bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Constitutional Crises
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The three constitutional crises examined are that caused by the rejection by the House of Lords of Lloyd George's `People's Budget’ of 1909; that caused by the Home Rule Act of 1914; and the abdication in 1936. Each of these crises posed difficult problems for the sovereigns involved—George V and Edward VIII—and for their Prime Ministers—Asquith and Baldwin. In 1914, George V seriously contemplated refusing royal assent to legislation passed by Parliament. In 1936, abdication, a voluntary renunciation, seemed a threat to the very institution of monarchy, which depends upon automatic hereditary descent. But, paradoxically, the abdication heralded a vote of confidence for monarchy and the new style of limited, constitutional monarchy, as represented by George VI.
Interpreting Econometric Evidence: The Behaviour of Consumers' Expenditure in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hendry David F. , Davidson James E. H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUpdates and tests whether DHSY and HUS specifications encompass the rational‐expectations, permanent‐income model by eliminating contemporaneous income terms. Both reject that model and lead to an improved specification using only lagged information. The ‘feedback versus feedforward’ debate is confronted as an issue of interpretation of the implications of economic analysis, rather than its use or absence, especially for intertemporal optimization by economic agents.
Econometric Modelling: The ‘Consumption Function’ In Retrospect
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExposits the main ideas and concepts for consumers’ expenditure behaviour in the UK to clarify their empirical content and implications. Each theoretical concept in the information taxonomy is related to the relevant empirical counterpart, reinterpreting some of the intuitive notions in DHSY, to show how the formalization clarifies problems with a ‘conventional’ econometric approach. The discovery/evaluation dichotomy, and the necessity but insufficiency of evaluation criteria to determine validity, are stressed. Modelling is an exercise in design to achieve predetermined selection criteria, but rigorous evaluation can eliminate poor designs. The theory of reduction explains the derivation of empirical models and their susceptibility to design, leading to an analysis of design and conventional criteria. The six information sets of the taxonomy and their associated criteria are related to well‐known test statistics (where each criterion is the null). The resulting tests are applied to the consumers’ expenditure model in DHSY on quarterly and annual data frequencies, and the inter‐war and post‐war UK data are compared, illustrating the progressive research strategy that follows from an encompassing approach to econometrics.
Epilogue: The Success of General‐To‐Specific Model Selection
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe essential roles of methodology in the development of sound econometric models and of computers in making econometrics operational are noted. The former has led to the theory of reduction as a basis for general‐to‐specific (Gets) modelling procedures to build congruent empirical models. Software for data management, graphics, estimation, testing, and simulation have underpinned many of the great strides in the discipline. A new generation of computer programs (such as PcGets) bids fair both to resolve many of the methodological issues about model selection that have been the subject of debate—by demonstrating that general‐to‐specific works. PcGets controls the significance level of the selection process, yet attains a power close to the maximum feasible. Automatic modelling both facilitates simulation studies to evaluate its properties and greatly reduces the burdens of empirical modelling.
The Birth of the Language of Nationalism
Authors: Viroli Maurizio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the emergence of German nationalist theories that prioritized the spiritual and cultural unity of a nation over the political liberty of the ancients. Herder stressed the cultural unity of the Fatherland that transcends political divisions. He prizes the natural and emotional inclinations for the purity of a nation in contrast to rational, political associations. Schlegel, Fichte, and Hegel emphasize the common history of the German people as the source of spiritual unity. For these thinkers, spiritual unity and freedom, though possessing the tendency for exclusiveness, are prior to political relationships of equality.
The Basic Facts
Authors: Blanchard Olivier 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the stage by reviewing the evidence on output, employment, productivity, unemployment, and investment for five Central European countries – the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria. I focus on these countries simply because I know them better. But, while the primary focus of this book is indeed on Central Europe, I shall, as I go along, try to explain differences between Central and Eastern Europe and – more tentatively, because I know so little – between Central Europe and China.
