bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational Transfers, Social Solidarity, and Social Policy: Unanswered Questions and Policy Challenges
Authors: McDaniel Susan A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIntergenerational transfers are the essence of societal continuity, and yet not at all well conceptualized or analysed. Intergenerational transfers are also at the core of the welfare state concept of redistribution of resources and hence, of current social policy changes/challenges. In making a difference to policy choices and in linking research to policy, attention to intergenerational transfers focusses on the fundamental policy questions of guiding belief systems, family (or private) transfers versus public transfers among generations, and issues of intergenerational and cohort equity in the short and longer terms. This paper has four objectives: (1) Situating intergenerational transfers in socio-historical, international comparative, and current social policy contexts; (2) Developing a typology of intergenerational transfers that could provide the basis for answering thus far unanswerable key policy questions, such as whether the situations of seniors into future generations will be like those of seniors today; (3) Encouraging the collection of more complete and integrated data on intergenerational transfers in Canada, which would provide for more informed policy choices; and (4) Enumerating key policy questions that emerge from research and remain to be addressed. From analysis of what is known about intergenerational transfers and what remains to be known, an agenda for an information system, for future research and for addressing policy questions is outlined.
On oriented cycles in randomly perturbed digraphs
Authors: Araujo Igor , Balogh József , Krueger Robert A. , Piga Simón , Treglown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn 2003, Bohman, Frieze, and Martin initiated the study of randomly perturbed graphs and digraphs. For digraphs, they showed that for every
$\alpha \gt 0$
, there exists a constant
$C$
such that for every
$n$
-vertex digraph of minimum semi-degree at least
$\alpha n$
, if one adds
$Cn$
random edges then asymptotically almost surely the resulting digraph contains a consistently oriented Hamilton cycle. We generalize their result, showing that the hypothesis of this theorem actually asymptotically almost surely ensures the existence of every orientation of a cycle of every possible length, simultaneously. Moreover, we prove that we can relax the minimum semi-degree condition to a minimum total degree condition when considering orientations of a cycle that do not contain a large number of vertices of indegree
$1$
. Our proofs make use of a variant of an absorbing method of Montgomery.
Between (ir)responsibility and (in)appropriateness: Conceptualizing norm-related state behaviour in the Russian war against Ukraine
Authors: Gholiagha Sassan , Sienknecht Mitja 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Russian war against Ukraine has challenged fundamental norms such as sovereignty, non-interference and the prohibition of the use of force. It has led to diverse reactions from the international community. Only very few states sided with Russia, some states remained neutral, while the vast majority condemned the attack and supported Ukraine in its right to self-defence. Thus, although there is no legal obligation, many states display behaviour that goes beyond diplomatic support. They support Ukraine financially and even deliver weapons to support Ukraine in its right to self-defence. In this article, we conceptualize different types of actors’ behaviour in world politics. We distinguish between responsible, irresponsible, appropriate, and inappropriate behaviour. We apply this typology to states’ reaction to the Russian war against Ukraine. The typology enables us to analyse the variation of the responses with reference to norms and responsibility, two core concepts of International Relations (IR) Theory and global politics. Counterintuitively as it might seem, we argue that the support of Ukraine with weapons can be categorized as responsible behaviour as it displays an over-fulfilment of the right to self-defence norm, which leads to the emergence of a new norm: the responsibility to support norm.
