bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durability, sustainability and cost analysis of the effect of SNF superplasticizers on locally produced concrete in Ghana
Authors: Buertey Joseph Ignatius Teye , Bediako Mark , Appiah-Kubi Emmanuel , Ametefe Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Using conventional methods of concrete production to achieve expected results is challenging, hence the use of chemical admixtures which is also little researched in Ghana. The study conducted a concrete mix design for project construction, following significant challenges encountered in attaining the desired strength of 30MPa at a slump of S3 (100-150mm). To address the challenge, a concrete mix design was produced according to EN 206 standard mix design at the laboratory of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI)-Ghana. A chemical admixture consisting of high-range water-lowering sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) was used in the design. Once the laboratory mix design was completed, the concrete mix proportions were adopted for field application. When employing 385kg/m3 of Portland cement, a water-to-cement ratio of 0.49, a water content of roughly 189kg/m3, and an admixture content of 3.28kg/m3, the laboratory mix design yielded a 28-day compressive strength of 37 MPa (5366 psi). After 28 days of curing, both the laboratory (37MPa) and field-prepared (31MPa) concretes met the minimum strength of 30MPa with the laboratory-controlled concrete exhibiting compressive strength results that were approximately 16% greater than those of the field-prepared concretes. The report revealed that the use of SNF resulted in 18% savings in cement thereby reducing carbon emissions and 5% savings in cost, urging a case for the use of chemical admixtures for structural and non-structural concrete components of the project for the sake of durability, sustainability and cost.
Tussen lokaal belang en wetenschappelijke ambitie: de publicatiegeschiedenis van Scientiarum Historia (1959-2006)
Authors: Vanpaemel Geert 
Published: January 2025

Between local interest and scientific ambitions: the publication history of Scientiarum Historia (1959-2006). The Belgian journal Scientiarum Historia was founded in 1959 by Leon Elaut and Piet Boeynaems, and remained in print until 1975. It was taken up again in 1990 by the Belgian scholarly society Zuid-Gewina, and continued until 2006 when it was merged with other journals to form Studium. This paper discusses the background of its publication history, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of a journal primarily devoted to local history. Among the weaknesses figure the limited financial support and the small community of readers and authors when working for a restricted local audience. However, it is argued that local history needs and deserves a special place in every historiography. The disappearance of Scientiarum Historia (and its successor, Studium) should cause concern about the fate of local historiography.
Assessment of variability in the content of phenolic compounds in above‐ground organs of natural samples of Silybum marianum (l.) Gaertn L.
Authors: Vagabova F. F. , Mamalieva M. M. , Radzhabov G. K. , Alibegova A. N. , Soltanmuradova Z. I. 
Published: January 2025

The aim of the work is to study the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in the above‐ground organs of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn L., growing in natural conditions, and to assess their accumulation as this depends on the conditions of the place of growth (altitude above sea level) in Dagestan (Russia). In the flowering phase of 2013, the above‐ground part of the plant was collected from natural populations and using the generally accepted differential spectrometric technique. This showed that the total content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all organs, regardless of the place of collection, is 0.22% – 3.07% in terms of rutin, and 0.03% – 0.26% in terms of 3‐glucoside of cyanidin, respectively. Phenolic compounds were noted in all parts of the plants: their maximum content being in the leaves and inflorescences, while the minimum is in the stems. The dependence of the total content of flavonoids and anthocyanins on the altitude factor is multi‐vectoral; in most cases the connection is insignificant. Since the total content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all organs of the above‐ground part of natural samples of milk thistle was studied for the first time, the results obtained will be interesting in terms of the complex use of raw materials. The results of assessment of the variability of the content of phenolic compounds in samples depending on the complex of factors of the altitude gradient in the natural conditions of Dagestan provide information for clarifying the mechanisms of accumulation of secondary metabolites.
