bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in cows
Authors: Braun Ueli , Gerber David 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A method was developed for percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in cattle. The procedure was performed on the right side in the 9th, 10th, or 11th intercostal space of 30 cows. Of the 30 cows, 20 were slaughtered 24 hours after cholecystocentesis and the remaining 10 cows were slaughtered after a 10-day observation period. Changes in the peritoneum and gallbladder wall, observed at slaughter, were minimal. During the 10-day observation period, general behavior, attitude, and ap-petite of the 10 cows were normal. A transient, slight increase in rectal temperature was observed in 6 cows at 4, 5, or 8 days after cholecystocentesis. Total and differential wbc counts and total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, determined daily, were all within normal ranges. Bile samples from 20 cows were examined microscopically and biochemically. Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs were observed in bile from 7 and 12 cows, respectively. Fecal examination revealed F hepatica eggs in 4 cows; D dendriticum eggs were not identified in any of the fecal samples. In 1 cow, F hepatica eggs were observed in the feces, but not in the bile. Bile acids concentration in bile varied from 12.5 to 68.5 mmol/ L (mean ± SD, 45.3 ± 3.05 mmol/L) and in serum from 3.8 to 281.0 μmol/L (41.6 ± 17.24 μmol/L). Negative correlation was obtained between bile acids concentration in bile and that in serum (r = −0.60, P < 0.01). It was concluded that percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in cows is a safe procedure and that microscopic and biochemical examinations of obtained bile can be useful diagnostic aids.
Risk factors for abomasal volvulus and left abomasal displacement in cattle
Authors: Constable Peter D. , Miller Gay Y. , Hoffsis Glen F. , Hull Bruce L. , Rings D. Michael 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate and compare risk factors for abomasal volvulus (av) and left displaced abomasum (lda) in cattle. Medical record abstracts were derived from 17 North American veterinary schools by the Veterinary Medical Data Program for all cattle admitted between Jan 1, 1977 and Dec 31, 1986, and for those with a diagnosis of av or lda. From a total of 108,956 individual cattle records, 1,036 cases of av and 7,695 cases of lda were identified, with a ratio of LDA to AV cases of 7.4 to 1. In-hospital mortality was 23.5% for av and 5.6% for lda.
Age, breed, gender, and season each had significant (P < 0.05) effects on risk for av and lda. Risk for av and lda increased with increasing age, with greater risk in cattle aged 4 to 7 years. Dairy cattle were at higher risk of developing av (adjusted odds ratio, 36.4) and lda (adjusted odds ratio, 95.2) than were beef cattle. The odds of AV in Brown Swiss cattle were significantly (P < 0.0001) lower, and the odds of lda in Guernsey cattle were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than those in Holstein cattle. Female cattle were also at higher risk of developing av (adjusted odds ratio, 3.3) and lda (adjusted odds ratio, 29.1) than were male cattle. The odds of av and LDA varied considerably throughout the year, with the lowest number of cases observed in autumn. Seasonal development of AV differed significantly (P < 0.0001) from that of LDA, with the odds of av and lda being highest in January and March, respectively.
The medical records for all cattle with av and lda examined at the teaching hospital over a 10- and 5-year period, respectively, were reviewed, and the time interval since parturition, as well as the existence and nature of concurrent disease, were recorded. Proportionately fewer cases of av than lda developed during the first 2 weeks after parturition (28.3% of av cases vs. 57.0% of lda cases). Concurrent disease existed in 30.4% of av cases and 53.6% of LDA cases, with the rates of concurrent disease differing significantly (P < 0.0001) between the 2 groups. The mis-classification rate for data generated at the teaching hospital was estimated to be 6.5% for av and 5.3% for lda.
On the basis of the findings of this study, we hypothesize that: abomasal atony is a prerequisite for av and lda; existence of an abdominal void immediately after parturition facilitates development of AV and lda; normal rumen volume provides a moderately effective barrier against lda; risk of lda does not increase appreciably with advancing pregnancy; and the direction of abomasal displacement (av or lda) after abomasal atony and dilation is influenced principally by rumen volume.
