bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Authors: Ngan Hextan Y.S. , Wong Ling‐Chui 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a disease of the proliferative trophoblastic allografts and includes partial mole (PM), complete hydatidiform mole (CM), invasive mole, metastatic mole, choriocarcinoma (CC), and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). While CC and PSTT are definitely neoplastic, the various types of molar pregnancies are basically benign, but with a potential to behave like a malignant disease that requires chemotherapy. This potential malignant behavior is identified by the failure of regression of the human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in the absence of a normal pregnancy and is termed gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) or gestational persistent trophoblastic disease (GPTD). The criteria for the diagnosis of postmolar GTT varies among different centers in the world. Basically, if the hCG level fails to fall satisfactory over 3–4 weeks, or when there is a rise in the hCG level over 2–3 weeks, GTT is diagnosed and further investigations should be done to assess the extent of the disease. The risk or predictive factors of PTD following mole will be discussed in the first major section below.In GTT, unlike other solid malignancies, metastasis does not always mean poor prognosis. If the metastatic lesion is a mole rather than CC, the prognosis is much better. However, histological confirmation is uncommon because most cases of GTT are treated with chemotherapy. Thus, other prognostic factors in addition to metastasis have to be taken into consideration in assessing the prognosis of a GTT. The prognostic factors of GTT are be discussed in the second major section below. PSTT arises from the intermediate trophoblasts and behaves quite differently from that of GTT and will be discussed separately in the final major section below.
Germ‐cell Testis Tumors
Authors: Schmoll Hans‐Joachim , Rie Christoph 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPrognostic factors are of major importance for the treatment and cure of patients with testicular cancer. The histologic type, seminoma versus nonseminomatous germ‐cell tumors (NSGCT) and the (TNM) stage constitute the fundamental prognostic factors that govern clinical practice. For early stages, prognostic factors are the critical determinants for the decisions about treatment. They don't necessarily predict the survival, which is greater than 98% independent of treatment strategy, but for the risk of relapse with different treatment options. In advanced stages, prognostic factors indicate the chance of survival following chemotherapy, either first‐line or salvage. In this chapter, the different prognostic factors, relevant for decision making in early and late stage germ‐cell testis tumors, are discussed.
Leukemia
Authors: Minden Mark 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Leukemia, the malignant transformation of bone marrow blood‐forming cells, is not a single entity. Prior to any form of therapy, which would include antibiotics and transfusion, the leukemias were classified as acute or chronic. The acute leukemias were rapidly fatal, with individuals dying in days to weeks from the time of diagnosis. In contrast, individuals with chronic leukemias could live for many years without any therapy. With the recognition of the stem‐cell nature of blood formation and the identification of different lineages, it was possible to further subdivide the leukemias into those of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages; with the development of therapeutics, this distinction has proven to be important.
Gliomas
Authors: Ohgaki Hiroko , Reifenberger Guido , Nomura Kazuhiro , Kleihues Paul 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Tumors of the nervous system amount to less than 2% of the total human cancer burden, the overall incidence being in the range of 7–9 new cases a year per 100,000 population. They affect all age groups and their etiology is largely unknown. More than 40 clinicopathological disease entities have been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and this makes the identification of factors with unequivocal prognostic value difficult. Large, randomized therapy studies with long‐term follow‐up of a significant number of patients have concentrated on malignant gliomas of astrocytic and oligodendroglial origin.
During the past decade, numerous studies have been published that, in addition to conventional clinical and histopathological parameters, suggested certain genetic alterations as potential prognostic factors, but for tumors of the nervous system, few of these have been confirmed in subsequent reports. The establishment of reliable prognostic factors requires the critical, unbiased evaluation of large databases and often remains an elusive goal.
Explanatory Notes—General
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTNM Supplement: A Commentary on Uniform Use, Second Edition, extends and clarifies the most recent version of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, providing a monograph that amplifies and unifies the principles and practice of cancer staging. The TNM (Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis) classification remains the most widely used system for staging of cancer and the anatomic extent of disease represented by the TNM system is the most important predictor of outcome for most tumours.This chapter provides additional explanatory information for the general application of TNM providing more precise definitions for anatomical sites/subsites, regional lymph nodes and T, N, and M categories that are generic or ambiguous.
Explanatory Notes–Specific Anatomical Sites
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This new edition of TNM Supplement: A Commentary on Uniform Use, Second Edition, promotes the uniform application of the TNM classification in cancer practice. The text of the second edition of TNM Supplement provides explanations and examples to answer many questions that might arise during the daily use of TNM, particularly in unusual cases.
This chapter provides additional explanatory information for application of TNM to specific anatomical sites by providing more precise definitions for anatomical sites/subsites, regional lymph nodes and T, N, and M categories that are generic or ambiguous.
Optional Proposals for Testing New Telescopic Ramifications of
TNM
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, various proposals for optional subdivision of the existing T, N and M categories, i.e., “telescopic” ramification, are presented. Telescoping accommodates the collection of additional data without altering the definitions of the existing TNM categories.
The concept of telescoping permits an orderly expansion of TNM elements to allow for (1) testing of subcategories for prognosis and (2) treatment planning considerations. Telescoping accommodates “splitters” and “lumpers”, permits data from expansions to collapse into the standard categories and promotes testing of new hypotheses uniformly in different centres.
The editors recognize that staging must be simple enough for universal use in both highly developed and developing countries and sufficiently uncomplicated so that medical professionals are not discouraged from using the system. On the other hand, for specialized institutions and for investigational purposes a relatively simple staging system is not sufficient and runs the risk of not being used. For these specialized institutions the TNM system may be made more attractive by further subdivision of the existing categories (telescopic ramification) and by including additional descriptors.

The proposals for subdivisions and additional designations in this section are presented for investigational use and are
entirely optional
. Some proposals relate to subclassifications of M1 and are of interest to oncologists. Justification for each proposal is given based on published data or clinical experience.
Frequently Asked Questions
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The TNM Supplement: A Commentary on Uniform Use, provides explanations and examples to answer many questions that might arise during the daily use of TNM, particularly in unusual cases. The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) presented here were derived from the activities of the TNM web site's “Help Desk” based on questions received by the TNM Prognostic Factors Project Committee concerning the use of TNM and how to interpret rules in specific situations.
Head and Neck Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The following sites are included:

Lip, Oral cavity

Pharynx: Oropharynx, Nasopharynx, Hypopharynx

Larynx

Maxillary sinus

Nasal Cavity and Ethmoid sinus

Salivary glands

Thyroid gland

Carcinomas arising in minor salivary glands of the upper aerodigestive tract are classified according to the rules for tumours of their anatomic site of origin, e.g., oral cavity.

Each site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Lip and Oral Cavity
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Salivary Glands
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Thyroid Gland
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Digestive System Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The following sites are included:

Oesophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Colon and Rectum

Anal Canal

Liver

Gallbladder

Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Ampulla of Vater

Pancreas

Each site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological Classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Oesophagus
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Stomach
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Pancreas
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Tumours of Bone and Soft Tissues
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The following sites are included:

Bone

Soft tissues

Each site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Bone
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Malignant Melanoma of Skin
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Vagina
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Cervix Uteri
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Corpus Uteri
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Ovary
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Gestational Trophoblastic Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Testis
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary