bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of fundamental frequency and voice onset time to the /zi/-/si/ distinction
Authors: Massaro Dominic W. , Cohen Michael M. 
Published: October 2005

Functional measurement was utilized to study the acoustic cues that contribute to the perception of the voicing difference in /zi/ and /si/. Rather than simply varying the acoustic signal along a single dimension and observing the effect on perception, changes along two acoustic dimensions were covaried in a factorial manner. The time between the onset of the syllable and the onset of vocal-cord vibration called voice onset time (VOT) was covaried with the fundamental frequency (F0). Observers were asked to indicate where each stimulus fell on a scale from /zi/ to /si/. The results showed that both VOT and F0 contribute to the perception of voicing. Sounds were judged as more /zi/-like with decreases in VOT and with decreases in the F0. The frequency contour of F0 during the syllable had very little effect beyond that accounted for by the frequency of F0 at the onset of vocal-cord vibration. Another experiment showed that the role of F0 could not be attributed to the possibility that there was less energy at the first formant with higher frequency values of F0. A quantitative model assuming that VOT and F0 are perceived independently provided a good description of the observed judgments.
Subject Classification: [43]70.30, [43]70.20, [43]70.70.
Spectral transformations by an infinite clipper
Authors: de Boer E. 
Published: October 2005

Several manifestations of auditory nonlinearity indicate that the percentage of distortion does not vary much over a wide range of stimulus intensities. Accordingly, there has been some interest in ’’essential nonlinearities’’ (nonlinear devices of which the percentage of distortion is independent of level) for modeling purposes. In this note the genesis of the cubic difference tone (CDT) by such a device is treated. The extreme case of an infinite clipper is chosen for reasons of simplicity. In the simplest case the stimulus signal has two components with frequencies f1 and f2 (f2≳f1) of which the upper one is the weaker of the two. This signal shows both amplitude (AM) and phase modulation (PM). The clipping removes the AM and the remaining PM causes the signal to have at least three components. The newly generated third component is the CDT with frequency 2f1−f2. It is as if the original upper component is split into two components; one with the original frequeny f2 and the other with the frequency 2f1−f2. Each of these has half the original amplitude, hence the infinite clipper produces one form of two-tone suppression as well. The method by which the results are obtained suggests a generalization to multicomponent and to stochastic signals. This may allow a fruitful strategy to be developed for a comprehensive analysis of cochlear nonlinearity.
Subject Classification: [43]65.35, [43]65.56.
Radiation from a spherical acoustic source near a scattering sphere
Authors: Thompson William 
Published: October 2005

The radiation from a spherical source vibrating with an arbitrary, axisymmetric, time-harmonic velocity distribution while positioned at an arbitrary point wholly outside a fluid sphere while both are embedded in another infinite fluid medium, is computed. The translational addition theorem for spherical wave functions is used to express series of wave modes centered at one sphere in terms of modes centered at the other, thereby facilitating the task of satisfying the boundary conditions. By letting the fluid sphere become either infinitely dense or infinitely compliant, the special cases of a spherical source radiating in the presence of a perfectly reflecting spherical scatterer are obtained. The source output and farfield directional response pattern are computed as a function of source and fluid sphere separation for some representative values of relative fluid density and sound speed. Numerous results are presented showing the modification of the radiation load on monopole and dipole sources of various wavelength sizes due to a nearby rigid or pressure release, spherical scatterer of the same size. The effect of the perfect scatterer is only important when the source and scatterer are very close and the pressure-release scatterer has considerably more effect than the rigid one.
Subject Classification: [43]20.30, [43]20.55.
On the attenuation of sound by turbulence
Authors: Brown E. H. , Clifford S. F. 
Published: October 2005

