bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Noll Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Money was close to the heart of all significant developments in the history of American Protestants between the War for Independence and the Civil War. It might, therefore, seem mysterious that there have been so few comprehensive efforts to explain connections between God and mammon in the United States’ early history, or that monographs in which money and Protestant religion factor large for particular localities and specialized themes have only recently begun to appear. Much of the mystery as to why the history of Protestant fiscal connections remains fragmentary, unsatisfactory, or unattended dissolves, however, when the different levels at which money entered into American Protestant history are considered. The main reason that scholarship falls so short of the reality is that the reality was extraordinarily complex. The big picture can be framed by two sets of general observations about the United States during tl1e early national and antebellum periods, the first by visitors from abroad, tl1e second by respected historians of our own time. Prominent among the features of American life that most impressed outsiders then and historians now were its feverish commercial activity and the vitality of its churches.
Charles Sellers, the Market Revolution, and the Shaping of Identity in Whig-Jacksonian America
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like a number of prominent historians before him, Charles Sellers waited until he had retired before publishing his magnum opus, a summation of the results of his lifetime of research and teaching. Such a work is The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-18461. When I read this book, two things struck me: First, the interpretive framework was much the same as I had heard it thirty years before as a graduate student listening to Professor Sellers’s lectures at the University of California; second, for some reason I likedthe old lectures better. Of course one couldn’t help wondering why: What was different? Fortunately, there was a published version of the lectures, so one did not have to rely simply on memory and old notes to make the comparison2. Thirty years ago, Sellers was arguing that the antebellum era had been characterized by the formation of a national market economy based primarily on commercial agriculture and that this national market economy constituted a transition between the colonial staple-exporting economy and the industrial economy of modern America. In the colonial economy, he pointed out, only those people who lived within easy access to water transportation had been able to market their crops,Tops, and the rest of the population had had to be economically self-sufficient, if not within their families, then within their local communities.
Charles Sellers’s “Antinomians” and “Arminians”: Methodists and the Market Revolution
Authors: Carwardine Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one can doubt the profound significance of the flowering of evangelical religion in the United States during the early national period, Intellectual and church historians have long regarded the waves of revival that made up the Second Great Awakening as expressing and accelerating a major ideological and theological reorientation, as well as demonstrating the American churches’ extraordinary practical energy and enterprise in the years following disestablishment1. More recently, exponents of the “new social history” have contributed a variety of painstaking and impressive local studies that have done much to anatomize the religious life of particular communities in the early Republic2. Even those who favor a primarily ideological explanation of the awakening see the value of pursuing the linkages between evangelical revivalist culture and an expanding market economy whose salient features included better communications, urban growth, incipient industrialization, increasing class tensions, changing gender roles, and a mobile population3.
Afterword
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has undertaken a historical inquiry into the attitudes of Christians toward money, looking specifically at Protestants in the antebellum United States. Despite its importance, there has been little written on the topic, even by professional historians of religion. The two most potentially embarrassing subjects to discuss are sex and money, and it has taken longer for historians of American religion to bring themselves to address the latter. The clergy know well that their congregations often show even more reluctance to hear about money from the pulpit than to hear about sex. Scholars seem to have shared some of this sensitivity. For them to raise the subject of money in the context of religious history, they evidently feared, would betray a cynical, debunking attitude, perhaps even a vulgar, Marxist ideology. The work Mark Noll has collected here should demonstrate, however, that the subject can be addressed in a constructive and objective manner.
Introduction: The Tocqueville Debate—What’s at Stake?
