bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
التعلّم من فسيفساء التمويل : تفعيل صندوق الخسائر والأضرار. ملخص تنفيذي.
Authors:   Germanwatch, Schultheiß L. , Shawoo Z. , Bakhtaoui I. , Ahmed L. , Lindsay C. , Sircar A. ,   ODI,   Climate Analytics
Published: February 2024

يعتمد التقرير على مصادر المعلومات الآتية: تقييم مكتبي للمؤسسات التمويلية الموجودة حالياً؛ مقابلات مع ممثلين وممثلات عن المؤسسات التمويلية الموجودة حالياً، بما في ذلك الصناديق المناخية والبنوك التنموية متعددة الأطراف، ومؤسسات المساعدات الإنسانية والجمعيات الخيرية، وأعضاء اللجنة الانتقالية. عبر خمس توصيات شاملة: <ol>	<li>اعتماد متطلبات التأهيل البديلة.</li>	<li>عتماد نُهج أثبتت جدواها في الدعم الخيري والإنساني للوصول إلى المستوى المحلي. </li>	<li>اعتماد النُّهُج التشاركية والتمثيلية في اتخاذ القرار. </li>	<li>اعتماد نهج مرن قائم على المِنح. </li>	<li>اعتماد نُهج شاملة وكاملة لتمويل الخسائر والأضرار.</li> </ol>
Underestimation of multi-decadal global O2 loss due to an optimal interpolation method
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Garcia Hernan E. , Wang Zhankun , Minobe Shoshiro , Long Matthew C. , Cebrian Just , Reagan James , Boyer Tim , Paver Christopher , Bouchard Courtney , Takano Yohei , Bushinsky Seth , Cervania Ahron , Deutsch Curtis A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract. The global ocean's oxygen content has declined significantly over the past several decades and is expected to continue decreasing under global warming, with far-reaching impacts on marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling. Determining the oxygen trend, its spatial pattern, and uncertainties from observations is fundamental to our understanding of the changing ocean environment. This study uses a suite of CMIP6 Earth system models to evaluate the biases and uncertainties in oxygen distribution and trends due to sampling sparseness. Model outputs are sub-sampled according to the spatial and temporal distribution of the historical shipboard measurements, and the data gaps are filled by a simple optimal interpolation method using Gaussian covariance with a constant e-folding length scale. Sub-sampled results are compared to full model output, revealing the biases in global and basin-wise oxygen content trends. The simple optimal interpolation underestimates the modeled global deoxygenation trends, capturing approximately two-thirds of the full model trends. The North Atlantic and subpolar North Pacific are relatively well sampled, and the simple optimal interpolation is capable of reconstructing more than 80 % of the oxygen trend in the non-eddying CMIP models. In contrast, pronounced biases are found in the equatorial oceans and the Southern Ocean, where the sampling density is relatively low. The application of the simple optimal interpolation method to the historical dataset estimated the global oxygen loss to be 1.5 % over the past 50 years. However, the ratio of the global oxygen trend between the sub-sampled and full model output has increased the estimated loss rate in the range of 1.7 % to 3.1 % over the past 50 years, which partially overlaps with previous studies. The approach taken in this study can provide a framework for the intercomparison of different statistical gap-filling methods to estimate oxygen content trends and their uncertainties due to sampling sparseness.
PERBEDAAN PENGARUH LATIHAN BOLA VOLI PASSING BAWAH DENGAN TEMAN DAN LATIHAN PASSING BAWAH SENDIRI PADA SISWI KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 24 MERANGIN
Authors: Putra Ikhsan Maulana , Dani Refril , Pilitan Raja Bani , Abdulah Abdulah , Megawati Megawati 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