We present a theory of attenuation of sound by turbulence. The mechanism underlying this theory is the turbulence-induced broadening of finite beams of sound. It is thus conjectured that attenuation of sound by turbulence is not an intrinsic property of the medium, nor even of its dynamic state, but depends on the particular details of the experiment, such as beamwidth, beam orientation, etc. This point of view is at odds with that of some other theories, in which attenuation by turbulence is regarded primarily as a scattering process. Some conceptual flaws in these other theories are pointed out. It is shown that the present theory yields results which are in qualitative agreement with observations.
Subject Classification: [43]28.40, [43]28.60; [43]20.35.
Determination of source depth from the spectra of small explosions observed at long ranges
Authors: Mitchell Stephen K. , Bedford Nancy R. , Weinstein Marvin S. 
Published: October 2005

The acoustic pressure versus time signature of an underwater explosive source is a sensitive function of the charge weight and the depth of the explosion. If those parameters are known, then the amplitude of the primary shock pulse and the amplitudes and spacings of the following bubble pulses may be accurately predicted. The power spectrum of the signal is characterized by a scalloped form, which also is determined by the charge weight and depth. Even though the signal observed at long range is distorted due to propagation effects, the scalloped spectral structure is preserved. By using power cepstrum techniques, it is possible to determine the characteristic period of the spectrum. From the relation between the spectral period and the bubble pulse period, the exact detonation depth may be determined from a received shot signal if the charge weight is known. An example of such a measurement is presented in this paper. A series of signals from 1.8 lb Mk 61 SUS charges detonated at nominal depths of 60 ft was examined. The bubble pulse period of each source was determined from recordings made onboard the ship from which the shots were deployed. Shots were received at ranges of 250–310 NM at one location and at ranges of 625–700 NM at another location. The depths, as estimated at the remote receiver, were distributed about the onboard measurements with standard deviations of 0.49 ft at the shorter ranges and 0.52 ft at the longer ranges.
Subject Classification: [43]30.75.
Influence of auditory fatigue on masked pure-tone thresholds
Authors: Parker Donald E. , Tubbs Randy L. , Johnston Peggy A. , Johnston Linda S. 
Published: October 2005

Thresholds for detection of a 3-kHz tone embedded in a 2121–4242-Hz octave band of masking noise or a 6-kHz tone in 4243–8486-Hz masking noise were determined before and after fatiguing noise exposure. Masking-noise levels were varied from 0 to 90 dB (re 20 μN/m2). The fatiguing noise was a 1414− to 2828-Hz or a 2829–5658-Hz octave band of noise set at intensities between 90 and 115 dB. Each observation included the following parts: (1) prefatigue threshold determination, (2) 3-min exposure to intense noise, (3) 90-sec delay, and (4) postfatigue threshold determination. The results of a series of observations employing the above procedure indicate that tone thresholds were elevated following the fatiguing-noise exposure by up to 22 dB when the tones were embedded in 0−dB masking noise (TTS2=22 dB). However, tone thresholds were elevated only slightly following fatiguing-noise exposure when the tone was embedded in 45–90-dB masking noise. Possible mechanisms that might account for these observations are considered.
Subject Classification: [43]65.58, [43]65.66, [43]65.50, [43]65.75.
Sound production by organ flue pipes
Authors: Fletcher N. H. 
Published: October 2005

A nearly exact, nonparametric treatment is devised to allow calculation of the transient and steady-state acoustic spectra of a flue organ pipe, given the geometry of its construction and the pressure variation in its foot. Explicit formulation is given for the fundamental and the first and second upper partials. A scaling law is set out, relating the behavior of pipes of different fundamental frequencies, and several illustrative calculations are performed. Comparison between theory and experiment for a limited number of cases shows satisfactory agreement in semiquantitative terms but indicates that a more careful treatment of air jet behavior is required at low jet velocities.
Subject Classification: [43]75.60.
Examination of attenuation at very low frequencies using the deep-water ambient noise field
Authors: Kibblewhite A. C. , Shooter J. A. , Watkins S. L. 
Published: October 2005

In a recent experiment employing a number of hydrophone systems deployed at various positions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, several operational periods were dedicated to an ambient sea-noise study. Signals received at hydrophones distributed at various depths throughout the water column were analyzed to characterize the noise field at each site. The results obtained revealed a noise-level dependence on frequency, hydrophone depth, and sound velocity profile. The general features of the noise field could be interpreted in terms of distant shipping and local wind effects, the two major directional noise sources believed to be dominant in the deep ocean. This paper discusses some specific features of the noise field and examines the implication of these to the anomalously high attenuations reported so often at frequencies below 100 Hz.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20, [43]30.70.
Shock spectrum of a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear vibratory system
Authors: Root R. M. , Cunniff P. F. 
Published: October 2005

