bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forearm bone density in primary hyperparathyroidism: long‐term follow‐up with and without parathyroidectomy
Authors: Rao D. Sudhaker , Wallace Elizabeth A. , Antonelli Rosella F. , Talpos Gary B. , Ansari Mohammed R. , Jacobsen Gordon , Divine George W. , Parfitt A. Michael 
Published: March 2003

Summaryobjective The long‐term effects of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), whether treated or untreated, on cortical bone are unclear, but the balance of evidence suggests that fracture risk is modestly increased in this patient group. We therefore compared changes in forearm cortical bone mineral density (BMD), at the site most relevant for PTH‐mediated bone loss, in two groups of patients with PHPT; one with and one without surgery.design and patients We followed the course of forearm bone mineral/bone width (BM/BW, g/cm2) measured by single‐energy photon absorptiometry at the standard proximal site, and Z‐scores (deviations from the mean value expected for age, sex and race, calculated from a large local reference population) in 108 patients who underwent successful surgery (mean duration 47 months, range 12–120 months) and 108 who remained unoperated (mean duration 52 months, range 12–132 months). Criteria for recommending surgery had been formulated in 1975 and were generally similar to those of the NIH consensus conference published in 1991. At the time of diagnosis the Z‐score was significantly reduced in both groups, indicating an earlier period of accelerated cortical bone loss.results In the entire operated population there was no difference between the initial and final BM/BW. As the age‐expected mean value declined, the Z‐score became significantly less negative, and if the rate of change remained constant the values would have reached zero, indicating recovery of all bone lost as a result of the disease, after about 20 years. In the unoperated patients BM/BW fell significantly but there was no change in Z‐score, indicating that the rate of bone loss was the same as expected for normal ageing.conclusions It is reasonable to assume that cessation of further bone loss consequent on successful parathyroid surgery would eventually lead to abatement of the excess fracture risk, but the benefit to individual patients will depend mainly on their remaining life expectancy.
The effect of glutamine on protein balance and amino acid flux across arm and leg tissues in healthy volunteers
Authors: Svanberg Elisabeth , Möller‐Loswick Ann‐Charlotte , Matthews Dwight E. , Körner Ulla , Lundholm Kent 
Published: March 2003

Background. Glutamine is important in nitrogen transportation and the physiological control of acid–base regulation. In addition, it has been assumed that glutamine regulates protein balance in skeletal muscles based on findings in both experimental and clinical studies. However, little information on glutamine and its effect on protein dynamics in normal individuals is available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether glutamine improves protein balance and uptake of various indispensable amino acids across peripheral tissue in healthy individuals. Material and methods. Standard primed constant infusions of L‐[ring‐2H5]phenylalanine and [ring 3,3‐2H2]tyrosine (2 μmol kg−1 h−1) were performed after overnight fast in five healthy male volunteers before and during infusions of a standard and a glutamine/tyrosine enriched amino acid solution. Flux measurements of amino acids (AA) including 3‐methylhistidine, glucose, lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) were performed across arm and leg tissues. Results. Infusion of the standard AA solution (0·2 g N kg−1 day−1) increased the net uptake of individual amino acids, but provision of the enriched solution (0·4 g N kg−1 day−1) with increased amounts of glutamine and tyrosine seemed to compete unfavourably with the net uptake of other key amino acids as methionine and phenylalanine, which are indispensable in muscles for protein synthesis. Increased flux of amino acids across peripheral tissues did not influence on flux of glucose, free fatty acid and lactate. Conclusions. Glutamine provision did neither stimulate protein synthesis nor attenuate breakdown of either globular or myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscles of healthy volunteers.
Characterization of tubular adenoma of breast—diagnostic problem in fine needle aspirates (FNAs)
Authors: KUMAR N. , KAPILA K. , VERMA K. 
