bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Mulholland Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Who won and who lost? Certainly, unionists cannot hope to return to an Ulster of old, securely British in all manifestations of state culture. The Troubles have locked Northern Ireland irreversibly into an Irish paradigm. Institutional recognition of this, in all-Ireland bodies, is likely to be permanent. Nor can nationalists have faith that Ireland will become ‘Gaelic and free’, shunning its community with Great Britain. The principle that only Northern Ireland can consent to fundamental constitutional change is more firmly enshrined now than when the violence began.
The Roman Oligarchy
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the patricians expelled the kings from Rome, they were careful to retain the kingly power, vested in a pair of annual magistrates; and though compelled in time to admit the plebeians to :r.olitical equality, certain of the great patrician houses, Valeni, Fabii and Comelii, none the less held in turn a dynastic and almost regal position.1 The Senate again, being a permanent body, arrogated to itself power, and after conceding sovranty to the assembly of the People was able to frustrate its exercise. The two consuls remained at the head of the government, but policy was largely directed by ex-consuls. These men ruled, as did the Senate, not in virtue o written law, but through auctoritas; and the name of principes civitatis came suitably to be applied to the more prominent of the consulars. The consulate did not merely confer power upon its holder and dignity for life: it ennobled a family for ever. Within the Senate, itself an oligarchy, a narrow ring, namely the nobiles, or descendants of consular houses, whether patrician or plebeian in origin, regarded the supreme magistracy as the prerogative of birth and the prize of ambition.
The Senior Statesman
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN the Senate three men of consular rank had spoken against Antonius, namely L. Piso, P. Servilius and Cicero, and therefore might be said to have encouraged the designs of Octavianus. That was all they had in common-in character, career and policy the three consulars were discordant and irreconcilable. Piso, an aristocrat of character and discernment, united loyalty to Roman standards of conduct with a lively appreciation of the literature and philosophy of Hellas: he was the friend and patron of Philodemus, the poet and scholar. Though elegant in his tastes, Piso suited his way of living to his family tradition and to his fortune, which would not have supported ostentatious display and senseless luxury.2 Being the father-in-law of Caesar, and elected through the agency of Pompeius and Caesar to the consulate, Piso saw no occasion to protect Cicero from the threat, sentence and consequences of exile. Cicero remembered and attacked Piso for his conduct of the governorship of Macedonia, both before and after the proconsul returned, on any excuse. Piso replied, no doubt with some effect. Nor did any political enemy or ambitious youth come forward to arraign by prosecution a proconsul alleged to have been corrupt, incompetent and calamitous. Pisa, however, withdrew more and more from active politics. Yet his repute, or at least his influence, is sufficiently demonstrated by his election, though reluctant, to the censorship in 50 B.c., an honour to which many consulars must have aspired as due recognition of public service and political wisdom.
The Succession
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HREE dangers ever beset the domination of a party-there may arise dissension among its directors, the nominal leader. may emancipate himself from control, or he may be removed by death. For the moment, Augustus had his way. He was left in 6.B.C. with the two boys, th one in his fourteenth, the other in his eleventh year. The Pnnceps had broken loose from the Caesarian party, alienated his deputy and a section at least of his adherents. While Augustus lived, he maintained peace and the dynasty. But Augustus was now aged fifty-seven. The crisis could not long be postponed.
Identities
Authors: Heskett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Objects and environments can be used by people to construct a sense of who they are, to express their sense of identity. The construction of identity, however, goes much further than an expression of who someone is; it can be a deliberate attempt by individuals and organizations, even nations, to create a particular image and meaning intended to shape, even pre-empt, what others perceive and understand.
Futures
Authors: Heskett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two themes have recurred throughout this book: the extent of variations in design practice, and the manner in which it is being affected by far-reaching changes in technology, markets, and cultures. Design cannot remain isolated from these wider patterns, but the situation is confused. As in previous historical phases of change, a point arrives at which consciousness of the extent of change becomes a pressing issue, but uncertainty about what will eventuate means few definitive answers are available. Since the early 1980s, attempts to adapt old forms and processes to new purposes have been juxtaposed with wild experiments and many overconfident pronouncements of what the future will be. If the basic proposition in this book is that design has evolved historically in a layered pattern, rather than a linear evolution in which new developments eliminate previous manifestations, then we can expect new layers to be added that will alter the role and relationships of pre-existing modes.
