bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovering Evolutionary Ecology
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are some kinds of organism species-rich and others species-poor? How do new species arise and why do some go extinct? Why do organisms grow and behave the way they do? This book provides an introduction to evolutionary ecology, the science that brings ecology and evolution together to help understand biological diversity. In a concise, readable format, Peter Mayhew covers the entire breadth of the subject, from life histories and the evolution of sex, to speciation and macroecology. Many emerging fields are also introduced, such as metabolic ecology, the evolution of population dynamics, and the evolution of global ecology. Discovering Evolutionary Ecology highlights the connections between these different subject areas, and for the first time paints a picture of a truly integrated field. It illustrates the research tools utilized, and demonstrates how advances in one area can spur on developments elsewhere when scientists combine evolutionary and ecological knowledge. To maximize accessibility, the book assumes only a basic knowledge of biology, includes a comprehensive glossary, and contains almost no maths. Each chapter provides suggestions for further reading, and there is also an extensive reference list. Ideal as an introduction to evolutionary ecology for undergraduates, this book will also interest established researchers, providing a broad and up-to-date context for their work.
Phenotypic correlates of blood parasitism in the common grackle
Authors: Kirkpatrick Carle E , Robinson Scott K , Kitron Uriel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a novel hypothesis, Hamilton and Zuk (1982) suggested that the susceptibility of North American passerine birds to infections by haemotropic parasites is associated with the expression of secondary sexual characteristics. They further suggested that the expression of these characteristics may influence mate choice. This hypothesis has stimulated an enormous amount of research on the relationships of parasite infections to plumage brightness both between species (Read 1987; Zuk, Chapter 16, this volume) and within species (e.g. in this volume: M0ller, Chapter 17; Burley et al. Chapter 19; Johnson and Boyce, Chapter 20; Spurrier et al., Chapter 21).
Agricultural Marketing
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents the changes which have taken place in agricultural marketing - particularly the market support arrangements offered through the Common Agricultural Policy - since the publication of the first edition in 1981. Describing the place of marketing in British agriculture as 1992 approaches, this book provides an updated discussion of EEC support for agricultural markets, marketing channels used by farmers acting in unison, and the marketing of agricultural inputs. It also presents new material covering the background and current role of Food from Britain.
Building Stalinism 1929–1941
Authors: Siegelbaum Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1930s have long represented a watershed in the grand narratives of Soviet history. According to the Marxist-Leninist version, de rigueurin the Soviet Union until the late 1980s, it was the decade of ‘socialist construction’. Under the leadership of I. V. Stalin (or in the post-1956 de-Stalinized variant, the Communist Party), the Soviet people confounded sceptics, both domestic and foreign, by rapidly and enthusiastically constructing gigantic factories and dams, transforming backward villages into collective farms, and in the process becoming citizens of a genuinely socialist society.
From Perestroika Towards A New Order 1985–1995
Authors: Mccauley Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mikhail Gorbachev, a gifted politician, became the most revolutionary leader since Lenin. After his election as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in March 1985, he set in train a process so radical in conception that the whole edifice of Soviet communism came tum- bling down.
Explanation
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this book is to investigate the properties that the learning mechanism for language must have by investigating the properties of language itself as bounding conditions on such a mechanism. In this first chapter I summarize the relationship between these two investigations, a relationship that has been at the core of much linguistic theorizing over the past forty years, especially in the domain of syntax. I will argue that the learning mechanism for language must be capable not only of accommodating the general, the exceptionless, and the ubiquitous in language. It must also be capable of accommodating the irregular, the exceptional, the marked, and the idiosyncratic. Such a learning mechanism is unquestionably required for the acquisition of knowledge about the lexicon; this book as a whole constitutes an argument that a similar mechanism is required for the acquisition of syntax.
Constructions
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider a range of syntactic constructions that possess a certain degree of idiosyncrasy. These constructions might normally be taken in linguistic theory to be fully general constructions, that is, components of ‘core’ grammar in some sense, whose properties should follow from general principles with a minimum of stipulation. What we find is that these constructions are actually subject to a degree of lexical idiosyncrasy. Hence it follows that there are aspects of these constructions that cannot be derived from universal principles, but must be determined by the learner on the basis of positive experience.
