bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Squatting is Still Legal, Necessary and Free”: A Brief Intervention in the Corporate City
Authors: Chatterton Paul 
Published: March 2003

Squatting is a solution to homelessness, empty properties and speculation. It provides homes for those who can’t get public housing and who can’t afford extortionate rents. Squatting creates space for much‐needed community projects. Squatting means taking control instead of being pushed around by bureaucrats and property owners. Squatting is still legal, necessary and free.(Advisory Service for Squatters 1996:1)What follows is an account of a brief intervention in the contemporary urban landscape in an English city, Newcastle upon Tyne. It is an account of a group of people who squatted a building as a response to the increasing dominance of corporate organisations and the declining accountability of local authorities in cities.
When Was Post‐Fordism? The Uneven Institution of New Work Practices in a Multinational
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A 
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the lineage of flexible or post‐Fordist work practices. It traces the introduction and diffusion of new work practices within a major multinational enterprise (MNE), Eaton Corporation. The case study illustrates an important discontinuity in the way in which, in the US, the company abandoned its older established production locations in order to introduce its new work practices and philosophy. However, it also illustrates some of the continuities apparent across continents within the corporation’s workplace restructuring from the 1960s through the 1980s. In the absence of significant union responses, the paper highlights the temporally and geographically uneven effects of a unified corporate strategy to introduce a new workplace philosophy and practices, highlighting the need for sensitivity to national and subnational contexts.The word “restructuring” is cold and abstract and perhaps fails to convey the explosive change which has been taking place in Eaton. (Eaton Corporation 1983:2)
Breaking the Convention: Researching the “Illegal” Migration of Refugees to Europe
Authors: Black Richard 
Published: March 2003

The study of refugees by geographers and other social scientists is, almost by definition, framed around a series of legal categories, which provide us with more or less neat categories of types of involuntary migrants. Yet the process of migration emerges in relation to legal categories and is not simply dictated by them. Thus, as legislation on migration in general and the interpretation of the 1951 Geneva Convention in particular have become more restrictive, patterns of migration have increasingly emerged that manipulate, circumvent or simply break existing legislation.This paper examines the responses by researchers in geography and related disciplines to asylum–seeking and other forms of migration that are increasingly categorised as “illegal” as a result of recent European policy developments. Specifically, the potential for participatory and/or emancipatory research in such circumstances is explored, through comparative analysis of the ethical issues involved in radical research on a range of “trafficking” scenarios. The interaction of such research with public policy–making is also examined.
Producer services and growth management of a metropolitan region: the case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Sirat Morshidi 
Published: March 2003

Producer services growth can change the character of a metropolitan region. Achieving that outcome may require the intervention of government, which is not necessarily a simple process as it creates tension between regulatory and developmental roles for government.This paper will address three interrelated issues in connection with the above‐mentioned core idea in the context of the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: first, the extent to which the evolution of the Malaysian economy has been felt in the growth of the service sector; second, the way that evolution has led to change in the sectoral and spatial character of Kuala Lumpur; third, government’s responses in terms of spatial planning and management in order to accommodate producer services growth.The experience of the Kuala Lumpur region shows how global market forces and national development policies that influence producer service location and growth can reshape the spatial arrangement of a metropolitan region. Managing the growth of producer services calls for new approaches to manage metropolitan change. An ‘enabling’ model is proposed to replace the present ‘policing’ model of spatial planning.
The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Yih‐Chyi 
Published: March 2003

The use of Taiwanese industrial data to investigate two potentially important roles of human capital on long‐run economic growth (i.e. factor accumulation and technology progress), we find that human capital accounts for 46% of output growth in aggregate manufacturing industry and from 23 to 84% in two‐digit industries. Significant knowledge spillover effects were found within Taiwan's manufacturing sector. For aggregate manufacturing, a roughly 29% of total rate of return to education gives a private return of 7% while the external knowledge spillover effect is 22%. For the two‐digit industries, the inter‐industry effect of education measures two to three times its intra‐industry effect. Contrary to the Lau‐Young proposition, we find that technology change in terms of knowledge spillover contributes 39% to the output growth of Taiwan's aggregate manufacturing and from 12 to 42% to that of the two‐digit industries. Our results also suggest that, in the presence of externalities, growth accounting based on macro data may be misleading in interpreting the sources of growth.In addition, the case study of Taiwan suggests that opening trade broadens opportunities, and hence increases the return on human‐capital investment. However, our estimation results also suggest that in terms of capturing the growth benefits from trade, threshold levels of human capital exist in most industries.
Patients' Receipt and Understanding of Written Information about a Resucitation Policy
Authors: Taylor E. M. , Parker S. , Ramsay M. P. 
Published: March 2003

