bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of a Prognostic Model to Predict the Length of Survival in Patients With Carcinomas of an Unknown Primary Site
Authors: Culine Stéphane , Kramar Andrew , Saghatchian Mahasti , Bugat Roland , Lesimple Thierry , Lortholary Alain , Merrouche Yacine , Laplanche Agnès , Fizazi Karim 
Published: December 2002

PURPOSE: To identify clinical and biologic variables with significant impact on survival in patients with carcinomas of an unknown primary site and to develop a simple prognostic model for the selection of patients in prospective clinical trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Univariate and multivariate prognostic factor analyses were conducted in a population of 150 unselected patients and led to the construction of two successive classification schemes. An external data set of 116 patients enrolled onto two prospective trials was used for validation. RESULTS: When studying clinical variables only, poor performance status (2 or 3) and presence of liver metastases were retained in the multivariate analysis. The first classification scheme consisted of three subgroups of patients with median survivals of 10.8, 6.0, and 2.4 months, according to the number of adverse prognostic factors. With the introduction of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in a further step, liver metastases were no longer significant. The second classification scheme therefore included poor performance status (relative risk [RR], 2.1) and elevated serum LDH level (RR, 2.1). Good-risk and poor-risk patients were identified, with median survivals of 11.7 months and 3.9 months, respectively (P < .0001). The 1-year survival rates were 45% and 11%, respectively. This second classification scheme was validated in an external data set: the median survival rates of patients assigned to the good-risk group and the poor-risk group were 12 months and 7 months, respectively (P = .0089). The 1-year survival rates were 53% and 23%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A simple prognostic model using performance status and serum LDH levels was developed and validated. It allows the assignment of patients into two subgroups with divergent outcome. Further prospective trials will be designed using this prognostic model.
Small-Mammal Data on Early and Middle Holocene Climates and Biotic Communities in the Bonneville Basin, USA
Authors: Schmitt Dave N. , Madsen David B. , Lupo Karen D. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractArchaeological investigations in Camels Back Cave, western Utah, recovered a series of small-mammal bone assemblages from stratified deposits dating between ca. 12,000 and 500 14C yr B.P. The cave's early Holocene fauna includes a number of species adapted to montane or mesic habitats containing grasses and/or sagebrush (e.g., Lepus townsendii, Marmota flaviventris, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Brachylagus idahoensis) which suggest that the region was relatively cool and moist until after 8800 14C yr B.P. Between ca. 8600 and 8100 14C yr B.P. these mammals became locally extinct, taxonomic diversity declined, and there was an increase in species well-adapted to xeric, low-elevation habitats, including ground squirrels, Lepus californicus and Neotoma lepida. The early small-mammal record from Camels Back Cave is similar to the 11,300–6000 14C yr B.P. mammalian sequence from Homestead Cave, northwestern Utah, and provides corroborative data on Bonneville Basin paleoenvironments and mammalian responses to middle Holocene desertification.
Late-Glacial and Early Holocene Environmental and Climatic Change at Lake Tambichozero, Southeastern Russian Karelia
Authors: Wohlfarth Barbara , Filimonova Ludmila , Bennike Ole , Björkman Leif , Brunnberg Lars , Lavrova Nadja , Demidov Igor , Possnert Göran 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHigh-resolution lithostratigraphy, mineral magnetic, carbon, pollen, and macrofossil analyses, and accelerator mass spectrometry 14C measurements were performed in the study of a sediment sequence from Lake Tambichozero, southeastern Russian Karelia, to reconstruct late-glacial and early Holocene aquatic and terrestrial environmental changes. The lake formed ca. 14,000 cal yr B.P. and the area around the lake was subsequently colonized by arctic plants, forming patches of pioneer communities surrounded by areas of exposed soil. A minor rise in lake productivity and the immigration of Betula pubescens occurred ca. 11,500 cal yr B.P. The rise in summer temperatures probably led to increased melting of remnant ice and enhanced erosion. The distinct increase in lake productivity and the development of open Betula-Populus forests, which are reconstructed based on plant macrofossil remains, indicate stable soils from 10,600 cal yr B.P. onward. Pinus and Picea probably became established ca. 9900 cal yr B.P.
