bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and E-Liquid Modifications to Vape Cannabis Depicted in Online Videos
Authors: Ouellette Rachel R. , Selino Sophia , Kong Grace 
Published: November 2023

ImportanceElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) were created to vape nicotine e-liquids; however, social media demonstrates increased ENDS modifications to vape cannabis. Analysis of social media content helps with understanding ENDS modifications for cannabis use, overlapping markets for ENDS and cannabis, and the need for additional regulation.ObjectiveTo analyze online videos for use, modification, and marketing of ENDS to vape cannabis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this qualitative study, 10 searches were performed on YouTube on July 14, 2022, using different combinations of relevant search terms to identify videos depicting modifications to ENDS and e-liquids to vape cannabis. The first 40 videos from each search (400 videos total, 152 without duplicates) were extracted, of which 59 included depiction or discussion of cannabis vaping content. Content analysis of videos included iterative development of codes, consensus building across team members, and reliability checks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMetadata (ie, video length, number of likes, comments, and views) were extracted for included videos. Coding was performed for uploader type, modifications to ENDS and e-liquids, devices used, cannabis products vaped, age restriction, purchasing links, health claims, and discussion of warning messages and cannabis regulations.ResultsOf the 59 videos analyzed, 34 (58%) included tetrahydrocannabinol; 33 (56%), cannabidiol; and 8 (14%), both. A total of 21 videos (36%) were age-restricted, while 25 (42%) included purchasing links for cannabis products, 20 (34%) for ENDS, and 7 (12%) for nicotine e-liquids. Twenty-six videos (44%) made claims about health benefits of vaping cannabis. Forty-one videos (69%) demonstrated vaping manufacturer-made cannabis products (eg, cannabis concentrates) with no modifications needed. Eighteen videos (31%) depicted modifications to e-liquids or ENDS for cannabis use. The most frequent modification was mixing e-liquids with cannabis products to be compatible with ENDS. The most frequently reported reason for modifications was to vape cannabis in public by using the same devices used for nicotine.Conclusions and RelevanceThis qualitative study of online videos found high frequencies of statements about health benefits from vaping cannabis, frequent purchasing links, and inadequate age restrictions. Exposure to such content on social media platforms may increase risk of cannabis vaping among youth. Use of the same devices for multiple substances may also enable dual use and complicate the US Food and Drug Administration’s regulation of ENDS.
Manganese Porphyrin‐Containing Polymeric Micelles: A Novel Approach for Intracellular Catalytic Formation of Per/Polysulfide Species from a Hydrogen Sulfide Donor
Authors: Young Kemper , Yamane Setsuko , GharehTapeh Elmira Abbasi , Kasamatsu Shingo , Ihara Hideshi , Hasegawa Urara 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPer/polysulfide species that are generated from endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide have critical regulatory roles in a wide range of cellular processes. However, the lack of delivery systems that enable controlled and sustained release of these unstable species in biological systems hinders the advancement of sulfide biology research, as well as the translation of knowledge to therapeutic applications. Here, a novel approach is developed to generate per/polysulfide species in cells by combining an H2S donor and manganese porphyrin‐containing polymeric micelles (MnPMCs) that catalyze oxidization of H2S to per/polysulfide species. MnPMCs serve as a catalyst for H2S oxidation in aerobic phosphate buffer. HPLC‐MS/MS analysis reveals that H2S oxidation by MnPMCs in the presence of glutathione results in the formation of glutathione‐SnH (n = 2 and 3). Furthermore, co‐treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the H2S donor anethole dithiolethione and MnPMCs increases intracellular per/polysulfide levels and induces a proangiogenic response. Co‐delivery of MnPMCs and an H2S donor is a promising approach for controlled delivery of polysulfides for therapeutic applications.
Highly Bright and Stable Lead‐Free Double Perovskite White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jin Shilin , Yuan He , Pang Tao , Zhang Manjia , Li Junyang , Zheng Yuanhui , Wu Tianmin , Zhang Ruidan , Wang Zhibin , Chen Daqin 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLead‐free double perovskites (DPs) are emerging highly stable emitters with efficient broadband self‐trapped exciton (STE) photoluminescence (PL), but their low electroluminescent (EL) efficiency is a critical shortcoming. This work promotes the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and luminance of DP‐based white light‐emitting diode (wLED) with a normal device structure to 0.76% and 2793 cd m−2 via two modifications: This work prevents the formation of adverse metallic silver, spatially confined STE, and lowers local site symmetry in Cs2Na0.4Ag0.6In0.97Bi0.03Cl6 DP by terbium doping; and this work develops a guest–host strategy to improve film morphology, reduce defect density, and increase carrier mobility. These alterations cause substantial increase in STE radiative recombination and charge injection efficiency of perovskite layer. Finally, pure white EL with ideal color coordinates of (0.328, 0.329) and a record‐breaking optoelectronic performance is achieved by introducing additional green carbon dots in LED to fill the deficient green component.
Stimuli‐Responsive Nanotechnology for RNA Delivery
Authors: Zhou Hui , Chen Dean Shuailin , Hu Caleb J. , Hong Xuechuan , Shi Jinjun , Xiao Yuling 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRibonucleic acid (RNA) drugs have shown promising therapeutic effects for various diseases in clinical and preclinical studies, owing to their capability to regulate the expression of genes of interest or control protein synthesis. Different strategies, such as chemical modification, ligand conjugation, and nanotechnology, have contributed to the successful clinical translation of RNA medicine, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) for gene silencing and messenger RNA (mRNA) for vaccine development. Among these, nanotechnology can protect RNAs from enzymatic degradation, increase cellular uptake and cytosolic transportation, prolong systemic circulation, and improve tissue/cell targeting. Here, a focused overview of stimuli‐responsive nanotechnologies for RNA delivery, which have shown unique benefits in promoting RNA bioactivity and cell/organ selectivity, is provided. Many tissue/cell‐specific microenvironmental features, such as pH, enzyme, hypoxia, and redox, are utilized in designing internal stimuli‐responsive RNA nanoparticles (NPs). In addition, external stimuli, such as light, magnetic field, and ultrasound, have also been used for controlling RNA release and transportation. This review summarizes a wide range of stimuli‐responsive NP systems for RNA delivery, which may facilitate the development of next‐generation RNA medicines.
Werner Salt as Nickel and Ammonia Source for Photochemical Synthesis of Primary Aryl Amines
Authors: Song Geyang , Song Jiameng , Li Qi , Nong Ding‐Zhan , Dong Jianyang , Li Gang , Fan Juan , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang , Xue Dong 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCheap, stable and easy‐to‐handle Werner ammine salts have been known for more than a century; but they have been rarely used in organic synthesis. Herein, we report that the Werner hexammine complex [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 can be used as both a nitrogen and a catalytic nickel source that allow for the efficient amination of aryl chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of bipyridine ligand under the irradiation of 390–395 nm light without the need of any additional catalysts. More than 80 aryl chlorides, including more than 20 drug molecules, were aminated, demonstrating the practicality and generality of this method in synthetic chemistry. A slow NH3 release mechanism is in operation, obviating the problem of catalyst poisoning. Still interestingly, we show that the Werner salt can be easily recovered and reused, solving the problem of difficult recovery of transition metal nickel catalysts. The protocol thus provides an efficient new strategy for the synthesis of primary aryl amines.
Kontrolle von Intermediaten und Endprodukten durch Kombination von Tröpfchenreaktionen und “Ion Soft‐landing”
Authors: Yang Fangshun , Urban Raphael D. , Lorenz Jonas , Griebel Jan , Koohbor Nima , Rohdenburg Markus , Knorke Harald , Fuhrmann Daniel , Charvat Ales , Abel Bernd , Azov Vladimir A. , Warneke Jonas 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObwohl die Massenspektrometrie in erster Linie als Analysetechnik bekannt ist, verfügt sie auch über ein großes Potenzial als Synthesewerkzeug, welches Zugang zu neuartigen Synthesewegen durch Reaktionen in geladenen Mikrotröpfchen oder ionischen Dünnschichten bietet. Solche Reaktionen sind außergewöhnlich und finden hauptsächlich an der Oberfläche von Tröpfchen und dünnen Schichten statt. Der partiellen Solvatisierung der Reaktanten wird hierbei eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verringerung der Aktivierungsbarriere zugeschrieben, doch sind einige mechanistische Details bisher noch nicht geklärt. In unserer Studie nutzen wir die Synergieeffekte zweier nacheinander verwendeter Methoden der „präparativen Massenspektrometrie“: Beschleunigte Reaktionen werden in Mikrotröpfchen während der Elektrospray‐Ionisierung initiiert, um gasförmige ionische Zwischenprodukte in großer Menge zu erzeugen, die anschließend nach Masse‐zu‐Ladungsverhältnis selektiert und sanft gelandet werden, um auf einem Substrat mit einem bereitgestellten Reagenz zu reagieren. Dies ermöglicht die Herstellung von Produkten in der Größenordnung von Nanomol, die weiter charakterisiert werden können. In dieser Konzeptstudie werden unterschiedliche Reaktionswege zwischen intrinsisch neutralen beziehungsweise geladenen Reaktanten sowohl in Mikrotröpfchen als auch in Schichten untersucht. Die Schichten werden durch Landung von molekularen Ionen unter Erhalt ihrer Struktur (“Ion Soft‐landing”) erzeugt. Dies ermöglicht neue Erkenntnisse über die Rolle von partiell solvatisierten Reaktanten an der Oberfläche von Mikrotröpfchen für erhöhte Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Ergänzend werden weitere Einblicke in Reaktionen zwischen Ionen gleicher Polarität bei verschiedenen Umgebungsbedingungen gewonnen.
Self‐Assembly of Polyoxometalate‐Based Sub‐1 nm Polyhedral Building Blocks into Rhombic Dodecahedral Superstructures
Authors: Wang Tian , Chen Weichao , Liu Qingda , Wang Wei , Wang Yinming , Wu Biao , Shi Wenxiong , Zhu Yunqing , He Peilei , Wang Xun 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSelf‐assembly of subnanometer (sub‐1 nm) scale polyhedral building blocks can yield some superstructures with novel and interesting morphology as well as potential functionalities. However, achieving the self‐assembly of sub‐1 nm polyhedral building blocks is still a great challenge. Herein, through encapsulating the titanium‐substituted polyoxometalate (POM, K7PTi2W10O40) with tetrabutylammonium cations (TBA+), we first synthesized a sub‐1 nm rhombic dodecahedral building block by further tailoring the spatial distribution of TBA+ on the POM. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated the eight TBA+ cations interacted with the POM cluster and formed the sub‐1 nm rhombic dodecahedron. As a result of anisotropy, the sub‐1 nm building blocks have self‐assembled into rhombic dodecahedral POM (RD‐POM) assemblies at the microscale. Benefiting from the regular structure, Br− ions, and abundant active sites, the obtained RD‐POM assemblies exhibit excellent catalytic performance in the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides without co‐catalysts. This work provides a promising approach to tailor the symmetry and structure of sub‐1 nm building blocks by tuning the spatial distribution of ligands, which may shed light on the fabrication of superstructures with novel properties by self‐assembly.
Neural correlates of face processing among preschoolers with fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, autism siblings, and typical development
Authors: Richards John E. , Guy Maggie W. , Hogan Abigail L. , Roberts Jane E. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe current study examined patterns of event‐related potential (ERP) responses during a face processing task in groups of preschoolers uniquely impacted by autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including (1) children with ASD; (2) children with fragile X syndrome (FXS); (3) children with familial risk for ASD, but without a diagnosis (i.e., ASIBs); and (4) a low‐risk control (LRC) group. Children with FXS have a high incidence of ASD diagnoses, but there have been no studies of the ERP response to faces in children with FXS and little work focused on children with ASD who have cognitive impairment. The current study examined children's ERP responses to faces and houses in four groups: LRC (N = 28, age = 5.2 years), ASIB (N = 23, age = 5.5 years), FXS (N = 19, age = 5.82 years), and ASD (N = 23, age = 5.5 years). The FXS and ASD groups were characterized by the presence of cognitive impairment. Pictures of upright and inverted faces and houses were presented while recording EEG with a 128‐channel system. The N170 occurred at about 200 ms post stimulus onset, was largest on the posterior‐lateral electrodes, and was larger for faces than houses. The P1 and N170 ERP components were larger for the FXS group than for the other three groups. The N170 ERP amplitude for the ASD and ASIB groups was smaller than both the LRC and FXS groups, and the LRC and FXS groups had the largest N170 responses on the right side. No difference was found in N170 latency between groups. The similarity of the ASD and ASIB responses suggest a common genetic or environmental origin of the reduced response. Although children with FXS have a high incidence of ASD outcomes, they differed from ASD and ASIB children in this study. Specifically, the children with FXS were hyperresponsive to all stimulus types while the ASD and ASIB groups showed attenuated responses for specific stimuli.
Design and use of an ex vivo peripheral simulating bioreactor system for pharmacokinetic analysis of a drug coated stent
Authors: Chen Danyi , Krinsky Colin , Phillips Mollie , Allred Catherine , Khan Ava , Liu Linda B. , Christians Uwe , Yazdani Saami K. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCurrently, there are no ex vivo systems that can model the motion of peripheral arteries and allow for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics (PK) of endovascular devices. The objective of this study was to develop a novel peripheral simulating bioreactor system to evaluate drug pharmacokinetics of stents. We utilized 3D‐printed and off‐the‐shelf components to construct a peripheral‐simulating bioreactor system capable of mimicking the motion of peripheral arteries. Servo motors were primarily used to shorten/elongate, twist, and bend explanted porcine carotid arteries. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics in the bioreactor, drug‐eluting stents were deployed within explanted arteries and subjected to vascular motion along with pulsatile flow conditions. Following 30 min and 24 h, the arteries were removed, and paclitaxel levels were measured. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed to evaluate the stent surface. Arterial paclitaxel levels of the stent‐treated arteries were found to be higher at 30 min than at 24 h following pulsatile and no vascular motion and even higher at 24 h following pulsatile flow and vascular motion. The residual drug on the stent significantly decreased from 30 min to 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the loss of paclitaxel coating at 24 h and greater disturbance in stents under peripheral motion versus pulsatile only. This system represents the first ex vivo system to determine the PK of drug‐eluting stents under physiological flow and vascular motion conditions. This work provides a novel system for a quick and inexpensive preclinical tool to study acute drug tissue concentration kinetics of drug‐releasing interventional vascular devices designed for peripheral applications.
Hydrogel‐Assisted Electrokinetics for High‐Resolution and Non‐invasive Flow Monitoring in Microfluidic Chips†
Authors: Zhao Na , Ma Yanni , Yu Zehua , Huang Jun , Fu Xiangqian , Qiu Tao , Liu Kang 
Published: November 2023

Comprehensive SummaryConvenient non‐invasive flow monitoring would facilitate the operation and control in microfluidic chips, but is challenging due to the small space of microchannels and complex operation required in traditional optical methods. In this work, we propose a novel non‐invasive strategy to probe microfluidic flows via streaming potential phenomenon. By sealing one side of the microchannel with a piece of hydrogel film, streaming potential inside the channel can be clearly detected by electrodes at outer surface of the hydrogel due to ion diffusion in the hydrogel. Flow is detected without sensors contacting with the internal liquid. Moreover, the electrodes shape like a tiny probe, which can move around mapping the flow distribution in a chip with the spatial resolution of 1 mm and flow rate detection limit of 3 μL·min–1. Bubbles inside the channels can also be detected, due to the fluctuation of streaming voltage when gas‐liquid interface flows through the electrode, showing an easy and potential way for multi‐functional flow monitoring in microfluidic chips.
