bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From False Generosity to True Generosity: Theorizing a Critical Imaginary for Science Education
Authors: Tolbert Sara , Aceves Alejandra Frausto , Olave Betzabé Torres 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn this chapter we are guided by the question of why, what, and for whom we are educating in science education. We take up the Freirean notion of generosity and, building on Freire’s work, aim to differentiate between false and true generosities as inspiration for theorizing a critical imaginary in science education. Drawing from the Freirean constructs of political clarity, what we are doing and for whom, autonomía, the power to (re)define ourselves and our praxis, and solidarity across difference in the name of justice, we propose a model for true generosity in science education. We further reflect on the commitments that enacting true generosity will demand of us. True generosity in science education will entail stepping up and back, reflecting and acting upon our practices, and those of our networks, toward the courageous (re)imagination of science, scientists, and science education research. We acknowledge that these commitments will come with uncomfortable conversations about difference, anthropocentrism, and universalizing tendencies in science and education. Not losing sight of the question about why, what, and for whom we are educating, we bring forward and hold these tensions as we imagine and enact beautiful elsewheres.
How a Phenomenology of Place in Science Education Can Grant Erotic Generosities for the Ocean
Authors: Gisewhite Rachel A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe ocean drives our climate, provides more than half of the oxygen we breathe, and has an incredible amount of biodiversity. It is one of our greatest commons, yet through the repercussions of the Anthropocene, we are headed for a tragedy of the commons. The goal of this chapter is to outline the impact of the Anthropocene on the ocean-Other and describe how a phenomenology of place in science education can enhance the lives of our youth to be meaningful within the marine environment so that they can become ocean literate and capable of making the kinds of decisions that benefit, not harm, the marine and aquatic environment.
Breaking the Paradigm: Storying Climate Change
Authors: Singh Vandana 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDespite warnings from scientists and increased manifestations of its dire consequences, the climate crisis continues to worsen. Considering the climate problem as teacher, we can discern key features of the crisis that must be foundational to any effective pedagogy of climate change. These key features include transdisciplinarity, the spanning of large scales of space and time, complex interconnections within and between human and biophysical systems, and the central role of power hierarchies and inequality. This chapter argues that the dominant paradigm of modern globalized industrial civilization is the Newtonian or mechanistic paradigm, a way of constructing reality that is reductionist, atomistic, impersonal, and leads to the fragmentation of space, time, and relationships; as such, it is incapable of making sense of climate change. Dominant paradigms are maintained through stories, explicit and implicit, and therefore can be challenged by other stories, those that do allow us to understand the climate problem on its own terms. Beginning with real-life stories of marginalized communities and considering also stories that emerge from science, along with speculative fiction and cultural stories, this chapter elaborates on how stories can play the role of boundary objects, allowing travel between disciplines, perspectives, and paradigms, and challenging power hierarchies.
Terms and Definitions of Fluid Therapy
Authors: Malbrain Manu L. N. G. , Wong Adrian , Malbrain Luca , Nasa Prashant , Wilkinson Jonny 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe book “Rational Fluid Therapy” aims to provide guidance on the appropriate use of intravenous (IV) fluids, which are often overlooked as medications despite being a cornerstone of patient care. In this introductory chapter, the importance of seeing IV fluids as drugs with indications, contra-indications, and potential adverse effects is emphasized. Inappropriate fluid therapy can have deleterious effects and cause patient morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the need for careful oversight and guidance is stressed in fluid prescription, as well as the implementation of fluid stewardship and organ function monitoring. Different terms related to fluid therapy, such as fluid overload and hypervolemia, are often used interchangeably despite indicating different clinical situations. Clear definitions are provided for these terms to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations that may lead to inappropriate therapeutic decisions. These definitions will be repeated throughout the book to ensure clarity and consistency.
The Place for Starches and Other Colloids
