bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kakadu National Park World Heritage Site: Deconstructing the Debate, 1997–2003
Authors: Aplin Graeme 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe case of Kakadu National Park has had an unusually large amount of time and expense devoted to it in meetings of the World Heritage Bureau and the World Heritage Committee since 1997. Major controversy arose following the announcement that a new uranium mine would be developed at Jabiluka, located in an enclave surrounded by the World Heritage property, but not legally part of it. The explosive juxtaposition of issues concerning the trio of conservation of heritage values, uranium mining, and Aboriginal land rights inevitably led to strong reactions against the Federal Government's decision to allow mining, not least on the part of Australian and international non‐government organisations. It was felt that the mining development would jeopardise the integrity of the key values for which Kakadu had been inscribed on the World Heritage List. This paper attempts to unravel some of the strands of the ensuing debate — to at least begin to deconstruct the debate — that saw Kakadu almost placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger. This is an important task to attempt because there were many undercurrents to the publicly reported debate, and a large degree of ‘reading between the lines’ is needed to interpret official records of meetings adequately. The paper also attempts to throw some light on the forceful opposition to such a move on the part of the Australian Government, based in large part on its underlying developmentalist philosophy, and at a time when it was giving less than wholehearted support to many international agreements to which Australia is a signatory. Finally, it is hoped that an insight into the workings of the World Heritage Convention and its supporting bodies will be gained.
From ‘Problem City’ to ‘Promise City’: Gentrification and the Revitalisation of Newcastle
Authors: Rofe Matthew W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe city of Newcastle is a complex and changing landscape. Once regarded as Australia's ‘problem city’, Newcastle's identity is being significantly transformed. This identity transformation draws significantly upon the emergence of more cosmopolitan landscapes within inner Newcastle associated with the gentrification of these areas. The discourse of gentrification is inherently post‐industrial, providing a cleaner and more positive identity as Newcastle seeks to erase the stigma of its’ industrial heritage. However, as landscapes are the amalgam of multiple identities, Newcastle's industrial heritage periodically re‐emerges to problematise the city's newly adopted cosmopolitan identity.
Gardens and the Bush: Gardeners’ Attitudes, Garden Types and Invasives
Authors: Zagorski T. , Kirkpatrick J.B. , Stratford E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGarden plants that invade native vegetation can be a threat to native ecosystems. The species composition of gardens near the bush in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia is shown to relate to environmental variation and the attitudes of gardeners to their recreation, to native plants and to the bush. Four types of gardens are discriminated: the species‐poor shrub garden; the local native garden; the woodland garden; and the gardenesque. A group of gardeners who valued functional gardens, and the hard work in creating a garden, largely produced gardenesque outcomes. A strongly conservationist group of gardeners had native, woodland or shrub gardens. A group of gardeners who valued romance and privacy largely had woodland gardens. A small group of gardeners who liked gardens to create themselves, and preferred to minimize the act of gardening, tended to the shrub garden outcome. Plant species that invade the bush are least frequent in the more manicured shrub and gardenesque styles of garden than in the more informal local native and woodland gardens, in a dissonance between expressed attitudes and outcomes. Most of the most invasive weeds in the bush are shown to be independent of their occurrence in adjacent gardens, suggesting that integrated control programs involving both all gardeners within dispersal range, and bush managers, are necessary. The existence of a small number of respondents who see benefits in environmental weeds in their gardens, suggests that such programs would be ineffective without regulation, a solution offered by no respondent. However, regulation might be ineffective without community understanding, the raising of which was the main solution suggested by the interviewed gardeners.
A Survey of Soil Erosion in Australia using Caesium‐137
Authors: Loughran R.J. , Elliott G.L. , McFarlane D.J. , Campbell B.L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA survey of soil erosion was conducted in Australia using the fallout radioisotope caesium‐137 as an indicator of topsoil redistribution. Two hundred and six sites were sampled, 100 within rotational cropping and horticultural use, 52 within uncultivated permanent pasture and forest, and 54 in rangelands. Average net soil losses were approximately equal for cultivated cropping lands and rangelands (ca. 5.5 t ha−1 yr−1), and just over 1 t ha−1 yr−1 for pasture and forest. The Mann Whitney U Test revealed that losses under cropping and rangeland conditions were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than under uncultivated pasture and forest. Soil loss was negatively correlated with mean annual rainfall and slope gradient, and positively correlated with slope length (Spearman's rank correlation). There was no correlation between rates of soil loss and a rainfall erosi‐vity index. An assessment of erosional events was provided by landholders for 104 sites, with their ranking being weakly but significantly correlated with soil loss estimates (r =+0.35). Sixty percent of sites had net soil losses greater than 1 t ha−1 yr−1, and 74% of sites had losses of more than 0.5 t ha−1 yr−1. This latter rate may be regarded as a limit for a tolerable level of soil loss. These high rates of soil loss have occurred since the mid‐1950s despite there being significant landholder awareness of the soil erosion hazard.
