bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin-like growth factor receptors
Authors: Moxham Cary , Jacobs Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have an overlapping range of biological activities. Early competitive-binding studies demon strated that although IGF-I and -II bind weakly to insulin receptors, they have their own distinct, high-affinity receptors, and that there may be some heterogeneity amongst these receptors (Hintz et al. 1972; Marshal et al. 1974; Megyesi et al. 1974; Zapf et al. 1978; Rechler et al. 1980). Covalent affinity-labelling studies (Kasuga et al. 1981; Massague and Czech 1982) identified two, distinct, high-affinity IGF receptors with different structural features and binding properties. Type 1 receptors, which are structurally very similar to insulin receptors, are hormonally stimulated, tyrosine specific, protein kinases. They have highest affinity for IGF-1, a slightly lower affinity for IGF-II, and considerably lower affinity for insulin. It has become increasingly clear that the type 1 receptor mediates most of the well-known biological effects of both IGF-1 and -II. Type 2 receptors are structurally unrelated to insulin receptors. They have highest affinity for IGF-II, somewhat lower affinity for IGF-1, and do not appreciably bind insulin. The type 2 receptor has surprisingly been shown to have as its main physiological role the targeting of mannose-6-phosphate-containing enzymes to lysosomes. Its role, if any, in IGF-I- or -II-mediated, trans membrane signalling is very unclear.
Does change in clifferentiated cell phenotypes occur in normal development?
Authors: Okada T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During their life history, somatic cells differentiate to attain their final phenotype. The a priori assumption is that they differentiate only once. There are, however, exceptions to this rule: (1) when organisms are exposed to pathological or other physiologically abnormal conditions; or (2) are subjected to some experimental intervention. Cells can sometimes propagate indefinitely, without expressing final differentiation phenotypes, although they can, perhaps, partially retain a potency of differentiation, as is well known in a number of neoplastic tumour cells. On the other hand, some cells can often express a ‘second’ phenotype during the life history of a cell lineage, usually in association with regenerative or reconstitutive processes, which will be discussed later. However, before a detailed discussion, this chapter will emphasize that there are several cell lines which differentiate twice (sometimes more) during their developmental history under normal conditions.
Factors influencing transdifferentiation
Authors: Okada T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors are known to influence the process of transdifferentiation in various ways. Different factors may act at different steps of the process, for example, triggering the change, facilitating a loss of pre-existing phenotypes, channelling the change along one of several different differentiation pathways, allowing the expression of new phenotypes, and others. There is little doubt that reviewing the role of these factors can provide clues to the mechanism of transdifferentiation in general. In this chapter, six major factors are discussed concerning their effect on transdifferentiation.
Nutritional Interactions In Symbiosis
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutritional interactions are fundamental to most symbioses, because the metabolic capabilities most commonly acquired through symbiosis relate to nutrition. With the exception of a few systems, e.g. luminescence symbioses in animals, the flow of nutrients from the donor to the recipient is substantial. However, the passage of nutrients is usually bidirectional (Fig. 4.1). Intracellular symbionts (which are invariably donors of novel metabolic capabilities) derive their entire nutritional requirement from the surrounding host cell, and many extracellular symbionts are also substantially dependent on host-derived nutrients.
The Ecological Impact Of Symbiosis
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiosis is rarely considered in the ecological literature. There are two reasons (neither fully justified) for the neglect of this topic by ecologists. (a) Symbioses are often assumed to be mutualistic. When mutualistic interactions are modelled, the cooperating organisms proliferate uncontrollably, never reaching equilibrium (see review by Boucher 1985). This has led to the belief among some ecologists that symbioses are fundamentally unstable and prone to break down when exposed to environmental change or stress. In some ecological texts, symbioses are claimed to be restricted to supposedly stable environments in the tropics.
The palaeogeography of the opening South Atlantic
Authors: Parrish Judith Totman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of South Atlantic palaeogeography begins with the supercontinent, Pangaea. The assembly of Pangaea began with the middle Palaeozoic collision of north-western Europe with North America on the west and the Siberian platform on the east to form the continent called Laurussia. Shortly thereafter (geologically), Gondwana collided with Laurussia. The final assembly of Pangaea occurred in the Early Triassic with the collision between North and South China that raised the Chinling Range (J. M. Parrish et al. 1986). No sooner had Pangaea come together than it began breaking up. Continental deposits associated with the initial rift valleys in eastern North America are Triassic in age. The Central Atlantic opened first between north-western Africa and south-eastern North America. Because South America and Africa were still one plate, the opening of the Central Atlantic caused relative motion between North and South America; the Gulf of Mexico and eventually the Caribbean formed in the intervening space. The opening of the South Atlantic began in the Early Cretaceous. The final plate separation in the circum-Atlantic region was between North America and north-western Europe. The central focus of this book is the history of connections between Africa and South America, and so the history of the South Atlantic forms the principal focus of this chapter. However, connections between North and South America and Africa and Europe (and thus North America) are also discussed.
