bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Maps for Genome Analysis of Serotype A and D Strains of the Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Schein Jacqueline E. , Tangen Kristin L. , Chiu Readman , Shin Heesun , Lengeler Klaus B. , MacDonald William Kim , Bosdet Ian , Heitman Joseph , Jones Steven J.M. , Marra Marco A. , Kronstad James W. 
Published: November 2002

The basidiomycete fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic pathogen of humans that poses a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. Isolates of C. neoformans are classified into serotypes (A, B, C, D, and AD) based on antigenic differences in the polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the fungal cells. Genomic and EST sequencing projects are underway for the serotype D strain JEC21 and the serotype A strain H99. As part of a genomics program for C. neoformans, we have constructed fingerprinted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone physical maps for strains H99 and JEC21 to support the genomic sequencing efforts and to provide an initial comparison of the two genomes. The BAC clones represented an estimated 10-fold redundant coverage of the genomes of each serotype and allowed the assembly of 20 contigs each for H99 and JEC21. We found that the genomes of the two strains are sufficiently distinct to prevent coassembly of the two maps when combined fingerprint data are used to construct contigs. Hybridization experiments placed 82 markers on the JEC21 map and 102 markers on the H99 map, enabling contigs to be linked with specific chromosomes identified by electrophoretic karyotyping. These markers revealed both extensive similarity in gene order (conservation of synteny) between JEC21 and H99 as well as examples of chromosomal rearrangements including inversions and translocations. Sequencing reads were generated from the ends of the BAC clones to allow correlation of genomic shotgun sequence data with physical map contigs. The BAC maps therefore represent a valuable resource for the generation, assembly, and finishing of the genomic sequence of both JEC21 and H99. The physical maps also serve as a link between map-based and sequence-based data, providing a powerful resource for continued genomic studies.[This paper is dedicated to the memory of Michael Smith, Founding Director of the Biotechnology Laboratory and the BC Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre. Supplemental material is available online at http://www.genome.org.]
Evaluation of a culturally appropriate smoking cessation intervention for Latinos
Authors: Woodruff S I , Talavera G A , Elder J P 
Published: November 2002

Background:Many believe that smoking cessation programmes for Latinos should be tailored to the values and beliefs of the culture. However, randomised studies of culturally appropriate smoking cessation interventions with Latinos are rare.Methods:Latino smokers (n = 313) were randomised to an intervention condition or a comparison group. The intervention was a three month programme based on social cognitive constructs and delivered in the smoker’s home by trained lay health advisors, orpromotores. Comparison group participants were referred to the California Smoker’s Helpline in Spanish. Predictors of abstinence among all participants also were examined.Results:About one week post-intervention, validated (carbon monoxide) past week abstinence rates were more than twice as high in the intervention group (20.5%) than in the comparison (8.7%) (p ≤ 0.005). The pattern of results held for self reported abstinence, and after recoding dropouts to non-abstinence. The primary predictor of abstinence was number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline, a common measure of addiction.Conclusions:The culturally appropriate intervention facilitated abstinence in Latino smokers, at least in the short term. Strengths and weaknesses of the study are discussed.
Mentholated cigarettes and smoking habits in whites and blacks
Authors: Muscat J E , Richie J P , Stellman S D 
Published: November 2002

Objective:To determine if cigarette mentholation is associated with the frequency of smoking and with quitting, and whether mentholation explains racial differences in these two smoking behaviours.Design:Cross sectional analysis of case–control data on smoking and lung cancer.Subjects:Limited to 19 545 current and former cigarette smokers.Main outcome measures:Smoking > 20 cigarettes per day (cpd) versus ≤ 20 cpd, and continued smoking versus quit smoking.Results:Among blacks, the prevalence odds ratio (POR) of heavy smoking (≥ 21 cpd) associated with mentholated cigarettes versus non-mentholated cigarettes was 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5 to 0.9) in current smokers and 0.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.9) in former smokers. Among whites, the corresponding POR were 0.9 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.0) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.0). Blacks were less likely to have been heavy smokers than whites, but the difference was unrelated to cigarette mentholation. The POR of continued smoking versus quitting, associated with mentholated cigarettes was 1.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.2) for both blacks and whites.Conclusion:Smoking > 20 cpd was independently associated with white race. Among blacks, smoking ≤ 20 cpd was independently associated with mentholated cigarettes. The risk of quitting was not associated with cigarette menthol flavour.
