bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A micromechanical approach to fatigue in small notches*
Authors: VALLELLANO C. , MARISCAL M. R. , NAVARRO A. , DOMÍNGUEZ J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe present work shows the application to small notches of a micromechanical model which describes the growth of a short crack across the steep stress gradient generated at the root of a notch. The model, based on the theory of distributed dislocations, takes into account the interaction between short cracks and material barriers such as grain boundaries. The term ‘small notches’ refers in this paper to stress raisers the size of which is of the same order as the characteristic microstructural unit of the material. Typical examples are superficial scratches, corrosion pits, inclusions or pores. Comparisons between predicted fatigue limits and experimental results reported in the literature for different materials containing small artificial defects are shown and discussed.
Social, Economic and Civil Vulnerability in the United States, France and Brazil
Authors: KOWARICK LÚCIO 
Published: September 2005

This article analyzes the evolution of the debate on socio‐economic vulnerability, both in the United States and France, as well as commenting on the contemporary situation in Brazil. In the US study, which draws on the concept of ‘underclass’, the debate is openly political‐ideological — blaming the victims (or not) for their marginalization and anomie — which has made some authors regard the so‐called ‘well‐being programs’ as responsible for promoting a culture of dependency and family breakdown. In the French study, by contrast and following the republican tradition, both the diagnoses and proposals emphasize the need for a strong state presence to provide a means of reinserting  the  marginalized  groups.  The  article  doesn’t  attempt  a  critical  evaluation of the literature, but making use of seminal works it aims to show that the parameters of the theoretical and empirical problem depend on the particularities of each national political ambience. The final section on Brazilian society focuses on the marginality‐dependency debate of the 1970s and on what can be termed aprocess of disenfranchisementthat affects the urban poor. Final comments are made concerning the matrix of extreme inequalities characterizing Brazilian society vis‐à‐vis the French and American cases.Cet article analyse l’évolution du débat sur la vulnérabilité socio‐économique, tant aux Etats‐Unis qu’en France, puis commente la situation brésilienne contemporaine. La partie américaine de l’étude, basée sur le concept de ‘quart‐monde’, présente un débat délibérément politico‐idéologique qui reproche aux victimes (ou non) leur marginalisation et leur anomie; selon certains auteurs, les programmes dits de ‘bien‐être’ portent la responsabilité d’encourager une culture de dépendance et de décomposition familiale. Dans la partie française, au contraire et en toute tradition républicaine, diagnostics et propositions soulignent le besoin d’une forte présence étatique comme moyen de réinsérer les groupes marginalisés. Sans se livrer à une revue de la littérature disponible, l’article exploite les travaux influents pour montrer que les paramètres de la problématique théorique et empirique dépendent des spécificités de chaque environnement politique national. La dernière partie, sur la société brésilienne, se consacre au débat marginalité/dépendance des années 1970 et à ce qu’on peut appeler unprocessus de désaffranchissementqui touche les pauvres des villes. La conclusion commente le nid d’extrêmes inégalités qui caractérise la société brésilienne par rapport à la France et aux Etats‐Unis.
