bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case fatality among infants with congenital malformations by lethality
Authors: Bol Kirk A. , Rickard Russel S. , Kirby Russell S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractOBJECTIVEInfant mortality rates continue to show that congenital anomalies are the leading cause of infant death in the United States. However, studies of factors contributing to increased mortality across different types of congenital anomalies have been limited. The objective of this study was to assess whether the likelihood of infant mortality varied by maternal race and ethnic group while considering the severity of the birth defect.METHODSA retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using data from Colorado's statewide, population‐based birth defects surveillance system (CRCSN). The cohort included infants, born between 1995 and 2000 to Colorado resident mothers, who were diagnosed with major congenital malformations stratified by degree of lethality. Multiple logistic regression was performed for each level of lethality, and included the following potential explanatory variables: maternal race/ethnicity, clinical gestation, birth weight, maternal education level, maternal age, and sex of child.RESULTSWithin the low/very low lethality cohort, maternal race/ethnicity of Black/non‐Hispanic was associated with increased risk of infant mortality, OR 2.81 (1.41–5.19), as were low and very low birth weight, OR 2.21 (1.12–4.04) and 19.31 (11.84–31.01), respectively. Maternal race/ethnicity was not a significant risk factor in either high or very high lethality groups; however, the interaction between birth weight and gestational age significantly increased the risk of mortality.CONCLUSIONSThrough the use of statewide, population‐based birth defects surveillance data, a disparity in infant mortality has been identified in a specific subset of the population that could be investigated further and targeted for prevention activities. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:580–585, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medical records vs. interview responses: A comparative analysis of selected variables for linked birth defect cases
Authors: Ramadhani Tunu A. , Canfield Mark A. , Waller D. Kim , Case Amy P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundData pertaining to birth defects are subject to certain limitations depending on the collection method. This study compares the agreement of data from medical records and maternal interviews.MethodsThe medical records and maternal interviews were linked for 1017 deliveries. Prevalence, concordance and kappa coefficients were calculated for maternal gestational and non‐gestational diabetes, insulin use, seizures/epilepsy, Hispanic ethnicity, and infant/fetus sex.ResultsThe prevalence of non‐gestational diabetes was 4.3% in the medical records and 3.4% in the maternal interviews, with 98.1% agreement. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 7.9% in medical records and 9.2% in maternal interviews, with 94.3% agreement. Similar prevalences and high levels of agreement were observed between the two systems for infant/fetus sex and mother's Hispanic ethnicity. Although high concordance was observed for seizures/epilepsy, kappa value was moderate.ConclusionsThe availability of two distinct sources of data provides an exceptional opportunity to compare and validate both data sources. We found that the data for certain variables from maternal interviews strongly agreed with information from medical records. However, the extent of that agreement depended on the type of variable measured. Our results suggest that for some variables such as demographic variables, researchers can use either of the two data sources. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:592–596, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Follow‐up survey of parents of children with major birth defects in New York State
Authors: Sharpe‐Stimac Monica , Wang Ying , Druschel Charlotte M. , Cross Philip K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDOne of the objectives of the New York State birth defect surveillance system, the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry (CMR), is to identify children in need of special programs and assist prevention/intervention programs and services with evaluation. In 1999, the CMR started a statewide mass‐mailing program to inform parents of children with major birth defects about programs and support groups that might be helpful to them. A follow‐up survey by mail was conducted in 2002 to evaluate the usefulness of the mailing program.METHODSThe survey was mailed between September and December of 2001 to parents of children born in 2001 and reported to the CMR with selected major birth defects. Non‐respondents were followed‐up by telephone.RESULTSOf the 226 eligible families, 54% (122) responded to the survey. Approximately 66% of responding parents stated that the information provided by the mailing program was helpful, and 48% had contacted and/or used the programs and services listed in the information sheets. Parents with children younger than 6 months of age at the time of mailing were more likely to find the information helpful, compared to parents with children 6 months of age or older. The majority of responding parents had contacted and/or used the Early Intervention Program.CONCLUSIONThe findings from the current survey show that the statewide information‐mailing program administered by CMR is helpful and useful to the families of children with major birth defects in New York State. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:597–602, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
„Und nur die Zukunft wird Klarheit bringen!”︁Der Fall des Biomediziners Jacques Benveniste aus dem Jahr 1988 im Blickfeld der wissenschaftlichen Publikationsorgane und der Laienpresse
Authors: Stahnisch Frank 
Published: September 2004

AbstractScientific disputes on the objectivity of research results are an integral part of the collective production of knowledge. One motivation to study cases of scientific controversy is the attempt to discover general patterns in the behaviour of participants and institutions involved in such controversies. Yet, for there to be a controversy, one must assume an important amount of social interaction, so much so that it renders it an essentially social phenomenon, which is accessible to historical study. Cases of obvious scientific fraud, in addition, are neither clear‐cut nor rare and the mere accusation of scientists by their peers frequently constitutes considerable examples of scientific debate. Together with this, it is often assumed that publication organs play a dominant role in directing the lines of scientific controversy, but their institutional significance and the task of individual editors remain widely unexplored. The present article studies the prominent Nature affair of the Parisian biomedical scientist Jacques Benveniste, both, from a perspective on scientific fraud and on the beginning and closure of scientific disputes. One of the most remarkable features of Benveniste's antibody dilution experiments was that they stroke at the foundations of modern physical and biomedical sciences. Could recent history of science actually resolve the case of the so‐called ‘memory of water’ phenomenon?
