bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dien Bien Phu 20 November 1953-7 May 1954
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1890s, the French had established their hegemony over much of the Southeast Asian peninsula, which was called Indochina. The area had long resisted any colonial expansion by China to the north, but the population was unable to maintain their independence in the face of superior French firepower. The French established a colonial administration and introduced to the region the basics of French culture and education. Advancement in the local administration came via literacy in French, so the people that came to dominate local society were educated by the French and often converts to Catholicism. Herein lay the seeds of France’s colonial destruction.
What Is Sociobiology?
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This spring morning I climbed to the top of Usery Mountain, which, happily for me, is only a twenty-minute walk up a steep hill in the Sonoran Desert of central Arizona. Once I reached the undulating ridgeline and regained my breath, I walked along the hilltop checking the palverde trees, creosote bushes, and jojobas to see which plants were occupied by males of a locally common tarantula hawk wasp, Hemipepsis ustulata (fig. 1.1). Males of this large, black-bodied, red-winged species dedicate themselves to a life of ritualistic combat over control of entire trees or shrubs, which the males use as lookouts to scan for approaching virgin females of their species.
This morning many familiar males that I had daubed with Liquid Paper or dots of acrylic paint launched themselves from their territorial stations in pursuit of intruding males, and one even had the special pleasure of responding to a receptive female that flew toward his territorial shrub. This male, marked with yellow dots on his thorax and right wing as a result of an earlier encounter with me and my paints, dashed out after the flying female to grasp her in midair. They fell heavily to the ground and mated without preliminaries. As the female walked a short distance forward, the coupled male toppled over, lying on his back with his wings spread on the gravelly soil.
Your Character’s Inner Voice: Fashioning Subtext and an Internal Dialogue
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Carmen returns José’s ring at the climax of the opera, she sings, “You once gave me this ring—take it!” Her literal meaning is unambiguous: “Take back your ring.” But what is Carmen saying emotionally? “I hate you? I feel sorry for you? I adore you? I find you repulsive? I want your body?” Should you sing the line sweetly, lovingly, bemusedly, teasingly, thoughtfully, seductively, provocatively, sarcastically, ferociously, tauntingly, disgustedly, or angrily? How can you know?
The South in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon Initiation, Healing, and Home
Authors: Lee Catherine Carr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Song of solomon, Toni Morrison’s third novel in an increasingly varied and rich body of work, is a remarkable narrative. The novel’s power lies not only in its recovery and representation of African American experience in the mid-twentieth century but also in Morrison’s insistence on the necessity of healing her broken, alienated protagonist, Milkman Dead. Central to both his maturation and his healing is Milkman’s recognition that the cultural past of the African-American South continues to create his twentieth-century present in ways that are not con straining but liberating. Critics have typically understood Milk man’s growth and his healing in the context of the mythic quest or the classic initiation story.1 To be sure, Morrison’s novel reflects archetypal initiation patterns found throughout Western literature, as Milkman follows a quest, first for gold, then for knowledge about his ancestors.
Evolution of Tailed Phages: Insights from Comparative Phage Genomics
Authors: Brüssow Harald , Desiere Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many phage researchers believe that phages are as old as their bacterial hosts. If this hypothesis is true, then we have to postulate elements of vertical evolution for phages. In view of the postulated antiquity of these relationships we might not expect sequence similarities between more distantly related phages. Comparative phage genomics can reveal DNA sequence, protein sequence, or gene map similarities in the absence of sequence similarities between increasingly diverged phages. For even more distant relationships, data from structural biology can be informative. Recent genomics-based ideas on phage evolution are dominated by two interpretations. In one view all doublestranded DNA tailed phage genomes are mosaics with access, by horizontal exchange, to a large common genetic pool, but in which access to the gene pool is not uniform for all phages (22). In this hypothesis horizontal gene transfer dominates over vertical evolution. In fact, it is in some way an updated version of the classical modular theory of phage evolution developed 30 years ago on the basis of heteroduplex mapping with lambdoid coliphages (2, 7). Other investigators studying phages from dairy bacteria observed strong elements of vertical evolution in the structural gene cluster of phages that were not erased by horizontal gene transfer events (5). The two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive since they only set a different balance for horizontal and vertical elements in phage evolution. In the following we will present the basic observations leading to the two hypotheses, search for a synthesis of both concepts, and challenge this unifying view with recent phage sequence data.
