bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupational Segregation, Social Stratification, and the Pay Gap
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between occupational segregation, social stratification, and the sex differential in earnings. Social inequality and economic inequality are obviously linked (Marshall et al., 1988). Their relationship to the sex-segregation of occupations is not self-evident. Hartmann was clear that occupational segregation is a patriarchal practice, being the primary mechanism in capitalist society for maintaining the superiority of men over women because it enforces lower wages for women in the labour market. But she was also clear that there are no social class exemptions from patriarchy, and that all men, workers as well as employers, contribute to the maintenance and constant renewal of occupational segregation and the maintenance of women’s inferiority in the labour market (Hartmann, 1976: 139). Men enjoyed only the single oppression of capitalism, whereas women confronted the double burden of capitalism and patriarchy (Hartmann, 1976: 168).
Small Firms and the Solo Self-Employed
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historical decline of self-employment came to a halt in 1965 in Britain and in the 1970s in most other industrial societies. Most countries have experienced a revival of self-employment since then, albeit uneven in some cases, but the growth in Britain up to 1990 was spectacular and attracted special attention (OECD, 1992: 155, 172-3). This new rising trend prompted vigorous public policy debate and a great deal of new research on the causes of the upturn in self-employment, whether the revival had similar characteristics across all industrialized countries, the role of public policy (on unemployment, on taxes, on state benefits, and on promoting an enterprise culture), and on the characteristics of the new entrepreneurs (OECD, 1986, 1992; Curran, 1986; Hakim, 1988b; Steinmetz and Wright, 1989; Storey, 1994). The new research programme on self-employment and the enterprise.
Conclusions
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on the labour market in the late twentieth century has tended to focus on perennial problems, such as unemployment and discrimination, or on the impact of changes in information and communication technologies (Daniel, 1987; Howard, 1995), economic shocks, and major swings in government policy (Boyer, 1989; Michie, 1992). This study has focused on the impact of social changes that produce less dramatic and sometimes invisible processes of gradual change and innovation in the labour market. The longterm impact of changes in sex-role attitudes, the feminization of the workforce, the prolongation of full-time education beyond adolescence and into early adulthood, the upskilling of the workforce, and the increased weight placed on autonomy and the exercise of skill by highly educated workersall these have been slow and continuous processes of social change rather than attention-grabbing sudden events.
The Churches of the Middle East: Their Origins and Identity, from their Roots in the Past to their Openness to the Present
Authors: Corbon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the twentieth century the Middle East became one of the hot areas of the globe for reasons which are well known: strategic, energy-related, and also religious. While political observers tum their attention to the States of the Arab Mashreq, for scholars of religion the interest lies rather in the development of Islam in the modem era. People rarely remember about the existence of Christians in this region and when they do, their identity is merged with the wider context of relations between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The West has occasionally heard about the Christians of Lebanon or the Copts of Egypt, but in situations of conflict which are immediately generalized. Hence, apart from the Christians of the Middle East, few people know of the existence of authentic Christian Churches there.
The Cultural Production of Arab Christians Today: An Expression of their Identity in a Predominantly Muslim Society
Authors: Hechaïmé Camille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To discuss the present cultural production of Arab Christians as an ex¬ pression of identity in the heart of a predominantly Muslim society, we must proceed in two phases. The first phase will review this production, examining the different parts of it; the second phase will start from the cultural production itself to assess whether it is really an expression of religious identity and in what form this is understood.To better understand the present situation and its evolution, however, it is important to see, even if rapidly, how the cultural production of Arab Christians has developed in the heart of Muslim society, both in the distant and recent past.
Christians in Iraq
Authors: Habbi Yūsuf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the Gulf War, more than 150,000 Christians, a sixth of the total Christian population in the country, left Iraq for various destinations. Most were young people and some of the places they left for are areas of risk, in the sense that they offer little hope of finding acceptable work and standards of living. The migratory trend of Christians is not just affecting Iraq, but also the other Middle Eastern States where they are present. The increase in the exodus in recent years could arouse suspicions of a deliberate evacuation of Eastern Christians from their country of origin (Iraq, Persia, Syria, and other countries). The causes of this phenomenon in Iraq and the factors involved are the subject of this contribution.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
KONSIDERABLE body of research is now available on new religious movements in the United States. Those religions with roots in Eastern traditions, in particular, captured the attention both of the American public and of academics who study religion in America. Theories of religious conversion and explanations of the seemingly sudden advent of Eastern religions in the United States abound.1 These circumstances necessitate some justification for offering yet another.
