bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Che Cransfoumlng Powen of the Nuns
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mary Peckham Magray argues that the Irish Catholic cultural revolution in the nineteenth century was effected not only by male elites, as previous scholarship has claimed, but also by the most overlooked and underestimated women in Ireland: the nuns. Once thought to be merely passive servants of the male clerical hierarchy, women’s religious orders were in fact at the very centre of the creation of a devout Catholic culture in Ireland. Often well-educated, articulate, and evangelical, nuns were much more social and ambitious than traditional stereotypical views have held. They used their wealth and their authority to effect changes in both the religious practices and daily activity of the larger Irish Catholic population, and by doing so, Magray argues, deserve a far larger place in the Irish historical record than they have previously been accorded. Magray’s innovative work challenges some of the most widely-held assumptions of social history in nineteenth-century Ireland. It will be of interest to scholars and students of Irish history, religious history, women’s studies, and sociology.
Convents, Class, and Catholic ldentity
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The annalist went on to describe how her father, “as some compensation for thwarting her holy designs, allowed her the disposal of the interest of her for tune (a handsome sum) in charity or otherwise as she pleased.”2 Gould chose to use the money to support philanthropic work in the city of Lisbon, where she resided with her parents. It was not until her father died and left her in control of a large inheritance that she sailed to Cork and joined the Doneraile convent, which she had once visited and where her aunt, a boarder and benefactor of the community, had recently died.
Justice in International Research
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An array of ethical concerns regarding international research has arisen over the years, but those concerns have rarely been cast in the language of justice. Nevertheless, upon closer examination, it becomes evident that several of these concerns can be expressed in terms of justice. One often-heard objection is that researchers should not embark on studies in developing countries when for ethical reasons that research could not be carried out in a developed country.
The Creation and Early Development of the Praetorship down to 264
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 367, the Romans, as part of a compromise between patricians and plebeians known as the Licinian-Sextian legislation,1 decided to abandon the experiment of military tribunes with consular power and instead add a “praetor” as third colleague to the two traditional chief magistrates, who were now (or were soon to be) called “consules.” It was stipulated that one consulship be open to plebeians and that the praetor be a patrician.
Sicily and Sardinia, 218-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Roman fleets stationed off the coast of Sicily and (later) Sardinia served not just as a deterrent to reoccupation-something the Carthaginians were always eager to attempt. This Roman naval presence was the first and perhaps the only regular impediment to the supply line from Carthage to Hannibal. These fleets also helped defend the west coast of Italy against Punic attack. It is difficult to tell what would have faced a Carthaginian armada once it had managed to break through this initial line of defense: we have notices of a secondary fleet guarding the Italian coast only in years of recognized emergency.2
Sicily, Sardinia, and the Spains, 122-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The picture of Sardinia for these years is reasonably clear: prolonged fighting which was serious enough to prompt some consular commands, and little concern on the part of the Senate for regular succession in the province. We have seen (9.3.3) that the cos. 126 L. Aurelius Orestes enjoyed-if that is the word-almost five years of imperium in this pestilent provincia, celebrating a triumph on 8 December 122. The next known commander for Sardinia, M. Caecilius Metellus (cos. 115), stayed almost as long, for he triumphed on 15 July m. His brother C. Metellus Caprarius (cos. 113 for Macedonia, and succeeded by a cos. 112) apparently spent a good part of 112 and the first half of m outside Rome, waiting for Marcus so that they could triumph together. In the event, that is what they did-both entering the city on 15 July-though Eutropius detracts something from the glory of the occasion by noting that the news of the Cimbric invasion of Italy also arrived that day.
Moral Progress and Ethical Universals
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Debates about the meaning of moral progress and whether human history demonstrates such progress are linked to the controversy surrounding ethical relativism. Earlier in this century, anthropologists who deplored racism in the United States, as evidenced in U.S. immigration laws, sought to combat racism through their anthropological studies. This mixture of antiracist values with cultural relativism has remained a powerful force up to the present day. As noted in Chapter 2, the nineteenth century view of “cultural evolutionism” was a theory describing the progression of human societies in hierarchical stages from “primitive” or “savage” (represented by tribal, nonliterate societies) to a more “progressed” form of culture (represented by Western civilization). Cultural relativism was introduced in part to combat these racist, hierarchical Eurocentric ideas of progress.
