bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Law Formalism and Jurisprudential Method
Authors: Pojanowski Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Kantian formalism, as exemplified by scholars like Ernest Weinrib, is a deeply philosophical private law theory. At the same time, it stands aloof from contemporary debates about jurisprudential methodology. In this respect, it is different from other lines of private law theory today that draw on the resources of general jurisprudence. This chapter seeks a fresh understanding of the grounds of Kantian formalism by comparing Weinrib’s framework to prominent methodological stances in general jurisprudence. It concludes that approaches like Weinrib’s resemble methodological positivists’ attempts to detach interpretation of legal practices from moral judgment—and to that extent share that method’s shortcomings. At the same time, his discussion of form and his insights on the role that coherence and unity play in justification capture important truths and highlight the limits of methodological positivists’ attempts to engage in value-neutral theorizing.
Reflections on the Latin Language Spoken and Written in Visigothic Hispania
Authors: Velázquez Isabel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of the linguistic panorama of the Iberian Peninsula in the Visigothic period (primarily the sixth and seventh centuries) through various epigraphic testimonies, especially the so-called Visigothic slates, compared with the information on the language provided by literary authors, such as Isidore of Seville. This analysis attempts to establish what the language spoken at the time was like, what phonetic-morphological, syntactic, and lexical features can be extracted from the existing texts, what levels of Latin language can be appreciated, whether elements of the Romance language can already be observed, and whether the presence of the Gothic element and its vitality can or cannot be detected in the texts and in the lexicon.
Conservatism in Language
Authors: Barrett Graham 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter sketches the general features of Latin in the Iberian Peninsula in its late antique and early medieval context: from 400 to 700, in contact with Greek, Hebrew, and trace Germanic and British Celtic elements, and from 700 to 1000, in dialogue with Arabic, Basque, and emerging Hebrew and Romance options. Allowing for the challenges posed by the markedly uneven distribution and transmission of the surviving written evidence, Latin in the Visigothic era operated in a multilingual and multi-register environment, which varied according to geography and socioeconomic situation and reflected distinct levels of educational background, expression, and communicative intention. In the post-Visigothic period, the Christian north is represented by everyday documentary Latin, and the Muslim south by one of elite literary Latin, giving the impression in comparison of a living versus a dying language. Much debate has focused on whether the living language in the north was still Latin, but the model of ‘complex monolingualism’ demonstrates how its conservative written form was capable of recording and being pronounced to accommodate evolving and diverse spoken forms incorporating external influences. If the long-term linguistic history of Iberia is dynamic, the Latin of the Peninsula is defined by this basic conservatism, and the chapter’s conclusion considers the factors sustaining it by delineating two constraints on the evolution of the language: formulism, or the recourse by scribes to old models for drafting new documents, and reading as hearing, or the recycling of text back into speech by these same scribes.
Early Literacy and Multilingualism in Ireland and Britain
Authors: Stifter David , White Nora 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
At the beginning of the historical period, Celtic languages were spoken as the autochthonous languages of the western archipelago, British Celtic in Britain and Irish (or Goidelic) in Ireland. Their fates in the first millennum ce were very different. As a consequence of the annexation of southern Britain to the Roman Empire in the first century ce, British Celtic underwent profound structural and lexical influence from Latin. At the same time, the language lost ground first to Latin and, from the fifth century, was pushed to the west and north by the spread of Germanic languages. The dominance of Latin as a language of education was such that literacy in the vernacular languages remained marginal well into the Middle Ages. In contrast, Latin literacy arrived in Ireland through Christianization in the fourth and fifth centuries. It always remained a foreign language of religious ritual and higher education. This was conducive to the emergence of literacy in the Irish language. On the one hand, the model of the Latin alphabet led to the invention of the unique ogam script in the fourth century, a script that consists only of strokes and notches along an edge or baseline on stones or other three-dimensional objects. On the other hand, Latin manuscript culture led to the emergence of the manuscript-based Irish literary tradition in the Latin script from the seventh century onwards. Ultimately, the Latin script also replaced ogam in epigraphic use in Ireland.
