bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fingerprints
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how fingerprints led to the confirmation of Martin McNally’s identity. FBI agents searched the plane at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport. Agent Richard Stilling found pieces of notes that belonged to the hijacker. Following the interview of Jim Petty, Larry Bonney asked about the evidence and received the name Martin McNally. He figured that if McNally had been arrested before, his fingerprint documents would be in the FBI’s files. Fingerprint examiner Carl Collins confirmed that the fingerprint on the hijack note belonged to Martin Joseph McNally and sent a teletype to the St. Louis FBI office, with copies to Detroit, Chicago, and Indianapolis.
Evidence
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the evidence surrounding Martin McNally’s hijacking of American Flight 119. Since the FBI still did not have a search warrant, four agents were assigned to watch McNally’s house to ensure that no one tampered with the site. After receiving the proper search warrant, agents collected evidence from the garage and the house and took it to the FBI lab in Washington. McNally’s father, Walter McNally, attempted to help his son, but the son refused to see him. The chapter explains that the evidence was circumstantial but was consistent with eyewitness accounts. It also details how the FBI arranged a lineup and flew in the pilots and stewardesses to identify Martin McNally.
How It Began
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the origins of airline hijacking. It starts with Antulio Ramirez Ortiz, who called himself El Pirata Confresi, who was part of the first wave of US airline hijackings that increased slowly throughout the 1960s. In August 1961, the US Senate voted to make airplane hijacking subject to the death penalty. The hijacking trend died down after the Cuban government began arresting hijackers, returning US planes, and treating their crews and passengers as if they were on vacation. The chapter highlights how hijacking was more of an adventure than a capital crime, but that changed in 1968.
Ransoms
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ransoms paid to airline hijackers. It starts with Arthur Barkley, who demanded a ransom of $100 million after the threat of a gun, a razor, and gasoline in his arsenal. Even though Barkley shot two FBI agents, he was found innocent by reason of insanity. Over time, airline-hijacking movies became darker, reflecting the new realities of air piracy. The chapter also describes the hijacking experience of James Bennett, who boarded Eastern Air Lines Flight 30 after getting his idea of hijacking from the movie Doomsday Flight. It also references the release of the movie Skyjacked.
Finding D.B. Cooper
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the theories on the fate and the identity of hijacker D.B. Cooper, which primarily rely on circumstantial evidence or alleged confessions. It acknowledges the daring of Cooper’s parachute jump. FBI agent Ralph Himmelsbach and others in the FBI were convinced at the time that Cooper died when he hit the ground. The assumption hindered the search for Cooper and, subsequently, the manhunt for Martin McNally as well. Cooper likely had an accomplice who drove him to the Portland Airport and was on call to pick him up on the ground. The chapter considers the debates surrounding Cooper’s identity and where he may have landed.
Black Security and the Conundrum of Policing
Authors: Bell Monica C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter frames a thick conception of Black security as a corrective in political and legal debates over policing. As demonstrated here through qualitative interview data, Black Americans who live in dispossessed urban neighborhoods have rich and complex beliefs, experiences, and hopes with respect to policing and security. Yet those perspectives are often flattened and misconstrued by policymakers, journalists, activists, and other stakeholders in public safety debates. To combat this tendency, this chapter suggests engaging in a more careful reading of public opinion data on policing, an expansion of metrics used in studies on policing, and a more parsimonious understanding of the appropriate roles for social science in moral and political debates over safety.
The Making of the Tabernacle and the Construction of Priestly Hegemony
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
How did the Jerusalem high priests go from being cultic servants in the sixth century BCE to assuming political supremacy at some point during the third or second century? The Making of the Tabernacle and the Construction of Priestly Hegemony explores how the conditions were created for the priesthood’s rise to power by examining the most important ideological texts for the high priests: the description of the wilderness tabernacle and the instructions for the ordination ritual found in the biblical books of Exodus and Leviticus. Although neglected by most modern readers, who often find them technical and repetitive, the tabernacle accounts excited considerable interest amongst early scribes and readers as is evidenced by the survival of them in no fewer than four versions. Untangling the intricate compositional history helps shed light on how these chapters shaped—and were shaped by—the perception of the priesthood’s powers and competencies during the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. The hierarchy portrayed is more nuanced and multifaceted than previously appreciated with Israelite artisans, community leaders, Levites, and women incorporated into a complex vision of society. The ordination ritual was also transformed by scribal elites during the Persian period appearing in no fewer than five variant forms as the role of the high priesthood was negotiated. Using a broad, pluralistic methodological approach that incorporates insights from sociology, ritual studies, textual and literary criticism, early interpretation, manuscript studies, and philology, MacDonald’s study shines new light on the historical development, theology, and ideology of priestly texts.
