bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Men’s Power with Women, Other Men, and Society: A Men’s Movement Analysis
Authors: Pleck Joseph H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My aim in this paper is to analyze men’s power from the perspective aﬀorded by the emerging anti-sexist men’s movement. In the last several years, an anti-sexist men’s movement has appeared in North America and in the Western European countries. While it is not so widely known as the women’s movement, the men’s movement has generated a variety of books, publications, and organizations, and is now an established presence on the sex role scene. The present and future political relationship between the women’s movement and the men’s movement raises complex questions which I do not deal with here, though they are clearly important ones. Instead, here I present my own view of the contribution which the men’s movement and the men’s analysis make to a feminist understanding of men and power, and of power relations between the sexes. First, I will analyze men’s power over women, particularly in relation to the power that men often perceive women have over them. Then I will analyze two other relationships men are implicated in—men’s power with other men, and men’s power in society more generally—and suggest how these two other power relationships interact with men’s power over women.
The Limits of Masculinity
Authors: Tolson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have mentioned, in my introductory chapter, the feminist practice of ‘consciousness-raising’, and have suggested its significance for men. In this final chapter I want to examine this suggestion, in the light of my experience as a member of a men’s group. I want to argue that the experience of masculinity, in its social dimensions and historical shifts, can be clarified within a consciousness-raising group. The small group, ideally, provides a bridge between (often inarticulate, undefined) personal experience, and a collective, social context in which it is shared and can be analysed.
Reforming the Family and Refiguring the Body in the English Revolution
Authors: Fissell Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early in 1652 George Horton published a pamphlet called The Ranters Monster. It told the story of Mary Adams, of Tillingham in Essex, who blasphemously declared that she was the Virgin Mary, pregnant with the Saviour. The father of the child, she added, was the Holy Spirit itself. Mr Hadley, the local minister, had her arrested and thrown into prison. Local women aided the midwife when Adams went into labour. She ‘lay in exceeding great misery and torment’ for eight days, and gave birth to a hideous monster on the ninth day.
Conclusions
Authors: Fissell Mary E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While I was writing this book, two hoardings appeared in my neighbourhood. The first showed a tiny pink dot, about to be inundated by white sperm-shaped objects. The caption read ‘Don’t like the odds? Don’t have sex!’ The second depicted the Mona Lisa, her enigmatic smile explained by the caption ‘Who’s the Daddy?’ She advertised a DNA paternity-testing service.
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The figure in evening dress sways to and fro behind his desk, the heat from the gaslamps bringing a light dew onto his forehead. He is Boots and he speaks in a soft cockney murmur, mouthing as if he were chewing a straw, and when he comes to a point needing to be emphasized he half-closes his eyelids and tilts his head forward. He is sunk deep in character, but every now and again pulls himself out to let Charles Dickens intervene briefly.
The Concern for Equity in Health
Authors: Anand Sudhir 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I would like to reflect on some foundational questions relating to health equity. Why are we concerned with equity in health, and what is its relationship to equity in general? Should we be more concerned about inequalities in health than about inequalities in other dimensions such as income? Should we be more concerned with some types of health inequalities than with others? Should we be less tolerant of inequalities across certain population groups than across others? Attempting to answer these questions might help sharpen our understanding of the priority we attach to combating inequalities in health.
Health Equity And Social Justice
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is consistent and strong empirical evidence for social inequalities in health, as a vast and fast growing literature shows. Social inequalities in health are significant variations in health outcomes (as measured by life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, morbidity, etc.) across different social groups. Typically, the lower a group ‘s social position, the worse the average health status of its members (e.g. Marmot et al. 1978; Black et al. 1990; Krieger et al. 1993; Gwatkin and Guillot 2000). Gender, race, social class, occupational status, and socio-geographic location are examples of social categories that define social groups. More recently, a new set of studies has emerged that focuses on the relationship between income inequality and population health. Though still contested, the findings suggest that the more unequal a society, the worse its achievements in (aggregate) health (Wilkinson 1996; Kawachi et al. 1999).
Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes
Authors: Pogge Thomas W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My view on justice in regard to health is distinctive in two ways. First, I hold that the strength of our moral reasons to prevent or to mitigate particular medical conditions depends not only on what one might call distributional factors, such as how badly off the people affected by these conditions are in absolute and relative terms, how costly prevention or treatment would be, and how much patients would benefit from given treatment. Rather, it depends also on relational factors, that is, on how we are related to the medical conditions they suffer.
