bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Off the Women’s Page
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reporting on politics and governance was men’s work-at least in the opinion of those who did the hiring for much of the twentieth century. Women who aspired to Washington reporting were directed to the women’s pages, to cover embassy parties, social receptions, and other soft-news features. Mary McGrory had inched her way up from book reviewer for the Washington Evening Star to writing light editorials about squirrels and dogs, to doing a series of Capitol Hill profiles for the Sunday paper. One day in1954, when she was thirtyfive, the Star’s national editor, Newbold Noyes, stopped at her desk to ask, “Say, Mary, aren’t you ever going to get married?” If not, he had in mind expanding her assignments by sending her to cover the Army-McCarthy hearings. Noyes suggested that she could add some color and humor to their news accounts by reviewing the hearings in the style of a drama critic. Indeed, Joe McCarthy cast himself perfectly as the villain of the script and her barbed commentary on the proceedings drew favorable notice from the press corps. The New York Times bureau chiefJames Reston was sufficiently impressed with McGrory’s writing to offer her a job as a reporter on his prestigious staff, as long as she did not mind also working part-time at the bureau’s telephone switchboard. Chagrined, McGrory passed up the offer and remained at the Star, where her columns later earned her a Pulitzer Prize.
The Camera’s Eye
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For years, print reporters discounted television news as little more than a headline service. Television executives conceded that the full text of a half-hour news broadcast would barely fill three-quarters of the columns on the front page of the New York Times. To compensate for the sparseness of its story, television news necessarily relied on visuals. In the early days of the industry, CBS pioneered a double-projector system that enabled on-camera broadcasters to narrate silent film footage projected behind them, but when that device grew stale producers sought to inject some “style and character” through ambient noise and filmed interviews. Those efforts evolved just as CBS’s Washington bureau completed construction of a newsroom flanked by a row of windowless cubicles that resembled display cases rather than offices. The odd arrangement had been designed to allow the cameras to roll up to the correspondents who would report from their desks, but that plan was scrapped after management in New York decreed that only anchorman Walter Cronkite and commentator Eric Sevareid would be filmed sitting down. Other Washington correspondents were to report standing up in front of the agencies they covered or anywhere else outside. In a pinch, they could use the traffic island across from the bureau. These “stand-ups” would vary the look of the program at a reasonable cost. To further reinforce the “CBS news image,” management instructed correspondents to identify themselves, their network, and their location when they signed off, as in: “This is CBS News correspondent Roger Mudd on Capitol Hill.’’
Washington, Deceit
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a quiet Saturday afternoon in August 1963 John Corry was working the desk at the Washington bureau of the New York Times when word came that the Washington Post’s publisher, Philip L. Graham, had committed suicide. Having recently transferred from New York, Corry was surprised when the reporter to whom he had assigned the story demurred, saying that he could not bring himself to call the bereaved family for details. Then call the police, said Corry. The nonplused reporter replied that he had never before had to contact the Washington police, leading Corry to wonder whether anyone on the Washington staff could find the nearest police station. The only courts that reporters at the Times’s bureau covered were federal, and not much had changed by June 1972, when police arrested five men inside the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate. To Fred Graham, who covered the Supreme Court for the Times, the burglary seemed like the sort of local police story that “the nation’s leading newspaper did not normally pursue.” The next day’s New York Times ran a short unsigned piece deep inside the paper, in contrast to the Washington Post’s first Watergate story, which made the front page.
A lost cause?, 1812–1815
Authors: Chasteen John Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Napoleon’s grip on Spain finally did finally loosen. By the end of 1812, the Spanish nationalist resistance based in Cádiz had survived all French assaults, formed a government, and written Spain’s first constitution. As Napoleon diverted troops from Spain to aid his disastrous Russian campaign, Spanish guerrillas continued to gnaw at the fabric of French control. Britain’s Duke of Wellington (though he had not yet received that title) sallied on a rampage out of his base in Portugal and repeatedly trounced French armies. More Anglo-Spanish victories followed in 1813 and, toward the end of that year, Fernando VII finally emerged from his French captivity, vowing to recover control over Spain’s colonies in América, as we will see. In the meantime, the cause of América was losing momentum.
The Difficult Question of Multiculturalism
Authors: Volk Terese M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiculturalism is among the most discussed topics in American education in the twentieth century. Historically, the concept of multiculturalism has had many names. Nonetheless, no matter what the terminology, multiculturalism in education has always been based on two premises: the acknowledgment of the diverse population of the United States, and the intent to help students understand the world and the American society in which they live.
The First Steps: 1900-1928
Authors: Volk Terese M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1900 to 1928, the demographic makeup of the United States changed radically owing to the heavy influx of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and the schools, in particular, felt its impact. Many music educators, like their colleagues in general education, found themselves facing a multicultural classroom for the first time. As a result, music educators gradually came to know and accept the folk songs and dances from many European countries.
Multiculturalism in International Music Education
Authors: Volk Terese M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of multiculturalism has become one of worldwide concern, and many countries have addressed this issue both in education and in music education. Sometimes it is focused on the need to reestablish indigenous musics in the music education curriculum. Many countries (Zambia, Malaysia, and Nigeria among them) had their own musics supplanted by the study of Western art music during colonization and since independence have been trying to find ways to incorporate their own various music traditions in the schools. Some places (the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada) are dealing with incorporating the music cultures of immigrant populations, much as in the United States. Still others, like Germany, are just beginning to incorporate a perspective that includes world musics in their curriculum. The development of multicultural music education in some cases runs parallel to that of the United States; in other cases, it provides contrasts.
Introduction “My Country, My Honor, My Life”: Bravery And Death In War
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
October 18, 1776. Captain William Glanville Evelyn, resplendent in his British uniform, stood tall in a coal-black landing barge, the first orange rays of daylight streaming over him and glistening on the calm waters of Pelham Bay above Manhattan. Men were all about him, in his craft and in countless others. They were soldiers, part of an operation that had begun hours earlier during the cold, dark night. Evelyn and his comrades could not have been happier to see the sun. Their feet and hands were numbed by a cruel autumn chill that penetrated even into their bones. As it grew lighter with each minute, the men, swaying gently in their landing boats, squinted toward the coast, searching for signs of the enemy. They saw nothing.
“Fear Is Not An American Art”: The Coming Of The War
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warfare was woven into the fabric of life in colonial America. Not everyone was affected equally by war, but hardly any American escaped the sullen impact of hostilities. Wars were frequent, many men soldiered, and many soldiers died. Still other soldiers, the least fortunate in ways, came home from these wars, but not in one piece, physically or mentally. Nor were those who bore arms alone in experiencing the terrors of war. Civilians who dwelled on the exposed frontier in wartime lived with the constant fear of a possible surprise attack. Virtually every citizen in every generation in every colony paid war taxes, endured wartime scarcities, coped with war-induced inflation, and struggled through post war economic busts. A handful of well- connected officials and businessmen profited handsomely in every conflict from lucrative war contracts. In the century and a half before 1776 it would have been difficult to find anyone born in the English colonies in North America who had not lost a loved one—a son, a father, a brother, a husband—to war. If one was lucky, the loss was temporary, only for a few months during the period of service. But sometimes it was forever.
Choices, 1775
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seemed to some in England that every ship arriving from America brought bad tidings. The first account of the staggering losses suffered by the regulars at Lexington and Concord reached London late in May. The disbelieving government rejected the story as an American fabrication, but within a week the nation knew that the news had been painfully accurate. Two months later word arrived of the loss of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, followed the very next day by an account of the battle for Bunker Hill and the stupendous price that the British army had paid to take it. Later in the summer the press reported the arrival in Plymouth of the Charming Nancy, a handsome three master, whose passenger list included nearly two hundred soldiers wounded on Charlestown Heights, “some without legs, and others without arms; and their clothes hanging on them like a loose morning gown,” according to one story. Disembarking with them were scores of widows and children of the slain soldiers. It was, wrote one scribe, “a most shocking spectacle.”
“Hastening Fast T O A Crisis”: June 1775 –June 1776
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington had been to Boston once before. In 1756 he had come to plead with the commander of British forces in America for a commission in the British army. He returned in 1775 hoping to defeat the British army. After eight hard days on the road from Philadelphia, Washington arrived at Cambridge, across the Charles River from Boston, on July 2. The Continental army had been assembled on a makeshift parade ground for the occasion, but a sudden heavy rainstorm caused a postponement in the festivities. The next day, the new commander met his army amid what one soldier thought was “a great deal of grandor.”Washington read a short speech that included the 101st Psalm, a song of mercy and judgment, and a vow to “destroy all the wicked of the land [and] … cut off all wicked doers from the city of the Lord.” Several soldiers noted his speech in their journals and letters, but none appear to have been especially impressed by its content or delivery. One even remarked: “nothing hapeng extrorderly we preaded [paraded] there times” and were dismissed.
Choices, 1777
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The summer and fall of 1776 had been a heady time for Ambrose Searle, secretary to Admiral Howe. The “Ragamuffins”—his term for the American army—”as usual, were defeated,” he often noted in his diary. Not long after the Continental army was driven from Manhattan, Searle encountered General Howe and warmly congratulated him on “his repeated Successes.” On Christmas Eve Searle expressed confidence that campaign 1776 had brought on the “dying Groans of Rebellion” in America. Two days later he received “very unpleasant News.” He learned of “a whole Brigade of Hessians … being taken Prisoner at Trenton.” Suddenly, he was “exceedingly concerned.…n Action yesterday.” It was more bad news, this time regarding the British setback at Princeton. Searle understood immediately that Washington’s bold thrusts were of pivotal importance. The American victories, he said, would “revive the drooping Spirits of the Rebels.” The war, which he had believed to be nearly over, was to continue, possibly for a very long time.
“We Rallied And Broke”: The Cam Paign For Philadelphia, September – December 1777
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Washington learned in June that Burgoyne’s army was advancing on Ticonderoga, he thought “there can be little room to doubt” that Howe would “cooperate with [Burgoyne’s] Northern army.” But he could not be certain, and for a spell Washington even suspected that Burgoyne’s expedition up Lake Champlain was “a feint—calculated to amuse & distract.” Word of the loss of Ticonderoga disabused him of that notion. Convinced now that Burgoyne and Howe would seek “to form a Junction up” the Hudson, Washington immediately moved his Continentals northward, well above Manhattan.
Choices, 1779
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sweltering summer of 1778, La Chimera, a French frigate, docked at Chester, below Philadelphia, and Conrad-Alexander Gérard came ashore. Three congressmen were there to greet him and escort him to the city, where that same afternoon he was the guest at a dinner party at the residence of Benedict Arnold. Although still recovering from the wound he had sustained at Saratoga, General Arnold had returned to active duty just before the Continental army departed Valley Forge, and Washington had asked him to become the military governor of Philadelphia, eastern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey until he was physically able to take the field again. Arnold consented and entered Philadelphia with the detachment that Washington sent to reclaim the city when the British abandoned it. He took up residence in the Penn mansion, the house that had been Howe’s headquarters only days before, and it was in that capacious dwelling that Arnold and several congressmen entertained Gérard, who was a very special guest. He was France’s minister plenipotentiary to the United States. Gérard, who hailed from an upper-middle-class family of Alsatian public servants, had been trained in the law before turning to diplomacy. Close to Vergennes—he had been his first secretary—Gérard had been the foreign minister’s choice to negotiate the Franco-American treaties. His every move that summer in Philadelphia was something of a spectacle to the callow Americans, most of whom had never met anything quite so exotic as a Frenchman, not to mention the House of Bourbon’s first emissary to the United States.
“A Band Of Brotherhood”: The Soldiers, The Army, And The Forgotten War In 1779
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congress no longer attempted to dictate to Washington and it said nothing when, following the departure of the French fleet in November 1778, he divided and dispersed the army for the winter. He posted some infantrymen at Danbury, Connecticut, others at West Point in the Hudson Highlands, and the remainder in Middlebrook, New Jersey, where he established his headquarters. The cavalry, which was to locate forage, was spread from New England to the Shenandoah Valley.
“We H Ave Occasioned A Good Deal Of Terror”: The War At Sea
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new American-built Alliance, a thirty-six-gun frigate, eased out of Boston harbour early in January 1779. France was its destination. The Alliance made the Atlantic crossing in the uncommonly rapid time of twenty-six days, but its voyage was not uneventful. Near Newfoundland it almost foundered in a merciless storm that tore off the main topmost. Later, the English among its mixed crew mutinied. Their hope was to take the commandeered vessel and its most famous passenger, General Lafayette, to England, where they hoped to find a hero’s welcome and a monetary reward. But the uprising was suppressed, with the help of the sword-wielding Lafayette, and thirty-eight mutineers were clasped in irons. Not a day too soon the lookout spotted Brittany on the western coast of France, and Alliance limped into port at Brest.
“A Year Filled With Our Disgraces”: Defe At In The South, 1780
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York City could hardly have been more bleak as 1779 drew to a close. Winter, cold and gravy, had turned streets into slush and deposited a blanket of snow on homes and shops. Residents faced a scarcity of fuel and spot food shortages. For the rebel inhabitants, Gotham was a city occupied by a foreign invader. For its Tory residents, mostly refugees from other colonies, the city was a safe haven, but not home. Yet, as seldom during the long years since Saratoga, the hopes of the Loyalists soared in December. As snow swirled and sidewalks iced over, the Tories noticed feverish activity along the waterfront. Troop transports, ordnance vessels, and hospital ships were being outfitted. The British were unmistakably preparing for a campaign. Just before Christmas, company after company of soldiers—some 8,700 men in all— marched through the unkempt streets to board the transports. On Christmas Day, General Clinton and his staff rode to the harbor and boarded a ship of the line. Something big was up. The city buzzed with word that the gathering armada was bound for Charleston, but not even the ships’ captains knew the destination of the task force. For security reasons, each of them had been given a sealed envelope revealing where the armada was headed, but they were instructed not to open the packets until the ships were at sea.