Bacteriophage λ and its Genetic Neighborhood
Authors: Hendrix RogerW , Casjens Sherwood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A P4 virion is made of a linear, double-stranded, cohesiveended DNA molecule 11.6 kb long that is encapsidated into a tailed, icosahedral protein head (figure 26-1). The genome organization of P4 is diagrammed in figure 26-3A and the known genes and sites are detailed in table 26-1. Upon infection of the E. coli host, P4 DNA circularizes through its cohesive ends. The genetic vegetative map of P4 is circular (8, 27) and reflects the physical structure of the replicating DNA molecule, whereas the integrated prophage genome is a circular permutation of the mature DNA (17a). All the functions required for lysogenic, lytic, and plasmid development are located in the right 80% of the genome and include the origin of replication, ori1 (63), the two main a and sid operons which are transcribed divergently from the ori1 site (26, 30, 50), the prophage integration att site (17a, 78), and the int (integrase) gene in a monocistronic operon located to the left of att.As in many episomal elements, a ‘‘nonessential region’’ that carries functions not related to the P4 life cycle (gop, b, cII; table 26-1) is found adjacent to the att^int integration module (17a, 41). These genes, organized in the two constitutively expressed operons to the left of att^int, may be deleted without affecting lysogenic, lytic, or plasmid development (41, 58).
N15: The Linear Plasmid Prophage
Authors: Ravin Nikolai V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temperate bacteriophage N15 is unique amongEscherichia coliphages in that its prophage is not integratedinto the bacterial chromosome but instead is a linearplasmid molecule with covalently closed ends. Linear plasmidsare very unusual in the Enterobacteria and only twoothers have been reported: phiKO2 in Klebsiella oxytoca(4, 43) and pY54 inYersinia enterocolitica (16). However, suchreplicons are common in the spirochete genus, Borrelia (1).Here I will summarize the most relevant work on phage N15with a special emphasis on the mechanism of replication,telomere formation, and control of lysogeny. Bacteriophage N15 was isolated by Victor Ravin in 1964and was initially studied in Moscow, Russia (13, 33^36, 38,39). N15 belongs to the lambdoid phage family, as suggestedon the basis of cross-hybridization of their DNAs (39), and issimilar to phage λ with respect to the length of the genome,morphology of phage particles and plaques, burst size, latent period, and lysogenization frequency (34) (for moreon lambdoid phages, see chapter 27).
September 27 Gore Vidal’s The Best Man
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gore Vidal’s 1960 political drama The Best Man-or Gore Vidal’s The Best Man, as it was officially retitled for the occasion - is a rather boxy, old-fashioned play. However, it is well crafted and well written, and in its best moments it makes for crackling entertainment. On the page, but not onstage. At least, not on the stage of the Virginia Theatre. Vidal’s point of departure was Henry James’s novel The Tragic Muse, in which the main characters start at far extremities, cross, and end in opposite positions. “Take a man of exemplary private life, yet monstrous public life;’ explained Vidal back in 1960, “and contrast him to a man of ‘immoral’ private life and exemplary public life.... Make the two men politicians, perhaps fighting one another for the Presidency.
November 15 The Rocky Horror Show
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadway underwent a considerable change when Hair opened at the Biltmore Theatre on April 29, 1968. Here, in a bona fide Broadway playhouse, was an attraction very much unlike anything ever seen on Broadway before. Not simply because it was antiwar; or because it was rock-oriented; or because it featured-gasp!-fullfrontal nudity; or because it advocated illegal drug use and intragender, interracial sexual freedom; or because it desecrated the American flag. Simply put, it was a show on Broadway-that most traditional of places -that specifically sought an audience of people who at the time wouldn’t have been caught dead in a Broadway theatre.
February 8 A Connecticut Yankee
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart made their name in May 1925 with the fresh-as-spring revue The Garrick Gaities, which introduced their first song hit, “Manhattan:’ The boys quickly got to work, writing nine full scores in only two and a half years. Times, methinks, have changed. The early work of Rodgers and Hart-most of it in collaboration with longtime friend Herbert Fields as librettist-was typically breezy, lighthearted fun; “collegiate” is how the shows were often described. The ninth show, which opened in November 1927, was their biggest hit to date: a rollicking musicalization of Mark Twain’s 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. (While Mark Twain sounds ancient to us, at that time the novel was only thirty-eight years old. That’s only a little more ancient than the source material for this season’s The Producers.)
March 11 A Class Act
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Manhattan Theatre Club’s last Broadway hit prior to the 2000-2001 season, as previously related on these pages, had been Love! Valour! Compassion! Terrence McNally’s 1994 play, in fact, had been their only Broadway success of the decade. Things changed -and how-with thestart of the 2000-2001 season. David Auburn’s Proof opened on October 24, 2000, followed by Charles Busch’s The Tale of the Allergist’s Wife on November 2. These two transfers from MTC’s spring 2000 season got the Broadway year off to a happy and healthy start, with both of them recouping their costs within three months (on the way to substantial profits). A third MTC offering, A Class Act, transferred to the Ambassador on March 11, 2001, with a fourththeir coproduction of August Wilson’s King Hedley II-en route to a May 1 opening.