ON intramolecular acyl migration reaction in the development of prodrugs and the synthesis of difficult sequence‐containing bioactive peptides
Authors: Sohma Youhei , Hayashi Yoshio , Skwarczynski Mariusz , Hamada Yoshio , Sasaki Masato , Kimura Tooru , Kiso Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2004

AbstractNOintramolecular acyl migration in Ser‐ or Thr‐containing peptides is a well‐known side reaction in peptide chemistry. It results in the mutual conversion of ester and amide bonds. Our medicinal chemistry study focused on the fact that the O‐acyl product can be readily converted to the original N‐acyl form under neutral or slightly basic conditions in an aqueous buffer and the liberated ionized amino group enhances the water solubility of O‐acyl products. Because of this, we have developed a novel class of “ON intramolecular acyl migration”‐type water‐soluble prodrugs of HIV‐1 protease inhibitors. These prodrugs released the parent drugs via a simple chemical mechanism with no side reaction. In this study, we applied this strategy to important cancer chemotherapeutic agents, paclitaxel and its derivatives, to develop water‐soluble taxoid prodrugs, and found that these prodrugs, 2′‐O‐isoform of taxoids, showed promising results with higher water solubility and proper kinetics in their parent drug formation by a simple pH‐dependent chemical mechanism with ON intramolecular acyl migration. These results suggest that this strategy would be useful in toxicology and medical economics.After the successful application of ON intramolecular acyl migration in medicinal chemistry, this concept was recently used in peptide chemistry for the synthesis of “difficult sequence‐containing peptides.” The strategy was based on hydrophilic O‐acyl isopeptide synthesis followed by the ON intramolecular acyl migration reaction, leading to the desired peptide. In a model study with small, difficult sequence‐containing peptides, synthesized “O‐acyl isopeptides” not only improved the solubility in various media and efficiently performed the high performance liquid chromatography purification, but also altered the nature of the difficult sequence during SPPS, resulting in the efficient synthesis of O‐acyl isopeptides with no complications. The subsequent ON intramolecular acyl migration of purified O‐acyl isopeptides afforded the desired peptides as precipitates with high yield and purity. Further study of the synthesis of a larger difficult sequence‐containing peptide, Alzheimer's disease‐related peptide (Aβ1–42), surprisingly showed that only one insertion of the O‐acyl group drastically improved the unfavorable nature of the difficult sequence in Aβ1–42, and achieved efficient synthesis of 26‐O‐acyl isoAβ1–42 and subsequent complete conversion to Aβ1–42 via the ON intramolecular acyl migration reaction of 26‐O‐acyl isoAβ1–42. This suggests that our new method based on ON intramolecular acyl migration is an important method for the synthesis of difficult sequence‐containing bioactive peptides. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Raman study of poly(alanine‐glycine)‐based peptides containing tyrosine, valine, and serine as model for the semicrystalline domains of Bombyx mori silk fibroin
Authors: Taddei Paola , Asakura Tetsuo , Yao Juming , Monti Patrizia 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFor a deeper insight into the structure of Bombyx mori silk fibroin, some model peptides containing tyrosine (Y), valine (V), and serine (S) in the basic (AG)n sequence were synthesized by the solid‐phase method and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy in order to clarify their conformation and to evaluate the formation and/or disruption of the ordered structure typical of B. mori silk fibroin upon incorporation of Y, V, and S residues into the basic (AG)n sequence. The Raman results indicated that the silk I structure remains stable only when the Y residue is positioned near the chain terminus; otherwise, a silk I → silk II conformational transition occurs. The peptides AGVGAGYGAGVGAGYGAGVGAGYG(AG)3 and (AG)3YG(AG)2VGYG(AG)3YG(AG)3 treated with LiBr revealed a prevalent silk II conformation; moreover, the former contained a higher amount of random coil than the latter. This result was explained in relation to the different degrees of interruption of the (AG)n sequence. The Raman analysis of the AGSGAG‐containing samples confirmed that the AGSGAG hexapeptide is a good model for the silk II crystalline domain. As the number of AGSGAG repeating units decreased, the random coil content increased. The study of the Y domain (I850/I830 intensity ratio) allowed us to hypothesize that in the packing characteristic of Silk I and Silk II conformations the Y residues experience different environments and hydrogen‐bonding arrangements; the packing typical of silk I structure traps the tyrosyl side chains in environments more unfavorable to phenoxyl hydrogen‐bonding interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
