bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mini‐Mental State exam may help in the differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ala Thomas A. , Hughes Larry F. , Kyrouac Gregory A. , Ghobrial Mona W. , Elble Rodger J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveSince patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) tend to have greater impairment of attention and construction and better memory ability on neuropsychological tests than patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), we determined if the items that measure attention, memory, and construction in the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) help to distinguish DLB from AD early in the course of the dementia.DesignWe retrospectively studied the first available MMSE exam for each of our patients with DLB or AD and compared their MMSE subscores for attention, memory, and construction.SettingA university dementia brain bank in central Illinois, USA.PatientsAll patients with neuropathologically‐proven DLB or AD with MMSE scores≥13.ResultsWe identified 17 DLB and 27 AD patients for whom we had MMSE exams. The attention and construction subtest scores of the DLB group were worse (p=0.0071 and p=0.0038, respectively) than those of the AD group. The memory subscores of the DLB group were better, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.22). When a mathematical equation was used to combine the three subscores with equal weighting ($Attention-{5\over 3}\;Memory+5\cdot Construction$), the scores of the DLB group were worse (p=0.00007). Using this equation, a score less than 5 points was associated with DLB with a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.57–0.96) and a specificity of 0.81 (95% CI=0.62–0.94).ConclusionsOur findings support the work of others regarding the relative neuropsychological impairments of DLB and AD and indicate that the MMSE may be helpful in the differentiation of DLB and AD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What are patients and their families told about the diagnosis of dementia? Results of a family survey
Authors: Holroyd Suzanne , Turnbull Quentin , Wolf Andrew M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundControversy exists as to whether dementia patients should be told their diagnosis and prognosis.ObjectiveThis study examined the experience of patients and families when a diagnosis of dementia is given.MethodFifty‐seven family members from community dementia support groups answered a questionnaire regarding the diagnosis of dementia in a family member.ResultsFamily members were significantly more likely to have been told the diagnosis and symptoms to expect in dementia than patients themselves. Half of the families felt they were not given enough information regarding dementia. Interestingly, the majority of family members believed patients should be told their diagnosis and prognosis yet about half had reported that informed patients had reacted poorly to being told their diagnosis and only about a third felt it was helpful to the patient.ConclusionThe results suggest physicians should better involve patients and their families in disclosing diagnoses and information regarding dementia. The results also suggest the current AMA guidelines to inform patients their diagnosis of dementia are inadequate to address the clinical complexities of this issue. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot, randomized, open‐label trial assessing safety and pharmakokinetic parameters of co‐administration of rivastigmine with risperidone in dementia patients with behavioral disturbances
Authors: Weiser Mark , Rotmensch Heschi H. , Korczyn Amos D. , Hartman Richard , Cicin‐Sain Ana , Anand Ravi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia display, in addition to cognitive impairment, various degrees of behavioral disturbances. As the use of cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of cognitive impairment in dementia becomes widespread, many of these patients will be treated concomitantly with cholinesterase inhibitors and with anti‐psychotic drugs to ameliorate behavioral disturbances. Despite the widespread use of this combination in clinical practice, the safety and tolerability of such combination therapy has not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials. This pilot study examined the effects of addition of risperidone 0.5–2 mg/day to patients on rivastigmine 3–12 mg/day, and vice versa.Methods65 patients suffering from AD, 10 from vascular dementia, and 15 from both were randomized to open label rivastigmine and risperidone, alone or in combination, for 20 weeks. Adverse events caused by co‐administration were assessed.ResultsNo clinically relevant adverse interactions were observed.ConclusionsThese preliminary results indicate that rivastigmine and risperidone can be safely co‐administered. Confirmation of these results in large clinical trials studies is warranted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased cutaneous vasodilatation to isometric handgrip exercise in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kálmán János , Szakács Réka , Török Tamás , Rózsa Zsuzsa , Barzó Pál , Rudas László , Papp J. Gy. , Janka Zoltán 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous active vasodilatation is a cholinergic nerve mediated function of the sympathetic nervous system and the disturbed function of cholinergic neurotransmission is known as a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsTo assess this relationship, skin blood flow (SkBF) and other haemodynamic parameters were determined by a simple vasodilatory test, isometric handgrip exercise (IHG), in 22 late‐onset sporadic type AD and 20 aged control persons (AC).ResultsSignificantly higher cutaneous vascular resistance and decreased SkBF were found after the stimulus in the AD group. A smaller reduction (p < 0.03) of R wave intervals on the electrocardiogram was observed in the AD group compared to the AC one. After IHG, change in systolic blood pressure was less in the AD (p < 0.01) than in the AC group.ConclusionOur results suggest that autonomic dysfunction affecting active vasodilator sympathetic, as well as parasympathetic functions is present in AD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout and stress amongst old age psychiatrists
