bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General principles of retrovirus immunodetection tests
Authors: Hardy William D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Because infecting retroviruses contain protein and glycoprotein antigenic determinants that can be readily distinguished from host cell determinants, the development of immunologic detection systems, immunodetection tests, or immunoassays capable of identifying antigens of some retroviruses (oncoretroviruses) in blood, body fluids, or cells is possible. Conversely, detection of antibodies produced by animals against some infecting retroviruses can also be used to identify current infections of lentiretroviruses and some oncoretroviruses. Studies of various microorganisms by various immunodetection systems indicate that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot (western blot) analysis, followed by sensitive but less specific elisa and agglutination assays, and finally by even less sensitive but very specific isolation in culture and double immunodiffusion techniques.
The first test used routinely for clinical detection of any retrovirus was the immunofluorescent antibody test, introduced in 1972, for detection of FeLV infection in pet cats. Since then, tests for human retroviruses, the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2 and the human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (htlv-I and htlv-II) have been introduced for routine use in human medicine. Recently, retroviral tests for a second feline retrovirus, the feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) have been introduced in veterinary medicine. General principles of sensitivity, specificity, true-positive and -negative rates, false-positive and -negative rates, and positive and negative predictive values apply to all methods used for detection of retroviral infections.
Evaluation of feline leukemia virus diagnostic tests available for in-office use by veterinarians
Authors: Swango Larry J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Blood samples from cats were tested for FeLV group-specific antigen by use of an indirect immunojluorescent antibody (ifa) test, elisa, or both. Several elisa kits were evaluated as they would be used in a veterinary clinic, and some elisa kits were compared with an ifa test for agreement of results. Good agreement of results was evident among the commercially available elisa kits; results for most blood samples were clearly negative or decidely positive. Occasionally, test results were equivocal and retesting was necessary to obtain clear interpretation. Negative results are highly reliable, which makes elisa valuable screening tests for FeLV in healthy cats. Results of tests on blood from healthy cats in Alabama indicated positivity rate of 4.0% in 1978 with an ifa test and 4.8% with elisa in 1988 through 1989. Infection rate in sick cats ranged from 11.6 to 35.8%. The frequency of positive test results for FeLV in cats tested at Auburn University decreased from a 5-year average of 27.7% during 1980 through 1984 to a 5-year average of 14.9% during 1986 through 1990; the rate in 1990 was 11.6%.
Evaluation of efficacy and safety of an inactivated virus vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Hines David L. , Cutting John A. , Dietrich Deborah L. , Walsh James A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
An inactivated virus vaccine was developed for prevention of FeLV infection in domestic cats. When given in 2 doses, 3 weeks apart, to cats that were ≥9 weeks old at the time of first vaccination, the vaccine prevented persistent viremia from developing in 132 of 144 (92%) vaccinates after oronasal challenge exposure with virulent FeLV. In contrast, persistent viremia developed after oronasal challenge exposure with FeLV in 39 of 45 (87%) age-matched nonvaccinated control cats. Transient viremia, indicated by early detection of p27 by elisa in serum of cats protected from persistent viremia at 12 weeks after challenge exposure, was found in 10 of 132 (8%) vaccinates. Cats that were aviremic 12 to 16 weeks after challenge exposure were examined for reactivation of latent FeLV infection; 4 weekly doses of methylprednisolone were administered, followed by in vitro culture of bone marrow cells. Latent infection was readily reactivated in 6 of 8 (75%) nonvaccinated control cats that had been transiently viremic after challenge exposure. However, latent infection was reactivated in only 5 of 48 (10%) protected vaccinates, and in none of 38 vaccinates in which transient viremia had not been detected. In a safety field trial, only 34 mild reactions of short duration were observed after administration of 2,379 doses of vaccine to cats of various ages, breeds, and vaccination history, for a 1.43% reaction rate. Results indicate that the aforementioned inactivated virus vaccine is safe and efficacious for the prevention of infection with FeLV.
