bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity, bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes—a systematic review
Authors: Ferchak Cynthia V. , Meneghini Luigi F. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObesity is endemic in the United States and is closely linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. Both obesity and diabetes are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Likewise, both conditions are resistant to treatment. Recent studies have evaluated prevention of type 2 diabetes through intensive lifestyle intervention, while others are examining the impact of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes. This article presents an overview of the impact of bariatric surgical and lifestyle interventions on the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Although studies using a variety of bariatric surgical techniques are included, the focus is on two interventions in particular: the Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and the laparoscopic silicone gastric banding procedure. Outcomes of these procedures are further contrasted with recent lifestyle intervention studies, in particular, the Diabetes Prevention Program study. Gastric bypass studies have been associated with a 99 to 100% prevention of diabetes in patients with IGT and an 80 to 90% clinical resolution of diagnosed early type 2 diabetes. Gastric banding procedures are associated with a lower median (50–60%) clinical remission of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention studies of obese and glucose‐intolerant patients have achieved a 50% reduction in the progression of IGT to diabetes over the short term, with no reported resolution of the disease. Weight loss by any means in the obese patient appears to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes, at least in the short term. Furthermore, sustained weight loss through bariatric surgical intervention is associated both with prevention of progression of IGT and with clinical remission of early type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approach to complex system on emergence and propagation characteristics of acoustic domain in a piezoelectric semiconducting n‐CdS
Authors: Tokunaga Yoshiaki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper reports the results of measurement of phonon fluxes in an acoustic domain generated in a piezoelectric semiconductor n‐CdS by the Brillouin scattering method. The propagation velocity of the phonon fluxes with an acoustic domain configuration of 0.4 to 3.2 GHz is analyzed. It is found that the velocity is greater than the sound velocity although the difference depends on the frequency. The spatial distributions of the phonon fluxes within the acoustic domain are analyzed. It is experimentally shown that the velocity differs depending on the frequency. In addition, it is shown that the profile of the 2.8‐GHz phonon flux within the acoustic domain agrees well with the simulation results calculated from the KdV equation. Finally, the peak of the 2.8‐GHz phonon flux and the time variations of the rise and fall of the profile are quantitatively described. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 22–29, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20065
Multi‐phase‐level electro‐optical beam deflector in combined periodic polarization‐reversed structures with different thickness
Authors: Koyanagi Kojiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe propose an electro‐optical beam deflector vertically connecting polarization‐reversed structures having different periods and thicknesses. This device is an optical deflector that uses a diffraction grating blazed with multiple‐phase levels created by the Pockels effect of the applied electric field. The deflection with respect to the applied electric field that considers the polarization and wavelength of the input light is theoretically analyzed for the LiNbO3 crystal as the specific medium. We also examine the deflection characteristics due to two stages that connect multi‐phase‐level diffraction gratings having different periods. Consequently, by setting appropriate values for the applied electric field and the medium thickness, we demonstrated the ease in obtaining the wide angle, high diffraction efficiency, low crosstalk, fast response light deflection, polarized light beam splitting, and wavelength demultiplexing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 12–21, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20079
On the design of a coupled line filter with a slightly mismatched load and its analysis by the Eigen Mode Expansion method
Authors: Takeda Shigeki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUsually, filter design is carried out by first setting network functions for a matched condition between the signal source and the load. Next, a filter circuit is synthesized. In this process, errors entering the parameters in the process of deriving the network functions cause the characteristics to deviate, and often destroy the unitary condition so that synthesis of the circuit becomes impossible. This problem can be avoided by intentionally allowing mismatch between the signal source and the load in the design of the network functions. Although such an effect is present, the design procedure becomes complex and hence such a technique is rarely studied. In the present research, this concept is applied in order to recover network functions with the unitary condition destroyed due to the errors, so that a prototype low‐pass filter can be synthesized. Next, in order to confirm the effectiveness of this procedure, a coupled line filter at microwave frequencies is designed by using such network functions. Further, a Foster‐type equivalent circuit is derived for the coupled line filter by the Eigen Mode Expansion method. Along with confirming the characteristics of the network functions, the correspondence and discrepancy between the network functions and the coupled line filter are quantified. Through this series of circuit design and analysis, the effect of this design procedure and the applications to actual filter design are validated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 1–11, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20080
