bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Explanation: Polybius and his Predecessors1
Authors: Derow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this paper is not intended to imply that developments in Greek historiography are best studied back to front. But I do feel obliged to take a gentle ramble through some of Herodotus and Thucydides en route to Polybius. Without this it would be hard to see how much changed along the way and, in what may be the most essential respects, how little.
The World of Theophrastus
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of Theophrastus’ enormous literary output is lost. Two very detailed works on botany, one on the geography and one on the physiology of plants, a number of opuscula, about minerals, about odours, about fire, and other topics, the Characters, some philosophical fragments of varying length including some very important doxography, constitute his surviving’!egacy in direct transmission. We shall be looking at him mainly as a writer on the geographical aspects of botany.
Anatolia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive study of the history of Asia Minor in antiquity to be written for nearly fifty years and the first attempt to treat Anatolian history as a whole over the millennium from the time of Alexander the Great to tbe hey-day of the Byzantine Empire. This second volume examines the rise of Christianity: Anatolian religious beliefs and practices provides fertile ground where both Jewish and Christian communities set down early roots; by the mid third century AD much of Anatolia was Christian, and Christian beliefs and practices shaped Anatolian history in Late Antiquity as decisively as the conditions of imperial rule had done in the high Roman Empire. Two relationships dominated every aspect of Asia Minor's history: that of the people to the land, and that of men to the gods. An enormous quantity of information derived from written sources, archaeological remains, inscriptions and coins make it possible to explore these relationships at a level of detail which is hardly possible for anyother part of the ancient world. Both themes have a significance which reached far beyond the boundaries of Anatolia.
Aulus Gellius: The Non-Visual Portraitist
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to enliven his Attic Nights, Aulus Gellius frequently puts grammatical or other information in the mouths of his preceptors and acquaintances. Despite the often good grounds for doubting whether the episodes related actually took place, or even whether the intellectual interests of the personages in his reminiscences and dialogues were always theirs in real life, from the literary point of view such questions are of less concern than the manner in which Gellius constructs his characters, and the substance and limitations of his portraiture.If inner qualities, such as concern a confessor or a psychologist, form no part of Gellius ‘ depictions, neither do the most obvious external features of an individual, those that constitute his physical appearance.
The Life of Daniel
Authors: Fox Robin Lane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High on their pillars, Christian stylites present us with an image of religion in action which still challenges our ideas of sainthood and the human body. For forty years, their founder, Simeon, stood on a pillar where he was said to have dislocated three joints in his spine, lost his eyesight three times, ruined his feet by binding them, and ruptured his stomach, ‘so that his attendants even said, “the affliction of his stomach is more severe than that of his feet “. ‘ Where is the Christianity in the solitary life of these old men, destroying their bodies on pillars above human contact? Yet crowds flocked to them from the highest and lowest social classes; greater churches of stone grew up round the pillars which we can still see, not just at Simeon ‘s Qalat Seman but on the bleak upper slopes of the Marvellous Mountain, less than twenty miles from Antioch, where a second stylite, Simeon the Younger, stood for much of the sixth century. We know of nearly fifty stylites between Simeon ‘s death in 460 and the eleventh century; by 900 their numbers had dwindled but the living reality continued until the mid-nineteenth century, amazing visitors and still drawing criticism from contemporaries.
Introduction
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the two Rivers Tigris and Euphrates Blies the alluvial land known as Mesopotamia. There one of the world’s very early civilizations arose. Brick-built cities and writing are two of its distinctive hallmarks, and the ancient names of its cities still echo around the world today: Ur of the Chaldees, Babylon, and Nineveh. For the Sumerians who first lived in southern Mesopotamia, Uruk (biblical Erech) was the seat of ancient kingship and early narrative literature. For the Babylonians who superseded them, Babylon was the centre of the world. For the Assyrians, Ashur was their most ancient capital, Nineveh their most glorious royal residence, and Harran their final seat of royalty.
Trees in the Landscape of Pausanias’ Periegesis
Authors: Birge Darice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without the information that we derive from Pausanias, our knowledge of ancient Greece would be immeasurably poorer. His Periegesis, however, is not objectively comprehensive; it reflects the interests and preferences of its author. Indeed, Pausanias’ predilections and his particular concerns as traveller and student of ancient Greece are well known. One might note, for instance, that on occasions, he found cult statues worth mentioning, but not the temples in which they were housed, and that he ignored constructions from the period of Roman rule in favour of much older monuments. We may view the limits of Pausanias’ field of vision more positively if we do not regard his omissions as expressions of idiosyncratic connoisseurship and distaste for all that is new. We might rather consider his monuments and the territory through which he travelled as making up a sacred landscape that was the main vehicle for the display and expression of social and religious monuments, customs, and ideologies that belonged to an otherwise irretrievable past. Pausanias wrote as a native inhabitant of a notional land, so to speak, which none the less could be made real by attaching explanations and stories to particular sites, monuments, and natural features. By means of the cult activities that he observes and performs (as an initiate into mysteries, for example) and the stories that he tells, Pausanias constructs a cultural matrix, extending through space and time, on which a Greek resident of the Roman province of Achaia might depend.
