bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder‐I phenotype: review of phenomenology and longitudinal course
Authors: Craney James L , Geller Barbara 
Published: July 2003

Objective: Phenomenology, assessment, longitudinal, and psychosocial findings from an ongoing, controlled, prospective study of 93 subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA‐BP) will be reviewed.Methods: Unlike adult‐onset bipolar disorder, for which there were over 50 years of systematic investigations, there were a paucity of rigorous data and much controversy and skepticism about the existence and characteristics of prepubertal‐onset mania. With this background, issues to address for investigation of child‐onset mania included the following: (i) What to do about the differentiation of mania from attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (ii) How to deal with the ubiquity of irritability as a presenting symptom in multiple child psychiatry disorders. (iii) Development of a research instrument to assess prepubertal manifestations of adult mania (i.e. children do not ‘max out’ credit cards or have four marriages). (iv) How to distinguish normal childhood happiness and expansiveness from pathologically impairing elated mood and grandiosity.Results: To address these issues, a PEA‐BP phenotype was defined as DSM‐IV mania with elated mood and/or grandiosity as one inclusion criterion. This criterion ensured that the diagnosis of mania was not made using only criteria that overlapped with those for ADHD, and that subjects had at least one of the two cardinal symptoms of mania (i.e. elated mood and grandiose behaviors). Subjects were aged 10.9 years (SD = 2.6) and age of onset of the current episode at baseline was 7.3 years (SD = 3.5). Validation of PEA‐BP was shown by reliable assessment, 6‐month stability, and 1‐ and 2‐year diagnostic longitudinal outcome. PEA‐BP resembled the severest form of adult‐onset mania by presenting with a chronic, mixed mania, psychotic, continuously (ultradian) cycling picture.Conclusion: Counterintuitively, typical 7‐year‐old children with PEA‐BP were more severely ill than typical 27 year olds with adult‐onset mania. Moreover, longitudinal data strongly supported differentiation of PEA‐BP from ADHD.
Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: the role of progestins
Authors: Stahlberg Claudia , Pedersen Anette Tønnes , Lynge Elsebeth , Ottesen Bent 
Published: July 2003

Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of breast cancer associated with the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This notion is mostly based on studies from the USA. During the last decades unopposed estrogen treatment has been used to a lesser extent, whereas the combined estrogen‐progestin treatment regimen is now prescribed worldwide. In the USA the predominant compounds are conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone‐acetate, whereas oestradiol combined with testosterone‐like progestins is commonly used in Europe. These differences are mainly the result of traditions. Recent studies originating from both the USA and Europe suggest that the combined treatment regimens with estrogen and progestin increase the risk of breast cancer beyond the risk following the use of unopposed estrogen. At present it is not known if progestins with different androgenecity influence the risk of breast cancer to a varying degree.This review focuses on studies published after the latest meta‐analysis in 1997, with special attention given to the type of progestin used and the treatment mode, i.e. cyclical or continuous regimen.
Gender differences in binge‐eating: a population‐based twin study
Authors: Reichborn‐Kjennerud T. , Bulik C. M. , Kendler K. S. , Røysamb E. , Maes H. , Tambs K. , Harris J. R. 
Published: July 2003

Objective: To assess whether genetic and environmental effects on liability to binge‐eating (BE) are of equal importance for males and females and whether the same genetic risk factors predispose to BE in the two sexes.Method: Questionnaire data on 8045 same sex and opposite sex twins, aged 19–31 years, from a population‐based Norwegian registry, was used to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to liability for BE utilizing structural equation modeling.Results: In the best‐fitting model, the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on BE was the same for males and females. Heritability was 51%. The correlation between genetic risk factors in men and women was estimated to be +0.57.Conclusion: Binge‐eating appears to be equally heritable in males and females. Although the majority of the genetic risk factors are shared between the sexes, there may exist gender‐specific genetic effects on liability.
Serum leptin and cholesterol levels in schizophrenic patients with and without suicide attempts
Authors: Atmaca M. , Kuloglu M. , Tezcan E. , Ustundag B. 