Effects of copper deficiency on T-cell mitogenic responsiveness and phenotypic profile of blood mononuclear cells from swine
Authors: Bala S. , Lunney J. K. , Failla M. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of dietary copper deficiency on T-cell mitogenic responsiveness and phenotypic profile of blood mononuclear cells (mnc) in weaned pigs was examined. Outbred, weaned pigs were fed a semipurified diet containing adequate (6.4 mg/kg of body weight) or deficient (0.8 mg/kg) amounts of Cu. Pigs fed the low Cu diet for 10 weeks had markedly decreased concentrations of Cu in liver and plasma, and hypertrophic hearts. In vitro reactivity of mnc from Cu-deflcient pigs to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was significantly suppressed. This functional impairment was not associated with a decrease in the percentages of T cells, CD4 or CD8 cell subsets, or B cells. Expression of sla-dq and sla-dr class II major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens was increased by Cu deficiency, the former significantly. Unlike rodents, in which inadequate Cu nutriture induces functional T cell deficiency that is associated with a decrease in the CD4 T-cell subset, swine fed inadequate Cu diets for 10 weeks had no changes in mhc subsets yet clearly manifested functional impairment of T-cell responses.
Changes in cross-sectional area and capillary supply of the muscle fiber population in equine gluteus medius muscle as a function of sampling depth
Authors: Rivero José Luis L. , Serrano Antonio L. , Diz Andrés M. , Morales José L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The right and left gluteus medius muscles of 4 mature Andalusian stallions were examined by repeated needle biopsy over a specific area and depth, as well as at different depths, to determine whether the cross-sectional area and capillary supply of the various fiber types are homogeneous throughout the muscle. The muscle biopsy specimens were histochemically analyzed for fiber types (myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase) and capillaries (amylase-periodic acid-Schiff method). Differences between contralateral sites were not identifiable for any of the analyzed variables. Differences between sampling depths were larger than those between sample sites. The percentage of type-1 fibers increased, and that of type-2B fibers decreased as a function of increased sampling depth, but the relative frequency of type- 2A fibers did not change with depth. The mean crosssectional area of type-1 and type-2A fibers increased significantly, and that of type-2B fibers decreased between the most superficial and the deepest sampling sites. The capillary density and the mean number of capillaries per fiber increased as a function of sampling depth, but significant changes were not recorded between sampling depths for overall mean fiber area. The mean number of capillaries in contact with fibers of each histochemical type increased significantly with increasing sampling depth only for type- 1 fibers. However, the number of capillaries in contact with fibers changed significantly, relative to the fiber area, as a function of sampling depth; for type- 28 fibers this variable increased, whereas for type-2A and type-1 fibers, it decreased. These results indicate that fiber size and capillary supply of the various fiber types in the gluteus medius muscle of horses vary as a function of depth. These patterns of variation most likely indicate the functional difference between various portions of the muscle, and support the general opinion that the functional demands placed on the fiber population are an important factor in the development of muscle fiber properties.
Type-I interferon genotypes and severity of clinical disease in cattle inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1
Authors: Ryan Anne M. , Hutcheson David P. , Womack James E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Genomic DNA samples and health records from 98 unrelated, mixed-breed cattle inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) were examined to determine the relationship between interferon (ifn) genotype and severity of clinical disease. Cattle were retrospectively classified as moderately or severely affected on the basis of rectal temperature, feed intake, and weight gain after intranasal inoculation of bhv-1. Southern blot analysis of 16 type-I ifn genes identified alleles at 3 ifn loci (IFNB1, IFNW4, and IFNW8) that were significantly associated with the more severe clinical phenotype (odds ratios = 4.1 [P= 0.01], 2.3 [P< 0.05] and 2.4 [P= 0.06], respectively). A second allele at the IFNB1 locus was associated with the milder disease phenotype (odds ratio = 2.9, P< 0.05). These results indicate that selective breeding programs aimed at altering the frequency of these alleles in cattle populations may potentially improve animal health and lessen the economic impact of bhv-1 infection on cattle producers.
