bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mössbauer study of the color of Roman pottery from the Leptiminus archaeological site, Tunisia
Authors: Sherriff Barbara L. , McCammon Catherine , Stirling Lea 
Published: December 2002

AbstractVariations in the color of pottery, white coatings on amphora, and dark edges on coarseware were produced by Roman potters at Leptiminus, Tunisia. The oxidation state and coordination of iron in different colored regions of the pottery was determined using Mössbauer spectroscopy. The basic red color of most pottery is due to hematite produced under oxidizing conditions in the kilns. The white surficial coloration, enhanced by treating the clay with salt water, is caused by the incorporation of iron into clinopyroxene instead of iron oxides. Recent pottery from Moknine, Tunisia, which was formed with clay mixed with either fresh or salt water, illustrates the effect of NaCl in producing the white coating. Black edges on Roman coarseware relate to high content of maghemite, probably produced under reducing conditions in the kiln. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost data for individual patients included in clinical studies: no amount of statistical analysis can compensate for inadequate costing methods
Authors: Graves Nicholas , Walker Damian , Raine Rosalind , Hutchings Andrew , Roberts Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis work examines the quality of the cost methods used to derive patient level costs in 45 economic evaluations conducted alongside randomised controlled trials. The perspective of the cost analysis, the methods used to determine quantities and values of resources and how the cost data were reported are examined. The reported costing methods were found to be of poor quality, highlighting the need for greater rigour. Researchers to date appear more concerned with whether cost data have been subjected to the appropriate statistical analysis. For the results of clinical studies to be valid both cost methods and the methods used for the statistical analysis of cost data should be of a high quality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theoretical model of adolescent suicide and some evidence from US data
Authors: Mathur Vijay K. , Freeman Donald G. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractSuicide rates for adolescents have doubled since 1970 and tripled since 1960, even as rates for other age groups have declined. Using a Becker‐type model of household production and consumption, we demonstrate conditions under which utility maximizing parents allocate time away from time‐intensive commodities like children's well‐being, and towards market work and less time‐intensive consumption commodities. This reallocation of time towards market work has mixed effects on children' mental health: higher money income tends to improve family and children's well‐being, but the loss of parental time has an opposite effect on children's mental health and increases the risk of adolescent suicide. Empirical evidence using state panel regressions of adolescent suicide rates on economic, social and demographic variables is consistent with predictions based on our model; our results indicate that the favorable effect of higher incomes has more than offset the negative effect of lost parental time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase II trial of cisplatin and vinorelbine in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Espinosa Enrique , Zamora Pilar , Millá Alfredo , Morales Serafin , Molina Raquel , Mira M. , González Barón Manuel 
Published: December 2002

AbstractObjective.We assessed the response rate and the toxicity of cisplatin plus vinorelbine in patients with this condition.Patients and Method.Forty‐two patients were included. Therapy consisted of cisplatin, 100 mg/m2 on day 1, and vinorelbine, 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, given every 21 days. Therapy was continued up to six courses or progressive disease.Results.One hundred fifty‐nine courses were given (median, three per patient). Dose reduction was applied in 13% of courses and 43% of patients. Grade 3 to 4 neutropenia appeared in 11% of courses and 35% of the patients. One patient died of febrile neutropenia. Ten percent of patients attained a complete response, and 23% attained a partial response (overall 33%, 95%CI 19%–47%). The median duration of response and median survival were 6 months. Twenty‐four percent of patients remain alive at 1 year.Conclusions.The combination of cisplatin and vinorelbine is moderately active in patients with recurrent or metastatic carcinomas of the head and neck and avoids the inconvenience of prolonged infusions of 5‐fluorouracil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 1054–1059, 2002
The effects of a sedative antihistamine, d‐chlorpheniramine, on visuomotor spatial discrimination and regional brain activity as measured by positron emission tomography (PET)
