bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of female reproductive status in captive‐housed Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) by measurement of urinary and fecal steroid excretion patterns
Authors: Heistermann M. , Finke M. , Hodges J. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe study reports on the use of urinary and fecal hormone measurements for monitoring female reproductive status in captive‐housed Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Matched urine and fecal samples collected throughout 7 complete menstrual cycles of two females, and during part of one pregnancy in a third female were analyzed. Estrone conjugates (E1C) and immunoreactive pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) in urine and immunoreactive estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), pregnanediol (Pd) and 20α‐hydroxyprogesterone (20αOHP) in feces were measured by enzymeimmunoassay. E1C and PdG in urine were excreted in a cyclic pattern with E1C levels increasing 3‐ to 4‐fold during the follicular phase to reach preovulatory peak values 2 days before a defined rise in PdG concentrations. Cycle lengths ranged between 20 and 34 days comprising a variable follicular phase of 7–21 days and a more consistent luteal phase of 12–14 days. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of fecal extracts confirmed the presence of all fecal hormones measured, but indicated large amounts of additional immunoreactivity in the three progestin assays. The patterns of excretion of fecal E2 and all three fecal progestins corresponded well with those of steroid metabolites in urine in showing a clear and well defined follicular phase E2 rise followed by a luteal phase progestin increase. Measurement of 20αOHP immunoreactivity revealed the most stable baseline and the highest follicular/luteal phase differential. Levels of all hormones were clearly elevated during pregnancy although urinary E1C and PdG showed a more pronounced increase compared to fecal metabolites. The results indicate that urinary and fecal hormone analysis can be applied to noninvasive monitoring of reproductive status in the Hanuman langur. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insect secretions determine habitat use patterns by a female lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Corbin Greg D. , Schmid Jutta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is one of six sympatric nocturnal primates found in the Kirindy forest, west‐Madagascar. Each of these species is reported to consume a secretion produced during the austral winter by the Homopteran insect Flatidia coccinea. In July and August 1993 a study was conducted to determine the importance of this food resource in the ecology of female M. murinus. At this study site, animals were distributed only along the forest edge where insect secretions are significantly more abundant than in the forest interior. Abundances of arboreal and nocturnal flying insects do not differ between the forest edge and interior. Experimental resource removal from a 25 × 25 m plot in one female's home range caused a significant shift in the animals' pattern of habitat use while no change occurred in a control plot. Thus, at this study site and time of year, the ranging behavior of a female M. murinus was strongly influenced by the presence of Homopteran secretions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uranium series dating in paleoanthropology
Authors: Schwarcz Henry P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany hominid and archaeological sites contain materials that were formed or deposited synchronously with the site and can be dated by uranium‐series methods, principally 230Th/234U dating. The range of the method is approximately 350,000 years. U‐series dating yields most accurate results when applied to chemically precipitated calcium carbonate, which occurs in stalagmitic layers, travertines, and lacustrine limestones. Materials such as bone and shell are less reliable. Using mass spectrometry (MS), a precision of ±1% is attainable, whereas conventional alpha counting optimally gives a precision of ±5%. Mass spectrometric dating requires smaller samples, potentially allowing determination of ante quem dates for calcite coatings on hominid fossils and associated faunal skeletons.
New views on primate origins
Authors: Cartmill Matt 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMost primates live in trees, and many of them have strikingly human‐like hands and faces. Scientists who study primate evolution agree that these two facts must be connected in some way. The details, however, are a matter of debate. Early theories explained the human‐like peculiarities of primates simply as arboreal adaptations. More recent accounts have traced the origins of these peculiarities to more specific ways of arboreal life, involving leaping locomotion, shrub‐layer foraging, visually guided predation on insects, or fruit‐eating.
Functional morphology of the human chin
Authors: Daegling David J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe protruding chin is an attribute that defines modern Homo sapiens to the exclusion of all other primates, including fossil hominids. The functional significance of the chin has been contemplated for most of the 20th century, but as yet no compelling functional argument for its evolution has withstood careful scrutiny. Consequently, the human chin is often cited as an example of a nonadaptive trait. Past attempts to explain the chin in a functional or mechanical context have failed, largely as a result of an incomplete understanding of in vivo masticatory biomechanics. When the morphology of the chin is considered in light of experimental data on mastication, its evolution can be interpreted as a consequence of recent changes in mandibular proportions that have altered the relative importance of different masticatory stresses. Hypotheses proposing that chin morphology is the result of sexual selection or spatial constraints may be untestable. As with arguments that posit no functional role for the chin, the credibility of these hypotheses has depended, to a large degree, on the refutation of previous biomechanical explanations.
