bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial
Authors: Norby Richard , Fitter Alastair , Jackson Robert 
Published: March 2003

This Special Issue of New Phytologist contains the latest information and new ideas about how root dynamics
might alter in the face of a globally changing environment. The importance of this topic is clear: changes
in the production and turnover of roots in forests and grasslands in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, elevated temperatures, altered precipitation, or nitrogen deposition could be a key link between plant responses and longer‐term changes in soil organic matter and ecosystem carbon balance.The introductory review (Norby & Jackson, 2000), which draws together the different contributions to the volume, asks three central questions:• Do elevated atmospheric CO2, nitrogen deposition, and climatic change alter the dynamics of root production and mortality?• How do physiological responses of roots to global change factors impact whole‐plant and ecosystem metabolism?• What are the implications of root dynamics for soil microbial communities and the fate of carbon in soil?Ecosystem‐level observations of root production and mortality in response to global change factors are just starting to emerge. The challenge to root biologists is to overcome the profound methodological and analytical problems and assemble a more comprehensive data set from which ecosystem responses can be explained. The commissioned reviews and research papers in this volume attempt to meet that challenge. Following the introductory review, three papers provide a framework for subsequent analyses by presenting a global perspective on root turnover, a review of morphological and physiological attributes of roots, and a discussion of concepts of carbon allocation in plants. This is followed by a series of papers describing experimental studies on the effects of elevated CO2 and climatic change in various ecosystems. Three papers consider the physiological responses of roots to global change factors, followed by three papers reviewing mycorrhizal interactions and soil biology, and the implications for carbon sequestration in soil. The final paper returns to a global perspective with an analysis of how roots are handled in models of global change. Throughout these articles there is information on topics such as methodology for studying root dynamics, the major gaps in our knowledge, and the idea that leaves are a good analogy for roots.
The apoplast and its significance for plant mineral nutrition
Authors: Sattelmacher Burkhard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIt has only recently become apparent that the apoplast plays a major role in a diverse range of processes, including intercellular signalling, plant–microbe interactions and both water and nutrient transport. Broadly defined, the apoplast constitutes all compartments beyond the plasmalemma – the interfibrillar and intermicellar space of the cell walls, and the xylem, including its gas‐ and water‐filled intercellular space – extending to the rhizoplane and cuticle of the outer plant surface. The physico‐chemical properties of cell walls influence plant mineral nutrition, as nutrients do not simply pass through the apoplast to the plasmalemma but can also be adsorbed or fixed to cell‐wall components. Here, current progress in understanding the significance of the apoplast in plant mineral nutrition is reviewed. The contribution of the root apoplast to short‐distance transport and nutrient uptakes is examined particularly in relation to Na+ toxicity and Al3+ tolerance. The review extends to long‐distance transport and the role of the apoplast as a habitat for microorganisms. In the leaf, the apoplast might have benefits over the vacuole as a site for short‐term nutrient storage and solute exchange with the atmosphere.

Contents

Summary
167

I.
Introduction
168

II.
The properties of the apoplast and its implication for solute movement
168

1. The middle lamella
168

2. The primary wall
168

3. The secondary cell wall
169

III.
The root apoplast – nutrient uptake and short‐distance transport
170

IV.
The apoplast as a compartment for long distance transport
174

V.
The apoplast – habitat for microorganisms
175

VI.
The apoplast of leaves – a compartment of storage and of reactions
177

1. Transport routes in the leaf apoplast
177

2. Methods of studying apoplastic solutes
177

3. Solute relations in the leaf apoplast
178

4. Concentration gradients in the leaf apoplast
179

5. Ion relations in the leaf apoplast and symptoms of deficiency and toxicity
179

6. Ion relations in the leaf apoplast – influence of nutrient supply
180

7. The leaf apoplast – compartment for transient ion storage
180

8. Ion fluxes between apoplast and symplast
181

9. Apoplastic ion balance
181

10. Leaf apoplast – interaction with the atmosphere
183

VII.
Conclusions
183

Acknowledgements
183

References
183
Invertase protein, but not activity, is present throughout development of Lycopersicon esculentum and L.pimpinellifolium fruit
Authors: Husain Sarah E. , Thomas Barry J. , Kingston‐Smith Alison H. , Foyer Christine H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