Published: July 2003

Objective: Previous studies demonstrate a relationship between lipid metabolism and suicide or impulsive–aggressive behaviours. Leptin seems to be related with lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim was to measure total serum cholesterol and leptin levels in 16 medication‐free schizophrenic patients with and without suicide attempts and in 16 healthy controls.Method: Subjects were assessed by using Impulsivity Rating (IRS) and Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS).Results: The patients had lower total cholesterol and leptin levels in serum compared with the controls. Significantly lower total cholesterol and leptin levels were observed in patients who had attempted suicide compared with those who had not. The levels were observed to be low in violent attempters when compared with non‐violent attempters. MOAS and IRS scores were negatively correlated with both cholesterol or leptin levels in patients.Conclusion: The results indicated that medication‐free schizophrenic patients have statistically significant lower serum cholesterol and leptin levels compared with controls and the difference is obvious in suicide attempters compared with non‐suicide attempters and in violent attempters than non‐violent attempters.
Nicotine inhibits palatal fusion and modulates nicotinic receptors and the PI‐3 kinase pathway in medial edge epithelia*
Authors: Kang Pei , Svoboda Kathy K.H. 
Published: July 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors –Kang P, Svoboda KKHObjectives –To analyze the effects of nicotine on palatal fusion inhibitionin vitroand determine if nicotine modulated transforming growth factorβ3 or phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase signaling. A second objective was to determine the localization and regulation of nicotinic receptors in the medial edge epithelia (MEE) during palatal fusion.Design –Palatal shelves from embryonic day (E) 13.5 mice were cultured in serum free media and treated with 0, 0.06, 0.6, or 6 mM nicotine, nicotinic receptor antagonistα‐bungarotoxin, or the combination of nicotine andα‐bungarotoxin. Tissues harvested at 72 h were analyzed for epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and fusion. MEE samples collected at 20 h were analyzed for phosphorylated Akt‐Ser473, phosphorylated Smad2, and nicotinic receptors.Results –Nicotine inhibited palatal fusionin vitroin a dose dependent manner. Activated Akt‐Ser473 was greater in control MEE than in nicotine treated tissues; while there was no difference in activated Smad2 between groups. Theα7 subunit of nicotinic receptor was expressed in MEE during palate fusion and increased in nicotine treated tissues. Alpha‐bungarotoxin did not rescue the nicotine treated palates.Conclusion –Nicotine treatment had no effect on Smad2, but caused a down regulation of the PI‐3 kinase pathway that may have contributed to inhibiting palatal fusionin vitro.
Facial anthropometry of Hong Kong Chinese babies
Authors: Fok T.F. , Hon K.L. , So H.K. , Ng P.C. , Wong E. , Lee A.K.Y , Chang A. 
Published: July 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors – Fok TF, Hon KL, So HK, Wong E, Ng PC, Lee AKY, Chang AObjectives – To provide a database of the craniofacial measurements of Chinese infants born in Hong Kong.Design – Prospective cross‐sectional study.Setting and Sample Population – A total of 2371 healthy singleton, born consecutively at the Prince of Wales Hospital and the Union Hospital from June 1998 to June 2000, were included in the study. The range of gestation was 33–42 weeks.Measurements and Results – Measurements included facial width (FW), facial height (FH), nasal length (NL), nasal width (NW), and length of the philtrum (PhilL). The facial, nasal, nasofacial and nasozygomatic indices were derived. The data show generally higher values for males in the parameters measured. The various indices remained remarkably constant and did not vary significantly between the two genders or with gestation. When compared with previously published data for white people term babies, Chinese babies have similar NW but shorter philtrum length.Conclusion – The human face appears to grow in a remarkably constant fashion as defined by the various indices of facial proportions. This study establishes the first set of gestational age‐specific standard of such craniofacial parameters for Chinese new‐borns, potentially enabling early syndromal diagnosis. There are significant inter‐racial differences in these craniofacial parameters.
Perceived long‐term prognosis of teeth with orthodontically resorbed roots
Authors: Lee Kook S. , Straja Sorin R. , Tuncay Orhan C. 
