bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idlib and the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Conundrum in Syria
Authors: Khalifa Dareen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 11, Dareen Khalifa examines Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) in Syria. The chapter explores how the jihadist group that broke with both ISIS and al-Qaeda and survived the civil war in Syria has become a unique case study for the evolution of jihadist governance. Khalifah demonstrates how the group’s leaders have shown a high degree of strategic pragmatism in their governance model and in their dealings with foreign power brokers, while also navigating all the pressures they have been subjected to, ensuring the group’s survival and control. The chapter considers how the endurance and evolution of HTS’s governance model has wider implications on transnational Salafi jihadist movements elsewhere.
Islamist Governance and PVE Policy in Indonesia
Authors: Sumpter Cameron , Wardhani Yuslikha Kusama 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 14, Cameron Sumpter and Yuslikha Kusama Wardhani look at preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) in Indonesia and Islamist political actors’ opposition to such policies. Noting that politically active Islamists may have very few connections with those willing to carry out acts of terrorism, many remain suspicious of the government’s motives regarding the prevention of violent extremism. The chapter analyzes this tension by first outlining the evolution of political Islam in Indonesia before detailing the emergence of terrorist organizations seeking an Islamic state and the resulting expansion of domestic counterterrorism capacities in the country.
What Is the Global Priority Thesis?
Authors: Leite Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Global Epistemic Priority Thesis is roughly the thesis that the evidence for the totality of our beliefs about the world is limited to what is given to us by our experiential states. This chapter initiates exploration of whether that thesis arises out of the commitments of everyday epistemic life. The thesis is clarified and distinguished from truisms of ordinary epistemic life. Arguments for it from twentieth-century epistemologists such as A.J. Ayer and Roderick Chisholm are shown not to be compelling. Chisholm’s suggestion that some beliefs are “self-justifying” does not establish the Global Epistemic Priority Thesis. Nor is there good reason to think that we are always in a position to tell what our evidence is or whether we have adequate evidence.
Why joking matters
Authors: Horisk Claire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Public opinion about derogatory jokes is divided. Some people think that racist, sexist, and other derogatory jokes should be condemned, and the courts have ruled that racist jokes can be elements of hostile environment harassment, as in Swinton v. Potomac Corporation. But others think that jokes fall in a special category making them immune to criticism. Because of the perception that jokes, unlike slurs and hate speech, are essentially harmless, derogatory jokes are still in frequent use, and ‘I was just joking’ is a first line of defense for people who are reproached for what they said. This introductory chapter briefly outlines some of the distinctive properties of jokes and humor, and argues that confusion about the morality of derogatory joking can be dispelled by explaining how humor communicates derogatory stereotypes and ideas. It also introduces the main themes of the book as a whole.
Is the popular wisdom supported by science?
Authors: Horisk Claire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are scholarly versions of the three claims of popular wisdom. This chapter uses evidence from social psychology and the law to show that none of them is wholly true. Derogatory jokes cause harm, including negative attitudes, beliefs, and behavior among those with pre-existing hostility to some derogated groups, as well as distress in people who are derogated; indeed, they cause more harm than derogatory statements. So, Harmless Fun is false. Wrong Audience is correct that members of derogated groups suffer negative consequences from hearing derogatory jokes. But empirical work has also shown that audiences who are uncritical about derogatory jokes are more likely to be affected by hearing them, so audiences who take offense mitigate the harm done, contrary to Wrong Audience. Finally, audiences are less likely to be critical of a joke if the joker belongs to the derogated group, so Wrong Joker is false.
Crossing a line
Authors: Horisk Claire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the idea that the difference between morally acceptable and morally unacceptable derogatory jokes is that one “punches up” and the other “punches down” is overly simplistic. Rather, morally unacceptable derogatory jokes convey negative ideas or stereotypes that play or have played a role in supporting or maintaining unjust disadvantage for a social group; they shore up unjust social structures and hierarchies, and support discrimination. This is why one may joke about a powerful person’s vanity but not about their weight. The chapter introduces a term for jokes that support or maintain unjust disadvantage—these are belittling jokes, as opposed to disparaging jokes. The chapter also draws a distinction between two types of speech that are often called jokes—scripted jokes and jocular remarks. Finally, it briefly discusses moral considerations about non-derogatory jokes and mockery.
