bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics of essential tremor: Data from a community‐based study
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Ford Blair , Wendt Kristin J. , Cameron Gabriella 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUND: 99.5% of individuals with essential tremor (ET) who live in the community have mild tremor and do not attend clinics. Clinic‐based studies of ET have not allowed investigators to characterize the full clinical spectrum of this disorder. In community‐based studies of ET, the primary focus has been the prevalence rather than the clinical characteristics of ET.OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of ET as seen in a community‐based study.METHODS: 73 subjects with ET, identified in a community‐based study of ET in Washington Heights‐Inwood, New York, underwent a standardized 84‐item physicianadministered tremor interview and a 26‐item videotaped tremor examination which included 12 bedside tests for ET. Two neurologists who specialized in movement disorders and who demonstrated excellent interrater agreement rated the severity of tremor using a 0 to +3 clinical rating scale and assigned a total tremor score (range, 0–36) and a diagnosis of ET.RESULTS: Diagnoses in the 73 cases were: definite ET (18, 24.7%), probable ET (32, 43.8%), and possible ET (23, 31.5%). The mean total tremor score was 17.8 of 36. Thirty‐six of 73 (49.3%) were asymptomatic, answering “no” to the question “do you often have shaking or tremor that you can't control?” Sixty‐seven of 73 (91.8%) had not been prescribed medication for tremor. On average, subjects received tremor ratings of ≥+2 on only 5.4 of the 12 bedside tests for ET. Kinetic tremor was rated as more severe than postural tremor in 72 (98.6%) of 73 cases.CONCLUSIONS: We present the clinical findings of a group of largely untreated, unselected cases of ET that would not otherwise have come to neurologic attention. The tremor was mild, often asymptomatic, and not uniformly present throughout the examination. It was rarely treated. The kinetic component of the tremor was more severe than the postural component. These clinical data further our understanding of the clinical spectrum of ET.
Brain phospholipids and fatty acids in Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar atrophy type‐1
Authors: Eder Klaus , Kish Stephen J. , Kirchgessner Manfred , Ross Brain M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPrevious studies of patients with spinocerebellar atrophy type 1 (SCA‐1) and Friedreich's ataxia (FA) have suggested the occurrence of membrane distrubances in both disorders. We measured concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC), diacyl and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS), along with their fatty acid profiles, in the brains of eight patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA) and nine patients with dominantly inherited spinocerebellar atrophy type 1 (SCA‐1). Compared with the controls, levels of all phospholipid types (PE, PS, and PC) were reduced in the cerebellar but not occipital cortex of SCA‐1 patients. In contrast, in the FA group, levels of PS and PE, but not PC, were reduced in both cerebellar and occipital cortices. The fatty acid composition of individual brain phospholipids was altered in both FA and SCA‐1 patients, most markedly in the plasmalogen PE and PS classes of cerebellar phospholipids. Given the neuropathologic characteristics of each disorder, it is likely that altered fatty acid composition and phospholipid levels in SCA‐1 cerebellar cortex occur as a consequence of pronounced cerebellar degeneration. In contrast, reduced phospholipid levels in FA cerebellar and occipital cortex, areas characterized by, at most, minimal neuronal loss in FA, may represent a widespread alteration in cellular phospholipid metabolism occurring in response to the specific gene defect in the disorder.
Adult head‐banging and stereotypic movement disorders
Authors: Mendez Mario F. , Mirea Adrian 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStereotypic movement disorders (SMD) such as head‐banging, which are common among children with mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorders, may also occur in intellectually normal adults. We report a 27‐year history of daily head‐banging with self‐injury in a 49‐year‐old man with normal cognition. The patient had no personal or family history of Tourette's syndrome, tic disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), or mental retardation. The frequency of his stereotypical head‐banging increased with anxiety, loud noises with startle, and boredom. He reported a sense of pleasure from his head‐banging, and the frequency of this behavior decreased when he was treated with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Although not diagnostic, the selfstimulatory or pleasurable component of head‐banging, bodyrocking, thumb‐sucking, and other SMD may help distinguish them from tics, Tourette's syndrome, OCD, and deliberate selfharming behavior. This report reviews the disorders associated with SMD and discusses the potential mechanisms for these behaviors. The treatment of SMD includes drugs that work through opioid, serotonergic, or dopaminergic systems.
