bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G are specific inhibitors of C5a‐dependent neutrophil enzyme release and chemotaxis
Authors: Tralau Tim , Meyer‐Hoffert Ulf , Schröder Jens‐M. , Wiedow Oliver 
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Circulating human neutrophils from patients with severe inflammatory disorders such as erysipelas and sepsis are specifically desensitized to complement factor C5a stimulation but not to stimulation with other stimuli like N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), or platelet‐activating factor (PAF, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine). In this study, we raised the question whether factors released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) can specifically down‐regulate C5a‐dependent neutrophil functions.When neutrophils were preincubated with either neutrophil lysates or neutrophil degranulation supernatants, a complete inhibition of C5a‐stimulated β‐glucuronidase release and chemotaxis could be observed, whereas FMLP‐, IL‐8‐, LTB4‐ or PAF‐dependent functions were not affected. Serine protease inhibitors like phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, antileukoprotease, or elafin abolished this effect. High‐performance liquid chromatography of neutrophil degranulation supernatants revealed pronounced inhibition of C5a‐dependent neutrophil functions in fractions exerting elastase or cathepsin G activity, but not in fractions exerting proteinase 3 activity. Using purified human leukocyte elastase (HLE), C5a responses like intracellular calcium influx, β‐glucuronidase release, and chemotaxis were also specifically inhibited.Our experiments show that the release of HLE or cathepsin G from neutrophils specifically down‐regulates the responsiveness of neutrophils to C5a. Elastase and cathepsin G may therefore play an important role in the down‐regulation of acute inflammation.
Some reflections on the historical value of the so-called Acta Lanfranci
Authors: Hayward Paul A. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This article offers the first extended discussion of the Acta Lanfranci, a Latin continuation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that is readily and often taken as a reliable narrative because of its close proximity to the events it describes and its transmission within the Parker Manuscript (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 173). By drawing attention, however, to inconsistencies between the Acta's narrative and that required by other evidence, to the selective nature of its reportage and to the palaeographical and internal data that require a somewhat later dating than is usually assumed, this article identifies problems with this position. It argues that the Acta Lanfranci is best understood as propaganda produced in defence of Canterbury's patriarchate, and suggests revisions to the established narrative of the exemption dispute between the archbishopric and St. Augustine's abbey that would permit some of the problems created by the Acta to be resolved.
The rhetoric of popular Orangism, 1650–72*
Authors: Stern Jill 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
During the period 1650–72, the Dutch Republic was without a stadtholder prince of Orange. This article examines the rhetoric of the supporters of the House of Orange throughout these years in relation to the common people of the Republic. Within this context, it investigates the arguments that Orangists used to justify the restoration of the stadtholderate, and examines how, at critical times, direct action by the commonalty was incited and justified. The article draws on the printed pamphlets of the period as well as on drama, poetry and visual imagery.
Loyal to a fault: Viscount Montague explains himself*
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The speech delivered at West Horsley on 27 January 1592 by the first Viscount Montague is a crucial, but previously unnoticed, discourse on the relationship between Queen Elizabeth and her Catholic subjects. At a critical juncture in the early fifteen-nineties, when the regime was renewing its polemical and legal assault on separatist Catholic clergy and their patrons, this former Marian privy councillor and diplomat went on the record to say how he distinguished between his duty to God and to the queen, what he thought of her, and what she thought of him. By locating this speech in the context of the viscount's career, family and wider entourage, this article tries to decode Montague's speech and, thereby, to address the problem of what Catholic ‘loyalism’ meant during this period. Catholics regularly protested their fidelity to the queen but frequently found themselves accused by their critics of concealing their impulses towards disobedience, if not actual treason. In fact, what each side was trying to do in this debate was to gloss what political loyalty meant in certain circumstances. And this rhetorically contested glossing procedure (of which Viscount Montague's 1592 speech is a prime example) is a significant component of political discourse during this period.