The presence and distribution of invertase is reported in two red fruited and hexose accumulating species of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum
and
L. pimpinellifolium , which differ markedly in fruit invertase activity.
Using antibodies raised against a highly conserved invertase peptide, all invertase isoforms in green and red tomato fruit were detected and visualized by chemi luminescence and western blotting techniques. Interacellular localization of invertase was examined by electron and light microscopy.
Invertase activities were much lower in green fruit than in red fruit from all cultivars. However, invertase protein was evenly distributed between all tissues of green and red fruit in tissue blots that had been extensively treated with preimmune serum that eliminated all non‐specific binding. Immuno‐gold labelling showed that invertase protein was present in the cell wall and vacuole, but not in the cytosol, of epidermal tissue from both species.
Invertase protein is present throughout fruit development in tomato. However, the increase in activity during ripening is due to changes in the activation state of the protein rather than the amount of protein present.
Manipulation of fruit sugar composition but not content in Lycopersicon esculentum fruit by introgression of an acid invertase gene from Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium
Authors: Husain S. E. , James C. , Shields R. , Foyer Christine H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

The effects are shown here of genetic manipulation of invertase on fruit sugar metabolism in tomato.
Introgression of the acid invertase gene on chromosome 3 from Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium
(an accession containing high invertase activity) into
Lycopersicon esculentum (with relatively low activity) was used to study effects on fruit development and both sugar composition and content.
The L. pimpinellifolium
parent fruit had higher fruit invertase activities, greater hexose contents and lower sucrose accumulation that the
L. esculentum
parent. A strong correlation between fruit invertase activity and soluble sugar content was observed only in the
L. pimpinellifolium parent and not in the homozygous fruit from either cross. In all cases high soluble acid invertase activities prevented sucrose accumulation and led to the build‐up of hexoses.
The introgression of the invertase locus from L. pimpinellifolium
into
L. esculentum
did not result in higher soluble solids in the progeny than in the
L. esculentum parent, but it did modify their relative composition. Changes in the invertase gene composition alone are not sufficient to increase fruit soluble solids in tomato.
Simultaneous, bidirectional translocation of 32P and 33P between wood blocks connected by mycelial cords of Hypholoma fasciculare
Authors: Lindahl Björn , Finlay Roger , Olsson Stefan 
Published: March 2003

Summary

Translocation of nutrients through fungal mycelia has mainly been viewed in terms of unidirectional movement from sources to sinks. This paper describes an experiment designed to test the possibility of bidirectional phosphorus transport in mycelial cords of the white rot fungus Hypholoma fasciculare growing in soil microcosms.
A novel technique is described that uses the different energy spectra of the radioactive phosphorus isotopes 32
P and
33 P, in combination with nondestructive electronic autoradiography, to monitor the distribution of the two isotopes within single mycelial cord systems. The tracer isotopes were applied to pairs of wood blocks connected by mycelial cords, and isotope translocations were monitored during a 29‐d period.
Significant amounts of phosphorus were transported in both directions simultaneously between the two colonized wood blocks.
Simultaneous, bidirectional translocation of phosphorus occurs in mycelial cords of H. fasciculare . Such circulation of nutrients in fungal mycelia should equalize differences in nutrient concentrations in different parts of the mycelia, enabling net translocation of nutrients from areas of high nutrient availability to those of high nutrient demand.
Growth and nitrogen uptake of CO2‐enriched rice under field conditions
Authors: Kim H. Y. , Lieffering M. , Miura S. , Kobayashi K. , Okada M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

The effects of elevated CO2 are reported here on the uptake of nitrogen (N) and its relationships with growth and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa).
Using free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE), rice crops were grown at ambient or elevated (c. 300 µmol mol−1 above ambient) CO2 and supplied with low, medium or high levels of N.
For the medium and high N treatments, FACE increased N uptake at panicle initiation but not at maturity. For total dry matter, as well as spikelet number and grain yield, positive interactions between CO2 and N uptake were observed. Furthermore, spikelet number was closely associated with N uptake at panicle initiation.
These results indicate that, to maximize rice grain yield under elevated CO2, it is important to supply sufficient N over the whole season, in order to maintain the enhancement in dry matter production. In addition, N availability must be coordinated with the developmental stage of the crop, specifically to ensure that sufficient N is available at panicle initiation in order to maximize spikelet number and grain yield.
Developmental cross talking in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: signals and communication genes
Authors: Martin Francis , Duplessis Sébastien , Ditengou Frank , Lagrange Hubert , Voiblet Catherine , Lapeyrie Frédéric 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDevelopment of ectomycorrhizas involves multiple genes that are implicated in a complex series of interdependent, sequential steps. Current research into ectomycorrhiza development and functioning is aimed at understanding this plant–microbe interaction in a framework of the developmental and physiological processes that underlie colonization and morphogenesis. After a brief introduction to the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, the present article highlights recent work on the early signal exchange taking place between symbionts, and sketches the way functional genomics is altering our thinking about changes in gene expression during the early steps of the ectomycorrhiza development.
Reproduction and offspring competitiveness of Senna obtusifolia are influenced by nutrient availability
Authors: Tungate Kimberly D. , Susko David J. , Rufty Thomas W. 
Published: March 2003