Published: July 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors – Lee KS, Straja SR, Tuncay OCObjectives – To investigate the perceived significance of root resorption in the dental community.Study Design and Sample – Mail out survey questionnaire accompanied by morphed images of 10–50% root resorption. General practitioners, periodontists, prosthodontists and orthodontists were the participants.Outcome Measures – Correlations between ‘significant’ and ‘detrimental to the longevity of the tooth’. These assessments were conducted within specialty groups and among. Also measured was the source of knowledge upon which practitioner assessments were based.Results and Conclusions – General practitioners were the most concerned about root resorption. Although most practitioners feel 50% root resorption is significant and detrimental to the longevity of the tooth, extraction followed by prosthetic replacement was not an option. No agreement among practitioners when orthodontic treatment should be terminated; the general practitioners were conservative suggesting termination after 35% root loss. History of trauma, genetic disposition and root morphology are the most cited predisposing factors. Lengthy treatment time concerns general practitioners more than the orthodontists. With the exception of orthodontists, dentists believe excessive force is detrimental to the root, but no one is able to define what excessive force is. Overall, dental school curricula overstate the causes of root resorption. Generally, dental professionals seem to base their opinions on myths and are largely inconsistent in their assessments.
The pre‐natal development and osseous growth of the human cerebellar field
Authors: Lomholt J.F. , Nolting D. , Kjær I. , Hansen B.F. , Stoltze K. 
Published: July 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors – Lomholt JF, Nolting D, Hansen BF, Stoltze K, Kjær IObjectives – To describe the pre‐natal development of the bones that enclose the cerebellum and part of the brain stem (the neuro‐osteological cerebellar field) in the mid‐sagittal plane.Design – Radiographic, cephalometric and histologic examination of normal pre‐natal human fetuses; 50 normal fetuses, with crown‐rump length of 18–227 mm and approximate gestational age from 6 to 26 weeks.Results – The cerebellar field expressed extensive growth during development both sagittally and vertically. Because of changes in shape, the field was displaced in an anterio‐caudal direction.Conclusion – In the present study we recorded normal measurements of size, shape and position of the cerebellar field. These standards can be used as references in skeletal analysis of cases with cranial abnormalities and cerebellar malformations.
Prediction of mesiodistal canine and premolar tooth width in a sample of Peruvian adolescents
Authors: Flores‐Mir C , Bernabé E , Camus C , Carhuayo MA , Major PW 
Published: July 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors – Flores‐Mir C, Bernabé E, Camus C, Carhuayo MA, Major PWObjectives – To compare the predicted tooth width measurements of permanent canine and premolars from Tanaka–Johnston regression equations and Moyers probability tables with the in situ measurements in a sample of Peruvian adolescents.Design – Cross‐sectional.Setting and sample population – Trujillo, Peru; 248 dental casts were measured using a sliding caliper with a Vernier scale rounded to 0.1 mm.Results – Tanaka–Johnston regression equations were not precise, except for the upper arch in the male sample. For females, the Moyers 95th percentile in the upper arch and the 65th percentile in the lower arch predicted the sum precisely. For males, the Moyers 65th percentile for the lower arch predicted the sum precisely, but none of the Moyers percentiles provided precise prediction in the upper arch.Conclusions – Using tooth width prediction methods from a different racial origin could create an under‐ or overestimation of the actual combined canine and premolar tooth width, although their clinical significance is disputable.
Tissue reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in different bone turnover conditions
Authors: Verna C. , Melsen B. 
Published: July 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors – Verna C, Melsen BObjectives – To study the tissue reaction to orthodontic load in normal, high, and low bone turnover states.Design – ‘Split mouth’ design performing orthodontic tooth movement in 52, 6‐month‐old male rats with: normal (n = 19), high (n = 16), and low bone turnover (n = 17), the latter two being obtained by induction of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively. Performed at the Department of Orthodontics at Aarhus University.Experimental Variable – The upper left first molar was moved for 21 days. Bone markers were administered 7 and 2 days before killing. Histological sections were cut at the coronal and apical levels.Outcome Measure – Alveolar socket area, periodontal ligament width, the relative extension of alveolar wall with erosion surfaces, and the mineralizing surfaces were measured and compared in the three groups.Results – Alveolar socket, periodontal ligament width, and erosion surface were larger on the treated than on the control side in the three groups. The normal and hypothyroid groups showed a wider periodontal ligament at the bucco‐distal site at the coronal level, while the hyperthyroid group showed a widening which was not spatially oriented. The normal and hyperthyroid groups showed higher erosion at the corono‐mesial site. The mineralizing surfaces were larger on the treated than on the control side in the normal and hypothyroid groups, but not in the hyperthyroid group.Conclusion – In the hyperthyroid group, the widening of the periodontal ligament was not spatially oriented and the increased erosion was not accompanied by increased formation, as observed in the normal and hypothyroid groups.
