bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of Liquid Flow down an Inclined Plane
Authors: Yih Chia-Shun 
Published: December 2004

The stability of a liquid layer flowing down an inclined plane is investigated. A new perturbation method is used to furnish information regarding stability of surface waves for three cases: the case of small wavenumbers, of small Reynolds numbers, and of large wavenumbers. The results for small wavenumbers agree with Benjamin's result obtained by the use of power series expansion, and the results for the two other cases are new. The results for large wavenumbers, zero surface tension, and vertical plate contradict the tentative assertion of Benjamin. The three cases are then re-examined for shear-wave stability, and the results compared with those for confined plane Poiseuille flow. The comparison serves to indicate the vestiges of shear waves in the free-surface flow, and to give a sense of unity in the understanding of the stability of both flows. The case of large wavenumbers also serves as a new example of the dual role of viscosity in stability phenomena.
The topological features of the ci curves for four cases (surface tension = 0 or ≠ 0 and angle of plate inclination = or &lt;½π) are depicted. The effect of variability of surface tension is briefly assessed.
Effects of Added Hexapole Magnetic Fields and Preionization in Theta Pinch Experiments
Authors: Little E. M. , Quinn W. E. 
Published: December 2004

A hexapole magnetic field has been superimposed on the fast magnetic mirror compression field of the Scylla III θ pinch in an attempt to stabilize an observed plasma instability. The instability is of the flute type with a superimposed rotation. The effect of the hexapole field on the plasma stability was studied with streak camera photography and through observation of the neutron emissions. Under certain conditions the hexapole ``stabilizing'' field has an observable effect on the instability. Its main effect is to symmetrize the rotation about the axis of the compression coil and to produce a delay in the onset of the instability. There is at most a small effect tending to symmetrize the time distribution of neutron emission and to increase the neutron yield.
An ionized deuterium plasma is produced by a fast, low energy capacitor bank coupled directly to the single-turn compression coil of the Scylla III device. The ``afterglow'' of this preionization discharge, uniformly permeated by a magnetic bias field B0, forms the initial condition for the application of the main magnetic compression field. The effect of the main compression field on the preionized plasma depends strongly on the B0 which exists in the plasma.
Fluid Dynamic Studies with a Magnetohydrodynamic Generator
Authors: Louis J. F. , Lothrop J. , Brogan T. R. 
Published: December 2004

The results of a study of fluid mechanics of a large linear magnetohydrodynamic generator with a field strength of 33 000G are presented. The experiment was designed to fulfill three requirements; predominant Lorenz force, important Hall effects, and substantial changes in the electrical and thermodynamic properties of the gas.
Studies of the electrical properties of the fluid of the effects of the surface temperature and geometry of the electrodes are described. The performance of the generator is analyzed under varying conditions of mass flow, magnetic field, seed concentration, exhaust pressure and channel geometry. Finally a comparison between a simple theory and the experimental results shows good agreement, indicating the feasibility of predicting magnetohydrodynamic generator performance.
Primary Psoas Muscle Abscess Diagnosed and Treated During Pregnancy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gezer A. , Erkan S. , Erzik B. Saygi , Erel C. T. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Primary psoas muscle abscess is rare and can be difficult to diagnose, particularly during pregnancy.Case: To our knowledge, this is the first case of primary psoas muscle abscess diagnosed during pregnancy. Clinical investigation did not reveal any infection spreading from adjacent structures. Surgical drainage and simultaneous Cesarean delivery of the infant, combined with appropriate antibiotics, enabled a cure.Conclusion: The possibility of psoas muscle abscess should be taken into account when investigating lower back pain during pregnancy if conventional approaches are unsatisfactory.
Before and after the vocabulary spurt: two modes of word acquisition?
Authors: Nazzi Thierry , Bertoncini Josiane 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper focuses on early lexical development, and especially the period around 18 months known as the vocabulary spurt. We first propose that this period corresponds to a shift from an associationist to a referential lexical acquisition mechanism following the developmental coupling of specific pre‐linguistic and cognitive abilities. This latter mechanism would allow the acquisition of genuine words, i.e. links between phonetically specified sound patterns and object categories. We then review the literature on early lexical acquisition by typically developing infants and infants with Down and Williams syndrome, and report some data that were recently collected on this issue. We conclude that the data so far are congruent with our proposal, but because they remain insufficient, we propose some future research that focuses on the relation between pre‐linguistic and cognitive developments.
How infants use perceptual information to guide action
Authors: Keen Rachel , Carrico Renee L. , Sylvia Monica R. , Berthier Neil E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhen infants catch a rolling ball by intercepting its trajectory, the action is prospectively controlled to take account of the object's speed, direction and path. We complicated this task in two ways: by occluding a portion of the ball's path with a screen, and by sometimes placing a barrier that blocked the ball's path behind the screen. In two experiments we manipulated visual information about the barrier and the ball's trajectory to see how this would aid 9‐month‐olds’ performance. Anticipatory reaching was possible but difficult with a partially occluded trajectory; actually catching the ball was aided by full view of the trajectory although timing of reach onset was not affected. Full sight of the barrier and trajectory through a transparent screen prevented inappropriate reaching, whereas sight of the barrier alone through a ‘window’ in an opaque screen did not. We interpreted these results as evidence for decreased performance as cognitive load increased with the loss of visual information. In contrast to anticipatory reaching behavior, search for the ball after it disappeared behind the screen was facilitated by the opaque window condition, confirming previous studies that found superior search with opaque versus transparent screens.
Can dogs defy gravity? A comparison with the human infant and a non‐human primate
Authors: Osthaus Britta , Slater Alan M. , Lea Stephen E.G. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract We conducted four experiments with 56 adult dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) involving tasks where food was dropped through an opaque tube connected either vertically or diagonally to one of two or three goal boxes. In the first experiment, modelled after studies with children and primates, the dogs first searched significantly more often in the location directly beneath the drop‐off point (a gravity bias), although this box was not connected with the tube. These results are comparable to those of human infants and cotton‐top tamarins. Experiments 2–4 tested which problem solving strategy the dogs applied to find the food. Results show that they do not understand the physical mechanism of the tube itself, and they apply one of three search strategies: search the gravity box (the one below the drop‐off box); search the box in the middle; learn the correct location of the goal box. When the goal box was in the same location the dogs learned to search there over trials, that is, they learned to ‘defy gravity’, but when the location of the goal box changed over trials they showed no learning. These findings are compared with those from human infants and cotton‐top tamarins: like these species, the dogs can learn to overcome a gravity bias, but only when the reward is to be found in a consistent location.
Emotion Disc and Emotion Squares: Tools to Explore the Facial Expression Space
Authors: Ruttkay Zsófia , Noot Han , Ten Hagen Paul 
Published: December 2004

