bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unemployment, Underemployment, and Mental Health: Conceptualizing Employment Status as a Continuum
Authors: Dooley David 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe economy is one of the most important social environments that affect well‐being, and community psychologists have long studied the social costs of one key economic stressor—job loss. But economically inadequate employment has received much less research attention than unemployment in regard to mental health effects. This paper contrasts these two literatures and considers factors that might account for their differential growth including actual rates of unemployment and underemployment. Recent panel studies offer no support for another possible basis for this differential growth—the assumption that inadequate employment is more like adequate employment than unemployment. Implications of a paradigm shift from a dichotomous perspective (employment vs. unemployment) to a continuum perspective with variations of both unemployment and employment are discussed for research and prevention. Another implication is the need to expand standard labor force statistics to reflect better the degree of underemployment.
Underemployment: Consequences for the Health and Well‐Being of Workers
Authors: Friedland Daniel S. , Price Richard H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of how the adequacy of a person's employment status influences their health. We draw on and extend the Labor Utilization Framework to distinguish between different forms of underemployment (hours, income, skills, and status) and test their relative effects on a range of physical health and psychological well‐being outcomes. Using data drawn from a nationally representative sample (N=1,429) of adults of working age, we assess the concurrent effects of underemployment through a longitudinal design that controls for prior levels of health and well‐being. The results indicate that underemployed workers do report lower levels of health and well‐being than adequately employed workers. However, the relationship varies by both types of underemployment and indicator of health and well‐being. We conclude by discussing future research to explore the relationship between underemployment and health and well‐being.
Human Costs of Organizational Downsizing: Comparing Health Trends Between Leavers and Stayers
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Vahtera Jussi , Elovainio Marko , Pentti Jaana , Virtanen Marianna 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe studied health‐related selection and consequences of an organizational downsizing among 886 municipal employees. Measurements of health indicators were conducted before any rumor of the downsizing and immediately after the downsizing 3 years later. Results of predownsizing health showed that those who did not find employment after the staff reductions were older employees with high preexisting morbidity. Those getting a new job elsewhere were younger and had better health already before the downsizing than the stayers. After the downsizing, deterioration of health was most likely in the stayers working in groups of major staff reductions and among the nonemployed leavers. In the reemployed leavers, the risk of increased health problems was lower than in others including employees working in no or minor downsizing groups.
Psychological Aspects of Genetic Counseling. X. Advanced Counseling Techniques
Authors: Kessler Seymour 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFour procedures commonly used by experienced counselors are described: simple interview formulations, helping clients think through their problems, reframing, and role playing. Each procedure is illustrated by examples. Among other things, the goal of these procedures is to promote the autonomy and self‐directedness of clients and thus are particularly valuable in circumstances requiring a nondirective stance. The need is underscored for a more active counseling stance appropriate to the psychological and problem‐solving needs of genetic counselees.
Update and Review: Maternal Serum Screening
Authors: Ormond Kelly E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMaternal serum levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3) can be used to screen pregnancies for neural tube defects, Down syndrome, Trisomy 18, and pregnancy complications. This article summarizes the most recent information regarding maternal serum screening, including genetic counseling issues.
Bilaminar techniques for the treatment of recession‐type defects. A comparative clinical study
Authors: Zucchelli G. , Amore C. , Sforza N. M. , Montebugnoli L. , De Sanctis M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjectives: Complete root coverage is the primary objective to be accomplished when treating gingival recessions in patients with aesthetic demands. Furthermore, in order to satisfy patient demands fully, root coverage should be accomplished by soft tissue, the thickness and colour of which should not be distinguishable from those of adjacent soft tissue. The aim of the present split‐mouth study was to compare the treatment outcome of two surgical approaches of the bilaminar procedure in terms of (i) root coverage and (ii) aesthetic appearance of the surgically treated sites.Material and Methods: Fifteen young systemically and periodontally healthy subjects with two recession‐type defects of similar depth affecting contralateral teeth in the aesthetic zone of the maxilla were enrolled in the study. All recessions fall into Miller class I or II. Randomization for test and control treatment was performed by coin toss immediately prior to surgery. All defects were treated with a bilaminar surgical technique: differences between test and control sites resided in the size, thickness and positioning of the connective tissue graft. The clinical re‐evaluation was made 1 year after surgery.Results: The two bilaminar techniques resulted in a high percentage of root coverage (97.3% in the test and 94.7% in the control group) and complete root coverage (gingival margin at the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ)) (86.7% in the test and 80% in the control teeth), with no statistically significant difference between them. Conversely, better aesthetic outcome and post‐operative course were indicated by the patients for test compared to control sites.Conclusions: The proposed modification of the bilaminar technique improved the aesthetic outcome. The reduced size and minimal thickness of connective tissue graft, together with its positioning apical to the CEJ, facilitated graft coverage by means of the coronally advanced flap.
