bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green tea as a potent antioxidant in alcohol intoxication
Authors: Skrzydlewska E. , Ostrowska J. , Stankiewicz A. , Farbiszewski R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEthanol oxidation to acetaldehyde and next to acetate is accompanied by free radical generation. Free radicals can affect cell integrity when antioxidant mechanisms are no longer able to cope with the free radical generation observed in ethanol intoxication. Natural antioxidants are particularly useful in such a situation. The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of green tea as a source of water‐soluble antioxidants (catechins) on the liver and blood serum antioxidative potential of rats chronically (28 days) intoxicated with ethanol. Alcohol caused a decrease in liver superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities and an increase in activity of glutathione reductase. Moreover, a decrease in the level of reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid, vitamins A and E and β‐carotene were observed. The activity of serum glutathione peroxidase decreased while glutathione reductase activity increased. The level of serum non‐enzymatic antioxidants was also decreased in the liver. Alcohol administration caused an increase in the liver and serum lipid peroxidation products, measured as thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances. However, green tea prevents the changes observed after ethanol intoxication. Green tea also protects membrane phospholipids from enhanced peroxidation. These results indicate a beneficial effect of green tea in alcohol intoxication.
Rose Scent
Authors: Guterman Inna , Shalit Moshe , Menda Naama , Piestun Dan , Dafny-Yelin Mery , Shalev Gil , Bar Einat , Davydov Olga , Ovadis Mariana , Emanuel Michal , Wang Jihong , Adam Zach , Pichersky Eran , Lewinsohn Efraim , Zamir Dani , Vainstein Alexander , Weiss David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor centuries, rose has been the most important crop in the floriculture industry; its economic importance also lies in the use of its petals as a source of natural fragrances. Here, we used genomics approaches to identify novel scent-related genes, using rose flowers from tetraploid scented and nonscented cultivars. An annotated petal EST database of ∼2100 unique genes from both cultivars was created, and DNA chips were prepared and used for expression analyses of selected clones. Detailed chemical analysis of volatile composition in the two cultivars, together with the identification of secondary metabolism–related genes whose expression coincides with scent production, led to the discovery of several novel flower scent–related candidate genes. The function of some of these genes, including a germacrene D synthase, was biochemically determined using an Escherichia coli expression system. This work demonstrates the advantages of using the high-throughput approaches of genomics to detail traits of interest expressed in a cultivar-specific manner in nonmodel plants.
The concurrent language, Shared Prolog
Authors: Brogi Antonio , Ciancarini Paolo 
Published: October 2002

Shared Prolog is a new concurrent logic language. A Shared Prolog system is composed of a set of parallel agents that are Prolog programs extended by a guard mechanism. The programmer controls the granularity of parallelism, coordinating communication and synchronization of the agents via a centralized data structure. The communication mechanism is inherited from the blackboard model of problem solving. Intuitively, the granularity of the logic processes to be elaborated in parallel is large, while the resources shared on the blackboard can be very fined grained.
An operational semantics for Shared Prolog is given in terms of a distributed model. Through an abstract notion of computation, the kinds of parallelism supported by the language, as well as properties of infinite computations, such as local deadlocks, are studied.
The expressiveness of the language is shown with respect to the specification of two classes of applications: metaprogramming and blackboard systems.
A self-applicable partial evaluator for the lambda calculus
Authors: Gomard Carsten K. 
Published: October 2002

We describe theoretical and a few practical aspects of an implemented self-applicable partial evaluator for the untyped lambda calculus with constants, conditionals, and a fixed point operator.
The purpose of this paper is first to announce the existence of (and to describe) a partial evaluator that is both higher-order and self-applicable; second to describe a surprisingly simple solution to the central problem of binding time analysis, and third to prove that the partial evaluator yields correct answers.
While λ-mix (the name of our system) seems to have been the first higher-order self-applicable partial evaluator to run on a computer, it was developed mainly for research purposes. Two recently developed systems are much more powerful for practical use, but also much more complex: Similix[3,5] and Schism[7].
Our partial evaluator is surprisingly simple, completely automatic, and has been implemented in a side effect-free subset of Scheme. It has been used to compile, generate compilers and generate a compiler generator.
Program abstraction and instantiation
Authors: Dershowitz Nachum 
Published: October 2002

Our goal is to develop formal methods for abstracting a given set of programs into a program schema
and for instantiating a given schema to satisfy concrete specifications. Abstraction and instantiation
are two important phases in software development which allow programmers to apply knowledge
learned in the solutions of past problems when faced with new situations. For example, from two
programs using a linear (or binary) search technique, an abstract schema can be derived that embodies
the shared idea and that can be instantiated to solve similar new problems. Along similar lines, the
development and application of program transformations are considered.
