bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A national certification program for behavior analysts
Authors: Johnston J. M. , Shook Gerald L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a national certification program for behavior analysts and summarizes the background, content, policies, future development, and benefits of this program. The program focuses on applied behavior analysis in general and certifies behavior analysts at both baccalaureate and master's levels. Eligibility requirements to take either of the two examinations include both coursework and mentored or supervised experience. The paper details a number of benefits that may be expected from this professional credential, which are based on experiences in Florida, the source of the present examination. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoluminescence characteristics of sodium chloride salt‐stressed Indian mustard seedlings
Authors: Biswal A. K. , Dilnawaz F. , Ramaswamy N. K. , David K. A. V. , Misra A. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe thermoluminescence (TL) parameters in the intact leaves and the thylakoids isolated from leaves of NaCl treated seedlings showed different patterns of change. NaCl treatment brings about a destabilization of QA and QB, leading to a decrease in Q and B bands in the leaves. However, the Q and B band intensity of isolated thylakoids increased in NaCl‐treated seedlings. The differences in the TL intensities are described as the action of NaCl on the density of quinones per unit leaf area and on chlorophyll units in isolated thylakoids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals invariant conformation of guanine runs in DNA
Authors: Kypr Jaroslav , Vorlíčková Michaela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe demonstrate that the characteristic circular dichroism (CD) features of the parallel‐stranded DNA tetraplex of d(G4), especially the strong band at 260 nm, are characteristic for the B and A forms of the antiparallel duplex of d(C4G4). Hence, this band evidently originates from intrastrand guanine–guanine stacking, which is therefore very similar in the duplex and tetraplex DNA. In addition, the same type of the CD spectrum is provided by the ordered single strand of d(GA)10. This observation suggests that the ordered single strand of d(GA)10 is stabilized by a core of guanines stacked like in the parallel tetraplex. This view is used to start the modeling of the molecular structure of the ordered d(GA)10 single strand. Our studies suggest that guanine itself is strong enough to stabilize various secondary structures of DNA, which is a property relevant to thinking about the origin and evolution of molecular replicators. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 275–277, 2002
Metabolic oscillations in an E. coli fermentation
Authors: Andersen Dana C. , Swartz James , Ryll Thomas , Lin Norm , Snedecor Brad 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecombinant E. coli fermentations were observed to undergo regular, reproducible oscillations in oxygen uptake for several hours during a controlled fermentation process. Culture growth slowed during the period of oscillations, delaying induction of recombinant protein production. The oscillations were similar in 10‐L and 1,000‐L fermentors and also occurred with different feed control algorithms. Both observations support the hypothesis that the oscillations are metabolic in nature. Analysis of amino acid, ATP, and GTP pools suggests that the oscillations result from aberrant regulation of isoleucine biosynthesis leading to repeated starvation events in which protein synthesis and growth are impaired. Both a nutritional solution, isoleucine feeding, and a genetic solution, repair of an ilvG frameshift mutation in E. coli K‐12 strains, were found to eliminate the oscillations, further supporting the proposed mechanism for the behavior. These results illustrate the interesting and complicated physiological behavior which can be displayed in metabolic networks and provide another example of surprising problems that can arise in growing recombinant organisms in fermentors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 212–218, 2001.
Improved rapid sampling for in vivo kinetics of intracellular metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lange H. C. , Eman M. , van Zuijlen G. , Visser D. , van Dam J. C. , Frank J. , de Mattos M. J. Teixeira , Heijnen J. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn integrated approach is used to develop a rapid sampling strategy for the quantitative analysis of in vivo kinetic behavior based on measured concentrations of intracellular metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Emphasis is laid on small sample sizes during sampling and analysis. Subsecond residence times are accomplished by minimizing the dead volume of the sterile sampling system and by maximizing flow rates through application of vacuum to the sampling tubes in addition to the overpressure in the fermenter. A specially designed sample tube adapter facilitates sampling intervals of 4 to 5 s for various test tube types. Statistical analysis of the results obtained from enzymatic and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MSMS) analysis of the metabolite concentrations was used to optimize the sampling protocol. The most notable improvement is reached through the introduction of vacuum drying of the cell extract. The presented system is capable of reliably dealing with fermenter samples as small as 1‐g with a variation of less than 3%, and is thus ideally suited for intracellular measurements on small, lab‐scale fermenters. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 406–415, 2001.
