bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decline and Fall of the Roman City
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book discusses the changes which occurred in the cities of the Roman world in the period AD 400- 750. The cities of the Middle Ages, both in the East and Western parts of the old Roman Empire, differed from classical cities in fundamental ways. Professor Liebeschuetz concludes that this suggests a decline and fall in the Roman cities. At the centre of this book is an account of the decline of cities as political organizations: the replacement of government in accordance with constitutional rules by a looser and much more informal kind of oligarchical control which was paralleled by the rise of the bishop. Professor Liebeschuetz argues that among the factors that transformed and undermined the Roman city the most conspicuous were related to the state of the Empire, economic developments which were consequences of the breaking up of the imperial structure, as well as more localized regional circumstances. The decline and fall of the Roman city was accompanied by very great changes in life style which can be summarized as simplification and localization. Further he concludes that Christianity by teaching people to despise the things of this world helped them to come to terms with the deterioration of their worldly circumstances.
Post-curial Civic Government
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legislation in Justinian’s Code affecting cities still includes an abundance of laws whose object is to stop the drain of men and property from the city councils into the imperial service or the Church. In fact the imperial government’s struggle to keep men and wealth in the councils continued beyond the publication of the Justinianic Code into the subsequent Novels. This might suggest that councils continued to play a vital role in the administration of their cities, and indeed the functioning of the Empire. That impression is misleading. Other evidence, including legislative evidence, tells a different story, that of the decline and fall of curial government.
The Transformation of Literary Culture in the West under the Influence of Christianity
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the end of the fourth century the histories of East and West were very different. The West experienced barbarian settlement and the establishment of barbarian kingdoms while the Empire carried on much as before in the East. One consequence was that the decline of the traditional secular education based on classical and pagan authors began in the West long before it did in the East, so that the full range of instruction, elementary, grammatical, and rhetorical was offered in fewer and fewer places.
The Decline of Classical Citizenship and the Rise of Ethnic Solidarity in the West
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has as its subject the breakdown of imperial cohesion, and the creation of new collective identities in the West. Inasmuch as it is concerned with division and increased diversity, it corresponds to Chapter 8 dealing with the growth of disorder in the East. The Eastern chapter was to a considerable extent concerned with urban disturbances, not least riots involving the factions. Urban disorder was not a major problem in the West in later Late Antiquity, since most cities had ceased to have large urban populations. In the West the scene was from the early fifth century dominated by the disintegration of the Empire and the establishment of barbarian kingdoms in its provinces. This was in the first place a military and political development, but the military and political events occurred against a background of changing attitudes to the Roman Empire, and to the duties and loyalties associated with being a Roman citizen. Something like this change of mentality happened in the East too, even though in this book it is only discussed with Western examples.
Introduction
Authors: Athanassiadi Polymnia , Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The six chapters in this volume owe their origin to a seminar on ‘pagan forms of monotheism in late antiquity ‘, held at Oxford in Hilary Term 1996. The interest shown in the subject matter of the seminar by colleagues from a variety of disciplines and the lively discussions which ensued confirmed us in the idea that we were pursuing an important topic which gave rise to questions of more general significance. Hence we decided to publish revised versions of the papers in the hope of involving a larger audience in a discussion of the issues raised.
Introduction
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iliad and the Odyssey are remarkable works. The scope and grandeur of the poems and their persuasive depiction of a largely imagined heroic world have engaged and absorbed audiences through the centuries. But they are remarkable, also, as poems which were composed and performed without the aid of writing. Epic tales about the quarrel of Achilleus and Agamemnon and about the adventures of Odysseus were told and retold for audiences in the Aegean world in the period which followed the collapse of the Mycenaean world of the Late Bronze Age; they were passed from generation to generation by singers, or bards; and at some late point in the life of this oral tradition they were performed on a grand scale, as two monumental songs, by the singer Whom we know as Homer. Homer's tales were in the course of time recorded, so that it is possible for us, more than two thousand years later, to read a version of each of those great performances.
Similes 1n Homer: Image, Mind ‘s Eye, and Memory
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I examine from a cognitive perspective a typical if not a defining feature of the epics: the simile. My purpose is to draw into this discussion, which in the past has been for the most part descriptive or taxonomic, some evidence of a different kind. My principal preoccupations will be the interactive relationship between imagery, which is at the heart of the simile, and memory the way in which memory prompts an image, the way in which imagery and memory guide the expression of the simile, and the way in which imagery promotes recall-and the working out of this relationship in the Homeric simile. In short, we shall observe how a storyteller who is performing before a listening audience works with the resources of memory to generate this kind of comparative material, which draws on both imagery and language.
A Death in the First Act (Annals 1. 6)
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tacitus begins his Annals with a brief preface, the last sentence of which sets out his programme for the rest of the work (1. 1. 3): The words pauca de Augusto refer to the first section of narrative from 1. 2. 1 (‘Postquam Bruto ….’) to 1. 4. 1 (‘. …dum Augustus’ aetate ualidus segue et domum et pacem sustentauit’); extrema (sc. de Augusto) refers to the second section from 1. 4. 2 (‘Postquam prouecta iam senectus aegro et corpore fatigabatur aderatque finis ….’) to 1. 5. 4 (‘simul excessisse Augustum et rerum potiri Neronem fama eadem tulit’); Tiberii principatum refers to the Tiberian narrative as a whole, which thus begins at 1. 6. 1 (‘Primum facinus noui principatus fuit . . .’) and ends with Tiberius’ obituary at 6. 51. 3; cetera refers to the remainder of the work, i.e. Book 7 (which is no longer extant) to the end (which is also no longer extant).
Praecipuum Munus Annalium The Construction, Convention, and Context of Annals 3. 65. I
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
E. Fraenkel in the preface to his Horace reflected that on many occasions, when he thought he had disentangled himself from ‘the snares of traditional exegesis’, he found that he was ‘still interpreting not the words of Horace but the unwarranted opinion of some of his commentators’.1 Often it is the most familiar passages which are most resistant to such reinterpretation. In 1989 I suggested that one of the most famous passages in Tacitus’ Annals, his obituary of the emperor Tiberius (6. 51), had been misinterpreted by generations of readers.2 In the present paper I shall discuss another passage of the Annals, which is equally famous and which occurs during the narrative of AD 22 (3. 65. 1): Exsequi sententias hand institui nisi insignes per honestum aut notabili dedecore, quod praecipuum munus annalium reor, ne uirtutes sileantur utque prauis dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia metus sit.
History and Alternative Histories
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tacitus’ reputation as the greatest Roman historian rests chiefly on the Annals and Histories, which together produced a total of thirty volumes and, when complete,1 began with the death of Augustus in August AD 14 and ended eighty-two years later with the death of Domitian in September 96. The scale of treatment, which is ample, and the annalistic format, which is rigorously sustained throughout, alike served to remind his readers that Tacitus was writing history in the grand and time-honoured manner.
The Categories of Body and Soul
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A person is a mass of living flesh who also thinks and feels and calls himself ‘I’. That is the only universal fact about the structure of human identity, and any further elaborations arc products of particular cultures and traditions: and because the ideas in question are intangible, and their expression often difficult and oblique, when we face an alien world-picture there is a temptation to pass its ideas through the filter provided by our own. I begin with a cautionary tale. Here is Frazer in the Golden Bough—a book that is still in print—with an anecdote to illustrate primitive beliefs about body and soul:
Primitive Wisdom and Stoic Exegesis after Posidonius
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I looked at the way in which the early Stoics thought that the outlook of the first men came to be articulated into a technical understanding of nature, and at how scraps of this understanding were subsequently preserved as the seeds of the mythological tradition; and I suggested that the Stoics thought the recovery of these fragments was worthwhile in so far as they could be used as evidence to support the general direction in which Stoic philosophy was developing. But the full historical impact of this theory was, as I hope to show, not confined to its implications for the Greeks’ understanding of mythology, or for the Stoics’ ability to support the truth of their doctrines on the basis of it. By suggesting that authoritative philosophical insights might be obtained by a student of the past, the theory would ultimately lead to a revolution in the way that philosophy itself was done: as I shall argue in Chapters 6 and 7, the Stoics’ theory of the transmission through readily accessible cultural traditions of a primitive and authoritative wisdom would form the basis of the new approach to philosophy developed by the Platonists of the second century AD.