‘Grube Messel’ and African–South American faunal connections
Authors: Storch Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil record of the European Early Tertiary includes various terrestrial vertebrates which are most unexpected and of an ‘exotic’ appearance palaeobiogeographically. Outside Europe, they are known in the late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic of West Gondwanaland, in particular of South America, but they are unknown in the Late Cretaceous and the Early Tertiary of North America. The presence of these vertebrates thus suggests former land connections between Africa and South America and a crossing of the marine Tethys barrier between Africa and Europe by terrestrial routes. European palaeofaunas might, therefore, contribute to an understanding of African-South American faunal relationships. These groups are: ceratophryine anurans (Rage 1981), ziphodont mesosuchian crocodiles (Buffetaut 1988), struthioniform birds (ratites) (Houde 1986; Peters 1988a), phorusrhacid birds (Mourer-Chauvire 1981; Peters 1987), and myrmecophagid edentates (anteaters) (Storch 1981). Cariamid birds (seriemas) (Mourer-Chauvire 1983; Peters 1988b, and didelphid marsupials can be added (Crochet and Sige 1983; Von Koenigswald and Storch 1988), but unlike the preceding taxa they are also known as Early Tertiary fossils in North America.
Feeding with other Oystercatchers
Authors: Ens Bruno J , Cayford John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because Oystercatchers are conspicuous and feed on easily identifiable prey items in an open habitat, they are an ideal species for studying the two competitive processes among foraging predators of prey depletion and mutual interference. This chapter reviews studies of mutual interference, defined as the more or less immediate and reversible reduction in intake rate at high densities of conspecifics (Goss-Custard 1980); the effects of depletion are considered elsewhere (Goss-Custard et al., Chapter 6, this volume). Early theoretical work (e.g. Hassell 1978), as well as empirical studies on shorebirds (Goss-Custard 1970; Zwarts 1978; Zwarts and Drent 1981), did not explicitly address differences between individuals. But field studies of marked birds revealed that individuals did not suffer equally from an increase in bird density.
Population dynamics: predicting the consequences of habitat change at the continental scale
Authors: Goss-Custard John D , Durell Sarah le V dit , Clarke Ralph T , Beintema Albert , Caldow Richard W G , Meininger Peter L , Smit Cor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the previous chapter discussed, Oystercarcher numbers breeding or wintering in one area may depend not only on factors operating in that area hut also on the supply of birds available to live there. This, in turn, depends on the attractiveness of the area relative to others and on processes occurring on the, often distant, wintering or breeding grounds and on migration. In such a species, population processes must be investigated at large spatial scales. But how large must the scale be before, in some meaningful sense, we can say that a population is being studied? Oystercatcher numbers on one mussel bed, for example, are determined almost entirely by the behavioural decisions of individuals and few would regard investigating this as a population study. But as the scale increases relative to the scale of movement of individuals, numbers become increasingly dominated by the balance between reproductive and mortality rates until all of the important changes in numbers are caused this way. Some ecologists argue that population studies can only be done satisfactorily at the scale at which immigration and emigration arc for all practical purposes non-existent.
Skeletal and other basic anatomical features of elephants
Authors: Shoshani Jeheskel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to augment the dental terminology (Tassy, this volume, Chapter 3) and ontogenetic data on incisors (Luckett, this volume, Chapter 4), and to provide brief but basic information on the anatomical (excluding functional) features found in elephants, so that non-proboscideanologists can be introduced to elephant anatomy. Living representatives of Proboscidea, Loxodonta africana (the African elephant) and Elephas maximus (the Asian elephant), were used as models for hard and soft anatomies (Fig. 2.1).
