bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Percolation models of electrical, mechanical, and superconducting breakdown
Authors: Leath P L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was first introduced to the concept of the percolation transition by Roger Elliott at Oxford as we studied the phonon spectra of disordered systems and the properties of diluted magnets. At about the percolation threshold the spikes in the spectra, which correspond to isolated defects, defect pairs, and clusters, merge together to form spectral bands for the percolating species, and we spent some time looking at these effects in disordered systems. Since those days, percolation concepts and theory have really become ubiquitous and a substantial portion of my work (other than that on excitations in disordered systems) has been with percolation problems. Recently, we have begun applying percolation concepts to the breakdown of electrical, mechanical, and superconducting properties of materials (Duxbury et al. 1986, 1987; Duxbury and Leath 1987; Leath and Tang 1989; Xia and Leath 1989), and the work I report here was done in collaboration with these co-authors.
Anisotropy of Kondo systems arising from mixing
Authors: Levy Peter M , Zhang Shufeng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s and 1960s Roger Elliott studied the magnetic properties of rare-earth metals. The model he used to explain their thermodynamic and transport behaviour consisted of local f electrons subjected to a crystalline electric field, and conduction electrons that interact with the local electrons through the Coulomb interaction. By considering the aspherical (multipolar) parts of this interaction, Roger was able to account for ‘the curious temperature dependence of the resistivity of some rare-earth metals’ (Elliott 1954).
Superparamagnetism in antiferromagnetic particles is a surface phenomenon
Authors: Blackman J A , Trohidou Kalliopi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of magnetism in small particles developed in the 1940s and 1950s in the field of rock magnetism largely through the work of Neel, and it is in this context that superparamagnetism was first introduced. Both ferro- and antiferromagnetic particles can exhibit superpara¬ magnetism. Below the bulk critical temperature but above the blocking temperature one can regard the particle as having a net spin which is free to rotate. The superparamagnetism is the paramagnetism of this assemblage of giant spins. For an antiferromagnetic particle the numbers of spins on each sublattice are generally unequal. The number of uncompensated spins determines the net moment of the particle in this case, as was first discussed by Neel (1961).
Wetting between curved substrates
Authors: Swift Michael , Yeomans Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wetting transition for planar geometries is now well understood (see Dietrich 1988 for a review). Wetting on curved substrates, however, has only received attention much more recently. The initial work on wetting outside a single sphere or cylinder has shown many new and interesting features (Levison et al. 1985; Brochard 1986; Gelfand and Lipowsky 1987; Holyst and Poniewierski 1987; Indekeu et al. 1988). Here we give an account of results obtained by extending these ideas to a substrate which comprises concentric spheres or cylinders.
Non-separable anisotropic pair potentials: two-dimensional liquid crystals and orientational glasses
Authors: Holdsworth P C W , Gingras, M J P , Bergersen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Realistic pair potentials for anisotropic systems (VN5) are non-separable in molecular and intermolecular orientations. That is, the pairwise interaction depends, not only on the orientation of the axis of anisotropy, ni and ni of molecules i and j and the distance between the molecules lri), but also on the direction of the intermolecular vector.
William, Viscount Brouncker
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William, second Viscount Brouncker, held a more exalted position in the world’s eye than any other great amateur mathematician. He inherited his Irish peerage from his father, for whom it had been created, and who stood high in Court favour. William fully maintained the family loyalty to the throne. He was long intimate with Pepys, and held exalted, if not perhaps arduous, positions both in the Treasury and the Admiralty. But his great public service consisted in being one of a small number of scientific enthusiasts who founded the Royal Society. He not only helped to found it, but was the first President, from 1662 to 1677.
Guillaume L’Hospital, Marquis De Sainte-Mesme
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guillaume Franqois L’Hospital, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme, Comte d’Entremont, Seigneur d’Ouques, etc., was born in 1661 and died in 1704. He was a shining example of a man of the highest social distinction whose love of learning drove him to devote much of his short life to scientific writing. There were, as we shall see, certain inexactitudes n his mathematics, but they were nothing compared to the vagaries in the spelling of his name: ’He is also known as the Marquis de !’Hospital. The family also spelled the name Lhospital and, somewhat later l’Hopital.’
Dynamic light scattering and linear viscoelasticity of polymers in solution and in the bulk
Authors: Wang C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurements of viscoelastic properties of polymers in solution and in the bulk provide information abo’ut the nature and rates of configurational rearrangements of macromolecules. A knowledge of the overall translational and rotational motion of the macromolecules and their segmental motion is important in elucidating the dynamics and the structure of the macromolecules in the liquid state. Dynamic light scattering has been shown to be a sensitive technique for the measurement of molecular configurational rearrangements and segmental motion of flexible polymer chains.