Predicting Daily River Chlorophyll Concentrations at a Continental Scale
Authors: Savoy Philip , Harvey Judson W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEutrophication is one of the largest threats to aquatic ecosystems and chlorophyll a measurements are relevant indicators of trophic state and algal abundance. Many studies have modeled chlorophyll a in rivers but model development and testing has largely occurred at individual sites which hampers creating generalized models capable of making broad‐scale predictions. To address this gap, we compiled a large data set of chlorophyll a concentrations matched to other water quality, meteorological, and reach characteristic data for a diverse set of 82 streams and rivers across the United States. We used this data set and extreme gradient boosting, a tree‐based machine learning algorithm, to predict daily chlorophyll a concentrations. Furthermore, we tested several practical considerations of broad‐scale models, such as making predictions at sites not included in model training or the utility of in situ water quality data versus universally available remotely estimated model inputs. Predictions were very strongly correlated to observations when compared against a randomly withheld subset of days; however, the model had lower accuracy when applied to completely novel sites withheld from model training. Turbidity and total nitrogen were the two most important variables for predicting chlorophyll a. Although in situ variables improved modeled estimates and were identified as more important during model interpretation, using only remote inputs still resulted in highly correlated predictions with small bias. Testing a model across many sites allowed for identification of common variables relevant to chlorophyll a and highlighted several challenges for applying data‐driven models to new sites or at larger spatial scales.
Ocean Carbon Dioxide Uptake in the Tailpipe of Industrialized Continents
Authors: Palter J. B. , Nickford S. , Mu L. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA simplifying assumption in many studies of ocean carbon uptake is that the atmosphere is well‐mixed, such that zonal variations in its carbon dioxide (CO2) content can be neglected in the calculation of air‐sea fluxes. Here, we examine this assumption at various scales to quantify the errors it introduces. For global annual averages, we find that positive and negative errors effectively cancel, so the use of atmospheric zonal‐average CO2 introduces reassuringly small errors in fluxes. However, for millions of square kilometers of the North Pacific and Atlantic that are downwind of the highly industrialized northern hemisphere continents, these biases average to over 6% of the annual ocean uptake and can cause errors of up to 30% on a given day. This work highlights the need to use a high quality, spatially‐resolved atmospheric CO2 product for process studies and for accurate long‐term average maps of ocean carbon uptake.
Synergistic Impact of Complex Topography and Climate Variability on the Loss of Microclimate Heterogeneity in Southeast Asia
Authors: Guan Yanlong , Liu Junguo , Chen Penghan , Wang Yanlong , Liang Dongzhe , Xue Yuxuan , Chen He , Liu Zhentao , Pellikka Petri 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMicroclimate heterogeneity in Southeast Asia and its implications for biodiversity remain understudied. We investigated microclimate changes between 1982 and 2017 using high‐resolution data and a patch‐mosaic model. Our findings reveal a decline in microclimate heterogeneity (as indicated by Shannon's diversity index) and a significant increase in elevation. Topographical factors (∼50.6%) and climatic factors (∼21.5%) primarily influenced the decline. Spatial heterogeneity weakened with larger moving windows and coarser grid‐scale data sets. Our study suggests that shifting mountainous microclimates play a crucial role in mediating biodiversity in Southeast Asia.
Kinematic Evolution of a Large Paraglacial Landslide in the Barry Arm Fjord of Alaska
Authors: Schaefer L. N. , Coe J. A. , Wikstrom Jones K. , Collins B. D. , Staley D. M. , West M. , Karasozen E. , Miles C. , Wolken G. J. , Daanen R. P. , Baxstrom K. W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOur warming climate is adversely affecting cryospheric landscapes via glacial retreat, permafrost degradation, and associated slope destabilization. In Prince William Sound, Alaska, the rapid retreat of Barry Glacier has destabilized the slopes flanking the glacier, resulting in numerous landslides. The largest of these landslides (∼500 Mm3 in volume) is more than 2 km wide and has the potential to generate a tsunami that could affect nearby recreationists, marine traffic, infrastructure, natural and cultural resources, and the community of Whittier, located 60 km from the landslide. Here, we combine landslide structural and kinematic element mapping with data acquired from bi‐yearly airborne lidar, multi‐week satellite‐based synthetic aperture radar (SAR), sub‐hourly ground‐based SAR, and seismic monitoring from 2020 to 2022 to characterize this landslide and examine its evolution. While some methods serve as a snapshot in time that is a culmination of events, others emphasize the ever‐evolving nature of the landslide and associated hazards. Four major kinematic elements define the overall structure of the landslide, which vary in deformation type and rate, from creep (5 mm per day over several months) to episodic movement (2 m in 30 days) and landslide‐wide to localized events. In some areas of the landslide, short‐term deformation deviates from structures formed by cumulative movement, implying structural and kinematic evolution associated with glacier retreat. These insights are important for assessing landslide hazards and hazard evolution for large, slow‐moving bedrock landslides in actively deglaciating environments.
