bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Arcadia
Authors: Das Nandini 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney’s revised version of the Arcadia was left unfinished at the time of his death. From the opening scene of the New Arcadia, where the pastoral world of Montemayor’s Diana is almost literally swept off the page by the changeable sea of Heliodoran romance, it is clear that the familiar fictional world of the Old Arcadia has turned into a much larger and far more complicated domain. Within it, the physical wanderings of the young heroes of the New Arcadia develop in tandem with the branching out and purposeful ‘wandering’ of the narrative itself. This chapter places Sidney’s revisions in the context of the Old Arcadia’s youthful confidence. At the same time, it examines the political and emotional chaos depicted in the New Arcadia in the context of England’s involvement in wider international geopolitics. In the process, it explores the ways in which Sidney’s new prose fiction brings a significantly more mature understanding to bear on the relationship between personal virtue, ethics, and politics, offering a markedly sharper, bleaker vision of the world it inhabits in the process.
Authorship and Literary Career
Authors: Cheney Patrick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that Sidney serves as a historic catalyst in the formation of English authorship underwriting a literary career. To frame this argument, the chapter first looks into what we mean by ‘authorship’ and ‘literary career’. The chapter then cites three pieces of supporting evidence: early printed editions; Sidney’s contemporary afterlife; and his practice, which provides unexamined detail about his authorship of four genres—those practised first by Surrey and subsequently by Spenser: pastoral, sonneteering, epic, and divine poetry. In forming a bridge between Surrey and Spenser, Sidney consolidates a historic invention: the English national poet. Since Sidney does not publish his works, he may not qualify as a ‘laureate’; but we need not classify Sidney as the most ‘laureate’ of the ‘amateurs’. That classification puts history backward. Perhaps it is time to give Sidney a central place in the advent of English authorship underwriting a literary career.
Sonnet
Authors: Kennedy William J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Traces of Sidney’s wide-ranging reading of British and European sonnets populate his treatment of the form. From British predecessors in Tottel’s miscellany and works by Turberville, Gascoigne, and others, he derived rhetorical and stylistic features for Certain Sonnets and his sonnets in Old Arcadia. From the legacy of Philip II’s Spanish entourage in the Marian court, he derived thematic elements from sonnets by Garcilaso to depict the hapless lover of Astrophil and Stella. From travels to France, Italy, and the Holy Roman Empire, he derived narrative situations from sonnets by Tasso, Du Bellay, and Ronsard. Sidney’s achievements in turn generated a dialogue among his British successors such as Daniel, Lodge, Watson, Barnes, Nashe, Spenser, Shakespeare, Drayton, and his own kin Robert Sidney and Mary Wroth, igniting their imaginations to develop, experiment with, and expand the form.
Drama
Authors: Bates Catherine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney was writing at a time when secular drama was undergoing a period of unprecedented development in Europe. Through his family connections, education, and travel, he was familiar with advances being made on the continent, especially in Italy, and determined to bring English drama up to the same standards. In the Old Arcadia he explores the classic distinction between the narrative mode (in which the poet speaks in his own voice) and the dramatic (in which he speaks in that of others). In The Defence of Poesy he takes this further, suggesting that as a ‘speaking picture’ poetry is inherently dramatic and the poet always speaking as another, even when apparently himself. In Astrophil and Stella Sidney perfects the art of feigning naturalism by fitting first-person colloquial speech into metrical lines. This was his greatest contribution to the subsequent development of Elizabethan drama.
Song
Authors: Alexander Gavin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney describes poetry as ‘words set in delightful proportion, either accompanied with, or prepared for, the well enchanting skill of music’: that is, verse written to music that already exists, or verse where musical setting is planned, imagined, or just not ruled out. This distinction is explored across Sidney’s poetry and in relation to musical culture both in his lifetime and in the decades after his death. Sidney deploys and/or represents the power and utility of song in all his major works. In particular, the chapter examines how Sidney’s practice engages with contemporary international song styles, from elite humanist experiments to more popular forms; song as ‘enchantment’; song as the embodied practice of performing alone or with others, and of listening; what Sidney has to say about why we sing songs; and how the idea and practice of polyphony can help us read Sidney’s songs as sites of common ground.
