bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular machinery and signaling events in apoptosis
Authors: Pinton Paolo , Ferrari Davide , Di Virgilio Francesco , Pozzan Tullio , Rizzuto Rosario 
Published: October 2004

AbstractApoptosis is a process of major biomedical interest, since its ineffectiveness or inappropriate activation appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of a broad variety of human diseases (neoplasia, autoimmune disorders, viral and neurodegenerative diseases, to name a few). On this topic, extensive experimental work has allowed in the past years the clarification of the complex biochemical machinery that commits a cell to apoptosis and executes the death program. As to the signaling mechanisms, it is now evident that apoptosis can be initiated by different stimuli and/or genetic programs that are differentially decoded inside the cell. While the past years have witnessed a major advancement on this topic, much still needs to be learned of the cross‐talk between the various signaling pathways involved in decoding the apoptotic stimuli, as well as the activation of other cell functions. In this review we first describe the properties and activation mechanisms of the caspases, the effector proteases of apoptosis. In the second part we discuss the current evidence for the involvement of calcium, the ubiquitous second‐messenger decoding a wide variety of physiological stimuli, and highlight the potential targets of the apoptotic calcium signal. Drug Dev. Res. 52:558–570, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and expression of the Cdx family from the frog Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Reece‐Hoyes John S. , Keenan Iain D. , Isaacs Harry V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe caudal‐related (Cdx) homeodomain transcription factors have a conserved role in the development of posterior structures in both vertebrates and invertebrates. A particularly interesting finding is that Cdx proteins have an important function in the regulation of expression from a subset of Hox genes. In this study, we report the cloning of cDNAs from the Cdx genes of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. Xenopus tropicalis is a diploid species, related to the commonly used laboratory animal Xenopus laevis, and has attracted attention recently as a potential genetic model for animal development. The Xenopus tropicalis cDNAs, Xtcad1, Xtcad2, and Xtcad3, show between 88 and 94% sequence identity with their Xenopus laevis orthologues. This finding corresponds to between 90 and 95% identity at the level of derived amino acid sequence. We also present a detailed description of Xtcad1, Xtcad2, and Xtcad3 expression during normal development. In common with the Cdx genes of other vertebrates, the Xenopus tropicalis Cdx genes show overlapping and dynamic patterns of expression in posterior regions of the embryo through the early stages of development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of a very low calorie diet on the diagnostic category of individuals with binge eating disorder
Authors: Raymond Nancy C. , de Zwaan Martina , Mitchell James E. , Ackard Diann , Thuras Paul 
Published: October 2004

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the factors associated with the diagnostic outcome of obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder (BED) 1 year after completing a very low calorie diet (VLCD) program.MethodParticipants included 63 individuals with BED, 36 individuals with subthreshold BED, and 29 individuals with no binge eating symptoms. Diagnoses before and after VLCD were obtained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) interviews. The severity of psychiatric symptoms were assessed using various rating scales.ResultsFifty‐six percent (n = 36) of the participants who met criteria for BED at baseline did not meet diagnostic criteria 1 year later. None of the baseline factors were statistically associated with outcome.DiscussionAlthough the main hypothesis was not supported, absence of a BED diagnosis at 12‐month follow‐up after a VLCD diet appears to be associated with less weight gain at 1‐year follow‐up regardless of baseline diagnosis. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 49–56, 2002.
