bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1879–1880
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1877 the last Federal troops had been removed from the South, and carpetbaggers, deprived of their protection, scurried northward in their wake. As much as was politically possible, the Civil War had been relegated to history books. During the decade and a half since the shooting had ended, America had begun to flex its industrial muscle and had prospered accordingly. The 1880s and the very earliest years of the 1890s, then, were times of a steady if somewhat stolid consolidation. These years were certainly not uninteresting-politically, socially, or in the field of technological invention-but one would be hard put to refute a charge that they were colorless and undramatic compared to some previous or later epochs.
1880–1881
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stars illuminated Broadway’s nights all during the season. One blazing-red ball of fire held theatrical stargazers in particular thrall, kindling an excitement rare in American stage annals. She was, of course, Sarah Bernhardt. But she was not alone, even if for a time she threatened to dim all other stars’ glow. As a result, dramaturgy took a back seat to histrionics for much of the season. But then contemporary playwrights were of little help; so many of their plays that did succeed were written expressly as vehicles for leading actors and actresses. A performer’s theatre held sway on Broadway.
1881–1882
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last months of 1881 and the first of 1882 found most of the fine and lively arts just that. Distinguished American writers as diverse as Mark Twain and Henry James were issuing works still admired more than a century later. Proper Bostonians were sitting back to soak in the sounds of their new symphony orchestra. Tony Pastor was reshaping and sanitizing vaudeville with remarkable swiftness; although not everyone would consider vaudeville a fine art, it was a lively one.
1884–1885
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Denied the gift of hindsight, contemporary playgoers could well have set down the new season as another passable theatrical year, illuminated occasionally by the acting of some veteran performers or by the restoration of an older play. Certainly this season, like the entire first half of the 1880s, was not generously forthcoming with exciting new plays. And even many of the better novelties trafficked unthinkingly in timeworn cliches. Seemingly nothing could loosen the grip of the false accusation on playwrights’ fancies, while all season long the unequal marriage provided the frame for plot after plot. Just as the preceding season had resurrected the Civil War as a popular theme, so for a time at the season’s beginning another motif threatened to dominate plays, one that matched the inevitable lack of hindsight in an oddball way: no sight at all. Not even Kate Claxton, groping her way across the stage in the enormously successful The Two Orphans ten years before (and she was still playing it in combination houses), had triggered such a rash of blind heroes and heroines.
1886–1887
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The happy theatrical turnabout ignited during the preceding season continued apace in the new term. If none of the season’s novelties proved to have the staying power of The Magistrate, no fewer than three received often excited critical attention, enjoyed prosperous runs, and subsequently held prime stages for years on end. The biggest hit of all was an English play, Jim, the Penman, but the other two were incontestably American-Held by the Enemy and The Old Homestead. All three plays Jong since have disappeared from the boards, but in their day they were hailed as exemplars of modern dramatic art offering new approaches to playwriting, and all retain an honorable niche in theatrical history. Several other American plays, whether successes or failures, also had enough merit to elicit growing hopes for a more native theatre.
1898–1899
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prosperity, in no small measure war-bred, kept box offices humming. By spring one trade sheet was cheering on “the most successful season the American theatre has ever known.” Of course, the paper was speaking largely of the financial situation. In the excitement of roping in huge profits, even badgering of the hated Trust became muted for a time. And more American plays were coming to the fore. Yet such was still the quality of most native works that the only two plays still revived a century later were both importations-and both took a highly romanticized view of bygone days.
1901–1902
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coming after such a splendidly hit-filled season, the new theatrical year was perceived as a letdown. “Mediocrity has been the rule” was Theatre’s sad conclusion when June came around. To add to its discouraging assessment, the magazine rued that English playwrights had served the New York stage better than native authors had. Certainly offerings by such major American dramatists as Thomas and Fitch were not up to their best of the previous year, and the only novelty that probably could be revived today without too much trepidation was an English play. Yet the season’s longest runs went almost exclusively to American pieces, suggesting American audiences were increasingly comfortable with native efforts. Even so, they must not have been too comfortable, for the number of long runs was down markedly.
1906–1907
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the lofty perspective that comes with twenty years’ hindsight, one pioneering American theatrical historian, Arthur Hobson Quinn, saw the 1906-07 season as seminal, ushering in, with a remarkable succession of plays, “the advance guard of the new drama” and offering in a single theatrical year “about as many permanent additions to our dramatic literature as in the five years previous.” Another sixty-odd years on, scholars might question the number of permanent additions with which the season enriched our stage, but most would agree, albeit no doubt with personal qualifications, on its significance as a breakaway year. Appropriately, what many of the more progressive critics saw as its best and most interesting play was entitled The Great Divide. In retrospect several other developments would prove critical to the future of American drama. Some months earlier, in 1905, George Pierce Baker had initiated his playwriting course at Harvard. Out of it would come many of our finest dramatists. The Society of Dramatic Authors was founded in 1906.
