bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate environmental reporting: what's in a metric?
Authors: Scott Marshall R. , Brown Darrell 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough there has been increased attention to corporate environmental reports (CERs), there has yet to be a close examination of the metrics used in these reports. Metrics do not address the content of CERs, but, perhaps more importantly, metrics provide the means for conveying the content. In this paper, we analyze metrics used in 79 corporations' recent CER reports. We define and use an 'environmental sustainability' lens, and apply two environmental metrics taxonomies to CER metrics. We also consider the implications of key internal and external firm factors on CER metrics. Our findings suggest that (i) firms' compliance with ISO 14001 increases the presence of future oriented metrics, (ii) a majority of CER content uses lagging metrics with descriptive and operational performance information, (iii) larger firms are more likely than smaller firms to use future oriented metrics and (iv) there are noticeable differences across countries/regions in terms of CER metrics. Several important issues seem evident from the study. First, the metrics most commonly used in CERs provide little information about future performance. Second, the majority of metrics describe operations performance rather than environmental impact. Third, even though the sample was chosen based on a priori indicators of corporate environmental awareness, only about half of the companies sampled had a CER available. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
D‐Tyrosine as a Chiral Precusor to Potent Inhibitors of Human Nonpancreatic Secretory Phospholipase A2 (IIa) with Antiinflammatory Activity
Authors: Hansford Karl A. , Reid Robert C. , Clark Chris I. , Tyndall Joel D. A. , Whitehouse Michael W. , Guthrie Tom , McGeary Ross P. , Schafer Karl , Martin Jennifer L. , Fairlie David P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFew reported inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A2 enzymes truly inhibit the IIa human isoform (hnpsPLA2‐IIa) noncovalently at submicromolar concentrations. Herein, the simple chiral precursor D‐tyrosine was derivatised to give a series of potent new inhibitors of hnpsPLA2‐IIa. A 2.2‐Å crystal structure shows an inhibitor bound in the active site of the enzyme, chelated to a Ca2+ ion through carboxylate and amide oxygen atoms, H‐bonded through an amide NH group to His48, with multiple hydrophobic contacts and a T‐shaped aromatic‐group–His6 interaction. Antiinflammatory activity is also demonstrated for two compounds administered orally to rats.
Effect of Organic Additives on Electrochemical Surface Precipitation and Polymorphism of CaCO3
Authors: Granit N.F. , Korin E. , Bettelheim A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe inhibition effect of three organic additives on the precipitation and polymorphism of CaCO3 deposited on gold surfaces was investigated using electrochemical and microscopic techniques. Additives, two polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymers with different molecular weights (Mw 2100, Mw 30,000), and 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), were either added to the solution before or during deposition. In the presence of 100 ppm of one of the three additives in solution, almost no scale was observed on the surface for at least 24 hours. In the presence of lower concentrations of PAA Mw 2100, only distorted calcite crystals were obtained while with PAA Mw 30,000 the polymorph was spherical vaterite. A mixture of calcite and vaterite was observed with the BTCA additive. Addition of the polymers inhibits further nucleation and growth even if added after partial deposition of CaCO3 while BTCA has no effect once nucleation has started. The results indicate that the inhibit
ion effect of the PAA polymers is due to adsorption on the electrode surface while the effect of BTCA is related to chelation of calcium ions in solution.
COVPROC method: strategy in modeling dynamic systems
Authors: Reinikainen Satu‐Pia , Höskuldsson Agnar 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA new procedure to select subsets in sequential dynamic systems is presented. Subsets of variables and samples to be included in a PLS model are considered. The approach is a combination of PLS analysis and standard regression methods. It is based on the H‐principle of mathematical modeling, and therefore the aim is to balance improvement in fit and precision. One of the main aspects in the subset selection procedure is to keep the score space as large and as sensible as possible to gain a stable model. The procedure is described mathematically and demonstrated for a dynamic industrial case. The method is simple to apply and the motivation of the procedure is obvious for industrial applications. It can be used e.g. when modeling on‐line systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low molecular weight inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases can enhance the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (gelatinase A) without inhibiting its activation
Authors: Kerkvliet Erika H. M. , Jansen Ineke D. C. , Schoenmaker Ton A. M. , Docherty Andy J. P. , Beertsen Wollter , Everts Vincent 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the current study, the authors investigated the effects of synthetic low molecular weight inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on the expression and activation of MMP‐2 in a three‐dimensional tissue system.METHODSRabbit periosteal explants were cultured with or without various concentrations of the MMP inhibitors CT1166, CT1399, or CT1746, and conditioned media and tissue extracts were analyzed for the expression and activity of MMP‐2.RESULTSThe data showed that blocking the activity of all MMPs with relatively high inhibitor concentrations completely prevented the conversion of pro‐MMP‐2 into its active form and that the level of protein was decreased. Selective inhibition of the activity of gelatinases (MMP‐2 and MMP‐9) by using low inhibitor concentrations, however, induced a higher level of active MMP‐2 and increased its expression significantly.CONCLUSIONSThe current observations indicate that selective inhibitors of MMPs affect the expression and activity of MMP‐2, thus providing clues regarding the differing effects such inhibitors appear to have when applied in vivo. Cancer 2003;97:1582–88. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11193
Tumor mitotic rate is a more powerful prognostic indicator than ulceration in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Azzola Manuela F. , Shaw Helen M. , Thompson John F. , Soong Seng‐jaw , Scolyer Richard A. , Watson Geoffrey F. , Colman Marjorie H. , Zhang Yuting 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study was performed to determine whether tumor mitotic rate (TMR) is a useful, independent prognostic factor in patients with localized cutaneous melanoma.METHODSFrom the Sydney Melanoma Unit database, 3661 patients with complete clinical information and details of primary tumor thickness, ulcerative state, and TMR were studied. TMR was expressed as mitoses per mm2in the dermal part of the tumor in which most mitoses were seen, as recommended in the 1982 revision of the 1972 Sydney classification of malignant melanoma. To determine which was the more prognostically useful method of grouping TMR, two separate methods (A and B) were used. Factors predicting melanoma‐specific survival were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.RESULTSPatients with a TMR of 0 mitoses/mm2had a significantly better survival than those with 1 mitosis/mm2(P< 0.0001) but no significant survival differences were recorded for the stepwise increases from 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, and 4–5/mm2. Tumor thickness, ulceration, and TMR were closely correlated, whether TMR was grouped using Method A (0, 1–4, 5–10, and ≥ 11 mitoses/mm2) or Method B (0–1, 2–4, and ≥ 5 mitoses/mm2). However, Cox regression analysis indicated that the TMR was a highly significant independent prognostic factor, particularly when grouped according to Method A, in which it was second only to tumor thickness as the most powerful predictor of survival (P< 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSTMR is an important independent predictor of survival for melanoma patients. If confirmed by studies from other centers, it has the potential to further improve the accuracy of melanoma staging, as well as to define more rigidly the risk categories for patients entering clinical trials. Cancer 2003;97:1488–98. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11196
Down‐regulation of fragile histidine triad expression in prostate carcinoma
