bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ironic processes in the eating behaviour of restrained eaters
Authors: Boon Brigitte , Stroebe Wolfgang , Schut Henk , Ijntema Richta 
Published: February 2003

Theory. The present study examines the processes underlying the disinhibition of the eating behaviour of restrained eaters following negative emotions. Based on Herman and Polivy's (1984) Boundary Model and Wegner's Ironic Process Theory(1994), the limited capacity hypothesis is formulated, suggesting that overeating in restrained eaters results from cognitive capacity limitations. Predictionswere that (1) impairment of cognitive capacity during eating will lead to overeating in restrained but not in unrestrained eaters and that(2) this difference should only emerge with food perceived to be high in calories.Method. The hypotheses were tested in an experiment with a 2 (restrained/unrestrained) × 2 (distraction yes/no) × 2 (perceived calories high/low) design, in which subjects consumed ice‐cream in a taste test situation. Ice‐cream consumption was the dependent variable.Results. A second‐order interaction was found: as predicted, in the high calorie condition restrained eaters ate the same amount as unrestrained eaters when not distracted, but considerably more when distracted. There was also an unexpected main effect of distraction, which indicated that restrained as well as unrestrained eaters ate more if distracted than if not distracted.Discussion. The restraint×distraction×perceived calories interaction can be explained by both the Ironic Process Theory and the Boundary Model; and the limited capacity hypothesis appears to be confirmed. The overall main effect of distraction remains puzzling. Two speculative views for the latter effect are offered.
Attitudes to doctors and medicine: The effect of setting and doctor‐patient relationship
Authors: Conroy Ronán M. , Teehan Maeve , Siriwardena Ruwani , Smyth Olive , McGee Hannah M. , Fernandes Paula 
Published: February 2003

Objective. There have been few studies of attitudes to doctors and medicine, despite their potential importancein health psychology. The present study examines the effect on attitudes of setting (general practice vs. antenatal) and context (specific doctors vs. doctors in general).Method. Interview survey of 167 antenatal attenders and 113women general practice attenders, using an extended form of the Attitudes to Doctors and Medicine Scale of Marteau (1990).Results. Although antenatal attenders expressed more positive attitudes to doctors and medicine than general practice attenders, differences were small, and only statistically significant for 4 of 19 scale items. Compared with ratings of doctors in general, however, patients gave much more positive ratings to both their family doctor and the antenatal clinic doctors, the latter being rated higher than the former. Antenatal doctors were most likely to be rated as good doctors, to have the patient's absolute confidence, and to know what was best for them (all p<.001). The scale factor structure originally reported by Marteau could not be confirmed.Discussion. The results suggest that attitudes to doctors and medicine are strongly dependent on whether general stereotypes or particular experiences are assessed. They also suggest that the therapeutic context may be an important factor in the formation of attitudes.
The prevalence and persistence of depression and anxiety following myocardial infarction
Authors: Lane Deirdre , Carroll Douglas , Ring Christopher , Beevers D. Gareth , Lip Gregory Y. H. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. This study was designed to assess the prevalence and persistence of symptoms of depression and anxiety during the first 12 months following acute myocardial infarction (MI).Design and methods. In a prospective study, 288 MI patients were assessed for symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in hospital,2‐15 days following MI, and 4 and 12 months subsequently.Results. During hospitalization, 89 (30.9%) and 75 (26.1%) patients registered elevated BDI scores (≥10) and state anxiety scores (≥40), respectively. The 4 and 12 month prevalence rates were 37.7% and 37.2% for depressive symptoms, and 41.8% and 40.0% for anxious symptoms, respectively. Depression and anxiety were highly co‐morbid, with 51% of patients experiencing significant levels of depressive and anxious symptoms at baseline. More than half the patients with complete BDI and state anxiety data experienced either elevated symptoms of anxiety or depression throughout the first year following MI.Conclusions. Symptoms of depression and anxiety are prevalent, persistent problems during the first year following MI. This study highlights the importance of routine psychological assessment for MI patients both in hospital and after discharge.