An investigation into the role of light during desiccation of three angiosperm resurrection plants
Authors: FARRANT J. M. , VANDER WILLIGEN C. , LOFFELL D. A. , BARTSCH S. , WHITTAKER A. 
Published: July 2003

ABSTRACTUnder water‐limiting conditions excitation energy harnessed by chlorophyll can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Resurrection plants minimize their formation by preventing the opportunity for light–chlorophyll interaction but also quench them via antioxidants. Poikilochlorohyllous species such as Xerophyta humilis break down chlorophyll to avoid ROS formation. Homoiochlorophyllous types retain chlorophyll. We proposed that leaf folding during drying of Craterostigma wilmsii and Myrothamnus flabellifolius shades chlorophyll to avoid ROS (Farrant, Plant Ecology 151, 29–39, 2000). This was tested by preventing leaf folding during drying in light. As controls, plants were dried without light, and X. humilis was included. Craterostigma wilmsii did not survive drying in light if the leaves were prevented from folding, despite protection from increased anthocyanin and sucrose and elevated antioxidant enzyme activity. Membranes were damaged, electrolyte leakage was elevated and plastoglobuli (evidence of light stress) accumulated in chloroplasts. Restrained leaves of M. flabellifolius survived drying in light. Leaf folding allows less shading, but the extent of chemical protection (anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity) is considerably higher in this species compared with C. wilmsii. Chemical protection appears to be light regulated in M. flabellifolius but not in C. wilmsii. Drying in the dark resulted in loss of viability in the homoiochlorophyllous but not the poikilochlorophyllous species. It is hypothesized that some of the genes required for protection are light regulated in the former.
Biochemical regulation of isoprene emission
Authors: WOLFERTZ M. , SHARKEY T. D. , BOLAND W. , KÜHNEMANN F. , YEH S. , WEISE S. E. 
Published: July 2003

ABSTRACTIsoprene (C5H8) is emitted from many plants and has a substantial effect on atmospheric chemistry. There are several models to estimate the rate of isoprene emission used to calculate the impact of isoprene on atmospheric processes. The rate of isoprene synthesis will depend either on the activity of isoprene synthase or the availability of its substrate dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). To investigate long‐term regulation of isoprene synthesis, the isoprene emission rate of 15 kudzu leaves was measured. The chloroplast DMAPP level of the five leaves with the highest emission rates and the five leaves with the lowest rates were determined by non‐aqueous fractionation of the bulked leaf samples. Leaves with high basal emission rates had low levels of DMAPP whereas leaves with low basal emission rates had high DMAPP levels in their chloroplasts indicating that the activity of isoprene synthase exerts primary control over the basal emission rate. To investigate short‐term regulation, isoprene precursors were fed to leaves. Feeding dideuterated deoxyxylulose (DOX‐d2) to Eucalyptus leaves resulted in the emission of dideuterated isoprene. Results from DOX‐d2 feeding experiments indicated that control of isoprene emission rate was shared between reactions upstream and downstream of the DOX entry into isoprene metabolism. In CO2‐free air DOX always increased isoprene emission indicating that carbon availability was an important control factor. In N2, isoprene emission stopped and could not be recovered by adding DOX‐d2. Taken together, these results indicate that the regulation of isoprene emission is shared among several steps and the relative importance of the different steps in controlling isoprene emission varies with conditions.
A new method for vulnerability analysis of small xylem areas reveals that compression wood of Norway spruce has lower hydraulic safety than opposite wood
Authors: MAYR S. , COCHARD H. 
