bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactose digestion and maldigestion: implications for dietary habits in developing countries
Authors: Rosado Jorge L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMilk is an important source of high quality protein, energy, calcium, potassium, phosphorus and riboflavin. It also has good functional properties and a highly acceptable taste, making milk a good alternative for the nutrition of children and for food programmes in developing countries. However, in some instances it has been advocated that milk or milk based products might not be appropriate for nutritional support, given the high prevalence of lactose intolerance among populations in those countries. After reviewing studies in different regions of the world it is concluded that:1. Prevalence of lactose maldigestion in children and adults is significantly reduced, to less than half in most studies, when assessed with a dose of milk similar to that normally taken in the diet, as distinct from a large dose of lactose used in the lactose tolerance test.2. Lactose intolerance as a result of consuming a glass of milk occurs only in a small proportion (about 30% in most studies) of lactose maldigesters. Even this small group can ingest smaller amounts of milk without adverse symptoms and there is good evidence that colonic metabolism in these people adapts to the presence of lactose to reduce or eliminate adverse symptoms.3. Lactose maldigestion and intolerance in children in developing countries is more likely to exist in association with gastrointestinal damage associated with diarrhoea, malnutrition and/or infection.4. There is no evidence to support a reduction or elimination of milk intake for people in developing countries because of lactose maldigestion or intolerance.
A review of the physiology of the canine digestive tract related to the development ofin vitrosystems
Authors: Smeets-Peeters Marianne , Watson Tim , Minekus Mans , Havenaar Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFood and nutrition studies in animals and human beings often meet with technical difficulties and sometimes with ethical questions. An alternative to research in living animals is the dynamic multicompartmentalin vitromodel for the gastrointestinal tract described by Minekuset al.(1995) and Havenaar & Minekus (1996). The dynamic conditions that are simulated in this model are peristaltic movements, transit times, pH responses, secretion of enzymes and electrolytes and absorption of nutrients and water. To obtain data for anin vitromodel of the dog gastrointestinal tract, the literature was surveyed for physiological responses to different types of dog food. These included: values of enzyme activities, electrolyte concentrations, gastric emptying and intestinal transit times, pH values, secretion and composition of bile and absorption rates in different parts of the dog gastrointestinal tract. The review focuses on research carried out on healthy, adult dogs of 10–20 kg and on parameters related to the oral cavity, stomach and small intestine. This literature research gives sufficient data on the physiology of the canine digestive tract for the development of anin vitrodynamic model that adequately simulates the functions of the stomach and small intestine of the dog.
Interaction between physical activity and nutrition early in life and their impact on later development
Authors: Pařízková Jana 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been rare to find studies of the influence of nutrition on growth that have incorporated careful measurements of physical activity. This paper reviews interactions between physical activity and nutrition in early life and finds that such interactions have a significant influence on growth and later metabolism.Young animals are generally characterized by a high level of spontaneous motor activity that contributes to a high rate of energy turnover in early life. Such activity varies greatly between species and individuals and can be increased by reduced (but not extreme) dietary intake especially of protein, with consequent effects on growth rate (slower), body composition (leaner), eventual body size (smaller), lifespan (longer), cardiac resistance to toxic substances (increased) and changes in body lipids. Most studies have been conducted with laboratory rats but the much smaller literature concerning human beings is also reviewed here.In rats, exercise during pregnancy results in offspring that are smaller and leaner and there are later improvements in cardiac microstructure, cardiac resistance to toxic substances and lower plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations.In industrialized countries in recent years, children's fitness, especially of the cardiorespiratory system has not developed at the same pace as body size, or has deteriorated, whereas average body mass index (BMI) and the overall prevalence of obesity have increased. This is partly accounted for by reduced levels of physical activity but there is some evidence that higher intakes of dietary proteins in early life are also implicated. Much recent research has focused on the influence of nutrition in the prenatal and early postnatal period on later health. This review has also underlined the importance of exercise and its interaction with diet beginning with the pregnant mother and continuing through childhood. Development and wider use of simple but reliable methods for the evaluation of physical activity and fitness in young children is now an important priority.
Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Shaw Allan D. , Brooks Jillian L. , Dickerson John W.T. , Davies G. Jill 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a frequently occurring, benign functional gastrointestinal disorder with a complex poorly understood pathology which appears to be multifactorial in nature. There is no association with structural or biochemical abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract. Functional variations in myoelectrical activity, visceral hypersensitivity and illness behaviours have all been observed in patients experimentally. In conjunction with environmental, psychological and alimentary factors, these mechanisms have been proposed as the major determinants of symptom genesis. Certainly, dietary factors are frequently perceived by sufferers as powerful symptom triggers, with many reporting multiple food intolerance. Physicians, however, remain divided upon the relevance of food to the disorder, with many eschewing a nutritional connection. This is unsurprising as, despite much experimental work to determine the clinical relevance of food intolerance and allergy to the aetiology of the disorder, the vast range of foodstuffs available for testing, inherent procedural problems with test foods, methodological insufficiencies and the continually evolving knowledge of the disorder, particularly the subgrouping of sufferers, have restricted the scientific validity of current findings. At the present time, it is difficult to make informed judgement upon the importance of food in IBS, and rigorously designed, large scale trials devised in the light of recent knowledge are required before conclusions can be drawn.
Functional foods and health claims: a public health policy perspective
Authors: Lawrence Mark , Rayner Mike 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective:To propose a policy framework for the regulation of functional foods and health claims within a public health context.Design:This article reviews the empirical evidence and public health principles associated with functional foods and health claims to analyse the issues, challenge the assumptions that have emerged and explore options for moving forward.Setting:Functional foods and health claims are among the more controversial and complex issues being debated by food regulators internationally. Proponents of functional foods and health claims state that functional foods may reduce health care expenditure and health claims are a legitimate nutrition education tool that will help them inform consumers of the health benefits of certain food products. Conversely, opponents of these developments respond that it is the total diet that is important for health, not so-called ‘magic bullets’. Moreover, they argue that health claims will enable manufacturers to indulge in marketing hyperbole and essentially blur the distinction between food and drugs. This topic provides a valuable case study of public policy in relation to food and health.Conclusion:The need to maintain a general prohibition on health claims while accommodating specific exemptions supported by scientific substantiation is recommended. Nutrition education and monitoring and evaluation are integral to the proposed regulatory framework. The intention of this policy position is to encourage research and development of innovative food products while avoiding an inappropriate medicalization of the general food supply.
Dietary pattern, nutrient intake and growth of adolescent school girls in urban Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Faruk , Zareen Momtaz , Khan Moududur Rahman , Banu Cadi Pervin , Haq Mohammed Nazmul , Jackson Alan A 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective:To investigate the dietary pattern and nutritional status of adolescent girls attending schools in Dhaka city and to examine the association with various social factors.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Girls high schools in Dhaka city.Subjects:A total of 384 girls, aged from 10 to 16 years, who were students of classes VI to IX of 12 girls high schools in Dhaka city were selected by systematic random sampling. Nutrient intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method and the usual pattern of food intake was examined using a 7-day food frequency questionnaire.Results:The prevalence of undernutrition among the participants assessed as stunting was 10% overall with younger girls being less stunted (2%) than older girls (16%), whereas 16% were thin with relatively more of the younger girls (21%) being thin than of the older girls (12%). Based on the usual pattern of food intake, a substantial proportion of the girls did not consume eggs (26%), milk (35%) or dark green leafy vegetables (20%). By comparison, larger proportions consumed meat (50%) and fish (65%) at least four times a week. For the intake of energy and protein, only 9 and 17% of the girls, respectively, met the recommended daily allowance (RDA). For nearly 77% of the girls, the intake of fat was less than the recommendation. Intakes less than the RDA were found for iron (77% of the girls), calcium (79%), vitamin A (62%), vitamin C (67%), and riboflavin (96%). Based on the food consumption data, cereals were the major source of energy (57%), thiamin (67%), niacin (63%) and iron (37%). Animal sources supplied 50% of dietary protein. Cooking fats were the principal source of fat (67%) in the diet. Milk was the major contributor for riboflavin and preformed vitamin A (retinol). Leafy vegetables and fruits were the main sources of provitamin A (carotenes). The girls from families with less educated parents were more likely to be thin and short for their age. Those girls from families with lower incomes and less educated parents had a dietary pattern which tended to be poor with regard to egg, milk, meat and fruit, with lower intakes of protein, fat and riboflavin.Conclusion:The findings indicate that the diets of these girls tended to be inadequate both for macronutrients and micronutrients, with significant health implications. There was also a relationship between the family income and the education of the parents with the nutritional status of the girls.
