bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow cytofluorometric studies on the alteration of leukocyte populations in blood and milk during endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows
Authors: Saad A. M. , Ostensson K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Alterations in the various leukocyte populations in milk, blood, and mammary lymph were studied by use of the flow cytometric method during acute mastitis episodes induced by endotoxin infusion (50 μg of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium SH 4809) via the teat canal. Lymph samples were collected via a semipermanent catheter from an afferent duct to the supramammary lymph node. Milk somatic cell count increased at 4 hours after infusion of endotoxin. Neutrophils were the predominant cell population for up to 59 hours after infusion. Numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes-macrophages in milk also increased after the endotoxin infusion. The total cell count in milk started to decrease during the third postinfusion day and returned to preinfusion values during the fourth day. Lymphocyte numbers remained high for about 1 week after the infusion, and lymphocytes were the predominant cell population between postinfusion days 4 and 8. Total blood leukocyte count decreased during the first 6 hours after infusion, followed by an increase until postinfusion hour 31. The proportion of neutrophils in blood increased during the first day, whereas that of lymphocytes decreased. Lymph flow rate and leukocyte numbers in lymph increased after endotoxin infusion. The proportion of neutrophils in the lymph increased during the first 6 hours, whereas that of lymphocytes decreased. After postinfusion hour 6, the inverse course of events was seen.
Effects of treatment of growing swine with aflatoxin and T-2 toxin
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Huff William E. , Corrier Donald E. , Rottinghaus George E. , Phillips Timothy D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of dietary aflatoxin (af) and T-2 toxin, singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace × Hampshire) pigs. The experimental design consisted of 4 treatment groups of 6 barrows each fed diets containing 0 mg of af and T-2/kg of feed (controls; group 1), 2.5 mg of af/kg of feed (group 2), 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (group 3), or 2.5 mg of af plus 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (af + T-2; group 4) ad libitum for 28 days (7 to 11 weeks of age). Production performance, and serum biochemical, and hematologic evaluations were made weekly. Body weight and body weight gain were depressed by all toxin treatments, but the effect of af and T-2 toxin in combination was less than additive. Liver and kidney weights, as a percentage of body weight, were increased by af treatment, and heart weight, as a percentage of body weight, was increased by T-2 treatment. Treatment with T-2 toxin induced necrotizing contact dermatitis on the snout, buccal commissures, and prepuce. Consumption of af resulted in increased serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, cholinesterase, and γ-glutamyltransferase, and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Consumption of T-2 toxin resulted in increased serum triglyceride concentration and decreased serum iron concentration. Treatment with af induced lower serum unsaturated iron-binding capacity and high rbc count, pcv, hemoglobin concentration, wbc count, and prothrombin time. Treatment with T-2 toxin induced microcytic hypochromic anemia, increased numbers of circulating metarubricytes and decreased absolute numbers of lymphocytes. Hepatocellular lesions in barrows of the af and the af plus T-2 groups (2 and 4, respectively) were compatible with aflatoxicosis. When fed in combination, each toxin appeared to have a sparing action on certain effects of the other, and the responses elicited were either additive or less than additive.
Effect of endotoxin administration on equine digital hemodynamics and Starling forces
Authors: Hunt Robert J. , Allen Douglas , Moore James N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Using a pump-perfused extracorporeal isolated digital preparation, the effects of a 30-minute infusion of either saline solution (control) or endotoxin on equine digital hemodynamics and microvascular function were determined. Digital blood flow and arterial, venous, and capillary pressures were recorded at 15-minute intervals for 150 minutes. From these data, total vascular resistance and pre- and postcapillary resistances were calculated. Isogravimetric capillary filtration coefficient, vascular compliance, and the osmotic reflection coefficient were determined after the last hemodynamic measurements were taken.
