bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten-Year Clinical, Developmental, and Intellectual Follow-up of Children With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Without Neurologic Symptoms at One Year of Age
Authors: Ivarsson Sten-A. , Lernmark Barbro , Svanberg Lars 
Published: August 2004

Objective. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether children with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection at birth, but without neurologic symptoms at 1 year of age, differed in somatic, neurologic, developmental, or intellectual status from matched control children at long-term follow-up.
Material and Methods. Congenital CMV infection, as demonstrated by isolation of the virus within the first week of life, was diagnosed in 44 (0.5%) of 9806 infants. From this basic CMV-infected population, children who developed neurologic disturbances including sensorineural deafness before 1 year of age were excluded (n = 7), as were those unwilling to participate (n = 2). Congenitally infected infants (n = 35) and matched control infants (n = 53) were followed up clinically and neurologically. At 21 months, development was assessed with the Griffiths' Developmental Scale and at 7 years of age neurologic status was assessed with the Stott test and intellectual development with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
Results. As reported previously, 18% (8/44) of the CMV-infected infants manifested symptoms at birth, as compared to 8% (4/53) in the control group. In the congenital CMV group 7% (2/30) children tested had abnormal Stott test results, as compared to 2% (1/43) in the control group. Thirty-two CMV-infected and 51 control group children were assessed with the Griffiths' scale at 21 months of age. The two groups did not differ significantly, either in mean scores (6.3 ± 2.3 vs 6.1 ± 1.9) or in the proportion of children with scores below normal (19% [6/32] vs 16% [8/51]). Twenty-five CMV-infected and 41 control group children were assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at 7 years of age (median 86 months; range, 82 to 90 and 82 to 91, respectively). The two groups did not differ significantly, either in mean scores (5.8 ± 2.0 vs 6.4 ± 1.6) or in the proportion of children with scores below normal (12% [3/25] vs 5% [2/41]).
Conclusion. Children with congenital CMV infection are unlikely to be at an increased risk of subsequent neurodevelopmental or intellectual impairment if they show normal development at 12 months of age.
Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis in Wisconsin: Comparison of Biochemical and Molecular Methods
Authors: Gregg Ronald G. , Simantel Amy , Farrell Philip M. , Koscik Rebecca , Kosorok Michael R. , Laxova Anita , Laessig Ronald , Hoffman Gary , Hassemer David , Mischler Elaine H. , Splaingard Mark 
Published: August 2004

Objectives. To evaluate neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis (CF), including study of the screening procedures and characteristics of false-positive infants, over the past 10 years in Wisconsin. An important objective evolving from the original design has been to compare use of a single-tier immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) screening method with that of a two-tier method using IRT and analyses of samples for the most common cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) (ΔF508) mutation. We also examined the benefit of including up to 10 additional CFTR mutations in the screening protocol.Methods. From 1985 to 1994, using either the IRT or IRT/DNA protocol, 220 862 and 104 308 neonates, respectively, were screened for CF. For the IRT protocol, neonates with an IRT ≥180 ng/mL were considered positive, and the standard sweat chloride test was administered to determine CF status. For the IRT/DNA protocol, samples from the original dried-blood specimen on the Guthrie card of neonates with an IRT ≥110 ng/mL were tested for the presence of the ΔF508 CFTR allele, and if the DNA test revealed one or two ΔF508 alleles, a sweat test was obtained.Results. Both screening procedures had very high specificity. The sensitivity tended to be higher with the IRT/DNA protocol, but the differences were not statistically significant. The positive predictive value of the IRT/DNA screening protocol was 15.2% compared with 6.4% if the same samples had been screened by the IRT method. Assessment of the false-positive IRT/DNA population revealed that the two-tier method eliminates the disproportionate number of infants with low Apgar scores and also the high prevalence of African-Americans identified previously in our study of newborns with high IRT levels. We found that 55% of DNA-positive CF infants were homozygous for ΔF508 and 40% had one ΔF508 allele. Adding analyses for 10 more CFTR mutations has only a small effect on the sensitivity but is likely to add significantly to the cost of screening.Conclusions. Advantages of the IRT/DNA protocol over IRT analysis include improved positive predictive value, reduction of false-positive infants, and more rapid diagnosis with elimination of recall specimens.
Milk-induced Hypoalgesia in Human Newborns
Authors: Blass Elliott M. 
Published: August 2004

