bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family studies of tooth size factors in the permanent dentition
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCorrelations between dimensions of the permanent teeth in Australian Aboriginals were studied by factor analysis to disclose the main sources of shared variability. Findings indicated that in both males and females most of the common variability in the tooth dimensions could be accounted for by factors representing mesiodistal size of anterior teeth, buccolingual size of anterior teeth, generalized size of the premolars and generalized size of the molars.Factor scores derived from the analysis were used to calculate intraclass correlations among brothers and among sisters. These correlations tended to be higher for the factors contributing most to the common variability indicating that the factors might represent fields under direct genetic control. There was no trend for intraclass correlations among siblings derived from multivariate scores to be consistently higher than those based on observed tooth dimensions. The main advantage to the user of factor analysis is the ability to interpret associations between interrelated variables more objectively than is possible by conventional correlation methods.
A multivariate analysis of fatness and relative fat patterning
Authors: Mueller William H. , Reid Russell M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSkinfold measurements (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and medial calf) in four samples (376 boys, 352 girls, 338 men and 380 women from rural Colombia) were subjected to principal components analysis to identify components of obesity and relative fat patterning. Three components emerged which were similar in the four samples: a first component of fatness explaining 70–80% of the variance and two fat pattern components each explaining 10–15% of the variance: trunk‐extremity and upper‐lower body. Fatness and the trunk‐extremity pattern components changed with age in children (7–12 years), but none of the components changed with age in adults (25–60 +). The fatter tended to be more patterned in both age groups. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that socioeconomic status was more related to fatness than to patterning. With the exception of brothers, all first degree relatives (sib, parent‐offspring) and spouses were correlated in fatness. Some of the correlations between relatives–usually sibs, but not spouses–were also significant for the pattern components, suggesting a genetic basis for the known stability of this characteristic (Garn, '55a). Principal components analysis is a useful multivariate alternative for quantitative studies of anthropometric patterning.
On the relationship between chitin particle size and digestibility in the primate Galago senegalensis
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Sheine Wendy Sue 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExperiments were performed to examine the relationship between the particle size of chitin and its digestibility in the small insectivorous prosimian Galago senegalensis. In the first set of experiments, four animals were fed a 25% chitin diet with the chitin particles less than or equal to 60‐mesh (0.250 mm maximum diameter). On average, the animals digested 22.5 ± 2.2 percent of the ingested chitin. In the second set of experiments, the four animals were fed a 25% chitin diet with the chitin particles ground to ≤ 40‐ and ≥ 45‐mesh (between 0.425 and 0.325 mm). On average, the animals digested 2.75 ± 1.38 percent of the ingested chitin. There was no significant variation between the performance of any of the animals on either the 60‐ or 40–45‐mesh trials. In all instances, however, each animal digested significantly more of the 60‐mesh chitin and the 40–45‐mesh chitin.These experiments demonstrate the importance of masticatory efficiency among small mammals for improving the digestibility of foods such as insects which contain high proportions of chitin. They also suggest why insectivorous and folivorous primates have certain convergent dental specializations for finely grinding their foods. Both leaves and insects contain relatively indigestible structural carbohydrates. These substances are much more completely digested when the surface area to volume ratio of the swallowed material is increased. The masticatory efficiency of frugivorous primates is much lower since the constituents of these foods are relatively completely digested irrespective of the fineness of grinding.
The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent incisors of Norwegian. I. method of measurement, statistical distribution and sex dimorphism
Authors: Aas I. H. Monrad , Risnes Steinar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe depth of the incisor lingual fossa in permanent extracted incisors and plaster casts of Norwegians was examined. It was shown that plaster casts are well suited for measurements of lingual fossa depth, and that the measurements can be performed with great accuracy. Skewness values showed the symmetry of the distribution to decrease with decreasing mean lingual fossa depth. Kurtosis was found small in maxillary incisors, in mandibular outside the limits for normal theory. The distribution of the depth of the lingual fossa cannot generally be described as normal. No sex differences were found. The inheritance of this trait in Norwegians is probably not sex linked.
