bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scattering properties of Bagolini lenses and their effects on spatial vision
Authors: Cheng Desmond , Woo George C. , Irving Elizabeth L. , Charman W. Neil , Murray Ian J. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThe effect of a Bagolini lens on spatial vision was investigated by studying its far‐field diffraction pattern as produced by a coherent beam of laser light, and its effect on the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in human subjects. For lenses of the main type studied, which were crossed by a series of slightly‐irregular striated bands, each consisting of fine, parallel, etched lines of various widths and separations, the diffraction pattern consisted of undiffracted light giving a bright central spot and wide‐angle, diffracted light giving a dim streak. The latter was due to the sum of the diffraction patterns associated by the irregular fine etched lines. The streak produced by a single striated band was modulated by a series of regular maxima and minima related to the width of the band. Analysis of this pattern gave the width of the band as 0.6 mm, in close agreement with direct microscopical measurements. When four bands were illuminated by a beam of about 3 mm diameter, similar to the diameter of the photopic pupil, the diffraction pattern showed no obvious maxima and minima, due to irregularity in the width and separation of the bands. The central spot contained more than 90% of the total light in the diffraction pattern. Thus the Bagolini lens, with its relatively weak far‐field diffraction pattern lacking regular maxima and minima when areas ≥3 mm in diameter were used, was expected to have only a small effect on the apparent contrast of the targets in CSF experiments. This was confirmed by the measurements: Bagolini lenses showed no significant effect on either the monocular or binocular CSF. Further similar measurements with lenses of slightly different design from another manufacturer confirmed these findings. Therefore Bagolini lenses do not disrupt vision when they are used to determine the presence of suppression and anomalous retinal correspondence.
New approximation for the whole profile of the human crystalline lens
Authors: Kasprzak Henryk T. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper presents a new approximation for the whole profile of the human crystalline lens by the use of only one analytical function for both unaccommodated lens and the lens on accommodation. Approximation of the anterior and posterior lens profile is composed of hyperbolic cosine functions and is given in polar coordinates. Each of the hyperbolic cosines is modulated by the function of hyperbolic tangent type. The curvature of the hyperbolic cosine in polar coordinates is discussed and some results concerning the stability of its central radius of curvature are shown. Fitting of the hyperbolic cosine type curve to various results of the lens curvature measurements is presented. Examples of profiles of the lens under accommodation are given. It is shown that this approximation can be used for the description of iso‐indical profiles inside the lens.
Glaucoma in optometric practice: a survey of optometrists
Authors: Willis C.E. , Rankin S.J.A. , Jackson A.J. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryAims/background: With the ageing population, numbers of glaucoma patients are an increasing problem in ophthalmic outpatient clinics. A postal questionnaire survey was carried out in Northern Ireland with the aim of finding out how well placed optometrists are to become involved in the monitoring of glaucoma.Results: Of the 171 practices surveyed, 68% of the senior practitioners responded. One practice was without a tonometer and one practice was without visual field instrumentation. Age criteria were used by 95% of practitioners for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) and 82% used appropriate selection criteria for visual field testing. An IOP of 25 or 26 mmHg was used by 45% of practitioners as the level for referral if there are no risk factors; 89% would refer at any level if a visual field defect and disc cupping were present.Conclusion: The results confirm that the majority of optometrists are well equipped for the screening of glaucoma. However a significant investment in training and equipment would be required if any sort of shared care scheme were to be introduced.
