bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of pulse‐burst electromagnetic field stimulation on osteoblast cell activities
Authors: Chang Walter Hong‐Shong , Chen Li‐Ting , Sun Jui‐Sheng , Lin Feng‐Huei 
Published: August 2004

AbstractElectric stimulation has been used successfully to treat a wide range of bone disorders. However, the mechanism by which the electric fields can influence the bone cells behavior remains poorly understood. The purpose of this research was to assess the possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on bone cells. A PEMF with a frequency of 15 Hz (1 G [0.1 mT]; electric field strength 2 mV/cm) were applied to neonatal mouse calvarial bone cell cultures for 14 days. The temporal effects of PEMF on the osteoblasts were evaluated by the status of proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and gene expression on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th days of culture. Our results demonstrated that PEMF stimulation significantly increased the osteoblasts' proliferation by 34.0, 11.5, and 13.3% over the control group after 3, 5, and 7 days' culture. Although the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and the mineralization nodules formation did not change, the ALP activity of the bone cells decreased significantly after PEMF stimulation. Under the PEMF stimulation, there was no effect on the extracellular matrix synthesis, while the osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression was up regulated and the receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression were down regulated, compared to the control. In conclusion, the treatment by PEMF of osteoblasts may accelerate cellular proliferation, but did not affect the cellular differentiation. The effect of PEMF stimulation on the bone tissue formation was most likely associated with the increase in the number of cells, but not with the enhancement of the osteoblasts' differentiation. Bioelectromagnetics 25:457–465, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Millimeter wave‐induced suppression of B16 F10 melanoma growth in mice: Involvement of endogenous opioids
Authors: Radzievsky A.A. , Gordiienko O.V. , Szabo I. , Alekseev S.I. , Ziskin M.C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMillimeter wave treatment (MMWT) is widely used in Eastern European countries, but is virtually unknown in Western medicine. Among reported MMWT effects is suppression of tumor growth. The main aim of the present “blind” and dosimetrically controlled experiments was to evaluate quantitatively the ability of MMWT to influence tumor growth and to assess whether endogenous opioids are involved. The murine experimental model of B16 F10 melanoma subcutaneous growth was used. MMWT characteristics were: frequency, 61.22 GHz; average incident power density, 13.3 × 10−3 W/cm2; single exposure duration, 15 min; and exposure area, nose. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 30 min prior to MMWT) was used as a nonspecific blocker of opioid receptors. Five daily MMW exposures, if applied starting at the fifth day following B16 melanoma cell injection, suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth. Pretreatment with naloxone completely abolished the MMWT‐induced suppression of melanoma growth. The same course of 5 MMW treatments, if started on day 1 or day 10 following tumor inoculations, was ineffective. We concluded that MMWT has an anticancer therapeutic potential and that endogenous opioids are involved in MMWT‐induced suppression of melanoma growth in mice. However, appropriate indications and contraindications have to be developed experimentally before recommending MMWT for clinical usage. Bioelectromagnetics 25:466–473, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of 50 Hz magnetic field on human heart rate variablilty: Linear and nonlinear analysis
Authors: Tabor Zbisław , Michalski Józef , Rokita Eugeniusz 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study investigated the problem of the influence of 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) on human heart rate variability (HRV). The exposure system was a commercial device for magnetotherapy, generating field of the strength of 500 μT at the center of the coil, 150–200 μT at the position of human subjects' heart and 20–30 μT at the position of subjects' head. The exposure protocols, applied randomly, were either “half hour MF‐off/half hour MF‐on” or “half hour MF‐off/half hour MF‐off.” The phonocardiographic (PhCG) signal of 15 volunteers were obtained during exposure and used for calculation of time‐domain HRV parameters (mean time between heart beats (N‐N), standard deviation of time between heart beats (SDNN), and the number of differences of successive beat‐to‐beat intervals greater than 50 ms, divided by the total number of beat‐to‐beat intervals (pNN50)) and nonlinear HRV measures (approximate entropy (ApEn), detrended fluctuation scaling exponents). The protocol MF‐off/MF‐on was applied in nine subjects. Repeated measures ANOVA (RMANOVA) performed for Mf‐off/MF‐off protocol indicated no statistical difference among four 15 min intervals of HRV data (P value >20% for all parameters except for N‐N, where P = 3.7%). RMANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey test performed for Mf‐off/MF‐on protocol indicated a statistically significant difference during MF on for N‐N (8% increase, P < .1%), SDNN (40% increase, P = 1.1%), and pNN50 (110% increase, P < .1%). The results of the analysis indicate that the changes of these parameters could be associated with the influence of MF. Bioelectromagnetics 25:474–480, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemiluminescence of cobalt(II)‐catalysed auto‐oxidation of sulphite and its application to cobalt analysis
