bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion Summary, Allodynia: Principles and Tools
Authors: Richard B , Lipton M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion began with a focus on allodynia. Prof. Lars Stovner asked if the superior treatment response to triptans prior to the development of allodynia could be an artifact of attack selection; he suggested that attacks treated prior to the development of allodynia may be unusually mild or easy to treat. Dr Burstein replied that the presence or absence of allodynia, not the intensity of pain at the time of treatment, predicts treatment response; patients with severe pain and no allodynia respond well to triptans while patients with mild pain and allodynia do not.
The classification of Migraine
Authors: Lipton R B , Bigal M E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by episodic attacks of headache and associated symptoms. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of pain and associated symptoms, typically lasting from 4 to 72 h. The disability of migraine can be severe and imposes a considerable burden on the sufferer and the society. Before 1988, the headache classification systems that were available did not have clear operational rules, and nomenclature varied widely.
Headache Attributed to Infection
Authors: Sakai F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache is a common accompaniment of systemic viral infection such as influenza. In intracranial infection, headache is usually the first and the most frequently encountered symptom. Unfortunately, there are no good prospective studies of the headache associated with intracranial infection and precise diagnostic criteria for those subtypes of headache cannot be developed in all cases.
Headache Attributed to Cranial or Cervical Vascular Disorder*
Authors: Bousser M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vascular disorders affecting the head are among the most frequent causes of secondary headaches because, firstly, vascular disorders that directly or indirectly involve the brain are extremely frequent, and secondly, headache is a frequent feature of many of them. Varieties of headache-attributed cranial or cervical disorders can be schematically grouped according to three main clinical situations: the first one is an acute headache overshadowed by other neurological signs such as in the case of stroke, focal deficits, or disorders of consciousness.
Headache in Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Alekseenko Y , Luchanok U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache is the most common symptom of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). The diagnosis of MTBI is usually complicated, because the routine neurological examination of patients does not usually reveal any specific or informative changes. At the same time, the majority of MTBI symptoms including headache are mainly of a subjective character. There are some additional factors which can influence the clinical manifestations of MTBI and their development. Concomitant alcohol intoxication (AI) in patients with MTBI complicates the interpretation of symptoms as well as the distinction between traumatic and toxic effects.
Headache Diagnosis in Systemic Mastocytosis
Authors: Ashina S , Ashina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mastocytosis is a clonal disorder of mast cells in both children and adults. It is characterized by over proliferation, accumulation, and activation of the mast cells in different tissues. Mast cell hyperplasia can be restricted to the skin (cutaneous mastocytosis), or may also involve extracutaneous organs (systemic mastocytosis) such as skeleton, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and the CNS. Prevalence or incidence of the disease is unknown and is probably difficult to determine because of the under diagnosis of the systemic disease without the cutaneous manifestation.2
Application of ICHD 2nd Edition Criteria for Primary Headaches With the Aid of a Computerized, Structured Medical Record: Some Considerations
Authors: Sarchielli P , Pedini M , Alberti A , Capocchi G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnostic requirements for primary headaches in the new Classification System ICHD-II appear to be improved and certainly represent an evolution of the previous criteria included in the first edition of IHS Classification. Modifications to the previous criteria are based on the clinical and pathophysiologic acquisitions of the last 15 years. Among the changes to migraine diagnostic requirements in the ICHD second edition, the most important one is the introduction of the diagnostic subtype of 1.5.1 Chronic migraine among the complications of migraine for those rare patients who fulfill the diagnostic criteria for migraine on 15 or more days a month for at least three months without overusing medications.
Discussion Summary, Practical Implementation and Research
Authors: Ashina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presentations, posters, and discussions during this session were devoted to the development of national and international simple charts or algorithms to identify and treat headache disorders, and classification research. It was pointed out that a large number of patients in primary care do not consult about migraine headaches and a short questionnaire would be very useful in a busy general practice. However, attention was drawn to the fact that many patients with frequent migraine might have medication-overuse headache.
