bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence Risk Assessment
Authors: Monahan John 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter considers, first, why and in what ways law is concerned with anticipating violence, and how evidence in the form of violence risk assessments is legally evaluated in the United States after the Supreme Court's 1993Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticalsdecision on the admissibility of scientific evidence. It then contrasts clinical from actuarial or statistical methods of risk assessment, and addresses key issues and controversies pertinent to each. Finally, the chapter argues that the future violence risk assessment is likely to involve more precise depictions of which specific risk factors are validly associated with violence in which specific types of people. Violence risk assessment is likely to continue to move strongly in an actuarial direction, including the introduction of violence risk assessment software. Due to the questionable validity generalization of many actuarial instruments and to the possibility of rare risk or protective factors being present in a given case, clinical judgment is unlikely to be supplanted by actuarial techniques. Increased attention is likely to be given to how estimates of risk are best communicated to those who have to make decisions based on them, and to how risk, once communicated, is to be clinically managed.
Forensic Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law
Authors: Krauss Daniel A. , Sales Bruce D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe authors explore critical points in the interaction between forensic practice and law and policy. Using forensic assessment and testimony as primary examples, the authors argue that changes in the law as well as forensic practice have transformed the responsibilities of both forensic practitioners and legal actors. The difficulties posed by these changes are discussed in the context of the new evidentiary admissibility requirements created by the U.S. Supreme Court decision inDaubert v. Merrell Dow Chemical(1993), and a number of dilemmas are raised that forensic practitioners, judges, and policy makers will face as a result of this new standard. Additionally, a number of central lessons that can be gleaned from the complex interaction of forensic psychology, law, and policy to date are highlighted and discussed. Finally, future directions for the field of forensic practice are also offered, including the role that forensic practitioners should play in shaping future policy and law.
Stability and Change in Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Authors: Borman Walter C. , Klimoski Richard J. , Ilgen Daniel R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAs single volume nested within a handbook for all of psychology, our purpose was to provide the depth and breadth that would capture the domain of industrial and organizational psychology in a way valuable for scholars and students in that field. We also hoped to create a volume to which those outside the field could turn in order to gain an appreciation of the latest thinking and research in the area. This opening chapter first discusses some of the major accomplishments and new directions that have advanced this field since publication of the 2nd edition of theHandbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology(Dunnette & Hough, 1990). These “milestones” include the elaboration of models of job performance; completion of Project A, a long‐term selection and classification research program in the U.S. Army; development of the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), a database of occupational information about job requirements; advances in thinking about levels of analysis; renewed interest in viewing workers as individuals and as members of teams; considerable progress in learning about relations between variables using meta‐analysis and other methods; and increased consideration of topics within a strategic human resource management framework. Finally, we commented on each of the 23 topical chapters, providing a preview of this volume's content.
Personnel Selection and Employee Performance
Authors: Schmitt Neal , Cortina Jose M. , Ingerick Michael J. , Wiechmann Darin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper is organized around a model of job performance in which personality and ability constructs (KSASOs) are seen as leading to procedural and declarative knowledge and motivation which, in turn, lead to task proficiency and contextual and adaptive behavior. These latter individual performance variables are thought to have implications for a set of distal variables, many of which can be conceptualized as organizational level constructs (e.g., social responsibility and litigation). Our sense is that job analyses are means of developing performance models. Some important and relatively new developments in this area include the job information tool known as O*NET. Adding distal variables to a performance model means that we must consider levels of analysis issues. Literature on applicant reactions to selection procedures and the implications of those reactions is discussed as is the notion that withdrawal behavior is a general concern that includes tardiness, absenteeism, counterproductive behavior, and turnover. Still other new developments include the use of technology in measurement, use of our procedures in other cultures, and the critical consideration of time in our analyses of the relationship of various variables with individual differences. Finally, the notion that performance itself is multidimensional is being addressed as a result of recent theorizing about its nature.
Work Groups and Teams in Organizations
Authors: Kozlowski Steve W. J. , Bell Bradford S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractContemporary work organizations make heavy use of work teams to meet both immediate and strategic objectives. This chapter addresses the nature and dynamics of work teams. It emphasizes the types of teams that are commonly used in work settings and the processes that are key to their success. The extensive literature on work teams is reviewed and organized around the shifting demands the team's life cycle—from formation to disbanding. Special emphasis is given to research needs relative to team training and development and the role of team leadership.
