bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students and Universities in Italy in an Age of Reform
Authors: FINOCCHIETTI GIOVANNI 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecent developments of the Italian student body are marked by an increasing diversification of prevailing student profiles. The presence of ‘new’ student groups is surveyed next to the groups which are the ‘traditional’ target of national policies for higher education and student welfare. Examples of such traditional target groups are, amongst others: males or females; students from well‐off and well‐educated families or from lower social backgrounds; resident or non‐resident students; undergraduate, graduate or postgraduate students (first, second or third cycle of university studies); students from different fields of study.Working students are to be quoted in ‘new’ profiles. They may either work regularly or take occasional jobs during terms; in both cases they no longer seem to be full‐time students and should be considered as de facto part‐time students. Although student work is not a novelty, what has changed in recent times is its development: working students are reported to be a majority in the university student body. Their emerging needs and expectations as university customers point to inadequacies and delays in the prevailing academic attitudes and in higher education policy‐making.The Italian Euro Student Survey is a monitoring of students’ living and study conditions in Italian universities. It is carried out in the framework of the Euro Student Report project, which involves many EU countries. Euro Student attaches great importance to the analysis of the impact of the diversification issue on the students’ living and study conditions, on their personal experiences and on their relations with academic institutions. Some of the most relevant emerging trends will be dealt with in this article, e.g. the demand for support and interaction with teachers and students (the ‘solitude’ issue), the increasing demand for better conditions in the study environment (the ‘quality’ issue), the differences in average academic achievements of different student groups (the ‘performance’ issue).Based on the updated available data, some ideas and theories will be explained as a conclusion about the possible impacts of the most recent reforms in the higher education sector in Italy, i.e. the design of new courses according to the ‘Bologna process’ and the planning of a new student welfare system.
The Students’ Role in French Academic Deliberative Democracy
Authors: TAVERNIER FRANÇOIS 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSince 1968, according to the French higher education law, elected students must participate in the different academic boards in every university. As trustees, they must formulate opinions about the institutional policy. Moreover, they must deliberate on equal terms with teachers.According to a common discourse, this democratic activity is still considered as a nonsense because of some students’ structural weaknesses: very low turnout at the elections of their representatives, very high absenteeism rate of these miselected representatives and incapacity to formulate responsible and pragmatic proposals. This students’ uselessness in the academic participatory governance process would come from a post‐modernist air du temps: youth apathy, individualism, democratic societies’ crisis . . .In accordance with the scientific questioning about the contemporary processes of political communication, I propose an alternative set of explanations focused on the spirit and practices which rule French academic boards. I assume that the development and improvement of student participation are also limited by endogenous factors that are closely linked with the functioning of the academic boards.I propose an ethnographic analysis of a French university board. I compare the elected students’ absenteeism to the others members’ (teachers, staff members and guests) attendance rates. Then I study the cultural patterns which structure the interactions. Discursive freedom would be the sine qua non condition of academic autonomy and the structural explanation of weak student participation by teachers.
Should the Pre‐Notification of Mergers Be Compulsory in Australia?
Authors: Shekhar Chander , Williams Philip L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAustralia is unusual among the world's antitrust jurisdictions in not making the pre‐notification of mergers compulsory. However, if the parties are concerned that the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is likely to object to the merger, there are strong incentives for them to notify the ACCC as the regulator has developed a strong reputation for imposing heavy costs on parties that fail to notify such mergers. The result is a system of quasi‐compulsory notification that creates the strongest incentives for parties to notify the ACCC of those proposals to which it is most likely to object. This study analyses data extracted from the ACCC's merger database and the empirical results are consistent with this characterisation. Mergers reported voluntarily by the parties are found to experience longer delays to completion, and are more likely to be challenged by the ACCC, when compared with a sample of all other mergers assessed by the regulator. The results suggest that non‐compulsory notification allows the parties themselves to pre‐sort the proposed merger vis‐à‐vis its interest to the ACCC.
The ‘Network Economy’ and Models of the Employment Contract
Authors: Marsden David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe development of the ‘network economy’ and the project‐based work challenge established methods of regulating employment relationships. There appears to be an unsatisfied demand for its greater use, especially among employers, and this may be blocked by the lack of suitable contractual forms. Project‐based work seeks to retain some of the open‐ended flexibility of the standard employment relationship in relation to its task content but not its duration. I argue that the success of the standard employment relationship stems from articulation of its psychological, economic/incentive, and legal aspects. As yet, this appears to be lacking for more transient forms of relationship.
