bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rifampin markedly decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ridtitid Wibool , Wongnawa Malinee , Mahatthanatrakul Werawath , Punyo Jarurat , Sunbhanich Methi 
Published: January 2003

Background and ObjectivePraziquantel is extensively metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The CYP3A isoforms are likely to be major enzymes responsible for praziquantel metabolism. Rifampin (INN, rifampicin), a potent enzyme inducer of CYP‐mediated metabolism (especially CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4), is known to markedly decrease plasma concentrations and effects of a number coadministered drugs. The aim of this investigation was to study the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and praziquantel.MethodsAn open, randomized, 2‐phase crossover design was used in each study of single or multiple doses. In the single‐dose study, 10 healthy Thai male volunteers ingested single doses of 40 mg/kg praziquantel alone (phase 1) or after pretreatment with 600 mg of oral rifampin once daily for 5 days (phase 2). In the multiple‐dose study, all participants received multiple doses of 25 mg/kg praziquantel alone (phase 1) or after 5‐day pretreatment with 600 mg of oral rifampin once daily (phase 2). Plasma concentrations of praziquantel in each phase were determined by the HPLC method.ResultsIn the single‐dose study, rifampin decreased plasma praziquantel concentrations to undetectable levels in 7 of 10 subjects, whereas praziquantel concentrations were reduced by rifampin to undetectable levels in 5 of 10 subjects in the multiple‐dose study. In 3 subjects with measurable concentrations in the single‐dose study, rifampin significantly decreased the mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from 0 to 24 hours [AUC(0–24)] of praziquantel by 81% (P < .05) and 85% (P < .01), respectively, whereas rifampin significantly decreased the mean Cmax and AUC(0–24) of praziquantel by 74% (P < .05) and 80% (P < .01), respectively, in 5 subjects with measurable concentrations in the multiple‐dose study. The mean Cmax and AUC(0–24) of praziquantel in subjects whose praziquantel concentrations could not be detected in the single‐dose study (7 subjects) after rifampin pretreatment were reduced by approximately 99% (P < .001) and 94% (P < .001), respectively, and in the multiple‐dose study (5 subjects), they were reduced by 98% (P < .05) and 89% (P < .01), respectively.ConclusionsRifampin greatly decreased plasma concentrations of single and multiple oral doses of praziquantel to levels lower than that of the minimum therapeutic concentration. Because praziquantel and rifampin are widely used in the treatment of liver flukes (Opisthorchis viverrini) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively, in Thailand and in some other countries in southeast Asia, the possibility of one drug influencing the pharmacokinetics of the other must be considered. Therefore simultaneous use of rifampin and praziquantel must be avoided in medical practice to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 505–513; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.129319
Pharmacokinetics of C1‐inhibitor protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Diris Jart H. C. , Hermens Wim Th. , Hemker Pieter W. , Lagrand Wim K. , Hack C. Erik , van Dieijen‐Visser Marja P. 
Published: January 2003

ObjectivesC1‐inhibitor protein (C1‐INH) purified from pooled human plasma is used for the treatment of patients with hereditary angioedema. Recently, the beneficial effects of high‐dose C1‐INH treatment on myocardial ischemia or reperfusion injury have been reported in various animal models and in humans. We investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of C1‐INH in patients with acute myocardial infarction to calculate the amount of C1‐INH required for optimal efficacy.MethodsTwenty‐two patients received an intravenous loading dose, followed by 48 hours of continuous infusion of C1‐INH. Changes in the endogenous production of C1‐INH were evaluated in 16 control patients with acute myocardial infarction. A 2‐compartment model was used to estimate the fractional catabolic rate constant (FCR), transcapillary escape rate constant (TER), and extravascular return rate constant (ERR) of C1‐INH. Software designed to analyze and fit measured data to unknown parameters in a system of differential equations was used to fit the experimental data against the 3‐parameter model.ResultsWith fixed TER and ERR values (0.014 h−1 and 0.018 h−1, respectively), 20 of the 22 cases yielded well‐determined FCR values, and simultaneous fitting resulted in a median FCR of 0.011 h−1 (95% confidence interval, 0.010 to 0.012 h−1) versus 0.025 h−1 as reported in healthy control patients. Simultaneous estimation of TER, ERR, and FCR demonstrated weakly defined TER and ERR values, whereas the median FCR value remained unchanged. The use of a 2‐compartment model resulted in a significantly better fit compared with the 1‐compartment model. Physiologic explanations are offered for discrepancies in the literature.ConclusionsDose calculation of C1‐INH in patients treated with massive doses of C1‐INH requires turnover parameters that differ from those found in healthy subjects, possibly because of suppression of continuous C1‐INH consumption by target proteases.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 498–504; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.129320
Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to
Chlamydia
Outer Membrane Protein 2 in Chlamydial Infection
Authors: Portig I. , Goodall J. C. , Bailey R. L. , Gaston J. S. H. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

Detection of antibodies to an outer membrane protein 2 (OMP2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by using either the
Chlamydia trachomatis
- or the
Chlamydia pneumoniae
-specific protein was investigated. OMP2 is an immunodominant antigen giving rise to antibody responses in humans infected with different
C. trachomatis
serovars (A to C and D to K) or with
C. pneumoniae
, which could be detected by OMP2 ELISA. OMP2 ELISA is not species specific, but antibody titers were usually higher on the homologous protein. The sensitivity of this assay was high but varied according to the “gold standard” applied. Levels of antibody to
C. pneumoniae
OMP2 as detected by ELISA seem to return to background or near-background values within a shorter period of time compared to antibodies to
C. pneumoniae
detected by microimmunofluorescence (MIF), making it more likely that positive results in ELISA reflect recent infection. Thus, OMP2 ELISA has distinct advantages over MIF and commercially available ELISAs and might be a useful tool for the serodiagnosis of chlamydial infection.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Antibodies to Neutralizing Epitopes on Virus-Like Particles for Human Papillomavirus Types 6, 11, 16, and 18 by a Multiplexed Luminex Assay
Authors: Opalka David , Lachman Charles E. , MacMullen Stefani A. , Jansen Kathrin U. , Smith Judith F. , Chirmule Narendra , Esser Mark T. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT
Several different methods have been developed to quantitate neutralizing antibody responses to human papillomaviruses (HPVs), including in vivo neutralization assays, in vitro pseudoneutralization assays, competitive radioimmunoassays (cRIAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. However, each of these techniques possesses one or more limitations that preclude testing large numbers of patient sera for use in natural history studies and large vaccine clinical trials. We describe here a new multiplexed assay, by using the Luminex Laboratory MultiAnalyte Profiling (LabMAP3) assay system, that can simultaneously quantitate neutralizing antibodies to human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in 50 μl of serum. The HPV-Luminex competitive immunoassay measures titers of polyclonal antibodies in serum capable of displacing phycoerythrin-labeled detection monoclonal antibodies binding to conformationally sensitive, neutralizing epitopes on the respective virus-like particles. This competitive Luminex immunoassay was found to be as sensitive, accurate, and precise as the currently used cRIAs. An effective HPV vaccine will most likely require several distinct genotypes to protect against multiple cancer causing papillomaviruses. The HPV-Luminex immunoassay should prove to be a useful tool in simultaneously quantitating antibody immune responses to multiple HPV genotypes for natural history infection studies and for monitoring the efficacy of prospective vaccines.
Decreased Epithelial Cytokine Responses in the Duodenal Mucosa ofHelicobacter pylori-Infected Duodenal Ulcer Patients
Authors: Strömberg E. , Edebo A. , Svennerholm A.-M. , Lindholm C. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTHelicobacter pyloricolonizes the human stomach and areas of gastric metaplasia in the duodenum, but only a minority of those that are infected develop symptoms, e.g., peptic ulcers. Although most ulcers occur in the duodenum, almost all studies of mucosal immune responses against the infection have been limited to responses in the stomach. In the present study we evaluated whether there are differences in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines as well as immunoregulatory cytokines in the duodenal mucosa of duodenal ulcer (DU) patients and asymptomatic (AS) carriers which may be related to the development of duodenal ulcers. Duodenal biopsy specimens collected from normal mucosa as well as metaplastic mucosa of DU patients, AS carriers, and uninfected controls were analyzed for a number of cytokines by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, the level of epithelial staining for several cytokines, e.g., interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), was found to be significantly lower in DU patients than in AS carriers and uninfected individuals. No differences were observed when cytokine staining in normal and metaplastic biopsy specimens was compared. However, larger numbers of IL-8-, IL-6-, TGF-β-, and IFN-γ-positive mononuclear cells were observed in the duodenal lamina propria of both DU patients and AS carriers than in that of the uninfected controls. Our finding that a number of cytokines that may be important for the mucosal host defense againstH. pyloriare strongly decreased in the duodenal epithelium of ulcer patients suggests that a down-regulated immune response plays a role in the development of duodenal ulcers.
