bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cladonia singhii and other new reports of Cladonia from the Eastern Himalayan Region of India
Authors: Ahti Teuvo , Dixit P. K. , Singh K. P. , Sinha G. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new species, Cladonia singhii Ahti & Dixit (type from the state of Arunachal Pradesh), is described. A further seven Cladonia species, C. corniculata, C. kanewskii, C. laii, C. luteoalba, C. mauritiana, C. mongolica and C. rei, are reported as new to the recent checklist of lichens of the Indian subcontinent. The presence of C. cartilaginea in India is confirmed.
Pollen- and Diatom-Inferred Climatic and Hydrological Changes in Sumxi Co Basin (Western Tibet) since 13,000 yr B.P.
Authors: Van Campo Elise , Gasse Francoise 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough the Tibetan Plateau greatly influences the atmospheric circulation of the Nortbern Hemisphere, few continuous paleoclimatic records are available from the plateau. A 13,000-yr pollen and diatom record from the Sumxi-Longmu Co basin in western Tibet gives information on major changes both in regional vegetation and in local hydrology. After the basin first filled ca. 13,000 yr B.P., a dry spell occurred about 10,500 yr B.P. within the interval spanned by the European Younger Dryas chronozone. A major environmental change occurred suddenly at ≈10,000 yr B.P., with the establishment of wet conditions, and was followed by a long-term trend toward maximum aridity, which lasted approximately 6000 yr. Short-term oscillations are superimposed on this general climatic change with a major reversal event about 8000 yr B.P. and a second wet pulse leading to a maximum lake volume ca. 7500-6000 yr B.P. Maximum aridity occurred 4300 yr B.P. The major environmental fluctuations recorded at Sumxi-Longmu Co appear in phase with climatic changes recognized in north tropical Africa, suggesting that the 8000 to 7000-yr-B.P. event was caused by an abrupt disequilibrium in the climatic system, as was the Younger Dryas and possibly the 4300-yr-B.P. event.
New Isotopic and Sedimentological Measurements of the Thabaseek Deposits (South Africa) and the Dating of the Taung Hominid
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. , Vogel John C. , Oschadleus H. Dieter , Partridge Timothy C. , McKee Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEarlier attempts to date the Taung hominid type specimen of Australopithecus africanus Dart yielded conflicting results. Recent faunal studies pointed to an age of 2.3 myr. Radioisotopic results suggested 1.0 myr. New uranium studies reveal that the Thabaseek (the oldest Taung tufa) was not a closed system and that younger uranium entered the tufa after initial deposition, producing an apparent isotopic age younger than the age of deposition. The Thabaseek isotopic dates provide only a terminus ad quem and this technique is therefore not applicable to the older Taung tufas. Delson's dating (2.3 myr) of cercopithecoids from Hrdlicka's pinnacle ca. 50 m from the hominid site provides the best available approximation to the age of the hominid. In our new Taung excavation, stratigraphic analysis indicates that the hominid may somewhat predate most identified fauna. Sedimentologically the hominid matrix proves to be of fluvial deposition, and hence closely resembles one Hrdlicka deposit, both samples differing appreciably from all other Taung samples which bespeak eolian deposition. Thus, the conditions under which the hominid-bearing stratum was deposited were virtually identical to those pertaining to one of the Hrdlicka deposits. The newest results show that Taung was not the youngest South African australopithecine site and eliminate the discrepancy between the relative ages of the Taung A. africanus africanus and the Sterkfontein A. africanus transvaalensis.
Late Quaternary (Stage 2 and 3) Meltwater and Heinrich Events, Northwest Labrador Sea
Authors: Andrews John T. , Erlenkeuser Helmut , Tedesco Katherine , Aksu Ali E. , Jull A.J.Timothy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo major meltwater events are documented in cores from the NW Labrador Sea. One occurred ca. 20,00014C yr B.P. in association with deposition of a major detrital carbonate unit. Both prior to and after this event, δ18O values of near-surface planktonic foraminifera were 4.5%, indicating fully enriched glacial values. A younger event (ca. 14,00014C yr B.P.) is characterized by a dramatic change in δ18O from 4.5 to 2.0% and coincided with the retreat of ice from the outer SE Baffin Shelf, possibly into Hudson Strait. These meltwater events coincide with Heinrich (H) layers 1 and 2 from North Atlantic sediments. The 14,00014C yr B.P. meltwater event indicates that the eastern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet also underwent rapid retreat at approximately the same time as other ice sheet margins around the NE North Atlantic. A third major detrital carbonate event at the base of HU87-033-009, possibly correlative with Heinrich layer 3, occurred ca. 33,960 ± 67514C yr B.P.; however, this is older than the accepted date for H-3 of 27,00014C yr B.P. and may be H-4.