The Muslim Social Genre
Authors: Khatun Nadira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Muslim Social genre, a subsection of the broader genre ‘The Social’, wherein films showcase everyday household narratives and romantic tales. The Muslim Social genre alludes to films that describe Islamicate culture. This genre flourished mostly in the 1950s and 1960s and reflected an idealized Muslim world where nawabs, indulging in hedonistic pursuits, lived in grandeur with their aristocratic idiosyncrasies intact. The secular ideology of the state was additionally reflected in the films of this genre, which enunciated the conflict between modern (refinement, learning, progress) and tradition (respect, pride, dedication). This chapter explores the representational pattern of the Muslim Social and political economy of filmmaking in the genre. Based on reading the film texts and reviewing in-depth interviews conducted, the chapter is divided into four sub-themes: (i) Ideology and political economy of the Muslim Social genre; (ii) Courtesans: objects of ‘male gaze’; (iii) Social and political aspects of portraying Muslims as antagonists and side characters in social films; and (iv) New Wave: the Muslim Social. The first section focuses on the film texts of traditional Muslim Social films, as well as their portrayal and the ideology espoused in them. The second segment discusses the role of courtesans and how they are viewed as objects of the ‘male gaze’. The third segment reflects the political economy of the films where Muslims are represented as sidekicks to the protagonists. The last part of the chapter locates the films that are mostly termed parallel cinema or middle cinema where ordinary Muslims are represented in their day-to-day lives.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics features new work in the field of normative ethical theory. Each volume includes new chapters that contribute to an understanding of a wide range of issues and positions. This thirteenth volume brings together twelve new essays that collectively cover a range of fundamental topics in the field. These include: paradoxical proposals and consent, manipulation and autonomy, moral indifference, the value of persons, moral theory and coherence, a contractualist approach to moral uncertainty, normative expectations and personal identity, satisficing and virtue ethics, pro tanto rights, problems with saving the many, virtue and consequences, and the nature of moral and political rights.
Moral Indifference
Authors: Betzler Monika , Vandieken Jonas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper elucidates a neglected relational wrong, moral indifference, which consists in ignoring or “blanking” someone such that they are deprived of the chance to make a moral difference. Typical examples include not acknowledging an apology, or refraining from expressing reactive attitudes, in relation to a capable agent. The paper identifies the distinct forms and modes in which moral indifference shows up, on the occurrent, dispositional, or structural levels, ultimately arguing that moral indifference consciously denies others the status of equally authoritative sources of valid claims. As a globalist response to another’s agential abilities, moral indifference can wrong others in more fundamental ways than other relational wrongs. In fact, it can threaten their very agency—and not just momentarily—by prompting self-questioning and agential uncertainty. In marginal cases, however, moral indifference can be a legitimate form of self-protection. The paper also has implications for current treatments of crucial moral concepts like recognition respect, basic second-person regard and the debate about the Strawsonian participant- and objective stances.
The Ethics of Expectations
Authors: Basu Rima 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter asks two questions about the ethics of expectations: one about the nature of expectations, and one about the wrongs of expectations. On the first question, expectations involve a rich constellation of attitudes ranging from beliefs to also include imaginings, hopes, fears, and dreams. As a result, sometimes expectations act like predictions, like your expectation of rain tomorrow, sometimes prescriptions, like the expectation that your students will do the reading, sometimes like proleptic reasons, like the hope that your mentee will flourish, and sometimes expectations are peremptory in that they carry the force of moral law. Turning to the second question, given the multiple roles played by expectations it shouldn’t be surprising that there are also multiple ways expectations can be wrong to hold. Sometimes they wrong as beliefs do, e.g. doxastic wronging, and sometimes they result in alienation because of who holds that expectation of us. The upshot of this chapter is that getting clear on these potential ways expectations can wrong not only delivers an ethics of expectations that mirrors familiar discussions of the ethics of belief, but an ethics of expectations further opens the door for taking seriously an ethics of mental attitudes more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces and briefly summarizes the rest of the chapters in this work. Chapters 2 and 3 illustrate the phonological systems, genealogical backgrounds, typological characteristics, and historical backgrounds upon which native scripts and writing were developed in Korean and Japanese. Chapters 3–12 compare morphosyntactic similarities and differences between the two languages and refer to relevant issues. The topics in these chapters include case and postpositions (particles), topic and focus, basic word order and scrambling, passive and causative constructions, relative clauses, nominalizers, sentence negation, tense and aspect, and honorifics.
