bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing physiological complexity
Authors: Burggren W. W. , Monticino M. G. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARYPhysiologists both admire and fear complexity, but we have made relatively few attempts to understand it. Inherently complex systems are more difficult to study and less predictable. However, a deeper understanding of physiological systems can be achieved by modifying experimental design and analysis to account for complexity. We begin this essay with a tour of some mathematical views of complexity. After briefly exploring chaotic systems,information theory and emergent behavior, we reluctantly conclude that, while a mathematical view of complexity provides useful perspectives and some narrowly focused tools, there are too few generally practical take-home messages for physiologists studying complex systems. Consequently, we attempt to provide guidelines as to how complex systems might be best approached by physiologists. After describing complexity based on the sum of a physiological system's structures and processes, we highlight increasingly refined approaches based on the pattern of interactions between structures and processes. We then provide a series of examples illustrating how appreciating physiological complexity can improve physiological research, including choosing experimental models, guiding data collection, improving data interpretations and constructing more rigorous system models. Finally, we conclude with an invitation for physiologists, applied mathematicians and physicists to collaborate on describing, studying and learning from studies of physiological complexity.
Sarcomere length measurement permits high resolution normalization of muscle fiber length in architectural studies
Authors: Felder Amanda , Ward Samuel R. , Lieber Richard L. 
Published: August 2005

SUMMARY
The use of sarcomere length to normalize fiber length in architectural studies is commonly practiced but has not been explicitly validated. Using mouse hindlimb muscles as a model system, ankle joints were intentionally set to angles ranging from 30° to 150° and their muscles fixed. Tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were removed and their raw fiber length measured. Sarcomere length was then measured for each fiber length sample and fiber length was normalized to a standard sarcomere length. As expected, raw fiber length was dependent on tibiotarsal angle (P&lt;0.0005 for all muscles, r2 range 0.22–0.61), while sarcomere length normalization eliminated the joint-angle dependent variation in fiber length (P&gt;0.24, r2 range 0.001–0.028). Similarly, one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in normalized fiber length among ankle angles for any of the three muscles (P&gt;0.1), regardless of animal size. To determine the resolution of the method, power calculations were performed. For all muscles studied, there was &gt;90% chance of detecting a 15% fiber length difference among muscles and &gt;60% chance of detecting fiber length differences as small as 10%. We thus conclude that the use of sarcomere length normalization in architectural studies permits resolution of fiber length variations of 15% and may even be effective at resolving 10%fiber length variations.
Remote edge detection of subcutaneous stiffeners
Authors: Fenn R , Watson J C 
Published: August 2005

Construction of narrow-gap double skin components requires, at some stage, blind welding from one side. During construction, due to thermal distortion, the hidden stiffeners (spacers or stringers) may move sufficiently far from their designated locations that assembly welds, made from one side, could miss the stringers completely. Thus, a real-time sensor capable of identifying and accurately locating spacer edges beneath the outer skin is required. Outer skin magnetic properties and plate/spacer separation seriously influence the capabilities of the best candidate detecting methods. Initial trials were undertaken using a non-destructive testing (NDT) eddy current method to detect beneath aluminium plate. Probe design and construction concentrated on air-cored absolute coils, on which finite element analysis (FEA) was used to predict electrical response. When the refined detector system was tested on magnetic material (mild steel), it was found to be preferable if a static magnetic field was applied to the plate component. Applied magnetism had a profound effect on coil field penetration and hence detectability (maximum plate thickness rose swiftly from 3mm, unmagnetized, to over 12mm, magnetized). As a sensor, the eddy current detector was shown to be capable of finding subcutaneous edges in both aluminium and mild steel fabrications. What has been developed is a sensor simply requiring computer-controlled movement to allow completely automatic hidden edge finding.
The development of a remanufacturing platform design: A strategic response to the Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Authors: King A M , Burgess S C 
Published: August 2005

Between 1980 and 1997, municipal solid waste in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries increased by around 40 per cent, and it is predicted to grow by a further 40 per cent by 2020. In response to these problems, the European Union has implemented (among other policies) the Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment, making original equipment manufacturers and importers legally bound to take significant responsibility for the treatment and disposal of post-consumer products. This paper presents the four main waste avoidance routes of repair, reconditioning, remanufacturing, and recycling. It concludes that remanufacturing may often be a strong strategy. This is based on the fact that it preserves both the embodied energy of virgin production (thus reducing the environmental impact) and the intrinsic ‘value-adding’ process of the producer (thus increasing the manufacturer's profitability). The paper then outlines the present major technical barriers to remanufacturing and outlines how a platform design strategy could remove some of these barriers. The paper explains the authors' definition of a platform design and describes how this could be applied to remanufacturing.
