bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions to an offense in relation to authoritarianism, knowledge about risk, and freedom of action
Authors: Feather N. T. , Boeckmann Robert J. , McKee Ian R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis research investigated a situation where a fictitious company distributed contaminated meat that led to serious food poisoning. Participants (N = 241) responded to scenarios that varied information about knowledge of risk (aware, unaware) and freedom of action (free to act, constrained by higher authority). They provided judgments concerning compliance, foreseeability, negligence, recklessness, seriousness of offense, responsibility, deservingness, anger, sympathy, harshness/leniency of penalty, compensation, jail sentence, and community service. They also completed Altemeyer's Right‐Wing Authoritarianism Scale. Results implied that high authoritarians were less sensitive and less responsive to information about the risk of contamination and more sensitive and more responsive to information about constraints from the higher authority when compared with low authoritarians. These interaction effects involving authoritarianism and the two contextual variables occurred for judgments that related to the organizations and to the executive officers within them. These differences in the reactions of high and low authoritarians to the contextual cues were interpreted as reflecting the effects of value differences and possible differences in the way information was subsequently processed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐disclosure in computer‐mediated communication: The role of self‐awareness and visual anonymity
Authors: Joinson Adam N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree studies examined the notion that computer‐mediated communication (CMC) can be characterised by high levels of self‐disclosure. In Study One, significantly higher levels of spontaneous self‐disclosure were found in computer‐mediated compared to face‐to‐face discussions. Study Two examined the role of visual anonymity in encouraging self‐disclosure during CMC. Visually anonymous participants disclosed significantly more information about themselves than non‐visually anonymous participants. In Study Three, private and public self‐awareness were independently manipulated, using video‐conferencing cameras and accountability cues, to create a 2 × 2 design public self‐awareness (high and low)×private self‐awareness (high and low). It was found that heightened private self‐awareness, when combined with reduced public self‐awareness, was associated with significantly higher levels of spontaneous self‐disclosure during computer‐mediated communication. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similarity as a source of differentiation: the role of group identification
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Spears Russell , Manstead Antony S. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present research examines the relation between perceived intergroup distinctiveness and positive intergroup differentiation. It was hypothesised that the distinctiveness–differentiation relation is a function of group identification. In two studies group distinctiveness was varied and level of identification was either measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2). Results support the prediction that low group distinctiveness leads to more positive differentiation for high identifiers, although we found less support for the prediction that increased group distinctiveness leads to enhanced positive differentiation for low identifiers. The difference in emphasis between social identity theory and self‐categorisation theory concerning the distinctiveness–differentiation relation is discussed and the importance of group identification as a critical factor of this relationship is stressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer: Epidemiologic evidence up to June 2001
Authors: Morabia Alfredo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe first generation of studies evaluating the association between exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer merely compared active to nonactive smokers, with varying degrees of detail in the definition of active smoking. With rare exceptions, studies of this kind failed to show an effect of smoking on breast cancer risk. However, such analysis is probably insufficient. The most recent reports on the smoking–breast cancer connection have two characteristics. Some have separated women exposed to passive smoking from those nonexposed to either active or passive smoke. Other reports have focused on factors that modify the effect of smoking on breast cancer incidence, such as genetic markers or hormone receptors. A minority of reports combines these two characteristics. This review addresses the epidemiologic evidence for a link between smoking and breast cancer and discusses the implications of this evidence for future studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:89–95, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ERCC1: A comparative genomic perspective
