bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoquantification of α-Galactosidase: Evaluation for the Diagnosis of Fabry Disease
Authors: Fuller Maria , Lovejoy Melanie , Brooks Doug A , Harkin Miriam L , Hopwood John J , Meikle Peter J 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground: Fabry disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism resulting from a deficiency of the lysosomal exoglycohydrolase, α-galactosidase. Enzyme replacement therapy is currently available for Fabry disease, but early diagnosis before the onset of irreversible pathology will be mandatory for successful treatment. Presymptomatic detection would be possible through the use of a newborn-screening program. We report on the use of sensitive assays for the measurement of α-galactosidase protein and activity and for the protein saposin C, which are diagnostic markers for Fabry disease.Methods: Two sensitive immunoassays for the measurement of α-galactosidase activity and protein were used to determine the concentrations of α-galactosidase in dried filter-paper blood spots and plasma samples from control patients and patients with a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD).Results: Fabry hemizygous individuals were clearly identified from control populations by decreases in both α-galactosidase activity and protein. Fabry heterozygotes generally fell between the hemizygotes and controls. Including the measurement of saposin C enabled differentiation between Fabry heterozygotes and controls. In blood spots, all Fabry individuals could be distinguished from control blood spots as well as from 16 other LSD patients.Conclusions: The determination of α-galactosidase activity or protein in dried filter-paper blood spots could be used for the diagnosis of Fabry patients. With further validation, these assays could be used for the identification of Fabry patients in newborn-screening programs and may also be suitable for screening high-risk populations.
Moisture Content of Green Wood in High Temperature Water Vapor
Authors: Kubojima Y. , Suzuki Y. , Tonosaki M. , Ishikawa A. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Changes in the moisture content of green sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) during heating in environments
of over 100°C and 1 atm were measured. Temperature and weight were measured in a
highly accelerated stress test (HAST) chamber. The set temperature and relative humidity ranges
were 107–160°C and 75–99%, respectively. The change in the temperature of a specimen was
roughly divided into 4 steps. Equilibrium moisture contents at lower temperatures and pressures
were similar to previous estimates, while at higher temperatures and pressures they were higher
than previous results. A diagram of temperature–relative humidity–pressure–equilibrium moisture
content in the range of 105–160°C, 75–99% RH and 0.02–0.39 MPa was obtained experimentally.
Anionic effect in high concentration alcohol organosolv pulping
Authors: Yawalata D. , Paszner L. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Anionic effects are demonstrated with Mg-salts and free acids in high alcohol content organosolv pulping. Not all catalysts examined could effectively liberate the fibers from the wood matrix. The best result was obtained with the 0.025 M MgCl2 catalysis system, at which nearly 60% screened pulp, with viscosity of 19.9 cPs., can be produced. Mg(NO3)2 was found capable of liberating fibers, however, under the conditions set for the experiment, complete fiber liberation was not achieved. In contrast, MgSO4 and Mg(CH3COO)2 were incapable of fiber liberation in themselves. On the other hand, in acid form, HCl and H2SO4 were capable of liberating the fibers, whereas HNO3 and CH3COOH catalysts were found ineffective. Especially with H2SO4, it should be noted that this catalysis system created a very strong hydrolyzing effect that unselectively destroyed both lignin and carbohydrates, resulting in severely damaged pulp which is useless for papermaking purposes. Therefore, choosing a suitable catalyst is the key factor for producing an organosolv pulp at high yield and with good fiber quality.
Moisture adsorption characteristics of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.)
Authors: Cao J. , Kamdem D. P. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Moisture adsorption isotherms were determined for untreated and copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood at different copper retention levels. The Cu-EA treatment reduces the water vapor accessibility in wood because copper has occupied some of the adsorption sites for moisture during the treatment. The percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper was evaluated by M
t/M
u, which is the ratio of equilibrium moisture content for treated wood to untreated wood. The results show that, within the copper retention range used in this study, the M
t/M
u value decreases linearly at lower temperatures (4 and 15 °C) or logarithmically at higher temperatures (30 and 40 °C) with the increase of copper retention, suggesting that the percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper (P) increases linearly or logarithmically with the copper retention in Cu-EA treated wood. P decreases with the increase of relative humidity. The reason is that more adsorption sites become available for moisture at higher relative humidity. It has also been found that the influence of Cu-EA treatment on hydrated water (M
h) is more significant than that on dissolved water (M
s).
