bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dick Gregory’s Cloacal Continuum
Authors: Witt Doris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1988 an employee of the Texaco corporation, Sheryl Joseph, informed her colleagues that she was expecting her second child. At an office party the following day to celebrate her birthday, Joseph was presented by her boss with a cake decorated with an image of a dark-skinned, Afro-wearing woman far advanced in pregnancy (figure 5-1). (Joseph, a light-skinned African American woman, had never worn an Afro and was still in her first trimester.) Inscribed on the cake were the innocuous words “Happy Birthday, Sheryl,” followed by the ideologically loaded speculation: “It must have been those watermelon seeds.” According to a 1996 New York Times account of a subsequent employment discrimination lawsuit brought against Texaco by minority workers, the stunned Joseph “did her best not to react” at the time since she feared a response would cause her to lose her job (Eichenwald 11 ).
In Music: Children at Musical Play
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nooks and crannies of home, school, and neighborhood, and even within the times and places reserved for musical study, there is a steady current of children’s own music-in-the-making that underlies the various activities in which they engage. Sometimes they are unaware of this musicking, as it flows almost in a stream-of-consciousness way from their voices and bodies. Yet it is also made by children with the full intent of preserving a song, rhythm, or game buoyed by music. This music may even be their concentrated efforts to make up music that expresses their thoughts in musical ways.
For Children: Prospects for Their Musical Education
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This third section reflects on the dialogues and descriptions of children’s musical repertoire, practices, and thoughts and looks ahead to possible interventions: school music practices, training through lessons, and parent-guided musical enrichment for children. It considers who the children musically are au naturel—in their natural state—and suggests possibilities for all that they can musically become. Thus, this is prescriptive as well as descriptive, in that it acknowledges the voices of children and recommends channels for their development in and through music. It is important for me to reiterate that my thoughts here emanate not only from experiences of the children whose tales have been recounted here but also from a conglomerate of my experiences as a longtime teacher of children, and to emphasize my belief in the great benefits to be had from making moments to talk with children, to watch them at musical play, and to listen to their songs.
From Socioeconomic Epidemiology toward the Epidemiology of American Apartheid
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conceptual framework in Chapter 1 involves consideration of the effects of social class on the health of blacks and the possibility of a combined effect of black poverty and the segregation of blacks in urban areas (“concentration” or “neighborhood” effects). In this chapter, the results of a few studies of the relationship between poverty (or, more broadly, social class) and mortality are outlined, including the pioneering work of Kitagawa and Hauser (1973) on “socioeconomic epidemiology.” The extension of this field to encompass segregation as a variable in predicting variation in mortality rates for blacks, and black/white ratios of mortality rates, is introduced, to be followed by detailed analyses in Chapter 5.
Interpretations and Research Needs
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This discussion of the interpretation of the findings in Chapter 5 starts with problems inherent in the use of ecologic studies, along with various “errors of measurement” (MacMahon and Pugh, 1970). A consideration of potential explanations involving the concentration or neighborhood effects of segregation follows. Because the ecologic studies presented in this book serve mainly to generate hypotheses, the discussion is speculative. It involves mainly a review of the literature on the effects of discrimination in such areas as medical (health) care, quality of life issues for blacks (especially in inner cities), exposures to stresses, and certain psychosocial and physiologic responses to stress. This review deals with the epidemiology of discrimination and racism. It is intended to stimulate further studies of the association between segregation and the health of blacks. The final discussion concerns the need for further ecologic studies, with more detailed data than were available for Chapter 5, along with nonecologic (or “analytic”) epidemiologic studies that obtain information on individuals.
Some Issues in Social and Health Policies
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An editorial in The Lancet discussing the “underclass” in both England and the United States suggested that “compassion and public policy” once attempted “through such activities as the new deal and the welfare state” to attack the underclass but that declining faith in this viewpoint may be “inflating” the underclass (Anon., 1990). It was also suggested that a “walk about in London” would bring “shame and indignation” regarding the plight of the “underclass.” Similar sentiments would be evoked by a visit to many large U.S. cities, especially the older metropolises in parts of the North and Midwest where blacks migrated in large numbers during the early to middle twentieth century.