Soils, time, and primate paleoenvironments
Authors: Bown Thomas M. , Kraus Mary J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSoils are the skin of the earth. From both poles to the equator, wherever rocks or sediment are exposed at the surface, soils are forming through the physical and chemical action of climate and living organisms. The physical attributes (color, texture, thickness) and chemical makeup of soils vary considerably, depending on the composition of the parent material and other variables: temperature, rainfall and soil moisture, vegetation, soil fauna, and the length of time that soil–forming processes have been at work. United States soil scientists1 have classified modern soils into ten major groups and numerous subgroups, each reflecting the composition and architecture of the soils and, to some extent, the processes that led to their formation. The physical and chemical processes of soil formation have been active throughout geologic time; the organic processes have been active at least since the Ordovician.2 Consequently, nearly all sedimentary rocks that were deposited in nonmarine settings and exposed to the elements contain a record of ancient, buried soils or paleosols. A sequence of these rocks, such as most ancient fluvial (stream) deposits, provides a record of soil paleoenvironments through time.Paleosols are also repositories of the fossils of organisms (body fossils) and the traces of those organisms burrowing, food–seeking, and dwelling activities (ichnofossils). Indeed, most fossil primates are found in paleosols. Careful study of ancient soils gives new, valuable insights into the correct temporal reconstruction of the primate fossil record and the nature of primate paleoenvironments.
Early paleolithic of China and eastern Asia
Authors: Schick Kathy D. , Zhuan Dong 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn attempting to understand the course of human evolution and the nature of hominid adaptation over the past few million years, it is necessary to consider prevailing evidence from all parts of the world. Eastern Asia provides a range of important questions and challenges with regard to this evolutionary puzzle. Although evidence for earlier ape evolution is present in China (for example, at Lufeng in Yunnan Province), the earliest evidence for hominid presence appears to be in the Early Pleistocene, apparently the result of a migration of hominids to and subsequent adaptation within Eastern Asia. The archeological record provides a closer look at some technological aspects of this adaptation during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, showing both distinctive contrasts and intriguing continuities relative to the rest of the Old World.
The attraction of paleomagnetism
Authors: Kappelman John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe majority of fossil primates and human archeological sites are recovered from sedimentary rocks, but obtaining radioisotopic dates directly from rocks of this type is generally difficult. Paleomagnetism offers an alternative dating approach. Specific applications of paleomagnetism in the field of anthropology range from dating late Eocene fossil anthropoids to determining human archeological site use and occupation. This single dating technique is not restricted to a specific time range, but can be used across the entire span of primate evolution. When linked with other dating techniques, such as radioisotopic or astrochronologic methods, paleomagnetism offers a high level of temporal resolution in unraveling questions of the past.
A tooth, a toe, and a vertebra: The genetic dimensions of complex morphological traits
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMost readers probably share with me the profoundly affecting experience of wandering through a natural history museum and being surrounded by the skeletal remains of our vertebrate predecessors. Who does not stand in awe before these scaffolds of the great dinosaurs or ponder the groping stages through which our primate ancestors explored the skeletal and dental opportunities of forest life (Fig. 1)? How did this proliferation of limbs, teeth, and vertebrae, not to mention the complexity we can infer about the overlying anatomy and physiology, arise from the simple early forms of animal life? How did DNA evolve to contain the program for such complexity?
Paleobiology of the first Americans
Authors: Steele D. Gentry , Powell Joseph F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe majority of scholars studying the human colonization of the New World agree that the first Americans, traditionally identifed as Paleoindians, entered near the end of the Pleistocene via the Bering land bridge from northeast Asia. But this is where agreement ends. Questions about the number and timing of migrations, the physical appearance of the colonists, and the manner in which they lived have been examined since the turn of the century1–7 and still engender lively debate.8–16 Curiously lacking from the growing body of data on the peopling of the Americas is evidence from the physical remains of the first Americans. We summarize research on the earliest human remains from North America and discuss how these remains shed new light on these unanswered questions.
Our ancestors' ancestor: Ouranopithecus is a greek link in human ancestry
Authors: de Bonis Louis , Koufos George D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent discoveries of the late Miocene hominoid Ouranopithecus shed new light on the evolution of hominids. These discoveries result from the strategy of the Allied armies during the First World War. In the midst of “the war to end all wars,” the North African soldiers of Camille Arambourg excavated the first mammalian fossils found in northern Greece, in the region of Macedonia, the country of Alexander the Great. On the tracks of these strange paleontological pioneers, a modern French and Greek team has unearthed a large hominoid primate, a missing link between fossilapes and primitive Australopithecus, which lived in southeastern Europe 9 to 10 million years ago. A reconstruction of Ouranopithecus and its surroundings gives us a rare glimpse into the world of the earliest hominids.
