bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporation and metabolism of fatty acids by desaturation and elongation in the nematode, Panagrellus redivivus
Authors: Becker Klaus , Dick James , Tocher Douglas , Schlechtriem Christian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus can be mass produced in monoxenic solid culture on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and therefore could be useful as a live food for marine fish or crustacean larvae in the rapidly expanding aquaculture industry. However, this will depend on their lipid and fatty acid composition and so this was investigated in mass produced P. redivivus grown on S. cerevisiae in three different media. Live nematodes were also incubated with [1-14C]-labelled fatty acids and the desaturation and elongation of the fatty acids were determined. The combined results from the growth trials on different media and the metabolic studies with labelled fatty acids indicated the presence of Δ9, Δ12, Δ6 and Δ5 fatty acid desaturase activities, and elongase activities active towards C18, C16 and shorter chain fatty acids. The presence of Δ15, and therefore the ability to produce n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was suggested by the compositional data, but could not be conclusively established from metabolic studies.
Seasonal population dynamics of inoculated and indigenous steinernematid nematodes in an organic cropping system
Authors: Philipsen Holger , Nielsen Otto 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study was based on naturally occurring and inoculated populations of steinernematid nematodes. The nematode populations were monitored in spring and autumn in 2 consecutive years in an organic cropping system and changes in population size were related to the presence of potential insect hosts. Nematode populations were estimated in terms of nematode incidence (percentage of positive soil samples) by using Tenebrio molitor larvae as bait. The population of naturally occurring nematodes (Steinernema affine and S. feltiae) was generally low (0–17% incidence for S. affine and 0–18% incidence for S. feltiae). Inoculated S. feltiae established well in half of the plots where inoculation had been performed and reached incidences of 87%. Establishment of inoculated nematodes, and population dynamics in general, was clearly influenced by the presence of insect hosts. In crops with high densities of potential hosts (Sitona lineatus in pea and partly Delia radicum in cabbage), nematode incidence increased from spring to autumn, whereas nematode incidence remained unchanged or decreased when few hosts were present (in barley, carrots, alfalfa and leek).
Spontaneous and induced activity of Heterorhabditis megidis infective juveniles during storage
Authors: Griffin Christine , Fitters Paul 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInfective juveniles (IJ) of three Heterorhabditis megidis isolates, HF85, EU17 and UK211, were stored in water at 20°C for up to 10 weeks. At 2-week intervals, activity, infectivity, energy reserves and survival were measured. There was no difference between the three isolates in infectivity, which increased significantly over the first 2 weeks and declined gradually thereafter. IJ became inactive during storage. Out of storage, the highest activity was recorded in week 0: nearly all IJ were active within the first minute of observation and remained active for the 20-min observation period. With increasing storage time, an increasing proportion of IJ were inactive in the first minute, reaching 83–96% by week 6. The time taken by 50% of the IJ to become active (AT50) initially increased with nematode age, reaching a maximum of 3–7 min in week 4 or 6 (depending on isolate) but subsequently declined to 2–4 min in week 10. By the time the IJ were becoming more readily activated in weeks 6–8, 75% of the lipid reserves had been depleted, and IJ had started to die. This greater propensity to become active with age may represent a switch to risk-taking behaviour in the face of impending starvation.
Steinernema yirgalemense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Ethiopia
Authors: Gaugler Randy , Tesfamariam Mekete , Adams Byron , Gozel Ugur , Nguyen Khuong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSteinernema yirgalemense, a new species based on morphological and molecular data, is described from Yirgalem, Ethiopia. This nematode belongs to the 'bicornutum-group' which includes nematodes with horn-like structures in the labial region of the infective juvenile. The new species can be recognised by the infective juvenile having a body length of 635 (578–693) μm, distance from anterior and to excretory pore of 51 (45–59) μm; tail length of 62 (57–67) μm and E% (EP/tail length × 100) of 83 (67–90). The lateral field pattern is variable from anterior to posterior; the formula for the arrangement of ridges from head to tail being: 2, 6, 8, 6, 2. The new species can be further recognised by male characters: spicule with large velum and tapering posteriorly to a point, the ratio SW (spicule length/cloacal body diameter) and GS (gubernaculum length/spicule length) and especially by the presence of 12 pairs of genital papillae plus a single midventral papilla. The 12th pair, located at the edge of the cloacal aperture, is an important character. The presence of a low epiptygma is another diagnostic character of the new species. The new species is a sister taxon to S. abbasi and is characterised by the sequence length of the ITS regions (960 bp), ITS1 (270 bp), ITS2 (284 bp) and also by the pairwise distance of both ITS and D2/D3 regions between species of nematodes in the 'bicornutum-group'.
Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in the free-living marine nematode Halichoanolaimus sonorus (Chromadorida: Selachinematidae)
Authors: Malakhov Vladimir , Zograf Julia , Yushin Vladimir 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSpermatogenesis of the free-living marine nematode Halichoanolaimus sonorus was studied with electron microscopy. The spermatocyte cytoplasm is filled with ribosomes, mitochondria, cisternae of the RER and Golgi bodies. The spermatids are subdivided into the residual body, which includes the entire synthetic apparatus of the cell, and the main cell body with a centrally located nucleus lacking a nuclear envelope. The mitochondria and the precursors of the fibrous bodies form a layer at the periphery of the main cell body. The main cell body surface bears numerous filopodia. The immature spermatozoa from the testes are unpolarised cells with a centrally located nucleus surrounded by spherical fibrous bodies, mitochondria and membranous stacks; the cell surface is covered by numerous short filopodia. Spermatozoa from the uterus do not show the dramatic changes common for activated spermatozoa of nematodes. Their nuclei, mitochondria, fibrous bodies and surface filopodia remain intact. Bundles of filaments appear between the fibrous bodies. Some of the ultrastructural characters of the spermatogenesis of H. sonorus (late appearance of fibrous bodies and their filamentous structure, absence of membranous organelles at all stages of spermatogenesis, occurrence of numerous surface filopodia in the immature and mature spermatozoa) may be utilised as distinctive cytological characters for phylogenetic analysis of the order Chromadorida.
Tagetes patula as an effective catch crop for long-term control of Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Evenhuis Albartus , Korthals Gerard , Molendijk Leendert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTagetes patula is well known to be able to diminish Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) populations. In a field experiment, the increase of the P. penetrans soil population density after growing T. patula was significantly less than after chemical soil fumigation with metam sodium. The effect of T. patula on P. penetrans population densities lasted longer than the effect of chemical soil fumigation. Strawberries were grown for 3 consecutive years after T. patula without damage by the root lesion nematode. Assuming a linear rate of increase of the P. penetrans population density, we predict that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Strawberry yield was greater from the crop grown 3 years after T. patula than that after soil fumigation 4 years previously. About 2 t strawberry yield increase is necessary to allow the growth of Tagetes every 5th year, without economic loss. The possibility of growing both strawberries and Tagetes in the same year should be investigated.
The influence of temperature on the life history of the Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi
Authors: Millar Russell , Wharton David , Brown Ian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPanagrolaimus davidi is a free-living microbivore, associated with moss and algal patches in coastal regions around Ross Island, Antarctica. In laboratory experiments, temperature had a major influence on P. davidi life history parameters. The optimal temperature occurred between 25 and 30°C and the temperature at which population growth ceased was estimated at 6.8°C. Threshold temperatures for developmental processes were in the range 4.1°C (for egg incubation) to 7.6°C (for generation time). The life history strategy of P. davidi shows r-selected features and is more similar to temperate free-living nematodes than to other polar species, which show K-selected features. In the Antarctic, P. davidi is forced to remain dormant for long periods and growth occurs intermittently when conditions allow, suggesting A selection. The life history of P. davidi thus exhibits both A and r-selected features.
Steinernema litorale n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Japan
Authors: Yoshida Mutsuhiro 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema litorale n. sp., was isolated from sandy soils in Cape Irago, Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi, Honshu Island, Japan. The new species is characterised by the following morphological characters: infective third-stage juvenile with a body length of 909 ± 42.1 (834–988) μm, distance from head to excretory pore of 61 ± 3.3 (54–69) μm, tail length of 83 ± 4.5 (72–91) μm, ratio E value of 0.73 (0.68–0.83) and lateral field with nine distinct lines; male tail with a mucron in both generations, spicule shape (moderately arcuate, heavy, spicule with elongated manubrium), spicule length of 75 ± 4.8 (67–89) μm and gubernaculum length of 53 ± 4.0 (44–64) μm in the first generation male; female vulva with a double-flapped epiptygma and a tail with a pointed tip in both generations, and ratio D value of 45.2 (33.3–56.8) in the first generation female. The new species was distinguished from the morphologically similar species, S. feltiae, S. thanhi, S. karii, S. scarabaei, S. kraussei, S. oregonense, S. loci and S. diaprepesi by RFLP profiles. Morphological and molecular studies indicated that S. litorale n. sp. was phenotypically most similar to S. feltiae. However, cross hybridisation tests demonstrated that the two species were reproductively isolated.
