bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of imidazoline receptors in the anti‐aversive properties of clonidine during opiate withdrawal in rats
Authors: Georges F. , Caillé S. , Vouillac C. , Le Moine C. , Stinus L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractClonidine is used as a treatment for heroin addiction. Previous studies have reported that clonidine attenuated conditioned place aversion (CPA) to naloxone‐precipitated opiate withdrawal by acting on α2 adrenoceptors (α2R). However, clonidine acts as a partial agonist both at α2R and at imidazoline‐1 receptors (I1Rs). The current study was designed to determine the role of I1R in the induction of naloxone‐induced CPA in morphine‐dependent rats. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of morphine pellets. Morphine‐dependent rats were tested in a three‐chamber place‐aversion apparatus. A range of agonists were chosen on the basis of their differential selectivity for α2R and I1R. As expected, pretreatment with clonidine prevented naloxone‐induced CPA. By contrast, pretreatment with a selective α2R agonist (UK14304) failed to prevent the CPA. We then tested whether the high affinity of clonidine for I1R was responsible for the difference between these two α2R agonists. Rilmenidine (a mixed α2R/I1R agonist) attenuated aversion to opiate withdrawal in a dose‐dependent manner. The action of clonidine on I1R was studied by co‐administering clonidine with RX821002, a specific α2R antagonist. Co‐treatment with RX821002 and clonidine blocked naloxone‐induced CPA. These results indicate that the pharmacologically protective effects of clonidine on naloxone‐induced CPA are related to actions on I1RS as well as α2Rs.
Psychological stress increases histone H3 phosphorylation in adult dentate gyrus granule neurons: involvement in a glucocorticoid receptor‐dependent behavioural response
Authors: Bilang‐Bleuel Alicia , Ulbricht Sabine , Chandramohan Yalini , De Carli Sonja , Droste Susanne K. , Reul Johannes M. H. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractChromatin remodelling associated with transcriptional activation of silent genes involves phosphorylation at Serine‐10 and acetylation at Lysine‐14 in the N‐terminal tails of the nucleosomal protein histone H3. We have identified neurons predominantly in the dentate gyrus showing a speckled nuclear immunoreactivity pattern for phosphorylated histone H3 [i.e. P(Ser10)‐H3] and phospho‐acetylated histone H3 [i.e. P(Ser10)‐Ac(Lys14)‐H3]. Forced swimming increased the number of P(Ser10)‐H3‐positive [P(Ser10)‐H3+] neurons in the rat and mouse dentate gyrus. Exposure of mice to a predator had a similar effect, but exposing rats to ether vapour or a cold environment evoked no change in the number of P(Ser10)‐H3+ dentate neurons, indicating that the effect of stress on histone H3 phosphorylation is stressor‐specific. The forced swimming‐induced increase in dentate P(Ser10)‐H3+ neurons peaked at 8–24 h, was restricted to NeuN+ (i.e. mature) neurons, and occurred mainly in the middle and superficial aspects of the granular cell layer. Moreover, this increase showed stimulus strength dependency (i.e. swimming at 19 °C produced a larger increase than swimming at 25 °C) and could be blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists RU 38486 and ORG 34517. Under these experimental conditions, when the forced swimming‐induced behavioural immobility response was determined in a re‐test 24 h after the initial forced swim test, striking correlations were observed between the phosphorylation of histone H3 in dentate gyrus granule neurons and the acquired immobility response. Our data indicate that stressful events with a strong psychological component such as forced swimming evoke distinct GR‐dependent histone modifications in mature dentate gyrus granule neurons that may participate in the behavioural adaptation of the organism to this event.
Different function of pedunculopontine GABA and glutamate receptors in nucleus accumbens dopamine, pedunculopontine glutamate and operant discriminative behavior
Authors: Steiniger‐Brach Björn , Kretschmer Beate D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe nucleus accumbens, as the main input structure of the ventral basal ganglia loop, is described as a limbic–motor interface. Dopamine input to nucleus accumbens modulates processing of concurrent glutamate input from limbic structures carrying motor and motivational information. There is evidence that these dopamine/glutamate interactions are fundamentally involved in response selection processes. However, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) in the brainstem is connected with limbic structures as well as dopaminergic midbrain areas, which also project to the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, behavioral studies implicate the PPTg in complex, motivated behavior. Thus, the PPTg might be involved in motivated behavior by influencing response selection processes in the nucleus accumbens. In this study we used in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats in order to inhibit (100, 200, 300 and 400 µm baclofen) or stimulate [5, 12.5, 25 or 50 µmα‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA)] the PPTg in animals that are performing an operant discrimination task for food reward. The behavioral consequences were correlated with dopamine and glutamate levels in nucleus accumbens and PPTg, respectively. PPTg inhibition by local GABAB receptors impaired the response rate and accuracy of performance in the operant discrimination task. PPTg stimulation by local AMPA receptors exclusively impaired the response rate. Both treatments blocked the performance‐driven dopamine signal in nucleus accumbens, whereas glutamate in PPTg was enhanced after AMPA administration only. The data indicate that the PPTg functionally participates in a network of subcortical and cortical structures, which is responsible for the execution of motivated behavior and response selection processes.
Co‐induction of activity‐dependent genes in songbirds
Authors: Velho Tarciso A. F. , Pinaud Raphael , Rodrigues Paulo V. , Mello Claudio V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSong behavior in songbirds induces the expression of activity‐dependent genes in brain areas involved in perceptual processing, production and learning of song. This genomic response is thought to represent a link between neuronal activation and long‐term changes in song‐processing circuits of the songbird brain. Here we demonstrate that Arc, an activity‐regulated gene whose product has dendritic localization and is associated with synaptic plasticity, is rapidly induced by song in the brain of zebra finches. We show that, in the context of song auditory stimulation, Arc expression is induced in several telencephalic auditory areas, most prominently the caudomedial nidopallium and mesopallium, whereas in the context of singing, Arc is also induced in song control areas, namely nucleus HVC, used as a proper name, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium and the interface nucleus of the nidopallium. We also show that song‐induced Arc expression co‐localizes at the cellular level with those of the transcriptional regulators zenk and c‐fos, and that the song induction of these three genes is dependent on activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These findings provide evidence for an involvement of Arc in the brain's response to birdsong. They also demonstrate that genes representing distinct genomic and cellular regulatory programs, namely early effectors and transcription factors, are co‐activated in the same neuronal cells by a naturally learned stimulus.
Annotation: Pathways to care for children with mental health problems
Authors: Sayal Kapil 
Published: October 2005

