bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEM and XRD determination of crystallite size and lattice strain as a function of illite crystallinity in pelitic rocks
Authors: JIANG W.‐T. , PEACOR D. R. , ÁRKAI P. , TÓTH M. , KIM J. W. 
Published: October 2004

Average crystallite size and mean‐square strain of illite in rock specimens and clay separates were measured independently in TEM images and by single‐line Fourier (Voigt method) profile analysis of thec. 1 nm peak of XRD patterns for a prograde sequence of pelitic rocks (illite crystallinity indices=0.17–0.58°Δ2θ) from the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. The TEM‐determined crystallite sizes in clay separates approximate those determined by Fourier profile analyses and those calculated from illite crystallinity indices by the Scherrer equation, with the exception of the diagenetic sample. The crystallite sizes and mean‐square strains of illite in rock samples exhibit a trend similar to that determined by profile analyses, but the average crystallite sizes are up to five times larger than those measured for clay separates.TEM images show that all rock samples have a wide range of crystallite sizes, and the proportions of larger crystallites increase with metamorphic grade. The diagenetic illite is defect‐rich, fine‐grained (mean thickness by volume=c. 70 nm), 1Mdmaterial. Anchizonal illite tends to occur as separate aggregates of small 1Mdand larger 2M1crystals (c. 200 nm), comprising arrays of subparallel coalescing packets. The epizone sample has thick (c. 400 nm), defect‐free crystals of muscovite occurring in stacks of parallel layers, or subhedral crystals intergrown with large‐angle boundaries. Cleaved crystals that are free of intracrystalline layer terminations are dominant in clay separates of all samples, having ranges of smaller sizes with volume‐average thicknesses ofc. 43, 43, and 81 nm (c. 14, 28, 67 nm by the Voigt method), respectively, for the three zones.The results suggest that illite crystallinity indices do not provide a direct measure of a single microstructural state of illite in rocks, although they yield consistent limits for average crystallite sizes for the anchizone (23 & 48 nm here). Therefore, they serve as a general parameter of the degree of recrystallization on a relative basis, in part because the contributions of all peak‐broadening variables (mixed layering, size and strain) decrease regularly with prograde regional metamorphism of pelites. The microstructural changes caused by rock disaggregation are probably a function of those variables as well. The data collectively demonstrate a trend from metastable, defect‐rich, small crystals towards a stable assemblage of larger, defect‐free crystals, through dissolution of strained crystals and neocrystallization, consistent with the Ostwald step rule.
Grain‐boundary migration of quartz during annealing experiments at high temperatures and pressures, with implications for metamorphic geology
Authors: MASUDA T. , MORIKAWA* T. , NAKAYAMA† Y. , SUZUKI* S. 
Published: October 2004

Annealing experiments on agate, quartz schist and metachert at 800–1000 °C, confining pressures of 400 and 800 MPa, and annealing times of 6.0×10–3.6×105s revealed normal grain growth of quartz in the agate, grain‐size increasing with time, but the rate of grain growth decreasing with increasing grain size.The boundaries of agate with quartz schist and metachert migrated into the agate at the expense of fine‐grained quartz in the agate. The driving force for the migration appears to be the reduction of surface energy associated with removal of fine‐grained quartz in the agate. Assuming the activation energy as Qm=11 kcal mol−1, a general expression for the relationship between velocity of boundary migration (V ) and driving force (P ) is where γ is the specific surface energy of quartz, R is the gas constant and T  is the absolute temperature. The velocity is relatively fast at high temperatures on a geological time‐scale. The expression assists a quantitative understanding of the microstructural development of quartz at metamorphic conditions.
The gabbro–eclogite transformation: an oxygen isotope and petrographic study of west Alpine ophiolites
Authors: BARNICOAT A. C. , CARTWRIGHT I. 
Published: October 2004

Both magmatic and eclogitic parageneses are preserved in the gabbros of western Alpine ophiolites. Samples with relic magmatic mineralogies display partial transformation to eclogitic assemblages along cracks and grain boundaries. Gabbros with eclogitic mineralogies contain zoned pseudomorphs after olivine, comprising talc‐rich cores with kyanite, Mg‐chloritoid and omphacite in outer cores and garnet rims. The compositional zonation of these olivine pseudomorphs closely parallels that shown by olivines in hydrothermally altered ocean‐floor gabbros.The eclogitic gabbros are hydrous, containing paragonite, zoisite and other water‐bearing minerals, and it has been suggested that water was introduced during high‐pressure metamorphism. However, the similarity of olivine alteration patterns to those of ocean‐floor gabbros suggests that hydration and local metasomatism leading to the stability of aluminous minerals in olivine sites occurred during hydrothermal alteration prior to subduction. Oxygen‐isotope systematics are consistent with this proposal: Alpine gabbros with magmatic relics have a mean δ18O value of 5.7±0.7, similar to that of unaltered oceanic crust, whereas eclogitic gabbros have a mean δ18O value of 4.8±0.9.This statistically significant difference is consistent with the eclogitic samples having undergone high‐temperature ocean‐floor alteration. The preservation of magmatic and hydrothermal δ18O values in ocean‐floor gabbros that have been metamorphosed at 2–2.5 GPa (60–75 km) implies that the deeper levels of ocean crust have not experienced pervasive fluid flow during subduction or subsequent exhumation. Magmatic assemblages were preserved despite an overstep of eclogitization reactions by at least 0.6–1.1 GPa implying that equilibrium was not attained in undeformed parts of the system because of slow diffusion in water‐deficient rock volumes.
The assemblage diaspore+quartz in metamorphic rocks: a petrological, experimental and thermodynamic study
Authors: THEYE T. , CHOPIN C. , GREVEL K.‐D. , OCKENGA E. 
Published: October 2004

The upper pressure limit of pyrophyllite is given by the equilibria (i) pyrophyllite=diaspore+quartz and (ii) pyrophyllite=diaspore+coesite. High‐P experimental investigations carried out to locate equilibrium (i) yield brackets between 497 °C/24.8 kbar and 535 °C/25.1 kbar, and between 500 °C/23 kbar and 540 °C/23 kbar. Equilibrium (ii) was bracketed at 550 °C between 26.0 and 28.3 kbar. In the experimental P–T  range, equilibria (i) and (ii) are metastable with respect to kyanite. A stable P–T  grid is calculated using thermodynamic data derived under consideration of the present experimental results. According to these data, the lower pressure limit of the assemblage diaspore+quartz according to equilibrium (i) range from about 12 kbar/300 °C to 20 kbar/430 °C (in the presence of pure water). The upper stability of diaspore+quartz is limited by the reaction diaspore+quartz=kyanite+H2O at about 450 °C (nearly independent of pressure) and, to higher pressure, by the quartz=coesite transition. Equilibrium (ii) is metastable over the whole P–T  range.Natural occurrences600.S of the diaspore–quartz assemblage in metamorphic rocks in Sulawesi, New Caledonia, Amorgos and the Vanoise are characterized by minerals indicative of high‐P such as ferro‐magnesiocarpholite, glaucophane, sodic pyroxene and lawsonite. The metamorphic P–T  conditions of these rocks are estimated to be in the range 300–400 °C, >8 kbar. These data are compatible with the derived P–T  stability field of the diaspore+quartz assemblage. We conclude that, in metamorphic rocks, diaspore+quartz is, as ferrocarpholite, an indicator for unusual low‐T /very high‐P settings.
The expression of the c‐erbB‐2 receptor protein in glandular salivary secretions
Authors: Streckfus Charles F. , Bigler Lenora , Dellinger Tracy , Kuhn Melinda , Chouinard Normand , Dai Xaoli 
Published: October 2004

Background:  As the maintenance medium of the oral cavity, saliva is secreted from exocrine glands that include the parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands. Considering that saliva is a fluid suffused with protein, it is possible that the solubilized by‐products of oncogenic expression may be present in saliva. Recent studies suggest the presence of solubilized extracellular domain portion of the c‐erbB‐2 protein in serum, nipple aspirates, and saliva. As a consequence, the purpose of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of c‐erbB‐2 in major salivary gland secretions.Methods:  Fifteen healthy women had serum, stimulated whole (SWS), parotid (SP), and submandibular/sublingual (SS) salivary secretions collected. The specimens were analyzed for c‐erbB‐2 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Western blots using c‐erbB‐2 were also performed on these specimens.Results:  The ELISAs revealed the presence of c‐erbB‐2 in SWS (24.50 Units/ml), SP (19.66 Units/ml), SS (15.59 Units/ml) and serum (1472.15 Units/ml). Western blots confirmed the presence of these 185 kDa proteins.Conclusions:  These results suggest that the protein, c‐erbB‐2, is present in relatively equal amounts in both SP and SS glandular secretions. Elevated glandular salivary c‐erbB‐2 concentrations could be useful as a preliminary, non‐invasive test in clinical decision making when diagnosing salivary gland carcinomas. Additionally, this marker may have utility in distinguishing between oral lesions that are benign, pre‐malignant and malignant in the oral cavity. Further research is required to determine if these findings have clinical utility.
Enhancement of lesion classification using divergence, curl and curvature of skin pattern
Authors: She Zhishun , Duller A. W. G. , Fish P. J. 
Published: October 2004

Background/purpose: The observation that skin pattern tends to be disrupted by malignant but not by benign skin lesions suggests that measurements of skin pattern disruption on simply captured white light optical clinical (WLC) skin images could be a useful contribution to a diagnostic feature set. Previous work which generated a flow field of skin pattern using a measurement of local line direction and variation determined by the minimum eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector of the local tensor matrix to measure skin pattern disruption was computationally low cost and encouraging. This paper explores the possibility of extracting new features from the first and second differentiations of this flow field to enhance classification performance.Methods: The skin pattern was extracted from WLC skin images by high‐pass filtering. The skin line direction was estimated using a local image gradient matrix to produce a flow field of skin pattern. Divergence, curl, mean and Gaussian curvatures of this flow field were computed from the first and second differentiations of this flow field. The difference of these measures combined with skin line direction across the lesion image boundary was used as a lesion classifier.Results: A set of images of malignant melanoma and benign naevi were analysed as above and the scatter plot in a two‐dimensional dominant feature space using principal component analysis showed excellent separation of benign and malignant lesions. A receiver operating characteristic plot enclosed an area of 0.96.Conclusions: The experimental results show that the divergence, curl, mean and Gaussian curvatures of the flow field can increase lesion classifier accuracy. Combined with skin line direction they are promising features for distinguishing malignant melanoma from benign lesions and the methods used are computationally efficient which is important if their use is to be considered in clinical practice.
Teledentistry in the United States: a new horizon of dental care
Authors: Sanchez Dils E , Lefebvre C , Abeyta K 
Published: October 2004

Abstract:Teledentistry has been developing since 1994 as a means to allow dental professionals to communicate with one another over long distances. It allows collaboration by multiple practitioners regarding a patient and the necessary treatment for this patient. Teledentistry can be greatly utilized with rural communities or those of underserved populations. It would increase the accessibility of specialists, besides decreasing time and cost associated with specialty consultations. Real‐time videoconferencing and store and forward techniques are the mostly commonly used methodologies for teledentistry. Teledentistry will become more widely seen and utilized by the increase in digital media found in dental practices.
Oral bacteria and clinical variables in dependent individuals at a special facility*
Authors: Wårdh I , Wikström M , Sörensen S 
Published: October 2004

Abstract:The oral health of dependent residents at special facilities has often been reported as being poor, but it is difficult to relate oral health to general health and define the need for oral health care. Microbiological analyses of the oral flora have been suggested as a suitable method for evaluating oral health in this group of patients. A study was performed at a nursing facility where 33 individuals participated. The aim was to describe their oral flora in relation to other health variables and to classify the residents on different risk levels. An oral examination of the residents was made at the facility, together with a 3‐day food record and an oral microbiological analysis. The analysis classified the residents in different categories according to both acid‐producing bacteria and the flora correlated with a reduction in general health. The categories were based on previous studies conducted at the Department of Microbiology (Faculty of Odontology in Göteborg). The present study revealed that the level for acid‐producing bacteria was high in 12 individuals and the micriobial level according to decreased general health was high in seven individuals. A high level of acid‐producing bacteria was related to functional impairment, which was in turn related to nutritional problems and help with oral hygiene. The microbial level according to the reduction in general health did not significantly correlate with other variables.
Nuclear Heat Shock Response and Novel Nuclear Domain 10 Reorganization in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected A549 Cells Identified by High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Brasier Allan R. , Spratt Heidi , Wu Zheng , Boldogh Istvan , Zhang Yuhong , Garofalo Roberto P. , Casola Antonella , Pashmi Jawad , Haag Anthony , Luxon Bruce , Kurosky Alexander 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT
The pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of epidemic respiratory tract infection. Upon entry, RSV replicates in the epithelial cytoplasm, initiating compensatory changes in cellular gene expression. In this study, we have investigated RSV-induced changes in the nuclear proteome of A549 alveolar type II-like epithelial cells by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Replicate 2D gels from uninfected and RSV-infected nuclei were compared for changes in protein expression. We identified 24 different proteins by peptide mass fingerprinting after matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MS), whose average normalized spot intensity was statistically significant and differed by ±2-fold. Notable among the proteins identified were the cytoskeletal cytokeratins, RNA helicases, oxidant-antioxidant enzymes, the TAR DNA binding protein (a protein that associates with nuclear domain 10 [ND10] structures), and heat shock protein 70- and 60-kDa isoforms (Hsp70 and Hsp60, respectively). The identification of Hsp70 was also validated by liquid chromatography quadropole-TOF tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). Separate experiments using immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that RSV induced cytoplasmic Hsp70 aggregation and nuclear accumulation. Data mining of a genomic database showed that RSV replication induced coordinate changes in Hsp family proteins, including the 70, 70-2, 90, 40, and 40-3 isoforms. Because the TAR DNA binding protein associates with ND10s, we examined the effect of RSV infection on ND10 organization. RSV induced a striking dissolution of ND10 structures with redistribution of the component promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and speckled 100-kDa (Sp100) proteins into the cytoplasm, as well as inducing their synthesis. Our findings suggest that cytoplasmic RSV replication induces a nuclear heat shock response, causes ND10 disruption, and redistributes PML and Sp100 to the cytoplasm. Thus, a high-resolution proteomics approach, combined with immunofluorescence localization and coupled with genomic response data, yielded unexpected novel insights into compensatory nuclear responses to RSV infection.
Redistribution of Cellular and Herpes Simplex Virus Proteins from the Trans-Golgi Network to Cell Junctions without Enveloped Capsids
Authors: Wisner Todd W. , Johnson David C. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and other alphaherpesviruses assemble enveloped virions in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or endosomes. Enveloped particles are formed when capsids bud into TGN/endosomes and virus particles are subsequently ferried to the plasma membrane in TGN-derived vesicles. Little is known about the last stages of virus egress from the TGN/endosomes to cell surfaces except that the HSV directs transport of nascent virions to specific cell surface domains, i.e., epithelial cell junctions. Previously, we showed that HSV glycoprotein gE/gI accumulates extensively in the TGN at early times after infection and also when expressed without other viral proteins. At late times of infection, gE/gI and a cellular membrane protein, TGN46, were redistributed from the TGN to epithelial cell junctions. We show here that gE/gI and a second glycoprotein, gB, TGN46, and another cellular protein, carboxypeptidase D, all moved to cell junctions after infection with an HSV mutant unable to produce cytoplasmic capsids. This redistribution did not involve L particles. In contrast to TGN membrane proteins, several cellular proteins that normally adhere to the cytoplasmic face of TGN, Golgi, and endosomal membranes remained primarily dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Therefore, cellular and viral membrane TGN proteins move to cell junctions at late times of HSV infection when the production of enveloped particles is blocked. This is consistent with the hypothesis that there are late HSV proteins that reorganize or redistribute TGN/endosomal compartments to promote virus egress and cell-to-cell spread.
Evaluation of the Functional Involvement of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase in Nuclear Import of Viral cDNA during Acute Infection
Authors: Ikeda Tamako , Nishitsuji Hironori , Zhou Xin , Nara Nobuo , Ohashi Takashi , Kannagi Mari , Masuda Takao 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT
Nuclear import of viral cDNA is a critical step for establishing the proviral state of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The contribution of HIV-1 integrase (IN) to the nuclear import of viral cDNA is controversial, partly due to a lack of identification of its bona fide nuclear localization signal. In this study, to address this putative function of HIV-1 IN, the effects of mutations at key residues for viral cDNA recognition (PYNP at positions 142 to 145, K156, K159, and K160) were evaluated in the context of viral replication. During acute infection, some mutations (N144Q, PYNP>KL, and KKK>AAA) severely reduced viral gene expression to less than 1% the wild-type (WT) level. None of the mutations affected the synthesis of viral cDNA. Meanwhile, the levels of integrated viral cDNA produced by N144Q, PYNP>KL, and KKK>AAA mutants were severely reduced to less than 1% the WT level. Quantitative PCR analysis of viral cDNA in nuclei and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that these mutations significantly reduced the level of viral cDNA accumulation in nuclei. Further analysis revealed that IN proteins carrying the N144Q, PYNP>KL, and KKK>AAA mutations showed severely reduced binding to viral cDNA but kept their karyophilic properties. Taken together, these results indicate that mutations that reduced the binding of IN to viral cDNA resulted in severe impairment of virus infectivity, most likely by affecting the nuclear import of viral cDNA that proceeds integration. These results suggest that HIV-1 IN may be one of the critical constituents for the efficient nuclear import of viral cDNA.
Cells Lacking NF-κB or in Which NF-κB Is Not Activated Vary with Respect to Ability To Sustain Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication and Are Not Susceptible to Apoptosis Induced by a Replication-Incompetent Mutant Virus
Authors: Taddeo Brunella , Zhang Weiran , Lakeman Fred , Roizman Bernard 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

Earlier we reported that NF-κB is activated by protein kinase R (PKR) in herpes simplex virus 1-infected cells. Here we report that in PKR
−/−
cells the yields of wild-type virus are 10-fold higher than in PKR
+/+
cells. In cells lacking NF-κB p50 (
nfkb1
), p65 (
relA
), or both p50 and p65, the yields of virus were reduced 10-fold. Neither wild-type nor mutant cells undergo apoptosis following infection with wild-type virus. Whereas PKR
+/+
and NF-κB
+/+
control cell lines undergo apoptosis induced by the d120 (Δα4) mutant of HSV-1, the mutant PKR
−/−
and NF-κB
−/−
cell lines were resistant. The evidence suggests that the stress-induced apoptosis resulting from d120 infection requires activation of NF-κB and that this proapoptotic pathway is blocked in cells in which NF-κB is not activated or absent. Activation of NF-κB in the course of viral infection may have dual roles of attempting to curtain viral replication by rendering the cell susceptible to apoptosis induced by the virus and by inducing the synthesis of proteins that enhance viral replication.
Accumulation of Cytoplasmic β-Catenin and Nuclear Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β in Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Everly David N. , Kusano Shuichi , Raab-Traub Nancy 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with cancers in immunocompromised populations. EBV establishes a latent infection and immortalizes and transforms B lymphocytes. Several latent proteins have profound effects on cellular growth, including activation of NF-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3′-OH kinase (PI3K) signaling, and notch signaling. Activation of PI3K can affect the activity of β-catenin, the target of the wnt signaling pathway. Deregulation of β-catenin is associated with a number of malignancies. To determine if β-catenin is regulated by EBV infection, EBV-infected cells were examined for β-catenin levels and localization. β-Catenin was increased in EBV-positive tumor cell lines compared to EBV-negative lines, in EBV-infected Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, and in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). In contrast to wnt signaling, EBV consistently induced the accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm but not the nucleus. The β-catenin regulating kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), was shown to be phosphorylated and inactivated in EBV-infected lymphocytes. Inactivated GSK3β was localized to the nucleus of EBV-infected LCL. Neither the cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin nor the nuclear inactivation of GSK3β was affected by the inhibition of PI3K signaling. These data indicate that latent infection with EBV has unique effects on β-catenin signaling that are distinct from activation of wnt and independent of its effects on PI3K.