bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The wealth of the nation
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Robert Malthus, the great and gloomy economist, compared the economic and social history of the British Isles in the eighteenth century to a race between a hare and a tortoise. The hare of population growth could always outstrip the tortoise of food supply, with very serious consequences for the wealth of the nation and the welfare of the British people. Malthus assumed that any gains in the supply of food would be hard won and slow, as a result of ingenuity and back-breaking toil in winning more crops from the land, or by extending cultivation to marginal soils on the uplands. By contrast, it was only too easy to produce more children. Hence Malthus’s dread that an increase in the population would both force up food prices and drive down wages as a result of competition for work.
Contested empires, 1756–1815
Authors: Duffy Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The restorative political stability created by Sir Robert Walpole was founded upon a policy of peace, but the fall of the master in 1742 accompanied the start of the most extensive period of warfare in British history. In fifty-two of the seventy-seven years between 1739 and 1815 the British state was cially and unoﬃcially at war with rival imperial powers or with rebels within its empire (Table 6.1).
Kingship, government, and political life, c.1160-c. l 280
Authors: Summerson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The accession of Henry II to England in 1154, like that of Malcolm IV to Scotland in the previous year, brought no institutional changes to the government of the country each ruled. Indeed, Henry’s determination to restore the state of affairs prevailing at his grandfather’s death, nineteen years earlier, implied that such change was not to be expected. But in a wider perspective the accession of a man who was already by inheritance duke of Normandy and count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine, and by marriage duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitou and Auvergne, was certain to change the balance of power within the British Isles, not least by bringing new preoccupations to English kingship (see Map 14). As long as this continental empire lasted, Henry II and his sons spent years at a time outside England, their demands on the latter realm were constantly shaped by their empire’s needs, and their relations with the kingdoms and lesser principalities on the English borders took on a different character.
Introduction
Authors: Wormald Jenny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century was, historically, and is, historiographically, a mess—wherein lies its fascination. This is a book about that century, the ‘short seventeenth century’, squeezed between the ‘long sixteenth’, 1485–1603, and the ‘long eighteenth’, 1688–1815. And perhaps it is appropriate that it should be so. For these were eighty-five intensely crowded years. They began in 1603 with the accession of a foreign, Scottish, king, James VI, to the thrones of England and Ireland and the principality ofWales; they witnessed in the middle of the century civil wars within all three kingdoms, which resulted in the public trial and execution of another king, Charles I; they then saw the attempt to create a ritish republic, whose failure led to the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, only to see it crash down again less than three decades later, in the so-called ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688–9 against James VII and II; and with a certain neatness, they ended with the accession of another foreign king, the Dutch William of Orange, this time foreign to all three, not just two, of his kingdoms. That might well appear to be quite enough to be going on with; for in contrast even to that most profound and often traumatic of events, the long-drawn-out Reformation of the sixteenth century, these were rapidly disturbing and sometimes violent episodes, abruptly shattering long-established assumptions and expectations and habitual patterns of conduct.
Restoration or Initiation?
Authors: Barnard Toby 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1684, John Wilson, lately recorder of the city of Derry in the north of Ireland, published a Discourse of Monarchy. Numerous others in an access of loyalty to Charles II wrote on the same topic. Wilson, however, differed from most in treating ‘of the imperial crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland’. As an English lawyer, advanced to act as the chief legal adviser in an Irish corporation riven by confessional and ethnic rivalries, he saw the Stuarts’ problems from an unusual perspective. The multinational monarchy over which Charles II had presided since 1660 was threatening to break apart.
Introduction
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What are we to make of Roman Britain? At school most of us were told that Britain was invaded twice by Julius Caesar and conquered under Claudius, and that the Romans built roads, cities, villas, baths, and Hadrian’s Wall. In AD 410 ‘the legions were withdrawn to defend the centre of the empire against the barbarians’ and ‘the Romans left Britain’, with hardly a trace of their society left behind, other than some rather large ruins. We probably also absorbed —particularly if we were brought up in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland-an impression that the indigenous population of these islands (or ‘Celts’) were free spirits devoted to liberty and high artistic achievement who universally resisted the Romans.