This study aims to find out whether there are differences in underhand passing exercises with friends and underhand passing on the increase in underhand passing in volleyball games for Class VII students of SMP Negeri 24 Merangin.
This research is an experimental research with Matched Subject Design. The sample in this study consisted of 20 female students and was divided into experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 using the AB-BA formula. Data analysis in this study used the t-test at a significance level of 5% db 5.
Results 1) there is an effect of practicing lower passing alone, with the result of t-count 2.535 > t-table 2.306, 2) there is an effect of practicing lower passing with friends, with a result of t-count 4.482 > t-table 2.306, 3) Training of lower passing with friends are better than the bottom passing exercise alone with a mean post test result of 12.8 > 10.9.
The conclusions of the results of this study are 1) There is an effect of lower passing exercises with friends. 2) There is the influence of self-passing exercises. 3) Underhand passing exercises with friends are better than self-passing exercises in improving lower passing abilities in extracurricular students at SMPN 24 Merangin.
Keywords: Passing Down, With Friends, Alone
SIKAP MAHASISWA POLITEKNIK NEGERI MADURA DALAM MENERIMA INFORMASI COVID-19 DI MEDIA SOSIAL
Authors: Denta Anggeria Oktavisa , Rahayu Yuliana Watiningrum  , Kembang Wilujeng Puspitasari  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Attitudes in receiving Covid-19 information are different for each individual because attitudes are influenced by knowledge of the situation experienced and the possibility of a tendency to act. The purpose of this study research was to determine the attitude of Madura State Polytechnic students in receiving Covid-19 information on social media. This research was conducted from February to August 2022 Methods : This research uses descriptive statistical analysis.. The population in this research were all students (19-21 old) od Madura State were 800 people. The sample in this research were 267 students of Madura State Polytechnic. Using the non-probability clustesr sampling technique. Collecting data using a close ended likert scale questionnaire and analyzed descriptively (Mean-T) and presented in the form of tables and narratives. Result: Based on the research results, the attitude of Madura State Polytechnic students was mostly favorable, as many as 159 respondents (60%). Conclusion: The majority of Madura State Polytechnic students have a favorable attitude in receiving Covid-19 information on social media and it is hoped that students will be able to maintain choosing the correct information on social media
Development of inclusive education in the school
Authors: Габдуллина Г.Н. 
Published: February 2024

В статье рассматривается проблематика развития инклюзивного образования в школе. Автор отмечает особую актуальность данной темы, поскольку получение детьми с ОВЗ качественного образования является одним из основных условий их успешной социализации, обеспечения полноценного участия в жизни общества, различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности. Выделены характеристики детей с ОВЗ, которые обладают своими индивидуальными особенностями личности и качествами, которые могут проявляться во время обучения. Раскрываются особенности организации инклюзивной среды в классе во время обучения в школе: индивидуальный подход, коллаборация: сотрудничество со специалистами (логопедами, психологами, педагогами-дефектологами); использование дифференцированных методов обучения, создание атмосферы взаимопомощи, уважения и понимания различий между учащимися. Разработана методика инклюзивного обучения детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья в общеобразовательной школе с привлечением учителей-дефектологов и родителей. Отмечается, что важным элементом такой методики выступает интегрированное обучение. Это подход, в рамках которого дети с ограниченными возможностями здоровья учатся вместе с успешно развивающимися учащимися в общеобразовательных классах, и при этом за счет ряда условий – создаются равные возможности для всех учащихся, независимо от их специфических потребностей. Статья может быть полезна учителям общеобразовательных школ, методистам, студентам специального педагогического образования.
The article deals with the development of inclusive education at school. The author notes the special relevance of this topic, since receiving quality education by children with disabilities is one of the main conditions for their successful socialization, ensuring full participation in society, various types of professional and social activities. The characteristics of children with disabilities who have their own individual personality and qualities that can be manifested during education are highlighted. The features of the organization of inclusive environment in the classroom during schooling are revealed: individual approach, collaboration: cooperation with specialists (speech therapists, psychologists, teachers-defectologists); use of differentiated teaching methods, creation of an atmosphere of mutual assistance, respect and understanding of differences between students. The methodology of inclusive education of children with disabilities in general education school with the involvement of teachers-defectologists and parents has been developed. It is noted that an important element of this methodology is integrated learning. This is an approach in which children with disabilities learn together with successfully developing students in mainstream classrooms and, through a number of conditions, create equal opportunities for all students, regardless of their specific needs. The article may be useful for teachers of general education schools, methodologists, and students of special education.
‘The 35th Annual Conference of the European Air Law Association’ Summary Report of a Conference Held in Stockholm on 9/10 November 2023
Authors: Berus Matylda , Kardamaki Antonia 
Published: February 2024

