bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Territories
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters it has been assumed that individuals are relatively free to move between patches. However, in many species this is clearly untrue as some individuals defend territories that exclude others. In this chapter, I will consider how territory defence influences the distribution of individuals and consider the consequences for density dependence. In some species territories may be defended by groups. Territorial behaviour is usually most pronounced in the breeding season and this is the situation I consider here. However the same approach can also be applied to territoriality in the range of conditions under which it occurs. For example, the majority of Neotropical migrant passerines are probably territorial in their wintering grounds and have high site tenacity between years (Fischer 1981; Rappole and Warner 1980); the redshank is even territorial in winter (Selman and Goss-Custard 1988) but not on the breeding grounds.
Migration
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration, the return movement of individuals, occurs in many temperate and tropical birds, fish, turtles, and some mammals, such as whales, ungulates, and bats. The scale of migration may differ between long-distance migrations undertaken by many baleen whales, turtles, and seabirds, and localized movement such as roach Rutilus rutilus undergoing annual migrations within a lake to spawn in the same tributary (V0llestad and L’Aee-Lund 1987).
Habitat loss
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is widespread concern over the damage that humans are inflicting upon the environment. One of the consequences of this is a reduction in area of various habitats. Further habitat loss may be expected due to processes such as industrial development, agricultural intensification, deforestation, and sea level rise. There is a need to be able to predict the consequences of such habitat loss for species of conservation concern. For example, in public enquiries into development proposals, it is common for conservationists to argue that a loss of habitat will result in a reduction in the total population of associated species of conservation concern while developers often argue that the displaced animals will survive by simply moving elsewhere.
Latest Ordovician extinctions: one disaster after another
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the end-Cambrian crisis and the next major mass extinction in the latest Ordovician, trilobites continued to flourish. However, their predominance in benthic communities was usurped by the increasingly diverse groups that belong to Sepkoski’s (1981) ‘Palaeozoic fauna’. These included articulate brachiopods, bryozoans, graptolites, condones, echinoderms, and the rugose and tabulate corals. Various mollusc orders(such as the nautiloids, bivalves, and gastropods) also diversified, although to a lesser degree than the Palaeozoic fauna. Peak Ordovician diversity coincided with the mid-Caradoc sea-level high stand which appears to have marked an all-time Phanerozoic high; both basinal black shale and platform carbonate deposition occurred over vast areas at this time (Thickpenny and Leggett 1987; Cocks and Fortney 1988; Brenchley 1989; Barnes et al. 1995). Ordovician palaeogeography was undoubtedly a contributory factor to this diversity maximum because the continents each contain their own endemic fauna (Fig. 3.1).
Palaeozoic Nemesis
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mass extinction at the end of the Permian has long been recognized as the greatest in the history of life (see, for example, Phillips 1841); the enormity of the fauna! turn over made it an obvious choice for the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic erathem boundary. Estimates of the species-level extinction (extrapolated from generic and familial data) range from 96% (Raup 1979) to a no less impressive, conservative estimate of 75% (Hoffman 1986). More recent estimates have tended towards the higher end of this range - for example 90% (McKinney 1995). The effect was to reduce an all-time Palaeozoic high of species diversity to the lowest post-Ordovician value of the entire Phanerozoic; Permian diversity levels were not attained again until the Cretaceous (Allison and Briggs 1993; Benton 1995). Raup (1979) suggested that a quarter of a million species - a figure comparable with modern-day marine species diversity (Nicol 1979)-were reduced to less than IO 000 while family diversity was reduced from 650 to 420. With such wholesale wipe-out, survival must have been a matter of pure chance for many groups.
Extinctions within and at the close of the triassic
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the ‘big five’ Phanerozoic marine extinctions (Raup and Sepkoski 1982) occurred at or close to the end of the Triassic, and mass extinction on the continents has also been claimed for this time. Other notable marine and continental extinctions have been reported for earlier in the Late Triassic, in the Carnian, and so a little must be said initially about correlation between Upper Triassic marine and continental strata.
