bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examination of non‐formalin‐based fixation methods for Xenopus embryos
Authors: Acton Anthony , Harvey Tia , Grow Matthew W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDespite the growing availability of non‐formalin‐based fixatives, the vast majority of researchers in developmental biology continue to fix embryos and tissue in 4% paraformaldehyde. This fixation method has proven useful for both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, yet working with paraformaldehyde has distinct disadvantages in its toxicity and the short shelf life of prepared solutions. In a search for viable alternative fixatives, we have evaluated two non‐formalin‐based commercial products, FineFIX (Milestone Microwave Laboratory System) and NOTOXhisto® (Scientific Device Laboratory). These products were tested side‐by‐side with a commonly used 4% paraformaldehyde solution (MEMPFA) on Xenopus laevis embryos and assayed using whole mount immunohistochemistry and whole mount in situ hybridization. The results indicate that NOTOXhisto® can be used as a substitute for MEMPFA in both tested Xenopus protocols with no loss of sensitivity or tissue morphology. Developmental Dynamics 233:1464–1469, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry of sesquiterpene lactones: a study of goyazensolide and its congeners
Authors: Crotti Antônio E. M. , Lopes João L. C. , Lopes Norberto P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractElectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) was used to investigate the fragmentation pattern of ten sesquiterpene lactones of the goyazensolide type under low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The analysis revealed that loss of CO2[M + H − 44]+ is the predominant process for compounds that exhibit a hydroxyl at C‐8. In contrast, compounds with different acyloxy groups at C‐8 fragment by means of elimination of the corresponding carboxylic acids [M + H − (R2CO2H)]+ and consecutive losses of CO and H2O. Our results also demonstrate the influence of both the stereochemistry of the acyloxy group at C‐8 on the relative abundances of product ions and the hydroxyl at C‐15, which creates an additional pathway, resulting in highly diagnostic product ions. This work clearly demonstrates the utility of tandem quadrupole low‐resolution mass spectrometry for studies on the rationalization of the fragmentation of a series of compounds with a highly conserved core structure, but differing in substituent groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of stereochemistry on the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of transition metal chloride complexes of monosaccharides
Authors: Madhusudanan K. P. , Kanojiya Sanjeev , Kumar Brijesh 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of stereochemistry on the complexation of aldohexoses (glucose, mannose, galactose, allose and talose) and ketohexoses (fructose, tagitose and sorbose) with transition metal chlorides (CoCl2, NiCl2, MnCl2and ZnCl2) has been investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization of methanolic solutions of hexoses containing metal chlorides gave abundant ions corresponding to [M + MetCl]+and [2M + MetCl]+which on collision‐induced dissociation gave characteristic fragment ions. The fragmentation pathways have been confirmed by examining methyl glucoside and several isotopically labeled glucoses. Eliminations of H2O and HCl, CC cleavages and elimination of metalhydroxychloride are the competing fragmentation pathways observed. All these pathways seem to be influenced by the stereochemistry of the molecule. The fragmentation of the dimeric complexes, [2M + MetCl]+, is also controlled by the stereochemistry of the molecule. The abundance of the product ions corresponding to elimination of HCl is found to increase with increasing number of axial hydroxyl groups in aldohexoses. [2M + MetCl]+dissociates by elimination of HCl followed by C2H4O2in aldohexose complexes and by elimination of HCl followed by C3H6O3in ketohexose complexes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air temperatures at Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1796 to 2002