Biomechanical evaluation of acrylic external skeletal fixation in dogs and cats
Authors: Okrasinski E. B. , Pardo A. D. , Graehler R. A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Acrylic external skeletal fixators (esf) were compared with Kirschner esf in biomechanical tests. A 2-cm unilateral acrylic esf was found to be superior to medium Kirschner esf in compression and shear loads. Acrylic esf performed as well as Kirschner esf in torsion loads. Acrylic esf were used on 11 dogs and cats for repair of long bone fractures, for arthrodesis, or for immobilization of joints following ligament or tendon surgery. There were no complications associated with the use of acrylic esf. Acrylic esf offers the advantage of reduced cost, improved versatility, and simplified application technique when compared with Kirschner esf.
Septic tenosynovitis in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989)
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , Schumacher Jim , Cohen Noah D. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Taylor Tex S. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 25 horses with septic tenosynovitis treated over 7 years (1983 to 1989) were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to treatment. The median age of horses with septic tenosynovitis was 5 years (range, 1 month to 21 years). Fourteen fore limbs and 11 hind limbs were affected.
Sepsis was located in the sheath of the digital flexor tendons of 22 horses. Sepsis was located in the sheath of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (1 horse), sheath of the long digital extensor tendon (1 horse), or sheath of the common digital extensor tendon (1 horse) in the remaining horses.
Nine horses received only medical treatment, using a combination of broad-spectrum parenterally administered antimicrobial drugs (8 of 9 horses), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (8 of 9 horses), or irrigation of the wound (4 of 9 horses). Fourteen horses were treated surgically with either transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (5 of 14 horses), lavage of the sheath after insertion of drains into the sheath (7 of 14 horses), or both (2 of 14 horses). All horses treated surgically were concurrently treated parenterally with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Two horses with septic tenosynovitis were not treated and were euthanatized at the owners' request.
Five horses were euthanatized before discharge from the hospital. Two horses (both treated medically) were lost to follow-up. Follow-up information was obtained for 18 horses, 6 to 55 months after discharge from the hospital. Of the 5 horses treated medically for which follow-up was available, 4 returned to their intended use (3 performance, 1 breeding), and 1 was being used for breeding rather than as intended for performance.
Of the 13 horses treated surgically, for which long-term follow-up information was available, 6 returned to their intended use (3 performance, 3 breeding), 3 were unable to return to their intended use (performance), and 4 horses used for performance prior to injury were retired for breeding.
Overall, 18 of the 23 horses (78%) for which long-term follow-up was available survived >6 months after discharge from the hospital. Ten of these horses (56%) returned to their intended use (6 performance and 4 breeding).
Seroprevalence of antibodies against encephalomyocarditis virus in swine of Iowa
Authors: Zimmerman Jeff J. , Owen William J. , Hill Howard T. , Beran George W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A total of 2,614 swine from 104 herds located throughout Iowa were tested for antibodies against encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) by use of the microtitration serum neutralization test. The sample was composed of 587 sows and gilts and 2,027 finishing swine. A statistically significant (P < 0.002) difference was observed between prevalence in sows and gilts (17.2%) and that in finishing swine (12.2%). Breeding swine maintained in total confinement (20.5%) had significantly (P = 0.04) higher prevalence than did breeders maintained in other types of housing (12.1%), whereas prevalence in finishing swine raised in total confinement (6.4%) was significantly (P = 0.02) lower that in finishers not raised in total confinement (13.6%). Association was not detected between prevalence and herd size or between prevalence and season of the year. Adjusting for test specificity and sensitivity, the true prevalence of emcv infection in swine in Iowa was estimated to be 13.8% in breeding stock and 8.5% in finishing swine. On a herd basis, 89.4% (93/104) of the herds had one or more emcv-positive swine.
