bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational interface between primary and secondary care
Authors: Bannon Michael , Paice Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The international primary care movement may trace its more recent origins from the pivotal conference held at Alma Ata, USSR, in 1978, where it was determined that the goal of achieving the best possible results in health gain for the world’s population by the year 2000 should be met through the platform of primary health care.1 Subsequently, many countries have endorsed the objectives set at Alma Ata by means of effecting a shift in emphasis, with primary rather than secondary care being the main focus in health-care delivery. In addition, more attention is now devoted towards activities that promote healthy lifestyles and disease prevention. With respect to the NHS, change in this respect has been driven by successive reforms, which has led to the development of GP fundholding in the 1990s and more recently, the emergence of primary care groups and primary care trusts.
Mentoring in education and training
Authors: Freeman Rosslynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a distinction between the two activities of training and education which influence the take up of the mentor’s role. The traditional role of a mentor is described, then compared with the role of modem mentors in nursing, education, and medicine to consider what this might tel1 us about the role of mentors in primary care settings. The requisite skills and knowledge base for mentors is placed within the context of education, before finally considering the potential for tasks for mentors in primary care.
The effect of immunosuppressive agents on the defence against infection
Authors: Amlot P L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Susceptibility to infection is characteristic of patients with immune deficiency. Deficiencies of B cells and polymorphonuclear phagocytes affect antibody responses thereby preferentially increasing bacterial infection. Deficiencies affecting T cells and mononuclear phagocytes increase viral and intracellular pathogenic infections preferentially. There is a great deal of overlap between these two arms of the immune system, and effective control of particular infectious diseases requires the coordination of both arms of the immune system. For example, deficiency of T helper cells can increase the risk of bacterial infection because of a requirement for T helper cells in providing growth factors for B cells involved in antibody production.
Infection in renal transplantation
Authors: Rubin Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past three decades renal transplantation has been established as the best possible means of rehabilitating patients with end-stage renal disease of virtually any aetiology. Recently published data from the United States have documented that the 1-year survival rate now stands at 94% (with a subsequent half-life of 22 years) for allografts from living related donors and 88% for cadaveric donor allografts (with a subsequent half-life of 14 years).
Mucormycosis in dialysis patients
Authors: Coburn Jack W , Maung Hla M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term mucormycosis refers to the diseases produced by various fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. The terms phycomycosis and zygomycosis have also been used to describe such disorders; however, these terms are less familiar to the clinician. Several different species occur in association with clinical diseases. These fungi have a relatively low pathogenicity, and most episodes have occurred in patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, and in those who are immunocompromised for one or more reasons.
Infection and Immunity
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1989, just four months before the Wall was reduced to souvenir-sized rubble, Berlin hosted the seventh International Congress of Immunology Societies. The brand new International Conference Centre buzzed with research students, lecturers, professors, clinicians, specialists in biochemistry, genetics, haematology, allergy, rheumatic disease, transplant surgery, from fifty countries, six and a half thousand of them altogether – plus some very nervous German security guards. It was the city’s chance to show what it could do, the World Cup of immunology.
Immunodeficiency
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there were people who had never thought much about immunodeficiency, or indeed about immunity at all, the AIDS epidemic must have opened their eyes. For immunologists, it was a nightmare come true. Here as we watched, fascinated and horrified, was the proof of all the things we had been teaching our rather bored students for years – that you needed T lymphocytes to control tuberculosis, that there were parasites that only became pathogenic when immunity failed, that one animal’s harmless parasite could be another’s deadly pathogen, that one infection could influence another, that vaccines were not always straightforward to make. It was all true! In the quarter century that followed, HIV has become more notorious than any previous plague. T lymphocyte levels are monitored as closely as blood pressure and cholesterol.
The Constitutional Language of Slavery
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Framers’ Intentional Non-disclosure of Their Legitimization of Slavery and Their Implementation of the Precept of Black Inferiority
It Is indeed ironic that the first time the word “slavery” appeared in the United States Constitution was when the institution of slavery was abolished by ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.