Aminostratigraphic Correlation and Geochronology of Two Quaternary Loess Localities, Central Mississippi Valley
Authors: Mirecki June E. , Miller Barry B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmino acid epimeric (aIle/Ile) values from terrestrial molluscs are used to define and correlate three aminozones in loess sequences exposed across the central Mississippi Valley, in Arkansas and Tennessee. Three superposed aminozones are defined at Wittsburg quarry, Arkansas, primarily using aIle/Ile values from total hydrolysates of the gastropod genusHendersonia:Peoria Loess (aIle/Ile = 0.07 ± 0.01), Roxana Silt (0.14 ± 0.02), and a third loess (0.28 ± 0.06). Loess units at Wittsburg quarry can be correlated on lithologic characteristics eastward across the Mississippi Valley to the Old River section, near Memphis, Tennessee; however, only one loess unit is fossil-bearing (Peoria Loess, aIle/Ile = 0.05) at that section. Radiocarbon analyses of charcoal from the upper Roxana Silt (ca. 26,000 to 29,000 yr old) and mollusc shell carbonate from the basal Roxana Silt (ca. 39,000 yr old) are used to calibrate amino acid epimeric data for the central Mississippi Valley. These data, applied to the apparent parabolic kinetic model of R. M. Mitterer and N. Kriausakul (1989,Quaternary Science Reviews8, 353-357), suggest an Illinoian (>120,000 yr) age for the third loess in the central Mississippi Valley that is correlative with part of the Loveland Loess in Illinois and Iowa.
Organic Remains in Finnish Subglacial Sediments
Authors: Punkari Mikko , Forsström Lars 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany sites in Fennoscandia contain pre-Late Weichselian beds of organic matter, located mostly in the flanks of eskers. It is a matter of debate whether these fragmentary beds were deposited in situ, or whether they were deposited elsewhere and then picked up and moved by glacial ice. The till-mantled esker of Harrinkangas includes a shallow depression filled with sand and silt containing, for example, several tightly packed laminar sheets of brown moss (Bryales) remains. It is argued that these thin peat sheets were transported at the base of the ice sheet, or englacially, and were deposited together with the silt and sand on the side of a subglacial meltwater tunnel. Subglacial meltout till subsequently covered the flanks of the esker near the receding ice margin. Information about the depositional and climatic environments was obtained from biostratigraphic analysis of the organic matter. Pollen spectra for the peat represent an open birch forest close to the tundra zone. A thin diamicton beneath the peat contains charred pine wood, recording the former presence of pine forests in western Finland. The unhumified, extremely well-preserved peat evidently originated during the final phase of an ice-free period, most probably the end of the Eemian Interglaciation. It was redeposited in the esker by the last ice sheet. Reconstructions of the Pleistocene chronology and stratigraphy of central Fennoscandia that rely on such redeposited organic matter should be viewed with caution.
Sera from patients with sepsis induce nitric oxide production in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Fujita Hiroshi , Tomiyama Junji , Kudo Hideki , Morita Ikuo , Murota Sei-itsu 
Published: October 2002

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important physiological mediator of vascular tone and is involved in pathophysiology of septic shock. Although plasma nitrite is a stable end product of NO oxidation derived from endogenous NO, the plasma nitrite level is also easily affected by the intake of various foods, bacterial products and renal functional status.Aims: We propose an excellent alternative assay technique for measuring endogenous NO production.Methods: We measured the nitrite level in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) treated with serum obtained from patients with sepsis (4 patients), by means of a chemiluminescence detector.Results: The nitrite concentrations in such cells were significantly higher as compared to those in the cells treated with normal serum. Moreover, the increased nitrite levels in the SMC treated with the sera obtained from patients with sepsis were completely inhibited by L‐nitroarginine (1 mmol/L), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor.Conclusion: These data suggest that this assay method enable us to know the ability of endogenous NO production in each patient.
