bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproduction in wild female olive baboons
Authors: Smuts Barbara , Nicolson Nancy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate several factors that influence female reproduction in a large troop of wild olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) based on 4 consecutive years of demographic data. Interbirth intervals were significantly shorter for females whose infants died before their next conception than for females whose infants survived. High‐ranking mothers of surviving infants had significantly shorter birth intervals than comparable low‐ranking mothers, independent of maternal age. This occurred mainly because the interval from resumption of cycling to conception was significantly shorter for high‐vs. low‐ranking females. Dominance rank did not influence sex ratio at birth, infant survival in the first 2 years, or adult female mortality. Age was also significantly related to interbirth intervals, with older females having shorter intervals. Primiparous females had consistently longer reproductive intervals than did multiparous females, but this difference reached statistical significance only for females whose infants died before the next conception. Primiparous females also experienced significantly higher infant mortality. Data on body size and estrous cycle length indicated no differences between high‐ and low‐ranking females. Nutritional and stress‐related mechanisms that may underlie the reproductive advantages of high rank are discussed.
Effects of management methods, social organization, and physical space on primate behavior and health
Authors: Erwin Joseph , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe incidence of clinical treatment in a large colony of pigtailed macaques (Macaca, nemestrina) was studied retrospectively to assess the effectiveness of three sequential housing and management protocols. In the initial standard protocol, groups were housed in single rooms, with each room occupied by a different group after daily cleaning. In the experimental protocol, animals were housed in two‐room suites dedicated exclusively to the resident group. This protocol was meant to reduce enteritis due to communication of Shigella flexneri across groups. Isolation of groups was coupled with the doubling of available space in an attempt to reduce stress. Under a final compromise protocol, a two‐room suite was dedicated to each group, but the group occupied only one room at a time. The compromise protocol maximized isolation and reduced the available space to the level under the standard protocol. Thus, the study involved two main factors, the degree of group isolation and the amount and configuration of physical space available to each group. Under the experimental conditions enteritis increased, other communicable diseases did not decrease, and trauma from fighting increased by over 45% even though more space was available. Under the compromise conditions, trauma, enteritis, respiratory disorders, and inflammation all decreased markedly. Behavioral studies identified beneficial social behavior patterns associated with spatial reduction as the basis of the decrease in aggression, trauma, and disease under the compromise conditions.
Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization: Group structure
Authors: Yeager Carey P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization was studied at the Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia, for 12 months. Data were collected on one‐male groups and all‐male groups by using scan sampling and event sampling while following groups. Evening census surveys were also conducted. Proboscis monkeys were found to follow the typical Asian colobine pattern of one‐male social groups, with extra‐group males forming all‐male groups. These groups appear stable, with few changes in membership. One‐male groups appear to be “female bonded”; adult females direct affiliative behaviors towards their offspring and other adult females, not towards the male. Nearest‐neighbor data indicate some peripheralization of juvenile animals.
Three new blood groups of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Frederick D. L. , Samples N. K. , Stone W. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree new blood group systems, called “T,” “U,” and “V,” have been identified in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Each system consists of a single antigenic factor (blood group) detected by a monospecific alloimmune reagent that agglutinates erythrocytes. The antisera that detect these blood groups were obtained following a series of alloimmunizations and absorption fractionizations of the resulting antisera to produce operationally monospecific typing reagents. Analyses of family data indicated that each blood group was controlled by an autosomal dominant gene and that each system was independent of previously defined systems. With the addition of these new blood groups, we can identify 16 different blood group systems and well over one hundred million possible phenotypes in this species.
Choice of food patches by Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Nakagawa Naofumi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFood patch choice was investigated in the A‐troop of wild Japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) of Kinkazan Island, Japan. The monkeys visited a Zelkova serrata tree 16 times and fed on its seeds for 43.5 min on average during the 36 day study period. The proportion of fallen seeds to total fallen seeds, the feeding speed, and the number of monkeys feeding on seeds in the crown and on the ground were recorded to clarify the decision factors involved in food‐patch choice: when the monkeys visit the tree, do they feed on seeds in the crown or on the ground? The monkeys appeared to the patch quality by feeding speed; they chose a high‐quality patch and fed there. As a result, they seemed to maximize seed intake. However, some troop members (in many cases, low‐ranking ones) avoided feeding in a high‐quality but crowded patch. When the quality of the two patches was equal, the monkeys separated into two groups (in the crown and on the ground) in a ratio of 1:1 to feed. As the difference in patch quality became larger, more monkeys fed in the high‐quality patch. The frequency of agonistic interactions per individual increased on the ground as the number of monkeys feeding there increased. When the cost of agonistic interactions is considered, the net benefit (energy intake minus energy consumption from agonistic interactions) per individual in a higher‐quality but crowded patch may be equal to that in a lower‐quality but uncrowded patch.