Changes in hemodynamic values of control equine digits were not observed. During the 120 minutes after infusion of endotoxin, digital blood flow decreased 43%, and total vascular resistance increased 89%. Precapillary resistance increased 122%, but postcapillary resistance did not change significantly. Changes in vascular compliance or the capillary filtration coefficient were not observed in response to either treatment. The osmotic reflection coefficient, an index of permeability, did not differ significantly between digits of the endotoxin-treated and control groups. These data indicate that the increase in vascular resistance during endotoxemia may have been attributable to arterial/arteriolar constriction and that neither the permeability nor the surface area of the exchange vasculature within the digit was significantly affected by endotoxin. Although marked alterations in vascular function are seen after administration of endotoxin, these changes do not parallel those documented in association with experimentally induced laminitis.
Effect of T-2 toxin on resistance to systemic Salmonella typhimurium infection of newly hatched chickens
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Elissalde Marcel H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Newly hatched chickens were treated with the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, during the first day of life. Control chickens were treated with other agents known to cause immunosuppression—cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and aflatoxin. Chickens were infected on day 6 (5 days after treatment with T-2 toxin) by intraperitoneal inoculation with Salmonella typhimurium. Blood samples were collected from treated chickens (noninfected) and used to assess the responsiveness of blood lymphocytes to T-cell or B-cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin, or lipopolysaccharide, respectively. The T-2 toxin had a profound negative effect on the ability of the chickens to resist salmonellosis, as measured by survival. However, the toxin effect in reducing phytohemagglutinin- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mitogenesis, though significant (P > 0.05), was not severe. Our data indicate a direct effect of T-2 toxin on native resistance to systemic salmonellosis, which was not accompanied by marked alteration in T- or B-cell responses to mitogenic stimulation.
Anthelmintic activity of the macrocyclic lactone F28249-α in sheep
Authors: Shoop W. L. , Egerton J. R. , Eary C. H. , Suhayda D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The macrolytic lactone F28249-α was titrated in experimentally infected sheep and found to be highly effective against most of the common gastrointestinal nematodes as a single oral dose, given at a rate of 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg. Specifically, maximal activity was evident at even the lowest dosage against adult Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcinta, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis and L4 O circumcinta. Activity against Oesophagostomum columbianum was also high at all dosages, with a calculated ed95 of 0.029 mg/kg. Cooperia curticei was eliminated at 0.1 mg/kg, but control was erratic at the lower dosages. The greatest weakness of this compound was its activity against C oncophora. The activity against this parasite was weak (≤ 85%) at all dosages, and the dosage-response curve was flat, suggesting dosages substantially higher than those given would be necessary for high-order control of this species.
Prophylactic efficacy of four antibacterial shampoos against Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs
Authors: Kwochka Kenneth W. , Kowalski Joseph J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Prophylactic efficacy of 4 antibacterial shampoos against Staphylococcus intermedins in dogs was determined by use of a controlled quantitative technique. Ten adult Beagles were used in the study. The antibacterial agents in the shampoos were 3.0% benzoyl peroxide, 0.5% Chlorhexidine acetate, 1.0% available iodine as a polyalkyle-neglycol-iodine complex, and a combination of 0.5% triclosan, 2.0% sulfur, and 2.0% salicylic acid. Treated and control sites were challenge exposed with 5.30 ± 0.10 (log10) S intermedins colony-forming units (cfu)/cm2 of skin and occluded for 5 hours. At the end of the test period, remaining bacteria were removed with a detergent cup-scrub technique and the total number of S intermedins cfu/cm2 skin was calculated for each treated and control site.
Nontreated bacteria-challenged control sites yielded 5.62 ± 0.65 S intermedins cfu/cm2 of skin. Staphylococcus intermedins recovery (cfu/cm2) from the treated sites was 0.94 ± 0.76 for benzoyl peroxide, 1.96 ± 1.33 for Chlorhexidine acetate, 3.11 ± 0.48 for organic iodine, and 4.69 ± 0.23 for triclosan-sulfur-salicylic acid. Each S intermedins recovery value from the 4 treated sites was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that from the nontreated S intermedins challenge-exposed control site. Bacteria recovery values were also significantly (P < 0.05) different among the 4 shampoo-treated sites.
