bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open for Business
Authors: Yamada Haru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One evening in Washington, D.C., I remember walking by my neighborhood drycleaner and seeing the owner closing up shop. Inside on the glass door, she flipped the panel across so the sign that said “Open” then read “Closed.” An American shop, opened and closed by a sign that says so. Thinking back to the signs in Japanese shops, I thought about how different they were: Eigyoochuu (In Operation) and Junbichuu (In Preparation) read those signs. A Japanese shop in operation or in preparation, with a sign that shows the process.
The Truth about Teasing, Praising, and Repeating
Authors: Yamada Haru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every person who is called to the stand in an American courtroom is required to recite a verse of the American ideal: “I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.” It is compact and complete, with a loaded sequence of words: Truth backed by God, told in a courtroom of law where justice prevails and rights are defended. Each concept has to clear the test for a legitimate trial; if any one of the items on the list falls short, there is a mis trial, a perjury, or a breaking of the law.
Prospects for the Future
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So what are the prospects for the future? In the next decade or so, is the gang picture likely to improve? I fear not. First, our approaches to intervention and control are likely to be more of what we have already seen. Second, street gangs are the by-product of urban problems likely to increase in severity. Third, we’ve allowed-indeed, we could not have prevented-the widespread diffusion of street gang culture. Finally, there are signs that our unique American street gang is emerging in other nations as some of their urban situations come more to resemble ours. This chapter will be concerned with these issues. I apologize ahead of time for the pessimism, but I think it is simply realistic, just as it was ten years ago when John Quicker noted: In short, the general outlook for reductions in gangs and gang-related crime is poor. In fact, the opposite appears likely. Worsening social and economic conditions, federal roll backs of hard-won civil rights legislation and a potential increase in racism, and an expanding minority youth population, all portend a deleterious gang situation. Barring any major political and economic changes ... an increase in gangs and gang crimes seems likely.’ Predictions are dangerous, of course, but in this chapter I want to look at several factors that I think will characterize gangs and gang control for the immediate future. They are among the sources of my pessimism: a misplaced emphasis on networking and information sharing among enforcement agencies, the continuing contribution of urban decay to gang formation, and the diffusion of gang culture across the nation.
Basic Research in Japanese Electronic Companies: An Attempt at Establishing New Organizational Routines
Authors: Methé David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge, along with the traditional resources of land, labor, and capital, has always been important to determining a firm’s competitive success. A fundamental shift is occurring in the composition of these elements, however. From the beginning of this century, knowledge began to play a more dominant role in a firm’s success in industrial competition (Betz, 1987). With the pace of that domination accelerating as this century draws to a close, scholars and practitioners alike are recognizing the important role that knowledge plays in competitive success. The resulting strategic attention has generated a plethora of management concepts ranging from first-mover advantage and transaction costs to core competency and organizational learning, among many others. Much of this strategic attention has centered on the question of how to apply resources to generate, organize, and utilize technical knowledge so it will result in an innovation, that is, a new product or process or an improvement of an existing product or process that better meets market needs.
Japan’s Development of Scheduling Methods for Manufacturing Semiconductors
Authors: Duenyas Izak , Fowler John W , Schruben Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the methods used by some Japanese semiconductor manufacturing companies for long-term planning, short-term scheduling, and shop-floor control. We begin with an overview of semiconductor manufacturing and the role of planning and scheduling functions. Next we describe our research methods. We then attempt to answer the following questions: (1) What tools and techniques do Japanese companies use to plan long-term capacity in the highly competitive and capital-intensive world of semiconductor manufacturing? (2) What tools and techniques do Japanese companies use to schedule issues in the highly uncertain and volatile environment of wafer fabrication? In addition to a general discussion of our findings, we examine the specific efforts of four companies that we studied in some detail.
Institutional Pressures and Organizational Learning: The Case of American-Owned Automotive-Parts Suppliers and Japanese Shop-Floor Production Methods
Authors: Choi Thomas Y , Wasti s. Nazli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses from an institutional perspective on the dynamics of U.S. automotive suppliers learning Japanese shop-floor production methods (see Suzaki, 1993). We first take the broad perspective that the pressure to adopt these methods was “institutional” for U.S. manufacturing companies (see Zucker, 1987, for a review). Proponents of institutional theory argue that the impetus for organizational changes comes from external institutions rather than the technical reasoning of internal actors. According to this perspective, an organization makes changes when they are sanctioned by other, more powerful institutions in the same industry.
