bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species rescue for captive breeding: black-footed ferret as an example
Authors: Thorne E Tom , Oakleaf Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is one of the world’s most endangered mammals. Its precarious status is a direct result of habitat fragmentation through eradication of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) in the North American mid western prairies. By the mid 1900s, habitat reduction and fragmentation reached the point at which extinction of black-footed ferrets was probably inevitable without extensive intervention. Federal and state planning efforts to recover black-footed ferrets were inadequate during the period 1975 to 1981 because it was widely believed that the species was extinct. In 1981 the last known population was discovered near Meeteetse, Wyoming. Within four years a captive breeding programme to augment management of the free-ranging population was being initiated; then a canine distemper epizootic wiped out the wild colony. The survival of the black-footed ferret thus depends on successful captive propagation. Through the use of technical advice and a planning process specific objectives were established to maintain genetic variation, increase and subdivide the captive population and initiate early re introduction. Captive breeding techniques were developed and breeding success in 1987, 1988 and 1989 has the programme on schedule and meeting objectives. Preparations are being made for experimental re-introduction in 1991.
Introduction
Authors: Jones D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether we like it or not, by the turn of the century much of the wild land that remains in the world will be managed and exploited to serve human needs. With the world’s population heading rapidly towards the six billion mark and unlikely to stabilize before it touches eight to nine billion in about 25-30 years’ time, the already powerful pressures to take wild lands for traditional and often inappropriate agricultural and other purposes will only intensify. Frequently it is those countries that have the greatest biological diversity that also have the highest population densities and potential for yet further growth-Indonesia, Ethiopia, Kenya, The Philippines, Mexico, are just a few examples.
In vitro fertilization and the development of gene banks for wild mammals
Authors: Moore H D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In vitro fertilization is a central process in the development of a practical gene bank since it enables rapid transfer of the genome within and between animal populations. However, to serve a variety of breeding strategies, gamete and embryo functions in mammals differ widely and there are many subtle differences between species in such processes as spermatogenesis, capacitation of spermatozoa, the acrosome reaction, oocyte maturation and embryo development. In order to maximize the use of in vitro fertilization for the growing range of endangered species it will be necessary to have robust techniques which can overcome the problems of species specificity. This chapter reviews the methods currently undertaken to achieve successful in vitro fertilization in exotic mammals and assesses which techniques are likely to be important in the near future.
Conserving genetic diversity with the help of biotechnology-desert antelopes as an example
Authors: Mace Georgina M , Pemberton Josephine M , Stanley Helen F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many species, population sizes in the wild are extremely small and long-term conservation will require intensive support. Many workers believe such programmes will rely heavily on genetic and reproductive technologies for monitoring and manipulation of genetic material. Using the scimitar-horned oryx as a case study, this paper reviews the stages in an overall conservation programme at which these technologies might be helpful, and highlights problems and areas where further research is needed.
Some applications of PCR to studies in wildlife genetics
Authors: Garner Karen J , Ryder Oliver A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for in vitro amplification of short, selected DNA regions. This technique allows genetic material to be obtained rapidly from very small biological samples, making it possible to compare DNA sequences from a large number of individuals, including animals in wild populations. The PCR technique has many potential applications to wildlife genetics. DNA sequence comparisons can be used for estimation of genetic variability within populations or taxa, and for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Several strategies exist for using PCR to distinguish allelic markers. These markers can be used for estimating levels of heterozygosity, for clarification of pedigrees and for tracking genetic diseases.
The legacy of Lamarckism
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that the inheritance of acquired characters plays an important role in evolution has been the subject of controversy for over a century. Enthusiasm for the idea, which is usually associated with the name of Lamarck, has sometimes led to charlatanism and fraud, while opposition to it has led to ‘Lamarckist’ being used as a term of abuse. Nowadays, biologists usually regard ideas about the inheritance of acquired characters as nothing more than an interesting part of the history of biology. Lamarckian evolution is rejected on the grounds that there is no evidence for it, no mechanism that can produce it, and no need for it in evolutionary theory. Some people go even further and argue that the inheritance of acquired characters is theoretically impossible—it is incompatible with what is known about genetics and development.
