bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joanna Macy The Ecological Self
Authors: Edelglass William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a widely read article published in 1967, Lynn White, Jr. argued that how we conceive of nature and the place of humans in the environment will determine how we use natural resources and impact the world around us. According to White, the devaluation of nature and the pervasive anthropocentrism of Western philosophical and religious traditions were the root causes of the ecological crisis.He suggested that Buddhism was more suitable to an ecologically sustainable way of life because Buddhists conceive human beings to be wholly interdependent with the more-than-human world. In the last few decades, scholars have produced more nuanced views of the ecological theories and practices of both Asian and Western religious traditions. Still, Buddhist traditions have become fertile sources for many thinkers seeking to reconceive the human-nature relationship with the hope of providing a theoretical foundation for ecologically sustainable ways of being in the world.
Settlers and Squatters
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When William Penn died, none of his three sons with Hannah Callowhill Penn—John “the American,” Thomas, and Richard—had reached twenty-one, the age of inheritance. Hannah had been running Pennsylvania since her husband’s incapacitation in 1712, and she continued to do so until her death in 1726. She bequeathed half of Pennsylvania to John and a quarter each to Thomas and Richard. The inheritance, however, was contested. William Penn had an older son, almost twenty years John Penn’s senior, from his first marriage. William Penn Jr. received land in Ireland from his father’s will but nothing in Pennsylvania, which he believed was rightfully his. He disputed the inheritance until his death in 1720, and his son Springett continued the dispute until he died in 1731. Springett’s brother, William Penn III, then executed a release of his claims on Pennsylvania, and the case was finally resolved in favor of the Callowhill Penns.
Expansion
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most western settlers were farmers of one kind or another. On Lancaster Plain, German and English farmers cultivated grain and raised animals, initially for subsistence and eventually for the market. The more prosperous among them sometimes owned one or two slaves. Further west and north, where the hill-side soil was thinner, Ulster settlers cleared brush and forest to plant a few acres with oats and other grain and grow some beans, peas, or turnips to feed their families. They also grew hemp and flax, which women spun to make clothing. Once settled most families kept pigs, cattle, or sheep, which foraged in the woods. On substantial farms oxen were used for plowing and horses for human transportation. As the number of settlers grew, one farmer in a given area might set up a grist mill to grind his own and his neighbors’ wheat, corn, and rye into flour and meal. Another might set up a distillery to produce liquor from corn, barley, and rye for commercial use, though most farmers also kept their own personal stills.
Braddock’s Defeat
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1754, responding to the emerging imperial crisis in the Ohio country, the British appointed Edward Braddock as commander in chief in North America. A native of Scotland, Braddock was almost sixty years old at the time of his appointment and had been in the British Army for forty-five years. He arrived in Virginia in March 1755 with two Irish regiments and based them at Wills Creek, Maryland, where the land speculators who formed the Ohio Company had built a storage and supply depot. Braddock enlarged the fort and renamed it in honor of his patron, the Duke of Cumberland, a younger son of George II.
Negotiations
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1756 Pennsylvania’s lieutenant governor, Robert Morris, sent two messengers to the Wyoming Valley to see if Teedyuscung was interested in making a separate peace. The lieutenant governor and the Indian leader had a mutual interest in reaching a compromise: Morris’s incentive was to stop the attacks on Pennsylvania’s northern front, Teedyuscung’s to retain a permanent homeland in the Wyoming Valley. At the end of May the messengers returned to Philadelphia with word that the Delaware king “was willing to renew the Treaties of Friendship which William Penn had made with his Forefathers.” The Delaware leader “begged that what was past might be foregotten” and declared that he had “laid down the Hatchet, and would never make Use of it any more against the English.” Morris suggested that he and Teedyuscung meet so “that they might have an Opportunity of making these mutual Declarations at a publick Convention.” In the meantime Pennsylvania would observe a thirty-day ceasefire against the Wyoming Indians.1
Westward Journeys
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of March 1757 as many as 160 Indians gathered at Paxton to meet Sir William Johnson’s deputy, George Croghan. Each of the six Iroquois nations was represented. Among the Indians were thirty Conestoga men, women, and children—probably the entire remnant of their once proud nation. They were led by Sheehays, who, according to Benjamin Franklin, had “assisted” at the treaty his father Connoodaghtoh signed with William Penn in 1701. John Harris Jr. and the Rev. John Elder, the two most prominent residents of Paxton town, attended the meetings. So too did Colonel John Armstrong, the hero of Kittanning. On this occasion Elder and Armstrong must have encountered Sheehays and the Conestogas face to face.