Published: March 2003

kumar n., kapila k. and verma k. (1998) Cytopathology9, 301–307Characterization of tubular adenoma of breast—diagnostic problem in fine needle aspirates (FNAs)FNA smears from six histologically documented cases of tubular adenoma of breast were critically analysed and compared with 10 histologically confirmed cases of fibroadenoma (five pericanalicular and five intracanalicular). Initially a cytological diagnosis of tubular adenoma was rendered only in one case. On review, two cases could be characterized as tubular adenoma, while the findings were suggestive in two others. The features helpful in diagnosis of tubular adenoma were the presence of benign ductal cells as three‐dimensional cohesive balls and tubular structures in highly cellular smears. Stroma was conspicuously scanty or absent. Myoepithelial cells were present along with sheets of ductal cells as well as bipolar naked nuclei. Confusion with fibroadenoma occurred in two cases due to presence of a stag‐horn pattern of ductal cells.
A case‐control study of true‐positive versus false‐negative cervical smears in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III
Authors: O'SULLIVAN  , A'HERN  , CHAPMAN  , JENKINS  , SMITH  , Al‐NAFUSSI  , BRETT  , HERBERT  , McKEAN  , WADDELL  
Published: March 2003

o'sullivan j. p., a'hern r. p., chapman p. a., jenkins l., smith r., al‐nafussi a.,brett m. t., herbert a., mckean m. e. and waddell c. a. (1998) Cyt_pathology9, 151–161A case‐control study of true‐positive versus false‐negative cervical smears in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) IIICervical smears (n= 150) from five departments showing high‐grade dyskaryosis were examined by three cyt_logists. All the smears came from patients with biopsy‐proven CIN III. One hundred had been correctly reported (true positives) but 50 had originally been reported as negative and had been found to be positive only on review (false negatives). There were significant differences between the two sets in the characteristics of the dyskaryotic cell population. The false‐negative smears tended to have fewer than 200 dyskaryotic cells. The nuclei of the dyskaryotic cells tended to have fine rather than coarse nuclear chromatin. A smear with fewer than 50 dyskaryotic cells is 26 times more likely to be reported as negative than one with more than 200 dyskaryotic cells. The results suggest that there is a type of severely dyskaryotic smear that is inherently likely to be missed on routine screening.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary lymphoma of the thyroid: a report of 17 cases
Authors: Sangalli G. , Serio G. , Zampatti C. , Lomuscio G. , Colombo L. 
Published: March 2003

Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary lymphoma of the thyroid: a report of 17 cases Between 1980 and 1998, 4272 thyroid surgical specimens with a preoperative fine needle aspirate were sent to our Anatomical Pathology Department. Among these cases there were 17 primary thyroid lymphomas, which constituted 0.3% of all the thyroid lesions and 2.3% of the thyroid malignancies. Seven cases were diffuse large B‐cell (DLBC) lymphomas and 10 were MALT lymphomas. Of the DLBC lymphomas six were correctly diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and one was diagnosed as positive for malignancy, and among MALT lymphomas four were diagnosed as lymphoma, four as suspicious for lymphoma, and three as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Our data indicate that the diagnosis of primary thyroid lymphoma of high grade is easy, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) can confirm suspicious cases. The diagnosis of MALT lymphoma is more difficult; ICC can confirm suspicious cases, and false‐negative results seem to be caused by sampling error, because HT usually coexists with MALT lymphoma.
Effects of submergence by winter floods on diapausing caterpillars of a wetland butterfly, Lycaena dispar batavus
Authors: WEBB MARK R. , PULLIN ANDREW S. 
Published: March 2003

1. The influence of seasonal flooding on wetland insects is understudied, and understanding of a potentially important influence on population dynamics is therefore incomplete. This is of particular consequence because many wetland insect species, including the large copper butterfly, Lycaena dispar batavus, are of conservation interest.2. Previous studies on the submergence tolerance of diapausing L. d. batavus larvae have been inconclusive. This study investigated the effects of different periods of enforced submergence on overwintering survival, using both fresh and brackish water, and comparing effects on larvae in early and late diapause.3. Larvae were submerged for up to 84 days, and survival was negatively correlated with submergence period, although periods of up to 28 days did not appear to reduce survival. Water type, i.e. fresh vs. brackish water, and larval stage, i.e. early vs. late diapause, had no significant influence on survival.4. The relevance of these findings to the population biology and conservation of L. d. batavus is discussed. Further studies on the effects of submergence by seasonal flooding on wetland insect populations are encouraged.