Cellular heredity: epigenetic inheritance systems
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly assumed that all heritable information resides in DNA base sequences, and that the only mechanism by which information is transferred from one generation to the next is through the semi-conservative replication of DNA. However, these assumptions are not correct. There are other self-sustaining, information-containing systems that function as inheritance systems. The most obvious of these are the systems through which culture is maintained and inherited, but the ones that concern us here are those which maintain and transmit cellular characteristics during ontogeny. Often they are referred to as ‘memory’ systems, rather than ‘inheritance’ systems, because it is assumed that they do not transmit information from parents to their progeny, and consequently that they have no direct evolutionary significance. The ultimate origin of cell characteristics is in the sequence of DNA bases, but even if DNA sequence is kept completely constant, cells can have very different phenotypes, and these phenotypes can be transmitted for many cell generations.
Heredity and the origin of species
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Darwin wrote On the origin of species by means of natural selection, there has been a more or less continuous debate about the nature of species, the circumstances that lead to speciation, the nature of the speciation events, and the evolutionary significance of species and speciation. Many different definitions of species have been used, and this has complicated discussion of the origin of species, but since the advent of the Modern Synthesis, the species concept that has dominated evolutionary thinking has been that known as the ‘biological’ species concept, associated with the names of Dobzhansky, Muller, and Mayr.
Bats
Authors: Altringham John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One-quarter of all mammals are bats and they are found all over the world. This book covers all the bats and their natural history and biology. Starting with a look at their origins and evolution, and a complete review of all known families, the topics range from the most distinctive features of bats (echolocation of prey, and flight), through to their behaviour as individuals and groups, their modes of reproduction and development, and their interactions with the environment and other organisms. In addition, by bringing in subjects such as adaptive radiation, optimal foraging, co-evolution, reciprocal altruism, and predator--prey arms races, the author gives meaning to the bare facts derived from observation and sets the fascinating natural history of bats in a modern biological context. Overall, this book provides an up-to-date and accurate picture of how bats spend their lives and will be an indispensable reference work for both professional and amateur naturalists.
Ecomorphology and anatomy
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some branches of traditional zoology have studied the comparative anatomy of animals with little regard for the functions of the features being described, or the selective pressures that have made them evolve in a particular way. Specimens preserved in alcohol have sometimes been regarded as objects for description rather than once-living dynamic organisms whose anatomy, physiology and behaviour are tuned acutely to their environment.
Interactions between Collembola and the abiotic environment
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collembola have been on the Earth for more than 400 million years. During this time they have evolved to fill a huge variety of niches. Among the reasons for this success are small size, which enables them to colonise the gaps between soil particles, dead vegetation and other confined spaces, and physiological and behavioural adaptability. Tradition regards springtails as sedentary moisture-loving organisms which cannot survive dryness. However, this view is manifestly untrue, as will be shown in this chapter. There are springtails in deserts, in the coldest and driest parts of the earth, on the surfaces of most freshwater bodies and at the tops of the tallest trees. The only environments which Collembola have been unable to colonise are deep water and the open ocean.
Ecology and conservation
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier sections of this book have covered interactions of Collembola with their abiotic and biotic environments. In this Chapter, the distribution of different species on the local through to global scale is examined. Following a discussion of observation and sampling techniques (Section 9.2), the distribution of springtails in space and time is reviewed (Section 9.3). Critically examined are the proposals that presence or absence of certain species of Collembola, or characteristic assemblages of species, can be used to indicate properties of habitats that would other wise be difficult to elucidate (Section 9.4). Conservation of Collembola is discussed (Section 9.5) and the Chapter ends with a short review of the biology and distribution of Collembola that occur in caves (Section 9.6).
Introduction
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people have asked us ‘how do you breed eucalypts?’ Although eucalypts are in great demand for planting because of their rapid growth of useful wood, many growers are not satisfied with the present yield and quality. They want improvements in such things as growth rate, stem straightness, wood quality, coppicing ability, and tolerance of salinity or frost. Therefore this book is directed to eucalypt breeders, plantation managers, students, and other people who will be involved in domesticating the eucalypts as crop plants for wood production. Eucalypt plantations are expanding so rapidly worldwide that by the year 2000 they may exceed 10 million ha, mainly little improved compared with their wild ancestors. We have aimed to establish, from scientific knowledge and practical experience, an up-to-date basis for making wise decisions in eucalypt breeding, both for the short and the long term.