The earliest gomphotheres
Authors: Tassy Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name ‘gomphotheres’ is used here in a restrictive sense; it is not entirely synonymous with the ‘bunodont mastodonts’ (sensu Tobien 1973a) or the family name Gomphotheriidae Hay, 1922, based on the genus Gomphotherium Burmeister, 1837. Rather, the term gomphotheres, is used here to refer to the stem-group of both stegodontids and elephants, and thus designates a paraphyletic group (Tassy 1988a). Taxa included in the gomphotheres share bunodont teeth, a cranium with a transversely enlarged nasal aperture (however, see footnote 2, p. 45), and lower tusks with a piriform to oval, or even round cross-section. Hence, the gomphotheres, as defined here, do not include mammutids (zygodont teeth), nor the genus Choerolophodon Schlesinger, 1917 (with bunodont teeth but a narrow nasal aperture), and the amebelodontids (with bunodont teeth and a large nasal aperture but lower tusks with flat cross-section). Mammutids, choerolophodons, and amebe lodons are considered as earlier offshoots of the Elephantoidea.
Phylogeny of African and Eurasian Elephantoidea of the late Neogene
Authors: Kalb Jon E , Froehlich David J , Bell Gorden L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been nearly 200 years since Johann Blumenbach gave us the first systematic description of an African proboscidean, a right lower second molar, which in 179 7 he referred to as ‘Elephas africanus’ (Osborn 1942, pp. 1192, 1197). In 1825, Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Frederic Cuvier published their classic work, Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes, in which they created a new genus, ‘Loxodonte’, for this ‘elephant d’Afrique’, based on the unique lozenge-shaped enamel on the plates of its molars. Two years later, in 182 7, an article appeared in the Zoological Journal of London by an anonymous writer who referred to this redesignation of names for ‘Loxodonta africanus’ as the ‘dismemberment of the genus Elephas’ (Anonymous, 1827, p. 140; see also Damning and Shoshani, 1982). Ever since, palaeontologists have been describing, redescribing, and ‘dismembering’ African proboscideans.
Evolution and taxonomy of Eurasian mammoths
Authors: Lister Adrian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mammoths (genus Mammuthus) first appeared in continental Eurasia in the late Pliocene, about 2.5 Ma, and persisted until the end of the Pleistocene, around 10 000 years BP. Samples of mammoth fossils through the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene show a series of anatomical trends, including changes in body size, heightening of the cranium and molar teeth, shortening of the cranium and mandible, thinning of molar enamel, and increase in the number of lamellae (enamel plates). These trends have long been known from studies of typical samples of the three main nominal chronospecies of the lineage: early Pleistocene Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti), middle Pleistocene M. trogontheril (Pohlig), and late Pleistocene M. primigenius (Blumenbach) (Soergel 1912; Aguirre 1968, 1969b; Maglio 1973; here Fig. 19.1). New material and improved dating techniques now allow many more samples to be placed in chronological order and the evolutionary sequence examined in more detail. Further details of many of the topics summarized in this paper will be given elsewhere.
The proboscideans of the South-East Asian islands
Authors: Bergh Gert D Van Den , Sondaar Paul Y , Vos, John De , Aziz Fachroel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Present-day elephants are excellent swimmers Gohnson 1978). The presence of Pleistocene fossil proboscidean remains on several islands surrounded by deep seas suggests that, in the past, proboscideans had a relatively high potential to cross sea barriers. It is not uncommon to find proboscideans in a fossil assemblage of impoverished endemic island faunas, sometimes as the only large mammal. In the Lesser Sunda Arc, Indonesia (Fig. 23.1), only Stegodontidae have been reported as large mammals on the islands Flores, Sumba, and Timor.
Diseases and parasites
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a typical life history account of a bird species, or in books like this one, a few perfunctory lines are usually included to indicate that the species or group in question is known to have certain diseases and parasites. Such information is included for completeness, but is frequently ignored by readers who prefer to concentrate on more important or more interesting subjects such as ecology and behaviour. Unfortunately, no one can ignore disease in any discussion of Hawaiian honeycreepers. Indeed, for the past two centuries, disease has probably been the single most important factor in drepanidine natural history, directly causing the extinction of many species, contributing to the demise of others, and determining the present-day distributions of survivors.
Genus Melamprosops
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medium-sized, stocky, short-tailed birds with short, heavy, somewhat finchlike bills. Interorbital septum weak and sometimes fenestrated (James and Olson 1991). Tongue non-tubular, with rounded spoon-like tip (Bock 1978) and prominent lingual wings, unlike the truncate proximal end of most drepanidine tongues (Pratt 1992b). Food includes terrestrial molluscs and other invertebrates gleaned from trunks and branches of trees (Baldwin and Casey 1983;T. K. Pratt et al. 1997). Plumage colours atypical among honeycreepers, mostly brown above, buffy white below, with prominent black facial mask.