Gene flow and genetic microdifferentiation of a transplanted Tlaxcaltecan Indian population: Saltillo
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Dykes Dale D. , Skradski K. , Polesky H. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study is one portion of a research program on: (1) the genetic effects of transplantation of Mexican Indian populations into diverse environments; (2) the effect of Spanish colonization on the genetics of Mexico. In 1591, 91 Tlaxcaltecan families were transplanted into northern Mexico to aid in the pacification of the Chichimec Indians. The descendants of these migrants are the residents of the City of Saltillo in the state of Coahuila. Since Saltillo had undergone considerable growth due to industrialization, two adjoining barrios–Chamizal and La Minita–were chosen for this study. Chamizal is an old established barrio where the descendants of the Tlaxcaltecan colonialists resided, while La Minita is a small shantytown made up of squatters from the surrounding areas.Blood specimens were collected by venipuncture from 302 participants and analyzed for 16 blood groups, 13 serum protein and red blood cell enzyme systems. The gene frequency distribution suggests that the Saltillo populations are a triracial hybrid made up of Indian, African and Spanish parental con‐tributions. Admixture estimates and genetic distance measures are both in agreement with the ethnohistory of the transplanted Tlaxcaltecan community.
The volar skin of primates: Its frictional characteristics and their functional significance
Authors: Cartmill Matt 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFriction of volar skin on wood is not proportional to load in human beings and prosimians, but to load raised to a fractional power. This meets theoretical expectations for the frictional characteristics of convex elastic surfaces. Although this enables small clawless primates to cling to steeper slopes and larger vertical supports than would otherwise be possible, the magnitude of the effect is not great enough to overcome the disadvantages of clawlessness in climbing vertical or steeply‐sloping tree trunks and branches. In human subjects, friction appears to be more nearly proportional to load than in small prosimians used as experimental subjects. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the small animals have discrete, elevated volar pads. Pad coalescence in large primates may be an adaptation for increasing the power to which load must be raised to become proportional to friction; increasing this exponent yields more friction per unit of adduction force on supports that are small relative to the animals' dimensions and weights.
An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in atelines and Alouatta: Implications for hominoid evolution
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Wells James P. , Jungers William L. , Vangor Andrea K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe serratus anterior pars caudalis muscle of nonhuman primates displays anatomical differences among genera that can be attributed to differences in the mechanical demands placed on these genera by their diverse locomotor: behaviors. In primates that engage extensively in climbing and suspensory behaviors, the caudal digitations of this fan‐shaped muscle are aligned more nearly parallel to the long axis of the trunk. In order to clarify the selective factors promoting such a morphological change, we have conducted a telemetered electromyographic study of the caudal and middle digitations of the serratus anterior pars caudalis. During voluntary elevation of the forelimb, only the middle, more obliquely disposed digitations are powerfully recruited. The caudal digitations are either inactive or function just to initiate scapular rotation. During locomotion, the middle digitations act in the swing (recovery) phase, whereas the caudal digitations are predominatly active in the support (propulsive)These Pashe findings suggest that the caudal digitations are important in propelling the trunk past the scapula during locomotion. Evolution of a fiber orientation more parallel to the long axis of the trunk is suggested to have occurred in broad chested primates for the purpose of facilitating locomotor behaviors requiring caudal scapular retraction for propulsion, but which would be deleteriously affected if such retraction were linked to simultaneous ventral displacement of the shoulder girdle. In its current state, the human serratus anterior seems clearly adapted for arm‐raising functions and indicates descent from a small ape with a thoracic shape similar to atelines.
Osteometry and autoradiography of the long bones of sleletons of women exposed to internal radiation at 13–19 years of age
Authors: Polednak Anthony P. , Farnham Joseph E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLengths of long bones of skeletons were examined in 25 women first exposed to large skeletal doses of radiation (alpha particles from radium) at the age of 13–19 years. Meanlengths did not differ significantly between two subgroups based on age at first exposure toradiation (i.e., 13–16 vs. 17–19 years). Autoradiographs of femora of some women who ingested radium at 13–15 years of age showed evidence for bone growth when blood levels of radium were low (i.e., after ingestion of radium). These findings indicate no detectable effect of large skeletal doses of radiation on growth in adolescent and post‐adolescent periods.
Shape differences in the sacral alae
Authors: Flander Louisa Beyer , Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe great variability and complexity of sacral morphology has led to some confusion over the separate influences of phylogeny, population differences, and sexual dimorphism. Principal component analysis of Cartesian coordinates taken on the alae of one hundred human sacra reveals that allometric growth accounts for most variation in the extent and orientation of this region (termed basality). Sex differences related to functional contribution of the alae to the pelvic cavity account for the remainder of the variability. The requirement for extrastability in this region to support the large individual may obscure sexual dimorphism in the sacrum. This, in turn, may have influenced past observations on the sex criteria for this bone.
