bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF BCG VACCINE IN A LIQUID MEDIUM CONTAINING TWEEN 80 AND A SOLUBLE FRACTION OF HEATED HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Fenner Frank , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Groups of guinea pigs were vaccinated by the intracutaneous route with cultures of BCG grown in a liquid medium containing Tween 80 and the soluble fraction of heated human serum. After the cultures had been stored at 4°C. for various periods of time, the antigenic response was compared with that of another group of guinea pigs receiving standard BCG vaccine prepared by the conventional technique.
The local lesions occurring at the site of injection of cultures in Tween-serum filtrate medium were more severe than those produced by the standard vaccine. It was shown that this difference was probably due to the much larger number of viable bacilli in the former preparations. A marked degree of sensitization could be produced with culture dilutions containing as few as 10 viable units (single bacilli or small clumps). Slightly larger doses of BCG led to the highest degree of tuberculin allergy detectable by the technique employed. Further increases in the dose of vaccine failed to alter the level of sensibility when the animals were tested with tuberculin 5 weeks after vaccination.
The same degree of sensitization was achieved by vaccination with 0.1 cc. of either the standard vaccine or any of the fresh or stored cultures in Tween-serum filtrate medium. It was shown that these doses contained numbers of living bacilli far greater than the minimal number required to induce maximal sensitization.
Under the conditions used, the guinea pigs vaccinated with cultures of BCG (fresh or stored) grown in the Tween-serum filtrate medium exhibited a marked degree of resistance to subcutaneous infection with virulent tubercle bacilli.
INFLUENZA
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Greiff Donald , Blumenthal Herman T. , Hensley Richard 
Published: June 2004

In addition to the cycles of growth shown by the influenza A virus during the first 24 hours of its residence in the fertile egg, cycles separated by longer time intervals have been noted between the 24th and 96th hours. These longer cycles are best seen when the eggs are incubated at 40°C.
Corresponding fairly accurately with these cycles of growth of the virus, wide cyclic variations in the rates of increase in oxygen consumption of the infected eggs have been found to occur. These variations are in striking contrast to the uniformity of increase noted in uninfected eggs.
The variations in infectivity may be caused by periodic interference with virus multiplication by accumulated inactive virus particles. The variations in oxygen consumption probably are correlated with variations in the concentration of virus toxins.
IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , Markowitz Harold , Roe Amy S. 
Published: June 2004

The specific polysaccharides of Types I and V pneumococcus give sharp equivalence zones and show maximal precipitation with homologous rabbit antisera only when carefully prepared from cultures which have not been neutralized with alkali.
The precipitating power of S V toward homologous rabbit antiserum falls off in 0.1 N NaOH even more rapidly than that of S I, dropping to 7 per cent of the original value in 6 days at room temperature. The alkaline solution develops a large absorption peak at 270 mµ.
Directions are given for the preparation of S VII and S XII.
THE EFFECT OF TUBERCLE BACILLI ON THE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES OF NORMAL ANIMALS
Authors: Martin Samuel P. , Pierce Cynthia H. , Middlebrook Gardner , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

A description is given of a slide cell whereby the rate of migration of very small amounts of leucocytes can be followed and measured.
The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was found to be inhibited by virulent tubercle bacilli pathogenic for the class of animal (mammal or bird) from which the leucocytes were obtained; it was not affected by the avirulent variants of these microorganisms, or by bacilli pathogenic for animals of the other class.
Tests failed to disclose that the inhibition of leucocytic migration resulted from any gross damage caused by the bacilli to the leucocytes.
RECIPROCAL CHANGES IN PLASMA PROTEIN AND PLASMA ACACIA AS RESULT OF HIGH AND LOW PROTEIN DIETS
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Goetsch J. B. , Warrick R. A. 
Published: June 2004

Dogs were made hypoproteinemic by repeated injections of gum acacia, and the acacia injections were discontinued. Diets of varying protein content were then given. When a high protein diet is provided the plasma protein concentration increases; with a low protein diet, or under conditions of fasting, the plasma protein concentration diminishes. Similarly, plasma acacia concentration shows increases and decreases which are reciprocal to the protein variations. Total circulating plasma protein and total circulating plasma acacia show similar changes. In all instances total circulating colloid (acacia plus protein) concentration adds up to an amount within normal limits for protein alone.
The results indicate that under these conditions, acacia stored in the body (principally in the liver) can be removed from its site of deposit and returned to the blood.
The data also show that dogs in which acacia is deposited in large quantities, require a larger amount of protein in the diet to maintain a constant plasma protein content than do normal dogs.
It appears that the mechanism for maintenance of peripheral colloidal material may be dependent on differences in intracellular and extracellular colloidal osmotic pressure. The experiments also support the idea that plasma protein molecules, as well as gum acacia, may pass in and out of cells through the cell membranes.
STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Evans Charles A. , Slavin Howard B. , Berry George Packer 
Published: June 2004

