bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered lipid metabolism in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+ during combined oxygen‐glucose deprivation in primary astrocyte cultures
Authors: Murphy E. J. , Haun S. E. , Rosenberger T. A. , Horrocks L. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of combined oxygen‐glucose deprivation (COGD) on lipid metabolism in primary rat cortical astrocyte cultures was studied in both the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. In this study, increases in intracellular Ca2+ from internal Ca2+ stores were not inhibited nor were internal Ca2+ levels buffered. Combined oxygen‐glucose deprivation resulted in a quantitative reduction in phospholipid levels and an increase in free fatty acid and lysophospholipid levels. Four hours after the onset of COGD, ethanolamine‐ and choline glycerophospholipid levels were decreased by 40 and 46% from control levels in the presence of Ca2+, respectively. A similar decrease was found 6 hr after onset of COGD in the absence of Ca2+. These changes were accompanied by elevated levels of the corresponding lysophospholipids. However, the increases in lysophospholipid content did not account for the entire loss of ethanolamine‐ or choline glycerophospholipid. Phosphatidylserine was reduced in both the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+ but phosphatidylinositol was only decreased in the absence of Ca2+. Statistically significant increases in total fatty acid (FA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels occurred at 30 min and 3 hr after the onset of COGD in the absence and presence of Ca2+, respectively. Arachidonic acid levels were increased in both groups by 1 hr. These increases in FA, PUFA, and specifically arachidonic acid were time‐dependent and increased over the 12 hr of COGD. Collectively, these results indicate the activation of an acylhydrolase mechanism in the possible presence of an inhibited reacylation pathway. The lack of measurable increases in diacylglycerol content suggests either the lack of phospholipase C activation or the rapid removal of diacylglycerol. These early alterations in lipid metabolism begin prior to any appreciable loss of cell viability. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Norepinephrine but not epinephrine stimulates the release of corticotropin‐releasing factor from in vitro superfused rat hypothalamus
Authors: Orliaguet G. , Parsadaniantz S. Mélik , Lenoir V. , Duval P. , Kerdelhué B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo clarify the controversy concerning the role of catecholaminergic systems in regulating hypothalamic corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) secretion, we assessed the direct effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine, alone and in association with mixed α and β antagonists on hypothalamic CRF secretion. An in vitro rat mediobasal hypothalamus perifusion system was used, in which CRF secretion from a single explant was evaluated by a specific radioimmunoassay. We found that norepinephrine stimulated CRF secretion, with peak effects at 10‐8 M concentration, whereas epinephrine had no effect on CRF secretion. The effect of norepinephrine was antagonised by the mixed a antagonist phentolamine and by the mixed β antagonist propranolol.We conclude that norepinephrine, but not epinephrine, stimulate hypothamic CRF secretion via a and β receptors. The data support the idea that the central noradrenergic systems are excitatory upon CRF‐41 secretion when acting directly at the hypothalamic level. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gliali repair at the lesion site in regenerating goldfish spinal cord: An immunohistochemical study using species‐specific antibodies
Authors: Nona S. N. , Stafford C. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have used fish‐specific antibodies to show that repair in regenerating goldfish spinal cord is accompanied by the recovery of the astrocytic environment and restoration of the central canal. Astrocyte processes trailed the regenerated axons bridging the new cord, suggesting that they are not needed for axonal regrowth. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preservation of the substanitia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2 kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four‐year period
Authors: Quinn Niall , Parkes David , Janota Ivan , Marsden C. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 72‐year‐old hypertensive man developed parkinsonism and was treated with Sinemet for 4 years but then died of a bronchial carcinoma. Necropsy revealed cerebrovascular disease and amyloid angiopathy. The substantia nigra and locus coeruleus were normal on light microscopy.
