bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An antisense construct reduces N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor 2A expression and receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity as determined by a novel flow cytometric approach
Authors: Mattar Pierre A. , Holmes Kevin D. , Dekaban Gregory A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a major neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system (CNS), with functional roles in learning, memory, and sensation. Several mechanisms potentiate NMDARs, and NMDAR hyperexcitability plays pathophysiological roles in many conditions, such as neurodegenerative disease, ischemia, and chronic conditions arising from spinal cord injury. Previous research suggests that the NR2A subunit of the receptor contributes to NMDAR excitotoxicity in heterologous cells and in neurons in vivo. To investigate the role of NR2A in NMDAR excitotoxicity, we have developed a system based on flow cytometry that allows rapid evaluation of the effect of antisense constructs on protein expression and channel function. The enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) was fused to obligatory NMDAR subunits, allowing expression to be monitored in living cultured cells. An NR2A antisense construct, asNR2A, specifically and effectively reduced NR2A‐EYFP expression. NR1 and NR2A fusion proteins formed functional, excitotoxic channels upon co‐expression. The asNR2A RNA significantly reduced NMDAR excitotoxicity when NR2A levels were limiting for channel formation. Using our assay system, further optimization can be achieved rapidly. The asNR2A construct and the assays developed for this study can be used to provide insights into NMDAR biology and disease. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the structure of sulfonic acid doped thermoreversible polyaniline gels
Authors: Jana Tushar , Chatterjee Jhunu , Nandi Arun K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThermoreversible polyaniline (PANI) gels of varying weight fraction of PANI are prepared with dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (DNNSA), dinonylnapthalenedisulfonic acid (DNNDSA), (±)‐camphor‐10‐sulfonic acid (CSA) and n‐dodecyloxo sulfonic acid (DOSA). The surface morphology is studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) for 15% PANI concentration (w/w). The AFM study clearly reveals the formation of lamellar morphology in the gel. X‐ray scattering experiments of these gels also put evidence for the lamellar structure formation. The lamellar thickness measured from X‐ray results remain invariant with composition for PANI‐DNNSA and PANI‐DNNDSA systems but for PANI‐CSA and PANI‐DOSA lamellar thickness varies with PANI concentration. Both X‐ray diffraction and electron diffraction experiments on the gels of different compositions reveal the existence of new spacings of lower dhkl values which are invariant with composition. These results characterize the formation of new unit cells in the lamella due to the microcrystallization of elongated surfactant tails formed under the doped condition. The dhkl values characterizing the lamellar thickness, bilayer thickness and monolayer thickness are discussed from the molecular models using the MMX program. The variation of lamellar thickness with PANI concentration is discussed from the cohesive force of the surfactant tails within the lamella.
Conformational characteristics of stereoregular PMMA and of the stereocomplex: new insights from FTIR measurements
Authors: Tretinnikov Oleg N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIsotactic (i) and syndiotactic (s) PMMA polymers differ markedly in the physical properties. The fact that these physically unlike macromolecules strongly attract each other with the resultant formation of stereocomplexes is indeed remarkable. Although stereoregular PMMAs and the stereocomplex have been studied over decades, their conformational characteristics are yet a matter of controversy. We performed variable‐temperature FTIR measurements on i‐PMMA and s‐PMMA, followed by a detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of integrated band intensities for C‐O stretching modes in the region 1050‐1300 cm−1 and achieved, for the first time, the unambiguous conformational assignment for the C‐O bands. This enabled reliable IR spectroscopic determination of conformational energies for the backbone and for the ester group. Besides, a comparative analysis of the C‐O band intensities in the FTIR spectra of single‐component and stereocomplex PMMA films, based on the established band assignments, revealed new features in the structure of the stereocomplex.
Starch‐modified filters used for the removal of dyes from waste water
Authors: Delval Franck , Crini Grégorio , Vebrel Joël , Knorr Michael , Sauvin Gilles , Conte Emmanuel 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe present article proposes the use of starch‐enriched flour as low‐cost adsorbent of dyes. The adsorbents have been prepared by reticulation of starch‐enriched flour using epichlorohydrin as crosslinking agent. These starch‐modified filters exhibit interesting properties in terms of sorption rate. Studies concerning the sorption capacity are presented. The influence of the amine groups and the chemical structure of dyes are also studied. The regeneration procedure of the filters is showed and discussed. In order to explain the results, an adsorption mechanism mainly based on physical adsorption and interactions such as hydrogen bonds and ion‐exchange due to the nature of the polymer network is proposed.
