bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angle‐resolved XPS characterization of urea formaldehyde–epoxy systems
Authors: Perruchot Christian , Watts John F. , Lowe Chris , White Richard G. , Cumpson Peter J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA series a coil coating primers, based on high‐molecular‐weight epoxy resins and a urea formaldehyde crosslinking agent, have been investigated by angle‐resolved XPS (ARXPS) analysis. The addition of a low amount of flow agent additive (<0.2 wt.%) in the formulations induced significant changes in the surface composition and the peak‐fitted carbon spectra compared with the reference formulation containing no additive. Characterization of the surface composition of the various coatings at different take‐off angles of analysis, combined with the use of a public domain forward transform routine (ARCtick 1.0 software, from the National Physical Laboratory, UK), allows the determination of the elemental depth profile for each formulation. In addition, changes of the relative intensities of specific components in the peak‐fitted carbon signals allow the determination of chemical depth profiles within the analysis depth of XPS (∼4–5 nm). Elemental and chemical compositions clearly demonstrate a preferential segregation of the flow agent additive towards the air/surface interface of the coating. The thickness of the additive outerlayer was evaluated in the range of 0.5–1.0 nm using the variations of the elemental and carbon chemistry depth profiles, which shows changes in the concentration of the additive. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring clinical trials: issues and controversies regarding confidentiality
Authors: Fleming Thomas R. , Ellenberg Susan , DeMets David L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring phase III clinical trials in life‐threatening disease settings, it is important to ensure that the Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) has exclusive access to the interim efficacy and safety data generated by the data analysis centre, in order to minimize the risk of widespread prejudgement of unreliable trial results based on limited data. This prejudgement could adversely impact rates of patient accrual, continued adherence to trial regimens and ability to obtain unbiased and complete assessment of trial outcome measures. This also could result in publications of early results that might be very inconsistent with final study data on the benefit‐to‐risk profile of the study interventions. Circumstances arise only rarely in which unblinding of interim data beyond the DMC would enhance the ability of the trial to provide reliable results. However, to address the ethical imperative to protect the interests of study participants, the DMC itself should have access to unblinded efficacy and safety results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The European regulatory experience
Authors: Lewis John A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses four methodological topics that have been a regular source of difficulty and debate in European regulatory work. (i) The increasing use of non‐inferiority trials in the development of medicinal products has highlighted several problems. These relate first to the choice of the non‐inferiority margin and secondly to the circumstances under which a non‐inferiority design is or is not appropriate. (ii) The use of meta‐analysis in regulatory applications is still controversial and acceptable uses need to be defined. (iii) Analysis of responders provides a useful insight into the size of treatment benefits but can be misleading, especially when it is impossible to be certain whether or not an individual patient has truly responded to treatment. (iv) The extent of the monitoring of clinical trial procedures and data still distinguishes industry‐sponsored trials from other trials: it is not clear that it should. These questions are all equally important for those involved in clinical trial work outside the arena of pharmaceutical development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The occupational stress and health outcome profiles of clinical directors in child and adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Kirkcaldy B.D. , Siefen G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOver 60 per cent of the Consultant Medical Directors of all 102 German Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry responded to a comprehensive questionnaire to assess specific facets of occupational stress and health outcome (psychological and physical well‐being), as well as individual difference variables (Type A behaviour, Locus of Control, and coping). Compared to other managers (n = 287), the medical professionals tended to exhibit greater job‐related stress, more specifically in terms of workload, managerial role and daily hassles. Conversely, they reported less stress associated with recognition and achievement. There were no differences in terms of Type A behaviour and coping, but medical directors displayed higher levels of internal locus of control. The majority expressed favourable evaluation of working climate. Overall, they were more satisfied with their work and this was most apparent with respect to intrinsic job satisfaction, organizational satisfaction and organizational security. Daily hassles (day to day irritants and aggravations in the workplace) emerged as the single stress determinant of physical and psychological well‐being for the physician group. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating inquiry science and language development for English language learners
Authors: Stoddart Trish , Pinal America , Latzke Marcia , Canaday Dana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe traditional approach to the education of language minority students separates English language development from content instruction because it is assumed that English language proficiency is a prerequisite for subject matter learning. The authors of this article take the alternate view that the integration of inquiry science and language acquisition enhances learning in both domains. The report describes a conceptual framework for science–language integration and the development of a five‐level rubric to assess teachers' understanding of curricular integration. The science–language integration rubric describes the growth of teacher expertise as a continuum from a view of science and language as discreet unrelated domains to the recognition of the superordinate processes that create a synergistic relationship between inquiry science and language development. Examples from teacher interviews are used to illustrate teacher thinking at each level. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 664–687, 2002
Buthionine sulfoximine embryotoxicity is associated with prolonged AP‐1 activation
Authors: Ozolinš Terence R.S. , Harrouk Wafa , Doerksen Tonia , Trasler Jacquetta M. , Hales Barbara F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundMany teratogens induce oxidative stress, altering redox status and redox signaling; this has led to the suggestion that developmental toxicants act by disturbing redox status. The goal of these studies was to determine the consequences of altering glutathione homeostasis during organogenesis on embryo development, total DNA methylation, and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) DNA binding activity and gene expression.MethodsGestational day 10.5 rat embryos were cultured in vitro for up to 44 hour in the presence of L‐buthionine‐S,R‐sulfoximine (BSO), an irreversible inhibitor of γ‐glutamyl‐cysteine synthetase, the rate limiting step in glutathione biosynthesis. Effects of BSO on total, oxidized and reduced glutathione, embryo development, DNA methylation, AP‐1 DNA binding activity and gene expression were investigated.ResultsSignificant depletion of glutathione by BSO was first noted at 6 hr in the embryo and at 3 hr in the yolk sac; total glutathione in the conceptus was depleted to the same extent after treatment with either 0.1 or 1.0 mM BSO. Exposure to 0.1 mM BSO did not cause a significant increase in embryotoxicity, although some impairment of growth and development was observed. In contrast, exposure to 1.0 mM BSO severely inhibited growth and development, significantly increasing the incidence of swollen hindbrains and of blebs in the forebrain, limb and maxillary regions. No significant treatment‐related differences in total DNA methylation were observed. Interestingly, AP‐1 DNA binding activity was similar in control and 0.1 mM BSO‐treated conceptuses; however, exposure to 1.0 mM BSO increased AP‐1 DNA binding at 6, 24, and 44 hr. The expression of several AP‐1 family genes and of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase was induced in embryos cultured with 1.0 mM BSO.ConclusionExposure of embryos in vitro to BSO at a concentration that was embryotoxic induced prolonged AP‐1 DNA binding activity and altered gene expression. These data suggest that AP‐1 induction may serve as a biomarker of embryo stress. Teratology 66:192–200, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the on‐line degree program
Authors: Law Joe , Hawkes Lory , Murphy Christina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs on‐line degree programs are made available in greater numbers, the necessity of employing clearly articulated criteria for consistent evaluation across programs becomes increasingly evident. The best starting point for such assessment efforts is “Best Practices for Electronically Offered Degree and Certificate Programs,” developed by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education.
