bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling Chinese Gangs
Authors: Chin Ko-lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Spergel (1990), there are four basic strategies for dealing with youth gangs: local community organization or neighborhood mobilization; the provision of social and economic opportunities; youth outreach or street gang work; and the suppression and incarceration of gang members. In New York City’s Chinatowns, organized responses to Chinese gangs have primarily involved suppression and incarceration of gang members. The first two strategies mentioned by Spergel have never been implemented. The third strategy, youth outreach or street gang work, is almost nonexistent. Although there is a youth outreach program, called Project Reach, that operates on the outskirts of Manhattan’s Chinatown, it only deals with a limited number of at-risk youths from various ethnic groups. The program’s main purpose is to provide tutoring, counseling, and recreational activities to high school students after school, and it appears to have limited, if any, impact on the Chinese gang problem. Another youth pro gram, named Turn a New Leaf, which is sponsored by the Asian Americans Communications group and is located in Queens, is reported to be actively involved in helping hard-core Chinese gang members. However, the efficacy of the program has not been confirmed (World Journal, 1994c).
Humanists and Reformers as Foes: Humanistic Studies and Confessional Formation
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1520s brought about not only a clarification of the respective aims of humanists and reformers but also a remarkable reevaluation. “Wherever Lutheranism reigns, letters perish,” Erasmus wrote in 1528. His complaint was echoed by Georg Witzel, a former Lutheran pastor, who stated in 1536: “Education is languishing among the Lutherans. There will be tears and lamentations over Luther, if only on account of the disruption of learning.”
Introduction: Senses Of Scripture And Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a distinctive Roman Catholic teaching that, in the words of the Second Vatican Council’s “Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation,” sacred Tradition and sacred Scripture make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church.”1 In this one divine Word, God speaks the promise of salvation. Catholic Christians believe that one finds this Word of promise both in the writings of biblical scripture and in tradition in the ways that scripture informs and is informed by the authentic teachings of the Church; age-old Christian practice; liturgical devotion; the compelling lives of the saints; the writings of great Catholic thinkers; and God’s recognized sacramental presence to holy times, places, and events. This Word is one, issuing as it does from the one divine Speaker and conveying the message of the one Word, unique Son, spoken by God before the saved world was created (John 1:1). And yet because this one divine Word is communicated in both scripture and tradition, it is communicated in a mediated plurality that extends further still to scripture’s many words and to tradition’s many more words, actions, persons, times, places, and happenings. Certainly, this teaching of the Church is among its most important, for it articulates where and how the Christian community encounters the truthful promise of eternal life and the ecclesially embraced narrative of how God has gracefully brought this promise to fulfillment. A doctrine so basic to the claims of the faith that it professes both the source and means of God’s revelation to humanity cannot help but shape the understanding of every other Catholic belief, doctrine, and practice.
Anthology in the Torah and the Question of Deuteronomy
Authors: Tigay Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthologies go back to the oldest stage in Jewish literature. The Bible consists of twenty-four distinct books according to the Jewish count, and the very term “Bible,” though singular in English, goes back to the Greek plural ta biblia, “the books.” The original separateness of the Bible’s components was manifest in the fact that prior to the adoption of the codex (by Christians in the second and following centuries and by Jews after the talmudic period) it was, physically, a group of scrolls rather than a single volume. Accordingly, early writers had no name for the collection as a whole and could use only descriptive phrases such as “the Law, the Prophets, and the other books” (Prologue to the Greek of Ben Sira [Ecclesiasticus]) and “the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms” (Luke 24:44).Several of the names eventually adopted also reflect the Bible’s anthological character: not only rabbinic haSefarim, “the books” (cf. Daniel 9:2) and Kitvei haKodesh, “the sacred writings,” but the names used in the Middle Ages even after the codex was adopted: Esrim ve-’arbalz or Kaf-dalet, “the twenty-four (books),” and Tanakh, the acronym for Torah, Neviim uKetuvim, “the Torah, Prophets, and Writings.” Note as well Bibliotheca, “collection of books,” used by Jerome and others.
Anthological Dimensions of the Babylonian Talmud
Authors: Segal Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Babylonian Talmud defies attempts to categorize it according to the standard literary genres of Western literature. Even when we take care to define it on its own terms, the undertaking is likely to be frustrated by the realization that the classification is susceptible to many different possibilities, depending on the vantage from which it is approached. To complicate the efforts even further, talmudic scholarship itself is often in disagreement over fundamental issues related to the Talmud’s purpose and composition.
