bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Perspective: S. Leonard Syme's influence on the development of social epidemiology and where we go from there
Authors: Yen Irene H 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article accompanies Len Syme's "Historical Perspective: The social determinants of disease – some roots of the movement." It describes some of Len's role in the development of social epidemiology through mentoring investigators and influencing training programs. It also discusses some challenges for the field and ways to move forward.
Physical Exercise in Cancer Patients During and After Medical Treatment: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Knols Ruud , Aaronson Neil K. , Uebelhart Daniel , Fransen Jaap , Aufdemkampe Geert 
Published: May 2005

Purpose To systematically review the methodologic quality of, and summarize the evidence from trials examining the effectiveness of physical exercise in improving the level of physical functioning and psychological well-being of cancer patients during and after medical treatment. Methods Thirty-four randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials were identified, reviewed for substantive results, and assessed for methodologic quality. Results Four of 34 trials met all (seven of seven) methodologic criteria on the Delphi criteria list. Failure to conceal the sequencing of treatment allocation before patient recruitment, failure to blind the outcome assessor, and failure to employ an intention-to-treat analysis strategy were the most prevalent methodologic shortcomings. Various exercise modalities have been applied, differing in content, frequency, intensity, and duration. Positive results have been observed for a diverse set of outcomes, including physiologic measures, objective performance indicators, self-reported functioning and symptoms, psychological well-being, and overall health-related quality of life. Conclusion The trials reviewed were of moderate methodologic quality. Together they suggest that cancer patients may benefit from physical exercise both during and after treatment. However, the specific beneficial effects of physical exercise may vary as a function of the stage of disease, the nature of the medical treatment, and the current lifestyle of the patient. Future RCTs should use larger samples, use appropriate comparison groups to rule out the possibility of an attention-placebo effect, use a comparable set of outcome measures, pay greater attention to issues of motivation and adherence of patients participating in exercise programs, and examine the effect of exercise on cancer survival.
Photorefractoriness in Mammals: Dissociating a Seasonal Timer from the Circadian-Based Photoperiod Response
Authors: Lincoln Gerald A. , Johnston Jonathan D. , Andersson Hakan , Wagner Gabriela , Hazlerigg David G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn seasonal animals, prolonged exposure to constant photoperiod induces photorefractoriness, causing spontaneous reversion in physiology to that of the previous photoperiodic state. This study tested the hypothesis that the onset of photorefractoriness is correlated with a change in circadian expression of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (circadian pacemaker) and the pars tuberalis (PT, a melatonin target tissue). Soay sheep were exposed to summer photoperiod (16-h light) for either 6 or 30 wk to produce a photostimulated and photorefractory physiology, and seasonal changes were tracked by measuring the long-term prolactin cycles. Animals were killed at 4-h intervals throughout 24 h. Contrary to the hypothesis, the 24-h rhythmic expression of clock genes (Rev-erbα, Per1, Per2, Bmal1, Cry1) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and PT reflected the ambient photoperiod/melatonin signal and not the changing physiology. Contrastingly, the PT expression of α-glycoprotein hormone subunit (αGSU) and βTSH declined in photorefractory animals toward a short day-like endocrinology. We conclude that the generation of long-term endocrine cycles depends on the interaction between a circadian-based, melatonin-dependent timer that drives the initial photoperiodic response and a non-circadian-based timer that drives circannual rhythmicity in long-lived species. Under constant photoperiod the two timers can dissociate, leading to the apparent refractory state.
Dopaminergic Activation of Estrogen Receptors in Neonatal Brain Alters Progestin Receptor Expression and Juvenile Social Play Behavior
Authors: Olesen Kristin M. , Jessen Heather M. , Auger Catherine J. , Auger Anthony P. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Steroid receptor activation in developing brain influences a variety of cellular processes that endure into adulthood, altering both behavior and physiology. We report that estrogen receptors can be activated in a ligand-independent manner within developing brain by membrane dopamine receptors. Neonatal treatment with either estradiol or a dopamine D1 receptor agonist can increase the expression of an estrogen receptor-regulated gene (i.e. progestin receptors) and later juvenile social play. More importantly, increases in social play behavior induced by neonatal treatment with estradiol or a dopamine D1 receptor agonist can be prevented by prior treatment with an estrogen receptor antagonist. This suggests that changes in dopamine transmission in developing brain can activate estrogen receptors in a ligand-independent manner to influence gene expression and have lasting consequences on social behavior.
Short-Term Administration of Supraphysiological Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH) Does Not Increase Maximum Endurance Exercise Capacity in Healthy, Active Young Men and Women with Normal GH-Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Axes
Authors: Berggren Annika , Ehrnborg Christer , Rosén Thord , Ellegård Lars , Bengtsson Bengt-Åke , Caidahl Kenneth 
Published: May 2005