Understanding nucleic acid sensing and its therapeutic applications
Authors: Kong Ling-Zu , Kim Seok-Min , Wang Chunli , Lee Soo Yun , Oh Se-Chan , Lee Sunyoung , Jo Seona , Kim Tae-Don 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNucleic acid sensing is involved in viral infections, immune response-related diseases, and therapeutics. Based on the composition of nucleic acids, nucleic acid sensors are defined as DNA or RNA sensors. Pathogen-associated nucleic acids are recognized by membrane-bound and intracellular receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce innate immune-mediated antiviral responses. PRR activation is tightly regulated to eliminate infections and prevent abnormal or excessive immune responses. Nucleic acid sensing is an essential mechanism in tumor immunotherapy and gene therapies that target cancer and infectious diseases through genetically engineered immune cells or therapeutic nucleic acids. Nucleic acid sensing supports immune cells in priming desirable immune responses during tumor treatment. Recent studies have shown that nucleic acid sensing affects the efficiency of gene therapy by inhibiting translation. Suppression of innate immunity induced by nucleic acid sensing through small-molecule inhibitors, virus-derived proteins, and chemical modifications offers a potential therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the mechanisms and regulation of nucleic acid sensing, specifically covering recent advances. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss recent research progress regarding the different effects of nucleic acid sensing on therapeutic efficacy. This study provides insights for the application of nucleic acid sensing in therapy.
Functional involvement of septal miR-132 in extinction and oxytocin-mediated reversal of social fear
Authors: Bludau Anna , Schwartz Uwe , Zeitler Daniela M. , Royer Melanie , Meister Gunter , Neumann Inga D. , Menon Rohit 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSocial interactions are critical for mammalian survival and evolution. Dysregulation of social behavior often leads to psychopathologies such as social anxiety disorder, denoted by intense fear and avoidance of social situations. Using the social fear conditioning (SFC) paradigm, we analyzed expression levels of miR-132-3p and miR-124-3p within the septum, a brain region essential for social preference and avoidance behavior, after acquisition and extinction of social fear. Here, we found that SFC dynamically altered both microRNAs. Functional in vivo approaches using pharmacological strategies, inhibition of miR-132-3p, viral overexpression of miR-132-3p, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of miR-132-3p specifically within oxytocin receptor-positive neurons confirmed septal miR-132-3p to be critically involved not only in social fear extinction, but also in oxytocin-induced reversal of social fear. Moreover, Argonaute-RNA-co-immunoprecipitation-microarray analysis and further in vitro and in vivo quantification of target mRNA and protein, revealed growth differentiation factor-5 (Gdf-5) as a target of miR-132-3p. Septal application of GDF-5 impaired social fear extinction suggesting its functional involvement in the reversal of social fear. In summary, we show that septal miR-132-3p and its downstream target Gdf-5 regulate social fear expression and potentially mediate oxytocin-induced reversal of social fear.
Cytochrome P450-2D6 activity in people with codeine use disorder
Authors: Daglish Mark R. C. , Reilly Sarah R. , Mostafa Sam , Edwards Cameron , O’Gorman Thomas M. , Hayllar Jeremy S. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCompound-analgesics containing codeine (CACC) have been a common source of codeine for people seeking opioid replacement therapy (ORT) for codeine use disorder (CUD). Our previous work demonstrated no relationship between pre-treatment CACC and ORT buprenorphine doses; we hypothesised that CYP2D6 activity would partially account for this disconnection. One hundred six participants with CUD were compared to a published population sample of 5408 Australian patients. Mean age of participants with CUD at treatment entry was 35 years, with mean 6.1 years duration of CUD. Mean codeine dose was 660 mg/day (range 40–2700 mg). Mean calculated CYP2D6 activity scores were significantly higher in the codeine group (CUD 1.65 + 0.63 vs. Gen pop 1.39 + 0.65, Wilcoxon W = 347,001, p < 0.001). Pre-treatment CACC dose weakly predicted sublingual buprenorphine doses overall; there was a stronger relationship within ultrarapid metabolisers. While normal and ultrarapid metabolisers of codeine were more likely to have a diagnosis of CUD, poor or intermediate CYP2D6 metaboliser status may protect against CUD.
