bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional stationary fluids with gravity and nonflat bottom
Authors: Wang Yongfu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe establish well‐posedness theory for the two‐dimensional stationary fluids with gravity and a nonflat bottom. The major purpose in this paper is to study free streamline theory in hydrodynamics of the fluids with gravity in rotational flows. More precisely, given any positive horizontal velocity of incoming flow in the inlet of the nozzle, there exists a smooth fluids with gravity. In addition, there exists a smooth free surface, which goes to infinity. Furthermore, we obtain the asymptotic behavior of the fluids with gravity in upstream and downstream by means of a blow‐up argument. As byproducts, the monotone relationship between the location of the free boundary and the asymptotic height in the inlet are also established.
Discrete logarithmic Sobolev inequalities in Banach spaces
Authors: Cordero‐Erausquin Dario , Eskenazis Alexandros 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLet be the discrete hypercube equipped with the uniform probability measure . We prove that if is a Banach space of finite cotype and , then every function satisfies the dimension‐free vector‐valued logarithmic Sobolev inequality
The finite cotype assumption is necessary for the conclusion to hold. This estimate is the hypercube counterpart of a result of Ledoux (1988) in Gauss space and the optimal vector‐valued version of a deep inequality of Talagrand (1993). As an application, we use such vector‐valued logarithmic Sobolev inequalities to derive new lower bounds for the bi‐Lipschitz distortion of nonlinear quotients of the Hamming cube into Banach spaces with prescribed Rademacher type.
Hausdorff dimension of Besicovitch sets of Cantor graphs
Authors: Altaf Iqra , Csörnyei Marianna , Héra Kornélia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe consider the Hausdorff dimension of planar Besicovitch sets for rectifiable sets Γ, that is, sets that contain a rotated copy of Γ in each direction. We show that for a large class of Cantor sets C and Cantor‐graphs Γ built on C, the Hausdorff dimension of any Γ‐Besicovitch set must be at least , where .
Catalyzing Clinically Driven Undergraduate Design Projects at the Nexus of Engineering, Medicine, and Business
Authors: Erath Byron D. , Fite Kevin B. , Kuxhaus Laurel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Design projects, particularly those related to assistive technology, offer unparalleled educational opportunities for undergraduate students to synthesize engineering knowledge with a clinically driven need to produce a product that can improve quality of life. Such projects are most effective when engineering, clinical, and business perspectives are considered throughout. However, the logistics of successfully implementing such interdisciplinary projects can be challenging. This paper presents an auto-ethnography of 12 undergraduate design team projects in assistive technology performed by 87 students from five majors (including engineering, business, and clinical students) over the course of 5 years. The overarching goal of our work was to establish an undergraduate integrated design experience at a university in the absence of a dedicated biomedical engineering major. The focus of this experience was to foster the creation of student-led prototypes to address real-world problems for people with disabilities while keeping commercialization potential at the forefront throughout. Student participation demonstrated a clear enthusiasm for completing biomedical engineering-themed projects. To encourage the implementation of similar approaches at universities where a biomedical engineering major does not exist, we identify common obstacles that can arise and present strategies for mitigating these challenges, as well as effective approaches for catalyzing cross-disciplinary collaborations. High impact practices include close involvement of end-users in the design process; cross-disciplinary team composition (e.g., engineering, business, and health sciences students); and choosing cross-disciplinary leads for project management. Teams experienced a high degree of success with all 12 teams producing functional prototypes. We conclude that at universities that do not offer a biomedical engineering major, health-focused integrated design experiences offer students important interdisciplinary perspectives, including a holistic approach to project implementation. Furthermore, for many students, these projects ultimately served as a gateway to subsequent careers and graduate study in biomedical engineering.