Introduction
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
How did the high priesthood go from being an important, but subordinate, office in the kingdom of Judah to being the principal source of authority in the Hasmonean period? Answering this question has been hampered by deficient theoretical reflections on the nature and exercise of power, and by a failure to consider the full range of relevant texts from the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. After highlighting these problems, this chapter draws on Foucault and Gramsci to provide a better theoretical basis for thinking about power and makes the case for analysing the tabernacle account and related texts in the Pentateuch.
Four Versions of the Tabernacle
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The tabernacle accounts of Exodus (Exod 25–31, 35–40) have been preserved in four versions preserved in late antique and medieval manuscripts: two Hebrew versions—one Masoretic and one Samaritan—an Old Greek and an Old Latin version. In this chapter, the best four manuscript exemplars of each version are described and analysed. Attention is given not only to the text of Exodus, but also the paratextual features that were transmitted along with it and helped guide ancient readers. The existence of four versions of the same text demonstrates the importance of the tabernacle account for early scribes and readers.
The Tabernacle and Its Gloriously Attired Priest
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The original priestly document concludes with the tabernacle account of Exodus, where the tent sanctuary is presented as a fitting and comfortable abode for Israel’s God. This chapter argues that the climax of the original priestly document is not the richly decorated tent, but the glorious garments of the priest Aaron. Whilst the text is reticent to describe the significance of the tent and its furniture, each item of Aaron’s wardrobe is described in considerable detail and attributed instrumental significance. Aaron’s vestments are designed both to blend into the environment of the tabernacle, but also to ensure that God is attentive to the inscribed items of Aaron’s dress which ensures he represents the people as he enters the tent.
The High Priest and the Priests
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The extant versions of the tabernacle account have a more complicated portrayal of the sanctuary and its priesthood than the original priestly document. The original priestly document spoke only of Aaron who represented the priesthood, but the developed portrayal has Aaron as the high priest with a larger priesthood that assists him. The integration of the great atonement ritual in Lev 16 plays a significant role in creating that complexity. This chapter examines how the perspectives of Lev 16 were incorporated in at least two distinct stages which resulted in a transformation of the tabernacle account’s presentation of the priesthood.
Craftsmen and Community
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The compliance account in Exodus 35–40 presents a roster of characters, including master craftsmen, Israelite artisans, men, women, leaders, and Levites. All are involved in the construction and maintenance of the tabernacle. This extensive cast seems surprising given the focus in the instructions of Exodus 25–31 on Moses as the one to construct the sanctuary. The presentation of these additional characters produces a complex social hierarchy which emphasizes paradoxically both equality within the community and the pre-eminent status of the priests. This chapter examines how the compliance account disseminates power and competencies as part of a strategy that affirms priestly supremacy.
Inauguration and Violation
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The celebrated inauguration of the tabernacle is followed immediately by catastrophe when Nadab and Abihu offer ‘strange fire’. Aaron’s two sons are consumed by divine fire. The nature of their infraction is a famous interpretive puzzle as is the failure to punish their brothers, Eleazar and Ithamar, for not consuming the sin-purification offering. This chapter examines these two interpretative cruxes and argues that they serve to resolve tensions within the portrayal of the competencies of the high priest and the rest of the priesthood. Some of these tensions had arisen from the inclusion of the sacrificial legislation in Lev 1–7.
Leaders, Levites, and a Kingdom of Priests
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Within the larger expanse of the Pentateuch, there are two further reprises of the ordination ritual. One is found in Num 7–10, where a deformation of the Pentateuch’s narrative progression allows for the inauguration of the tabernacle to be retold one further time with a focus on the leaders and the Levites. The dedication of the Levites parallels the ordination of the priests in several respects, but in a way that highlights the ways in which the Levites differ from the priests. The second reprise of the ordination ritual is found in Exod 24, where a blood ritual occurred at the foot of the mountain which involved dashing the people and an altar with blood. This fulfils the promise in Exod 19 that the people will be a kingdom of priests.
Civil Wars and Interregnum
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares the experiences of Catholics across the three Stuart kingdoms during the Civil Wars and Interregnum. Distinguishing between the experiences of the laity and clergy, it explores how this tumultuous period impacted different groups within the Catholic community. The chapter examines the different strategies adopted by Catholics at both national and local levels to mitigate the effects of persecution and expropriation, and how violence, both against Catholics and by Catholics, impact events in other kingdoms. It is suggested that the internal division amongst and between Catholics in England, Wales, and Scotland had longer term consequences than external pressures did, with the reverse being true in Ireland. The chapter also explores the different responses from Rome to events in each kingdom.