Authors: Mochizuki Hideki , Tashiro Manabu , Tagawa Masaaki , Kano Michiko , Itoh Masatoshi , Okamura Nobuyuki , Watanabe Takehiko , Yanai Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAlthough most people taking antihistamines have experienced sedation and impaired performance, the neural correlates of these sedative properties are not well understood in man. Brain imaging can be used to demonstrate how regional brain activities are altered during such sedative effects. The aim of this study was to visualize the brain mechanism of impaired visuomotor spatial cognition with orally administered d‐chlorpheniramine, a first‐generation sedative antihistamine, using H215O and positron emission tomography (PET). Normal subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (chlorpheniramine and placebo) and performed a spatial discrimination task after the oral administration of 6 mg d‐chlorpheniramine or a placebo. The administration of d‐chlorpheniramine impaired visuomotor spatial discrimination and altered cortical and subcortical activity. Decreased and increased activities were observed in the right parietal cortex (BA 40) which is related to visuomotor spatial cognition and the posterior cingulate cortex which constitutes the attention system of the brain, respectively. In particular, the brain activities of BA 40 were negatively and positively correlated to those of bilateral caudate nuclei and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, respectively. These findings clearly suggest that the alteration in the cortical and subcortical activity contributes to impaired spatial cognition caused by treatment with d‐chlorpheniramine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dextro‐amphetamine increases phosphoinositol cycle activity in volunteers: an MRS study
Authors: Silverstone Peter H. , O'Donnell Tina , Ulrich Michele , Asghar Sheila , Hanstock Christopher C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAimsTo help determine the effects of dextro‐amphetamine on the phosphoinositol cycle (PI‐cycle) in humans, 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized in 17 healthy volunteers. This was an open‐label study carried out before and after administration of 20 mg oral dextro‐amphetamine. Subjects also rated the subjective effects of dextro‐amphetamine administration using visual analog scales (VAS).Major findingsFollowing dextro‐amphetamine administration there was a significant increase in the concentrations of both myo‐inositol and phosphomonoesters.ConclusionsThese findings are in keeping with suggestions that dextro‐amphetamine administration increases the activity of the phosphoinositol cycle, probably via an indirect release of dopamine and noradrenaline. These results are the first time that this has been confirmed in humans. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacotherapy of anxious disorders
Authors: Bourin Michel , Lambert Olivier 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe present paper is a review of the treatment of anxious disorders by the current pharmaceutical medications; a short epidemiological survey is given for anxious disorders including: general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety and post‐traumatic stress disorder. For all these disorders there are proposals of treatment built on literature data mainly on meta‐analysis as well on personal experience. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder: the role of atypical antipsychotics and experimental strategies
Authors: Malhi Gin S. , Berk Michael 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBipolar disorder, despite being a common and debilitating illness, has remarkably few pharmacological therapeutic options, the majority of which, with the exception of lithium, have been borrowed from other medical indications. Furthermore the quantity and quality of controlled clinical data are considerably smaller than in conditions of comparable severity and frequency. Not surprisingly, the clinical outcome of bipolar disorder is frequently suboptimal.Fortunately there are a growing number of novel therapeutic options for its treatment such as atypical antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers and omega‐3 fatty acids. This paper summarizes some of the data regarding these ‘experimental’ therapeutic options, focusing principally on atypical antipsychotics as these are now widely prescribed in the management of bipolar disorder. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall–runoff modelling of ephemeral streams in the Valencia region (eastern Spain)
