bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyacrylamides and Poly(Acrylic Acids)
Authors: Buchholz Fredric L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Production3.1.Free‐Radical Polymerization3.2.Polymerization Processes3.2.1.Solution Polymerization3.2.2.Inverse Emulsion Polymerization3.2.3.Suspension Polymerization3.2.4.Precipitation Polymerization3.2.5.Polymer‐Analogous Reactions3.3.Finishing4.Properties5.Uses5.1.Poly(Acrylic Acids) and Their Salts5.2.Polyacrylamides and Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamides5.3.Other Polymers6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Environmental Aspects
Polyacrylates
Authors: Penzel Erich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Production3.1.Emulsion Polymerization3.1.1.Starting Materials3.1.2.Production Processes3.2.Solution Polymerization3.3.Elimination of Residual Monomers3.4.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects4.Properties4.1.Polymer Solutions and Dispersions4.1.1.Polymer Solutions4.1.2.Polymer Dispersions4.2.Properties of the Polymers5.Uses5.1.Paints and Coatings5.2.Paper Industry5.3.Adhesives and Sealing Compounds5.4.Textile Industry5.5.Leather Industry5.6.Miscellaneous Uses6.Economic Aspects
Polyvinyl Compounds, Others
Authors: Hallensleben Manfred L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)1.1.Structure and Crystallinity1.2.Production1.3.Properties1.4.Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects2.Poly(Vinyl Acetals)2.1.General Aspects2.2.Poly(Vinyl Formal)2.3.Poly(Vinyl Butyral)2.4.Other Poly(Vinyl Acetals)3.Poly(N‐Vinyllactams) and Poly(N‐Vinylamines)3.1.Polyvinylpyrrolidone3.2.Polymers of otherN‐Vinyllactams3.3.Polyvinylamines
Polysaccharides
Authors: Voragen Alphons C. J. , Rolin Claus , Marr Beinta U. , Challen Ian , Riad Abdelwahab , Lebbar Rachid , Knutsen Svein Halvor 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Analysis and Characterization3.Pectin3.1.Occurrence and Structure3.2.Pectolytic Enzymes3.3.Production3.4.Properties3.4.1.Physical Properties3.4.2.Gel Properties3.4.3.Stability and Chemical Reactions3.5.Analysis3.5.1.Measurement and Standardization of Gel‐Forming Capacity3.5.2.Chemical Analysis3.6.Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Characteristics3.7.Application in the Food Industry3.8.Market4.Alginates4.1.Occurrence4.2.Production4.3.Structure4.4.Properties4.5.Propylene Glycol (Propane‐1,2‐diol) Alginate4.6.Bacterial Alginates4.7.Analysis4.8.Applications4.9.Market5.Carrageenan5.1.Structure5.2.Sources and Raw Materials5.3.Production5.4.Analysis5.5.Properties5.6.Applications5.7.Physiological Properties6.Agar6.1.Production6.2.Structure and Gelling Mechanism6.3.Quick Soluble Agar7.Gum Arabic8.Gum Tragacanth9.Gum Karaya10.Gum Ghatti11.Xanthan Gum11.1.Production11.2.Structure and Properties11.3.Analysis11.4.Applications, Market12.Gellan Gum13.Galactomannans13.1.Structure13.2.Production13.3.Properties13.4.Analysis and Composition of Commercial Preparations13.5.Derivatives13.6.Applications13.7.Market14.Acknowledgement
Poly(Vinyl Esters)
Authors: Rinno Helmut 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Polymer Structure4.Production4.1.Bulk Polymerization4.2.Solution Polymerization4.3.Suspension (Bead) Polymerization4.4.Emulsion Polymerization5.Industrially Important Poly(Vinyl Esters)6.Properties7.Quality Specifications, Trade Names, Storage and Transport, Wastewater8.Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects
Propellants
