bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection of BALB/c mice with Angiostrongylus costaricensis decreases pulmonary inflammatory response to ovalbumin
Authors: Pinto L. A. , Pitrez P. M. C. , Fontoura G. R. , Machado D. C. , Jones M. H. , Graeff‐Teixeira C. , Stein R. T. 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARY The prevalence of asthma in developing countries is lower than in developed countries. Viral, bacterial and parasitic infections may be associated with this discrepancy. The relationship between parasitic infection and asthma prevalence is not clear. Previous controversial data have demonstrated that parasitic infection may either predispose or protect against the development of asthma. The aim of this study is to determine whether infection with Angiostrongylus costaricensis (A. costaricensis) decreases inflammatory lung response to ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. Seven BALB/c mice were infected with A. costaricensis by orogastric gavage (10 larvae/mouse) on day (D) 0. The mice were immunized against OVA by intraperitoneal injection on D 5 and D 12 and received an intranasal OVA challenge (40 µL) on D 15 and D 17. On D 19 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Six BALB/c mice (control group) were immunized with OVA using the same protocol, but were not infected with A. costaricensis. Interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6 levels were measured in the BAL fluid by using commercial ELISA assays. Total cell counts and differential cell counts were performed in the BAL fluid samples. The group infected with A. costaricensis had lower total cell count in the BAL fluid when compared with the control group (0·11 × 106cells/mL and 0·3 × 106cells/mL, respectively; P = 0·013). BAL fluid IL‐1β levels in the infected group were significantly lower than in the control group (P = 0·008). IL‐6 levels in BAL fluid were not different between the groups studied. We conclude that Angiostrongylus costaricensis infection in mice decreases pulmonary inflammatory response to OVA.
Karstification as geomorphological evidence of river incision: the karst of Cousance and the Marne valley (eastern Paris Basin)
Authors: Jaillet Stéphane , Pons‐Branchu Edwige , Brulhet Jacques , Hamelin Bruno 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Cousance karst (located between the valleys of the Saulx and Marne) has been studied to determine the temporal records of river incision in the eastern Paris Basin, around the ANDRA experimental nuclear waste repository. Two generations of karst are recognized. The first is a palaeophreatic karst indicative of an old base level, now uplifted +75 m above the underground streams. It is underlain and drained by a second generation of karst with active sinks, which records the vertical evolution following the entrenchment of the River Marne. Ten U/Th dates of speleothems from shafts in the karst show that there were discontinuous growth episodes, mainly during isotopic stages 3 and 5 (between 102.4 ± 1.2 and 49.4 ± 0.4 ka bp) but also during isotopic stage 2 at 16.3 ± 0.1 and 20.9 ± 0.3 ka bp. These dates provide an absolute age limit for the start of vertical development of the karst, at the latest during isotope stage 5c.
Pseudotachylytes from Corsica: fossil earthquakes from a subduction complex
Authors: Austrheim Håkon , Andersen Torgeir B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSubduction zones are the most seismically active tectonic environment on Earth. Here we report fault‐rock evidence of palaeoearthquakes from a subduction complex. Pseudotachylyte veins formed by shear heating on faults at seismic strain rates contain dendrites, spherulites and acicular minerals characteristic of blueschist facies conditions. The veins have been found in both mantle peridotite and gabbro. Our discovery from Corsica opens a new avenue of research towards understanding mechanisms related to subduction zone earthquakes and the conditions at which these are released.
Ion microprobe and ID‐TIMS U–Pb dating on zircon grains from leg 173 amphibolites: evidence for Permian magmatism on the West Iberian margin
Authors: Gardien V. , Paquette J. L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we report evidence for Permian magmatism at the ocean–continent transition zone of the West Iberian margin, by dating magmatic intrusion of amphibolite precursors drilled at site 1067 during ODP leg 173. The P–T conditions recorded by the amphibolites indicate that the latter was emplaced at the bottom of a 25‐km‐thick crust. Subhedral to rounded and colourless zircon grains were obtained from samples at the base of the cored section. ID‐TIMS dating on these zircon grains yielded a lower intercept age of 247 ± 5 Ma and a poorly defined upper intercept around 2 Ga. In situ dating of single zircons by ion‐microprobe (CAMECA IMS 1270) provided an age of 246 ± 5 Ma. This Permian age is interpreted as a minimum estimate for the emplacement of the gabbroic melts at the base of the Hercynian crust during the early stage of rifting between the Iberia–Newfoundland conjugate margins.