Smoking addiction among university students in Istanbul
Authors: Onal A. Emel , Tumerdem Yildiz , Ozel Sevda 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study, we investigated smoking addiction and some risk factors among university students in Istanbul. A questionnaire survey of 236 university students studying in Istanbul Medical Faculty (n: 148) and other faculties (n: 88) was performed with cross‐sectional and responding‐under‐observation methods in March‐May 1999. Thirty‐six per cent of the university students with mean age 24.0 (2.9 were addicted to smoking (n: 85): 41.3% males and 26.7% females; 67.5% were using imported and 32.5% were using local product cigarettes. Of the subjects, 18.1% were smoking 1‐10 cigarettes a day, 61.4% 11‐20 cigarettes a day and 20.5% more than 20 cigarettes a day. When alcohol and smoking addiction were compared with logistic regression analysis, with respect to gender, age, school, parents’ educational levels, living style and the sources of income, the risk factor for alcohol addicts was found to be more 2.54 times than smoking addicts (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.38‐4.67; p = 0.003). The study has emphasized the association of alcohol and smoking addiction in university students and the prevalence of smoking addiction among adolescent females.
Effect of a dose of ethanol on acute tolerance and ethanol consumption in alcohol drinker(UChB) and non‐drinker (UChA) rats
Authors: Tampier Lutske , Quintanilla María Elena 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAcute tolerance that develops within minutes of ethanol exposure appears to influence the apparent acute behavioral sensitivity of laboratory animals to ethanol actions. The existence of a correlation between voluntary ethanol consumption and the speed of acquiring acute tolerance has been proposed. In the present paper we investigated the effect of an acute dose of ethanol on tolerance development and on ethanol voluntary consumption in our two selected bred strains, UChA (low ethanol drinker) and UChB (high ethanol drinker) rats. Acute tolerance developed to motor impairment induced by a dose of ethanol of 2.3 g/kg. administered intraperitoneally was evaluated by the tilting plane test. Voluntary ethanol consumption was compared in rats receiving the ethanol dose, to rats receiving a saline intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The results show that UChB rats receiving an intoxicating dose of ethanol develop more tolerance and they significantly increased their ethanol consumption compared to the same line that received a saline injection, while no change in acute tolerance and voluntary ethanol consumption were obtained in UChA rats. In conclusion, a possible mechanism by which UChB rats drink high amounts of ethanol appears to be the development of tolerance to the pharmacological effects of ethanol.
Differential propensity to ethanol sensitization is not associated with altered binding to D1 receptors or dopamine transporters in mouse brain
Authors: Quadros Isabel M. H. , Nobrega José N. , Hipólide Débora C. , de Lucca Eliane M. , Souza‐Formigoni Maria L. O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBehavioral sensitization to ethanol's stimulant effect has been proposed as a marker for individual abuse liability. In previous work we have demonstrated that mice showing an increased propensity to EtOH sensitization had higher levels of dopamine (DA) D2 receptor binding in localized brain areas compared to mice showing less sensitization. In the present study we examined whether altered binding to D1 or the DA transporter (DAT) might also be associated with differential propensity to develop EtOH sensitization. Male Swiss mice received 2.4 g/kg EtOH or saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily for 21 days, were tested weekly for locomotor activity, and then sacrificed. D1 and DAT binding were assessed by quantitative autoradiography using [3 H]SCH‐23390 and [3 H]WIN 35,428, respectively. EtOH‐treated mice were subdivided into sensitized and non‐sensitized subgroups according to their locomotor activity during treatment. Analyses of brain D1 (19 regions) and DAT (12 regions) binding densities revealed no significant differences among EtOH‐sensitized, ‐non‐sensitized or saline groups in any of the regions measured (all p values > 0.32 for D1 and > 0.16 for DAT). These results suggest that brain D1 and DAT binding, unlike the recently reported changes in D2 binding, do not differentiate mice that develop behavioral sensitization to ethanol from those that do not.
