bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Advantages of Systematic and Randomized Arrangements in the Design of Agricultural and Biological Experiments
Authors: Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the introduction of the principle of randomization into replicated experiments it has been realized that certain of the arrangements generated by the randomization process were likely to be less accurate than others; consequently there has always been a conflict whether the general efficacy of a set of experiments might not be improved by the rejection of those arrangements which appeared a priori less accurate. In its extreme form such a procedure results in the rejection of the principle of randomization altogether, and the selection of one or more arrangements which on account of their balance or other features especially appeal to the experimenter.
Periodogram Analysis and Continuous Spectra
Authors: Bartlett M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been realized for some time that the classical method of searching for periodicities in time series, the so-called periodogram analysis of the series, is useless in many cases. An alternative approach by way of the autoregressive or autocorrelative structure of the series was considered in a pioneering paper by Yule (1927), and more recently by other writers (see especially M. G. Kendall (1946)).
A fuller understanding of the scope and relation of these methods is obtainable from the mathematical theory of stationary random or stochastic processes developed in the last twenty years by Wiener (1930), Khintchine (1934) and others (for an account of this theory see Lévy (1948), especially chapter IV; for further reviews of the general theory of stochastic processes see also Cramér (1947), Moyal (1949)). By stationary is meant, roughly speaking, that the series is oscillating or fluctuating about a constant mean; more precisely, that its distributional properties in the stochastic sense do not depend on the absolute value of the time (note that a simple harmonic series is not stationary in this sense unless its initial phase is random). For many purposes in the correlation and harmonic theory of these processes it is sufficient to assume stationarity ‘to the second order’, that is, in addition to the mathematical expectation or stochastic average E{X(t)} =constant= 0, say, for the value of the series X at time t, the autocovariance function
On Stationary Processes in the Plane
Authors: Whittle P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sampling theory of stationary processes in space is not completely analogous to that of stationary time series, due to the fact that the variate of a time series is influenced only by past values, while for a spatial process dependence extends in all directions. This point is elaborated in §§ 2-4. The estimation and test theory developed in §7 is applied in §8 to uniformity data for wheat and oranges. The final section is devoted to an examination of some particular two-dimensional processes.
The disturbing effect of topographic correlation on the results of field experiments, forest and crop surveys, sampling surveys of populated areas, etc., is well known, and it is recognized that we have here examples of two-dimensional stochastic processes. The physicists also encounter higher dimensional processes (for instance, in the studies of turbulence and of systems of particles) and have indeed been the principal investigators of the subject.
Discussion of equilibrium properties on the pair theory
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the framework of the pair theory it has been shown how the thermodynamic properties (P, V, T, C v etc.) of a liquid may be expressed in terms of two functions –the pair potential 11(r), assumed independent of P, V, T, etc., and the pair distribution function o(r), which is a function of density and temperature. The methods by which these two functions may be calculated from first principles or measured in various experiments have been discussed in previous chapters. None of these methods is free from theoretical or experimental error, so that there will be some uncertainty in the derived values of the thermodynamic quantities. These uncertainties depend upon several factors, such as the physical properties of the system and the mathematical properties of the relevant function, and some of the problems arising in such calculations will be described in Section 7.2.
Effects beyond the classical pair theory of liquids
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was pointed out in Section 4.1 that the pair theory was not wholly consistent, because atomic or molecular polarizability plays a significant role in both the pair and higher-order potentials. Hence when we use the true pair interaction potential we arc invoking interactions which lead automatically to many-body potentials, which arc included in some theoretical models of an effective potential (section 4.1 ). In order to justify the use of the pair theory we need to discuss the size and type of those inevitable effects which arc beyond this theory. Hopefully there are regions of (P, V, T) space where they arc small compared to the pair-theory effects-a situation which we expect will apply to noble gas fluids and to fluids consisting of nearly rigid molecules. Moreover, in these cases all the true potentials (pair and many-body) are independent of temperature or density, whereas the effective pair potential models have the disadvantage of depending on these parameters and sometimes also on the property being calculated.
