bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity assessment of oil‐contaminated freshwater sediments
Authors: Blaise Christian , Gagné François , Chèvre Nathalie , Harwood Manon , Lee Ken , Lappalainen Juha , Chial Belgis , Persoone Guido , Doe Ken 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe performance of four microscale toxicity bioassays conducted on whole sediments was evaluated during a bioremediation project undertaken in 1999–2000 on a crude oil–contaminated freshwater shoreline of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. The toxicity tests assessed included: (1) the Microtox® solid‐phase assay (MSPT), (2) the Biotox™ Flash solid‐phase test (Flash), (3) the algal solid‐phase assay (ASPA), and 4) the Ostracodtoxkit solid‐phase assay. Data generated with these assays were compared with those obtained using the standard endobenthic amphipod (Hyalella azteca) bioassay. Bioanalytical comparisons indicated that all five solid‐phase tests were useful in detecting the toxicity of oiled sediments; however, statistical analyses distinguished a difference in response between the invertebrate (amphipod and Ostracodtoxkit) and bacterial luminescence tests (MSPT and Flash). Based on these results, it is recommended that careful selection of biotests be made in the design of the test battery for assessment of residual oil sediment toxicity. Time‐series toxicity data generated with ASPA indicated that oiled sediments in the freshwater wetlands of the St. Lawrence River remained toxic to phytoplankton for at least 65 weeks and that remediation treatment was able to accelerate detoxification by 16 weeks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 267–273, 2004.
Development of a biosensor for the detection of tributyltin
Authors: Horry Habib , Durand Marie‐José , Picart Pascal , Bendriaa Loubna , Daniel Philippe , Thouand Gérald 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA biosensor (LUMISENS I), based on the inducible bioluminescence of the Escherichia coli strain TBT3 (Ec::luxAB TBT3), was developed for the detection of the biocide tributyltin. LUMISENS I was set up with a minibioreactor and additional equipment for growth monitoring and light acquisition. The 100‐mL minibioreactor has allowed us to establish a stable and reproducible environment for the bacteria (regulation of the growth rate, temperature, pH, and oxygenation), as well as for in situ contact with the xenobiotic. The optical components of the transducer were chosen according to the spectral emission of the strain being studied using a highly sensitive spectrophotometer that was initially devoted to Raman scattering. LUMISENS I was patented according to the in situ, automatic, and simultaneous measurement of the cell density and bioluminescence in the bioreactor. The first results showed that cells cultivated in a synthetic glucose medium provided a better detection limit than did those cultivated in a complex Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (0.02 and 1.5 μM of tributyltin, respectively). Cells maintained at a high growth rate (0.9 h−1) led to maximum bioluminescence. Moreover, air bubbling was efficient enough to provide suitable quantities of oxygen for both growth and light emission. When the TBT3 strain used the luxAB genes on its own, decanal, a long‐chain aldehyde, had to be added to obtain the bioluminescence reaction. We found that the continuous addition of decanal was the most effective means of obtaining this reaction. The monitoring of the bioluminescence after tributyltin induction showed that the aldehyde was not toxic up to 300 μM during a 7‐day experiment. Measurement of tributyltin with LUMISENS I was performed, which showed significant response up to 0.125 μM without any effect on optical density. Even though optimization of the performance of LUMISENS I is still under development, because of its original design, this biosensor is already in use as a warning system for the online monitoring of tributyltin. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 342–345, 2004.
Analysis of micronuclei in blue mussels and fish from the Baltic and North Seas
Authors: Baršienė Janina , Lazutka Juozas , Šyvokienė Janina , Dedonytė Veronika , Rybakovas Aleksandras , Bagdonas Edvardas , Bjornstad Anne , Andersen Odd Ketil 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMicronuclei (MN) were analyzed in erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus) and wrasse (Symphodus melops) and in gill cells of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). The organisms were collected from three study stations in the Baltic Sea and from seven stations in the North Sea (Karmsund area, Norway) 4 times. The statistically significant differences obtained were related to the season, sex of the fish, and sampling locality. Higher MN frequencies were found in fish and mussels collected from the most polluted study stations in the North Sea. The same tendency could be described in the Baltic Sea; however, it was masked by the recent oil spill from the Butinge oil terminal. Our results showing higher MN frequencies in presumably what were the most polluted study locations suggest that MN tests in fish and mussels may be used for the detection of genotoxic effects in a marine environment. The endpoint is well characterized and can be easily recognized, and the technique is convenient to use in field samplings following standard procedures and protocols. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 365–371, 2004.
