bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROPERTIES OF STERILE BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Authors: Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

Sterile plain broth contains an active oxidation-reduction system, the characteristics of which have been analyzed.
1. Intensity factor: Under vaseline seal, the lot of broth used in these experiments reaches a reduction potential corresponding to reduced indigo disulfonate (rH = 10). All the indicators with a more positive E0' are reduced, the others are not affected.
It seems probable that fresh broth, which has not undergone oxidation by molecular oxygen, would give a higher reduction potential.
2. Capacity factor: The maximum amounts of different indicators that can be reduced correspond to equimolecular concentrations. This seems to indicate either (a) that the broth does not contain several "independent" reducing systems (at least in appreciable amounts), or (b) that these hypothetical "independent" systems all have about the same reduction potential.
3. Time factor: The different indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials are reduced in the order of the electromotive series.
4. Nature of the system: The system seems to be reversible (this not excluding the possibility of irreversible autoxidations) and does not appear to be of the nature of a sugar.
The relation of these phenomena to the cultivation of different species of bacteria will be reported later.
NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Nye Robert N. , Seegal David 
Published: June 2004

1. Blood cultures from 25 cases of acute rheumatic fever were negative for non-hemolytic streptococci of both the alpha and gamma types.
2. Non-hemolytic (gamma type) streptococci were frequently recovered from the throats of patients with this disease.
3. Similar organisms were recovered just as frequently from the throats of normal individuals.
4. Although these non-hemolytic streptococci were morphologically and culturally identical, not only amongst themselves, but also when compared with stock Small and Birkhaug strains, all, including the latter, have failed to show any noteworthy degree of homogeneity.
5. Representative strains of these streptococci have proved to be relatively non-pathogenic for rabbits following intravenous injection.
6. These organisms, with a few exceptions, have failed to produce soluble skin-reacting toxins comparable to Birkhaug's standard test toxin.
7. The foregoing facts seem to invalidate the assumption that any of these non-hemolytic streptococci play a specific rôle in the etiology of acute rheumatic fever.
TRANSMISSION OF FOWL-POX BY MOSQUITOES
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Muckenfuss R. S. , Rivers T. M. 
Published: June 2004

Culex and Aëdes mosquitoes are capable of transmitting fowl-pox from diseased to healthy susceptible chickens.
The mosquitoes remain infectious for at least 14 days following a meal on diseased fowls.
THE REACTION OF HUMAN BILE AND ITS RELATION TO GALL STONE FORMATION
Authors: Reinhold John G. , Ferguson L. Kraaer 
Published: June 2004

1. The human gall bladder acidifies the bile. In this respect its action is similar to that of the gall bladders of lower animals, previously described by other workers.
2. The hydrogen ion concentration of gall bladder bile is increased considerably in cases of obstruction of the common or cystic ducts. The highest values were found following complete obstruction.
3. The occurrence of gall stones was not associated with a consistent change in the hydrogen ion concentration of the gall bladder bile.
SURVIVAL OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS FOR EIGHT YEARS IN GLYCEROL
Authors: Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. An instance of successful inoculation of poliomyelitis virus after preservation for 8 years in 50 per cent glycerol is reported.
2. The virulence of the material injected remained essentially unchanged during this period.
3. The fact that poliomyelitis virus will survive in glycerol for so great a period may be taken as further indication of the improbability of streptococci as the inciting organisms.
4. Poliomyelitis virus would seem to vary in its resistance to glycerolation.
5. The remarkable persistence of active virus outside of the body may have a bearing on the epidemiology of poliomyelitis.
THE PRODUCTION OF PARTIAL LIVER INSUFFICIENCY IN RABBITS
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Drury D. R. 
Published: June 2004

A rapid and simple method for the production of marked liver insufficiency in rabbits has been described. The necessary operation can be carried out by an unassisted operator in a few minutes. The method should further the study of liver physiology.
The changes as concerns blood sugar, urea formation, and uric acid metabolism would appear to be the same in the rabbit suffering from hepatic insufficiency as in the dog.
TOTAL SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE LIVER IN RABBITS
Authors: Drury D. R. 
Published: June 2004

A technique is described for total removal of the liver of the rabbit without circulatory difficulties as a result. The method requires a preliminary operation to induce a development of portal and caval collaterals.
Rabbits deprived of the liver in this manner if given glucose live for varying periods up to 40 hours. Before death they show the same disturbances as do hepatectomized dogs. They die early, of hypoglycemia, unless provided with sugar.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max 
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for investigating the relation between phagocytosis of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and certain physical-chemical properties of the bacterial surface.
Serum sensitization causes the following changes in the properties of acid-fast bacteria: (a) increased cohesiveness, (b) decrease in surface electric potential difference, (c) decrease in wettability of the bacteria by oil, and (d) increased phagocytosis.
Tests have been conducted periodically with the sera of 4 rabbits under active immunization with as many strains of acid-fast bacteria; the parallelism between the alteration in bacterial surface properties and the promotion of phagocytosis by these sera has been, within the experimental error, complete.
The percentage of phagocytosis of a given bacterial suspension has been found to depend both upon the sensitizing serum component or components deposited upon the bacterium and upon the intrinsic properties of the unsensitized bacterial surface.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max , Mudd Stuart 
Published: June 2004

