bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the use of compound noise factor in parameter design experiments
Authors: Hou X. Shirley 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn some applications the cross‐array format for parameter design experiments is too costly to conduct. Instead of using a single array for both control and noise factors, Taguchi proposed a compound noise technique to reduce the size of experiments. It works by selecting a few ‘extreme’ conditions in noise factors and ‘compounding’ them into a single factor. Its performance is investigated through theoretical analysis, simulations, and real experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the “unreasonable” effects of ELF magnetic fields upon a system of ions
Authors: Giudice E. Del , Fleischmann M. , Preparata G. , Talpo G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA recent experiment on a physical, nonbiological system of ions at room temperature has proved that microscopic ion currents can be induced by applying simultaneously two parallel magnetic fields, one rather weak static field, $\vec B_0$ and one much weaker alternating field, $\vec B_{ac}$, [Bac ∼ 10−3 B0] whose frequency coincides with the cyclotron frequency $v\, = \,qB_0 /2{\pi}m$ of the selected ion. As a result, ionic bursts lasting up to 20 s and with amplitude up to 10 nA arise. The much larger exchanges of energy induced by thermal agitation (the “kT‐problem”) appear to play no role whatsoever. We have analyzed this problem in the framework of coherent quantum electrodynamics, reaching the following conclusions: (a) as has been shown in previous articles, water molecules in the liquid and solute ions are involved in their ground state in coherent ordered configurations; (b) ions are able to move without collisions among themselves in the interstices between water coherence domains; (c) because of coherence, ions can follow classical orbits in the magnetic fields. A full quantitative understanding of the experiments is thus reached. Bioelectromagnetics 23:522–530, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of cell culture process changes on endogenous retrovirus expression
Authors: Brorson Kurt , de Wit Christina , Hamilton Elizabeth , Mustafa Mehnaz , Swann Patrick G. , Kiss Robert , Taticek Ron , Polastri Gian , Stein Kathryn E. , Xu Yuan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCell culture process changes (e.g., changes in scale, medium formulation, operational conditions) and cell line changes are common during the development life cycle of a therapeutic protein. To ensure that the impact of such process changes on product quality and safety is minimal, it is standard practice to compare critical product quality and safety attributes before and after the changes. One potential concern introduced by cell culture process improvements is the possibility of increased endogenous retrovirus expression to a level above the clearance capability of the subsequent purification process. To address this, retrovirus expression was measured in scaled down and full production scaled Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures of four monoclonal antibodies and one recombinant protein before and after process changes. Two highly sensitive, quantitative (Q)‐PCR‐based assays were used to measure endogenous retroviruses. It is shown that cell culture process changes that primarily alter media components, nutrient feed volume, seed density, cell bank source (i.e., master cell bank vs. working cell bank), and vial size, or culture scale, singly or in combination, do not impact the rate of retrovirus expression to an extent greater than the variability of the Q‐PCR assays (0.2–0.5 log10). Cell culture changes that significantly alter the metabolic state of the cells and/or rates of protein expression (e.g., pH and temperature shifts, NaButyrate addition) measurably impact the rate of retrovirus synthesis (up to 2 log10). The greatest degree of variation in endogenous retrovirus expression was observed between individual cell lines (up to 3 log10). These data support the practice of measuring endogenous retrovirus output for each new cell line introduced into manufacturing or after process changes that significantly increase product‐specific productivity or alter the metabolic state, but suggest that reassessment of retrovirus expression after other process changes may be unnecessary. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 257–267, 2002.
Metabolic adaptation of Escherichia coli during temperature‐induced recombinant protein production: 1. Readjustment of metabolic enzyme synthesis
Authors: Hoffmann Frank , Weber Jan , Rinas Ursula 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe metabolic burden and the stress load resulting from temperature‐induced production of human basic fibroblast growth factor is connected to an increase in the respiratory activity of recombinant Escherichia coli, thereby reducing the biomass yield. To study the underlying changes in metabolic enzyme synthesis rates, the radiolabeled proteom was subjected to two‐dimen‐ sional gel electrophoresis. After temperature‐induction, the cAMP‐CRP controlled dehydrogenases of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (LpdA and SdhA) were induced four times, reaching a maximum 1 h after the temperature upshift. The more abundant tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases (Icd and Mdh) were initially produced at reduced rates but regained preshift rates within 30 min. The adenylate energy charge dropped immediately after the temperature upshift but recovered within 1 h. Similar profiles in dehydrogenase synthesis rates and adenylate energy charge were found in a control cultivation of a strain carrying the “empty” parental expression vector. Although both strains exhibited significant differences in growth pattern and respiration rates after the temperature upshift, the adaptation of the energetic state of the cells and the synthesis of enzymes from the energy‐generating catabolic pathway did not seem to be affected by the strong overproduction of the recombinant growth factor. In contrast, the synthesis rates of enzymes belonging to the biosynthetic machinery, e.g., translational elongation factors, decreased more strongly in the culture synthesizing the recombinant protein. In control and producing culture, synthesis rates of elongation factors paralleled the respective growth rate profiles. Thus, cells seem to readjust their metabolic activities according to their energetic requirements and, if necessary, at the cost of their biosynthetic capabilities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 313–319, 2002.
