bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and male alcohol use disorders: A case‐control study in Khon Kaen, north‐east Thailand
Authors: Nanakorn Somsong , Fukuda Katsuhiro , Nishiyori Atsushi , Shibata Akira , Nakamura Jun 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA genetic epidemiological case‐control study on aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype and male probable alcohol use disorders (AUD) was performed in Khon Kaen province, north‐east Thailand. One hundred and twenty‐four of cases (probable AUD) were obtained from male villagers aged 18–65 years using the modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test‐Thai version. The same number of controls were selected, being matched with the cases in terms of age (±4 years) within the same village. Marital status, education history and past or present histories of physical illnesses were essentially the same for the cases and the controls. All of the cases and 85.5% of the controls were current drinkers, and the cases tended to drink significantly more often than the controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from fingernails and ALDH2 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction technique and digested by Ksp 632I. The ALDH2 genotypes of the cases and the controls were not significantly different: 90.3% versus 91.1% normal homozygote; 8.1% versus 8.9% heterozygote; and 1.6% versus 0.0% mutant homozygote, respectively. Among the normal homozygote, the daily amount of alcohol intakes of the cases were significantly larger than that of the controls (56.2 ± 40.6 g vs 8.1 ± 14.1 g), the same was found among the ALDH2 deficient (55.9 ± 43.4 vs 2.2 ± 5.8 g). Multivariate analysis based on the conditional logistic regression model showed no significant association of AUD with ALDH2 genotype, marital status, education history, or past history of injury, however, occupation and daily amount of alcohol intake were found to be significantly associated with AUD (OR = 10.72, 95% CI = 1.15 − 99.99, p = 0.037, and OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06 − 1.18, p = 0.000, respectively). Non‐farmers showed 10.7 times larger risk of developing AUD compared to farmers, and the subjects had three times more chance of developing AUD for each increase of 10 g of the daily amount of alcohol intake.
An empirical classification of social anxiety: Performance, interpersonal and offensive
Authors: Iwase Madoka , Nakao Kazuhisa , Takaishi Jyo , Yorifuji Kazuhiro , Ikezawa Koji , Takeda Masatoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study empirically identified subtypes of social anxiety using a cluster analytic approach. From 87 out‐patients with social phobia (taijin kyofusho) and 48 controls, social anxiety symptoms, social situations in which symptoms occur, and background information were evaluated. Factor analysis using the ratings of social anxiety symptoms identified four factors: socially inadequate feelings, performance anxiety, offensive fear, and tenacity. Four subtypes emerged from cluster analysis based on the factor scores and they were called performance anxiety type, offensive type, interpersonal anxiety type and mild type. χ2 test and analysis of variance revealed the following: (i) the offensive type had the greatest symptom severity. Any situation could provoke symptoms, and interpersonal tense feelings became much stronger with persons of the same age; (ii) the interpersonal anxiety type was characterized by the fear of social interaction in daily life; and (iii) patients with the offensive type and the interpersonal anxiety type presented more difficulties than did those with the performance anxiety type on developmental and premorbid adjustment.
Effect of melatonin on sleep–wake rhythm: The sleep diary of an autistic male
Authors: Hayashi Etsuko 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study reports on melatonin treatment in autism. A 14‐year‐old autistic male with severe mental retardation was given melatonin at a dose of 6 mg at 9:00 pm (C1) or 11:00 pm (C2). His parents kept a sleep diary. In C1, he often experienced early morning waking and fragmented night sleep but in C2, night sleep was prolonged and sleep–wake rhythm was improved. Suitable medication time, therefore, improved the sleep–wake rhythm.
