bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein targets of 1,4‐benzoquinone and 1,4‐naphthoquinone in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Lamé Michael W. , Jones A. Daniel , Wilson Dennis W. , Segall Hank J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMany aspects of the toxicity of xenobiotic compounds have been attributed to the consequences of covalent modification of specific proteins, but the nature and specificity of protein targets for classes of electrophilic toxins remain largely uncharacterized. For inhaled toxicants, the point of exposure or absorption lies with epithelial cells lining the pulmonary tree. In this study, abundant proteins in human bronchial epithelial cells that are arylated in vitro by two quinonoid compounds, 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ) and 1,4‐naphthoquinone (NQ) have been detected using 14C‐labeled quinones and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. These proteins were identified using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for tryptic mass mapping followed by sequence database searching. Corroborative identification of protein targets was obtained from the apparent isoelectric points, molecular weights, and the use of antibody probes. There were subtle differences in the protein targets of BQ and NQ, but both associated with the following abundant proteins, nucleophosmin, galectin‐1, probable protein disulfide isomerase, protein disulfide isomerase, 60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial stress‐70 protein, epithelial cell marker protein, and S100‐type calcium binding protein A14. We further delineate the properties of these proteins that make them preferred targets and the evidence these adducts present for delivery of these quinones to subcellular compartments.
A cost effective small hospital in Bangladesh: what it can mean for emergency obstetric care
Authors: McCord C. , Chowdhury Q. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMortality has improved dramatically in most of South Asia as a consequence of modest economic improvement, better nutrition and a combination of health education, immunization, family planning and home treatment of certain common diseases, especially diarrhea and respiratory infections. However, death rates are still much higher than in parts of the world with fully developed health services and residual mortality is largely due to conditions which require very basic hospital services such as surgery for complications of pregnancy, infections and trauma, transfusion, intravenous fluids, oxygen and intensive antibiotics. All of these can be made available in very simple and unsophisticated hospital facilities. It has generally been assumed that the cost of such facilities would be high, and cost effectiveness much less than that of preventive, educational and home care programs. In 1995, our 50 bed hospital in rural Bangladesh had a cost per patient‐day of 525 Bangladesh Takas (US$13.15) and a cost per capita for the population served of 25 Takas (US$0.62) per year. Every month 180 patients were admitted, one‐third with clearly life‐threatening or disabling conditions which could be successfully treated in such a facility. We adapted the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) method of cost effectiveness analysis to calculate the DALYs (years of disability‐free life) preserved for individual patients during a 3‐month period, using what we considered to be very conservative estimates of the threat to life and the efficacy of treatment. The total cost of all hospital activities over the 3 months was divided by the sum of the DALYS for those patients who were successfully treated for clearly life threatening or disabling conditions, to give a cost per DALY of 437 Takas (US$10.93). This compares favorably with estimates by others of a cost per DALY of US$30 for measles immunization, $20 for acute lower respiratory infection detection and home treatment, or $2 for tetanus immunization of pregnant women. Sixty‐two percent of the DALYS saved came from emergency obstetric care (EmOC) related activities. We conclude that cost effective basic hospital service can be added to immunization, family planning and other basic health services now available in countries like Bangladesh with a very low increase in total cost and that the benefits which would accrue, particularly for maternal and perinatal mortality, would be great.
Relaxation of convex functionals: the gap problem
Authors: Acerbi E. , Bouchitté G. , Fonseca I. 
Published: April 2003

It is shown that the relaxed energy

\mathcal{F}\left(u,A\right): =
\inf \Big\{
\lim\!\! \inf_{n\rightarrow + \infty }\!\int \limits_{A}\! f(x,\nabla u_{n})dx:\{u_{n}\} \subset W_{\text{loc}}^{1,\beta }(A;\mathbb{R}^{d}),\, u_{n}\!\rightarrow\! u \text{ in }L^{1}(A;\mathbb{R}^{d})
\Big\},

admits the representation

\mathcal{F}\left(u,A\right) = \int \limits_{A}f\left(x,\nabla u\right)dx + \mu _{s}\left(u,A\right),

where

f

is a convex, Carathéodory integrand satisfying a nonstandard “

α–β

” growth hypothesis,

β\in [α,Nα/(N-1))

. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing that

μ_s(u,·)=0

are discussed. An example asserting that this representation may fail in the quasiconvex case is provided.

