bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justifying Coercion: The Problem of Punishment
Authors: Martin Rex 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief characterization of punishment under law. The central claim is then made that punishment would be justified in a system of civil rights if (1) it prevents or at least substantially deters violations of rights while at the same time being necessary to this particular task (either in that no alternative which altogether dispenses with punishment can do the job at all or that none can do it as well). Of course, we realize that punitive sanctions often infringe rights of the violator; accordingly, we must also require (drawing here on the notion of the competitive weight of rights) that (2) the right protected is not outweighed by the right infringed by sanction and that it cannot be substantially better protected by a sanction that infringes a right of roughly the same weight (or, of course, one of even lesser weight). Thus, the important grounds for punitive sanctions in a system of rights are: overall necessity (as in 1 above), compatibility with rights, and relative deterrent effectiveness (as in 2 above).
On these same grounds, a policy of not punishing the innocent, of punishing only adjudged violators, would be incorporated in the background institutions,in particular, the trial system, that served to admit people, upon determination of their guilt, into the practice of being punished.
The Political Economy of Labour Market Institutions
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMost economists think that unemployment is high in Europe because of rigid labour market institutions such as minimum wages, unemployment benefits, and employment protection. The book develops a theory of labour market institutions as the outcome of the political process. A central hypothesis is that they will be chiefly determined by the interests of employed workers with intermediate skill levels. We show that redistributive conflict between these workers and more skilled workers may lead to an outcome where a set of rigid institutions arise. We analyse why reform may be difficult because of status‐quo bias, and discuss how it may nevertheless be implemented by choosing an appropriate design or timing for the reform.
The No‐Rent Society
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter introduces basic concepts and notations by looking at a homogeneous labour market with no employee rents. In such a world, there is no support for labour market rigidities. We show that this result follows from a more general, deeper property, namely that under free entry of firms, the unemployed should be in favour of leaving the determerination of job characteristics to the market.
A Less Perfect World: Market Rents and Redistributive Conflict
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe show how in a heterogeneous labour market, a group of workers may benefit from rigid institutions. This is because they allow it to collectively exploit monopoly power at the expense of other groups that are complementary in production. It is shown that if rigidity arises, it is likely to be associated with employee rents. The greater the rent the fewer are the workers are exposed to unemployment and lower is the elasticity of labour demand. In some cases, rigidities are favoured over fiscal transfers because they are sustained by a larger coalition, including members of the taxed group.
Wage Rigidity and Social Cohesion
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe study the effect of rigidity when there exists a redistributive system. We show that rigidity reduces redistributive pressure by bringing the median income closer to the mean. Consequently, it is supported by a coalition of lower‐middle class and upper‐middle class workers, while the extremes lose. Political support for rigidity is stronger at intermediate levels of inequality, while greater elasticity of labour demand reduces the cohesive effects of rigidity.
Unemployment Benefits and Other Measures for the Unemployed
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the political support for unemployment benefits. The traditional view, which focuses on their insurance value, is reformulated. We qualify it by introducing positive effects of unemployment benefits on wages, which may overturn the traditional predictions. For example, an increase in exposure to unemployment may reduce the support for employment protection, rather than increase it, as is predicted when insurance effects dominate. The chapter also discusses the determinants of active labour market policies.
Two‐Tier Systems
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStudies the role of two‐tier systems in generating consensus for a reform that would be otherwise repelled. It is shown that if exposure to unemployment is initially too low, such strategy will fail as well. Furthermore, it can be used to generate political support for an across‐the‐board reform at a later stage. However, recognition of that possibility by voters ex‐ante will reduce the political support for the two‐tier reform.
Politico‐Economic Complementarities
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses politico‐economic complementarities, i.e. the fact that a given institution, when in place, may create political support for another one. If complementarities prevail, reform packages are more politically viable than isolated reforms. Complementarities are strong between institutions that create rents, such as wage rigidity, and institutions that protect rents, such as employment protection. On the other hand, if exposure effects dominate, there is no politico‐economic complementarity between rent‐creating, or rent‐protecting institutions and unemployment benefits. Finally, complementarities arise if competing groups set their own level of rigidity.
The Politics of Environmental Discourse
Authors: Hajer Maarten A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The book identifies the emergence and increasing political importance of ‘ecological modernization’ as a new language in environmental politics. In this conceptual language, environmental management appears as a ‘positive sum game’. Combining social theory with detailed empirical analysis, the book illustrates the social and political dynamics of ecological modernization through a study of the acid rain controversies in Great Britain and the Netherlands. The book concludes with a reflection on the institutional challenge of environmental politics in the years to come. The book is not only seen as a ‘modern classic’ in the literature on environmental politics but is also renowned for its application of discourse analysis to the study of the policy process.