Authors: Schubert Hiltmar 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Classification and Formulation of Propellants3.1.Solid Propellants3.1.1.Homogeneous Propellants3.1.2.Composite Propellants3.2.Liquid Propellants3.2.1.Monopropellants3.2.2.Bipropellants4.Reactions and Properties4.1.Combustion Process4.2.Propellant Performance4.3.Mechanical Properties4.4.Chemical Stability4.5.Service Life4.6.Sensitivity and Vulnerability5.Uses5.1.Gun Propellants5.1.1.Solid Propellants5.1.2.Liquid Propellants5.2.Rocket Propellants5.2.1.Solid Propellants5.2.2.Liquid Propellants5.3.Propellants for Gas Generators6.Production6.1.Homogeneous Propellants6.1.1.Single‐Base Propellants6.1.2.Double‐ and Multibase Propellants6.2.Composite Propellants6.3.Special Propellant Devices7.Test Methods8.Safety Precautions and Environmental Protection
Pyrazolone Derivatives
Authors: Heise Hartmut , Hintzmann Manfred 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Reactions3.Production4.Environmental Protection5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Storage and Transport8.Uses8.1.Pharmaceuticals8.2.Dyes and Pigments8.3.Crop Protection9.Economic Aspects10.Derivatives11.Toxicology
Reduction
Authors: Kammermeier Bernhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Reduction of Individual Classes of Substances3.Electrolysis3.1.Inorganic Processes3.2.Organic Processes4.Individual Reducing Agents4.1.Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas4.2.Hydrogen4.3.Hydrides4.4.Metal Carbonyls4.5.Metals4.6.Metal Salts4.7.Nonmetallic Inorganic Reducing Agents4.8.Carbon Compounds4.8.1.Carbon Monoxide4.8.2.Formic Acid4.8.3.Carbonyl Compounds4.8.4.Alcohols4.8.5.Alkenes4.8.6.Heterocyclic Compounds5.Special Reduction Methods
Silicon Compounds, Organic
Authors: Rösch Lutz , John Peter , Reitmeier Rudolf 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fundamental Synthetic Routes for Organosilicon Compounds2.1.Direct Synthesis of Organohalosilanes2.2.Grignard Synthesis2.3.Syntheses with Alkali Metals2.4.Addition Reactions (Hydrosilylation)2.5.Substitution Reactions of Si−H Bonds2.6.Coproportionation and Disproportionation3.Silicon‐Functional Organosilicon Compounds3.1.Halo‐ and Pseudohalosilanes3.2.Alkoxy‐ and Aryloxysilanes3.3.Acyloxysilanes3.4.Oximino‐ and Aminoxysilanes3.4.1.(Alkylamino)alkylsilanes3.5.Organofunctional Organosilicon Compounds4.Vinyl and Other Alkenyl Compounds4.1.Organohalogenated Compounds4.2.Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds4.3.Cyanoalkyl Compounds4.3.1.Organic Amino Compounds4.3.2.Other Nitrogen Compounds4.3.3.Organosulfur Compounds4.4.Mercapto and Sulfidic Organofunctions4.4.1.Compounds Containing Sulfur ‐ Oxygen Groups4.4.2.Oxygen‐Containing Compounds4.5.Epoxy and Other Oxy Compounds4.5.1.Acrylates and Other Ester Functions4.5.2.Acid Anhydrides and Other Carboxy Groups4.5.3.Other Organofunctions4.6.Other Organosilanes5.Tetraorganosilanes5.1.Production5.1.Polysilanes5.2.Uses6.Silylating Agents6.1.Silanes as Protecting Groups6.1.Organosilicon Pharmaceuticals6.1.Silanes for Modification of Organic Polymers6.1.1.Cross‐Linking of Polyethylene6.1.1.Donor Silanes6.2.Silane Coupling Agents6.2.1.Mode of Action6.3.Analysis6.4.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects7.Economic Aspects8.References
Silk
Authors: Zahn Helmut , Krasowski Anita 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definitions1.2.History1.3.Life Cycle of the Mulberry Silkworm2.Structure and Properties2.1.Hierarchy and Crystal Structure2.2.Chemical Composition2.3.Properties2.4.Analysis3.Production3.1.Sericulture3.2.Production of Silk Thread3.3.World Production3.4.Silk Yarns‐Classification and Testing4.Processing4.1.Degumming4.2.Weighting4.3.Bleaching4.4.Dyeing4.5.Printing4.6.Special Finishing5.Uses and Other Aspects
Single Cell Proteins
Authors: Babel Wolfgang , Pöhland Hans‐Dieter , Soyez Konrad 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Substrates and Organisms

