bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jawzi, Marxism, and Islamic Socialism
Authors: Sann Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the introduction, Europe’s betrayal of promises for Arab independence following World War I led to a loss of faith among Arab thinkers in classical liberal thought and a concomitant rise of interest in socialist ideology. This trend was coupled with the loss of faith in traditional Arab elites and the institutions they represented, borh religious and political-economic, allowing for the rise of nontraditional and even non-Islamic elites. Perhaps the best evidence of this dual trend was the development of two of the most enduring sociopolitical organizations in the modern Arab world, Ba‘thism and Nasserism. Ba‘thism developed on Syrian university campuses in the early 1940s as an Arab nationalist movement. By that time, France and Britain had divided their portions of the Middle East allotted by the League of Nations into several mini-states. Besides Transjordan (which would eventually be come present-day Jordan), Lebanon was separated from Syria by the French in 1920 (both Lebanon and Syria were formally recognized as independent by France in 1946). Ba‘thism’s “Arab nationalism” there fore was actually trans-nationalism: Ba‘thists wanted the Arabs to work together for independence, development, equality, socialism, and above all, unity.Nasserism, named for Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasser of Egypt, would espouse virtually the same principles. Both groups enjoyed mass popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, and Ba‘thism became powerful enough to gain control of both Syria and Iraq. ‘Abd al-Nasser rose to the head of the Revolutionary Command Council, which ousted King Farug in 1952, and was eventually successful in ridding Egypt of British.
The Hermeneutics of Islamic Reform
Authors: Sann Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many scholars have discussed the persistence of themes of renewal and reform in Islamic thought. John Esposito, Yvonne Haddad, and John Voll, for example, drawing upon classic as well as lesser-known sources, have demonstrated that these themes are a perennial and defining feature of Islamic intellectual history.But renewal and reform require a means, and perennial renewal and reform require built-in or institutionalized means. That is the subject of this discussion.
In Islam there are a number of approaches to perennial renewal/re form. For some, strict adherence to traditional Islamic institutions and practice assures constant renewal of society and reaffirmation of the commitment to moral righteousness and social justice. In some popular teaching this is the interpretation of the Sunna of the Prophet, the established way Muslims live based on the example of Prophet Muhammad: from ritual practice, prayer, and matters of diet, dress and personal hygiene, to specific rules codified over a thousand years ago regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance, and other matters of family law. If the Muslim community is in disarray, according to this model, it is because too many individuals have deviated from the established practice.
The Burden of History
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bob Heppenstall moves about a church sanctuary with the ease and insouciance of a Chicago politician working a union hall. Before every service on Sunday morning he circulates among his congregation dressed in his Geneva preaching gown, dispensing hand shakes, hugs, smiles, and words of encouragement, and if his perambulations cause the service to begin a minute or two behind schedule, well then, so be it. Such low-key informality might be unexceptional in a rural or in an evangelical church, but here in the heart of New England it is hard not to notice.
The Ecumenical Advocate
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern ecumenical movement is conventionally dated from an event that took place in the first year of Lesslie Newbigin’s life and within a hundred miles of his parents’ Northumbrian home. A world missionary conference was held at Edinburgh, Scotland, in June 1910 in order “to consider missionary problems in relation to the non-Christian world.” From that event sprang both the International Missionary Council, formally constituted in 1921, and (at least in the mind of Bishop Charles Henry Brent) the Faith and Order movement, whose first world conference would gather at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1927. In 1948—the agreement of 1938 having been delayed by the Second World War—Faith and Order merged with the Life and Work movement from the 1920s to compose the World Council of Churches; and in 1961 they were joined by the International Missionary Council.
The Social Visionary
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What, for the Christian, is the relation between faith and works? What, for the Church, is the relation between evangelism and service? What, for the Christian and for the Church, is the relation between Christianity and society at large, or between Christianity and politics? The first question had occupied St. Paul and St. James and was crucial for Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth century. The second question has been much debated in twentieth century missiology. The third question presents itself perennially, although its appearance varies according to historical circumstances. The three questions operate on different levels, but the planes intersect, for each question touches on soteriology (the doctrine of salvation), on ecclesiology (the nature and vocation of the Church), and on eschatology (the doctrine of God’s kingdom), and all have broadly to do with ethics. A single situation or event may bring all three into play. My purpose as usual is to follow Newbigin’s thought and action on the complex issues involved.
