bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulse shape discrimination for the CONUS experiment in the keV and sub-keV regime
Authors: Bonet H. , Bonhomme A. , Buck C. , Fülber K. , Hakenmüller J. , Hempfling J. , Henrichs J. , Heusser G. , Lindner M. , Maneschg W. , Rink T. , Sánchez García E. , Stauber J. , Strecker H. , Wink R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPoint-contact p-type high-purity germanium detectors (PPC HPGe) are particularly suited for detection of sub-keV nuclear recoils from coherent elastic scattering of neutrinos or light dark matter particles. While these particles are expected to interact homogeneously in the entire detector volume, specific classes of external background radiation preferably deposit their energy close to the semi-active detector surface, in which diffusion processes dominate that subsequently lead to slower rising pulses compared to the ones from the fully active bulk volume. Dedicated studies of their shape are therefore highly beneficial for the understanding and the rejection of these unwanted events. This article reports about the development of a data-driven pulse shape discrimination (PSD) method for the four 1 kg size PPC HPGe detectors of the Conus experiment in the keV and sub-keV regime down to 210 eV$$_{ee}.$$

ee

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The impact of the electronic noise at such low energies is carefully examined. It is shown that for an acceptance of 90% of the faster signal-like pulses from the bulk volume, approx. 50% of the surface events can be rejected at the energy threshold and that their contribution is fully suppressed above 800 eV$$_{ee}.$$

ee

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Applied to the Conus background data, such a PSD rejection cut allows to achieve an overall $$(15{-}25)\%$$

(
15
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25
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%

reduction of the total background budget. The new method allows to improve the sensitivity of future Conus analyses and to refine the corresponding background model in the sub-keV energy region.
Radiative losses and radiation-reaction effects at the first post-Newtonian order in Einstein–Cartan theory
Authors: De Falco Vittorio , Battista Emmanuele , Usseglio Davide , Capozziello Salvatore 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGravitational radiation-reaction phenomena occurring in the dynamics of inspiralling compact binary systems are investigated at the first post-Newtonian order beyond the quadrupole approximation in the context of Einstein–Cartan theory, where quantum spin effects are modeled via the Weyssenhoff fluid. We exploit balance equations for the energy and angular momentum to determine the binary orbital decay until the two bodies collide. Our framework deals with both quasi-elliptic and quasi-circular trajectories, which are then smoothly connected. Key observables like the laws of variation of the orbital phase and frequency characterizing the quasi-circular motion are derived analytically. We conclude our analysis with an estimation of the spin contributions at the merger, which are examined both in the time domain and the Fourier frequency space through the stationary wave approximation.
Towards High-Capacity Recovery Aprotic Li-O2 Batteries
Authors: Temprano Israel , Brehm Wolfgang , Ham Youngjin , Lacour Zoe , Bonaccorso Francesco , Ferrari Andrea C. , Grey Clare P. 
Published: February 2024

Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) have great potential as energy storage systems to accelerate the energy transition, due to their high theoretical energy density (up to 3505 Wh/kg), coupled to their low cost and environmental impact (transition metal free) [1]. The development of reversible Li-O2 batteries relies on the optimization of multiple interconnected factors, such as complex interactions affecting the activity of redox mediators (RM) [2-4]. Amongst these, the cycling protocols, electrolyte composition, and electrode structure are of crucial importance to achieve high capacity recovery, and thus reversibility [1, 5].
Here, we study the interconnectivity of these factors, testing a range of electrode/electrolyte combinations using different cycling protocols to evaluate the capacity recovery, overpotentials, and lifetime of Li-O2 cells. Typically in the Li-O2 literature, constant current (CC) discharge-charge cycles are used to evaluate the performance of cells [1]. However, the slow OER kinetics, especially at the end of charge, make the use of CC protocols problematic, as increased overpotentials are required to meet the current demands (Figure top). Constant current – constant voltage (CCCV) protocols are more suitable to evaluate this technology, as they enable higher capacity recovery upon charging, while keeping the cells at potentials in which the parasitic reactions can be managed.
Our results show significant increased capacity retention while keeping the charge limited to various upper cut-off potentials in cells without RM (Figure bottom). Cells with LiI as RM can recover 100% of the discharge capacity at relatively low potentials (3.5-3.7 V), providing longer cycle life than without RM or CC protocols. Furthermore, the influence of the structure in graphene-containing electrodes to the capacity recovery and lifetime is also explored with regards to the kinetics of the ORR and OER reactions.
This study demonstrates how the interplay between cycling protocols, electrolyte composition and electrode structure affects the reversibility, and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach for developing reversible non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries.

