bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the KAM-Theory
Authors: Zaslavsky George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we discussed different approaches based on the idea that a fairly strong non-linearity can stabilize the perturbed dynamics. KAM-theory is perhaps the most important example of this situation. As was mentioned, the main two parameters that characterize the evolution of the system under a perturbation are dimensionless perturbation parameter E and the non-linearity parameter α.
Dynamical Traps
Authors: Zaslavsky George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, dynamical traps will be considered in more detail. When the mixing process in phase space is uniform, escape of a trajectory from the selected small domain follows the Poissonian law and, consequently, there exists a characteristic time of the escape (see Sections 11.3 and 11.4). Typical Hamiltonian systems do not have uniform mixing and the escapes from a domain, recurrences, and targetings may not have a characteristic time.
Fractional Kinetic Equation (FKE)
Authors: Zaslavsky George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any kind of kinetic equation is an approximate way to describe an ensemble of trajectories or particles, while neglecting some details of dynamics. All this means that, depending upon the information about the system we would like to preserve, the type and specific structure of the kinetic equation depends on our choice of the reduced space of variables and on the level of coarse-graining of trajectories.
A Neural Model Of Speech Production And Its Application To Studies Of The Role Of Auditory Feedback In Speech
Authors: Guenther Frank H , Perkeu Joseph S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall objective of our research is to model the brain activity and the motor, biomechanical and sensory processes involved in speech production. Our approach is to use a combination of computational models and to develop and test them with brain imaging, psychophysical, physiological, anatomical and acoustic data. In particular, we have developed a neural network model of speech motor skill acquisition and speech production, called the DIVA model, that explains a wide range of data on contextual variability, motor equivalence, coarticulation and speaking rate effects (Guenther 1994, 1995a, b; Guenther and Micci Barreca 1997; Guenther et al. 1998; Perkell et al. 2000). This model is schematized in Fig. 2.1. In this chapter we provide a description of the model and its neural correlates, and we present results of studies on an important aspect of the model: the role of auditory feedback in the planning of speech movements.
Functional Brain Imaging Of Motoraspects Of Speech Production
Authors: Ackermann Hermann , Riecker Axel , Wildgruber Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As compared to other domains of motor control, e.g. locomotion or upper limb movements, rather sparse data on the cerebral organization of speech production are available so far. This discrepancy is due, among others, to the absence of a homologous animal model of human verbal communication and the biomechanical complexities of the vocal tract, concomitant with restricted opportunities for kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) measurements (Barlow and Farley 1989). Prior to the introduction of brain imaging techniques, analyses of the cerebral network subserving speech motor control predominantly had to rely on detailed perceptual and parametric analyses of dysarthric deficits in patients suffering from focal cerebral lesions or degenerative disorders bound to a distinct functional component of the central motor system, e.g. Parkinson's disease or cerebellar atrophy (see, for example, Kent 1997).
Motor Control Perspectives On Motor Speech Disorders
Authors: Kent Ray D , Rosen Kristin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart of the perceptual method was a multidimensional perceptual description that assumed the independence of the 38 component dimensions used in their analysis. This was a good start, and one that remains influential, but we know today that perceptual dimensions such as the ones used by Darley and associates are not psychophysically uniform, and are not independent (Kent 1996). Rather, the dimensions are different in kind, are often interdependent, and are sometimes hierarchical. Which is to say, dysarthria assessment is not really a process of answering 38 sequential questions. Indeed, it is not the common clinical practice to assess dysarthria in this way. Instead, the clinician listens for the most salient perceptual dimensions and may disregard entirely the dimensions that do not apply (Duffy and Kent 2001).
Strategic signals and minimal-cost signals
Authors: Smith John Maynard , Harper David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first two chapters have been primarily concerned with the evolutionary processes that ensure the reliability of animal signals, despite the potential advantages of lying. Our aim has been to emphasize that there is no single answer to this problem. In this chapter and the next, we pursue the matter further, by suggesting a number of specific examples of signals that fall into one or other category, and also some examples whose explanation seems to us doubtful.