The shock spectrum of the foundation or isolator mass of a two-degree-of-freedom vibratory system was studied. The system had a cubic hardening elastic nonlinearity in the foundation or isolator restoring force. The system was impulsively shocked, and analytical, experimental, and numerical methods used to determine the resulting shock spectrum. The system was studied theoretically in two ways. An analytic solution was developed using a perturbation expansion of the nonlinear equations of motion, combined with an analytic solution for the shock spectrum due to the motion. A numerical solution to the nonlinear equations of motion was developed and used to verify the range of validity of the solution developed from the perturbation expansion. The nondimensional parameter of the perturbation expansion was found to be directly dependent on the coefficient of the cubic hardening spring and the square of the initial velocity of the foundation or isolator mass, and inversely dependent on the generalized mass and the fourth power of the natural frequency of each linear mode. The numerical solutions of the equations of motion verified that variations in this parameter defined the degree to which the behavior of the nonlinear system departed from the behavior of the linear system. The theoretical studies predicted that the cubic hardening spring would cause the peaks in the shock spectrum corresponding to the linear natural frequencies to be shifted to higher frequencies, and that significant additional peaks would be introduced at combinations of the shifted frequencies. An experimental study of a two-degree-of-freedom system with a cubic hardening spring was undertaken. The experimental results verified shifting of the frequencies of the peaks and introduction of additional peaks in the shock spectrum.
Subject Classification: [43]40.40, [43]40.30, [43]40.60.
Correlation of nonlinear orifice impedance
Authors: Panton Ronald L. , Goldman Allen L. 
Published: October 2005

Dimensional analysis of the orifice impedance problem produces several sets of nondimensional variables which may be used to correlate nonlinear orifice behavior. Published experimental data on thin orifices were examined and it was found that tests with oil, water, and air can be correlated. Graphs of orifice resistance are given in nondimensional forms that are useful over a wide range of conditions. The form for resistance is R/ρ (νω)1/2 as a function of an aspect ratio parameter l/d, an orifice velocity parameter V/(νω)1/2, and a diameter-viscous parameter d/(ν/ω)1/2. For thin orifices the resistance is independent of d/(ν/ω)1/2 when this parameter is greater than 10. Nonlinear effects begin when V/(ν/ω)1/2=3. This parameter compares the displacement amplitude to the viscous diffusion length. The reactance end correction δ was normalized by the Rayliegh value of 8d/3π and correlated using the variables l/d, V/ωd, and d/(ν/ω)1/2. Again thin orifices show no dependence on d/(ν/ω)1/2 for values greater than 20 and the nonlinear reactance region begins at V/ωd=0.1. Thus, different parameters govern the onset of nonlinear resistance and reactance.
Subject Classification: [43]85.20, [43]85.50; [43]28.60.
Measurement of the acoustic impedance of an orifice under a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Goldman A. L. , Panton Ronald L. 
Published: October 2005