Effective treatment of orthostatic tremor with gabapentin
Authors: Evidente Virgilio Gerald H. , Adler Charles H. , Caviness John N. , Gwinn Katrina A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report seven patients with orthostatic tremor (OT) who were successfully treated with the anticonvulsant gabapentin. Five of the patients had been previously tried on clonazepam, the most commonly used drug for OT, four without any benefit. The degree of improvement perceived by the patients with gabapentin varied from 60–80% (mean 73%). The effective dose of gabapentin ranged from 300–1800 mg/day (mean 1030 mg/day). The side effects were generally mild, transient, and dose‐related. Duration of response has so far ranged from 2–22 months (mean 11 months) with all patients still currently benefiting from gabapentin. We conclude that gabapentin may be an effective treatment for OT. Further trials are indicated.
An akinetic‐rigid syndrome, depression, and stereotypies in a young man
Authors: Lance James W. , Hickie Ian , Wakefield Denis , Colebatch James G. , Cardoso Francisco , Vidailhet Marie 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA young man is presented who developed an akinetic‐rigid syndrome shortly after a minor illness. Rituals and stereoptypies were prominent. At its most severe he was unable to feed himself. There was no response to L‐dopa/cardopa treatment. A course of ECT was followed by a marked improvement in his condition. Attempts to stop ECT for more than a week have led to recurrence of his bradykinesia.
A case of beheading dating from the celtic period (la Tène B, Sarliève‐Grande Halle, France)
Authors: Ardagna Y. , Richier A. , Vernet G. , Dutour O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExcavation at the site of Sarliève‐Grande Halle, La Grande Halle revealed a large celtic necropolis dating from the 1st century BC. Burial number SP 2170 presented evidence of beheading. The position of the body showed a proper anatomical situation of the head in spite of a dislocation of C1–C2 and abnormal rotation of the head on the right side. Moreover, the arms were in an unusual position, with internal rotation of the humeri, the forearms crossed and the palm up position of left hand. The second cervical vertebra showed complete section of the odontoïd apophysis, associated with cutmarks on the vertebral body. The occipital bone had a large cut on the left side of the squama. These lesions correspond to those already described for decapitation in antiquity. The reconstruction of the chronology of the wounds as a form of execution is discussed in the historical context of the Celtic populations in Gaul. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture behavior of polyetherimide (PEI) and interlaminar fracture of CF/PEI laminates at elevated temperatures
Authors: Kim Ki‐Young , Ye Lin , Yan Cheng 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo investigate the effects of environmental temperature on fracture behavior of a polyetherimide (PEI) thermoplastic polymer and its carbon fiber (CF/PEI) composite, experimental and numerical studies were performed on compact tension (CT) and double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens under mode‐I loading. The numerical analyses were based on 2‐D large deformation finite element analyses (FEA). Elevated temperatures greatly released the crack tip triaxiality (constraint) and promoted matrix deformation due to low yield strength and enhanced ductility of the PEI matrix, which resulted in the greater plane‐strain fracture toughness of the bulk PEI polymer and the interlaminar fracture toughness of its composite during delamination propagation with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the high triaxiality was developed around the delamination front tip in the DCB specimen, which accounted for the poor translation of matrix toughness to the interlaminar fracture toughness by suppressing the matrix deformation and reducing the plastic energy dissipated in the plastic zone. Especially, at delamination initiation, the weakened fiber/matrix adhesion at elevated temperatures led to premature failure of fiber/matrix interface, suppressing matrix deformation and preventing the full utilization of matrix toughness. Consequently, low interlaminar fracture toughness was obtained at elevated temperatures. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:20–28, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Relative viscosity models and their application to capillary flow data of highly filled hard‐metal carbide powder compounds