Authors: Fouts Rebecca L. , Sandusky George E. , Zhang Shaobo , Eckert George J. , Koch Michael O. , Ulbright Thomas M. , Eble John N. , Cheng Liang 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that belongs to the histidine triad family of nucleoside binding proteins. The gene encompasses the common human chromosomal fragile site, the FRA3B locus at chromosome 3p14.2, and is expressed in most normal adult tissues and tumor cell lines. Numerous studies have indicated that the FHIT gene on chromosome 3p may play an important role in human neoplasia, although very few studies have investigated the FHIT gene in prostate carcinoma.METHODSUsing immunohistochemical analyses, the authors studied the expression of FHIT in prostate tumors from 84 radical prostatectomy specimens to determine whether there were any correlations between FHIT expression and various clinicopathologic characteristics.RESULTSThe percentages of cells stained with antibody to FHIT were significantly lower overall for tumor cells compared with normal cells (P = 0.0001). FHIT immunostaining intensity also was significantly lower for tumor cells compared with normal cells (P = 0.0001). A weak but statistically significant correlation (P = 0.045) was demonstrated with the presence of extraprostatic extension in the patient samples. No other significant correlation was seen between the percentage of cells stained for FHIT or FHIT immunostaining intensity and Gleason grade, tumor stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, surgical margins, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, or the presence of high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.CONCLUSIONSThe data presented indicate a down‐regulation of the FHIT tumor suppressor gene in prostate carcinoma and, thus, propose a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2003;97:1447–52. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11201
Heterogeneous expression of SNAP‐25 and synaptic vesicle proteins by central and peripheral inputs to sympathetic neurons
Authors: Gibbins Ian L. , Jobling Phillip , Teo Ee Hiok , Matthew Sue E. , Morris Judy L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNeurons in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia receive convergent synaptic inputs from peripheral enteric neurons in addition to inputs from spinal preganglionic neurons. Although all inputs are functionally cholinergic, inputs from these two sources have distinctive neurochemical and functional profiles. We used multiple‐labeling immunofluorescence, quantitative confocal microscopy, ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, and intracellular electrophysiologic recordings to examine whether populations of inputs to the guinea pig coeliac ganglion express different levels of synaptic proteins that could influence synaptic strength. Boutons of enteric intestinofugal inputs, identified by immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, showed considerable heterogeneity in their immunoreactivity to synaptosome‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), synapsin, synaptophysin, choline acetyltransferase, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Mean levels of immunoreactivity to these proteins were significantly lower in terminals of intestinofugal inputs compared with terminals of spinal preganglionic inputs. Nevertheless, many boutons with undetectable levels of SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity formed morphologically normal synapses with target neurons. Treatment with botulinum neurotoxin type A (20–50 nM for 2 hours in vitro) generated significant cleavage of SNAP‐25 and produced similar dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibitions of synaptic transmission from all classes of inputs, regardless of their mean level of SNAP‐25 expression. The simplest interpretation of these results is that only synaptic boutons with detectable levels of SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity contribute significantly to fast cholinergic transmission. Consequently, the low synaptic strength of intestinofugal inputs to final motor neurons in sympathetic pathways may be due in part to the low proportion of their boutons that express SNAP‐25 and other synaptic proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:25–43, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemically distinct classes of myenteric neurons express the μ‐opioid receptor in the guinea pig ileum
Authors: Ho Anthony , Lievore Annarita , Patierno Simona , Kohlmeier Sean E. , Tonini Marcello , Sternini Catia 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe μ‐opioid receptor (μOR), which mediates many of the opioid effects in the nervous system, is expressed by enteric neurons. The aims of this study were to determine whether 1) different classes of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig ileum contain μOR immunoreactivity by using double‐ and triple‐labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, 2) μOR immunoreactivity is localized to enteric neurons immunoreactive for the endogenous opioid enkephalin, and 3) μOR immunoreactivity is localized to interstitial cells of Cajal visualized by c‐kit. In the myenteric plexus, 50% of μOR‐immunoreactive neurons contained choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, whereas about 43% of ChAT‐immunoreactive neurons were μOR immunoreactive. Approximately 