bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissents and Other Separate Opinions
Authors: Kelemen Katalin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Disagreement among judges has always existed, even though not all courts have been allowed to reveal it. Disagreements between the members of a judicial panel regarding the resolution of a case is referred to as dissent. Such disagreements may be reflected in one or more separate opinions written by the members who remain in the minority with their views. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the phenomenon of judicial dissent, outlines the existing literature, and highlights areas and questions that require further research. To this end, the chapter first offers a definition of the terminology and then addresses the primary methodological challenges. Subsequently, it examines the main research questions that have captivated scholars studying judicial dissent. In legal research, separate opinions can be in and of themselves the object of research aiming to analyse court practice, and for researchers who study any legal problem, they may serve as a useful source of arguments and possible solutions. The primary research question regarding the practice of judicial dissent is the extent to which judges are influenced by their own political views when making decisions. Finally, the chapter takes a comparative approach, presenting several studies conducted in relation to various jurisdictions, to shed light on dissent and other separate opinions.
The Theology of Classical Jewish Law
Authors: Lifshitz Berachyahu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the theological aspects of Classical Jewish Law, focusing on the Written Torah (WT) and the Oral Torah (OT). The WT, Pentateuch, was initially transmitted orally and later written down. In contrast, the definition and content of the OT are less clear. This chapter explores different aspects of the OT, including the prohibition of writing it down andits role as an interpretative background for the WT and as an expression of rabbinic. The chapter delves into the historical origins of the OT, which emerged as a rabbinic response to challenges regarding their authority to interpret the WT. The theological tensions surrounding the divine revelation, prophecy, and the authority to interpret the WT are also explored. The Sages’ claim that the OT was given simultaneously with the WT at Sinai is presented, along with the notion that the OT was gradually revealed through prophets and sages over time. The debate surrounding the need for a hidden and revealed Torah is discussed, along with the Sages’ defense against external and internal criticisms. The chapter concludes by highlighting the Geonim and Maimonides’ differing views on the extent of the OT’s transmission from Sinai and its role in Jewish law. This study sheds light on the theology and authority underlying Classical Jewish Law, contributing to a deeper understanding of the Written and Oral Torahs’ interplay in Jewish tradition.
Talmud Torah
Authors: Hoffmann Libson Ayelet 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the tension between theoretical study and practical law within the Jewish legal tradition. From the earliest sources in the rabbinic period, Torah was regarded not only as a guide to practical law but rather as a formative document attesting to the relationship between God and his people. As such, Torah was understood as a system of law not only to be performed but also to be intensively studied. Indeed, study, or Talmud Torah, came to be viewed as a value of paramount significance, independent of the resulting performance of the commandments. Over time, Talmud Torah was directed not only toward the application of law but rather also toward understanding the law in its own right through theoretical and even hypothetical study of non-applied law. This tension between functional regulation and theoretical analysis of the law produced varying modes of study among Jewish scholars, who were divided between those who sought out the practical application of the law and those who pursued the scholarly quest of study for its own sake.
From Berlin to New York
Authors: MacGregor Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Now widely acknowledged, although still casting shadows, the most pernicious myth to plague the historiography of Kurt Weill is the idea that in Germany and in American exile he was in effect two entirely different composers. The years he spent in Paris (1933–1935) between Berlin and New York put pressure on the geographically determinist “two Weills” construct. Tracing Weill’s esthetic philosophy over that period, and spotlighting the transatlantic reception of his Fantaisie Symphonique (1932–1934) this chapter considers how the middlebrow, a critical apparatus becoming increasingly robust in music studies, might illuminate the geopolitical and assimilationist discourses buried within this historiographical rift. A symphonic work from a composer known for his popular theater music catalyzed middlebrow anxieties about modernism, mass publics, class, and commercialism. To close, I suggest Weill’s historiography prompts more searching questions about the relationship between exile, immigrant narratives, and international mobility in theories of middlebrow culture.