Authors: Benbow Susan M. , Jolley David J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between work patterns, burnout and stress in consultant old age psychiatrists.MethodsWe sent a postal survey to all old age psychiatrists on the Faculty of Old Age Psychiatry, Royal College of Psychiatrists, list. Participants completed a workload questionnaire, the Stress Checklist and the Maslach Burnout Inventory during a specified week.ResultsBurnout scores were unaffected by gender and team working, but old age psychiatrists scoring within the high burnout range were younger, scored highly on stress, spent less time on research, study and audit, and more time travelling. The whole group scored highly on emotional exhaustion.ConclusionsJob plans should encourage research/study and audit, and cut down travelling. The finding related to age is not fully understood, but suggests consideration of support groups for new consultants and review of whether current training programmes adequately prepare people for work as a consultant. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐invasive assessment of language lateralization by transcranial near infrared optical topography and functional MRI
Authors: Kennan Richard P. , Kim David , Maki Atsushi , Koizumi Hideaki , Constable R. Todd 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNear infrared optical topography (OT) is the simultaneous acquisition of hemoglobin absorption from an array of optical fibers on the scalp to construct maps of cortical activity. We demonstrate that OT can be used to determine lateralization of prefrontal areas to a language task that has been validated by functional MRI (fMRI). Studies were performed on six subjects using a visually presented language task. Laterality was quantified by the relative number of activated pixels in each hemisphere for fMRI, and the total hemoglobin responses in each hemisphere for OT. All subjects showed varying degrees of left hemisphere language dominance and the mean laterality indices for subjects who underwent both OT and fMRI were in good agreement. These studies demonstrate that OT gives predictions of hemispheric dominance that are consistent with fMRI. Due to the ease of use and portable nature of OT, it is anticipated that optical topography will be valuable tool for neurological examinations of cognitive function. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:183–189, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of spatial normalization of whole‐brain magnetic resonance images in children
Authors: Wilke Marko , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Holland Scott K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCommonly used frameworks for spatial normalization of brain imaging data (e.g., Talairach‐space) are based on one or more adult brains. As pediatric brains are different in size and shape from adult brains and continue to develop through childhood, we aimed to assess the influence of age on various spatial normalization parameters. One hundred forty‐eight healthy children aged 5–18 years were included in this study. The linear scaling parameters and the deformations from the non‐linear spatial normalization to both a standard adult and a custom pediatric template were analyzed within SPM99. The effect of using a brain mask on the linear and of using different levels of constraint on the non‐linear spatial normalization was assessed. Of the linear scaling factors, only the X‐dimension (left–right) showed a significant age‐correlation when based on brain tissue, whereas the overall scaling was not correlated with age. When based on the whole head, a very strong age‐effect can be found in all dimensions. Non‐linear deformations also show localized correlations with age, most pronounced in parietal and frontal areas. The total amount of volume change is significantly lower when using a pediatric template. It is also substantially influenced by the degree of regularization that is exerted on the spatial normalization parameters. Our results suggest that in the cortical areas showing a strong correlation of deformation with age, caution should be used in assigning imaging results in children to a specific morphological structure. Also, to minimize the amount of deformation during non‐linear spatial normalization, a pediatric template should be used. Further implications of our findings on developmental neuroimaging studies are discussed. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:48–60, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary neck management among patients with cancer of the oral cavity without clinical nodal metastases: A decision and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Kaneko Satoshi , Yoshimura Takesumi , Ikemura Kunio , Shirasuna Kanemitsu , Kusukawa Jingo , Ohishi Masamichi , Shiba Ryosuke , Sunakawa Hajime , Tominaga Kazuhiro , Sugihara Kazumasa , Shinohara Masanori , Katsuki Takeshi , Yanagisawa Shigetaka , Kurokawa Hideo , Mimura Tamotsu , Ikeda Hisazumi , Yamabe Shigeru , Ozeki Satoru 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundA standardized neck management strategy for oral cancer patients without clinical nodal metastases remains to be established. Consequently, a decision and sensitivity analysis of two neck management protocols, involving either prophylactic neck dissection or careful observation, was conducted using the Oral