Measuring genetic admixture in human populations: The gila river story
Authors: Williams Robert C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdmixture between human populations is the norm rather than the exception. Many groups practice deme exogamy, so that all marriages include one spouse from an outside group. Typically, that group is a nearby population, but in many areas, especially since the advent of post‐agricultural times, human movement has been greater and matings have occurred between ever more disparate groups. Because evolution is a response to local conditions, and occurs in the context of the overall genetic variability of local groups, admixture may be an important factor in human evolution and adaptation. To understand the potential impact of admixture on human evolution, it is important to know the effect of admixture on the geographic distribution of human variation.
Paleodemography: “Not quite dead”
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Frankenberg Susan R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs Kim Hill1recently noted inEvolutionary Anthropology, humans are unique among the hominoids with regard to the length of their lives, as well as other elements in the individual life histories. The evolutionary details that modified a basic pongid life history into a hominid one remain obscure, but aspects of recent human demographic history are assailable. Study of the last 10,000 years or so is an important part of ongoing anthropological discourse, for demographic changes may be intimately linked to such major developments as agriculture and urbanization.2‐8Whether demographic changes are antecedents for or consequences of these major developments is a matter of great contention, but at the least we should attempt to document the nature of human demographic changes in the recent past. Although this documentation can take different forms, the principal sources are archeological information on past settlement patterns and analyses of prehistoric human skeletal material.
Variations in primate color vision: Mechanisms and utility
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong mammals, only the primates have acquired the biological machinery needed for highly acute color vision. That distinction led Gordon Walls, perhaps the foremost authority on comparative vision of this century, to suggest long ago that “the color vision of the higher primates is assuredly a law unto itself, genetically and historically speaking.”1 Primate color vision is indeed unique. One manifestation of this uniqueness is that color vision abilities vary significantly, not only between some groupings of primate species, but, remarkably, among individuals of a considerable number of species. Although the functional significance of these variations remains, in large measure, to be sorted out, the past decade has brought much progress in revealing the mechanisms that underlie variation.
Genetics and modern human origins
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe past decade has brought considerable debate on the subject of modern human origins. The nature of the transition from Homo erectus to archaic Homo sapiens to modern H. sapiens has been examined primarily in terms of the relative contribution of archaic populations to later moderns, both within and among geographic regions. The recent African origin model proposes that modern humans appeared first in Africa between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, and then spread through the rest of the Old World, replacing preexisting populations.1–6 This model has been referred to by a variety of names, including “replacement”, “Garden of Eden”, “Noah's Ark”, and “out of Africa”. The recent African origin model contrasts with the multiregional model, which proposes a species‐wide transition to modern humans throughout the Old World during the past million years or more.7–10 Indeed, some proponents of the multiregional model advocate placing Homo erectus and all subsequent species of Homo in the evolutionary species Homo sapiens.11 This contrasts with the view that there were multiple hominid species during the Middle Pleistocene. The debate continues.12,13 Although the multiregional model is often portrayed as proposing a simultaneous transition to anatomically modern humans in different geographic regions, it explicitly allows for varying degrees of continuity across time and space.10 This model, in the broad sense, does not rule out the possibility that modern human morphology appeared first in Africa and then spread through the rest of the Old World through gene flow. However, not all advocates of the multiregional model adhere to this specific subset of the general model.9Comparison of the African and multiregional models is complicated by considering other, less extreme, hypotheses. Some versions of the recent African origin model imply a speciation event associated with the initial origin of modern humans. Another version, which suggests the possibility of some admixture between “moderns” leaving Africa and preexisting “archaics” elsewhere in the Old World,14,15 is similar to some variants of the multiregional model, which also suggest that modern morphology appeared first in Africa, but involved admixture with other Old World populations.16 The major difference between these views appears to be the extent of admixture, although the exact level is never specified. A further complication is the possibility that multiple dispersals from Africa produced a more complicated pattern of worldwide variation.17
Sexual selection and sperm competition in primates: What are male genitalia good for?