This Thing Called Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singers, professional or amateur, regard the spectacle of the Olympic Games as virtually identical to their own work. Even an inexperienced singer knows-as Gertrude Stein would say-that performance is performance is performance, whatever the field. It matters not that an athlete broke an Olympic record back home in Indiana on a Thursday afternoon at 2:00 P.M. It only counts when he or she does it at the appointed time and in the appointed place, under pressure, in Montreal or Atlanta, say, at 10:17 A.M. Similarly, it matters not how well the singer performed the aria at the Monday rehearsal; it only counts when he or she sings it well on Wednesday evening at 8:26 P.M. before an audience.
Setting Goals
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 1953 Yale University study revealed that of all the graduating seniors, only 3 percent had set goals and planned how to achieve them. These seniors were conspicuous in their class because they alone focused on the very important questions linked with goal setting, such as what it was that they really wanted to accomplish and how they planned to achieve the goals they had set. Furthermore, it is clear that this top 3 percent of “goal setters” were by far the most successful of their class. In terms of money, this 3 percent earned more than all the other 97 percent of the whole class. While success cannot always be viewed in terms of money, the process used to achieve the success is important.
Dealing with Anxiety
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the performance psychologist, anxiety is a complex emotional state. To the general public, anxiety is synonymous with worry, fear, and forebodings. To the singer, it is public enemy number one! When a singer freezes or commits a blunder in a big performance moment, anxiety is either the root cause or the outcome. Performance, by its very nature, places stress on performers and makes demands on their mental and physical energy. But it also offers the participants a challenge, great opportunities, and a chance to push back their own personal boundaries, all of which can be very liberating. Performance does, however, produce some uncertainty, some doubts-how will it go? You could consider anxiety to be a reflection of uncertainty. This powerful combination of stress and uncertainty is the villain, although it is a kind of villain that could turn out to be either a blessing or a threat.
Memory
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory is an important part of your performances. Perhaps you often worry about whether your memory will cope, realizing as you do that you have not only the music and the words to remember but the blocking as well, if your performance is staged. The human mind remembers almost everything that happens to it, but sometimes the information cannot be recalled. When you say, “I can’t remember,” you actually mean that your memory is (temporarily) blocked. You will be pleased to know that it is rare for human beings to forget information altogether and even more pleased to be told that, like any other mental skill, memory can be enhanced in two ways: By linking it to the learning methods that suit you best (you do have your own personal way of learning-visually, kinesthetically, verbally, or any combination of these).
Mental Rehabilitation Following Vocal Injury or Illness
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a singer, you will have always been concerned about your health and will have taken great care of yourself, wanting to achieve the highest you can while remaining injury- and illness-free. Because injury and illness can occur at any time-after performance, from overwork, from intense practice or inappropriate thinking-your ability to rehabilitate as quickly and efficiently as possible becomes an important part of your performance strategy. Any rehabilitation requires that you be involved in both a physical and a mental program. You will, of course, have sought specialized treatment if the nature of the vocal injury demanded it, but the period of rehabilitation can be shortened considerably if you combine the physical program with a mental program. Your quick return to singing and your future performances will naturally depend upon the nature of the injury/illness, the quality of care by your otolaryngologist and your voice therapist, the quality of your own mental rehabilitation program, and your commitment to adhere to the program. Vocal injury/illness is not simply a physical loss; it can also cause emotional devastation.
bhlh Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in Chapter 3, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a large superfamily of dimeric transcription factors in which the HLH motif mediates protein dimerization and the basic domain mediates DNA binding. In some bHLH families, such as the myogenic bHLH family consisting of MYOD, MYOGENIN, MYFS, and MRF4, the HLH do main is both necessary and sufficient to mediate dimerization. In other families, an additional domain that is present immediately carboxyl terminal to the HLH domain is also required for dimerization. Thus, the bHLH-ZIP proteins contain a helix-loop-helix and an adjacent leucine zipper domain that are both required for proper protein dimerization. Because dimerization is a prerequisite for DNA binding, these domains are crucial for the biological activity of bHLH and bHLH-ZIP proteins.