Aims: To assess patient receipt of written information. To ensure patients understand the written information about a resuscitation policy and to determine whether they disapproved of or had concerns about the policy.Methods: All admissions to four wards of the hospital were approached for an interview. A set questionnaire was asked by one of 2 interviewers.Results: 72% of 572 admissions were interviewed. Refusal accounted for only 2 of the people not interviewed. 11% were unable to advocate for themselves by reason of mental incompetence, inability to communicate or impairment secondary to their illness.Of the 401 interviewed only 49% recalled receiving the patient information booklet. Few patients (17%) recalled reading the information in the patient information booklet. They were all then given the paragraph about the hospital’s resuscitation policy. 352 were asked their understanding and only 61% demonstrated that they understood the paragraph. 91% of all 401 patients approved of the hospital having the option of DNR orders. 31% of people however had concerns related to DNR orders. These are discussed.Conclusions: Many acutely unwell patients are unable to advocate for themselves. Written information is a poor method of communicating with patients. There was limited receipt of the information and many misunderstood the paragraph about the hospitals resuscitation policy. There was a wide range of patient thoughts and concerns expressed.
Hope and Deception
Authors: Ruddick William 
Published: March 2003

Convinced of hope’s therapeutic benefits, physicians routinely support patients’ false hopes, often with family collusion and vague, euphemistic diagnoses and prognoses, if not overt lies. Bioethicists charge them with paternalistic violations of Patient Autonomy.There are, I think, too many morally significant exceptions to accept the physician’s rationales or the bioethicist’s criticisms, stated sweepingly. Physicians need to take account of the harms caused by loss of hopes, especially false hopes due to deception, as well, as of the harms of successfully maintained deceptive hopes. As for autonomy, hopes – even if based on deception – can protect and enhance autonomy, understood broadly as the capacity to lead a chosen or embraced life.Deception aside, patients’ hopes often rest on beliefs about possible rather than probable outcomes – beliefs themselves supported by optimism, ‘denial’, or self‐deception. Such ‘possibility‐hopes’ may conflict with physicians’ often more fact‐sensitive ‘probability‐hopes.’ To resolve such conflicts physicians may try to ‘down‐shift’ patients’ or parents’ hopes to lesser, more realistic hopes. Alternatively, physicians may alter or enlarge their own professional hopes to include the ‘vital hopes’ that define the lives of patients or parents, as well as ‘survival hopes’ needed to face and bear the loss of loved ones, especially children.A principle of Hope‐giving might help guide such sympathetic hope‐accommodations. More generally, it would give Hope a distinct place among Beneficence, Autonomy, and the other moral factors already high‐lighted by canonical principles of Medical Ethics. To formulate such a principle, however, we will need a collective Project Hope to pursue deeper philosophical and psychological studies.
Abortion and Neonaticide: Ethics, Practice and Policy in Four Nations
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: March 2003

Abortion, particularly late‐term abortion, and neonaticide, selective non‐treatment of newborns, are feasible management strategies for fetuses or newborns diagnosed with severe abnormalities. However, policy varies considerably among developed nations. This article examines abortion and neonatal policy in four nations: Israel, the US, the UK and Denmark. In Israel, late‐term abortion is permitted while non‐treatment of newborns is prohibited. In the US, on the other hand, late‐term abortion is severely restricted, while treatment to newborns may be withdrawn. Policy in the UK and Denmark bridges some of these gaps with liberal abortion and neonatal policy.Disparate policy within and between nations creates practical and ethical difficulties. Practice diverges from policy as many practitioners find it difficult to adhere to official policy. Ethically, it is difficult to entirely justify perinatal policy in these nations. In each nation, there are elements of ethically sound policy, while other aspects cannot be defended. Ethical policy hinges on two underlying normative issues: the question of fetal/newborn status and the morality of killing and letting die. While each issue has been the subject of extensive debate, there are firm ethical norms that should serve as the basis for coherent and consistent perinatal policy. These include 1) a grant of full moral and legal status to the newborn but only partial moral and legal status to the late‐term fetus 2) a general prohibition against feticide unless to save the life of the mother or prevent the birth of a fetus facing certain death or severe pain and suffering and 3) a general endorsement of neonaticide subject to a parent's assessment of the newborn's interest broadly defined to consider physical harm as well as social, psychological and or financial harm to related third parties. Policies in each of the nations surveyed diverging from these norms should be the subject of public discourse and, where possible, legislative reform.
Research Section: A study of the attitudes of primary school teachers in Harare towards the inclusion of blind children in regular classes
Authors: Mushoriwa Taruvinga 
Published: March 2003