Nucleosomes: dynamic repressors of transcription
Authors: Pennings Sari , O’Neill Timothy E , Meersseman, Geert , Bradbury E Morton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of the nucleosome, which was elucidated from early work on enzyme digestion patterns, neutron scatter, X-ray diffraction data, and histone— DNA crosslinking (reviewed by Van Bolde 1988), is essentially a static picture of an average structure. This is because these experimental approaches average out the heterogeneities across the largely native bulk nucleosome and chromatin samples, as well as any fluctuations in the structure over time. Most notably, the model of the nucleosome rarely includes the long N-terminal and short C-terminal ‘tails’ of the histones, which are highly dynamic and contain the sites of reversible chemical modifications associated with chromatin functions (reviewed by Bradbury 1992; also see Chapter 3). Studies of higher order structures of chromatin also hold this caveat and here the paucity of data allows for several models of the 30 nm fibril model (reviewed by Van Bolde 1988). However useful these structural models arc in understanding the packaging of chromatin, they fail to convey how chromatin structure can be flexible enough not only to accommodate the wide range of DNA sequences in the genome, but also to allow dynamic processes such as transcription and replication to take place. An insight into the dynamic nature of chromatin is essential in order to understand how chromatin can be a functional component of the active eukaryotic nucleus.
Histone modification and transcriptional competence
Authors: Wolffe Alan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chromosomes are highly differentiated and dynamic structures. Transcriptional activity and chromosome morphology vary throughout the cell cycle. These events can be correlated with global changes in the post-translational modification of the histone proteins that occur in all chromosomes. At a more local level individual chromosomes, chromatin domains, or genes can have their transcription modulated through developmental or signal transduction pathways. These local transitions in gene activity can also be related to changes in chromatin structure and histone modification. The focus of this chapter is to discuss the nature of histone modifications and their potential structural and functional consequences.
DNA methylation and genomic imprinting
Authors: Bartolomei Marisa S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normally in eukaryotes each allele of a gene contributes an equal amount of gene product. However, mammals exhibit an unusual phenomenon in which the expression level of the alleles of a subset of genes depends upon the parent from which the alleles were inherited. This phenomenon is called genomic imprinting and probably affects only a small number of genes (Efstratiadis 1994). One consequence of imprinted genes is the failure of uniparental mammalian embryos to develop normally. Embryos with two maternal pronuclei would be missing genes that are expressed exclusively from the paternal genome, while embryos with two paternal pronuclei lack genes expressed exclusively from the maternal genome.
Evolution and peculiarities of the harriers
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harriers occur on every continent bar Antarctica and are relatively evenly spaced around the globe. Four occur in Europe, four in Africa, two each in Asia, Australasia, and South America and one in North America. However, recent work on the genetics of this group has revealed 2 new species and the interrelationships between all 16. In this chapter we will look at these relationships and discuss the peculiarities that distinguish harriers from other raptors.
Aerial displays: mate choice and reversed dimorphism
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The father of systematic biology, Carl von Linnaeus, mistakenly lumped the harriers in with falcons when he named the first two harriers Falco aeruginosus and Falco pygargus, in 1758. It took Frenchman Lacepede to realise their differences in 1799, and he was presumably impressed enough with the display behaviour of the harriers to rename the genus Circus-the hawk that circles. The name captures one trait that distinguishes harriers from the falcons-their astounding acrobatic nature and uncontrolled abandon during aerial displays before and during breeding. In this chapter I will explore the different types of display, the reasons why harriers expend a great deal of energy displaying, what they communicate to other birds, and whether females can and do use the displays as a guide to male fitness.
Clutch size and latitude
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most widespread ecological phenomena for which there is yet to be a single satisfying explanation is why the number of eggs in a clutch declines with latitude. This is one area where research on raptorial birds can make an impact because several studies have now compared food resources between northern temperate and southern subtropical regions and arrived at similar conclusions. These global trends in avian reproduction are well known and were first analysed by Moreau (1944) and Lack (1947); they found that avian reproductive output, particularly clutch size, decreases progressively towards the equator for both passerines and non-passerines. This has been confirmed many times for both passerines (e.g. Klomp 1970; Kulesza 1990) and falconiforms (Donazar 1990; Jenkins 1991}, yet the selection pressures on small clutches in the tropics are still widely debated (Skutch l 949; Lack l 954; Ashmole l 963; Hussell l 985; Murray 1985; Kulesza 1990; Martin 1996).
Farmland
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1945 Agriculture Act, driven by a perceived need for agricultural selfsufficiency in the wake of the Second World War, set the scene for agricultural intensification and marked a watershed for farmland as a habitat for wildlife (Dodds et al. 1995; Stoate 1996).With subsidies available, huge areas of unimproved grassland were replaced either with arable or carefully managed swards composed of cultivated varieties of rye-grass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). This grassland took the form of short-term leys within a rotation, and longer-term grazed pastures. These productive alternatives meant that it was no longer economic to manage water meadows, and most old unimproved pastures were ploughed out or, with the help of large amounts of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer, converted to productive, species-poor swards.