Social class variations in schoolchildren's self‐reported outcome of the health dialogue with the school health nurse
Authors: Borup Ina , Evald Holstein Bjørn 
Published: December 2004

Introduction and purpose.  School health services is an important element in many countries’ health promotion activities but little is known about the pupils’ acceptance and perception of these services and their effects. The objective of this paper was to examine the pupils’ self‐reported outcome of the health dialogue and to examine the effect of social class on this response controlled for the effect of other relevant social factors.Material and methods.  The study is a survey. The population were all pupils in the fifth, seventh and ninth grade (11, 13 and 15 years old) in a random sample of schools in Denmark, response rate 87%, n = 5205. Data were collected by questionnaires.Results.  The majority of the pupils had reflected about the content of the last health dialogue with the school health nurse (54%), had discussed the content with their mother (62%) and with friends (54%); 62% had followed the nurse's advice, 77% had made their own autonomous decisions based on the health dialogue, and 11% had returned to the nurse for further advice. Pupils from the lower social classes had more often followed the nurse's advice (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.99–1.37) and returned to the nurse (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.12–1.90). Pupils from the middle and lower social classes had more often made their own autonomous decisions (middle social classes: OR =1.23, 95% CI: 1.08–1.39, lower social classes: OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.95–1.34).Conclusion.  Most pupils reported an outcome of the health dialogue with the school health nurse. Pupils from lower social classes seemed to benefit more than pupils from higher social classes.
Corporate social responsibility, partnerships, and institutional change: The case of mining companies in South Africa
Authors: Hamann Ralph 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Internationally and in South Africa, mining companies are increasingly referring to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and partnerships in terms of the business case, or the expectation that being responsible and collaborating with stakeholders is good for profits. Based on a case study of platinum and chrome mining in South Africa, this article argues that the business case is circumscribed by companies’ institutional context. In the past, mining companies’ dominant interpretation of CSR has been in terms of charitable donations and support to good causes. These efforts have not alleviated the contribution of mining companies to growing social problems around the mines, primarily because they have not impacted on core business practices and have not contributed to necessary cross‐sectoral collaboration. Recently, however, there has been an important transition involving the broadening of the interpretation of CSR and increasing commitment to these issues amongst corporate leadership. Though market‐based incentives have contributed to this, the key driver has been the State's legislated transformation programme premised on State sovereignty over mineral resources. Hence, while the interrelationship between companies and their institutional context has, in the past, brought about a vicious cycle of irresponsibility and minimal collaboration, this cycle may be reversed into a virtuous one, driven in particular by the State. The broader implication is that references to a business case for CSR and partnerships cannot be relied upon independently of continued efforts at shaping the public sector context of companies.
Anti–Transforming Growth Factor Antibody at Low but Not High Doses Limits Cyclosporine-Mediated Nephrotoxicity Without Altering Rat Cardiac Allograft Survival
Authors: Khanna Ashwani K. , Plummer Matthew S. , Hilton Gail , Pieper Galen M. , Ledbetter Steven 
Published: December 2004

Background—Long-term treatment of cardiac transplant recipients with cyclosporine results in a progressive decline in kidney function in a large number of patients. This complication is one of the most important prognostic parameters that determine the outcome of cardiac transplantation. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the most potent mediators of the fibrogenic effects of cyclosporine.Methods and Results—With the use of an experimental rodent model, heterotopic heart transplantation was performed, creating histocompatibility-disparate allografts. Because TGF-β in part mediates both the immunosuppressive and nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine, recipients were treated with cyclosporine with and without anti–TGF-β antibody to determine whether anti–TGF-β antibody could reduce the nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine. Intrarenal expression of TGF-β, collagen, fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 was studied with the use of reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Intrarenal expression of TGF-β protein was studied by immunohistochemistry and with the use of ELISA to quantify circulating levels of TGF-β protein in plasma. Cyclosporine-induced graft survival (immunosuppressive effect) was abrogated with a higher concentration (2.5 mg/kg) of anti–TGF-β antibody, whereas a lower concentration (1 mg/kg) inhibited both cyclosporine-induced expression of fibrogenic molecules and renal toxicity.Conclusions—These results provide credence to the pivotal role of TGF-β in immunosuppression-associated renal toxicity in recipients of cardiac transplantation. Furthermore, these findings support a potentially significant therapeutic use of optimal concentration of anti–TGF-β antibody to ameliorate cyclosporine-associated nephrotoxicity in cardiac transplant recipients.
Custom, Islamic Law, and Statutory Legislation: Marriage Registration and Minimum Age at Marriage in the Egyptian Sharīʿa Courts
Authors: Shaham Ron 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this essay I examine the interaction between social change and law, in general, and between social custom, Islamic Law and statutory legislation, in particular, by analyzing forty decisions issued by Egyptian sharīʿa courts from the turn of the present century until 1955. These decisions, which deal with the application of two reforms pertaining to marriage, indicate, first, that whenever legal reform confronted entrenched social practices, litigants found legal strategies for circumventing the reform; and second, that the attitudes of judges (qādīs) toward the reforms were diverse and complex. Overall, the qādīs applied the reforms, whether because they believed them to be necessary or feared a confrontation with the government. I conclude that in order for a legal reform to be successful in molding social behavior, it must be complemented by state policies that promote the education of women and encourage them to participate in the labor market.
Bequests as an Instrument for Accommodating Inheritance Rules: Israel as a Case Study
Authors: Layish Aharon 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFreedom of civil testation available, since 1965, to Israeli Muslims within some of the sharīʿa courts, has replaced the family waqf as an instrument for circumventing the compulsory rules of inheritance (ʿilm al-farāʾid). This marks in many respects the victory of custom over the sharīʿa. On the basis of an analysis of bequests probated in the sharīʿa courts, I conclude that the bequest is being used as a means to prevent fragmentation of the patrimony and to preserve it in the hands of the testator's sons or, in their absence, other male agnates, in units as complete and economically sound as possible. While excluding his wife and daughters from the estate, the testator secures their economic well-being by allocating them subsistence allowances and residential rights, that is, customary maintenance out of the estate. At the same time, the making of bequests demonstrates the capacity of women to dispose of property. The concern for orphaned grandchildren is another incentive for making a will.
Spanish Scholarship on Islamic Law
Authors: Fierro Maribel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis essay begins by situating Spanish scholarship on Islamic law in the wider context of Arabic and Islamic studies in Spain, stressing two salient characteristics of the latter: its concentration on Andalusī subjects and its relative isolation from the rest of Western scholarship. I then review the production of Spanish scholarship in the field of Islamic law, focusing on three historical periods: the first steps in the nineteenth century (Gayangos, Ribera and his pupils); the period of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) when the work of López Ortiz, Morata, and Vila was cut short just as Spanish scholarship on Islamic law was coming of age; and the post-war period, when several attempts were made to renew the study of Islamic law. In the conclusion, I assess the current situation and consider future prospects. A basic bibliography of Spanish scholarship on Islamic law follows the article.
ʿAmal V. ḥadīth in Islamic Law: The Case of Sadl Al-Yadayn (Holding One's Hands by One's Sides) when Doing the Prayer
Authors: Dutton Yasin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMost Muslims today understand the term sunna to refer to the sunna, or normative practice, of the Prophet as contained in the standard collections of Prophetic ḥadīth. Because of the relatively late appearance of these collections, and the frequent anomalies between their contents and those of early fiqh sources, many Western scholars have concluded that the concept of the “sunna of the Prophet” is a secondary development that is not reflected in the earliest stages of Islamic law. The issue of Sadl Al-Yadayn, where a substantial body of Sunnī—and all non-Sunnī—opinion holds to a judgment based on ʿamal (“practice”) in overt rejection of numerous Prophetic ḥadīths, suggests that we have to reinstate the traditional picture of an early concept of the sunna of the Prophet, but as defined by ʿamal rather than ḥadīth.
‘Renaissance de la Bharatie’
Authors: Wink André 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGUY DELEURY, Les Indes Florissantes: Anthologie des Voyageurs Français (1750-1820). Préface par S.E. Idris Hassan Latif, Paris: Ed. R. Laffont, 1991. xvi + 1064 pp. 130 Ff.FLORENCE D'SOUZA, Les Voyageurs Français en Inde (1757-1818) (Thèse Nouveau Doctorat), Université de Paris, III (1991), 2 vols. 1156 pp.
Waqf et Monnaie dans l'Égypte Mamlūke
Authors: Hennequin Gilles 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe accounts of Ğawhar al-Lālā inform us, at least indirectly, about the functioning of money institutions in Mamluk Egypt. Each minting serves to support a currency; the diverse currencies evolved independently from one to the other on the basis of ‘monetary polities’, subjugated to a succession of fiscal devices. The frequency of the authorizations gave to the initiators the chance [to gain from] interest-bearing speculations.
Innkeeping in Jewish Society in Roman Palestine
Authors: Rosenfeld Ben-Zion 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study discusses the historical evolution of inns and innkeeping in Jewish society in Roman Palestine and examines their social implications, and in particular, the relationship between opposite ends of the social ladder, and what this meant for the status of women. After a sketch of innkeeping in the Ancient Near East from the third millennium B.C.E., the focus is on the Roman period. During that period, it is argued, innkeeping, originally associated with sexual promiscuity and the lowest strata of society, gained acceptance only with difficulty in the religiously conservative Jewish society of the time. Nevertheless, in time it became quite common and rabbinic sources of the 2nd and 3rd centuries C.E. take it for granted.
