bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hero Projects
Authors: Josephson Paul R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
“Hero projects”—such large-scale technologies for military, resource exploitation, and power production as smelters and mines, pipelines and railroads, hydropower stations and canals, and nuclear reactors—have been central to Russian development from Lenin and Stalin to Putin. Because Russia’s military might and economic strength depend on its resources, its leaders determined to mine them, enrich them, fire up boilers and turn turbines with them, and use poorly equipped workers and gulag prisoners to tame them. From Arctic tundra to deep forest taiga, from the northwest to arid Central Asia and the Far East, they built roads and railroads, boilers and factories, canals and irrigation networks, all for the benefit of the state. The embrace of “hero projects,” “projects of the century,” and megaprojects, as successive regimes have called them, continues to be a major feature of Russian political rule in the twenty-first century. If the tools and devices were modernized and became more powerful and efficient, the purposes of enhancing state power and military might have remained. Many Soviet-era and Soviet-inspired projects have been reborn in the twenty-first century through massive infusions of state funding, to the benefit of oligarchs. All of them reflect the desire to enhance state power, placate citizens in a time of economic or military challenges, and demonstrate to the world the nation’s technological verve. Sadly, hero projects have served the Kremlin’s military to seize territory, as the conquering of Eastern Europe after World War II and the ongoing war against Ukraine reveal.
Mines and Magnates*
Authors: Josephson Paul R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Coal was sustenance for the belated industrialization of the Soviet Union. Coal mining is inherently a megaproject that requires access to vast deposits, removal of millions of tons of overburden, and the treatment of workers as expendable, including the families of workers who live in proximity to the dangers, dusts, and din. Coal fed the Bolsheviks’ dreams, stoked Stalin’s iron and steel mills with miner-prisoners, supported Brezhnev’s fossil fuel regime, and in the twenty-first century continues to support oligarchs of Russia. So important was coal that mine bosses in the USSR declined to provide adequate safety protections for miners. Ultimately, the Kremlin’s insatiable need for coal and oil was reflected in the determination to extend imperial control over fossil fuels in Chechnya, Kazakhstan, Siberia, and Arctic regions—at great human cost.
What are online controls, and how do they work?
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a non-technical overview of what cyber controls are, how they work, and how they affect the flow and gathering of information in a state’s domestic cyberspace. It focuses on the resulting outcome of censorship methods and surveillance tactics as well as insights from previous research on the dynamics and logic of online controls. Understanding what online controls are and how they can be employed by governments is an important precondition to the analysis of their relationship with repressive violence.
Online controls and the protest- repression nexus in Iran
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapters seeks to understand the strategy and impact of Internet shutdowns in an authoritarian context outside of armed conflict. It studies the mass protests that spread across Iran in November 2019 to investigate how Iranian security forces engaged in violent repression during the regime-ordered nationwide shutdown of the Internet. It combines insights from NGO and news reports, network measurement data on the Internet shutdown, and data on censorship circumvention to show how the Internet shutdown was accompanied by mass repression intended to cover up violence by security forces and motivate witnesses and bystanders to self-censor, even once the Internet was turned back on.
Consequentialist vindication
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Consequentialist vindications explain the importance of epistemic norms by connecting these norms to the promotion of epistemically good outcomes. Consequentialist vindications give us norms that allow or require epistemic trade-offs. More surprisingly, consequentialism vindicates norms that are laxer in many ways than standard epistemic norms—they allow many beliefs to partly ignore evidence, be incoherent, or be unreliably formed. That’s because philosophers should reject maximizing in favor of satisficing or scalar vindications. The chapter addresses objections to satisficing and scalar consequentialism and explores the implications of these views. The chapter discusses both “direct” vindications, which talk about the benefits of successful conformity to the norms, and “indirect” vindications, which talk about the benefits of trying to conform to the norms, or of being guided by them. The Appendix discusses how to determine what constitutes “good enough” for the purposes of satisficing.