Objective. To determine whether milk and its components reduce crying in newborns during and after blood collection for phenylketonuria evaluation.Methodology. Seventy-two normal newborns ingested 2 mL of milk (Similac), Ross Special Formula, fat, protein, lactose, sucrose, or water for the 2 minutes preceding blood collection via heel lance. Crying duration during and for the 3 minutes after the procedure was determined by scorers who were blind to the ingestive substance.Results. Sucrose and Similac each reduced crying during the blood collection procedure. Sucrose, fat, protein, and Ross Special Formula were effective during the 3-minute recovery period. Neither water nor lactose were effective during or after blood collection.Conclusion. Milk and some of its components are antinociceptive in human newborns. Based on previous studies, reduced crying during and after painful stimulation may be mediated through endogenous opioids. These findings are of potential clinical significance: natural protective mechanisms, normally engaged during suckling, may safely and noninvasively be activated to reduce newborn crying to painful stimulation.
An Economic Analysis of Developmental Detection Methods
Authors: Glascoe Frances Page , Foster E. Michael , Wolraich Mark L. 
Published: August 2004

Objective. To assess the costs and benefits of various approaches to early detection of developmental disabilities.Design. Cost-benefit analyses based on data from previously published studies of developmental screening tests.Setting. General pediatric practices and day care centers.Patients and Other Participants. A total of 247 parents and their 0- to 6-year-old children—103 from day care centers and 144 from pediatric practices.Main Outcome Measures. Licensed psychological examiners administered a screening test of parents' concerns about children's development and one or two direct screening tests: the Denver-II and/or the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test. For the day care sample, examiners also administered to each child measures of intelligence, adaptive behavior, and language. In the pediatric sample, children were administered additional assessments. At the same time, diagnostic measures were administered to a randomly selected subsample to make determinations about developmental status. Each screening method was evaluated for its short-term costs (administration, interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment) and long-term benefits (impact of early intervention on adult functioning as inferred from longitudinal studies by other researchers).Results. When the long-term costs and benefits were considered, none of the approaches emerged as markedly superior to another. When viewing the short-term costs, the various screening approaches differed markedly. The use of parents' concerns was by far the least costly for physicians to administer and interpret.Conclusion. Physicians can incur tremendous expenses when attempting to detect children with developmental problems. Although the benefits of early detection and intervention are substantial, physicians are not well-compensated for providing a critical service to society. Health policymakers and third-party payers must reconsider their minimal investment in early detection by health care providers. Nevertheless, our findings have encouraging implications for practice, because the use of parents' concerns as a screening technique offers substantial savings over and above other methods.
Resource Utilization Among Neonatologists in a University Children’s Hospital
Authors: Adams James M. , Moreno Juan , Reynolds Kim , Campbell David W. , Smith E. O’Brian , Weisman Leonard E. 
Published: August 2004

