bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior research in zoos: Past, present, and future
Authors: Kleiman Devra G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews the historical emphases in zoo behavioral research and the contribution of these studies to animal management and to advancement in the behavioral sciences. Some examples are provided from research conducted at the National Zoological Park and elsewhere. The potential for doing behavior studies of excellence in zoos and aquariums has become more complicated in recent years by 1) changes in the aims and objectives of modern zoological parks, especially the increasing emphasis on conservation, 2) changes in focus in the science of animal behavior itself, and 3) the tendency of trained behaviorists to assume positions as curators and directors without time for research. These issues represent challenges to be overcome so that zoos can continue to be important sites for the study of animal behavior and contribute to the science of animal management and conservation, as well as the advancement of theory in biology. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila populations: Consequences of equalizing founder representation
Authors: Loebel David A. , Nurthen Roderick K. , Frankham Richard , Briscoe David A. , Craven Duncan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEqualizing founder representation is a recommended practice for maintaining captive populations. However, this procedure has not been subject to controlled experimental evaluation. The effects on inbreeding, genetic variation, and reproductive fitness of maintaining small captive populations by equalizing founder representation (EFR) versus randomly choosing parents (RC) were compared. Ten replicate lines were created with unequal founder representations, split into EFR and RC lines, and maintained for a further eight generations. Founder representations computed from pedigrees were closer to equality in the EFR lines than in the RC lines or the base population, most of the changes being evident after one generation. Significant benefits of EFR were found in lowered inbreeding (mean inbreeding coefficients of 0.35 and 0.41, respectively, for EFR and RC lines) and average heterozygosity (0.141 for EFR, 0.084 for RC, compared with 0.216 in the base population). However, EFR was not significantly better than RC in moving allele frequencies towards equalized founder representation. No significant difference was found in reproductive fitness between EFR and RC (relative fitnesses compared to the base population were 0.179 for EFR and 0.182 for RC). The use of equalization of founder representation for a few generations can be recommended in the genetic management of captive populations derived from a small number of founders that contribute unequally. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive Drosophila populations: Improvement of reproductive fitness due to immigration of one individual into small partially inbred populations
Authors: Spielman Derek , Frankham Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractImmigration into small isolated captive and wild populations is recommended to alleviate inbreeding depression. The effects on reproductive fitness of introducing one immigrant into 10 small partially inbred captive populations of D. melanogaster were evaluated. The relative reproductive fitness of the immigrant populations (0.628) was approximately double that of the isolated populations (0.294) and about halfway between the isolated populations and the outbred base population (1.00). Every replicate population increased in fitness following the introduction of an immigrant. The improvements in reproductive fitness shown by the immigrant populations were not due to F1 hybrid vigor, as the experimental populations underwent three generations of random mating prior to the fitness tests. These results indicate substantial benefits can be gained by the translocation of as few as a single animal between small, partially inbred populations. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity budgets of captive Laysan ducklings (Anas laysanensis)
Authors: Marshall Ann P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined how diurnal activity budgets, visibility to observer, and distance to parents changed during the day and during three stages of development of captive Laysan ducklings. All behaviors except feeding, swimming, and terrestrial locomotion varied significantly across the stages of development. There was a significant time of day effect for 5 behaviors: stationary, flying, swimming, under female, and lying. A significant interaction between stage and time of day for 4 behaviors, viz., stationary, flying, under female, and out of sight, was also found. Young ducklings followed the female, were under the female, or were out of sight significantly more often than older ducklings. Older ducklings performed maintenance behaviors or boundary walking, or were stationary, flying, social, lying, or lying out of sight significantly more often than younger ducklings. Swimming and flying were most often performed late in the day, and the ducklings were stationary most often in early and late periods of the day. They were also most often under the female during early and late periods of the day. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PREDICTING THE CLEANABILITY OF MIX‐PROOF VALVES BY USE OF WALL SHEAR STRESS
Authors: JENSEN BO B.B. , FRIIS ALAN 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to predict the outcome of a practical cleaning test for closed food‐process equipment by examining wall shear stress distributions in the equipment estimated from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Such predictions make evaluation and improvement of hygienic design of equipment prior to prototype production possible. To do this, knowledge of hydrodynamic cleaning effects is required. The importance of hydrodynamics was shown by cleaning tests on a mix‐proof valve (MPV) and a straight pipe. The MPV was easier to clean than a straight pipe. An explanation to this was sought in this work by the idea of a critical wall shear stress. A radial flowcell (RFC) was used for prediction of the critical wall shear stress. Prediction of cleanability in the MPV was performed by comparison of wall shear stress estimated in the MPV by CFD to the critical wall shear stress found in the RFC. Cleanability was under‐predicted by the use of simulated wall shear stress compared with cleanability estimated from actual cleaning trials.