Residential Property, Cultural Practices and the ‘Generational Contract’ in England and Japan
Authors: IZUHARA MISA 
Published: September 2005

Throughout the post‐war period, there have been increased prospects of inheritance in many capitalist societies, brought about by growing economies and labour markets as well as growth in the homeownership sector. This article aims to examine the commonalities and differences in views and strategies adopted by older homeowners in England and Japan towards accumulation of their housing assets and the disposal of them in later life. Changes in housing markets, social policy, and family structure and function affecting older homeowners in recent years have started to alter their attitudes towards bequests. Qualitative data from in‐depth interviews with older homeowners highlighted that independent living and the principle of equal shares among children are strongly valued by English elders. In Japan, the ‘generational contract’ involving inheritance and care provision is no longer as clear‐cut as it once was, and the contradictions and ambiguities in attitudes and practices exhibited by the current older cohort clearly illustrate the current transition.Pendant l’après‐guerre, les possibilités d’hériter se sont accrues dans de nombreuses sociétés capitalistes, grâce à la croissance des économies et des marchés du travail, ainsi qu’à l’expansion de la propriété individuelle. Cet article étudie les points communs et divergences de perspectives et stratégies adoptées par les propriétaires âgés en Angleterre et au Japon face à un accroissement du patrimoine que constitue leur logement et à sa transmission ultérieure. Les transformations des marchés du logement, de la politique sociale, ainsi que de la structure et la fonction familiale qu’ont connues récemment les anciens propriétaires ont entraîné un changement d’attitude en matière de legs. Des données qualitatives provenant d’entretiens approfondis avec des propriétaires âgés ont mis en lumière que l’indépendance de vie et le principe d’égalité des parts entre les enfants sont privilégiés par les seniors en Angleterre. Au Japon, le ‘contrat entre générations’— impliquant héritage et soins assurés — n’est plus aussi clairement établi qu’autrefois; en outre, contradictions et ambiguïtés dans les attitudes et pratiques de la cohorte âgée actuelle illustre clairement la transition en cours.
Exclusion and Difference along the EU Border: Social and Cultural Markers, Spatialities and Mappings
Authors: LEONTIDOU LILA , DONNAN HASTINGS , AFOUXENIDIS ALEX 
Published: September 2005

Both notions elaborated in this article, exclusion and the border, are cultural constructs which can take on different meanings in different milieux. In order to understand socio‐cultural exclusion in the context of EU integration and new centralities created by globalization, the project presented here addressed social, cultural and spatial exclusion in peripheral EU border cities and islands. This article focuses on how borderland residents experience socio‐cultural exclusion of ‘others’ and of themselves, and forge their spatialities and mappings. It makes distinctions on several levels: geographically, between external and internal EU borders, between ‘transborder’ and ‘bounded’ field sites and between variations of spatialities and mappings; culturally, between boundary gateways and walls, and between socio‐cultural and spatial exclusion, isolation and insularity; anthropologically, between social and cultural markers dividing the subject and the ‘other’. Local experiences and spatialities along the border were found to be complex and often in conflict with dominant definitions and preconceptions. This, along with the multiple levels of exclusion and difference found on the EU border, has implications for research priorities and policy restructuring.Les deux notions détaillées dans cet article, exclusion et frontière, sont des concepts culturels qui peuvent prendre un sens différent en fonction du milieu. Afin d’appréhender l’exclusion socioculturelle dans le cadre de l’intégration européenne et des nouvelles centralités créées par la mondialisation, le projet traite l’exclusion sociale, culturelle et spatiale dans les villes et îles situées à la périphérie de l’UE. Il s’attache à la façon dont les résidents frontaliers vivent une exclusion socioculturelle des ‘autres’ et d’eux‐mêmes, tout en établissant leurs spatialités et leurs cartographies. Plusieurs plans sont identifiés: un plan géographique, entre frontières internes et externes de l’UE, entre sites ‘transfrontaliers’ et territoires ‘délimités’, et entre divergences de spatialités et de cartographies; un plan culturel, entre accès et remparts frontaliers, et entre insularité, isolement et exclusion socioculturels et spatiaux; un plan anthropologique, entre les repères sociaux et culturels qui séparent le sujet de ‘l’autre’. Le long de la frontière, spatialités et expériences locales se sont révélées complexes et souvent en opposition avec les définitions et a priori dominants. Cet aspect, allié aux multiples niveaux d’exclusion et de différence découverts sur la frontière européenne, influence les priorités de recherches et la restructuration des politiques.
