bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF CONCOMITANT INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it was shown, first, that the effectiveness of the reaction to experimental syphilis was increased in rabbits immune to vaccine virus, the ensuing disease being less severe than in control animals.
It was further shown that a comparable modification of the syphilitic reaction occurred in rabbits inoculated intratesticularly with a mixture of Treponema pallidum and vaccine virus, and it was suggested that this result was due to the influence of a vaccinal immunity and to the local effect of the vaccinal reaction.
It was pointed out that the manner in which two concomitant experimental infections are induced is of significance in determining the character of the host's reaction.
CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTER IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF CATTLE LATE IN PREGNANCY AND DURING THE EARLY LACTATION PERIOD
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Gowen John W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The total cholesterol and cholesterol ester of bovine blood serum during the "dry" period of late pregnancy is low.
2. Following parturition the total cholesterol and cholesterol ester of bovine blood serum show a still greater, very transient decrease followed by a gradual rise to reach a rather constant level 40 to 50 days post partum. This lactation level is very much higher than the "dry" level.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

The influence of light environment on the growth and nutrition of normal rabbits was studied by comparing the weight curves of animals living under different environmental conditions for periods of 4 to 8 months and the effects of change from one environment to another. Prolonged exposure to neon light was compared with confinement in the dark and exposure to diffuse, filtered sunlight of varying intensity.
The results of the experiments showed that growth and nutrition were greatly affected by the light environment in which the animals lived. The effects produced by a given environment varied with the color or breed of the animal and appeared to be out of proportion to the differences in the intensity of the light or the energy represented.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE GROWTH OF HAIR IN NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

In a series of experiments dealing with the influence of light environment on normal rabbits, the growth of hair over shaved areas was used as an index of functional activity. The conditions compared were exposure to neon light, complete exclusion of light, and exposure to diffuse, filtered sunlight of varying intensity.
It was found that prolonged existence under these conditions affected the proliferative activity of hair follicles in a manner and to an extent comparable with the effects produced by the same environmental conditions on the growth and nutrition of the animals themselves.
RELAPSE PHENOMENA OF SPIRONEMA RECURRENTIS
Authors: Meleney Henry Edmund 
Published: June 2004

1. Squirrels and chipmunks were found to be susceptible to infection with the Spironema recurrentis of North China, but no relapses occurred in normal animals.
2. Splenectomy caused an increase in the intensity of the infection and the appearance of one or two relapses.
3. By inoculating splenectomized squirrels with a single human strain of spirochetes, six different strains were produced as a result of relapses.
4. The strains all retained their specific agglutinating characteristics during the period of observation. The oldest strain was observed for 132 days and through 38 transfers, the strain last isolated for 22 days and through 6 transfers.
5. The sequence of strains in relapses was not always the same. Sometimes new strains were produced, at other times there was reversion to an older strain.
6. Certain relationships between strains were established. The related strains were always those which appeared, or theoretically might have appeared, in alternate attacks. In only one case did related strains appear in two consecutive attacks.
7. Squirrels whose spleens were not removed had only one attack and developed immune substances only against the strain inoculated or against closely related strains. It was possible by reinoculation to produce infection in such squirrels with as many as four different strains in succession.
8. The spleen has a protective influence against the development of the relapse in the squirrel, but apparently does not control the formation of specific immune substances.
9. An explanation of the clinical course of relapsing fever is suggested on the basis of the observations recorded.
10. There is, at present, no justification for the division of the spirochetes of relapsing fever into different species.
THE EFFECT OF SOME OF THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI ON THE PROTOPLASM OF AMOEBA DUBIA
Authors: Reznikoff Paul 
Published: June 2004

1. Protein fractions derived from tubercle bacilli are toxic to the interior of Amœba dubia but have no action on the plasmalemma.
2. Phosphatide fractions dissolve the plasmalemma but have no effect on the internal cytoplasm.
3. The fatty acid fraction has a marked solvent action on the plasmalemma when brought in contact with the surface of the cell. When injected it may slowly penetrate the cytoplasm to dissolve the contiguous plasmalemma.
4. The polysaccharide fraction has no effect upon the surface membrane or upon the internal cytoplasm of Amœba dubia.
THE RELATION OF STREPTOCOCCI TO HERPES VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Long Perrin H. 
Published: June 2004