Mechanism and prediction for contamination of freshwater bivalves (Unionidae) with the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin in hypereutrophic Lake Suwa, Japan
Authors: Yokoyama Atsushi , Park Ho‐Dong 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeasonal changes of microcystin (MC) bioaccumulation in three freshwater Unionid bivalves, Anodonta woodiana, Cristaria plicata, and Unio douglasiae, were investigated in the hypereutrophic Lake Suwa. Total MC concentrations (MC‐RR and ‐LR) as determined by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography were at high levels in the hepatopancreas of C. plicata and U. douglasiae, with maxima at 297 and 420 μg/g dry weight, respectively. The amounts and seasonal changes in the accumulated MC concentration differed in all species. The total MC concentration of A. woodiana was always less than that of other species (maximum concentration of 12.6 μg/g dry weight). The toxin concentration of C. plicata remained very low in summer, when the Microcystis bloom occurred, but increased rapidly in autumn, when the toxic bloom disappeared. For U. douglasiae, simple regression analyses were performed to clarify the relationship between MC bioaccumulation and environmental parameters such as water temperature, chlorophyll a, suspended solids (SS), intracellular MC per unit volume of lake water and per‐unit weight of SS and extracellular MC. The toxin concentration of U. douglasiae correlated more closely with qualitative factors, with intracellular toxin per SS (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.72) than with quantitative factors such as chlorophyll a and intracellular toxin per unit volume of lake water. No correlation could be found between MC in the tissues and extracellular MC. These results indicate that a long‐term survey is needed to assess the safety of bivalves. The study should take into consideration both interspecific differences in toxin content and what is the optimal monitoring parameter. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 424–433, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10075
Chronic effects of p‐nonylphenol on survival and reproduction of Daphnia galeata: Multigenerational life table experiment
Authors: Tanaka Yoshinari , Nakanishi Junko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe chronic effect of p‐nonylphenol on survival and reproduction for two generations of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia galeata was examined by life table experiments. The effects on survival and reproduction were used as the intrinsic rate of natural increase, r, with the Euler–Lotka equation and were analyzed with a simple mathematical model (a power function). The population‐level EC50, the concentration of a substance that reduces the intrinsic rate of natural increase by 50%, was estimated as 65.2 μg/L for the first generation and 81.5 μg/L for the second generation. No transgenerational effect that reinforces adverse responses in the offspring generation has been detected. From a 48‐h immobility test an acute LC50 was estimated to be 60.8 μg/L. The acute LC50 is a good indicator of the chronic population‐level effects of this chemical to this species. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 487–492, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10083
Evaluation of the effects of diuron and its derivatives on Lemna gibba using a fluorescence toxicity index
Authors: Dewez David , Marchand Mathieu , Eullaffroy Philippe , Popovic Radovan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe herbicide diuron (DCMU) [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea] is largely used in agricultural practices which contribute to water pollution in large areas. Its degradation induced by light or microbial activity is known to be a slow process, and may result in the accumulation of DCMU derivatives in the environment. In this report we used the yield of PSII variable fluorescence of Lemna gibba affected by the DCMU derivatives DCPMU [1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐methylurea], DCPU [1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)urea], and DCA [3,4‐dichloroaniline] to calculate the fluorescence toxicity index. We found the fluorescence toxicity index to be a useful parameter to evaluate the inhibitory effect on PSII electron transport in L. gibba exposed to DCMU and its derivatives. The variations observed for the inhibitory effect between DCMU and its derivatives seem to be caused by the modification of the dimethylurea group within the DCMU molecule. The fluorescence toxicity index demonstrated a strong quantitative dependency between the inhibitory effect of PSII electron transport and pollutant concentrations. We propose the fluorescence toxicity index to be a useful tool for future bioassays in evaluating the quality of water polluted with herbicides that induce an inhibition to PSII photochemistry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 493–501, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10084