Application of Toxkit microbiotests for toxicity assessment in soil and compost
Authors: Dubova L. , Zariņa Dz. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe potential of Toxkit microbiotests to detect and analyze pollution in agricultural soil and the quality of compost was studied. The toxicity tests used included seed germination biotests using cress salad (Lepidum sativum L.), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and the Toxkit microbiotests included those with microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum), protozoa (Tetrahymena thermophila), crustaceans (Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, and Heterocypris incongruens), and rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus). Experiments on compost were undertaken in a modified solid‐state fermentation system (SSF) and under field conditions (in a windrow). To promote the composting process, two strains of Trichoderma (Trichoderma lignorum and Trichoderma viride), as well as a nitrification association that regulated the nitrogen‐ammonification and nitrification processes were applied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 274–279, 2004.
Effect of deicing salts on urban soils and health status of roadside trees in the Opole region
Authors: Czerniawska‐Kusza Izabela , Kusza Grzegorz , Dużyński Mariusz 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article reports on a study whose aim was to evaluate the impact of snow removal salts on urban soil properties and the health of roadside trees. The evaluation was done by chemical analyses of soil samples and plant matter combined with toxicity testing, performed with a Protoxkit F™, a protozoan microbiotest. Samples were collected at 45 locations on three main roads in the town of Opole (Poland). The roads differed in the snow removal technology and amount of chemical substances (mostly NaCl) used on them during the winter. The study showed that when soil was exposed to a high level of NaCl, it tended to be more alkaline and also exhibited increased content of Na+ and Cl−. The toxic effects of the soil extract on protozoa appeared at 26.0 mg Na+/100 g soil dry mass (s.d.m.) and 12.0 mg Cl−/100 g s.d.m., whereas salt injury symptoms (chlorosis and necrosis of the edge of leaf blades) appeared at 13.2 mg Na+/100 g s.d.m. and 3.9 mg Cl−/100 g s.d.m., becoming more severe at 26.0 mg Na+/100 g s.d.m. and 12.0 mg Cl−/100 g s.d.m. because of extensive necrosis and defoliation. The lysimetric experiment, which was used to test soil samples collected from the city park area, indicated that salt plays a significant role in the pollution of soil in urban areas, with the least toxic salt being CaCl2. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 296–301, 2004.
The medicinal leech as a convenient tool for water toxicity assessment
Authors: Petrauskienė Laima 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMedicinal leeches previously were used in various toxicological and pharmacological studies because they are sensitive and easy to keep under laboratory conditions. Toxicological studies using leeches became restricted when their natural sources decreased dramatically. We breed medicinal leeches under laboratory conditions and have the possibility of using them for various investigations. The aim of the current study was to investigate changes in behavioral and physiological responses of leeches exposed to a heavy metal model mixture (HMMM). The composition of the HMMM was determined on the basis of the average annual amounts of representative metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb) in wastewater discharging from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. An annual average was considered a concentration of 1%. Animals were exposed to 0.13%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations of the HMMM. The avoidance responses, changes in body weight, feeding behavior, and excretion rates of the leeches were recorded. Avoidance response was observed in animals treated with 1% and 2% concentrations of the HMMM during the first 2 h of exposure. A decrease in body weight was recorded after a 4‐week exposure to all tested concentrations. Disturbances in feeding behavior were observed after a 4‐week exposure to 0.13%–2% concentrations. An increase in the defecation rate was observed during the 5‐week exposure to 0.25%–2% concentrations. The excretion rate via nephridia was decreased during postfeeding period after exposure to 0.25%–2% concentrations. The avoidance response of medicinal leeches can be used as an express method for water quality assessment, whereas physiological responses may be used for the assessment of chronic toxicity of polluted environments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 336–341, 2004.