3.

Efficiency Considerations in the Selection of Substrates and Microorganisms

4.

Technology and Equipment

5.

Products and Uses

6.

Economic Aspects

7.

Outlook
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Authors: Dubinsky Barry , Press Jeffery B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxants1.1.Nondepolarizing Drugs (Competitive Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs)1.2.Depolarizing Relaxants1.3.Agents Acting Directly on Skeletal Muscle2.Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants2.1.Treatment of Acute Muscle Spasms2.2.Treatment of Chronic Neurological Spasticity
Skin Cosmetics
Authors: Schneider Günther , Gohla Sven , Schreiber Jörg , Kaden Waltraud , Schönrock Uwe , Schmidt‐Lewerkühne Hartmut , Kuschel Annegret , Petsitis Xenia , Pape Wolfgang , Ippen Hellmut , Diembeck Walter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Cosmetics and the Skin1.2.The Function of Skin Cosmetics1.3.History2.Product Development2.1.Choice of Raw Materials2.2.Tests for Stability and Effectiveness3.Emulsions3.1.Introduction and Definition3.2.Composition and Classification3.2.1.Emulsifiers3.2.2.Lipophilic Constituents3.2.3.Hydrophilic Constituents3.2.4.Additives3.2.5.Special Ingredients3.3.PIT‐Emulsions3.3.1.General Introduction and Definition3.3.2.Phase Behavior of Oil ‐ Surfactant ‐ Water Systems3.3.3.Influence of Temperature on the Phase Behavior of an Emulsion3.3.4.Effects of Formulation Variables on Phase Inversion Temperature3.3.5.Nature of the Phase Inversion Area3.3.6.Physicochemical Characterization of the Phase Inversion Temperature3.3.6.1.Electrical Conductivity Measurement3.3.6.2.Interfacial Tension Measurement3.3.7.Emulsification Production Process and Emulsification Routes3.3.8.CAPICO Method (Calculation of Phase Inversion in Concentrates)3.3.9.Applications3.4.Stability and Product Safety3.5.Cosmetic Properties3.6.Production4.Gels4.1.Lipogels4.2.Hydrogels4.2.1.Polymer Gels4.2.2.Hydrodispersion Gels4.3.Lecithin Organogels4.4.Gel‐Emulsions4.5.Surfactant Gels/Detergent Gels4.6.Microemulsion Gels4.7.Water‐in‐Silicon Oil Gels5.Oils5.1.Ingredients5.2.Production6.Lipsticks6.1.Lip Protection6.2.Composition6.3.Testing6.4.Production7.Shower and Bath Preparations7.1.Composition7.1.1.Surfactants7.1.2.Auxiliaries7.2.Product Forms and Types7.3.Production8.Deodorants and Antiperspirants8.1.Composition8.2.Application Forms8.3.Testing8.4.Production9.Body Powders10.Decorative Body Agents, Cosmetics, and Makeup10.1.Types of Decorative Cosmetics10.2.Colorants10.3.Production11.Sunscreens11.1.Composition11.2.Evaluation11.3.Effectiveness and Production11.4.Toxicology and Environmental Protection12.Stability Testing12.1.Storage Conditions12.2.Test Methods13.In Vitro Compatibility Testing13.1.Introduction13.2.Test Methods14.Economic Aspects15.Legal Aspects
Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites
Authors: Barberá José Jiménez , Metzger Adolf , Wolf Manfred 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Sulfites and Disulfites1.1.General Properties1.2.Ammonium Sulfite1.3.Potassium Disulfite1.4.Sodium Disulfite1.5.Sodium Hydrogensulfite1.6.Sodium Sulfite1.7.Analysis of Alkali‐Metal Sulfites1.8.Toxicology2.Thiosulfates2.1.General Properties2.2.Sodium Thiosulfate2.3.Ammonium Thiosulfate2.4.Toxicology3.Sodium Dithionite3.1.Introduction3.2.Properties3.3.Production3.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.5.Trade Names and Uses3.6.Safety and Environmental Aspects; Storage and Transport3.7.Economic Aspects3.8.Toxicology
Superconductors
Authors: Rietschel Hermann , Hoenig Hans E. , Bogner Günther , Jérome Denis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Principles2.1.Electrical Resistance and Thermal Conductivity2.2.Behavior in Magnetic Fields2.3.Critical Current2.4.Energy Gap and Thermodynamic Properties2.5.Josephson Effects2.6.Theoretical Descriptions3.Classes of Superconductors3.1.Classical Superconductors3.2.Exotic Superconductors3.3.High‐Temperature Superconductors4.Electronic Applications of Superconductivity4.1.Superconductivity Effects Important for Electronic Applications4.1.1.Pure Inductances4.1.2.Small High‐Frequency Losses4.1.3.Energy‐Gap