Cultures of microorganisms similar to those described by Evans have been obtained in media inoculated with suspensions of herpes virus-infected brains prepared by grinding. But they have also been isolated from saline suspensions of uninoculated meat particles ground in a sterile mortar, and from dextrose broth treated in the same way. It is believed that these organisms are contaminants introduced during the process of grinding. Since they enter the material in no great number, one may suppose them to be suppressed by animals inoculated with the ground substance. In artificial media, on the other hand, they find favorable conditions for multiplication. In our experience, no growth of microorganisms is obtained in routine cultures of virus-infected brains, when fragments, instead of ground material, are used—a fact which may be taken to support the explanation just given.
The tests of the part played by streptococci in experimental virus encephalitis failed to disclose that the microorganisms have any etiological relationship to the affection. The intracerebral injection of rabbits with the cultures procured in the course of the experiments produces a purulent type of meningoencephalitis which does not resemble virus encephalitis either in its symptom-complex or in its pathology. The same type of meningitis follows the injection of streptococci derived from ground meat particles, from "ground" broth, from normal brains, and those infected with herpes virus. Some rabbits manifested resistance to the streptococci, whereas all that have been inoculated intracerebrally with the three strains of herpes virus used in this study have proved susceptible thereto. Certain of the rabbits just mentioned which had proved resistant to streptococci inoculated into the brain or cornea were injected with herpes virus and reacted typically. Comparative tests have revealed that the streptococci are more sensitive to the destructive effect of 50 per cent glycerol than is herpes virus. From all this, it can be concluded that streptococci are not the visible form of herpes virus, nor do they produce in rabbits effects like those induced in the brain and cornea by the herpes virus.
STUDIES ON BLOOD CELL METABOLISM
Authors: Harrop Geo. A. , Barron E. S. Guzman 
Published: June 2004

1. The respiratory metabolism of non-nucleated mammalian erythrocytes is enormously accelerated and approaches the magnitude of the metabolism of the nucleated erythrocytes of birds on the addition of methylene blue (and certain other dyes), to a final concentration of 0.005–0.0005 per cent.
2. In the presence of methylene blue the respiration is accelerated even when M/1000 KCN is also present.
3. The accelerated respiration due to methylene blue occurs at room temperature but it is most active at 38°.
4. Methylene blue in the above concentration accelerates the respiration of avian (goose) erythrocytes to a much smaller extent than it does the respiration of the erythrocytes of mammalian blood, while the effect upon anemic goose blood seems to be less than it is upon cells of normal goose blood.
5. Owing to a rather large initial carbon dioxide formation in defibrinated blood on incubation, which may not be related to the immediate respiratory process, proper respiratory quotients cannot be obtained in whole blood. When the cells are separated from the serum and suspended in Locke's solution, respiratory quotients are obtained upon incubation comparable to those of other resting mammalian cells, as well as of the actively respiring erythrocytes of birds.
6. The hypothesis is advanced that methylene blue acts in the rôle of an oxygen carrier, supplying a substance which has disappeared from adult mammalian non-nucleated erythrocytes and restoring their metabolic activity to an extent comparable to that of the young immature forms, or to that of the actively respiring avian (goose) blood.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Christie Ronald V. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for measuring the relative impedance of living cells to diathermy currents.
2. The diathermy current penetrates the living cell, and heat production is intracellular as well as extracellular.
3. A small proportion of the impedance of living cells to the diathermy current seems not to lead to the production of heat.
4. Evidence is given that the addition of saponin produces an appreciable increase in the conductivity of an electrolyte. Its use is therefore contraindicated when electrical measurements are being made on biological material.
5. The currents used in diathermy behave as do high frequency currents of the pure sine wave form in respect to their passage through biological material.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HÉRELLE
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S. , Korb Charles 
Published: June 2004

1. The production of exotoxin and of endotoxin by normal Shiga dysentery bacilli and by strains resistant to Laudman phage was found to be the same.
2. The presence of phage did not alter toxin production by the resistant organism.
RECIPROCAL AGGLUTINATION AND ABSORPTION OF AGGLUTININ TESTS WITH FIFTY-FOUR STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ASSOCIATED WITH AN EPIDEMIC OF PUERPERAL FEVER
Authors: Meleney Frank L. , Zaytzeff Helen , Harvey Harold D. , Zau Zung-Dau 
Published: June 2004