Metabolic adaptation of Escherichia coli during temperature‐induced recombinant protein production: 2. Redirection of metabolic fluxes
Authors: Weber Jan , Hoffmann Frank , Rinas Ursula 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe impact of temperature‐induced synthesis of human basic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF‐2) in high‐cell‐density cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli was studied by estimating metabolic flux variations. Metabolic flux distributions in E. coli were calculated by means of a stoichiometric network and linear programming. After the temperature upshift, a substantially elevated energy demand for synthesis of hFGF‐2 and heat shock proteins resulted in a redirection of metabolic fluxes. Catabolic pathways like the Embden‐Meyerhof‐Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle showed significantly enhanced activities, leading to reduced flux to growth‐associated pathways like the pentose phosphate pathway and other anabolic pathways. Upon temperature upshift, an excess of NADPH was produced in the TCA cycle by isocitrate dehydrogenase. The metabolic model predicted the involvement of a transhydrogenase generating additional NADH from NADPH, thereby increasing ATP regeneration in the respiratory chain. The influence of the temperature upshift on the host's metabolism was investigated by means of a control strain harboring the “empty” parental expression vector. The metabolic fluxes after the temperature upshift were redirected similarly to the production strain; the effects, however, were observed to a lesser extent and with different time profiles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 320–330, 2002.
SMEs and the environment: evaluating dissemination routes and handholding levels
Authors: Friedman Andrew L. , Miles Samantha 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Better Business Pack (BBP), a toolkit intended to enable SMEs to develop plans and activities that would lead to environmental and financial benefits, is evaluated. It is found that in spite of high user evaluation of the toolkit in terms of design, user‐friendliness, being up to date and recognition that little effort was required before returns could be achieved, actual financial and environmental achievements were patchy. The BBP was designed as a stand‐alone package that would stimulate SMEs to embark on this path without further support. However, the nature of the dissemination route and the presence of ‘handholding’ support significantly affected success levels. Furthermore the nature of this support was crucial. The most effective support came from pre‐existing networks and opportunities to learn from fellow users, rather than traditional consultancy and other external agency support. Awards for best practice were also found to be of importance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tragedy and catharsis in the wake of the 911 attacks
Authors: Kyle Ken , Angelique Holly 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe argue that the events of 11 september 2001 (911) should be understood as a tragedy in the Greek sense of the term. Contemporary US views of tragedy typically communicate a sense that little can be done to predict or explain catastrophic events. This leads to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Accordingly, traditional US psychological interventions focus upon ameliorative efforts only. In Greek notions of tragedy, however, the hero(ine) has a character flaw that contributes to his/her demise. Lessons are learned, and catharsis results. From the standpoint of the US as a tragic hero, psychological interventions should be both ameliorative and preventative. We contend that this overemphasis on ameliorative work and the limited views of terrorism's root causes are counterproductive. Indeed, we recommend that individual US psychologists and the American Psychological Association leadership engage in both ameliorative efforts and broadly conceived preventative work. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug addicts in therapy—changes in life space in the course of one year
Authors: Ravenna Marcella , Hölzl Erik , Kirchler Erich , Palmonari Augusto , Costarelli Sandro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a residential community treatment setting, moods and emotional states of drug addicts were explored over a 1‐year period. The specific form of treatment of heroin addiction employed in the communities is based on the importance of interpersonal relationships for psychosocial transition. Twenty‐nine participants reported current mood, emotions, attributions, and motive activation using a time‐sampling diary for 2 weeks at the beginning of the treatment, and 6 and 12 months later. Results show an increase in positive emotions, and in subjective strength and freedom. Furthermore, participants report higher self‐esteem and use less fatalistic attributions. This is interpreted as indicating successful transition processes in terms of higher autonomy, a more extended life space and increased levels of realism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mathematical model for suppression subtractive hybridization