The Role of Mountains and Plateaus in a Triassic Climate Model
Authors: Hay William W , Wold Christopher N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Triassic is a unique episode in Earth history (Triimpy, 1982), characterized by the most arid climates of the Phanerozoic. Although the entire Triassic was arid, the Early Triassic (Scythian) was unique in leaving no record of equatorial forests or soils that would reflect the high rainfall that must occur in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The amalgamation of Laurussia and Gondwana to form Pangea had occurred at the end of the Pennsylvanian Period (290 Ma), and the breakup of Pangea that led to formation of the modem ocean basins occurred during the Jurassic, starting about 180 Ma. The Triassic represents the middle of the interval during which Pangea existed. The general paleogeography of the Triassic was not greatly different from that of the Permian and Early Jurassic. Pangea extended almost from pole to pole, having a nearly meridional western margin and a large embayment, the Tethys, on its eastern side.
Disdain – Contempt – Disgust – Guilt –Pride, Etc. — Helplessness -Patience Affirmation and Negation
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scorn and disdain can hardly be distinguished from contempt, excepting that they imply a rather more angry frame of mind. Nor can they be clearly distinguished from the feelings discussed in the last chapter under the terms of sneering and defiance. Disgust is a sensation rather more distinct in its nature, and refers to something revolting, primarily in relation to the sense of taste, as actually perceived or vividly imagined; and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling, through the sense of smell, touch, and even of eyesight. Nevertheless, extreme contempt, or, as it is often called, loathing contempt, hardly differs from disgust. These several conditions of the mind are, therefore, nearly related; and each of them may be exhibited in many different ways. Some writers have insisted chiefly on one mode of expression, and others on a different mode. From this circumstance M. Lemoine has argued that their descriptions are not trustworthy. But we shall immediately see that it is natural that the feelings which we have here to consider should be expressed in many different ways, inasmuch as various habitual actions serve equally well, through the principle of association, for their expression.
Self–attention – Shame – Shyness –Modesty: Blushing
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions. Monkeys redden from passion, but it would require an overwhelming amount of evidence to make us believe that any animal could blush. The reddening of the face from a blush is due to the relaxation of the muscular coats of the small arteries, by which the capillaries become filled with blood; and this depends on the proper vaso-motor centre being affected. No doubt if there be at the same time much mental agitation, the general circulation will be affected; but it is not due to the action of the heart that the network of minute vessels covering the face becomes under a sense of shame gorged with blood. We can cause laughing by tickling the skin, weeping or frowning by a blow, trembling from the fear of pain, and so forth; but we cannot cause a blush, as Dr Burgess remarks, by any physical means – that is by any action on the body. It is the mind which must be affected. Blushing is not only involuntary; but the wish to restrain it, by leading to self-attention, actually increases the tendency.
Child Care and The Work Place
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The availability of families to provide care for their children during working hours declined dramatically during the second half of the twentieth century, attributable primarily to the changes in women’s work patterns, in family composition, and in the nature of work and communal life. In this chapter, we examine the situation faced by today’s working parents. We will see how changes in employment patterns and family support structures, coupled with inadequate public and private responses, have combined to create unique challenges for employed parents. Adequate, affordable, dependable child care is difficult to find, and certain types of care are particularly hard to secure. We will also discuss the continued role that gender plays in the care of children, despite the increasingly similar work patterns of men and women.
Adult Care and the Work Place
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine the situation faced by workers who are providing assistance to elderly and/or disabled adults, an expanding and sometimes hidden group, which comprises nearly one out of every four persons in the U.S. labor force. The term “caregiver” has been used to refer to individuals who provide direct or indirect physical assistance, financial aid, or emotional support to adult family members or friends who have physical, cognitive, or emotional disabilities. Existing research indicates that employed caregivers experience emotional and financial strain, as well as salutary consequences, as a result of their adult-care responsibilities. Working caregivers, like working parents, are faced with the challenge of combining potentially competing family-care and job responsibilities, frequently making substantial accommodations in one or both of these roles.
Introduction
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Davison Hunter’s conclusions support both Levine and Wolfe. The elite are the main actors here, but their actions have conse­quences for everyone. The questions of the culture wars center on what is to be known and how it will be known, particularly in the insti­tutional sense. The historiographic issues focus on the how and why of knowing it. For Hunter, these questions have historical and political economic implications.
