bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: Sia Richard H. P. , Dawson Martin H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Further observations on the conditions under which transformation of pneumococcal types may be induced by in vitro procedures are presented.
2. R cultures possessing only slight degrees of R stability are most suitable for transformation purposes by in vitro procedures.
3. Vaccines prepared from cultures subjected to the action of bacterial enzymes liberated (a) in old broth cultures, (b) during mechanical disruption of young bacterial cells, are not effective in inducing transformation of type.
4. The property of an S vaccine responsible for transformation of type is not related to the specific soluble substance of pneumococcus.
5. Attempts to effect transformation of type by the use of cell-free extracts of pneumococcus have so far proved unsuccessful.
A SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF MENINGOCOCCUS, B. ANTHRACIS, B. PROTEUS, B. SUBTILIS AND B. MESENTERICUS
Authors: Zozaya José 
Published: June 2004

1. The meningococcus polysaccharide reacts with a broad precipitable carbohydrate antibody in common with those of B. anthracis, B. subtilis, B. proteus and B. mesentericus.
2. The anthrax and proteus polysaccharides are specific in the higher dilutions of serum.
3. Antianthrax serum contains two different polysaccharide precipitable antibodies, one specific and the other non-specific.
4. Agglutinins have no relation to the carbohydrate precipitable substance, specific or non-specific.
5. An immunological method is given for the study of the probable chemical relation or similarity of polysaccharides of different bacteria similar to that given by Heidelberger, Goebel and Avery from a strain of Friedländer bacillus and Pneumococcus Type II.
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON OPEN GLOMERULI AND URINE OUTPUT
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Summerville Ward W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Renal shock with oliguria or anuria after unilateral kidney operation has not been produced in seventeen rabbits.
2. For a period of 2 hours after unilateral nephrectomy the one kidney carries on a proportionate part of the work of the previous two kidneys, and there is no evidence of functional compensation.
3. There is a general correlation between open glomeruli and urine output.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENCES OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL IN THE SKIN OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND BASAL METABOLISM
Authors: Purdy Charlotte , Sheard Charles 
Published: June 2004

High metabolic rates are associated normally with small differences of electric potential, whereas low metabolic rates are associated with large differences of electric potential as measured on the extremities of the body.
Within the normal range of metabolism there appears to be a definite correlation between the metabolic rates and the difference of electric potential over a specified area of the skin, provided the person under test has no abnormalities of the circulatory system or of the functions of the skin.
If there are no dysfunctions of the circulation or of the skin, the metabolic rate may be calculated, within ±4 points, from the expression
See PDF for Equation
where x is the metabolic rate and y is the difference of electric potential across the specified areas of skin (electrodes 12 cm. apart).
In general, there are abnormalities of the circulation of the blood or of the functions of the skin of persons for whom the metabolic rates determined by the two methods (difference of electric potentials and gasometric procedures) do not agree with ±4 points.
Manifest retardation or return to normality in the rate of circulation of the blood, such as may be produced by the sphygmomanometric cuff under varying pressures, produces marked changes in the difference of electric potentials obtained across a specified intervening area of skin. Retardation of flow of blood produces increased differences of electric potential.
Preliminary investigations indicate that there is an inverse correlation between cutaneous temperatures and differences of electric potential.
Day by day variations, emotive effects and the partaking of food have less effect, in general, on the electric potentials across a specified area of skin than they have on the metabolic rates.
These experimental results indicate that there may be a more direct correlation between electric potentials and the circulation of the blood per se than between electric potentials and the metabolism of the body per se. When normality of circulation of the blood and of the functions of the skin exists in the areas under test for differences of electric potential, there is apparently a correlation between metabolic rates and electric potentials.
A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF CHICKENS
Authors: Beach J. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The causative agent of infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens was found to be present in bacteriologically sterile tracheal exudate, spleens, and livers of diseased fowls.
2. The causative agent was present regularly in the tracheal exudate, in the spleens of about 60 per cent, and in the livers of about 30 per cent of chickens with active laryngotracheitis infection.
3. Suspensions of the spleen and liver were less effective in inducing the disease than those made from the tracheal exudate. This finding, together with the absence of pathological changes in the spleens and livers would seem to indicate that they are not actively involved but that the causative agent is carried to them by way of the blood.
4. The disease could, in our experience, be produced only in chickens Domesticated ducks and several wild and free-flying species of birds, including sparrows, crows, starlings, doves, and pigeons were found to be refractory, and so too were rabbits, guinea pigs, white rats, and one pig that was tested.
A FILTRABLE VIRUS, THE CAUSE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS OF CHICKENS
Authors: Beach J. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments have shown that tracheal exudate from two strains of laryngotracheitis of chickens from New Jersey and two from California when suspended in bouillon and passed through Berkefeld V filters will produce the disease. Two of six Berkefeld N filters allowed the etiological agent to pass, whereas four did not. Attempts to produce the disease with Seitz filtrates were unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that laryngotracheitis is caused by a filtrable virus that because of its size or some other property does not pass readily through the finer filters.
2. It has been shown that the sera from fowls that have recovered from an infection with one of the New Jersey viruses will neutralize the same strain and also the one California strain tested. In order to demonstrate neutralization conclusively it was necessary to titrate samples of dried virus and in the tests to use approximately ten infecting doses.
3. The virus dried over calcium chloride for 10 days and then stored in the refrigerator for 60 days produced disease. Kept over calcium chloride for a month it was still active and when dried by Swift's method it remained alive for 5 months.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Seifried Oskar 
Published: June 2004

