bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman study of solid ammonia at high pressures and low temperatures
Authors: Kume T. , Sasaki S. , Shimizu H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman measurements on solid ammonia were carried out at pressures up to 15 GPa and at temperatures down to 20 K by using a diamond anvil cell in order to determine the pressure–temperature phase diagram. From the changes in the Raman spectrum at the phase transition, the stability regions of phases I, II, III and IV were investigated. The triple point of phases I, II, and IV is suggested to exist around 1.1 GPa and 220 K. The Raman spectra observed in the solid phase IV at low temperatures demonstrated several new peaks, and provide the support for the recent proposal for its crystal structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug‐induced corneal hydration changes monitored in vivo by non‐invasive confocal Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Erckens Roel J. , Jongsma Franciscus H. M. , Wicksted James P. , Hendrikse Fred , March Wayne F. , Motamedi Massoud 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is well established that the state of corneal hydration plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal vision. Therefore, any knowledge that can be obtained non‐invasively about the status of corneal hydration could be of significant clinical value. A novel confocal Raman spectroscopic technique was used to monitor non‐invasively drug‐induced hydration changes in the rabbit cornea. The spectroscopic technique enables one to monitor the changes in water content of the cornea while the confocal probing reduces interference of signals from adjacent tissues and allows for measurement of corneal hydration at various depths. The corneal hydration is altered by applying a dehydrating agent (Muro 128®) topically on the cornea. To determine the corneal hydration status, the OH/CH ratio between the Raman intensity of the water OH mode at 3390 cm−1 and the protein CH stretching mode at 2945 cm−1 is calculated. In the middle of the corneal stroma after 10 min, Muro 128®‐treated corneas show an average decrease of about 30% in the OH/CH ratio (1.27 ± 0.13) compared with the untreated corneas (1.76 ± 0.09). In this in vivo model it is possible to monitor the hydration status of the living cornea using the Raman spectroscopic technique. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blue shift of Raman peak from coated TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Xu C. Y. , Zhang P. X. , Yan L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNanosized TiO2 particles coated with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBS) and stearic acid (St) were prepared using the hydrothermal procedure. The average size of the DBS/TiO2 and St/TiO2 particles is very small, about 8 nm. Raman spectra from DBS/TiO2 and St/TiO2 were measured, and scattering signals from both TiO2 and the coating were observed. It was found that in contrast to the red shift of Raman peaks in the nanoparticles with decrease in particle size, a blue shift, namely the Raman peak shift to the higher wavenumber side, in the coated particles was recorded. It was also found that different coatings show different extents of Raman shifts. The possible origin of the blue shift is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent Raman scattering study of Fe3O2BO3 ludwigite
Authors: Leite C. A. F. , Guimarães R. B. , Fernandes J. C. , Continentino M. A. , Paschoal C. W. A. , Ayala A. P. , Guedes I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman scattering measurements were carried out for Fe3O2BO3 and Ni2FeO2BO3 ludwigite crystals in the temperature range from 15 to 300 K. At room temperature ludwigite has an orthorhombic structure belonging to space group $D_{2h}^{9}$. Attempts made to record polarized Raman spectra were successful, and we were able to identify most of the phonons belonging to A1g species. A careful analysis of the spectra shows that the observed Raman modes do not exhibit variations either in wavenumber or intensity or both with temperature, indicating that the $D_{2h}^{9}$ phase does not undergo any structural modification in the temperature range investigated. Also, we observed for Fe3O2BO3 ludwigite the appearance of a continuous scattering background in the phonon spectrum for temperatures below 200 K . This background, which is due to electronic transitions between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, is related to the charge delocalization effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the spontaneous ionization of aromatic amines by adsorption in activated acidic zeolite HZSM‐5
Authors: Moissette Alain , Gener Isabelle , Brémard Claude 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN, N, N′, N′‐tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TMPD) and N, N, N′, N′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were used as probe molecules to examine their interactions with catalytically active sites generated after thermal treatment at 600 °C under O2 of acidic H6ZSM‐5 zeolite with chemical composition H6(AlO2)6(SiO2)90. The aromatic amines were merely exposed as powders at room temperature under argon to activated acidic H6ZSM‐5 molecular sieve. The course of adsorption and subsequent reactions were monitored by the application of diffuse reflectance, UV–visible absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The experimental investigations provided specific evidence of TMPD·+ or TMB·+ radical cations as major durable species and TMB2+ as minor species after complete adsorption. No direct evidence of trapped electrons within the zeolite framework resulting from the ionization was provided by EPR and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The aromatic amines through resonance Raman spectroscopy appear to be a sensitive and specific tool to probe the concentration, strength and accessibility of electron acceptor Lewis acid sites created during thermal treatment under O2. In contrast, no evidence of Brønsted acid sites of H6ZSM‐5 was found during the sorption of TMPD or TMB through the generation of protonated species. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman study of phonons in Ga1−xAlxAs
