bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the importance of data encoding in quantum Boltzmann methods
Authors: Schalkers Merel A. , Möller Matthias 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn recent years, quantum Boltzmann methods have gained more and more interest as they might provide a viable path toward solving fluid dynamics problems on quantum computers once this emerging compute technology has matured and fault-tolerant many-qubit systems become available. The major challenge in developing a start-to-end quantum algorithm for the Boltzmann equation consists in encoding relevant data efficiently in quantum bits (qubits) and formulating the streaming, collision and reflection steps as one comprehensive unitary operation. The current literature on quantum Boltzmann methods mostly proposes data encodings and quantum primitives for individual phases of the pipeline, assuming that they can be combined to a full algorithm. In this paper, we disprove this assumption by showing that for encodings commonly discussed in the literature, either the collision or the streaming step cannot be unitary. Building on this landmark result, we propose a novel encoding in which the number of qubits used to encode the velocity depends on the number of time steps one wishes to simulate, with the upper bound depending on the total number of grid points. In light of the non-unitarity result established for existing encodings, our encoding method is to the best of our knowledge the only one currently known that can be used for a start-to-end quantum Boltzmann solver where both the collision and the streaming step are implemented as a unitary operation.
Associations between the EQ-5D-5L and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the ETHOS trial
Authors: Jackson Dan , Jenkins Martin , de Nigris Enrico , Purkayastha Debasree , Patel Mehul , Ouwens Mario 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with deteriorating health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among people with COPD during and after events. HRQoL data are key to evaluating treatment cost-effectiveness and informing reimbursement decisions in COPD. EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) utility scores, based on various HRQoL measures, are used in economic evaluations of pharmacotherapy. These analyses estimated associations between EQ-5D-5L utility scores and exacerbations (new and previous) in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD.

Methods
Longitudinal mixed models for repeated measures (MMRM), adjusted for time and treatment, were conducted using data from the ETHOS study (NCT02465567); models regressed EQ-5D-5L on current and past exacerbations that occurred during the study, adjusting for other patient reported outcomes and clinical factors.

Results
Based on the simplest covariate adjusted model (adjusted for current exacerbations and number of previous exacerbations during the study), a current moderate exacerbation was associated with an EQ-5D-5L disutility of 0.055 (95% confidence interval: 0.048, 0.062) with an additional disutility of 0.035 (0.014, 0.055) if the exacerbation was severe. After resolving, each prior exacerbation was associated with a disutility that persisted for the remainder of the study (moderate exacerbation, 0.014 [0.011, 0.016]; further disutility for severe exacerbation, 0.011 [0.003, 0.018]).

Conclusion
An EQ-5D-5L disutility of 0.090 was associated with a current severe exacerbation in ETHOS. Our findings suggest incorporating the effects of current, recently resolved, and cumulative exacerbations into economic models when estimating benefits and costs of COPD pharmacotherapy, as exacerbations have both acute and persistent effects.
Gender diversity at entrepreneurial firm IPOs: responding to changing societal norms
Authors: Kenney Martin , Patton Donald , Terjesen Siri 
Published: January 2024

AbstractRecently, the lack of diversity in startup leadership has been criticized by public figures and institutional investors as a signal of inadequate governance. And yet, little is known about the historical changes in gender diversity in entrepreneurial firms. Using a unique database of the gender composition in all entrepreneurial firm IPOs from 1990 to 2020 in the USA, we examine these changes. The IPO is a particularly interesting moment in an entrepreneurial firm’s evolution, as governance evolves from a private firm directed by venture capitalists, with their beliefs about what a good management team is, into a public firm with owners who are institutional investors with potentially different goals and beliefs. Grounded in signaling theory, our expectation is that the changes in public investors’ view of proper governance will result in changes in the gender in personnel added immediately prior to the IPO and that IPO teams will be more diverse than Early Teams when the firm was younger and controlled by its private investors. We suggest that the private investors such as venture capitalists have different mental models of what “good” members or top management and the board of directors are. We expect these models are particularly influential in the digital technologies where a “tech bros” model is dominant, and thus there is little “space” for women leaders, particularly in contrast to the university research-based biotechnology industry, which has not experienced such direct criticism. We find support for our propositions, and also document an increase in women directors and top management team members over time.
A configurative analysis investigating how new technology-based firms gain the first financing round
Authors: Passavanti Carmine , Primario Simonetta , Rippa Pierluigi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractNew technology-based firms (NTBFs) present high levels of information asymmetry since knowledge base, the intangibility of assets, and appropriability issues are particularly pronounced. Investors experiment with difficulties in evaluating the quality of NTBFs and look into insights representing the venture's promises and outlooks, and NTBFs need to face limited financing opportunities. Therefore, information asymmetries and moral hazards may influence the financing system of NTBFs. Based on the signaling theory, we propose a configurative approach built on five accessible signals (founders’ education and work experiences, property rights, alliances, and size) to identify combinations of signals conducive to the NTBF reaching a first financial round. By adopting a configurative approach through the qualitative comparative analysis, we advance our understanding of the intricate dynamics between NTBFs and investors, shedding light on the complexity and interplay of various factors influencing the financing outcomes.
Suizidprävention für LGBTQ+-Jugendliche: Notwendigkeit, Modell und Zugänge
Authors: Pfister Andreas 
Published: January 2024