Authors: Honek Tomas , Hausnerova Berenika , Saha Petr 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe rheological behavior of highly filled polymer systems used in powder injection molding (PIM) technology strongly influences the final properties of the products. In this study, the capillary flow data of multi‐component polymer binders—based on polyethylene, paraffin, ethylene‐based copolymers, and polyethylene glycol—compounded with three various hard‐metal carbide powders were employed. The rheology of such highly filled (up to 50 vol%) multiphase systems is necessarily a complex phenomenon characterized by strain dependent, non‐Newtonian properties complicated by flow instabilities and yield. Over 15 mathematical models proposed for highly filled systems were tested, some of them calculating the maximum filler loading. Due to the complex structure of the filler (irregular shape, particle size distribution) and a multi‐component character of the binder, the applicability of these models varied with the powder‐binder systems studied. However, the particular values of maximum loadings are in good accordance with the predictions based on powder characteristics. Simple modification of Frankel‐Acrivos model to the systems containing unimodal hard‐metal carbide powders with particles of an irregular shape and broad particle size distribution gave precise agreement between experimental data and model prediction. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:29–36, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Special interaction between poly (propylene carbonate) and corn starch
Authors: Peng Shuwen , Wang Xiuyan , Dong Lisong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPoly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) has been blended with corn starch granule by melt mixing. The properties of blends were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), Instron tensile testing, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). FTIR indicates the presence of a specific interaction, hydrogen bonding, between the oxygen functional groups of PPC and the hydroxyl groups of starch. From DMA and DSC analysis, it is found that with the increase of starch content in PPC/starch blends, the glass transition temperature of PPC in blends increases a little due to hydrogen bonding. Tensile properties also proved that there is good interfacial adhesion in PPC filled with starch. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:37–41, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
A study of the polymerization of thermosetting polymers by electrical resistivity techniques
Authors: Warfield R. W. , Petree M. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA study was designed to show the nature of weathering of an elastomer poly( ester‐urethane), and to indicate methods of overcoining the deficiency. Unprotected polymer, when exposed to UV radiation in a Weatherometer, showed deterioration which is characterized by loss of tensile strength, some increase in modulus, and a decreased extensibility of surface skin.
Mechanisms of ultraviolet stabilization of plastics
Authors: Chaudet J. H. , Newland G. C. , Patton H. W. , Tamblyn J. W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effectiveness of ultraviolet stabilizers of various types of polyolefin, cellulose ester, and poly (vinyl chloride) plastics was investigated. Most of these stabilizers were of the ultraviolet‐absorbing type but two were of the nonabsorbing type. Exposures were made both outdoors and indoors in a Twin‐Arc Weatherometer. The latter was modified by the addition of ten 20‐watt fluorescent sun lamps to remedy the short‐ultraviolet deficiency of the enclosed carbon arcs.
A study of the weathering of an elastomeric polyurethane
Authors: Schollenberger C. S. , Dinbergs K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA study was designed to show the nature of weathering of an elastomer poly(ester‐urethane), and to indicate methods of overcoming the deficiency. Unprotected polymer, when exposed to UV radiation in a Weatherometer, showed deterioration which is characterized by loss of tensile strength, some increase in modulus, and a decreased extensibility of surface skin.
Hydroxy alkyl phosphate esters as curing agents for epoxy resins
Authors: Cyr Marjorie C. St. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new curing system which yields room temperature curing epoxy adhesives with high bond strength and softening point has been developed for service in contact with high explosives. Bisphenol A type resins cured with hydroxyl alkyl phosphate acid esters are used. Short pot life and relatively low alkali resistance are drawbacks of the system.
