bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Operative Surgery — An Introduction to Surgical Techniques
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technical expertise in the operating theatre remains a hallmark of surgical practice. Theatre etiquette and instrument handling skills are highly specific to the specialty of surgery, and trainees need to quickly become familiar with them. This book introduces operative technique in an original way. It first discusses the roles and responsibilities of the surgical trainee and explains some the unwritten rules of behaviour in the operating theatre. It then brings a unique approach to teaching operative surgery by describing operations as a series of generic manoeuvres which, when mastered and put together in the correct order, will allow any procedure to be performed - and prove useful across subspecialty boundaries. This approach is illustrated using clear diagrams and full colour photographs. It is further enhanced through a free DVD comprising 55 high quality video clips taken from live operating sessions which illustrate the various techniques described inside.
Organizational Learning and Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Easterby-Smith Mark , Antonacopoulou Elena , Graça Manuel , Ferdinand Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two external dynamics have impacted on us within the last 12 or 18 months quite dramatically. We had two major customers, big customers that were both our competitors and in the space of 18 months they’ve practically stopped buying from us. One of them because they’ve got their own internal capacity for production so they’re doing that internally. The other main competitor has got associated with the other dynamic, which is cheap imports from Asia. So these customers have changed their strategy and they’re pretty well sourcing from Asia as quickly as they possibly could.
Managing Knowledge Representation in Design
Authors: Whyte Jennifer , Ewenstein Boris , Hales Mike , Tidd Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today’s companies have extensive data sets at their fingertips, but face problems making sense of and using them in their knowledge work. In board rooms, executives are seen wracking their memories and jotting fragmented ideas on whiteboards. Yet in much of the literature, knowledge is seen as something that organizations can capture, codify, and transfer. From the perspective taken in this literature, digital and physical archives are seen as good and sufficient mechanisms for collecting, storing, and accessing knowledge within organizations. The limitation to such a perspective is highlighted both by empirical observations of practice in organizations and by theoretical work on organizational knowledge and learning.
The Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and New Principles of International Law
Authors: Glaser Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I begin my presentation, I must make a remark right at the outset which will simultaneously be a clarification and an excuse. As you know, the issue of the legal nature of war crimes is so vast and complex that in a one-hour presentation, I will only be able to touch upon a few questions, and those only in a most superficial manner. And so, pardon me in advance if, in this brief exploration, you hear nothing revealing or new. ;is whole issue has been, especially in these recent days, considered under all of its aspects.
The Nürnberg Trial
Authors: Biddle Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than six months have now elapsed since the International Military Tribunal rendered its judgment in Nürnberg. It has been widely discussed, and although public opinion is by no means unanimous, approval, with some reservations, is general; much of the early criticism, necessarily theoretical since the trial had not yet taken place, has disappeared; and some of the most sincere and intelligent critics have, with unusual courage and honesty, taken the trouble to state their change in point of view, giving their reasons. I refer particularly to Mr. Sheldon Glueck, professor of criminal law at Harvard, who, in his book The Nuremberg Trial and Aggressive War, explains why he now believes that the trial of these war criminals on the charges brought against them was clearly justifi ed; and to Judge Charles E. Wyzanski’s article, in the Atlantic Monthly for December, 1946.
Will the Judgment in the Nuremberg Trial Constitute a Precedent in International Law
Authors: Kelsen Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his report to the President of the U.S. of October 15, 1946, on the Nuremberg Trial, Mr. Justice Jackson said that the rules of law applied by the International Military Tribunal in the trial of the German war criminals have been ‘incorporated’ into a ‘judicial precedent’. ‘A judgment such as has been rendered shifts the power of the precedent to the support of these rules of law. No one can hereafter deny or fail to know that the principles on which the Nazi leaders are adjudged to forfeit their lives constitute law—law with a sanction’.¹ ;e correctness of this statement is doubtful.
The Issues of the Nuremberg Trial
Authors: Wechsler Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One may say without impertinence to historians that the judgment that history will render upon a legal proceeding is not usually a matter of acute concern either to counsel or to the court. In this respect, at least, the Nuremberg trial was a highly exceptional affair; for the perspective of most of the participants, and even that of the defendants, was focused very much on the future, distant and problematical as it is. ;e dominant mood was put in words by Justice Jackson, in opening the case for the prosecution: ‘We must never forget that the record on which we judge these defendants to-day is the record on which history will judge us to-morrow.