Sentence
Authors: Lamb Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter surveys Sidney’s masterful disposition of words at the level of the individual sentence. It situates Sidney’s prose and verse in the long history of the sentence to show his pivotal role in the transformation of English writing and shows Sidney’s immediate and innovative impact on the English Renaissance of the 1580s and 1590s. It showcases his favourite rhetorical devices (antimetabole, chiasmus, the comparison of contraries, etc.) and traces the origins of his signature sentence forms. It compares features characteristic of his prose (e.g., the endemic use of parentheses) and of his poetry (e.g., the use of caesura and enjambment), and considers the Sidneian sentence in the context of the Renaissance cult of the commonplace and sententia. It lightly indulges in quantitative stylistic comparisons, and overall suggests that Sidney’s unique position in the history of English as a bridge between pre-modern and modern view of language.
Style
Authors: Rosenfeld Colleen Ruth 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter reads Philip Sidney’s poetry and prose in the context of the Renaissance complex of style where Sidney stood as a model for vernacular imitation in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. With a particular focus on rhetorical handbooks, revision, and stylistic process, this chapter suggests that a catalogue of trees missing from the revised Arcadia illustrates the generative tension between the said and unsaid in Sidney’s style at the level of clause, line, and narrative. Ultimately, this essay argues for a method of reading Sidney’s style that values incompletion, continuation, and critical participation and where the ‘understanding’ of the reader actively shapes the form of the work of art.
Sidney and Europe
Authors: Stillman Robert E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
What is most important about Philip Sidney’s Europe can be best expressed by a paradox: Sidney needed his cosmopolitan education in Europe in order to think beyond it. The move beyond was as pragmatic as assailing Spanish tyranny by a global assault against Spanish trade, and as visionary as an Arcadian world in which tyranny could be disarmed by force of natural law. Moving chronologically from John Buxton and Charles Osborn to Beatrice Nicollier de Weck and Alan Stewart, this chapter traces a history of critical responses to Sidney’s European travels and their consequence for interpreting his poetry, politics, and piety. That history culminates in assessing the continuing importance of Roger Kuin’s magisterial edition of The Correspondence. The chapter privileges Sidney’s education by Hubert Languet—Philippe Duplessis-Mornay’s travelling Odysseus for the cause of Reformed culture—as the key figure for exploring his developing mentalité.
Sidney and Visual Culture
Authors: Stamatakis Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney’s interest in visual representation—a central episteme throughout his writings—is attested by Nicholas Hilliard’s anecdote about Sidney’s fascination with visual scale and distortion; by the portraits made of Sidney; and by the handling of mimēsis in his Defence. In his literary works, painting and the visual imagination hold irresistible sway over his fictional personages. Throughout, this chapter contends, the verbal becomes visual for Sidney. Likening poesy to a ‘speaking picture’, Sidney dwells on the ingenuity of representation (going beyond rules, beyond limits of verisimilitude) required in ‘feigning notable images’: poesy paints a compelling image of an otherwise imperceptible idea, and forcefully (with energeia) leaves an impress on what Sidney calls the ‘eyes of the mind’. To assuage Platonic and Protestant anxieties about visual art, Sidney recuperates key painterly terms (‘counterfeiting’, ‘feigning’, ‘eikastikē’). And to compensate for the limits of verbal eloquence, Sidney exploits the visual eloquence of mise-en-page.
Sidney and Clothes
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In The Defence of Poesy, Philip Sidney explains verse’s ornamental rather than essential relation to poetry through a sartorial analogy in which clothes alone do not make the man. In the wake of New Historicism and the ‘material turn’, early modern scholars have reappraised the period’s sartorial attitudes, finding that writers, including Sidney, represented apparel not as merely decorative but as constitutive and transformative of selves. These re-readings of raiment nevertheless rely upon the distinctions between subject and object and active and passive, that subtend the views of early modern materiality they sought to revise. Posthumanist theory permits us to examine how and to what end Sidney distributes agentic capacities between human and nonhuman matter when he represents clothing. Drawing on this theoretical framework, this chapter examines the queer eroticism and transgender subjectivities generated by the entanglements of characters and their clothes in the Old Arcadia.
Writing Sidney
Authors: Simonova Natasha 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The unfinished nature of Sidney’s work as published after his death left the door open for a number of continuators and imitators. This was particularly true of the Arcadia, where the ‘composite’ 1593 edition created an obvious gap between the New Arcadia and the last two books added from the Old. This gap was filled by short ‘supplements’ written by William Alexander and James Johnstoun, while the story as a whole was continued in a Sixth Booke by Richard Belling, the English Arcadia by Gervase Markham, A Continuation of Philip Sydney’s Arcadia by Anna Weamys, and a manuscript Historie of Arcadia that adapted it to a post-Civil War context. This chapter examines how such continuations constructed a relationship with Sidney’s authorship and responded to his memory, as well as how the Arcadia continued to be written ‘with’ into the eighteenth century and beyond.
