bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary Brown Carbon Formation From Photooxidation of Furans From Biomass Burning
Authors: Joo T. , Machesky J. E. , Zeng L. , Hass‐Mitchell T. , Weber R. J. , Gentner D. R. , Ng N. L. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFurans are a major class of volatile organic compounds emitted from biomass burning. Their high reactivity with atmospheric oxidants leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including secondary brown carbon (BrC) that can affect global climate via interactions with solar radiation. Here, we investigate the optical properties and chemical composition of SOA generated via photooxidation of furfural, 2‐methylfuran, and 3‐methylfuran under dry (RH < 5%) and humid (RH ∼ 50%) conditions in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonium sulfate seed aerosol. Dry furfural oxidation has the greatest BrC formation, including reduced nitrogen‐containing organic compounds (NOCs) in SOA, which are dominated by amines and amides formed from reactions between carbonyls and ammonia/ammonium. Based on the products detected, we propose novel formation pathways of NOCs in furfural photooxidation, which can contribute to BrC via accretion reactions during the photochemical aging of biomass burning plumes.
Seismic Evidence for a Transcrustal Magmatic Pathway Contributing to Critical Metal Deposits
Authors: Bi Hao , Fang Hongjian , Zhang Ping , Sudholz Zachary , Miller Meghan S. , Yu Pengpeng , Gao Rui 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Nanling metallogenic belt in South China hosts ∼50 percent of the world's tungsten (W), ∼20 percent tin (Sn), and other critical metals. However, the factors controlling ore distribution and types are still debated, due partly to the lack of high‐resolution crustal models. We apply an array‐based receiver function imaging method to resolve the fine‐scale crustal structure using a newly deployed dense nodal array across the belt. We find weak Moho converting phases in the northern belt, indicating a gradual crust‐mantle transition distinct from the sharp transitions observed elsewhere. The weak Moho spatially correlates with a major fault zone, A‐type granite distribution, and Sn ore deposits. Combining with geochemical and petrological evidence, we propose that the gradual crust‐mantle transition is attributed to, and likely facilitated, the mixing of mantle materials with the crust, thus contributing to Sn and other Mesozoic ore formations in the northern Nanling belt.
The Fate of Simple Organics on Titan's Surface: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Yu Xinting , Yu Yue , Garver Julia , Zhang Xi , McGuiggan Patricia 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAtmospheric photochemistry on Titan continuously transforms methane and nitrogen gases into various organic compounds. This study explores the fate of these molecules when they land on Titan's surface. Our analytical exploration reveals that most simple organics found in Titan's atmosphere, including all nitriles, triple‐bonded hydrocarbons, and benzene, land as solids. Only a few compounds are in the liquid phase, while only ethylene remains gaseous. For the simple organics that land as solids, we further examine their interactions with Titan's lake liquids. Utilizing principles of buoyancy, we found that flotation can be achieved via porosity‐induced (25%–60% porosity) or capillary force‐induced buoyancy for hydrogen cyanide ices on ethane‐rich lakes. Otherwise, these ices would sink and become lakebed sediments. By evaluating the timescale of flotation, our findings suggest that porosity‐induced flotation of millimeter‐sized and larger sediments is the only plausible mechanism for floating solids to explain the transient “magic islands” phenomena on Titan's lakes.
The Energy Decay of Warm‐Core Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Meunier Thomas , Bower Amy , Pérez‐Brunius Paula , Graef Federico , Mahadevan Amala 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is home to some of the most energetic eddies in the ocean. Warm‐core rings detach from the Loop‐Current and drift through the basin, transporting large amounts of heat and salt. These eddies, known as Loop Current rings (LCRs) have a crucial role in the GoM's dynamics and in the weather of the eastern US, and this role is largely conditioned by their longevity and decay properties. Here, we use an empirical method to estimate the energy evolution of all LCRs detached since 1993. We found that, contrary to the commonly accepted idea that LCRs conserve their energy as they drift through the GoM and decay suddenly against the western platform, LCRs' energy decay is faster in the eastern basin, and they typically lose three‐quarter of their energy before encountering the continental shelf. We also show that wind‐current feedback contributes to the energy decay and conversion.
Reconnection Inside a Dipolarization Front of a Diverging Earthward Fast Flow
Authors: Hosner M. , Nakamura R. , Schmid D. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Panov E. V. , Volwerk M. , Vörös Z. , Roberts O. W. , Blasl K. A. , Settino A. , Korovinskiy D. , Marshall A. T. , Denton R. E. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Le Contel O. , Escoubet C. P. , Dandouras I. S. , Carr C. , Fazakerley A. N. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe examine a Dipolarization Front (DF) event with an embedded electron diffusion region (EDR), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 08 September 2018 at 14:51:30 UT in the Earth's magnetotail by applying multi‐scale multipoint analysis methods. In order to study the large‐scale context of this DF, we use conjunction observations of the Cluster spacecraft together with MMS. A polynomial magnetic field reconstruction technique is applied to MMS data to characterize the embedded electron current sheet including its velocity and the X‐line exhaust opening angle. Our results show that the MMS and Cluster spacecraft were located in two counter‐rotating vortex flows, and such flows may distort a flux tube in a way that the local magnetic shear angle is increased and localized magnetic reconnection may be triggered. Using multi‐point data from MMS we further show that the local normalized reconnection rate is in the range of R ∼ 0.16 to 0.18. We find a highly asymmetric electron in‐ and outflow structure, consistent with previous simulations on strong guide‐field reconnection events. This study shows that magnetic reconnection may not only take place at large‐scale stable magnetopause or magnetotail current sheets but also in transient localized current sheets, produced as a consequence of the interaction between the fast Earthward flows and the Earth's dipole field.
