bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic change and the demand for environmental regulation
Authors: Kahn Matthew E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnvironmental regulation in the United States has increased pollution abatement expenditure as a percentage
of gross national product from 1.7 percent in 1972 to an estimated 2.6 percent in the year 2000. This rise in
regulation has coincided with demographic and economic changes that include rising educational levels, a growing
minority population, an aging population, and decreasing employment in polluting industries. This paper examines
whether these trends have contributed to increasing aggregate demand for environmental regulation. New evidence
on voting on environmental ballots in California, local government environmental expenditures across the United
States, and 25 years of congressional voting on environmental issues is examined to document the demographic
correlates of environmental support. Minorities and the more educated are more pro‐green, whereas
manufacturing workers oppose environmental regulation. While demographics help explain observed differences in
environmental support and thus can help predict long trends in the “average voter's”
environmentalism, environmentalism varies substantially year to year unrelated to population demographics.
© 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Synthesis, functionalization and crosslinking reactions of poly[(silylene)‐1,4‐phenylenes] and poly[(silylene)‐2,5‐thienylenes] using silyl triflate intermediates
Authors: Uhlig Wolfram 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTreatment of silylbis(triflates), RMeSi(OTf)2 (R = p‐anisyl, allyl, NMe2) with 1,4‐bis(bromomagnesium)­benzene and 2,5‐dilithiothiophene, respectively, give poly[(silylene)‐1,4‐phenylenes] and poly[(silylene)‐2,5‐thienylenes] in high yields. The RSi bonds could be cleaved selectively by triflic acid leading to triflate substituted derivatives. Conversions of these compounds with nucleophiles gave novel functionalized polymers. Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions between silicon‐vinyl and silicon‐hydrogen derivatives result in polymer networks which may serve as interesting preceramic materials. The structures of the polymers were proven by NMR spectroscopy (29Si, 13C, 1H). Results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet (UV) and conductivity measurements are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of polyorganosiloxane (POS) containing nano‐scale tubular structure and its supramolecular clathrate
Authors: Liu Chunqing , Xie Ping , Dai Daorong , Zhang Rongben , Zhu Chuanfeng , Wang Chen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new polyorganosiloxane (POS) was synthesized successfully according to two plus two (2 + 2) mode by hydrosilylation reaction of reactive cis‐isotactic ladder‐like polyallylsilsesquioxane (Allyl‐T) with coupling agent 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane (H‐MM) using dicyclopentadienyl‐dichloroplatinium (Cp2PtCl2) as catalyst. Moreover, a novel supramolecular POS clathrate (POS/C) was formed by in situ encapsulating rod‐like liquid crystal molecule within the pore of POS. The Allyl‐T was prepared by stepwise coupling polymerization. A variety of characterization methods including solubility test, FT‐IR, 1H − NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and molecular simulation not only indicates nano‐scale tubular structures exist in the POS though some defective structures still exist, but also proves that novel soluble supramolecular clathrate has been formed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating HER2 amplification and overexpression in breast cancer
Authors: Bartlett John M. S. , Going James J. , Mallon Elizabeth A. , Watters Amanda D. , Reeves Jonathan R. , Stanton Peter , Richmond Jim , Donald Brian , Ferrier Rhona , Cooke Timothy G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development of Herceptin (Trazumatab) makes testing for HER2 status important for choosing optimal therapy in breast cancer. This study addresses the precision, accuracy, and reproducibility of HER2 assays. HER2 was assessed retrospectively by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Dako ‘Herceptest’, by IHC with the monoclonal antibody CB11, and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH, PathVysion), in a series of 216 formalin‐fixed breast carcinomas including 191 for which quantitative HER2 data from radioimmunohistochemistry (Q‐IHC) were available. All tests were scored independently by two observers. Positivity rates varied between Herceptest (12.6%), FISH (19.4%), and CB11 IHC (28.5%). Kappa values showed that IHC‐based tests were more susceptible to inter‐observer variation (κ=0.67 and 0.74 for Herceptest and CB11, respectively) than FISH (κ=0.973). Overall test accuracy (see the Materials and methods section) for CB11 IHC (83.8%) was lower than Herceptest (87.4%) or FISH (93.2%). FISH predicted p185 HER2 overexpression (determined by Q‐IHC) better (concordance index C.Ind. 0.90) than CB11 IHC (C.Ind.