SOLID FOODS FREEZE‐DRYING SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Authors: KHALLOUFI S. , ROBERT J.‐L. , RATTI C. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT This article presents a mathematical model describing the unsteady heat and mass transfer during the freeze drying of biological materials. The model was built from the mass and energy balances in the dried and frozen regions of the material undergoing freeze drying. A set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations permitted the description of the temperature and pressure profiles, together with the position of the sublimation interface. These equations were transformed to a finite element scheme and numerically solved using the Newton‐Raphson approach to represent the nonlinear problem and the interface position. Most parameters involved in the model (i.e., thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, heat and mass transfer coefficients etc.) were obtained from experimental data cited in the literature. The dehydration kinetics and the temperature profiles of potato and apple slabs were experimentally determined during freeze drying. The simulation results agreed closely with the water content experimental data. The prediction of temperature profiles within the solid was, however, less accurate.
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL FACTORS ON ACETIC ACID PRODUCTION IN BRETTANOMYCES STRAINS
Authors: CASTRO‐MARTINEZ C. , ESCUDERO‐ABARCA B.I. , GOMEZ RODRÍGUEZ J. , HAYWARD‐JONES P.M. , AGUILAR‐USCANGA M.G. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT Four species of Brettanomyces (intermedius, bruxellensis, custersianus, clausenii) were examined to ascertain their acetic acid production capacity. The results showed that B. bruxellensis was the strain with the best volumetric productivity  and  specific  production  rate  (P = 0.065 gL−1 h−1;  Vp = 0.43 gg−1h−1). The best kinetic parameters were reached (P = 0.133 gL−1 h−1; Yp/s = 0.23; Pmax = 11.64 gL−1)  at  an  airflow  of  288 Lh−1 (0.6 vvm,  OTR = 124 mgO2L−1 h−1), and substrate inhibition was not observed. The influence of temperature and agitation on acetic acid production by B. bruxellensis in a glucose medium was investigated at different levels, 26, 30, 34C and 250, 350, 450 rpm, respectively. Temperature and agitation were shown to be deci‐sive factors (P < 0.05) in acetic acid production at 288 Lh−1(0.6 vvm, OTR = 124 mgO2L−1 h). The optimal conditions for a high volumetric productivity were 30C and 250 rpm, respectively.
UNDERSTANDING ULTRAFILTRATION PERFORMANCE WITH MOSAMBI JUICE IN AN UNSTIRRED BATCH CELL
Authors: RAI P. , MAJUMDAR G.C. , DASGUPTA S. , DE S. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT Ultrafiltration (UF) of sucrose and pectin solutions, their mixtures and enzymatically treated mosambi (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) juice has been performed on a batch unstirred membrane cell. Thin film composite polyamide membrane of molecular weight cut‐off 50,000 was used. The sucrose solution's permeate flux declined marginally, but for the pectin solution, it decreased rapidly over time. The sucrose–pectin mixture exhibits a flux decline similar to that of the pectin solution. The gel‐type pectin layer over the membrane's surface governs the flux decline of the sucrose–pectin mixture. The nature of the flux decline and the values of the permeated total soluble solids of enzymatically treated mosambi juice show similar behavior as compared with that of the UF of the sucrose–pectin mixture. The permeate of the enzyme‐treated mosambi juice contains almost all the soluble solids and acids (in terms of citric acid) with a remarkable improvement in juice clarity.
