bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF THE AROMATIC FRACTION IN RED PEPPER FOR PAPRIKA DURING LA VERA REGION TRADITIONAL DRYING PROCESS
Authors: VIDAL ARAGÓN M.C. , LOZANO M. , MONTERO DE ESPINOSA V. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT Paprika from the region of La Vera (Cáceres) is prepared using a particular process of mild, slow drying in traditional drying barns heated by oakwood fires. This makes it possible for the fruit to maintain its natural components at the same time as contributing certain organoleptic characteristics that are highly appreciated by consumers. We analyzed the changes in the aromatic fraction that occur over the course of this traditional drying technology, using dynamic head space as the isolation method and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry as the identification system. We identified 96 compounds, 55 of which presented significant differences (P < 0.05) between different days of the drying process. Some 40% of the aromatic potential of the end product corresponded to volatile compounds that appeared during the drying process, originating from the wood smoke or as the result of typical reactions of the dehydrated products.
EVALUATION OF IDEAL WINE AND CHEESE PAIRS USING A DEVIATION‐FROM‐IDEAL SCALE WITH FOOD AND WINE EXPERTS
Authors: KING MARJORIE , CLIFF MARGARET 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT Most information regarding the suitability of wine and cheese pairs is anecdotal information. The objective of this research was to provide recommendations based on scientific research for the most desirable “wine & cheese pairs” using nine award‐winning Canadian cheeses and 18 BC wines (six white, six red and six specialty wines). Twenty‐seven wine and food professionals rated the wine and cheese pairs using a bipolar structured line scale (12 cm). The “ideal pair,” scored at the midpoint of the scale, was defined as a wine and cheese combination where neither the wine nor the cheese dominated. For each cheese, mean deviation‐from‐ideal scores were determined and evaluated by analysis of variance. Scores closest to six were considered “ideal,” while higher or lower scores represented pairs where the “wine” or the “cheese” dominated, respectively. In general, white wines had mean scores closer to six (“ideal”) than either the red or specialty wines. The late harvest, ice and port‐type wines were more difficult to pair . Judges varied considerably in their individual assessments reflecting a high degree of personal expectation and preference.
PREDICTION OF FLOUR EXTRACTION RATE IN HARD RED WINTER WHEAT USING THE SINGLE KERNEL CHARACTERIZATION†
Authors: LYFORD CONRAD P. , KIDD WILLIS , RAYAS‐DUARTE PATRICIA , DEYOE CHARLES 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT Flour extraction rate is a key determinant in milling efficiency and profitability and can be useful in projecting flour output from a mill. Wheat is generally purchased based upon a small group of traditionally measured physical characteristics. This article explores the use of the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) to predict flour extraction rate. Regression analysis was performed using the SKCS parameters and test weight against flour extraction rate for over 600 observations from multiple years from the hard red winter wheat production areas of the U.S. The regression equation had an R2of 0.81. The data suggest that the SKCS 4100 and test weight can be used to predict flour extraction rate in hard red winter wheat. Using the regression equation as a tool, mill buyers may be able to make better decisions regarding their wheat purchases and prediction of flour output.
Yapsins Are a Family of Aspartyl Proteases Required for Cell Wall Integrity in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Krysan Damian J. , Ting Elizabeth L. , Abeijon Claudia , Kroos Lee , Fuller Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

