bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential role of molecularly targeted therapy in the management of advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma in the elderly
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Massarelli Erminia , Maione Paolo , Rossi Antonio , Herbst Roy S. , Onn Amir , Ciardiello Fortunato 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMore than 50% of all lung carcinoma cases are diagnosed in patients age > 65 years, and approximately 30% are diagnosed in patients age > 70 years. Elderly patients do not tolerate chemotherapy as well as their younger counterparts do, primarily because of the increased prevalence of comorbid conditions and organ failure. Thus, at present, the majority of elderly patients with malignant disease do not receive aggressive chemotherapy. For such elderly patients, alternatives to conventional chemotherapy, such as novel molecularly targeted therapy regimens, are of interest.METHODSThe current review summarizes contemporary approaches to and recent advances in the treatment of elderly patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and offers perspectives on the future of molecularly targeted therapy in this population. Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cyclooxygenase‐2 are discussed in the current report, with such inhibitors being, in our opinion, among the best candidates for clinical development in the setting of interest.RESULTSNovel biologic agents with putative activity against advanced NSCLC are at various stages of clinical development. Some of these agents have yielded benefits in terms of disease‐related symptom reduction, quality of life, and survival. For elderly patients, the potential advantages of such agents include improved tolerability compared with conventional chemotherapy. This feature also makes these novel agents attractive alternatives for younger patients who cannot tolerate or are reluctant to receive conventional chemotherapy.CONCLUSIONSCurrent studies are investigating the safety and efficacy of these novel biologic agents administered alone, in combination with other noncytotoxic agents, and in combination with conventional chemotherapy. These studies will help elucidate the role of targeted therapy in the management of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Motor projections to the basis pontis in rhesus monkey
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Rosene Douglas L. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMotor corticopontine studies suggest that the pons is topographically organized, but details remain unresolved. We used physiological mapping in rhesus monkey to define subregions in precentral motor cortex (M1), injected isotope tracers into M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA), and studied projections to the basis pontis. Labeled fibers descend in the internal capsule (SMA in anterior limb and genu; M1 in posterior limb) and traverse the midsection of the cerebral peduncle, where SMA fibers are medial, and face, arm, and leg fibers are progressively lateral. Each motor region has unique terminations in the ipsilateral basis pontis and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Projections are topographically organized, preferentially in the caudal half of the pons, situated in close proximity to traversing corticofugal fibers. In nuclei that receive multiple inputs, terminations appear to interdigitate. Projections from the SMA‐face region are most medial and include the median pontine nucleus. M1‐face projections are also medial but are lateral to those from SMA‐face. Hand projections are in medially placed curved lamellae in mid‐ and caudal pons. Dorsal trunk projections are in medial and ventral locations. Ventral trunk/hip projections encircle the peduncle in the caudal pons. Foot projections are heaviest caudally in laterally placed, curved lamellae. These results have relevance for anatomical clinical correlations in the human basis pontis. Furthermore, the dichotomy of motor‐predominant caudal pons projections to cerebellar anterior lobe, contrasted with associative‐predominant rostral pons projections to cerebellar posterior lobe, is consistent with new hypotheses regarding the cerebellar contribution to motor activity and cognitive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:248–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional topography of corticopontine projections from rat sensorimotor cortex: Comparisons with corticostriatal projections reveal diverse integrative organization