Some functions of 2‐hydroxybenzophenones as weathering stabilizers for polymers
Authors: Chaudet J. H. , Tamblyn J. W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDerivatives of 2‐hydroxybenzophenone are well‐known stabilizers for such polymers as cellulose acetate butyrate and polyesters. Their stabilization effectiveness is commonly associated with their ability to screen a polymer from the harmful ultraviolet radiation found in sunlight. They also satisfy other requirements for effective stabilizers, namely, compatibility with many polymers and an inherent stability to ultraviolet light. Several other functions of 2 hydroxybenzophenones in stabilizing a polymer to ultraviolet light have been postulated, but little experimental data related to them are available. This paper deals with some of the additional functions of 2‐hydroxybenzophenones in weathering stabilization as investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR).
A method for determination of maximum heat resistance of plastics
Authors: Kanavetz I. F. , Batalov L. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new method for measuring heat stability and temperature of degradation of thermosetting plastics is described, as well as an improved method for the determination of transition temperature into glassy or viscous state for thermosetting resins. Magnitude of elastic deformation is tied in with length of polymer chain and lattice density.
Dielectric properties of plasticized melamine resins
Authors: Schneider W. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDuring the last thrity years, dielectric measurements have been employed extensively to provide a better understanding of the interactions between polymer and plasticizer in various thermoplastic formulations. Recently, a series of melamine resins, plasticized to the extent that shrinkage and internal stress were modified, became available. Since there is little information in the literature concerning the dielectric properties of such thermosetting resins, a study was made of the variation of dielectric constant and loss as a function of frequency and temperature.
Cryogenic adhesive properties of bisphenol‐A epoxy resins
Authors: Hiza M. J. , Barrick P. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article includes a comparison of the adhesive properties of bisphenol‐A expoxides at 300°K and 76°K with respect to the molecular weight of the uncured resins. Joints of 2024 aluminum were tested at 300°K and 76°K in tensile‐shear and in impact‐shear, and total linear thermal contraction of the cured resins was measured between the two temperatures. Results are discussed with respect to residual joint stresses and adsorptive properties of the resins.
Electrical resistivity of polymers
Authors: Warfield R. W. , Petree M. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrical resistivities of a number of thermoplastic and thermosetting high polymers have been determined. Activation energies for the electrical conduction process Ee have been calculated and found to vary from 12 to 60 Kcal/mole depending upon the structure of the polymer. Results are interpreted in terms of an ionic diffusion process and discussed in terms of the structure of the polymers.
Polyethylene flow data from melt viscometer and commercial extruder measurements
Authors: Schreiber H. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor broad ranges of operating conditions and a wide variety of high pressure polyethylenes, the flow data obtained from a high shear viscometer and a commercial extruder are identical. Discrepancies between flow data can result from non steady state viscosities in the high shear viscometer, or from cooled screw extruder operation. In the broad regions in which the flow data concur, the readily obtained viscometer data are suitable for predictions of extruder performance. The principle is illustrated by the good correlation of a viscometer flow curve parameter and the screw power consumption in the extruder. Principles outlined for flow data identity and extruder performance prediction are believed to be general, but the quantitative limits defined are specific to the extrusion devices involved.
An investigation of some variables affecting impact resistant thermoplastics
Authors: Bobalek Edward G. , Evans Robert M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecent technology has evolved a number of dissimilar thermoplastics which under conditions of ambient temperature and impact loading show both the high modulus, which is mainly a property of brittle polymers in the glassy state, and also the impact resistance, such as may be expected of polymers in the rubbery state. Several of these special plastics were examined by electronmicroscopy and also with respect to several aspects of their mechanical behavior to establish by direct observation and inference whether or not different types of plastics exhibit some common features of structure which promote impact resistance. These observations suggest the hypothesis that special circumstances of domain heterogeneity can override many other variables of composition or molecular structures in controlling the fracture mechanism.