Mechanisms for changes in soil carbon storage with pasture toPinus radiataland‐use change
Authors: Halliday Joanne C. , Tate Kevin R. , McMurtrie Ross E. , Scott Neal A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this study, we simulated pasture toPinus radiataland‐use change with theGenericDecompositionAndYield (G'DAY) ecosystem model to examine mechanisms responsible for the change in soil carbon (C) under pine. We parameterized the model for paired sites in New Zealand. Our simulations successfully reproduced empirical trends in ecosystem productivity and soil inorganic nitrogen (N), and modeled an increase in soil C and a small decline in soil N after 30 years under pine. We determined the mechanisms contributing to soil C change based on an established hypothesis that attributes increases in soil C storage to three main factors: increased ecosystem N inputs relative to outputs, increased C/N ratios in plant and soil, or a shift of N from plant to soil. The mechanisms we attributed to the simulated increase in soil C under pine were increased soil C inputs through tree litterfall, and an increase in the soil C/N ratio. In the first 7 years following pine establishment, a decline in soil C was simulated; this was matched by a decline in soil N. The simulated longer‐term increase in soil C with afforestation by pine contrasts with results from published field studies, which show either a decline or no change in soil C under pine. The discrepancy between measured and simulated changes in soil C was attributed to the G'DAY model overestimating the transfer of litter C into the mineral soil.
Effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition and phosphorus limitation on nitrogen budgets of semi‐natural grasslands
Authors: Phoenix Gareth K. , Booth Rosemary E. , Leake Jonathan R. , Read David J. , Grime J. Philip , Lee John A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIncreased reactive atmospheric N deposition has been implicated in floristic changes in species‐rich acidic and calcareous grasslands, but the fate of this pollutant N in these ecosystems is unknown. This paper reports the first analysis of N budgets and N fluxes for two grasslands in the White Peak area of Derbyshire, one of the most heavily N‐polluted locations in the UK. N fluxes were monitored in lysimeter cores (retaining the original turfs) taken from field plots of unimproved acidic and calcareous grasslands that had received (in addition to ambient N deposition) simulated enhanced N deposition treatments of 3.5 and 14 g N m−2 yr−1 for 6 years. The influence of reducing phosphorus limitation was assessed by factorial additions of P. Seasonal leached losses of nitrate, ammonia and organic N were monitored in detail along with estimates of N removal through simulated grazing and gaseous losses through denitrification and volatilization. The rates of N fluxes by these pathways were used to create N budgets for the grasslands. Both grasslands were found to be accumulating much of the simulated additional N deposition: up to 89% accumulated in the calcareous grassland and up to 38% accumulated in the acidic grassland. The major fluxes of N loss from these grasslands were by simulated grazing and leaching of soluble organic N (constituting 90% of leached N under ambient conditions). Leached inorganic N (mainly nitrate) contributed significantly to the output flux of N under the highest N treatment only. Loss of N through ammonia volatilization accounted for less than 6% of the N added as simulated deposition, while denitrification contributed significantly to output fluxes only in the acidic grassland during winter. The implications of the results for ecosystem N balances and the likely consequences of N accumulation on these grasslands are discussed.
Controls on microbial CO2 production: a comparison of surface and subsurface soil horizons
Authors: Fierer Noah , Allen Andrew S. , Schimel Joshua P. , Holden Patricia A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractAlthough a significant amount of the organic C stored in soil resides in subsurface horizons, the dynamics of subsurface C stores are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine if changes in soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient levels have similar effects on the mineralization of surface (0–25 cm) and subsurface (below 25 cm) C stores. Samples were collected from a 2 m deep unsaturated mollisol profile located near Santa Barbara, CA, USA. In a series of experiments, we measured the influence of nutrient additions (N and P), soil temperature (10–35°C), and soil water potential (−0.5 to −10 MPa) on the microbial mineralization of native soil organic C. Surface and subsurface soils were slightly different with respect to the effects of water potential on microbial CO2 production; C mineralization rates in surface soils were more affected by conditions of moderate drought than rates in subsurface soils. With respect to the effects of soil temperature and nutrient levels on C mineralization rates, subsurface horizons were significantly more sensitive to increases in temperature or nutrient availability than surface horizons. The mean Q10 value for C mineralization rates was 3.0 in surface horizons and 3.9 in subsurface horizons. The addition of either N or P had negligible effects on microbial CO2 production in surface soil layers; in the subsurface horizons, the addition of either N or P increased CO2 production by up to 450% relative to the control. The results of these experiments suggest that alterations of the soil environment may have different effects on CO2 production through the profile and that the mineralization of subsurface C stores may be particularly susceptible to increases in temperature or nutrient inputs to soil.