Pathogenesis of sepsis
Authors: van Leeuwen H J , Verhoef J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection and refractory malignancy are the most common causes of death in patients with cancer (Safdar and Armstrong 2001). Once an infection evolves into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) this is called sepsis. For patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) sepsis remains a major contributor to mortality. Despite remarkable progress in unravelling the mechanisms behind this enigmatic condition, mortality has hardly changed over the past decades (Friedman et al. 1998; Martin et al. 2003). The treatment of sepsis today remains supportive: antibiotics or surgical treatment of the focus of infection, replacing or supporting the function of failing organs, nutritional support, and prophylactic measures to reduce the occurrence of complications (Cross and Opal 2003). Recently, a number of large randomized clinical trials have shown a reduction in mortality in patients with sepsis and allied conditions. The administration of activated protein C (aPC) (Bernard et al. 2001), early goal-directed cardiovascular therapy (Rivers et al. 2001), tight glycaemic control (Van den Berghe et al. 2001), steroid supplementation in adrenal failure (Annane et al. 2002) and mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes (Brower et al. 2000) have all been shown to reduce mortality in critically ill patients. These results revive hope in the quest for the optimal treatment of patients with sepsis, based on the insights gained from thorough basic research in sepsis and systemic inflammation.
Gastrointestinal infections
Authors: Coyle Vicky , McMullan Ronan , Johnston Patrick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. As with other categories of infection, susceptibility is contributed to by immunodeficiency secondary to underlying disease, but most significantly is attributable to toxicity from anticancer therapy. The range of GI infection syndromes observed in this population is perhaps more variable than that seen in any other system. These range from gastroenteritis-like illnesses attributable to primary pathogens that commonly affect the competent host, to severe intra-abdominal and visceral infections attributable to opportunistic pathogens and commensal organisms. This chapter is structured by syndrome rather than pathogen as this best reflects the manner in which clinical problems present to physicians and oncologists caring for cancer patients. We also suggest some measures to prevent GI infections in this group.
The alpine environment: energy and climate
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiation and thermal energy in alpine environments is as important for life conditions as in any other life zone, and in addition, mountain environments are characterized by a high kinetic potential, or relief energy. The complex alpine landscape results in a distribution pattern in direct incident solar irradiance that creates a broad range of thermal conditions within the alpine zone. Relief energy manifests in high-energy al-pine mass movement events. These either develop over a long time period (non-catastrophic events) and form permanent landscape features, such as scree, rock glacier, or block fields, or are caused by a sudden descent of material that radically alters landscapes and ecological conditions in the short-term (catastrophic events, such as rock slide, debris slide, mudflow). The historic or contemporaneous movements of high-energy material, including water and ice have traversed the altitude gradients of mountains and contributed to the creation of azonal habitats (see Chapter 6).
Topography related phenomena and climate determine largely the alpine life zone and its habitats. The discussion of habitats and their underlying ecological conditions (energy and climate, hydrology, soils, and vegetation) follows a model framework that builds up from mechanistic energy budgets to vegetation feedbacks and considers habitat-forming factors alone, and in combination for habitat characteristics. The logical framework follows that of layers and overlays of layers applied in geographical information systems.
Alpine terrestrial habitats and community types/assemblages
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The habitat diversity of high mountains is well developed along topo-sequences, where ecological conditions such as wind exposure, snow cover and duration, soil availability, soil depth, nutrients and moisture, and disturbance regimes vary. The variation in habitat factors is largely predictable along an idealized slope (e.g. Fig. 6.1) and is reflected in a sequence of habitats/vegetation types. Such habitats may be divided into two main types: zonal, or habitats that reflect the average growth conditions (climate, soil, and water availability) that are prevalent in a latitudinal zone at a given altitude; the existence of azonal habitats is linked to locally deviating growth conditions, largely to topographical extremes. In relation to a slope topo-sequence (e.g. Figs 5.5 and 5.6), zonal habitats are analogous to mid-slope areas and azonal ones to those near to either end. For example, at the top end, gravity-related processes and phenomena exacerbate the scarcity of soil in rocky habitats and disturbance from frost shattering and rock fall, or avalanches create habitats that are exploited by specialist organisms, adapted or resilient to recurrent disturbance. At the lower end of the slope, materials accumulate, such as talus or scree, a surplus of snow (snowbeds), water (mires), or nutrients (colluvia). While it may appear from the above that azonal habitats are characteristic of the extremities of a mountain slope, in reality, they form a patchwork within the expanse of zonal habitats, in topographically fragmented localities (see for example Figs 5.5 and 5.6).