Effects4.1.4.Quantum Interference Effects4.2.Josephson Junctions, Tunnel Junctions, and Weak Links4.2.1.Junction Types and Their Significance4.2.2.Josephson Circuits, Digital Circuits, Digital Signal Processing, and Voltage Standards4.2.3.SQUIDs4.2.4.SQUIDs and Biomagnetism4.3.Applications of HT Superconductors4.3.1.Materials and Techniques for HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.3.2.Operating Temperatures of HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.3.3.Passive Components Based on HT Superconductors4.3.4.HT‐Superconductor Radiation Detectors4.3.5.Nonlinear HT‐Superconductor Components4.3.6.HT‐Superconductor SQUIDs4.4.Refrigerators for Cryoelectronics5.Application of Superconductivity in Magnet and Power Engineering5.1.Introduction5.2.Industrial Superconductors5.2.1.Metallic Superconductors5.2.2.Oxide‐Ceramic Superconductors5.3.Potential Superconductivity for Improvements in Conventional Electrical Devices5.3.1.Superconducting Magnets for High‐Energy Physics5.3.2.Magnetic Separation and Purification5.3.3.Superconducting Levitation for High‐Speed Transportation Systems5.3.4.Generators and Motors with Superconducting Windings5.3.5.Superconducting Transformers5.3.6.Superconducting Power‐Transmission Cables5.4.Novel Electrical Devices for Which Superconductors Are Indispensable5.4.1.Magnets for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy5.4.2.Magnet Systems for Magnetic‐Confinement Fusion Reactors5.4.3.Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion5.4.4.Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)5.4.5.Superconducting Current Limiters6.Organic Superconductors6.1.Introduction6.2.Electronic Structure and Superconductivity6.3.Other Features of 1‐D Superconductors6.4.Prospects for HigherTcand Applications
Sweeteners
Authors: von Rymon Lipinski Gert‐Wolfhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Sensory Properties2.1.Structural Requirements for Sweetness2.2.Sweetness Intensity2.3.Taste Characteristics2.4.Synergism3.Uses3.1.Foods and Beverages3.2.Table‐Top Sweeteners3.3.Cosmetics3.4.Pharmaceuticals3.5.Feed3.6.Others4.General Toxicology and Physiology4.1.Toxicology4.2.Metabolism4.3.Suitability for Diabetics4.4.Dental Effects5.Food Legislation5.1.International Regulations and Assessments5.2.National Food Legislation6.Substances Commonly Used as Sweeteners6.1.Acesulfame K6.1.1.General Information6.1.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.1.3.Production6.1.4.Specifications and Analysis6.1.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.1.6.Uses6.2.Aspartame6.2.1.General Information6.2.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.2.3.Production6.2.4.Specifications and Analysis6.2.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.2.6.Uses6.3.Cyclamate6.3.1.General Information6.3.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.3.3.Production6.3.4.Specifications and Analysis6.3.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.3.6.Uses6.4.Saccharin6.4.1.General Information6.4.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.4.3.Production6.4.4.Specifications and Analysis6.4.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.4.6.Uses7.Sweeteners of Lesser Importance7.1.Glycyrrhizin7.1.1.General Information and Properties7.1.2.Production7.1.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.1.4.Uses7.2.Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone7.2.1.General Information and Properties7.2.2.Production7.2.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.2.4.Uses7.3.Stevioside and Rebaudioside7.3.1.General Information and Properties7.3.2.Production7.3.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.3.4.Uses7.4.Sucralose7.4.1.General Information and Properties7.4.2.Production7.4.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.4.4.Uses7.5.Thaumatin7.5.1.General Information and Properties7.5.2.Production7.5.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.5.4.Uses8.New Developments8.1.Alitame8.2.Others9.Substances Formerly Used as Sweeteners9.1.Dulcin9.2.Others
Tall Oil
Authors: Norlin Lars‐Hugo 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Crude Tall Oil as Byproduct and Raw Material