Abstract In the paper we present two novel interactive tools, Emotion Disc and Emotion Squares, to explore the facial expression space. They map navigation in a two‐dimensional circle, by the first tool, or in two two‐dimensional squares, by the second tool, to the high‐dimensional parameter space of facial expressions, by using a small number of predefined reference expressions. They can be used as exploration tools by researchers, or as control devices by end‐users to put expressions on the face of embodied agents or avatars in applications like games, telepresence and education.
Rationalizing the Political Business Cycle: A Workhorse Model
Authors: Lohmann Susanne 
Published: December 2004

An incumbent policymaker has incentives to expand the money supply prior to elections to stimulate the economy and thereby further her chances of re‐election. In its original formulation, the Nordhaus political business cycle hypothesis relies on adaptive inflation expectations and naive retrospective voting.This article develops a simple model of a political cycle in inflation and output growth, assuming rational inflation expectations and rational retrospective voting. Voter scrutiny of the incumbent's economic performance has policy and selection effects, with ambiguous consequences for welfare: the policymaker manipulates the money supply for electoral purposes, but an incumbent of above average quality is more likely to remain in office.
A note on measuring the unofficial economy in the former Soviet Republics1
Authors: Alexeev Michael , Pyle William 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis note argues that the most commonly used estimates of the size of the unofficial economies in the former Soviet republics are flawed. Most important, they are based on calculations that disregard the variation in unofficial economic activity across space in the pre‐transition Soviet Union. In addition, these estimates appear to understate the size of the unofficial economies in these countries. We propose alternative estimates and find that they are more strongly related to the institutional factors commonly used to explain the size of the unofficial sector. Our estimates also show that the size of a country's pre‐transition unofficial economy is an important predictor of its size during the transition. This suggests that the size of the unofficial economy is to a large extent a historical phenomenon only partly determined by contemporary institutional factors.JEL classification: O17, P2, P3.
Power, norms and institutional change in the European Union: The protection of the free movement of goods
Authors: Dimitrakopoulos Dionyssis G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHow do European Union (EU) institutions change? Using an institutionalist approach, this article highlights the interplay between power, cognitive limits and the normative order that underpins institutional settings and assesses their impact upon the process of institutional change. Empirical evidence from recent attempts to reinforce the protection of the free movement of goods in the EU suggests that, under conditions of uncertainty, actors with ambiguous preferences assess attempts at institutional change on the basis of the historically defined normative order which holds a given institutional structure together. Hence, path dependent and incremental change occurs even when more ambitious and functionally superior proposals are on offer.
Can Democracy Survive Globalization?
Authors: Barber Benjamin R. 
Published: December 2004