This article presents the results of a study of the attitudes of primary school teachers in Harare, Zimbabwe, towards the inclusion of blind children in regular classes. The ultimate aim was to assess the acceptability of moves towards inclusive education in mainstream Zimbabwean schools. The study was conducted from May to June 2000.The sample of teachers involved in this study (N=400) ranged over a wide area of Harare. The result can be considered to be representative of the views and feelings of primary school teachers in Harare towards including blind children in regular classes.Overall, the study established that the majority of teachers have a negative attitude towards the inclusion of blind children in regular classes and that male and female teachers were equally rejecting of the idea. Taruvinga Mushoriwa, of the Department of Education Foundations at the University of Zimbabwe, reports these results and goes on to consider the impact of the inclusion debate in developing countries. It is difficult to promote inclusive practices in situations where mainstream classes are large and resources, including aids, equipment and support staff, are rare.
Focus on Practice: Educational placements and National Curriculum Key Stage 2 test outcomes of children with a history of specific language impairment
Authors: Conti‐Ramsden Gina , Knox Emma , Botting Nicola , Simkin Zoë 
Published: March 2003

As part of their longitudinal investigations of a large cohort with a history of specific language impairment (SLI), Professor Gina Conti‐Ramsden and her research team based at the School of Education, University of Manchester, Dr Emma Knox, Dr Nicola Botting and Dr Zoë Simkin report on the changing educational placements and National Curriculum assessment outcomes of 200 children at 11 years. Teacher questionnaires reporting on the Year 6 primary education placements of the sample reveal details about the long‐term educational needs of children with SLI.Furthermore, in exploring the experiences of the sample in the National Curriculum Key Stage 2 tests the present study found that children with SLI perform poorly relative to national expectations of levels of achievement across all tests. At present there are no guidelines for supporting children with SLI in relation to National Curriculum tests and the present data suggests there is an obvious need for these to be developed.
Tutor training: a systematic investigation of tutor requirements and an evaluation of a training
Authors: Sandberg Jacobijn , Christoph Noor , Emans Bruno 
Published: March 2003

In this article we describe a systematic training for flight instructors who are about to be engaged as a tutor in a distance learning course on the Internet. The Lilienthal project develops a Distance Learning Platform, which consists of course material for the Private Pilot Licence.First we established the requirements that flight instructors need to become distance tutors. Requirements are for example (electronic) communication skills and information storage and retrieval skills. Then the requirements were linked to specific training methods. In a two‐day training seminar these requirements were trained. The description and the evaluation results of the seminar are described in this article. Conclusions that can be drawn from this seminar are that it is worthwhile to set up training for distance tutors. Both knowledge and motivation of the teachers increases, and more important: confidence in teaching via the Internet. But besides the many benefits, also some difficulties have to be overcome.
Strategic Investment Decision Processes and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Papadakis Vassilis M 
Published: March 2003

The central question that this paper aims to answer is whether there is a relationship between organizational performance and the characteristics of strategic investment decision (SID) processes. To do so, it adopts an empirically derived nine‐dimensional framework for classifying SID processes and employs a set of objective and perceptual measures of performance.The empirical results stemming from the process‐performance relationship, suggest that higher performance is strongly related to more rational decision‐making processes (DMPs); more financial reporting activities; broader participation both in terms of departments and in terms of hierarchical levels. Furthermore, our data suggest that long‐term performance appears to be more strongly related to SID processes than short‐term performance and the ‘structural’ characteristics of the DMPs (i.e. rationality, financial reporting) are mainly related to long‐term objective performance, while such ‘behavioural’ characteristics of the DMPs, as problem‐solving dissension, reveal some interesting associations with short‐term performance. In light of these findings, implications for theory and future research are advanced
A content analysis of codes of ethics from fifty‐seven national accounting organisations
Authors: Farrell Brian , Cobbin Deirdre 
Published: March 2003