Carcass maintenance and biparental brood care in burying beetles: are males redundant?
Authors: MÜLLER JOSEF K. , EGGERT ANNE‐KATRIN , SAKALUK SCOTT K. 
Published: March 2003

1. Burying beetles inter small vertebrate carcasses that ultimately serve as a food source for their developing young. The male remains with the female on the carcass after the brood has been produced, purportedly to aid in the feeding and protection of larvae. However, numerous laboratory experiments have failed to demonstrate a beneficial effect of the male on the growth and survival of offspring.2. A potential difficulty with laboratory studies is that beetles are typically held under relatively benign conditions, protected from the biotic and environmental challenges that they normally encounter. In nature, males may enhance offspring survival by aiding the female in ridding the carcass of mould, and by helping to preserve the carcass through the secretion of antibiotic substances in the beetles’ saliva. To examine more rigorously the potential benefits of male parental care, an experiment was conducted under field conditions in which the reproductive output of male–female pairs was compared to that of single females.3. Beetles were induced to bury carcasses in soil inside rigid plastic tubes that had been inserted into the ground. The experiment was a paired design involving pairs of sisters reproducing in adjacent tubes; one sister reproduced alone, whereas the other reproduced with the assistance of a male. Soil cores were recovered about 1 month later, and examined for viable pupae.4. There was no significant difference in the number of offspring produced by single females and those reproducing with the assistance of the male, nor was there any significant difference in total brood mass. These results suggest that any benefits of extended male residency on the carcass do not stem from male participation in carcass maintenance or provisioning young.
The ecological significance of differences in host detection behaviour in coexisting parasitoid species
Authors: VAN DIJKEN M. J. , VAN ALPHEN J. J. M. 
Published: March 2003

1. Six species of drosophilid parasitoids of the genus Leptopilina (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) exist in Europe. Laboratory experiments reveal that the fundamental niches for most of these species overlap. Field collections indicate that overlap in their realised niches is much smaller.2. Here data are presented for the little known species Leptopilina longipes. Field and laboratory observations indicate that its niche overlaps with both that of L. clavipes and L. heterotoma.3. The host detection behaviour of L. longipes is examined and it is shown that L. longipes uses vibrotaxis to detect its hosts. This behaviour of L. longipes is compared with that of L. heterotoma and L. clavipes, which both use the ovipositor in host detection.4. The ways in which differences in host searching behaviour can contribute to niche segregation and coexistence of these species are discussed.
Organization of predator assemblages in Neotropical tree holes: effects of abiotic factors and priority
Authors: Fincke OlA. M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. 1. Water‐filled tree holes in a lowland forest in Panama harbour an assemblage of large predators consisting of the larvae of five common species of Odonata, the mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi, and tadpoles of Dendrobates auratus. Odonate females oviposit in both large and small tree holes. However, the three largest species emerge from larger tree holes, on average, than do the two smallest species. Can assembly rules explain this and other patterns of predator distribution?2. Past experiments suggested that fast growth of the largest, but later‐colonizing odonates enabled them to out‐compete the smaller, slower‐growing Mecistogaster in large holes. In small holes, however, the first predator, regardless of species, should presumably kill any later arrivals. Priority effects in small holes were tested for their consistency across predator species. Two alternative explanations for differential odonate survivorship were also tested: abiotic conditions and the effect of non‐odonate predators.3. Diurnal fluctuations in oxygen content, pH, and temperature within holes were as great as the variation found between large and small tree holes; abiotic conditions were poor predictors of species occupancy.4. Exchanging the largest and smallest odonate species from their original holes did not affect survivorship, suggesting that the observed patterns of emergence are unlikely to result from differential tolerance to abiotic factors that were not measured.5. When larger and smaller predators were paired in 400‐ml pots and provided with alternative prey, typically only the larger predator survived, regardless of species. The exception was T. theobaldi, which was often killed by odonates and tadpoles smaller than itself.6. Between May and July, the occurrence of Mecistogaster in large tree holes declined, before larvae could have emerged. Neither abiotic effects nor differential predation by non‐odonates could explain this habitat‐specific decrease in survivorship. This temporal pattern is most consistent with the previous conclusion that in large holes, Mecistogaster suffer intraguild predation from later‐colonizing, but faster‐growing Megaloprepus and aeshnids. Whereas Mecistogaster can pre‐empt guild members from small tree holes, they cannot do so in large holes where predators with fast initial growth realize a competitive advantage.