Effectiveness of trihexyphenidyl against pendular nystagmus and palatal myoclonus: Evidence of cholinergic dysfunction
Authors: Jabbari Bahman , Rosenberg Michael , Scherokman Barbara , Gunderson Carl H. , McBurney John W. , McClintock William 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPalatal myoclonus and acquired pendular nystagmus result from lesions in dentatorubroolivary pathways. We have investigated the effect of high doses of the anticholinergic drug trihexyphenidyl in four patients with palatal myoclonus and in four patients with acquired pendular nystagmus. The movements of each patients were videotaped three times: before administration of trihexyphenidyl, at the time of maximum or effective dosage, and after withdrawal from trihexyphenidyl. In five patients the movements were also electrographically recorded. A neurologist not familiar with the patients reviewed the tapes and rated the changes. In seven of eight patients, administration of the trihexyphenidyl resulted in marked improvement of both movements and complaints by patients. This observation indicates that disturbance of cholinergic mechanisms plays an important role in the pathophysiology of these two movement disorders.
Familial paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis: A family study
Authors: Kurlan Roger , Behr Jill , Medved Louis , Shoulson Ira 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe interviewed and examined 12 members of a single family affected by paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis. Three subjects experienced characteristic painful dystonic spasms, often precipitated by cold and prolonged physical activity. Three other family members suffered painful cramping of their limbs, without involuntary movement, following physical exertion. Based on the clinical features of affected subjects, we suggest that exertional cramping may represent a “forme fruste” of paroxysmal dystonia.
Computed tomographic findings in progressive supranuclear palsy: Correlation with clinical grade
Authors: Schonfeld Steven M. , Golbe Lawrence I. , Sage Jacob I. , Safer Jan N. , Duvoisin Roger C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report clinical and computed tomography (CT) findings in 17 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Patients were divided into four clinical groups according to the severity of the disease and functional disability. In Grade 1, patients demonstrated minor disability and decreased anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the midbrain tegmentum was present. As the disease progressed clinically to Grade 2, more severe atrophy of the pons and midbrain and dilation of the quadrigeminal plate cistern were noted. The most severe stages of clinical disability (Grades 3 and 4) were characterized radiologically by dilatation of the aqueduct, progressive dilatation of the third and fourth ventricles and atrophy of the temporal lobes. Cortical atrophy was variable and not a prominent radiological feature. Midbrain and pontine AP diameters were significantly smaller in PSP patients than normal patients. Serial studies showed progressive involution of the pons and midbrain and enlargement of the third ventricle. While the most obvious CT changes in PSP occur late in the disease, CT may in fact suggest the correct diagnosis long before the classic clinical picture is evident.
Glycine involvement in DDT‐induced myoclonus
Authors: Truong Daniel Dung , De Yebenes Justo Garcia , Pezzoli Gianni , Jackson‐Lewis Vernice , Fahn Stanley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe DDT syndrome in rats consists of tremor, myoclonus, running seizures, hyperthermia, episodic boxing, and excessive grooming. DDT did not change whole‐brain glycine levels when the rats had stimulus‐sensitive myoclonus, spontaneous myoclonus, or seizures. However, regional analysis showed a decrease in glycine levels in the pons and medulla initially, but they rose again despite worsening of the myoclonus. Glycine given intraventricularly and the glycine prodrug, milacemide, given intraperitoneally suppressed DDT‐induced myoclonus. A dose of milacemide that prevented DDT‐induced myoclonus caused a significant increase in glycine levels in cortex, septum accumbens, cerebellum, striatum, hypocampus, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. The increase was most marked in the forebrain structures. There was no change in serine levels in these areas. These data suggest that the glycinergic system may be playing an important role in the manifestation of DDT‐induced myoclonus.