Authors: Leergaard Trygve B. , Alloway Kevin D. , Pham Tuyet A.T. , Bolstad Ingeborg , Hoffer Zachary S. , Pettersen Christian , Bjaalie Jan G. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe major cortical–subcortical re‐entrant pathways through the basal ganglia and cerebellum are considered to represent anatomically segregated channels for information originating in different cortical areas. A capacity for integrating unique combinations of cortical inputs has been well documented in the basal ganglia circuits but is largely undefined in the precerebellar circuits. To compare and quantify the amount of overlap that occurs in the first link of the cortico–ponto–cerebellar pathway, a dual tracing approach was used to map the spatial relationship between projections originating from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and the primary motor cortex (MI). The anterograde tracers biotinylated dextran amine and Fluoro‐Ruby were injected into homologous whisker representations of either SI and SII, or SI and MI. The ensuing pontine labeling patterns were analyzed using a computerized three‐dimensional reconstruction approach. The results demonstrate that whisker‐related projections from SI and MI are largely segregated. At some locations, the two projections are adjoining and partly overlapping. Furthermore, SI contributes significantly more corticopontine projections than MI. By comparison, projections from corresponding representations in SI and SII terminate in similar parts of the pontine nuclei and display considerable amounts of spatial overlap. Finally, comparison of corticopontine and corticostriatal projections in the same experimental animals reveals that SI–SII overlap is significantly larger in the pontine nuclei than in the neostriatum. These structural differences indicate a larger capacity for integration of information within the same sensory modality in the pontocerebellar system compared to the basal ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:306–322, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure to restore vision after optic nerve regeneration in reptiles: Interspecies variation in response to axotomy
Authors: Dunlop Sarah A. , Tee Lisa B.G. , Stirling R. Victoria , Taylor Andrew L. , Runham Phil B. , Barber Andy B. , Kuchling Gerald , Rodger Jenny , Roberts J. Dale , Harvey Alan R. , Beazley Lyn D. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractOptic nerve regeneration within the reptiles is variable. In a snake, Viper aspis, and the lizard Gallotia galloti, regeneration is slow, although some retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons eventually reach the visual centers (Rio et al. [1989] Brain Res 479:151–156; Lang et al. [1998] Glia 23:61–74). By contrast, in a lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, numerous RGC axons regenerate rapidly to the visual centers, but unless animals are stimulated visually, the regenerated projection lacks topography and animals remain blind via the experimental eye (Beazley et al. [2003] J. Neurotrauma 20:1263–1269). V. aspis, G. galloti, and C. ornatus belong respectively to the Serpentes, Lacertidae, and Agamidae within the Eureptilia, the major modern group of living reptiles comprising the Squamata (snakes, lizards, and geckos) and the Crocodyllia. Here we have extended the findings on Eureptilia to include two geckos (Gekkonidae), Cehyra variegata and Nephrurus stellatus. We also examined a turtle, Chelodina oblonga, the Testudines being the sole surviving representatives of the Parareptilia, the more ancient reptilian group. In all three species, visually elicited behavioral responses were absent throughout regeneration, a result supported electrophysiologically; axonal tracing revealed that only a small proportion of RGC axons crossed the lesion and none entered the contralateral optic tract. RGC axons failed to reach the chiasm in C. oblonga, and in G. variegata, and N. stellatus RGC axons entered the opposite optic nerve; a limited ipsilateral projection was seen in G. variegata. Our results support a heterogeneous response to axotomy within the reptiles, each of which is nevertheless dysfunctional. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:292–305, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological quantification of GAD‐67–immunoreactive neurons and boutons in the hippocampus of middle‐aged and old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats
Authors: Shi Lei , Argenta Anne Elizabeth , Winseck Adam Kerrissey , Brunso‐Bechtold Judy Karen 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe aging process in rodents is associated with learning and memory impairments that are correlated with changes in multiple neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus. For example, the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is compromised in old compared with young rats (Shetty and Turner [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 394:252–269; Vela et al. [2003] J. Neurochem. 