Gao, Z., et al., Recent Progress in Developing a LiOH-based Reversible Nonaqueous Lithium-Air Battery. Advanced Materials, 2023. 35: p. 2201384.

Jónsson, E., et al., On the Solvation of Redox Mediators and Implications for their Reactivity in Li-Air Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2021. 168(3): p. 030529.

Liu, T., et al., Understanding LiOH Formation in a Li-O2 Battery with LiI and H2O Additives. ACS Catalysis, 2018. 9: p. 66-77.

Temprano, I., et al., Toward Reversible and Moisture-Tolerant Aprotic Lithium-Air Batteries. Joule, 2020. 4: p. 1-20.

Liu, T., et al., Current Challenges and Routes Forward for Nonaqueous Lithium-Air Batteries. Chem Rev, 2020. 120(14): p. 6558-6625.

Figure 1
Corrosion Behavior of Fe-P Binary Alloys in Low-pH Solution
Authors: Sato Haruka , Muto Izumi , Nishimoto Masashi , Hara Takuya , Nishimoto Takumi 
Published: February 2024

Phosphorus is well known as an element which is difficult to be completely removed from steels and affects workability, welding property, and corrosion resistance. In atmospheric corrosion of steels, phosphorus improves the corrosion resistance by the formation of compact and high-density rust. In contrast, phosphorus increases the corrosion rate of steels in hydrochloric acid, but the precise reason is still unclear.
In this research, the effect of phosphorus on corrosion behavior of Fe-P binary alloys was investigated by electrochemical measurements and immersion test in a low-pH solution, and corrosion morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy.
1-Benzyl-4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazole as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Elements
Authors: Pamatmat Dacio Loreto J , Escribano Jorge , Troconis de Rincon Oladis , Alvarez Leonardo X. , Rincon Troconis Brendy Carolina 
Published: February 2024

Reinforced concrete (RC) plays a crucial role in the construction of structures around the world. But these structures are frequently subjected to corrosive conditions, which can degrade their structural performance, shorten their service life, resulting in failure with catastrophic consequences. The concrete high pH stabilizes the formation of an oxide passive layer on the rebar. Nevertheless, this protective film can be compromised if the chloride ion concentration threshold is reached at the steel rebar surface, which can occur as the structure ages while exposed to chloride containing environments. Considering growing environmental concerns about the effectiveness of existing corrosion control methods, this study investigates the potential of 1-Benzyl-4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazole (BPT), an organic compound, as a green corrosion inhibitor for rebar corrosion. BPT was found to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments and has been synthesized in an eco-friendly and sustainable method.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the corrosion inhibition of BPT to protect steel reinforcement in simulated marine environments. BPT was evaluated in synthetic pore solution (SPS, 8.33 g/L NaOH + 23.3 g/L KOH + 2.0 g/L Ca(OH)2, pH: 13.6) in the presence of chlorides to determine its optimal concentration. Exposure took place following a modified version of ASTM G180. In addition different electrochemical techniques were used including linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. Then, mortar specimens containing BPT were tested under accelerated exposure by simulated seawater spray (modified ISO 11474) and the electrochemical response characterized using electrochemical techniques. Also, the physical-mechanical properties were evaluated. The BPT was found to provide different mechanisms to inhibit rebar corrosion including, adsorption on the material (EIS results) and reduced mortar permeability (resistivity and capillary absorption tests). Furthermore, BPT (at the optimal concentration) did not affect the mechanical properties of the mortar.
This work highlights the efficacy of an eco-friendly corrosion control technology to extend the service life of critical reinforced concrete structures for a sustainable future.
(Corrosion Division Rusty Award for Mid-Career Excellence) Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured Metallic Materials: The Role of Feedstock Modification
Authors: Gupta Rajeev Kumar , Vukkum Bhuvana , Darwish Ahmed A 
Published: February 2024

