bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monastic Pittances in the Middle Ages
Authors: Harvey B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Benedict of Nursia (c.480–c.550), whose Rule enshrined the principles of monastic observance accepted in the Western Church throughout the Middle Ages, was at once precise and a little ambiguous in his treatment of food and drink. At dinner, the daily meal taken at a time varying with the liturgical season, there were to be two cooked dishes, described as pulmentaria, and a third consisting of fresh fruit or vegetables when in season. This, St Benedict believed, would be a sufficient provision, although he did not explicitly exclude a third such dish. We should envisage the pulmentum from which the cooked dishes derived their name as pottage, consisting mainly of cereals and vegetables but flavoured or diversified from time to time with small quantities of eggs, cheese, and other foods, including fish. It was perhaps to obtain one or more of these other foods, which may have been brought separately to the table, that a monk might find it necessary to use ‘an audible sign’, as permitted in the Rule and there distinguished from speech. The two dishes of pulmentum were, it appears, to be treated as alternatives, two being provided so that a monk unable to eat the one might make his meal out of the other; and the fresh fruit and vegetables were also to be alternative dishes. In addition, each monk was to have a loaf of bread weighing a ‘full pound’, and a measure of wine which, however, it would be meritorious to forgo.
The Leakeys‘ Other World
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 July 1634, the English gentleman Sir William Brereton boarded ship at Waterford in Ireland, and, after ‘a quick, pleasant, and dainty passage ‘, reached his
destination of Minehead in Somerset a mere twenty-six hours later. Unlike the voyage itself, the landing proved bothersome. The passengers had to be put ashore a mile from the port in the ship ‘s long-boat, ‘wherein we were more tossed, and in more apparent danger than in all the passage, the waves swelling and being mighty high and great ‘. Brereton was returning home to Cheshire after an extended tour of the Low Countries and Ireland, and he did not dawdle in Minehead.
Agents of Moscow
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 1945, state patriotism of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe was characterized by the widespread use of national symbols. In communist Hungary the party (MKP) widely celebrated national holidays, national heroes, erected national statues, and employed national street names. This 'socialist patriotism' had its origin in the 'national line' of the Comintern, established on Soviet instructions following the German invasion of the Soviet Union. At that time Stalin called the parties of the Comintern to oppose the Germans by issuing the call for national liberation. This policy continued after 1945 when, as an aid in the struggle for power, the MKP presented itself as both the 'heir to the traditions of the nations' and the 'only true representative of the interest of the Hungarian people'. Paradoxically however, the Soviet origins of the national line were also one of the main obstacles to its success as the MKP could not put forward national demands if these conflicted with Soviet interests. Martin Mevius' pioneering study reveals that what had started as a tactical measure in 1941 had become the self-image of party and state in 1953 and that the ultimate loyalty to the Soviet Union worked to the detriment of the national party - the MKP never rid itself of the label 'agents of Moscow'.
The Home Office Again
Authors: Lester Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My friendship with Roy Jenkins began in 1963,a few months after Hugh Gaitskell’s tragically early death. We met through my friendship with Gaitskell’s elder daughter, Julia. I was 27 and Roy was 43 years old. We were drawn together by our connections with the United States. Roy had visited the States a few months earlier and had spent a month in Washington writing for an Observer series, meeting President Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and their advisers. I had recently returned from two years of graduate study at Harvard Law School, which led to my becoming involved with civil rights and the struggle for racial equality. Roy was impressed by the style and substance of the Kennedy administration.
Books
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of monastic life and learning at late medieval St Albans is reflected clearly in the remains of its book collection. The monks of Walsingham ‘s generation inherited one of the most important—if not, in fact, the largest— libraries within the Benedictine congregation, a matter which Abbot Wheat ‘lhampstead immortalized in verse with characteristic immodesty.¹ It was a library largely of Anglo-Norman origins: there were few if any of the pre-Conquest manuscripts still to be found in the fourteenth century at Christ Church, Canterbury, Durham, and Glastonbury. The principal manuscripts had been produced in a phase of intense (and, for the most part, in-house) book production in the mid-twelfth century, an experience which seems to have established in the convent a tradition of self-sufficiency in books.²
A New Pair of Pairs: Tragic Witnesses in Western Greek Vase Painting?