We suggest the formulation of analogies as a basic tool in program abstraction. An analogy is first
sought between the specifications of the given programs; this yields an abstract specification that
may be instantiated to any of the given concrete specifications. The analogy is then used as a basis
for transforming the existing programs into an abstract schema that represents the embedded
technique, with the invariant assertions and correctness proofs of the given programs helping to
verify and complete the analogy. A given concrete specification of a new problem may then be
compared with the abstract specification of the schema to suggest an instantiation of the schema
that yields a correct program.
Smart recompilation
Authors: Tichy Walter F. 
Published: October 2002

With current compiler technology, changing a single line in a large software system may trigger massive recompilations. If the change occurs in a file with shared declarations, all compilation units depending upon that file must be recompiled to assure consistency. However, many of those recompilations may be redundant, because the change may affect only a small fraction of the overall system.
Smart recompilation is a method for reducing the set of modules that must be recompiled after a change. The method determines whether recompilation is necessary by isolating the differences among program modules and analyzing the effect of changes. The method is applicable to languages with and without overloading. A prototype demonstrates that the method is efficient and can be added with modest effort to existing compilers.
Time in Process Philosophy
Authors: Griffin David Ray 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAfter contrasting process philosophy's pantemporalism with the two other possibilities — nontemporalism and dualism — I argue the following points:The great negative virtue of J.T.Fraser's version of emergent dualism is that it explicitly brings out the paradoxes that must be faced if pantemporalism is denied. Its great positive virtue,especially when read in conjunction with Grünbaum's position, is that it brings out the fact that time (in the full-fledged sense) requires experience.These two virtues combined suggest the truth of both pantemporalism and panexperientialism, which are mutually implicatory.Pantemporalism, or even the weaker conviction, shared by almost everyone, that time has existed at least since the origin of our universe, conflicts with another belief that initially seems equally well grounded — the belief in an ontological dualism between experiencing and nonexperiencing things. But this latter conviction belongs at best only to soft-core, not hard-core, common sense, so it can be given up without selfcontradiction. Because panexperientialism, like pantemporalism, solves a host of philosophical problems, a pantemporalisticpanexperientialist worldview can be defended in terms of selfconsistency and adequacy to the facts, including the facts of hard-core common sense.
The Peculiar Temporality of Violence: a Source of Perplexity about Social Power
Authors: Thornton Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost national myths of origin begin with some transcendent or sacrificial story of violent revolution, warfare or liberation. This is also true of many origin myths of ethnic, tribal or other forms of social identity. This makes it appear that some act of violence is the cause of their coming into being. This paper argues that this is an artefact of the temporal 'peculiarity' of violence. Violent events, it is argued, are essentially unpredictable even when statistically probable. This means that violence is only 'visible' after the fact, and rarely before and that plausible causal models can rarely be constructed in advance. Violence is always seen in retrospect, then, and where it has caused significant death and destruction, it requires that we begin to make sense of what caused it. Unlike other planned or and emotionally charged social interactions (such as eating, sexuality, ritual) acts of violence interrupt (disrupt, breach, rupture, break, etc.) and terminate parts or all of previous social relations. Since the cause of violence can only be assigned retrospectively, this means that we must (re-)construct the past in a way that allows us to make sense of it. Where some violent event is followed by the eventual emergence of a new identity, the new identity is often explained as having 'originated' in violence. This implies that violence caused the new social identity in some way, and that it functions as a political instrument. But violence can only create a void, and is chaotic. After violence, we require the (re-)telling of the past in a new way. This makes violence appear at the beginning of narratives of origin, but does not imply that violence caused these identities. Since large scale violence leads cultural loss and to large scale social (re)construction, narratives of identity tend to begin at these moments in time. This account of violence seeks, therefore, to undermine the notion that violence is an efficient or final cause of social forms.
