bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 30,000 deaths in 1988 were classified as suicide, making this the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. For ages 15-34, suicide is the third leading cause, surpassed only by unintentional injury and homi-cide. Among white males of all ages combined, suicide is the eighth leading cause of death.
Homicide
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 22,000 deaths in 1988 due to homicide and legal intervention made this the eleventh leading cause of death for all ages combined. Homicide is the fourth leading cause of death for ages 1-14 and ranks second for ages 15-24. Among blacks aged 15-34 it is the leading cause of death. During the first year of life, homicide claims more lives than any other cause of injury (Waller et al. 1989).
Falls
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to producing substantial morbidity and disability, falls are a major cause of unintentional injury death, surpassed only by motor vehicles. In recent years more than 11,000 deaths annually have been attributed to falls. In an even greater number of cases a fall initiates or contributes to the sequence of events leading to death but is not coded as the underlying cause of death, even though it is mentioned on the death certificate (Fife 1987). Only falls listed as the underlying cause of death are included in the following mortality analyses.
Motor Vehicle Occupants
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preventing or reducing the severity of occupant injury in crashes is analogous to protecting breakable items that are going to be mailed. The box for mailing should be sturdy-a flimsy box that collapses if dropped will not prevent damage-and it should be sealed so that it does not pop open and spill the contents if it is dropped. The inside of the box should be free of sharp protrusions (e.g., exposed nails), and the contents should be surrounded by energy-absorbing packing so that they cannot rattle around loose inside. This way, if the box is dropped or even partially crushed, the forces reaching the breakable goods will be reduced and spread over a wide area, reducing the likelihood of damage.
Becoming a Prostitute
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did women become prostitutes? Was the medieval prostitute a victim of economic circumstances, a pawn of unscrupulous individuals, or an agent making her own choices? What were the societal and individual factors that led her into the trade? The medieval authorities considered prostitutes both subject and object, agent and victim. In general, prostitutes were blamed for their actions, which they were believed to commit out of lust (even if they were financially needy as well); but when a brothel keeper or procurer was prosecuted, the prostitutes could be treated as innocent pawns. These two views might be called the “happy hooker” model (the prostitute who chooses to be so and who enjoys her work) and the “white slave” model (the prostitute who is exploited and bears no responsibility for her actions).
Appearance, Attitude, and Activity
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The MSE begins as soon as the examiner sees the patient. Even before speaking, the astute examiner carefully notes the patient’s appearance and may learn something about the patient’s interactions with others, such as those in the waiting room. Close observation of the patient is continued throughout the interview, and the data obtained are summarized in the first section of the MSE report-the Appearance, Attitude, and Activity section (some shorten this heading to Appearance and Behavior). Many features of the patient’s appearance and behavior that should be observed, including physical characteristics, nonverbal communications, and motor function, are reported in this section of the MSE. It is important to be careful and nonjudgmental in the choice of words used to describe the patient’s appearance and attitude. This is necessary both to be fair to the patient and to prevent embarrassment to the examiner if the MSE report is reviewed in an unforeseen venue, such as during litigation. The physician should avoid slang and prejudicial or prejorative terms. Careful attention to one’s own attitude and word choice is recommended when describing age, sex, race, or other areas in which social bias may be encountered. Some terms used to describe appearance, activity, and attitude are part of our everyday vocabulary, whereas others arc technical terms. Especially when using the vernacular, it is crucial to avoid judgmental words; for example, it is preferable to write “child like” instead of “childish.”
Introduction
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study focuses on a rather odd episode in the history of Anglo-French colonial rivalry, a curious Middle Eastern sideshow that took place against the tumultuous backdrop of the Second World War, but which nonetheless had serious repercussions on the overall pattern of Franco-British relations. Anglo-French competition in the colonial sphere dates back at least to the eighteenth century, when it reflected an equally intense antagonism between the two powers on the European continent. After its humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871, France sought to compensate for its decline as a continental power by engaging in colonial adventures in Africa and Indochina, pursuing the illusion of power for want of its substance.
