bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of the vertebrate visual cycle: Genes encoding retinal photoisomerase and two putative visual cycle proteins are expressed in whole brain of a primitive chordate
Authors: Nakashima Yuki , Kusakabe Takehiro , Kusakabe Rie , Terakita Akihisa , Shichida Yosinori , Tsuda Motoyuki 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe absorption of light by rhodopsin leads to the cis‐to‐trans isomerization of the chromophore to generate all‐trans‐retinal. In the visual cycle, the resultant all‐trans‐retinal is converted back into the 11‐cis‐retinal. In the mammalian eye, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in the visual cycle. We have identified cDNA clones encoding three putative visual cycle proteins, homologs of mammalian retinal G‐protein‐coupled receptor (RGR), cellular retinaldehyde‐binding protein (CRALBP) and β‐carotene 15,15′‐monooxygenase (BCO)/RPE65 in a primitive chordate, ascidian Ciona intestinalis. The mRNAs for these proteins are specifically expressed in the central nervous system during embryonic development. In the larva, the transcripts were widely distributed in the brain vesicle and visceral ganglion. Since visual pigment, Ci‐opsin1, is solely expressed in photoreceptor cells, the visual cycle in this primitive chordate may take place in two compartments, which are coupled into a cycle by the direct flow of retinoids though the intercellular matrix. The Ci‐opsin3, an ascidian homolog of mammalian RGR, was expressed in HEK 293S cells and purified after binding of retinal. The chromophore of Ci‐opsin3 is in an all‐trans‐retinal and it is isomerized to an 11‐cis‐form upon absorption of light. Mammalian CRALBP and BCO/RPE65 are believed to play critical roles in the process of reisomerization of all‐trans‐retinoid to 11‐cis‐retinoid in RPE. The present data suggest that isomerization of all‐trans‐retinoid to 11‐cis‐retinoid occurs in the brain vesicle and visceral ganglion of a primitive chordate. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:180–190, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the ultrastructure of cortical and retinal terminals in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei
Authors: Li Jianli , Wang Siting , Bickford Martha E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and lateral posterior nucleus (LPN). Following injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into cortical area 17, two types of corticothalamic terminals were labeled by anterograde transport. Type I terminals, found throughout the LGN and LPN, were small, drumstick‐shaped terminals that extended from thin axons. At the ultrastructural level in both the LGN and LPN, labeled type I corticothalamic terminals were observed to be small profiles that contained densely packed round vesicles (RS profiles) and contacted small‐caliber dendrites. In tissue stained for gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) using postembedding immunocytochemical techniques, most dendrites postsynaptic to type I corticothalamic terminals did not contain GABA (97%). Type II corticothalamic terminals, found only in the LPN, were large terminals that sometimes formed clusters. At the ultrastructural level, type II terminals were large profiles that contained round vesicles (RL profiles) and contacted large‐caliber dendrites, most of which did not contain GABA (98%). Retinogeniculate terminals, identified by their distinctive pale mitochondria, were similar to type II corticothalamic terminals except that 26% of their postsynaptic targets were vesicle‐containing profiles that contained GABA (F2 profiles). Our results suggest that type I corticothalamic terminals are very similar across nuclei but that the postsynaptic targets of RL profiles vary. Comparison of the responses to retinal inputs in the LGN and to layer V cortical inputs in the LPN may provide a unique opportunity to determine the function of interneurons in the modulation of retinal signals and, in addition, may provide insight into the signals relayed by cortical layer V. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:394–409, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Foxp2 and Foxp1 mRNA and protein in the developing and mature brain
Authors: Ferland Russell J. , Cherry Timothy J. , Preware Patricia O. , Morrisey Edward E. , Walsh Christopher A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFoxp2 and Foxp1 are recently identified members of the Fox family of winged‐helix/forkhead transcription factor genes. A recent study has found that mutations in human FOXP2 produce a severe language disorder. Since Foxp2 appears to be important in language, we wanted to explore the expression of this gene and a homologous gene, Foxp1, in the developing brain. In the present study, we investigated the time course and localization of Foxp2 and Foxp1 mRNA and protein expression in the developing and adult mouse using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Foxp2 and Foxp1 are expressed as early as E12.5 and persist into adulthood. Foxp2 and Foxp1 were most highly expressed in the developing and mature basal ganglia. Expression of Foxp2 was also observed in the cerebral cortex (layer 6), cerebellum (Purkinje neurons), and thalamus. Foxp1 expression was observed in the cerebral cortex (layers 3–5), hippocampus (CA1), and thalamus. Very little ventricular zone expression was observed for Foxp2 and Foxp1 and the expression of both of these genes occurred following neuronal migration, suggesting a role for these genes in postmigratory neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of FOXP2 in human fetal brain by RT‐PCR, in the perisylvian area of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, as well as in the frontal and occipital cortices. Overall, the widespread expression of Foxp2 in the developing brain makes it difficult to draw specific conclusions about which areas of Foxp2 expression are critical to human language function. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:266–279, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of transforming growth factor‐β in developing rat cerebral cortex: Effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol
Authors: Miller Michael W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the spatiotemporal expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) and its receptors in developing rat cerebral cortex in vivo were examined. Pregnant Long‐Evans rats were fed ad libitum with a diet containing ethanol from gestational day (G) 6 through G21 or were pair fed an isocaloric nonalcoholic liquid diet. A quantitative immunoblotting study showed that expression of TGFβ ligands was differentially affected by ethanol; ethanol decreased TGFβ1 expression fetally and in the mature cortex and increased TGFβ2 at most ages. A complementary immunohistochemical experiment generated similar results so far as the timing of ligand expression was concerned. In both control and ethanol‐treated rats, TGFβ1 was expressed by cells in the two neocortical proliferative zones and neurons in the cortical plate. TGFβ2 was expressed principally by radial glia and astrocytes in developing rats. In the adult, both ligands were expressed by glia and neurons. Ethanol virtually eliminated the TGFβ1 expression in the perinatal subventricular zone. The TGFβ2‐positive radial glial labeling was transient and was lost earlier in ethanol‐treated neonates than in controls. Concomitantly, the appearance of TGFβ2‐positive glia occurred earlier in the ethanol‐treated rats. The expression of only one receptor (TGFβIr) was affected by ethanol; it was increased during the pre‐ and early postnatal periods. TGFβIr was expressed by glia perinatally and by all cell types in weanlings. As with TGFβ2, ethanol exposure promoted the loss of TGFβIr expression in radial glia and the precocious expression among astrocytes. TGFβIIr was expressed primarily by neurons. Thus, TGFβ ligands and receptors are strategically placed both in time and space to regulate cell proliferation and migration. Ethanol, which affects both of these processes, has marked effects on the TGFβ system and apparently promotes the early transformation of radial glia into astrocytes. J. Comp. Neurol. 460:410–424, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New deviate observer (JF‐DO) obtained from experimental color‐matching functions for small fields of real observers
Authors: Martínez J. A. , Pérez‐Ocón F. , García‐Beltrán A. , Hita E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe CIE established the Standard Deviate Observer (SDO) CIE 1989 for fields of 10°, enabling the evaluation of discrepancies caused by the variability among these observers. This observer could also be applied to smaller fields, depending on the physiological causes of this variability in color‐matching functions (cmf's) among observers. Here, we have obtained a new Deviate Observer (which we call JF‐DO) established from the cmf's for small fields (2°) corresponding to two groups of real observers: JAM, MM and CF; AY, JR, MR, JL, JA and FA. Both groups of cmf's were measured experimentally in our laboratories using one for each of the different experimental methods and devices. All the new cmf's of the 9 real observers were referred to a new, unique system of unreal primaries, which we call X′Y′Z′ (derived in a way similar to that of the CIE 1931 XYZ system of unreal primaries). To establish a new JF‐DO for small fields, we followed a procedure similar to the one used by the CIE to establish the CIE 1989 SDO. A comparative study was also made between the cmf's of the CIE 1989 SDO (established for fields of 10°), the SDO from Stiles‐Burch (which we call Poza‐SDO, developed for small fields), and our JF‐DO. For this comparison, the cmf's of all these deviate observers were referred to the new system of unreal primaries X′Y′Z′. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 209–215, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10146
Effect of color on fashion fabric image
Authors: Choo Sunhyung , Kim Youngin 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBefore the start of every season, fashion forecasting companies predict upcoming fashion colors. They cater to modern consumers, who are very sensitive to fashion trends. Therefore, to satisfy the trendy consumer with a fashion product, the fashion design must first be found, since image matters. Then the design must be followed by an analysis of each design element's effect on the total image composition. Previous studies of fashion image have found a significant correlation between fashion design elements and the fashion image. The effects of each element were studied, but few studies dealt with compound elements. In this thesis, two fashion design elements, color and fabric, are simultaneously considered to classify the fabric image. For color variables, 10 hues were selected from Munsell system of color notation, and 12 tones currently used in the domestic fashion industry were selected from PCCS color notation. Texture variables used in this survey were classified by luster, prominence‐depression of surface, thickness, and density of fabric. Graduate students ranging from 20‐ to 50 years old and specialists in fashion companies participated in the survey. The results of this survey show that: 1) Fashion fabric image is classified into 5 main descriptive image categories: ‘elegant,’ ‘comfortable,’ ‘characteristic,’ ‘light’ and ‘simple.’ 2) The influence of hue, tone, and texture are significant in fashion fabric image. Colors, such as yellow‐red and red hues, and light grayish and dark grayish tones convey an elegant image. The texture property for an elegant image is luster‐thin fabric of low density. Properties of fabric conveying a comfortable image are yellow‐red and green‐yellow hues, softness, light tones, matte finish, and high density. Hue, however, turned out to be an insignificant variable for a unique image, whereas dark grays, grayish tones, luster and prominent texture conveyed a unique image. For the light image, fabric properties are blue‐green and purple hues, light and bright tones, and thin, low‐density textures. Properties of fabric conveying a simple image are blue‐green, purple‐blue, green‐yellow hues, and strong, vivid tones, with luster and flat texture. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 221–226, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10147
Analysis of electromagnetic scattering responses using the joint time–frequency technique with adaptive resolutions
Authors: Nishimoto Masahiko , Ikuno Hiroyoshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAn adaptive time–frequency analysis technique based on the AGR (Adaptive normalized Gaussian basis Representation) is applied to the analysis of electromagnetic scattering responses. Unlike the short‐time Fourier transform and wavelet transform, the ADS (Adaptive Spectrogram) obtained by this technique has the width and center of the basis functions adjusted automatically depending on the signal components to be analyzed. Therefore, the information lost in the short‐time Fourier transform and the wavelet transform is expected to be well represented in the ADS. By comparison with the results of analysis by the short‐time Fourier transform and the wavelet transform, the characteristics and effectiveness of the present approach are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(5): 37–44, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10101
Interactive fuzzy programming using partial information about preference for multiobjective two‐level linear fractional programming problems
Authors: Shen YongXin , Sakawa Masatoshi , Nishizaki Ichiro 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes an interactive fuzzy programming method for seeking a satisfactory solution for multiobjective two‐level linear fractional programming problems in which the decision makers in the upper and lower levels have several objectives, by first setting up the fuzzy goals for several objectives of each decision maker and seeking a satisfactory solution for the degree of satisfaction of two decision makers in a cooperative manner. In the proposed method, the decision maker at the upper level sets the minimal satisfactory levels for each fuzzy goal and the decision maker at the lower level determines the aspiration levels. The minimal satisfactory levels are treated as a constraint and the solution closest to the aspiration levels of the decision maker at the lower level is computed. The ratio of the aggregative degrees of satisfaction of the decision makers in the upper and lower levels with the obtained solution is evaluated by using partial information on the preference of the decision makers. If the ratio of the degrees of satisfaction satisfies the given condition and the decision maker at the upper level is satisfied with this solution, then the interaction is complete. Otherwise, a satisfactory solution is sought by updating the minimal satisfactory and aspiration levels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(9): 54–62, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10047
A complex adaptive delay filter
Authors: Kusaba Katsuya , Okamura Atsushi , Sekiguchi Takashi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractImpulse responses of unknown systems for radar and communications are often described in terms of complex numbers. In this paper, a complex‐tap‐selective adaptive filter that allows identification represented by complex numbers for the unknown system localized on the time axis is proposed. In the tap‐selective adaptive filter, the delay time for localized impulse responses is estimated and then the impulse responses in the delay time are estimated. First, temporary weights are set and the delay time is derived in such a way to minimize the mean square of the error signals. However, if the impulse response is described by complex numbers, a large estimation error might be caused when the conventional method of treating unknown systems with real numbers is applied directly for delay time estimation. Hence, two complex numbers that are mutually complex conjugates are set as temporary weights. The performance function based on the sum of the mean squares of the corresponding error signal is used in the proposed method for delay time estimation. In this way, identification of an unknown system with its impulse response located on the time axis and describable with complex numbers is possible. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by computer simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(9): 13–21, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10087
Design and implementation of an active database system for receiving broadcast data
Authors: Terada Tsutomu , Tsukamoto Masahiko , Nishio Shojiro 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSatellite‐based data broadcasting has been the focus of increasing attention in recent years due to launches of new broadcasting or communications satellites and the initiation of new services. The popularization of these kinds of broadcasting systems has led to a dramatic increase in both the broadcast volume and types of services. As a result, a system is needed that will enable an ordinary user to efficiently extract, store, and reuse required information from the massive amount of data that is broadcast. In response to this request, the authors propose a super active database system (SADB) and describe its design and implementation. The proposed SADB is an adaptation of an active database, which is an event‐triggered database, to a broadcasting system. Since the SADB must quickly process the massive amount of data that is sent to it, the reception actions and reception data processing were designed independently of the rule processor. This paper evaluates the performance of an implemented system and shows the data volume that it can handle. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(9): 87–99, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10111
Numerical method for calculation of the incompressible flow in general curvilinear co‐ordinates with double staggered grid