A method to assess the variation of urban canyon geometry from sky view factor transects
Authors: Bradley A. V. , Thornes J. E. , Chapman L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is now possible to generate large quantities of sky view factor (SVF) values due to advances in digital techniques for calculating SVF from hemispherical images. Coupling image acquisition with Global Positioning System (GPS) data now enables transects to be accurately placed, enabling site‐specific SVF analysis in relation to street geometry. This paper examines SVF transects through four land cover classes. The findings indicate that although SVF averages are distinctly different in each of the land cover types, an average SVF value for a particular land use type is not a sufficient estimate at street resolution. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Accelerator-Mass-Spectrometer Ages for the Younger Dryas Event in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Mayle Francis E. , Levesque André J. , Cwynar Les C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn Atlantic Canada, bulk-sediment dates for the onset of a late-glacial cooling, widely regarded as the Younger Dryas event, are highly variable, ranging from 14,300 ± 270 to 10,800 ± 100 yr B.P. We present the first accelerator-mass-spectrometer (AMS) 14C dates from Atlantic Canada, at or close to the boundaries of this event, from six sites in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The mean of five dates places the onset of this cooling at ca. 10,770 yr B.P.; the inclusion of a sixth, perhaps anomalously old date, changes the mean to 10,880 yr B.P. The termination averages (three dates) ca. 10,000 yr B.P. These dates place the timing of the Younger Dryas event in Atlantic Canada closer in line with the traditional chronozone boundaries of 11,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. in Northwest Europe.
Late Holocene Environmental Changes in Arid Southwestern Madagascar
Authors: Burney David A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA 5000-yr stratigraphic record containing fossil pollen, charcoal, and bones of the extinct Quaternary megafauna from Andolonomby, a hypersaline pond in arid southwestern Madagascar, shows evidence for climatic desiccation beginning about 3000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra shift at this time from primarily arboreal taxa characteristic of forests and woodlands of more mesic western Madagascar, to wooded savanna typical of somewhat drier localities. Between 3000 and 2000 yr B.P., the site became increasingly arid. Charcoal and pollen evidence indicates that increased fire and disturbance occurred at the site beginning ca. 1900 yr B.P., probably signaling the beginning of human settlement in the area. The fossil record suggests that various human and natural factors on the island may have interacted in the subsequent millennium to culminate in the extinction of the entire endemic megafauna.
Soils of an Eolian Analog of the Leasburg Surface, Southern New Mexico
Authors: Gile Leland H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a dissected, mostly sandy terrain along the Rio Grande valley border of southern New Mexico, a reddish-brown coarse-loamy Haplargid in an eolian deposit has a stage II carbonate horizon that is typical of soils of the Leasburg surface (8000-15,000 yr B.P.). The eolian deposit buries sediments and soils of late Pleistocene age or older. Thus, it does not fit in the chronological framework of the stepped sequence of geomorphic surfaces along the valley border, in which age of the surfaces and their soils increases with increasing elevation of the steps. Because the eolian deposit occurs in isolated areas where its age relative to the stepped sequence cannot be demonstrated geomorphically, soil characteristics are major tools for placing the deposit and its soil in the chronological scheme for the area. On the basis of the stage II carbonate horizon, the eolian deposit is considered to be an eolian analog of Leasburg alluvium. One of the Leasburg Haplargids in eolian sediments on a ridge crest has a total of 23 kg/m2of pedogenic carbonate. Downslope in an area that receives runoff from higher areas, a fine-loamy Haplargid in Leasburg alluvium has 186 kg/m2of carbonate; a nearby coarse-loamy Haplargid that does not receive runoff has only 46 kg/m2of carbonate. Thus, landscape position and texture have a major influence on the total amount of pedogenic carbonate, which can range to more than eightfold in soils of Leasburg age.
A High-Resolution 11,400-Yr Diatom Record from Lake Victoria, East Africa
Authors: Stager J.Curt , Cumming Brian , Meeker Loren 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFine-interval (∼30–45 yr) sampling of a core from Lake Victoria's Damba Channel shows that numerous abrupt changes in the lake's diatom assemblages have occurred in response to climatic fluctuations over the past 11,40014C yr. Four distinct climatic phases bounded by sudden transitions are inferred: (1) variably dry ∼11,400–10,000 yr B.P., (2) humid ∼10,000–7200 yr B.P., (3) more seasonal ∼7200–2200 yr B.P., and (4) more arid ∼2200–0 yr B.P., with a dry “Little Ice Age” event ∼600–200 yr B.P. The diatom-inferred paleoclimatic history for northern Lake Victoria closely resembles that inferred from a well-dated pollen record from Pilkington Bay. Spectral analysis of the diatom record reveals strong periodicities including globally distributed ∼2360–2550, ∼1400, ∼1030–1130, and ∼500 cal-yr cycles. Repeated, rapid shifts betweenAulacoseira- andNitzschia-dominated diatom assemblages suggest that post-1960 changes in the lake's phytoplankton communities have had earlier, climate-driven analogs.
