bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contamination Criteria and Exposure Limits: Guidelines and Standards
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excessive levels of chemical contaminants can clearly produce adverse health effects and degradation of environmental quality. Since the extent and frequency of the effects vary with the magnitude and duration of the exposure, it follows that the effects can be eliminated, or at least reduced in frequency and severity, by reducing the exposures.
Introduction
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology, the study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases and other health-related conditions in populations, is used for many purposes. One is to determine the magnitude and impact of diseases or other conditions in populations or in selected subgroups of populations. This information can be used in setting priorities for investigation and for control, in deciding where preventive efforts should be focused, in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic procedures, and in determining treatment facilities that are needed. Collecting information on disease frequency in populations is also an essential function of surveillance programs, which evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic measures and seek to detect unexpected changes in disease occurrence. Epidemiologic studies may also be used to learn more about the natural history and clinical course of diseases and of their pathogenesis in both the community and the individual. Perhaps most commonly, however, epidemiologic studies are undertaken to identify causes of disease, and it is this application of epidemiology that will be the focus of this book. Only observational epidemiologic studies will be emphasized because randomized trials are covered in Volume 8 of this series (Meinert, 1986).
Sources of Routinely Collected Data on Disease Occurrence
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Routinely collected data are often used to provide a rough indication of the frequency of occurrence of diseases and of their descriptive epidemiology. Such data can also serve to provide leads concerning disease etiology. In this chapter, several of the major sources of routinely collected data in the United States are described and their uses and limitations assessed; sources from outside the United States are also briefly discussed where appropriate. Data on international health are described in more detail by Basch (1990) and the National Center for Health Statistics (I 988). Although the emphasis in this chapter is on the use of various sources of data for hypothesis generation, many of the strengths and limitations of descriptive studies also apply to analytic studies designed to test hypotheses.
Measurement II: Other Types of Measurement
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common method of measurement used by epidemiologists has been the questionnaire. Undoubtedly, questionnaires will continue to be used extensively by epidemiologists, and, accordingly, Chapter 14 was de voted entirely to their design and administration. In the future, it is likely that an increasing number of studies will employ more direct methods of measurement, such as can be obtained by laboratory assays. Some of the issues involved in measurement by laboratory assay were covered in Chapter 10 in the context of serologic surveys. Other frequent methods of measurement include abstracting information from existing records, physical examination, and other clinical measures. This chapter discusses some of the issues involved in using these other types of measurement, and ad dresses some specific problems in perinatal epidemiology, epidemiologic studies in the elderly, occupational epidemiology, and psychosocial and psychiatric epidemiology, and in studies using biological markers.
Conclusion
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, I have discussed the position of the finite verb across the Germanic languages, the various factors that determine this position, and some of the consequences of the choice of position. These consequences were mainly illustrated from the area of expletive constructions, where it depends on the actual or potential position of the finite verb whether it is possible for an NP to appear outside the three following positions: the complement of a transitive verb, the complement of a preposition, and the standard subject position.
Laying the Foundations: Narrative and Cult
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concerning the births both of heroes and of men, Socrates, and of settlements how cities were founded long ago--in short, concerning all kinds of ancient history they [the Spartans] listen most gladly.... The Greeks loved to speculate about the beginnings of things. The birth of men and heroes, the origins of cults and religious practices-all beginnings fascinated them, and the founding of cities formed part of this aetiological repertoire. While foundation poetry did not exist as an autonomous genre in the archaic period, tales of how cities came to be settled were at home in many literary contexts-from the Homeric poems to the works of the Hellenistic poet-scholars-and are best treated as a topos or theme that could be embedded within elegiac poems, epinician odes, tragedy, or the history of Chios. Hippias, in Plato’s dialogue, suggests that a colonial tale told the story of “how cities were founded long ago” , and this chapter sets out to reconstruct a composite typology of such a narrative. In order to talk about what Hayden White would call the “emplotment” of the colonial narrative, I will draw upon a wide variety of ancient sources--epic, lyric, drama, philosophical tracts, historical narratives, the works of later geographers and mythographers, inscriptions, and anecdotes-trying to avoid making value distinctions between these very different kinds of texts. A typology of the colonial narrative, once reconstructed, will tell us not how Greeks of the archaic period really founded colonies, but rather how the Greeks as a culture remembered the archaic colonization movement and how they continued to describe it to themselves.