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most strikingly ‘theatrical ‘ of Greek mythological vase paintings are those from the high period of red-Wgure painting in the Greek West (or Magna Graecia), known as ‘ornate Apulian ‘. We would be lost in this territory, had not the thousands of very varied pieces been sorted out and listed with amazing expertise by A. D. Trendall in his monumental Red-Figured Vases of Apulia. In addition to those in the big initial collection of 1982, there were literally hundreds of additions in the Supplements published in 1983 and 1991,1 most of them vases which had come on the antiquities market without any recorded provenance in the 1970s and 1980s. To locate them in place, these ‘ornate ‘ vases were mostly painted in or around the cultured and prosperous city of Taras, although they have been found in settlements throughout that part of Italy. Set in time, this phase of ostentatious ceramics lasted between about 350 and 310 bce. The most striking and unusual of all, many of them very large and highly crowded with Wgures, are those collected in Trendall ‘s chapter 18; and dominating this chapter is the master hand of the Darius Painter.
Medea in Eleusis, in Princeton
Authors: Eleusis Medea in , Princeton in 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large Apulian volute crater of the late fourth century in the Art Museum of Princeton University (Fig. 9.1)1 has on its obverse an elaborate scene with many figures but very little visible action; on the reverse of the vase is a Dionysiac scene. The setting of the obverse is a sanctuary, and most of the twelve figures are engaged in dialogues with one another. In the middle of the scene there is a small Ionic temple decorated with a festoon from which small tablets are hanging. Inside the building a lady is explaining something to an elderly servant who is listening attentively: he looks like a messenger or a paidagogos.
Nikê ‘s Cosmetics: Dramatic Victory, the End of Comedy, and Beyond1
Authors: Wilson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek Victory—Nikê—is a young woman from a very rough back- ground. But she is extremely beautiful. A child of the old regime, daughter of Styx and the Titan Pallas, at first glance she gives the appearance of being the odd one out among her siblings, those ‘glori- ous children, ‘ as the authoritative Hesiodic Theogony puts it.2 An only daughter, she has three brothers: Kratos —supremacy over others; Bia—violence; and Zêlos—a term whose meaning is difficult to capture but which describes the complex feelings evoked in onlookers by witnessing the success of others, and which they feel they merit them- selves—perhaps ‘competitive ambition ‘ or ‘spur to emulation.
Envisioning the Tragic Chorus on the Modern Stage
Authors: Foley Helene P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many contemporary performances of Greek tragedy include a chorus of one to three actors that neither sings nor dances and, for an audience accustomed to realistic theatre, often appears to impede the action and awkwardly clutter the set. For example, in a 1998 Broadway production of Sophocles ‘ Electra starring Zoe Wanamaker and directed by David Leveaux that stressed psychological realism, a maternal chorus of three had little to do but prosaically underline the heroine ‘s heavily Freudian neuroses. By contrast, Sophocles ‘ chorus originally created an initially resistant but ultimately dynamic and politically engaged community of fellow lamenters and avengers. The style, movement, and language of larger tragic choruses can also appear painfully artificial and unfamiliar. Productions in contem- porary Greece typically include large, well-rehearsed choruses that both sing and dance choral odes and often take advantage of familiar native music and dance traditions; but outside Greece twentieth- and twenty-first-century directors rarely present tragedies in which the chorus comes close to competing with or even upstaging the actors dramatically.
Rencontre asvec Froma
Authors: Vernant y Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
J ‘aurais aime´ apporter à ce volume, comme contribution personnelle, un article original digne de Wgurer dans l ‘ouvrage et de te´moigner valablement par sa qualite´ de mon admiration pour l ‘œuvre et la personne de Froma Zeitlin. Je ne suis malheureusement plusen e´tat de le faire. Me fallait-il dans ces conditions renoncer à être pre´sent dans l ‘hommage collectif qui lui est rendu? L ‘ide´e m ‘en est apparu insupportable. J ‘ai donc choisi, au dernier moment, faute de pouvoir inventer et e´crire du neuf, de puiser dans ma me´moire et de raconter, tels que me les pre´sentent aujourd ‘hui mes souvenirs, les circon- stances de ma premiére rencontre avec Froma, les hasards qui ont en quelque sorte agence´ cette re´union, et la fac¸on dont cet e´ve´nement fortuit a inaugure´ l ‘entrecroisement ulte´rieur de nos vies et de nos cheminements intellectuels.
Relatively Unrestricted Quantification
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are four broad grounds upon which the intelligibility of quantification over absolutely everything has been questioned’ one based upon the existence of semantic indeterminacy, another on the relativity of ontology to a conceptual scheme, a third upon the necessity of sortal restriction, and the last upon the possibility of indefinite extendibility. The argument from semantic indeterminacy derives from general philosophical considerations concerning our understanding of language.