A language to model animation out of behaviour‐embedded graphical components
Authors: Pal Prabir K. , Sarkar Biswajit 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlmost all entities—animate or inanimate—that we see around us change with time. The changes are brought about by changes in the values of their attributes. By using a set of parameters to represent the variable attributes of an entity, and by suitably manipulating their values at run time, the behaviour of an entity can be broadly mimicked in animation. The majority of entities, however, are all too complex to animate directly. They are better described in terms of nested layers of smaller and simpler entities, which we call components. Each component is structurally and behaviourally complete and can be described independent of its application. In the present paper, we propose a scheme for 3D animation that broadly follows this line. The keystone of this scheme is a language, nicknamed ‘V’, which defines the structural and visual attributes of each component of the scene and associates a parameterized behaviour with it, if necessary, in the form of a program script. Thereafter, wherever such a component appears, it does so with a built‐in behaviour, which can nevertheless be regulated by its higher‐level component through its parameters. The advantage is that an entire animation can be modelled in a declarative fashion in terms of nested components with embedded behaviour. Besides, each component is easy to write, alter and reuse. The effort for development, debugging and maintenance of animation modelled in this way is much less as the concerns are almost always local. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indirect method for the determination of x‐ray tube primary spectra: application to x‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Delgado Víctor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe spectral distribution of a fluorescence‐exciting x‐ray beam is related via a Volterra integral equation of the first kind to the fluorescence excited on a set of thick targets. The inversion of this equation is unstable, but the equation of the first kind can be transformed, by classical methods in integral equations, into a stable Volterra integral equation of the second kind for the cumulative spectral distribution. The x‐ray beam spectral distribution is the derivative of the cumulative spectral distribution. As the numerical differentiation of experimental data is also unstable, the intrinsic instability associated with a Volterra integral equation of the first kind appears again. Nevertheless, the cumulative spectral distribution of the x‐ray beam is, in itself, a complete functional description of the fluorescence exciting x‐ray. Further, it is convenient for use with the Sherman equations of x‐ray fluorescence production because these equations rely on the calculation of integrals of the spectral distribution weighted with functions which depend on the concrete composition of the sample used. When integration by parts is performed, the integrand becomes a product of the cumulative spectral distribution times the derivative of the weighting functions. Thus, instead of the unstable spectral distribution, the stable cumulative spectral distribution is used. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of glucose production and stimulation of bile flow by R (+)‐α‐lipoic acid enantiomer in rat liver
Authors: Anderwald Christian , Koca Georg , Fürnsinn Clemens , Waldhäusl Werner , Roden Michael 
Published: October 2002

Abstract:  Aims/Background: R (+)‐α‐lipoic acid (RLA) has been suggested for the treatment of liver diseases, but has also been shown to improve glucose utilization in diabetic patients. Because detailed information of RLA action on carbohydrate metabolism in intact liver is lacking, we examined concentration‐dependent effects of RLA on hepatic glucose production.Methods: RLA (10−6−10−3 mol L−1) or buffer (control) was infused in isolated livers of fasted rats during recirculating perfusion for 90 min (n = 4–6/group). Hepatic glucose and lactate fluxes and bile secretion were continuously monitored.Results: RLA reduced lactate (10 mmol L−1)‐dependent glucose production in concentration‐dependent fashion (R = − 0.780, P < 0.001) by up to 67% compared with control (0.36 ± 0.02 µmol min−1 g−1). In parallel, RLA dose dependently decreased lactate uptake (R = − 0.592, P < 0.001) also by up to 67% (control: 0.58 ± 0.08 µmol min−1 g−1). RLA (10−4 mol L−1 and 10−3 mol L−1) stimulated bile flow by ∼ 20 and ∼ 50%, respectively (P < 0.02 vs. control). After 10−3 mol L−1 RLA infusion, liver glycogen was ∼ 3 fold higher (5.2 ± 1.1 vs. control: 1.8 ± 0.2 µmol g−1, P < 0.002). Also at low lactate concentrations (1 mmol L−1), 10−3 mol L−1 RLA reduced glucose production by ∼ 53% and lactate uptake by ∼ 60%, but stimulated bile secretion by ∼ 50% (P < 0.05).Conclusion: RLA reduces hepatic glucose release by inhibiting lactate‐dependent glucose production in a concentration‐dependent fashion.
