bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Western intellectual tradition was created by people living on a continent with no other indigenous primates. It is therefore not surprising that for more than 2,000 years Western philosophers characterized human beings as utterly different from all other animals, especially with regard to their mental capacities. If Europe had been generously populated by nonhuman primates during this time-if Aristotle and Descartes had encountered chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys routinely on their daily rounds-the belief that humans are the only rational animals might not be so deeply entrenched in our philosophical heritage. Indeed, it was not until the nineteenth century that this bio logical elitism began to lose its grip on the European world view, as the public became familiar both with nonhuman primates in zoological gardens and with Darwin’s (1859, 1871, 1872) theories of the evolutionary continuity between humans and other animal species.
Enhancing the Research Base
Authors: leggon cheryl b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the individual level, data on the participation of individuals from underrepresented indigenous minority groups (e.g., African American, Native American, Puerto Rican, Mexican American/Chicano) in the science and engineering (S/E) labor force should be disaggregated by gender and class. Disaggregating the data by gender facilitates comparisons between genders with in racial/ethnic groups as well as comparisons within genders between racial/ethnic groups. Differences with in racial/ethnic groups can be as great as differences between racial/ethnic groups ( Leggon 1987, 1991). IV!i nori ty women tend to be snubs med either under the category “minority” or “female.” Just as we cannot generalize from data on (and the experiences of) white women to those of women of color, we cannot generalize from data on (and experiences of) men of color to those of women of color (Sokoloff 1992).
Policy Perspectives
Authors: Chubin Daryl E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a policy practitioner and commentator, I predictably will not join the chorus advocating more research. No doubt research is needed. But who are we attempting to convince through academic studies of the “pipeline” and those who aspire to a career in science? Indeed, reading between the lines of Shirley Vining Brown’s extensive references, we learn that not only have market forces failed to attract underrepresented groups to science (which we have all known for quite a while), but they have also failed to draw researchers to study the origins and prevailing conditions of this underrepresentation. It remains a situation for which we all bear some responsibility.
Too Many People
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world now has close to 6 billion people. Within the lifetime of today ‘s children, the number will double or perhaps triple, depending on how quickly birth rates decline, and then it will level off. Most of the new people will be in countries that are now poor. Many people are concerned about whether the world can handle this increase. They worry about many things, which I enumerate here. Food. Food production has so far kept up with population growth. We have some cause for concern, though. The amount of fish available per person has been declining for years. The growth of cities and industrial parks is using up farmland throughout the world. Even if the raw amount of protein and calories per person is maintained, it is likely that changes in diet will continue to result from population growth and stress on resources, just as various fish species once cheap and plentiful have now become delicacies. The fact that the price of the substitutes will be comparable to what is replaced—which to some implies that value is maintained—does not mean that the substitutes are just as good. This is a recurring theme. Many of the effects of population growth will not be disastrous. We will just see that many things that we now take for granted will be increasingly expensive, and we will learn to make do with other things.
S
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Salamis (1) Inshore island in the northern Saronic Gulf, in central Greece. Salamis’ eastern side is separated from the coast of ATTICA by a curved channel less than a mile wide in the narrows, and it was there that the crucial sea battle of the PERSIAN WARS was fought in late summer of 480 B.c., after the invading army of the Persian king XERXES had overrun northern and central Greece. The allied Greek victory at Salamis broke the Persian navy and stopped the invasion, opening the way for the Greeks’ final land-victory, at PLATAEA, the following summer.
T
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
talent Large monetary unit, equivalent to a certain weight (Greek: talanton) of SILVER, usually about 58 pounds. The talent measure was in use well before the beginnings of Greek COINAGE (circa 595 B.c.), and no talent coin existed. In ATHENS in the 400s to 300s B.c., a talent was considered equivalent to 6,000 of the silver coins known as drachmae.
Local Estimation: Accounting for Secondary Information
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct measurements of the primary attribute of interest are often supplemented by secondary information originating from other related categorical or continuous attributes. The estimation generally improves when this additional and usually denser information is taken into consideration, particularly when the primary data are sparse or poorly correlated in space.
Section 6.1 presents three kriging algorithms to incorporate exhaustively sampled secondary data: kriging within strata, simple kriging with varying local means, and kriging with an external drift.
