bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clerical Abuse
Authors: Daly Mary E. , Pound Marcus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
From the 1990s onwards a series of child sexual, physical, and emotional abuse allegations and convictions involving male and female Catholic clergy and religious began to gain public attention in Britain, Ireland, and internationally. This chapter examines the role of the media, Church, and State responses, including the introduction and implementation of safeguarding measures, the relationships between civil law and canon law, and between the Vatican and national hierarchies. It explores the dynamics of abuse in both Catholic institutional settings as well as abuse by priests in the parish communities, and the impact of that abuse on survivors and the wider Catholic community. The concluding section reflects on how the deformation of Catholic practices has contributed to the perception of a ‘crisis’ of abuse within the Catholic Church, in Britain and Ireland, and globally.
The Travails of Contemporary Irish Catholicism from John Paul II to Pope Francis
Authors: Corráin Daithí Ó 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the recession of Irish Catholicism at an institutional and societal level. Two overarching questions are considered. The first assesses how the institutional Church responded to a rapidly changing Ireland between the papal visits of 1979 and 2018, how relations between Church and State altered, and how Church leadership has been perceived. The second examines the response of the institutional Church to the scandals of its past and to an evolving religious landscape. While the presence and influence of the institutional Church has inexorably declined and the number of practising believers has contracted, Irish Catholicism retains a public salience.
Architecture and Buildings
Authors: Jordan Kate 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the buildings constructed by and for Catholics between 1830 and 1914, examining the range of building types and architectural styles that facilitated and reflected the rapid expansion of the Church during this period. In looking beyond traditional architectural readings of the Catholic built environment, it draws from social and religious histories and also from fresh critical approaches to material and spatial culture. Questions of agency and authority are examined and particular attention is paid to women, who have frequently been overlooked as significant patrons, designers, and decorators of Catholic architecture. This inclusive narrative is presented through four key themes that aim to shed light on the diverse strands of Catholic culture: architectural revivals and innovations, adaptations and restorations; funding and patronage; and sacred interiors.
Priests and Parishes
Authors: Champ Judith 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The role and character of the Catholic priesthood in Britain and Ireland was transformed during the nineteenth century. Secular priests provided much of the leadership in parishes, but priests belonging to religious institutes also provided pastoral leadership and contributed to the revival of Catholic life. This chapter traces the emergence of a new type of Catholic priest by examining the priestly formation in the colleges for priest training reopened on the Continent after 1815 and new colleges established in England and Ireland. The rigorous culture of discipline injected into seminary formation shaped the character of the men ordained and priests went on to carve out a renewed ecclesial role which incorporated a distinctive professional identity, increasingly exercising local authority. Priests were pivotal in the campaign to instil in lay Catholics a disciplined regularity of religious practice, including Mass attendance and participation in the sacraments.
Education and Schooling
Authors: Whitehead Maurice , Raftery Deirdre , McDermid Jane 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter, divided into three sections, explores Catholic education as developed within the context of the distinctive national education legislation and cultural circumstances of England and Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Striking similarities existed: the poverty of the Catholic Church and of Catholics themselves, the tension between government funding of ‘secular’ education, the religious ethos which infused every aspect of Catholic education, and the influence of religious institutes in providing education. Distinctive national patterns too are evident. The hierarchy in England and Wales prioritized education over church-building, hoping for the inculcation of the faith alongside a material improvement of Catholic families. In Scotland, Catholic poverty was so dire that a Catholic-funded education was less readily available and, by necessity, Catholic involvement on school boards reflected a growing involvement in the wider public arena. The National System in Ireland was ‘de jure non-denominational and de facto denominational’.
Caritas
Authors: McCabe Ciarán 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The performance of Catholic caritas and philanthropy throughout Britain and Ireland not only reflected the growing institutional confidence of the Church but the space it was able to carve for itself within civic society, including receipt of public funding. This chapter examines the transformation of the Church’s corporate provision of formal welfare through the establishment of a wide array of institutions which became dominant in Ireland and, in Britain, represented a concerted effort to create a Catholic parallel infrastructure. In assessing the extent to which Catholic teaching on caritas and poverty was distinctive in this period, it sets out the centrality of female religious in providing temporal and spiritual support; explores the role of lay charitable societies in attending to the needs of the poor and marginalized; and indicates the impact of the social teaching encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891).
