bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible Together, Impossible To Either Alone1859-1865
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time Vaux had reached his 34th birthday, in 1858, he could regard himself as well along the road to success. He had authored an important book on domestic architecture, designed a major bank building, and won the competition to design the nation’s largest municipal park. Undoubtedly buoyed by these achievements, Vaux sought and obtained entry into New York club life. As an early member of the Down Town Association (founded in December 1859), he often dined at its Exchange Place clubhouse, a building he may have taken charge ofremodeling in 1860.1 As one of the original 300 members of the Athenaeum Club, Vaux must have attended the opening of the organization’s quarters, a commodious building on Fifth Avenue near 16th Street, “fitted up with every convenience requisite for the comfort of its members.”2 In addition to dining and socializing, the Athenaeum, whose executive committee included art biographer Henry T. Tuckerman, endeavored to provide its members with high-caliber programs, such as the evening that Vaux and Jervis McEntee spent listening to a lecture by expatriate artist William Page.3 But most of all, Vaux valued his membership in the prestigious Century Association, a select circle of artists and men of letters to which Vaux was admitted in 1859.4 Over the course of his lifetime, he was to pass many stimulating and pleasurable hours there, including a gala Twelfth Night celebration when, lounging on a Turkish rug, he joined fellow Centurians in “smoking, drinking, laughing, or suddenly singing a note on a horn.” 5 At the Century, Vaux could enjoy the company of such artist friends as Jervis McEntee, Frederic Edwin Church, R. Sanford Gifford, Eastman Johnson, and George Henry Hall, one of whose pictures hung in Vaux’s home.6 These men shared Vaux’s Romantic esthetic philosophy, as well as his hope that someday Ame:rica would come to value its painters, sculptors, and architects as it did its practical men of business and industry.
Country life in comparison with city life ... A question of delicate adjustment 1866-1872
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With theCentral Park and Prospect Park positions secured, and content in the knowledge of Olmsted’s eminent return, Vaux set off for a month’s vacation with his family in the Adirondacks. While there, he must have been putting together in his mind details of the report that was due to the Prospect Park commissioners in December. Left behind to work on various office projects was Bloor, who also minded the Vauxes’ house in their absence. Meanwhile, Olmsted made preparations in California for tying up his affairs and returning to New York, a process that included finishing plans for Mountain View Cemetery in San Francisco. On November 22, 1865, Vaux, together with Withers, Bloor, and Godkin, with whom Olmsted had agreed to coedit the newly established political weekly the Nation, went down to the pier to give Olmsted and his family a hearty welcome. When they disembarked from the steamer Ericson, the weary travelers must have felt glad to feel firm ground under their feet and to see familiar faces, for after three weeks of travel, bad weather had prevented their boat from docking the previous day. Unable to enter New York Harbor, they had spent the night beyond Hell’s Gate riding out one of the fierce gales of the century. During the next few days, there was much socializing at Vaux’s house, but Olmsted also surely applied himself to the task of adding his ideas to the drawings and written explanation that Vaux had commenced for the Prospect Park plan. In fact, the partners did not meet the December deadline; on January 14, Bloor was stilll assisting them on the work, staying until midnight with the two men at Vaux’s residence and continuing the task all the next day in the office. Eventually completed on January 24, 1866, the historic report went to the printer in early February. On February 20, Bloor dropped off the first copies at Vaux’s house and somewhat later distributed others to the Century and Athenaeum club libraries.1 One can assume that the big party that Vaux staged at his home on the evening of March 2 celebrated the completion of the Prospect Park report. Over glasses of claret and orange juice punch, artist friends and many
Raynaud’s Phenomenon, Skin Involvement, and Finger Sores
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter relates to people with the systemic form of scleroderma, including both those with limited disease and those with diffuse disease. It does not apply to people with localized scleroderma, which is morphea and linear scleroderma. Raynaud’s phenomenon Raynaud’s phenomenon is a specific type of cold sensitivity that is characterized by color changes of the fingertips on cold exposure. There is some variation from one person to the next, but the typical Raynaud’s episode starts with the fingertips getting very pale, then numb, and then turning a purple or blue color.
Scleroderma and Sexuality
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexuality involves the physiological and the psychological, the body and the mind. These two features are al-ways intertwined in human behavior, but this is particularly true in the realm of sexuality. This chapter is divided into three sections: on women, on men, and on partners Women, Scleroderma, and Sexuality Physical problems for women with scleroderma include fatigue, dryness of the vagina (as part of Sjogren’s syndrome), and physical discomfort during sex that is a result of decreased mobility of joints, sometimes associated with joint pain.