The acoustic impedance of an orifice under a turbulent boundary layer was measured. A single orifice, 0.508 cm in diameter and 0.32 cm thick, was tested in a wind tunnel where the velocity was varied from 16 to 30 m/sec. An impedance tube mounted behind the orifice was operated at frequencies from 250 to 2200 Hz with sound pressure levels from 85 to 140 dB. It was found that the resistance and reactance end correction could be nondimensionalized as R/ρ (νω)1/2 and δ/δeo, respectively, and correlated as functions of l/d, ωd2/ν, u*d/ν, and V/u*. The symbols are R resistance, ρ density, ν kinematic viscosity, ω frequency, δ end correction, δeo linear end correction without flow, l orifice thickness, d diameter, u* boundary layer friction velocity, and V acoustic velocity amplitude. Nonlinear behavior occurred when V/u* was greater than three. Amplitudes greater than three were only obtained in the 250-Hz tests, however, at this frequency the V/u*≳3 criteria was independent of u*d/ν. In the linear range R/ρ (νω)1/2 versus ωd2/ν produced U shaped curves parametrically dependent on u*d/ν. When u*d/ν was greater than 250 the resistance with flow was greater than the no flow for all frequencies. If u*d/ν was less than 250 there was a frequency range where the resistance with flow was less than the no-flow resistance. The reactance end correction as a function of these same variables gave an inverted U shape. Above u*d/ν=250, the reactance decreases with flow for all frequencies, while below 250 there is a frequency range in which the reactance increases over the no-flow reactance.
Subject Classification: [43]85.20; [43]28.60.
Multipath acoustic propagation with a moving source in a bounded deep ocean channel
Authors: Clark J. G. , Flanagan R. P. , Weinberg N. L. 
Published: October 2005

An analysis is presented for coherent multipath propagation between a moving source and a fixed receiver. The major mulitpath effects of source motion are frequency spreading range or emission-coordinate spreading, and travel-time spreading of the multipath arrival set. These are analytically related to the signal propgation as functions of time and velocity. Computer simulations with a shallow moving source and a fixed receiver below the SOFAR channel are presented which clearly illustrate the contributions of source motion developed in the analysis.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20 [43]20.20..
Coupled power equations for cylindrically spreading waves
Authors: McDaniel Suzanne 
Published: October 2005

Equations are derived for the power transferred between normal modes due to scattering from weak, random variations in the horizontal strati- fication of the ocean. Perturbation theory is used to obtain results for a horizontally isotropic medium. The validity of these results is discussed for the case of dorward scattering. The modal power transfer given by two- dimensional model will, in many cases, suffice to estimate modal power transfer.
Subject Classification: [43]30.20; [43]20.15.
Interventions to prevent softball related injuries: a review of the literature
Authors: Pollack K M , Canham-Chervak M , Gazal-Carvalho C , Jones B H , Baker S P 
Published: October 2005

Objectives:To examine the published evidence on interventions to prevent softball related injuries among adults, and to encourage more epidemiologic research as a foundation for future softball injury prevention efforts.Methods:The authors reviewed literature identified from six electronic databases for studies on softball related injuries. The search was limited to studies written in the English language, published between 1970 and 2002, and involving adult populations. Research was excluded that evaluated baseball (“hard ball”) related injuries or was aimed at injury treatment. Identified studies were categorized by study design. Intervention/prevention papers were evaluated further and described in detail.Results:The search strategy identified 39 studies specifically related to softball. Most studies were case reports/case series (n = 13) or descriptive studies (n = 11); only four were analytic or intervention/prevention studies. Studies collected data in a variety of ways, often without denominator data to permit calculation of injury rates. Studies also did not differentiate between slow or fast pitch softball activities and most did not mention the type of softball that was used.Conclusions:Surprisingly few studies exist on interventions to reduce injuries during softball, one of the most popular recreational sports in the US. Of the existing literature, much attention has been on sliding related injuries, which comprise only a segment of softball injuries. Basic epidemiologic studies describing the nature, severity, and risk factors for softball injuries in a variety of populations are needed, followed by additional intervention evaluation studies aimed at modifiable risk factors.
Pediatric window falls: not just a problem for children in high rises
Authors: Vish N L , Powell E C , Wiltsek D , Sheehan K M 
Published: October 2005

