bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sino-Portuguese Trafficking of Children during the Ming Dynasty
Authors: Fujitani James 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Portuguese purchased large numbers of people in China as slaves. Many of those people were children. This article considers where those children came from and why they were sold to the Portuguese. During the late Ming period, as social inequality intensified, poor farmers increasingly had to sell themselves and their offspring to rich landowners as bonded labourers. However, some farmers chose to break the law and sell to foreigners instead. Other farmers became bandits, and kidnapped other people's children to sell into bondage. Both of these criminal trends provided the Portuguese with young slaves.
An ARGO and XBT Observing System for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Meridional Heat Transport (AXMOC) at 22.5°S
Authors: Pita I. , Goes M. , Volkov D. L. , Dong S. , Goni G. , Cirano M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChanges in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and associated Meridional Heat Transport (MHT) can affect climate and weather patterns, regional sea levels, and ecosystems. Direct observations of the AMOC are still limited, particularly in the South Atlantic. This study establishes a cost‐effective trans‐basin section to estimate for the first time the AMOC and MHT at 22.5°S, using only sustained ocean observations. For this, an optimal mapping method that minimizes the difference between surface in situ dynamic height and satellite altimetry was developed to retrieve monthly temperature and salinity profiles from Argo and XBT data along the 22.5°S section. The mean states, as well as the interannual and seasonal changes of the obtained AMOC and MHT were compared with other products. The mean AMOC and MHT for 22.5°S are 16.3 ± 3.2 Sv and 0.7 ± 0.2 PW, respectively, showing stronger transports during austral fall/winter and weaker in spring. The high‐density XBT data available at the western boundary were vital for capturing the highly variable Brazil Current (BC), whose mean and variability was improved compared to other products. At 22.5°S, the North Atlantic Deep Water is divided into two cores that flow along both the western and the eastern boundaries near 2,500 m depth. Our results (a) suggest a greater influence of the western boundary current system on the AMOC variability at 22.5°S, (b) highlight the importance of high‐density in situ data for AMOC estimates, and (c) contribute to a better understanding of the AMOC and MHT variability in the South Atlantic.
Intense Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Under Global Warming: A Dynamical Downscaling Approach
Authors: Chih Cheng‐Hsiang , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Huang Yi‐Hsuan , Li Yi‐Chen , Shen Li‐Zhi , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Liang Hsin‐Chien 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis study aims to assess the global warming's impact on intense tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) through dynamical downscaling. 379 and 179 TCs reaching Category 1 in the High‐Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) are downscaled for use in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 5‐km horizontal resolution in the current climate (1979–2015) and for use in the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) in the future climate (2074–2100) scenarios, respectively. Inclusion of the downscaling simulations by WRF helps better reproduce the probability distribution of the TC's lifetime maximum intensity (LMI). In the warmer climate, the LMI of very intense TCs in WNP are projected to be stronger. Such an increase in intensity is statistically significant, and can be primarily explained by enhanced intensification rate. Meanwhile, TCs among the top 5% in LMI can reach higher intensities which cannot be attained in the current climate. After downscaling, the probability of WNP TCs reaching Category 4–5 increases by 6.5 percentage points in the late 21st century. This increase is 1.7 percentage points higher than the increase projected exclusively by HiRAM. Moreover, for TCs among the top 5% in LMI, a 233‐km and 300‐km westward shift of LMI locations is identified in the late 21st century for simulations with and without the downscaling approach, respectively. Both results suggest that very intense TCs would pose a higher threat to the WNP lands under global warming, as they become substantially stronger, and as their LMI locations migrate toward the coast.
PDO and AMO Modulation of the ENSO–Asian Summer Monsoon Teleconnection During the Last Millennium
Authors: Wang Na , Dee Sylvia , Hu Jun , Steiger Nathan , Thirumalai Kaustubh 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObservations show that the teleconnection between the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) is non‐stationary. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood due to inadequate availability of reliable, long‐term observations. This study uses two state‐of‐the‐art data assimilation‐based reconstructions of last millennium climate to examine changes in the ENSO–ASM teleconnection; we investigate how modes of (multi‐)decadal climate variability (namely, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, AMO) modulate the ENSO–ASM relationship. Our analyses reveal that the PDO exerts a more pronounced impact on ASM variability than the AMO. By comparing different linear regression models, we find that including the PDO in addition to ENSO cycles can improve prediction of the ASM, especially for the Indian summer monsoon. In particular, dry (wet) anomalies caused by El Niño (La Niña) over India become enhanced during the positive (negative) PDO phases due to a compounding effect. However, composite differences in the ENSO–ASM relationship between positive and negative phases of the PDO and AMO are not statistically significant. A significant influence of the PDO/AMO on the ENSO–ASM relationship occurred only over a limited period within the last millennium. By leveraging the long‐term paleoclimate reconstructions, we document and interrogate the non‐stationary nature of the PDO and AMO in modulating the ENSO–ASM relationship.