PKCα-mediated ERK, JNK and p38 activation regulates the myogenic program in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells
Authors: Mauro Annunziata , Ciccarelli Carmela , De Cesaris Paola , Scoglio Arianna , Bouché Marina , Molinaro Mario , Aquino Angelo , Zani Bianca Maria 
Published: November 2002

We have previously suggested that PKCα has a role in 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated growth arrest and myogenic differentiation in human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD).Here, by monitoring the signalling pathways triggered by TPA, we demonstrate that PKCα mediates these effects by inducing transient activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) and sustained activation of both p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) (all referred to as MAPKs). Activation of MAPKs following ectopic expression of constitutively active PKCα, but not its dominant-negative form, is also demonstrated.We investigated the selective contribution of MAPKs to growth arrest and myogenic differentiation by monitoring the activation of MAPK pathways, as well as by dissecting MAPK pathways using MEK1/2 inhibitor (UO126), p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and JNK and p38 agonist (anisomycin) treatments. Growth-arresting signals are triggered either by transient and sustained JNK activation (by TPA and anisomycin, respectively) or by preventing both ERK and JNK activation (UO126) and are maintained, rather than induced, by p38. We therefore suggest a key role for JNK in controlling ERK-mediated mitogenic activity. Notably, sarcomeric myosin expression is induced by both TPA and UO126 but is abrogated by the p38 inhibitor. This finding indicates a pivotal role for p38 in controlling the myogenic program. Anisomycin persistently activates p38 and JNKs but prevents myosin expression induced by TPA. In accordance with this negative role, reactivation of JNKs by anisomycin, in UO126-pre-treated cells, also prevents myosin expression. This indicates that,unlike the transient JNK activation that occurs in the TPA-mediated myogenic process, long-lasting JNK activation supports the growth-arrest state but antagonises p38-mediated myosin expression. Lastly, our results with the MEK inhibitor suggest a key role of the ERK pathway in regulating myogenic-related morphology in differentiated RD cells.
Spurious power‐law relations among rainfall and radar parameters
Authors: Jameson A. R. , Kostinski A. B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn previous work, the authors examined statistical physics of rain from the point of view of the modern theory of random processes. In particular, the importance of statistical stationarity (homogeneity) was emphasized in order to attribute a clear physical meaning to the notions of drop size distribution and relations between the radar reflectivity factor, Z, and rainfall rate, R, used in radar meteorology.In this work we return to the case of the simplest rain model, namely uncorrelated raindrops having a prescribed drop size distribution. As shown in previous work, in such rain linear relations are anticipated among the various rainfall parameters. Taking the direct approach of Monte Carlo simulations and using the techniques typical of rainfall studies over the last several decades, we then sample from a collection of rain events in which the drop occurrences are uncorrelated but each event has the same prescribed drop size distribution. Surprisingly, it is found that apparently realistic but spurious nonlinear power‐law relations still appear among rainfall parameters even though the rain is not only statistically homogeneous but purely random as well.We show that this occurs largely because of an inadequate number of drops in each sample. The drop samples typically observed, while variable in size, are often too small to sufficiently represent the size distribution or its moments. That is, each sample of rain drops, is one random, partial realization of the probability density function of diameter, that still yields functionally related pairs of variables such as Z and R. We show, however, that because of the inadequate number of drops, n, in each sample the least‐square‐error power‐law fits yield spurious exponents that depend upon n. Thus, even though resulting fits may adequately describe the deficient observations, they are spurious and physically meaningless.An inspection of the literature reveals that nearly all reported Z–R and other rainfall parameter relations over the last several decades are likely to be spurious because n was too small by factors of hundreds to thousands. It is clear that such fitted relations are unlikely to reflect the actual physical properties of the rain and are simply artefacts of inadequate sampling and, to a lesser extent, fitting procedures. In particular the relations of Marshall and Palmer are probably artefacts. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Theoretical analysis of resonant tunneling in triple‐barrier structures under electric fields
Authors: Arakawa Masakazu , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Tanaka Satoshi , Yamada Norifumi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAssuming a practical device application of resonant tunneling in a triple‐barrier structure, equations for theoretical analysis of the tunneling transmission coefficient and the resonance condition are derived with regard to the tunneling phenomena in asymmetric triple‐barrier structures in the presence of an applied bias. From the numerical analysis results, an interesting phenomenon not observed in structures with two or fewer barriers is found. As the bias voltage is increased, the transmission peak value of the resonant spectrum, which initially decreases, begins to increase again and several peaks with a spectral value of 1 (unity resonance) appear. At that time, the resonance condition is studied. Further, the effect of the tunneling transmission characteristics of triple‐barrier structures on the voltage–current relationship in a triple‐barrier resonant tunneling diode is studied. By means of the equations derived here, the resonant bias voltage in the triple‐barrier structure can be determined. The conclusions derived in this paper are considered useful for the design of resonant tunneling devices using triple‐barrier structures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 10–19, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10075