Looking at the Pieces
Authors: Blanchard Olivier 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChapter 3 examines a number of pieces in more detail. I focus in particular on the adjustment of employment and wages in state firms to the initial shock, on the interactions between restructuring and privatization, and on the relation between reallocation, restructuring and traffic in the labour market. There are many fascinating and little‐understood issues here, from the way an insider‐controlled firm reacts to a large adverse shock to how to design privatization so that it leads to restructuring and why flows in and out of unemployment have been so low despite the high rate of structural transformation. Never has such a political andeconomic transformation taken place with so much data collected on firms and people as it happened, but we have barely started exploiting the data. My purpose is to sharpen the discussion and present what we have learnt so far.
Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Blanchard Olivier 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter 4 puts the pieces together. Here, I develop an analytical model of transition that incorporates what I see as the central elements of transition, the reallocation from old to new activities, the restructuring of firms, and the interactions with unemployment. I then use this framework to discuss a number of policy issues, from the role of labour market policies to the design of privatization, the role of fiscal policy, and the dynamics of support for reform.
Hope and Heroic Action: Rousseau, Paoli, Kosciuszko, and the Republican Tradition of War
Authors: Nabulsi Karma 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is the third of three chapters on the three traditions of war, and introduces the republican tradition, which is represented partially through the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who, along with Pasquale Paoli and Tadeusz Kosciuszko, advanced a unified system of the republican good life and war in conjunction with the laws of war. The way in which this tradition developed in the nineteenth century is depicted. The different sections of the chapter are: The Republican Tradition of War; Republicanism; The Three Founders [Rousseau, Paoli and Kosciuszko]; Rousseau’s Republican War; Rousseau, Paoli and Kosciuszko; The Nature of Man and the State of Nature: Rousseau contra Hobbes and Grotius; The Nature of War; Liberty; Government, Society, and the Republic; Republic; Patriotism and Nationalism; Republican Nationalism; Republican Founders of the Tradition of War: Paoli and Kosciuszko; The Republican Tradition in the Nineteenth Century; The Nineteenth-Century Republican Tradition of War; and The Development of the Republican Tradition of War.
Introduction
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMakes clear its central aim—which is to challenge the predominant attitudes to ideologies and their scholarly analysis. It emphasises that the thinking encapsulated in ideologies deserves examination in its own right, and should no longer be pigeon‐holed as an impoverished and inferior relation of analytical and normative political philosophies. Proceeding from the political concept as the unit of analysis in political thought, the main thesis of the book is that ideologies are distinctive configurations of political concepts, and that they create specific conceptual patterns from a pool of indeterminate and unlimited combinations; that indeterminate range is the product of the essential contestability of political concepts. It is a parallel thesis that the furtherance of understanding of political thinking will be best assisted by comprehending political concepts as obtaining meaning on three dimensions—time, space, and the morphology of their interlinkages—and that these have to be integrated in an overarching analytical perspective. While the first two dimensions are commonly used in interpreting political thought, the third is not, and is a special aspect of the approach offered in the book; this perspective is considered by the author to be long overdue.
Public Childcare, Parental Leave, and Employment
Authors: Meyers Marcia K. , Gornick Janet C. , Ross Katherin E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyses the effects of parental leave and public childcare on mothers’ employment across 14 countries, including the 12 countries discussed in the first 3 chapters. The results suggest that policy configurations influence the patterns of employment of mothers. The analysis of national policy performance also reveals a cluster of countries—Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, and Sweden—that cut across welfare state regimes.
The Construction of Index Numbers for Contract Settlement
Authors: Shiller Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
When creating indices intended for use in cash settlement of futures contracts (or perpetual claims or options, or swaps, or other over‐the‐counter forward contracts or retail insurance contracts), it is critical that that each index represents value associated with a standard claim on future income (or services). The contract settlement must reflect the price of claims on income streams, so that the market can be used to hedge the risk associated with the claims, but the problem is that the available observations on prices or incomes may apply to dissimilar claims, and that standardization in the indices used to settle contracts is essential to liquidity in these markets. This chapter first reviews some existing index number methods, and then extends these methods to deal with the problems described. Chain index and hedonic index number methods are reviewed, and ordinary repeated‐measures indices (like the repeat sales indices) are shown to be in a sense a special case of these, and to have strong parallels to some existing indices used to settle contracts. The last part of the chapter introduces the hedonic repeated‐measures index to allow for control of changing price of quality variables, while retaining the repeated‐measures design.
