bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation, Profitability, and Growth over the Business Cycle*
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debates about Industrial Policy in the UK are dominated by a concern to make UK firms ‘more innovative’. Countless measures of research progressiveness seem to tell the sorry story of a once great industrial power slipping down the international innovation league tables, and each dozen economists who address this problem produce several dozen solutions. Although there is much work yet to be done in measuring social rates of return and assessing the relative efficacy of different policies designed to stimulate innovation, it seems clear that a comprehensive examination of these issues requires one to think carefully about how the performance of innovative firms might differ from that of non-innovative ones. In this chapter we would like to focus directly on this question, and ask ‘what effects would one expect to observe on UK corporate performance if UK firms became more innovative?’ As in many other situations, the answer turns out to be sensitive to the way one poses the question in the first place. There are (at least) two alternative views about how innovation might enhance the performance of a firm.
The Distillers Company and the Process of Amalgamation, 1877–1881
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to what might have been predicted given that the amalgamation developed because of the perceived weakness of the Scotch Distillers’ Associatipn, the Distillers Company did not abandon trade agreements, and in October 1877 discussion began among Scottish, Irish, and provincial English distillers for a new association. In September 1878 the United Kingdom Distillers’ Association (UKDA) was established. Christened ‘The Whisky Parliament’, the Association was planned to last five years, but survived until September 1888. Just prior to its second five-year period, an agreement was signed with the London Distillers’ Association (LDA) which brought most patent still distilleries under a single collusive agreement. Because this covered price, sales, conditions of sale, and acquisitions important policy issues were removed from DCL’s discretion. The company’s early history was therefore intimately linked to that of the UKDA. The Association is discussed in Chapter 4 which looks at the general trading environment and assesses how far the objectives of the amalgamation were achieved. This chapter describes the managerial, funding, and pricing problems that beset DCL during its first four years.
The ‘Whisky Parliament’ The United Kingdom Distillers’ Association, 1878–1888
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Kingdom Distillers’ Association was formed on DCL’s initiat ive and for ten years sought to control the market in patent still spirit. It exhibited classic cartel behaviour, not least by developing tactics which ensured its downfall, and following its collapse much less reliance was placed on trade associations to control competition. Instead, after the whisky boom of the 1890s, acquisitions were regarded as more effective. The story of UKDA illuminates the attitudes of one group of Victorian businessmen to competition, which they regarded as destabilizing and destructive rather than efficiency —enhancing. Sometimes explicitly, sometimes implicitly, these attitudes were expressed in the Association’s constitution. While judgements on late-Victorian entrepreneurs have ranged ‘from damnation to redemption’, this chapter seeks neither to damn nor to redeem but rather to understand why grain distillers thought salvation lay in the Association. Ultimately the UKDA was challenged by spiritdealers who moved into distilling. One challenger, the North British Distillery Company, stands out because of the innovatory way limited liability was moulded to enable dealers to become distillers. Finally, the Association existed during part of the period known as the Great Depression (1873-96) and offers a different perspective on the notion that the depression was a ‘myth’.
The Development of the Distillers Company, 1878–1895
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the UKDA ended DCL’s initial strategy. In 1878 Association rules had been substituted for board control over pricing, home sales, conditions of sale, and acquisitions. These reverted to the board in 1888, but how had DCL developed in the interval? What progress had been made towards the aims of the amalgamation? What effect did membership have on the company and how did it adjust after 1888?
DCL’s abortive pursuit of an independent pricing policy during its first year showed that it could not act alone; the stark reality was that DCL had precious little sovereignty to surrender and its initiative in forming the Association explicitly recognized the grain distillers’ interdependence. Yet the importance of DCL’s home market sales, never less than 49 per cent of the Association’s, meant that it tended to have the largest say when the UKDA fixed prices. Between 1878 and 1888 the Association made twelve pricing decisions. On only three occasions were DCL’s wishes overridden. Behind the veil of the UKDA’s voting system, a spasmodic form of price leadership existed in grain distilling, something that was not true of malt distilling or blending, and it was subject to two constraints: the London distillers and the level of imports. In this respect, despite its share of sales, DCL was no different from any other member.