“All God’s Dangers Ain’t a White Man,” or “Not All Knowledge Is Power”
Authors: Walker Clarence E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When southern sharecropper Nate Shaw observed, late in the nineteenth century, that “all God’s dangers ain’t a white man,” he was talking about the boll weevil. From our perspective a centur yor so later, however, we can see that the statement applies with equal force to a number of black spokesmen and leaders past and present, who, operating like beetles, have done and are doing damage to black America from within. In this chapter I propose to take a closer look at the Afro centrists by placing them in the context of their predecessors and by scrutinizing the dangers they pose to black America in the present era.
A rightward drift in American politics is moving the country back toward what I call “free market racism,” the state of American race relations during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when the ideology of laissez-faire reigned supreme in the realm of economics and race on the national level. Andrew Johnson’s veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill of 1866 was the federal government’s first step toward abandoning its position as a guaranty to roof Negro equality. In Johnson’s veto message, Eric Fonner has noted, the president “voiced themes that to this day have sustain position to federal intervention on behalf of blacks.” Following President Johnson’s lead, the Supreme Court in the1870s and 1880s reinterpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in a way that placed limits on federal authority in the enforcement of civil rights. The Supreme Court’s narrow interpretation of these laws delivered the freedmen back into the hands of their former masters. Ironically, the diminution of federal authority in the realm of black rights resulted in a highly regulated policing of race relations on the state level, especially in the South. It is in this context that Jim Crow emerged as the regnant mode of racial interaction in the United States in the 1890s.
Gender and Topic Control
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most frequent complaints patients make about physicians is that physicians do not listen well. This complaint implies—quite accurately—that listening is an activity. However, most of us, physician and patient alike, have done very little analysis of what it means to carry out this activity. Probably most patients and physicians identify listening with silence. It is true that silence can be important. But in listening, certain kinds of brief talk are even more important than silence. Silence by one speaker makes time available for another speaker to talk. But silence by itself cannot in any way demonstrate that the first speaker heard, understood, or cared about what was said. Talk can do that.
“Geez Where’d You Find THAT?”
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are both ethical and pragmatic reasons for physicians to “empower” patients (Waitzkin and Britt 1989). I have already mentioned (chapter 4) the lower blood pressure, lower blood sugar, lower rates of return visits—in short, improved medical outcomes—for patients who actively question physicians (Roter 1984; S. H. Kaplan, Greenfield, and Ware 1989). In chapter 3,1 suggested that listening is one part of empowering. In this chapter, I suggest that the two concepts, empowerment and activity, should be subsumed under the concept of co-constructing an event.
Active Patients, Cooperative Physicians
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the introductory chapter, each chapter of this book was organized around data—transcriptions and analyses of the talk I recorded between patients and physicians. In this concluding chapter, I briefly review theories about the overall shape of medical encounters and relate my data to those theories. I then summarize the previous chapters about patients’ talk specifically, the claims to power patients made in the encounters I studied. And finally, I reflect on patients, physicians, and their attempts to share control over the medical encounter and over illness.
Carnal Behavior and Sexual Disorders
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everywhere in Catholic Europe, the Counter-Reformation brought a new and more repressive attitude toward sexual expression. In the arts, the repaintings of the nudes in Michelangelo’s Last Judgement demonstrate the Church’s more restrictive attitude about depicting the human body. Francisco Pacheco, Spain’s preeminent art theorist, reflected the new prudery in his famous work, A las profesores del arte de la pintura (1622), where he stressed decorum in religious paintings and criticized painters who depicted mythological themes with excessive sensuality. In sixteenth-century France, official toleration for collective rapes and the “joyous confraternities” of young men who perpetrated them slowly gave way to prohibition. The municipal houses of prostitution, which had provided a much-needed outlet for the sexual frustrations of young males in a society characterized by late marriage, were first banished to the outskirts of towns and then closed between 1520 and 1570.
Introduction
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applying ethics to organizational life may be a bit like driving in a big city. While there are many periods of pleasant driving and other times when, with careful planning, we can avoid traffic jams, there are also difficult traffic conditions that must be driven through. Sooner or later, whether we are good drivers or bad, we will get into an accident. Similarly, in our organizational lives sooner or later we, or people we care about, will encounter serious ethics problems that will have to be dealt with. Effectively addressing ethics problems and conflicts is not the same as understanding an ethics issue.
