bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex-Segregated Sports On Trial
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scene on August 18, 1920, was a dramatic one. For over 70 years, suffrage reformers had been trying to win for women the right to vote. Finally, on June 4, 1919, both Houses of Congress passed with a two-thirds majority the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting states from disqualifying women from the franchise solely because of their sex. The notion of women voting, however, was still so controversial that getting the required thirty-six states to ratify the amendment was by no means a foregone conclusion. All southern states had voted no, but thirty-five states had voted yes. Tennessee was the final, thirty-sixth state, on which the fate of woman suffrage rested. Lobbying in the Tennessee legislature for and against the woman suffrage amendment on that fateful day was intense. Forces on both sides of the issue had swarmed to Nashville, each intent on victory. Anti-suffrage legislators wore red roses in their lapels to indicate how they would cast their votes and pro-suffrage supporters wore yellow ones. The problem was that right before the roll call vote, the red roses outnumbered the yellow ones on the floor of the Tennessee legislature 49 to 47. Gasping for air, however, woman suffrage reformers were given a lifeline when one legislator switched his vote from nay to yea. Now the votes for and against woman suffrage were tied at 48 to 48. Another roll call vote would have to be taken, and another legislator wearing a red rose would have to switch and vote yea, if woman suffrage was to succeed. However, on the next roll call vote, there were no switches, requiring yet another roll call vote.
Breaking Barriers
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have argued that sports are more than entertainment, that they represent a site which reflects, reinforces, and constructs the meaning of race, class, and sex differences in American society. Beyond that, athletics can also be used to challenge inequalities and injustices that are inconsistent with the egalitarian promise of American society. We often see sports used as a conservative tool to maintain social, economic, and political inequalities and injustices. But sports can just as well be a transformative tool for deconstructing social norms that perpetuate old hierarchies and stereotypes of racial, class, and gender groups, thus producing what some refer to as the paradox of sports. What is critical to the culture of a democratic society is not so much what sports are played as how they are played. Sports were once segregated by race, thereby reflecting racial inequalities, injustices, and tensions in American society. Such policies mirrored assumptions that African Americans were inferior to whites in general, a flawed belief then extended to sports. The racial segregation of sports competitions reflected and reinforced racial segregation as an operating principle in the American state. This, in turn, supported underlying assumptions about the racial inferiority of African Americans and the social impropriety of whites and blacks interacting, which included playing sports together.
Pass The Ball
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When former (and 2007 fill-in) Yankees pitcher and frequent Cy Young Award recipient Roger Clemens earned career victory 300 on June 13, 2003, he won kudos not only from sports fans but also political figures. Two weeks after the win, a New York Times reporter spotted two congratulatory letters atop a black case near Clemens’s locker—one from U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson and one from President George W. Bush, who praised Clemens as a “positive role model.” Left unsaid was exactly what kind of positive role model Bush thought Clemens was, but that was hardly the point. Praise was message enough. Athletic feats are more than play and athletes more than players. Sports matter in American society, and not only for the personal pleasure provided to participants or the entertainment value to fans. Sports represent power. From small-town life to the national stage, from the boardroom to Capitol Hill, the drama of athletic contests and admiration for winning athletes (and those involved in sports at a variety of levels from coaching to the media) define what we mean in America by “success.”
Gene Function and Molecular Evolution
Authors: Lovell Simon C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francis Crick (1916-2004), along with James Watson, is best known for predicting the structure of DNA, probably the greatest success in the history of molecular modeling. He also published important work on virus structure where he and Watson argue that the only way a stretch of DNA can encapsulate itself with protein is if multiple repeating subunits are used, he published a paper on helix packing in proteins where he suggests the reader should knock nails into broom-handles to visualize the point being made (Crick 1953; Figure 13.1), he suggested that “selfish DNA” may exist and be “the ultimate parasite,” he suggested that there must be “adaptors” in protein synthesis (now known to be transfer RNAs) and, arguably most importantly, suggested the “sequence hypothesis” and the central dogma of molecular biology.