46% of μOR myenteric neurons were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and about 31% were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). μOR immunoreactivity was found in about 68% of VIP‐containing neurons and 60% of NOS‐immunoreactive neurons. Triple labeling showed that about 32% of μOR neurons contained VIP and ChAT immunoreactivities. The endogenous opioid enkephalin (ENK) was observed in about 30% of μOR neurons; conversely, 48% of ENK neurons contained μOR immunoreactivity. μOR was not detected in neurons containing calbindin, nor in interstitial cells of Cajal. μOR‐immunoreactive fibers formed a dense network around interstitial cells of Cajal in the deep muscular plexus. This study demonstrates that μOR is expressed by neurochemically distinct classes of myenteric neurons that are likely to differ functionally, is colocalized with the endogenous opioid ENK, and is not expressed by interstitial cells of Cajal. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:404–411, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A current‐mode 1kHz/10kHz low‐voltage integrated analogue PLL for lock‐in portable applications
Authors: Ferri Giuseppe , Massa Ernesto 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a low‐supply voltage (2V) low‐power consumption (500W) analogue phase‐locked loop (PLL), working at two low frequencies (1 and 10kHz), to be used in an integrated lock‐in amplifier. An externally settable control bit allows the switching operation between the two different frequencies. The circuit has been designed in a standard 0.6–m CMOS technology and differs from the standard analogue PLL architectures for the current mode implementation of both the loop filter and of the oscillator. Three different locked waveforms (sinusoidal, triangular, squared) can be obtained at the PLL output. Simulation results, obtained through the use of PSPICE and using accurate transistor models, will be proposed. The pull‐in ranges are about ±250Hz around 1 and ±1.3kHz around 10kHz, with pull‐in times of about 10 and 4ms, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of human papillomavirus in sanitary napkins: A new paradigm in cervical cancer screening
Authors: Tong Tommy R. , Chan Olivia W.H. , Chow Tat‐Chong , Yu Vivian , Leung Kai‐Man , To Shui‐Him 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHuman papillomavirus was successfully detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in menstrual blood or vaginal discharge collected in sanitary napkins in 100% of 17 women having koilocytosis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, or squamous carcinoma. We advocate this form of cervical cancer screening because of its high sensitivity and acceptance by patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:140–141. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of transgenic chickens expressing bacterial β‐galactosidase
Authors: Mozdziak P.E. , Borwornpinyo S. , McCoy D.W. , Petitte J.N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractReplication‐defective retroviral vectors are efficient vehicles for the delivery of exogenous genes, and they may be used in the generation of transgenic animals. The replication‐defective retroviral SNTZ vector carrying the lacZ gene with a nuclear localized signal was injected into the subgerminal cavity of freshly laid eggs. Subsequently, the eggs were allowed to hatch, and the chickens were screened for the lacZ gene by using the polymerase chain reaction. Eight of 15 male chickens that survived to sexual maturity contained the lacZ gene in their semen. Subsequently, these males were mated with wild‐type female chickens. From one of the eight lacZ‐positive G0 males, two lacZ‐positive male chickens were produced from a total of 224 G1 progeny for a germline transmission rate of 0.89%. Both G1 male chickens carrying the lacZ gene were mated with wild‐type female chickens and 46.5% of the G2 progeny contained the lacZ gene, which is consistent with the expected Mendelian 50% ratio for a heterozygous dominant allele. The product of the lacZ gene, nuclear localized β‐galactosidase, was expressed in primary myoblast cultures derived from G2 chickens, and it was also expressed in whole G2 chicken embryos. Developmental Dynamics, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of retinal cell fates is affected in the absence of extraocular striated muscles