Divergence and Disagreement: The Platonist Alternative to Scepticism
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the dominant school of the later empire, and through the profound influence it had on the development of Christian theology, Platonism was to have a defining effect on the course of later Western philosophy. And everything that might be said about the nature of its effect must ultimately refer back to the revolutionary new model for philosophical research introduced through the Platonists’ ascription of authority to Plato under the definition set out in the previous chapter. The suggestion that the purpose of philosophy was to understand a truth that was already available (rather than to work towards finding that truth afresh), the primary focus on antiquity which this encouraged, the doctrinal systems themselves as they emerged from this process, must all be seen in terms of the unprecedented notion of authority ascribed by the Platonists to Plato. But the arguments outlined in the previous chapter still only tell half of the story. For, while they offer an explanation for the absolute authority of Plato, they can only properly succeed in explaining it to someone who thinks that Plato is right in the first place
Livy, Augustus, and Exempla
Authors: Chaplin Jane D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw at the outset, the general tendency to treat lucretia as precisely the kind of historical lesson Livy has in mind in Preface 10 overlooks the fact no one ever profits from Lucretia’s experience. In fact, within a generation she vanishes from everyone’s memory but the narrator’s. But, as we have also seen, Livy’s use of exempla is far more nuanced than the construction of straightforward illustrative episodes, and, while Lucretia may not teach anyone within the text the price of female chastity, she does offer Livy’s external audience a helpful reminder of what history is all about. For with her final words, Lucretia behaves as if she has read the Preface, forecasting (albeit mistakenly) her own value as an example for others. Nor is she alone in doing so; throughout y’s narrative, his characters recognize the power of exempla, whether they are invoking, forging, or anticipating them. Hannibal is a particularly clear illustration.
Emperor Worship and Ron1an Religion
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Roman religion worshipped a number of gods, one kind in particular aroused the fury of early Christians and the wonder of scholars: the cult of Roman emperors alive or dead. Was the divinity of emperors a glue that held the Empire together? Were rulers such as Julius Caesar and Caligula simply mad to expect such worship of themselves? Or was it rather a phenomenon which has only been rendered incomprehensible by modern and monotheistic ideas of what religion is - or should be - all about? This book presents the first study of emperor worship among the Romans themselves, in Rome and its heartland Italy. It argues that emperor worship was indeed perfectly in keeping with Roman religious tradition, which has been generally misunderstood by a posterity imbued in radically different notions of the relationship between man and the divine.
‘In Every House’? The Emperor 1n the Roman Household
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private cult of the emperor, its form and its quantity, must be decisive for any general interpretation of emperor worship, especially so since scholars have usually claimed that the phenomenon was exclusively or overwhelmingly a public one, and from this conclusion have often questioned the ‘sincerity’ or ‘true religiosity’ of imperial cults.
Ideology and Taste: Narrative and Discourse in Petronius’ Satyricon
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of Greek and Roman literature has long depended, with varying degrees of explicitness, on taste as a fundamental point of orientation. The very notion of ‘classics’ belongs to a connoisseurish rhetoric which canonizes certain texts, and attaches aesthetic properties to them. Multiculturalist critiques, in challenging the hegemony of the western tradition, have done something to unmask the frequently ‘Eurocentric’ nature of this aestheticization. At the same time, the study of Greek and Roman culture has also long depended on its illusory claim to objectivity. It is easy to believe that the ancient world can be safely detached from our own, and that our approach to it can therefore claim to be reasonably neutral.
Conclusions and Envoi: Representation and Responsibility
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conceptions of poetry and representation in Plato and Aristotle continue to influence speculations on the nature of discourse. However, the particular value Plato and his successors in antiquity attached to speech presentation has been largely ignored by modern theorists of language and literature. I have sought to respond to this oversight—to show that employment of various modes of direct and indirect discourse is by no means an isolated aspect of grammar or poetics, and to show that speech presentation has important epistemic, ethical and political dimensions.
Homer Beside Himself
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students reading the Iliad for the first time are often bewildered by the sheer volume of information on apparently unrelated subjects contained in it. The central narrative seems to unfold very slowly, and to be complicated by long speeches containing stories which might be interesting in themselves, but which seem to have no relevance to anything else. In this book Dr Alden offers advice on how to read the Iliad through the relationship of major paradigms to the events of the main narrative. The first section offers the first full-length study in English of the paradigmatic functions of secondary narratives and minor-key episodes in the Iliad. None of these are irrelevant or merely ornamental: rather each is carefully selected and altered if necessary, to reflect on significant episodes of the main narrative and act as guides to its interpretation. The second section offers a general reading of the Iliad arising out of Phoenix's advice to Achilles in Book 9. The allegory of the Prayers illustrates the dire consequences of rejecting prayers, and the paradigm of Meleager presents us with an instance of an angry hero to whom prayers and entreaties are addressed, whilst the primary narrative confines this motif of prayers and entreaties in ascending scale of affection to Achilles and Hector and contrasts their responses. Both heroes suffer terribly for their rejection of entreaties.