Indian Uprising
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1762 Sir William Johnson came to Easton to preside over the fifth and last of the Indian conferences in that town. He was determined to settle forever the dispute over the Walking Purchase and to consign Teedyuscung to a position of permanent subordination under the Iroquois. He also wanted to silence Israel Pemberton Jr. No Iroquois representatives attended, but Johnson promoted their interests, and thereby his own. In Thomas Penn he had a new and previously unlikely ally. Penn had long undercut Johnson’s authority by seeking an independent alliance with the Iroquois and dealing unilaterally with the Delawares. But the two men shared a strong dislike of Teedyuscung and Pemberton and had a common antagonist in the Susquehannah Company of Connecticut. The outbreak of the French and Indian War had forced the Company to postpone its plan to colonize the Wyoming Valley, but in May 1762 the directors voted to send 100 men to the valley, where they established a settlement called Mill Creek, near Wyoming town. The Company’s claim threatened Penn’s political sovereignty and financial interests as well as Johnson’s carefully crafted system of Indian diplomacy.1
Rangers
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alarming rumors continued to circulate through the Susquehanna Valley in the summer of 1763. “Three Indians came down the River late last night with intelligence,” according to an unsigned letter from Paxton town on July 21. “They bring an Account of two Nations, the Senecas and Cayoways [Cayugas] declaring War against the English, and joining the Indians to Westward.” These western Senecas and Cayugas (Mingoes) had not actually declared war, but they were sufficiently anti-British to make the rumor plausible. Once the Indians had taken Fort Pitt, the letter continued, they intended to march in a force 900-strong to the west branch of the Susquehanna “and afterwards to march with that Body down the Country.”
The Declaration and Remonstrance
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Founded by German settlers invited to Pennsylvania by William Penn, Germantown was renowned for its weaving and its manufacture of stockings, shoes, and paper. According to a report received by Philadelphia’s Quaker Monthly Meeting, the number of Paxton Boys who entered Germantown did not exceed 300—far fewer than the 1,500 rumored to be marching from the frontier. Their arrival nonetheless caused a sensation. The town’s most distinguished resident, David Rittenhouse, described how “about fifty of the scoundrels marched by my work-shop—I have seen hundreds of Indians travelling the country, and can with truth affirm, that the behaviour of these fellows was ten times more savage and brutal than theirs.” The Paxton Boys, he claimed, paraded through the streets, “frightening women, by running the muzzles of their guns through windows, swearing and hallooing: attacking men with-out the least provocation; dragging them by their hair to the ground, and pretending to scalp them; shooting a number of dogs and fowls.”1
A Proper Spirit of Jealousy and Revenge
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Paxton Boys agreed to write down their grievances rather than proceed with their march on Philadelphia, daily life in the city returned to its normal busy but well-ordered state. Politically, however, all was in ferment; instead of a war of weapons, a war of words ensued. As the anonymous author of The Apology of the Paxton Volunteers put it, “Our late Conduct at the Conestogo Mannor & Lancaster has occasioned much Speculation, & a great Diversity of Sentiments in this & the neighbouring Governments; some vindicating & others condemning it; some charitably alleviating the Crime, & others maliciously painting it, in the most odious & detestable Colours.” The debate went far beyond the immediate issue of the Conestoga massacres to address the fundamental question of how Pennsylvania ought to be governed. Sixty-three pamphlets dealing with the Paxton affair, either exclusively or as part of a larger debate on government, were published in Philadelphia in 1764, along with ten political cartoons.1
Christian White Savages
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics of the Paxton Boys challenged all of the arguments advanced by their apologists. At the most basic level, Benjamin Franklin and his allies demanded concrete evidence supporting the contention that the Conestogas had been in league with enemy Indians. They countered the assertion that all Indians were the same by pointing to the profusion of different Indian nations in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. Skin color, they argued, was irrelevant in judging people’s character and allegiance. The true “savages” in this case were the Paxton Boys rather than their victims. The anti-Paxton authors lampooned the supposed bravery of the men who had slaughtered the Conestoga Indians, characterizing them as cowards, bigots, traitors, and zealots. And, neatly reversing the accusation that Quakers were unfit to govern, they identified a long Presbyterian tradition of subversion and fanaticism dating back to the English civil wars.