April 1 Stones in His Pockets
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The filming of a Hollywood blockbuster, as seen through the eyes of two extras on location in a provincial Irish village; fifteen characters performed by a cast of two. Stones in His Pockets sounded like it had to be pretty good, or pretty bad. The Irish actors were unknown in America, and the author was unknown, and the director was unknown (except to his wife, the author); still, the show managed to grab a Forty-fifth Street house in the midst of a severe booking jam. So Stones in His Pockets sounded like it had to be pretty good.
April 30 George Gershwin Alone
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Gershwin Alone presented a fellow named Hershey Felder playing, singing, and speaking the work and life of George Gershwin from the stage of the Helen Hayes Theatre. When Gershwin himself went on the road in 1934, he was canny enough not to go alone; he took along a conductor (Charles Previn, Andre’s uncle), a thirty-piece band, and tenor James Melton singing cowboy ballads to boot. George, surely, would not have played and sung and talked for eighty minutes straight. (That is, he wouldn’t have done it onstage; in someone’s living room he could go on for hours.) To some, this might imply that Felder alone was better than Gershwin alone. At any rate, Felder’s act was a lot more economical.
“Betcha by Golly, Wow” (1970-1971)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Kenny Gamble And Leon Huff Continued To Struggle With their own record labels, Thom Bell experienced problems of his own. The bloom was coming off the rose as far as his affiliation with the Delfonics was concerned. The group’s second album, released early in 1969, proved disappointing, in both sound and sales. The Sound of Sexy Soul, which was recorded at Cameo-Parkway, had to compete with the fuller-sounding arrangements that were now coming out of Sigma Sound and, as a result, sounded flat and outdated even before it was released. The album’s lone single, “Ready or Not (Here I Come),” barely made Billboard’s Top 40. Bell rushed the Delfonics into Sigma to cut a new single, the up-tempo “Funny Feeling.” But when that song fared even worse than did its predecessor, Bell decided to shake things up. Reverting to the familiar relaxed tempo of “La-La Means I Love You,” he employed a new vocal pattern for the Delfonics, in which Wilbert Hart’s baritone was heard first before it gave way to Poogie’s familiar tenor. In addition, “You Got Yours and I’ll Get Mine” utilized stronger background vocals than did its predecessors. The song cracked the Top 40 that fall, but Bell, who was also working with Gamble and Huff, was preoccupied with Jerry Butler’s forthcoming Ice on Ice album and Archie Bell’s There’s Gonna Be a Showdown album. Furthermore, Bell and Bobby Martin were now involved in arranging and producing a local Philadelphia soul trio called the Intrigues (who scored a hit that summer with the falsetto-led ballad “In a Moment”). Consequently, no album of new Delfonics material emerged in 1969.
Love, Need and Want You” (1983-2001)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philadelphia International Records, after being cut loose by CBS in 1983, was only a shell of what it once had been. The company’s stable of recording artists was depleted and its offices at 309 South Broad Street were shuttered. Philadelphia International was able to keep its profile in the music marketplace by releasing several “best of” albums (by the O’Jays, Teddy Pendergrass, and Lou Rawls) and a handful of compilation albums (Dance Classics, Philly Ballads, et al.). While Gamble and Huff viewed Philadelphia International’s neardormant state as temporary, some fundamental roadblocks stood in the way of any comeback.
“Even Homais Nods”: Nabokov’s Fallibility; or, How to Revise Lolita
Authors: Boyd Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But Coleridge more than once talked of having often dismissed as a fault in Shakespeare what he later saw as a “beauty.” Just as Victor knew what he was doing in choosing this impossible seacoast-and this is probably Nabokov’s particular point-so did Shakespeare in stressing the coast of Bohemia, since it would be hard to find a more landlocked region in Europe. Shakespeare rewrote geography in order to emphasize the fantastic nature of his plot-as he did in choosing The Winter’s Tale for a title and in all the expressions of incredulity at the play’s close-just as for instance he chose to violate history for other ends by fusing classical Rome and Re naissance Italy in Cymbeline.