Authors: Butler C. J. , García Suárez A. M. , Coughlin A. D. S. , Morrell C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree independent mean temperature series for Armagh Observatory, covering the period 1796–2002 have been calibrated and corrected for the time of reading and exposure. Agreement between the three series is good in regions of overlap. With a short gap in the Armagh data from 1825 to 1833 filled by data from two stations in Dublin, the resulting series is the longest for the island of Ireland and one of the longest for any single site in the British Isles.Over the past 207 years, we note that temperatures in Armagh, in all seasons, show a gradual overall trend upwards. However, there are seasonal differences: summer and spring temperatures have increased by only half as much as those in autumn and winter. This is partly due to the exceptionally cold winters and autumns experienced prior to 1820. Relative to the overall trend, warm periods occurred in Ireland, as in other parts of Europe, in the mid‐19th century, in the mid‐20th century and at the end of the 20th century. Relatively cool temperatures prevailed in the early 19th century, in the 1880s and in the 1970s. Thus, if the baseline against which current temperatures are compared were moved from the late 19th century to include the earlier warm period, the apparent warming at the end of the late 20th century would be correspondingly reduced.A gradual decline in the daily temperature range at Armagh since 1844 may have resulted from higher minimum temperatures associated with increased cloudiness.A 7.8 year periodicity is identified in winter and spring mean temperatures at Armagh, which is probably a consequence of the North Atlantic oscillation. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Photodynamic therapy of head and neck basal cell carcinoma according to different clinicopathologic features
Authors: Kaviani Ahmad , Ataie‐Fashtami Leila , Fateh Mohsen , Sheikhbahaee Nasim , Ghodsi Maryam , Zand Nasrin , Djavid Gholamreza Esmaeeli 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe aimed to treat different pathologic types of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) using photodynamic therapy (PDT).Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirty lesions in six patients underwent PDT. The photosensitizer used was Photoheme, a hematoporphyrin derivative IX. It was injected intravenously at the dose of 2–3.25 mg/kg. After 24 hours, the lesions were illuminated by laser light (λ = 632 nm, light exposure dose = 100–200 J/cm2). Lesions were evaluated pre and post‐operatively and at follow‐up sessions (of up to 6 months).ResultsAfter a single session of PDT, the average response rate in different histopathologic kinds of basal cell carcinoma (e.g., ulcerative, superficial, nodular, and pigmented forms) were 100%, 62%, 90%, and 14%, respectively. In patients who responded completely, the cosmetic results were excellent and there were no recurrence at 6th month of follow‐up.ConclusionAlthough PDT seems to be an effective treatment modality for superficial, ulcerative, and nodular BCCs, it is not recommended for pigmented lesions. Lasers Surg. Med. 36:377–382, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methodological issues related to exhaled nitric oxide measurement in children aged four to six years
Authors: Napier Edward , Turner Stephen W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was designed to test five methodological issues related to measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in children aged 4–6 years using commercially available apparatus. Participants attended two randomly selected schools. A respiratory questionnaire was completed. Measurements of FENO were made on successive days, using a NIOX® analyzer employing standard or modified methodologies. Ninety‐one children participated in the study (mean age, 5.3 years; 46 boys). Using a standard methodology (n = 61), FENO was successfully measured in 28 (46%) children, 1/12 aged 4 years, 12/25 aged 5 years, and 15/24 aged 6 years (trend test P = 0.01). On the first assessment, FENO could be determined in more boys than girls (64% vs. 30%, respectively, P = 0.008), but this gender difference was not apparent on the second assessment. Exhaled NO was reproducible over a 24‐hr period; the mean difference between repeated measurements of natural log (ln) FENO was 0.016 parts per billion (ppb) (95% confidence limits, −0.479, 0.511), n = 20. Data from 35 assessments showed that values of FENO did not alter over nine individual, successive measurements. Use of a modified methodology in 30 children increased success in obtaining FENO, but these values were unreliable. In conclusion, measurements of FENO can be obtained in the majority of 5‐ and 6‐year‐old but not 4‐year‐old children. Exhaled NO measurements were reproducible over a 24‐hr interval, and did not change over up to nine expiratory maneuvers in these young children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:97–104. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applying “Cell Surgery” to Nerve Repair: A Preliminary Report on the First Ten Human Cases
Authors: DE MEDINACELI L. , MERLE M. 
Published: June 2005

