bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, properties, and dyeing application of nonionic waterborne polyurethanes with different chain length of ethyldiamines as the chain extender
Authors: Yen Meng‐Shung , Chen Pei‐Yu , Tsai Hsiang‐Chin 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study deals with the synthesis of some nonionic waterborne polyurethanes (PUs), using ethyldiamines of different chain length, such as ethylenediamine (EDA) and diethyltriamine (DETA), as the chain extender in the reaction, and examines the thermal properties, mechanical properties, and dyeing properties of the PU products and their blends. As far as each PU by itself is concerned, we found that the Tg of the one made with DETA is the highest, followed by that with EDA, and the one with 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐BD) is the lowest. The PU made with 1,4‐BD as the chain extender has no Tm, while the two others, using diamines as chain extenders, have a clear Tm, the one with DETA being higher than that with EDA. However, the enthalpy data are just the opposite. The tensile strengths of the two PUs, made with diamines as the chain extender, are larger than that made with 1,4‐BD, but their respective elongation properties are just the opposite. A comparison within PUs made with diamines showed that the one made with EDA is greater in both strength and elongation categories than that made with DETA. However, the one made with DETA is far superior to both of those made with 1,4‐BD and EDA in their dye‐exhaustion ratio, color yield (K/S), fixation rate, and color fastness. In respect to the various PU mixtures that we examined, we found that both PUs synthesized with EDA or DETA as the chain extender would have their Tg's greatly increased by blending in some PU made using 1,4‐BD as the chain extender. Among them, in particular, a blend of PU, made separately with DETA and 1, 4‐BD as the chain extender, showed great improvements in both tensile strength and elongation and also demonstrated better dyeability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2824–2833, 2003
Preparation of a novel metal‐chelate affinity beads for albumin isolation from human plasma
Authors: Odabaşi Mehmet , Garipcan Bora , Denizli Adil 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this study, we developed a novel approach to obtain a high protein‐adsorption capacity utilizing 2‐methacryloylamidohistidine (MAH) as a biollgand. MAH was synthesized by reacting methacryloyl chloride and histidine. Spherical beads, with an average size of 150–200 μm, were obtained by the radical suspension polymerization of MAH, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) conducted in an aqueous dispersion medium. p(EGDMA–HEMA–MAH) beads had a specific surface area of 17.6 m2/g. The synthesized MAH monomer was characterized by NMR. p(EGDMA–HEMA–MAH) beads were characterized by a swelling test, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Then, Cu(II) ions were incorporated into the beads and Cu(II) loading was found to be 0.96 mmol/g. These beads, with a swelling ratio of 65% and containing 1.6 mmol MAH/g, were used in the adsorption/desorption of human serum albumin (HSA) from both aqueous solutions and human serum. The adsorption of HSA onto p(EGDMA–HEMA–MAH) was low (8.8 mg/g). Cu(II) chelation onto the beads significantly increased the HSA adsorption (56.3 mg/g). The maximum HSA adsorption was observed at pH 8.0 Higher HSA adsorption was observed from human serum (94.6 mg HSA/g). Adsorptions of other serum proteins were obtained as 3.7 mg/g for fibrinogen and 8.5 mg/g for γ‐globulin. The total protein adsorption was determined as 107.1 mg/g. Desorption of HSA was obtained using a 0.1M Tris/HCI buffer containing 0.5M NaSCN. High desorption ratios (to 98% of the adsorbed HSA) were observed. It was possible to reuse Cu(II)‐chelated p(EGDMA–HEMA–MAH) beads without significant decreases in the adsorption capacities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2840–2847, 2003
Study of radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solution
Authors: Yu Li , He Yu , Bin Liang , Yue'e Fang 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solution was investigated, using the γ‐ray of 60Co γ‐irradiation method. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy characterized the graft copolymer. The effect of synthesis variables in the graft copolymerization have been discussed in the light of grafting efficiency, grafting percentage, and homopolymer percentage. Hydrophilicity and impact strength of the films formed from copolymer solution were tested and their feasibility as seed coating was studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2855–2860, 2003
Effect of compatibilizer in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene toughened nylon 6 blends: Ductile–brittle transition temperature
Authors: Araújo E. M. , Hage E. , Carvalho A. J. F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe ductile–brittle transition temperatures were determined for compatibilized nylon 6/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (PA6/ABS) copolymer blends. The compatibilizers used for those blends were methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride (MMA‐MAH) and MMA‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate (MMA‐GMA). The ductile–brittle transition temperatures were found to be lower for blends compatibilized through maleate modified acrylic polymers. At room temperature, the PA6/ABS binary blend was essentially brittle whereas the ternary blends with MMA‐MAH compatibilizer were supertough and showed a ductile–brittle transition temperature at −10°C. The blends compatibilized with maleated copolymer exhibited impact strengths of up to 800 J/m. However, the blends compatibilized with MMA‐GMA showed poor toughness at room temperature and failed in a brittle manner at subambient temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2643–2647, 2003
Ripening time and fiber formation of chitosan spinning dope
