bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutionalisms in Asia
Authors: Thio Li-ann 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The rights-oriented and court-centric nature of Western liberal democratic models of constitutionalism has been hegemonic to the discourse, but it does not capture the total expression of constitutionalism, which seeks to structure and direct public power. Studying the varieties of constitutionalisms in Asia helps temper this ethnocentric parochialism, pluralizing our understanding of constitutionalism and clarifying what is an anti-constitutionalist model. This chapter provides a provisional orientation to the diverse terrain of constitutionalism in Asia, with its multiplicity of religions, political ideologies, government systems, colonial history, and levels of economic development. After considering the varying influence of Western liberal models in Asia, it examines three main varieties of non-liberal constitutionalisms: religious, socialist, and communitarian constitutionalism, where there is active state espousal of a vision of the “Good” and where constitutions may influence the shape of human relations not only in terms of rights but right relationships and social harmony.
South Korea
Authors: Rhee Woo-Young 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines South Korean constitutional law from the adoption of South Korea’s current constitution in 1987 to proposals for future reforms. It begins by introducing the constitutional revisions in 1987 that promoted democratization, clarified the relationship between government branches, advanced the protection of fundamental rights, and established the Constitutional Court (KCC). Next, the chapter focuses on the KCC. It charts major developments in key areas of the KCC’s jurisprudence. Finally, there have been vigorous debates about potentially revising the South Korea’s constitution in light of changes in South Korean society. The final section of this chapter explores these proposals.
European Judiciary (ECtHR, ECJ, National Courts)
Authors: Ziemele Ineta 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter introduces the concept of a European judiciary, and its origins. The concept denotes that all the courts in Europe form a web of judicial interrelations within a common European legal space. It describes European courts and the relations between them and consists of four sections: the concept of a European judiciary; its development; the courts; and future challenges. It shows that the value of the rule of law, as it materializes, inter alia, through the functioning of independent and impartial courts at national and European levels, has become an inalienable feature of European culture. Europeans believe that an independent judiciary has a pacifying function in that it plays a crucial role in restraining power. Especially since the 20th century, European States have brought to international relations the principle of rule of law, of which the notion of independent and impartial courts forms a crucial element. This is part of Europe’s universalist vision.
The Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Sayapin Sergey 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is a regional trade organization of five post-Soviet nations—Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia—designed to promote the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital in accordance with the EAEU Treaty. The chapter provides an overview of the EAEU structure, law, and practice, and draws normative and functional comparisons with other relevant institutions such as the European Union and the World Trade Organisation. In presenting the material, the chapter generally follows the structure of the EAEU Treaty. The chapter discusses selected parameters of the EAEU Common Economic Space, and concludes with a few policy recommendations.
The Role of Religion in the Formation of International Law in Europe
Authors: Walter Christian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses the religious civil wars of the 16th and 17th centuries as the cradle of modern statehood and of secularized relations between independent States. While the internal coordination between State and religion took quite different forms ranging from strict separation to different types of State-churches, international law was limited to addressing the issue of religion from a more distanced level. Freedom of religion and the prohibition of discrimination on religious grounds emerged first as instruments of minority protection and developed later into individual rights. Under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) a clear focus on freedom of religion has emerged, with non-discrimination usually only playing a minor role. More recently, this primary role of freedom of religion has been complemented by the anti-discrimination legislation and jurisprudence of the European Union (EU). The chapter analyses the interplay between these different bodies of law and how they contribute to peacefully living together in pluralistic modern societies.
Switzerland
Authors: Keller Helen , Lüthi Nicole , Sefkow-Werner Violetta 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As a neutral country, Switzerland takes a special role in the international community. This chapter analyses the role of international law through the lens of Swiss neutrality. Swiss neutrality is a multidimensional concept that interlocks with historical, political, and legal developments and ideas. In order to understand the role of neutrality in Switzerland, this chapter first explains the concept of neutrality. It then provides an account of its evolution throughout history before addressing the changing meaning of neutrality in the current framework of international law and relations. After discussing the challenges and opportunities of neutrality, the chapter summarizes the most important points and provides an outlook on potential future issues in neutrality practice.
Cultural Variation in Childhood Social Learning
Authors: Stengelin Roman , Neldner Karri , Haun Daniel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Research on childhood social learning points to interesting patterns of cultural variation and recurrence in how children learn by observation, instruction, or collaboration. In this chapter, the authors provide a contemporary summary of cultural patterns of variation within social learning processes, focusing on evidence from cultural groups regularly underrepresented in psychological research. The authors outline key cultural dimensions impacting social learning, including subsistence styles, learning environments, and socialization goals. The authors argue that while learned content is highly variable across human groups, the repertoire of social learning processes by which children learn from others is cross-culturally recurrent. However, the relative extent to which children in each society rely on each social learning process varies. Therefore, more systematic consideration of cultural moderators is required when theorizing about the developmental roots of social learning in childhood.
Applying Cultural Evolution to Address Climate and Environmental Challenges
Authors: Kaaronen Roope O. , Waring Timothy M. , Borgerhoff Mulder Monique 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Reducing human impacts on Earth’s biological systems is an urgent global priority. However, while the necessary technical solutions are now very well understood, the social process of developing, refining, and implementing those solutions through social, cultural, behavioural and policy change, remains beyond current scientific understanding and technical capacity. The authors develop the case that the young science of cultural evolution can be of use in achieving sustainable and just human futures. The authors suggest that the process of cumulative adaptive cultural evolution is directly implicated in the emergence of global anthropogenic ecological destruction. Also, the process of cultural evolution is inherent in any effort to foster the emergence and spread of the practices and policies needed to mitigate human impacts. The authors review the current research linking cultural evolution to modern climate and environmental challenges and propose a research agenda to accelerate social change towards an environmentally stable future.
Association between obesity and female sexual dysfunction: a review
Authors: Saadedine Mariam , Faubion Stephanie S , Grach Stephanie L , Nordhues Hannah C , Kapoor Ekta 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Obesity is a global health crisis that has been growing over the past few decades. The economic burden associated with obesity is substantial as it is associated with multiple disabling chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, osteoarthritis, chronic pain, and mental illness. Obesity is known to be a risk factor for sexual dysfunction in men, but this association is less well understood in women.