Dynamic light scattering from polymer gels
Authors: Geissler Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two principal features that distinguish dynamic light scattering in a gel from that in a solution are the appearance of a permanent elastic modulus G that persists even when the sampling frequency tends to zero, and the existence of static polymer superstructures that partially heterodyne the scattered light. The theory underlying the most commonly encountered form of dynamic light scattering in polymer gels was proposed in 1973 by Tanaka et al. As in light scattering from ordinary binary fluids, the gel is considered to be a uniform continuum subject to spontaneous thermal fluctuations that modify the dielectric permittivity and hence scatter light. As with fluids, swollen gels exhibit fluctuations in the overall density involving the simultaneous compression of network and solvent, as well as osmotic deformations in which polymer and solvent move in opposition to each other while the total sample volume remains approximately constant. In a light scattering experiment, since both the incident and scattered beams consist of plane waves, the matching perturbation in the medium that causes the scattering must also be of plane wave type. In the scheme of Tanaka et al., the modes in the gel are described by a displacement u of the polymer network that obeys an equation of motion.
The Divine Archimedes
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archimedes, son of Pheidias the astronomer, the greatest mathematician of ancient times, was born at Syracuse in Sicily in 287 BC (Fig. 13.1). As a young man, Archimedes was sent to Alexandria to study under the successors of Euclid. Whilst at Alexandria, he formed friendships with Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene, which lasted throughout their lives. He usually sent his discoveries to his two friends, before publishing them. Another friend to whom he dedicated several of his works, was Conon’s pupil Dositheus of Pelusium.
Quasi-amorphous semiconductors
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These materials have been extensively studied recently. They have large unit cells, the number of atoms in a unit cell being as large as 1000. Boron and boron-rich compounds are typical. They appear to show hopping conduction at low temperatures, following the Mott law (σ= σ exp{ −(T0/T)1/14}) rather than that expected if the Coulomb gap is important. Figure 10.1 (from Golkova and Tadzkiev 1986; see also Golkova 1991) shows the conductivity and thermopower, with hopping at low temperatures and activated conduction at higher temperatures, for GdB66. A full description of their properties is given by Golkova (1989).
High-temperature superconductors
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since, as in other superconductors, the current carriers are bosons, in the case of the p-type materials paired holes, to understand many of their properties we need to consider the behaviour of bosons in a non-crystalline environment. In this chapter we concentrate on this aspect of the problem presented by these materials. First, however, we give a brief outline of a theory of their behaviour, which at the time of writing remains controversial. This theory is based on the assumption first made by Shafroth (1955) and in greater detail by Alexandrov and Ranninger (1981a,b) that superconductors could exist in which the carriers are bosons, and the critical temperature is that at which the boson gas becomes non-degenerate.
Ordered sets and ordered groups
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental notion that will inform our work is that of order: we shall be concerned with ordered sets, ordered groups, and ordered fields, and so, in due course, we shall specify how various algebraic operations interact with order structures. We shall begin, however, by recalling the precise definitions of various orders themselves and by giving some elementary properties of ordered sets. The most important early definition is Definition 1.7, where we introduce α 1- β1-, and η 1-sets. In Definition 1.8, we shall introduce an ordered set Q which is both a β -set and an η -set, and we shall show in Theorem 1.15 that Q is the only such set: every β 1- η 1-set is order-isomorphic to Q.
Outline Of The Species Accounts
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the publication of the sixth edition of the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU) checklist of North American birds (1983), a taxonomic and nomenclatural base was established for the species of North and Middle America. In some cases our opinions differ from those of the AOU, including the placement of species within genera or families, usually based on our own field and museum studies. Where our views concerning a species’ taxonomic status differ from those of the AOU, this may be stated at the end of the relevant species’ account.
Glossary
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
alar bar: pale diagonal bar on outer coverts of upper wing, that is, a short carpal bar. allopatric: having separate (breeding) ranges; usually refers to closely related or similar forms. See pp. 61–4. alternate (alt): the plumage attained by many species before or during the breeding season, though not necessarily by breeding adults; equivalent to ‘summer’, breeding, or nuptial plumage. See basic; see also pp. 65–7.
