bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Integrative Approach to Changing Children’s Intergroup Attitudes
Authors: Cameron Lindsey , Rutland Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words of Rashne, a refugee seeking asylum in the United Kingdom, indicate that prejudice is not uncommon on the school playground. This is in line with psychological research that has found unfavorable intergroup attitudes in several domains including ethnicity, gender, nationality, and disability (see Abrams, Rutland, & Cameron, 2003; Krajewski & Hyde, 2000; Powlishta, Serbin, Doyle, & White, 1994). Attempts have been made to tackle these attitudes using school-based interventions (e.g., Salzman & D’Andrea, 2001), but these programs are often ineffective (see Bigler, 1999, for reviews), perhaps because interventions are often designed without any consideration of psychological theories and research findings (Aboud & Levy, 2000; Bigler, 1999; Oskamp, 2000; Stephan, 1999). In this chapter we maintain that prejudice-reduction interventions should incorporate psychological theories. Moreover, in order to be effective, they should consider theories and research findings from both social and developmental psychology.
Independence, Unity, and the American Way of Life
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Way of Life is Much Older than the United States. In fact, the United States was founded to preserve it. The United States of America was established during the American War of Independence of 1775–83. The American Union subsequently was solidified by the adoption of the federal Constitution of 1787 and rescued by the defeat of the Southern attempt at secession in 1861–65.
Averting a Balance of Power in North America: Power Politics and American Expansion
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forget the Covered Wagon, when you think of the expansion of the United States in the nineteenth century. Think instead of ships. Sailing ships. The present-day United States was assembled from bits and pieces of coastline that contained strategically important seaports like New Orleans, San Francisco, and San Diego. To be sure, these strips of coastline came with huge continental territories attached. With the purchase of New Orleans from France, the United States got the Mississippi River Valley as a bonus.
Getting Help
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endure, and preserve yourselves for better things. –Virgil, Aeneid It is important for people with bipolar disorder to have quality health care, but what does this entail? Although there are very few child or adolescent psychiatrists in the United States, a good way to find one who specializes in pediatric bipolar disorder is by getting a referral from your pediatrician or family practitioner, contacting a teaching hospital associated with a medical school, or using the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’s referral directory (see the Resources section at the end of this book). For young people over 18, however, an adult psychiatrist may be preferred and indeed is easier to find, given that there are many more adult psychiatrists in the country.
Qualifications and Responsibilities of the Expert Witness
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The materials in this section are vital for an understanding of what qualifies a person to be designated as an expert by the court, and what the responsibilities of such an expert are.
The introductory article by Finkelstein and Levin is an excellent survey of the qualification issues. The standard for both state and federal courts was set by the Frye decision in 1923. The heart of that standard is general acceptance of the theory of the expert in the relevant community. In 1975, the Congress adopted new Federal Rules of Evidence.
Jury Representativeness
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Challenges to jury systems that do not represent the community have increased significantly in the last several years.1 This phenomenon has occurred not only in the South, but across the country, and, though reforms were instituted by the Federal Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968, federal as well as state jury systems have been challenged for their unrepresentativeness.
Analysis of the evidence presented in support of these challenges reveals that most of the proven unrepresentativeness is attributable to the source list. Indeed, statistical data indicates that no single available list, including voter registration lists, the most widely used source, adequately represents a cross section of our communities.
Understanding Addiction: Alcohol and Drug Abuse or Dependence
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People who don’t have an addiction find it very diﬃcult to understand why someone would use alcohol or other drugs if this use causes them immense harm and trouble in their lives and upsets their families. They don’t realize that all of the normal rules of human conduct are thrown out of the window when a person is addicted. Nor do they realize that the obsession and compulsion to use are intricately affected by the brain in ways that even scientists still don’t fully understand. In Alcoholics Anonymous, a book written by alcoholics for others suffering from alcoholism, there is a passage that illustrates the insanity of addiction and how the alcoholic is controlled by obsessions and compulsions to drink.1
Maintaining Gains Over Time: Relapse Prevention Strategies
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had been in recovery off and on for a long time for depression, an anxiety and phobic disorder, and addiction to tranquilizers and alcohol. I had over 3 years sober, and my psychiatric problems were well under control. I was able to get off my medications because I was doing very well. Then I lost my job. Over a period of the next few months, things started getting bad. I got real depressed and kept to myself. Then I started feeling intense anxiety and fear again. I couldn’t go anywhere unless my son went with me. I even stopped going to AA meetings and got to the point where I only went out of my house when I had to buy food or pay bills. In no time, I became a prisoner of my own home because of my fear.