Scientific Diplomacy 1669–77(1) Newton’s Ambassador
Authors: Hall Marie Boas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1670s Oldenburg’s correspondence was to increase yet more in density as also, very markedly, in complexity. To the Continental world of learning he was, even more than before, the leading figure in the Royal Society’s administration as we would call it, more dominant and more important than even its President, Lord Brouncker. Only strangers wrote to the President of the Royal Society in the first instance. Natural philosophers, physicians, learned men, and virtuosi nearly all had become accustomed to write directly to Oldenburg to tell him, and through him the Royal Society, what they and their compatriots were doing in their respective spheres. They all read or at least looked at his Philosophical Transactions as it appeared with gratifying regularity, even though most of it was still in English (the exceptions being mathematical and some medical papers). They also commented upon what they read and hoped to have these comments published.
Introducing Highly Structured Stochastic Systems
Authors: Green Peter J , Hjort Nils Lid , Richardson Sylvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Highly Structured Stochastic Systems (HSSS) is the name given to a modern strategy for building statistical models for challenging real-world problems, for computing with them, and for interpreting the resulting inferences. Complexity is handled by working up from simple local assumptions in a coherent way, and that is the key to modelling, computation, inference, and interpretation.
Commentary: causality and statistics
Authors: Arjas Elja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causality is a challenging topic for anyone to consider in a formal way. Already the concept itself is problematic, and often people have sharply different opinions of its foundations. But causality is perhaps a particularly challenging topic for a statistician. Rather than just trying to formulate views on some underlying philosophical issues, a statistician is often faced with the concrete problem of how to find empirical support in favour, or against, or even prove or disprove, a causal claim made in some substantive concrete context.
Semantics of causal DAG models and the identification of direct and indirect effects
Authors: Robins James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are commonly used to represent causal models. The article by Dawid posits a causal model that is closely related to the model of Spirtes et al. (1993) and the model of Pearl (1993b). In this discussion I will compare and contrast the semantics of DAGs representing the Spirtes et al. model with that of DAGs representing the non-parametric structural equation (NPSE) model of Pearl (1995a) and the finest fully randomized causally interpreted structured tree graph (FRCISTG) model of Robins (1986).
Advances in MCMC: a discussion
Authors: Robert Christian P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Gareth Roberts presents a very good coverage of the latest developments in convergence of MCMC algorithms, and provides the reader with an excellent reminder of the essential notions such as drift functions and minorization conditions, this discussion presents some thoughts on reparameterization and perfect sampling issues. A more general review of the current state of MCMC methods can be found in Cappé and Robert (2000).
Particle filtering methods for dynamic and static Bayesian problems
Authors: Berzuini Carlo , Gilks Walter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are often used in static problems, where we have a single, fixed distribution of interest, for example a Bayesian posterior distribution. This article considers the use of Monte Carlo methods in problems where the distribution of interest, or target distribution, evolves as we analyse it, typically as a consequence of new incoming data.
Prospects in Bayesian image analysis
Authors: Trubuil Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideas presented by Hurn et al. offer an excellent review of the impressive work carried out by the statistical community on the Bayesian framework and its application to image analysis. Necessarily the presentation could not be exhaustive and with respect to applications, a consensus has guided the text with modelling illustrated mainly for restoration problems. My aim is to draw attention to detection, labelling, and eventually three-dimensional (3D) segmentation.
Genetic linkage analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques
Authors: Heath Simon C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linkage analysis is a general technique for mapping genes relative to each other. It has proven very useful for localizing genes affecting a wide range of diseases, for example cystic fibrosis (Kerem et al. 1989), some forms of breast cancer (Hall et al. 1990), and Alzheimer’s disease (Schellenberg et al. 1992; Levy-Lahad et al. 1995).
Observing a human or a robotic hand grasping an object: differential motor priming effects
Authors: Castiello Umberto , Lusher Dean , Mari Morena , Edwards Martin , Humphreys Glyn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. The present paper aims to investigate how functional connections between action and perception may contribute to our imitation of motor acts of other beings. Four experiments examined motor priming effects on imitation from biological and nonbiological effector systems. In Experiment 1 we asked subjects 1rst to observe grasping movements performed by a human actor and by a robotic hand, and subsequently to perform the same movement. For 80% of the cases the movement performed by the primer and that performed by the subjects were directed to the same object (valid trials). For the remaining 20% of cases the subjects were required to perform an action towards an object that differed in size from the object grasped by the primer (invalid trials). Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the ratio between valid and invalid trials was 50%. We found priming effects con1ned to when a human actor served as the primer. In Experiment 3 we showed that the selective effects found for the human primer in Experiment 1 were unrelated to the fact that, in the robot condition, only an arm/hand system was visible while for the human actor both the face and the upper body were visible. Experiment 4 demonstrated some differences between the robot and a human primer even when the kinematics of the human primer did not change as a function of object size. The results demonstrate that motor priming can occur from the observation of biological action.