Toxicity to Tradescantia of technogenic radionuclides and their mixture with heavy metals
Authors: Marčiulionienė Danutė , Montvydienė Danguolė , Kiponas Dalius , Lukšienė Benedikta , Butkus Donatas 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe genotoxic effects on Tradescantia of 137Cs, 90Sr, and 236, 242Pu, a heavy metal mixture [Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Mn(II), Ni, Pb, Zn] and of a complex mixture of these toxicants were determined. The impact of radionuclides on plants subjected to ionizing radiation exposure was estimated. The number of somatic mutations and the quantity of nonviable stamen hairs were used as end points in the testing. An increase in the quantity of nonviable stamen hairs was observed with increasing internal exposure to 137Cs, 90Sr, and 236, 242Pu; however, the number of somatic mutations was not observed to be dependent on ionizing radiation. The internal dose of individual radionuclides necessary to decrease the quantity of viable stamen hairs in Tradescantia by 50% can be arranged in the following sequence: 236, 242Pu > 137Cs > 90Sr. Tradescantia died in the mixture of the radionuclides 90Sr, 137Cs, and 236Pu (5 × 10−2, 7 × 10−5, and 4 × 10−10 Gy, respectively) after 14 days, whereas the heavy metal mixture caused somatic mutations in 3% of the Tradescantia and nonviable stamen hairs in 7% but no mortality. However, the Tradescantia died in a combined mixture of these heavy metals and the radionuclides after 14 days. On the basis of all these observations, it can be concluded that the toxic effect of radionuclides was more significant than that of heavy metals. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 346–350, 2004.
Assessment of toxic interactions of heavy metals in a multicomponent mixture using Lepidium sativum and Spirodela polyrrhiza
Authors: Montvydienė Danguolė , Marčiulionienė Danutė 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe toxicities of copper, chromium, cadmium, nickel, manganese, zinc, and lead ions and various concentrations of mixtures of them were studied using the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza and the terrestrial plant Lepidium sativum. The composition of the model mixture was based on average analytical data of the annual amounts of representative heavy metals (HM) in wastewater discharged from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (Lithuania) during 1996. The observed and predicted effects of the HM mixture on tested plants were evaluated and compared with the prediction models used in describing the toxic interactions of heavy metals in the mixture. The type of toxic interaction at each tested concentration of the mixture was assessed by a statistical approach that tested the null hypothesis of additive toxicity (Ince et al., 1999) and the mixture toxicity index (MTI; Könemann, 1981). For both plant organisms the effect of the HM mixture calculated using the MTI was synergistic. However, assessment of the HM interaction type at 50% effect concentrations using the hypothesis of additive toxicity showed a synergistic effect for Spirodela polyrrhiza and an additive effect for Lepidium sativum. Though the results obtained using both prediction models for assessing the HM mixture's toxicity were similar, in our opinion, the additive toxicity model is more suitable than the MTI model because the former allows evaluation of the impact of various mixture concentrations, not only those with a 50% effect. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 351–358, 2004.
Field study on changes in viability of airborne fungal propagules exposed to UV radiation
Authors: Ulevičius V. , Pečiulytė D. , Lugauskas A. , Andriejauskienė J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe responses of airborne fungi to UV‐B under natural conditions were investigated at the coastal station in Preila, Lithuania. Results of this investigation demonstrated that solar radiation has a marked lethal effect on outdoor airborne fungi. Sensitivity to solar radiation was the highest for the fungal propagules collected late in the evening (relative recovery 6.2%) and early morning (25.3%). The lowest sensitivity to solar radiation was observed for fungal propagules collected at midday (50.0%) and in the afternoon (53.0%). The reason for the lethal effect is thought to be elimination of the sensitive fraction of the night‐time fungal populations as solar radiation gradually increases beginning at dawn. Among 356 fungus strains isolated during the investigations, 128 can be characterized as potential pathogens, and 21 strains among those most common in fungal populations belonging to plant, animal, and human pathogen groups. The collected fungal populations were exposed to solar UV‐B irradiation for 2 h (from 12 p.m. to 2 p.m.). Fungal communities in the air samples were composed of saprotrophs, some of which are regarded as potential phytopathogens (Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium) or as entomopathogens (Beauveria, Paecilomyces, and Metarhizium). The airborne fungal species identified after exposure to solar radiation were predominantly: Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Arthrinium phaerosporum, and dematiaceous sterile mycelium. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 437–441, 2004.