Modern Poetry After Modernism
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Lowell and many who followed in his personal, reflective style, such as John Berryman, W.S. Merwin and Adrienne Rich, have been seen as breaking with the influence of T.S. Eliot and the New Critics. But as Jim Longenbach notes in his new book, this "breakthrough" narrative no longer makes good sense, due to our changing conceptions of what constitutes modernism and its New Critical values, and the now-ubiquitous use of the term "post-modern". Longenbach's new book offers a wide-ranging account of the past 40 years of American poetry and allows for fuller appreciation of women poets.
Divine Power in the Exodus
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The destruction of the Egyptian army is the primary story of salvation for Israel, and central to it is the portrait of God in combat. So important is this image of divine power that the annihilation of the enemy by Yahweh marks the moment of salvation for Israel and prompts its victory hymn of celebration in Exod 15:3, “Yahweh is a warrior!” The war cry underscores how salvation is an event of divine warfare, in which the destruction of the enemy is victory for God and liberation for Israel. The mythology of the story has powerful religious and social consequences.
Exodus and Creation
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of priestly tradition in the Pentateuch is also undergoing a renaissance in recent scholarship, which has raised new questions concerning its interpretation. Fueling this rebirth is a rejection of past judgments concerning the minimal value of priestly tradition both as literature and as an innovative force in the formation of ancient Israelite religion. Indeed, more recent studies have underscored the creativity of priestly tradents by exploring how their historiography and legislation combine to form a coherent symbol system that is meant to give structure and definition to Israelite culture and cultic practice.
Introduction
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious resurgence and democratization are two of the most important developments of the final decades of the twentieth century. In many areas, movements of religious revival coincide with and sometimes reinforce the formation of more democratic political systems. In other areas, the two dynamics are in conflict. In the Muslim world, these issues are raised with special force because of the strength of the Islamic resurgence and the intensity of the demands in recent years for greater popular participation in the political processes. The Islamic Revolution that overthrew the Iranian monarchy in 1979 was one of the first popular revolutions against a modern authoritarian political system in the final quarter of the twentieth century. In the early 1990s, another Islamic movement, the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), was suppressed after it dramatically challenged the authoritarian regime of the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) in Algeria when the government had been forced to allow open elections. In many areas of the Muslim world, one of the crucial issues defining the political future is the relationship between the forces of Islamic resurgence and the development of democratic political systems. Governments and political leaders throughout the Muslim world respond to popular sentiments for greater political participation and the activities of religious movements. Rulers and regimes are forced to choose among policies of repression and greater popular participation, with the threat that if they make the wrong choice they themselves could lose power, as did the Shah of Iran or the Algerian FLN. If they do not adjust rapidly enough, they could be overthrown; however, they also face the risk, if they open their political systems, of electoral defeat. Islamic movements and their leaders face similar critical choices between adaptation or violent opposition.
Egypt
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egypt has often been regarded as in the vanguard of political, social, intellectual, and religious development in the Arab and broader Muslim worlds. For more than two decades, Egyptian rulers have grappled with a resurgence of lslam that has significantly challenged the state and ruling elites. I Contemporary Islamic revivalism (“Islamic fundamentalism”) in its origins and manifestations has strong roots indeed, formative roots-in the Egyptian experience. This experience has had a regional and international impact on transnational Islam and on the West. The Muslim Brotherhood has provided ideological and organizational models for the growth and development of Islamic movements across the Muslim world, from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Islamists in the Sudan, Tunisia, Algeria, the Gulf, South Asia, and Southeast Asia acknowledge the formative influence of the Brotherhood, in particular of Hasan al-Banna (1906-1949) and Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966). Pamphlets, books, and tapes disseminate their ideas to this day. In the 1990s, Egypt provides a primary example of the dynamic and diverse relationship of religion to society, its challenge to the state, and its impact upon the democratization process. The Egyptian experience has witnessed radical, violent revolutionary Islamic activism and the institutionalization of Islam socially and politically;
Job Training Programs and Practices
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Job training programs loom increasingly large in U.S. companies’ struggle for competitive advantage within the turbulent world economy. Many analysts find that worker and employer investments in job training produce substantial earnings gains, productivity increases, and greater job security. Despite their diminished presence in the labor force, unions are stimulating innovative joint training programs with progressive companies. Restructured workplaces demand new configurations of both technical and social skills by front-line employees and their managers. Providing these skills in a timely and cost-effective fashion will tax the ingenuity and the imaginations of the reorganized companies. Of particular concern is whether emergent new employment systems, which are shifting substantial economic risk from companies to the labor force, will jeopardize significant sources of economic prosperity for both employers and workers.