Influence of Inherited Brittle Fabrics on Continental Rifting: Insights From Centrifuge Experimental Modeling and Application to the East African Rift System
Authors: Zou Yaoyao , Maestrelli Daniele , Corti Giacomo , Del Ventisette Chiara , Wang Liang , Shen Chuanbo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe presence of pre‐existing fabrics at all lithospheric scales has been proven to be of primary importance in controlling the evolution of continental rifts. Indeed, observations from natural examples show that even in conditions of orthogonal rifting, when extension should result in simple fault patterns dominated by normal faults orthogonal to extension vectors, inherited fabrics induce complex arrangements of differently‐oriented extension‐related structures. This paper explored the influence of inherited fabrics on rift‐related structures by using a series of analog models deformed in a centrifuge. The models reproduced a brittle‐ductile crustal system and considered the presence of pre‐existing discrete fabrics in the brittle crust in conditions of orthogonal narrow rifting. These fabrics were reproduced by cutting the brittle layer at different orientations with respect to the extension direction. Modeling shows pre‐existing fabrics have a significant influence on rift‐related faults, provided that the angle between inherited fabrics and the rift trend is less than 45°. In these conditions, fabrics cause prominent segmentation of rift‐related faults and induce the development of isolated depocenters. Pre‐existing fabrics strongly influence the geometry of extension‐related structures, resulting in curved fault patterns and en‐echelon arrangement of oblique faults. These findings provide insights into the development of continental rift systems in nature: our modeling shows indeed significant similarities (i.e., peculiar fault architecture and geometries) with the faults in different sectors of the East African Rift System (e.g., the Magadi and Bogoria basin, Kenya Rift), testifying that reactivation of inherited fabrics is a paramount process in shaping continental rifts.
Neuroimaging and artificial intelligence for assessment of chronic painful temporomandibular disorders—a comprehensive review
Authors: Shrivastava Mayank , Ye Liang 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChronic Painful Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) are challenging to diagnose and manage due to their complexity and lack of understanding of brain mechanism. In the past few decades’ neural mechanisms of pain regulation and perception have been clarified by neuroimaging research. Advances in the neuroimaging have bridged the gap between brain activity and the subjective experience of pain. Neuroimaging has also made strides toward separating the neural mechanisms underlying the chronic painful TMD. Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming various sectors by automating tasks that previously required humans’ intelligence to complete. AI has started to contribute to the recognition, assessment, and understanding of painful TMD. The application of AI and neuroimaging in understanding the pathophysiology and diagnosis of chronic painful TMD are still in its early stages. The objective of the present review is to identify the contemporary neuroimaging approaches such as structural, functional, and molecular techniques that have been used to investigate the brain of chronic painful TMD individuals. Furthermore, this review guides practitioners on relevant aspects of AI and how AI and neuroimaging methods can revolutionize our understanding on the mechanisms of painful TMD and aid in both diagnosis and management to enhance patient outcomes.
De novo development of small cyclic peptides that are orally bioavailable
Authors: Merz Manuel L. , Habeshian Sevan , Li Bo , David Jean-Alexandre G. L. , Nielsen Alexander L. , Ji Xinjian , Il Khwildy Khaled , Duany Benitez Maury M. , Phothirath Phoukham , Heinis Christian 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCyclic peptides can bind challenging disease targets with high affinity and specificity, offering enormous opportunities for addressing unmet medical needs. However, as with biological drugs, most cyclic peptides cannot be applied orally because they are rapidly digested and/or display low absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, hampering their development as therapeutics. In this study, we developed a combinatorial synthesis and screening approach based on sequential cyclization and one-pot peptide acylation and screening, with the possibility of simultaneously interrogating activity and permeability. In a proof of concept, we synthesized a library of 8,448 cyclic peptides and screened them against the disease target thrombin. Our workflow allowed multiple iterative cycles of library synthesis and yielded cyclic peptides with nanomolar affinities, high stabilities and an oral bioavailability (%F) as high as 18% in rats. This method for generating orally available peptides is general and provides a promising push toward unlocking the full potential of peptides as therapeutics.
