bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurofilament protein defines regional patterns of cortical organization in the macaque monkey visual system: A quantitative immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Hof Patrick R. , Morrison John H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVisual function in monkeys is subserved at the cortical level by a large number of areas defined by their specific physiological properties and connectivity patterns, For most of these cortical fields, a precise index of their degree of anatomical specialization has not yet been defined, although many regional patterns have been described using Nissl or myelin stains. In the present study, an attempt has been made to elucidate the regional characteristics, and to varying degrees boundaries, of several visual cortical areas in the macaque monkey using an antibody to neurofilament protein (SM132). This antibody labels a subset of pyramidal neurons with highly specific regional and laminar distribution patterns in the cerebral cortex. Based on the staining patterns and regional quantitative analysis, as many as 28 cortical fields were reliably identified. Each field had a homogeneous distribution of labeled neurons, except area V1, where increases in layer IVB cell and in Meynert cell counts paralleled the increase in the degree of eccentricity in the visual field representation. Within the occipitotemporal pathway, areas V3 and V4 and fields in the inferior temporal cortex were characterized by a distinct population of neurofilament‐rich neurons in layers II–IIIa, whereas areas located in the parietal cortex and part of the occipitoparietal pathway had a consistent population of large labeled neurons in layer Va. The mediotemporal areas MT and MST displayed a distinct population of densely labeled neurons in layer VI. Quantitative analysis of the laminar distribution of the labeled neurons demonstrated that the visual cortical areas could be grouped in four hierarchical levels based on the ratio of neuron counts between infragranular and supragranular layers, with the first (areas V1, V2, V3, and V3A) and third (temporal and parietal regions) levels characterized by low ratios and the second (areas MT, MST, and V4) and fourth (frontal regions) levels characterized by high to very high ratios. Such density trends may correspond to differential representation of corticocortically (and corticosubcortically) projecting neurons at several functional steps in the integration of the visual stimuli. In this context, it is possible that neurofilament protein is crucial for the unique capacity of certain subsets of neurons to perform the highly precise mapping functions of the monkey visual system. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth dates and survival after axotomy of neurochemically defined subsets of trigeminal ganglion cells
Authors: White Fletcher A. , Chiaia Nicolas L. , Macdonald Gordon J. , Rhoades Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTrigeminal (V) ganglion cells with different neurochemical phenotypes or different birth dates are affected differently by neonatal axonal transection. The aim of the present study was to determine if V ganglion cell birth date and neurochemical phenotype were correlated and if these two variables could be related to responses to neonatal axonal transection. Immunocytochemistry, histochemistry, and [3H] thymidine labelling were used to determine the birth dates of V ganglion cells recognized by antibodies directed against neurofilament protein (NF), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) and those that bound the lectin Bandierea simplicifolia‐I (BS‐I). All V ganglion cells were born between embryonic days (E‐) 9.5 and 14.5. All ganglion cells were born between E‐9.5 and E‐14.5. In a normalized population (percentages normalized to equal 100%), over 90% of NF‐positive V ganglion cells were born between E‐10.5 and E‐12.5. The majority of CGRP‐positive and SP‐positive ganglion cells (> 90%) were generated from E‐13.5 to E‐14.5 and E‐12.5 through E‐14.5, respectively. Almost 85% of BS‐I‐positive ganglion cells were generated on E‐12.5 through E‐14.5. Previous results and additional data from this study indicated that NF‐ and BS‐I‐positive ganglion cells are proportionally more likely to be lost after neonatal axotomy and that SP‐positive cells are more likely to remain. The percentage of CGRP‐positive cells in the V ganglion was not significantly altered by neonatal infraorbital nerve transection. Overall, these findings do not indicate a strong relationship between cell birth date and the probability of survival after neonatal axonal damage for all V ganglion cell phenotypes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in the number of synaptic junctions in the binocular area of the rat visual cortex
Authors: Reid Silvia N. M. , Juraska Janice M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe had found that the binocular area of the visual cortex is larger in volume and has more neurons in male than in female rats. The present study examined whether the number of synaptic junctions in this area is sexually dimorphic. Ten littermate pairs of 90‐day‐old (socially housed) Long‐Evans hooded rats were used. Synaptic junctions were counted and their lengths were measured on electron micrographs taken from layers II–III of the binocular visual cortex. There were no sex differences in the numerical density of synaptic junctions, the number of synaptic junctions per neuron, or the length of synaptic junctions within any synaptic category or of all synapses combined. Sex differences were found in the total number of synaptic junctions and in several categories (asymmetric synapses, spine synapses, asymmetric spine synapses): male rats had more synaptic junctions than female rats because of the larger volume of layers II‐‐III in the binocular area of male rats. These data indicate that neurons in the binocular visual cortex of both male and female rats receive a characteristic number of synaptic junctions, but the greater number of neurons in the binocular area of male rats results in more synaptic junctions in the area. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation of axon frojections anct peptide immunoreactivity in mesocerebral neurons of the snail helix aspersa