The Supreme Court’s Legitimization of Racism
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 7, 1892, Homer A. Plessy, who had “seven eighths Caucasian and one eighth African blood,” took a seat on a “white” railway car. At the time, he had probably not anticipated that his act marked the beginning of the most important civil-rights case that would come down from the Supreme Court in the decades following the Civil War, and one of the three most important race relations cases ever to be decided by the Court. He could not have known that it would take sixty-two years before an enlightened Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education would modify the tragic error that would be made in his case. In 1954, during the era of Chief Justice Earl Warren, a unanimous Supreme Court adopted in substance the argument Plessy had made in 1896: that the scope of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited state-imposed racial discrimi nation. Brown implicitly overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, but it is shocking to think of the millions of injustices and tragic consequences that state-imposed segregation thrust upon African Americans during the interim, between 1896 and 1954, as a result of the decision in Plessy’s case in 1896.
A Distant Shore
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chase’s appearance in the Matilda case proved to be a turning point in his career. His lengthy argume11t probing the uncertain boundaries between federal and state relations and his eloquent discussion of natural right may not have satisfied the court, but it did gain him the respect of many thoughtful citizens in Cincinnati and elsewhere. He had his argument printed and circulated widely in pamphlet form. Those who read it carefully could see that Chase was no abolitionist, but simply an earnest and learned individual who was pleading for human rights irrespective of color.
Climbing the Slippery Pole
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a overcast morning in late November 1845, Chase rose early, “as usual of late before sunrise.” After washing and dressing, he went to the library and began again to write in his diary, as he said, “after a long intermission, during which the saddest affliction has fallen upon me.” He was referring to Lizzie’s death and with these painful thoughts in mind he breakfasted with his sister Alice and little Kate. As soon as Vina, the black maid, cleared the table, Chase reached for one of his Bibles, kept always close at hand, and sought a lesson that he thought would help relieve his somber mood. He indulged little selfpity when he chose the book of Job but there was also the hope of deliverance after Job’s confession of his sins and his acceptance of God’s will. Little Kate “listened and seemed to be pleased, probably with the solemn rhythms,” said Chase; “for she certainly can understand very little. “ Vina had taken her place at the table, but not the other two household servants, both of whom were Roman Catholic, “and one of them a German unacquainted with our language,” as Chase remarked.
Mixed Results
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an evening in late January 1863 Chase departed from his customary routine of relaxing with a book in his library. Instead he was writing letters at his table and he was in a grim mood, which matched the disagreeable weather outside the window. It had been a month since that ugly interlude in the White House when Lincoln exploded so adroitly the case Chase had been building up against the administration. He still felt acutely the humiliation he had suffered on that occasion. And he was still seeking to justify a stand he believed was correct. If he did not himself write, he certainly encouraged a memorial urging a reconstruction of the Cabinet that had been circulating among radical groups in New York for the past two weeks.
A Trip South
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Chase broached the idea of a trip south to Johnson, he had learned from Mellen that Secretary McCulloch had entrusted him with a special mission to New Orleans and that he would travel south in the revenue cutter Wayanda, then undergoing refit at New York. The Wayanda was an ocean-going, single-screw steamer and from all accounts could accommodate several passengers. McCulloch was delighted to make the vessel available to his former chief.
Universal Suffrage, Universal Amnesty
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From mid-September to mid-November, 1866, Chase resumed his working vacation in New York City and New England, and took a leisurely fishing excursion with Jay Cooke at his summer home, “Gibraltar”1 among the picturesque solitude of the Lake Erie islands. Everywhere he went, with every person of consequence he met-including Governor John A. Andrew, William P. Fessenden, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Samuel Hooper, Charles Sumner, of course, and George Bancroft-he pressed his ideas of universal suffrage as the key measure for Reconstruction. By the end of Chase’s travels, President Johnson had reconstructed all of the former Confederate states except Texas and had begun pardoning former Confederate officers, both military and civil, who had been excluded from his general amnesty proclamations. Like others of his close friends and associates, Chase feared that Johnson had entrusted the fate of over 4 million blacks to their former white masters. If they did not restore slavery, the plantation owners would in all likelihood establish a system of peonage or other forms of forced labor equivalent to slavery.
“Times of Ferment and Confusion”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The utmost Harmony subsists between the several Branches of the Legislature. There are no Parties existing in the Province. All is Peace and Quietness, & likely to remain so.”-William Franklin to Lords of Trade, 1765. “I have had a difficult Part to manage so as to steer clear of giving any Umbrage to the People here, and of embarrassing myself with the Ministry in England.”William Franklin to Benjamin Franklin, 1767.
