bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“She Sired Six Children”: Feminist Experiments with Linguistic Gender
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
recurring theme for feminist novelists of the 1970s was the question of pronouns. Feminist theorist Elaine Morgan notes that if you use the pro noun he in a book about the history of man, “before you are halfway through the first chapter a mental image of this evolving creature begins to form in your mind. It will be a male image and he will be the hero of the story” (quoted in Spender 1980:151). Morgan comments that the use of he is “a simple matter of linguistic convenience” which, given the context, is clearly intended ironically, for the use of generic he is neither simple nor convenient. She goes on to remark that she longs to find a book that begins, “When the first ancestor of the human race descended from the trees, she had not yet developed the mighty brain that was to distinguish her so sharply from other species.” If the feminine pronoun in Morgan’s imaginary textbook produces a sense of shock, this reaction indicates that the reader has, despite the lack of overt markers of masculinity, nevertheless imagined a man. Thus the use of the generic he is no simple matter. Nor is it clear that linguistic convenience would cause one to choose the pronoun he to anaphorize man. This choice is more a matter of gender concord, since singular they is the pronoun of preference in informal speech (where convenience might be said to outweigh elegance) to anaphorize indefinite antecedents: Everyone loves their mother. Most theorists have rejected the substitution of the female pronoun for the male, believing that this would merely turn the problem around without solving it.
Constructing Opposition within Girls’ Games
Authors: Goodwin Marjorie Harness 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since their beginnings in the 1970s, studies of women’s language have proliferated stereotypes, positing deficit views of female interaction pat terns and supporting the notion that women’s “essential nature” is nonconfrontational and apolitical. These studies can be faulted on two counts: First, they neglected the diversity of ways of speaking in endogenous set tings where women live their lives; second, researchers assumed white middle-class American women’s speech to be the norm and found women’s speech deficient with respect to men’s speech (Foster 1995; Henley 1995; Kramarae 1990; Morgan, chapter 1, this volume). Many early studies viewed women as victims forced to act in weak, passive, irrational, ineffective ways. Looking largely at women in cross-sex interaction rather than in same-sex groups, this model ignored the complex ways women interact with one another, as well as the variety of codes from which they may select.
Cultural feminists’ alternative approaches celebrated the distinctiveness of women’s language and highlighted women’s supportive interactional styles (for literature reviews see Bing & Bergvall 1996; Freed 1995; Freeman & McElhinny 1995). Women’s cooperative talk with its “underlying esthetic or organizing principle of ‘harmony’ is emphasized in this model” (Kalcik 1975:6). Women complete each other’s turns, repeat or paraphrase each other’s contributions, and talk simultaneously but not in competition for the floor, preserving equal status and maintaining social closeness (Coates 1991; Falk 1980). According to Senta Troemel-Ploetz (1992:588), “equality among speakers” is achieved by mitigating orders and “toning down and camouflaging dominant speech acts.”
The Hot Group State of Mind: What Is It? Where Is It? Why Does It Matter?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hot group is a special state of mind. It’s not a name for some new kind of team or task force or committee. The hot group state of mind is task-obsessed and full of passion. It is always coupled with a distinctive way of behaving, a style that is intense, sharply focused, and full-bore. Any group can become a hot group-if it can get itself into that distinctive state of mind. A few groups currently called teams man¬age to do that, but the great majority don’t. Some task forces and other variously labeled groups also heat up, but most don’t. It is not the name, but that contagious single-mindedness, that all-out dedication to doing something important, that most distinguishes a hot group from all others.
Hot Groups and the Individual: What’s in It for Me? and What’s Not?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, we have insisted that individuals will no longer be kings and queens of the hill, no longer the only protoplasm from which to construct human organizations. In matters organizational, we have argued, the primacy of the individual is being seriously challenged by the rise of the small group. Here, somewhat paradoxically, we focus on the place of the individual in our new organizational world-the same individual we downplayed in earlier chapters.
Rational Democratic Deliberation Scope and Structure
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The take-home message from the last chapter was that our theories of justice have their limits; some problems of health care justice are too complex, too ambiguous, or too open to reasonable but conflicting responses for any one theory to yield the clearly rationally dominant response. So we argued that this created space for an important role for rational democratic deliberation. We suggested—even if we failed to make the point with perfect clarity—that this was not democratic politics as usual; (i.e., interest group conflict mediated by a legislative body that sought to craft a policy satisfactory to the most powerful of those conflicting groups). That process typically has little to recommend it from a moral point of view.