Earwigs of Panama (Dermaptera)
Authors: Brindle Alan , Arias Diomedes Quintero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dermaptera, or earwigs, is a small order of about 1900 species worldwide, of which about 450 are Neotropical. The Neotropical earwig fauna is not yet adequately known; it is likely to be very rich in species, having close affinities with the dermapterans of South Africa (genus Esphalmenus Burr, 1909, Pygidicranidae) and West Africa (genus Forcipula Bolivar, 1898, Labiduridae). Of the eight families of Dermaptera now recognized (Sakai 1982), two families (Apachyidae and Chelisochidae) are absent from the Neotropical region. The Holarctic region has a poor Dermaptera fauna (for example, only 26 species are known for the whole USSR; Bei-Bienko 1967); the number of species becomes even smaller in northern Mexico. Earwigs seem to prefer warm or hot moist tropical forests, particularly the tropical and subtropical forests of South America. Central America should prove to have a large Dermaptera fauna also. The ectoparasitic and wingless oriental Arixeniina and north African Hemimerina (two genera, ectoparasitic on murid rats: Hemimerus Walker, 18 71 and Araeomerus Maa, 19 74) are often considered separate suborders, distinct from true earwigs. Usually the latter can be recognized easily by the forceps at the end of the abdomen (Fig. 12.1). Whilst some other insects may have abdominal cerci, there is seldom any difficulty in recognizing an earwig as such. Some textbooks use the term ‘cerci’ for the forceps of earwigs, but it seems preferable to use ‘forceps’ because, in all adult and almost all immature earwigs, the forceps are composed of two unsegmented branches, which are not segmented as are normal cerci. The immatures of few earwigs have very long, segmented cerci (Diplatyidae), or partially segmented forceps (a few African Karschiellini, Pygidicranidae).
(Homoptera: Cicadoidea)
Authors: Wolda Henk , Ramos J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicadas are among those insects which play an important part in everyday life in Panama, and unlike that of the domestic cockroaches, houseflies, and mosquitos the role of cicadas is a rather pleasant one. The ‘Cocorrón de la Semana Santa’ (Quesada gigas) announces with its loud whistle the advent of Easter and the dusk chorus of the ‘Totorrin’ (Fidicina mannifera) is widely used by the Panamanian farmer as a signal for the end of the workday in the field. Yet little is known about the cicada fauna of Panama. Young (1972, 1974, 1980a, b, c, 1982, 1984) has devoted a series of papers to the cicadas in Costa Rica with information about their seasonality and habitat selection, but that information is not necessarily valid for the cicadas in Panama. Many insect species in the tropics tend to have a rather restricted distribution so that one may expect the species in Panama to be different, and those that are shared by the two countries may occur in different habitats and thus may have different life history characteristics.
Reproductive behaviour and ecology of Urania (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae) moths and of their larval food plants, Omphalea spp. (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Smith Neal G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific and popular interest concerning day-flying moths of the subfamily Uranilnae (Uraniidae) is the result of their handsome appearance (e.g. Urania Fabricius spp. in the neotropics, and Chrysiridia spp. of east Africa and Madagascar) and their spectacular, periodic migrations (Williams 19 58; Skutch 1970; Valerio 1966; Young 1970; Odendaal and Ehrlich 1985, Smith 1972, 1982, 1983a,b). Here I will address broader aspects of the only New World genus, Urania, and its larval foodplants, species of the euphorbiaceous genus Omphalea. The known natural history, although scanty, is scarcely as bad as is implied by the above quotes. According to Seitz and Gaede (1930), six species and several ‘forms’ of Urania have been described. Three are shown in Fig. 38.1 and the ranges of all are shown in Fig. 38.2. These ranges can be misleading because Urania species, unless on migration, tend to occur in pockets of relatively wet or aseasonal forest. Population levels of resident adults fluctuate widely and may be completely absent from apparently suitable habitat for a year or more. During years of mass migrations, uranias may be seen throughout all the areas shaded in Fig. 38.2. There are scattered sightings from Texas and Florida in the United States (Kendall 1978).
Communal infant care in marmosets and tamarins: relation to energetics, ecology, and social organization
Authors: Tardif Suzette D , Harrison, Mary L , Simek Mary A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The need for helpers in infant care has been hypothesized as shaping the mating system and social structure in callitrichid primates. Recent field studies suggest that substantial variation may exist in mating patterns and social structure both within and between callitrichid species. Disagreements remain as to whether the modal mating system is monogamy or polyandry. However, the inability of a single adult to raise multiple offspring of a relatively high total litter weight by herself is frequently cited as causally related to both monogamy (Hershkovitz 1977; Leutenegger 1980) and polyandry (Garber et al. 1984; Terborgh and Goldizen 1985; Sussman and Garber 1987).
Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix
Authors: Rylands Anthony B , Faria Doris S de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most recent taxonomic revisions of the marmoset genus Callithrix indicate more than 14 species and subspecies, distributed through the southern and eastern part of the Amazon basin (south of the Rio Amazonas and east of its southern tributary, the Rio Madeira) extending into eastern Bolivia and the northeastern tip of Paraguay (eight taxa), and throughout most of central, northeastern and southeastern Brazil (six taxa) (Mittermeier et al. 1988b; Ferrari and Lopes 1992b; Coimbra-Filho 1990; for review see Rylands et al. this volume). Although still lacking sufficient extensive field studies, the wide distribution of this genus testifies to the wide variety of habitats that marmosets occupy, and argues for significant ecological and behavioural differences between the various forms. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding their feeding and ranging behaviour with the aim of identifying key features which unite the genus and the differences which separate them, and which are related to their use of contrasting habitats. Aspects of their social behaviour have been reviewed by Sussman and Kinzey (1984), Sussman and Garber (1987), Stevenson and Rylands (1988), and Ferrari and Lopes Ferrari (1989) (see also Rothe and Darms, this volume).