Joking and power
Authors: Horisk Claire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
First, this chapter discusses the importance of belittling humor in communicating ideology that supports unjust social disadvantage, since explicit expressions of racism have become increasingly unacceptable. Second, it considers how disparaging humor can undermine powerful people, and thus how it is sometimes a force for good. However, it cautions that humor about powerful people is belittling if it transmits ideas about a disadvantaged social group to which the powerful person belongs—such as people who have a disability or who are obese. Furthermore, in some contexts even disparaging humor should be avoided, e.g., when the target is a newcomer to a group. Finally, it considers J. L. Austin’s reasons for excluding jokes from his theory of speech acts. Jokes are locutionary and perlocutionary acts, and the chapter argues that Austin gives no principled reason for supposing that they cannot be illocutionary acts as well.
Birds in Creation, Evolution, and Creation Stories
Authors: Gardella Peter (Petra) , Krute Laurence 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The first verses of Genesis describe God as a bird hovering over a nest. Most creation stories involve birds, laying eggs among Hindus and Finns and saving Sky Woman as she falls among Haudenosaunee (Iroquois). Ravens guided humans as they moved from Africa to the Americas, so that Tlingit and others call ravens creators. Birds appear in the cave paintings of Lascaux, at Paleolithic sites of Australia, and in the earliest cities. Vultures were depicted at the first sites of funerals, where they disposed of bodies. Because dinosaurs included theropods, the ancestors of birds who survived the meteor strike that killed off great lizards, birds actually did take part in making the world. Birds replanted forests after ice ages. Bird communication signaled the birth of self-consciousness millions of years before humans.
Birds and Humans in Each Other’s Rituals (and Costumes)
Authors: Gardella Peter (Petra) , Krute Laurence 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Birds perform many rituals, from flamingo mating dances to crow funerals. People have copied many bird rituals, such as the Hadza, whose dances involve the calls they make to honeyguide birds that find beehives to share with humans. The words “augury” and “auspicious” for telling the future derive from the Latin auspicia aves, looking at birds. Augury is also practiced in Kenya and Tibet, with rules different from those of Rome but with the same idea that birds give messages about conditions. Costumes made from birds appear in all human cultures. Ritual meals like Thanksgiving and Christmas commonly feature birds.
Bird Heroes and Villains
Authors: Gardella Peter (Petra) , Krute Laurence 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Birds save kings from the Manchu dynasty of China to King Arthur and the Tower of London. In the Hindu Ramayana, a vulture saves Queen Sita. Geese saved the Roman republic from Gauls. Sparrows throwing stones saved Mecca from war elephants in the year when Prophet Muhammad was born. Seagulls saved Mormons in Utah by eating insects that devoured their first crop. In World War I, a pigeon saved an American battalion trapped behind German lines. In the Israeli Six-Day War of 1967, a dove guided and saved a soldier and became a hero to fundamentalist Jews and Christians. Fictional bird interventions drive the plots of Aristophanes in The Birds, of Siegfried in Norse mythology, of Swan Lake, and of Angels in America.
Voices for Transgender Equality
Authors: Billard Thomas J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Whereas social movements of earlier eras could fight for representation on four broadcast television networks and in a handful of national newspapers with confidence that success would mean their issues were experienced by most of the population, contemporary activists have no such assurances. For their issues to be experienced by the majority of the population, they must secure representation by reaching audiences through highly individualized flows of content across countless media. Achieving this requires pioneering new approaches to media activism. These new approaches are the focus of Voices for Transgender Equality. Drawing on two years of ethnographic research at the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) in Washington, DC, during the first two years of the Trump administration, this book argues that contemporary activism is no longer structured around achieving visibility in mass media, as they have been decentered as the primary avenue for the flow of political information, perspectives, and opinions. Rather, contemporary activism takes a more holistic approach to activism that seeks influence across the communication system. This system includes mass media but extends into local and community media and into interpersonal communication networks (both digital and face-to-face). It further argues that the chimaerizing influence of digital technologies—how they fuse the logics, contexts, and practices of different media—requires the concurrent management of every domain of the communication system. Such system-wide management is necessary to maintain influence over the flows of political information about transgender issues and identities and, consequently, to improve the sociopolitical standing of the trans community.