Authors: Salhotra Ripenmeet , Wong Adrian , Malbrain Manu L. N. G. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a comprehensive review of synthetic colloids, specifically hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions, and their role in resuscitation of critically ill, perioperative, and trauma patients. This chapter addresses various questions, including the crystalloid versus colloid debate, the strengths and weaknesses of different fluid trials and meta-analyses, and the specific situations or patient groups where colloids may have an advantage. This chapter focuses on the results of five major trials that compare the use of crystalloids versus colloids in critically ill patients. The 6S study and the CHEST trial confirmed the suspicion of renal damage associated with HES solutions, and the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) safety committee prohibited the use of HES solutions in critically ill, septic, and burn patients, or those with kidney injury in 2013. However, many questions and controversies remained thereafter and more recently the European Commission has suspended the marketing authorizations of HES solutions for infusion. The use of HES and other synthetic colloids should be restricted to resuscitation in the perioperative setting or in limited volumes with extreme caution in trauma settings outside of the EU. The take-home messages include the availability of natural and synthetic colloids, the lack of outcome benefit in clinical trials, the association of HES with renal failure and increased use of renal replacement therapy, and the unsafe use of synthetic colloids in perioperative patients. This chapter recommends limiting the dose of synthetic colloids to 30ml/kg when given in the peri- and postoperative phase.
Fluid Management in Major Burns
Authors: Lyall Aditya , Bhadauria Abhay Singh 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAdvancements in the medical field have brought significant changes in burns management over the last few decades. The shock in patients with burns reflects a combination of hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock and results in the rapid sequestration of intravascular volume into the second and third spaces, leading to intravascular depletion and large fluid shift resulting in cellular oedema. The ideal fluid for burns resuscitation is debatable, though colloids have recently seen a shift back to being used in conjunction with crystalloids, especially in later phase of resuscitation. Early and rapid resuscitation of patient with burns is a priority, as shock sets in rapidly. This chapter notes that fluid management in this subset of patients is based on resuscitation formulae and concepts elucidated decades ago; with no clear consensus on the ideal resuscitation fluid, colloids usage remains mired in controversy, and resuscitation targets and ideal monitoring tools are still poorly defined.
Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid
Authors: Woodcock Thomas 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the compartmentalization of body water and its solutes, which is essential for understanding the physiology of body fluid spaces. The modern view of body fluid circulation is an actively pumped double circulation of extracellular fluid that enables solutes to be transferred to and from the intracellular fluid. The different factors that determine fluid flux across cell membrane and microvascular permeability barriers will be discussed, including hydrostatic pressure differences and solute concentration gradients. The regulation of total body water volume and body sodium is also discussed, as well as the clinical relevance of non-osmotic sodium storage capacity in the interstitium. The importance of balancing body potassium and sodium is highlighted, which depends on an adequate availability of magnesium. Additionally, this chapter emphasizes the major contributors to plasma osmolality and the danger of rapid extracellular fluid osmolality changes. However, an alternative model of body water response to intravenous infusions is proposed based on evidence from surgical practice, suggesting that adaptive mechanisms exist to stabilize intracellular volume in the face of excessive fluid infusions. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the distribution and regulation of body water and its solutes, providing important new insights into fluid physiology.
Fluid Management in Paediatric Patients
Authors: Ghosh Sonali 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn paediatric patients fluid management has various aspects that differ from adults. One of the reasons is the different physiology of body fluids in children. Dehydration occurs commonly in children and requires resuscitation. Administration of fluid resuscitation is essential in critically ill children. Early and appropriate resuscitation improves outcomes and reduces mortality in children. In this chapter, we present an evidence-based approach for fluid management in critically ill children.
Sodium and Chloride Balance in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Chatterjee Ranajit , Garg Ashutosh Kumar 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of sodium and chloride balance in critically ill patients. Infusion of high amounts of chloride is associated with hyperchloremia and metabolic acidosis, while hypernatremia and hyperchloremia are associated with adverse outcomes. The use of 0.9% sodium chloride is not ideal as it results in a rise in serum chloride, and in brain-injured patients, large volumes of hypotonic solutions must be avoided to prevent cerebral swelling and intracranial hypertension. The use of ‘balanced’ solutions is suggested to reduce the development of hyperchloremic acidosis in brain-injured patients. Chloride is a key contributor to the strong ion difference (SID), and alterations in the chloride balance can have negative implications on acid-base status, renal function, and haemostasis. Further research is needed to understand the clinical consequences of disorders of chloride balance and concentration.
Fluid Management in COVID-19
Authors: Malbrain Manu L. N. G. , Ho Serene , Nasa Prashant , Wong Adrian 
Published: November 2023

AbstractUpon initial presentation, most COVID-19 patients are in a stable haemodynamic state and typically do not require intravenous (IV) fluid resuscitation. The virus primarily affects the lungs, thus the initial focus is on providing oxygen and respiratory support to the patient. Although there is limited direct research on IV fluid management for COVID-19 patients, data from observational studies suggest that patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) exhibit higher levels of extravascular lung water and require longer periods of mechanical ventilation the more positive the cumulative fluid balance. As a result, this chapter draws on evidence from studies on fluid management for non-COVID-19 ARDS patients and pathophysiology research on COVID-19 ARDS.
Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness
Authors: Singh Ajeet , Srinivasan Shrikanth 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the impact of fluid administration and ventilation on hemodynamics in critically ill patients. The chapter emphasizes the importance of determining fluid responsiveness before administering fluids to avoid volume overload, which can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The parameters for predicting fluid responsiveness are based on cyclic variations in respiration on cardiac filling and require an understanding of heart-lung interactions. The chapter discusses the basics of respiratory and cardio-circulatory physiology, including the two components of the cardiovascular system (the circuit and pump), and how they are affected by transmural pressure. It will discuss the different functional hemodynamic monitoring tools with their indications and pitfalls. A thorough understanding of the effects of spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation on the cardiovascular system is important for anticipating and predicting hemodynamic effects after fluid administration and developing strategies to avoid or treat fluid infusion-related complications.
Acid-Base Homeostasis: Traditional Approach
Authors: Ghosh Supradip 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTraditional approach (or so-called physiological approach) to acid-base interpretation is based on the concept provided by Henderson and Hasselbalch (and the equation provided by them). According to this concept, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) in plasma are the two independent predictors of acid-base homeostasis, and any changes in their plasma concentration produces respiratory and metabolic disorders, respectively. This approach provides a number of empirical formulae to further interpret the presence of multiple acid-base disorders (if any). Despite its several limitations, this approach still remains the most widely used acid-base interpretation tool across the globe for its familiarity amongst practitioners and its ability to interpret vast majority of acid-base disorders.
Acid Base Homeostasis: Stewart Approach at the Bedside
Authors: Ghosh Supradip 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDespite its simplicity and wide availability, traditional approach fails to provide us with an insight into mechanisms of acid base abnormalities or accurately quantify individual components of it or provide clinician with an approach to decide probable ways to rectify the problem (if necessary). Sometimes, traditional approach fails to identify complex acid base disorders seen in critically ill patients. The approach to acid base disorders provided by Peter Stewart is based on robust physicochemical evidence. Stewart approach identified three independent variables that determine acid base homeostasis—total carbon di-oxide, strong ion difference (SID), and total nonvolatile acid anion (Atot). Fencl provided some simple calculations to measure these independent variables at the bedside. Stewart approach provides us with an insight into the acid base abnormalities and helps us in quantifying individual components producing any disturbance and measures to be taken to rectify them (if needed). Stewart’s approach is also useful in understanding effects of different intravenous fluids on acid base physiology of plasma.
The 4-indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance and Nutrition Fluids, and Beyond
Authors: Malbrain Manu L. N. G. , Mekeirele Michaël , Raes Matthias , Hendrickx Steven , Ghijselings Idris , Malbrain Luca , Wong Adrian 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe administration of intravenous (IV) fluids in critically ill patients remains a major therapeutic challenge. While there are many questions regarding the type, properties, speed, dose, and timing of fluid administration, there are only four major indications for their use: resuscitation, replacement, maintenance, and nutrition. In addition to these indications, IV fluids can also be used as carriers for medications. This chapter not only discusses the major indications for fluid therapy but also delves into different fluid management strategies, including early adequate goal-directed fluid management (EAFM), late conservative fluid management (LCFM), and late goal-directed fluid removal (LGFR). The concept of the six D’s of fluid therapy (diagnosis, drug, dosing, duration, de-escalation, and discharge) is also explored. This chapter aims to provide clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of IV fluid therapy beyond the traditional four indications.
Fusion rules and shrinking rules of topological orders in five dimensions
Authors: Huang Yizhou , Zhang Zhi-Feng , Ye Peng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a series of work about 5D (spacetime) topological orders, here we employ the path-integral formalism of 5D topological quantum field theory (TQFT) established in Zhang and Ye, JHEP04 (2022) 138 to explore non-Abelian fusion rules, hierarchical shrinking rules and quantum dimensions of particle-like, loop-like and membrane-like topological excitations in 5D topological orders. To illustrate, we focus on a prototypical example of twisted BF theories that comprise the twisted topological terms of the BBA type. First, we classify topological excitations by establishing equivalence classes among all gauge-invariant Wilson operators. Then, we compute fusion rules from the path-integral and find that fusion rules may be non-Abelian; that is, the fusion outcome can be a direct sum of distinct excitations. We further compute shrinking rules. Especially, we discover exotic hierarchical structures hidden in shrinking processes of 5D or higher: a membrane is shrunk into particles and loops, and the loops are subsequently shrunk into a direct sum of particles. We obtain the algebraic structure of shrinking coefficients and fusion coefficients. We compute the quantum dimensions of all excitations and find that sphere-like membranes and torus-like membranes differ not only by their shapes but also by their quantum dimensions. We further study the algebraic structure that determines anomaly-free conditions on fusion coefficients and shrinking coefficients. Besides BBA, we explore general properties of all twisted terms in 5D. Together with braiding statistics reported before, the theoretical progress here paves the way toward characterizing and classifying topological orders in higher dimensions where topological excitations consist of both particles and spatially extended objects.
Epidemiological trends and mid-term to long-term outcomes of acetabular fractures in the elderly in China
Authors: Feng Gao , Tingrun Cui , Yufeng Ge , Gang Liu , Zhelun Tan , Yimin Chen , Weidong Peng , Chao Tu , Mingjian Bei , Shiwen Zhu , Minghui Yang , Xinbao Wu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To explore the epidemiological trends in acetabular fracture and report the mid-term to long-term clinical outcomes of the elderly treated with operation.

