bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Riotous Assemblies’
Authors: Randall Adrian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the remarkable prevalence of popular disorder in eighteenth-century England. It examines the background to the 1715 Riot Act and reasons why the authorities had such difficulty in avoiding or controlling riotous assemblies. The chapter looks at the causes and character of major disorders, such as the extensive food riots, and suggests they may be better understood by using the model of ‘moral economy’ and recognizing that many popular protests evinced a deep-rooted belief in the liberties and rights of the citizen, encompassed in the idea of the ‘free-born Englishman’. Between them, these constituted a model for social and political relations which might at times prove acceptable to their rulers, if only grudgingly. It examines how attitudes amongst the elites towards disorder hardened in the last quarter of the century, undermining the effectiveness of protest after 1800. It suggests that the transition into the nineteenth century from riotous assemblies to more peaceful popular protests demanding the vote might be seen less as a ‘modernization’ of protest but more as stemming from the realization that older, more ‘riotous’, means of redress were no longer proving effective.
Beyond Regime Types
Authors: Li Yao 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically reviews literature on assemblies, State repressive responses, and the political implications of contentious politics. It argues that existing distinctions made when examining contentious politics in democracies versus authoritarian regimes requires reconsideration. First, the patterns, characteristics, and dynamics of assemblies across regimes may not be as distinct as commonly thought. Moreover, the similarities of repression across regime types caution us against overstating the regime-type bifurcation. Further, the political impact of assemblies on all types of regimes is blurring the dichotomy of regime-type effects. Finally, assemblies and repression across national borders require fresh thinking that breaks with the statist regime-type analysis. Reevaluating these issues beyond regime types allows a more nuanced and complex examination of assembly and has broader implications for the research of democracy and authoritarianism.
A Feminist Critique of Peaceful Assembly
Authors: Liu Shan-Jan Sarah 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Peaceful assembly has traditionally been gendered and exclusive of women. This chapter examines how peaceful assembly, as a practice and an institution, is gendered by focusing on the gender gaps in individuals’ engagement with peaceful assembly and on the differential experiences of women and men in peaceful assembly. It argues for being more inclusive by taking feminist and intersectional approaches to studying peaceful assembly. It also offers thoughts on how nuanced insights can be made if future research considers various forms and tactics of peaceful assembly taking feminist perspectives, particularly in the (post-)COVID-19 era. It also advocates for more scholarship on feminist perspectives on peaceful assembly on and from the global South.
The October Days
Authors: Alpaugh Micah 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tens of thousands of Parisian women and men marched on Versailles on 5–6 October 1789, seeking better provisioning, the royal family’s return to Paris, and the resolution of constitutional debates. Though marching with weapons, women intervened to deter mass violence in conditions that might have led to civil war. In so doing, they helped innovate a modern tradition of political demonstrations in which women have often ably acted as non-violent intercessors. Techniques of peaceful assembly developed from revolutionary origins, making them consubstantial with the development of modern democratization. The march succeeded in its primary objectives, forcing the transfer of the central government and enabling the development of a closer collaborative relationship between the people of Paris and the new revolutionary government. Thereby, it created a powerful, enduring example of the possibilities for female intervention into politics.
Party-Based Regimes
Authors: Son Bui Ngoc 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter canvasses the constitutional role of the communist party in the party-based socialist regimes of China, Vietnam, Laos, and North Korea. It considers the concept of party–state constitutionism which refers merely to adherence to the text and spirit of the party constitution, the state constitution, and a communist constitutional order more generally. The chapter explores four dimensions that define the communist party’s constitutional role, namely the constitutional mandate of the “vanguard” role of the communist party, the constitutional significance of the party constitution, the party’s control of state constitution-making and amendment, and the party’s control of the formation, operation, and reform of state institutions.
Malaysia
