bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit Memory and Familiarity Among Elders with Dementia
Authors: Son Gwi‐Ryung , Therrien Barbara , Whall Ann 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To propose a framework for familiar environment as a cue for maintaining or maximizing functional abilities in elders with dementia.Organizing Construct: The organizing construct is the sense of familiarity. Although a feeling of familiarity can be processed in both explicit and implicit memory in normal populations, it is retrieved more frequently and efficiently in the implicit memory system than through explicit memory in elders with dementia.Methods: The model was developed using sources identified through a literature search of relevant topics in Medline, PsycInfo, and CINAHL, as well as through clinical observations and experiences.Conclusions: Evidence from neuro‐ and cognitive psychology indicates that elders with dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) have impaired explicit memory but preserved implicit memory. For initiating an intervention related to spared implicit memory, we propose that implicit memory can be used therapeutically in patients with dementia. The sense of familiarity as a form of implicit memory is used as an exemplar. Producing or introducing the sense of familiarity into a new or strange environment as well as maximizing familiarity in an existing environment is proposed as a viable nursing strategy.
What the Emerging Workforce Wants in Its Leaders
Authors: Wieck K. Lynn , Prydun Margaret , Walsh Terri 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe desired traits as perceived by emerging and entrenched workforce members.Design and Methods: A national sample of nursing students (n=108) and a sample of Midwestern American hospital managers (n=126) were categorized by age and asked to rank the traits desired in their leaders. Participants ranked the most desired and least desired traits of leaders. Rankings were compared between groups as well as with desired traits from leadership studies in the 1990s.Findings: A high degree of congruency was found between emerging and entrenched health care workforce respondents. However, these findings showed little congruence with previous studies.Conclusions: Congruence of expectations facilitates mentoring relationships, so finding no difference between the older and younger groups bodes well for the mentoring of young nurse leaders. The key implication is the challenge to recruit and retain such leaders in the nursing profession in a systematic, logical, and generation‐friendly way.
A Review of Nursing Research on Blood Pressure
Authors: Thomas Sue Ann , Liehr Patricia , DeKeyser Freda , Frazier Lorraine , Friedmann Erika 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To provide this second 10‐year review of nursing research on blood pressure (BP) and to focus attention on incorporating biopsychosocial factors affecting BP in nursing research.Organizing Construct: Blood pressure is a dynamic, multidimensional, cardiovascular indicator of a person's state rather than a one‐dimensional static measurement.Methods: This 10‐year literature review 1990–1999 included 54 nursing research articles with BP as an outcome measure. Four nursing research journals were reviewed to identify all nurse‐authored articles investigating BP as an outcome variable in adult populations. Inclusion of individual characteristics, environmental factors, dynamic nature of blood pressure, and interpersonal aspects of blood pressure were assessed for each article.Findings: Age, gender, and health status were mentioned consistently in both decades. Reporting of socioeconomic, occupational, educational, activity, and martial status remained low. Descriptions of environments increased, and automated devices were the most common method for BP assessment. Less than half of the articles included a description of the person measuring the BP. Measurement of BP under multiple conditions increased, but measurement within conditions did not.Conclusions: Advances in technology and data analysis have increased knowledge of the dynamic nature of BP, but recognition of the complex nature of BP has not progressed rapidly over the last 2 decades.
Negotiating Dyadic Identity Between Caregivers and Care Receivers
Authors: Coeling Harriet V. , Biordi Diana L. , Theis Saundra L. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe the ways in which caregivers (CGs) and their care receivers (CRs) negotiate the dyadic rules that influence how the care experience “fits into” their lives and to suggest theory based on the data.Design: This qualitative study was part of a larger, NIH‐funded study of 60 care dyads and their use of respite care in the Midwestern United States. The sample for this analysis included 60 informal CGs and CRs in their home settings. Data collection for the larger study began in 1994 and continued through 1998.Methods: CGs and CRs were interviewed in their homes with one researcher interviewing the CG regarding the care experience while another researcher interviewed the CR. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.Findings: The theory of CG and CR dyadic identity development, formulated in this study, indicates that a mutually agreed‐upon care dyadic identity is developed when both parties negotiate a set of rules about their conduct together in the caregiving and care receiving relationship. Failure to agree on these dyadic rules may result in strain in the care process. Three archetypes of dyadic relationships were identified, based on the degree of immersion into a dyadic identity: (a) complete and mutually accepted immersion of an identity into the care process by both parties, (b) retention of personal identities while also accepting the caregiving or care‐receiving roles, and (c) rejection of the roles by one or both parties.Conclusions: Negotiation was important in these dyadic care relationships, and thus attention to assisting CGs and CRs to develop negotiation skills is needed. More research is needed to substantiate and expand this theory of CG and CR dyadic identity development, and to examine linkages between negotiated processes and outcomes.