Sleep patterns during 30‐m nitrox simulated saturation dives
Authors: Nagashima Hidetoshi , Matsumoto Kazuya , Seo Yoojin , Mohri Motohiko , Naraki Nobuo , Matsuoka Shigeaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe sleep patterns were examined during the simulated 30‐m nitrox saturation dives. The standard polysomnography of 15 divers was recorded for a total of 255 nights, as were patterns of change or consistency in sleep variables. A reduction of total sleep time in accordance with the lengthening of sleep latency and the wake after sleep onset was observed through the latter part of the bottom period to the post‐dive period, but the other sleep variables did not show any changes. These findings suggest that decompression and the psychological stress due to being in the closed environment of a hyperbaric chamber for a long time have effects on divers’ sleep.
Study on withdrawal of hypnotics: Questionnaire on hypnotic use and its withdrawal
Authors: Mukai Masaki , Uchimura Naohisa , Takeuchi Noboru , Kuwahara Hiroo , Hashizume Yuji , Nose Iwao , Satomura Takeshi , Tanaka Jyunji , Maeda Hisao 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo investigate the situation and problems contingent to hypnotic use and withdrawal, we conducted a questionnaire of outpatients. Only 41% of the patients were satisfied with their sleep and 53% of the patients took hypnotics. As regards the period, 83% of users had used them for more than 1 year and 19% had used them for more than 10 years. Although 90% of patients perceived efficacy of hypnotics, 67% felt more or less anxious about hypnotic use. Sixty‐seven per cent of patients had actually withdrawn from the drugs or decreased dosage before. More than half the patients’ conditions worsened after the withdrawal or reducing dosage.
Sleep–wake rhythm during stay in an intensive care unit: A week’s long‐term recording of skin potentials
Authors: Shiihara Yasufumi , Nogami Toshihide , Chigira Masayoshi , Tanno Yoshihiko , Sakai Yasuziro , Takahashi Sigeru , Kodama Masahisa , Kunimoto Fumio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo monitor the sleep–wake cycle of patients during their stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), we tried continuous and long‐term recording of skin potential (SP) levels in patients after surgery. A graph of the week‐long SP showed the sleep–wake pattern to be evident until the fourth day. It disappeared beginning on the fifth day, resulting finally in delirium with a relatively high mean SP level. In another record, the administration of sedative agents to calm the excitement lowered the mean SP level and suppressed SP responses evoked by frequent day and night treatment or nursing care. Continuous monitoring of arousal level by SP will be of help in prevention of ICU syndrome.
Effects of bright light at lunchtime on sleep of patients in a geriatric hospital I
Authors: Kobayashi Riko , Fukuda Noriko , Kohsaka Masako , Sasamoto Yoichi , Sakakibara Satoshi , Koyama Emi , Nakamura Fumihiro , Koyama Tsukasa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effects of lunchtime bright light exposure in patients of a geriatric hospital were investigated. Ten inpatients (six women and four men; mean age ± SD: 81.2 ± 8.8 years) with sleep disturbances were studied for 9 weeks. Nurses performed daily ratings for sleep–wakefulness disturbances. Approximately 8000 lx bright light exposure was performed for 3 weeks in the light therapy room. Before and after exposure, ocular function was evaluated. Clinical ratings of sleep‐wakefulness improved in eight patients. The score of difficulty in falling asleep and drowsiness in the morning declined during the light exposure. The score of drowsiness in the afternoon decreased during the post‐light exposure. Post‐exposure ocular disturbances were not found.