Genetic resources of eucalypts
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been recognized by foresters for a long time that different geographic origins of seed used for planting a particular species of tree can lead to substantial differences in growth, form, and health of the resulting plantations. The differences within a species can be so large that one lot of seed will result in successful, profitable plantations and another in complete failure. Thus it is important for foresters to know the place of origin of seed and to obtain seed from the best places. In museums the place of origin of a specimen, for example a bone or a pot from an archaeological site, is described as its ‘provenance’. In forestry the term provenance is also used for ‘place of origin’, as defined in dictionaries, for example the Concise Oxford Dictionary. Also it is used to refer to the population of trees growing at the place of origin, the seed collected from them, and their progeny growing in plantations. The concept is clear enough when used to refer to the original geographic origin in a natural forest. However, it is not so clear or consistently used when the place of origin is a plantation, perhaps two or more generations removed from the original natural forest and possibly of mixed origin.
Matching species and provenances to site
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific methods of making a good match between species and site have now become more precise, and are making an increasing contribution to species-site matching, but are still far from perfect. The most successful eucalypt introductions to date have been made by people with thorough knowledge and experience of eucalypt growing and of eucalypts in their natural habitat, and able to travel to make on-the-spot value judgements in order to match species to sites. In this chapter we consider the methods available for matching species and provenances to plantation sites. We assume that well-conducted land-use planning has shown that plantations of eucalypts are appropriate. In other cases eucalypts would not be appropriate and plantations of other genera, particularly nitrogen-fixing trees, might be considered. In some instances, particularly in dry areas, it may be that no large plantations should be made because fast-growing, close-spaced trees of any species would be likely to lower the water table to unacceptable levels.
Eucalyptus grandis and E. saligna
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eucalyptus grandis,as recognized by Pryor and Johnson (1971), has its southern limit of distribution at Minmi near Newcastle, New South Wales, at 32°52’ S (Fig 11.1). Distribution from there is almost continuous up the New South Wales coast into southern Queensland to latitude 26°S. Further north the species is absent until about l 8°S. Its distribution in the northern area is patchy with populations on the Eungella Tableland near Mackay, near Ingham, on the Atherton Tableland, and on the Windsor Tableland at the northern extreme of its range, 16°S (Burgess 1983).
Eucalyptus viminalis
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eucalyptus viminalis (ribbon gum, or manna gum) is one of the most geographically widespread eucalypts in south-eastern Australia (Boland et al 1984), and occupies a very wide range of ecological conditions. On well-watered, fertile soils of gullies and hillsides it forms a tall forest, either alone or with other species including E. amygdalina, E. dives, E.fastigata, E. obliqua, E. radiata, and E. regnans. On drier, poorer sites on the plains and tablelands, on a variety of soil types, it occurs in low, open forests or woodlands, alone or with species such as E. amygdalina,E. dives, E. obliqua, E. paucifiora, and E. radiata. The geographic range is from southern Tasmania (latitude 43°S), through Victoria, southern South Australia, eastern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, with high altitude stands extending to the Queensland border (29°S) (Fig. 17.1).
Breeding strategies and breeding plans
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tree breeder’s work program to achieve a supply of genetically improved planting stock consists of many activities, most of them seasonal: collecting seed, running a nursery, making grafts and cuttings, planting and measuring progeny tests, statistical analysis, interpreting results, preparing budgets and plans for future years, and so on. The breeder’s efficiency will be increased by putting all the current activities into order, providing a framework of ideas for the future, and writing a plan for several years ahead. A breeding strategy is an overview or philosophy of the management of genetic improvement of a tree species used in manmade forests. A well-planned strategy makes one aware that current activities can have a great influence on future opportunities for genetic gain, and can help avoid the cost and embarrassment of having to scrap an existing program and start again.
Origin, autecology, and spread of some of the world’s most troublesome aquatic weeds
Authors: Cook C D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aquatic plants are only troublesome when they grow where they are not wanted. There is no aquatic plant that is ipso facto harmful and can be considered a weed throughout its geographical range. There are even cases of plants that are protected in one region and ‘hunted’ in another, for example, Heteranthera reniformis (mud plantain) is on the list of endangered plants in Connecticut, USA, and is perhaps the worst weed today in the northern Italian rice fields. Trapa natans (water chestnut) is extinct or endangered in many parts of Europe, an important crop plant in India, a noxious weed in eastern North America and a very serious threat to the sturgeon fisheries (caviar industry) in the southern part of the Caspian Sea.