Authors: Camarasa Ana M. , Tilford Kevin A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper presents preliminary results from the application of a transfer‐function rainfall–runoff model to ephemeral streams in Mediterranean Spain. Flow simulations have been conducted for two small catchments (Carraixet and Poyo basins), located in close proximity to one another yet with significantly different geological characteristics. Analysis of flow simulations for a number of high‐flow events has revealed the dominant influence of the rainfall on the catchment response, particularly for high‐rainfall events. Particular success has been attained modelling the highest magnitude events in both catchments and for all events in the faster responding (Poyo) catchment. In order to investigate the viability of the model for forecasting floods in ungauged catchments, additional investigations have been conducted by calibrating the model for one catchment (donor catchment) and then applying it to another (receptor catchment). The results indicate that this can be successful when either the donor catchment is a fast response catchment or when the model is calibrated using a high‐magnitude event in the donor catchment, providing that the modelled receptor catchment event is of a lower magnitude. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopes in the source waters of the Yamuna and its tributaries: seasonal and altitudinal variations and relation to major cations
Authors: Dalai Tarun K. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Krishnaswami S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWater samples from the Yamuna and its tributaries, one of the major river systems draining the Himalaya, have been analysed for their stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes during three seasons (summer, monsoon and post‐monsoon). The data show clear seasonal and altitudinal variations; waters from higher altitudes and those collected during monsoon season are characterized by relatively depleted isotopic composition. Regression analysis of δD–δ18O data of samples collected during summer and monsoon seasons shows that the slope of the best‐fit lines are nearly identical to those of precipitation at New Delhi for the same period. The similarity in their slopes suggests that the isotopic composition of precipitation contributing water to these rivers are reasonably well preserved in both monsoon and non‐monsoon seasons, however, during the non‐monsoon period both rainfall and river waters carry signatures of evaporation. The ‘deuterium excess’ in river waters during the three seasons though overlap with each other, the values during October are higher. This can be understood in terms of recycled moisture contributions to precipitation. The ‘altitude effect’ for δ18O in these waters is determined to be 0·11‰ per 100 m, a factor of about two less than that reported for the Ganga source waters from similar altitudinal range. The variability in altitude effects in rivers draining the Himalaya seems to be controlled by the ‘amount effect’ associated with the monsoon. The significant spatial variability in altitude effect in these river basins, which are a few hundred kilometers apart, suggests that reconstruction of palaeoelevation in the Himalaya, based on δ18O‐altitude gradients, would depend critically on its proper assessment in the region. This study has established a relationship between total cation abundance and δ18O in waters of the Yamuna mainstream; total cations (corrected for cyclic components) double for a 1·4 km decrease in altitude as the Yamuna flows downstream. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water temperature and conductivity variability as indicators of groundwater behaviour in complex aquifer systems in the south‐east of Spain
Authors: Molina L. , Vallejos A. , Pulido‐Bosch A. , Sánchez‐Martos F. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractGroundwater temperature and electrical conductivity logs were applied in this study to gain an understanding of the hydrogeological behaviour of a complex system. This system, compartmentalized by a large number of fractures, which may even cause geothermal anomalies, is that of the Campo de Dalías in the south‐east of the Iberian Peninsula. In addition to this complexity one must consider the different levels with aquifer properties and their varying lithologies, which in some cases are in direct contact with the sea. Vertical sections based upon the various logs allow lateral correlation to be made between the anomalies detected, and provide information on the existence of both ascending and descending vertical flows, and the inflow of sea water into the system. Analysis of environmental isotopes (18O and D) indicate the areas of recharge with the greatest flow velocity. No seasonal variation in the isotopes was observed, which suggests that the residence time of the groundwater in the aquifer is several years. Radiocarbon dating gave estimates of generally long residence times, although in some sectors it is possible to detect the current recharge based on its tritium content, from rainwater infiltration or seawater intrusion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil frost and runoff at Svartberget, northern Sweden—measurements and model analysis
