bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Modal Logic
Authors: Fitting Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modal logics are logics of qualified truth.Necessary, obligatory, true after an action (such as running a computer program),known, knowable, believed, provable, from now on, so far, since anduntil are qualifiers with similar formal characteristics. But while they are related, these qualifiers differ markedly from each other.Necessity can have different properties depending on whether physical necessity, logical necessity, or something else is being considered. Even if this has been decided, can we have a sentence whose truth is necessary, without that fact in turn being necessary? Briefly, if some truth is necessary, is it necessarily necessary? What if a sentence is not necessarily true; must that be a necessary truth? In every-day life we are not in the habit of asking such questions, and so may have little feeling for appropriate answers.Known andbelieved differ in a basic principle: what is known must be true, but what is believed need not be. Time can be thought of as discrete or continuous, the future as fixed or not, the past as determined or not, so qualifiers likeuntil can be given varied interpretations. In addition to variations motivated by considerations like these, large numbers of modal logics have been created for purely formal purposes: their mathematical properties are of interest for some reason or other. Clearly there are a great many modal logics and it is impossible to cover them all in even passing detail.
Unification Theory
Authors: Baader Franz , Siekrnann Jörg H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most knowledge-based systems in artificial intelligence (AI) with a commitment to a symbolic representation support one important operation: ‘matching of descriptions’. This operation, called unification in the field of deduction systems, is the ‘addition and multiplication’ of many AI systems, and is consequently often supported by special purpose hardware or by a fast instruction set. Unification theory provides the formal framework for investigations into the properties of this operation, which is in essence the solving of equations in an (equationally defined) free algebra.
The Semantics of Types in Programming Languages
Authors: Gunter Carl A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the twentieth century, there have been at least two lines of development of the notion of a type. One of these uses types to conquer problems in the foundations of mathematics. For example, type distinctions can resolve troubling paradoxes that lead to inconsistent systems. But a second, more recent, line of investigation into types pursues their application in programming languages. Although computer architectures themselves suggest few type distinctions, ‘higher-level’ programming languages generally use a classification of data into types to serve a variety of different purposes. There are at least four motives for doing this.
Continuing mathematics
Authors: Clark Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventions described in the previous chapter for sub- and superscripting may also be used for some of Tex’s ‘large operators’. Perhaps the two key operators are \sum for summation, and \int for integral sign. Note that \Sigma and \sum are different (they may look similar, but they behave differently): when placed side by side Σand Σ the difference is quite apparent.
Graphics
Authors: Clark Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a very large extent, Tex was designed for the placement of characters on a page. It was implicitly assumed that the characters were probably alphabetic or mathematical. Nevertheless, Knuth notes If you enjoy fooling around making pictures, instead of type setting ordinary text, Tex will be a source of endless frustration/amusement for you, because almost anything is possible... While it is well able to draw horizontal and vertical lines, or even to plot dots more or less at random (see, for example, Knuth, 1986, p.389, and Figure 17.1), most people expect a little more from their graphics. There is also an architectural limitation: although Tex could easily simulate an arbitrary continuous curve by placing a very large number of small dots (or rules) on the page (or screen), Tex was only granted a finite memory. You quickly run out of memory. This is all the more distressing since there now exist versions of Tex with small and large amounts of memory (basically related to the addressing ability: 64-bit Tex on a Cray has potentially much more memory than 16-bit Tex on a pc: Tex in-UNIX is generally somewhere in between). Sadly, this has had the effect of making Tex documents less portable, and seriously undermines Tex’s claim to universality.
Jonsson Algebras In Inaccessibles λ, Not λ-Marlo [Sh 380]
Authors: Shelah Saharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using quite complete (mainly normal) filters to get bounds (even equalities) in Cardinal Arithmetic has a long history. Scott [Sc] proved that for ““ measurable if GOH holds below “‘k it holds for “‘k by taking ultrapower of the universe, which is still well founded and include P(k,,). Solovay [Sol] proved that above a compact cardinal.
Advanced: Cofinalities Of Reduced Products [Sh 371]
Authors: Shelah Saharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 6 we give a strong answer when λ. is successor of regular (by 6.1 as explained in 6.2(1)). So for this case, we answer Rubin Shelah [RuSh117] question (1) (p.46 line-4), hence question (2) (p. 46 line-1) as we contradict the expected answer to (1). In [Sh430] we get an answer to original questions without this restriction (and without the additional information).
