bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Water Resource and Management in
A
sia:
H
o
C
hi
M
inh
C
ity
Authors: Duc Hiep N. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

The Ho Chi Minh City Service of Communication and Public Works (SCPW) admitted in September 1998 that the city's decades‐old water supply system cannot meet the growing demand. According to the SCPW, the water consumption is estimated at 800,000 m
3
per day, but the combined daily capacity of its two water plants at Thu Duc and Hoc Mon and underground wells stops short at 750,000 m
3
. But just only 500,000 m
3
is available to users each day after water loss in delivery is taken into account (the proportion of water loss is as high as 32% in some areas). However, in 2000, the daily demand jumped to 1,250,000 m
3
/day but the Water Supply Company can provide only 850,000 m
3
/day.
Water Demand Forecasting
Authors: Renzetti Steven J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
There are several issues surrounding the general practice of water demand forecasting. Boland (1) points out that any forecast has two essential components: explanation and prediction: “Explanation of water use usually takes the form of a model that relates the past observed level of water use to various variables. Replacing past values of the explanatory variables with those expected in the future produces a prediction of future water use” (pp. 162–163). Historically, the first of these two tasks—explaining water use—has been done by using ‘fixed‐coefficient’ models. In this approach, it is assumed that water use is related to a single explanatory factor such as population and, further, that the relationship between water use and population is a fixed, proportional one. Dziegielewski (2), for example, provides a brief review of the history of urban water demand forecasting and demonstrates that, in the ‘traditional’ method of forecasting, total future demand is predicted as the product of expected population growth and a fixed per capita water use coefficient. This method was subsequently refined by disaggregating total water use by user classes, area, and time period. The fundamental forecasting method remained the same, however; ‘unit water use coefficients’ is multiplied by the projected growth in a particular user group in a specific location. The fundamental shortcoming of the fixed coefficient approach is that it fails to anticipate changes in the relationship between water use and the dominant explanatory variable that may arise from changes in other, neglected variables. For example, forecasts of residential water use that are based on the number of households in an area may overstate future water demands if they neglect the impacts of rising water prices. More recently, more complex models have sought to estimate statistically the relationship between water use and a set of explanatory variables, including water prices.
Water Resources of India
Authors: Jain Sharad K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
With a geographic area of 3.29 million square km, India is an important country of Asia. India is bounded by snow capped Himalayas mountain chain in the North and has Indian Ocean in the south. The country has large variations in climate: at some places summer temperature can go up to 47°C while the temperature can go below −40° C at some places in Himalayas. Most of the precipitation is received through southwest and northeast monsoons. About 80–90% of precipitation is received through southwest monsoon during the months of June to September. Such a skewed temporal distribution of water availability makes it necessary to adopt water conservation measures on a large scale. The population and industrial activities in India are growing rapidly and due to this, sustainable water resources management is a challenging task in India.
Water Resource Sustainability: Concepts and Practices
Authors: Downs Timothy J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

The most famous definition of sustainable development is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (1). This unifying concept was the theme of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro that produced the so‐called Blueprint for Sustainable Development,
Agenda 21
(2). At the core of the sustainability paradigm is the desire to reframe the perceived competition between development and environment (economy vs. ecology) into new forms of development ethics, thought, practice, and policy, reconciling enhancement of the quality of (human) life and social well‐being with the conservation of ecological integrity. Underpinning this lofty goal was the ethical pursuit of a more equitable society both today (intragenerational equity)
and
in the future (intergenerational equity). The term
sustainable development
is somewhat of an oxymoron because it implies stability, yet change, and begs the coupled questions: What to sustain, for how long, and for whom? This has led to confusion and a plethora of debate over the conceptual validity of the model. A useful working definition of a sustainable project, program, practice, or policy is one that yields a steady stream of benefits (or positive impacts) that exceed costs (negative impacts) over intergenerational timescales (25 years and beyond), while conserving ecological integrity.

Too much talk of “achieving” sustainable development has led to some disenchantment with the concept when it is not delivered, or even approximated. The real power of the sustainable development idea lies in its ability to change the way we think about intra‐ and intergenerational equity and our responsibility as custodians of biodiversity (3). It is much more helpful to view sustainability as a
relative
, dynamic state of development practice, one that can be degraded or improved substantially, but never reached absolutely.
