bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Facts Head injury
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Head injury affects approximately 1 in 300 families in England and Wales. It happens ‘out of the blue’ - without warning and therefore can be a bewildering and frightening experience, and frequently has a dramatic and sometimes devastating effect on the lives of the people involved. The sudden onset and the uncertainty surrounding recovery means that head injury often presents families with a wide array of emotions such as fear, guilt and sadness. With no previous experiences to guide them, people with head injury and their families can feel overwhelmed. This book begins with essential information about head injury including basic knowledge about the brain and how it is damaged. The book goes on to explore typical problems associated with a head injury and how to cope with specific issues. The third section provides support and guidance about how to deal with the long term consequences of a head injury, including information on where to find further support. Head Injury: The Facts is a family guide to understanding and coping with the practical and emotional problems that head injury brings.
Changes in emotions and behaviour
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A head injury often has a significant effect on a person’s emotions and behaviour. After head injury, changes in emotional responses to situations, and the ability to control emotions and behaviour can all occur. These difficulties have been shown to be the hardest for families to cope with. Common emotional reactions after brain injury include: • depression • anxiety and fear • anger • frustration • mood swings and feeling less in control of emotions than previously.
Helping children cope with head injury in the family
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we turn our attention to the issues faced by children who have a close relative, particularly a parent, with head injury. We discuss the ways in which children can be affected by family head injury and provide guidance for adults on how to explain head injury and support children. We have written this as a separate chapter for the following reasons. • Children have their own special needs at times of stress and cannot be regarded as ‘mini-adults’. • Head injury services do not routinely offer help to children (because of lack of resources, lack of expertise, and lack of awareness of the issues facing them). However, without advice, it can be difficult for families to know how best to help children through this emotional experience. It is hoped that this chapter will address this gap and increase your confidence in supporting children and asking for help for them at this difficult time. The information contained here is directed, in the main, towards helping children who have a head-injured parent. However, much of it is applicable to children with other relatives with head injury, such as a grandparent or a sibling. We provide guidance on children’s information and support needs at the different stages of their relative’s recovery, and as children’s needs also vary with age, we have tried to draw out the key issues for children at various ages. This might be helpful to families where there are children with different age ranges.
Clarifying “Blur”: Paradigms, defaults, and inflectional classes
Authors: Halle Morris , Marantz Alec 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the emphasis placed on paradigms in many recent papers on morphology and phonology, we believe that linguists are, for the most part, using “paradigm” as a convenient cover term for a variety of distinct morphological issues. For example, much discussion within OT of “paradigm uniformity” uses “paradigm” to point to issues of allomorphy between “related” forms of a stem or root that do not crucially rely on paradigms in any demonstrable sense. These discussions employ paradigms to provide a set of forms that might be related via output-output constraints.
Mental Autonomy
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we saw that self-sufficient robots require a degree of energy autonomy and motivational autonomy. Autonomy implies freedom from outside control. What does this mean? Energy autonomy implies that the robot’s energy supply is free from outside control, and that the robot is able to gain its energy by itself, from sunlight, or by foraging for a suitable energy source. The degree of energy autonomy depends upon the number of resources that the robot requires for survival. Like a plant or animal, a robot is likely to require other commodities in addition to energy, such as water and oil. So the completely self-sufficient robot would have to be able to find all its ‘nutritional’ requirements by itself.
Epilogue
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where to begin? Let us begin at the beginning. You may have wondered why, at the beginning of this book, so much space was devoted to robots, their development and evolution. The reason is that to understand the mind of an alien, to understand how it works, one must understand what it is for. Many animals have no mind, they are automata. To have a mind, and especially to have language, is expensive. A bigger brain is needed, and brains are expensive to develop, to train, and to run. Bigger brains mean bigger bodies and fewer, more expensive, offspring. Fewer offspring mean less future genetic influence. So many animals do not need minds, thank you, they are doing very well as they are.
Introduction
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A conversation involves acquiring and conveying information about the world, immediately and without much conscious reflection. Our linguistic capacity thereby enables us to engage in complex cooperative activities that require rapid information flow between large numbers of people, such as building bridges and superconductors (though unfortunately also waging war). We share our ability to perceive visually with many other species. In contrast, no other species has our advanced linguistic capacity. Any investigation into what makes humans distinctive as a species begins and ends with language-use. The inquiry into the nature of our linguistic capacities is therefore at the very center of the human sciences.