Solid wood joints by in situ welding of structural wood constituents
Authors: Gfeller B. , Pizzi A. , Zanetti M. , Properzi M. , Pichelin F. , Lehmann M. , Delmotte L. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Mechanically-induced wood flow welding, without any adhesive, is here shown to rapidly yield wood joints satisfying the relevant requirements for structural application. The mechanism of mechanically-induced vibrational wood flow welding is shown to be due mostly to the melting and flowing of the amorphous polymer materials interconnecting wood cells, mainly lignin, but also some hemicelluloses. This causes the partial detachment of long wood cells and wood fibres and the formation of an entanglement network in a matrix of melted material which then solidifies. Thus, it forms a wood cell/fibre entanglement network composite having a molten lignin polymer matrix. During the welding period, some of the detached wood fibres no longer held by the interconnecting material are pushed out of the joint as excess fibre. Cross-linking chemical reactions of lignin and of carbohydrate-derived furfural also occur. Their presence has been identified by CP-MAS 13C NMR. These reactions are, however, relatively minor contributors during the very short welding period. Their contribution increases after welding has finished, explaining why relatively longer holding times under pressure after the end of welding contribute strongly to obtaining a good bond.
Homogeneity in cellulose crystallinity between samples of Pinus radiata wood
Authors: Newman R. H. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Wood was sampled from 22 locations in 3 Pinus radiata trees and characterized by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Values of a cellulose crystallinity index were confined to the range 0.486 to 0.541 despite inclusion of earlywood and latewood, compression wood and opposite wood, juvenile wood and mature wood. The mean value was 0.515 and the standard deviation was 0.015. Highest crystallinity was associated with relatively slow radial growth, with a correlation coefficient of R=−0.79 for a linear least-squares fit against ring width. The NMR results were consistent with published studies based on X-ray peak widths. Crystallinity indices based on X-ray peak heights or areas have shown wider ranges of variation, attributed to differences in cellulose content rather than cellulose crystallinity.
Analysis of the substituent distribution along the chain of water-soluble methyl cellulose by combination of enzymatic and chemical methods
Authors: Saake B. , Lebioda S. , Puls J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Four methyl cellulose samples in the degree of substitution range from 0.5 to 2.0 were characterised by combination of different analytical methods. Samples were analysed regarding their partial degree of substitution by hydrolysis and anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. For calibration of the chromatographic system, standard substances were isolated by preparative HPLC and their structure was confirmed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. For two methyl cellulose samples per-acetylation and 13C-NMR with inverse gated decoupling was carried out for comparison with the chromatographic analysis. Endoglucanase fragmentation of methyl celluloses was performed and water-soluble and insoluble fractions were analysed separately. A preparative size exclusion chromatography system for enzymatic-degraded water-soluble methyl cellulose was developed and the molar masses of the individual fractions were examined by analytical size exclusion chromatography. By combination of endoglucanase fragmentation, preparative chromatography, hydrolysis and anion exchange chromatography an approach for the analysis of the substitutent distribution along the polymeric chain of water-soluble methyl cellulose could be established.
Variation in content and composition of lignin in young wood of Norway spruce
Authors: Wadenbäck J. , Clapham D. , Gellerstedt G. , von Arnold S. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Lignin content and composition are important traits in
several tree breeding programs, but very little is known
about their natural variation. This study compares the lignin
content in 1-year-old plants and 9-year-old trees of
Norway spruce belonging to the same full-sib families. It
is shown that the lignin content, according to the modified
acetyl bromide method, does not vary significantly
within or among the different full-sib families either as
plants or as young trees. There is, however, on average
4.0% higher lignin content (31.4% versus 27.4%) and
lower standard error for the trees than for the plants. The
number of C9-units g−1 lignin, analyzed by thioacidolysis,
ranges from 516 to 1186 μmmol C9-units g−1 lignin in
plants and from 716 to 953 μmmol C9-units g−1 lignin in
trees, with no significant differences among the families.