Experimental study of guiding and filtering of acoustic waves in a two dimensional ultrasonic crystal
Authors: Khelif Abdelkrim , Choujaa Abdelkrim , Benchabane Sarah , Djafari-Rouhani Bahram , Laude Vincent 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the guiding, bending and filtering of acoustic waves in an ultrasonic crystal. The crystal consists of a two-dimensional periodical array of steel rods immersed in water, for wich a complete acoustic band gap extending from 240 to 325 kHz is found experimentally. Waveguides for acoustic waves are further created by removing a line defect, on which stubs can be added by removing rods from the side-walls of the waveguide. Full transmission is observed for a one-period-wide straight waveguide within the full-band-gap of the perfect phononic crystal, i.e. for a waveguide aperture smaller than one acoustic wavelength. Waveguiding over a wide frequency range is also obtained for a one-period-wide waveguide with two sharp 90° bends. Finite-difference time-domain computations are found to be in good agreement with the measurements in all experimental configurations.
Spectroscopic and Photochemical Properties of the Lichen Compound Lobaric Acid
Authors: Hidalgo María Eliana , Bascuñan Luis , Quilhot Wanda , Fernández Ernesto , Rubio Cecilia 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTLichens synthesize and accumulate photoprotective compounds against possible damage induced by UV radiation in the photobiont. A biological model has been recently formulated that allows the use of lichens to evaluate changes at different UV radiation levels. The thermodynamics, photo‐physical and photochemical properties of lobaric acid were studied in acetonitrile, ethanol and Brij 35(3%) micelles at different pH values. Also the sun protector factor (SPF) was determined by in vitro methods. Lobaric acid was extracted from Stereoculon alpinum Laur. and characterized by means of standard procedures. Solutions were irradiated in oxygen and under nitrogen conditions with a UV medium pressure lamp. Lobaric acid absorbs at 287, 303 nm, and no fluorescence emission was observed. The maximum value of the molar extinction coefficient (5479.6 M−1 cm−1) was obtained in Brij 35 at pH 12. Solubility is pH dependant and is highest in Brij 35 at pH 12 (4.45 × 10−4M). Photo‐consumption quantum yields ranged between 10−4 and 10−5 in aerobic and anaerobic experimental conditions. Lobaric acid SPF was very low (0.5) compared with homosalate (4.0), (reference solar filter). Two pKa values, 5.05 (carboxylic acid group deprotonation) and 9.75 (phenolic OH deprotonation), were determined.
Pond Production and Fatty Acid Profiles of the Fillets of Channel Catfish Reared on Diets with Different Protein Sources
Authors: Hedrick R L , Popma T J , Davis D A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Three protein sources were evaluated as supplements to grow-out feeds for mixed-sized channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus stocked at 16,750 fish/ha in 0.04-ha earthen ponds. Three practical diets were tested: (1) meat, bone, and blood meal (MBM), (2) fish meal containing menhaden Brevoortia spp., and (3) soybean meal and wheat (lysine added). The fish were fed to satiation once daily for 133 d. For total fish harvested, dietary protein did not affect the weight gain, hepatosomatic index, percent survival, harvest yield, protein efficiency ratio, percentage of intraperitoneal fat, or dress-out percentage. Feed consumption and the feed conversion ratio were significantly higher in fish fed the MBM diet. This diet also produced a significantly lower percentage of lipids in the fillets. Significant differences were shown for fatty acids found in the fillets of large fish and small fish fed all diets. A size-related significant difference was found for the total saturated fatty acids, where values for the fillets of small fish were lower than those of large fish. Conversely, a size-related significant difference was found for the total monounsaturated fatty acids in the fillets, where the large fish had lower levels than those of the small fish. When the fatty acids found in the fillets were classified as total polyunsaturated fatty acids (total omega-3 fatty acids or total omega-6 fatty acids), no significant differences in concentrations as a result of diet were found. This suggests that all three protein sources performed similarly and that the all-vegetable diet supplemented with lysine is a suitable alternative to diets containing animal and fish protein sources for channel catfish grown under pond production conditions.