Analysis of transport properties of five‐terminal beam splitter using anisotropy of the group velocity
Authors: Ueta Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a beam splitter with one emitter and two collectors each on the left and right based on anisotropy of the group velocity. An anisotropic medium is represented by a two‐dimensional square lattice tight‐binding model. The transport property of the beam splitter is analyzed by means of the boundary‐type solution method. At the center of the band where the anisotropy of the group velocity is strong, the incident beam is split into two and propagates along the diagonal directions of the square lattice with almost no diffraction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 67–75, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1114
Membranes, minerals, and proteins of developing vertebrate enamel
Authors: Diekwisch Thomas G.H. , Berman Brett J. , Anderton Xochitl , Gurinsky Brian , Ortega Adam J. , Satchell Paul G. , Williams Mia , Arumugham Chithra , Luan Xianghong , Mcintosh James E. , Yamane Akira , Carlson David S. , Sire Jean‐Yves , Shuler Charles F. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDeveloping tooth enamel is formed as organized mineral in a specialized protein matrix. In order to analyze patterns of enamel mineralization and enamel protein expression in species representative of the main extant vertebrate lineages, we investigated developing teeth in a chondrichthyan, the horn shark, a teleost, the guppy, a urodele amphibian, the Mexican axolotl, an anuran amphibian, the leopard frog, two lepidosauria, a gecko and an iguana, and two mammals, a marsupial, the South American short‐tailed gray opossum, and the house mouse. Electron microscopic analysis documented the presence of a distinct basal lamina in all species investigated. Subsequent stages of enamel biomineralization featured highly organized long and parallel enamel crystals in mammals, lepidosaurians, the frog, and the shark, while amorphous mineral deposits and/or randomly oriented crystals were observed in the guppy and the axolotl. In situ hybridization using a full‐length mouse probe for amelogenin mRNA resulted in amelogenin specific signals in mouse, opossum, gecko, frog, axolotl, and shark. Using immunohistochemistry, amelogenin and tuftelin enamel proteins were detected in the enamel organ of many species investigated, but tuftelin epitopes were also found in other tissues. The anti‐M179 antibody, however, did not react with the guppy and axolotl enameloid matrix. We conclude that basic features of vertebrate enamel/enameloid formation such as the presence of enamel proteins or the mineral deposition along the dentin‐enamel junction were highly conserved in vertebrates. There were also differences in terms of enamel protein distribution and mineral organization between the vertebrates lineages. Our findings indicated a correlation between the presence of amelogenins and the presence of long and parallel hydroxyapatite crystals in tetrapods and shark. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:373–395, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique dentition of lungfish
Authors: Kemp A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractLungfish are a group of ancient fish, represented almost continuously in the fossil record from their first appearance in the Devonian to the present time. They have numerous unique characters in the dentition, found only among lungfish, as well as some that are shared with other groups of fish and with higher vertebrates, such as a thin layer of true enamel, instead of the enameloid found in the dentition of most fish. Unique characters include the diversity of forms of dentine in the tooth plates, as well as the organisation of the dentines and the unusual mode of continuous growth of the dentition. Their enamel is based on amelogenin formed by the ameloblasts of the dental lamina, and is mineralised by long crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite deposited in layers over the developing tooth. The different forms of dentine, which show progressive evolutionary change within the group, are based on an extracellular matrix of collagen, mineralised with calcium hydroxapatite of variable crystalline form. Cells that line the oral cavity produce the ameloblasts that are endodermal in origin, and cells that form the dental papillae are, like the other cells that secrete skeletal tissues, derived from head mesoderm, as in other vertebrates. Unique to all dipnoans is the fusion of the dental tissues to the underlying bone and the way in which bone, included within the tooth plate, remodels to permit growth in the whole dentition. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:435–448, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bi‐arc graphs and the complexity of list homomorphisms
Authors: Feder Tomas , Hell Pavol , Huang Jing 
Published: November 2002

AbstractGiven graphs G, H, and lists L(v) ⊆ V(H), v ε V(G), a list homomorphism of G to H with respect to the lists L is a mapping f : V(G) → V(H) such that uv ε E(G) implies f(u)f(v) ε E(H), and f(v) ε L(v) for all v ε V(G). The list homomorphism problem for a fixed graph H asks whether or not an input graph G, together with lists L(v) ⊆ V(H), v ε V(G), admits a list homomorphism with respect to L. In two earlier papers, we classified the complexity of the list homomorphism problem in two important special cases: When H is a reflexive graph (every vertex has a loop), the problem is polynomial time solvable if H is an interval graph, and is NP‐complete otherwise. When H is an irreflexive graph (no vertex has a loop), the problem is polynomial time solvable if H is bipartite and H is a circular arc graph, and is NP‐complete otherwise. In this paper, we extend these classifications to arbitrary graphs H (each vertex may or may not have a loop). We introduce a new class of graphs, called bi‐arc graphs, which contains both reflexive interval graphs (and no other reflexive graphs), and bipartite graphs with circular arc complements (and no other irreflexive graphs). We show that the problem is polynomial time solvable when H is a bi‐arc graph, and is NP‐complete otherwise. In the case when H is a tree (with loops allowed), we give a simpler algorithm based on a structural characterization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 61–80, 2003