Sexually Abstinent African American Adolescent Females' Descriptions of Abstinence
Authors: Haglund Kristin 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe sexual abstinence from the perspective of abstinent African American female adolescents.Design: Descriptive qualitative.Methods: Data were collected from 14 sexually abstinent, African American adolescent girls during two semi‐structured interviews. Data were collected using the life history method and were analyzed in the style of narrative analysis.Findings: This analysis indicated four themes in descriptions of abstinence: limited information, categorization of sexual behaviors, activities that lead to intercourse, and abstinence as a self‐determined choice. For most participants, “having sex” referred to heterosexual vaginal intercourse and being abstinent meant that one chose to refrain from intercourse.Conclusions: The participants' limited definition of abstinence might lead them to unknowingly put themselves at risk by engaging in other forms of genital sexual activities. They may think that they are protected because they believe that they are practicing abstinence.
Nurses' Attitudes and Practice Related to Hospice Care
Authors: Cramer Laura D. , McCorkle Ruth , Cherlin Emily , Johnson‐Hurzeler Rosemary , Bradley Elizabeth H. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe characteristics, attitudes, and communications of nurses regarding hospice and caring for terminally ill patients.Design: A cross‐sectional study of randomly selected nurses (n=180) from six randomly selected Connecticut community hospitals was conducted in 1998 and 1999.Methods: Hospice‐related training, knowledge and attitudes, demographic and practice characteristics, and personal experience with hospice were assessed with a self‐administered questionnaire (response rate=82%). Logistic regression was used to model the effects of hospice‐related training, knowledge, and attitudes on these outcomes, adjusting for personal experience and other characteristics of nurses.Findings: Characteristics associated with discussion of hospice with both patients and families included greater religiousness, having a close family member or friend who had used hospice, and reporting satisfaction with hospice caregivers. Greater self‐rated knowledge was significantly associated with discussion of hospice with patients. Attitudinal scores indicating greater comfort with initiating discussion and greater perceived added benefit of hospice were significantly associated with discussion with patients' families.Conclusions: Nurses' discussion of hospice with terminally ill patients and their families are related to the potentially modifiable factors of self‐rated knowledge and attitudes revealing comfort with discussion and perceived benefit of hospice care.
Views of Community‐Dwelling, Old‐Old People on Barriers and Aids to Nutritional Health
Authors: Callen Bonnie L. , Wells Thelma J. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To examine barriers and aids to maintaining the nutritional health of community‐dwelling old‐old residents from their perspectives.Design: Cross‐sectional exploratory study completed in March 2002 of old‐old people living independently in one county in the Midwestern United States (US).Methods: Sixty‐eight in‐home interviews were conducted with community‐dwelling people aged 80 or older. Content analysis was done to examine answers to two open‐ended questions about barriers and helps to nutritional health.Findings: These old‐old people believed they were doing well nutritionally despite reduced independence and physical limitations. They were positive about their lives and creative in problem solving to remain independent. Social connectedness was the major factor for maintaining independence into old age. The leading barrier to maintaining nutritional health was health problems. Those with more barriers were more likely to be depressed.Conclusions: Knowledge of aids and barriers to nutritional health, from a personal perspective, gives an understanding of the issues and concerns of old‐old people.
The Nurse‐Community Health Advocate Team for Urban Immigrant Primary Health Care
Authors: McElmurry Beverly J. , Park Chang Gi , Buseh Aaron G. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe: (a) development and implementation of an urban outreach health program for Latino immigrants; (b) nurse‐community‐health advocate (CHA) partnership roles in primary health care delivery, and (c) lessons learned from these activities over 7 years in urban community settings.Methods: Descriptive study of a community‐based health project in a large Midwestern American city. Information was gathered from participants and staff, from observing staff, and from a variety of sources to describe the program and its individual, family, and community effects.Findings: Major findings pertain to the project team's ability to address the health promotion needs of Latino immigrant families and to successfully incorporate CHAs in planning and implementing the program. CHAs were a “bridge” between health programs and the community, promoting cultural sensitivity. CHAs and nurses provided a range of services including health education and promotion, outreach through home visits, assessment of family needs for referrals to appropriate resources, and follow‐up support.Conclusions: The nurse‐CHA team was an effective strategy for promoting Latino immigrant families' access to needed health care. This framework allowed for flexibility in assisting clients of different cultural backgrounds to obtain appropriate health care.
