bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntactic Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first exhaustive investigation of gradience in syntax, conceived of as grammatical indeterminacy. It looks at gradience in English word classes, phrases, clauses and constructions, and examines how it may be defined and differentiated. Professor Aarts addresses the tension between linguistic concepts and the continuous phenomena they describe by testing and categorizing grammatical vagueness and indeterminacy. He considers to what extent gradience is a grammatical phenomenon or a by-product of imperfect linguistic description, and makes a series of linked proposals for its theoretical formalization. Bas Aarts draws on, and reviews, work in psychology, philosophy and language from Aristotle to Chomsky., and writes clearly on a fascinating and important aspect of language and cognition. His book will appeal to scholars and graduate students of language and syntactic theory in departments of (English) linguistics, philosophy and cognitive science.
Cartesian Reflections
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Cottingham explores central areas of Descartes’s rich and wide-ranging philosophical system, including his accounts of thought and language, of freedom and action, of our relationship to the animal domain, and of human morality and the conduct of life. He also examines ways in which his philosophy has been misunderstood. The Cartesian mind-body dualism that is so often attacked is only a part of Descartes’s account of what it is to be a thinking, sentient, human creature, and the way he makes the division between the mental and the physical is considerably more subtle, and philosophically more appealing, than is generally assumed. Although Descartes is often considered to be one of the heralds of our modern secular worldview, the ‘new’ philosophy which he launched retains many links with the ideas of his predecessors, not least in the all-pervasive role it assigns to God (something that is ignored or downplayed by many modern readers); and the character of the Cartesian outlook is multifaceted, sometimes anticipating Enlightenment ideas of human autonomy and independent scientific inquiry, but also sometimes harmonizing with more traditional notions of human nature as created to find fulfilment in harmony with its creator.
Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electoral systems that rely solely on constituencies to elect representatives to the national parliament cannot guarantee proportional representation or even some minimal percentage of seats to ethnic, racial, national, or religious minority groups in the population. Special electoral mechanisms are required if such minority communities are to be assured seats in the legislature. This chapter provides an overview of targeted electoral mechanisms designed to ensure the inclusion in national parliaments of representatives of minority communities.
The Genesis of Grammar
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reconstructs what the earliest grammars might have been and shows how they could have led to the languages of modern humankind. Like other biological phenomena, language cannot be fully understood without reference to its evolution, whether proven or hypothesized," wrote Talmy Givón in 2002. As the languages spoken 8,000 years ago were typologically much the same as they are today and as no direct evidence exists for languages before then, evolutionary linguists are at a disadvantage compared to their counterparts in biology. Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva seek to overcome this obstacle by combining grammaticalization theory, one of the main methods of historical linguistics, with work in animal communication and human evolution. The questions they address include: do the modern languages derive from one ancestral language or from more than one? What was the structure of language like when it first evolved? And how did the properties associated with modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? The authors proceed on the assumption that if language evolution is the result of language change then the reconstruction of the former can be explored by deploying the processes involved in the latter. Their measured arguments and crystal-clear exposition will appeal to all those interested in the evolution of language, from advanced undergraduates to linguists, cognitive scientists, human biologists, and archaeologists.
Australian Literature
Authors: Huggan Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures series offers stimulating and accessible introductions to definitive topics and key genres and regions within the rapidly diversifying field of postcolonial literary studies in English. In a provocative contribution to the series, Graham Huggan presents fresh readings of an outstanding, sometimes deeply unsettling national literature whose writers and readers just as unmistakably belong to the wider world. Australian literature is not the unique province of Australian readers and critics; nor is its exclusive task to provide an internal commentary on changing national concerns. Huggan’s book adopts a transnational approach, motivated by postcolonial interests, in which contemporary ideas taken from postcolonial criticism and critical race theory are productively combined and imaginatively transformed. Rejecting the fashionable view that Australia is not, and never will be, postcolonial, Huggan argues on the contrary that Australian literature, like other settler literatures, requires close attention to postcolonial methods and concerns. A postcolonial approach to Australian literature, he suggests, is more than just a case for a more inclusive nationalism; it also involves a general acknowledgement of the nation’s changed relationship to an increasingly globalized world. As such, the book helps to deprovincialize Australian literary studies. Australian Literature also contributes to debates about the continuing history of racism in Australia-a history in which the nation’s literature has played a constitutive role, as both product and producer of racial tensions and anxieties, nowhere more visible than in the discourse it has produced about race, both within and beyond the national context.