Quiet Time Thermospheric Gravity Waves Observed by GOCE and CHAMP
Authors: Xu Shuang , Vadas Sharon L. , Yue Jia 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) and CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellites measure in‐situ thermospheric density and cross‐track wind. When propagating obliquely to the satellite track in a horizontal plane (i.e., not purely along‐track or cross‐track), gravity waves (GWs) can be observed both in the density and cross‐track wind perturbations. We employ the Wavelet Analysis, red noise model, dissipative dispersion and polarization relations for thermospheric GWs, and specific criteria to determine whether a quiet‐time (Kp < 3) thermospheric traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) event is a GW or not. The first global morphology of thermospheric GWs instead of TADs is reported. The fast intrinsic horizontal phase speed (cIH > 600 m/s) of most GWs suggests that they are not generated in the lower/middle atmosphere (where cIH < 300 m/s). A second population of GWs with slower speeds (cIH = 50–250 m/s) in GOCE are likely from the lower/middle atmosphere, but they occur much less frequently in CHAMP. GW hotspots occur during the high‐latitude and the winter midlatitude regions. GW amplitudes exhibit semi‐annual and annual variations. These findings suggest that most GOCE and CHAMP GWs are higher‐order GWs from primary GW sources in the lower/middle atmosphere. Finally, the average propagation direction of the CHAMP GWs exhibits a clear diurnal cycle, with clockwise (counterclockwise) occurring in the northern (southern) hemisphere and equatorward propagation occurring at ∼13 LST. This suggests that the predominant GW propagation direction is opposite to the background wind direction.
EBSD Analysis of Iron‐Nickel Metal in L Type Ordinary Chondrites: 2. Formation of Net, Acicular, Duplex, and Pearlitic Plessite
Authors: Luo Yexin , Chen Hongyi , Beard Sky , Zeng Xiaojia , Hu Sen , Jin Lei , Liu Jiahui , Li Shaolin , Zhang Xiaoping 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe microstructure of plessite, which is composed of kamacite (α) and taenite (γ), exhibits diverse formation mechanisms and is highly complex. In this study, four types of plessite, namely net, acicular, duplex, and pearlitic plessite, were investigated in L group chondrites using the Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique. This enabled comprehensive determination of their orientation relationships, evolution paths, and formation mechanisms. The findings from this study demonstrate that net plessite is formed due to shock reheating and is characterized by partial austenitization of kamacite with taenite filling between residual kamacite grains. Acicular plessite forms during cooling prior to reaching the α + γ region where silicate inclusions within taenite serve as intergranular nucleation sites for kamacite. Duplex plessite forms during the quenching event after shock reheating when the homogenous taenite becomes thermodynamically unstable, leading to either spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth; meanwhile, duplex plessite is also formed through brittle fracture of kamacite. Pearlitic plessite forms upon reaching the eutectoid point where kamacite nucleates on grain boundaries and grows into surrounding taenite grains. The formation mechanism behind these four distinct forms of plessite provides valuable insights not only into the thermal evolution of L chondrites but also into other meteorites containing Fe‐Ni metal.
Similarities in Storage and Transport of Sulfate in Forested and Suburban Watersheds, Despite Anthropogenically Elevated Suburban Sulfate
Authors: Cosans C. L. , Gomes M. L. , Marsh M. J. , Moore J. , Harman C. J. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSulfate is a potential pollutant and important nutrient linked with the nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus cycles. The importance of different anthropogenic sulfate sources in suburban streams (septic systems, fertilizer, road salt, and infrastructure) is uncertain, and the temporal dynamics of stream export sparsely documented. We study sources and export dynamics of sulfate in suburban and forested headwater catchments. Stream baseflow discharge and sulfate concentrations were strongly positively correlated in both watersheds with the highest values in spring. Suburban concentrations and fluxes (2.48–7.5 mg/L or 25.8–78.1 μM, 16.6 kg/ha/yr) were consistently higher than forested (0.56–2.78 mg/L or 5.8–28.9 μM, 5 kg/ha/yr). Following precipitation, sulfate concentrations in both forested and suburban streams increased to concentrations above pre‐storm values and remained high after peak discharge. These dynamics suggest that both catchments have a large pool of sulfate that can be mobilized under wet conditions. Ridge‐top forest soil samples contained 210 kg/ha stored, extractable sulfate. Current atmospheric sulfate deposition rates (5–7 kg/ha/yr) are approximately in balance with sulfate export in the forested stream. In the suburban watershed, we estimated septic fields contribute up to 11 kg/ha/yr (about half from surfactants) and lawn care up to 4.3 kg/ha/yr and are the most likely sources of elevated stream sulfate. Sulfate sulfur (4.9–5.8‰ forested; 6.1–7.0‰ suburban) and oxygen isotope values (0.7–2.0‰ forested; −0.1–4.1‰ suburban) are consistent with this interpretation, but do not provide strong corroboration due to large variation and overlap in estimated source values.