Parental Consent and Adolescent Risk Behavior Research
Authors: Tigges Beth Baldwin 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To identify methodological issues related to the use of active or passive parental consent in school‐based research on adolescent risk behavior research and to propose recommendations consistent with current legal and ethical standards in the United States.Methods: Review and synthesis of the professional literature related to adolescents and parental consent, federal regulations and guidelines in the United States, and the author's experience presenting these arguments and issues to institutional review boards and funding agencies for over 10 years.Findings: The procedures used for parental consent affect a study's participation rates, costs, and selection bias. When active parental consent is required, parental permission is typically obtained for only 30%–60% of students, compared to 93%–100% when passive consent is used. Extensive follow‐up may result in 55%–100% of parents giving permission, but at significant cost (typically $20–$25 per student). Active consent results in the exclusion of minorities, students having problems in school, and students already engaged in or at risk for problem behaviors. Strong methodological reasons were identified for using passive parental consent procedures when possible. Current federal regulations include four areas for possible waiver or alterations in parental consent procedures, including the use of passive parental consent.Conclusions: Health researchers must understand the methodological, legal, and ethical issues related to parental consent to produce high‐quality, valid research about adolescents and to provide evidence for laws, policies, and regulations.
An International Perspective on the Time to Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dracup Kathleen , Moser Debra K. , McKinley Sharon , Ball Carol , Yamasaki Keiko , Kim Cho‐Ja , Doering Lynn V. , Caldwell Mary A. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To compare delay and circumstances of decisions to seek care in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the United States (US), England, Australia, South Korea, and Japan.Design: Comparative prospective design.Methods: Patients diagnosed with AMI (N=913) were interviewed within 72 hours of hospital admission for confirmed AMI using the Response to Symptoms Questionnaire. Delay times were calculated from review of emergency room records and patients' interviews. Analysis of variance was used to test differences in delay time among countries.Findings: Median delay ranged from 2.5 hours in England to 6.4 hours in Australia, with the three Pacific Rim countries reporting median delay times > 4 hours. The majority of patients experienced initial symptoms at home (range: 56% in Japan to 73% in the US) with the most common witness being a family member (32% in South Korea to 48% in England). Ambulance use was widely divergent with the highest use in England (85%) and the lowest use in the US (42%).Conclusions: In all countries, median delay was too long to obtain maximum benefit from AMI therapies, particularly thrombolysis. Education and counseling of patients and families to reduce prehospital delay in AMI episodes might be more effective if the various factors influencing patients' first responses to symptoms are considered, as well as differences in health care systems.
Birth Outcomes and Maternal Morbidity in Abused Pregnant Women With Public Versus Private Health Insurance
Authors: Kearney Margaret H. , Haggerty Lois A. , Munro Barbara H. , Hawkins Joellen W. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To compare the effects of recent intimate partner abuse on maternal and infant health in publicly versus privately insured pregnant women.Design: Exploratory descriptive analysis in 13 Massachusetts prenatal care sites from records of 2,052 women who had been screened during pregnancy for domestic violence.Methods: Clinicians screened pregnant women for domestic violence using the Abuse Assessment Screen. After delivery, prenatal and birth outcome data and abuse screening results were extracted from medical records by project staff. Odds ratios were used to compare maternal and infant health indicators in abused and nonabused women. Data from women with public and private health insurance then were examined separately, using logistic regression to control for low education and single marital status while examining the odds of adverse maternal and infant outcomes in abused and nonabused women.Findings: In the sample as a whole, recently abused women were more likely to be publicly insured and unmarried, to have less than 12 years of formal education, and to have medical and obstetrical complications. Parity, ethnic background, and infant birth outcomes did not differ in relation to abuse. In separate analyses for women with public and private health insurance, after controlling for marital status and education, abuse increased the odds of low infant Apgar scores, poor nutrition, hyperemesis, hypertension, and substance abuse in publicly insured women, and abuse increased the odds of poor nutrition and bleeding during pregnancy for privately insured women.Conclusions: The different correlates of abuse in publicly and privately insured women might be important for clinicians caring for these different populations. Screening for abuse and providing abuse‐related services are indicated for pregnant women.
Daily Variations in Skin Surface Properties Using Mixed Model Methodology
Authors: Latreille J. , Guinot C. , Robert-Granié C. , Le Fur I. , Tenenhaus M. , Foulley J.-L. 
Published: April 2004

In order to explore the variations over the course of a day in certain skin biophysical properties, a study was conducted on 8 female volunteers. An assessment of several skin biophysical properties was carried out on the face and the volar forearm every 4 h over a period of 48 h. The biophysical parameters were assessed on the face for sebum secretion, skin surface pH, skin colour, transepidermal water loss, capacitance and skin surface temperature. The same parameters were measured on the volar forearm (excepted for sebum secretion). A statistical analysis based on mixed effect models was conducted. Four models, with different covariance structures, were successively tested. The analysis allowed us to identify a structure that repeated itself over time in the same way over each 24-hour period for capacitance on the forearm and for sebum secretion, skin surface pH and skin colour (L* and a* parameters) on the face. Mixed effect methodology is a powerful tool to analyse longitudinal data involving correlations among repeated measurements made on the same subject.