Solving the mystery of the FMC63-CD19 affinity
Authors: Seigner Jacqueline , Zajc Charlotte U. , Dötsch Sarah , Eigner Caroline , Laurent Elisabeth , Busch Dirk H. , Lehner Manfred , Traxlmayr Michael W. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe majority of approved CAR T cell products are based on the FMC63-scFv directed against CD19. Surprisingly, although antigen binding affinity is a major determinant for CAR function, the affinity of the benchmark FMC63-scFv has not been unambiguously determined. That is, a wide range of affinities have been reported in literature, differing by more than 100-fold. Using a range of techniques, we demonstrate that suboptimal experimental designs can cause artefacts that lead to over- or underestimation of the affinity. To minimize these artefacts, we performed SPR with strictly monomeric and correctly folded soluble CD19, yielding an FMC63-scFv affinity of 2–6 nM. Together, apart from analyzing the FMC63-scFv affinity under optimized conditions, we also provide potential explanations for the wide range of published affinities. We expect that this study will be highly valuable for interpretations of CAR affinity-function relationships, as well as for the design of future CAR T cell generations.
Effect of surface morphology on optical properties of two multilayer structures CuO/ZnO/SiC and Al2O3/ZnO/SiC
Authors: El-Fattah H. Abd 
Published: December 2023

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) and Silicon carbide (SiC) thin films demonstrate unique properties such as high electron mobility, thermal stability, good chemical resistance, and low cost made them good candidates for optical applications. Moreover, semiconductors absorb short wavelengths of light due to the presence of a band gap. This work’s purpose is to study the effect of deposited ZnO and SiC thin films by physical vapor deposition (PVD) above two different oxides and substrates. Copper (Cu) with copper oxide (CuO) and aluminum (Al) with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) were the used substrates and oxides. After deposition of thin films, two different multilayer structures were resulted, which are CuO/ZnO/SiC and Al2O3/ZnO/SiC. Microstructure and morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Structure and phases identification were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Optical properties (absorbance and emittance) before and after depositions of thin films were measured by spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the CuO/ZnO/SiC structure (85%) had higher absorbance than Al2O3/ZnO/SiC structure, however Al2O3/ZnO/SiC showed higher selectivity (absorbance/emittance (α/ε)) of about 0.65/0.15, compared to 0.85/0.5 for CuO/ZnO/SiC multilayer structure. The effect of surface topography and roughness on the efficiency of each multilayer structure has been studied.
Fetal brain response to worsening acidosis: an experimental study in a fetal sheep model of umbilical cord occlusions
Authors: Lacan Laure , Garabedian Charles , De Jonckheere Julien , Ghesquiere Louise , Storme Laurent , Sharma Dyuti , Nguyen The Tich Sylvie 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPerinatal anoxia remains an important public health problem as it can lead to hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and cause significant neonatal mortality and morbidity. The mechanisms of the fetal brain’s response to hypoxia are still unclear and current methods of in utero HIE prediction are not reliable. In this study, we directly analysed the brain response to hypoxia in fetal sheep using in utero EEG. Near-term fetal sheep were subjected to progressive hypoxia induced by repeated umbilical cord occlusions (UCO) at increasing frequency. EEG changes during and between UCO were analysed visually and quantitatively, and related with gasometric and haemodynamic data. EEG signal was suppressed during occlusions and progressively slowed between occlusions with the increasing severity of the occlusions. Per-occlusion EEG suppression correlated with per-occlusion bradycardia and increased blood pressure, whereas EEG slowing and amplitude decreases correlated with arterial hypotension and respiratory acidosis. The suppression of the EEG signal during cord occlusion, in parallel with cardiovascular adaptation could correspond to a rapid cerebral adaptation mechanism that may have a neuroprotective role. The progressive alteration of the signal with the severity of the occlusions would rather reflect the cerebral hypoperfusion due to the failure of the cardiovascular adaptation mechanisms.
Creep characteristics and damage model of coal–rock combinations with different height ratios
Authors: Wang Junguang , Yang Song , Qi Yanming , Cong Yiran 
Published: December 2023

AbstractNumerous coal pillars are left after the coal mining process. The composite structure comprising a roof and coal pillar has prominent creep characteristics, which threaten safe underground mining. Therefore, the creep characteristics of coal-rock combinations should be studied to ensure the safety of quarry and surface. Uniaxial creep tests under static load axial pressure and different height ratios were performed using a self-designed rock creep disturbance test device to determine the effect of height ratio and axial pressure on the creep characteristics of coal–rock combinations. From the test results, a creep damage model for coal–rock combinations was established by combining the elastomer, fractional Kelvin body, plastic body, Abel dashpot, and modified nonlinear viscoplastic body; introducing damage variables D related to stress, height ratio, and time; and deriving a one-dimensional creep equation. An improved nonlinear least squares method based on pattern search was utilized to invert the creep parameters. The results of the creep equation calculation were fitted with the experimental results with good results. The creep curve with a height ratio of 2:1 was predicted with good results. The research results provide theoretical references for long-term stability analysis of rock engineering.
