bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of phospholipase A2 and lipoxygenase in lipopolysaccharide‐induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in glial cells
Authors: Won Je‐Seong , Im Yeong‐Bin , Khan Mushfiquddin , Singh Avtar K. , Singh Inderjit 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe present study underlines the importance of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)‐ and lipoxygenase (LO)‐mediated signaling processes in the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. In glial cells, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the activities of PLA2 (calcium‐independent PLA2; iPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2; cPLA2) as well as gene expression of iNOS. The inhibition of cPLA2 by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphates (MAFP) or antisense oligomer against cPLA2 and inhibition of iPLA2 by bromoenol lactone reduced the LPS‐induced iNOS gene expression and NFκB activation. In addition, the inhibition of LO by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; general LO inhibitor) or MK886 (5‐LO inhibitor), but not baicalein (12‐LO inhibitor), completely abrogated the LPS‐induced iNOS expression. Because NDGA could abrogate the LPS‐induced activation of NFκB, while MK886 had no effect on it, LO‐mediated inhibition of iNOS gene induction by LPS may involve an NFκB‐dependent or ‐independent (by 5‐LO) pathway. In contrast to LO, however, the cyclooxygenase (COX) may not be involved in the regulation of LPS‐mediated induction of iNOS gene because COX inhibition by indomethacin (general COX inhibitor), SC560 (COX‐1 inhibitor), and NS398 (COX‐2 inhibitor) affected neither the LPS‐induced iNOS expression nor activation of NFκB. These results indicate a role for cPLA2 and iPLA2 in LPS‐mediated iNOS gene induction in glial cells and the involvement of LO in these reactions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation by the extracellular matrix (ECM) of prolactin‐induced αs1‐casein gene expression in rabbit primary mammary cells: Role of STAT5, C/EBP, and chromatin structure
Authors: Jolivet Geneviève , Pantano Thaïs , Houdebine Louis Marie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to understand how the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates at the gene level the prolactin (Prl)‐induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)‐dependent expression of the αs1‐casein gene in mammary epithelial cells. CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are assumed regulators of β‐casein gene expression. Rabbit primary mammary cells express αs1‐casein gene when cultured on collagen and not on plastic. Similar C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, STAT5, and Prl‐activated STAT5 were found under all culture conditions. Thus the ECM does not act through C/EBPs or STAT5. This was confirmed by transfections of rabbit primary mammary cells by a construct sensitive to ovine prolactin (oPrl) and ECM (6i TK luc) encompassing STAT5 and C/EBP binding sites. The mutation of C/EBPs binding sites showed that these sites were not mandatory for Prl‐induced expression of the construct. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation by the anti‐acetylhistone H4 antibody (ChIP) showed that the ECM (and not Prl) maintained a high amount of histone H4 acetylation upstream of the αs1‐casein gene especially at the level of a distal Prl‐ and ECM‐ sensitive enhancer. Alpha6 integrin (a membrane receptor of laminin, the principal active component of the mammary ECM) was found at the surface of cells cultured on collagen but not on plastic. In cells cultured on collagen in the presence of anti‐α6 integrin antibody, Prl‐induced transcription of the endogenous αs1‐casein gene was significantly reduced, without modifying C/EBPs and STAT5. Besides, histone H4 acetylation was reduced. Thus, we propose that the ECM regulates rabbit αs1‐casein protein expression by local modification of chromatin structure, independently of STAT5 and C/EBPs. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China. By PHILLIP ANDREWS-SPEED. [The Hague, London and New York: Kluwer Law International, 2004. vii+405 pp. €135.00; £94.50; $159.00. ISBN 90-411-2233-8.]
Authors: Downs Erica S. 