Mitochondria as secretory organelles and therapeutic cargos
Authors: Suh Joonho , Lee Yun-Sil 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMitochondria have been primarily considered intracellular organelles that are responsible for generating energy for cell survival. However, accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria are secreted into the extracellular space under physiological and pathological conditions, and these secreted mitochondria play diverse roles by regulating metabolism, the immune response, or the differentiation/maturation in target cells. Furthermore, increasing amount of research shows the therapeutic effects of local or systemic administration of mitochondria in various disease models. These findings have led to growing interest in exploring mitochondria as potential therapeutic agents. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of mitochondria as extracellularly secreted organelles to shed light on their functions beyond energy production. Additionally, we provide information on therapeutic outcomes of mitochondrial transplantation in animal models of diseases and an update on ongoing clinical trials, underscoring the potential of using mitochondria as a novel therapeutic intervention.
A C-shaped hinge for displacement magnification in MEMS rotational structures
Authors: Kommanaboina Naga Manikanta , Yallew Teferi Sitotaw , Bagolini Alvise , Pantano Maria F. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe design, analysis, fabrication, and characterization of two distinct MEMS rotational structures are provided; these structures include a classical symmetrical lancet structure and a novel symmetrical C-shaped structure provided with a tilted arm, and both are actuated by thermal actuators. Our proposed C-shaped structure implemented a curved beam mechanism to enhance the movement delivered by the thermal actuators. The geometrical parameters of our proposed device were optimized using the design of experiment (DOE) method. Furthermore, the analytical modeling based on Castigliano’s second theorem and the simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) were used to predict the behavior of the symmetrical C-shaped structure; the results were in good agreement with each other. The MEMS-based rotational structures were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers using bulk micromachining technology and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) processes. The fabricated devices underwent experimental characterization; our results showed that our proposed MEMS rotational structure exhibited a 28% improvement in the delivered displacement compared to the symmetrical lancet structure. Furthermore, the experimental results showed good agreement with those obtained from numerical analysis. Our proposed structures have potential applications in a variety of MEMS devices, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and resonators, due to their ability to maximize displacement and thus enhance sensitivity.
Genetic factors associated with suicidal behaviors and alcohol use disorders in an American Indian population
Authors: Peng Qian , Gilder David A. , Bernert Rebecca A. , Karriker-Jaffe Katherine J. , Ehlers Cindy L. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAmerican Indians (AI) demonstrate the highest rates of both suicidal behaviors (SB) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) among all ethnic groups in the US. Rates of suicide and AUD vary substantially between tribal groups and across different geographical regions, underscoring a need to delineate more specific risk and resilience factors. Using data from over 740 AI living within eight contiguous reservations, we assessed genetic risk factors for SB by investigating: (1) possible genetic overlap with AUD, and (2) impacts of rare and low-frequency genomic variants. Suicidal behaviors included lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and acts, including verified suicide deaths, scored using a ranking variable for the SB phenotype (range 0–4). We identified five loci significantly associated with SB and AUD, two of which are intergenic and three intronic on genes AACSP1, ANK1, and FBXO11. Nonsynonymous rare and low-frequency mutations in four genes including SERPINF1 (PEDF), ZNF30, CD34, and SLC5A9, and non-intronic rare and low-frequency mutations in genes OPRD1, HSD17B3 and one lincRNA were significantly associated with SB. One identified pathway related to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulation, whose 83 nonsynonymous rare and low-frequency variants on 10 genes were significantly linked to SB as well. Four additional genes, and two pathways related to vasopressin-regulated water metabolism and cellular hexose transport, also were strongly associated with SB. This study represents the first investigation of genetic factors for SB in an American Indian population that has high risk for suicide. Our study suggests that bivariate association analysis between comorbid disorders can increase statistical power; and rare and low-frequency variant analysis in a high-risk population enabled by whole-genome sequencing has the potential to identify novel genetic factors. Although such findings may be population specific, rare functional mutations relating to PEDF and HIF regulation align with past reports and suggest a biological mechanism for suicide risk and a potential therapeutic target for intervention.
Loss of LECT2 promotes ovarian cancer progression by inducing cancer invasiveness and facilitating an immunosuppressive environment
Authors: Wu Chin-Jui , Pan Ke-Fan , Chen Ji-Qing , Tao Yu -Chen , Liu Yu-Cheng , Chen Bo-Rong , Hsu Ching , Wang Ming-Yang , Sheu Bor-Ching , Hsiao Michael , Hua Kuo-Tai , Wei Lin-Hung 
Published: January 2024

AbstractLeukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is a multifunctional cytokine that can bind to several receptors and mediate distinct molecular pathways in various cell settings. Changing levels of LECT2 have been implicated in multiple human disease states, including cancers. Here, we have demonstrated reduced serum levels of LECT2 in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and down-regulated circulating Lect2 as the disease progresses in a syngeneic mouse ID8 EOC model. Using the murine EOC model, we discovered that loss of Lect2 promotes EOC progression by modulating both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Lect2 inhibited EOC cells’ invasive phenotype and suppressed EOC’s transcoelomic metastasis by targeting c-Met signaling. In addition, Lect2 downregulation induced the accumulation and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This fostered an immunosuppressive microenvironment in EOC by inhibiting T-cell activation and skewing macrophages toward an M2 phenotype. The therapeutic efficacy of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway blockade for the ID8 model was significantly hindered. Overall, our data highlight multiple functions of Lect2 during EOC progression and reveal a rationale for synergistic immunotherapeutic strategies by targeting Lect2.
Predicting low cognitive ability at age 5 years using perinatal data and machine learning
Authors: Bowe Andrea K. , Lightbody Gordon , O’Boyle Daragh S. , Staines Anthony , Murray Deirdre M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
There are no early, accurate, scalable methods for identifying infants at high risk of poor cognitive outcomes in childhood. We aim to develop an explainable predictive model, using machine learning and population-based cohort data, for this purpose.