Published: July 2003

ABSTRACTCompression wood is formed at the underside of conifer twigs to keep branches at their equilibrium position. It differs from opposite wood anatomically and subsequently in its mechanical and hydraulic properties. The specific hydraulic conductivity (ks) and vulnerability to drought‐induced embolism (loss of conductivity versus water potential ψ) in twigs of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were studied via cryo‐scanning electron microscope observations, dye experiments and a newly developed ‘Micro‐Sperry’ apparatus. This new technique enabled conductivity measurements in small xylem areas by insertion of syringe cannulas into twig samples. The hydraulic properties were related to anatomical parameters (tracheid diameter, wall thickness). Compression wood exhibited 79% lower ks than opposite wood corresponding to smaller tracheid diameters. Vulnerability was higher in compression wood despite its narrower tracheids and thicker cell walls. The P50 (ψ at 50% loss of conductivity) was −3.6 MPa in opposite but only −3.2 MPa in compression wood. Low hydraulic efficiency and low hydraulic safety indicate that compression wood has primarily a mechanical function.
A comparison of fish assemblages associated with different riparian vegetation types in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River system
Authors: Growns I. , Gehrke P. C. , Astles K. L. , Pollard D. A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractFish assemblages in six reaches of the Hawkesbury–Nepean River were studied to identify the effects of two types of riparian vegetation; well‐vegetated banks supporting complex flora dominated by trees and shrubs, and grassed banks, that have been colonised only by grasses after historical deforestation. The fish assemblages showed both spatial and temporal differences and habitats adjacent to grassed banks supported more individuals and more fish species than well‐vegetated banks. Three small species of fish, firetail gudgeon, Hypseleotris galii (Ogilby), flathead gudgeon, Philypnodon grandiceps (Krefft), and empire gudgeon, Hypseleotris compressa (Krefft), occurred in greater abundances adjacent to grassed banks, but freshwater mullet, Myxus petardi (Castelnau), were less abundant near grassed banks than beside well‐vegetated banks. Differences were also shown in the size frequencies of the four larger fish species between riparian vegetation types. The observed differences in the distributions of fish species appeared to be related to the greater abundance aquatic macrophytes near grassed banks, probably an effect of shading of macrophytes near well‐vegetated banks.
Yield, growth and mortality rate of the Thai river sprat, Clupeichthys aesarnensis, in Sirinthorn Reservoir, Thailand
Authors: Jutagate T. , De Silva S. S. , Mattson N. S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe Thai river sprat, Clupeichthys aesarnensis Wongratana, is a clupeid with a short life span, and supports artisanal fisheries in a number of reservoirs in the Mekong Basin. The growth parameters, mortality rates and the status of the Thai river sprat in Sirinthorn Reservoir (28 800 ha), NE Thailand (15°N; 105°E), are presented. The fishery is based on lured lift‐nets, operated 7–14 days in the new moon period, September to April each year. It was shown that the von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) model was Lt (mm) = 78.43[1 − exp{−0.211[t − (−0.7996)]}] and its growth conformed to an isometric pattern. Natural mortality rate (month−1) was 0.13 month−1. Total mortality rates ranged from 0.69 to 1.53 month−1 depending on the weather and the fishing season. Recruitment was continuous throughout the year but peaked in June and July. The yield per recruit model indicated that the exploitation rate of this fishery is probably too high.
The flood pulse and growth of floodplain fish in Bangladesh
Authors: De Graaf G. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe floodplain fisheries associated with the Compartmentalization Pilot Project, Tangail, Bangladesh, were monitored using a traditional length‐based fish stock assessment programme from 1992 to 1998. The growth of Colisa fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider) and Channa punctata (Bloch) was significantly higher in years of high floods. Further, the annual yields of Puntius sophore (Hamilton), C. punctata and C. fasciatus were significantly higher in years with high growth rates. The increased growth rate resulted in the presence of two cohorts in the catches during high floods instead of one cohort during years of low flooding. The species studied had relatively short life spans with longevity of 2.4–4.6 years. The majority of fishes did not survive the first year of their lives because of the low survival rate caused by high fishing mortality, which suggests that the fishes in the floodplains of Bangladesh exhibit an annual cycle. Annual fish yields in the flood plains of Bangladesh, appear to be maintained, despite the high fishing effort, by the annual flood pulse providing the nutrient‐rich environment needed for the remaining r‐strategists to survive.