The Dark Side Of Chloroform
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chloroform was the Jekyll and Hyde of the Victorian drug market. Its anaesthetic powers cocooned patients in oblivion, protected them from the pain and suffering of operations, and enshrined the humanitarian impulse of modern civilization. It could also serve as the antithesis of all that was good and merciful becoming, in criminal hands, a highly effective tool of manipulation and control. Its associations with abductions, murders, and rape cases, as well as its well-known predilection to kill patients who inhaled it during surgery without warning, fuelled myths and legends about its potency.
Prelude: An Arctic Vision
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I First Became Aware of the Arctic during the 1950s, when I was a teenager whose world was limited to the well-tended farmlands and tame urban environments of Ontario. It is hard to remember how exotic most remote places seemed to us in those days, when air travel was a rare luxury and television offered only a few blurry channels depicting life in New York, London or occasionally Toronto. The little we knew of distant environments came mostly from books and movies, and from the imaginary journeys that they stimulated. Our ignorance gave travel writers the freedom to create visions of romantic landscapes and exotic peoples that at times were only tenuously related to reality.
A Distant Paradise: The Arctic in Ancient Thought
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a Cold Summer Evening in 1959, I first heard the story of the mysterious tropical valley in the Arctic.The constructioncamp bunkhouse in the British Columbia mountains had settled into its after-supper routine. Most of the younger guys were out working on their pickup trucks or had disappeared down the rutted logging road to the town at the bottom of the valley.The elders of the camp were lying in their bunks, smoking and listening to rain on the tarpaper roof, staring at the ceiling or leafing through tabloid newspapers, too weary after a wet day on a chainsaw to do more than talk and wait for sleep. Conversation drifted through the usual topics: memories of home in the Maritimes, Budapest or on the Saskatchewan farm; laments about the new government tax that was killing jobs in construction; war stories from Korea and Europe.
Vikings and Arctic Farmers: The Norse Atlantic Saga
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a Warm and Cloudless August Afternoon the Viking ship Gaia approached the coast of North America.The huge sail pumped gently with a steady following breeze as the ship rode, lightly as a resting gull, across the ridges and valleys of a long northeasterly swell. Sunlight glinted from icebergs and flared on the distant spouts of whales.The grey cliffs of Newfoundland rose to starboard, and the foaming wake curled away towards Greenland.This tiny, fragile shell of wood had steered through fields of deadly ice, ridden over shoals that would have torn the bottom from a deeper ship, and passed through storms while taking no more than spray over the rails. Its crew was as confident and comfortable as if they were aboard a modern sailing yacht.
The English Medieval Army To 1485
Authors: Prestwich Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A contemporary poet described the great host which Edward I led north from Carlisle in 1930. The army was divided into four main cavalry divisions, one composed almost exclusively of the king’s own household troops. The sight was splendid: ‘There were many rich caparisons embroidered on silks and satins; many a beautiful pennon fixed to a lance, many a banner displayed. The neighing of horses was heard from afar; the mountains and valleys were covered with packhorses and waggons with provisions, tents and pavilions.’ In this romantic picture, the foot soldiers scarcely obtained a mention, nor did the poet think to explain how it was that the king was able to recruit an army which totalled over 10,000 men. The explanation would not have been easy, for on this occasion most of the normal medieval methods of recruitment were employed. The army was commanded by the king himself, and some of the cavalry were paid regular members of the royal household. Others were present because landowners had been requested to provide military service under the terms by which they held their land. Yet others served voluntarily at their own expense. Many knights and men-at-arms had entered into contracts to serve a magnate as part of his retinue. There were even a few foreign mercenaries. The infantry were mostly there unwillingly, recruited by royal commissioners. They were paid for their service, but their columns were diminished daily by desertion.
The Army And The First British Empire 1714–1783
Authors: Hayter Tony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The response of the British army in the eighteenth century to overseas campaigning was at first slow and uncertain. The operations in North America in the 1740s showed not much advance in technique from the isolated operations there in Queen Anne’s reign, and in the Caribbean little seems to have been learned since Elizabethan times. A certain confidence in planning and execution can be observed in the Seven Years War, but up until 1783 the experience of troops abroad was harsh and bitter, and the hazards, particularly of tropical disease, were appalling. In the years after the great reduction of the army after the Treaty of Utrecht no more than nine regiments of foot were stationed overseas. Of these four served in Minorca, three in Gibraltar, one in North America, and one in the West Indies. The Gibraltar garrison was from time to time reinforced above this figure if danger threatened from Spain. During these years the troops endured all the difficulties of long garrison duty: acute boredom relieved by alcohol and punctuated by the spectacle of savage military punishment, an inadequate monotonous diet, and ever-present danger, not from His Majesty’s enemies but from lethal epidemics. The regiments on Gibraltar were losing men through disease at the rate of 17 per cent a year during the 1740s.