Total and differential leukocyte counts, N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosamtnidase activity, and serum albumin content in foremilk and residual milk during endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows
Authors: Östensson K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Foremilk, residual milk, and blood samples were studied for 10 days during acute mastitis episodes induced by endotoxin infused via the teat canal. Quarter milk and blood samples were collected frequently for 3 days after the infusion and thereafter once or twice daily. Leukocyte concentration in milk and blood was determined by flow cytometry. Within 2 hours after infusion of the endotoxin, clinical mastitis was observed. Total leukocyte concentration and proportion of neutrophils increased significantly (P < 0.05) by postinfusion hour (pih) 2 in foremilk and by pih 4 in residual milk. From Pill 2, serum albumin content and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidasc activity were significantly increased in both fractions. Neutrophils were the predominant leukocyte population in both fractions until Pin 59. From pih 72, lymphocytes were the predominant cell population until pih 175 in foremilk and until pih 223 in residual milk. Serum albumin content and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosamin-idase activity in residual milk was significantly lower than in foremilk from pih 4 to 24 and from pih 24 to 59, respectively. Regarding total and differential leukocyte counts, values for the 2 fractions followed the same pattern throughout the course of inflammation, probably owing to frequent sample collection. Total and differential cell counts tended to differ between the fractions during some periods, although differences were not statistically significant. When samples were taken less frequently, the total leukocyte concentration in residual milk was higher than that in foremilk. Although sample collections were frequent, clustering of immature neutrophils was not observed in the cytofluorogram of blood leukocytes in this study.
Residual milk seems to be the fraction that best reflects the condition in the quarter at the particular time when the milk sample is taken. Results also indicate that residual milk reflects the condition of the secretory tissue, as well as the lower regions of the gland.
Resuscitation of anesthetized endotoxemic pigs by use of hypertonic saline solution containing dextran
Authors: Ilellyer Peter W. , Meyer Robert E. , Olson Neil C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We evaluated the biochemical and hemodynamic response to hypertonic saline solution plus dextran in isoflurane-anesthetized pigs infused IV with Escherichia coli endotoxin (5 μg/kg of body weight for 0 to 1 hour + 2 μg/kg for 1 to 4 hours). After 120 minutes of endotoxemia, pigs were treated with a bolus (4 ml/kg over 3 minutes) of either normal saline solution (NSS; 0.9% NaCI), or hypertonic saline solution plus dextran (HSSD; 7.5% NaCI + 6% dextran-70). Administration of HSSD significantly (P < 0.05) increased serum osmolality and concentrations of sodium and chloride for approximately 2 hours during endotoxemia. Plasma total protein concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for 2 hours after treatment with HSSD, indicating hemodilution and increased plasma volume. Although HSSD transiently increased cardiac index (CI) for approximately 15 minutes, this effect was not sustained; however, the endotoxin-induced decrease in CI was ameliorated from 120 to 180 minutes. In pigs of the endotoxin + NSS group from 180 to 240 minutes, CI decreased significantly (P < 0.05), compared with baseline and control values. The endotoxin-induced increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were not attenuated by HSSD. At 135 minutes, total peripheral vascular resistance was transiently lower (for approx 15 minutes) in pigs treated with HSSD, compared with control pigs. The endotoxin-induced increase in plasma lactate concentration was not attenuated by HSSD, indicating continued peripheral O2 debt. We conclude that, despite sustained increases in serum osmolality and concentrations of sodium and chloride, HSSD has only transiently beneficial cardiopulmonary effects during endotoxemia in pigs.