Counting them in, not out: Surveying Farm Women about Agricultural Leadership
Authors: Pini Barbara 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the efficacy of the survey method to investigate questions relating to women and agricultural leadership. I begin by reviewing the feminist critique of the survey using examples from the literature on farming women. I then describe two particular difficulties I encountered in surveying farm women about agricultural leadership in the Australian sugar industry. The first difficulty is the problem of constructing a sample of farm women using official data sources that is representative of the diversity of women in agriculture. The second difficulty is the impact that gendered agricultural identities may have on survey completion rates. The paper argues that, if we are to count farming women ‘in’, rather than ‘out’ when studying agricultural politics, we need to engage with methods which will be inclusive of the diversity of women in farming and which will also give consideration to the construction of gendered identities in agriculture.
Questioning the Rhetoric of Social Mix: Courteous Community or Hidden Hostility?
Authors: Ruming Kristian J. , Mee Kathleen J. , MGuirk Pauline M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the increasingly important role of ‘social mix’ in the management practices of the NSW Department of Housing. Social mix is a policy response to the many perceived social, cultural and economic problems related to the concentration of public tenants within larger housing estates. Social mix involves the integration and assimilation of public housing tenants into areas dominated by private home ownership and private rental. Such policies are based upon the belief that social mix has the ability to alter many of these problems simply through the presence of a ‘community’. However, this paper questions the normative construction of homeowners as possessing a ‘community’ which, by implication, will be passed on to public tenants. Through an in‐depth case‐study, it is shown that ‘community’, as constructed by social mix policy rhetoric, may in fact further disadvantage public tenants through processes of othering, stigmatisation and oppression, which operate outside these traditional understandings of community. In addition, this research shows that, rather than increased community integration, it is the physical function of neighbourhood and its direct role in service provision which is the most advantageous constituent of social mix for public housing tenants.
Fiscal Policy in an Overlapping Generations Model with Bequest‐as‐Consumption
Authors: Michel Philippe , Pestieau Pierre 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper analyzes an overlapping generation (OLG) growth model wherein saving finances second period consumption and bequest‐as‐consumption. First, it looks at the market equilibrium and at the optimal solution; then it turns to the issue of decentralizing the optimal solution with various taxes and transfers. Depending on the available instruments, either a first‐best or a second‐best optimum can be achieved. Throughout the paper, the results are contrasted with those obtained in the standard OLG model without intergenerational transfers.
The Organization of Public Service Provision
Authors: Jack William 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of how the responsibility for the delivery of social services, including health, education, and welfare programs, should be divided between state and central governments. We combine a random voting model and the incomplete contracts paradigm to formalize the trade‐off between central and state responsibility for service delivery, and find that authority should rest with the party for whom the marginal impact of the service on re‐election chances is greater. This in turn means that, other things equal, states with lower than average health, education, or welfare status should be given responsibility for service delivery, while authority in states with above average indicators should reside with the central government. Also, we show that there is no presumption that states that are given authority for service delivery should necessarily be granted expanded tax authority.
International Commodity Taxation under Monopolistic Competition
Authors: Haufler Andreas , Pflüger Michael 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe analyze non‐cooperative commodity taxation in a two‐country trade model characterized by monopolistic competition and international firm and capital mobility. In this setting, taxes in one country affect foreign welfare through the relocation of mobile firms and through changes in the rents accruing to capital owners. With consumption‐based taxation, these fiscal externalities exactly offset each other and the non‐cooperative tax equilibrium is Pareto efficient. With production‐based taxation, however, there are additional externalities on the foreign tax base and the foreign price level that lead non‐cooperative tax rates to exceed their Pareto efficient levels.
Progressive Taxation, Moral Hazard, and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Keuschnigg Christian , Bo Nielsen Søren 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper considers the general equilibrium and welfare effects of a linear progressive income tax with entrepreneurship and moral hazard. A competitive intermediation sector diversifies risk associated with entrepreneurial activity, but full risk consolidation is prevented by moral hazard. Since effort is not observable, risk bearing of entrepreneurs is required for incentive reasons. The extent of risk consolidation is endogenously explained. We find that a nonredistributive tax is neutral. A progressive tax always impairs entrepreneurship while the effect on welfare can be positive or zero, depending on the specification of moral hazard. Some results may also depend on the concrete formulation of preferences.
What Should Optimal Income Taxes Smooth?