2.1.

Composition and Properties of Crude Tall Oil

2.2.

Recovery of Soap and Conversion to Crude Tall Oil

2.3.

Upgrading of Soap Extraction (Crude Soap Refining Process)

3.

Upgrading of Crude Tall Oil by Distillation

3.1.

Technical and Economic Conditions

3.2.

Process Description

3.2.1.

Dehydration

3.2.2.

Depitching

3.2.3.

Fractionation of Vaporized Tall Oil Compounds

4.

Energy Recovery

5.

Security and Construction Material

6.

Analysis

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Uses

9.

Economic Aspects

10.

Toxicology and Environmental Protection
Tartaric Acid
Authors: Kassaian Jean‐Maurice 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Optical Isomerism: Configuration

4.

Chemical Properties

5.

Resources and Starting Materials

6.

Production

6.1.

Production of
l
(+)‐Tartaric Acid

6.2.

Fermentation Process

6.3.

Chemical Synthesis

7.

Environmental Protection

8.

Quality Specifications

9.

Chemical Analysis

10.

Derivatives of
l
(+)‐Tartaric Acid

11.

Uses

12.

Economic Aspects

13.

Physiological and Toxicological Behavior
Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds
Authors: Lassner Erik , Schubert Wolf‐Dieter , Lüderitz Eberhard , Wolf Hans Uwe 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Raw Materials3.1.Natural Resources3.2.Tungsten Scrap4.Production4.1.Ore Beneficiation4.2.Pretreatment of Ore Concentrates and Scrap4.3.Hydrometallurgy4.3.1.Digestion4.3.2.Purification4.3.3.Conversion of Sodium Tungstate Solution to Ammonium Tungstate Solution4.3.3.1.Solvent Extraction4.3.3.2.Ion Exchange Process4.3.4.Crystallization of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)4.4.Calcination of APT4.5.Reduction by Hydrogen to Tungsten Metal Powder4.6.Production of Compact Metal4.7.Processing of Sintered Parts4.7.1.Shaping4.7.2.Mechanical Bonding of Tungsten to Tungsten and Other Metals4.8.Surface Treatment4.9.Tungsten Coatings4.10.Production of High‐Purity Tungsten Metal (99.999 ‐ 99.9999 %)5.Tungsten Alloys5.1.Single‐Phase Mixed‐Crystal Alloys5.2.Multiple Phase Alloys6.Uses7.Analysis7.1.Raw Materials7.2.High‐Purity Intermediate Products, Tungsten Powder, and Compact Tungsten Metal7.3.Trace Elements in High‐Purity Tungsten Metal8.Ferrotungsten and Related Alloys8.1.Composition8.2.Uses8.3.Production8.3.1.Ferrotungsten8.3.1.1.Carbothermic Production8.3.1.2.Carbothermic and Silicothermic Production8.3.1.3.Metallothermic Production8.3.2.Production of Tungsten Melting Base and Tungsten Master Alloys9.Compounds9.1.Tungsten Chemistry9.2.Aqueous Solutions of Tungsten9.3.Intermetallic Compounds9.4.Compounds