bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin model surface temperatures during single and multiple cryogen spurts used in laser dermatologic surgery
Authors: Ramirez‐San‐Juan Julio C. , Aguilar Guillermo , Tuqan Alia T. , Kelly Kristen M. , Nelson J. Stuart 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundAlthough cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatologic surgery, concern has been expressed that CSC may induce cryo‐injury. In order to address this concern, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure of human skin phantoms (HSP) to CSC.ObjectiveTo measure the minimum surface temperature (Tmin) and the time at which it occurs (tTmin) as well as determine the time the sprayed HSP surface remains below 0°C (sub‐zero time, Δts) and −26°C (residence time, Δtr) during the application of single (SCS) and multiple (MCS) cryogen spurts. Two initial HSP substrate temperatures were studied, Ti: 23 and 70°C.Study Design/Materials and MethodsAn epoxy‐based HSP was constructed to measure Tmin, tTmin, Δts, and Δtr, for 17 spray patterns: 1 SCS with a total cryo‐delivery time (Δtc) of 40 milliseconds; 8 MCS patterns with identical Δtc, but with a total cooling time (Δttotal) varying from 50 to 280 milliseconds; and 8 SCS patterns that matched the Δttotal of the MCS patterns.ResultsFor both Ti, our results show that it is possible to distinguish between two different cooling regimes. For Δttotal ≤ 110 milliseconds, the differences between SCS and MCS patterns with the same Δttotal for all variables (Tmin, tTmin, Δts, Δtr) are negligible. Most importantly, all these variables show a remarkable linear dependence with Δttotal. In the interval 110 milliseconds < Δttotal < 280 milliseconds, Tmin and tTmin are similar for SCS and MCS, while Δts and Δtr show more pronounced differences between the two spray patterns. In this interval, the values of Tmin and Δts for MCS remain invariant and similar to the corresponding values for Δttotal = 110 milliseconds.ConclusionsThese results suggest that: (1) similar epidermal protection may be attained with SCS and MCS for Δttotal ≤ 110 milliseconds; and (2) for 110 milliseconds < Δttotal ≤ 280 milliseconds, MCS help to maintain Δts similar to that of SCS at Δttotal = 100 milliseconds, which may be beneficial to prevent cryo‐injury. Lasers Surg. Med. 36:141–146, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fast multi‐level convolution boundary element method for transient diffusion problems
Authors: Wang C.‐H. , Grigoriev M. M. , Dargush G. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new algorithm is developed to evaluate the time convolution integrals that are associated with boundary element methods (BEM) for transient diffusion. This approach, which is based upon the multi‐level multi‐integration concepts of Brandt and Lubrecht, provides a fast, accurate and memory efficient time domain method for this entire class of problems. Conventional BEM approaches result in operation counts of order O(N2) for the discrete time convolution over N time steps. Here we focus on the formulation for linear problems of transient heat diffusion and demonstrate reduced computational complexity to order O(N3/2) for three two‐dimensional model problems using the multi‐level convolution BEM. Memory requirements are also significantly reduced, while maintaining the same level of accuracy as the conventional time domain BEM approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete material optimization of general composite shell structures
Authors: Stegmann J. , Lund E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA novel method for doing material optimization of general composite laminate shell structures is presented and its capabilities are illustrated with three examples. The method is labelled Discrete Material Optimization (DMO) but uses gradient information combined with mathematical programming to solve a discrete optimization problem. The method can be used to solve the orientation problem of orthotropic materials and the material selection problem as well as problems involving both. The method relies on ideas from multiphase topology optimization to achieve a parametrization which is very general and reduces the risk of obtaining a local optimum solution for the tested configurations. The applicability of the DMO method is demonstrated for fibre angle optimization of a cantilever beam and combined fibre angle and material selection optimization of a four‐point beam bending problem and a doubly curved laminated shell. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted therapy: For kids, too
Authors: Corey Seth J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInnovative hypothesis‐driven clinical trials have achieved major successes over the past several decades in treating children and adolescents with cancer. DNA‐damaging cytotoxic agents have cured children with cancer. While the mission is not yet accomplished, chemotherapy has been validated. None of these drugs were designed specifically for a pediatric disease. Continued progress will require new strategies. Now being tested for adult cancers, these strategies include gene therapy, immunotherapy, cancer prevention, and signal transduction inhibitor (STI) therapy. Of these, the most promising is STI therapy, also known as molecular therapeutics or targeted therapy. For this therapy to succeed, components of signal transduction (i.e., candidate drug targets) must be identified, the targets relevant to cancers, and the drugs available for trial. Because STI therapy is biologically driven and because therapy will be tailored depending on the molecular profile of a specific patient's tumor, clinical pediatric oncologists will need to acquire greater understanding of signaling pathways and their therapeutic relevance. With examples drawn from pediatric oncology, the critical steps in the pre‐clinical development of targeted therapy are reviewed here. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety and tolerability of denufosol tetrasodium inhalation solution, a novel P2Y2 receptor agonist: Results of a phase 1/phase 2 multicenter study in mild to moderate cystic fibrosis
