bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Books on Competition Law and Policy
Authors: Shaw Jo 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:G. Amato, Antitrust and the Bounds of Power: The Dilemma of Liberal Democracy in the History of the MarketS. Anderman, EC Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights: Regulating InnovationM. Cini and L. McGowan, Competition Policy in the European UnionEuropean Competition Law Annual, 1997, The Objectives of Competition PolicyM. Furse, Competition Law of the UK and ECD.J. Gerber, Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe: Protecting PrometheusD.G. Goyder, EC Competition LawV. Korah, An Introductory Guide to EC Competition LawL. Ortiz Blanco, European Community Competition ProcedureB.J. Rodger and A. MacCulloch, Competition Law and Policy in the European Community and United KingdomW. Sauter, Competition Law and Industrial Policy in the EU
Review of Books on Private Law and EU Law
Authors: Mattei U. , Antoniolli L. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:H. Kötz, Europäisches Vertragsrecht, Band I: Abschluß, Gültigkeit und Inhalt des VertragesH. Kötz, A. Flessner, European Contract Law, vol. 1: Formation, Validity, and Content of Contract; Contract and Third PartiesU. Drobing, Private Law in the European Union
Renaissance Women
Authors: Neher Gabriele 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Judith Brown and Robert Davies (eds), Gender and Society in RenaissanceItalyTrevor Dean and Kate Lowe (eds), Marriage in Italy, 1300‐1600Deanna Shemek, Ladies Errant: Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern ItalyPaola Tinagli, Women in Italian Renaissance Art: Gender, Representation,Identity
Effect of Gender Composition on Group Performance
Authors: Fenwick Graham D. , Neal Derrick J. 
Published: March 2003

The effect of gender composition on group performance was investigated over three years using the MARKSTRAT 2 simulation. Senior undergraduates formed groups and competed within five‐firm (group) industries over 10 weeks, as well as submitting group reports on their performances. Performance and report marks were independent of group size and individual performance in other course assessment. Women per group (numbers, percentage, gender ratio) was positively related to simulation performance, with few women‐dominated groups ranking lower than first or second within each industry. Very few all‐men groups achieved first or second rankings. There were no significant correlations between group gender compositions and marks for the group written report.Women's more interactive, people‐oriented and co‐operative work styles apparently facilitate the MARKSTRAT 2 group process and, when combined with men's more analytical decision‐making tendencies and competitive orientation, appear to explain the superior performances of mixed groups. The emergence and utilization of these tendencies within groups are discussed in terms of Social Contact Theory and Competition Theory. Although generalizations from student‐based studies to the workplace is problematic, the results indicate that groups may be more effective when women outnumber or equal men, especially in complex management activities requiring extensive information management and processing, planning and decision‐making over protracted periods.
What is the Real Story for Interest Rate Volatility?
Authors: Hornstein Andreas , Uhlig Harald 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
What is the source of interest rate volatility? Why do low interest rates precede business cycle booms? Most observers tend to assume that monetary policy is largely responsible for it. Indeed, a standard real business cycle model delivers rather small fluctuations in real interest rates. Here, however, we present two models of the real business cycle variety, in which the fluctuations of real rates are of similar magnitude as in the data, while simultaneously matching salient business cycle facts. The second model also replicates the cyclical behavior of real interest rates.
The models build on recent work by Danthine and Donaldson, Jermann, and Boldrin, Christiano and Fisher. We assume that there are workers and capital owners. The first model posits habit formation and adjustment costs to the stock of capital. The second model assumes that it takes time to plan investment and time to build capital.
Maximizing Happiness?
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Stutzer Alois 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The measurement of individual happiness challenges the notion that revealed preferences only reliably and empirically reflect individual utility. Reported subjective well-being is a broader concept than traditional decision utility; it also includes concepts like experience and procedural utility. Micro- and macroeconometric happiness functions offer new insights on determinants of life satisfaction. However, one should not leap to the conclusion that happiness should be maximized, as was suggested for social welfare function maximization. In contrast, happiness research strengthens the validity of an institutional approach, such as reflected in the theory of democratic economic policy.
News Management in Monetary Policy: When Central Banks Should Talk to the Government
Authors: Berger Helge , Thum Marcel 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Central banks are often considered to be better informed about the present or future state of the economy than the government. A conservative central bank has an incentive to exploit this asymmetry by strategically managing its information policy. Strategic news management will keep the government uncertain about the state of the economy and increase the central bank's leeway for conducting a conservative monetary policy. We show that withholding information from the government is an equilibrium. However, there are also well-defined limits to strategic information policy as the central bank has to distort monetary policy to be in line with its news management. A simple extension of our findings is that, if the government on occasion learns about the bank's true information, it will then overrule the central bank's decision on monetary policy.
Business Formation and Aggregate Investment
Authors: Keuschnigg Christian 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The paper proposes an intertemporal equilibrium model of vintage capital and monopolistic competition. Reflecting a tradeoff between the number and capacity of new machines, investment may be extensive or intensive. External gains from specialization and rationalization result in distorted investment decisions. The paper compares the effectiveness of a general investment tax credit with a start-up subsidy that shifts the direction of investment towards a more extensive form. An optimal policy of investment promotion is derived.
The Time Pattern of the Internationalization of Production
Authors: Kleinert Jörn 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This paper offers an explanation for the development of international trade, foreign direct investment and the activity of multinational companies in developed countries after the Second World War. A two-country±two-sector±onefactor general equilibrium model is set up and applied in an evolutionary framework. The model features the stylized facts: exports and production abroad increase with falling distance costs, exports increase earlier than production abroad and companies in larger countries internationalize their production earlier than their competitors in smaller countries do.
On Corporate Tax Asymmetries and Neutrality
Authors: Panteghini Paolo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article discusses the effects of corporate tax asymmetries under investment irreversibility. We introduce a tax scheme where the tax base is given by the firm's return net of a rate of relief. When the firm's return is less than the imputation rate, however, no tax refunds are allowed. Unlike symmetric tax systems, the scheme proposed is neutral with respect not only to income uncertainty but also to policy uncertainty.
The Role of Anglophilia in Sophie von La Roche’sGeschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771)
Authors: Umbach Regina 
Published: March 2003

