bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Machens Andreas , Holzhausen Hans‐Jürgen , Lautenschläger Christine , Thanh Phuong Nguyen , Dralle Henning 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe mechanisms of local and distant metastases are imperfectly understood. The goal of the current study was to add to the body of knowledge regarding local and distant metastases of thyroid malignancies.METHODSThe authors performed multivariate analysis of 573 patients who underwent surgery between November 1994 and May 2002 for follicular (FTC; n = 100), papillary (PTC; n = 236), or medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC; n = 237) at a university hospital.RESULTSIn multivariate analysis, extrathyroidal extension consistently evolved as the key risk factor for both lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. This correlation was most pronounced in MTC and least pronounced in FTC. The risk of lymph node metastasis also increased with reoperative status in patients with MTC and with primary tumor diameter in patients with MTC (tumor diameter > 10 mm) and patients with PTC (tumor diameter > 20 mm). In the PTC group, lymph node metastasis was more common among patients younger than age 45. In the MTC group, extrathyroidal growth and distant metastasis were associated exclusively with lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastasis was the only secondary risk factor for distant metastasis. In the analysis of risk factors for distant metastasis in the FTC and PTC groups, no interaction was found between extrathyroidal growth and lymph node metastasis. This finding suggests that extrathyroidal growth and lymph node metastasis of FTC and PTC, and presumably also MTC, represent separate mechanisms and routes of distant metastasis.CONCLUSIONSScreening for both local residual disease and distant metastases should be intensified in the high‐risk population of patients whose primary tumors exhibit large diameters, extrathyroidal growth, or lymph node metastasis. Cancer 2003;98:712–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11581
Vascular endothelial growth factor‐C expression correlates with lymph node localization of human melanoma metastases
Authors: Schietroma Cataldo , Cianfarani Francesca , Lacal Pedro M. , Odorisio Teresa , Orecchia Angela , Kanitakis Jean , D'Atri Stefania , Failla Cristina M. , Zambruno Giovanna 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDMelanoma metastasizes by different mechanisms comprising direct invasion of the surrounding tissue and spreading via the lymphatic or vascular system. Despite their clinical relevance, the molecular mechanisms that guide the route of spreading and localization of the metastases in different tissues are not well known. Recent studies in different tumor types have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C), which displays a high specificity for lymphatic endothelium, is involved in tumor‐induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastatic spread. The authors studied the expression of VEGF‐C in cultured human melanoma cells derived from cutaneous and lymph node metastases as well as in metastatic melanoma tissue specimens to assess a possible involvement of this growth factor in lymph node localization of melanoma metastases.METHODSVEGF‐C expression was evaluated in vitro on human melanoma cell lines established from cutaneous and lymph node metastasis specimens by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot analysis, and immunofluorescence analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of 42 tissue specimens of melanoma metastases and 10 tissue specimens of primary skin melanomas was also performed.RESULTSPreferential expression of VEGF‐C was detected in lymph node‐derived tumor cell lines at both the mRNA and protein levels. The association between VEGF‐C production and lymph node localization of metastases was confirmed by the in vivo analysis. In addition, analysis of 10 patients, from whom specimens of both the primary skin melanoma and melanoma metastases were available, indicated a correlation between VEGF‐C expression in the primary tumor and lymph node localization of metastases.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of the current study demonstrate that VEGF‐C expression is correlated with localization of melanoma metastases in the lymph nodes and suggest that VEGF‐C expression in primary skin melanoma may be predictive of lymph node metastatic dissemination. Cancer 2003;98:789–97. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11583
Identification of genes that are regulated transcriptionally by Myc in childhood tumors
Authors: Raetz Elizabeth A. , Kim Marianne K. H. , Moos Philip , Carlson Marlee , Bruggers Carol , Hooper David K. , Foot Laura , Liu Tong , Seeger Robert , Carroll William L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDAmplification of the N‐myc oncogene is associated with adverse outcomes in the common childhood tumor, neuroblastoma. Because the transforming properties of Myc are related to its ability to modulate gene expression, the authors used cDNA microarrays to identify potential Myc target genes.METHODSExpression levels of 4608 genes were analyzed in a series of neuroblastoma cell lines. Identical analyses were performed in a panel of medulloblastoma cell lines to identify c‐Myc targets and to determine the extent to which N‐Myc targets and c‐Myc targets were shared. Comparisons were made between cell lines with high levels versus low levels of Myc protein expression.RESULTSArray analyses yielded 121 genes with increased expression levels (≥ 1.65‐fold) and 9 genes with decreased expression levels in N‐Myc‐expressing versus nonexpressing cell lines. Many of these were newly identified targets of biologic interest. Fifty percent of the N‐Myc targets (60 of 121) were mutual c‐Myc targets. A significant correlation between the level of N‐myc and selected target gene expression was demonstrated independently in 27 neuroblastoma tumor samples and in an N‐myc‐inducible cell line system.CONCLUSIONSA number of diverse pathways are modulated by N‐Myc in neuroblastoma. Although, overall, there was significant correlation between myc and target transcript expression among cohorts of tumors, great variability in levels of target expression was seen among individual tumor samples, and this biologic heterogeneity in the levels of target gene expression may offer insight into differences in the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma and may prove to be of prognostic significance in the future. Cancer 2003;98:841–53. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11584
Where do we stand with hepatoblastoma?
