bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in patients with multiple system atrophy
Authors: Benrud‐Larson Lisa M. , Sandroni Paola , Schrag Anette , Low Phillip A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMultiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extrapyramidal signs, prominent autonomic failure, and a poor prognosis. In the absence of restorative treatment, management is aimed at improving quality of life. Little is known about modifiable factors, such as depression, that may affect quality of life in MSA. The present study investigated the rate of depressive symptoms and their relationship to life satisfaction in patients with MSA. Ninety‐nine patients with MSA (54% women; mean age, 67.8 ± 8.8) completed measures of depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, physical function, and disease and demographic factors. Objective autonomic indices were abstracted from the medical chart. Participants reported a high rate of depressive symptoms, with 39% endorsing moderate to severe depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI ≥ 7). Reported life satisfaction was low, with a mean of 38.8 on a 100‐point visual analogue scale (0 = Extremely Dissatisfied, 100 = Extremely Satisfied). The SF‐36 Physical Component Scale was approximately 1.5 standard deviations below the mean of a normative sample of healthy adults the same age. Regression analysis revealed that autonomic disease parameters accounted for 22% of the variance in life satisfaction. Physical function did not account for any additional variance; however, depressive symptoms accounted for an additional 15%. Depressive symptoms are common, often severe, and an important determinant of life satisfaction in patients with MSA. Adequate treatment of comorbid depression may improve quality of life in this population, despite the presence of other debilitating deficits. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Hemiparkinsonism and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias after focal nigral lesion
Authors: Růžička Evžen , Urgošík Dušan , Jech Robert , Roth Jan , Vymazal Josef , Mečíř Petr , Vladyka Vilibald 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe present a patient with tremor‐dominant hemiparkinsonism after a focal lesion to the substantia nigra. An excellent response to levodopa was complicated by rapid development of motor fluctuations and disabling dyskinesias. Stereotactic thalamotomy resulted in a persistent extinction of parkinsonism and of dyskinesias along with stopping dopaminergic treatment. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
LAW'S EMPIRE: ENGLISH LEGAL CULTURES AT HOME AND ABROAD
Authors: FINN MARGOT C. 
Published: March 2005

The common law tradition: lawyers, books and the law. By J. H. Baker. London: Hambledon, 2000. Pp. xxxiv+404. ISBN 1-85285-181-3. £40.00.Lawyers, litigation and English society since 1450. By Christopher W. Brooks. London: Hambledon, 1998. Pp. x+274. ISBN 1-85285-156-2. £40.00.Professors of the law: barristers and English legal culture in the eighteenth century. By David Lemmings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xiv+399. ISBN 0-19-820721-2. £50.00.Industrializing English law: entrepreneurship and business organization, 1720–1844. By Ron Harris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xvi+331. ISBN 0-521-66275-3. £37.50.Between law and custom: ‘high’ and ‘low’ legal cultures in the lands of the British Diaspora – the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, 1600–1900. By Peter Karsten. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi+560. ISBN 0-521-79283-5. £70.00.The past few decades have witnessed a welcome expansion in historians' understanding of English legal cultures, a development that has extended the reach of legal history far beyond the boundaries circumscribed by the Inns of Court, the central tribunals of Westminster, and the periodic provincial circuits of their judges, barristers, and attorneys. The publication of J. G. A. Pocock's classic study, The ancient constitution and the feudal law, in 1957 laid essential foundations for this expansion by underlining the centrality of legal culture to wider political and intellectual developments in the early modern period. Recent years have seen social historians elaborate further upon the purchase exercised by legal norms outside the courtroom. Criminal law was initially at the vanguard of this historiographical trend, and developments in this field continue to revise and enrich our understanding of the law's pervasive reach in British culture. But civil litigation – most notably disputes over contracts and debts – now occupies an increasingly prominent position within the social history of the law. Law's empire, denoting the area of dominion marked out by the myriad legal cultures that emanated both from parliamentary statutes and English courts, is now a far more capacious field of study than an earlier generation of legal scholars could imagine. Without superseding the need for continued attention to established lines of legal history, the mapping of this imperial terrain has underscored the imperative for new approaches to legal culture that emphasize plurality and dislocation rather than the presumed coherence of the common law.
THE STUDY OF POLITICS AS A VOCATION
Authors: TOYE RICHARD 
Published: March 2005

The myth of Mr Butskell: the politics of British economic policy, 1950–1955. By Scott Kelly. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002. Pp. viii+248. ISBN 0-7546-0604-X. £42.50.The Labour party and taxation: party identity and political purpose in twentieth-century Britain. By Richard Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+294. ISBN 0-521-57160-X. £45.00.British social policy since 1945. Second edition. By Howard Glennerster. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995, 2000. Pp. xii+260. ISBN 0-631-22022-4. £15.99.Governance, industry and labour markets in Britain and France: the modernising state in the mid-twentieth century. Edited by Noel Whiteside and Robert Salais. London and New York: Routledge, 1998. Pp. xi+295. ISBN 0-415-15733-1. £45.00.The final result of political action often, no, even regularly, stands in completely inadequate and often even paradoxical relation to its original meaning. Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation (1918–19)Hugh Gaitskell (Labour chancellor of the exchequer, 1950–1) remarked in 1957 that ‘professional politicians, when they have been in the job for any length of time, are not well fitted for really deep thinking, partly because they have no time for it and partly because the very practice of their art involves them in continual simplification’. This candid observation has important implications for the study of how past politicians formulated policy. The books under review all deal with differing aspects of British (and also, in one case, French) economic and social policy in the twentieth century. They all show, to varying degrees, that parties, governments, and other political actors have proffered apparently simplistic and muddled solutions to important problems. But was this because of intellectual deficiency on their part, or was it an inevitable consequence of the exercise of what Rab Butler, Gaitskell's Conservative successor, famously called ‘the art of the possible’?
GW274150 and GW273629 are potent and highly selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Alderton Wendy K , Angell Anthony D R , Craig Caroline , Dawson John , Garvey Edward , Moncada Salvador , Monkhouse Jayne , Rees Daryl , Russell Linda J , Russell Rachel J , Schwartz Sheila , Waslidge Neil , Knowles Richard G 
Published: March 2005

GW274150 ([2‐[(1‐iminoethyl) amino]ethyl]‐L‐homocysteine) and GW273629 (3‐[[2‐[(1‐iminoethyl)amino]ethyl]sulphonyl]‐L‐alanine) are potent, time‐dependent, highly selective inhibitors of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) vs endothelial NOS (eNOS) (>100‐fold) or neuronal NOS (nNOS) (>80‐fold). GW274150 and GW273629 are arginine competitive, NADPH‐dependent inhibitors of human iNOS with steady state Kd values of <40 and <90 nM, respectively.
GW274150 and GW273629 inhibited intracellular iNOS in J774 cells in a time‐dependent manner, reaching IC50 values of 0.2±0.04 and 1.3±0.16 μM, respectively. They were also acutely selective in intact rat tissues: GW274150 was >260‐fold and 219‐fold selective for iNOS against eNOS and nNOS, respectively, while GW273629 was >150‐fold and 365‐fold selective for iNOS against eNOS and nNOS, respectively.
The pharmacokinetic profile of GW274150 was biphasic in healthy rats and mice with a terminal half‐life of ∼6 h. That of GW273629 was also biphasic in rats, producing a terminal half‐life of ∼3 h. In mice however, elimination of GW273629 appeared monophasic and more rapid (∼10 min). Both compounds show a high oral bioavailability (>90%) in rats and mice.
GW274150 was effective in inhibiting LPS‐induced plasma NOx levels in mice with an ED50 of 3.2±0.7 mg kg−1 after 14 h intraperitoneally (i.p.) and 3.8±1.5 mg kg−1 after 14 h when administered orally. GW273629 showed shorter‐lived effects on plasma NOx and an ED50 of 9±2 mg kg−1 after 2 h when administered i.p.
The effects of GW274150 and GW273629 in vivo were consistent with high selectivity for iNOS, as these inhibitors were of low potency against nNOS in the rat cerebellum and did not cause significant effects on blood pressure in instrumented mice.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 301–312. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706168
Tachykinergic neurotransmission is enhanced in duodenum from dystrophic (mdx) mice
Authors: Zizzo Maria Grazia , Mulè Flavia , Serio Rosa 
Published: March 2005