‘The Most Discreditable Chapter in the History of the Whisky Trade’: Pattisons Ltd.
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Ross, who was appointed OCL’s general manager in 1897 and managing director in 1900, described the 1890s as a period ‘not notable for many important events in the Company’s history’, a comment more revealing of the man than the era. Ross made his reputation after 1900 as the great consolidator of the Scotch whisky industry and as one of the architects of OCL’s diversification. He also became a spokesman for the grain distillers in the controversy over blending and the campaign against the ‘people’s budget’ of 1909. His reputation therefore grew out of the problems that plagued an industry whose market was declining; periods of expansion offered fewer challenges for Ross. Yet the decade dismissed by Ross saw a boom in the whisky trade which sowed some of the seeds of later decline. Admittedly, this decline could not have been predicted because in the 1890s there was money, a lot of money, to be made from Scotch whisky.
‘Capone was a poacher’: Marketing in Hard Times, 1919–1939
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only recently that British business historians have begun to investigate marketing and the number of case studies remains limited, as does the degree of agreement about the proficiency of businessmen. Some businessmen neglected marketing, others displayed great innovatory flair. So far as the marketing of Scotch whisky is concerned the verdict, admittedly of a tiny number of studies, has been favourable. Marketing was of ‘pre—eminent importance’ and the trade particularly precocious in developing mass-marketing techniques.3 Salesmanship was held in high esteem and its practitioners well rewarded financially and within the managerial hierarchy.4 What has also been recognized is the need to adjust the criteria by which marketing performance is assessed to allow for changing circumstances, a point particularly relevant to the inter-war period, when the task facing whisky salesmen was more demanding than it had been before the First World War or was to be after the Second World War.
Determinants of Child Mortality in Turkey
Authors: Fisek Nusret H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life expectancy at birth is considerably shorter in Turkey than in the developed countries, but this difference narrows considerably at ages beyond five years. Comparatively low adult mortality in Turkey is explicable by the similarity of the most frequent causes of death in Turkey and developed countries. These are diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, accidents, poisoning, and violence. The prevention and cure of these diseases and factors are quite difficult and have as yet been unsuccessful everywhere. Death rates from infectious diseases in Turkey are in the same range as those in the developed countries (World Health Organization, 1980; DIE, 1984).
Crisis Mortality: Extinction and Near extinction of Human Populations
Authors: Bouckaert Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mortality crises deserve special attention in the study of mortality. They can be defined as unusually high mortalities arising from a common, unusual, causal factor operating for a limited amount of time across a given geographical area. The actual number of deaths should in no way be used as evidence of the severity of mortality crises. Obviously, the worst episodes of plague in small islands do not result in numbers of deaths that would match even mild infections in China or the United States. This statement of fact only supports the need for more extensive research on mild infections. However, plagues in small islands should not be forgotten: their study can perhaps enable us to reach interesting conclusions about plagues in large countries, where their deadly impact would soon exceed a11 consequences of mild infections, prevalent as those can be.
Famine in China 1959-61: Demographic and Social Implications
Authors: Kane Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Famine has been endemic in China’s history, with recurrent drought in the northern and central provinces as well as floods, both along the meandering rivers which frequently burst their banks or changed their course, or resulting from typhoons hitting the coastal provinces. But famine is, as Tawney long ago pointed out, a matter of degree: There are districts in which the position of the rural population is that of a man standing permanently up to the neck in water, so that even a ripple is sufficient to drown him (Tawney, 1932). The number of those standing up to the neck in water increased immeasurably during the l940s, as a consequence of war. Few tasks were more urgent, for the new Chinese government after 1949, than to ensure some minimal food security.
Development and Transformation of Japan’s Financial System and Monetary Policy
Authors: Teranishi Juro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the development and transformation of Japan’s financial system from the mid-Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period and analyze the relationship between currency and monetary policies. The subject of Sections 1 and 2 is the development and trans formation of the financial system; Sections 3 and 4 will deal with the relationship between currency and monetary policies.