=0.85) or Herceptest (C.Ind.=0.81). Of 42 cases with gene amplification by FISH, 67% were positive in the Herceptest (2+ or 3+) vs. 83% with CB11. Of 174 cases negative by FISH, 96% were negative in the Herceptest and 68% with CB11. In conclusion, FISH is the most accurate, reproducible, and precise predictor of HER2 overexpression in routine diagnostic laboratories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oesophageal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma: a unique clinicopathological entity with telomerase activity as a prognostic indicator
Authors: Lam King Y. , Law Simon , Luk John M. , Wong John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOesophageal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is uncommon and has been reported to have a worse prognosis than squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), but this tumour has not been fully characterized. The aim of the present study was to analyse the clinicopathological features of a large cohort of patients with oesophageal BSCC treated at a single institution. The pathology of 756 primary oesophageal cancers treated between January 1989 and December 1998 was reviewed. Tumours that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of BSCC were identified and were compared with SCC. Their expression of MIB‐1, DNA ploidy, and telomerase activity were also studied. Thirty Chinese patients (25 men and five women) with BSCC were found, comprising 4% of patients with oesophageal cancer treated by surgical resection in the study period. Their median age was 67 years (range 40–78 years). Dysphagia was usually the main presenting symptom. Other concomitant malignant tumours were seen in three patients and paraneoplastic glomerulopathy in one. Five tumours were located in the upper third, 19 in the middle third, and six in the lower third. The median length was 5.8 cm (range 2–12 cm). The median MIB‐1 score of BSCC was 750 (range 400–858) and was higher than that of SCC (p=0.003). The primary tumour and metastatic BSCC were aneuploid, as detected by flow cytometric analysis in nine patients. Telomerase activity was positive in 95% (19 out of 20) of the cases analysed. The 5‐year survival of patients with BSCC was 12%. Distant metastases were seen in 53% (n=16); lung and liver were the most common sites. The median survival of patients with tumours which had a high level of telomerase activity was significantly shorter than those with low levels of telomerase activity (1 vs. 27 months) (p=0.001). The median survival of patients with BSCC and SCC was 26 and 16 months, respectively (p=0.3). In conclusion, BSCC has distinctive clinicopathological features and its long‐term prognosis is no worse than SCC. The level of telomerase activity may have a prognostic role. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel colorimetric assay and activity staining for cytokinin oxidase based on the copper amine oxidase property of the enzyme
Authors: Kulkarni Mahesh J. , Theerthaprasad D. , Sudharshana L. , Prasad T. G. , Sashidhar V. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid and sensitive colorimetric assay for cytokinin oxidase (CKO) was developed based on the copper amine oxidase property of the enzyme from cucumber cotyledons. The assay involved oxidation of isopentenyl adenine by CKO in the presence of phenazine methosulphate as an electron acceptor, resulting in reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium to formazon. The formation of formazon was linear with time for at least 20 min and could be followed spectrophotometrically at A490. CKO could also be specifically stained on polyacrylamide gels using the same principle. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal RHD gene determination and dosage analysis by PCR: clinical evaluation
Authors: Chan F.‐Y. , Cowley N. M. , Wolter L. , Stone M. , Carmody F. , Saul A. , Hyland C. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground— Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the RHD gene can measure the RHD gene status for unborn babies at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The occurrence of D gene variants has led to errors in prenatal typing. Previous reports have highlighted the danger of assigning a positive fetus as negative, resulting in intrauterine fetal deaths.Objective— To evaluate the effectiveness of a testing strategy whereby PCR was not only performed to determine the presence/absence of the RHD gene, but also used to assess the D gene copy number (zero, one or two RHD genes) in family studies for at risk pregnancies.Methods— Samples comprising maternal (57) and paternal (42) peripheral blood samples, amniotic fluid (64), and matching cord blood (64) were collected. Rhesus (Rh) serotyping was