Hitler and the Nazi state: leadership, hierarchy, and power
Authors: Noakes Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important feature of the Nazi state was the exceptional status of Adolf Hitler and the power which flowed from it. Hitler had already acquired absolute authority within the Nazi Party (NSDAP) during the 1920s as its Fu¨hrer (Leader). It was an authority based on his charisma — the conviction shared by both him and his followers of his mission to save Germany by overthrowing the existing political order, uniting its people in a ‘national community’, and then restoring it to greatness.
Artaud’s Writing Bodies
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antonin Artaud (1896-1948), perhaps best known as a dramatic theorist, is an important but extremely difficult writer. This book studies the development of his thinking, from the early texts of the 1920s through to the acclaimed but lesser known 1940s writings, on such issues as the body, theology, language, identity and the search for an elusive and unsayable self-presence, and then uses this as a framework in which to read his late texts. New attention is paid to the processes by which his texts generate meanings, the logics that hold these meanings together, and the internal contradictions of the late poetry. This allows a new picture to emerge that accounts for the coherent if unequal development of his ideas as well as the drive towards systematisation to be found in even his most opaque writings. By returning to the texts and focusing on the specific terms of Artaud's writing, as well as their gleeful resourcefulness and ludicity, it is argued that Artaud needs to be considered not as a contestatory psychotic but as a writer of the first magnitude. Accessible to both scholar and newcomer, this illuminating and original study will refocus critical thought on both the development of Artaud's thinking and the significance of his oft-neglected later work.
The translation stage
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Transfer’ is the term we use to describe the second stage of the three-stage lexicographic process. It consists of adding translations to the monolingual, target-language-neutral database described in Chapters 8 and 9. The transfer procedure described here is simply a more formalized version of the process that all bilingual dictionary editors go through at some point. First, in the analysis stage, they sketch out in as much detail as possible the full potential of the headword, distinguishing its various LUs and setting down the important facts about each, together with examples (this equates to stage 1, creating the database).
Agency and Causation
Authors: Ahmed Arif 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can causation be explained intenns of human agency? The view that it can I call the ‘agency theory’. The most common objection to it is that it is circular. To be an agent means to bring something about. ‘Bringing about’ is a causal notion. So we need to understand ‘cause’ before we understand ‘agency’: the correct exp1anation must go the other way. Agency is to be explained as a kind of causation (e.g. Hausmann 1997, p. 17). I shall call this the ‘circularity objection’.
The Physical Foundations of Causation
Authors: Kutach Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prominence of causation in twentieth-century metaphysics is curious considering it partly stems from a classical theory of interaction by mechanical contact that has long been superceded by more sophisticated physics. Specifically, the idea that a central organizing principle of nature is a causal relation between events is not motivated by a serious examination of fundamental physics. What we do find in our best fundamental theories are equations expressing relationships between physical quantities at different times and places, equations that have no obvious connection with the concept of causation.
The Philosopher ‘s History and the History of Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to distinguish the history of philosophy (what philosophers have done) from the historiography of philosophy (what historians of philosophy do). In this paper I will try to use ‘historiography’, not ‘history’, when that is what I mean. I won’t, however, use the ugly word ‘historiographer’, since there is little danger of thinking that a historian of philosophy is somebody who makes history rather than someone who writes history. Our main concern here is the historiography of philosophy; but I must spend some time in discussing the history, since the nature of the historiography depends on the nature of the history. In its turn, the nature of the history of philosophy depends on the nature of philosophy.
How to Write Like a Magus
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hood ‘s book attacking Forman was published on 22 November 1591. The following evening as the sun was setting Forman read Hermes Trismegistus ‘ Poimandres, an account of the creation of the world much like Genesis. Hermes, in a sleep-like state, has a series of delightful and frightening visions, through which Poimandres, ‘mind of sovereignty ‘, reveals the wisdom of creation. The next morning Forman had the following dream: I sawe appearing in the clouds of heaven a man ro tyms bigger and greter then any other man, with a marvailouse great face and his herd was not very longe but of a chestnut colloure, and a very high forhed.
The Talking Ape
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this fascinating, smind-opening book, Robbins Burling presents the most convincing account of the origins of language ever published. He sheds new light on how language affects the way we think, behave, and relate to each other; and he gives us a deeper understanding of the nature of language itself. The author traces language back to its earliest origins among our distant ape-like forbears several million years ago and charts its growth to the time of our recent human ancestors. He offers a new account of the route by which we acquired our defining characteristic and explores the nature of language as it developed throughout the course of our evolution. He explains what the earliest forms of communication are likely to have been, how they worked, and why they were deployed. He examines the qualities of mind and brain needed to support the operations of language and the selective advantages they offered those able to use them. Robbins Burling investigates the first links between signs, sounds, and meanings and explores the beginnings and prehistories of vocabulary and grammar. He connects work in fields extending from linguistics, sign languages, and psychology to human paleontology, evolutionary biology, and archeology. And he does all this in a crystal-clear style, constantly enlivened by flashes of wit and humor.