The work reported in this and in previous papers (1, 7) demonstrates the following relations for acid-fast bacteria and rabbit polymorphonudear leucocytes:
1. The combination of a substance or substances present in fresh immune rabbit serum, heated or unheated, or in fresh unheated normal rabbit serum, with a substance or substances in the bacterial surface causes an increase in cohesiveness, decrease in surface potential difference and characteristic alteration in wetting properties of the bacteria, and prepares the bacteria for phagocytosis.
2. (a) The effective substance or substances in the serum may become so altered as the result of heating or aging that combination with the bacterial surface, while causing changes in bacterial surface properties indistinguishable by the present physical-chemical tests from these just mentioned, may not lead to phagocytosis, or may lead to phagocytosis with a prezone not paralleled by a prezone in the changes in surface properties.
(b) Sensitization of bacteria with human sera causes changes in surface properties similar to those caused by rabbit sera, but does not lead to phagocytosis by rabbit leucocytes. The spreading requirements of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes are evidently highly selective.
TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY ANAPHYLAXIS (ASTHMA) FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING
Authors: Ratner Bret , Gruehl Helen Lee 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits immunized intravenously with living culture or nucleoproteins of non-hemolytic streptococci react to subsequent intracutaneous inoculations with homologous streptococci with smaller and harder lesions than are shown by normal animals similarly inoculated; and they do not develop the general manifestations of hypersensitiveness such as are shown by animals previously inoculated into the tissues with the same cultures.
A rabbit may react to intracutaneous inoculation with non-hemolytic streptococci in one of four ways, depending on whether it is normal, hypersensitive, immune or cachectic. Most normal animals show a secondary reaction about 10 days after inoculation with suitable strains of non-hemolytic streptococci; hypersensitive, allergic, or hyperergic animals show much larger lesions than do normals with the corresponding doses of the same streptococci, and practically never show secondary reactions; immune animals show smaller and harder early lesions and usually do not have secondary reactions if they are fairly well immunized. Cachectic animals show very soft and rapidly fading primary reactions and no secondary reactions.
EXPERIMENTAL DEHYDRATION: CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG CONTRASTED WITH THOSE FOLLOWING OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

A comparative chemical study of the blood and the urine of the dog with experimental dehydration and with obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach is reported.
The average duration of life is slightly longer with dehydration than with obstruction.
The urine output per kilo of body weight is almost twice as great in dehydration as with obstruction.
The increase in non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen is much the same in the two groups although somewhat more marked with obstruction.
The chlorides of the blood are markedly increased with dehydration and slightly decreased with obstruction.
The increase in fibrinogen and total protein is twice as great with obstruction as with dehydration.
These findings indicate that there must be some factor or factors in addition to dehydration producing the toxemia of cardiac obstruction.
CHEMICAL FINDINGS IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER CLOSED-LOOP OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

The chemical findings in the blood of 6 dogs with closed-loop obstruction of the upper jejunum are reported.
The duration of life with closed loops is less than with simple obstruction.
All animals showed a marked rise in non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen, and fall in chlorides. Usually the C02 combining power of the plasma is increased.
The findings in closed-loop obstruction are essentially the same as in simple intestinal obstruction.
INTRADERMAL VERSUS SUBCUTANEOUS IMMUNIZATION OF MONKEYS AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Stewart F. W. , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. The introduction of considerable amounts of living, active poliomyelitis virus into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of monkeys protects the animals against intracerebral inoculations of similar virus material.
2. The degree of protection conferred by intradermal is greater than by subcutaneous injection.
3. During intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations, no local or general pathological signs were observed.
4. The degree of protection produced by the immunization methods used is not absolute, since a percentage of the inoculated monkeys respond to intracerebral injections of highly potent virus.
5. The sera of the animals inoculated intradermally or subcutaneously neutralized poliomyelitis virus in vitro, irrespective of the result of intracerebral inoculation, in all except one instance.
6. The power of the serum of treated monkeys to neutralize virus in vitro is a more delicate test of immunity than is the intracerebral inoculation.
STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Davis N. C. , Burke A. W. 
Published: June 2004

