bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The same social elevator? Intergenerational class mobility of second-generation immigrants across Europe
Authors: Kanitsar Georg 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ethnicity and social class are two of the main axes stratifying life chances in developed societies. Nevertheless, knowledge of the integration of ethnic minorities into the pattern of class reproduction remains incipient as evidence stems mostly from studies concentrating on specific ethnicities or single host countries. This article advances this knowledge by providing a comparative perspective on the intergenerational occupational mobility of second-generation immigrants and the majority population across 26 European countries. Drawing on pooled data from the European Social Survey (2004–2018), the article demonstrates that ethnic penalties arise for employment and occupational mobility in many countries, however, with crucial differences across and—to a smaller extent—within major country groups. Across countries, ethnic barriers for the second generation are connected to their social integration in the host society and the composition of the first migrant generation, emphasizing the importance of familial and social support for social advancement. By contrast, I detect no link between anti-immigration norms and ethnic penalties, and only mixed evidence for the role of integration policy. The article concludes that ‘ethnicity matters’ in many European societies, even if ethnic cleavages vary according to the composition of migrant populations and the context in the host society.
Exceptional Set Estimate Through Brascamp–Lieb Inequality
Authors: Gan Shengwen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fix integers $1\le k&lt;n$, and numbers $a,s$ satisfying $0&lt;s&lt;\min \{k,a\}$. The problem of exceptional set estimate is to determine $$\begin{align*} & T(a,s):=\sup_{A\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\ \textup{dim}A=a}\textup{dim}(\{ V\in G(k,n): \textup{dim}(\pi_{V}(A))&lt;s \}). \end{align*}$$In this paper, we prove a new upper bound for $T(a,s)$ by using Brascamp–Lieb inequality. As one of the corollaries, we obtain the estimate $$\begin{align*} & T(a,\frac{k}{n}a)\le k(n-k)-\min\{k,n-k\}, \end{align*}$$which improves a previous result $T(a,\frac{k}{n}a)\le k(n-k)-1$ of He.
By constructing examples, we can determine the explicit value of $T(a,s)$ for certain $(a,s)$:
When $k\le \frac{n}{2}$, $\beta \in (0,1]$ and $\gamma \in (\beta ,\frac{k}{n}(1+\beta )]$, we have $$\begin{align*} &T(1+\beta,\gamma)=k(n-k)-k.\end{align*}$$
When $k\ge \frac{n}{2}$, $\beta \in (0,1]$ and $\gamma \in (\beta , (1-\frac{k}{n})+\frac{k}{n}\beta ]$, we have $$\begin{align*} &T(n-1+\beta,k-1+\gamma)=k(n-k)-(n-k).\end{align*}$$
Deployment of vaccine cold chain equipment in resource-limited settings: lessons from the Gavi Cold Chain Optimization Platform in Cameroon
Authors: Nkwain Jude , Zambou Vouking Marius , Nchinjoh Sangwe Clovis , Agbor Valirie Ndip , Adidja Amani , Mbanga Clarence , Edwidge Nnang Nadege , Ndoula Shalom Tchokfe , Ateke Njoh Andreas , Diack Demba , Di Mattei Pietro , Wiwa Owens , Diaby Ousmane , Saidu Yauba 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Lack of or use of suboptimal cold chain equipment (CCE) is a major barrier to optimal immunization coverage and equity. Gavi established the CCE optimization platform (CCEOP) in 2015 to help eligible countries modernize their cold chain systems. However, there are limited data on CCE deployment at country level. We present lessons learnt from deploying CCE from the Gavi CCEOP in Cameroon.

Methods
This cross-sectional study collected data on the number of days items of CCE spent at each point on their trajectory from the entry port to 62 randomly selected health facilities in Cameroon.

Results
Once equipment arrived at the entry port, it took 10 d for customs clearance, 2 d from customs clearance to warehousing and 257 d (&gt;9 mo) from the warehouse to facilities. Upon arrival at the facilities, it took a median of 53 (range 0–395) d from installation to final commissioning: most of the days (median=210) were spent between installation and final commissioning. The major causes of delays included insufficient coordination and communication across all levels, poor documentation and final commissioning.

Conclusion
Early engagement on customs clearance, strengthening coordination and communication, ensuring proper documentation, as well as eliminating final commissioning, could significantly improve implementation of the program.
Effects of gait adaptation training on augmented reality treadmill for patients with stroke in community ambulation
Authors: Yang Hang , Gao Zhenzhen , Zhou Ye , Liao Zhenyi , Song Caiping , Mao Yajun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Gait adaptability is essential for stroke survivors to achieve efficient and safe community ambulation. However, conventional treadmill rehabilitation is only a repetitive practice of leg movement. This study compared the effects of augmented reality treadmill-based gait adaptation training with regular treadmill programs for patients with stroke. Forty patients with stroke (n = 40) were randomly assigned to the gait adaptation training {n = 20, age: 49.85 [standard deviation (SD) 8.44] years; onset of stroke: 107.80 (SD 48.31) days} and regular training [n = 20, age: 50.75 (SD 8.05) years, onset of stroke: 111.60 (SD 49.62) days] groups. Both groups completed three sessions of training per week for 5 weeks (15 sessions). The primary outcomes were the 10-m walk test and success rate of obstacle avoidance, while secondary outcomes included the Berg balance scale, component timed-up-and-go, and fall rate in a 6-month follow-up period. Assessments were performed before and after the intervention. The paired t-test was applied to compare the differences within groups and independent sample t-test was performed to compare the differences between groups. The 10-m walk test, success rate of obstacle avoidance, Berg balance scale, and component timed-up-and-go all significantly improved in the both groups (P &lt; .001). The success rate of obstacle avoidance [P = .02, 95% confidence interval (CI): −21.07, −1.64], Berg Balance Scale (P = .02, 95% CI: −8.03, −0.67), ‘turning around time’ (P = .04, 95% CI: 0.08, 2.81), ‘stand-to-sit’ (P = .03, 95% CI: 0.16, 2.41) and ‘total time’ (P = .048, 95% CI: 0.04, 10.32) improved significantly in gait adaptation training group after intervention, while the 10-m walk test (P = .09, 95% CI: −0.17, 0.01), timed ‘sit-to-stand’ (P = .09, 95% CI: −0.14, 2.04), and ‘linear walking’ (P = .09, 95% CI: −0.27, 3.25) in gait adaptation training group did not show statistical difference compared to the regular training group. Total fall rate during the follow-up period was statistically decreased in the gait adaptation training group (P = .045). Both interventions improved mobility outcomes, with augmented reality treadmill-based gait adaptation indicating greater improvement in obstacle avoidance, balance, turning, and stand-to-sit. Augmented reality treadmill-based gait adaptation training emerges as an effective and promising intervention for patients with stroke in early rehabilitation.
Concerted adoption as an emerging strategy for digital transformation of healthcare—lessons from Australia, Canada, and England
Authors: Cresswell Kathrin , Sullivan Clair , Theal Jeremy , Mozaffar Hajar , Williams Robin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
With an increasing focus on the digitalization of health and care settings, there is significant scope to learn from international approaches to promote concerted adoption of electronic health records.

Materials and methods
We review three large-scale initiatives from Australia, Canada, and England, and extract common lessons for future health and social care transformation strategy.

Results
We discuss how, despite differences in contexts, concerted adoption enables sharing of experience and learning to streamline the digital transformation of health and care.