Prevalence of mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal recovery from tracheobronchial lavages and prevalence of mycoplasmal recovery from pharyngeal swab specimens in dogs with or without pulmonary disease
Authors: Randolph J. F. , Moise N. S. , Scarlett J. M. , Shin S. J. , Blue J. T. , Bookbinder P. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The prevalence of mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal recovery from tracheobronchial lavage specimens and the prevalence of mycoplasmal recovery from pharyngeal swab specimens from dogs with (n = 38) or without (n = 26) pulmonary disease were determined. Similar mycoplasmal recovery rates were found for tracheobronchial lavage specimens from dogs ≥ 1 year old with (21%) or without (25%) pulmonary disease. Prevalence of mycoplasmal recovery from tracheobronchial lavages was significantly associated with pulmonary disease among dogs < 1 year old (P = 0.04), and with dogs that had concurrent Bordetella (P = 0.006) and Streptococcus (P = 0.05) isolations. Among dogs with pulmonary disease, mycoplasmas were significantly (P = 0.02) more prevalent in dogs with septic inflammation than in dogs with nonseptic inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree. Ureaplasmas were only isolated from a tracheobronchial lavage specimen of 1 dog with pulmonary disease and from none of the dogs without pulmonary disease. Most dogs with (84%) and all dogs without pulmonary disease had mycoplasmas isolated from the pharynx.
Seemingly, mycoplasmas are part of the normal pharyngeal flora of most dogs and normal inhabitants of the lower airway in about a fifth to a fourth of the canine population ≥ 1 year old. Dogs < 1 year old with pulmonary disease and dogs with concurrent Bordetella or tracheobronchial streptococcal isolations may be more susceptible to mycoplasmal colonization of the lower airways. Seemingly, ureaplasmas are rarely associated with pulmonary disease, and are not normal inhabitants of the trachea and bronchi of dogs.
Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in lactating dairy goats
Authors: DeGraves Fred J. , Anderson Kevin L. , Aucoin David P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic variables of ibuprofen were studied in 6 adult lactating dairy goats after single administration of the drug (14 and 25 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 50 and 100 mg/kg, PO). Each of the goats was given all doses, with a minimum of 1 week between doses. Ibuprofen concentration in serum was analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. The lower limit of detection for the ibuprofen assay was 50 ng/ml.
Ibuprofen pharmacokinetic variables after IV administration best fit an open two-compartment model. Geometric mean (range) volume of distribution at steady state was 0.16 (0.11 to 0.19) and 0.17 (0.15 to 0.19) L/kg, and terminal half-life was 1.08 (0.79 to 1.70) and 1.27 (1.03 to 1.88) hours, for ibuprofen dosages of 14 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. After 50 and 100 mg/kg administered orally, bioavailability was 90.8 and 106%, respectively. Area under the curve increased linearly with dose administered. Adverse effects were not observed in goats given ibuprofen.
In vitro susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains to 42 antimicrobial agents
Authors: Gutiérrez César B. , Píriz Segundo , Vadillo Santiago , Rodríguez Ferri Elías F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Minimal inhibitory concentration of 42 antimicrobial agents was determined against 57 field strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Spain. Penicillins, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines had irregular activity; ticarcillin, tobramycin, and doxycycline were the most active of each group, respectively. Macrolides, vancomycin, dapsone, and tiamulin, to which strains had high rate of resistance, were almost ineffective. Thiamphenicol, colistin, rifampin, fosfomycin, mupirocin, and metronidazole had good activity, with resistance ranging between 0 and 8.8%. Finally, cephalosporins (except cephalexin) and quinolones (especially ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sparfloxacin) were the most active antibiotics against A pleuropneumoniae.
Comparison of taurine, α-tocopherol, retinol, selenium, and total triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations in cats with cardiac disease and in healthy cats
Authors: Fox Philip R. , Trautwein Elke A. , Hayes K. C. , Bond Betsy R. , Sisson D. David , Moise N. Sydney 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Epidemiologic relations were evaluated between plasma concentrations of nutrients and cardiovascular diseases. A total of 220 cats were assessed: 144 cats with noninduced acquired heart disease and 76 clinically normal cats. Plasma was assayed for taurine, α-tocopherol, selenium, retinol, and total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Cardiovascular disease groups included dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 53), left ventricular hypertrophy (n = 28), hyperthyroidism (n = 11), and uncertain classification (n = 52).