It would appear that inoculation of rhesus monkeys served a diagnostic purpose in one of our cases, that of S. R. The disease was so mild that in the absence of an epidemic no clinician would have made the diagnosis without this laboratory procedure.
It should be pointed out that following inoculation of liver emulsion, and sometimes even of blood, it is impossible to tell whether an early fever resulting is due to a protein reaction, to bacterial infection, or to true yellow fever. If plenty of animals are available the only safe plan is to take blood for subinoculation and for cultures, and to feed mosquitoes. Blood may be kept frozen for some time before inoculation if it is found to be necessary, or if it is desired to await the outcome of the disease in the animal bled.
A combined blood and liver transfer showed the presence of virus in rhesus No. 46 twenty days after the original inoculation with kidney from the autopsy in the case of J. V. 0. The same animal had had an infected body wall and a bacteriemia.
On the basis of later experience we can see some of our mistakes. In the second S. R. passage (rhesus No. 133) blood transfer should have been made at the time of initial fever, the day following inoculation. In the case of rhesus No. 60, mosquito infection from J. V. 0., transfer probably should have been made when the temperature reached 103.9°F. on the fifth day. Two days later, with a fever of 104.4°F., the blood appeared to be non-infective. A temperature of 104°F. in monkeys is usually a safe borderline between fever and no fever, but seemingly not always.
Our experience with the South American viruses so far indicates that it takes much care, patience, and an abundance of monkeys to build up and maintain a high degree of virulence.
THE PRESERVATION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Lloyd W. D. M. , Kitchen S. F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of yellow fever may be preserved for at least 154 days in the blood or liver tissue of infected monkeys if the material is dried in a vacuum while in the frozen state and kept in the refrigator in sealed glass containers. A gradual diminution of virulence is noticeable in the older specimens.
2. If infectious blood is dried in a vacuum at room temperature, instead of in the frozen state, and is stored in sealed containers in the refrigerator, the virus may survive as long as 155 days.
3. The virus may be preserved for at least 30 days in liver kept continuously frozen.
4. Storage of blood or liver in 50 per cent glycerine in the refrigerator will usually keep the virus alive for 60 days and may do so for 100 days, but with the injection of the older material there is a marked tendency toward lengthening of the incubation period and increase in the number of recoveries.
5. Yellow fever virus in citrated or clotted blood, when kept in the refrigerator, dies out rapidly.
6. In our experience the most satisfactory method of preserving strains of yellow fever virus in the laboratory consists of freezing and drying blood taken from a monkey on the first day of an attack of experimental yellow fever and storing the dry material in sealed glass tubes in a cold place.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LECITHIN IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that the calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and lecithin in the blood of normal rabbits were influenced by inoculation with a malignant tumor (4).
Animals in which death was due to tumor gave results on which the following conclusions are based:
1. A marked increase in inorganic phosphorus of blood serum and cholesterol of whole blood followed inoculation.
2. The ratios of cholesterol to calcium and lecithin to calcium increased in trend, while the calcium to inorganic phosphorus, lecithin to cholesterol, and lecithin to inorganic phosphorus ratios showed a marked decrease in trend.
3. The r cholesterol-lecithin were all negative.
BLOOD AND BONE MARROW CELLS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Forkner Claude E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A simple, direct method of counting leucocytes of the fowl is described.
2. Twenty-nine complete, morphological studies of the blood of eleven domestic fowls are recorded.
3. The characteristics of the cells found in the blood and bone marrow are described in detail and their relative numbers reported.
4. The supravital technique, using neutral red and Janus green, enables one to separate and classify accurately the confusing cells of the blood and bone marrow.
5. These studies provide a basis for future experimental studies on the blood and bone marrow cells of the fowl.
STUDIES OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P. 
Published: June 2004

The spread through the living animal of various highly diffusible dyes has been utilized as an indicator of the ability of the circulation to serve the tissues under various conditions. The method is direct and searching. Blood service to the viscera, as demonstrated by it, is normally far more profuse than to the skin and muscles, for evident physiological reasons. After hemorrhages which greatly reduce the blood bulk service to the viscera is in general still well maintained even though the animal be in extremis. However great the compensatory contraction of the splanchnic vessels may be,—and physiologists have long supposed it to be very great,—it certainly does not suffice to hinder blood service anywhere in the digestive tract. On the other hand the service to certain unessential abdominal organs (spleen, omentum, urinary bladder) is cut off in large part or wholly; and in comparison with the essential viscera, the skin and most of the skeletal muscles of the bled animal are largely deprived of circulation. This neglect takes a curious form, some regions being still fairly served by the blood while others next them are no longer ministered to. In the skin the areas served, or not served, are highly irregular but are to some extent determined in situation by local pressure factors. Within the muscles the neglect is orderly in arrangement and is largely referable to compensatory vaso-constriction. Certain of the muscles, those used in respiration and in swallowing, furnish significant exceptions to the general rule, being excellently served despite the serious general state. The red bone marrow of the depleted organism continues to be well served by the blood even though situated in limbs that are, for the rest, almost devoid of a circulation. The pregnant uterus also is excellently maintained despite the serious general state.
The changes are such as would tend to conserve the forces of the depleted organism and to contribute to its recovery.
STUDIES OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Gilding H. P. 
Published: June 2004