Anthology
Authors: Elbaum Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yalqut —literally, a collection —is the common name in the Middle Ages for an anthology of midrash, or rabbinic scriptural interpretation. The term yalqut, taken from the title of one such collection, yalqut shimoni (which scholars through the ages have often simply called Yalqut), would indeed seem to be an appropriate name for these works. They are, after all, collections of midrashic tradition as it was preserved in the various collections made during the so-called classical or canonical period of midrash during the Byzantine period in the land of Israel. At first glance, these works also appear absolutely different in character from the classical canon of midrash. The singular literary genres of “authentic” midrash from the classical period, which had retained some vitality even in the collections edited at a relatively late date, no longer appear in their pure form in the yalqutim but are adulterated by disparate elements. So, too, in the yalqutim, the crystalline literary editing and original formulation of classical midrash give way to mere technical arrangement, which seems to have involved nothing more than a hackneyed conglomeration of passages from various sources.
The Context of liberty
Authors: Thysell Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A model of intellectual toleration in an era of polemics, Marguerite de Navarre entertained a spectrum of seemingly conflicting ideas in her writing, as at her courts. For some contemporary historians, her interest in such a variety of philosophical and theological perspectives appears to be merely a benign eclecticism. For her contemporary biographer, Theodore Beza, however, the Queen’s tolerance proved she had succumbed to heresy.Beza, who was also Calvin’s friend and biographer, recorded Marguerite de Navarre’s association with the libertines Quintin and Pocquet as a tragedy that led this one-time defender of the reformers’ faith to “plunge into idolatries like all the others.” Beza believed that she was persuaded by Gerard Roussel, one of the reformers at Meaux and whom she later named Bishop of Oleron, to look upon outward forms of religion as adiaphora. For Beza, it was this indifference to exterior practices and rites that allowed her to tolerate the “blasphemies and errors” of the libertines in her court.
Of Brigands and Bridles
Authors: Thysell Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most significant differences between the frame stories of Boccaccio’s Decameron and Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron is the role of nature and the devisants’ response to it. Boccaccio’s storytellers intentionally flee the destruction and disaster of the Black Death in Florence and look for a pastime that will help them forget their former lives in the city. The men and women of the Heptameron, however, do just the opposite. After having been healed of their physical ailments, these devisants attempt to leave their mountaintop spa in hopes of returning to their former lives at the court. The natural disaster which they encounter, a flood that wipes out the bridge leading down the mountain, keeps them together through no design of their own. Rather, when they take up the pastime of storytelling, they do so specifically to remind themselves of their friends at court and of the society from which they are separated.
The pleasure of Discernment
Authors: Thysell Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substantively, however, as I have noted in chapter 3, the Heptameron presents no clear moral guidelines or rules for behavior. Rather, a single anthropology of a fallen humanity that relies entirely upon God’s grace rather than upon self-determination unites the devisants in a theology that initially looks similar to that of Calvin. But differences between Marguerite de Navarre and Calvin on the application of that universal norm to moral practice and on the regenerate person’s ability to discern between good and evil become apparent in the devisants’ varying interpretations of each story.
Rhetoric: More Tropes
Authors: Wolosky Shira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we think of poetic imagery, what we often think of are images of comparison: simile and metaphor and personification. But there is a wide range of poetic tropes, or figures, which have to do with the shape of material within the poem but may not involve the kind of comparison we most associate with poetic imagination. These are rhetorical figures that organize what may be called the poem’s linguistic body, the elements of sound and rhythm, of word order and relationship. This does not mean, however, that their power is superficial. While they may rely on word order or positioning, or relationships of contiguity, these tropes are fundamental to poetry. In poetry, we never merely look through, but always also look at, the words that comprise the text. It is poetry’s claim that this ordered materiality of language, this poetic body, is profoundly significant and integral to poetic meaning.
European Esoteric Currents
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is not feasible to offer a complete survey of Western esotericism here, it is necessary to introduce the main currents that will be central to this particular study of the American Renaissance. There are already some very good introductions, some in English, to various European esoteric currents, and there is an excellent overview of the field by the leading scholar, Antoine Faivre, entitled Access to Western Esotericism.1 However, there remains a great deal of work to be done in this field, particularly in terms of English and American forms of the various esoteric currents. Here I will sketch the primary European esoteric currents that in turn are important for the American Renaissance, but will begin with some more general remarks about European esotericism.