Two Pastoralls
Authors: Cheney Patrick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that Two Pastoralls gravitates towards the centre of the Sidney canon: rather than being a backwater-work, Two Pastoralls constructs a Sidneian model of the Renaissance as a period concept. Sidney’s use of friendship-poetry to suture classical pastoral to Reformation theology and Elizabethan politics serves as the foundation of this period project. To date, Sidney studies has not produced a single chapter on Two Pastoralls. To advance criticism, the chapter looks at provenance, the history of criticism, poetics, and the two poems, which feature Sidney’s friendship with Greville and Dyer as a form of authorial liberty. The chapter concludes by examining Sidney’s relation with Spenser in co-founding the ‘New Poetry’ during the English ‘Renaissance’. Uniquely, Two Pastoralls locates an individuating collectivity in a ‘Trinitie’ of ‘fellow Poets’. Two Pastoralls commands attention as a singular Sidneian poem autographing the literary, political, religious, and erotic energies of the ‘Renaissance’ itself.
Sidney and the Court
Authors: Celovsky Lisa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Legend imagines Sidney as an ideal courtier, but in life Sidney’s courtly gifts never fully delivered on his great expectations. While Sidney shared this experience of perpetual frustrations and disappointments with many minor members of Elizabeth’s court, what makes him unusual were his actual and literary responses to his situation. Once unseated as Leicester’s heir, Sidney turned to paternal military legacies as a primary avenue for his courtly ambitions, but he had to do so in a milieu where feudal martial service to a king had been displaced by rhetorically savvy counsel and seemingly ornamental service to a queen. For Sidney, athletics were a gateway between courts and camps. Chivalric combats, horsemanship, and other sports mediated these forms of courtly service and provided male courtiers with sites of negotiation and possibility. Athletics likewise provides Sidney with literary means to illuminate synergies and conflicts between courtly civility and violent wildness, and words and action, as he explores the courtier’s gender and socioeconomic status in works such as Astrophil and Stella, The Defence of Poesy, and the New Arcadia.
The Formation and Consolidation of the Dutch National Security State
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter complements the hitherto dominant account of Dutch state formation in terms of the forging of a consociational and consensus democracy by exploring how the formation of the institutions, culture, and practices of a Dutch national security state took shape. It observes that the Netherlands has long not been as peaceful or stable as the dominant narrative has implied. Pace and stability had to be actively forged and then consolidated. This chapter therefore retraces the historical trajectory of the institutionalization of Dutch national security from the inception of the first nation state around 1800 up until the 1940s, when Dutch national security was subsumed in the international and collective security institutions and organizations of the Western military and economic alliances.
Professionalization and Personalization in Dutch Political Campaigning
Authors: Walter Annemarie , van Praag Philip 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Political system characteristics shape the opportunity structure for political campaigning in the Netherlands. Traditionally, parties have considerable freedom in how they campaign. In times of electoral uncertainty and media logic, where media not only report but also actively influence campaigns, parties’ campaigns have become more offensive and professional. Free publicity, including in election debates and on talk shows, remains an important avenue for parties’ political campaigning. The purchase of political advertising on television and social media, the hire of external consultants, and the use of voter data for microtargeting have led to parties’ growing need for money. Parties’ lack of financial transparency, acceptance of foreign donations, and aggressive campaign practices—such as uncivil negative campaigning, demonization, and the spread of disinformation—and their lack of transparency on advertising strategies, including microtargeting, are challenging the integrity of the electoral process. Consequently, new legislation limiting campaign donations, banning foreign sponsorship, increasing transparency on campaign financing and spending, and introducing rules on digital campaigning, including microtargeting, is about to change parties’ opportunity structure. The question is how this will impact parties’ political campaigning.
The Evolution of Party Organizations in the Netherlands
Authors: Otjes Simon , de Jonge Léonie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Over recent decades, the study of political parties in the Netherlands has undergone a significant transformation. In the past, scholars employed thick and holistic typologies such as the cadre party and the mass party to characterize and describe what parties are. These typologies covered various aspects, including the party’s electorate, organizational structure, programmatic positioning, and campaign strategies. In recent years, however, there has been a shift in the approach of political scientists towards the use of more focused and analytical typologies to study what parties actually do. Specifically, the niche and mainstream party, as well as the challenger and dominant party, have become prominent typologies. These new typologies concentrate on specific aspects of parties and use them to explain parties’ behaviour. This chapter examines and elucidates this shift, using it as a lens to investigate the historical, current, and potential future organizational aspects of political parties in the Netherlands.