The calibration of a 2.5× Galilean focusable telescope as an optometer for refraction
Authors: Cheng Desmond , Woo George C. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryA 2.5× Selsi achromatic Galilean focusable telescope was calibrated for refraction at 6 m. In its calibration, minus power trial lens was placed at the objective of the telescope to simulate vergence of a target at a finite distance, before the back vertex power (BVP) of the telescope at each setting (telescope length) was measured by a focimeter. By using a graphical presentation of the results, the BVP of the telescope at each setting could be determined at different selected target distances. For a target vergence of −0.167 D or a distance of 6 m, the common testing distance in clinical practice, this calibrated telescope had a BVP or refraction measuring range of −7.27–+7.52 D. When this telescope was used to measure simulated manifest refractive errors at 6 m, it yielded a mean error of +0.13 D with a 95% confidence limit of agreement of −0.38–+0.64 D. These results indicated that the accuracy and precision of telescopic refraction were comparable to that of retinoscopy. Therefore, the calibrated telescope could be considered as a reliable and inexpensive instrument for determining spherical refractive errors. Telescopic refraction is applicable in refracting economically disadvantaged population in under‐served areas where modern equipment and electricity are not available. In addition, it provides an alternative subjective refraction method for low vision population because the magnification of this calibrated telescope has the advantage of allowing low vision patients to be refracted at the common 6 m testing distance in clinical practice.
An optometrist's role of co‐management in a hospital glaucoma clinic
Authors: Banes M. J. , Culham L. E. , Crowston J. G. , Bunce C. , Khaw P. T. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryIn recent years, optometrists have started to work in some clinical roles in hospital medical clinics. This paper outlines the current working practice in a typical glaucoma clinic at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust and goes on to establish the ability of an optometrist working with a team of ophthalmologists.In this study, 54 patients(n=108 eyes) were recruited and clinically assessed by an optometrist. Subsequently, a research fellow (i.e. ophthalmologist) assessed the same patients independently. The results were compared in order to determine the accuracy of the optometrist's evaluation and proposed management.This paper considers the costs of employing personnel by reviewing the salaries of optometrists and medical assistants. Although nurses have started to work alongside ophthalmologists, and orthoptists may be considering such work, it is not within the scope of this paper to consider either of these groups. If optometrists are to become an accepted part of a glaucoma clinical team, consideration needs to be given to the training and experience they receive.
The depth, contour and angle of the glazing grooves of spectacle frames: don't blame the glazer?
Authors: Walsh Glyn , Mitchell John W.C. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThe groove of a spectacle frame is responsible for lens retention. It also tends to fill with unsightly dirt which cannot be readily removed by our patients. The results of this investigation would suggest that both loose spectacle lenses and dirt accumulation may often be due to poor quality control in the frame industry. The data also suggests that unwanted stress may be present in both frames and lenses due to non‐optimal groove shape.
ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO HETEROSPECIFIC ALARM CUES BY JUVENILE LARGEMOUTH BASS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY PLASTIC
Authors: Brown Grant , Gershaneck Devon , Plata Desiree , Golub Justin 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) undergo an ontogenetic change in their response to chemical alarm cues of a heterospecific prey guild member (finescale dace, Phoxinus neogaeus), shifting from an antipredator to a foraging response at a standard length of 50 to 55 mm. We conducted a laboratory study to determine if: (1) this shift is fixed or phenotypically plastic, and (2) juvenile bass respond to the alarm cues of a non-Ostariophysan prey guild member. Juvenile bass were reared on high versus low food diets for 10 weeks prior to the experiment, and then exposed to heterospecific skin extracts (the source of chemical alarm cues). When exposed to the skin extracts of finescale dace or green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), juvenile bass exhibited a significant positive relationship between standard length and horizontal and vertical area use and time spent moving. In addition, there was a significant effect of body type, with bass with deeper body morphs shifting from antipredator to foraging responses earlier than those with shallower body morphs. Bass exhibited no change in behaviour to swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) skin extracts, which lack a chemical alarm cue recognized by bass. These data strongly suggest that the developmental point at which bass switch from an antipredator to a foraging response is phenotypically plastic and dependant upon body morphology, and that bass are capable of using the chemical alarm cue of at least two, taxonomically diverse, heterospecific prey guild members as social information cues.