Case and postpositions
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 illustrates three different kinds of particles in Japanese and Korean that are primarily used to mark (i) grammatical functions like subject (case particles), (ii) semantic functions or Θ-roles like agent (postpositions), and (iii) pragmatic functions like topic (topic marker). Case particles are distinguished from postpositions in whether they can be dropped and associated with a floated numeral quantifier. Both languages have very similar sets of particles, yet they differ from each other in whether they are subject to the Double-Accusative Constraint and constraints on Genitive Drop and NP-ellipsis (in which the NP part in a determiner phrase (DP) is elided). Lastly, the languages both have two different kinds of locative postpositions (one used to mark the location of action or an agent and the other used to mark the location of a theme).
Tense and aspect
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 compares the tense and aspect systems in Japanese and Korean, which are similar but differ from each other in subtle ways. The temporal point of reference in English is basically the moment of utterance (absolute tense). Although it is the same in Japanese and Korean when the tense of main clauses is in question, the time of the main clause can serve as the point of reference in a subordinate clause (relative tense) as well as the time of utterance. Which temporal point of reference is allowed depends on the type of a subordinate clause. This chapter focuses on aspectual constructions with a verb followed by an auxiliary verb of existence (V-exist), which can denote either imperfective (progressive) or perfective (resultative) situations depending on various factors. The same V-existpattern can express ‘perfect’, a subtype of imperfective, in Japanese. Korean has a construction with double past tense.
Unravelling the centrality of the contest over international institutions
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This opening chapter introduces the core argument in the book concerning the claim of concertation to be privileged as a rival fundamental institution, whether in the classic form of a big cluster of three, four, or five states or in the updated plurilateral summit variant in the form of the Group of Seven (G7) and Group of 20 (G20). Concertation as practice is taken to display some considerable persistence over time, albeit not with organizational permeance. From this perspective, the practice of concertation is animated by recurrent impulses, building on the analysis of the English School scholar Hedley Bull, whose engagement with the practice of concertation is the most compelling guide for this book.
Crises as potential animators of institutional transformation
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The third chapter examines the crisis gap as the master deficiency in institutionalist international relations (IR) scholarship and the main differentiated feature from other modes of analyses that give centrality to shocks in the system as instigators of institutional change. Whereas rationalist institutionalist scholars miss the full impact of crises, other scholars in the wider spectrum of IR do not. On this basis, the chapter analyses both the connections and the disconnects of Bull’s analysis with those of John Ikenberry and Robert Cox from a liberal internationalist and critical international political theory perspective. An additional layer of nuance in this debate comes with the contrast between the extended scrutiny located in other domains of the high-profile scholarship.
Hierarchical privileges of institutional convenience
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Across the entire spectrum of institutionalist international relations (IR), the assumption remains fixed that the international system has a strong expansionary quality attached to it. With an emphasis on the open-ended nature of the system, a form of committed leadership by the US, and the visible extension of the formal multilateral architectural pillars, an assumption has also been built up of an enhanced scope of participation. This chapter evaluates these assumptions both at the system level and at the level of US agency. Analogous to the format of other chapters, this chapter compares the gaps in the body of institutionalist IR to the assessment provided by Bull with special reference to the continuing debate concerning the nature and implications of hierarchy versus inclusion. It also examines the theme of hierarchy for which Bull’s own work has come under intensified critical interrogation.
Inserting designers into institutional design
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter showcases the dichotomy between the ambit of the expansive analysis of rationalist international relations (IR), focused on the design of institutions as opposed to the minimalist examination of the role of the actual designers. Although rationalist IR throughout its scholarly contribution places considerable emphasis on the choice of institutional type, it leaves out any detailed profile of the actual process of individual or collective agency. A basic assumption throughout the literature remains that the dynamic of institutional choice is driven by a logic of intentionality. It neglects the question of who are the actual designers of those institutional options—and what is their process of calculation. This chapter exposes the flaws attached to this missing component.
Recalibrated but still contested
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The image of the institutional response to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis as a twenty-first-century recalibration of concertation is fraught with disputation. By classical standards, the kind of institutionalization elevated by the G20 leaders’ process falls short. The club-like state-based plurilateral format was not composed of status-ranked great powers but an array of countries that fit into the structurally important category. While this view fully recognizes these differences, to suggest a complete disconnect between the G20 and the institutional concert format is misleading. This chapter extends the analysis contrasting the array of critical interrogations of the G20 in comparison to the comparative neglect by institutionalist international relations.