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Feng , Li Hua 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe oxidation of sulphite by dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution catalysed by cobalt(II) was investigated. A weak chemiluminescence (CL) emission was observed when the reaction took place in a strong alkaline solution without any special CL reagent. Further studies showed that in the presence of ﬂuorescein sodium the CL signal was enhanced signiﬁcantly. The CL emission is linear with Co(II) concentration in the range 0.6–80 nmol/L and the detection limit is 0.3 nmol/L. In addition to Co(II), other transition metal ions were also tested, and the results showed that the proposed system was highly selective for Co(II). The method was successfully applied to the determination of Co(II) in pharmaceutical preparations. The possible CL mechanism was also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome
Authors: Moore A F K , Hargest R , Martin M , Delicata R J 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundAbdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) occurs when intra-abdominal pressure is abnormally high in association with organ dysfunction. It tends to have a poor outcome, even when treated promptly by abdominal decompression.MethodsA search of the Medline database was performed to identify articles related to intra-abdominal hypertension and ACS.ResultsCurrently there is no agreed definition or management of ACS. However, it is suggested that intra-abdominal pressure should be measured in patients at risk, with values above 20 mmHg being considered abnormal in most. Abdominal decompression should be considered in patients with rising pressure and organ dysfunction, indicated by increased airway pressure, reduced cardiac output and oliguria. Organ dysfunction often occurs at an intra-abdominal pressure greater than 35 mmHg and may start to develop between 26 and 35 mmHg. The mean survival rate of patients affected by compartment syndrome is 53 per cent.ConclusionThe optimal time for intervention is not known, but outcome is often poor, even after decompression. Most of the available information relates to victims of trauma rather than general surgical patients.
Study on the enantiomeric ratio of the pharmaceutical substances alkannin and shikonin
Authors: Assimopoulou A. N. , Papageorgiou V. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe chiral pair alkannin and shikonin (A/S) are potent pharmaceutical substances with a wide spectrum of biological activity; their enantiomeric ratio does not inﬂuence the major biological activity studied hitherto. Nevertheless, in pharmaceutical development and approval of chiral drugs from the Health and Regulatory Authorities, full documentation of methods of analysis of enantiomeric drugs, is required in order to evaluate the enantiomeric purity of starting materials and ﬁnal products and to control the stability of enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations under several experimental conditions. In the present study, the enantiomeric ratio of A/S was determined in several commercial samples of alkannin and shikonin and also the proportion of A/S derivatives in several Alkanna root samples, which are all used as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals. Light and air proved not to inﬂuence the enantiomeric ratio of A/S on a shikonin commercial sample, and temperature also did not alter the A/S ratio on shikonin and alkannin commercial samples. Microencapsulation of alkannin and shikonin commercial samples in ethylcellulose microspheres and also molecular inclusion of a shikonin commercial sample in β‐hydroxypropyl‐cyclodextrin, which are used as drug delivery systems, did not alter the A/S enantiomeric ratio. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphometric evaluation of the cardiac ventricular capacity of anencephalic fetuses
Authors: Kurtoglu Z. , Uluutku M.H. , Yeginoglu G. , Aktekin M. , Camdeviren H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnencephaly occurs in 1:1,000 to 1:20,000 infants who are potential donors in pediatric heart transplantation, so it is important to define any morphologic differences between the anencephalic and normal heart in newborns. The dimensions of the heart in anencephalics, however, may differ. For example, the absence of cerebral tissue in anencephalic fetuses may decrease the heart load resulting in a smaller heart. The position of the heart in the thoracic cavity of an anencephalic fetus may affect the size and shape of the heart. This study compares the ventricular volumes and the inlet and outlet lengths of right and left ventricles in 11 normal and 11 anencephalic fetuses of gestational ages between 27 and 35 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference between the right ventricular volumes of normal and anencephalic fetuses, however, the difference between the left ventricular volumes was found to be almost statistically significant (P = 0.07). No statistically significant difference was found between the right and left ventricular volumes of normal fetuses; in anencephalic fetuses left ventricular volumes were found to be significantly smaller than right ventricular volumes (P = 0.05). The outlet length of the right ventricle and the inlet and outlet lengths of left ventricle in anencephalic fetuses were found to be short in comparison with those of normal fetuses (P = 0.01, P = 0.008, P = 0.01). It is proposed that anencephalics, because of these morphologic differences, should be reconsidered as possible donors for heart transplantation. Clin. Anat. 17:487–491, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmental degeneration in the cervical spine and associated changes in dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Boyd‐Clark L.C. , Briggs C.A. , Galea M.P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDegenerative change in cervical segments C5–C7 was documented to determine whether osteo‐ligamentous adaptations were age‐related. In addition, companion morphological studies were carried out to determine whether parallel changes occurred in related soft tissues, including DRG. Independent of the provoking stimulus, aberrant soft tissue change may be expected with segmental degeneration. Two associations were identified: between the incidence of segmental degeneration and severity of DRG distortion, and between segmental degeneration and DRG inflammatory mast cell density. Peripheral type C cells seemed more susceptible to compression in circumstances of DRG distortion. In light of neuropeptide expression in these cell types, predominant type C cell compression may be clinically relevant in the noxious cascade contributing to the sensation of pain. Clin. Anat. 17:468–477, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the splenic artery and its clinical implications
