bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Close to Me as My Very Own Brother’
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter Three studies the creation of male communities of feeling beyond political and military divides. Along with colonial photographs, it considers two Indian prisoner-of-war memoirs written in English, contrasted against a revolutionary Bengali novel of war service. In the first memoir, Eaten by the Japanese (written post-war, published 1997) by Indian soldier John Crasta, it examines unexpected moments of male connection which illuminate Crasta’s prisoner-of-war years with the emotional sustenance he needs to keep living. In the second, Whom Enemies Sheltered (1983) by Indian officer R.G. Salvi, it explores Salvi’s friendship with a lapsed enemy, the Italian soldier Romano. The chapter highlights how male connections in these prisoner-of-war memoirs draw upon established Indian traditions of martial comradeship and fellow-feeling, as well as reveal long-standing anxieties regarding the nature of colonial masculinity. These memoirs are read alongside the politicized Bengali novel, Baren Basu’s Rangrut (The Recruit, 1950), to reveal the pressures that war places on the history of Indian masculinity and male relationships. The chapter argues that unpermitted acts of male bonding during the war become a means of subverting established political structures, even across enemy lines, and that the novel form lends itself to fantasies of anticolonial resistance being played out.
Diplomatic Disaster
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the milestones of post–2000 US diplomacy in Afghanistan, including the three major paradigm shifts with respect to peace, which involved progressively diminished ambitions for maintaining Afghanistan’s constitutional democracy and supporting human rights. The chapter also explores how the negotiation and implementation of the US–Taliban deal changed the domestic, regional, and international fundamentals for the Afghan Republic. The chapter analyzes the text of the deal and outlines the ways in which it undermined the Afghan Republic in the realms of diplomacy, security cooperation, and development assistance. The chapter also addresses the question of whether the Afghan government took American presence in Afghanistan for granted. The chapter examines how the deal, which had no provisions for a ceasefire and left the issue of terrorist sanctuaries in Pakistan untouched, became the trigger that set into motion the cascade of events that resulted in the fall of the Republic.
Mussolini’s Power as Leader
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the basis of Mussolini’s power and authority, beginning with the evidence that for a significant section of the Italian population (although the true extent is unknown) Mussolini was a leader in which they had considerable faith and who enjoyed a wide consensus of popular support for his rule. The reality of such popular support has to be balanced by widespread promotion of his leadership qualities through various media and events that rested principally upon an institutionalized creation of him as a leader that owed much to celebrity and lacked a deep political content, while extensive censorship and propaganda made it difficult for Italians to make an objective assessment of his leadership. From the late 1920s until Mussolini’s fall there were no organized opposition movements able to operate but there were many Italians deeply opposed to Mussolini and the Fascists (again not readily quantifiable) who had to accommodate their public behavior to the political and social codes of Fascism which further qualifies notions of Mussolini’s popularity. Crucially, Mussolini and the Fascists did not principally hold on to power because of Mussolini’s popularity but by the existence of a police state and pervasive methods of social control.
Mussolini and Reshaping the State
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines economic intervention under Fascism which stresses that, apart from state control over trade unions through a corporatist system that was never extended to wider regulation of the economy, during the first decade of Mussolini’s rule he largely adhered to the principles of liberal economics and financial stability along with an overvalued and deflationary level for the currency (“battle of the lira”). In response to the world economic depression, intervention into the banks and industry was significantly extended behind an increasingly insulated economy, but once economic conditions improved there remained a high level of intervention as part of a build-up of military capacity. Despite the early “battle” to make Italy self-sufficient in grain (1925), Mussolini’s government gave less priority to agricultural intervention even although the sector suffered badly from weak international commodity prices in the 1930s. During Mussolini’s rule Italy’s GDP grew broadly in line with its major European rivals but generally produced poorer outcomes in relation to unemployment, productivity growth, income equality, poverty, and regional equalities. The size of the state in the economy did grow in the 1930s, largely because of increased militarization, but Italy was not a noticeable outlier in this regard.