British History
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fully revised and updated edition of Norman McCord’s authoritative introduction to nineteenth century British history has been extended to cover the period up to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The nineteenth and early twentieth century saw the transformation of Britain from a predominantly rural to a largely urban society with an economy based upon manufacturing, finance, and trade, and from a society governed mainly by a landed aristocracy to what was increasingly a mass democracy. The authors chart the development of a modern state equipped with a large and expanding bureaucracy, the expansion of overseas territories into one of the world’s greatest empires, and changes in religion, social attitudes, and culture. The book divides the era into four chronological periods, with chapters on the political background, administrative development, and social, economic, and cultural changes in each period. Exploring major themes such as the massive increase in population, the question of class, the scope of state activity, and the development of consumerism, leisure, and entertainment, and including a select bibliography and biographical appendix, this updated new edition provides the ultimate introduction to British history between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of the First World War.
Political Developments 1815–1830
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The victory of Britain and its allies and the inauguration of peace did not provide the government and its ministers with easy years to enjoy this triumph. The years of war had not frozen Britain in the context of the early 1790s but had rather seen social and economic pressures and problems subordinated to the war effort even as they became more serious, while the urgent necessity for national unity had divided and made unpatriotic reformist movements amongst the elite and the broader populace. The government was faced with pressing problems: a rising population, a depression in agriculture, which set in soon after the war’s end, major social problems consequent upon economic change and the difficulty of finding work for the soldiers and sailors who were no longer required. Economic and social problems fanned radical discontent.
Economy and Society c.1830–1850
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pace of economic and social change accelerated in the years after 1830, but it is still necessary to be cautious in assessing the transformation which had occurred by mid-century. The concept of the ‘Industrial Revolution’ as a transforming agency in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has been immensely influential. Repeated demonstrations of its limitations have not succeeded in eradicating the widespread but erroneous belief that Britain was a predominantly industrial nation by 1850.
Blurry Images, Double Vision, and Other Oddities: New Problems for RepresentationaIism?
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Representationalism is a thesis about the phenomenal character of experiences, about their immediate subjective or felt qualities.1 The thesis is sometimes stated as a supervenience claim: necessarily, experiences that are alike in their representational contents are alike in their phenomenal character (Lycan 1996a). In its strong form, representationalism is an identity thesis (Dretske 1995; Tye 1995, 2000). It asserts that phenomenal character is one and the same as representational content that meets certain further conditions. Representationalists are sometimes also content-externalists. The combination of representationalism about phenomenal character with externalism about content yields phenomenal externalism (the view that qualia ain’t in the head).
Experience and Representation
Authors: Levine Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Qualia, or phenomenal properties of experience, pose a deep and persistent problem for Materialism. Consider the particular throbbing character of a pain in one’s toe after stubbing it, or the way a gleaming red fire engine looks in the sunlight. In both cases there is a strong intuition that we are enjoying experiences—conscious, mental states—which can be typed by their qualitative character: the throbbing of the pain or the reddish character of the visual experience. In this sense the qualitative character of an experience, a quale, is a property of the experience.
How to Read Your Own Mind: A Cognitive Theory of Self-Consciousness
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of self-awareness has an impressive philosophical pedigree, and sustained discussion of the topic goes back at least to Descartes. More recently, self-awareness has become a lively issue in the cognitive sciences, thanks largely to the emerging body of work on ‘mind-reading’, the process of attributing mental states to people (and other organisms). During the last fifteen years, the processes underlying mind-reading have been a major focus of attention in cognitive and developmental psychology. Most of this work has been concerned with the processes underlying the attribution of mental states to other people. However, a number of psychologists and philosophers have also proposed accounts of the mechanisms underlying the attribution of mental states to oneself. This process of reading one’s own mind or becoming self-aware will be our primary concern in this chapter.
Consciousness and Cognition: Semiotic Conceptions of Bodies and Minds
Authors: Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comprehensive and complete theory of mentality, including an account of the nature of consciousness and of cognition, would have to include at least the following three ingredients familiar from classical philosophy of mind, namely: a theory of mind, a solution to the mind-body problem, and a resolution of the problem of other minds. This enquiry has the purpose of providing a summary of the theory of minds as sign-using (or ‘semiotic’) systems and to explain how this approach can solve the mind-body problem (by means of a nomological theory of mind-body interaction) and can resolve the problem of other minds (on the basis of epistemic principles supplied by inference to the best explanation).