Ethics and Experience: An Anthropological Approach to Health Equity
Authors: Kleinman Arthur 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws from the Tanner Lectures I delivered at Stanford University in April 1998 on ‘Experience and Its Moral Modes: Culture, Human Conditions, and Disorder ‘. I turn to that source in order to set out an anthropological approach to health equity and health rights. But my purpose here is different; I am not concerned with revisiting a critique of ethics that I have already set out in several publications (Kleinman 1995a, 1997), but rather I seek to sketch an anthropological orientation to health equity and health rights that is collaborative with ethics in framing these issues. Only by cob- bling together a framework that incorporates both local moral processes in everyday experience and transnational ethical discourse, I have come to believe, can health equity and health rights receive adequate treatment.
Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanistns: Making Kyoto Work
Authors: Freestone David , Streck Charlotte 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in Kyoto in 1997 and entered into force in February 2005. It is a unique international law instrument which sets legally binding targets for the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. The targets are unprecedented in an environmental agreement and will involve substantial financial commitment in virtually all industrialized country parties to the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is also the first international agreement to include economic instruments which are designed to involve private sector entities and assist parties to meet their targets. These economic instruments, known as the Kyoto or flexible mechanisms, are Joint Implementation (JI), the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and International Emissions Trading. The Kyoto Protocol defined these mechanisms but did not set out the details necessary for their operation. After protracted negotiations, detailed rules were finalized at the Seventh Session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties held in Marrakech in 2001. The Marrakech Accords run to almost 250 pages but still leave many important practical issues unaddressed. As the 2008-2012 commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol draws close more and more projects under CDM and JI are being developed to take advantage of the Kyoto mechanisms and the key issues and problems are now becoming more apparent. Drawing on the emerging body of expertise in this complex area, this book conveys a knowledge of what is becoming known as 'Carbon Finance'. It thereby aims to contribute to the development of the market for carbon emission reductions - one of the objectives of the Kyoto mechanisms.
Accounting for and Taxation of Emission Allowances and Credits
Authors: Casamento Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The accounting for, and taxation of, emission allowances1 and credits2 is becoming an area of increasing interest for a number of shareholders and boards of directors. As governments begin to develop and, in some cases, implement greenhouse gas emission trading schemes, companies and their shareholders will want to know the impact this may have on their cash flows, balance sheets, and income statements. This chapter looks at the current developments in accounting for, and taxation of, emission allowances and credits and explores the potential impact that different treatments may have on the nature of carbon transactions and corporate management of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Joint Implementation: History, Requirements, and Challenges
Authors: Streck Charlotte 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the context of the Kyoto Protocol, Parties with defined emissions limits can participate in emissions trading through trading in Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) as defined under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol or through the participation in Joint Implementation QI) project activities. Participation in JI project activities implies the transfer of AAUs which have been converted to Emission Reduction Units (ERUs).
Meeting Participating Country Responsibilities under the CDM: Designating a National Authority
Authors: O‘Sullivan Robert , Cormier Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Kyoto Protocol‘s1 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) assists developed countries reach their quantified emissions limitation and reduction commitments in a cost effective manner, and at the same time assists developing countries by promoting and enabling sustainable development through the transfer of dean technology and responsible private investment. As such, the CDM provides an opportunity for developing countries to participate in the global effort to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change.
Benefit Sharing under the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Huq Saleemul , Reid Hannah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was set up as an instrument under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to provide developed countries that had accepted targets for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with flexibility for achieving these targets, by allowing them to take credits from emissions reduction projects under-taken in developing nations. The first objective of the CDM is to reduce GHG emissions and the second objective is to assist developing countries which host CDM projects to achieve sustainable development.
Specific Features of Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry Transactions
Authors: Bosquet Benoit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews transactions related to climate change mitigation projects conducted in the sphere of Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) activities, which are also referred to as ‘carbon sinks‘ as they capture and store carbon out of the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. The years 1996-9 saw a flurry of LULUCF transactions.1 In fact, such transactions, mostly between the US and Canada, dominated the carbon market during that period. However, this flow has significantly declined in the past four years.