Successes and challenges in clinical gene therapy
Authors: Kohn Donald B. , Chen Yvonne Y. , Spencer Melissa J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDespite the ups and downs in the field over three decades, the science of gene therapy has continued to advance and provide enduring treatments for increasing number of diseases. There are active clinical trials approaching a variety of inherited and acquired disorders of different organ systems. Approaches include ex vivo modification of hematologic stem cells (HSC), T lymphocytes and other immune cells, as well as in vivo delivery of genes or gene editing reagents to the relevant target cells by either local or systemic administration. In this article, we highlight success and ongoing challenges in three areas of high activity in gene therapy: inherited blood cell diseases by targeting hematopoietic stem cells, malignant disorders using immune effector cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors, and ophthalmologic, neurologic, and coagulation disorders using in vivo administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. In recent years, there have been true cures for many of these diseases, with sustained clinical benefit that exceed those from other medical approaches. Each of these treatments faces ongoing challenges, namely their high one-time costs and the complexity of manufacturing the therapeutic agents, which are biological viruses and cell products, at pharmacologic standards of quality and consistency. New models of reimbursement are needed to make these innovative treatments widely available to patients in need.
Optogenetic stimulation of vagal nerves for enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β cell proliferation
Authors: Kawana Yohei , Imai Junta , Morizawa Yosuke M. , Ikoma Yoko , Kohata Masato , Komamura Hiroshi , Sato Toshihiro , Izumi Tomohito , Yamamoto Junpei , Endo Akira , Sugawara Hiroto , Kubo Haremaru , Hosaka Shinichiro , Munakata Yuichiro , Asai Yoichiro , Kodama Shinjiro , Takahashi Kei , Kaneko Keizo , Sawada Shojiro , Yamada Tetsuya , Ito Akira , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Tominaga Teiji , Yamanaka Akihiro , Matsui Ko , Katagiri Hideki 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe enhancement of insulin secretion and of the proliferation of pancreatic β cells are promising therapeutic options for diabetes. Signals from the vagal nerve regulate both processes, yet the effectiveness of stimulating the nerve is unclear, owing to a lack of techniques for doing it so selectively and prolongedly. Here we report two optogenetic methods for vagal-nerve stimulation that led to enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and to β cell proliferation in mice expressing choline acetyltransferase-channelrhodopsin 2. One method involves subdiaphragmatic implantation of an optical fibre for the photostimulation of cholinergic neurons expressing a blue-light-sensitive opsin. The other method, which suppressed streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in the mice, involves the selective activation of vagal fibres by placing blue-light-emitting lanthanide microparticles in the pancreatic ducts of opsin-expressing mice, followed by near-infrared illumination. The two methods show that signals from the vagal nerve, especially from nerve fibres innervating the pancreas, are sufficient to regulate insulin secretion and β cell proliferation.
Selection of a de novo gene that can promote survival of Escherichia coli by modulating protein homeostasis pathways
Authors: Frumkin Idan , Laub Michael T. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCellular novelty can emerge when non-functional loci become functional genes in a process termed de novo gene birth. But how proteins with random amino acid sequences beneficially integrate into existing cellular pathways remains poorly understood. We screened ~108 genes, generated from random nucleotide sequences and devoid of homology to natural genes, for their ability to rescue growth arrest of Escherichia coli cells producing the ribonuclease toxin MazF. We identified ~2,000 genes that could promote growth, probably by reducing transcription from the promoter driving toxin expression. Additionally, one random protein, named Random antitoxin of MazF (RamF), modulated protein homeostasis by interacting with chaperones, leading to MazF proteolysis and a consequent loss of its toxicity. Finally, we demonstrate that random proteins can improve during evolution by identifying beneficial mutations that turned RamF into a more efficient inhibitor. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how de novo gene birth can produce functional proteins that effectively benefit cells evolving under stress.