Effects of Exogenous Lipid Peroxides on Mortality and Tissue Alterations in Japanese Pearl Oysters Pinctada fucata martensii
Authors: Sugishita Yoshiyuki , Hirano Mizuki , Tsutsumi Kenichi , Mobin S. M. A. , Kanai Kinya , Yoshikoshi Kazuma 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The effects of exogenous lipid peroxides, suspected to be a cellular injury factor that causes mass mortalities of cultured Japanese pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii, were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Cumulative mortalities of experimental oysters exposed to oxidized oils in suspension (fish feed oil) or emulsion (methyl linoleate) were approximately 40% after 8 or 9 weeks, whereas mortalities were 0.0% (suspension) and 5.6% (emulsion) in control oysters exposed to unoxidized oils. Pathological changes observed in experimental oysters were characterized by blebbing and necrosis of cells in various organs that had spread from the digestive organ and were identical to those observed in diseased oysters from natural mass mortalities. The thiobarbituric acid values of experimental oysters were consistently and significantly higher than those of control oysters. An in vitro exposure examination also demonstrated that oxidized oil caused conspicuous blebbing and necrosis in the epithelial cells of the digestive organ. These results suggest that organic pollution caused by suspended solids containing lipid peroxides, emulsion of oxidized oils, or both is a major environmental factor that chronically damages tissues of cultured oysters and can cause mass mortalities.
Intraovum Infection Caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum among Eggs from Captive Atlantic Salmon Broodfish
Authors: Cipriano Rocco C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This study indicated that the bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum induced an infection within eggs of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar that were held at federal New England restoration facilities. The pathogen, which originated from the Connecticut, Penobscot, Machias, East Machias, Dennys, Narraguagus, and Sheepscot rivers, was obtained from these eggs at concentrations that ranged from 5.0 × 102 to 2.5 × 108 colony-forming units per gram of egg, despite successive treatments with povidone iodine (I2). Treatments consisted of 50 mg/L of water for 30 min, then 100 mg/L for 10 min, followed at the eyed egg stage by 100 mg/L for 60 min. Collectively, 63% of the egg lots (77 of 122) obtained from paired matings of these captive broodfish were infected; 39% of these lots contained 10 or fewer infected eggs (60 eggs sampled per lot), and less than 10% of the lots contained more than 20 positive eggs. Consequently, standard iodophor disinfection procedures were ineffective. Eggs were positive from each of the river-specific captive brood populations during both of the spawning cycles that were studied. I concluded that F. psychrophilum established an intraovum infection that was prevalent among captive brood lots from different New England watersheds.
Pubertal timing, hormones, and body composition among adolescent Turkana males
Authors: Campbell Benjamin C. , Leslie Paul W. , Little Michael A. , Campbell Kenneth L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Turkana, like other East African pastoral groups, are known for their tall adult stature, achieved despite a blunted growth spurt during adolescence and continued growth into the early 20s. To investigate the hormonal mechanisms associated with the pattern of slow and continued adolescent growth, we collected data on hormonal status, height, weight, and trunk skinfolds and ethnographic self‐reports of testicular maturation in a cross‐sectional sample of 35 nomadic and 37 settled Turkana males aged 14–24. Hormonal determinations included testosterone (T), sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in blood, in addition to urinary DHEA. Self‐reports of testicular maturation showed no difference between settled and nomadic subpopulations. However, nomadic boys exhibited significantly higher levels of T, DHEA, and SHBG. Of all the hormones, only SHBG showed a significant relationship with age. Multiple regression models show blood T and SHBG to be significant independent predictors of achieved height as well as weight, controlling for age. Our results suggest that onset of puberty is substantially delayed among Turkana males, and that bioavailable T is related to growth in stature during adolescence. We suggest that SHBG acts to mediate the effects of energy availability on adolescent growth in this energetically limited population. Our findings may also have implications for understanding adolescent growth amongHomo erectus. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005., © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trauma‐induced changes in diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry in two elites from Copan, Honduras
Authors: Nystrom Kenneth C. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis research utilized biplanar radiographs to estimate cross‐sectional biomechanical properties for the skeletal remains of two elite individuals from the Early Classic period (ca. AD 400–600) of Copan, Honduras: K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' (Hunal Burial 95‐2), founder of the Early Classic Dynasty at Copan, and the primary female interment (Burial 37‐8) from the Motmot tomb. Both individuals survived severe blunt‐force insults to the right forearm. Gross skeletal examination and evaluation of the radiographs for K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' suggest that these traumas resulted from, at least in part, disuse atrophy of the affected forearm skeletal elements. Gross and radiologic evaluation of the Motmot remains countered the possibility that she suffered from a metabolic bone disease, and confirmed the presence of a well‐healed parry fracture of the right ulna. The degree of asymmetry in cross‐sectional biomechanical properties reported here for K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' is likely the secondary result of the described blunt‐force trauma. The results obtained for the principal Motmot interment are not as dramatic, but suggest subtle changes to humeral cross‐sectional geometry subsequent to trauma. Am J Phys Anthropol., 2005 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination and pharmacokinetic study of chlorogenic acid in rat dosed with Yin‐Huang granules by RP‐HPLC