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome in Sydney hospitals after 6 years of thiamin enrichment of bread
Authors: Rolland S , Truswell AS 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective:To estimate the incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoffs psychosis (KP) before and after the introduction of thiamin enrichment of bread in Australia.Design and subjects:Inpatient records were examined in 17 major public general hospitals in greater Sydney for the 4 years 1993–96 (inclusive) with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 diagnoses 265.1 (WE), 291.1 and 294.0 (KP). Relevant clinical data were recorded on a specially designed form so that cases could be classified as confirmed or probable WE, confirmed or probable KP, confirmed or probable Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WE + KP) or not WE or KP. The average number of cases of WE + KP was 38 acute (new) cases and 69 total (acute+chronic) cases per annum for all the hospitals combined.Results:This study used the same methods as our earlier retrospective examination of Wernicke–Korsakoff cases in essentially the same hospitals for 1978–93. Records for 1993 were thus pulled twice and, while individual cases (using hospital index number) did not always coincide, the total numbers for 1993 were 69 and 70.For the 5 years after 1991 the number of acute cases of WE and KP in Sydney hospitals was 61% of the number for the 5 years before 1991 (P<0.01). There is, however, no continuing downward trend.Conclusions:These results are consistent with a 40% reduction of the incidence of acute WE and KP since bread has been enriched with thiamin. The disease complex has, however, not been eliminated. To achieve this, further public health action would be needed, such as addition of thiamin to beer.
Orbites Nilpotentes Sphériques et Représentations unipotentes associées: Le cas 𝑆𝐿_𝑛
Authors: Sabourin Hervé 
Published: August 2005

LetGGbe a real simple Lie group andg\mathfrak {g}its Lie algebra. Given a nilpotent adjointGG-orbitOO, the question is to determine the irreducible unitary representations ofGGthat we can associate toOO, according to the orbit method. P. Torasso gave a method to solve this problem ifOOis minimal. In this paper, we study the case whereOOis any spherical nilpotent orbit ofsln(R)sl_n({\mathbb R}), we construct, fromOO, a family of representations of the two-sheeted covering ofSLn(R)SL_n({\mathbb R})with Torasso’s method and, finally, we show that all these representations are associated to the corresponding orbit.
The use of fetal Doppler cerebroplacental blood flow and amniotic fluid volume measurement in the surveillance of postdated pregnancies
Authors: Lam H. , Leung W. C. , Lee C. P. , Lao T. T. 
Published: August 2005

Background.  This prospective observational study aims at determining the distribution of fetal cerebro‐placental Doppler indices and amniotic fluid volume in a homogenous group of uncomplicated postdated pregnancies at 41 weeks. The correlation with incidence of passage of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor was analyzed to decide which parameter would be useful in the surveillance of postdated pregnancies.Methods.  The amniotic fluid volume, middle cerebral artery pulsatility index, umbilical artery pulsatility index, and cerebroplacental ratio were measured and distribution determined in 118 well‐dated singleton pregnancies admitted for routine induction of labor at 41 weeks. The 10th centile and the 90th centile in each Doppler parameter and amniotic fluid volume were chosen to divide each parameter into three centile groups. The prevalence of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor in different Doppler and amniotic fluid volume centile groups was compared using Chi‐square test for trend with P < 0.05 taken as statistically significant.Results.  The prevalence of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor was significantly inversely correlated with the middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (P = 0.008), with significant difference across different middle cerebral artery pulsatility index centile groups (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor or oligohydramnios across different umbilical artery pulsatility index centile groups. Neither was there significant difference in the prevalence of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor and oligohydramnios across different cerebroplacental ratio and amniotic fluid volume centile groups. Logistic regression using the 10th centile of middle cerebral artery pulsatility index confirmed that it was a significant independent predicting factor for risk of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor with adjusted odds ratio (95th CI) of 6.14 (1.6–24.1).Conclusion.  Middle cerebral artery pulsatility index is better than amniotic fluid volume or umbilical artery pulsatility index in predicting the risk of thick meconium‐stained liquor in labor in uncomplicated postdated pregnancy at 41 weeks.