CONTINUOUS PASTEURIZATION OF EGG YOLK: THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESS SIMULATION
Authors: GUT JORGE ANDREY WILHELMS , PINTO JOSÉ MAURÍCIO , GABAS ANA LÚCIA , TELIS‐ROMERO JAVIER 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT This article presents empirical correlations to predict the density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and rheological power–law parameters of liquid egg yolk over a temperature range compatible with its industrial thermal processing (0–61C). Moreover, a mathematical model for a pasteurizer that takes into account the spatial variation of the overall heat transfer coefficient throughout the plate heat exchanger is presented, as are two of its simplified forms. The obtained correlations of thermophysical properties are applied for the simulation of the egg yolk pasteurization, and the obtained temperature profiles are used for evaluating the extent of thermal inactivation. A detailed simulation example shows that there is a considerable deviation between the designed level of heat treatment and that this is predicted through process simulation. It is shown that a reliable mathematical model, combined with specialized thermophysical property correlations, provide a more accurate design of the pasteurization equipment that ensures effective inactivation, while preserving nutritional and sensorial characteristics.
Perspective: Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children
Authors: Epstein Leon G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEpidemiologic studies indicate that the number of women and children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will continue to increase in the next decade. The impact of this aspect of the AIDS pandemic, including increased infant mortality, will be greatest in developing nations. The biologic properties of HIV, a lentivirus, complicate the strategies to alter the course of the pandemic. A long asymptomatic interval between initial infection and the onset of clinical disease, the ability of HIV to evade immune clearance, and the propensity for rapid mutation and selection of viral variants all favor survival of the virus over the host.
Estimates of body fatness in infancy and childhood
Authors: Davies Peter S. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBody composition estimates in infants and children are difficult largely due to ethical and practical reasons. However, the use of H218O as a tracer for the calulation of total body water allows the noninvasive estimation of fat‐free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in the pediatric population. Body fatness was estimated on 244 occasions in infants and children 0.1 to 3.99 years of age. The mean percentage body fatness in the first year of life is similar to previously published theoretical reference data. During childhood, however, the reference data were considerably below current estimates of body fatness. This may be evidence to support the hypothesis that there has been a secular trend in levels of body fatness in children in recent years. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dermatoglyphic affinities among the Telugu populations with contrasting ethnohistorical backgrounds
Authors: Reddy B. Mohan , Reddy P. Chengal 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing 22 finger dermatoglyphic variables (radial and ulnar ridge counts on each of the 10 fingers, total number of whorls and total number of loops per individual), affinities among the five endogamous populations of Andhra Pradesh with contrasting ethnohistorical backgrounds were examined. The samples constitute rolled fingerprints of 1,334 individuals of all ages, 736 males and 598 females, and were drawn from the three southern districts of Andhra Pradesh. Univariate analysis of variance, cluster analysis of Mahalanobis' D2‐values, and stepwise discriminant analysis were employed to study the extent of population heterogeneity and nature of relationships among them. The observed dermatoglyphic affinities conform to the known ethnohistorical and geographical backgrounds. The smallest set of 9 most discriminating variables gives the best configuration expected under ethnohistorical backgrounds. Addition of more variables, although further augmenting the dispersion among the group centroids, distrots the picture of known ethnohistorical relatiohships. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactation, seasonality, and mother's postpartum weight change in Bangladesh: An analysis of maternal depletion