with Nonmetals9.4.1.Tungsten ‐ Boron Compounds9.4.2.Tungsten ‐ Carbon Compounds9.4.3.Tungsten ‐ Silicon Compounds9.4.4.Tungsten ‐ Group 15 Compounds9.4.5.Tungsten ‐ Oxygen Compounds9.4.6.Tungsten ‐ Chalcogenide Compounds9.4.7.Tungsten ‐ Halogenide Compounds10.Tungsten in Catalysis11.Economic Aspects12.Tungsten Recycling13.Beneficial Effects on Human Health14.Toxicology and Occupational Health15.Acknowledgement
Waxes
Authors: Wolfmeier Uwe , Schmidt Hans , Heinrichs Franz‐Leo , Michalczyk Georg , Payer Wolfgang , Dietsche Wolfram , Boehlke Klaus , Hohner Gerd , Wildgruber Josef 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History of Waxes and Their Applications1.2.Definition1.3.Classification1.4.Properties and Uses1.5.World Market Volume for Waxes1.6.International Wax Organizations2.Recent Natural Waxes2.1.Introduction2.2.Vegetable Waxes2.2.1.Carnaúba Wax2.2.2.Candelilla Wax2.2.3.Ouricury Wax2.2.4.Sugarcane Wax2.2.5.Retamo Wax2.2.6.Jojoba Oil2.2.7.Other Vegetable Waxes2.3.Animal Waxes2.3.1.Beeswax2.3.2.Other Insect Waxes2.3.3.Wool Wax3.Montan Wax3.1.Formation and Occurrence3.2.Extraction3.3.Properties and Composition3.4.Refining and Derivatization3.4.1.Deresinification3.4.2.Bleaching3.4.3.Derivatization3.5.Uses and Economic Aspects4.Petroleum Waxes4.1.Introduction4.2.Macrocrystalline Waxes (Paraffin Waxes)4.2.1.Chemical Composition and General Properties4.2.2.Division into Product Classes4.2.3.Occurrence of Raw Materials and Processing4.2.3.1.Dewaxing Lubricating Oil Distillates4.2.3.2.Deoiling Slack Waxes4.2.3.3.Refining Deoiled Slack Waxes4.2.4.Storage, Transportation, Commercial Forms, and Producers4.2.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.2.6.Uses4.3.Microcrystalline Waxes (Microwaxes)4.3.1.Chemical Composition and General Properties4.3.2.Division into Product Classes4.3.3.Occurrence of Raw Materials and Processing4.3.4.Commercial Products and Producers4.3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.3.6.Uses4.4.Legal Aspects4.5.Ecology4.6.Economic Aspects4.7.Candles5.Fischer ‐ Tropsch Paraffins6.Polyolefin Waxes6.1.Production and Properties6.1.1.Polyethylene Waxes by High‐Pressure Polymerization6.1.1.1.Production6.1.1.2.Properties6.1.2.Copolymeric Polyethylene Waxes by High‐Pressure Polymerization6.1.3.Polyolefin Waxes by Ziegler ‐ Natta Polymerization6.1.3.1.Production6.1.3.2.Properties6.1.4.Degradation Polyolefin Waxes6.1.4.1.Production6.1.4.2.Properties6.1.5.Polar Polyolefin Waxes6.2.Uses6.2.1.Nonpolar Polyolefin Waxes6.2.2.Polar Polyolefin Waxes6.3.Economic Importance7.Toxicology
Whiskers