Mass Migration and Inequality Trends Within Countries
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There were three epochs of growth experience after the middle of the nineteenth century among what are now called the OECD countries: the late nineteenth century, the middle years between 1914 and 1950, and the late twentieth century. The first and last epochs experienced overall fast growth, globalization, and convergence. The middle years experienced overall slow growth, deglobalization, and divergence. Thus, history offers an unambiguous positive correlation between globalization and convergence. When the pre-World War I years are examined in detail, the correlation turns out to be causal: globalization played the critical role in contributing to convergence; and, as chapter 10 and other work (Williamson 1996) have argued, it took the form of mass migration and trade.
Language of Discontent: Using the Stranger’s Perspective
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sociology provided a language for Asian American scholars to examine and understand their experiences in the United States. More important, it supplied a seemingly neutral perspective from which they could analyze extremely disturbing events. The ability to acquire analytical distance from the social world allowed many of the Oriental intellectuals the freedom to remove themselves to a place where the concerns of their personal existence took on more abstract meanings. The detached outsider’s perspective of sociology, embodied in the outlook of the stranger, provided a means for intellectuals to extricate themselves from the entanglements of daily life. As it might be for a person who feels trapped in a small town, becoming an outsider could represent escape from the claustrophobic confinements of a life too well known.
Lecture at the Atheneum in Lima
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not only do we have geniuses who invent and geniuses who renew and apply what’s invented, but we’re overrun by the mediocrity that apes and copies. How many third-rate epic poems were inspired by the Iliad and the Odyssey! How many lame tragedies inspired by the works of Sophocles and Euripides! How many vacuous songs by the odes of Pindar and Horace! How many rancid eclogues by the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil! Everything good, everything grand, everything beautiful, was perverted, diminished, and made ugly by unskilled imitators.
Propaganda and Attack
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We suffer from logomania, or logomachy, and we should undertake the project conceived by Sainte-Juste of imitating the Lacedaemonians and establishing a prize for laconism. That’s right, laconism, not for the purpose of transforming the language into a kind of telegraphic jargon but for expressing in the least number of words the greatest number of ideas; not for the purpose of reducing matters to a mere five-line ejaculation but to allow for the proper development of a thought and the necessary extension of a sentence: we can be verbose in a line and concise in a volume.
The Beginning
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This year for the first time we’ve celebrated May Day, not only in Lima but in several other cities or towns of the republic. We’ve marched through the streets and squares waving a flag that symbolizes social revolution; things that none of us have ever heard or read before have been spoken in public meetings and printed on flyers and in news papers. It’s as though the authorities and forces of law and order were in agreement to let such things be said and done.
The Sword
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The habit does n’t make the monk; but the suit he wears has great influence on the formation of the tiger. Merely by pouring a man into a military uniform, you infuse him with abjection before his superiors and despotism toward his subordinates. How insolent the arrogance of a colonel in his contact with the humble recruit! How repugnant the servility of that same colonel in the presence of the fatuous general! An army’s chain of command should be depicted as a mountain where men climb, each kissing the ass of the one ahead, each kissed in the same spot by the one behind.
The Paris Commune
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If anything can make us doubt the infallibility of historical affirmations, it is surely the swift modification of the judgments concerning the Paris Commune. Execrated yesterday by almost every bourgeois writer as an explosion of evil passions or the sinister masquerade of a few plundering, bloodthirsty bandits, it is considered today by many writers of the same ilk as a premature movement for social reparation or as the violent but just insurrection of men inspired by generous ideals. Hardly any fail to condemn the implacable rage of the victors or to stand aghast at the result of an unequal contest in which the Versailles army suffered some five hundred casualties while the communists or members of the confederation had more than thirty thou sand victims, including among them a large number of women, old men, and even children.
Force
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The same thing happened recently with the affirmation by the Chi leans: “Victory is the supreme law of nations.” We South Americans, mainly the children of Peru, have drawn back in horror, proffering cries of indignation. If victory is not the supreme law of nations, if it concedes no rights, what does it grant, then, to those conquered? Will the victor be obliged to cover the costs of war, to pay compensation for damages and injuries, to give up a slice of territory and sign the treaty imposed by the defeated? Ever since mankind has existed, right has been regarded as a luxury of the strong, victory as the supreme law.