Killers
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Paxton affair social order on the Pennsylvania frontier disintegrated. With no effective means of law enforcement much of the frontier was ungovernable. Indian affairs were in disarray. The boundary line set by royal proclamation in 1763 had little effect in stemming the westward tide of migration and the seizure of Indian lands. The provincial government had lost control over the aggressive vanguard of Ulster settlers in the lower Susquehanna Valley. In the Assembly, leaders of the still dominant Quaker party insisted that the chaos on the frontier arose directly from John Penn’s failure to pursue the Paxton Boys. They had not been investigated, let alone arrested, tried, or punished; they were free, it seemed, to do as they pleased, and the lesson was not lost on other western settlers.
Mediating Change
Authors: Thompson Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even the most musically adept producers relied upon a group of music professionals to help prepare arrangements, coach musicians, and conduct ensembles. The music directors, arrangers, and conductors who acted as interpreters for producers had often prepared for their roles as musicians in sessions or as music copyists, playing, reading, and learning from others. The quickly changing tastes of pop music audiences in the early sixties challenged many producers whose musical predilections frequently resided in the big bands of the forties. Producers needed musicians who understood the new musical styles, who could translate the producers’ ideas, and who could communicate effectively with other musicians. A good music director needed the abilities (a) to think through the formal structure of a performance, (b) to recommend possible instrumentations,
Introduction: Plausible Fictions of the Real
Authors: Allred Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The varying focal lengths of Roosevelt’s lenses, so to speak, allow him to combine a masterful, continental vista in this passage with much more intimate looks: in a manner typical of the politics of the New Deal, the president figures both as a Prometheus capable of electrifying the Tennessee Valley and a trusted relative who soothes anxieties at fireside with commonsensical advice. He is also able to synthesize these disparate phenomena into a single matrix, such that his audience’s sentiments can cleave to the pathos of individual suffering as it is integrated into a broader social landscape of “millions” or, better, into a “nation” whose full integration awaits further state intervention. Finally, the magisterial survey of the realm implies a clear segmentation of the nation, such that two-thirds do the looking and one-third passively awaits this gaze. It is a small step from this implication to the next: the provision of the ill-housed, -fed, and -clad with the needs they never even have to voice, so powerful is the nation’s vision.
Charles d’Orleans (1394–1465)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am Forsaken
Care away, away, away, Murninge away!
I am forsake, another is take;
No more murne ich may. Ich: I
I am sory for her sake,
Ich may wel ete and drinke; When ich slepe ich may not wake,
So muche on her ich thinke.
I am brought in such a bale And brought in such a pine,
When ich rise up of my bed Me liste wel to dine.
I am brought in suche a pine, Y-brought in such a bale,
When ich have right good wine Me Liste drinke non ale.
William Dunbar (1460–1520)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Winter
Into thir dirk and drublie dayisdrublie: turbid
Quhone sabill all the hevin arrayis Quhone: when; sabill: black
With mystie vapouris, cluddis, and skyis, Nature all curage me denyis
Off sangis, ballattis, and of playis. sangis: songs; ballattis: ballads
Quhone that the nycht dois lenthin houris With wind, with haill, and havy schouris,
My dulé spreit dois lurk for schoir; My hairt for languor dois forloir
For laik of Symmer with his flouris.