The relation of silviculture to forest management
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complexity of modern forestry has stimulated publication of separate detailed accounts of silviculture and forest management, but Kniichel (1953), Dubordieu (1986b), Levack (1986), and many other authors have demonstrated the need to fuse the concepts of silviculture and management closely together. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and comment on several topics which are treated in textbooks on forest management (see for example Johnston et al. 1967; Davis and Johnson 1987) from the viewpoint of silvicultural systems.
The selection system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The selection system differs from all the other silvicultural systems in that felling and regeneration are not confined to certain parts of the forest but are distributed all over it, the fellings removing single trees or small groups of trees selected throughout the forest. Fellings done in this manner are termed selection fellings; they result in an uneven-aged or irregular type of forest in which all the age or size classes are mixed together over every part of the area. This completely uneven-aged type of forest is usually termed ‘selection forest’ or ‘forest of selection type’, whether it has actually been produced by selection fellings or not. Under the selection system, scattered single trees or small groups of trees are selected over the whole area and removed. Where conditions are favourable, natural regeneration springs up in the gaps so created. Under ideal conditions this process goes on year after year over the whole forest, the volume removed being fixed by rules of management (page 54). This results in the constant maintenance throughout the whole area of an uneven-aged or irregular structure in which trees of all ages are mixed together. Such perfect distribution is seldom actually found, the age-classes occurring more usually in small groups resulting from groups of regeneration springing up in gaps. The appearance of forest worked under the selection system is shown in Figs. 26 and 27.
Agro-forestry systems
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of growing timber trees, fruit trees, shrubs, and palms in combination with agricultural crops and animals is very widespread and takes many forms. Forestry may be combined with agriculture to improve the microclimate for field crops and animals, maintain soil fertility, control erosion, produce fuelwood and timber, and increase the cash income from the land. In 1978 the International Council for Research in Agro-forestry (ICRAF), sponsored by Canada, Holland, and Switzerland set up its headquarters in Kenya ‘to improve the nutritional, economic, and social well-being of developing countries by the promotion of agro-forestry systems designed to result in better land use without detriment to the environment’ (ICRAF 1983). ICRAF has made an inventory of existing practices and systems around the world. The classification recognizes agro-silvicultural systems in which agricultural crops are grown with trees; silvo-pastoral systems where the trees provide fodder and shaded pasture for grazing animals; agro silvopastoral systems which combine all three; and ‘home gardens’ such as those in the humid parts of southern Asia which have many-storied mixtures of trees, shrubs, and other plants, akin to the structure of tropical moist forest on a very small scale.
Jurassic
Authors: Shunbao Wu , Jinnan Tong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plate tectonic history of the Jurassic is characterized by the disintegration of Gondwana and the initiation of the three main modem oceans. Another aspect of the Jurassic is its higher and more evenly distributed palaeotemperature than in modem times. The Jurassic palaeobiogeographic provincialization of the world is suggested as follows (Fig. 10.1, Table 10.1).
The geotechnical and geochemical implications of bioturbation in marine sedimentary ecosystems
Authors: Meadows Peter S , Meadows Azra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bioturbation occurs to different degrees in all marine sedimentary ecosystems. It is most obvious in estuarine and inshore environments but also occurs in deep-sea sediments at a reduced level. The fossil record also has many examples of bioturbation structures in a wide range of sedimentary rocks from different geological ages (cf. Bromley 1990). The disturbance caused by burrowing animals can be very shallow-a matter of a few centimetres―or may extend to more than 3 m. Burrow size ranges from less than 1 mm in diameter to about 10 cm. Some animals transport sediment vertically and horizontally while others anchor themselves by threads or move through the sediment. The effects of bioturbation are therefore diverse and likely to be of great importance in civil engineering and the oil industry.
The environmental impact of burrows and burrowing animals-conclusions and a model
Authors: Meadows Peter s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers presented in the symposium are briefly reviewed and their different approaches contrasted to provide an overall picture of the environmental impact of burrowing animals and burrow systems. Simple models are then developed that define indices of burrow system complexity and tortuosity and of the activity of animals and effects of burrows on the environment. It lS hoped that these indices will provide a unified methodology for assessing the impact of burrowing animals and their burrows on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosytems.
Other Botanical Gardens
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the Victorian era many towns in British India boasted public parks and gardens administered by the municipal authority and often managed by gardeners trained at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Agri-horticultural societies also maintained private gardens for the use of their members. Some of these gardens purported to be ‘botanical’ but there were only four establishments in South Asia which strictly justified the epithet: Calcutta, Saharanpur, and Ootacamund in India, and Peradeniya in Ceylon.