Modal Deduction with Applications in Epistemic and Temporal Logics
Authors: Cerro Luis Farinas del , Herzig Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The widespread use of non-classical logics in Artificial Intelligence makes it desirable to have automated deduction methods (and in particular resolution methods) for these logics at our disposal. In this chapter we present several automated deduction methods for modal logics. We focus on the problems of normal forming and variable skolemization, which prove to be harder than in classical logic because of the enriched language. In particular we study a special type of modal logics called deterministic logics which provide a very general framework for these deduction methods. Their semantics are based upon access functions instead of accessibility relations. That allows us to refer explicitly to possible worlds. For these logics several difficult problems, like the existence of normal forms, can be solved in a very simple way, by skolemizing modal operators.
An Introduction to Quantum Theory
Authors: Hannabuss Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to quantum theory, primarily for mathematics students. It assumes a knowledge of basic algebra and elementary group theory, with little or no familiarity with more advanced topics. Although it takes a traditional approach, the book exploits ideas of linear algebra and points out some of the mathematical subtleties of the theory. It also covers such topics as Bell's inequalities and coherent and squeezed states, and introduces group representation theory, algebraic quantum theory, and quantum statistical mechanics. Later chapters discuss relativistic wave equations and elementary particle symmetries from a group-theoretical standpoint.
Inference operations on scenario descriptions
Authors: Sandewall Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reasoning about scenario descriptions may appear to be a straightforward application of formal logic, but it turns out to have a number of peculiar characteristics which have to do with how different types of premise are expressed. The preSCDt chapter attempts to express, in precise terms, both what the important issues are and how they can be broken down into more restricted subproblems.
What is Logic?*
Authors: Hacking Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What follows is a general theory about classical logic. It is not to be expected that logic can be or should be characterized to everyone’s satisfaction, for the subject is too ancient, its workers too active, and its scope too vast for that. Instead this chapter falls within one lively and enduring tradition, the one called ‘logicist’. It is an organization and development of some of the thoughts of Leibniz, Bolzano, Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein. The main technical device is due to Gentzen. The chief philosophical idea that has not already been widely used by many writers is taken from the Tractatus. The general thrust of the inquiry goes back to Frege and to Leibniz, but although I shall allude to origins I shall not trace them in any detailed way.
General Dynamic Logic
Authors: Benthem Johan van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A ‘logical system’ is a complex architecture for analysing one or more styles of reasoning. This paper approaches this notion by example, focussing on current ‘dynamic’ conceptions of logic, as being concerned both with declarative propositions and with cognitive procedures of update, revision, etc. The semantic model proposed for this purpose is a general dynamic logic (inspired by dynamic logic in computer science). We show how this architecture leads to (1) new perspectives on logical constants (essentially, these become invariants in an infinite hierarchy of process simulations), (2) notions of inference (which may be classified via sets of structural rules and corresponding representation theorems) as well as (3) a systematic study of switching mechanisms between static and dynamic levels, effecting a flow of information between short-term and long-term reasoning.
Defeasible Logics: Demarcation and Affinities
Authors: Alchourrón Carlos E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is twofold: to present a certain general perspective on the nature of conditionals, and to develop a formal apparatus, semantic and syntactic, that reflects it. The general perspective is that conditionals of ordinary language, whether they be counterfactual or not, are usually intended defeasible and for this reason fail the principles of both antecedent-strengthening (alias monotony) and modus ponens. However, in the cases in which a conditional is meant indefeasibly, both these principles hold. This perspective runs counter to the familiar one embodied in the Stalnaker-Lewis account of counterfactuals, where modus ponens is accepted whilst antecedent-strengthening is not. In contrast, we see no good reason for abandoning the latter apart from defeasibility, which when present also requires abandonment of the former.
Dynamic properties of polymer solutions
Authors: Brown Wyn , Nicolai Taco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not our intention to review the application of DLS to the field of polymer solutions, which would be a prohibitive undertaking, but rather to illustrate the application of the technique in a number of chosen areas. We describe in Section 6.2 some selected applications of dynamic light scattering to the study of the properties of dilute polymer solutions in terms of translational as well as internal motions of the polymer coil. Section 6.3 deals with dynamical behaviour in semidilute solution, reflecting the structure of the transient network when polymer coils overlap. Section 6.4 describes some applications to ternary polymer systems.
Diffusing-wave spectroscopy
Authors: Weitz David A , Pine David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe a recent development in dynamic light scattering (DLS), which may ultimately have a significant impact on the range of problems that can be addressed and on the types of system that can be studied. We discuss diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS), which extends DLS to very highly multiple scattering media. This technique extends the analytic power of DLS to opaque samples such as concentrated suspensions, obviating the need to dilute or index-match. In addition, DWS opens new and exciting possibilities for studying particle dynamics on length scales that are unattainable using conventional methods. We present a summary of the theoretical principles underlying DWS, and discuss its applications, both in extending traditional DLS techniques and in studying new physical phenomena. The development of DWS is still in its relatively early stages, and considerably more work is needed to exploit this technique fully. Our goal here is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the underlying principles, and to provide some examples illustrating the great promise of DWS, in the hope of making further work more productive.
