bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Growth and Production of Beets by Fertilizing with Fish Water and Spraying Lentil Extract
Authors: Mahmood Kahlaa Thamir , Hussein Wafaa Ali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the fields belonging to the Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, at Al-Jadriya Complex / Station A, for the autumn season of 2022-2023. The aim was to study the effect of water fish irrigation and water lens plant extract foliar application on the growth and productivity of beetroot. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was water fish irrigation with five concentrations (A) Control treatment (irrigation with river water and recommended fertilization), (B) Water fish irrigation at 25% concentration, (C) water Fish irrigation at 50% concentration, (D) Water Fish irrigation at 75% concentration, (E) Water fish irrigation at 100% concentration. The second factor was the foliar application of water lens plant extract, including (T1) Control treatment, (T2) Foliar application of extract at 0.25% concentration, (T3) Foliar application of extract at 0.50% concentration, (T4) Foliar application of extract at 0.75% concentration, (T5) Foliar application of extract at 1% concentration. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design with three replications, and a total of 25 treatments per replication. The means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at a significance level of 0.05. The results were as follows: Water fish irrigation treatments showed significant superiority in yield indicators, including root diameter, dry weight, height, and total yield. Treatment (E) gave the highest averages in root dry weight and total yield, while the largest root diameter was observed in treatment (D). As for root height, the highest average was recorded in treatment (C). The results of water lens plant extract foliar application showed a significant effect on yield indicators, with treatment (T5) outperforming in root dry weight, root height, and total yield. The interaction treatment ET5 showed the highest average total yield per hectare, reaching 1372 kg/ha.
Effect of Spraying with NPK Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Three Hybrids of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)
Authors: Hussein Yasir Mohsin , Al-Tufaili Aqeel Kareem Hasan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa for the agricultural season 2022 to demonstrate the effect of spraying with N.P.K fertilizer. Four concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 4) g.l-1 were sprayed on three hybrids of cherry tomatoes (yellow, orange, and red). plots), while the treatments for spraying with the traditional NPK fertilizer were distributed in the sub-plots, and the averages of the treatments were compared with the least significant difference at the level of probability 0.05 with three replications. The results showed that the red tomato was significantly superior to the rest of the hybrids in (plant height (cm), total number of leaves (leaf-1), leaf area (cm2, leaf-1), and total yield per unit area (mcg h-1), noting that there were no significant differences. Among the hybrids in each of the number of fruits (plant fruit-1) and the leaves content of total chlorophyll (mg 100gm-1 fresh weight), as for spraying with NPK fertilizer, the concentration of 4 gm L-1 was significantly superior to all concentrations in each of (height Plant (cm), number of total leaves (leaf-1), leaf area (cm2, leaf-1), number of fruits (fruit-1), dry weight of shoots (gm plant-1), total yield per unit area (mcg e-1) and the content of leaves of total chlorophyll (mg 100g-1 fresh weight).