1. The severity of herpetic infection, of mice varied according to the site of inoculation, decreasing in the following order: cornea, skin of abdomen, pad of hind foot, tail.
2. The preliminary treatment of the foot pad or tail with methylcholanthrene increased the susceptibility to herpetic infection to a limited extent.
3. Two-week-old mice showed a much greater susceptibility to herpes virus inoculated on the tail or on the pad of the hind foot than did adult mice.
4. The HF strain of herpes virus, after more than 125 serial brain-to-brain passages in mice, possessed high virulence for cutaneous tissues of mice and showed no important differences in this respect from a recently isolated strain (Klee) of herpes virus.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

Direct exposure to poliomyelitis virus of the central end of a cut branch of the V cranial nerve was followed by centripetal spread of infection to the semilunar (Gasserian) ganglion, involvement of which was detected both histologically and by subinoculation as early as the 3rd day. In some instances infection did not progress further; in others it spread into the CNS with initial involvement of the trigeminal centers in the pons and medulla as early as the 4th day and by the 5th day was further advanced but still limited to the brainstem. Once infection was established it progressed both rostrally and caudally, at times with great rapidity, through the brainstem and reached the cord on the 6th or a later day. Incidental exposure in traumatized muscle of peripheral fibers of the VII motor nerve led in some instances to spread along that pathway directly into the CNS.
Application of the experimental results to human poliomyelitis is of interest chiefly in four respects. (1) The ascent of infection from a peripheral ganglion of the head area to the CNS with initial encephalitis of the brainstem and subsequent descent to the spinal cord is believed to parallel the evolution of the human disease as suggested by the character and order of development of the early symptoms and signs. (2) The failure in some instances of infection to spread from an infected peripheral ganglion to the CNS may parallel inapparent ("subclinical") poliomyelitis in man. (3) Invasion of virus through traumatized muscle directly to the CNS also has possible analogues in human experience which will be discussed in a later paper. (4) The presence of well marked and sometimes extensive lesions in the brainstem one or more days before symptoms emerge is also believed to parallel the human case.
THE EFFECT OF PODOPHYLLOTOXIN, COLCHICINE, URETHANE, AND NITROGEN MUSTARD ON THE RESPIRATION OF NORMAL AND SUPRARENALECTOMIZED RAT LYMPHATIC TISSUE
Authors: Miller Zelma Baker , Davison Clarke , Smith Paul K. 
Published: June 2004

The injection of podophyllotoxin, colchicine, and a nitrogen mustard derivative, methyl-bis(ß-chloroethyl)amine, into normal animals causes a reduction of the respiration of the lymphatic tissues, spleen, and/or thymus. No effect was demonstrable on kidney, a representative tissue of non-lymphatic origin.
The degree of inhibition was considerably less in suprarenalectomized animals, suggesting that the inhibition is mediated by the suprarenal gland.
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION WITH HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN EXTRACTS
Authors: Thomas Lewis , Paterson Philip Y. , Smithwick Betty 
Published: June 2004

1. A severe demyelinating condition characterized by ataxia and paralysis, in some instances leading to death, was produced in thirty-five of a total of fifty-five dogs following immunization with homologous brain tissue combined with Freund's adjuvants. In more than 30 per cent of instances paralysis did not occur until immunization was continued for 6 or more months. Only eight dogs became paralyzed after a single injection of antigen. The condition appeared between 6 and 15 days after the last injection in all animals, irrespective of the total number of injections or the duration of immunization.
2. An antibody which reacted in complement fixation tests with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of homologous brain tissue was demonstrable in the majority of immunized dogs, whether or not the animals became paralyzed. It appeared during or after the 3rd week of immunization, and its occurrence or titer could not be correlated with the incidence of the encephalomyelitis. In general, there were fewer dogs with demonstrable antibody in the paralyzed group than in the non-paralyzed group.
3. A flocculation reaction with alcohol extracts of homologous brain was demonstrated in the serum of immunized dogs. The antigen and antibody involved were apparently identical with those responsible for the complement fixation reactions.
4. The brain tissue component which reacted as antigen in the complement fixation test was present in adult brain from several mammalian species, and peripheral nerve. It was not present in the brain of newborn dogs nor in other unrelated organs. It was demonstrable in brain tissue which had been allowed to autolyze, or treated with 10 per cent formalin. It was not impaired by boiling, or by acid hydrolysis, and was contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of brain lipids. It was separable from cholesterol by digitonin precipitation of the latter.
5. Immunization of dogs with the unsaponifiable fraction of homologous brain, in adjuvants, caused the appearance of antibrain antibody similar to that in animals injected with whole brain. Encephalomyelitis was not observed during a 2 month period of immunization with this fraction.
6. In guinea pigs, an injection of the unsaponifiable fraction of brain, in adjuvants, was followed by fatal meningoencephalitis, but the identity of the state with that caused by whole brain antigens was not established.
A VIRAL AGENT ISOLATED FROM A CASE OF "NON-PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS" AND PATHOGENIC FOR SUCKLING MICE: ITS POSSIBLE RELATION TO THE COXSACKIE GROUP OF VIRUSES
Authors: Cheever F. Sargent , Daniels Joan B. , Hersey E. Freeman 
Published: June 2004