The 30th Annual Conference of the European Air Law Association (EALA) convened on 10 November 2024 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Conference, including the preceding Conference Dinner on 9 November featured a wealth of high-quality speakers and discussions on a diverse range of topical aviation law subjects.
Conference report, EALA, European Air Law Association
The CJEU Confirms Its Narrowed Interpretation of the Notion of ‘Extraordinary Circumstances’ in TAP Portugal (Death of Co-Pilot)
Authors: Grigorieff Cyril-Igor 
Published: February 2024

In TAP Portugal (Death of Co-pilot) (C-156/22), the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the death of a co-pilot shortly before a flight does not qualify as an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ under Regulation (EC) 261/2004. According to the Court, this event is ‘inherent in the normal exercise of the operating air carrier’s activity’. The Court reaffirmed the strict cumulative conditions to be met in order to avoid standardized compensation in the case of a flight cancellation or delay.
passengers, extraordinary circumstances, CJEU, passenger rights, illness, death
Challenging the ‘Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management’ Principle: Will the Dutch Approach Stand or Will the Principle Prevail?
Authors: Buissing T.N. (Niall) 
Published: February 2024

In order to find a new balance between economic considerations and a healthy living environment, the Dutch government attempts to limit capacity at Schiphol Airport. Three ‘tracks’ are devised to effectuate its decision designed to reduce capacity, with the first two exclusively related to noise-related restrictions on the number of aircraft movements. Introducing such noise-related operating restrictions at airports requires a ‘Balanced Approach (BA) to aircraft noise management’, as international and European law prescribes. Both tracks pursued by the government of the Netherlands are heavily disputed for not complying with the international BA principle and the BA Regulation of the European Union (EU). In the 1.5 years since the initial announcement, the Dutch approach to the BA has gained much international attention, and developments have followed one another in quick succession.
This article attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the developments that have been and are taking place and to put the BA in a broader, international context. The article will first study the BA concept and conditions at the international level (section 2) and how these have been transposed in and supplemented by the noise regime under EU law (section 3). The way the BA procedure in the present case is being conducted in the Netherlands and the results that have been notified to the EU Commission are then analysed against this background (section 4). While the EU Commission reviews the Dutch BA procedure, and questions about its enforcement powers arise, the last part places noise-related operating restrictions in the broader context of the EU internal air transport market (section 5) and international obligations vis-à-vis third States (section 6).
Balanced Approach, Aircraft Noise Management, Noise Problem, Noise Measures, Noise-related Operating Restrictions, Capacity Reduction Airport, EU Balanced Approach Regulation, EU Environmental Noise Directive, Dutch Balanced Approach Procedure 2023, Traffic Rights, EU Internal Market, Environmental Measures
Summary Report on the 2023 Global Space Law Center Symposium on Law & Policy Issues in the New Orbital Economy
Authors: Sundahl Mark J. , Daniels-Dawes Justin , Fazio Caylan , Jones Abigail , Mccoy Abigail 
Published: February 2024

Twenty thought-leaders in space law and policy convened online for the Global Space Law Center’s 2023 Symposium on Law &amp; Policy Issues in the New Orbital Economy. Five panel discussions were held addressing a variety of pressing issues faced by states and private companies operating in orbit as new segments of the orbital economy emerge including the advent of megaconstellations, on-orbit satellite repair and refueling, private space stations, and tourism.
space, satellites, orbital debris, space traffic management, space law
Effective Use of the ADR Process in the Construction Industry
Authors: Patil Sujatha 
Published: February 2024