Influence of Spraying Potassium, Sugar Alcohol, and Boron on Yield and Quality of Melon under Protected Cultivation
Authors: Abdullah Said Khaled , Alabdaly Maath M. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in one of the plastic houses at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, during the spring season of 2023. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of spraying with potassium, a combination of alcohol sugar (Sorbitol), and Boron on the yield and quality of melon under protected cultivation conditions. The study included two factors: the first factor was spraying with potassium at three concentrations: 0, 4, and 8 gm/L, and it was coded as K0, K1, and K2, respectively. The second factor was spraying with a combination of sorbitol and boron at five concentrations that were coded as T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4. Potassium was sprayed when 50% of the flowers appeared and until the fruit ripened at a rate of one spray per week. The combination of Boron and Sorbitol was sprayed on the plants at age of 6-8 true leaves with three times, two weeks interval between sprays. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment within a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The study showed that the second Potassium concentration K1 was superior and achieved the highest (fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, plant yield, and plastic house yield) of 1.238 kg, 3.887 (fruit plant-1), 4.827 (kg plant-1), and 5.793 (tons per house-1). This was compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which were 1.100 kg, 3.533 (fruit plant-1), 3.900 (kg plant-1), and 5.386 (tons per greenhouse-1), respectively. The combination of boron and sorbitol had a significant effect on yield traits, as treatment T4 significantly achieved the highest values in fruit weight, number of fruits, and total greenhouse yield of 1.281 kg, 4.078 (fruit plant-1), 5.232 (kg plant-1) and 6.279 (tons greenhouse-1), compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest values for the same traits of 1.109 kg, 3.243 (fruit plant-1), 3.604 (kg plant-1), and 4.324 (tons per greenhouse-1). Spraying plants with potassium, especially at level K1, led to a significant increase in fruit quality traits, including fruit pulp thickness, total sugar content, and beta-carotene content, and gave the highest values of 6.550 mm, 10.770 (%), and 10.770 (μg g-1 fresh weight), compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which gave the lowest values of 35.815 mm, 0.7449 (%), and 19.300 (μg g-1 fresh weight) for the same traits, respectively. The combination of sorbitol and boron had a significant effect on fruit quality traits, as treatment T4 plants achieved the highest values for fruit pulp thickness, total sugar content, and beta-carotene content of 48.618 mm, 11.272 %, and 20.754 (μg g-1 fresh weight) compared to the lowest values achieved by the control plants, which were 48.618 mm, 9.434 %, and 19.020 (μg g-1 fresh weight) for the same traits, respectively.
Effect of Pollinator, Number of Pollination Times and Organic Fertilizer on Leaf Mineral Content and Yield of Barhi Date Palm
Authors: Shakir Mohammed Abdulhameed , Abood M. R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in 2022 in one of the date palm orchards of Barhi cultivar cultivated at Dawar palm station, Ministry of Agriculture / Horticultural Department, to study the effects of pollinator cultivar and decomposed organic fertilizer on yield and leaf mineral content of 54 drip-irrigated 7-year-old cultivar dates. A disease- and insect-free palm tree of consistent height and age, Factors of the study included adding two pollinator cultivars, Ghanaami Akhdar (P1) and local cultivar (P2), three times (N1), two (2 days after first pollination) (N2), and three times (3 days after first and 3 days after second) (N3). Decomposed organic fertilizer (sheep manure) was added in three levels (0, 20, and 40 kg.date-1), denoted by M0, M1, and M2. The factorial experiment in an RCBD employed 54 trees since treatments were reproduced three times (one date palm tree per experimental unit). The experimental results revealed that local cultivar pollinator (P2) enhanced fruit dry weight by 77.71% but did not affect leaf nitrogen, phosphor content, or fruit weight. Results revealed that pollination number did not substantially affect leaf nitrogen or phosphor content, but once (N1) showed considerable superiority in fruit dry weight of 78.10 % and fruit weight of 104.14 g. At 40 kg sheep dung, leaf nitrogen and phosphor increased considerably.date-1 (M2) had the maximum leaf nitrogen and phosphor content of 1.548% and 0.380 %, and fruit weight of 107.00 g. M1 had the highest fruit dry weight percentage of 78.95%. Triple interactions between study parameters strongly influenced all attributes.
Study Influence Nutrition of Boron, Liquid Organic and Foliar Spray Kinetin on National Status and Mineral Content of Fig Trees
Authors: Abdullah Abbas Mahmood , Al-Douri Mahmood F. L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The investigation was conducted out at a private orchard in Kirkuk in the middle of the growing season in 2023. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the impact that boron nutrition had at 0, 50, and 100 mg. L-1, organic liquid (0, 10, or 20) milliliters. L-1 as well as kinetin in dosages of 0, 100, and 200 mg. The L-1 on national status and mineral content of fig trees experiment was planned as a factorial experiment using in randomized complete block design R.B.C.D. The trees were treated at three different stages (start growing, fruit setting, and a month afterwards). According to the findings, extremely restrictive treatments were successful in achieving a high value, while interaction treatments with organic fertilizer 20 ml were less successful. L-1 plus kinetin, 200 milligrams; L-1 plus boron, 100 milligrams When compared to control, which produced the lowest value across all treatments, the L-1 treatment had the highest results and provided extremely effective levels of leaf area 254.94 cm2, chlorophyll 20.83CCI, carotene 9.96 mg.gm-1, carbohydrate 13.91%, dry matter 34.38%, nitrogen 2.41%, phosphorus 0.393%, and potassium 1.243%.