Authors: Lockwood D. J. , Radomski R. , Wasilewski Z. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDetailed Raman measurements were performed on the optical phonons in the disordered alloy Ga1−xAlxAs at room temperature. The results obtained are compared with earlier measurements and expressions are given for the Al concentration dependence of the AlAs‐like and GaAs‐like longitudinal and transverse optical modes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative assessment of antioxidant properties of natural colorants and phytochemicals: carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols and indigoids. The role of β‐carotene in antioxidant functions
Authors: Beutner Stefan , Bloedorn Britta , Frixel Susanne , Hernández Blanco Inés , Hoffmann Thomas , Martin Hans‐Dieter , Mayer Bernhard , Noack Peter , Ruck Christoph , Schmidt Marcus , Schülke Ines , Sell Stefan , Ernst Hansgeorg , Haremza Sylke , Seybold Günther , Sies Helmut , Stahl Wilhelm , Walsh Robin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReactive oxygen species are potentially damaging molecules. An important function of antioxidants is to intercept harmful triplet states, in order to prevent the formation of singlet oxygen, or to quench singlet oxygen directly. However, antioxidants are also reactive towards other active oxygen species such as the hydroxyl radical, the superoxide anion and the non‐excited oxygen ground state in the presence of radical initiators. It is well known that flavonoids and carotenoids show strong antioxidant properties. Polyenes and carotenoids are the best known among the compounds that quench singlet oxygen by efficient energy transfer. A large number of modified, synthetic analogues and derivatives have been synthesised to prepare even better quenchers than the natural carotenoids. Phenols are also excellent chain‐breaking antioxidants. Recently, many indigoid dyes (including bacterial indigoids) were studied, with the remarkable result that most, but not all, members of this class of chromophores quench singlet oxygen at the diffusion limit and some of them are excellent radical traps. It has been shown in this study that a quantitative assessment of antioxidant properties of flavonoids, carotenoids, phenols and natural indigoids can be achieved using the following three assays: (1) oxygen pressure dependence; (2) peroxide formation; (3) singlet oxygen quenching. Reactivities towards both excited states and ground state radicals can be properly described by these assays. The remarkable role of β‐carotene as an ‘unusual antioxidant’ (Burton GW and Ingold KU,Science224: 569–573 (1984)) in reactions using various oxygen pressures becomes clearer. The so‐called ‘pro‐oxidant effects’ concern primarily the antioxidant itself and its degradation, since no or very little damage to the substrate occurs in this type of experiment. Three main categories of antioxidants may be classified: (1) excellent antioxidants that perfectly quench excited states as well as ground state radicals (eg actinioerythrol, astaxanthin); (2) good antioxidants that strongly inhibit peroxide formation but are less efficient in quenching excited states (eg flavonols, tocopherols) or lead to considerable degradation of the antioxidant itself (eg β‐carotene, lycopene); (3) moderate antioxidants that fail to excel in both reactivities (eg ζ‐carotene, flavone).© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The fermentation of lactulose in rats inoculated with Clostridium paraputrificum influences the activities of liver and intestinal xenobiotic‐metabolising enzymes
Authors: Lhoste Evelyne F , Nugon‐Baudon Lionelle , Lory Sandrine , Meslin Jean‐Claude , Andrieux Claude 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne of the most recent hypotheses concerning the protective effect of some dietary fibres against colon cancer implicates butyrate. Very few publications have addressed its possible influence on the phase II enzymes and on the bacterial enzymes involved in the enterohepatic recirculation of toxic compounds. We used an original model of monoxenic rats oriented towards the preferential production of butyrate. Fischer male germ‐free rats were mono‐associated with a strain of Clostridium paraputrificum. They were fed either a control diet or a lactulose‐enriched diet for 6 weeks. In the caeco‐colon the specific activities (SAs) of the microsomal enzymes (glutathione‐S‐transferase and UDP‐glucuronosyl‐transferase) were 1.7‐fold those of the control rats. In the intestine and liver the SAs of the phase II enzymes were not altered, nor was the hepatic cytochrome P450. In the caecum of the lactulose‐fed rats the SA of β‐glucuronidase decreased by 27% and that of β‐glucosidase doubled. The chronic consumption of lactulose doubled the total caecal short‐chain fatty acids, and the production of butyrate was enhanced. Since the germ‐free rats behaved differently when fed the same diets, we concluded that the fermentation products of lactulose (and not the lactulose itself) were involved in the effects we describe. The involvement of butyrate in this phenomenon is discussed.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Expression of CD44v6 in advanced gastric cancer and its relationship to hematogenous metastasis and long‐term prognosis