The properties of metallic materials produced through additive manufacturing (AM), including their corrosion behavior, depend on various parameters such as the type of AM technique, processing parameters, built environment, and the feedstock used [1]. These factors collectively influence the occurrence of processing defects and the microstructure of the alloy, which can be controlled through feedstock modifications. To illustrate the impact of feedstock modification on both microstructure and corrosion, two examples will be presented. These examples will compare the corrosion behavior of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel (SS) produced using three different types of feedstocks: the as-received feedstock, feedstock modified with CrN, and feedstock modified with carbon nanotubes. The feedstock modification was carried out by ball milling of commercial 316L SS powder with the selected additive [2-4]. Test coupons were produced by laser powder bed fusion of the commercial feedstock and modified feedstock. Corrosion resistance was evaluated using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests in NaCl solution. The pitting and repassivation potentials of the 316L SS produced by modified feedstock were significantly higher compared to those of 316L SS produced using as-received feedstock [2-4]. The mechanistic aspects of the feedstock modifications and their influence on corrosion behavior will be discussed in detail.
1. V.B. Vukkum, R.K. Gupta, Review on Corrosion Performance of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Printed 316L Stainless Steel: Processing Parameters, Manufacturing Defects, Post-Processing, Feedstock, and Microstructure, Materials & Design, 221, 110874 (2022)
2. A. Nieto, V. B. Vukkum, P. Jalagam, K. Nema, J. Budan, R.K. Gupta, T.Y. Ansell, 3D Printed Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Stainless Steel via Selective Laser Melting, MRS Communications 12, 578, 2022
3. V.B. Vukkum, J. Christudasjustus, A.A. Darwish, S.M. Storck, R.K. Gupta, Enhanced corrosion resistance of additively manufactured stainless steel by modification of feedstock, npj Materials Degradation 6, 1 (2022)
4. V.B. Vukkum, F. Ozdemir, S. Storck, R.K. Gupta, Corrosion performance of feedstock modified - Additively manufactured stainless steel. Corrosion Science, 209, 110724 (2022).
The Importance of Current Density in Electrolytic Phosphate Coatings
Authors: Lissandrello Federico , Magagnin Luca 
Published: February 2024

Phosphate coatings have been a popular choice for the treatment of steels and other ferrous alloys for a number of decades. In the most common embodiment of the process, phosphate coatings are produced by a conversion reaction between the steel surface and an acidic conversion bath. The resulting coatings are composed of phosphate crystals which act as a physical barrier between the environment and the underlying metal, protecting it from corrosion and wear [1]. Despite being a cheap and well-affirmed technology, conversion phosphating has recently been scrutinized due to its high environmental impact. In fact, one of the main byproducts of the process is a sludge containing phosphates and heavy metals from the deposition bath.
A potential solution to the environmental burden carried by the conversion process is represented by the electrolytic deposition method. In this case, the increase in interfacial pH necessary for phosphate precipitation is obtained by applying a cathodic polarization to the samples to coat in an electrolytic setup. As a consequence of the potential shift, substrate dissolution is prevented and so is sludge formation [2].
In this work, we demonstrate how the choice of current density influences the resulting properties of zinc phosphate coatings obtained by electrolytic deposition on low carbon steel substrates. Aside from the deposition rate, the applied current density is found to be a determinant factor in the morphology of the coatings as it can be seen in Figure 1. In turn, this affects other properties such as wear and corrosion resistance.
[1] B. Díaz, L. Freire, M. Mojío, and X. R. Nóvoa, “Optimization of conversion coatings based on zinc phosphate on high strength steels, with enhanced barrier properties,” J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 737, pp. 174–183, Jan. 2015.
[2] S. Jegannathan, T. S. N. Sankara Narayanan, K. Ravichandran, and S. Rajeswari, “Performance of zinc phosphate coatings obtained by cathodic electrochemical treatment in accelerated corrosion tests,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 247–256, Oct. 2005.