Methods
Data were from 8858 participants in the Growing Up in Ireland cohort, a nationally representative study of infants and their primary caregivers (PCGs). Maternal, infant, and socioeconomic characteristics were collected at 9-months and cognitive ability measured at age 5 years. Data preprocessing, synthetic minority oversampling, and feature selection were performed prior to training a variety of machine learning models using ten-fold cross validated grid search to tune hyperparameters. Final models were tested on an unseen test set.

Results
A random forest (RF) model containing 15 participant-reported features in the first year of infant life, achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.77 for predicting low cognitive ability at age 5. This model could detect 72% of infants with low cognitive ability, with a specificity of 66%.

Conclusions
Model performance would need to be improved before consideration as a population-level screening tool. However, this is a first step towards early, individual, risk stratification to allow targeted childhood screening.

Impact

This study is among the first to investigate whether machine learning methods can be used at a population-level to predict which infants are at high risk of low cognitive ability in childhood.

A random forest model using 15 features which could be easily collected in the perinatal period achieved an AUROC of 0.77 for predicting low cognitive ability.

Improved predictive performance would be required to implement this model at a population level but this may be a first step towards early, individual, risk stratification.
Long-term outcomes of patients with large B-cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel and prophylactic corticosteroids
Authors: Oluwole Olalekan O. , Forcade Edouard , Muñoz Javier , de Guibert Sophie , Vose Julie M. , Bartlett Nancy L. , Lin Yi , Deol Abhinav , McSweeney Peter , Goy Andre H. , Kersten Marie José , Jacobson Caron A. , Farooq Umar , Minnema Monique C. , Thieblemont Catherine , Timmerman John M. , Stiff Patrick , Avivi Irit , Tzachanis Dimitrios , Zheng Yan , Vardhanabhuti Saran , Nater Jenny , Shen Rhine R. , Miao Harry , Kim Jenny J. , van Meerten Tom 
Published: January 2024

AbstractZUMA-1 safety management cohort 6 investigated the impact of prophylactic corticosteroids and earlier corticosteroids and/or tocilizumab on the incidence and severity of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurologic events (NEs) following axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) in patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL). Prior analyses of cohort 6 with limited follow-up demonstrated no Grade ≥3 CRS, a low rate of NEs, and high response rates, without negatively impacting axi-cel pharmacokinetics. Herein, long-term outcomes of cohort 6 (N = 40) are reported (median follow-up, 26.9 months). Since the 1-year analysis (Oluwole, et al.Blood. 2022;138[suppl 1]:2832), no new CRS was reported. Two new NEs occurred in two patients (Grade 2 dementia unrelated to axi-cel; Grade 5 axi-cel–related leukoencephalopathy). Six new infections and eight deaths (five progressive disease; one leukoencephalopathy; two COVID-19) occurred. Objective and complete response rates remained at 95% and 80%, respectively. Median duration of response and progression-free survival were reached at 25.9 and 26.8 months, respectively. Median overall survival has not yet been reached. Eighteen patients (45%) remained in ongoing response at data cutoff. With ≥2 years of follow-up, prophylactic corticosteroids and earlier corticosteroids and/or tocilizumab continued to demonstrate CRS improvement without compromising efficacy outcomes, which remained high and durable.