Odontometric microdifferentiation of transplanted Mexican Indian populations: Cuanalan and Saltillo
Authors: O'Rourke D. H. , Crawford M. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study documents odontometric variation in four populations of related genetic background. It is found that the transplanted populations of Cuanalan and Saltillo have undergone significant microdifferentiation in tooth size relative to the two home valley populations. The extent and direction of this microdifferentiation is seen as reflecting differential amounts of admixture from African and European sources in demographic subunits of the two transplanted populations. The dental variables found to discriminate significantly between populations are the same variables predicted to be evolutionarily labile by Butler's Field Theory. Principal component analysis confirms the presence of morphological fields in these data and supports the position that each class has a stable tooth, with stability decreasing with increasing distance from the key tooth. The importance of hybridization in determining which variables significantly discriminate between populations is confounded by the effects of development of the dentition in morphogenetic fields. These data suggest the odontometric data provide an adequate, if somewhat conservative, base from which to evaluate microdifferentiation of human populations.
Gc (vitamin D binding protein) subtype polymorphism and variants distribution among Saharan, Middle East, and African populations
Authors: Constans J. , Lefevre‐Witier Ph. , Richard P. , Jaeger G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article presents the results obtained by electrophoretic analysis of the group specific component polymorphism in more than 1,250 serum samples from populations living in the Sahara, the Middle East, and equatorial Africa. In addition to the alleles GcIF and GcIS, five variants, including one previously unknown, were found. The distribution of the alleles herein described permits speculation on exchanges and relation among the groups considered. The lowest frequencies of the gene Gc2 correspond to regions where sunlight is stronger. There is also a north‐south gradient in the GcIF gene frequency. This seems to parallel the gradient seen in skin pigmentation.
Population structure and admixture in transplanted Tlaxcaltecan populations
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Devor Eric J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe history of the Indian populations from the Valley of Tlaxcala since the Spanish conquest of Mexico has been one of fission and transplantation. A number of Tlaxcaltecan families were relocated by the Spanish and founded new communities such as Saltillo and Cuanalan outside the Valley of Tlaxcala. The contemporary genetic structure of these people reflects their ethnohistory. Genetic distances between Tlaxcaltecan groups are the result of differential systematic pressure acting upon them.
Hawaiian craniofacial morphometrics: Average Mokapuan skull, artificial cranial deformation, and the “rocker” mandible
Authors: Schendel Stephen A. , Walker Geoffrey , Kamisugi Arthur 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCraniofacial morphology and cultural cranial deformation were analyzed by the computer morphometric system in 79 adult Hawaiian skulls from Mokapu, Oahu. The average Hawaiian male was large, but similar in shape to the female. Both were larger than the present Caucasian, showed a greater dental protrusion, and possessed a larger ANB angle, flatter cranial base, and larger facial heights. Correlations in Hawaiian craniofacial structure were found between an increasing mandibular plane angle and (1) shorter posterior facial height, (2) larger gonial angle, (3) larger cranial base angle, and (4) smaller SNA and SNB angles.Of the 79 skulls studied, 8. 9% were found to have severe head molding or intentional cranial deformation. Significant statistical differences between the molded group and the nonmolded group are, in decreasing significance: (1) larger upper face height, (2) smaller glabella to occiput distance, and (3) increased lower face height with deformation. The morphometric differences were readily seen by graphic comparison between groups. It is postulated that external forces to the neurocranium result in redirection of the growth vectors in the neurocranial functional matrix, including the cranial base, and secondarily, to the orofacial functional matrix. There is a possibility that the cranial deformation is a retention of the normal birth molding changes.The Polynesian “rocker jaw” was found in 81% to 95% of this populace. This mandibular form occurs only with attainment of adult stature and craniofacial form. This data agrees with the hypothesis that mandibular form is modified by the physical forces present and their direction in the orofacial functional matrix.
Incidence of caries and abscesses in archeological Eskimo skeletal samples from point hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: Costa Raymond L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of caries and abscesses in 246 archeologically derived skeletal specimens from the Ipiutak and Tigara levels at Point Hope, Alaska, and 79 specimens excavated from Jones Point, Kodiak Island, Alaska were investigated. All three collections span long periods of time. Only pre‐white contact specimens were used. Each specimens was sexed and aged in five year groupings, using standard techniques. Caries and abscesses were recorded by type and degree of severity and correlated with age, sex, and site of origin. All samples displayed very low caries rates and few abscesses per tooth and per individual (both observed frequencies, and frequencies corrected for postmortem loss of teeth). DMF scores were tabulated using both observed and corrected frequencies. Very heavy occlusal wear in all three samples could account for the majority of abscesses and pulp exposures, while the low caries rates are attributable to traditional diets totally devoid of refined sugars, starches, and food additives.