Environmental illness prevalence: A population‐based study in Nova Scotia
Authors: McGlone Jeanette , Rowan Paul J. , Davidson Karina , McLean David R. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Clinic studies demonstrate that people diagnosed with environmental illness experience high levels of disability and health care utilization. Even though the controversial status of this disorder attracts attention, actual prevalence estimates and estimated impact on health care systems are unclear. To address this, we sought both a prevalence estimate and a measure of the degree of health care utilization for those reporting this diagnosis.Design and methods. Point prevalence, as assessed by self‐report of professional diagnosis, was established with data from the Nova Scotia Health Survey 1995, a stratified, random sample population survey of 3227 Nova Scotian adults. We compared medical care utilization for the year following the survey, drawn from the provincial medical insurance register, between the 24 cases with no other reported medical conditions and 48 age‐, sex‐, and education level‐matched healthy controls.Results. The adjusted point prevalence of environmental illness was 2.6%. Physician reimbursement costs across the following year were 5.5 times more likely to be above the survey average ($259 CAD) when compared to the healthy control group.Conclusions. The prevalence of environmental illness diagnoses represents a significant disability and treatment burden, justifying research into case definition and the phenomenology of environmental illness by health psychologists.
An exposure‐based examination of the effects of written emotional disclosure
Authors: Kloss Jacqueline D. , Lisman Stephen A. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. We undertook this study to clarify the operative mechanisms that account for the relationship between emotional disclosure and health. We hypothesized that emotional disclosure via writing was a form of exposure‐based therapy and that exposure was the active therapeutic component.Design and method. A group of 129 male and female undergraduates were randomly assigned to three writing groups: (1) a trauma disclosure writing group; (2) a positive emotion writing group to control for affect arousal; and (3) a neutral writing group to control for any affect arousal ‐ either positive or negative. Process measures were taken before and after each 3‐day, 20‐minute writing session. All participantscompleted questionnaires that assessed psychological and physical functioning at both the baseline and the end of the semester (approximately 9 weeks later).Results. Groups reported differential affective arousal as well as disclosure themes in accord with our predictions. We did not replicate the findings of Pennebaker and his colleagues (e.g. Pennebaker & Beall, 1986). In our study, physical health outcome measures did not differ between groups by the end of the semester, nor did psychological measures change from baseline to follow‐up.Conclusions. We found only limited support for the hypothesis that exposure best explains the effects of written self‐disclosure. Implications for future research in this area are discussed.
The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited
Authors: Hall Eric E. , Ekkekakis Panteleimon , Petruzzello Steven J. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. High exercise intensity may be associated with reduced adherence to exercise programmes, possibly because it is perceived as aversive. However, several authors have suggested that an intensity as high as 60% or 70% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) is necessary for exercise to elicit positive affective changes. To elucidate this discrepancy, the affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity were examined.Design. In total, 30 volunteers rated their affect every minute as they ran on a treadmill while the speed and grade were progressively increased.Method. The methodology was unique in three respects: (1) affect was assessed in terms of the dimensions of the circumplex model instead of distinct affective states, (2) affect was assessed repeatedly before, during, and after exercise, not only before and after, and (3) exercise intensity was standardized across participants in terms of metabolically comparable phases (beginning, ventilatory threshold, VO2max) instead of percentages of maximal capacity.Results. Pre‐to‐post‐exercise comparisons indicated affective benefits in the form of increased energetic arousal and decreased tense arousal. During exercise, however, affective valence deteriorated beyond the ventilatory threshold and until VO2max, a trend that reversed itself instantaneously during cool‐down.Conclusions. Exercise intensity that requires a transition to anaerobic metabolism can have a transient but substantial negative impact on affect and this may, in turn, reduce adherence to exercise programmes.
Multidimensional fatigue, somatic symptoms and depression
Authors: Lavidor Michal , Weller Aron , Babkoff Harvey 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Assess the moderating role of somatization on depression in the perception of fatigue for a healthy adult population.Design. Correlational survey.Methods. Several fatigue questionnaires, a mental healthinventory, somatic complaints and demographic data were collected from a targeted, randomly selected adult sample (N = 278).Results. Depression levels were positively and significantly related to all aspects of fatigue except fatigue that responds to rest and sleep (i.e. tiredness). When high levels of depression were coupled with somatization, fatigue complaints were more severe.Conclusions. Even within a non‐patient population, somatization and depression had interactive effects on fatigue. Somatization increased fatigue level for the relatively dysphoric individuals.