Cancer Registry of Kyushu, Japan.MethodsWe calculated probabilities of subclinical nodal metastases and 5‐year survival using the registry data. A two‐way sensitive analysis was conducted using the probabilities and parameters of the complete nodal metastasis resection rate (x) and a utility rating that describes the health state induced by dissection (y) compared with the neck condition in a careful‐observation group.ResultsWe solved the threshold curve for y and x for the expected utility between the two groups. The results showed that prophylactic neck dissection must guarantee a complete resection of subclinical nodal metastases with no disadvantage to health state to be evaluated as equally satisfactory as careful observation.ConclusionsCareful observation involving standardized systematic preoperative and postoperative screening of the neck seems preferable to prophylactic neck dissection for oral cancer patients without subclinical nodal metastases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 582–590, 2002
Computer aided tools of ergonomics and system design
Authors: Bubb Heiner 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAnthropometric digital human models are well established and used in order to get a better design of human‐adapted machines. By the application of electronics and computer operated machines, nearly arbitrary design of controlling and operating the technical equipment seems possible. So more and more the question arises: What is operable by the human operator and what leads probably to a disaster due to much stress. By applying systems ergonomic rules, this can be avoided to a far extent. In order to consider these rules already in an early state of development, it seems useful to incorporate such rules in digital human models. By this procedure, cognitive human models will be created. The combination of such models with anthropometric digital human models will lead to the possibility to carry out virtual experiments under the condition of computer aided design. So, in the future, more ergonomic knowledge will be considered by this new technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BDNF–triggered events in the rat hippocampus are required for both short‐ and long‐term memory formation
Authors: Alonso Mariana , Vianna Monica R.M. , Depino Amaicha M. , Mello e Souza Tadeu , Pereira Patricia , Szapiro German , Viola Haydee , Pitossi Fernando , Izquierdo Ivan , Medina Jorge H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInformation storage in the brain is a temporally graded process involving different memory types or phases. It has been assumed for over a century that one or more short‐term memory (STM) processes are involved in processing new information while long‐term memory (LTM) is being formed. Because brain‐derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) modulates both short‐term synaptic function and activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity in the adult hippocampus, we examined the role of BDNF in STM and LTM formation of a hippocampal‐dependent one‐trial fear‐motivated learning task in rats. Using a competitive RT‐PCR quantitation method, we found that inhibitory avoidance training is associated with a rapid and transient increase in BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Bilateral infusions of function‐blocking anti‐BDNF antibody into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus decreased extracellular signal–regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) activation and impaired STM retention scores. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by PD098059 produced similar effects. In contrast, intrahippocampal administration of recombinant human BDNF increased ERK1/2 activation and facilitated STM. The infusion of anti‐BDNF antibody impaired LTM when given 15 min before or 1 and 4 hr after training, but not at 0 or 6 hr posttraining, indicating that two hippocampal BDNF‐sensitive time windows are critical for LTM formation. At the same time points, PD098059 produced no LTM deficits. Thus, our results indicate that endogenous BDNF is required for both STM and LTM formation of an inhibitory avoidance learning. Additionally, they suggest that this requirement involves ERK1/2‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. Hippocampus 2002;12:551–560. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute, dose‐dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand
Authors: Scholey Andrew B. , Kennedy David O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present paper describes three studies examining the acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba (GK501), Ginseng (G115) and their combination (Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults (mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load. In each double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study three different treatment doses and a placebo were administered, according to a balanced crossover design, with a 7‐day washout period between each dose. Participants' scores on two computerised serial subtraction tasks (Serial Threes and Serial Sevens) were assessed pre‐dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter.A number of significant time, dose and task‐specific effects were associated with each treatment. There was a dose‐dependent improvement in speed of responding during Serial Threes following Ginkgo biloba. Different doses of Ginseng improved accuracy and slowed responses during Serial Sevens. The most striking result, however, was a highly significant and sustained increase in the number of Serial Sevens responses following 320 mg of the Ginkgo–Ginseng combination at all post‐treatment testing times. This was accompanied by improved accuracy during Serial Sevens and Serial Threes following the 640 mg and the 960 mg dose, respectively. The paper concludes with speculation into the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epilepsy, psychosis and clozapine