Authors: Lee Shin‐Hee 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA study was carried out on the wet spinning of chitosan fibers using 2% acetic acid as a solvent, 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide as a nonsolvent, and 4% chitosan solution as a polymer concentration. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ripening time of the spinning dope on the ability of fiber formation (i‐value), structure, thermal, and mechanical properties (such as fineness, tenacity, elongation, work of rupture, etc.) of chitosan fibers. Based on the results, it can be seen that the ripening time of spinning dope (in days), with the same polymer concentration of spinning dope, changes from 1 to 8, and the i‐value of the spinning dope increased with an increasing of the ripening time. At the ripening time of 8 days, tensile strength, elongation, and work of rupture showed minimum value attributed to the excessive degradation of the chitosan polymer chains left from the mixing operation that took place at the same time as the ripening time of the spinning dope, which means that the optimum ripening time of the spinning dope is 1 to 7 days. However, the thermal decomposition temperature and the onset of the exothermic temperature of thermal properties decreased with an increased ripening time. On the other hand, tenacity, elongation, and toughness decreased with increasing ripening time, and these qualities radically decreased with an increasing ripening time of more than a week. This indicates that the dispersion of aggregates and the degradation of chitosan polymer chains left from the mixing operation occurred at the same time during the ripening time of the spinning dope. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2870–2877, 2003
Expression of tryptophan 5‐hydroxylase gene during sea urchin neurogenesis and role of serotonergic nervous system in larval behavior
Authors: Yaguchi Shunsuke , Katow Hideki 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTryptophan 5‐hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. cDNA cloning of TPH was carried out, and the occurrence of spatiotemporal transcription of TPH message was examined in larvae of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (HpTPH), with in situ hybridization by using the tyramide signal amplification (TSA) technique and Northern hybridization. Based on deduced amino acids sequence of HpTPH, phylogenetically sea urchin locates at the closest position to vertebrates among invertebrates, and HpTPH had common conserved sequences in a catalytic domain. Initiation of HpTPH transcription occurred at the late gastrula stage exclusively in serotonin cells of apical ganglion (SAG) that was composed of a cluster of HpTPH‐positive cells and the negative cells in between. In situ hybridization showed that the mRNA expression pattern was similar to the immunohistochemical localization of serotonin cells reported before (Bisgrove and Burke [1986] Dev. Growth Differ. 28:557–569; Yaguchi et al. [2000] Dev. Growth Differ. 42:479–488). p‐Chlorophenylalanine (CPA), an irreversible inhibitor of TPH activity, considerably decreased serotonin content in the serotonin cells, whereas the HpTPH expression pattern and timing, and the extension of neurofibers from SAG cells were apparently unaffected, suggesting CPA exclusively perturbed synthesis of serotonin but not nervous system organization. CPA‐treated larvae did not swim, despite the occurrence of ciliary beating in culture chamber, suggesting that proper serotonin synthesis is necessary for normal swimming of the larvae. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:219–229, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization and development of corticocortical associative neurons expressing the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1
Authors: Arimatsu Yasuyoshi , Ishida Mami , Kaneko Takeshi , Ichinose Sachiyo , Omori Akira 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe developmental mechanism that contributes to the highly organized axonal connections within the cerebral cortex is not well understood. This is partly due to the lack of molecular markers specifically expressed in corticocortical associative neurons during the period of circuit formation. We have shown previously that latexin, a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor, is expressed in intrahemispheric corticocortical neurons from the second postnatal week in the rat (Arimatsu et al. [1999] Cereb. Cortex 9:569–576). In the present study, we first demonstrate in the adult rat that the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is coexpressed in latexin‐expressing neurons located in layer V, sublayer VIa, and the white matter of the lateral sector of the neocortex, and also in latexin‐negative early born neurons in sublayer VIb of the entire neocortex. Virtually all Nurr1‐expressing neurons exhibit immunoreactivity for phosphate‐activated glutaminase but not for γ‐aminobutyric acid, suggesting that they are glutamatergic‐excitatory neurons. By combining Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐birthdating, we then show that Nurr1 is expressed in (early born) subplate neurons and (later born) presumptive latexin‐expressing neurons from embryonic day 18 onward. Finally, by combination of Nurr1 immunohistochemistry and retrograde tracing, we show that Nurr1‐expressing neurons, including those in sublayer VIb, contribute predominantly to long‐range intrahemispheric corticocortical projections. These results raise the possibility that Nurr1 plays a role in the establishment and maintenance of normal corticocortical circuitry and function. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:180–196, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen‐receptor‐β distribution in the human hypothalamus: Similarities and differences with ERα distribution
Authors: Kruijver Frank P.M. , Balesar Rawien , Espila Ana M. , Unmehopa Unga A. , Swaab Dick F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study reports the first systematic rostrocaudal distribution of estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity (ERβ‐ir) in the human hypothalamus and adjacent areas in five males and five females between 20–39 years of age and compares its distribution to previously reported ERα in the same patients. ERβ‐ir was generally observed more frequently in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus and appeared to be stronger in women. Basket‐like fiber stainings, suggestive for ERβ‐ir in synaptic terminals, were additionally observed in various areas. Men showed more robust nuclear ERβ‐ir than women in the medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular and paratenial nucleus of the thalamus, while less intense, but more nuclear, ERβ‐ir appeared to be present in, e.g., the BSTc, sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area, diagonal band of Broca and ventromedial nucleus. Women revealed more nuclear ERβ‐ir than men of a low to intermediate level, e.g., in the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, paraventricular, infundibular, and medial mamillary nucleus. These data indicate potential sex differences in ERβ expression. ERβ‐ir expression patterns in subjects with abnormal hormone levels suggests that there may be sex differences in ERβ‐ir that are “activational” rather than “organizational” in nature. Similarities, differences, potential functional, and clinical implications of the observed ERα and ERβ distributions are discussed in relation to reproduction, autonomic‐function, mood, cognition, and neuroprotection in health and disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:251–277, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fronts in reactive convection: Bounds, stability, and instability
Authors: Constantin Peter , Kiselev Alexander , Ryzhik Lenya 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper examines a simplified active combustion model in which the reaction influences the flow. We consider front propagation in a reactive Boussinesq system in an infinite vertical strip. Nonlinear stability of planar fronts is established for narrow domains when the Rayleigh number is not too large. Planar fronts are shown to be linearly unstable with respect to long‐wavelength perturbations if the Rayleigh number is sufficiently large. We also prove uniform bounds on the bulk burning rate and the Nusselt number in the KPP reaction case. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on seismic reduction of story‐incresed buildings with friction layer and energy‐dissipated devices
Authors: Li Hong‐Nan , Yin Yong‐Wei , Wang Su‐Yan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA new type of energy‐dissipated structural system for existing buildings with story‐increased frames is presented and investigated in this paper. In this system the sliding‐friction layer between the lowest increased floor of the outer frame structure and the roof of the original building is applied, and energy‐dissipated dampers are used for the connections between the columns of the outer frame and each floor of the original building. A shaking table test is performed on the model of the system and the simplified structural model of this system is given. The theory of the non‐classical damping approach is introduced to the calculation analyses and compared with test results. The results show that friction and energy‐dissipated devices are very effective in reducing the seismic response and dissipating the input energy of the model structure.Finally, the design scheme and dynamic time‐history analyses of an existing engineering project are investigated to illustrate the application and advantages of the given method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic fragility assessment of concrete gravity dams
Authors: Tekie Paulos B. , Ellingwood Bruce R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMany concrete gravity dams have been in service for over 50 years, and over this period important advances in the methodologies for evaluation of natural phenomena hazards have caused the design‐basis events for these dams to be revised upwards. Older existing dams may fail to meet revised safety criteria and structural rehabilitation to meet such criteria may be costly and difficult. Fragility assessment provides a tool for rational safety evaluation of existing facilities and decision‐making by using a probabilistic framework to model sources of uncertainty that may impact dam performance. This paper presents a methodology for developing fragilities of concrete gravity dams to assess their performance against seismic hazards. The methodology is illustrated using the Bluestone Dam on the New River in West Virginia, which was designed in the late 1930s. The seismic fragility assessment indicated that sliding along the dam–foundation interface is likely if the dam were to be subjected to an earthquake with a magnitude of the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) specified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Moreover, there will likely be tensile cracking at the neck of the dam at this level of seismic excitation. However, loss of control of the reservoir is unlikely. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of predictors of non‐linear seismic demands using ‘fishbone’ models of SMRF buildings
Authors: Luco Nicolas , Mori Yasuhiro , Funahashi Yosuke , Allin Cornell C. , Nakashima Masayoshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPredictors (or estimates) of seismic structural demands that are less computationally time‐consuming than non‐linear dynamic analysis can be useful for structural performance assessment and for design. In this paper, we evaluate the bias and precision of predictors that make use of, at most, (i) elastic modal vibration properties of the given structure, (ii) the results of a non‐linear static pushover analysis of the structure, and (iii) elastic and inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom time‐history analyses for the specified ground motion record. The main predictor of interest is an extension of first‐mode elastic spectral acceleration that additionally takes into account both the second‐mode contribution to (elastic) structural response and the effects of inelasticity. This predictor is evaluated with respect to non‐linear dynamic analysis results for ‘fishbone’ models of steel moment‐resisting frame (SMRF) buildings. The relatively small number of degrees of freedom for each fishbone model allows us to consider several short‐to‐long period buildings and numerous near‐ and far‐field earthquake ground motions of interest in both Japan and the U.S. Before doing so, though, we verify that estimates of the bias and precision of the predictor obtained using fishbone models are effectively equivalent to those based on typical ‘full‐frame’ models of the same buildings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem‐based river basin management: its approach and policy‐level application