The yeast cell wall is a crucial extracellular organelle that protects the cell from lysis during environmental stress and morphogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the yapsin family of five glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aspartyl proteases is required for cell wall integrity in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Yapsin null mutants show hypersensitivity to cell wall perturbation, and both the
yps1
Δ
2
Δ mutant and the quintuple yapsin mutant (5
yps
Δ) undergo osmoremedial cell lysis at 37°C. The cell walls of both 5
yps
Δ and
yps1
Δ
2
Δ mutants have decreased amounts of 1,3- and 1,6-β-glucan. Although there is decreased incorporation of both 1,3- and 1,6-β-glucan in the 5
yps
Δ mutant in vivo, in vitro specific activity of both 1,3- and 1,6-β-glucan synthesis is similar to wild type, indicating that the yapsins affect processes downstream of glucan synthesis and that the yapsins may be involved in the incorporation or retention of cell wall glucan. Presumably as a response to the significant alterations in cell wall composition, the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated kinase signaling cascade (
PKC1-MPK
pathway) is basally active in 5
yps
Δ.
YPS1
expression is induced during cell wall stress and remodeling in a
PKC1-MPK1
-dependent manner, indicating that Yps1p is a direct, and important, output of the cell wall integrity response. The
Candida albicans
(
SAP9
) and
Candida glabrata
(
CgYPS1
) homologues of
YPS1
complement the phenotypes of the
yps1
Δ mutant. Taken together, these data indicate that the yapsins play an important role in glucan homeostasis in
S. cerevisiae
and that yapsin homologues may play a similar role in the pathogenic yeasts
C. albicans
and
C. glabrata
.
Distinct Signaling Pathways Respond to Arsenite and Reactive Oxygen Species in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Rodríguez-Gabriel Miguel A. , Russell Paul 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Exposure to certain metal and metalloid species, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel, has been associated with an increased risk of cancer in humans. The biological effects of these metals are thought to result from induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of DNA repair enzymes, although alterations in signal transduction pathways may also be involved in tumor development. To better understand metal toxicity and its connection to ROS, we have compared the effects of arsenite and hydrogen peroxide in wild-type and mutant strains of the fission yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
. An
atf1Δ pap1Δ
strain, which is defective in two transcription factors that control stress responses, is extremely sensitive to hydrogen peroxide but not to arsenite. A strain that lacks the transcription factor Zip1 has the opposite relationship. Spc1 (Sty1) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a homologue of mammalian p38 MAPK, and the upstream MAPK kinase (MAPKK) Wis1 are essential for survival of both arsenite and hydrogen peroxide. Inactivation of two MAPKK kinases, Win1 and Wis4, almost completely eliminates Spc1 activation by arsenite, yet these cells survive arsenite treatment. The two-component phosphorelay protein Mcs4, which acts upstream of Win1 and Wis4 and is required for Spc1 activation in response to oxidative stress, is not required for Spc1 activation in response to arsenite. We conclude that the toxic effects of arsenic are not strongly connected to oxidative stress and that although Spc1 is activated by arsenic exposure, the basal activity of Spc1 is largely sufficient for the survival of arsenic.
Transcriptional Switch of the
dia1
and
impA
Promoter during the Growth/Differentiation Transition
Authors: Hirose Shigenori , Mayanagi Taira , Pears Catherine , Amagai Aiko , Loomis William F. , Maeda Yasuo 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

When growth stops due to the depletion of nutrients,
Dictyostelium
cells rapidly turn off vegetative genes and start to express developmental genes. One of the early developmental genes,
dia1
, is adjacent to a vegetative gene,
impA
, on chromosome 4. An intergenic region of 654 bp separates the coding regions of these divergently transcribed genes. Constructs carrying the intergenic region expressed a reporter gene (green fluorescent protein gene) that replaced
impA
in growing cells and a reporter gene that replaced
dia1
(DsRed) during development. Deletion of a 112-bp region proximal to the transcriptional start site of
impA
resulted in complete lack of expression of both reporter genes during growth or development. At the other end of the intergenic region there are two copies of a motif that is also found in the
carA
regulatory region. Removing one copy of this repeat reduced
impA
expression twofold. Removing the second copy had no further consequences. Removing the central portion of the intergenic region resulted in high levels of expression of
dia1
in growing cells, indicating that this region contains a sequence involved in repression during the vegetative stage. Gel shift experiments showed that a nuclear protein present in growing cells recognizes the sequence GAAGTTCTAATTGATTGAAG found in this region. This DNA binding activity is lost within the first 4 h of development. Different nuclear proteins were found to recognize the repeated sequence proximal to
dia1
. One of these became prevalent after 4 h of development. Together these regulatory components at least partially account for this aspect of the growth-to-differentiation transition.
A Survey of Temperature Measurements in Convective Clouds
Authors: Sinkevich Andrey A. , Lawson R. Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A brief review of errors associated with aircraft measurements of temperature in cumulus clouds is presented. This analysis forms the basis for the introduction of a compilation of in-cloud temperature measurements that the authors deem reliable. The measurements are mostly from radiometric thermometers, along with some carefully selected measurements taken with immersion thermometers. The data were collected in cumuli and cumulonimbi in Russia, the United States, and the central Pacific. An estimate of the in-cloud temperature measurement uncertainty is on the order of 0.5°C. The results suggest that the average temperature excess in cumulus clouds, when averaged over the cloud lifetime, is about 0.2°–0.3°C; this value may be biased to an unknown extent, however, by latencies inherent in identification and aircraft sampling of candidate clouds. The maximum temperature excess in growing cumulus congestus is about 2.5°–4°C. In the weak-echo regions of large thunderstorms, the temperature excess is at least 6°–8°C. The average and maximum temperature excesses in cumulus congestus over land are about 0.5°–1°C greater than over the ocean. Measurements of the spatial and vertical distributions of in-cloud temperature excess are presented. Some measurements that pertain to the structure of in-cloud temperature are also discussed.
Satellite-Based Imagery Techniques for Daytime Cloud/Snow Delineation from MODIS
Authors: Miller Steven D. , Lee Thomas F. , Fennimore Robert L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper presents two multispectral enhancement techniques for distinguishing between regions of cloud and snow cover using optical spectrum passive radiometer satellite observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Fundamental to the techniques are the 1.6- and 2.2-μm shortwave infrared bands that are useful in distinguishing between absorbing snow cover (having low reflectance) and less absorbing liquid-phase clouds (higher reflectance). The 1.38-μm band helps to overcome ambiguities that arise in the case of optically thin cirrus. Designed to provide straightforward, stand-alone environmental characterization for operational forecasters (e.g., military weather forecasters in the context of mission planning), these products portray the information that is contained within complex scenes as value-added, readily interpretable imagery at the highest available spatial resolution. Their utility in scene characterization and quality control of digital snow maps is demonstrated.
Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee with a topical diclofenac solution: a randomised controlled, 6-week trial [ISRCTN53366886]
Authors: Baer Philip A , Thomas Lisa M , Shainhouse Zev 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Topical NSAIDs have been proven to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) in short-term studies (2 weeks). To justify its chronic use, efficacy of a topical NSAID over a longer term of study should be demonstrated. The efficacy and safety of a topical diclofenac solution over a 6-week treatment course in symptomatic primary OA of the knee was investigated.

Methods
216 men and women, age 40–85 years, with radiologically confirmed primary OA of the knee and a flare of pain at baseline following discontinuation of prior therapy were enrolled into this double-blind study. Participants applied either a topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid®) or vehicle control solution (carrier with no diclofenac); 40 drops 4 times daily directly to the painful knee(s), without massage, for 6 weeks. Pre-planned primary efficacy outcome measures included the core continuous variables pain relief and improved physical function measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) LK3.1 OA Index, and improved patient global assessment (PGA). Secondary efficacy measure was reduced stiffness. Safety assessments included adverse events and vital signs.

Results
The topical diclofenac group had a significantly greater mean change in score (final minus baseline) compared to the vehicle control group for pain (-5.2 vs. -3.3, p = 0.003), physical function (-13.4 vs. -6.9, p = 0.001), PGA (-1.3 vs. -0.7, p = 0.0001) and stiffness (-1.8 vs. -0.9, p = 0.002). The mean difference between treatment arms (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 1.9 (0.7 to 3.2), 6.5 (2.5 to 10.5), 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9), and 0.9 (0.3 to 1.4), respectively. Safety analyses showed that topical diclofenac caused skin irritation, mostly minor local skin dryness, in 42/107 (39%), leading to discontinuation of treatment in 5/107 (5%) participants.

Conclusion
This topical diclofenac solution demonstrated relief at 6 weeks of the symptoms of primary osteoarthritis of the knee.
The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) main scale: a preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury
Authors: Shiel A , Horn S A , Wilson B A , Watson M J , Campbell M J , Mclellan D L 
Published: August 2005

Objective: To develop a behavioural assessment based on observations of patients recovering after severe head injury whereby data could be collected by observation and by testing everyday tasks. Design: A prospective observational study of a cohort of 88 consecutive hospital admissions with severe head injury. Setting: Two district general hospitals in the UK. Patients: Eighty-eight consecutive admissions with severe traumatic head injury. Ages ranged from 14 to 67 years, mean coma duration was 14 days and mean duration of post traumatic amnesia (PTA) was 56 days. Results: Fifty-eight items of behaviour were identified. Paired preference analysis was used to identify a sequence of recovery of these behaviours. The sequence began with arousal and led on to behaviours signalling recovery of social interaction and communication. Subsequent behaviours indicated increasing cognitive organization and return of orientation and memory. The behaviours on the scale are hierarchical and range from coma to emergence from PTA. Conclusions: A scale to assess patients and monitor cognitive recovery after severe head injury has been developed. While individual patients will show some departures from the sequence identified, the scale helps to make explicit the earliest stages of natural recovery patterns after head injury.
Stroke patients' views on stroke outcomes: death versus disability
Authors: Hanger H C , Fogarty B , Wilkinson T J , Sainsbury R 
Published: August 2005