Therapeutics of the Divine: Healing and Redemption as Mutual Transformation in Hasidism
Authors: wood Roland Little 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last lecture I discussed an ultra-Orthodox Jewish group the Lubavitch Hasidim, emphasizing the ‘tight’ construction of their symbolic and physical world. In this lecture I am less concerned with the physical projections of the individual into a cosmos than with a later development: how the already projected cosmos is now referred back again to the experiential body in practical healing; and how embodiment and representation can be regarded as two contrary processes.
On Generation and Corruption I. 3: Substantial Change and the Problem of Not-Being
Authors: Algra Keimpe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My contribution to this book deals with the ‘chapter’ in which Aristotle discusses coming to be simpliciter (simpliciter is the standard rendering of a1rt\ws-). This “chapter’ constitutes a relatively autonomous section of GC book I. To bring this out I provide an overview of its structure and argumentation in Section 1 below. Comments on particular points of detail will be appended here as footnotes. In the three sections that follow (2-4) the discussion wi11 focus on three separate, though interrelated, issues. Section 2 will deal with the problem concerning the referent of ‘not-being simpliciter’ (-ro a1rAws-µ, ov) in GC I. 3. Section 3 will examine how Aristotle’s account in GC I. 3 relates to an analysis found in Physics book I.
Meritocracy
Authors: Cavanagh Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of the next two parts of the book is to loosen the grip that the ideas of merit and equality have on our thinking in this area, in the hope that other ideas and approaches might then find room to breathe. I take the idea of meritocracy first because, as I noted in the Introduction, it seems to be the default position. By ‘meritocracy’ I mean what most people seem to mean by this word-the view that the best person should always get the job1 But this view is not as simple as it appears: there are, as I also noted in the Introduction, at least two different ways of understanding it, and people are often unclear about which version they believe in. Both versions involve the idea of competition, but they understand it in different ways. On the first way of understanding it, the point of competition is to give everyone a chance to earn the right to a job. On the second way of understanding it, the point is not to create winners and losers, by giving people the chance to earn rewards, but to reveal who the best person is. The best person would still have been the best even if there hadn’t been a competition.
Typology
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 1712 the charlatan Simone Greco wrote to his wife Angela, in Brescia, from his lodgings in Verona. He was in the town with the hopes of setting up his stage from which to sell his Olio di Straccione. Angela ’s reply of 8 December still survives. She thanks him for sending some money and for his interest towards the family, and says that their son is now in the service of Signor Lombardo and that she has paid the rent and purchased a load of firewood. Angela has arranged for a local gentleman to send a testimonial on Simone ’s behalf to the officials of the Veronese Sanità.
The Role of Demonstratives in Action- Explanation
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been remarked that perceptual demonstratives have a special role to play in the explanation of action. In ‘The Problem of the Essential Indexical’, Perry discussed the case of a hiker standing in the wilderness, unsure as to which of the mountains he sees is which, and not sure which trail he is looking at. The hiker has a period of deliberation. ‘Then he begins to move along the Mt. Tallac trail. If asked, he would have explained the crucial change in his beliefs this way: “I came to believe that this is the Mt. Tallac trail and that is Gilmore Lake”‘ (Perry 1993: 35).The connection between perceptual demonstratives and action was given a strong formulation by Peacocke, who said that ‘no set of attitudes gives a satisfactory psychological explanation of a person’s acting on a given object unless the content of those attitudes includes a demonstrative mode of presentation of that object’ (Peacocke, 1981: 205-6). This is quite a strong thesis. As it stands, it is open to the point that I can act on the candidate standing in an election by voting against him, or that I can act on you by sending you an e-mail, without a demonstrative mode of presentation being involved at all. But that leaves it open that there may be some more primitive types of action, such as choosing which path to take, or reaching and grasping an object, whose explanation does typically require the use of a demonstrative.
Perception and Agency
Authors: Baldwin Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the empiricist tradition perception is conceived as essentially passive in comparison with exercise of the active will: Locke writes ‘For in bare naked Perception, the Mind is, for the most part, only passive’.1 According to pragmatists this contrast is overdone and leads to the mistakes of ‘the spectator theory of knowledge’ which are to be corrected by giving due weight to the connections between perception and agency: Dewey writes that ‘Experience, in other words, is a matter of simultaneous doings and sufferings’.2 As ever within philosophy there are truths on both sides of this dispute; the difficult task is to strike the mean.