Aims
To provide a narrative review of the available literature on the relationship between overweight/obesity and female sexual dysfunction, elaborate on the possible mechanisms explaining this association, and discuss the effects of weight loss on sexual function in those with obesity.

Methods
A search of the medical literature was carried out in PubMed and Medline, focusing on original research and systematic reviews of original research on obesity and sexual function in women.

Results
The relationship between obesity and female sexual function is not consistent across studies. While women with obesity are more likely to have worse sexual function and avoid sexual activity, many studies have failed to identify these associations. Lifestyle changes resulting in weight loss lead to better sexual function, and bariatric surgery has been shown to improve sexual function in the first couple of years following the procedure; yet, the long-term effects of weight loss and bariatric surgery are still uncertain.

Conclusions
The evidence on the relationship between obesity and female sexual function is mixed. Nevertheless, weight loss has been shown to improve sexual function in women with obesity. The impact of weight loss medications and the long-term effect of bariatric surgery on female sexual function require further study.
Cell-free expression of RuBisCO for ATP production in the synthetic cells
Authors: Sugii Shugo , Hagino Katsumi , Mizuuchi Ryo , Ichihashi Norikazu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in bottom-up synthetic biology have made it possible to reconstitute cellular systems from non-living components, yielding artificial cells with potential applications in industry, medicine and basic research. Although a variety of cellular functions and components have been reconstituted in previous studies, sustained biological energy production remains a challenge. ATP synthesis via ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), a central enzyme in biological CO2 fixation, holds potential as an energy production system, but its feasibility in a cell-free expression system has not yet been tested. In this study, we test RuBisCO expression and its activity-mediated ATP synthesis in a reconstituted Escherichia coli-based cell-free translation system. We then construct a system in which ATP is synthesized by RuBisCO activity in giant vesicles and used as energy for translation reactions. These results represent an advance toward independent energy production in artificial cells.
Graphical Abstract
Factors Associated With Various Types of Industry Payments to Academic Spine Surgeons in the Open Payments Database
Authors: McCurdy Michael , Issa Tariq Z. , Lee Yunsoo , Giakas Alec , Mazmudar Aditya , Narayanan Rajkishen , Sellig Mason , Canseco Jose A. , Hilibrand Alan S. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Schroeder Gregory G. , Kepler Christopher K. 
Published: December 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The objective of this study was to investigate associations between spine surgeon characteristics and different types of industry payments.

Summary of Background Data.
Industry funding has played an important role in research and technological innovation within spine surgery, and industry payments supporting research have risen significantly in comparison to funding from other sources. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated academic spine surgeon characteristics associated with different categories of industry payments.