A Numerical Model of Microstructure Formation Considering Nanoparticle Distribution During Selective Laser Melting Process
Authors: Alam Taosif , Amin M. Ruhul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
One of the widely used metal additive manufacturing processes, named Selective laser melting (SLM), can facilitate the printing of novel metal matrix nanocomposites through the fusion of metallic powders with nanoparticles. The current study proposes a novel numerical model to simulate microstructure formation considering local nanoparticle distribution during the SLM process. The proposed model formulates a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with Lagrangian particle tracking to simulate a single-track, single-layer SLM process of aluminum alloy reinforced with titanium diboride (chemical formula: TiB2) nanoparticles in ANSYS FLUENT. A very low weight fraction (0.0009%) of nanoparticles was considered due to the computational limitations of the software package. The temperature distribution and particle distribution results were first calculated by the 3D CFD model. Then, the results were one-way coupled to a 2D Cellular Automata (CA) model to predict the microstructure evolution using matlab. The coupled CFD-CA model and Lagrangian particle tracking were separately validated in this study. The results showed that the nanoparticles migrate within the recirculation zones formed by both Marangoni and natural convection in the fluid of the molten pool. The microstructure predicted by this model showed that the introduction of the nanoparticles increased bulk nucleation during solidification. The growth of large columnar grains is interrupted by the formation of randomly oriented small equiaxed grains. The average grain diameter decreased by 40% when nanoparticles were present compared to microstructures without nanoparticles.
Vascular Remodeling During Late-Gestation Pregnancy: An In-Vitro Assessment of the Murine Ascending Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Vargas Ana I. , Tarraf Samar A. , Jennings Turner , Bellini Chiara , Amini Rouzbeh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Maternal mortality due to cardiovascular disease is a rising concern in the U.S. Pregnancy triggers changes in the circulatory system, potentially influencing the structure of the central vasculature. Evidence suggests a link between a woman's pregnancy history and future cardiovascular health, but our understanding remains limited. To fill this gap, we examined the passive mechanics of the murine ascending thoracic aorta during late gestation. By performing biaxial mechanical testing on the ascending aorta, we were able to characterize the mechanical properties of both control and late-gestation tissues. By examining mechanical, structural, and geometric properties, we confirmed that remodeling of the aortic wall occurred. Morphological and mechanical properties of the tissue indicated an outward expansion of the tissue, as reflected in changes in wall thickness (∼12% increase) and luminal diameter (∼6% increase) at its physiologically loaded state in the pregnant group. With these geometric adaptations and despite increased hemodynamic loads, pregnancy did not induce significant changes in the tensile wall stress at the similar physiological pressure levels of the pregnant and control tissues. The alterations also included reduced intrinsic stiffness in the circumferential direction (∼18%) and reduced structural stiffness (∼26%) in the pregnant group. The observed vascular remodeling maintained the elastic stored energy of the aortic wall under systolic loads, indicating preservation of vascular function. Data from our study of pregnancy-related vascular remodeling will provide valuable insights for future investigations of maternal cardiovascular health.
Rejection of Sinusoidal Disturbances With Unknown Slowly Time-Varying Frequencies for Linear Time-Varying Systems
Authors: Stewart Jacob , Ioannou Petros A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Recently, a class of adaptive schemes has been developed for rejecting sinusoidal output disturbances with unknown frequencies, phases, and amplitudes. These adaptive schemes require an accurate model of the affected system's dynamics to function, and the controller performance degrades as the modeling error increases. While linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamics can adequately model the dynamics of some systems, a time-varying model of the system dynamics is more appropriate in certain scenarios. This paper proposes a robust adaptive scheme for rejecting disturbances that affect the output of a system described by a known linear time-varying model. The disturbances are described by an unknown number of sinusoidal terms with unknown time-varying frequencies. Analysis is done in ideal case where the disturbance frequencies are perfectly known to provide conditions guaranteeing the existence of a controller and a corresponding set of parameters which reject the disturbance. Analysis is then done in the more realistic adaptive scenario where the disturbance frequencies are unknown, and a robust adaptive scheme for selecting controller parameters which reject the disturbance is proposed. Performance of the controller with respect to the speed of variation in the plant model parameters is assessed via simulation.
