bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Origins and the “Saltwater Curtain” The Issues
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In December of 1872, Joseph Hartley and his wife Rebecca wrote to friends in Yorkshire, England. Joseph had left West Riding in early 1858, sailed from Liverpool to New York, and eventually settled in Lockport, a stone quarrying town in upstate New York. Rebecca had left Cambridgeshire in 1857. The friends and family they left behind held out the hope that the Hartleys would one day return to their native country. But fifteen years after their departure from England, Joseph and Rebecca had come to see themselves as Americans: For the Hartleys, the time between their departure from England and the day when they could describe themselves as “yankeys” was fifteen years. In that time, they had experienced a number of changes in their circumstances. They left New York City quickly and lived for a time in Medina, another quarrying town in New York, before settling for good in Lockport. Joseph had moved up in occupation from an often-unemployed quarry laborer to boss of the Lockport quarry. And he and Rebecca had a farm of thirty acres and four children as the fruits of their labor in America.
The Data Two New Samples
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The experience of migration as a process of transformation can only be seen in data that allow us to follow specific individuals from their departure from Europe until some time after their arrival in the United States. The lack of information on immigrants’ characteristics at their arrival prevents us from distinguishing their experience in Europe from their experience in the United States. In measuring occupational skills or wealth, for example, we are unable to separate what immigrants brought from what they subsequently gained. This may lead us to misinterpret the experiences of different immigrant groups: Was the successful German artisan in 1850 Milwaukee a recent, skilled arrival, or an early, unskilled arrival? Was the propertyless Irish laborer in 1850 New York poor because he had come with little and only recently arrived, or because he had come with nothing and accumulated nothing over his years in the United States? At the same time, the immigrant experience cannot be adequately understood without an appreciation for how the native-born population performed over a comparable period.
Economic Mobility and Geographic Persistence, 1850 –1860
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The process of transformation undergone by the immigrants described in the preceding chapters did not end in 1850. Though we have focused on the changes they experienced between arrival and 1850, making use of data from 1860 only where it was necessary to separate the effects of duration in the United States from changes in cohorts over time, a great deal more mobility occurred among these new Americans between 1850 and 1860. In this chapter, we follow their progress over this decade, considering their geographic, occupational, and financial mobility, and the links among these dimensions of their experience. In doing so, we offer a new contribution to an older literature on the economic mobility of not just immigrants but also natives, and the role of geographic mobility in that process.
Social, Economic, and Cultural Transformations
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In just three decades, from the 1860s to the 1890s, the Japanese economy emerged as an Asian powerhouse. It came to be called “the Workshop of Asia,” a cliché that persisted far into the twentieth century. By the 1890s, textile manufacturers dominated home markets. They began competing successfully with British firms in China and India, as well. Japanese shippers were competing with European traders to carry these goods even to Europe.
How Well Do Foreign Exchange Markets Work: Might a Tobin Tax Help?
Authors: Frankel Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
M any observers have concluded that the international monetary system is not working well, particularly the foreign exchange market. The conclusion is fed by some recent developments in international financial markets, on the one hand, and by a number of academic findings on the other. This chapter examines the foreign exchange markets as they currently operate and then considers the arguments over the desirability of a Tobin tax. Misgivings regarding how well the markets are working arise from recent misalignments and crises, on the one hand, and from a set of seven academic findings, on the other.
Introduction America Only More So
Authors: Milner Clyde A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Often a dream, sometimes a metaphor, the American West is a place that millions of people can visualize. Certain landscapes of mountain and desert are instantly recognizable. So are certain residents, if they ride horses and wear broad hats or feathered headbands. In these nearly universal images, the West seems grandly conceived and easily explained. It is the West that serves as popular myth and national symbol. The American West of historical interpretation is much more complex. The people of the West are not readily stereotyped. Lakotas, Navajos, and other Native Americans retain distinct cultural identities, as do a cornucopia of immigrants whose cultural heritages may be traced to Europe, Africa, or Asia but who sometimes arrived from farther north via Canada, from farther west via the Pacific Islands, or from farther south via Mexico and Latin America. Like its residents, the location of the American West has changed over time. One generation’s West became another generation’s Midwest or Upper South. Such was the case for Andrew Jackson, who served as president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. In the late 1780s, after two years of studying law in Salisbury, North Carolina, while still in his early twenties, Jackson moved first to Martinsville in North Carolina and then to Jonesboro across the Appalachian Mountains in what would become the state of Tennessee. By the fall of 1788, he had arrived in the logcabin village of Nashville, where he made his home and established his political career. Throughout his adult life, Jackson called himself a “westerner,” and his avid supporters reveled in “Old Hickory’s” regional identity.