Murderous Founders
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is said that Orestes once took possession of Orestias-when in exile for the murder of his mother-and left the country bearing his name; it is also said that he founded a city and called it Argos Oresticum. (StIrab. 7.7.8) The colonial narrative opens at a moment of civic crisis--0rought, plague, or civil unrest threatens the security and stability of the city. Alternatively, personal trauma---childlessness or fraternal conflict-substitutes for civic crisis within the narrative. In either case, the city (or individual) in distress consults the Delphic oracle to learn what must be done, and often Apollo suggests a colonial expedition as the necessary solution to the problem at hand. But perhaps the most striking narrative scenario, one this chapter will investigate further, describes the city founder as a murderer sent into permanent exile. Plutarch, for example, tells the following such account of the colonial foundation of Syracuse: Melissus had a son named Actaeon, the most handsome and modest young man of his age; he had many lovers, especially Archias, a descendant of the Heracleidae and the most conspicuous man in Corinth both in wealth and general power. When Archias was not able to persuade the boy to be his lover, he decided to carry him off by force. He gathered together a crowd of friends and servants, and they went to Melissus’ house in a drunken revelry to try to take the boy away. Actaeon’s father and friends resisted; the neighbors ran out and helped pull against the assailants, and in the end Actaeon was pulled to pieces and killed. The boys then ran away, and Melissus carried the corpse of his son into the marketplace of the Corinthians and showed it, asking reparations from those who had done these things. But the Corinthians did nothing more than pity the man. Unsuccessful, Melissus went away and waited for the Isthmian festival where he went up to the temple of Poseidon and decried the Bacchiadae and reminded the god of his father Habron’s good deeds. Calling upon the gods, he threw himself down from the rocks. Not long after this, drought and plague befell the city. When the Corinthians consulted the god about relief, he told them that the anger of Poseidon would not subside until they sought punishment for Actaeon’s death. Archias learned these things since he was one of those consulting the oracle, and he decided of his own free will not to return to Corinth. Instead he sailed to Sicily and founded the colony of Syracuse. There he became father of two daughters, Ortygia and Syracusa, and was treacherously killed by Telephus, his lover who had sailed with him to Sicily, in charge of a ship.
Understanding Cancer And Pain
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diagnosis of cancer is usually unexpected and is always a frightening and overwhelming experience. Few families have the knowledge initially needed to make the many very difficult decisions that will be required, and with the doctor’s office so busy, it is easy to feel bewildered and confused. In addition to providing basic information about cancer and how it is treated, this chapter .will discuss the various kinds of pain that are associated with cancer.
Understanding The Strong Opioids
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Misconceptions about the effects and side effects of morphine, the most well known of the strong opioids, are the primary reasons morphine and similar drugs are incorrectly used. Unfortunately, these misconceptions lead to the undermedication of patients with cancer pain around the world. Yet, with a proper understanding of these drugs, pain can be adequately relieved with a minimum of side effects in most patients.
Understanding How Adjuvant Drugs Relieve Pain And Suffering
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the basic pain relievers already described, often other medications are prescribed to enhance the patient’s comfort. These drugs, called adjuvant drugs or co-analgesics, are auxiliary medications that were developed for conditions other than pain. However, they have been found to have pain-relieving properties in certain instances, may enhance the action or minimize the toxic effects of the primary pain reliever, or may help relieve symptoms that are contributing to the pain.
Effects Of Silvicultural Treatments In The Rocky Mountains
Authors: Hejl Sallie J , Hutto Richard L , Preston Charles R , Finch Deborah M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neotropical migrants have been affected by the loss and fragmentation of forests in the eastern United States (Askins ct al. 1990). Changes in western forests and the effects of these changes on birds may be different from those in the East. While timber harvesting is widespread in the western United States, the purpose of silvicultural systems on public land is to perpetuate forests, not to convert forests to agricultural land or residential areas. Western logging has resulted in landscapes that are primarily composed of forests of different ages and treatments, rarely isolated forests. The silvicultural systems used to manage these forests, however, include timber harvesting, intermediate treatments, and stand-regeneration practices that usually result in forests different from presettlement ones (Thompson et al., Chapter 7, this volume). Managers interested in maintaining western birds need not be as concerned with deforestation as with the loss of old growth and whether managed forests successfully substitute for unmanipulated forests. While baseline studies on birds in most forest types in the Rocky Mountains exist (e.g., Marshall 1957, Salt 1957, Flack 1976, Winternitz 1976, Balda and Masters 1980, Finch and Reynolds 1987, Raphael 1987a,b, Scott and Crouch 1988, Block et al. 1992, Morrison et al. 1993), studies on the effects of silvicultural practices on songbird populations in the Rocky Mountains are relatively rare. Most studies consider only the effects of timber harvesting.