Responding to some fundamental objections
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter responds to fundamental objections to the views and methodology endorsed throughout this book. It also clarifies the book’s project and methodology further. One type of objection claims that this book is not really about epistemology, because it is rejecting knowledge or is focused on the wrong kinds of reasons for belief. Another objection is that our beliefs cannot be responsive to the kinds of reasons other chapters are endorsing, such as reasons to make trade-offs. A final concern is about the relevance of the metaphysics of reasons to the book’s project. The chapter discusses how we should understand the epistemic, the right and wrong kinds of reasons for belief, the relevance and irrelevance of our abilities to epistemic norms, and why the nature of reasons and metaphysical questions are orthogonal to what matters in the present context.
Respect-based vindication
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about deontological vindications of the epistemic norms, which may seem attractive as alternative to consequentialism. Deontological vindications of the norms say that norm conformity respects some finally valuable epistemic good. No such approach can vindicate epistemic norms governing mundane beliefs, as these beliefs do not merit respect. Deontological vindications thus say, in effect, that it doesn’t matter that our ordinary beliefs fit our evidence or are coherent. The chapter discusses how consequentialist and deontological vindications might be combined to mitigate this problem. Finally, the chapter shows that, while deontological vindications seem initially attractive to avoid epistemic tradeoffs, they in fact still generate norms that allow for or require tradeoffs in a range of cases.
Creativity and Mental Health
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on two distinct conceptions of human creativity and mental health. On one hand, humanist psychologists argue that creativity is the peak of human experience and contributes to positive mental health. On the other hand, there exist common assumptions about a link between creativity and mental illness. Exploring those two conceptions (well-being vs. illness) in turn, the chapter looks at ideas, beliefs, and evidence on creativity and mental health. The first half of the chapter reviews studies examining the link between creativity and well-being (e.g., art therapy, flow experiences, mindfulness, meditation, healing, mental or physical wellness, PTSD vs. post-traumatic growth). In the second half, it reviews research on creativity and mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychoticism, schizotypal, personality issues, ADHD, and other areas). It concludes with an assessment about what research reveals about creativity and mental health.
Culture and Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews studies of cultural differences in creativity. These studies are associated with anthropologists who use ethnographic methods. Research shows that creativity and conceptions of creativity vary dramatically from culture to culture. This chapter challenges the assumed universality of the Western cultural model of creativity that was first presented in Chapter 1. The imposition by Westerners of this cultural model on non-Western culture resulted in the now-debunked claim that non-Western art is “primitive” or is only “craft,” somehow lesser than Western art. The core of the chapter examines how members of different cultures have very different conceptions of what creativity is, who is creative, and what traits are associated with creativity. This review includes studies of the contrast between creativity as originality and change, versus creativity as the continuation and elaboration of tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief summary of the book. The chapter begins by discussing new phenomena that warrant more research, such as remixes, social innovation, and internet-enabled creativity. Other possible research topics for the future include including creativity assessment, self-beliefs and well being, cultural differences, technology, and artificial intelligence.. The chapter concludes by advocating for a sociocultural and interdisciplinary approach to research—an approach that brings together psychologists who study individuals, as well as researchers who study groups and organizations using a sociocultural approach, including sociologists, anthropologists, economists, historians, and business organization scholars.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The conclusion situates the book’s analyses of flexible authoritarianism within the new politico-economic constellations of Russia’s aggressive war in Ukraine. Many observers have assumed that the Russian government would primarily direct its authoritarian aggression toward members of the opposition, avoiding military escalations and wars that put the domestic economy at risk. The notion of flexible authoritarianism treats authoritarian-neotraditional restructuring and neoliberal-economic modernization as two sides of the same coin, and thereby provides a lens through which the twenty years leading up to the war can be reinterpreted. It further discusses how a differentiation between support for the government and support for the regime, with the latter undergirding loyalty among the country’s up-and-coming youth, might illuminate why other Russian citizens struggle to relate their daily criticisms of social ills to the reality of an ongoing war.
Corpus Building
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cartography involves establishing the boundaries around the do- main or terrain to be mapped. What is determined to be inside and out- side of the mapping space determines not only what is to be represented but also what it means. Before any analysis can take place, we must bound text. That is, we must determine which texts we will include and which we will exclude, and importantly, how it is a given text is available for us to select at all. In this chapter, we consider the unique difficulties that text analysts face when building a corpus.
Math Basics
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Computational text analysis involves math. No surprises there! Luckily, a little math goes a long way. Below is an overview of some mathematical concepts and measures we’ll use. Anyone with at least high school math and this chapter should be able to complete the analyses in this book. This chapter is an introduction, refresher, and cheatsheet we’ll continually reference.
Acquiring Text
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Just as any place can be mapped, we can use any piece of text: interviews, fieldnotes, archival documents, webpages, books, magazines, speeches, journal articles, social media posts, meeting minutes, a collection of notes passed in class - any text will do. But, mapping a text begins, of course, with the acquisition of text. This chapter considers locating texts, collecting them, and making them useable in R. We’ll end the chapter by considering the ethical implications of collecting these data.
Posttraumatic Stress in Physical Illness
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Posttraumatic stress in physical illness examines posttraumatic stress reactions and psychiatric comorbidity in people suffering from physical illnesses such as myocardial infarction, cancer, HIV, vascular and neurological disease, respiratory disease and autoimmune disease. The book begins with a chapter on the debates surrounding the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), which raises awareness that studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in physical illnesses are based on a controversial diagnostic system. Research findings on the prevalence, risk factors and psychological interventions for PTSD in relation to the above-mentioned diseases are discussed. This relationship between PTSD and diseases needs to be conceptualised in terms of the impact of PTSD as a result of past trauma on the severity of the disease and PTSD as a result of the disease itself. While most of the evidence focuses on the psychopathological or trauma aspect of the illnesses, a large proportion of studies focus on posttraumatic growth. Similarly, while many studies focus on the patients or survivors themselves, a large proportion of them also examine the psychological reactions of their loved ones. This book highlights the knowledge gaps in existing research and how the risk factors examined in this book can be integrated into a theoretical model for future study.
Emerging Zoonotic and Wildlife Pathogens
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This accessible book describes emerging infectious diseases that affect humans, including rabies, Ebola virus, Lyme disease, bubonic plague, and of course, COVID-19. These case studies span the entire range of zoonotic disease emergence pathways, from sheep testicles in the western USA to butchered bush rats in Vietnam! The book also covers emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, such as Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, white nose syndrome, mange, and musk ox lungworm. Readers will become familiar with the basic tools and concepts of outbreak epidemiology (e.g. epidemic curves, disease surveillance), disease ecology and the global drivers of pathogen emergence (e.g. globalization, climate change, land-use change), and disease control and conservation interventions (e.g. vaccination, culling). Despite a recent explosion of courses on the topic and a recent viral pandemic, this is the first textbook to focus on pathogen spillover ecologyat the human–wildlife interface. Emerging Zoonotic and Wildlife Pathogens serves as an introduction to this multidisciplinary field for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students, and working professionals interested in disease ecology, veterinary epidemiology, public health, and conservation.
Spillover and emerging infectious diseases
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases occur when pathogens spread to new hosts or new geographic areas, or when an existing infectious disease suddenly becomes more prevalent or severe. This chapter introduces the processes involved with disease emergence, starting with spillover events, where pathogens jump into unusual hosts. This includes zoonotic pathogens that are transmitted from animals to humans. After spillover to a new host species, a pathogen may dead-end without further transmission. Alternatively, the pathogen might be transmitted further, causing outbreaks that eventually fade out or that erupt into full-blown pandemics. Combining approaches from epidemiology and disease ecology can provide insights into how, why, and when pathogen spillover events occur.
Descriptive epidemiology of disease outbreaks
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of an outbreak, the shape of the epidemic curve can be used to identify potential infection sources (e.g. a common contaminated food source, person-to-person transmission). During this early period, accurate identification of the disease agent is critical, and may be accomplished by clinical diagnoses, PCR or antibody tests. Whatever method is used, interpreting test results and epidemic curves needs to be done with nuance, so that issues associated with missing data or test validity do not obfuscate outbreak patterns. This chapter walks the reader through outbreaks, from the primary case to test surveillance to interpreting initial epidemic curves.
