bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Century Set to Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea first came to me a few years ago when I was coaching a student group in Shostakovich’s harrowing String Quartet No. 8, the idea of summoning one of the twentieth century’s eloquent artists to bear witness about what that—mostly dreadful—time was like. I imagined myself in some future century, seeking knowledge and understanding of what the poet Muriel Rukeyser once called “the first century of world wars.” Art can impart such knowledge. Picasso’s Guernica will send devastating news to our descendants. Thomas Mann’s Doktor Faustus has its story to tell, and so do the writings of Franz Kafka, Albert Camus, and Heinrich Böll. Music can speak, too. I made a list, not of the twentieth century’s most important or most beautiful pieces, not even of my favorite pieces, though I do feel close to most of them. I was after something else. I was looking for composers to bear witness. My list is completely personal. It is also ever in flux, some of its items perhaps claiming longevity, while others are subject to shifting currents and moods. I first put the list together one weekend in August 1999, looked at it again in October 2002, and once more in May 2005. In August 1998, it would not have been the same, and were I to venture another go at it in August 2006, it would almost surely be different again.
B. H. Haggin the Contrarian
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For twelve years or so in my thirties and forties I was the music critic of the Boston Globe. From time to time someone would ask me what had led me to that position and why I had wanted to become a music critic. My answer usually began: “Well, there was this man called B. H. Haggin . . . “ Haggin was a bewildering mix of the impossible and the admirable, and I cannot overstate what I learned from him and how important he was to me.
The Sounds We Make
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An odd bit of theater took place at a recent concert here. Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto was on the program, in a performance that had everything you would want by way of lyricism, intelligence, and crackling virtuosity. The way the first movement ends is unmistakably designed to elicit applause; at this concert, however, almost complete silence greeted those closing chords. “Almost,” because there was in fact one single handclap, but the author of that sound, apparently feeling that he or she had done something wrong, immediately retreated from action. The pianist turned and nodded in the direction of the solitary clapper, but it was and remains unclear to me whether he was being courteous or sardonic. The audience, though, interpreted his action as a message that they probably should have applauded. They proceeded to do that, heartily, whereupon the pianist stood and responded with a full bow from the waist.
Social Learning as an Adaptation
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning is widespread in the animal kingdom. While the mechanisms of learning range from relatively simple conditioning in invertebrates to elaborate cognitive mechanisms in mammals, most animals use some form of learning to acquire behavior that is adaptive in the local habitat. Despite this fact, the great bulk of evolutionary theory assumes that organisms adapt to variable environments through genetic mechanisms alone. The neglect of learning may result from the difficulty of understanding the evolution of learned behaviors. Learning entails an evolutionary trade-off. The advantages of learning are obvious; it allows the same individual to behave appropriately in different environments. For example, by sampling novel foods and learning to avoid noxious food types, a cosmopolitan species like the Norway rat can acquire an appropriate diet in a wide range of environments. However, learning also has disadvantages. First, the learning process itself may be costly. By sampling novel foods, the rat may accidentally poison itself, a risk that could be avoided by an animal with rigid, genetically specified food preferences. Second, because learned behavior is based on imperfect information about the environment, it can lead to errors. For example, the rat may fail to sample or mistakenly reject a nutritious food item. To understand variation in learned behavior among species, one must understand how this evolutionary trade-off is resolved.
Norms and Bounded Rationality
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many anthropologists believe that people follow the social norms of their society without much thought. According to this view, human behavior is mainly the result of social norms and rarely the result of considered decisions. In recent years, there has been increased interest within anthropology in how individuals and groups struggle to modify and reinterpret norms to further their own interests. However, we think it is fair to say that most anthropologists still believe that culture plays a powerful role in shaping how people think and what they do.
Punishment Allows the Evolution of Cooperation (or Anything Else) in Sizable Groups
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human behavior is unique in that cooperation and division of labor occur in societies composed of large numbers of unrelated individuals. In other eusocial species, such as social insects, societies are made up of close genetic relatives. According to contemporary evolutionary theory, cooperative behavior can be favored by selection only when social groups are formed so that cooperators are more likely to interact with other cooperators than with non-cooperators (Hamilton, 1975; Brown, Sanderson, and Michod, 1982; Nunney, 1985). It is widely agreed that kinship is the most likely source of such non-random social interaction. Human society is thus an unusual and interesting special case of the evolution of cooperation.
Are Cultural Phylogenies Possible? With Monique Borgerhoff Mulder and William H. Durham
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biology and the social sciences share an interest in phylogeny. Biologists know that living species are descended from past species and use the pattern of similarities among living species to reconstruct the history of phylogenetic branching. Social scientists know that the beliefs, values, practices, and artifacts that characterize contemporary societies are descended from past societies, and some social science disciplines (e.g., linguistics and cross-cultural anthropology) have made use of observed similarities to reconstruct cultural histories. Darwin appreciated that his theory of descent, with modification, had many similarities of pattern and process to the already well-developed field of historical linguistics. In many other areas of social science, however, phylogenetic reconstruction has not played a central role.
Memes: Universal Acid or a Better Mousetrap?
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many vivid metaphors in Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, one stands out. The understanding of how cumulative natural selection gives rise to adaptations is, Daniel Dennett says, like a “universal acid”—an idea so powerful and corrosive of conventional wisdom that it dissolves all attempts to contain it within biology. Like most good ideas, this one is very simple: once replicators (material objects that are faithfully copied) come to exist, some will replicate more rapidly than others, leading to adaptation by natural selection. The great power of the idea is that the resulting adaptations can be understood by asking what leads to efficient, rapid replication. Given that ideas seem to replicate, it is natural that Dawkins (1976, 1982), Dennett (1995), and others have explored the possibility of using this idea to explain cultural evolution.
Developmental Canalization, Stochasticity, and Robustness
Authors: Goss R C Lewontin Peter J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution by natural selection involves three essential conditions. First, individuals must vary one from another in their phenotypic characters. If there is no variation there can be no natural selection. Second, some of the variant types must leave more offspring than other variants as a consequence of that phenotypic variation. That is, the phenotypic variation must be a cause of different probabilities of survival and fertility for the different types. Third, the offspring of the different types must themselves have phenotypes that resemble those of their parents more closely than they resemble the phenotypes of other types in the population. That is, there must be some mechanism for the passage of phenotypic differences from parent to offspring, a mechanism of the inheritance of differences. Although there are instances of the direct passage of antibody proteins from mother to offspring and there may be cellular passage of infective agents, these are exceptions to the general pathway of heritability by means of the organism’s genome. We take it as a generality of biology that differences in phenotype must be a consequence of differences in genotype, if there is to be evolution by natural selection.
Robustness in Ecosystems
Authors: Walker Brian , Peterson Garry , Anderies John M , Kinzig Ann , Carpenter Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In exploring the difference between “stable” and “robust,” Jen [16] considers robustness in systems to be a measure of feature persistence under perturbations. It is a property that emerges from the system’s architecture and evolutionary history, and involves mechanisms for learning, problem solving, and creativity. The feature that persists is typically seen as the central feature for the system and Jen [16] stresses that it makes no sense to speak of a system being either stable or robust without specifying both the feature and the perturbation of interest.
Immune-Endocrine Interactions
Authors: Munford Roberts. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals react to dangerous situations by mounting a flight or fight response. Mediated largely by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the autonomic nervous system, the visceral elements of this response are familiar to everyone: rapid heart rate, sweating, apprehension, and an automatic impulse to escape. In a remarkably similar way, animals react to microscopic danger-invading microbes-by developing tachycardia, sweating, fever, and withdrawal. The body’s reactions to macroscopic and microscopic threats are activated differently, however. Whereas reactions to macroscopic harm are initiated by the central nervous system (CNS) in response to visual or auditory inputs, the CNS receives neural and bloodbome signals from peripheral tissues that trigger its responses to microscopic non-self invaders. Before describing some of these signals, this chapter will give a little background information on immunity.
The Posterior Pituitary and Water Metabolism
Authors: Samson Willis K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurohypophysis, also called the posterior pituitary or neural lobe, is the ventral extension of hypothalamic tissue derived from a developmental downgrowth of the neuroectoderm forming the floor of the third cerebroventricle. It weighs approximately 0.10-0.15 gin humans and is well developed at birth, having been present since the fifth month of intrauterine life. In addition to containing glial elements called pituicytes, the posterior pituitary is composed of unmyelinated nerve fibers and axon terminals of neurons whose cell bodies reside primarily in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (Fig. 7-1). These hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal fibers deliver the two primary posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), to the neural lobe in association with specific proteins, the neurophysins, once thought to be carrier proteins but now known to be portions of the OT and AVP precursor molecules.