Devotional and Sacramental Cultures
Authors: Ryan Salvador 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines devotional and sacramental cultures in Britain and Ireland from c.1830 to c.1914. It begins with a survey of the historiography surrounding Emmet Larkin’s devotional revolution thesis of 1972, highlighting how recent scholarship has opened up hitherto overlooked avenues of enquiry. While today few would argue for a sudden devotional watershed moment in Ireland from 1850, this chapter demonstrates how developments in devotional practice in England, Scotland, and Wales show a mixture of continuity and change, in what has more recently been termed a process of ‘devotional blending’. Employing a wealth of sources—devotional literature, travellers’ accounts, diary entries, and folklore—the second part of the chapter explores the devotional worlds of Britain and Ireland from a ‘lived religion’ perspective. In doing so, it emphasizes how often devotional impetus comes ‘from below’ and problematizes the neat categories into which we sometimes place these developments over time.
The Blessed Virgin Mary
Authors: O’Brien Susan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the nineteenth century Marian devotions practised by Catholics in Britain and Ireland were renewed, expanded, and intensified as an integral dimension of the Catholic revival. The devotional arc of ‘the Marian century’ (1850–1950) may have had its peak in the 1950s but, as this chapter demonstrates, its characteristics and practices were fully established in the two islands before the start of the First World War. The chapter reflects on the significance of transnational Marian influences across the two islands, including papal teaching and the Lourdes apparition, while making the case for the Blessed Virgin’s role in Catholic identity formation in the specific ecclesial and historical contexts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The chapter explores its subject through four closely related themes: doctrine and history; communal Marian life in parish and school; pilgrimage and processions, including Knock and Walsingham; material culture and subjective meaning-making.
Music as Theology
Authors: Zon Bennett 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
When the early Church Fathers weaponized chant in their battle against the spiritual perils of pagan music, they used a theology describing Christ as the New Song, and the New Song as God Himself. As this chapter argues, by the nineteenth century that theology had barely changed—the British and Irish experience, a prime example. Drawing upon papal legislation, catechisms, musical apologetics, and a range of music, this chapter resembles the liturgical structure shaping the Church’s music—the two parts and five sections of the Tridentine Mass Ordinary. The first part (the Mass of the Catechumens) explores its three main musical genres—chant, polyphony, hymnody—in sections corresponding to the Kyrie, Gloria, and Credo. The second part (the Mass of the Faithful) investigates two performative genres—composing, and playing and singing—in the Sanctus and Agnus Dei, and the conclusion, the Ite Missa Est, offers brief speculations on the nineteenth-century legacy in the Church today.
Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Wolffe John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter moves beyond simplistic dismissal of anti-Catholicism as mere prejudice to explore its diverse dynamics. Following a review of the historiography, the subject is considered under three headings. First, religious factors, including the travails of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland, competition between priests and Protestants, and the prevalence of an eschatology that equated the papacy with the Babylon of the Apocalypse. Second, political anti-Catholicism was fuelled by the perceived unconstitutional extra-territorial associations of Catholics, especially at the time of the restoration of the hierarchy for England and Wales in 1850, in the aftermath of the 1870 Vatican Council, and in successive crises over Irish Home Rule. Finally, popular antagonisms were fuelled by Guy Fawkes Day traditions, the Orange Order, gendered and sexual concerns, and localized community rivalries. Catholic responses were correspondingly diverse. By the early twentieth century anti-Catholicism was becoming less intense and widespread but remained a significant presence.
Catholic Fiction
Authors: Murphy James H. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys popular fiction written about and by Catholics in England and Ireland when the consumption and production of fiction rose dramatically. It selects a range of novels to explore authorial preoccupations in relation to Catholicism. Setting fiction at the time of the early Church or of the Reformation and Elizabethan Settlement enabled English authors to explore the nature of English identity, Church doctrine, and the question of Catholic loyalty to Crown and State. Notably, preoccupations did not include the Irish Catholic migrants. Irish Catholic fiction of the same era sought to counter the ways that Catholics were perceived in Britain and to assert Catholic respectability. Novelists who wrote for the Irish diaspora, however, advocated a more vigorous Catholicism and by the early twentieth century this trend had influenced fiction in Ireland too. By this time Catholic novelists became more focused on Catholicism’s response to the modern world.
