bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structuring “Greece”: Pausanias’s Periegesis as a Literary’ Construct
Authors: Elsner Jas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Pausanias gazing from the sea at the promontory of Sounion ( 1 1. 1 ). let us for a moment entertain a prospect simultaneously invigorating and humbling. Imagine that the travel book of Pausanias is more than a compendium of detailed observations and errant digressions to be cherrypicked by archaeologists or anthropologists or historians for its useful accoW1ts of lost monuments, peculiar rituals, or unusual variations of standard histories or myths. Imagine that the text is a creative contribution to a particular genre of ancient travel literature, one that has not, alas, fared very well in the lottery of survivals from antiquity. Imagine that the Periegesis of Greece was written carefully-its every sentence and description deliberately placed according to a conscious pattern of selection that might reveal (if only we could but uncover its motivations and widerpinnings!) the ways that Greek-speakers of the second century A.D. actually thought about their world.
Inspiration and Aspiration: Date, Genre, and Readership
Authors: Bowie Ewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin by considering some questions concerning Pausanias’s date. The indications offered by passages in his work leave little room for doubt about the rough dates of its composition, and point chiefly to the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Book I, on Attica, had been finished, Pausanias tells us explicitly (7.20.6), before Herodes Atticus’s construction of his Odeion in Athens to commemorate his dead wife, Regilla. Regilla died very late in the 150s or in A.D. 160 or 161. We need not suppose the Odeion to have been begun, far less completed, immediately after her death, even if the poems commissioned by Herodes for Regilla’s monument on the via Appia should fall soon after 160 (given that the career of their poet, Marcellus of Side, was chiefly under Hadrian and Pius). A date of ca. A.D. 165 for the Odeion and as a terminus ante quern for the completion of Book I fits our other evidence. Book II (2.27.6) reths to building at Epidaurus by a senator Antoninus, undoubtedly Sextus Iulius Maior Antoninus Pythodorus, who was active in the 160s, and not the emperor Antoninus Pius.
Music
Authors: Zane Wallace W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Night I Waited For Two hours for service to begin at a church near my house in St. Vincent. After chatting with the leader for some of that time, and when it became apparent he would not get more than the two or three others already sitting in the benches, I asked him if he was still going to hold church. He replied, “It is very important to sing.” We had church. One night when too many members were out of tune, a pointer implored the congregation to sing better, indicating me and saying, “What do you want him to write about you?” Singing is the most important daily event for the Spiritual Baptists. Not only do they take singing very seriously, but they know they are good at it, sometimes jibing as they pass other churches, “They don’t sound sweet like us.” The performance of the music is the measure of its efficacy. If it sounds good, it is working.
The Death and Life of Stars
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the dizzying catwalk that girdles the dome of the Hale telescope, we gaze out across the darkness of Palomar Mountain. Low on the southwestern horizon, a faint glow marks where San Diegans slumber—creationists, exobiologists, and those who care naught for the cosmos, all dreaming away the hours when California turns its back to the Sun. We too felt the pressure to sleep, half an hour ago, as we sat waiting idly in the telescope’s warm control room. A computer sensed that the night air was too damp; fearing that dew might mar the mirror, we could not open the dome’s portals, and our observations were delayed. So we bundled up against the winter chill and ventured outside for some pre-Galilean astronomy.
Dreamland
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a night spent among flashing neon marquees and chattering slot machines, the trip north from Las Vegas seems like an exercise in sensory deprivation. There’s little traffic on the freeway, even less on State Highway 93, and none at all after we turn onto Highway 375 toward Rachel, Nevada. Perhaps it’s the official green sign that scares people away. Posted at the turnoff, under the last tree that we’ll see for a hundred miles, it reads “Extraterrestrial Highway.” And for those who don’t understand English, there’s a sketch of some angular, improbable flying machine—a Stealth version of a ufo, perhaps.
Feminist Christologies
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turning now to the primary doctrine of Christology, we will see how feminist theological governing doctrines affect the reconstruction of the consideration of the person of Jesus. Remember that it was the stories about Jesus with which Frei’s narrative project was most concerned. Is Jesus to be regarded as a character within a series of stories about him, his life, his followers, his teachings, or is he to be understood as a representative for some greater idea or reality? How will feminist theological reconfiguring of governing doctrine affect the answers to these questions?’ Feminist Christologies and the Gender of Jesus For feminist theology, Christology is inherently problematic because Jesus was male. The complaints against Jesus’ masculinity go back to Mary Daly, who viewed the “myth of sin” and the “myth of redemption” as symptoms of the disease of male arrogance and who understood the doctrine of sacrificial atonement to create a “scape goat syndrome” which encourages women to imitate Jesus’ model of self-sacrificial love.’ Of course, such charges against classical Christianity cannot go unaddressed.’