Validity of a mailed epidemiological questionnaire and physical self‐assessment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Golbe Lawrence I. , Pae Jeen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe large‐scale mail questionnaire is a useful tool in epidemiological investigation and will probably come into wider use in the search for an environmental cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). To determine the validity of mail questionnaires in patients with PD, we administered a 17‐item questionnaire by in‐person interview, as a standard, to 68 patients (and/or a relative when necessary) and compared the results with the same questionnaire mailed at least 1 month before or after the interview. Questions in three formats requested recall of the clinical course and past environmental factors. Each patient also completed a multiple‐choice physical self‐assessment (a modification of four items on the Columbia Scale) immediately before seeing the neurologist, who completed the same form after the examination. Percent of patients with zero discordance between mail and interview responses averaged 52% for the nine fill‐in‐a‐year items, 53% for the three list‐generation items. Kappa statistics for the five multiple‐choice items, which each offered four choices, averaged 0.67 (range 0.40–0.89). Kappa for the physical examination items, each rated on a 0–3 scale, was finger‐tap 0.12, gait 0.34, tremor 0.35, and chorea 0.20. Patients' ratings tended to be more severe than neurologists' ratings. We conclude that mail surveys in PD should either be avoided or rigorously pretested for validity.
Somatosensory phenomena in Huntington's disease
Authors: Albin Roger L. , Young Anne B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSensory symptons are generally not associated with Huntington's disease (HD). We describe two patients with HD who had painful sompatosensory symptons. One patient also had auditory hallucinations. No other cause was found for these symptoms. Both patients also had significant depression and one patient committed suicide. Somatosensory symptons may be a marker for depression in HD.
Pure akinesia due to lewy body Parkinson's disease: A case with pathology
Authors: Quinn N. P. , Luthert P. , Honavar M. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe case of a patient with levodopa‐responsive pure akinesia and freezing of gait for 17 years, whose brain showed the classical changes of Lewy body Parkinson's disease at postmortem is presented. A short trial of DL‐threo–DOPS was ineffective. Intellectual function was preserved despite the presence of Lewy bodies and mild cell loss in subcortical cholinergic nuclei. Pure akinesia is likely to be a heterogeneous condition, with most cases having little or no response to levodopa therapy. However, this case demonstrates that this clinical picture may be caused by Lewy body Parkinson's disease.
The antiparkinsonian actions and pharmacokinetics of transdermal (+)‐4‐Propyl‐9‐hydroxynaphthoxazine (+ PHNO): Preliminary results
Authors: Coleman R. J. , Lange K. W. , Quinn N. P. , Loper A. E. , Bondi J. V. , Hichens M. , Stahl S. M. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract(+)‐4‐Propyl‐9‐hydroxynaphthoxazine (+ PHNO) is a potent dopamine agonist that has been administered transdermally to four patients with Parkinson's disease and “on‐off” fluctuations. Skin patches of increasing size were used to treat these patients, who also received infrequent doses of oral levodopa if required. The effect of +PHNO was measured as an increased duration of action of individual levodopa doses. The clinical effect measured in this way was directly proportional to the plasma concentrations of +PHNO achieved. The plasma concentrations of + PHNO began to rise 4–6 h after patch application and reached a steady state by 24 h. The final plasma concentration of + PHNO was proportional to the area of skin covered.
Spasmodic torticollis due to a midbrain lesion in a case of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Plant G. T. , Kermode A. G. , du Boulay E. P. G. H. , McDonald W. I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA case of multiple sclerosis is described in which spasmodic torticollis occurred abruplty and abated after 1 year. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a lesion in the mesencephalon. Other symptoms and physical signs that developed at the same time as the spasmodic torticollis were compatible with the lesion that had not been present on MRI 18 months previously. There are very few reports of spasmodic torticollis due to an identified focal lesion; there is evidence form experimental work on animals that midbrain lesions may cause spasmodic torticollis but there has been no previous human example.
Absorption of apomorphine by various routes in parkinsonism
Authors: Gancher Stephen T. , Nutt John G. , Woodward William R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe wanted to determine the absorption and clinical effect of sublingual (SL) and transdermal apomorphine in parkinsonism. Patients received single SL apomorphine doses (N = 7) and the absorption was compared with parenteral (N = 5) and oral (N = 4) doses. One patient received a transdermal dose of apomorphine. The relative bioavalability of SL apomorphine ranged from 10 to 22% of a parenteral apomorphine dose. Oral apomorphine was less than 4% bioavailable, and the transdermal dose did not produce detectable plasma levels. Three patients with motor fluctuations responded to SL apomorphine, with a latency to effect of 20‐40 min and a duration of effect of 15‐100 min. One patient used SL apomorphine as an adjunct with levodopa, and during 1 month reported a large decrease in “off” periods. We conclude that apomorphine is effectively absorbed by the sublingual route.