The Law of the Nuremberg Trial
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg sentenced twelve of the twenty-two Nazi defendants to death by hanging and seven to imprisonment for terms ranging from ten years to life. Three were acquitted. Three of the six accused organizations were found to be criminal. reading of these sentences was preceded by the reading, through the whole of September 30, of the general opinion of the Tribunal on the four counts of the indictment and, on the morning of October 1, of the opinion on the charges against each defendant.
Nuremberg in Retrospect: Legal Answer to International Lawlessness
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nuremberg Trial of the major Nazi war criminals was an attempt to answer in terms of the law the most serious challenge that faces modern civilization— war and international lawlessness. The legal profession, by most countries, has been conceded leadership in working out rules of law which will keep their peace, security and liberty. As the lawyer is the most frequently chosen legislator, diplomat, executive and political leader, the intellectual discipline which we call ‘the law’ saturates Western World statesmanship and diplomacy.
The Nuremberg Trials
Authors: Taylor Telford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Justice Jackson’s own estimation, his service at Nuremberg was ‘the most important, enduring, and constructive work of my life.’e man who wrote these words was looking back on twenty-one fruitful years at the bar in western New York State, seven phenomenally successful years as legal spokesman of the Executive branch, culminating in his achievements as Solicitor General and Attorney General, and twelve years of outstanding service on the nation’s supreme bench. Yet in final retrospect, the Justice saw as the climax of this richly varied and distinguished career of forty-odd years, his eighteen months as Representative and Chief of Counsel of the United States ‘in preparing and prosecuting charges of atrocities and war crimes against the Leaders of the European Axis Powers and their Principal Agents and Accessories.
Down syndrome
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Down syndrome is a genetic condition which causes varying degrees of learning disability as well as other health problems. Nearly one baby in every 1000 born in the UK has the condition. Parents are often frightened and confused by the birth of a baby with Down syndrome, and they need reassurance as well as up-to-date information regarding the condition. The new edition of this highly regarded book for parents of children with Down syndrome covers a number of important new developments in research and clinical practice that have occurred in the field in recent years. These include several newly recognised medical conditions that are known to occur more commonly in patients with Down syndrome, for example, glaucoma, gastrointestinal malformations, feeding difficulties, gastro-oesophageal reflux, coeliac disease, and diabetes. This expanded edition also includes new recommendations regarding routine health checks in line with those of the UK Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (UKDSMIG). Additionally the book covers new prenatal screening methods which have been developed to identify Down syndrome during pregnancy.
Case in Africa
Authors: könig Christa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a typological overview of the different manifestations of grammaticalized case systems in African languages. After defining and distinguishing case systems, Christa König begins a thorough analysis of case in roughly 100 African languages and reveals several features, such as tone as a marker for case and the marked-nominative system, which are rare phenomena in other languages of the world. Wherever possible, the author takes into account data from her own substantial and highly regarded field research. The book provides answers to questions such as the following: What is the relationship between definiteness and case. Are case phenomena areally or genetically motivated? Why are case distinctions neutralized in nearly all case languages with verb initial or verb medial word order? Which grammaticalizations appear with case? What is the relationship between topics and nominative cases, or focus and accusative cases?
Antecedents and Correlates of Public Service Motivation
Authors: Pandey Sanjay K , Stazyk Edmund C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systematic research, especially empirical research, on public service motivation is of recent vintage and grows out of a recognition that the public sector motivational terrain differs from the private sector (Perry & Porter, 1982; Perry & Rainey, 1988). Early work recognized that these sector-based differences were related to both organizational and individual circumstances (Perry & Porter, 1982). Put another way, individual proclivities to derive fulfillment and satisfaction from public sector work were expected to vary on the basis of formal and informal aspects of the work environment as well as individual attributes. This belief is the product of a rich tradition in public administration scholarship that has long recognized the presence of an ethic grounded uniquely in public service, which has been expected to lead to the pursuit of government careers and also predispose individuals to derive satisfaction from public sector work (Horton, this volume; Mosher, 1982; Perry & Wise, 1990; Rainey, 1982). It is only in the last 20 years or so that this tradition has given rise to empirical research on public service motivation.