Brittle deformation in the inner NW Alps: from early orogen‐parallel extrusion to late orogen‐perpendicular collapse
Authors: Champagnac Jean‐Daniel , Sue Christian , Delacou Bastien , Burkhard Martin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInternal parts of the Alps have undergone widespread extensional deformation in the course of their Neogene exhumation history. Palaeostress inversion methods are used to map the prevailing stress fields and their evolution through time. Here we present new data from 100 sites with a total of about 2000 faults/striae couples, covering a large portion of the inner north‐western Alps. Palaeostress tensors are mostly extensional, although one‐third of them are transcurrent. The dominant direction of minimum horizontal stress axes (σ3) is in an orogen‐parallel (N30° to N70°) orientation around the bend of the north‐west alpine arc. A comparison between this older (Neogene, post‐metamorphic) stress field with the current stress and strain field determined from seismotectonics and geodesy indicates a change in deformation mode from early orogen‐parallel extrusion to a late and ongoing orogen‐perpendicular spreading.
Effects of the hydrothermal circulation on the strain field of the Campanian Plain (southern Italy)
Authors: Milano G. , Petrazzuoli S. , Ventura G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFocal mechanisms of earthquakes and fault‐slip data have been collected to constrain the strain regime acting in the hydrothermal zone and surrounding areas of the Campanian Plain (southern Italy), a NW–SE elongated structural depression. The NW–SE striking faults bounding the depression move in response to a NE–SW striking regional extension. Within the depression, an extended hydrothermal circulation occurs related to the Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia active volcanoes. In this zone, the strike of the extension is N–S. Results from a finite element model constrained by the collected data show that the presence of a lower rigidity zone due to the hydrothermal circulation may explain (a) the observed deflection of the direction of regional extension, and (b) why large magnitude earthquakes occur at the boundaries of the hydrothermal zone and not along the faults delimiting the structural depression.
Origin of silicate minerals in carbonatites from Alnö Island, Sweden: magmatic crystallization or wall rock assimilation?
Authors: Vuorinen Jaana Hode , Skelton Alasdair D. L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTextural, electron microprobe and whole rock geochemical evidence from carbonatites and associated silicate rocks on Alnö Island, Sweden, suggest that the carbonatite, at the time of emplacement, could have been an (almost) pure CaCO3 liquid with a high volatile (H2O–CO2) content and that most silicate minerals, which are ubiquitously present, are either (1) assimilated from the surrounding wall rock, by progressive and coupled fragmentation and corrosion; or (2) by‐products of corrosive interaction between the carbonatite liquid and the wall rock. This interpretation is supported by balancing a reaction to describe interaction between carbonatite and a cpx + ne‐bearing (ijolite) wall rock. Although our analysis does not preclude the possibility that fenitizing agents (e.g. Na, Fe) were transported by the carbonatite liquid, these components are not required to drive the observed mineralogical changes in the carbonatite.
Selectivity of weed harrowing in lupin
Authors: Jensen R K , Rasmussen J , Melander B 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThree field experiments were conducted in lupin in 1997, 1998 and 1999 to study two aspects of selectivity of post‐emergence weed harrowing; the ability of the crop to resist soil covering (the initial damage effect), and the ability of the crop to tolerate soil covering (the recovery effect). Each year soil covering curves and crop tolerance curves were established in three early growth stages of lupin. Soil covering curves connected weed control and crop soil cover in weedy plots, and crop tolerance curves connected crop yield and crop soil cover in weed‐free plots. The experiments showed that both resistance and tolerance were unaffected by the growth stage of lupin within the range from the cotyledon to the 7–8 leaf growth stages. Tolerance to soil covering was also unaffected by year whereas the ability of the crop to resist soil covering was highly affected by year. Lupin showed high tolerance to soil covering but a rather low ability to resist soil covering. Harrowing at multiple growth stages supported the finding that lupin is fairly tolerant to soil covering. Advantages and disadvantages of using soil covering as a measure of crop damage is discussed. In conclusion, weed harrowing in lupin showed positive prospects because of high tolerance to crop soil cover.