The Author’s Theme
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author’s theme urges that we recognize the role of coherence and correspondence in the study of human judgment. Once understood in this manner, it becomes clear that understanding the important field of human judgment cannot go forward, cannot eliminate the current disarray, without our acknowledging the role of coherence and correspondence. The fact that these two strategies have been studied largely, if not entirely, independently is a minor handicap to the pursuit of our topic; the independent pursuit of each without the acknowledgment of the importance of the other gave a certain intensity to the pursuit of each strategy that might not otherwise have been there.
Toward Better Practices
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific knowledge of human judgment should become an integral part of the judgment process that is applied to the development of our social policies. When that happens, we will be able to move away from our present chaotic, conflictinducing practices and perhaps even end our use of war as a means of settling our religious and ideological differences. Let me briefly remind the reader of the costs of the failed and erroneous judgments of some recent leaders. Although few among us have a direct memory of World War I, nearly all of us have read enough about it to be aware of what happened—the gross, senseless killing and maiming of millions of soldiers and sailors and innocent people for reasons few any longer know or care about—all as a result of the misguided—that is to say, stupid—judgments of the well-educated leaders of these societies, who seem to have had no better idea of their purposes than we have of ours.
Ineptitude and the Tools of War
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine yourself in the Oval Office with Franklin Roosevelt and his advisors in 1939—the year the Germans began World War II with the invasion of Poland—when a letter from Albert Einstein appears advising him of the possibility that “extremely powerful bombs of a new type may be . . . constructed.”1 Although it had taken two months to reach him, that news was welcome indeed to Roosevelt because explosive capability was all the warriors of 1939 could think of. They thought in terms of specific objects and populations in specific places that could be destroyed by blowing them up. Therefore, the bigger the explosion the better. So when Albert Einstein’s letter advising him that the new physics of the twentieth century could be used to make bigger and better explosives, Roosevelt was glad to hear it. And that, as the world will never forget, was done with memorable success (and sorrow, in Japan).
Weight Loss Surgery Procedures What you Need to know
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently, there are a few popular procedures. Some are only restrictive in nature, meaning that a new, smaller stomach “pouch’’ is created and the exit of food from the stomach is limited (slowed gastric emptying), and some are also malabsorptive, meaning that the surgery changes how food is absorbed as it leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine, usually because part of the small intestine is re-routed or removed. Some surgeries lead to more rapid weight loss and more complications.
Cultural Construction of Worldview Who are the Killers?
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As i noted at the end of chapter 5, understanding the universal evolution of human nature tells us only that we are all capable of com mitting evil. Our instinctual “pushes,” however, are too diffuse to cell us everything we need co know about the direction, form, and targets of our violent behavior. Moreover, the ultimate “why” influences do not explain the reality chat only some of us actually perpetrate genocide and mass killing, while in fact the great majority of us never will. To explain how some do perpetrate extraordinary evil but most do not requires sharpening our focus to the more proximate and immediate cultural, psychological, and social constructions that activate our evolutionary capacities.
Social Construction of Cruelty The Power of the Situation
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 6, we analyzed perpetrator behavior within the context of cultural constructions that placed the perpetrator “vertically” within a hierarchical system-a system in which the world and its people are ordered according to their position and power in hierarchies. Chapter 7 followed with an analysis of psychological constructions of the “other,” in which victims simply become objects of the perpetrators’ actions. Now, in the final component of our explanatory model, we will analyze perpetrator behavior within a more “horizontal” context. That is, we will examine the power of the immediate situation, particularly those social constructions potent in a context of cruelty, that enable perpetrators to initiate, sustain, and cope with their acts of brutality.
Crash and Rescue
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back on those years I spent barely surviving on the streets as a heroin addict, it’s hard to believe that I’m here now to tell you my story. But I want you to know what it was like, and what a drug addiction really means.
I’m going to start not at the beginning, but in a place that stands out in my mind above all others in the haze of my drug using days: Long Beach, California. My experiences there represent my addiction at its very worst. Next I’ll tell you how I ended up there, the son of a loving, hard-working, middle-class family, born and raised in a small town in New York State. Finally, I’ll show you how I was able—with a lot of help—to find my way back to a decent and healthy life. Along the way, I’ll also be giving you an idea of what science knows about addiction in young people—like why teenagers are at higher risk for abusing drugs, and how even a ruthless addiction like mine can be overcome.