Authors: Schnater J. Marco , Köhler S. Eleonore , Lamers Wouter H. , von Schweinitz Dietrich , Aronson Daniël C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractHepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy, comprising approximately 1% of all pediatric cancers. The disparate clinical staging systems and histologic classifications that were developed during the last decades, nevertheless, reflect the remaining difficulties and uncertainties in characterizing HB. Furthermore, the combination of surgery and (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy has improved patient outcomes dramatically. A poor prognosis is associated with large tumor size, multifocality, extrahepatic disease, and metastatic spread. The exact etiology of HB remains unknown, but the cytogenetic alterations, phenotypic features, and biologic aspects that accompany this neoplasm yield more and more insight into its pathogenesis. New cell‐biologic and molecular‐biologic insights may lead to the development of new treatment modalities, especially for patients with a bad prognosis. This review summarizes the different aspects of this intriguing tumor and discusses the current status of research and treatment for patients with HB. Cancer 2003;98:668–78. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11585
Detection of UGT1A10 polymorphisms and their association with orolaryngeal carcinoma risk
Authors: Elahi Abul , Bendaly Jean , Zheng Zhong , Muscat Joshua E. , Richie John P. , Schantz Stimson P. , Lazarus Philip 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDUGT1A10 exhibits glucuronidating activity against metabolites of the tobacco smoke carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene, and is expressed highly in numerous target tissues for tobacco‐related cancers including the upper aerodigestive tract. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms in the UGT1A10‐specific region of the UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase family 1A locus and their relationship with risk for orolaryngeal carcinoma.METHODSThe authors analyzed UGT1A10‐specific sequences in a population of black, white, and Asian individuals. Ten UGT1A10 alleles were identified by direct sequencing of UGT1A10 sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA purified from buccal cell swabs that were taken from individual subjects.RESULTSIn addition to three silent polymorphisms, three missense polymorphisms were found at codons 139 (Glu > Lys), 240 (Thr > Met), and 244 (Leu > Ile). Using PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of buccal cell DNA, the prevalence of the UGT1A10240Met variant was less than 0.01% in whites and blacks. Similarly, the prevalence of both the UGT1A10139Lys and UGT1A10244Ile variants was less than 0.01% in whites but it was significantly higher (0.04 and 0.05, respectively, P < 0.01) in blacks. None of the missense UGT1A10 variants were found in any of the Asian individuals examined. In a case–control study of black individuals, a significant association with orolaryngeal carcinoma risk was found in persons with at least 1 UGT1A10139Lys allele (crude odds ratio, 0.29 [95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.81]; adjusted odds ratio, 0.20 [95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.87]). No association was observed for the codon 244 (Leu > Ile) polymorphism.CONCLUSIONSThe data from the current study show that the UGT1A10 gene has several low‐frequency missense polymorphisms and that the codon 139 polymorphism is an independent risk factor for orolaryngeal carcinoma in blacks. Cancer 2003;98:872–80. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11587
Myoid differentiation and prognosis in adult pleomorphic sarcomas of the extremity
Authors: Deyrup Andrea T. , Haydon Rex C. , Huo Dezheng , Ishikawa Akira , Peabody Terrance D. , He Tong‐Chuan , Montag Anthony G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe results of a recent study demonstrated an association between myoid differentiation and an adverse prognosis in adult patients with pleomorphic sarcoma, as determined by 5‐year metastasis‐free survival rates.METHODSTo confirm the importance of muscle differentiation on prognosis in a well controlled clinical context, 92 samples from patients with pleomorphic sarcoma of the extremity from a single institution were immunostained with 4 monoclonal antibodies believed to be correlated with myoid differentiation: α‐smooth muscle actin, muscle‐specific actin, desmin, and myoglobin.RESULTSForty‐two cases were positive for at least 1 muscle marker and 50 cases were uniformly negative. Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in tumor size, tumor extent, or patient age found; however, histologic grade was significantly higher (P= 0.038) in the myoid tumors. The 5‐year survival differed significantly between patients with myoid tumors (35%) and those without myoid tumors (65%) (P= 0.0054). Myoid differentiation remained an adverse prognostic indicator after adjusting for clinically significant factors (i.e., histologic grade, tumor size, tumor extent, and patient age) (P= 0.01) (hazard ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.24–4.63). Furthermore, there was an inverse relation found between the number of myoid markers present and survival (P= 0.004).CONCLUSIONSMyoid differentiation was found to be an independent indicator of adverse prognosis in adult patients with pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma of the extremity. Cancer 2003;98:805–13. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11617
Teaching color theory for automotive coatings: A computer‐based approach
Authors: Henry Mike , Killoran Mary , Monteleone Patty , Gromek Stan 
Published: August 2003