In the Beginning: On the Genetic and Environmental Factors That Make Early Language Acquisition Possible
Authors: Petitto Laura Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My journey towards understanding the biological foundations of human language has crossed a diverse path, involving (a) comparative analyses of two different speciesapes and humans; (b) comparative analyses of languages in two different modalities - signed and spoken; and (c) comparative analyses of the structure, grammar and acquisition of different signed languages. In trying to understand the biological foundations of a capacity, it is first necessary to determine the extent to which the capacity is species-specific. Hence, while still a college undergraduate, I moved into a large mansion on the Hudson Palisades in New York with an infant, West-African male chimpanzee, named ‘‘Nim Chimpsky.’’ This animal was part of a research project at Columbia University in which I attempted to raise the chimp like a child and to teach him signed language. Our research question concerned whether aspects of human language were species-specific or whether human language was entirely learnable (and/ or teachable) from environmental input (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders and Bever 1979).
Familial Language Impairment
Authors: Gopnik Myrna , Dalalakis Jenny , Fukuda Suzy E , Fukuda Shinji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past 40 years there has been a fundamental change in our understanding of the nature of human language. The view of language as an arbitrary, socially learned animal communication system has been superseded by a view that regards language as a formally constrained, biologically determined, species-specific recursive system. Contemporary linguists, foremost among them Chomsky, hypothesize that all human languages are constructed from a small set of specific principles (the universal grammar) that limit the kinds of grammars that can occur. Evidence for this claim comes from two sources: the linguistic properties of the languages of the world and the way children acquire the language of their environment, whether spoken or signed (see Petitto, this volume). Research into the properties of currently extant languages has appropriately led to some revisions of the particular properties originally proposed for the universal grammar, but the notion that languages do share some fundamental properties has largely been confirmed.
The Squirrel
Authors: Harburg Yip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back in the 1960s, when I was living-in New York, I was asked by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to do a series of radio documentaries on various songwriters I admired. Some of them, of course, were already gone, but I did do interviews with a number of those who were still available. One of these was Mitchell Parish, whose body of work, while small, contains one of the most breathtaking lyrics in the English language, Stardust. What a piece of writing that is! The aesthetic application of Gresham’s law was already at work, and rock-and-roll was taking over, turning its listeners into an ahistorical generation. Parish was outraged by it. I wanted to talk about his youth in New York City, about his associations with such composers as Hoagy Carmichael. I wanted to hear his reminiscences about walking around Tin Pan Alley on a summer day when the music then being born was coming out the open windows. He kept returning to his anger.
The Sparrow
Authors: Piaf Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans never really knew Edith Piaf. When she died, the New York Times said in its obituary, “Strangely, Miss Piaf was perhaps best known in the United States for her La Vie en rose, a song of happiness and love.” There may have been something ironic about it, but there was nothing strange. Her act was bowdlerized and glamorized for her appearances at the Versailles and the Waldorf-Astoria in New York. Her songs about prostitutes and their marlous, about the murders that often ended the search for love, were thrown out or cleaned up for Americans raised on a diet of sexless love in songs and happy endings in movies and Saturday Evening Post fiction.
Sant’alessio At The Barberini Palace, Rome
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opera thrived in Rome in the days when the Barberini family were in power, with one member, Urban VIII, on the papal throne (1623-44) and two nephews prominent cardinals. Cardinal Francesco built the monumental Barberini Palace in the via Quattro Fontane and there presented operas for his invited guests. By 1639, with the palace completed, the space devoted to operatic productions was said to accommodate three thousand or more spectators. The most famous of the Barberini operas was Sant’Alessio, with music by Stefano Landi and libretto by Giulio Rospigliosi (later Pope Clement IX), first performed on 18 February 1632 and several times later that season. It was revived in 1634 in a revised and enlarged version to honor the visiting Prince Alexander Charles of Poland, for whom a full score was printed, decorated with plates illustrating the various stage settings.
Grétry’s Richard Cceur-De-Lion
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second half of the eighteenth century, the opera comique, or comedie melee d’ariettes (spoken comedy interspersed with arias), branched out from humble beginnings to cover a wide range of genres: comedy, pastoral, bourgeois drama, and historical, or pseudo-historical, plays with a decidedly romantic flavor. The most famous example in the last category is Richard Creur-de-Lion, a comedie by Michel-Jean Sedaine (1719-97) set to music by Andre-Ernest-Modeste Gretry (1741-1813). A great success when first performed in Paris on 21 October 1784, it continued to be produced there and in much of the rest of Europe for well over a century. Here are excerpts from a review of the first performance: This drama, whose subject is known to everybody, is one of the most original conceptions of M. Sedaine, who has often dared, nearly always successfully, to attempt subjects and situations that seemed unlikely to work on the stage. The first two acts of Richard were received with the greatest applause.... The music of this drama is full of beauty, agreeable negligence, and fortunate reminiscences; it everywhere breathes a spiritual and piquant nai:vete. M. Gretry seems in this new composition to have forgotten his customary manner in order to transport us, through the simple and at the same time romantic turn after the great interest aroused by the second act. It is unnecessary to discuss the success of this play; a hundred crowded performances will hardly satisfy the eagerness of the public.
