bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new dental unit for both patients in wheelchairs and general patients
Authors: Tamazawa Yoshinori , Watanabe Makoto , Kikuchi Masahiko , Takatsu Masaki , Tamazawa Kaoru , Yumoto Nobuo , Hyvarinen Pentti 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To develop a dental unit to accommodate both patients in wheelchairs and general patients, and to evaluate the acceptability of the new chair for patients and dentists.Design:  To integrate a unit for patients in wheelchairs and a unit for general patients into a single dental unit.Results:  (1) The newly developed dental unit could be used for both patients in wheelchairs and general patients and could be installed in nearly the same space as occupied by a conventional dental unit. (2) The dentists could take the home position because of the height‐adjusting and tilting mechanisms. (3) The patients could be treated with a sense of assurance because of the wheelchair immobilizer and the safety devices. (4) The dentists could perform patient treatment safely. (5) As patients did not need to be transferred from their wheelchairs, assistance was unnecessary. (6) From the questionnaires, both patients and dentists rated the newly developed dental unit favourable.Conclusions:  The new dental unit for patients in wheelchairs and general patients permitted dentists to perform and patients to receive dental treatment safely and in a comfortable position. Also, as a single unit could be used for treatment of both types of patients, it required no extra space. Therefore, it has the potential to be installed in the clinics of general dental practitioners to treat both groups of patients.
An assessment of the oral health knowledge and recall after a dental talk amongst nurses working with elderly patients: a pilot study*
Authors: Mynors‐Wallis Jonathan , Davis David M. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To assess the oral health knowledge amongst nurses working with elderly people in a local hospital run by a Primary Care Trust before and after a dental training talk.Method:  Nursing staff working at Swanage Cottage Hospital completed a questionnaire designed to assess their knowledge of dental decay, periodontal disease, oral hygiene, denture care and palliative care. One month after receiving a dental talk, the questionnaire was redistributed to the participants. A t‐test was used to compare the number of correct answers before and after the talk.Results:  Twenty members of the nursing staff completed the initial questionnaire and 14 completed it 1 month after the talk. Prior to the talk, of the 45 questions, the mean number of correct answers per member of staff was 23.95 ± 3.83. One month after the talk this had risen by 25% to 34.9 ± 3.83. This increase was statistically significant (p < 0.0001).Conclusion:  A dental talk to a group of nursing staff caring for elderly people in a local hospital produced a significant increase in the level of oral health care knowledge.
Validation of communication between elderly denture wearers and dentists: a questionnaire on satisfaction with complete dentures using semi‐structured interviews
Authors: Anastassiadou V. , Katsouli S. , Heath M. R. , Pissiotis A. , Kapari D. 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  To validate a semi‐structured interview (SSI) for communication between complete denture wearers and dentists.Design:  A SSI using a questionnaire with eight questions on satisfaction with complete dentures (CD): covering function, aesthetics and comfort. The first seven questions used a five‐point Likert scale and the last was dichotomous. Two dentists, carefully trained in the use of the structured questionnaire, administered the SSI.Setting:  A Greek Department of Prosthetic Dentistry.Subjects:  A consecutive sample of 78 CD wearers took part in the study. All subjects presented with complaints from their dentures.Intervention:  All participants and their dentures underwent clinical examination.Results:  The method showed good reliability, verified by the Cronbach alpha (0.86). Both dentists used the questionnaire produced very similar results. (Wilcoxon test 61–99%). Further, the association of the answers with respect to the five‐point Likert scale was very high; all gamma coefficients were statistically significant except for pain and discomfort from the upper CD (CDU).Conclusions:  This method of communication between patients and dentists is reliable and can be used to give good repeatability for qualitatively assessing satisfaction with CD. It can be valuable for clinical use and for extending the study of denture quality to establish outcome measures based on the subjective criteria of satisfaction.
Use and toxicity of complementary and alternative medicines among emergency department patients
Authors: Taylor David McD , Walsham Nicola , Taylor Simone E , Wong LuFee 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective:  To determine the prevalence and type of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) used by ED patients, to identify patient subgroups more likely to use CAM, the conditions for which they were taken, and the prevalence of side‐effects and toxicity associated with CAM use.Methods:  This was an analytical cross‐sectional survey of patients at a large tertiary referral ED. Consenting patients completed a specifically designed study questionnaire, in their preferred language if required. Information was collected on CAM use on the day of presentation and within the previous week and previous year.Results:  Four hundred and four patients were enrolled (participation rate 97.1%). Fifty (12.4%, 95% CI 9.4, 16.1) patients had taken a CAM on the day of presentation, 203 (50.2%, 95% CI 45.3, 55.2) within the previous week and 275 (68.1%, 95% CI 63.2, 72.5) within the previous year. CAM users were significantly younger, better educated and more likely to be female than non‐CAM users (P < 0.01). 103 different CAM had been taken for a wide variety of reasons. Side‐effects were experienced in 53 of the 1182 CAM courses taken (side‐effect rate of 4.5%). One patient presented suffering specifically from CAM toxicity.Conclusion:   Complementary and alternative medicines are used by a considerable proportion of ED patients. The potential for side‐effects, toxicity and interaction with traditional medication indicates the need for consideration of CAM use in patient assessment.
Emergency medicine and environmental activism
Authors: Couser Geoff 
Published: November 2004

AbstractClearfell, burn and sow silviculture is promoted as being the most scientific method of harvesting wet sclerophyll forests in Tasmania. However, it fails to take into account wider social and global environmental issues such as climate change and the carbon cycle. This paper describes an emergency physician's role in the continuing debate surrounding the management of Tasmania's old‐growth forests. Like evidence‐based medicine, the use of science in this context has its limitations, and such comparisons are discussed.
Carbon Monoxide Research Group, LDS Hospital, Utah in reply to Scheinkestel et al. and Emerson: The role of hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Weaver Lindell K , Hopkins Ramona O , Chan Karen J , Thomas Frank , Churchill Susan K , Elliott C Gregory , Morris Alan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis comprehensive response was invited by the Editor of Emergency Medicine Australasia to allow our Group from Salt Lake City, Utah to review the two articles ‘Where to now with carbon monoxide poisoning?’ by Scheinkestel et al. and the accompanying Commentary: ‘The dilemma of managing carbon monoxide poisoning’ by Emerson published in the April issue of Emergency Medicine Australasia.
Improving emergency care for children: A model of collaboration between emergency departments
Authors: Oakley Edward , Crellin Dianne , Barty Natalie , Braitberg George , Young Simon 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives:  To determine whether a partnership between a tertiary paediatric hospital and a hospital with a mixed population of children and adults can improve emergency care for children. To describe the process of creating and maintaining such a partnership.Methods:  A partnership was created and various strategies employed to improve emergency paediatric care. This was evaluated by examination of demographic data, clinical audit, patient satisfaction surveys and staff satisfaction surveys.Results:  Paediatric attendances increased by 12% (P = 0.001), with a 33% increase in children under the age of 5 years (P = 0.001). Despite this there was a reduction of 6% in inpatient paediatric bed usage. Staff decision making and documentation improved during paediatric patient care, and parent and staff satisfaction with care of children improved,Conclusions:  This initiative was successful in improving local paediatric facilities and patient care and is a new and innovative means of improving paediatric emergency care.
Evolutionary implications of pericentromeric gene expression in humans
Authors: Mudge J.M. , Jackson M.S. 
Published: November 2004

Human pericentromeric sequences are enriched for recent sequence duplications. The continual creation and shuffling of these duplications can create novel intron-exon structures and it has been suggested that these regions have a function as gene nurseries. However, these sequences are also rich in satellite repeats which can repress transcription, and analyses of chromosomes 10 and 21 have suggested that they are transcript poor. Here, we investigate the relationship between pericentromeric duplication and transcription by analyzing the in silico transcriptional profiles within the proximal 1.5 Mb of genomic sequence on all human chromosome arms in relation to duplication status. We identify an ∼5× excess of transcripts specific to cancer and/or testis in pericentromeric duplications compared to surrounding single copy sequence, with the expression of >50% of all transcripts in duplications being restricted to these tissues. We also identify an ∼5× excess of transcripts in duplications which contain large quantities of interspersed repeats. These results indicate that the transcriptional profiles of duplicated and single copy sequences within pericentromeric DNA are distinct, suggesting that pericentromeric instability is unlikely to represent a common route for gene creation but may have a disproportionate effect upon genes whose function is restricted to the germ line.
Cloud Ice Crystal Classification Using a 95-GHz Polarimetric Radar
Authors: Aydin K. , Singh J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Two algorithms are presented for ice crystal classification using 95-GHz polarimetric radar observables and air temperature (T). Both are based on a fuzzy logic scheme. Ice crystals are classified as columnar crystals (CC), planar crystals (PC), mixtures of PC and small- to medium-sized aggregates and/or lightly to moderately rimed PC (PSAR), medium- to large-sized aggregates of PC, or densely rimed PC, or graupel-like snow or small lumpy graupel (PLARG), and graupel larger than about 2 mm (G). The 1D algorithm makes use of Zh, Zdr, LDRhv, and T, while the 2D algorithm incorporates the three radar observables in pairs, (Zdr, Zh), (LDRhv, Zh), and (Zdr, LDRhv), plus the temperature T. The range of values for each observable or pair of observables is derived from extensive modeling studies conducted earlier. The algorithms are tested using side-looking radar measurements from an aircraft, which was also equipped with particle probes producing simultaneous and nearly collocated shadow images of cloud ice crystals. The classification results from both algorithms agreed very well with the particle images. The two algorithms were in agreement by 89% in one case and 97% in the remaining three cases considered here. The most effective observable in the 1D algorithm was Zdr, and in the 2D algorithm the pair (Zdr, Zh). LDRhv had negligible effect in the 1D classification algorithm for the cases considered here. The temperature T was mainly effective in separating columnar crystals from the rest. The advantage of the 2D algorithm over the 1D algorithm was that it significantly reduced the dependence on T in two out of the four cases.
Dansylation of Endocrine-disrupting Alkylphenolic Compounds on the Solid Phase Used for Extraction from Environmental Water
Authors: Uno Bunji , Katsumi Jiro , Aoki Kazumi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The dansylation reaction of endocrine-disruptive alkylphenols on a C18-modified silica gel (ODS) instead of organic solvents was investigated with the aim of developing an environment-friendly and efficient derivatization method for the HPLC analyses. The solid-phase aqueous dansylation system has been incorporated into a preconcentration step performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) from tap water.
One-pot Synthesis of Furo[3,2-c]oxepin-4-one Derivatives by the CAN-mediated Reaction of tert-Butyl 2-(2-Hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetates with Alkenes
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Umakoshi Hironobu , Hayashi Kazutaka , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The reaction of tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetates with alkenes in the presence of 2 equivalents of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) is presented. 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]oxepin-4(6H)-ones were formed in moderate to fair yields via 3+2-type dihydrofuran formation, followed by lactonization.
Cross Metathesis Route in Sphingomyelin Synthesis
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroko , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Hatano Sho , Hakogi Toshikazu , Katsumura Shigeo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Cross metathesis reaction of short chain Boc sphingosine using Grubbs’ 2nd generation catalyst proceeded in stereoselective manner to afford Boc sphingosine in good yield. An efficient synthesis of sphingomyelin was achieved from the obtained Boc sphingosine using our own phosphorylation reagent.
Redox Behavior of New Ru–Dioxolene–Ammine Complexes and Catalytic Activity toward Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohol under Mild Conditions
Authors: Hino Takami , Wada Tohru , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Tanaka Koji 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The new Ru–dioxolene–ammine complexes, [RuII(NH3)(sq)(trpy)](ClO4) (1, sq = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzosemiquinone, trpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) and [RuIII(NH3)(sq)(trpy)](ClO4)2 (2), were prepared. They have an ability to oxidize MeOH and i-PrOH catalytically under very mild conditions such as the electrolysis at 0 V (vs SCE) in CH2Cl2.
Colloidal Nanoparticles from Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-DNA for Single Nucleotide Discrimination Based on Salt-induced Aggregation: Extension to Long Target DNA
Authors: Tang Zhonglan , Takarada Tohru , Sato Yoshikuni , Maeda Mizuo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The DNA-linked colloidal nanoparticle was prepared through the phase transition of the amphiphilic copolymer consisting of DNA as the hydrophilic part and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) as the hydrophobic part. We have succeeded in detecting the single nucleotide difference of 39-mer target DNA by using a salt-induced aggregation of the particles.
A PBTK/TD modeling-based approach can assess arsenic bioaccumulation in farmed tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risks
Authors: Ling Min-Pei , Liao Chung-Min , Tsai Jeng-Wei , Chen Bo-Ching 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A biologically based risk-assessment model of arsenic (As) exposure evaluated farmed tilapia (Orechromis mossambicus) and human health during tilapia consumption in an area of southwestern Taiwan where blackfoot disease (BFD) occurs. The risk assessment addressed exposures to city residents who lived in Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung, as well as subsistence fishers living in the BFD area who consumed tilapia. The models implemented included a physiologically based toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (PBTK/TD) model to account for As exposure and dose-response profiles in tilapia and a human health exposure/risk model that accounts for target lifetime risk (TR) and hazard quotient (HQ) for humans consuming farmed tilapia. Results demonstrated that 90th percentiles of TR ranged from 1.53 × 10−8 to 1.62 × 10−6 for city residents with farmed tilapia consumption rates of 0.41 to 1.37 g/d. The 90th percentiles ranged from 2.07 ×10−6 to 7.89 ×10−5 for subsistence fishers in the BFD area with farmed tilapia consumption rates of 16.80 to 59.15 g/d. All predicted 90th percentiles of HQ were less than 1 for city residents and subsistence fishers in the BFD area, indicating small contributions from farmed tilapia consumption. Critical variables included whole-fish body weight, water As content, and As level in tilapia muscle. Although bioaccumulation of As seems unlikely to result in toxicity to farmed tilapia and humans consuming tilapia, the theoretical human health risks in the BFD area are alarming, using a probabilistic risk-assessment model based on conservative assumptions.
The U.S. environmental protection agency's examination of its risk assessment principles and practices: A brief perspective from the regulated community
Authors: Stahl Ralph G. , Guiseppi-Elie Annette , Bingman Timothy S. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In March 2004, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) published a review of its risk assessment principles and practices. In examining this review, we find a broad, but not particularly deep, review by the authors and areas where the U.S. EPA should strive to further improve the risk assessment process. Recommended areas of improvement include the use of less conservative default assumptions, calculating risk based on populations instead of individuals, and fostering research on multiple stressors and their impacts on estimating risks to ecological receptors.
Suppression of the Keto‐Emission in Polyfluorene Light‐Emitting Diodes: Experiments and Models
Authors: Yang X. H. , Jaiser F. , Neher D. , Lawson P. V. , Brédas J.‐L. , Zojer E. , Güntner R. , Scanduicci de Freitas P. , Forster M. , Scherf U. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe spectral characteristics of polyfluorene (PF)‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) containing a defined low concentration of either keto‐defects or of the polymer poly(9,9‐octylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) are presented. Both types of blend layers were tested in different device configurations with respect to the relative and absolute intensities of green and blue emission components. It is shown that blending hole‐transporting molecules into the emission layer at low concentration or incorporation of a suitable hole‐transporting layer reduces the green emission contribution in the electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of the PF:F8BT blend, which is similar to what is observed for the keto‐containing PF layer. We conclude that the keto‐defects in PF homopolymer layers mainly constitute weakly emissive electron traps, in agreement with the results of quantum‐mechanical calculations.
Biogenic Calcium Carbonate: Calcite Crystals of Variable Morphology by the Reaction of Aqueous Ca2+ Ions with Fungi
Authors: Ahmad A. , Rautaray D. , Sastry M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe biological synthesis of CaCO3 crystals of variable morphology by challenging non‐calcareous microorganisms such as fungi with aqueous Ca2+ ions has been described. Many fungi are known to produce reasonable amounts of CO2 during growth. We show here that CO2 and characteristic proteins released from the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Trichothecium sp. may be reacted with aqueous Ca2+ ions to produce truly biogenic CaCO3 crystals. While calcite crystals are obtained with both fungi, significant differences in the morphology of the crystals is observed, indicating that the proteins secreted by the fungi play a crucial role in directing the morphology of the calcite crystals. The action of specific proteins secreted by the microorganisms in directing calcite crystal morphology as well as the more complex issue of synergistic action of mixtures of proteins in directing crystal structure and morphology has been addressed.
Aligned Thin Films of Discotic Hexabenzocoronenes: Anisotropy in the Optical and Charge Transport Properties
Authors: Piris J. , Debije M. G. , Stutzmann N. , Laursen B. W. , Pisula W. , Watson M. D. , Bjørnholm T. , Müllen K. , Warman J. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe anisotropy in the optical absorption and photoconductivity of thin layers of mesomorphic derivatives of hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC) have been investigated for aligned films prepared via three different methods: deposition on friction‐deposited polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), zone‐casting (ZC), and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) multilayer dipping. The ratio of the optical density for light polarized perpendicular to the alignment direction, OD+, to that for light polarized parallel, OD=, varies from close to 1.0 up to 12.5 depending on whether the HBC cores are tilted at close to 45° or 90° with respect to the axis of the self‐assembled columnar stacks. For all aligned films the photoconductivity, determined using the electrode‐less flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity technique (FP‐TRMC), was found to be favored in the direction of columnar alignment by up to a factor of 30 for a PTFE‐aligned film. The effect of varying the temperature of the films over a range encompassing the temperature at which the transition from the crystalline solid to the columnar mesophase occurs in the bulk materials has been investigated. High‐temperature annealing increases the optical and conductivity anisotropy for the LB film significantly, but has little effect for the PTFE and the ZC films. The relative efficacy of the different alignment procedures is discussed.
Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism
Authors: Vargas Diana L. , Nascimbene Caterina , Krishnan Chitra , Zimmerman Andrew W. , Pardo Carlos A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and social interaction and may be accompanied by mental retardation and epilepsy. Its cause remains unknown, despite evidence that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors may play a role in its pathogenesis. To investigate whether immune‐mediated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of autism, we used immunocytochemistry, cytokine protein arrays, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays to study brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from autistic patients and determined the magnitude of neuroglial and inflammatory reactions and their cytokine expression profiles. Brain tissues from cerebellum, midfrontal, and cingulate gyrus obtained at autopsy from 11 patients with autism were used for morphological studies. Fresh‐frozen tissues available from seven patients and CSF from six living autistic patients were used for cytokine protein profiling. We demonstrate an active neuroinflammatory process in the cerebral cortex, white matter, and notably in cerebellum of autistic patients. Immunocytochemical studies showed marked activation of microglia and astroglia, and cytokine profiling indicated that macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)–1 and tumor growth factor–β1, derived from neuroglia, were the most prevalent cytokines in brain tissues. CSF showed a unique proinflammatory profile of cytokines, including a marked increase in MCP‐1. Our findings indicate that innate neuroimmune reactions play a pathogenic role in an undefined proportion of autistic patients, suggesting that future therapies might involve modifying neuroglial responses in the brain. Ann Neurol 2005An Erratum has been published for this article in Ann Neurol 57: 304, 2005.