Race, place and bodily difference in early nineteenth-century India*
Authors: Arnold David 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Changing ideas of race, place and bodily difference played a crucial part in the way in which the British in India thought about themselves, and more especially about Indians, in the half-century leading up to the Mutiny and Rebellion of 1857. But in seeking to make this case, this article aims to do more than merely illustrate the importance of ‘the body’ to the ideology and practice of nineteenth-century colonialism in one of its principal domains. Without, I hope, invoking too crass and simplistic a binary divide, it seeks to restate an argument about colonialism as a site of profound (and physically-grounded) difference. Binary divisions and dichotomous ideas may have passed out of favour of late among historians, with a growing barrage of attacks on Edward Said and Orientalism.1 But even if Orientalism provides an unreliable guide to the complex heterogeneity of imperial history, there is an equal danger that, in reacting so strongly against ideas of ‘otherness’, historians may too readily overlook or unduly diminish the ways in which ideas of difference were mobilized, in ideology and in practice, in the service of an imperial power.
Laughton's legacy: naval history at King's College London*
Authors: Lambert Andrew 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Professor Sir John Laughton (1830–1915) gave King's College London the leading role in the development of academic naval history in Britain. He linked the professional educational interests of the Royal Navy with the academic standards set by the English historical profession, which he had helped to create. After many years of neglect the subject was revived at King's in the nineteen-seventies. In this inaugural lecture, the first Laughton Professor of Naval History reflects on the development of naval history in the twentieth century, the current state of the subject and the problems and opportunities of working with armed forces, processes in which King's College has taken a leading role.
Differential stability of Arabidopsis D‐type cyclins: CYCD3;1 is a highly unstable protein degraded by a proteasome‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Planchais Séverine , Samland Anne K. , Murray James A. H. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryIn Arabidopsis, the D‐type cyclin CYCD3 is rate‐limiting for transition of the G1/S boundary, and is transcriptionally upregulated at this point in cells re‐entering the cell cycle in response to plant hormones and sucrose. However, little is known about the regulation of plant cell‐cycle regulators at the protein level. We show here that CYCD3;1 is a phosphoprotein highly regulated at the level of protein abundance, whereas another D‐type cyclin CYCD2;1 is not. The level of CYCD3;1 protein falls rapidly on sucrose depletion, correlated with the arrest of cells in G1 phase, suggesting a rapid turnover of CYCD3;1. Treatment of exponentially growing cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) confirms that CYCD3;1 is normally a highly unstable protein, with a half‐life of approximately 7 min on CHX treatment. In both sucrose‐starved and exponentially growing cells, CYCD3;1 protein abundance increases in response to treatment with MG132 (carbobenzoxyl‐leucinyl‐leucinyl‐leucinal), a reversible proteasome inhibitor, but not in response to the cysteine protease inhibitor E‐64 or the calpain inhibitor ALLN (N‐acetyl‐leucyl‐leucyl‐norleucinal). The increase on MG132 treatment is because of de novo protein synthesis coupled with the blocking of CYCD3;1 degradation. Longer MG132 treatment leads to C‐terminal cleavage of CYCD3;1, accumulation of a hyperphosphorylated form and its subsequent disappearance. We conclude that CYCD3;1 is a highly unstable protein whose proteolysis is mediated by a proteasome‐dependent pathway, and whose levels are highly dependent on the rate of CYCD3;1 protein synthesis.