The impact of equity option expirations on the prices of non‐expiring options
Authors: Broughton John B. , Chance Don M. , Smith David M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present evidence that for non‐expiring options in the current expiration cycle, observed prices conform to the prices predicted by the dividend‐corrected Black‐Scholes model in the period prior to, and including, the expiration date. This is generally not true for options that are not in the current expiration cycle or for options during non‐expiration time periods. This evidence is interesting in that it suggests that the dividend‐corrected Black‐Scholes model is more useful as a pricing tool when there is a nearby expiration event affecting options on the same underlying stock. We also find that, during the expiration period, mean absolute pricing errors, a measure of pricing efficiency, are smaller for non‐expiring options in the current expiration cycle than for non‐current expiration cycle options.
An empirical examination of the dispersion and accuracy of analyst forecasts surrounding option listing
Authors: Ho Li‐Chin Jennifer , Hassell John M. , Swidler Steve 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrior theoretical and empirical research indicates that option trading enhances the availability and timeliness of market information, and that the market's earnings expectation (belief) is influenced by characteristics of the information environment. Motivated by these research findings, we investigate whether option listing is associated with changes in the market's expectations about future earnings. Assuming that the distribution of analysts' earnings forecasts serves as a proxy for the market's earnings expectations and using I/B/E/S consensus analyst forecasts, we examine two properties of analyst forecasts: accuracy and dispersion. The results indicate that consensus analyst forecast accuracy improves after option listing and that the variability of analyst forecasts increases after option listing. The accuracy and dispersion results are somewhat weaker but still present after controlling for firm size and analyst following.
Financial variables contributing to savings and loan failures from 1980–1989
Authors: Harrison Patricia , Ragas Wade R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigates performance in the savings and loan (S&L) industry during the 1980s. Logistic regression is used to replicate the Benston (1985) study for the decade of the eighties. This study expands upon Benston's work by identifying the effects of new charters (1980 or later), and differing capital definitions (GAAP) versus RAP). The stability of the variables contributing to success or failure is also reviewed for the periods 1982–1985 and 1986–1989. The results of this study confirm the earlier findings of Benston. Net worth to total assets and return on total assets were negatively related to failure and were the only variables found to be significant in all analyses. Direct investments to total assets was not found to be significant. Further, newly chartered firms were found to be no more likely to fail than the other existing firms. There were no major differences in the statistical results when testing using the GAAP and RAP definitions of capital which suggests that regulatory changes in accounting rules did not have a major effect on firm survival.
The one‐share‐one‐vote‐rule and managerial compensation
Authors: Teall John L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFirms listed in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, Israel, and elsewhere frequently issue multiple classes of shares, while countries such as France and Italy have traditionally prohibited dual‐class capitalizations. Finland, Sweden and Denmark place restrictions on vote ratios between share classes. Several theoretical papers, notably Grossman and Hart (1988) and Harris and Raviv (1988) offer theoretical evidence for the optimality of the One‐Share‐One‐Vote rule, though the empirical evidence is mixed. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the important impact of managerial compensation into the capitalization decision. Theoretical evidence offered in this paper suggests that the opportunity to vary managerial compensation can lead to the optimality of dual‐class capitalization. Hence, there may be little merit to the regulation of multiple class capitalizations.
IL‐12, IL‐6 and IFN‐γ production by lymphocytes of pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis remission during pregnancy
Authors: Tchórzewski Henryk , Krasomski Grzegorz , Biesiada Lidia , Głowacka Ewa , Banasik Małgorzata , Lewkowicz Przemysław 
Published: October 2002

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with progressive activity. The RA remission was observed in women during pregnancy, but the mechanism responsible for remission is hypothetical only and concerns mechanisms of immune regulation such as lymphocyte subpopulations and interleukin production.Aims: The lymphocyte subpopulations and interleukin production in vitro in a group of healthy nonpregnant women, healthy pregnant women and pregnant women suffering from RA may help towards a better understanding of regulation of the immune processes.Methods: The investigations were performed in trimester III – 2 days after delivery and 6 weeks after delivery. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated on Gradisol gradient and analysed immediately or after having been cultured for 72 hours in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FCS. The cultures were terminated after 72 h, supernatants stored at –72°C for interleukin evaluation. The concentrations of IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐12,
TNF‐α and its soluble receptors R‐I, R‐II were estimated in non‐stimulated and PHA (Sigma, 5 μg/ml) stimulated culture supernatants using ELISA Endogen kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Results: The general pattern of T cell subpopulation distribution was similar in all analysed groups. Decreased IFN‐γ, IL‐12 and increased IL‐6 production by lymphocytes after PHA stimulation was found in trimester III in pregnant women with RA as compared to healthy pregnant woman.Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that in pregnant women with RA the TH1 cell response predominates, contrary to healthy pregnant women with TH2 type functional response. These phenomena were not observed after delivery.