Blackness in Ancient History: Criticism and Critique
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The implications of blackness in historiography have been played out in the last three centuries in a manner that is both frustrating and confusing. There is the equation of “Africa” = “colored” = ‘Negro” =“black.” With some variation, it becomes a definition that has gained general acceptance. Then within the subtleties and nuances of the de bate there are some people who are “colored” and not “black”; and some who are ‘black” yet not “Negro.” In all this, some people may be defined as “all of the above” and yet not be “African.” Though, in fact, it is Africa that defines the geopolitical boundaries of their cultural, social, and political identities.
Historiography and Black Historians
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter IO of volume 1 of Black Athena, Martin Bernal writes of the “social, intellectual and academic forces” that when faced with works of ‘boldness and detailed scholarship” give those works little or no response. According to Bernal, “when reacting to a fundamental challenge, disciplines first of all ignore, then dismiss peremptorily, and only finally attack the challenge.” Bernal was speaking, at one point, of the reception the scholarly community gave to the 1969 publication of Siegfried Morenz’s work Europe’s Encounter with Africa.
William Leo Hansberry
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1944, William Leo Hansberry wrote of the “necessity to alter pro­foundly many of the older and widely received concepts” concerning Africa and its relation to the world. Hansberry’s article in Phylon, one of the nation’s oldest and most prestigious black academic journals, was entitled “African Studies.” 1 Hansberry’s mission and his advocacy of African studies was the culmination of a cumulative process that had begun well before his first year at Atlanta University.
Feeding
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As early gastropod forms dispersed geographically, natural selection favored adaptations that permitted exploitation of diverse habitats. The adaptive radiation of the Gastropoda is nowhere more evident than in the variety of feeding methods that have evolved in different species. In each of the diverse habitats in which gastropods reside, specializations of the feeding apparatus permit the animals to harvest whatever foods may be available, be it floating microorganisms, algal films growing on rock surfaces, large plant leaves, sedentary animals, or even live fish.
Defense
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from their shells, which are even absent or insignificant in some species, gastropods provide easily digestible meat for predators. Moreover, humans partake in the feast. Gastropods are defenseless against humans, and human consumption is significant, especially in regard to snails. In France, for instance, snails both collected and farmed constitute an industry with sales of 50 million Euros ($46 million US) per year. In central Africa, the very large snails of the family Achatinidae contribute a considerable fraction of protein to the local diet. Some gastropod populations have been eliminated, or nearly so, by overzealous collection.
Cancer Rates among Adventists and Others
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is fundamentally a disorder of the control mechanisms for cell multiplication and location. Normal cells have built-in mechanisms that limit their rate of multiplication, so that new cells appear only where others have died—at least after childhood growth has ceased. Organs maintain their shape and functional integrity by these means. Control mechanisms ensure that most normal cells of fixed organs do not move about and never enter the blood or lymphatic circulation and then settle and multiply in some distant organ (a metastasis).
Yet this is what happens in many cancers, which, after metastasis, are usually incurable with current therapies. Even those cancers that have not metastasized if untreated may grow rapidly to form tumors in their organ of origin. These may interfere with the organ’s function or may damage other surrounding structures.
The flaws that underlie a cell’s escape from control are largely located in the DNA of the cell nucleus. In other words, if certain critical genes become damaged or mutated, the cell will no longer behave normally (Ruoslahti, 1996; Weinberg, 1996). The body does have several back-up or emergency mechanisms, and evidence suggests that a cell must actually accumulate multiple mutations before cancer results.
Conceptions of Novelty
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that a prediction can claim some measure of independence from the theory that yields it is not new. It was connected in the nineteenth century with “the method of hypothesis,” a precursor of hypotheticodeductivism. These methodologies are alike in admitting into scientific theories explanatory hypotheses that cannot be induced from observations. Both methodologies depict scientific inference as the deductive explanation and prediction of empirical results from hypotheses. But unlike hypothetico-deductivism, the method of hypothesis is primarily a methodology of confirmation; it supposes that the ability to explain and predict bespeaks truth. The emphasis is not on testing at all. The point is not to confront hypotheses with empirical results that they should, if true, predict accurately, but to evaluate hypotheses on the basis of their explanatory and predictive resources. Hypotheses are to be valued in the measure that they provide explanations and predictions of important empirical phenomena. The failure to provide these in some instances can be offset by successes elsewhere, so that, on balance, the hypothesis excels. Explanatory success on balance, especially relative to alternatives, is reckoned a suitable basis for acceptance.