bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reverse Flow Thromboembolism From Distal Subclavian Artery Aneurysm Due to Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Posterior Circulation Stroke-Role of Dynamic Doppler Imaging
Authors: Kumar Adarsh Anil , Kannath Santhosh Kumar , Thomas Bejoy , PN Sylaja , P Shivanesan , Surendran Manju 
Published: October 2023

Introduction:
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is the least common among the 3 subtypes of thoracic outlet syndrome and can be the cause of posterior circulation infarction due to thrombus from a secondary thrombosed subclavian-axillary artery aneurysm.

Case Report:
Here, we report a case of a 51-year-old man who presented to our institute with sudden onset vertigo, dizziness, vomiting, gait imbalance, and visual field defects immediately after strenuous exercise. Computed tomography angiography revealed bilateral cervical ribs with aneurysmal dilatation of the left distal subclavian and proximal axillary arteries. The computed tomography also revealed subacute infarcts in the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, as well as in the bilateral occipital lobes. Color Doppler evaluation of the subclavian artery after hyperabduction of the ipsilateral arm revealed a continuous reversal of flow in the subclavian artery, which reached the vertebral ostia. The left cervical rib was resected, aneurysm was repaired, and the patient remained asymptomatic on follow-up.

Conclusion:
Posterior circulation stroke caused by the ipsilateral thrombosed subclavian artery aneurysm in an adult patient with aTOS due to a complete cervical rib is rare. A high index of suspicion should be present for thoracic outlet syndrome in patients with stroke and upper-limb arterial claudication symptoms. Dynamic Doppler evaluation in such patients can be used to demonstrate the underlying pathomechanism, and definitive surgical treatment can prevent further ischemic episodes. Posterior circulation stroke caused by partially thrombosed distal subclavian and axillary artery aneurysms due to aTOS is rare.
Increased 18F-FAPI-04 Uptake in Vertebral Hemangioma
Authors: Ren Jing-Yun , Zhang Qing , Wang Peng , Jiang Lei , Liu En-Tao 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 54-year-old man with a history of colectomy for colorectal cancer and subsequent liver metastasectomy underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT and 18F-FAPI-04 PET/CT scans to evaluate possible hepatic metastasis revealed by contrast-enhanced MRI. Both studies showed similarly increased uptake in liver metastases, and 18F-FDG detected a metastatic lung nodule. Furthermore, the images showed an incidental finding of increased uptake of 18F-FAPI-04 in the L3 vertebral, which was not 18F-FDG–avid. A review of the patient's previous CT and MRI scans suggests vertebral hemangioma.
Rhythmic chew cycles with distinct fast and slow phases are ancestral to gnathostomes
Authors: Richard Brian A. , Spence Meghan , Rull-Garza Mateo , Roba Yonas Tolosa , Schwarz Daniel , Ramsay Jason B. , Laurence-Chasen J. D. , Ross Callum F. , Konow Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

Intra-oral food processing, including chewing, is important for safe swallowing and efficient nutrient assimilation across tetrapods. Gape cycles in tetrapod chewing consist of four phases (fast open and -close, and slow open and -close), with processing mainly occurring during slow close. Basal aquatic-feeding vertebrates also process food intraorally, but whether their chew cycles are partitioned into distinct phases, and how rhythmic their chewing is, remains unknown. Here, we show that chew cycles from sharks to salamanders are as rhythmic as those of mammals, and consist of at least three, and often four phases, with phase distinction occasionally lacking during jaw opening. In fishes and aquatic-feeding salamanders, fast open has the most variable duration, more closely resembling mammals than basal amniotes (lepidosaurs). Across ontogenetically or behaviourally mediated terrestrialization, salamanders show a distinct pattern of the second closing phase (near-contact) being faster than the first, with no clear pattern in partitioning of variability across phases. Our results suggest that distinct fast and slow chew cycle phases are ancestral for jawed vertebrates, followed by a complicated evolutionary history of cycle phase durations and jaw velocities across fishes, basal tetrapods and mammals. These results raise new questions about the mechanical and sensorimotor underpinnings of vertebrate food processing.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Do salamanders chew? An X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology analysis of ambystomatid intraoral feeding behaviours
Authors: Spence Meghan , Rull-Garza Mateo , Roba Yonas Tolosa , Konow Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