Detection of Genetic Relationship Between Eucalyptus Species in Iraq
Authors: Al-Tememmi Noor J. , Al-Judy Neamat J. , Al-Zubaidi Labeeb A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Environmental factors that damage plant cells by dehydrating them, such cold, drought, and high salinity, are the most common environmental stresses that have an impact on plant growth, development, and productivity in cultivated regions around the world. Several types of plants have several drought, salinity, and cold inducible genes that make them tolerant to environmental challenges. The purpose of this study was to investigate several species in Eucalyptus plants and determined the evolutionary descent between different species of Eucalyptus. Samples from plants were used to extract genomic DNA. After sequence methods with phylogenetic analysis using MEGA6, program. According to our findings, demonstrate that the sequences of several spp. were submitted to Gene Bank: E. alba (OP696606.1), E. bortryoides (OP696601.1), E. camaldulensis (OP696607.1), E. curtisii (OP696596.1), E. delegatensis (OP696604.1), E. erythrocorys (OP696599.1), E. globoidea (OP696597.1), E. leucoxylon (OP696598.1), E. macarthurii (OP696610.1), E. nicholii (OP696602.1), E. pauciflora (OP696603.1), E. siderophloia (OP696605.1), E. tereticornis (OP696611.1), and E. vicina (OP696608.1). These genes can be used to create crop plants that are resistant to drought.
Detection of Vegetation Cover Changes from 1988-2022 in the University of Baghdad Campus by Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
Authors: Mahdi Suhad A. , Jasim Sada N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study aims to investigate changes in vegetation cover of the University of Baghdad campus by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) as a tool to determine the changes in vegetation cover on the University landscape were used for the period 1988 and 2022 for two seasons (Winter and Summer). Land cover was divided into four categories: Barren & buildings, Low, Medium, and Dense vegetation. The results showed an increase in NDVI values in winter (-0.2-0.5), and (-0.1-0.9) in 1988, and 2022 respectively, and recorded in summer (-0.3-0.5) and (-0.04-0.4) in 1988, and 2022 respectively. The highest value was recorded in winter of 2022. Barren & buildings recorded the highest value 1470630 Km2 with 43% in summer of 1988 while in 2022 recorded 1411156 Km2 with 40%, for both seasons. The Low vegetation recorded the highest value 130031 Km2 with 377% in winter 1988 and the lowest was recorded at 941671 Km2 with 28% in summer 2022. Medium vegetation was recorded the highest 787580 Km2 with 22% in winter 2022 and lowest 667730 Km2 with 19 %. Dense vegetation was the highest 413614 Km2 with 12 % in summer 2022 while the lowest was recorded 211763 Km2 with 6 % in winter 1988. SAVI values were recorded in winter (-0.3-0.7), (-0.1-0.4) in 1988 and 2022 respectively and in summer (-0.4 - 0.7)(-0.06 - 0.6) in 1988 and 2022 respectively. The results showed slight differences from NDVI values of vegetation cover (Dense). The integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems is an effective and sustainable tool for studying land cover changes in order to obtain reliable and accurate rapid and economical results.