Context: Despite the fact that the use of GH as a doping agent in sports is widespread, little is known about its short-term effects.
Objective: The objective was to study the effects of GH on exercise capacity.
Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was used, with a treatment period of 28 d.
Setting: Subjects from general community studied ambulatory at a university hospital.
Participants: Thirty healthy active young normal volunteers (15 women and 15 men) were recruited by local announcement, and all completed the study.
Intervention: All subjects were randomized to receive a low GH dose (0.033 mg/kg·d or 0.1 IU/kg·d), a high GH dose (0.067 mg/kg·d or 0.2 IU/kg·d), or placebo.
Main outcome measures: Power output and oxygen uptake on bicycle exercise were the main outcome measures.
Results: We found no effect of the low or high dosages of GH on maximum oxygen uptake during exercise (mean ± se for placebo, 45.2 ± 1.6 to 45.2 ± 2.1 ml/kg·min; GH low dose, 42.8 ± 1.6 to 42.8 ± 1.6 ml/kg·min; GH high dose, 44.8 ± 3.4 to 44.8 ± 2.2 ml/kg·min; not significant by two-way ANOVA). Neither was there any effect on maximum achieved power output during exercise or on blood pressure, heart rate, or the electrocardiographic ST level at rest or during exercise. GH significantly increased total body weight (P = 0.028), an effect predominantly ascribed to fluid retention (increased extracellular water volume), whereas muscle mass (as indicated by intracellular water volume) did not change. However, changes in the latter correlated to changes in physical performance, possibly due to different training efforts.
Conclusion: Administration of supraphysiological recombinant human GH during a period of 4 wk does not improve power output or oxygen uptake.
Growth Hormone Replacement Is Important for the Restoration of Parathyroid Hormone Sensitivity and Improvement in Bone Metabolism in Older Adult Growth Hormone-Deficient Patients
Authors: White H. D. , Ahmad A. M. , Durham B. H. , Patwala A. , Whittingham P. , Fraser W. D. , Vora J. P. 
Published: May 2005

Alterations in PTH circadian rhythm and PTH target-organ sensitivity exist in adult GH-deficient (AGHD) patients and may underlie the pathogenesis of AGHD-related osteoporosis. GH replacement (GHR) results in increased bone mineral density, but its benefit in AGHD patients over 60 yr old has been debated.
To examine the effect of age on changes in PTH circadian rhythm and target-organ sensitivity after GHR, we recruited 22 AGHD patients (12 were &lt;60 yr of age, and 10 were &gt;60 yr of age). Half-hourly blood samples were collected for PTH, calcium, phosphate, nephrogenous cAMP (marker of renal PTH activity), type-I collagenβ C-telopeptide (bone resorption marker), and procollagen type-I amino-terminal propeptide (bone formation marker) before and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment with GHR.
Significant PTH circadian rhythms were present in both age groups throughout the study. After GHR, PTH decreased and nephrogenous cAMP, adjusted calcium, and bone turnover markers increased in both groups, suggesting increased PTH target-organ sensitivity. In younger patients, the changes were significant after 1 month of GHR, but, in older patients, the changes were delayed until 3 months, with maximal changes at 12 months.
Older AGHD patients derive benefit from GHR in terms of improvement in PTH sensitivity and bone metabolism. Their response appears delayed and may explain why previous studies have not shown a positive effect of GHR on bone mineral density in older AGHD patients.
Regulation of Proliferation, Motility, and Contractility of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells by Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
Authors: Matsumoto Harunobu , Nasu Kaei , Nishida Masakazu , Ito Hiroko , Bing Sun , Miyakawa Isao 
Published: May 2005

To evaluate the involvement of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms (PDGF-ΑΑ, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-BB) on endometrial tissue remodeling during the perimenstrual period, we investigated the effects of PDGF on the proliferation, motility, invasiveness, and contractility of cultured human endometrial stromal cells (ESC) using a modified methylthiazoletetrazolium assay, a 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, an in vitro wound repair assay, a chemotactic migration assay, a Transwell invasion assay, and a collagen gel contraction assay.All three isoforms of PDGF significantly enhanced the cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and in vitro wound repair of ESC. Chemotactic migration assay, Transwell invasion assay, and collagen gel contraction assay demonstrated that the PDGF isoforms significantly stimulated both the motility of ESC and the collagen gel contractility of ESC. PDGF-BB showed the strongest effects on these cellular functions of ESC.The present study suggested that PDGF isoforms may promote endometrial tissue repair by enhancing the proliferation and expansion of ESC, stimulating ESC migration, and stimulating the contraction of the collagen gel matrix by ESC. By regulating ESC function during the perimenstrual period, PDGF may help to protect the endometrium from extensive fibrosis and scarring.
Effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Protease Inhibitor, Ritonavir, on Basal and Catecholamine-Stimulated Lipolysis
Authors: Adler-Wailes Diane C. , Liu Hanguan , Ahmad Faiyaz , Feng Ningping , Londos Constantine , Manganiello Vincent , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: May 2005

Several of the aspartic acid protease inhibitors used to treat HIV infection increase basal lipolysis in adipocytes, but the cellular mechanisms leading to this augmentation are not well understood. We therefore studied the effects of chronic exposure to the HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, on the lipolytic cascade in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with ritonavir for 14 d (during and after differentiation) enhanced basal, isoproterenol (Iso)-stimulated, and cAMP analog-stimulated lipolysis. Enhancement of lipolysis was observed after Iso at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 μm. Despite a significant decrease in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE)3B activity and protein levels, there were no changes in Iso-stimulated intracellular cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA) expression, or PKA activity. Ritonavir-augmented lipolysis was also observed under conditions that reversed the effect on PDE3B activity via preincubation with 1 μm (-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine. In ritonavir-treated cells, protein expression of the lipid droplet-protective protein, perilipin, was significantly decreased, whereas there was no change in hormone-sensitive lipase. Activation of ERK1/2 by Iso did not play a role in the augmentation. We conclude that ritonavir decreases PDE3B and perilipin protein expression and affects both basal and catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes primarily through actions at sites downstream of PKA.
The Leu7Pro Polymorphism of PreproNPY Is Associated with Decreased Insulin Secretion, Delayed Ghrelin Suppression, and Increased Cardiovascular Responsiveness to Norepinephrine during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Jaakkola Ulriikka , Kuusela Tom , Jartti Tuomas , Pesonen Ullamari , Koulu Markku , Vahlberg Tero , Kallio Jaana 
Published: May 2005

Context: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in angiogenesis, cardiovascular regulation, and hormone secretion. The leucine7 to proline7 (Leu7Pro) polymorphism of preproNPY is associated with vascular diseases and has an impact on hormone levels in healthy subjects.Objective: The current study investigated the role of the Leu7Pro polymorphism in metabolic and cardiovascular autonomic regulation.Design and Subjects: A 5-h oral glucose tolerance test was performed on 27 healthy volunteers representing two preproNPY genotypes (Leu7/Pro7 and Leu7/Leu7) matched for age, sex, body mass index and physical activity.Main Outcome Measures: Simultaneously we performed cardiovascular autonomic function tests and plasma measurements of sympathetic transmitters, glucose, insulin, and ghrelin.Results: The subjects with Leu7/Pro7 genotype had decreased plasma NPY, norepinephrine (NE), and insulin concentrations and insulin to glucose ratios. The suppression of ghrelin concentrations after glucose ingestion was delayed in these subjects. They also had increased heart rate variability indices and baroreflex sensitivity. However, they displayed significant negative association of NE concentration with variability of low-frequency R-R-intervals and with baroreflex sensitivity.Conclusions: The Leu7Pro polymorphism of preproNPY is related to decreased level of basal sympathetic activity, decreased insulin secretion, and delayed ghrelin suppression during oral glucose tolerance test. The increased responsiveness of autonomic functions to NE associated with the polymorphism may be connected to increased cardiovascular vulnerability.
Market for Software Vulnerabilities? Think Again
Authors: Kannan Karthik , Telang Rahul 
Published: May 2005

Software vulnerability disclosure has become a critical area of concern for policymakers. Traditionally, a Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) acts as an infomediary between benign identifiers (who voluntarily report vulnerability information) and software users. After verifying a reported vulnerability, CERT sends out a public advisory so that users can safeguard their systems against potential exploits. Lately, firms such as iDefense have been implementing a new market-based approach for vulnerability information. The market-based infomediary provides monetary rewards to identifiers for each vulnerability reported. The infomediary then shares this information with its client base. Using this information, clients protect themselves against potential attacks that exploit those specific vulnerabilities. The key question addressed in our paper is whether movement toward such a market-based mechanism for vulnerability disclosure leads to a better social outcome. Our analysis demonstrates that an active unregulated market-based mechanism for vulnerabilities almost always underperforms a passive CERT-type mechanism. This counterintuitive result is attributed to the market-based infomediary’s incentive to leak the vulnerability information inappropriately. If a profit-maximizing firm is not allowed to (or chooses not to) leak vulnerability information, we find that social welfare improves. Even a regulated market-based mechanism performs better than a CERT-type one, but only under certain conditions. Finally, we extend our analysis and show that a proposed mechanism—federally funded social planner—always performs better than a market-based mechanism.
Decentralized Serial Supply Chains Subject to Order Delays and Information Distortion: Exploiting Real-Time Sales Data
Authors: Watson Noel , Zheng Yu-Sheng 
Published: May 2005

Decentralized supply chains are traditionally order focused: stage managers focus on meeting replenishment orders of downstream stages; market demand information is relayed up through these orders, and therefore is subject to costly delay and distortion. This paper shows that sharing real-time sales data across all stages and a change in focus to meeting customer demand can mitigate performance impairment caused by the order focus. We show that a change of managerial focus in a decentralized chain can be made by measuring stages’ performance based on their respective echelon stocks, which only depends on how well they respond to the market demand. A demand-focused measurement scheme can be made incentive compatible with the knowledge of the demand distribution; a heuristic scheme independent of the demand distribution can be used to achieve near incentive compatibility.
Acute Myopathy in a Patient with Concomitant Use of Pravastatin and Colchicine
Authors: Alayli Gamze , Cengiz Kivanç , Cantürk Ferhan , Durmuş Dilek , Akyol Yeşim , Menekşe Elif B 
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE To report a case of acute myopathy after concomitant use of colchicine and pravastatin. CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with an acute episode of gout. She had been taking pravastatin 20 mg once daily for 6 years. On admission, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were 48 mg/dL and 1.3 mg/dL, respectively. Colchicine 1.5 mg/day was added to the treatment regimen, but 20 days after the initiation of colchicine therapy, symmetrical proximal muscle weakness developed in the woman's legs. Physical examination, laboratory findings, and electromyelogram findings suggested myopathy. The Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable relationship between myopathy and combined therapy. Seven days after discontinuation of colchicine and pravastatin, the patient's weakness improved and enzyme levels returned to normal. Colchicine was restarted at 1.0 mg/day 5 days later; no myopathy occurred. DISCUSSION Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) and colchicine are known to cause myopathy. Most of the statins and colchicine are biotransformed in the liver primarily by the CYP3A4 system, which may increase the risk of myopathy when concurrent therapy is used. However, pravastatin is not primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. The cause of myopathy in our patient may be related to the interaction of colchicine and pravastatin via P-glycoprotein. In addition, the presence of mild renal dysfunction could have contributed to the development of myopathy. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that clinicians be aware that neuromuscular toxicity can occur in patients with mild renal dysfunction with combined use of colchicine and pravastatin.
Molecular basis of the complex formation between the two calcium-binding proteins S100A8 (MRP8) and S100A9 (MRP14)
Authors: Leukert Nadja , Sorg Clemens , Roth Johannes 
Published: May 2005

AbstractS100 proteins form characteristic homo- and/or heterodimers that play a role in calcium-mediated signaling. We characterized the formation of the human S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer using the yeast two-hybrid system. Employing site-directed mutagenesis we found that distinct hydrophobic amino acids of helix I/I′ are located at a crucial site of the S100A8/S100A9 dimer interface, whereas conserved residues within helix IV/IV′ are not important for heterodimerization. Furthermore, amino acids Y16 and F68 prevent homodimerization of human S100A8. These data demonstrate for the first time the functional relevance of distinct hydrophobic amino acids for human S100A8/S100A9 complex formationin vivo.
An extracellular carboxylesterase from the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus hydrolyses xanthophyll esters
Authors: Zorn Holger , Bouws Henning , Takenberg Meike , Nimtz Manfred , Getzlaff Rita , Breithaupt Dietmar E. , Berger Ralf G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn extracellular enzyme capable of efficient hydrolysis of xanthophyll esters was purified from culture supernatants of the basidiomycetePleurotus sapidus. Under native conditions, the enzyme exhibited a molecular mass of 430 kDa, and SDS-PAGE data suggested a composition of eight identical subunits. Biochemical characterisation of the purified protein showed an isoelectric point of 4.5, and ideal hydrolysis conditions were observed at pH 5.8 and 40°C. Partial amino acid sequences were derived from N-terminal Edman degradation and from mass spectrometricab initiosequencing of internal peptides. An 1861-bp cDNA containing an open reading frame of 1641 bp was cloned from a cDNA library that showed ca. 40% homology toCandida rugosalipases. TheP. sapiduscarboxylesterase represents the first enzyme of the lipase/esterase family from a basidiomycetous fungus that has been characterised at the molecular level.
The anti-inflammatory compound curcumin inhibits Neisseria gonorrhoeae-induced NF-κB signaling, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and attenuates adhesion in late infection
Authors: Wessler Silja , Muenzner Petra , Meyer Thomas F. , Naumann Michael 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNeisseria gonorrhoeae(Ngo) is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium responsible for an array of diseases ranging from urethritis to disseminated gonococcal infections. Early events in the establishment of infection involve interactions betweenNgoand the mucosal epithelium, which induce a local inflammatory response. Here we analyzed the molecular mechanism involved in theNgo-induced induction of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8. We identified the immediate early response transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) as a key molecule for the induction of cytokine release.Ngo-induced activation of direct upstream signaling molecules was demonstrated for IκB kinase α and β (IKKα and IKKβ) by phosphorylation of IκBα as a substrate and IKK autophosphorylation. Using dominant negative cDNAs encoding kinase-dead IKKα, IKKβ, and NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK),Ngo-induced NF-κB activity was significantly inhibited. Curcumin, the yellow pigment derived fromCurcuma longa, inhibited IKKα, IKKβ and NIK, indicating its strong potential to block NF-κB-mediated cytokine release and the innate immune response. In addition to the inhibition ofNgo-induced signaling, curcumin treatment of cells completely abolished the adherence of bacteria to cells in late infection, underlining the high potential of curcumin as an anti-microbial compound without cytotoxic side effects.
Fuel-Optimal Control of Rendezvous Maneuvers for Passenger Cars (Treibstoffoptimale Annäherung von Straßenfahrzeugen)
Authors: Sciarretta Antonio , Guzzella Lino 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
In this paper fuel-optimal rendezvous maneuvers for passenger cars will be analyzed. The results are obtained using simplified yet realistic descriptions of the vehicles and their internal combustion engines. Both the mathematical arguments leading to and the physical interpretations deriving from the optimal solution are shown. Implementation issues (computational burden, convergence, feedforward versus feedback, etc.) are discussed as well.