bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composing and constructing value focused influence diagrams: a specification for decision model formulation
Authors: Maxwell Daniel T. , Buede Dennis M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOver the past three decades, significant improvements in the computer and computational sciences have enabled automated support for increasingly complex decision situations. One example of this progress is the influence diagram, which is simultaneously a graphical and mathematical model of a decision situation. Influence diagrams are a proven asset in the tool kit of decision analysts and they are making the power of decision analytic modelling more accessible to professionals in other disciplines.To develop influence diagrams, decision analysts guide decisionmakers and subject matter experts through a discovery process that necessarily migrates from the unstructured to the structured. These highly complex decision situations often require inputs from many different people with diverse expertise. One shortcoming of influence diagrams (and other methods) is that they do not specify a cohesive and comprehensive process for structuring the interactions of options, values, and uncertainties during the initial development of a decision model. This complicates (and sometimes precludes) the process of developing a comprehensive model because the model reaches a level of complexity that is very difficult for individual domain experts to think about.This paper introduces a formally specified method for eliciting influence diagram structure. We extend influence diagram notation to include special categories of value nodes that more explicitly define fundamental objectives hierarchy components. We then provide provably correct methods for decomposing the model, eliciting additional detail, and reassembling the model into a single graph. These methods make two important contributions to the modelling science: first, it is a necessary step toward providing automated model elicitation tools; second, it is an example of technology transfer from Bayesian Belief Networks to Influence Diagrams. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.
Static vector optimization in welfare economics
Authors: Islam S. M. N. , Craven B. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a vector optimization approach to social choice in the form of the determination of social welfare optimum. While such applications of vector optimization are well developed within the economics literature, this paper shows that some useful extensions are possible. These extensions involve the adoption of some theory and concepts developed in modern mathematics including weak Pareto optimality, quasimax, weak quasimax, locally proper weak quasimax, and invexity. These extensions make the choice of social welfare optimum less restrictive. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale parallel finite‐element analysis using the internet: a performance study
Authors: Shioya Ryuji , Yagawa Genki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a parallel finite‐element system implemented using the domain decomposition method on a cluster of remote computers connected via the Internet. This technique is also readily applicable to a grid computing environment. A three‐dimensional finite‐element elastic analysis involving more than one million degrees of freedom was solved using this system, and a good approximate solution was obtained with high parallel efficiency of over 90% using remote computers located in three different countries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An energy‐conserving scheme for dynamic crack growth using the eXtended finite element method
Authors: Réthoré J. , Gravouil A. , Combescure A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a generalization of the eXtended finite element method (X‐FEM) to model dynamic fracture and time‐dependent problems from a more general point of view, and gives a proof of the stability of the numerical scheme in the linear case. First, we study the stability conditions of Newmark‐type schemes for problems with evolving discretizations. We prove that the proposed enrichment strategy satisfies these conditions and also ensures energy conservation. Using this approach, as the crack propagates, the enrichment can evolve with no occurrence of instability or uncontrolled energy transfer. Then, we present a technique based on Lagrangian conservation for the estimation of dynamic stress intensity factors for arbitrary 2D cracks. The results presented for several applications are accurate for stationary or moving cracks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electro‐optic materials: hyperbranched chromophores attached linear polyimide and dendritic polyesters
Authors: Do Jung Yun , Park Seung Koo , Ju Jung‐Jin , Park Suntak , Lee Myung‐Hyun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHyperbranched chromophores were introduced to a polyimide for a high chromophore concentration. The optical non‐linearity of the polyimides increased in proportion to the rise in chromophore concentration. A dendritic structure was developed to increase the concentration and overall attached with optical chromophores on its surface reactive sites. The dendrimer showed optical film‐formable property and proved to be a good material with a similar optical non‐linearity to the side chain polyimides. An electro‐optic coefficient of a dendrimer (G‐DAIDC) was measured to afford 38.3 pm/V at 1550 nm wavelength. The optical stability of polarized polyimides and dendrimers films was examined at high temperatures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring the relaxation behavior of nylon/clay nanocomposites in the melt with an online dielectric sensor
Authors: Lee Yu‐Hsin , Bur Anthony J. , Roth Steven C. , Start Paul R. , Harris Richard H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDielectric spectrometry was used to correlate microstructure of the filler with relaxation behavior of the polymer matrix in nylon/clay nanocomposites. Agglomerated, intercalated, and exfoliated composites were fabricated by extruding nylon 6 and nylon 12 with montmorillonite clays treated by two types of amino surfactants. A new on‐line dielectric slit die sensor was used to examine the melt state properties during extrusion compounding in a frequency range from 50 to 106 Hz. Using non‐linear regression methods, the experimental data were fit with the Cole–Cole dielectric relaxation functions corrected for electrode polarization and d.c. conductivity. Characteristic frequency, relaxation strength, relaxation time distribution, as well as d.c. conductivities were extracted from curves with overlapping relaxation modes. Only one dielectric dispersion was found in the neat nylon, which was identified as α relaxation associated with molecular segmental motion. Two dielectric relaxations, α relaxation and Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars interfacial polarization (MWS), were observed in the composite melt. MWS is ascribed to conducting ions in a polymer/filler mixture and has relaxation properties that are dependent upon the microstructure of the filler. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of photo and Auger electrons of the elements with high atomic numbers on formation of carbon x‐ray fluorescence intensity
Authors: Dukhanin A. Yu. , Pavlinsky G. V. , Baranov E. O. , Portnoy A. Yu. , Kujn A. V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe x‐ray fluorescence radiation of carbon was studied in the presence of elements with high atomic numbers in the material irradiated. It was found that photo and Auger electrons of such elements originating from ionization of shells remote from nucleus (L‐, M‐ and N‐shells) effectively excite atoms of carbon. Hence, using a matrix with Z > 30, the influence of the electrons should be considered, and using a matrix with Z > 50 this influence becomes decisive. Calculations of carbon x‐ray fluorescence intensity were executed for different x‐ray tube anodes. Their correctness is confirmed by agreement with experimental results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Koleleni Y. I. A. , Kondoro J. W. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEnergy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis has been established at the University of Dar es Salaam, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics. Calibration was conducted using thin films from Micromatter (USA) for secondary target XRF. We report on the performance of the spectrometer including the detection limits attained, which range from 0.01 to 10 ng cm−2 using collimators of 6 and 8 mm diameter under excitation conditions of 50 kV, 35 mA. The accuracy of the measurements was checked using IAEA SOIL‐7 and NIST 3087a Certified Reference Materials. The experimental values differed by <5% from the certified values. The total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) facility added as a module to the existing XRF system provides detection limits between 0.1 and 100 pg for most of the elements measured. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A gas‐filled electroluminescence detector for EDXRF Spectrometry
Authors: Goganov D. A. , Schultz A. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe design and features of a sealed‐off proportional scintillation gas‐filled detector (GSPC) are described. The use of a 50 µm Be window and an Xe‐based gas mixture provides high efficiency of registration in the range 1.5–25 keV. The energy resolution changes from 18% for Al Kα (1.49 keV) to 4.2% for Ag Kα (22.2 keV). When the count rate on the unit output is 5 × 104 s−1, the energy resolution at the Mn Kα line does not exceed 9% at an entrance window area near 3 cm2. The detector is operated at room temperature and does not require maintenance during operation. The service life of the detector is over 5 years and the radiation lifetime is practically unlimited. The detector is designed for use in EDXRF spectrometers instead of gas‐filled proportional counters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Update of photoelectric absorption coefficients in the tables of McMaster
Authors: Shaltout Abdallah , Ebel Horst , Svagera Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAs a result of a systematic analysis of the compilation of McMaster's x‐ray cross‐sections, the polynomial coefficients of the N range (from edges N7 to M5) of elements Z = 61–69 have to be corrected. Furthermore, no detailed information on position and jumps of M edges of elements Z > 53 and N edges of elements Z > 85 are given. Elements Z = 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91 and 93 are missing. We have corrected the wrong values of polynomial coefficients and added missing M‐ and N‐edge data and missing elements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Crystal Structure of a Gatifloxacin Complex and its Fluorescent Property
Authors: Li Yong‐Hua , Tang Yun‐Zhi , Huang Xue‐Feng , Xiong Ren‐Gen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe hydrothermal reaction of Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O and Gatifloxacin(Gati) affords a binuclear complex of Gatifloxacin, [Cd(Gati)(py)3]2·(ClO4)4 (1), which is characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, IR and fluorescent spectroscopy. Crystal data for 1, C34H36CdCl2FN6O12: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 18.3642(5), b = 12.8156(4), c = 16.7210(5) Å, β = 97.931(1)°, V = 3897.6(2) Å3, Z = 4. The local surrounding of the CdII ion is a slightly distorted octahedron. Solid‐state fluorescence measurements of 1 at room temperature show an emission peak at 439 nm.