Organizational Dynamics
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the deWnitions of organization developed during the last sixty years assume, explicitly or implicitly, that organizations can be deemed as ‘systems’. We can deWne a system as a group of independent but interrelated elements (in our context, departments, divisions, functional areas or teams) comprising a uniWed whole (the organization). It is worth at this point remarking that our understanding of the dynamics of organizations varies signiWcantly according to whether we consider them to be as closed or open systems.
Why So Few and Why So Slow? Women as Parliamentary Representatives in Europe from a Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Christmas-Best Verona , Kjær Ulrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the push towards gender equality that characterized much of the social level opment in Europe during the twentieth century, and in spite of women making significant gains in areas such as education and employment, the realm of political representation, especially at national level, has proved particularly resistant to change. So much so that despite increased success in some Scandinavian countries it has been labelled as “the last bastion of masculinity”, with women”s level of political representation best described as “stagnation” (Janova and Sineau 1992: 118).
Harassment
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harassment on one of the prohibited grounds is one of the most problematic 11.01 diversity issues in the workplace: it is distressing for employees, difficult for managers to address, and yet, if left unchecked, can have a wide range of damaging and expensive consequences. In this chapter we discuss the nature, extent and effects of harassment in the workplace, set out the relevant legal provisions and consider practical steps employers can take to prevent, identify and respond to allegations of harassment in the most fair and effective way.
Managing Litigation
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intention of this book is to encourage employers to take a proactive and positive approach to equality and diversity issues, so that decisions can be made throughout the employment process which strike the correct balance between the employer’s needs and those of their employees. We hope that one consequence of such an approach is that the risk of litigation is avoided, or at least minimised. However, we recognise the reality that in some cases, and sometimes despite the best efforts of both employers and their employees, equality and diversity issues do end in litigation, and that this can be a hugely distressing, damaging and expensive experience for all concerned. In this, the last substantive chapter of this book, we therefore try and give practical advice to employers about how best to manage litigation when it occurs.
The Anatomy of Serious Further Offending
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Further serious offences committed by those released early from custody is the subject of intense media scrutiny . This accessible text examines the subject of further serious offending through the medium of major inquiries, inspections and reports. Inquiries discussed include the Clunis Inquiry, the Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry, the Marchioness Inquiry and the Anthony Rice Inquiry. This book explores the extent to which recommendations are implemented and their impact on the development of public protection policy. Reviewing all the major inquiries relating to further serious offending, the authors highlight commonalities that emerge from these reports, such as the nature of the offence and the type of response, as well as organisational and individual failures. By identifying similarities and themes across a range of agencies, the authors explore the nature of organisational and personal failure and blame. Whilst most responses to further serious offending are organisationally based, they rarely refer to personal failings on the part of agency workers. This title does both, whilst providing an outline of the constitution and culture of inquiries and the development of the multi-agency approach. This book also argues that the public protection edifice is built upon perceptions of danger which rarely reflect the true nature of dangerous behaviour. The authors propose that many inquiries refer to incidents that do not meet the stereotypical profile of a dangerous predator; subsequently the construction of dangerousness is re-examined in the light of Inquiry findings and recommendations. This title is a thought-provoking and topical book of great interest to probation practitioners and students alike.
Introduction
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 21 November 2007 newspapers and television reports screamed out the latest government catastrophe. It appeared as if a fairly low grade civil servant in HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) had downloaded to disc the data of over seven million persons claiming child benefit and posted them in the ‘ordinary ‘ post to the National Audit Office in London. The two compact discs containing the data appeared to have been lost and there were claims that the personal and banking details of up to 25 million people had been breached. The head of the HMRC resigned immediately and both the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister were forced into humiliating apologies in the House of Com- mons. The shadow chancellor described the breach as a catastrophe.