1. The characteristic lesions of infectious laryngotracheitis are ordinarily restricted to the respiratory tract and are most pronounced in the larynx and trachea. Sometimes the eyelids are affected. A certain percentage of the cases are associated with bronchitis and peribronchitis, pneumonic areas and hemorrhages in the lung, while the involvement of the nasal passages, communicating sinuses, and eyes seems to be dependent upon the mode of infection and the course of the disease.
2. The virus affects the epithelial cells primarily, but soon inflammation develops in the submucosa and underlying parts. Edema is often extremely pronounced in the submucosa. The destruction taking place at later stages is due to edema, cellular infiltration, and hemorrhages, and in some instances to secondarily invading bacteria.
3. Characteristic intranuclear inclusions in the epithelial cells of the trachea are present in many cases. They bear a close resemblance to the inclusions occurring in herpes, varicella, virus III of rabbits, and submaxillary gland disease of guinea pigs.
THE RÔLE OF THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II AND III
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: June 2004

1. When the soluble specific substance of Type II pneumococcus was fed to rats, little or no increased resistance to the organism was obtained.
2. When the specific substance of Type III pneumococcus was fed, an increased resistance to the virulent organism resulted. The percentage of animals protected is smaller than when the whole or the dissolved cell is fed.
3. When the specific polysaccharide of Type I was fed, no immunity against Type II or III was obtained, and the ingestion of the specific substances of Types II and III did not protect rats against the Type I organism.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Repeated intravenous injections of ferric chloride are followed by an increase in the survival time of tuberculous rabbits. In the particular series of experiments reported this increase amounts to about 78 per cent over the average survival time of control rabbits.
Tuberculous animals repeatedly injected with ferric chloride increase in weight during part of the period of these injections. The level reached in the series studied markedly exceeds that attained by control rabbits.
Both control and experimental animals die of generalized tuberculosis. There is no indication at the time of death of any differences in the degree of pathological involvement between the two groups of animals.
CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF LIVING BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD STREAM
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Sullivan F. L. , Neckermann E. F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The simultaneous intravenous injection into normal and actively immunized rabbits of equal quantities of living staphylococci or paratyphoid bacilli is followed by a distinctly accelerated rate of removal of the bacteria from the blood streams of the immune animals.
2. This altered reactivity is due essentially to specific active immunization.
3. The bacteria pass rapidly through the capillary bed of the lungs, extracellularly and dispersed for the most part, and become generalized through the blood stream.
4. The bacteria are quickly removed from the circulating blood in the immune animals and less rapidly in the normal ones, by various organs, particularly the liver and spleen, where they accumulate in enormous numbers, become adherent to the lining membrane of the sinusoids of the liver and apparently to the macrophages of the spleen and are phagocytosed by the macrophages and leucocytes in these organs.
5. Associated with this effect are morphological changes in the bacteria as shown by swelling, loss of staining power and evidences of increased cohesiveness and decreased viscosity, these changes being apparent as early as 2 minutes after their intravenous injection.
6. Inasmuch as these changes are not seen to a marked degree within the lungs or other organs, they are probably the result of a local antigen-antibody reaction of a bacteriotropic type in the two organs generally considered to be most actively concerned with the production of immune bodies.
7. By means of this accelerated bacteriotropic effect in the actively immunized animals, phagocytosis is facilitated and intracellular digestion of the bacteria is enhanced.
THE ARTHUS PHENOMENON
Authors: Davidoff Leo M. , Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Seegal David 
Published: June 2004

1. Sixteen out of seventeen rabbits actively sensitized to various antigens by repeated cerebral and intravenous injections showed upon intracerebral reinjection of the same antigen local anaphylactic inflammation of the brain at the site of inoculation.
2. Six out of twenty rabbits actively sensitized to either horse serum or egg albumen by extracerebral injections, showed, upon introduction of the homologous antigen into the cerebrum, local anaphylactic inflammation at the site of inoculation.
3. The pathological picture of the Arthus phenomenon in the brain of the rabbit resembled that seen in the skin, after allowing for differences in the fundamental structure of the tissues involved.
4. None of the control animals exhibited lesions comparable to those found in the experimental animals. A few controls showed slight hemorrhages due to mechanical injury of blood vessels.
5. Clinical symptoms of varying degrees of severity, often leading to the death of the rabbit were observed in the sensitized animals. These symptoms were referable to the site of injection.
A NOTE ON THE SPECIFIC AGGLUTINATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Enders John F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific agglutination of Pneumococcus Types I, II and III has been demonstrated in antisera largely deprived of the carbohydrate antibody.
2. The type-specific agglutinogens in Pneumococcus I and II responsible for agglutination in such antisera are inactivated by heating in alkaline solution at 100°C. The specific carbohydrate remains unaltered under these conditions.
3. The relationship of the type-specific agglutinogen in Pneurmococcus I to the type-specific A substance has been discussed.
4. The possible application of these results to the standardization of therapeutic antisera by agglutinin titre has been discussed.
5. On the basis of the experiments recorded a tentative explanation is offered for the failure of Pneumococcus Type II to absorb the agglutinins from anti-B. friedlaenderi Type B serum.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Wright Joyce 
Published: June 2004

1. An acute purulent meningitis due to the invasion of the meninges by Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus is not a very uncommon disease ininfants and young children. It has a very high mortality.
2. Complement is entirely absent in the cerebrospinal fluid of these cases, and bactericidal experiments suggest that the injection of a specific antiserum will have but slight lethal effect on the organisms unless complement is injected at the same time.
3. Treatment with a mixture of specific antiserum and complement led in some cases to a definite clinical improvement, coincident with sterilization and clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid. But after some days, the patients relapsed and died. Autopsy showed localized abscesses in the vicinity of the base of the brain, the lesions being definitely walled off from the general subarachnoid space. In one case, the patient recovered.
4. Since the walls of the abscesses apparently present an insuperable mechanical obstacle to the action of the antiserum and complement, the possibility of preventing the formation of abscesses is discussed. Earlier diagnosis and more rapid sterilization are the most obvious measures. Bactericidal experiments indicate that the proportion of antiserum to complement may be an important factor in bringing about a more rapid elimination of the bacilli.
ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN VITRO OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT MOUSE EPITHELIUMS
Authors: Santesson Lars 
Published: June 2004

The cultivation in vitro of mouse tissues derived from normal organs from 86 spontaneous epithelial tumors of the mammary gland, and from 27 Ehrlich carcinomas, has been undertaken, together with a study of the properties of the various cell types.
1. The tissues liquefied fibrin from mouse and rat plasma more readily than fibrin from chicken plasma. Clots made of chicken plasma alone, if thoroughly washed, did not inhibit the migration of the cells. Normal and tumor tissues liquefied fibrin from the mouse, rat, and chicken more actively than Ehrlich carcinoma did.
2. Mouse epitheliums, both normal and malignant, showed greater activity than connective tissue cells from the same origin and were not overgrown by the latter.
3. Mouse epithelium was more active in rat serum than in mouse or chicken serum and in embryonic juice from chickens, mice, and rats. None of these fluids, however, supported cell proliferation indefinitely except in the case of Ehrlich carcinoma.
4. These results indicate that mouse tissues possess nutritional requirements which are different from those of fibroblasts and epithelial cells of other animals. Nutritive media that suffice for prolonged cultivation of the normal and malignant tissues of the rat and the fowl, and also of Ehrlich carcinoma, are not suitable for the cultivation of adult mouse epithelium derived from normal organs or from spontaneous mammary gland tumors.
5. Rat serum supported the life of spontaneous tumors for a limited period of time only, whereas it enabled the Ehrlich carcinoma to proliferate indefinitely. Normal organs and spontaneous tumors were not capable of invading normal tissues as Ehrlich carcinoma did.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Sturm Ernest , Gates Frederick L. , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