The construction sector in India has undergone significant development and it is one of the key contributors to the progress of a nation and the highest drivers of economic growth worldwide. The recent development and trends which we notice in construction have marked the beginning of a new phase. The traditional methods are being transformed and developed to make them more efficient and effective. In India, infrastructure is one of the top sectors, which is attracting the highest foreign direct investment (FDI).
Even at the global level, the construction output is growing very fast, the statistical data can be viewed in my research paper. It is thus clear that construction is proving to be one of the most dynamic sectors not only on a global scale but also in India. With a sector subject to extreme trifles and complexities, it is only rational to infer that disputes arising out of construction activities would also call for distinct expertise and proper understanding of the issues surrounding construction activities. The growing demands of the construction industry have given rise to more disputes, delays and consequently more claims, which need to be addressed in an effective and expeditious manner.
The perceived limitation of the formal adjudication process has led to thoughts about alternative means for the resolution of disputes in a timely, inexpensive, and humane manner. This alternative includes arbitration, mediation, conciliation and other hybrid indigenous mechanisms of dispute resolution. Even the legislative initiatives have attempted to harmonize the Indian legal framework on alternative dispute resolution (ADR) with international best practices to bring certainty and uniformity in law and practice of ADR in India to attract business and foreign investment to the country. There is a growing understanding that ADR can play a significant role in the success of the ‘Make in India’ and improving India’s position in the ease of doing business there.
The present paper focuses on how best the ADR can be adopted to resolve the issue in the construction industry. The author is going to discuss mainly three issues, namely the different types of construction activities; construction contracts and issues arising out of contracts and finally, the focus lies on how the ADR method will be an effective mode in comparison with litigation, with regards to effectiveness and timely resolution of construction disputes.
Claim, Dispute, Disagreement, Contract, Arbitration, Conciliation, Litigation, Mediation, ADR
The transformation of EU State aid law … and its discontents
Authors: Piernas López Juan Jorge 
Published: February 2024

This article analyses the main goals of the 2012 State Aid Modernization (SAM) reform in light of the recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the State aid field.The article concludes that the Court has adopted a principled approach towards the State aid discipline, including the definition of aid – notably in fiscal cases –, the assessment of compatibility, and the exceptions from the obligation to notify new aid. This approach constitutes a reminder that, despite recent policy initiatives, the main features of the original Treaty system of State aid control have not changed. The case law studied also shows that the SAM initiative has brought, alongside many positive effects, a number of less satisfactory consequences. Finally, the case law examined is liable to limit the effects of the first two SAM objectives while, in parallel, reinforcing the third.
State Aid Modernization, assessment of compatibility, exemptions, SAM objectives
Input VAT Recovery On Share Sales And Other Fundraising Costs: Is The Direct And Immediate Link Test Modified?
Authors: Barth Fabian 
Published: February 2024

It is trite law that Value Added Tax (VAT) paid on purchased goods or services is only recoverable as input tax if there is a direct and immediate link to a taxable activity. VAT paid on advisory services relating to a VAT-exempt share sale would therefore prima facie not be deductible. The United Kingdom (UK) courts and tribunals however now claim to have found an exception to that principle in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) insofar as fundraising is concerned: Rather than the nature of the exempt fundraising transaction itself, it is allegedly the purpose to which the raised funds are applied which determines input tax deduction – exceptionally, even direct use for an exempt transaction has then no chain breaking effect, i.e., the effect that an exempt transaction breaks the chain between a supply and the taxable person’s taxable economic activities (See UKUT Commissioners for His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs v. Hotel La Tour Ltd [2023] UKUT 178 (TCC), para. 64.). The present contribution seeks to investigate the merits of this view, and whether it is one that the CJEU should also endorse.
VAT, Input Tax, Deduction, Deal Costs, Fundraising, Direct and Immediate Link, SKF
A Tale of Two Dependencies: European Strategic Autonomy in the Field of Energy
Authors: van Schaik Louise , Lokenberg Sarah , Cretti Giulia 
Published: February 2024