Authors: Deterding Robin , Retsch‐Bogart George , Milgram Laura , Gibson Ron , Daines Cori , Zeitlin Pamela L. , Milla Carlos , Marshall Bruce , LaVange Lisa , Engels Jean , Mathews Dave , Gorden JoAnn , Schaberg Amy , Williams Judy , Ramsey Bonnie ,   for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network
Published: February 2005

AbstractDenufosol tetrasodium (INS37217) is a selective P2Y2 agonist that stimulates ciliary beat frequency and Cl− secretion in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia, and is being investigated as an inhaled treatment for CF. The Cl− secretory response is mediated via a non‐CFTR pathway, and the driving force for Cl− secretion is enhanced by the effect of P2Y2 activation to also inhibit epithelial Na+ transport. Denufosol is metabolically more stable and better tolerated, and may enhance mucociliary clearance for a longer period of time than previously investigated P2Y2 agonists. The goal of this phase 1/phase 2 study was to assess the safety and tolerability of single and repeated doses of aerosolized denufosol in subjects with CF. The study was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter comparison of ascending single doses of denufosol (10, 20, 40, and 60 mg, administered by inhalation via the Pari LC Star® nebulizer) vs. placebo (normal saline), followed by a comparison of twice‐daily administration of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of denufosol or placebo for 5 days. Thirty‐seven adult (18 years of age or older) and 24 pediatric (5–17 years of age) subjects with CF were evaluated in five cohorts. Subjects were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to receive either denufosol or placebo within each cohort. The percent of subjects experiencing adverse events was similar between the denufosol and placebo groups. The most common adverse event in subjects receiving denufosol was chest tightness in adult subjects (39%) and cough in pediatric subjects (56%). Three (7%) subjects receiving denufosol and one (7%) subject receiving placebo experienced a serious adverse event. Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) profiles following dosing were similar across treatment groups, with some acute, reversible decline seen in both groups, most notably in subjects with lower lung function at baseline. In conclusion, doses up to 60 mg of denufosol inhalation solution were well‐tolerated in most subjects. Some intolerability was noted among subjects with lower baseline lung function. Based on the results of this phase 1/phase 2 study, the Therapeutics Development Network (TDN) of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc., recently completed a multicenter, 28‐day, phase 2 safety and efficacy clinical trial of denufosol inhalation solution in CF subjects with mild lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:339–348. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep and breathing on the first night after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Nixon G.M. , Kermack A.S. , McGregor C.D. , Davis G.M. , Manoukian J.J. , Brown K.A. , Brouillette R.T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAdenotonsillectomy (T&A) has established effectiveness for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, more than 20% of children with OSA have respiratory compromise requiring medical intervention in the postoperative period. The reasons for this complication are not well‐defined. We aimed to compare the nature and severity of sleep‐disordered breathing in children with mild and severe OSA on the first night following adenotonsillectomy. Ten children were classified into groups of mild and severe OSA, based on preoperative testing. On the first night after T&A, they underwent polysomnography, including electroencephalograph, submental electromyography, bilateral electro‐oculograms, monitoring of respiratory movements, heart rate, ECG, and oxygen saturation. Sleep‐disordered breathing was assessed by the apnea‐hypopnea index, the SaO2 nadir, and the desaturation index, including dips in saturation below 90% (DI90). Sleep quality was assessed by sleep efficiency, time spent in each sleep state, and respiratory arousal index. Obstructive events occurred postoperatively in all children, but were more frequent in those with severe OSA preoperatively: the median (interquartile range) mixed/obstructive apnea/hypopnea indicies were 6.9 (2.2–9.8) events/hr and 21.5 (15.1–112.1) events/hr for the mild OSA group and the severe OSA group, respectively (P = 0.009). Obstructive events were the major cause of desaturation during sleep postoperatively. Sleep quality was severely disrupted in both groups, with reductions in both slow‐wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. In conclusion, despite removal of obstructing lymphoid tissue, upper airway obstruction occurred on the first postoperative night in children with OSA. This study is the first to demonstrate the mechanism of respiratory compromise after adenotonsillectomy, a common postoperative complication in children with severe OSA. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:332–338. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Underestimation of the peak flow variability in asthmatic children: Evaluation of a new formula