Habitat Fragmentation In The Temperate Zone
Authors: Faaborg John , Brittingham Margaret , Donovan Therese , Blake John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “habitat fragmentation” has become a buzzword among conservationists and managers in recent years. Although it may sound like a new concept, some wildlife biologists suggest that it is simply a new term for an old concept; they argue that wildlife management has always focused on such factors as habitat distribution, juxtaposition, and edge, which are some of the major factors associated with habitat fragmentation (e.g., Leopold 1933).Modern studies of habitat fragmentation, however, are very different from classic wildlife management in several ways. First, they deal with many more species than the game species that wildlife managers historically attempted to manipulate. Secondly, these new species of concern often are those whose habitat requirements include late successional habitat types as opposed to classical management, which focused on early successional habitats where game species were abundant. Finally, today’s approaches vary greatly in matters of scale; classical wildlife management generally dealt with non migratory species, such as quail, turkey, or deer, whose populations could be manipulated on a scale of a few hundred or thousand acres.
A Matter of Some Urgency
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louisiana, in 1852, included eleven head of mules, six horses, eighty cattle, sixty hogs, tools, wagons, carts, yokes, ploughs, coupling chains, a log chain, a double-barreled shotgun, muskets, a rifle, and twentynine “head of negroes. “ The inventory was conducted following the death of Absalom Sharp, a migrant from Pennsylvania who had built his fortune in the cotton country around Natchez using the labor of slaves. At the time of his death in 1851, the sixty-six-year-old planter owned two sizeable estates, one in Adams County, Mississippi, and Bon Ridge.
Backward into Bondage
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Your petitioner sheweth unto your honour, that he has been confined in jail without any just cause for Six long and weary months, “ Connecticut free black Abraham Carpenter said from his jail cell in New Bern, North Carolina. In April 1829, he had shipped out of New York City on the schooner Fox carrying a cargo of lime for a fort being built at Beaufort, North Carolina. Upon arrival, he had left the crew and traveled up the Neuse River to Craven County, but in August he was arrested and jailed as a fugitive slave. Advertisements were placed in newspapers and letters sent out describing Carpenter “and calling upon any person who claimed him as a Slave to come forward and shew their title to him. “ Yet no claimant appeared “nor has any evidence been obtained tending to shew that your Petitioner is a slave. “ Whatever his faults in the past, Carpenter pleaded, he was a free man, born of free parents, in a free state. Being so far from home, he feared he might never see “the face of any friend “ who could vouch for his freedom.
Managing Human Property
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the third sunday in januarY 1854, William J. Rowe took charge of Palestine, soon to be christened Marville Plantation, in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. Hired as manager and overseer by Eustace Surget, a member of one of the richest slaveholding families in Mississippi and Louisiana, Rowe found “all well “ and counted 46 “negroes on the place. “ Located about ten miles south of Vidalia and comprising some 1,638 acres valued in 1861 at $81,000, Marville was not especially unique, boasting 17 mules, 23 horses, 10 oxen, 24 cattle, and machinery. Nor was the plantation unusual in the expansion that occurred during the 1850s. By the end of 1854, 18 slaves were added by purchase or transfer. By the end of 1855, 48 sheep were added to the livestock. By 1860, the slave force had risen to 115, while 569 bales of cotton were sent to market.
Surveying the Sexual Underground
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While our interviews provided us with a rich look at the experience and reality of being bisexual, they could not show how bisexuals lived their sociosexual lives compared with homosexuals or heterosexuals. The bisexuals themselves raised a number of questions of this nature. Were bisexuals more or less likely to feel confused about their sexual identity? Were there as many types of heterosexuals or homosexuals as bisexuals? How did their sexual behaviors and overall number of partners compare with the other groups? Were bisexuals more or less likely to have multiple relationships or to have trouble sustaining long-term involvements? How did the stigma of being bisexual compare with that of being homosexual or being an unconventional heterosexual?