Fuller
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hermetic and theosophic library brought to New England by Charles Lane and Bronson Alcott certainly influenced Alcott and Emerson, but there were other Transcendentalists who also reveal a very Hermetic understanding of nature—perhaps most importantly and surprisingly, Margaret Fuller. One might have surmised that Fuller had some Hermetic leanings from Hawthorne’s depiction of Zenobia in The Blithedale Romance, but there has been relatively little scholarly attention paid to this subject. The original edition of Fuller’s Woman in the Nineteenth Century is preceded by an obviously Hermetic illustration—a serpent biting its own tail and forming a circle, within which are two superimposed triangles, one black, point upward, another white, point downward, behind the first.
Secularization Reconsidered
Authors: Fenn Richard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Social Location of secularity is wherever social life is subject to radical uncertainty:
The conditions of a system far from equilibrium are not time-reversible, in which it is sufficient to know the “law” and the initial conditions in order to predict its future states. Rather, a system far from equilibrium is the expression of the “arrow of time,” whose role is essential and constructive. In such a system, the future is uncertain and the conditions are irreversible. The laws that we can formulate therefore enumerate only possibilities, never certainties.”
In a secular social system, the future is unpredictable and each moment may bring something new. Secularity is thus the experience of radical uncertainty: radical because the ultimate may be at stake—life and death—even incircumstances that seem quite ordinary; and uncertain because there are no laws that give one a reliable guide on how to think, feel, or act.
Buying Time
Authors: Fenn Richard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If One is Fully To experience the passage of time, one must be prepared to discipline what Freud called the “pleasure-principle.” According to that principle, one refuses to experience emotions in all their intensity. One attenuates them, simultaneously holding on to pain and thinning it out in a sort of “attenuation” over time. The individual thus is stretching out both pleasure and pain in order to experience them both in tolerable doses, too much of either being overwhelming to the psyche. Medicinal doses of pleasure and pain, as it were, are preferable to an experience of intense sadness or joy. The psyche protects itself, then, by thinning out emotional experience. However, attenuation also means holding on to the original feeling rather than letting it go. That is why the masochist may seem to be savoring a pleasure rather than consummating it; masochists like to have their cake and to eat it, too. In other words, masochists perpetuate the pleasure of having cake by not finishing their portion; in this way they avoid the guilt or responsibility for the destruction that results from consuming something completely. Thus, by stretching out pleasure, one can hold on to it in a diminished form and avoid being overwhelmed by the intensity of experience.
Memoir Writing
Authors: Practice Writing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been an explosion bf memoir writing in this country, most of it by elders. But whether the writer is elderly or not, the work appears to be done in response to our culture’s extraordinary rate of social and technological change. It appears that by writing records of their lives, and thereby pre serving a record of the past, the authors are attempting to maintain a kind of psychological stability in the ever-shifting present. Memoirs by elders have historical and anthropological value, providing firsthand data for future historians. Even personal stories by young people, if psychologically revealing, provide the same. If you write your story as though you are trying to provide future readers not only entertainment but a knowledge of your times, you will add an extra dimension to your work. It will also help you to cull unimportant material, because by asking, “What would people a hundred. years from now care to know?” you will be led to realize which stories have a merely personal interest. The last section in this chapter deals with this and other editing questions.
Healing as an Act of Transformation
Authors: Shaked Shaul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of enquiry of this essay is what may be termed the popular religion of Sasanian Babylonia. The material from which we can try to reconstruct it is rather limited. In the present context, I shall concentrate on the numerous magical texts in a variety of Aramaic dialects that have come to light from Mesopotamia. They display to us at least one aspect of the faith and practice of people in Babylonia during the Sasanian period, mostly between the fifth and the seventh centuries C.E.1 In historical terms, this faith can be described as an amalgam of pieces of mythology and religious perceptions that derive from the different cultures of the region before this period and contemporary with it. The best-known religions of this period are Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Mandaeism, and they are probably complemented by remnants of Babylonian paganism, by notions derived from Greek culture, and by other faiths that are less conspicuous in our corpus of texts, such as Manichaeism and Christianity.
From Professionalism to Collegial Control
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began this book by asking how lawyers think about and make the decisions that constitute their daily practices. One vision of these decisions finds their roots in the organized profession—its educational processes, formal organizations, and rules of conduct. Another explanation sees these decisions as shaped by the economic forces acting on lawyers, with firm profits or client pockets controlling the choices that attorneys make in their work. Yet another perspective underlines the role of lawyers’ individual values and identities in making day-to-day decisions. Each of these views addresses what we see to be the core issue in the debate about legal professionalism—namely, the question of who or what forces control or influence the discretionary work decisions at the heart of law practice. Our contribution to this debate has been to focus closely on that question through an empirical study of divorce lawyers at work. It has also been to emphasize the central importance of collegial control in answering that question and to identify multiple “communities of practice” as the key agents of collegial control. In this study, we have tried to identify the standards that develop in these varied communities, how they are created, how widely they are shared, how—if at all—they are connected to the formal codes and organization of the bar, and how effective they are as agents of collegial control.