Negative affect and binge eating in overweight women
Authors: Henderson Nicola J. , Huon Gail F. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Binge eating among overweight women is associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences, and is known to occur in response to negative affect. This study sought to examine the role played by individual differences in coping style in the relationship between negative affect and binge eating.Method. Overweight women (N = 105) completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed their binge eating severity, negative affect, and dispositional coping style.Results. Women with higher levels of negative affect had more severe binge eating problems than those who generally experienced a low level of affective distress. Among those who were low in negative affect, however, those who tended to use the dysfunctional strategy of disengagement to cope with stress reported more severe binge eating than those who reported they were less likely to employ this coping style.Conclusions. The findings from this study emphasize the complexity and multicausality of affect‐related binge eating in overweight women. Prospective studies are required to establish the role of negative affect and coping style in the onset and progression of recurrent binge eating among overweight individuals.
Exploring discontinuity patterns in the transtheoretical model: An application of the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Armitage Christopher J. , Arden Madelynne A. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The principal objective of the present paper was to investigate the utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) for discriminating between stages of the transtheoretical model (TTM).Design. Congruent with Sutton (2000) a cross‐sectional design was employed. The study (N = 331) investigated the TPB and TTM in the domain of health‐related food choice.Method. The study utilized a questionnaire methodology. The data were analysed using analyses of variance and polynomial contrast analyses.Results. Results showed a significant linear trend for all TPB variables across TTM stages, although there were significant quadratic relationships between TTM stage and both subjective norm and behavioural intention. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that TTM stage might best be regarded as a proxy measure of behaviour.Conclusions. The present study provides evidence to support the utility of the TPB but casts doubt on the TTM. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeted at individuals in certain stages with variables informed by the TPB, and to extend the present findings beyond the domain of health‐related food choice.
Psychological well‐being and quality of life in women with an iatrogenic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Coughlan Barbara , Sheehan John , Hickey Anne , Crowe John 
Published: February 2003

Objective. This study documents psychological well‐being, mental health and quality of life in a group of women diagnosed with an iatrogenic hepatitis C (HCV) infection and examines the relationship between HCV RNA status and adjustment to their illness.Design. A cross‐sectional design was used.Method. Psychological well‐being, mental health and quality of life were assessed in a consecutive clinical sample of 93 women who were anti‐HCV positive (ELISA, third generation). Of these, 33 had a self‐limiting HCV infection (HCV RNA negative), whereas 60 had chronic HCVinfection(HCV RNA positive).Results. Overall, psychological well‐being and mental health were diminished inall women and were best predicted by their level of social functioning, which accounted for between 42% and 57% of the variance. When comparing women with chronic HCV infection and those with a self‐limiting HCV infection, no differences were detected in quality of life and no association was found between HCV RNA status and a clinical diagnosis of depression or anxiety. Furthermore, no significant differences were demonstrated in HCV RNA positive women when compared according to liver histology on all measures.Conclusion. In both HCV RNA positive and HCV RNA negative women, high levels of psychological distress and impaired quality of life were found. Impairments were not related to HCV RNA status or liver histology.
Children's concepts of illness: An intervention to improve knowledge
Authors: Williams Joanne M. , Binnie Lynne M. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: This study aimed to explore children's understanding of illness and attempted to improve their knowledge throughthe presentation of a factual story and group discussions.Design: Children's responses to questions pertaining to three ailment types (contagious illness, non‐contagious illness and injury), for three process variables (cause, time from cause to effect, and recovery factors), were recorded before and after a training intervention.Method: Children aged 4 (N=30) and 7 years old (N=30) were initially individually interviewed about common ailments(contagious: chickenpox and cold; non‐contagious: asthma and cancer; injury: scraped knee and broken arm). A week later half of the children in each age group (N=30) were included in a small group (N=5) intervention where factual information about three of the ailments was provided and children participated in guided group discussions. The remaining control children received no intervention. All children were subsequently individually interviewed a week later using the initial interview schedule.Results: The 7‐year‐olds exhibited more sophisticated knowledge of illness at pre‐test than the 4‐year‐olds. Comparison of pre‐ to post‐intervention changes showed that children who participated in the intervention condition improved overall in their understanding of the ailments significantly more than controls. However, detailed analyses revealed a large degree of variation across the sample in terms of post‐test change for individual items.Conclusion: Children's understanding of illness is complex and undergoes developmental changes between the ages of4 and 7. Educational interventions that provide age‐appropriate factual information and peer group discussions regarding illness processes might be effective in improving knowledge of illness among young children.