Effect of Growth Factors on Bovine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Migration and Proliferation
Authors: Spraul Christoph W. , Kaven Corinna , Lang Gerhard K. , Lang Gabriele E. 
Published: April 2004

<i>Background:</i> To examine the effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF<sub>β2</sub>) on bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell migration and proliferation. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> Cultured bovine RPE cells were treated with 10 ng/ml PDGF, bFGF, aFGF, IGF-1, EGF, or TGF<sub>β2</sub>. RPE cell migration studies were performed in multiwell plates confluently covered with RPE cells. After inhibition of proliferation and denudation of half of each well, cells were incubated with various growth factors. Migration was measured as the number of cells that had entered the denuded area after 20 h. RPE cell proliferation was determined by [<sup>3</sup>H]thymidine incorporation after growth factor stimulation for 24 h. <i>Results:</i> RPE cell migration was significantly enhanced after incubation with PDGF (stimulation of 213% compared to the negative control, p = 0.002), bFGF (206%, p = 0.003), aFGF (175%, p = 0.003), IGF-1 (150%, p = 0.003), and EGF (144%, p = 0.003). RPE cell proliferation was stimulated by bFGF (322% compared to the negative control, p < 0.005), PDGF (119%, p < 0.005), aFGF (121%, p < 0.005), and EGF (94%, p < 0.005). IGF-1 showed no significant effect on RPE cell proliferation; TGF<sub>β2</sub> displayed no effect on RPE cell migration nor on proliferation. <i>Conclusions:</i> The peptide growth factors PDGF, bFGF, aFGF, IGF-1, and EGF play an important role in initiating RPE cell migration. Basic FGF, PDGF, aFGF, and EGF stimulate RPE cell DNA synthesis.
Fast fibres in a large animal: fibre types, contractile properties and myosin expression in pig skeletal muscles
Authors: Toniolo Luana , Patruno Marco , Maccatrozzo Lisa , Pellegrino Maria A. , Canepari Monica , Rossi Rosetta , D'Antona Giuseppe , Bottinelli Roberto , Reggiani Carlo , Mascarello Francesco 
Published: April 2004

SUMMARY
Little is known about the influence of Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) isoforms on the contractile properties of single muscle fibres in large animals. We have studied MHC isoform composition and contractile properties of single muscle fibres from the pig. Masseter, diaphragm, longissimus, semitendinosus,rectractor bulbi and rectus lateralis were sampled in female pigs (aged 6 months, mass 160 kg). RT-PCR, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and gel electrophoresis were combined to identify and separate four MHC isoforms:MHC-slow and three fast MHC (2A, 2X, 2B).
Maximum shortening velocity (Vo) and isometric tension(Po) were measured in single muscle fibres with known MHC isoform composition. Six groups of fibres (pure: slow, 2A, 2X and 2B, and hybrid: 2A-2X and 2X-2B) with large differences in Vo and Po were identified. Slow fibres had mean Vo=0.17±0.01 length s-1 and Po=25.1±3.3 mN mm-2. For fast fibres 2A,2X and 2B, mean Vo values were 1.86±0.18,2.55±0.19 and 4.06±0.33 length s-1 and mean Po values 74.93±8.36, 66.85±7.58 and 32.96±7.47 mN mm-2, respectively. An in vitromotility assay confirmed that Vo strictly reflected the functional properties of the myosin isoforms.
We conclude that pig muscles express high proportions of fast MHC isoforms,including MHC-2B, and that Vo values are higher than expected on the basis of the scaling relationship between contractile parameters and body size.
Raman investigation of single oxidized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Mews Alf , Jiang Chaoyang , Schuessler Thomas , Philipp Guenther , Fan Y. , Burghard Marko 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe oxidation process of single‐walled carbon nanotubes via nitric acid treatment was followed by IR‐, UV‐Vis‐NIR, and single bundle Raman spectroscopy. The introduction of functional, oxygen‐containing groups is revealed by an additional absorption band at 1725 cm−1, characteristic of carbonyl stretch vibrations. No significant shift of the optical absorption bands could be detected after oxidation. The combination of atomic force microscopy and confocal scanning resonance‐enhanced Raman microscopy was used to investigate thin bundles and, eventually, individual nanotubes in detail. These experiments enabled determination of the dependence of the Raman intensity of the G‐line (around 1590 cm−1) on the bundle height for both non‐oxidized and oxidized tubes. The Raman cross‐section of the oxidized tubes was found to be reduced by a factor of ˜4, compared to the pristine tubes. This observation is ascribed to all tubes within a bundle that are oxidized to the same degree.