bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Weight of Evidence Approach to Characterize Sediment Quality Using Laboratory and Field Assays: An Example forSpanish Coasts
Authors: DelValls T. A. , Casado‐Martínez M. C. , Riba I. , Martín‐Díaz M. L. , Blasco J. M. , Fernández N. Buceta 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDuring recent years, different initiatives have been carried out to use multiple lines of evidence with the aim to assess sediment quality in aquatic ecosystems. One of the most useful and widely used methods was the design and application of integrative assessments to establish sediment quality (1). These methods comprise the synoptic use of different methodologies such as chemical analysis in sediments to establish contamination, in sediment toxicity to address the biological effects under laboratory conditions, chemical residue analyses in organism tissues to determine the bioavailability of the contaminants, and the structure of the benthic community or the histopathological lesions in resident organisms to determine the biological effects under field conditions (1, 2). One of these integrative assessments widely used in the studies of sediment quality is the Sediment Quality Triad that was used synoptically for the first time in Spain and in Europe in the early 1990s (3, 4). This method also permits using convenient statistical tools to derive sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), which can be used to derive concentrations associated and not associated with the biological effect in the overlapping area of the different lines of evidences (Fig. 1).
Amphipod Sediment Toxicity Tests
Authors: Cesar Augusto , Martínez Maria Del Carmen Casado , López Inmaculada Riba , Casillas Tomás Ángel Del Valls 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the amphipod solid‐phase toxicity test is to determine if test sediment samples reduce survival (growth, reproduction, etc.) of exposed organisms relative to that of organisms exposed to control and reference sediment. Test results are reported as treatment (station) or combination of treatments (sites or chemicals) that produce statistically significant reduced survival (growth, reproduction, etc.) from control or reference sediments.Sediment amphipod tests (3) can be used to (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate interactions among contaminants, (3) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazards of dredged material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing or chemical approval, (7) rank areas for clean up, and (8) set cleanup goals and estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices.
E

h
Authors: Gao Suduan , Tanji Kenneth K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Redox potential (
E
h
) is an intensity measure of the reducing or oxidizing conditions in a system and reflects the tendency of ions or molecules in a solution to donate or accept electrons. It is an easily measured parameter to evaluate water chemistry. However, there is a large discrepancy between theoretical definition and measured
E
h
values, leading to difficulties in correlating the measured
E
h
with specific redox reactions or redox species in water. This is mainly because redox systems in natural environments are seldom at equilibrium, in addition to the presence of multiple redox components and many redox species are not electroactive. Thus,
E
h
measurement only gives a qualitative indication of the electron richness or poorness of a system. If handled carefully by following proper procedures,
E
h
data can indicate the progress of a system toward reduction or oxidation, delineate redox gradients in a stratified system, and assist in further determination of redox reactions. A review and summary of theoretical predictions, measurement, and the applications of
E
h
in aqueous chemistry are presented.
The Submitochondrial Particle Assay as a Biological Monitoring Tool
Authors: Doherty Francis G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
While studies assessing the toxicity of environmental contaminants to aquatic organisms date back to the early 1900s, the use of toxicity testing as a tool for monitoring the environmental acceptability of discharges from wastewater treatment and manufacturing facilities to surface waters (i.e., rivers, lakes, and oceans) did not begin to evolve until the 1970s. One of the primary motivating factors behind the development of biological monitoring, or biomonitoring, was the manufacture of exponentially increasing numbers of new chemicals for which analytical procedures were generally lacking. Biomonitoring was viewed as an approach to detect the presence of potentially toxic chemicals in facility discharges without necessarily having to identify the contaminants at that stage of the assessment. Additional advantages included the reduced expense associated with biologically testing significantly greater numbers of samples in comparison with analytical procedures. This approach also focused on only biologically available forms of the chemicals in solution reflecting any interactive effects (synergistic or antagonistic) that might be occurring among contaminants within a complex sample.