T‐wave response: a sensitive test for latent alcoholic polyneuropathy
Authors: Schott Klaus , Schäfer Gerd , Günthner Arthur , Bartels Mathias , Mann Karl 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo date, the H‐reflex is the most sensitive test to measure nerve conduction velocity in alcoholic polyneuropathy. Analogous to the H‐reflex, we investigated the T‐wave response from the soleus muscle using a hand‐held reflex hammer. Twenty‐four inpatients suffering from chronic alcoholism and 24 healthy volunteers were recruited. All probands had a careful neurological examination and were graded (PNP‐classifications). The T‐ and H‐reflexes were measured. In the clinical examination, only a few patients exhibited symptoms of alcoholic PNP. However, when the autonomic nervous system was also tested, 50% exhibited signs of alcoholic PNP. Both the T‐ and H‐reflex responses were pathologically retarded, indicating latent alcoholic PNP in 60% of the patients. Thus the main finding in our study is the difference between clinical and electrophysiological examinations: only a few of the patients had neurological symptoms for alcoholic PNP but 14 patients (60%) exhibited a so‐called latent, subclinical alcoholic PNP by showing delayed reflex latencies. Measuring the T‐wave proved to be a simple and painless screening method for diagnosis and monitoring of alcoholic PNP. Among the clinical tests the best indicator for alcoholic PNP was the test for autonomous alcoholic PNP.
Serum naltrexone and 6‐beta‐naltrexol levels from naltrexone implants can block very large amounts of heroin: a report of two cases
Authors: Brewer Colin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe maximum dose of heroin that is blocked by customary doses of oral naltrexone (NTX) and its active metabolite 6‐beta‐naltrexol (6BNT) is unknown, particularly at trough serum levels which show much interindividual variation and can be low. NTX has only once been tested formally against opiate equivalents of more than 25 mg of diamorphine. Increasing interest in long‐acting implantable NTX preparations makes it important to have objective information about blocking activity at various blood levels of NTX and 6BNT. Two cases are described in which NTX and 6BNT levels as low as 2.8 and 9.0 ng/ml, respectively, were sufficient to block doses of pure diamorphine as high as 500 mg.
Bromocriptine use is associated with decreased smoking rates
Authors: Murphy M. F. G. , Hey K. , Johnstone E. , Munafo M. , Walton R. , Willis B. , Harrison P. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDopaminergic transmission in the central nervous system is thought to underlie addictive behaviours, including smoking. One effective smoking cessation drug, bupropion, enhances dopaminergic transmission; conversely, antipsychotic drugs, which are dopamine antagonists, are associated with increased smoking. Thus we hypothesized that subfertile women treated with the potent dopamine agonist bromocriptine might smoke less as a consequence of their treatment. Among 4608 subfertile women those conceiving on bromocriptine were half as likely to smoke as those taking other drugs or those conceiving without medication (p < 0.0001). This observation supports the role of dopamine in nicotine addiction, and suggests that bromocriptine‐like drugs could be used effectively by pregnant women to aid cessation.
aP2 Protein Expression as a Diagnostic Marker in Soft Tissue Tumours
Authors: Yang T. T. , Reed A. C. C. , Athanasou N. A. 