A Saga Of Families
Authors: Conzen Kathleen Neils 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Afamily story lies at the heart of American western history. Through the oft-told tales of western conquest and resistance, settlement and development, wind subtle, insistent themes of family, kinship, and community. Consider, for example, one extraordinarily evocative scene from My Darling Clementine, John Ford’s classic 1946 western film starring Henry Fonda as Wyatt Earp. Silhouetted against the bright southwestern sky rises the skeletal frame of a church tower, a cross at its peak, a joyous bell pealing from its topmost rafters. A lowering mesa broods in the background, nature dwarfing the raw town at its base. In the foreground, two American flags whip bravely in the brisk wind. Men, women, and children, all dressed in their Sunday best, crowd onto the plank floor of the unfinished meetinghouse. And in their midst, knees awkwardly lifted in cautious celebration of the new church, dances the town’s tough, gunfighting, poker-playing marshal, tamed by the genteel Bostonian whom he holds gingerly in his arms.
Alaska And Hawai’i
Authors: Wyatt Victoria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first blush Hawai’ i and Alaska may seem to bear little relation to each other-or tothe American West. Americans commonly think of Hawai’ i less as part of the American West than as part of the American vacation: an island separated from the stresses of real life by an ocean. Yale University’s alumni magazine recently advertised a tour of Alaska under the heading of travel opportunities “abroad”; and according to a common joke, Americans think Alaska is a Pacific island, floating somewhere to the southwest of California, where it basks in warm climes on maps of the nation. Alaska often is perceived as a metaphorical island-distanced from the “mainland” by Canada rather than by an ocean, but distanced all the same. To outsiders, Alaska symbolizes a sanitized last frontier, where travelers go to experience spiritual awakening akin to religious conversion. Hawai’ i represents a tropical paradise where workaholics can relax and recharge before returning to the stresses of modern American life.
The Visual West
Authors: Dippie Brian W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
on 25 June 1876, Lieutenant Colonel, Brevet Major General, George Armstrong Custer and 209 men with the Seventh U.S. Cavalry died in a battle against Lakota and Cheyenne Indians on the Little Bighorn River in south-central Montana. There were no white survivors of what has gone down in American history as “Custer’s Last Stand.” The battle did in fact happen, but Custer’s Last Stand is a cultural myth created mostly by painters, poets, dramatists, and novelists who found in the news of military disaster out West a heroic lesson. Defeat was victory. It affirmed the pioneering American spirit, the willingness to pay any price for progress, including the sacrifice of self. Today, we reject the presumption of racial and cultural superiority on which the heroic myth of Custer’s Last Stand rested. We wonder, with Heney Wadsworth Longfellow, “Whose was the right and the wrong?” We doubt the imperatives of manifest destiny” and sympathize with the dispossessed, but we do not doubt Custer’s Last Stand. Instead, we read its lesson differently. It now seems a cautionary tale about the price of personal ambition and national greed. But we can still visualize Custer’s Last Stand, and that is a tribute to the enduring influence of artists who, through the power of imagination, fashioned a reality all their own. Their achievement is what western American art is all about.
Comparing Wests And Frontiers
Authors: Nugent Walter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The following pages will employ a wide-angle lens to compare, if only in snapshots, America’s Wests with other frontiers, Wests, and regions. There is no doubt that the American West, however defined, was unique. But then, so were the Wests and frontiers of Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, and other places. Did they have any thing in common as Wests and frontiers? Did similar processes take place in all or most of them? Do the processes of change in these other places tell us anything new about the American West? Is it worth looking at them, not only to satisfy our curiosity but also to get other perspectives on ourselves? The American West itself has not always been where it is now. To the U.S. Census Bureau, the twentieth-century West has meant the thirteen westernmost states, with Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico forming the eastern tier. Unofficial definitions would usually agree, perhaps leaving out Hawai’i or Alaska, perhaps including the western halves of the Great Plains states. As recently as 1910 or 1920, however, the “West” still included Chicago and the Mississippi Valley, as it had for much of the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century the term referred to any place west of the Appalachians, and in the seventeenth century it included the area west of the Tidewater in the Chesapeake or a few dozen miles from the Atlantic farther north. The West as a region, as it is now known, will stay in the same place because there is no place farther west to go. Historically, however, the western region has been a movable feast. The places that are no longer Wests are now regarded simply as regions or sections-sizable areas with some sort of distinctiveness. These regions include (among others) New England, the Piedmont, Appalachia, and the Midwest. As transitory Wests, they were once called frontiers-the New England frontier, the southern frontier-and those frontiers-become-regions were themselves complex.