Aims: To determine how elderly stroke patients perceive different stroke outcomes, including death, relative to each other and how these views compare with those of age/sex-matched controls. Participants and setting: Twenty-eight elderly patients discharged from hospital with an acute stroke causing hemiplegia. Twenty-eight age/sexmatched control patients from the same hospital who had never had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Methods: Patients and controls were asked to rank 11 clinical scenarios of potential stroke outcomes, from the most to the least desirable outcome. Results: There was a striking bimodal distribution for sudden painless death in both groups. Painless death was preferred to even a minor stroke disability in over one-third of elderly individuals, whilst 20% would prefer severe disability rather than painless death. Sixty-nine per cent of stroke patients and 82% of controls ranked death as preferable to severe disability. Stroke patients may be more tolerant of disability (compared to death) than their controls (39% patients and 61% controls preferred death to any disability, p = 0.11). Conclusions: Our results suggest that many elderly individuals would rather die than be alive and severely disabled. This may have important implications for acute stroke treatments such as thrombolysis.
Bobath or Motor Relearning Programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Langhammer Birgitta , Stanghelle Johan K 
Published: August 2005

Objective: To examine whether two different physiotherapy regimes caused any differences in outcome in rehabilitation after acute stroke. Design: A double-blind study of patients with acute first-ever stroke. Sixty-one patients were consecutively included, block randomized into two groups, and stratified according to gender and hemiplegic site. Group 1 (33 patients) and group 2 (28 patients) had physiotherapy according to Motor Relearning Programme (MRP) and Bobath, respectively. The supplemental treatment did not differ in the two groups. Main outcome measures: The Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), the Sødring Motor Evaluation Scale (SMES), the Barthel ADL Index and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) were used. The following parameters were also registered: length of stay in the hospital, use of assistive devices for mobility, and the patient's accommodation after discharge from the hospital. Results: Patients treated according to MRP stayed fewer days in hospital than those treated according to Bobath (mean 21 days versus 34 days, p = 0.008). Both groups improved in MAS and SMES, but the improvement in motor function was significantly better in the MRP group. The two groups improved in Barthel ADL Index without significant differences between the groups. However, women treated by MRP improved more in ADL than women treated by Bobath. There were no differences between the groups in the life quality test (NHP), use of assistive devices or accommodation after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: The present study indicates that physiotherapy treatment using the MRP is preferable to that using the Bobath programme in the acute rehabilitation of stroke patients.
Effects of upper and lower limb static exertions on global synkineses in hemiparetic subjects
Authors: Boissy Patrick , Bourbonnais Daniel , Gravel Denis , Arsenault A Bertrand , Lepage Yves 
Published: August 2005

Objectives: Global synkineses are nonpurposive pathological involuntary muscle activities or movements elicited at several or all of the joints of the affected limb or limbs during voluntary forceful resisted contractions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of upper and lower limb exertions on manifestations of upper limb global synkineses in hemiparetic subjects. Design: Involuntary muscle activities on the affected upper limb of 11 hemiparetic subjects and on the left or right upper limb of 10 control subjects were recorded using surface electromyography during successive bilateral maximal ankle exertions and during contralateral grips. Results: Significant differences in the level of involuntary electromyography (EMG) activities were observed between experimental conditions (ANOVAs, p < 0.05). EMG levels in hemiparetic subjects were significantly higher during contralateral grip tasks than during the ankle exertions. Conclusion: These results suggest that upper limb global synkineses are more prevalent in specific tasks and that this task specificity may reflect the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the generation of global synkineses.
Resistin Stimulation of 17α-Hydroxylase Activity in Ovarian Theca Cells in Vitro: Relevance to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Munir Iqbal , Yen Hui-Wen , Baruth Talia , Tarkowski Rafal , Azziz Ricardo , Magoffin Denis A. , Jakimiuk Artur J. 
Published: August 2005

Context: A newly discovered hormone resistin has been shown to be increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Objective: The purpose of this study was to confirm increased resistin concentrations in women with PCOS and to test the direct effect of resistin on human theca cell androgen production.
Design: Resistin was measured in fasting serum samples by RIA. To test the direct effects of resistin on ovarian androgen biosynthesis, human theca cells were cultured with resistin for 3 d in the presence and absence of forskolin and insulin.
Patients: Fasting serum samples were obtained from 45 women with PCOS and 74 regularly cycling premenopausal control women in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles, and ovarian theca cell cultures were established from two control women.
Results: The mean serum resistin concentration was increased (40%) in women with PCOS. Serum resistin concentrations correlated positively with body mass index and testosterone in PCOS women but not in controls. There were no significant correlations between resistin and fasting insulin or indicators of insulin resistance when corrected for body mass index. In cultured human theca cells, basal 17α-hydroxylase activity was unchanged by resistin alone, but resistin enhanced 17α-hydroxylase activity in the presence of forskolin or a combination of forskolin plus insulin. Resistin (≥1 ng/ml) augmented forskolin and forskolin plus insulin stimulation of CYP17 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner.
Conclusion: These data indicate that abnormal resistin secretion in PCOS may play a role in causing ovarian hyperandrogenism.