The Catholic Moment
Authors: Devlin Eoin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the reign of James II & VII, from his long anticipated and much contested accession in February 1685 to his flight in the winter of 1688‒9. It examines the reign in two phases, with a coda on James’s long exile in France after his flight from Ireland in 1690. The first phase is one of relative moderation down to the spring of 1687. The second saw accelerating Catholicization and aggressive Counter-Reformation in the remaining eighteen months before the insurrection which ended James’s reign, seeing him defeated by the political elites first in England, then in Scotland, and finally in Ireland. The chapter offers a distinctive portrait of the King himself and offers a fresh evaluation of his relations with the Court of Rome, and indeed of Rome’s problems with James himself.
Empire and Overseas Missions
Authors: Glickman Gabriel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The international context of British and Irish Catholicism extended beyond Europe. By the later seventeenth century, Catholics from England and Ireland were actively involved in the colonial and commercial expansion of the Stuart realm. A growing cohort from Scotland participated after the Act of Union in 1707. Catholics worked within the empire as governors, soldiers, and traders. Missionary clergymen operated on the territorial frontiers, and major enclaves of Catholic settlement were established in Maryland and parts of the West Indies. This chapter shows how the growth of empire influenced the political strategies and ideological development of Catholic communities in Britain and Ireland. The colonial arena created opportunities for power, profit, and public office-holding in places far beyond the dictates of parliamentary penal laws. Service of the expanding realm offered ways for Catholics to advertise loyalist credentials and make a case for extending civil and religious liberties to their co-religionists at home. As these activities registered in colonial politics, however, the Catholic presence created divisions that added to the strains on emergent settlements and echoed back to raise domestic controversies over the management of the overseas dominions. While overseas expansion was justified publicly and rhetorically as a Protestant enterprise, the Catholic contribution spoke to a more conflicted and contentious relationship between the confessional and colonialist interests of the early modern English kingdom.
Missionary Activity and Religious Houses
Authors: Binasco Matteo , Thomas Hannah 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the extent to which missionary links between the Holy See and the British Isles developed and changed between 1688 and 1745. It explores how the papal curia sought to elaborate and carry out different missionary strategies for the problems which affected England, Ireland, and Scotland. The chapter will examine some of the thorny matters—like the poor quality of the clergy—which had a negative impact on the missionary networks developed between the colleges in Rome and the English, Irish, and Scots Churches. It then moves on to explore the development and, in many cases, expansion of religious houses within the English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish Catholic diaspora up to 1745, surveying the activities of the regulars, seculars, and women religious, all of whom expanded or consolidated their presence.
Religious Houses
Authors: Walker Claire 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the range of spiritualities practised in British and Irish religious houses and their context. It begins by considering the religious houses’ spiritual traditions, as articulated in books and objects. It explores the rich range of spiritual methods practiced across the British and Irish exile diaspora, as well as popular spiritual literature and spiritual practices preserved in manuscript material. The second section investigates points of difference and conflict regarding spiritual prayer and meditation, with most dissension centred on the place of Jesuit spiritual practices in orders belonging to older monastic traditions. Finally, the third section explores how the tropes of dislocation, persecution, and martyrdom featured in many religious houses’ spiritualities, as well as the persistence of a common goal: the restitution of Catholicism in their homelands.
Anti-Popery
Authors: Morton Adam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the place of anti-popery in British culture between the Civil Wars and Jacobite Rebellions. It outlines Britain’s hostility to Catholicism but shows that this hostility was far from the only reason for the prevalence of anti-popery in early modern culture. ‘Popery’ often encompassed groups of Protestants who were deemed to be too sympathetic to the Roman Church, or who were damned as a corrupt influence on Britain’s Churches and State. Anti-popery was therefore as concerned with intra-Protestant hostilities as it was anti-Catholic othering—it was a language of debate between Laudian and Puritan, Episcopalian and Presbyterian, royalist and parliamentarian, Whig and Tory, and many more. The chapter shows that anti-popery was a central feature of political debate during the three crises of the Stuart monarchy (1640‒2, 1678‒82, and 1688‒91), in response to the invention of Britain in 1707, and during the Jacobite challenge. In doing so, it underscores that anti-popery was far from a straightforward phenomenon, exploring its tensions and inconsistencies to show that it was a contested ideology.
