bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network topology facilitates internet traffic control in autocracies
Authors: Keremoğlu Eda , Weidmann Nils B , Gamero-Garrido Alexander , Carisimo Esteban , Dainotti Alberto , Snoeren Alex C 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase in governmental interference in digital communication. Most research on this topic has focused on the application level, studying how content is manipulated or removed on websites, blogs, or social media. However, in order for governments to obtain and maintain control of digital data flows, they need to secure access to the network infrastructure at the level of Internet service providers. In this paper, we study how the network topology of the Internet varies across different political environments, distinguishing between control at the level of individual Internet users (access) and a higher level in the hierarchy of network carriers (transit). Using a novel method to estimate the structure of the Internet from network measurements, we show that in autocratic countries, state-owned (rather than privately owned) providers have a markedly higher degree of control over transit networks. We also show that state-owned Internet providers often provide Internet access abroad, with a clear focus on other autocratic countries. Together, these results suggest that in autocracies, the network infrastructure is organized in a way that is more susceptible to the monitoring and manipulation of Internet data flows by state-owned providers both domestically and abroad.
Geometry for low-inertia aerosol capture: Lessons from fog-basking beetles
Authors: Shahrokhian Aida , Chan Fan Kiat , Feng Jiansheng , Gazzola Mattia , King Hunter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Water in the form of windborne fog droplets supports life in many coastal arid regions, where natural selection has driven nontrivial physical adaptation toward its separation and collection. For two species of Namib desert beetle whose body geometry makes for a poor filter, subtle modifications in shape and texture have been previously associated with improved performance by facilitating water drainage from its collecting surface. However, little is known about the relevance of these modifications to the flow physics that underlies droplets’ impaction in the first place. We find, through coupled experiments and simulations, that such alterations can produce large relative gains in water collection by encouraging droplets to “slip” toward targets at the millimetric scale, and by disrupting boundary and lubrication layer effects at the microscopic scale. Our results offer a lesson in biological fog collection and design principles for controlling particle separation beyond the specific case of fog-basking beetles.
Hippocampal replay sequence governed by spontaneous brain-wide dynamics
Authors: Yang Yifan , Leopold David A , Duyn Jeff H , Liu Xiao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Neurons in the hippocampus exhibit spontaneous spiking activity during rest that appears to recapitulate previously experienced events. While this replay activity is frequently linked to memory consolidation and learning, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Recent large-scale neural recordings in mice have demonstrated that resting-state spontaneous activity is expressed as quasi-periodic cascades of spiking activity that pervade the forebrain, with each cascade engaging a high proportion of recorded neurons. Hippocampal ripples are known to be coordinated with cortical dynamics; however, less is known about the occurrence of replay activity relative to other brain-wide spontaneous events. Here we analyzed responses across the mouse brain to multiple viewings of natural movies, as well as subsequent patterns of neural activity during rest. We found that hippocampal neurons showed time-selectivity, with individual neurons responding consistently during particular moments of the movie. During rest, the population of time-selective hippocampal neurons showed both forward and time-reversed replay activity that matched the sequence observed in the movie. Importantly, these replay events were strongly time-locked to brain-wide spiking cascades, with forward and time-reversed replay activity associated with distinct cascade types. Thus, intrinsic hippocampal replay activity is temporally structured according to large-scale spontaneous physiology affecting areas throughout the forebrain. These findings shed light on the coordination between hippocampal and cortical circuits thought to be critical for memory consolidation.
Does prior military and/or law enforcement experience influence officer retention? A case study of the Charleston Police Department
Authors: O’Guinn Bradley J , Nader Elias , Goldberg Dannelle , Gibson Anthony 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Police agencies across the country have relied on applicants with prior military and/or law enforcement experience to fill vacancies within their ranks for many years. Despite the strong push to recruit officers with these types of backgrounds, few scholars have tested whether prior military and/or law enforcement experience affects officer tenure within policing. In this study, we use hiring and employment data from the Charleston (SC) Police Department (CPD) to assess whether these highly sought after characteristics influence officer retention. Our analysis revealed that officers with prior military service were significantly more likely to leave the agency, and tended to do so about 20 months sooner, than officers who did not serve in the military. Prior law enforcement experience was unrelated to officer separation but had a significant impact on the length of time officers remained with the agency. These findings suggest that police agencies must reevaluate current approaches to recruitment and retention. However, more research is needed to determine why certain officers are more likely to resign and how agencies can better address the underlying needs of high-risk officers.
‘The Devil I Know’: Explaining Police Officer Intention to Transfer to Another Department