Experimentalist Governance
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
What does non-hierarchical governance mean? Under what conditions are actors likely to engage in it? Which trajectory best captures its long-term evolution? Through which mechanisms does it overcome gridlock? To respond to these questions at the heart of regulatory governance, the book develops an analytical framework that draws on contemporary debates but seeks to overcome their limitations. Notably, it offers a definition of non-hierarchical (experimentalist) governance that goes beyond institutional structures, focusing attention on actors’ choices and strategies. It shows that, contrary to expectations, functional, and political pressures were more influential than distributions of legal power, and bolstered one another. Strong functional demands and political opposition influence actors’ capacity of using powers which, de jure, might be concentrated in their own hands. Indeed, actors can use non-hierarchical governance to aid learning and mould political support. Conversely, they may override legal constraints and impose their views on others, insofar as they are equipped with confidence and powerful coalitions beforehand. The book also challenges conservative views that non-hierarchical governance is doomed to wither away, showing that, on the contrary, it is often resilient. Finally, the book shows that, far from being alternatives, positive (shadow-of-hierarchy) and negative (penalty-default) mechanisms to avoid gridlock frequently are complementary. The book examines when, how, and why non-hierarchical institutions affect policy processes and outcomes by analysing five crucial domains (electricity, gas, communications, finance, and pharmaceuticals) in the European Union. It combines temporal, cross-sectoral, and within-case comparisons with process-tracing to show the conditions, trajectories, and mechanisms of non-hierarchical governance.
‘Fortune, Success, Well-being, Victory!’
Authors: Narayanan Vasudha 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the theories proposed to explain the contested claims of how and why Indian culture became significant in South East Asia, especially Cambodia. Although Indian presence is dominant in several areas, including language and writing, deities, temple building, and names of places and kings, the Khmer people used their agency and power in picking and choosing those elements of Indian culture most relevant to them. Did the agency exercised by kings, their selective choice, and adaptation of philosophies and material culture also involve Hindus moving from India and settling in South East Asia? This chapter offers some perspectives on whether there was a ‘Hindu diaspora’ or sustained interaction and perhaps intermarriages between people coming from South East and South Asia. We also discuss origin stories, Angkor Wat, and other Viṣṇu monuments, to see if they offer clues about who was responsible for the creation of a Hindu ethos in the courts and in the temples.
Hindu Diaspora in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific)
Authors: Booth Alison , Bhalchandra Bapat Jayant , Hughes Philip , Bilimoria Purushottama , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Oceania comprises Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and Tonga, and habited by distinct ethnic peoples, to which ‘Hindoos’ were brought by colonial powers. With the arrival of indentured labourers (girmityas) in Fiji 150 years ago, Fiji-Hindus have worked tirelessly towards preserving their way of life. Over the generations, Hindu sects have created their unique identity through their culture and adapted practices. Recently, New Zealand’s resident Indian populations have also increased significantly. Generations of Hindus from Gujarat, joined by Indo-Fijians, South Indians, and Hindus from elsewhere, have established temples and associations representing a diversity in languages and religious cultures. South Asians began arriving as seamen onboard ships from India to the colonies of terra australis, circa 1790s. Even during ‘White Australia’ years, significant numbers of Hindoos were recruited as farmworkers, labourers, and mineral-diggers, some becoming hawkers and merchants. With surges in professional and student migration, in more recent decades, Hindus with their temples, community centres, comparatively high profile and education, are contributing to the region’s multiculturalism, while passing on their heritage to the next generations.
Prestige Temples, Performing Arts, and Power
Authors: Narayanan Vasudha 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the history of Hindus who migrated to the United States in the early twentieth century as well as the importance of temple-building and the performing arts in the transmission of Hindu culture after the 1960s. Early immigrants included the Watumulls in Hawaii. From the time of Dr S. and Lalitha Chandrasekhar in the 1930s, we see the growing importance of performing arts. Bollywood dancing and bharatanāṭyam are significant in preservation of identity. After the 1960s, there is an accelerated building of large, prestige temples, especially to Veṅkaṭeśvara by South Indians, and more recently sectarian temples by the Swaminarayan community.
Oxford Guides to Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis is a comprehensive critical guide to all aspects of reading Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, his most ambitious single achievement and his masterpiece. It includes the fullest and most convenient account of Chaucer’s imaginative deployment of his sources, and the only extended survey of this narrative poem’s innovative combination of a range of generic identities. There are also chapters on the architectonics of how Chaucer builds thematic significance into his poem’s symmetrical structure, and on the poem’s distinctive variety in style and language. A further chapter provides a full commentary on the poem as an extended debate about the nature and value of love, with sub- sections on how love was conceptualized and experienced as a form of service in quest of compassionate reward, a quasi-religious devotion, and a potentially fatal illness always in hope of cure. Also reviewed are the poem’s concerns with love in the contexts of time and mutability and of human free will. The subjectivities of the chief protagonists are fully analysed, as is the poem’s problematic ending, in its bravura attempt to still the plenitude of questions that all the aspirations of the lovers’ story have raised. There is also an account of what the extant manuscripts of Troilus and Criseyde may reveal about the poem’s early genesis, and a unique survey of responses to Troilus from its own times to the present day.