Authors: Li Xin‐Pu , Yu Jie , Luo Jin‐Yin , Li Hong‐Sheng , Han Fu‐Jie , Chen Xing‐Guo , Hu Zhi‐De 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) method was described for the determination of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in rat plasma using protocatechuic acid as internal standard (IS). CGA in plasma was extracted with acetonitrile, which also acted as deproteinization agent. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil C18 column with methanol–0.2 m acetic acid (pH 3.0, 25:75, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow‐rate of 1.0 mL/min with an operating temperature of 30°C and UV detection at 300 nm. The standard curve was found to be linear over the concentration ranges of 0.4–2.5 µg/mL and 2.5–40 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.4 µg/mL. The analytical precision and accuracy were validated by relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error, which were in ranges 3.14–10.78% and −2.20–5.00%, respectively. The average recovery of CGA was 87.59%. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of CGA in Yin‐Huang granules. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transposon tools and methods in zebrafish
Authors: Kawakami Koichi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractZebrafish is an excellent model animal to study vertebrate development by genetic approaches. Hundreds of mutations affecting various processes of development have been isolated by chemical mutagenesis and insertional mutagenesis using a pseudotyped retrovirus. However, useful transposon tools and methods had not been available in zebrafish. This is mainly because no active transposable element has been found from the zebrafish genome. Recently, efficient transgenesis, gene trap, and enhancer trap methods have been developed in zebrafish by using the Tol2 and the Sleeping Beauty transposon systems. These methods should increase the usefulness of zebrafish as a model vertebrate and facilitate the study of developmental biology, genetics, and genomics. Developmental Dynamics 234:244–254, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenges in the study of neuronal differentiation: A view from the embryonic eye
Authors: Adler Ruben 
Published: August 2005

AbstractProgress in the study of the molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal differentiation has been quite impressive in recent years, and promises to continue to an equally fast pace. This should not lead us into a sense of complacency, however, because there are still significant barriers that cannot be overcome by simply conducting the same type of experiments that we have been performing thus far. This article will describe some of these challenges, while highlighting the conceptual and methodological breakthroughs that will be necessary to overcome them. Developmental Dynamics 234:454–463, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
vHnf1 regulates specification of caudal rhombomere identity in the chick hindbrain
Authors: Aragón Ferran , Vázquez‐Echeverría Citlali , Ulloa Encarna , Reber Michael , Cereghini Silvia , Alsina Berta , Giraldez Fernando , Pujades Cristina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe homeobox‐containing gene variant hepatocyte nuclear factor‐1 (vHnf1) has recently been shown to be involved in zebrafish caudal hindbrain specification, notably in the activation of MafB and Krox20 expression. We have explored this regulatory network in the chick by in ovo electroporation in the neural tube. We show that misexpression of vHnf1 confers caudal identity to more anterior regions of the hindbrain. Ectopic expression of mvHnf1 leads to ectopic activation of MafB and Krox20, and downregulation of Hoxb1 in rhombomere 4. Unexpectedly, mvhnf1 strongly upregulates Fgf3 expression throughout the hindbrain, in both a cell‐autonomous and a non‐cell‐autonomous manner. Blockade of FGF signaling correlates with a selective loss of MafB and Krox20 expression, without affecting the expression of vHnf1, Fgf3, or Hoxb1. Based on these observations, we propose that in chick, as in zebrafish, vHnf1 acts with FGF to promote caudal hindbrain identity by activating MafB and Krox20 expression. However, our data suggest differences in the vHnf1 downstream cascade in different vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 234:567–576, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening of plenum cables using a small‐scale fire test protocol
Authors: Khan Mohammed M. , Bill Robert G. , Alpert Ronald L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe extent of flame propagation of electric cables in the FM Global intermediate‐scale parallel panel test (PPT) using a 60 kW sand burner has been correlated with a dimensional fire propagation index (FPI,)[(m/s1/2)/(kW/m)2/3] derived from ignition and vertical propagation tests in small‐scale ASTM E‐2058 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). Two distinct types of fire behavior were observed in the PPT. The cables that did not propagate beyond the vicinity of the ignition burner flames have a FPI equal to or less than 7 [(m/s1/2)/(kW/m)2/3], whereas cables that propagated to the top of the 4.9 m parallel panels had a FPI equal to or greater than 14 [(m/s1/2)/(kW/m)2/3]. All the plenum rated (Ul‐910 or NFPA 262 tested) cables tested in this study did not exhibit flame propagation in the PPT, had FPI values of 7 [(m/s1/2)/(kW/m)2/3] or less and generated considerably lower smoke than those cables that propagated in the PPT. Based on this study, it is suggested that FPI measured in ASTM E‐2058 FPA may be used for screening cables for UL‐910 or NFPA262 tests, thus requiring substantially less cable to be supplied for testing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.