Résumé
Nous montrons que l’énergie relaxée

\mathcal{F}\left(u,A\right): =
\inf \Big\{
\lim\!\! \inf_{n\rightarrow + \infty }\!\int \limits_{A}\! f(x,\nabla u_{n})dx:\{u_{n}\} \subset W_{\text{loc}}^{1,\beta }(A;\mathbb{R}^{d}),\, u_{n}\!\rightarrow\! u \text{ in }L^{1}(A;\mathbb{R}^{d})
\Big\},

admet la représentation intégrale

\mathcal{F}\left(u,A\right) = \int \limits_{A}f\left(x,\nabla u\right)dx + \mu _{s}\left(u,A\right),

lorsque

f

est un intégrande convexe de Carathéodory vérifiant une condition de croissance non standard de type “

α–β

” avec

β\in [α,Nα/(N−1))

. Des conditions suffisantes assurant que

μ_s(u,·)=0

sont proposées ainsi qu’un exemple montrant que la représentation obtenue ne s’applique pas au cas quasiconvexe.
Uniqueness of the polar factorisation and projection of a vector-valued mapping
Authors: Burton G.R. , Douglas R.J. 
Published: April 2003

This paper proves some results concerning the polar factorisation of an integrable vector-valued function

u

into the composition

u=u^{\#}∘s

, where

u^{\#}

is equal almost everywhere to the gradient of a convex function, and

s

is a measure-preserving mapping. It is shown that the factorisation is unique (i.e., the measure-preserving mapping

s

is unique) precisely when

u^{\#}

is almost injective. Not every integrable function has a polar factorisation; we introduce a class of counterexamples. It is further shown that if

u

is square integrable, then measure-preserving mappings

s

which satisfy

u=u^{\#}∘s

are exactly those, if any, which are closest to

u

in the

L^2

-norm.

Résumé

Cet article prouve des résultats au sujet de la factorisation polaire d’une application à valeurs vectorielles sommable

u

en une composition

u=u^{\#}∘s

, où

u^{\#}

est égal presque partout à la dérivée d’une application convexe et

s

est une application conservant la mesure. On démontre que la factorisation est unique (c’est à dire l’application conservant la mesure

s

est unique), si et seulement si

u^{\#}

est presque injectif. Les applications sommables ne possèdent pas toujours les factorisations polaires ; on introduit des contre-examples. On prouve aussi que si

u

est de carré sommable, alors les applications conservant la mesure qui satisfont

u=u^{\#}∘s

sont précisement celles qui sont les plus près de

u

en

L^2

-norme.
Multimodal embodied agents
Authors: PELACHAUD CATHERINE , POGGI ISABELLA 
Published: April 2003