Discussion and conclusion
Concerted adoption can be accelerated through building communities of expertise and partnerships promoting knowledge transfer and circulation of expertise; commonalities in geographical and cultural contexts; and commonalities in technological systems.
Exploration of a Predictive Model for Keloid and Potential Therapeutic Drugs Based on Immune Infiltration and Cuproptosis-Related Genes
Authors: Liu Jiaming , Hu Ding , Wang Yaojun , Zhou Xiaoqian , Jiang Liyuan , Wang Peng , Lai Haijing , Wang Yu , Xiao Houan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between cuproptosis-related genes and immunoinfiltration in keloid, develop a predictive model for keloid occurrence, and explore potential therapeutic drugs. The microarray datasets (GSE7890 and GSE145725) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between keloid and nonkeloid samples. Key genes were identified through immunoinfiltration analysis and DEGs and then analyzed for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, followed by the identification of protein–protein interaction networks, transcription factors, and miRNAs associated with key genes. Additionally, a logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a predictive model for keloid occurrence, and potential candidate drugs for keloid treatment were identified. Three key genes (FDX1, PDHB, and DBT) were identified, showing involvement in acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, mitochondrial matrix, oxidoreductase activity, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Immune infiltration analysis suggested the involvement of B cells, Th1 cells, dendritic cells, T helper cells, antigen-presenting cell coinhibition, and T cell coinhibition in keloid. These genes were used to develop a logistic regression-based nomogram for predicting keloid occurrence with an area under the curve of 0.859 and good calibration. We identified 32 potential drug molecules and extracted the top 10 compounds based on their P-values, showing promise in targeting key genes and potentially effective against keloid. Our study identified some genes in keloid pathogenesis and potential therapeutic drugs. The predictive model enhances early diagnosis and management. Further research is needed to validate and explore clinical implications.
The Incentive Complementarity Between Formal and Informal Enforcement
Authors: Jackson Matthew O , Xing Yiqing 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We introduce a model in which people exchange some goods and services informally in their community and others formally on a market. We show that enforcement by informal communities and a formal market are complements: If communities ostracize individuals who are caught cheating on the market, this bolsters incentives to comply with exchanges in both settings. Although transactions within a community generate lower gains from trade than those on the wider market, the enhanced incentives from simultaneously transacting in communities and on the overall market can be welfare-enhancing compared with either extreme. We discuss the implications of informal community exchanges in a country’s development as well as how moral or religious beliefs enhance the complementarity between community and formal enforcement.
Authorship and re-equilibration of the dynamics in the fashion industry: can the DSM Directive be the leader of a new regime for designers?
Authors: Sipetas Spyridon 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fashion designers’ persistent struggle to establish their author status is marked not only by external discrimination but also by internal industry biases. Historically, the alleged cultural elitism of copyright law has been the main hurdle for granting them this title. However, recent rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union have dismantled any meaningful margin for discriminatory treatment across different art forms. With the clear acknowledgement of fashion designs as copyright-protectable subject matter, fashion designers can now proudly wear the badge of ‘authors’. But what does this newfound title bear, in practice, in a sector where authorship is built on an unjust foundation, on the grounds of the fashion industry’s discreditable hierarchy? What is the current fate of their moral and economic rights and how can the mechanisms provided to authors by Directive 2019/790 (DSM Directive) be leveraged to re-equilibrate the dynamics of the industry? These are, inter alia, the questions this article—ambitiously—attempts to explore.
Creating Efficient Workflows for Electron Microscopy Laboratories with Automated Specimen Preparation
Authors: Goodman Steven L , Benson Emily K , Flint Noah A , Dye Louis E , Chimento Melissa F , Phillips Edward , Percival Jeffrey W , Kidd Grahame J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) is essential to the biological and biomedical sciences and clinical diagnostic pathology. Electron microscopy specimen preparation is laborious and time-consuming, with transmission EM (TEM) chemical preparation typically requiring 1–3 days, while volume electron microscopy (vEM) takes 3–5 days of tedious manual reagent exchanges every few minutes or hours. This places a considerable burden on laboratory scientists with the ongoing demand for TEM, and the rapidly growing demand for vEM due to its potential to revolutionize structural biology, connectomics, and related fields. This burden is exacerbated by a shortage of trained electron microscopy scientists as current staff retire, and few enter the workforce. This report provides four case studies to illustrate how automated and faster specimen preparation workflows using mPrep™ Automated Specimen Processors (ASP-1000™ and ASP-2000™, Microscopy Innovations, LLC) free electron microscopy staff in academic and pre-clinical research labs and a clinical pathology laboratory.
Single‐cell transcriptome analysis of aging mouse liver
Authors: Lin Yan , Li Ying , Liang Guangyu , Yang Xiao , Yang Jiankun , Hu Qi , Sun Jian , Zhang Cuntai , Fang Haoshu , Liu Anding 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAging has a great impact on the liver, which causes a loss of physiological integrity and an increase in susceptibility to injury, but many of the underlying molecular and cellular processes remain unclear. Here, we performed a comprehensive single‐cell transcriptional profiling of the liver during aging. Our data showed that aging affected the cellular composition of the liver. The increase in inflammatory cells including neutrophils and monocyte‐derived macrophages, as well as in inflammatory cytokines, could indicate an inflammatory tissue microenvironment in aged livers. Moreover, aging drove a distinct transcriptional course in each cell type. The commonly significant up‐regulated genes were S100a8, S100a9, and RNA‐binding motif protein 3 across all cell types. Aging‐related pathways such as biosynthesis, metabolism, and oxidative stress were up‐regulated in aged livers. Additionally, key ligand–receptor pairs for intercellular communication, primarily linked to macrophage migration inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor‐β, and complement signaling, were also elevated. Furthermore, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) serve as the prominent hub for intrahepatic signaling. HSCs acquired an “activated” phenotype, which may be involved in the increased intrahepatic vascular tone and fibrosis with aging. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells derived from aged livers were pseudocapillarized and procontractile, and exhibited down‐regulation of genes involved in vascular development and homeostasis. Moreover, the aging‐related changes in cellular composition and gene expression were reversed by caloric restriction. Collectively, the present study suggests liver aging is linked to a significant liver sinusoidal deregulation and a moderate pro‐inflammatory state, providing a potential concept for understanding the mechanism of liver aging.
Evaluating a Situational Judgment Test for Use in Medical School Admissions: Two Years of AAMC PREview Exam Administration Data
Authors: Ellison Halle B. , Grabowski Christina J. , Schmude Michelle , Costa Joseph B. , Naemi Bobby , Schmidt Martin , Patel Dimple , Westervelt Marjorie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Purpose
To examine the relationship between the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Professional Readiness Exam (PREview) scores and other admissions data, group differences in mean PREview scores, and whether adding a new assessment tool affected the volume and composition of applicant pools.