Authors: Andersen Torben M. , Dogonowski Robert R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAccording to the theory of tax smoothing, income tax rates should be kept constant so as to minimize the distortionary costs of taxation. By explicitly considering how labor supply is distorted by income taxes in a fully specified intertemporal model, we find that the optimal income tax policy should smoothen leisure. In the case of varying income (productivity changes) this is attained by a pro‐cyclical (progressive) tax rate.
British HIV Association (BHIVA)/British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) guidelines on provision of adherence support to individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (2003)
Authors: Poppa A , Davidson O , Deutsch J , Godfrey D , Fisher M , Head S , Horne R , Sherr L 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically reduced HIV‐associated morbidity and mortality where treatment has been made available. Very high levels of adherence to HAART are a prerequisite for a successful virological and immunological response. Low adherence increases the risk of treatment failure and disease progression. It is also likely to lead to further transmission of resistant viruses, and to have a negative impact on the cost effectiveness of HAART. Low adherence is difficult to predict, and this has two key implications for service provision. Firstly, HAART should not be withheld on the basis of assumptions about adherence. Secondly, support with adherence should be provided to all patients prescribed HAART. Our understanding of barriers to and enablers of high adherence, and the evidence base regarding effective interventions, is limited. Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials available from the general literature suggests multiple interventions are required to maintain high adherence to chronic therapy. This document recommends a series of measures for adoption within HIV clinical care settings, based on evaluation of existing data. High adherence is a process, not a single event, and therefore adherence support must be integrated into clinical follow up. Every prescribing unit should have a written policy on provision of adherence support, and ensure that staff are appropriately trained to make delivery of such services possible.
Fatherhood and HIV‐positive heterosexual men
Authors: Sherr L , Barry N 
Published: July 2004

ObjectivesThe study of HIV and issues of reproduction is women‐focused. HIV‐positive men are overlooked and understudied. This study examined views on reproduction of heterosexual HIV‐positive men.MethodsSystematic questionnaire data were gathered from HIV‐positive men (n=32) attending an HIV clinic in London.ResultsHeterosexual men were rarely given medical advice on reproduction (only 9.4%). Few felt fully informed (21.9%), while many felt uninformed (46.9%) or needed more information (28.1%). Over half would value fertility/fathering consultations, up‐to‐date information and quick referral to fertility clinics. Nearly half (43.8%) had considered having children and 37.5% had had a child prior to HIV diagnosis. HIV status affected views on fathering, and the advent of new treatments changed views in over half of the men. Almost half (41%) believed they would experience discrimination if they conceived a baby and a quarter would withhold their HIV status when attending antenatal clinics. The majority (81%) believed that a child gave meaning to life and something to live for – only 3.1% felt a child would be a burden. Most men overestimated potential vertical transmission and would value time to discuss fathering and fatherhood.ConclusionsThere are gaps in provision. The majority of men felt that children gave meaning to life and a reason to live. Reproduction issues are not raised with HIV‐positive men who are uninformed and unclear where to turn for information. Fatherhood should not be shunned as an issue for all HIV‐positive men.
Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy failure with chemokine receptor 5 wild type
Authors: Bogner JR , Lutz B , Klein HG , Pollerer C , Troendle U , Goebel FD 
Published: July 2004

ObjectivesApproximately 10% of HIV‐infected patients fail to respond properly to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Among other factors, genetic variants of chemokine receptors have been shown to modify the course and outcome of HIV infection. Our objective was to investigate whether a failure of virological response is associated with polymorphisms of the chemokine receptors or cofactors.MethodsA total of 256 HIV‐infected patients receiving HAART and 221 healthy controls were analysed for the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)‐Δ32‐bp, stromal derived factor 1 (SDF1)‐3′A and chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)‐64I polymorphisms. Treatment failure was defined as failure to lower the viral load below 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL within the first year of treatment despite good adherence. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsSuccessful treatment was associated with heterozygosity for the CCR5‐Δ32‐bp variant found in 24 of 184 responders (13%) vs. one of 72 nonresponders (1.4%; P=0.004). Eighty‐four of 184 responders (45.7%) vs. 25 of 72 nonresponders (34.7%) were heterozygous for the SDF1‐3′A allele (P=0.073). The CCR2‐64I polymorphism was rare in both groups: 4.9% in responders vs. 1.4% in nonresponders (P=0.175). The odds ratio for successful treatment was 4.7 for individuals who tested positive for at least one variant allele of the three polymorphisms. Comparison of genotype frequencies between HIV‐infected and healthy individuals showed highly significant differences (P<0.001).ConclusionsChemokine receptor polymorphisms have a modifying effect on the virological response to HAART. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that heterozygosity for the CCR5‐Δ32‐bp variant is an independent prognostic factor for treatment outcome.
