bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models, Trajectories, and the Evolution of Production Systems: Lessons from the American Automobile Industry 1n the Years between the Wars
Authors: Raff Daniel M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First came the tinkerers, lonely visionaries, and then the artisans. Then came Ford. Some years later, in a far away and economically very differently situated country, the Toyoda firm asked Mr Ohno to consider how the Americans manufactured cars (Cusumano 1985). The fruits of this became the Toyota production system. This, the MIT report tells us, is the be all and end all of manufacturing systems and should be implemented forthwith everywhere (Womack et al. 1990). Is there nothing but managerial myopia or sloth behind the slow and uncertain process of its diffusion? What of the experiments in neo-craft production, for example in the Volvo works at Uddevalla? What of the varied and incomplete adaptions in North America, in Europe, and in transplant operations even farther afield? What of Toyota’s own recent systematic retreat in its newer plants in Japan?
Effective Demand and Disguised Unemployment
Authors: Eatwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two issues have dominated the employment experience of the major industrial countries over the past twenty years: first, the common rise in unemployment throughout the G7; second, the diversity in the scale and content of that rise as between the countries of the European Union (i.e. the twelve member states as in 1994) on the one hand, and Japan and North America (particularly the United States) on the other. A satisfactory analysis of the rise in unemployment should encompass both the common and the diverse aspects of the problem.
Short-term Economic Fluctuations and Demographic Behaviour: Some Examples from Twentieth-Century South America
Authors: Ortega-Osona Jose Antonio , Reher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between economic realities and demographic behaviour has occupied center stage in most demographic research since Malthus underlined its importance nearly two centuries ago. For Malthus, the ‘invisible hand’ whereby population growth was kept in line with economic realities was materialized through the relationships between economic well-being, and fertility and mortality. This has been an ongoing theme in much of the existing historical literature. Malthus set his model in the medium and long term, and in recent years some authors, in particular Ronald Lee, have attempted to specify in a more formal manner the empirical parameters of these relationships.’
Institutional, Sectoral, and Corporate Dynamics in the Creation of Global Supply Chains
Authors: Loveridge Frank Mueller Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last century industrial and developmental economists, historians, and political scientists have provided many descriptions of the institution¬ al structures shaping national markets and these processes of governance. Origins have often been traced to national responses to randomly exoge¬nous historical events or contingencies, including the role played by a national elite and national leaders. By the 1960s the debate among Western analysts had come to focus on the question of convergence across nation-•al systems. Processes of bureaucratic rationalization were seen to bring about a uniform web of rules requiring standard interpretation by a new global elite of professional managers. The basis of most versions of the ‘con¬ vergence thesis ‘ is the-essentially Weberian-assumption that the process of industrialization, in which the use of machines and an accompanying rationalization of public thought and procedure pervade all aspects of social life, has been and remains the impelling logic behind societal development. This assumption is now being challenged in so-called post-modernist approaches to the analysis of contemporary events. However, the indices of modernist ‘progress ‘ remain central to the operation of most organiizations particularly those with a global brief such as the World Bank and UNO agencies. Since the days of the old League of Nations the economic and social performance of nation states has been measured, monitored, and clas¬sified into grades in which, until recently, Western countries made up a premier league of outstanding and exemplary achievers.
The Transformation of Regional Governance Institutional Lock-ins and the Development of Lean Production in Baden-Wurttemberg1
Authors: Schienstock Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baden-Wiirttemberg was long reckoned among the fastest-growing regions in Europe, and it still is one of the most prosperous regions on the Continent. However, the economic crisis of the early 1990s has hit the region ‘s industry quite severely, further adding to the problems caused by deep-seated structural difficulties. Since the majority of companies in Baden-Wiirttemberg represent traditional industries such as mechanical engineering, electronics, and car production, they are particularly exposed to increasing global competition. The fact that they were not prepared for the stiffening price, time, and quality competition that came with globaliz¬ ing markets must be seen as the core of the crisis (Naschold 1996). To retain their competitiveness in the global market, companies in Baden¬ Wiirttemberg can no longer rely on traditional, limited rationalization strategies. Instead, they have to restructure their entire business organization. The first condition for regional recovery is a successful restructuration of the local companies.