Evolution of knowledge of the smoking epidemic
Authors: Doll Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of tobacco for pleasure was discouraged by Church and State and it was not until the end of the sixteenth century that it came to be smoked widely in Europe, at first in pipes in Britain, where it was popularized by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here it became so common that by 1614 there are estimated to have been some 7000 retail outlets in London alone (Laufer 1924). Attempts to ban its use for recreational purposes were made in Austria, Germany, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, India, and Japan, but prohibition was invariably flouted and control by taxation came to be preferred. This eventually proved to be such an important source of revenue that, in 1851, Cardinal Antonelli, Secretary to the Papal States, ordered that the dissemination of anti-tobacco literature was to be punished by imprisonment (Corti 1931).
Patterns of smoking in Russia
Authors: Zaridze David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russia is the fourth largest cigarette market in the world, and one of the fastest-growing. Russians consume about 300 billion cigarettes a year. According to official statistics in 1985 Russians consumed 240 billion cigarettes. The smoking rate in Russia was already quite high in mid-1980s, 46-48% among men and 3-12% among women (The principal investigators. The MONICA Project 1989). Since then smoking rates in men increased by about 10-15% and the rates in women have at least doubled. In the survey carried out in Karelia in 1992 (Puska et al. 1993), highest smoking rates were recorded among people aged 25-34 years, 77% and 20% in men and women, respectively. Proportion of smokers among men aged 35-44 and 45-54 was 61% and 68% respectively. In women, in these age groups smoking rates were lower, 13% and 3%, respectively. Lowest rates were observed in those aged 55-64 years, 57% in men and 3% in women (Table 12.1).
Smoking and ovarian cancer
Authors: Halick Crystal N , Risch Harvey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system and ranks second in incidence among gynecologic cancers, accounting for 4 per cent of all cancers, with 23 300 new cases estimated among women in the United States in 2002 (American Cancer Society 2002). Risk of ovarian cancer increases with age and peaks in the late 70s. Mutations in the genes BRCAJ or BRCA2 account for about 10 per cent of all epithelial ovarian cancers (Risch et al. 2001). Pregnancies and use of oral contraceptives are known to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer, and nulliparous women are more likely to develop it (Daly and Obrams 1998).
Impact of smoke-free bans and restrictions
Authors: Borland Ron , Davey Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the progress that is being made in protecting people from exposure to tobacco smoke in their environments, and on the impact that these changes are having on tobacco use. In doing so we attempt to explain the reasons for apparent differences in progress in different countries, and make some predictions as to future trends. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is also known as passive smoking, involuntary smoking, or secondhand smoke. The terminology used varies, but all are intended to refer to pretty much the same thing, although subtle distinctions can usefully be made.
Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Warner M , Terentjev E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liquid crystals are fluids with a directionality defined. Polymers are long molecules with a shape that can be changed. As a network, polymers form rubber - a soft solid that is locally liquid-like and capable of huge extension. Liquid crystal elastomers are a combination of all these curious aspects, but with additional, revolutionary new phenomena - for example, spontaneous shape changes of several hundred percent induced by temperature change, with equally large opto-mechanical responses, shape change without energy cost ("soft elasticity"), colour change with strain, lasing and photonics, sensitivity to molecular handedness and soft solid ferroelectricity. This book is a primer for liquid crystals, polymers, rubber, and elasticity. It then describes the theory and experiment of these remarkable materials for the first time as a monograph. Worked examples are solved so that the reader can become proficient in the field himself. The book is directed at physicists, chemists, material scientists, engineers and applied mathematicians at the graduate student level and beyond.
Dynamics of Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Warner M , Terentjev E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among various dynamical properties of polymeric materials, an important and most fre-quently encountered is their mechanics. The equilibrium response of liquid crystalline elastomers can be soft or hard depending on the relation between the imposed strains and the nematic director, in particular, if the director is able to respond by rotating. With such unusual equilibrium elasticity one might expect dynamic mechanical response to be equally unusual. If the elastic forces are small, then the return to equilibrium is driven more weakly than in conventional systems.
Introduction
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Light controls the key processes in nature. Light from the Sun provides our planet with energy and thus controls the evolution of its biosphere. The periodic absence of light stimulated the development of a wide variety of artificial light sources, starting with the candle, proceeding through the present-day electric light bulb, and ending with light-emitting diodes. Light from these sources originates from the heating of matter, the elementary act of light birth being the emission of a photon by an excited particle.
