bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cannibalism in beetles
Authors: Stevens Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beetles are holometabolous insects with egg, larval, pupal, and adult life stages. Cannibalism often involves mobile stages (adults and larvae) eating quiescent stages (eggs and pupae). Adult beetles are sclerotized and invulnerable to cannibalism, with the consequence that cannibalism among mobile stages usually involves larvae eating larvae (Tables 8.1 and 8.2); however, adults occasionally eat larvae and there are two reported cases of adults eating callow adults. Cannibalism in beetles can be classified into two categories (Hamilton 1964a,b; Fox 1975; Polis 1981, 1984): (1) cannibalism of kin, including sibling cannibalism where early hatching larvae cannibalize eggs or later hatching larvae from the same clutch and filial cannibalism where adults eat larval offspring, and (2) non-kin cannibalism in which cannibalism is not specifically directed toward or away from closely related individuals. Non-kin cannibalism in beetles apparently does not involve individuals specifically seeking out and eating one’s own species (Tables 8.1 and 8.2), in fact, such cannibals do not necessarily discriminate between conspecifics and other prey. Indiscriminate or incidental cannibalism are terms that may be used to describe non-kin cannibalism, however, ecological factors and age specificity of cannibalism may bias indiscriminate cannibalism towards unrelated individuals (e.g. Mertz et al. 1984). I use the term non-kin cannibalism to refer to cannibalism when relatedness between victim and perpetrator is variable and/or unknown.
Relating behaviour to maternity and paternity
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After all the excitement of the mating period, life suddenly becomes peaceful on a dunnock territory during incubation. While the female incubates the clutch, the males feed quietly and an alpha and a beta male are sometimes seen side by side with no signs of the serious squabbles which characterised the days when the female was soliciting copulations. It is as if a whistle had been blown to signal the end of a game.
Systematics and sociality of wasps
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order Hymenoptera is divided into two suborders, Symphyta and Apocrita, and the latter is further divided into Terebrantia and Aculeata. Eusociality only occurs in the Aculeata and one group of the Terebrantia, the Chalcidoidea, in which one species, Capidosomopsis tanytmemus has sterile, defensive larvae, like aphid soldiers (Cruz 1981 ).The designations ‘bee’ and ‘wasp’ respectively refer to phytophagous and mainly carnivorous groups of the Aculeata. The wasps include species belonging to many different systematic groups (e.g. Bethyloidea, Sphecormis group, and Vespoidea; in addition, species of Symphyta and Terebrantia are also called wasps), but all the bee species belong to a single taxon, the Apiformes (Fig. 2.1 ).
Theories on the evolution of eusociality
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The origin of species, Darwin wrote of ‘one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my whole theory.’ He was referring to the existence of sterile workers among the social insects. As the worker is ‘absolutely sterile’, ‘it could never have transmitted successively acquired modifications of structure or instinct to its progeny.’ For the evolution of a new varied trait to occur, individuals who bear this trait must leave more progeny than others; but the workers leave no offspring. To rescue his theory, Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection applied to the family, rather than to the individual. His logic seems to be correct, even to the present day: ‘breeders of cattle wish the flesh and fat to be well marbled together; the animal has been slaughtered, but the breeder goes with confidence to the same family’ (Darwin 1859; p. 258). Thus, Darwin clearly noticed the successful reproduction of kin which, by common descent, shares genes identical to those of the individual which leaves no offspring. Darwin also wrote that ‘by the long-continued selection of the fertile parents which produced most neuters with the profitable modification, all the neuters ultimately come to have the desired character’. He thus approached the idea of parental manipulation presented by Alexander (1974).
Problems with the kin-selection hypothesis
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will first discuss some facts which contradict the 3/4 relatedness hypothesis, and then introduce some studies of eusocial wasps made during the 1970s, the results of which have been considered to overcome one of the difficulties with the hypothesis. Although kin-selection may function regardless of whether or not 3/4 relatedness between sisters in the Hymenoptera has favoured social evolution, the application of general kin-selection theory is restricted by the factors discussed in this chapter. The social relations of some wasp groups are introduced here only as examples. More detailed accounts of the intranidal social relations of representative groups are given in later chapters. The 3/4 relatedness hypothesis is based on the following three assumptions: (1) single insemination of a queen; (2) a mother-daughter caste system; and (3) haplometrosis (a single egg-layer (queen) per colony). Alexander’s (1974) parental manipulation hypothesis is also based on the assumption of a haplometrotic, mother-daughter caste system. Thus, the two hypotheses postulate that the evolution of hymenopteran eusociality is a consequence of social evolution along Wheeler’s (1923) subsocial route.