Authors: Tew Yvonne 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of constitutional law and adjudication in Malaysia against the broader political context of a dominant party state that has fractured into a fragile democracy. With a written constitution that came into force at the country’s independence in 1957, Malaysia has formal constitutional commitments to fundamental rights, the rule of law, and judicial review. Yet courts in Malaysia have traditionally adopted a rigid, insular approach to constitutional adjudication, characterized by strict formalism and extensive deference to the political branches. Fault lines of constitutional challenge involve religion and the state, as well as emergency powers and national security laws. For much of the country’s history, courts have navigated the fraught dynamics of dominant political power. Recent displays of assertiveness by the Malaysian judiciary toward developing the doctrinal tools to protect the constitution’s basic structure, however, signal judicial willingness to take on a more empowered role in constitutional governance.
Sanskritization
Authors: Kunnath George 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines M.N. Srinivas’ conceptualization of Sanskritization, which he defined as the emulation of the beliefs and practices of upper castes, particularly those of Brahmins, by lower castes in order to raise their status in the caste hierarchy. Conversely, critics of this concept argue that it falsely represents lower castes as eager imitators of upper castes, and thereby negates their agency and consciousness. The central argument of this chapter is that Srinivas’ concept of Sanskritization presents an ideational/imagined view of Indian society, and is guided by the integrative function of the caste system. Srinivas conceived it as a unifying principle that would ensure the integration of diverse castes and communities under Hindu civilization, built on Brahminical culture. In this sense, Sanskritization seems to share a common ideology with Hindutva as both concepts view Indian civilisation as Hindu, and Sanskritic culture as its unifying force.
The Idea of Caste Through the Ages
Authors: Lardinois Roland 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The aim of this article is to question through ages the relationship between the concept of caste, the words and the facts they denote. The concept of caste varies from the notions of varna and jati, in the Brahmanic literature, which are criticized by Buddhists, to that of caste, from the Portuguese casta, but which is shown to be derived from the Sanskrit jati. The colonial censuses introduced a statistical logic that redefined the idea of caste. After India’s Independence, the notion of caste took on a new meaning linked to the policy of positive discrimination implemented by the State. One shows that the conglomerates of castes defined by the State for this purpose, are patterned on the structure of the varna system. This circular relationship leads us to question the social logics that the groups mobilize to get rid of the caste system.
The Economics of Caste
Authors: Cassan Guilhem 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Caste is an important determinant of most economic decisions in India. However, despite this role of caste in economic behaviour, it is only recently that caste has begun to be studied in depth in economics. In the last decade, economists have entered the debate on the role of jatis in the Indian economy. This chapter discusses how, by using tools that were developed for different contexts as well as by developing specific ones for the study of the caste system, the contribution of economists has greatly broadened our knowledge of the role of caste in the Indian economy-in particular, the quantitative extent of this importance. With a decrease in data treatment costs, the quantitative analysis of jati data is ‘democratizing’, and economists are now increasingly able to study the role of jati with such publicly available data or via efficient ways of treating administrative data.
Transformations of Caste in Colonial India
Authors: Menon Dilip M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of the transformations of caste identities under colonialism. It addresses conceptualizations such as the colonial “invention” of caste and “sankritization” and makes a historical argument rooted more in the longue duree. Under the carapace of colonialism, there was much flux in social and economic relations as also the emergence of a labor diaspora across Empire. Much of what happened to social relations reflected the agency of people as much as the unintended consequences of policies aimed at settling the land. What may have remained unchanged was social hierarchy and relations of violence towards the lowest groups in society. That contemporary Indian society is characterised by what Ambedkar called an ascending hierarchy of respect and a dsecending hierarchy of contempt is arguably the result of a longer-term stasis as much as change that exceeds the effect of colonialism alone.
Risk factors for failure in 228 periprosthetic distal femur fractures: a multicenter study.
Authors: James Fairres Marshall , Dane Brodke , Nathan O'Hara , Sai Devana , Adolfo Hernandez , Cynthia Burke , Jayesh Gupta , Natasha McKibben , Robert O'Toole , John Morellato , Hunter Gillon , Murphy Walters , Colby Barber , Paul Perdue , Graham Dekeyser , Lillia Steffenson , Lucas Marchand , Loren Black , Zachary Working , Erika Roddy , Ashraf El Naga , Matthew Hogue , Trevor Gulbrandsen , Omar Atassi , Thomas Mitchell , Stephen Shymon , Christopher Lee 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To identify risk factors for reoperation to promote union or to address deep surgical site infection (DSSI) in periprosthetic distal femur fractures (PPDFs) treated with lateral distal femoral locking plates (LDFLPs).