The littorina saxatilis species complex — interpretation using random amplified Polymorphic DNAs
Authors: Crossland Susan , Coates David , Grahame John , Mill Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Littorina saxatilis species complex comprises four recognised species. Littorina saxatilis (Olivi), L. arcana Hannaford Ellis and L. nigrolineata Gray are generally recognised as ‘good’ species by most workers since Hannaford Ellis (1978) described L. arcana as a separate species. The status of L. neglecta Bean has, however, been called into question by several workers (B. Johannesson and K. Johannesson, 1990; K. Johannesson and B. Johannesson; 1990, Reid, 1993), who have suggested that L. neglecta represents an extreme ecomorph of L. saxatilis. Previous work on the species complex has been ambiguous in separating Littorina saxatilis and L. arcana into genetically distinct groups (e.g. Knight, Hughes and Ward, 1987; Mill and Grahame, 1988; Knight and Ward, 1991). However, their different reproductive modes, for example, provide clear evidence for separation at the species level. Morphometric analysis is confounded by ecological variance, with exposed shore morphs differing from sheltered shore morphs.
Evolutionary radiations in the cypraeidae
Authors: Kay E Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
J.E. Gray (1824-1828) listed 101 species of cowries in his newly proposed family Cypraeidae (excluding members of the Triviidae). An estimated 200 Recent species and another 500 extinct species are recognized today, but Gray’s challenge remains despite the high visibility of cowries as collectors’ items, a respectable fossil record, and the enormous contributions to the systematics of the cypraeids by Franz Schilder, who with his wife, Maria, for fifty years devoted his life attempting to order the cowries in “natural genera.” Schilder’s vision of the characters necessary for a phylogeny was extraordinarily perceptive and anticipates many aspects of character definition now employed in modem cladistics (see, for example, Schilder, 1936). However, his system is marred by inconsistencies in shell characters and anatomy within tribes and between genera (Kay, 1960,1963; Dolin and Bouchet, 1986), perhaps because he painted with too broad a brush, utilizing tribes (groups of genera) as his standard for the history of characters.
Feeding ecology
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herons are, fundamentally, birds that wade in the water to capture aquatic prey with their bills. Many of the biological characteristics, described in Chapter 1, influence and reflect the way they feed. Specifically, the archetypical heron is a medium-sized bird, relative to the range of all birds, with long legs, long neck, and long bill. It uses its long legs to wade and stand in shallow water where it strikes at fish with its long neck, and bill. It feeds alone and also at times joins others aggregating in shallow water habitats having a supply of fish.
Herons and people
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When despair for the world grows in me and I wake in the night at the least sound in fear of what my life and my children’s life may be, I go and lie down where the wood drake rests in his beauty on the water, and the great heron feeds I come into the peace of wild things who do not tax their lives with forethought of grief. I come into the presence of still water. And I feel above me the day-blind stars waiting with their lights. For a time I rest in the grace of the world, and am free. from Wendell Berry, Collected Poems: 1957–1982. Copyright 1985. North Point Press, a division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC.
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: The Heron in English; Garza Real in Spanish; Héron cendré in French; Graureiher, Fischreiher in German; Blauwe Reiger in Dutch; E,D”b B”Bjzb in Russian; Gråhäger in Swedish; Cangak abu in Indonesian; Ao-sagi in Japanese; Cang lu in Chinese. Ardea Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 141. Type by subsequent designation Ardea cinerea Linnaeus (Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 66). Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. 10(1), 143: Sweden.
Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: White-necked Heron in English: Garza Cuca, Garza Morena, Garza Gris, Garza Mora, Garza Real, Garza Cenicienta, Garzón in Spanish; Socó-grande, João-grande, Maguari, Baguari in Portugese; Héron cocoi in French; Cocoireiher in German. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766. Syst. Nat. ed. 12(1), p. 237: Cayenne. The Cocoi Heron is a large grey heron with white neck and black cap.
Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loss of mangroves in Australia and Seychelles and elsewhere in its range is creating cause for concern. This is a polymorphic species with many island forms. Each of these forms has its own set of conservation issues that need to be addressed. Conservation of each genetic population is crucial. There is surprising little known about the biology, especially the behaviour of this species.
Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Squacco Heron is a brownish-buff bird that blends completely into its surroundings. It typically is a lone feeder, standing, crouched low and still, watching for prey in the water below. It is bird of dense marshes and rice fields. The alarm and flight call is highly recognizable, giving the bird its name. Populations fluctuate, the causes not being clear; hunting, habitat change, and perhaps climate have all been advocated. The increase in rice fields are a likely cause of its recent population growth.