Pay and Incentives
Authors: Marsden David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Following the logic of the employment relationship, workers are paid for making their labour available to the employer as much as for the amount of effort expended. Hence, the ‘price of labour’ is better understood as a rule rather than a particular sum of money, part of the obligations exchanged by firms and workers. This is reflected in the complexity of most reward systems, as in the measurement of labour cost. Different types of reward systems and pay hierarchies are then related to the four types of employment systems with different ways of linking pay to performance and a contrast between ‘hierarchical’ and ‘occupational’ reward structures.
Skills and Labour Market Structure
Authors: Marsden David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The four types of employment systems shape skills and labour market structures according to the degree of functional flexibility in work assignments and whether firm internal labour markets or occupational labour markets prevail. Both of these depend on a different type of institutional support because of different collective action problems. The chapter also shows how the theory can be applied to monopsony in secondary labour markets, and to recent developments in ‘market‐mediated’ employment forms.
Employment Systems and the Theory of the Firm: Societal Diversity
Authors: Marsden David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe theory of employment systems provides a synthesis between the ‘human resource–based’ and the ‘opportunism‐based’ theories of the firm. The work rules shape human resource management systems within the firm, and these serve both as a platform for the development of skills and organizational capabilities, and they help contain opportunism. It is also shown how employment systems can shape labour institutions, and influence the development of patterns of corporate governance.
Pluralism and the Patrimonial State: Pre‐Colonial Africa
Authors: Grillo R. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The early patrimonial states of pre‐colonial Africa studied by anthropologists were usually polyethnic in character, subjectively perceived by rulers and ruled to be comprised of different peoples. Nonetheless, ethnicity did not generally constitute a problem. Detailed case studies of the Alur of Uganda, a classic example of a segmentary state, the Azande of Central Africa, and the Nupe of Nigeria, which had a more unitary structure, show that rulers were engaged in ‘extractive’ rather than ‘normative’ mobilization, as Azarya calls it. They were generally not concerned with much beyond maintaining their power and that of their immediate families, and extracting sufficient resources from their followers to enable them to do so, while ensuring that those followers were not driven by their demands to take their allegiance elsewhere. In this context, citizenship was subjecthood, and rulers had little interest in promoting a common identity or their own culture.
The Jacobin Project: The Nation‐State and the Enemy Within
Authors: Grillo R. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
With the French Revolution, modernity proclaimed that a nation state should organize itself through a powerful state that would assume responsibility for directing society's affairs and moulding its citizens: the Jacobin project. Nonetheless, there were two contrasting visions of how the French nation state might be constituted. For much of the nineteenth century, the view that it should include all those who shared its values encouraged French Jews, emancipated by the Revolution, to embrace assimilation. In the late nineteenth century, however, they were confronted with an alternative vision of France, one from which the Jews were excluded. The wave of anti‐semitism culminating in the Dreyfus Affair posed questions about the nation state that returned in late twentieth century debates in France and elsewhere about the right to difference and the desirability or otherwise of pluralist conceptions of society.
International Relations: Neo‐Realism and Neo‐Liberalism
Authors: Sanders David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The neo‐liberal/realism trend in international relations grew from a frustration (specifically of Waltz) with the simplicity and reductionism of realism. Game theoretical rigour and analysis of competition between nation‐states developed the field, but Sanders questions how much more we understand as a result. An alternative is offered in ‘concessional realism’, whereby analysis is furthered by a simple and flexible set of propositions about nation‐state behaviour. The propositions of each approach are outlined.
International Relations: Post‐Positivist and Feminist Perspectives
Authors: Tickner J. Ann 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Questions the optimism for international relations cited in the 1975 Handbook of Political Science. Unprecedented global change has divided international relations, and optimism for consensus has eroded. Through a diversity of viewpoints, feminism provides optimism for the broadening of theory and of empirical base. Using a post‐positivist methodology, feminism challenges ethnocentrism and state‐centrism, and rejects universalism and claims of objectivity. Feminism's appreciation of difference provides realistic optimism for the future of international relations.