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Lesbische, schwule („gay“), bisexuelle, trans und queere Jugendliche („LGBTQ+“) sind stärker gefährdet als ihre heterosexuellen und cis Altersgenoss:innen, mindestens einmal in ihrem Leben einen Suizidversuch zu begehen. Evidenzbasierte suizidpräventive Zugänge und Modelle für LGBTQ+-Jugendliche fehlen jedoch.

Methodik
Anhand deutschsprachiger und internationaler (Forschungs‑)Literatur werden die Hintergründe suizidalen Verhaltens bei LGBTQ+-Jugendlichen aufgezeigt, Lücken identifiziert und basierend darauf ein Modell intersektionaler und multisektoraler Suizidprävention entworfen.

Ergebnisse
Die wenigen Vorschläge und Konzepte zur Stärkung psychischer Gesundheit und Suizidprävention bei LGBTQ+-Jugendlichen stammen aus der Sozialen Arbeit, der Klinischen Psychologie und der Psychiatrie/Medizin. Eine konsequent multisektorale Sichtweise und die Berücksichtigung der Verschränkung weiterer Diversitätsdimensionen wie etwa „race“, sozioökonomischer Status etc. mit sexueller Orientierung und/oder Geschlechtsidentität stehen in der Suizidprävention jedoch aus. Ausgehend vom Modell von Russell und Fish (2016) wurden ein neues konzeptionelles Modell der Suizidprävention für LGBTQ+-Jugendliche entworfen und universelle, selektive und indizierte Zugänge exemplarisch dargelegt.

Schlussfolgerung
Das vorgeschlagene Modell bietet einen neuen konzeptionellen Rahmen, suizidpräventive Maßnahmen auf verschiedenen Ebenen zu verorten, zu planen und durchzuführen, dies intersektional und über verschiedene Professionen und Sektoren hinweg.
Job creation in a low carbon transition to renewables and energy efficiency: a review of international evidence
Authors: Hanna Richard , Heptonstall Philip , Gross Robert 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we present findings from a systematic review on job creation, quality, and skills, focusing on decarbonisation in the energy sector. We compare a range of gross job employment factors which indicate that overall, investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency can deliver more jobs than gas or coal power generation. In addition, we review a subset of recent studies which estimate the net employment effects of decarbonisation in the energy sector at a national scale, across various international contexts. These national studies largely agree that the most likely outcome over the next few decades is a modest net positive creation of jobs and moderate economic growth. In certain regions within these countries, jobs in fossil fuel industries may be lost faster than the pace at which low carbon energy sectors can offer new employment. There may be mismatches between regions where displaced workers live and where new opportunities become available, which may be a barrier to accepting alternative employment even if former workers have the requisite skills. In these cases national government transition plans are recommended, coordinated with local governments, to manage the impacts of displacement from carbon-intensive sectors and respond to the need to build a new low carbon workforce including through skills development and training. We highlight a lack of metrics and data in the literature on job quality, skills, and the geographic distribution of employment impacts in decarbonising energy systems, and these should be priority areas for further research.
Body composition and chemotherapy toxicities in breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Lewis Lori , Thompson Belinda , Stellmaker Rhiannon , Koelmeyer Louise 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in women with chemotherapy being a common treatment. Toxicities due to chemotherapy can result in dose reduction, delay, and early cessation of treatment, which along with causing distress for individuals during their cancer treatment might also reduce the therapeutic effect. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the role of body composition on chemotherapy toxicities in women with breast cancer.

Methods
A systematic search of the literature was completed on electronic databases Pubmed, Embase, CINHAHL, and Cochrane. Studies were included if the direct effect of body composition on chemotherapy toxicities was reported and excluded if body composition could not be isolated. A critical appraisal of the studies included was performed using McMasters University Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies.

Results
Eleven studies were included with a total of 2881 female participants. All studies reported significant relationships between body composition and chemotherapy toxicities; however, individual parameters differed between the studies. Adding to the heterogeneity, different thresholds were reported to determine both sarcopenia and myosteatosis, making it difficult to identify a common finding.