Influence of attention focus and trait anxiety on tolerance of acute pain
Authors: James Jack E. , Hardardottir Drifa 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: In light of inconsistencies in the reported effects of attention and anxiety on pain tolerance, this study examined the separate and combined effects of attention focus and trait anxiety on tolerance of acute experimental pain.Design: Participants with‘high’ and‘low’ trait anxiety were assigned to three attention‐focus conditions: pain‐focused attention,‘undirected’ (no experimenter‐induced attempts to influence attention focus) and distraction.Methods: Several indices of autonomic arousal (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and EMG) were measured before and during, and several self‐report inventories were completed before and after, each of two administrations ofthe cold pressor test.Results: In general, pain tolerance was greater when participants were distracted and in low‐ rather than high‐anxiety participants. However, attention and anxiety interacted such that low‐anxiety participants were most pain tolerant, andhigh‐anxiety participants were least pain tolerant, in the undirected condition.Conclusion: The results are consistent with the notion that anxiety fosters attentiveness to possible environmental threats, and might have implications for the clinical management of acute pain.
Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions
Authors: Milne Sarah , Orbell Sheina , Sheeran Paschal 
Published: February 2003

Objective: This study compared a motivational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT, Rogers, 1975, 1983) with the same motivational intervention augmented by a volitional intervention based on implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1993).Design: The study had a longitudinal design, involving three waves of data collection over a 2‐week period, incorporating an experimental manipulation of PMT variables at Time 1 and a volitional, implementation intention intervention at Time 2.Method: Participants (N=248) were randomly allocated to a control group or one of two intervention groups. Cognitions and exercise behaviour were measured at three time‐points over a 2‐week period.Results: The motivational intervention significantly increased threat and coping appraisal and intentions to engage in exercise but did not bring about a significant increase in subsequent exercise behaviour. In contrast, the combined protection motivation theory/implementation intention intervention had a dramatic effect on subsequent exercise behaviour. Thisvolitional intervention did not influence behavioural intention or any other motivational variables.Conclusions: It is concluded that supplementing PMT with implementation intentions strengthens the ability of the model to explain behaviour. This has implications for health education programmes, which should aim to increase both participants' motivation and their volition.
A comparison of predictors of the adolescent intention to smoke with adolescent current smoking using discriminant function analysis
Authors: Mazanov J. , Byrne D. G. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: This paper explores one possible operationalization of smoking intention to assist development of adolescent smoking intervention programmes. Such programmes usually focus on predictors of current smoking, ignoring predictors of intentions to smoke, or how intentions relate to actual future smoking.Design and method: Respondents took part in two stages of a repeated measures national survey on Australian adolescent smoking behaviour (12‐month interval between administrations). A total of N=1419 adolescents provided matched data, measuring personal smoking habits, intentions of smoking behaviour, stress (seven subscales), self‐esteem and response to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12).Results: A comparison of discriminant function predictors showed similarity between the current smoking and intention to smoke, with only one predictor differing between the functions. Non‐smokers were more behaviourally consistent with their stated non‐smoking intention over 12 months (i.e. remain non‐smokers) than smokers (i.e. intention seemed unrelated to actual behaviour).Conclusions: While the predictors give no general indication of whether the processes behind the intention to smoke differ from current smoking, the intention to smoke may be a better focus for intervention with smokers given the apparentinconsistency with stated intention. Intervention for non‐smokers may be usefully focused on maintaining non‐smoking ratherthan preventing smoking.
The influence of perceived control over causes and responses to health threats: A vignette study
Authors: Senior Victoria , Weinman John , Marteau Theresa M. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that a disease caused by controllable, compared with uncontrollable, factors is more likely to result in negative emotions and less likelihood of disclosure to significant others.Design and methods: A between‐participants design in which students (N=108) imagined they had just been diagnosed with either HIV or hypertension and where the cause for each was described as either controllable or uncontrollable. Anticipated emotional and behavioural responses by self and others were assessed by questionnaire.Results: When the vignette represented a more controllable cause, participants thought they would have more negative feelings and that they would be less likely to disclose information about the disease to their family oran acquaintance than when the vignette represented a less controllable cause. The type of disease, but not the cause, influenced anticipated responses by others.Conclusions: Although greater perceived control over future outcomes is often psychologically adaptive, these findings suggest that the perception that the onset of a disease was controllable may be maladaptive, resulting in more negative feelings and a greater reluctance to disclose the diagnosis to others. In the light of the increasing use of medical technologies aimed at primary prevention of disease, together with a cultural shift toward individual responsibility for health, there is a need for greater understanding of how the perceived controllability of the cause of a disease affects subsequent adjustment.