The concept of European strategic autonomy (ESA) in the energy field gained particular traction after the Russian invasion of Ukraine showed the extent and risks of fossil energy dependency on autocratic regimes. Fossil dependency on undemocratic and unstable petrostates is a critical weakness that increase the European Union’s (EUs) vulnerability and limit its capacity to act. This liability stretches beyond the dependency on Russia since the EU imports from many other countries that are undemocratic and heavily reliant on oil and gas revenues. Increasing new sources of renewable energy helps to address this issue, but also brings new dependencies, namely on critical raw materials (CRMs) whose value chains are largely in Chinese hands. This paper argues that the EU should nevertheless continue to reduce its fossil dependencies on petrostates and consider more pro-actively how to manage the energy relationship with them. Simultaneously, in the area of CRMs it needs to expand its partnerships, recycling capacities and research and development (R&amp;D) into diversification into alternative materials for green energy technologies.
European strategic autonomy, energy, energy security, economic security, EU, fossil fuels, petrostates critical raw materials
The Mobility-Democracy Nexus Betrayed: When the European Commission’s Talks Fall Apart in the Mediterranean
Authors: Panebianco Stefania , Cannata Giuseppe 
Published: February 2024

In the aftermath of the Arab uprisings, the European Union’s (EU) relations with the Southern neighbour countries (SNCs) have been reframed in the light of a new élan of democracy promotion. The underlying logic of this approach was to leverage the building and consolidation of democracy and rule of law through enhanced cooperation in terms of more ‘markets, money and mobility’. A sort of mobility-democracy nexus has been assumed by the European Commission as a crucial dimension of the EU’s external relations with SNCs. Within this strategy, Mobility Partnerships (MPs) with SNCs have been identified as a key policy tool for EU democracy promotion. Via original qualitative analysis of European Commission’s documents, MPs, and other migration and mobility agreements that the EU has negotiated with SNCs since 2011, this paper explores how the mobility-democracy nexus has been defined in the Commission’s talks. We critically discuss the effectiveness of this nexus and demonstrate the inefficacy of MPs as a tool to promote democracy by fostering more mobility and regular migration flows. Looking at the content of MPs with three SNCs (Tunisia, Morocco, and Jordan) allows to trace the transformation of EU external relations with SNCs from a principled approach into selective issue-oriented cooperation based on more specific and sectorial policy choices.
European Union, Southern neighbourhood, EU external policies, post-Arab uprisings, mobility partnerships, democracy promotion, migration, content analysis
Claim to Compensation between the Legal and the Genetic Father: A Testcase for the Dogmatics of Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Babusiaux Ulrike 
Published: February 2024

Under French, German and Swiss law, if another man is found to be the father of a child, the putative father can claim compensation for the maintenance paid for the child on the ground of unjust enrichment. An analysis of the conditions and consequences of this claim shows that this liability for enrichment is subject to distinct prerequisites and that the exact construction of the claim remains unclear in many aspects. Differences between the three legal systems already exist regarding the contestation of paternity: French law, for example, only permits contestation under significantly more restrictive conditions than the other two legal systems. In particular, however, only German case law permits the incidental determination of paternity for actions brought by the putative father against the genetic father, which is questionable from the point of view of status law. Dogmatic distortions are also evident in the application of the law of enrichment, where even the ground of the action is not stated consistently: French law, which was reformed in 2016, appears to ground the action of the apparent father on a subsidiary liability for enrichment (actio de in rem verso), while German law indirectly leads to the condictio indebiti and, finally, the Swiss Federal Court applies the condictio ob causam finitam. These divergences are by no means of a merely conceptual nature; rather, the three actions are linked to entirely different conditions and may also result in different legal consequences in the details. The comparison of the three legal systems thus reveals, on the one hand, persistent ambiguities as to the construction and justification of the liability for unjust enrichment; on the other hand, it raises the question of whether and to what extent the putative father’s claim for compensation is compatible with the best interests of the child and family peace. Dutch law, for example, rejects any claim for compensation arising from a contestation of fatherhood.