Genomic Technologies in Biomonitoring
Authors: Carvan Michael J. , Rise Matthew L. , Klaper Rebecca D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiological monitoring, or biomonitoring, is defined as using measurements of the resident biota in surface waters to evaluate the condition of the aquatic environment (1). In part, biological monitoring in the United States is designed to satisfy the goals of the Clean Water Act, which aims to protect wildlife in and on the water and eliminate discharge in toxic amounts into navigable water. Biomonitoring has inherent advantages over simply measuring the presence or concentration of a particular stressor or toxin due to the fact that organisms represent an integrated response to factors in their environment over time. Biomonitoring in aquatic habitats traditionally involved measuring the diversity within the community of macroinvertebrates, fish, or periphyton using species diversity, composition with respect to functional groups, or genetic diversity (2). Community indices have inherent problems. For example, streams can include a large spatial variance that is not correlated with problems in habitat. In addition, sampling effort can affect diversity measurements, resulting in an increase in the number of species sampled with longer or more frequent sampling times (3). Identification of species is time consuming and can increase the costs associated with these types of measurements due to personnel‐hours required (4).As one alternative, measurement of the concentration of chemicals has been used as a surrogate for biological criteria. These chemical water quality criteria (TMDL or total maximum daily load) have been developed by determining concentrations of compounds that cause acute toxicity to standard test organisms.
Iron Bacteria
Authors: Li Baikun 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTwo types of iron bacteria (iron‐oxidizing bacteria and iron‐reducing bacteria) are described in this article. Iron‐oxidizing bacteria get energy through the oxidation of ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) in aerobic condition, which can cause undesirable odors, tastes, and corrosion in well systems and water distribution systems. Moreover, they are the major role in the formation of acid mine drainage, which finally leads to acid creeks in mining regions. Iron‐reducing bacteria convert ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) under anoxic condition with the presence of organic compounds as electron donor, which makes them environmentally significant because they can degrade organic contaminant in ferric‐rich aquifers. Some iron‐reducing bacteria (e.g.,Geobacter) can directly transfer electrons through the cell membrane on to the surface of electrodes, which has made it possible to design novel microbial fuel cells that can efficiently convert waste organic matter to electricity. Besides the environmental significance of iron‐oxidizing bacteria and iron‐reducing bacteria, the chemical and mechanical solutions for iron bacteria in water distribution systems are proposed in this article.
Heavy Metal Uptake Rates Among Sediment Dwelling Organisms
Authors: Vink Jos P.M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWhen exposed to several undisturbed water/sediment systems, sediment dwellers such as the oligochaeteLimnodrilusand the mosquito larvaeChironomusshow different accumulation patterns of heavy metals. Uptake rates differ according to time‐dependent exposure concentrations, expressed as chemical speciation in the surface water and sediment compartment. Concentrations of free metal ions in the overlying surface water, rather than in sediment pore water, proved to be the best predictor for uptake in biota.
Luminescent Bacterial Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Toxicants
Authors: Davoren Maria B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThere is an increasing demand for sensitive and user‐friendly biological assays for the rapid and cost effective assessment of environmental contaminants in soil, sediment, and water ecosystems. Luminescent bacterial biosensors have emerged as promising tools in environmental monitoring for the sensitive and specific quantification of both toxicity and bioavailability. The naturally luminescent marine bacteriumVibrio fischerihas been extensively employed to assess the toxicity of a wide range of pollutants. In addition, recent advances in reporter gene technology have led to the development of many luminescent‐marked bacterial biosensors. Some of the bacterial biosensors that have been constructed are used for general toxicity testing, as they constitutively express luminescence and respond to toxicants in a “lights off” manner. Another class of biosensors have been developed which react to toxicants in a “lights on” manner, where light production is induced by bioavailable concentrations of toxicants. These microbial biosensors offer a powerful new approach to environmental monitoring, providing an indication of the bioavailabilty of specific pollutants in complex environments, rather than the total concentration obtained by traditional analytical techniques. Here the focus is on the use of both natural and genetically engineered luminescent bacterial biosensors for the assessment of toxicity and bioavailability.
Methemoglobinemia
Authors: Shindler Daniel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMethemoglobinemia is a disorder of the oxygen‐carrying hemoglobin in red blood cells. One cause of methemoglobinemia is contaminated well water. There are also many non‐water related causes. Individuals are particularly susceptible to the development of methemoglobinemia during early infancy and during pregnancy. Exposure to certain foods, drugs, and chemicals may cause methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia can also occur in the absence of environmental exposure as part of several inherited disorders.Methemoglobinemia is potentially lethal if it is left undiagnosed. Transient blue or grayish skin discoloration of an infant may be mistakenly dismissed as being because of changes in temperature. Familiarity with methemoglobinemia and a high index of suspicion by the physician are potentially lifesaving. As soon as the diagnosis of methemoglobinemia is suspected, a blood methemoglobin level should be measured to confirm the diagnosis. When methemoglobin levels are greater than 30%, patients are given intravenous methylene blue. In cases of environmental exposure, such as contaminated well water, it is equally important to identify the excess nitrate source and to prevent repeat exposure to it by the susceptible individual.