Summary• Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod) is a troublesome weed in many agronomic cropping systems in the southeastern USA with varying fertility regimes. This series of experiments was initiated to determine the impact of nutrient availability on reproductive output and maternal effects.• Experiments were conducted with plants growing in soil in growth chambers for 120 d. Offspring growth was evaluated in hydroponics.• Plants grown under higher nutrient conditions had greater reproductive biomass, number of seeds and total seed biomass. Individual seed mass distributions were slightly affected, with negative skewness decreased at higher nutrition. Seed germination rates were influenced primarily by seed size, as small seeds germinated faster than large seeds. The nitrogen content of seeds increased with increasing seed size and was higher in the high nutrition treatment. Seedlings arising from maternal plants grown under high nutrition grew more rapidly than did seedlings arising from maternal plants grown in a low nutrient regime.• The results suggest that S. obtusifolia reproduction and offspring competitiveness can be strongly influenced by the fertilization regimes used in different agronomic crops and rotations.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in young forest stands regenerating after clearcut logging
Authors: Jones Melanie D. , Durall Daniel M. , Cairney John W. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effects on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community of clearcut logging, which is used to harvest millions of hectares of ectomycorrhizal forest annually, has been studied for a number of years. Here, we review current knowledge of inoculum sources for ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and then re‐examine earlier studies of ectomycorrhizas on young trees in regenerating stands. We conclude that, taken separately from the effects of site preparation, the major impact of clearcut logging is to change the species composition of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community rather than to reduce the percentage of roots colonized. A thorough examination of site preparation treatments suggests that the changes in fungal species composition are driven by changes in the biology and chemistry of the soil environment after clearcutting as much as they are by loss or change in fungal inoculum. This is an important conclusion because it implies that these new ectomycorrhizal fungal communities are better adapted to the new conditions than the ones in the forest would have been. The shift in fungal species composition and diversity will have implications for seedling establishment and competition. The effects of individual fungi or diverse assemblages of fungi on seedling growth, and effects of changes in the ability of young trees to associate with a common mycelium are discussed.ContentsSummary399I.Introduction400II.Population biology and inoculum potential of ectomycorrhizal fungi401III.Ectomycorrhiza development on seedlings regenerating after clearcut logging402IV.Which is the most important factor driving changes in the ECM fungal community after clearcut logging: inoculum loss or change in the below‐ground environment?406V.Possible consequences for regenerating stands of species shifts in ectomycorrhizal fungi414VI.Conclusions416
Consumer Support Networks: improving consumer advice in the UK
Authors: Brennan Carol , Gallagher Kelly 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn 1999, Central Government launched an initiative to establish Consumer Support Networks (CSNs) throughout Scotland, England and Wales. The purpose of the networks is to improve access to high quality consumer advice services. Information and advice agencies will join together to provide expert, accurate and timely advice for consumers. By April 2002, 191 networks had been established covering in excess of 99% of the population. Only one local authority area in England has yet to establish a network. This paper reviews the development of consumer information and advice provision in the UK and considers the context for establishing CSNs. It also examines the need for consumer advice, the role of Central Government and the quality framework. Each CSN will conduct a gap analysis and assess the need for consumer advice in the local area. This will enable the network to develop a good understanding of consumers in the area and to take a more strategic approach in planning service developments to meet the identified needs. Consumer Support Networks aim to improve the provision of consumer information, education and advice. The literature suggests that consumers who are well educated regarding their rights are empowered through an increased ability to exercise them. Clearly branded advice services, marketed effectively to the public should result in higher levels of consumer awareness and, consequently, improve access to services. It is also expected that better flows of information between agencies will result in greater protection for consumers. Sharing ‘best practice’ nationwide should stimulate service improvements throughout.
Associations between demographics and perceptions of unethical consumer behaviour
Authors: Callen Karen S. , Ownbey Shiretta F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRetailers may lose profits as a result of shoplifting and other unethical consumer behaviour. Research focusing on consumer ethical decision making is needed. Information provided by 1117 undergraduate students from universities within the US revealed that women are less accepting of unethical consumer behaviour than men. Subjects who reported that they very consistently follow the teachings of their primary faith are less accepting of unethical consumer behaviour than subjects who reported that they do not very consistently follow the teachings of their primary faith. Relationships between consumer ethical response scores and other demographic characteristics are discussed.
Determination of cholesterol in dairy products using infrared techniques: 1. FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Paradkar Manish M , Irudayaraj Joseph 
Published: March 2003

A Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method is described to estimate cholesterol after a single step extraction instead of the conventional colorimetric method. FTIR spectrum of pure cholesterol was characterized and the region between 2800 and 3200 cm−1 was used for quantitative estimation. Partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) analysis were used for quantitative analysis. FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics could predict the cholesterol content accurate to an r2 greater than 0.99 and a standard error of prediction (SEP) of less than 0.98. The developed model was successfully applied to predict cholesterol in commercial dairy products and validated with standard method and recovery studies. Results indicate that FTIR spectroscopy can determine the cholesterol content in dairy products in approximately 5 min.
Aerobic spore‐forming bacteria in bulk raw milk: factors influencing the numbers of psychrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus spores
Authors: McGuiggan James T M , McCleery David R , Hannan Alan , Gilmour Arthur 
Published: March 2003

Psychrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophilic spore concentrations of Bacillus spp. were determined on a weekly basis in bulk raw milk samples obtained from a central processing facility, over one calendar year. These data were correlated with concentrations of metal ions, free amino acids and somatic cell counts obtained from the same samples, as well as local meteorological mean temperature and relative humidity measurements relating to the same test period. A heat treatment of 80°C for 20 min followed by the addition of L‐alanine to the milk at 0.1% w/v and incubation at 55°C for 7 days gave optimal recovery conditions for thermophilic spores. Free amino acids, metal ions, somatic cell counts, temperature, and relative humidity measurements were each significantly correlated with the recovery of spores of Bacillus spp. from bulk raw milk, although no single factor was shown to demonstrate a consistent effect with the psychrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophilic spore groups studied.
A 5‐star system for rating the quality of information based on DISCERN
Authors: Shepperd Sasha , Charnock Deborah , Cook Adrian 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: To develop an explicit scheme for calculating a 5‐star quality rating for consumer health information, and to test if there is good agreement be tween this and the final DISCERN quality question.Design: A sample of 15 consumers and health professionals rated 26 health information leaflets covering a broad range of conditions and treatments using two new 5‐star‐rating schemes and the existing DISCERN final quality rating. Each scheme is based on the 15 DISCERN criteria, but the 5‐star schemes provide more explicit methods for summarizing overall quality. The level of agreement between the three different rating systems was compared using Kappa scores with quadratic weights. Participants were also asked to complete a brief questionnaire that was designed to elicit their views on using a visual summary of the quality of health information.Results: The level of agreement between each 5‐star‐rating system and the existing DISCERN quality rating question was high (kappa = 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.89 in both instances). Seventy‐seven per cent of the sample preferred the second star‐rating scheme, and 80% reported they would use such a scheme.Conclusion: Assigning a single quality score using an explicit scoring scheme (represented by stars) based on answers to the DISCERN questionnaire is a reliable and valid way of rating consumer health information.
HealthCyberMap: a semantic visual browser of medical Internet resources based on clinical codes and the human body metaphor
Authors: Kamel Boulos Maged N. , Roudsari Abdul V. , Carso n Ewart R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: HealthCyberMap (HCM—http://healthcybermap.semanticweb.org) is a web‐based service for healthcare professionals and librarians, patients and the public in general that aims at mapping parts of the health information resources in cyberspace in novel ways to improve their retrieval and navigation.Methods and service description: HCM adopts a clinical metadata framework built upon a clinical coding ontology for the semantic indexing, classification and browsing of Internet health information resources. A resource metadata base holds information about selected resources. HCM then uses GIS (Geographic Information Systems) spatialization methods to generate interactive navigational cybermaps from the metadata base. These visual cybermaps are based on familiar medical metaphors.Conclusions: HCM cybermaps can be considered as semantically spatialized, ontology‐based browsing views of the underlying resource metadata base. Using a clinical coding scheme as a metric for spatialization (‘semantic distance’) is unique to HCM and is very much suited for the semantic categorization and navigation of Internet health information resources. Clinical codes ensure reliable and unambiguous topical indexing of these resources. HCM also introduces a useful form of cyberspatial analysis for the detection of topical coverage gaps in the resource metadata base using choropleth (shaded) maps of human body systems.