Discourse Analysis
Authors: Hajer Maarten A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces discourse analysis as a way to analyse the policy process. Draws on two different discourse analytical approaches: the work of Michel Foucault and the social psychological work by Michael Billig and Rom Harré. Concludes by comparing the analysis of policy making using the concept of discourse coalitions to the well‐known concept of ‘advocacy coalitions’.
The Historical Roots of Ecological Modernization
Authors: Hajer Maarten A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Contextualizes the contemporary environmental conflict in the tradition of thinking about man and nature relationships. Discusses the origins of environmentalism and gives a detailed interpretation of the recent history from Blueprint for Survival to the new discourse of ecological modernization of the 1980s and 1990s. Explains how this new discourse could emerge.
Accumulating Knowledge, Accumulating Pollution? Ecological Modernization in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hajer Maarten A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the history of the political problem of acid rain in the United Kingdom. Reconstructs two distinct discourse coalitions: a traditional pragmatic one and a coalition constructed around eco‐modernist ideas and concepts. It is shown how acid rain became an ‘emblematic’ issue via which actors sought to show that the traditional pragmatic approach to environmental policy making had become out of date.
Ecological Modernization: Discourse and Institutional Change
Authors: Hajer Maarten A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses ecological modernization in the 1990s. Also makes the case that discourse indeed matters in the analysis of politics and policy. Gives a detailed account of the various discursive mechanisms that were at work in the regulation of acid rain. Concludes with a search for a ‘reflexive’ form of ecological modernization in which the new discourse is combined with the introduction of a set of institutional practices that make it possible to combine it with a notion of discursive democracy.
The Monarchy and the Constitution
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Seeks to answer the question `How does monarchy function in a modern democracy?’ Since the British Constitution is so heavily dependent upon history, the question can only be answered historically. The rules that regulate Britain's constitutional monarchy and the so‐called personal prerogatives are then discussed. Three twentieth‐century constitutional crises in which the authority of the sovereign was in question are then analysed. Finally, the book considers how the monarchy is financed, and the relationship between the monarchy and the Church of England and the monarchy and the Commonwealth. The concluding chapter considers the future of constitutional monarchy.
The Appointment of a Prime Minister
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Normally, in a first past the post‐electoral system in which majority single‐party government is the rule, the sovereign has no choice as to who to call to the Palace. But, in cases of emergency—war or economic crisis, as in 1931—the sovereign may enjoy discretion. In such circumstances, it may be necessary to create a coalition government, as in 1915, 1916, 1931, or 1940, and the sovereign's role may then be crucial. The danger is that, in using his or her discretion, the sovereign's actions may appear partisan, and the sovereign's actions will then be labelled `unconstitutional’.
The Sovereign's Private Secretary
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The office of private secretary to the sovereign is crucial to the working of constitutional monarchy. But it evolved in an unnoticed and unplanned way, almost by accident. The history of the development of the office is traced, and it is contrasted with the office of private secretary to the Governor‐General in Commonwealth monarchies. The private secretary needs to enjoy the confidence not only of the sovereign but also of the Prime Minister and of the Leader of the Opposition.
The Sovereign and the Church
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Church of England and the Church of Scotland (a Presbyterian church) are both established churches, and the sovereign enjoys a special relationship with each. She is under a statutory duty to maintain and preserve the two churches, which are national churches. In Wales and Northern Ireland, there is no established church, and there is no established church in any other member state of the Commonwealth. `Establishment’ is not, however, a very precise term, and the sovereign's relations with the established churches in England and Scotland are very different. Disestablishment of the Church of England is once again a lively political issue as it was for much of the nineteenth century.
The Sovereign and the Commonwealth
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The sovereign's relationship with the Commonwealth derives from Britain's imperial history. For, nearly all of the members of the Commonwealth are formerly dependent territories of the Empire, which chose to cooperate voluntarily on a basis of full constitutional equality. Since 1953, the Crown has been divisible, and the Queen of Britain is now also Queen of 15 other Commonwealth monarchies, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, etc. In those countries, the functions of the sovereign are, in practice, undertaken by a Governor‐General, appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister of the country concerned. But, since 1949, it has been possible for members of the Commonwealth to become republics, and the majority of the member states are now republics. They must, however, recognize the sovereign as `the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth’. But the position of Head of the Commonwealth is not an office but rather an expression of a symbolic character without any separate constitutional standing or capacity.