Elevated Fecal
Candida
Counts in Patients with Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: Role of Soluble Fecal Substances
Authors: Krause Robert , Krejs Günter J. , Wenisch Christoph , Reisinger Emil C. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

To assess the role of soluble fecal substances in the elevation of fecal
Candida
counts in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), we investigated the growth of
Candida albicans
in vitro in serially diluted stool fluids from patients with AAD and healthy subjects. There were significantly higher
Candida albicans
counts in stool fluids diluted 1:10 from AAD patients than in healthy subjects and the phosphate-buffered saline growth control, which may be due to reduced soluble
Candida
inhibitors and increased availability of growth factors and nutrients.
Assessment of Safety ofLactobacillusStrains Based on Resistance to Host Innate Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Asahara Takashi , Takahashi Masatoshi , Nomoto Koji , Takayama Hiroo , Onoue Masaharu , Morotomi Masami , Tanaka Ryuichiro , Yokokura Teruo , Yamashita Naoya 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTSevenLactobacillusstrains belonging to four species were evaluated for pathogenicity as well as for in vitro sensitivity to the bactericidal mechanisms of macrophages in a rabbit infective endocarditis (IE) model. Two bacteremia-associated strains,L. rhamnosusPHLS A103/70 andL. caseiPHLS A357/84, as well as theL. rhamnosustype strain and the probioticL. rhamnosusstrain ATCC 53103, showed moderate infectivity, and the virulence of the probioticL. caseistrain Shirota and type strains such asL. acidophilusATCC 4356TandL. gasseriDSM 20243Tin the model was negligible. The strains that showed pathogenic potential in the rabbit IE model (PHLS A357/84, PHLS A103/70, and ATCC 53103) were more resistant than strain Shirota to intracellular killing activity by mouse macrophages in vitro and also to bactericidal nitrogen intermediates, such as nitric oxide and NO2−ions. These results suggest that resistance to host innate defense systems, which would function at inflammatory lesions, should be considered in the safety assessment ofLactobacillusstrains.
Performance Characteristics of an In-House Assay System Used To Detect West Nile Virus (WNV)-Specific Immunoglobulin M during the 2001 WNV Season in the United States
Authors: Prince Harry E. , Hogrefe Wayne R. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTDuring the 2001 U. S. West Nile virus (WNV) season, 163 specimens were reactive in an in-house WNV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were referred to either the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the appropriate state public health laboratory (CDC/SPHL) for additional testing. CDC/SPHL supplied results for 124 specimens that could be further evaluated in-house: 70 specimens were nonreactive in the CDC/SPHL WNV-specific IgM screening assay, and 54 specimens were reactive. These specimens were used to evaluate a modified in-house WNV-specific IgM ELISA that incorporated background subtraction to identify nonspecific reactivity and thus improve assay specificity. Of the 70 CDC/SPHL nonreactive samples, 49 (70%) were nonreactive in the modified ELISA; of the 54 CDC/SPHL reactive samples, 51 (94%) were reactive in the modified ELISA. Confirmatory studies performed by CDC/SPHL indicated that 38 CDC/SPHL screen-reactive specimens represented true WNV infection; all 38 specimens were reactive in the modified in-house WNV-specific IgM ELISA. These findings demonstrate that an in-house ELISA system for WNV-specific IgM effectively identifies patients with WNV infection.