The protective duration of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine in Nile Tilapia for the prevention of streptococcosis
Authors: Sukenda , , Rusli , , Nuryati Sri , Hidayatullah Dendi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the protective duration of Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine against streptococcosis in Nile tilapia. Fish were treated by the whole cell vaccine, ECP vaccine and mixture of whole cell and ECP vaccine. After 14, 28, 42, and 52 day post-vaccination (DPV), the fish were intraperitoneally challenged with 104 cfu/mL S. agalactiae. The results showed mortality rate of whole-cell vaccine (A), ECP vaccine (B) and mix vaccine (C) up to day 42 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control treatment, namely 73.33%; 80%; and 76%, respectively. The mortality rate of vaccine treatments A, B, and C on day 56 had no significant difference (P>0.05) with the control. The value of antibody titer vaccine treatments A, B, and C indicate that antigen-antibody reaction on day 28 after the vaccination was significantly (P <0.05) higher than the control that were 3.67; 3.33; and 3.67. Antigen-antibody reaction on day 42 after the vaccination was founded, but did not different significantly (P>0.05) with the control. Bacterial population in treatment A, B, and C in the organs of the fish until the 28th day was still under the control of 104 cfu/mL. S. agalactiae vaccine protection duration is 42 days after the vaccination. Keywords : nile tilapia, Streptococcus agalactiae, duration, vaccine, streptococcosis ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis durasi proteksi dari vaksin Streptococcus agalactiae sebagai pencegahan terhadap streptococcosis pada ikan nila. Ikan divaksinasi dengan vaksin sel utuh, ECP dan gabungan sel utuh dan ECP dari S. agalactiae yang diinjeksi secara intrapetorineal. Ikan diuji tantang S. agalactiae 104 cfu/mL pada hari ke-14, ke-28, ke-42, dan ke-56 pascavaksinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat mortalitas perlakuan vaksin sel utuh (A), vaksin ECP (B), dan gabungan vaksin sel utuh dengan ECP (C) hingga hari ke-42 masih signifikan (P<0,05) lebih rendah dari perlakuan kontrol yaitu 73,33%; 80%; dan 76%. Tingkat mortalitas perlakuan vaksin A, B, dan C pada hari ke-56 sudah tidak berbeda signifikan (P>0,05) dengan kontrol. Nilai titer antibodi perlakuan vaksin A, B, dan C menunjukkan bahwa reaksi antigen antibodi pada hari ke-28 pascavaksinasi masih signifikan (P<0,05) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol yaitu 3,67; 3,33; dan 3,67. Reaksi antigen antibodi pada hari ke-42 pascavaksinasi masih ditemukan, namun tidak berbeda signifikan (P>0,05) dengan kontrol. Populasi bakteri pada perlakuan A, B, dan C di organ ikan hingga hari ke-28 masih di bawah kontrol 104 cfu/mL. Durasi proteksi vaksin S. agalactiae adalah 42 hari pascavaksinasi. Kata kunci: ikan nila, Streptococcus agalactiae, durasi, vaksin, streptococcosis
Pendekatan Integratif Dalam Menghadapi Kecemasan Sosial Pada Mahasiswa [An Integrative Approach to Dealing with Social Anxiety in College Students]
Authors: Priyatna Novel 
Published: January 2025

Social anxiety is one of the common problems among college students. They often do not have sufficient knowledge and skills, so they do not know how to respond properly. This article aims to explore further the dynamics of social anxiety problems among college students and try to formulate a way to deal with them. The research method used is literature research. One strategy that can be applied is through a self-modification approach that is integrated with Christian spiritual formation. Concrete and applicable steps are described systematically as a guide in implementing them. However, this effort does not replace our dependence on God's grace in Christ. BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Kecemasan sosial (social anxiety) merupakan salah satu masalah yang umum terjadi dikalangan mahasiswa. Mereka seringkali tidak memiliki bekal pemahaman dan keterampilan yang memadai sehingga tidak tahu bagaimana cara yang tepat dalam meresponinya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggali lebih jauh dinamika masalah kecemasan sosial dikalangan mahasiswa dan mencoba untuk merumuskan bagaimana cara untuk menghadapinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah riset literatur. Salah satu strategi yang dapat diterapkan adalah melalui pendekatan modifikasi diri yang diintegrasikan dengan formasi rohani Kristiani. Langkah-langkah konkret dan aplikatif dijabarkan secara sistematis sebagai panduan dalam mengimplementasikannya. Namun, usaha ini tidaklah menggantikan kebergantungan kita pada anugerah Allah didalam Kristus.