LEARNED RECOGNITION OF HETEROSPECIFIC ALARM CUES ENHANCES SURVIVAL DURING ENCOUNTERS WITH PREDATORS
Authors: Chivers Douglas , Mirza Reehan , Johnston Jeffery 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNumerous species of aquatic animals release chemical cues when attacked by a predator. These chemicals serve to warn other conspecifics, and in some cases heterospecifics, of danger, and hence have been termed alarm cues. Responses of animals to alarm cues produced by other species often need to be learned, yet mechanisms of learned recognition of heterospecific cues are not well understood. In this study, we tested whether fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) could learn to recognize a heterospecific alarm cue when it was combined with conspecific alarm cue in the diet of a predator. We exposed fathead minnows to chemical stimuli collected from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed a mixed diet of minnows and brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, or trout fed a mixed diet of swordtails, Xiphophorous helleri, and stickleback. To test if the minnows had acquired recognition of the heterospecific alarm cues, we exposed them to stickleback alarm cues and introduced an unknown predator, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) or northern pike (Esox lucius). Both perch and pike took longer to initiate an attack on minnows that were previously exposed to trout fed minnows and stickleback than those previously exposed to trout fed swordtails and stickleback. These results demonstrate that minnows can learn to recognize heterospecific alarm cues based on detecting the heterospecific cue in combination with minnow alarm cues in the diet of the predator. Ours is the first study to demonstrate that behavioural responses to heterospecific chemical alarm cues decreases the probability that the prey will be attacked and captured during an encounter with a predator.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Myriocin and (−)-Sphingofungin E from Aldohexoses Using Overman Rearrangement as the Key Reaction
Authors: Oishi Takeshi , Ando Koji , Inomiya Kenjin , Sato Hideyuki , Iida Masatoshi , Chida Noritaka 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Total synthesis starting from aldohexoses of naturally occurring α-substituted α-amino acids, (+)-myriocin (1) and (−)-sphingofungin E (2), is described. Overman rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidate 6E derived from d-mannose effectively generated the tetrasubstituted carbon with nitrogen, and subsequent Wittig olefination afforded the highly functionalized moiety 3 of myriocin stereoselectively. Sulfone-mediated coupling reaction of the allyl bromide 3 with C12 hydrophobic part 4 successfully constructed the carbon framework possessing E-olefin 28. Removal of the sulfone and protecting groups completed the chiral and stereoselective total synthesis of (+)-myriocin (1). A similar transformation starting from d-glucose also accomplished the total synthesis of (−)-sphingofungin E (2).
Promotion of Reductive Elimination Reaction of Diorgano(2,2′-bipyridyl)nickel(II) Complexes by Electron-Accepting Aromatic Compounds, Lewis Acids, and Brønsted Acids.
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Abla Mahmut , Murakami Yasuharu 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Reductive elimination of R-R from dialkyl(2,2′-bipyridyl)nickel(II), [NiR2(bpy)] 1 (R = CH3 (1a), C2H5 (1b), n-C3H7 (1c)), caused by π-coordination of electron-accepting aromatic compounds and reductive elimination of Ar-Ar from [NiAr2(bpy)] 2 (Ar = C6F5 (2a) and pyrazolyls (2b and 2c)) promoted by electron-accepting aromatic compounds, Lewis acids, and Brønsted acids have been investigated. 1H-NMR and kinetic data indicate that π-coordination of the electron-accepting aromatic compound to [NiR2(bpy)] leads to the reductive elimination of R-R. The rate of the reductive elimination obeys the second-order rate law, −d[1]/dt = k[1][electron-accepting aromatic compound]. Plots of log k vs Σσp of the electron-accepting aromatic compound give a line with a slope of 1.8. Brønsted acids cause reductive elimination of Ar-Ar from 2 selectively under several reaction conditions (e.g., 2a with CF3COOH in air and 2b with HBr). The reductive elimination reaction of 2a caused by CF3COOH obeys the second-order rate law, −d[2a]/dt = k′[2a][CF3COOH], in air. The reaction of 2b with H2SO4 requires O2, giving the rate equation, −d[2b]/dt = k′′[2b]2[O2]; k′′ increases with [H2SO4], reaching a maximum value at a high [H2SO4]. UV-vis spectroscopy reveals the presence of the following equilibrium: 2b + H2SO4 →← 2b·H2SO4, and the equilibrium constant Ka is evaluated as Ka = [2b·H2SO4]/([2b][H2SO4]) = 47 M−1 at 300.5 K. UV-vis data give information about the electronic states of 2 and the 2b-Brønsted acid adduct. Poly(6-hexylpyridine-2,5-diyl) with a higher molecular weight has been prepared according to the basic information.