The Politics of Accountability in the Netherlands
Authors: Schillemans Thomas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of accountability in Dutch politics and public administration. Accountability is understood as a relational mechanism linking power holders as account givers to power controllers as account holders. There are three overarching trends in public accountability in the Netherlands: (1) a rising number of account holders and account givers, following various sidewards and downwards shifts in governance; (2) an increase in and tightening of accountability standards in terms of legal requirements and financial management; (3) the use of accountability mechanisms in a more activist and critical way by many account-holding entities, from the European Parliament to local councils to voters. The proliferation of accountability in practice has spurred a burgeoning accountability scholarship, ranging from explaining accountability deficits to the consequences of accountability for performance, learning, and trust. Overall, the different studies conducted suggest there may be something of a Dutch accountability style, with power holders operating in broad accountability regimes with multiple account holders who interact relatively informally. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
The Politics of Crisis Management in the Netherlands
Authors: Boin Arjen , Kuipers Sanneke , Wolbers Jeroen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A sense of ‘polycrisis’ has gripped the Netherlands in recent years. But while the country has had its share of crises and disasters, there are no objective grounds for the perception of its being under siege from crises. There appears to be a wide gap between perceptions and objective facts about risks and crises. This chapter explores the recent history of crises in the Netherlands, taking into account the responses that these crises have prompted. The authors identify various trends, including ‘crisification’, politicization, centralization, and professionalization. In doing so, they cast an eye on Dutch crisis research, which has been a rich area of academic production over the years. They describe the shift from a technocratic angle to a more political perspective, and identify the most relevant research themes that have emerged. The chapter ends with a discussion of a future research agenda that could help practitioners fulfil their crisis management tasks.
The Dutch Agricultural Policymaking System
Authors: de Vries Jouke , Havinga Teun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Dutch agricultural sector has historically been an important part of the economy, the country today being the second largest agricultural exporter in the world. The agricultural sector has traditionally had strong roots in policymaking, but in recent years it has been increasingly criticized for its harmful effects on water, land, and air quality. The shift from an efficient production paradigm to a sustainable one has produced friction between government and farmers, and significant political challenges. Moreover, an increasing number of actors with conflicting interests have entered the agricultural policy arena and historically powerful ones are losing their grip. Using analytical lenses such as neo-corporatism, the iron triangle, policy communities, issue networks, and policy brokerage, this chapter examines the policy dynamics and outlines the contemporary challenges.
Democratic Reform Policy in the Netherlands
Authors: Hendriks Frank , Jacobs Kristof , Michels Ank 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses occurrences of and explanations for democratic reforms in the Netherlands, distinguishing between vote-centric and talk-centric reforms. Vote-centric reforms introducing new electoral procedures or referendum legislation are often discussed but rarely implemented. Explanatory studies point to the high hurdles for constitutional change in the Netherlands, in addition to vested interests of pivotal political parties in the established system. Talk-centric reforms boosting participatory, deliberative, and interactive governance are comparatively abundant, with new variants layered on top of previous variants, primarily but not exclusively at the local level. Explanatory studies emphasize the relative ease of implementation and reformulation of such reforms, combined with a considerable supply-side push in compact and active public governance networks. In a final section, this chapter demarcates questions for future research. In particular, the wider-ranging impact of democratic reform, both vote-centric and talk-centric, has not received enough systematic scholarly attention.
Engineering of a lysosomal-targeted GAA enzyme
Authors: Marze Nicholas , Tikh Ilya , Benard Susan , Cheng Yuxing , Yu Vincent , Cai Waijiao , Lavallie Edward , Lopez Erin , Wang Jing , Zamkovaya Tatyana , Somanathan Suryanarayan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pompe disease is a tissue glycogen disorder caused by genetic insufficiency of the GAA enzyme. GAA enzyme replacement therapies for Pompe disease have been limited by poor lysosomal trafficking of the recombinant GAA molecule through the native mannose-6-phosphate-mediated pathway. Here, we describe the successful rational engineering of a chimeric GAA enzyme that utilizes the binding affinity of a modified IGF-II moiety to its native receptor to bypass the mannose-6-phosphate-mediated lysosomal trafficking pathway, conferring a significant increase in cellular uptake of the GAA enzyme. We also demonstrate the ablation of binding between our modified IGF-II tag and two off-target receptors: IGF-I receptor and insulin receptor, as well as preserved enzymatic activity of the chimeric GAA molecule.