bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Form
Authors: Moevs Christian 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter seeks to recover the medieval understanding of the fundamental relations that link the human mind, the world, and God, relations that make the pilgrim's journey possible. The first section engages Aristotle's penetrating analysis of the metaphysical notion of form and its relation to mind — an analysis that provides the philosophical foundation for medieval reflections on how human intelligence can transcend space and time, in both the Neoplatonic tradition and the late-medieval Aristotelian revival. The second section traces the Neoplatonic (and Christianized) heritage of Aristotle's analysis in a few essential features, focusing on the relation, and ascent, of the human mind to its “source”. The third section traces this inherited philosophical understanding in Dante as the framework for the Comedy's salvific mission and poetics, which is relevant in the last subsection of the chapter, and in the remaining chapters of the book.
Moral Judgments
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines several linguistic theories of moral judgments, and shows that none of them is able to distinguish between moral judgments and non-moral judgments. It uses the distinction between moral standards and responsibility standards to clarify the difference between praise and condemnation, which are related to the former, and blame and credit, which are related to the latter. It shows that the phrases, morally good, morally bad, morally right, morally wrong, and morally ought are not redundant, and differ in meaning from good, bad, right, wrong, and ought.
Morality and Society
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter shows that even though the same moral system applies to individuals and governments, governments may be justified in violating a moral rule in a situation where an individual would not be justified in violating the same rule. An examination of theories of justice shows that there is sometimes no unique correct answer to a pressing social problem such as designing a just health care delivery system. Recognizing that morality is an informal public system does not always provide a unique correct answer that provides strong moral support for democracy over other forms of government.
The ‘Strategic Theory of the Firm’
Authors: Foss Nicolai J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractStrategy research is increasingly influenced by economic theories of the firm, particularly modern organizational economics (OE) and a host of currents classified as ‘knowledge-based view of the firm’ (KBV). There is a tendency in strategy research to draw on only one of these two approaches: ‘isolationism’ and ‘integrationism’. Isolationism implies that the strategic theory of the firm should be found in either the KBV or on OE. Integrationism implies that research on the strategic theory of the firm should be based on ideas from both OE and KBV. An argument in favour of integrationism is presented.
First Among Sequels: John Bunyan's Other Allegories
Authors: Davies Michael 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Like Thomas Sherman’s Part 2, which rewrites The Pilgrim’s Progress to rid it of romantic ‘froth’, Bunyan’s Badman and The Holy War too could in no way be mistaken as mere ‘romances’. Despite being less critically acclaimed and less popular than The Pilgrim’s Progress, Badman and The Holy War are much more accomplished theological narratives. The Pilgrim’s Progress, Part II presents Bunyan’s ideal readers of The Pilgrim’s Progress and demonstrates that Bunyan’s theological and doctrinal beliefs did not mellow between the publication of The Pilgrim’s Progress and his Part II.
Postscript: The Legacy of The Pilgrim's Progress
Authors: Davies Michael 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The enduring success of Bunyan’s allegory has been upheld largely by re-inscribing it as a universally religious or moralistic book rather than one that deals strictly with Bunyan’s Calvinist theology of grace, as in the anonymous Part 3 of The Pilgrim’s Progress or Alcott’s Little Women. Only by returning Bunyan’s theology to the text, in ways often avoided by Bunyan’s literary commentators, can The Pilgrim’s Progress be recognized as a work holding more radical, nonconformist literary implications.
Increasing Wage Inequality
Authors: Knight John , Song Lina 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines wage inequality in urban China. Increased wage discrimination against women and minorities was observed in favour of Communist Party members. The market forces operating in the growing private sector and the relative immunity of the state sector from those forces increased wage segmentation among types of ownership. Provincial differences in the pace of reform and economic growth created spatial segmentation in wages that could not be removed by the equilibrating movement of labour.