The (Trump) challenge of personalist-populist institutional disruption at the core of the system
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the differentiated process of adjustment of institutionalist international relations (IR) to the Trump personalist-populist intrusion into the contest over institutional design. The nature of this response (or, in some cases, non-response) on the part of rationalist institutionalism has important implications for the reputation of literature. While unlike some components of realist or realist-influenced literature, no attempt can be detected to rationalize the Trump insurgency, the lack of any original anticipation on the part of the entire body of institutionalist IR exposes another major gap central to the argument in this book. This neglect is especially glaring given the high degree of US-centrism embedded in this literature.
Introduction
Authors: Forster Marc R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introduction lays out the arguments of the book (see book abstract). It also reminds readers of the significance of the memory of the Thirty Years’ War for the people of Southwest Germany, the focus of this study. The introduction also lays out the different areas of historical study that this study engages, including the history of crime and of the justice system, the history of conflict and violence, the role of honor in society, and the ways rural society functioned. The introduction ends with an overview of the structure of the study, briefly introducing the subject of each chapter.
“You are a whore and a witch” Women’s Honor in German Villages
Authors: Forster Marc R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Honor was of course gendered, and this chapter examines how women defended their honor. Women’s honor was first and foremost sexual honor. When woman’s honor was attacked, she was almost always called a whore, and her defense had to be a defense of her sexual behavior. In many cases the focus on sexuality obscured other conflicts that might have been in play. The case study of Johanna Silberin, an innkeeper’s wife, illustrates this issue in depth. The second ubiquitous insult was “witch,” an insult that remained very dangerous in the late seventeenth century. Some women were accused of performing witchcraft, but most often the word was used in a more general way. One finding in this chapter is that the witch insult was gradually domesticated over the century after 1650 and became less serious. Furthermore, local authorities, including courts, did not ever want to pursue accusations of witchcraft and worked to suppress such accusations.
Thomas Hobbes and Political Thought in Ireland c.1660- c.1730
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This is a history of political thought in Ireland c.1660–1730, told from the perspective of the reception in that country of Thomas Hobbes, the English philosopher. Unlike Hobbes, political thought in Ireland has received little attention from historians: it is sometimes assumed that there is not much of a subject to study. The reception of Hobbes in Ireland forces us to challenge this assumption. To begin with, it highlights the variety and sophistication of political thought in Ireland. In his political thought, Hobbes was preoccupied by sovereignty, which he conceptualized in terms of natural law and made the defining characteristic of the commonwealth, or the ‘Leviathan’; but he applied his concept of sovereignty to a broad range of political issues. His political thought was also part of a wider philosophical system which comprehended history, theology, natural philosophy, and mathematics. Together, the key figures in the reception of Hobbes in Ireland—Sir William Petty, John Vesey, and Edward Synge—engaged with Hobbes expansively. But the reception of Hobbes in Ireland also tells of the distinctiveness of Ireland as a context of political thought. In England, Hobbes’s concept of sovereignty was reviled for emasculating parliament, the Anglican Church, and the common law. Too compelling to ignore, the ‘Leviathan’ had to be ‘tamed’. In Ireland, where these institutions were weaker, the ‘Leviathan’ could be released. Petty, Vesey, and Synge engaged with Hobbes on issues that were not prioritized by his English readers and were more sympathetic than they to his concept of sovereignty.
Sir William Petty, the Cabal Ministry, and the Government of Empire
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter resumes the story of Petty’s engagement with Hobbes in the early 1670s, when Petty wrote The Political Anatomy of Ireland and Political Arithmetick. These texts were written under the ‘Cabal’ ministry, a member of which, Sir Henry Bennett, Lord Arlington, was a patron of Hobbes and an associate, at least, of Petty. The ministry’s relationships with Hobbes and Hobbesian discourse are much discussed; but these discussions are restricted thematically and geographically. This chapter recovers a debate about the government of empire which divided the Cabal ministry. It shows that Hobbes intervened in this debate, broadly on the same side as Arlington, and argues that Petty used Hobbes’s concepts of subjecthood, sovereignty, conquest, and the church to do the same. In both his texts, Petty thought with Hobbes to argue for reforms to imperial government and trade, a British union, and the incorporation of Irish Catholics into a British state.