The Clinical Science Of Neurologic Rehabilitation
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Edition of this single-authored volume integrates multiple disciplines of basic and clinical research to help clinicians further develop the best possible care for the rehabilitation of patients with neurologic diseases. From the readable descriptions of the structures and functions of pathways for movement and cognition, the reader comes to understand the potential for training induced, pharmacologic, and near-future biologic interventions to enhance recovery. Dr. Dobkin shows how functional neuroimaging serves as a marker for whether physical, cognitive, and neuromodulating therapies work and how they sculpt the plasticity of the brain. Themes, such as how the manipulation of sensory experience can serve as a formidable tool for rehabilitation, run throughout the text, built from the level of the synapse to behaviors such as grasping, walking, and thinking. From illustrating how we may one day repair the brain and spinal cord to how to retrain spared and new pathways, Dr. Dobkin draws insights from a broad swath of fundamental research to give clinicians tools they can translate into bedside practices. The book treats the medical complications and therapeutic approaches to neurologic diseases as an interconnected matrix. The management of common medical issues, impairments, and disabilities are described across diseases. Special problems posed by patients with stroke, myelopathies, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, degenerative diseases, and motor unit disorders receive individual comment. Short-term and delayed pulse interventions for patients, along with clinical trials, are dissected and put into perspective. The First Edition of this book was titled Neurologic Rehabilitation. The title has been changed to reflect Dr. Dobkin’s sense that fundamental research now drives the field of neurologic rehabilitation even more than it could in 1996 when the First Edition was published. The Second Edition features entirely new chapters on functional neuroimaging of recovery; neurostimulators and neuroprosteses; integration into the book of many new clinical and neuroscientific observations relevant to the clinician; and extensive updating and expansion of all chapters. Readers, whether clinicians serving the rehabilitation team, or students or researchers in neuroscience, neurology, physical medicine, allied health, or bioengineering, will acquire new insights and tools for creative pursuits that aim to lessen the disabilities of patients.
Streptomyces in Nature and Medicine
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an insider's account of 50 years of genetic studies of the soil-inhabiting microbes that produce most of the antibiotics used to treat infections, as well as anti-cancer, anti-parasitic and immunosuppressant drugs. The book begins by describing how these microbes - the actinomycetes - were discovered in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but remained a 'Cinderella' group until, in the 1940s, they shot to prominence with the discovery of streptomycin, the first effective treatment for tuberculosis and only the second antibiotic after penicillin to become a medical marvel. There followed a massive effort over several decades to find further treatments for infectious diseases and cancer, tempered by the rise of antibiotic resistance consequent on antibiotic misuse and over-use. The book goes on to describe the discovery of gene exchange in the actinomycetes in the context of the rise of microbial genetics in the mid-20th century, leading to determination of the complete DNA sequence of a model member of the group at the turn of the millennium. There follow chapters in which the intricate molecular machinery that adapts the organisms' metabolism and development to life in the soil, including antibiotic production, is illuminated by the DNA blueprint. Then comes an up-to-the minute account of the use of genetic engineering to make novel, hybrid antibiotics and a topical description of techniques to learn the roles of the thousands of genes in a genome sequence, throwing a powerful light on the biology of the organisms and their harnessing for increasing antibiotic prductivity. In the final chapter we return to the mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, the first actinomycetes to be discovered, and how methodology, in part derived from the study of the streptomycetes, is being applied to understand and control these still deadly pathogens.
Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of three potent actinomycete antibiotics in as many years made these microbes a happy hunting ground for further valuable drugs to fight human infections. Only streptomycin was nontoxic enough for medical use, but odds of one in three was still a good bet. After streptomycin’s success, Waksman’s group therefore continued isolating and screening actinomycetes, finding a dozen more antibiotics over the next 10 years. They were not alone. Pharmaceutical companies had taken up the challenge of developing efficient methods for making penicillin and streptomycin in the 1940s, but they were not at first looking for new antibiotics themselves. All this changed in the latter part of the decade, as almost all the big American companies started their own screening pro- grams. So did companies in other countries, as well as academic groups, especially in Japan. Through all this activity, many new antibiotics were identified in the 20 years from the late 1940s to the late 1960s, mostly from the actinomycetes. Enough of the compounds became successful drugs that the industry burgeoned. The rate of antibiotic discovery then declined sharply, so these productive years came to be called the Golden Age (Figure 2.1). Its legacy was a revolution in the treatment of infectious disease. Most bacterial pathogens were brought under control, but mushrooming antibiotic use also led to a dramatic rise in antibiotic resistance as the disease-causing bacteria fought back. It became clear that antibiotic discovery was not going to be a once-and-for-all activity to vanquish the pathogens, but an ongoing quest to find new treatments for old infections.
Bacteria That Develop
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonies of rod-shaped or spherical bacteria, such as Escherichia coli or a Staphylococcus, consist of piles of similar-looking cells. Streptomyces colonies (Figure 6.1) are much more complicated, both morphologically and physiologically. In a slice through a colony (Color Plate 5), young foraging mycelium can be seen at the margins, mature vegetative mycelium in the middle, and aerial hyphae giving rise to spores at the top. It is only in the central region of the colony that an antibiotic, the red pigment, is being produced; the other parts lack pigment. The different regions can be described as different tissues, and this is very unusual for a bacterium.