Water Use Conservation and Efficiency
Authors: Buenfil‐Rodriguez Mario O. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Water has many uses and users, ranging from fluvial navigation to employing water as a component in a chemical experiment. On a global level, the four most water demanding human activities are energy—hydroelectricity—generation, irrigation for agriculture, urban supply, and nonurban industrial production. Each of them requires huge quantities of water and in its usage at least some water characteristic is affected, which limits the options of the remaining users to profit from that same water. This causes a competition in which each user would like to have exclusive rights to manage and exploit the resource. Hydroelectricity affects the potential energy of water (topographic elevation), and the other three basically affect water quality. There is a fifth user, frequently neglected by humans, which has the most ancient right to benefit from water, nature. The natural world needs water in lakes, forest, woods, floods, and climate regulation and has been greatly affected by the human desire to conquer and transform and to grow and expand.
Water Use in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Lasserre Frédéric 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Total water withdrawals in the United States are estimated at 402 billion gallons per day (Bgal/day) in 1995. This is 1.5% less than withdrawals for 1990 and confirms an overall stabilization of withdrawals throughout the country since 1975. That was the first time that withdrawals growth stopped outpacing population increases, implying an intensification of the use of water withdrawn. All major users, thermoelectric, irrigation, and industrial uses, saw their withdrawals stabilize; rural (domestic and livestock) and urban use, on the contrary, witnessed an ongoing trend of withdrawal increase.
Effluent Water Regulations in Arid Lands
Authors: Meyerhoff Richard , Gensemer Robert , Markwiese James T. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This article addresses the regulation of water resources in arid environments and focuses on the special considerations of effluent‐driven ecosystems. Effluent serves as an increasingly important aquatic resource in the arid West, and the application of existing regulations for natural systems to effluent‐based bodies of water is receiving greater scrutiny. Issues affecting regulation of effluent include defining appropriate attainable beneficial uses for these created ecosystems, net ecological benefits of effluent discharge, and impacts from the modification of extant flow regimes resulting from effluent addition. The practical application of regulations in effluent‐driven ecosystems depends on recognizing these key issues.
Landfill Leachates,PartI: Origin and Characterization
Authors: Zouboulis A.I. , Samaras P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSanitary landfilling is the most widely used method for disposing of urban solid wastes around the world. The extensive use and the public awareness of this disposal method have raised concerns, over the negative environmental impacts and the pollution potential that this practice creates, as well as by the by‐products of landfills (e.g., leachates, biogas, odors, etc.). Among them, leachates are considered the most important environmental burden. Depending on the composition and extent of decomposition of the disposal of refuse, as well as on the hydrological parameters existing in the landfill site, leachates may become highly contaminated wastewaters.Landfill leachate, as defined in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40, Part 258.2, is the liquid that has passed through, or emerged from the disposal of solid wastes and contains soluble, suspended, or miscible materials from these wastes. Over time, the seepage of water through the landfill mainly from precipitation increases the mobility of pollutants and the potential for transferring them into the surrounding environment. As water passes through the layers of disposal of solid wastes, it may “leach” pollutants from them, moving them deeper into the soil.
Metal Speciation and Mobility as Influenced by Landfill Disposal Practices
Authors: Ashworth Samuel C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe precipitation that enters landfill wastes interacts with waste components and leaches metals and other substances. There are very complex interactions between the leachate and waste components that depend on pH, the metal and other component speciation, the presence of ligands, overall waste composition, redox potential, and others. Most of the leachate is collected in the leachate collection and treatment system. However, some of the leachate penetrates the bottom liner system from mechanisms similar to infiltration, and enters the soil column, and subsequently enters the groundwater.Metal speciation and mobility are influenced by physical, chemical, and biological processes, and complex interactions between these processes may result in transporting specific contaminants at different rates. Attenuation of mobile metals depends on the amount of time that the contaminant is in contact with the material, the physical and chemical characteristics of the material, and the characteristics of the leachate.
Microbial Foaming and Bulking in Activated Sludge Plants
Authors: Stainsby Fiona M. , Philp James C. , Dunbar Sandra , Ivshina Irena B. , Kuyukina Maria S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMicrobial foaming and bulking are among the most frequent and widespread problems in activated sludge (AS) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Bulking has plagued AS plants almost since their inception nearly a century ago, whereas microbial foaming was not documented until around 30 years ago. Both problems are associated with the excessive growth of various filamentous bacteria, although the mechanisms by which they form are not fully understood. Initial attempts to identify these bacteria shifted attention from engineering aspects to the microbiological activities fundamental to the activated sludge process. Subsequently, filament identification keys and abundance scales became routine tools for monitoring filamentous populations in activated sludge. More recently, molecular biological techniques have enabled more detailed and precise study of the diversity and ecology of bacterial communities associated with foaming and bulking.