Published: March 2005

Phillip Andrews-Speed has written a timely book. China's rapid economic growth has generated an enormous appetite for energy. Over the past decade, China has become an increasingly important factor in global energy markets. China was responsible for about one third of the increase in daily world oil consumption in 2003, and China's demand for oil and coal has contributed to the recent higher prices for both of these commodities. Consequently, the decisions Beijing makes – and does not make – about energy will have an increasing impact not only on China but also on the rest of the world.Energy Policy and Regulation in the People's Republic of China surveys energy policy formulation, implementation and regulation in China. The book is primarily based on research previously published by the author, and reads more like a collection of parts than an organic whole. Nonetheless, two themes loosely bind the chapters together. First, China lacks a coherent energy policy. Secondly, China's powerful state-owned energy companies exert considerable influence over energy decision-making.Andrews-Speed argues that China's energy policy incoherence can be explained, in part, by the fragmented institutional structure of energy decision-making. China does not have a Ministry of Energy to oversee the formulation and implementation of policy. Currently, this responsibility nominally falls to the Energy Bureau within the National Development Reform Commission (NDRC). Yet, the Energy Bureau lacks both the manpower and the authority to play a major role in policy making. Both the Chinese and Western media indicate that the Energy Bureau's small staff of 30 is so overwhelmed with projects in need of approval that it has little time to devise and co-ordinate broader policy objectives. The Energy Bureau's ability to shape policy is also limited by the fact that it is only one of many actors involved in energy matters. Energy decisions, according to Andrews-Speed, are the result of bargaining and consensus-building among the stakeholders in any given initiative and do not reflect an overarching strategy for energy.
The Minor Arts of Daily Life: Popular Culture in Taiwan. Edited by DAVID K. JORDAN, ANDREW D. MORRIS, and MARC L. MOSKOWITZ. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004. vii+278 pp. ISBN 0-8248-2800-3.]
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: March 2005

From the early 1990s, the study of Taiwan has flourished into what is almost a field in its own right. Yet, despite this growth, Taiwan Studies remains an unstable and inchoate area of scholarship. Beyond key issues like democratization, national identity and the “miracle economy,” it has no dominant problematics, discursive structures or proscribed methodologies. And, unlike Chinese Studies, it is too small a field to be clearly demarcated into sub-fields.As a result, the study of Taiwan is unusually open to any and all possible topics for study. Indeed, the free play of the range of subjects in Taiwan studies is one aspect of the continuing establishment and consolidation of the meaning of “Taiwan” itself, and of a Taiwanese identity, over the last ten to 20 years.The Minor Arts of Daily Life: Popular culture in Taiwan is in the first instance an excellent contribution to this developing field, but it is also indicative of the challenges to producing legitimate academic knowledge of Taiwan.The book begins with a review of Taiwanese history, which, even now, is a necessary opening step to establish the discursive boundaries of a scholarly project on Taiwan. The introductory chapter presents what has become a received history of Taiwan, organizing it by ruling regimes over the last four centuries. This history was established most clearly in English by the work of Thomas Gold in the mid-1980s and here it is filled out with much detail and nuance.The body of the book is divided into four sections organized into generalizing categories: religion, the public sphere, economic life and popular entertainment. The methodologies include social history in Morris's chapter on baseball, anthropology in Katz's work on chicken-beheading rites, and media studies in Chu's chapter on talk-back television. Simon's work on gay and lesbian identity and Chin-ju Lin's chapter on Filipino domestic workers in Taiwan also add important critical dimensions.
Predicting microhabitat selection in juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar by the use of logistic regression and classification trees
Authors: TURGEON KATRINE , RODRÍGUEZ MARCO A. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. We compared the capacity of logistic regression (LR) and classification tree (CT) models to predict microhabitat use and the summer distribution of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in two reaches of a small stream in eastern Quebec.2. The models predicted the presence or absence of salmon at a location on the basis of habitat features (depth, current velocity, presence of instream and overhead cover, substratum particle size, and distance to stream bank) measured at that location. Models were validated by means of crossover field tests evaluating the performance of models developed for one reach (calibration trials) when applied to the other reach (validation trials). Model performance was evaluated with regard to accuracy, generality and ease of use and interpretation. Prediction maps based on habitat features were also built to compare the observed position of fish with those predicted by LR and CT models.3. The spatial distribution of active fish differed markedly from that of resting fish, apparently as a result of the selection for water greater than about 30 cm depth by active fish and for the presence of rocky cover by resting fish.4. All models made accurate predictions, validated by crossover trials. For both LR and CT models, the prediction maps reflected well the actual fish distributions. However, CT models were easier to build and interpret than LR models. CT models also had less variable performance and a smaller decline in predictive capability in crossover trials (for fish at rest), suggesting that they may be more transferable than LR models.