The Judaisms of Kaifeng and Cochin: Parallel and Divergent Styles of Religious Acculturation
Authors: Katz Nathan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis comparative study of the religious life of the Jewish communities of Kaifeng, China, and Cochin, India, contributes to our understanding the mechanisms by which a religion becomes acculturated into its environment. Borrowing the metaphor of foregrounding/backgrounding from Gestalt psychology, both the plasticity and tenacity of Judaism are emphasized.
Les Citations Probantes (Šawāhid) en Langue
Authors: Gilliot Claude 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSommaire: I. Présentation (Â§ 1). II. Traduction annotée (Â§ 2-16). III. Éléments de bibliographie sur le genre (Â§ 17-47). IV. Références bibliographiques et abréviations. Index nominum.
Evidence for a k−5/3 Spectrum from the EOLE Lagrangian Balloons in the Low Stratosphere
Authors: Lacorata Guglielmo , Aurell Erik , Legras Bernard , Vulpiani Angelo 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The EOLE experiment is revisited to study turbulent processes in the lower stratosphere circulation from a Lagrangian viewpoint and to resolve a discrepancy on the slope of the atmospheric energy spectrum between the work of Morel and Larchevêque and recent studies using aircraft data. Relative dispersion of balloon pairs is studied by calculating the finite-scale Lyapunov exponent, an exit-time-based technique that is particularly efficient in cases in which processes with different spatial scales are interfering. The main goal is to reconciliate the EOLE dataset with recent studies supporting a k−5/3 energy spectrum in the 100–1000-km range. The results also show exponential separation at smaller scales, with a characteristic time of order 1 day, and agree with the standard diffusion of about 107 m2 s−1 at large scales. A remaining question is the origin of a k−5/3 spectrum in the mesoscale range between 100 and 1000 km.
The Angular Momentum Constraint on Climate Sensitivity and Downward Influence in the Middle Atmosphere
Authors: Shepherd Theodore G. , Shaw Tiffany A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
It is shown that under reasonable assumptions, conservation of angular momentum provides a strong constraint on gravity wave drag feedbacks to radiative perturbations in the middle atmosphere. In the time mean, radiatively induced temperature perturbations above a given altitude z cannot induce changes in zonal mean wind and temperature below z through feedbacks in gravity wave drag alone (assuming an unchanged gravity wave source spectrum). Thus, despite the many uncertainties in the parameterization of gravity wave drag, the role of gravity wave drag in middle-atmosphere climate perturbations may be much more limited than its role in climate itself. This constraint limits the possibilities for downward influence from the mesosphere. In order for a gravity wave drag parameterization to respect the momentum constraint and avoid spurious downward influence, any nonzero parameterized momentum flux at a model lid must be deposited within the model domain, and there must be no zonal mean sponge layer. Examples are provided of how violation of these conditions leads to spurious downward influence. For planetary waves, the momentum constraint does not prohibit downward influence, but it limits the mechanisms by which it can occur: in the time mean, downward influence from a radiative perturbation can only arise through changes in reflection and meridional propagation properties of planetary waves.
Urban Sprawl
Authors: Nechyba Thomas J , Walsh Randall P 
Published: December 2004

The authors begin with an overview of the causes and consequences of urban sprawl in the twentieth century, focusing in particular on lower transportation costs and self-sorting of the population. By sprawl, we will mean the tendency toward lower city densities as city footprints expand. They next focus on four issues that raise clear efficiency and equity concerns: unproductive congestion on roads, high levels of metropolitan car pollution, the loss of open space amenities, and unequal provision of public goods and services across sprawling metropolitan suburbs that give rise to residential segregation and pockets of poverty. Finally, they consider the trade-offs inherent in some policies commonly proposed to address urban sprawl. Throughout, a main theme of the discussion is that a full analysis of sprawl is made difficult by the lack of a usefully integrated economic model of urban economies. Along these lines, the authors conclude with some thoughts on possible future research agendas.
Delineation of an interstitial 9q22 deletion in basal cell nevus syndrome
Authors: Boonen S.E. , Stahl D. , Kreiborg S. , Rosenberg T. , Kalscheuer V. , Larsen L.A. , Tommerup N. , Brøndum‐Nielsen K. , Tümer Z. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBasal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the presence of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCC), odontogenic keratocysts, palmoplantar pits, and calcification in the falx cerebri caused by mutational inactivation of the PTCH gene. In few cases, the syndrome is due to a microdeletion at 9q22. Using high‐resolution chromosome analysis we have identified a patient with the karyotype, 46,XY,del(9)(q21.3q31) de novo. He had typical clinical features consistent with basal cell nevus syndrome, but also additional features likely to be caused by loss of additional chromosomal material in this region. The deletion breakpoints were characterized with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using BAC clones. The 15 Mb long deletion includes 87 RefSeq genes including PTCH. Hemizygosity of one or more genes might contribute to the additional symptoms observed in this patient. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.