithelial neoplasia. Similarly, in patients who have undergone surgery for peptic ulcer disease, the decision to conduct periodic endoscopic surveillance of the gastric remnant, so that early cancer can be identified and treated, depends heavily on these patients’ actual incidence of gastric cancer.
Health Care Evidence-Based Practice A Product of Political and Cultural Times
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We firmly believe that practice accountability through quality assurance measures and operational improvement, utilization of outcome measures, systematic research, and evidence-based practice will become the dominant challenge for all health care and human service professionals in the current decade. “Increasingly federal, state, and foundation funding sources will demand proof of the effectiveness of specific service interventions” (Austin & Roberts, 2002, p. 826) in health care and human service agencies. We predict that there will be intense pressures on professionals in mental health and substance abuse treatment managed care programs to document and measure quality of service, program, and client outcomes. Effectiveness and outcome data will come from rapid assessment measures, case observations, case records, and multiple methodologically rigorous, randomized clinical research trials in different settings.
Introduction: The Criticism of Asceticism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Freiberger Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the term asceticism has become popular in the liberal arts. In several fields of study, scholars have used it for analyzing cultural expressions, expanding its semantics often well beyond the ordinary sense. This new trend has precedents, but few contemporary writers link their approaches to previous studies. One of the first scholars expanding the meaning of asceticism was Max Weber, who made a distinction between “other worldly” asceticism (the practice of monastics and renunciants) and “this-worldly” asceticism (the practice rooted in the vocational ethic of Protestantism).