Occurrence and distribution of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in cowpea growing areas of Nigeria
Authors: Olowe Tayo 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA survey of root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., was conducted in 248 major cowpea growing areas, spread over 31 States and the Federal Capital Territory in different ecological zones in Nigeria. The survey revealed the occurrence of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria singly or in combination in all the cowpea farms sampled. In overall distribution, M. incognita (51.8%) was the most prevalent followed by M. javanica (44.1%) and M. arenaria (4.1%). The greatest abundance of M. javanica (65.6%) was concentrated in the Sudan savannah of the Core North (north-east and north-west) and that of M. incognita (82.1%) in the humid forest of the south (south-east, south-west and south-south). However, M. javanica (51.7%) and M. incognita (44.2%) tended to be common in the Guinea savannah of the middle belt (north-central). Mixed populations of the three species (4.0%), but more commonly of M. incognita and M. javanica (37.1%), were encountered. Meloidogyne arenaria never occurred as a pure population or mixed with M. javanica solely but was found mixed either with M. incognita alone or in combination with M. javanica and M. incognita, and more often in the south. In a mixed population of M. incognita and M. javanica in the Core North, where M. javanica was prevalent, M. incognita formed about one third (34.2%) of the mixed population density, whereas in the south where M. incognita was dominant, M. javanica formed a lower proportion of about one fifth (17%) of the mixed population density. These findings provide information and guidance for planning effective management strategies.
Estimating the incidence of entomopathogenic nematodes in soil by the use of bait insects
Authors: Skovgaard Ib Michael , Nielsen Otto , Philipsen Holger 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSoil samples were stored and baited in different ways in order to develop a bait method that could estimate the level of steinernematid nematodes in soil in a time-efficient way. The method was based on incidence (proportion of samples with a given species of Steinernema). Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) larvae were used as bait and it was concluded that: i) repeated baiting in a later period improved the bait result; ii) extension of the bait periods from 1–2 weeks was not necessary; iii) the precision of the estimated incidence did not improve by taking more than 60–80 samples; iv) the minimum time required to analyse one soil sample was 6 min.
Dreaming in Color: Anti-Essentialism in Legio Maria Dream Narratives
Authors: Schwartz Nancy 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe article examines dreaming and dream narratives in Legio Maria, sub-Saharan Africa's largest African instituted church with a Roman Catholic background. Most Legios valorize a Black Christ and Black Mary but do so while espousing anti-essentialist attitudes towards racialization of the sacred. The social, cultural and symbolic hybridity of the Joluo (Kenya Luo), who still form the majority of the membership in this multi-ethnic, multi-national church, has influenced Legios' religious outlook. Legios' views are contrasted with some white and black theologies that take more monochrome, particularistic positions on the color of the Trinity, the Virgin Mary, Satan, saints, angels and demons. I discuss how Legios' eclectic altar iconography and dreams interact and influence one another. The article demonstrates that Legio Maria's theology of color has resonances with the perspectives on postmodern humanism and postmodern blackness formulated by scholars like Michel Foucault, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Vincent Anderson and bell hooks.
Independent Spirits: the Politics of Policing Anti-witchcraft Movements In Colonial Ghana, 1908–1927
Authors: Gray Natasha 
Published: May 2005

AbstractScholars have debated the social origins of anti-witchcraft movements within African religions while largely ignoring the effects of colonial laws outlawing their practice. Yet, for the initiates, the period after a witch-finding movement was outlawed was the most difficult. Initiates believed banned gods retained their power to punish them severely if they did not atone for violations of movement rules. Performing ceremonies of repentance, however, meant breaking the law, risking heavy fines, home demolition and even imprisonment. The transcript of a 1913 trial of five men accused of conducting ceremonies of the outlawed Aberewa anti-witchcraft movement in Ghana allows us to explore this predicament. The tenacity of popular belief in outlawed gods influenced colonial policy towards anti-witchcraft movements, witchcraft law, and the development of contemporary Ghanaian Christianity.
On the Interannual Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow and Its Linkage with ENSO
Authors: England Matthew H. , Huang Fei 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) variability is assessed using a retrospective analysis of the global ocean based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) experiment spanning the period 1950–99. A comparison between the 1983–95 observed ITF, and the simulated ITF suggests a reasonably accurate reconstruction of ocean circulation in the vicinity of the ITF during the available measurement record. A wavelet analysis shows that once the seasonal cycle is removed, the dominant variation of the ITF anomaly is an interannual oscillation with a period of about 4–7 yr. This interannual variability is significantly correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) pattern, with the ITF lagging the ENSO cycle by 8–9 months. This suggests that large-scale tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction plays an important role in the interannual variability of the ITF. Regional upper-ocean heat content variability might also play a role in controlling interannual fluctuations of the ITF transport via geostrophic flows, though it could equally be ITF variations that establish heat content anomalies downstream of the Indonesian archipelago. The model heat transport associated with the ITF is in good agreement with the limited observational record available. Resultant variability in annual mean ITF heat transport is in the range 0.4–1.2 PW, which is significantly correlated with ITF and ENSO indices.