I walk, I turne, sleip may I nocht; I vexit am with havie thocht,
This warld all ovir I cast about,
And ay the mair I am in dout mair: more
The mair that I remeid have socht.
I am assayit on everie syde: Dispair sayis, ‘Ay in tyme provyde
And get sum thing quharion to leif, Or with grit trouble and mischeif
Thow sall into this court abyd.’
Than Patience sayis, ‘Be not agast: Hald Hoip and Treuthe within the fast,
And lat Fortoun wirk furthe hir rage, Quhome that no rasoun may assuage
Quhill that hir glas be run and past.’
And Prudence in my eir sayis ay, ‘Quhy wald thow hald that will away?
Anonymous (published 1500)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Song of Ale
Back and side go bare, go bare, Both hand and foot go cold,
But belly, God send thee good ale enough Whether it be new or old!
But if that I may have truly Good ale my belly full,
I shall look like one, by sweet Saint John, Were shorn against the wool.
Though I go bare, take you no care, I am nothing a-cold,
I stuff my skin so full within Of jolly good ale and old.
I cannot eat but little meat, My stomach is not good;
But sure I think that I could drink With him that weareth an hood.
Drink is my life; although my wife Some time do chide and scold,
Yet spare I not to ply the pot Of jolly good ale and old.
I love no roast but a brown toast, Or a crab in the fire;
A little bread shall do me stead; Much bread I never desire.
Nor frost, nor snow, nor wind I trow, Can hurt me if it would,
I am so wrapped within and lapped With jolly good ale and old.
Sir Henry Wotton (1568–1639)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon the Death of Sir Albert Morton’s Wife
He first deceased; she for a little tried
To live without him, liked it not, and died.
A Hymn to My God in a Night of My Late Sickness
O thou great power, in whom I move, For whom I live, to whom I die, Behold me through thy beams of love, Whilst on this couch of tears I lie;
And cleanse my sordid soul within By thy Christ’s blood, the bath of sin.
No hallowed oils, no grains I need, No rags of saints, no purging fire, One rosy drop from David’s seed
Was worlds of seas, to quench thine ire. O precious ransom! which once paid, That Consummatum est was said:
And said by him that said no more, But sealed it with his sacred breath.
Thou then, that has dispunged my score, And dying, wast the death of death,
Be to me now, on thee I call,
My life, my strength, my joy, my all.
Sir John Davies (1569–1618)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affliction
If aught can teach us aught, Affliction’s looks, Making us look into ourselves so near,
Teach us to know ourselves beyond all books, Or all the learned schools that ever were.
This mistress lately plucked me by the ear,
And many a golden lesson hath me taught; Hath made my senses quick, and reason clear,
Reformed my will, and rectified my thought.
So do the winds and thunders cleanse the air; So working seas settle and purge the wine;
So lopped and pruned trees do flourish fair; So doth the fire the drossy gold refine.
Neither Minerva nor the learned Muse, Nor rules of art, nor precepts of the wise,
Could in my brain those beams of skill infuse, As but the glance of this dame’s angry eyes.
She within lists my ranging mind hath brought, That now beyond myself I list not go;
Myself am centre of my circling thought, Only myself I study, learn, and know.
I know my body’s of so frail a kind
As force without, fevers within, can kill; I know that heavenly nature of my mind,
But ‘tis corrupted both in wit and will;
I know my soul hath power to know all things, Yet is she blind and ignorant in all;
Robert Burton (1577–1640)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Author’s Abstract of Melancholy
When I go musing all alone
Thinking of divers things fore-known. When I build castles in the air,
Void of sorrow and void of fear, Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, Methinks the time runs very fleet.
All my joys to this are folly, Naught so sweet as melancholy.