Prevalence of pain in general practice
Authors: Hasselström Jan , Liu‐Palmgren Jenny , Rasjö‐Wrååk Görel 
Published: September 2002

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and diagnostic pattern of pain at the primary care level during one year in a group practice. This practice serves the patients of a geographically defined area with approximately 14,000 inhabitants.DESIGN Retrospective analysis of all computerised records of a GP group practice during one year, using a combined computerised search technique and manual check‐up.SETTING Tumba Primary Care District, Stockholm County, Sweden.SUBJECTS All records of patients who visited Tumba primary care practice during one year.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pain diagnoses, pain duration, analgesic use, pain category, and referrals.RESULTS Little less than 30% of the patients, who were treated at a primary care practice, had some kind of medically defined pain problem, requiring the attention of a GP. A little less than half of these patients received a prescription for analgesic drugs. The pain diagnoses at a primary care level showed a predominance of musculoskeletal pain. The patients with pain were much older than population and total practice patients. Among the patients, 37% were in a state of acute pain, 37% suffered from chronic pain, 13% had an intermediate pain duration of 1–3 months, and 11% had a chronic intermittent pain condition (predominantly migraine).CONCLUSIONS Painful states of the musculoskeletal system constitute more than 2/3 of painful states in primary care. Viewed from a primary care perspective, pain has a great impact on GPs' day‐to‐day activities and on health economy in general.
Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study
Authors: Cosín Juan , Díez Javier ,   on behalf of the TORIC investigators
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundDiuretics such as torasemide are commonly used to treat chronic heart failure (CHF).AimsThe objective of the TOrasemide In Congestive Heart Failure (TORIC) Study was to investigate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of torasemide in CHF patients compared to furosemide or other diuretics in an open‐label, non‐randomised, post‐marketing surveillance trial.MethodsThe present analysis shows the findings of 1377 patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II–III CHF who received diuretic therapy with torasemide 10 mg/day orally (n‐778) vs. patients who received furosemide 40 mg/day orally (n‐527) or other diuretics (n‐72) on top of their existing standard CHF therapy for 12 months. Besides safety and tolerability, efficacy was assessed by documentation of mortality, morbidity, functional class and serum potassium levels every 3 months.ResultsTORIC confirmed the safety and tolerability of torasemide in CHF patients. Mortality was significantly lower in the torasemide (n‐17, 2.2%) than in the furosemide/other diuretics group (n‐27, 4.5%) (P<0.05). Functional improvement as assessed by NYHA class was observed in more patients who received furosemide torasemide (n‐356, 45.8%) than those who received furosemide/other diuretics (n‐223, 37.2%) (P‐0.00017). At the end of the study abnormally low serum potassium levels were observed in fewer torasemide (n‐95, 12.9%) than furosemide/other diuretics patients (n‐102, 17.9%) (P‐0.013).ConclusionTorasemide is safe and well tolerated in CHF patients. Although not designed as a mortality study, TORIC suggests a lower mortality amongst CHF patients treated with torasemide compared to furosemide/other diuretics. A functional improvement and a lower incidence of abnormal serum potassium levels were also observed in patients receiving torasemide as compared to those receiving furosemide/other diuretics.