Pelvic floor dysfunction after Burch colposuspension – a comprehensive study. Part II
Authors: Kjølhede Preben , Wahlström Johan , Wingren Gun 
Published: August 2005

Objective.  To evaluate the prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) concerning bowel function at long‐term follow‐up after Burch colposuspension (Bc) in relation to the bowel function in an age‐matched sample of women in the general population.Methods and material.  This is a follow‐up study of a cohort of 190 patients who underwent Bc in 1980–1988 and 305 age‐matched control women without urinary anti‐incontinence surgery, randomly selected from the general population. The participants answered a postal questionnaire with detailed questions about the pelvic floor function in 1998. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results.  The patients showed considerable signs of bowel dysfunction compared with the general population in the following aspects: they used the fingers to help emptying the bowel [odds ratio (OR) 3.25 (1.35–7.86)]; had feeling of incomplete emptying of the bowel [OR 2.29 (1.11–4.73)]; felt no warning before passing a motion [OR 3.04 (1.20–7.71)]; had gas incontinence [OR 1.98 (1.17–3.37); had loose stool incontinence [OR 3.67 (1.43–9.42)]; used protection against fecal leakage during daytime [OR 3.22 (1.30–7.95)]; and experienced that the bowel function affected the general well‐being adversely [OR 2.15 (1.30–3.56)].Conclusion.  The patients who have undergone colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence have more symptoms of PFD concerning the bowel function than women without urinary anti‐incontinence surgery in the general population. This affects the general well‐being. A comprehensive concept of multidisciplinary assessment and treatment of PFD should be encouraged.
Approximate entropy of fetal heart rate variability as a predictor of fetal distress in women at term pregnancy
Authors: Li Xiaotian , Zheng Daan , Zhou Shufeng , Tang Dakan , Wang Caiyan , Wu Guoqiang 
Published: August 2005

Background.  The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between approximate entropy (ApEn) of fetal heart rate (FHR) with umbilical blood gas parameters and the power spectrum of FHR variability in Chinese and to test whether ApEn of FHR variability could be used as a predictor of fetal distress in women at term pregnancy.Methods.  Sixty‐seven pregnant women with singleton, term fetus were recruited for the recording of FHR variability and the data were used for the estimate of ApEn. Blood gases after birth were measured through umbilical artery.Results.  In all 67 neonates, there was some amount of interinfant variability in the ApEn values with a mean of 1.139 ± 0.169. The ApEn values were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with pO2, SO2, pCO2, pH, HCO3, or base excess (BE). The 15 fetuses with low ApEn (ApEn <1.0) had higher risk of metabolic acidosis (BE less than −12 mmol/l) than those with high ApEn (ApEn ≥1) (likelihood ratio = 12.301, P < 0.001). The powers of FHR variability in all frequency ranges (0–0.256 Hz) were lower in the low‐ApEn group than those in the high‐ApEn group.Conclusions.  The ApEn of FHR variability significantly decreased during fetal asphyxia, including hypoxia, hypercapnia, and both respiratory and metabolic acidosis; low ApEn was linked to decreased power spectrum density in all frequency domains. The ApEn values may be used as a predictor of fetal distress in women at term pregnancy.
Comparison of three‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast‐sonography and diagnostic laparoscopy with chromopertubation in the assessment of tubal patency for the investigation of subfertility
Authors: Chan Carina C. W. , Ng Ernest H. Y. , Tang Oi‐Shan , Chan Karen K. L. , Ho Pak‐Chung 
Published: August 2005

Background.  Two‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast‐sonography, as a screening test for tubal patency for subfertile patients, is limited by the difficulty in visualizing the entire Fallopian tube owing to its tortuosity. This major disadvantage can be overcome by means of the three‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast‐sonography (3D‐HyCoSy). The current study compared the efficacy of 3D‐HyCoSy with diagnostic laparoscopy and its feasibility as a screening test for tubal patency.Methods.  Twenty‐one consecutive patients scheduled to have laparoscopy were recruited to undergo the 3D‐HyCoSy 2 days before the scheduled laparoscopy. Echovist® (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany), the ultrasound contrast medium, was injected into the uterine cavity via a Foley's catheter. The flow of the medium in the Fallopian tube was captured by using three‐dimensional power Doppler mode and was stored for later analysis. The person analyzing the images, the surgeon performing the laparoscopy, and the patients were blinded to the patients' identity and the sonography findings. The sonography and the laparoscopy findings were compared. The duration for the ultrasound examination, pain score, and patient acceptability were assessed.Results.  Thirty‐four of 42 (81%) Fallopian tubes were assessed. The sensitivity of 3D‐HyCoSy for detecting tubal patency was 100% with a specificity of 67%. The positive and negative predictive values were 89 and 100%, respectively; the concordance rate was 91%. The mean duration (± SD) for the 3D‐HyCoSy was 13.4 ± 5.5 min. Fifteen patients (71%) regarded the sonography examination as at least acceptable.Conclusions.  This study confirmed the feasibility of using 3D‐HyCoSy as an initial investigation for tubal patency.