European American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Native Americans centuries earlier had brought religious traditions from Central Asia to their new lands, the Europeans who arrived in North America in significant numbers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought their religious traditions with them. But the traditions of some groups of Native Americans had evolved from their Central Asian origins over a period of several thousand years in America, and their mythology changed, too, becoming inextricably connected to the landscapes, flora, and fauna of the Americas, whereas European mythology has changed much less because of the much shorter time period since their arrival only several hundred years ago.
Native American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monsters-nearly always large and vicious, often composite in nature-play a role in many Native American mythologies. Burr Woman lodges herself in the backs of heroes and refuses to let go. Cliff Ogre kicks people off cliffs. The Winter Dances of several Northwest Coast tribes are based on myths of cannibal monsters. The Iroquois have several monsters, including ogres and man-eating females. The Algonkian of the Northeast make much of the windigo syndrome.
Conclusion
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A journey through American myth and legend leaves us with the sense that we are, as a whole, a very young culture made up of many old cultures attempting to make sense of this New World and our place as a nation in it. The United States has come into its own as a world power in what might be called a non mythological age. Further more, it is commonly understood that the great juggernaut of modern science leaves little room for myth, and certainly none for the creation of new myth. But this understanding is not altogether accurate.
The Limits of Reform: 1965–1970
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have observed Bellevue’s responsiveness to the pressures from its immediate environment—from its patients, its neighborhood, and its workers. Between 1965 and 1970 Bellevue also found itself responding to two events of broader scope: the first was the launching of Medicare and Medicaid; the second was the upheaval within the public hospital system that culminated in the creation of the New York City Health & Hospitals Corporation. Each of these two health-reform initiatives was expected to improve Bellevue’s fortunes dramatically; neither of them did so. Exploring the reasons why sheds light on the programs themselves; it also illuminates an important chapter in the evolution of New York’s public hospital system.
The federal government’s Medicare/Medicaid program and the municipal government’s Health & Hospitals Corporation (HHC) were both inspired by a recognition that some social groups were receiving less good health care than others. Each of these initiatives was intended to rectify that imbalance. But besides having certain common origins and goals, the two programs had a common limitation: both were shaped by a profound reluctance to interfere with the autonomy of private health providers. Despite government’s growing role in paying for private care, these programs placed little pressure on private hospitals to adapt their services to public priorities. This shared characteristic facilitated the launching of the two initiatives, but it also caused problems that would reveal themselves with increasing clarity in the years ahead.
Crystal Eastman (1881-1928)
Authors: Cook Blanche Wiesen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crystal Eastman was born on June 25, 1881, in Marlborough, Massachusetts. She graduated with a B.A. from Vassar in 1903, an M.A. in sociology from Columbia in 1904, and, in 1907, an LL.B. from New York University Law School. She was appointed member and secretary of the New York State Employer’s Liability Commission from 1909 to 1911.
Prolegomenon To A General Biology
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lecturing in Dublin, one of the twentieth century’s most famous physicists set the stage of contemporary biology during the war-heavy year of 1944. Given Erwin Schrodinger’s towering reputation as the discoverer of the Schrodinger equation, the fundamental formulation of quantum mechanics, his public lectures and subsequent book were bound to draw high attention. But no one, not even Schrodinger himself, was likely to have foreseen the consequences. Schrodinger’s What Is Life? is credited with inspiring a generation of physicists and biologists to seek the fundamental character of living systems.
The Origins Of Life
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Startling Progress in understanding the potential routes to the origins of life on earth, and potentially anywhere in the cosmos, is now being made. There has been a “standard theory:’ which may still be true, and there have been several alternative views seen, but rather dimly, by the larger scholarly community. One among these may be emerging as the most plausible general picture of how life may assemble itself from simpler molecular constituents. On the other hand, no theory is yet established for the general conditions underlying the emergence of life from nonlife.
The Nonergodic Universe: The Possibility Of New Laws
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our now familiar liter of gas particles at room temperature comes to equilibrium rapidly, certainly on the order of hours or days. “Equilibrium” means, roughly, that the macroscopic properties of the system, such as temperature and pressure, have stopped changing, except for small “square root N’’ fluctuations away from equilibrium that soon dissipate back toward equilibrium. As we have noted, thanks to the ergodic hypothesis, the gas system ultimately visits each macrostate at a number of times proportional to the number of microstates in that macrostate.