Thoracotomy in adult dairy cattle: 14 cases (1979-1991)
Authors: Ducharme Norm G. , Fubini Susan L. , Rebhun William C. , Beck Kathy A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Fourteen cows were subjected to thoracotomy as an aid in the treatment of either septic pericarditis (n = 7) or unilateral pleuritis (fibrous or purulent; n = 7). Thoracic lesions were primary in 4 cows, secondary to traumatic reticuloperitonitis in 9 cows, and secondary to extension of a liver abscess in 1 cow. Thoracotomy was performed on 9 cows under local anesthesia. Surgery was performed on 5 cows under general anesthesia; 2 died during anesthesia, and 2 others were euthanatized. Of the 10 cows allowed to recover from surgery, 4 had pericarditis and 6 had pleuritis. Four cows with pleuritis had thoracic abscesses. All but 1 cow with pericarditis died or were euthanatized, and 5 of the 6 cows with pleuritis were discharged from the hospital. A year after surgery, 1 cow was culled because of infertility, and the other 5 cows were returned to production.
Microbiologic investigation of an epizootic of mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a dairy herd
Authors: Ruegg P. L. , Guterbock W. M. , Holmberg C. A. , Gay J. M. , Weaver L. D , Walton R. W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
An epizootic of subclinical and clinical mastitis caused by Serratia marcescens was investigated in a 1,000-cow dairy farm in California. Serratia marcescens was isolated from 13 to 18% of composite milk samples obtained from lactating dairy cows. During monthly milk sampling performed during a 4-month period, S marcescens was isolated from 38.8 to 62.3% of composite milk samples obtained from cows from which S marcescens was previously isolated. Few cows infected with S marcescens had evidence of clinical mastitis. Somatic cell count value was associated with isolation of S marcescens. Cows with somatic cell counts > 500,000 were 5.48 times as likely to have intramammary infections with S marcescens, compared with cows with somatic cell count ≤ 500,000. Lactation number also was associated with S marcescens intramammary infection. After adjusting for the effect of lactation number, cows with high somatic cell count values were 2.98 times as likely to have intramammary infection with S marcescens, compared with cows with low somatic cell counts. Infection with S marcescens was independent of days in lactation, production string, and daily milk production. Eleven months after the beginning of the epizootic, S marcescens was isolated from organic bedding samples obtained from the dairy. Despite numerous attempts, other sources of S marcescens could not be identified on this dairy.
Disposition of gentamicin administered intravenously to horses with sepsis
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Divers Thomas J. , Rossier Yves 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Plasma concentration of gentamicin was measured 1, 4, and 6 hours after iv administration in 35 hospitalized adult horses on days 1, 3, 5, and 10 of treatment. The mean apparent elimination rate constant β was 0.53 ± 0.10h-1 on day 1 for horses with normal plasma creatinine concentration and 0.41 ± 0.13 h-1 for horses with abnormally high plasma creatinine concentration. There was no significant difference between β of the hospitalized horses and of 6 healthy horses treated with gentamicin, but total clearance for the hospitalized horses with normal plasma creatinine concentration was significantly greater than that of the healthy horses and the hospitalized horses with abnormally high plasma creatinine concentration. Gentamicin clearance was significantly correlated with plasma creatinine concentration for healthy horses and hospitalized horses, and β was significantly correlated with plasma creatinine concentration for hospitalized horses.
Twelve of the 35 hospitalized horses required an adjustment in gentamicin dosage. Ten required a reduction, 1 an increase, and 1 a change in dosage and interval with no net change in total daily dose. One horse of 35 (2.9%) developed signs compatible with nephrotoxicosis on day 14 of treatment, despite appropriate gentamicin concentrations on day 10.