Method
Data from the 2020 and 2021 PREview exam administrations were analyzed. Two U.S. schools participated in the PREview pilot in 2020 and 6 U.S. schools participated in 2021. PREview scores were paired with data from the American Medical College Application Service (undergraduate grade point averages [GPAs], Medical College Admission Test [MCAT] scores, race, and ethnicity) and participating schools (interview ratings).

Results
Data included 19,525 PREview scores from 18,549 unique PREview examinees. Correlations between PREview scores and undergraduate GPAs (r = .16) and MCAT scores (r = .29) were small and positive. Correlations between PREview scores and interview ratings were also small and positive, ranging between .09 and .14 after correcting for range restriction. Small group differences in mean PREview scores were observed between White and Black or African American and White and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish origin examinees. The addition of the PREview exam did not substantially change the volume or composition of participating schools’ applicant pools.

Conclusions
Results suggest the PREview exam measures knowledge of competencies that are distinct from those measured by other measures used in medical school admissions. Observed group differences were smaller than group differences observed with traditional academic assessments and evaluations. The addition of the PREview exam did not substantially change the overall volume of applications or the proportions of out-of-state, underrepresented in medicine, or lower socioeconomic status applicants. While more research is needed, these results suggest the PREview exam may provide unique information to the admissions process without adversely affecting applicant pools.
Current Use and Impact of Pulmonary Artery Catheters on the Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock Treated With an Impella: Findings From the Japan Registry for Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device (J-PVAD)
Authors: Arai Riku , Murata Nobuhiro , Fukamachi Daisuke , Okumura Yasuo ,   Japan Registry for Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device (J-PVAD) Investigators
Published: February 2024

Objectives:
This study aimed to investigate the current use and impact of pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) who underwent Impella support.

Design:
This was a prospective multicenter observational study between January 2020 and December 2021 that registered all patients with drug-refractory acute heart failure and in whom the placement of an Impella 2.5, CP, or 5.0 pump was attempted or successful in Japan.

Setting:
Cardiac ICUs in Japan.

Patients:
Between January 2020 and December 2021, a total of 3112 patients treated with an Impella were prospectively enrolled in the Japan registry for percutaneous ventricular assist device (J-PVAD). Among them, 2063 patients with CS were divided into two groups according to the PAC use.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary endpoint was the 30-day mortality, and the secondary endpoints were hemolysis, acute kidney injury, sepsis, major bleeding unrelated to the Impella, and ventricular arrhythmias within 30 days. PACs were used in 1358 patients (65.8%) who underwent an Impella implantation. The use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was significantly higher in the patients with PACs than in those without. Factors associated with PAC use were the prevalence of hypertension, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, New York Heart Association classification IV, the lesser prevalence of a heart rate less than 50, and the use of any catecholamine. The primary and secondary endpoints did not significantly differ according to the PAC use. Focusing on the patients with VA-ECMO use, the 30-day mortality and hemolysis were univariately lower in the patients with PACs.

Conclusions:
The J-PVAD findings indicated that PAC use did not have a significant impact on the short-term outcomes in CS patients undergoing Impella support. Further prospective studies are required to explore the clinical implications of PAC-guided intensive treatment strategies in these patients.
Implementation of Exercise Management Services Among Sports Medicine Physicians in the United States
Authors: Moore Geoffrey E. , Carlson Chad , Bonnet Jonathan P. , Phillips Edward M. , Joy Elizabeth , Collings Cate , Kraus William , Roberts William O. 
Published: February 2024

Objective:
Assessment of physical activity and exercise prescription has been widely supported by many organizations, yet provision of such services remains limited in the United States. We sought to uncover why such services have not been widely adopted.

Design:
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine organized a task force to canvas physicians and survey the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine membership.

Setting:
Peer-to-peer and telecommunication discussions and web-based questionnaires.

Participants:
Sports medicine physicians in the United States.

Interventions:
None.

Main Outcome Measures:
Percentage of sports medicine physicians who provide exercise management services and mechanisms of billing for exercise management, identify barriers to such services, and identify industry collaborations for promoting physical activity through physicians.

Results:
Three of 4 sports medicine physicians spend at least 1 min encouraging exercise with patients, using Evaluation and Management codes to bill or receive credit. Exercise counseling is often bundled within other patient care. Few health plans leverage the patient's relationship with a primary care physician to promote exercise. Most employed sports medicine physicians do not receive incentives to incorporate exercise counseling into practice, and only 1 in 6 have decision-making authority to hire an exercise professional. Major obstacles are the lack of a business model and knowledge about exercise prescription.

Conclusion:
The existing E&M codes adequately characterize the work, but physicians desire greater payment or credit for providing exercise management services. Physicians desire to do more exercise prescription, but health system bureaucracy, inadequate support, and economic disincentives are barriers to the provision of exercise management services.