Introduction
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Columella (RR 5.8.1) called the olive ‘the first of all trees’, and then went on to praise its flexibility. The key point is that the tree can thrive when incorporated into many diverse agricultural and economic regimes. It can, and does, compose a major sector of many more agronomic systems than I have been able to document here. This study is centred upon the place of the olive in the agricultural regimes and economies of Classical, and to a much lesser extent, Archaic, Greece, between the sixth and third centuries bce. The cultivation of the olive offers the opportunity to explore the intricate relationships between social and cultural values, agricultural practices, the development and adoption of technology, and the workings of the economies of Classical Greece—aspects of the ancient world which are sometimes studied in isolation from each other.
Cultivating the Olive
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greeks knew that most fruit trees do not grow true to type from seed (Theophr. HP 2.2.5), and even if they did, it would take an uneconomically long time to grow productive trees in this manner. Olive trees, like other crop trees, could be propagated in a number of different ways. The main methods used for almost all fruit trees were cuttings (Xen. Oec. 19.12), layers and grafting (usually bud grafting rather than twig grafting though both were known and used, see Fig. 5.1). For olives there was the additional possibility of propagation by cutting of and planting the ovules which develop at the base of the stems of mature olive trees. The olive, says Theophrastos (HP 2.1.4), can be propagated in more ways than any other kind of tree.
Processing Olives
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is much more difficult to give a complete account of Greek oil pressing than of Roman, and this is reflected in the secondary literature on the subject, which is heavily dependent upon the Roman evidence. Many scholars, beginning with Drachmann (1932) have explicitly or implicitly assumed that Greek techniques were similar to Roman ones, or that they were simply ‘less developed’ (Ault 1994a; Lohmann 1993: 213–15; Amouretti 1986: 167–75; White 1984: 67– 72; Frankel et al. 1994: 47–50). Often, scholars use Latin terminology for Greek pressing equipment which is not always exactly equivalent (Hadjisavvas 1992).
Introduction
Authors: Allan William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francesca da Rimini’s words might well be applied to the experience of Andromache after the fall of Troy, shadowed by her happy past, and forced to endure the miserable and humiliating life of a slave and concubine in Greece. Euripides’ Andromache is a rich, moving tragedy which expands the story of the Trojan captive in new and interesting ways.
Introduction: Philo of Larissa
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philo was the last sceptical leader of the Platonic Academy. The long tradition of Academic scepticism, initiated by Arcesilaos, confirmed by Carneades and Clitomachus, and inherited by Philo (scholarch from no to c.83 BC), was broken by his successor, Antiochus of Ascalon. Antiochus’ reformed ‘Old Academy’ was continued by his brother Aristus; thereafter we hear of no further scholarch, and it is probable that the Platonic school ceased to exist as an institution. After Philo’s death there were self-identified sceptical ‘Academics’ of considerable influence (among them, his student Cicero, and the ‘sophist’ Favorinus), but no enduring institution.
Philo’s Life
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical remains of Philo are few, obscure in their contexts, and of controversial significance. In such circumstances, it is understandable that the evidence of his biography has been sought as a potential source for enlightenment. This chapter examines what is known (and what can be surmised) of Philo’s life, without undue prejudice concerning the relevance of the material conditions of the philosopher’s life to his thought. From the record of Philo’s teachers, pupils, and opponents it is perhaps possible to reconstruct a philosophical context within which his work is intelligible; the ultra-philosophical motivations and character of the man are facts of history which are neither readily accessible to us, nor, one might argue, explanatory of the philosophical history which survived them.
Epistemology: Philonian/Metrodorian Scepticism
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philo’s epistemological views evolved during the twenty-five years he was scholarch of the Academy. He was elected in i io bc as a supporter of the Clitomachian orthodoxy, a radical sceptic in the tradition of Arcesilaos and Carneades. By around 95 BC, some ten or fifteen years later, the ‘probabilism’ of the ‘Philonian/Metrodorian’ view had become, under his authority, the official line of the Academy. Then, in 88/7 bc, Philo produced the celebrated ‘Roman Books’, which, by recognizing a weak form of catalepsis, advocated a further modification of the Academic position. The radical discontinuities between the three ‘Academic’ positions were partially obscured by the form the innovations took: each view was represented in turn as the correct interpretation of Carneades’ philosophical stance. The institutional success of the first transition was overwhelming— the Philonian/Metrodorian reinterpretation of Academic history was generally accepted thereafter as a faithful record of the epistemological position of the entire tradition. In the Roman Books Philo was less successful: their historical assertions were criticized by both dogmatic and Academic contemporaries, and their philosophical life failed to survive his demise.