Customer Service Behavior
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Ployhart Robert E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides a contingency approach to the understanding, prediction, and influence of customer service behavior. Customer service behavior is defined as any activities of an employee specifically directed toward affecting service quality. Specific characteristics of services that influence how organizations promote customer service behavior are described: service intangibility, simultaneity of service production and consumption, coproduction or active customer participation, relationship vs. encounter nature of the service, role‐prescribed vs. extra‐role nature of the behavior, standard vs. customized nature of the service, and the nature and level of customer contact. These characteristics of services are then discussed in relation to research on customer service behavior in the areas of performance management, employee selection, organizational climate and employee attitudes, emotions, training, motivation, and job design. The manner by which the characteristics of services would alter how one approaches interventions in each of these areas are discussed, and questions for future research are raised.
Work Design
Authors: Morgeson Frederick P. , Campion Michael A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter we review Industrial/Organizational Psychology research on work design. To do so, the chapter is divided into seven sections. First, the five major work design perspectives are reviewed, including scientific management, job enrichment approaches, sociotechnical systems theory, the social information processing perspective, and the interdisciplinary model of job design. Second, contextual influences (social and structural) on work design are identified. Third, research that has examined the characteristics of work is investigated, including the structure of work, whether work can be viewed as objective characteristics or subjective perceptions, and measurement concerns with existing work design research. In addition, copies of the scales that have been used to operationalize the most common work characteristics are provided. Fourth, the mediating mechanisms assumed to be responsible for work design outcomes are reviewed. Fifth, the outcomes of work design are identified, which includes psychological and behavioral outcomes, as well as individual differences in reactions to work design. Sixth, based on the review, an integrated work design framework is developed (Figure 1). Finally, several additional issues in work design are discussed, including the changing nature of work, tensions inherent in work design approaches, and important work design research needs.
Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Connolly Terry , Ordóñez Lisa 
Published: November 2003

AbstractJudgment and decision‐making (JDM) research embraces a broad interdisciplinary array of topics concerned with human choice. It includes both descriptive studies, aimed at understanding what real decision makers actually do and normative (or prescriptive) work, aimed at advising people how they might make better choices. Core processes include making inferences about what is currently happening, making predictions about what might happen next, and developing preferences about these possible future states. A variety of choice processes have been identified by which these elements can be brought together in selection of preferred actions, either at a single point in time or as a series of interventions over time. Though most research attention has considered individual decision makers, there is also important work in two‐person (negotiation, bargaining) processes and in multiperson decisions made in groups. Across these many topics there is recurrent disparity between what people are seen to be doing and what some putatively normative model suggests they should be doing, suggesting that either model or behavior is in error. This tension, and the obvious applicability of the resolution to important practical decisions, has kept the field highly energized for several decades. The creative furor continues.
Human Factors and Ergonomics
Authors: Howell William C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHumanfactors and ergonomics(HF/E) is rooted in two fundamental concepts:user‐oriented designand thehuman‐machine systemmodel. The former embodies the principle that the utility and safety of artifacts that people create cannot be optimized unless human strengths, weaknesses, and tendencies are considered explicitly in their design. The latter regards the artifact and its human user as interactive components of a composite system that functions best when the components mesh. Thus the field is involved in research on all aspects of human performance and in the application of that knowledge to the design of all manner of systems. As technology has evolved and the role of the operator has changed, the scope of HF/E has shifted and expanded. From the era of manual tasks and a focus on information displays and manual controls, it has followed technology into the information age where the emphasis is on cognitive engineering, software design, and complex systems. Although it still draws heavily on psychological content and methods, its disciplinary composition has also expanded greatly. Once an applied extension ofexperimentalpsychology, its interests now extend into the domains ofindividual differences, I/O, and socialpsychology, along with anthropology, biomechanics, neuroscience, computer science, and a host of evolving disciplines. Institutional linkages with these specialties and disciplines have been hampered by longstanding traditions and internal HF/E controversies, but there are signs that the situation is improving.