Authors: Pandey S.K. , Bhattacharya S. , Mishra R.N. , Shukla V.K. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe variations in orgin, course, and terminal branching pattern of the splenic artery were studied in 320 cadavers. The artery originated from the coeliac trunk in the majority of cadavers (90.6%), followed by abdominal aorta (8.1%), and other sights (1.3%). A suprapancreatic course of the artery was commonly observed (74.1%) followed by enteropancreatic (18.5%), intrapancreatic (4.6%), and retropancreatic (2.8%) courses. In two cases (0.63%) the proximal part of the splenic artery made a loop that was embedded in the substance of the pancreas, which is an interesting and rare finding. In five cases (1.5%) the proximal part of the artery divided into two or more branches that had suprapancreatic and enteropancreatic courses. The splenic artery divided into terminal branches in 311 (97%) cadavers. In nine (2.8%) cadavers it passed through the hilum of spleen without dividing. Two terminal branches were the most common (63.1%) followed by four (18.8%), six (9.7%), and more than six (5.6%) branches. The present study clearly indicates that there is variation in origin, course, and terminal distribution pattern of the splenic artery. The knowledge of these variations are of significant importance during surgical and radiological procedure of upper abdominal region to avoid any catastrophic complications. Clin. Anat. 17:497–502, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cricothyroidotomy: A clinical anatomy review
Authors: Boon J.M. , Abrahams P.H. , Meiring J.H. , Welch T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe safe and successful performance of a cricothyroidotomy demands a working and yet specific knowledge of anatomy. An ignorance or misunderstanding of anatomy may result in failure or complications. The Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists has highlighted the importance of clinical anatomy for several invasive procedures. This review is building on their work and contribute further to the understanding of the anatomical framework, particularly the pitfalls and complications related to performing a cricothyroidotomy. Clin. Anat. 17:478–486, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rare case of the inferior mesenteric artery and the common hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Osawa Tokuji , Feng Xin‐Yan , Sasaki Nobuhide , Nagato Satomi , Matsumoto Yoko , Onodera Masao , Nara Eisuke , Fujimura Akira , Nozaka Yohichiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe found a case in which inferior mesenteric artery and the common hepatic artery arose from the superior mesenteric artery, forming the common hepatomesenteric trunk, during a routine dissection carried out at Iwate Medical University in 2002. This variation is rare, but can be embryonically explained. A change in the positions of the disappearance of the ventral splanchnic arteries and the longitudinal anastomotic channel results in variations in the system of arteries distributed to the digestive organs. In the present case, the longitudinal anastomotic channel between the superior and the inferior mesenteric arteries survived to form the common mesenteric artery, which was joined by the common hepatic artery, forming the common hepatomesenteric trunk. Clin. Anat. 17:518–521, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phlebectasia of the external jugular vein associated with duplication of the internal jugular vein
Authors: Turan‐Ozdemir S. , Coskun H. , Balban M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe most common cause of a neck mass that increases in size on the Valsalva maneuver is laryngocele. Jugular phlebectasia is a congenital dilation of the jugular vein, which is extremely rare in adults, may present similarly. Duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV), which is usually encountered coincidentally, is another rare anatomic variation. Isolated cases or cases associated with IJV ectasia have been reported. We report on an adult patient with coexisting external jugular phlebectasia and internal jugular duplication on the same side. Clin. Anat. 17:522–525, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic survey of the common fibular nerve and its branching pattern with regard to the intermuscular septa of the leg