The dimensional-action system: a distinct visual system
Authors: Cohen Asher , Feintuch Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. We propose that in the visual system there is a specialized and distinct subsystem dedicated to quick linkages between perception and action, which we term the dimensional-action (DA) system. This system consists of several visual dimensional modules (e.g. color, shape). Each dimensional module has its own perceptual and (some) response processes, which enable quick connections between perception and action within each module. Visual attention modulates which of the computed perception–action linkages will be executed. In the 1rst part of the paper we review evidence that support the two major components of the DA model. We review evidence for the existence of separable response selection mechanisms for the various visual dimensions. We then describe recent evidence supporting the role of spatial attention in the mediation of response execution. In the second part of the paper we claim that the DA system is different from the visual object recognition system. In particular, we suggest that integration of basic visual properties is fundamentally different in the two systems.
Effect anticipation in action planning
Authors: Ziessler Michael , Nattkemper Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present experiments investigate the role of anticipated action effects in action planning. The first two experiments show that action planning includes the anticipation of action effects. In an initial acquisition phase, participants learned that their response to a stimulus would produce a particular effect, that is, another stimulus contingent on the response. In a subsequent test phase, targets were presented together with flanker stimuli taken from the set of effect stimuli. When the flankers were the learned effects of the response required by the target, the response was facilitated. The second series of experiments shows that, even within the learning of action effects, the effects are integrated with the action plan. Participants had to respond to two succeeding stimuli. The identity of the second stimulus depended on the identity of the first stimulus. Hence, the second stimulus could be considered to be an effect of the response to the first stimulus. Action-effect learning should accelerate the response to the second stimulus. The 1rst response was required only in half of all trials. In the other half of trials a late or an early NOGO signal stopped response planning. Action-effect learning depended on the presentation time of the NOGO signal; there were clear learning effects with late NOGO signals and rather small effects with the early signals. Discussing the results, an anticipatory or feed-forward learning mechanism is suggested: the planning of an action involves the anticipation of its environmental effects. If the effects are not yet known, there remain free slots defined by properties of the desired effects. Searching for suitable effects in the course of and resulting from action execution will 1ll in the slots.
Further problems
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Senescence, a decline in reproduction and/or survival with old age, presents an intriguing problem for evolutionary theory. Can natural selection favour an age specific decline in fitness? One of the key predictions of the adaptive explanation of senescence is that it should be universally present in those organisms with delayed onset of reproduction (Haldane 1941; Medawar 1952; Williams 1957, 1966a; Hamilton 1966). Some studies of this problem have consistently argued that while mammals do senesce, birds do not (e.g. Williams 1992). Holmes and Austad (1995) have argued that the evolution of avian ageing processes require study because of the relatively long lifespans of some birds compared to mammals, while Ricklefs (1998) investigated mortality senescence in birds using data from wild and captive populations. Here we investigate both reproductive and mortality senescence by analysing information from wild bird populations only.
Infinite-dimensional classical groups and almost-invariant structures
Authors: Neretin Yu. A , Gould G G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the infinite-dimensional analogues of the classical groups. We denote by U(∞), O(∞), GL(∞, ℝ), and GL(∞, ℂ) the full unitary, full orthogonal, and full linear groups of real and complex Hilbert space, respectively. Let G(∞): ⊃ K(∞) be two groups of this type. We denote by (G(∞), K(∞)) the group of operators A ∈ G(∞) that are representable in the form A= B(l + T), where B ∈ K(∞) and T is a Hilbert-Schmidt operator. We have already encountered many groups of this type. We are not aiming at a full discussion of the theory of representations of such groups in this form. Here there are at present just two typical models, namely, (GL(∞, ℝ), O(∞)) and (U(∞), O(∞)), chiefly the latter. In §9.5 we shall make several remarks concerning the other groups. In §§9.6, 9.7 we give several applications of our theory. In §§9.1-9.5 we shall, in the main, follow the papers (1983), (1990) of Ol’shanskii.