Efficiency of Bacterial Biofertilizers and Spraying with Nano-Phosphates on Vegetative and Root Growth Indicators of Iris Flowers
Authors: Ali Muhammed N. A. , Mashkoor Sulaiman A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research was carried out at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kufa during the growing season of 2022-2023 to demonstrate the effect of biofertilizers and phosphate fertilization on the growth of Iris flowers. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum by injecting the bacteria into the culture medium before planting the bulbs, and the second was foliar spray using superphosphate Nano-fertilizer at levels 0, 1, or 2 mg/L. The bulbs were cultivated on 10/24/2022 in a factorial experiment with three replications as Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). Results showed that when phosphate Nano-fertilizer concentrations rose, so did indicator levels. It was also discovered that regardless of the type of bacteria used for fertilization, the results were the same: an increase in the growth markers of interest. In contrast to most Single and nested transactions, the results showed that the bacteria A. chroococcum at the treatment of P2 fertilization (2 mg/L) recorded the highest values for plant height, number of leaves, vegetative dry weight, number of bulbs, bulb diameter, and root dry weight. In comparison to other varieties of bacteria at the same stage of fertilization, however, it showed no significant differences.
Effect of Dipping in Hot Water and Chitosan and Vacuum Packaging on Storability of Two Persimmon cvs.
Authors: Mahdi Shaymaa S. , Fadhil Nameer N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of different treatments on two cultivars of persimmon fruit, Diospyros kaki L. cvs. Fuyu and Hachiya. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the effects of dipping the fruits in hot water at various temperatures (20°C as control, 40°C, and 50°C) for a duration of 5 minutes, as well as dipping them in chitosan solution at concentrations of 1% and 2% for 5 minutes. Additionally, the study explored the influence of two packaging methods, namely vacuum polyethylene packaging and non-vacuum polyethylene packaging. The impact of storing two cultivars of persimmon fruit in a cold room at a temperature of 1°C and relative humidity (RH) ranging from 80% to 90% for a duration of four months on their storage behavior was examined. Following the storage time, it was observed that Fuyu persimmon cultivar exhibited a notable reduction in fruit weight, whereas Hachiya persimmon fruits displayed significantly greater levels of total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content. The application of dipping treatments was found to effectively mitigate fruit weight loss. Notably, immersing persimmon fruit in hot water at a temperature of 40°C yielded a significant increase in the overall concentration of soluble solids. The implementation of vacuum packaging resulted in a decrease in fruit weight loss, while concurrently leading to an increase in the levels of carotene and ascorbic acid. The quality of persimmon fruit was maintained through the interaction of CVS, dipping treatments, and vacuum packaging.
Enhancing Vegetative Growth by Adding Phosphorus, Silicon, and Citric Acid to Pepper Plants Cultivated in Plastic Greenhouses
Authors: Al-Mashhadany A. H. , Al-Amery N. J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Campus, during the 2021-2022 season, to study the effect of phosphorus, silicon, and citric acid on pepper plants using a factorial experiment design with three replicates. The first factor had three levels of phosphorus (0, 160, and 320 kg P2O5 per hectare), the second factor had three levels of potassium silicate (0, 75, and 100 kg per hectare), and the third factor had four levels of citric acid (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg per hectare). The statistical analysis showed that treatment P2S2C1 resulted in an increase in the main stem diameter (25.10 mm), treatment P3S3C1 led to an increase in the main branch diameter (16.10 mm), and treatment P3S3C2 showed an increase in the diameter of secondary and tertiary branches (13.50 mm and 8.90 mm, respectively). Treatment P2S3C1 resulted in an increased number of leaves and the dry weight of the total vegetative mass (1286.7 leaves and 415.0 g plant-1 respectively). Treatment P3S2C4 led to an increase in the dry weight of roots (25.47 g plant-1), treatment P2S3C4 showed an increased number of fruits (48.34 fruits plant-1), and treatment P3S3C4 resulted in an increased total yield (4.87 tons greenhouse-1).