Authors: Aigner F. , Longato S. , Gardetto A. , Deibl M. , Fritsch H. , Piza‐Katzer H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCompression syndromes of the common fibular nerve and its branches frequently occur primarily as well as secondarily to trauma and surgery. A keen knowledge of the course and the relationship of the deep fibular nerve to adjacent anatomical structures in the proximal leg is mandatory. Previous literature often lacks detailed information on the course of the deep fibular nerve and is based on a limited number of observations. The aim of this study was to investigate the common fibular nerve and its branching pattern with special regard to the relationship between the deep fibular nerve and the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg. Variations in the course of the fibular nerve were demonstrated. The fibular compartments of the leg (n = 111) were dissected in 57 embalmed cadavers and included: 1) investigation of the number of muscular branches; 2) entering passages to the respective compartments of the leg; and 3) the relationship between the fibularis longus muscle and the deep fibular nerve. The most proximal muscular branch of the deep fibular nerve directly “pierced” the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg. Narrow passages within the fibular compartment and, in consequence, areas of possible higher incidence of nerve compression were suggested at the level of the intermuscular septa of the leg, between the two distinct portions of the fibularis longus muscle and the crossing of the supplying vessels. There were hardly ever statistically significant differences between the two sides or male and female gender. According to our results, the anterior intermuscular septum of the leg may be regarded as an important landmark for the surgeon when dissecting the muscular branches of the deep fibular nerve. The variable branching pattern of the deep fibular nerve within the fibular compartment of the leg should be taken into account. Clin. Anat. 17:503–512, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vein of Galen aneurysm: Anatomical study of an adult autopsy case
Authors: Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Parenti Anna , De Caro Raffaele 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe present a case of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation in an adult, the rupture of which caused a fatal hemorrhage. Macroscopic examination, together with plastination of specimen with S10, and microscopic examination showed connection of the aneurysm with the right thalamoperforating artery and, bilaterally, with the posterior choroidal and mesencephalic arteries. Histology also showed thinning of the aneurysmal wall, due to marked reduction of the muscular media at the point of rupture, and its connection with an arteriovenous malformation of the left thalamus. A review of the anatomy of the Galenic system shows that the medullary veins curve at an acute angle to form the paired internal cerebral veins, with a sudden change in flow and that, from late fetal life, the vein of Galen curves around the splenium to enter the straight sinus at an angle opposing its flow. Based on anatomical study and a review of the literature, we suggest that aneurysmatic dilatation of the vein of Galen may result from a combination of pathological and predisposing anatomical factors. The anatomical characteristics of the origin of the internal cerebral veins and of the entry of the vein of Galen into the straight sinus make particularly susceptible to the hemodynamic effects of arteriovenous shunts the vein of Galen itself, which is situated in the cisterna ambiens, an anatomical space that does not impede its enlargement. Clin. Anat. 17:458–462, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical anatomy of the parotid duct with emphasis on the major tributaries forming the duct and the relationship of the facial nerve to the duct
Authors: Richards Alan T. , Digges Nicholas , Norton Neil S. , Quinn Thomas H. , Say Phillip , Galer Chad , Lydiatt Kathryn 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAlthough there is a great amount in the literature to describe the anatomy of the parotid gland as a whole, little attention is given to the parotid duct. The purpose of this study is to examine the surgical anatomy of the parotid duct with special emphasis placed on the major tributaries forming the parotid duct and the relationship of the facial nerve to the duct. Twenty‐nine fresh cadaver halves were dissected and the branching pattern of the ducts, position within the parotid, and their relationship to the facial nerve were studied. Of the complete heads studied, the parotid duct had the same pattern in 78.6% on the right and left sides. The parotid ducts in 31.0% of the half heads presented as a single discernible duct from parotid papilla to within the gland. In 62.1% of the half heads, the ducts were formed by a branching pattern within the gland. In the ducts with a branching pattern, 48.3% displayed a bifurcated pattern, 6.9% were trifurcated, and 6.9% had multiple branches. In 6.9% of the half heads studied, the parotid ducts bifurcated distal to the parotid gland. In all cases, the deep lobe of the parotid enveloped the parotid duct; only small ductules connected the superficial lobe with the duct. The facial nerve and its branches were always observed lateral to the parotid duct. Because one dissects lateral to the facial nerve during a superficial parotidectomy, generally the parotid duct remains intact and potential complications such as facial paralysis, sialoceles, and fistulizations are thereby minimized. Clin. Anat. 17:463–467, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galen and his anatomic eponym: Vein of Galen
Authors: Ustun Cagatay 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGalen or Galenus was born at Pergamum (now Bergama in Turkey) in 129 A.D., and died in the year 200 A.D. He was a 2nd century Greek philosopher‐physician who switched to the medical profession after his father dreamt of this calling for his son. Galen's training and experiences brought him to Alexandria and Rome and he rose quickly to fame with public demonstrations of anatomical and surgical skills. He became physician to emperor Marcus Aurelius and the emperor's ambitious son, Commodus. He wrote prodigiously and was able to preserve his medical research in 22 volumes of printed text, representing half of all Greek medical literature that is available to us today. The structures, the great cerebral vein and the communicating branch of the internal laryngeal nerve, bear his eponym. Clin. Anat. 17:454–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.