Chewing is widespread across vertebrates, including mammals, lepidosaurs, and ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes, yet common wisdom about one group—amphibians—is that they swallow food whole, without processing. Earlier salamander studies lacked analyses of internal kinematics of the tongue, analyses of muscle function, and sampled few individuals, which may have caused erroneous conclusions. Specifically, without tongue and food kinematics, intraoral behaviours are difficult to disambiguate. We hypothesized that ambystomatid salamanders use diverse intraoral behaviours, including chewing, and tested this hypothesis with biplanar videofluoroscopy, X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology, and fluoromicrometry. We generated musculoskeletal kinematic profiles for intraoral behaviours in Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), including three-dimensional skeletal kinematics associated with feeding, for gape, cranial and pectoral girdle rotations, and tongue translations. We also measured muscle fibre and muscle–tendon unit strains for six muscles involved in generating skull, jaw and tongue kinematics (adductor mandibulae, depressor mandibulae, geniohyoid, sternohyoid, epaxialis and hypaxialis). A principal component analysis recovered statistically significant differences between behaviour cycles, classified based on food movements as either chewing or transport. Thus, our data suggest that ambystomatid salamanders use a previously unrecognized diversity of intraoral behaviours, including chewing. Combined with existing knowledge, our data suggest that chewing is a basal trait for tetrapods and jaw-bearing vertebrates.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Using salamanders as model taxa to understand vertebrate feeding constraints during the late Devonian water-to-land transition
Authors: Schwarz Daniel , Heiss Egon , Pierson Todd W. , Konow Nicolai , Schoch Rainer R. 
Published: October 2023

The vertebrate water-to-land transition and the rise of tetrapods brought about fundamental changes for the groups undergoing these evolutionary changes (i.e. stem and early tetrapods). These groups were forced to adapt to new conditions, including the distinct physical properties of water and air, requiring fundamental changes in anatomy. Nutrition (or feeding) was one of the prime physiological processes these vertebrates had to successfully adjust to change from aquatic to terrestrial life. The basal gnathostome feeding mode involves either jaw prehension or using water flows to aid in ingestion, transportation and food orientation. Meanwhile, processing was limited primarily to simple chewing bites. However, given their comparatively massive and relatively inflexible hyobranchial system (compared to the more muscular tongue of many tetrapods), it remains fraught with speculation how stem and early tetrapods managed to feed in both media. Here, we explore ontogenetic water-to-land transitions of salamanders as functional analogues to model potential changes in the feeding behaviour of stem and early tetrapods. Our data suggest two scenarios for terrestrial feeding in stem and early tetrapods as well as the presence of complex chewing behaviours, including excursions of the jaw in more than one dimension during early developmental stages. Our results demonstrate that terrestrial feeding may have been possible before flexible tongues evolved.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Food transport in Reptilia: a comparative viewpoint
Authors: Bels Vincent , Le Floch Glenn , Kirchhoff Florence , Gastebois Gilbert , Davenport John , Baguette Michel 
Published: October 2023

Reptilia exploit a large diversity of food resources from plant materials to living mobile prey. They are among the first tetrapods that needed to drink to maintain their water homeostasis. Here were compare the feeding and drinking mechanisms in Reptilia through an empirical approach based on the available data to open perspectives in our understanding of the evolution of the various mechanisms determined in these Tetrapoda for exploiting solid and liquid food resources.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Teeth and the gastrointestinal tract in mammals: when 1 + 1 = 3
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Fritz Julia , Hummel Jürgen 
Published: October 2023

Both teeth and the digestive tract show adaptations that are commonly interpreted in the context of trophic guilds—faunivory, herbivory and omnivory. Teeth prepare food for the digestive tract, and dental evolution focuses on increasing durability and functionality; in particular, size reduction of plant particles is an important preparation for microbial fermentative digestion. In narratives of digestive adaptations, microbes are typically considered as service providers, facilitating digestion. That the majority of ‘herbivorous’ (and possibly ‘omnivorous’) mammals display adaptations to maximize microbes' use as prey—by harvesting the microbes multiplying in their guts—is less emphasized and not reflected in trophic labels. Harvesting of microbes occurs either via coprophagy after separation from indigestible material by a separation mechanism in the hindgut, or from a forestomach by a ‘washing mechanism’ that selectively removes fines, including microbes, to the lower digestive tract. The evolution of this washing mechanism as part of the microbe farming niche opened the opportunity for the evolution of another mechanism that links teeth and guts in an innovative way—the sorting and cleaning of not-yet-sufficiently-size-reduced food that is then re-submitted to repeated mastication (rumination), leading to unprecedented chewing and digestive efficiency.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Towards an integrated understanding of dietary phenotypes
Authors: Raubenheimer David , Hou Rong , Dong Yunlong , Ren Cuiru , Cui Zhenwei 
Published: October 2023