Objective. We studied factors affecting length of hospital stay and resulting hospital charges among patients managed by two separate groups of neonatologists in the same academic health science center.Design. Retrospective analysis of clinical and financial data base information.Methods. Neonatal intensive care was provided in the same acute care nursery in a large university children’s hospital by: (1) neonatologists in a full-time academic division (group A) and (2) a group associated with a private managed care organization (group B). Clinical and financial parameters of all neonates admitted in fiscal year 1994 were compared for the two provider groups. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate factors influencing hospital charges and length of hospital stay (LOS) and to adjust for differences in clinical variables between the two groups.Results. Group A physicians provided care for 340 infants, while 137 were treated by those of group B. Group A included older patients, more outborns, more level III patients, more sepsis, more intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and more patent ductus arteriosus. The incidence of transient tachypnea of the newborn was higher among group B patients. Hospital charges were primarily determined by LOS, which was similar for the two groups. When the data were corrected for differences in risk and patient acuity, however, a significant relationship between physician group and LOS was demonstrated, with LOS being an average of 7.8 days shorter for group A. A net reduction of $3 114 969 in hospital charges might have been realized had group A physicians provided care for all study patients.Conclusions. Hospital charges were determined by LOS. In this setting, academic neonatologists produced shorter LOS and comparable clinical outcomes, despite caring for a population at greater risk. The reduction in LOS could have resulted in more than $3.1 million in annualized savings had the academic group provided care for all of the study patients. resource utilization, hospital changes, length of stay, neonatologists.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Infant Morbidity and the Extent of Breastfeeding in the United States
Authors: Scariati Paula D. , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. , Fein Sara Beck 
Published: August 2004