Transmission of Babesia microti in Minnesota through four blood donations from the same donor over a 6‐month period
Authors: Herwaldt Barbara L. , Neitzel David F. , Gorlin Jed B. , Jensen Kathryn A. , Perry Elizabeth H. , Peglow William R. , Slemenda Susan B. , Won Kimberly Y. , Nace Eva K. , Pieniazek Norman J. , Wilson Marianna 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND
: Babesiosis is a tick‐borne zoonosis caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa. More than 40 US cases of
Babesia microti infection acquired by blood transfusion have been reported. This report describes the identification of a transfusion‐associated case of babesiosis and the subsequent identification of the infected blood donor and three other infected recipients of cellular blood components from three other donations by this donor. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
: Serum specimens from the donors of blood that had been made into cellular components received by the index recipient and from other recipients of such components from the implicated donor were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay for antibodies to
B. microti.
Whole blood from IFA‐positive persons was tested by PCR for
B. microti DNA. RESULTS : IFA testing of serum from 31 of 36 donors implicated a 45‐year‐old man (titer, 1 in 256), whose donation had been used for RBCs. He likely became infected when bitten by ticks while camping in Minnesota in June 1999 and had donated blood four times thereafter. As demonstrated by PCR, he remained parasitemic for at least 10 months. Of the five other surviving recipients of cellular blood components from the implicated donor, three recipients (one for each of the three other donations) had become infected through either RBC or platelet transfusions. CONCLUSIONS : Babesiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of posttransfusion febrile illness, and effective means for preventing transmission by blood transfusion are needed.
Unique CYP2D6 activity distribution and genotype‐phenotype discordance in black Americans
Authors: Gaedigk Andrea , Bradford L. DiAnne , Marcucci Kenda A. , Leeder J. Steven 
Published: October 2002

BackgroundAlthough CYP2D6 has been studied extensively in differentpopulation groups, relatively little is known for black Americans.MethodsCYP2D6 activity was assessed with dextromethorphan in 283 black American subjects and correlated with their genotype (2D6*2 to *12, 2D6*14, 2D6*15, 2D6*17, 2D6*18, and 2D6*29 and gene duplications). Volunteers provided information about ethnicity and concurrent medication, and they participated in either phenotyping (n = 225), genotyping (n = 251), or both (n = 193).ResultsThe median urinary dextromethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratio (MR) indicated significantly lower CYP2D6 activity in the black American group (0.016) than in a white control population (0.0044; P = .0001) studied previously. The reduced function allele 2D6*17 was more common (frequency [f] = 0.395) among intermediate metabolizers (0.03 ≤ MR ≤ 0.3) than extensive metabolizers(MR ≤ 0.03; f = 0.148; P = .0001). Consistent with reduced function toward dextromethorphan of COS cell‐expressed 2D6.29 protein, 2D6*29 also was more frequent in intermediate metabolizers (f = 0.114) than in extensive metabolizers (f = 0.057; P = NS). Frequencies for 2D6*17 and 2D6*29 were f = 0.213 and 0.072, respectively. Of the 193 genotyped and phenotyped subjects, 14 were determined to be poor metabolizers, with dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratios >0.3 (7.25%), but only 2 subjects(1.04%) carried 2 nonfunctional alleles (2D6*3/*4x2 and 2D6*4/*4). A new allelic variant, 2D6*40, was subsequently found in 2 discordant subjects (2D6*4/*40 and 2D6*6/*40), implying that the 18‐base pair (bp) insertion found in 2D6*40 renders it nonfunctional. The frequency of 2D6*40 was 0.006. For genotypes that contain 2D6*2, median MR values were consistently higherin black Americans than in white subjects, indicating that other unidentified factors also contribute to lower CYP2D6 activity in black Americans.ConclusionsThe lower CYP2D6 activity observed in a black American population is in part attributable to the presence of variant alleles that occur at a higher frequency in this population than in white subjects. Additional studies are required to ascertain the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of these pharmacogenetic data in black Americans.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 76–89; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.125783