The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among American Indian Vietnam veterans: Disparities and context
Authors: Beals Janette , Manson Spero M. , Shore James H. , Friedman Matthew , Ashcraft Marie , Fairbank John A. , Schlenger William E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study employed data from two Congressionally mandated efforts (the American Indian Vietnam Veterans Project and the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study) to examine differential prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 5 ethnically defined samples of male Vietnam theater veterans. Lay interviews assessed individual experiences before, during, and after the war from 1,798 male Vietnam theater veterans. Clinical reinterviews using the SCID were conducted with subsamples (N = 487). The prevalence of both 1‐month and lifetime PTSD was higher for the 2 American Indian samples than for Whites. Once logistic regressions controlled for differential exposure to war‐zone stress, ethnicity was no longer a significant predictor of PTSD.
Malformations of the craniofacial region: Evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives
Authors: Cohen M. Michael 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMalformations of the craniofacial region are reviewed with respect to evolutionary, embryonic, genetic, and clinical perspectives under the following headings: How Old Is Our Head?, Head Organization Genes, Genetics of Craniofacial Anomalies, Craniofacial Derivatives, Anencephaly, Cephalocele, Holoprosencephaly, Craniosynostosis, Hypertelorism, Branchial Arch Anomalies, and Orofacial Clefting. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in frontometaphyseal dysplasia: Severe progressive scoliosis in two families
Authors: Morava Éva , Illés Tamás , Weisenbach János , Kárteszi Judit , Kosztolányi György 
Published: December 2002

AbstractFrontometaphyseal dysplasia is a rare genetic syndrome affecting the skeletal system and connective tissue. It is believed to be inherited as an X‐linked trait. Features of frontometaphyseal dysplasia overlap with other skeletal dysplasias. Prominent supraorbital ridges, radiologic evidence of cranial hyperostosis, and flared metaphyses are characteristic. Scoliosis, a rare associated finding, is usually mild, and familial progressive scoliosis has not been reported so far. The skeletal dysplasia and the associated clinical findings show significant intra‐ and interfamilial variability. The syndrome has been suggested to be an allelic variant of the Melnick‐Needles osteodysplasty, an X‐linked (dominant) entity. We present two families with frontometaphyseal dysplasia, in which both males and females showed the facial and skeletal features of the syndrome in association with progressive scoliosis. Some of the affected members also had hearing loss and urogenital anomalies, supporting the existence of the recently suggested entity “fronto‐otopalatodigital‐osteodysplasty syndome”. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mature myelin basic protein‐expressing oligodendrocytes are insensitive to kainate toxicity
Authors: Rosenberg Paul A. , Dai Weimin , Gan Xiao Dong , Ali Sanjida , Fu Jennifer , Back Stephen A. , Sanchez Russell M. , Segal Michael M. , Follett Pamela L. , Jensen Frances E. , Volpe Joseph J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe examined the vulnerability to excitotoxicity of rat oligodendrocytes in dissociated cell culture at different developmental stages. Mature oligodendrocytes that express myelin basic protein were resistant to excitotoxic injury produced by kainate, whereas earlier stages in the oligodendrocyte lineage were vulnerable to this insult. To test the hypothesis that the sensitivity of immature oligodendrocytes and the resistance of mature oligodendrocytes to kainate toxicity were due to differences in membrane responsiveness to kainate, we used whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording. Oligodendrocyte precursors in cultures vulnerable to kainate toxicity responded to 500 μM kainate with large inward currents, whereas mature myelin basic protein‐expressing oligodendrocytes in cultures resistant to kainate toxicity showed no clear response to application of this agonist. We assayed expression of glutamate receptor subunits (GluR) ‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐7, and KA2 using immunoblot analysis and found that expression of all of these glutamate receptors was significantly down‐regulated in mature oligodendrocytes. These results suggest a striking developmental regulation of glutamate receptors in oligodendrocytes and suggest that the vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to non‐ N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity might be much greater in developing oligodendrocytes than after the completion of myelination. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traumatic brain injury‐induced acute gene expression changes in rat cerebral cortex identified by GeneChip analysis