Authors: Miller Jane E. , Rodríguez Germán , Pebley Anne R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLongitudinally collected data from rural Bangladesh was used to investigate the effects of lactation, reproductive patterns, and seasonality on maternal weight and postpartum weight change. Results of multivariate analyses demonstrate that weight change exhibits a strong seasonal pattern, with losses in winter (December through March) and the rainy season (July through November) and gains in other months. The rate of weight loss peaks between 5 and 9 months postpartum, declines to near zero by 16 months postpartum, and becomes positive thereafter. However, season and duration interact, so that women who reach the stage of most intensive nutritional demand at a time of low food supply relative to energy output lose considerably more weight than women who reach that stage when food supplies are more adequate. Currently lactating women lose weight more rapidly than nonlactating women. Weight loss is slower among women with low initial weight. Prior reproductive patterns are associated with both weight at the time of conception and weight gain during pregnancy, which together determine weight at the beginning of the lactation interval. Each additional birth is associated with a decrease of 280 g in weight at conception, whereas interpregnancy intervals of < 18 months are associated with an 800‐g deficit at the time of that conception compared to longer intervals. Weight gain during pregnancy is greater among women with high parity, short interpregnancy intervals, and lower weight at conception, but not enough to compensate for the prepregnancy deficit. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segregation and linkage analyses of a large pedigree with hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Namboodiri K. K. , Elston R. C. , Hames C. , Murphy Edmond A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBlood, urine, and saliva samples were obtained from 100 members (42 males and 58 females) of a large family with an increased incidence of cardiac illness to study the mode of genetic transmission of hyperlipidemia, and the linkage relations of this trait with polymorphic markers. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein Svedberg fractions were determined, the atherogenic index was computed, and 30 markers, including 27 polymorphic ones, were determined.The fit of one distribution and mixtures of two and three distributions, on both the original and the logarithmic scale, were examined for each quantitative trait. Triglyceride levels showed a significantly better fit to a mixture of two lognormal distributions than to a single lognormal distribution. Triglycerides showed the highest proportion of variance accountable by genetic transmission (74.9%), followed by cholesterol (52.1%); these two traits were chosen for major gene pedigree analyses. Hypertriglyceridemia gave a good fit to an autosomal dominant mode of transmission, the minimum probability of miclassification being 9.3%. From a bivariate analysis of these two variables the linear function that best separates the two groups was derived and the minimum percentage of misclassification for this function was found to be 6.8%.Linkage analysis between the possible major locus for elevated triglycerides and the 27 polymorphic markers indicated no significant lod scores; but a positive lod score of 0.73 was obtained with pepsinogen, at equal male and female recombination fractions of 0.1. More data are needed to confirm or deny this possible linkage.
Morquio‐like syndrome with beta galactosidase deficiency and normal hexosamine sulfatase activity: Mucopolysaccharidosis IVB
Authors: Arbisser Amir I. , Donnelly Kathleen A. , Scott Charles I. , DiFerrante Nicola , Singh Jagat , Stevenson Roger E. , Aylesworth Arthur S. , Howell R. Rodney , Opitz J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 14‐year‐old white girl with mild dysostosis multiplex, odontoid hypoplasia, short stature, cloudy corneas, keratansulfaturia, but without detectable central nervous system abnormalities was referred with the diagnosis of Morquio syndrome. Clinical and roentgenographic findings were minimal compared to those of typical patients with the Morquio syndrome, MPS IV. β‐Galactosidase activity in extracts of the patient's cultured fibroblasts was deficient, while that of galactosamine‐6‐sulfate sulfatase was normal. Conjunctival biopsy revealed intracytoplasmic vacuoles typical of lysosomal storage diseases. It is postulated that in this patient the deficiency of a β‐galactosidase is responsible for inadequate degradation of keratan sulfate and the appearance of a mild form of the Morquio syndrome (MPS IVB).
Replacement therapy for inherited enzyme deficiency: Liver orthotopic transplantation in Niemann‐Pick disease type A
Authors: Daloze Pierre , Delvin Edgard E. , Glorieux Francis H. , Corman Jacques L. , Bettez Paul , Toussi Tamouresse , Opitz J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLiver homotransplantation was attempted as replacement therapy in a 2‐year‐old patient with near total absence of sphingomyelinase activity typical of Niemann‐Pick disease type A. Satisfactory function of the graft was observed until the death of the recipient from respiratory complication 2 years after transplantation. The clinical stigmata of the disease became less severe during the first 6 months after transplantation, with no further improvement thereafter. Sphingomyelinase activity was restored to near normal levels in serum, was present in cerebrospinal fluid and was maintained in the graft at normal or supranormal levels. No accumulation of sphingomyelin was observed in the transplanted organ as evaluated by histopathological and chromatographic studies. These findings support the interest of organ transplantation for long‐term enzyme replacement in Niemann‐Pick disease type A and similar lysosomal deficiencies.