Econometrics: Alchemy or Science?
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis collection of published papers records the development of an approach to econometric modelling that has reached a highly successful stage. The methodology of modelling ‘observational data’, as opposed to experimental data, which can be replicated, is analysed to highlight the fundamental flaws in various approaches, and the possibilities of others. Criteria for model adequacy are formulated (congruence and encompassing), and alternative approaches to building empirical models are compared on their ability to deliver such models. A typology of models elucidates their properties, and a taxonomy of information sources clarifies testing. Estimation is summarized by an estimator generating equation. The value of exploring the development path is to reveal by attempted applications why many widely used approaches are inadequate. The outcome is to demonstrate the viability of a general‐to‐specific approach that commences from a specification deemed more than adequate to characterize the evidence, and simplifies to a parsimonious representation that captures the main factors. By artificial Monte Carlo simulations on experiments designed by others, the success of that approach is established, leading to automatic model selection by software that can outperform practitioners.
Econometrics – Alchemy or Science?
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe key message is that econometrics is potentially scientific precisely because alchemy is creatable, detectable, and refutable. Since the validity of a model is an intrinsic property in relation to the evidence, it cannot be affected by how that model is selected; the three golden rules of econometrics are ‘test, test, and test’. However, the selection method is not thereby irrelevant: some methods are inherently flawed. The ‘alchemy’ here explains the behaviour of UK inflation ‘better’ by rainfall than by the stock of money. Later analyses reveal the hidden flaws thus resolved, when empirical regressions are meaningful.
Testing Dynamic Specification in Small Simultaneous Systems: An Application to a Model of Building Society Behaviour in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hendry David F. , Anderson Gordon J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe approach evaluated here is that of simplifying an initial general system, which accounts for mis‐specifications in previous empirical models as predicted by the economic theory—a variant of encompassing. The underlying economic theory is a static long‐run solution of a dynamic adjustment process, to deliver a model form later recognized as an ‘error‐correction’ (or more properly, equilibrium‐correction) mechanism. The empirical analysis is for Building Societies (the UK equivalent of Savings and Loans).
Dynamic Specification
Authors: Hendry David F. , Pagan Adrian R. , Sargan J. Denis 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis survey provides a route map, sketching the major issues, models, concepts, and techniques. A taxonomy of model types is presented, each being examined for advantages and drawbacks as a generic form. Exogeneity and the overall model reduction framework are described. Systems are considered, and the problem of testing autoregressive errors against mis‐specification of the lag structure is resolved using the notion of common factors in lag polynomials.
Serial Correlation as a Convenient Simplification, not a Nuisance: A Comment on a Study of the Demand for Money by the Bank of England
Authors: Hendry David F. , Mizon Grayham E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSargan's COMFAC procedure for single equations (common factors in lag polynomials) is exposited. Four important conceptual clarifications arise. First, residual autocorrelation does not entail error autoregression. Secondly, autoregressive errors are common factor dynamics. Thirdly, discriminating between systematic dynamics and error dynamics can only be done in the context of a general‐to‐simple strategy, with autocorrelated errors potentially reducing the parameterization. Fourthly, differencing imposes common factors of unity. The empirical performance of COMFAC was illustrated for modelling broad money demand, and for integrating economic analysis with statistical modelling; long‐run money demand theory guided the empirical estimates of the equilibrium‐correction model.
Econometric Modelling of the Aggregate Time‐Series Relationship Between Consumers' Expenditure and Income in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hendry David F. , Davidson J. E. H. , Srba F. , Yeo S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSimple time‐series representations dominated quarterly permanent‐income/life‐cycle models of consumption in fit and predictive accuracy. However, an ‘error‐correction’model (ECM, using the log consumption/income ratio) reconciled both the theories and the evidence, and treated as the DGP, explained the connection between the time‐series and econometric equations. Moreover, the ECM class was shown to have good properties in a pilot Monte Carlo study. While substantively focussed on modelling aggregate consumers’ expenditure, key methodological issues are addressed, including modelling strategies, parameter constancy, collinearity, seasonality, and encompassing (the explanation of other models’ results). Augmented by inflation, a constant model was developed (since known as DHSY), which predicted the first half of the 1970s.