1907–1908
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the preceding season’s pulsating brilliance, few if any expected the new theatrical year to provide so exciting a sequel. But the new season, although not a total write-off, proved so bleak that even habitual pessimists were left stunned. End-of season assessments agreed on the depth of the disappointment, although they could not agree on or pinpoint an overriding cause.
Erecting Barriers and Narrowing Opportunities (1919-1933)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aftermath of the first World War left Americans disillusioned with internationalism, fearful of Bolshevik subversion, and frightened that foreigners would corrupt the nation’s values and traditions. A majority seemed tired of almost two decades of domestic reform and longed for what the 1920 Republican presidential nominee, Warren G. Harding, termed “normalcy.” And to most people “normalcy” meant remaking the United States into what it symbolized in the minds of old stock Americans. The Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of one community in Florida captured an extreme expression of this feeling in 1924 when he advocated expelling all Jews and foreigners from St. Petersburg to make the community “a 100% American Gentile City.” More specifically, “Gentile” meant “Protestant.” In rural and urban areas alike Catholics and Jews were regarded as outcasts intent on under¬ mining American values rather than as groups longing to accept them.
Antisemitism and Jewish Anxieties in the South (1865-1980s)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While antisemitism declined throughout the North and West after World War II, manifestations of it increased dramatically in the South after the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision to outlaw segregation in public education. Despite the Supreme Court’s decree in Brown v. Board of Education, a majority of southerners refused to comply with the ruling, remained steadfast in their opposition to integration, and attacked those who submitted to the new law of the land. Although most Jews opposed segregation, they were afraid to take a public stand that differed with the dominant regional values and sentiments of their com¬ munities. Such reluctance was based on sound fears since poll data for the 1950s and 1960s showed the South to be the most antisemitic region in the country. How southern Jews accommodated themselves to an evil system and how the larger community of whites and blacks in the South worked out these issues is a topic hardly discussed in American analyses of desegregation.
Defining The Left
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French Revolution’s great rhetorical trinity—“liberty, equality, fraternity”—also accompanied these origins. Gendered connotations aside, “fraternity” implied an ideal of social solidarity vital to most left-wing movements, while “equality” resided at the Left’s philosophical core. In demanding the rule of the people, moreover, the Left sought to bring down the power of something else, an ancien régime, a socioeconomic ruling class, or simply a corrupt governing establishment.
1956
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harry Pollitt’s grotesque peroration typified the eulogies that flooded the Communist world when Stalin died on 5 March 1953. These were not cynically intended. Stalinism’s political psychology in the West subsisted on three decades of isolation and defeat, counterposed to the stirring narrative of the USSR’s heroic success—victory in the civil war, socialism in one country, industrialization and the five-year plan, defeat of fascism— a polarity confused during 1941–47, but now freshly dramatized by the Cold War. Moscow loyalism reflected western Communism’s siege mentality in 1947–53, constantly charged by Soviet demands. But the abjection of so many independent minds, entire movements in fact, before the cult of Stalin’s personality still eludes understanding.
1968
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European radicalism in 1968 was nothing if not internationalist, inspired by nonWestern revolutionary movements or anger at the counterrevolutionary United States. Students passed easily across borders, from one theater of radicalism to another. The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation’s International War Crimes Tribunal promoted this process, centering its efforts on the Vietnam War. The world had shrunk, practically through travel and communications and culturally through taste and style.
Gorbachev, the End of Communism, and the 1989 Revolutions
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Eastern Europe, Soviet-style centralism had deadly force. In 1943–47, the region’s CPs had much independence, emerging renewed from the rubble of Liberation and unencumbered by the legacies of Bolshevization. But with the Cold War, Moscow asserted control, terminating the national roads to socialism and imposing repression brutally across the region. The purges destroyed the CPs’ potential creativity by a machinery of arrests, interrogations, surveillance, trials, imprisonment, and judicial killing, hanging a pall of conformity across the political horizon.
Mobile, Hard-Working, and Hard-Playing: Rail Travel and the Transformation of American Society, 1870-1900
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ticket-sellers, conductors, porters, and not a few of the passengers who were waiting for their trains in New York’s new Grand Central Depot that cold morning in January 1877, had plenty to talk about. It hardly seemed possible, but the old man was really dead. For far longer than most of them could remember, Commodore Vanderbilt had been calling the tune in transportation, first on the waters around New York, then on the broad Atlantic, until greater opportunities offered themselves in railroading and, in the last decade of his colorful career, on the national transportation scene. To be sure, not many of them quite yet recognized that passenger traffic had become a national phenomenon, but it had. The Commodore, along with men like J. Edgar Thomson of the Pennsylvania and John W. Garrett of the Baltimore & Ohio, had done much to creat it, for they had done the most to weld together through routes under a single owner’s control following the Civil War.
The Passenger Train Exalted, 1900-1990
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The onslaught of passengers that descended upon American railroads with the return of prosperity in 1898—a tide that would turn only with the coming of the roadable automobile in the 1920s—can not have come as much of a surprise to railroad leaders, especially in the Northeast. Indeed, although national thriftiness and relatively low disposable incomes tended to confine intercity rail travel largely to business and pressing personal needs in the nineteenth century, city fathers everywhere constantly fretted over the tendency of railroad depots, one after the other, to become clogged with growing traffic before they were ten years old.
New Jobs To Do, New People To Do Them
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late John Barriger, whose startling pronouncement on the pleasures of working for the railroads heads this chapter, was perhaps inordinately fond of the industry in which he made something of a special mark. The dean of American railroad presidents—he claimed to have headed more Class I roads than any other man in history—Barriger spent his long life in or near the seats of power, during the most trying times these great enterprises ever went through, from the era of World War I to their resurgence in World War II, and their postwar public neglect and decline. Yet many men of much humbler station, especially those referred to in the industry as “operating employees” (persons engaged directly in the operation of trains) have shared his love of the calling and said so in their reminiscences. It has been pursued more recently by a few women. “There isn’t anything a man can do that I can’t,” remarked one young lady engineer to the Burlington Northern’s publicist, “except go to the bathroom over the side of the locomotive.”
Lawyers, Bankers, and “Real” Railroad Men
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans have no quarrel with the implications of the stern pronouncement that stares down at them from the facade of Washington’s most beautiful building: the United States Supreme Court. The implication is that what is declared to be legal, is just, of course. The lady with scales depicted on the fly-specked wall of the county courthouse is Justice, is she not? The men who sit in final judgment on the decisions of the inferior courts, the laws of the land, and even the sacred Constitution itself, are themselves called “justices,” are they not? Every American believes that what has been duly declared to be legal is just—so long as he agrees with the verdict—and never mind the convoluted reasoning that may lie behind it. Out of this conviction has grown one of America’s most basic institutions and, nowadays, with more and more people looking beyond sweet reasoning with each other for justice, one of the fastest growing professions in the country: the practice of law. Not so gently, magnificently bearded Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes one day reminded an overheated pleader before the Court that it was nota court of “justice,” but of law.
Enterprise Triumphant
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“There will be icicles in hell when Erie common pays a dividend,” Jay Gould is supposed to have said during his stewardship of that unfortunate railroad. Remembering the old quotation, however apochryphal, a financial editor remarked during the wartime summer of 1942 that they must be having a cool time down below, because the Erie Railroad, for the first time in living memory, had just announced a dividend on its common stock. When the Great Depression struck in 1930 the line had fought hard to stay solvent, but eventually the cruelly long Depression was too much for it and it joined a long procession of railroads, many of them better off in 1929 than the Erie, in the bankruptcy courts. Then the war brought prosperity to the Erie. It was a tough old bird, but we finally managed to kill it. In many ways the Erie’s story reflects what was wrong with American transportation policy during its last half-century.
Varieties
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1907 Israel Zangwill, a Jewish political leader as well as a celebrated writer (the author of the play The Melting Pot) published a remarkable story dealing with Jewish political life in Milovka, a Polish shtetl, shortly before World War I.1 A young man, David Ben Amram (note his new­ style, Hebrew-Zionist name), arrives in this town to organize a Jewish self­ defense force as pogroms sweep over the land. His heroic efforts are ultimately frustrated by the incredible fragmentation of the small but highly politicized Jewish community. Not only have Jews adhered to various legal and illegal Polish and Russian organizations (this part of Poland was under Russian rule), but they are also divided among a large number of specifically Jewish organizations. David, a true believer in the holy principle of Jewish unity, a principle that for all-too-many Jews was honored more in the breach than the observance, encounters in this wretched backwater the following competing Jewish ideologies: integrationism or assimilationism (of which there were two or three distinct types), Orthodoxy (also divided into two types, Hasidic and anti-Hasidic), several varieties of socialist Zionism, Zionist Zionism, cultural Zionism, Mizrachi (Orthodox Zionism), Sejmism, territorialism, socialist territorialism, and Bundism. This awful divisiveness drives the young idealist to despair:
Double Curves and Magic Bats
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appetite For Baseball Spurred Boys to Watch and Read About The Game As Well As Play It. Because of The Abundance of town, College, industrial, and Semipro Teams, and Organized Baseball’s Low-Classification Minor-League Professional Clubs That Once Honeycombed The Land, Even Boys in Remote Areas Had Little Difficulty in Finding Some Kind of Ball Games to Watch. But As For Major Leaguers Or High-Minor Leaguers, Youngsters Outside Large Cities Had Little Chance of Seeing Them Except in Spring Exhibition Games Played in Their Own Or A Nearby town By Teams Barnstorming Their Way North From Training Camp, Or By Groups of Professional Players On Post-Season Exhibition tours.