Ethnicity And American Protestants: Collective Identity in the Mainstream
Authors: Higham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Ethnic Revival” of the 1960s began in the early years of the decade. It was nourished by the contrasting but fertilizing background of the Civil Rights movement, which already had a strong popular base and unambiguous political goals. The revival had neither. It started gently enough among scholars, engaged in an academic discussion of pluralism. At the heart of this discourse was a strikingly new emphasis on the power of race, religion, and ethnicity in structuring American society.
The Spirit And The Flesh: Gender, Language, and Sexuality in American Protestantism
Authors: Juster Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religion Has Always, it seems, belonged more in the “female world of love and ritual” than in the male world of politics and profit. We have known for some time now that women have constituted the majority of church members in most denominations since the mid-seventeenth century; we have been reminded by literary scholars and historians alike of the erotic dimension of religious discourse, with its tropes of marriage and sexuality; we have belatedly recognized the vital role that organized religion, with its many voluntary societies and church-sponsored associations, played in providing a middle ground for American women between the (male) public sphere and the (female) domestic sphere. We have learned, too, not to be misled by the pervasive theme of declension in American religious history into assuming that a feminized faith is necessarily a marginal one. The relationship between the feminization of American Protestantism and its declining hegemony in American political and cultural life, however much lamented by contemporary observers from Cotton Mather to Billy Sunday, is more a convenient fiction than historical reality.
Antisemitism and Xenophobia in United Germany How the Burden of the Past Affects the Present
Authors: Kurthen Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in the early 1990s ugly pictures of xenophobic violence, swastika graffiti, and vandalism replaced the joyful and peaceful pictures of German unification, some observers speculated that the horrific past of Germany would surface again (Sana 1990, Mead 1990). The fear that again an army of industrious and obedient Volksgenossen (members of the German national collective) would mobilize and overrun Europe was not stifled by reports of millions of marchers who protested the violence by candlelight. Continued antisemitic and xenophobic resentment in a nation that was responsible for the Holocaust has been viewed as an indication that postwar Germany’s policy of dealing with the past has failed.1 Events such as the so-called historians’ debate about the uniqueness of the Holocaust in the mid-198os were seen as an attempt to whitewash German responsibility for the Holocaust. Some were equally worried by the “tendency to pass over the terror and misery of the Third Reich and to focus instead on the normality and continuity of everyday life before, during, and after the Hitler years” (Kushner 1991: 23). Similarly, it was feared that once the iron curtain was removed a formidable antisemitism would reappear in the former socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) nurtured by decades of anti-Zionist and anti-Israeli propaganda. Such fears and reservations led observers to ask whether postwar Germans in the East and West had drawn sufficient lessons from the failures of their past.
The Imperial Dynamic and the Discourse on Religion
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The double function of the sui generis claim in this discourse should now be apparent. The sui generis claim not only founds this autonomous discourse on religion but is also the mechanism whereby assertions on the importance of “archaic man” are transformed into authoritative and normative judgments. With regard to this second function, the sui generis claim not only makes possible but simultaneously camouflages the ideological slippage from description to normative claim. Without this privileging strategy, the dominant discourse on religion loses its authority and turns out to be only one among a variety of theoretically based approaches to the study of human behavior and belief.
Introduction
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about the origin of the Greek alphabet (at least that is my perception). But I cannot begin this book with the alphabet, for it was not with the advent of that script that the Greeks first began to write. Hundreds of years before the conception of α, β, γ, and so on, Greek scribes had already taken stylus in hand and were engaged in giving orthographic expression to their language. In the following pages I argue that it is only within the broader context of Greek literacy that the origin of the Greek alphabet can be rightly perceived. The Linear B syllabic script, the syllabary of the Cypriot Greeks and the alphabet each stand as points along an unbroken continuum of Greek literacy which stretches from the Mycenaean era to the present.