Mussolini and Reshaping the State
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Mussolini’s aims to raise Italy to the first rank of great nations, and in particular the part international expansion and colonialism played in this. Despite his antipathy to the international order created out of the Versailles Treaty, for the first thirteen years after he came to power, he effectively had to rely upon diplomatic activity to raise Italy’s status, and it was not until October 1935 that Mussolini deployed the military to take a new territory with the invasion of Ethiopia, which was followed by participation on the nationalist side in the Spanish civil war in July 1936. Notwithstanding important reservations about Hitler, thereafter Mussolini became increasingly drawn to an offensive alliance with Germany cemented by the Pact of Steel in May 1939 that led to Italy entering the World War in June 1940 in what became a parallel war aligned to Germany. Italy failed to realize any of its territorial ambitions, lost all of its colonies and saw the country surrender in May 1943 by which time Mussolini had been dismissed. Italy never had the economic capacity for Mussolini’s military ambitions but his failings as a military strategist and commander notably amplified this.
Russia’s New Power Projection Tactics in Africa
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Russia’s contemporary hybrid warfare and political influence tactics in Africa. Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin, the financier of the Wagner Group private military company, spearheaded the Kremlin’s autocracy promotion, information warfare and counter-insurgency campaigns. The chapter spotlights six case studies: Guinea, CAR, Libya, Sudan, Madagascar, and Mozambique. Prigozhin has been active in each of these countries to varying degrees. In Guinea and CAR, Russia successfully secured preferential access to strategically valuable mineral deposits and propped up friendly authoritarian regimes. In Libya and Sudan, Russia’s preferred political actors, Khalifa Haftar and Omar al-Bashir, did not achieve their goals but Moscow’s economic interests were not eviscerated. Russia’s election interference efforts in Madagascar and the 2019 counterterrorism campaign in Mozambique ended disastrously.
New Frontiers of Russian Security Policy in Africa
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter delves into the transformations in Russian security policy towards Africa, which followed the Sochi Summit and coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. Khalifa Haftar’s failed Tripoli offensive caused Russia to pivot towards a “multiple bets” approach in Libya and establish cordial relations with the Government of National Unity. Russia also expanded its counter-insurgency operations in Central African Republic and negotiated a Red Sea basing agreement in Port Sudan. Perhaps the most striking transformation was the expansion of Russia’s influence in Sahel. Russia’s assertiveness reflected rising discontent with France’s Operation Barkhane counter-terrorism operations and the success of Moscow’s anti-neocolonialism rhetoric. Two coup d’états in Mali paved the way for Wagner Group involvement in late 2021. Russia’s influence in Guinea survived President Alpha Condé’s overthrow but in Chad, the Kremlin cast its lot with Wagner-aligned FACT rebels.
Postscript
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s primary conclusions and provides a forward-looking perspective on how the Ukraine War might impact Russian influence in Africa. It examines the long-term impact of secondary sanctions, the growing risks associated with purchases of Russian arms, and US, EU, and Ukrainian efforts to counter Russian influence in Africa. It also explores how Russian experts and commentators view the future trajectory of Russia’s influence in Africa. Due to the international community’s growing scrutiny of Russia’s exacerbation of food insecurity in Africa and the Wagner Group’s war crimes, Russia will no longer be able to project influence in its customary under-the-radar fashion. The chasm between Russia’s appearance of grandeur and material weaknesses, which underpin its “virtual great power” status, could be set to further expand.
Language and Culture
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This short chapter describes the evolution of the Belarusian language and literary tradition. It points to efforts to awaken a national consciousness in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a key moment for “Belarusianisation.” The literary tradition in that era was closely bound with the Polish literary language, whereas later Soviet orthographic reforms sought to eliminate elements of Polish influence. It assesses the language situation in Belarus since the country attained its independence in 1991, arguing that the dominance of Russian language is not entirely a consequence of Alyaksandr Lukashenka’s policies. It concludes with some notes of Belarus’s first Nobel laureate, Svetlana Alexievich.
The West Reacts
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the response of Western states to the situation in Belarus after the 2020 election. It argues that, if the primary goal was to rid Belarus of Alyaksandr Lukashenka, then Western states in 2020 could have pursued an agreement with Russia whose leaders appeared ambivalent about the incumbent in Minsk. Instead, the European Union and the United States responded to repressions of civil society and human rights abuses in Belarus with several rounds of sanctions on the country. The chapter argues that sanctions have generally been an unsuccessful tool in changing regime behavior, pointing to the unwillingness of sanctioning states to bring economic harm on themselves. The chapter also discusses the 2021 migrant crisis on the Belarus–EU border, and Western states’ endorsement of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya as a leader-in-exile of Belarus.