Intelligent workload control of bicycle ergometer for the elderly based on individual physical work capacity
Authors: Sasaki Isao , Kiryu Tohru , Hayashi Yoichi , Tanaka Kiyoji 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStudies on controlling the bicycle ergometer workload for middle‐aged and elderly people by monitoring their heart rate and surface EMG during exercise have been conducted in the past. In this paper, it is shown that 18 middle‐aged and aged subjects studied can be classified into four types in terms of time changes of the indices associated with muscular fatigue, as estimated by tests involving progressively increasing workload. In addition, customization of a workload‐control method for middle‐aged and aged people who show large individual differences in physical work capacities is discussed on the basis of tests of 8 subjects selected from the above types, conducted five times over 9 months. Specifically, scatter graphs of indices associated with muscular fatigue and heart rates measured during progressively increasing workload tests were divided into three intervals and a membership function was designed for fuzzy workload control for each of these intervals. In addition, fuzzy rules considering subjective indices and anaerobic work thresholds are studied while increasing the workload temporarily. The results show that a workload control method that guarantees safety and a feeling of accomplishment can be developed for exercise in the vicinity of the threshold of anaerobic metabolism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 56–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20116
Two‐handed multiple‐finger virtual object manipulation environment with haptic cues
Authors: Walairacht Somsak , Yamada Keita , Hasegawa Shoichi , Koike Yasuharu , Sato Makoto 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the authors propose a system for implementing direct, two‐handed, multifinger manipulations in a virtual world. To implement an easier‐to‐use means of direct, two‐handed, multifinger manipulations, it is necessary to give a sense of touch to the hands to make them feel like they are grasping an object and to make it easier for the user to understand the positional relationship between the user's hands and the virtual object. Therefore, the authors constructed a system that provides force feedback to eight fingertips and that can display virtual hands making the same movements as the user's actual hands in real time. The system uses the SPIDAR‐8 device for force feedback. SPIDAR‐8 is a device that can measure the positions of eight points and provide force feedback by using strings. Force feedback can be provided to a fingertip by attaching a cap‐like apparatus to the ends of the strings and fitting this apparatus onto the fingertip. The virtual hands are displayed according to the eight fingertip positions calculated by SPIDAR‐8. The hand shapes are estimated from the positions of the eight points, and these hands are displayed together with the virtual object via computer graphics. Virtual hands making the same movements as the user's actual hands are displayed in this way. With this kind of system, the user can integrate the haptic and visual information that is presented to efficiently perform direct, two‐handed, multifinger manipulations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 65–73, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20117
Some considerations on simple nonlinear magnetic analysis‐based optimum design of multipole permanent magnet machines
Authors: Kano Yoshiaki , Kosaka Takashi , Matsui Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a simple nonlinear magnetic analysis‐based optimum design of a multipole permanent magnet machine as an assistant design tool of 3D‐FEM. The proposed analysis is based on the equivalent magnetic circuit and the air gap permeance model between the stator and rotor teeth of the motor, taking into account the local magnetic saturation in the pointed end of teeth. The applicability of the proposed analysis is verified by comparison with 3D‐FEM analysis from the standpoints of torque calculation accuracy for the variations of design free parameter and the computation time. After verification, the proposed analysis‐based optimum design of the permanent magnet dimensions is examined, by which the minimization of the magnet volume is realized while keeping the torque/current ratio at the specified value. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 65–74, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10288
Basic application technologies of bifacial photovoltaic solar modules
Authors: Joge Toshio , Eguchi Yoshio , Imazu Yasuhiro , Araki Ichiro , Uematsu Tsuyoshi , Matsukuma Kunihiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn order to realize a photovoltaic (PV) solar power system which is low cost and flexible on its installation, the authors have studied vertical installations of bifacial solar modules. Simulation studies and field tests were performed in order to evaluate daily and yearly output energies when bifacial modules are vertically installed at various azimuth angles. It is clarified that the yearly generated energies by a vertically installed bifacial module are equivalent to those of a monofacial module facing south with an optimum tilt, regardless of the azimuth angles. According to the above results, some applications have been successfully demonstrated including a fence‐integrated PV system and a pole‐mounted PV system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 32–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10370
A multiagent framework for pervasive computing: The mobeet framework