In vivo light dosimetry for motexafin lutetium‐mediated PDT of recurrent breast cancer
Authors: Dimofte Andreea , Zhu Timothy C. , Hahn Stephen M. , Lustig Robert A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo measure the fluence at tissue surface for patients in our Phase II clinical trial of motexafin lutetium (MLu)‐mediated chest wall photodynamic therapy for recurrent breast carcinoma and to compare it to the calculated irradiance.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe spatial and time dependence of light fluence (rate) was monitored in vivo on the chest wall surface using isotropic detectors in five patients. Patients were given MLu either 4 mg/kg with light at 18 hours or 5 mg/kg with light at 24 hours using an irradiance of 150 J/cm2 at 730 nm, with an incident fluence rate of 75 mW/cm2. The ratio of fluence rate to the incident fluence rate was determined at the center of the treatment field. This ratio was used to estimate the effective attenuation coefficient, μeff.ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of the ratio for all patients was 1.6 ± 0.2. The corresponding range of μeff was between 0.87 and 2.1 cm−1, assuming reduced scattering coefficient, μ′s = 4 cm−1.ConclusionsA conversion factor was determined to convert the irradiance to fluence rate on the tissue surface. However, the fluence (or the ratio) on patient surface varied by 70% due to the heterogeneity of optical properties. This supports the use of real‐time in vivo dosimetry during photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:305–312, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the long pulsed high fluence alexandrite laser therapy of leg telangiectasia
Authors: Brunnberg Stephanie , Lorenz Susanne , Landthaler Michael , Hohenleutner Ulrich 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe treatment of larger leg veins with laser or intense pulsed light often shows varying degrees of success and inconsistent clinical response rates. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the 755 nm long pulsed high fluence alexandrite laser in the treatment of larger leg veins.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty female volunteers aged 25–51 years (mean 39) with 0.3–1.3 mm leg telangiectasias received laser treatment, 10 of them with an additional pass done right after the first pass. Their skin type ranged from 1 to 3 (five type 1, seven type 2, eight type 3). After test spots with increasing fluences (40–90 J/cm2) to determine the individual safe fluence, the maximum fluence of 90 J/cm2 could be used in all 20 subjects. The spot size was 3 × 10 mm, a spray cooling system was used with 80 milliseconds spray and delay time, respectively. The number of pulses administered ranged from 30 to 467 per subject (mean 139). The treated area was controlled 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months post‐treatment and the side effects were quantified. At each visit, the treatment area was photographed. The percent clearance in the treated areas was scored by two observers. Subject satisfaction was evaluated at the 3 months post‐treatment visit.ResultsAfter 3 months, in all 20 test subjects some clearance was visible. It ranged from low‐grade to complete clearance. Most subjects (15 of 20) had a clearance between 26 and 75%. Hyperpigmentation was observed in 15 subjects. Hypopigmentation was seen in two subjects. No edema, no purpura, no erythema, no scarring, no blistering, and no crusts were observed. Mean subject satisfaction score was assessed and all volunteers reported to be “satisfied.”ConclusionsThe long pulsed high fluence alexandrite laser is effective and safe in the treatment of leg veins 0.3–1.3 mm in diameter. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:359–362, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sensitivity of a model's stratospheric tape recorder to the choice of advection scheme
Authors: Gregory A. R. , West V. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe sensitivity of a climate model's transport to the choice of numerical advection scheme is investigated using simulations of the stratospheric tape recorder. Significant differences are found between tracers advected with the Heun scheme (with centred spatial differencing) and tracers advected with a flux‐limited total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme. The tape recorder simulated by the TVD scheme propagates upwards unrealistically fast: about three times faster than the tape recorder of the Heun scheme, even though the winds are identical. In contrast, the amplitude of the TVD scheme's tape recorder is more realistic than that of the Heun scheme, which is too strong in the middle stratosphere.Further off‐line tracer experiments, using a family of conservative, upwind advection schemes, demonstrate how the tape recorder's phase speed decreases as the order of the polynomial representing the tracer's subgrid variation is increased. It is found that schemes with more implicit vertical diffusion than a quasi third‐order scheme produce a tape recorder with unacceptably fast upwards propagation. The sensitivity can only be reproduced in a one‐dimensional model when winds with strong variability are used, highlighting a limitation of the traditional advection tests that use constant winds. The experiments also show that the numerical oscillations produced by non‐monotonic methods, including the Heun scheme, can artificially strengthen the tape‐recorder signal resulting in a unrealistic lack of attenuation with height. Finally, a full climate simulation using a higher‐order, monotonic advection scheme is found to produce a tape recorder that is reasonably realistic, both in speed and amplitude. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society