Elementary radiative processes
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we consider the elementary radiative processes for both free atomic particles (atoms, ions, and molecules) and particles interacting with a monochromatic laser field. For more advanced considerations, the reader is advised to refer to the classical textbooks (Loudon 1973; Sargent et al. 1974; Allen and Eberly 1975; Sobelman 1979; Haken 1981; Knight and Allen 1983; Meystre and Sargent 1990; Cohen-Tannoudji et al. 1992; Foot 2004). Extensions of this material are treated in subsequent chapters, wherein various light field configurations, atomic particles, and the processes of interaction between atomic particles and laser fields are considered in detail.
Laser photoselective ionization of atoms
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and subsequent chapters, we consider are other laser methods for controlling atoms and molecules that, in contrast to all the methods discussed above in Chapters 2–8, are destructive. They result in the ionization of the atoms or molecules being controlled and the dissociation and fragmentation of molecules. All these methods are united by the capability of the particles to be ionized or dissociated in a photo selective manner, which makes it possible to detect and separate atoms or molecules of certain species. They are based on the fact that all the structural details of atoms and molecules manifest themselves in their spectra, for example, some details manifest in the spectra of atoms are the atomic weight (the number of nucleons), the number of protons (the nuclear charge and the type of element), the number of neutrons (the isotopic state), and even the excitation energy of the nucleus (the isomeric composition). This enables one to excite, and, in some cases, ionize atoms and molecules in a photo selective way and thus accomplish their photo selective excitation and separation. Figure 9.1 lists all types of photo selectivity. All of them have been successfully realized by the method of resonance multistep ionization of atoms that is considered in the present chapter. Our primary attention here is concentrated on the realization of laser control of the photo selectivity of ionization. A detailed description of this method can be found in the monographs by Letokhov (1987) and Hurst and Payne (1988).
Photoselective laser control of molecules via molecular vibrations
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vibrational–rotational spectra of a polyatomic molecule contains information about its main structural properties. Information about the bonds and structures formed by the atoms in the molecule can be extracted from the IR and Raman spectra. Vibration frequencies that characterize a definite bond are nevertheless very sensitive to the rest of the molecular components. This circumstance provides potentially high selectivity in the effect that resonance laser radiation can have on molecular vibrations, as well as the possibility of implementing laser control of molecules via their vibrations.
Coherent laser control of molecules
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 9–11, we have considered methods for incoherent control of atoms and molecules, whose realization relies on differences in their spectra. Of course, coherent effects inevitably manifest themselves in these methods, especially in the case of atoms, but with rare exceptions, they play no crucial role here. Noncoherent control was quite natural for the first stage of laser control, when the duration τ p of the laser pulses used is much longer than the coherence time T 2 of the quantum system being controlled. A typical case is that of polyatomic molecules (Chapter 11) in highly excited vibrational states and molecules in condensed media, where the relaxation time of the coherence induced by a coherent laser pulse falls within the subpicosecond range. The progress in the development of nanosecond, picosecond, and femtosecond pulsed lasers has led to the corresponding development of new avenues of noncoherent and coherent laser control of molecules (Fig. 12.1). The first wave of successful applications of lasers for the purpose of effecting noncoherent laser control of polyatomic molecules was associated with the development in the early 1970s of the relatively simple CO2 laser, generating high-power IR pulses in the range 9–11 μm with a duration of the order of 100 ns. The use of these lasers to excite vibrations in polyatomic molecules gave birth to multiphoton photoselective IR laser photochemistry, providing intermolecular selectivity, isotopic selectivity in particular (Chapter 11).
Related topics: laser control of microparticles and free electrons
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the laser control of atomic motion, discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, was developed simultaneously and successfully for neutral microparticles, specifically with a view to creating optical tweezers. There are prospects for using the nonresonance gradient force produced by strong femtosecond laser pulses to control to some extent the motion of electrons and thus develop laser-induced electron optics in the future. It therefore seems quite natural to discuss, in conclusion, these problems related to the main subject matter of this book.
Concluding comments
Authors: Letokhov Vladilen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was writing this book, the names of many remarkable scientists from various countries, pioneers of new avenues of scientific exploration, whom I have already mentioned in this book, crossed my mind. I have had occasion to meet many of these scientists, who have worked during the past fifty years, in various countries and at various conferences and to receive them at the Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the city of Troitsk and at my home in the village of Puchkovo, both near Moscow. I have kept many thousands of pertinent photographs and have decided to publish some of them in this concluding section, along with very brief commentaries.