The Four Armies1914–1918
Authors: Simkins Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Britain’s army in the First World War was the largest in the nation’s history. Between August 1914 and November 1918, 5,704,416men passed through its ranks. Of the 4,970,902 who joined after the outbreak of war, 2,446,719 were volunteers. The overall total of those who served represented slightly over 22 per cent of the male population of the United Kingdom. The creation of the country’s first ever mass citizen army was the product of a gigantic act of national improvisation which had considerable repercussions throughout British society. Increased government intervention in many aspects of daily life, the greater participation of women in industry, and the growing influence of organized labour were all given enormous impetus by the rapid expansion of the army and the parallel mobilization of manufacturing resources necessary to maintain it in the field.
The British Way In Warfare
Authors: Strachan Hew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has never been a British way in warfare. If this is too provocative a proposition with which to begin a chapter devoted to that very title, let it be clear that what is referred to is a precise proposition, not a loosely based collection of strategic ideas. In 1932 Basil Liddell Hart declared that the purpose of his book, The British Way in Warfare, ‘is to show that there has been a distinctively British practice of war, based on experience and proved by three centuries of success’. That practice was ‘based, above all, on mobility and surprise— apt to Britain’s natural conditions and aptly used to enhance her relative strength while exploiting her opponent’s weakness’. Britain’s ‘natural condition’ was maritime and ‘her relative strength’ was naval: the mobility and surprise to which Liddell Hart referred were therefore not the tactics of land warfare but the ?exibility vouchsafed by dominance of the seas. ‘This naval body’, he went on, ‘had two arms; one financial, which embraced the subsidizing and military provisioning of allies; the other military, which embraced sea-borne expeditions against the enemy’s vulnerable extremities.’ But, for all its pretence to the contrary, Liddell Hart’s book was not a history of British strategy. Indeed only one chapter was devoted to its declared purpose; the rest was a collection of largely unrelated essays on contemporary issues. Liddell Hart dressed up the past so that he could use it as evidence in support of his prescriptions for the future. Objectivity was never part of his repertoire. That is not a criticism in itself, for he made his intentions perfectly plain in the foreword to The British Way in Warfare.
Towards The Future
Authors: Yardley Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The future of the British army is currently more uncertain than at any time since the end of the Second World War. Under the Options For Change policy first announced by the British government in July 1990, and confirmed in the Defence White Paper of July 1992, the numbers of both the regular and Territorial Army are to be reduced considerably. The stated intention is to create a ‘smaller but better’ army more suited to the new international situation. Today’s army is made up of over 200,000 men and women; at the time of writing there are 145,000 in the regular army, and 70,000 in the Territorials. By the mid-1990s it is planned that the regular army should number 116,000 and the Territorial Army about 60,000. This target will be achieved largely by natural wastage but there will be some redundancies: most units will be affected, but the proposed cuts in the Teeth Arms are especially notable. By April 1995the Household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps will have declined from twenty to twelve regiments, the Royal Artillery from fourteen to nine, the Royal Engineers from fifteen to ten, and the Royal Signals from fifteen to ten. By April 1998 the number of infantry battalions is also likely to have diminished from fifty-five to thirty-eight. Only the Army Air Corps will keep the same number of regiments (six). The Teeth Arms will retain the regimental system, but with the amalgamations of many units and with some being put into suspended animation. The cuts in the supporting services, however, are accompanied by a major reorganization which moves in a less traditional direction. To quote the 1992 defence White Paper: ‘radical restructuring of the support organization and systems is well in hand. The logistical functions of service support and equipment support will be grouped into two larger corps’.
The Stirrings of New Nationalism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colonial literature in its exploratory and expansionist phases proclaimed cultural superiority and rightness. However, as was suggested earlier, the confidence which underlay colonial activity was not to last. Conrad’s dark colonial tales and Kipling’s brooding hymn ‘Recessional’ (1897) were proved percipient in their foreboding. By the beginning of the twentieth century Britain had begun to show signs of severe imperial overstretch. The humiliations of the Boer War, in particular, laid bare the vulnerability of the Empire.