Authors: Ll Guoyi , Chase Ronald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the organization of efferent neurons in the mesocerebrum of a terrestrial snail. The mesocerebrum is one of three regions, or lobes, that can be identified by gross inspection. Previous studies have indicated a possible function for the mesocerebrum in the control of mating behavior. We used both anterograde and retrograde tracing methods to determine the axon projections of mesocerebral neurons. Virtually all the neurons (96%) send an axon into the cerebropedal connective nerve, and about 25% of these fibers continue into the nervus cutaneus pedalis primus dexter, which innervates the dart sac. Many neurons have additional axon branches in other perves, especially the penial nerve, which receives projections from about 25% of mesocerebral cells. Neurons that are backfilled from the nervus cutaneus pedalis primus dexter are predominately immunoreactive for FMRFamide, whereas neurons that are backfilled from the penial nerve are predominately immunoreactive for APGWamide. These results suggest a functional association between FMRFamide and dart shooting on the one hand, and between APGWamide and penial eversion on the other. Some cells contain both APGWamide and FMRFamide; these cells, may have dual projections in both the penial nerve and the nervus cutaneus pedalis primus dexter. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of neurotensin‐containing neurons in the central nervous system of the dog
Authors: Atoji Yasuro , Watanabe Hideki , Yamamoto Yoshio , Suzuki Yoshitaka 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of neurotensin‐containing cell bodies and fibers was examined in the central nervous system of the dog using light microscopic immunohistochemistry. A very large population of neurotensin‐containing cell bodies was observed in the septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens septi, preoptic areas, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, olfactory tubercle, entorhinal cortex, ventral subiculum, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, anteroventral thalamic nucleus, nucleus reuniens, lateral habenular nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Extremely dense networks of neurotensin‐containing fibers were found in the globus pallidus, hypothalamus, infundibular stalk, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray, interpeduncular nucleus, and spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and substantia gelatinosa. However, the cerebral neocortex and cerebellum were negative for neurotensin in the present study. When the present findings are compared with those in other animals, it is clear that the major species‐specific differences in distribution involve three immunonegative regions and four immunopositive regions in the dog: The former are the cerebral neocortex, mammillary body, and hippocampus; the latter are the cell bodies in the pyramidal layer of the olfactory tubercle, the superficial and middle layers of the entorhinal cortex and ventral subiculum, and the nerve fibers in the interpeduncular nucleus. The present study indicates a rather extensive network of neurotensin neurons in the central nervous system of the dog. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proliferation zones in the brain of adult gymnotiform fish: A quantitative mapping study
Authors: Zupanc Günther K. H. , Horschke Ingrid 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhereas in mammals postnatal neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and angiogenesis appear to be kept at low rates, in fish the capability for the production of new brain cells during adulthood is very pronounced. Many of the newly generated cells originate from germinal layers that maintain their proliferative activity during adulthood. By employing incorporation of the thymidine analogue 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) into mitotic active cells, we have quantitatively mapped such proliferation zones in the brain of adult Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei).In the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, the total number of BrdU‐labelled cells was low, making up approximately 25% of all mitotic active cells in the brain. Many of these cells were scattered over wide areas. Otherwise, zones of high proliferative activity were typically located at or near the surface of ventricular, paraventricular, and cisternal systems. Approximately 75% of all BrdU‐labelled cells found in the brain of adult Apteronotus leptorhynchus were situated in the cerebellum. Zones displaying proliferative activity were restricted to small areas, such as narrow stripes around the midline of corpus cerebelli and valvula cerebelli, the boundary between corpus and valvula, and a large portion of the area covered by the eminentia granularis medialis.Counts indicate that, on average, 100,000 cells, corresponding to approximately 0.2% of the total population of cells in the brain of adult Apteronotus leptorhynchus, are in S‐phase within a period of 2 hours. At least part of these newly generated cells is added to the population of already existing cells. This leads to a permanent growth of the brain with increasing size of the fish, a process that appears to slow down only in individuals of relatively advanced age. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the central cervical nucleus to the cerebellar nuclei in the rat, studied by anterograde axonal tracing