A second start: from the defeat of Boudicca to the third century
Authors: Fulford Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rebellion of Boudicca interrupted the conquest of Britain. That process was dependent not only on the situation within the province, but also on the level of commitment on the part of the emperor. The success of the Claudian invasion had been a major triumph, and surrender of the province, though considered by Nero, was not an option. However, the resources of the empire were not unlimited and, as we shall see, the conquest of Britain had to be judged against other priorities. It is clear that for most of the period up to the death of the Emperor Septimius Severus in York in 211 Rome was committed to military advance in Britain. Logically, the security of the province could only be ensured through total conquest of the island, but compromise frontier positions were adopted in the second century. The commitment to territorial expansion had a much wider impact on Britain, and on the development of society as reflected by town and rural settlement.
Culture and social relations in the Roman province
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In its broadest sense ‘culture’ may be defined as values shared within a particular social group. These are represented through various means such as the arts, religious cults, and lifestyles, which not only reflect the society’s values, but also help to shape them. The Roman province of Britain is a place in which these connections between culture and social relations can be seen with particular clarity, despite some inevitable gaps in our knowledge. One reason for this must be that in the overall cultural history of the British Isles this was a particularly formative period: it has been said that ‘Rome took Britain from pre-history’. Another reason is that in the course of this development Roman Britain contained, in effect, a number of different ‘micro societies’ which each demonstrate culture and social relations in their own particular terms: inhabitants of early, post Conquest towns, Roman military personnel in Britain, the wealthy elite in the fourth-century country estates are all examples of different social groups in Roman Britain which have their own particular stories to tell.
Unity and disunity: the price of victory
Authors: Dutton David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first sight it would appear perverse, absurd even, to suggest that Britain in 1945 was anything other than an unequivoca1ly victorious power. A moment’s contemplation of the situation which would have arisen from a successful Nazi invasion and occupation of the British Isles should be enough to set the respective characteristics of victory and defeat into context. The only Great Power, apart from Germany, to fight through the two world wars of the twentieth century from beginning to end, Britain had emerged on the winning side from both. Her triumph, in military terms, was absolute in 1945 in a way that it had not been in 1918. Indeed, there were many who regarded the victory of the later year as finishing the job left incomplete at the end of the earlier contest, resolving the German Question once and for all.
Nuclear Language and How We Learned to Pat the Bomb
Authors: Cohn Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My close encounter with nuclear strategic analysis started in the summer of 1984. I was one of forty-eight college teachers attending a summer workshop on nuclear weapons, strategic doctrine, and arms control that was held at a university containing one of the nation’s foremost centres of nuclear strategic studies, and that was co-sponsored by another institution. It was taught by some of the most distinguished experts in the field, who have spent decades moving back and forth between academia and governmental positions in Washington. When at the end of the programme I was afforded the chance to be a visiting scholar at one of the universities’ defence studies centre, I jumped at the opportunity.
Situated l&lt;nowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective
Authors: Haraway Donna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Academic and activist feminist inquiry has repeatedly tried to come to terms with the question of what we might mean by the curious and inescapable term ‘objectivity’. We have used a lot of toxic ink and trees processed into paper decrying what they have meant and how it hurts us. The imagined ‘they’ constitute a kind of invisible conspiracy of masculinist scientists and philosophers replete with grants and laboratories. The imagined ‘we’ are the embodied others, who are not allowed not to have a body, a finite point of view, and so an inevitably disqualifying and polluting bias in any discussion of consequence outside our own little circles, where a ‘mass’- subscription journal might reach a few thousand readers composed mostly of science haters.
All Hyped Up and No Place to Go
Authors: Bell David , Binnie Jon , Cream, Julia , Valentine Gill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The joint authoring of a paper can be a troublesome affair, necessitating some kind of initial ‘coming clean’ with regard to what went on behind the scenes; what is there between the lines. The four of us are positioned personally and politically very differently and have different levels of investment in the identities and controversies which we discuss here. Hence in the preparation and writing of this paper we adopted different, often contradictory standpoints. Rather than attempt to create an artificial coherent argument out of our ‘troubles: we have tried to let the conflicts we experienced producing this paper-we might say our differences-show in order to illustrate precisely the tensions that we feel exist within theories of gender identities and the subversive potentials of ‘transgressive’ performances of identity in space.