Authors: Nakamura Takehiro 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIntegrated Water Resources Management is an approach aimed at achieving sustainable development with a focus on water resources. This management concept is characterized by its catchment approach, inter‐sectoral and interdisciplinary approach and multiple management objectives. There is an effort to widen the management scope to include multiple resources and environmental considerations in the river basin management schemes. In order to achieve river basin management objectives and multiple global environmental benefits, an ecosystem approach to river basin management is promoted. The Ecosystem‐based River Basin Management aims to maximize and optimize the total value of the ecosystem functions relevant to classified ecosystems within a river basin by conserving and even enhancing these functions for the next generations. A procedure to incorporate such ecosystem functions into policy framework is presented in this paper. Based on this policy framework of the Ecosystem‐based River Basin Management, a case study is introduced to apply the concept to the Yangtze River basin. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) assessment report, this basin suffers from frequent floods of large magnitudes, which are due to the degradation of ecosystem functions in the basin. In this case, the government of the People's Republic of China introduced Ecosystem Function Conservation Areas to conserve ecosystem functions related to flood events and magnitude, such as soil conservation, agricultural practices and forestry, while producing economic benefits for the local population. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applicability of the World Commission on Dams' recommendations for public financial institutions: a case for Japanese yen loan assistance
Authors: Fujikura Ryo , Nakayama Mikiyasu , Mori Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe World Commission on Dams (WCD) published ‘Dams and Development’ as its only and final report in November 2000. Identifying ‘core values’ and ‘strategic priorities’, the report proposed ‘internationally acceptable criteria and standards’. Despite the fact that the WCD itself did not intend that the report be used as a blueprint, many non‐governmental organizations strongly support the report and the criteria and guidelines recommended in the report, and demand that they be adopted in their current form by funding organizations. The WCD criteria and guidelines were found to have several ‘methodological’ problems, and it appears impossible to apply the recommended criteria and guidelines as they stand. This study examines the applicability of the WCD criteria and guidelines for public financing institutes involved in overseas development assistance and proposes necessary measures to increase their applicability in order to realize core values and strategic priorities. The character of and relationships among key decision points, strategic priorities, criteria, and guidelines should be clarified. Then, this study examines the applicability of the WCD recommendations for Japanese public financial institutions, as Japan has nearly become the sole bilateral donor providing financial assistance (loans) for large dam construction projects. The public financial institution can only be mandated to check the legal status of the decisions made regarding Stages 1 and 2 which are the first two of the five successive stages from the planning to the operation of the dam project. Needs assessment and alternative selection are expected to be conducted at Stage 1 and 2 respectively. The Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), which deals with the Japanese concessional yen loan, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), which is in charge of technical assistance, are featured in this study. As for the Japanese concessional yen loan assistance, there are other inherent problems for adopting the recommendations. First, it is not clear which government agency officially and substantially carries the decision‐making responsibility. Second, JBIC may be involved only when Stage 2 has been completed, and it should be decided and clarified to what extent the Japanese government, as well as JIBC and JICA, should be involved in Stages 1 and 2 (2A: intensive studies on alternatives) of a project for which funding is requested. These issues need to be solved if the Japanese government wishes to adopt the recommendations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemistry of stream water in a snowy temperate catchment
Authors: Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe seasonal variation of the quality of stream water in a snowy temperate area, where rain or temporary warming can cause frequent melting at the surface of snow cover, even in mid‐winter, was studied. Monthly runoff is highest in the snowmelt seasons March and April, and lowest in November. Since floods in the rainy season or in the autumn rainy period take place irregularly, they contribute little to monthly runoff. In winter, as with the snowmelt season, the proportion of HCO3− in stream water is relatively low, while the proportions of Cl−, NO3− and SO42− are relatively high. In mid‐winter and during the snowmelt season, the amount of each ion clearly indicates that stream water quality is strongly influenced by snow meltwater. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.