Conclusion
This review suggests that body composition may be an important factor in predicting the severity of chemotherapy toxicities during treatment for breast cancer; however, the lack of international consensus as to thresholds in the literature for sarcopenia and myosteatosis may result in bias. The review supports the need for further prospective studies, allowing for more robust, pre-determined data collection, to better understand the implications of body composition on toxicities and benefits of using body composition to individualize chemotherapy dosing.

Implications for Cancer Survivors
Toxicities due to chemotherapy can result in treatment being unable to be completed as planned, potentially resulting in poorer survival outcomes. Improved knowledge in this area may give rise to a more reliable way of individualizing chemotherapy dosage to help mitigate this risk.
Electronic regulation to achieve efficient anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW): strategies, challenges and potential solutions
Authors: Chen Yongdong , Wang Hong , Ghofrani-Isfahani Parisa , Gu Li , Liu Xiaoguang , Dai Xiaohu 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAnaerobic digestion (AD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is prone to system breakdown under high organic loading rates (OLRs) condition, which subsequently reduces the efficiency of digestion process and results in substantial economic losses. In this perspective paper, the substances metabolisms, electrons flow, as well as microbial interaction mechanisms within AD process are comprehensively discussed, and the underlying bottleneck that causes inefficient methane production is identified, which is “electrons surplus”. Systems encountering severe electron surplus are at risk of process failure, making it crucial to proactively prevent this phenomenon through appropriate approaches. On this basis, the present perspective proposes three potential electronic regulation strategies to prevent electrons surplus, namely, electron shunt, accelerating electron transfer and regulating methanogenic metabolism pathway, and presents specific methodologies for each strategy. Furthermore, the potential solutions to challenges that may occur during the electronic regulation process are also presented in this paper. This perspective aims to provide innovative approaches to achieve the efficient and stable operation of OFMSW anaerobic digestion, especially under high OLRs condition.
The COVID generation: Online dyslexia treatment equally effective as face-to-face treatment in a Dutch sample
Authors: Verwimp Cara , Vaessen Anniek , Snellings Patrick , Wiers Reinout W. , Tijms Jurgen 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDue to pandemic-induced lockdown(s) in 2020, dyslexia treatment was forced to move to online platforms. This study examined whether Dutch children who received online treatment progressed as much in their reading and spelling performance as children who received the usual face-to-face treatment. To this end, 254 children who received treatment-as-usual were compared to 162 children who received online treatment with Bayesian methods. The advantage of a Bayesian approach is that it can provide evidence for and against the null hypothesis whereas frequentist approaches only provide evidence against it. We found that children in the online treatment condition received slightly fewer treatment sessions but progressed equally after controlling for the number of sessions compared to the treatment-as-usual condition. These results have clinical and practical implications as they show that reading treatment can be successfully delivered online.
A Multilevel Spatial Model to Investigate Voting Behaviour in the 2019 UK General Election
Authors: Horan Kevin , Brunsdon Chris , Domijan Katarina 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a modelling framework which can detect the simultaneous presence of two different types of spatial process. The first is the variation from a global mean resulting from a geographical unit’s ‘vertical’ position within a nested hierarchical structure such as the county and region where it is situated. The second is the variation at the smaller scale of individual units due to the ‘horizontal’ influence of nearby locations. The former is captured using a multi-level modelling structure while the latter is accounted for by an autoregressive component at the lowest level of the hierarchy. Such a model not only estimates spatially-varying parameters according to geographical scale, but also the relative contribution of each process to the overall spatial variation. As a demonstration, the study considers the association of a selection of socio-economic attributes with voting behaviour in the 2019 UK general election. It finds evidence of the presence of both types of spatial effects, and describes how they suggest different associations between census profile and voting behaviour in different parts of England and Wales.
Clinical significance and prospective mechanism of increased CDKN2A expression in small cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Dong-Ming , Li Guo-Sheng , Li Jian-Di , Chen Feng , Huang Hong , Huang Wan-Ying , Huang Zhi-Guang , Dang Yi-Wu , Tang Yu-Lu , Tang Zhong-Qing , Tang Wen-Jia , Chen Gang , Lu Hui-Ping 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Although it has been shown that cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) plays a significant role in a number of malignancies, its clinicopathological value and function in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is unclear and warrants additional research.

Methods
The clinical significance of CDKN2A expression in SCLC was examined by multiple methods, including comprehensive integration of mRNA level by high throughput data, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for prognostic value, and validation of its protein expression using in-house immunohistochemistry.