Experimental Mucosal Infection with Molecularly Cloned Feline Immunodeficiency Viruses
Authors: Kohmoto Mariko , Ikeda Yasuhiro , Sato Eiji , Nishimura Yorihiro , Inoshima Yasuo , Shimojima Masayuki , Tohya Yukinobu , Mikami Takeshi , Miyazawa Takayuki 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

Four of six specific pathogen-free cats were infected after intravaginal exposure to molecularly cloned lymphotropic but non-Crandell feline kidney (CRFK)-tropic feline immunodeficiency virus strain TM2 and its AP-1 deletion mutant. The sequences of the
env
V3-to-V5 region which defines the CRFK tropism were unchanged in the infected cats through the infection. These data suggest that the strain was transmitted across the mucosal epithelium without a broadening of cell tropism.
Chemokine Receptor 5 Expression in Gastric Mucosa ofHelicobacter pylori-Infected and Noninfected Children
Authors: Krauss-Etschmann S. , Sammler E. , Koletzko S. , Konstantopoulos N. , Aust D. , Gebert B. , Luckow B. , Reinhardt D. , Schendel D. J. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTExperimental data from human adults or animal models indicate that theHelicobacter pylori-specific immune response is dominated by inflammatory T cells of the Th1 type. To investigate whether a Th1 immune response is established in earlyH.pyloriinfection, gastric biopsy samples from 70 children were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. To this end, T cells, B cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)-expressing (CCR5+) cells, which are associated with Th1 immune responses, were quantified. Children were classified according toH.pyloristatus and clinical, laboratory, and macroscopic (during endoscopy) findings, without knowledge of histological findings. Group 1 included 31H.pylori-infected children, group 2 contained 24 children with other conditions possibly affecting the stomach, and group 3 contained 15 children without verifiable pathological findings in the stomach. Lymphoid follicles were present in 90% of biopsy samples from group 1 and 48% of those from group 2 but absent in group 3 biopsy samples. Intraepithelial T cells and CCR5+cells were regularly detected in all groups without significant differences. B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils were not found. In contrast, the numbers of lamina propria T cells (P< 0.003) and CCR5+cells (P< 0.001) were increased significantly inH.pylori-infected children. B cells (in 13 of 66 children) were detected in children with active (n= 11) or previously cleared (n= 2)H.pyloriinfections but were absent in healthy children. The numbers of monocytes (in 10 of 67 children) did not differ among the groups. Calculations indicated that the majority of gastric T cells express CCR5; this finding is in contrast to the low percentage of CCR5+T cells in the peripheral circulation. Thus, an increase in the numbers of CCR5+cells inH.pylori-infected stomach mucosa suggests that this molecule may play an important role in gastric immune responses.
Enhanced Immunological Memory Responses toListeria monocytogenesin Rodents, as Measured by Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), Adoptive Transfer of DTH, and Protective Immunity, followingLactobacillus caseiShirota Ingestion
Authors: de Waard R. , Claassen E. , Bokken G. C. A. M. , Buiting B. , Garssen J. , Vos J. G. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the effect of orally administeredLactobacillus caseiShirota (L. casei) on immunological memory, as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and acquired cellular resistance (ACR). The studies were performed in animal models in which the animals were rendered immune by a primaryListeria monocytogenesinfection. It was shown that orally administered viableL. casei, and not heat-killedL. casei, enhanced significantly the antigen-specific DTH at 24 and 48 h in Wistar rats, Brown Norway rats, and BALB/c mice in a time- and dose-dependent fashion.L. caseihad to be administered at least 3 days prior to the DTH assay at a daily dose of 109CFU in order to induce significant effects. Long-term administration of 109CFU of viableL. caseiresulted in enhanced ACR, as demonstrated by reducedL. monocytogenescounts in the spleen and liver and diminished serum alanine aminotransferase activity after reinfection. Enhancement of cell-mediated immunological immune responses byL. caseiwas further established in an adoptive transfer study. Naïve recipient BALB/c mice, which were infused with nonadherent, immunized spleen cells fromL. casei-fed donor BALB/c mice, showed significantly enhanced DTH responses at 24 and 48 h compared to recipient mice which received spleen cells from control donor mice. In conclusion, orally administeredL. caseienhanced cell-mediated immunological memory responses. The effects relied on lactobacillus dose and viability as well as timing of supplementation and, further, appeared to be independent of host species or genetic background.