Characteristics of patients diagnosed with AIDS shortly after first detection of HIV antibodies in Lyon University hospitals from 1985 to 2001*
Authors: Baratin D , Marceillac E , Trepo C , Cotte L , Peyramond D , Chidiac C , Touraine J‐L , Livrozet J‐M , Fabry J , Allard R , Vanhems P 
Published: July 2004

SummaryA diagnosis of AIDS shortly after the detection of HIV antibodies suggests a long‐lasting course of the disease without care. The factors associated with a short delay between the initial HIV‐1‐positive test and the first AIDS‐defining event were identified in 1901 patients from 1985 to 2001 in Lyon University hospitals. A total of 576 individuals (30.3%) had an interval of ≤3 months between the detection of HIV infection and AIDS. The factors independently associated with a delay of ≤3 months were: age from 30 to 44 years [odds ratio (OR) 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–3.2]; age from 45 to 59 years (OR 5.6; 95% CI 3.9–7.8); age ≥60 years (OR 4.5; 95% CI 2.5–8.1), compared to those<30 years old; heterosexuality (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.6–3.4); injection drug use (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5–2.7); and other exposures (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.6–3.4), compared to homosexual exposure; two opportunistic infections at AIDS (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4–2.4) compared to one; and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as initial AIDS event (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.8–3.7), compared to Kaposi's sarcoma. These results provide opportunities to refocus local public health interventions to reduce delayed access to care.
A prospective multicentre study of discontinuing prophylaxis for opportunistic infections after effective antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Green H , Hay P , Dunn DT , McCormack S ,   on behalf of the STOPIT Investigators
Published: July 2004

ObjectiveTo assess the medium‐term safety of discontinuing prophylaxis (primary or secondary) for opportunistic infections following an effective response to antiretroviral therapy.MethodsParticipating clinical sites prospectively identified patients in whom the discontinuation of prophylaxis for any opportunistic infection was considered to be clinically indicated, although CD4 levels were not predefined. A follow‐up report was subsequently sent every 6 months requesting information on changes in prophylaxis, antiretroviral drugs, new AIDS‐defining events, and CD4 cell count results.ResultsProphylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was withdrawn in 524 patients (426 primary and 98 secondary prophylaxis), prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was withdrawn in 28 patients (13 primary and 15 secondary), and prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis was withdrawn in 10 patients. CD4 counts were generally maintained above accepted prophylaxis threshold levels during the period of follow up (95–98% of the time). Total follow up to last report or re‐continuation of prophylaxis was 680 and 144 person‐years for patients discontinuing primary and secondary PCP prophylaxis, respectively. No cases of PCP were reported, giving incidence rates of 0.0 (upper 95% confidence limit 0.4) and 0.0 (2.1) per 100 person‐years. No cases of MAC were reported, but one patient had a recurrence of CMV retinitis. PCP prophylaxis was restarted in 30 patients; no patients restarted MAC or CMV prophylaxis.ConclusionsPrevious studies have demonstrated a low risk of PCP in the short term following the withdrawal of prophylaxis in patients who have responded well to antiretroviral therapy. The present study suggests a continuing low level of risk with extended follow up, provided adequate CD4 count levels are maintained. The case of recurrent CMV retinitis in a patient with impressive immunological and virological response indicates the need for close monitoring of patients previously diagnosed with this condition.
A randomized study investigating the efficacy and safety of amprenavir in combination with low‐dose ritonavir in protease inhibitor‐experienced HIV‐infected adults
Authors: Pulido F , Katlama C , Marquez M , Thomas R , Clumeck N , De J Pedro R , Cattelan AM , Zhu C , Tymkewycz P 
Published: July 2004

ObjectivesTo compare the safety and efficacy of amprenavir [APV/j Agenerase™; GlaxoSmithKline, [Ware, UK; 600 mg twice a day (bid)] boosted with low‐dose ritonavir (RTV, 100 mg bid) with those of other protease inhibitors (PIs) in PI‐experienced HIV‐infected patients.Study designParallel‐group, randomized, open‐label, multicentre study.MethodsOne hundred and sixty‐three patients with HIV predicted to be sensitive to APV, another PI and a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) were randomly assigned to receive either APV boosted with low‐dose RTV (APV/r) or a standard of care (SOC) PI with or without low‐dose RTV. The non‐inferiority of APV/r to the SOC PIs was assessed by time‐weighted average change from baseline (AAUCMB) in plasma viral load (vRNA) at week 16.ResultsThe antiviral response for APV/r bid was non‐inferior to that for the SOC PI group: the vRNA AAUCMB mean treatment difference was 0.043 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL [95% confidence interval (CI)−0.250, 0.335]. APV/r bid was generally well tolerated.ConclusionsResults confirm the antiviral activity, short‐term safety and tolerability of APV/r bid in PI‐experienced patients.