Evolution of Genetic Variance-Covariance Structure
Authors: Phillips Patrick C , Mcguigan Katrina L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the features of organisms that makes the study of biology so compelling is their apparent complexity. Molecular, cellular, developmental, physiological, neurological, and behavioral systems are each fascinating in and of themselves, but it is their interaction that generates what we see as the organism as a whole. By necessity, biologists have a tendency to break down organisms into their component parts to see how they work. Yet, no trait is an island (Dobzhansky 1956). In particular, we need to consider the organism in its entirety when looking at evolutionary change. This perspective is necessitated simply by the fact that it is the whole individual, not specific traits or particular alleles, that lives and dies. The whole individual is therefore the central unit of selection (Lewontin 1970). How can we deal with the complexity inherent in trying to intes grate biological function and evolutionary change across the whole organism? Quantitative genetics provides an attractive potential framework because it attempts to summarize important features of the genetic system while focusing firmly at the level of the phenotype. The multiple trait (multivariate) formulations of quantitative genetics that we will discuss here can be seen both as a conceptual framework for integrating multiple systems at many levels and as a tool for making quantitative predictions about evolutionary change. Whether it succeeds on either count is the subject of active debate (Barton & Turelli 1989). Ways of successfully building upon the traditional statistical framework of quantitative genetics is one of the exciting areas of future growth within the field of evolutionary genetics.
The Evolutionary Genetics of Senescence
Authors: Promislow Daniel E L , Bronikowski Anne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book includes chapters on how natural selection has led to the evolution of a variety of adaptations, from social behaviors (Frank, Ch. 23 of this volume) to developmental systems (Stern, Ch. 15 of this volume; Siegal and Bergman, Ch. 16 of this volume) to pathogen resistance (Kover, Ch. 29 of this volume). We typically think of evolutionary genetics as a field that helps us to understand the genetic basis of adaptation. Here we turn our attention to senescence, a trait that is at best a product of direct selection on other traits whose side-effects lead to aging, and at worst a maladaptation, the losing outcome of a continually tossed coin, with the benefits of selection on one side countered by the costs of mutation on the other. Senescence is not an adaptation, per se. But in trying to understand how and why organisms gradually fail, we have developed fundamental insights into how and why they work. Just as we can learn a great deal about the nature of evolution from the study of the outcomes of selection, so too can we learn about evolution by studying what happens in the absence of selection. The study of aging is the study of diverse phenomena. And perhaps more than any other topic, the study of aging has brought evolutionary biologists together with economists, demographers, physiologists, and molecular biologists. The biology of aging may serve as the touchstone by which we measure the value of interdisciplinary research in biology, with evolutionary genetics as its foundation.
Nothing Alive Can Be Calculated: The Psychobiographical Study of Artists
Authors: Schultz William Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attitudes toward psychobiographies of artists tend to fall into two general camps: Some see nothing wrong with such a practice; others see everything wrong with such a practice. My sentiments lie with the former position, but I ‘ve thought a lot about the reasoning behind the latter, having been faced with it a few times in the course of my researches. Those who reject psychobiographies of artists by definition seem concerned, first and foremost, with issues of framing. That is, they feel too much information about the deeper motives of the artist, or even the artist ‘s biography, interferes with perception of the art. Not only is such information unnecessary, they say, it also sullies the art itself, detracting from intrinsic qualities felt to be of higher purity. In short, art must stand on its own.
Psychobiography in Context: Predicting the Behavior of Tyrants
Authors: Glad Betty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychobiography can help solve political puzzles, as long as political behavior is not seen reductively as a simple reenactment of childhood adaptations. As Schultz (chap. 1 this vol.) points out, excessive reductionism signifies bad psychobiography. Behavior, after all, is modulated by context, and the political leader with great power is in a very special position—able, perhaps, to change the environment in which he and others operate. It is this interaction—particularly relevant in the case of a tyrant—that is the focus of this study. I look at how certain leaders affect their environment and how their behavior is in turn influenced by what they create.
The T7 Group
Authors: Molineux Ian J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophage T7 is the prototype member of the T7 group of phages that are traditionally thought to be obligately lytic. Although isolated in 1945, early studies on T3 and T7 were much less extensive than those on the T-even phages. However, in 1969 a comprehensive genetic map of T7 was published (269, 276), several phage-coded enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription were purified and studied biochemically (22, 27, 85, 96), and T7 rapidly became a focus of attention. These studies have continued to the present, the mechanism of transcription by T7 RNA polymerase is known in exquisite detail, and in vitro DNA replication catalyzed by T7 proteins is one of the best understood model systems. In more recent times, T7 RNA polymerase-based expression systems (279; also see chapter 43), DNA sequencing using Sequenase, and a T7 display system (229), have all made people extremely familiar with T7 parts, if not with the phage itself. The ease of laboratory manipulation of T7, its fast growth rate, and of course the wealth of information that has accrued in the past decades, has also made T7 a prime model system for experimental molecular evolution and evolutionary genetics (17^19, 48, 100).