Authors: Parvizi‐Majidi Azar 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and Historical Development2.Applications and Commercial Products3.Asbestos Whiskers for Thermal Resistance/Insulation Applications4.Whiskers for Reinforcement Applications4.1.Silicon Carbide Whiskers4.2.Silicon Nitride and Sialon Whiskers4.3.Alumina and Mullite Whiskers4.4.Aluminum Borate Whiskers4.5.Other Types of Reinforcing Whiskers5.Whiskers for Electronics Applications5.1.Carbon Whiskers5.2.Other Types of Whiskers for Electronics Applications6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Wine
Authors: Kunkee Ralph E. , Eschnauer Heinz R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Wine Classifications, Types, and Labels2.1.Major Categories of Wines2.2.Table Wines2.2.1.Still Table Wines2.2.1.1.Dry, Still Table Wines2.2.1.2.Nondry, Still Table Wines2.2.2.Sparkling (Table) Wines2.3.Dessert/Appetizer Wines2.3.1.Sweet Dessert/Appetizer Wines2.3.2.Maderized Wines2.3.2.1.Oxidized by Film Yeast2.3.2.2.Oxidized with Age2.3.2.3.Oxidized by Heat Treatment2.3.3.Flavored Dessert Appetizer Wines2.3.3.1.Vermouths2.3.3.2.Specialty and Proprietary Dessert/Appetizer Wines2.4.Dealcoholized Wines2.4.1.Nonalcohol Wines2.4.2.Wines with Partial Removal of Ethanol2.5.Wine Labeling2.5.1.Importance of Region2.5.2.Controlled Appellations2.5.3.Imitations3.Chemical and Physical Composition of Wine3.1.Extract3.2.Physical Characteristics3.2.1.Density3.2.2.Temperature3.2.3.Viscosity3.2.4.Surface Tension and Tears3.2.5.Refractive Index3.3.Chemical Composition3.3.1.Organic Constituents3.3.1.1.Carbohydrates3.3.1.2.Aldehydes3.3.1.3.Organic Acids and Carbonic Acid3.3.1.4.Alcohols3.3.1.5.Esters and Other Aroma Substances3.3.1.6.Polyphenols3.3.1.7.Nitrogenous Compounds3.3.1.8.Vitamins3.3.2.Inorganic Constituents3.3.2.1.Enological Trace Concentrations3.3.2.2.Metal Depletion in the Fermentation and Preparation of Wine3.3.2.3.Enological Sample Bank3.3.2.4.Essential Trace Elements in Wine3.3.2.5.Micronutrients forVitis vinifera3.3.2.6.Enological Trace Element Taxonometry3.3.2.7.Enological Isotopic Taxonometry3.3.2.8.Enological Element Analysis4.Grapes and Grape Varieties4.1.Vitis viniferaVarieties4.2.Rootstocks5.Viticulture5.1.Dormancy and Its Utilization5.2.Agreement betweenTerroir, Climate and Grape Variety5.3.Grapevine Diseases5.4.Other Viticultural Practices6.Alcoholic Fermentation6.1.Pre‐fermentation Operations6.2.Yeast Growth and Fermentation6.3.Post‐fermentation Operations7.Secondary Fermentations7.1.Malolactic Fermentation7.2.Sparkling Wine7.3.Flor Sherry7.4.Microbial Spoilage8.Typicité and Style9.Sensory Evaluation10.Economic Aspects11.Wine and Health