Constitutional Principles without Constitutional Theories
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its constitution, now in early draft, a nation bans “cruel and unusual punishment.” A large segment of society believes that capital punishment is necessarily “cruel and unusual”; many people want to insert an explicit ban on capital punishment into the constitution. But many other people disagree, and many more are unsure what they think. What should constitution-makers do about the problem? 2. A new law bans the transmission of “indecent” materials on the Internet to “anyone under the age of eighteen.” The law is challenged on the ground that it violates the right to free speech. Those challenging the law argue that the Internet is no different from any other place where speech occurs and that the ordinary constitutional protections should apply. Those who defend the law argue that the Internet raises unique problems, because it is so easy to send materials to thousands or even millions of people.
Circling Earth
Authors: Martin Joel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some American Indians involved in Native American religions, life unfolds as a rich drama. This drama plays out in a world filled with spiritual forces and shaped by them. Everything can mean something. Little is separate from religious influence. Spiritually attuned Native American men and women seek multiple ways to express their religious visions. Their spirituality can affect how they cook, eat, dance, paint, tell stories, mold pottery, dye clothes, decorate their bodies, design their homes, organize their villages, court lovers, marry, bury, dress, speak, make love, cut their hair, and so on. Wisdom comes by paying attention to the living world, discerning the spiritual dimension within it, and debating its significance with others in a community.
Homecoming
Authors: Martin Joel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lone Wolf, an Odawa Indian in the Great Lakes region, starts each day mindful of his moral responsibilities to the world around him. “I wake up every morning and go outdoors to a little place in the yard and, facing east, give thanks and offer tobacco to the manidos for the good morning.” Like his Algonquin ancestors who offered tobacco to the spirit of the wind before canoeing across a lake, Lone Wolf cultivates a good relationship with the manidos, the nonhuman power persons who enliven the Odawa world. Attending to their feelings, giving thanks for their blessings, Lone Wolf expands his own moral sense to embrace wider circles of concern.
On the completeness of the calculus of logic (1930a)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one provides an axiomatic foundation for logic, as, for example, is done in Principia mathematica, the question arises whether the axioms initially adopted are “complete”, that is, whether they actually suffice for the formal deduction of every correct proposition of logic. This problem has hitherto been solved only for the simplest logical propositions, namely those of the propositional calculus. The answer turns out to be positive, that is, every correct (valid) propositional formula follows from the axioms of Principia mathematica. The speaker shows how this theorem can be extended to the formulas of the restricted functional calculus (formulas without bound functional variables).
Engendering and Experience
Authors: Kassam Zayn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Instructors embarking on teaching a course on women in the Islamic tradition often start out with questions such as: “How am I going to teach a course on Women and Gender Issues in Islam?” “How can I organize so much material into a one-semester format?” “How do I teach a course on women in Islam to students who may have very little exposure either to Women̓s Studies or to Islam?” Beth Baron’s review article is an excellent starting point, and indeed she points out that “the scholarly literature on women in the Middle East has increased so rapidly in the past few years that it is almost impossible to keep up with this body of material.”
Natural Reason in the Summa contra Gentiles
Authors: te Velde Rudi A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A distinctive feature of Aquinas’s Summa contra Gentiles is the central role the author assigns to natural reason in his project of manifesting the truth of Christian faith. Reason is supposed to give a rational account of the truth of what faith professes about God, to arrive at a veritas demonstrativa, which will be shown to accord with the Christian religion.
Traditions in Eastern Tibet
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gyarawa Namkha Chokyi Gyatso’s codification of the Self-Liberated Wis dom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and his pioneering efforts toward institutionalizing its liturgy appear to have been solidified by the latter half of the fifteenth century. In the following discussion I will examine Gyarawa’s legacy, while emphasizing also the closely affiliated but distinctive tradition of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo. I will explore in close detail each of the major traditions of both textual collections by focusing on their most prominent players. In the end I hope to establish a foundation of evidence for uncovering how and why the Karling liturgy became so widely influential in Tibet and surrounding regions from the fifteenth century on ward.