Transformation of Industries in the War Years
Authors: Miyazaki Masayasu , Ito Osamu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the outbreak of war with China in 1937, the Japanese government endeavored to take over the control of major industries in order to expand munitions production. As a result of the priority investment in equipment, capital, and labor, production in the heavy and chemical industries increased remarkably. With the average output during 1934-36 as base 100, steel rose to 203 by 1943, and by 1944 non-ferrous metal production had climbed to 223 and machinery to 389. Each of these sectors recorded peak production in the closing years of the war due to the continued effort to boost output. Chemical production overall peaked at 163 in 1939 before it began to decline.
Training Electrical Engineers in France, 1880-1939
Authors: Grelon Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last third of the nineteenth century, new industrial developments took place in close connection with the progress of applied science and new technology. This was for example the case in the steel industry, with the gradual installation of Bessemer converters and major breakthroughs in the study of alloys; and in the chemical industry, with essential dis coveries in the field of synthetic dyes and their application to the textile industry. There was also the use of a new form of energy, which promised a great future: electricity. In order to be efficiently used for industrial purposes, the new technologies had to be handled by competent technicians. How were technicians trained in France at that time? There existed two types of establishments: institutions of higher education, which pre pared their students for the engineering profession; and technical schools, which trained foremen.
Clusters in the US Computing Industry
Authors: Swann G M Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the models set out in the previous chapter to analyses the clustering process in the US computing industry. Section 4.1 describes the data used for this study. Section 4.2 examines the models of entry: the simple latent variable model, the average entry model, and the full entry model. Section 4.3 examines the models of growth: a firm-level model of growth and an aggregate model. Section 4.4 uses these models in a simulation exercise to explore what sorts of clusters will prosper in the long term. Section 4.5 offers an interpretation of the main research results.
Management Accounting in Spain Trends in Thought and Practice
Authors: Saez-Torrecilla Angel , Fernandez-Fernandez Antonio , Texeira-Quiros, Joaquin , Vaquera-Mosquero Mercedes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of management and cost accounting in Spain, in terms of both practice and research, has lagged behind that in other European countries. As a discipline, it began to be taught in universities at about the middle of the present century. Until then, instruction in cost accounting was imparted outside universities in industrial and work environments, without scientific rigour and content. Consequently, Spanish companies applied different cost accounting and pro-rating procedures (which were, and still are, named ‘escandallos’). Thus, in most cases, enterprises calculated their product costs using a variety of arbitrary and subjective methods. Nevertheless, teaching and research in management and cost accounting have had a considerable influence on practices in Spanish companies.
Employment and Unemployment, North and South
Authors: Singh Ajit , Zammit Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central and pressing economic problem today both in the developed and developing countries is that of unemployment and underemployment. This chapter proposes that the main focus of a new global development agenda for the 1990s should be the restoration of full employment in the North and the creation of adequate jobs in the South to meet the needs of its fast-growing labour force. Employment is not only important in itself. It is crucial because of its all-pervading comprehensive economic and social linkages. Unemployment leads to poverty, social degradation, and marginalization; history tells us that, if it reaches a high level, it often gives rise to social and political strife, with deleterious consequences.
Social Ethics and Implementation Theory
Authors: Vannucci Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Game theory and ethics provide us with reasons for choosing in certain ways amongst alternative actions, outcomes, rules, or institutions. The emphasis of game theorists is on ‘rational’ and ‘self-interested’ choice in an interactive environment, where the relevant notion of ‘self-interest’ is in principle amenable to a broad interpretation which does not rule out altruistic or ‘higher-level’ preferences. On the other hand, ethical analysts dispute over-but insist upon--criteria of ‘rightness’, ‘goodness’, or ‘mor ality’ of choice. All in all, the scope for potential conflict between ‘rational strategic’ and ‘ethical’ prescriptions is large enough, especially when it comes to assessing basic social arrangements, institutions, and rules of conduct Prisoner Dilemmas and other sorts of co-ordination failures are the most typical examples of those potential conflicts.
Technological Importation in Japan
Authors: Wakasugi Ryuhei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technological information is diffused through various types of channel. In addition to the direct transaction of technological information between supplier and user at a cost, technological information can be acquired by reverse engineering of machine and equipment, personal exchange of information between engineers and scientists, collection of information contained in academic journals and industrial newspapers, participation in business exhibitions, and so on. These methods have all functioned as important channels for Japanese firms to import foreign technology.