The Hierarchy of Orthographic Strength
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will further develop the interpretation of Linear B and syllabic Cypriot consonant cluster spelling as a function of the hierarchy of orthographic strength. We will first consider the representation of clusters which consist of more than two consonants and then turn our attention to what we will see to be a parallel phenomenon, the spelling of word-final clusters.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-called syllable-division doctrine espoused by the Greek grammarians and the corresponding word-division practices evidenced by Greek inscriptions had their origins at least a thousand years earlier, in the scribal training centers of Mycenaean Greece or, perhaps, Minoan Crete. It was the Minoans who taught the Greeks how to write (the first time), and quite possibly it was also the Minoans who instructed the Greeks in the notions of sound classes and the relative sonority of sounds. Whether the Linear B (and syllabic Cypriot) practice of utilizing a hierarchy of sonority (i.e., the hierarchy of orthographic strength) for the spelling of consonant clusters was a Minoan or a Mycenaean innovation is undetermined and will remain so until Linear A is deciphered.
The Virgin’s Exile : The Cuban Patroness and the Diaspora in Miami
Authors: Tweed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Cuban exile Catholicism begins on a rainy Friday in 1961 as Our Lady of Charity travels from an airport in Havana to a baseball stadium in Miami on her feast day, 8 September, a day when the Cuban patroness herself would become an exile. The statue of Our Lady of Charity that journeyed from Havana to Miami had sacred power for her dispersed devotees, even though it was not the original image, which remained in the shrine in the easternmost province of Cuba. It was a replica that had been pedestaled in a parish church in Guanabo Beach, a section of Havana. In other years that same diminutive Virgin had been carried from the church in the annual processions on her feast day. That day in 1961, however, concealed in a small suitcase, she traveled by airplane across the Straits of Florida to be reunited with the Cuban diaspora.
Nationalism, Religion, and Diasporic Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if Manuel and Mercedes also petitioned the Virgin about other personal concerns—about health and family—they told me that they came to pray for Cuba and Cubans. Even if Lucia sang her songs alone on the grass, ladies lounged in lawn chairs by the water, and Oscar circumambulated the shrine for exercise, they also visited the national patroness inside to bring her their concerns about the Cuban community. In that way they had a great deal in common with almost all other Cuban pilgrims to Our Lady of Charity’s Miami shrine. Despite their differences, they are bound together by their sadness and longing, by the disorientation of exile-and by their common devotion to Our Lady of Charity as national symbol. Men come as well as women. Those who hail from both eastern and western provinces visit. Even the most unpious teenagers, who cannot recall the smells and sights of the island, acknowledge that the shrine is a special place for Cuban exiles. There at the Virgin’s shrine the devout reconnect with the homeland. There they re-create the Cuban community—those on the island and in the diaspora—as an imagined nation.
The Gödelian case
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is in mathematics that our thinking processes have their purest form. If thinking is just carrying out a computation of some kind, then it might seem that we ought to be able to see this most clearly in our mathematical thinking. Yet, remarkably, the very reverse turns out to be the case. It is within mathematics that we find the clearest evidence that there must actually be something in our conscious thought processes that eludes computation. This may seem to be a paradox—but it will be of prime importance in the arguments which follow, that we come to terms with it.
Structure of the quantum world
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum theory provides a superb description of physical reality on a small scale, yet it contains many mysteries. Without doubt, it is hard to come to terms with the workings of this theory, and it is particularly difficult to make sense of the kind of ‘physical reality’—or lack of it—that it seems to imply for our world. Taken at its face value, the theory seems to lead to a philosophical standpoint that many (including myself) find deeply unsatisfying. At best, and taking its descriptions at their most literal, it provides us with a very strange view of the world indeed. At worst, and taking literally the proclamations of some of its most famous protagonists, it provides us with no view of the world at all.
Implications?
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do we conclude, from the discussions above, is the ultimate potential of artificial intelligence? The arguments of Part I strongly made the case that the technology of electronic computer-controlled robots will not provide a way to the artificial construction of an actually intelligent machine—in the sense of a machine that understands what it is doing and can act upon that understanding. Electronic computers have their undoubted importance in clarifying many of the issues that relate to mental phenomena (perhaps, to a large extent, by teaching us what genuine mental phenomena are not), in addition to their being extremely powerful and valuable aids to scientific, technological, and social progress. Computers, we conclude, do something very different from what we are doing when we bring our awareness to bear on some problem.
Decline and Fall of the Young Male Cleric
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reskin argues that the feminization of secular occupations is preceded by changes that make them less attractive to men, such as reduced opportunities for mobility or autonomy and declines in prestige and earnings. Related to opportunities for upward mobility, the data of this analysis have pointed to a decline in attainment among Episcopal priests, and to U.U.A. ministers apparently maintaining their attainment through a decreased number of men ordained after 1975, combined with a near exclusion of women from high-level placements.