Epidemiology of arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy in China
Authors: Liu Si‐Tong , Li Rui , Zheng Jian‐Peng , Lu Feng , Sun Hui‐Ni , Hua Lin , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Zhong Peng , Bai Ying 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundArrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy (AVC) is a common cause of ventricular arrhythmias and mortality, but limited data are available from large Asian cohorts. Our aim was to explore the current status of AVC and second, we examined the prevalence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), heart failure (HF) and mortality in patients with AVC in the Chinese population.HypothesisAt present, some studies have reported that the incidence of AVC is on the rise, which may be due to the increasing number of diagnostic methods for AVC. However, there is no epidemiological data on AVC in the Chinese population, so we speculate that the incidence of AVC in the Chinese population is increasing.Methods and ResultsWe studied 15 888 adults from the Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center (BMHCIC) registry database in China from January 2010 to December 2020, and calculated the average annual percentage change (AAPC). Second, we determined the incidence of VT, HF and mortality in patients with AVC. Of the 10 318 men and 5570 women who were screened by cardiac magnetic resonance or examined by myocardial biopsy, there were a total of 256 newly diagnosed AVC patients (mean [SD]: 37.54[17.10]; 39.45% female). The incidence of AVC increased from 7.60 (3.12‐12.06) in 2010 to 19.62 (11.51‐27.75) per 1000 person‐years in 2020. Males had higher incidence of AVC than females. The AAPC for the rising incidence of AVC was 8.9 %. Males had similar VT prevalence (70.32% vs. 62.38%, p = 0.19) and mortality (1.94% vs. 1.98%, p = 0.98) but lower HF prevalence (42.58% vs. 60.40%, p = 0.006), when compared to females. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was more likely to be performed in males (p = 0.006).ConclusionsThe rising trend in AVC incidence was evident, with two‐fold increase by 2020. Males with AVC had similar VT prevalence and mortality rate, but HF prevalence were lower than females, perhaps impacted by RFA use.
Advancements in biodigester technology through the study of anaerobic digestion using statistical optimization and bioaccelerators
Authors: Monteiro Pablo Inocêncio , Mariano André Bellin , Padilha Bianca do Santos , de Moraes Yann Domingues , Zaguine Letícia , Lopes Leonardo Rey Oliveira , de Moraes Marcelo Lacerda , Ramos Rúbia Martins Bernardes , Spier Michele Rigon 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAdvances in biodigester technology have been promoted by the growing study of anaerobic digestion, with the aim of improving processes related to the utilized waste load. This research used the statistical tool Central Composite Rotatable Design to optimize the combination of microorganisms and enzymes for biodigestion. The experiment involved testing two microorganisms (EA and EB) and five enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase, cellulase, and amyloglucosidase) with food waste from nearby restaurants and WWTP sludge as an inoculant. The experiment was set up as Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) 26‐1, with 50 trials and a concentration of 14.5 g of volatile solids per liter. The dependent variables of cumulative biogas production (BG) and cumulative biomethane production (BM) were evaluated. The results showed that the independent variables EB and CA had negative and significant effects on BG and BM production. With optimized process conditions, the bioaccelerator significantly improved BG and BM responses compared to control trials by 72% and 88%, respectively. The biodigestion technique is a viable option for the treatment of organic waste, and the use of bioaccelerators may be a promising approach to improving biodigestion processes. This study contributes to the ongoing research on anaerobic digestion and biodigester technology, which seeks to improve the sustainable management of organic waste while producing renewable energy.
Study of metabolism and potential toxicity of nine synthetic opioid analogs using the zebrafish larvae model
Authors: Murari Matilde , Pesavento Sara , Greco Francesca , Vettori Andrea , Tagliaro Franco , Gottardo Rossella 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe use of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) has dramatically increased worldwide, and among them, synthetic opioids are one of the fastest growing groups, where cinnamylpiperazines and 2‐benzylbenzimidazoles represent two of the most relevant subclasses. However, the data on their toxicity and metabolism are still limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity and metabolic pathways of some compounds belonging to these families, namely, AP‐237, 2‐methyl AP‐237, isotonitazene, flunitazene, etodesnitazene, metonitazene, metodesnitazene, N‐pyrrolidino etonitazene, and butonitazene. The study was performed using a zebrafish early life stages model. In fact, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae have recently been recognized as a suitable animal model in alternative to mammals, because they require less time and resources and do not need complex procedures for ethics approval. The cellular toxicity after a single administration was assessed at the fourth day post‐fertilization with acridine orange staining. Possible morphological defects were evaluated with a light microscope after 24 h of exposure to 1 μmol/L concentration of each drug. Subsequently, the larvae were euthanized and underwent analysis of drug metabolites using UPLC coupled to an Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometer. High rates of morphological defects, as well as of cellular death, were detected, but no significant difference in mortality between treatment and control groups was observed. In addition, several metabolites, mainly produced through monohydroxylation, N‐dealkylation, and O‐dealkylation, were identified in the larvae extracts.