Eighteenth‐century Germany was strongly oriented towards Britain as a model of political, economic and cultural progress. The admiration for all things British was a Continental phenomenon, and Anglophilia extended to a number of aspects of everyday life.Britsh literature had a significant impact on German literature. The first German woman novelist, Sophie von La Roche, was influenced by British works in much of her writing. Her first novel, Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771), exhibits this Anglophilia in that it is directly modelled on Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa (1747–8) and that the theme of Englishness constitutes one of the driving forces of the plot. This paper argues that La Roche subtly uses authentic and entertaining expressions of Anglophilia in order to pursue a didactic interest, moral instruction.
The Impact of NAFTA on Mexico's Environmental Policy
Authors: HUSTED BRYAN W. , LOGSDON JEANNE M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA major controversy during the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement focused on the impact of NAFTA on Mexico's environment. This paper examines the evidence of impact specifically on Mexico's environmental policy. Criteria of impact are developed, and comparisons made for three periods: before 1990 as the baseline period; 1990‐93 when NAFTA was being negotiated; and beginning in 1994 when NAFTA came into effect. Much evidence indicates that Mexico's environmental policymaking and enforcement did improve in the early 1990s while NAFTA was being debated. Some evidence also suggests that the NAFTA‐influenced environmental commitment was sustained during the 1995 financial crisis. Thus, it is concluded that NAFTA has contributed significantly to Mexico's environmental policy.
Environmental Legislation, Real Estate Appraisal and Investment in the UK
Authors: LIZIERI COLIN , PALMER SCARLETT 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the behavior of actors in real estate markets in the face of environmental uncertainty. Environmental legislation has increased in scale and scope with obvious implications for property markets. Developers, investors, occupiers, and lenders may all be affected by changing environmental standards. Any factor that creates valuation uncertainty will have major impacts. Blighted sites and properties will be shunned, while existing real estate portfolios will be adversely affected. A survey of UK property practitioners on their attitudes to environmental hazard reveals that firms seem pessimistic as to their ability to quantify and model the economic and investment implications of environmental risk. There are concerns here for the wider economy and for the business community through supply‐side constraints and suboptimal location. There are implications, too, for local and regional regeneration strategies as whole areas may be blighted by potential contamination. There may be mispricing and arbitrage opportunities in relation to such assets that can be exploited through first mover advantage by firms willing and able to develop effective risk‐sensitive appraisal models.
Knowledge, Market Structure, and Economic Coordination: Dynamics of Industrial Districts
Authors: Boschma Ron A. , Lambooy Jan G. 
Published: March 2003