Introduction
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the early 1970s and 1990s, a rapidly changing technical and economic environment was widely seen as heralding a transformation in the character of employment relations in Britain. Economic and political change combined to produce a far-reaching restructuring of British industry. It was a period that witnessed the collapse of large sectors of traditional manufacturing industry and a marked shift towards an economy based primarily on the service industries. At the same time, heightened competitive pressures, linked to the increasingly global nature of markets and, particularly, to the process of integration of the West European economies, confronted British management with the need for major improvements in performance in terms of both cost and quality.
Skill and the Quality of Work
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of theories have placed changes in the level and nature of skill at the centre of their accounts of the dynamics of wider changes in employment relations. It was seen in the last chapter that three main theses have been advanced. The first argues that there has been a long-term trend of rising skill levels as societies have become more industrialized. The second puts forward the directly contrary view that the long-term trend has been towards an erosion of skill levels, with a concomitant degradation of the experience of work. Finally, it has been suggested that experiences of skill change may have differed very substantially in different segments of the labour market, leading to a growing polarization in employment experiences.
Women, Men and Non-Standard Employment: Breadwinning and Caregiving in Germany, Italy, and the UK
Authors: Yeandle Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on a number of statistical and survey sources to explore recent changes in the sexual division of labour in three European countries: Germany, Italy, and the UK. It reviews the evidence on the growth of non-standard employment in these countries, and explores some aspects of the relationship between the changes in women’s and men’s employment behaviour and social policy, cultural and attitudinal factors. The discussion draws on a growing literature offering theoretical and empirical insights into the differences and similarities between countries in the contemporary development of gender relations.
Nationalism and the Historians*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of nationalism is as much a history of its interlocutors as of the ideology and movement itself. Exactly because it appears so protean and seems so elusive, nationalism reveals itself only in its various forms, or rather the forms given to us by its proponents and critics. That is why nationalism is so often considered an ‘historical movement’ par excellence. Not only did it emerge in a given epoch of European history, and not only does it manifest itself in specific historical situations. Nationalism is also profoundly ‘historicist’ in character: it sees the world as a product of the interplay of various communities, each possessing a unique character and history, and each the result of specific origins and developments.
National Identity and Myths of Ethnic Descent*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the study of ethnic identity and national movements has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the meanings and visions underlying them in the social consciousness. These meanings and visions are encapsulated in distinctive ethnic myths which, like all myth, bring together in a single potent vision elements of historical fact and legendary elaboration to create an overriding commitment and bond for the community. Of course, such myths often change their symbolic forms and content over time in relation to different perceptions of significant others outside the community and varying degrees of conflict or competi-tion with those outsiders (Kriesberg 1982).
Nation and Ethnoscape*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current views of the rise of nations and nationalism emphasize the role of the modern state in constructing nations and engendering national loy¬alties and conflicts. In the work of Eric Hobsbawm, Benedict Anderson, and Anthony Giddens, to name some of the most original scholars in the field, nations owe their existence and borders to the growth of modern, central¬ized states, their reflexive bureaucratic penetration and their ethnographic controls.1 To this perspective, Michael Mann and Charles Tilly have added a military dimension: prolonged inter-state warfare, fed by capitalism, deter¬ mines the reach of states and the mobilization of their citizen populations as nations.2 Clearly, there is much to commend in this view, particularly its insistence on the central role of the political domain in creating nations and engendering national conflicts.
Gastronomy or Geology? The Role of Nationalism in the Reconstruction of Nations*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article considers the debate that has recently developed in studies of nationalism between those scholars who see the nation as a modern and constantly changing construction ex nihilo and those who see it as an immemorial, unchanging communal essence. It outlines the so-called ‘gastronomical’ and ‘geological’ metaphors of nation formation and suggests a synthetic model which balances the influence of the ethnic past and the impact of nationalist activity. It shows that the central question which has divided theorists of nationalism is the place of the past in the life of modern nations. The author recognizes the role of nationalists in national mobilization but stresses that nationalists are not social engineers or mere image makers as modernist and post-modernist accounts would have it, but rather social and political archaeologists whose activities con¬sist in the rediscovery and reinterpretation of the ethnic past and through it the regeneration of their national community.