On the interpretability of part-prototype based classifiers: a human centric analysis
Authors: Davoodi Omid , Mohammadizadehsamakosh Shayan , Komeili Majid 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPart-prototype networks have recently become methods of interest as an interpretable alternative to many of the current black-box image classifiers. However, the interpretability of these methods from the perspective of human users has not been sufficiently explored. In addition, previous works have had major issues with following proper experiment design and task representation that limit their reliability and validity. In this work, we have devised a framework for evaluating the interpretability of part-prototype-based models from a human perspective that solves these issues. The proposed framework consists of three actionable metrics and experiments. The results of these experiments will reveal important and reliable interpretability related properties of such models. To demonstrate the usefulness of our framework, we performed an extensive set of experiments using Amazon Mechanical Turk. They not only show the capability of our framework in assessing the interpretability of various part-prototype-based models, but they also are, to the best of our knowledge, the most comprehensive work on evaluating such methods in a unified framework.
Improving bridge effect to overcome interspecific hybrid sterility by pyramiding hybrid sterile loci from Oryza glaberrima
Authors: Li Jing , Zhou Jiawu , Xu Peng , Yang Ying , Deng Xianneng , Deng Wei , Zhang Yu , Lv Yonggang , Pu Qiuhong , Tao Dayun 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn order to evaluate the genetic effect caused by hybrid sterile loci, NILs with O. glaberrima fragment at six hybrid sterile loci under O. sativa genetic background (single-locus-NILs) were developed; two lines harboring two hybrid sterile loci, one line harboring three hybrid sterile loci were further developed. A total of nine NILs were used to test cross with O. sativa recurrent parent, and O. glaberrima accessions respectively. The results showed that the sterility of pollen grains in F1 hybrids deepened with the increase of the number of hybrid sterile loci, when the nine lines test crossed with O. sativa recurrent parent. The F1 hybrids were almost completely sterile when three hybrid sterile loci were heterozygeous. On the other hand, the single-locus-NILs had limited bridge effect on improving pollen grain fertility of interspecific hybrids. Compared single-locus-NILs, the multiple-loci-NILs showed increasing effect on pollen fertility when test crossing with O. glaberrima accessions. Further backcrossing can improve the fertility of pollen grain and spikelet of interspecific hybrids. The optimal solution to improve the fertility of interspecific hybrid can be utilization of pyramiding bridge parent plus backcrossing. This report has potential for understanding the nature of interspecific hybrid sterility, and overcoming the interspecific hybrid F1 pollen grain sterility between O. sativa and O. glaberrima.
A validated LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of key glucocorticoids in animal hair for applications in conservation biology
Authors: Sadok Ilona , Ożga Kinga , Klich Daniel , Olech Wanda , Krauze-Gryz Dagny , Beliniak Agata , Łopucki Rafał 
Published: December 2023

AbstractA new method for the determination of main glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone) in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. Glucocorticoids were extracted from hair shafts using methanol followed by solid-phase extraction. A validation test was performed using hair from three species of wild mammals with different body size (0.2–800 kg), lifestyle (terrestrial, burrowing and arboreal species), social organization (living in herds or solitary), and different predicted type of hair glucocorticoids: European bison (Bison bonasus), European hamster (Cricetus cricetus), and Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Regardless of the species evaluated, the method shows good linearity for all analytes accompanied by satisfactory accuracy (91–114%) and precision (RSD < 13%). Depending on the analyte and hair origin, the calculated limits of quantification were between 0.05 and 1.19 ng/mL, which corresponds to 1.28–31.51 pg/mg. Using cortisol and cortisone as examples, we have demonstrated that measuring multiple glucocorticoids simultaneously provides more comprehensive information than solely concentrating on one, thereby contributing to a more balanced and reliable interpretation of the acquired results. However, the utility of cortisol metabolites as markers of stress response in keratinized tissues should be substantiated by additional experimental studies on targeted animals. We posit that this paper could serve as a crucial catalyst to prompt such experiments.