Product Strategies, Work Force Skills, and “High-Involvement” Work Practices
Authors: Mason Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been given in industrialized nations to the potential efficiency gains for manufacturing enterprises of adopting new “leaner” production practices and more systematic approaches to product “quality management.” Common examples of the objectives pursued under these headings include faster turnover of stocks of components and work-in-progress; lower product reject rates; improved communications between design, engineering, and production departments; a reduction in the number of suppliers; and the imposition of higher quality standards on incoming raw materials and components. In many cases, this search for efficiency and product quality gains has been associated with changes in work organization designed to se cure higher levels of task flexibility among production workers and greater involvement of such workers in day-to-day decision making and performance improvements. Several recent studies suggest that “high involvement” work practices, such as the use of self-directed work teams, flexible job definitions, and employee problem-solving groups can contribute to enhanced productivity and/or profitability as long as they are accompanied by appropriate changes in work systems as a whole; for example, in shop floor layout, training levels, and pay-setting procedures (see Ichniowski et al., 1996, for an assessment of recent empirical studies of the links between innovative work practices and business performance).
The Changing Ethics of Death in the ICU
Authors: Mularski Richard A , Osborne Molly L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology drives bioethics when new treatments are used clinically before their ethical implications have been considered. The intensive care unit is a major arena where technology propels and focuses the ethics of death and dying. Many of the health care systems in the United States and elsewhere are faced with increasing demand for expensive health care services coupled with limited financial resources and competing societal needs.1 The following example illustrates some of the choices now available for managing death in the ICU: should an elderly patient who has metastatic cancer and has requested no heroic measures be intubated during an endoscopy procedure for an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage? Which choice offers greater comfort? The analysis presented here will trace the major historical and contextual events that have influenced the ethics of dying in the practice of critical care medicine (Table 2–1).
Helping Families Prepare for and Cope with a Death in the ICU
Authors: Shannon Sarah E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Families play important roles in the critical care environment: they serve as familiar context for the patient, they are often called upon to act as surrogate decision makers, and families are recipients of care themselves. This chapter examines those three roles and suggests strategies to support families facing the transition from curative therapy goals to planning for a comfortable death.
Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Sackner-Bernstein Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congestive heart failure is caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood sufficiently to meet the body’s metabolic demands. Clinically, it manifests as symptoms of dyspnea and/or fatigue, and the natural history is one of gradual progression, leading to disability and death. There are many causes; ischemic heart disease dominates in the developed countries, although hypertension and valvular disease (including rheumatic heart disease) also lead to this syndrome.
Collective Bargaining Still Makes a Difference
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trucking was once among the most heavily unionized industries in the United States. At the beginning of the 1970s, the Labor Department claimed local and intercity trucking was 80 to 100% organized, and scholars considered general freight to be “very close to 100 percent” unionized in local and long-haul freight.
Conversational Frameworks for the Accomplishment of Meaning in Aphasia
Authors: Goodwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overwhelmingly, research on aphasia focuses on what particular disorders can tell us about how the brain organizes language. However, the problems visible as aphasia have an equally important social life. They shape possibilities for communication and patterns of human interaction in profound and powerful ways. Moreover, when analysis moves beyond the abilities of the isolated individual, we find that the activities of interlocutors, and more generally the organization of talk-in-interaction, provide crucial frameworks that enable someone with severe aphasia nonetheless to construct meaningful action within states of talk. Rather than focusing exclusively on what is distinctive about aphasia, such analysis will also shed light on general practices used by participants in conversation to build action and meaning in concert with each other.
Own Words
Authors: Anward Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Harvey Sacks never tired of pointing out, ordinary conversation holds its own measure of poetic language, in the sense of Jakobson (1960). Of course, this is pleasing to our self-esteem as practicing conversationalists, for poetic talk, unlike normal talk, is regarded as a fine achievement, something laudable and hard to come by. However, we should actually be as pleased with our capacity to produce pedestrian “normal” talk. As more than thirty years of Conversation Analysis have shown, normal talk is as much of an achievement as is out-and-out poetic talk.
Introduction
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to common belief, regular monthly menstruation became part of a woman’s life relatively recently in the historical presence of humans on earth. It is consequence of societal and cultural changes that cause distant evolutionary adaptations to conflict with the best interests for the health of the modern woman. It is reasonable to assume that at the dawn of the human epoch women menstruated rarely or not at all—it would have been extraordinary for a woman to menstruate regularly.