4 White‐Hot Piety: The Early Methodist Laypeople
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Typically, the early Methodist laity turned not to journals to give voice to their experience, but to oral testimony in band meetings or to familiar letters written to the very Methodist preachers whose message had first awakened and converted them. These lay narratives of conversion were written ‘white hot’ in the heat of experience and forged into evangelical shape largely under the oversight of their Methodist pastors. A collection of lay narratives in manuscript at the John Rylands Library, Manchester, addressed for the most part to Charles Wesley, provides superb evidence of the character and formation of early Methodist autobiographical culture and includes a number of examples from women and men with a range of educational backgrounds. These narratives illustrate the charismatic nature of the early revival when early Methodists seemed to walk in a cloud of wonders, and lived very much on the cusp of religious emotion at a time when so much about evangelical experience seemed novel. The experience of these converts was narrated with less structure than, for example, some of the later narratives of the lay preachers and illustrate the bringing of inchoate religious experience into an orderly narrative form through a process of individuation and mimesis.
9 The Seventeenth Century Reprised: Conversion Narrative and the Gathered Church
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Examines the narratives of evangelical Dissenters in the eighteenth century, whose experience looked back to the Commonwealth sects of the seventeenth century while still resembling in other respects the experience of evangelical conversion among their contemporaries in other churches. This is illustrated in the cases of Anne Dutton and John Ryland, Jun., who, being raised within the high Calvinist milieu of particular Baptist churches, experienced conversion as adolescents as part of their spiritual formation. Schooled in the ways of conversion from childhood, both Ryland and Dutton learned the grammar of conversion before ever they experienced it for themselves. Their conversion experiences therefore represented an act of affirmation, or a rite of passage, more than a protest against social custom or filial piety. Conversion narrative proved to be one of the most potent means of passing the piety of one generation on to another.
8 ‘President Persson’—How Did Sweden Get Him?
Authors: Aylott Nicholas 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSweden is undoubtedly a parliamentary democracy. Indeed, many felt that the legislature had become too strong, and the executive too weak. But recently, this argument has been turned round. The Social Democratic Prime Minister, Göran Persson, has frequently been described as a ‘presidential’ figure. Has Sweden become presidentialized?Organizational changes, including the empowerment of the Prime Minister's Office and the country's accession to the EU in 1994, have certainly enhanced the chief executive's resources. Just as important, though, has been the interaction of the Swedish style of ‘negative parliamentarism’ and the contemporary party system. While the Left bloc has a parliamentary majority, the practical consequence is to make any alternative to a Social Democratic prime minister highly unlikely. With full control of his party, his position becomes nearly impregnable. Other ministers are increasingly recruited from outside parliament, as in a presidential system. When it comes to the electoral face, the picture is less clear. The media are certainly more party-leader-focused. But persuasive evidence that this also applies to voting behaviour has not (yet) been found. In sum, Sweden has become somewhat ‘presidentialized’. But electoral shifts, especially if they lead to change in the party system, could set the process back.
Free Will
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
For Calvin there are 'two issues', the fallenness of humanity and God's providence over all, which must be kept separate in our thinking. Using his The Bondage and Liberation of the Will, this Chapter shows for Calvin how the Fall results in the loss of free will in the sense that mankind is no longer able to choose the good. But his ability to choose between alternatives in 'earthly things' is unimpaired. How far the 'two issues' can be kept separate is considered, and the deterministic implications of Calvin's general approach are considered further.
The Power Dialectic
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Develops the theme of divine power raised in the previous chapter. Is God for Calvin a tyrant, a God of pure will? In the light of a consideration of the mediaeval 'power dialectic between God's 'absolute' and ordained' power, it is shown how Calvin upholds the essence of this distinction but deplores separating God's power from his righteousness. There is a discussion of the relation between the will of God and the atonement of Christ, and of the extent to which it is reasonable to think that Calvin was a 'Scotist'.
Deviance
Authors: Enç Berent 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDeals with the problem that a causal theory of action must be able to distinguish, in purely causal terms, between ‘deviant’ and ‘normal’ causal pathways. The objection goes as follows: there are clear intuitions that guide us in judging whether a behavioural output is an action or not. Since these intuitions cannot be explained in causal terms, they must be based on some non-causal conception of action. Hence, even if a causal account of action were true, it needs to be supplemented by something else. This chapter reviews the vast literature on this problem and offers a general and original solution to it.
Introduction: Democratic Accountability in Latin America
Authors: Mainwaring Scott 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion on the challenges of democratic accountability in Latin America. It then presents the three main themes that run throughout the book. These are the controversies about the definition of accountability, the relationship between electoral accountability and mechanisms of control and oversight of public agencies, and the shortcomings and advances of non-electoral forms of accountability in contemporary Latin America.