On Quantifler Domain Restriction (with Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In interpreting the utterances of others, we cannot rely exclusively on the permanent features of the words used. For it is often the case that the very same words could be used in a different context to communicate something different. The problem of context dependence is the problem of explaining how context contributes to interpretation, that is to the process of determining what a speaker meant by making a linguistic utterance on a certain occasion.
Making it Articulated
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is the view of linguistic communication I find plausible. First, a speaker makes an utterance, and her linguistic intentions uniquely determine a certain syntactic structure, or “logical form”, as it is known in syntax. If her utterance is a successful linguistic assertion, the logical form is sentential. Successful interpretation involves assigning denotations to the constituents of the logical form, and combining them in accord with composition rules that do not vary with extra-linguistic context. The denotations that successful interpreters will assign to constituents of a logical form will be constrained by the linguistic conventions governing those elements.
Introduction:Philosophy And Science Of Visual Perception And Cognition
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider your visual experience. In that experience, mind and world meet. The world is presented to you with its shapes, colors, and textures: a green expanse with moving blobs on it; or a whitish grey ribbon with shaped volumes of color moving at great speed. The mind responds by categorizing the objects and anticipating their behavior: here is a park with people playing volleyball, and someone is about to spike the ball; there is a busy highway as you navigate your vehicle at high speed, concerned that the car on the left is weaving a bit.
Perception as Unconscious Inference
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider for a moment the spatial and chromatic dimensions of your visual experience. Suppose that as you gaze about the room you see a table, some books, and papers. Ignore for now the fact that you immediately recognize these objects to be a table with books and papers on it. Concentrate on how the table looks to you: its top spreads out in front of you, stopping at edges beyond which lies unfilled space, leading to more or less distant chairs, shelves, or expanses of floor. The books and paper on the table top create shaped visual boundaries between areas of different color, within which there may be further variation of color or visual texture.
Introduction
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The status of sensory qualities has been a topic in philosophy since the ancient Greeks. In the history of thought about color, scientific theories were formed in relation to a background of philosophy, and philosophical theories often arose in conjunction with or as a result of scientific work (as in the cases of Aristotle, Ibn al-Haytham, Galileo, Descartes, Boyle, Locke, and Newton). Through the end of the nineteenth century it was usual for color scientists, such as Helmholtz and Hering, to address the philosophical assumptions and implications of their work. They engaged such assumptions directly, and examined them with philosophical thoroughness.
Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science Reflections On The History And Philosophy Of Experimental Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology has been self-consciously trying to be a science for two hundred years, give or take fifty. In the meantime, it has developed a variety of laboratory techniques, collected much experimental data, shown some theoretical development, and undergone changes of opinion about whether its primary object of study is mind or behavior. Has it made its way to sciencehood? Some have thought psychology became scientific by freeing itself from philosophy near the end of the nineteenth century, while others make it wait for behaviorism and positivism. A few recent thinkers believe that psychology can remain scientific only by becoming something else: neuroscience, cognitive science, or those and more.
Introspective Evidence in Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introspection was once the mainstay of psychological research, the primary source of psychological evidence. But, as history would have it (e.g., Lyons 1986, chs. 1 – 2), in the first part of the twentieth century it was discredited by behaviorists in psychology and by the likes of Wittgenstein and Ryle in philosophy. These critics purportedly showed that introspection was unscientific, conceptually impossible, or akin to believing in ghosts. As a result, introspection “disappeared” as a source of evidence in psychology and philosophy alike (Lyons 1986).
What’s there to know?
Authors: Leng Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to fictionalism in the philosophy of mathematics, we have no reason to believe that there are any mathematical objects, and so we have no reason to believe any mathematical statements whose truth would require the existence of such objects. Thus, fictionalists have a quick and easy response to the problem of accounting for mathematical knowledge. While they agree that mathematical knowledge (as knowledge of acausal, mind- and language-independent objects) would be difficult to account for, fictionalists do not need to provide an account of such knowledge.
On Quantifying into Predicate Position: Steps towards a new(tralist) perspective
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Begriffsschrift Frege drew no distinction—or anyway signalled no import- ance to the distinction—between quantifying into positions occupied by what he called eigennamen—singular terms—in a sentence and quantification into predicate position or, more generally, quantification into open sentences—into what remains of a sentence when one or more occurrences of singular terms are re- moved. He seems to have conceived of both alike as perfectly legitimate forms of generalization, each properly belonging to logic.