Even though part of the energy of the incident light is probably absorbed by chemical entities which play no part in the specific reaction of inactivation, nevertheless the wave lengths most active in destroying biological cells or agents will presumably be found to be among those absorbed in the highest proportion. This would indicate that the curves here presented are approximately reciprocal to the coefficients of absorption of particular substances, the destruction of which caused the inactivation of the agents or the death of the cells. The similarity between the curves for bacteria, virus, and phage, both in shape and in total involved energies, suggests the presence of a common factor, or of closely related chemical entities, sensitive to ultra-violet light, whereas the data for the tumor agent suggest that its inactivation is due to the destruction of a substance having an essentially different spectral absorption, and therefore of a different chemical character. While the amount of ultra-violet energy required to affect the tumor agent is great, it is still less than that involved in the inactivation of some of the enzymes (7).
A study is under way to compare the deduced spectral analysis with the actual coefficients of absorption of the highly purified tumor agent.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE AGENT TRANSMITTING LEUCOSIS OF FOWLS
Authors: Furth J. , Miller H. K. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Breedis
Published: June 2004

The agent transmitting leucosis readily passed all types of silicious filters. Filtration is particularly successful when the plasma is freed from particles and substances that would otherwise obstruct the pores of the filter. Filtration through fine filters seems to be facilitated by preceding filtration through coarse filters.
A comparison of the periods of incubation of leucosis produced by unfiltered plasma and plasma passed through silicious filters shows that as a result of filtration, the incubation periods are somewhat prolonged. This suggests a slight or moderate decrease in the concentration of the transmitting agent in the plasma caused by filtration.
Filtration tests through collodion membranes indicate that the agent transmitting leucosis is much smaller than the virus of bovine pleuropneumonia (250 mµ) and that it approximates the size of bacteriophage.
I. RENAL THRESHOLDS FOR HEMOGLOBIN IN DOGS
Authors: Lichty John A. , Havill William H. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

We use the term "renal threshold for hemoglobin" to indicate the smallest amount of hemoglobin which given intravenously will effect the appearance of recognizable hemoglobin in the urine.
The initial renal threshold level for dog hemoglobin is established by the methods employed at an average value of 155 mg. hemoglobin per kilo body weight with maximal values of 210 and minimal of 124.
Repeated daily injections of hemoglobin will depress this initial renal threshold level on the average 46 per cent with maximal values of 110 and minimal values of 60 mg. hemoglobin per kilo body weight. This minimal or depression threshold is relatively constant if the injections are continued.
Rest periods without injections cause a return of the renal threshold for hemoglobin toward the initial threshold levels—recovery threshold level.
Injections of hemoglobin below the initial threshold level but above the minimal or depression threshold will eventually reduce the renal threshold for hemoglobin to its depression threshold level.
We believe the depression threshold or minimal renal threshold level due to repeated hemoglobin injections is a little above the glomerular threshold which we assume is the base line threshold for hemoglobin. Our reasons for this belief in the glomerular threshold are given above and in the other papers of this series.
III. TOLERANCE FOR MERCURY POISONING INCREASED BY FREQUENT HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS
Authors: Havill William H. , Lichty John A. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

Frequent injections of superthreshold amounts of dog hemoglobin will cause deposits of pigment material in the renal tubular epithelium. When this has happened this dog will survive minimal lethal doses of mercuric chloride with little evidence of renal injury. In fact some dogs will tolerate twice the minimal lethal dose without severe reaction.
There is no evidence that continued injections of dog hemoglobin in these amounts will cause any injury or functional disability of the kidney. Rest periods will effect a disappearance of this pigment in the renal tubules.