Genotoxicity related to transfer of oil spill pollutants from mussels to mammals via food
Authors: Lemiere Sébastien , Cossu‐Leguille Carole , Bispo Antonio , Jourdain Marie‐José , Lanhers Marie‐Claire , Burnel Daniel , Vasseur Paule 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHeavy fuel oils containing high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were released into the marine environment after the Erika oil spill on the Atlantic coast. As highly condensed PAH pollutants can bioaccumulate in invertebrates, their transfer to vertebrates through the food chain was of concern. This study aimed to estimate potential genotoxic effects in rats fed for 2 or 4 weeks with the marine mussel Mytilus edulis contaminated by oil pollutants. Two levels of PAH contamination were studied, around 100 and 500 μg of total PAHs/kg dry weight (d.w.) in mussels. Genotoxic damage in rats was investigated by single‐cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and micronucleus assays in liver, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. DNA damage was observed in the liver of rats fed with the most contaminated mussels (500 μg PAHs/kg d.w.).DNA damage also was observed in the bone marrow but less than that in the liver. A small increase in micronuclei frequency was registered as well. This work underlines the bioavailability of pollutants in fuel‐oil‐contaminated mussels to consumers and the usefulness of the Comet assay as a sensitive tool in biomonitoring to analyze responses to PAH transfer in food. The occurrence of substituted PAHs and related compounds such as benzothiophenes in addition to nonsubstituted PAHs in fuel oils and mussels raised the question of whether they were implicated in the genotoxic effects registered in rats. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 387–395, 2004.
Toxicity testing of heavy‐metal‐polluted soils with algae Selenastrum capricornutum: A soil suspension assay
Authors: Aruoja Villem , Kurvet Imbi , Dubourguier Henri‐Charles , Kahru Anne 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA small‐scale Selenastrum capricornutum (Rhapidocelis subcapitata) growth inhibition assay was applied to the toxicity testing of suspensions of heavy‐metal‐polluted soils. The OECD 201 standard test procedure was followed, and algal biomass was measured by the fluorescence of extracted chlorophyll. The soils, which contained up to (per kilogram) 1390 mg of Zn, 20 mg of Cd, and 1050 mg of Pb were sampled around lead and zinc smelters in northern France. The water extractability of the metals in suspensions (1 part soil/99 parts water w/v) was not proportional to the pollution level, as extractability was lower for soil samples that were more polluted. Thus, the same amount of metals could be leached out of soils of different levels of pollution, showing that total concentrations of heavy metals in soil (currently used for risk assessment purposes) are poor predictors of the real environmental risk via the soil–water path. Despite high concentrations of water‐extracted zinc (0.6–1.4 mg/L of Zn in the test), exceeding by approximately 10‐fold the EC50 value for S. capricornutum (0.1 mg Zn/L), 72‐h algal growth in the soil extracts was comparable or better than growth in the standard control OECD mineral medium. The soil suspension stimulated the growth of algae up to eightfold greater than growth using the OECD control medium. Growth stimulation of algae was observed even when soil suspensions contained up to 12.5 mg Zn/L and could not be explained by supplementary nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbonate leached from the soil. However, if the growth of algae in suspensions of clean and polluted soils was compared, a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect of metals on algal growth was demonstrated. Thus, as soil contains nutrients/supplements that mask the adverse effect of heavy metals, a clean soil that has properties similar to the polluted soils should be used instead of mineral salt solution as a control for analysis of the ecotoxicity of soils. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 396–402, 2004.