“Southern Means And Southern Exertions”: Hope And Des Pair, June–December 1780
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French army of 6,500 men under General Rochambeau had been expected to make landfall in Rhode Island early in June. Like almost everything else in this war, it arrived late. The French soldiers, resplendent in their distinctive formfitting white uniforms and black hats, did not come ashore until July 15. The huge French task force had slipped undetected through the Royal Navy’s Atlantic cordon, and the entire French army was unloaded and its defences nearly completed before Admiral Arbuthnot was aware of its arrival. Clinton’s hopes of assailing the French while they were vulnerable, perhaps driving them away before they established a toehold in America, were dashed. An angry Clinton did nothing that summer, save to ask London to recall Arbuthnot.
“America Is Ours”: Vict Ory At Yorkt Own, 1781
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High summer bore down in the northern states as the French army began its trek from Rhode Island to New York to link up with Washington’s Continentals. Moving along under a merciless sun, and in great swirling clouds of dust, the French soldiers found New England’s climate so hot that Rochambeau for the most part terminated each day’s march at noon, though some of the afternoon hours were spent in finding food. “The Americans sup- plied us with nothing,” said one disgusted soldier, and he added that the French “were obliged to purchase everything and to provide ourselves with the most trifling things.” Near White Plains on July 6—eighteen days after starting out, and eleven months after their arrival in America, the French army joined with the Continental army. The Americans spontaneously cheered and applauded the sight of their allies in their white uniforms. The next day, the French passed in review before Washington and Rochambeau, and the following day, under a pale blue sky, the Continentals reciprocated with a parade of their own. One French officer thought the rebels looked “rather good,” though another observed that many American soldiers were barefoot and an alarming number were either barely adolescents or somewhat old for the rigors of military service. He thought it hopeful that “a quarter of them were negroes, merry confident, and sturdy.”
“M Ay We H Ave Peace In Our Time”: Peace And Demobilization, 1782–1783
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though no one could be certain, most thought Yorktown was so decisive that it would lead to peace negotiations. Even so, some 14,000 redcoats still occupied New York and another 10,000 were divided between Charleston, Wilmington, and Savannah. Until peace was made, defenses had to be maintained and opportunities exploited. Washington, for instance, would have liked to follow Yorktown with a siege of Charleston—its seizure “wd infallibly terminate the war at one Stroke,” he said—but de Grasse sailed away at the end of October. Left in limbo, Washington emphasized that by standing on a “most respectable Footing …for War,” the United States could avoid “disgracefull Disasters” and, simultaneously push London toward the peace table. Washington’s only concrete move immediately after Yorktown was to order Lafayette, with two thousand men, to join with Greene in South Carolina, but that was frustrated when the young Frenchman requested leave to return home.It was a portent that this war was truly winding down.
Color-Blind Justice
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Civil War officer, Reconstruction "carpetbagger," best-selling novelist, and relentless champion of equal rights, Albion Tourgée battled his entire life for racial justice. Now, in this engaging biography, Mark Elliott offers an insightful portrait of a fearless lawyer, jurist, and writer, who fought for equality long after most Americans had abandoned the ideals of Reconstruction. Elliott provides a fascinating account of Tourgée's life, from his childhood in the Western Reserve region of Ohio (then a hotbed of abolitionism), to his years as a North Carolina judge during Reconstruction, to his memorable role as lead plaintiff's counsel in the landmark Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. Tourgée's brief coined the phrase that justice should be "color-blind," and his career was one long campaign to made good on that belief. A redoubtable lawyer and an accomplished jurist, Tourgée wrote fifteen political novels, eight books of historical and social criticism, and several hundred newspaper and magazine articles that all told represent a mountain of dissent against the prevailing tide of racial oppression. Through the lens of Tourgée's life, Elliott illuminates the war of ideas about race that raged through the United States in the nineteenth century, from the heated debate over slavery before the Civil War, through the conflict over aid to freedmen during Reconstruction, to the backlash toward the end of the century, when Tourgée saw his country retreat from the goals of equality and freedom and utterly repudiate the work of Reconstruction. A poignant and inspiring study in courage and conviction, Color Blind Justice offers us an unforgettable portrayal of Albion Tourgée and the principles to which he dedicated his life.
Why Write a Book on Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first time someone hears the words “lupus erythematosus,” he or she usually says “What? ” When I first started my practice, patients identified the term with Peter Lupus, one of the characters on Mission Impossible, a popular television series in the late 1960s. Sometimes it looks as though finding a cure for lupus is an impossible mission, but there is much we do know, and the aim of this book is to share that knowledge.