85:368–377; Potier et al. [1992] Neuroscience 48:793–806; Potier et al. [1994] Brain Res. 661:181–188). The present study investigated the important issue of whether there is a decline of the GABAergic inhibitory system between middle and old age. Five middle‐aged (15–17 months) and five old (25–29 months) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway male rats were perfused, and coronal sections through the dorsal hippocampus were immunoreacted with antibodies either to NeuN, a neuronal marker, or to the 67‐kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate‐limiting enzyme for GABA synthesis. Using the optical dissector technique, NeuN‐immunoreactive (IR) cells, GAD‐IR cells, and GAD‐IR boutons were quantified stereologically in the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1. The resulting GAD‐IR cell and GAD‐IR bouton densities then were normalized to NeuN‐IR cell density to exclude the possible confound of tissue shrinkage. The results revealed a significant decline in GAD‐IR cells between middle and old age in CA1 but not in dentate gyrus or CA3. Interestingly, GAD‐IR boutons did not show a decline in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus between middle and old age. It is possible that loss of CA1 inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal hippocampus contributes to the learning and memory impairments reported in old rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:282–291, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resource Space Grid: model, method and platform
Authors: Zhuge Hai 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA Resource Space Grid is a virtual Grid that aims at effectively sharing, using and managing versatile resources across the Internet. The kernel of the Resource Space Grid includes a Resource Space Model (RSM) and a uniform Resource Using Mechanism (RUM). This paper presents the Resource Space Grid's core scientific issues and methodology, architecture, model and theory, design criteria and method, and practice. A normal form theory is proposed to normalize the resource space—a coordinate system for uniformly specifying and organizing resources. The RUM provides not only the end‐users with an operable resource browser to operate resources using the built‐in Resource Operation Language (ROL), but also the application developers with the ROL‐based programming environment. The prototype platform based on the proposed model and method has been implemented and used for sharing and managing resources in distributed research teams. Operations on Resource Spaces can constitute the virtual communities of Resource Space Grids—a platform independent resource sharing environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic Link Network Builder and Intelligent Semantic Browser
Authors: Zhuge H. , Jia R. , Liu J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSemantic Link Network (SLN) is a semantic Web model using semantic links—the natural extension of the hyperlink‐based Web. The SLN‐Builder is a software tool that enables definition, modification and verification of, as well as access to the SLN. The SLN‐Builder can convert a SLN definition into XML descriptions for cross‐platform information exchange. The Intelligent Semantic Browser is used to visualize the SLN and carry out two types of reasoning in browsing time: small granularity reasoning by chaining semantic links and large granularity reasoning by matching semantic views of SLN. With the help of the reasoning mechanism, the browser can recommend the content that is semantically relevant to the current browsing content, and it enables users to foresee the end‐side content of a semantic link chain. This paper presents the design and implementation of the SLN‐Builder and the intelligent semantic browser as well as key algorithms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micrometric single crystal germanates obtained using a double‐spherical mirror furnace
Authors: Juarez‐Arellano E. A. , Rosales I. , Gamboa‐Espinosa G. V. , Lara J. A. , Bucio L. , Orozco E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMicro‐crystals of two new compounds EuMnGe2O7 and SmMnGe2O7 were grown performing the flux method in a double‐spherical mirror furnace. One valuable advantage of this system was that the heating profile could be modified easily adjusting lamp positions and orientation as well. The micrometric crystals were observed and analyzed for chemical composition by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. This furnace is perfectly suitable to grow at low price, low temperature and short time new materials as a single crystal for basic research or to obtain raw material. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and crystal growth of sillenite phases in the Bi2O3 ‐ TiO2 ‐ Nb2O5 system