Reading the Metre in Horace, Odes 3. 9
Authors: West David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are often asked how there can still be unsolved problems in Greek and Latin literature despite two millennia of scholarly labour in the field. It is not an easy question to answer but there is no doubt about the fact. Even in our working lifetime there have been substantial advances in the understanding of Horace’s poetry, not just rearrangements of old material, not just subjective notions or new terminology or theory, not just the combing of ancient literature for parallels or the combing of the texts for x, y, or z, but genuine and objective improvements. This is in no small measure due to the Nisbet and Hubbard commentaries.
Libertino Patre Natus: True or False?
Authors: Williams Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Offer this paper as a tribute to my friend of forty years, Robin Nisbet The topic is particularly appropriate, since it was to Robin Nisbet that I first suggested this hypothesis in 1957, a few weeks after Eduard Fraenkel’s great book appeured. On tha1 occasion, as on many others, Robin gave me helpful advice and suggestions, though I did not then pursue the idea. It was only many years later that I discovered that Niebuhr had anticipated me in a single sentence in a lecture on Horace.1 The idea was also put forward in a brief footnote by E. T. Salmon in his book Swnnium and the Samnitrs ( 1 967). I tried the idea very informally on an audience at a Liverpool Classin1! Seminar led by Francis Cairns in 1 981, and again on an audience a1 a lecture in the Institute of Classical Studies in London in J 986; and I mn most grateful to both audiences for helpful comments.
The Stelai
Authors: Lawton Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inscribed documents with reliefs were erected by a number of Attic institutions and groups, but in their content they fall predominantly into two main categories, honorary decrees for individuals, and alliances and other agreements with foreign states. They also occur, although much less frequently, on accounts and inventories, on documents concerning cults and sanctuaries, on public dedications, and on several unusual documents that do not fit into any of these categories.
Iconography
Authors: Lawton Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The widespread tendency to regard document reliefs as indistinguishable from votive reliefs is primarily the result of the attention paid to the formal characteristics of the reliefs at the expense of their content. Most document reliefs were set up in sanctuaries, indicating that they had a votive function, and the reliefs themselves, especially those on decrees concerning cults, resemble votive reliefs in a number of respects, yet document reliefs nevertheless constitute a separate and distinctive class of relief. The documents dictate the iconography of the reliefs accompanying them, and the full meaning of the reliefs can be appreciated only in light of their inscriptions. Although the extent to which the specific content of the documents finds its way into the reliefs is limited by the symbolic and allegorical nature of the reliefs, document reliefs nevertheless have a consistent degree of political content and historical reference that is seldom found in Greek art.
First Catch Your Reader
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader is and is not the Reader. The act of reading this text necessarily involves both identification with and separation from the aspiring lover to whom it is notionally addressed. So it is that we are able ‘voyeuristically’ to watch the lover’s progress through his apprenticeship, identifying with him, but with a detached amusement. We see him as seducer and also as victim of seduction, and that in two ways.
Amor Artis: The Daedalus Episode
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-one lines into Book 2, Ovid employs the didactic strategy of using an exemplum to illustrate the difficulty and importance of the task on which he has embarked-to keep a girl (keep a reader). The exemplum is the story of Daedalus, the archetypal artisan who escaped from his imprisonment in Minoan Crete by flying on wings which he had created. His son, Icarus, was also equipped with wings, but the boy flew too high, the sun melted the wax on his wings, and he fell into the sea. Although dead, he gained eternal fame through the sea which took his name, the lcarian Sea.
Out of the Dark Age
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fifth century, Athenian religion offers itself vividly to the imagination, through literature and art; and, in the fourth, evidence of various kinds is abundant enough to encourage the hope that here, uniquely, the workings of religion in a classical Greek city can be observed in detail. As one moves back in time from 472, date of the first surviving play of Aeschylus, the sources of information are pro gressively stripped away; and beyond about 600 there are left only a few slight scraps of non-contemporary literary evidence, and archaeological remains. In large measure we must rely on retrojection, comparison, and conjecture.