The paper identifies in the literature two categories of codes of ethics, inspirational and prescriptive, and introduces new classification categories of allodial and decretal. The first classification is based on the identity of the ethics decision‐maker – the authors or the addressees of codes. The second classification is based on whether operational definitions are applied by the codes. Such concrete definitions may be in the rules themselves, in related documents or be known from shared knowledge. The second classification has importance if national associations of accountants use codes as a means for assurance of specific outcomes of defined ethical behaviours.For the study, a survey of 57 codes of ethics issued by national associations of professional accountants was undertaken to determine the basic features of codes and to analyse their content. The areas of ethical concern in national associations were identified and compared to the IFAC model code for professional accountants. The paper reports that national organisations of accountants have promulgated decretal codes in 96% of cases examined. As these codes contain operational definitions, their outcomes can be scientifically measured and sanctions for breaches fairly and reasonably imposed.
When Half a Word Is Enough: Infants Can Recognize Spoken Words Using Partial Phonetic Information
Authors: Fernald Anne , Swingley Daniel , Pinto John P. 
Published: March 2003

Adults process speech incrementally, rapidly identifying spoken words on the basis of initial phonetic information sufficient to distinguish them from alternatives. In this study, infants in the second year also made use of word‐initial information to understand fluent speech. The time course of comprehension was examined by tracking infants' eye movements as they looked at pictures in response to familiar spoken words, presented both as whole words in intact form and as partial words in which only the first 300 ms of the word was heard. In Experiment 1, 21‐month‐old infants (N=32) recognized partial words as quickly and reliably as they recognized whole words; in Experiment 2, these findings were replicated with 18‐month‐old infants (N=32). Combining the data from both experiments, efficiency in spoken word recognition was examined in relation to level of lexical development. Infants with more than 100 words in their productive vocabulary were more accurate in identifying familiar words than were infants with less than 60 words. Grouped by response speed, infants with faster mean reaction times were more accurate in word recognition and also had larger productive vocabularies than infants with slower response latencies. These results show that infants in the second year are capable of incremental speech processing even before entering the vocabulary spurt, and that lexical growth is associated with increased speed and efficiency in understanding spoken language.
An Inexpensive BRDF Model for Physically‐based Rendering
Authors: Schlick Christophe 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A new BRDF model is presented which can be viewed as an kind of intermediary model between empirism and theory. Main results of physics are observed (energy conservation, reciprocity rule, microfacet theory) and numerous phenomena involved in light reflection are accounted for, in a physically plausible way (incoherent and coherent reflection, spectrum modifications, anisotropy, self‐shadowing, multiple surface and subsurface reflection, differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous materials). The model has been especially intended for computer graphics applications and therefore includes two main features: simplicity (a small number of intuitively understandable parameters controls the model) and efficiency (the formulation provides adequation to Monte‐Carlo rendering techniques and/or hardware implementations).
Interactive Occlusion and Automatic Object Placement for Augmented Reality
Authors: Breen David E. , Whitaker Ross T. , Rose Eric , Tuceryan Mihran 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present several techniques for producing two visual and modeling effects in augmented reality. The first effect involves interactively calculating the occlusions between real and virtual objects. The second effect utilizes a collision detection algorithm to automatically move dynamic virtual objects until they come in contact with static real objects in augmented reality. All of the techniques utilize calibrated data derived from images of a real‐world environment.
Real‐time Volumetric Deformable Models for Surgery Simulation using Finite Elements and Condensation
Authors: Bro‐Nielsen Morten , Cotin Stephane 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper discusses the application of 3D solid volumetric Finite Element models to surgery simulation. In particular it introduces three new ideas for solving the problem of achieving real‐time performance for these models. The simulation system we have developed is described and we demonstrate real‐time deformation using the methods developed in the paper.
Full‐range approximation of triangulated polyhedra.
Authors: Ronfard Rémi , Rossignac Jarek 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe propose a new algorithm for automatically computing approximations of a given polyhedral object at different levels of details. The application for this algorithm is the display of very complex scenes. where many objects are seen with a range of varying levels of detail. Our approach is similar to the region‐merging method used for image segmentation. We iteratively collapse edges, based on a measure of the geometric deviation from the initial shape. When edges are merged in the right order, this strategy produces a continuum of valid approximations of the original object, which can be used for faster rendering at vastly different scales.