Control of Bacteriophage in Commercial Microbiology and Fermentation Facilities
Authors: Bogosian Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are an estimated 5 x1030 bacterial cells on Earth (29), suggesting a global population of about 1 x1031 bacteriophages. Roger Hendrix, in his characteristic whimsical fashion, has calculated that if bacteriophages were the size of cockroaches, they would cover the surface of the Earth in a layer 50,000 km deep. This type of thinking sends chills through those who work in commercial fermentation facilities, where bacteriophages really are considered cockroaches.
Combining Music with Thought to Change Mood
Authors: Eich Eric , Ng Joycelin T W , Macaulay Dawn , Percy Alexandra D , Grebneva Irina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experimental methods for modifying mood are a mainstay of modern research in the area of cognition and emotion. Reflecting the popularity of this approach, a survey of Psychological Abstracts spanning the past three decades reveals a steady increase in the number of research reports dealing with experimentally engendered moods: from fewer than 10 between 1973 and 1977 to over 170 within the most recent 5-year period, 2001–2005.
The Information-Processing Approach to Emotion Research
Authors: Colin Edward Wilson , Campbell MacLeod Lynlee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a remarkable growth of interest in cognitive aspects of emotional vulnerability. Stimulated initially by the work of clinical theorists such as Aaron Beck (Beck, 1976; Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985) and cognitive psychologists such as Gordon Bower (1981), much of this research has been designed to address predictions concerning the selective processing of emotional information. The general idea under experimental scrutiny most often has been that heightened levels of susceptibility to negative emotions, such as anxiety or depression, reflect idiosyncratic processing biases that operate to favor the encoding and retrieval of negative information and to yield negative interpretations of ambiguity. In order to objectively test such hypotheses, many researchers now have systematically mined the rich potential offered by cognitive-experimental psychology, drawing on and creatively adapting established methodologies for assessing selective encoding, interpretation, and memory. This line of investigation has greatly enhanced our understanding of the patterns of biased cognition that underpin individual differences in emotional vulnerability.
An Unnatural Process: Why It Is Not Inherently Wrong to Seek a Cure for Aging
Authors: Caplan Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not everyone thinks it is a good idea to live longer lives. Some writers, perhaps, most notably Daniel Callahan, the cofounder of the Hastings Center, argue that the quest to extend life is not a self-evident good (Callahan, 1995; Barlow, 2002). A longer life, Callahan contends, is not necessarily a better life. Other writers, such as the philosopher /physician Leon Kass (2002), the political theorist Francis Fukuyama (Fukuyama, 2002), and the theologian Gilbert Meilander (2002) argue that the extension of life should not be pursued because lengthening life is not consistent with human nature. It is “unnatural” to extend human lives beyond the proverbial three score and ten that the demographers assure us is what the average citizen of an economically developed nation can expect.
Unraveling the Enigma: Clinical Research on Depersonalization Disorder
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human brain, the only organ capable of studying itself, has in the last century turned its attention toward the mysterious phenomenon of depersonalization, examining it from many perspectives. Depersonalization disorder (DPD) remains one of the most frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed conditions in modern psychiatry. Why? Likely for several reasons. DPD is often accompanied by anxiety, depression, or other disorders, and patients may have trouble or hesitation expressing its vagaries in words that anyone but fellow sufferers can understand. Patients often wind up being treated for depression or anxiety, even though they have tried to make clear that they were depressed or anxious only initially in their depersonalization course, or only well after depersonalization had set in. The patients are often clear that what they are struggling most with are feelings of “unreality,” “deadness,” or “no self” and that they know the difference from being solely depressed or anxious. Clinicians, however, do not always agree, possibly because they have solid training in—and are more comfortable dealing with—the domains of anxiety and depression.
The Biology of Depersonalization
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Einstein’s advice, above, is particularly relevant when it conies to discussing the human brain, the most complex structure in all creation. While more is known about the brain than ever before, mass culture has developed a tendency to liken its functions to that of a computer, or explain serious disorders in terms of simple chemical imbalances. Such generalizations just don’t do the brain justice. Let’s first take a scientific look at the basic anatomy and function of the brain, then move on to a closer look at those parts of the brain that may be most dysfunctional in depersonalization.
