bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary ion mass spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation on chemical vapor deposited CeO2ZrO2TiO2 thin films
Authors: Barison Simona , Barreca Davide , Battiston Giovanni A. , Daolio Sergio , Fabrizio Monica , Gerbasi Rosalba , Tondello Eugenio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMixed CeO2ZrO2 systems have attracted widespread interest for their use in three‐way catalyst (TWC) technology for automotive exhaust conversion to non‐toxic products. In this work, CeO2ZrO2 thin films were deposited, via chemical vapor deposition, in order to obtain nanoscale materials with a high surface‐to‐volume ratio, with precise control of system properties. The addition of TiO2 as buffer layer was also investigated. Cordierite was chosen as substrate, being the usual refractory material for catalytic mufflers. The multilayers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In particular, the combination of SIMS and XPS allowed us to investigate both surface and in‐depth chemical composition, studying also film‐intermixing phenomena induced by annealing processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen isotope analysis of ammonium in aqueous solutions using a perfluorosulfonated ionomer membrane for solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Norlin Elin , Irgum Knut , Ohlsson K. E. Anders 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe use of custom‐made solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fibers coated with a perfluorosulfonated ionomer, Nafion®, was investigated for nitrogen isotopic analysis of ammonium in aqueous solutions. Aqueous ammonium was converted to ammonia by addition of a base, followed by absorption from the headspace, desorption in the injection port of a gas chromatograph, and analysis by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Fibers coated with a Nafion tubing were chosen due to a higher fiber‐gas distribution constant and a higher Nafion thickness than fibers coated with Nafion solution, both leading to a higher amount of ammonia absorbed at equilibrium. The Nafion membrane‐coated fiber absorbed approximately 20 times more than a commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber. The isotopic fractionation between fiber and gas was 1.0117 ± 0.0009 (standard deviation, SD, of all measurements) at an initial ammonia gas concentration of 21–210 μM. At 390 μM initial gas concentration it was slightly lower. When sampling from liquid samples, an ammonium concentration of 10 mM was needed to obtain a sufficient amount of ammonia absorbed. Modeling of the absorption at different temperatures showed that the absorption was approximately constant in the temperature range suitable for SPME experiments. Absorption at room temperature was therefore used for simplicity. A pilot study was conducted in which absorption was achieved from a single 9 μL droplet of sample. The preliminary results showed that δ15N analysis was possible for only 0.4–0.5 μmol of ammonium with a SD of 0.8‰ (n = 5). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mycosporine‐glutamicol‐glucoside: a natural UV‐absorbing secondary metabolite of rock‐inhabiting microcolonial fungi
Authors: Volkmann Marc , Whitehead Kenia , Rütters Heike , Rullkötter Jürgen , Gorbushina Anna A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMicrocolonial ascomycetes are known to inhabit bare rock surfaces in cold and hot deserts and thus are habitually exposed to high levels of solar radiation. Several of these stress‐tolerant fungal isolates, cultivated in the laboratory under daylight illumination, were studied for the presence of effective UV‐radiation protection substances. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analyses allowed for efficient separation and structure clarification of two mycosporines. It was demonstrated that both mycosporine‐glutamicol‐glucoside and mycosporine‐glutaminol‐glucoside are natural and constitutive secondary metabolites of microcolonial fungi. The function and relation of these substances in the fungal cell are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadrupole time‐of‐flight versus triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in surface water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Marchese Stefano , Gentili Alessandra , Perret Daniela , Ascenzo Giuseppe D' , Pastori Federico 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA triple‐quadrupole instrument and a hybrid quadrupole/time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometer were compared for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in water samples. The drugs investigated were the analgesics Ibuprofen, Fenoprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, and Diclofenac. The recently introduced Q2‐pulsing function, which enhances the transmission of fragment ions of a selected m/z window from the collision cell into the TOF analyzer, improved the sensitivity of product ion scans on the quadrupole/TOF instrument. The selectivity is much better on quadrupole/TOF systems than on triple quadrupoles because the high resolving power of the reflectron‐TOF mass analyzer permits high‐accuracy fragment ion selection. This minimizes interferences from environmental matrices and allows acquisition of full spectra for selected analytes with better signal‐to‐noise characteristics than comparable spectra obtained with a scanned quadrupole. The qualitative information obtained (mass accuracy, resolution and full‐scan spectra) by hybrid quadrupole/TOF mass spectrometry allows a more certain identification of analytes in environmental matrices at trace levels. Sample enrichment of water samples was achieved by a solid‐phase extraction procedure. Average recoveries for loading 1 L of samples varied from 88 to 110%, and the quantification limits were less than 1.2 ng/L for the triple‐quadrupole instrument (in MRM mode) and less than 3 ng/L for the quadrupole/TOF instrument. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existing demand for birth spacing in developing countries: perspectives from household survey data
Authors: Jansen William H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the extent of demand for birth spacing, according to age and parity among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in developing countries.MethodsSecondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) using cross‐tabulations. Data collected from nationally representative samples of MWRA in selected developing countries between 1990 and 2004.ResultsDemand for birth spacing is the most prevalent reason for an interest in family planning among married women aged 15–29 years in the majority of developing countries examined. In the 15–19‐year age cohort, the demand for spacing is proportionally the most prevalent reason for a demand for family planning. A demand for spacing even exists among young, zero‐parity married women in each country examined. Findings on the demand for spacing among zero‐parity married women quantifies the expressed desire of some married women in developing countries to postpone a first birth or the timing of a first pregnancy.ConclusionThe substantial demand for birth spacing among young, low‐ and zero‐parity women suggests that family planning programs in developing countries may need to reevaluate how accessible services are for this cohort of potential contraception users. Currently, many service‐delivery protocols, counseling practices and service provider training may not fully address the needs of younger, low‐ or zero‐parity clients.
Soft forceps
Authors: Roshan D.F. , Petrikovsky B. , Sichinava L. , Rudick B.J. , Rebarber A. , Bender S.D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveThe risk of maternal and fetal trauma and, chiefly, the fear of law suits, have contributed to a significant decline in rates of forceps‐assisted deliveries and an increase in rates of cesarean sections, especially in the United States. Our experience with gas‐sterilized forceps blades covered with a soft rubber coating–the “soft” forceps–is described.MethodNinety‐six women who required a forceps‐assisted delivery for standard indications were randomly allocated to 2 groups. There were 51 women in the regular forceps group and 45 women in the soft forceps group. Low forceps delivery with a Simpson instrument was used in all cases. The groups were compared for fetal injury.ResultsThe rates of severe facial abrasion and minimal marking were 4.1% and 61%, respectively, in the regular forceps group and 1.9% and 34% in the soft forceps group.ConclusionThe soft forceps may reduce the rates of neonatal facial abrasion and skin bruises. The forceps should be further perfected, as well as vacuum extractors; they should both continue to be part of the obstetrician's armamentarium.
The Bible of Child/Pediatric Clinical Neuropsychology Has Been
Written
Authors: Butler R.W. 
Published: January 2005

The Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Child. Ida Sue Baron.
2004. New York: Oxford University Press. 454 pp., $79.95 (HB).It is with extreme pleasure that I write a review of this outstanding
text, and also pride that I was selected to be the reviewer. When Dr.
Lezak mailed me the book with a request to write a review for
JINS, I literally called her and thanked her for this
opportunity. I should note, this was not because I would receive a
complimentary copy of The Neuropsychological Evaluation of the
Child, as I had already purchased and read the text, and ordered
an additional copy for my clinic and trainees' access. Dr. Baron
has provided those of us in the field of child/pediatric
neuropsychology with has long been needed: a general background on
clinical issues in conducting neurocognitive assessments with children
and adolescents, along with practical matters and concerns, such as how
to cope with the varying needs of different referral sources, and
providing feedback to parents. Moreover, and most essential, the text
comprehensively reviews neuropsychological measures under all cognitive
domains, and presents exhaustively researched historical and current
normative data for the developmental population. This compilation is an
excellently written book that is comprehensive, detailed, current,
thoughtful, and an invaluable reference for every child and pediatric
neuropsychologist. Indeed, our colleagues who specialize in adult
neuropsychological evaluations would well benefit from reading the text
because the clinical insights are germane to all ages, and the
normative data will enrich their understanding of brain function and
progression throughout the development years.
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Can We Reliably Detect Alzheimer's
Disease Before the Dementia Begins?
Authors: Ostrosky-Solis Feggy 
Published: January 2005

Mild Cognitive Impairment Aging to Alzheimer's Disease. R.C.
Petersen (Ed.), 2003, New York: Oxford University Press. 269 pp., $55.00.People are living longer and along with this phenomenon emerges the
concern about the quality of life as the person ages. While dementia is
by no means a natural consequence of aging, both its incidence and
prevalence increase dramatically with age, from 0.5 percent per year at
the age of 65 years to nearly 8%/year after the age of 85 years
(Evans et al. 1989). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common
cause of dementia. Although the goals of treatment in patients with AD
have been to improve or, at least, to slow the deterioration of memory
and cognition and to maintain independent function, research is moving
from controlling symptoms to early identification and prevention of
age-related cognitive disabilities.
Low-dose dental computed tomography: significant dose reduction without loss of image quality
Authors: Rustemeyer P. , Streubühr U. , Suttmoeller J. 
Published: January 2005

Purpose: To measure and reduce the patient dose during computed tomography (CT) for dental applications. Material and Methods: Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters were implanted in a tissue-equivalent humanoid phantom (Alderson-Rando-Phantom) to determine doses to the thyroid gland, the active bone marrow, the salivary glands, and the eye lens. Dental CT was performed with spiral CT and a dental software package. The usual dental CT technique was compared with a new dose-reduced protocol, which delivered best image quality at lowest possible radiation dose, as tested in a preceding study. Image quality was analysed using a human anatomic head preparation. In addition, the radiation dose was compared with panoramic radiography and digital volume tomography (DVT). Eight radiologists evaluated all images in a blinded fashion. A Wilcoxon rank pair test was used for statistical evaluation. Results: Radiation dose could be reduced by a factor of 9 (max.) with the new dose-reduced protocol (e.g. bone marrow dose from 23.6 mSv to 2.9 mSv; eye lens from 0.5 mSv to 0.3 mSv; thyroid gland from 2.5 mSv to 0.5 mSv; parotid glands from 2.3 mSv to 0.4 mSv). Dose reduction did not reduce image quality or diagnostic information. Conclusion: A considerable dose reduction without loss of diagnostic information is achievable in dental CT. As radiation exposure of the presented low-dose protocol is expected to be in the same range as DVT, low-dose dental CT might be superior to DVT, because CT can be used to evaluate soft tissues as well.
Accuracy of cytology for diagnosis of lipomatous tumors: comparison with magnetic resonance and computed tomography findings in 175 cases
Authors: Einarsdóttir H. , Skoog L. , Söderlund V. , Bauer H. C. F. 
Published: January 2005

Purpose: To assess the value of fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnostic work-up of lipomatous tumors of the extremities and trunk, and to identify specific radiological features that could aid in the preoperative evaluation. Material and Methods: 175 patients with subfascial lipomatous tumors who had undergone preoperative magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography and fine-needle aspiration cytology were studied. The percentage of fat within the lesion was visually graded from the images as: none, 1-75%, 75-95%, or 95-100%. The histological and cytological diagnoses were compared and in discordant cases the radiological images were re-reviewed. Results: There was cytological and histological concordance in 96% of lipomas and in 85% of atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT) and liposarcomas. Most discordant cases exhibited 1-75% fat. Radiological review suggested that cytological sampling problems due to tumor heterogeneity were the main cause of diagnostic difficulties. The majority of tumors with less than 75% fat were liposarcomas, and in no liposarcoma was the fat content higher than 75%. Both ALT and lipoma were found in the 95-100% group. Conclusion: Cytology can be highly accurate in the diagnosis of lipomatous tumors, including ALT; however, critical comparison with the radiological findings increases diagnostic security. In tumors with fat content visually assessed as less than 75% of the tumor volume, liposarcoma is the most likely diagnosis and a cytological diagnosis of ALT or lipoma should be questioned. In lesions with 75-95% fat, liposarcoma is unlikely, but FNAC is still indicated for safety. In lesions with 95-100% fat, FNAC is only indicated if the differentiation between lipoma and ALT influences the treatment strategy.
Mx-rMx, a Family of Interacting Transposons in the GrowinghATSuperfamily of Maize
Authors: Xu Zhennan , Dooner Hugo K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMore than half a century after the discovery of transposable elements, the number of genetically defined autonomous elements that have been isolated and characterized molecularly in any one species remains surprisingly small. Because of its rich genetic history, maize (Zea mays) is, by far, the plant with the largest number of such elements. Yet, even in maize, a maximum of only two autonomous elements have been characterized in any transposon superfamily. This article describes the isolation and molecular and genetic characterization of Mx (for mobile element induced by x-rays), a third autonomous member of the hAT transposon superfamily in maize. Mx is 3731 bp long, ends in 13-bp terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), and causes an 8-bp duplication of the target site. Mx and rMx (for responder to Mx), its 571-bp nonautonomous partner, define a classical family of interacting transposable elements. Surprisingly, the TIRs of Mx and rMx are only 73% identical, and the subterminal sequences are even less so, suggesting that Mx and rMx may represent diverging transposable elements still capable of mobilization by the same transposase. Sequences that are closer to the ends of either Mx or rMx are present in the maize genome. Mx is predicted to encode a 674–amino acid protein that is homologous to the Ac transposase. Although Mx and Ac are closely related, they do not interact. Other data suggest that maize may possess at least five families of hAT transposons that do not interact with each other. The possible origin of noninteracting transposon families within the same superfamily is discussed.
Functional Genomic Analysis of theAUXIN RESPONSE FACTORGene Family Members inArabidopsis thaliana: Unique and Overlapping Functions ofARF7andARF19
Authors: Okushima Yoko , Overvoorde Paul J. , Arima Kazunari , Alonso Jose M. , Chan April , Chang Charlie , Ecker Joseph R. , Hughes Beth , Lui Amy , Nguyen Diana , Onodera Courtney , Quach Hong , Smith Alison , Yu Guixia , Theologis Athanasios 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) gene family products, together with the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID proteins, regulate auxin-mediated transcriptional activation/repression. The biological function(s) of most ARFs is poorly understood. Here, we report the identification and characterization of T-DNA insertion lines for 18 of the 23 ARF gene family members in Arabidopsis thaliana. Most of the lines fail to show an obvious growth phenotype except of the previously identified arf2/hss, arf3/ett, arf5/mp, and arf7/nph4 mutants, suggesting that there are functional redundancies among the ARF proteins. Subsequently, we generated double mutants. arf7 arf19 has a strong auxin-related phenotype not observed in the arf7 and arf19 single mutants, including severely impaired lateral root formation and abnormal gravitropism in both hypocotyl and root. Global gene expression analysis revealed that auxin-induced gene expression is severely impaired in the arf7 single and arf7 arf19 double mutants. For example, the expression of several genes, such as those encoding members of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES domain proteins and AUXIN-REGULATED GENE INVOLVED IN ORGAN SIZE, are disrupted in the double mutant. The data suggest that the ARF7 and ARF19 proteins play essential roles in auxin-mediated plant development by regulating both unique and partially overlapping sets of target genes. These observations provide molecular insight into the unique and overlapping functions of ARF gene family members in Arabidopsis.
The Role ofKNOXGenes in the Evolution of Morphological Novelty in Streptocarpus
Authors: Harrison Jill , Möller Michael , Langdale Jane , Cronk Quentin , Hudson Andrew 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe genus Streptocarpus comprises species with diverse body plans. Caulescent species produce leaves from a conventional shoot apical meristem (SAM), whereas acaulescent species lack a conventional SAM and produce only a single leaf (the unifoliate form) or clusters of leaves from the base of more mature leaves (the rosulate form). These distinct morphologies reflect fundamental differences in the role of the SAM and the process of leaf specification. A subfamily of KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOX) genes are known to be important in regulating meristem function and leaf development in model species with conventional morphologies. To test the involvement of KNOX genes in Streptocarpus evolution, two parologous KNOX genes (SSTM1 and SSTM2) were isolated from species with different growth forms. Their phylogenetic analysis suggested a gene duplication before the subgeneric split of Streptocarpus and resolved species relationships, supporting multiple evolutionary origins of the rosulate and unifoliate morphologies. In S. saxorum, a caulescent species with a conventional SAM, KNOX proteins were expressed in the SAM and transiently downregulated in incipient leaf primordia. The ability of acaulescent species to initiate leaves from existing leaves was found to correlate with SSTM1 expression and KNOX protein accumulation in leaves and to reflect genetic differences at two loci. Neither locus corresponded to SSTM1, suggesting that cis-acting differences in SSTM1 regulation were not responsible for evolution of the rosulate and unifoliate forms. However, the involvement of KNOX proteins in leaf formation in rosulate species suggests that they have played an indirect role in the development of morphological diversity in Streptocarpus.
Shifts in southern endpoints of distribution in rocky intertidal species along the south‐eastern Pacific coast
Authors: Rivadeneira Marcelo M. , Fernández Miriam 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAim  Despite the pervasive and well‐documented effects of global warming on species’ ranges in terrestrial taxa and systems, the effect of sea surface warming has been poorly studied in marine systems. Here we analyse changes in the southern endpoints of distribution of rocky intertidal species (gastropods and chitons) along the Chilean coast, and trends in sea surface temperature (SST), using data collected during the last half‐century.Location  South‐eastern Pacific coast, between 18°20′ S and 42°35′ S.Methods  Past southern endpoints of distribution were obtained for 10 intertidal species from museum collections and literature reviews. Current endpoints are based on field sampling conducted between 1998 and 2000. Changes in the position of southern endpoints were analysed individually for each species, as well as for the entire assemblage of species included in the analysis. SST records encompassing 51–57 years were obtained from five coastal stations located between 18° and 36° S.Results and main conclusions  Most species (eight of 10) did not show expansion of their southern endpoint. The proportion of species expanding, contracting or maintaining their southern limit did not differ from chance expectation. On average, species showed small (1° latitude), non‐significant contractions, with low rates of decadal change (0.18° latitude per 10 years). This pattern can be explained by changes in SST, which showed a weak warming trend (and at some sites even cooling) along the Chilean coast during the last 57 years. Our results show that different regional warming trends occur, and suggest that generalizations about poleward shifts in species ranges cannot be made. However, our results support the hypothesis that temperature is a major determinant of species range dynamics.