Age changes in the external dimensions of adult bone
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHumeri from a large, ossuary‐derived sample are used to demonstrate that considerable size variability is introduced to transverse skeletal measurements when young adults and older adults are pooled. Humeri from young adults (epiphyseal lines still visible, N ≈︁ 25) are smaller in transverse dimensions than those of older adults (N ≈︁ 300). Among left humeri, only shaft diameters demonstrate statistically significant differences. The right humeri, however, show statistically significant differences for six of the eight measurements. The increased size of the older adult humeri reflects the fact that appositional growth continues throughout adulthood. The more pronounced differences seen on the right side probably reflect developing dominance asymmetry. Recognition of this source of intrasample variability will influence the choice of skeletal measurements used for population comparisons and/or indicators of robusticity.
Some blood genetic markers of selected tribes in Western Saudi Arabia
Authors: Saha N. , Bayoumi R. A. , El Sheikh F. S. , Samuel A. P. W. , El Fadil I. , El Houri I. S. , Sebai Z. A. , Sabaa H. M. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 292 randomly selected subjects belonging to two indigenous Arab tribes (Harbi and Ghamid) and two immigrant tribes (Mograbi and Mowallad), residents in Western Saudi Arabia, have been tested for genetic variants of six blood groups, four serum proteins, and five red cell enzyme systems. The distribution of the polymorphic systems was different between indigenous and immigrant tribes, and the present Arab population shows a considerable degree of admixture from the surrounding countries, in particular Africa.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. I. Single trait heritabilities
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe use of skeletal nonmetric traits in studies of biological relationships often involves the assumption that variation in these traits is genetic. Studies of nonmetric traits in human groups and in inbred strains of mice and rabbits have indicated a genetic component to nonmetric trait variation. Skeletons of animals with known matrilineage membership were obtained from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection in order to obtain a direct estimate of the heritabilities of several nonmetric traits in the free‐ranging population of rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. Falconer's (1965) method was used to calculate heritability. Heritability estimates range from zero to one, and half of them are greater than 0.5. This indicates that there is a considerable amount of genetic variation for these traits among the Cayo macaques. There is a significant tendency for traits scoring the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those scoring hyperstotic or hypostotic traits.
Root number determination in maxillary first premolars for modern human populations
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt is suggested that multiple root number of the maxillary first premolar be defined on the basis of lingual and buccal‐root bifurcation greater than one‐fourth to one‐third (25%–33%) the buccal‐root length. This meets pragmatic considerations and would enhance comparability of between‐observer findings for an apparently independent trait of potential importance for population characterization, forensic identification, and microevolutionary analysis.
A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for prehistory
Authors: Froehlich J. W. , Giles Eugene 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFingerprint data from three Markham Valley populations of Papua New Guinea are presented. Initial comparisons with data from elsewhere in New Guinea by conventional bivariate methods suggest hypotheses regarding prehistory, but these methods are inconclusive. Because of this shortcoming, the application of discriminant analysis to dermatoglyphic data is justified and cautiously demonstrated. Discriminant analysis is a valid approach to the parsimonious study of fingerprint relationships among human populations. Significant discriminating variables are then used with the limited published data to display historical relationships. These marker traits include the separate frequencies of thumb, middle fingers, and little finger patterning, and the complexity of the thenar eminence.With regard to prehistory, it is concluded that fingerprint data support the hypothesis of separate origins and migrations for Papuan‐ and Melanesian‐speaking peoples. Furthermore, it is suggested that these data support the linguistic hypothesis of a second Papuan migration of Trans New Guinea Phylum speakers, up the Markham Valley into the New Guinea Highlands. Finally, gene flow is indicated from Melanesian speakers of the north coast into the interior through the Sepik and Ramu River valleys, affecting both the Trans New Guinea Phylum and other unrelated Papuan groups. Moreover, there are numerous suggestions of recent reciprocal genetic exchange between neighboring Melanesians and Papuans, without obliterating the older, separate origins of these peoples. These results suggest that fingerprints have greater phylogenetic stability than other biological parameters used in the past.