History of Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships
Authors: Selassie C. D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe QSAR paradigm is delineated as it evolved and as it is presently used. The methodology used to select appropriate substituents/compounds, parameters, and approaches is addressed. Parameters that are routinely used to define a QSAR are sequestered according to their electronic, hydrophobic, and steric attributes. Indicator variables and molecular structure descriptors are also described. The types of QSAR models that are featured include the linear and parabolic models elucidated by Hansch and the bilinear model developed by Kubinyi. Applications of QSAR are drawn from isolated receptor systems as well as cellular and whole animal studies. The utility of a comprehensive QSAR database that allows for lateral validation from physical organic reactions and other biological systems is described and illustrated.
Molecular Modeling in Drug Design
Authors: Marshall Garland R. , Beusen Denise D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the approaches to molecular modeling and drug design and emphasizes their limitations. Useful information to guide the design and synthesis of potential novel therapeutics can be developed from an analysis of structure‐activity data in the three‐dimensional framework provided by current molecular modeling techniques. Although most of the techniques and approaches described have broader application than shown, the examples chosen should be sufficient to illustrate their use.
Chemical Information Computing Systems in Drug Discovery
Authors: Henry Douglas R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAn important component of drug discovery is the storage, searching, and manipulation of chemical structures and reactions. Over the past three decades, the science of chemical information management has grown along with advances in computer hardware, software, and database systems. This chapter discusses the evolution of chemical information storage in the corporate environment, from flat files to specialized databases to relational database systems. An example methodology for storing and searching structures in a relational database system is described. The recent deluge of information from high throughput chemistry is leading to the appearance of chemical data marts, data warehouses, and structural data mining, which are briefly discussed. Finally, a short look is taken into the future of chemical information and knowledge management, with respect to databases, software, and hardware. This review focuses on chemical structure database management. Other chapters describe the generation of chemical structures and their properties and the use of this data in the drug discovery process.
X‐Ray Crystallography in Drug Discovery
Authors: Livingston Douglas A. , Buchanan Sean G. , D'Amico Kevin L. , Milburn Michael V. , Peat Thomas S. , Sauder J. Michael 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the methods, recent advances, and the applications of X‐ray protein crystallography in the discovery of new drug targets and candidate drugs. It begins with a basic description of the various steps involved in solving a structure, including recent advances in technique and technology, and the major challenges that are faced in executing the process. The underlying theory, various crystallization methods, data collection equipment and techniques, and computational reduction of the data to give the final structure are all covered in this section. The accessible databases that contain large collections of structures are also described. The application to drug discovery is then briefly addressed with a discussion of co‐crystallization methods and issues, which is followed by a comprehensive table enumerating the published structures of the known drug targets and close homologs. Applications to discovering and validating protein targets of therapeutic relevance are then covered in a section on the very new field of structural genomics. Genome annotation by structural homology, elucidating pathways and the potential for the rational design of multitarget drugs, and advances in the field of protein structure modeling that are enabled by crystallographic databases are described and exemplified with very recent results from the field.
Rapid, High Content Pharmacology
Authors: Brown Steven J. , Clark Imran B. , Pandi Bala 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

High‐throughput pharmacology will play an increasingly important role in drug development as companies strive to limit the likelihood that a compound will be removed from the market or fail phase II and III clinical trials because of unexpected side effects or toxicity. Identification of the correct compounds to advance from hit to lead‐compound candidate requires the determination of efficacy and evaluation of potential compound liabilities (solubility, adsorption, toxicity) and specificity of action. We propose that the characterization of the response of hit compounds against a broad panel of natural human cells will be very useful in making the correct selection. Because genes are not overexpressed in these cells, the signaling pathways are not altered by changes in protein stoichiometry. In addition, our cell bank has been genetically indexed and characterized for responses to known pharmacological agents and stored in a database. Thus, the pattern of functional responses (such as membrane potential, changes in intracellular calcium, cAMP etc.) obtained with test compounds can be compared with the known responses and gene expression, allowing for the ready identification of compounds with unexpected toxicities and effects. In addition,
in vitro
assays for evaluation of the adsorption and metabolism properties of compounds can be used to screen for compounds with drug‐like properties. These systems and methods provide high definition, content‐rich information about cellular responses and have sufficient throughput for use in screening hit compounds.