Bodies Marriage, Adultery, and Death
Authors: Israel Kali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter, like the last, ranges through three sets of stories: stories that depict marriage as a site of mortal con¯ict over bodies and minds; stories of extramarital relationships that invite and elude scandalously sexual interpretations; and stories about dying. In each section, I show stories embedded in the texts of relationships and stories that circulated more widely; the story of sex told by Francis Pattison’s letters and the stories Emilia Dilke published about women’s bodies; the story constructed by Mark Pattison and Meta Bradley about their innocence and the novel Rhoda Broughton published in revenge for Mark Pattison’s involving her in his stories; the story of Mark Pattison’s death his wife/widow told and that death’s ironic relation to novels. In these tales, bodies—conjugal and celibate, wedded and unlicensed, expressive and paralyzed, healthy and suffering, living and dead—form the stakes in and gesture to urgent struggles over minds, souls, families, and writing.
Renaissances
Authors: Israel Kali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EF. S. Pattison’s two-volume The Renaissance of Art in France (1879) was followed by a biocritical study in French, Claude Lorrain, Sa Vie et Ses Oeuvres in 1884; Pattison published at least a hundred signed articles and reviews between 1869 and 1884. Emilia Dilke wrote Art in the Modern State—on French art and the state under Louis XIV—and her four volumes on French art in the eighteenth century, covering painting, sculpture, engraving, drawing, architecture, furniture, and decoration, as well as essays, reviews, and contributions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.1 Pattison/Dilke’s works on French art extend from the ®fteenth century through and beyond the Salon des Reèfuseès; Colin Eisler claimed, “To this day, no other scholar can be said to have been so profoundly cognizant of ®ve hundred years of French art as this Englishwoman, who was largely self-educated in the ®elds of her professional activity.”2 Pattison/Dilke’s range is unnerving. Her work drew on source texts and scholarly works in many languages and historical knowledge of Italy, Germany, early Christianity, and ancient Greece.
Neuropathological Changes in Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gómez-Isla Teresa , Hyman Bradley T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a clinical perspective, Alzheimer’s disease has a stereotyped progression, starting with early impairments dominated by memory dysfunction and later evolving into a more generalized dementia with impairments of language, judgment, and executive function. The major structural abnormalities that are believed to be responsible for these impairments are the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques and the loss of neurons and synapses.
“Of This Generation” The New Left and the Student Movement
Authors: Breines Wini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
College and university attendance exploded in the postwar period. There were two million college students in 1950, three million in 1960, five million by 1965 (the first baby boomers were college age in 1964), seven million by 1968 and, by 1973, ten million. In 1970, 50 percent of all people in the United States from eighteen to twenty-two years old were attending college, primarily large public universities. Educational democratization was under way, thanks in part, ironically, to the increasingly tight partnership between the federal government and the universities. Federal money poured into the universities, much of which was tied to military-sponsored research. For the first time in American history, masses of young people, female and male, lived together away from their families.1 I was one of them. In the midst of a growing student population, early white student movement activists often do not stand out from the rest of the conservatively dressed and buttoned-down students in campus photographs. The young men had short hair and wore white shirts, dark trousers, and sometimes even ties. Young women wore skirts. As a girl in the 1950s, I remember having to wear white gloves for dress occasions. The 1950s were a conservative time in America, and campuses reflected it.
Negroes No More The Emergence of Black Student Activism
Authors: Miller Karen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the decade immediately following the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, assimilationist integration dominated civil rights discourse as well as strategies adopted to overcome racial inequality in the United States. Implicit in integrationist discourse was a “color blindness” that belied the historical evolution of racial politics and policy. Assimilationist idealism projected an invisibility of race in image and in language that emphasized the common humanity of blacks and whites, but it overlooked the centrality of race in post-Brown civil rights conflicts. Symbolic images of blacks and whites playing, working, praying, and singing together, oblivious to skin color, conveyed optimism about the possibilities for an interracial harmonic future. Rather than speak in terms of black and white, assimilationist integration employed a racially neutered lexicon of “disadvantaged,” “underprivileged,” and “less fortunate” to articulate a vision of “minority” absorption into the “American mainstream.”
Sources of the Second Wave The Rebirth of Feminism
Authors: Evans Sara M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the social movements of the 1960s-clvil rights, student New Left, antiwar, counterculture—emphasized the personal nature of political action. They expressed the existential yearning for authenticity and meaning of a generation raised in postwar affluence, and idealistic rage at the betrayals of the American dream: hunger in the midst of plenty, racism in a democracy, and imperialism by the leader of the “free” world. The women’s liberation movement burst on the scene in the late 1960s to take this yet one step further by declaring that “the personal is political.” With this critical insight, women challenged the ways power and sexism shaped relationships from the bedroom to the boardroom, and they demanded that American society redefine the meanings of masculinity and femininity.