Germination response of Phalaris paradoxa L. seed to different light qualities
Authors: Taylor I N , Peters N C B , Adkins S W , Walker S R 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe influence of different light regimes on the germination of Australian and English populations of Phalaris paradoxa L. (awned canary‐grass) seed was investigated to determine the impact of changing tillage practices on weed infestation. Seeds of all biotypes were highly viable, but differed in levels of innate dormancy (26–99%). In one experiment seed from a single Australian biotype, either enclosed in the spikelet glumes or having the spikelet glumes removed, were exposed to nine light treatments. Germination was stimulated by red and white light, but was inhibited by far‐red light. Time to 50% germination was less for seed enclosed in the spikelet glumes than for naked caryopses, although the final percentage of seed germinating when still enclosed in the spikelet glumes was significantly lower than for naked caryopses. In another experiment, six Australian and English biotypes with varying dormancy characteristics were exposed to eight light treatments. Red light did not stimulate germination in the deeply dormant biotype, however stimulated all other biotypes. Germination in darkness was below 20% in all biotypes except for one where germination was 51%. To overcome dormancy seeds were imbibed and placed in darkness at 16°C for either 7 or 14 days prior to exposure to red or white light for a single 15‐min period. Dormancy in all biotypes was overcome indicating that a period of burial may decrease the dormancy level and increase seed sensitivity to light. This increased light sensitivity suggests that exposure to light during tillage may stimulate germination in P. paradoxa seed.
Cytotoxic constituents of Alectra and Striga species
Authors: Rank C , Rasmussen L S , Jensen S R , Pierce S , Press M C , Scholes J D 
Published: July 2004

SummaryDecimation of cereal growth and yields by hemiparasitic Striga species cannot be accounted for entirely by the removal of host‐plant resources. The production of toxic compounds by the parasite has been suggested. An investigation of three species of the economically important Striga and the related Alectra vogelii has now resulted in the isolation of eight iridoid glucosides (mussaenosidic acid, mussaenoside, gardoside methyl ester, bartsioside, isoaucubin, melittoside, aucubin and eurostoside), two caffeoyl phenylethyl glycosides (calceolarioside A and verbascoside) as well as shikimic acid and trigonelline, all identified by NMR spectroscopy. The iridoids are potent cytotoxins and probably represent an anti‐herbivore defence system common to Scrophulariaceae (sensu lato). This has the potential to explain differences in tolerance apparent for contrasting host taxa and cultivars. The nature of the iridoids present also provides additional validation of the recent transferral of parasitic Scrophulariaceae (s.l.) to Orobanchaceae.
Joint action of amino acid biosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicides
Authors: Kudsk P , Mathiassen S K 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe joint action of binary mixtures of the amino acid biosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate‐ammonium, metsulfuron‐methyl and imazapyr was assessed in pot experiments applying the Additive Dose Model (ADM). Plants of Sinapis arvensis or S. alba were sprayed with seven doses of the herbicides alone and binary fixed‐ratio mixtures of the four herbicides. In total, 73 binary mixtures were studied in six separate experiments. Mixtures of glyphosate and glufosinate‐ammonium were less phytotoxic than predicted by ADM whether commercial formulations or technical grade products were applied. In contrast, mixtures of glyphosate and metsulfuron‐methyl, glyphosate and imazapyr, glufosinate‐ammonium and metsulfuron‐methyl, glufosinate‐ammonium and imazapyr, and metsulfuron‐methyl and imazapyr either followed ADM or were synergistic. Synergism was observed most frequently for mixtures of glyphosate or glufosinate‐ammonium with metsulfuron‐methyl. Synergism was also more pronounced for commercial formulations of glyphosate and glufosinate‐ammonium than for the corresponding technical grade formulations, implying that synergism was caused by the presence of the formulation constituents of the commercial glyphosate and glufosinate‐ammonium formulations in the spray solution.