The Importance of Atmospheric Dynamics in the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Climate Response to Changes in the Earth’s Orbit
Authors: Hall Alex , Clement Amy , Thompson David W. J. , Broccoli Anthony , Jackson Charles 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Milankovitch proposed that variations in the earth’s orbit cause climate variability through a local thermodynamic response to changes in insolation. This hypothesis is tested by examining variability in an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to an ocean mixed layer model subjected to the orbital forcing of the past 165 000 yr. During Northern Hemisphere summer, the model’s response conforms to Milankovitch’s hypothesis, with high (low) insolation generating warm (cold) temperatures throughout the hemisphere. However, during Northern Hemisphere winter, the climate variations stemming from orbital forcing cannot be solely understood as a local thermodynamic response to radiation anomalies. Instead, orbital forcing perturbs the atmospheric circulation in a pattern bearing a striking resemblance to the northern annular mode, the primary mode of simulated and observed unforced atmospheric variability. The hypothesized reason for this similarity is that the circulation response to orbital forcing reflects the same dynamics generating unforced variability. These circulation anomalies are in turn responsible for significant fluctuations in other climate variables: Most of the simulated orbital signatures in wintertime surface air temperature over midlatitude continents are directly traceable not to local radiative forcing, but to orbital excitation of the northern annular mode. This has paleoclimate implications: during the point of the model integration corresponding to the last interglacial (Eemian) period, the orbital excitation of this mode generates a 1°–2°C warm surface air temperature anomaly over Europe, providing an explanation for the warm anomaly of comparable magnitude implied by the paleoclimate proxy record. The results imply that interpretations of the paleoclimate record must account for changes in surface temperature driven not only by changes in insolation, but also by perturbations in atmospheric dynamics.
Detecting and Attributing External Influences on the Climate System: A Review of Recent Advances
Authors: Barnett Tim , Zwiers Francis , Hengerl Gabriele , Allen Myles , Crowly Tom , Gillett Nathan , Hasselmann Klaus , Jones Phil , Santer Ben , Schnur Reiner , Scott Peter , Taylor Karl , Tett Simon 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews recent research that assesses evidence for the detection of anthropogenic and natural external influences on the climate. Externally driven climate change has been detected by a number of investigators in independent data covering many parts of the climate system, including surface temperature on global and large regional scales, ocean heat content, atmospheric circulation, and variables of the free atmosphere, such as atmospheric temperature and tropopause height. The influence of external forcing is also clearly discernible in reconstructions of hemispheric-scale temperature of the last millennium. These observed climate changes are very unlikely to be due only to natural internal climate variability, and they are consistent with the responses to anthropogenic and natural external forcing of the climate system that are simulated with climate models. The evidence indicates that natural drivers such as solar variability and volcanic activity are at most partially responsible for the large-scale temperature changes observed over the past century, and that a large fraction of the warming over the last 50 yr can be attributed to greenhouse gas increases. Thus, the recent research supports and strengthens the IPCC Third Assessment Report conclusion that “most of the global warming over the past 50 years is likely due to the increase in greenhouse gases.”
Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature and El Niño–Southern Oscillation: A New Perspective
Authors: Terray Pascal , Dominiak Sébastien 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Here the 1976–77 climate regime shift that was accompanied by a remarkable change in the lead–lag relationships between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) and El Niño evolution is shown. After the 1976–77 regime shift, a correlation analysis suggests that southern Indian Ocean SSTs observed during late boreal winter are a key precursor in predicting El Niño evolution as the traditional oceanic heat content anomalies in the equatorial Pacific or zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial western Pacific. The possible physical mechanisms underlying this highly significant statistical relationship are discussed. After the 1976–77 regime shift, southern Indian Ocean SST anomalies produced by Mascarene high pulses during boreal winter trigger coupled air–sea processes in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean during the following seasons. This produces a persistent remote forcing on the Pacific climate system, promoting wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific and modulating the regional Hadley cell in the southwest Pacific. These modulations, in turn, excite Rossby waves, which produce quasi-stationary circulation anomalies in the extratropical South Pacific, responsible for the development of the southern branch of the “horseshoe” El Niño pattern.
The change of the background SST state that occurred in the late 1970s over the Indian Ocean may also explain why ENSO evolution is different before and after the 1976–77 regime shift. These results shed some light on the possible influence of global warming or decadal fluctuations on El Niño evolution through changes in teleconnection patterns between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.