Figure 1
Core/Shell Cu-TiO2 Nanoparticles As Efficient Anode Material for Li-Ion Capacitors
Authors: Abbasi Rabail Badar , Magdziarz Agnieszka , Koposov Alexey 
Published: February 2024

Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) belongs to a specific category of energy storage materials [1]. It is a combination of an electrode from a lithium-ion battery (LIB) with an electrode from an electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC). A usage of these two electrodes in one system results in formation of a hybrid energy device which can exhibit desired properties, such as: charge/discharge rapid capability, long cycle life and high energy density. However, the widescale usage of LICs is still limited due to the inherent low concentration of Li-ions in this system [2]. Typically, to improve it, an electrode needs to be pre-lithiated. There are many pre-lithiation methods that have been developed and implemented, but with varying level of success [3]. Therefore, the most optimal solution is to remove completely the need of pre-lithiation. In this work, we propose an approach which eliminates the requirement of pre-lithiation by designing a core-shell structure for the anodic active material. Herein, the shell is the material responsible for electrochemical activity and the core facilitates electronic conductivity.
Titanium dioxide (α-TiO2), a well-researched anode material, was used as the shell, while copper (Cu), a highly conductive metal, was used as a core. Cu@TiO2 core-shell structures were synthesized by a wet-chemistry approach. The microscopic studies of chemical composition and morphology confirmed that the formation of TiO2 on the surface of copper was successful. Electrochemical measurements in the half cell of the electrode with Cu@TiO2 as the active material showed a specific capacity of around 156 mAh g-1. Next, the Cu@TiO2 anode was tested in a LIC against cathode with activated carbon as the active material. The resulting LIC showed showed high specific capacity and stable cycling behavior up to a 1000 cycles at 2.5 A g-1, with a coulombic efficiency of around 98%. Rate capability tests also showed relatively high stability of the anode material at low to high current rates.
The results of this work open up potential avenues for further research focused on designing anode structures for LICs. The core-shell structure with Cu as the core and α-TiO2 as the shell has been demonstrated to enhance the stability of the capacitor and remove the need for pre-lithiation. The combination of low-cost and environmentally friendly materials for anode, and ease of LIC assembly, makes this a promising material for LICs.
[1] Amatucci, G.G.; Badway, F.; du Pasquier, A.; Zheng, T. An Asymmetric Hybrid Nonaqueous Energy Storage Cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2001, 148, A930
[2] Wang, H.; Zhu, C.; Chao, D.; Yan, Q.; Fan, H.J. Nonaqueous hybrid lithium-ion and sodium-ion capacitors. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702093
[3] Holtstiege, F.; Bärmann, P.; Nölle, R.; Winter, M.; Placke, T. Pre-Lithiation Strategies for Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies: Concepts, Promises and Challenges. Batteries 2018, 4, 4
Monitoring Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel Under Controlled Electrolyte Droplet Distributions
Authors: Zhang Keer , Rahimi Ehsan , Van Den Steen Nils , Terryn Herman , Mol J.M.C. , Gonzalez-Garcia Yaiza 
Published: February 2024

Field exposure testing and accelerated corrosion testing are two common approaches applied in the industry to assess the atmospheric corrosion rate of a specific material, both relying on visual inspection and weight change of the specimen. Field exposure testing occurs under natural atmospheric conditions but requires exposure times spanning decades, whereas accelerated corrosion testing shortens the exposure time to weeks; however, the connection between the natural environment and accelerated corrosion chamber conditions remains unresolved. Efforts have been made to correlate accelerated corrosion results with those obtained in field exposure based on weight loss, both qualitatively and quantitatively, primarily empirically and limited to small datasets.
This work examines the link between modified field exposure testing and the environment from the electrolyte perspective, under controlled laboratory conditions. In-situ monitoring and analysis of corrosion rate, electrolyte condition, and environment are demonstrated to be feasible, and the effect of NaCl concentration and droplet distribution on the atmospheric corrosion rate of carbon steel has been addressed.
This work proposes a setup wherein multiple droplet-based conditions are created, and corrosion kinetics are actively monitored using the electrical resistance method. The sample surface is simultaneously monitored with an optical microscope, through which both droplet distribution evolution and corrosion product formation can be visualized.
Corrosion Electrochemistry at Micro/Nano-Scale
Authors: Choudhary Sanjay , Kelly Robert G 
Published: February 2024