Social lives of the other social wasps
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long time, the basic social system of the wasps and hornets of the subfamily Vespinae was thought to be exclusively haplometrotic (Jeanne 1980; Akre 1982). Although their nests all have multiple combs and envelopes similar to those of the nests of Polybia and some Ropalidia (subgenus Icarielia), no case of swarm-founding was known in this subfamily. Before 1983, besides rare, possibly exceptional, cases (see later), pleometrosis was found only in Vespula germanica, which had been accidentally introduced into Australia (Spradbery 1973 ). This case is an example of secondary pleometrosis, possibly a result of perennation of the colony cycle in Australia, where the winter climate is far milder than in Europe. Many entomologists, however, have considered this case to be an abnormal phenomenon resulting from the introduction of a small gene pool.
Origin of pleometrosis: altruism or mutualism?
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I noted in Chapter 4 that the existence of pleometrosis (the coexistence of multiple egg-layers) raises a difficult problem for the kin-selection hypothesis for the evolution of eusociality, because pleometrosis reduces mean related¬ ness among colony members. This is also the case for Alexander’s parental manipulation hypothesis (Alexander 1974 ).As has been noted in Chapter 4, one of the means by which this difficulty could be overcome would be if high mean relatedness was maintained among most progeny females through functional (secondary) haplometrosis.
Biology, Rearing, and Care of Young Primates
Authors: Kirkwood James K , Stathatos Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The propagation of wild animals in captivity is playing an increasingly important role in the conservation of species. This is particularly true of primates, many of which are threatened or endangered in their natural habitat. Unfortunately, primate mortality during the neonatal period is often high in captivity, often because of suboptimal management. Significant improvements in infant survival can be made with a better knowledge of neonatal biology and rearing procedures. The aim of this book is to provide a reference text on the normal growth of 18 primate species commonly held in captivity for propagation or research, and on the housing, feeding, management, and preventative medicine techniques that enable this normal growth. Up-to-date information, scattered widely through the scientific literature, is here gathered together and presented in an easily accessible form for those involved in rearing primates in captivity.
Partial Reactions and Chemical Rescue of Site-Directed Mutants of Rubisco as Mechanistic Probes
Authors: Harpel Mark R , Larimer Frank W , Lee Eva H , Mural Richard J , Smith Harry B , Soper Thomas S , Hartman Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the current state of knowledge of the reaction pathways catalysed by Rubisco* (Jaworowski and Rose 1985; Pierce et al. 1986a; Schloss 1990) and the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of several different forms of the enzyme (Chapman et al. 1988; Andersson et al. 1989; Knight et al. 1990; Schneider et al. 1990; Lundqvist and Schneider 1991), site-directed mutagenesis offers the potential to decipher catalytic roles of active-site residues and to unravel the functional significance of various structural elements. Especially intriguing are intersubunit, electrostatic interactions at the active site between Glu48+ and Lys168 of the nonactivated (noncarbamylated) enzyme (Schneider et al. 1990) and between Glu48 and Lys329 of the activated (carbamylated) enzyme (Knight et al.1990).
Room-temperature Catalytic and Photocatalytic Fixation of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Gratzel Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the start of this chapter we recall the salient features of natural photosynthesis which serves as a model in the development of artificial systems that accomplish the fixation of carbon dioxide. Nature has built a fascinating device to make use of sunlight in order to drive a thermodynamically uphill reaction to generate carbon-containing compounds. The reaction is the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by water.
Cyanobacterial Carbon Dioxide-Concentrating Mechanism
Authors: Badger Murray R , Price G D , Yu J-W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms are able to acquire inorganic carbon (C; = CO2 + HCO3-+ co/-) and convert it into organic sugars which can then be used for the metabolic needs of the cell. This process of carbon fixation has developed with a number of evolutionary constraints against which, it may be argued, that organism have struggled to optimize the efficiency of this process under a range of environmental conditions. In particular, the extent to which the primary substrate for this process, CO2, has operated as a limiting factor has changed dramatically over the time span of evolution of photosynthetic organisms. In view of this, it is not surprising that there has been a great deal of adaptation by various organisms in the mechanisms which have developed to minimize the limitation which C; availability imposes on photosynthesis.