Authors: Lindström Göran , Bishop Kevin , Löfvenius Mikaell Ottosson 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe effect of soil frost on runoff was investigated using a comprehensive data set collected at the Svartberget Experimental Forest, near Vindeln, Västerbotten in northern Sweden. Measurements of snow depth, soil temperature, frost depth and other climate parameters have been made at three sites since 1981, as part of a long‐term climate monitoring programme. Simulation residuals from the HBV rainfall–runoff model, in which no effect of soil frost is assumed, were compared with 16 years of measured soil frost conditions. A simple model for simulation of soil frost depth was developed and incorporated into the HBV model. The model parameters were calibrated to observations of snow depth, soil frost depth, groundwater levels and runoff, by use of a simple weighted optimization criterion. No clear effect of soil frost could be seen on the timing and magnitude of runoff in this analysis, or when analysing data on the conservative oxygen isotope 18O. The soil at the forested site froze in only slightly more than half the years, despite the high latitude and low winter temperatures. Furthermore, the soil had often thawed before the start of the spring flood. Almost all spring floods, therefore, occurred when the soil was unfrozen. Snow depth and soil frost depths were inversely related, with the deepest soil frost during winters with little snow. Soil frost therefore is unlikely to aggravate the very high floods in forested basins of this type, except perhaps under exceptional circumstances such as large rain events on frozen ground. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single nucleotide polymorphism at Fas promoter is associated with cervical carcinogenesis
Authors: Lai Hung‐Cheng , Sytwu Huey‐Kang , Sun Chien‐An , Yu Mu‐Hsien , Yu Cheng‐Ping , Liu Hang‐Seng , Chang Cheng‐Chang , Chu Tang‐Yuan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe causal role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinogenesis is beyond reasonable questioning. The progression from HPV infection, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) to squamous cell carcinomata (SCC), however, is very uncommon and inefficient. Host genetic factors that may confer the susceptibility of disease progression are largely unknown. Apoptosis is an important fail‐safe check for tumor development, in which Fas/FasL interaction contributes substantially. The purpose of our study is to test the hypothesis that an A/G polymorphism at −670 of Fas promoter with different transcriptional activity is associated with the risk for cervical neoplasia. A hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted, in which 104 patients of low grade SIL (LSIL), 131 high grade SIL (HSIL) and 176 SCC as well as age‐matched, 1:1 controls were tested for Fas polymorphism by PCR‐RFLP. HPV genotypes were determined in case groups by MY PCR‐reverse line blot. The frequency of A allele was significantly (p = 0.006) higher in SCC than in control, conferring an odd ratio of 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1–2.0). The distribution of Fas (−670) genotypes also differed significantly between HSIL, SCC and each of their control (p = 0.017 and 0.03, respectively), with the A/A genotype conferring an OR of 1.3 (95% CI = 1.1–1.6) and 1.6 (95% CI = 1.0–2.5), respectively. Remarkably, the frequency of A allele and A/A genotype increased gradually in accordance with the multi‐step carcinogenesis from LSIL, HSIL to SCC (ptest for trend = 0.0066 and 0.0007, respectively). In addition, there was no difference of Fas genotypes between HPV (+) and HPV (−) cases. Fas genotypes, however, differed in LSIL infected with different HPV types (p = 0.033). The present study demonstrated an association between Fas polymorphism and cervical carcinogenesis. We deduced a possible effect of apoptosis of immune cells in this virus‐induced cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cleavable adapter to reduce nonspecific cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxins
Authors: Heisler Iring , Keller Jutta , Tauber Rudolf , Sutherland Mark , Fuchs Hendrik 
Published: December 2002

AbstractOne of the problems associated with the administration of immunotoxins is hypersensitivity reaction such as vascular leak syndrome. This may be prevented by decreasing the plasma half‐life. To improve immunotoxins with respect to reduced side effects, we have previously described the development of a cleavable adapter. This adapter links the toxic moiety and ligand that are usually directly coupled. In our study, the cytotoxicity of saporin linked either directly or via the adapter to epidermal growth factor (EGF) was evaluated in vitro. The immunotoxins exhibited similar cytotoxic activity towards A‐431 and HER14 cells (IC50 < 10 nM). The supernatant from 6 hr cultures of HER14 cells incubated in the presence of the adapter‐containing