Removal of toluene in a vapor‐phase bioreactor containing a strain of the dimorphic black yeast Exophiala lecanii‐corni
Authors: Woertz J. R. , Kinney K. A. , McIntosh N. D. P. , Szaniszlo P. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStricter regulations on volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants have increased the demand for abatement technologies. Biofiltration, a process in which contaminated air is passed through a biologically active bed, can be used to remove these pollutants from air streams. In this study, a fungal vapor‐phase bioreactor containing a strain of the dimorphic black yeast, Exophiala lecanii‐corni, was used to treat a gas stream contaminated with toluene. The maximum toluene elimination capacity in short‐term tests was 270 g m−3 h−1, which is 2 to 7 times greater than the toluene elimination capacities typically reported for bacterial systems. The fungal bioreactor also maintained toluene removal efficiencies of greater than 95% throughout the 175‐day study. Harsh operating conditions such as low moisture content, acidic biofilms, and nitrogen limitation did not adversely affect performance. The fungal bioreactor also rapidly reestablished high toluene removal efficiencies after an 8‐day shutdown period. These results indicate that fungal bioreactors may be an effective alternative to conventional abatement technologies for treating high concentrations of pollutants in waste gas streams.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 550–558, 2001.
Semiquantitative, bar code version of immunochromatographic assay system for human serum albumin as model analyte
Authors: Cho Joung‐Hwan , Paek Se‐Hwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn immunochromatographic assay system was devised that can express the concentration ranges of analyte (e.g., urinary human serum albumin) as distinct numbers of the ladder bar (bar coding) for semiquantitation. We constructed a model system consisting of five membrane pad strips partially superimposed in a length. Upon wicking of sample from the bottom, the medium dissolved two different biotinylated species, antibody to the analyte and conjugates of the antibody with colloidal gold, and antigen–antibody reactions took place in the hollow space of the glass fiber membrane. After eliminating unreacted biotinylated molecules at the next strip with an immobilized albumin, the immune complexes were transferred to the pad with streptavidin immobilized in a ladder bar pattern. Analytical conditions here were set for competition between the two biotinylated species for the streptavidin binding sites. The degree of such competition was proportional to the analyte concentration and, consequently, the bar signal number was elevated as the concentration increased. Under optimal conditions for sensitivity, the analytical system responded to the analyte doses at between 30 and 120 mg/dL by producing different bar codes within 5 min. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 725–732, 2001.
Stabilizing plasmid copy number to improve recombinant protein production
Authors: Grabherr Reingard , Nilsson Erik , Striedner Gerald , Bayer Karl 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe key objective for recombinant protein production in bacteria is the maximum exploitation of the cell factory's potential, whereby often strong expression vectors are used to increase product yield. If the metabolic load caused by recombinant expression exceeds the host's capacity, the system exhausts itself, resulting in a loss of protein yield. Excessive plasmid replication is observed after inducing recombinant gene expression, which greatly contributes to metabolic overload of the host cell. The transcriptional and translational machineries are extremely overstrained. By abolishing sequence homology between ColE1 RNA I/RNA II and tRNAs, we were able to restore the plasmid's replication control mechanisms and to keep the plasmid copy number constant throughout the culture process, thereby prolonging metabolic activity and productivity of the bacterial expression system. Because the bacterial host cell is not being exploited beyond its tolerable potential with this method, the constancy of the plasmid copy number level throughout the whole period of the bioprocess provides novel strategies for bioprocess optimization. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 142–147, 2002.
Monitoring the aroma production during wine–must fermentation with an electronic nose