Mountain Peaks and Tombs of Heroes
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the main, as we have seen, the religious practices of the eighth century can only be described in the most general terms. Two forms of early cult that can, unusually, be discussed in some detail have been kept for this separate chapter. Both are already attested in or before the eighth century, but persist into the seventh and even grow in importance; they provide in fact most of the little that can be said about our theme in a notoriously ill-documented period. We will treat them as a bridge, which leads at the end of the chapter to the few developments that are specific to the seventh century itself.
Archaic Priesthood: The Problem of the Gene
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we looked at the religious content of Solon’s code. It may be, however, that his political reforms more profoundly affected the structure of traditional religious life. We must consider more closely the nature of the archaic Attic genos, and with it the relation between priesthood and political power. On one interpretation of this mysterious institution, Solon’s political reforms wrought here a decisive change. And on any view, the gene are a fundamental part of the religious order of archaic Attica.
The Fifth Century: New Gods
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to another conspicuous phenomenon of the century: religious innovation, and in particular the introduction of new cults. A good starting-point will be the misfortunes of Nicomachus, one of the men entrusted with codifying and republishing the sacrificial calendar of Athens at the end of the fifth century. He ended by being prosecuted for abuse of his office, and the charge brought against him was that-O horror!-he had perpetrated change: by admitting expensive new sacrifices he had caused other, older rites to be neglected.
The Fourth Century
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From about 401, the Athenians performed their public sacrifices according to a new calendar drawn up by the secretary Nicomachus. The decision to revise the document on which the whole religion of the state depended was probably taken almost incidentally, as a by product of the urgent need, created by the oligarchic coups of 411 and 403, for a general revision of the laws. Nicomachus apparently tackled the sacrificial code twice, at some time between 410 and 404 and again after 403. For his pains, he was, as we have already noted, brought to court in 399 on, as it seems, a capital charge. The speech of the prosecutor survives (Lysias 30), and is potentially a precious document of Athenian religious history.
Conclusion
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians like evidence. One of historiography ‘s favourite analogies is with the world of the lawcourt: historical writers often like to see themselves as judges, impartially weighing the material and arguments brought before them; their critics prefer to see them in the role of advocates, deploying material as best they can to support a particular case. Either way, the source-material becomes analogous to forensic witnesses and exhibits, providing the raw material on which argument and judgement can be based. This sort of evidence is typically most interesting when it illuminates something beyond itself. we might term it ‘indicative evidence ‘, pointing to a further conclusion or allowing an inference which might otherwise be missed.
Maximus of Tyre
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Orations of Maximus of Tyre cover a range of philosophical topics - from Platonic theology to the proper attitude to pleasure, via prayer, demonology, the problem of evil, and the active and contemplative lives - in a manner calculated to appeal to an educated and literate, but philosophically unsophisticated, public. Their unique blend of Middle Platonic doctrine with a polished and lively rhetorical form opens a window onto the high culture of the second century AD: the world not only of the Second Sophistic but also of the first Christian apologists. They were subsequently read and studied by the Florentine Platonists of the second half of the fifteenth century. The introduction and notes of this translation, which is the first into any modern language since 1804, pay attention both to the Orations as a product of their own culture and to the history of their reception in the Byzantine and Renaissance periods.
Law and the Lawgiver in the Athenian Democracy
Authors: Thomas Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Thucydidean Funeral Speech, Pericles produces his famous boast about the Athenians’ way of life and their relationship to the laws, and claims as characteristic of the democracy a relative freedom in public and private life (Thuc. 2. 37-9). This lack of supervision contrasts with the rigid discipline of Sparta, and is seen partly in terms of the role of the laws: their public life is conducted freely, as is their everyday life (37. 2); they do not exercise a jealous surveillance over each other … ‘Yet this ease in our private relations does not make us lawless in public matters
Introduction
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reciprocity is the principle and practice of voluntary requital, of benefit for benefit (positive reciprocity) or harm for harm (negative reciprocity). It is to be found in various kinds of Greek practice and discourse, providing a common theme for the various specialisms represented in this volume. It is to be found as an ethical value, as a factor in interpersonal relations, as an clement of political cohesion, as economically significant, as a way of structuring human relations with deity, as shaping the pattern of epic and historical narrative, as a central theme of drama.
Pleasing Thighs: Reciprocity in Greek Religion
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A final reason for addressing the subject is that it has been strangely neglected or undervalued in almost all studies of Greek religion until very recently. It is symptomatic not only that neither of the two great German histories of religion3 has an index entry under the most relevant Greek word, kharis, but also that in the extensive scholarly debate about one of the most famous lines in perhaps the most famous Greek tragedy one almost never finds a recognition that this fundamental value is being alluded to.