Estimation
Authors: Wilcox Rand R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 described what are called population parameters. They are unknown quantities that characterize the population of things or individuals under study. An example is the population mean, μ, which represents the average of all individuals if only they could be measured. Another example is p, the probability of success associated with a binomial distribution. A fundamental goal is making inferences about these unknown parameters based on data that are available, with the available data representing only a subset of all the individuals of interest.
Nixon in the World
Authors: Logevall Fredrik , Preston Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s, the United States faced challenges on a number of fronts. By nearly every measure, American power was no longer unrivalled. The task of managing America’s relative decline fell to President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Gerald Ford. From 1969 to 1977, Nixon, Kissinger, and Ford reoriented U.S. foreign policy from its traditional poles of liberal interventionism and conservative isolationism into a policy of active but conservative engagement. In Nixon in the World, seventeen leading historians of the Cold War and U.S. foreign policy show how they did it, where they succeeded, and where they took their new strategy too far. Drawing on newly declassified materials, they provide authoritative and compelling analyses of issues such as Vietnam, détente, arms control, and the U.S.-China rapprochement, creating the first comprehensive volume on American foreign policy in this pivotal era.
Challenges, Correlates, and Hypotheses
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1989 Canterbury congress, we have identified and surmounted some of the numerous challenges associated with the long-term research required to understand amphibian declines. In addressing the question of why some populations and species are declining while others are not, we have identified certain correlates that seem to increase risk of decline. We also have hypothesized six main causes for amphibian population declines. In this chapter, we focus on these three aspects: challenges, correlates, and hypotheses.
From the beginning, herpetologists knew that solving the mystery of amphibian population declines would be laborious and complex. Along the way, investigators have encountered intellectual, logistic, and .nancial challenges, many of which persist today.
Cognition and the Study of Behavior
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walnut trees shade the streets of Davis, California. They also provide food for the crows that roost near Davis. Crows crack walnuts by dropping them from heights of 5–10 meters or more onto sidewalks, roads, and parking lots. Occasionally they drop walnuts in front of approaching cars, as if using the cars to crush the nuts for them. Do crows intentionally use cars as nutcrackers? Some of the citizens of Davis, as well as some professional biologists (Maple 1974, in Cristol et al. 1997) were convinced that they do, at least until a team of young biologists at UC Davis put this anecdote to the test (Cristol et al. 1997). They reasoned that if crows were using cars as tools, the birds would be more likely to drop nuts onto the road when cars were coming than when the road was empty. Furthermore, if a crow was standing in the road with an uncracked walnut as a car approached, it should leave the nut in the road to be crushed rather than carry it away.
Timing
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As sunset gives way to dusk, bats and nighthawks appear, swooping and gliding over city rooftops or above surfaces of lakes, catching insects. Like most other living things, these animals have an internal rhythm, a biological clock with a period of about 24 hours that allows them to become active at the same time each day. Some of the most impressive evidence for such a clock is the nightly appearance of thousands of South American oilbirds pouring out from their roosts deep in caves where no sunlight reaches. Clocks that time intervals much less than 24 hours are evident in classical and instrumental conditioning. Pavlov (1927) described the first examples. For instance, a dog trained with a three-minute whistle predicting weak acid to its mouth salivated most during the last minute of the whistle.
Cognition and the Consequences of Behavior: Foraging, Planning, Instrumental Learning, and Using Tools
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A rat that has learned to press a lever for sucrose gets sick in its home cage after drinking sucrose. Next time it is placed in the operant chamber, it does not press the lever. A chimpanzee emerges from the jungle near a termite mound carrying a slender stick. It slides the stick into a hole in the mound and extracts a mouthful of insects. The rat and the chimp are exhibiting instrumentally learned behavior, behavior acquired and maintained because of its consequences. We have already encountered instrumental learning, in Chapters 6 (categorization), 9 (timing), and elsewhere, but now we look at the functional and mechanistic principles underlying it. A theme that unites the diverse topics of this chapter is the different senses in which behavior can be described as rational and how they are related (Kacelnik 2006).