Reactivity patterns of class I HLA monoclonal antibodies that distinguish three species of macaques
Authors: Gaur Lakshmi K. , Heise Eugene R. , Clark Edward A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reactivity of a panel of 40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for HLA class I antigens was assessed in 117 unrelated Macaca mulatta (Mm), with a standard microcytotoxicity assay, in order to compare phenotypic frequencies with those previously reported for M. fascicularis (Mfl) and M. nemestrina (Mn). Based on the reactivity with HLA typed human cell panels, the epitopes recognized by these mAb in macaques were classified as nonpolymorphic, polymorphic “public,” and polymorphic “private.” Nei's genetic identity (I) and distance (D) formulae were applied to estimate I and D between each of the macaque species and between each macaque species and humans. The HLA nonpolymorphic epitopes emerged as spcies‐specific determinants, as all three macaque species showed clear differences from each other and from humans in the frequency of occurrence in population samples. From our previous serologic study and from published sequence data, it is evident that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is highly conserved in primate evolution. Ninety percent of the mAb reacted at a similar frequency in either two or three macaque species. With few exceptions, the mAb reacted at a greater frequency in humans than in macaques. Concerning private HLA class I epitopes, we have previously speculated that the human MHC class I polymorphisms probably predate the diversification of macaque–human lineages, and hence would be highly conserved. However, the inconsistent pattern of occurrence of human monomorphic epitopes among the macaque species suggests that a complex explanation is required. One possibility is that HLA monomorphic epitopes are invariant in humans because of their yet unknown functional role; however, this explanation loses some force because of the inconsistent pattern of occurrence among three closely related species of Macaca. However, we favor a second possibility, i.e., that the monomorphic epitopes in humans might be the result of the accumulated neutral mutations and are not subjected to functional constraints. This explanation seems to fit the inconsistent pattern of occurrence of these epitopes among macaques.
Discrimination of chirp vocalizations in the cotton‐top tamarin
Authors: Bauers Kim , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNatural exemplars of two types of chirp vocalizations were presented to eight groups of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) in a playback paradigm. The two chirps share many acoustic features in common but are used in entirely different circumstances. The tamarins gave different vocal and behavioral responses to the playbacks of each chirp type, indicating that a discrimination was made. The results suggest that tamarins can discriminate subtle acoustic cues which have communicative significance. In the absence of the nonvocal cues and social contexts that normally co‐occur with these vocalizations the tamarins responded with the same vocal responses they would have given in normal social contexts. Significant differences in post‐stimulus behavior to the two types of stimuli appeared in the first two blocks of trials, indicating that the playback paradigm can be an efficient means of testing discrimination between different call types.
Reproduction of the owl monkey (Aotus nancymai) (primates:Cebidae) in captivity
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso , Montoya Enrique 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere are few reports and poorly documented field studies about the reproductive biology of the owl monkey (Aotus spp.). Reproductive data were collected from a breeding colony of owl monkeys (Aotus nancymai) held at the Center for Reproduction and Conservation of Non‐Human Primates in Iquitos, Peru, for the past 10 years. Seventy nine breeding pairs have produced 180 offspring in a period of 3,619 months, representing an average of about one offspring for every 20 months that a pair was housed together. Neonatal mortality in the first week was 7.1%. Litter size was almost one (99.4%). The mean age at first birth in a group of nine females born in captivity was 40.56 ± 7.82 (S.D.) months. The mean age of a group of 12 males born in the colony when their female mates produced offspring was 42.17 ± 10.73 (S.D.) months. Gestation length did not exceed 141 days. Interbirth interval averaged 12.72 months. A birth peak was observed from October to January. Breeding Aotus nancymai on a large scale in captivity is feasible.
Mixed‐species association of East African guenons: General patterns or specific examples?