Locating quantitative trait loci associated with Orobanche crenata resistance in pea
Authors: Valderrama M R , Román B , Satovic Z , Rubiales D , Cubero J I , Torres A M 
Published: July 2004

Summary Orobanche crenata (broomrape) is a root parasite that represents the major constraint for pea (Pisum sativum) cultivation in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. The efficacy of available control methods is minimal and breeding for O. crenata resistance is considered the most promising strategy of control. Only moderate levels of incomplete resistance are available in pea germplasm. In order to identify and map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the trait, 115 F2 plants derived from the cross between a susceptible and a resistant parent were analysed using isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA and sequence tagged site markers. F2‐derived F3 lines were studied for O. crenata resistance under field conditions. The linkage map was constructed with MAPMAKER V2.0. Of 217 markers, 120 could be mapped into 21 linkage groups. Linkage groups consisted of 13 to two marker loci covering 1770 cM. The mean inter‐marker distance was 17.64 cM. Simple interval mapping (SIM) and composite interval mapping (CIM) were performed using QTL Cartographer. The CIM approach using five cofactors was clearly the most efficient way to locate putative QTL. Two QTL for O. crenata resistance (Ocp1 and Ocp2), explaining only a moderate portion of the observed variation (9.6% and 11.4% respectively), were detected.
Analysis of Phosphorylation and Mutation of Tyrosine Residues of Calmodulin on Its Activation of the Erythrocyte Ca2+‐transporting ATPase
Authors: Sacks David B. , Lopez Maria M. , Li Zhigang , Kosk‐Kosicka Danuta 
Published: July 2004

The role played by the phosphorylation sites of calmodulin on its ability to activate the human erythrocyte Ca2+‐transporting ATPase (Ca2+‐ATPase) was evaluated. Phosphorylation of mammalian calmodulin on serine/threonine residues by casein kinase II decreased its affinity for Ca2+‐ATPase by twofold. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of mammalian calmodulin by the insulin‐receptor kinase did not significantly alter calmodulin‐stimulated Ca2+‐ATPase activity. Two variant calmodulins, each containing only one tyrosine residue (the second Tyr is replaced by Phe) were also examined: [F138]calmodulin, a mutant containing tyrosine at position 99, and wheat germ calmodulin which has tyrosine at position 139. The concentrations of [F138]calmodulin and wheat germ calmodulin required for half‐maximal activation of Ca2+‐ATPase were tenfold and fourfold higher, respectively, than mammalian calmodulin.Phosphorylation at Tyr99 of [F138]calmodulin shifted its affinity for Ca2+‐ATPase towards that of mammalian calmodulin. However, phosphorylation at Tyr139 of wheat germ calmodulin had essentially no effect on its interaction with Ca2+‐ATPase. Thus, all of the observed effects of both phosphorylation and substitution of residues of calmodulin are on its affinity for Ca2+‐ATPase, not on Vmax. The effects are dependent on the site of phosphate incorporation. Replacement of tyrosine with phenylalanine has a larger effect than phosphorylation of tyrosine, suggesting that the observed functional alterations reflect a secondary conformational change in the C‐terminal half of calmodulin, the region that is important in its activation of Ca2+‐ATPase.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Has Multiple Mechanisms for Blocking Virus-Induced Interferon Production
Authors: Melroe Gregory T. , DeLuca Neal A. , Knipe David M. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
In response to viral infection, host cells elicit a number of responses, including the expression of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β). In these cells, IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) undergoes a sequence of posttranslational modifications that allow it to act as a potent transcriptional coactivator of specific IFN genes, including IFN-β. We investigated the mechanisms by which herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) inhibits the production of IFN-β mediated by the IRF-3 signaling pathway. Here, we show that HSV-1 infection can block the accumulation of IFN-β triggered by Sendai virus (SeV) infection. Our results indicate that HSV-1 infection blocks the nuclear accumulation of activated IRF-3 but does not block the initial virus-induced phosphorylation of IRF-3. The former effect was at least partly mediated by increased turnover of IRF-3 in HSV-1-infected cells. Using mutant viruses, we determined that the immediate-early protein ICP0 was necessary for the inhibition of IRF-3 nuclear accumulation. Expression of ICP0 also had the ability to reduce IFN-β production induced by SeV infection. ICP0 has been shown previously to play a role in HSV-1 sensitivity to IFN and in the inhibition of antiviral gene production. However, we observed that an ICP0 mutant virus still retained the ability to inhibit the production of IFN-β. These results argue that HSV-1 has multiple mechanisms to inhibit the production of IFN-β, providing additional ways in which HSV-1 can block the IFN-mediated host response.