1. A study has been made by means of agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, of the antigenic relationships of 54 strains of hemolytic streptococci associated with an epidemic of puerperal fever in a large city obstetric hospital.
2. These organisms were cultured from the blood, vaginæ, peritoneal cavities and metastatic foci of patients, from the noses and throats of patients and staff members and from the peritoneum and axillary abscess of two of the nurses.
3. In preliminary agglutination tests twenty-one out of thirty-one cultures from the patients and nine out of twenty-three cultures from the hospital personnel, fell into a single agglutinative group.
4. By reciprocal agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, six of these strains were demonstrated to be antigenically identical. Two of these came from patients' blood cultures, three from patients' vaginal cultures and one from the nasal culture of one of the nurses. This nurse was, however, not the original carrier for she did not join the hospital staff until after the epidemic began.
5. By agglutination and complete absorption of agglutinin, sixteen more strains showed their antigenic similarity to, if not identity with, these other six strains. Four of these sixteen came from metastatic foci and two from the vaginæ of four of the five patients which had yielded from another source, the identical strains mentioned in 4. Nine came from eight other patients and one from the axillary abscess of a nurse. No reciprocal tests were possible with these sixteen strains because sera had not been prepared against them.
6. Five other strains which completely absorbed agglutinin had evidently lost their ability to agglutinate. Two of these strains were from the blood cultures and two from the vaginal cultures of two fatal cases. One was from the peritoneal cavity of a nurse.
7. Two of these five strains when injected into rabbits in the usual way for the purpose of producing agglutinating antiserum, stimulated the production of sera which agglutinated completely the six antigenically identical strains but failed to agglutinate the homologous strains used to produce the respective sera.
8. These two strains therefore retained the antigenic properties first of stimulating the agglutinating antibody in normal animals and second of uniting with the agglutinating antibody in the serum but lost the ability to bring about the second phase of agglutination—namely flocculation.
9. We have demonstrated, therefore, a more or less permanent splitting of the phenomenon of agglutination.
SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF STERIC ISOMERS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

The tests presented in Tables I, II, and III show that only in the higher concentration cross reactions do take place, and that there is definite specificity of the two sorts of immune sera for the homologous antigens. Thus it is easy to differentiate the l- and d-antigens in dilutions 1:100 and upwards. The occurrence of cross reactions can readily be ascribed to the fact that the l- and d-acids present in the two antigens are identical in every respect but the position of the groups connected with the asymetric carbon atom. The i-antigen reacts with both sorts of immune sera as could be expected since it must consist of a mixture of equal parts of l- and d-antigen.
The reactions of the i-antigen appear to be only slightly weaker than those of the homologous ones owing to the fact that the intensity of the reactions diminishes but slowly with increasing dilution of the antigens. It is also to be considered that small differences cannot be judged very accurately.
Tests with two l- and four d-immune sera not recorded in the tables confirmed the results already discussed.
Considering that ferments are known to be adapted ordinarily to one type of steric isomers it may be worth noting that antibodies were formed by the same species of animals for optical antipodes.
From the results summarized in Tables IV,a and IV,b one sees that the l- and d-immune sera also differentiate clearly between the l- and d-acids when they are not diazotized and not combined with protein. The l-acid inhibits much more the precipitation of the l-antigen by the homologous immune serum than the d-acid and the converse effect occurs if the inhibiting action is tested on the precipitation of d-antigen by d-immune serum. The inactive phenyl (para-aminobenzoylamino) acetic acid behaved in such tests as a mixture of l- and d-acids, i.e., it acted markedly in both cases, more than the heterologous and less than the homologous acid.
The experiments reported bring a definite proof for the view that the steric configuration of antigenic groups is one of the factors determining serological specificity. In the particular case under consideration the mere difference in the position of H and COOH as indicated in the following formulas sufficed to alter the reactivity.
See PDF for Equation.
The fact that steric isomers are acted upon selectively by immune sera may be supposed to play a significant part in the serological specificity of carbohydrates such as those discovered in bacterial antigens.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHOLESTEROL ON EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Cholesterol, administered intraperitoneally, in these experiments definitely prolonged the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs when the infection was of an acute type produced by inoculation with a small dose of very virulent human type organisms.
2. Intraperitoneally administered cholesterol did not definitely prolong the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs when the infection was of the chronic type produced by the injection of a small dose of human type tubercle bacilli of relatively low virulence, or when the infection was more acute owing to the injection of a large dose of organisms of low virulence. It had no beneficial effect on an acute type of infection produced by the bovine type organism.
3. Cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl toluide, cholesteryl anilide, sodium cholesterol sulfate, and quinine cholesterylate did not significantly prolong the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs.
4. Sodium cholesterylate, in optimal dosage, definitely prolonged the lives of tuberculous guinea pigs.
5. There was a significant shortening in the duration of life of tuberculous guinea pigs subjected to the trauma of intraperitoneal injection and repeated handling as compared with tuberculous guinea pigs that were not handled or traumatized by intraperitoneal injections.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock C. H. 
Published: June 2004