Authors: Cords Marina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSympatric guenons in East Africa associate with one another in mixed‐species groups to an intermediate degree. This makes it possible to compare a given group's ecology and behavior when it is part of an association to when it is unaccompanied, and to correlate association tendency with various ecological parameters. Two studies incorporating these approaches have been made of sympatric Cercopithecus ascanius and C. mitis monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, and the Kibale Forest, Uganda. The pattern of and reasons for association in each site are reviewed. Compared to Kakamega, association between C. ascanius and C. mitis in Kibale occurs less often, and the species appear to benefit relative to one another in different ways. These results suggest that the particular ecological setting greatly influences the nature of the interaction between species, through its effect on population structure, dietary overlap, food distribution, and community composition. The major ecological differences between the two study areas probably reflect post‐Pleistocene history and possibly climate, but they have important consequences for the present‐day population structure and feeding ecology of each species, and hence affect relations between them as well.
Interspecific relations in a mixed‐species troop of moustached tamarins, Saguinus mystax, and saddle‐back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis (Platyrrhini:Callitrichidae), at the Río Blanco, Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the social interactions between moustached tamarins, Saguinus mystax, and saddle‐back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis, living in a mixed‐species troop at the Río Blanco, Peruvian Amazonia, between July 1985 and July 1986. Mixed‐species troops were common among the S. mystax and S. fuscicollis populations in the Río Blanco study area; 72% of all sightings of S. mystax and 82% of all sightings of S. fuscicollis were in mixed‐speices troops (study group excluded from analysis). In the study group, the two species spent on average 82% of time in association. Interactions were observed at a rate of one per 5 h of observation. Most interactions (96%) were agonistic. About 70% of agonistic interactions occurred at small food resources (crown diameter < 5 m and/or limited number of ripe fruits). Moustached tamarins were always dominant over saddle‐back tamarins. Friendly interactions were extremely rare and were restricted to play invitations. Mutual calling was observed in the morning before the two species joined each other and during the day when they became separated. It is concluded that interspecific interactions and mutual calling incur some costs to the associated species but that these costs may be low.
A study of locomotor behavior in a captive colony of red‐bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer)
Authors: Tilden Christopher D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe considerable diversity of locomotor behavior within the suborder Prosimii largely is due to differences in locomotion between families. Within families, locomotion is relatively homogeneous, although some species, such asOtolemur crassicaudatusamong the galagids andHapalemur simusandLepilemurspp. among the lemurids, differ from other species in their family. This paper describes the locomotion of a captive colony of red‐bellied lemurs,Eulemur rubriventer(following the classification of Simons and Rumpler [1988] who place all species ofLemurother thanLemur cattain the genusEulemur), another species whose movements differ markedly from other members of its family, the Lemuridae. Features that distinguish the locomotion ofE. rubriventerfrom other lemurids are the high frequency of leaping, low frequency of climbing and suspension, and the use of head‐downward vertical climbing in this species. Leaping is the most common form of locomotion inE. rubriventer. Horizontal, rather than vertical supports, are preferred during leaping. Although the frequency of climbing in this study is relatively low, the large brachioradialis flange, robust hallux, and claw‐like nails ofE. rubriventersuggest that clinging and climbing on large diameter vertical supports (lacking in the enclosures used in this study) may be an important component of locomotion in wildE. rubriventerand may reflect a gummivorous or insectivorous dietary adaptation. While the locomotion ofE. rubriventerdiffers from all prosimians yet studied, the general pattern of locomotor behavior seen in this species is most similar to other species of the family Lemuridae.
The reduction of abnormal behaviors in individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a foraging/grooming board
Authors: Bayne K. , Mainzer H. , Dexter S. , Campbell G. , Yamada F. , Suomi S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new environmental enrichment device, termed a “foraging/grooming board,” was presented to 8 individually housed rhesus monkeys for the explicit purpose of reducing the level of aberrant behaviors manifested by these animals. The device, consisting of a piece of plexiglass covered with artificial fleece, had particles of food treats rubbed into it and was attached to the outside of each animal's home cage. All animals foraged from the board to the point that a significant reduction in the level of abnormal behavior was noted. Most animals also groomed the fleece covering the board, utilizing the same motor patterns that would be directed toward grooming another monkey. These boards are inexpensive to construct and easy to sanitize, and do not require placing animal facility personnel at risk to maintain them.
