bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serial plasma lactate concentrations in 68 puppies aged 4 to 80 days
Authors: McMichael Maureen A. , Lees George E. , Hennessey Jennifer , Sanders Mary , Boggess May 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective:To determine a reference range for venous blood lactate concentrations in healthy neonatal dogs.Design:A prospective cohort study.Setting:All work was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University.Animals:Clinically healthy dogs: 68 puppies and 30 adults.Measurements and main results:A blood sample was collected from each puppy into lithium heparin via jugular venipuncture at 4, 10, 16, 28, 70, and 80 days of age. A single venous sample was collected from each adult dog. Lactate concentration in each sample was measured immediately using an automated analyzer. Two hundred seventy‐seven blood samples were analyzed. Blood lactate concentrations of adult dogs were 1.80±0.84 mmol/L (mean±SD). Mean blood lactate concentrations of puppies were significantly higher at 4, 10, 16, and 28 days of age compared with those of adult dogs. The reference range for lactate concentration for puppies at 4 days of age was 1.07–6.59, and for the puppies from 10 to 28 days of age was 0.80–4.60.Conclusions:Assessment of perfusion can be challenging in neonates due to normal physiologic variation and small size. Measurement of lactate is rapid, minimally invasive, and has potential to be a useful marker of perfusion in neonatal dogs. However, lactate concentrations of neonatal dogs in this study were significantly higher than those of adult dogs. Reference ranges for venous lactate concentrations in adult dogs should not be used for puppies younger than 70 days of age.
Embryo Aneuploidy Screening for Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage: A Minireview
Authors: Rubio Carmen , Pehlivan Tugce , Rodrigo Lorena , Simón Carlos , Remohí Jose , Pellicer Antonio 
Published: March 2005

Problem:  The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in unexplained recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients and assess the role of pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in preventing subsequent pregnancy loss and improving pregnancy outcome.Method of Study:  Pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis was performed in 241 RM cycles and in 35 cycles in patients undergoing PGD for sex‐linked diseases (control group). Chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X and Y were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization.Results:  The implantation and pregnancy rates in RM patients were 26.4 and 36.5% versus 20.6 and 29.0% in the control group, respectively. The percentage of abnormal embryos was significantly increased in RM patients compared with controls.Conclusions:  Recurrent miscarriage is associated with a higher incidence of chromosomally abnormal embryos. In vitro fertilization (IVF) plus PGD is an important step in the management of these couples.
Mice have a transcribed L-threonine aldolase/GLY1 gene, but the human GLY1 gene is a non-processed pseudogene
Authors: Edgar Alasdair J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
There are three pathways of L-threonine catabolism. The enzyme L-threonine aldolase (TA) has been shown to catalyse the conversion of L-threonine to yield glycine and acetaldehyde in bacteria, fungi and plants. Low levels of TA enzymatic activity have been found in vertebrates. It has been suggested that any detectable activity is due to serine hydroxymethyltransferase and that mammals lack a genuine threonine aldolase.

Results
The 7-exon murine L-threonine aldolase gene (GLY1) is located on chromosome 11, spanning 5.6 kb. The cDNA encodes a 400-residue protein. The protein has 81% similarity with the bacterium Thermotoga maritima TA. Almost all known functional residues are conserved between the two proteins including Lys242 that forms a Schiff-base with the cofactor, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The human TA gene is located at 17q25. It contains two single nucleotide deletions, in exons 4 and 7, which cause frame-shifts and a premature in-frame stop codon towards the carboxy-terminal. Expression of human TA mRNA was undetectable by RT-PCR. In mice, TA mRNA was found at low levels in a range of adult tissues, being highest in prostate, heart and liver. In contrast, serine/threonine dehydratase, another enzyme that catabolises L-threonine, is expressed very highly only in the liver. Serine dehydratase-like 1, also was most abundant in the liver. In whole mouse embryos TA mRNA expression was low prior to E-15 increasing more than four-fold by E-17.

Conclusion
Mice, the western-clawed frog and the zebrafish have transcribed threonine aldolase/GLY1 genes, but the human homolog is a non-transcribed pseudogene. Serine dehydratase-like 1 is a putative L-threonine catabolising enzyme.
Chemical Modification of Wood by Polyglycerol/Maleic Anhydride Treatment
Authors: Roussel C. , Marchetti V. , Lemor A. , Wozniak E. , Loubinoux B. , Gérardin P. 
Published: March 2005

Summary
Polyglycerol (PG), an agricultural by-product of diester industry, was reacted with maleic anhydride
(MA) to give heat curable compounds which are useful for impregnating wood to improve biological
resistance, dimensional stability and strength. The relationships between reaction conditions of polyglycerol/maleic anhydride (PG/MA) adduct treatment and performance of treated solid wood were investigated.