We have applied a new technique of nerve repair, based on the principles of “cell surgery”, to ten nerve lesions of the upper limb. Eight lesions were recent, five to 36 hours; they were divisions of the ulnar nerve (1), median nerve (2), sensory radial nerve (1), palmar and digital nerves (4). One lesion was 15 days old (median nerve). One eight-month-old loss of 4.5 cm. of the median nerve was grafted. In nine out of the ten cases, the short-term results were encouraging. Poor local conditions (fibrosis of the nerve bed) or poor general health (chronic alcoholism) had no adverse influence on the results. In the remaining case, the protocol was not followed in its entirety: it was not possible to crystallise properly the nerve, and trimming was done with scissors in the conventional way instead of smoothly trimming the solidified tips. The functional result in this case is a failure. These preliminary results seem to indicate that correctly applying the technique in its entirety may be more important than local conditions. We think that this technique can be applied to the majority of nerve lesions. The appropriate equipment is absolutely necessary in order to apply the method.
Musculoaponeurotic Variations along the Course of the Median Nerve in the Proximal Forearm
Authors: Dellon A. L. , Mackinnon Susan E. 
Published: June 2005

31 cadaver arms have been dissected to study the variations in the anatomy of the muscles and fibrous arches which might cause compression of the median nerve in the forearm. Pronator teres always had a superficial head and usually a deep head. Flexor digitorum superficialis varied greatly in its site of origin. The median nerve might be crossed by two, one or no fibro-aponeurotic arches. Gantzer's muscle, an accessory head of flexor pollicis longus, was present in 45% of cadavers. No ligament of Struthers was found. Possible sites and causes of nerve compression are discussed.
Early Corrective Surgery of the Wrist and Elbow in Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Authors: MENNEN U. 
Published: June 2005

An early one-stage corrective surgical procedure for the elbow and wrist of patients suffering from arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is advocated. The procedure involves adequate proximal row carpectomy, tendon transfers to achieve a balanced wrist and a triceps to radius transfer for elbow flexion. Experience with 47 limbs showed that the best results were obtained in children operated on between 3 and 6 months of age.
The Limit of Graft Length in the Experimental use of Muscle Grafts for Nerve Repair
Authors: HEMS T. E. J. , GLASBY M. A. 
Published: June 2005

In order to investigate whether there is any length limit for the success of freeze-thawed muscle grafts when used for peripheral nerve repair, an experimental study was undertaken in the rabbit. Previous work has shown 4 cm muscle grafts in the rabbit sciatic nerve to be successful. On this basis 5 cm and 10 cm muscle grafts were inserted into the common peroneal nerve and compared with 5 cm and 10 cm free nerve grafts. Recovery was assessed after 250 days using whole nerve physiology, weights of innervated muscles, and histological examination of the nerve. At both 5 cm and 10 cm the nerve grafts performed significantly better than the muscle grafts, the 10 cm muscle grafts being totally ineffective. The implications of these results for the application of freeze-thawed muscle grafting in peripheral nerve surgery and the possible factors limiting length of grafting are discussed.
Fingertip Injuries Management with Semiocclusive Dressing
Authors: MENNEN U. , WIESE A. 
Published: June 2005

We have developed a simple, cheap and efficient method of management of fingertip injury using a semi-occlusive dressing (“Opsite”—Smith and Nephew). The fingertip is covered with the “Opsite” once a week only. The dressing provides a temporary “skin”, making the finger painless. This semi-occlusive “skin” allows the healing environment to reach an optimal milieu (e.g. pH, oxygen, tension, immunoagents) actively promoting granulation tissue formation and epithelization. The result of 200 fingertip injuries treated with this method proves the development of a near normal pulp shape and useful epithelium within an average of 20 days.
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Vibrating Tools
Authors: KAJI H. , HONMA H. , USUI M. , YASUNO Y. , SAITO K. 
Published: June 2005