1. A viral agent, Powers, causing myocarditis, adipositis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and encephalomyelitis but not myositis in suckling mice 1 to 2 days old has been isolated from the stool of a patient in whom the clinical diagnosis was "non-paralytic poliomyelitis."
2. Serological evidence linking the virus to the clinical disease observed was clear only in the case of "non-paralytic poliomyelitis" from which it was isolated.
3. The possible relation of this agent to the Coxsackie group of viruses is discussed. No serological relationship with the Connecticut 5, Ohio R, and High Point strains was demonstrated.
4. A second virus, Matulaitis, has been isolated from a concurrent case of "non-paralytic poliomyelitis" in the same area. Lesions produced in infant mice by the two agents show certain differences.
THE CRYSTALLIZATION AND SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF A STREPTOCOCCAL PROTEINASE AND ITS PRECURSOR
Authors: Elliott S. D. 
Published: June 2004

Grown in dialysate broth at a pH between 5.5 and 6.5, some strains of group A streptococci elaborate the precursor of a proteolytic enzyme. Within this range of hydrogen concentration the precursor is also produced when the streptococci are suspended in a peptone dialysate containing glucose and incubated at 37°C. The precursor does not appear to be produced at a neutral or alkaline reaction.
Methods are described whereby the precursor and proteinase have been isolated in crystalline form. The precursor crystallizes from half-saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 8.0 and a temperature of 22°C. or higher; the proteinase crystallizes from 0.15 saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 8.0 but does so most readily at refrigerator temperature. The degree of purification achieved by these procedures is discussed.
The activity of purified preparations of the precursor and of proteinase has been tested against α-benzoyl-l-arginineamide and, with this as a substrate, the conversion of precursor to proteinase by autocatalysis or by trypsin has been confirmed.
Immunological experiments are described, the results of which provide evidence of the distinct antigenic specificity of the precursor and proteinase; the conversion of precursor to proteinase has been followed by means of serological tests.
THE EFFECT OF A DEFICIENCY OF THE B VITAMIN COMPLEX (EXCEPT THIAMINE) ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE RAT
Authors: Merritt Phyllis 
Published: June 2004

Certain diets essentially identical with those previously reported as causing an elevation of the blood pressure of rats have failed to produce any elevation.
Examination of micro sections from the kidneys of these rats, with the aid of special stains, has failed to demonstrate any vascular lesions similar to those previously described by Calder.
Evidence of tubular atrophy was present to a minor degree in sections of the kidneys of rats fed diets deficient in the B vitamins (except thiamine) and in those fed diets low in choline. This finding has been noted previously by others, but examples of this type of lesion were found as well in animals fed the control diets of our experiments. It should be emphasized that these control diets were nutritionally inadequate.
Deposits of intracellular granules of hemosiderin were prominent in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys in rats fed the diets deficient in the B vitamin complex.
STUDIES ON PEROXIDATIVE DETOXIFICATION OF PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
Authors: Agner Kjell 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the peroxidative oxidation of diphtheria toxin has been investigated. It has been found that this reaction requires the presence of an oxidizable, dialyzable cofactor in addition to hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase. Cofactors are present in a variety of materials and have been partially purified from urine.
The flocculation titer of toxin modified by peroxidation remains unchanged even after 99 per cent or more of the toxicity has been destroyed. The change thus appears analogous to the conversion of toxin to toxoid in the presence of formalin.
It is suggested that the well known conversion of crude diphtheria toxin to toxoid which occurs on storage or aging may be due to a slow peroxidative process.
PLASMA IRON AND SATURATION OF PLASMA IRON-BINDING PROTEIN IN DOGS AS RELATED TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF RADIOIRON
Authors: Yuile Charles L. , Hayden John W. , Bush James A. , Tesluk Henry , Stewart Wellington B. 
Published: June 2004