performed on all blood samples. For RHD genotyping, DNA was extracted from all samples except for 28 cord samples, where only serotyping was performed (total 199 DNA genotyping). RHD gene PCR amplified exon 4 and exon 7 regions of the RHD gene. The dosage of RHD gene was determined by comparing the intensity of the RHD gene to that of the RHCE gene.Results— A total of 197/199 samples showed concordance between exon 4 and exon 7 PCR results. Two discrepant results occurred in one family: the father carried one normal D gene and one D gene variant where PCR was tested to be positive using exon 4 but negative using exon 7. One of a pair of dizygotic twins inherited this abnormal D gene and was mildly affected by HDN. This was correctly identified antenatally and the pregnancy successfully managed. The concordance rate between serotypes and genotypes for 135 blood samples was 100%. Amongst the family groups, 8/14 heterozygous fathers transmitted the D gene and 26/26 homozygous fathers transmitted the D gene to the babies. The concordance rate between RHD genotypes from amniotic fluid and Rh D serotypes from cord blood was also 100%.Conclusion— The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of using PCR in a clinical setting. It verifies the importance of testing more than one region of the gene, and also the need for a testing strategy where both maternal and paternal testing for RHD gene dosages are performed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of diet and fenofibrate on lipid and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sinha Ravi , Ismail Aziz , Herbert Sarah , Hoyte Ruth , Gill Geoff 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of dietetic advice on hyperlipidaemia in type 2 diabetic patients is uncertain. We have investigated this modality of treatment in 50 type 2 diabetic patients (24 female), mean (±SD) age 54±4 years and diabetes duration 5±4 years. All had a random plasma total cholesterol concentration of >6.5 mmol/L (mean 7.5±0.7 mmol/L). Three months after dietetic intervention, cholesterol fell to 7.1±1.1 (p=0.049), but triglycerides, LDL‐cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol were unchanged, as were HbA1c and body mass index (BMI). Thirteen (26%) patients reduced total cholesterol levels to <6.5 mmol/L on dietary treatment (‘diet responders’). In this group there were significant improvements in total cholesterol (6.9±0.3 versus 5.9±0.6, p=0.03) and LDL‐cholesterol (4.8±0.5 versus 4.1±0.5, p=0.003). This group had lower baseline total cholesterol levels than ‘diet non‐responders’. Multiple regression analysis revealed no association between diet response and baseline levels of HbA1c, BMI, age, sex, diabetes duration or compliance with dietetic advice. After two years of follow‐up only four of these 13 ‘diet responders’ had cholesterol levels<6.5 mmol/L without drug treatment. ‘Diet non‐responders’ at 3 months were treated with fenofibrate, which resulted in significant improvements in total cholesterol (7.6±0.9 before versus 6.8±1.1 after, p=0.012), LDL‐cholesterol (5.2±0.8 before versus 4.6±0.8 after, p=0.019) and triglycerides (3.7±2.7 before versus 2.7±1.4 after, p=0.008). HDL cholesterol rose (1.0±0.3 before versus 1.1±0.3 after, p=0.048), and HbA1c also fell from 7.5±1.9 to 6.9±1.8 (p=0.024) on fenofibrate treatment. We conclude that dietary treatment of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes is effective only in a minority of patients, who are characterised by milder degrees of hypercholesterolaemia. Fenofibrate however was effective in improving dyslipidaemia, and was also associated with a reduction in HbA1c. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of 8‐aminoquinoline nickel dichloride and Cp2ZrCl2 catalysts for ethylene polymerization
Authors: Li Zilong , Zhu Ning , Sun Wen‐Hua , Shao Changxing , Ke Yucai , Hu Youliang , He Jiasong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyethylene has been modified and synthesized in situ by a combination of Cp2ZrCl2 and 8‐aminoquinoline nickel dichloride catalysts with methylaluminoxane co‐catalyst. The results indicate that the crystallinity and Tm of polyethylene both decrease with increasing Ni/Zr mol ratio when the Ni catalyst is added first. Oligomers formed by 8‐aminoquinoline nickel dichloride within a certain Ni/Zr mol ratio could be completely converted into polymer. Three methods used to introduce catalysts to the reaction system resulted in different products. Polyethylene with the lowest melting point, crystallinity and the highest degree of branching resulted when the Zr catalyst was added after that of the Ni compound.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and nonlinear properties of poly[1,4‐bis(4‐alkylpyridinium)butadiyne triflate]