Authors: Wilson Michael D. , Ruttan Cindy C. , Koop Ben F. , Glickman Barry W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractERCC1 plays an essential role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA. We compare 37 kb of sequence from the ERCC1 region on human chromosome 19q13.3 to the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 7. In addition to showing the conserved gene structure between ERCC1, ASE‐1, and their murine counterparts, this genomic comparison reveals a highly conserved 497 bp segment found 5 kb upstream of ERCC1 exon 1 that contains a CpG island and previously unidentified “classical” promoter elements. Additional putative regulatory elements are also found within a conserved LINE‐1 (long interspersed nuclear element) sequence 800 bp upstream of exon 1 in both human and mouse. Expressed sequence tag (EST) assemblies for human ERCC1 identified numerous splice variants involving exons 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 that could affect DNA repair efficiencies of ERCC1. A previously undescribed transcript that reads through exon 9 and utilizes the polyadenylation signal of a neighboring Alu element accounts for nearly half of the total splice variants identified in the human EST database. This transcript would theoretically translate to a larger ERCC1 protein product containing a novel C‐terminal end. Overall, approximately 18% of publicly available ERCC1 cDNA sequences were determined to be splice variants, while no variants were found in the mouse. The ability to assess novel transcripts and identify candidate regulatory regions demonstrates the potential utility for a catalogue archiving comparative analyses for all genes involved in DNA repair. Our comparative genomic analysis of ERCC1 can be viewed at
http://web.uvic.ca/∼bioweb/laj.html. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:209–215, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical evaluation of the damping‐solvent extraction method in the frequency domain
Authors: Basu Ushnish , Chopra Anil K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe damping‐solvent extraction method for the analysis of unbounded visco‐elastic media is evaluated numerically in the frequency domain in order to investigate the influence of the computational parameters—domain size, amount of artificial damping, and mesh density—on the accuracy of results. An analytical estimate of this influence is presented, and specific questions regarding the influence of the parameters on the results are answered using the analytical estimate and numerical results for two classical problems: the rigid strip and rigid disc footings on a visco‐elastic half‐space with constant hysteretic material damping.As the domain size is increased, the results become more accurate only at lower frequencies, but are essentially unaffected at higher frequencies. Choosing the domain size to ensure that the static stiffness is computed accurately leads to an unnecessarily large domain for analysis at higher frequencies. The results improve by increasing artificial damping but at a slower rate as the total (material plus artificial) damping ratio ζt gets closer to 0.866. However, the results do not deteriorate significantly for the larger amounts of artificial damping, suggesting that ζt≈0.6 is appropriate; a larger value is not likely to influence the accuracy of results. Presented results do not support the earlier suggestion that similar accuracy can be achieved by a large bounded domain with small damping or by a small domain with larger damping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and evaluation of a low thermal mass gas chromatograph for rapid forensic GC–MS analyses
Authors: Sloan Kelly M. , Mustacich Robert V. , Eckenrode Brian A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractField as well as laboratory gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) systems are limited in several ways. Laboratory systems with air circulation ovens are bulky, power inefficient, and have a narrow range of temperature programming rates. Commercial field‐portable GC–MS systems are too heavy, and many are limited to isothermal column temperature control. A resistively heated low thermal mass (LTM) GC system has been developed that can overcome most of these limitations, offering laboratory‐level performance, or better, in a small, lightweight package. A prototype LTM GC was developed and evaluated in parallel with a commercial laboratory GC–MS used as a benchmark. A series of hydrocarbons, a Grob mixture, and a drug mixture critical pair of cocaine and nortriptyline were analyzed under different chromatographic conditions, and the performance of both systems was compared in terms of speed, efficiency, temperature control, resolution, precision, and power demand. The LTM GC was found to provide performance that was equivalent to the lab‐based commercial GC when conventional temperature ramp rates were used (up to 30°C/min). The LTM GC provided additional advantages over the conventional GC system in terms of positive or negative temperature ramping rates and range, cool‐down time reduction, and lower power requirements (1–5 W/m). This new GC system demonstrated a capability for a wider range of linear temperature programming rates providing analysts flexibility when performing established forensic methods. Method development and implementation of the LTM GC was successful in demonstrating GC analyses that are controllable, reproducible, and fieldable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 288–301, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10011 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Biological agent detection and identification by the Block II Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer*
Authors: Griest Wayne H. , Wise Marcus B. , Hart Kevin J. , Lammert Stephen A. , Thompson Cyril V. , Vass Arpad A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Block II Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer (CBMS) detects and identifies both chemical and biological warfare agents. Biodetection is based upon respirable particle collection by an opposed‐jet virtual impactor, liberation of derivatized biomarkers by thermolysis‐methylation and their analysis by direct‐sampling ion trap mass spectrometry in the full‐scan chemical ionization mode. Results from laboratory and field trials demonstrate the capability of the Block II CBMS for biodetection and identification. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 177–184, 2001
Variability in essential oil composition of Tunisian Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. et Link.