Epidemiology – incidence, causes, severity and outcome
Authors: Appleton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Head injury is the most common cause of death in childhood and is a major source of handicap and disability. In 1992, reported deaths from head injuries (including skull fractures) to the Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys totalled over 3500; 278 of these occurred in children under the age of 15 and 553 under the age of 20 years. In 2002, reported deaths in people aged from &lt;1 to 19 years due to ‘land-transport ‘ related accidents were 456 (121 in children aged &lt;1 to 14 years and 335 in young people aged 15–19 years). It is important to realize that this almost certainly represents an under-estimate. Furthermore, it is also obvious that this figure represents only a small fraction of all children experiencing head injury, as fortunately the majority of these children survive, although a significant number are left with residual physical and neurological problems.
feeding and swallowing difficulties
Authors: Gore Helen , Wood Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The child with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is at significant risk of feeding and swallowing difficulties. Such difficulties can include problems with the placement and manipulation of food in the oral cavity or the physiology of swallowing, or both, and are referred to as dysphagia. Swallowing is a highly complex motor process, requiring neurological control and coordination of breathing and swallowing. Cerebral damage may affect the neurological control of swallowing (Murdoch and Theodoros 2001) and consequently, the child is at increased risk of fluids and food material entering the airway, termed aspiration. According to Reilly et al. (2000) the signs suggestive of aspiration include coughing, choking or deterioration in respiratory status during a feed, noisy or wet breathing, or excessive pharyngeal secretions; sneezing during drinking may also indicate nasopharyngeal incoordination and reflux.
Speech and language difficulties
Authors: Gore Helen , Wood Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in a variety of speech and language disorders that may impact upon the child ‘s functional communication skills. TBI is reported to be the most common cause of acquired speech and language impairment in childhood (Lees 1993). Despite this, there is little published research regarding the nature and management of communication impairment following TBI in this population. It is therefore necessary for the therapist to apply theoretical knowledge derived from other communication-impaired patient groups, including adults with acquired communication difficulties or children with developmental communication disorders, to clinical practice.
Diagnosis, staging, treatment intent, and planning
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer normally presents with signs or symptoms as a result of changes in normal physiological function. A cancer can cause signs or symptoms either locally at the original site, or once it has spread elsewhere in the body. The local signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer started. For example, a patient with lung cancer may present with cough, haemoptysis, or breathlessness. If that patient’s cancer has spread elsewhere, they may have distant signs and symptoms such as pain from bone metastases or weight and appetite loss related to liver metastases. These non-specific signs and symptoms are often only recognized as having been heralds of malignancy in retrospect.
Communication with cancer patients
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimal care of the patient with cancer requires input from a number of medical disciplines. Typically, a provisional diagnosis of cancer is made by a surgeon or physician and confirmed by a pathologist following biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. A surgeon or an oncologist may then undertake definitive treatment. Support of the patient through treatment may well involve input from a wide range of surgical and medical staff as well as professions allied to medicine and laboratory disciplines.
Introduction
Authors:   Wonca
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the mid-1970s most morbidity data collected in primary care research were classified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). This had the important advantage of international recognition, aiding comparability of data from different countries. However, there was the disadvantage that the many symptoms and non-disease conditions that present in primary care were difficult to code with this classification, originally designed for application to mortality statistics and with a disease-based structure.
Somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in primary afferent neurons
Authors: Schaible Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensory endings of polymodal nociceptive nerve fibres in the peripheral nerve express molecules that allow them to sense noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli applied to the tissue. Molecular sensors of thermal stimuli are ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, e.g. the TRPV1 (vanilloid 1) receptor. The molecular sensor for noxious mechanical stimuli is unknown. In addition, many nerve fibres express receptors for inflammatory mediators that are coupled to different second messenger systems. Through the latter ion channels such as the TRPV1 channel can be influenced, i.e. the sensitivity for thermal stimuli can be changed such that thermal hyperalgesia is induced. Voltage-gated Na+-currents through tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ channels are also particularly present in nociceptive nerve fibres.
Discussion summary Molecular mechanisms in inflammatory pain
Authors: Schaible Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are there differences between skin, joint, meninges with respect to peptide receptors and actions? Are nociceptors really the same in all tissues? Most researchers would assume that the basic structure of nociceptors is probably the same in different tissues. However, there may be differences in the proportion of neurons that have certain response properties and other qualities (e.g. expression of certain receptors). Differences may depend on neuronal factors (expression of receptors for certain mediators etc.) as well as on extra neuronal factors (embedding of receptors in the tissue). For example, silent (initially mechano-insensitive) nociceptors have been identified in joint and skin but the relative proportion of silent nociceptors seems to be greater in the joint. It is not known in which molecular respect silent nociceptors differ from other nociceptors. Differences have been noted in the chemo sensitivity for prostaglandins.