Background. Studies on the health benefits of breastfeeding in developed countries have shown conflicting results. These studies often fail to account for confounding, reverse causality, and dose-response effects. We addressed these issues in analyzing longitudinal data to determine if breastfeeding protects US infants from developing diarrhea and ear infections.Methods.  Mothers participating in a mail panel provided information on their infants at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 months. Infants were classified as exclusively breastfed; high, middle, or low mixed breast- and formula-fed; or exclusively formula-fed. Diarrhea and ear infection diagnoses were based on mothers’ reports. Infant age and gender; other liquid and solid intake; maternal education, occupation, and smoking; household size; family income; and day care use were adjusted for in the full models.Results. The risk of developing either diarrhea or ear infection increased as the amount of breast milk an infant received decreased. In the full models, the risk for diarrhea remained significant only in infants who received no breast milk compared with those who received only breast milk (odds ratio = 1.8); the risk for ear infection remained significant in the low mixed feeding group (odds ratio = 1.6) and among infants receiving no breast milk compared with those who received only breast milk (odds ratio = 1.7).Conclusions. Breastfeeding protects US infants against the development of diarrhea and ear infection. Breastfeeding does not have to be exclusive to confer this benefit. In fact, protection is afforded in a dose-response manner. The more breast milk an infant receives in the first 6 months of life, the less likely that he or she will develop diarrhea or ear infection. longitudinal analysis, diarrhea, ear infection, breastfeeding.
Acetaldehyde
Authors: Hagemeyer H.J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetaldehyde is a product of most hydrocarbon oxidations. It occurs in trace amounts in all ripe fruits that have a tart taste before ripening. Acetaldehyde is also an intermediate product of fermentation. It may form in wine and other alcoholic beverages after exposure to air, imparting an unpleasant taste. Acetaldehyde occurs in trace quantities in blood. Acetaldehyde is a colorless, mobile liquid having a pungent, suffocating odor that is somewhat fruity and quite pleasant in dilute concentrations. It is a highly reactive compound undergoing numerous condensation, addition, and polymerization reactions. The liquid‐phase oxidation of ethylene is the process of choice for the manufacture of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde appears to paralyze respiratory muscles, causing panic. When breathed in high concentration, it causes headache and sore throat. In 1976 acetic acid production represented 60% of the acetaldehyde demand, which has diminished as a result of the rising cost of ethylene as feedstock.
Acetic Acid
Authors: Wagner Frank S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetic acid, CH3COOH, is a corrosive organic acid having a sharp odor, burning taste, and pernicious blistering properties. It is found in ocean water, oilfield brines, rain, and at trace concentrations in many plant and animal liquids, and has a place in organic processes comparable to sulfuric acid in the mineral chemical industries. It is central to all biological energy pathways. Fermentation of fruit and vegetable juices yields 2–12% acetic acid solutions, usually called vinegar. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate and acetic anhydride. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints and adhesives. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers and cellulosic plastics. About half of the world production comes from methanol carbonylation and about one‐third from acetaldehyde oxidation. Glacial acetic acid is dangerous, but its precise toxic dose is not known for humans. Vinegar, on the other hand, which is dilute acetic acid, has been used in foods and beverages since ancient times.
Acetamide
Authors: Wagner Frank S. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Acetamide, C
2
H
5
NO, mol wt 59.07, is a white, odorless, hygroscopic solid derived from acetic acid and ammonia. The melt is a solvent for organic substances; it is used in electrochemistry and organic synthesis. Most commercial routes for the production of acetamide involve dehydration of ammonium acetate. Acetamide has been used experimentally as a source of nonprotein nitrogen for sheep and dairy cattle. It suppresses acid buildup in printing inks, lacquers, and perfumes, is a mild moisturizer, and is used as a softener for leather, textiles, and certain plastics.
Adsorption, Gas Separation
Authors: Sherman John D. , Yon Carmen M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGas‐phase adsorption is widely employed for the large‐scale purification or bulk separation of air, natural gas, chemicals, and petrochemicals. An adsorbent attracts molecules from the gas, and the molecules become concentrated on the surface of the adsorbent and are removed from the gas phase. Most commercial adsorbents for gas‐phase applications are employed in the form of pellets, beads, or other granular shapes, most commonly packed into fixed beds through which the gaseous feed mixtures are passed. The growth in both variety and scale of gas‐phase adsorption separation processes, particularly since 1970, is due in part to continuing discoveries of new porous, high surface‐area adsorbent materials (particularly molecular sieve zeolites) and to improvements in the design and modification of adsorbents. To permit the recovery of pure products and to extend the adsorbent's useful life, adsorbents should generally be inert and not react with or catalyze reactions of adsorbate molecules. Commercially useful adsorbents can be classified by the nature of their structure (amorphous or crystalline), by the sizes of their pores, by the nature of their surfaces (polar, nonpolar, or intermediate), or by their chemical composition, of which the size of the pores is the most important initial consideration. Adsorption processes are temperature‐swing adsorption (TSA) and pressure‐swing (PSA) as well as purge‐swing cycles and nonregenerative approaches. Most adsorption processes use fixed beds, but some use moving or fluidized beds.
Genetic Engineering, Animals
Authors: Lucy Matthew , Collier Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA transgenic animal is an animal that has a modified gene inserted into its DNA. This modified or foreign gene is called a transgene. Transgenic animals are produced that either over or under express specific proteins within certain cells. This leads to animals having unique characteristics.Agricultural uses of this technology include insertion of genes into farm animals for improved milk production, growth rate, and disease resistance. Biomedical uses of this technology include the development of lines of transgenic laboratory animals as experimental models for human diseases and the production of farm animals that produce recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in their milk. The production and use of transgenic laboratory and farm animals represents an evolving technology of engineering animal species for specific roles in science and agriculture.One goal of animal agriculture is to exploit the superior genetics of animals. A technology that accomplishes this goal is artificial insemination. It is much more difficult to exploit the genetics of superior female cattle because they produce few gametes (ova). It is necessary to develop methods to mass produce identical copies of embryos that are collected from a superior female animal. Two methods are embryo splitting and embryo cloning.It is possible to select superior embryos during their initial development. This process is used to test for and select embryo sex, milk protein genes and somatotropin genotype.
Bismuth and Bismuth Alloys
Authors: Chagnon Mark J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

The element bismuth, Bi, found in Group 15 (VA) of the Periodic Table, has at no. 83, at wt 208.98. Its valences are

