bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a compact high-current repetitive pulsed x-ray system
Authors: Lyu Ze-qi , Xie Yan-zhao , Zhou Yi , Cheng Yin-hui , Jiang Ming 
Published: October 2023

Pulsed x-rays are crucial for various applications such as radiography, biological effects, and the system-generated electromagnetic pulse effect. X rays with a higher dose rate and a higher total dose can generate more significant radiation effects and more effective radiography. However, most pulsed sub-100 keV x-ray systems with high dose rates operate in the single pulse mode with limited total dose, and most repetitive pulsed x-ray systems have a low dose rate. This paper develops a compact high-current repetitive pulsed x-ray system with a low-impedance diode to generate high dose rate pulsed x-rays with an average energy below 100 keV. A diode with a double-ring cathode is designed and tested to produce uniform pulsed x-rays. In order to investigate the x-ray intensity and the pulse number of repetitions for different anode thicknesses, five typical thicknesses are tested. The experimental results show that this system can operate stably at a repetitive rate of 0.2 Hz with a peak voltage of about 200 kV and a peak current of about 100 kA. The dose rate is about 2.4 × 105 Gy(LiF)/s, and the average x-ray energy is about 55 keV with the 40 µm thick tantalum anode. The x-ray uniformity is better than 2:1 over the measuring plane.
Arboreal activity of invasive rodents: conservation implications for the control of an island pest
Authors: Nance Alexandra H. , Wilson Melinda , Burns Phoebe A. , Cook Carly N. , Clarke Rohan H. 
Published: October 2023

Context Invasive rodents pose a substantial threat to biodiversity and are a leading cause of species decline and extinction on islands. Population suppression using ground-based methods is common practice, though arboreal behaviour of rodents may render control programs less effective. Aims We aimed to quantify species-specific invasive rodent activity (Rattus rattus, R. exulans, Mus musculus) across three forest strata to determine the prevalence of arboreal rodent behaviour in a system that has undergone extensive long-term rodent baiting, and therefore assess the suitability of solely ground-based baiting in this system. Methods We calculated rodent presence at the ground, mid-storey, and canopy using three detection methods (camera traps, chew cards and tracking tunnels) deployed for 30-day periods across three structurally distinct forest types (canopy heights ranged from 3.5 to 16.7 m). We developed continuous rodent activity indices for each method, which we paired with density estimates. Strata-specific species composition was determined using camera trap images. Key results Rodent presence was recorded equally across all strata, with R. rattus dominating above-ground strata. Rodent densities differed significantly between forest types, which was largely consistent with activity indices. Conclusions Our findings offer an additional explanation for reduced efficacy of long-term ground-based control programs: arboreal behaviour may exacerbate the reduction in efficacy often associated with long-term control. Implications Effective management of invasive rodent species on islands is a global conservation challenge. Our findings suggest above-ground control may be required in some long-term suppression programs or eradication campaigns, particularly in the presence of the black rat.
Denominative variation in the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset corpus
Authors: Benítez Carrasco Valeria , León-Araúz Pilar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 2020, we have witnessed the emergence of new concepts and terms due to the pandemic outbreak. Some of them have even become obsolete in a short period of time whereas others are still misused despite standardization efforts. In this paper we study explicit denominative variation in the COVID-19 corpus, which consists of scientific articles released as part of the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset and is publicly available in Sketch Engine. First of all, variants for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and coronavirus disease 2019 were extracted by means of knowledge patterns (e.g., also known as). The productiveness of knowledge patterns was analyzed and a set of 1,684 explicit variation excerpts were collected and manually annotated. A total of 371 variants were retrieved and organized in two polydenominative clusters (i.e., 177 for COVID-19 and 193 for SARS-CoV-2), which were then formally and semantically characterized by comparison with the established designations. Finally, possible causes underlying denominative variation are explored.
Pesticide operator safety: A global framework to support operator safety at the “local” level
Authors: Shaw Anugrah , Sanvido Olivier , Wagate Githaiga , Röver Markus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pesticides are used in agriculture worldwide. Typically, approval of the products for specific uses is required. During the approval process, a risk assessment takes place that estimates risks to human health based on exposure to pesticides, in addition to environmental risks. This publication focuses mainly on requirements and options to reduce exposure risks for operators.
Effective operator health and safety is considered to be based on four pillars: (1) risk assessment, (2) risk mitigation, (3) risk communication, and (4) information and training of farmers. Information on each of the four pillars addressed here includes (1) background Information, (2) example(s) for consideration, and (3) recommendation for process improvement.
This article analyses and describes the basic assumptions and procedures as well as the inter-connectedness of actions that result in information communicated to the operators. It was identified that in many regions one or more of the pillars mentioned are not effective and could be improved.
This includes considerations on exposure models available and under development, the definition of appropriate PPE as well as options and current developments in the field of risk communication including the identification of the relevant stakeholders.
The major objective of the article is to initiate discussion on the framework that is required to improve each of the four pillars starting from a proper risk assessment considering realistic risk mitigation measures, followed by a clear and concise risk communication and finally the implementation of safety measures through proper information and training for the trainers and farmers.
Inverse design of electromagnetically induced transparency metamaterials based on generative adversarial networks
Authors: Li Handong , Wang Jianwei , Qin Chanchan , Lei Tao , Lu Fushan , Li Qi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The traditional metamaterial design process usually relies on some knowledge experience and simulation tools to continuously optimize by trial and error, until the simulation results meet the requirements. But this trial-and-error approach could be more unstable and time-consuming, especially when there are too many material parameters or the optimization interval is too large. This paper proposes a multi-prediction model for metamaterials, Improved-StarGan based on StarGan with semi-supervised learning, and use an EIT structure as a validation object. The generator can output various material structures according to the input spectrum extremes, and the discriminator can forward predict the spectrum extremes based on the input material structure parameters. Spectral normalization, gradient penalty, and hidden space distance regularization are also used to increase the diversity of its output data at the expense of sacrificing a part of the accuracy of the generator. During model training, the loss values of the training and validation sets converge normally and end up in a small range. Finally, the data was extracted from the test set for model prediction and simulation comparison. Meanwhile, a sample of one of the predicted structures is tested. All the results show that the model predictions have low error and high confidence. the results demonstrate that the method is effective in both inverse multiple structure and forward prediction of metamaterials, which provides a new design idea for the structural design of metamaterials.
Influence of sidewall grating etching depth on GaN-based distributed feedback laser diodes
Authors: Feng Meixin , Li Chuanjie , Tang Yongjun , Liu Jianxun , Sun Xiujian , Liu Qifa , Yilmaz Ercan , Sun Qian , Yang Hui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conventional sidewall gratings in GaN-based distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes (LD) have a thick p-type layer, which may cause current spreading and carrier-induced anti-guiding effects, severely deteriorating the lasers performance. In this study, we report a novel fabrication technology to not only reduce the remaining p-type layer in the sidewall gratings but also realize close-coupled sidewall gratings. Afterwards, we further investigate the influence of the sidewall gratings etching depth on GaN-based DFB LDs. The results show an almost unchanged current injection efficiency, nearly coincided I–V curve and a near-field emission width for shallow etched structures, which indicate that the current spreading is neglectable in GaN-based ridge structure LDs. Based on this analysis, GaN-on-Si DFB LDs with an emission wavelength of 414 nm, full width at half maxima of 22 pm, and side mode suppression ratio of 19.1 dB were realized.
Temperature dependence of the electron-drift anisotropy and implications for the electron-drift model
Authors: Abt I. , Gooch C. , Hagemann F. , Hauertmann L. , Hervas Aguilar D. , Liu X. , Schulz O. , Schuster M. , Zsigmond A.J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The electron drift in germanium detectors is modeled making
many assumptions. Confronted with data, these assumptions have to be
revisited. The temperature dependence of the drift of electrons was
studied in detail for an n-type segmented point-contact germanium
detector. The detector was mounted in a temperature controlled,
electrically cooled cryostat. Surface events were induced with
collimated 81 keV photons from a 133Ba source. A detailed
analysis of the rise time of pulses collected in surface scans,
performed at different temperatures, is presented. The longitudinal
anisotropy of the electron drift decreases with rising
temperature. A new approach, making use of designated rise-time
windows determined by simulations using
SolidStateDetectors.jl, was used to isolate the longitudinal
drift of electrons along different axes to quantify this
observation. The measured temperature dependence of the longitudinal
drift velocities combined with the standard electron-drift model as
widely used in relevant simulation packages results in unphysical
predictions. A modification of the electron-drift model based on
assuming phonons to be the dominating scattering centers for
electrons is motivated and described. The results of a first
implementation of the modified model in
SolidStateDetectors.jl are shown. They describe the
temperature dependence of the data reasonably well. A general review
of the model and the standard input values for mobilities is
suggested.
Bound states and point interactions of the one-dimensional pseudospin-one Hamiltonian
Authors: Zolotaryuk A V , Zolotaryuk Y , Gusynin V P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The spectrum of a one-dimensional pseudospin-one Hamiltonian with a three-component potential is studied for two configurations: (i) all the potential components are constants over the whole coordinate space and (ii) the profile of some components is of a rectangular form. In case (i), it is illustrated how the structure of three (lower, middle and upper) bands depends on the configuration of potential strengths including the appearance of flat bands at some special values of these strengths. In case (ii), the set of two equations for finding bound states is derived. The spectrum of bound-state energies is shown to depend crucially on the configuration of potential strengths. Each of these configurations is specified by a single strength parameter V. The bound-state energies are calculated as functions of the strength V and a one-point approach is developed realizing correspondent point interactions. For different potential configurations, the energy dependence on the strength V is described in detail, including its one-point approximation. From a whole variety of bound-state spectra, four characteristic types are singled out.
Fabrication and characterization of ADC-12 hybrid composites utilizing lemon grass ash and boron nitride through stir-squeeze casting method
Authors: Palanivendhan M , Chandradass J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there has been increased interest in hybridizing metal matrix composites using agro-based-waste materials as sustainable choices. Despite the poor tribo-mechanical properties of conventional reinforcement materials, there is immense potential for using alternate reinforcing elements to enhance the mechanical features of matrix composite. In addition, conventional casting procedures present several challenges, including high costs and a lack of adequate mechanical qualities in the finished product. To combat these issues, the authors herein produce the well-known aluminium matrix composite (AMC), ADC 12 alloy, using waste lemon grass (LG) ash at a fixed rate (6 wt%) and hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) at variable proportions (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 wt%) as reinforcing element against traditional reinforcement particles to enhance the tribo-mechanical properties of casted hybrid AMC. In addition, the Stir-Squeeze Casting method produces the hybrid AMC, dramatically decreasing production costs and enhancing final product qualities. The hybrid AMC formed by Stir-Squeeze Casting is examined for its mechanical, corrosion, and tribological characteristics, with the findings indicating that the addition of LG and hBN improved the mechanical, corrosion, and tribological properties of the ADC-LG-hBN composites, with 6 wt% LG and 4.5 wt% hBN reinforcements producing the optimal result. The experimental density of ADC-LG- hBN composites was reduced by 8% when compared to the ADC 12 alloy, while the composites’ tensile, hardness and compressive strength were increased by 118.9%, 36.7%, and 33.6%, respectively. Similarly, the developed composite showed an improved corrosion resistance of 43.8% for 24 h, and the wear rate decreased by 90.4%.
Amphibian chytrid fungus
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a fungal non-human pathogen that infects hundreds of different amphibian species, driving some of them to extinction. ‘Amphibian chytrid fungus’ considers the physiology and natural history of this emerging pathogen; its discovery in the late 1990s in Australia and Central America; and the concepts and strategies used to try to determine its origins. Did it arrive recently in the communities it has destroyed, or had it lain dormant in those communities for millennia before suddenly beginning to cause harm? The debate between the novel pathogen hypothesis and the endemic pathogen hypothesis, versions of which apply to most emerging diseases of wildlife, has lately been settled by genomic samples from Asia that show that the fungus coexisted with amphibians there for millions of years before spreading globally in the mid-20th century. Like many wildlife diseases, controlling Bd in the wild is difficult. While antifungal compounds can be spread in the environment, the most effective way to save amphibian populations may be to promote population health more generally by limiting other threats such as habitat destruction and overhunting.
The British Constitution: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this Very Short Introduction, Martin Loughlin sketches the unique character of the British constitution, sets it in the context of the growth across the world of modern documentary constitutions, and illustrates how Britain’s traditional constitutional arrangements have continued to evolve in response to modern economic, political, and social developments. The impact of recent changes introduced as a result of Britain’s exit from the European Union, the debates over Scottish independence, the uneasy settlement in Northern Ireland, and proposed reforms to the Human Rights Act are examined, and the prospects for Britain’s traditional constitution are assessed.
French Cinema: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Andrew Dudley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book tracks the films, directors, actors, and producers that have made French cinema stand out as perhaps the most artistically ambitious of all national cinemas. Less than 15 percent of national production has sought such attention. Still, this amounts to over 2,000 export films made since the sound era (1930). This book mentions about 275 of those films in generally chronological order. The focus is on French films against the background of French cinema (technology, economics, sociology, politics). Achievements in style—often vis à vis literature, painting, and music—make French films distinctive. Some directors are famous for their chic look and sophisticated themes, while others (like Godard) deliberately slash away at this image in a quest for authenticity, scraping off the carefully made-up face that French stylists have fashioned (e.g. Amélie). This tension between visual spectacle and écriture (cinematic writing) was noted by critics André Bazin and Serge Daney whose views the book espouses. They showed that classical 1930s directors and actors (Marcel Carné; Jean Gabin) gave way after World War II to modernist ones (Robert Bresson), then to the New Wave (François Truffaut; Jeanne Moreau). The year 1968 brought to a head a vigorous male politics of style, followed by women directors from the seventies on. Starting in the eighties, diversity of gender and race has grown in tension with the commercial Cinéma du look, while New Wave ideas continue to inject spontaneity into the system.
Les Glorieuses années trentes
Authors: Andrew Dudley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes that, with sound, cinema soon rivalled live entertainment by adopting songs and theatre routines available at music halls and café-concerts. It also drew on popular theatre plays and actors. France followed three different models in adapting to the crisis of sound. René Clair and his filmed operettas proved the most immediately successful. He, along with the other two models, Marcel Pagnol and Jean Renoir, developed themes that dealt with the lower classes to appeal to the masses and to the highly politicized period of the Popular Front. The chapter cites the emergence of pessimistic and adult themes presented in a novelistic style now called Poetic Realism. French export films triumphed abroad. The decade ended with three films crucial to cinema’s future: Carné’s Le Jour se lève, Renoir’s La Règle du jeu, and Malraux’s Espoir—the last, instantly banned since its release coincided with Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland.
Postwar renewal and retrenchment
Authors: Andrew Dudley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the state of French cinema just after the World War II armistice. Critics from L’Écran Français, La Revue du Cinéma, and other papers and cultural journals broadcast the return of French cinema to international prominence and its role in envisaging a free, egalitarian society. The chapter explores the opening of the film school IDHEC and the Cannes Festival, where France entered five features including prize-winners La Bataille du rail and La Symphonie Pastorale. Though not selected by its own country, Georges Rouquier’s poetic documentary Farrebique took the critics’ award. The chapter explains how cinema was at the mercy of trade negotiations with America following the 1946 Blum–Byrnes accord. It discusses the establishment of the Objectif 49 movement, led by Cocteau, Bazin, Jacques Becker, and Robert Bresson, to build an audience for a new avant-garde of mature feature films.
Standing up and standing out in the global arena
Authors: Andrew Dudley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the emergence of French cinema in the global arena. It notes the eighties as the box-office nadir for European cinema. Though France did better than its neighbours, a glut of private TV channels further eroded a cinema audience that increasingly favoured the Hollywood spectacle. The chapter details how minister of culture, Jack Lang, imposed a hefty tax on tickets in an effort to modernize theatres and jumpstart new productions, including those of young auteurs like Leos Carax and expensive “Heritage” films. Next, France successfully imposed a “cultural exception” in the GATT accords of 1993, giving nations a right to limit imports and subsidize local films. With such financial leverage, plus its governmental agency, UniFrance, French cinema became known around the world for its auteurs (new works by Godard, Rohmer, Rivette, Chabrol), and particularly its stars, Catherine Deneuve, Gérard Depardieu, Isabelle Huppert, and Juliette Binoche.
Imagination: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagination: A Very Short Introduction explores the concept of imagination as a cognitive power crucial to human flourishing. It considers a long philosophical history in which imagination was criticized or revered or regarded as an elusive mysterious capacity of the mind. This study shows how imagination plays a significant role in a wide range of human activities from cave paintings and poetry to physics, phenomenology, and technology, from Nazca geoglyphs to modern art. The VSI explains the philosophy of imagination in the context of aesthetics and literary theory, while highlighting the importance of imagination in human experiences from art and science to everyday life.
From divine madness to cognitive power
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical treatment of imagination in philosophy and literature as a revered or reviled power of the human mind. Philosophers and writers considered it crucial to understand the imagination’s involvement in human thinking. The critical scrutiny and even condemnation of imagination in ancient and early modern philosophy are countered by a recognition of its power and importance for the human mind. The chapter considers the conceptualization of imagination presented by Plato, Aristotle, Michel de Montaigne, and Descartes. It explains how imagination is recognized as the medium of empathy and a source of intuition of the objective world, and how recognition of its synthetic power played an important role in the formulation of productive imagination.
The productive and aesthetic imagination
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates the concepts of aesthetic imagination and productive imagination as crucial to the philosophical appreciation of imaginative capacities. The rise of aesthetics in the 18th century, shifting from a philosophy of perception to focus on the perception of beauty in nature and art, would come to inspire an ecstatic devotion to imagination on the part of Romantic writers and thinkers. The chapter outlines the rise of aesthetic philosophy in Alexander Baumgarten, Edmund Burke, and Immanuel Kant, and the influence of aesthetics of the beautiful and the sublime on the Romantic reverence for imagination. The formulation of the productive imagination by Kant and philosophers in his wake facilitated exploration of its role in human creativity.