Authors: Yoshioka Nobukazu , Ohsuga Akihiko , Honiden Shinichi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPervasive computing is becoming a more important issue for open distributed systems. It is, however, hard to design such distributed systems when the user uses many kinds of terminals and migrates with these. This paper has proposed a new framework for pervasive computing. The framework includes three kinds of agents: User Interface Agents, Programmable Agents, and Service Mediation Agents. We can easily design a flexible distributed system by collaborating these agents. We also evaluate the framework from the flexibility point of view. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 49–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10375
Magnetostriction of grain‐oriented electrical steel sheet under temperature gradient
Authors: Okazaki Yasuo , Yanase Shunji , Niwa Hironari , Tani Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMagnetostriction was measured in 3% Si‐Fe grain‐oriented electrical steel under a nonuniform temperature distribution with a 5 to 10 °C difference in a single sheet measuring 100 × 500 mm. A temperature difference of 0.2 °C/mm in the sheet increased magnetostriction four times as much as in the case of a uniformly elevated temperature. Compressive stress induced by nonuniform thermal expansion enhances magnetostriction greatly; this effect was analyzed by experiment and computer simulation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 8–14, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20003
Monitoring system for Japan Western 60‐Hz power system based on multiple synchronized phasor measurements
Authors: Hashiguchi Takuhei , Yoshimoto Masamichi , Mitani Yasunori , Saeki Osamu , Tsuji Kiichiro , Hojo Masahide , Ukai Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe Japan Western 60‐Hz System consists of six major electric power companies. Due to its longitudinal structure, there are some significant oscillation modes represented by long‐term oscillation in the whole system. Independent load frequency control based on Tie‐Line Bias control (TBC) has been adopted by each company. Also, some independent power producers are participating in the power generation business. Under these circumstances, the system may show some interesting dynamics. So far, some oscillatory characteristics have been measured in an individual company's own area or in the interconnecting tie lines. However, there was little observation in the power system as a whole. In this paper the authors present a global system for monitoring of power system dynamics using the synchronized phasor measurement technique at some universities located in the 60‐Hz power system. Phasor measurements are synchronized based on the global positioning system (GPS) and measured data are transmitted via the Internet. Some oscillatory features and variations of phasors in 1 day, 1 week, or 1 year are analyzed using the acquired data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 24–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20009
Vacuum pressure dependence of the tribological properties of Ti, TiO2, and TiN thin films
Authors: Sasaki Michiko , Nakamura Isao , Takano Ichiro , Sawada Yoshio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe tribological properties of Ti‐based (Ti, TiO2, and TiN) thin films on a stainless steel (304SS) substrate were investigated at several pressures in air. Films 0.2 μm thick were prepared on a mirror‐polished substrate using the methods of ion‐beam‐assisted deposition, ion‐beam‐assisted reactive deposition, and dynamic ion beam mixing. Tribological testing was carried out with a tribometer of a pin‐on‐disk type in a high‐vacuum chamber. The wear surface was observed with a scanning laser microscope and a scanning electron microscope.The friction coefficient of stainless steel at a pressure of 1 × 105 Pa was lower than that at 1 × 10−5 Pa, because oxygen or moisture in the air acted as lubricants. Also the TiN thin film prepared at 1 × 105 Pa showed a low friction coefficient until wear of the TiN layer on the substrate occurred at a sliding distance of 10 m. However, the friction coefficients of the TiO2 and Ti thin films were hardly dependent on the gas pressure. At a sliding distance of 5 m, the friction coefficients of Ti‐based thin films converged to 0.3 at a pressure of 1 × 10−3 Pa. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 1–7, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20020
Development of dicing technique for thin semiconductor substrate using temporally shaped femtosecond laser
Authors: Yokotani Atsushi , Kurogi Yasunobu , Matsuo Naoyuki , Sawada Hiroshi , Ninomiya Takafumi , Kawahara Kousuke , Kurosawa Kou 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecently, semiconductor substrates for integrated circuits (ICs) have been required to be as thin as 50 µm, because many electronic devices must be miniaturized and light in weight. Machining of such thin substrates with conventional dicing techniques is very difficult. Therefore, we have proposed processing them using femtosecond laser ablation. In this work, we investigate the influence of conditions of a double pulsed laser such as the delay time and fluence on the depth and diameter in order to develop a new dicing technique for very thin ICs. A double pulsed laser (λ = 780 nm, τ = 150 fs,f= 10 Hz, Δt= 0 to 100 ps,E1+E2= 100 µJ) was focused on the Si substrate with a plano‐convex lens having a nominal focal length of 100 mm. At a delay time of 10 ps, singularly shallow and flat‐bottomed holes were obtained. When the substrates were diced under these conditions, the bottom of the processing groove was flat and very smooth, whereas many microcracks starting from the bottom of the groove formed by the conventional method have been observed. From these results, we were able to identify femtosecond laser processing conditions that were applicable to dicing of thin Si substrates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 43–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20028