A fundamental understanding of corrosion mechanisms is the key to developing suitable corrosion protection approaches for metallic structures and new corrosion resistant alloys for emerging technologies. However, corrosion testing methods such as mass loss and conventional electrochemical testing average over large areas and thus often mask the underlying mechanisms, due to either low sensitivity, low resolution, and/or a lack of element-resolved information. Recent advances in electron microscopy have led to development of liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM) that allows in-situ monitoring of morphological and even compositional evolution in materials at high spatial resolution during interactions of surfaces with aqueous environments. However, electrochemical testing in such restricted volume with a very thin (~ 500 nm) electrolyte layer places stringent demands not only for a reference electrode, but also for a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting electrochemical kinetics at the nano-scale1.
In order to solve the need for a micro-reference electrode, we recently proposed the concept of metallic Luggin-Haber probe2. The metallic Luggin-Haber probe is a metal wire that serves as a bridge between the test solution and the reference electrode that was in a physically-distinct container. In standard-scale electrochemical cells, it was found that the metal bridge (MB) provides a means of making potential measurements that are identical to those made using a direct reference electrode or using a salt bridge.
The MB is shown to be compatible with a wide range of electrochemical techniques including cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The present work explores the compatibility of the MB for electrochemistry in LC-TEM using Pt as working electrode. The work includes the effect of radiolysis of electrolyte, electrolyte flow rate, pH and potential scan rate on electrochemical kinetics when using LC-TEM, in a detailed comparison with results obtained using a standard-scale electrochemical cell. Present work is a discrete effort towards developing advanced methodologies for electrochemical measurement in situations involving restricted electrolyte volume including thin electrolyte layers, droplets, localized corrosion sites, batteries and fuel cells.

References

A. Kosari, H. Zandbergen, F. Tichelaar, P. Visser, H. Terryn, and A. Mol, Corrosion, 76, 4–17 (2020).

S. Choudhary, K. Marusak, T. Eldred, and R. G. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 111505 (2022).
(Best Poster Award - 3rd Place) Development of Bipolar All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Cell
Authors: Murat Yolande , Salomon Jérémie , Reynier Yvan , Brändel Timo , Giffin Guinevere A. , Mailley Sophie , Chavillon Benoit , Yildirim Gunay 
Published: February 2024

For large-scale electricity storage applications such as automotive and stationary energy storage, the battery system requires a high voltage and energy density, which can be achieved by bipolar architectures. In conventional batteries, the cells are assembled in series. The amount of current collector and packaging substances (case, wires) increases the battery weight, reducing its energy density, and complicates the manufacturing. The switch to bipolar technology simplifies the cell architecture. The cathode and anode material layers are separately coated on both sides on a same current collector. This gives to the creation of electrolyte-separated units. External connectors are no longer necessary as the electron transfer between the two electrodes is through the current collector. As a result, the ohmic resistance is reduced and less heat is generated. The bipolar architecture leads to a simple and compact design for a high specific energy and a high-voltage and current output for a high specific power.
Over the 15 past years, CEA developed an expertise on bipolar lithium-ion batteries1. However, the development of bipolar cells with liquid electrolyte has been rather limited in industrial applications due to electrolyte leakage: it is imperative to avoid liquid junction and to prevent the ion flow between each adjacent unit. The use of solid- electrolyte appears as the optimal solution and simplifies the manufacturing process and reduces cost2.
Astrabat project focused on all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries and the development of two tailored polymer electrolytes. These results are transferred and adapted to a bipolar architecture, composed of two units. The silicon anode and Ni-rich NMC cathodes are coated on an Al/Cu clad, serving as a current collector. This work will report the fabrication process and the electrochemical performances of the two-units bipolar architecture.

1M. Chami, S. Mailley, Y. Reynier, F. Masse, S. Martinet and F. Fusalba, World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653

2 H.-S. Shin, W.-G. Ryu, M.-S. Park, K.-N. Jung, H. Kim and J.-W. Lee, ChemSusChem 2018, 11, 3184 – 3190

Figure 1