bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aids to intubation
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This device was invented by Sir Ivan Magill and Sir Robert MacIntosh to visualize the vocal cords to aid intubation. The curved blade of the MacIntoshlaryngo scope is still popular as the standard and its design has been reshaped in recent years to reduce the biomechanical forces on the teeth (Bucxet al. 1994, 1997). The straight blade of the Magill laryngoscope can make the view easier under some circumstances, as can modern variants (Henderson 1997).
Breathing systems
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An anaesthetic breathing system is a means of transfer-ring the breathing gas mixture from the anaesthetic machine common gas outlet to the patient. It is also the means of transferring the exhaled gas from the patient to the outside world, usually via a scavenging system; alternatively, after the carbon dioxide is absorbed from the exhaled gas, the unused fresh gas components of the exhaled gas are recirculated back to the patient. In general, a breathing system consists of a fresh gas limb, an inspiratory and expiratory limb, an expiratory valve, and a reservoir bag and may also incorporate one or more unidirectional valves and a carbon dioxide absorber.
Intravenous pumps and syringe drivers
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many infusions are given by gravity-assisted drip sets, which give a flow rate dependent on the height of the reservoir above the patient, the length of the tubing, the bore of the intravenous cannula, the density and viscosity of the fluid being delivered, and the patient’s venous pressure. However there is an increasing tendency to use programmable volumetric intravenous pumps and syringe drivers to deliver intravenous anaesthesia, fluids, patient-controlled anaesthesia, epidural infusions, and other drugs.
Support
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first question we should ask is how do the teeth and mucosa support the denture, after all, the remaining teeth have only supported themselves in the past and the mucosa is not well adapted to withstand masticatory loads. The mucosa or really the mucoperiosteum covering the residual ridges, although not accustomed to carrying occlusal loads, can withstand reasonable intermittent loading. The policy here, then, is to cover as great an area as possible with the denture base to spread the load, so reducing the load per unit area on the tissues.
Designing For Kennedy Class Iii Dentures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is generally straightforward, although it is worth- while to consider a fixed prosthesis (bridge) if the ‘saddle ‘ is short and the abutments periodontally sound. If the oral hygiene and dental condition are adequate, a cast metal connector is to be preferred (high strength, minimum bulk and least tissue coverage). In this case selection can be made from the range of options as shown on the next two pages:
Designing partial dentures for the ageing dentition
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of features of the dentition of the elderly patient impact upon partial denture design. In particular we must consider general health, mobility, and self-care capability. Economics, also, may be a significant factor in retirement years. We will consider the questions arising from identification of a patient with a natural dentition in serious decline later, but it is worthwhile thinking about denture design for the sound, well-maintained older dentition. The following features may be found:
Additions to existing partial dentures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both the above plans, the patient must undergo impressions and occlusal recording, and then surrender
the denture to the laboratory. This may be unacceptable to the patient, especially if the denture already carries replacement anterior teeth. In this event there is little alternative to the provision of a new immediate replacement denture (Chapter 3.4). In any event, addition of teeth soon after extraction is likely to be of a temporary nature, since healing and alveolar bone remodelling will necessitate further work. A redesigned denture may even be necessary to utilize appropriate support, retention, and oral hygiene.
Residual dentition with poor prognosis
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much will depend on the patient ‘s circumstances. For instance a person working on an oil rig, and so out of the public eye for extended periods, may be quite happy to be rendered edentulous and wait 3 months or so, for healing to take place, before being provided with complete dentures. On the other hand a clergyman must be confident in the pulpit that the dentures are under control and would therefore need a partial denture, on which to learn muscular control, for later conversion to a complete denture.
Partial dentures around difficult dentitions and oral structures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some circumstances the position of the teeth in the remaining dentition may present challenges in designing partial dentures. This can occur either because teeth may move to a position where there is insufficient space for a prosthesis or because of the particular way that the maxilla and mandible are related. This chapter will explore some of these issues and suggest thoughts as to how partial denture design can take account of this.
Overdentures and implants
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An overdenture is a prosthesis that derives support from the natural teeth (or roots). Osseointergrated implants may also be used to replace missing teeth. An overdenture is a prosthesis that is fitted over teeth which have usually had their natural crowns reduced or removed. It has particular advantages over a convention- al denture in the restoration of function and appearance. Furthermore attachments may be fitted to the roots to aid retention or support of the denture.