Verdi’s Operatic Style Analyzed By A Contemporary
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abramo Basevi (1818-85) was the author of the first full-length study of Verdi’s operas, published in Florence in 1859. After obtaining a degree in medicine, Basevi had turned to music and philosophy, composing some operas, but ultimately concentrating on music criticism, theory, and the organization of concert life in Florence. He founded two journals and wrote other books but is chiefly remembered for the work on Verdi, in which he displays considerable In I masnadieri we find not a trace of this general tinta; instead we seem to observe different pieces stitched together, instead of a continuous canvas containing different designs.
Nietzsche Vs. Wagner
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on Wagner that appeared during the composer’s life and for some time afterwards is for the most part passionately for or against him, and it rarely sticks to opera: after all, Wagner didn’t. And so he was championed or condemned not only as a composer but also as an essayist and, later, as the highly visible promoter of the Bayreuth Festival. His new theater was inaugurated in 1876 with the first performance of the complete Ring of the Nibelung, an event that attracted world-wide attention and brought, in addition EPILOGUE .. Modern man represents biologically a contradiction of values, he sits between two stools, he says yes and no in the same breath. No wonder that it is precisely in our age that falseness itself became flesh, became even genius! That Wagner “dwelt among us”! Not without reason did I call Wagner the Cagliostro [i.e., the impostor] of modernism... But all of us, whether we know it, will it, or not, have within our bodies values, words, formulas, morals that are antagonistic in their origin-physiologically we are false... A diagnosis of the modern soul-where to begin? With a determined incision into this agglomeration of contradictory instincts, with the suppression of its antagonistic values, with vivisection of its most instructive case.-To the philosopher the case of Wagner is a stroke of luck. This essay, as anyone may see, was inspired by gratitude.
Pellèas Et Mèlisande
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maurice Maeterlinck’s play Pe/leas et Melisande was first performed on 17 May 1893 by a recently formed company called La Maison de l’Guvre, which set itself the task of presenting avant-garde drama to the Parisian public. The company’s stage manager was Camille Mauclair, a young critic and poet who took an active part in promoting the play in the weeks before its premiere. In the following letter to a theater critic for the paper Gil Blas, Mauclair described the visual characteristics of this first production. They must have impressed Debussy, who had read Pe/leas (it had been published a year earlier) and can hardly have failed to appreciate its vaporous realization onstage when he attended the first performance. It was Mauclair, later that year, who obtained Maeterlinck’s permission for Debussy to set the play to music.
The Lord’s Song in a Strange Land
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Across the United States, Jews come together every week to sing and pray in a wide variety of worship communities. Through this music, made by and for ordinary folk, these Jews define and re-define their relationship to the continuity of Jewish tradition and the realities of American life. Combining oral history and an analysis of recordings, The Lord’s Song in a Strange Land examines the music in contemporary Jewish worship and explores the diverse links between the music and spiritual and cultural identities. Alive with detail, the book focuses on metropolitan Boston and covers the full range of Jewish communities there, from Hasidim to Jewish college students in a transdenominational setting. It documents a remarkably fluid musical tradition, where melodies are often shared, where sources can be as as diverse as Sufi chant, Christmas carols, rock and roll, and Israeli popular music, and where the meaning of a song can change from one block to the next.
Venus
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Venus is usually the brightest object in the sky after the sun and moon, but until the space age our knowledge of our “twin planet” was very limited because its surface is hidden by a global cloud layer. Observed by the ancient Babylonians 5,000 years ago, Venus has played an important role in myth, literature, and science throughout recorded history. In 1610, Galileo’s observations of the phases of Venus were important evidence supporting the Copernican theory of the solar system.
Meteorites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meteorites have interested humans since ancient times. About 6000 years ago, before iron ore processing was discovered, iron meteorites provided the only available source for iron metal. More recently, the study of meteorites has helped unravel the formation processes of the early solar system, which may be recorded in meteorite composition and mineralogy, because meteorites are the oldest remnants of early, relatively unprocessed matter we have available.