Diet and nutrition comprise a complex, multi-faceted interface between animal biology and food environments. With accumulating information on the many facets of this association arises a need for systems-based approaches that integrate dietary components and their links with ecology, feeding, post-ingestive processes and the functional and ecological consequences of these interactions. We briefly show how a modelling approach, nutritional geometry, has used the experimental control afforded in laboratory studies to begin to unravel these links. Laboratory studies, however, have limited ability to establish whether and how the feeding and physiological mechanisms interface with realistic ecological environments. We next provide an overview of observational field studies of free-ranging primates that have examined this, producing largely correlative data suggesting that similar feeding mechanisms operate in the wild as in the laboratory. Significant challenges remain, however, in establishing causal links between feeding, resource variation and physiological processes in the wild. We end with a more detailed account of two studies of temperate primates that have capitalized on the discrete variation provided by seasonal environments to strengthen causal inference in field studies and link patterns of intake to dynamics of nutrient processing.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Three-dimensional kinematics of leaf-cutter ant mandibles: not all dicondylic joints are simple hinges
Authors: Kang Victor , Püffel Frederik , Labonte David 
Published: October 2023

Insects use their mandibles for a variety of tasks, including food processing, material transport, nest building, brood care, and fighting. Despite this functional diversity, mandible motion is typically thought to be constrained to rotation about a single fixed axis. Here, we conduct a direct quantitative test of this ‘hinge joint hypothesis’ in a species that uses its mandibles for a wide range of tasks:Atta vollenweiderileaf-cutter ants. Mandible movements from live restrained ants were reconstructed in three dimensions using a multi-camera rig. Rigid body kinematic analyses revealed strong evidence that mandible movement occupies a kinematic space that requires more than one rotational degree of freedom: at large opening angles, mandible motion is dominated by yaw. But at small opening angles, mandibles both yaw and pitch. The combination of yaw and pitch allows mandibles to ‘criss-cross’: either mandible can be on top when mandibles are closed. We observed criss-crossing in freely cutting ants, suggesting that it is functionally important. Combined with recent reports on the diversity of joint articulations in other insects, our results show that insect mandible kinematics are more diverse than traditionally assumed, and thus worthy of further detailed investigation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Biomechanics of cutting: sharpness, wear sensitivity and the scaling of cutting forces in leaf-cutter ant mandibles
Authors: Püffel Frederik , Walthaus O. K. , Kang Victor , Labonte David 
Published: October 2023

Herbivores large and small need to mechanically process plant tissue. Their ability to do so is determined by two forces: the maximum force they can generate, and the minimum force required to fracture the plant tissue. The ratio of these forces determines the relative mechanical effort; how this ratio varies with animal size is challenging to predict. We measured the forces required to cut thin polymer sheets with mandibles from leaf-cutter ant workers which vary by more than one order of magnitude in body mass. Cutting forces were independent of mandible size, but differed by a factor of two between pristine and worn mandibles. Mandibular wear is thus likely a more important determinant of cutting force than mandible size. We rationalize this finding with a biomechanical analysis, which suggests that pristine mandibles are ideally ‘sharp’—cutting forces are close to a theoretical minimum, which is independent of tool size and shape, and instead solely depends on the geometric and mechanical properties of the cut tissue. The increase of cutting force due to mandibular wear may be particularly problematic for small ants, which generate lower absolute bite forces, and thus require a larger fraction of their maximum bite force to cut the same plant.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Energetic costs of feeding in 12 species of small-bodied primates
Authors: Wall Christine E. , Hanna Jandy B. , O'Neill Matthew C. , Toler Maxx , Laird Myra F. 
Published: October 2023

There are no comparative, empirical studies of the energetic costs of feeding in mammals. As a result, we lack physiological data to better understand the selection pressures on the mammalian feeding apparatus and the influence of variables such as food geometric and material properties. This study investigates interspecific scaling of the net energetic costs of feeding in relation to body size, jaw-adductor muscle mass and food properties in a sample of 12 non-human primate species ranging in size from 0.08 to 4.2 kg. Net energetic costs during feeding were measured by indirect calorimetry for a variety of pre-cut and whole raw foods varying in geometric and material properties. Net feeding costs were determined in two ways: by subtracting either the initial metabolic rate prior to feeding or subtracting the postprandial metabolic rate. Interspecific scaling relationships were evaluated using pGLS and OLS regression. Net feeding costs scale negatively relative to both body mass and jaw-adductor mass. Large animals incur relatively lower feeding costs indicating that small and large animals experience and solve mechanical challenges in relation to energetics in different ways.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Characterizing tongue deformations during mastication using changes in planar components of three-dimensional angles
Authors: Olson Rachel A. , Montuelle Stephane J. , Williams Susan H. 
Published: October 2023