Political Theology
Authors: Gillett Christopher P. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a thematic overview of the contours of British and Irish Catholic political theology between 1640 and 1745, a period in which fundamental questions of political and ecclesiastical authority were hotly contested in both Catholic and Protestant contexts. It examines how Catholics drew on older traditions, such as Christian dualism, when considering the relationship between spiritual and temporal authority. These traditions intersected with a range of competing understandings about the vexed issue of papal authority. As strict papalists continued to lose political influence during this period, a variety of moderate and anti-papalist positions proliferated. Blackloism was one such anti-papalist position, but others emerged throughout Britain and Ireland as Catholics struggled to come to agreement about a mutually acceptable alternative ecclesiology and referred to contemporary Continental European political theologies, including Gallicanism, Jansenism, and Quietism. Ecclesiological matters had implications for how Catholics interacted with the Protestant State, both in terms of demonstrating political loyalty and in terms of contending with that State’s jurisdiction over interior conscience. These interrelated issues were encapsulated in Catholic attempts to secure liberty of conscience by revising the Oath of Allegiance. This chapter examines how Catholics conceptualized the individuality of conscience in the period and deployed moral theologies, like Probabilism, to negotiate their relationship with Protestant authorities. It demonstrates that political theology was not solely the preserve of abstract theory, but was enmeshed in British and Irish Catholic political projects, and consequently offers insight into how Catholics informed events in the ‘mainstream’ political narrative of the period.
Architecture
Authors: Devlin Eoin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Catholic architecture in the century after 1641, and more emphatically in the sixty years after the accession of James II & VII in 1685, shows a growing willingness by Catholic families to introduce the latest styles from Catholic Europe, often from Rome, and especially the assertive and ornate baroque style that originated there from the end of the sixteenth century. The development of a significant number of royal chapels, not only by James but by his mother, wives, and sister-in-law, set the trend and was much imitated in many private domestic chapels across the three kingdoms and in some public churches in Ireland. During the 1680s, the royal chapels were much visited not only by devout Catholics but by curious Protestants and indeed although paintings and furnishings tended to be by Italian artists, the buildings themselves tended to be designed by English architects such as Sir John Vanbrugh, and there was some crossover between otherwise hostile Catholic and Protestant aesthetics when it came to architecture.
Vernacular Catholic Literature
Authors: Craith Mícheál Mac , January-McCann James , Stiùbhart Domhnall Uilleam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Catholicism in Welsh, Irish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic vernacular literature. In Ireland, the outbreak of hostilities in 1641 dealt a major blow to the catechetical, hagiographical, and historical projects of the Irish Franciscans in Leuven, leading to a petering out of their influential publishing programme. The chapter explores Irish responses to major events, such as the Confederate Wars and the rise of Jacobitism, in Gaelic literature in the period, and how these events featured in literary representations of Ireland’s past, present, and future. In Wales, there was a marked reduction in the amount of material published in Welsh in the period compared to pre-1640 activity. The chapter surveys the work of the two Catholic authors writing during this period, John Hughes and Gwilym Puw, and places their work in wider contexts. It analyses the way in which what they wrote, and how they wrote it, can be viewed as indicative of the fortunes and aspirations of the Welsh Catholic community at the time. Finally, the chapter offers an appraisal of surviving references to Catholicism in early modern Scottish Gaelic vernacular literature. The multi-confessional nature of the Scottish Highlands led the poet Iain Lom (John MacDonald) to play down his Catholic adherence even in his most polemical compositions. The sharpening of denominational animosities during the Jacobite era, however, saw the composition of a series of strongly Catholic poems—some imparting doctrine, others expressing personal devotion—by Sìleas na Ceapaich (Julia MacDonald).
Jacobitism, Loyalty, and the State, 1746–1766
Authors: Brown Carys 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores changes in the relationship between Catholics, the State, and the Protestant populations of Britain and Ireland in the twenty years following the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745–6. It highlights three key developments which contributed to an adjustment in the position of Catholics in this period. First, it shows that the waning threat of Jacobitism and the loosening of its association with Catholicism had relieved Catholics of some suspicions of disloyalty by the end of the period. Second, it examines Catholic efforts to demonstrate their loyalty, highlighting how war and international diplomacy had begun to change the receptiveness of the British State to the idea of Catholic loyalty. Third, it shows how demographic and economic developments in some ways favoured Catholic communities during this period. However, the chapter ends by cautioning against a picture that is too positive. Emphasizing the strength of popular anti-Catholicism across the British Isles, and the day-to-day discrimination that Catholics faced, it emphasizes that any wider adjustments in the fortunes of Catholics during this period would not necessarily have been obvious to those living through it.