Published: October 2002

Purpose/Methods: The aP2 gene product (aP2 protein) is known to be expressed by preadipocytes and other immature fat
cells in vitro. A mouse monoclonal antibody raised against an 18 amino acid segment of the aP2 protein was found to react
with lipoblasts and fetal fat cells in paraffin sections of soft tissue tumours of adipose differentiation. In this immunohistochemical
study, we have further examined the diagnostic utility of aP2 expression in distinguishing tumours of adipose differentiation
from other benign and malignant soft tissue tumours.Result and discussion aP2 was strongly expressed by lipoblasts in lipoblastomas and all types of liposarcoma as well as brown
fat cells in hibernomas. Optimal conditions for immunohistochemical identification of lipoblasts in tumours of adipose differentiation
was noted when the antibody was diluted 1:30 to 1:50. Small lipoblast‐like fat cells in pleomorphic lipoma and
spindle cell lipoma also showed variable staining for aP2 at this dilution of the antibody. Most benign and malignant soft
tissue tumours were distinguished by their absence of staining for aP2 protein, but some cases of myxoma, malignant fibrous
histiocytoma, synovial sarcoma and leiomyosarcoma contained tumour cells which reacted for aP2. aP2 protein expression
is likely to prove a useful means of distinguishing lipoblasts in liposarcoma but it should be used as part of a tumour panel
to exclude expression in other forms of mesenchymal tumour.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Aggressive Fibromatosis and Benign Fibrous Tumors Express mRNA for the Metalloproteinase Inducer EMMPRIN and the Metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MT1-MMP
Authors: Åhlén Jan , Enberg Ulla , Larsson Catharina , Larsson Olle , Frisk Tony , Brosjö Otte , Rosen Anette von , Bäckdahl Martin 
Published: October 2002

Purpose: Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been shown to stimulate fibroblasts to production
of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes implicated in the degradation
of extracellular matrix which has been proposed to be one of the essential steps in tumor invasion and metastases. In the
present study we investigated the expression and location of mRNAs for EMMPRIN, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP-2),
and membrane‐type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in mesenchymal tumors with different tendencies to recur or
metastasize.Subjects: Eight malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH), seven aggressive fibromatosis (AF), and six benign fibrous tumors
(BF).Method: The mRNA‐expression of EMMPRIN, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP were studied using mRNA in situ hybridization
technique.Results: The mRNA‐expression of EMMPRIN, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP respectively were found at varying frequency and
level in all tumor types. The mRNAs corresponding to EMMPRIN and MMP-2 were seen in neoplastic cells as well as in
endothelial cells both inside and outside the tumor pseudo‐capsule, whereas MT1-MMP was seen only within the tumors.
The estimated mRNA levels of EMMPRIN and MMP-2 covariated significantly. Overall, the highest expression was found
in the MFH tumors and the lowest levels in the BF tumors.Discussion: These findings suggest that the MMP‐inducer EMMPRIN and the extracellular matrix degrading system
involving the metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MT1-MMP is frequently activated in mesenchymal tumors. The covariation
between EMMPRIN and MMP-2 support previous findings that EMMPRIN may be an inducer of MMP‐2. The high
levels of MMP-2 mRNA in MFH indicate a relationship between the proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and the tumor aggressiveness.
Debugging optimized code without being misled
Authors: Copperman Max 
Published: October 2002

Correct optimization can change the behavior of an incorrect program; therefore at times it is necessary to debug optimized code. However, optimizing compilers produce code that impedes source-level debugging.
Optimization can cause an inconsistency between where the user expects a breakpoint to be located and the breakpoint's actual location. This article describes a mapping between statements and breakpoint locations that ameliorates this problem. The mapping enables debugger behavior on optimized code that approximates debugger behavior on unoptimized code sufficiently closely for the user to use traditional debugging strategies.

Optimization can also cause the value of a variable to be
noncurrent
—to differ from the value that would be predicted by a close reading of the source code. This article presents a method of determining when this has occurred, and shows how a debugger can describe the relevant effects of optimization. The determination method is more general than previously published methods; it handles global optimization and many flow graph transformations, and it is not tightly coupled to optimizations performed by a particular compiler. Necessary compiler support is also described.
A generalization of Dijkstra's calculus
Authors: Nelson Greg 
Published: October 2002

Dijsktra's calculus of guarded commands can be generalized and simplified by dropping the law of the excluded miracle. This paper gives a self-contained account of the generalized calculus from first principles through the semantics of recursion. The treatment of recursion uses the fixpoint method from denotational semantics. The paper relies only on the algebraic properties of predicates; individual states are not mentioned (except for motivation). To achieve this, we apply the correspondence between programs and predicates that underlies predicative programming.The paper is written from the axiomatic semantic point of view, but its contents can be described from the denotational semantic point of view roughly as follows: The Plotkin-Apt correspondence between wp semantics and the Smyth powerdomain is extended to a correspondence between the full wp/wlp semantics and the Plotkin powerdomain extended with the empty set.