Samarium(II) Iodide Mediated Reductions − Influence of Various Additives
Authors: Dahlén Anders , Hilmersson Göran 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSamarium(II) iodide is a one‐electron transfer reagent that has become highly appreciated as a mild and selective reducing agent in recent years. It has been found experimentally that various additives and co‐solvents largely control the reactivity of SmI2. This microreview provides an overview of the current knowledge of the reagent SmI2as a reducing agent, in particular with additives that increase its reactivity. The use of various proton sources is covered, as well as the effect of co‐solvents. Furthermore, the very powerful reagent mixture SmI2/H2O/amine is also described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
BEAST decoding for block codes
Authors: Bocharova Irina E. , Johannesson Rolf , Kudryashov Boris D. , Lončar Maja 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBEAST is aBidirectionalEfficientAlgorithm forSearching codeTrees. In this paper, it is used for decoding block codes over a binary‐input memoryless channel. If no constraints are imposed on the decoding complexity (in terms of the number of visited nodes during the search), BEAST performs maximum‐likelihood (ML) decoding. At the cost of a negligible performance degradation, BEAST can be constrained to perform almost‐ML decoding with significantly reduced complexity. The benchmark for the complexity assessment is the number of nodes visited by the Viterbi algorithm operating on the minimal trellis of the code. The decoding complexity depends on the trellis structure of a given code, which is illustrated by three different forms of the generator matrix for the (24, 12, 8) Golay code. Simulation results that assess the error‐rate performance and the decoding complexity of BEAST are presented for two longer codes. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Woven coded continuous phase frequency shift keying
Authors: Kempf Stefan , Bossert Martin , Shavgulidze Sergo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe introduce woven coded continuous phase frequency shift keying (WCCPFSK) as a serial concatenation of several outer convolutional codes and inner continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK). WCCPFSK is a generalization of the serially concatenated CPFSK modulation scheme which uses only one outer convolutional code. We compute the active burst distances of CPFSK and estimate the free distance of systems with one outer code and of WCCPFSK with several outer codes. We show that WCCPFSK with several outer codes achieves the larger free distance. This results in better performance at low bit error rates, which we demonstrate in simulations. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Turbo detection for MIMO systems: bit labeling and pre‐coding
Authors: Bäro Stephan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBit‐interleaved coded modulation with iterative detection for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) systems demands an efficient APP detector that delivers soft information about the coded bits. The list‐sequential detector is a reduced‐complexity approximation to an exhaustive a posteriori probability (APP) detector. It uses a tree search employing the stack algorithm to find dominant terms of the log‐likelihood ratio (LLR). The commonly used symbol‐by‐symbol Gray labeling is not necessarily the best approach to good performance of iterative systems. Therefore, we consider different bit labelings and differential pre‐coding adapted to MIMO systems. With the help of extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts and bit error rate (BER) simulations, we show that symbol‐by‐symbol Gray labeling in combination with an outer Turbo code is a good compromise for fast convergence and low error floor of MIMO systems with iterative detection. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Performance of multistage vector quantization in hierarchical coding
Authors: Erdmann Christoph , Vary Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHow much performance penalty does a hierarchical coder based on multistage vector quantization (MSVQ) suffer compared to a non‐hierarchical coder based on fixed rate VQ? In this paper, the above question shall be answered from a rate‐distortion theoretic perspective. We analyze several results from high‐rate or asymptotic quantization theory and use them to specify an upper bound on the MSVQ penalty in terms of mean square error (MSE) distortion. The theoretical results are used to gain more analytic insight in hierarchical coding systems based on a multistage coding approach. Although entirely based on high‐rate assumptions, in practice this bound also applies for relatively small rates as shown by experiment. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Lattice Costa schemes using subspace projection for digital watermarking
Authors: Fischer Robert F. H. , Tzschoppe Roman , Bäuml Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA general watermarking scheme employing lattice quantization is proposed and analyzed. This scheme is based on the equivalence of embedding in digital watermarking and transmission over so‐called modulo‐Λ channels. Main intention is to increase the maximum data rate which can be transmitted reliably (Shannon capacity of the scheme), tolerating a certain embedding and attack distortion. For this, a general concept of embedding in a subspace rather than the signal space itself is discussed, by which the capacity can be increased particularly for very low watermark‐to‐noise ratios. Numerical results show that the eight‐dimensional Gosset lattice seems to be a promising compromise between achievable capacity and complexity in blind digital watermarking. Copyright © 2004 AEI