Bioinspired Fluid Dynamic Designs of Vertical-Axis Turbines: State-of-the-Art Review and the Way Forward
Authors: Rathod Umang H. , Saha Ujjwal K. , Kulkarni Vinayak 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With the increasing popularity of vertical axis turbines (VATs), researchers are now focusing on their performance improvement. Instead of adopting conventional means of performance improvements such as augmentation techniques and exhaustive parametric design optimization, the bio-inspired turbine designs have become a center of attraction, especially during the last decade. This review article attempts to compile the bio-inspired designs belonging to the VATs. Bio-inspired designs implemented in Savonius, Darrieus, Nautilus, and Seed-inspired turbines are elaborated besides giving a detailed explanation of the corresponding bio-organism and natural phenomenon. How the working principles of bio-organisms emulated in the form of fluid dynamic design are explained thoroughly in this paper. The bio-inspired designs for VATs are then classified pragmatically for the future designs. Research gaps are highlighted for the aspiring researchers, and this is followed by the important strategies and allied challenges.
Investigation of the Influence of Flow Pattern on the Internal Corrosion in Horizontal–Vertical Downward Pipe With Oil–Water Flow
Authors: Li Yan , Su Guoqing , Wang Qianlin , Tao Zhansheng , Zhang Jianwen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the petroleum and petrochemical industries, oil–water flow is widespread inside the pipes. The existence of water often results in internal corrosion in the horizontal–vertical downward pipe when water contacts the pipe wall. Surface wetting behavior and wall shear stress (WSS) are two important factors affecting corrosion procedure, which are governed by the flow patterns. With the propose to mitigate corrosion, focus shall be concentrated on the impact of flow pattern toward corrosion. In this work, the flow regime with oil–water flow in the horizontal–vertical pipe is investigated by computational fluid dynamics simulations. The cases with different mixture velocity (0.1 m/s–2.2 m/s) and different water cut (3%–40%) are investigated. The key discovery in this paper is that five types of flow patterns can be identified based on the multiphase flow in the horizontal–vertical pipe, which is rarely reported in recent work. According to the results of the surface wetting status and wall shear stress distribution, the severe corrosion area is predicted and classified into five types. The inside wall of elbows and the outside wall of vertical pipes are the area's most susceptible to corrosion, and the results are well in line with the on-site data.
The Day-by-Day Periodization Strategies of a Giro d’Italia Podium Finisher
Authors: Gallo Gabriele , Mateo-March Manuel , Fuk Andrea , Faelli Emanuela , Ruggeri Piero , Codella Roberto , Filipas Luca 
Published: February 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the day-by-day training and racing characteristics in preparation for the Giro d’Italia of 1 world-class road cyclist who achieved a place on the podium in the final general classification of the Giro d’Italia. Methods: Day-by-day power meter training and racing data of 1 study subject (road cyclist; age 25 y; relative maximum oxygen consumption 81 mL·min−1·kg−1; relative 20-min record power output 6.6 W·kg−1) covering the 152 days leading up to the podium in the Giro d’Italia final general classification were retrospectively analyzed. Daily load, daily volume, and intensity distribution were considered. Results: During training a pattern alternating “hard days” versus “easy days” was observed, as significant amounts of medium or high intensity, or load, were not performed for more than 2 consecutive days This pattern was achieved combining high volume (>4 h) with a significant amount of medium and high intensity within the same training sessions. During training, when training load and intensity increased, the density of “easy days” augmented. In 1-week stage races and the Giro d’Italia, 3 to 8 consecutive days with significant amounts of medium and high intensity were performed. A high number of training sessions with small amounts of medium- and high-intensity volume was observed: 38 days accumulating 3 to 10 minutes at medium intensity and 29 days spending 1 to 9 minutes at high intensity. Conclusion: These data provide novel insights about the day-by-day periodization strategies leading to a top 3 in the Giro d’Italia general classification.