The industrial rise of the Third Italy has been characterized by the growth of dynamic networks of flexible small and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs) that are spatially concentrated in specialized industrial districts. This network type of coordination has been associated with horizontal, trust–based relations rather than vertical relations of power and dependency between local organizations. This would lower transaction costs (essential for local systems with an extreme division of labor), facilitate the transmission and exchange of (tacit) knowledge (and thus, learning and innovation), encourage cooperation mechanisms (such as the establishment of research centers), and stimulate political–institutional performance (e.g. through regulation of potential social conflicts).From an evolutionary perspective, the focus is on the dynamics of industrial districts drawing from current experiences in Italy. In this respect, this paper concentrates on two main features of industrial districts that have largely contributed to their economic success in the past, that is, their network organization and the collective learning process. The evolution of industrial districts is described in terms of organizational adjustments to structural change. The way in which the size distribution of firms has changed is discussed (in particular the role of large companies), how the (power) relationships between local organizations have evolved, what are the current sources and mechanisms of learning, and to what extent institutional lock–in has set in. Finally, a number of trajectories districts may go through in the near future are presented.
Growing Pains: The Dearing Report from a European Perspective
Authors: Neave Guy 
Published: March 2003

The United Kingdom, like most of its European partners has achieved ‘mass’ higher education and Dearing has tried to come to terms with the implications of this and move the debate a stage forward from mass higher education to the learning society, embracing a much wider range of clients and forms of post school education and training. The responsibilities of individual students to manage their own learning experiences are much nearer the centre of the picture than has hitherto been normal in UK universities and colleges. There are similarities between the proposed qualification structure with stopping off points at the end of each full time year and the arrangements which have been in operation in France for some years. There are other examples of proposed convergence with continental models, not least the increase in class size and the assimilation into higher education of casual lecturers.In contrast the paper also draws attention to the growing role of the state (disguised as the nation) in higher education and the associated ‘juridification’ which seems to be on the wane in Europe. Britain seems well set to discover that feature once decried as quintessential of the overmighty European State, namely the avalanche of ministerial circulars and decrees which ensured cohesion and compliance but also imposed heavy burdens on university managers.
The Research Assessment Exercise: Strategies and Trade‐Offs
Authors: Talib Ameen , Steele Anthony 
Published: March 2003

The funds provided by HEFCE for research are distributed to the universities as a block grant; which the universities in turn distribute to the departments. This ‘research grant’ is a function of the quality of the research undertaken (as measured by the research assessment exercise) and the number of (submitted) research active staff for each unit of assessment (subject area). Hence universities have to take strategic funding positions in regard to trade‐offs between volume and quality.The Research Assessment Exercise is therefore a budgeting exercise tool to measure past performance benchmarked against the other ‘units’, upon which future budgets are based. The total resources available are allocated based on ex‐post reported performance. The ‘units’ (i.e. universities) participate in the budgetting exercise by having the managerial choice of selective submission of their past performance. The properties of the budget allocation for higher education means any ‘signal’ is accepted; as submissions under the research assessment exercise allow the manager (the university department) to decide on the contents of submission in as far as whom to submit.The ‘submission strategy’ for the research assessment exercise (RAE) is the primary locus of this paper. The paper provides a brief description of the research funding process and introduces the research funding formula in the first section. A maximisation formula is then derived for optimum coalition of staff submissions. The marginal analysis of the optimum coalition is discussed. If 2/3 (two thirds) of the staff submitted are in a higher category than current rating then partial submission is optimal. The marginal analysis impact on human resource management strategies is described; in particular the value of the mentor type ‘star’ researcher.
Strategically Managing Entrepreneurialism: The Australian University Experience
Authors: Poole David 
Published: March 2003

While the practice of university entrepreneurship has become an increasingly popular field of study across the globe (Slaughter & Leslie, 1997; Clark, 1998; Marginson & Considine, 2000), few substantive studies have considered international education from this perspective. Alongside other institutions of higher education in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, Australian universities have increasingly pursued ambitious strategies to participate in the booming international education sector.Undertaking a mixture of strategies from the traditional to the highly innovative, Australia’s universities have aggressively and often creatively marketed their offerings in the international education market, and the sector now represents Australia’s eighth largest export and third largest services export.In order to assist in the development of an understanding of how Australia’s universities have moved from government dependence to entrepreneurialism, this study focuses in particular on the management of international education as a key dimension of this trend.While a general overview of the study’s findings is presented elsewhere (Poole, forthcoming), this article seeks to contrast the management strategies, structures and systems of two universities in the study. A highly international metropolitan university recognized around the world as a leader in international education is compared with a smaller, regional institution in terms of the relative sophistication and professionalism of strategic management practices and processes. The implications of the differences arising between the institutions are discussed.
The New Style Boards of Governors – Are They Working?
Authors: Bennett Brian 
Published: March 2003