Authors: Pinheiro Carmen , Rodrigues Carla M. , Schäfer Thomas , Crespo João G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work discusses the feasibility of using the electronic nose for the on‐line and real‐time monitoring of the production of a complex aroma profile during a bioconversion process. As a case study, the formation of the muscatel aroma during the wine–must fermentation was selected. During wine–must fermentation, aroma compounds responsible for the organoleptic character are produced in the ppm range, while simultaneously one of the main metabolic products, ethanol, is produced in much higher quantities (up to 10% wt). Because the sensors of the electronic nose array are cross‐selective to different volatile compounds, it was investigated in detail how far the electronic nose was able to evaluate the aroma profile along the fermentation. This article discusses and evaluates subsequently the integration of a membrane separation process—organophilic pervaporation—for selectively enriching aroma compounds relative to ethanol, to improve sample discrimination. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 632–640, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10141
A key developmental switch during Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis is induced by withdrawal of growth regulators and is associated with cell death and extracellular acidification
Authors: Bozhkov Peter V. , Filonova Lada H. , von Arnold Sara 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis holds considerable promise for clonal propagation and breeding programes in forestry. To efficiently regulate the whole process of plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis, it is of outmost importance to understand early developmental events when somatic embryos are just formed. In Norway spruce, somatic embryos transdifferentiate from proembryogenic masses (PEMs). This work describes the developmental dynamics (frequency distribution of PEMs and early somatic embryos) of the whole embryogenic suspension culture growing in the presence and absence of plant growth regulators (PGRs), auxin and cytokinin. The experiments have shown that PEM‐to‐somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos and ultimately plant production. This switch was induced by the withdrawal of PGRs in cell suspension leading to a rapid accumulation of early somatic embryos (to a maximum of 75% of the entire population of suspension culture) and concomitant degradation of PEMs. The latter was evident from increased level of cell death measured through spectrophotometric Evans blue staining assay. Proembryogenic mass‐to‐embryo transition and concomitant activation of cell death were mediated by strong extracellular acidification. Therefore, buffering PGR‐free culture medium at high (pH 5.8) or low (pH 4.5) levels of pH inhibited both PEM‐to‐embryo transition and cell death. The yield of mature somatic embryos on abscisic acid (ABA)‐containing medium was increased up to 10‐fold if the suspension culture had been pretreated for 1 to 9 days in unbuffered PGR‐free medium. In this case a large proportion (75%) of the total number of mature embryos was formed within a short, 5‐week, contact with ABA. The latter is practically important because prolonged contact with ABA suppresses the growth of somatic embryo plants. Based on these results, an improved method for regulating somatic embryogenesis was set up and tested for nine genotypes of Norway spruce. Over 800 plants regenerated from all tested genotypes demonstrated a good performance in the greenhouse and they were transferred to the field. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 658–667, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10228
Process monitoring of an industrial fed‐batch fermentation
Authors: Lennox B. , Montague G.A. , Hiden H.G. , Kornfeld G. , Goulding P.R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMarket demand places great emphasis in industry on product quality. Consequently, process monitoring and control have become important aspects of systems engineering. In this article we detail the results of a 2‐year study focusing on the development of a condition monitoring system for a fed‐batch fermentation system operated by Biochemie Gmbh in Austria. We also demonstrate the suitability and limitations of current state of the art technologies in this field and suggest novel modifications and configurations to improve their suitability for application to a fed‐batch fermentation system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 125–135, 2001.
High speed determination of beta‐receptor blocking agents in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thevis Mario , Opfermann Georg , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBeta‐receptor blocking agents are present on the international market in a huge variety. The International Olympic Committee prohibits the use of these drugs in several sport sections and doping control laboratories analyse urine samples of high‐performance athletes with different techniques. Therefore, fast and reliable methods are required to enable a sensitive detection of many drugs and a high throughput of samples. In the present study a screening procedure is described using high speed liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring to identify 32 beta‐receptor blocking agents extracted from human urine. Urine specimens (blank urine samples, spiked urine samples and specimens of excretion studies) were hydrolysed, extracted and analysed within 7 min. Quasi‐molecular ions (M+ + H) of the beta‐blockers are generated by means of an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface followed by collision‐induced dissociation in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and subsequent detection of daughter ions. Proposals for the origin of common and individual secondary ions are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