Authors: Kablar Boris 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNeural retinas of genetically modified mouse embryos and fetuses entirely lacking extraocular striated muscles (designated as Myf5‐/‐:MyoD‐/‐ or amyogenic) are used to study in vivo the role of extraocular muscle (i.e., fetal ocular movements) in the genesis of retinal cell diversity. Although retinal lamination and the total number of cells per retinal layer appeared unaffected in amyogenic fetuses, electron microscopy and histochemistry revealed the absence of cholinergic amacrine cell type. By contrast, the amounts of other amacrine cell subpopulations (calretinin‐, tyrosine hydroxylase‐, and parvalbumin‐expressing) were increased, whereas the amounts of Islet1/2‐expressing retinal ganglion cells were decreased. Surprisingly, it was not possible to detect any change in proliferation or cell death. Consistently, the number of progenitors for retinal ganglion cells (nestin‐expressing precursors) were increased, whereas the amounts of precursors for amacrine cells (syntaxin‐ and VC1.1‐expressing precursors) were decreased in the mutant retinas. The difference in requirements for extraocular muscle support in regulation of precise ratios of retinal neuronal cell types suggests an essential role of extrinsic cues in the determination of retinal cell fates. Taken together, it appears that patterning mechanisms intrinsic to the neural retina specify the basic organization of retinal spatial organization (e.g., retinal layers and total number of cells). However, extrinsic cues seem to change intrinsic properties (e.g., competence) of retinal progenitor cells and influence the ratios of the differentiated cell types (i.e., cell fate choice) they produce. Developmental Dynamics 226:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preoccupation, food, and failure: An investigation of cognitive performance deficits in dieters
Authors: Jones Nicola , Rogers Peter J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveThis study tested two explanations of the cognitive performance deficits of dieters. First, these deficits are due to the metabolic consequences of food deprivation. Second, they are psychological in origin (i.e., preoccupation with dieting‐related thoughts during dieting depletes the cognitive resources available for nondieting tasks).MethodDieters and nondieters performed a battery of cognitive tasks before and after consumption of a high‐energy chocolate bar. Eating the chocolate bar was expected to reverse the effects of food deprivation but, as a “diet‐threatening” food, it could increase dieting‐related preoccupation.Results and ConclusionsThe results supported the latter prediction. Performance on a memory task was further impaired, rather than improved, after food consumption in dieters. In addition, dieters experienced a significant increase in the number of food and dieting‐related thoughts. Some dieters attributed their poorer performance to distraction by these thoughts. Marked individual differences in thought content accounted for some of the variability in the effects on performance. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 185–192, 2003.
Eating behaviors and attitudes in women with infertility: A controlled study
Authors: Fassino Secondo , Garzaro Lorenzo , Pierò Andrea , Daga Giovanni Abbate , Bulik Cynthia 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveInfertility arises from a complex pathogenic process in which it is often difficult to identify etiology. Psychological and behavioral factors may play a role in some cases of infertility. The extent to which eating behaviors and attitudes contribute to infertility is unknown.MethodIn this study, 120 subjects with infertility, 80 fertile women, and 90 patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, restricting subtype (AN‐R), were assessed with the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI‐2).ResultsThe EDI‐2 highlights differences among patients with AN‐R and fertile and infertile subjects. Infertile patients had higher scores on the Interpersonal Distrust, Interoceptive Awareness, and Maturity Fears EDI‐2 subscales than fertile subjects. Logistic regression identifies the independent variables of interpersonal distrust, interoceptive awareness, maturity fears, and asceticism as predictors of infertility.DiscussionInfertile patients without eating disorders share some psychological features of women with AN. These features do not include disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors, but rather feelings of inadequacy, insecurity, and maturity fears. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 178–184, 2003.
Perfect linear phase IIR filter with flat passband amplitude and equiripple stopband attenuation characteristics
Authors: Tamura Keimei , Matsumura Shuitsu , Kato Kyoko , Takebe Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIt is known that several techniques for real‐time implementation of perfect linear phase IIR filters have been developed, achieving higher computational efficiency than conventional FIR filters with similar performance. This paper presents new methods for designing transfer function of perfect linear phase IIR filters with flat passband and equiripple stopband amplitude characteristics. The proposed methods are based on the formulation of an eigenvalue problem for low‐pass filters and a set of linear equations for bandpass filters. In wide‐band, narrow transition cases, a bump in amplitude may appear near the band edge. However, it can be removed by specifying amplitude to unity at several frequencies. The methods are computationally efficient. Design examples of low‐pass and bandpass filters are shown. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(7): 15–29, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10071