Borges and the Crucible of Aesthetic Autonomy in Latin America
Authors: Hoyos Héctor 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the conflicted relationship of the region’s writers with the author’s political legacy during the Cold War and its aftermath. Taking exception from readings that cast Borges as either class enemy or role model, it examines the ways in which Borges does not so much weigh in favor or against the autonomy of art in Latin America but serves as a lightning rod for its debate across several nations and epochs. The backbone of the contribution is a discussion of the essayistic views of Roberto Fernández Retamar in “Calibán” (1971) and the turn of the twenty-first-century reappropriations of the trope of infamy in Roberto Bolaño and his contemporaries. Topics include a historicization of the leftist animus against Borges, an appraisal of his role brokering ideas of Latin American cosmopolitanism, and a study of his oeuvre’s generative power.
Borges’s Lectures
Authors: Blanco Mariela 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Borges’s lecturing work between 1949 and 1955, focusing on his travels to the interior of Argentina and to the Uruguayan capital of Montevideo. First are described the personal obstacles that Borges had to face to take on this new challenge, based on information recovered from biographies and testimonies. Then, the political context is analyzed with respect to how Perón’s rise to power played a decisive role in Borges’s career change. Finally, the chapter reviews the numbers that reveal a significant change in his income and how those figures impacted his subjectivity. Borges’s name is thus included among the great orators of Argentine literature, while at the same time scholars can reflect on the magnitude and the particularities of this orality as it related to the rest of his literary production with the goal of attaining a more nuanced vision of his complete works.
Changes in the Living Standards of Transition Economies and Determinants of Poverty
Authors: Kumo Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Research on the increase in poverty in the transitional economies affected by the collapse of socialism began soon after the transition to capitalism began. However, the nature of the poverty in the former Soviet Union and in Central and Eastern Europe differs; two phases have been observed: a phase of increasing and stabilizing poverty in the 1990s and a phase of declining poverty in the 2000s. Previous studies took into account the possibility that the impact of household size, education level, and urban domicile, factors that are employed in traditional poverty research, may affect poverty in the target regions. The results generally supported this hypothesis. In the 1990s, there was no difference between urban populations and rural populations in probability of falling into poverty. After 2000, however, urban domicile became a significant factor in reducing the probability of falling into poverty. Differences were also observed between the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe in the factors affecting the poverty situation. This chapter identifies differences in the transformation of poverty dynamics between the 1990s and the 2000s and between the former Soviet Union and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe by applying a meta-analysis. Furthermore, the trend change in poverty dynamics between the 1990s and the 2000s, which showed that residence matters, as seen here can be regarded as indicating steady progress in “transition.”
Illiberalism and Conservatism
Authors: Fawcett Edmund 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Must conservatives be illiberal? If they must, can liberal democracies be conservative and stay healthy? As a retreat from liberal democracy, illiberalism may disavow liberalism, democracy, or both. Disavowal can be a rejection (by countries never liberal or democratic), a deflection (by countries aiming to become liberal democracies), or a defection (from the liberal-democratic core). The focus here is on right-wing or conservative defection—the two labels, for reasons explained, being used interchangeably. Intellectually, defections involve original conservative objections to liberalism and present-day criticism of liberal thought; politically, they reflect popular discontents with actual liberal democracy. Defection has undermined the liberal center right and strengthened an illiberal hard right. Fresh as it seems, their contest is endemic to conservatism and unlikely to bring final victory for either. Conservatives are often, but need not be, illiberal. Liberal democracies can stay healthy only if conservatives are liberal, not if they are illiberal.
Illiberalism of Their Own Making?
Authors: Lottholz Philipp 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Illiberalism research has helped unpack the exclusion and violence wrought by regressive regimes across the world, but faces contradictions regarding the liberal-democratic ideal against which illiberal politics are analyzed and regarding its theoretical and historical grounding. This chapter elaborates these lines of critique and indicates how a post-liberal framework can better capture and reconcile the complexity of globally entangled political rule. It starts by engaging with recent illiberalism research, pointing to the risk of overlooking regressive and violent forms of ordering in liberal-democratic countries. The next section unpacks these coercive, identitarian, and authoritarian workings of post-World War II liberal democracy, complicating the prevalent narrative that illiberal politics are merely aberrations of otherwise liberal-democratic systems. The fourth section engages with the imperial and (de-)colonial critique of liberal democracy that reveal the racialized nature of the current capitalist order. The conclusion offers reflections on dialogue and analysis needed to consolidate these perspectives.
