bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rereading Paul
Authors: MacDonald Margaret Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As it expanded and moved into the second century CE, the form known as “Pauline” Christianity underwent an institutionalization that has been understood as having important consequences for the lives of women. The literature it produced includes New Testament writings that date from the middle of the first century CE to the first half of the second century CE. Among these are several of Paul’s letters to communities located in various cities around the eastern Mediterranean, but also documents attributed to Paul, often understood as having been composed by one of his students or disciples to keep his teaching alive in the generations that followed his death (a practice that was not without precedent in the ancient world).
A Boiling Hot Religion
Authors: Wigger John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1789, after a journey of some 46 days from Massachusetts to Baltimore and then on to Muskingum, Ohio, Thomas Wallcut sat down to write a letter to James Freeman, a Unitarian minister in Boston. Everywhere he went, Wallcut reported, one topic seemed to dominate conversation-the spread of Methodism. It seemed that wherever two or three were gathered together, “you would certainly hear some, thing about Methodists-sometimes one of the Company would defend them, but I most generally fell among those that disliked & spoke against them.” From what he could discern, the spread of Methodism in Virginia and Mary, land seemed “unparrelled & astonishing.” “Some go so far as to say that full half the People are Methodists already & that Methodism will be the established Religion of Virginia in a few years,” wrote Wallcut. Though he doubted that this would ever be the case, he was nonetheless alarmed at the “enthusiasm & intemperate zeal” of the Methodists. Methodist meetings, recounted Wallcut after witnessing several, were “attended with all that confusion, violence and distortion of the body, voice & gestures that characterizes such a boiling hot religion.
Policing at Century’s End
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One cold March evening, several Chicago beat-team police officers visited a four-story apartment building in a decaying section of their district. For months, neighbors had been complaining about the building at the area’s community beat meetings (formal gatherings of police and citizens), so the officers decided to make a careful inspection of it as they followed up on a specific incident. They were appalled at what they found. Inside, the building was in a state of collapse. The doors had been torn off most of the apartments, and the appliances and electrical fittings had been scavenged. Ceilings in the top-floor units were coming down. The halls were littered with hypodermic syringes. None of the exterior doors locked, but that would have made little difference because garbage was piled so high in the alley that anyone could clamber through a rear window. One resident later reported that cockroaches in the building “look like little Volkswagen cars.” The officers soon found that the paying tenants had all fled and that they had been replaced by a rotating cast of squatters, gang members, drug dealers and users, and runaway youths.
Worldview and Socioeconomic Development The Evidence Explained
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the studies described in the previous chapters attest, anecdotal accounts of the positive consequences of conversion to Evangelicalism are fairly easy to find. Such reports are often colorful and express the multifaceted experiences of converts. Conversion is decidedly personal and impassioned; each convert has his or her own story to tell. While each is unique, nonetheless, many stories are similar. Chapter 5 describes some of the common themes emerging from conversations with converts throughout rural Guatemala. I include this material to put a human face on the quantitative data presented in this chapter.
Outback Journeys the Evidence Experienced
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standing on the dirt-packed airstrip just below Chajul-an adobe and-tile town of some 4000 residents nestled in among the Altos Cuchumatanes mountains in west-central Guatemala-I welcomed a breath of fresh air after having spent days in stifling, smog-infested Guatemala City. Here in the country of the Ixil Indians, the blue sky seemed bluer, and the green mountains greener. I immediately fell in love with the Ixils’ striking red tipico traje (“typical dress”)-perhaps because they were the first I encountered in Guatemala, or perhaps because they really were the most beautiful. Nearly two years later, after seeing the traditional garb of ten other Mayan areas, I have yet to find their equal.
Evangelicals and Civic Culture
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the previous two chapters have examined some of the “private” effects of Christian orthodoxy (i.e., those on individual sand families), the next two look at “public” effects (i.e., those related to political and economic life). The most serious defenders of democratic capitalism assert that it requires a certain moral-cultural soil in which to flourish. They are interested in discerning what the likely impact of the Evangelical explosion in Latin America on the region’s prospects for consolidating democracy and capitalism will be. With some exceptions,1 the prevailing view in the elite media (and parts of academia) is that Protestant growth will, at worst, actively threaten democracy or, at best, hinder its development.