Pentingnya Tata Tertib Untuk Membentuk Disiplin Belajar Siswa SMP [The Importance of Rules to Form Student Learning Discipline in Junior High School]
Authors: Via Iren , Padang Ariani Tandi 
Published: January 2025

The quality of successful learning is determined through the discipline of student to create conducive learning. Learning discipline is characterized by the seriousness of students. In fact, the problem of discipline is a problem that is often encountered in the field. The teacher as class manager greatly influences of student learning discipline, especially in the actions of the teacher in carrying out the classroom rules. The Bible asserts that sin has caused humans to deviate from the path of truth and the teacher has a responsibility to guide students to do what is right. The purpose of paper is to show the importance of code of conduct in shaping the discipline of learning and describing the steps in applying the code of conduct. The results of this literature study state that discipline is important to shape discipline because it becomes a reference for students to be right. The steps that can be applied are adjusting the discipline to the school environment and the students conditions, socializing the code of conduct, applying consistently, and apply consequences for violations. Suggestions for next researchers is to plan the appliaction of discipline with more mature preparation so that student learning discipline is formed. BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Mutu pembelajaran ditentukan melalui sikap disiplin belajar siswa untuk terciptanya kondisi belajar yang kondusif. Disiplin belajar ditandai dengan keseriusan siswa mengikuti pembelajaran. Faktanya, permasalahan disiplin adalah masalah yang sering ditemui di lapangan. Guru sebagai manajer kelas sangat mempengaruhi terbentuknya disiplin belajar siswa, terkhususnya di dalam tindakan dan ketegasan guru dalam menjalankan tata tertib kelas. Alkitab menegaskan bahwa dosa telah menyebabkan manusia melenceng dari jalan kebenaran dan guru memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menuntun siswa melakukan yang benar melalui pendisiplinan sebagai perwujudan dari kasih. Tujuan penulisan adalah menunjukkan pentingnya tata tertib dalam membentuk disiplin belajar dan memaparkan langkah-langkah penerapan tata tertib untuk membentuk disiplin belajar. Hasil dari kajian literatur ini menyatakan bahwa tata tertib penting untuk membentuk disiplin belajar siswa karena menjadi acuan siswa untuk bersikap benar pada saat pembelajaran. Langkah-langkah yang dapat diterapkan yaitu menyesuaikan tata tertib dengan lingkungan sekolah dan kondisi peserta didik, mensosialisasikan dan menyepakati tata tertib, menerapkan secara konsisten, dan terdapat konsekuensi terhadap pelanggaran. Saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya yaitu melakukan perencanaan penerapan tata tertib dengan persiapan yang lebih matang agar disiplin belajar siswa terbentuk.