Authors: Matsushita Matsuo , Yaginuma Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractProjections from the central cervical nucleus (CCN) to the cerebellar nuclei were examined following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin or cholera toxin subunit B into the C1–C3 segments in the rat. Labeled axons and terminals were immunohistochemically demonstrated. Labeled spinocerebellar fibers arising from the CCN entered the cerebellum through the inferior and the superior cerebellar peduncles. Labeled mossy fiber terminals were seen in lobules I–VI, sublobule VIIb, lobules VIII and IX, and the copula pyramidis of the cerebellar cortex. Labeled axons ran toward the cerebellar cortex, through and between the medial and the interpositus nuclei, and gave off collateral axons and terminal axons to the cerebellar nuclei. The projections to the cerebellar nuclei were predominantly contralateral to the cells of origin. Labeled terminals were distributed from the medial to the ventrolateral part of the middle subdivision of the medial nucleus throughout its rostrocaudal extent. Labeled terminals were also seen in the lateral part of the medial nucleus and in the border region between the medial nucleus and the interpositus nuclei, which corresponds to the rostromedial extension of the posterior interpositus nucleus. In the anterior interpositus nucleus, labeled terminals were distributed dorsoventrally in the middle third of the mediolateral extent. They were more numerous in the rostrodorsal part of this area. Labeled terminals were distributed dorsally and caudally in the medial third of the posterior interpositus nucleus. No labeled terminals were seen in the caudomedial subdivision and the dorsolateral protuberance of the medial nucleus, the dorsolateral hump region and the lateral nucleus. The present study demonstrates that the CCN projects to specific areas of the cerebellar cortex and the medial and the interpositus nuclei. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin inputs to rabbit sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion or adrenal medulla
Authors: Jensen Iwona , Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. , Pilowsky Paul , Minson Jane B. , Chalmers John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe input from serotonin‐containing nerve fibres to rabbit sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to either the superior cervical ganglion or the adrenal medulla was investigated by combining retrograde tracing with the B subunit of cholera toxin and immunocytochemistry for serotonin. There were pronounced rostrocaudal variations in the density of serotonin fibres in the rabbit intermediolateral cell column from T1 to L4; maximum numbers of fibres were found in T3‐6 and L3–4 and minimum numbers in T1 and T10–12. By light microscopy, retrogradely labelled sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion or the adrenal medulla received variable densities of close appositions from serotonin‐immunoreactive fibres. Some neurons from each population received many close appositions, whereas others received moderate numbers or few appositions. Appositions occurred on the cell bodies, dendrites, and occasionally axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Rare neurons in both groups of retrogradely labelled cells received no appositions from serotonin‐containing nerve fibres. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were found between serotonin‐positive boutons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting either to the superior cervical ganglion or to the adrenal medulla. These results indicate that, through direct synaptic contacts, serotonin‐immunoreactive, presumably bulbospinal, nerve fibres affect the activity of the vast majority of sympathetic preganglionic neurons that send axons either to the superior cervical ganglion or to the adrenal medulla. This serotonin input may be sympathoexcitatory and could mediate increases in sympathetic nerve activity and in the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographic organization ot spinal ana trigeminal somatosensory pathways to the rat parabrachial and Kölliker—fuse nuclei
Authors: Feil Karsten , Herbert Horst 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined the organization of somatosensory projections to the parabrachial (PB) and Kölliker‐Fuse (KF) nuclei by employing the retrograde and anterograde axonal transport of Fluorogold and Phaseolus vulgaris–leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L), respectively. Small PHA‐L injections were made into different parts of the spinal trigeminal complex, including the paratrigeminal nucleus, and into different segments and laminae of the spinal dorsal horn. The subnuclear distribution of axonal labeling in the PB and KF was mapped with a camera lucida.Our results show that the somatosensory input to the PB and KF is highly organized. Neurons in the spinal trigeminal nuclei project predominantly to the KF and to the ventral portion of the external lateral PB. Neurons in the paratrigeminal nucleus project to the ventral lateral P13, the external medial PB, and to caudal aspects of the medial PB. These findings were supported by retrograde tracing experiments with Fluorogold. Spinal cord neurons located in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I‐II) of upper cervical segments project specifically to the ventral portion of the external lateral PB and, although more sparsely, to various other lateral PB nuclei. In contrast, neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of thoracic and lumbar spinal segments project mainly to the dorsal lateral and the central lateral PB. Finally, neurons in the lateral reticulated area and the lateral spinal nucleus of all spinal segments project almost exclusively to the internal lateral PB, whereas neurons in the respective nuclei of upper cervical segments also project to the KF.From our data we conclude that the somatosensory projections to the PB and KF are topographically organized. It is assumed that these pathways, which run from trigeminal and spinal neurons through the PB and KF to various forebrain, medullary, and spinal nuclei, form functionally different neural circuits that are involved in somatoautonomic processing. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAAReceptor subunits have differential distributions in the rat retinae: In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Greferath U. , Grünert U. , Fritschy J. M. , Stephenson A. , Möhler H. , Wässle H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distributions of nine different subunits of the gamma‐aminobutyric acidA(GABAA) receptor (α1, α2, α3,5; β1, β2, β3; γ2; δ) were investigated in the rat retina using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. With the exception of the α5subunit, all subunits could be localized. Each subunit was expressed in characteristic strata within the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Some subunits (e.g., γ2) showed a ubiquitous distribution, while others (e.g., δ) were restricted to narrow sublayers. Double labeling experiments using different combinations of the subunit‐specific antibodies revealed colocalizations of subunits within individual neurons. Additionally, GABAAreceptor subunits were mapped to distinct populations of retinal neurons by coapplication of defined immunocytochemical markers and subunit‐specific antibodies. Cholinergic amacrine cells were found to express the α2, β1, β2/3and δ subunits, while dopaminergic amacrine cells express the α2, α3and γ2subunits. Dissociated rod bipolar cells express the γ2subunits. In summary, this study provides evidence for the existence of multiple GABAAreceptor subtypes in the retina. The distinct stratification pattern of the subunits in the IPL suggests that different functional circuits involve specific subtypes of GABAA receptors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of thalamic projections to the ventral striatum in the primate
Authors: Giménez‐Amaya José Manuel , McFarland Nikolaus R. , De Las Heras Silvano , Haber Suzanne N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough thalamic projections to the dorsal striatum are well described in primates and other species, little is known about thalamic projections to the ventral or “limbic” striatum in the primate. This study explores the organization of the thalamic projections to the ventral striatum in the primate brain by means of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) and Lucifer yellow (LY) retrograde tracer techniques. In addition, because functional and connective differences have been described for the core and shell components of the nucleus accumbens in the rat and are thought to be similar in the primate, this study also explores whether these regions of the nucleus accumbens can be distinguished by their thalamic input. Tracer injections are placed in different portions of the ventral striatum, including the medial and lateral regions of the ventral striatum; the central region of the ventral striatum, including the dorsal part of the core of the nucleus accumbens; and the shell region of the nucleus accumbens. Retrogradely labeled neurons are located mainly in the midline nuclear group (anterior and posterior paraventricular, paratenial, rhomboid, and reuniens thalamic nuclei) and in the parafascicular thalamic nucleus. Additional labeled cells are found in other portions of the intralaminar nuclear group as well as in other thalamic nuclei in the ventral, anterior, medial, lateral, and posterior thalamic nuclear groups. The distribution of labeled cells varies depending on the area of the ventral striatum injected. All regions of the ventral striatum receive strong projections from the midline thalamic nuclei and from the parafascicular nucleus. In addition, the medial region of the ventral striatum receives numerous projections from the central superior lateral nucleus, the magnocellular subdivision of the ventral anterior nucleus, and parts of the mediodorsal nucleus. After injection into the lateral region of the ventral striatum, few labeled neurons are seen scattered in nuclei of the intralaminar and ventral thalamic groups and occasional labeled cells in the mediodorsal nucleus. The central region of the ventral striatum, including the dorsal part of the core of the nucleus accumbens, receives a limited projection from the midline thqlamic, predominantly from the rhomboid nucleus. It receives much smaller projections from the central medial nucleus and the ventral, anterior, and medial thalamic groups. The shell of the nucleus accumbens receives the most limited projection from the thalamus and is innervated almost exclusively by the midline thalamic nuclei and the central medial and parafascicular nuclei. The shell is distinguished from the rest of the ventral striatum in that it receives the fewest projections from the ventral, anterior, medial, and lateral thalamic nuclei. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of basal forebrain projections to visual cortex: Dil studies in rat
Authors: Calarco Christopher A. , Robertson Richard T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe performed experiments using retrograde and anterograde labeling with DiI to examine the development of basal forebrain (BFB) projections to the visual cortex in postnatal rats. DiI placed in occipital cortex led to retrograde labeling of BFB neurons as early as postnatal day 0 (P0); labeled cells were found mainly in the diagonal band complex but also in the medial septum, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. The retrogradely labeled BFB cells displayed remarkably well‐developed dendritic arbors, even in younger animals, and showed increases in soma size, dendritic arbors, and dendritic spines over the first 2 postnatal weeks.Dil placements in the diagonal band led to anterogradely labeled axons in cortex. At early ages (P0–P1), labeled axons were largely confined to white matter. With increasing age, greater numbers of labeled axons were seen in the white matter and in deep cortical layers, and labeled axons extended into superficial layers. The leading edge of labeled fibers reached layer V of visual cortex by P2 and layer IV by P4 and were found throughout the cortical layers by P6. Numbers and densities of labeled axons in visual cortex were greater in older animals, at least through P14.The time of ingrowth of labeled BFB axons into visual cortex indicates that these afferents grow into particular cortical layers after those layers have differentiated from the cortical plate. These data indicate that basal forebrain projections arrive in occipital cortex after cortical lamination is well underway and after the entry of primary thalamocortical projections. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.