Mind-Set Sensitivity: The Importance of Knowing How the Other Person Reasons and the Importance of the Other Person Knowing That You Know
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We’ve taken several approaches to make the point that validity of feedback alone is insufficient to assure that your attempts to influence and advise people will be received. We have also described some of the minimal conditions necessary for getting them to con­ sider taking your advice and feedback to heart. The minimal conditions require that (1) you learn the key component variables of the personal equation that the other person is working to maximize; (2) the other person sees you appreciating what he or she wants to accomplish long-term; (3) the other person sees you getting his or her assumptions and reasoning straight prior to your articulating the contrasting assumptions that underlie your feedback; (4) you identify and explain your own self-interested advice-giving motivations so that your recipient can independently assess whether your motives are compatible with his or hers; and (5) you clearly convey that you are taking the aforementioned steps.
Discerning Alignment Strategies and the Mind-Sets That Derive from Them
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6 we discussed two of three essential research tools required for becoming a mind-set researcher: a theory that tells you how mind-sets operate in general and a model that specifies the personal-competency variables that give rise to a mind-set. What remains to be covered is the method and technique for reading an individual’s mind-set and the prominence of specific variables. That’s what this chapter takes up.
Different Levels of Influence and Advice and the Categories of Interaction They Create
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An executive surprised us by requesting “either marriage or divorce counseling.” He told us, “I don’t know what to do about the problems I’m causing Ryma (his secretary and assistant). I’d like you to talk with her, then you make ‘the call.’” He told us the reason was not incompatibility or lack of quality effort on her part. It was that working for him was taking an extraordinary toll. It was Wednesday; she had been out since Monday and was expected back tomorrow. She had told him it was “stress.” And, he said, “Clearly I’m the cause.”
Converging on Autonomy: Anthropology and Institutional Economics
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with a convergence of interest from two directions on the topic of individual autonomy. On the one hand, transaction costs theory focuses on the cost to the individual of preserving autonomy in the marketplace. It pays special attention to the causes of asymmetry among dealers, to classifying different kinds of asymmetry, and to assessing their respective effects on market structures. Its concern with individual reactions to constraints on autonomy has made it necessary to rewrite the economist’s conception of the rational being.
An Economist's Perspective on the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Hart Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which economists have recently come to think about firms. Interestingly, the evolving economic conception of the firm is broadly consonant with that advanced by Chester Barnard in 1938. This chapter does not pretend to be a systematic survey of this area; rather, it serves to highlight those ideas I think are particularly important. For other perspectives on the same material, I refer the reader to three recent surveys: Holmstrom and Tirole (1989), Milgrom and Roberts (1988), and Williamson (1988).
Chester Barnard and the Incipient Science of Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that an incipient science of organization has been taking shape over the past ten and fifteen years and that it is inspired, directly and indirectly, by Chester Barnard’s classic book, The Functions of the Executive. Interestingly, Barnard observed in the last chapter of that book that there was a need for, but that we did not have, a ‘science of organization’(p. 290).1 Although that unrealized need remains today, we have nonetheless made recent progress.
Register Shifting with Dialect Resources in Instructional Discourse
Authors: Adger Carolyn Temple 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hallmark of sociolinguistic development in school-age children is their in creasing expertise at constructing linguistic register to match other dimensions of social activity (Martin 1983). Other chapters in this volume explore how register modification accomplishes, signals, and reinforces shifts within the social context. This chapter details children’s register shifting through contrasting dialect variants: replacing vernacular English dialect features with standard English dialect features during instructional discourse. This register-shifting pattern suggests that dialect appropriateness at school is tied not just to setting (school, classroom) or genre (teacher talk, academic talk), as is widely assumed, or to addressee (Lucas & Borders 1987, Rick ford & McNair-Knox 1994) but also to footing: “the alignment we take up to ourselves and others present” (Goff man 1981:128).
Speaking Standard English from Nine to Three: Language as Guerrilla Warfare at Capital High
Authors: Fordham Signithia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this expanded sense, standard English incorporates attitudes and styles of speaking and behaving. Of specific interest here, it includes attitudes of hostility and op position to African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and styles associated with it. Thus, it comes as no surprise that standard English, understood in this broad sense, might be resisted by African Americans, for its “definitions of caste;’ which stigmatize Black speech, extend easily to Black people as well.