Authors: Vargas Mario H. , Ruiz‐Gutiérrez Héctor Hernán , Espinosa‐Serafin Concepción , Zúñiga‐Vázquez Guillermo , Furuya María E.Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAsthma guidelines suggest evaluation of peak expiratory flow (PEF) variability, but timing for the two PEF measurements is not mentioned. Usual formula calculates amplitude as percentage of mean day‐night PEF values. Since PEF circadian changes follow a sinusoidal function, we reasoned that variability might be calculated by measuring PEF at 4 pm (PEF1) and either at 10 am or 10 pm (PEF2) with the formula %variability = 200 · |PEF1‐PEF2|/PEF2. Children with stable, mild intermittent asthma were recruited from an Asthma Clinic and asked to perform PEF measurements at even hours during a week, until 12 measurements covering a 24‐h period were accomplished. From these measurements we calculated PEF variability through several methods. Accuracy of such methods to predict actual PEF variability was assessed through the concordance correlation coefficient (rc). Thirty five asthmatic children were recruited. Actual PEF variability, calculated with the usual formula using the highest and lowest PEF obtained at any time of the 24 h cycle had a median of 37.3% (range, 0–88.5%). Variability calculated through other methods was: usual formula with highest and lowest PEF obtained from the sinusoidal curve, 21.4% (rc = 0.79); usual formula with PEF measured at 4 pm and 4 am, 17.8% (rc = 0.67); proposed formula using PEF measured at 4 pm and either 10 pm, 15.9% (rc = 0.68), or 10 am, 17.4% (rc = 0.69). Some examples with PEF measured in the morning (8 am or 10 am) and at night (8 pm or 10 pm) yielded median PEF variability from 4.0% (rc = 0.18) to 8.7% (rc = 0.38). Current methods for calculating PEF variability seemed not to be accurate enough as to be confident, suggesting that an in‐deep reevaluation of the usefulness of PEF variability or, conversely, of the methods to assess it, should be done. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 39:325–331. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of a 12‐lead electrocardiogram in screening patients with suspected heart failure for open access echocardiography: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Khunti K. , Squire I. , Abrams K.R. , Sutton A.J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAim:The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of 12‐lead electrocardiogram in screening patients with suspected heart failure for open access echocardiography. We carried out a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published observational studies. Published studies were identified in the Medline and Embase databases, this was supplemented by key texts, personal reference collections and examining the cited references in the above sources. English language articles in which patients were referred from primary care with a presumptive diagnosis of heart failure to an open access echocardiography service were reviewed. We included studies that reported both electrocardiography findings and echocardiography as a reference standard. Primary outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity, metaanalysed simultaneously to produce a Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) curve.Results:Four trials were identified which satisfied the inclusion criteria, including 1419 people with a potential diagnosis of heart failure referred for open access echocardiography. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity varied greatly in individual studies. The area under the SROC curve was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.33 to 1.00).Conclusion:A 12‐lead electrocardiogram is an inadequate screening tool for identifying patients with suspected heart failure who require echocardiography. Further research is required to determine the usefulness of other screening strategies including B‐type natriuretic peptide in screening patients with suspected heart failure who need referral for open access echocardiography.
Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure meeting: SHAPE, BRING‐UP 2 VAS, COLA II, FOSIDIAL, BETACAR, CASINO and meta‐analysis of cardiac resynchronisation therapy
Authors: Coletta Alison P. , Cleland John G.F. , Freemantle Nick , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis article continues a series of reports on recent research developments in the field of heart failure. Key presentations made at the European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Update meeting, held in Wroclaw, Poland, in June 2004 are reported. The SHAPE study identified a need to educate general practitioners (GPs) in order to optimise treatment of heart failure in primary care. BRING‐UP 2 VAS showed that cognitive impairment is very common in elderly heart failure patients and that these patients require specialist care. Carvedilol was shown to be well tolerated and effective in elderly heart failure patients in the observational COLA II study. In the FOSIDIAL study of patients with end‐stage renal disease, fosinopril showed no benefit over placebo in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in these high‐risk patients. The BETACAR study showed that carvedilol and metoprolol produced a similar effect on left ventricular ejection fraction (+13.1% and +12.0%, respectively). Revised mortality data for the CASINO study and a meta‐analysis of the effects of cardiac resynchronisation therapy on mortality in the light of the recently published COMPANION study are reported.
“Isms” in information science: constructivism, collectivism and constructionism
Authors: Talja Sanna , Tuominen Kimmo , Savolainen Reijo 
Published: February 2005

PurposeDescribes the basic premises of three metatheories that represent important or emerging perspectives on information seeking, retrieval and knowledge formation in information science: constructivism, collectivism, and constructionism.Design/methodology/approachPresents a literature‐based conceptual analysis. Pinpoints the differences between the positions in their conceptions of language and the nature and origin of knowledge.FindingsEach of the three metatheories addresses and solves specific types of research questions and design problems. The metatheories thus complement one another. Each of the three metatheories encourages and constitutes a distinctive type of research and learning.Originality/valueOutlines each metatheory's specific fields of application.
