bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liturgy and Time
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores two distinct but related areas of early Christian liturgical practice, and considers how changing interpretative frameworks adopted by scholars have opened up quite different ways of viewing the various pieces of evidence. In the first part we look at attempts to reconstruct the custom of regular prayer at certain fixed hours of the day – whether practised individually or collectively – otherwise known as the Divine Office or the Liturgy of the Hours. In the second part of the chapter we shall go on to discuss the evolution of the liturgical year.
Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A splendid account of the Supreme Court’s rulings on race in the first half of the twentieth century, From Jim Crow To Civil Rights earned rave reviews and won the Bancroft Prize for History in 2005. Now, in this marvelously abridged, paperback edition, Michael J. Klarman has compressed his acclaimed study into tight focus around one major case--Brown v. Board of Education--making the path-breaking arguments of his original work accessible to a broader audience of general readers and students. In this revised and condensed edition, Klarman illuminates the impact of the momentous Brown v. Board of Education ruling. He offers a richer, more complex understanding of this pivotal decision, going behind the scenes to examine the justices’ deliberations and reconstruct why they found the case so difficult to decide. He recaps his famous backlash thesis, arguing that Brown was more important for mobilizing southern white opposition to change than for encouraging civil rights protest, and that it was only the resulting violence that transformed northern opinion and led to the landmark legislation of the 1960s. Klarman also sheds light on broader questions such as how judges decide cases; how much they are influenced by legal, political, and personal considerations; the relationship between Supreme Court decisions and social change; and finally, how much Court decisions simply reflect societal values and how much they shape those values. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the most important decisions in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court. Klarman’s brilliant analysis of this landmark case illuminates the course of American race relations as it highlights the relationship between law and social reform. Acclaim for From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: “A major achievement. It bestows upon its fortunate readers prodigious research, nuanced judgment, and intellectual independence.” --Randall Kennedy, The New Republic “Magisterial.” --The New York Review of Books “A sweeping, erudite, and powerfully argued book...unfailingly interesting.” --Wilson Quarterly
“What Could Freddie Say?”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Growing Up in the Black Belt, Charles S. Johnson quotes a schoolboy who is retelling a story from his reader: Fred was a little boy. He went to the city to work for a man. The man told him if he worked he would pay him. Fred worked three years. The man paid him only three pennies. Fred said . . . Fred said . . . The man paid him only three pennies. Fred said . . . Dr. Johnson blames rote-teaching for the boy’s going on like a deeply grooved phonograph record. But to me the story illustrates more than the vice of learning by rote. The reciter carried Fred about as far as he could in this subversive story. After all, what could Freddie say? The schools do not supply Freddie with answers. Freddie is supposed to like it; or if he doesn’t he isn’t supposed to have anything to say. To the white South, Negro education is already meaningful enough. The meaning is that Freddie shall never learn the answers. Mississippi educators have recently been blunt on this subject. In 1940, the state legislature in Jackson amended a bill to furnish free textbooks by providing that such subjects as civics shall be taught from texts suitable “for the several types of schools,” that is, that Negro children and white shall use different texts on subjects such as citizenship. The school superintendent of Meridian urged this because if uniform texts were used, Negro children would be taught “the same principles of voting, rights, and responsibilities taught white pupils.” This would never do for, as a planter-senator reasoned:
“The Duke Comes To Atlanta”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are not many first-rate jazz bands in the South. As the musicians develop, scouts from New York and Chicago discover them and put them on big time. A group of college boys at Alabama State, with a few pick-up musicians from the vicinity, were whisked away to New York as Erskine Hawkins’s band; Doc Wheeler’s band, famous in southern Florida, is one of the latest to take to the national road. Negro and white jazz musicians, like many Negro and white writers, artists, professors, and scientists, are drawn away from the South to the better paying North. A few white Southern hotels may have middle-of-the-road jazz orchestras, but for most whites and Negroes, jazz comes back to its native home on radios, phonographs, juke-boxes, and one-night stands. A few years ago, I heard Duke Ellington’s band play a one-night stand at the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium. The city had been agog for weeks over the Duke’s appearance. The vast auditorium was packed. Half of the seats from stage right to the rear of the hall were set aside for whites; the opposite half for Negroes. The Negroes who sat there were upper and middle class: teachers, college professors, students, professional men, all of those whose compunctions about segregation or jazz let them attend. Down on the floor swarmed the Negro hoi polloi. Their garb was of all sorts: full dress, street clothing, work clothing, sweaters, and slacks. Some were cutting up frantically. On the side near the white folks, couples would put on the dog while the whites cheered their foolery and tossed down coins to them. One black Amazon, larger than her sweating partner, was clad in a low-cut, cerise silk gown, bulging and threatening to split at the seams, a cast-off from her employer, probably, who called her by name and offered advice like a fan to a baseball player. “Go to it, Marthy; oh do it!” she screamed almost hysterically, as Marthy billowed and shimmied and spun like a barge in a storm. On the side near the disapproving Negro “dicties,” the showoffs checked their antics, but they resumed them when they danced back to the white folks’ side and the shower of silver. No whites, of course, stepped on the dance floor, and few, if any, of the Negro middle class.