Differential stage‐specific regulation of cyclin‐dependent kinases during cambial dormancy in hybrid aspen
Authors: Espinosa‐Ruiz Ana , Saxena Sangeeta , Schmidt Julien , Mellerowicz Ewa , Miskolczi Pál , Bakó László , Bhalerao Rishikesh P. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe cambium of woody plants cycles between active and dormant states. Dormancy can be subdivided into eco‐ and endodormant stages. Ecodormant trees resume growth upon exposure to growth‐promotive signals, while the establishment of endodormant state results in loss of the ability to respond to these signals. In this paper, we analysed the regulation of cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) to understand the differential response of cell division machinery to growth‐promotive signals during the distinct stages of dormancy in hybrid aspen. We show that 4 weeks of short‐day (SD) treatment causes termination of the cambial cell division and establishment of the ecodormant state. This coincides with a steady decline in the histone H1 kinase activity of the PSTAIRE‐type poplar CDKA (PttCDKA) and the PPTTLRE‐type PttCDKB kinase complexes. However, neither the transcript nor the polypeptide levels of PttCDKA and PttCDKB are reduced during ecodormancy. In contrast, 6 weeks of SD treatment establishes endodormancy, which is marked by the reduction and disappearance of the PttCDKA and PttCDKB protein levels and the PttCDKB transcript levels. The transition to endodormancy is preceded by an elevated E2F (adenosine E2 promoter binding factor) phosphorylation activity of the PttCDKA kinase that reduces the DNA‐binding activity of E2F in vitro. The transition to endodormancy is followed by a reduction of retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation activity of PttCDKA protein complexes. Both phosphorylation events could contribute to block the G1 to S phase transition upon the establishment of endodormancy. Our results indicate that eco‐ and endodormant stages of cambial dormancy involve a stage‐specific regulation of the cell cycle effectors at multiple levels.
Population Abundances, Tidal Movement, Burrowing Ability and Oxygen Uptake of Emerita analoga (Stimpson) (Crustacea, Anomura) on a Sandy Beach of South‐Central Chile
Authors: Lastra Mariano , Jaramillo Eduardo , López Jesús , Contreras Heraldo , Duarte Cristián , Rodríguez J. Germán 
Published: May 2004

Abstract.  Field sampling and other experiments were carried out during February 2001 to determine whether different morphodynamic characteristics occurring within an intermediate sandy beach of southern Chile (ca. 39°S) convey differences in population abundance, tidal movement, burrowing ability and oxygen uptake of the anomuran crab Emerita analoga (Stimpson, 1857). Crabs were collected along transects extended between the lowest swash levels and the retention zone above the effluent line of the south and north end of the beach. Burrowing times of nearly 70 crabs collected at each study site were measured in saturated sands collected from the lowest swash level of each site. Oxygen uptake of crabs was measured in incubation glass bottles. The intertidal zone of the north end of the beach was wider (56 m) and flatter (1/14) than that of the south end (45 m and 1/9, respectively). In general, the swash zone of the north end was significantly wider than the south end throughout the sampling period. The frequency of swashes and number of swash crossings above the effluent line, plus up‐wash speed, were usually higher at the steeper south end of the beach. The mean population abundance of E. analoga per linear metre of beach was significantly higher at the north end, whereas density per square metre was significantly higher at the south end. No differences were found in biomass figures. Although the highest abundance of crabs at the north end was usually observed at the lowest swash levels, similar population abundances occurred along all the tidal levels sampled at the south end. Burrowing times of crabs collected from both ends of the beach increased significantly with increasing carapace length and body mass. The mean burrowing time of crabs collected at the south end of the beach was shorter than that of those collected at the north end. Oxygen uptake of E. analoga was positively and exponentially correlated with the size of individuals collected from both ends of the beach. Results of ANCOVA showed no significant difference between the regression lines obtained for the oxygen uptake of crabs collected at both ends of the beach. It is concluded that physical features of each end of the beach seem not to differ enough to produce differences in oxygen uptake of E. analoga, or in the biomass, population structure and body size of crabs, within a single beach of south‐central Chile.