Surveillance
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To describe disease outbreaks and intervene to prevent transmission, practitioners and decision-makers rely on disease surveillance: the systematic collection and analysis of health data. Surveillance methods can be passive or active, and this chapter describes the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods. Additionally, the chapter overviews the many complications that can arise while collecting and analysing surveillance data, such as how best (or worst) to focus data collection and aggregate data to relevant scales for analyses. The most holistic understanding of emerging infectious diseases may be found by simultaneously collecting data at multiple scales, multiple sites, multiple hosts and vectors, and multiple pathogens.
The environment as a pathogen reservoir
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Environmental reservoirs are non-living habitats where pathogens spend a portion of their life cycle outside of hosts and vectors and from which they can be transmitted to new hosts. Diseases caused by pathogens with environmental reservoirs are a major source of morbidity and mortality in humans (e.g. major diarrhoeal diseases) and wildlife (e.g. white nose syndrome in bats). A single pathogen may use multiple environmental reservoirs, such as anthrax persisting and being transmitted through soil, bones, plants, and water. And many pathogens may be maintained in both environmental and living reservoirs. When pathogens have persistent environmental reservoirs, it complicates disease control efforts.
Emerging infectious diseases and globalization—travel, trade, and invasive species
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of different countries and regions that exchange goods, services, information, people, and… infectious diseases. When infected people move around the planet, they can spread pathogens to naive populations. People also move pathogens, vectors, and animal hosts around the world, sometimes accidentally (e.g. vector stowaways on ships) and sometimes purposefully (e.g. the pet trade). When a pathogen, vector, or host establishes in region outside its native range and causes harm to native species, it is considered an invasive alien species. There are also invasive species that do not play roles in the life cycles of native pathogens, but which influence disease dynamics through their indirect effects on the disease system.
COVID-19, One Health, and pandemic prevention
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This final chapter of a textbook about emerging infectious diseases reviews lessons learned about pandemics through the lens of COVID-19. The chapter covers the early SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Wuhan City and initial surveillance and control measures, which ultimately did not stop transmission to other cities, and soon after, the entire world. This chapter describes the differences between complex problems and wicked problems and introduces One Health as an interdisciplinary framework for finding and implementing solutions in a world full of complex and wicked infectious disease problems. With this framework in mind, the chapter outlines several priorities for preventing future pandemics.
Introduction
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the two questions which the book addresses, and which have engaged historians of the English Revolution: first, how do we understand the origins of radical religious ideas? Second, what accounts for the prominence of women as visionaries and preachers in the period? I examine some of the reports of women’s ministry during the Revolution, with disparate and some new evidence assembled for the first time. I also consider the distinctive nature of the milieu centred on the army preachers, and the extent of its influence. The Introduction then situates the book in relation to both the historiography of radical religion and the historical discussion of women’s writing and activism, and sets out the arguments central to the book about the relationship between theological and gender radicalism.
Salvation
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the doctrine of universal salvation in women’s prophetic writings of the 1640s, and argues that gender perspective played a role in the disproportionate appeal of ‘general redemption’, or the final restoration of all things and all souls, among women. Female theologians were pioneers of this doctrine in an inhospitable intellectual climate, to an extent which has been overlooked by historians and theologians alike. The first part of the chapter offers a fresh account of Lady Eleanor Davies as the pioneer of ‘general redemption’ in the 1640s, publicly promoting the doctrine perhaps three years before any male theologian. The second part examines fresh evidence of the doctrine’s prominence among Baptist women, both during and after the period of the Revolution, and shows that maternal sensibilities were connected to the appeal to women.
Mathematical Examiners at Trinity House
Authors: Higgitt Rebekah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The early years of the Royal Mathematical School (founded 1673), and its relationship with Trinity House, have been explored in relation to the teaching and examining of mathematics for navigation. However, there has been confusion over who carried out the examinations and little or no consideration of their role. This chapter shows how and when external mathematical examiners came to be employed by Trinity House and tracks the lives and careers of the men who applied for and took on the position in the long eighteenth century. As typical of mathematical practitioners, they built their careers from a range of activities: most were private teachers, several were authors, some had been mariners, while others were computers or astronomical observers. They include individuals who will be well known to historians of science and mathematics, and others who are obscure. Of varying social status, it is difficult to chart a clear pattern of change over time but some are suggested, as are reasons for their decisions to take on the role, revealing networks of patronage, kinship and association among mathematical practitioners in early modern London.