Conditions recommended for producing PG/MA treated wood durable for a long time are vacuum/pressure impregnation of aqueous solutions of PG/MA adduct (30%) in the presence of 2-butanone
peroxide (2%) and cobalt naphthenate (2%).
An Evaluation of the Mechanical and Chemical Dispersion Methods for a Tropical Old Alluvium
Authors: Zhang G , Germaine JT , Whittle AJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Resulting from tropical weathering, the old alluvium in San Juan, Puerto Rico contains Fe-oxides, which cause the formation of aggregates through both cementation and aggregation, and hence, is not readily dispersible in water. Various methods of sample preparation were adopted to disperse this deposit, consisting of mechanical remolding, varying dispersant type and quantity, and drying. The resultant degree of dispersion was evaluated by particle size analysis. Results reveal that both mechanical and chemical dispersion is required in order to obtain a completely dispersed and stable suspension, and chemical dispersion alone is not effective in disintegrating the aggregates caused by cementation. Drying usually includes mechanical, physico-chemical, and chemical reactions and can either disperse a soil or produce more aggregates, depending on drying temperature and a soil's chemistry and composition. Air-drying disperses this soil more than oven-drying. This investigation also indirectly evaluated the applicability of the ASTM standard test method for particle size analysis to this deposit.
The Role of Grain Boundary Engineering on the High Temperature Creep of Ferritic-Martensitic Alloy T91
Authors: Gupta G , Was GS 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Ferritic-Martensitic alloys are expected to play a major role in supercritical water reactor internals. These steels offer better swelling resistance than austenitic alloys but may suffer from grain boundary or matrix creep and loss of strength at higher temperatures and unacceptably low toughness at lower temperatures. The focus of this investigation is to improve the creep resistance of T91 by grain boundary engineering. By increasing the fraction of coincident site lattice (CSL), or special boundaries, the grain boundaries are strengthened against sliding and deformation, thus improving the creep resistance. Thermo-mechanical treatment for coincident site lattice enhancement of T91 has already been developed. High temperature (500°C) creep experiments in argon are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the CSL enhanced microstructure on the creep rate. Experimental analysis shows that the CSL-enhanced condition results in a lower creep rate by a factor of 3-4 as-compared to A/R condition for T91 at a temperature of 500°C and in the stress range of 200–225 MPa by reducing the effective stress.
Entwurf von Ablaufsteuerungen für ereignisdiskrete Prozesse auf der Basis geeigneter Steuerstreckenmodelle (Design of Sequential Controllers for Discrete Event Processes on the basis of suited Plant Models)
Authors: Zander Hans-Joachim 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Ausgehend von Betrachtungen zum nichtdeterministischen Verhalten ereignisdiskreter Prozesse wird ein nichtdeterministischer Moore-Automat als geeignete Modellierungsbasis für Steuerstrecken definiert und dessen Zusammenspiel mit einem deterministischen Steuerautomaten als Modell der Steuereinrichtung analysiert. Um diese beiden Modellformen durch Petri-Netze darstellen zu können, werden spezielle Interpretationen für Strecken- und Steuernetze eingeführt. Unter Nutzung dieser Beschreibungsmittel wird eine Methode zur Generierung (Synthese) von Steueralgorithmen aus Streckennetzen vorgestellt und an einem aus der Literatur bekannten, leicht überschaubaren Beispiel demonstriert.