On Grounded Theory – with some malice
Authors: Seldén Lars 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo review critically the applicability of Grounded Theory.Design/methodology/approachTwo perspectives are used: that of the author's personal experience and that of the internal pros and cons of Grounded Theory.FindingsGrounded Theory is called into question regarding problems with pre‐understanding, with everyday knowledge, with disconnection of context, and with coding procedure.Practical implicationsIt is important to think twice before using Grounded Theory in spite of its promising features at the outset.Originality/valueEmpirically and theoretically founded critique of Grounded Theory
Library instruction goes online
Authors: Yi Hua 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo demonstrate how there is an irreversible momentum towards the adoption of online modes of delivery for library instruction, a process which will have distinctive benefits in the promotion of enhanced levels of information literacy (IL).Design/methodology/approachThe author uses case study and other literature, plus examples from personal professional practice to build an argument.FindingsThe momentum towards “cyber‐delivery” is inevitable and is driven by a variety of factors, which can be understood as either external or intrinsic to the arena of IL. External factors include the pressure to find the most effective educational approaches to train students to use tools such as Google appropriately (virtual formats are best to deal with virtual challenges); intrinsic factors include the innate suitability of online IL for encouraging independent learning and student‐centred education.Research limitations/implicationsThe research technique consists of a dualistic analysis of dynamic factors driving the digital library movement towards online delivery of IL: this has the potential to be extended to other LIS contexts and tested for robustness and relevance.Practical implicationsThe paper shows how the LIS practitioner can better understand the relevance of courseware‐based models of IL delivery for their user education practice.Originality/valueAn insightful summary and coherent analysis of a range of disparate trends in digital library developments helps provide a coherent overview of a fast‐developing aspect of the current LIS world.
The role of scenarios as prospective sensemaking devices
Authors: Wright Alex 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to undertake a critical consideration of the role of scenarios as prospective sensemaking devices through the dual theoretical perspectives of social constructionism and narrative.Design/methodology/approachThe scholarly literature in the fields of strategy and scenario thinking, sensemaking, social construction and narrative are analysed and critically discussed, with their major contributions to the debate identified.FindingsThe main findings suggest that transformational change is observed to occur through inductive strategizing at the organization's periphery, in contrast with deductive strategy making at its centre. This causes one to question one's understanding of the strategist as a rational planner. An alternative perception of the strategist as interpretive bricoleur is offered. Adopting a scenario outlook and developing the capacities that comprise sensemaking are said to enhance the abilities of the inductive strategist. Through this, managers are more open to the unexpected and are able to construct meaning from uncertainty and ambiguity, laying the foundations for transformational strategizing. Originality/value – This paper is of value to both practitioners and scholars. For those involved in practical scenario construction it proposes a refocusing of scenarios from influencing managers’ decision making to enhancing their sensemaking capacities. For scholars, it supports and joins the call for strategy researchers to focus on how strategy in organisations is constructed and offers conceptual pointers on what may prove fruitful avenues to pursue. The paper concludes by proposing that through prospective sensemaking individuals can construct meaningful interpretations of their socially constructed worlds.
The potential and barriers to the use of geographical information systems for marketing applications in higher educational institutions
Authors: Read Paul , Higgs Gary , Taylor George 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo highlight the potential (as well as perceived barriers) to the wider use of GIS in educational marketing.Design/methodology/approachFive case studies were conducted in order to identify the GIS capabilities that would be required by a typical educational institution. Using the knowledge gained from these case studies, a prototype “admissions GIS” based around a proprietary GIS package was developed.FindingsSpatial approaches based around GIS should provide numerous benefits in educational marketing concerning, for example, the mapping and analysis of participation rates in relation to a variety of recruitment campaigns and widening participation strategies, in detecting changes in enrolment patterns and in the profiling of local areas in order to develop a range of courses designed to appeal to the customer segments therein.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper has identified important barriers that will need to be overcome before such tools become more widely used in the higher education sector. The study has also highlighted concerns regarding the accuracy of particular data sets that became evident as the data were analysed. The findings from GIS‐based investigations could provide an important starting‐point for more qualitatively based follow‐up studies that may help explain the revealed patterns.Practical implicationsWidening access, student profiling, local area profiling and the availability of increasing amounts of geographically‐referenced data are all increasing the use of GIS, whose capabilities in mapping and geodemographics have led many to see it as an aid to student recruitment and retention in an increasingly crowded and competitive marketplaceOriginality/valueThere have been relatively few published studies of the potential of GIS, in conjunction with university administrative records and geodemographic techniques, in educational marketing. This study adds to this body of literature to demonstrate the current state of play and the perceived barriers to wider implementation and will be of particular relevance to those involved in marketing courses in higher education establishments.