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the few years since the first edition of this book was published, understanding of cognition in nonhuman species has been transformed by a plethora of new findings about animal memory, theory of mind, teaching, tool use, numerical cognition, imitation, social intelligence, communication, navigation, causal knowledge, and much more. These findings have been contributed by researchers with varying backgrounds and perspectives, with goals that range from learning how ants navigate in the desert to understanding how the human mind and culture evolved. Theory and data from animal cognition are becoming much better integrated with those from neighboring fields such as child development, primatology, behavioral ecology, cognitive neuroscience, and genetics. Such diversity within the field can be a source of conflict and controversy.
Sex: Reproducing Love
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Travelling in China in the early 1990s, I witnessed one of life’s more monumental events. It arrived entirely unexpected during an otherwise depressing visit to a run-down zoo that resembled a cramped prison populated by catatonic panda bears. As we fought our way through the crowds with their nauseating reams of candy floss, suddenly an even more cloying, almost unbearable smell hit my nostrils. Almost against my will, I followed the smell to a metal fence with large bales of straw, but I was completely unprepared for what was to follow.
Inside The Suicidal Mind
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have talked about what a suicidal crisis looks like (Chapter 1) and about the background that set the stage for that crisis (Chapter 2), it is time to take a trip deep inside the suicidal mind. This is the only way to fully grasp the thinking, feeling, and behavior of the suicidal state. As my situation deteriorated that freshman year in college, whatever self-confidence I had disappeared, and I became more and more pessimistic, jaded, cynical, and hopeless. College life was supposed to be different from my life back in Los Angeles. After all, I didn’t travel 3,000 miles to experience the same alienated crap I had to deal with at home. I had come to escape the pain and find some happiness. I was trying to be more social, but that wasn’t consistent with my introverted nature (though I had yet to accept that). I tried to make sense of the isolation. Why couldn’t I have more friends? Why was college, my last hope, failing to bring me happiness?
Professional Competence
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professional competence is the foundation of ethical practice. Without the knowledge and skills needed to appropriately address referral questions and serve consumers of neuropsychological services, the remaining ethical requirements are largely irrelevant. Put more plainly, if we do not know what we are doing, we should not be engaging in professional activities. For example, in the absence of competence to provide neuropsychological services, issues such as test selection, informed consent, and confidentiality should not come into play because we should not be engaging in neuropsychological activities in the first place. Conversely, practicing in accordance with other ethical standards is essential for competence. For example, one must understand and apply appropriate methods of test selection, informed consent, and confidentiality to provide competent services. Although this issue is straightforward when considered in the abstract as the dichotomous competence versus incompetence, in most clinical situations the required knowledge and skill set needed to provide a specific service in a certain context is not always obvious.
Zeroing In on MTBI: Epidemiology and Impact
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention turns now from the broader landscape of all-severity TBI to more narrowly focus on MTBI. Despite the severity rating as ‘‘mild,’’ MTBI packs a powerful punch both in sheer volume of injuries and in societal impact. In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) presented to th U.S. Congress a report describing MTBI as a ‘‘silent epidemic,’’ based on concerns that the true incidence and ultimate public health impact of MTBI are severely underestimated. All aspects of MTBI, from epidemiology to di- agnosis, treatment, and outcome, are of increasing importance to health care professionals and researchers. In the last five years, both the CDC and the World Health Organization (WHO) have published reports to elevate aware- ness of the public health impact of MTBI in the minds of policy makers at both the state and federal level.
Exceptions to the Rule: Potential Long-Term Effects of MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the methodological advantages of the sports concussion re- search model outlined in part one, the sports setting also provides other circumstances unique from the typical, general MTBI population. Specifically, sports are perhaps the only setting in which people are highly motivated to return to the very activity that caused their initial injuries immediately after experiencing an MTBI. This scenario in turn creates a situation in which the athlete is exposed to risk of repeat MTBI, in some cases involving multiple head injuries over a relative short period of time (e.g., days, weeks, or months within the same sport season).
Psychological Theories of Postconcussion Syndrome
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, several models describing the influence of psycho- logical, social, personality, and motivational factors on persistent PCS have been either developed or refined. The most developed theories include the expectation as etiology theory, the ‘‘good old days’’ theory, the nocebo effect, and a diasthesis-stress paradigm. The common thread of these theories is their attempt to uncover the principles that predict the great variability in how people psychologically respond to MTBI and are predis- posed to PCS.