Evaluation of solar UV damage to Crepis capillaris by chromosome aberration test
Authors: Rančelienė V. , Šlekytė K. , Cieminis K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) radiation comprises only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum of solar light, but it exerts a disproportionally greater genotoxic effect on all organisms, including water plants. However, genotoxicity evaluation of solar UV is complicated because of the simultaneous actions of UVB, UVA, and photoreactivating light (PHL). The latter very effectively repairs the main type of DNA lesions, pyrimidine dimers (PD), which are induced specifically only by UV. However, other types of DNA lesions are induced by UV; they are unrepairable by PHL and present a real danger to the plant genome. To evaluate this part of DNA lesions, the frequency of chromosome aberrations (CA) was determined after solar UVB and UVB+UVA irradiation with or without PHL. Meristematic cells of Crepis capillaris were irradiated in special chambers with filters. The 4‐year investigation showed that only about half of CA had been repaired with PHL. Both findings of the study, of the part of CA that remained after PHL and of the stronger genotoxicity of UVB+UVA, are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 442–444, 2004;
Comparative study on sensitivity of higher plants and fish to heavy fuel oil
Authors: Kazlauskienė N. , Svecevičius G. , Vosylienė M. Z. , Marčiulionienė D. , Montvydienė D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLaboratory tests were conducted on higher plants [garden cress (Lepidium sativum), great duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), and Tradescantia clone BNL 02] and fish [rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at all stages of development: eggs, larvae and adults] to estimate their sensitivity to heavy fuel oil (HFO). A number of biological indices (survival, growth, and physiological and morphological parameters) as well as the genotoxic impact (Tradescantia) of HFO was evaluated by acute and chronic toxicity tests. Fish were found to be more sensitive to the toxic effect of HFO than were higher plants. EC50 values obtained for higher plants ranged from 8.7 g/L (L. sativum) to 19.8 g/L (Tradescantia), and maximum‐acceptable‐toxicant concentration (MATC) values ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 g/L of total HFO for L. sativum and Tradescantia, respectively. The 96‐h LC50 values ranged from 0.33 g/L, for larvae, to 2.97 g/L, for adult fish, and the MATC value for fish was found to be equal to 0.0042 g/L of total HFO. To evaluate and predict the ecological risk of the overall effects of oil spills, studies should be performed using a set of acute and chronic bioassays that include test species of different phylogenetic levels with the most sensitive morphological, physiological, and genotoxic indices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 449–451, 2004
Leachate toxicity assessment by responses of algae Nitellopsis obtusa membrane ATPase and cell resting potential, and with Daphtoxkit F™ magna test
Authors: Jurkonienė S. , Maksimov G. , Darginavičienė J. , Sadauskas K. , Vitkus R. , Manusadžianas L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA microscale bioassay based on 50% inhibition of K+, Mg2+‐ATPase activity in a microsomal fraction isolated from Nitellopsis obtusa cells was developed. Compared to that for a plasma membrane fraction purified in a sucrose gradient, the preparation procedure for a microsomal fraction is less time consuming and the yield is substantially higher. Characteristics of the microsomal preparation proved to be similar to those of the highly purified plasma membrane preparation (Manusadžianas et al., 2002), at least for heavy metals. Sensitivity to CuSO4 of the frozen (−8°C) microsomal fraction [49 ± 17 (SD) μM; n = 8] did not significantly differ from that of the freshly isolated one (52 ± 30, n = 8), at least for 40 days. Toxicity of leachate water from Kairiai (northern Lithuania) solid waste landfill was assessed by taking samples from various points including temporary reservoirs and analyzing them immediately after spillage (summer 2002) and after storage for almost 2 years at 4°C–6°C. Two tests with the macrophytic alga Nitellopsis obtusa (Charatox, 45‐min EC50 of resting potential depolarization, and ATPase assay, IC50 of membrane ATPase activity) and one test with the crustacean Daphnia magna (Daphtoxkit F™, 48‐h 50% immobilization) tests were used. In general, all three tests showed successively decreasing values of landfill leachate toxicity with an increasing degree of dilution with surface waters. The possibility of employing preserved algal preparations on demand in test batteries seems to be promising, especially in emergencies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 403–408, 2004;