Behavioural ecology of fishes: adaptations for survival and reproduction
Authors: Godin Jean-Guy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioural ecology, as a scientific discipline, has been concerned primarily with understanding the evolution of animal behaviour and thus how behaviour, ecology and genetics interact to determine individual inclusive fitness. Perhaps to a lesser extent, it is also concerned with the consequences of the behaviour of individuals on ecological processes at the population and community levels (Krebs and Davies 1991, 1993; Gross 1994). Although still a relatively young discipline, behavioural ecology has none the less contributed significantly to our current understanding of behavioural adaptations (sensu Reeve and Sherman 1993) and their importance in ecology, and has experienced a rapid growth in new ideas, concepts, and methodological and analytical techniques over the past decade (Krebs and Davies 1991, 1993; Gross 1994). During this period, the subject areas of ‘reproductive strategies’ and ‘survival strategies’ have received considerable attention from behavioural ecologists (Gross 1994). Reflecting the current importance of these topics to the discipline, this book focuses on behavioural adaptations for survival and reproduction in teleost fishes. More specifically, the book aims to provide insights into the evolution of the diverse strategies and tactics (sensu Gross 1984, 1996) for survival (i.e. those concerning habitat selection, territoriality, foraging and antipredation) and reproduction (i.e. concerning mating systems, sex allocation, competition for mates and mate choice, and parental care) exhibited by fishes.
Foraging tactics
Authors: Hart Paul J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioural mechanisms or tactics of feeding have been largely neglected by behavioural ecologists. Strategic aspects of fish foraging have been studied theoretically and empirically ever since the publication of the theoretical papers of Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966), which initiated the development of contemporary optimal foraging theory (Stephens and Krebs 1986; Schoener 1987) . Optimal foraging theory (OFT) is a collection of mathematical models that each assume that the forager maximises some currency such as the long-term average rate of energy gain (Stephens and Krebs 1986; Fig. 5.1). This currency is in turn assumed to be correlated to Darwinian fitness (see also Hughes, Chapter 6). OFT models specify a strategy that the forager must adopt which will depend on the ambient foraging conditions. The foraging tactics observed will be the behavioural realisation of the strategy. The nature of the tactics, which have also been called modes in the literature (Helfman 1990), is the subject of this chapter. The topic of tactics deserves more attention from both theoreticians and empiricists.
Historical biogeography
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to review briefly the history of biogeography from Linnaeus to Croizat. The following three chapters detail subsequent critical developments in cladistic biogeography. The geographic distribution of living things has intrigued biological theorists, especially systematists, since the fifteenth and sixteenth century voyages of exploration brought to light exotic plants and animals. As the acquisition of specimens and the classifications based upon them improved, especially in the nineteenth century, botanists and zoologists tried to understand the burgeoning wealth of distributional evidence. As it became clearer that all organisms had particular distributions, enquiring minds tried to establish the historical causes of such patterns.
Anaerobic eukaryotes: phagotrophy and food chains
Authors: Fenchel Tom , Finlay Bland J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental property of eukaryotes. While some analogies to predation and parasitism are found in the prokaryote world (e.g. the ‘predatory’ bacterium Bdellovibrio, see Guerrero et al. 1986) the original ecological niche of eukaryotes was probably one of predation, and the advent of eukaryotes introduced food chains into ecological systems.
Biological Invasions: Theory and Practice
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a species colonizes an area that it has not previously inhabited, it is called an "invasion", and it can result in the extinction of endemic species. The increase in numbers of humans travelling the world presents opportunities for invasions by organisms and the spread of diseases such as rabies and smallpox. Using the large amount of data from studies in pest control and epidemiology, it is possible to construct mathematical models that can predict which species will become invaders, which habitats are susceptible to invasion, and the biological impact. This book presents a clear and accessible introduction to the modeling of biological invasions. It demonstrates the latest theories and models, and includes data and examples from various case studies showing how these models can be applied to problems from deadly human diseases to the spread of weeds.
The present book is based on an earlier one published in Japan (in Japanese) by one of the authors (N.S.), entitled Mathematical modeling for biological invasions (University of Tokyo Press, 1992); this English edition, however, results from the collaboration between two authors. The original Japanese edition is aimed primarily at university undergraduate and graduate students, and its purpose is to introduce to them some of the pioneering works in biological invasion as well as some mathematical models developed by the authors. Necessarily, discussions on many relevant theories, field data, and their references were curtailed in favor of conciseness. For this English edition, we have included more field data, updated some theoretical results according to the latest findings, and rewritten much of the text with a wider audience, including field researchers and scholars, in mind.