Text
Authors: Windeatt Barry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyses the implications for reading Troilus and Criseyde today of what can be deduced from the surviving manuscripts about how the poem was composed and developed through its early transcriptions, and how it was first received. The chapter begins by exploring how deductions about the reception of Troilus have been shaped by interpretations of the frontispiece picture in the Corpus manuscript as depicting a performance of the poem, not least in twentieth-century criticism’s construction of a narrator persona. The chapter’s second section provides an account of the extant Troilus manuscripts in their approximate chronological order. The next section presents an overview of puzzling and problematic features in the manuscripts. The final section reviews possible evidence in the manuscripts for the poem in a process of composition, preserving signs of Chaucer’s early work in drafting a poem that may be seen as a palimpsest, never altogether finalized.
Substantive Abuse of Constitutional Identity
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the second dimension of the abuse of constitutional identity: the substantive dimension. Underlying constitutional identity claims in the EU is a normative concept of constitutionalism that enables and facilitates their expression. The conceptual normative expectations that come with this are further complemented by the contextual expectations of European constitutionalism, guaranteeing the ability of Member States to jointly exercise authority and yield authority to one another. On that basis, this chapter proceeds to analyse claims to a new, distinct form of ‘illiberal democracy’ as constitutional identity for Hungary, Poland, and Central Europe more broadly. It will then discuss in more detail the constitutional identity claims made by the Orbán government and the Hungarian Constitutional Court against Hungary’s participation in the EU’s refugee relocation programme, as well as constitutional identity claims made by the Polish government and Constitutional Tribunal in the light of the government’s judicial reforms.
Christ Church, Oxford, Anglican Moral Theology, and the Reception of John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding, c.1689–1725
Authors: Chatterjee Jacob Donald 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details how Christ Church men promoted John Locke’s 1689 Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Francis Gastrell, a young clergyman, reproduced the central doctrines of Locke’s Essay on the empirical basis for knowledge, the impossibility of acquiring certain knowledge of substances, personal identity, the nature of happiness, and the obligation of natural law. Several other members of Christ Church also displayed an intellectual sympathy for Locke’s thought, even though they often propounded high church political and ecclesiological ideas that differed greatly from his own views. These high church Lockeans indicated their approval of his philosophy by securing copies of his writings for personal and college libraries, corresponding with him, teaching the Essay to students, and, most importantly, publishing several reworkings of his thought. The ways in which these Christ Church men reinterpreted the Essay influenced how Locke’s moral theology was read later in the eighteenth century within French Huguenot circles, Cambridge, and the Dissenting academies. Ultimately, the chapter not only reveals new intellectual and institutional contexts for the Essay’s reception but also demonstrates that particular places of education reshaped the published debates around Locke’s thought.
David Gregory’s and John Keill’s Newtonian Pedagogy
Authors: Ashman Lewis 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a new perspective on the role of universities in the rise of Newtonianism in Britain through a reassessment of David Gregory’s and John Keill’s engagement with Isaac Newton’s natural philosophy at Oxford. Gregory and Keill are typically understood as two of Newton’s earliest ‘disciples’ or ‘followers’ and their efforts portrayed as attempts to popularise, defend, and exposit a Newtonian scientific creed. By focusing on how Newton’s example functioned in influential textbooks derived from their teaching, it is argued here that Gregory’s and Keill’s Newtonian pedagogy at Oxford was intended to promote a critical approach to philosophy. Newton’s philosophy appealed to them not as a doctrine to imbibe but as a superior approach to the discipline in being directed toward a particular kind of explanation and away from a flawed approach to causation in physics. This article highlights the importance of Oxford in Newton’s Scottish reception and emphasises the importance of determining what ends Newton’s ideas served for his admirers.
1709
Authors: Choi Jin-Woo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the Great Frost of 1708/9 offered an opportunity for meteorological observers to conduct naturalistic inquiries. The year 1709 also happened to be the first great winter to coincide with the emergence of scientific societies, the proliferation of thermometers and other meteorological instruments, of sustained efforts at regular observation, and the explosion of print media and literacy across Europe — in short, the cultural and material conditions conducive to the rise of a burgeoning republic of meteorological letters. It was within this particular institutional framework that perceptions and ideas of the Great Winter as a case of natural extremity were forged and passed onto posterity. The chapter then looks at a Latin dissertation entitled A Physico-mathematical Consideration of the most recent Winter, which was defended at the University of Halle on June 13, 1709, and published shortly thereafter in the city. Ultimately, the later eighteenth century saw a continued expansion of meteorological observations and their epistolary communication.