Rebellions and Revolutions
Authors: Gray Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To Europeans of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment the Chinese Empire seemed to show the possibility of a polity based on reason without hereditary privilege or religious authority, ruled by a philosopher-king counselled by philosophers. Yet by the start of the next century, China had come to symbolize almost the opposite: a polity stifled by the power of a self-perpetuating élite who were both the guardians of a quasi-religious tradition and the servants of an arbitrary despot.
A New History of Spanish Writing 1939 to the 1990s
Authors: Perriam Chris , Thompson Michael , Frenk Susan , Knights Vanessa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A New History of Spanish Writing, 1939 to the 1990s explores the diversity of some sixty years of imaginative writing by Spaniards, its interactions with Spains peculiarly dramatic history since the end of its Civil War, and its wider thematic significance. It covers the famous and canonical texts of the most recent in Modern Spanish literature but also explores areas less well-known outside Spain (essays and editorials, queer narrative, new poetry, comics, and texts of the militant and reactionary Right). More space than is usual in literary histories is allowed for commentary on famous texts, but the book also makes room for the marginalized and for socially contextualized explorations of the interconnectedness of various forms of writing. The overall structure is not chronological but thematic, dealing with abstract and topical issues such as silence, the family, or realism.
A Critical Decade: India-Empire or Nation?
Authors: Brown Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written into the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms was provision for an inquiry into their operation after ten years: but in 1927 Britain’s Tory government appointed a Commission of inquiry under Sir John Simon earlier than scheduled, to keep its composition out of the hands of the less conservative politicians who might replace them at the next General Election. The all white Simon Commission provoked widespread political protest in India. Its members encountered hostile black-flag demonstrations as they perambulated the country taking evidence in the provinces. The work of the Commission, its reception and its report indicated that British and Indian alike recognized that the imperial bid for a new order on the subcontinent had failed. Although the 1939-45 war is commonly seen as the great upheaval out of which the subcontinent emerged politically independent yet agonizingly divided, the decade until India was engulfed in it was critical for the nature of British dominion, and for the development on the subcontinent of senses of public identity, particularly for a sense of Indian nationhood.
Epilogue: India’s Democratic Experience
Authors: Brown Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
India’s ability to sustain democratic forms of government and politics through the second half of this century is in sharp contrast to the experience of her Asian neighbours, and of most former colonies in Africa. There have been no military bids for power, and even Mrs Gandhi’s months of ‘Emergency Rule’ (which many thought perilously close to dictatorship) were ended by the electors’ verdict in 1977. Despite phases of acute domestic strain and violence, the assassination of two Prime Ministers, and a number of armed conflicts with neighbours, she has also remained a stable, independent regional power.
Town and country
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The northernmost province of Old Regime France was Cambrésis, part of the French kingdom only since 1677. Near the cathedral town of Cambrai was Montigny, a rural community of about 600 people in 1789. During the eighteenth century, large owners and tenants succeeded in monopolizing its land, increasingly specializing in corn, while poorer peasants instead found spinning and weaving linen the answer to poverty. They were part of a ﬂourishing if vulnerable rural industry based on merchants ‘putting out’ spinning and weaving to rural households. In the Cambrésis, suggests its historian Liana Viardi, ‘one could even argue that it is in the eighteenth-century countryside that one encounters entrepreneurship in its purest, most unregulated, form’.
State and society, 1901-1922
Authors: Corner Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two decades which straddle the year 1900 present remarkable contrasts in Italy. Before the turn of the century, Italy had seen banking and corruption scandals in which government was directly implicated, disastrous and humiliating colonial adventures in Africa, continued acute civil unrest culminating in the Milan bread riots of 1898 (ruthlessly suppressed by artillery), an assault on the functions of parliament when it seemed for a while as though Italy’ s fragile democratic structure might succumb to an authoritarian backlash, and finally, in 1900, the murder of King Umberto I at the hands of an anarchist.
Fascism: ideology, foreign policy, and war
Authors: Knox Macgregor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fascism emerged from a great war and perished a quarter-century later in that war’ s far greater second act-which it sought fervently to bring about. Its trajectory from war in 1915-18 to ruin in 1940-5 was no accident. And the force that propelled it along that path was above all the force of ideas.
Italian society under Fascism
Authors: Wanrooij Bruno P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Fascism has often presented itself as revolutionary, its relationship with modernity has been ambiguous. The regime promoted technological innovation, but at the same time wanted to preserve the values of traditional rural society. Thus, within the ongoing process of transformation of Italian society, Fascism tried to check developments which could be a threat to those values. While it favoured progress in a more general sense, it welcomed the emergence of mass society and acknowledged the consequent need for mass organization; on the other hand, it opposed changes in gender relations and strongly disliked the advance of urbanization and its corollary of secularization and cosmopolitanism.
Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method
Authors: Gillies Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Method examines the remarkable advances made in the field of AI over the past twenty years, discussing their profound implications for philosophy. Taking a clear, non-technical approach, Donald Gillies focuses on two key topics within AI: machine learning in the Turing tradition and the development of logic programming and its connection with non-monotonic logic. Demonstrating how current views on scientific method are challenged by this recent research, he goes on to suggest a new framework for the study of logic. Finally, Professor Gillies draws on work by such seminal thinkers as Bacon, Gödel, Popper, Penrose, and Lucas to address the hotly contested question of whether computers might become intellectually superior to human beings.
The lnductivist Controversy, or Bacon versus Popper
Authors: Gillies Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to examine the interaction between theories of scientific method (including logic) and developments in the field of artificial intelligence (Al) which have taken place in the last twenty to thirty years. The first topic I will discuss is the relationship between a long-standing dispute concerning scientific method (the inductivist controversy) and some recent results in machine learning. The present chapter will give an account of the debate between the inductivists, conveniently represented by Sir Francis Bacon, and the anti-inductivists, conveniently represented by Sir Karl Popper. It is a strange coincidence that this intellectual dual should be conducted between two English knights! As far as the present chapter is concerned, I will expound the controversy using the standard methods of history and philosophy of science.1 In the next chapter (Chapter 2), I will give an account of some relevant results from the development of machine learning in the Turing tradition. Then, in Chapter 3, I will consider how these results affect the inductivist controversy.
Machine Learning in the Turing Tradition
Authors: Gillies Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we examined a long-standing controversy in the philosophy of science, that between inductivism (as represented principally by Bacon) and falsijicationism (as represented principally by Popper). The method adopted for discussing this debate was also fairly traditional. We considered how well the two models of scientific method accounted for two examples from the history of science-namely, Kepler’s discovery of the laws of planetary motion and the discovery of the sulphonamide drugs. These examples did not agree entirely with either Bacon or Popper. Kepler seems to have used some kind of inductive reasoning (in agreement with Bacon rather than Popper), but this was an intuitive induction involving human insight and creativity and so distinct from the kind of mechanical induction advocated by Bacon.
How Advances in Machine Learning Affect the lnductivist Controversy
Authors: Gillies Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having given an account of some advances in machine learning in the Turing tradition, I will now tum to the question of how these affect the inductivist controversy. There can be no doubt that the results described tend, on the whole, to support Bacon and undermine Popper. I have already quoted Popper’s emphatic statement: ‘Induction, i.e. inference based on many observations, is a myth. It is neither a psychological fact, nor a fact of ordinary life, nor one of scientific procedure’ (Popper 1963: 53).
Knowledge and its Limits: Epistemology
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a branch of philosophy nowadays called epistemology: the inquiry into what can be known, and how we can know it. We all have many beliefs on many topics; which, if any of them, can count as real knowledge? What is the mark of genuine knowledge and how does it differ from mere belief? Is there a reliable way to acquire knowledge of the truth to eliminate false beliefs that are mere seemings? These questions occupied the attention of Greek thinkers from an early stage. Parmenides might well claim to be the founder of epistemology: at least he is the Worst philosopher to make a systematic distinction between knowledge and belief. At the beginning of his great poem a goddess promises that he will learn all things, both reliable truth and the untrustworthy opinions of mortals. The poem is in two parts: the way of truth and the way of seeming. The way of truth sets out Parmenides’ theory of Being, which we will consider in Chapter 6 on metaphysics.
Freedom, Reason, and Human Goods
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aquinas is well aware of sceptical doubts. ‘Since one is in charge of oneself {dominus sui}, it seems at first glance that, when one’s actions affect only oneself, one is morally free to do whatever one likes.’ Indeed, what does it matter if my actions do affect others? Many think that we neither can nor should be really concerned about the well-being of others.
The State: Its Government and Law
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The government and laws of a state are the central case of government and law, and the most articulated form of human coordination. In reflecting on them, one is considering certain modes and forms of practical reason’s directiveness towards common good. For practical reason—the propositional content of the practical understanding, reasoning, judging, choosing, and self-directing of practically reasonable persons—is brought to its most articulate and complex forms in the public reason of people who have reasonably judged themselves to be morally responsible for governing the civitas.
