bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stigmatization, Homelessness, and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Takahashi Lois M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every classification implies a hierarchical order for which neither the tangible world nor our mind gives us the model. We therefore have reason to ask where it was found. How might we explain the patterns of public response (both attitudinal and policy) outlined in the previous two chapters? What theoretical frameworks provide a basis for interpreting the rise in localized rejection of human services associated with homelessness and HIV/AIDS? I outlined in the previous two chapters the substantial and growing body of scholarship on homelessness and HIV/AIDS, and on community response to controversial facilities. But as I argued at the end of Chapter 2, community response to homelessness and HIV/AIDS is also based fundamentally in social and spatial relations, particularly of stigma.
Relocating Homeless Persons The Anti-Camping Ordinance in Santa Ana, California
Authors: Takahashi Lois M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If an officer sees someone standing or sleeping on property to which that person has no legal right, this in itself is sufficient evidence for both arrest and conviction. Any understanding of the relationships between the NIMBY syndrome and homelessness must consider the role and status of municipal governmental bodies in the management and control of homelessness. It is this level of governance that is responsible for the administration and interpretation of cold weather shelter policies, for policing strategies and enforcement of municipal codes and ordinances, and for the control over siting of homeless shelters and human service facilities.
‘In England’s Green and Pleasant Land’: The English Enlightenment and the Environment
Authors: Porter Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Environment’ is a term we owe to Thomas Carlyle, but environ mental anxieties are nothing new. My aim here is to explore attitudes in eighteenth-century Britain, concentrating on the mainstream but glancing at cross-currents. ‘It is with much regret’, bemoaned the Bath Chronicle on 30 May 1799, that for some years past we have remarked considerable injury to have been suffered by the woods and young timber around this city in consequence of wearing oaken sprigs in the hat, and the decorating of shop-windows and apartments of houses with oaken branches, on the 29 of May [i.e., the anniversary of the Restoration of Charles II].
Landscapes with People
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To Entitle my essay ‘Landscapes with People’ in a book devoted to ‘Culture and Environment’ might, at first sight, appear to be slightly perverse-an unnecessary playing with words perhaps. But not quite so though I confess to believing that a title should, under no circumstances, give any indication of what a contribution is about lest a reader approach it with expectations. ‘Culture and Environment’ is, quite properly, a broad and widely embracing title designed to allow individual contributors ample scope to choose aspects of the interplay of the two concepts appropriate to their interests and expertise. My theme is more restricted. Instead of culture I intend to concentrate on the reaction of individuals, or groups of individuals, and instead of environment I will be considering that part of the cognitive environment that is more appropriately called landscape.This gloss needs explanation.
The French Nineteenth-century Landscape
Authors: House John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Crude historical vignette—of three moments, and three texts—will outline the historical framework for an exploration of French nineteenth century attitudes to landscape. In the broadest terms, early in the century the prime concern was for the preservation of historical monuments, premised on the assumption that the landscape itself was safe; by the 1860s, technological change had begun to threaten the landscape, and by the end of the century the monuments were for the most part safe, but the countryside itself, and the whole way of life for which it stood, were believed to be facing extinction.
Our Animal Environment
Authors: Ritvo Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Least on the surface, what is perhaps the best known passage from Thomas Carlyle’s Past and Present, has nothing to do with animals: A poor Irish Widow, her husband having died in one of the Lanes of Edinburgh, went forth with her three children, bare of all resource, to solicit help from the Charitable Establishments of that City. At this Charitable Establishment and then at that she was refused; referred from one to the other, helped by none; till she had exhausted them all; till her strength and heart failed her: she sank down in typhus-fever; died, and infected her Lane with fever, so that ‘seventeen other persons’ died of fever there in consequence.
GDI from a legal perspective
Authors: Kabel Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most industrialized countries, there are high expectations of the development of the ‘information market place’ and its associated benefits to society. Access by private individuals and companies to data collected by governments to fulfil their public tasks appears to be a condition for realizing these expectations. However, this is not only a technological challenge. Increasingly, we are confronted with a certain degree of incongruence between the legislation which has governed publishing and the behaviour of government ministries and that which would now be more in tune with digital information technology. There are also new perceptions of the government’s role in relation to the private sector, which influence the regulations about government involvement in the ‘information economy’ beyond that of a data provider. This chapter explores how this topic relates to GDI. The main legal issues in the geospatial arena differ, of course, when seen from different perspectives (Table 3. 1 ).