Introduction to a Debate on the World Social Forum
Authors: ALLAHWALA AHMED , KEIL ROGER 
Published: September 2005

Social Forums, modeled on the World Social Forums, are not social movements in the classic sense. They are not, and do not purport to be, the organizational form through which basic social change will be achieved, or can best be pursued. But they do bring together elements of many social movements, afford an opportunity for coalition‐building among them, frequently around urban issues, and thus make a significant contribution to achieving such change. Conceivably they may be the foundation for an international social movement for change, but if so it is likely to coalesce about a specifically political program. Some concrete suggestions are made which might enhance their effectiveness.Les Forums sociaux, sur le modèle des Forums sociaux mondiaux, ne sont pas des mouvements sociaux au sens traditionnel. Ils ne sont, ni ne sont censés être, la forme d’organisation permettant d’atteindre ou de mener au mieux un changement social fondamental. Cependant, ils réunissent des composantes de nombreux mouvements sociaux, leur offrent une possibilité de créer une coalition (souvent autour de problèmes urbains) et contribuent ainsi fortement à l’évolution visée. En théorie, ils peuvent servir de base à un mouvement social international en faveur d’un changement, quoique ayant alors tendance à s’unir sur un programme politique. Les suggestions concrètes qui sont formulées peuvent en améliorer l’efficacité.
Are Social Forums the Future of Social Movements?
Authors: MARCUSE PETER 
Published: September 2005

Social Forums, modeled on the World Social Forums, are not social movements in the classic sense. They are not, and do not purport to be, the organizational form through which basic social change will be achieved, or can best be pursued. But they do bring together elements of many social movements, afford an opportunity for coalition‐building among them, frequently around urban issues, and thus make a significant contribution to achieving such change. Conceivably they may be the foundation for an international social movement for change, but if so it is likely to coalesce about a specifically political program. Some concrete suggestions are made which might enhance their effectiveness.Les Forums sociaux, sur le modèle des Forums sociaux mondiaux, ne sont pas des mouvements sociaux au sens traditionnel. Ils ne sont, ni ne sont censés être, la forme d’organisation permettant d’atteindre ou de mener au mieux un changement social fondamental. Cependant, ils réunissent des composantes de nombreux mouvements sociaux, leur offrent une possibilité de créer une coalition (souvent autour de problèmes urbains) et contribuent ainsi fortement à l’évolution visée. En théorie, ils peuvent servir de base à un mouvement social international en faveur d’un changement, quoique ayant alors tendance à s’unir sur un programme politique. Les suggestions concrètes qui sont formulées peuvent en améliorer l’efficacité.
Social Forums, Social Movements and Social Change: A Response to Peter Marcuse on the Subject of the World Social Forum
Authors: CONWAY JANET 
Published: September 2005

This response to Peter Marcuse situates his reading of the World Social Forum in the larger ‘space versus movement’ debate that has been raging among the WSF’s organizers. The author argues that this debate signals: (1) a power struggle over its future; (2) profound disagreement over the character of its power, which is itself based in conflicting understandings and visions of power and change in the contemporary period more generally; (3) at the heart of this last conflict is a yet more basic one about the status of multiplicity and diversity — in understanding power(s), in building resistance(s), in creating alternatives, in crafting solidarities, in imagining other possible worlds as les raisons d’être of the Social Forum. Drawing on the historical experience of feminism, the author proposes an alternative reading of the meaning of the Social Forum grounded in more multivalent understandings of power, movements and change, and argues that, in the evolving practice of the World Social Forum, a new democratic imaginary — post‐liberal and post‐Marxist — is taking shape and, with it, other possible futures are coming into view.Cette réponse à Peter Marcuse replace son explication du Forum social mondial dans le débat plus vaste ‘espace et mouvement’ qui a enflammé les organisateurs du FSM. En effet, ce débat met en évidence plusieurs aspects: une lutte de pouvoir pour son avenir; un désaccord profond quant à la nature de son pouvoir, s’appuyant lui‐même sur des appréhensions et visions contradictoires du pouvoir et du changement dans la période contemporaine, de manière générale; au cœur de cette opposition, en existe une autre encore plus fondamentale sur la situation de multiplicité et de diversité, pour comprendre le ou les pouvoirs, élaborer une ou plusieurs résistances, créer des alternatives, tisser des solidarités, imaginer d’autres possibilités de monde comme les raisons d’être du Forum social. S’inspirant de l’expérience historique du féminisme, l’article propose une autre lecture du Forum social, fondée sur des compréhensions plus polyvalentes du pouvoir, des mouvements et du changement; de plus, il affirme que, dans le cadre de l’exercice évolutif du Forum social mondial, prend forme un nouvel imaginaire démocratique — post‐libéral et post‐marxiste — et, qu’avec lui, se dessinent d’autres possibilités d’avenir.
Topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in the pig: a corrosion cast study
Authors: Lorentziadis Michael , Chamogeorgakis Themistocles , Toumpoulis Ioannis K. , Karayannacos Panagiotis , Dosios Theodosios 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of porcine bronchial circulation has not been fully described. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extrapulmonary topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in pig. Ten pigs weighing 15–25 kg were studied. Between one and four bronchial arteries were found in each pig. The bronchoesophageal artery (BEA), tracheobronchial artery (TBA), inferior bronchial artery (IBA) and accessory bronchial artery (ABA) were present in 10/10, 8/10, 6/10 and 2/10 animals, respectively. The trunk of BEA had a diameter of about 3 mm, a length of 1–7 mm, and originated from the anterior and medial aspect of the descending thoracic aorta at the level between the 2nd and 4th thoracic vertebrae (T2–T4) in all animals. The extrapulmonary topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in pigs exhibits similarities to that of humans. BEA is the main blood supplier of the porcine tracheobronchial tree with a relatively constant location of origin and a sufficient size for anastomosis. These characteristics render BEA the ideal vessel for bronchial revascularization in pigs.
Immunolocalization of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in Meckel's cartilage compared with developing endochondral bones in mice
Authors: Sakakura Yasunori , Tsuruga Eichi , Irie Kazuharu , Hosokawa Yoichiro , Nakamura Hiroaki , Yajima Toshihiko 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe examined the immunolocalization of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in areas of resorption caused by osteoclasts/chondroclasts on embryonic days 14–16 (E14–16) in Meckel's cartilage, and compared the results with those in endochondral bones in mice. Intense RANKL and OPG immunoreactivity was detected in the chondrocytes in Meckel's cartilage. On E15, when the incisor teeth were closest to the middle portion of Meckel's cartilage, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive cells appeared on the lateral side of the cartilage. Furthermore, the dental follicle showed moderate immunoreactivity for RANKL and OPG, whereas osteoblasts derived from perichondral cells were immunonegative for RANKL and OPG in that area. On E16, cartilage resorption by TRAP‐positive cells had progressed at the differential position, and intensely immunoreactive products of RANKL were overlapped on and found to exist next to TRAP‐positive cells in the resorption area. In developing metatarsal tissue, OPG immunoreactivity was intense in periosteal osteoblasts, whereas RANKL was only faintly seen in some of the periosteal cells. In epiphyseal chondrocytes of the developing femur, RANKL immunoreactivity was moderate, and OPG scarcely detected. These results indicate a peculiarity of RANKL and OPG immunolocalization in resorption of Meckel's cartilage. Growth of the incisor teeth may be involved in the time‐ and position‐specific resorption of Meckel's cartilage through local regulation of the RANKL/OPG system in dental follicular cells and periosteal osteoblasts, whereas RANKL and OPG in chondrocytes seem to contribute to resorption through regulation of the chondroclast function.
Histochemical distribution of endothelin‐converting enzyme subtypes in Podarcis sicula (Squamata, Lacertidae) tissues
Authors: Valiante Salvatore , Prisco Marina , De Falco Maria , Virgilio Francesca , Sciarrillo Rosaria , Andreuccetti Piero , Laforgia Vincenza , Varano Lorenzo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe distribution of endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE) in the lizard Podarcis sicula was investigated immunohistochemically using antibodies against endothelin‐converting enzyme ECE‐1 and endothelin‐converting enzyme ECE‐2 homologues. In all the tissues examined, immunoreactivity for both antibodies was found, although the distribution and degree of expression varied. Strong immunoreactivity was found in the endothelial cells and chromaffin tissue for both enzymes, whereas other tissues such as nervous tissue, renal tissue and hepatocytes display distinct patterns. Current knowledge does not allow correlation of these distribution patterns to specific functions but the data suggest that, in reptiles as in mammals, ECE is probably involved in physiological functions such as paracrine activity through endothelins and/or other substrates.