Duodenal longitudinal muscle of mdx mice, an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, showed a decrease in the electrically evoked nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory responses associated with a reduction of the participation of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we investigated whether the impairment of NO could also lead to alterations in the NANC excitatory transmission.
Nerve‐evoked responses consisted of an inhibitory phase followed, at the end of stimulation, by an excitatory response characterised by an increase in amplitude of the spontaneous contractions. In mdx mice, the amplitude of the nerve‐evoked contractions was significantly higher than in normals.
N‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) or 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, increased the amplitude of the nerve‐evoked contractions only in normals, being ineffective in mdx mice. Apamin, a blocker of Ca2+‐dependent potassium channels, failed to affect the nerve‐evoked contractions.
In both models, substance P and neurokinin A produced concentration‐dependent contractions, reduced by tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists, respectively. Moreover, NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists reduced the amplitude of the nerve‐evoked contractions.
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) reduced the amplitude of nerve‐evoked contractions similarly in normal and mdx mice. ODQ, but not apamin, prevented the SNP‐induced effects. SNP did not affect the contractions induced by exogenous tachykinins.
The results suggest that NO can exert an inhibitory modulatory role on tachykinergic excitatory transmission via activation of guanylyl cyclase in mouse duodenum. In mdx mice, the impairment of NO function leads to an increase in the nerve‐evoked contractions.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 334–341. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706171
Involvement of reactive oxygen species in cyclic stretch‐induced NF‐κB activation in human fibroblast cells
Authors: Amma Hideki , Naruse Keiji , Ishiguro Naoki , Sokabe Masahiro 
Published: March 2005

Uniaxial cyclic stretch leads to an upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 through increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration via the stretch‐activated (SA) channel and following nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation in human fibroblasts. However, the signaling mechanism as to how the elevated Ca2+ activates NF‐κB is unknown. In this study, we examined the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an intermediate signal, which links the elevated Ca2+ with NF‐κB activation.
4‐Hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) was produced and modified IκB peaking at 2 min. The phosphorylation of IκB peaked at 8 min. HNE modification and IκB phosphorylation, NF‐κB translocation to the nucleus, and following COX‐2 production were inhibited by extracellular Ca2+ removal or Gd3+ application, as well as by the antioxidants. The stretch‐induced Ca2+ increase was inhibited by extracellular Ca2+ removal, or Gd3+ application.
IκB kinase (IKK) activity peaked at 4 min, which was inhibited by extracellular Ca2+ removal, Gd3+ or the antioxidants. IKK was also HNE‐modified and, similarly to IκB, peaked at 2 min. IKK under static conditions was activated by exogenously applied HNE at a relatively low dose (1 μM), while it was inhibited at higher concentrations, suggesting that HNE could be one of the candidate signals in the stretch‐induced NF‐κB activation.
The present study suggests that the NF‐κB activation by cyclic stretch is mediated by the following signal cascade: SA channel activation → intracellular Ca2+ increase → production of ROS → activation of IKK → phosphorylation of IκB → NF‐κB translocation to the nucleus.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 364–373. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706182
Antagonism of ATP responses at P2X receptor subtypes by the pH indicator dye, Phenol red
Authors: King Brian F , Liu Min , Townsend‐Nicholson Andrea , Pfister Jürg , Padilla Fernando , Ford Anthony P , Gever Joel R , Oglesby Ian B , Schorge Stephanie , Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: March 2005

Many types of culture media contain a pH‐sensitive dye. One commonly occurring dye, Phenol red sodium (Na+) salt, was tested for blocking activity at rat P2X1−4 receptors (P2X1−4Rs) expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Phenol red Na+‐salt antagonised adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) responses at P2X1R (IC50, 3 μM) and, at higher concentrations, also blocked P2X2R and P2X3R. Phenol red Na+‐salt, purified of lipophilic contaminants, blocked P2X1R and P2X3R by acting as an insurmountable antagonist.
Two lipophilic extracts of Phenol red antagonised ATP responses at P2XRs. Extract A was a potent antagonist at P2X1R (IC50, 1.4 μM), whereas extract B was a potent antagonist at P2X3R (IC50, 4.1 μM). A bisphenolic compound (RS151030) found in these extracts was a potent antagonist at P2X1R (IC50, 0.3 μM) and at P2X3R (IC50, 2.4 μM).
Phenolphthalein base was a potent irreversible antagonist at P2X1R (IC50, 1 μM), whereas Phenolphthalein K+‐salt was 25‐fold less potent here.
Phenolphthalein base was a reversible antagonist of ATP responses at rat P2X4R (IC50, 26 μM), whereas Phenolphthalein K+‐salt was inactive.
Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), used to dissolve lipophilic extracts, showed pharmacological activity by itself at rat P2X1R and P2X4R.
Thus, Phenol red and related compounds are antagonists at rat P2X1R, but are also active at other rat P2XRs. Phenolphthalein base is a newly identified, low potency antagonist of ATP responses at P2X4R. Culture media containing these red dyes should be used cautiously in future pharmacological studies of P2XRs. Also, wherever possible, the solvent DMSO should be used with caution.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 313–322. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706187
Expression of functional NK1 receptors in human alveolar macrophages: superoxide anion production, cytokine release and involvement of NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Bardelli Claudio , Gunella Gabriele , Varsaldi Federica , Balbo Pietro , Del Boca Elisa , Bernardone Ilaria Seren , Amoruso Angela , Brunelleschi Sandra 
Published: March 2005

Substance P (SP) is deeply involved in lung pathophysiology and plays a key role in the modulation of inflammatory‐immune processes. We previously demonstrated that SP activates guinea‐pig alveolar macrophages (AMs) and human monocytes, but a careful examination of its effects on human AMs is still scarce.
This study was undertaken to establish the role of SP in human AM isolated from healthy smokers and non‐smokers, by evaluating the presence of tachykinin NK1 receptors (NK‐1R) and SP's ability to induce superoxide anion (O2−) production and cytokine release, as well as activation of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway.
By Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, we demonstrate that authentic NK‐1R are present on human AMs, a three‐fold enhanced expression being observed in healthy smokers. These NK‐1R are functional, as SP and NK1 agonists dose‐dependently induce O2− production and cytokine release. In AMs from healthy smokers, SP evokes an enhanced respiratory burst and a significantly increased release of tumor necrosis factor‐α as compared to healthy non‐smokers, but has inconsistent effects on IL‐10 release. The NK1 selective antagonist CP 96,345 ((2S,3S)‐cis‐2‐diphenylmethyl‐N[(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐methyl]‐1‐azabicyclo‐octan‐3‐amine)) competitively antagonized SP‐induced effects.
SP activates the transcription factor NF‐κB, a three‐fold increased nuclear translocation being observed in AMs from healthy smokers. This effect is receptor‐mediated, as it is reproduced by the NK1 selective agonist [Sar9Met(O2)11]SP and reverted by CP 96,345.
These results clearly indicate that human AMs possess functional NK‐1R on their surface, which are upregulated in healthy smokers, providing new insights on the mechanisms involved in tobacco smoke toxicity.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 385–396. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706198
Prostacyclin prevents nitric oxide‐induced megakaryocyte apoptosis
Authors: Gabriel Pozner Roberto , Negrotto Soledad , D'Atri Lina Paola , Lidia Kotler Mónica , Angela Lazzari María , Martin Gomez Ricardo , Schattner Mirta 
Published: March 2005

We have previously demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) triggers CD34+‐derived megakaryocyte apoptosis. We here show that prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibits PAPA/NO‐induced megakaryocyte death detected by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry.
The cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Ro 20‐1724, and the permeable analog dibutyryl‐cAMP also delayed apoptosis. PGI2 effect was fully prevented when adenylyl cyclase activity was suppressed by SQ 22536, and partially reversed by the permeable protein kinase A inhibitor PKI 14‐22 amide. ELISA showed that while both PGI2 and NO alone or synergistically raised cAMP, only NO was able to increase intracellular cGMP levels.
Treatment of megakaryocytes with PGI2 abolished both basal and NO‐raised cGMP levels. Addition of 8‐pCPT‐cGMP or activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase by BAY 41‐2272 induced cell death in a concentration‐dependent manner, and ODQ, an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, prevented both PAPA/NO‐ or BAY 41‐2272‐induced apoptosis. Specific cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibition by Zaprinast or suppression of adenylyl cyclase by SQ 22536 enhanced the PAPA/NO proapoptotic effect.
PGI2 completely inhibited NO‐mediated generation and the increased activity of the cleaved form of caspase‐3.
In conclusion, our results demonstrate that contrary to their well‐known direct and synergistic inhibitory effects on platelets, PGI2 and NO regulate opposite megakaryocyte survival responses through a delicate balance between intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and caspase‐3 activity control.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 283–292. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706200
Decreasing the infusion rate reduces the proarrhythmic risk of NS‐7: confirming the relevance of short‐term variability of repolarisation in predicting drug‐induced torsades de pointes
Authors: Detre Elke , Thomsen Morten B , Beekman Jet D , Petersen Karl‐Uwe , Vos Marc A 
Published: March 2005

The rate of infusion has been suggested to be important for drug‐induced torsades de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias. We investigated the repolarisation‐prolonging effects and proarrhythmic properties of NS‐7, a neuroprotective drug in development, using two different infusion rates.
A fast (5 min intravenously (i.v.)) escalating dosing regimen (0.3 and 3.0 mg kg−1, n=4) of NS‐7 was investigated in anaesthetised control dogs in sinus rhythm (SR). This was compared to a slow infusion (60 min i.v.) of one dose (3.0 mg kg−1, n=4) NS‐7. The similar dosing regimens were investigated in anaesthetised dogs with chronic, complete AV block (CAVB), an animal model of TdP (n=6).
No electrophysiological effects were seen after 0.3 mg kg−1 NS‐7. Fast infusion of 3.0 mg kg−1 caused prolongation of repolarisation, for example, heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc): in SR: 6±1%; in CAVB: 10±7%, which was accompanied by TdP in three of six CAVB dogs. No TdP were seen in SR dogs.
Slow infusion did not cause TdP in the same CAVB dogs, although NS‐7 caused repolarisation to prolong with a similar magnitude (QTc: 12±7%) as in the fast‐infusion experiment.
Short‐term variability (STV) is a novel parameter for the prediction of drug‐induced TdP analysing the beat‐to‐beat variability of repolarisation. STV was only increased after the fast infusion in CAVB dogs (2.6±0.3 versus 6.0±1.4 ms, P<0.05), while there was no increase (2.1±0.2 versus 2.5±1.0 ms) after the slow infusion of NS‐7.
Peak plasma concentrations attained were lower in slow (0.5±0.1 μg ml−1 after 50 min) than in fast‐infusion regimen (2.1±0.4 μg ml−1 after 5 min; P<0.05).
The results support the conclusion that limiting peak plasma concentration by decreasing the rate of infusion of NS‐7 reduces the proarrhythmic risk despite comparable prolongation in repolarisation parameters. The relevance of STV in predicting drug‐induced TdP was confirmed.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 397–404. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706203
Volatile corrosion inhibitors: a review
Authors: Bastidas D.M. , Cano E. , Mora E.M. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo provide a selective bibliography for graduate students and new faculty members with sources which can help them develop their academic career.Design/methodology/approachA range of published (1951‐2004) works, which aim to discuss the main parameters of the volatile corrosion inhibition process. The sources are sorted into sections: transport of the volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) to the metallic surface, vapour pressure of a VCI, dependence of vapour pressure upon temperature, effect of pH on VCI behaviour, formation and destruction of adsorbed films, and volatile corrosion inhibitor monitors (VCIM).FindingsProvides information about each source, indicating what can be found there and how the information can help. Recognises the lack of real training of many academics before they are expected to take on teaching/researching duties and finds some texts which help.Research limitations/implicationsIt is not an exhaustive list and apart from several UK and US books all the rest are EU and US publications which perhaps limits its usefulness elsewhere.Practical implicationsA very useful list of the most common compounds used as VCIs is reported.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils an identified information/resources need and offers practical help to an individual starting out on and academic career and to professional with some experience on corrosion inhibition.