The Instability of Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether an explanation for sexual preference is biological, psychological, or sociological, the basic presumption usually is that sexual preference is set early and changes little through life. In this view, any changes in sexual feelings, sexual behaviors, or romantic feelings are especially unlikely after adulthood. Further, it would be sexual feelings that would be least likely to change because they are assumed to be the most basic element of sexual preference. Despite these presumptions, evidence of substantial change in an individual’s sexual preference does exist. For example, one recent study noted the effect of the feminist movement on women’s sexuality, teaching some women that relating both emotionally and sexually to other women is an option.1 Another study focused on a group of women who were all heterosexual in behavior and identity before participating in swinging.2 As a response to their husbands’ wishes and their observations of other women, they became involved in sex with other women, and all of them eventually identified themselves as bisexual. Their bisexuality, moreover, was an addition to their previous heterosexual interest, and they still preferred heterosexual sex.
Sexual Profiles
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier we described patterns of bisexual activity, notably the mix of opposite-sex and same-sex partners, opposite and same-sex sexual behaviors, and the sexual problems that can ensue. Here we compare these patterns with those of heterosexuals and homosexuals. Thus we ask such questions as: Are there differences in the number of sexual partners between the three groups and in the ways sexual activities become organized? Does the combination of same-sex and opposite-sex sexual behavior mean that bisexuals have more sex than heterosexuals and homosexuals? Or are bisexuals similar to the other two groups in their sexual frequency? Does the lifestyle of bisexuals create more sexual problems for them? Even more, who is most likely to contract a sexually transmitted disease? Finally, we examine differences in sexuality between men and women, exploring whether gender differences are similar across all three preference groups.
“Unfinished Work”: Lincoln, Meade, and Gettysburg
Authors: Boritt Gabor S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combto Washington,” Lincoln telegraphed his son, Robert, on July 11, 1863. The president’s oldest child was not dose to his father during the war years. He was at an awkward age when sons must distance themselves from their fathers as they become men. Lincoln called for Robert because his mother, Mary Todd, was gravely ill. 1 On July 2, she had had a carriage accident. The circumstances were not made clear, and we still don’t know whether Mrs. Lincoln had an authentic accident or was the victim of sabotage-with the bolts of the carriage seat intentionally loosened-sabotage intended for the commander-in-chief. In either case, the battle of Gettysburg in all probability saved Lincoln from injury. Instead of taking a ride with his wife, he spent much of that day at the telegraph office of the War Department, anxiously waiting for news from Pennsylvania.
The Physiology of Prosody
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to deciding the semantic content of a message, establishing its syntactic structure and specifying its lexical content, the brain must devise a programme for its pronunciation. On the basis of that pro gramme, a set of instructions issues from the brain in the shape of nerve impulses which produce contractions of muscles in the area of the chest, the throat and the mouth. As a result of these muscular contractions, the air in the vocal tract is disturbed and sound waves are generated, variably filtered according to the shape of the vocal tract, just as in many musical instruments. If these sound waves reach the ear of a listener, they cause his eardrum to vibrate, much like a loudspeaker; the motions of the eardrum are transferred via the inner ear to the cochlea and there transduced to nerve impulses in the auditory nerve; when the latter reach the brain, the auditory signal is decoded and the semantic content of the message apprehended. At the same time, the speaker will be monitor ing his utterance by auditory, tactile and kinesthetic feedback. Language is a code, or more precisely an encoding and decoding system, for trans ferring ideas from one human brain to another, and speech is the mech anism for the acoustic implementation of the code. The message of the speaker is successively represented in three different sub-codes - as neural impulses, as coordinated muscular movements (myomotor phase) and as soundwaves, i.e. vibrations of air molecules adjacent to the speaker (acoustic phase).
The Syllable
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The child’s earliest vocalizations consist of vowel-like sounds; consonant like sounds appear from about two months of age. Consonants and vowels begin to combine into appropriately timed syllable-like sequences around seven months (Oller 1980); it has been suggested that in the earliest stage there is no neuromuscular activity specifically associated with individu al segments but merely opening and closing jaw movements represent ing a segmentally neutral CV-frame, labial consonants cooccurring with central vowels and tongue front consonants with front vowels in both monosyllabic and reduplicated babbling (MacNeilage et al. 1990, 1991). CV-syllables continue to dominate at the next stage of development: single consonants outnumber clusters and initial consonants outnum ber final consonants.