Behavioural problems in 2‐year‐olds: links with individual differences in theory of mind, executive function and harsh parenting
Authors: Hughes Claire , Ensor Rosie 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Cognitive and family factors are implicated in the origins of behavioural problems, but little is known about their independence or interplay.Methods:  We present data from 127 two‐year‐olds from predominantly disadvantaged families who completed tests of ‘theory of mind’ (ToM), executive function (EF) and verbal ability. Researchers’ home‐visit ratings and detailed video‐based coding of mother–child interactions were combined to give an aggregate measure of harsh parenting, while behavioural problems were indexed by a multi‐informant, multi‐setting, multi‐measure aggregate.Results:  Harsh parenting and deficits in ToM and verbal ability each predicted unique variance in behavioural problems; independent effects of EF were only marginally significant. Harsh parenting and ToM interacted significantly in their effects on behavioural problems.Conclusions:  Child and family influences on behavioural problems should be considered in tandem, as they show significant interplay; in particular, advanced ToM skills appear to buffer young children against effects of harsh parenting.
Barriers to the identification of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Sayal Kapil , Goodman Robert , Ford Tamsin 
Published: September 2005

Background:  In most countries, the majority of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are undiagnosed. In the United Kingdom, a major barrier to accessing specialist services is the limited recognition of disorders by general practitioners. However, it is unclear whether there are also barriers at other stages of the help‐seeking process. For children with ADHD, this study aims to examine the correlates of the different stages of help‐seeking.Method:  Children with ADHD (n = 232) were identified from the 1999 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Rates and correlates of parental recognition of child mental health problems and contact with services for these problems were examined. Children who had used particular types of services were compared with those who had not.Results:  Most (80%) parents of children with ADHD recognise that their child has a problem although few (35%) construe this in terms of hyperactivity. The impact of the symptoms on key adults, rather than child factors, best predicted parental recognition of problems. Most parents had been in contact with education‐based professionals but few had consulted primary care for these problems or had sought help from relevant specialist health services. Parental recognition of problems and perceived burden, rather than child factors, were the main correlates of contact with services. Parental views that their child has hyperactivity were associated with greater severity of symptoms.Conclusions:  The main barrier to care for ADHD is the limited presentation of these problems to primary care. The majority of parents discuss their concerns with professionals based in education services. There is a need for parental education about ADHD and for health service input to support education professionals in their contact with concerned parents.
The development of an emotion model based on colour combinations
Authors: Lee Young‐Jin , Lee Joohyeon 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop an emotion model based on the colour combinations popularly used for interior coordination in Korea. To summarize, the emotion model had the following features: (1) It consisted of three axes named as ‘soft–hard’ (first dimension), ‘light–heavy’ (second dimension) and ‘splendid–sober’ (third dimension). (2) The emotion descriptors were categorized into nine emotion groups and matched with the representing colour combinations. (3) This emotion model had a one‐to‐multiplicity correspondence structure between the colour combination and the emotion descriptor, whereas most of the previously developed models included only one‐to‐one correspondence. (4) It was observed that the emotion variable only showed a relatively consistent tendency within the space of the emotion model as the difference in the tone of colour combinations increased or decreased. The emotion model developed in this study can be used as a basis for the determination of local consumers’ emotion on colour combinations to support colour planning in the industrial design field relevant to interior coordination.
Consumers’ acceptability and creative use of traditional woven fabric
Authors: Amubode Adetoun Adedotun 
Published: September 2005

AbstactThe study examined the utilization and acceptability of traditional woven fabric ‘aso‐oke’ in patchwork craft design as bedcover and throw pillows. The ‘aso‐oke’ fabric was sewn using a patchwork technique of clothing construction to produce a bedcover and throw pillows. A questionnaire designed on a 5‐point Likert scale was used to collect the data. The result showed a favourable response of Likert mean score 4.17 which indicates a greater acceptability of the fabric and design used in the making of the bedcover and throw pillows.