Liquidity and Inflation Effects on Consumers' Expenditure
Authors: Hendry David F. , von Ungern‐Sternberg Thomas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn integral correction mechanism (based on liquid assets) related to servomechanistic control theory improved the DHSY specification and explained the role of inflation as measuring the erosion of the real value of nominal assets, leading to the HUS model. Seasonal indicators were re‐introduced. An explicit progressive research strategy for empirical modelling was proposed, sustained by encompassing.
Predictive Failure and Econometric Modelling in Macroeconomics: The Transactions Demand for Money
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis tests the DHSY approach in another subject‐matter area (money demand) to investigate its ability to produce improved models and to encompass previous findings. ‘Simple‐to‐general’ modelling methods are criticized and contrasted with the outcome achieved by general‐to‐simple, sequentially reducing to parsimonious, constant, and encompassing equations. Contemporaneous conditioning is based on weak exogeneity and constancy is stressed as a model‐selection criterion. A successful test of the selected error‐correction transactions’ demand for money model on new data is reproduced from The Econometric Analysis of Economic Time Series.
AUTOREG: A Computer Program Library for Dynamic Econometric Models With Autoregressive Errors
Authors: Hendry David F. , Srba Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKeeping econometrics operational with suitable computer programs that implement new methods and approaches is essential. The evolution of AUTOREG follows the methodological developments, from unfriendly, mainframe batch programs focused on optimal estimation to interactive, menu‐driven modelling which facilitates both teaching and research in time‐series econometrics, exploiting powerful graphics (PcGive). The approach always rigorously tested model specifications, then tests were included for mis‐specification, gradually leading to ‘model building’procedures: throughout, Monte Carlo simulation programs evaluated the new methods in finite samples. Four central issues are considered: discovery, namely, finding a suitable model specification; estimation, based on solving the score equations; numerical optimization for maximizing the likelihood function; and statistical analyses of the properties of estimators.
Exogeneity
Authors: Hendry David F. , Engle Robert F. , Richard Jean‐François 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExogenous variables play a crucial role in econometrics, yet ‘exogeneity’ is often imprecise. Exogenous connotes ‘being determined outside of (the model under analysis)’, so it cannot be a property of variables per se. Rather, exogeneity is a step in model reduction, concerning when inferences about parameters of interest based on a complete analysis of the joint density function of all the observable variables coincide with inferences based on only the conditional density of one sub‐set of variables given another sub‐set. If there is no loss of information from only analysing the conditional sub‐model, then the conditioning variables are weakly exogenous for its parameters of interest, and the marginal process is irrelevant. To forecast conditionally more than one period ahead also requires Granger non‐causality, leading to the concept of strong exogeneity. To justify conditional policy analyses, which change the marginal model, parameter invariance is required in the conditional model, leading to super exogeneity.
On the Formulation of Empirical Models in Dynamic Econometrics
Authors: Hendry David F. , Richard Jean‐François 
Published: October 2003

AbstractInvestigates the constructs of innovation errors, invariance, encompassing, and data admissibility, relates these to exogeneity and progressive research strategies, and introduces the notion of designing models to satisfy certain criteria to extend the manual of ‘good empirical practice’ through delineating more rigorous quality‐control procedures. Empirical models derive from the data generation process by reduction operations (such as marginalizing and conditioning), which induce transformed parameters and corresponding disturbance terms, which together determine the quality of an empirical model. A taxonomy of information sets exhaustively partitions available data into the six disjoint sets of the (relative) past, present, and future of the investigators own data, theory and measurement information, and evidence from rival models. Specific concepts correspond to each of the six elements in that partition, namely, innovation processes, exogeneity, invariance, theory consistency, data admissibility, and encompassing, These characterize the primary null hypotheses against which tests of different alternatives are conducted. Dynamic simulation is shown to be an inadequate model evaluation criterion.
Real Freedom for All
Authors: Parijs Philippe Van 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What is a just society? It is a society in which the real freedom to do whatever one might wish to do is fairly distributed among all. This conception of social justice combines freedom, equality, and efficiency. It justifies granting to each citizen an unconditional basic income at the highest sustainable level consistent with two conditions: respect for everyone's formal freedom and an appropriate level of resources target at the less able. Is such an unconditional basic income not a recipe for exploitation of the hard workers by the lazy? Not in any sense that makes exploitation intrinsically unjust. Can a higher unconditional basic income be sustainably achieved under capitalism than under socialism? There are empirical and theoretical reasons to think so. But only the effective presence of such a powerful and liberating distributive mechanism can justify capitalism.