Recognition of the syndiotactic polypropylene polymorphs via dynamic‐mechanical analysis
Authors: Gorrasi Giuliana , Guadagno Liberata , D'Aniello Concetta , Naddeo Carlo , Romano Gennaro , Vittoria Vittoria 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThree syndiotactic polypropylene samples were crystallized under different conditions in order to obtain different polymorphs. A first sample was crystallized at high temperature, obtaining the helical form I; a second was crystallized from the melt at 0°C for many days obtaining the trans‐planar mesophase; a third sample was obtained by solvent induced crystallization followed by annaeling of the trans‐planar mesophase, leading to a mixture of both the helical forms I and II. In the dynamic‐mechanical analysis the helical form I showed only one peak of tan δ corresponding to the amorphous glass transition. The other polymorphs also showed this transition centered at about the same temperature. Beside the peak corresponding to the Tg, the trans‐planar mesophase was characterized by a peak appearing at 70°C, and the helical form II by a peak at 100°C. These peaks, unambiguously associated to transitions of the different forms, can be considered a distinctive evidence for the polymorphs obtained in different processing conditions.
A real options perspective on entrepreneurial entry in the face of uncertainty
Authors: O'Brien Jonathan P. , Folta Timothy B. , Johnson Douglas R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this paper we develop and test theory regarding whether entrepreneurs contemplating starting a new venture account for the value of the option to defer the entry decision. While others have illuminated the theoretical applicability of real options theory to entrepreneurship, empirical evidence in this context is lacking. Consistent with predictions derived from real options theory, we find that high uncertainty in the target industry dissuades entry, and that the irreversibility of the entry decision moderates this relationship. Furthermore, we find that the irreversibility of the investment decision can be influenced by industry‐level, firm‐level and even individual‐level factors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical derivation of contact mechanics interface laws using a finite element approach for large 3D deformation
Authors: Bandeira Alex Alves , Wriggers Peter , de Mattos Pimenta Paulo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this work a homogenization method is presented to obtain by numerical simulation interface laws for normal contact pressure based on statistical surface models. For this purpose and assuming elastic behaviour of the asperities, the interface law of Kragelsky et al. (Friction and Wear–Calculation Methods, Pergamon, 1982) is chosen for comparison. The non‐penetration condition and interface models for contact that take into account the surface micro‐structure are investigated in detail. A theoretical basis for the three‐dimensional contact problem with finite deformations is shortly presented. The augmented Lagrangian method is then used to solve the contact problem with friction. The algorithms for frictional contact are derived based on a slip rule using backward Euler integration like in plasticity. Special attention was dedicated to the consistent derivation of the contact equations between finite element surfaces. A matrix formulation for a node‐to‐surface contact element is derived consisting of a master surface segment with four nodes and a contacting slave node. It was also necessary to consider the special cases of node‐to‐edge contact and node‐to‐node contact in order to achieve the desired asymptotic quadratic convergence in the Newton method. A numerical example is selected to show the ability of the contact formulation and the algorithm to represent interface law for rough surfaces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of stress modes by energy compatibility for 4‐node hybrid quadrilaterals
Authors: Xie Xiaoping , Zhou Tianxiao 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOptimal hybrid stress quadrilaterals can be obtained by adopting appropriate stresses and displacements, and satisfying the energy compatibility condition is shown to be an ultimate key to obtaining optimal stress modes. By using compatible isoparametric bilinear (Q4) displacements and 5‐parameter energy compatible stresses of the combined hybrid finite element CH(0‐1), a robust 4‐node plane stress element ECQ4 is derived. Equivalence to another hybrid stress element LQ6 with 9‐parameter complete linear stresses based on a modified Hellinger–Reissner principle is established. A convergence analysis is given and numerical experiments show that elements ECQ4/LQ6 have high performance, i.e. are accurate at coarse meshes, insensitive to mesh distortions and free from locking. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natively unfolded C‐terminal domain of caldesmon remains substantially unstructured after the effective binding to calmodulin
Authors: Permyakov Sergei E. , Millett Ian S. , Doniach Sebastian , Permyakov Eugene A. , Uversky Vladimir N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe structure of C‐terminal domain (CaD136, C‐terminal residues 636–771) of chicken gizzard caldesmon has been analyzed by a variety of physico‐chemical methods. We are showing here that CaD136 does not have globular structure, has low secondary structure content, is essentially noncompact, as it follows from high Rg and RS values, and is characterized by the absence of distinct heat absorption peaks, i.e. it belongs to the family of natively unfolded (or intrinsically unstructured) proteins. Surprisingly, effective binding of single calmodulin molecule (Kd = 1.4 ± 0.2 μM) leads only to a very moderate folding of this protein and CaD136 remains substantially unfolded within its tight complex with calmodulin. The biological significance of these observations is discussed. Proteins 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circular dichroism studies of ampullosporin‐A analogues