Abstract“Color Theory for Automotive Coatings” is a state‐of‐the‐art learning approach to the world of automotive color. This learning tool provides important information to design engineers, color formulators, chemists, paint shop managers, color technicians, and anyone who wants to be more discerning about the science and communication of color. The content synthesizes both historic and current relevant color knowledge bases. The interactive educational design incorporates concepts of adult learning. The fundamentals of color and its application to the automotive industry are presented at the student's own pace. The learner has control of the learning process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 327–334, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10176
Gloss and goniocolorimetry of printed materials
Authors: Mikula Milan , Čeppan Michal , Vaško Karol 
Published: August 2003

AbstractAngular distribution of reflectance spectra and of colorimetric parameters for printed papers (varnished and not) and foils, clear and metallized, were measured by goniospectrophotometry, with a photomultiplier for visible region, or a spectrocolorimeter as a detector, keeping the light source in a fixed position, −45° anormally. All reflectance spectra were related to near‐Lambertian BaSO4 powder white standard, relative to which the color coordinates were calculated. The photometric cosine law holds for an ideal diffuser; consequently, all color parameters are significantly perturbed by gloss in a large region, several 10's of degrees around the specular angle. The reflectance peak in the specular angle region of glossy material can be well approximated by the Lorentz function, especially in the vicinity of the specular angle. Lightness, chroma, and hue angle in the gloss angle region suffer as a result of high changes and extremes depending on the gloss of the material tested. This is what complicates color measurements and full determination or definition of the complex appearance of printed materials. The change of chroma with varnishing of glossless materials was clearly elucidated. It was found that “bottom color gloss” considerably influences the appearance of printed metallized foils or other prints on high glossy substrates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 335–342, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10177
Influence of surface roughness on color changes in building stones
Authors: Benavente D. , Martínez‐Verdú F. , Bernabeu A. , Viqueira V. , Fort R. , García del Cura M.A. , Illueca C. , Ordóñez S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe influence of surface roughness on color change in several Spanish building stones is studied in samples of the following: Red Alicante, Black Marquina, White Macael, and Yellow Triana. In an experimental laboratory test (acid attack), we simulated the weathering process and made a comparative analysis between this and the polishing process. Changes in both color and roughness were measured during these processes. In limestones with medium or high chroma (Red Alicante) and both low chroma and lightness (Black Marquina), the total color changes were particularly affected in both the polishing and acid attack processes. On the other hand, in marbles with both low chroma and high lightness (White Macael and Yellow Triana), the total color changes were almost imperceptible in both processes. However, no change occurred in the hue of any of the analyzed stones. Spectrophotometric data showed that color change was due mainly to changes in surface roughness and not to chemical reactions that may have altered the oxidation state of the chromophore in the chromogen of the stone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 343–351, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10178
A hypothesis regarding the poor blue constancy of CIELAB
Authors: Moroney Nathan 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe poor blue constancy of the CIELAB equations has been noted by a number of researchers, and various proposals have been made to address this shortcoming. The specific issue is the tendency for highly chromatic blues to appear more purple as the chroma is reduced for a constant hue angle. The root cause for the poor CIELAB blue constancy has been an open question, although one possibility is a basic deficiency in the CIELAB equations. An alternative hypothesis is that the equations, in combination with color matching functions with a distinct secondary lobe on the x‐bar or long‐wavelength sensitive channel, such as those found on the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 and 1964 Standard Observers, are problematic. The spectral curves of a constant hue IPT (Intensity, Protan, and Tritan) blue step ramp displayed on a CRT are used to explore this hypothesis. Additional discussion examines the use of sharpened sensors and achieving parallel tritanopic confusion lines in the CIELAB color space. The results suggest that use of the CIE Standard Observers with the CIELAB equations results in poor blue constancy and distorted tritanopic confusion lines. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 371–378, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10180
Estimating black‐level emissions of computer‐controlled displays