METHODS:

Design: Multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Ten Level-I trauma centers.

Patient Selection Criteria:
Patients with OTA/AO 33A or 33C PPDFs PPDFs who underwent surgical fixation between January 2012 and December 2019 exclusively using LDFLPs were eligible for inclusion. Patients with pathologic fractures or with follow-up less than 3 months without an outcome event (unplanned reoperation to promote union or for deep surgical infection) prior to this time point were excluded. Fracture fixation constructs used medial plates, intramedullary nails, or hybrid fixation constructs were excluded from analysis

Outcome Measures and Comparisons: To examine the influence of patient demographics, injury characteristics, and features of the fracture fixation construct on the occurrence of unplanned reoperation to promote union or to a address a DSSI.

RESULTS:
There was an 8.3% (19/228) rate of unplanned reoperation to promote union. Predictive factors for the need for reoperation to promote union included increasing body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio [OR] =1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.16; p=0.01), increasing number of screws in the distal fracture segment (OR =1.73 95% CI: 1.06-2.95; p=0.03), and decreasing proportion of proximal segment screws that are locking (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.03-0.70; p=0.02) There was a 4.8% (11/228) rate of reoperation to address DSSI. There were no statistically significant predictive factors identified as risk factors for the need for reoperation to address DSSI (p > 0.05)

CONCLUSIONS:
8.3% of periprosthetic distal femur fractures treated at ten centers with lateral distal femoral locking plates underwent unplanned reoperation to promote union. Increasing patient BMI and increasing number of screws in the distal fracture segment were found to be predictive factors, while increased locking screws in the proximal segment was found to be protective. 4.8% of patients in this cohort underwent reoperation to address deep surgical site infection.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Does the distribution of musculoskeletal pain shape the fate of long-term sick leave? A prospective cohort study with register follow-up
Authors: Doménech-García Víctor , Skovlund Sebastian Venge , Bellosta-López Pablo , Calatayud Joaquín , López-Bueno Rubén , Andersen Lars Louis 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Although multisite pain can markedly reduce work ability, the relevance of the bodily pain distribution as a predictor of long-term sick leave is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between musculoskeletal pain distributions and long-term sick leave in the general working population of Denmark and included 66,177 currently employed wage earners without long-term sick leave during the prior 52 weeks. Participants reported whether they had pain in the lower extremity (hips/knees), upper extremity (neck/shoulders), or the low back. The analysis controlled for age, sex, year of survey reply, educational level, occupational group, psychosocial work factors, body max index, smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and mental health confounders. The results demonstrated that the risk of long-term sick leave increased with the number of pain sites. Compared with no pain, localized pain in any body region increased the risk/hazard by 25% to 29% (HR [95% CI]: 1.29 [1.07-1.54] for pain only in the low back), whereas pain in 2 regions increased the risk by 39% to 44% (HR [95% CI]: 1.41 [1.18-1.69] for pain in the low back + hips/knees). Workers reporting pain in all 3 regions experienced a 72% increased risk (HR [95% CI]: 1.72 [1.55-1.91]). Thus, the number of pain regions seems to matter more than the exact pain location. The spatial extension of musculoskeletal pain in workers functions as a gradient system, where pain spread throughout the body is an independent indicator of the high risk of long-term sick leave.
Hypertension Control During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Korves Caroline , Peixoto Aldo J. , Lucas Brian P. , Davies Louise , Weinberger Daniel M. , Rentsch Christopher , Vashi Anita , Young-Xu Yinong , King Joseph , Asch Steven M. , Justice Amy C. 
Published: January 2024

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
We sought to examine whether disruptions in follow-up intervals contributed to hypertension control.

Background:
Disruptions in health care were widespread during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Patients and Methods:
We identified a cohort of individuals with hypertension in both prepandemic (March 2019–February 2020) and pandemic periods (March 2020–February 2022) in the Veterans Health Administration. First, we calculated follow-up intervals between the last prepandemic and first pandemic blood pressure measurement during a primary care clinic visit, and between measurements in the prepandemic period. Next, we estimated the association between the maintenance of (or achieving) hypertension control and the period using generalized estimating equations. We assessed associations between follow-up interval and control separately for periods. Finally, we evaluated the interaction between period and follow-up length.

Results:
A total of 1,648,424 individuals met the study inclusion criteria. Among individuals with controlled hypertension, the likelihood of maintaining control was lower during the pandemic versus the prepandemic (relative risk: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.93). Longer follow-up intervals were associated with a decreasing likelihood of maintaining controlled hypertension in both periods. Accounting for follow-up intervals, the likelihood of maintaining control was 2% lower during the pandemic versus the prepandemic. For uncontrolled hypertension, the likelihood of gaining control was modestly higher during the pandemic versus the prepandemic (relative risk: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.01). The likelihood of gaining control decreased with follow-up length during the prepandemic but not pandemic.

Conclusions:
During the pandemic, longer follow-up between measurements contributed to the lower likelihood of maintaining control. Those with uncontrolled hypertension were modestly more likely to gain control in the pandemic.
The Role of Advanced Practice Providers in Pediatric Emergency Care Across Nine Emergency Departments
Authors: Iqbal Ammarah U. , Whitfill Travis , Tiyyagura Gunjan , Auerbach Marc 
Published: January 2024

Objectives
Advance practice providers (APPs) have been increasingly incorporated into emergency department (ED) staffing. The objective of this study was to describe patient factors that predict when pediatric patient care is provided by APPs and/or physicians. We hypothesized that APPs care for a significant proportion of pediatric patients and are more likely to care for lower acuity patients.

Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of encounters in patients aged younger than 18 years across 9 EDs from January 2018 to December 2019. Data on age, acuity level, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code, procedures performed, disposition, provider type, and length of stay were extracted from the electronic health record.

Results
Of 159,035 patient encounters, 37% were cared for by an APP (30% APP independently, 7% physician + APP) and 63% by physicians independently. Advance practice providers were more likely to care for lower acuity patients (60.8% vs 4.4%, P < 0.05) and those in EDs with less pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) coverage (33.4% vs 6.8%, P < 0.05). In an adjusted multinomic regression model, APPs were less likely than physicians to care for high-acuity patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01–0.09), admitted patients (OR, 0.31; CI, 0.28–0.35) and patients in EDs with more PEM coverage (OR, 0.09; CI, 0.09–0.09).

Conclusions
Advance practice providers cared for more than one third of pediatric patients and tended to care for lower acuity patients and for patients in EDs with less PEM coverage. These data highlight the importance of integrating APPs into initiatives aiming to improve pediatric emergency care.
Dilute Povidone-Iodine Solution Soaking Is Ineffective in Improving Outcomes of Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Diabetic Foot
Authors: Lin Wen-Yu , Ma Chun-Yu , Fang Wei-Chieh , Wang Tien-Hsiang , Shih Yu-Chung , Lin Chih-Hsun , Wu Szu-Hsien , Perng Cherng-Kang , Chen Ching-En 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWound soaking is a physical debridement method that helps reduce bacterial colonization and consequently promotes wound healing. Although soaking in povidone-iodine solution was ineffective in reducing bacterial colonization in acute trauma wounds, there is still a lack of evidence supporting the efficacy of this method in treating severe soft tissue infection. This study aimed to explore the effects of wound soaking in 1% dilute povidone-iodine solution on necrotizing fasciitis caused by diabetic foot ulcers. We retrospectively reviewed and finally included 153 patients who were admitted because of diabetic foot ulcers after undergoing fasciotomy for necrotizing infection from January 2018 to December 2021. Results showed no statistical difference in the outcomes between patients in the soaking and nonsoaking groups. End-stage renal disease (P= 0.029) and high serum C-reactive protein level (P= 0.007) were the only independent factors for below-knee amputation in the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Therefore, soaking diabetic wounds with severe infection in 1% dilute povidone-iodine solution may not reduce the hospital length of stay, risk of below-knee amputation, and readmission rate.
Socioeconomic disparities based on shooting intent in pediatric firearm injury
Authors: Cain Cary M. , Oluyomi Abiodun O. , Levine Ned , Pompeii Lisa , Rosales Omar , Naik-Mathuria Bindi 
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND
Pediatric firearm injury is often associated with socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Most studies only include fatal injuries and do not differentiate by shooting intent. We hypothesized that differences in neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage would be observed among shooting intents of fatal and nonfatal cases.

METHODS
A linked integrated database of pediatric fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries was developed from trauma center and medical examiner records in Harris County, Texas (2018–2020). Geospatial analysis was utilized to map victim residence locations, stratified by shooting intent. Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a composite measure of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage at the census tract level was linked to shooting intent. Differences in high ADI (more deprived) versus low ADI among the shooting intents were assessed. Unadjusted and adjusted regression models assessed differences in ADI scores across shooting intent, adjusted models controlled for age, gender, and race/ethnicity.

RESULTS
Of 324 pediatric firearm injuries, 28% were fatal; 77% were classified as interpersonal violence, 15% unintentional, and 8% self-harm. Differences were noted among shooting intent across the ADI quartiles; with increases in ADI score, the odds of interpersonal violence injuries compared with self-harm injuries significantly increased by 5%; however, when adjusting for individual-level variables of age, gender, and race and ethnicity, no significant differences in ADI were noted.

CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to be affected by interpersonal firearm violence compared with self-harm; however, when differences in race/ethnicity are considered, the differences attributable to neighborhood-level disadvantage disappeared. Resources should be dedicated to improving structural aspects of neighborhood disadvantage, which disproportionately impact racial/ethnic minoritized populations. Furthermore, firearm self-harm injuries occurred among children living in the less disadvantaged neighborhoods. Understanding the associations among individual and neighborhood-level factors are important for developing streamlined injury prevention interventions by shooting intent.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.