Authors: Scheer Charles , Downey Ragan A , Rossler Michael T 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Police workforce management has persisted as a major organizational concern. Numerous compelling historical and organizational factors have contributed to smaller numbers of qualified or even interested applicants for police agencies to choose from, and disrupted police career longevity and even police services overall. To address their staffing needs, a growing number of organizations have increasingly shifted their focus to recruiting existing sworn and experienced officers from other departments. While there is increasing concern about officers transferring across organizations, little research has examined officer intentions to move laterally within the police profession, why officers choose to stay or leave, and the implications for staffing. Using theories of cross-organizational turnover from career psychology and a robust sample of more than 600 officers from 8 police agencies, this paper explores the impact of compensation, organizational values, perceptions of supervisors, and career advancement opportunities on officers’ intentions to pursue lateral transfers. Results indicated that compensation had limited influence on intentions to leave and that organizational characteristics exhibited much stronger relationships. Suggestions for keeping officers and assisting recruits in finding their potential organizational fit, impressions of the trajectory of this trend, and implications for theory and practice are offered.
Leaving so soon? An analysis of withdrawal patterns from academy training
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Chatterjee Deepshikha , von Seekamm Kurt , Magalona Joie , Liebler Juli , Alanis Jo M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Retention in policing may be currently viewed as more challenging than ever. One focal point of concern is turnover early in occupational socialization, such as while still in academy training. In this paper, we examine data on withdrawal from Academy training for one state police agency from 1934 to 2022. We address whether there are trends in Academy turnover over time and examine how/if retention is impacted by external factors such as the economic and historical/societal context. We conclude our work with a set of practical implications for considering how external events influence retention during training.
A content analysis of memoranda of understanding between Texas Public School Districts and law enforcement agencies
Authors: Valerio Lacette R , Vaughn Margaret Ashley , Ekren Elizabeth , Barnes Valerie R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Little is known collectively about the contents of school-based law enforcement (SBLE) memoranda of understanding (MOUs), despite emerging evidence they may improve program operation. Using Texas as an exploratory case study, where contracted programs are the most common form of SBLE in K-12 schools, this study conducts a content analysis of all known state SBLE MOUs (289), examining them using 40 provision-derived codes grouped in five topical categories (contract logistics, responsible parties, officer logistics, officer duties, and officer roles). Findings show that most MOUs cover a wide breadth of provisions, but could expand enumerating officer duties and programmatic qualities that literature associates with improved SBLE outcomes, as well as spreading awareness of provisions among stakeholders. The goals of the study are to understand how MOUs define SBLE programs in Texas, provide a foundation for further research examining SBLE program structures and outcomes, and make general recommendations for enhancing SBLE MOUs.
Job crafting: Does it have a role to play in improving well-being in policing?
Authors: Tehrani Noreen , Hesketh Ian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Working in policing can be psychologically challenging in an environment which requires officers and staff to be self-disciplined in adhering to procedural and legal frameworks. These role demands can lead to increased mental health problems. The ability to craft one’s job to personal and career needs and aspirations can reduce stress and burnout. This study aims to identify the level of job crafting and any benefit of job crafting in UK policing. Four thousand six hundred seventy-three police officers and staff completed an online survey as part of a regular psychological surveillance programme. The survey measured anxiety, depression, burnout, and traumatic stress together with a job crafting questionnaire. The results did not find any difference in mental health between officers and staff who used job crafting from those who did not. An analysis of comments provided insight into the role job crafting plays in policing. The evidence on the benefits of job crafting in terms of mental health is mixed. The study highlighted the need for job crafting to be seen in a broader context where an individual’s opportunity for flexibility and autonomy is balanced with their legal and professional obligations and organizational requirements.
Gender differences in Chinese policing: Supervisor support, wellbeing, and turnover intention
Authors: Ha Stephanie V , Sun Ivan Y , Wu Yuning , Chen Yunan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many studies have been conducted over the past few decades to assess gender differences in police officers’ attitudes towards critical aspects of policing. Nonetheless, this line of inquiry has focused predominately on police officers in Western democracies, with limited attention to gender differences in societies where cultural traditions and gender inequalities remain influential in shaping police officers’ occupational attitudes. Using survey data collected from over 1,900 police officers in a northern Chinese province, this study assesses whether female and male officers differ in their attitudes towards supervisor treatment, psychological and physical conditions, and intention to leave the profession. We found that female police officers displayed occupational attitudes that distinguish them from their male counterparts. Contrary to Western evidence, Chinese female officers expressed lower intentions to leave the police profession than male officers. Female officers also reported better wellbeing with lower stress and health concerns than their male counterparts. We also found that supervisors’ procedurally fair treatment and support of technological advancement are associated with lower turnover intention. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Psoas abscess: an uncommon disorder
Authors: Xu Chengan , Zhou Zhewen , Wang Shouhao , Ren Wenya , Yang Xingdi , Chen Hanzhu , Zheng Wei , Yin Qiaoqiao , Pan Hongying 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Psoas abscess (PA) is an uncommon disease that has been increasingly reported in the recent years. We reviewed patients with PA and analyzed their clinical characteristics to improve our understanding of this rare disorder.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentations, microbiology, and outcomes of patients with PA between 2011 and 2022 at the Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital in China.