Herodotos on the Problematics of Reciprocity
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is reciprocity? In view of the variety of ways in which that question may be answered, I shall outline my own conception of reciprocity first. To begin I shall offer not a definition, but a characterization of reciprocity, designed to explain the way in which I use the term subsequently in considering Herodotos. The essence of my characterization is that reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services in any and every sense.
Marcellinus Comes: The Man and his Work
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any historical work is inevitably permeated and shaped by the viewpoint and culture of its author. To understand the viewpoint and culture which permeated and shaped the chronicle of Marcellinus it is therefore necessary to begin with the chronicler himself. Yet, the search for the mind and milieu behind Marcellinus’ chronicle, his only extant work, is singularly difficult. One has to collate and analyse the chronicle’s entries in order to sketch in its background, as well as the author’s attitudes and pre occupations. Accordingly, it is the purpose of this initial chapter to lay the foundations for this whole study by presenting and interpreting the records which bear on the career and work of Marcellinus-who he was and what he did.
Chronicle Writing in Late Antiquity
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No manuscript title for Marcellinus’ chronicle survives except those inserted by medieval scribes. In fact the chronicle may not have had its own title,just a statement of transition from Jerome’s chronicle which it was continuing.’ Like so many other such chronicles, Marcellinus’ work was merely another brick in a larger edifice thereby requiring no separate titular justification.’ His coeval Cassiodorus, however, implicitly labels the work chronica and recommends it in the course of his discussion of works under that label (Inst. r. 17). Cassiodorus obviously had a clear understanding of what he meant by ‘chronicle’ since in 519, shortly after Marcellinus, he himself produced a work with precisely that title.Eusebius of Caesarea, Cassiodorus states, wrote chronica in Greek which Jerome translated into Latin and con tinued to the death of the emperor Valens (378). This work was continued by Prosper and by Marcellinus to the early years of the reign of Justinian (534 in fact).Thanks to Cassiodorus’ endorsement there are several manuscripts of the chronicle of Marcellinus, as there are for Prosper, whereas other chronicles have not survived at all or only in a single manuscript. This fate applies especially to the continuators of Marcellinus and Prosper, both in Cassiodorus’ own lifetime and later. Only one continuation of Marcellinus is extant.
Exchange Value: Nicomachean Ethics, 5.5
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 in recent decades has been read both as ethics and as economic analysis. On the ethical reading, most fully defended by Finley, the aim of the chapter is to arrive at a formula for fair exchange which accommodates Greek sensibilities about the inequality and status of the contracting parties. On the economic reading, the chapter is variously thought to be an attempt to explain the formation of market price, as Schumpeter thought; to show the substance of economic value to be utility, as Kauder and Soudek thought; or to show it to be labour, as Gordon, Ross, Hardie and others thought.
Neo-Classical Interpretation
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adam Smith makes three references to Aristotle in The Wealth of Nations, none of which concerns the economic writings, Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 and Politics, 1. 8–10. The references deal with political or historical points, and they seem to have been drawn from Smith’s reading of Pufendorf and Montesquieu rather than from a study of Aristotle himself. Ricardo, in the Principles, makes no reference to Aristotle at all. The first examination of Aristotle’s inquiries subsequent to the rise of economics was Marx’s, offered originally in the Contribution and then eight years later in Capital itself.1 Marx did not claim that Aristotle was an economist, or that he was the father of any school of economics, even Marx’s own, but understandably his endorsement of most of Aristotle’s conclusions was construed as a claim of Aristotelian paternity on behalf of his own theory.2 Marx had inaugurated a contest, and in time subsequent orthodoxies in economics sought to establish Aristotelian paternity too.
Justice in Exchange: ‘As Builder to Shoemaker’
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interpretation of Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5 has been bedevilled by unsuccessful attempts to get a theory of fair exchange out of it, by finding some meaning for the formula Aristotle gives for fair exchange: ‘as builder to shoemaker, so many shoes to a house’ (1133a23-S). There is nothing wrong with looking for a theory of fair exchange in the chapter. That, after all, is ostensibly what the chapter is about, and that is why it is included in the Ethics at all, rather than in the Politics. But these attempts have focused attention obsessively on the formula, to the exclusion of the inquiry into economic value, which is what is actually in the chapter. The fact that the formula has been the subject of such a large number of unsatisfactory interpretations, which few but their authors have ever found convincing, has not done much to encourage the idea that the chapter is particularly worthy of attention.