Response of Soft Wheat Varieties to Application Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer under Mediterranean Climate Conditions
Authors: Alrishdi Ali , Alhabbar Zaid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Applying nitrogen fertilizer during the appropriate time is an opportunity to reduce the application amount and improve its availability in the plant, which reduces the costs of Agriculture and environmental pollution. The experiment was carried out in the winter agricultural season 2020-2021 at two sites (Nimrud and Bashiqa) to study the response of soft wheat varieties to different application time of Nitrogen fertilizer under the Mediterranean climate conditions. The experiment included four soft wheat varieties (Benghal, Ebaa-99, Rashida, Tal-Afar), three application time of Nitrogen fertilizer at tillering stage (early application), stem elongation stage (late application) as well as control treatment (no application). The results showed that the Bashiqa site excelled at grain filling stage duration, bio yield, spike number, grain yield, harvest index, while the Nimrod site excelled in the rest of the traits. The Benghal variety excelled in the majority of studied traits at both sites, while application time of Nitrogen fertilizer of stem elongation stage (late application) excelled of the majority studied traits.
Response of Soybean Cultivars to Foliar Fertilizers Using Iron and Boron in Gypsum Soil
Authors: Habib Julan Zaben , Ali Omar Nazhan , Alsajri Firas Ahmed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To examine the response of soybean cultivars to foliar fertilizers using iron and boron, a field experiment was applied in the Agriculture College, Tikrit University, using Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) and three replications. Four soybean cultivars were used (Lee, Dee, Shaimaa and Laura) and four combinations of foliar fertilization (distilled water (comparison), iron (0.1 mg L-1), boron (0.3 mg L-1) and iron + boron (0.1). +0.3 mg L-1, respectively). Some growth traits and yield were measured to determine the effect of the factors used. The results indicated a significant increase in plant height (7%), 100 seeds weight (0.5%), and plant yield (3%) when plants fertilized with boron compared to spraying with distilled water. The number of pods per plant also increased significantly when adding boron (34%) and iron (37%) compared to distilled water. The cultivar Shaima was significantly higher in plant height (85.36 cm) and plant dry weight (328.43 gm plant-1), 100 seeds weight (11.67 g) and plant yield (48.44 gm plant-1), while the cultivar Lee took a shorter period to 50% flowering (70.25 days) and the number of pods per plant (125.58 pod plan-1). The results of this study will help increase the information in the growth of soybean cultivars in gypsum soils and help in the differentiation among cultivars and using fertilizer combinations of microelements.
Response of Wheat Cultivars to Combinations of Chemical, Bio and Nano Fertilizers and their Effect on Vegetative Growth Traits
Authors: Al-Ghazali Zahra Abdul Kadhim , Al-Zubaidy Safaa Abd Al-Hassan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Wheat cultivar response to chemical, bio, and nano fertilizer combinations and their effect on vegetative growth traits were investigated in a field experiment with three replicates arranged in a split-plot in The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Al-Qasim Green University during the 2022-2023 growing season. The main plots consisted of three different types of wheat, while the sub plots tested various fertilizer mixes. Wheat cultivars and fertilizer combinations both had a substantial effect on the attributes we measured, and there was also a significant interaction between the two, as shown in the analysis of variance table. The averages of wheat cultivars show that IPA 99 is superior to the other two cultivars by providing the tallest plants by an average of 104.21 cm, while Bohuth 22 provides the shortest times to 100% flowering (108.66 days) and physiological maturity (146.14 days). Baghdad variety yielded the highest mean The trait states that the flag leaf area is 42.94 cm2, the leaf chlorophyll concentration is 49.51 Spad, and there are 449.52 tillers per square meter. The average fertilizer combinations showed that plant height was best at 98.96 cm, flag leaf area at 44.47 cm2, leaf chlorophyll content at 50.08 Spad, and tiller density at 417.56 tillers m-2 with the fertilizer combination of 50% compound fertilizer + 50% bio-fertilizer + 50% nano-fertilizer. However, the optimal results were achieved using the specified fertilizer compound with nano fertilizer, which required only 109.88 days to achieve 100% blooming and 147.33 days to reach physiological maturity. With a mean flag leaf area of 47.73 cm2, the Baghdad cultivar emerged victorious in the study of cultivar by fertilizer combination interactions. When using a fertilizer mixture of 50% compound fertilizer, 50% bio-fertilizer, and 50% nano-fertilizer, the chlorophyll content of the leaves was 53.76 spad and the number of tillers was 470.67 strands m-2.