Synchronization of self‐switching phenomena on full‐coupled chaotic oscillators
Authors: Sekiya Hiroo , Mori Shinsaku , Sasase Iwao 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the state of generating a double‐scroll attractor, an oscillator switches between two subspaces without external force. This switching phenomenon is called the “self‐switching phenomenon.” We recognize that investigations of the behavior of self‐switching phenomena on full‐coupled chaotic oscillators are important problems in order to clarify spatiotemporal phenomena in real physical systems. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of self‐switching phenomena on full‐coupled chaotic oscillators. In the system, we can observe that all chaotic oscillators switch the subspace synchronously. We call this “synchronization of self‐switching phenomena.” Synchronization of self‐switching phenomena is generated when oscillators are asynchronized. This synchronization of self‐switching phenomena is the first observation of the existence of order in the asynchronization of chaos, which means disorder of states. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(1): 14–23, 2002
Characteristics and economic evaluation of CO2‐capturing power generation systems using solar thermal energy and gasified coal
Authors: Pak Pyong Sik , Kosugi Takanobu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the evaluation results of CO2‐capturing power generation systems which use solar thermal energy and gasified coal as the input energy. The following two power generation systems have been proposed and evaluated from the characteristic and economic points of view: a CO2‐capturing hybrid power generation system (proposed system I), and a CO2‐capturing three‐stage heat‐utilizing power generation system (proposed system II). In evaluation, a conventional integrated coal‐gasification combined cycle power generation system (IGCC system) is adopted as the reference system. The proposed systems are assumed to be constructed in Albuquerque, U.S. and Osaka, Japan. The net coal‐to‐electricity efficiency has been estimated to be 51.0% for the proposed system I, and to be 40.1% for the proposed system II on higher heating value basis, whereas the efficiency of the conventional system is estimated to decrease from 43.7% to 32.7% when the CO2 generated is captured. Taking the IGCC system without CO2 capture as the reference system, the cost of CO2 emission reduction of the proposed systems I and II in Albuquerque are estimated to be 22,100–23,800 yen/t‐C and 21,800–23,000 yen/t‐C, respectively, and that in Osaka to be 37,000–38,700 yen/t‐C and 23,300–24,500 yen/t‐C, respectively. It has been shown that these are lower than the cost of CO2 emission reduction of the IGCC system with CO2 capture by 43,800–48,400 yen/t‐C. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 1–13, 2002
The effect of molecular structure on prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids under a nonuniform field
Authors: Nakao Yoshitaka , Yamazaki Tadaharu , Miyagi Katsunori , Sakai Yosuke , Tagashira Hiroaki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the present work, prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids which have various molecular structure, especially those with chlorine or fluorine atoms and some double bonds included in their molecular formula, are observed in detail for positive and negative point polarities, under the application of an impulse voltage (1.1/225 µs) to the point electrode. As test liquids, cyclic hydrocarbon liquids such as cyclohexane, benzene, chlorocyclohexane, monochlorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene, and cyclohexene are used. Results obtained in these liquids are compared with those obtained in straight‐chain hydrocarbon liquids.As a result, the propagation of negative streamers, especially in dielectric liquids with chlorine or fluorine atoms in their molecular formula, is promoted, whereas the propagation of positive streamers in dielectric liquids with some double bonds is promoted. The former is related to a large electron affinity, the latter is due to π electrons, for both cyclic and straight‐chain hydrocarbon liquids. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 1–8, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1140
Automatic design for power systems
Authors: Namioka Yasuo , Hoshino Teruhiko , Kuri Toshifumi , Fukushima Wataru 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn automatic design method for power systems to control electric loads required by customers and to ensure the power supply for the loads is described. This method features (I) an electric unit model including the possible connections among the electric units, (II) knowledge association networks to reduce maintenance cost of the knowledge base and to improve efficiency in selecting/specifying electric units, (III) a planning algorithm to find electric paths to control the electric loads and to ensure the power supply, and (IV) the reactive redesign of the automation of editing power systems. APEC3 (Advanced Plant Engineering Cycle tool version 3) is an automatic design tool for power systems that supports electrical engineering processes in developing single line diagrams, specification balance statements (design rationales), and item lists. When engineers modify unit specifications, APEC3 invokes the redesign function which automatically changes the specifications of all relevant units. To evaluate the effectiveness of the method, APEC3 was used in designing practical power systems of steel plants. The results showed that APEC3 can reduce the design time to one‐eighth that of the usual design time. Therefore, the engineers can find optimal specifications of the power systems by evaluating a number of possibilities. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 36–45, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1151
Mean reversion in stock index futures markets: A nonlinear analysis
Authors: Monoyios Michael , Sarno Lucio 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSeveral stylized theoretical models of futures basis behavior under nonzero transactions costs predict nonlinear mean reversion of the futures basis towards its equilibrium value. Nonlinearly mean‐reverting models are employed to characterize the basis of the S&P 500 and the FTSE 100 indices over the post‐1987 crash period, capturing empirically these theoretical predictions and examining the view that the degree of mean reversion in the basis is a function of the size of the deviation from equilibrium. The estimated half lives of basis shocks, obtained using Monte Carlo integration methods, suggest that for smaller shocks to the basis level the basis displays substantial persistence, while for larger shocks the basis exhibits highly nonlinear mean reversion towards its equilibrium value. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:285–314, 2002