However, the extent of change in C9-units g−1 lignin varies
among the families with age. The ratio of erythro and
threo stereoisomers does not vary significantly among
the families. However, the ratio changes differently with
age among the families similar to the C9-units g−1 lignin.
Additionally, the content of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignin is
0.6% higher in the trees than in the plants (1.4% versus
0.8%), estimated indirectly from GC-MS data by a novel
subtractive technique, indicating a higher degree of compression
wood in the young trees. In conclusion, the
amount and composition of lignin does not vary within
or among the families at the same age. However, the
amount of lignin increases with age while the change in
lignin composition varies between family and age.
Polyoxometalate oxidation of non-phenolic lignin subunits in water: Effect of substrate structure on reaction kinetics
Authors: Yokoyama T. , Chang H.-M. , Reiner R. S. , Atalla R. H. , Weinstock I. A. , Kadla J. F. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The effect of lignin-biopolymer structure on the mechanism
of its oxidative depolymerization by polyoxometalates
(POMs) was investigated by reacting an equilibrated
POM ensemble with a series of ring-substituted benzyl
alcohols. Under anaerobic conditions in mixed water/methanol, observed pseudo-first order reaction rates
(150°C) of 8.96 × 10−3 and 4.89 × 10−3 sec−1 were
obtained for oxidations of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)
ethanol (1) and 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (2),
respectively. Organic products from the oxidation of 2 (95% recovery) indicate the reaction proceeds via successive
oxidations of the benzylic carbon atom; aromatic-ring cleavage was not observed. A primary
kinetic-isotope effect of 1.6 and 1.7 was observed for the
reactions of 1 and 2 deuterated at the benzylic-carbon
atoms. This combined with the relatively large activation
energies, indicate that C-H bond breaking (either H-atom
or proton-coupled electron transfer) occurs late along the
reaction coordinate of the rate-determining step. Replacing
the 4-CH3O-group in 2 by CH3CH2O- to give 1-(4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (3), had a
substantial effect on the temperature dependence of the
observed reaction rate, suggestive of a possible change
in mechanism.
Measurement of moisture content profiles during drying of Scots pine using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Rosenkilde A. , Gorce J.-P. , Barry A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Moisture content profiles with high spatial pixel resolution,
21 μm, were measured in Scots pine heartwood
while drying from wet conditions to near equilibrium in
the surface layer, (0–300 μm). The measuring technique
used was Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In order to
obtain magnetic resonance profiles with a high pixel resolution
at both high and low moisture contents, a highg-radient
permanent magnet was used. The results
presented show one-dimensional moisture content profiles
and mean moisture content development in the surface
layer. In Scots pine heartwood, almost flat moisture
content profiles were observed when the moisture content
was above the fibre saturation level. When the mean
moisture content in the surface layer decreases to the
fibre saturation level, gradients start to build up from the
surface towards the bulk of the sample although the bulk
moisture content is far above the fibre saturation. Furthermore,
the results presented in this study imply that a
dry shell forms in the surface layer shortly after drying
has begun. This dry shell controls the drying rate until
the mean moisture content in the bulk decreases to the
fibre saturation level.
Internal stresses in the cross-grain direction in glulam induced by climate variations
Authors: Jönsson J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Results are presented from an experimental investigation
to determine internal stress states perpendicular to grain
in glulam induced by moisture variations. The stresses
are determined by measuring the released strains before
and after cutting. Stress distributions are determined for
specimens seasoned in constant humidity, specimens
exposed to an artificial single climate change, specimens
exposed to cyclic climate change and for specimens
exposed to natural climate outdoors under shelter.