Kupferkomplexe des neuen Chelatliganden 1‐Methyl‐2‐(2‐thiophenolato)‐1H‐benzimidazol (mtpb) und dessen Oxidationsprodukten
Authors: Stange Andreas , Schurr Thilo , Klein Axel , Kaim Wolfgang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCopper Complexes of the New Chelate Ligand 1‐Methyl‐2‐(2‐thiophenolato)‐1H‐benzimidazole (mtpb) and of its Oxidation ProductsAnodic electrolysis of copper in acetonitrile in the presence of Hmtpb leads to formation of yellow [Cu4(mtbp)4] which was crystallized as a dichloromethane solvate with two crystallographically independent cluster molecules in the unit cell. The copper(I) atoms exhibit slightly pyramidal S2N coordination with bridging thiolate sulfur atoms. The two clusters contain the four copper atoms arranged in a more (Cu1‐Cu4) or less (Cu5‐Cu8) distorted bisphenoidal arrangement. Reaction of mtpb— with Cu(ClO4)2 under anoxic conditions also produces [Cu4(mtpb)4]. However, the admittance of O2 in the reaction of mtpb— with copper(II) acetate in methanol causes oxidation of the sulfur atoms; a square‐pyramidal configurated copper(II) complex [Cu(CH3CO2‐κ2O)(L1‐κN)(L2‐κN, O)] has been isolated and crystallographically characterized in which L1 is the neutral sulfinic methyl ester and L2— is the sulfonate derived from mtpb—.
Spectral and Structural Studies of Transition Metal Complexes of 2‐Pyridineformamide N(4)‐ethylthiosemicarbazone
Authors: Bermejo Elena , Castiñeiras Alfonso , García‐Santos Isabel , Fostiak Larissa M. , Swearingen John K. , West Douglas X. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe reduction of 2‐cyanopyridine in the presence of N(4)‐ethylthiosemicarbazide produces 2‐pyridineformamide N(4)‐ethylthiosemicarbazone, HAm4E. Complexes with cobalt(III), nickel(II), copper(II), palladium(II) and platinum(II) have been prepared and characterized by molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the crystal structures of HAm4E, [Co(Am4E)2](ClO4), [Ni(HAm4E)2](ClO4)2, and [Ni(HAm4E)2]Cl(OAc)·AcOH·H2O have been obtained. Coordination occurs through the pyridyl nitrogen, imine nitrogen and either the thione or thiolato sulphur atom when coordinating as the neutral or anionic ligand, respectively. Extensive hydrogen bonding occurs in both HAm4E and its metal complexes, with the amide hydrogen atoms being significant contributors.
Synthese, Strukturen, EPR‐ und ENDOR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Übergangsmetallkomplexen von N, N‐Diisobutyl‐N′‐(2, 6‐difluor)benzoylselenoharnstoff
Authors: Kampf Michael , Richter Rainer , Griebel Jan , Weller Anke , Kirmse Reinhard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSynthesis, Structures, EPR and ENDOR Investigations on Transition Metal Complexes of N, N‐diisobutyl‐N′‐(2, 6‐difluoro)benzoyl selenoureaThe synthesis and the structures of the NiII and PdII complexes of the ligand N, N‐diisobutyl‐N′‐(2, 6‐difluoro)benzoylselenourea HBui2dfbsu are reported. The ligands coordinate bidentately forming bis‐chelates. The structure of the ligand could not be obtained, however, the structure of its O‐ethyl ester will be reported. Attempts to prepare the CuII complex result only in the formation of oily products. However, the CuII complex could be incorporated into the corresponding NiII and PdII compounds. From this diamagnetically diluted powder and single‐crystal samples were obtained being suitable for EPR‐ENDOR measurements. We report X‐ and Q‐band EPR investigations on the systems [Cu/Ni(Bui2dfbsu)2] and [Cu/Pd(Bui2dfbsu)2] as well as a single‐crystal X‐band EPR study for [Cu/Ni(Bui2dfbsu)2]. The obtained 63, 65Cu and 77Se hyperfine structure tensors allow a determination of the spin‐density distribution within the first coordination sphere. In addition, orientation selective 19F Q‐band pulse ENDOR investigations on powder‐samples of [Cu/Ni(Bui2dfbsu)2] have been performed. The hyperfine structure tensors of two intramolecular 19F atoms could be determined. According to the small 19F couplings only a vanishingly small spin‐density of < 1 % was obtained for these 19F atoms.