Implementing the European Emissions Trading Directive in Germany
Authors: Marr Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 17 December 2003 the German Cabinet adopted the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Act (GETA) and the Ordinance implementing the European Emissions Trading Directive for Installations of the Federal Immissions Control Act (ETO). Both legal instruments transpose the European Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC1 (ET Directive) in national law and thus prepare the legal conditions for an emissions trading system in Germany.2
Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren
Authors: Davies Kate 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren were radical friends in a revolutionary age. They produced definitive histories of the English Civil War and the American Revolution, attacked the British government and the United States federal constitution, and instigated a debate on women's rights which inspired Mary Wollstonecraft, Judith Sargent Murray, and other feminists. Drawing on new research (including recently discovered correspondence) this is the first book to consider Macaulay and Warren in the context of the revolutionary Atlantic. In a series of detailed interdisciplinary studies, Davies suggests the centrality of both women to transatlantic political cultures between the middle of the eighteenth century and the turn of the nineteenth. The experience of Anglo-American conflict formed Macaulay and Warren's friendship and radically changed their writing lives. In showing how it did so, Davies also explains how the revolutionary Atlantic shaped modern ideas of gender difference. Anglo-American separation had a politics of gender which defined Warren and Macaulay's awareness of themselves as women and of which their writing also offered important critiques. Davies's book reveals the political significance of Mercy Otis Warren and Catharine Macaulay to an era when the truths of patriotism, nationhood and empire were never wholly self-evident but were hotly contested.
Epilogue: Bismarck between the ‘Seizure of Power’ and Reunification (1933-1990)
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two months after Hitler’s appointment as German Chancellor, the historian Otto Westphal triumphantly proclaimed the end of an era. The period during which ‘Bismarck’s enemies’ had ruled over Germany was irrevocably over. Westphal concluded his talk at Gottingen’s Historical Society by emphasizing that Germany was currently witnessing a ‘revolution and a re-creation of Bismarck’s Reich at the same time, a revolutionary transformation with deep historical sympathies’ .
Constructing ‘Indigenous Populations:’ Convention No 107 and the Modern Concept of Indigenousness
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the outcomes of the drafting of Convention No 107 and Recommendation No 104 was the coining of the first international legal definition of ‘indigenous’ in the modernsense. The definition enshrined in the 1957 ILO instruments on indigenous populations was important for two reasons. First, the definition of ‘indigenous’ provided the ultimate justification of the ILO standards. The very act of definition implies a normative judgment, accounting for the rationale behind drafting special standards targeted at indigenous peoples. In addition, the definition constituted a crucial threshold in the emergence of an international legal regime on indigenous peoples. Tracing the genealogy of the concept may contribute to our understanding of the growth, limits, and tensions that that regime experiences in contemporary international law.
The Fall of Integration: the Revision of Convention No 107 (1975–88)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Chapter 7 has shown, the integrationist paradigm was more a reflection of the anxieties of its time than an active element of change in international law. The ILO member states’ loss of interest, coupled with the lack of expertise and interest on the part of the organization’s bureaucracy soon turned Convention No 107 into a prematurely anachronistic instrument. The convention would soon have been buried in the pages of the organization’s institutional history, if changes taking place in the global arena had not put indigenous peoples back on the international legal agenda. As a result of those changes, Convention No 107’s significance shifted from that of an archival object to that of the single international instrument focused specifically on these peoples. And through this process, the ILO awoke from its long Indigenist slumber and became a fundamental reference in the contemporary defence of the rights of indigenous peoples.
The Language of Rights: Convention No 169 (1989)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Governing Body’s eventual endorsement of the Office’s plans to revise Convention No 107 marked the onset of drafting its successor, the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, Convention No 169, which crowns the history of ILO involvement in disciplining metropolitan/postcolonial states’ policies towards indigenous workers/populations/peoples. If the origins of the decision to revise Convention No 107 were plagued with controversy, this controversy permeated the discussions of the International Labour Conference during the drafting and adoption of Convention No 169. The controversial crafting of Convention No 169, involving deferred issues concerning the ILO’s legitimacy in retaking the lead in international action on indigenous peoples and the participation of indigenous peoples themselves in this process, constitutes the convention’s ‘original sin’, which explains many of the complex reactions that the instrument still engenders.