Among 330 vibration-exposed workers, 24 cases of hypothenar hammer syndrome in 29 hands were diagnosed by arteriography. The right hand was involved in 13, the left hand in six, and both hands in five cases. The mean age was 55 years, mean duration of vibration exposure 19.4 years, and mean duration of episodic Raynaud’s phenomenon 6.4 years. The vascular lesions of the ulnar arteries were classified into three major types with subtypes. Type 1: stenosis of the superficial palmar arch around the hook of the hamate. Type 2a: occlusion of the superficial palmar arch around the hook of the hamate. Type 2b: occlusion of both superficial and deep palmar arches around the hook of the hamate. Type 3a: occlusion of the ulnar artery at the proximal part of the wrist. Type 3b: occlusion of the ulnar artery near the wrist with the occlusion of the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery.
The Pins and Rubbers Traction System for Treatment of Comminuted Intraarticular Fractures and Fracture-Dislocations in the Hand
Authors: SUZUKI Y. , MATSUNAGA T. , SATO S. , YOKOI T. 
Published: June 2005

The authors have developed a new skeletal traction system for comminuted intraarticular fractures and fracture-dislocations in the hand. The system consists of two or three Kirschner wires and rubber bands, and is easy to assemble. It is more compact and comfortable than the banjo splint, and equally effective, and it allows early motion of the affected digits. A description of the technique is followed by the clinical results of seven cases of severe articular injuries in the hand. At the time of follow-up, the average range of the affected PIP joint motion was about 80° The final active motion of the injured DIP joint ranged from 0 to 40° in flexion and that of the affected thumb (trapezia1 fracture) was not limited. The average follow-up period was 13.1 months.
Predicting Palmar Radio-Carpal Ligament Disruption in Fractures of the Distal Articular Surface of the Radius Involving the Palmar Cortex
Authors: BERGER R. A. , AMADIO P. C. 
Published: June 2005

12 adult cadaver wrists were dissected to identify the regions of origin of the four palmar radio-carpal ligaments. A non-dimensionalized value, called the radio-carpal ligament ratio (RLR), was defined as the width of ligament origin from the radius divided by the length of the capitate. Both values were measured directly from radiographs of the cadaver specimens. The RLRs for the four palmar radio-carpal ligaments were found to be statistically consistent. We applied the RLR concept retrospectively to 20 wrists with intraarticular distal radius fractures requiring open reduction. It was found that those fracture patterns in which the fracture fragment ratios (FFR: widths of the fracture fragments divided by the length of the capitate) were outside the limits of corresponding RLRs had clear intra-operative evidence of palmar radio-carpal ligament disruption, while those with FFRs within the limits of corresponding RLRs were noted to have no ligament disruption.
The Incidence of Hospital-Treated Occupational Hand Injuries
Authors: SKOV O. 
Published: June 2005

Previous studies have shown that young men have the highest frequency of occupational hand injuries. This study investigated their incidence and severity in relation to age and sex. For occupational hand injuries in general the estimated incidence rate was 17.1 per 1,000 person years. The incidence was found to be higher among men than women in all age groups below 60 years. The incidence for minor injuries declines with increasing age, but the rates for significant injuries are independent of age. The higher incidence rate for minor injuries among young patients could be real, but it could also be partly due to selection bias, if older patients with minor injuries consult the hospital for treatment less frequently.
The Results of External Fixation of the Radius in the Treatment of Comminuted Intraarticular Fractures of the Distal End
Authors: BISHAY M. , AGUILERA X. , GRANT J. , DUNKERLEY D. R. 
Published: June 2005