Authors: Raghavendra Rao Vemuganti L. , Dhodda Vinay K. , Song Guoqing , Bowen Kellie K. , Dempsey Robert J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractProper CNS function depends on concerted expression of thousands of genes in a controlled and timely manner. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mammals results in neuronal death and neurological dysfunction, which might be mediated by altered expression of several genes. By employing a CNS‐specific GeneChip and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the present study analyzed the gene expression changes in adult rat cerebral cortex in the first 24 hr after a controlled cortical impact injury. Many functional families of genes not previously implicated in TBI‐induced brain damage are altered in the injured cortex. These include up‐regulated transcription factors (SOCS‐3, JAK‐2, STAT‐3, CREM, IRF‐1, SMN, silencer factor‐B, ANIA‐3, ANIA‐4, and HES‐1) and signal transduction pathways (cpg21, Narp, and CRBP) and down‐regulated transmitter release mechanisms (CITRON, synaptojanin II, ras‐related rab3, neurexin‐1β, and SNAP25A and ‐B), kinases (IP‐3‐kinase, Pak1, Ca2+/CaM‐dependent protein kinases), and ion channels (K+channels TWIK, RK5, X62839, and Na+channel I). In addition, several genes previously shown to play a role in TBI pathophysiology, including proinflammatory genes, proapoptotic genes, heat shock proteins, immediate early genes, neuropeptides, and glutamate receptor subunits, were also observed to be altered in the injured cortex. Real‐time PCR analysis confirmed the GeneChip data for many of these transcripts. The novel physiologically relevant gene expression changes observed here might explain some of the molecular mechanisms of TBI‐induced neuronal damage. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Source Regions and Formation of the Loess Sediments on the High Mountain Regions of Northwestern China
Authors: Sun Jimin 
Published: December 2002

AbstractLoess on the high mountains of northwestern China is largely controlled by the topographic features, distributed mainly on the northern slopes of the Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains as well as in the Ili Valley (between the northern and central Tianshan ranges). Loess distributed in different regions has different ages, with the oldest (early Pleistocene) loess occurring in the Ili Valley. Geochemical, mineralogical and granulometric analyses demonstrate that the loess in the three different regions has different provenance. The loess on the northern Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains is mainly derived from the Junggar and Taklimakan Deserts, respectively, whereas the loess in the Ili Valley is derived mainly from the Sary–Ishikotrau Desert located in the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, these deserts serve mostly as holding areas for the silts rather than original source regions. The production of the silt-sized particles is mainly associated with glacial abrasion and tectonic-induced rock denudation. Thus, the loess in the studied regions can be described as “mountainous” loess rather than simply “glacial” loess or “desert” loess. It is unlikely that the mechanisms of loess formation are the same in different regions, given their dependence on specific geomorphological conditions and associated processes.
Belief systems as coping factors for traumatized refugees: a pilot study
Authors: Brune Michael , Haasen Christian , Krausz Michael , Yagdiran Oktay , Bustos Enrique , Eisenman David 
Published: December 2002

SummaryThe severity of traumatization seems to correlate with a more severe course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (and other post-traumatic disorders), while firm belief systems have been found to be a protective factor against post-traumatic disorders. This study sought to determine the role of belief systems in the outcome of psychotherapy for traumatized refugees. The charts of 141 consecutively treated refugees were evaluated retrospectively. A firm belief system was found to be an important predictor for a better therapy outcome. The importance of a firm belief system as a coping factor, which should be used as an instrument in therapy, is discussed. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicals Elsevier SAS
2001 INVITED ADDRESS: The Mystery of Human Context and Coping: An Unraveling of Clues
Authors: Moos Rudolf H. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractCommunity and clinical psychology share a fundamental focus: to understand the interplay between human contexts, coping, and adaptation. To highlight recent progress in this area, I offer a guiding conceptual framework and discuss 8 propositions about environment and coping. The propositions consider such issues as patterns of social climate and coping and their links to personal development and dysfunction, the connections between ongoing life circumstances and intervention programs, the role of personal characteristics in matching individuals and environments, and the value of placing specific settings in an ecological context. I then focus on 8 enigmas, such as how to identify conceptually unifying dimensions of diverse social contexts, how to model the processes involved in person–environment transactions, how to understand the link between adversity and personal growth, how to examine the generality of models across ethnic and cultural groups, and how to enhance positive carryover from intervention programs to ongoing life contexts. I close by addressing some implications of these issues for a vision of a dynamic community psychology.