Executive functioning in older people
Authors: Hobson Peter , Leeds Lesley 
Published: September 2002

There are estimated to be more than 18 million people world-wide suffering from
dementia and, on entering the twenty-first century, demographic projections suggest
that there will be a significant growth in elderly populations due to decreasing
infant mortality, improved public health and safety, medical advances, better education
and housing and increased service provision. These population shifts
will predictably lead to a greater demand on medical and welfare services.Despite the fact that a sizeable proportion of the elderly population will at some
time develop cognitive problems, accurate diagnosis is difficult due to the multiple
pathology involved in these impairments. With the introduction of pharmacological
treatments for cognitive impairments, the emphasis on establishing if people are
suffering from a dementing illness is crucial. Furthermore, patients who are categorized
as ‘subclinical’ cases of cognitive impairment often have an underlying
risk for further progression. Although all clinical definitions of dementia stress
that there must be evidence of intellectual decline, the most common being memory
failure, there is confusion surrounding the nature of cognitive deficits in the three
most commonly applied criteria for dementia – The International Classification
of Diseases (ICD-10), The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders
(DSM–IV) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes
(NINDS), Association Internationale pour le Recherche et l’Enseignement en
Neurosciences (AIREN).
Victors, Vanquished and the German Problem 1945 to 1990
Authors: Schwabe Klaus 
Published: September 2002

William R. Smyser, From Yalta to Berlin. The Cold War Struggle over Germany. Foreword by Paul H. Nitze (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 465 pp., $39.95. SBN 0-312-06605-8.Hanns Jürgen Küsters, Der Integrationsfriede. Viermächteverhandlungen über die Friedensregelung mit Deutschland 1945–1990. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000), 1,026 pp., €64.80, ISBN 3-486-56500-1.
James Legge and the Strange Saga of British Sinology and the Comparative Science of Religions in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Girardot N. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractJames Legge (1815–1897) is primarily remembered today as the heroic translator of the Chinese Classics (1861–1872, 1893–1895). Allowing for changes in stylistic taste, these massive translations are still considered the “standard” versions of works that “classically” and “scripturally” defined a so-called Confucian “great tradition” in China. Unfortunately a fixation on this singular scholarly accomplishment has tended to brand Legge as merely a great, though plodding, translator – someone primarily remarkable for his indefatigable habits of working. Certainly it was often felt that his contributions to the emergent Sinological Orientalism of the nineteenth century in no way matched the achievements of the great Parisian academicians (Abel Rémusat and Stanislas Julien); nor was he seen as a particularly significant figure in any other aspect of British tradition in the nineteenth century. Even worse, and seeming to make him a fit candidate for Lytton Strachey's debunking criticism of all insufferably righteous Victorian paragons of virtue, was that his identity as a sinologist and scholar was forever tainted by his original vocation as a Congregationalist missionary agent for the London Missionary Society.
Immobilized Particles in Gel Matrix‐Type Porous Media. Nonhomogeneous Cell Distribution
Authors: Mota Manuel , Teixeira José A. , Yelshin Alexander 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe conventional random pore model assumes a homogeneous cell distribution in the gel matrix used to immobilize cells. However, the validity of this model is restricted to values of the exponent α, between 1.8 and 2.25, of a model power function relating the diffusivity coefficient in the matrix with the overall cell volume fraction in the system. Based on the analysis of published data for diffusion in gels with immobilized cells and on the homogeneous approach for the random pore model developed in a previous work, a new, nonhomogeneous approach is proposed for αvalues outside the range 1.8–2.25. To explain these data, two main types of nonhomogeneous cell distribution were considered: (1) nonhomogeneous cell distribution in the gel for α > 2.25 (type 1) and (2) nonhomogeneity related with anisotropy of cell space orientation when α < 1.8 (type 2). In the case of nonhomogeneity of type 1, the cell volume fraction in the layers occupied by cells must be considered in place of the concept previously used for homogeneous distribution, viz., the average cell volume fraction. This model underlines that accumulation of cells in a thin layer close to the surface improves their nutrient intake. For nonhomogeneity of type 2, the tortuosity of such a system is smaller than should be expected if spherical cells were considered, thereby changing the effective diffusion. The model proposed in this work proved to fit into several real cases reported in the literature.