HOW?
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have outlined the contending forces in Ireland’s revolutionary epoch, the ideologies which justified their conduct, and the contradictions between the rhetoric of lib- eration and the practical pursuit of power. These elements help to explain Irish responses to the political opportunities and chal-lenges of the period, but they alone cannot account for the actual course of change. Each phase of the revolutionary process was circumscribed and moulded by external factors such as British party politics, world war, and the post-war reorganization of Europe, which combined to generate a fatal cycle of response and counter-response, resistance and coercion.
Introduction
Authors: Ashton T S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN THE short span 9f years between the accession of George III and that of his son, William IV, the face of England changed. Areas that for centuries had been cultivated as open fields, or had lain untended as common pasture, were hedged or fenced; hamlets grew into populous towns; and chimney stacks rose to dwarf the ancient spires. Highroads were made—straighter, stronger, and wider than those evil communications that had corrupted the good manners of travellers in the days of Defoe. The North and Irish Seas, and the navigable reaches of the Mersey, Ouse, Trent, Severn, Thames, Forth, and Clydewere joined together by threads of still water. In the North the first iron rails were laid down for the new locomotives, and steam packets began to ply on the estuaries and the narrow seas.
The Voice Of The Past
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this revised edition of Paul Thompson's successful book, he traces oral history through its own past and weighs up the recent achievements of this international movement. He challenges myths of historical scholarship and looks at the use of oral sources by the historian. The author offers advice on designing a project; discusses reliability of oral evidence; considers the context of the development of historical writing including it's social function.; and looks at memory, the self and the use of drama and therapy. This new edition has been substantially revised and updated and includes an expanded discussion of narrative approaches and new technology used in the recording of information. Reviews from the second edition of Voice of the Past: Oral History 'Paul Thompson is a passionate and convincing crusader in the cause of oral history' The Times Educational Supplement 'It must be rare in modern academic life to replace your own unrivalled book after 10 years with an even better one, but he has done so. His new material on memory and the self, and on drama as therapy, should be read by literary critics in their infancy.' The Independent '...the first book to combine a theory of oral history, the technical processes involved, and a road map of where oral evidence fits into the landscape of western historiography.' American Historical Review
The Achievement of Oral History
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How do we measure the achievement of oral history? Against a roll-call of its long past: Herodotus, Bede, Clarendon, Scott, Michelet, Mayhew ... ? Or its present ambitions and diversity? It is not possible to mark any clear boundary around the work of a movement which brings together so many different kinds of specialists.
Interpretation: The Making of History
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The evidence has now been collected, sorted, and worked into an accessible form: the sources are at our disposal. But how do we put them together? How do we make history from them? We shall have to consider, first, what choices may be made in the manner and shape of presentation. Next, how do we evaluate our evidence? Thirdly comes the heart of the matter, interpretation: how do we relate the evidence we have found to wider patterns and theories of history? How do we construct meaning in history? And finally, we shall take a concluding look ahead, at the impact which we might hope for from oral evidence on the making of history in the future.
Apartheid, 1948-1961
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Striking documentary film footage records the ageing but wiry Jan Smuts descending the steps of the Union buildings in Pretoria in 1948 to take his leave following his election defeat. His place on the hill of power, in the building designed by Baker on a koppie overlooking the valley of Pretoria, was taken by D. F. Malan-for over thirty years a ‘solid, conservative’ nationalist. This was a moment when white politics mattered deeply. For fifty years South Africa had been ruled by men who had cut their political teeth at the turn of the century in the politics of the South African War and the compromises of Union. In retrospect, they appear relatively pragmatic. But the age of the generals was over and that of the ideologues and technocrats had begun. These were men who came of age in the inter-war depression years-a time of extremes.
Economic Uncertainties: Redistribution, Class Formation, and Growth
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
South Africa has been one of the most unequal societies in the world. At the heart of ANC policy, historically, was a commitment to address poverty and social inequality experienced over whelmingly by black people. During the negotiations of the early 1990s, the ANC dropped many of its socialist ideas and accepted entrenchment of existing private property rights. The key capital ist institutions survived the transition. Use of the term ‘comrade’ to address supporters of political liberation gradually faded in the 1990s.