Conclusion
Authors: MacDonald Nathan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The stunning illustrations that accompany the earliest complete exemplar of the Latin Vulgate, Codex Amiatinus, show that the relationship between the tabernacle and priestly influence was well understood in the early medieval period. In accordance with this medieval insight, this final chapter summarizes how power is represented in the tabernacle account and ordination ritual texts. A more complicated account of priestly hierarchy and community egalitarianism is articulated than has been found in recent scholarship. The tabernacle accounts generate domains for power to be exercised and distribute it amongst the community, but in such a way that the status of the priests and high priest is enhanced. The significance of this nuanced understanding of the priestly hierarchy for understanding the development of the high priesthood in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods is explored.
The Penal Laws
Authors: McGrath Charles Ivar 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the enactment, enforcement, and impact of anti-Catholic legislation in the Protestant kingdoms of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Contextualized in relation to the different confessional demographics of those kingdoms, it details the various penal laws and highlights similarities and differences across the three kingdoms. It also assesses the motivations for such laws and the nature of the State apparatus for enforcement. In particular, matters concerning land ownership, State security, and the foreign jurisdiction of the papacy are examined as motivators for penal legislation, while consideration is also given to questions of conversion, religious faith and practice. The relevance of certain socio-economic, cultural, and political factors in ameliorating aspects of the laws is also considered.
Catholic Music
Authors: Cichy Andrew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The essential contingency of British Catholic music on the vagaries of contemporary government and politics remained a key feature of its development into the eighteenth century. This chapter explores the protected musical culture of music in the chapels of Henrietta Maria and Catherine of Braganza in England (the products of marriage treaties), as well as those of the short-lived and later exiled Jacobite Chapel Royal. Developments among English Catholic institutions on the Continent are also considered for this later period, for which convent chronicles identify and name a significant number of nun musicians. The evidence for domestic music is also considered, alongside the interactions between British Catholic households and Continental Europe. In a field and group of repertoires that remain on the whole underexplored, a number of avenues for future research are suggested. Comparative neglect of Catholic liturgical repertoires of this period (including the absence of scholarly editions) is considered in terms of early-twentieth-century liturgical-aesthetic concerns, and the musical reforms of Pius X, with their emphasis on ‘Classical polyphony’ of the Palestrina style.
Jacobitism and Catholic Loyalists
Authors: Ciardha Éamonn Ó 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Although radically different in form, structure, and intensity across the three kingdoms, Jacobitism nevertheless enjoyed a deep, active support base that produced one war, four rebellions, innumerable plots, invasion scares, and intrigues, as well as a rich, vibrant history, culture, and folk memory in seven languages that can only be fully understood in a pan-European context. That it has languished on the periphery of British and Irish history speaks to the way the phenomenon defies simple categorization and challenges Anglocentric conceptualizations of the history of the three kingdoms. However, in the last thirty years, research on Jacobite history and literature has uncovered a rich alternative, multifaceted view of British and Irish history and restored it to the mainstream of contemporary politics and letters. This chapter explores interdisciplinary, multilingual, transcontinental aspects of Jacobitism in the three kingdoms, focusing on the shared themes of confessionalism, diaspora, diplomacy, dynasticism, economics and mercantalism, patriotism and politics.
Introduction
Authors: Chambers Liam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Introduction provides a brief summary of the main events and themes considered in the volume. It also addresses the historiography of the subject and the challenges involved in compiling a history of British and Irish Catholicism during this pivotal period. The Introduction then offers an overview of the chapters. The Introduction points out that the volume does not attempt to tell the story of a straightforward ‘age of emancipation’. While the Catholic question is at the heart of the history presented here, the chapters seek to chart the manifold continuities, transformations—indeed ‘radical transformations’—and ruptures of a crucial period in the development of British and Irish Catholicism.
Catholic Written Cultures
Authors: Monta Susannah Brietz , Ryan Salvador 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys Catholic written cultures in early modern Britain and Ireland, c.1530–1640. While this area has enjoyed increased scholarly attention in recent years, the writings of English, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish Catholics have seldom been studied alongside each other. This survey examines these works under three broad categories: devotional prose and pastoral care; devotional poetry; and hagiography and biography (including martyrology). The chapter highlights the vibrancy of early modern Catholic writing in its efforts to align Catholic tradition with Counter-Reformation thought, respond to polemical tracts, and engage with Protestant literary culture more broadly. It underlines how dependent Catholic writers were on Continental presses and extensive smuggling networks in order to get their works into the hands of intended readers; emphasizes how genre interacted with and shaped content; and explores how this literature flourished both in Latin and the various vernaculars, crossing linguistic boundaries with relative ease.