Chinese Consumption
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The increase in Chinese consumption has led to a variety of contract farming practices in the Mekong region, where, depending on the type of agricultural products, different non-state Chinese actors engage with local farmers to satisfy Chinese consumers’ demands. This chapter provides a few snapshots of China’s domestic consumption’s ripple effects in mainland Southeast Asia. First, it analyzes the effects of the maize boom in northern Myanmar on its ecological system by showing how rising demand for maize in China has led to an accelerated rate of deforestation. The chapter then presents the story of how China’s demand for beef has led to a transnational network of live cattle smuggling. It then looks at the case of Chinese demand for durian and watermelon and its implications for business networks in Thailand and Myanmar. Finally, the chapter examines Chinese businesses’ commercial banana plantation in Laos and their environmental externalities.
The Nazi Waste Regime
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the origins, features, and infrastructures of the Nazi waste regime. Focusing first on the discourses that conveyed racial difference, social deviance, degeneracy, and criminality as the inverse of cleanliness and orderliness, the chapter discusses National Socialist ideas about the environment and explains how a biopolitical paradigm shaped social and national security considerations across Europe, grounding the emerging Nazi emphasis on racial purity in a broader scientific consensus. The chapter then shows how environmental and economic thinking congealed into a comprehensive strategy to extend resources through waste avoidance and recycling. Understanding itself as a resource-pour nation, the regime saw eastward expansion as essential and recycling as a means to produce the resources that would power Germany through a war of imperial conquest. The last part of the chapter provides an overview of the transformation of the secondary materials economy and the changing structures of waste reclamation.
Rag Farming
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Rags, and textiles more generally, constitute the focus of Chapter 5. After explaining the constrictions in the textile economy during the 1930s, the chapter examines the development of textile pilfering in the Nazi-occupied east. In occupied Poland, the Nazis coerced thousands of ghettoized Jews into textile workshops, where they toiled for their survival while outfitting the German army and police formations. In Soviet territory, the destructive entrepreneurship of the so-called Ostgesellschaften, companies that merged administrative and market-based structures for the purpose of gutting enemy territory, ostensibly “developed” the colonial lands. Instead of expanding crops of textile fibers, the regime ended up mining the local population for rags and other inferior products. In addition, they forced underresourced and terrorized workers in ghettos and labor camps in the occupied east to turn the spoils of genocide—human hair—into felt boots for German soldiers.
Bombed Out and Trashed In
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the final fits of the Nazi waste regime before it suffocated in the glut of materials freighted back to Germany. As German cities were carpet-bombed and shortages of all sorts throttled the economy, the regime invested in technologies that promised to turn urban garbage into garbage soil with fertilizing properties to boost agricultural production. Exposing the disconnect that separated Nazi ideologues from the realities of military implosion and infrastructural collapse, the chapter details how the wastes of war conquered urban environments. Civil administrators revoked garbage-sorting requirements, simplifying burial regulations, and prohibited the transport of corpses to crematory to deal with endemic shortages in fuel and coffins. Despite the reeking matter that accumulated inside Germany—garbage, rubble, sewage, corpses—Germans clung to the idea that hundreds of thousands of dying prisoners would turn junk into weapons and essential goods for final victory.
Inducing Compliance as a Transformative Process
Authors: Bogdandy Armin von , Urueña René 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the apparent paradox that, despite a dismal rate of compliance with its decisions, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) is constantly right in the middle of the most important controversies in Latin America. To do so, it argues that “compliance” is too narrow a prism to account for the transformative effects of the IACtHR’s expansive compliance activities. By focusing solely on compliance, we risk concealing the wider impact of the Court’s orders, which comes to light when the Court’s influence on the Latin American community of human rights practice is considered. It is in that dynamic process of interaction that the transformations triggered by the Court take root, and it is thanks to the work of that community of practice that the broader impact of the Court occurs. In the Inter-American System, compliance is transformation, and the community of practice is the key step that takes us from compliance to impact.
The Impact beyond Compliance of the Case of Azul Rojas Marin
Authors: Esdaile Chris , Sandoval Clara , Vicente Alejandra , Politi Renata , Sanchez Nataly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
What has been the impact of the case Azul Rojas Marin on LGBTIQ+ rights in the Americas and beyond? What is the significance of the case for inter-American case law? What can we learn from the case of Azul Rojas Marin in understanding impact, and how it happens? These are the key questions that inspire this chapter. It analyzes the landmark precedent set up by the case of Azul and its meaning for advancing the protection of the rights to human treatment, personal liberty, reparation, and access to justice for the LGBTIQ+ community. The chapter explores the impact this landmark case has had so far and the potential impact it could have in the future, analyzing its context, precedents, and potentialities in strengthening the international protection of LGBTIQ+ rights.
Impact of the IAHRS Principles on Freedom of Expression and the Need for Their Expansion in the Digital Age
Authors: Lanza Edison 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the development of the inter-American standards on the protection of the right to freedom of expression in the Inter-American System and its impact on the region, considering the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In the regional context of dictatorships and authoritarianism, the chapter analyzes the development of a common inter-American legal framework for the respect and promotion of rights linked to freedom of expression and the strengthening of democratic systems. The analysis also encompasses the emergence of the internet and how the inter-American standards on freedom of expression have responded to contemporary challenges. It argues for further inter-American standards on freedom of expression in the digital age.
Proposals for the Improvement of the Work of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Authors: García Joel Hernandez 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims at identifying concrete areas for improvement in the work of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. It highlights the main features of the Inter-American Human Rights System, mainly the gradual and evolutionary interpretation of the American Convention on Human Rights, which has led to a robust corpus juris. As the system stems from the willingness of States, the chapter examines the Commission’s challenge to uphold its decisions. Compliance with the decisions of the Commission is identified as essential to have an impact on the protection of victims of violations of human rights. Taking into account the consensual nature of the international system and standing State obligations under international law, the chapter outlines the following areas of improvement: strengthening national capacities, advancing standards through the selection of cases to remedy structural situations, and promoting compliance with the decisions of the Commission.
A Broader Look at the Transformative Impact of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Decisions
Authors: Alessandri Pablo Saavedra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of decisions from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, going beyond merely State-centered implementation outcomes to encompass broader consequences of IACtHR rulings, especially the construction of knowledge, acceptance, and empowerment within a community of practice. It starts by analyzing comprehensive reparations, with a focus on nonrepetition measures. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the impact of other types of IACtHR decisions: advisory opinions and provisional measures. The chapter contends that harmonious and constructive pro persona judicial dialogue between the national and inter-American courts is crucial to optimize impact and maximize the protection of human rights.
The Realistic Imperative of Diversity
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents and discusses the most recent population trends compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau, and other scientific demographers. These data sources show that the United States has undergone and will continue to undergo seismic shifts in demographic trends. These statistics clearly and compellingly demonstrate that diversity is not just an imagined possibility but instead a reality for organizations. The demographic changes in the workforce mean that organizations of the future will be different from those of today and yesterday. Organizations that want to be competitive must adapt. They need to become aware of the changing demographics so that these demographics can be better addressed.
Individual-Level Discrimination
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes and defines a variety of manifestations of discrimination that range from overt and formal to subtle and interpersonal in nature. Overt discrimination is discrimination on the basis of identity in any aspect of the employment cycle that can typically be identified, observed, and quantified to some extent. Subtle discrimination is sometimes labeled unconscious bias, everyday bias, or microaggressions. In this chapter, the term subtle discrimination is used as an umbrella label to incorporate each of these ways of thinking about behavioral acts of bias that are ambiguous, difficult to detect, low in intensity, and often unintentional. This chapter focuses on the more common, and arguably more pernicious, subtle types of discrimination that emerge in the context of work. This includes subtle discrimination in getting interviews, in the interview, in performance management and feedback systems, and in promotions to leadership positions.
Enhancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Employee Selection
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
It is critical—from realistic, moral, and economic perspectives—that organizations make equitable hiring decisions. The evidence described in this chapter indicates that such decisions are enhanced when the criteria for success in a job are defined in advance of selection processes, when identity-hidden reviews are possible, when structured interviews are implemented, and when decision-makers are accountable for their decisions. In addition, organizations should consider hiring unorthodox applicants (i.e., look beyond traditional measures of success) and maximize their focus on metrics (i.e., any knowledge, skill, or ability that is deemed to be important for performance in a job should be measured carefully). Specific examples of processes and practices are provided.
Reducing Employee Attrition
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Efforts to create and sustain diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in organizations depend on extending activities beyond recruitment and selection. Organizations and leaders need to create cultures and policies that support people from a variety of backgrounds throughout their careers. This includes mentoring and sponsorship programs, employee resource groups, improving psychological safety, enacting effective diversity training programs, and conducting and addressing self-assessments over time. The attraction–selection–attrition model, which states that the people make the place, reveals that attrition is one of the key components of how an organizational culture is perpetuated. The practices presented in this chapter may help enhance DEI by increasing the retention of people from marginalized backgrounds.