Limited Resources and Makeshift Arrangements
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the coup plot’s failure, British policy toward the Levant was at a standstill. On the one hand, Anglo-French relations in the region had soured, Puaux was soon to be replaced by an aggressively right-wing, Vichy loyalist, and reports persisted of Axis ambitions in the region. On the other hand, the options for active intervention remained extremely limited, although some hope persisted that Catroux would yet manage to engineer a coup. The Chiefs of Staff were able to contemplate the possibility of a military operation in Syria and Lebanon in the spring of 1941, but even then, the success of the operation would depend on its orchestration with a Turkish occupation of nothern Syria.
The Widening Rift
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within days of the conclusion of the de Gaulle-Lyttelton agreements, a gap began to emerge between the theory and practice of Anglo-Free French relations in the Levant. Catroux’s effort to rally Vichy troops to the Cross of Lorraine was frustrated by their confinement to military camps to which the Gaullists had no access. The situation was slightly improved when it became known that Dentz had flown a number of captured British officers out of the Levant before the armistice. The British were incensed, placing Dentz and some of his leading aides under arrest until the British prisoners of war returned. They also became much more amenable to Catroux’s demands and saw to it that Vichy officers allowed their men freedom to move outside their camps, facilitating personal contact with Free French recruiters.
The Lull between the Storms
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The events of November 1943 left the French in a very tenuous position in the Levant. The unconditional victory that had been won by the Lebanese had sent them into a state of euphoria, in the face of which it would be very difficult to proceed with any measures intended to preserve French influence in the country. As American military intelligence saw it: Intense Lebanese nationalism has been aroused by the French coup. All group antagonism seems to be broken for the time being, and the Lebanese have been almost miraculously fused into an undivided nation, determined to win independence.1 No less importantly, the outcome of the crisis had made it clear that the British would not allow the French to employ coercion in their attempt to retain influence in the region.
Engineering Nature-Engineering Culture
Authors: Barth Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discoveries of the Lewis and Clark expedition turned a western wilderness of guesswork and rumor into a distinct part of the continent. They opened a new world to Americans, who eagerly responded to the promise of a vast new field for their cultural mission. Their attempts to harvest the fur resources and their efforts to make over forest, prairie, and savannah in the image of field, meadow, and city warped their view of nature and almost blinded them to the natural world.
Louis Armslrong and Furniblre Music
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For twenty-four-year-old Louis Armstrong, as for countless musicians before and after him, New York stood as the final challenge for an aspiring American artist. Yet it was a challenge for which he appeared to be more than adequately prepared. Through his work with the pioneering jazz band led by cometist Joe “King” Oliver, Armstrong had gained a degree of notoriety in Chicago and in his home town New Orleans, and had participated in a series of recordings with that group which even today are admired as the purest example of New Orleans ensemble playing.
Jazz and the Primitivist Myth
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his 1969 biography of Louis Armstrong, the French critic Hugues Panassie gave the following evocative account of the trumpeter: One feels the intensity with which he lives each moment; one feels his innate goodness, his uprightness, his simplicity. Gifted with an extremely lively sensibility, his reactions are immediate and attractive in their finesse, spontaneity and intuition. He approaches people and things with his entire humanity.... If Louis speaks only circumspectly about the music of others-and even his own-it is not through indifference.
The Imperfect Art
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jelly Roll Morton, the celebrated New Orleans pianist and composer, often asserted that he had invented jazz in 1902. Morton, as even his admirers admit, was a man prone to exaggeration, particularly on the subject of his own achievements. Yet even if we had no other reason to doubt him, this extraordinary claim would probably still make us uneasy. How could anyone invent jazz? It seems rather to be like electricity or North America-things not consciously invented, but only recognized, after the fact as it were, by some especially observant or fortunate individual.
Neoclassicism in Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three revolutionary waves have passed over the landscape of jazz during its brief history, each leaving in its wake a radically changed musical environment. The first transformation came only a few years after the initial appearance of jazz recordings in 1917. Under the powerful influence of Louis Armstrong, jazz developed into a more highly individualistic art form-one that emphasized and idealized the role of the individual soloist.
The Arab Middle East
Authors: Danielson Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music in the Arab world has a long history, documented by scholarly treatises, historical accounts, and more recently, by notations and recordings.1 The Arab musical heritage includes diverse regional folk and religious musics, as well as a classical music tradition with a sophisticated written theory originally formulated between the ninth and thirteenth centuries. Insofar as the various forms of Arab classical music share a basis in this theory-especially the use of melodic modes (maqamiit, s. maqiim)-they can be regarded as a “Great Tradition” common to many Arab countries. However, regional variants do differ somewhat in terms of intonation, maqiim names, preferred instruments and meters, and, to some extent, style, such that one can distinguish Moroccan, Tunisian, Egyptian, and Iraqi art musics.