Ex vivo fracture resistance of direct resin composite complete crowns with and without posts on maxillary premolars
Authors: Fokkinga W. A. , Le Bell A.‐M. , Kreulen C. M. , Lassila L. V. J. , Vallittu P. K. , Creugers N. H. J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  To investigate ex vivo the fracture resistance and failure mode of direct resin composite complete crowns with and without various root canal posts made on maxillary premolars.Methodology  The clinical crowns of 40 human extracted single‐rooted maxillary premolars were sectioned at the cemento‐enamel junction. The canals were prepared with Gates Glidden drills up to size 4. Thirty samples were provided with standardized post spaces in the palatal canal and all roots were embedded in acrylic. Minimal standardized preparations in the canal entrances were made. Groups of 10 samples were treated with (i) prefabricated metal posts, (ii) prefabricated glass fibre posts, (iii) custom‐made glass fibre posts, and (iv) no posts (control). Posts were cemented with resin cement and resin composite complete crowns were made. All specimens were thermocycled (6000×, 5–55 °C). Static load until fracture was applied using a universal loading device (crosshead speed 5 mm min−1) at a loading angle of 30°. Failure modes were categorized as favourable and unfavourable failures.Results  No significant difference was observed between the mean failure loads (group 1: 1386 N, group 2: 1276 N, group 3: 1281 N, and group 4: 1717 N, P > 0.05), nor between frequencies of failure modes (P > 0.05). All failures were fractures of the resin composite crown in combination with tooth material (cohesive failures).Conclusions  Within the limits of this laboratory investigation it is concluded that severely damaged and root filled maxillary premolars, restored with direct resin composite complete crowns without posts have similar fracture resistances and failure modes compared to those with various posts, which suggest that posts are not necessarily required.
British Managers’ Attitudes and Behaviour in Industrial Relations: A Twenty‐Year Study
Authors: Poole Michael , Mansfield Roger , Gould‐Williams Julian , Mendes Priya 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA unique longitudinal study of Britain's managers conducted in 1980, 1990 and 2000 permits comparisons of managerial attitudes and behaviour in industrial relations over twenty years. We find clear evidence of the relationship between macro‐level political and economic movements of the period from 1980 up until the late 1990s on managerial attitudes, the impact of changes in power relations and the ‘lag effect’ of institutions. The most unexpected findings are the modest rise of managerial unionism in the 1990s and the limited evidence of the replacement of collective bargaining by either individual or group involvement or by employee financial participation.
Previous induced abortions and the risk of very preterm delivery: results of the EPIPAGE study
Authors: Moreau Caroline , Kaminski Monique , Ancel Pierre Yves , Bouyer Jean , Escande Benoît , Thiriez Gérard , Boulot Pierre , Fresson Jeanne , Arnaud Catherine , Subtil Damien , Marpeau Loic , Rozé Jean‐Christophe , Maillard Françoise , Larroque Béatrice ,   EPIPAGE Group,   Members of the EPIPAGE Group are listed on Appendix
Published: March 2005

Objectives  To evaluate the risk of very preterm birth (22–32 weeks of gestation) associated with previous induced abortion according to the complications leading to very preterm delivery in singletons.Design  Multicentre, case‐control study (the French EPIPAGE study).Setting  Regionally defined population of births in France.Sample  The sample consisted of 1943 very preterm live‐born singletons (<33 weeks of gestation), 276 moderate preterm live‐born singletons (33–34 weeks) and 618 unmatched full‐term controls (39–40 weeks).Methods  Data from the EPIPAGE study were analysed using polytomous logistic regression models to control for social and demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits during pregnancy and obstetric history. The main mechanisms of preterm delivery were classified as gestational hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, fetal growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, idiopathic preterm labor and other causes.Main outcome measures  Odds ratios for very preterm birth by gestational age and by pregnancy complications leading to preterm delivery associated with a history of induced abortion.Results  Women with a history of induced abortion were at higher risk of very preterm delivery than those with no such history (OR + 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0); the risk was even higher for extremely preterm deliveries (<28 weeks). The association between previous induced abortion and very preterm delivery varied according to the main complications leading to very preterm delivery. A history of induced abortion was associated with an increased risk of premature rupture of the membranes, antepartum haemorrhage (not in association with hypertension) and idiopathic spontaneous preterm labour that occur at very small gestational ages (<28 weeks). Conversely, no association was found between induced abortion and very preterm delivery due to hypertension.Conclusion  Previous induced abortion was associated with an increased risk of very preterm delivery. The strength of the association increased with decreasing gestational age.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: a case report
Authors: McKay Damian , Blake Geoffrey 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the commonest surgical procedures carried out in the world today. Occasionally patients present with undiagnosed situs inversus and acute cholecystitis. We discuss one such case and outline how the diagnosis was made and the pitfalls encountered during surgery and how they were overcome.

Case presentation
A 32 year old female presented to our department with epigastric pain radiating through to the back. A diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in a patient with situs inversus totalis was made following clinical examination and radiological investigation. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was subsequently performed and the patient made an uneventful recovery.

Conclusion
Situs inversus presenting with acute cholecystitis is very rare. The surgeon must appreciate that care should be taken to set up the operating theatre in the mirror image of the normal set-up for cholecystectomy, and that right handed surgeons must modify their technique to adapt to the mirror image anatomy.
Attitudes of Patients With Incurable Cancer Toward Medical Treatment in the Last Phase of Life
Authors: Voogt Elsbeth , van der Heide Agnes , Rietjens Judith A.C. , van Leeuwen Anna F. , Visser Adriaan P. , van der Rijt Carin C.D. , van der Maas Paul J. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose When cancer has advanced to a stage in which cure becomes unlikely, patients may have to consider the aim of further treatment. We studied the relationship of patients' attitudes toward treatment with advance care planning and the development of these attitudes after diagnosis of incurable cancer. Patients and Methods Patients with incurable cancer were interviewed and asked to fill out a written questionnaire about their attitudes concerning life-prolonging treatment and end-of-life decision making. These questions were repeated after 6 and 12 months. Results One hundred twenty-two patients (mean age, 64 years; standard deviation, 10.5 years; 53% women) participated in the study. Patients' attitudes toward treatment could be categorized into the following three different profiles: striving for quality of life, striving for length of life, and no clear preference. Patients who were older, more tired, or had less positive feelings and patients who had more often taken initiatives to engage in advance care planning were more inclined to strive for quality of life than others. Patients with a history of cancer of less than 6 months were more inclined to prefer life prolongation than patients with a longer history of cancer. During follow-up, no changes in attitudes toward treatment were found, except for patients with a short history of cancer in whom the inclination to strive for length decreased. Conclusion Patients who appreciate advance care planning were more inclined to strive for quality of life than other patients. Shortly after the diagnosis of cancer, patients typically seem to prefer life-prolonging treatment, whereas quality of life becomes more important when death is nearing.