Ireland Before and After the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Daly Mary E. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Despite major political changes resulting in the formation of two Irish States—the Irish Free State where over 90 per cent of the population was Catholic and Northern Ireland with a Catholic minority—there was considerable continuity in the history of the Irish Church. The expansion in the number of male and female religious, and the prominent role achieved in health education and welfare before 1918 continued until the 1970s, though the Church in Northern Ireland had to secure this in a much less favourable climate. The laity remained largely devout and passive. The 1960s and 1970s marked a turning point with economic and urban expansion, a better educated young population (less likely to emigrate), and the outbreak of violence in Northern Ireland—changes that coincided with the Council and Humanae Vitae. However formal religious practice remained high, and the Church retained a dominant role in social and educational services until the end of the century.
The Architecture and Art of British and Irish Catholicism
Authors: Proctor Robert 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Catholic architecture and art were subject to important transformations in the twentieth century, corresponding to changing ideas about the Church’s role in the world, the changing relationships and social interactions of its members, and new developments in wider society, from transnational migrations to international artistic movements. The built forms of churches and the wider landscapes of parish buildings, schools, colleges, and monasteries, as well as the layers of symbolic and liturgical artworks and furnishings that complemented them shaped and enabled desired institutional forms and processes at the moments of their completion. This chapter, in considering the broad field of this built infrastructure of the Church throughout the century and across Britain and Ireland, highlights key points of transformation and their social and intellectual causes. It also hints at significant emerging themes that, at the time of publication, have yet to be satisfactorily explored in scholarly literature.
British and Irish Novels and the Catholic Imagination
Authors: Johnson Bonnie Lander , Meszaros Julia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Catholic Literary Revival’s finest achievements are the novels through which the movement has come to be defined. However, in both popular and scholarly opinion, two perceptions of the Catholic novel remain largely unchallenged: that few Irish writers contributed to the genre and that it died after Vatican II. This chapter revises both positions by considering the many overlooked novels by Catholic women. When female writers are returned to the historical frame, we see that Irish Catholic writers—and, indeed, those in Scotland and Wales—were in fact very active in the Revival. It also becomes clear that the Catholic novel can be traced as a consistent presence in British and Irish literary production throughout the years following the Second Vatican Council and up to the present day. Rather than losing its significant place in the broader British and Irish literary tradition, the Catholic novel can instead be seen as developing alongside, and often in direct relationship with, each decade of the twentieth century.
Analysing Non-hierarchical Structures, Processes, and Outcomes
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of major contemporary literatures in regulatory governance that study non-hierarchical architectures, processes, and outcomes. It argues that while they offer valuable elements, they pay too much attention to (experimentalist) institutional architectures and underestimate the potential for agency. They either see political factors as necessarily antithetical to functional pressures or neglect them altogether. They put forward rival but largely untested claims about the self-reinforcing or else self-limiting trajectory of non-hierarchical governance. And they conceptually overstretch mechanisms supporting non-hierarchical governance, thus foreclosing falsification of the associated arguments. Instead, the chapter offers an analytical approach that pays attention to actors’ choices on whether and how to use non-hierarchical, experimentalist structures. It defines and discusses three factors that are examined in the study: (distributions of) legal power, functional pressures (in this case, strategic uncertainty), and political factors (opposition). It then discusses two possible mechanisms aiding non-hierarchical processes to deliver policy outcomes effectively: the shadow of hierarchy and penalty defaults.
‘By Virtue of our Hermetick Physick, the Head, Heart, and Hands of Hierophants might be Purified’
Authors: Elmer Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the attempt in 1665 to overthrow the authority of the College of Physicians in London and to replace it with a new body, the Society of Chymical Physicians. The Restoration of the monarchy and Anglican Church after 1660 did not witness a return to the medical status quo. On the contrary, support for medical change, in particular the promotion of the ideas of the Dutch physician and chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont, was widespread in England. This was especially acute among the upper echelons of government in church and state with the court of Charles II providing patronage and support for the aims of the chemists. While the Society of Chymical Physicians, whose members were drawn from across the religious and political spectrum, ultimately failed to dislodge the London College from its pre-eminent role in English medicine, medical chemistry itself remained a vital force in England for the next forty years.