In the 1980s, the Government believed that the extra demand for new graduates would need to be met by making higher education institutions more ‘business–like’. This change was aimed at making these institutions more responsive to the country’s economic needs by improving access, quality and efficiency. One consequence of the move to more ‘business–like’ organisations was the imposition, under The Education Reform Act (1988) and The Further and Higher Education Act (1992), of newly constituted boards of governors upon the new universities and colleges of higher education.These new boards were structured so that the majority of their membership consisted of ‘independent members’, defined in the 1988 Act as ‘persons appearing to the appointing authority to have experience of, and to have shown capacity in industrial, commercial, or employment matters or the practice of any profession’. These boards were expected to lead, or at least to act as catalysts for, the necessary change process. The paper argues that boards of governors could be said to be very efficient but not necessarily very effective and suggests that more needs to be known about the corporate governance process in the new universities and colleges of higher education.
The Earliest Bill in Eyre: 1259
Authors: Hershey Andrew 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide evidence for the earliest known use of the term ‘billa’. Previous investigations of the plea rolls, the primary sources, have yielded no use of the term prior to the late thirteenth century. However, a detailed study of one mid thirteenth-century eyre roll has shown the term in use and also provides a clue to the mesne process involved when proceeding by plaint (‘bill’).
The Cult of the Centenary, c.1784–1914
Authors: Quinault Roland 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Despite recent interest in collective memory, the modern ‘cult of the centenary’ has been neglected by historians. Centennial commemorations of important events or famous people were rare before 1850, but thereafter they increased rapidly in number and scale, both in Britain and throughout the Western world. Centenary commemorations initially grew out of neo‐classical culture, but thereafter, their character evolved in response to new political economic and social developments. Centenary celebrations were a barometer of contemporary esteem and reflected popular and elite attitudes to both the past and the present. Centennialized heroes were variously regarded as secular saints, national icons and local tourist attractions. Some commemorations had a lasting influence and the practice still remains popular today.
Discord in Drogheda: a window on Irish Church–State relations in the sixteen–forties*
Authors: Little Patrick 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article explores a dispute between the clergy and choir of St. Peter's church, Drogheda, in November 1645. At first sight this seems little more than a local row over pay and conditions, but the dispute also sheds light on relations between the town and its royalist governors, the difficulty of the marquess of Ormond's political position in a crucial period, and the collaboration between Ormond and the primate of Ireland, Archbishop Ussher. It also reveals much about the condition of the Church of Ireland outside the Irish capital in a time of uncertainty and upheaval in Church and State.
Nurse Staffing and Postsurgical Adverse Events: An Analysis of Administrative Data from a Sample of U.S. Hospitals, 1990–1996
Authors: Christine Kovner , Cheryl Jones , Chunliu Zhan , Peter J. Gergen , Jayasree Basu 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine the impact of nurse staffing on selected adverse events hypothesized to be sensitive to nursing care between 1990 and 1996, after controlling for hospital characteristics.Data Sources/Study Setting. The yearly cross‐sectional samples of hospital discharges for states participating in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1990–1996 were combined to form the analytic sample. Six states were included for 1990–1992, four states were added for the period 1993–1994, and three additional states were added in 1995–1996.Study Design. The study design was cross‐sectional descriptive.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data for patients aged 18 years and older who were discharged between 1990 and 1996 were used to create hospital‐level adverse event indicators. Hospital‐level adverse event data were defined by quality indicators developed by the Health Care Utilization Project (HCUP). These data were matched to American Hospital Association (AHA) data on community hospital characteristics, including registered nurse (RN) and licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN) staffing hours, to examine the relationship between nurse staffing and four postsurgical adverse events: venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, pulmonary compromise after surgery, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia. Multivariate modeling using Poisson regression techniques was used.Principal Findings. An inverse relationship was found between RN hours per adjusted inpatient day and pneumonia (p<.05) for routine and emergency patient admissions.Conclusions. The inverse relationship between pneumonia and nurse staffing are consistent with previous findings in the literature. The results provide additional evidence for health policy makers to consider when making decisions about required staffing levels to minimize adverse events.