Divergent Capitalisms
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late twentieth century has witnessed the establishment of new forms of capitalism in East Asia as well as new market economies in Eastern Europe. Despite the growth of international investment and capital flows, these distinctive business systems remain different from each other and from those already developed in Europe and the Americas. This continued diversity of capitalism results from, and is reproduced by, significant differences in societal institutions and agencies such as the state, capital and labour markets, and dominant beliefs about trust, loyalty, and authority. This book presents the comparative business systems framework for describing and explaining the major differences in economic organization between market economies in the late twentieth century. This framework identifies the critical variations in coordination and control systems across forms of industrial capitalism, and shows how these are connected to major differences in their institutional contexts. Six major types of business system are identified and linked to different institutional arrangements. Significant differences in post-war East Asian business systems and the ways in which these are changing in the 1990s are analysed within this framework, which is also extended to compare the path-dependent nature of the new capitalisms emerging in Eastern Europe.
The Nature of Business Systems and their Institutional Structuring
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The comparative analysis of varieties of capitalism involves the identification of the central phenomena of market economies in ways that are both (a) sufficiently standardized across them to enable comparisons to be made systematically, and (b) flexible and variable enough to incorporate the crucial aspects in which they differ. If, for example, we focus on the characteristics of privately owned firms, they have to be conceptualized in such a way as to include the considerable variety of enterprise types found in late-twentieth-century capitalism. This means that they cannot simply be assumed to be discrete organizational hierarchies defined by legal and financial boundaries, as in much Anglo-Saxon economics (Richardson 1972). Indeed, an important aspect of contrasting forms of capitalist economic organization concerns the identification and differentiation of units of economic decision-making and action in, say, French industrial groups, Chinese family businesses, and Japanese keiretsu (Bauer and Cohen 1981; Redding 1990; Westney 1996).
Interaction, Diffusion, and Fertility Transition in Costa Rica: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence
Authors: Rosero-Bixby Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role played by diffusion through social interaction in the Costa Rican fertility transition. The literature about the causes of fertility transition has traditionally focused on the socio-economic and cultural determinants of the motivation for having large or small families. To a somewhat lesser degree, it has also considered supply factors limiting or facilitating access to contraception, that is, the role of family planning programmes. The concern here is with the third type of causal agent of fertility transition, that is, the autonomous spread, or contagiousness, of fertility control. If Costa Rican data support the proposition that social contagion processes shaped fertility decline, then an empirical foundation exists for Simmons’s (1986: 189) claim that ‘programmes may generate their own demand through diffusion from early users to others’.
Television, Telenovelas, and Fertility Change in North-East Brazil
Authors: Faria Vilmar E , Potter joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The widespread and rapid change in fertility that has been occurring in Brazil since the late 1960s is a result of complex and convergent causes (Faria 1989). On the one hand, the increased use of modern contraceptive methods (first pills, and later sterilization) has been the main proximate determinant of fertility change (Berquo et al. 1985). On the other hand, major structural changes, such as industrialization, increasing urbanization, the extension of wage labour and consumers’ markets, the growing participation of women in the labour force, and the modernization and secularization of social relations, have set in motion broad processes of change in Brazilian society. These, in turn, have influenced family size preferences and affected the demand for fertility regulation (Paiva 1984).
Household Structure and Demographic Factors Pre-industrial Japan
Authors: Hayami Akira , Ochiai Emiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most scholars of Japanese family history will agree that the stem family household was common in premodern Japan, although that is not to say that Japanese households were necessarily identical to stem family households in Europe. However, in the average premodern Japanese household one adult child continued to live at home with his or her parents even after marriage thus meeting the definition of a stem family household in the three-category definition of household structure into joint, stem, and nuclear. In the population registers of the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) that recorded actual residence rather that just domicile residence, the standard or prevalent household structure in rural areas consisted of a married couple with children and the parent(s) of either husband or wife, while a nuclear family household with parents and children sometimes appeared in the course of the family life cycle.
Economic Spheres in Darfur1
Authors: Barth Fredrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper contains a concrete account of the main structure of the Mountain Fur economy. It also pursues an argument of greater generality concerning the use of the concept of spheres in the analysis of an economic system. Concretely; I try to show in what sense the flow of goods and services is patterned in discrete spheres, and to demonstrate the nature of the unity within, and barriers between, the spheres. I point to the discrepancies of evaluation that are made possible by the existence of barriers between spheres, and to the activities of entrepreneurs in relation to these barriers. To give the material, I also have to give a sketch of some important institutional complexes that constitute especially significant factors in determining the structure of the economy. Basic to the whole analysis is the view that the demarcation of spheres must be made with respect to the total pattern of circulation of value in an economic system, and not merely with reference to the criterion of direct exchangeability.