Background:  Although many children with mental health problems are in contact with primary health care services, few receive appropriate help.Methods:  Using a pathways to care model, this paper systematically reviews the literature relating to access to services. It separates out the various stages of help‐seeking: parental perception of problems, use of primary care services, recognition within primary care, and referral to or use of specialist health services.Results:  Following parental awareness of child symptoms, parental perception of problems is the key initial step in the help‐seeking process. Although children with mental health problems or disorders are regular attenders within primary care and most parents acknowledge that it is appropriate to discuss concerns about psychosocial issues in this setting, few children are presented with mental health symptoms even if their parents have such concerns. Subsequently, less than half of children with disorders are recognised in primary care. Amongst recognised children, about half are referred to specialist services. Overall, up to one‐third of children with disorders receive services for mental health problems. Factors such as the type and severity of disorder, parental perceptions, child age and gender, and family and social background factors determine which affected children access services.Conclusions:  As there are inequities in patterns of service use, a greater emphasis on developing resources at population and primary care levels is required. Barriers involving parental perceptions and expression of concerns within consultations should be minimised at these levels. This requires both public education approaches and improved training and specialist support for primary care services to enhance their ability to provide for these children.
Design and Analysis of Genetic Association Studies to Finely Map a Locus Identified by Linkage Analysis: Sample Size and Power Calculations
Authors: Hanson R. L. , Looker H. C. , Ma L. , Muller Y. L. , Baier L. J. , Knowler W. C. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAssociation (e.g. case‐control) studies are often used to finely map loci identified by linkage analysis. We investigated the influence of various parameters on power and sample size requirements for such a study. Calculations were performed for various values of a high‐risk functional allele (fA), frequency of a marker allele associated with the high risk allele (f1), degree of linkage disquilibrium between functional and marker alleles (D′) and trait heritability attributable to the functional locus (h2). The calculations show that if cases and controls are selected from equal but opposite extreme quantiles of a quantitative trait, the primary determinants of power are h2 and the specific quantiles selected. For a dichotomous trait, power also depends on population prevalence. Power is optimal if functional alleles are studied (fA= f1 and D′= 1.0) and can decrease substantially as D′ diverges from 1.0 or as f1 diverges from fA. These analyses suggest that association studies to finely map loci are most powerful if potential functional polymorphisms are identified a priori or if markers are typed to maximize haplotypic diversity. In the absence of such information, expected minimum power at a given location for a given sample size can be calculated by specifying a range of potential frequencies for fA (e.g. 0.1‐0.9) and determining power for all markers within the region with specification of the expected D′ between the markers and the functional locus. This method is illustrated for a fine‐mapping project with 662 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 24 Mb. Regions differed by marker density and allele frequencies. Thus, in some, power was near its theoretical maximum and little additional information is expected from additional markers, while in others, additional markers appear to be necessary. These methods may be useful in the analysis and interpretation of fine‐mapping studies.
Acoustic analysis of low vowels in the Boston dialect
Authors: Laferriere M. 
Published: October 2005