Materials and Methods.
A query was conducted of the North American Spine Society Spine Fellowship Directory from 2021 to 2022 to identify all orthopaedic or neurosurgical spine fellowship selection committee members. A PubMed search was utilized to collect information on surgeon academic productivity up through December 31, 2021. The authors then conducted a query on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services open payments website from 2015 to 2021 to collect payment records of spine fellowship selection committee members.

Results.
On linear regression analysis, total publications (8203, P<0.001), attending years (48,823, P<0.001), and publication rate (57,528, P=0.017) were associated with higher general payments. Southeast spine surgeons (80,043, P=0.038) and fellowship directors (79,874, P=0.007) were associated with more research payments. Total publications (7409, P<0.001), attending years (47,100, P<0.001), and publication rate (47,511, P=0.040) were significantly associated with higher royalties. Having a Twitter/X account (60,800, P=0.018), being a director (51,605, P=0.034), total publications (492, P<0.001), and publication rate (6444, P<0.001) were all predictive of greater consulting payments.

Conclusions.
Spine surgeons who are experienced, academically productive, fellowship directors, and engage with social media receive greater payments on average than their peers across various payment types. As industry influence continues to make its way into health care, experienced leaders in their respective fields will shoulder the responsibility to integrate private innovation in an effective and scientifically rigorous manner.

Level of Evidence.
3.
Relationship between dapagliflozin and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: an observational study
Authors: Wu Zejia , He Xuyu , Xia Shuang , Xiao Xiaoju , Chen Jiyan , Li Liwen 
Published: December 2023

Background and purpose:
The potential impact of dapagliflozin on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease remained inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the potential impact of dapagliflozin on the UACR in patients with diabetes mellitus complicated with cardiovascular disease.

Methods:
This is a single-center prospective observation study. Diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease were recruited at authors’ center (both outpatients and inpatients) during a period from June 2019 to November 2020. The study subjects were grouped into a dapagliflozin group (receiving dapagliflozin for at least 6 consecutive months) and a non-sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) group (not receiving dapagliflozin or any other SGLT2i). LgUACR change at 6 months from the baseline were compared between the two groups.

Results:
A total of 57 patients were enrolled during a period from June 2019 to November 2020: 35 in the dapagliflozin group versus 22 in the non-SGLT2i group. LgUACR change from the baseline was −0.07 in the dapagliflozin group, and 0.17 in the non-SGLT2i group (P = 0.021). Dapagliflozin was associated with a decrease in UACR in the univariate regression analysis but not in the analysis of covariance.

Conclusions:
Dapagliflozin may be associated with a decrease in the UACR in patients with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In view of the limited sample size, further investigation is needed to verify these findings.
Sleep and rest-activity rhythms for women at different menopausal statuses: the role of mental health
Authors: Hou Szu-Yu , Chiu Ching-Ju , Shea Jeanne Laraine , Wang Chih-Liang , Tang Hsiao-Han , Kuo Po-Ching , Yang Yi-Chieh , Hsu Hsin-Ping 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
To examine how mental health interplays with menopausal status in relation to sleep patterns and rest-activity rhythms (RARs) among middle-aged women.

Methods
This cross-sectional study recruited 87 women aged 45 to 60 years from community and a gynecology clinic in Taiwan. Participants wore actigraphy devices for 7 days and were also assessed with self-reported questionnaires. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the effects of menopausal status and mental health on sleep and RARs.

Results
Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women had higher relative amplitude and interdaily stability of RARs than premenopausal women. There were no differences in actigraphy-based sleep parameters across menopausal statuses. There was no difference in depressive symptoms or loneliness across menopausal statuses. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with longer sleep latency (β = 0.26, P = 0.022) and wake after sleep onset (β = 0.28, P = 0.012), and lower sleep efficiency (β = −0.30, P = 0.008) after adjusting for menopausal status and age. In addition, there was marginal significance of the positive association between loneliness and interdaily stability (β = 0.18, P = 0.079). A moderating effect (β
menopausal status*loneliness = −0.40, P = 0.025) showed that lonelier premenopausal women exhibited greater relative amplitude (RA) of rest-activity rhythms, but lonelier menopausal women had lower RA of RAR.