Clinical symptoms and possible anticipation in a large kindred of familial restless legs syndrome
Authors: Trenkwalder Claudia , Seidel Victor Collado , Gasser Thomas , Oertel Wolfgang H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIdiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) frequently follows an autosomal dominant inheritance with a variable clinical expressivity of symptoms. We describe the largest German kindred of familial RLS with 20 affected and investigated members in four generations with a variety of clinical symptoms. Patients were examined clinically, and polysomnography was performed in selected cases. The diagnosis was set according to the diagnostic criteria of the International RLS study Group. All patients showed sensory symptoms of their legs and a worsening of symptoms with increasing age. Older patients, who needed treatment, responded well to opioids. Segregation ratios were close to 0.5, confirming a virtually complete penetrance. The mean age of onset fell from 51.5 years in the second generation to 19.8 years in the fourth generation (ANOVA, p=0.025). The identification of presymptomatic carriers in the fourth generation in the following years, however, may prejudice this result. This large family showed the variety of clinical RLS symptoms with decreasing age of onset in generations II‐IV, suggesting at least the possibility of anitcipation.
Motor innervation and fiber type pattern in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Telerman‐Toppet N. , Coërs C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA quantitive study of the terminal innervation ratio (TIR) was conducted using 18 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 12 Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) muscle biopsies. Morphometric and histochemical analyses of muscle fibers were performed in 9 ALS and 6 CMT biopsies. The results revealed that TIR and type grouping were significantly greater in CMT than in ALS. The proportion of type 3 fibers was higher in ALS, though the proportion of intermediate and type 0 fibers was significantly higher in CMT. The atrophy factor was significantly greater in type 3 than in types 1 and 2 fibers, but it was not significantly different in type 0 and intermediate fibers as compared to types 1 and 2. It appears, therefore, that CMT has a better capacity for collateral reinnervation than ALS. Type 0 and intermediate fibers may represent altered endproducts of successful collateral reinnervation.
Screening for peripheral neuropathy in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Thomas P. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObservations were made on the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy in a series of 139 patients admitted to a chronic dialysis program over a 10‐year period. Evidence of neuropathy was obtained in approximately 50% of these patients over the total period. Once dialysis was instituted, distal paresthesiae evident before the inception of dialysis tended to clear rapidly. Occurrence of the symptom of “restless legs” correlated positively with the presence of neuropathy. Persistent neuropathy was more commonly sensory than motor, and its features were consistent with a predominant loss of large myelinated fibers. This analysis suggests that multiple factors may be involved in the origin of uremic neuropathy.
Prednisone‐neostigmine interactions at cholinergic junctions
Authors: Noble Mark David , Peacock John Hollis , Lacher Jeffrey Allen , Hofmann William Ward 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of corticosteroid (prednisone) and/or chronic anticholinesterase (neostigmine) treatment on α‐bungarotoxin binding was examined in the diaphragms of male rats. In endplate regions of the diaphragm, prednisone treatment had no effect on the density of toxin binding sites, either when given alone or when administered in conjunction with neostigmine, while neostigmine was observed to reduce specific binding to less than half after one week.
Freeze‐fracture study of muscle plasmalemma in normal and dystrophic chickens
Authors: Costello Brian R. , Shafiq S. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe compared the freeze‐fracture morphology of the plasmalemma of the pectoralis major muscle taken from normal and dystrophic chickens at adult, embryonic, and early posthatching stages. Developmental changes were more conspicuous in surface caveolae than in intramembranous particles. The most striking differences between normal and dystrophic muscles were seen in the densities of the caveolae (17/μm2 in the normal adult; 30/μm2 in the dystrophic adult) and in their distribution (rectangular pattern in normals; random arrangement in dystrophics). These differences had already become significant at seven days posthatching and before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This is the earliest developmental stage at which morphologic abnormalities of plasmalemma have been reported for dystrophic muscle. Variations of surface topography and caveolar morphology, presumably representing secondary changes, were common in adult dystrophic muscle.