The Network Entrepreneur
Authors: Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My starting point is this: a player brings capital to the competitive arena and walks away with profit determined by the rate of return where the capital was invested. The market-production equation predicts profit: invested capital, multiplied by the going rate of return, equals the profit to be expected from the investment. Investments create an ability to produce a competitive product. For example, capital is invested to build and operate a factory Rate of return is an opportunity to profit from the investment.
The Individual as Agent of Organizational Learning
Authors: Friedman Victor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, organizational learning is a process that can be fully understood only at the group or organizational level. Nevertheless, seminal theorists on the subject have tended to agree that organizational learning begins, and often ends, with the individual (Argyris and Schon 1978, 1996; March and Olsen 1976; Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995; Senge 1990). Although it makes good sense to analyze individual learning within the context of organizational conditions and processes, this approach often obscures the critical role of the individual as an agent of organizational learning.
Organizing, Learning, and Strategizing: From Construction to Discovery
Authors: Hedberg Bo , Wolff Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reader of contemporary management books might conclude that organizational learning is the normal state of affairs. Students of the Fifth Discipline (Senge 1990) learn to handle tools in order to implement learning procedures in their companies, and]apanese companies excel in continuous learning, or Kaizen. Consultants sell learning through total quality management (TQM) in an ongoing and rather low-key effort, or through business process reengineering (BPR), promising radical restructuring of strategic business processes. Who dares admit that they run narrow-minded (although profitable) enterprises with little intention of learning? Still, inability to learn characterizes many organizations. Successful organizations find it difficult to unlearn and relearn when times change and failures occur. Organizational inertia stabilizes organizational development both when stability is functional and when it is dysfunctional. To unlearn previously successful strategies and to learn new ways to direct behavior is often very difficult. What Argyris and Schon (1978) called double-loop learning is often referred to, but rarely reported, at least not as far as learning at strategic levels in organizations is concerned.
Identity, Conflict, and Organizational Learning
Authors: Rothman Jay , Friedman Victor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflict is ubiquitous. It has been a major concern of every social science discipline, from political science to psychology and from sociology to economics. Conflict has also been a central feature of all professions, from law and diplomacy to social work and management. Organizational theory, too, has taken up the subject of conflict since its inception as a field. Indeed, ‘few aspects of formal organizations have been visited and revisited as much as conflict’ (Morrill 1995: 7). Since the early 1990s, however, when organizational theory began undergoing significant changes in emphasis and priority, the contribution of conflict and conflict resolution as a field to this evolution has been disappointingly small. A review of the literature reveals little cross-fertilization between cutting-edge developments in conflict and conflict resolution as a field and organizational behavior (De Dreu and Van de Vliert 1997).
The Spanish Motor Industry, 1930-1975
Authors: Carreras Albert , Estape-Triay Salvador 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part of a slow-growing and slow-modernizing country, Spanish firms were, by 1930, a mix of national and foreign interests with fairly complex organizational structures. This chapter will address two related sets of issues: (a) the change in entrepreneurship patterns among Spanish firms during the four decades of the Franco regime (1936-75), and (b) the change in organizational patterns. We suggest that both issues are related. This chapter begins with a short summary of the main entrepreneurial and organizational features of the Spanish business world around 1930, followed by developments related to the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War. Next comes the clash between state and private entrepreneurship during the autarkic period (1945-54), as shown with the case study of the motor industry.
A Multivariate Time Series Analysis of the Data Revision Process for Industrial Production and the Composite Leading Indicator
Authors: Swanson Norman R , Ghysels Eric , Callan Myles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we introduce and examine a real-time dataset consisting of all releases of seasonally adjusted and unadjusted US industrial production, and the lJS composite leading indicator. This is done by forming various forecasting models for the revision processes of our variables. Although forecasting is clearly an area of research which Clive Granger holds dear, the topic of realtime data may not appear to be an appropriate topic with which to pay tribute to the work of Clive Granger. However, the subject is one to which Oscar Morgenstern one of Clive’s earliest collaborators—devoted an entire monograph. Further, Oskar Morgenstern’s importance in Clive’s early academic development, and Clive’s great respect for him, should not go unnoticed.
Evaluating Density Forecasts of Inflation: The Survey of Professional Forecasters
Authors: Diebold Francis X , Tay anthony S , Wallis kenneth F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic decision makers routinely rely on forecasts to assist their decisions. Until recently, most forecasts were provided only in the form of point forecasts, although forecasters sometimes attached measures of uncertainty, such as standard errors or mean absolute errors, to their forecasts. Recently, the trend has been to accompany point forecasts with a more complete description of the uncertainty of the forecasts, such as explicit interval or density forecasts. An interval forecast indicates the likely range of outcomes by specifying the probability that the actual outcome will fall within a stated interval. The probability may be fixed, at say 0.95, and the associated interval may then vary over time, or the interval may be fixed, as a closed or open interval, and the forecast probability presented, as in the statement that “our estimate of the probability that inflation next year will be below 2.5 percent is p.” A density forecast is stated explicitly as a density or probability distribution. This may be presented analytically, as in “we estimate that next year’s inflation rate is normally distributed around an expected value of 2 percent with a standard deviation of 1 percent,’’ or it may be presented numerically, as when a histogram is reported.
Asymptotic Properties of Some Specification Tests in Linear Models with Integrated Processes
Authors: Wooldridge Jeffrey M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much work has been done recently on analyzing ordinary least squares estimators in linear time series models when one or more of the regressors are integrated processes (that is, contain a unit root). A fairly complete asymptotic theory exists due to the work of Phillips (1986, 1987, 1988, 1991), Park and Phillips (1988, 1989), Stock (1987), Sims, Stock, and Watson (1990), Phillips and Hansen (1990), Saikkonen (1991), Stock and Watson (1993), Kitamura and Phillips (1995, 1997), and others. What has not been systematically treated is specification testing in linear models when some explanatory variables are integrated. This has not stopped researchers from applying such tests in regressions with integrated processes. For example, the book by Banerjee, Dolado, Galbraith, and Hendry (1993) contains several instances where diagnostic tests are reported after running regressions with integrated processes. The kinds of tests I have in mind are standard tests for serial correlation, tests against non-nested alternatives, and tests for endogeneity of some of the explanatory variables.
A Simultaneous Binary Choice/ Count Model with an Application to Credit Card Approvals
Authors: Weiss Andrew A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I discuss one of the models that can be formed by combining an equation on count data and an equation on a binary choice variable: the model in which the count is an endogenous explanatory variable in the equation for the binary choice. An example of the model is where the binary choice involves the success or failure of a credit card application and the endogenous count variable is the number of major derogatory reports on the applicant’s credit history. Such a model is estimated in Section 8 using data from Greene (1994). The basic model for the count data is the poisson regression model. In particular, the rates in the poisson are assumed to depend on explanatory variables and a heterogeneous error term.
A Long-Run and Short-Run Component Model of Stock Return Volatility
Authors: Engle Robert F , Lee Gary g. J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An overriding theme in Clive Granger’s long and insightful career inventing time series analysis for economists, has been the study of long and short memory forecasting models. The most famous venue for this was the research on unit roots, fractional integration and cointegration in the mean of a time series. In less well known but very influential work on second moments, Granger applied ideas of persistence and causality to variance processes. See for example Ding and Granger (1996), Ding, Granger, and Engle (1993) and Engle, Granger, and Robins (1986). In these papers, evidence was presented showing that volatilities were highly persistent, possibly requiring a long memory or fractionally integrated process. Many researchers have followed this strategy and now there is a substantial literature on FIGARCH, or fractionally integrated GARCH models. See for example Baillie and Bollerslev (1994) and Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996).
Infrastructure as a Process: The Case of CRM in IBM
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , failla Angelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early 1990s were years of tremendous change and turnaround for IBM. The growth of this high-tech industry giant was shaken dramatically. In the year after IBM had had the highest profits of its long history, Big Blue went into the red. A radical change at the leadership level was swiftly implemented, and Lou Gerstner arrived-a manager who came, not from inside the company, or even from the IT industry, but from the consumer product industry. The organization structure, which had been on the brink of being totally decentralized through the creation of several separate and independent companies, was suddenly recentralized. Various workforce reduction plans were enacted to change the culture of the corporation and the expectations of its employees.