Measuring Top Incomes: Methodological Issues
Authors: Atkinson A B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been a marked revival of interest in the study of the distribution of top incomes using income tax data. Beginning with the research by Piketty of the long-run distribution of top incomes in France (Piketty 2001, 2003 and Chapter 3 this volume), there has been a succession of studies, as evidenced by the chapters contained in this volume. In using data from the income tax records, these studies use similar sources to the earlier work of Bowley (1914) and Stamp (1914, 1916, 1936) in the UK, and Kuznets (1953) in the US. The Windings of recent research is, however, of added interest, since the data provide estimates covering nearly all of the twentieth century—a length of time series unusual in economics.
Income and Wage Inequality in the United States, 1913–20021
Authors: Piketty T , Saez E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to Kuznets ‘s influential hypothesis, income inequality should follow an inverse U-shape along the development process, first rising with industrialization and then declining, as more and more workers join the high productivity sectors of the economy (Kuznets 1955). Today, the Kuznets curve is widely held to have doubled back on itself, especially in the United States, with the period of falling inequality observed during the first half of the twentieth century being succeeded by a very sharp reversal of the trend since the 1970s. This does not imply however that Kuznets ‘s hypothesis is no longer of interest.
The Distribution of Top Incomes in New Zealand1
Authors: Atkinson A B , Leigh A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1900, New Zealanders were richer than the citizens of any other country except Britain. Yet over the course of the century, living standards in New Zealand steadily slipped behind many other developed nations, particularly after the Second World War. The immediate post-war decades saw government policies that maintained low unemployment, but did not lead to high levels of economic growth. These policies changed radically in the last two decades of the twentieth century, as New Zealand experienced substantial free market reforms. Teri reductions, privatisations, deregulation of the labour market, and welfare cuts were notable features of this period (see Evans et al. 1996).
Long-Term Trends in Top Income Shares in Ireland
Authors: Nolan B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As earlier chapters have highlighted, there has been an upsurge of interest in rich countries in the incomes of those at the top of the income distribution. Evidence for some countries, notably the US and the UK, has fuelled a general perception that those at the top have done particularly well in the last quarter century or so, with the remuneration of top executives a source of particular comment. From an analytic point of view, a key contribution has been the use of data from income tax records to investigate these trends over the long term, notably Piketty (2001), Piketty and Saez (2003), and Atkinson (2005) for France, the US, and the UK respectively. This has encouraged others to exploit the potential of data from this source, and in that spirit this chapter uses this type of information to look for the first time at long-run trends in top income shares in Ireland from the 1920s up to the end of the twentieth century.
The Copts and the West, 1439–1822
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In seventeenth-century Europe the Copts, or the Egyptian members of the Church of Alexandria, were widely believed to hold the key to an ancient wisdom and an ancient theology. Their language was thought to lead to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs and their Church to retain traces of early Christian practices as well as early Egyptian customs. This book, the first full-length study of the subject, discusses the attempts of Catholic missionaries to force the Church of Alexandria into union with the Church of Rome and the slow accumulation of knowledge of Coptic beliefs, undertaken by Catholics and Protestants. It ends with a survey of the study of the Coptic language in the West and of the uses to which it was put by Biblical scholars, antiquarians, theologians and Egyptologists.
The Council of Florence
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Relations between the Western Church and the Copts were never altogether interrupted after the Council of Chalcedon, but when the Copts looked back on their experiences of Western Christians, they had little reason to like them. At the time of the Crusades the Copts, even more than the other Christian inhabitants of the Holy Land, had a taste of Western Christianity which left them with a deep distrust of the Church of Rome. In 1099 Arnulf Malcorne, the newly elected patriarch of the Frankish kingdom of Jerusalem, had ejected the Eastern Chris- tians from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Foundations of Private Law
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Foundations of Private Law is a treatise on the Western law of property, contract, tort and unjust enrichment in both common law systems and civil law systems. The thesis of the book is that underlying these fields of law are common principles, and that these principles can be used to explain the history and development of these areas. These underlying common principles are matters of common sense, which were given their archetypal expression by older jurists who wrote in the Aristotelian tradition. These principles shaped the development of Western law but can resolve legal problems which these older writers did not confront.