Physical control of aquatic weeds
Authors: Wade P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Physical control of those aquatic plants inimical to man’s activities goes back to the first time that man used his hands and sticks to clear away weeds blocking the passage of boats or denying access to good fishing spots. As irrigation and drainage channels were constructed, so the need to control aquatic plants increased. At present, the physical control option continues to play an important role in aquatic plant management together with chemical and biological control. To assess the role of the physical approach in the armoury of techniques available to manage aquatic weed infestations, it is necessary to examine the different forms which physical control can take: manual, mechanical, and other. The more important techniques need to be compared with other forms of control, both from the economic standpoint and in terms of the ecological implications of their use.
Present status and prospects of integrated control of aquatic weeds
Authors: Murphy K J , Pieterse A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integrated control has been broadly defined as a ‘management system that utilizes all suitable techniques to reduce pest populations and maintain them at levels below those causing economic injury’ (van den Bosch et al. 1971). This implies a combination of different control measures instead of an approach based on a single procedure. Although this definition was drawn up in the context of invertebrate pest management, it may equally apply to integrated aquatic weed management (Aurand, Tyndall, and Trudeau 1982). It should be noted, however, that the term integrated control also refers to approaches aimed at minimizing the use of pesticides. The report on Terminology in Weed Science (Coi::irdinatiecommissie Onkruidonderzoek 1984) defines integrated control as a ‘control system based upon the population of a harmful organism or virus, taking into account natural resistance factors and based upon a minimal use of techniques and products harmful to the environment’
Relationships between survival strategies of aquatic weeds and control measures
Authors: van Vierssen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aquatic macrophytes are an increasing nuisance in many areas of the world. The various control methods available to cope with this problem, are usually aimed at killing or removing aquatic plants, without considering the relative vulnerability of the different life-cycle stages of the species involved. Instead, the aquatic weed problems are commonly controlled only when they become troublesome, i.e. when they have formed a dense vegetation.
The Rainforest Fauna
Authors: Adam Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vertebrate fauna provides a number of the symbols by which Australia is known internationally-kangaroos, koalas, emus, and budgerigars; these are all creatures of either the arid zone or sclerophyll communities. What of the fauna of rainforests, how distinctively Australian is it, and how is it related to the fauna outside the rainforest? The extent of knowledge of the fauna varies considerably between taxonomic groups, with vertebrates being better studied than most invertebrates. For a number of major groups, it is known that highest species richness occurs in regions where rainforest is well represented (particularly north-east Queensland and the Border Ranges region). This pattern is shown by, for example, marsupials, birds, frogs (Pianka and Schall 1981), mygalomorph spiders, land snails, and butterflies (Main 1981; Bishop 1981; Kitching 1981). But, by contrast, lizards, for example, show greatest diversity in the arid zone (Pianka and Schall 1981).
The Human Influence
Authors: Adam Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Australian rainforests and their biota reflect the consequences of millions of years of selection by, and adaptation to, environmental change. In Chapter 6, it was shown that the trend towards aridity in the centre of the continent which commenced in the Miocene was responsible for a contraction of rainforest towards the east coast and its fragmentation into numerous small areas with especially favourable climatic and/or edaphic conditions. From some time in the late Pleistocene, human influence was added to the list of significant impacts on rainforest.
Diversity of cells in tumours
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appropriate generic term for the pathological entities with which this book is concerned is neoplasm; the primary subdivision of neoplasms is into those classed as benign and those classed as malignant. What constitutes a neoplasm? Various definitions have been proposed; none is entirely satisfactory. Invasive growth, capacity to metastasize, and damage to the host that is independent of the site of the lesion, often suffice to characterize a neoplasm as malignant; but it is difficult to devise criteria by which to distinguish between benign neoplasms and non-neoplastic hyperplasia. Lesions regarded as benign neoplasms are typically localized and often solitary, while conditions such as fibroadenosis of the breast and nodular goitre, which are not regarded as neoplastic, are usually diffuse, but there are many exceptions. Thus neuro-fibromas of the skin and fibromyomas of the uterus are often multiple, and fibroadenomas of the breast are multiple occasionally; on the other hand, fibroadenosis of the breast may be localized, and nodular goitre sometimes takes the form of a solitary nodule. Another distinction that is sometimes drawn is that non-neoplastic hyperplasia is often attributable to endocrine stimulation whereas little or nothing is known about the aetiology of benign neoplasms except when, as in the case of the common wart, a virus is clearly involved. But ignorance of aetiology seems a poor basis on which to construct a classification.