The Advantages of Comparative Advantage
Authors: Krauss Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The perennial issue of foreign trade policy is free trade versus protectionism. On the one side are the protectionists who in the United States today are more active and aggressive than at any time since the end of World War II. This special-interest group portrays our trading partners not as good guys who provide U.S. consumers with needed and desirable goods and services such as Honda cars, Sony television sets, etc., but as bad people who through unfair competition and dirty tricks steal jobs from U.S. workers and profits from U.S. businesses.
Free Trade and the Welfare State
Authors: Krauss Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The modem welfare state is characterized by a large public sector and extensive government intervention into the private economy. Its purpose is to achieve a wide range of social objectives-e.g., equal­ ization of incomes, equal access to certain goods (health care, education), environmentalism ... , etc. Welfare-state programs are manifest in all the Western industrialized nations though they have reached their extreme in the smaller countries of Northern Europe-Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands.
During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s, the welfare state and free trade were considered to be complimentary with one another. Free trade bolstered the economic base of the welfare state, which made financing its social consumption and income redistribution programs that much easier. This made sense but could not survive the 1970s. As the economic performance of the welfare state faltered, so did its commitment to free trade. Slowly but surely, the welfare state has evolved into a protectionist state.
The Consensus of Expert Opinion
Authors: Krauss Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is hard to overestimate the damage socialist fallacies have done to the poor nations of the world. Import substitution and big government tax and spending policies have proved ruinous to these countries-yet these were the very policies the “experts” promised the poor would lead them out of their poverty. “The LDCs are caught in the vicious circle of poverty, 11 wrote the young Walter Heller in 1964. “To break out of this circle, apart from foreign aid, calls for vigorous taxation and government development programs; on this point expert opinion is nearing a consensus. “
The Comparability of American History
Authors: woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To limit the subject of historical study within national boundaries is always to invite the charge of narrow perspective and historical nationalism. Historians of all nations have in some measure incurred that risk, but Americans have been accused of more than the normal share of this type of parochialism. They are said to lay excessive claims to distinctiveness and uniqueness in their national experience, to plead immunity from the influence of historical forces that have swept most other nations, to shun or deprecate comparisons between their history and that of other people, and to seek within their own borders all the significant forces that have shaped their history. These charges assume more sharpness and urgency as America approaches total involvement in world history. The striking paradox of a nation that professes historical parochialism and practices cosmopolitan involvement calls for attention from professional historians.
The Revolution
Authors: Palmer R R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United States of America, as a political organization, was undoubtedly created by a revolution, which found its expression in the Declaration of Independence of 1776. The experience of revolution is therefore one which Americans share with others. In a book devoted to comparative history it is important to try to see the American Revolution in a comparative light, assessing both resemblances and differences between it and other revolutions, and the effects it may have had on revolutionary developments in other parts of the world. The task is not easy. Nor is it new, for Americans have been concerned with their special relationship to the rest of the world from the time of the Revolution itself, and indeed since the first settlement of the country. Europeans, and others also, have found much in the American experience to illuminate their own.
Frontiers
Authors: Billington Ray Allen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To the hundreds of visitors from abroad who have recorded their impressions of the United States during the past two centuries, the Americans are a strange and inexplicable people. They are arrogantly nationalistic, and so blindly worshipful of democratic principles that they can recognize virtue in no other governmental system. They demand more economic freedom for the individual than is allotted in most urban-industrial countries. Whatever their wealth or social status, they refuse to recognize the existence of class lines or, if they do, proudly proclaim them­ selves in the middle class. They are forever moving about, exhibiting none of the attachment to place that lends stability to more mature societies. They are prejudiced against time-tested ways of doing things, preferring to experiment with the new when the old is still usable. They worship at the shrine of the Almighty Dollar, laboring so incessantly that the relaxing leisure enjoyed in other lands is not only avoided but scorned.