“An Enemy to the Liberties of This Country”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“No Office or Honour in the Power of the Crown to bestow, will ever influence me to forget or neglect the Duty I owe my Country, nor the most furious Rage of the most intemperate Zealots induce me to swerve from the Duty I owe his Majesty.”-William Franklin to the New Jersey Assembly, 1776. “That, in the opinion of this Congress, the said William Franklin Esquire, has discovered himself to be an enemy to the liberties of this country; and that measures ought to be immediately taken for securing the person of the said William Franklin, Esquire.”-New Jersey Council of Safety, 1776.
The Search Framework: Econometrics
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Search models for the behavior of the unemployed have implications for reservation wages over time. These in turn have implications for the distribution of unemployment durations across individuals and for the distribution of accepted wages. The econometric problem is to use data to assess and refine the search approach. What features of the search model are consistent with patterns found in the data? What features arc clearly at odds with the data? Are some of the variations and extensions listed in Chapter 2 better for understanding economies and economic behavior than the simple model or should alternatives be developed? The inference problem ls complicated by the fact that reservation wages are rarely observed (studies with observations on reservation wages arc presented in Chapter 4). Without observations on reservation wages, researchers must rely on data on unemployment durations and wages.
Labor Market Histories
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have restricted our attention so far to studies of the transition into employment. Here, we broaden the scope of our attention and examine analyses of labor market histories. We start with studies of worker movement in both directions between employment and unemployment (or no nemployment, more generally). Studies based on threestate models of the labor market, which distinguish unemployment and nonparticipation, follow. Studies in the third section focus on transitions out of unemployment, but distinguish un employmeut spells following temporary and permanent layoffs. In the last section, we turn to studies based on alternative multistate models of the labor market that do not fit neatly into the categories listed above.
How the Other Half Searches: Evidence from the Demand Side of the Labor Market
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employers play a passive role in the studies previously reviewed. Workers are modeled as facing a distribution of employment opportunities and it is their optimizing behavior that is the focus of attention. Even in the studies based on matching models, only minor attention is paid to attempts by employers to learn about the productivity of prospective employees before hiring. This emphasis in the empirical search literature has not reflected ignorance about the presence of uncertainty on the demand side of the labor market. Nor has it been a matter of favoritism on the part of the researchers. It simply reflects the relative scarcity of demand-side data. Microdata sets for firms are rare. Moreover, when firm level data have been collected, the data have typically been taken from records kept by firms-and firms rarely keep records on search activity.
The Legacy of Maternal Possessiveness
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1879, while still at the university in Bonn, Wilhelm fell in love with the woman who would become his wife, Princess Auguste Viktoria of Schleswig Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. His experience in the regiment and attachment to Dona, as she was known, when combined with his prolonged contact with his grandfather, Wilhelm I, precipitated Wilhelm’s personal and political break with his parents. In his regiment, Wilhelm had found the affirmation he had never had at home. In the emperor, he found an admirable and responsive German man to compensate for his weak and largely absent father. In Dona, he found the unequivocal and unwavering devotion that had been missing in his relationship with his mother. To fully appreciate Dona’s psycho logical significance for Wilhelm, however, it is necessary to consider one further aspect of his relationship with Victoria and of her dissatisfaction with him.
Nec: A Multiproduct, Multiprocess Factory Network
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the difficulties inherent in moving any large diversified corpora­ tion toward more standardized methods and tools, or more centralized and coordinated management, is the need to accommodate variety in products and customer requirements. In contrast to SDC, Hitachi, and Toshiba, where managers centered their initial factory efforts on one facility before considering extensions, NEC attempted to structure as well as tailor process technology across several product divisions and subsidiaries almost simultaneously by promoting common goals such as standardization and quality improvement, automation, and reusability.
Technology Transfer and Sino-Japanese Relations*
Authors: Harris Martha Caldwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese technology transfer to China is a case of the half-full glass. Japan remains China’s largest trading partner, providing China with a large share of its machinery, transport, and telecommunications equipment needs. Japan is also China’s largest aid donor and an important provider of external financing. Japanese firms, like Mitsui, are on the ground in China, with offices in most major cities and representatives in even distant regions.