immunotoxin exhibited a significantly reduced cytotoxicity as compared to the directly coupled immunotoxin. Western blotting revealed that the adapter was cleaved, thus supporting our proposal that cleavable adapters may reduce nonspecific effects. A similar reduced half‐life was detected in platelet‐poor plasma. In contrast MCF‐7 cells remain unaffected by the immunotoxins. This was shown to be due to the absence of detectable EGF‐receptor in comparison to A‐431 and HER14 cells as determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, we could show that the adapter does not exert an effect on the N‐glycosidase activity of saporin. These results suggest that the use of cleavable adapters may be a useful tool in immunotoxins for reducing the killing of surrounding noncancerous cells due to nonspecific binding. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractalkine transgene induces T‐cell‐dependent antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of dendritic cells
Authors: Guo Jun , Zhang Minghui , Wang Baocheng , Yuan Zhenglong , Guo Zhenhong , Chen Taoyong , Yu Yizhi , Qin Zhihai , Cao Xuetao 
Published: December 2002

AbstractFractalkine (FK, also called neurotactin or CX3CL1) is a CX3C chemokine that can chemoattract T lymphocytes, monocytes and NK cells. In our study, we investigated the induction of antitumor response by FK gene transfer. FK gene‐modified 3LL lung carcinoma cells (3LL‐FK) could both secrete soluble form and express membrane‐bound form of FK. The tumor growth of 3LL‐FK was decreased. Vaccination with 3LL‐FK was effective in the induction of protective immunity and CTL. In vivo depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8+ T cells are the main participating cells of the antitumor response. Obvious infiltrations of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells (DC) were observed in the tumor sites, suggesting that 3LL‐FK might induce antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of T cells and DC. Then we investigated the chemoattraction and activation of DC by 3LL‐FK. Chemotaxis assay showed that the supernatants of 3LL‐FK could chemoattract immature DC, which were found to express FK receptor CX3CR1, and the immature DC could obviously adhere to 3LL‐FK. Adherence of DC to 3LL‐FK resulted in phenotypic maturation and upregulated IL‐12 secretion of DC, and more strong stimulation of allogeneic T‐cell proliferation by DC. The increased production of IL‐2 and IFNγ in 3LL‐FK tumor tissue was also observed. Our data suggested that FK gene transfer to tumor cells could induce T‐cell‐dependent antitumor immunity through chemoattraction and activation of DC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma: A case‐control study of HIV‐seronegative people in Uganda
Authors: Ziegler John , Newton Robert , Bourboulia Dimitra , Casabonne Delphine , Beral Valerie , Mbidde Edward , Carpenter Lucy , Reeves Gillian , Parkin D. Maxwell , Wabinga Henry , Mbulaiteye Sam , Jaffe Harold ,   The Uganda Kaposi's Sarcoma Study Group, Weiss Robin , Boshoff Chris 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAs part of a larger investigation of cancer in Uganda, we conducted a case‐control study of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV)‐seronegative adults presenting at hospitals in Kampala. Cases comprised 117 HIV‐seronegative patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and controls comprised 1,282 HIV‐seronegative patients with a provisional diagnosis of cancer other than Kaposi's sarcoma. Study participants were interviewed about social and lifestyle factors, tested for HIV and, if there was sufficient sera, for antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV8]), using an immunofluorescent assay. Independent effects of these factors were identified using unconditional logistic regression, after adjusting for age group (<30, 30–44, 45+) and sex. Antibody status for KSHV was available for 68% (80) of cases and for 45% (607) of controls. Among cases, 78% (91) were male and 57% (66) were over the age of 35. Cases were more likely than controls to be from tribal groups other than the Baganda (p = 0.05), to have higher household incomes (p = 0.003), to have left their home region at younger ages (p < 0.001), to own goats or pigs (p = 0.02) and to rarely or never use shoes (p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained when analyses were restricted to cases and controls with anti‐KSHV antibodies. The seroprevalence of KSHV was 79% (63/80) in those with Kaposi's sarcoma as compared to 50% (302/607) in those without (χ2 heterogeneity (1 df) = 21.0; p < 0.001) and the risk of the tumour increased with increasing anti‐KSHV antibody titres (χ2 trend (1 df) = 29.7; p < 0.001). The risk of Kaposi's sarcoma is clearly linked to antibody status for KSHV, but it would seem that in Uganda other factors are also important in the development of the tumour. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.