Evaluation of survival times after limb amputation, with and without subsequent administration of cisplatin, for treatment of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 30 cases (1979-1990)
Authors: Thompson James P. , Fugent Madonna J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Appendicular osteosarcoma was diagnosed in 30 dogs. Fifteen dogs were treated by limb amputation alone, and 15 dogs were treated by limb amputation followed by 2 doses of cisplatin given iv approximately 2 and 7 weeks after limb removal. Mean survival time after limb amputation alone ± sd was 190 ± 138 days (median, 168 days); 7 dogs survived longer than 6 months, and 3 dogs survived more than 1 year. Fourteen of 15 dogs treated by amputation and administration of cisplatin survived a mean of 315 ± 158 days (median, 290 days) after amputation, and 1 dog was still alive at 1,095 days; 13 dogs survived longer than 6 months and 5 dogs survived more than 1 year. Survival time was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in dogs given cisplatin.
Efficacy of ivermectin as an anthelmintic in leopard frogs
Authors: Letcher James , Glade Michael 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Ivermectin administered cutaneously at dosages of 2 mg/kg of body weight eliminated nematode infections in leopard frogs. Three clinical trials were conducted. In the first trial, 5 groups of 11 frogs were given ivermectin im at dosages of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 2, or 20 mg/kg. All frogs given ivermectin im at dosages of 2.0 mg/kg or greater died. In trial 2, 44 frogs, allotted to 5 groups, were given ivermectin cutaneously at 0, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg. Cutaneously administered ivermectin was not toxic at dosages up to 20 mg/kg. In trial 3, nematode infections were eliminated in all 10 frogs treated cutaneously with ivermectin at 2.0 mg/kg.
Prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection after perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Griffin D. W. , Gregory C. R. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
It has been reported that the prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) increases after perineal urethrostomy in male cats. Perineal urethrostomy, using a surgical technique preserving striated urethral sphincter function, was performed on 2 groups of cats. The first group consisted of healthy castrated cats. The second group of cats had recurrent or persistent urethral obstruction. All cats had normal urethral sphincter function after surgery, as measured by urethral pressure profilometry and electromyography. Long-term periodic urinalysis and bacterial culturing of urine was performed on all cats. Twenty-two percent of the previously obstructed cats had recurrent bacterial UTI, compared with none of the healthy cats. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that perineal urethrostomy per se does not predispose cats to bacterial UTI, but surgical alteration of the urethral meatus combined with an underlying uropathy may increase the prevalence of ascending bacterial UTI after surgery.
High- and low-challenge exposure doses used to compare intranasal and intramuscular administration of pseudorabies virus vaccine in passively immune pigs
Authors: Arellano Pablo E. , Morrison Robert B. , Molitor Thomas W. , Thawley David G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
We compared 3 modified-live pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine strains, administered by the intranasal (IN) or IM routes to 4- to 6-week-old pigs, to determine the effect of high- and low-challenge doses in these vaccinated pigs. At the time of vaccination, all pigs had passively acquired antibodies to PRV. Four experiments were conducted. Four weeks after vaccination, pigs were challenge-exposed IN with virulent virus strain Iowa S62. In experiments 1 and 2, a high challenge exposure dose (105.3 TCID50) was used, whereas in experiments 3 and 4, a lower challenge exposure dose (102.8 TCID50) was used. This low dose was believed to better simulate field conditions. After challenge exposure, pigs were evaluated for clinical signs of disease, weight gain, serologic response, and viral shedding.
When vaccinated pigs were challenge-exposed with a high dose of PRV, the duration of viral shedding was significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and body weight gain was greater in vaccinated pigs, compared with nonvaccinated challenge-exposed pigs. Pigs vaccinated IN shed PRV for fewer days than pigs vaccinated IM, but this difference was not significant. When vaccinated pigs were challenge-exposed with a low dose, significantly (P <0.05) fewer pigs vaccinated IN (51%) shed PRV, compared with pigs vaccinated IM (77%), or nonvaccinated pigs (94%). Additionally, the duration of viral shedding was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in pigs vaccinated IN, compared with pigs vaccinated IM or nonvaccinated pigs. The high challenge exposure dose of PRV may have overwhelmed the local immune response and diminished the advantages of the IN route of vaccination. Repeatable difference in the effect of vaccine strain was not detected in pigs challenge-exposed with low- or high-PRV doses. These findings suggested that the dose of challenge virus is critical for determining the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing the prevalence and duration of viral shedding after PRV infection, and that the route of vaccination plays a more important role than vaccine strain.