The vascular readjustments in compensation for a greatly reduced blood bulk affect the service rendered by the blood to the gastrointestinal tract and liver far less than they do that to the skin and muscles. Into these latter tissues india ink is carried almost not at all, whereas it circulates in quantity through the capillaries of the bowel and liver. Evidently vaso-constriction is much less effective in these viscera. Nowhere in them does one find a patchy ischemia like that so wide-spread in the peripheral tissues. Blood service is maintained to the same extent everywhere throughout the liver even when one of its two sources (hepatic artery or portal vein) is obstructed, and the intrahepatic blood pressure brought very low.
A pronounced patchy ischemia of the stomach and large bowel can be induced by intravenous injection into normal animals of sufficient epinephrin to cause the systemic blood pressure to mount to an abnormally high level. Pituitrin used in the same way has a greater effect; blood service to the organs mentioned may be completely abolished by means of it. In both instances, though, service to the small gut and liver is still excellently and evenly maintained.
STUDIES ON THE DISSOCIATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Li C. P. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded in the present paper confirm the existence of 4 forms of the hog cholera bacillus described in a previous paper (1), namely the "normal" type strain MS and its 3 variants, MR, NS and NR. Serological evidence is also presented to show that the symbols MS, MR, NS and NR represent the similar conceptions of previous investigators who have used the letters OH, O, ØH and Ø respectively to designate variant forms of other organisms. It has been shown that the S form of the hog cholera bacillus, as the S forms of other bacteria, is more virulent for laboratory animals than the R forms.
In regard to the reversibility of one form to another it was found that by transfer in broth or by passage through mice the MR form showed a tendency to revert to the original MS form. Transfer in broth and animal passage, however, failed to induce any variations in the NR or NS forms. Growth in homologous immune sera did not cause reversion to original forms but in fact provoked further dissociation of the MR to the NR form and also of the NS to the NR form. The MR form may revert to the original normal MS form or may dissociate further into the NR form and is, therefore, the most unstable of the variants. Further attempts to induce changes in the other variants were not made. The dissociation as observed may be represented thus:
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THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF CERTAIN ORGANS FROM NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED ANIMALS ON THE INFECTING POWER OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

Brain and testicle tissue from immune rabbits brought in contact with the Levaditi or Noguchi strains of vaccine virus will fix or inactivate the virus. Extracts of normal testicles from susceptible animals enhance to an extraordinary degree the infectivity of both the neuro- and dermal strains of vaccine virus. The Noguchi virus is not affected by testicle extracts when injected into the skin, but kidney extract has a definite enhancing power on the strain when injected into either skin or testicle.
The effect of tissue extracts seems to be on the cells of the host rather than on the virus. This is indicated by the fact that virus injected intravenously localizes most readily in an area of skin previously injected with testicle extract. Furthermore an enhanced lesion results if the virus is injected into an area as long as 3 days after the area has been injected with testicle extract.
The augmenting substance of the tissue extracts is little affected by high dilutions, passes through a Berkefeld V candle and is carried down with the proteins precipitated by weak acids.
Rabbits with enhanced lesions show general symptoms and about 25 per cent die with generalized vaccinia.
Kidney, and probably skin, brain and liver extracts possess enhancing properties, but to a much less degree than the testicle. On the other hand, spleen, blood and probably lymph nodes and bone marrow not only fail to produce enhancement, but actually restrain or even suppress entirely the vaccinal skin infection.
THE EFFECTS OF LOSS OF GASTRIC AND PANCREATIC SECRETIONS AND THE METHODS FOR RESTORATION OF NORMAL CONDITIONS IN THE BODY
Authors: Hartmann Alexis F. , Elman Robert ,   With the Technical Assistance of Marie Morton
Published: June 2004

The composition of gastric and pancreatic juices and the effects of their loss on the composition of the body fluids were studied. Loss of gastric juice by removing water and chloride ions only partly neutralized by fixed base results in dehydration and alkalosis.
Loss of pancreatic juice by removing water and a relative excess of fixed base results in dehydration and acidosis.
Normal conditions in the body may be restored after the loss of either gastric or pancreatic juice by the administration of a combined solution, which provides (1) water in abundance because of its hypotonicity (2) an adequate source of the fixed anion Cl' and of the cations Na+, K+, and Ca++ in proper physiological ratio and (3) an excess of fixed base over fixed acid in the form of B-lactate.