Pricing Eurodollar Futures Options with the Heath—Jarrow—Morton Model
Authors: Cakici Nusret , Zhu Jintao 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis article uses the algorithm developed by Ritchken and Sankarasubramanian (1995) to make comparisons among the Heath—Jarrow—Morton (HJM) models (Heath, Jarrow, & Morton, 1992) with different volatility structures in pricing the Eurodollar futures options. We show that the differences among the HJM models as well as the difference between the HJM models and Black's model can be insignificant when the volatility of the forward rate is relatively small. Moreover, our findings imply that the difference between the American‐style and European‐style options is insignificant for options with a life of less than 1 year. However, the difference can be significant for options with a 1‐year maturity, the difference depending on the exercise price. Finally, our tests indicate that the difference between the forward price and the futures price is insignificant if the volatility parameter is low enough and when the volatility of the spot rate is proportional to the spot rate. A higher volatility parameter can lead to a significant difference between the forward price and the futures price, although its impact on the price of the options will still be trivial. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 655–680, 2001
A Note on Loss Aversion and Futures Hedging
Authors: Lien Donald 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis note examines the effect of loss aversion on the futures trading behavior of a short hedger. Using a modified constant‐absolute‐risk‐aversion utility function, I show that loss aversion has no effect in an unbiased futures market. It has different, predictable impacts when the futures market is in backwardation or contango. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 681–692, 2001
Stoppage: An issue for segregation analysis
Authors: Slager S.L. , Foroud T. , Haghighi F. , Spence M.A. , Hodge S.E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSegregation analysis assumes that the observed family‐size distribution (FSD), i.e., distribution of number of offspring among nuclear families, is independent of the segregation ratio p. However, for certain serious diseases with early onset and diagnosis (e.g., autism), parents may change their original desired family size, based on having one or more affected children, thus violating that assumption. Here we investigate “stoppage,” the situation in which such parents have fewer children than originally planned. Following Brookfield et al. [J Med Genet 25:181–185, 1988], we define a stoppage probability d that after the birth of an affected child, parents will stop having children and thus not reach their original desired family size. We first derive the full correct likelihood for a simple segregation analysis as a function of p, d, and the ascertainment probability π. We show that p can be estimated from this likelihood if the FSD is known. Then, we show that under “random” ascertainment, the presence of stoppage does not bias estimates of p. However, for other ascertanment schemes, we show that is not the case. We use a simulation study to assess the magnitude of bias, and we demonstrate that ignoring the effect of stoppage can seroiusly bias the estimates of p when the FSD is ignored. In conclusion, stoppage, a realistic scenario for some complex diseases, can represent a serious and potentially intractable problem for segregation analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:328–339, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presentation, treatment, and outcome of oral cavity cancer: A national cancer data base report
Authors: Funk Gerry F. , Karnell Lucy Hynds , Robinson Robert A. , Zhen Weining K. , Trask Douglas K. , Hoffman Henry T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundOral cancer has been identified as a significant public health threat. Systematic evaluation of the impact of this disease on the US population is of great importance to health care providers and policy makers.MethodsThis study used the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to evaluate associations between demographic and disease characteristics, treatment, and survival for patients with oral cavity cancer in the United States. Of patients diagnosed between 1985 and 1996, 58,976 were extracted from the NCDB. ANOVAs were performed on selected cross‐tabulations, and relative survival was used to calculate outcome.ResultsMedian age of patients was 64.0 years. Men made up 60.2% of patients. Pathologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 86.3% of cases. Younger patients had a much higher frequency of non‐SCC, and this was related to survival in these patients. African‐Americans (independent of income), lower income patients, and patients with higher grade disease were seen more frequently with advanced‐stage SCC. Five‐year relative survival for SCC cases was lower for older patients, men, and African‐Americans.ConclusionsThis study addressed many issues related to oral cancer that have been previously discussed in the literature. The demographic, site, stage, histologic, and survival data available for this large number of cases in the NCDB allowed an accurate characterization of the contemporary status of oral cancer in the United States. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Melan‐A as a useful diagnostic immunohistochemical stain for the diagnosis of primary sinonasal melanomas
Authors: Snyder Matthew L. , Paulino Augusto F. G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundSinonasal melanomas are rare neoplasms whose diagnosis may require confirmatory immunohistochemical stains. S‐100 protein and HMB‐45, the stains most commonly used, have varying sensitivities and specificities. Melan‐A, a more recent melanoma‐specific marker, may prove helpful when S‐100 protein and HMB‐45 stains are negative or equivocal.MethodsSeven cases of sinonasal melanoma were assessed for reactivity with Melan‐A, S‐100 protein and HMB‐45.ResultsThe study group consisted of two women and five men ages 40 to 83. Six of the neoplasms were strongly positive for S‐100 protein. One case was negative for S‐100 protein and HMB‐45 but positive for Melan‐A. HMB‐45 staining varied between diffusely positive (three cases), focally positive (two cases), and negative (two cases). All cases were positive for Melan‐A either diffusely (four cases) or focally (three cases).ConclusionBecause Melan‐A can be positive in cases that are S‐100 protein or HMB‐45 negative, it is a useful component in the immunohistochemical panel for the diagnosis of sinonasal melanomas. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 52–55, 2002.