Background:Window falls are a frequent cause of injury (15/100 000) among Chicago preschool children. In Boston and New York, public health efforts have successfully decreased window fall injuries. Local data are needed to develop appropriate interventions for Chicago.Objective:To describe the housing characteristics and types of injuries among children who fell from windows treated in a Chicago pediatric trauma center.Methods:Children treated in a pediatric trauma center for injuries related to window falls between 1995 and 2002 were identified retrospectively. We reviewed family demographics, the circumstances of the fall, and types of injuries. Site visits were performed to determine the height and type of building and type of window where the fall took place.Results:The authors reviewed 90 cases; 55 were male. The median age was 2 years. Ninety eight percent of falls were reported to be from the third floor or lower. Site visits (n = 77) showed that 96% of the buildings were four storeys or lower. The median length of hospital stay was two days (range 0–24 days). The most common injuries were head trauma and extremity fractures. Three patients died, and an additional three patients were discharged to rehabilitation centers.Conclusions:Some window falls result in serious injury. In Chicago, most falls were from modest heights (2nd/3rd floor windows) in buildings of four or fewer storeys, rather than from “high rises”. Strategies to prevent window falls should be directed to the owners and occupants of this type of housing.
Rexinoid-Triggered Differentiation and Tumor-Selective Apoptosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Protein Kinase A–Mediated Desubordination of Retinoid X Receptor
Authors: Altucci Lucia , Rossin Aurélie , Hirsch Oliver , Nebbioso Angela , Vitoux Dominique , Wilhelm Emmanuelle , Guidez Fabien , De Simone Mariacarla , Schiavone Ettore Mariano , Grimwade David , Zelent Arthur , de Thé Hugues , Gronemeyer Hinrich 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Apart from PML–retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) acute promyelocytic leukemia all other acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are unresponsive to retinoid differentiation therapy. However, elevating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) confers onto retinoid X receptor (RXR)–selective agonists (“rexinoids”) the ability to induce terminal granulocyte differentiation and apoptosis of all-trans retinoic acid–resistant and insensitive AML cells and patients' blasts. Protein kinase A activation leads to corepressor release from the RAR subunit of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, resulting in “desubordination” of otherwise silent RXR, which acquires transcriptional competence in response to cognate ligands. Rexinoid-cAMP induction of endogenous RARβ is blunted in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking RARs, but reintroduction of exogenous RARα reestablishes responsiveness, thus confirming that the RARα-RXR heterodimer is the rexinoid mediator. The apoptogenic effect of this treatment involves enhanced expression of the death receptor DR5 and its cognate ligand, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand, both of which are known to induce apoptosis in a tumor cell–selective manner and lead to the activation of initiator caspases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed induction of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis inducing ligand and DR5 in AML patient blasts cultured ex vivo. AML patients' blasts responded to rexinoid-cAMP combination treatment with induction of maturation and apoptosis, independent of karyotype, immunophenotype, and French-American-British classification status. Clonogenic assays revealed complete inhibition of blast clonogenicity in four out of five tested samples. Our results suggest that despite the genetic, morphologic, and clinical variability of this disease, the combination of rexinoids and cAMP-elevating drugs, such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, might lead to a novel therapeutic option for AML patients by inducing a tumor-selective death pathway.
P-Cadherin Promotes Cell-Cell Adhesion and Counteracts Invasion in Human Melanoma
Authors: Van Marck Veerle , Stove Christophe , Van Den Bossche Karolien , Stove Veronique , Paredes Joana , Vander Haeghen Yves , Bracke Marc 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Malignant transformation of melanocytes frequently coincides with alterations in epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) expression, switching on of neural cadherin (N-cadherin), and, when progressed to a metastatic stage, loss of membranous placental cadherin (P-cadherin). In vitro studies of melanoma cell lines have shown invasion suppressor and promoter roles for E-cadherin and N-cadherin, respectively. In the present study, we investigated the effect of P-cadherin on aggregation and invasion using melanoma cells retrovirally transduced with human P-cadherin. De novo expression of P-cadherin in P-cadherin–negative cell lines (BLM and HMB2) promoted cell-cell contacts and Ca2+-dependent cell-cell aggregation in two- and three-dimensional cultures, whereas it counteracted invasion. These effects were not observed following P-cadherin transduction of endogenously P-cadherin–positive MeWo cells. In addition, P-cadherin–transduced BLM cells coaggregated with keratinocytes and showed markedly reduced invasion in a reconstructed skin model. The proadhesive and anti-invasive effects of P-cadherin were abolished on targeted mutation of its intracellular juxtamembrane domain or its extracellular domain. For the latter mutation, we mimicked a known missense mutation in P-cadherin (R503H), which is associated with congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy.