bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contributions of Sam Greenhouse to research on psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacology
Authors: Katz Martin M. , Berman Nancy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSam Greenhouse began his involvement in mental disorders research in 1954 when appointed chief of the Theoretical Statistics and Mathematics section at the National Institute of Mental Health. He remained with the NIMH until 1966. Despite moving on to several other positions at the NIH and at the university during the ensuing years, he continued as a consultant to NIMH investigators. He also participated actively as an advisor and co‐investigator on a number of important collaborative research programmes launched by the Institute in the 1970s and 1980s. His contributions to the design and methodology of the first clinical trials of drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia, to research aimed at revising the national and international classification systems for the mental disorders, and his participation in the planning of the first attempt to use the collaborative research model to test hypotheses about the genesis of a specific mental disorder (depression), are described. Finally, the signal importance of the ‘profile analysis of variance’ method that he and Seymour Geisser developed, to research on personality and mental disorders, is examined in detail. The authors describe applications of the method in their own research on the classification of the mental disorders, predicting response to drug treatment and the variations in the expression of mental illness across different cultures. Sam worked in mental health during an era of revolutionary changes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. The field was acutely aware of his many contributions to the progress of research and his colleagues are very grateful to have had the opportunity to work with him. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis of profile data—revisited
Authors: Geisser Seymour 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe revisit a former problem that led to much commentary regarding a proposed use of testing whether profiles for several groups in a repeated measurement scenario were parallel. Here we review previous approaches and propose Bayesian model selection to indicate whether the profiles can be considered parallel and if so support an estimation procedure for the profile differences. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Over‐ruling a group sequential boundary—a stopping rule versus a guideline
Authors: Lan K. K. Gordon , Lachin John M. , Bautista Oliver 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe evaluate the properties of group sequential procedures where the trial is continued even though the boundary for statistical significance (stopping) to demonstrate effectiveness has been crossed. In this case, one may buy‐back the previously spent alpha probability to be re‐spent or re‐distributed at future looks. We show that such plans using an O'Brien–Fleming‐like spending function have a negligible effect on the final type I error probability and on the ultimate power of the study. With a Pocock‐like bound, however, there is a small additional loss in power. We also show that this approach can be simplified by using a fixed‐sample size Z critical value for future looks after buying‐back previously spent alpha, such as using a critical Z value of 1.96 for α=0.025. We show that this procedure preserves the type I error probability while incurring a minimal loss in power. In this sense, one still has a stopping boundary rather than simply a guideline. This concept is discussed relative to monitoring procedures for inferiority or futility, and cases where both an upper and lower boundary are employed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical trials, epidemiology, and public confidence
Authors: Seigel Daniel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCritics in the media have become wary of exaggerated research claims from clinical trials and epidemiological studies. Closer to home, reviews of published studies find a high frequency of poor quality in research methods, including those used for statistical analysis.The statistical literature has long recognized that questionable research findings can occur when investigators fail to set aside their own outcome preferences as they analyse and interpret data. These preferences can be related to financial interests, a concern for patients, peer recognition, and commitment to a hypothesis. Several analyses of published papers provide evidence of an association between financial conflicts of interest and reported results.If we are to regain professional and lay confidence in research findings some changes are required. Clinical journals need to develop more competence in the review of analytic methods and provide space for thorough discussion of published papers whose results are challenged. Graduate schools need to prepare students for the conflicting interests that surround the practice of statistics. Above all, each of us must recognize our responsibility to use analytic procedures that illuminate the research issues rather than those serving special interests. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct and vicarious victimization at school and at home as risk factors for suicidal cognition among Italian adolescents☆
Authors: Baldry Anna C. , Winkel Frans Willem 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTSuicidal cognition is defined here as the combination of thinking about committing suicide and engaging in self‐harm and is considered to indicate maladjustment following an extreme internalized reaction to negative life events. Victimization at home and at school might lead some youth to suicidal cognition. The present study aimed to examine cross‐sectional predictors of suicidal cognition focusing on the unique influence of ‘direct victimization’ at school by peers and at home by parents, over and above that of vicarious victimization (i.e. exposure to domestic violence). Participants were 998 adolescents randomly recruited from high schools in Italy who had to fill in a cross‐sectional survey measuring different dimensions associated with suicidal cognition.Thoughts about committing suicide and self‐harming in the previous 6 months were reported by almost a fourth of the whole sample, with girls having these thoughts more frequently than boys. A high prevalence rate was reported also for direct victimization at school (over half of the sample), and at home (a third of the sample) and for vicarious victimization at home (reported by a fifth of the entire sample).Multiple hierarchical regressions showed that a significant proportion of the total variance of suicidal cognition was explained by gender and age, meaning that older girls are more at risk of suicidal cognition than boys; relational victimization at school is also a risk factor. Direct victimization at home by the father for boys and by the father and the mother for girls significantly predicted suicidal cognition after controlling for exposure to domestic violence.
The code of the long-term biomass cycles in the Barents Sea
Authors: Yndestad Harald 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus), Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Cluea harengus), and Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) have been associated with large fluctuations of biomass growth. The cause of these large fluctuations has been poorly understood and led to problems in biomass management. The identification of a deterministic cause would provide the possibility of forecasting future biomass fluctuations. In this investigation, the Kola Section sea temperature and the biomasses of capelin, herring, and cod have been analyzed by a wavelet transform to identify the source of the long-term cycles. The wavelet analysis shows that the Kola Section temperature has dominant cycles at the lunar-nodal tide cycles of 3×18.6=55.8, 18.5 and 18.6/3 = 6.2 years. The recruitment of Barents Sea capelin, Norwegian spring-spawning herring, and Northeast Arctic cod has adopted an optimal recruitment cycle close to the stationary 6.2 years Kola temperature cycle. Long-term biomass growth is correlated to the phase relation between the biomass eigen-frequency cycle and the Kola temperature cycles. The biomasses of capelin, herring and cod have long-term growth when the 6.2 and 18.6 years Kola temperature cycles are positive at the same time. There is a long-term biomass reduction when the temperature cycles are not positive at the same time, and a biomass collapse when the temperature cycles are negative at the same time. The deterministic property of the 18.6 years lunar-nodal tide provides a new way of long-term biomass forecasting over periods of 50–80 years or more.
Multiple scales and the relationship between density and spatial aggregation in littoral zone communities
Authors: Stoffels Rick J. , Closs Gerard P. , Burns Carolyn W. 
Published: October 2003

Understanding the constraints on community composition at multiple spatial scales is an immense challenge to community and ecosystem ecologists. As community composition is basically the composite result of species’ spatial patterning, studying this spatial patterning across scales may yield clues as to which scales of environmental heterogeneity influence communities. The now widely documented positive interspecific relationship between ‘regional’ range and mean ‘local’ abundance has become a generalisation describing the spatial patterning of species at coarse scales. We address some of the shortcomings of this generalisation, as well as examine the cross‐scale spatial patterning (aggregation and density levels) of littoral‐benthic invertebrates in very large lakes. Specifically, we (a) determine whether the positive range‐abundance relationship can be reinterpreted in terms of the actual spatial structure of species distributions, (b) examine the relationship between aggregation and density across different spatial scales, and (c) determine whether the spatial patterning of species (e.g. low density/aggregated distribution) is constant across scales, that is, whether our interpretation of a species spatial pattern is dependent on the scale at which we choose to observe the system.Spatial aggregation of littoral invertebrates was generally a negative function of mean density across all spatial scales and seasons (autumn and spring). This relationship may underlie positive range‐abundance relationships. Species that were uncommon and highly aggregated at coarse spatial scales can be abundant and approach random distributions at finer spatial scales. Also, the change in spatial aggregation of closely related taxa across spatial scales was idiosyncratic. The idiosyncratic cross‐scale spatial patterning of species implies that multiple scales of environmental heterogeneity may influence the assembly of littoral communities. Due to the multi‐scale, species‐specific spatial patterning of invertebrates, littoral zone communities form a complex spatial mosaic, and a ‘spatially explicit’ approach will be required by limnologists in order to link littoral‐benthic community patterns with ecosystem processes in large oligotrophic lakes.
Palatability, decomposition and insect herbivory: patterns in a successional old‐field plant community
Authors: Schädler Martin , Jung Gertraud , Auge Harald , Brandl Roland 
Published: October 2003

We tested the hypothesis that selective feeding by insect herbivores in an old‐field plant community induces a shift of community structure towards less palatable plant species with lower leaf and litter tissue quality and may therefore affect nutrient cycling.Leaf palatability of 20 herbaceous plant species which are common during the early successional stages of an old‐field plant community was assayed using the generalist herbivoresDeroceras reticulatum(Mollusca: Agriolomacidae) andAcheta domesticus(Ensifera: Gryllidae). Palatability was positively correlated with nitrogen content, specific leaf area and water content of leaves and negatively correlated with leaf carbon content and leaf C/N‐ratio.Specific decomposition rates were assessed in a litter bag experiment. Decomposition was positively correlated with nitrogen content of litter, specific leaf area and water content of living leaves and negatively correlated with leaf C/N‐ratio.When using phylogentically independent contrasts the correlations between palatability and decomposition versus leaf and litter traits remained significant (except for specific leaf area) and may therefore reflect functional relationships.As palatability and decomposition show similar correlations to leaf and litter traits, the correlation between leaf palatability and litter decomposition rate was also significant, and this held even in a phylogenetically controlled analysis. This correlation highlights the possible effects of invertebrate herbivory on resource dynamics.In a two‐year experiment we reduced the density of above‐ground and below‐ground insect herbivores in an early successional old‐field community in a two‐factorial design by insecticide application. The palatability ranking of plants showed no relationship with the specific change of cover abundance of plants due to the reduction of above‐ or below‐ground herbivory. Thus, changes in the dominance structure as well as potentially associated changes in the resource dynamics are not the result of differences in palatability between plant species. This highlights fundamental differences between the effects of insect herbivory on ecosystems and published results from vertebrate‐grazing systems.
Increase in the Production of Interleukin‐10 Early After Implantation is Related to the Success of Pregnancy
Authors: WU MING‐YIH , CHEN HSIN‐FU , CHEN SHEE‐UAN , CHAO KUANG‐HAN , YANG YU‐SHIH , HO HONG‐NERNG 
Published: October 2003

PROBLEM: To study the correlation of interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐11 leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and outcome of human pregnancy.  METHOD OF STUDY: We prospectively measured the serum levels of these cytokines in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. A total of 60 women (non‐pregnant, n=27; early abortions, n=12; normal pregnancies, n=21) were enrolled.
RESULTS: There was no difference in the cytokines studied on D0 and D14 among the three groups of women. The increase in PlGF from D0 to D14 after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection was greater in pregnant women than in non‐pregnant women; however, the difference did not reach significance (P=0.068). The increase in IL‐10 production from D14 to D21 was significant in women with successful pregnancies compared to women in the abortion group.  CONCLUSIONS: This increase in IL‐10 may be important in sustaining a normal pregnancy early after implantation.
A randomized controlled trial of oral selegiline plus nicotine skin patch compared with placebo plus nicotine skin patch for smoking cessation
Authors: Biberman R. , Neumann R. , Katzir I. , Gerber Y. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives  To compare the effect of oral selegiline plus nicotine patch with placebo plus nicotine patch on smoking cessation rates.Design  Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial.Setting  Three community‐based clinics.Participants  One hundred and nine male and female smokers aged 18–55 years, who smoked at least 15 cigarettes/day.Interventions  Oral selegiline, 2.5 mg, or placebo twice/day initiated 1 week before the quit day, followed by 5 mg oral selegiline or placebo twice daily for 26 weeks, plus active nicotine skin patch to all participants for the first 8 weeks only. Measures of continuous abstinence rates up to 52 weeks, withdrawal symptoms, blood pressure and adverse events incidence.Findings  Twenty‐five per cent (14 of 56) were continuously abstinent for 52 weeks in the selegiline plus nicotine group compared with 11% (6 of 53) in the placebo plus nicotine group (P = 0.08). Craving for cigarettes was lower in the selegiline plus nicotine group 4 weeks after quit day (P = 0.02).Conclusions  Adding selegiline to nicotine patch was associated with a doubling of the 52‐week continuous abstinence rate, but this difference was not statistically significant. Selegiline significantly reduced craving for cigarettes and appeared to mitigate the need for nicotine replacement therapy. The results suggest that selegiline is a promising drug for future smoking cessation research.
Prevalence of illicit drug use in young Australian women, patterns of use and associated risk factors
Authors: Turner Cathy , Russell Anne , Brown Wendy 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives  To estimate the prevalence of illicit drug use in young Australian women, determine their patterns of drug use and identify associated risk factors.Methods  Data were collected in 2000 as part of the second survey of the youngest cohort in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (n = 9512).Results  Among women aged 22–27 years, 58% reported having used an illicit drug at some time with most (57%) having used cannabis. Amphetamines (16%), ecstasy/designer drugs (15%) and LSD (14%) were the next three most commonly used drugs. Four different patterns of drug use were identified: past users of cannabis only (39%); current users of cannabis only (17%); past multiple drug users (13%) and current multiple drug users (31%). Living in a de‐facto relationship or never being married, living with non‐family members, a history of physical abuse, sexual intercourse, smoking and binge drinking were associated significantly with exclusive use of cannabis and with use of multiple drugs compared to never using illicit drugs. Living with a partner, experience of sexual or emotional abuse, pregnancy, diagnosis of depression and taking sleeping medication were associated significantly with being a multiple drug user, but not for exclusive cannabis use. Multiple drug users had, on average, used cannabis 2–3 years before using any other drug.Conclusions  Given the strong association found between smoking, heavy drinking and drug use of varied patterns, public health initiatives targeted at preventing young women from smoking and drinking should additionally target illicit drug use.
Genes, disease and medicine
Authors: DYKES COLIN W. 
Published: October 2003

1Information and technologies derived from genomic research are beginning to revolutionize the study of disease. It is now being predicted that the human genome sequencing project will be more than 90% complete by the end of this decade and that most of the major genes involved in common diseases will have been identified by that time. Correlations between genetic mutations, disease susceptibility, and adverse reactions to drugs are already being established and it seems inevitable that this will lead to the development of novel therapies accurately targeted at subsets of patients most likely to show a favourable response. 2Targeted therapies present a significant challenge to the pharmaceutical industry because the potential market for such drugs is likely to be smaller than for current ‘phenotypic’ treatments. However, application of molecular genetic technologies may allow parallel reductions in development costs since it should be more straightforward to demonstrate efficacy and safety in accurately selected patient groups, reducing the requirement for large clinical trials. 3Gene‐based diagnostics have the potential to radically improve medical practice, and progress in genetic testing technology has been impressive. Yet there is growing concern that commercial and other pressures may result in genetic testing being made widely available before the biological consequences of mutations in disease susceptibility genes are fully understood and before the legal, ethical and psychological consequences of testing have been fully debated.
Relevance of induction of human drug‐metabolizing enzymes: pharmacological and toxicological implications
Authors: PARK B. K. , KITTERINGHAM N. R. , PIRMOHAMED M. , TUCKER G. T. 
Published: October 2003

1Human drug‐metabolizing systems can be induced, or activated, by a large number of exogenous agents including drugs, alcohol, components in the diet and cigarette smoke, as well as by endogenous factors. 2Such perturbation of enzyme activity undoubtedly contributes to both intra‐ and inter‐individual variation both with respect to the rate and route of metabolism for a particular drug. Induction may, in theory, either attenuate the pharmacological response or exacerbate the toxicity of a particular drug, or both. 3The clinical impact of enzyme induction will depend upon the number of different enzyme isoforms affected and the magnitude of the inductive response within an individual, and also on the therapeutic indices of the affected substrates. 4The toxicological implications will be determined either by any change in the route of metabolism, or by a disturbance of the balance between activation and detoxication processes, which may be isozyme selective.
Pharmacokinetics of 619C89, a novel neuronal sodium channel inhibitor, in acute stroke patients after loading and discrete maintenance infusions
Authors: HUSSEIN Z. , FRASER I. J. , LEES K. R. , MUIR K. W. , LUNNON M. W. , HOBBIGER S. F. , POSNER J. 
Published: October 2003

1This was a multi‐centre, placebo controlled, randomized, dose‐escalating design study in which five dosing regimens of 619C89/placebo were evaluated in 48 stroke patients. Loading infusions of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mg kg−1 over 1 h were followed by respective maintenance infusions of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25 mg kg−1 over 30 min at 8 hourly intervals for 3 days. 2Plasma concentrations of 619C89 and its N‐oxide, 341C90, and N‐demethylated, 78C90, metabolites were assayed using an LC–MS–MS method. Plasma concentration‐time profiles after the final maintenance infusion were subjected to conventional noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. 3For 619C89, geometric CL means ranged between 0.71 and 0.99 l h−1 kg−1 for maintenance infusions up to 1.25 mg kg−1 over 30 min, with an overall mean of 0.85 l h−1 kg−1 (95% CI: 0.70–1.04 l h−1 kg−1). Geometric Vss means ranged between 13.2 and 27.9 l kg−1 for the same doses, with an overall mean of 22.5 l kg−1 (95% CI: 16.4–30.9 l kg−1). The ANOVA results revealed that neither CL, Vss nor t1/2 were significantly different across the five dosing regimens (P values: 0.82, 0.54 and 0.61, respectively). 4Average AUC for 341C90 was 270% and that for 78C90 was 62% of the AUC for 619C89. The AUCm/AUCp‐ratios were similar at all dose levels for each metabolite. Values of t1/2 for 341C90 were similar to those of 619C89 whereas t1/2 for 78C90 was about three‐fold longer than that of parent drug. 5In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of 619C89 are independent of dose in acute stroke patients. The pharmacokinetics of 341C90 are probably formation rate‐limited and those of 78C90 are elimination rate‐limited and are also dose‐independent.