We concluded that all shampoos had significant (P < 0.05) prophylactic activity against S intermedins over 5 hours. The shampoo containing benzoyl peroxide was determined to have the greatest efficacy among the products tested.
Induction of pneumonia in rabbits by use of a purified protein toxin from Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Chrisp Clarence E. , Foged Niels T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Heat-labile toxin from a cell sonicate of a virulent typeD strain of Pasteurella multocida was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Toxic activity was assayed during toxin purification by cytopathic effect in Vero or bovine embryonic lung cell cultures. Toxicity for cells correlated with dermonecrosis in guinea pig skin. Toxicity was accounted for by a single protein with a molecular weight of 149,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbits were inoculated intranasally with purified toxin to determine whether toxin had a role in the induction of pneumonia in rabbits infected with P multocida. Pneumonia, pleuritis, acute hepatic necrosis, and splenic lymphoid atrophy were found in 4 of 5 rabbits. One of 5 rabbits had bilateral turbinate atrophy. Western blotting with monoclonal antibodies to toxin from a P multocida isolate causing atrophic rhinitis in pigs revealed the toxin that induces pleuritis and pneumonia in rabbits to be the same or a closely related toxin.
Diversity of pilin of serologically distinct Bacteroides nodosus
Authors: Gradin Joseph L. , Stephens Jennifer A. , Pluhar G. Elizabeth , Marta Kimette M. , Smith Alvin W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pili from 11 distinct serotypes of Bacteroides nodosus were examined for diversity of pilin polypeptide subunits among serotypes and for purity of the pilin preparations. The pilin of all 11 samples was shown to be homogeneous. Mean ± sd molecular weight of the pilin of 7 serotypes (A198, IV, V, VI, IX, XVII, and XVIII) was 18,500 ± 100. The pilin of serotypes I, III, and VIII had molecular weight of 17,600, 19,400, and 19,000, respectively. Serotype XV differed greatly from the other 10 serotypes in that 2 distinct polypeptide bands with molecular weight of approximately 7,800 and 6,200 were detected. We suggest that these 2 low molecular weight bands resulted from proteolytic cleavage of the pilin protein.
Cotrol study of fowl cholera outbreaks in meat turkeys in California from August 1985 through July 1986
Authors: Hird David W. , Carpenter Tim E. , Snipes Kurt P. , Hirsh Dwight C. , McCapes  
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
From Aug 1985 through July 1986, 720 meat turkey flocks on 160 California premises were monitored and outbreaks of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) were investigated. Data from 43 outbreak (case) flocks were compared with data from 43 nonoutbreak (control) flocks. Outbreak flocks, compared with control flocks, were more likely to be located on premises with higher maximal bird capacity and history of fowl cholera outbreaks. The overall impression was that flocks in larger, newer, more intensively managed premises were at greater risk of fowl cholera outbreaks than were other flocks.
Immunohistologic examination of monoclonal antibodies generated against Eimeria bovis sporozoites for reactivity to meronts and sexual stages of E bovis and other eimerian parasites
Authors: Lindsay D. S. , Dubey J. P. , Fayer R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Seven monoclonal antibodies (mab) generated against sporozoites of Eimeria bovis were tested for reactivity against immature and mature first-generation meronts, sexual stages, and oocysts in tissues from experimentally infected calves by use of an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (abpc) immunohistologic test. Three of the 7 mab reacted in the abpc test. One of these, mab-4FB4, reacted only with mature E bovis meronts. The other 2 mab, mab-2AE7 and mab-4AD7, reacted with all the developmental stages of E bovis tested. Asexual stages and sexual stages of E tenella from chickens and E papillota from mice also were examined in the abpc test. Monoclonal antibodies mab-2AE7 and mab-4AD7 reacted with all stages of these eimerian protozoa. None of the other 5 mab reacted with these parasites. Results of this study suggested that antigens are shared among the asexual and sexual stages of several diverse Eimeria species.
Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by whey
Authors: Barta Ota , Barta Vera D. , Crisman Mark V. , Akers R. Michael 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Bovine whey samples were evaluated by use of lymphocyte-transformation tests to determine their effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis. Whey samples from mammary glands with clinical mastitis strongly inhibited dna synthesis and blastogenesis in lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens or dividing because of bovine leukemia virus infection. Whey samples from apparently healthy glands either did not inhibit lymphocyte dna synthesis or inhibited it to a lesser degree than did whey from mastitic glands. Degree of inhibition was dose-dependent. The molecules causing inhibition were noncytotoxic and underwent minimal binding to the lymphocytes. Inhibitory molecules were susceptible to various proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes, indicating a glycoprotein-like structure. Whey inhibited incorporation of thymidine if it was in the cell cultures during the early stages of stimulation. Incubation of lymphocytes in whey that inhibited thymidine incorporation did not affect dna synthesis in subsequent culturing of the same cells without whey. Degree of inhibition was affected by the method of whey preparation.
Age-related changes in protein concentrations in serum and respiratory tract lavage fluid obtained from cats
Authors: McCarthy Grainne M. , Quinn P. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Total protein concentration was determined in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid, and nasal flush fluid obtained from specific-pathogen-free cats from birth to maturity and from adult conventionally raised cats. Protein components were analyzed by Immunoelectrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Albumin, and α-, β-, and γ-globulins were among the proteins identified in bal fluid, and their isoelectric point ranged from 3.1 to 5.1. γ-Globulin was not detected in serum or bal fluid of newborn kittens before they had ingested colostrum. By day 3 after ingestion of colostrum, IgG was detected in high concentration in serum and was the predominant immunoglobulin in serum and bal fluid of older cats. Nasal flush fluid from cats > 6 months old contained albumin, and α-, β-, and γ-globulins, with IgA being the predominant immunoglobulin. Total protein concentration in nasal flush fluid increased progressively with increasing age, and albumin was the predominant protein. Protein concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in bal fluid from conventionally raised adult cats than in that from specific-pathogen-free cats.
Changes in blood and bronchoalvelor lavage fluid components in calves with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Bauer Milton C. , Whiteley Laurence O. , Maheswaran Samuel K. , Ames Trevor R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pneumonic pasteurellosis was experimentally induced in calves by inoculation of 5 × 108 Pasteurella haemolytica organisms into the right diaphragmatic lung lobe. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained prior to inoculation and at postinoculation hour (pih) 2, 4, and 6. Calves developed acute lung injury, characteristic of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Lesions were found only in the right diaphragmatic lobe. By pih 4, significant (P < 0.01) increases were detected in lavage fluid total cell count, neutrophil count, total protein and albumin concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (alp) and lactic dehydrogenase (ld) activities. Myeloperoxidase and elastase activities did not increase. Neutrophil depletion ameliorated the lung lesions and prevented the increase in lavage fluid cell count, total protein, and albumin concentrations and alp and ld activities. Treatment with the iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylate-hydroxyethyl starch, attenuated the increase in total protein and albumin concentrations and alp and ld activities at pid 4, but not pih 6. Treatment with a neutrophil function inhibitor, pentoxifylline, prevented the increase in lavage fluid neutrophil numbers, but accentuated the increase in total protein and albumin concentrations, and alp, ld, myeloperoxidase, and elastase activities.