MENGUPAYAKAN KEAKTIFAN BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN PENERAPAN METODE TANYA JAWAB [PROMOTING STUDENTS' LEARNING ENGAGEMENT WITH THE APPLICATION OF THE QUESTION AND ANSWER METHOD]
Authors: Napitupulu Elisa Hermina , Susanti Asih Enggar 
Published: January 2025

Student learning engagement is one of the elements of a successful learning in the classroom. Active students will make learning proceed in accordance with the planning prepared by the teacher. However, the facts found in the field show that some students were still passive during the learning process. Some students were not eager to learn, sleepy, unfocused, and were doing other activities that were not related to learning. One of the efforts to increase this engagement is through the implementation of the question and answer method in the classroom. This paper aims to explain the implementation of the question and answer method that can promote student engagement. The conclusion is that the question and answer method is implemented by following these steps: 1) formulate the purpose of the question and answer. 2) master the learning material. 3) Prepare for possible questions and answers. 4) provide opportunities for students to ask questions. This study found that students were active in doing their learning tasks, dared to ask questions, and were able to engage in problem solving. ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Keaktifan belajar siswa menjadi salah satu unsur keberhasilan pembelajaran di dalam kelas. Siswa aktif akan membuat pembelajaran berjalan sesuai dengan perencanaan yang disusun oleh guru. Namun, fakta yang ditemukan di lapangan menunjukkan sebagian siswa masih pasif selama proses pembelajaran. Beberapa siswa tidak bersemangat dalam belajar, mengantuk, tidak fokus, dan mengerjakan aktivitas lain yang tidak berhubungan dengan pembelajaran. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan keaktifan tersebut, yaitu melalui penerapan metode tanya jawab di dalam kelas. Paper ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang penerapan metode tanya jawab yang dapat mengupayakan keaktifan siswa. Kesimpulan dari penulisan paper ini, yaitu metode tanya jawab yang dilakukan dengan menerapkan langkah: 1) merumuskan tujuan tanya jawab. 2) menguasai materi pembelajaran. 3) mempersiapkan akan kemungkinan pertanyaan dan jawaban. 4) memberikan kesempatan bertanya bagi siswa. Serta (5) guru bertanya kepada siswa, pada dasarnya mampu mengupayakan keaktifan siswa. Penelitian ini menemukan bawah siswa terlihat aktif untuk melakukan tugas belajarnya, berani bertanya, dan mampu terlibat dalam pemecahan masalah.
PERAN INTERMEDIASI BPR MELALUI LAYANAN SIMPAN-PINJAM UNTUK PEMULIHAN UMKM DI ERA NEW NORMAL [THE INTERMEDIARY ROLE OF BPR THROUGH SAVINGS AND LOAN SERVICES FOR UMKM RECOVERY IN THE NEW NORMAL ERA]
Authors: Tarigan Betania Br , Palelonoto Roby , Chrismastianto Imanuel Adhitya Wulanata 
Published: January 2025

To promote the economy, people must first be able to fulfill the resources needed to meet their needs. Rural Banks (BPR) are banks that carry out business activities conventionally, which in their activities do not provide services in payment transactions. Since Covid-19, the majority of SMEs have experienced a decrease in turnover, this has occurred due to factors that weaken the economy in society. After the pandemic, SMEs are expected to strengthen the economy. Thus, it is hoped that BPR can play a role in it. This writing uses descriptive qualitative research methods, this research is also supported by primary sources of data through surveys. This research aims to see whether BPR has been able to carry out its role optimally and provide some suggestions regarding things that need to be developed in the future. MSMEs need support to increase their business productivity so that they can develop, especially in the new normal era after the pandemic. BPR is expected to be able to help financial and economic recovery, especially for MSME entrepreneurs affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The support could be in the form of loans that can be provided by BPRs. With every policy set and service provided, it is hoped that BPR will be able to achieve each of its goals, namely helping the economic welfare of the community while still benefiting the BPR itself.ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Untuk memajukan perekonomian, masyarakat terlebih dahulu harus mampu memenuhi sumber daya yang dibutuhkan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan mereka. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) merupakan bank yang melaksanakan kegiatan usaha secara konvensional yang didalam kegiatannya tidak memberikan jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran. Semenjak covid-19 mayoritas pelaku UMKM mengalami penurunan omset, hal ini terjadi karena adanya faktor melemahnya perekonomian dalam masyarakat. Pasca pandemi para pelaku UKM diharapkan dapat menguatkan perekonomian. Sehingga diharapkan BPR dapat berperan didalamnya. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dalam menulis penelitian ini juga didukung sumber data primer melalui survei. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah BPR sudah mampu melakukan perannya dengan maksimal dan memberikan beberapa saran terkait hal yang perlu dikembangkan kedepannya. UMKM membutuhkan dukungan guna meningkatkan produktivitas usahanya agar mampu berkembang terlebih di era now normal pasca pandemi. BPR diharapkan mampu membantu pemulihan finansial dan ekonomi khususnya bagi para pelaku UMKM yang terdampak pandemi covid-19. Bantuan tersebut dapat berupa kredit yang bisa diberikan oleh BPR. Dengan setiap kebijakan yang ditetapkan dan layanan yang diberikan, diharapkan BPR mampu mencapai setiap tujuannya yaitu membantu kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat juga tetap menguntungkan pihak BPR sendiri.