1 Believable interactive embodied agentsAmong the goals of research on autonomous agents one important aim is to build believable interactive embodied agents that are apt to application to friendly interfaces in e-commerce, tourist and service query systems, entertainment (e.g. synthetic actors) and education (pedagogical agents, agents for help and instruction to the hearing impaired).
Rapid Method for Measuring ScFv Thermal Stability by Yeast Surface Display
Authors: Orr Brent A. , Carr Lori M. , Wittrup K. Dane , Roy Edward J. , Kranz David M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe have characterized a simplified method to determine the relative thermal stability of single‐chain antibodies by following the irreversible denaturation of scFv fusions on the surface of yeast by flow cytometry. The method was highly reproducible and correlated well with other methods used to monitor thermal denaturation of the soluble proteins. We found a range of thermal stabilities for wild‐type single‐chain antibodies with half‐maximum denaturation temperatures between 43 and 61 °C. The ability to quantitate thermal stability of antibodies or other proteins that are immobilized on the surface of yeast allows rapid comparisons of primary structural information with stability. Thermal denaturation could be a useful parameter to consider in the choice of scFv fragments for various applications.
Protein Separations Using Colloidal Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Bucak Seyda , Jones Deverraux A. , Laibinis Paul E. , Hatton T. Alan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPhospholipid‐coated colloidal magnetic nanoparticles with mean magnetite core size of 8 nm are shown to be effective ion exchange media for the recovery and separation of proteins from protein mixtures. These particles have high adsorptive capacities (up to 1200 mg protein/mL adsorbent, an order of magnitude larger than the best commercially available adsorbents) and exhibit none of the diffusional resistances offered by conventional porous ion exchange media. Protein‐laden particles are readily recovered from the feed solution using high‐gradient magnetic filtration.
Recovery of Acinetobacter radioresistens Lipase by Hydrophobic Adsorption to n‐Hexadecane Coated on Nonwoven Fabric
Authors: Wang Hui‐Min , Wu Jau‐Yann , Chen Chuh‐Yung , Chen Teh‐Liang 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA simple and clean adsorption/desorption process was proposed for recovering Acinetobacter radio resisten s lipase from fermentation broth. The adsorbent used was n‐hexadecane coated on a hydrophobic nonwoven fabric (NWF). n‐Hexadecane has a melting point of 16–18 °C, and its affinity for lipase decreases markedly from liquid to solid state. Accordingly, performing the adsorption and desorption above and below, respectively, the melting point would need no extraneous materials for separation. The adsorption isotherms at various temperatures were found to follow the Langmuir model. Simulation of the batch adsorption/desorption process showed that there exists an optimal amount of adsorbent for both concentration factor and enzyme recovery; the process is restrained by equilibrium. The performance of column adsorption/desorption could also be simulated using the adsorption isotherm, and it was shown that the concentration factor was proportional to the amount of adsorbent used. The benefits of this process include easy preparation of adsorbent, low operational cost, no extraneous materials needed, negligible enzyme denaturation, high efficiency, and simple process simulation.
Improved Catalytic Performance of Bacillusmegaterium Epoxide Hydrolase in a Medium Containing Tween‐80
Authors: Gong Peng‐Fei , Xu Jian‐He , Tang Yan‐Fa , Wu Hui‐Yuan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA new epoxide hydrolase with high enantioselectivity toward ( R)‐glycidyl phenyl ether ( R‐GPE) was partially purified from Bacillus megaterium strain ECU1001. The maximum activity of the isolated enzyme was observed at 30 °C and pH 6.5 in a buffer system with 5% (v/v) of DMSO as a cosolvent. The enzyme was quite stable at pH 7.5 and retained full activity after incubation at 40 °C for 6 h. Interestingly, when the cosolvent DMSO was replaced by an emulsifier (Tween‐80, 0.5% w/v) as an alternative additive to help disperse the water‐insoluble substrate, the apparent activity of the epoxide hydrolase significantly increased by about 1.8‐fold, while the temperature optimum shifted from 30 to 40 °C and the half‐life of the enzyme at 50 °C increased by 2.5 times. The enzymatic hydrolysis of rac‐GPE was highly enantioselective, with an E‐value (enantiomeric ratio) of 69.3 in the Tween‐80 emulsion system, which is obviously higher than that (41.2) observed in the DMSO‐containing system.