In the beginning
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few topics about which scholars have puzzled can be quite so intriguing and so tantalizing, but at the same time so frustrating, as the evolution of the human capacity for language. Nothing so decisively sets us apart from our primate cousins as our constant chatter. It is no exaggeration to credit language for the very humanity that distinguishes us from the beasts from which we sprang. If we are even a tiny bit curious about our own origins, we have to be curious about the origins of language.
Truths and lies
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can view the path along which the capacity for language evolved from either of two directions, forward from a starting point somewhat like that of the living primates, or backward from the form of our own languages. The primates that we know, especially the chimpanzees and bonobos, give us a plausible model for the anatomy and behavior of our earliest hominin ancestors, and we can ask how such a species would have had to change in order to gain linguistic competence. Understandably, this is the perspective from which primatologists have generally looked at human evolution.
Signs and symbols
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since the time of Ferdinand de Saussure, early in the twentieth century, linguists have insisted that the relationship between the form and the meaning of linguistic signs is entirely arbitrary. Whether we call the place we live a house, maison, or casa matters not at all as long as everyone in the speech community agrees on some consistent convention. To be sure, a few onomatopoetic words, like whoosh and whippoorwill, echo the sound of wind or the twittering of birds, but these have generally been looked on as minor exceptions to the more usual arbitrary coupling of meaning with sound.
What has language done to us?
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through most of this book I have offered some facts, some arguments, and a good deal of speculation about the path by which language might have emerged in the human species. Now, at the end, I want to raise a somewhat different question: What has language done to us? How has it changed our lives? For, whatever the selective pressures were that encouraged the emergence of language, and whatever the stages through which evolving language passed, we can have no doubt at all that language must be given a good deal of the credit (or is it blame?) for turning us into a most peculiar animal. Nothing is more important than language in the behavioral revolution that has made us so different from even our closest anthropoid kin. Above the level of basic physiology, we do precious little that is not, in some way, affected by language.
The Bilingual’s Language Modes∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bilinguals who have reflected on their bilingualism will often report that they change their way of speaking when they are with monolinguals and when they are with bilinguals. Whereas they avoid using their other language with the former, they may call on it for a word or a sentence with the latter or even change over to it completely. In addition, bilinguals will also report that, as listeners, they are sometimes taken by surprise when they are spoken to in a language that they did not expect. Although these reports are quite anecdotal, they do point to an important phenomenon, language mode, which researchers have been alluding to over the years. For example, Weinreich (1966) writes that, when speaking to a monolingual, the bilingual is subject to interlocutory constraint which requires that he or she limit interferences (Weinreich uses this as a cover term for any element of the other language), but when speaking to another bilingual there is hardly any limit to interferences; forms can be transferred freely from one language to the other and often used in an unadapted way. A few years later, Hasselmo (1970) refers to three sets of “norms” or “modes of speaking” among Swedish-English bilinguals in the United States: English only for contact with English monolinguals, American Swedish with some bilinguals (the main language used is Swedish), and Swedish American with other bilinguals (here the main language is English). In the latter two cases, code-switching can take place in the other language. The author also notes that there exist two extremes in the behavior of certain bilinguals, one extreme involves minimal and the other maximal code-switching.
Manipulating Language Mode*
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of language production and perception studies have been undertaken in which language mode is manipulated experimentally. In the first part of the chapter, the original language mode production study is summarized. It was was done with the help of Lysiane Grosjean in Boston with French-English bilinguals and it has already been referred to briefly in Chapter 4 (Section 4.2.1).
The Léwy and Grosjean BIMOLA Model∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bilinguals, that is, those people who use two or more languages (or dialects) in their everyday lives, have been the object of much psycholinguistic research in recent years. Many studies have been concerned with representational issues, such as the internal organization of the bilingual’s lexicon (Schreuder and Weltens 1993), but fewer have examined the processes which underlie the perception and production of language. In addition, it is predominantly written language that has been explored rather than speech (but see Cutler et al. 1992; Hernandez et al. 1994; etc., for studies in this modality). This state of affairs is surprising if one takes into account the fact that bilinguals spend more time speaking than they do writing and that, when speaking, they have to process both monolingual utterances in their two (or more) languages and mixed utterances that contain code-switches and borrowings.