Myopathy due to epsilon amino‐caproic acid
Authors: Kennard C. , Swash M. , Henson R. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA subacute necrotizing myopathy developed in a patient treated with epsilon amino‐caproic acid (EACA) for subarachnoid hemorrhage. The muscle biopsy showed features suggesting that the muscle fiber necrosis might have been due to capillary damage. An attempt to induce EACA myopathy in the rat was made, but no abnormality developed.
Is Kugelberg‐Welander spinal muscular atrophy a fetal defect?
Authors: Hausmanowa‐Petrusewicz I. , Fidziańska A. , Niebróaj‐Doposz I. , Strugalska M. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwelve children who had developed Kugelberg‐Welander (K‐W) spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) before the age of six years were investigated. Electrophysiological, histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies demonstrated features of immature muscle fibers suggesting a fetal defect as in the Werdnig‐Hoffmann (W‐H) form of SMA. Comparison with known patterns of human myogenesis and of experimental denervation of immature muscle suggested that the defect in K‐W SMA probably takes place in fetal life at a stage later than in W‐H SMA. In contrast to W‐H SMA, a considerable percentage of mature fibers of normal structure and diameter were present. The immature fibers impair the normal development of muscle cells by preventing the increase in number of mature fibers and causing an overloading of the normal fibers with consequent hypertrophy and eventually destructive changes. This is the pattern in K‐W disease that distinguishes the juvenile form of SMA from W‐H disease.
Acute effects of phenytoin on peripheral nerve function in the rat
Authors: Marcus Donald J. , Swift Thomas R. , McDonald Thomas F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe acute effect of intraperitoneal injection of phenytoin on rat peripheral nerve was studied. Conduction velocities in the ventral caudal nerve were measured hourly and phenytoin blood levels were obtained 4 to 5 hours after injection. Conduction velocity decreased by 23% in the 25 phenytoin‐treated animals from a control value of 30.0 ± 1.3 m/sec (mean ± SEM) to a 4‐hour value of 23.0 ± 1.3 m/sec (P < 0.001). The phenytoin blood level 4 hours after injection was 45.0 ± 1.3 μg/ml. Amplitudes of evoked muscle action potentials in the treated group decreased by 37% from control values. High levels of phenytoin induce prompt slowing of nerve conduction velocity within hours, which may be mediated by mechanisms similar to those responsible for toxic central effects.
Localization of choline acetyltransferase at neuromuscular junctions
Authors: Kan K. ‐S. Karen , Chao Li‐Pen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCholine acetyltransferase (ChAc) was localized at the neuromuscular junctions of rabbit diaphragm with immunohistochemical staining, which produced a brown color, in combination with histochemical staining for cholinesterase, which produced a blue color, in the same section. The innervations of nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junctions were comparable when a silver impregnation was substituted for the immunohistochemical staining of ChAc.
Acquired canine myasthenia gravis: Immunocytochemical localization of immune complexes at neuromuscular junctions
Authors: Pflugfelder Christina M. , Cardinet George H. , Lutz Hans , Holliday Terrell A. , Hansen Robert J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the acquired form of myasthenia gravis in dogs, there are circulating antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and a reduction in the number of AChRs in the postsynaptic membrane. In this study, immune complexes were localized at the neuromuscular junctions in biopsy samples from 10 myasthenic dogs by immunocytochemical means employing conjugates of staphylococcal protein A and horseradish peroxidase. Immune complexes were observed in approximately 70% of the neuromuscular junctions studied in both type 1 and type 2 myofibers. Thus, acquired canine myasthenia gravis appears to involve immune‐mediated mechanisms that destroy AChRs in a manner similar to myasthenia gravis in humans. Protein A was also observed to bind principally to elastic fibers in small arteries and arterioles of some myasthenic and control dogs; however, the significance of that localization is unknown.