Quality management in GDI
Authors: Doucette Mark , Paresi Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quality of a product or service is defined as ‘the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs’ (ISO 8402, 1994). Quality is not a value in itself but is always related to the degree of user satisfaction, a result only to be observed when the product or service is used, including its relation to timeliness and price. However, checking the quality of the product at the final stage of the production process is inadequate; complementary to this is the quality control of all elements in the production process. This concept involves the whole organization and is usually referred to as a ‘Total Quality’ approach. It is defined as ‘a management approach of an organization, centred on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction’ (ISO 8402, 1994). Realization of this approach requires a Quality Management System (QMS), including definition of the responsibilities, authorities and accountabilities for the interfaces, main processes and procedures necessary to achieve quality objectives of the organization in terms of established quality policy.
Advancing the GDI concept
Authors: McLaughlin John , Groot Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the efforts to date to develop the geospatial data infrastructure concept and examine some of the key building blocks. This book has presented the technical and institutional elements of GDI. It is evident that it is still largely an academic vision to have fully functional access to geospatial data and ensure its responsible use at affordable cost, at either the national or application-domain level. This requires the purposeful integration of these elements. Most jurisdictions still have a primary goal of completing their core database development programmes. In Venezuela, for example, one of the largest mapping projects in the world was recently undertaken by Servicio Autonomo de Geografia y Cartografia Nacional to complete I: 50,000 digital coverage south of the Orinoco River.
Conclusion Oaxaca’s Peasantries in Their Theoretical and National Contexts
Authors: Clarke Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters show that there have been two major historical path ways into peasantry in Oaxaca. Some peasantries, especially at high altitude, have roots stretching back beyond early colonial times, because they retained (and have had confirmed) traditional lands throughout the intervening centuries. Others, in the tropical lowlands and in the Central Valleys, have received ejidal grants since the end of the Mexican Revolution in the early twentieth century. Leaving aside the wilderness areas, which account for two-thirds of the state, the occupied area is now predominantly under comunidades agrarias, with the remainder split almost equally between ejidal and private land. It is within the privately owned sector that the landed estates are still to be found.
The Renaturing of African Animals: Film and Literature in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our world is saturated with images from photography, film, and television which are intricately bound up with our patterns of knowledge. This essay has its deeper origins in entrancing Sunday evenings watching wildlife on television with my young children, many years ago. My interest took academic shape in 1990, when I began teaching a course on the environmental history of Africa to undergraduates at the University of Bristol, just a few hundred metres from the BBC’s Natural History Unit. British students, sadly, probably knew more about African animals than about African people. After some months in which they learnt about peasants and settlers, tsetse and drought, a couple of sessions at the end of the course on the history of natural history film and literature proved to be popular and familiar terrain for them. I will suggest that this history has something to tell us about changing Western approaches to African animals.
Indigenous Land Management in West Africa
Authors: Baker Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of rural development schemes in Africa, particularly those involving land, is heavily dependent on understanding the local ecology. Any farmer knows this, yet rarely has development project design catered adequately for the vicissitudes of the African environment. Although environmental unpredictability was recognized in the temperate zone by the mid-nineteenth century, the ecological theory which was subsequently developed and most widely accepted, was based on concepts of norms and equilibria. History has shown that the application of such ecological assumptions to African environments is wholly inappropriate. This book argues that many methods used by West African smallholder farmers and pastoralists are properly adapted to the region's unpredictable physical environment. Field examples from the semi-arid and humid zones demonstrate the nature of environmental variability, and the skill of indigenous farmers and pastoralists in exploiting this. It is thus argued that development planners should, where possible, model development schemes on the more successful, ecologically sound methods of indigenous land management.
Implications of Indigenous Agricultural Technology
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Sauer indicated, environments are interpreted and utilized in terms of the cultures which occupy them. The technology available, desirable, and ecologically, economically, and socially feasible determines how different habitats can be used, for how long, and how productively. The environment is changed in the process of utilization and by intentional modification to make possible or to improve crop productivity. Such change may make sustained output possible, or it may lead to slow or rapid environmental degradation with production declining or terminating as result. In examining indigenous field systems in South America, what is remarkable is their diversity, the diversity of the habitats they occur in, their longevity, and their productivity given limited external inputs.
The Ethnography of an Illness
Authors: Lewis Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have let a long time pass before wntmg up these notes of an illness which happened in the village where I did my first anthropological fieldwork. At the time it concerned me greatly and I made a detailed record of it. I would like to save it from oblivion. It is the description of a particular time and place, the story of a man’s illness and its impact on a village, observations about some of the people and their characters. It records failure yet belief, and the man’s death.
Sand, Grass, Thorns, and ... Cattle: The Modern Kalahari Environment
Authors: Thomas David S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extensive elevated, flat, sand-covered plain that occupies a substantial part of the southern African interior has variously been described as a desert, thirstland, or savanna. All are appropriate, for this area, known as the Kalahari, is in fact more heterogeneous than it has often been portrayed. The most generous definitions refer to an area of some 2.5 million km2 that extends from the vineyards on the margins of the Orange River at Upington, South Africa (latitude 29°S) to north of the Congo River into the south-east comer of equatorial Gabon. This area gains its unity from the prevalence of aeolian-origin Kalahari sand as the dominant surface sediment (Thomas and Shaw 1991), thus giving it a geological definition.
Water Harvesting
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Native North American farmers certainly developed a number of techniques for conserving scarce moisture on fields. In some cases,however, conservation measures simply were not enough. All too often, either direct precipitation was insufficient, settings were not right for dry farming, or runoff was too limited even if terracing could have been employed. In order to ensure the successful production of a crop, therefore, farmers sometimes had to apply water artificially. Not surprisingly, these farmers lived in the Greater Southwest.
Flood Recession Farming
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standing in stark contrast to drylands are wetlands. Whereas the former generally suffer from a paucity of moisture that inhibits agriculture, the latter have an abundance that also places extreme limits on cultivation. There are several types of wetlands including salt marshes, mangrove swamps, fresh-water marshes, swamps, bogs, and lake shores. Although different in their own rights they all can be considered areas transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or land is covered by shallow water and where at least one of the three following conditions exists: the land periodically, if not always, supports predominately hydrophytes; the substrate is undrained hydric soil; or the substrate is saturated non-soil (Cowardin et al. 1979).
Draining and Ridging
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Farming in seasonally inundated places after the water has receded is certainly a very basic approach to practicing agriculture in wetlands. It requires next to no technology, and, hence, little in the form of permanent landscape modifications. In some respects this is an ideal type of agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid lands where successful farming is dependent on water other than that which falls as rain. Labor inputs are minimal and yields tend to be quite high in flood recessional farming systems. But this form of agriculture is predicated on the existence of a growing season during which the ground is neither too wet nor too dry. What about lake shores, freshwater marshes, and swamps—locales in which standing water or saturated soils are problems with which farmers have to deal during the growing season?
The Authority of the State
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern state claims supreme authority over the lives of all its citizens. Drawing together political philosophy, jurisprudence, and public choice theory, this book forces the reader to reconsider some basic assumptions about the authority of the state. Various popular and influential theories - conventionalism, contractarianism, and communitarianism - are assessed by the author and found to fail. Leslie Green argues that only the consent of the governed can justify the state's claims to authority. While he denies that there is a general obligation to obey the law, he nonetheless rejects philosophical anarchism and defends civility - the willingness to tolerate some imperfection in institutions - as a political virtue.
The Nature of Authority
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside political theory, interest in authority has taken many forms. Political sociology, especially of a Marxist and structuralist bent, is at least nominally concerned with the subject as it bears on the relationship between state action and social structure. It asks: Is the belief in legitimate authority an ideological support for class rule? To what extent can the state act independently of the interests of the ruling class? But important as these questions are to the general theory of class conflict they do not help elucidate or evaluate the state’s claim to the allegiance of its citizens, and the theoretical questions which dominate political sociology—the identification of social classes, the nature of their interests, the autonomy of political organizations—do not themselves adequately dis¬ criminate among different aspects of superstructure. There are, after all, equally pressing questions about the autonomy of its cultural, religious, and educational aspects. Many of these institutions also claim allegiance of their members and attempt to sustain it through similar devices. A complete theory of the state, however, must include an account of what it is for the state to exist as a differentiated form of social order and must seek to explain the characteristic social relations which distinguish it. Without some such account we have no theory of the state, but only a perfectly general theory of social development.
The House of Lords in Context
Authors: Shell Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion and argument about the House of Lords have been perennial topics for debate in Britain. Schemes for the reform or replacement of the House have abounded for at least 150 years. Its decay and eventual demise has been regularly predicted. But it has neither died nor has it (yet) been abolished. Instead the House has enjoyed over the last generation or so something of a renaissance. It has become busier, and more notice has been taken of it, especially since the arrival of television cameras in the House in 1985. And throughout the 1980s the regularity of Government defeat in the Lords contrasted with the impression of effortless dominance the Thatcher Governments generally enjoyed in the Commons. Is the House actually becoming more important in the whole business of government?
Government Legislation: Case-Studies
Authors: Miers David , Brock Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessing the impact that the House has on Government legislation is not an easy matter. Though their significance is open to interpretation, it is generally agreed that one of the better indicators of impact is the outcome of amendments tabled in respect of Government bills, in particular, those of non Government origin. While the mere counting of the number of amendments made to a bill says nothing, for example, of their qualitative importance nor of the degree to which they represented Government policy, analysis has to begin with some reckonable data. These have been given in the previous chapter. Our purpose here is to examine in greater depth the work of the House in respect of a limited but representative sample of bills.
Rights and Deprivation: The Development Model
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. Is there an alternative theory of rights and deprivation? In this pivotal chapter, I propose to bring together various strands of the argument made in the preceding chapters to present, in its theoretical form, what I shall call the development model of rights and deprivation. The insight that underlies this model is that redistributive social policy can be defended not so much because it promotes distributional equality or enhances individual liberty but rather because it provides individuals with the resources necessary for him or her to be the kind of person to whom it makes sense to ascribe rights to basic liberties. The next chapter is concerned with translating the conclusions of the development model into practical principles of social policy.
Sovereignty, Regimes, and Human Rights
Authors: Krasner Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two distinct lines of argument in the literature on international regimes (Krasner 1991). For the first, which is generally characterized as liberal co-operation theory, the basic challenge for states is to overcome market failure, the situation in which individual rational self-interested policies produce outcomes that leave each state worse off than it might otherwise have been. The challenge is to devise policies that make it possible to reach the Pareto frontier. The exemplary problem is posed by the prisoners’ dilemma pay-off matrix.
Constructing Historical Counterfactuals to Assess the Consequences of International Regimes The Global Debt Regime and the Course of the Debt Crisis of the 1980s
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do regimes matter? Does the presence of an international regime in a particular issue area have significant effects independent of other causal explanations? How can we be sure it is regimes (and not something else) that produce these outcomes? Although international regimes have been identified in most issue areas, described in detail, and explained with great frequency in the theoretical literature in international relations for the last fifteen years, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to an examination of their consequences.
True Blues
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Conservative Party is one of the most successful political parties in the western world. Its success has been built on its large grass roots membership. And yet that membership appears to be increasingly disaffected and in decline. This book is the first in depth study of this crucial section of the Conservative Party. Drawing on new and revealing survey data, it paints a fascinating picture of the social make-up and political views of a grass roots membership who dislike Jacques Delors more than the European Community, and The Sun newspaper most of all. the book challenges the stereotypical view of the Conservative activist as an eccentric and politically irrelevant Thatcher-loving extremist. Instead, the authors argue that the grass roots membership are the unsung heroes of political life; helping to keep the party system working and democracy intact at a time when it is under considerable strain. The authors claim that to some extent the party is the author of its own problems, and point out the likely dire consequences for its future success if the current decline continues. They conclude by outlining the ways in which the leadership might revitalize its most important political asset.