Municipal Storm Water Management
Authors: Prochaska C. A. , Zouboulis A. I. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Enlargement of urbanization and industrial activities around the countryside have significantly altered the natural landscape of watersheds.
This, in turn, has adversely affected both the quantity and the quality of storm water runoff and has contributed to the chemical, physical, and biological impairment of receiving waters. Several studies have shown that heavy metals, synthetic organics, pesticides, fuels, waste oils, and pathogens commonly contaminate storm water that originates from urban and industrial areas. To help improve the quality of storm water discharges, the U.S. Congress amended the Clean Water Act in 1987, which directs the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (hereafter termed NPDES). Under NPDES regulations, the municipalities must develop storm water management plans that include specific controls to reduce the discharge of pollutants to the maximum extent practicable.
The municipal storm water management programs all involve similar elements. These include mainly public information/participation, elimination of illegal discharges, public agency activities, control of industrial/commercial storm water discharges, new development management, storm water treatment, program evaluation, and monitoring.
Processing of Sludge
Authors: Turoviskiy Izrail S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Wastewater sludge is a high moisture suspension in which water is bound by small solid particles. The main parts of the sludge solids are organic and contain different types of microorganisms, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. On the other hand, sludge contains valuable organic macronutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients, such as elements and metals. Wastewater sludge is hazardous waste which must be stored, disposed of, or be reused in accordance with standards and regulations based on the treatment level provided.
The main purpose of treatment is to prepare sludge for removal from wastewater treatment plants and to produce biosolids that can be used as a soil amendment and conditioner. To achieve this goal, treatment processes of sludge should include thickening and dewatering to decrease sludge volume and moisture and disinfection and stabilization to control odor, pathogens, and vectors.
Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Authors: Spinosa Ludovico 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The management of sewage sludge is a major problem in wastewater treatment. Sludge amounts to about 2% by volume of processed sewage, but handling it accounts for up to 50% of total operating costs. Furthermore, during the last few years, there has been a worldwide movement toward a common strategy for any kind of waste; the priorities are reusing waste materials and taking advantage of their energy content.
Treatment of sludge is aimed at rendering it suitable for use or disposal at minimum cost. The low solids concentration (2–3%), and the presence of pathogens, heavy metals, organic pollutants and potentially putrescible organic matter are the main problems to be faced and solved. Other factors influencing sludge processing technology are the need to extract as much energy and material as possible from the sludge itself and the introduction of stricter regulations that require higher levels of treatment before disposal.
Solidification/Stabilization of Hazardous Solid Wastes
Authors: Ioannidis Th. A. , Zouboulis A. I. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Solidification and stabilization (denoted hereafter as S/S) waste treatment processes involve mixing specialized additives or reagents with hazardous waste materials to reduce, by physical or chemical means, the solubility or mobility of contaminants in the surrounding environmental matrix. Solidification and stabilization are closely related; both use several chemical, physical, and thermal processes, or an appropriate combination of them, to detoxify hazardous wastes.

Solidification
refers to processes that encapsulate a waste to form a solid material and to restrict the migration of contaminant by decreasing the available surface area, which is exposed to leaching, when contacting liquids and also by coating the waste with low‐permeability materials. Solidification can be accomplished by a chemical reaction between the hazardous waste and the binding (solidifying) reagents or by the application of mechanical processes (e.g., compaction).

Stabilization
refers to processes that involve chemical reactions, which reduce the leachability of the product (stabilized waste). Stabilization immobilizes the hazardous materials or reduces their solubility through appropriate chemical reactions. The physical nature of the waste may or may not be changed by this process.

The S/S technology may not be applicable at polluted sites, containing wastes that include organic compounds, especially when volatile organic contaminants are present. The application of mixing and heating processes, associated with the hydration of binders, may release organic vapors. Pretreatment, such as air stripping or incineration, may be used to remove the volatile organics during preliminary treatment and to prepare the waste for the S/S of residues. The chemical composition of the contaminated matrix, the amount of water present, and the ambient temperature also affect the application of S/S technologies.