Green, Red
Authors: Bahl Aditya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a little-known archive of small and underground magazines that were published in Punjab during the late 1960s and early 1970s. During this period, Punjab’s agrarian society was radically transformed by successive confrontations between Indo-Soviet diplomacy, the US-funded Green Revolution, and the Mao-inspired Naxalite insurgency. While tracking the international flows of the US-sponsored agrarian technology and the Soviet-sponsored literary circuits, this chapter narrates how a young generation of jujharvadi writers inaugurated a homespun cultural revolution in the rural periphery of Punjab. Many of these magazines were outlawed and destroyed by the police. Reassembling the surviving fragments, this chapter presents an archive that is at once hyper-peripheral and hyper-international, hyper-medieval and hyper-modern. Offering a new periodization of postcolonial Punjabi literature, it theorizes how Cold War geopolitics mediate the interlinked frames of regional, national, and world literature.
‘I Can’t Breathe’
Authors: Pita Loor Karen J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys law enforcement’s response to protests on the streets of Minneapolis in the aftermath of the police murder of George Floyd in 2020. It demonstrates the expansive tools and discretion available to law enforcement officials in the United States and how they are used to respond violently to city residents and racial justice activists and thereby stop their protest activity in its tracks. Considering this example, this chapter argues for the need to rein in police powers, particularly in the context of protests where excessive use of force and arrest powers infringe not only upon an individual’s bodily integrity, but also upon their expressive freedom.
Italian Republicanism
Authors: Zanetti Gianfrancesco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The tradition of classic Italian republicanism is not described in this chapter by conjuring up any graspable set of shared and organic doctrines but by pointing out some salient main themes that play a role in republican authors. These themes include the care for the common good, some kind of rule of law as a way to secure self-government from aspiring tyrants, a civic virtue that takes pride in its own political independence. Part of this complexity has to do with the possible performative value of some republican texts. Italian republicanism was not the deliberate brainchild of a cluster of well-known political thinkers; it was more the result of the contingent actions of a host of Italian political figures. Finally, it is precisely this loose doctrinal structure that makes it possible to draw a comparison between classic Italian republicanism and Risorgimento republicanism.
The Business of Transnational Justice
Authors: Payne Leigh A. , Pereira Gabriel , Bernal-Bermúdez Laura 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Scholars and practitioners have referred to corporate accountability as the missing piece of the transitional justice puzzle. This chapter suggests that is not entirely the case. Truth commissions and human rights judicial processes have held economic actors accountable for complicity in violations during authoritarian rule and armed conflicts around the world. What is missing, however, is the visibility of these processes, an understanding of how they have occurred from below in the global south, and against the strong veto power by business. This chapter fills in that missing puzzle piece using analysis of an original Corporate Accountability and Transitional Justice (CATJ) data base. It uses the analogy of Archimedes’ Lever to reveal how weak actors (victims in the global south) with the right tool (institutional innovation in blending domestic and international human rights norms) can lift up the weight of corporate accountability, from under the powerful pressure from economic veto players, particularly in favorable political environments.
Myanmar
Authors: Crouch Melissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the structural characteristics of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar and demonstrates that the military is central to the constitutional order. It offers an overview of the major institutions of Myanmar’s constitutional system, beginning with the most important institution, the military, and then explaining the Basic Principles of the Constitution. The chapter explains the role of the legislature, the importance of political representation, and the centralization of power in the executive. It discusses how the peace process and formal constitutional amendment efforts failed to lead to substantive reform. The chapter concludes with a postscript on how the coup of 2021 has rendered the military’s 2008 Constitution meaningless.
Caste Among Muslims in North India and Pakistan
Authors: Levesque Julien 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
From colonial census administrators to social scientists, scholars have debated whether Muslims in the subcontinent can be said to have castes. In recent decades, the discussion also entered the political arena over the issue of reservations in India. In order to offer an overview of the debates concerning caste among Muslims, mainly in North India and Pakistan, this article first shows that colonial scholars and administrators tended to understand the phenomenon as the product of a history of conquest and miscegenation. I then turn to socio-anthropological debates of the second half of the twentieth century that opposed scholars on whether a caste system existed among Muslims. Finally, I explore how new legal conceptions of caste among Indian Muslims became a stepping stone for political mobilization from the 1990s.