From Sandlot to Municipal Diamond
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From The Conclusion of The Great War to The Resumption of War in Scarcely More Than Twenty Years, The Dominant Feature of Boys’ Baseball Was Its Further Expropriation By Adults. Whether in The Prosperous Twenties Or The De-Pressed Thirties, The Drift toward Organization and Adult Direction Gathered Force. in The First of These Two Decades The Trend Coincided With Unprecedented Popular Pursuit of Sports By Adults. For The First Time in America, Asserted Social Scientist Jesse F. Steiner, Play “took Its Place Alongside Work and Was Recognized As One of The Major interests of Life” in The Same Vein Professor Preston W.
Husky Muckers intrude
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The Tum of The Century Baseball Was A Fixture On American College Campuses. But It Represented Only An Important Branch of The Sapling of intercollegiate Sport. That Sapling, Already Firmly Rooted, Underwent Sturdy Growth in The Decade and A Half Or So Prior to America’s Entrance into The Great War. Assiduously Cultivated By Students, Alumni, and The Public, It Thrived in Soil Watered By enrollments That Climbed From 157,000 in 18go to 6000,00 in 1920. State Universities in Particular Attracted Students.
Wider Horizons Down Home
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Soon As Conditions Permitted, town Teams Began to Arrange More Regular Playing Schedules and to Sharpen Competition By Holding tournatments and Organizing Leagues. Even Before The Civil War California Teams Dramatized Their Natural Rivalry By Holding A tournament. in Western New York Several town Teams, At Auburn’s instigation, Staged A tournament in 1866 Among The Buffalo Niagaras, Albany Knickerbockers, and Two Rochester Teams. According to Researcher Joseph M. Overfield, “Chicanery”; On The Part of The Two Rochester Clubs Resulted in Victory For The Niagaras, Who Also Won The Following Year. By 1877 Teams in New York Had Convened to Set Up A State Championship, Deciding That For A Ten-Dollar Fee Participating Teams Would Play Four Games With Each Other. That Same Year Iowa town Teams Held A Convention At Cedar Rapids to Form A State League and Play For A Championship.
Time off to Play Ball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in the nineteenth century baseball playing sprang up and thrived in the very institution where those in command once forbade play: the workplace. How could such a thing happen? Why would the institution that most completely separated play from work change from forbidding play to becoming one of its most prominent sponsors? The answer lies in changing views of life, work, and leisure that developed during and after the technological revolution. Before that sweeping change, work included and spawned leisure and entertainment, and life was organized around alternating rhythms of work and play, with the two often combined, as in early barn-raising celebrations and cornhusking bees. When industrialism urbanized life, work and leisure at first separated. Communities formed as appendages to factories, and there life revolved around machines and the business offices they depended upon. Recreation then arose in and clustered about these business and industrial plants.
Goldilocks is Benched
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impression of the twenties as a decade of substantial female liberation derives in part from the fact that the shower of publicity on the decade’s sports titans descended on female champions as well as on male, for instance Glenna Collett (golf), Helen Wills (tennis), and Gertrude Ederle (swimming). Sports clothing for women became more practical and fashionable, and so many popular magazines published articles on “women as athletes”; that in 1922 the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature added the term as a new category.
The Beginnings of Black Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King Solomon himself would have been baffled by the question of whether indians or blacks have suffered the worst of any group in American history. Far from the least of the blacks’ suffering arose from the maltreatment by Organized Baseball of black baseball players and leagues, recorded in accounts by Robert Peterson in his pioneer study, Only the Ball Was White, and in other praiseworthy books by John Holway, William Rogosin, Janet Bruce, and Rob Ruck. Some writers and former black professional players have understandably, and doubtless correctly, been at pains to prove that during Organized Base-ball’s decades of segregation many blacks were sufficiently qualified to merit admission.