Results for seasoned specimens show that internal
stresses exist in glulam without the presence of moisture
gradients. Stresses in specimens with an induced moisture
gradient become larger when moistening from a specific
climate A to another climate B than when drying
from B to A. Tests in an outdoor sheltered climate show
large variations in strains and stresses. The tensile stress
level in the inner part of the glulam cross section exceeds
the characteristic strength of 0.5 MPa during a period of
approximately 80 days.
Tolerability, Safety, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics of Rasagiline: A Potent, Selective, and Irreversible Monoamine Oxidase Type B Inhibitor
Authors: Thébault John J. , Guillaume Michel , Levy Ruth 
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the tolerability, safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of rasagiline after once‐daily oral administration of single or repeated doses.Design. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, three‐way, single‐dose study and a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, repeated‐dose study.Setting. Clinical research center in France.Subjects. Healthy male volunteers aged 18–40 years (12 in the single‐dose study, 24 in the repeated‐dose study).Intervention. In the single‐dose study, subjects received, in a randomized sequence, single doses of placebo, rasagiline 1 mg, and rasagiline 5 mg; or placebo, rasagiline 2 mg, and rasagiline 10 mg. Six subjects received an additional single dose of rasagiline 20 mg. There was a 2‐week washout period between each dose. In the repeated‐dose study, subjects were randomized to receive rasagiline 2 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg, or placebo once/day for 10 days.Measurements and Main Results. To assess tolerability and safety, patients underwent physical examinations, vital sign measurements, 12‐lead electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory testing, and bleeding time studies. To determine platelet monoamine oxidase type B (MAO‐B) activity and rasagiline pharmacokinetics, blood and urine samples were taken. In the single‐dose study, rasagiline 1–20 mg was well tolerated. Each dose significantly inhibited platelet MAO‐B activity. In the repeated‐dose study, all doses of rasagiline were well tolerated; almost full inhibition of platelet MAO‐B activity was achieved with each rasagiline dose.Conclusion. Rasagiline is well tolerated at doses up to 20 mg once/day and is a potent inhibitor of platelet MAO‐B in humans.
History of Depression as a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: de Denus Simon , Spinler Sarah A. , Jessup Mariell , Kao Andrew 
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the prevalence and impact of depression on the risk of in‐hospital death or need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure.Design. Observational single‐center study.Setting. Coronary care unit and cardiac intermediate‐care unit of a tertiary referral center.Patients. One hundred seventy‐one patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure who were included in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry (ADHERE).Measurements and Main Results. The 34 patients with a history of depression had a higher likelihood of experiencing the combined end point of in‐hospital death or CPR compared with the 137 patients without a history of depression (17.7% vs 6.6%, p<0.05). A history of depression (odds ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.01–10.6, p<0.05) was still predictive of in‐hospital death or CPR in a multivariate analysis after adjusting for predictors of the combined end point.Conclusions. This study suggests that a history of depression is associated with an increased risk of in‐hospital mortality or CPR in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. Our results require confirmation in larger trials.
A Smoking‐Cessation Program Consisting of Extensive Counseling, Pharmacotherapy, and Office Spirometry: Results of a Pilot Project in a Veterans Administration Medical Center
Authors: Kennedy Daniel T. , Paulson Daniel M. , Eddy Tia D. , Patel Pinki C. , Patkar Anuprita D. , Holdford David A. , Genina Vera Y. , Griffin Erin N. 