The Innovation Process in the Japanese Steel Industry
Authors: Yonekura Seiichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some attributed these high ratios to Japanese governmental policy, con tending that Japanese firms were able to invest in these new technologies because of governmental protection and promotion measures (see e.g. McCraw and O ‘Brien 1986). Others cited the organizational capabilities of Japanese firms (see Lynn 1982). Still others argued that the differences were just a matter of timing, since the BOF became available after the American steel industry had already invested a large amount of capital in the OHF. Although all of these arguments have their own rationale and evidence, I would like to attribute the high diffusion of the new innovations in Japan to the nature of the radical innovations themselves. During my study of the developmental pattern of the Japanese steel industry, I noticed a relationship between these innovations and the process of ‘innovation begets innovation· (see Yonekura 1994: chs. 1 and 9). This chapter will examine how the introduction of one technologically radical innovation facilitated the successive introductions of other innovations in the Japanese steel industry.
Britain: From Economic Liberalism to Socialism-And Back?
Authors: Foreman-Peck James , Hannah Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of early European industrial policy was concerned to promote industrialization, often to support defence industries deemed essential to national security. British policy in the nineteenth century was rather different. Economic liberal ism required that, as Prime Minister Gladstone said, money should be left to fructify in the pockets of individuals. But the state’s embrace of British industry progressively tightened over the following century. Government expenditure and taxation as a proportion of national output rose, while firm size and con centration grew, technology became far more sophisticated and productivity soared. Adjustments of the policy framework to changed economic circumstances depended on electoral and other political contingencies, among which the two world wars have been considered the most prominent causes (Tomlinson 1994). As early as 1886, the Royal Commission on the Depression of Trade and Industry complained of ‘a falling off of energy’ amongst manufacturers. Despite this and other concerns, the gap between what might reasonably be achieved by industry, and what was accomplished, did not become substantial until per haps the Edwardian years. The Boer War and the First World War both shook the complacency of British nineteenth-century liberal approaches to industrial or supply-side policy, already threatened by the rise of the economies of Imperial Germany and the United States.
Introduction: An Historical Review
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last century across the developed western countries, patterns of family formation have undergone radical changes, above all in terms of levels of fertility. This shift in family formation has accompanied major changes in the organization and structures of core and extended families. Moreover, the links to the broader society, particularly through the need to support families, have been a central concern of social policy. New Zealand has escaped none of these trends. In fact in many ways its patterns and values fit closely with those of the other ‘neo-Europes’ (Crosby, 1986), particularly Anglophone Canada and Australia.
The Formation of Families
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 150 years, the most extensive changes to the family have come from demographic transitions in fertility and family formation. These produced the shift, shown in Figure 1, from the large families of the past to the small families of today. Accompanying changes in size and in strategies of family formation were shifts in family and household structures, some a direct consequence of the wider demographic transitions of New Zealand’s major ethnic groups, which will be briefly described below.
The Family and the Labour Market
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major transaction between the family and society has to do with the way in which the family can or cannot provide its own sustenance through labour market participation. Thus a central issue for family policy concerns the income-generating capacity of family members. Success in this regard will ensure that the family has little need for social policy support at least with respect to income maintenance. Limited access to the labour markett either because members are unemployed, or because family status, health, or other factors render them unable to work for remuneration, means that income may well be below the average. Beyond this, the more mouths to feed, the less likely that any given family income will adequately meet the family’s needs (Easting and Fleming, 1994; Rainwater, 1994). Moreover, in a multicultural society groups have differential access to the labour market, varying family sizes, and different earning capacities.
Families and Social Services
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main provisions of the ‘family wage’ in New Zealand’s post-war economy centred on the activities of the industrial court and the participation of wage-earners in the labour market (see Chapter 5). The wage itself was not limited to income, but included social components, such as predominantly free access to health and education, the widespread availability of housing and housing finance, and a comprehensive range of welfare services. The history of these services has been dominated by the changing responsibilities of central government, voluntary organizations, and to a lesser extent, private-sector agencies.