APCI

atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

IOC

International Olympic Committee

MBTFA

N‐methyl‐bis‐trifluoroacetamide

MBHFB

N‐methyl‐bis‐hepta fluorobutyramide

MSTFA

N‐methyl‐N‐trimethylsilylfluoroacetamide.
(Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: why adolescents may be less culpable than adults*
Authors: Cauffman Elizabeth , Steinberg Laurence 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA crucial step in the establishment of effective policies and regulations concerning legal decisions involving juveniles is the development of a complete understanding of the many factors—psychosocial as well as cognitive—that affect the evolution of judgment over the course of adolescence and into adulthood. This study examines the influence of three psychosocial factors (responsibility, perspective, and temperance) on maturity of judgment in a sample of over 1,000 participants ranging in age from 12 to 48 years. Participants completed assessments of their psychosocial maturity in the aforementioned domains and responded to a series of hypothetical decision‐making dilemmas about potentially antisocial or risky behavior. Socially responsible decision making is significantly more common among young adults than among adolescents, but does not increase appreciably after age 19. Individuals exhibiting higher levels of responsibility, perspective, and temperance displayed more mature decision‐making than those with lower scores on these psychosocial factors, regardless of age. Adolescents, on average, scored significantly worse than adults, but individual differences in judgment within each adolescent age group were considerable. These findings call into question recent arguments, derived from studies of logical reasoning, that adolescents and adults are equally competent and that laws and social policies should treat them as such. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychology of telling murder stories: do we think in scripts, exemplars, or prototypes?
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Richmond Tracey L. , Seib Hope M. , Rauch Shannon M. , Hackney Amy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccording to the story model of Pennington and Hastie, jurors collect information at trial and modify it with general knowledge to create case stories. Schank and Ableson argue that human memory is organized to tell and understand stories. However, Finkel and Groscup questioned the use of manipulated, experimenter‐constructed narratives to demonstrate the existence of multiple prototypical crime stories. We interviewed 76 jury eligible, death qualified citizens and asked them to imagine a first‐degree murder scenario, describing the events that led to the killing. We coded the presence of dichotomous variables in the resulting stories and identified at least three shared story prototypes using cluster and profile analysis. We conclude that people do not store crime stories as simple prototypes and comment on the implications of this finding for legal decision‐making. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adipose body of the orbit
Authors: Wolfram‐Gabel R. , Kahn J.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adipose body of the orbit (ABO) fills most of the orbital cavity, surrounding the eyeball, muscles, nerves, and vessels. It was studied in histologic section in the three basic planes in the fetus, neonate, and adult. In the retrobulbar area, that is, posterior to the eyeball, adipose tissue occupies the space around the optic nerve and penetrates between the recti muscles, describing a four‐leafed clover pattern in frontal section. The fatty tissue of the retrobulbar area also includes the peripheral ring of fat that lies between the muscles and the walls of the orbit. In the part of the peribulbar area located between the muscular insertions on the eyeball anteriorly and the emergence of the optic nerve from the sclera posteriorly, the pattern of adipose tissue is identical to the peripheral ring of fat and the fat between the muscles in the retrobulbar area. External to the muscular insertions and the anterior part of the eyeball, there is a thin ring of histologically similar fatty tissue that is continuous anteriorly with the fatty bodies of the upper and lower eyelids. Histologic examination shows that the lobules are large in that part of the retrobulbar area within the muscle cone and that they are smaller with more fibrous septa in the remaining restricted regions, such as the area between the eyeball and muscles and in the rings around the muscles and around the eyeball. In no case was a septum found separating the peripheral adipose ring from the fat located within the muscle cone. Clin. Anat. 15:186–192, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rare variations of the mylohyoid muscle: Case study
Authors: Saadeh Faysal A. , El‐Sabban Marwan , Hawi Jihad S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mylohyoid is a muscular diaphragm in the floor of the oral cavity. Its superficial and deep surfaces have important anatomical relationships. The submandibular gland is uniquely related to both surfaces at the posterior free edge of the muslce. It is here that the submandibular and sublingual tissue spaces become continuous. This case report describes an unusual range of anatomical variations of the mylohyoid muscle and reviews their clinical significance. Clin. Anat. 14:285–287, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracranial branches of the middle meningeal artery
Authors: Kresimir Lukic Ivan , Gluncic Vicko , Marusic Ana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a case of unusual extracranial branches of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery originated from the medial side of the maxillary artery and entered the skull through the foramen spinosum. The posterior superior alveolar artery originated from the middle meningeal artery, gave rise to the pterygoid branch, and entered the maxilla. In addition, the bifurcation of the common carotid artery was at the level of the second cervical vertebra. The embryogenesis of such rare branching pattern of the middle meningeal artery is not clear, but the anatomical consequences may have clinical implications. Clin. Anat. 14:292–294, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical anatomy as the basis for clinical examination: Development and evaluation of an Introduction to Clinical Examination in a problem‐oriented medical curriculum
Authors: Boon J.M. , Meiring J.H. , Richards P.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClinical anatomy is usually defined as anatomy applied to patient care. The question is asked whether students of a new horizontally and vertically integrated medical curriculum recognize the subject as the basis for clinical examination. A clinical anatomy practicum was developed in the special activity, “Introduction to Clinical Medicine,” held in the second year of the Pretoria medical curriculum. The practicum was conducted on a station basis to anatomically prepare the student for the inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal, and urogenital systems. A total of 23 stations consisting of eight cardiovascular, seven respiratory, and eight abdominal/urogenital stations were designed. Standardized patients, cadavers, skeletons, prosected specimens, x‐rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimedia programs, and clinical case studies were used as resources. A Likert‐type questionnaire was used for student evaluation of the practicum. Most students realized the importance of surface anatomy for a family physician. More than two‐thirds thought the practicum improved their understanding of the anatomical basis for clinical examination. The minority of students were stimulated to do further reading on clinical examination. The students' response to their ability to integrate the clinical examination with the radiological anatomy was average. Most students were continuously aware of the appropriateness of the practicum for their future career. We conclude that medical students recognize the importance of anatomy as the basis for clinical examination when exposed to an appropriate integrated presentation format. Clin. Anat. 15:45–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.