CO2 and Fluorinated Solvent‐Based Technologies for Protein Microparticle Precipitation from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sarkari Marazban , Darrat Inaas , Knutson Barbara L. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPrecipitation with a compressed or supercritical fluid antisolvent (PCA) has been used to produce microparticles of biologically active proteins, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. However, the application of PCA to a wider range of proteins is limited by the low mutual solubility of water (necessary to dissolve most proteins) and CO2 (traditionally used as the compressed antisolvent). This investigation extends PCA to proteins in aqueous solutions by utilizing ethanol as a cosolvent to enhance the antisolvent properties of CO2 toward aqueous systems. α‐Chymotrypsin, a model protein, was precipitated from both compressed CO2 and a liquid fluorinated antisolvent, a hydrofluoroether (HFE). The equilibrium phase behavior of the antisolvent/ethanol/water systems was examined to identify a one‐phase region suitable for protein precipitation. Spherical protein microparticles with a primary particle size of approximately 0.2–0.6 μm were recovered using both the compressed CO2 and fluorinated antisolvents. Although the proteins retained significant activity using both antisolvent systems, the HFE‐precipitated chymotrypsin retained higher activity than the CO2‐precipitated protein.
Gene Array‐Based Identification of Changes That Contribute to Ethanol Tolerance in Ethanologenic Escherichia coli: Comparison of KO11 (Parent) to LY01 (Resistant Mutant)
Authors: Gonzalez Ramon , Tao Han , Purvis J. E. , York S. W. , Shanmugam K. T. , Ingram L. O. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEscherichia coli KO11 (parent) and LY01 (mutant) have been engineered for the production of ethanol. Gene arrays were used to identify expression changes that occurred in the mutant, LY01, during directed evolution to improve ethanol tolerance (defined as extent of growth in the presence of added ethanol). Expression levels for 205 (5%) of the ORFs were found to differ significantly ( p < 0.10) between KO11 and LY01 under each of six different growth conditions ( p < 0.000001). Statistical evaluation of differentially expressed genes according to various classification schemes identified physiological areas of importance. A large fraction of differentially expressed ORFs were globally regulated, leading to the discovery of a nonfunctional fnrgene in strain LY01. In agreement with a putative role for FNR in alcohol tolerance, increasing the copy number of fnr+ in KO11(pGS196) decreased ethanol tolerance but had no effect on growth in the absence of ethanol. Other differences in gene expression provided additional clues that permitted experimentation. Tolerance appears to involve increased metabolism of glycine (higher expression of gcv genes) and increased production of betaine (higher expression of betIBAand betT encoding betaine synthesis from choline and choline uptake, respectively). Addition of glycine (10 mM) increased ethanol tolerance in KO11 but had no effect in the absence of ethanol. Addition of betaine (10 mM) increased ethanol tolerance by over 2‐fold in both LY01 and KO11 but had no effect on growth in the absence of ethanol. Both glycine and betaine can serve as protective osmolytes, and this may be the basis of their beneficial action. In addition, the marAB genes encoding multiple antibiotic resistance proteins were expressed at higher levels in LY01 as compared to KO11. Interestingly, overexpression of marAB in KO11 made this strain more ethanol‐sensitive. Overexpression of marAB in LY01 had no effect on ethanol tolerance. Increased expression of genes encoding serine uptake ( sdaC) and serine deamination ( sdaB) also appear beneficial for LY01. Addition of serine increased the growth of LY01 in the presence and absence of ethanol but had no effect on KO11. Changes in the expression of several genes concerned with the synthesis of the cell envelope components were also noted, which may contribute to increased ethanol tolerance.
Broth Recycling To Reduce Process Noise Resulting from Concentrated Substrate Addition in Fed‐Batch Cultivation of Escherichiacoli
Authors: Johnston Wayne A. , Cooney Michael J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this work feed hardware for fed‐batch cultivation is presented (broth recycle feed injection system or BRFIS). BRFIS proved superior to conventional submerged or dripped feed systems in reducing dissolved oxygen (DO) oscillations during Escherichia coli fed‐batch cultivation (5 min coefficient of variation of 0.7% for BRFIS as compared to 26% or greater for conventional feeding hardware in a 2 L test reactor). Hence, BRFIS is useful for fed‐batch cultivation systems where the DO signal is used in measurement or control.
Purification and Properties of a NADPH‐Dependent Erythrose Reductase from the Newly Isolated Torulacorallina
Authors: Lee Jung‐Kul , Hong Kwang‐Won , Kim Sang‐Yong 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTorula corallina (KCCM‐10171) is a yeast strain that is currently used for the industrial production of erythritol and has the highest erythritol yield ever reported for an erythritol‐producing microorganism. Production of erythritol in T. corallina is catalyzed by erythrose reductase, an enzyme that converts erythrose to erythritol using NADPH as a cofactor. In this study, NADPH‐dependent erythrose reductase was purified to homogeneity from the newly isolated T. corallina. The relative molecular weight of the erythrose reductase as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography was 35.4 and 71.0 kDa, respectively, indicating that the enzyme is dimeric. This enzyme catalyzed both erythrose reduction and erythritol oxidation; both enzyme activities required NADP(H). The pH and temperature optima for erythrose reduction and erythritol oxidation were 6.0, 40 °C and 8.0, 45 °C, respectively. The sequence of the first 10 amino acids of this enzyme was N‐V‐K‐N‐F‐Y‐Q‐P‐N‐D. The affinity ( Km = 7.12 mM) of the enzyme for erythrose was comparable to that of other known erythrose reductases, and the specificity for erythrose was very high, resulting in no production of other polyols, which may explain the high erythritol yield observed in this strain.