Authors: Nguyen Hoai‐Huong , Imhof Diana , Kronen Matthias , Gräfe Udo , Reissmann Siegmund 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAmpullosporin A (AmpA), a 15mer peptaibol containing seven Aib residues is able to induce pigmentation on Phoma destructiva and hypothermia in mice, as well as to exhibit a neuroleptic effect. A circular dichroism study of ampullosporin A and its analogues was carried out in organic solvents with different polarities and detergent micelles to determine the relationship between their conformational flexibility and biological activities. The analogues were obtained by modifying the N‐ and C‐termini of ampullosporin A. Furthermore, Gln and Leu were systematically substituted by Ala and Aib residues were replaced by Ala and/or Ac6c. To estimate the helicity of the analogues, the CD spectrum of AmpA recorded in acetonitrile was correlated to its crystal structure. All analogues displayed similar CD curve shapes in organic solvents with the ratio between two negative band intensities R = [θ]n−π*/[θ]π−π* < 1. In acetonitrile, most of the analogues adopted a 70%–85% helical structure, which was higher than the average of 40%–60% obtained in TFE. In detergent micelles, the analogues were distinguishable by their CD profiles. For most of the biologically active analogues, the CD spectra in detergent micelles were characterized by a R ratio > 1 and increased helicity compared with those recorded in TFE, suggesting that the interaction of the peptides with the membrane and peptide association was necessary for their hypothermic effect. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation, structure elucidation and biological activities of trichofumins A, B, C and D, new 11 and 13mer peptaibols from Trichoderma sp. HKI 0276
Authors: Berg Albrecht , Grigoriev Pavel A. , Degenkolb Thomas , Neuhof Torsten , Härtl Albert , Schlegel Brigitte , Gräfe Udo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTrichofumins A–D were isolated from cultures of Trichoderma sp. HKI 0276 as new 11 and 13mer peptaibols. Similar to 15mer peptaibols they promote morphogenesis of the fungus Phoma destructiva and cause hypothermia in mice as a characteristic of neuroleptic activity. Membrane measurements using a synthetic BLM model showed that A, B, C and D increased membrane permeability for cations in a similar manner as was shown for larger peptaibols but with comparably lower efficiency. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma–the University of Florida experience
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Vauthey Jean‐Nicolas , Zlotecki Robert A. , Marsh Robert D. , Copeland Edward M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo evaluate the efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy alone or combine with chemotherapy. Between 1975 to 1997, 318 patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas were treated with preoperative radiation therapy. Between 1991 and 1997, approximately 60% of patients received fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients treated since 1991 had improved downstaging compared with those treated prior to 1991. Patients treated between 1991 and 1997 were also more likely to undergo a sphincter preserving surgical procedure. Preoperative chemoradiation probably results in improved downstaging and survival compared with preoperative irradiation alone. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:261–264, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating uncertainty associated with acoustic surveys of spawning hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) in Cook Strait, New Zealand
Authors: O'Driscoll Richard L 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Eleven acoustic surveys carried out between 1991 and 2002 provided estimates of the relative abundance of spawning hoki in Cook Strait, New Zealand. The precision and bias of each survey were estimated using a new Monte Carlo simulation method, which combined uncertainties associated with survey timing, sampling error, detectability, species composition, target strength, calibration coefficients, and missing strata. Because hoki have a long spawning season (more than 2 months) with turnover of fish in the survey area, survey timing was the most important source of uncertainty. Uncertainty was reduced by having a number of sub-surveys (snapshots) over a 4–6 week period, centred on the middle date of the spawning season. The other major source of uncertainty was the occurrence of 40–70% of hoki in mixed species: “hoki fuzz” marks. The acoustic analysis assumed all acoustic backscatter from hoki marks was hoki, so the presence of other species caused a positive bias in relative-abundance indices. The magnitude of this bias differed between years because the proportion of hoki in the “fuzz” marks was variable. There was additional uncertainty from the variability in the species composition of mixed marks that affected survey precision. The abundance indices were corrected for estimated bias, and the estimate of precision, expressed as the coefficient of variation or c.v., was applied to weight the results from each acoustic survey in the assessment model used to set commercial-catch limits.
Liquidity costs: Screen‐based trading versus open outcry
Authors: Ulibarri Carlos A. , Schatzberg John 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe results reported in this paper challenge the popular belief that screen‐based trading offered lower liquidity costs than the open‐outcry approach during its first year of side‐by‐side operation in the U.S. financial derivatives market. Using time and sales data from the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) market profile data series, effective bid–ask spreads are estimated on the basis of daily and intraday measures of the Thompson–Waller and Smith–Whaley estimators. We find liquidity costs on the screen‐based system vary with time and the level of floor trading activity. In particular, a one‐tick market is observed just before the opening of the Chicago trading floor (6:30 to 7:30 am). However, subsequent intraday spreads exhibit the familiar “reverse J‐shaped pattern”—highest following the opening of floor trading, declining until afternoon, and then increasing until close. Meanwhile, daily spread estimates average almost a quarter‐tick higher on the screen‐based market relative to the one‐tick spread commonly associated with open outcry. This relationship remained robust across sample time‐series and conservative price‐change specifications. Since the study was conducted, electronic trading has become the predominant exchange medium for financial derivatives at the CBOT, following the example set in Europe's traditional futures exchanges, e.g. France's Matif, Germany's Deutsche Bourse and the U.K.'s Liffe.