Authors: Harcourt Alexander H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne hundred twenty‐five years ago, inThe Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex,1Charles Darwin proposed the theory of sexual selection, as distinct from natural selection, to explain why, in some species, males have such magnificent ornaments and, in other species, such impressive weapons. He suggested two processes, which we now term female choice and male‐male competition: either females choose particularly ornate males or, alternatively, relatively passive females accept the winner of fights among males. By now, knowledge of species in which the females are more brightly colored or aggressive than males has led to a more general formulation of the principle of sexual selection, in which, instead of “females”, we write “the sex with the lower potential reproductive rate”, and, instead of “male”, “the sex with the higher potential reproductive rate”.2
Radiocarbon dating: The continuing revolution
Authors: Taylor R. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRadiocarbon (14C) dating, now in its fifth decade of general use, continues to be the most widely employed method of inferring chronometric age for late Pleistocene and Holocene age materials recovered from archeological contexts. Over the last decade, several technical advances in 14C studies have provided contexts for a number of significant applications in archeology that were previously either not possible or not practical. These include the extension of the calibrated 14C time scale into the late Pleistocene and the development of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The contribution of AMS‐based 14C values to the critical evaluation of archeological data is illustrated by considering the problems of dating early plant domestication in the Near East and Mesoamerica, New World Paleoindian human skeletal materials, and European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic materials.
A Genetic study of hypoalphalipoproteinemia
Authors: Byard P. J. , Borecki I. B. , Glueck C. J. , Laskarzewski P. M. , Third J. L. H. C. , Rao D. C. , Motulsky A. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComplex segregation analysis under the unified mixed model of inheritance (major gene and multifactorial) is performed on families ascertained through 23 probands with hypoalphalipoproteinemia (depressed HDL‐cholesterol, denoted HDL‐c). Evidence for segregation of a recessive major gene for depressed HDL‐c with frequency q = 0.116, in addition to multifactorial transmission (H = 0.572), is found in these families. Reanalysis of a subset of families with severely depressed HDL‐c confirms the conclusions based on the original analysis, except that different definitions of “affection” give rise to different estimates of gene frequency. Our finding of a recessive mode of inheritance differs from previous claims for a dominant gene because previous analyses did not use a mixed model for segregation analysis of hypoalphalipoproteinemia. When the significant multifactorial background is neglected, we also find evidence for the invalid claim of a dominant gene. This demonstrates the necessity of using mixed models for determining the mode of inheritance of a given phenotype.
The information contained in multiple sibling pairs
Authors: Hodge Susan E. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a sibship of size s, s(s − 1)/2 sib pairs can be formed, but these pairs are statistically dependent when s > 2. This study examines how much independent information is obtained when all possible pairs are used to evaluate the sharing of genes identical by descent. A logarithmic measure of information, Σpilog2pi [Shannon, 1948], is used. The basic unit of information is the binomial “bit,” or the amount of information in the toss of a fair coin. It is shown that a single independent sib pair contains 1.5 bits. The complete sibship contains a total of 2s−3 + (1/2)s−1 bits, or (2s−3 + (1/2)s−1)/1.5 pair‐equivalents of information. The information is reduced if all sib genotypes do not occur with equal probability.
Genetic analysis workshop II: Segregation and three‐locus linkage analysis
Authors: Bishop D. T. , Cannon L. A. , Hasstedt S. J. , Skolnick M. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData simulated for Genetic Analysis Workshop II were analyzed using PAP. Segregation analysis showed a simple recessive mode of inheritance for data set 2 while no conclusions could be made about the mode of inheritance for data set 3. Pairwise linkage analysis suggested three linkage groups, but three‐locus analysis did not provide strong evidence for the gene order within these groups. For three of the four three‐locus comparisons performed, three‐locus analysis suggested the simulated order. In only one case did the pairwise analysis suggest the simulated order, indicating the necessity for multi‐locus analysis for gene order.
Genetic analysis workshop II: Sib pair screening tests for linkage
Authors: Elston R. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor each marker locus and for every pair of sibs with data available in the 1983 workshop data, the proportion of genes identical by descent was estimated. The mean proportions were compared between concordant and discordant sib pairs, and the mean proportion for concordantly affected pairs was compared with one half. Together with standard tests of association, these were found to be sensitive screening tests for linkage.
Genetic analysis workshop II: Multiple‐locus segregation analysis incorporating linkage markers
Authors: Risch N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe workshop data were examined using a newly developed methodology (MILINK, Risch, 1984) for combined segregation, linkage, and association analysis of a complex disease trait in pedigree data. Results from problems two and three suggest that the method is powerful both for determining mode of disease inheritance and for resolution of linkage disequilibrium versus pleiotropy (with epistasis) of marker alleles.