The Easy Decade, 1951–1961
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not necessary to spend time at this point giving a detailed account of the relationship between the legal and industrial relations systems in the 1950s, for that task was discharged in Chapter 1, when we described and analysed Kahn-Freund’s theory of collective laissez-faire. It was in the early 1950s that Kahn-Freund’s original writing on this subject took place and, indeed, the first half of the decade can claim to have been the high-water mark of post-war abstentionism. As we saw in the last chapter, by the fall in 1951 of the second, post-war Labour government, the wage freeze of 1948 had collapsed, and in its final year the government was operating without a wages policy, whilst the wartime restrictions on striking had eventually been repealed. All that was left of the wartime emergency legislation in this respect was the system of compulsory, unilateral arbitration (but without any accompanying prohibitions on strikes and lock-outs) and the system of legal enforcement of recognized terms and conditions of employment (both contained in Order 1376). Finally, the various corporatist initiatives which some people had advocated had failed to develop and become institutionalized to any significant degree in the immediate post-war period, although a live, if declining, tradition of co-operation between government and trade unions continued into the 1950s.
In the Sticks
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After twenty-five years police service on urban Tyneside, the author-a social anthropologist-transferred, on promotion as Superintendent, to West Mercia Constabulary. The arrival of this 'import' coincided with monetarist demands for efficiency and effectiveness, a political thrust which came hard up against rural ideas of hierarchy, paternalism, and a cultural belief that denied validity to outsiders - such as those in the adjacent West Midlands Police. Detailing the way West Mercia operated and justified some bizarre practices, the ethnography shows how cultural identity was defined and deployed on a daily basis and explores the diverse and rich cultural baggage the rural world sustained even in the face of intense calls for the management of change. Reflecting on the lack of financial control he found, the author links all this to the racism he observed-to a xenophobic means of maintaining social boundaries, defending edgy environments and preserving a semi-closed culture from the intrusions of outsiders.
Introduction
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although this is an analysis of a police force, it is not an ethnography featuring ‘gasp-making’ stories of exotic skulduggery in some binary world of cops and robbers. Only occasionally does it consider the world of arrests or battles with ‘animals’, as they are categori7.ed by the police (Leach 1982: 57), as they pursue their historic role of containing the ‘dangerous classes’ (Hobbs 1988: 36–40; Foucault 1980; Thorpe et al. 1980). The narrative contains no chilling accounts of murder or high-speed car chases. Instead it concentrates on those areas of policing not easily accessible even to those participant observers given limited access to this institution of power.
The Anthropologist at Home
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I had joined Newcastle upon Tyne City Police in 1955, when I was 16 years old. By the mid-l960s I was a detective constable in the city centre division, and subsequently spent seven years on the first drug squad in the North-East of England (Young 1977, 1979, 1991a). Having reached the rank of detective inspector, I obtained three year’s paid leave in 1974 on a Home Office Police Staff College Scholarship, and read Social Anthropology at Durham University. Returning to police work in 1977, I spent the next six years in and around the urban conurbation of Tyneside, and in 1982-3 was posted for some twenty months to South Shields as a deputy subdivisional commander—a somewhat grandiose piece of rhetoric for the prosaic position of local ‘chief inspector’. In many ways this rhetorical exaggeration is a pointer to the way symbolic form and gesture is used by the police to enhance and ‘construct their community . . . [thus] making it a resource and a repository of meaning’ (Cohen 1986: 17). It also gives an initial clue to the way the hierarchic principle dominates police thinking.
Rural Rides
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I moved to West Mercia I had only once passed through Shropshire en route to Wales; and had never been to Worcestershire or Herefordshire. However, from my analysis of Northumbria police I knew that a sense of place and concepts of territoriality were crucially important both to police forces as a whole and more importantly to individual police officers. Institutional history requires the constable constantly to define the smallest nuance of place, starting from a baseline of ‘my’ foot beat in ‘our’ section, on ‘our’ subdivision, and every incident has to be reported beginning, ‘At (time) on (day and date) I was at (exact place)’.
Further Fiscal Fallies
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the force budget standing at some £47 million, it might seem somewhat churlish to be shocked by the couple of thousand pounds badly spent on a poorly administrated purchase of dictating machines, outlined above. However, the discovery of other untendered purchases caused alarm bells to ring, and I began to record notes—not the least because I had visions of the Audit Commission descending and surcharging those deemed to have incurred such excesses.
Expanding the Universe
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Each fieldnote brings to mind another fraught episode or troublesome project which had the O&M officer and I burning midnight oil, and our first twelve months in the force was therefore an exhilarating but uphill struggle to come to grips with rural styles of policing and to see what we might achieve. Within a few weeks of our arrival we had created a project list which covered everything from the standardization of crime files (necessitating the amalgamation of seven different crime file frontispieces and formats then running in the force), to a ‘vehicle workshop evaluation’.