In vitro T‐cell immunogenicity of oligopeptides derived from the region 92–110 of the 16‐kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Bősze Szilvia , Caccamo Nadia , Majer Zsuzsa , Mező Gábor , Dieli Francesco , Hudecz Ferenc 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe 16‐kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis provokes specific immune responses; it is thus a target for the development of peptide‐based diagnostic reagents and subunit vaccines. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of several regions containing murine and human T‐cell epitopes. Within the 91–110 immunodominant domain, we found that peptides comprising the sequence of 91SEFAYGSFVRTVSL104 elicit specific T‐cell responses in both human T‐cell clones and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from PPD+ (purified protein derivative) individuals. Elongation of this peptide towards the C‐terminal end did not provide more effective peptides, but the removal of residue 91Ser resulted in an almost complete loss of functionality. However, the introduction of an acetyl group at the N‐terminal of residue 92Glu produced a shorter peptide (Ac‐92EFAYGSFVRTVSL104) exhibiting properties required for efficient T‐cell responses. CD measurements indicated that peptide 91SEFAYGSFVRTVSLPVGADE110 adopts a helical conformation in triflouroethanol. We found that the N‐terminal part of this sequence plays a major role in the induction of proliferative T‐cell responses and is responsible for the highly ordered, helical secondary structure. The “lead” structure described here could also be considered in the development of synthetic peptides or multicomponent peptide mixtures for the early detection, monitoring, or preventing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with optimized T‐cell response‐provoking capacity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Der Lotus‐Effekt: Selbstreinigende Oberflächen und ihre Übertragung in die Technik
Authors: Barthlott Wilhelm , Cerman Zdenek , Stosch Anne Kathrin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDurch die Kombination von Mikro‐ und Nanostrukturen mit einer hydrophoben Oberflächenchemie lassen sich heute technische Oberflächen mit erstaunlichen Eigenschaften herstellen. Diese Materialien sind extrem unbenetzbar; Schmutz kann durch einfaches Abspülen von ihnen entfernt werden. Die Idee zu einer solchen Entwicklung kam aus der Natur, denn Pflanzen mit selbstreinigenden Eigenschaften existieren schon seit Jahrmillionen. Doch erst vor wenigen Jahren konnte ihr Geheimnis entschlüsselt und in die Technik übertragen werden. Seitdem wird weltweit an der Umsetzung und Weiterentwicklung von selbstreinigenden Materialien gearbeitet, erste Produkte sind bereits erfolgreich auf dem Markt und mit der Marke Lotus‐Effekt® gekennzeichnet.
Eine Delfinhaut für Schiffe: Umweltneutrales Antifouling
Authors: Baum Christof , Siebers Dietrich , Fleischer Lutz‐Günther , Meyer Wilfried 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSeit Beginn der Schifffahrt müssen Anstrengungen unternommen werden, um den Bewuchs an Schiffen möglichst gering zu halten. Der zunehmende weltweite Austausch von Waren über den Seeweg und unsere steigenden Ansprüche an die Nachhaltigkeit wirtschaftlichen Handelns erfordern umweltverträglichere Wege zur Bewuchsbekämpfung an Schiffen als bisher. Die ungiftige Delfinhaut gibt neue Impulse für das bionische Design von Bewuchsschutzfarben. Sie besticht vor allem durch ihre physikalischen Bewuchsschutzstrategien, die sich auf Kontaktflächenreduktion und kohäsives Strukturversagen zurückführen lassen.
Bionik und Wirtschaftlichkeit: Versuch einer Annäherung
Authors: Küppers Udo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDie Befragung von Produktentwicklern zeigt, dass für bionische Produkte durchaus ein Marktpotenzial vorhanden ist. Jedoch sind weitere Anstrengungen erforderlich, um diese innovative und zukunftsweisende Methode zur Produktentwicklung in Ausbildung und wirtschaftlicher Anwendung zu festigen. Strukturierte Entwicklungsanleitungen wie die Ähnlichkeitsmatrix können helfen, ein systematisches, bionisches Entwickeln zeiteffizient und fehlertolerant zu steuern. Vernetztes Denken in komplexen Systemen ist hierzu ein Schlüsselelement und kann durch eine so genannte “Korrespondenz des Lernens" gefördert werden.
Flusspferdhaut mit Lichtschutzfaktor
Authors: Knoll Ulrike 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn der Hitze Afrikas verfärbt sich die Haut der Flusspferde scharlachrot – doch die Kolosse leiden nicht an Sonnenbrand. Vielmehr quillt aus ihren Poren vorbeugend eine “Body‐Lotion”, die den behäbigen Körper vor UV‐Strahlung abschirmt und sogar desinfiziert.