Authors: Shklyar A. , Arbel A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA solution methodology has been developed for incompressible flow in general curvilinear co‐ordinates. Two staggered grids are used to discretize the physical domain. The first grid is a MAC quadrilateral mesh with pressure arranged at the centre and the Cartesian velocity components located at the middle of the sides of the mesh. The second grid is so displaced that its corners correspond to the centre of the first grid. In the second grid the pressure is placed at the corner of the first grid. The discretized mass and momentum conservation equations are derived on a control volume. The two pressure grid functions are coupled explicitly through the boundary conditions and implicitly through the velocity of the field. The introduction of these two grid functions avoids an averaging of pressure and velocity components when calculating terms that are generated in general curvilinear co‐ordinates. The SIMPLE calculation procedure is extended to the present curvilinear co‐ordinates with double grids. Application of the methodology is illustrated by calculation of well‐known external and internal problems: viscous flow over a circular cylinder, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 10 to 40, and lid‐driven flow in a cavity with inclined walls are examined. The numerical results are in close agreement with experimental results and other numerical data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐order mass‐lumping procedure for B‐spline collocation method with application to incompressible flow simulations
Authors: Botella O. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper presents new developments of the staggered spline collocation method for cost‐effective solution to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Maximal decoupling of the velocity and the pressure is obtained by using the fractional step method of Gresho and Chan, allowing the solution to sparse elliptic problems only. In order to preserve the high‐accuracy of the B‐spline method, this fractional step scheme is used in association with a sparse approximation to the inverse of the consistent mass matrix. Such an approximation is constructed from local spline interpolation method, and represents a high‐order generalization of the mass‐lumping technique of the finite‐element method. A numerical investigation of the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the resulting semi‐consistent spline collocation schemes is presented. These schemes generate a stable and accurate unsteady Navier–Stokes solver, as assessed by benchmark computations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic maps of microsatellite and single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers: Are the distances accurate?
Authors: Leal Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractGenetic maps play an important role in gene mapping. Inaccurate genetic maps can hinder gene mapping by biasing lod scores and reducing the power to map a trait to a particular region. Although sequence‐based physical maps can provide a unique order for markers, they do not provide information on genetic map distances. By simulation studies, I investigated how many meioses are necessary to accurately estimate genetic map distances for maps constructed from microsatellite and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for various intermarker distances and marker heterozygosity. To evaluate the accuracy of the generated genetic maps, the length of the 95% confidence interval for intermarker genetic distances was examined. In addition, the power to separate two adjacent markers by a nonzero map distance was investigated. The number of meioses necessary to accurately estimate map distances depends greatly not only on intermarker distances but also on marker heterozygosity. For example, for a genetic map with intermarker distances of 0.5 cM generated with 1,000 meioses, when marker heterozygosity was high (0.90), for 96% of the markers there was a nonzero map distance between adjacent markers. However, when marker heterozygosity was low (0.32), only 48% of the markers mapped to a unique position. For identical numbers of meioses and intermarker distances, genetic maps constructed from microsatellite markers will be more precise than maps assembled from SNP markers, due to the higher levels of heterozygosity for microsatellite markers. Genet Epidemiol 24:243–252, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the “two‐hit hypothesis” in NF2: Tests of two‐hit and three‐hit models of vestibular schwannoma development
Authors: Woods Ryan , Friedman J. M. , Evans D. Gareth R , Baser Michael E. , Joe Harry 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNeurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is a genetic disease that occurs in approximately 1 in 40,000 live births. Almost all affected individuals develop bilateral tumors of Schwann cells that surround the vestibular nerves; these tumors are known as vestibular schwannomas (VS). Evidence from molecular genetic studies suggests that at least two mutations are involved in formation of VS in patients with NF2. Several authors proposed probabilistic models for this process in other tumors, and showed that such models are consistent with incidence data. We evaluated two different probabilistic models for a “2‐hit” hypothesis for VS development in NF2 patients, and we present results from fitting these models to incidence data. Molecular evidence does not exclude the possibility that additional hits are necessary for the development of VS, and we also assessed a “3‐hit” model for tumor formation. The “3‐hit” model fits the data marginally better than one of the “2‐hit” models and much better than the other “2‐hit” model. Our findings suggest that more than two mutations may be necessary for VS development in NF2 patients. Genet Epidemiol 24:265–272, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.