Personal Notes
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By mid-1987 I had been part of West Mercian society for almost four years. I was approaching twenty-nine years’ service, and had spent another three years non-pensionable service as a cadet. I was thus within fourteen months of the regular thirty-year service retirement point, but had been in police society for almost thirty-three years. There was no compulsion to go, however, and I could have stayed until I was 60 years of age; a decade and more away. I was somewha1 surprised then, to receive joining instructions to attend a three-month Intermediate Command Course (ICC) at the Police Staff College.
Arms
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is fast becoming a cliché of progressive social commentary that ‘small arms are the real weapons of mass destruction’. Approximately half a million people die every year from gunshot wounds, many of them in armed conflict but a large proportion too outside the context of any hostilities. Many more people are seriously injured through the use of firearms, and more still are indirectly affected. Where whole communities are engulfed by gun violence, access may be prevented to schools, land, markets, health clinics, and humanitarian assistance, with disastrous short- and long-term consequences for the inhabitants.
Death Penalty
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The campaign to abolish the death penalty is one of the great historic struggles of the international human rights movement. For some, abolition remains among the movement’s defining tasks and key ambitions. At one level, it is easy to see why. Deliberately killing a person is pretty much the worst thing you can do to them. The death penalty rationalises deliberate killing, and makes retribution a principle of penal policy. At another level, however, the abolition of the death penalty is not an obvious priority. It is concerned with the forms of punishment, rather than the causes of crime.
Development
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years human rights have become an important part of debates, policy-making and activism in the field of development. ‘Rights-based’ approaches to development, premised on the idea that strategies and programmes should be informed by attention to human rights, are now widely endorsed. And just as human rights have entered the arena of development, so too development has become a key issue in discussions, activities and norm-making within the field of human rights. One manifestation of this is the emergence of the ‘right to development’, embodying the notion that development is the basis of a human right in itself.
Globalisation
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is globalisation? To some, it denotes above all the ubiquity in today’s societies of branded goods and corporate logos. To others, it points to the dizzying pace and staggering turnover of the global financial market.To others still, it evokes the rise of satellite television, world music, and the English language as a lingua franca. To yet others, it is synonymous with the consolidation of international and regional governance, especially through the World Trade Organization.Whatever the focus, most people understand globalisation to refer to important changes in the economic, cultural and political spheres, in connection with economic liberalisation and technological innovation.
International Crimes
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 a fascinating conversation took place about the fate of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II. Should he be exiled, or should he be brought to trial? And if he should be brought to trial, under what law and before what tribunal? For some delegates, there was simply no basis for international criminal proceedings of this sort. International law was concerned with the responsibility of states for breaches of international norms, whereas crime was ‘essentially a violation of the law within each national unit, a violation by the [individual] subject of his duty to his sovereign’.
Media
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is the function of the media in shaping political life? Edmund Burke is said to have characterised the parliamentary reporters’ gallery as a ‘fourth estate’, additional to, and in some respects more important than, the three estates or social groups whose representatives actually constituted parliament. This concept of the ‘fourth estate’ has come to be associated with the idea that the press plays a crucial role in enabling citizens to exercise control over political processes. That is, it has come to be associated with the democratic significance of the press, and with the ideal of an informed and vigilant ‘public sphere’ within which to debate decisions, influence agendas, and scrutinise the action of public officials.
Sexuality
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sexuality is, of course, about sex. But, as our discussion here will confirm, it is also about access to pensions, custody of children, tenancy rights, and security of employment, to mention just a few of the further topics that are raised. If these rather unsexy matters are also at stake, this is because, like many other categories of human identification and interaction, sexuality names a domain of power relations. Social goods and opportunities are differentially distributed, according to a ‘sex-gender system’ in which some forms of relationship, activity, and identity are privileged, while others are disfavoured and disciplined.
Victims
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Victims, victimhood, victimisation, victimology, the victim movement. Our discussion here revolves around these words, which direct attention to the experiences, needs and claims of those who have suffered harms of various kinds, and to the approaches, controversies and outcomes that have materialised in this regard. Both the academic discipline of victimology and the victim movement have mostly been concerned with criminal harms, that is to say, with victims of crime.