In cats with dilated cardiomyopathy, mean plasma taurine concentration was the lowest of that in cats of any group, being only 38% of the value in healthy cats; females had less than half the mean value of males. Tocopherol concentration was 20% lower than normal, and retinol concentration was 40% higher than normal. Total cholesterol concentration was 36% lower than normal. Triglycerides concentration was higher in these cats than in any other group — twice the value recorded in healthy cats and 67% higher than that in hyperthyroid cats.
In cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, almost 15% had mean plasma taurine concentration < 30 μmol/L. Retinol concentration was 15% higher, and triglycerides concentration was 54% higher than normal. Approximately 27% of hyperthyroid cats had mildly decreased plasma taurine concentration. Hyperthyroid cats had the lowest tocopherol and cholesterol values; both were at least 30% lower than normal. Retinol concentration was 30% higher than normal.
Approximately 14% of cats with uncertain classification had mildly decreased plasma taurine concentration. Plasma retinol and triglycerides concentrations were higher than normal in 25 and 38% of these cats, respectively.
Plasma selenium concentration, compared between healthy cats and cats with cardiac disease, was not significantly different. This observation may not be meaningful, however, in light of the limited number of cats in which selenium was assessed.
Although significant correlation was not observed between plasma taurine and plasma retinol, tocopherol, or cholesterol concentrations in cats with cardiac disease, plasma tocopherol and cholesterol values were highly associated (P < 0.01). Also, the molar ratio of cholesterol to tocopherol was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in cats with dilated cardiomyopathy, compared with healthy cats.
3α-Hydroxylated bile acid profiles in clinically normal cats, cats with severe hepatic lipidosis, and cats with complete extrahepatic bile duct occlusion
Authors: Center S. A. , Thompson M. , Guida L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentrations of 3α-hydroxylated bile acids were measured in serum and urine of clinically normal (healthy) cats (n = 6), cats with severe hepatic lipidosis (n = 9), and cats with complete bile duct occlusion (n = 4). Bile acid concentrations were measured by use of a gradient flow high-performance liquid chromatography procedure with an acetonitrile and ammonium phosphate mobile phase and an in-line postanalytic column containing 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and a fluorescence detector. Specific identification of all bile acid peaks was not completed; unidentified moieties were represented in terms of their elution time (in minutes). Significant differences in serum and urine bile acid concentrations, quantitative and proportional, were determined among groups of cats. Cats with hepatic lipidosis and bile duct occlusion had significantly (P ≥ 0.05) greater total serum and urine bile acids concentrations than did healthy cats. The proportion of hydrophobic bile acids in serum, those eluting at ≥ 400 minutes, was 1.9% for healthy cats, 3.3% for cats with lipidosis, and 5.4% for bile duct-obstructed cats. Both groups of ill cats had a broader spectrum of unidentified late-eluting serum bile acids than did healthy cats; the largest spectrum developed in bile duct-occluded cats. The trihydroxy-to-dihydroxy serum bile acids ratio was 8.8:1 for healthy cats; 24.1:1 for cats with lipidosis; and 20:1 for cats with bile duct obstruction. There was a paucity of glycine-conjugated bile acids in all cats and small quantities of secondary bile acids in ill cats. A significantly (P < 0.05) smaller proportion of unconjugated primary bile acids was detected in sera from ill cats. Serum taurolithocholic acid was detected only in small quantities in cats of each group. There was significantly increased quantity, but lower proportion, of trihydroxy-cholestanoic acid in serum from ill cats, compared with healthy cats. A significantly (P < 0.05) greater proportional amount of unidentified moieties eluting at 130 and 277 minutes was detected in urine of cats with hepatic lipidosis; we believe that the unidentified moiety eluting at 277 minutes is tauroallocholic acid. Large proportional amounts of taurocholic and cholic acids were detected in urine of all cats, but ill cats had significantly (P < 0.05) greater quantities (quantitatively and proportional). Ill cats had significantly (P < 0.05) more taurocholic than cholic acid in urine. Because taurine is an essential amino acid for cats and is a necessary daily dietary constituent, large urinary losses of taurine in conjugated bile acids may further compromise the health of anorectic cats with severe hepatic lipidosis.