Introduction
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In nature, all organisms migrate or disperse to some extent. This can take a diversity of forms as in walking, swimming, flying, or being transported by wind or flowing water. Among organisms that have the ability to move, many possess the habit of moving back and forth within a definite range on a regular basis. For instance, zooplankton repeat diurnal vertical movements in which they float to the water's surface during the daytime, while sinking to the bottom at night. Many birds and mammals return to their nests or dens at the end of an active day spent in their respective home range. The most commonly identified return migrations are those with a yearly periodicity. Migratory birds such as swallows return regularly to the same breeding area year after year. Some fish and whales migrate between the equatorial zone and polar regions in their search for feeding or breeding grounds. However, a species' range cannot expand beyond fixed ranges by such return migrations alone. It can expand only if there are certain individuals who disperse to new areas without returning to their original places.
Invasion of alien species
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin with a classic example of invasion, the spatial spread of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) in central Europe from 1909 to 1927. Figure 2.1, which appeared in Elton's book (1958), gives the contours of the range of spread based on Ulbrich's data (1930). As will be shown in section 3, Skellam (1951) analysed the data using the diffusion model, laying the foundation for the theoretical study of biological invasion in an ecological context. The muskrat, which is a species native to North America, was brought to Europe for fur-breeding. In 1905, five muskrats escaped from a farm located near Prague in Czechoslovakia. They started to spread and repro¬ duce (later mixing with other escaped groups), inhabiting the entire European continent in the short period of 50 years; today they number many millions.
Diffusion models and biological waves
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spatial spread of an invading species can basically be seen as a process in which individuals disperse while multiplying their numbers. One model in which dispersal is formulated as a random diffusion process is the Fisher equation. Assume that a few individuals invade the centre of a two-dimensional homogeneous space.
Invasion of rabies in Europe
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rabies is known for its extremely high death rate and for the violent swings in the host population as the epidemic progresses. In this chapter, we examine the invasion and spatial spread of rabies. A person who is infected with rabies dies in a short period after experiencing convulsions and other violent nervous symptoms, and for this reason, it has been feared since early times. Although in industrialized nations the incidence of rabies infections among humans is rare today, with an annual average of 4.3 cases in Europe, over 15,000 cases are reported worldwide every year (Anderson et al., 1981). In Europe, which has high host populations of red fox, badgers and roe-deer, rabies has spread from wildlife to domestic animals, and considerable effort is expended on its control.
The Birds of Paradise
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Beehler Bruce M , Cooper William T , Mcguire Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birds of paradise have long played a central role in the mythologies, ceremonies, dress and dance of the peoples of New Guinea and its neighbouring islands. For the few centuries that these magnificent birds have been known outside of Australasia, their striking nuptial plumages and elaborate courtship rituals have captured the imagination of collectors, scientists, and naturalists throughout the world. The first part of the book provides a comprehensive and scientifically accurate overview of the biology, ecology, and history of the group, written so as to be interesting and accessible to the lay-reader as well as the scientist. The authors' intimate observations of the birds have enabled them to describe for the first time how the extravagant tails and plumage are used in courtship and mating as well as to describe their nesting biology, about which little has been written previously. The role of the birds of paradise in human culture and tradition is explored in chapter 7, and a final chapter discusses issues of conservation and threats to the survival of these unique and beautiful birds. The second part of the book consists of species accounts of the 42 species of birds of paradise, describing their plumage, size, habitat, distribution, and behaviour in detail and accompanied by distribution maps and sonograms. 12 superb colour plates by William T. Cooper, one of the world's most acclaimed bird artists, illustrate all the species, their known hybrids, and many juveniles and sub-species. His original fine line provide a vivid record of how the birds use their famous ornaments during reproductive behaviour. As with the other books in the Oxford Bird Families of the World series, the Birds of Paradise is written by authors who have dedicated much of their professional lives to researching the birds and observing them at first hand. It includes previously unpublished material and provides a synthesis of the huge literature that has been published over the last few years. As such it will be the most comprehensive review ever to be published on the birds of paradise, the most ornate and interesting group of birds on earth. Nothing comparable exists in print.
Overview
Authors: Nee Sean , Gouyon Pierre-Henri , Hewitt Godfrey , Jaeger Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of biodiversity lie, of course, in evolutionary history. In the past, the fossil record has been our only source of information into evolutionary patterns, but fossil data are now being supplemented in an unexpected way: it is coming to be understood that phylogenies constructed from molecular data, of which we have an ever increasing, high-quality supply, also provide information about the evolutionary past. The theory which underpins such inferences, the theory of family trees, is also the basis of contemporary approaches in population genetics to using molecular data in making inferences about population structure, a subject of great importance to biodiversity studies.
What sets the chapters in this section apart from classical studies of the tempo and mode of evolution, such as the work of Simpson (see, for example, Simpson (1945) in references to Chapter 1), is the use of quantitative statistical and theoretical models to both assess the quality of the data, whether molecules or fossils, and to make inferences from such data about evolutionary patterns.