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Fernandez Scot R. , Taplin Lawrence 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIt is quite common for computer‐controlled displays to emit light in image areas set to digital values of zero, referred to as their black level. This is expected for liquid–crystal displays and also can occur for cathode‐ray tube displays when the “brightness” (gun‐amplifier offset) is set excessively high. For either display, the light emission at the black level results in color channels whose chromaticities vary with luminance level. Consequently, typical methods of colorimetric characterization result in large error. When this black‐level emission is measured and accounted for suitably, characterization accuracy is dramatically improved. Unfortunately, many instruments used to measure displays have too low a sensitivity to measure black‐level emission with sufficient precision and accuracy. A method of estimating black‐level emissions was derived and tested. Because the optimal black‐level results in channel chromaticities that are invariant to the greatest extent with luminance level, an objective function was defined as the sum of chromaticity variances of each channel over a range of measurements. Minimizing this objective function resulted is an estimate of a display's black level. The estimated black level resulted in equivalent or superior performance to direct measurements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 379–383, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10181
Environmental colouration and/or the design process
Authors: Smith Dianne 
Published: August 2003

AbstractEnvironmental colour is multifaceted, playing a variety of roles in our everyday lives. However, is colour considered important in the design of our built environment by those who practice design, such as architects and interior designers? Prototypes and massing models for designs are often presented in white or monochromatic combinations, irrespective of the materials incorporated and the colours that may be applied in the final constructed building, interior, or object. Therefore, questions are raised concerning design professionals' perceptions of the importance of colour in relation to space and form, and to the experience of place. The built environment is understood by the designers and design researchers generally in one of four contexts—as object, as product, as communicator, or as social domain (Smith, Architectural Experience: A Composition of Viewpoints, doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; 2000). Designers who consider place as an experience, or as part of a social domain, will address the design task differently than those who treat it as an object to be coloured. In addition, Franz (A Phenomenographic Study of Design in the Interior Context, doctoral dissertation, Queensland university of Technology, Australia; 1997) identified four conceptions of designing held by designers: experiential, structural, production, and retail. Therefore, designers' conceptions of what it is to design in general are related to the manner in which they design in practice. In association with such conceptions, it is assumed that the integration of colour in the built environment is also influenced by these understandings. Explorations into environmental meaning, in addition to colour theory and decorative applications, are hypothesized to be important sources of information for designers involved in colouring the built environment. Discussions of environments in terms of signification and experience may broaden practitioners' understanding of the role that colour plays in place formation. In addition, the findings of a study in which 16 Queensland architects and interior designers were surveyed to ascertain whether colour is considered an integral part of their design process are reported. The study is not conclusive, however; although further investigation is required, the study does identify differences and commonalities among participants that are of interest in light of the aforementioned issues. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 360–365, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10182
Topology of Sobolev mappings III
Authors: Hang Fengbo , Lin Fanghua 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe establish a necessary and sufficient topological condition for maps that are in W1,p(M, N) to be connected by continuous paths in W1,p(M, N) to maps in W1,q(M, N), q > q ≥ 1. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient topological condition under which W1,q(M, N) is strongly dense in W1,p(M, N). Several results concerning sequential weak density of smooth (or W1,q(M, N) maps in W1,p(M, N) are also proven. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dysphoria, attributional reasoning and future event probability
Authors: Cropley Mark , MacLeod Andrew K. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between attributional thinking and future expectations, in a group of mildly depressed (dysphoric) and non‐depressed control individuals. Participants were asked to recall eight positive and eight negative cued autobiographical memories, and then generate a short attributional statement giving the reason why they thought each event had happened. They then rated the likelihood of each event happening in the future. Each attribution was coded along three attributional dimensions: Internality, Stability, and Globality and ratings were combined to yield a composite score for positive items and a composite score for negative items. Relative to controls, dysphorics gave more internal, stable and global attributions for negative events, but their attributions for positive events were more external, unstable and specific. The dysphoric group also showed greater pessimism for future events. Irrespective of mood state, when recalled past events were attributed to internal, stable and global causes, participants gave greater likelihood expectations, compared to when events were attributed to external, unstable and specific causes. It was concluded that attributions do play a part in the link between memory retrieval and future judgements. The explanations people give of their past experiences are important in influencing their perceptions of the likelihood of such experiences in the future. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.