bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular Disease And Late-Life Depression: Stroke
Authors: Robinson Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading cause of mortality in the elderly and therefore represents a major public health problem in all industrialized countries (American Heart Association, 1996). Cerebrovascular disease includes a wide range of disorders from atherosclerotic narrowing of cerebral blood vessels leading to transitory ischemia, to permanent brain infarction due to an intramural thrombus or an embolic infarction caused by the breakup of thrombi within the heart or large arterial vessels that travel to the brain, to hemorrhagic phenomena caused by weakness of the vascular wall. Stroke is defined as a sudden loss of the blood supply to the brain leading to permanent tissue damage. This chapter will focus on depression associated with stroke caused by thrombotic, embolic, or hemorrhagic events.
Strategic Change and Transformation
Authors: Murray Elspeth , Richardson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the experiences of some of today’s most respected leaders of strategic change and transformation. Despite significant differences among the various types of change they discuss—from turnarounds to mergers and acquisitions—there are a number of common themes. These themes differentiate these organizations from the more typical, which may be successful in certain instances, but perhaps more through luck or chance than by design. Just what is it that separates change-able organizations from others?
The components of change leadership are reasonably well known: crafting a vision, creating buy-in, making tough decisions, modeling successful behaviors, and the like. The stories of change leadership in the following pages go beyond the familiar, however. What’s different about them is that these leaders have mastered the art of managing the steps of change management. They have succeeding in creating a whole that is larger than the sum of its parts, using tried-and-true formulas in new combinations with powerful results. They have known, perhaps intuitively, that change has both short-term and long-term components and must be approached with what the U.S. court system has termed “deliberate speed,” moving as quickly as human nature will allow. One thing they all have in common is the recognition that building and maintaining momentum is the key to success and that it must be in sufficient quantities to sustain a complex organization and its culture.
The Stakeholder’s View
Authors: Francis J Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In nearly all successful companies today, whether they are global organizations or emerging companies with exciting new technology, there is an increasing recognition among leaders that building and integrating commitment among all stakeholders maximizes the long-term success of an organization. With information so universally accessible, consistency of communication has become essential, and thanks to the instant flow of information via the Internet, all stakeholders, including investors, employees, customers, and communities, now receive a consistent message from corporate leaders. This integrated view has become a virtually universal principle of organizations, but having been implicit in the leadership style of effective managers throughout the industrial age, it is now accelerating in importance during the current information and technological revolution. As a result of the impact of technological advances, integration is now mandatory for success. Thus, a new challenge for leaders is driving the organization to effectively integrate all of these perspectives into the organization’s strategic direction and operations while maintaining the speed and focus needed to compete effectively in the global marketplace.
The Cultural Defense
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a trial in California, Navajo defendants argue that using the hallucinogen peyote to achieve spiritual exaltation is protected by the Constitution’s free exercise of religion clause, trumping the states’ right to regulate them. An Ibo man from Nigeria sues Pan American World Airways for transporting his mother’s corpse in a cloth sack. Her arrival for the funeral facedown in a burlap bag signifies death by suicide according to the customs of her Ibo kin, and brings great shame to the son. In Los Angeles, two Cambodian men are prosecuted for attempting to eat a four month-old puppy. The immigrants’ lawyers argue that the men were following their own ‘national customs’ and do not realize their conduct is offensive to ‘American sensibilities.’ What is the just decision in each case? When cultural practices come into conflict with the law is it legitimate to take culture into account? Is there room in modern legal systems for a cultural defense? In this remarkable book, Alison Dundes Renteln amasses hundreds of cases from the U.S. and around the world in which cultural issues take center stage-from the mundane to the bizarre, from drugs to death. Though cultural practices vary dramatically, Renteln demonstrates that there are discernible patterns to the cultural arguments used in the courtroom. The regularities she uncovers offer judges a starting point for creating a body of law that takes culture into account. Renteln contends that a systematic treatment of culture in law is not only possible, but ultimately more equitable. A just pluralistic society requires a legal system that can assess diverse motivations and can recognize the key role that culture plays in influencing human behavior. The inclusion of evidence of cultural background is necessary for the fair hearing of a case. An invaluable resource for practitioners, students, and the merely curious, this comprehensive treatment of cultural conflicts in diverse societies will spark lively debate.