Authors: Yamaguchi Akio , Goi Takanori , Yu Jiren , Hirono Yasuo , Ishida Makoto , Iida Atsushi , Kimura Toshihisa , Takeuchi Kazuo , Katayama Kanji , Hirose Kazuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesVariants of CD44 have been proposed to be important in promoting tumor progression and metastasis. We attempted to determine the expression of CD44v6 product in advanced gastric cancer and to evaluate its prognostic value.MethodsThe expression of CD44v6 was analyzed immunohistochemically in advanced gastric cancers using monoclonal antibody, 44‐2V. We investigated the relationship between CD44v6 expression and prognosis in 201 gastric cancer patients.ResultsNinety‐five (47.3%) of 201 cancer tissues expressed CD44v6. The expression of CD44v6 protein was significantly higher in differentiated, adenocarcinoma than in diffuse type carcinoma. The CD44v6‐positive cancers were more frequently associated with hematogenous metastasis. There was no significant correlation between CD44v6 immunoreactivity, and prognosis among the combined cases. Among patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma, however, the prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with CD44v6‐positive tumors than in those with CD44v6‐negative tumors.ConclusionsCD44v6 protein may have an important role in hematogenous metastasis, and may be a biologic marker of prognostic significance in differentiated type gastric cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:230–235. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Status of hyperthermia in the treatment of advanced liver cancer
Authors: Moroz Paul , Jones Stephen K. , Gray Bruce N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe vast majority of patients with malignant liver tumors have inoperable disease. These patients must rely on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and various locoregional treatments. Although these treatments have demonstrated encouraging response rates, symptom palliation and occasional down staging of tumors, their impact on survival is minor. As a result there has been renewed interest in hyperthermia as a treatment option. This study reviews the current modalities of hyperthermia in terms of clinical results, side effects, limitations, and therapeutic standing. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:259–269. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do surgical oncologists achieve lower rates of local‐regional recurrence in node positive breast cancer treated with mastectomy alone?
Authors: Latosinsky Steven , Bear Harry D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objective:Adjuvant radiotherapy for node positive breast cancer postmastectomy has been recommended by two previously published randomized controlled trials (RCT). The local‐regional recurrence rates in the control arms, however, were considered by some critics to be excessive (> 25% at 10 years). Inadequate surgery, as evidenced by the low number of axillary nodes reported, may have resulted in the high local‐regional recurrence rates, allowing for the benefits seen with radiotherapy. Fellowship trained surgical oncologists might provide “better quality” surgery, resulting in lower recurrence rates and thus making adjuvant radiotherapy unnecessary. Our objective was to establish the local‐regional control rate postmastectomy in node positive breast cancer patients operated on by surgical oncologists, and to determine if treatment recommendations from previous RCTs are generalizable.Methods:Node positive stage IIb and IIIa breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals by surgical oncologists, without adjuvant radiotherapy, and entered into adjuvant chemotherapy trials between 1978 and 1993 were identified retrospectively. Pathology and follow‐up records were reviewed.Results:One hundred and thirty‐seven patients were identified. A median of 18 axillary nodes was reported with a median of 4 positive nodes. The locoregional recurrence at 10‐years was 27% (95% confidence interval, 19–35%).Conclusion:Despite some evidence of “better quality” surgery, there was no clinically significant difference in the local‐regional recurrence rate in this case series compared to controls in two previous RCTs. Recommendations for postmastectomy radiotherapy should be considered for node positive breast cancers, even if operated upon by surgical oncologists. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:2–7. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma may not increase survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection
Authors: Berend Keith R. , Pietrobon Ricardo , Moore Joseph O. , Dibernardo Louis , Harrelson John M. , Scully Sean P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOsteosarcoma is a primary malignancy of bone. Current therapy includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. Prolonged treatment with chemotherapeutic agents may place patients at increased risk for complications including secondary malignancy. The authors have had promising results with neoadjuvant therapy and surgery alone in the treatment of osteosarcoma. This study retrospectively examines neoadjuvant therapy and surgery alone for the treatment of primary osteosarcoma of bone with no evidence of distant metastases.MethodsFifty‐four patients, with localized osteosarcoma of bone received neoadjuvant therapy followed by definitive surgical resection. Thirty‐five patients received chemotherapy after surgery (adjuvant group) and nineteen patients were followed without postoperative chemotherapy (no adjuvant group).ResultsTumor necrosis was predictive of survival. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed the use of postoperative chemotherapy was not a predictor of improved outcome. Four patients in the adjuvant therapy group died of secondary malignancy compared with none of the no adjuvant therapy group. Patient age, sex, race, and tumor location were not predictive of survival.ConclusionsThe use of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of localized osteosarcoma of bone did not increase survival after neoadjuvant therapy and definitive surgical therapy. Instead, there was an increased incidence of secondary malignancy after its use. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:162–170. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy with oral doxifluridine (5′‐DFUR) following radiotherapy in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Tsuruta Koji , Okamoto Astutake , Egawa Naoto , Kamisawa Terumi , Karasawa Katsuyuki , Takahashi Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe combination of 5‐fluorouracil and radiotherapy is thought to be the most effective treatment for locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. The outcomes, however, are far from acceptable from the viewpoint of long‐term survival. We assessed the survival benefits of oral adjuvant chemotherapy with doxifluridine (5′‐DFUR) following radiotherapy for patients with the disease.MethodsThirty‐five consecutive patients who underwent bypass surgery and radiotherapy for localized advanced unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas head were retrospectively reviewed in regard to disease progression and survival. Ten of the 35 patients underwent adjuvant chemotherapy with 5′‐DFUR after radiotherapy in an outpatient setting.ResultsThe 1‐year survival for patients treated with radiotherapy alone was 29%. The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survivals for patients treated with the adjuvant chemotherapy after radiotherapy were 50, 40, and 30%, respectively (P = 0.0069, log‐rank test). The elevation of tumor markers was delayed (P = 0.0346) and local control rate was improved (P = 0.0475) in patients with chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the adjuvant chemotherapy with 5′‐DFUR was a significant independent prognostic factor as well as tumor size.ConclusionsThe adjuvant chemotherapy with 5′‐DFUR following radiotherapy led to a significant prolongation of the survival for patients with unresectable localized pancreatic cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:202–207. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tourism, livelihoods and protected areas: opportunities for fair‐trade tourism in and around National parks
Authors: Goodwin Harold , Roe Dilys 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development and implementation of ‘alternative livelihood projects’ by donor agencies and conservation organisations has become one of the most commonly‐applied management prescriptions to alleviate existing or potential conflicts between protected areas and local livelihoods. The use of these projects is a common feature of so‐called Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs). In most
cases, the promotion of these initiatives are undertaken as extensions of protected area programmes and often take place in buffer zones. Examples of projects that seek to improve local livelihoods in and around protected areas are common, and many of them have a tourism component. However, the results of tourism components of ICDPs have often been disappointing with local people benefiting little from tourism revenues.Nevertheless, many national parks are major tourist attractions in rural, and often marginal, areas and do offer significant opportunities for indigenous enterprise development. People living in and around these protected areas often have high expectations of what tourism could offer them. Using data collected in the south east lowveld of Zimbabwe for the DFID Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development project an analysis of local people's expectations of tourism is presented. The survey covered nine villages and there are significant differences in the responses. Local people were asked about their experience of tourism and their aspirations, including their preferred ways of earning money from tourism. Finally an analysis of their perceptions of the barriers to their involvement in the industry is presented.The paper then addresses the ways in which a national park or conservancy might respond to these aspirations and seek to involve local people in tourism enabling them to secure all or part of their livelihood from tourism related employment or entrepreneurial activity. An analysis of the preferences of tourists surveyed in Gonarezhou about activities, which they would wish to participate in if they were available, is presented.The paper concludes with an analysis of the opportunities for the managers of state, communal or privately owned land to create and support opportunities for local people to participate in the tourism industry and to benefit from fairly traded tourism. These strategies include marketing and business development support, regulation and price management.
Curing kinetics and mechanism of bisphenol S epoxy resin with 4,4′‐Diaminodiphenyl ether or phathlic anhydride
Authors: Shen Shigang , Li Yanfang , Gao Jungang , Sun Hanwen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe kinetics of the cure reaction for systems of bisphenol‐S epoxy resin with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether or phthalic anhydride as a curing agent were investigated with a differential scanning calorimetry. Autocatalytic behavior was shown in the first stages of the cure for the systems, which could be well described by the model proposed by Kamal [Polym Eng Sci 1973, 13, 59–64] that includes two rate constants k1 and k2 and two reaction orders, m and n. k1 and k2 values are observed to increase with the increasing temperature. With the proceeding of the cure reaction, the cross‐linking structure appears, and the reaction is mainly controlled by diffusion in the latter stages. The molecular mechanism of the curing system was discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 558–563, 2001
A new dominant logic and its implications for knowledge management: a study of the Finnish food industry
Authors: Brännback Malin , Wiklund Patricia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper changes that have occurred in the Finnish food industry are studied in terms of changes in the dominant logic of the industry. These changes in the dominant logic impact knowledge management processes. The drivers of the changes in the food industry are both technological and market‐based. Biotechnology is turning a traditionally low‐technology industry into a high‐technology industry through the introduction of ‘functional foods’. Knowledge relevant in the traditional food industry is becoming dated and future business success will be dependent on a firm's ability to create and capitalize on new knowledge. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.