Authors: Gadgil Chetan , Rink Anette , Beattie Craig , Hu Wei‐Shou 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSuppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) is frequently used to unearth differentially expressed genes on a whole‐genome scale. Its versatility is based on combining cDNA library subtraction and normalization, which allows the isolation of sequences of varying degrees of abundance and differential expression. SSH is a complex process with many adjustable parameters that affect the outcome of gene isolation. We present a mathematical model of SSH based on DNA hybridization kinetics for assessing the effect of various parameters to facilitate its optimization. We derive an equation for the probability that a particular differentially expressed species is successfully isolated and use this to quantify the effect of the following parameters related to the cDNA sample: (a) mRNA abundance; (b) partial sequence complementarity to other species; and (3) degree of differential expression. We also evaluate the effect of parameters related to the process, including: (a) reaction times; and (b) extent of driver excess used in the two hybridization reactions. The optimum set of process parameters for successful isolation of differentially expressed species depends on transcript abundance. We show that the reaction conditions have a significant effect on the occurrence of false‐positives and formulate strategies to isolate specific subsets of differentially expressed genes. We also quantify the effect of non‐specific hybridization on the false‐positive results and present strategies for spiking cDNA sequences to address this problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age specific and attributable risks of familial prostate carcinoma from the family‐cancer database
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Czene Kamila 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDFamilial risks by proband status and age are useful for clinical counseling, and they can be used to calculate population‐attributable fractions (PAFs), which show the proportion of disease that could be prevented if the cause could be removed.METHODSThe authors used the nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database on 10.2 million individuals and 182,104 fathers and 3710 sons with medically verified prostate carcinoma to calculate age specific familial standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and familial PAFs for prostate carcinoma in sons ages 0–66 years.RESULTSThe incidence of prostate carcinoma was doubled between the years 1961 and 1998. The familial SIRs for prostate carcinoma were 2.38 (95%CI, 2.18–2.59) for men with prostate carcinoma in the father only, 3.75 (95%CI, 2.73–4.95) for men with prostate carcinoma in a brother only, and 9.44 (95%CI, 5.76–14.03) for men with prostate carcinoma in both a father and a brother. The corresponding familial PAFs were 8.86%, 1.78%, and 0.99%, respectively, yielding a total PAF of 11.63%. Age specific risks were shown for the same proband histories. The SIR was 8.05 for prostate carcinoma before age 55 if a brother had been diagnosed before that age. If, in addition, a father was diagnosed at any age, then the SIR was 33.09.CONCLUSIONSThe authors recommend that having a brother who is diagnosed with prostate carcinoma before age 55 years or having a brother and father who are diagnosed at any age are indications to screen for prostate carcinoma. The familial PAF of prostate carcinoma among a population of sons ages 0–66 years was 11.63%. Cancer 2002;95:1346–53. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10819
Improving the efficiency of finite element formulations in laminated composites
Authors: Soldatos Kostas P. , Shu Xiaoping 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis communication extends the principles of an advanced smeared laminate plate theory towards the development of corresponding FE models and codes. The present FE numerical results are compared with those based on exact elasticity solutions, as well as those of corresponding FE models based on three conventional laminate plate theories. These comparisons show that, compared to those conventional FE codes, the proposed FE formulation that uses also a small and fixed number of nodal degrees of freedom improves substantially the accuracy of stress predictions. They also show that the present numerical results are particularly accurate even for very thick laminates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bandwidth‐efficient turbo coding over Rayleigh fading channels
Authors: Le Goff Stéphane Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIntroduced in 1993, turbo codes can achieve high coding gains close to the Shannon limit. In order to design power and bandwidth‐efficient coding schemes, several approaches have been introduced to combine high coding rate turbo codes with multilevel modulations. The coding systems thus obtained have been shown to display near‐capacity performance over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. For communications over fading channels requiring large coding gain and high bandwidth efficiency, it is also interesting to study bit error rate (BER) performance of turbo codes combined with high order rectangular QAM modulations. To this end, we investigate, in this paper, error performance of several bandwidth‐efficient schemes designed using the bit‐interleaved coded modulation approach that has proven potentially very attractive when powerful codes, such as turbo codes, are employed. The structure of these coding schemes, termed ‘bit‐interleaved turbo‐coded modulations’ (BITCMs), is presented in a detailed manner and their BER performance is investigated for spectral efficiencies ranging from 2 to 7 bit/s/Hz. Computer simulation results indicate that BITCMs can achieve near‐capacity performance over Rayleigh fading channels, for all spectral efficiencies considered throughout the paper. It is also shown that the combination of turbo coding and rectangular QAM modulation with Gray mapping constitutes inherently a very powerful association, since coding and modulation functions are both optimized for operation in the same signal‐to‐noise ratio region. This means that no BER improvement is obtainable by employing any other signal constellation in place of the rectangular ones. Finally, the actual influence of the interleaving and mapping functions on error performance of BITCM schemes is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical method to solve the m‐terms of a submerged body with forward speed