Oligonucleotide Therapeutics
Authors: Crooke Stanley T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAntisense technology expolits oligonucleotide analogs to bind to cognate RNA sequences through Watson‐Crick hybridization resulting in the destruction or disablement of the target RNA. Durign the past decade, programs on all fronts has continued and there are satisfactory consensus to all the basic questions.In this review, progress in the medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology of antisense is reviewed. Further, progress in understanding thepharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicologic properties of first and second generations antisense drugs is reviewed. Additionally, a summary of clinical data on a significant number of antisense drugs is provided.
Carbohydrate‐Based Therapeutics
Authors: Musser John H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCarbohydrates have emerged as a significant new approach to drug discovery. The impact can be seen in the carbohydrate‐based therapeutics recently approved for marketing. For example, the trend with low molecular weight heparin‐based products has culminated in the approval of a synthetic pentasaccharide for preventing venous thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery. Also, in the treatment of viral infection, two monosaccharide glycomimetic drugs that block neuraminidase are now available for the treatment of influenza. Indeed, at least two new carbohydrate‐based drugs were approved on an annual basis as therapeutics during the last decade. Considering the carbohydrate therapeutics now in development, this pace should continue. To continue long term, several objectives must be reached. Technologies to supply carbohydrates in quality and quantity must be refined or discovered. This includes any combination of automated, solid and solution phase, and enzymatic synthesis. Work demonstrating that carbohydrate multivalency is a successful approach to drug discovery needs to be done. Likewise, examples that illustrate how carbohydrate‐based libraries can accelerate drug discovery are also needed. An important factor for the success of carbohydrate‐based therapeutics in the last decade is the combination of glycobiology and carbohydrate chemistry.
Principles of Drug Metabolism
Authors: Testa Bernard , Soine William 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is mainly on drug metabolism reactions and connected information of significance to medicinal chemists. The types, selectivities, and consequences of drug metabolism are presented in the introduction. Oxidoreductases are discussed in the next section, together with a systematic and extensive treatment of the chemical groups they target and the functionalization reactions they catalyze. Particular attention is paid to cytochromes P450 and their multiplicity, specificities, and relative importance. Section 3 is dedicated to the transferases and the conjugation reactions they catalyze, e.g., glucuronidation and glutathione conjugation. The various biological factors influencing drug metabolism are examined in Section 4. These are subdivided into interindividual factors (that depend on the genome) and intraindividual factors (that can vary with time or because of external influences). The last section, which is particularly close to the interests of medicinal chemists, discusses structure‐metabolism relationships, prodrug design, and toxophoric groups.
Retrometabolism‐Based Drug Design and Targeting
Authors: Bodor Nicholas , Buchwald Peter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRetrometabolic approaches represent systematic drug design methodologies that thoroughly integrate structure—activity and structure—metabolism relationships and are aimed to design safe compounds with an improved therapeutic index. They incorporate two major concepts aimed to design soft drugs and chemical delivery systems, respectively. Soft drugs are new, active therapeutic agents that undergo predictable metabolism to inactive metabolites after exerting their desired therapeutic effect. Chemical delivery systems are biologically inert molecules that provide enhanced and targeted delivery of an active drug to a particular organ or site through a designed sequential metabolism that involves several steps. The present comprehensive review includes an overview of the general retrometabolic drug design principles and provides a variety of specific examples to illustrate the concepts. If possible, the rationale for the design as well as the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the new therapeutic agents are briefly summarized and compared to those of the other compounds used in the same field.
Physicochemical Characterization and Principles of Oral Dosage Form Selection
Authors: Amidon Gregory E. , He Xiaorong , Hageman Michael J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIdentifying an active lead molecule, selecting a viable drug candidate, and developing a marketable product are profoundly influenced by molecular properties and dosage form design. This chapter discusses the importance of a molecule's physicochemical properties and the link with oral dosage form design strategies. The Biopharmaceutics Classification Scheme (BCS) is used to identify oral dosage form options that have the best chance of overcoming drug delivery problems. Physicochemical characterization not only can guide the selection of formulation strategies but, if incorporated into the lead selection process, can influence analog selection and lead optimization. The end result of considering physicochemical properties is to reduce the risk of failure by facilitating the identification of appropriate dosage form design options and, at the same time, allow discovery chemists to maximize chances of identifying commercially viable leads.