Microbial Activities Management
Authors: Franzmann Peter D. , Zappia Luke R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMicrobial activity in water distribution systems affects the health compliance and aesthetics of the distributed water. Control of microbial activity in distribution systems is never complete, but it can be sufficiently achieved by limiting microbial energy and food sources (i.e., by removing as much AOC, BDOC, DOC, ammonia, reduced metals, and reduced sulfur compounds as is possible), in most cases by maintaining a reasonable residual disinfectant in the distributed water, and by careful selection and maintenance of distribution infrastructure. Water utilities have many treatment and disinfection choices for the control of microbial activity in distribution systems, and those choices will be guided by the quality of the waters they receive, their geography, the retention time of water in the system, and the expectations of the community. The choices must be guided by analysis of the performance of treatment methods through extensive testing and optimization.
Microbial Forms in Biofouling Events
Authors: Li Baikun 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiofouling is the result of the accumulation of inorganic and organic particulate matters along with the growth of various microorganisms on a surface. It has led to many undesirable problems in industry, medical transplant, and water distribution pipelines. The major advantages of bacterial adhesion for microbial survival are that microorganisms growing inside biofilm are much less susceptible to antimicrobial agents than are their planktonic counterparts, and the microbial adhesion to solid surface can enhance the possibility of accessing nutrients in an aqueous environment. This article describes the microorganisms' forms in biofouling formation, including different phenomena of microbial attachment to surfaces. Moreover, the competition and syntrophic correlation among microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, algae) in biofouling events are explored. Two important examples of biofouling in water industry (cooling tower and membrane water treatment system) are discussed with respect to microbial phases in biofouling layers. Finally, different types of biocides for biofouling control are introduced and compared.
Microplate Toxicity Tests with Microalgae
Authors: Cheung K.C. , Wong M.H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlgae are the dominant primary producers in the aquatic food chain. Disruptions to this production base would probably cause effects at higher trophic levels. Algal growth inhibition tests have been developed to apply in the field of ecotoxicological test. Many researchers optimized the procedure and performed the test in microscales using cuvettes, scintillation tubes, or microplates. The algal microplate technique has conferred a number of advantages over the classical flask test. Some of the principal advantages of microbiotests are reliability, low or no maintenance, rapid, space saving and minimization of equipment requirements. This review summarizes the major types of microplate procedures described in the literatures and the major experimental factors of importance linked to microplate assays. It indicated that the toxicity data was presented in numerous ways such as the different exposure times, temperatures, light intensity and nutrients that makes a direct comparison of the data difficult. The method standardization is needed to achieve comparable data.
Metal Ion Humic Colloid Interaction
Authors: Geckeis Horst 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNatural organic matter dissolved in natural water, such as humic and fulvic acids, is known to strongly interact with the polyvalent metal ions by complexation, colloid formation, and redox reactions. Aqueous speciation and thus bioavailability and mobility are significantly dominated by metal–humic/fulvic acid interaction. In order to study the impact of humic/fulvic acid on metal ion speciation, a broad variety of analytical methods are available. They range from physicochemical separation of complexed and noncomplexed species up to sophisticated spectroscopic methods, such as X‐ray spectroscopy, that allow insight into the coordination environment of humic/fulvic acid bound metal ions and the structure of those compounds. Based on available knowledge, geochemical models have been developed in order to predict metal ion speciation in humic/fulvic acid containing natural water. Still a matter of current research is the partly pronounced kinetic stability of humic/fulvic acid bound trace metal species. Very strongly delayed metal ion dissociation from humic colloids under natural groundwater conditions may have some impact on the assessment of humic colloid relevance on the transport of toxic metal ions such as nuclear waste derived radionuclides.