Degradation of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis using predaceous micro‐animals combined with bacteria
Authors: Inamori Yuhei , Sugiura Norio , Iwami Norio , Matsumura Masatoshi , Hiroki Mikiya , Watanabe Makoto M. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYToxic microcystins from cyanobacteria belonging to the genus Microcystis have been responsible for the death of various animals. In batch culture experiments, pre‐dation and degradation characteristics of Microcystis viridis and its toxic metabolite, microcystin‐RR, were examined using the micro‐animals, Aeolosoma hempri‐chi and Philodina erythrophthalma combined with endemic aggregated bacteria isolated from a biofilm. Although M. viridis was favorably predated and decomposed by the two micro‐animals, the reduction of microcystin‐RR was relatively low compared to the culture with the animals in the presence of the mixed bacteria, where degradation of the toxin was enhanced under aerated conditions. The aerated bacteria could degrade the eluted toxin faster than in any other condition and an initial toxin concentration of above 40 μg L‐1 was completely degraded in 10 days. Furthermore, in a continuous bioreactor packed with biofilm carrier, a toxin level of 9.74 μg g‐1 in the inflow water was reduced by 94.0% at a hydraulic retention time of less than 12 h. Moreover, in a practical biofilm plant, a toxin concentration of 34.9 μg g‐1 was degraded at a short hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 h. The efficiency of toxin removal in the plant at the short HRT coincided with that of laboratory studies. It was considered that A. hemprichi and P. erythrophthalma contributed to the predation and decomposition of viable M. viridis cells, subsequently these released toxin which could be efficiently degraded by the aerated bacteria.
Ultrastructure of Stylodinium Iittorale (Dinophyceae) with special reference to the stalk and apical stalk complex
Authors: Horiguchi Takeo , Yoshizawa‐Ebata Junko 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYThe ultrastructure of Stylodinium littorale Horiguchi et Chihara, a marine, sand‐dwelling coccoid dinoflagel‐late, was investigated with special emphasis on its stalk and the apical stalk complex. The dinoflagellate alternates between non‐motile and motile cells in its life cycle. The non‐motile cell possesses a long and distinct stalk. The stalk, consisting of a main cylindrical part and a holdfast, is firmly attached to a thecal plate (the apical pore plate). A part of its proximal portion is hollow and V‐shaped in section. The V‐shaped hollow space is underlain by a projection from the apical pore plate. An apical stalk complex is present in the motile cells and consists of a large apical pore plate and mucilaginous material. The apical pore plate is depressed into the cell, but has a narrow central tubular projection. The mucilaginous stalk‐building material is stored between this plate and the outer plate membrane. The tubular projection of the apical pore plate corresponds to the apical pore of other dinoflagellates and its lumen is filled with electron‐dense material. The structure of the apical stalk complex is compared with the homologous structure in Bysmatrum arenicola, the only other example of an apical stalk complex that has been investigated. A general ultrastructural survey revealed that S. littorale possesses a typical dinoflagellate cellular structure.
Growth rate of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in vitro
Authors: José de Paula Edison , Erbert Cintia , Lima Pereira Ricardo Toledo 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYUnialgal cultures were established trom a 2.5 g branch ot a brown variant ot Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. Silva, with the main objective to produce branches for monthly outplanting in the sea. Ditterent conditions were tested to optimize production ot branches in the laboratory. The best growth was obtained under culture conditions of 25 ± 2°C, 170–210 μmol photons m2 s−1, 14:10 LD photoperiod and salinity 32–35‰. Three culture media (Provasoli,‘F/2’and von Stosch) were tested. Deleterious ettects were observed in branches incubated continuously in full‐ or halt‐strength Provasoli's enriched seawater medium (PES). Exponential growth rates ot about 3% day−1 were obtained using PES, pulse‐fed 24 h per week, or other diluted media used continuously (one‐quarter strength ‘F/2’and half‐strength von Stosch). Laboratory‐grown branches with mean weights from 2.97 to 4.25 g were successfully introduced into the sea at Ubatuba, SP, Brazil (23°26.9′S, 45°0.3′W) an area with mean monthly seawater temperature from 20.3 to 28.5°C (extremes: 17.0–31.0°C). Transplantation of branches produced in unialgal culture, as done in the present study, avoids the risk of introduction of unwanted species into new areas.