Conclusion
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recurrent menstruation is unnecessary and can be harmful to the health of women. It is a needless loss of blood.
Menstruation is responsible for aggravating an array of menstrual cycle–related medical disorders and is the cause of serious diseases such as premenstrual syndrome and endometriosis. Menstruation exacerbates anemia, which afflicts millions of women around the world. Long menstruation-free periods, such as occur during pregnancy and breast-feeding, alleviate menstrual cycle–related diseases. Freeing women of menstruation significantly reduces the risk of life-threatening disease such as ovarian and uterine (endometrial) cancers. The longer a woman is not menstruating, the greater the benefit. Freedom from menstruation can be achieved by the use of long-acting contraceptives or continuous use of the oral contraceptive pill. Under proper medical supervision, it can also be attained through natural means such as a conscientious regimen of rigorous physical exercise.
Except for anemia, which has been known since the time of Hippocrates, the most debilitating consequences of repeated menstruation were recognized only in the twentieth century. Premenstrual tension undoubtedly existed in the past, but its association with menstruation itself was not recognized. Women with PMS were often considered witches or mentally disturbed. Some of these unfortunate women were confined to insane asylums or even sentenced to be burned at the stake.
Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
Authors: Tak Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dutch criminal justice system has long been noted for its mildness, with reference usually made to Holland’s low imprisonment rate compared with those of other Western countries. In the early 1970s, the rate was around 20 per 100,000, but since then it has increased, at first gradually, but steeply since 1990. By 2000, Holland was incarcerating 90 per 100,000 of its inhabitants.
The Disassembly and Reassembly of U.S. Sentencing Practices
Authors: Reitz Kevin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A process of recombination has been occurring in U.S. sentencing practices in the past three decades, in the sense that the foundational elements of punishment law and policy have undergone a kind of disassembly followed by a still-incomplete period of reassembly. In the important domain of the legal structures of punishment—the statutory and discretionary frameworks for sentencing decisions—the days are now gone in which every U.S. jurisdiction adhered to a similar approach. Since the mid-1970s, the United States has witnessed an unprecedented “sentencing reform movement” that has produced widespread and diverse structural experimentation among the nation’s sentencing systems. Also, in terms of the numbers and severity of criminal punishments imposed, almost everything about the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s has been dramatically different from the preceding decades of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Beginning in the early 1970s, the United States set out on a course of “punishment expansionism” that has entailed ever increasing applications of all major forms of criminal sanctions. No resting place in the expansionist trend has yet appeared on the horizon. Finally, and in parallel with the upheavals in legal structure and systemic outputs, the theoretical fabric of U.S. sentencing had largely unraveled by the early 1970s and the process of finding new theoretical approaches has continued, without satisfactory completion, through the 1990s.
Comparative Perspectives on Sentencing Policy and Research
Authors: Frase Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in this volume add to a rapidly growing English-language literature on sentencing laws and practices in Western countries and provide a rich source of data on the variety of approaches to common issues of sentencing policy faced by almost all modern nations. Although most of this literature is less than ten years old, it also provides instructive historical perspectives, revealing major changes that have occurred in several jurisdictions in just a few years.
Cooperation and Knowledge Creation
Authors: Michelis Giorgio De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today there is general consensus on the idea that organizations cannot get and/or maintain effectiveness without continuous organizational changes allowing them to maintain their structural coupling with a highly turbulent, highly complex environment. However, the characterization of factors rendering an organization capable of getting and/or maintaining its effectiveness through organizational changes remains a controversial issue. This point is the most relevant one for those such as myself whose interest lies in designing effective computer-based support systems for cooperation among people working together.
Absorptive Capacity, Co-opetition, and Knowledge Creation: Samsung’s Leapfrogging in Semiconductors
Authors: Kim Linsu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most, if not all, firms in developing countries are engrossed in activities to catch up with advanced countries. Even the majority of firms in advanced countries are en- gaged in catching up, as not all firms can be pioneers of novel breakthroughs even in these countries. Nonetheless, research on organizational knowledge creation and innovation is concentrated mainly in advanced countries and is focused mostly on the pioneering process (Dodgson, 1993; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Utterback, 1994; von Hippel, 1988).