Feeding ecology and behaviour of the genus Saguinus
Authors: Garber Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tamarins of the genus Saguinus represent a successful radiation of New World primates that exploit a wide range of primary, secondary, and forest edge habitats from western Panama throughout much of the Amazon Basin of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Brazil (Hershkovitz 1977; Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho 1981, Snowdon and Saini 1988). In terms of species number and subspecific differentiation, this genus is the largest and most diverse platyrrhine lineage with three primary groupings (hairy-face taxa, mottled-face taxa, and bare-face taxa), 11 species, and 29 recognized subspecies (Hershkovitz 1977; Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho 1981; Mittermeier et al. 1988b) (Table 13.1). Although there is little fossil evidence from which to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this group, differentiation of many of the current species is likely to have occurred sometime during the Pleistocene (Hershkovitz 1977; Kinzey 1982; Ford 1986a).
Evolution, palaeobiogeography, and life history
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One step further from reality, we enter here the realm of evolutionary processes and life history, i.e. all the flesh that one may put on fossils, homologies, and phylogenetic patterns: whence, how, and why early vertebrates evolved, how they lived, on what they preyed, etc. These stories are often amusing, sometimes plausible, but generally untestable as theories. Some are long-lived, even if unlikely; others are bound to geological or biological fashions. Nevertheless, this book would be incomplete if it did not include stories of this kind relating to early vertebrates.
Priapulids, Sipunculans, Echiurans, and Entoprocts
Authors: Knight-Jones E W , Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unsegmented worms with a chitinous cuticle, small surface spines and papillae, a large body cavity, and near-radial symmetry, except for paired gonads and nephridia, and a nerve cord regarded as ventral. The anterior body forms an introvert, in which the mouth is central. This is alternately pushed out and withdrawn to burrow, and prey is drawn in and swallowed during withdrawal, having been caught by curved teeth on the everted mouth and pharynx lining. The gut is simple and the anus terminal, except that a few genera have long tails arising ventrally to the anus. These bear many vesicular branches, which contain extensions of the coelom and are thought to be respiratory. Sexes are separate and cleavage radial, producing loricate larvae which stay in the adult environment.
Parasitoids of leaf-mining Lepidoptera: what determines their host ranges?
Authors: Askew R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Larvae of microlepidoptera which feed as leaf miners are heavily attacked by many species of parasitic Hymenoptera (Askew and Shaw 1974). These communities of parasitoid species are composed, with a few exceptions, of Chalcidoidea belonging to the family Eulophidae. The chalcid species vary in their biology in many ways. Some attack the leaf-mining caterpillars when these are in an early instar, but most do not do so until the larvae have finished or almost finished feeding, or have pupated. Most are primary parasitoids, but a number can behave as facultative hyperparasitoids through other Hymenoptera, and in a few species this is the principal mode of development. They may be solitary or gregarious, bisexual or thelytokous, ectophagous or endophagous, idiobionts or koinobionts (Askew and Shaw 1986). The most variable feature of parasitoid biology is, however, the host range. It is also the most difficult to define.
The window of parasitoid vulnerability to hyperparasitism: template for parasitoid complex structure
Authors: Stiling Peter , Rossi Anthony M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tritrophic interactions can play an important role in determining the composition of parasitoid communities. In these interactions, the individual responses of each parasitoid in the community vary in accordance with intra and interspecific host-plant variation. In some cases, specific phytochemicals mediate the interaction between herbivores and their natural enemies (Barbosa 1988; Hare 1992). In others, physical attributes of the plant such as trichomes may affect parasitism rates by reducing the availability of hosts to searching parasitoids (Obrycki 1986). In gall-making insects, the thickness of the gall can determine which parasitoid species attacks which types of galls (Craig Chapter 11). In this chapter, we propose that tritrophic interactions can also affect parasitoid community structure by mediating interspecific competition between guild members.
Parasitoid communities, parasitoid guilds, and biological control
Authors: Ehler L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the native home of a given phytophagous insect species, we can expect to find several species of parasitoids characteristically associated with the particular insect at a given location. Such a cluster of species constitutes a ‘parasitoid community’, the members of which may either remain relatively constant or vary considerably in different parts of the host’s geographic range. Much of the recent literature on parasitoid communities is devoted to either comparative analysis of many different communities or more in-depth analysis of a single community. This chapter will emphasize the latter approach, with particular reference to interspecific interactions among species exploiting the same resource unit.