A Unifled Approach to Problems in Radio Channel Assignment
Authors: Leese R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many problems of resource allocation can be thought of in terms of constrained combinatorial optimization. The purpose of this paper is to apply such techniques to radio channel assignment, where constraints arise from the need to avoid excessive interference levels between different signals. A key issue in the overall strategy is the way in which channels are reused in sufflciently separated areas. Channel reuse is a general feature of radio systems, and particularly important when the area of coverage is large, as for example with entertainment broadcasting and mobile telephony. The results of this work will be of interest both to the designers of large radio systems and to those responsible for spectrum management.
Interconnection Networks Based on Two-dimensional de Bruijn Graphs
Authors: Smith D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A family of directed graphs generalising the de Bruijn graphs and retaining many of their attractive features are proposed as interconnection networks. An interconnection network is a means of connecting together a large number of Processing Elements (PEs) by communication links. The careful design of such networks is of fundamental importance in building efflcient, general-purpose parallel computers. The performance and characteristics of an interconnection network are traditionally studied in terms of properties of the underlying graph
Uniformly Optimally Reliable Networks for Vertex Failures
Authors: Smith D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graphs with minimum probability of disconnection for all vertex failure probabilities a.re said to be Uniformly Optimally Reliable. We describe some recent results concerning the existence of these graphs. In particular, we prove a. new nonexistence result for graphs of large diameter. We also illustrate the proof method used for sparse graphs by proving nonexistence in one case that has not been explicitly dealt with in the literature. These results lead us to consider the existence of Regular Uniformly Optimally Reliable Graphs. For small vertex failure probabilities we extend our previous results on the number of minimal vertex cut sets. This result, and its associated constructions, a.re also of practical interest. For large vertex failure probabilities we show that the girth of the graph must be maximal. The combination of these two cases suggests that regular uniformly optimally reliable graphs a.re rare.
Multi-Stage Scheduling Problems with Precedence Constraints
Authors: Strusevich V A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most well-known shop scheduling model is the flow shop. Here, each job Jjis flrst processed on machine M1, then on machine M2, and so on, until it is processed on machine Mm. In what follows, the order in which a job has to pass the machines is called the processing route. Thus, in the flow shop, all jobs are given the same processing route (M1, M2…, Mm)
Frequency Assignment for Cellular Radio Networks
Authors: Youngs D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assigning frequencies to cells in a cellular radio network has traditionally been carried out either by hand or, more recently, using algorithms derived from the theory of abstract graphs. This second approach is realised by modelling the problem as a simple graph colouring problem, where vertices of the graph represent the cells and edges correspond to potentially interfering cell pairs. The algorithms used were originally developed to colour unweighted graphs. In effect this means that they utilise only “hard” interference data between cells.
Historical background and general introduction
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An atom probe is a microanalytical instrument capable of analysing materials at the atomic level. The instrument is made up of two parts, a field ion microscope (FIM) and a mass spectrometer, as shown in Fig. 1.1. A highly magnified image of the specimen is obtained in the field ion microscope enabling atomic scale regions to be selected for elemental analysis in the mass spectrometer. The atom probe has the highest analytical spatial resolution of any microscope and provides a fundamental determination of the chemistry of a nanometre-scale region by simply counting the number of atoms of each type in a given volume.
FIM image interpretation and applications
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the interpretation of field ion images is considered. Topics covered are the analysis of crystallography and crystal defects, the imaging behaviour of alloys and non-metallic materials and contrast from adsorption and overlayer structures. Some of the main applications of the FIM to problems in materials science and surface science are also outlined. 3.1 Crystallographic Symmetry And Indexing Crystallographic information can be extracted from field ion micrographs in a straightforward manner. The major low index planes can be identified by the relative prominence rule: the planes with the largest atomic step heights (that is, interplanar spacings) are the most prominent ones in the image.Pl The nature of the image projection preserves the symmetry of the original specimen. Miller indices can be assigned to the planes once the major symmetry elements of the pattern have been identified (assuming that the crystal structure of the material is known). The solid angle included in the field of view of the image is typically &gt;100°, which is usually large enough for several rotational symmetry axes to be identified. Once the major poles have been identified, zone lines can be constructed and secondary poles can be indexed by the zone addition rule. As the projection is not exactly stereographic (see below), there is occasional difficulty in assigning Miller indices to high index poles. However, the combination of the zone addition rule and the relative prominence rule is almost always sufficient to produce an unambiguous assignment. An example of an indexed field ion micrograph is shown in Fig. 3.1.