Authors: dos Santos T. O. , Carvalho J. F. , Hernandes A. C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of Bi2O3‐Nb2O5 sillenite phase (BNbO) and the solubility of this phase with Bi12TiO20 was investigated by solid‐state reaction synthesis and niobium doped Bi12TiO20 (BTO:Nb) crystals were grown by the Top Seeded Solution Growth (TSSG) technique. The structures of polycrystalline compounds were checked by X‐ray powder diffraction method at room temperature. The correct composition of the sillenite phase stabilized with niobium was determined as Bi12[Nb0.17Bi0.83]O19.7 (BNbO) with unit cell parameter a = 10.261(2) Å. The system BTO‐BNbO is poorly soluble, but niobium doped BTO crystals were grown from the liquid composition 10Bi2O3 : xTiO2 : (1‐x)/2 Nb2O5, with x = 0.95 and 0.90. A niobium concentration limit in the liquid phase is established in order to grow BTO:Nb with good crystalline quality. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of Hg1‐xCdxTe epitaxial films grown on (211)CdTe and (211)CdZnTe
Authors: Di Stefano M. C. , Heredia E. , Gilabert U. , Trigubó A. B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractHg1‐xCdxTe (MCT) epitaxial films have been grown employing single crystalline substrates of CdTe and Cd0.96Zn0.04Te with (211)Cd and (211)Te crystalline orientations. The Isothermal Vapor Phase Epitaxy (ISOVPE) technique without Hg overpressure has been used for the epitaxial growth. Substrates and films were characterized by optical microscopy, chemical etching and x ray diffraction (Laue technique). The electrical properties were determined by Hall effect measurements. The characterization results allowed to evaluate the crystalline quality of MCT films. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical analysis of heat transfer for the modified markov method
Authors: Ruiz C. M. , Saucedo E. , Fornaro L. , Bermúdez V. , Diéguez E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn this work, we present a theoretical analysis of the behaviour of the temperature profile for the Modified Markov Method. We have assumed different materials and different thicknesses for the insulating element. Comparison of preliminary results with experimental evidences, demonstrate us the reliability of our model. Discussion among our calculated results are provided and future outlooks for the experimental work are fixed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Addition of an insulating element to the Modified Markov Method for CdTe single crystals growth
Authors: Saucedo E. , Ruiz C. M. , Fornaro L. , Corregidor V. , Diéguez E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractCdTe single crystal, were grown by the Modified Markov Method. We have introduced an insulating element between the furnace and the growth chamber, trying to minimize the radiation effects in the crystal. Numerical simulation of the heat transfer phenomena predict a reduction of the axial temperature gradient in the growth chamber, confirming by numerical experimental measurements, leading to a more uniform growth. An improvement in the surface morphology and in the crystal quality as well was achieved, evaluated by the combination of X‐ray rocking curves, etch pit density determination and low temperature photoluminescence. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of lead bromide polycrystalline films
Authors: Giles M. , Cuña A. , Sasen N. , Llorente M. , Fornaro L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLead bromide polycrystalline films were grown by the physical vapor deposition method (PVD). Glass 1″x1″ in size, uncoated, and coated with Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), was used as substrate and rear contact. The starting material was evaporated at temperatures from 395°C to 530°C under high vacuum atmosphere (6 x 10‐3 Pa) and during 8 days. The substrate temperature was prefixed from 190°C to 220°C. Film thickness yielded values from 40 to 90 μm. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on the films. Grain size resulted to be from 1.0 to 3.5 μm. SEM and X‐ray diffraction indicate that films grow with a preferred orientation with the (0 0 l) planes parallel to the substrate. The Texture Coefficient (TC) related to the plane (0 0 6) was 7.3. Resistivity values in the order of 1012 Ωcm were obtained for the oriented samples, but a strong polarization indicates severe charge transport problems in the films. Film properties were correlated with the growth temperature and with previous results for films of other halides. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth, structure, and superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 and (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10‐y crystals