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and

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. Bismuth is a silvery metal having a high metallic luster and exhibiting a slightly pink tinge on a cleanly broken surface. The metal itself is brittle in nature and easily broken. Bismuth is referred to as a minor metal. Bismuth occurs in the earth's crust in a concentration of approximately 0.1 ppm on the average. The physical properties of bismuth are characterized by a low melting point, a high density, and expansion on solidification. The thermal conductivity of bismuth is lower than that of any other metal except mercury. Bismuth is mined primarily as a by‐product of the processing of ores of other metals, mostly copper and lead. The principal portion of the bismuth in copper ores follows the copper into the matte. During the conversion of the matte to blister copper most of the bismuth fumes off. The fumes are caught in the baghouse or Cottrell system. The portion of the bismuth remaining with the blister copper is separated during the electrolytic refining in the slimes. The bismuth found in the lead ore accompanies the lead through the smelting operation right up to the last refining steps. Bismuth is leached from roasted tin concentrates and other bismuth‐bearing materials by means of hydrochloric acid. There are four basic forms of bismuth that are readily available commercially: ingot, needle, pellet, and powder. The three primary categories of uses of bismuth in industry are chemical, metallurgical additive, and fusible alloy. The chemical category can be broken down into pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, catalysts, industrial pigments, and electronics, and the metallurgical additive category into steel, aluminum, and cast‐iron additives. The fusible alloy category is divisible into more than a dozen subcategories dependent on a specific application. Because bismuth alloys with certain other metals to give low melting point alloys, bismuth is particularly well‐suited for a number of uses. No industrial poisoning from bismuth has been reported. Ingestion and inhalation of dusts and fumes should be avoided.
Boron, Elemental
Authors: Jansen Linda H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBoron, B, is unique in that it is the only nonmetal in Group 13 (IIIA) of the Periodic Table. Boron, at wt 10.81, at no. 5, has more similarity to carbon and silicon than to the other elements in Group 13. There are two stable boron isotopes,10B and11B, which are naturally present at 19.10–20.31% and 79.69–80.90%, respectively. There is a very low cosmic abundance of boron. Boron is the 51st most common element present in the earth's crust at a concentration of three grams per metric ton. Elemental boron has a diverse and complex chemistry, influenced by its having a high ionization energy, 8.296 eV, 23.98 eV, and 37.75 eV for first, second, and third ionization potentials, respectively; by its small size; and by virtue of the electronegativities of boron (2.0), carbon (2.5), and hydrogen (2.1) all being very similar, resulting in extensive and unusual covalent chemistry. Boron has electronic structure (1s)2(2s)2(2p) and an expected valence of three. There is no formation of univalent compounds. Boron has a high affinity for oxygen‐forming borates, polyborates, borosilicates, peroxoborates, etc. Boron reacts with water at temperatures above 100°C to form boric acid and other boron compounds. In addition to being an amorphous powder, boron has four crystalline forms: α‐rhombohedral, β‐rhombohedral, α‐tetragonal, and β‐tetragonal. The α‐rhombohedral form has mp 2180°C, sublimes at approximately 3650°C, and has a density of 2.45 g/mL. Amorphous boron, by comparison, has mp 2300°C, sublimes at approximately 2550°C, and has a density of 2.35 g/mL. Boron is an extremely hard refractory solid having a hardness of 9.3 on Mohs' scale and a very low (\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${1.5\times 10^{-6}{\hskip0.167em}{\hskip0.167em}{\rm{ohm}}^{-1}{\hskip0.265em}{\rm{cm}}{^{-1}}}$\end{document}room temperature electrical conductivity so that boron is classified as a metalloid or semiconductor. These values are for the α‐rhombohedral form. The high ionization energies and small size prevent boron from adopting metallic bonding to compensate for its electron deficiency and that of other hypoelectronic elements. A high purity (greater than 99%) boron comes from the direct thermal decomposition of boron hydrides such as diborane, B2H6. The Moissan process, the reduction of boric oxide with magnesium, is the most widely used commercial process for producing boron. Elemental boron is used in very diverse industries ranging from metallurgy to electronics. Other areas of application include ceramics, propulsion, pyrotechnics, and nuclear chemistry. Boron is nontoxic. Workplace hygienic practices include avoiding the breathing of boron dust.