Phylogenetic information in polymorphic L1 and Alu insertions from East Asians and Native American populations
Authors: Mateus Pereira L.H. , Socorro A. , Fernandez I. , Masleh M. , Vidal D. , Bianchi N.O. , Bonatto S.L. , Salzano F.M. , Herrera R.J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study attempts to ascertain genetic affinities between Native American and East Asian populations by analyzing four polymorphic Alu insertions (PAIs) and three L1 polymorphic loci. These two genetic systems demonstrated strong congruence when levels of diversity and genetic distances were considered. Overall, genetic relatedness within Native American groups does not correlate with geographical and linguistic structure, although strong grouping for Native Americans with East Asians was demonstrated, with clear discrimination from African and European groups. Most of the variation was assigned to differences occurring within groups, but the interpopulation variation found for South Amerindians was recognizably higher in comparison to the other sampled groups of populations. Our data suggest that bottleneck events followed by strong influence of genetic drift in the process of the peopling of the Americas may have been determinant factors in delineating the genetic background of present‐day South Amerindians. Since no clear subgroups were detected within Native Americans and East Asians, there is no indication of multiple waves in the early colonization of the New World. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:171‐184, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crosslinking of low‐density polyethylene by diisocyanates for superior barrier properties
Authors: Raj Baldev , Jagadish R. S. , Srinivas P. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe chemical modification of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) resins with hexamethylene diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate was achieved. The reaction of LDPE with diisocyanate was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wherein the appearance of new peaks at 3326, 1620, and 1572 cm−1 corresponding to NH stretching, (CO)NH2 stretching, and NH bending in an amide moiety, respectively, was observed. Modified films of excellent clarity and uniform thickness were obtained by the solution casting of crosslinked polyethylene. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), grease resistance, and thermal properties of the modified films were studied. The results clearly indicate that the OTR was improved by 35% and that grease resistance was improved by 90–125% in the crosslinked LDPE films with little change in their strengths. The heat seal characteristics, however, showed that relatively higher temperatures were needed to achieve efficient sealing in these films. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a decrease in the melting temperature from 104°C for LDPE to 101°C for both of the crosslinked LDPE films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1193–1199, 2005
Cell fate specification along the anterior–posterior axis of the intermediate mesoderm
Authors: Barak Hila , Rosenfelder Lea , Schultheiss Thomas M. , Reshef Ram 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe vertebrate intermediate mesoderm (IM) is highly patterned along the anterior–posterior (A‐P) axis. In the chick embryo, the kidney tissue, which is a derivative of the IM, is generated only from IM located posterior to the sixth somite axial level, which also marks the border between cranial and trunk segments. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the formation of the anterior border of the kidney morphogenetic field are currently unknown. In this study, we asked whether specific A‐P patterning information is conveyed by the movement of cells through the primitive streak (PS) at different time points that consequently affects the expression of kidney genes, or by the environment that these cells encounter during their migration to the IM. In this study, we show that kidney‐inductive signals are present along the whole axis, including anterior non–kidney‐generating regions. These inductive signals are generated by tissues that are located medial to the anterior IM. We also demonstrate that cells that migrate through the PS of early embryonic stages (Hamburger and Hamilton stage 3–4 and earlier), which will give rise to anterior nonkidney IM, are competent to respond to these inductive factors. This prospective anterior IM tissue loses its competence to respond to kidney inducing signals during its migration from the PS to its final location in the anterior IM. We present here a model in which changes in cell competence determine the formation of the anterior border of kidney gene expression and discuss the possible evolutionary implications of this developmental mechanism. Developmental Dynamics 232:901–914, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of selection bias in genomewide studies by resampling
Authors: Sun Lei , Bull Shelley B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe accuracy of gene localization, the reliability of locus‐specific effect estimates, and the ability to replicate initial claims of linkage and/or association have emerged as major methodological concerns in genomewide studies of complex diseases and quantitative traits. To address the issue of multiple comparisons inherent in genomewide studies, the use of stringent criteria for assessing statistical significance has been generally acknowledged as a strategy to control type I error. However, the application of genomewide significance criteria does not take account of the selection bias introduced into parameter estimates, e.g., estimates of locus‐specific effect size of disease/trait loci. Some have argued that reliable locus‐specific parameter estimates can only be obtained in an independent sample. In this report, we examine statistical resampling techniques, including cross‐validation and the bootstrap, applied to the initial sample to improve the estimation of locus‐specific effects. We compare them with the naïve method in which all data are used for both hypothesis testing and parameter estimation, as well as with the split‐sample approach in which part of the data are reserved for estimation. Upward bias of the naïve estimator and inadequacy of the split‐sample approach are derived analytically under a simple quantitative trait model. Simulation studies of the resampling methods are performed for both the simple model and a more realistic genomewide linkage analysis. Our results suggest that cross‐validation and bootstrap methods can substantially reduce the estimation bias, especially when the effect size is small or there is no genetic effect. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early signals for fracture healing