Conclusion
Mental health plays an important role for middle-aged women with different menopausal statuses in relation to sleep patterns and RARs.
First-in-human Use of a Microsurgical Robotic System for Central Lymphatic Reconstruction
Authors: Grünherz Lisanne , Weinzierl Andrea , Puippe Gilbert Dominique , von Reibnitz Donata , Barbon Carlotta , Schneider Marcel André , Giovanoli Pietro , Gutschow Christian Alexander , Lindenblatt Nicole 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Advances in the development of robotic systems have recently enabled the use of robotic technology in reconstructive lymphatic surgery. Although the advantages of microsurgical robots must be weighed carefully against the costs, their use may allow for smaller surgical approaches and easier access to anatomically deeper structures or even smaller vessels. We report on a case of a patient with central lymphatic dilation causing abdominal pain and severely reduced physical capacity. Sonography-assisted intranodal injection of indocyanine green allowed for localization of the lymphatic cyst and anastomosis with the left ovarian vein, applying robotic-assisted microsurgery for the first time on the central lymphatic system. Following the successful reconstruction of lymphatic drainage and decompression of the cyst, the patient reported a complete regression of her preoperative symptoms. From a surgical point of view, the Symani Surgical System improved precision and allowed significantly smaller surgical access. Considering the high morbidity and rarity of pathologies of the central lymphatic system, central lymphatic surgery is to date rarely performed. With improved precision and significantly smaller surgical access, robotic-assisted microsurgery has great potential to expand the treatment options for central lymphatic lesions.
Choroidal amelanotic mass with vermiform margins, vision loss, and extreme fatigue
Authors: Konstantinou Eleni K. , Card Kevin. R. , Shields Carol L. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
To describe a case of a previously healthy middle-aged male with an atypical choroidal mass and fatigue.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 56-year-old Caucasian male presented with decreased vision in the right eye (OD) and a choroidal amelanotic mass OD with subretinal fluid. He received bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL) injections by multiple providers without improvement in vision and with tumor progression. Visual acuity was 20/400 OD and 20/25 left eye (OS). The anterior segment was unremarkable in both eyes (OU). He was referred with suspected diagnosis of choroidal melanoma, metastasis, or osteoma. On examination, a choroidal amelanotic tumor with vermiform margins measuring 12 mm in base and 1.8 mm in thickness was seen OD. Smaller satellite lesions were noted inferiorly. Fundus OS was normal. Infectious evaluation was unrevealing and angiotensin-converting enzyme, lysozyme, and chest x-ray were normal. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was declined by the patient. Given the clinical suspicion of choroidal sarcoidosis with characteristic tumor color, vermiform margins, and presence of satellite lesions, oral corticosteroids 60 mg/day for 2 months were started, followed by sub-Tenons triamcinolone acetonide (40mg/1 mL) injection three months later and urgent rheumatologic evaluation. He self-discontinued the oral corticosteroids and the tumor progressed by the next follow-up. Oral corticosteroids were restarted at 80mg/day. 16 months after his presentation to us, he experienced fatigue with electrocardiogram findings of third-degree heart block from sarcoidosis. He received an intracardiac defibrillator and 80 mg/day of corticosteroids with plans to initiate methotrexate for stronger immunosuppression.

Conclusion:
Understanding the numerous manifestations of ocular and systemic sarcoidosis is crucial. Choroidal sarcoidosis characteristically exhibits vermiform margins. Close follow-up and systemic monitoring is necessary in patients presenting with ocular signs of sarcoidosis.

Precis:
The diagnosis of choroidal sarcoidosis can be challenging. Features including vermiform tumor margins, satellite lesions, and choroidal infiltration on OCT are suggestive of choroidal sarcoidosis. All patients with ocular sarcoidosis should be monitored for systemic involvement. In this case, the ocular manifestation guided the diagnosis and eventually the treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis.
Factors Influencing Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Trainee Research Engagement
Authors: Strader Shannon , Addoh Ovuokerie , Chi Bradley , Sim Geum , Davidoff Chanel , Chandan Priya , Bean Allison 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Research engagement during Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) residency and fellowship training is essential for advancing evidence-based medicine and fostering the development of clinician-scientists. Current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) guidelines regarding research requirements during PM&R training are ambiguous, and it is unknown whether PM&R trainees receive adequate support to pursue research at the level they desire. This anonymous survey study aimed to identify perceived barriers and facilitators to research engagement among United States PM&R residents and fellows. Our findings suggest that PM&R trainees value research engagement. However, research productivity during PM&R residency is limited, with many trainees reporting inadequate support and time to participate in research in a meaningful way. Additional support from residency and fellowship programs, including protected time for research, as well as research-specific education and mentorship should be considered to enhance PM&R trainee research engagement.