Prenatal diagnosis of renal anomalies
Authors: Kaffe Sara , Rose Judith S. , Godmilow Lynn , Walker Barbara A. , Kerenyi Thomas , Beratis Nicholas , Reyes Pilar , Hirschhorn Kurt , Karp L. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWithin the past 24 months, we have performed prenatal diagnostic studies in 4 pregnancies known to be at risk for well‐described genetic syndromes involving renal abnormalities, ie, Meckel syndrome, Roberts syndrome, and bilateral renal agenesis. The diagnostic techniques utilized were ultrasonographic scanning (B‐mode and grey scale), biochemical assays, and radiographic evaluation. The ultrasound finding common to the 3 affected cases was extreme oligohydramnios, which we considered indirect evisdence that renal anomalies were present. The ultrasound scans of the fetuses affected with Meckel and Roberts syndromes demonstrated anechoic cystic spaces in the abdomen, representing the enlarged dysplastic cystic kidneys. An encephalocele was well documented by B‐mode scan in the fetus with Meckel syndrome. The absence of normal limbs in the Roberts syndrome was evident on serial grey scale scans of the fetus. Biochemical and radiographic studies provided results consistent with the suspected diagnoses. The importance of providing genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis to families at risk is emphasized.
The Neu‐Laxova syndrome—a distinct entity
Authors: Lazjuk Gennady I. , Lurie Iosif W. , Ostrowskaja Teresa I. , Cherstvoy Eugeny D. , Kirillova Irena A. , Nedzved Michael K. , Usoev Sergei S. , Optiz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report a stillborn girl with a complex syndrome of microcephaly, lissencephaly, severe subcutaneous edema, atrophic muscles, camptodactyly, syndactyly of toes and fingers, hypoplastic genitalia, and numerous structural changes of the brain and eyes. Similar cases have been reported by Neu et al [1], Laxova et al [2] and Povyšilova et al [3]. The above‐mentioned syndrome complex is a distinct genetic syndrome, for which we propose the eponym “the Neu‐Laxova syndrome.” Affected patients resemble each other strikingly and there is usually no doubt about the diagnosis. The Neu‐Laxova syndrome is apparently transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.
The determinants of mothers' knowledge of the Down syndrome before genetic counseling: Part II
Authors: Seidenfeld M. J. , Braitman A. , Antley R. M. , Opitz John M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMothers coming for genetic counseling because they have an infant with the Down syndrome (DS) vary in their amount of knowledge about the cause, recurrence risk, and options for dealing with the recurrence risk. The purpose of this work has been to determine some predictors of the variability in mothers' knowledge of the DS before coming to genetic counseling.Data were collected before counseling through a detailed interview concerning mothers' knowledge of the DS, their demographic background, fertility plan, and attitude toward family planing. These data were “reduced”, by multiple‐regression analysis, to 7 variables used in a prediction equation for mothers' level of pre‐knowledge attainment. These variables were then used to construct a model which was tested by path analysis.Results of analyses showed that about 2/3 of the variance in mothers' pre‐knowledge of the DS could be accounted for by 5 independent variables: 1) time from diagnosis to counseling session, 2) date of counseling session, 3) nonreporting of emotional upset, 4) education‐occupational status (EOS), and 5) utilization of birth control methods.These findings led to the conclusion that what occurs before counseling is of importance for the outcome of genetic counseling, as measured by the genetic information acquired by the counselees. Some precounseling precedures are suggested on how genetic counselors might be able to gain more control over the important factors that occur before actual counseling.