A spectrographic and computer-aided analysis was made of the low vowels [æ] (cat), [a] (cart), and [§] (caught, cot) of a speaker of Boston English. In this dialect, [æ] has higher F2 values than [a] and [§], [a] and [§] share the same F2 range but have different F1 values:
[æ] [a] [§]
F1 range 465–650 670–770 465–635
F2 range 1440–1745 1250–1425 1135–1410
[a] and [§] are thus equally backed (same F2) in relation to [æ]. [a] and [§] are distinguished from each other by tongue height (F1) and lip-rounding rather than by distance of tongue constriction from the glottis (F2). The Boston data thus provide counterevidence to the traditional [Principles of the IPA, 5–6 (1949)] claim that [æ] and [a] are front vowels and [§] a back vowel. Further, the data support a three-way distinction among low vowels: [æ]-front, [a]-back unrounded, and [§]-back rounded.
Study of the noise and ground vibration caused by factory machines
Authors: Takatsu M. 
Published: October 2005

The noise and vibration caused by hammer and press machines, etc., were investigated for the following: (1) the relation between the nominal power of hammer or crank-press machines and the noise or ground vibration caused by them, (2) the vibration reducing effect of various means of controlling vibration, (3) the frequency analysis of ground vibration, and (4) the relation between vibration level and vibration velocity. The following results were obtained from investigation(1):
(a) the level of ground vibration caused by drop forging machines, Lv = 11.6 logP + 67, where Lv is the 10 m apart from its source in decibel vibration level and P is the nominal power of machine in tons;
(b) noise level caused by drop forging machines, L(A) = 11 logP + 108, where L(A) is the A-weighted noise level 5 m apart from its source in dBA;
(c) the level of ground vibration caused by crank-press machines, Lv = 25 logP + 4; and
(d) noise level caused by crank-press machines, L(A) = 5 logP + 81. For other items the similar results were obtained.
Thermoelastic waves generated by laser beams of low power
Authors: Kohanzadeh Y. , Whinnery J. R. , Carroll M. M. 
Published: October 2005

A modulated or chopped beam from an argon ion laser, with CW power at the 1−W level, is used to generate thermoelastic waves in several liquids. The ceramic cylinder surrounding the liquids is the transducer for the acoustic waves. Output signal is measured as a function of frequency, with different laser powers and different amounts of absorption in the liquids. The analysis makes use of thermoelastic potentials in the liquid and in the ceramic cylinder, with appropriate continuity conditions between the two regions, and predicts results in good agreement with those measured. Conversion efficiency from laser power to acoustic power is extremely low at this power level, but increases directly with the laser power. Thus it is concluded that the acoustic wave generated by a modulated laser beam at the 1−W level propagating through sea water would only be detectable near the beam, but for a pulsed beam at the megawatt level, acoustic power might be detectable for several kilometers.
Subject Classification: 35.65.
A discrete−continuum theory for periodically layered composite materials
Authors: Chao T. , Lee P. C. Y. 
Published: October 2005

A discrete−continuum theory for periodically layered composite materials is presented. Based on a two−term truncated power series expansion of the displacement field about the middle plane of each layer, two−dimensional equations of motion are obtained for the individual layers. After introducing appropriate continuity conditions at the interfaces between neighboring layers, the governing field equations for periodically layered media are derived in the form of a system of differential−difference equations. The accuracy of the theory is examined by applying it to the propagation of plane harmonic waves in an unbounded layered medium and comparing the results with those obtained from theory of elasticity. To illustrate the application of the theory, thickness−twist vibrations of laminated plates are studied. Numerical examples are included and comparison is made with exact solutions.
Subject Classification :40.24.
Asymptotic frequency spread in surface−scatter channels at large Rayleigh numbers
Authors: McDonald J. F. , Schultheiss P. M. 
Published: October 2005

When monochromatic radiation is scattered by a randomly time−varying boundary, frequency spreading occurs. If the source is essentially onmidirectional a simple expression can be obtained for the spectrum of this frequency spread. For Rayleigh numbers above a relatively small minimum one generally finds that the bandwidth of this spreading spectrum varies with the first power of the Rayleigh number. It is, however, possible to devise not entirely unrealistic conditions under which the spread appears to vary with the square of the Rayleigh number.
Subject Classification: 60.20.
Some influences of subjective tones in monaural tone−on−tone masking
Authors: Clack T. Dean 
Published: October 2005