The absorption of a test amount of radioactive iron during artificial saturation of the plasma iron-binding protein, by the repeated intravenous injection of small amounts of iron, was measured in three normal and four anemic dogs.
The procedure had no detectable influence on the iron absorption of the normal dogs nor on that of two of the anemic dogs. Two other anemic dogs showed some suppression of iron absorption, though the amount absorbed was still in excess of that absorbed by a normal dog. The reasons for this suppression are not clear from these experiments.
Artificially raising the plasma iron to normal levels in one anemic dog did not influence the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract nor was a delayed effect noted after the plasma iron had fallen to base line levels after 5 hours of artificial saturation.
It appears that the plasma iron-binding protein and its relative saturation play little role per se in the control of iron absorption in dogs.
DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND WOUND HEALING
Authors: Pirani Conrad L. , Stepto Robert C. , Sutherland Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

The effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) on the granulation tissue of healing and healed linear laparotomy wounds was studied in young adult male guinea pigs maintained on a complete diet and on a known intake of ascorbic acid.
DCA induces the production of an excessive amount of granulation tissue, as evidenced by a relatively great number of fibroblasts and by a larger amount of ground substance. This effect was accompanied by a slight to moderate lag in the maturation process of both cellular and intercellular elements. These changes were observed when DCA administration was begun 5 days prior to operation, but were less obvious or absent if DCA was injected, beginning on the 5th or 10th postoperative day. The results indicate that the action of DCA on immature, proliferating connective tissue is marked, and is considerably less or absent when connective tissue elements have reached partial or almost complete maturity.
The effect of DCA on connective tissue does not appear to rest on the basis of an altered nutritional status. Chemical and histochemical studies of the adrenals suggest that the action of DCA on connective tissue is probably mediated through a disturbance of adrenocortical function, namely an imbalance between hormones of the zona glomerulosa (excess of DCA) and those of the zona fasciculata (deficiency of glucocorticoids).
The presence of changes in granulation tissue and the lack of them in mature resting connective tissue of DCA-treated guinea pigs confirm the view that a profound difference in the response mechanism exists between resting and actively proliferating connective tissue.
PATHOGENESIS OF COXSACKIE VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Godman Gabriel C. 
Published: June 2004

The quantitative distribution of the Conn.-5 strain of Coxsackie virus in different tissues was determined by serial titration at intervals after inoculation of 4 to 5 day old mice. High titers were reached by the 2nd day in blood, heart, liver, muscle, intestine, and its contents, and these were maintained through the 8th day, except for the blood, in which the virus level fell earlier. In paralyzed mice, muscle and brain attained the highest titers and it was in these tissues alone that virus persisted through the 9th day of illness.
The pathology of the infection has been briefly described. In particular, the evolution of morbid changes in striated muscle was correlated with the concentrations of virus in muscle. Acute muscle necrosis first occurred when there was a peak viral concentration (4th day), and reached maximal intensity on the 8th day. Scattered acute lesions continued to appear while the virus titer remained above 10–4, from the 9th to 12th day. With the decrease in the myositis, there was a concomitant decrease in the incidence of perceptible disease. Inflammation was found to follow upon the development of necrosis, and subsided slowly. Regeneration began very early, became exuberant, and led finally to restitution of the muscle.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION WITH A VIRULENT (CG 179) AND AN AVIRULENT (B) STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Karzon David T. , Bang Frederik B. 
Published: June 2004

Circulating antibody appeared in the convalescing NDV-infected chicken concomitantly with the disappearance of virus from the tissues. The antigenic response to the CG 179 and B strains was demonstrated to be approximately equal.
The neutralization test in the embryo and the hemagglutination inhibition technique yielded parallel results in the measurement of antibody early in convalescence, but late in convalescence the hemagglutination inhibition titers were relatively lower. This disparity indicates the possible duality of the antibodies.
There was a wide ratio between the neutralizing antibody titers found in the brain and in the serum after an asymptomatic infection with NDV. The antibody level in the brain appeared to be related to the extent of virus growth and damage in the central nervous system.
It appeared likely that a major factor in determining the virulence of the CG 179 strain was the more rapid attainment in the central nervous system of high virus concentration which outstripped the defense mechanisms of the host.
THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Correll James W. , Ladd Anthony T. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the relationship of blood lipids to the development of experimental atherosclerosis.
Rabbits fed a diet containing cholesterol were found to develop hyperlipemia characterized by a great increase in blood cholesterol and a much lesser increase in blood phospholipids; after several weeks they manifested conspicuous atherosclerosis of the aorta, as has often been observed by others. Comparable rabbits fed the same diets containing added cholesterol were given in addition repeated intravenous injections of the surface-active agents Tween 80 and Triton A20; these animals developed hyperlipemia which was characterized by a great increase in blood cholesterol and an equivalent or even greater increase in phospholipids, and they had much less atherosclerosis than did the control rabbits fed cholesterol alone.
In further experiments it was observed that repeated intravenous injections of Tween 80 did not result in resorption of previously induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.
The findings are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of natural and experimental atherosclerosis.