Results
The expression of CDKN2A mRNA in 357 cases of SCLC was evidently higher than that in the control group (n = 525) combing the data from 20 research centers worldwide. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was 3.07, and the area under the curve (AUC) of summary receiver operating characteristic curve (sROC) was 0.97 for the overexpression of CDKN2A. ACC, COAD, KICH, KIRC, PCPG, PRAD, UCEC, UVM patients with higher CDKN2A expression had considerably worse overall survival rates than those with lower CDKN2A expression with the hazard ratio (HR) > 1.

Conclusion
CDKN2A upregulation extensively enhances the carcinogenesis and progression of SCLC.
Universalist children’s services. From two-part to inclusive social infrastructure
Authors: Thalheim Vinzenz 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe scientific network “Universalist Children’s Services: From Two-Part to Inclusive Social Infrastructure,” funded by the German Research Foundation, comprises 20 researchers. Its purpose is to contribute to the development of a more inclusive design of the public children’s services system. To achieve this objective, the network integrates legal and educational perspectives in its analysis of the current structure of the children’s services system. The network’s starting point is the concept of universalist children’s services, and its aim is to engage in experimental discussions on the potential transformation of the current (exclusive) two-part structure into a predominantly universalist service framework. The ultimate goal is to initiate a foundational and interdisciplinary discourse to identify future research needs in this field.
Sequential licensing with several competing technologies
Authors: Fauli-Oller Ramon , González-Maestre Miguel 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe assume a multistage oligopoly wherein a given number of innovators compete by selling their substitutive technologies. Each innovator sequentially and independently chooses how many licenses to sell, and subsequently, all licensees compete à la Cournot in the product market. We show that, in equilibrium, the total number of licensees grows exponentially with the number of innovators. In addition, this sequential outcome is also obtained as a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in pure strategies of a game with endogenous timing. Interestingly, by extending the duopoly model of Badia et al. (Math Soc Sci 108:8–13, 2020) to the case of more than two innovators and exploring pure strategy equilibria instead of mixed strategy equilibria, we derive drastically different policy implications, in terms of patent regulations. Our results suggest that more competition in the upstream market (e.g., by relaxing patent protection against the appearance of similar technologies) tends to increase downstream competition and welfare instead of discouraging or delaying technology adoption. In addition, our analysis is extended to explore the strategic role of public investment in basic R &D.
Comparing fetal phantoms with surrogate organs in female phantoms during CT exposure of pregnant patients
Authors: Badawy Mohamed Khaldoun , Kashish Kashish , Payne Shay , Masterson Maeve 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWith the rising use of Computed Tomography (CT) in diagnostic radiology, there are concerns regarding radiation exposure to sensitive groups, including pregnant patients. Accurately determining the radiation dose to the fetus during CT scans is essential to balance diagnostic efficacy with patient safety. This study assessed the accuracy of using the female uterus as a surrogate for fetal radiation dose during CT imaging. The study used common CT protocols to encompass various scenarios, including primary beam, scatter, and partial exposure. The computational program NCICT was used to calculate radiation doses for an adult female and a fetus phantom. The study highlighted that using the uterus for dose estimation can result in consistent underestimations of the effective dose, particularly when the fetus lies within the primary radiation beam. These discrepancies may influence clinical decisions, affecting care strategies and perceptions of associated risks. In conclusion, while the female uterus can indicate fetal radiation dose if the fetus is outside the primary beam, it is unreliable when the fetus is within the primary beam. More reliable abdomen/pelvic organs were recommended.
Impact of Quenching and Aluminium on Si-Segregation and B2 Superstructure Formation in Solid Solution Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron
Authors: David Joseph Betto , Alkhozaae H. , Pustal B. , Bührig-Polaczek A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSolid solution strengthened ferritic ductile iron proves to have a better ratio of tensile strength to elongation than conventional ductile iron grades. This applies up to a maximum silicon content of 4.3 wt%, beyond which it leads to an abrupt decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elongation at fracture. During solidification of high silicon ductile iron, negative segregation of silicon occurs, and the highest silicon concentration is observed near the graphite nodules. This high silicon concentration leads to long-range ordering of iron and silicon, and this ordering results in formation of superstructures like BCC_B2 and D03. The presence of super structures restricts the mobility of dislocations and leads to abrupt fracture of the material. This research focuses on the investigation of silicon homogenization by the addition of aluminium and heat treatments to avoid the formation of brittle iron–silicon superstructure. Thermodynamic–kinetic simulations as well as experimental investigations, including variation in alloy composition and quenching, are performed. The results provide a promising understanding to control the micro-segregation of silicon in ductile cast iron based on heat treatments and alloy composition.