Why Culture Matters for Justice
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explain the rationale for having a cultural defense. The entire argument hinges on the idea that culture shapes the identity of individuals, influencing their reasoning, perceptions, and behavior. I begin with the concept of culture and some of the problems associated with the analysis of culture. This is followed by a brief discussion of some of the scholarship by anthropologists and social psychologists concerning the manner in which culture affects individuals, especially the concept of enculturation. Next we consider the implications of culture for law: if culture affects motivations, what does this mean for the functioning of the legal system? In this study I am not concerned with high culture (as in opera, museums, and so forth) or mass or popular culture (as in comic books, films, etc.). Instead, when I refer to culture, I mean traditional culture, a synonym for a way of life. As a working definition, we may use a formulation of the Canadian UNESCO Commission: Culture differs from society inasmuch as culture is an abstraction, whereas society is the collection of individuals in the community. This means culture is invisible and society is visible.
Children
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally agreed that parents should be punished if they maliciously inflict serious harm on their children. It is far less obvious what to do with parents who may inadvertently cause their child harm through actions they sincerely believe are in the child’s best interest. The outcomes of such cases invariably turn on the questions of the degree of harm and the reasonableness of the parent’s belief that the action would be beneficial for the child. Deciding these kinds of questions is rarely easy. It becomes particularly problematic when the parents involved belong to a cultural or religious minority group, because different peoples have such vastly different conceptions of what constitutes acceptable child-rearing practices. Never-theless, courts are sometimes confronted with cases such as these, requiring them to balance the safety and welfare of the child against the cultural autonomy of the parents.
Animals
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of animals represents a classic example of the manner in which enculturation affects moral intuitions. For instance, in some societies cows are sacred and may not be eaten, whereas in other societies beef is a popular food. One’s sense of which animals may be eaten and which are not to be eaten is a reflection of one’s enculturation. It is crucial to acknowledge that the consumption of certain foods can be symbolic of membership in a ‘civilized’ or ‘uncivilized’ group. The uses of animals generally reflect this type of evolutionary, dichotomous thinking. There is no question that animal metaphors relate to group identity. Quite often, because an animal is the totem of a group, members do not eat it. Certainly, one should be attentive to the symbolic aspects of the animal disputes. In general, there is a tendency to personify animals—to ascribe human characteristics to them—and this provides a justification for giving them legal protection. The main question considered in this chapter is what practices constitute cruelty to animals. Although many traditions disallow cruelty to animals, what constitutes cruelty varies from one society to the next.
Attire
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dress codes often generate significant culture conflicts. In this chapter I concentrate on disputes involving ethnic or religious garb. Individuals may challenge rules regarding attire either because they are required by religion to don a symbol or because they choose to dress in an ethnic fashion. The central question is whether individuals should be permitted to wear symbols linked to their cultural identity in various contexts including the workplace, the courtroom, public transport, schools, the military, and prisons. This chapter examines court cases involving ethnic minorities who wish to wear ethnic or religious garb but are denied the right to do so by one of these institutions.
REIT Economies of Scale
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who have been watching the development of lnternet stocks closely will undoubtedly appreciate the benefit of size. After the establishment of thousands of Internet companies, we are now observing a wave of consolidations among them. It appears that, after the consolidations, there will be only a few dominant players (such as America Online) in the industry. Given this trend, one might wonder whether size could be important to the profitability and survivorship of REITs, as well.
Future People Matter
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A duty not to harm people seems to presuppose the actual existence of those people.1 Yet future children whose interests are threatened by today’s reproductive decisions do not yet exist and may never exist. Because their existence is entirely contingent, sceptics question whether it is coherent to talk of a duty to these “potential” people. Until the middle of the twentieth century, American tort law agreed. Even today, several jurisdictions will not entertain suits brought by people who were not in existence at the time of a negligent act, even if the earlier act later causes them injury. Furthermore, moral philosopher David Held argues that people who control whether or not a future person exists, such as parents making reproductive decisions or scientists deciding whether to clone a human, cannot have obligations to future persons whose very existence they control.