Bovine abortions attributable to Listeria ivanovii: Four cases (1988-1990)
Authors: Alexander Amy V. , Walker Richard L. , Johnson Bill J. , Charlton Bruce R. , Woods Leslie W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
During a 3-year period, 4 cases of bovine abortion attributable to Listeria ivanovii were diagnosed from 243 bovine fetuses submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated only once from a bovine fetus during this same time period. Pathologic findings were similar to those seen in abortions attributable to L monocytogenes. Consistent management factors were not recognized and breed susceptibility was not apparent. Listeria ivanovii is most often associated with abortions from sheep and is rarely reported from cattle. On the basis of findings in this study, L ivanovii must be included as a potential cause of bovine abortions.
Prevalence of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the United States
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Sacks Jerome M. , Weaver Amy L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Goats from 28 states were tested for antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Of 3,790 goats, 1,175 (31%) tested positive, and of 196 herds tested, 143 (73%) had 1 or more seropositive members. This prevalence, based on serum samples from all goats in the participating herds, was lower than most rates reported in other studies. Such studies were based on fewer samples, incomplete sampling of herds, or smaller geographic base. Prevalence was highest in western Pacific and northern plains regions, increased with age to 3 years, was highest among goats on family-owned farms, and was lowest in the Angora breed. Differences in prevalence were not related to gender or size of herd.
Prevalence, type, and importance of splenic diseases in dogs: 1,480 cases (1985-1989)
Authors: Spangler W. L. , Culbertson M. R. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The prevalence data of splenic diseases from 3 sources were studied. Group 1 consisted of a general diagnostic survey of accessions submitted from private veterinary hospitals in California during a period of approximately 4 years and included 1,372 submissions of canine splenic tissue. Group 2 consisted of surgical splenectomy specimens from 92 dogs; the specimens were submitted to the laboratory for gross and histologic evaluation prior to fixation, and a questionnaire was subsequently sent to determine the outcome of the disease. Group 3 was made up of specimens of 105 splenic lesions derived from a large colony of Beagles with complete medical records and records of pathologic findings.
In this study, splenic hematoma and hyperplastic nodule, not hemangiosarcoma, made up the bulk of splenic lesions. Hemangiosarcoma was the most frequent neoplasm of the canine spleen, but the combined prevalence of all other splenic neoplasms was similar to that of hemangiosarcoma alone. Splenic hematoma and hemangiosarcoma were grossly indistinguishable in most cases. Hyperplastic lymphoid nodules and hematomas of the spleen appeared to represent a continuum. If that finding was correlated with microscopic splenic blood flow, specific causal relationship could be suggested. Prognostically, the live/dead ratio and mean survival of dogs with various splenic lesions differed significantly.
Relation between pharmacokinetics of amikacin sulfate and sepsis score in clinically normal and hospitalized neonatal foals
Authors: Wichtel Maureen G. , Breuhaus Babetta A. , Aucoin David 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Pharmacokinetic values after iv administration of amikacin sulfate were determined for clinically normal and hospitalized foals during the first week of life. The relations between drug disposition and sepsis score and serum creatinine concentration also were studied. In clinically normal foals, differences in sepsis score, serum creatinine concentration, and pharmacokinetic variables of amikacin were not found between foals 1 to 3 and 4 to 7 days old. In hospitalized foals, sepsis score, serum creatinine concentration, area under the curve, area under the moment curve, and mean residence time were greater, and total clearance was decreased, compared with values in clinically normal foals. Sepsis score and serum creatinine concentration were inversely correlated to amikacin clearance and appeared to be useful indicators of altered drug disposition.