Pocahontas: The Hostage Who Became Famous
Authors: Rountree Helen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The one Native woman most Americans know about is Pocahontas: she was the Indian “princess” who saved the Jamestown Colony by rescuing John Smith and then married John Rolfe to maintain peace. She went to London and died prematurely on the way back home, after which her “warlike” people reverted to type. What a heroine—and what an Anglo-centered legend.
Planning vs. Opportunistic Adaptation
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Paul Allen and Bill Gates developed Microsoft’s first product, they did not do any market research or competitor analysis first. In December 1974 Allen visited his high school friend Gates, then a sophmore at Harvard. Allen spotted an issue of Popular Electronics featuring the Altair 8080 on the cover at a kiosk in Harvard Square. “I bought a copy, read it, and raced back to Bill’s dorm to talk to him,” Allen recalled. “I told Bill, ‘Well here’s our opportunity to do something with BASIC.” ‘ Allen and Gates did not write a business plan; they started working on a version of BASIC for the Altair right away. Gates writes that they “were like the characters in those Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney movies: “Let’s put on a show in the barn!” We thought there was no time to waste, and we set right to it.” Gates and Allen “didn’t sleep much and lost track of night and day” to complete their BASIC in four weeks.
Securing Resources
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The meager endowments that make it virtually impossible for many entre preneurs to raise significant capital also make it difficult for them to attract customers, employees, suppliers, and other such resource providers. But whereas investors may be dispensable, these other sources of revenue and inputs are not. Securing these resource providers thus represents a critical problem for start-ups, which we will explore in this chapter.
Distinctive Qualities
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The belief that entrepreneurs are special has widespread appeal, but we cannot easily specify their distinctive traits and skills. Folklore attributes many qualities to the entrepreneur-great energy, vision, leadership skills, and a never-say-die spirit, to name just a few. Some formal research on entrepreneurship, too, assumes individuals with distinctive traits and skills. At best, however, empirical studies provide weak support for the beliefs. As suggested in the sidebar “Profiling the Entrepreneur’s Person ality,” the studies have suffered from some basic methodological problems. First, many researchers have tried to identify a universal entrepreneurial personality. They have implicitly assumed that the owners of car dealer ships, self-employed accountants, and the founders of software companies share common traits that distinguish them from the population at large. This seems unlikely, given the wide variety of problems and tasks that these individuals face. A related problem derives from the arbitrary selection of traits. Researchers have studied whether entrepreneurs have “Type A” personalities or a high need for achievement, without specifying why these qualities matter.
VC-Backed Start-ups
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Venture capital (VC)-backed start-ups have had a powerful influence in shaping popular beliefs (and formal research) about new ventures for several reasons. They have made significantly greater contributions than boot strapped ventures to certain high-technology fields such as semiconductors and genetic engineering. Their geographic concentration (notably in California and Massachusetts) raises intriguing questions for policymakers, economists, and sociologists. Researchers can more easily document their strategies and performance. They make more of a splash-the successful VC-backed start-up grows at a much faster rate than the average Inc. 500 company, going public or getting acquired in about five years, as opposed to the Inc. companies, which remain privately owned for an average of about eight years.
Critical Tasks
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transforming a fledgling enterprise into a large and long-lived corporation requires entrepreneurs to adopt a strategic rather than an opportunistic approach. Drawing on the business strategy framework outlined in the previous chapter, I will discuss three tasks entrepreneurs must perform: To clarify the nature of the tasks required to transform a fledgling business, I will distinguish them from the challenges involved in starting a new venture and managing a large corporation. Audacious goals do not play an important role in starting a promising business. And, as we saw in Part I, the survival of such businesses depends more on effective adapttion to unexpected problems and opportunities than on the entrepreneur’s ability to formulate and implement a strategy. Long-term strategies do play an important role in the management of large corporations. But we will see that the process of formulating a strategy and its content is different in the transitional phase than it is after a firm becomes well established.
The Social Nation
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1863 the call for action was heeded. Aided by the atmosphere of reform in the tsarist empire during the early 1860s, patriotic activists in Warsaw began a campaign of public demonstrations on behalf of the Polish cause. Each time the Russians tried to suppress these protests, the movement only grew. For decades nationalists had claimed that only through “the deed” would Poland be made manifest, that only “national action” would advance them toward the promised land of peace, brother-hood, justice, and (not least) independence. Now the ultimate opportunity to act had arrived, and in early 1863 hundreds of thousands of Poles took up arms against the Russian occupation.