Health Measurement Scales
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the new edition of the highly successful practical guide for clinicians developing tools to measure subjective states, attitudes or non-tangible outcomes in their patients. It is widely used by people from many disciplines, who have only a limited knowledge of statistics. This thoroughly updated edition of Health Measurement Scales, Third Edition gives more details on cognitive requirements in answering questions, and how this influences scale development. There is now an expanded discussion of generalizability theory, a completely revised chapter on Item Response Theory and many revisions are included, based on the latest research findings. These features combine to provide the most up-to-date guide to measuring scale development available. It synthesizes the theory of scale construction with practical advice, culled from the literature and the authors’ experience, about how to develop and validate measurement scales to be used in the health sciences. The theory goes into issues of reliability, generalizability theory, validity, the measurement of change, the cognitive requirements of answering questions, and item response theory. Practical issues cover devising the items, biases that may affect the responses, pre-testing and weeding out poorly performing items, combining items into scales, setting cut points, and the practical issues of using scales in various ways, such as face-to-face interviews; mailed or telephone-administered surveys; and over the internet. One chapter also discusses some of the ethical issues that scale developers and users should be aware of. Appendices lead the reader to other readings; sources of already developed scales and items; and a very brief introduction to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
Basic concepts
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One feature of the health sciences literature devoted to measuring subjective states is the daunting array of available scales. Whether one wishes to measure depression, pain, or patient satisfaction, it seems that every article published in the field has used a different approach to the measurement problem. This proliferation impedes research, since there are significant problems in generalizing from one set of findings to another. Paradoxically, if you proceed a little further in the search for existing instruments to assess a particular concept, you may conclude that none of the existing scales is quite right, so it is appropriate to embark on the development of one more scale to add to the confusion in the literature. Most researchers tend to magnify the deficiencies of existing measures and underestimate the effort required to develop an adequate new measure.
Reliability
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our reasons for this apparently single-minded viewpoint are simple. The technology of reliability assessment was worked out very early in the history of psychological assessment. We once traced its roots back to a textbook written in the 1930s, and the basic definitions were given without reference, indicating that, even seven decades ago, the classical definition was viewed as uncontroversial. There is complete consensus within the educational and psychological communities regarding the meaning of the term, and disagreement and debate are confined to a small cadre of biomedical researchers. Moreover, once one understands the basic concept it appears, in our view, to reflect perfectly the particular requirements of any measurement situation. Although there are some more recent theories in education and psychology, such as generalizability theory (see Chapter 9), these represent extensions of the basic approach. Other conflicting views which have arisen in the biomedical research community, such as the treatment of Bland and Altman (1986), offer, in our view, no advantage. This latter method, because of its recent popularity, will be discussed separately.
What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Meltzoff Andrew N , Decety Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both developmental and neurophysiological research suggest a common coding between perceived and generated actions. This shared representational network is innately wired in humans. We review psychological evidence concerning the imitative behaviour of new born human infants. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in infant imitation provide the foundation for understanding that others are ‘like me’ and underlie the development of theory of mind and empathy for others. We also analyse functional neuroimaging studies that explore the neuro-physiological substrate of imitation in adults.
Introduction
Authors: Gell Chris , Brockwell David , Smith Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The measurement of single fluorescent molecules is, in principle, straightforward as suitable detectors, light sources, and sampling optics are readily available. The major hurdle lies in the interference from the massive excess of other molecules that contribute to the background, along with photophysical artifacts from the dye labels, that both reduce the signal-to-noise of the measurement. So what is the motivation for facing the challenges of making measurements with single molecule resolution? The simplest reason is the need to achieve very high sensitivity.
Single molecule fluorescence instrumentation
Authors: Gell Chris , Brockwell David , Smith Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the greatest obstacle that prevents non-specialists utilizing a relatively new technique such as single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy is the apparently complex instrumentation. Whilst in recent years commercial systems capable of single molecule fluorescence detection have become available (see Section 3.9), it is often still necessary to make significant modifications to these systems. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the common experimental arrangements for single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and to describe how they are implemented in a manner that makes them accessible to a broad range of potential users.
Cost-benefit analysis
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The feature that distinguishes among techniques of economic evaluation is the way in which the consequences of health care programmes are valued. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) requires programme consequences to be valued in monetary units, thus enabling the analyst to make a direct comparison of the programme’s incremental cost with its incremental consequences in commensurate units of measurement, be they dollars, pounds, or yen.