Serological study of a large number of strains of indifferent streptococci has revealed the existence of a large homogeneous group to which the designation Type I has been applied. It is recognized that members of Type I are not necessarily identical, and that further division into subtypes may be feasible. All strains of Type I ferment inulin and salicin.
The remaining strains are referred to as belonging to Group X. They are distinguished only by their failure to react strongly with Type I serum. While at present this group must be regarded as quite heterogeneous, further work may reveal the presence of other as yet undefined types now included within its limits. The organisms of this group vary in their fermentative reactions with both inulin and salicin.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock C. H. 
Published: June 2004

Indifferent streptococci occur in comparatively the same abundance in the throats of patients suffering from rheumatic fever or early in convalescence from the disease as they do in those who have recovered from the disease, or in those of patients suffering from other diseases.
There is a slightly increased incidence of these microorganisms in the throats of hospital patients as compared with those of normal individuals.
Type I occurs with comparatively equal frequency and abundance in the throats of all four classes of individuals studied.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH THE INTRADERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Goodner Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

1. The continuation of our experiments with intradermal Type I pneumococcus infection in rabbits has furnished further evidence of the marked analogies between this condition and that of human lobar pneumonia.
2. It has been found that the amount of antiserum necessary for successful therapy increases as the disease progresses, and that this progression has a definite mathematical character. Such a condition, it seems, can only be caused by a progressive accumulation of some toxic or antagonistic substance, the exact nature of which is not known.
3. Various lots of antipneumococcus sera have been tested for their therapeutic properties. The results from seven such sera show that this therapeutic value does not parallel the mouse-protective value. It is suggested that the rabbit technic may prove useful for the routine comparison and standardization of antipneumococcus sera since it represents a simple method for determining that property for which the serum is to be utilized.
4. The effect of non-specific therapy in this condition has been determined to be a transient disappearance from the blood stream of circulating organisms. This result was obtained with such heterologous materials as normal horse serum and typhoid vaccine but not with the homologous normal rabbit serum.
5. Rabbits recovering from the intradermal disease without treatment or with such inadequate treatment that the disease runs its normal course, were shown to have a definite though not permanent immunity. Cases in which the disease had been arrested at 24 hours by effective therapy with heterologous immune serum showed no immunity after the early disappearance of the passively administered elements. Cases which were brought to early recovery with immune homologous serum did show a definite immunity comparable to that which was developed in other animals as the result of an untreated course of the disease.
6. The immunity conferred by single and multiple vaccination is reported. The possibility of the application of such methods in the pneumonias of man is discussed and a method for such an application is suggested.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON THE ORGANIC CONSTITUTION OF NORMAL RABBITS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF NEON LIGHT
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

The influence of light environment on the organic constitution of normal rabbits was studied by comparing the weights of organs of animals that had been living under cerrtain conditions for long periods of time.
It was found that the light environment produced an effect on the physical constitution of the rabbits which was comparable to the effects produced on the functional activity of the same animals.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A group of 105 breeders and 36 unweaned guinea pigs was tested to determine the extent of specific fecal excretion and the proportion of serum reactors in a population naturally infected with two types of B. paratyphi. The second, more recent type of organism was isolated from the feces of 3 breeders and 3 young. No carriers of the first type were detected. 86 per cent of the breeders and 72 per cent of the unweaned guinea pigs agglutinated the second type of B. paratyphi in dilutions ranging from 1:10 through 1:640. 13 per cent of the breeders and 28 per cent of the unweaned young agglutinated the initial type. There was a cross or double agglutination in most instances. The serological findings roughly reflected the distribution of the two types as indicated by the mortality rate of the population at large.
50 breeders selected on the basis of agglutination and fecal examination and therefore supposedly free from infection were segregated and kept under close observation. Both types of B. paratyphi subsequently appeared in the group.
During this time carriers were discovered by others in the Department among the stock guinea pigs used for other experiments in that cultures of the entire spleen were positive in perhaps 5 to 10 per cent of the guinea pigs so used.