Authors: Duan W.‐Y. , Price W. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo model mathematically the problem of a rigid body moving below the free surface, a control surface surrounding the body is introduced. The linear free surface condition of the steady waves created by the moving body is satisfied. To describe the fluid flow outside this surface a potential integral equation is constructed using the Kelvin wave Green function whereas inside the surface, a source integral equation is developed adopting a simple Green function. Source strengths are determined by matching the two integral equations through continuity conditions applied to velocity potential and its normal derivatives along the control surface. After solving for the induced fluid velocity on the body surface and the control surface, an integral equation is derived involving a mixed distribution of sources and dipoles using a simple Green function and one component of the fluid velocity. The normal derivatives of the fluid velocity on the body surface, namely the m‐terms, are then solved by this matching integral equation method (MIEM).Numerical results are presented for two elliptical sections moving at a prescribed Froude number and submerged depth and a sensitivity analysis undertaken to assess the influence of these parameters. Furthermore, comparisons are performed to analyse the impact of different assumptions adopted in the derivation of the m‐terms. It is found that the present method is easy to use in a panel method with satisfactory numerical precision. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Case‐control study of genetic and environmental influences on premature death of adult adoptees
Authors: Petersen Liselotte , Nielsen Gert G. , Andersen Per Kragh , Sorensen Thorkild I. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGenetic and environmental influence on risk of premature death in adulthood was investigated by estimating the associations in total and cause‐specific mortality of adult Danish adoptees and their biological and adoptive parents. Among all 14,427 nonfamilial adoptions formally granted in Denmark during the period 1923 through 1947, we identified 976 case families in which the adoptee died before a fixed date. As control families, we selected 976 families where the adoptees were alive on that date, and matched to the case adoptees with regard to gender and year and month of birth. The data were viewed as a cohort of case parents and a cohort of control parents, and lifetime distributions in the two cohorts were compared using a Cox regression, stratified with regard to the matching variables: gender and year of birth. In the main analyses, the sample was restricted with regard to birth year of the adoptees, and age of transfer to the adoptive parents, and age at death was restricted to the same range for parents and offspring (25–64 years) in order to consider a symmetric lifetime distribution. This reduces the sample to 459 case families and 738 control families. Various truncations, restrictions, and stratifications were used in order to examine the robustness of the results. The results showed a higher mortality among biological parents who had children dying in the age range 25 through 64 years, and this was significant for death from natural causes, infectious causes, vascular causes, and from all causes combined. There were no significant effects for the adoptive parents. This study supports that there are moderate genetic influences on the risk of dying prematurely in adulthood, and only a small, if any, effect of the family environment. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:123–132, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the Korean version of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS‐K)
Authors: Youn J. C. , Lee D. Y. , Kim K. W. , Lee J. H. , Jhoo J. H. , Lee K. U. , Ha J. , Woo J. I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was the development of the Korean Version of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS‐K).MethodADAS‐K was administrated to 84 AD patients as well as 105 non‐demented control subjects. Three aspects of reliability were tested. To evaluate the validity of ADAS‐K, discriminant validity and concurrent validity were tested. To evaluate the sensitivity of ADAS‐K to disease severity, all subjects, AD patients and control subjects, were grouped by CDR scale and their mean scores on ADAS‐K were compared.ResultADAS‐K demonstrated high levels of reliability. Mean ADAS‐K scores for AD patients were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, ADAS‐K exhibited significant correlations with other tests and scales (range 0.45–0.85, p < 0.01). In ROC curve analysis, ADAS‐K displayed high diagnostic efficacy and the optimal cut‐off point was selected between 18/19. ADAS‐K was able to discriminate the degree of AD severity according to CDR classification. Our results suggested that ADAS‐K‐cog was sensitive to very mild AD.ConclusionWe demonstrated that ADAS‐K is a reliable and valid instrument not only for AD diagnosis but also for evaluation of its severity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.