Thermodynamic diagrams for polyethylene resins
Authors: Lupton J. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor resins of room temperature density 0.91 to 0.96 g/cc, enthaply and internal energy diagrams have been developed from 0 to 200°C and up to 1000 atmospheres. These diagrams can be used for estimating properties for which data are not available, and provide unified view of many properties of polyethylene under conditions of fabrication and use. Extent of crystallinity estimates can be made from enthalpy, internal energy, specific volume, compressibility and melting point data provided for hypothetical amorphous, crystalline and actual resins.
The strength of glassy polymers
Authors: Berry J. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Griffith theory for brittle fracture predicts that the tensile strength should be inversely proportional to the square root of the size of a defect or flaw in the sample tested. The validity of this relation has been investigated for the glassy polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystrene. The results indicate that the strength of the polymers depends on two factors: (1) the surface energy, and (2) the inherent flaw size. The surface energy is primarily that dissipated in a viscous flow process and the inherent flaw size is related to the tendency of the polymer to craze under stress.
Flow patterns in a non‐Newtonian fluid in a single‐screw extruder
Authors: Mohr W. D. , Clapp J. B. , Starr F. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFlow patterns in the channel of a screw extruder have been investigated in a study utilizing a model extruder with stationary screw and a rotating, transparent barrel. Photographs of flow streamlines at conditions over the full range of output restriction are presented for a non‐Newtonian fluid. A technique employing photographs of particle tracers was used with the same apparatus to permit quantitative measurement of velocity profiles with both a Newtonian and a non‐Newtonian fluid.
Effect of gamma radiation on chemical structure of plastics
Authors: Krasnansky V. J. , Achhammer B. G. , Parker M. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwelve plastics representing various chemical structures were studied as part of a program to determine the utility of plastics as packaging materials in the high radiation presentation of food. The plastics were exposed to selected dosages of Cobalt‐60 gamma radiation in vacuum and in air. Gas evolution and changes in infrared spectra as a result of irradiation were used to hypothesize the relative stability of these plastics to irradiation. Based on these facts it was found that plastics containing conjugated ring systems, ionic linkages, and chlorine in side groups were the most stable.
Resins from cyclohexene oxide derivatives and fatty acids
Authors: McGary C. W. , Patrick C. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article describes preparation of resins as described in the title above, and the effect of concentration of the diepoxide, dimer acid, and initiator (stannous octoate). Proportion of dimer acid and diepoxide has a marked influence on hardness and tensile properties of resins. Change in tensile properties upon aging correlates very well with change in hardness. Higher proportions of dimer acid produce softer, more flexible resins. The resins have unique electrical properties at temperature up to 175°C, apparently because of the high proportion of hydrocarbon in the resin.
Dynamic measurement of mechanical moduli I
Authors: Lewis Armand F. , Tobin Marvin C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEquipment is described for measurement of Young's and shear modulus on the same identical polymer sample, by a free‐vibration method. Strain gauges are used as sensors in an automatic recorder. Young's modulus and damping, shear modulus and damping and Poisson's ratio are reported over a range of temperature for polypropylene, Nylon 66 and poly (methylmethacrylate). It is found that Poisson's ratio shows a dip in the glass transition region and that values greater than the infinitesimal strain limit of 0.5 are obtained in the rubbery region.
Study of the interaction of organic monomers and water with fiberglass by Sorption methods
Authors: Gutfreund K. , Weber H. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInterfacial reactions between organosilane‐treated fiberglass and styrene, and bond conditions in these and in polymerized ethylene oxide and epichlorhydrin‐E‐glass systems were investigated. The vinyl functionality of some alkenylsilanes showed little effect on the polymerization of styrene on E‐glass. The polymerization of this aromatic monomer on vinyltrichlorosilane‐reacted fiberglass did not result in interfacial bond formation. Sorption of water on organosilane‐coated glass at different temperatures suggested that permeation of the adsorbate into the bulk of the substrate was determined by diffusive transfer of water molecules.