Methods
Retrospective study. Patients aged ≥ 14 years with operative treatment of the Acetabular fracture from Jan 2010 to Dec 2019 at a level-1 trauma centre were identified to analyze the epidemiological trends, and the difference in fracture patterns between young and elderly patients (≥ 60 years old) were compared. The elderly patients were followed up to evaluate their clinical outcomes and satisfaction degree (worst to best: 0 to10). The patients were divided into the 2010–2014 group and the 2015–2019 group according to the year of admission, and the clinical outcomes of the two groups were compared to verify the stability from mid-term to long-term after surgery for acetabular fracture.

Results
A total of 1024 patients (mean age 43.35 years, range 14–86 years) with acetabular fractures received operative treatment in this decade. The mean age of the acetabular fracture patients increased from 41.1 years to 47.7 years, and the proportion of elderly patients increased from 5.7% to 24.0%, with some volatility. The ratio of male to female decreased year by year, and the proportion of female patients increased with age. And the anterior fracture patterns were more common in the elderly patients compared to the young patients (P < 0.001). 118 elderly patients (82 males, 36 females; mean age 66.91 years, range 60–86 years) were followed-up (mean 77.4 months, range 35–152 months). The overall mortality rate of the elderly patients was 7.69% (9/118). The Harris hip score of those alive patients was 90.41 ± 12.91 points (excellent and good rate 84.4%). 87 patients completed the SF-12 with a normal HRQoL (PCS 50.49 ± 8.88 points; MCS 55.66 ± 8.86 points). 90.8% of the patients achieved a satisfaction score of 9 or higher. And there was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the 2010–2014 group and the 2015–2019 group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
In conclusion, acetabular fractures presented an obvious ageing trend in China, and the fracture patterns of the elderly patients differed from those in the young patients. Operative treatment for elderly acetabular fractures yielded satisfactory and persistent clinical outcomes from mid-term to long-term clinical.
T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence (T1-FFLAIR) enables the visualization and quantification of fetal brain myelination in utero
Authors: Milos Ruxandra-Iulia , Schmidbauer Victor , Watzenboeck Martin L. , Stuhr Friedrich , Gruber Gerlinde Maria , Mitter Christian , Dovjak Gregor O. , Milković-Periša Marija , Kostovic Ivica , Jovanov-Milošević Nataša , Kasprian Gregor , Prayer Daniela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the advantage of T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MRI sequence without (T1-FFLAIR) and with compressed sensing technology (T1-FFLAIR-CS), which shows improved T1-weighted contrast, over standard used T1-weighted fast field echo (T1-FFE) sequence for the assessment of fetal myelination.

Materials and methods
This retrospective single-center study included 115 consecutive fetal brain MRI examinations (63 axial and 76 coronal, mean gestational age (GA) 28.56 ± 5.23 weeks, range 19–39 weeks). Two raters, blinded to GA, qualitatively assessed a fetal myelin total score (MTS) on each T1-weighted sequence at five brain regions (medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, thalamus, central region). One rater performed region-of-interest quantitative analysis (n = 61) at the same five brain regions. Pearson correlation analysis was applied for correlation of MTS and of the signal intensity ratios (relative to muscle) with GA on each T1-weighted sequence. Fetal MRI–based results were compared with myelination patterns of postmortem fetal human brains (n = 46; GA 18 to 42), processed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis.

Results
MTS positively correlated with GA on all three sequences (all r between 0.802 and 0.908). The signal intensity ratios measured at the five brain regions correlated best with GA on T1-FFLAIR (r between 0.583 and 0.785). T1-FFLAIR demonstrated significantly better correlations with GA than T1-FFE for both qualitative and quantitative analysis (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, T1-FFLAIR enabled the best visualization of myelinated brain structures when compared to histology.

Conclusion
T1-FFLAIR outperforms the standard T1-FFE sequence in the visualization of fetal brain myelination, as demonstrated by qualitative and quantitative methods.

Clinical relevance statement
T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence (T1-FFLAIR) provided best visualization and quantification of myelination in utero that, in addition to the relatively short acquisition time, makes feasible its routine application in fetal MRI for the assessment of brain myelination.

Key Points
• So far, the assessment of fetal myelination in utero was limited due to the insufficient contrast.
• T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence allows a qualitative and quantitative assessment of fetal brain myelination.
• T1-weighted fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequence outperforms the standard used T1-weighted sequence for visualization and quantification of myelination in utero.

Graphical abstract