Well-Being and Virtue
Authors: Kraut Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This much has emerged from our rejection of subjectivism in Chapter 2: if our aim is to improve our beliefs about well-being, and thereby to improve our lives, a reasonable first step is to begin with what we know-or, at any rate, with what we think we know. As a working hypothesis, we can say that misery, physical incapacitation, humiliation, pain, hunger, and loneliness are in themselves bad; and that friendship, pleasure, understanding, health, and humor are good. Those who have experienced these things so regard them, and their opinion should not be lightly dismissed.
Politics I: Nature, Political Animals, and Civic Priority
Authors: Kraut Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle realizes that the city did not always exist. In Politics I.2 he tells a story about how it arose: although human beings have never lived in total isolation from each other, there has been a gradual development of increasingly complex social organizations. House holds (composed of a man, a woman, children, and slaves) came together to form villages, which in turn grew to become cities. These changes occurred because people perceived that it was easier to survive and secure the necessities of life by forming larger and more complex units. The city, as Aristotle says, came into existence for the sake of life (1252b29-30). But once this more complex mode of social organization was established and the necessities of life were secured, the polis took on a new dimension: it began to provide not merely the resources for survival but also the opportunity to live well (b30), though this larger role had not been envisioned by those who made the transition from the pre-political period to the polis.
Thyroid disease
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, there has been increasing recognition of thyroid diseases as a common health problem. While there have been few major new advances in treatment, there is much greater understanding of why thyroid disorders occur and the long-term health effects of thyroid disease. As people with thyroid disease begin to know more about their disorder, they are able to co-operate better with treatment and their anxieties about the problem can be significantly reduced. This fourth edition of Thyroid Disease: The Facts provides a reader-friendly source of information and reassurance for those people with thyroid disorders and their families. The book covers the wide range of conditions associated with thyroid dysfunction, from simple goitre to more complex disorders such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This edition also includes several completely new chapters, including one specifically devoted to thyroid disorders in infants, children and adolescents. Each chapter concludes with a useful Question and Answer section.
The thyroid gland
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normally the thyroid gland lies in the front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple (Fig. 1.1). The gland is shaped like a bow tie or a butterfly and consists of two lobes joined together in the middle. The left and right lobes, each about the size and shape of half a plum cut vertically or about the size of the top segment of a person’s thumb, lie on either side of the windpipe (trachea) and are connected by a bridge of thyroid tissue, known as the isthmus, which runs across the front of the windpipe.
Subacute viral thyroiditis
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This condition, also known as de Quervain’s thyroiditis after the Swiss physician who first described it, is not uncommon. For every 10 people with Graves’ disease, a thyroid specialist may see only one with viral thyroiditis. Because viral thyroiditis runs a self-limiting course, people with a mild illness may never seek medical advice and there can be no doubt that even in those with a more severe illness the correct diagnosis is often overlooked.
Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry: The Origins of Psychopathology
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past couple of decades studies investigating the genetic background of psychiatric disorders have mushroomed. Research into brain mechanisms and the regions of the brain involved in certain dysfunctions have greatly improved our knowledge of the relationship between brain pathology and psychopathology. By contrast, we know far less about 'why' certain individuals remain vulnerable to psychiatric disease at all, and whether the causes of disease were selected by evolutionary forces or simply by-products of other species-specific characteristics. This book presents a new integrative approach to understanding psychopathological conditions - an approach that embraces cognition, emotion, behaviour, and their nature-nurture interactions. Central to this approach is the introduction of human evolution into the psychiatric model - psychiatrists need to know why the human mind and brain evolved in the way it did. In three parts, this book presents a comprehensive account of human brain evolution in terms of physical features and function, showing how these relate to our current understanding of psychopathology. Accessibly written, this book shows how a consideration of evolutionary factors in psychiatry can improve our understanding and treatment of specific disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and others.
General survey results
Authors: Mielke Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models with innate distinctive features assert that the phonological behavior of segments is predicted by their features, while in emergent feature theory, sound change and generalization provides the opportunity for segments to be grouped with sounds that are similar along some dimension, and therefore the behavior (and feature specification) of a segment can only be determined by observing the behavior. Quite a bit is known about what groupings are especially likely, as a result of innate feature theory work. Innate features and emergent features make very different predictions about the results of the survey of phonologically active classes, and it will be seen below that the results generally support emergent features over innate ones.