Results
There were 40 adult patients identified with the discharge diagnosis of PA. The mean age was 60 years, and 67.5% of the patients were male. Primary symptoms were typically nonspecific. In all, 20 abscesses were considered secondary, and the most common was infective spondylitis. The most common causative organism for primary PA was Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Escherichia coli, whereas multiple bacterial species were found in secondary abscesses. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 5%. Patients with secondary PA had a longer hospital stay.

Conclusion
PA, as a serious infectious condition, usually presents with nonspecific symptoms and laboratory test results, making early diagnosis difficult. These profiles differed from those reported in the present study. The initial clinical status and subsequent imaging studies can lead to favorable outcomes.
The Cautionary Account of Supererogation
Authors: Eslami Seyyed Mohsen , Archer Alfred 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The problem of supererogation has attracted significant attention from contemporary moral philosophers. In this paper, we show that this problem was outlined in different terms in the work of the 11th century Persian philosopher Abū Alī Miskawayh. As well as identifying this problem, Miskawayh also developed a unique solution cashed out in terms of virtue ethics that has not yet been considered in the contemporary literature. We will argue that this solution, which is in its general form independent of virtue ethics, provides a plausible explanation of what makes some acts supererogatory and faces two important advantages over the most popular response to the problem of supererogation, The Sacrifice View. Unlike The Sacrifice View, The Cautionary Account can class acts of benevolence that advance the agent's own interests as supererogatory and easily explain why certain acts of sacrifice are neither permissible nor praiseworthy.
‘Just The Facts’: Thick Concepts and Hermeneutical Misfit
Authors: Bell Rowan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Oppressive ideology regularly misrepresents features of structural injustice as normal or appropriate. I argue that resisting such injustice therefore requires critical examination of the evaluative judgments encoded in shared concepts. I diagnose a mechanism of ideological misevaluation, which I call hermeneutical misfit. Hermeneutical misfit occurs when thick concepts, or concepts which both describe and evaluate, mobilise ideologically warped evaluative judgments which do not fit the facts (e.g. slutty). These ill-fitted thick concepts in turn are regularly deployed as if they merely describe (hence ‘just the facts’). I argue that, via this descriptive masquerade, ill-fitted thick concepts smuggle in warped evaluative judgments alongside apparently value-neutral ‘mere facts’, a process which both reinforces those judgments and increases the difficulty of critique. I suggest that, to resist this process, we should develop collective consciousness and articulate ‘meta-hermeneutical resources,’ or thick concepts which encode critique of other, ill-fitted concepts (e.g. slut-shaming).
Single-cell transcriptomic Atlas of aging macaque ocular outflow tissues
Authors: Wu Jian , Wang Chaoye , Sun Shuhui , Ren Tianmin , Pan Lijie , Liu Hongyi , Hou Simeng , Wu Shen , Yan Xuejing , Zhang Jingxue , Zhao Xiaofang , Liu Weihai , Zhu Sirui , Wei Shuwen , Zhang Chi , Jia Xu , Zhang Qi , Yu Ziyu , Zhuo Yehong , Zhao Qi , Yang Chenlong , Wang Ningli 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The progressive degradation in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is related to age-related ocular diseases like primary open-angle glaucoma. However, the molecular basis and biological significance of the aging process in TM have not been fully elucidated. Here, we established a dynamic single-cell transcriptomic landscape of aged macaque TM, wherein we classified the outflow tissue into 12 cell subtypes and identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a prominent feature of TM aging. Furthermore, we divided TM cells into 13 clusters and performed an in-depth analysis on cluster 0, which had the highest aging score and the most significant changes in cell proportions between the two groups. Ultimately, we found that the APOE gene was an important differentially expressed gene in cluster 0 during the aging process, highlighting the close relationship between cell migration and extracellular matrix regulation, and TM function. Our work further demonstrated that silencing the APOE gene could increase migration and reduce apoptosis by releasing the inhibition on the PI3K-AKT pathway and downregulating the expression of extracellular matrix components, thereby increasing the aqueous outflow rate and maintaining intraocular pressure within the normal range. Our work provides valuable insights for future clinical diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
First Study of the PIKACHU Project: Development and Evaluation of High-Purity Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce Crystals for 160Gd Double Beta Decay Search
Authors: Omori Takumi , Iida Takashi , Gando Azusa , Hosokawa Keishi , Kamada Kei , Mizukoshi Keita , Shoji Yasuhiro , Yoshino Masao , Fushimi Ken-Ichi , Suzuki Hisanori , Takahashi Kotaro 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Uncovering neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν2β) is crucial for confirming neutrinos’ Majorana characteristics. The decay rate of 0νββ is theoretically uncertain, influenced by nuclear matrix elements that vary across nuclides. To reduce this uncertainty, precise measurement of the half-life of neutrino-emitting double beta decay (2ν2β) in different nuclides is essential. We have launched the PIKACHU (Pure Inorganic scintillator experiment in KAmioka for CHallenging Underground sciences) project to fabricate high-purity Ce-doped Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GAGG) single crystals and use them to study the double beta decay of 160Gd. Predictions from two theoretical models on nuclear matrix element calculations for 2ν2β in 160Gd show a significant discrepancy in estimated half-lives, differing by approximately an order of magnitude. If the lower half-life estimation holds true, detecting 2ν2β in 160Gd could be achievable with a sensitivity enhancement slightly more than an order of magnitude compared to prior investigations using Ce-doped Gd2SiO5 (GSO) crystal. We have successfully developed GAGG crystals with purity levels surpassing previous standards through refined purification and selection of raw materials. Our experiments with these crystals indicate the feasibility of reaching sensitivities exceeding those of earlier studies. This paper discusses the ongoing development and scintillator performance evaluation of high-purity GAGG crystals, along with the anticipated future prospects of the PIKACHU experiment.
Treatment of Women With Primary Dysmenorrhea With Manual Therapy and Electrotherapy Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: González-Mena Ángela , Leirós-Rodríguez Raquel , Hernandez-Lucas Pablo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of electrotherapy and manual therapy for the treatment of women with primary dysmenorrhea.