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isn’t it ironic, Arthur M. Schlesinger once noted, that “a country famed for being individualistic should provide the world’s greatest example of joiners?” Indeed, Americans formed and joined thousands of voluntary organizations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, thus creating a landscape of social and economic associations without precedent on our shores and, I cautiously assert, without equal anywhere in the world. By 1944, however, when Schlesinger wrote his now-famous “Biography of a Nation of Joiners,” American associationalism was fast reaching its peak, initiating a long decline that numerous pundits and scholars have since come to lament as the end of an era of greatness in American history.1
Competitive Consumerism: Commercial Insurance, Ethnic Assimilation, and the Decline of American Fraternalism
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late twentieth-century American associationalism is only a ghost of its former self. Americans are still among the most religious people in the developed world, but the size and scope of American voluntarism has changed enormously over the past 100 years.1 Union participation in the United States is abysmally low, for example; and except for religious affiliations, Canadians, Norwegians, Swedes, and Dutch all report participation rates in voluntary organizations as high or higher than those of Americans.2 Those that do participate are increasingly satisfied with “checkbook voluntarism,” or the vicarious pursuit of social endeavor through third-party advocacy organizations furthermore.3 According to political scientist Robert Putnam, America’s declining rates of voluntary participation may actually be linked to a host of social ills, from voter apathy to crime, unhappiness, and poor health.4
Decision Analysis
Authors: Goldie Suej. , Corso Phaedra S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of decision analysis and its use as an analytic tool to inform difficult public health decisions. There are particular circumstances in which decision analysis is likely to be most useful, and such circumstances often characterize the decision making necessary in the field of public health. Decision- analytic methods may be applied to a wide range of problems from clinical decisions facing an individual to public health decisions that will affect a population. The aim of decision science is to develop and apply systematic and logical frameworks for decision making. Its defining characteristic is a focus on the outcomes of decisions, including characterization of the uncertainty about these outcomes that exists when decisions are made. In this discipline, consequences may be broadly defined, ranging from clinical and public health benefits (e.g., a clinical decision analysis or a prevention-effectiveness analysis) to both clinical benefits and economic consequences (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-benefit analyses).
Tibetan Buddhist Perspectives on Asceticism
Authors: Thurman Robert A F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is missing here and should be included with mention of the athlete is mention of the warrior. It seems evident that an important source of asceticism is warrior training, as the life-and-death context of battle is what makes the heroic self-overcomings involved in asceticism realistic. Spiritual asceticism definitionally or essentially must be understood in parallel and contrast with military asceticism, tracing this polarity all the way back into the archaic to the complementary and yet rival figures of shaman and war chief.
Athanasius of Alexandria and the Ascetic Movement of His Time
Authors: Kannengiesser Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Athanasius of Alexandria, the most famous church leader in the Roman empire of the fourth century CE, is also the first authority in the Christian church who recognized the importance of monasticism for the Christian way of life.1 In a public statement issued by the Alexandria clergy only eight years after the event, we learn that Athanasius was elected the bishop of Alexandria through a local procedure that included public acclamation.
Disciple of the Ch’eng Brothers
Authors: Selover Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your servant humbly states that the Tao of Confucius was transmitted to Tseng Tzu, Tseng Tzu transmitted to Tzu-ssu, and Tzu-ssu transmitted to Mencius. After Mencius there was no transmission. Coming to our dynasty, Ch’eng Hao and Ch’eng I of the western [capital] Loyang transmitted his (or: their) Tao more than a thousand years afterwards. Those engaged in learning shouldered satchels and hiked up their garments [in hurrying] to personally receive their instruction, spreading it to the four directions. Some in secret and some openly-none can exhaust the record. Their major disciples were: Hsieh Liang-tso, Yang Shih, and Yu Tso ... [Hsieh] Liang-tso, as a worthy, personally transmitted the Tao learning (Tao-hsüeh). None in the world could match him.1
White Collar
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In print for fifty years, White Collar by C. Wright Mills is considered a standard on the subject of the new middle class in twentieth-century America. This landmark volume demonstrates how the conditions and styles of middle class life--originating from elements of both the newer lower and upper classes—represent modern society as a whole. By examining white-collar life, Mills aimed to learn something about what was becoming more typically “American” than the once-famous Western frontier character. He painted a picture instead of a society that had evolved into a business-based milieu, viewing America instead as a great salesroom, an enormous file, and a new universe of management. Russell Jacoby, author of The End of Utopia and The Last Intellectuals, contributes a new Afterword to this edition, in which he reflects on the impact White Collar had at its original publication and considers what it means to our society today. “A book that persons of every level of the white collar pyramid should read and ponder. It will alert them to their condition for their better salvation.”-Horace M. Kaellen, The New York Times (on the first edition)
The Rhetoric of Competition
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an economic fact, the old independent entrepreneur lives on a small island in a big new world; yet, as an ideological figment and a political force he has persisted as if he inhabited an entire continent. He has become the man through whom the ideology of utopian capitalism is still attractively presented to many of our contemporaries. Over the last hundred years, the United States has been transformed from a nation of small capitalists into a nation of hired employees; but the ideology suitable for the nation of small capitalists persists, as if that small-propertied world were still a going concern. It has become the grab-bag of defenders and apologists, and so little is it challenged that in the minds of many it seems the very latest model of reality. Nostalgia for the rural world of the small entrepreneur now so effectively hides the mechanics of industry that the farmer, the custodian of national life, is able to pursue his cash interests to the point of defying the head of the government in time of war. And while the small urban entrepreneur, as an example of the competitive way, suffers exhaustion, the officials of American opinion find more and more reason to proclaim his virtues. We realize .. .’ Senator James Murray has said, ‘that small business constitutes the very essence of free enterprise and that its preservation is fundamental to the American idea.’ The logic of the small entrepreneurs is not the logic of our time; yet if the old middle classes have been transformed.