Trabectedin for Women With Ovarian Carcinoma After Treatment With Platinum and Taxanes Fails
Authors: Sessa Cristiana , De Braud Filippo , Perotti Antonella , Bauer Jean , Curigliano Giuseppe , Noberasco Cristina , Zanaboni Flavia , Gianni Luca , Marsoni Silvia , Jimeno José , D'Incalci Maurizio , Dall’ó Elisa , Colombo Nicoletta 
Published: March 2005

Purpose To assess the efficacy and toxicity of the marine-derived alkaloid trabectedin (ET-743) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer refractory to or experiencing disease relapse after platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy. Patients and Methods Fifty-nine patients from four institutions either resistant (n = 30) or sensitive (n = 29) to prior platinum and taxanes were treated with a 3-hour infusion of trabectedin every 3 weeks. Patients were monitored weekly for toxicity and restaged every two cycles for response. Response was assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Group. Results The peer-reviewed objective response rate in platinum-sensitive patients was 43% (95% CI, 23% to 65%) with an estimated median time to progression of 7.9 months (95% CI, 7.5 to 14.1 months); in platinum-resistant patients two partial responses were observed. Responses were durable for up to 12.9 months (median, 5 months). The predominant toxicities at the recommended dose of 1,300 μg/m2 were neutropenia, asthenia, and self-limited increase of aminotransferases never requiring treatment interruption. Conclusion Trabectedin administered as a 3-hour infusion at 1,300 μg/m2 is a safe new drug with promising activity in relapsed ovarian cancer, showing a 43% objective response rate in patients with platinum-sensitive disease, which favorably compares with other salvage treatments and warrants additional development either alone or in combination.
Minireview: Regulation of Steroidogenesis by Electron Transfer
Authors: Miller Walter L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the degradation of drugs and xenobiotics, but also catalyze a wide variety of biosynthetic processes, including most steps in steroidogenesis. The catalytic rate of a P450 enzyme is determined in large part by the rate of electron transfer from its redox partners. Type I P450 enzymes, found in mitochondria, receive electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) via the intermediacy of two proteins—ferredoxin reductase (a flavoprotein) and ferredoxin (an iron/sulfur protein). Type I P450 enzymes include the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), the two isozymes of 11-hydroxylase (P450c11β and P450c11AS), and several vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes. Disorders of these enzymes, but not of the two redox partners, have been described. Type II P450 enzymes, found in the endoplasmic reticulum, receive electrons from NADPH via P450 oxidoreductase (POR), which contains two flavin moieties. Steroidogenic Type II P450 enzymes include 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450c17), 21-hydroxylase (P450c21), and aromatase (P450aro). All P450 enzymes catalyze multiple reactions, but P450c17 appears to be unique in that the ratio of its activities is regulated at a posttranslational level. Three factors can increase the degree of 17,20 lyase activity relative to the 17α-hydroxylase activity by increasing electron flow from POR: a high molar ratio of POR to P450c17, serine phosphorylation of P450c17, and the presence of cytochrome b5, acting as an allosteric factor to promote the interaction of POR with P450c17. POR is required for the activity of all 50 human Type II P450 enzymes, and ablation of the Por gene in mice causes embryonic lethality. Nevertheless, mutation of the human POR gene is compatible with life, causing multiple steroidogenic defects and a skeletal dysplasia called Antley-Bixler syndrome.
The dilemmas of residential care staff working with the challenging behaviour of people with learning disabilities
Authors: Whittington Adrian , Burns Jan 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. To investigate residential care staff beliefs and feelings about the challenging behaviour of adults with learning disabilities in their care, and how they perceive these beliefs and feelings to have developed over time.Design. A qualitative study using thematic analysis.Methods. A group of 18 staff from 10 different residential services participated in in‐depth semi‐structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed according to thematic analysis techniques drawn from interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and grounded theory. The analysis was then subjected to scrutiny by participants using a respondent validation survey.Results. Staff talked of dilemmas about whether challenging behaviour should be seen as a ‘communication’ of need or as a ‘behaviour problem’, how to balance a ‘firm’ response with ‘kindness’, and how to deal with unpleasant feelings evoked by the work, especially fear and frustration. Over time, staff reported overcoming initial fears of the client by ‘getting to know them’, or alternatively, avoiding the client, ‘cutting off’ emotionally, or protecting themselves with safety procedures.Conclusions. The analysis suggests that staffs are troubled by the limitations of a narrow behavioural discourse. Staff development and training based on richer approaches that integrate behavioural ideas with a value‐based philosophy, might allow staff to respond to needs expressed by behaviour without fear of reinforcing it. Services should attend to staff emotional reactions to their work, to help them maintain non‐avoidant coping strategies.