Mind, brain, and psychiatry
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this first chapter is to explore the philosophical presuppositions that inform our thinking about the mind and mental disorder. In particular I will explore the relationship between neuroscientific and epistemological or philosophical accounts of the mind and mental processes and use the results of that exploration to try and understand the ways in which physical-causal and social or interpersonal influences might jointly contribute to psychiatric phenomenology. I shall not assume that all influences on the mind can be understood in terms accessible to biological descriptions, a position usually called physicalism, nor shall I assume that there is any mind stuff which bears attributes that could not be realized in brain stuff, which is the fundamental tenet of dualism.
Categorization and stigmatization
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kate Herring (not her real name) was a 17 year old woman who had lived in a rural settlement in New Zealand. She had been raised as a Roman Catholic and originally attended a Roman Catholic school. She was admitted to Cherry Farm Hospital aged 17 having had a turbulent history of child and adolescent troubles. In 1973 a young friend had committed suicide. In 1974 Kate herself had suffered a self-inflicted injury and she was expelled from high school for disturbed behaviour. In 1975 she had to be stomach pumped for an overdose and later the same year was treated for self-inflicted injuries to her head and arms. She was fostered and worked on the foster parents’ farm at this stage. A friend who visited her recalls meeting with Kate as follows: ‘We spent the next hour walking, talking and catching up on what has been happening in our lives.’ Her mother arranged her admission to a psychiatric hospital in 1977.
The treatment of aliens
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our futures are built upon our pasts in the sense that from inchoate and multipotential beginnings our mental life congeals into forms that are resistant to change. For most of us these forms are comfortable, they move with us accommodating our desires and beliefs so as to be integrated into a conscious narrative and offer ready personae which can adapt to the demands of everyday situations and express who we are. What makes the forms resistant to change are the other things that hold them in place within our narratives. Upon every point in the narrative turns other points, although some have a more significant part to play than others.
My name is Legion, for we are many
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This description is Thigpen and Cleckley’s account of the transformation of their patient whom they call Eve White into her alter ego, Eve Black. It is truly dramatic, even theatrical, in quality. Faced with reports like this some psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinicians are sceptical and regard multiple personality disorder (MPD) as nothing but theatre. That impression, or something worse, is strengthened when one reads in an American newspaper of a Wisconsin woman who sued her psychiatrist for convincing her that she had 120 personalities, and then charged her insurance company for group therapy in which his hourly rate could be multiplied by a factor of 120 (Akron Beacon 8/4/97).
Concluding autobiographical postscript
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me tell you the story of a little boy. This little boy was conceived as the result of a shipboard romance and born about 1900. His mother was unmarried and he lived with the stigma of illegitimacy and no father. He was educated in the state school system but left school aged 14, too young to go to the First World War. He then became a piano tuner’s apprentice but by the time he had finished that apprenticeship the age of the wireless had begun. His chosen trade was therefore severely affected. He then trained as a tram conductor and married. He married a woman who was better educated than he was and had, to some extent, taken the role of matriarch in a family of nine of which she was the oldest sister. After our hero had pursued his occupation for a few years the trams were replaced by buses.
Rational and non-rational aspects of forgetting
Authors: Anderson Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the limited capacity available for encoding and subsequent retrieval of information, it is no surprise that people forget. Of greater interest is whether the memory system copes rationally, i.e. adaptively, 1 with its handicap. Indeed, there has been recent movement toward establishing a new research paradigm in which memory phenomena are explained in terms of their environmental adaptiveness rather than their underlying mechanisms (J. Anderson and Milson, 1989; J. Anderson and Schooler, 1991; R. Anderson et al., 1997). In this chapter I will discuss the meaning of rational memory, some major evidence concerning the hypothesis that memory is rational, and some theoretical issues in assessing memory’s rationality.