Authors: Li Xinmin , Quigg Richard J. , Zhou Jian , Ryaby James T. , Wang Hali 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFracture healing requires the cooperation of multiple molecular signaling pathways. To better understand this cascade of transcriptional events, we compared the gene expression profiles between intact bone and fractured bone at days 1, 2, and 4 using a rat femur model of bone healing. Cluster analysis identified several groups of genes with dynamic temporal expression patterns and stage‐specific functions. The immediate‐response genes are highlighted by binding activity, transporter activity, and energy derivation. We consider these activities as critical signals for initiation of fracture healing. The continuously increased genes are characterized by those directly involved in bone repair, thus, representing bone specific forefront workers. The constantly upregulated genes tend to regulate general cell growth and are enriched with genes that are involved in tumorigenesis, suggesting common pathways between two processes. The constantly downregulated genes predominantly involve immune response, the significance of which remains for further investigation. Knowledge acquired through this analysis of transcriptional activities at the early stage of bone healing will contribute to our understanding of fracture repair and bone‐related pathological conditions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and epigenetic aspects of bladder cancer
Authors: Kim Wun‐Jae , Quan Changyi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTransitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder has a diverse collection of biologic and functional characteristics. This is reflected in differing clinical courses. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is based on the information provided by cystoscopy, the gold standard in combination with urinary cytology findings. Many tumor markers have been evaluated for detecting and monitoring the disease in serum, bladder washes, and urinary specimens. However, none of these biomarkers reported to date has shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the detection of the whole spectrum of bladder cancer diseases in routine clinical practice. The limited value of established prognostic markers requires the analysis of new molecular parameters of interest in predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients; in particular, the high‐risk patient groups at risk of progression and recurrence. Over the past decade, there has been major progress elucidating of the molecular genetic and epigenetic changes leading to the development of transitional cell carcinoma. This review focuses on the recent advances of genetic and epigenetic aspects in bladder cancer, and emphasizes how molecular biology would be likely to affect the future therapies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of fouling in a plate heat exchanger through the application of neural networks
Authors: Riverol C , Napolitano V 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPasteurization is an important, if not the most important, process step in the packaging of milk. It is subject to alterations stemming from the variation in the temperature, pH and raw milk quality. The variability may manifest itself in changes in the formation of the deposit (fouling) in the pasteurization unit, such that there is a need for tools, both instrumentation and computational, to help in monitoring the process and keeping it on the desired course. In this paper we describe a practical procedure based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that allows prediction of the deposit thickness, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the critical time (the time that the unit has to be stopped for cleaning) for reducing the impact of fouling on such processes. The procedure determines when the cleaning operation is required once the system is under critical conditions of operations. A combination of fundamental studies and plant measurements were used for study of the operating conditions and thus evaluation of the trades‐offs between operating conditions and longer operating life span. The results are encouraging, enough to validate current operating industrial techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Nickel and copper removal from aqueous solution by an immature coal (leonardite): effect of pH, contact time and water hardness
Authors: Zeledón‐Toruño Zoraida , Lao‐Luque Conxita , Solé‐Sardans Montserrat 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by a low cost sorbent (leonardite) was studied. The metal uptake was pH‐dependent and the maximum sorption for two metals was obtained at around pH 5–6. Batch kinetic studies showed that equilibrium time was reached after 2 h of contact time. Equilibrium isotherms were obtained for the adsorption data of the two metals in single and binary systems. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models and the maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 0.33 mmol of copper and 0.26 mmol of nickel per gram of leonardite. In binary solutions containing the two metals an important reduction of nickel uptake was observed while the sorption of copper was less affected. The presence of Ca2+ affected the removal of both copper and nickel ions, although the adsorption of nickel was reduced more than that of copper. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of a semi‐replicative gene delivery system allowing propagation of complementary defective retroviral vectors
Authors: Trajcevski Stéphane , Solly Sounkary K. , Frisén Charlotte , Trenado Aurélie , Cosset François‐Loïc , Klatzmann David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundRecently, several cancer gene therapy studies have shown that replication‐competent retroviral vectors represent a major improvement over replication‐defective ones in terms of transgene propagation efficiency. However, this positive effect is somewhat spoiled by the increased risk of dissemination and oncogenesis that replication‐competent retroviral vectors entail. To enhance both their integral safety and their transgene capacity, we developed a semi‐replication‐competent retroviral vector system.MethodsThe semi‐replication‐competent retroviral vector system is based on two transcomplementing replication‐defective retroviral vectors termed gag‐pol vector (GPv) and env vector (Ev). Vector propagation was monitored in vitro and in solid tumors in vivo, using different reporter transgenes for GPv and Ev. Systemic vector dissemination and leukemogenesis was assessed by direct intravenous vector injection and subsequent bone marrow transplantation, in MLV‐sensitive mice.ResultsIn vitro and in vivo the semi‐replication‐competent retroviral vectors propagate transgenes almost as efficiently as replication‐competent ones. The semi‐replication‐competent retroviral vector system does not lead to detectable dissemination or leukemogenesis as does the replication‐competent vector or the parental virus. Additionally, the vector duo allows co‐propagation of different transgenes as well as mobilization of a third replication‐defective vector.ConclusionsThis study is an initial proof of principle for the use of complementary retroviral vectors to deliver and propagate transgenes in vitro and in solid tumors in vivo, but with reduced pathogenicity compared to its parental virus. In‐between replication‐defective and replication‐competent retroviral vectors, this semi‐replicative system offers good grounds for its application in in vitro studies and allows envisioning its further development for cancer gene therapy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.