Nicht Fisch, nicht Fleisch, und doch gesund
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBisher konnten nur Fische große mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren synthetisieren. Jetzt gelang es, diese für die menschliche Gesundheit notwendigen Fettsäuren auch in Pflanzen zu produzieren. Dadurch könnte auf lange Sicht die Abhängigkeit von der schwindenden Ressource Fisch gemindert werden.
SMP‐Cell: Funktionsanalyse am laufenden Band
Authors: Wiemann Stefan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIm Nationalen Genomforschungsnetz (NGFN) hat die systematisch‐methodologische Plattform SMP‐Cell eine “Functional Genomics Pipeline” zur systematischen Identifizierung von krankheitsrelevanten menschlichen Genen etabliert. Zum Einsatz kommen hier vorwiegend Technologien der molekularen und zellulären funktionellen Genomanalyse.
Nektar für die Verteidigung
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm 
Published: September 2004

AbstractEinige Akazienarten verteidigen sich trickreich gegen Fraßfeinde: Entweder beherbergen sie permanent ganze Ameisenkolonien oder sie locken bei Bedarf Ameisen aus der Umgebung an. Die Pflanzen beköstigen ihre Beschützer mit süßem Blattnektar und bieten ihnen eine Unterkunft. Dafür vertreiben oder töten die Ameisen die Fraßfeinde der Pflanze.
Life insurance, living benefits, and physician‐assisted death
Authors: Parker Frederick R. , Rubin Harvey W. , Winslade William J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractOne of the most significant concerns about the legalization of physician‐assisted death in the United States relates to the possibility that a chronically or terminally ill person would choose to end her or his life for financial reasons. Because we believe that the life insurance industry is uniquely poised to help minimize any such incentive, we submit that it has a moral obligation to do so. In particular, we propose that the industry encourage greater flexibility in the payout of policy benefits in the event an insured should be diagnosed with a terminal illness or suffer from intractable pain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicidality in adolescence: review and legal considerations
Authors: Judge Beth , Billick Stephen Bates 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAdolescence is a unique developmental stage in which suicidality first emerges as a public health problem. The increasing trend of teenage suicide since the 1950s has only relented in the past ten years. The risk factors for adolescent suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts and an approach to assessing the suicidal adolescent for risk of future self‐harm are reviewed. Treatment consists of ensuring safety and then treating the underlying psychiatric, psychological, and interpersonal disturbances. Issues of consent, confidentiality, and malpractice actions are addressed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructing common ground and re‐creating differences between professional and indigenous communities in the Andes
Authors: Craps Marc , Dewulf Art , Mancero Monica , Santos Enrique , Bouwen René 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMulti‐actor initiatives aiming at environmental sustainability and social equity, face complex tensions between institutionalized decision‐makers, backed up by expert knowledge, and communities with locally embedded knowledge and interests. Despite the importance given to community participation, successful experiences are limited in number, scope and duration. Experts are confronted with the paradox that they exclude local communities with the strategies and languages they use to include them.This study is based on the long‐term experiences of the authors with a multi‐actor initiative in southern Ecuador on sustainable rural drinking water management. They were involved as action‐researchers, facilitating multiparty interactions and supporting reflective practice among the participants.The article shows how multiparty processes construct identities, workforms, structures and activities that cross the boundaries between communities of expert and indigenous practice, even in the exceptionally unequal conditions of the Andes, where inequalities between these communities are deeply rooted in history. Such transitions were taken as opportunities to look for common ground between different communities‐of‐practice whilst, at the same time, contradictions could come to the fore. As inequalities tend to be confirmed through interactions, not only inside but also outside the multi‐actor initiative, they cannot be resolved definitively by a multiparty project. Under those circumstances a social constructionist approach, calling the attention to the constructed nature of mutual perceptions and relationships, was highly inspiring for the authors‐facilitators to keep the reflection and dialogue among the participants in the process going‐on. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conferencing in schools: punishment, restorative justice, and the productive importance of the process of conversation
Authors: Drewery Wendy 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDuring the decade to 1999 in New Zealand, schools experienced more than doubling of the rates of suspension and exclusion. The higher suspension rates of Maori, males and in low decile schools were of particular concern. The Ministry of Education enacted a variety of responses to this situation, including encouraging the use of restorative conferencing in schools. This article builds on learning from the Restorative Conferencing in Schools Trial and shows how the process of a conversation can be productive of more and less peaceable relationships. It is argued that school communities are uniquely placed in civic life, and that it is worthwhile considering restorative conferencing and restorative practices more generally in relation to their behaviour management and disciplinary functions. Restorative practices are advanced from a social constructionist position, which is a very different philosophy from the philosophy of punishment and judgement that dominates in many schools. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.