Methods
Systematic searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE. The articles must have been published in the last 10 years, had a sample exclusively of women with primary dysmenorrhea, had a randomized controlled trial design, and used interventions that included some form of manual therapy and/or electrotherapy techniques. Two reviewers independently screened articles for eligibility and extracted data. Difference in mean differences and their 95% CIs were calculated as the between-group difference in means divided by the pooled standard deviation. The I2 statistic was used to determine the degree of heterogeneity.

Results
Twelve selected studies evaluated interventions, with 5 evaluating electrotherapy techniques and 7 evaluating manual therapy techniques. All studies analyzed identified improvements in pain intensity and meta-analysis confirmed their strong effect.

Conclusions
Manual therapy and electrotherapy are effective for the treatment of women with primary dysmenorrhea. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation combined with thermotherapy and effleurage massage stands out for its effects on the intensity and duration of pain with the application of a few sessions and their long-term effects.

Impact
Manual therapy techniques and electrotherapy methods reduce the pain intensity of women with primary dysmenorrhea. Quality of life and degree of anxiety improved significantly with manual therapy interventions. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation combined with thermotherapy and effleurage massage are the interventions with which positive effects were achieved with fewer sessions.
Incorporation of age into patient early warning scores significantly improves mortality prediction
Authors: Martín-Conty J L , Castro Villamor M A , Sanz-García A , Polonio-López B , López-Izquierdo R , Sáez Belloso S , Delgado Benito J F , Del Pozo Vegas C , Conty-Serrano R , Eichinger M , Martín-Rodríguez F 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Age is a critical factor for the assessment of patients attended by emergency medical services (EMSs). However, how age modifies early warning scores’ (EWSs) predictive ability should be unveiled.

Aim
To determine how age influences the performance of EWS [National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2), VitalPAC-Early Warning Score (ViEWS), Rapid Acute Physiology Score (RAPS) and modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (mREMS)] to predict 2-day mortality. The secondary objective was to determine the performance of EWSs at different age ranges.

Design
A prospective, observational study performed between November 2019 and July 2023.

Methods
A multicenter, ambulance-based study, considering 38 basic life support units and six advanced life support units referring to four tertiary care hospitals. Eligible patients were adults recruited from among all phone requests for emergency assistance who were later evacuated to emergency departments. The primary outcome was 2-day in-hospital mortality (includes all-cause mortality). The main measures were demographical and vital signs needed for EWS calculation.

Results and discussion
A total of 8028 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 7654 survivors and 374 non-survivors. Among age ranges, the 2-day mortality was 2.8% for the ≤44 years, 3.3% for the 45–64 years, 4.1% for the 65–74 years and 6.7% for the ≥75-year age group. The inclusion of age significantly improved the Area Under the Curve (AUC) in all the scores (P = 0.006 for non-age-adjusted mREMS, P = 0.001 for NEWS2, P = 0.002 for ViEWS, P = 0.028 for RAPS, all compared with their counterparts with age).

Conclusion
Our results demonstrated that the incorporation of age into the EWS improved the performance of the scores. These results will allow the EMS to improve patient management and resource optimization by including an easy-to-obtain variable.