Translation of symptoms and signs into mechanisms in neuropathic pain
Authors: Jensen Troels Staehelin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines neuropathic pain as ‘ Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral or the central nervous system’ . According to this definition, neuropathic pain disorders are characterized by disturbance of those systems that under normal conditions transmit noxious information to the central nervous system. From an aetiological point of view, neuropathic pains represent a heterogeneous group of conditions ranging from neoplasms compressing nerves via postsurgical nerve injury to inflammation of nerves, endocrinological disorders altering nerve function, and ischemic damage of brain tissue. Neuropathic pains not only differ in terms of underlying pathology, but also with respect to anatomical distribution with a location that can be anywhere from the peripheral nerve endings to the brain. Our ability to treat chronic pain, in particular neuropathic pain, is still insufficient.
Injury-induced neuroplastic changes in trigeminal brainstem subnucleus caudalis Trigeminal central sensitization
Authors: Sessle Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research in animals and humans has revealed a mechanism in the central nervous system (CNS) that may represent a common thread in the development and maintenance of many craniofacial pain conditions. This mechanism, termed ‘ central sensitization’, reflects neuroplastic changes that can occur after peripheral tissue injury or inflammation. It will be the focus of this chapter within the framework of the trigeminal (V) system, with special emphasis placed on the role of V brainstem subnucleus caudalis in V central sensitization.
Discussion summary The trigeminal system and pain
Authors: Goadsby Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion section referred to presentations made orally and by posters. Professor Nurmikko was asked to comment upon the objective evidence that microvascular decompression is an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. He observed that there were no controlled trials, but that the excellent outcome from the procedure in comparison to the natural history supported the efficacy of the operation. It was concluded that although difficult in practice some form of controlled trial would be desirable. It was asked whether Professor Nurmikko has experience of microvascular decompression in cluster headache, and he commented that he had seen it done but it was not effective even in the presence of an aberrant vessel.
Evidence for generalized muscular and cutaneous hyperalgesia in patients with chronic tension-type headache
Authors: Ashina Sait , Bendtsen Lars , Ashina Messoud , Magerl Walter , Jensen Rigmor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central sensitization may play an important part in the pathophysiology of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Pain thresholds to mechanical, heat and electrical stimulation have been extensively studied in CTTH.2–6 Overall these studies have revealed lower pain thresholds in CTTH than in healthy controls, but the differences have been subtle and studies examining only a small number of subjects have not detected any difference. Stimulus–response functions of pressure pain in patients with CTTH exhibited a marked upward shift in rated pain intensity at suprathreshold stimulus intensities, while the pain threshold was shifted only marginally.
Mechanisms of pain facilitation systems: Implications for medication-overuse headache 185-193
Authors: Ossipov Michael H , Porreca Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opioid analgesics, represented by such drugs as morphine and fentanyl, are the primary drugs of choice for the therapeutic management of moderate to severe acute pain. In the last 20 years, the use of opioids for the management of chronic, non-malignant pain states, such as painful neuropathic conditions, and for recurring headaches has been steadily increasing. Because of increased long-term opioid therapies, there is a greater awareness that the prolonged exposure to opioids may result in a paradoxic enhanced pain state. Consequently, the notion that employing long-term opioid protocols might unwittingly cause harm to the patient has become a clinical concern. The commonly reported observations that aggressive analgesic therapy paradoxically results in increased frequency and intensity of the headaches may represent a manifestation of the development of opioid induced abnormal pain.
Eletriptan in migraine Is pain-free response correlated with pain severity or time from headache onset to dosing?
Authors: Diener H -C , Dodick D , Goadsby P J , Almas M , Parsons B , Albert K S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking a triptan early after headache onset has been reported to yield higher pain-free response rates in migraine. Whether the benefit of early treatment of mild headache is primarily due to the early timing of the intervention in relation to initial onset of headache or to the mildness of headache pain intensity remains unresolved. The objective of the current study was to investigate which clinical variable, pain severity or time from headache onset, is more predictive of a pain-free outcome in patients taking eletriptan, a serotonin (5HT1B/1D) agonist indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.