Human induced pluripotent stem cells are resistant to human cytomegalovirus infection primarily at the attachment level due to the reduced expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate
Authors: Kawasaki Hideya , Hariyama Takahiko , Kosugi Isao , Meguro Shiori , Iwata Futoshi , Shimizu Kosuke , Magata Yasuhiro , Iwashita Toshihide 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a type of herpes virus, is the predominant cause of congenital anomalies due to intrauterine infections in humans. Adverse outcomes related to intrauterine infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vary widely, depending on factors such as fetal infection timing, infection route, and viral virulence. The precise mechanism underlying HCMV susceptibility remains unclear. In this study, we compared the susceptibility of neonatal human dermal fibroblast cells (NHDFCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from NHDFCs, which are genetically identical to HCMV, using immunostaining, microarray,
in situ
hybridization, quantitative PCR, and scanning electron microscopy. These cells were previously used to compare CMV susceptibility, but the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated. HCMV susceptibility of hiPSCs was significantly lower in the earliest phase. No shared gene ontologies were observed immediately post-infection between the two cell types using microarray analysis. Early-stage expression of HCMV antigens and the HCMV genome was minimal in immunostaining and in
in situ
hybridization in hiPSCs. This strongly suggests that HCMV does not readily bind to hiPSC surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy performed using the NanoSuit method confirmed the scarcity of HCMV particles on hiPSC surfaces. The zeta potential and charge mapping of the charged surface in NHDFCs and hiPSCs exhibited minimal differences when assessed using zeta potential analyzer and scanning ion conductance microscopy; however, the expression of heparan sulfate (HS) was significantly lower in hiPSCs compared with that in NHDFCs. Thus, HS expression could be a primary determinant of HCMV resistance in hiPSCs at the attachment level.

IMPORTANCE

Numerous factors such as attachment, virus particle entry, transcription, and virus particle egress can affect viral susceptibility. Since 1984, pluripotent cells are known to be CMV resistant; however, the exact mechanism underlying this resistance remains elusive. Some researchers suggest inhibition in the initial phase of HCMV binding, while others have suggested the possibility of a sufficient amount of HCMV entering the cells to establish latency. This study demonstrates that HCMV particles rarely attach to the surfaces of hiPSCs. This is not due to limitations in the electrostatic interactions between the surface of hiPSCs and HCMV particles, but due to HS expression. Therefore, HS expression should be recognized as a key factor in determining the susceptibility of HCMV in congenital infection
in vitro
and
in vivo
. In the future, drugs targeting HS may become crucial for the treatment of congenital CMV infections. Thus, further research in this area is warranted.
Damage to medical complexes in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war: a geospatial analysis
Authors: Poole Danielle N , Andersen Daniel , Raymond Nathaniel A , Grace Rob , Smith Trevor , Khoshnood Kaveh , Mowafi Hani 
Published: February 2024

IntroductionMedical facilities are civilian objects specially protected during armed conflict by international humanitarian law (IHL). These protections are customarily applied regardless of the conflict, parties or contexts involved. Attacks on medical care have characterised the bombardment campaign of the Gaza Strip beginning 7 October 2023. This study presents evidence regarding patterns of damage to medical complexes relative to all other buildings in the first month of this conflict.MethodsThis is an observational pre/post-study of damage to buildings during the first month of the Israel Defence Force bombardment of Gaza from 7 October to 7 November 2023. Open-source polygons for the Gaza Strip were spatially joined with building damage assessments from satellite imagery analysis. Medical facilities were included in the analysis if they were cross-referenced by a minimum of two datasets. Logistic regression was used to test for statistically significant differences in the proportions of damaged medical complexes and other buildings.ResultsA total of 167 292 unique buildings were identified, including 106 cross-referenced medical complexes. Approximately 9% of non-medical buildings and medical complexes alike sustained damage during the first month of the bombardment. No difference in the odds of damage was detected between medical complexes and all other buildings (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.45-1.76; p>0.74).ConclusionThere is a lack of evidence of differential damage to medical and non-medical complexes during the first month of the bombing campaign. This finding raises concerns about combatants’ application of the principles of distinction, proportionality and precaution, suggesting the importance of further investigation.