Adaptive analysis of sequential behavior: oscillators as rational mechanisms
Authors: Brown Gordon D A , Vousden Janet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to begin applying a rational modelling approach to human memory for sequential order. Although the majority of human behavior involves temporally extended sequential processing, there has been little attempt to account for the rich data available from the study of human memory for serial order, speech production, typing, spelling, and other such domains, within an adaptive framework. Here we argue that very general features of human sequential behavior-features that are observed in many different domains of human action and thought-can be understood as resulting from the action of mechanisms that evolved in simpler organisms to reflect the dynamical structure of the environment adaptively. Specifically, we argue that systems equipped with endogenous oscillators can achieve efficient sequential behavior by ‘hooking up’ their internal oscillators to sequences of events in the world. Simple organisms can use such mechanisms to achieve adaptively efficient foraging; we show that the same type of mechanism can explain human cognitive behavior in domains such as speech production and short¬ term memory for serial order.
A behavioral analysis of pain-related fear responses
Authors: McCracken Lance M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of the pain sufferer’s behavior in adjustment to chronic pain has been recognized for many years. Early developments of this notion included Fordyce’s first published trial of operant methods (Fordyce et al. 1968) and his volume on behavioral methods for chronic pain (Fordyce 1976). These methods have been criticized over the years including recently (e.g. Sharp 2001). Criticisms often employ overly simplistic notions of “pain behavior” and fail to recognize that there have been considerable changes in the theoretical and empirical basis for current behavioral approaches in the past 30 years. Clarifying these developments may advance our understanding of chronic pain in general and pain-related fear and avoidance in particular.
Future challenges and research directions in fear of pain
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J G , Coons Michael J , Vlaeyen, Johan W S , Crombez Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fear of pain construct has received considerable attention in the literature over the past decade or so. As evident in the opening three chapters of this volume, there has been considerable evolution in explanatory models of the association between fear and pain. These models have developed to a point where they now provide a solid foundation from which researchers and treatment providers from a variety of disciplines can conceptualize innovative investigations and approaches to symptom management. This volume comprises a number of contributions that shed significant light on the most important issues and developments in understanding and treating painrelated fear and anxiety. As well, each contribution posits important considerations for future investigation of the fear of pain/(re)injury construct and tenants of the fear-avoidance model. The following is a list of what are, in our opinion, some of the most important issues that remain to be addressed.
Overview: a panel discussion on current and future insights into the neurological, behavioral, and motor consequences of HIV-1 infection
Authors: Howard E Gendelman , Atkinson J Hampton , Everall, Ian Paul , González R Gilbert , Grant Igor , Heaton Robert , Kolson Dennis L , Lipton Stuart A , McArthur Justin , Nath Avindra , Power Christopher , Swindells, Susan , Wigdahl Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) infection often leads to a number of neurological events including peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, vacuolar myelopathy; and cognitive, motor, and behavioral abnormalities. The mechanisms by which virus invades the nervous system and induces neurological deficits remain incompletely understood. Considerable work has been done since the first edition of The neurology of AIDS in defining the role(s) of ‘putative’ neurotropic, neuroinvasive, and neurovirulent viral strains for disease. Additional studies in defining the molecular nature of the virus and its relationship to treatment outcomes are well documented.
Priorities of the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke for neuroAIDS research in resource-limited countries
Authors: Joseph Jeymohan , Nunn Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A critical component of the future for neuro AIDS research rests in the rapidly expanding HIV epidemic in third world countries. Estimates from UNAIDS and WHO state that 40 million individuals were HIV infected and 3 million died of AIDS worldwide in 2003. Importantly, up to 28 of the 40 million people infected reside in sub-Saharan Africa while nearly 8 million are in South and South-east Asia. The global HIV epidemic is increasing by nearly 14,000 new infections per day with 95% occurring in the developing world. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recognized the magnitude of HIV epidemic in resource-limited countries, and in fiscal year (FY) 2000 the NIH Office of AIDS Research (OAR) established a new initiative for global research activities on HIV/AIDS.
Immunology of HIV-1
Authors: Devadas Krishnakumar , Lal, Renu B , Dhawan Subhash 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter serves as a bridge between the molecular and structural biology of the human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) and the immunological consequences that viral infection produces. These are critical components of how nervous system disease is caused and may someday be prevented. HIV is a retrovirus that belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV-1, like other retroviruses, is an enveloped virus (Fig. 1). The outer envelope consists of a lipid bilayer membrane containing the viral envelope glycoproteins. The outer envelope lipid bilayer membrane is derived from the infected cell and contains many cellular components such as Β2- microglobulin and the Α and Β chains of the human lymphocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR, product of the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)).