Horizontal Accountability: Concepts and Conflicts
Authors: Kenney Charles D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the concept of horizontal accountability in Latin America. It presents a definition of horizontal accountability in which the agents of accountability are limited to those within the state, and in which the scope of accountability is limited to actions or omissions that are unlawful. It argues that the democratic legitimacy achieved by undemocratic leaders such as Fujimori in Peru and Chavez in Venezuela lies in their massive public support which constitutes a democratic trump of their more republic opposition. Those who raise the republican banner of horizontal accountability have themselves lost even the republic bases for legitimacy.
Pleonastic Propositions
Authors: Schiffer Stephen 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Pleonastic entities are entities whose existence is secured by something-from-nothing transformations, these being conceptually valid inferences that take one from a statement in which no reference is made to a thing of a certain kind to a statement—often a pleonastic equivalent of the first statement—in which there is a reference to a thing of that kind. The possibility of pleonastic entities is further explained in terms of the notion of one theory being a conservative extension of another. Propositions are pleonastic entities, and the way in which they are individuated shows how pleonastic propositions are both fine-grained and unstructured.
Overview
Authors: Cullity Garrett 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe final chapter explains the relationship between the two parts of the book: it explains how Part II has refuted the iterative argument for the Extreme Demand in Part I. It also explains the qualified nature of the conclusion that has been reached: it is a conclusion about the requirements of beneficence, not justice; and it is not the conclusion that morality can never demand extreme personal sacrifices. The implications for direct life-saving action are discussed, and the main strengths of the book’s argument are surveyed.
Searching For Truth
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBoth the ancient Greeks and the ancient Chinese used a variety of terms to distinguish between truth and falsehood in different contexts. While one tradition of Western epistemology, derived from the Greeks, presents correspondence and consistency as mutually exclusive and exhaustive alternatives, this study argues that it is a mistake to accept them as such, and indeed that it is a mistake to attempt a global theory of truth. It is important to allow for the fact that warranting and verification take different forms in different subject areas, such as law, history, and mathematics.
Understanding Ancient Societies
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHow far is it possible to arrive at an adequate understanding of ancient societies? In contrast to those who have invoked the notion of 'incommensurability' in order to cast doubt on whether proper understanding is possible, this study argues that the problems do not differ in any radical way from those presented by attempts to understand our own contemporaries although we must allow for the bias and lacunae in our sources and be particularly careful to avoid anachronism and teleology. However, to invoke an unqualified principle of charity in interpretation (such as is proposed by Quine and Davidson) runs into difficulties in doing justice to the possibility of deliberate deception and does not pay enough attention to how we may adapt our own conceptual framework as we learn about others' viewpoints.
Corporeality and Concealment
Authors: Cooper Adam G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
How do we come to know God? What is the structure of divine revelation? Indebted to the Origenian hermeneutical tradition, Maximus regards creation, history, Scripture and Christ as integral and irreducible economies of a two-way, progressive engagement between God and humanity. Revelation is a symbolic pedagogy entailing the penetration of material symbols towards union with their subject.
Corporeality and the Christian
Authors: Cooper Adam G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Deification manifests itself in the Christian life under the veil of suffering, mortification of the flesh, and death. The restoration of the divine image in baptism leads via the life of ascesis, in which Christ is incarnate in the virtues, towards a supernatural mode of existence, culminating in the gracious attainment of the divine likeness and the cessation of natural human activity.
A Growth Collapse with Diffuse Resources: Ghana
Authors: Osei Robert. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the growth collapse in Ghana. The country’s development trajectory followed that of staple strap model of resource-abundant countries. The model predicts that in the absence of either a developmental autonomous benevolent state or a consensual democracy, a resource-dependent country will drift towards an inward looking trade policy and dependence on a weakening primary sector; an external shock to such an economy is likely to cause a growth collapse. Policy failure was the main cause of Ghana’s growth collapse.
Chapter 2 INTENTION AND THE CREATION OF ART
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An examination of the functions of intention in the making of art begins with the contrast between inspirationist and rationalist perspectives on artistic creativity. As an alternative, Livingston emphasizes the blending of spontaneous and deliberate, planned and unintentional moments in the creative process. Intentions are necessary to art-making and are linked to the assumption that a work of art is always evaluable in terms of one kind of potential artistic value—artistry or virtuosity. Intentions are linked to artists’ projects, to the distinction between complete and incomplete works of art, as well as to the several senses of ‘fragment’ in critical discourse.