The Resurgence of Nationalism? Myth and Memory in the Renewal of Nations*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to liberal evolutionary expectations, the world has witnessed a resurgence of ethnic conflicts and nationalist movements since the end of the Cold War. Though it calls into question theories of the demise of nations and nationalism, this revival should not be interpreted as a throwback to earlier nationalisms or a passing phenomenon. Rather, it is one of many resurgences since the French Revolution and it demonstrates once again the power of the resources and trends which reproduce a world of nations and nationalism.
Class Analysis and the Reorientation of Class Theory: The Case of Persisting Differentials in Educational Attainment
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN AN ESSAY published elsewhere, Gordon Marshall and I have set out the case for class analysis as a research programme. The aim of this programme could be summarized as that of enquiring into the interrelations that prevail among class structures, class mobility, class inequalities, and class formation (or decomposition). Viewed in this way, we argued, class analysis ‘does not entail a commitment to any particular theory of class’ but, rather, provides a context in which ‘different and indeed rival theories’ may be formulated and assessed (Goldthorpe and Marshall 1992: 382).
Conservative Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A CENTRAL argument of this book is that, leaving aside the Catholic and Orthodox countries, there is a largely common pattern to the mutation of religion in the industrializing societies of western Europe and their colonial offshoots: except in those settings where ethnic and national conflict places an unusual premium on communal solidarity, the church form of religion is challenged by that of the sect and both become denominations. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the cultic form has become more common. The denomination and the cult will be considered in detail in the next chapter. It is the impact of choice on the sectarian style of religion that concerns me here.
Introduction: family and household change in Britain
Authors: McRae Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes and analyses change in British families and house holds at the end of the twentieth century. That there has been such change is without doubt. Britain today is a much more complex society than in past times, with great diversity in the types of household within which people live: one-person; cohabiting; families with children and families without; stepfamilies; lone parents —whether divorced or never-married; gay and lesbian couples; pensioners. Much of this diversity has been gained at the expense of tradition and there has been a downward trend in the prevalence of certain types of family —most particularly, the traditional two parents plus dependent children. For some, change means decline; or more strongly, the ‘death of the family’. But household diversity does not by itself entail family decline. While there has been a reduction in the number of traditional family households, there has also been a growth in opportunities-to live alone or to cohabit, for example, or to avoid a shotgun wedding or to develop an openly gay or lesbian house hold. It is true that some changes have had devastating consequences for individuals and their families, perhaps across generations.
Britain’s place in Europe’s population
Authors: Coleman David , Chandola Tarani 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most papers in this book are dedicated to new developments in population and households in Britain. This paper has a different focus-to put Britain’s demography in the context of the rest of Europe. Throughout the 1990s, Europe has seldom been off the front pages. European integration is much discussed: some hope for a unified European state of the future, sharing common economic, social, and legal institutions as well as a common currency. Others, conscious of the exceptionalism of the oldest nation-state in Europe, fear the submergence of national autonomy and distinctiveness by Euro-federalism and alien bureaucracy (Black 1994).
Forecasting British families into the twenty-first century
Authors: Murphy Mike , Wang Duolao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter forecasts the numbers of adults and children who would be living in single, married, cohabiting, divorced, or lone-parent families under alternative scenarios of the trends in family formation and dissolution. In order to derive these scenarios, it is necessary to set the scene, since future trends, especially in the short term, reflect an evolution of current trends. Over recent decades, a number of major changes in people’s living arrangements have been experienced to some extent by all Western developed societies (van de Kaa 1987).
Family influences on teenage fertility
Authors: Wellings Kaye , Wadsworth Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This analysis of data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles seeks to contribute to a general understanding of the factors associated with early sexual expression and fertility. A review of the literature shows teenage sexual activity and parenthood to be strongly associated with characteristics of the family of origin. The prevalence of early sexual activity and parenthood are closely related to the structure and size of families, to patterns of relationships, and to the extent of disruption within them. Women from larger than average families, who lived with only one parent as a child, and who have parents who have been divorced, separated, or bereaved, have been shown to be more likely than other groups of women to give birth early (Hogan and Kitagawa 1985; Simms and Smith 1986; Miller and Jorgensen 1988).