Understanding of tongue deformations during mammalian mastication is limited, but has benefited from recent developments in multiplanar imaging technology. Here, we demonstrate how a standardized radiopaque marker implant configuration and biplanar fluoroscopy can quantify three-dimensional shape changes during chewing in pigs. Transverse and sagittal components of the three-dimensional angle between markers enable characterizing deformations in anatomically relevant directions. The transverse component illustrates bending to the left or to the right, which can occur symmetrically or asymmetrically, the latter sometimes indicating regional widening. The sagittal component reflects ‘arching’ or convex deformations in the dorsoventral dimension symmetrically or asymmetrically, the latter characteristic of twisting. Trends are detected in both the transverse and sagittal planes, and combinations thereof, to modify tongue shape in complex deformations. Both the transverse and sagittal components were also measured at key jaw and tongue positions, demonstrating variability particularly with respect to maximum and minimum gape. This highlights the fact that unlike tongue position, tongue deformations are more independent of jaw position, likely in response to the ever-changing bolus shape and position. From a methodological perspective, our study showcases advantages of a repeatable three-marker implant configuration suitable for animals of different sizes and highlights considerations for different implant patterns.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
The feeding apparatus of ants: an overview of structure and function
Authors: Richter Adrian , Economo Evan P. 
Published: October 2023

Ants are a dominant family of eusocial terrestrial insects with a diversity of ecologies, lifestyles and morphologies. Ant diet preferences range from strict carnivory through omnivory to almost complete herbivory in species feeding on seeds or exudates of plant-sucking insects. While several studies have investigated ant feeding performance on different substrates, comparatively little is known about the functional morphology of the structures involved in food uptake or their diversification across the ants. To take stock of our current knowledge, we give an overview of how adult ants ingest food, followed by a morphological description of the mouthparts, preoral space and cephalic sucking pump. The mandibles are the most prominent mouthparts and have received considerable attention in the literature, so we focus on the maxillae and labium here. We present current hypotheses for the movement patterns of these parts and discuss morphological differences among ants that may be related to their ecological diversity. Finally, we give short comparisons of the ant condition with some other insects and vertebrates, as well as an outlook summarizing gaps in our knowledge. This sets the stage for future studies elucidating the connections between ant feeding mechanisms and mouthpart evolution.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Introduction: food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals
Authors: Laird Myra F. , Ross Callum F. , Kang Victor , Konow Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

How animals process and absorb nutrients from their food is a fundamental question in biology. Despite the continuity and interaction between intraoral food processing and post-oesophageal nutritional extraction, these topics have largely been studied separately. At present, we lack a synthesis of how pre- and post-oesophageal mechanisms of food processing shape the ability of various taxa to effectively assimilate nutrients from their diet. The aim of this special issue is to catalyse a unification of these distinct approaches as a functional continuum. We highlight questions that derive from this synthesis, as well as technical advances to address these questions. At present, there is also a skew toward vertebrates in studies of feeding form–function mechanics; by including perspectives from researchers working on both vertebrates and invertebrates, we hope to stimulate integrative and comparative research on food processing and nutritional assimilation. Below, we discuss how the papers in this issue contribute to these goals in three areas: championing a functional-comparative approach, quantifying performance and emphasizing the effects of life history, and food substrate and extrinsic factors in current and future studies of oral food processing and nutritional assimilation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals’.
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Protects Against Severe Urinary Tract Infection in Mice
Authors: Rosen Anne L. , Lint Michael A. , Voelker Dayne H. , Gilbert Nicole M. , Tomera Christopher P. , Santiago-Borges Jesús , Wallace Meghan A. , Hannan Thomas J. , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Hultgren Scott J. , Kau Andrew L. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMillions suffer from urinary tract infections (UTIs) worldwide every year with women accounting for the majority of cases. UropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC) causes most of these primary infections and leads to 25% becoming recurrent or chronic. To repel invading pathogens, the urinary tract mounts a vigorous innate immune response that includes the secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), rapid recruitment of phagocytes and exfoliation of superficial umbrella cells. Here, we investigate secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an AMP with antiprotease, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions, known to play protective roles at other mucosal sites, but not well characterized in UTIs. Using a mouse model of UPEC-caused UTI, we show that urine SLPI increases in infected mice and that SLPI is localized to bladder epithelial cells. UPEC infected SLPI-deficient (Slpi-/-) mice suffer from higher urine bacterial burdens, prolonged bladder inflammation, and elevated urine neutrophil elastase (NE) levels compared to wild-type (Slpi+/+) controls. Combined with bulk bladder RNA sequencing, our data indicate thatSlpi-/-mice have a dysregulated immune and tissue repair response following UTI. We also measure SLPI in urine samples from a small group of female subjects 18-49 years old and find that SLPI tends to be higher in the presence of a uropathogen, except in patients with history of recent or recurrent UTI (rUTI), suggesting a dysregulation of SLPI expression in these women. Taken together, our findings show SLPI protects against acute UTI in mice and provides preliminary evidence that SLPI is likewise regulated in response to uropathogen exposure in women.