The influences of subjective phenomena upon measurements of monaural tone−on−tone masking not only effects interpretations of sensitivity changes but may yield information about the underlying distortion mechanisms. The paradigm analyzed here involves simultaneous presentation of two pure tones: the masker (ωr) at fixed amplitude (α) and an interrupted maskee (ωe) at levels (β) adjusted to threshold by the listener, i.e., the input amplitude A = α sinωrt + β sin(ωet + ϑ). With ωr:ωe = 2:3, one observer heard a low−pitched subjective signal as separately audible when ωr = 1000 Hz at 80 dB SPL. This subjective difference signal could be maintained at its own threshold by compensating β as the phase angle (ϑ) of ωe was successively incremented through 360°. Variations in β contain two increases and/or decreases with a 21−dB range. With ωr = 500 Hz at 80 dB SPL, similar phase dependencies ranging to 11 dB are obtainable even among listeners who disregard the pitch of the cueing signal. Such variations are not evident at α &lt; 60 dB SPL. They can also be made to disappear if the difference frequency is masked by inclusion of an appropriately centered narrow−band noise. These observations seem best explained by postulating four auditory processes: polynomial nonlinearity, vector summation of equal frequencies, phase independence of perceptual thresholds, and asymmetric loss of sensitivity. While the quantitative predictions derived from these assumptions fit both the ranges and patterns of phase effects obtained from select listeners quite well, other aspects of the results suggest that the basic explanatory approach may need still further elaborations.
Subject Classifications: 65.56, 65.58.
Comparison of critical ratios and critical bands in the monaural chinchilla
Authors: Seaton William H. , Trahiotis Constantine 
Published: October 2005

The major purpose of this study was to compare measures of critical ratios and critical bands in monaural chinchillas. Critical ratios were obtained from two groups of chinchillas tested at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in each of three levels of broad−band noise. Critical bands were obtained by assessing the values of masked threshold in various narrow−bands of noise centered on each test frequency. The measures of critical ratios and critical bands were found not to be parallel as a function of frequency, as is the case for human subjects. The present data were compared to those reported for the monkey and were found to be in essential agreement.
Subject Classification: 65.58, 65.75; 80.50.
Free flexural vibrations of an elliptical ring in its plane
Authors: Sato Kenzo 
Published: October 2005

The paper studies free flexural vibrations in the plane of an elliptical ring of constant cross sections. The present vibrations are considered in the elliptical coordinate system and the vibration displacements are expressed in terms of the series of Mathieu functions. The nondimensional eigenfrequencies calculate numerically are tabulated for various aspect ratios. The experimental results are obtained and are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical results.
Subject Classification: 40.26.
Diffuse sound reflection by maximum−length sequences
Authors: Schroeder M. R. 
Published: October 2005

Low−correlation sequences, such as ’’maximum−length’’ and Barker sequences and certain complex (magnitude one) sequences having flat power spectra, are ideally suited for designing surfaces of hard walls with highly diffuse reflections. Recent subjective−preference evaluations [M. R. Schroeder, D. Gottlob, and K. F. Siebrasse ’’Comparative Study of European Concert Halls’’, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, XXX−XXX (1974)] indicate that low−loss, high−scatter surfaces may be required for better concert−hall acoustics. Surfaces shaped to give reflection coefficients according to such sequences show the expected high scatter in model experiments with microwaves.
Subject Classification: 55.20, 55.40.
Acoustical correlates of flute performance technique
Authors: Fletcher N. H. 
Published: October 2005

Measurements of physical parameters of performance technique for a group of experienced flute players are reported. Blowing pressure is found to be consistent among the players and intermediate between previous measurements by Bouhuys [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 453−456 (1965)] and by Coltman [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 99−107 (1966); 44, 983−992 (1968)]. Jet−length measurements agree with those of Coltman. Blowing pressure and jet length come near to satisfying the expected relationship but with some discrepancy which may be significant. Harmonic analysis of flute tone shows that amplitude variations from piano to forte are largely confined to the upper partials, particularly for notes in the low octave. A study of vibrato shows that this normally consists of an amplitude modulation of the upper partials of the tone with little change in the fundamental. The vibrato frequency is consistently about 5 Hz and is associated with a 10% variation in blowing pressure at that frequency. Physiological vibrato mechanisms are discussed and the acoustical nature of the vibrato is shown to be determined by the nonlinear jet excitation mechanism and the stabilizing effect of the narrow fundamental pipe resonance.
Subject Clasification: 75.35.
Anomaly in pitch perception
Authors: Schelleng John C. 
Published: October 2005

While listening to a violinist, the author noticed that as an accompaniment of hearing loss his perception of the higher pitches deviates from normal by a large musical interval. Pitch is perceived as of separate overlapping components, each with its own dependence of frequency. Over most of the range of the main component, pitch in semitones is proportional to logarithm of frequency as normally expected, but the range (for the left ear) ends at 1.4 kHz, fully exposing a second component about half an octave too high. This in turn ends at 1.8 kHz, exposing a third component higher still. In the lowest octave of the first component, pitch deviates continuously above normal and a fourth component appears below normal. The higher components are damaging to music and of unknown value for speech.
Subject Classification: 65.54.