Tyrannicide
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Blood horrifies us; but if some must be shed, let it be the blood of the wicked. Who knows but that from a perspective on justice less narrow than human justice it might not be a greater crime to wound a helpful animal than to exterminate an evil man. Perhaps we would be right in concluding: before shedding the blood of a pigeon or a lamb, kill the tyrant. Why not come right out and say it? The spilling of certain blood produces no stain. Hands that free us from despots and petty tyrants bear no stain, are worthy of being clasped by honest men. To strike down such a culprit, him alone, without sacrificing innocent people, is an end to be desired.
The Social Diversity Interpretation in Perspective Reviewing Other Explanations
of State Politics
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The social diversity interpretation is the focal point of this book. Before further assessing it, however, a review and discussion of other approaches to state politics is useful in itself, as well as for comparative purposes. There have been so many research articles and so many explanatory variables used in the study of state politics that any summary of approaches is difficult and certain to be incomplete. Nonetheless, some overview is necessary and a summary can be provided. In general, the goal of this chapter is to consider major issues and perspectives commonly found in the scholarly study of state politics; later chapters revisit these issues from the social diversity perspective. In some cases, these perspectives are treated as variables to be explained themselves, as “dependent variables” relative to social diversity (see, especially, chapters 3 and 4). In other cases, they are examined as alternatives or challengers to social diversity as an interpretation of state policies (see latter parts of chapters 5 and 6). To organize and facilitate this overview of other approaches, I draw on and parallel recent discussions by two leading scholars of state politics.
The Social Diversity Interpretation of State Politics and Policy in Perspective
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study has developed, and provided evidence regarding a social diversity interpretation on state politics and policy. And because of the critical role states play in U.S. politics and policy, that interpretation has broader implications. The argument and evidence suggest that racial/ethnic diversity is, and has been, a major thread in the states’, and thus American, political and social fabric. The core claim is that social diversity is a significant aspect of state politics-one that is substantially greater, more pervasive, and more institutional in its importance than has previously been acknowledged or under stood. Social diversity can be thought of as an analytical construct, not simply just another variable, and as a phenomenon embedded in the states, and hence the United States, political systems. Thus, social diversity deserves consideration as a distinct perspective on state and U.S. politics.
The Quena
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Midnight had just sounded on the cathedral clock in Lima. The streets were dark and deserted, like the rows of a cemetery. The houses, so full of life and light earlier in the evening had, by then, a somber and sinister aspect to them. The beautiful city was asleep, buried in a deep silence interrupted only occasionally by the melancholic sounds of some lover playing the vihuela, or by the distant murmuring of the sea, which the night breeze brought along with the fragrance of the orange trees that form aromatic forests outside the city’s walls.
The Failure of Reform: United States, 1865-1965
Authors: Rotman Edgardo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1867, Enoch Wines and Theodore Dwight, having concluded an extensive survey of American prisons, published a monumental report describing the flaws of the existing system and proposing remedies for it. One hundred years later, the President’s Com mission for Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice published its own extensive survey, no less discontented with the state of affairs and no less enthusiastic about the prospect for reforms. Indeed, over the hundred years that elapsed between these two reports, other would-be reform groups proposed their own initiatives, sharing a despair about ongoing problems, a lofty idealism, and a dogged optimism that prisons could be improved. The cycle seems never ending: exposes, reports, proposals, then more exposes.
Reactive Lymph Node Hyperplasia
Authors: Hyperplasia General Features of Reactive Lymph Node 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reactive hyperplasias of the lymph node result from expansion of one or more of the lymph node compartments by proliferation of lymphoid cells in response to antigenic or other stimulus. Reactive hyperplasias differ from the malignant lymphomas in being benign, self-limited responses to a physiologic stimulus rather than an autonomous proliferation; however, the nature of the stimulus in some cases may remain obscure. Reactive hyperplasias are, by definition, polyclonal lymphoid proliferations, in which different clones respond to a common stimulus. Some reactive hyperlasias are oligoclonal, as result of a restricted immune response, particularly in the setting of immunosuppression and/or Epstein-Barr virus infection. In general, reactive hyperplasias are polymorphous in appearance, reflecting the proliferation of a variety of cells, in contrast to the monomorphous appearance of many malignant lymphomas. Reactive hyperplasias are nondestructive proliferations in which the architecture of the lymph node is, in most cases, at least partially, preserved.
Castleman’s Disease and Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Castleman’s disease (CD) and progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) are abnormal follicular proliferations which are non-neoplastic and of uncertain pathogenesis. Castleman’s disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, “giant” lymph node hyper­plasia) is an abnormal follicular lymphoid proliferation of uncertain pathogenesis which occurs in two major histologic forms, hyaline-vascular and plasma cell, and two clinical forms, localized and multicentric. Multicentric Castleman’s disease is associated with infection with the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (Soulier et al, 1995a).
Peripheral T Cell and NK Cell Neoplasms: I. T Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/ Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia, and Mycosis Fungoides/ Sezary’s Syndrome
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/prolymphocytic leukemia, large granular lymphocyte leukemia, and mycosis fungoides/Sezary’s syndrome are systemic T cell lympho proliferative disorders with predominantly extranodal involvement and frequent leukemic manifestations.
Hodgkin’s Disease: II. Classical Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Classical Hodgkin’s Disease (HD) is characterized by proliferation of Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Reed-Sternberg-variant cells in an inflammatory background. Although several histopathologic variants are recognized, the RS and RS-variant cells demonstrate a uniform immunophenotype, characterized by CD15 and CD30 positivity and lack of specific B or T cell antigens.
Problem Of Labour And Order. April 1961-April 1862,
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the summer of 1861, even Solomon might have needed advice. The volume of mail coming into the Confederate War Department in Richmond exhausted Albert T. Bledsoe. A career as professor at the University of Virginia and proslavery ideologue failed to prepare him as a bureaucrat. In the pile of correspondence he tossed into an armchair at day’s end lay an array of competing concerns requiring instant decisions. Some letters contained relatively routine requests for military or political posts. The occasional crank also contributed, such as the “inventor” who asked for $1,500 to build a machine to move air at momiles per hour, ostensibly to aim at the enemy. Dominating this correspondence were petitions from communities for the return of the local miller, or tanner, or blacksmith. Occasionally there appeared individual pleas from women for the army to return an only son, a husband, or a provider because the household faced hardship and possible ruin. How should a public servant decide these matters? And which choices promised the greatest chance for Confederate success with the least suffering among the people? These questions highlight the problems that faced state and national authorities in the first year of the war.
The Stages of Graduate School
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the graduate school process. Succeeding chapters will explore most of these topics again in depth. Coursework The first few years of graduate school are different in many ways from those later on. This is because required courses are taken during these beginning years, and considerable time will be spent attending classes, studying, doing problem sets, and writing pa pers. In some departments, research does not begin until class work is over. In others, research and classwork are carried out con currently, and students must manage their time carefully.
The Absent Professor
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In theory, graduate education is modeled after the classical apprenticeship program. That is, a student is envisioned as laboring daily under the guidance of a “master,” a respected scientist who has acquired, over years of study and experimentation, the knowledge and technique necessary to perform sophisticated, state-of the-art research. The student “protege” works closely with the esteemed mentor in the laboratory, like a wide-eyed apprentice attending to a Michelangelo. The scientist imparts valuable knowledge and skills. The student observes, practices, and applies the mentor’s methods, is coached and counseled at each step, and eventually is molded into a functioning scientist. This is a time honored means of ensuring the passage of craft and expertise to future generations. In reality, however, the system does not work this way. The practice of science nowadays is a complicated affair. As a result, contrary to what many beginning students expect, most professors who made their reputations by original work earlier on in their careers now have little or no time to spend in the laboratory. They are simply too busy. Surely one of the most time consuming activities professors are engaged in involves the never ending and arduous quest for research money. To keep their labs up and running, scientists need funds !commonly hundreds of thousands of dollars per year) to pay for supplies, equipment, animals, and salaries of graduate students and postdocs land even portions of their own salaries). Funding is their most basic concern.