The Long, Cold War
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cold War and the fear of nuclear annihilation brought more tests of freedom and more autocratic lawlessness. With its clandestine actions abroad and interference with domestic political processes, the struggle against communism provided new occasions for assertions that a president could violate the law for reasons of national security or act without authority in dealing with a crisis. “The integrity of our system will not be jeopardized by any measures, covert or overt, violent or nonviolent, which serve the purposes of frustrating the Kremlin design,” said a top secret government report in 1950, “nor does the necessity for conducting ourselves so as to affirm our values in actions as well as words forbid such measures, provided only they are appropriately calculated to that end and are not so excessive or misdirected as to make us enemies of the people instead of the evil men who have enslaved them.” The report, which was adopted by the NSC with President Harry S. Truman presiding, was the harbinger of a sudden tripling of the defense budget. Truman and most of his Cold War successors fit the pattern of chief executives who said they were preserving freedom but who accomplished more actual subversion of democracy than any internal dissenters or foreign adversaries. A swelling presidential-military protectorate used domestic spying, massive secrecy, and subtle methods of suppression to circumvent public discussion and place the United States under what amounted to a new form of government.
Legal Challenges: State Intervention, Reproduction, and HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Banks Taunya Lovell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although women account for only 13% of all reported AIDS cases in the United States,’ AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death among all women be tween the ages of25 and 44 years-the childbearing years.As of June 1994, the CDC reported 5,734 cases of AIDS in children under the age of 13 years.In the vast majority of pediatric AIDS cases, the virus was acquired perinatally. Ex perts expect the number of pediatric AIDS cases to continue to increase over the next few years. As a result, much attention has been focused on minimizing the risk of maternal-fetal transmission of the virus because most infected women are of reproductive age.
Because of the substantial social and medical resources required to care for children infected with HIV, public health policies are being developed to minimize the risk of perinatal transmission of the virus. For example, in 1985 the increased incidence of perinatally transmitted HIV/ AIDS cases caused the CDC to recommend that women infected with HIV delay or forego childbearing, a recommendation seconded in 1987 by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG). Many health-care providers have adopted these recommendations and are counseling HIV-infected women not to have children.7 The primary justification for directing the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women is the need to minimize maternal-fetal transmission of HIV.
HIV Infection and Childbearing: a Proposal for Public Policy and Clinical Practice
Authors: Faden Ruth R , Kass Nancy E , Acuff Katherine L , Allen Anita , Anderson Jean , Banks Taunya Lovell , Bloche M Gregg , Chaisson Richard , Cohn Sylvia , Hutton Nancy , King Patricia A , Lillie-Blanton Marsha , Mccaul Mary E , Powers Madison , Rothenberg Karen H , Saah Alfred , Solomon Liza , Wissow Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should others interfere with or otherwise attempt to influence the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women and, if so, how? In this volume we have an alyzed the numerous moral, legal, medical, and public policy issues that bear on this question. We have examined the relationship between HIV infection and the use of illegal drugs as well as precedents for interference with reproduction among women who use drugs. We also have presented the perspectives of women who are HIV-infected as well as the views of professionals who provide services to women who are infected. In this chapter we put forward a policy proposal for whether and how others should attempt to influence, counsel, or otherwise interfere with the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women based on the analyses, arguments, and findings presented in earlier chapters.
Pornography and the Financing of Political Campaigns
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our experience with race discrimination suggests that even when people purport to agree on matters of fundamental principle, internal contradictions within the principle can generate unproductive and vitriolic debate. A similar pattern mars efforts to think seriously about freedom of speech. Attempts to regulate the financing of political campaigns and the availability of pornography provide a telling example. Such attempts have created odd and overlapping alliances.
Avoid Strength, Attack Weakness
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 24, 1991, the 1st and 2nd Divisions of the U.S. Marine Corps launched their assault headlong into the Iraqi units blocking their way to Kuwait City. The attack landed exactly where Saddam Hussein expected it; along the most direct route the Americans could take to liberate Kuwait. It was there that the Iraqi dictator had positioned the majority of his million-man army.
Introduction: The Boundaryless Career A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era
Authors: Arthur Michael B , Rousseau Denise M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work gets done. Time passes. Careers— sequences of work experiences over time—unfold. A career depicts the person, the elementary unit in work arrangements. Careers invoke relationships within and among firms. Careers spell economic and social outcomes. Put simply, everyone who works has a career. And everyone’s life outside work is connected to the career. As lives are lived, a focus on careers, rather than on jobs, insists that we account for time and its implications. Careers matter!