Regional‐scale measurements of CH4 exchange from a tall tower over a mixed temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest
Authors: Werner Cindy , Davis Kenneth , Bakwin Peter , Yi Chuixiang , Hurst Dale , Lock Loreen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe biosphere–atmosphere exchange of methane (CH4) was estimated for a temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest ecosystem in northern Wisconsin for 1997–1999 using the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method. Gradients of CH4 and CO2 and CO2 flux were measured on the 447‐m WLEF‐TV tower as part of the Chequamegon Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (ChEAS). No systematic diurnal variability was observed in regional CH4 fluxes measured using the MBR method. In all 3 years, regional CH4 emissions reached maximum values during June–August (24±14.4 mg m−2 day−1), coinciding with periods of maximum soil temperatures. In 1997 and 1998, the onset in CH4 emission was coincident with increases in ground temperatures following the melting of the snow cover. The onset of emission in 1999 lagged 100 days behind the 1997 and 1998 onsets, and was likely related to postdrought recovery of the regional water table to typical levels. The net regional emissions were 3.0, 3.1, and 2.1 g CH4 m−2 for 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Annual emissions for wetland regions within the source area (28% of the land area) were 13.2, 13.8, and 10.3 g CH4 m−2 assuming moderate rates of oxidation of CH4 in upland regions in 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Scaling these measurements to the Chequamegon Ecosystem (CNNF) and comparing with average wetland emissions between 40°N and 50°N suggests that wetlands in the CNNF emit approximately 40% less than average wetlands at this latitude. Differences in mean monthly air temperatures did not affect the magnitude of CH4 emissions; however, reduced precipitation and water table levels suppressed CH4 emission during 1999, suggesting that long‐term climatic changes that reduce the water table will likely transform this landscape to a reduced source or possibly a sink for atmospheric CH4.
The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower
Authors: Davis Kenneth J. , Bakwin Peter S. , Yi Chuixiang , Berger Bradford W. , Zhao Conglong , Teclaw Ronald M. , Isebrands J. G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe present the annual patterns of net ecosystem‐atmosphere exchange (NEE) of CO2 and H2O observed from a 447 m tall tower sited within a mixed forest in northern Wisconsin, USA. The methodology for determining NEE from eddy‐covariance flux measurements at 30, 122 and 396 m above the ground, and from CO2 mixing ratio measurements at 11, 30, 76, 122, 244 and 396 m is described. The annual cycle of CO2 mixing ratio in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is also discussed, and the influences of local NEE and large‐scale advection are estimated. During 1997 gross ecosystem productivity (947−18 g C m−2 yr−1), approximately balanced total ecosystem respiration (963±19 g C m−2 yr−1), and NEE of CO2 was close to zero (16±19 g C m−2 yr−1 emitted into the atmosphere). The error bars represent the standard error of the cumulative daily NEE values. Systematic errors are also assessed. The identified systematic uncertainties in NEE of CO2 are less than 60 g C m−2 yr−1. The seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2 was highly correlated with leaf‐out and leaf‐fall, and soil thaw and freeze, and was similar to purely deciduous forest sites. The mean daily NEE of CO2 during the growing season (June through August) was −1.3 g C m−2 day−1, smaller than has been reported for other deciduous forest sites. NEE of water vapor largely followed the seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2, with a lag in the spring when water vapor fluxes increased before CO2 uptake. In general, the Bowen ratios were high during the dormant seasons and low during the growing season. Evapotranspiration normalized by potential evapotranspiration showed the opposite pattern. The seasonal course of the CO2 mixing ratio in the ABL at the tower led the seasonal pattern of NEE of CO2 in time: in spring, CO2 mixing ratios began to decrease prior to the onset of daily net uptake of CO2 by the forest, and in fall mixing ratios began to increase before the forest became a net source for CO2 to the atmosphere. Transport as well as local NEE of CO2 are shown to be important components of the ABL CO2 budget at all times of the year.