Authors: Giannini E. , Garnier V. , Clayton N. , Musolino N. , Gladyshevskii R. , Flükiger R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLarge and high‐quality single crystals of both Pb‐free and Pb‐doped high temperature superconducting compounds (Bi1‐xPbx)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10‐y (x = 0 and 0.3) were grown by means of a newly developed “Vapour‐Assisted Travelling Floating Zone” technique (VA‐TSFZ). This modified zone‐melting technique was realised in an image furnace and allowed for the first time to grow Pb‐doped crystals by compensating for the Pb losses occurring at high temperature. Crystals up to 3×2×0.1 mm3 were successfully grown. Post‐annealing under high pressure of O2 (up to 10 MPa at T = 500°C) was undertaken to enhance Tc and improve the homogeneity of the crystals. Structural characterisation was performed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and the structure of the 3‐layer Bi‐based superconducting compound was refined for the first time. Structure refinement showed an incommensurate superlattice in the Pb‐free crystals. The space group is orthorhombic, A2aa, with cell parameters a = 27.105(4) Å, b = 5.4133(6) Å and c = 37.009(7) Å. Superconducting studies were carried out by A.C. and D.C. magnetic measurements. Very sharp superconducting transitions were obtained in both kinds of crystals (ΔTc ≤ 1 K). In optimally doped Pb‐free crystals, critical temperatures up to 111 K were measured. Magnetic critical current densities of 2�105 A/cm2 were measured at T = 30 K and μ0H = 0 T. A weak second peak in the magnetisation loops was observed in the temperature range 40‐50 K above which the vortex lattice becomes entangled. We have measured a portion of the irreversibility line (0.1‐5 Tesla) and fitted the expression for the melting of a vortex glass in a 2D fluctuation regime to the experimental data. Measurements of the lower critical field allowed to obtain the dependence of the penetration depth on temperature: the linear dependence of λ(T) for T < 30 K is consistent with d‐wave superconductivity in Bi‐2223. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of Er incorporation on GaSb substrates by diffusion
Authors: Ruiz C. M. , Plaza J. L. , Bermúdez V. , Diéguez E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractOn this work, two different ways of introducing Er ions to GaSb crystals, one bulk doped and the other Er diffused are compared in order to obtain Er luminescence on GaSb matrix. For this objetive, photoluminescence measurements indicate that there is Er luminescence on the diffused sample, while on the bulk doped, not only there is no Er activation, but crystal quality decreases severally. Surface analysis of diffused sample shows the presence of holes all over the surface. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoelectronic single‐electron transistor circuits and architectures
Authors: Gerousis C. P. , Goodnick S. M. , Porod W. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSingle‐electron tunneling (SET) devices have been proposed as one promising candidate for future nanoelectronic integrated circuits. SETs have appealing properties for implementing ultra‐dense and complex signal and image processing systems. The potential for very dense arrays of SET transistors makes them attractive for the realization of cellular non‐linear network (CNN) circuits, where locally‐connected cells may alleviate the interconnect problem facing conventional architectures as they scale.Herein, we investigate the use of nanoelectronic structures in CMOS‐type digital circuits and in analog CNN architectures for potential application in future high‐density and low‐power CMOS‐nanodevice hybrid circuits. We first present an overview of the operation of the SET transistor and simulation of SET circuits. We then discuss a programmable CMOS‐type SET logic circuit based on a summing‐node‐inverter structure, followed by simple linear and 2‐d SET‐CNN architectures using the SET inverter topology as the basis for the non‐linear transfer characteristics required of individual CNN elements. The simple SET‐CNN cell acts as a summing node that is capacitively coupled to the inputs and outputs of nearest neighbour cells. Monte Carlo simulation results are then used to show CNN‐like behaviour in attempting to realize different functionality such as shadowing, pattern forming, and horizontal‐line detection. Within the context of these simple architectures, we discuss the speed and signal delay in SET non‐linear circuits, and calculate the approximate power dissipation in a SET network. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface plasmon waves in nanoelectronic circuits
Authors: Csurgay Árpád I. , Porod Wolfgang 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPlasma dynamics in nanoscale metal‐dielectric structures is reviewed, and circuit models for potential plasma wave nanodevices and circuits are developed. Circuit representations for surface‐plasmon waveguides, nanoantennas, and for surface plasmon generators based on attenuated total reflection (ATR), are presented. In metal–insulator–metal (MIM) structures tunnelling also excites surface plasmon waves, and the equivalent circuit introduced in this paper helps the design of circuits exploiting surface plasmon waves. These nanoelectronic circuits might have an impact on the future of terahertz and infrared electronics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.