Authors: Iwase Yoichiro , Kondo Koichi , Kamada Kenji , Ohta Koji 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1,4‐Bis(4‐alkylpyridinium)butadiyne triflate (2a and 2b) that was prepared by the reaction of 1,4‐bis(4‐pyridyl)butadiyne (1) with alkyl trifluoro‐methanesulfonate, was found to grow into a large crystal as a result of the quaternized structure. The thermal treatment of 2a and 2b gave rise to 1,4‐addition polymerization to yield the polydiacetylene. The third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibility [χ(3)] of the polymer was determined by the femto‐second Z‐scan method to exhibit the remarkable high value of 1.1 × 10−11 esu at 650 nm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3686–3691, 2001
Synthesis and polymerization of new styryl and methacryloyl monomers containing acidic saccharide moieties
Authors: Shimura Yoshiaki , Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Yamanaka Chiaki , Setojima Daisuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew styryl‐type water‐insoluble and methacryloyl‐type water‐soluble monomers, N‐(p‐vinylbenzyl)‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐6‐D‐glucofuranuronamide and N‐(2‐methacryloylamino)ethyl‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐6‐D‐glucofuranuronamide, were synthesized from the most common acidic saccharide, D‐glucuronic acid. Their radical homopolymerizations and copolymerizations with styrene and acrylamide were tried under various conditions. The isopropylidene groups in the resulting polymers were removed in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and water (2/1 v/v) to give the corresponding polymers with many pendant D‐glucopyranuronyl groups with reactive reducing groups. The pendant reducing ends may be useful as potential binding sites under a hydrophilic atmosphere. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3893–3901, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of end‐functionalized carbosiloxane dendrimers
Authors: Kim Chungkyun , Kim Hyojeong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDendritic carbosilanes containing 48 and 96 functional groups on the periphery were prepared. The reaction of the fourth and fifth parent dendritic generations (G4‐48Cl and G5‐96Cl) with alcohol [9‐anthracene methanol, 8‐hydroxyquinoline, 4‐hydroxyazobenzene, 2‐hydroxymethylanthraquinone, and 5‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐methylthiazole] in the presence of 1,1,2,2‐tetramethylethyenediamine produced end‐functionalized dendrimers with very high yields. The polydispersity indices of the prepared dendrimers revealed unchanged narrow values between the fourth and fifth generations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 326–333, 2002
Synthesis of novel poly(meth)acrylates containing tetracyanocyclopropyl groups as piezoelectric chromophores and their properties
Authors: Lee Ju‐Yeon , Kang Tae‐Sun , Park Eun‐Ju 
Published: August 2002

Abstractp‐(2,2,3,3‐Tetracyanocyclopropyl)phenoxyethyl acrylate (5a) and p‐(2,2,3‐tetracyanocyclopropyl)phenoxyethyl methacrylate (5b) were prepared by the reactions of bromomalononitrile with p‐(2‐acryloyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile and p‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile, respectively. Monomers 5a and 5b were polymerized with free‐radical initiators to obtain polymers with multicyanocyclopropane functionalities in the pendant group. The resulting polymers were soluble in acetone, and the inherent viscosities were 0.25–0.30 dL/g. Solution‐cast films showed thermal stability up to 300 °C with glass‐transition temperatures of 140–156 °C. The dipole moments of 5a and 5b, calculated by the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital method, were 7.58–7.30 D. Piezoelectric coefficients (d31) of the poled polymer films were 1.8–1.9 pC/N, acceptable values for piezoelectric device applications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 379–384, 2002
Synthesis and properties of soluble and light‐colored poly(amide‐imide‐imide)s on the basis of tetraimide‐dicarboxylic acid condensed from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane, and m‐aminobenzoic acid, and various aromatic diamines
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Chen Ruei‐Shin , Wei Chi‐Shu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new type of tetraimide‐dicarboxylic acid (I) was synthesized starting from the ring‐opening addition of m‐aminobenzoic acid, 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, and 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane at a 2:2:1 molar ratio in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), followed by cyclodehydration to the diacid I. A series of soluble and light‐colored poly(amide‐imide‐imide)s (IIIa–j) was prepared by triphenyl phosphite‐activated polycondensation from I with various aromatic diamines (IIa–j). All films cast from N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) had cutoff wavelengths shorter than 390 nm (374–390 nm) and b* values between 25.26 and 43.61; these polymers were much lighter in color than the alternating trimellitimide series. All of the polymers were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents such as NMP, DMAc, N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and even in less polar m‐cresol and pyridine. Polymers IIIa–j afforded tough, transparent, and flexible films that had tensile strengths ranging from 96 to 118 MPa, elongations at break from 9 to 11%, and initial moduli from 2.0 to 2.5 GPa. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were recorded at 240–268 °C. They had 10% weight loss at a temperature above 540 °C and left more than 55% residue even at 800 °C in nitrogen. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 707–718, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10153