FeministChristology and Historical Reconstructions
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in the previous chapter that the first three models of feminist reconstructions of Christology―internal apology, doctrinal relocation, and allegorical reconstruction―develop themes and motifs present in the biblical narrative. This was apparent in, for example, the presentation of Jesus as a prophet (internal apology), of Christ as agent in creation (doctrinal relocation), and of Christ’s presence within the community of faith (allegorical reconstruction). The fourth model of feminist reconstruction to be considered in this chapter departs from these, insofar as it develops and furthers insights drawn from historical-critical scholarship. Here, we will see the use of historical reconstructions of the “Hebrew Goddess” and of the figure of Sophia within the Bible to reconstruct Christology for feminist purposes. In addition, we will find feminist uses of the historical-critical dichotomy of the Jesus of history versus the Christ of faith for feminist reconstruction of doctrine.
Sola Experientia? Feyerabend’s Refutation of Classical Empiricism
Authors: Fraassen Bas C van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feyerabend’s ‘Classical Empiricism’ (1970) draws on a seventeenth-century Je suit argument against Protestant fundamentalism. The argument is very general and applies to any simple foundationalist epistemology. Feyerabend uses it against Classical Empiricism-roughly, the view that what is to be believed is exactly what experience establishes, and no more-which he identifies as among other things Newton’s “dogmatic ideology”. I will first examine the argument, then ask whether it is perhaps too powerful, a skeptical argument which, if cogent, undermines any pretense to rational belief. Feyerabend explains why the argument could have had little force in the targeted Protestant community. But that is significant only if we can think of its epistemic stance as rational. Feyerabend’s irony leaves us with doubts, and yet, perhaps, also with some hope of a genuinely promising development.
Two Concepts of Political Tolerance
Authors: Hattiangadi J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intellectual authority of science is now at a much lower ebb than at any time since the Second World War. By the “intellectual authority of science” I mean how its value is regarded by the intelligent reading public, and among the other esoteric academic professions. “Intellectual authority” does not mean that every one takes its conclusions to be true, of course, though among the less knowledge able it may have this effect. In the Middle Ages, for instance, philosophy enjoyed great intellectual authority. In more recent times, this authority has gradually slipped. Mathematics certainly has seen its authority enhanced since the Middle Ages. The intellectual authority of natural science has not been overtaken by an other subject, as that of philosophy was taken over by its precocious offspring, physics, three hundred years ago. All the same, in recent decades, science has seen its intellectual authority slip, which is the background for this essay. The knowledge that it has slipped is in the evidence of the ease with which critiques of science are being published.
To Transform the Phenomena Feyerabend, Proliferation, and Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Churchland Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago, I picked out five salient epistemological theses in the writings of Paul Feyerabend, and I attempted to show that those same five theses flowed naturally, and independently, from the emerging discipline of computational neuroscience (Churchland 1996). In short, the claim was that a “connectionist” model of cognitive activity successfully reduces a Feyerabendian philosophy of science. Specifically, the inevitable theory-ladenness of perception, the displace ability of folk psychology, the incommensurability of many theoretical alternatives, the permanent need for proliferating theoretical alternatives, and the need even for proliferating methodologies--all of these modestly radical theses emerge as presumptive lessons of cognitive neurobiology, or so I then claimed. This convergence of principle was arresting to me for all of the obvious reasons, but also because the five theses at issue no longer seemed radical at all, once they were assembled in neurocomputational dress. They seemed harmless and benign, almost reassuring.
Hospital Discharge Data
Authors: Stanbury Martha W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computerized information from hospital discharge summaries is routinely collected and coded using standard data set formats in over half of the states and nationally for all Medicare-covered patients. This administrative data set is assembled primarily for billing purposes, but it has application for public health surveillance and research because it compiles population based diagnostic and demographic information on hospitalized patients. It is an important alternative to physician reporting as a source of surveillance data. Hospital discharge data have been used for a variety of condition-specific, case-based occupational health surveillance programs under the SENSOR model; and they have been used to describe trends, geographic patterns, and costs of occupational disease. Several exploratory studies have demonstrated their potential usefulness for other occupational health surveillance activities, although the findings from these studies have not yet been applied to public health practice.