Integrated Self-Inactivating Lentiviral Vectors Produce Full-Length Genomic Transcripts Competent for Encapsidation and Integration
Authors: Logan Aaron C. , Haas Dennis L. , Kafri Tal , Kohn Donald B. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
To make human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based vectors safer for use in the research and clinical setting, a significant modification to the HIV-1 genome has been the deletion of promoter and enhancer elements from the U3 region of the long terminal repeat (LTR). Vectors containing this deletion are thought to have no LTR-directed transcription and are called self-inactivating (SIN) lentivectors. Using four distinct approaches, we show that SIN lentivectors continue to have promoter activity near the 5′ LTR, which is responsible for the production of full-length vector transcripts. To verify that transcripts derived from the LTR in SIN lentivectors are competent for encapsidation and integration, we transduced a lentiviral packaging cell line with a SIN lentivector and then observed the production of viable vector particles containing full-length SIN lentivector genomes. We have also attempted to identify sequences in the SIN lentivector which are responsible for transcriptional activation at the 5′ LTR. Using different segments of the vector LTR and leader region in a promoter assay, we have determined that the residual promoter activity is contained entirely within the leader region and that, although this element is downstream of the transcription initiation site, it is capable of initiating transcription from the 5′ end of R in the LTR. Mutation of leader region binding sites for the transcriptional activators downstream binding factor 1 (DBF1) and SP1 reduces transcription from the SIN LTR by up to 80%. Knowledge of the potential for mobilization of HIV-1-derived SIN lentivectors will be important for the design of future gene therapy trials with such vectors.
Frequent Transmission of Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Escape Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Highly HLA-A24-Positive Japanese Population
Authors: Furutsuki Tae , Hosoya Noriaki , Kawana-Tachikawa Ai , Tomizawa Mariko , Odawara Takashi , Goto Mieko , Kitamura Yoshihiro , Nakamura Tetsuya , Kelleher Anthony D. , Cooper David A. , Iwamoto Aikichi 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTAlthough Japan is classified as a country with a low prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), domestic sexual transmission has been increasing steadily. Because 70% of the Japanese population expresses HLA-A24 (genotype HLA-A*2402), we wished to assess the effect of the dominant HLA type on the evolution and transmission of HIV-1 among the Japanese population. Twenty-three out of 25 A24-positive Japanese patients had a Y-to-F substitution at the second position [Nef138-10(2F)] in an immunodominant A24-restricted CTL epitope in their HIV-1nefgene (Nef138-10). None of 12 A24-negative Japanese hemophiliacs but 9 out of 16 patients infected through unprotected sexual intercourse had Nef138-10(2F) (P< 0.01). Two of two A24-positive but none of six A24-negative Australians had Nef138-10(2F). Nef138-10(2F) peptides bound well to the HLA-A*2402 heavy chain; however, Nef138-10(2F) was expressed poorly on the cell surface from the native protein. Thus, HIV-1 with Nef138-10(2F) appears to be a cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte escape mutant and has been transmitted frequently by sexual contact among the highly A24-positive Japanese population.