Parsing The Subcomponents Of Emotion aand Disorders of Emotion: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience
Authors: Davidson Richard J , Pizzagalli Diego , Nitschke Jack B , Kalin Ned H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affective neuroscience is the subdiscipline of the biobehavioral sciences that examines the underlying neural bases of mood and emotion. The application of this body of theory and data to the understanding of individual differences in affective style, mood regulation, and mood disorders is helping to generate a new understanding of the brain circuitry underlying these phenomena. At a more general level, this approach is helping to bridge the wide chasm between the literatures that have focused on normal emotion and the disorders of emotion. Historically, these research traditions have had little to do with one another and have emerged completely independently. However, affective neuroscience has helped to integrate these approaches into a more unified project that is focused on the understanding of normal and pathological individual differences in affective style, its constituent components, and their neural bases (see, e.g., Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Davidson, 2000). Affective neuroscience takes as its overall aims a project that is similar to that pursued by its cognate discipline, cognitive neuroscience, though focused instead on affective processes. The decomposition of cognitive processes into more elementary constituents that can then be studied in neural terms has been remarkably successful. We no longer query subjects about the contents of their cognitive processes since many of the processes so central to important aspects of cognitive function are opaque to consciousness. Instead, modern cognitive scientists and neuroscientists have developed laboratory tasks to interrogate and reveal more elementary cognitive function. These more elementary processes can then be studied using imaging methods in humans, lesion methods in animals, and the study of human patients with focal brain damage. Affective neuroscience approaches emotion using the same strategy. Global constructs of emotion are giving way to more specific and elementary constituents that can be examined with objective laboratory measures. For example, the time course of emotional responding and the mechanisms that are brought into play during the regulation of emotion can now be probed using objective laboratory measures.
Facial Expression Of Emotion
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Ekman Paul , Gonzaga, Gian C , Beer Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of facial expression of emotion has long been the focus of theoretical controversy and empirical research (e.g., Allport, 1924; Birdwhistell, 1963; Coleman, 1949; Darwin, 1872/1998; Ekman, 1973, 1994; Fridlund, 1991; Hunt, 1941; Landis, 1924; Mead, 1975; Munn, 1940; Osgood, 1966; Russell, 1994; Schlosberg, 1954; Woodworth, 1938). In studies of facial expression, researchers have addressed how emotions develop, to what extent the information they convey is best captured verbally by discrete categories or scalar dimensions, whether emotions have distinct biological substrates, and the extent to which facial expressions of emotion are universal and how they vary across cultures. In this chapter, we first briefly review the history of the study of facial expression, highlighting the ebb and flow of theory on the aforementioned issues. We then review evidence relevant to three long-standing questions in the field: Are facial expressions accurate indicators of emotion? In which respects are facial expressions of emotion universal and in which ways are they culturally specific? And are the states signaled or represented by facial expressions of emotion best viewed as discrete systems or dimension-based entities? We conclude by highlighting more recent developments in the study of facial expression, focusing on how facial expressions shape social interaction and how individual variations in facial expression relate to personality and psychopathology. The contemporary study of facial expression was profoundly shaped by Darwin’s Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/1998). In this book, Darwin described distinct facial expressions of different emotions, thus setting the stage for discrete theories of emotion (e.g., Ekman, 1993). He also described the likely meaning of individual muscle actions (e.g., the furrowed brow), an intellectual foray that in part inspired componential theories of facial expression (Smith & Scott, 1997). He described similarities between human expressions and those of other species—an emphasis that guides research to this day (see chapter 24, this volume). And he argued that facial expressions were universal, and even obtained data from informants in different countries and within England, and analyzed observers’ responses to different expressions. Although Darwin’s influence is clear today, it would be almost 100 years before psychologists would conduct research to explore Darwin’s insights.
The Patient-Physician Relationship in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Lipsitt Don R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the hundreds of thousands of patient-physician interactions occurring world wide, probably a relatively small number would be characterized as “difficult.” Nonetheless, this group would appear to be most taxing of the physician’s tolerance, patience, understanding, and clinical skill. If, as the literature suggests, somatizing patients are especially high utilizers of medical services (Barsky et al., 1996; Escobar et al., 1987; Katon et al., 1990; Lin et al., 1991), then it can be expected that every practicing physician will experience the often vexing challenge of treating patients whose primary or secondary condition is hypochondriasis (Kaplan et al., 1988).