Private Aliyah: Konfino and Aliyah bet from Bulgaria, 1939 to 1940
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private initiative in illegal aliyah organization was not entirely financially motivated. True, thousands of Jews were saved by businessmen, seamen, and adventurers who found an opportunity to reap a profit in the Jews’ desperation to leave Europe by any means. In addition, a number of individuals associated with Zionist movements were also involved in the phenomenon of private aliyah. For these organizers, aliyah activities, while at times generating a financial return, primarily constituted a Jewish Zionist response that was aimed at rescuing Jews.
An Egalitarian Overview
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equality is generally construed as a value or principle to be promoted in a democratic society. It is often associated with justice, equity, and fairness, all of which signify moral values or principles.1 Recently, however, critics of equality have emerged from an unlikely source, namely, feminists. Why does this su prise us? Because feminism throughout history has been associated with efforts to promote equality between women and men. As Christine Overall puts it, “feminism is committed to the further understanding and dissolution of sexual inequality.”
Obstetrics-Gynecology: A Unique Specialty
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As public support for the goal of gender equality has grown, so have criticisms and mistrust of medical power and technology. From a feminist egalitarian perspective, the criticisms have been especially directed toward the practice of obstetrics and gynecology as epitomizing the paternalistic model of the physician’s role toward women. Manifestations of such criticisms and response to them include the growth of the women’s health movement, along with books such as Our Bodies, Ourselves;2 Suzanne Arms’ Immaculate Deception;3 Adrienne Rich’s Of Woman Bom;4 Diane Scully’s Men Who Control Women’s Health;5 and Sue Fisher’s In the Patient’s Best Interest. Physicians who have written provocative accounts of clinical practice in obstetrics-gynecology include Michelle Harrison (A Woman in Residence)? and John M. Smith (Women and Doctors.)8 As with any critical movement, there may be excesses, inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and vagueness in its expressions, but the movement also provides health caregivers with an opportunity for growth in self-understanding and professional sensitivity through analysis of what is valid and invalid in the criticisms.
Fetal Tissue Transplantation
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among ethical issues raised by recent advances in medical research, few if any are more complicated or controversial than that of fetal tissue transplantation. In great part the controversy is due to the relation between this issue and abortion, which remains a polarizing issue in the United States and elsewhere. Different positions about whether fetal tissue might be used for treatment of otherwise incurable neurological disorders have emerged from disagreement about whether its use would increase the incidence of elective abortions. Even among those who support the right of women to choose abortion, some are concerned that the availability of techniques for fetal tissue transplantation might encourage more abortions.
Decisions Regarding Disabled Newborns
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s, both the media and the federal government focused their consideration of infants on a few controversial cases, possibly to the neglect of ethical issues involving other children, and larger social and ethical problems affecting all of us.’ In this chapter, I broaden the perspective on neonatal dilemmas by providing a brief account of the historical, cultural, and medical contexts in which they arise, and a description of alternative approaches to their resolution. I also discuss cases in which nontreatment of extremely ill, impaired, and low birth weight infants may be morally justified. Although these conditions are often addressed separately, in practice they often occur in the same patient. From an egalitarian perspective, each infant should be treated as an individual, just as older patients are to be treated as individuals. In both situations, the patient represents a unique embodiment of limitations, abilities, possibilities, and relationships.
Just Caring: Power for Empowerment
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phrase “just caring” recapitulates my effort in this book to integrate an egalitarian critique with an ethic of care. Although health care is by definition an ethic of care, we have seen that health care practice affects men and women, and adults and children, not only differently but unequally. Unequally in the sense that men and adults are advantaged or empowered as compared with women and children, respectively. In other words, despite the cliche “Women and children first,” the reality is that women and children tend to be last rather than first in health care. Just caring demands neither first nor last placement for either group as such.
The Quid Pro Quo
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHAT did the South want? Or rather, what did the men who presumed to speak for the South want? That was the question uppermost in the minds of Colonel Kellar, General Boynton, and Congressman Garfield as they undertook their exploration of the mind of the Redeemers in the winter of 1876-1877. It was plain enough what Hayes and his friends wanted of the South, and it was becoming apparent that the old Whig connection was predisposed to co-operate.