Democracy is far less fragile than we sometimes imagine. Although hard to establish, it is remarkably robust and is corrupted only by dint of persistent effort. Yet, as Rousseau wrote of freedom, once lost, democracy is nearly impossible to regain. Today, the forces of democracy face a new source of corruption all the more sinister because it appears so innocuous, often even identifying itself with the liberty it undermines. Having survived the nation-state and in time subordinated it to its own liberal purposes, can democracy now survive globalization? Only if democracy is globalized.At present, the encompassing practices of globalization have created an ironic and radical asymmetry: we have managed to globalize markets in goods, labour, currencies and information without globalizing the civic and democratic institutions that have historically comprised the free market's indispensable context. Put simply, we have removed capitalism from the institutional ‘box’ that has (quite literally) domesticated it and given its sometimes harsh practices a human face.
Power Alternation in South Korea
Authors: Kong Tat Yan 
Published: December 2004

Despite the dramatic final breakthrough in summer 1987, the democratization of South Korea (hereinafter Korea) displayed the hallmarks of a gradual or continuous transition from authoritarianism. These included: liberalization emanating from within the regime; continuity of personnel from the authoritarian ruling elite; continuity in economic and foreign policy; and the exclusion from power of the representatives of the economically disadvantaged groups. Such features of democratic deficit have been observed for Korea and for Brazil, two countries whose experiences of authoritarian developmentalism are commonly compared.Events in recent years suggest the possibility of more fundamental reform of Korea's economic and political institutions. The financial crisis of late-1997 led to the most serious economic recession for 40 years. Held in the middle of the financial meltdown, the presidential election of December 1997 resulted in a victory for Kim Dae-Jung (or DJ as he is commonly known), a veteran dissident associated with the excluded constituencies (not only his own underdeveloped home region but also labour and progressivelyminded intellectuals and activists).
Improving Service Delivery in Education Through Collaboration: An Exploratory Study of the Role of Cross‐Sectoral Alliances in the Development and Support of Charter Schools*
Authors: Wohlstetter Priscilla , Malloy Courtney L. , Hentschke Guilbert C. , Smith Joanna 
Published: December 2004

Objective.This article explores cross‐sectoral alliances as mechanisms for enhancing service delivery in public education. We assess the extent to which the three economic sectors—nonprofit, for‐profit, and public—are involved in partnerships with charter schools and identify the benefits that charter schools receive from partnering with other organizations.Methods.The study utilized a qualitative approach: data collection involved interviews with charter school experts in 37 states.Results.We found that organizations from each of the three economic sectors were involved in alliances with charter schools and that these alliances offered a range of financial (e.g., facilities, salaries), political (e.g., legitimacy, credibility), and organizational (e.g., curriculum, management) benefits.Conclusions.Our findings from this exploratory study suggest that cross‐sectoral alliances have the potential to enhance the capacity of charter schools to deliver high‐quality educational services. Three hypotheses generated from the findings are also offered to guide future research on charter school alliances.
Does Catholic High School Attendance Lead to Attendance at a More Selective College?*
Authors: Eide Eric R. , Goldhaber Dan D. , Showalter Mark H. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives. To evaluate whether Catholic high school attendance, relative to public high school attendance, affects the quality of four‐year college that students attend.Methods. We use quantile regression, which allows the relationship between Catholic high school attendance and college quality to vary along the conditional college quality distribution.Results. We find the relationship between Catholic high school attendance and college quality is larger and more significant at the top half of the conditional college quality distribution than at the bottom half.Conclusions. An understanding of the potential benefits of Catholic schooling is essential to an informed debate about school‐choice programs such as educational vouchers. One potential benefit associated with Catholic schooling is matriculation at more selective colleges and universities. We find some evidence that such a benefit exists.
Where College‐Bound Students Send Their SAT Scores: Does Race Matter?*
Authors: Thomas M. Kathleen 
Published: December 2004

Objective. I examine where Texas students send their SAT scores in 1998 to identify their revealed preferences for higher education and determine if race/ethnicity influences their decision.Methods. Using data from the Texas Schools Microdata Panel, I estimate the influence of race/ethnicity on various college choice sets using a multinomial logit model.Results. The empirical estimation indicates that minorities perceive their opportunities at Texas public institutions to be different from whites. Furthermore, although blacks and Hispanics are less likely than whites to send their SAT scores to selective Texas institutions, they are more likely to send their scores to selective institutions out of state.Conclusion. Although the reasons for this are currently unclear, a possible suspect is the Hopwood v. Texas decision, a court ruling ending affirmative action initiatives in the admissions decisions of all Texas public colleges and universities.
College Attendance and Choice of College Majors Among Asian‐American Students*
Authors: Song Chunyan , Glick Jennifer E. 
Published: December 2004