The Spiritual Magnates of Cracow
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We walk to Kazimierz, the district of Cracow that once was the matrix of Jewish life in that city.1 We cross the peaceful municipal park, lined with chestnut trees and flanked by a large brick wall originally used to shield the city from attack. On Jewish Sabbaths before the Holocaust, when 25 percent of the city’s population was Jewish, this park would be overrun with Jewish children at play, new mothers pushing baby carriages, young people dreaming of a better world, old people enjoying their only encounter with nature, married men thinking about how to provide for their families, and Talmudic scholars in an ongoing contest of debate and display of erudition. But now they are there no more. They are gone, vanished.
Transforming the Law
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radical multiculturalism may have spread from one university department to another, but it took on a different character once it left the humanities departments and reached the law schools, where the cloistered world of the academy meets the world of law and coercion. In the rest of the university, the direct effects of radical multiculturalism are mostly internal to the academy, for better or worse. Per­ haps literary multiculturalism results in fewer students taking Shakespeare classes, or offers interpretations of classical literature that offend traditionalists, or overglorifies some works by women or minorities. In the long run, the result might be a significant cultural change.
Screening and Docketing Cases
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few Catholics today have not heard of the American Church’s change of heart in granting annulments. Those entertaining thoughts of an annulment probably first broach the matter with friends and relatives. At this stage, an ideal informant would be a person who had a marriage annulled. The first Church functionary with whom an annulment proceeding is explored will probably be a parish priest. Some test the waters more directly by calling or visiting the tribunal office. In these times most priests approached by a candidate for annulment are inclined to defer to the diocesan marriage tribunal.
The Pleasant
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Separated from the monastic order ( siisana) on account of such conduct and having reached the lay status, one later envies those who obtain the respect of gods and humans, developing [higher] virtue, and so forth, involved in the engagement [that is beneficial] for oneself-that is, one wishes, “Oh, would that I too were such as this!” That is the meaning.
Charting the Intellectual Waters: Premodernism, Modernism, and Postmodernism
Authors: Feldman Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Premodernism can be divided into two consecutive substages, which I call, respectively, the cyclical and the eschatological.1 The first was marked by an abiding faith in nature or God (or the gods) as a stable and foundational source of knowledge and value. Universals were presumed to exist and to be evident in all modes of life, both physical and normative. Plato, for instance, posited the existence of Ideas (or Forms)—such as absolute beauty, goodness, and equality—that are distinct from sensible things. The Ideas are universal, unchanging, and stable, while sensible things are particular, ephemeral, and in flux. In a fashion, the particular or sensible things participate in or are imperfect manifestations of the universal Ideas.2 More broadly, the classical Greek concept of the kosmos encompassed “the ordered totality of being,” including universal and eternal moral and aesthetic values as well as the physical world. The Greek kosmos included “the physis of organic being, the ethos of personal conduct and social structures, the nomos of normative custom and law, and the logos, the rational foundation that normatively rules all aspects of the cosmic development.”3
Moments of Marriage
Authors: Regan Milton C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sense that we are capable of taking both an external and internal stance toward an attachment reflects the fact that, as Thomas Nagel has put it, we are “complex beings without a naturally unified standpoint.”‘ Nagel suggests that desire for a sense of control over one’s life leads a person to seek detachment from the pull of particular connections, in an ef­ fort to subject motives, values, and desires to “critical examination so that nothing moves me to action without my agreeing to it.” In this sense, the external stance can be seen as closely associated with the liberal ideal of autonomy. Despite this aspiration to gain critical distance from the particularities of our lives, however, “[w]e remain ... creatures inside the world who have not created ourselves “.3 We can never secure a point from which we take an external stance toward the entirety of our concrete existence. The ground on which we stand in order to gain an external view of one set of commitments necessarily consists of other commitments toward which we take an internal stance.
The Demise Of Stewa Dship
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Steuben, thirty, attended Sunday school every week at the Lutheran church near his home while he was growing up. After high school, he switched to the Mennonite church because the girl he was dating (and would eventually marry) was from that denomination. He is a thoughtful, articulate, hard-working man who earns a decent living as a pastry chef With his wife and three boys (ages eleven, seven, and four), he lives in a modest house in a semirural Pennsylvania town near the restaurant where he works. The church is an important part of his life. He attends services faithfully with his family except on the occasional Sundays when he has to work. Most of his friends belong to the same church. He enjoys greeting them on Sunday mornings and talking with them at church dinners.
The Gospel Of Giving
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Jacob Brodsky was growing up, the church was his life. His parents, his brother and sister, his grandparents, and his seventeen aunts and uncles all belonged to the same parish on the south side of Chicago. He remembers not being allowed to eat or even drink water after midnight on Saturdays until he took communion on Sunday morning. Nobody ate meat on Friday, and if you weren’t’t a good Catholic, you couldn’t’t be buried in the cemetery.
Giving To The Poor
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If it were in Mexico City or Soweto, it would be calleda shantytown. Here in a prosperous Midwestern city that prides itself on commerce, insurance, and being one of the pharmaceutical capitals of the world, it is known simply (when anyone thinks about it at all) as a low-income area. In livable space, the house amounts to no more than 700 square feet, a tiny, one-story clapboard structure with walls so thin the cold arctic air that comes sweeping across the plains blows right through. But at least it’s a house. Conley, a ninth grader, sleeps in a small room with a mattress on the floor, a couple of posters on the wall, and some plastic milk cartons stuffed with books. There is no other furniture. He lives here with his mother, father, and sister. Next door is an identical dwelling occupied by a frail woman in her late seventies. Next door to that is a vacant lot where Conley and his neighbor have vegetables growing. Trucks rumble by on the expressway. The rest of the neighborhood consists of boarded-up buildings, vacant lots, and four-story project dwellings put up during Lyndon Johnso’s Great Society period.
Strategies For Survival
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the church going to be a vital part of American society in the future? We asked this question of the clergy we interviewed. To a person, they said yes. But many also expressed concern about the future. They worried that the church would have a diminishing influence on society. They also wondered if certain strategies would prove more effective than others. It is troubling, however, to hear how clergy talk about the future of the church.
Preface of Rufinus To The History Of Eusebius
Authors: Amidon Philip R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the business of skillful physicians, they say, to provide some sort of medicine or potion when they see that cities or regions are threatened by epidemics, so that people may be protected by it from the death that threatens them. This is the sort of medical art which you have practiced, my reverend father Chromatius,* at this time when the Goths have burst through the harriers into Italy with Alaric at their head, and a lethal plague is spreading far and wide, to the ruin of fields, herds, and men: you have sought some remedy to protect from cruel death the people God has entrusted to you, a remedy by which ailing spirits may be diverted from the thought of impending evil and give their attention to something better. Thus you have charged me to translate into Latin the church history which that most learned man Eusebius of Caesarea composed in Greek, that the attention of those who hear it may be occupied and they may for a while come to forget present evils while their interest is directed to the affairs of the past. At first I wanted to beg off the work as being unequal to it and as having lost fluency in Latin after so many years, but then it occurred to me that *Bishop of Aquileia ca. 388-407 and Rufinus’s patron.
Ritual Reification
Authors: Bell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of ritual density and change inevitably imply that there is something essential and stable that undergoes variations according to time and place. These discussions and each of the theories of ritual outlined in part I reify ritual, that is, assume there is a substantive phenomenon at stake, not simply an abstract analytical category. The spectrum of ritual and ritual-like activities explored in part II appears to give little cause for inferring the substantive existence of some universal form of action best known as ritual. Nonetheless, the reification of ritual has become an important factor in our understanding of the rites around us today and even in the way we are apt to go about doing them. For this reason, the study of ritual as a universal mode of action has become an influential part of the context of ritual practice in contemporary Europe and America.
The Divided Mind of New South Pastors
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1870 the editor of the Religious Herald gave his readers a history lesson. “Let us form just opinions of our fathers,” he wrote. “We hold them in highest veneration ... but it would be absurd for us to regard them as infallible religious guides. We are, in one aspect, the fathers and they are the children.” Baptists, he noted in triumph, “have been borne along by the cur­ rent of the age. The increase of general intelligence, the multiplication of books and periodicals” and the advantages of “wider intellectual culture have... added much to the good taste and dignity of pulpit exhibitions.”
“Affording public amusement ... [and] gratifying the curiosity” Revivalism in the News
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday, February 27, 1858, James Gordon Bennett featured the r 8 57-5 8 Revival in the pages of his New York Herald, the most successful daily paper in the United States. The story got a full column of coverage on page one, topped by multiple stacked headlines: Great Revival of Religion in New York. Progress of the Movement. Remarkable Conversions Among the Unrighteous. Sinners Brought to the Way of Grace. One of the ‘Forty Thieves’ Repentant.
A “Desire ... that the ladies would keep away” Gender Tensions and the Masculinization of Urban Piety
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Involvement Of church and family in the awakening at the local level reflected patterns with deep roots in American revivalism and also revealed an allegiance to evangelical values, including a commitment to revivals, through out much of the nation in r 858. However, while traditional practices continued to prevail in many villages and towns, the face of Protestant piety in cities was changing. One of the most striking new departures, highlighted by the success of the Fulton Street prayer meeting and the spread of the YMCA, was its apparent masculinization. In an era when women often were considered innately more spiritual than men and religion fell within the female “sphere,” urban men suddenly seemed to have experienced a dramatic transformation.1 Typical was the editorial assessment of the Christian Advocate and Journal that the revival “prevails chiefly among a class of men who are usually the least affected by revivals-the practical business men [sic] of the cities.” Repeatedly, observers of the revival pointed to an unusual degree of male involvement as a distinguishing characteristic of the event. Although businessmen received the most notice, religious interest among other specifically male enclaves of urban America-firefighters, policemen, and, in the port cities, sailors-was highlighted as well.3 For the most part, women were invisible.
Lay “Rebellion” and Clerical Reaction: Antinomianism and Its Aftermath
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though Writing Well After “the monster” had been banished to Rhode Island and harmony had been restored to the colony, John Winthrop made certain that interested observers recognized the severity of the crisis Anne Hutchinson and her “multitudes” had precipitated: Indeed, of all the examples illustrating the workings of clerical authority and congregational autonomy, the most notorious has been the “Antinomian” controversy. Essentially all historical analyses suggest that the episode extended well beyond theological disagreement; scholars have traditionally described the Antinomian affair as a major turning point in the development of the Congregational Way and in lay clerical relations generally.
Fruit From the Goddess
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To each of the four cāmis profiled in the last chapter, the arrival of the goddess caused a profound and irreversible rupture in their lives. Some fell unconscious for days, all were struck mute, lost their appetites, and were left in a daze. But this initial shock wore off, to be followed by a striking splurge of vitality: Basha soon felt “different ” and “stronger ”; Suresh and Raghavan quickly recovered from their “sicknesses,” revitalized and reenergized and in possession of strange new abilities. All claimed direct empowerment by the goddess in the professing of kyri. What is this gift of divine speech in Tamilnadu? The paramount meaning of kyri is “sign. ” The Reverend Carl Diehl translates kyri collutal (literally “saying signs ”) as “interpreting signs ” (1956: 59), a gloss that seems preferable to “‘foretelling’ ” the future (Moffat 1979: 230) since kyri collutal, as we will see, is more often used to disclose what has already happened.1 Thus kwi collutal can be more generously defined as speech that decodes “signs ” whose referents are generally obscure to ordinary humans. In Tamil practice it specializes in identifying causes of personal affliction and misfortune, in revealing, for example, why a young bride is withdrawn, why a child is sick, why a married couple frequently disputes, why a merchant has lost his business or a court case, why a home erupted into flames-in short, in making cultural and psychological sense of the host of issues that clients bring to these consultations.
From Schools To University
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The University of Oxford was not in any way predestined, either in the form it eventually came to take or in its very existence; on the other hand, its emergence was not wholly fortuitous, for it had a prehistory in the various schools that were conducted there in the course of the twelfth century. If the story of the university, properly speaking, begins in 1214, with the ordinance of the papal legate that gave the masters and their students the outline of a corporate identity, the remote beginnings of theological teaching in the town can be traced back as far as circa 1130, in ways that illuminate both the foundation of the university, when it eventually came about, and the character of its earliest faculty of theology, in the years after 1220.
By around 1100 Oxford was growing, after a lengthy period of depopulation. Within a few years three new religious houses were established, a new parish church (St. Giles) came into existence, and the king built a residence, so that the town became a center of royal administration (even though only one among many) from this time onward.
A Life Poorly Known
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had Robert Grosseteste not lived to be over eighty, and had he not become bishop of Lincoln, our knowledge of him, as a writer and thinker, and especially as a man, would have been as sketchy as it remains for most of his direct contemporaries, the known facts of whose lives can for the most part be written down on a page or two. As it is, a great deal is known of his activities, journeys, and undertakings from about the year 1230 (when he was already over sixty) onward due to the fact that his fame was growing and his influence spreading. As his activities increased, records relating to him naturally became more numerous. However, despite the redoutable efforts and enterprise shown by modern historians, only a very few certain facts are known about his life, up to the point when he could no longer be overlooked.