Authors: Langosch J. M. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSix patients with epilepsy and severe psychosis were treated with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. The use of clozapine might be complicated in epileptic patients because of an increased risk of seizures. However, none of the reported patients had an increase of their seizure frequency, in contrast, three patients had a substantial reduction of seizures. One patient had a reduction of non‐epileptic seizures as well. In the second part of this paper, combinations of clozapine with newer and older anticonvulsants as well as their interactions and associated risks are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulphide oxidation under partially anoxic conditions at the bed of the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Bottrell Simon H. , Tranter Martyn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOxygen isotopic data are presented for bulk glacial meltwaters draining the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Valais, Switzerland and for the sulphate contained within them in an attempt to assess the redox status of the subglacial chemical weathering environment. The sulphate derived from subglacial chemical weathering is so depleted in 18O that it must have formed, at least partially, in an anoxic environment. Under these conditions, Fe3+ can act as an oxidizing agent and oxygen atoms incorporated into sulphate are derived from 18O‐depleted water molecules (by contrast, dissolved O2 is strongly enriched in 18O). These data therefore support the hypothesis that sectors of the glacier bed are anoxic and that Fe3+ may act as a significant oxidizing agent under these conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downscaling of global climate models for flood frequency analysis: where are we now?
Authors: Prudhomme Christel , Reynard Nick , Crooks Sue 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe issues of downscaling the results from global climate models (GCMs) to a scale relevant for hydrological impact studies are examined. GCM outputs, typically at a spatial resolution of around 3° latitude and 4° longitude, are currently not considered reliable at time scales shorter than 1 month. Continuous rainfall‐runoff modelling for flood regime assessment requires input at the daily or even hourly time‐step. A review of the different methodologies suggested in the literature to downscale GCM results at smaller spatial and temporal resolutions is presented. The methods, from simple interpolation to more sophisticated dynamical modelling, through multiple regression and weather generators, are, however, mostly based directly on GCM outputs, sometimes at daily time‐step. The approach adopted is a simple, empirical methodology based on modelled monthly changes from the HadCM2 greenhouse gases experiment for the time horizon 2050s. Three daily rainfall scenarios are derived from the same set of monthly changes, representing different possible changes in the rainfall regime. The first scenario represents an increase of the occurrence of frontal systems, corresponding to a decrease in the rainfall intensity; the second corresponds to an increase in convective storm‐type rainfall, characterized by extreme events with higher intensity; the third one assumes an increase in the monthly rainfall without any change in rainfall variability. A continuous daily rainfall‐runoff model, calibrated for the Severn catchment, was used to generate daily flow series for the 1961–90 baseline period and the 2050s, and a peaks‐over‐threshold analysis was undertaken to produce flood frequency distributions for the two time horizons. Though the three scenarios lead to an increase in the magnitude and the frequency of the extreme flood events, the impact is strongly influenced by the type of daily rainfall scenario applied. We conclude that if the next generation of GCMs produce more reliable rainfall variance estimates, then more appropriate ways of deriving rainfall scenarios could be developed using weather generators rather than empirical methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of a traditional and a neural net modelling approach to flood forecasting for an upland catchment
Authors: Cameron David , Kneale Pauline , See Linda 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study evaluates two (of the many) modelling approaches to flood forecasting for an upland catchment (the River South Tyne at Haydon Bridge, England). The first modelling approach utilizes ‘traditional’ hydrological models. It consists of a rainfall–runoff model (the probability distributed model, or PDM) for flow simulation in the upper catchment. Those flows are then routed to the lower catchment using two kinematic wave (KW) routing models. When run in forecast‐mode, the PDM and KW models utilize model updating procedures. The second modelling approach uses neural network models, which use a ‘pattern‐matching’ process to produce model forecasts.Following calibration, the models are evaluated in terms of their fit to continuous stage data and flood event magnitudes and timings within a validation period. Forecast times of 1 h, 2 h and 4 h are selected (the catchment has a response time of approximately 4 h). The ‘traditional’ models generally perform adequately at all three forecast times. The neural networks produce reasonable forecasts of small‐ to medium‐sized flood events but have difficulty in forecasting the magnitude of the larger flood events in the validation period. Possible modifications to the latter approach are discussed. © Crown copyright 2002. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's stationery office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.