Stress influence on genesis, onset and maintenance of cardiovascular diseases: literature review
Authors: Franco Gianfabio P. , de Barros Alba L.B.L. , Nogueira‐Martins Luiz A. , Michel Jeanne L.M. 
Published: August 2003

Background. Recent mortality profiles in Brazil show that circulatory diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil. These disorders contribute to 34% of deaths, with 50% of those deaths occurring in people under 50 years of age, that is, in people who are still active in the workforce. We assume that the growing incidence of cardiovascular diseases has occurred as the globalization of Brazil continues and brings with it the associated health risk factors of modern lifestyles, including stress.Aim. This paper reports the evidence on the influence of stress in the development, onset and progress of cardiovascular diseases. We aim to define the concept of stress and to point systematically to the interrelationships between its emotional and bodily manifestations through a discussion of the history and study of stress. We then suggest that factors leading to the experience of stress in Brazil are no different than in any other modern nation. We further offer a perspective on nursing interventions currently undertaken in Brazil in both hospital and community settings, with their more recent emphasis on health promotion and prevention.Methods. An extensive literature review was undertaken. The data presented here were selected from reviews and clinical studies described in MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO databases, as well as in the classical literature. We also refer to the current Brazilian literature on the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors.Conclusions. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Brazil is rising. Because of the globalization of Brazilian society, with its consequent competitiveness and accelerated modern lifestyles, Brazilians are no less immune to the usual health risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases. Stresses associated with a modern lifestyle, however, are emerging as a new and major risk for developing cardiovascular diseases in Brazil.
The relationship of critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students
Authors: Profetto‐McGrath Joanne 
Published: August 2003

Background. Critical thinking is essential to nursing practice; therefore, knowledge and understanding of nursing students’ critical thinking skills (CTS) and related dispositions are important to nurse educators. This paper presents the results of a non‐experimental study conducted in spring 1998, identifies implications for nurse educators, and offers recommendations for future research.Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the CTS and critical thinking dispositions (CTD) of students enrolled in a 4‐year baccalaureate programme at a university in Western Canada.Methods. The study used a cross‐sectional design. Data collection occurred during regularly scheduled classes. A volunteer sample of 228 students from all 4 years of the baccalaureate programme completed a background/demographic questionnaire, the California Critical Thinking Skills Test, and the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. The reliability of the test and inventory were established using the Kuder Richardson 20 and Cronbach Alpha respectively. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out.Findings. Critical thinking mean scores increased from years 1 to 4 with the exception of year 3. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the four student groups. Although differences in critical thinking disposition scores were not statistically significant, students’ scores differed significantly on the systematicity subscale. There was a significant relationship between students’ overall CTS and CTD scores.Conclusions. Approximately 38% of the students in the current study had adequate levels of CTS and 85·5% of the students had adequate levels of CTD. Results indicate a need for students’ continued development in these areas. Dispositions are crucial to critical thinking; without them critical thinking does not happen or may be substandard.
Critical care nursing research priorities in Hong Kong
Authors: Lopez Violeta 
Published: August 2003

Background. Research is vital to nursing practice especially in an area such as critical care, where nursing practice continues to increase in complexity and nurses assume greater responsibility and accountability for patient care. However, without knowledge of what are the most significant problems or questions affecting the welfare of critically ill patients in Hong Kong, nurses’ research efforts may be directed to areas that are not of highest priority in today's climate of decreasing health care resources and changing health care provision.Aim. To identify and prioritize research questions of importance to Hong Kong critical care nurses.Method. A three‐round Delphi technique was used to solicit, identify and prioritize problems for critical care nursing research.Results. Respondents who completed the third round had a mean of 6·25 years of critical care nursing experience. Ninety‐one research topics were ranked important or extremely important. Twenty‐seven research priorities ranked as extremely important included topics relating to patient care, family care, nursing, technology, alternative interventions, and illness prevention/health promotion research domains. Thirteen research topics were ranked as least important. None of the participants ranked research topics as not important.Study limitations. Only full‐time active members of the Hong Kong Association of Critical Care Nurses participated in this study and they may not necessarily represent the views of all critical care nurses in Hong Kong. In addition, no attempts were made to compare research priorities between specialty groups of nurses.Conclusion. With the re‐structuring of Hong Kong's health care system, critical care nurses are expected to take an active role in advancing the profession, and to be accountable for improving patient outcomes by use of effective, evidence‐based interventions. The research priorities identified in this study may provide impetus and direction for critical care nursing research initiatives.