General Introduction
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last few decades Newton’s itinerary to the Principia has been meticulously reconstructed through the study of his private manuscripts and correspondence; the new picture which has emerged has enriched enormously our understanding of his work in many aspects, ranging from the interaction between mathematics and mechanics to the role of alchemy and theology. The formation of Leibniz’s techniques and ideas about planetary motion is extremely well documented in an exciting series of previously unknown manuscripts which are published and analysed here for the first time. Leibniz’s manuscripts, dating from the late 1680s, include his first annotations to the Principia and his first attempts to construct an alternative theory; they are among the most extensive documents we possess on the early reception of Newton’s masterpiece, and while providing us with deeper insights into Leibniz’s thought and strategy, allow us to gain a better understanding of Newton’s theory as well. They constitute stimulating material for reconsidering the issues of equivalence between rival theories, mathematical formulations and physical interpretations, private research versus publication, intellectual property, and priority in the late seventeenth century. These issues are inextricably interwoven with the dispute about the world system between the Cambridge Lucasian Professor and the Court Librarian and Councillor in Hanover.
Astronomy And The Keplerian Programme
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Leibniz explicitly mentions Kepler as one of his masters, the role of Keplerian themes on Leibniz’s system has been little studied and often altogether ignored. One of the few exceptions is represented by Ernst Cassirer. In his classic monograph Cassirer claims that Kepler’s concept of vera hypothesis developed in the Mysterium Cosmographicum and Apologia pro Tychone contra Ursum was very influential on Leibniz. Cassirer identifies two astronomical traditions whose aims were to provide a description of phenomena and to explain them causally, respectively. Purely descriptive accounts were incapable of going beyond sensory data and establishing a link between experience and the general laws of knowledge. Causal accounts were merely speculative and considered phenomena in a negative way, as something contradicting the course of thought. According to Cassirer, the central theme of the Keplerian reform of astronomy was the view that phenomena were a positive challenge influencing the direction of knowledge.
Continued Fractions
Authors: Fowler D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mathematical techniques developed and deployed so far in the historical reconstructions of this book have not been arithmetised; that is, they have not been expressed in terms of some model, explicit or implicit, of the real numbers and its arithmetic. This chapter will be different. My aim is to prove the main results underlying the reconstruc tion and to describe some of the more recent investigations into the subject, and I shall give this modern theory in the arithmetised style in which it is now conceived, expressed in the modern algebraic idiom. So the formulae in this chapter, and this chapter only, should be regarded as abstractions of the underlying arithmetic of real numbers.
Möbius’s geometrical mechanics
Authors: Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his day, Mobius was probably best known for his popularizations of astronomy. The discoveries that bear his name today achieved fame and importance only after his death. In between these achievements come the ones that established him among the leading mathematicians of his day: his extensive works on geometry and mechanics. It might seem that, with the calculus, these were the central areas of mathematics, but few topics in the subject have the curious history that geometry acquired. The Greeks had made geometry seem almost synonymous with mathematics, and for a time the Western revival of the subject adopted this point of view. But it soon merged with another current that may also be traced back to the Greeks, although it has more important and vital sources—algebra. The consequences for geometry were literally overwhelming. During the eighteenth century it almost disappeared, as the language of algebra and the methods of the calculus took over. The geometrical questions the Greeks had asked, and their natural generalizations to new problems, yielded to the new approach, while the old methods seemed increasingly cumbersome and futile. By 1790, the study of geometry had slowed to a murmur.
Short mean free paths and Anderson localization
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A main theme of this book is the behaviour of the conductivity of metals and semiconductors when the mean free path k is of order a, the distance between atoms or scattering centres. In this case the assumption of single scattering on which the Boltzmann formula (eqn (1.4)) is based breaks down. One way of treating this problem is by using the Kubo-Greenwood formula (Kubo 1956; Greenwood 1958) which we shall now derive. In this formula the conductivity σ (ω) at frequency ω is calculated, and ω is then allowed to tend to zero. We suppose that an electric field F cos ωt acts on a specimen of volume Ω.