Risk of hematological malignancies from CT radiation exposure in children, adolescents and young adults
Authors: Bosch de Basea Gomez Magda , Thierry-Chef Isabelle , Harbron Richard , Hauptmann Michael , Byrnes Graham , Bernier Maria-Odile , Le Cornet Lucian , Dabin Jérémie , Ferro Gilles , Istad Tore S. , Jahnen Andreas , Lee Choonsik , Maccia Carlo , Malchair Françoise , Olerud Hilde , Simon Steven L. , Figuerola Jordi , Peiro Anna , Engels Hilde , Johansen Christoffer , Blettner Maria , Kaijser Magnus , Kjaerheim Kristina , Berrington de Gonzalez Amy , Journy Neige , Meulepas Johanna M. , Moissonnier Monika , Nordenskjold Arvid , Pokora Roman , Ronckers Cecile , Schüz Joachim , Kesminiene Ausrele , Cardis Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOver one million European children undergo computed tomography (CT) scans annually. Although moderate- to high-dose ionizing radiation exposure is an established risk factor for hematological malignancies, risks at CT examination dose levels remain uncertain. Here we followed up a multinational cohort (EPI-CT) of 948,174 individuals who underwent CT examinations before age 22 years in nine European countries. Radiation doses to the active bone marrow were estimated on the basis of body part scanned, patient characteristics, time period and inferred CT technical parameters. We found an association between cumulative dose and risk of all hematological malignancies, with an excess relative risk of 1.96 (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 3.12) per 100 mGy (790 cases). Similar estimates were obtained for lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. Results suggest that for every 10,000 children examined today (mean dose 8 mGy), 1–2 persons are expected to develop a hematological malignancy attributable to radiation exposure in the subsequent 12 years. Our results strengthen the body of evidence of increased cancer risk at low radiation doses and highlight the need for continued justification of pediatric CT examinations and optimization of doses.
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste and its application to inhibit foodborne pathogens
Authors: Farouk Salma M. , Abu-Hussien Samah H. , Abd-Elhalim Basma T. , Mohamed Reham M. , Arabe Naira M. , Hussain Ahmed A. T. , Mostafa Mostafa E. , Hemdan Bahaa , El-Sayed Salwa M. , Bakry Ashraf , Ebeed Naglaa M. , Salah Mahmoud , Elhariry Hesham , Galal Ahmed 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPolyphenolics have been predicted to effectively develop antimicrobial agents for the food industry as food additives and promote human health. This study aims to synthesize pomegranate peel extract (PPE) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against eight foodborne pathogens. Multispectroscopic analysis of UV–vis spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to characterize the interaction between PPE and AgNPs. Eight foodborne pathogenic strains (six bacterial and two fungal strains) Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 8379, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 00607, Salmonella typhi DSM 17058, Shigella sonnei DSM 5570, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643, and Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 96382 were used to test the inhibitory potential of PPW-AgNPs. The reaction colour of PPE-AgNPs from yellow to brown indicated that the nanoparticles were successfully formed. The UV absorption of PPE-AgNPs was detected at 440 nm of 0.9 SPR. SEM image of PPE-AgNPs exhibited spherical shapes with a zeta potential of − 20.1 mV. PPE-AgNPs showed high antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. The highest inhibition activity of PPE-AgNPs was recorded for the B. subtilis strain followed by K. pneumonia, while the highest resistance was noticed for R. oryzae. The components of pomegranate peel were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major constituents of pomegranate peel is phenol (51.1%), followed by Isocitronellol (19.41%) and 1-Propanol, 2-(2-hydroxypropyl)- (16.05%). PPE is key in the simple, eco-friendly green synthesis of extracellular stable AgNPs as an alternative source for harmful chemical disinfectants.