HIV-1 vaccines
Authors: Mosley R Lee , Benner Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global scale of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, raging throughout most the developing world, has warranted a great urgency toward developing an efficacious preventative vaccine. The current repertoire of vaccines, most of which were developed during the latter half of the twentieth century against a number of viral pathogens, has played a major role in eradicating life-threatening diseases, especially for children, limiting morbidity, and extending the life span of populations worldwide. Such vaccines have provided exceptional improvements in health with respect to infectious diseases that randomly have ravaged large populations during epidemics and pandemics. Certainly, vaccinated individuals are not only protected from the consequences of infection, but also the incidence of transmission is drastically reduced, thus diminishing the possibility of epidemic spread.
The blood–brain barrier as an immunocompetent organ
Authors: Miller Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passage of compounds, macromolecules. and cell components from the blood to the extracellular environment of the brain is restricted by the brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMVEC) that form the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The normally low permeability of these cells is attributable in part to the presence of highly developed tight junctions between the brain capillary endothelial cells, low pinocytic activity, and the absence of fenestrations. While once considered to be a static barrier, it is now clear that the brain microvessel endothelial cells form a dynamic interface between the blood and the brain that can be influenced by drug regimens (Bartus et al. 1996; Greig 1989), endogenous factors such as bradykinin, bile salts, and cytokines (Hurst and Clark 1998; Greenwood et al. 1991; Mark et al. 2001), and various pathophysiological conditions (Sharief et al. 1993; Spellerberg and Tuomanen 1994; Epstein 1998).
Mechanisms of viral entry through the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Eugenin Eliseo A , Berman Joan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has devastating consequences in a large number of individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 enters the brain early after infection and approximately one-third of infected individuals, particularly children, develop HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) and/or AIDS dementia complex. Despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), infection and inflammation persist in the CNS, and microglia or other CNS cells may serve as a long-term reservoir harboring HIV-1. The neuropathology of HIV-1 infection includes demyelination, reactive astrocytes, multinucleated giant cells, perivascular and parenchymal accumulation of macrophages, and neuronal injury and loss. There is also evidence of abnormal blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability (see review in Diesing et al. 2002).
The choroid plexus and viral entry into the brain
Authors: Burkala Evan , West John T , He Jun , Petito, Carol K , Wood Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs early (Resnick et al. 1988), but productive infection is delayed until the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), at which time productively infected monocyte/ macrophages and multinucleated giant cells (HIV encephalitis) can be found in the autopsied brain tissues. The independent evolution of HIV-1 strains in the brain when compared to systemic organs (Hughes et al. 1997) may be due to its blood–brain barrier (BBB) or blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSF-B), which limits the brain’s immune response and delivery of antiretroviral drugs (van der Sandt et al. 2001; Lafeuillade et al. 2002).
Chemokines, HIV-1, and the central nervous system
Authors: Miller Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-accepted fact that the consequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection encompass not only the immune system but the nervous system as well. The majority of individuals who are infected by HIV-1 display neurological symptoms and associated neuropathology involving both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively; Kaul et al. 2001; Kolson and Gonzales-Scarano 2001). The serious and incapacitating nature of these symptoms—collectively known as ‘HIV-1-associated dementia’ (HAD) or the ‘HIV-1 related cognitive motor syndrome’ in the CNS and ‘HIV-1 related sensory neuropathy’ in the PNS—mean that neurological problems make a significant contribution to the overall clinical picture in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Mechanisms of neuronal demise in HIV dementia: role of HIV-1 Tat
Authors: Chauhan Ashok , Nath Avindra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tat is a transactivator of TAR (Tat-associated region). It is a small protein of 101 amino acids but the length varies from stain to stain (Robert-Guroff et al. 1990). It is produced in the initial phase of viral transcription and localizes mainly to the nucleus and nucleolus (Stauber and Pavlakis 1998). It is a highly basic protein and therefore has high potential for non-specific binding with different RNAs (Ruben et al. 1989). The primary role of Tat is to regulate (productive and processive) transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promoter region termed the long terminal repeat (LTR; Rosen et al. 1988). Residues 1–72 are encoded by the first exon and residues 73–101 or 104 are encoded by a second exon (Ruben et al. 1989).