Prey Composition and Prey Selectivity of an Intertidal Generalist Predator,Muricodrupa fusca(Küster) (Muricidae)
Authors: Yamamoto Tomoko 
Published: May 2004

Abstract. Natural prey composition and prey selectivity of the muricid snailMuricodrupa fusca(Küster), which forages on a wide range of prey, was investigated. Natural prey composition was evaluated through correcting the apparent diet (the result of observations of the feeding behavior) by the handling time, which was determined by laboratory analysis. The apparent diet and the natural diet should generally differ because prey items that require a longer handling time will be observed with higher frequencies. Multiple regression equations were derived to relate the handling time to prey size, predator size and water temperature. A large discrepancy in the apparent versus natural diet ofM. fuscawas found in prey species composition and prey size. They foraged on at least 11 species of sessile and mobile prey including six limpet species, and mainly preyed onSiphonariaspp. andLottiaspp. in the field. By comparing the percentage of the natural diet to that of prey abundance in the field,M. fuscapreferredSiphonariaspp. andLottiaspp. and did not select the other prey species. The selectivity of this predator was explained by optimal foraging theory and antipredator defenses of some limpet species. The relationships among attacking methods, handling time and prey selectivity are also examined.
Bilateral epididymal sarcoidosis presenting without radiographic evidence of intrathoracic lesion: Review of sarcoidosis involving the male reproductive tract
Authors: KODAMA KOICHI , HASEGAWA TORU , EGAWA MASAYUKI , TOMOSUGI NAOHISA , MUKAI AYUMU , NAMIKI MIKIO 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder that rarely involves the genitourinary tract. To date, only 59 cases of histologically proven sarcoidosis involving the male reproductive tract have been reported in the literature. We present here a case of bilateral epididymal sarcoidosis without radiographic evidence of intrathoracic lesion. A 46‐year‐old man presented with a one‐week history of painless bilateral scrotal swellings. Physical examination detected multiple elastic firm nodules on both sides of the scrotum which showed no tenderness. The nodules seemed to involve the entire bilateral epididymides. Some irregularly shaped hypoechoic masses in the bilateral epididymides were identified on gray scale ultrasonography. On magnetic resonance images, the bilateral epididymides were seen to be enlarged, heterogeneous and nodular without any signs of testicular involvement. The lesion showed a slightly high signal intensity on the T2‐weighted image. Pathological evaluation following bilateral epididymectomy found non‐caseating epithelioid cell granulomas with giant cells in epididymal tissue, thus confirming a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Gallium‐67 scanning showed additional small hot spots in the anterior chest wall and extremities. Open biopsy of a superficial papular lesion in the dermis of the right upper arm was performed and pathological findings indicated sarcoid granulomas. This report also includes a review of the literature pertaining to sarcoidosis of the male reproductive tract.
Penile vascular abnormalities observed long‐term after surgical repair of penile fractures
Authors: NANE ISMET , TEFEKLI AHMET , ARMAGAN ABDULLAH , SANLI ONER , KADIOGLU ATES 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAim:To assess the penile vascular system in men long‐term after surgical treatment of penile fractures.Patients and Methods:During a 15‐year period, 36 cases of penile fracture underwent immediate surgical repair at the University of Istanbul, Turkey. At least 1 year after operation, all patients were invited for penile vascular evaluation. 15 patients accepted our call and were enrolled in our study. They were evaluated with detailed medical and sexual history, a serial of serum analyses, and penile color Doppler ultrasonography.Results:By history, 6 of the 36 (16.6%) patients who had undergone surgical repair had erectile dysfunction (ED). The mean interval between surgical intervention for penile fracture and penile vascular evaluation was 3.6 ± 1.9 (range 1.5–8) years. Evaluation of the penile vascular system of 15 men (mean age 35.7 ± 17.3, range 21–63 years) revealed normal vascular system in seven (46.7%), while cavernosal insufficiency was observed in four (26.7%) and arterial insufficiency in three (20%) men. The remaining case (6.7%) was diagnosed to have mixed arterial and cavernous insufficiency. Erectile dysfunction in two cases was considered to be in psychogenic origin and vascular in the remaining four.Conclusion:Although immediate repair is reported to be the treatment of choice in penile fractures, ED of either a physiological or vascular origin can be encountered as a long‐term sequel and deserves to be evaluated in detail.
Radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer with or without preoperative androgen deprivation: Five‐year results
Authors: HOMMA YUKIO , AKAZA HIDEYUKI , OKADA KIYOKI , YOKOYAMA MASAO , MORIYAMA NOBUO , USAMI MICHIYUKI , HIRAO YOSHIHIKO , TSUSHIMA TOMOYASU , SAKAMOTO ATSUHIKO , OHASHI YASUO , ASO YOSHIO ,   The Prostate Cancer Study Group
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground: The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation on the outcomes of prostate cancer patients who received radical prostatectomy and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy have not yet been fully evaluated.Methods: Patients with stage A2, B or C prostate cancers were randomized to one of two groups: group I (n = 90), who received androgen deprivation (leuprolide and chlormadinone acetate) for 3 months followed by radical prostatectomy and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy (leuprolide alone), and group II (n = 86), who underwent the surgery followed by 3‐month androgen deprivation (leuprolide and chlormadinone acetate) and subsequent adjuvant endocrine therapy (leuprolide alone). The effects of preoperative androgen deprivation on survival, clinical relapse (serum prostate specific antigen, PSA, above the normal level, local recurrence, or distant metastases), and PSA relapse (PSA above the detectable level) were evaluated at 5 years or later after treatment.Results: There were no significant differences in overall, cause‐specific, clinical relapse‐free, or PSA relapse‐free survival rates between the two groups. In a subanalysis, no prostate cancer deaths or clinical relapses were noted in 29 patients with organ‐confined disease (OCD: negativity of capsular invasion, seminal vesicle invasion, surgical margins or nodal involvement). The odds ratio for OCD depending on group assignment was 2.44 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.04–5.72), for group I, demonstrating a higher probability of having OCD. This ratio was increased to 4.00 (95% CI 1.06–15.16) if the analysis was conducted in a subpopulation with prostate specific antigen levels less than 35.6 ng/mL and with clinical stage B or C cancers.Conclusion: Preoperative androgen deprivation has no demonstrable benefit in 5‐year outcomes for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and adjuvant endocrine therapy. However, it did increase the probability of OCD, which was associated with no clinical relapse during the follow‐up. A longer observation is needed to clarify the exact extent of the benefits in terms of survival.
Characteristics of patients with staghorn calculi in our experience
Authors: AKAGASHI KEIGO , TANDA HITOSHI , KATO SHUJI , OHNISHI SHIGEKI , NAKAJIMA HISAO , NANBU AKIHITO , NITTA TOSHIKAZU , KOROKU MIKIO , SATO YOSHIKAZU , HANZAWA TATSUO 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPurpose: To elucidate the factors contributing to staghorn stone formation in patients.Materials and Methods: The records of 82 patients (44 men and 38 women) with complete staghorn calculi were reviewed retrospectively for clinical presentation, metabolic disturbances and anatomical abnormalities.Results: There were 79 unilateral and three bilateral cases. The patient performance of the activities of daily life was assessed with the modified Rankin scale (MRS) and it was found that 69 patients were functionally independent (84.1%, MRS 0–1) and 10 patients had a severe disability (12.2%, MRS 4–5). Seven patients had chronic indwelling catheters (8.5%). A positive urine culture was found in 24.4% of patients. Analysis of stone composition revealed magnesium ammonium phosphate and mixed calcium oxalate‐phosphate were the most frequently identified types of stone (32.1% and 22.2%, respectively). Urinary pH was low in patients with uric acid stones (mean 5.4). Hyperuricemia, cystinuria and hypercalciuria were found in 14.6%, 2.4% and 37.8%, respectively. Hypercalciuria was found more frequently in calcium‐stone cases. Eleven patients (13.4%) showed structural abnormalities of the kidney.Conclusions: Our data show that the patients with severe disability, urinary tract infection and hypercalciuria could be recognized more frequently in staghorn calculi compared with common urolithiasis. However, in Western countries, the frequency of both urinary tract infection and struvite stones is much higher than in our data. Other Japanese authors have also reported the low frequency of struvite stones in staghorn calculi, suggesting that various factors other than urinary tract infection possibly contribute to the formation of staghorn calculi in Japan.