Who divorces?
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Mueller Ganka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of divorce is one of the most important social developments of recent decades, and brings to the fore fundamental questions about the relations between men and women and the rearing of children in modern societies. Britain has one of the highest divorce rates in Europe. Yet, there are surprisingly few recent British studies on the characteristics of the divorced population or about which men, women, and couples are more prone to divorce. Some well-known features of the divorced population have been revealed by previous research in Britain and other countries. One of the most robust and consistent findings is that the earlier a partnership is formed, the more likely it is to break down, a tendency which persists after many years of marriage (Murphy 1985; Hoem 1991).
The residential mobility of divorced people
Authors: Flowerdew Robin , Al-Hamad Alaa , Hayes Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Household structure in Britain has been undergoing considerable change over the last few decades, with the life courses of individual people becoming more complex (Bonvalet and Lelièvre 1997). In particular, the increasing numbers of people living alone (Hall et al. 1997, Chapter 11 of this volume) and of movements in and out of marriage and cohabiting relationships have implications for demographic structure and for residential mobility. The divorce rate in Britain increased substantially throughout the 1970s with some slowing down in the 1980s (Haskey 1996b). If divorce continues at the present rate, around a quarter of couples presently entering marriage are likely to divorce within ten years and around a third will have divorced within twenty years (Grundy 1992b: 173).
Forming and Managing Shared Organization Ventures Resources and Transaction Costs
Authors: Tallman Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms are turning in increasing numbers to strategic alliances as a means for entering and operating in domestic and international markets. The strategic value of inter-firm cooperative relationships is apparent in the modern context of rapidly growing and changing markets, globalizing competition, network organizations, and dynamic, complex, and expensive technologies. Alliances permit firms to create new joint competencies by rapidly and inexpensively combining sets of resources and capabilities that are not available to them individually, but which are in some way complementary (Geringer, 1988). This possibility would seem to provide considerable competitive advantage.
Differential Learning in Alliances
Authors: Nti Kofi O , Kumar rajesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inter-firm collaboration through strategic alliances has become important in the contemporary business environment due to the complex and dynamic environment engendered by rapid technological change and globalization. Alliances enable firms with complementary resources and capabilities to collaborate to develop new technologies, enter new product markets, or employ new organizational methods and systems. Pekar and Allio (1994) estimated that US companies alone formed over 20,000 alliances between 1988 and 1992 and that the rate of alliance formation was growing by more than 25 per cent annually.
Trust and Control: Opposing or Complementary Functions?
Authors: Faulkner David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concepts of trust and of control are frequently cited as central to the potential success of strategic alliances. Researchers are by no means united in their view of the definitions of either term, but all seem to agree that they are important. Indeed Chapter 15 of this book by Steve Currell and Andrew Inkpen discusses the issue of the different levels at which trust can be built, namely interpersonal, inter-group, and inter-firm. This chapter takes the view that to be effective at the latter two levels, trust-building must be grounded at an interpersonal level. It takes Child and Faulkner’s (1998) concepts of three different forms of trust, and Geringer and Hebert’s (1989) definition of control, and considers to what extent trust and control are antithetical or complementary forces in strategic alliances.
Social Capital, the Economy, and Education in Historical Perspective
Authors: Szreter Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOCIAL capital is an important new concept which, when added to the established, analytical categories already used by mainstream liberal economists, holds out the promise of a much superior understanding of the way in which real, rather than theoretical, market economies, businesses, and com petition function today and for the foreseeable future. It does this by explicitly incorporating, instead of excluding, the complex social, institutional and political contexts in which economic transactions actually occur.
Organizing for Firm Growth: the Interaction between Resource-Accumulating and Organizing Processes
Authors: Ghoshal Sumantra , Hahn, Martin , Moran Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With unfailing regularity, the growth of the firm expands the stock of resources that are within reach and thereby available for the firm to use. To the extent that these resources are used productively, the firm will continue to grow and will, therefore, accumulate even more resources and many more possibilities for further growth. But as every experienced manager knows, no firm is assured that its growth trajectory will continue indefinitely. Why does the growth of many, indeed most, firms eventually falter and often reverse itself, while other firms, including some that are already relatively large and complex, continue to grow? In this chapter, we argue that the key to sustainable growth lies in the firm’s organizing capability.