Loofa Sponge as a Scaffold for the Culture of Human Hepatocyte Cell Line
Authors: Chen Jyh‐Ping , Yu Sheng‐Chun , Hsu Brend Ray‐Sea , Fu Shin‐Huei , Liu Hwai‐Shen 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLoofa sponge was investigated as a three‐dimensional scaffold for stationary and perfusion culture of human hepatoblastoma cell line C3A/HepG2. In stationary culture, C3A/HepG2 cells in loofa cubes showed higher α‐fetoprotein and albumin secretion rates than those in polyurethane foam (PU). To use loofa cylinders in a packed‐bed reactor, immobilization of C3A/HepG2 cells by recirculating medium at 26 mL/min (superficial velocity = 51.7 cm/min) resulted in a cell loading density of 5.15 × 107 cells/cm3‐loofa. This cell loading density is higher than values reported in the literature for packed‐bed reactor intended for bioartificial liver. During 9 days of perfusion culture in the reactor, immobilized C3A/HepG2 showed steady synthesis of albumin with an average synthesis rate at 42.2 μg/106 cells/day. These experimental results and observations by SEM suggested that loofa sponge is a suitable scaffold for high‐density culture of human hepatocyte cell line and the immobilized cells could express high levels of liver‐specific functions.
Application of Waste Activated Bleaching Earth Containing Rapeseed Oil on Riboflavin Production in the Culture of Ashbyagossypii
Authors: Ming H. , Pizarro Ana V. Lara , Park Enoch Y. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWaste activated bleaching earth (ABE) that contained 40% rapeseed oil and was discharged by an oil refinery plant, was used for riboflavin production in a culture of Ashbya gossypii. When 125 g/L waste ABE that contained 50 g/L rapeseed oil was added into the culture, the riboflavin concentration was 1.12 g/L, which was almost 1.6‐fold as high as that of pure rapeseed oil. However, in waste ABE concentration higher than 125 g/L, the produced riboflavin concentration decreased, which was due to the difficulty in mixing due to the presence of a high amount of solid material in the culture. The surface of the waste ABE was smooth without a hitch, because of being covered with rapeseed oil. However, after the culture, the surface of the waste ABE seemed like that of new one, and the oil content was nearly zero grams per liter. The waste ABE, oily clay, and its black color gradually fade and yellow little by little, and finally the waste ABE changed to yellow powder. Of the riboflavin produced during the culture, 70% was adsorbed in the oil free waste ABE. With diluted alkali solution, extraction only two times yielded 90% recovery of riboflavin adsorbed in the waste ABE. The waste ABE containing waste vegetable oil was suitable for raw material for production of the value‐added useful bioproducts, which might be a good model for reuse of the waste resource.
Histidine Tagged Protein Recovery from Tobacco Extract by Foam Fractionation
Authors: Crofcheck Czarena , Loiselle Melanie , Weekley James , Maiti Indu , Pattanaik Sitakanta , Bummer Paul M. , Jay Michael 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTobacco plants have the potential to be used for the production of proteins for pharmaceutical applications. This work describes a novel protein recovery strategy where the protein of interest is “tagged” with a histidine sequence, which forms a complex with cobalt ions and surfactant possessing a chelating functionality, such that the protein is recovered in the foamate of a foam fractionation step. His‐gus, a histidine‐tagged enzyme, was chosen as a model protein to study the feasibility of this strategy. The His‐gus is recovered from spiked prefoamed tobacco extract by foam fractionation in the presence of surfactant and cobalt ions with an enrichment of 1.29 and a recovery of 21.5% in terms of an adjusted activity.
A Prospective Comparison Study of Different Methods of Gathering Self‐Reported Family History Information for Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
Authors: Benjamin Caroline , Booth Katie , Ellis Ian 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCurrently there is much debate regarding the ability of mathematical models incorporating epidemiological information or mutation‐based risk algorithms to accurately predict a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Without access to accurate family history information these models have limited use. This study compares different methods of gathering family history information and the impact on subsequent risk assessment. These methods were compared to the “gold standard” interview with a trained genetics' professional. The amount and accuracy of information provided by primary care doctors' letters was found to be poor and better information was obtained by sending a postal questionnaire directly to the patient. Because of the high number of low‐risk women referred to clinic a questionnaire (the FCAT) was designed to provide reassurance and piloted as part of this study. This paper highlights the importance of using appropriate methods to gather the family history information. It presents evidence for the importance of a skilled assessor and the need to allow time for women to discuss the importance of this information with their family.