Back to Basics— Understanding Offending Behaviour
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we plan to provide an overview of understanding offending behaviour. What will become apparent as the rest of the book unfolds is that in reviews and inquiries into cases of serious further offending, organizational failures in the management and supervision of the offender are often highlighted. We spend a great deal of time examining such failures in later chapters. What management reviews and independent inquiries fail to consider in any detail is the offending behaviour itself. This must be highlighted and remembered; regardless of whether there are clear identifiable failures in the offender management system, the one factor that is constant in all cases of SFOs is that there is a motivated offender who has committed a serious crime.
Inquiry Culture— Moving Forward or Process Compliance
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we plan to provide background and context to what is the primary subject of the book itself—inquiries into serious further offending by known and currently supervised offenders. These inquiries, or more accurately reviews, continue a long tradition of investigating matters of public interest and where governments or agencies are perceived to be seriously at fault. Inquiring into serious events which impact upon the public has been a feature of life since at least the times of Henry VII. Although mostly focused around major tragedies involving substantial loss of life, inquiries may also be invoked when confidence in government is called into question. They will now be used routinely to investigate issues of public concern, for example, in local planning and environmental matters.
Communication skills
Authors: Cooper Simon , Lewy Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication is the two-way process of giving and receiving information, both verbally and non-verbally. It is a key and essential aspect of nursing care. Communication is a core dimension in the NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (Department of Health 2004) and within the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Standards (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). Both refer to the requirements for communication with a range of people (colleagues, external agencies, and patients) on a variety of simple and complex matters.
Prologue
Authors: Jackson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a brief letter written to his devoted mother in 1900, the French novelist Marcel Proust complained that the previous day he had suffered from an ‘attack of asthma of unbelievable violence and tenacity’, which had obliged him to spend all night on his feet in spite of extreme tiredness. Such episodes of acutely debilitating asthma were not unusual for Proust during this period of his life. In another intimate note to his mother, dated 26 August 1901, Proust described how, having travelled to Versailles to visit some distant relatives, he had been ‘seized with a horrifying attack of asthma, so that I didn’t know what to do or where to hide myself’.
A International Courts An Overview
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of the number and power of international courts since the end of the Cold War seems to point toward an increasing role not only for law in general but for judges in particular. The process is not a recent one, however; it has a history of more than three hundred years. Its development is, furthermore, neither linear nor inevitable. There are essentially three milestones in the history of international courts.
The Triangular Trade
Authors: Morgan Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ships involved in the slave trade followed a triangular route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Generations of historians have there- fore referred to transatlantic slaving by its geometrical shape, as a triangular trade. The first leg of the triangle was the outward voyage from the English home port—usually London, Bristol, or Liverpool—to the West African coast. Ships sailed laden with manufactured goods that could be exchanged for slaves in Africa.
Slave Emancipation
Authors: Morgan Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Be it therefore enacted … that from and after the 1st day of May 1807, the African slave trade, and all manner of dealing and trading in the purchase, sale, barter or transfer of slaves, or of persons intended to be sold, transferred, used or dealt with as slaves, practised or carried on in, at, to or from any part of the coast or countries of Africa, shall be … utterly abolished, prohibited and declared to be unlawful.
The Modern Sciences As Reputational Work Organizations
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern sciences have become increasingly important parts of the cultural systems of industrialized societies as producers and validators of knowledge claims about their natural and social environments. They dominate the construction of cognitive orders which serve as means of orientation and attempt to monopolize the production of true knowledge about the world. From being subsidiary to theology and philosophy as systems of understanding, the modern sciences have become the major knowledge-producing social institution in societies where scientific knowledge is highly regarded and its production strongly supported. As such they have been the object of considerable discussion by philosophers, historians and, more recently, social scientists who have usually sought to understand their distinctive nature, patterns of development, and conditions of progress.
The Organizational Structures Of Scientific Fields
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the previous two chapters I have discussed two major dimensions of organizational structure which are related to major differences in how scientific work is organized and controlled in different fields, and to variations in the context of different sciences. Essentially, these dimensions summarize some of the critical features of heterogenous scientific fields considered as distinct reputational organizations, and enable us to explore relationships between these features and the environments of reputational organizations. They thus pro¬ vide a connection between certain general aspects of the social contexts- of scientific fields, and their dominant patterns of knowledge production and validation.