bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus spp.)
Authors: Jordan M. A. , Hammond R. L. , Snell H. L. , Snell H. M. , Jordan W. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe describe the isolation of microsatellite loci from Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) using an enriched genomic library. Twelve loci that are polymorphic among six populations from two species are described. Characterization of these loci in 20 individuals within one population (Isla Plaza Sur) showed seven to be polymorphic with 3–11 alleles. Heterozygosities within this population were high (0.32–0.90) and did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg expectations. We suggest that these markers will be useful in studies of population differentiation within and among islands across the Galápagos archipelago.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus
Authors: Cohuet A. , Simard F. , Berthomieu A. , Raymond M. , Fontenille D. , Weill M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractScreening of the Anopheles funestus genomic DNA library detected 18 new sequences with dinucleotide tandem repeats. Primers were designed to amplify the loci and 14 out of 18 gave a repeatable and scorable amplification. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were tested for each locus in a sample of 30 wild Anopheles funestus females. No heterozygote deficiency was detected for 11 loci of 14, thus revealing the absence of null alleles. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 15, and observed heterozygosity from 0.13 to 0.85.
Microsatellite DNA markers for kinship analysis and genetic mapping in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus (Sciaenidae, Teleostei)
Authors: O'Malley Kathleen G. , Abbey Colette A. , Ross Kirstin , Gold John R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThirty‐eight nuclear‐encoded microsatellites were isolated from the marine fish Sciaenops ocellatus (red drum). The species is of economic importance in the southeastern United States, and declines in abundance have led to augmentation of the ‘wild’ fishery with hatchery‐raised fingerlings. The microsatellites will be useful for studies designed to assess larval/juvenile recruitment of hatchery‐raised individuals at varying spatial and temporal scales and for assessment of genetic components contributing to variation in performance and survival of hatchery‐produced fingerlings in the wild. The microsatellites also will prove useful as ‘anchor’ loci in constructing a genetic map.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Plantard O. , Porte C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report the isolation of five microsatellites loci from the sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Multilocus genotypes were obtained on individual larvae freshly emerged from cysts. Allelic diversity ranged from four to 27 among the five loci. The primers were tested for cross‐species amplification in six other species of phytoparasitic nematodes of the Heterodera genus. Those molecular markers will be used to study the genetic structure of this obligatory parasite and how it is affected by the use of resistant plants.
Development of 11 microsatellite loci for population studies in the swordfish, Xiphias gladius (Teleostei: Scombridae)
Authors: Reeb Carol A. , Arcangeli Loretta , Block Barbara A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEleven microsatellite loci were developed in the swordfish, Xiphias gladius, to examine population structure. Loci were amplified in samples from two geographically distant populations (Ecuador and Mediterranean Sea). Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.150 to 0.960. Most loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations with the exception of locus Xg‐59, which had a heterozygote deficit caused probably by null alleles. Locus Xg‐402 did not show significant divergence between the populations. The remaining nine loci showed statistically significant spatial heterogeneity (genic differentiation) between the two populations, making them useful for future studies of population structure in swordfish.
Long‐pulsed ruby laser‐assisted hair removal in male‐to‐female transsexuals
Authors: Paquet P , Fumal I , Piérard‐Franchimont C , Piérard G E 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBackground Unwanted male‐pattern pilosity is a heavy psychological burden and can cause distress for male‐to‐female transsexuals. Orchidectomy and oestrogen supplementation combined with antiandrogens fail to make hair disappear.Aims To study the effect of long‐pulsed ruby laser treatment.Results Hair density was successfully abated on the beard and chest of three male‐to‐female transsexuals. A lingering effect over 6 months with a 50–90% hair density reduction was obtained.Conclusion Photothermolysis using the long‐pulsed ruby laser is a promising, well‐tolerated method of hair removal in male‐to‐female transsexuals under oestrogen supplementation and antiandrogens.
Providing a ‘safety net’: fine‐tuning preparation of undergraduate physiotherapists for contemporary professional practice
Authors: Clouder Lynn , Dalley Jayne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIt is increasingly imperative that professional courses produce graduates who are fit for purpose. However, there is evidence that some junior staff within the allied health professions feel ill‐prepared for the demands of contemporary professional practice, especially with respect to their management capabilities. Adverse criticism of new graduates by employers has prompted a variety of curricular innovations. This paper presents the findings of a small evaluative study of the impact of introducing a work‐based ‘caseload management module’ during the final weeks of an undergraduate physiotherapy course. The module is designed to offer students the opportunity to further develop management skills, essential to the competent junior therapist, that are transferable across the clinical specialties. Evaluation on point of completion of the module and several months into employment highlights several factors perceived to have been helpful in facilitating progression into practice. The module provides a transition period and a means of ‘bridging the gap’ between student and employee. Being given increased responsibility for a caseload of patients while still operating with a ‘safety net’ in place, where the practice educator retains overall responsibility, is a key factor in developing confidence in managing the demands of a junior therapist post and being perceived as competent to do so. Students also feel accepted and valued by colleagues to a greater extent than in earlier placements, thus strengthening their professional identity. Students recognize that management skills, such as prioritization or delegation, are transferable, and enable them to enter into a variety of junior therapist posts with increased levels of self‐confidence. Thus, the evaluation evidence suggests that the caseload management module not only prepares students for managing their future workload but also ensures that they enter professional practice with realistic expectations of its demands.
The cornea swells in the posterior direction under hydrogel contact lenses
Authors: Erickson Paul , Comstock Timothy L. , Doughty Michael J. , Cullen Anthony P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwo mathematical models were developed to describe the topographical corneal swelling response to hydrogel contact lenses and the effect of these changes on refractive error. In one, corneal thickness changes resulted in deformation of the anterior corneal surface. In the other, the posterior surface only was deformed. Refractive error, corneal thickness and corneal shape were monitored in a sample of adapted contact lens wearers with one eye patched for 4  h while wearing a soft contact lens. The experimental data were most consistent with the model in which the posterior surface only was deformed.
Modelling the mechanics of accommodation and presbyopia
Authors: Judge S. J. , Burd H. J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Finite element methods have been used to compute the expected relationship between changes in ciliary body diameter and the change in refractive power implied by the change in geometry of the human ocular lens, using values for the material properties and initial geometry taken from the literature (notably the slit lamp photography of Brown (1973) and the studies by Fisher (1969) of the lens material properties). The results show that if the non‐linearity associated with the changing geometry is taken into account the lens does not respond to ciliary body stretch by an increase in power [as recently claimed by Schachar et al. (1993), but in the conventional way with a decrease in power. The models show a decrease in the amplitude of accommodation between the age of 29 and 45 years (using Brown's data, 1973), but using Brown's data for the 11‐year‐old eye leads to the paradoxical conclusion that accommodation amplitude in this eye would have been small. In the process of carrying out the modelling, we have examined the consistency of the published measurements and also the validity of the mathematical methods used in interpreting them, and this analysis suggests that further work is needed before one can be confident that the assumptions about geometry and material properties on which the modelling is based are sound.
Contrast sensitivity and copy drawing performance in patients with cortical lesions: high or low level deficit?
Authors: Wright M. J. , Shaw L. 
Published: March 2003

Purpose:  Copy drawing is a complex task involving perception, attention and the generation of motor output, and it is sensitive to the effects of brain lesions or dementia. Our research examines the relationship between high and low level visual deficits and copy drawing.Methods:  We have obtained copy drawings of a Navon figure (a global letter H composed of local letter Ts), and measured visual contrast sensitivity (CS), visual fields, and neglect (line bisection and star cancellation), in 105 patients with cortical lesions. Copying of global and local letters was scored independently. CS was measured using single letters (Bailey–Lovie) or symbols (Ffooks test) at varying sizes.Results:  Correlations were found between local and global copying performance and CS. Disorganisation of copy drawing at the global level was dissociable from disorganisation at the local level. Global disorganisation was associated with reduced CS, particularly at larger letter sizes. Patients showing extreme distortions such as the omission or duplication of part of the global figure all had reduced CS to the largest letter size. However the converse is not true: not all patients with reduced CS to large symbols were unable to copy the global figure.Conclusions:  The perceptual component of constructional apraxia may include reduced CS to large stimuli.
Cling film as a barrier against CJD in corneal contact A‐scan ultrasonography
Authors: Rani Asha , Dunne Mark C. M. , Barnes Derek A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurpose: To determine the validity of covering a corneal contact transducer probe with cling film as protection against the transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD).Methods: The anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth of the right eyes of 10 subjects was recorded, under cycloplegia, with and without cling film covering over the transducer probe of a Storz Omega Compu‐scan Biometric Ruler. Measurements were repeated on two occasions.Results: Cling film covering did not influence bias or repeatability. Although the 95% limits of agreement between measurements made with and without cling film covering tended to exceed the intrasessional repeatability, they did not exceed the intersessional repeatability of measurements taken without cling film.Conclusions: The results support the use of cling film as a disposable covering for corneal contact A‐scan ultrasonography to avoid the risk of spreading CJD from one subject to another.
A review of cooling patients with severe cerebral insult in ICU (Part 1)
Authors: Price Theresa , McGloin Sarah 
Published: March 2003

Summary

A review of the literature was undertaken to determine the existence of any evidence to support cooling strategies used in the ICU
The focus of the review was to examine previous findings on the specific problems of cooling patients with severe cerebral insult
Cooling methods that use external physical cooling strategies as well as the effects of antipyretics and vasoactive drugs were examined
Overall, it would appear that conclusions for practice remain unclear
The findings led to the implementation of a pilot study, the findings of which will be discussed in Part 2
Clinical Significance of Lead Content in Dietary Calcium Supplements
Authors: Collins Candyce C. , Summa Maria A. 
Published: March 2003

Calcium supplements are sold in a wide variety of formulations and preparations, and product labels indicate the number of milligrams (mg) of calcium contained within each dosage unit. Until recently, consumers were often unaware that lead may be found in calcium supplements; however, this issue has received a great deal of recent media attention. Healthcare professionals are likely to receive many questions from the lay public regarding this issue. This article reviews current knowledge about the lead content of calcium supplements as a guide for clinicians.
Key Words:
calcium, calcium supplements, lead, dietary lead
Does Beta‐Carotene Supplementation Reduce (or Increase) Cancer Risk?
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2003

Epidemiologic studies have been very consistent in showing that consumption of dietary fruits and vegetables is inversely related to risk of certain cancers, especially lung cancer. It has been suggested that carotenoids, particularly β‐carotene, are the chemopreventive agents. Four long‐term, large, randomized intervention trials have been conducted to test the effectiveness of β‐carotene supplementation on cancer risk. The Alpha‐Tocopherol, β‐Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study tested daily supplementation with 20 mg β‐carotene and 50 mg α‐tocopherol in smokers. The β‐Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) tested daily supplementation with 30 mg β‐carotene and 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate in adults at high risk for lung cancer (smokers, asbestos‐exposed). The Physicians’ Health Study (PHS) tested supplementation with 50 mg β‐carotene on alternate days in adults, 11% of whom were smokers. The Linxian (Chinese) Study tested daily supplementation with 15 mg β‐carotene, 50 μg selenium, and 30 mg α‐tocopherol in vitamin‐ and mineral‐deficient adults. The ATBC and CARET studies reported that β‐carotene increased the incidence of lung cancer in high risk groups. The PHS showed no effect of β‐carotene supplementation on cancer incidence. The Chinese study reported a lower mortality of total cancers. These results suggest that supplementation with β‐carotene for the prevention of cancer may pose a risk in smokers and asbestos workers and is of little benefit in preventing cancer in well‐nourished populations. Health benefits are more likely from increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, including those rich in carotenoids. ▪
Key Words:
carotenoids, beta‐carotene, cancer
Dietary Management of the “Old–Old”: An Individualized Approach
Authors: Goldberg Jeanne P. , Smith Julie A. , Economos Christina 
Published: March 2003

The population of the United States continues to shift toward the “oldest–old,” often defined as 85 years old or more. Multiple personal and environmental factors may contribute to suboptimal diets among this group. However, practitioners are urged to assess each older patient on an individual basis because many health‐related problems that occur with advancing age do not affect all older people at the same rate or in the same manner. ▪
Key Words:
aged, aging, elderly, nutrition assessment, geriatrics, nutritional requirements
Binge Eating Disorder: Identification and Management
Authors: Baker Christina Wood , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBinge eating disorder is a new diagnostic entity that refers to a pattern of recurrent binge eating episodes without the regular use of compensatory behaviors. Effective identification and management of binge eating disorder is important because of the distress experienced by individuals with the problem and because of the impact that binge eating disorder can have on physical health, particularly through its relationship with obesity. Identification can be facilitated with basic awareness of the demographic, behavioral, and psychological correlates of binge eating disorder, and by routinely asking patients appropriate questions. Research on treatment of binge eating disorder is still in its infancy, but we provide empirically based treatment recommendations. We describe a stepped‐care approach for managing binge eating disorder in health care settings. Low‐intensity interventions include physical activity, pure self‐help, and nutritional counseling or self‐help behavioral weight loss. Middle‐intensity options are guided self‐help and brief cognitive‐behavioral therapy. Lastly, high‐intensity treatments include group or individual psychotherapy, structured behavioral weight loss programs, and medication. Research findings on the effectiveness of self‐help treatments for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder raise hope for the possibility of managing binge eating problems in nonspecialty, primary care settings.
Prograde pressure–temperature paths in the pelitic schists of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, SW Japan
Authors: Inui M. , Toriumi M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrograde P–T paths recorded by the chemistry of minerals of subduction‐related metamorphic rocks allow inference of tectonic processes at convergent margins. This paper elucidates the changing P–T conditions during garnet growth in pelitic schists of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, which is a subduction related metamorphic belt in the south‐western part of Japan. Three types of chemical zoning patterns were observed in garnet: Ca‐rich normal zoning, Ca‐poor normal zoning and intrasectoral zoning. Petrological studies indicate that normally‐zoned garnet grains grew keeping surface chemical equilibrium with the matrix, in the stable mineral assemblage of garnet + muscovite + chlorite + plagioclase + paragonite + epidote + quartz ± biotite. Pressure and temperature histories were inversely calculated from the normally‐zoned garnet in this assemblage, applying the differential thermodynamic method (Gibbs' method) with the latest available thermodynamic data set for minerals. The deduced P–T paths indicate slight increase of temperature with increasing pressure throughout garnet growth, having an average dP/dT of 0.4–0.5 GPa/100 °C. Garnet started growing at around 470 °C and 0.6 GPa to achieve the thermal and baric peak condition near the rim (520 °C, 0.9 GPa). The high‐temperature condition at relatively low pressure (for subduction related metamorphism) suggests that heating occurred before or simultaneously with subduction.
An automated strategy for calculation of phase diagram sections and retrieval of rock properties as a function of physical conditions
Authors: Connolly J. A. D. , Petrini K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe formulate an algorithm for the calculation of stable phase relations of a system with constrained bulk composition as a function of its environmental variables. The basis of this algorithm is the approximate representation of the free energy composition surfaces of solution phases by inscribed polyhedra. This representation leads to discretization of high variance phase fields into a continuous mesh of smaller polygonal fields within which the composition and physical properties of the phases are uniquely determined. The resulting phase diagram sections are useful for understanding the phase relations of complex metamorphic systems and for applications in which it is necessary to establish the variations in rock properties such as density, seismic velocities and volatile‐content through a metamorphic cycle. The algorithm has been implemented within a computer program that is general with respect to both the choice of variables and the number of components and phases possible in a system, and is independent of the structure of the equations of state used to describe the phases of the system.
Constraints on the duration of high‐pressure metamorphism in the Tauern Window from diffusion modelling of discontinuous growth zones in eclogite garnet
Authors: Dachs E. , Proyer A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn eclogite sample from the Grossgockner region of the Hohe Tauern, Austria contains garnet with a pronounced compositional discontinuity between a Mn‐rich core and an Fe‐rich rim. This jump in composition was caused by a garnet‐consuming reaction followed by growth of the garnet rim + omphacite and marks the prograde transition from epidote–amphibolite to eclogite facies metamorphism. Garnet growth ended at peak metamorphic conditions of 570 °C, 17 kbar, but intracrystalline diffusion continued until about 450 °C, 4 kbar on the retrograde path. This garnet overgrowth texture represents a natural diffusion couple and a time span of 1 Myr was calculated from the diffusion profile developing out of the original sharp compositional step. For typical crustal densities, this time corresponds to a minimum average velocity in the range 4.6–7.4 cm yr−1 (for vertical movement), which is one of the fastest exhumation rates reported. The diffusion of all divalent cations of four profiles was modelled, both analytically and numerically. Both approaches gave comparable results, but the times computed for each element were always discrepant up to a factor of 2. Variations of diffusion coefficients within 2 in analytical calculations remedied this and gave consistent upper time limits. Numerical modelling does not require the simplifications introduced in the analytical approach. On the other hand, error propagation was computationally unfeasible with this method.
Dialyzer Reuse: What We Know and What We Don't Know
Authors: Kaplan Andre A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTDespite extensive clinical experience, the effects of different reuse procedures have not been fully evaluated. The available data suggest that the effect of reuse on dialyzer performance depends upon the type of chemicals employed, the membrane type, and the size of the solute whose removal is being assessed. The effect of reuse on urea clearance is essentially defined by the residual cell volume with a total cell volume of > 80% associated with a dialyzer clearance that is within 10% of its original value. The effect of reuse on large solute clearance can be dramatic, with the procedure resulting in substantial changes in the β2‐microglobulin clearance of different dialyzers. Of note is the limited data available regarding the effect of reuse procedures on dialyzers processed more than 20 times.