Monkey Puzzle Tree (Araucaria araucana) in Southern Chile: Effects of Timber and Seed Harvest, Volcanic Activity, and Fire
Authors: Bekessy Sarah A , Newton Adrian C , Fox Julian C , Lara Antonio , Premoli Andrea , Cortes Marco , Gonzalez Mauro , Burns Bruce , Gallo Leonardo , Izquierdo Fernanda , Burgman Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commonly known as the monkey puzzle tree or pehuén, Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch (Araucariaceae) is an impressively large and long-lived conifer, reaching 50 m in height, 2.5 m in girth, and ages of at least 1,300 years (Montaldo 1974). Its current distribution spans only three degrees of latitude and is divided between a main area that straddles both sides of the Andean divide (in Chile and Argentina) and two disjunct populations on the Coastal Range, Chile (Figure 5.1). Its former distribution has been severely diminished by logging, human-set fires, and land clearance since European settlement (Veblen 1982). Monkey puzzle produces high-quality timber and provides a unique resource for tourism and recreation. The tree figures importantly in the religion of the native Pehuenche people and is valued for its large, edible seeds that are extensively collected for local consumption and distribution to markets across Chile and Argentina (Aagesen 1998a, Tacón 1999).
Turkish Mouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) in Central Anatolia: Population Viability under Scenarios of Harvesting for Trophy
Authors: Sezen Zeynep , AkÇakaya H Reşit , bilgi C Can 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turkish mouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) is an endangered subspecies of mountain sheep that is endemic to Turkey. The range of the Turkish mouflon, which initially spanned the western and southern parts of the central Anatolian plain (Turan 1984), is presently confined to a single site in Bozdaĝ, Konya. The reasons for their decline are not well documented but may be due to the joint effect of predation, competition with domestic livestock, harsh weather conditions, and hunting. This subspecies was first taken under protection in 1937 when it was listed as a protected species and its hunting was banned. The first action taken for the conservation of Turkish mouflon was the establishment of a 42,000-ha wildlife protection area in Konya, Bozdağ, in 1966 (the Bozdağ Wildlife Protection Area). In order to relieve the population from competition with domestic sheep and predation by wolves, a fence was put up in 1989, enclosing an area of 5000 ha. With this fence, which was later electrified in 1996, the only extant population of O. g. anatolica was artificially divided into two subpopulations. As there are no reliable data available on the small (sub)population outside the fence in the BozdağWildlife Protection Area, this study takes into consideration only the fenced population, which is hereafter referred to as the Bozdağpopulation. Due to the local extinction of Turkish mouflon in most of its former geographic range, probable sites for reintroduction have been considered by the wildlife authorities (O. Arîhan, pers. comm.). Although no one locality has been earmarked for this purpose, former habitats around Nallîha (northwestern Ankara) are considered to be most suitable; therefore, Nallîha was assumed to be the translocation site. In a previous study, the effect of reintroduction on the viability of the subspecies was investigated using the RAMAS Metapop Version 3.0 (Akşakaya 1998).
Junk Syntax 1: A Supposed Account of Strong Crossover Effects
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following Wasow (1972, 1979), I refer to the asymmetric relation between antecedent and pronominal form, reflexive or not, as anaphoric linkage. Binding is thus a subtype of this. First noticed in 1968, examples like (1) manifested previously unknown restrictions on anaphoric linkages between extracted elements and pronouns. My original research subsumed these facts under the rubric ‘crossover phenomena’, a term taken to cover considerably more data, much of which subsequent work indicates is distinct from (1). Specifically, Postal (1971) failed to distinguish what Wasow (1972) I think properly differentiated as strong versus weak crossover binding violations, the former represented by (1), the latter by, for example, (2): This English-internal difference correlates with the cross-linguistic fact that there do not even seem to be purported counterexamples to the strong effect; in contrast, weak effect variation exists even between French and English; see Postal (1993b).2
Junk Refereeing: Our Tax Dollars at Work
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall from chapter 9, page 292, the remark: “I would also have wished to cover the black art of refereemanship, where even the minimal constraints imposed on scholars by the fact that their names will be publicly seen above their words are absent. Here truth counts for little and rhetoric holds sway.” This passage, which owed a great deal to Geoffrey K. Pullum, was, I will here argue, a bit prescient, supported by the subsequent appearance of the following successful anonymous referee subpassage, which was part of the most negative report (Overall Rating: Poor) received for my NSF Proposal SBR-9808169 (Diversity among English Objects). To facilitate its analysis and to justify my claim that this is junk refereeing, I have numbered the parts therein by associating a prefixed angle bracketed numeral with each or with major clauses within them: &lt;1&gt; In my opinion, the broader impact of this work will be negligible, &lt;2&gt; simply because the whole approach is founded upon assumptions that have not been current in the field for some time now. &lt;3&gt; The whole domain of the data presented here is now considered by 99% of researchers in the field &lt;4&gt; to involve complex relations between (at least) (i) phrase structure configurations (possibly of a quite ornate type), (ii) argument structure configurations and properties (highest/lowest argument, particular thematic relations), and (iii) more detailed semantic properties.
Junk Ethics 2: The Most Irresponsible Passage
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider a contest to determine the most irresponsible passage written by a professional linguist in the entire history of linguistics. Contestants will no doubt differ in their choice of entries; here I specify and try to justify mine. The most irresponsible passage ever written by a linguist about the overall subject matter of linguistics is, I suggest, the five paragraphs (here broken up) quoted in (1). To facilitate its analysis and discussion, I have numbered the twenty successive sentences therein by associating a prefixed angle bracketed numeral with each. I have also suppressed from the quoted text the author’s footnote numerals. “&lt;1&gt; A broader category of questions has to do with the ‘internalist’ conception of language adopted in this discussion, and in the line of inquiry from which it derives for the past 40 years, a branch of what has been called ‘biolinguistics.’ &lt;2&gt; FL (= faculty of language : PMP) is considered to be a subcomponent of Jones’s mind/brain; Jones’s (I -) language L is the state of his FL, which he puts to use in various ways.
A Narrative Vision for Health Care
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrative, by its nature, is disruptive. Unlike lists or formulas, narrative is not clean, predictable, or obeisant. Narrative makes its own paths, breaks its own constraints, undercuts its own patterns. As it does in dreams or in Beckett, narrative anywhere can make new out of old, creating chaos out of linearity while, subversively, exposing underlying fresh connections among the seemingly unrelated. Not only through its ordering impulses but also through its disordering ones, narrative can help one see newly and for the first time something concealed, something overlaid, something buried in code.
Computer-Mediated Communication and Woman’s Place
Authors: Herring Susan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world is no longer as it was when Robin Lakoff first published Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) nearly thirty years ago. The activist feminism of the 1970s, predicated on the premise of women’s subordination through patriarchal social, political, and economic systems, has been replaced by generations X and Y, pro-sex feminism, antivictim feminism, antifeminist feminism, and the deconstruction of gender as a meaningful category.
Genetic Engineering in the Barnyard
Authors: Avise John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1980, researchers microinjected pieces of DNA from microbes into the nucleus of a mouse egg, thereby pioneering the genetic transformation of mammalian germ cells by human hands. Two years later, in a similar experiment, using growth hormone genes, scientists first demonstrated that a mammalian phenotype (in this case, the size of a mouse) could be altered by purposeful genetic manipulation. In 1985, the feasibility of engineering farm animals (sheep, pigs, and rabbits) was demonstrated, and in 1987 the first transgenic poultry were produced. The ensuing years have witnessed proliferation of laboratory techniques for modifying a wide variety of genetic features in animals and also for manipulating germlines such that transgenes are perpetuated in ensuing generations. There has also been an extension from experimental research on laboratory animals to applied work on transgenic livestock, the goal being to modify the genes of barnyard animals in commercially important ways.
Western Reserve: The Cushings of Cleveland
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harvey Williams Cushing was born in the old Western Reserve, in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, on April 8, 1869. He was the tenth child of Henry Kirke Cushing, MD, and Betsey Maria WilliamsCushing. Like Nick Carraway, he was born with advantages not available to many other people in the world. His family was embedded in American history and the history of American medicine. Grandfathers Cushing and Williams had taken part in the epic journeys of New Englanders over the mountains to open the heart of the continent. Grandfather Cushing was the second generation of Cushing physicians. Harvey’s father became the third, Harvey and one of his brothers would become the fourth.
Dissociated Deviations
Authors: wilson M Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dissociated strabismus, although common, is poorly understood. The classic pattern of the dissociated strabismus complex (DSC) is of a nonfixating eye slowly elevating, extorting, and abducting upon the spontaneous loss of binocular function or with cover testing (Fig. 4-1 ). A reversal of these movements is seen with recovery and refixation. Latent nystagmus is also usually present. Macular binocular vision is characteristically absent, and a history of infantile horizontal strabismus (congenital esotropia) is often present.
Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Baskin David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of the spinal cord–injured patient poses special challenges that begin at the instant that the patient is seen in the field and continue throughout the patient’s life. This chapter discusses the principles of management of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), considering the initial evaluation at the scene of the accident, treatment in the emergency department, mechanisms of injury, assessment techniques, and presenting clinical syndromes. Initial diagnostic studies and their merits are also considered.