A case of group II non‐specific interstitial pneumonia developed during corticosteroid therapy after acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Ishioka Shinichi , Nishisaka Takashi , Maeda Akihiro , Hiyama Keiko , Yamakido Michio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNon‐specific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis (NSIP) is a relatively new entity among idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. This disease is pathologically characterized by varying proportions of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis that appear to occur over a single, short period of time, and is clinically characterized by a generally good prognosis. Although corticosteroid therapy is widely considered to be effective for treatment of this disease, we report a case of Group II NSIP which developed during treatment with corticosteroid 4 months after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This case suggests that any group of NSIP may be developed after ARDS, and that low‐dose corticosteroid treatment is not sufficient to prevent the development of NSIP.
Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects
Authors: Eastwood Peter R. , Hillman David R. , Finucane Kevin E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether whole‐body endurance training is associated with increased respiratory muscle strength and endurance.Methodology: Respiratory muscle strength (maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax)) and endurance (progressive threshold loading of the inspiratory muscles) were measured in six marathon runners and six sedentary subjects.Results: PImax was similar between the two groups of subjects but the maximum threshold pressure achieved was greater in marathon runners (90 ± 8 vs 78 ± 10% of PImax, respectively, mean ± SD, P < 0.05). During progressive threshold loading, marathon runners breathed with lower frequency, higher tidal volume, and longer inspiratory and expiratory time. At maximum threshold pressure, marathon runners had lower arterial O2 saturation, but perceived effort (Borg scale) was maximal in both groups. Efficiency of the respiratory muscles was similar in both groups being 2.0 ± 1.7% and 2.3 ± 1.8% for marathon runners and sedentary subjects, respectively.Conclusions: The apparent increase in respiratory muscle endurance of athletes was a consequence of a difference in the breathing pattern adopted during loaded breathing rather than respiratory muscle strength or efficiency. This implies that sensory rather than respiratory muscle conditioning may be an important mechanism by which whole‐body endurance is increased.
Predictive values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary Chinese adults
Authors: ONG Kian Chung , LOO Chian Min , ONG Yong Yau , CHAN Siew Pang , EARNEST Arul , SAW Seang Mei 
Published: March 2003

Objective:Normative data for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) may vary among subjects of different races. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) establish normal standards for cardiopulmonary responses during incremental cycle ergometer testing in order to derive predictive equations for clinically useful variables during CPET of Chinese subjects; and (ii) determine the validity of existing prediction equations of maximal exercise performance for use in our local Chinese population.Methodology:The maximal and submaximal cardiopulmonary responses were analysed for 95 healthy sedentary adult Chinese subjects (48 men and 47 women; aged 20–70 years) who underwent CPET using a cycle ergometer and an incremental work‐rate protocol until symptom limitation.Results:Measurements, at maximal exercise, of oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), power output and heart rate were regressed on age, height, weight and gender. The predictive equations for these exercise parameters performed better than those published previously in out‐sample predictive accuracy. Comparison with previous studies also showed that prediction equations of V̇O2maxderived from studies based predominantly or exclusively on Caucasian populations overestimated the actual values for our subjects.Conclusions:Previously established prediction equations for maximal exercise performance during CPET based on non‐Chinese populations may not be applicable to Chinese subjects in our population.
Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds
Authors: Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. , Li Xiaojie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPhysical dormancy (PY) is caused by a water‐impermeable seed or fruit coat. It is known, or highly suspected, to occur in nine orders and 15 families of angiosperms (sensuAngiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998), 13 of which are core eudicots. The Zingiberales is the only monocot order, and Cannaceae (Canna) the only monocot family, in which PY is known to occur. Six of the nine orders, and 12 of the 15 families, in which PY occurs are rosids. Furthermore, six of the families belong to the Malvales. The water‐impermeable palisade layer(s) of cells are located in the seed coats of 13 of the families, and in the fruit coats of Anacardiaceae and Nelumbonaceae. In all 15 families, a specialized structure is associated with the water‐impermeable layer(s). The breaking of PY involves disruption or dislodgment of these structures, which act as environmental ‘signal detectors’ for germination. Representatives of the nine angiosperm orders in which PY occurs had evolved by the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary (Paleogene). Anatomical evidence for PY in fruits of the extinct speciesRhus rooseae(Anacardiaceae, middle Eocene) suggests that PY had evolved by 43Ma, and probably much earlier. We have constructed a conceptual model for the evolution of PY, and of PY+ physiological dormancy (PD), within Anacardiaceae. The model begins in pre‐Eocene times with an ancestral species that has large, pachychalazal, non‐dormant (ND), recalcitrant seeds. By the middle Eocene, a derived species with relatively small, partial pachychalazal, orthodox seeds and a water‐impermeable endocarp (thus PY) had evolved, and by the Oligocene, PD had been added to the seed (true seed + endocarp) dormancy mechanism. It is suggested that climatic drying (Eocene), followed by climatic cooling (Eocene–Oligocene transition), were the primary selective agents in the development of PY. An evolutionary connection between PY and recalcitrance is suggested by the relatively high concentration of these two character states in the rosids. Phylogenetic data and fossil evidence seem to support the PY→(PY+PD) evolutionary sequence in Anacardiaceae, which also may have occured in Leguminosae.
Effects of light quantity and quality on growth and reproduction of a clonal sedge,Cyperus esculentus
Authors: Li Bo , Shibuya Tomoko , Yogo Yasuhiro , Hara Toshihiko , Matsuo Kazuhito 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCanopy shade reduces light quantity and quality, and hence affects plant growth and development. In order to investigate the respective effects of varying light quantity and quality on a clonal plantCyperus esculentus, a controlled‐environment study was conducted in growth chambers, in which four light environments were created using either green filters or neutral shade cloth. The experiment was harvested five times at approximately 2‐week intervals after transplanting. Results revealed that numbers of ramets and tubers, total leaf area, and the branching index of rhizomes were affected only by light quantity, while leaf and sheath lengths, leaf area ratio, leaf blade weight fraction, sheath weight fraction, stalk weight fraction, internode length of rhizomes, number of rhizomes, node number of rhizomes, total dry weight, percentage of flowering ramets, and flower weight fraction were affected by both light quality and quantity. Light quantity or quality had little influence on rhizome length, biomass allocation to rhizomes and tubers, and the ratio of tuber number to rhizome number. It is concluded that light quality and quantity had significant effects on growth, sexual reproduction (i.e. the percentage of flowering ramets and sexual reproductive allocation) and associated traits, but did not affect relative vegetative reproduction or storage (i.e. the tuber weight fractions and the fraction of rhizomes differentiated into tubers) inC. esculentus. Therefore, light quantity and quality have differential effects on the growth and morphology ofC. esculentus.
Distribution and variation of sexual and agamospermous populations of Stevia (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) in the lower latitudes, Mexico
Authors: Soejima Akiko , Yahara Tetsukazu , Watanabe Kuniaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCytogeographical studies have revealed the distribution of sexual diploids and agamospermous polyploids of Stevia ovata and four related species: Stevia nepetifolia, Stevia oligophylla, Stevia origanoides and Stevia triflora in Mexico. These species are distributed mainly in the temperate and subhumid montane region. Agamospermous triploids are the forms most abundantly and widely distributed geographically in each of the five species. Diploids occur in low frequencies except in S. origanoides. For the five species, diploids are restricted mainly to the temperate montane ranges of the south‐western Pacific side of Mexico, but they also occur sporadically in the relatively isolated areas from Oaxaca to Durango, Mexico D. F. and Nuevo Leon. Although the distribution of the temperate forests must have moved southward and northward following climatic fluctuations, even in the lower latitudes of Mexico, the largely stable temperate vegetation could have been maintained along the Y‐shaped montane ranges (Sierra Madre del Oriental, Sierra Madre del Occidental, Sierra Madre del Sur and the Trans‐Mexico Volcanic Belt) and have provided some refuge areas. The present distribution ranges of sexual diploids of some species of Stevia in Mexico indicate that diploids were not restricted to a single refuge during the last ice age.