Aqueous Behavior of Elements in a Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludge Disposal Site
Authors: Castaldi Frank J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFlue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are end of process pollution abatement techniques used primarily for removing sulfur dioxide from coal‐fired utility and industrial boiler combustion gases. The technology has also been successfully applied to Claus sulfur recovery unit tail gas and sulfuric acid plant tail gas streams. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate emissions are controlled by a flue gas scrubber system. The scrubber is often designed as an integral part of the steam generation plant. It consists of a two‐stage venturi‐absorber scrubber module designed to treat boiler flue gas. The flue gas from the boiler enters the air quality control system through a common plenum. The gas stream is sent to the individual scrubber modules from this plenum.
Using Ecosystem Processes in a ConstructedWetland to Treat Mine Wastewater inIreland
Authors: O'Sullivan Aisling D. , Otte Marinus L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe development and expansion of industrial and agricultural activities in the Western world has led to a corresponding increase in the release of potentially toxic chemicals into the environment. Although growth has had many socioeconomic benefits, it has also led to negative implications for wetland ecosystems. For instance, the intensive farming practices developed in Ireland in the 1970s led to eutrophic (overenriched) rivers and lakes as a result of inadvertent inputs of excess nitrogen and phosphorus. This resulted in algal blooms, subsequent fish mortality, and reduced biodiversity of aquatic systems. The breaching of tailings dam walls in mine storage ponds has also resulted in catastrophic impacts on neighboring watersheds, which in many circumstances has led to irreversible ecosystem damage. Therefore, a balance is sought between reducing undesirable impacts while facilitating positive economic progress. By understanding the complex processes that affect the biogeochemistry and cycling of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, innovative treatment technologies can be applied to mitigate and treat these wastes.
Wastewater Characterization
Authors: Kazmi Absar Ahmad 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An understanding of the nature of wastewater is fundamental to the design and operation of wastewater collection, treatment, and reuse facilities. Wastewater is characterized in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological composition. Greater emphasis is being placed on wastewater characterization because of its changing characteristics and the imposition of stricter limits on wastewater discharges that are used beneficially. Thorough characterization of wastewater in the design and optimization of biological treatment processes is increasingly important due to the advent of process modeling. Process modeling for activated sludge, as it is currently conceived, requires experimental assessment of kinetic and stoichiometric constants.
Wastewater Sludge
Authors: Turoviskiy Izrail S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined sewage sludge as any solid, semisolid, or liquid residue removed during the treatment of municipal wastewater or domestic sewage, including solids removed during primary, secondary, or advanced wastewater treatment, scum, septage, and sewage sludge products. Instead of using the term sludge, some specialists have used the terms residual, sediments, solids, slime‐solid, or biosolids, depending on its condition or its usefulness and whether it meets the applicable criteria for that particular term.
Sludge is a suspension including solid and semisolid materials separated and generated from the liquid wastewater stream of a treatment plant during purification of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, or natural water in mechanical, biological, or physicochemical facilities.
Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Water Sources
Authors: Katsoyiannis I. , Zouboulis A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The majority of established arsenic removal technologies can be divided into three main categories, depending on the specific mechanism that is responsible for removing arsenic. These categories are usually referred as coagulation–precipitation, membrane, and sorption processes.
Three processes in this group have been developed for arsenic removal; aluminum or iron coagulation, lime softening, as well as a combination of iron and manganese removal with arsenic.
Two types of membrane processes remove arsenic efficiently from water sources: reverse osmosis and electrodialysis.
Adsorption processes are another category of arsenic removal technologies; they are based on the adsorption of arsenic onto suitable adsorbing media. Two different technologies have been applied to remove arsenic, activated alumina and ion exchange.
Biosolids
Authors: Turoviskiy Izrail S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Wastewater treatment processes remove organics, inorganic materials, and contaminants in sludge. Biosolids are treated municipal wastewater sludge that can be beneficially used, especially as a soil amendment, in accordance with standards.
The Water Environment Federation (WEF) has adopted a policy of encouraging the use of the word “biosolids” in place of sludge to promote public acceptance of reused materials. Land application of biosolids has been and continues to be successfully implemented by many countries. Many countries have rules and regulations associated with biosolids reuse and disposal. Almost all rules are based on reducing pathogens and pollutants. However, rules and regulations vary in different countries. Criteria and methods of obtaining results to determine the use of biosolids also vary.