Ant attendance in aphids: why different degrees of myrmecophily?
Authors: Stadler B. , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. Aphids show a range of associations with ants from nonattendance to obligate myrmecophily.Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidesis facultatively associated with ants, whileSymydobius oblongusis an obligate myrmecophile. The selection pressures that have shaped these associations are unknown.2. The consequences for these aphids of their different degrees of associations with ants were determined, in terms of costs and benefits to individuals and colonies in laboratory and field experiments. In the laboratory, individuals ofA. f. cirsiiacanthoidesperformed worse and those ofSymydobius oblongusperformed better when attended by the antLasius nigerthan when unattended. For example, when ant‐attended,A. f. cirsiiacanthoidesdeveloped more slowly, were smaller, and invested less in gonads, whereasS. oblongusdeveloped more quickly, were larger, and invested more in gonads. In addition, the ant regulated the population size ofS. oblongusto an average of 50–70 individuals per birch sapling by removing aphids, but did not regulate the population size ofA. f. cirsiiacanthoides.3. Under field conditions, ant‐attended colonies of bothA. f. cirsiiacanthoides and S. oblongusachieved higher peak numbers and lasted longer, and ant‐attended colonies ofA. f. cirsiiacanthoidesproduced more alate dispersers than unattended colonies.4. The implications of divergent selection pressures for the development of myrmecophily in aphids are discussed.
A fitness cost of eugregarine parasitism in a damselfly
Authors: Siva‐Jothy Michael T. , Plaistow Stewart J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. AdultCalopteryx splendens xanthostomaare infected by the trophozoites of a eugregarine parasite that attaches to the mid‐gut epithelium.2. The results of this study show: (1) that eugregarines were the predominant parasite in the isolated study population, (2) they were not present in imagos that had just eclosed from larvae but were present in significantly higher numbers in older adults, (3) animals with a eugregarine burden during the prereproductive fat‐accumulation period of their adult development (the teneral stage) had significantly lower fat content, and (4) males infected artificially with eugregarine oocysts showed no correlation between eugregarine burdens and postmanipulation fat content.3. Infection with eugregarine trophozoites during the teneral life‐history stage affects the ability of damselflies to accumulate fat, and consequently reduces their ability to fight for, and maintain, a territory when they become reproductively active.
Oviposition preferences of aphidophagous hoverflies
Authors: Sadeghi H. , Gilbert F. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. Oviposition preferences of two predatory hoverflies, Episyrphus balteatus and Syrphus ribesii (Diptera, Syrphidae), were studied in the laboratory.2. There was broad agreement between the two species: two of the top three preferred prey for oviposition in both hoverflies were pea and rose aphids; nettle aphids were consistently the least preferred.3. Discrimination decreased with age.
Kin recognition by the predatory mite Iphiseius degenerans: discrimination among own, conspecific, and heterospecific eggs
Authors: Faraji Farid , Janssen Arne. , Van Rijn Paul C. J. , Sabelis Maurice W. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. Kin recognition is important in many social insects, but has also been found in several nonsocial insects such as parasitoids, where it plays an important role in oviposition behaviour. In nonparasitic arthropods, however, the fitness of ovipositing females also depends on the oviposition behaviour of related and unrelated females, especially when eggs are oviposited in clusters by several females.2. In this paper, kin recognition in a predatory mite, Iphiseius degenerans, is studied. Mothers are capable of determining offspring sex ratio, and cannibalism on juvenile stages is a common phenomenon. Therefore, kin recognition is expected to occur in this predator.3. Oviposition behaviour of this species is particularly interesting because it alternates foraging bouts in flowers with deposition of a single egg at a time on a leaf, where predation risk is lower. The eggs are not scattered but are deposited in clusters. After feeding in a flower, females therefore have to locate clusters of eggs.4. Experiments on two‐choice arenas showed that females prefer to oviposit close to conspecific eggs rather than close to heterospecific eggs. Females also showed a preference for ovipositing near closely related conspecific eggs rather than more distantly related eggs.5. Females tended to displace eggs of heterospecifics more frequently than eggs of conspecifics.6. These behavioural observations show that females can discriminate not only between conspecific and heterospecific eggs but also between eggs that vary in degree of relatedness. This enables females to oviposit in clusters containing related eggs and thus avoid cannibalism by non‐kin and/or produce adaptive sex ratios despite the fact that the adults commute between flowers and leaves.
The relationship between egg load and fecundity among Trichogramma parasitoids
Authors: Mills N. J. , Kuhlmann U. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. The relationships between parasitoid egg load, size, and age (3–72 h) for Trichogramma minutum, T. platneri, and T. pretiosum, reared from two factitious hosts, Ephestia kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella, were evaluated to test the hypothesis that 24‐h egg load can be used to estimate the fecundity of Trichogramma parasitoids.2. Egg load increased in relation to female age over the first 3 days of adult life for all three Trichogramma species to a mean egg storage capacity of 46.7 eggs for T. minutum, 41.1 for T. pretiosum, and 35.7 for T. platneri. At 24 h of age, T. minutum had matured enough eggs to fill 67% of its storage capacity, in comparison with 74% for T. pretiosum and 91% for T. platneri. There was a positive relationship between egg load and parasitoid size for all ages of the three Trichogramma species reared from both hosts (with the exception of T. platneri at 3 h post emergence), accounting for 14–69% of the variance in egg load.3. The potential fecundity, realised (3 day cumulative) fecundity, and oviposition rate (potential fecundity/longevity) of T. platneri were all related linearly to size‐dependent variation in 24‐h egg load, but only the realised fecundity of T. pretiosum, and none of the reproductive characteristics of T. minutum. It is suggested that 24‐h egg load may not be an accurate measure of egg storage capacity in parasitoids and should be used cautiously to represent fecundity.4. The potential fecundity of seven Trichogramma species reared from E. kuehniella varied from 55 to 150, but neither potential fecundity nor oviposition rate was related significantly to egg load (represented by eggs laid during first 24 h). Selection to avoid egg depletion in the attack of gregarious hosts appears most likely to account for the variation in potential fecundity among Trichogramma species.
Benefits of communal breeding in burying beetles: a field experiment
Authors: Eggert Anne‐Katrin , Sakaluk Scott K. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1. The ultimate causes of communal breeding and joint parental care in various species ofNicrophorusburying beetles have not been resolved satisfactorily. One hypothesis suggests that females remain on the carcass for extended periods of time because joint defence affords them improved probabilities of retaining the carcass successfully in the face of intense competition from intra‐generic competitors.2. In a field experiment designed to test this hypothesis inN. defodiens(Mannerheim), breeding associations of two females and a male were no more successful at retaining their carcass than were monogamous pairs, lending no support to the hypothesis.3. Intra‐generic intruders that usurped already‐buried carcasses were typically much larger than the original residents.4. The body size of original residents affected both the burial depth and the probability of a takeover. Larger beetles buried the carcass deeper and were more likely to retain possession of the carcass. Group composition also did not affect the depth at which carcasses were buried.5. Severe and even fatal injuries incurred by some residents indicated the occurrence of violent and damaging fights between competitors over carcasses in the field.