PENERAPAN PERATURAN DAN PROSEDUR KELAS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEDISIPLINAN SISWA PADA PELAJARAN SEJARAH DI KELAS X [IMPLEMENTATION OF CLASS RULES AND PROCEDURES TO IMPROVE STUDENT DISCIPLINE IN HISTORY LESSONS IN GRADE X]
Authors: Waluyo Imanuella Grace Priskila Putri , Suwu Selvi Ester 
Published: January 2025

The problems that are often found in learning are students' lack of discipline, such as being late in submitting assignments, not paying attention to lessons, not following teacher instructions, being late for class, not maintaining neatness and cleanliness. One way to improve student discipline can be done by implementing class rules and procedures. The research subjects were 48 first year high school students at a school in West Jakarta. The aim of this research is to implement steps to apply class rules and procedures to improve the discipline of class X students in history lessons. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research results stated that student discipline increased after implementing class rules and procedures with steps that had been adapted to the syntax and needs of students in the class. Thus, implementing class rules and procedures through these steps can improve student discipline. The advice for Christian educators is to be consistent in advising students to obey existing rules and procedures so that learning can run safely and comfortably and God is glorified in the classroom.ABSTRAK BAHASA INDONESIA: Permasalahan yang kerap ditemukan dalam pembelajaran adalah kurangnya kedisipinan siswa seperti keterlambatan pengumpulan tugas, tidak memperhatikan pelajaran, tidak mengikuti instruksi guru, terlambat masuk kelas, tidak menjaga kerapihan dan kebersihan. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kedisiplinan siswa dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan peraturan dan prosedur kelas. Subjek penelitian adalah 48 siswa SMA tahun pertama pada sebuah sekolah di Jakarta Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengimplementasikan langkah-langkah penerapan peraturan dan prosedur kelas untuk meningkatkan kedisiplinan siswa kelas X pada pelajaran Sejarah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa kedisiplinan siswa meningkat setelah diterapkan peraturan dan prosedur kelas dengan langkah-langkah yang telah disesuaikan dengan sintaks dan kebutuhan siswa di kelas. Dengan demikian, penerapan peraturan dan prosedur kelas melalui langkah-langkah tersebut dapat meningkatkan kedisiplinan siswa. Saran bagi pendidik Kristen adalah konsisten dalam menasihati siswa untuk taat terhadap peraturan dan prosedur yang ada sehingga pembelajaran dapat berjalan dengan aman dan nyaman dan Tuhan dimuliakan di dalam kelas.
¿Un tribunal internacional para los crímenes del franquismo?
Authors: Baby Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Pocas fueron las iniciativas para juzgar los crímenes del franquismo en los años setenta, ya que la izquierda española había aceptado mayoritariamente la política de reconciliación promovida desde los años cincuenta, renunciando a pedir responsabilidades. Sin embargo, en 1978, el PCE(m-l) impulsó la creación de un Tribunal internacional contra los crímenes del franquismo. Aunque la iniciativa fracasó en la Península, sus actividades se desarrollaron en el exilio, en Francia y Suiza. Basándose en fuentes primarias previamente no consultadas, el artículo analiza las raíces, los actores, los objetivos y el legado del Tribunal, reinsertándolo en el contexto global de las movilizaciones transnacionales en contra de las violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidos por los Estados desde los años sesenta, que dieron lugar a un nuevo tipo de tribunal internacional, el del Tribunal Russell. Así, este artículo pretende contribuir a esclarecer el debate a escala internacional sobre el olvido de las responsabilidades franquistas durante la transición.