“Farewell To Basin Street”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On my last trip to New Orleans, a sergeant got on the train at Anniston and squeezed his bulk into the seat beside me. He was a friendly sort. I learned much of his business, his chance to go to officers’ training camp, his football career at Xavier University, his various jobs before Pearl Harbor. He ran over with praise of his native New Orleans. My tourist’s curiosity about the Creole cuisine fired his language; he described the culinary marvels of all the various gumbos, of Jambalaya (Creole cousin of Hopping-John), of Gombo Zhèbes (a mixture of all the greens on God’s earth), and of the sea foods, until the woman in front threw amused glances at us. He was hastening home on furlough; one of the jobs he anticipated was cooking up some of those fine Creole dishes. I begged off from his hymns of adoration. I had not eaten since above Spartanburg, and we were nearly in Birmingham. I asked him about New Orleans jazz. This was another street that he walked familiarly. His brother, a clarinet player, was a friend of Barney Bigard, and had been in France with Noble Sissle when Barney was there with Duke Ellington. Yes, he knew Sidney Bechet, King Oliver, Kid Ory, Satchmo’, all of them. He looked with greater favor on me; I was a bit more than a traveling schoolteacher now in his eyes. When I spoke of Kid Rena, he corrected my pronunciation but beamed. Maybe I could find Kid Raynyay. I should go to the Fern Dance Hall, on Iberville between Rampart and Burgundy, anytime late at night. Sure I could get in. Just go on in. I’d find plenty my color there, if not my race. If I didn’t find him there, and Rena was known to be irregular, I might have to seek Big Eye Louie, the historic clarinetist. On Derbigny between Columbus and Kelerec, everybody would tell you where Big Eye was; not a soul in that neighborhood but would look out for Big Eye. The sergeant also named his nephew, a hot jazz cat, who could help me find Rena and Louie if these leads failed.
“From Montmartre To Beaver Slide”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Writers’ Project Guide to Atlanta tags on to its list of artists the name of Hale Woodruff, as the city’s exponent of Negro Art. He is, of course, nothing of the kind: he is the best and best known artist in the state, and incidentally a Negro. Years ago Ralph McGill, of the Atlanta Constitution, spoke of Woodruff as a recent discovery only in Atlanta. It is likely that much of dominant Atlanta still is ignorant of his fine work. This is not likely to bother Hale much, in a city whose chief art treasures are the Diorama of the Battle of Atlanta, and such statues as Tom Watson pitching horseshoes in front of the State Capitol or Henry Grady reaching for something at Grady Square. Hale isn’t easily bothered anyway. When I talked with him in the dilapidated library building on Morris Brown’s campus, he didn’t seem abashed by the bare wreck of a place but explained to me how the dome provided ideal light for working. Later his department was moved back to the Spelman College campus. There I found him in a makeshift studio kidding with Smitty, the superintendent of buildings, wheedling him and counterblasting. Smitty is unimpressed by Hale’s international reputation, but I could see that Hale would get his walls fixed right.
“Soldiers Of Construction”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ten mile drive from the town of Tuskegee to the Air Base was along a typical Alabama backroad; a winding gravel and dirt road full of holes, crossing streams, some of them unbridged, and others with shaky, narrow bridges that I wondered how Army trucks could get across. There were fields of scraggly cotton, patches of underbrush, and woods, dusty near the road, and shacks and barns weather gray and askew. Chehaw was only slightly stirring from its long sleep. A few piles of Army stores, a barbed wire enclosure of gas and oil tanks, the Primary Field laying over to the right, none too prominent; these were the only signs of the new activity. But at the bridge over the winding creek, the end of one world came, and another world began. On this side of the creek was a typical rural church, unshaded in a bare plot of ground. On the other was the guard post with smart military police stopping cars and trucks and then waving them on. Looking at the air base, I wondered how in the back hills of Alabama such a perfect site for a camp could have been discovered. I was to learn later that the site was man-made. Light yellow buildings with green roofs centering about a large building with streets radiating off as spokes from a wheel were clustered on a slope; at the foot stretched the buildings, hangars, and towers of the line and the long concrete runways. A couple of planes looking like silver fish were aloft, glinting in the sun. Men of War 307
Knowledge Gathering
Authors: Garland-Thomson Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have inherited an uneasy tension between seeing and knowing. Philosophy is in part a conversation about the relations between appearances and reality. Plato, for example, warned that truth lies not in the visible, that appearances in fact obfuscate truth. Our insistence that we see things with our own eyes has alternately been punished and rewarded. This chapter addresses the rewards of curiosity, while the next examines its dangers. Curiosity is the itch to know; it shifts desire of the eye to desire of the mind. Like staring, curiosity seeks. Both are acquisitive, grasping, appetitive. Staring is an ocular inquiry; curiosity is an intellectual inquiry. The eye leads; the mind follows.
The Sacraments Of The Church
Authors: Cessario Romanus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter complements that by Dr. Pamela Jackson, a recognized scholar on the liturgy of the Catholic Church, whose professional expertise qualifies her to write authoritatively on the history and reception of the conciliar text on the sacred liturgy. The objective of the present chapter is more narrowly conceived to focus on the sacraments of the Church and their presentation in Sacrosanctum concilium. I maintain that the constitution on the sacred liturgy should be read within a hermeneutic of continuity with previous Catholic teaching on worship and sacraments, especially with what the Church teaches about the sacraments in the documents of the sixteenth-century Council of Trent. To argue that the constitution on the sacred liturgy is to be read in continuity with the overall tradition of the Church is not a fancy of twenty-first century revisionism. Cardinal Avery Dulles has reminded us that the 1985 Synod of Bishops had identified continuity and complementarity as the guiding principles of interpretation to employ when reading the documents of the Second Vatican Council. In order to signal the agreement among the contributors to this volume on the hermeneutics of continuity as the preferred way to read the documents of the Second Vatican Council, the editors have chosen as the title for the volume: Vatican II: Renewal within Tradition. It is true, of course, that the liturgical modifications seem to afford, both for those who are old enough to remember the Church’s ceremonies before 1964 and for those who have cultivated an appreciation for the preconciliar liturgical forms, one of the best illustrations of the claim made by some authors that the Second Vatican Council introduced a moment of discontinuity and even of dramatic change into the life and tradition of the Catholic Church. The correct way of looking at the history, however, is to accept Sacrosanctum concilium as a milestone.
Commercial Arbitration in Sweden
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce has become an important forum for international commercial arbitration, with parties from more than 30 countries, especially Western European countries and increasingly Russia, other Eastern European Countries, and China. The author offers practitioners several background chapters on commercial arbitration in Sweden and a detailed analysis of each section of the Swedish Arbitration Act (SAA). This is a ready-reference handbook analyzing Swedish arbitration- the SAA, the Rules, and cases-and also includes references and commentary with respect to international commercial arbitration in general. The author’s intention is to help practitioners “in search of rapid guidance regarding the interpretation of a particular provision or who wish to solve a practical problem.” “This Third Edition of Commercial Arbitration in Sweden provides us all with a valuable and up-to-date understanding of the Swedish system in operation, and a comprehensive commentary on the SCC Rules, both new and existing. World business has the means, through this work, to see why Sweden and Stockholm are good choices for their international arbitrations.”-- ? Phillip Capper, Head of International Arbitration, Lovells; Nash Professor of Engineering Law, King’s College, University of London; former Chairman of the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford
Explanations for the Increased Recourse to Treaty-Based Investment Dispute Settlement: Resolving the Struggle of Life Against Form?
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As international investment gained momentum in the immediate post-World War II era, foreign investors seeking the protection of international investment law found an ephemeral structure consisting largely of scattered treaty provisions, a few contested customs and some questionable general principles of law. As late as 1970, the International Court of Justice in Barcelona Traction found it “surprising” that the evolution of international investment law had not gone further and that no generally accepted rules had yet crystallized in light of the growth of foreign investment and the expansion of international activities by corporations in the preceding half-century. For investors at the time, the international legal structure was seriously deficient in at least four respects. First, it was incomplete, for it failed to take account of contemporary investment practices and address important issues of investor concern, such as their rights to make monetary transfers from the host country.
The Growing Diversity and Inconsistency in the IIA System
Authors: Joubin-Bret Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My comments concern the substantive provisions of international investment agreements and the increased recourse to treaty-based investment dispute settlement. Patrick Juillard highlights the issue of lack of coherence between awards rendered by international arbitral tribunals and explained it with the lack of coherence among the investment treaties that are at the basis of interpretation and application in investor-State dispute settlement cases. He specifically mentions the different approaches taken by the United States and Canada on the one hand and European countries on the other hand. Illustrations of this explanation can be found in the study on Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995–2006: Trends in International Rule-making.