The Influence of Cultural and Racial Identification on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Inner‐City African American Children in School
Authors: Thomas Duane E. , Townsend Tiffany G. , Belgrave Faye Z. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship and combined influence of racial identity and Africentric values on African American children's psychosocial adjustment. Participants were 104 (53 males, 51 females) African American fourth‐grade students attending an inner‐city public school in a northeastern city. Child and teacher ratings were used to assess the relationship between racial identity, Africentric values, and several indices of child psychosocial adjustment, including child behavior control, school interest, and teacher perceptions of child strengths and problems in the classroom. Child self‐esteem and the effects of gender and cohort were used as covariates in several analyses in the study. Overall, findings from the study supported the usefulness of combining racial identity and Africentric values into a single model of ethnic identification for African American children. Implications for risk prevention and enhancement of psychosocial functioning among African American children are discussed.
A Modified ESID Approach to Studying Mental Illness and Homelessness
Authors: Calsyn Robert J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper describes 15 years of research on homelessness using a modified ESID approach. The article summarizes the results of several needs assessment studies; describes the development and evolution of alternative treatment models to assist homeless individuals with severe mental illness; summarizes results of three outcome evaluation studies; and discusses issues of treatment implementation, treatment diffusion, and dissemination.
An ESID Case Study at the Federal Level
Authors: Emshoff James , Blakely Craig , Gray Denis , Jakes Susan , Brounstein Paul , Coulter Judy , Gardner Steve 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe D (dissemination) phase of the ESID model has been often overlooked in our efforts to create innovative and widespread social change. The process of replicating successful social innovations is both a prerequisite for dissemination (in order to assess the consistency of effects) and an obvious outcome of a successful dissemination effort. Fidelity, the extent to which a replicated program is implemented in a manner consistent with the original program model, is an important dimension of replication. This study was designed to provide empirical data related to three questions. Can complex social programs be implemented with fidelity? How much fidelity is appropriate or desired? What are the organizational dynamics of adoption with fidelity? Data were collected from grantees of a national replication initiative funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Data suggest that high fidelity can be achieved, at least in the context in which programs are mandated to do so as part of the funding agreement and are given technical assistance in achieving fidelity. Secondly, programs perceived high fidelity as having positive effects on the program and its participants, a finding consistent with a limited assessment of the relationship of program outcomes and fidelity. Finally, much was learned about the human and organizational dynamics of replicating with fidelity. Implications for policy and direction regarding replication are discussed.
Fairweather and ESID: Contemporary Impact and a Legacy for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Seidman Edward 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper illustrates how the articles in this special issue demonstrate the central values, research, and action principles inherent in Fairweather's ESID model. The programs described in these articles address earlier social problems in new forms (e.g., previously, institutionalized mentally ill patients and now, the homeless mentally ill) and new issues (e.g., HIV prevention). Dissemination of innovative programs is abundant, but only recently has research begun in earnest to study the critical processes of dissemination. Moreover, Fairweather has pointed us in important, but yet unrealized directions for how to pursue a theory of social change on the basis of ecological concepts, innovative research methods and data analytic techniques, and salient change agent behaviors and principles.
Preparation for live consultation and live supervision when working without a one‐way screen
Authors: Kingston Philip , Smith Donna 
Published: November 2003

This article focuses upon the preparatory work which two people should undertake when they intend working together with families. Although a particular model of joint work, namely live consultation between peers, without the use of a one‐way screen forms the core of the article, the ideas which have been developed in relation to that model apply, with some variations, to all forms of joint work. Some of these variations are considered towards the end of the article.Many of the ideas here presented arose within a number of workshops which we led on the subjects of Live Consultation and Live Supervision Without One‐Way Screens. We are grateful to the participants for their ideas, especially to those of the 1981 York Association of Family Therapy Conference workshop who returned questionnaires about their use of these methods.
Belgrade systemic approach to the treatment of alcoholism: principles and interventions
Authors: Gačić Branko 
Published: November 2003

This article describes an ecosystemic approach to alcoholism (ESTA) developed in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The fundamental principle is that alcoholism is a problem of the whole context, involving the index patient, the family and wider systems including the work system.The treatment programme, which integrates contemporary principles of the treatment of alcoholism with family‐systems ideas covering biomedical‐psychological‐sociocultural levels, is also described and illustrated by a detailed case example.