Studies of neotropical Caddisflies, XXXVIII: A review of the classification and biology of the neotropical Microcaddisflies, with the description of a new genus (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Leucotrichiini)
Authors: Flint Oliver S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of the neotropical Hydroptilidae, the microcaddisflies, has emerged only in the last 50 years. The first significant contributions were those of Mosely on microcaddisflies of Mexico (1937) and Brazil (19 39). Since then Botosaneanu, Flint, Kelley, Ross, and others have described many new species and genera, while studies being initiated by Harris, Holzenthal, and Flint are producing many new discoveries and changes in apparent relationships. Over the same time frame, knowledge on a world basis of the higher classification of the family has progressed. Nielsen (1948) proposed the first significant classification for the European fauna, Botosaneanu, Flint and Ross added tribes, and Marshall (1979) brought the whole family together into a coherent picture. However, recent collections in south-east Asia and Australia (Wells, personal communication) and the Neotropics (Harris and Holzenthal, personal communications) are revealing many new taxa that do not fit well into the currently accepted tribes. I am presenting here an overview of the current classification of the neotropical microcaddisflies, with notes on their biology.
Systematic catalogue of the Caddisflies of Panama (Trichoptera)
Authors: S. Yolanda Aguila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Trichoptera are holmnetabolous insects which are often overlooked because of their similarity to Microlepidoptera. It is possible to distinguish adults of those two groups by the following characteristics. In Lepidoptera the proboscis (formed from the modified maxillae) is coiled; the maxillary palps are generally reduced or absent; and the body, and in most cases the wings, are covered with scales. In Trichoptera the mouthparts are reduced and the maxillae are not modified to form a coiled proboscis, although the palps are well developed; the body and wings bear setae, which make them appear hairy; and the wings occasionally bear some scales. The majority of Trichoptera larvae are aquatic (including one marine species) or are associated with wet soil. They resemble the larvae of certain aquatic Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Trichopteran larvae may be distinguished from lepidopteran larvae by the absence of prolegs (false legs on the abdomen), present in all Lepidoptera. Trichopteran larvae usually can be distinguished from coleopteran larvae by the absence of cerci.
Nocturnal butterflies in Panama, Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)
Authors: Aiello Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butterflies (Rhopalocera) are the most conspicuous and familiar members of the order Lepidoptera. Their diurnal activity together with their habit of visiting flowers brings them into close proximity with people, and their often colourful wings cause us to notice them. However, it is not only the butterflies that are diurnal and colourful among Lepidoptera. Diurnal behaviour has arisen several times in the order, usually accompanied by colourful wings. The moth families Castniidae, Zygaenidae, Geometridae, Uraniidae, Sphingidae, Arctiidae (in several subfamilies), and Agaristidae all include some diurnal and colourful members, and many people who see them just assume that they are butterflies. Several of these moth families are comprised of exclusively diurnal species, but most of the largest ones are predominantly nocturnal groups. When one considers that, among the close to 120 families of Lepidoptera, diurnal examples can be found only in these few families of moths plus the six families of true butterflies, it becomes apparent that the day-flying habit is actually rather rare. The butterflies themselves are in a distinct minority; they represent only about 10 per cent of lepidopteran species.
Hanging-flies of Panama (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)
Authors: Byers George W , Roggero Ricardo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mecoptera are a small order of insects, including only about 500 species. These are currently assigned to 32 genera in nine families. Panamanian representatives belong to the family Bittacidae. They have a superficial resemblance to large Tipulidae, being slender-bodied, about 20-25 mm in length, with long legs and four long, narrow wings. Although Mecoptera are found in all tropical and temperate regions, the known geographical ranges of most individual species are extremely limited. Some species may actually be rare, but inadequate collecting and observing are surely factors in our meagre knowledge of these insects. The order is an ancient one, well represented among fossil insect remains in rocks of lower Permian age, perhaps 280million years old.
Comparative aspects of the social suppression of reproduction in female marmosets and tamarins
Authors: Abbott D H , Barrett, J , George L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marmosets and tamarins certainly have in common a particular adaptation to reproduction: only one female breeds in any single social group (for reviews see Mittermeier et al. 1988a). This extreme reproductive specialization has become one of the hallmarks of the Callitrichidae where, as far as females are concerned, the winner in social dominance interactions ‘takes all’. The dominant female in each callitrichid group is therefore the only breeding female, and she actively attains and maintains her dominant breeding status (Abbott and Hearn 1978; Epple 1967; French et al. 1984; Rothe 1975b). This state of reproductive affairs is rather unusual for an anthropoid primate. Most primate species are polygamous, and where reproductive suppression is found amongst subordinate female primates, it is usually manifest as poorer birth rates or poorer rates of infant survival in comparison with dominant females (Abbott 1991; Harcourt 1987). This trait of social control of reproduction is apparently taken to its logical conclusion in callitrichid monkeys, where there is a complete social block to reproduction in subordinate females.