Caste in Punjab
Authors: Jodhka Surinder S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the literature and imaginations of caste in India, Punjab has been an interesting kind of outlier. It has not been a land of Brahmanical Hinduism, a religion that supposedly sanctifies the practice of caste, the fountainhead of its ideology. However, like most other parts of India, caste remains quite central to the social, spatial, and political life of Punjab. The region has also been important in the modern or contemporary history of caste and caste-based identity politics and has witnessed some of the most influential Dalit mobilizations, which have been important markers in the history of Dalit politics, nationally and globally. Given its social and political history and religious demographics on the one hand and the reality of persistent hierarchies of caste on the other, the present-day Indian Punjab, which is the focus of this chapter, provides an interesting case that raises several compelling questions, which have important implications for the popular theoretical understanding of caste.
Caste, Ethnicity, and the State in Nepal
Authors: Gellner David N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Caste in Nepal works and has worked according to much the same principles as in India. The introduction of party politics and regular elections after 1990 has led to increasing politicization of ethnicity and caste that parallels north India in some respects. However, the fact that Nepal never experienced colonialism directly means that deep processes of social and cultural change did not happen until after 1951 or indeed much later. The much larger proportion of Janajatis (formerly known as ‘hill tribes’) in Nepal than in north India means that the Janajatis occupy the political space that would in India belong to OBCs. Since 1990, five major ‘macro-categories’ (new social identities with new names, clubbing together distinct castes and ethnic groups) have emerged: Janajati, Dalit, Madheshi, Khas-Arya, and Other.
Caste and Mobility
Authors: Vaid Divya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Social mobility, closely tied to notions of inequality, is the intra-generational (over a person’s life time) or inter-generational (from one generation to another) movement between strata. This chapter explores both these forms, but focuses on inter-generational movement: first, by covering studies that have discussed the social class mobility of entire castes or the possibility of such movement; and second, by summarising work on the social class mobility of individuals from different castes. It then briefly discusses the significance of space and spatial mobility that either constrains or boosts social mobility. The chapter ends by looking at the experiences, aspirations, and anxieties tied to social mobility.
Caste and Gender
Authors: Kumar Pushpesh 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Much before academic concerns, caste and women’s position in it emerged in India in the second half of the nineteenth century in anti-caste struggles. Phule, Periyar, Iyothee Thass, and Ambedkar, in their scathing attack on the privileged social order, imagined caste and gender discriminations as closely related phenomena. Until the 1980s, however, the feminist movements and kinship and gender literature in social anthropology failed to incorporate and foreground dalit women’s experiences in their concerns and analysis. The articulations of the complex and multiple marginalities of dalit women within Brahminical and dalit patriarchies and exploitative capitalist structures were made possible through the formation of dalit women’s organizations in the 1990s. The assertions of dalit women during the 1990s surfaced through their writings, including autobiographies, fictions, historical accounts, and poetry. Filled with the memorialization of the “untouchable” past, stigma, dispossession, back-breaking work, and violence, these literary sensibilities expose, satirize and critically reflect on upper caste customs as well as domination by their own (dalit) men. The concluding part of the chapter reflects on the issue of caste within sexuality movements in contemporary India.
GALAXY CRUISE: Spiral and ring classifications for bright galaxies at z = 0.01–0.3
Authors: Shimakawa Rhythm , Tanaka Masayuki , Ito Kei , Ando Makoto 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a morphology classification catalog of spiral and ring features of 59854 magnitude-limited galaxies (r &lt; 17.8 mag, and additional 628005 subsamples down to r = 20 mag) at z = 0.01–0.3 based on the Third Public Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. We employ two deep-learning classifiers to determine the spiral and ring structures separately based on GALAXY CRUISE Data Release 1, which is dedicated to Hyper Suprime-Cam data. The number of spiral and ring galaxies contain 31864 and 8808 sources, respectively, which constitute 53% and 15% of the sample. A notable result of this study is the construction of a large sample of ring galaxies utilizing high-quality imaging data delivered by the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam. However, the accurate identification of ring galaxies remains difficult at a limited seeing resolution. Additionally, we confirm that most spiral galaxies are located on the star-forming main sequence, whereas ring galaxies preferentially reside in the green valley at stellar masses of 1010.5–1011 solar mass. Furthermore, decreasing fractions of spiral and ring galaxies are observed toward the centers of the galaxy clusters. The obtained morphology catalog is publicly available on the GALAXY CRUISE website.