Old Professions and New Skills
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE professional strata are the seat of such intellectual powers as are used for income in the United States. In and around these occupations, which require specialized, systematic, and often lengthy training, the highest skills of the arts and sciences are socially organized and applied. They most clearly exemplify the rationalist ethos that has been held to be the characteristic mark and the essential glory of western civilization itself. So any changes in their social basis and composition would, in one way or another, be reflected in western society’s level of technique, art, and intellectual sensibility. In no sphere of twentieth-century society has the shift from the old to the :new middle-class condition been so apparent, and its ramification so wide and deep, as in the. professions. Most professionals are now salaried employees; much professional work has become divided and standardized and fitted into the new hierarchical organizations of educated skill and service; intensive and narrow specialization has replaced self-cultivation and wide knowledge; assistants and sub-professionals perform routine, although often intricate, tasks, while successful professional men become more and more the managerial type. So decisive have such shifts been, in some areas, that it is as if rationality itself had been expropriated from the individual and been located, as a new form of brain power, in the ingenious bureaucracy itself.
Work
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work may be a mere source of livelihood, or the most significant part of one’s inner life; it may be experienced as expiation, or as exuberant expression of self; as bounden duty, or as the development of man’s universal nature. Neither love nor hatred of work is inherent in man, or inherent in any given line of work. For work has no intrinsic meaning. No adequate history of the meanings of work has been written. One can, however, trace the influences. of various philosophies of work, which have filtered down to modern workers and which deeply modify their work as well as their leisure. While the modern white-collar worker has no articulate philosophy of work, his feelings about it and his experiences of it influence his satisfactions and frustrations, the whole tone of his life. Whatever the effects of his work, known to him or not, they are the net result of the work as an activity, plus the meanings he brings to it, plus the views that others hold of it.
On Evil
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that evil is such, for the following reasons: Every created thing is an entity. But evil is something created, as Is. 45:6–7 says: “I am the Lord, who causes peace and creates evil.” Therefore, evil is an entity. Contrary things are things in nature, since we posit them in the same genus. But evil is contrary to good, as Sir. 33:15 says: “Evil is opposed to good.” Therefore, evil is an entity. People have said that evil, considered abstractly, is a privation rather than a contrary, while an evil, considered concretely, is a contrary and an entity. But nothing is contrary to something else in what it has in common with the other. For example, black is not contrary to white insofar as both have color. And evil, in what underlies it, is like good. Therefore, evil is not contrary to good by reason of what evil and good have in common but by reason of the very aspect that is evil.
Understanding and Learning from Behavioral Finance
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While traditional finance is based on rational economic behavior of investors, behavioral finance claims that investors do not always behave rationally. This “irrational” behavior causes prices to move in anomalous patterns that cannot be explained by traditional finance theory but can be explained by behavioral finance. To be sure, traditional finance does allow some investors to behave irrationally, but those investors lose and are quickly driven out of the market by smart investors. Behavioral finance, on the other hand, believes that smart investors do not necessarily have the resources to dominate other investors. For example, limits of arbitrage (see Chapter 1) point to the limited nature of arbitrage activity, which may cause irrational investors to persist and may allow them to influence prices in a significant manner.
Whether or not the assumptions of behavioral finance are realistic, there are investors who suffer from behavioral biases. To earn optimal returns, investors should try to avoid those biases.