Differences in Smoking Behavior by Nativity, Race/Ethnicity, and Education among Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
Authors: Uong Stephen P. , Torres Jacqueline M. , Alexeeff Stacey E. , Morey Brittany N. , Caan Bette J. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Kroenke Candyce H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background:
We evaluated smoking differences across nativity and race/ethnicity among women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Methods:
In our Northern Californian pooled population of 5,653 [670 Asian, 690 Hispanic, and 4,300 non-Hispanic White (White)] women diagnosed with breast cancer, we evaluated smoking differences across nativity, race/ethnicity, and acculturation and effect modification of nativity by race/ethnicity and education.

Results:
Foreign-born women currently smoked less than US-born women [odds ratio (OR) = 0.46, 95% confidence limit (CL): 0.29–0.72]. Hispanic (OR = 0.50; 95% CL: 0.32–0.78) women currently smoked less than White women. Among those who ever smoked (n = 2,557), foreign-born women smoked 5.23 fewer pack-years (PY) than US-born women (95% CL: −2.75 to −7.70). Furthermore, Asian (−4.60, 95% CL: −0.81 to −8.39) and Hispanic (−6.79, 95% CL: −4.14 to −9.43) women smoked fewer PY than White women. Associations were generally suggestive of greater smoking with greater acculturation (immigration age, US years, survey language). Finally, associations for nativity differed by education but not race/ethnicity, with a higher likelihood of smoking in US-born women only among those with less than a bachelor's degree (OR = 2.84, 95% CL: 2.15–3.77; current smoking: P = 0.01, PY: P = 0.05).

Conclusions:
Asian and Hispanic (vs. White) and foreign-born (vs. US-born) breast cancer survivors reported fewer smoking behaviors. Smoking differences across nativity and education were driven by higher rates of smoking in US-born women with lower educational attainment.

Impact:
Smoking behavioral patterns were similar among breast cancer survivors and the general population, informing potential smoking interventions.
Dawn of snake sociality: resource defence and social behaviours of Lycodon semicarinatus foraging on sea turtles
Authors: Matsumoto Kazumasa , Mori Akira 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Snakes are traditionally considered to be the least social among non-avian reptiles. Therefore, social behaviours that are not related to mating have rarely been studied in wild snakes. Nonetheless, in two species of snakes, Lycodon semicarinatus and Oligodon formosanus, intraspecific interactions unrelated to mating have been reported among individuals that forage on sea turtles and cluster around sea turtle nests. In this study, we conducted a field survey on L. semicarinatus on a sandy beach on Okinawa Island for four years by route census and fixed videography to quantify interactions between individuals that occurred at sea turtle nests. Snakes repelled conspecifics from the nest by using a ritual combat dance. Whether the snakes attacked the conspecific depended on the opponent at the nest. Some snakes waited for the conspecific to leave the nest. This decision-making may be based on individual recognition by chemical cues, because the snakes exhibited frequent tongue-flicking toward the occupant before contacting. Their tongue-flicking duration was significantly longer when the subsequent response was attacking than when it was fleeing. These intraspecific interactions imply the occurrence of territoriality and suggest the possible occurrence of a dominance hierarchy in L. semicarinatus. A comparison of L. semicarinatus with a previous study on O. formosanus revealed that they express different social interactions, although the two species use a similar feeding environment. Oligodon formosanus removes conspecifics from the nest by simply biting, but L. semicarinatus competed for the priority to access the nest by combat dance, and its decision-making whether to challenge the combat dance changed flexibly depending on the opponent. In addition, several L. semicarinatus that did not challenge the combat dance waited for hours near the opponent that were foraging on the nest. Lycodon semicarinatus exhibited behaviours to avoid encounter and fights with conspecific individuals. Although there are differences in the social level between the two snake species, the exploitation of a food resource that contains large numbers of prey in one place, such as sea turtle nests, may be an ecological factor that favours the evolutionary development of social behaviours in solitary snakes.