Endoglin (CD105) expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Schimming Ronald , Marmé Dieter 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that endoglin (CD105) is a new powerful marker of neovascularization in solid malignancies. To explain the rating of CD105 expression in 51 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (SCCOC) we analyzed CD105 expression in tumor tissue and adjacent normal healthy mucosa.MethodsMean CD105 density was quantitated by counting the number of CD105‐immunostained blood vessels. The results were compared with clinical parameters like T and N stage, grading, tumor localization, and specific characteristics of patients by means of statistical analysis.ResultsEndoglin expression in tumor tissue was significantly higher than in normal healthy mucosa (p < .001). With the exception of T3 (n = 2), a higher T stage was correlated with higher endoglin expression. No statistical correlation was found in the analysis of patient's age, gender, and tumor localization.ConclusionsEndoglin expression is up‐regulated in SCCOC compared with normal healthy oral mucosa. Endoglin may have a significant role in the development of SCCOC and might be relatively more specific than commonly used endothelial markers. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frozen section during parotid surgery revisited: Efficacy of its applications and changing trend of indications
Authors: Wong David Sau Yan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundEfficacy of frozen sections was assessed in terms of its various applications. The changing role of frozen sections in parotid surgery was examined.MethodRecords of parotid operations over a 15‐year period in a University Department of Head & Neck Surgery were reviewed.ResultsOf 241 operations, frozen sections were performed on 32. Applications of frozen sections included diagnosis, margin clearance, and checking suspicious lymph nodes and nerve invasion. The false‐positive rate for malignancy was 12.5%. Margins may still be involved despite correct tissue diagnosis from sampling error. No inappropriate surgery resulted from the information obtained. With the advent of fine‐needle aspiration, frozen sections were less often called for and a shift from a diagnostic role to margin checking was seen. Frozen sections picked up all unsuspected malignant tumors.ConclusionFrozen sections are helpful when interpreted cautiously, but clinical assessment and fine‐needle aspiration are also important components in the workup. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in the skin of a deltopectoral flap 27 years after pharyngeal reconstruction
Authors: Iseli Tim A. , Hall Francis T. , Buchanan Malcolm R. , Kleid Stephen M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundDevelopment of a second primary squamous cell carcinoma in the skin of a flap used for pharyngeal reconstruction is rare.MethodsA case of squamous cell carcinoma is presented arising in a deltopectoral flap used to reconstruct the hypopharynx 27 years after total laryngectomy. Three previous reports found on review of the literature are summarized.ResultsA second primary squamous cell carcinoma may arise in the skin of a myocutaneous flap in the absence of any obvious risk factors.ConclusionWe suspect that long‐term exposure of the skin of the flap lining the pharynx to saliva may have been a significant factor in the development of this malignancy. Long‐term follow up and awareness of this complication is required for patients with soft tissue reconstruction of the oral cavity and pharynx. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 87–90, 2002.
Malignant melanoma in the palate of a 3‐month‐old child
Authors: Owens Jonathan M. , Gomez Jose A. , Byers Robert M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundMalignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare cancer in adults that carries a grave prognosis. Three mucosal melanomas in pediatric patients have previously been reported.MethodsWe present here the youngest case of malignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck in a 3‐month‐old boy. He presented with a 2 × 2‐mm‐pigmented lesion on the anterior maxillary alveolus. The patient was treated with local excision alone.ResultsThe patient has remained disease free with regular follow‐up for 117 months.ConclusionBased upon this case and the few cases reported in the literature, mucosal melanoma is a much less common disease in children than in adults. Further, juvenile mucosal melanoma displays a benign clinical behavior. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 91–94, 2002.
Altered mossy fiber distributions in adult Fmr1 (FVB) knockout mice
Authors: Ivanco Tammy L. , Greenough William T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe fragile‐X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is greatly reduced or absent in individuals with fragile‐X mental retardation syndrome, a common, heritable form of mental retardation. Morphological studies suggest that this protein functions in normal synapse maturation and neuronal plasticity. Examination of human brain autopsy tissue has shown that fragile‐X patients exhibit long, thin spines more frequently, and stubby mushroom‐shaped spines less frequently, than these two types of spines are seen in normal autopsy tissue. Fragile‐X tissue also has a greater density of these spines along dendrites, which suggests a possible failure of synapse elimination. Fmr1 knockout mice and wild‐type littermates brains were processed for Timm staining, which reveals the zinc‐rich terminals of the dentate gyrus, the mossy fibers. The Fmr1 knockout mice exhibited a pattern of Timm granule‐staining within the stratum oriens of subfield CA3 and the inner molecular layer that was significantly different than staining seen in wild‐type animals. The sources and consequences of the altered terminal staining are unclear, but are discussed in relation to immature synapse morphology, a failure of normal regression of synapses, and a potential biological penalty of such a failure to regress. Hippocampus 2002;12:47–54. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.