Challenges Facing Investment Disputes: Reconsidering Dispute Resolution in International Investment Agreements
Authors: Franck Susan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry Ward Beecher once observed, “[l]aws and institutions are constantly tending to gravitate … [and] like clocks, they must be occasionally cleansed and wound up, and set to true time.”1 Beecher’s comments reflect that, as law, societies and governments evolve, there are inevitably challenging transitional periods that require a re-examination of the foundations upon which a system was founded. Dispute resolution systems are no different. When they undergo fundamental growth, a re-consideration of the system’s efficacy and utility can promote both its integrity and legitimacy to ensure it provides appropriate services to its stakeholders.
Improving the System of Investor-State Dispute Settlement: The OECD Governments’ Perspective
Authors: Yannaca-Small Katia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This commentary focuses on the reaction of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments to proposals and ideas for change to the current system of investor-State dispute settlement. We will first look at the discussion related to the possibility of introducing an appeal mechanism and continue with the discussion on transparency and third party participation and other measures, such as consolidation of claims, to reduce potential inconsistencies among arbitral awards. The introduction by the United States in its bilateral investment treaties and Free Trade Agreements of the possibility of establishing an appellate mechanism to review investment disputes stirred up an interest in the OECD Investment Committee, which started exploring the feasibility and usefulness of such a mechanism.
Introduction
Authors: Andrews William L , Mason Regina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Grimes (1784–1865) authored the first fugitive slave narrative in American history in 1825, when he was slightly over fortyears of age. The longest African American autobiography published up to that time,1 the Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, Written by Himself was motivated not so much by a reformist impulse as by personal financial need. Grimes and his family had been rendered homeless and nearly penniless in April of 1824 because of his forced decision to pay$500 for his self-purchase to his menacing Savannah, Georgia, master, from whom Grimes had escaped nine years earlier. Having been enslaved for a little more than thirty years, Grimes recounted a personal history of almost unrelieved anguish, both physical and psychological.
Romantic Poetry by Women
Authors: de J R , Jackson J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution of women to Romantic poetry has been generally underestimated. Romantic Poetry by Women: A Bibliography, 1770 - 1835 provides the first complete record of the volumes of verse written by women and reveals the scale of their involvement in the Romantic movement. The Bibliography includes the work of around 900 authors , with biographical headnotes. It is fully indexed and cross-referenced, providing details of publication, indexes of publishers and places of publication, as well as of authors and titles. This will be an indispensable resource for all students of writing by women and of Romantic poetry in general.
Childhood, 1608–1625
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AMILY that is undistinguished in the world may find encouragement in the fabled or faded eminence of remote ancestors. The sixteenth-century Miltons, for example, evidently told their children that they came of an ancient stock whose seat was formerly a town of Milton (in Berkshire, or Buckinghamshire, or Oxfordshire), where monuments in ‘Milton Church’ still testified to past glories. Unfortunately, one of the family took the wrong side in the Wars of the Roses and, so the story went, lost his entire estate-except what he held by his wife. Ever since this qualified calamity, the Miltons had been respectable, worthy people, hopeful of better things.
Cambridge, 1625–629
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EVERY boy entering a university expects it to be a wonderful, exciting world, different from anything he has ever known. If he is studious, eager, and serious-minded, he naturally expects a university to be peopled with boys not unlike himself, and with greybeards of rare intellectual powers and personalities to match. If, in addition, he arrives with the applause of schoolteachers still ringing in his ears, with a hunger for learning still unsatisfied, and with an idealistic determination to fulfil the high hopes of doting parents, he will suffer disappointments and heartaches difficult to endure.
Separation, 1642–1645
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MI LTON’s pamphlet quarrel with the bishops, his first taste of public controversy, had more or less occupied his mind for a period of about twelve months. For the first time, he had enjoyed the satisfaction of putting his knowledge and skill to practical use. For the first time, he had experimented with various forms of prose. He had been busy, extremely busy. The sheer labour of composition had consumed countless hours; reading and research had made unexpected demands upon his leisure. Nevertheless, during this same period he had continued the training of John and Edward Phillips, trying out his personal theories of education. And always, in the back or forefront of his mind, he had nourished his exciting new plans for poetry. Once, when he had been at work on his Reason of Church Government, those plans for poetry had seemed so compelling that he had allowed them to obtrude themselves into religious controversy.