An Introduction to Constitutional Limits on the Regulation of Reproduction
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if lawmakers start with a presumption that parents will be responsible decision-makers, there are likely to be some situations in which that presumption will be rebutted. At times, parents may be willing to use a particularly risky technology because they have been misled about the risks. At other times, their own interests may blind them to the dangers. In some of those situations, the legislature may reasonably decide to outlaw use of the dangerous technique. Will those laws survive constitutional challenge? That question is the subject of the next five chapters.
The State’s Interest in Protecting Future Children
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part I articulated a three-part framework for understanding the ways in which reproductive practices can threaten the welfare of future children. Chapter 8 then proposed a regulatory approach designed to protect the welfare of future children while respecting to a considerable degree the decision-making authority of their parents. The question posed at the end of that chapter was whether the legal protections proposed there would survive constitutional challenge. Answering that question has required a two-step analysis. The first step of the analysis was to determine the circumstances in which access to a regulated reproductive technology would be deemed a fundamental right. Chapters 9 through 12 explored that issue. The second step of the analysis is to apply the appropriate standard of review and thus to determine the constitutional validity of a statute that restricts reproductive liberty.
Cloning
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cloning is the stuff of science fiction. Scientists take a single cell from someone and produce an identical copy of her. No wonder the prospect of human cloning captivates the media and fascinates the public. Public interest peaked most recently in the wake of highly disputed claims that an eccentric religious group called the Realises had cloned the first human babies. But cloning had initially become an important subject of media attention in 1997 when Scottish scientists successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly had been created by taking the nucleus out of a sheep egg and replacing it with the nucleus of a cell from another sheep. While the original egg, like all eggs and sperm, contained only one-half of the DNA necessary to conceive a new lamb, the substituted nucleus was from a somatic cell containing a full complement of sheep DNA. This technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. The reconfigured egg was then fooled into thinking that it had been fertilized. It began to divide, eventually forming an embryo. The embryo was then placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother and carried to term. Thus came Dolly.
Conclusion
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We rightly worry that new reproductive technologies will be rushed into use before their safety is sufficiently tested. We worry that future children will suffer as a result. Yet our common experiences have not prepared us to solve the special riddles posed by existence-inducing technologies. This book has attempted to identify the unique conceptual questions posed by these technologies and to assemble from the answers a comprehensive framework for understanding the interests of future children.
Growing Pains?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little Jennifer S. was fourteen months old when her mother noticed that she did not want to put her left foot firmly on the floor when she was taken out of her crib one morning. She did not seem to walk right for a few minutes, but an hour later she seemed fine. It did not happen again until a couple of weeks later. After six weeks, Jennifer’s mother noticed that it was happening more frequently. She mentioned this to the pediatrician when Jennifer was in for her immunizations one afternoon. The pediatrician wiggled Jennifer’s leg around, watched her walk a few feet, and reassured Jennifer’s mother that she was fine. When Mrs. S. called the pediatrician a month later to discuss bringing her in, she was told it was probably just “growing pains.” By the time Jennifer was seen in the pediatric rheumatology clinic at the age of two years, the left knee was markedly swollen, she could not straighten her left leg out all the way, and the muscles of her left leg were much weaker than the right side. Jennifer had obvious arthritis. Reassured by what the pediatrician had told her, her mother had continued to believe Jennifer just had growing pains until Jennifer screamed when the nurse tried to straighten her leg at her two-year-old checkup.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Margaret was fourteen years old when I met her. She did well in junior high school but seemed lazy over the summer before starting high school. When high school began she did not seem to be making new friends and complained of being tired. School was hard. Her family just assumed she needed to get used to high school. As the semester progressed she seemed to be spending more time in her room. Her parents got phone calls that she was not performing well in school and her grades were poor. She was losing weight, irritable, and disinterested. By December there were questions about drug use, difficulty adjusting to the new school, and so on.