Natural Mentors and Adolescent Resiliency: A Study with Urban Youth
Authors: Zimmerman Marc A. , Bingenheimer Jeffrey B. , Notaro Paul C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractNatural mentors may play an important role in the lives of adolescents. We interviewed 770 adolescents from a large Midwestern city. Fifty‐two percent reported having a natural mentor. Those with natural mentors were less likely to smoke marijuana or be involved in nonviolent delinquency, and had more positive attitudes toward school. Natural mentors had no apparent effect on anxiety or depression. Using the resiliency theory framework, natural mentors were found to have compensatory but not protective effects on problem behaviors, and both compensatory and protective effects on school attitudes. Direct and indirect (mediated) effects of natural mentors are explored for problem behaviors and school attitudes. The potential importance of natural mentors is supported, and implications for future research are considered.
Naturally Occurring Mentoring in Japan and the United States: Social Roles and Correlates
Authors: Darling Nancy , Hamilton Stephen , Toyokawa Teru , Matsuda Sei 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAlthough the word “mentor” has traditionally been used to describe a relationship between an older adult and a younger person, recent work has extended its usage to relationships with peers and groups rather than with individuals and uncoupled the instrumental and affective qualities of the role. This paper examines (a) the extent to which adolescents' relationships with significant others in different social roles are characterized by mentoring and (b) the extent to which mentoring and other relationship functions covary. Adolescents' naturally occurring social relationships are explored in two very different contexts—Japan and the United States—that differ in the norms and patterning of social interactions. College students (N = 365) used questionnaires to describe the extent to which relations with significant others were characterized by mentoring. Results indicate striking similarity in the patterning of results in the two countries and support the traditional view of mentoring. Mentoring is most likely to occur in relationships with adults (especially parents), rather than with peers, and with same‐gender, rather than other‐gender associates. Mentoring by parents appears to covary with other aspects of positive relationships, but be more independent in relationships with unrelated adults or peers. Although more of the variability in experienced mentoring is attributed to differences between associates than to differences between adolescents in both the United States and Japan, this is especially true of the United States. Results suggest that although “classic” mentoring is most common in both countries, mentoring is somewhat less constrained by social role differences in Japan than is in the United States.
Lipid Status and Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrations in Adults and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria on Phenylalanine‐Restricted Diet
Authors: Moseley K. , Koch R. , Moser A.B. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBlood lipid studies are reported in 25 adults and 2 adolescents with PKU who had been on phenylalanine‐restricted diets for a mean period of 22.6 years (range 7[ndash ]39 years). Measurements included plasma concentrations of phenylalanine, cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides and fatty acid profiles, including the analysis of seven fatty acids in plasma and red blood cells. Lipid screening identified 7 subjects with significantly elevated cholesterol/HDL ratios ranging from 5.6 to 10.3. Triglyceridaemia was documented in 5 of these 7, with concentrations ranging between 0.24 and 4.5 mmol/L (219[ndash ]402 mg/dl) with a mean of 3.5 mmol/L (310 mg/dl). The fatty acid analyses demonstrated slight but statistically significant reductions in the concentrations of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), including plasma docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and red blood cell DHA concentrations. The pattern resembles that reported previously in children, but alterations in the mean levels are less severe. In six of the adult patients plasma DHA or AA concentrations were less than 50% of controls. Since DHA and AA have important physiological roles, including brain and retinal function, it is recommended that blood lipid concentrations be monitored in all patients with PKU, including adults, and that DHA and AA supplementation be provided, particularly in those patients in whom the blood concentrations of these substances are reduced significantly.