Apotheosis of Carpetbaggery
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE WINTER of 1876-1877 Thomas A. Scott was still near the zenith of his Napoleonic career as railroad empire builder. The seat of the Scott empire was Philadelphia, home of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The biggest freight carrier in the world and probably the most powerful business corporation in America at the time, the Pennsylvania moved 31,000,000 tons of freight and reported net earnings of $22,000,000 in 1876, a depression year.
The Scott Plan
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS SOON AS William Henry Smith received Boynton’s letter proposing the enlistment of the lobby of Tom Scott in Governor Hayes’s cause he took it to Joseph Medill. The proposal placed the editor of the Chicago Tribune in a rather embarrassing position, for his paper had been one of the most outspoken critics of Scott’s methods and of the Texas & Pacific subsidy bill.
The Apostasy of the South
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SO CONFIDENT was General Boynton in the effectiveness of the work that he, Kellar, Dodge, and Scott had been doing among Southern Democrats that the threat of a Democratic filibuster left him completely without apprehensions. In fact he wrote William Henry Smith on February 11 that “as a republican” he strongly hoped the Democrats would attempt a fi1ibuster. “My wish to have it begun by the democrats,” he explained, “rests upon a confidence that the plan we were at work upon before the compromise bill was passed will work beautifully & effectively in case the hotheaded democrats attempt to defeat Hayes by delay.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Mark L , Mercy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chances are that on any given day, the daily newspaper of every major U.S. city will present a snapshot of America’s growing problem of violence. Articles will cover a range of violent acts: murder, suicide, assault, child abuse, and rape. Although these daily stories catch people’s attention, readers all too often view the violence as a fact of life, something that is unpredictable and unpreventable. Our society and even health and public health professionals too infrequently realize that violence is a problem that can be studied, understood, and prevented (1).
Child Abuse
Authors: Newberger Eli H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite increasing public awareness, both clinical practice and social policy are constrained by substantial deficits in the knowledge base on child abuse and by gaps in the application of research findings to its prevention and treatment. Newer research demonstrates, for example, that psychopathology is not more prevalent in families where abuse is documented than in the general population, but the focus of clinical protective work remains primarily psychotherapeutic; and talking to an individual parent with a view to changing the parent’s behavior remains the paradigm of clinical practice. Clinicians who work with families identified as having abused their children may find it difficult to conceptualize etiology and treatment of problems outside the biomedical, symptom-oriented approach to which their practice and training are oriented.
Suicide
Authors: O’Carroll Patrick W , Rosenberg Mark L , Mercy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, suicide accounted for 30,796 deaths in 1987. Although the highest rates still occur among the elderly, the ranking of suicide as the fifth leading cause of premature death reflects an increasing incidence of suicide among adolescents and young adults. Men of all age and race groups are more likely than women to commit suicide, and white men are at highest risk.
Self-interest and Self-respect
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the testimony of participants in the civil rights movement is plausible at all, then the idea that self-interest, the pursuit of power and advantage, does or should invariably inform political action must be reassessed. The primacy of self-interest is often associated with, and indeed considered one of the chief historical innovations of, mainstream American political thought. In this account, the canoni cal expression of politics as self-interest is James Madison’s Federalist #10, while the post-World War II hegemony of liberal pluralism or interest-group liberalism among academics and intellectuals repre sents its most recent apotheosis. Historically, then, the civil rights movement burst into view just as liberal pluralism had become the regnant political ideology. For that reason, it is necessary to examine liberal pluralism and its animating ideal, self-interest, in order to understand the conception of politics that the civil rights movement implictly, and at times explicitly, challenged.
Violence and Self-respect: Fanon and Black Radicalism
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing attention the federal government gave to the civil rights issue after 1954 was driven by an awareness that the way the United States government responded to the demands of its black citizens was closely monitored by the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa. At the Bandung Conference in 1955, many of these new nations formed a neutralist bloc, a tiers monde, jealous of its autonomy vis-a-vis the Western or Eastern bloc alliances. To com pete with the Soviet Union for the support of these newly indepen dent nations, the United States felt pressure to live up to its own moral and constitutional values as they bore on the status of Afro Americans, a group which, as we have seen, seemed to be a kind of internal colony within the United States.