Political Theory: Traditions in Political Philosophy
Authors: Parekh Bhikhu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the development of political philosophy from the 1950s to the present. Challenges the idea that political philosophy declined during the 1950s and 60s, and was revived only by the publication of John Rawls's Theory of Justice. On the contrary, the political philosophy of the 1950s and 60s was rich, and responded to challenges levelled against it by other disciplines. We now see a change in, rather than a revival of, political philosophy. Most recent challenges include the cultural diversity of modern society and a reconsideration of the reflective and normative dimensions of political philosophy.
Political Methodology: Research Design and Experimental Methods
Authors: McGraw Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides a discussion of issues relating to research design and experimental methods in political science. Issues are elaborated relating to control and random case selection, internal and external validity, identification of mediating variables, and replication. Examples of experimental contributions in political science are outlined in the fields of public opinion research, decision‐making and information processing, collective action, public choice, and public policy. Experimentation represents a burgeoning cutting‐edge approach in the future of political science research.
Materialist—Postmaterialist Value Orientations
Authors: Scarbrough Elinor 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany of the chapters in this book discuss various aspects of the impact of post‐materialist value orientations on political behaviour and beliefs in government. This chapter sets out the conceptual background to such discussions––first reviewing the tenets of post‐materialist theory, then looking at trends in the development of materialist and post‐materialist orientations. Finally, it assesses the social distinctiveness of post‐materialism, and the social correlates by which it is measured.
Electoral Participation
Authors: Borg Sami 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between value orientation and voting behaviour from an individual or micro perspective. Its primary aim is to evaluate, in the light of available data, the impact of two value orientations (materialist/post‐materialist and religious‐secular) on the decision to vote (without regard to the choice of party to vote for), and to compare this with the impact of traditional socio‐economic factors. The findings suggest that while post‐materialist values have little effect, at least some part of the decline in voter turnout is attributable to the weakening of religious orientations in Western Europe.
Ecology and Opportunity: Intergenerational Equity and Sustainable Options
Authors: Norton Bryan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBryan Norton suggests that there are two ways of answering the sustainability question, ‘what to sustain?’ They are ‘utility comparison’ and ‘listing stuff’. While preferable to the former, the latter lacks a unifying theory of value, he says, and so any specification of what to bequeath to future generations will embody powerful normative assumptions. These assumptions, he argues, should be rooted in the norms of specific localities. Loss of natural value across generations must be regarded, Norton suggests, as non‐compensable, so environmental sustainability will involve the mandatory protection of whatever physical features are regarded as valuable in a given locality.
Must the Poor Pay More? Sustainable Development, Social Justice, and Environmental Taxation
Authors: Tindale Stephen , Hewett Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStephen Tindale and Chris Hewett analyse one of the most‐discussed policy tools available to politicians for moving towards sustainability: environmental taxation. Such taxation is usually regarded as regressive and therefore socially unjust – one reason sustainability and justice are sometimes regarded as pulling in opposite directions. Tindale and Hewett argue against this assumption via an examination of domestic fuel and transport taxes, showing how environmental taxation can be made progressive with careful design and attention to surrounding fiscal conditions. They also say that the greatest cause of poverty is unemployment, and that a package of measures to stimulate environmental industries would do much to bring sustainability and justice into alignment.
Michael Sandel and Richard Rorty: Two Models of the Republic
Authors: Sennett Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sandel earns his theory by history: the last two-thirds of Democracy’s Discontent, called “The Political Economy of Citizenship,” explores with great historical acumen just how liberalism and republicanism have become manifest in the real world of labor, class, and capitalist development. At each stage of capitalism’s development, the concepts of the liberal, “procedural” republic proved better at rationalizing economic growth. The modern economy is, we know, uprooting large numbers of people who now labor at short-term tasks rather than pursue long-term careers; it’s hard to be loyal to corporations which do not practice loyalty in return, harder to take seriously the current hand-wringing about corporate responsibility on the part of institutions compulsively oriented to their quarterly earnings reports. Words like “duty” and “loyalty” do contain in themselves a coercive undertow, and it is that current in Sandel’s thinking which his most serious critics, such as Richard Rorty, have contested. Sandel sees civil society culminating in political action–or thinks it should move in that direction if we are to do battle with an ever more corrosive capitalism; for Rorty, civil society, whether strong or weak, ironic or blind, stands beyond the reach of politics, and the “network of beliefs and desires” that he calls the self is too complicated a map to have a single destination.