Complications and extraintestinal manifestations
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can cause problems outside the guts. These are called extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs). Some are common and others are very rare. Sometimes they are a complication of IBD, resulting from the disease itself, for example, anaemia and osteoporosis. In other cases, there seems to be a genetic or pathological association with IBD.
Fertility and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly first presents in young people often before they have even thought about having a family. However, questions regarding fertility and pregnancy are among the most commonly asked by people with IBD. Because this is such an important and common issue, a lot of research has been done in the area. This means that many of the questions have clear answers.
The relationship between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psoriasis has diverse manifestations. The most common form is called psoriasis vulgaris. Psoriasis vulgaris presents with a plaque often associated with scaling. It can be localized or widespread. It most often affects the extensor surfaces of the knees and elbows (Fig. 2.1, p. 12), as well as the scalp, but may occur anywhere on the body. Psoriasis may also affect flexural areas (flexural psoriasis) such as under the arms or breasts, the groins, the genital areas, and the natal cleft. In these areas, it tends to be as thin plaques, often not associated with scales.
How is the diagnosis to psoriatic arthritis made?
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of arthritic conditions may occur in patients with psoriasis, and these must be differentiated from psoriatic arthritis. Since psoriasis is a common condition, occurring in 2–3% of the population, and rheumatoid arthritis, the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, may occur in 1% of the population, the co-occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis would be expected by chance alone in 1 in 10 000 people. Since rheumatoid arthritis, like psoriatic arthritis, is inflammatory in nature, the differentiation may be difficult. Osteoarthritis, which is the most common form of arthritis, occurs in about 5% of the population and it may co-exist with psoriasis. While osteoarthritis is not usually an inflammatory form of arthritis, it does affect the end joints of the fingers, a site commonly affected in patients with psoriatic arthritis, and therefore one needs to differentiate osteoarthritis from psoriatic arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis may sometimes be misdiagnosed as gout. Gout is a crystal-induced arthritis caused by uric acid deposition in the joints.
Surgery in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. The arthritis presents with tender and swollen joints, and in about half the patients there is involvement of the spine, with pain, stiffness, and limitation of movement. The inflammation in the affected area may lead to deformities and damage if it is not controlled. Although many patients complain of joint pain and seek medical attention, as a group patients with psoriatic arthritis do not complain of as much pain as patients with other forms of arthritis. For that reason, many patients only realize that they have a problem once they have developed joint deformities.
Lessons from the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic has provided a unique opportunity to study the course and prognosis of psoriatic arthritis as well as its pathogenesis and management. The Clinic was established by Dr Dafna Gladman in 1978, when it became apparent to her that the understanding of this disease was minimal. In 1976, an elaborate outpatient facility for patients with psoriasis was established by the late Dr Ricky Kanee Schachter at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, Canada.
The Evolution of Irrationality: Insights from Non-Human Primates
Authors: Santos Laurie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the moment we wake up in the morning, we are confronted by a staggering array of choices. (Should I hit the shower or the snooze button, the highway or the byway?) Though sometimes our preferences are well-known to us, often we must make decisions with limited information about how different outcomes will affect our overall happiness and utility. (Having never tried Korean sannakji 1 for example, I am unsure whether I would find the experience glorious or repulsive.) Moreover, we can rarely be certain of what the outcome of our choice will be. (Generally, taking the highway increases my overall well-being, but if I have an accident, the utility is decidedly otherwise.)
Socratic Midwifery: A Second Apology?
Authors: Giannopoulou Zina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s Theaetetus is a peculiar dialogue. While it has generally been regarded as either middle/late or late, it possesses several features traditionally associated with Plato’s early philosophical works. The most important of them centre around the figure of Socrates: he is a self-proclaimed ignoramus who asks for the definition of a difficult term (knowledge), dialectically examines a variety of answers, rejects them all, and ends at an impasse (aporia). This preoccupation with the figure of Socrates of the early dialogues is reinforced by the dramatic date of the conversation, which is mentioned twice in the dialogue. In the preface, Eucleides remarks that Socrates met Theaetetus shortly before Socrates’ death (142 c 6) and, at the end, Socrates tells Theaetetus that he must go to the King Archon’s porch to meet the indictment that Meletus had brought against him (210 D 2–4).