Objective. This study explores how various measures, ranging from assimilation, to human capital, to family capital, and Holland's career‐development theories, affect Asian‐American students' choice of college majors. To test our hypotheses, we examine choice of college major using a unique measure based on the early earning potential of a large number of specific majors.Methods. Our data come from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS88). We use the Heckman selection approach to adjust for the nonrandom selection of college attendance and choice of college majors.Results. The findings of the study show little difference between Asian men and white men. On the other hand, there are significant differences among women.Conclusions. Chinese, Filipino, and Southeast Asian women are all more likely to choose more lucrative college majors than white women, controlling for all the other factors. Interestingly, effects of our assimilation, psychological, and some of the family capital measures are quite different for men than for women.
Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: role of the long‐acting insulin glargine analogue
Authors: Yki‐Järvinen H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInsulin glargine is a long‐acting insulin analogue, with a longer duration of action and a flatter time‐action profile compared with NPH insulin. These properties can be predicted to result in higher glucose levels during the night and lower glucose levels after dinner following bedtime injection of insulin glargine compared with an equal dose of NPH insulin injected at bedtime. In two large‐scale clinical trials involving either insulin‐naïve (426 patients treated for 1 year) or previously insulin‐treated (518 patients treated for 28 weeks) patients with type 2 diabetes, comparing addition of once‐daily insulin glargine or NPH insulin to oral agents, these predictions were proven to be correct. Nocturnal hypoglycaemia was reduced by 58% in insulin‐naive patients and by 22% in previously insulin‐treated patients, and dinner‐time glucose control was significantly better with insulin glargine than with NPH insulin once daily in the study in insulin‐naive patients. The ‘treat‐to‐target study’ (756 insulin‐naive patients treated for 24 weeks) showed that good glycaemic control can be achieved with aggressive titration of the insulin dose with either once‐daily insulin glargine or NPH insulin combined with oral agents (mean endpoint HbA1c was 6·96% with insulin glargine and 6·97% with NPH insulin); however, this was achieved with less variability and nocturnal hypoglycaemia with insulin glargine. These data support use of insulin glargine instead of NPH insulin for basal insulin replacement in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Ligand‐induced expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α and activation of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in fatty liver
Authors: Akbiyik F. , Cinar K. , Demirpence E. , Ozsullu T. , Tunca R. , Haziroglu R. , Yurdaydin C. , Uzunalimoglu O. , Bozkaya H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) regulates lipid metabolism upon activation by ligands. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α may play a role in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to assess the PPARα expression pattern and mitochondrial/peroxisomal enzyme activities in response to high fat diet (HFD) and clofibrate, a well known PPARα ligand.Materials and methods  Four groups of Wistar‐Albino rats were included: (1) rats fed a control diet (CD) for 6 weeks, (2) rats fed CD (6 weeks) plus clofibrate (last 2 weeks), (3) rats fed HFD for 6 weeks, and (4) rats fed HFD (6 weeks) plus clofibrate (last 2 weeks). Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Fatty acid β‐oxidation (peroxisomal‐acyl‐CoA‐oxidase and mitochondrial‐acyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase) and catalase enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde and glutathion levels were measured spectrophotometrically in liver tissues.Results  All animals were fed HFD but only 2/12 animals were fed HFD plus clofibrate‐developed fatty liver. Both HFD and clofibrate induced PPARα expression, clofibrate induction being more prominent than HFD. Clofibrate plus HFD did not further increase PPARα expression. Activities of peroxisomal‐acyl‐CoA‐oxidase and mitochondrial‐acyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase enzymes were not induced by HFD alone. Clofibrate increased the activity of these enzymes in both CD‐ and HFD‐fed animals. However, an increase of acyl‐CoA‐oxidase activity was blunted in rats fed HFD. Catalase activity and malondialdehyde levels were increased but glutathion levels were unchanged in rats fed HFD plus clofibrate.Conclusions  Clofibrate was a more potent inducer of PPARα expression than HFD in our rat fatty liver model. The finding of blunted peroxisomal enzyme response to clofibrate in fatty livers suggests that alterations in postreceptor events may exist and further contribute to liver steatosis. Clofibrate seems to stabilize glutathion content and this might contribute to the prevention of liver steatosis.