John Rawls
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Rawls’s bookA Theory of Justice’has received an enormous amount of attention, probably more than any other twentieth-century work of political philosophy I have not come upon any knowledgeable scholar who has been ready to accept Rawls’s conclusions as a sound view of justice. Yet they all agree that the book is an important one. Why so? Because it uses a novel method and so presents the subject in a new perspective, always a virtue in philosophy.
The novelty does not lie in the basic feature of the method, a hypothetical contract, but in its application. The idea of a social contract is familiar and indeed ancient in political philosophy, having been used to explain and justify political obligation, the citizen’s duty to obey the laws of the state. Rawls’s innovation lies in transferring the idea to explaining the concept of justice. It is true that the earliest use of the idea in philosophical literature occurs in Plato’sRepublic,whose initial subject isdikaiosyne,justice in the wide sense of what is right, and perhaps that suggested to Rawls the possibility of adopting the idea in a new way. Even so, the novelty of his approach is nonetheless striking and stimulating.
Paris 1961: Algerians, State Terror, and Memory
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The massacre of Algerian demonstrators by the Paris police on the night of 17 October 1961 is one of the most contested events in contemporary French history. This book provides a multi-layered investigation of the repression through a critical examination of newly opened archives, oral sources, the press and contemporary political movements and debates. The roots of violence are traced back to counter-insurgency techniques developed by the French military in North Africa and introduced into Paris to crush the independence movement among Algerian migrant workers. The study shows how and why this event was rapidly expunged from public visibility in France, but was kept alive by immigrant and militant minorities, to resurface in a dramatic form after the 1980s. Through this case-study the authors explore both the dynamics of state terror as well as the complex memorial processes by which these events continue to inform and shape post-colonial society.
Esprit Calvet
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Esprit-Claude-Franc, ois Calvet was born in the papal enclave of Avignon on 28 November 1728 at 6 p.m. with two teeth. His father, Claude-Joseph, was 54,a man of some substance in the city living of fa private income in his own house on the Rue Pugelle, which was located in the parish of Sainte-Madeleine, one of the rich quartiers of the city to the west of the Palaisdes Papes. Claude- Joseph (see Ill. 1) had married late, and his only immediate family were two sisters-Claire and Anne (see Fig. 1.1). Calvet’s mother, Marguerite, on the other hand, was only 29 and belonged to a large brood of three brothers and four sisters. She was the daughter of Esprit-Franc, ois d ‘Hugues, and belonged to a family of merchants and lawyers with close links to the city government (see Fig. 1.2). The couple had married three years before on 9 January 1725, and Esprit-Claude-François was their first and only child. The Calvets were a prominent family both in Avignon and Villeneuve-le’s-Avignon, the neighbouring town across the Rhone in the kingdom of France. One Gabriel Calvet had moved to the area from Toulouse in the mid-fifteenth century and his son and heir, Nicolas (died 1512), had had four surviving sons who went on to establish their own separate dynasties. Doubtless capitalizing on the fact that Gabriel was descended from a capitoul of Toulouse, two branches of the family at least established the right to be considered noble. At the turn of the eighteenth century a number of Calvets of Avignon were serving officers in the French army and navy; others were local lawyers and judges.
The Intellectual Milieu
Authors: Brockliss L V B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kernel of Calvet’s intellectual world was formed by a small group of his Avignon neighbours who shared his scientific and aesthetic interests. Although no one else permanently based in the city during Calvet’s life time enjoyed such a prominent place in the Republic of Letters, there was a clutch of minor ‘erudits in his home town whose intellectual interests he had frequently fostered and with whom he regularly dined and conversed. Their number included the painter Jean-Baptiste Pe ‘ ru II, who sculpted Calvet’s bust, the numismatist and antiquarian Pe ‘re Anselme, dean of the church of Saint-Pierre, the printer Jean-Joseph Neil, and several titled aristocrats and their relatives. Among these, the chief were Louis de Berton des Balbes de Quien, Duc de Crillon, and his brother the Abbe ‘ Louis-Athanase, the Marquis de Conceyl, a naturalist, and three bibliophiles: Joseph-François-Xavier de Seytres, Mar- quis de Caumont, whose father had been the leading Avignon ‘erudit in Calvet’s youth; the Marquis de Pe ‘russis; and the Marquis de Cambis-Velleron, famous for his collection of manuscripts.