The Structure Of Teleological Explanations In Aristotle: Theory And Practice
Authors: Leunissen Mariska E M P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in the Aristotle discusses demonstrative knowledge. Despite the long tradition of Aristotelian scholarship on this treatise, many details concerning the nature of demonstration and its relation to explanation remain enigmatic, and are the subject of much controversy. This paper aims to shed light on Aristotle’s pivotal discussion of the relation of demonstration, explanation, and scientific knowledge in Post.An 2. 11, and specifically on the structure of teleological explanations as presented in this chapter. In the first part (Sections 1–3) I shall clarify the examples Aristotle provides to illustrate his theoretical remarks about causal explanation. In particular, I hope to make sense of the teleological example of walking after dinner for the sake of health.
Uncertain Decisions and the Many-Minds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine you are faced with a quantum-mechanical device which will display either H or T (‘heads’, ‘tails’) when it is operated (‘spun’). You know that the single-case probability, or chance, of H is 0.8, and the chance of T is 0.2. (I could have taken a biased coin, but I wanted to make it clear that we are dealing with chances.)
Inheritance and Originality
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These words, it seems to me, give us a particular picture of the essence of philosophical writing—of what it is for such writing to be well shaped and disciplined, for its parts to form a genuine whole, for its sections and sentences to have neither too little nor too much vitality. But do they—in developing that metaphor of vegetable life perhaps a little too exuberantly, and amalgamating it perhaps a little too forcibly with another, more metallic or mechanical, one— observe the canons of propriety they deploy in criticism of another’s words? They certainly do not take the picture to which they officially cleave as open to question—as if the matter of philosophical form has been forgotten, or is capable at any moment of being passed over, even when the text we are reading all but explicitly aims to provide an occasion for us to question the obviousness or self-evidence of our picture of that matter. But since, to those in the grip of the picture, such texts are rather more likely to occasion exasperation, how might such all but inevitable circuits of mutual misunderstanding be disrupted? How might a text such as The Claim of Reason be understood as attempting to initiate such disruption? Since any such purposes can be effective only if those who encounter this text choose to stay with its orderings of words, we must first ask how it aims to justify or reward such a choice—how its opening encounter with its readers is designed to attract rather than repel them.
Abbreviation, Scope, and Ontology
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider a language L containing several one-place predicates, an unending supply of variables x I .. . xn, left and right parentheses as devices of punctuation, and the following logical vocabulary: ∀, ∨ , ∼, =. Assume a rudimentary Tarskian truth definition for L, where s ranges over infinite sequences of objects in the domain, k ranges over the natural numbers, skis the object in the kth position of s, and ϕ and ψ range over formulae .
What is Logical Form?
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertrand Russell, in the second of his 1914 Lowell lectures, Our Knowledge of the External World, asserted famously that ‘every philosophical problem, when it is subjected to the necessary analysis and purification, is found either to be not really philosophical at all, or else to be, in the sense in which we are using the word, logical’ (Russell, 1993: 42). He went on to characterize that portion of logic that concerned the study of forms of propositions, or, as he called them, ‘logical forms’.
Identity Statements
Authors: Fiengo Robert , May Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common wisdom that primary among the things that one would want from an analysis of identity statements such as ‘Hesperus is Phosphorus’ or ‘Cicero is Tully’ is an account of their informativeness. But there is a problem that any such account will encounter, one that has been appreciated at least since Frege. We may put it in this familiar way.
Introduction
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Meno is the first Platonic dialogue to reflect systematically on some still fundamental issues in epistemology: What is knowledge? How does it differ from true belief? What if anything can we know, and how can we know it? In ‘Inquiry in the Meno’ (Chapter 2) I explore the Meno’s answers to some of these important questions.1
Immanence
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle claims that Platonic forms are not in things, and that this is just as well, since ‘it is easy to collect many absurdities against such a theory’ (Metaph. A 9, 99lbl8–19; cf. M 5, 1079b22–3). He records some of the absurdities in the Peri Ideōn, portions of which are preserved by Alexander in his commentary on Metaphysics A 9. Many of the alleged absurdities were aired earlier by Plato in the Parmenides.