Chapter 4 INTENTIONS AND OEUVRES
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
People often take an interest in more than one work by a single artist or author. In so doing, they discover that individual works of art created by a single artist (or group of collaborating artists) stand in various relations to other works produced by the same person (or persons). Some of these relations are intended by the artist, others are not, and this difference makes a difference to our appreciation of the artist’s achievement. With reference to examples including Karen Blixen, Virginia Woolf, Mishima Yukio, and Ingmar Bergman, Livingston outlines an actualist, genetic perspective on work/life-work relations, with an emphasis on the role of intentions and plans in the life of the temporally situated artist.
Spatial Inequality and Development
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
What exactly is spatial inequality? Why does it matter? And what should be the policy response to it? These questions have become important in recent years as the spatial dimensions of inequality have begun to attract considerable policy interest. In China, Russia, India, Mexico, and South Africa, as well as most other developing and transition economies, spatial and regional inequality—of economic activity, incomes, and social indicators—is on the increase.
Spatial inequality is a dimension of overall inequality, but it has added significance when spatial and regional divisions align with political and ethnic tensions to undermine social and political stability. Also important in the policy debate is a perceived sense that increasing internal spatial inequality is related to greater openness of economies, and to globalization in general.
Despite these important concerns, there is remarkably little systematic documentation of what has happened to spatial and regional inequality over the last 20 years. Correspondingly, there is insufficient understanding of the determinants of internal spatial inequality. This volume attempts to answer the questions posed above, drawing on data from 25 countries from all regions of the world. They bring together perspectives and expertise in development economics and in economic geography and form a well-researched introduction to an area of growing analytical and policy importance.
Are Neighbours Equal? Estimating Local Inequality in Three Developing Countries
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBased on a statistical procedure that combines household survey data with population census data, this chapter presents estimates of inequality for three developing countries at a level of disaggregation far below that allowed by household surveys alone. The authors show that while the share of within-community inequality in overall inequality is high, this does not necessarily imply that all communities in a given country are as unequal as the country as a whole. In fact, in all three countries there is considerable variation in inequality across communities. The authors also show that economic inequality is strongly correlated with geography, even after controlling for basic demographic and economic conditions.
Scepticism in Contemporary Debate
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractI examine one key way in which the problem of radical scepticism is motivated via an appeal to an infallibility thesis—as expressed, for example, in the work of Peter Unger—and highlight how this construal of the sceptical problem presupposes a certain view about epistemic luck. Furthermore, I explore the manner in which an infallibilism-based scepticism gives rise to the kind of template-sceptical argument that is the focus of much of the contemporary discussion of scepticism and which turns on the ‘closure’ principle that knowledge is ‘closed’ under known entailments.
Public attitudes towards genetically‐modified food
Authors: Miles Susan , Ueland Øydis , Frewer Lynn J. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the impact of information about traceability and new detection methods for identifying genetically‐modified organisms in food, on consumer attitudes towards genetically‐modified food and consumer trust in regulators in Italy, Norway and England. It further aimed to investigate public preferences for labelling of genetically‐modified foods in these three countries.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was designed to investigate public attitudes toward genetically‐modified food and trust in different information sources. Participants were recruited in Italy, Norway and England for this study. A between subjects design was used, where each participant was randomly allocated to either the experimental “information condition”, or the control “no information condition”.FindingsReceiving information about new detection methods and traceability did not directly influence consumer attitudes towards genetically‐modified foods or trust in regulators. However, response to the development of an effective system of traceability for genetically‐modified food and ingredients throughout the food chain was positive. People's preferences for labelling of genetically‐modified food were “process‐based”, in that there was a desire for all food produced using genetic modification or containing genetically‐modified ingredients to be labelled.Originality/valueAn open and transparent system of labelling regarding genetically‐modified foods and ingredients, coupled with effective traceability mechanisms, is likely to provide the best basis for consumer choice regarding the consumption of genetically‐modified foods. This information will be useful for both national and international regulators, and the various sectors of the food industry. The study provides useful information about likely public reaction to new EU labelling and traceability regulations.