Authors: Hedhili Lassaad , Romdhane Mehrez , Abderrabba Abdelmenef , Planche Henri , Cherif Imed 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe yield and composition variation of the essential oil from Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. et Link., an aromatic plant which grows in the wild state in the area of Korba (Tunisian Cap Bon) were determined. Essential oil was obtained by steam distillation apparatus at atmospheric pressure. The yield in essential oil showed a maximum at the flowering stage (1.08–2%) and a minimum during the dormancy period (about 0.2%). Analysis was performed by GC and GC–MS. The composition also showed different patterns at different phases of the vegetative cycle. At the flowering period the essential oil is rich in carvacrol. p‐Cymene showed a variation with a maximum at the minimum of carvacrol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum spp. from Turkey†
Authors: Gören Nezhun , Demirci Betül , Başer K. Hüsnü Can 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWater‐distilled essential oil of leaves and flowers of Tanacetum argyrophyllum (C. Koch) Tvzel. var. argyrophyllum and leaves of Tanacetum argenteum (Lam.) Willd. subsp. canum (C. Koch) Grierson var. canum, herbal parts of Tanacetum praeteritum (Horwood) Heywood subsp. praeteritum and Tanacetum praeteritum (Horwood) Heywood subsp. massicyticum Heywood (Compositae), endemic taxa, were analysed by GC–MS. Sixty‐eight, 51, 50, 47 and 72 compounds, representing 90%, 86%, 72%, 91%, 83% of the oils, respectively, were identified. α‐Thujone (52% and 63%) was the major constituent of Tanacetum argyrophyllum var. argyrophyllum leaf and flower oils, respectively. Caryophyllene oxide (13%) and α‐thujone (12%) were found as the main constituents of the oil of Tanacetum argenteum subsp. canum var. canum. Borneol (28%), 1,8‐cineole (12%) and bornyl acetate (10%) were the major constituents of T. praeteritum subsp. praeteritum. In the oil of subsp. massicyticum, α‐thujone (51%) and β‐thujone (10%) were characterized as the main constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving free surface fluid flow problems by the minimal kinetic energy functional
Authors: Lonyangapuo J. K. , Elliott L. , Ingham D. B. , Wen X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper a more accurate minimization technique, namely the minimal kinetic energy method, is developed and used to investigate the free surface fluid flow caused by an obstacle on the bottom of a channel whose exact shape and location are unknown a priori. The fluid flow is assumed to be two‐dimensional, steady, inviscid, incompressible, irrotational and under the effect of the gravitational force. The minimization technique is based on the combination of the boundary integral method and the variational principle technique. This technique is extensively used in identifying unknown bottom surfaces. To illustrate this technique the free surface profile to be applied in the inverse analysis has been generated following a direct formulation when the solid bottom boundary possesses a double hump/double depression, a hump in front of a step, and a depression and a hump in front of a step. For all problems considered, the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the known analytical solution. In fact the computed profiles for both the bottom and free surfaces are graphically indistinguishable from the analytical results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of amplified BCR/ABL fusion genes into the short arm of chromosome 17 as a novel mechanism of disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Metzke‐Heidemann Simone , Harder Lana , Gesk Stefan , Schoch Robert , Jenisch Stefan , Grote Werner , Siebert Reiner , Schlegelberger Brigitte 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe the cases of two patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), in whom the extramedullary blastic phase developed during disease progression. The similar clinical presentations of these patients was accompanied by gain of identical secondary chromosome abnormalities, that is, monosomies 9, 14, and 22, and by a clustered amplification of the BCR/ABL fusion gene. The additional copies of the BCR/ABL fusion gene were integrated into the short arm of structurally abnormal chromosomes 17 in both patients. The conformity of these genetic features in two patients with a rare disease manifestation leads us to the assumption that either the clustered amplification of the BCR/ABL fusion gene or the integration of this cluster into the short arm of chromosome 17 or both are associated with extramedullar disease progression in CML. Furthermore, the insertion of amplified BCR/ABL fusion genes into structurally abnormal chromosomes provides a novel mechanism of disease progression in BCR/ABL‐positive CML. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic component to susceptibility to Trichuris trichiura: Evidence from two Asian populations
Authors: Williams‐Blangero Sarah , McGarvey Stephen T. , Subedi Janardan , Wiest Peter M. , Upadhayay Ram Prasad , Rai Dev R. , Jha Bharat , Olds G. Richard , Guanling Wu , Blangero John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTrichuris trichiura is an helminthic infection with potentially severe health consequences. The hypothesis that host genetic factors can account for the distribution of Trichuris was tested using familial data on egg counts available for two populations, the Jirels of Nepal and the population of Jishan Island in Jiangxi Province of the People’s Republic of China. Whipworm is highly prevalent in the Jishan Island population (86%), but occurs at a low rate in the Jirel population (14%). A quantitative genetic analysis was performed on each data set, using a variance component approach. Approximately 28% of the variation in Trichuris trichiura loads was attributable to genetic factors in both populations. Common household effects accounted for only 4% of the variation in the Jirels and none of the variation in the Jishan Island population. These concordant results from two separate populations provide strong evidence of the important role of genetics in determining differential susceptibility to whipworm infection. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:254–264, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress in glial cultures: Detection by DAF‐2 fluorescence used as a tool to measure peroxynitrite rather than nitric oxide