Agami Heron Agamia agami
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
biology, particularly clutch size, success, and nesting cycles, need to be further examined. It is likely to reveal interesting twists in heron biology which may in turn reveal basic understanding of the biology of forest herons. Observations and surveys need to continue to locate concentrations that can be identified as important areas for conservation. Per- haps touring associations and lodges can adopt this species as one to be sought after, recorded, monitored, and reported upon.
Melanism in conspicuous Lepidoptera
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous three chapters, the majority of Lepidoptera discussed have relied on some form of camouflage to avoid predation, and the melanic forms that they exhibit have often evolved to maximise predator avoidance, either when at rest, or, in some instances, when in flight. However, many organisms have evolved conenrty; to mimic thus protected species; or to attract mates or deter rivals. Melanism in conspicuous species occurs in a wide range of taxa, some of which have already been discussed in Chapter 2. However, in this chapter I will again confine myself to the Lepidoptera, for the main principles involved in the evolution of melanism in brightly coloured species can all be related using examples from this order. I will continue this theme in Chapter 9, in which I will discuss melanism in a brightly coloured family of beetles, the ladybirds, in which warning coloration, mimicry, sexual selection, and other factors, such as thermal melanism, may all have an effect on the evolution and maintenance of melanism, sometimes within a single species.
What this book is about
Authors: Harvey Paul H , Sean Nee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From time to time scientists working in quite different areas find themselves united by common knowledge, methods, or theories. This volume shows how biologists working on a set of seemingly different problems are entering such a time. The revolution in gene sequencing technology is resulting in the production of more accurate phylogenies or gene genealogies which can be used to help understand biological processes occurring at many different levels of life’s hierarchy. As different chapters demonstrate, genetics, development, behaviour, epidemiology, ecology, conservation biology, and evolution arc examples of fields that can be illuminated by such information.
The NMR parameters
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Detailed interpretation of magnetic resonance images and spectra requires an understanding of the various factors that influence the characteristics of NMR signals. In previous chapters, it was noted that the nature of NMR signals depends on a wide range of physical and chemical effects, and the purpose of this chapter is to explain the basis of these effects, and to indicate how they can be quantified. We shall consider in turn the chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, and relaxation, and then discuss the ways in which these properties of NMR signals can be influenced by magnetization transfer effects and by paramagnetic species.
The importance of accurate structure determination in inorganic chemistry
Authors: Burdett Jeremy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inorganic chemistry involves the study of virtually all of the periodic table, and as such exhibits a tremendously diverse structural chemistry. It is a truism to say that today the characterization of a new inorganic or organometallic species is not complete without an X-ray structure determination. Organic chemists, on the other hand, are often quite happy with an NMR or other spectroscopic study. In fact a comparison between the material in this chapter and that of Chapter 16 on organic chemistry will show some very important differences between the two fields. At the present time organic chemistry is a much more mature subject than its inorganic counterpart. As a result we find a considerably smaller number of new organic structural types compared with new modes of coordination or geometry in the inorganic and organometallic areas. Even in its immature state, structural inorganic chemistry is a much richer field than its organic analog. Inorganic and organic chemists, as a result, use accurate structural results in rather different ways. While the organic chemist may be interested in rather small changes in molecular dimensions as the result of a substitution of one or more of the atoms in a parent molecule, the inorganic chemist determines bond lengths and angles which show much wider system-to-system variations than corresponding parameters in organic chemistry. Molecular orbital models to account for this wide spectrum of observations are well developed in the inorganic area and many experiments are, in fact, devised to test existing theories.
Pulsed radiation techniques: flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The technique of flash photolysis was introduced in 1949 (Norrish and Porter 1949; Porter 1950). It is a powerful method for studying, as a function of time, transient species (mainly excited states and radicals) produced via electronic excitation of molecules by short pulses of UV or visible radiation. About a decade later pulse radiolysis, using the same principle, was applied to the study of similar species produced by pulses of high energy radiation (Boag and Steel 1960; Keene 1960; M.S. Matheson and Dorfman 1960; McCarthy and MacLachlan 1960).
Pyrimidines, purines, and nucleic acids
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All cells contain both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most of the DNA is located in the nucleus and in the mitochondria, whereas most of the RNA is in the cytoplasm, and more precisely in subcellular organelles involved in protein synthesis. DNA contains purine bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G), and pyrimidine bases, thymine (T) and cytosine (C). The RNA structure differs from that of DNA by two features: the sugar unit is ribose and not deoxyribose and thymine is replaced by uracil (U). DNA stores genetic information in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using a code in which the ‘letters’ are the four bases of DNA.