Suffragists, Prohibitionists, and Republicans
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gilded Age Americans looked back on abolitionism as one of the boldest and most effective movements in the nation’s short history. Whigs and Democrats had ridiculed abolitionists in the 1840s; the targets of these jibes had responded that politicians were ignoring slavery at their peril. In little more than a decade, the prophecy had been fulfilled. The Whig Party vanished, Democrats’ national coalition collapsed, and a new party with antislavery leanings captured the White House. Of course, Republicans only ended slavery as an extreme war measure, and historians no longer believe that abolitionists caused the demise of the second party system. In the decades after Emancipation, however, many Americans argued that those who had aroused public opinion deserved the credit (or the blame) for ending slavery. As an Indiana woman wrote in 1884, abolitionists could feel in retrospect “the tremendous power of the political lever within their own grasp.”
The Goals and Scope of This Volume
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central question to be addressed in this volume is, How have living systems, which are based on a common set of biochemical structures and processes and subject to a common set of physical–chemical laws, been able to adapt to the enormously wide spectrum of environmental conditions found in the biosphere? The biosphere comprises habitats having a remarkably varied set of physical, chemical, and biotic characteristics, many of which seem “extreme” or “highly stressful” from our human perspective as a 37°C species living on the planet’s surface and exposed to an oxygen-rich atmosphere. The diversity of life forms found in the varied habitats of the biosphere indicates how successful adaptation has been in allowing exploitation of virtually all regions of the earth’s land and waters. Yet we can ask whether the diversity we find in morphology and other highly visible attributes of organisms is paired with a high degree of adaptive diversification at the biochemical level. Are all organisms relatively alike “under the skin,” that is to say, biochemically, despite their vast differences in habitat preferences, body plan, and mode of life? As we will learn, the answer to this question represents a fascinating combination of “yes” and “no.” To develop this answer, we will first characterize the adaptational challenges facing biochemical systems and then examine how these systems have been modified through evolution to permit the same fundamental types of structures and processes to be sustained in all organisms, in all environments.
1835: Year of Violent Indecision
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angry differences between the people of the North and South had never been so much in the fore as they were by August 1835, but on one thing observers on both sides of the Mason-Dixon line agreed: since early July the nation had demonstrated a penchant for riotous violence that raised doubts about its future stability. “Our whole community seems to be under an unnatural excitement,” wrote the Columbia, South Carolina, Southern Times. “Mobs, strikes, riots, abolition movements, insurrections, Lynch clubs seem to be the engrossing topics of the day. The whole country seems ready to take fire on the most trivial occasion.” The Richmond Whig lamented “the present supremacy of the Mobocracy,” and northward the Philadelphia National Gazette claimed, “The horrible fact is staring us in the face, that, whenever the fury or the cupidity of the mob is excited, they can gratify their lawless appetites almost with impunity.
From Myths to Logos to Stagnation
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scientific methodology was originated by the Greek philosophers, some 2,600 years ago. Curiosity was not forbidden by Greek traditions and beliefs. Moreover, their philosophers explained the world in rational terms of mechanisms and natural processes and entities, not by divine actions. Apparently, two of the trivial questions they asked were what differentiates living from nonliving entities, and how plants and animals were formed. The Greek philosophers developed different ideas and proposals with regard to the problems they studied, but the discussions and intellectual struggles among the various schools of thought exemplify a most fundamental feature of the scientific method, namely, “The philosopher proposes a solution in the form of an hypothesis, not as a revelation of a truth that cannot be challenged without committing a sin” (Haezrahi, 1970; p. 28; my translation). In this ideal spirit, the scientific process is supposed to progress. The actual pathways of scientific research and progress are more complex and intricate than this ideal pattern, as we shall see later.
Systematic Biology, Doubts, and Uncertainties:The Eighteenth Century
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cataloguing of plants and animals during the eighteenth century culminated in the Linnaeus method, according to which a species is characterized by two central features, namely, immutability and distinctiveness. In other words, since all living species had been created simultaneously (according to the teachings of the Church), they were not related to each other genetically. One species could not descend from another, nor could different species merge with one another. It should be noted that this was in contrast to the common belief during pre-Linnaean times, according to which transmutations among different species was possible.
Demise and Resurrection of the Spontaneous Generation School : Pasteur and Darwin
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “biology” was coined in 1802 by Gottfried R. Treviranus (1776-1837), at the beginning of an era of decisive discoveries in biology, as well as intense controversies, and a decline in the influence of the conservative teachings of the Church. To a large extent, this term was accepted by scientists due to the work of Lamarck, discussed later.