The Politics of Magic: Orson Welles ’s Allegories of Anti-Fascism
Authors: Denning Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rhetoric OF Fascism and anti-fascism runs throughout Welles ‘s career. “Our Julius Caesar gives a picture of the same kind of hysteria that exists in certain dictator-ruled countries of today,” a Mercury press release asserted of the 1937 modern-dress production. The most famous scene in the Mercury Julius Caesar was the killing of Cinna the poet (played by Norman Lloyd) by the mob. One critic wrote that it was “a scene which for pure power and sinister meaning has never been surpassed in the American theatre”; “not even the Group Theater in all their frenzy against dictators,” another wrote, “ever devised a more thrilling scene than that in which the poet, Cinna, is swallowed up by an angry mob.” “It ‘s the same mob,” Welles told the New York Times, “that hangs and burns Negroes in the South, the same mob that maltreats the Jews in Germany. It ‘s the Nazi mob anywhere.” When Welles went to Hollywood two years later, his first project, the unfinished film of Heart of Darkness, was, in his own Citizen Kane enjoyed a spectacular critical reception. American novelist John O ‘Hara, writing for Time magazine, said quite simply that it was the best motion picture he had ever seen. ‘ Other serious reviewers in this country didn ‘t debate whether or not it was unusually good, but whether or not it was a great, even revolutionary, achievement. Meanwhile, Kane was the subject of considerable controversy in Hollywood; it was nominated for nine Academy Awards but received only one, for best original screenplay by Herman Mankiewicz and Orson Welles, who were booed by detractors at the award ceremony.
Energy Transfer By Waves
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wave-particle duality of matter from quantum mechanics implies that energy carriers have both wave and particle characteristics. One way to think about this duality is that material waves are granular rather than continuous. For example, a phonon wave at frequency v contains a discrete number of identical waves, each having an energy h v. A fundamental property of waves is their phase information. A coherent wave has a fixed relationship between two points in space or at two different times. Due to the fixed phase relationship, the superposition of waves from the same source creates interference and diffraction phenomena that are familiar in optics. The wave characteristics of matter (electrons, phonons, and photons) are important for transport processes at interfaces and in nanostructures. We have seen in previous chapters that the size effects on energy quantization can be considered as a result of the formation of standing waves. In this chapter, we will discuss the reflection of waves at a single interface, and interference and tunneling phenomena in thin films and multilayers. We will make parallel presentations for three major energy carriers: electrons, photons, and phonons. We have discussed rather extensively in chapters 2 and 3 the electron waves based on the Schrodinger equation. Optical wave effects are readily observable and can be understood from classical electrodynamics based on the Maxwell equations, which will be reviewed in this chapter. For phonons, we will adapt a continuum approach based on the acoustic waves, rather than on the discrete lattice dynamics method we used in chapter 3. The acoustic-wave-based approach allows us to treat phonons in parallel with electrons and photons.
Particle Description Of Transport Processes: Classical Laws
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discussed in the previous chapter when we can ignore the coherence effects and treat heat carriers as individual particles without considering their phase information. In the next few chapters, we will describe how to deal with energy transfer under the particle picture. Most constitutive equations for macroscale transport processes, such as the Fourier law and the Newton shear stress laws, are obtained under such particle pictures. These equations are often formulated as laws summarized from experiments. In this chapter, we will see that most of the classical laws governing transport processes can be derived from a few fundamental principles. In chapter 4, we studied systems at equilibrium and developed the equilibrium distribution functions (Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein, and Boltzmann distributions). The distribution function for a quantum state at equilibrium is a function of the energy of the quantum state, the system temperature, and the chemical potential. When the system is not at equilibrium, these distribution functions are no longer applicable. Ideally, we would like to trace the trajectory of all the particles in the system, as in the molecular dynamics approach that we will discuss in chapter 10. This approach, however, is not realistic for most systems, because they have a large number of atoms or molecules. Thus, we resort to a statistical description of the particle trajectory. In the statistical description we use nonequilibrium distribution functions, which depend not only on the energy and temperature of the system but also on positions and other variables. We will develop in this chapter the governing equations for the nonequilibrium distribution functions. In particular, we will rely on the Boltzmann equation, also called the Boltzmann transport equation. From the Boltzmann equation we will derive familiar constitutive equations such as the Fourier law, the Newton shear stress law, and the Ohm law.
Politics
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, right at the heart of Africa, lives a pygmy people called the Mbuti. They move about the forest in small groups of several families, gathering honey and hunting antelope, and sometimes joining together with other groups for a communal hunt. The Mbuti think of themselves as belonging to bands that are defined by the territories in which they were born. But they do not necessarily live with the band to which they “belong,” and they move freely, when they marry, to live with other small groups of families. The Mbuti have religious and moral ideas, ideas about marriage and hunting, beliefs about the forest they live in and the other people—whether pygmies or not—who share the forest with them. They cooperate in hunting and in building the small houses they set up each time they settle for a period in a particular part of the forest.