Background Concentration of Pollutants
Authors: Gonçalves Mário Abel 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Determining background concentration of pollutants in surface and groundwaters is a particularly difficult task, but a most important one because of the definition of water quality standards. The major difficulty resides in the dynamic nature of pollutant dispersion and persistence in water systems and its individual characteristics, thus making it sometimes hard to distinguish between contaminated and uncontaminated samples based in one or a limited number of elements. The factors that determine the water chemistry are briefly discussed with some relevant examples, because it is essential to understand global water chemistry. A distinction between background concentration of inorganic and organic pollutants is made, which is because the former can have both natural and anthropogenic derived sources, whereas the latter are exclusively because of anthropogenic activities. In either case, determining background concentrations requires a representative set of water samples unaffected by factors that can change an element's concentration considerably in that system. These samples should preferably be taken in the same area, or at least in similar geological contexts. When this is not achieved satisfactorily, the use of probability plots or geostatistical methods, such as factorial kriging, may be possible solutions to the problem.
Interest in the Use of an Electronic Nose for Field Monitoring of Odors in the Environment
Authors: Nicolas Jacques 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn electronic nose is a promising technique for field monitoring of malodors in the environment. It is based on an array of nonspecific gas sensors coupled with some form of mathematical data processing method to analyze global response patterns. Some applications concerning the control of water quality are reported in the literature. They often imply the generation of a headspace gas above liquid samples, but they also concern the odor emitted in the air from wastewater.The typical needs of the final user require both qualitative and quantitative approaches, that is, both discriminating between slight variations in complex gas mixtures and monitoring a global odor signal that can be correlated with classical characterization variables of water or air quality.Although potential applications in odor assessment by electronic noses are numerous, a number of challenges still need to be overcome: understanding and controlling the impact of environmental parameters (such as temperature and humidity), improving sensor sensitivity and noise reduction, and developing calibration procedures to account for sensor drift. The present limitations of electronic nose technology restrict its use in the environment to odor monitoring in the surroundings of the emission by instruments specifically designed for the application.
Biomarkers, Bioindicators, and theTrondheim Biomonitoring System
Authors: Triebskorn Rita 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe state of the art of biomarker/bioindicator research in aquatic ecosystems is reviewed. In addition to a theoretical overview, practical examples are given for two biomonitoring attempts (the Trondheim biomonitoring system and the VALIMAR project), which included biomarker/bioindicator applications referring to different levels of biological organization (e.g., physiological biomarkers, histological and ultrastructural diagnoses, or stress protein analyses). In order to answer the question of whether biomarker responses are relevant for effects at higher biological levels (i.e., populations or ecosystems), experimental and theoretical approaches based on the weight of evidence are presented. The suitability of biomarker/bioindicator application to assess environmental pollution in aquatic ecosystems is discussed.
Protozoa in Water
Authors: Bean Christine L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractProtozoa are eukaryotic unicellular animals that possess membrane‐bound genetic material and other cellular organelles that carry out various life functions (1). They are colorless and lack cell walls. These motile Eukarya obtain food by ingesting other organisms or organic particles. The uptake of these macromolecules occurs by a process called pinocytosis (2), whereby fluid is sucked into a channel formed by cell membrane invagination and enclosing the fluid within a membrane‐bound vacuole. Particulate matter such as bacteria may also be ingested by phagocytosis.Protozoa may be found in a variety of freshwater and marine habitats and in soil.
Quality of Water in Storage
Authors: Chaves Paulo , Kojiri Toshiharu 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In the last few decades, many of world's lakes and reservoirs used for water storage have suffered from poor water quality, mainly caused by human activities within the watersheds and inefficient operation. Although a variety of techniques exist to improve water quality in storage, most are either very costly or not sustainable. One efficient method is by taking advantage of the close relationship between quality and quantity of water to better manage stored volumes to yield optimal benefits for water use while at the same time improving its quality. This article presents the main sources of impact on the quality of water in storage and discusses the main issues related to the evaluation of water quality and water uses. Then, the relationship between quantity and quality of water in storage are explained showing the potential influence to water management. Finally, all these topics are combined within the storage management and operation framework when water quality is considered.
Quality of Water Supplies
Authors: Wang Xinhao , Mitsova‐Boneva Diana 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWater is an excellent solvent that can dissolve many elements. The amount of each element affects water quality, reflected in the chemical, physical, or biological condition of water. Therefore, water quality is often measured with what is contained in water, such as dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, pesticides, metals, oils, minerals, and nutrients. Pathogenic bacteria might affect human and animal health and so they are often measured. Physical conditions are another set of water quality measurement, such as water temperature, water color, and turbidity. Water quality also can be assessed with biological indicators, which measure the type and diversity of fish, macroinvertebrate species, and plants.Some uses of water for industrial activities, such as mining, cooling water supply, washing, fire protection, or oil well repressurization, may not depend on water quality.