Import Substitution and Changes in Structural Interdependence: A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Pal D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an input-output framework, import substitution in a sector influences and is influenced by import substitution in other sectors because of the simultaneity that exists between the sectors. The higher the degree of such simultaneity, the higher the extent of indirect repercussion. Estimates of import substitution made in an inter industry framework may thus be called measures of the total (direct plus indirect) import substitution. In this case the functional interdependence of the different sectors is considered in estimation.
Philosophy’s Influence on Economics: Early Exchanges
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rewriting economics in view of one of the frameworks of the contemporary philosophy of science has become the vogue in economics in recent years. Although much intellectual energy has been devoted to this end, the application of a philosophy of science framework to economics, as Coats (1983a, p. 312) has observed, has as yet failed to yield a “major conceptual or historiographical breakthrough.” At the same time, the “crisis” in economics (about which it has become so fashionable to speak since the 1970s) seems to have deepened, if one can measure its depth by the increase in literature devoted to methodology and by the wide range of economists engaged in this criticism. There is indeed a plethora of literature amassing on the methodology of economics: since 1970 more than fifty books alone on economic methodology have been published (since 1975 at least forty-six books; since 1980 at least thirty-one books).
Japan’s Version of Managerial Capitalism
Authors: Dore Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best solution [for overhasty diversification] is for Japanese firms to sell unwanted subsidiaries and buy firms which fit with their core business, even if this requires a hostile takeover. To make such a reshuffle of assets possible, the Japanese will have to ease the regulations governing mergers and acquisitions. Last year a Tokyo district court ruled that firms that find themselves the target of an unwelcome takeover bid can no longer resort to the age-old practice of selling shares at knockdown prices to friendly white knights. This has been the favourite way of diluting a hostile investor’s stake to below the critical 33 percent level-above which an investor has the right to call a shareholder’s meeting and demand changes. The ruling has since been contradicted by another court. What is needed now is a government edict to put some administrative resolve into the first court’s ruling.
Corporate Restructuring and Organizational Behavior
Authors: Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the nation’s corporations underwent major restructurings during the 1980s. In response to threats of international competition, unfriendly tender offers, declining profit margins, and other pressures, divisions were sold to other companies, plants were closed, and thousands of employees were redeployed. Boards of directors urged top management to enhance earnings, and ownership interests reasserted control through hostile takeovers and leveraged buyouts. American business has always undergone periods of reorganization and adaptation to the environment, but the scope and direction of corporate change during the mid- to late 1980s would appear to have been significantly different from that of earlier decades.
The English Background of Early American Collegiate Sport
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Superintendent OF the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Rail road, James Elkins, was enjoying the company of Yale College ‘s James Whiton, a junior and member of the Yale Boat Club in 1852. They might well have been discussing whether the underground railroad would be suppressed by the Fugitive Slave Act passed two years before and whether the attempt to prevent blacks in southern states from achieving their freedom northward would be success ful. Elkins, though, was likely more interested in the freedom to pursue his own dream-a profitable above-ground line which would increase his passenger traffic as the railway passed from Boston to Montreal through the vacation lands of New Hampshire.
From the Burial of Football to the Acceptance of Rugby
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well before Harvard and Yale lifted an oar together or Amherst and Williams faced each other with bat and ball, collegians were playing football on the various campuses. College football, an out growth of upperclassmen ‘s hazing and initiation rites imposed upon freshmen, was a well-established ritual on most college campuses when intercollegiate crew and baseball arose in the 1850s. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a writer of some renown, reminisced about Harvard in the days before intercollegiate rivalries: “I can recall, “ wrote Higginson of the 1840s, “the feeling of exhilaration as one drew near to the ‘Delta, ‘ on some autumn evening, while the game was in progress,-the joyous shouts, the thud of the ball, the sweet smell of crushed grass ... [and] the magnificent ‘rush. ‘
The Rise of the Professional Coach
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of Inter-Institutional control was made even more difficult and pressing by the rise of the professional coach. The premium placed upon winning by individual institutions was extremely high prior to the advent of professional coaches, but it intensified when an individual ‘s coaching career was dependent principally upon turning out winners. “Players like to win, “ argued a former Yale all-American football player, Frank Butterworth, “but head coaches and especially paid coaches, had to win. “1 Each coach wanted to develop advantages which would give him and his team the winning edge. Uniform rules determined by inter-institutional action might take away the freedom of the pro coach to win using whatever method he devised to accomplish his task.