Authors: Roychowdhury Sanjoy , Luthe Andreas , Keilhoff Gerburg , Wolf Gerald , Horn Thomas F.W. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract4,5‐diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF‐2DA) is widely used as a fluorescent probe to detect endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO). Recent reports that refer to the high sensitivity of DAF‐2 toward NO prompted us to test its efficiency and specificity in a mixed murine primary glial culture model, in which the NO‐synthesizing enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). Cultures were loaded with DAF‐2DA and the fluorescence was measured using confocal microscopy. NO production in the cultures was determined using the ozone/chemiluminescence technique. Due to the extremely high photosensitivity of DAF‐2, low laser intensities were used to avoid artifacts. No difference in DAF‐2 fluorescence was observed in NO‐producing cultures compared to control cultures, whereas the NO/peroxynitrite‐sensitive dye 2,7‐dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCF) showed a significant fluorescence increase specifically in microglia cells. A detectable gain in fluorescence was seen when NO‐containing buffer was added to the DAF‐2DA–loaded cells with a minimum NO concentration at 7.7 μM. An additional gain of DAF‐2 fluorescence was obtained when the cells were depleted of glutathione (GSH) with L‐buthionine S,R‐sulfoximine (BSO). Hence, we monitored the change in DAF‐2 fluorescence intensity in the presence of NO and Oin a cell‐free solution. The fluorescence due to NO was indeed larger when Owas added, implying a higher sensitivity of DAF‐2 for peroxynitrite. Nevertheless, our results also indicate that measurement of DCF fluorescence is a better tool for monitoring intracellular changes in the levels of NO and/or peroxynitrite than DAF‐2. GLIA 38:103–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental apoptosis in the spinal cord white matter in neonatal rats
Authors: De Louw A.J.A. , Van De Berg W.D.J. , De Vente J. , Blanco C.E. , Gavilanes A.W.D. , Steinbusch H.P.J. , Steinbusch H.W.M. , Troost J. , Vles J.S.H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated developmental apoptosis in the white matter of the cervical spinal cord at postnatal days 2, 5, and 8. Apoptotic cells were labeled using TUNEL and caspase‐3 immunostaining. Apoptotic cells were diffusely distributed throughout the white matter of the spinal cord. The total amount of apoptotic cells in the cervical spinal cord white matter was related to postnatal age, with the lowest at P2 (mean 7.9, SD 5.6) and the highest at P8 (mean 109, SD 21.4). Using double immunostaining for ED‐1 and O4, apoptotic cells were identified as microglia and oligodendrocytes. GLIA 37:89–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing late‐life depression in primary care practice: a case study of the Health Specialist's role
Authors: Schulberg Herbert C. , Bryce Cindy , Chism Keira , Mulsant Benoit H. , Rollman Bruce , Bruce Martha , Coyne James , Reynolds Charles F. ,   the PROSPECT Group
Published: August 2002

AbstractComplexities in the diagnosis and treatment of late‐life depression have stimulated various strategies for assisting the primary care physician to fulfil these tasks more effectively. The role of Health Specialist was developed for this purpose in a study to reduce suicidality among older depressed patients. This role includes clinical and case management tasks which aim to provide the physician with timely, patient‐specific information and recommendations. Evolution of this role and its rewards/stressors during the study's first year are described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotropic resolution diffusion tensor imaging with whole brain acquisition in a clinically acceptable time
Authors: Jones Derek Kenton , Williams Steve Charles Rees , Gasston David , Horsfield Mark Andrew , Simmons Andrew , Howard Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur objective was to develop a diffusion tensor MR imaging pulse sequence that allows whole brain coverage with isotropic resolution within a clinically acceptable time. A single‐shot, cardiac‐gated MR pulse sequence, optimized for measuring the diffusion tensor in human brain, was developed to provide whole‐brain coverage with isotropic (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm) spatial resolution, within a total imaging time of approximately 15 min. The diffusion tensor was computed for each voxel in the whole volume and the data processed for visualization in three orthogonal planes. Anisotropy data were further visualized using a maximum‐intensity projection algorithm. Finally, reconstruction of fiber‐tract trajectories i.e., ‘tractography’ was performed. Images obtained with this pulse sequence provide clear delineation of individual white matter tracts, from the most superior cortical regions down to the cerebellum and brain stem. Because the data are acquired with isotropic resolution, they can be reformatted in any plane and the sequence can therefore be used, in general, for macroscopic neurological or psychiatric neuroimaging investigations. The 3D visualization afforded by maximum intensity projection imaging and tractography provided easy visualization of individual white matter fasciculi, which may be important sites of neuropathological degeneration or abnormal brain development. This study has shown that it is possible to obtain robust, high quality diffusion tensor MR data at 1.5 Tesla with isotropic resolution (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm) from the whole brain within a sufficiently short imaging time that it may be incorporated into clinical imaging protocols. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:216–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.