Use of newly developed assays for protein C and plasminogen in horses with signs of colic
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Prasse Keith W. , Moore James N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Protein C content and plasminogen activity were measured in plasma from 100 horses with signs of colic. Data were analyzed by grouping horses 4 ways. Each horse was allotted to 1 of 2 outcome groups (survivors and nonsurvivors), 1 of 3 broad-category diagnosis groups (inflammatory disorders, strangulating obstructions, and all other gastrointestinal disorders), and 1 of 2 clinical management groups (medical and surgical). In a fourth grouping, all horses (although numbers of horses included in each subgroup were small) were assigned either to specific diagnostic groups that had high expectation for activated hemostasis (intestinal ischemia, endotoxemia, jugular thrombosis, peritoneal adhesions, and laminitis) or to a control group, in which active hemostasis was unlikely. Within 2 to 24 hours after admission, nonsurvivors developed lower protein C content than did survivors. Protein C content and plasminogen activity became low during hospitalization in horses with strangulating obstructions and in horses having surgery. The results from the grouping by specific diagnosis must be considered pilot data because the numbers of horses in each subgroup were small. Although not statistically significant, trends were noticed in protein C and plasminogen: (1) horses with intestinal ischemia and endotoxemia developed low protein C content and plasminogen activity, (2) protein C content became low in horses that developed peritoneal adhesions or laminitis, and (3) plasminogen activity became low in horses that developed jugular thrombosis. Low protein C content or low plasminogen activity, or both, may be useful as predictors for outcome and for these specific complications of equine colic. Protein C content and plasminogen activity were often normal at admission, but decreased by 2 to 24 hours; therefore, the hemostatic alterations appear to be an effect, rather than a cause of the gastrointestinal disorders. A return to normal values over several days may signify clinical improvement.
Granulopoiesis in the pineal gland of chickens
Authors: del Cacho Emilio , Gallego Margarita , Bascuas Jose Antonio 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Foci of differentiating heterophilic granulocytes in the pineal gland were studied by light and electron microscopy in chickens, from hatching until 56 weeks of age. Foci of granulopoiesis could be seen in the first 24 hours after hatching. Thereafter, their number and cellular density increased, becoming highest at 2 weeks. From then on, numbers decreased progressively until foci disappeared at 18 weeks. Granulopoietic cells established local associations with fibroblast-like cells. Mature granulocytes reached the bloodstream by the 2 mechanisms described for hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, either passing between lining cells or through the cytoplasm of lining cells.
Development of a serologic assay for cysticercosis, using an antigen isolated from Taenia spp cyst fluid
Authors: Hayunga Eugene G. , Sumner Mary P. , Rhoads Marcia L. , Murrell K. Darwin , Isenstein Robert S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid (Thfas) was further evaluated for use in the immunodiagnosis of cysticercosis. Analysis of Thfas by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein immunoblot analysis confirmed earlier reports of a highly specific, low molecular weight antigen in this preparation; in contrast, other components of Thfas were shown to react nonspecifically. Antibodies against the < 12-kD diagnostic antigen were detected in sera from 10 cattle and 4 swine inoculated with metacestodes of T saginata and T solium, respectively, but not in animals inoculated with Fasciola hepatica, Trichinella spiralis, Brucella abortus, or Toxoplasma gondii, or in noninoculated controls. Isolation and immobilization of the < 12-kD antigen on a hydrophobic transfer membrane resulted in development of an unambiguous dipstick assay capable of correctly identifying fully developed (10-week) experimentally induced infections in cattle and swine. In addition, the dipstick assay was highly specific for diagnosis of the disease in human beings, and offers the potential of distinguishing between human clinical cases of cysticercosis and taeniasis. A similar reactive antigen of diagnostic potential was also identified and isolated from T crassiceps and T taeniaeformis cyst fluids.
Ultrastructure of developing Isospora suis in cultured cells
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Blagburn Byron L. , Toivio-Kinnucan Maria 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The ultrastructure of Isospora suis sporozoites, type-1 meronts, and type-1 merozoites was examined, using transmission electron microscopy of infected cultured cells. The ultrastructure of sporozoites and type-1 merozoites was similar. Each possessed trimembranous pellicles, subpellicular microtubules, a conoid, anterior and posterior polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, a single vesicular nucleus, tubular mitochondria, Golgi complexes, ribo-somes, endoplasmic reticula, inactive micropores, amylopectin bodies, lipid bodies, dense bodies, and crystalloid bodies. Merozoites were produced by endodyogeny. Ultrastructural events associated with merozoite production by type-1 meronts are described.