Iphigenia: A Visual Essay
Authors: Cacoyannis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editor’s note: As a visual accompaniment to his discussion, on preceding pages, of his views of filming ancient plays, Mr. Cacoyannis chose fifteen images from his Iphigenia which illustrate his approach to a realistic modern adaptation of a classical play to the cinema. As the moving image on the screen cannot do, a film still affords the opportunity to study or contemplate at some length a particular moment. Black-and-white stills of a color film bring out the textures underlying its visual composition, as they do here. The following images should increase both insight and pleasure on the viewer’s part.
Organismic Achievement and Environmental Probability [1943]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five years after the lecture at the Cosmos Club, Brunswik got his big chance. There would be a panel to which Brunswik would be invited as one of three speakers; the other two would be Hull and Lewin, two of the three most important psychologists of the time, who represented sharply opposing views. By all expectations, Tolman, not Brunswik, would have been the third speaker on this panel, inasmuch as the sharp rivalry among these three was the most prominent topic in academic psychology. Why Brunswik appeared in stead of Tolman I do not know. But I know that Tolman was not a contentious person and probably did not look forward to this panel with much enthusiasm. I also have a hunch that Tolman saw that if Brunswik appeared in his place, Brunswik would have a great opportunity to make his case. Be that as it may, Brunswik appeared on the panel. I like to think that Tolman saw that if Brunswik could stand up to Hull and Lewin on this panel, his reputation would be made; he would immediately be a contender. And stand up he did, and he was indeed a contender from that point on.
Points of View: Components of Psychological Theorizing [1946]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Brunswik did not develop his own theoretical viewpoint to any significant degree in “Points of View,” we include it in this section because it contains his views about psychological theories in a way that explains the demands he placed on his own work. In this museum-like piece he put forward a framework for analyzing theories in terms of their “Explicitness of Theorizing, lntersubjectivity, and Formalization” (19466,p. 524) and further divided theories in terms of their “degree of quantification, technical verbalization, colloquial verbalization, and unverbalized, implicit, theorizing.” A second major classification is in terms of the “regional reference” of the variables or concepts in the theory. (The “regions” Brunswik referred to he described in detail later in his 1956 book, still a decade away, but even the 1946 descriptions are well worth the reader’s consideration; see Part II of this volume). At this point “regional reference” simply refers to a distinction between “peripheralism” (by which he meant the behaviorists’ “implicit belief that what is important in life and behavior of an organ ism can be found and identified at its surface”) and a functionalistic, central-distal region that he found to be “significant of the convergent trends in present day psychology” (19466, p. 527). He was prescient; that shift from peripheralism to an emphasis on a central-distal functionalism later came to define the essence of the cognitive revolution of the 1960s.
Survival in a World of Probable Objects [1957]
Authors: Kirlik Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a concluding passage of On the Origin of Species (1859/1966), Charles Darwin wrote: Although I am fully convinced of the truth of the views given in this volume ... I by no means expect to convince experienced naturalists whose minds are stocked with a multitude of facts all viewed, during a long course of years, from a point of view directly opposite to mine But I look with confidence to the future -to young and rising naturalists, who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality. (p. 406)
Ontogenetic and Other Developmental Parallels to the History of Science [1959]
Authors: Wearing Alexander J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding a Place m History: Some Reflections on a Talk Given by Egon Brunswik Was Egon Brunswik a genius? Even if he was, was he one who spoke to both his time and ours? That question concerned him, and it might also concern the historian of psychology who asks why some people and ideas prosper and inspire and others do not.1 His contemporaries and students testify to the power and reach of Brunswik’s mind, but when we leaf through the many books in the psychological canon,2 it is uncommon to find a reference to him. In the typical author index, “Bruner, J.”, is almost always followed by someone other than “Brunswik, E.” Perhaps that is because he had his fifteen minutes of fame and is now of historical interest only?3 His work may not even be of historical interest. Texts on the history of psychology also pass him by (see, e.g., Brennan, 1986; Hergenhahn, 1992; Hillner, 1984; Hunt, 1993; Leahey, 1987).
Historical and Thematic Relations of Psychology to Other Sciences [1956]
Authors: Cooksey Ray W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brunswik’s ideas regarding the convergence of history, theory, and method in psychology took concrete form and substance in the 1950s with the publication of his monograph The Conceptual Framework of Psychology in 1952. His mono graph had a very rich texture and a density (some would say obscurity) to it that made its central ideas difficult to penetrate and understand (see the more detailed review and discussion of Brunswik’s monograph, Chapter 12, this volume). After publication of the monograph, Bruns wik appeared to focus his efforts on publicizing his ideas in a somewhat less concentrated and more digestible form. One such effort was a paper he presented to the Section of the History and Philosophy of Science at the Berkeley meet-ing of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954. This paper was subsequently and posthumously published in Scientific Monthly in 1956 (Brunswik, 1956a).