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To describe the 1‐year outcomes of a Veterans Administration smoking‐cessation program that demonstrates a standard of care comprising extensive counseling, pharmacotherapy, and office spirometry.Design. Prospective one‐group pretest‐posttest, with an intervention of state‐of‐the‐art practice in smoking cessation.Setting. Outpatient clinic in a Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC).Patients. Two hundred fifty‐two veterans receiving health care at the VAMC.Measurements and Main Results. The primary outcome measured was the 1‐year cessation rate of smokers. Demographic and clinical covariates also were collected. Of the 252 patients who enrolled in the program, 120 never quit smoking for even 1 day. Of the remaining 132 patients, 32 (24%) achieved long‐term (1 yr) cessation. The number of visits to the clinic and the number of methods used during the attempt to quit were the only variables significantly associated with long‐term smoking cessation (p<0.0001 for each).Conclusion. The availability of a standard‐of‐practice clinic for smoking cessation within a primary care clinic can help patients who have a desire to quit. A combination of intensive counseling, pharmacotherapy, and office spirometry helped patients in a Veterans Administration population to achieve long‐term smoking cessation.
Synthesis and Spectral and Structural Elucidation of Some Pyridinium Betaines of Squaric Acid: Potential Materials for Nonlinear Optical Applications
Authors: Kolev T. M. , Yancheva D. Y. , Stoyanov S. I. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA series of substituted pyridinium betaines of squaric acid have been prepared by quaternization reaction of 3‐ and 4‐substituted pyridines with squaric acid. The products were characterized by means of elemental analysis, melting points, and their UV‐vis and IR spectra. The UV‐vis spectra of all investigated compounds in five different solvents were studied in detail. The UV‐vis spectral elucidation has given evidence of the clearly distinct negative solvatochromism of the pyridinium betaines of squaric acid, characteristic for compounds with a dipolar electronic ground state structure. The two absorption bands observed in the visible region show a charge‐transfer character, which determines their strong dependence on the polarity of the medium and the nature of the substituent. The investigation of the spectral behavior of pyridinium betaines of squaric acid has revealed their potential nonlinear optical and electro‐optical properties. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit remarkable thermal stability, required for such applications. The eventual technical application of these colored single crystals is discussed.
Well‐Aligned ZnO Nanorods via Hydrogen Treatment of ZnO Films
Authors: Wu J.‐J. , Wen H.‐I. , Tseng C.‐H. , Liu S.‐C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe formation of well‐aligned ZnO nanorods has been achieved via H2 treatment of as‐grown ZnO films. Structural analyses reveal that the ZnO nanorods on the ZnO films are preferentially oriented along the c‐axis direction and exhibit a single‐crystalline wurtzite structure. To investigate the mechanism of formation of ZnO nanorods on the film, further H2 treatment of the as‐grown ZnO nanorods was performed. Thinner and longer ZnO nanorods were obtained after certain periods of H2 treatment. It is proposed that both etching and re‐deposition processes are taking place during the process, resulting in the aspect‐ratio enhancement of the ZnO nanorods and the formation of ZnO nanorods on the ZnO films. It is suggested that an appropriate concentration of the etching products remaining from the initial rod‐forming H2 treatment allows subsequent re‐deposition of the ZnO nanorods with enhanced differentiation of the growth rates on the 〈001〉 and 〈100〉 crystal facets.
Investigation of the Structure of MCM‐41 Samples with a High Copper Content
Authors: Kong Y. , Zhu H. Y. , Yang G. , Guo X. F. , Hou W. H. , Yan Q. J. , Gu M. , Hu C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA series of MCM‐41s with a high copper content were synthesized at room temperature from sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) as the silicon source, tetraamminecopper(II) nitrate [Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2] as the copper source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as the template. The resulting material was characterized by using the following characterization techniques: X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2‐adsorption isotherms, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV‐vis spectroscopy, electron‐spin resonance (ESR) and 29Si magic‐angle sample spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy. The characterization techniques demonstrated the following: i) the copper atoms are incorporated into the framework of MCM‐41 and ii) the copper species in the samples are in a distorted octahedral coordination environment, with between four and six oxygen atoms in the first coordination sphere. The maximum copper content determined by ICP was 26 wt.‐% in the ordered mesoporous sample with a surface area of 525 m2 g–1 and an average pore diameter of 3.1 nm. The synthesized materials exhibited a high activity for nitrogen monoxide (NO) reduction by carbon monoxide (CO).