Psychotherapy Treatment of Depersonalization
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can depersonalization be successfully treated with psychotherapy? Although traditionally the psychotherapy literature has been rather pessimistic on this issue, more recent advances in psychotherapy technique aimed specifically at treating this condition leave us with more reason to be optimistic. To say that psychotherapy works, or always works fully, may be misleading or overly optimistic. But to say that it cannot work, at least for some, and cannot lead to important symptom improvement and better life adaptation would be overly pessimistic and incorrect. Logically, therapeutic approaches can sometimes seem as diverse as the manifestations of depersonalization disorder (DPD) itself, but this isn’t tantamount to a hit-or-miss philosophy. Evidence of success stories that have emerged through therapy tailored to the psychological makeup and specific symptoms of patients, has, over time, accumulated into a body of suggested approaches that are now worth considering. In this chapter, we first examine the more traditional approaches, some of which are outdated, while others remain relevant and useful. Later, we’ll look at the state-of-the-art therapies that have proven to be most effective thus far.
Rogue Regime
Authors: Becker Jasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How combustible is the Korean crisis? Very, is the only sensible answer. In 1994, the united states came close to launching a pre-emptive strike against North Korea. Since then perhaps three million have died of starvation in the North, a disaster worse than Pol Pot’s Cambodia. North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-II is closer than ever to developing an inter-continental ballistic missile and an armoury of nuclear weapons. A perpetual merry go-round of international diplomacy has not brought peace within sight, despite the high expectations raised by the south’s ‘Sunshine Policy’. South Korea, arguably the greatest economic and political success story in Asia, confronts its evil twin in an extraordinary and little-understood drama. Managing this crisis has become the top priority for the United States and its greatest challenge. Jasper Becker reveals the historical roots of the current conflict and offers straightforward explanations of the motives and strategy of the major players. He sheds light on North Korea’s continuing survival and lays out the rationale behind the often seemingly strange and bizarre policies pursued by North and South - and their larger neighbours. Providing crucial context for a little-understood region, this highly accessible and compact volume will be a valuable guide for all readers.
Introduction To Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with the lives of real people whose behaviour, emotions, or thinking abilities have become disordered, disrupted, or unusual as a result of some type of brain disorder or damage. The study of human behaviours, emotions, and thoughts and how they relate to the brain, particularly the damaged brain, is the subject matter of clinical neuropsychology.
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its extreme form, the quantitative method of assessment involves the standardized use of a set group, or battery, of tests. These tests are scored quantitatively, and the resulting data are compared with normative data from a group of non-brain-damaged people, preferably matched to the patient in regard to important variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic group, culture, and years of formal education. To establish whether a patient’s scores are typical of the scores of other people with similar disorders, comparisons with the scores of groups of patients with similar disorders or lesions in a similar area of the brain can sometimes be made. The advantage of the quantitative method is that the assessment can be conducted by a trained technician (psychometrist) who does not necessarily need to understand the concepts underlying the tests or their interpretation; a computer can score the tests and even interpret them according to the most likely pathology based on the best fit with normative and research data. The Halstead-Reitan Battery (Halstead 1947; Reitan and Davison 1974) is designed to be used in this way.
Marooned In The Moment:H.M., A Case Of Global Amnesia
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
H.M. is perhaps the most famous of all neurological cases. As a result of a neurosurgical procedure carried out in an attempt to reduce his epileptic seizures, H.M. became globally amnesic. From the time of his operation when he was 27 years old until the present (H.M. is in now in his late 70s), he has been unable to learn consciously or remember any new information ( anterograde amnesia). In addition, he has suffered a dense memory loss for a period of 11 years preceding his surgery ( retrograde amnesia). In essence, H.M.’s knowledge base remains as it was when he was a teenager, although his intelligence in other areas is largely unimpaired. It is as though time stopped for H.M. around the age of 16 years, and today he lives in a timeless vacuum, interacting intelligently minute by minute with whatever stimuli impinge directly upon him.
The Breakdown Of Language
Authors: Ogden Jenni A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have a poignant, vivid visual memory of Luke from the first time I met him. A powerfully built Maori man with a mane of tangled black hair and tattoos on both arms and bare chest, he was sitting upright in his hospital bed in the sunny hospital ward. His left hand was hovering over a large board covered with letters and numbers, and as I approached his bed he looked up at me. It was the image of fear distorting his strong face and shadowing his dark eyes that struck me so forcibly and remains with me still.