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The combination of dry eyes and dry mouth may be the result of inflam­mation of the glands that produce tears and saliva (lacrimal glands pro­duce tears; parotid and submandibular glands produce saliva). The parotid glands are the large glands at the side of the face, just over the comer of the jaw. Normally, you do not notice the parotid glands. They lie flat against the face. However, if they are swollen they stick out on both sides of the face, just above the jaw line.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maurice Raynaud (1834-1881) was a French medical student in the 1860s who was required to write a thesis to fulfill the requirements for graduation from medical school. He described the color changes he noticed in the hands of some women while standing outside in the cold waiting for the street car during the winter in Paris. Raynaud’s phenomenon refers to the typical hand changes he described. Raynaud’s disease (primary Raynaud’s) refers to the typical hand changes occurring in the absence of any other rheumatic disease. Raynaud’s syndrome (secondary Raynaud’s) refers to the typical changes occurring in the setting of an underlying rheumatic disease.
Medications and Immunizations
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many books on health-related subjects start off with a long section on medications and how they work. The authors put the most important things, such as how and when to take your medication, monitoring, side effects, and when not to take your medications, at the end of the chapter. But many people never read to the end. They find the medicine they are interested in and skip everything else. I want you to understand why your child should take medicine (if they should) and how to be sure your child gets the best results. So I’ve begun this chapter with the information that most authors put at the end. Do not skip it. Understanding your medications and taking them appropriately are vitally important in getting the best outcome.
Understanding Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each type of diagnostic test has its proper place in evaluating children with muscle, bone, or joint pain. If a bone is painful, it is appropriate to begin the evaluation (after a complete history is taken and a thorough physical examination is done) with an X-ray radiograph to eliminate the possibility of fracture or structural abnormality. X rays are also useful to determine whether bones are out of alignment or abnormally curved. An X ray may be the only study necessary to establish the diagnosis of a broken bone, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, scoliosis, or many other orthopedic conditions (see Chapter 3). However, for children with juvenile arthritis, lupus, or many other rheumatic conditions, the X ray may be useful only to exclude orthopedic problems.
Getting the Best Results for Your Child
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After I get a family settled down and the child’s care on the right track, someone frequently asks, “Why do I have to come back so often?” I always compare this to making soup. Anyone can take down a cookbook, read the soup recipe, and get two pounds of beef, a large onion, a carrot, noodles, assorted seasonings, a good-sized pot, and a stove. However, there is a lot of room for interpretation when the instructions say, “Cut up the beef and slice the carrot and onion thinly. Add the ingredients to a large pot with water just to cover. Heat over medium heat for two hours, adjust the seasonings and serve.” To someone with a lot of experience making soup, those are adequate instructions. If you make soup every day, you know exactly how to do it to get the result you want. But compare two cooks. One cook reads the book, finds the ingredients called for, puts them in a pot of water, sets it on medium heat, and walks away for two hours. The cook who makes soup all the time has picked exactly the beef, onion, and carrot he or she wants and knows how to prepare them for the soup. After the pot is on the stove, the experienced cook checks the soup every ten to fifteen minutes, adjusts the heat, tastes the seasonings, and makes all the other small adjustments that come from experience. Which cook do you think is likely to make the better soup? Similarly, your child’s health requires continual monitoring, reevaluation, and adjustments for the best outcome.
Nationalisms in Conflict: The Rise of Apartheid
Authors: Berger Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1940, Nontsikelelo Albertina Thethiwe, a twenty-one-year-old mission-educated woman, arrived in Johannesburg from the Transkei to study nursing at the Non-European Hospital. Her father had died suddenly in 1929, when she was eleven years old, and she came to the city after rejecting a marriage arranged by her uncle. Although her preference was teaching, Thethiwe loved nursing and caring for patients. In a later interview, she explained, “I wanted to be a teacher. But conditions wouldn’t allow me to be a teacher. So I had to take up nursing, where when you are training you are being paid. So my hope was that at least if I am being paid, I will be able to help my brothers and sister.”1 Having grown up in a rural area in which Africans had less daily contact with whites than in the cities, Thethiwe found the racism and segregation at the hospital profoundly disturbing; when the matron refused her request for a leave of absence to return home after her mother’s death, she was deeply shaken. The matron behaved, she