The Contribution of Representative Design to Calibration Research
Authors: Doherty Michael E , Brake Gregory L , Kleiter Gemot D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most followers of Brunswik would, we think, identify representative design (Brunswik, 1944, 1956b) as one of the most critical of Brunswik’s methodological contributions. The idea of representative design epitomizes Brunswik’s system; it includes the need to pay as much attention to the environment as to the subject, the need to sample environments as well as subjects, the need to represent environments in all of their entangled dimensions in depth, and the need to adopt an idiographic-statistical approach to the study of behavior. Most followers of Brunswik would also, we think, identify vicarious functioning as the single most critical of Brunswik’s theoretical concepts. They are not unrelated; a fully representative design allows the experimental subject to function vicariously and thus to attain a high level of achievement. The present paper illustrates the potential contribution of Brunswik’s ideas to a topic that has been hitherto “beyond the pale.” That application is to research on the calibration of subjective probabilities, a research area that has hitherto generally been considered to be in the domain of the heuristics and biases.
Assessing Self-Insight via Policy Capturing and Cognitive Feedback
Authors: Doherty Michael E , Reilly Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The investigation of the extent to which people have insight has a long history. One could start the modern history with the controversial theories of Freud, who postulated that there were in accessible areas of mind, the so-called unconscious, as well as accessible areas, the so-called conscious. Or one could start with the Gestalt psychologists, who meant by insight a sudden re structuring of the perceptual situation, “a patterning of the perceptual field in such a way that the significant relations are apparent; ... the formation of a Gestalt in which the relevant factors fall into place with respect to the whole” (Heid breder, 1933, p. 355). There must be myriad other meanings between the two poles just mentioned, with Freud focusing on the development of insight into aspects of oneself, and the Gestalt psychologists focusing on the development of in sight into aspects of the environment.
From Ecological to Moral Psychology: Morality and the Psychology of Egon Brunswik
Authors: Earle Bo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral judgment and behavior are uniquely resistant to psychological analysis because morality generally is defined in terms that do not admit of psychological predication. Principal among these is the idea of freedom. An agent can act morally only on the condition that it is also free to do otherwise. Correspondingly, to evaluate actions for their moral content is necessarily to construe them as expressions of a self-determining, autonomous will. Such autonomy is not only essential but ultimately futile and even counterproductive concern for the strictly analytical coherence and justifiability of knowledge and ethical life toward the infinitely more salutary and pertinent issue of the stability and integrity of the particular social practices that make possible not only properly moral judgment and behavior but also knowledge and perception generally.
The Relationship between Strategy and Achievement as the Basic Unit of Group Functioning
Authors: Rohrbaugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Brunswik (1956b) noted that the lens model “summarizes the relationship between achievement and strategy and may be taken to exemplify the basic unit of psychological functioning” (p. 141), so, too, is the lens model currently be ingused to represent the information processing that occurs within a group (Hinze, Tindale, & Voll rath, 1997). Much to his credit, Brunswik (1956b,p. 141) never suggested that the lens would be “a fully rational model of achievement” but, instead, “‘a mere “ratio-morphic”““ or reasoning-like framework for inquiry. Such a model is well suited to group study, since ratiomorphism should “not be confused with rationalism or with intellectualism; ... it even helps us to nail down more concretely the rather important secondary differences between “perception” and “thinking”““ (Brunswik, 1956b, p. 141).
Human Factors
Authors: Kirlik Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human factors research is largely concerned with the analysis and design of human-machine systems (HMS) and human-computer interaction (HCI). Thus, the objects of human factors study can be seen to be irreducibly ecological: systems com prised of both people and their technological environments, and interactions among these system components. Additionally, the practical purposes (e.g., transportation, production, management, defense) for which HMS and HCI systems are de signed naturally promote a functional attitude to ward modeling and performance evaluation. These observations on the ecological nature of human factors are not new. In his 1957 article “Psychology and the Design of Machines” Frank lin Taylor observed that human factors research “argues against maintaining separate sciences and construct languages: one for the environment and the other for that which is environed” (p. 258). This same year saw publication of Brunswik’s ad monition to psychologists that “both organism and environment will have to be seen as systems, each with properties of its own, yet both hewn from the same block” (Brunswik, 1957, p. 5), and more important, a set of concrete proposals for carrying out an ecological, functionalist enterprise (Bruns wik, 19566).