Specificity and Diversity of Antibodies toMycobacterium tuberculosisArabinomannan
Authors: Navoa Josephine Anne D. , Laal Suman , Pirofski Liise-Anne , McLean Gary R. , Dai Zhongdong , Robbins John B. , Schneerson Rachel , Casadevall Arturo , Glatman-Freedman Aharona 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTArabinomannan (AM) is a polysaccharide antigen of the mycobacterial capsule. However, it is uncertain whether AM constitutes an immunologically distinct fraction ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we analyzed the repertoire and specificity of antibodies to AM by using AM-binding murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and human serum samples. Murine MAbs were found to be diverse in their specificity to AM and cross-reactivity with other arabinose-containing mycobacterial polysaccharides, with MAb 9d8 binding exclusively to AM. Human antibodies to AM were detected in serum samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), as well as in those from healthy, purified protein derivative-negative controls, with significantly higher titers among patients. The binding of human antibodies to AM was inhibited by MAb 9d8 in three patients with TB but not in controls. MAb 5c11, which recognizes other mycobacterial arabinose-containing carbohydrates in addition to AM, inhibited the binding of serum samples from 75% of patients and 76% of controls. Analysis of human antibodies with murine MAbs to human VHdeterminants demonstrated diversity among antibodies to AM with qualitative and quantitative differences compared with antibodies to lipoarabinomannan. In summary, our study suggests that antibodies to AM are diverse and heterogeneous with respect to antigen recognition and VHdeterminant expression, with human serum samples containing different subsets of antibodies to AM with the specificities of AM-binding murine MAbs. One MAb and a subset of human antibodies bind AM specifically, suggesting that this polysaccharide is antigenically distinct and is expressed in human infection.
Western Immunoblotting for
Bartonella
Endocarditis
Authors: Houpikian Pierre , Raoult Didier 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

To differentiate infectious endocarditis (IE) from other
Bartonella
infections and to identify infecting
Bartonella
bacteria at the species level on a serological basis, we used Western immunoblotting to test sera from 51 patients with
Bartonella
IE (of which 27 had previously benefited from species identification by molecular techniques), 11 patients with chronic
Bartonella quintana
bacteremia, and 10 patients with cat scratch disease. Patients with IE were Western blot positive in 49 of 51 cases, and significant cross-reactivity with three heterologous
Bartonella
antigens was found in 45 of 49 cases. Sera from bacteremic patients did not react with more than one heterologous antigen, and sera from patients with cat scratch disease gave negative results. Sera reacted only with
B. henselae
in four cases of IE, including one with a positive PCR result for valve tissue. Western blot and cross-adsorption performed on serum samples from patients with IE (the identity of the causative species having been determined by PCR) were demonstrated to identify efficiently the causative species in all cases. When applied to patients diagnosed on the basis of serological tests only, this technique allowed identification of the causative species in 20 of 22 cases. The results were in accordance with epidemiological features. Six reactive bands of
B. quintana
(of molecular sizes from 10 to 83 kDa) demonstrated significant association with sera from patients with
B. quintana
endocarditis. Overall, Western blotting and cross-adsorption made it possible to identify the causative species in 49 of 51 (96%) IE cases.
LOCALLY CONVEX SPACES OF VECTOR-VALUED DISTRIBUTIONS WITH MULTIPLICATIVE STRUCTURES
Authors: KHRENNIKOV A. YU. , SHELKOVICH V. M. , SMOLYANOV O. G. 
Published: January 2003

We construct an infinite-dimensional linear space [Formula: see text] of vector-valued distributions (generalized functions), or sequences, f*(x)=(fn(x)) finite from the left (i.e. fn(x)=0 for n<n0(f*)) whose components fn(x) belong to the linear span [Formula: see text] generated by the distributions δ(m-1)(x-ck), P((x-ck)-m), xm-1, where m=1, 2, …, ck ∈ ℝ, k = 1, …, s. The space of distributions [Formula: see text] can be realized as a subspace in [Formula: see text] This linear space [Formula: see text] has the structure of an associative and commutative algebra containing a unity element and free of zero divizors. The Schwartz counterexample does not hold in the algebra [Formula: see text]. Unlike the Colombeau algebra, whose elements have no explicit functional interpretation, elements of the algebra [Formula: see text] are infinite-dimensional Schwartz vector-valued distributions. This construction can be considered as a next step and a "model" on the way of constructing a nonlinear theory of distributions similar to that developed by L. Schwartz. The obtained results can be considerably generalized.