D‐2‐Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria in a Patient with a Severe Clinical Phenotype and Unusual MRI Findings
Authors: Wajner M. , Vargas C. R. , Funayama C. , Fernandez A. , Elias M. L. C. , Goodman S. I. , Jakobs C. , van der Knaap M. S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe report an infant with intermittent urinary excretion of D‐2‐hydroxyglutaric (D‐2‐OHG) acid who died at the age of 10 months from cardiogenic shock due to cardiomyopathy. High urinary concentrations of D‐2‐OHG and succinic acid, as well as increased levels of lactic acid were detected on three different occasions, whereas a normal urinary profile of organic acids was found on one occasion. The clinical findings of our patient consisted of generalized hypotonia, irritability, developmental delay, generalized tonic seizures, lethargy, cardiomyopathy, and respiratory distress. Cerebral MRI revealed bilateral lesions in the substantia nigra, the periaqueductal area, the medial part of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus. This pattern is suggestive of a mitochondriopathy. However, respiratory chain enzyme activities were normal in fibroblasts. Exogenous supplementation of D‐2‐OHG acid strongly inhibited cytochrome‐c oxidase activity in fibroblasts from the patient and from normal controls in vitro. The results suggest that our patient has an unusual form of D‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D‐2‐OHGA), different from the patients published so far, and that the increase of lactic acid and some citric acid cycle intermediates encountered in some patients with D‐2‐OHGA may be due to a functional defect of the respiratory chain caused by D‐2‐OHG acid.
Shame and posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Leskela Jennie , Dieperink Michael , Thuras Paul 
Published: December 2002

AbstractGuilt about surviving a traumatic event is thought to be an associated feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Shame is an emotion closely related to guilt but is a distinct affective state. Little is known regarding the role of shame in PTSD and there are no studies of PTSD where shame and guilt are examined simultaneously. We used a measure of shame‐ and guilt‐proneness in 107 community residing former prisoner of war veterans all of whom had been exposed to trauma. The measure of shame‐proneness was positively correlated with PTSD symptom severity whereas guilt‐proneness was not. This study provides the first empirical data regarding a possible role for shame in PTSD and may have important therapeutic and theoretical implications.
High Prevalence of Premalignant Lesions in Prophylactically Removed Breasts From Women at Hereditary Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Hoogerbrugge N. , Bult P. , de Widt-Levert L.M. , Beex L.V. , Kiemeney L.A. , Ligtenberg M.J.L. , Massuger L.F. , Boetes C. , Manders P. , Brunner H.G. 
Published: December 2002

Purpose: Women with a hereditary predisposition for breast cancer have an extremely high risk of developing invasive breast carcinoma, and many women consider prophylactic mastectomy to avoid this risk. The use of prophylactic mastectomy is still debated. Identification of frequent premalignant lesions in mastectomy specimens would support the preventive concept of prophylactic mastectomy. Patients and Methods: We performed a prospective study of breast specimens from 67 women at extremely high genetic risk of breast cancer, with or without previous breast cancer, who were undergoing prophylactic mastectomy (66% were carriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation). Breast specimens were studied by radiographic and macroscopic examination of 5-mm tissue slices, with subsequent histology of suspicious lesions and random samples from each quadrant of the breast and the nipple area. Results: In 57% of the women, one or more different types of high-risk histopathologic lesions were present: 37% atypical lobular hyperplasia, 39% atypical ductal hyperplasia, 25% lobular carcinoma-in-situ, and 15% ductal carcinoma-in-situ. A 4-mm invasive ductal carcinoma was found in one woman with ductal carcinoma-in-situ. None of these lesions was detected at palpation or mammography, which were performed before the mastectomy. The presence of high-risk lesions was independently related to age older than 40 years (odds ratio, 6.6; P = .01) and to bilateral oophorectomy before prophylactic mastectomy (odds ratio, 0.2; P = 0.02). Conclusion: Many women at high risk of hereditary breast cancer develop high-risk histopathologic lesions, especially after the age of 40 years. Surveillance does not detect such high-risk histopathologic lesions.