Postindustrial Craftsmanship
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the idea that craftsmanship can be seen as a modern process, and involved with more than just the production of individual artifacts. The idea of a process of careful shaping based on feedback from reality may be applied to client interactions, the construction of buildings, or the development of neighborhoods. The chapter focuses on process rather than product with examples that include the unique design of individual buildings, the reintroduction of carefully shaped materials, along with the careful shaping of housing and building groups and consequent variety in the environment as a whole. These examples point to a new idea of postindustrial craftsmanship, in which large-scale production at acceptable costs does not necessarily require Henry Ford—like repetition but in which the detailed and unique shaping of the built world may happen in the context of modern society and new industrial techniques, side by side with the reinvigoration of traditional crafts.
Women “Religious and the Devotional “Revolution
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Catholic Church in Ireland enjoys a relationship with the Irish population that is unique in the Western world. The high level of religious practice and the historically controversial nature of Catholic influence on Irish society both reflect that unique relationship. Yet a high level of religious practice was not always characteristic of lrish society. Contrary to the popular view that Catholicism embraced the Irish of all classes at all times and was virtually synonymous with being Irish, recent scholars have shown that Catholicism had to be taught aggressively to the majority of the population.
Conclusion
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Book Set Out to examine, more closely and more fully than has been done before, the reemergence of women’s religious orders in Ireland after 1770. A number of important questions have been posed, and the answers leave us with a very different understanding of the significance of the religious life for women in the nineteenth century. In considering the question of the initiative or the responsibility for the emergence and spread of the new orders in Ireland, the assertion that reforming bishops and priests initiated and managed the modern conventual movement appears to be faulty.
The Making of an American Thinking Class
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A radical new interpretation of the political and intellectual history of Puritan Massachusetts, The Making of an American Thinking Class envisions the Bay colony as a seventeenth century one-party state, where congregations served as ideological ‘cells’ and authority was restricted to an educated elite of ministers and magistrates. From there Staloff offers a broadened conception of the interstices of political, social, and intellectual authority in Puritan Massachusetts and beyond, arguing that ideologies, as well as ideological politics, are produced by self-conscious, and often class-conscious, thinkers.
Antinomianism Defeated
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The unabated truculence of the Antinomian insurgents left the General Court little choice when it met in early August. No doubt with the concurrence of the clerical elders who had converged at the court, it ordered the first synod in the history of New England to be convened in Newtown on August 30. Careful preparations were required to confer upon this dramatic ecclesiastic exercise the desired cultural-sanctioning effect. An invitation was extended to all orthodox ministers throughout New England, including the recently arrived John Davenport. Moreover, all ruling elders and magistrates could attend, thus turning the synod into a virtual party plenum or convocation of the entire inner party.
From The Cambridge Platform To The Half-Way Covenant
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The impression received from reading a standard account of the period between the synods that produced the Cambridge Platform and the half-way covenant is that the Puritan project declined in Massachusetts. The churches became increasingly tribal in their concerns, the clerics became sacerdotal in their ministry, and a broad “declension” undermined the religious culture and practice of Christian piety. While there is much to be said for each of these claims, taken together they depict a distinctly misleading portrait of the Massachusetts scene, particularly if they are not placed in the context of the larger institutional practices of both church and state in this period. Assuredly, by most obvious measures, the orthodox one-party regime was more firmly entrenched in the years 1646–1662 than at any time before or after. The word was widely preached to forced attendance, the number of orthodox gathered churches grew, three intercolonial synods were held, remonstrants were imprisoned and heavily fined, baptists were banished, and Quakers were flogged and executed. How much more Puritan could the Bay Colony be?
The Restoration and The Politics of Declension
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the Puritan Protectorate and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 shook the very foundations of the Puritan Bay regime and initiated a prolonged time of troubles for the orthodox thinking class. The Restoration threatened the regime’s de facto political independence and challenged its ideological self-conception as the vanguard of the militant Protestant internationale. The changed imperial climate deepened the preexisting tensions between the laity and clergy. More ominously, for the first time in Massachusetts’s history, significant, enduring, and public divisions emerged among both the magistrates and ministers. These divisions reached critical proportions in the years surrounding the formation of the third church of Boston. The inevitable result of these divisions was a loss of cultural authority by the thinking class in general and the ministerial intellectuals in particular. The spectacle of orthodox divines citing biblical sanction for diametrically opposed positions—and with some heat at that—led the laity to suspect that the clergy’s biblicism was not as univocal as had been advertised. Indeed, some concluded that the ministers were sophistic masters of the word rather than its humble servants. Such conclusions came to the fore in the late 1660s when the deputies denounced the clergy as the source of innovation and backsliding. By the time of King Philip’s War in the mid-167os, the Bay clergy had been sorely buffeted by the winds of the Restoration.