14 unstable comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal radius were treated by the use of the A/O mini-external fixator. The distal pins were inserted in the distal fragment, thus leaving the wrist joint free to mobilize. Clinical results were assessed at 3 to 12 months using the Sarmiento demerit point system. Nine were male and five female, with a mean age of 37 years. Ten fractures were closed and four were open. 11 patients (78.5%) had an excellent functional score and three (21.5%) had a good score. All patients had normal wrist morphology with an average radial length of 11 mm, radial angle of 23° and a mean volar angle of 12°. 12 patients had anatomical radio-carpal and radio-ulnar joints and two patients had a step less than 2 mm at the radio-carpal surface. This method has proved in our experience to be reliable in maintaining the position as well as allowing early functional recovery.
Lunate Subluxation Associated with a Salter-Harris Type 2 Fracture of the Distal Radius
Authors: GIDDINS G. E. B. , SHAW D. G. 
Published: June 2005

A case is reported of lunate subluxation in combination with a Salter-Harris type 2 fracture of the distal radius in a child. Carpal subluxations or dislocations are rare in children. This combination has never been reported before. It significance lies in the combination of injuries, the more common of which led the lunate injury to be overlooked, emphasizing the importance of careful study of all available radiographs of an injury.
Use of Silastic Sheet in Apert’s Syndactyly
Authors: STEFANSSON G. M. , STTLWELL J. H. 
Published: June 2005

Patients with Apert’s syndrome usually have severe complex syndactyly affecting both hands. Surgical separation of the distal digital bony fusion often exposes bone and cartilage which can cause problems with graft take. A case is presented where the bare divided bone between two digits was kept apart with a silastic sheet. On its removal 4 weeks later, the previously bare bone was covered with a membrane. This was covered with a full thickness skin graft with a complete graft take.
Correlation of Clinical Signs with Nerve Conduction Tests in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: BUCH-JAEGER N. , FOUCHER G. 
Published: June 2005

In order to establish the need for nerve conduction studies, a prospective study has been performed on 112 patients with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (172 symptomatic hands), seeking correlation with 11 clinical criteria taken either singly or in combination. Even when the patient presents with a typical clinical presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome the diagnosis is only confirmed electrophysiologically in 61% of cases. Analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of various clinical tests and diagnostic manoeuvres has shown their mediocre reliability in establishing the diagnosis with a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 54% for Phalen’s test. We consider nerve conduction studies to be an indispensable part of the pre-operative evaluation.
Trapezio-Lunate External Fixation for Scaphoid Fractures
Authors: GÜNAL I. , ÖZTUNA V. , SEBER S. 
Published: June 2005

Trapezio-lunate external fixation for scaphoid fractures has been investigated experimentally and clinically. Six below-elbow fresh amputation specimens in which proximal, waist and distal scaphoid fractures were created, displaced, reduced and externally fixed were used for an experimental study and after 10,000 extension-flexion movements of the wrist, no displacement was observed. A strain-gauge study confirmed the strains at the fracture site. Seven patients were treated in this way. No immobilization was necessary and all patients returned to their regular employment within 3 days and all fractures were united without displacement. The technique overcomes certain disadvantages of plaster fixation and internal fixation of scaphoid fractures.
Instrumentation Applications of Inverse-Wiedemann Effect
Authors: Granath J. A. 
Published: June 2005

The principle of the magnetostrictive rod and coil assembly which provides an ac voltage output at fundamental excitation frequency, with amplitude proportional to applied torque and phase-reversible with torque direction is reviewed.
The literature on applications of torsional magnetostriction and inverse-Weidemann effect is limited and widely scattered. A brief summary of some of the literature on instrumentation applications for measurement of torque, force, and other physical quantities is presented. Examples include measurement of torque in rotating shafts, dynamometers, accelerometers, flowmeters, and force balance sensors.
For use as a guide in transducer design, a simplified mathematical representation of the torque-signal relationship for one mode of operation is developed from the equations of mechanical strain and applied magnetic field energy. Shape of the torque-signal curve is linear in the vicinity of zero torque, curving off to asymptotes at the extremes. Means for extending the results of tests on standard samples to design guides on rod diameter, coil turns, and excitation frequency are suggested.