When I lie waking all alone, Recounting what I have ill done, My thoughts on me then tyrannise, Fear and sorrow me surprise, Whether I tarry still or go,
Methinks the time moves very slow.
All my griefs to this are jolly, Naught so mad as melancholy.
When to myself I act and smile,
With pleasing thoughts the time beguile, By a brook side or wood so green, Unheard, unsought for, or unseen,
A thousand pleasures do me bless, And crown my soul with happiness.
All my joys besides are folly, None so sweet as melancholy.
When I lie, sit, or walk alone,
I sigh, I grieve, making great moan, In a dark grove, or irksome den, With discontents and Furies then, A thousand miseries at once
Mine heavy heart and soul ensconce, All my griefs to this are jolly,
None so sour as melancholy.
John Fletcher and/or Thomas Middleton (1579–1625; 1580–1627)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melancholy
Hence, all you vain delights, As short as are the nights Wherein you spend your folly!
There’s naught in this life sweet, If men were wise to see’t,
But only melancholy— O sweetest melancholy!
Welcome, folded arms and fixèd eyes, A sigh that piercing mortifies,
A look that ‘s fasten’d to the ground, A tongue chain’d up without a sound!
Fountain-heads and pathless groves, Places which pale passion loves!
Moonlight walks, when all the fowls Are warmly housed, save bats and owls!
A midnight bell, a parting groan— These are the sounds we feed upon:
Then stretch our bones in a still gloomy valley, Nothing ‘s so dainty sweet as lovely melancholy.
Robert Herrick (1591–1674)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mad Maid’s Song
GOOD-MORROW to the day so fair, Good-morning, sir, to you;
Good-morrow to mine own torn hair Bedabbled with the dew.
Good-morning to this primrose too, Good-morrow to each maid
That will with flowers the tomb bestrew Wherein my love is laid.
Ah! woe is me, woe, woe is me!
Alack and well-a-day!
For pity, sir, find out that bee Which bore my love away.
I’ll seek him in your bonnet brave, I’ll seek him in your eyes;
Nay, now I think they’ve made his grave I’ th’ bed of strawberries.
I’ll seek him there; I know ere this
The cold, cold earth doth shake him; But I will go, or send a kiss
By you, sir, to awake him.
Pray hurt him not; though he be dead, He knows well who do love him,
And who with green turfs rear his head, And who do rudely move him.
He’s soft and tender (pray take heed); With bands of cowslips bind him,
And bring him home—but ‘tis decreed That I shall never find him!
George Herbert (1593–1633)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affl iction (I)
WHEN first Thou didst entice to Thee my heart, I thought the service brave:
So many joys I writ down for my part, Besides what I might have
Out of my stock of naturall delights, Augmented with Thy gracious benefits.
I lookèd on Thy furniture so fine, And made it fine to me;
Thy glorious household stuff did me entwine, And ‘tice me unto Thee.
Such stars I counted mine: both heaven and earth Paid me my wages in a world of mirth.
What pleasures could I want, whose King I served, Where joys my fellows were?
Thus argued into hopes, my thoughts reserved No place for grief or fear;
Therefore my sudden soul caught at the place, And made her youth and fierceness seek Thy face:
At first thou gavest me milk and sweetnesses; I had my wish and way:
My days were strewed with flowers and happiness: There was no month but May.
But with my years sorrow did twist and grow, And made a party unawares for woe.
My flesh began unto my soul in pain, Sicknesses clave my bones, Consuming agues dwell in every vein,
And tune my breath to groans,
Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672)
Authors: Bauer Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon Some Distemper of the Body
In anguish of my heart replete with woes,
And wasting pains, which best my body knows, In tossing slumbers on my wakeful bed,
Bedrenched with tears that flowed from mournful head, Till nature had exhausted all her store,
Then eyes lay dry, disabled to weep more; And looking up unto his throne on high, Who sendeth help to those in misery;
He chased away those clouds and let me see My anchor cast i’ th’ vale with safety.
He eased my soul of woe, my flesh of pain, and brought me to the shore from troubled main.