Distribution of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation and its consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire
Authors: Malenky Richard K. , Stiles Edmund W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData available on behavior and morphology of Pan paniscus (bonobos) suggest that terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) is an important component of their diet and that it may be preferred by bonobos to a greater extent than by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). It has also been reported that THV is ubiquitously distributed in the lowland rain forests inhabited by bonobos. These data suggest that THV exploitation may be causally related to the evolution of the more cohesive social system found in bonobos compared to that of chimpanzees. Here, we present data that quantify the spatial distribution of THV in the Lomako Forest, an analysis of the nutrient content of the plant parts commonly consumed, and patterns of THV consumption in relation to its distribution. The data clearly demonstrate that THV, and particularly Haumania liebrechtsiana (Marantaceae), is ubiquitously distributed as previously suggested. However, THV feeding patches are rare because of distinct feeding preferences. Bonobos preferentially choose H. liebrechtsiana over other species of THV, choose patches with larger stems, and, within patches, choose larger stems over smaller stems. The plant parts chosen are high in proteins and relatively low in carbohydrates. Given the selectivity of the study population and the patchy distribution of THV, it is unlikely that THV has been responsible for the evolution of the unique social system reported for bonobos. Data presented on party size are consistent with this conclusion.
Spectral sensitivity of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and the issue of catarrhine trichromacy
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. , Neitz Jay , Crognale Michael A. , Brammer Gary L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral genera of platyrrhine monkeys show significant polymorphism of color vision. By contrast, catarrhine monkeys have usually been assumed to have uniform trichromatic color vision. However, the evidential basis for this assumption is quite limited. To study this issue further, spectral sensitivity functions were obtained from vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) using the technique of electroretinographic flicker photometry. Results from a chromatic adaptation experiment indicated that each of the twelve subjects had two classes of cone pigment in the 540/640 nm portion of the spectrum. That result strongly suggests that this species has routine trichromatic color vision. Comparison of the spectral sensitivity functions obtained from vervets and from similarly‐tested humans further indicates that the cone complements of the two species are very similar. Results from this investigation add further support to the idea that there are fundamental differences in the genetic mechanisms underlying color vision in platyrrhine and catarrhine monkeys.
Urinary cyclic AMP excretion is increased in Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta compared to humans
Authors: Stock John L. , Coderre James A. , Simon James A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChanges in parathyroid hormone and its second messenger cyclic AMP have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Nonhuman primate models have been useful in the study of osteoporosis, but the physiology of mineral metabolism in certain species is different than in humans. We investigated parameters of mineral metabolism in 15 normal adult female cynomolgus and 14 normal adult female rhesus monkeys. In both species, urinary cyclic AMP was increased compared with humans, and the nephrogenous cyclic AMP in the cynomolgus monkeys was also elevated. Despite this, there was no evidence for hyperparathyroidism in either species as evaluated by serum or plasma phosphorus and midregion‐specific and/or aminoterminal‐specific immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. Given the increasing use of nonhuman primates in the study of osteoporosis, understanding basic changes in mineral metabolism is important before pathologic effects of bone loss can be understood.
Stability of social status rankings of female cynomolgus monkeys, of varying reproductive condition, in different social groups
Authors: Shively Carol A. , Kaplan Jay R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order test the hypothesis that adult female macaques display a tendency to attain a certain level of social status independent of the social situation, the social status rankings of 41 wild‐caught adult female Macaca fascicularis were determined in different social groups. About one‐third of the females were intact and housed with vasectomized males. About one‐third of the females were ovariectomized and housed with intact males, and the remaining females were intact and housed with intact males in order to allow pregnancy to occur. Within each of these experimental groups, females were housed in social groups of 4–6 females and 1 male, and the constituency of these groups was changed every 3 months for 22 months. Thus, females lived in eight different social groups. The correlations between the social status rankings of individual females while living in different social groups were positive and significant. The majority of the females were either stable dominants or stable subordinates in 75% of the groups in which they lived, which was a significant proportion of the study population. The stability of social status rankings was higher in the ovariectomized than in the pregnant and intact groups; however, this was not a significant difference. In the context of the results of previous studies, these findings suggest that the social status of an individual is the result of both the immediate social environment and some inherent characteristic(s) of the individual that promotes the likelihood that under most social circumstances an individual will display a predictable level of social status.
Urine washing in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): Testing social and nonsocial hypotheses
Authors: Roeder Jean‐Jacques , Anderson James R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study tested several hypotheses regarding the functions of urine washing (UW) in a captive group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), using observational and experimental methods. Observational data obtained over a 16 month period revealed no correlation between rates of UW and age or aggression. Rates of UW did not vary when the subjects were exposed to their mirror images or when their hands were soiled. Transferring the group to an unfamiliar environment had no effect on UW frequencies. Climatological factors most clearly influenced rate of UW: The behavior occurred more frequently in high temperatures and during sunny periods, indicating a possible role of UW in thermoregulation.