Polymerization of phenylacetylene by iridium catalysts
Authors: Kanki Keiji , Misumi Yoshihiko , Masuda Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolymerization of phenylacetylene (PA) with [(cod)IrCl]2‐based catalysts (cod: 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) was examined. The [(cod)IrCl]2/n‐BuLi and [(cod)IrCl]2/Ph2CC(Ph)Li systems induced the polymerization of PA to produce polymers with a number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of around several thousand in rather low yields. On the other hand, the catalyst composed of [(cod)IrCl]2, norbornadiene (nbd), Ph3P, and Ph2CC(Ph)Li (molar ratio of 1:1:1.1:2) produced polymer in a high yield (ca. 80%) in toluene at 0 °C. The resulting polymer showed a bimodal gel permeation chromatographic profile (Mn = 209,000 and 4300; ratio: 81/19). On the basis of these findings, the presence of two active species, that is, Ir complexes with nbd and cod, are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1075–1080, 2002
Radical copolymerization behavior of a highly fluorinated cyclic olefin with vinyl ether
Authors: Nishida Shozo , Nishida Haruo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe copolymerization of a highly fluorinated cyclic monomer, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCPE, M1), with ethyl vinyl ether (EVE, M2) was investigated with a radical initiator in bulk. Despite the poor homopolymerizability of each monomer, the copolymerization proceeded successfully, and the molecular weights of the copolymers reached up to more than 10,000. Incorporation of the OFCPE units into the copolymer led to an increase in the glass‐transition point. The copolymer composition was determined from 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis data. The molar fraction of the OFCPE unit in the copolymer increased and approached but did not exceed 0.5. The monomer reactivity ratios were estimated by the Yamada–Itahashi–Otsu nonlinear least‐squares procedure as r1,OFCPE = −0.008 ± 0.010 and r2,EVE = 0.192 ± 0.015. The reactivity ratios clearly suggest that the copolymerization proceeds alternatively in the case of an excessive feed of OFCPE. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1151–1156, 2002
Preparation of water‐soluble, syndiotacticity‐rich, low molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) microfibrils in high yields with the low‐temperature polymerization of vinyl pivalate in tetrahydrofuran and saponification
Authors: Yeum Jeong Hyun , Ji Byung Chul , Lee Chul Joo , Lee Ji Youl , Lee Sang‐Seob , Kim Sam Soo , Kim Joon Ho , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo prepare water‐soluble, syndiotacticity‐rich poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microfibrils for various industrial applications, we synthesized syndiotacticity‐rich, low molecular weight PVA by the solution polymerization of vinyl pivalate (VPi) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at low temperatures with 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN) as an initiator and successive saponification of poly(vinyl pivalate) (PVPi). Effects of the initiator and monomer concentrations and the polymerization temperature were investigated in terms of the polymerization behaviors and molecular structures of PVPi and the corresponding syndiotacticity‐rich PVA. The polymerization rate of VPi in THF was proportional to the 0.91 power of the ADMVN concentration, indicating the heterogeneous nature of THF polymerization. The low‐temperature solution polymerization of VPi in THF with ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining water‐soluble PVA with a number‐average degree of polymerization (Pn) of 300–900, a syndiotactic dyad content of 60–63%, and an ultimate conversion of VPi into PVPi of over 75%. Despite the low molecular weight of PVA with Pn = 800, water‐soluble PVA microfibrillar fibers were prepared because of the high level of syndiotacticity. In contrast, for PVA with Pn = 330, shapeless and globular morphologies were observed, indicating that molecular weight has an important role in the in situ fibrillation of syndiotacticity‐rich PVA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1103–1111, 2002