Mixed‐Ligand Complexes of Zinc(II) with α‐Hydroxycarboxylates and Aromatic N‐N Donor Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Effect of Weak Interactions on their Crystal Packing
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M. , García‐Martínez Emilia , Castiñeiras Alfonso , Niclós Juan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeveral new two‐ligand complexes of zinc(II) with the aromatic N, N‐donor ligands 2, 2′‐bipyridine or 1, 10‐phenanthroline and one of three different α‐hydroxycarboxylates (HL′) derived of the α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids (H2L′) (2‐methyllactic, H2mL; mandelic, H2M or benzilic, H2B) were prepared. The compounds of formula [Zn(HL′)2(NN)]·nH2O (HL′ = HM, HB) were isolated as white powders and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The complexes of general formula [Zn(HL′)(NN)2](HL′)·nH2O (HL′ = HmL, HM) and [Zn(HB)2(NN)2], were obtained as single crystals and were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffractometry. In all cases, the zinc atom is in a distorted octahedral environment. In [Zn(HL′)(NN)2](HL′)·nH2O the α‐hydroxycarboxylato ligands behave as bidentate chelating monoanion and an α‐hydroxycarboxylate as counterion is also present. In [Zn(HB)2(NN)2], the monoanionic benzilato ligand behaves as monodentate through one oxygen atom of the carboxylate function. The effect of the classical and no‐classical hydrogen bonding and of the π‐π and C‐H…π interactions in the 3D supramolecular arrangement of these molecular complexes is analyzed.
[1‐Allylpyridinium][Cu2Cl3]: Synthesis, X‐ray Structure and the Regularity of Crystal Architecture of 1‐Allyl/(amino)‐pyridinium Copper(I) Chloride π‐Complexes
Authors: Pavlyuk O. V. , Goreshnik E. A. , Ciunik Z. , Mys'kiv M. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBy alternating‐current electrochemical technique crystals of copper(I) π‐complex with 1‐allylpyridinium chloride of [C5H5N(C3H5)][Cu2Cl3] (1) composition have been obtained and structurally investigated. Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group C2/c a = 24.035(1) Å, b = 11.4870(9) Å, c = 7.8170(5) Å, β = 95.010(5)°, V = 2150.0(2) Å3 (at 100 K), Z = 8, R = 0.028, for 4836 independent reflections. In the structure 1 trigonal‐pyramidal environment of π‐coordinated copper(I) atom is formed by a lengthened to 1.376(2) Å C=C bond of allyl group and by three chlorine atoms. Other two copper atoms are tetrahedrally surrounded by chlorine atoms only. The coordination polyhedra are combined into an original infinite (Cu4Cl62—)n fragment.Structural comparison of 1 and the recently studied copper(I) chloride π‐complexes with 3‐amino‐, 2‐amino‐, 4‐amino‐1‐allylpyridinium chlorides of respective [LCu2Cl3] (2), [L2Cu2Cl4] (3), and [LCuCl2] (4) compositions allowed us to reveal the trend of the inorganic fragment complication which depends on pKa (base) value of the corresponding initial heterocycle.
Strukturen der Alkalimetallsalze aromatischer, heterocyclischer Amide: Synthese und Struktur von Kronenether‐Addukten der Alkalimetall‐Pyrrolide
Authors: Heldt Ingo , Behrens Ulrich 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStructures of Alkali Metal Salts of Aromatic, Heterocyclic Amides: Synthesis und Structure of Crown Ether Adducts of the Alkali Metal PyrrolidesThe synthesis of eight alkali metal pyrrolide crown ether complexes is reported: Lithium‐pyrrolide(12‐crown‐4) (1), sodium‐pyrrolide(15‐crown‐5) (2), potassium‐pyrrolide(18‐crown‐6) (3), rubidium‐pyrrolide(18‐crown‐6) (4), cesium‐pyrrolide(18‐crown‐6) (5), cesium‐pyrrolide(18‐crown‐6)(H2O)0.5 (6), rubidium‐pyrrolide(15‐crown‐5)2 (7), and rubidium‐hydrogendipyrrolide(15‐crown‐5)2 (8). The complexes 1 to 5 and 7 were synthesized from the alkali metal pyrrolide and the corresponding crown ether. Compound 6 was obtained from 5 and water, complex 8 from RbN(SiMe3)2, pyrrole, and 15‐crown‐5. The structures of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 could be determined by X‐ray diffraction. The complexes 1, 2, and 3 are mononuclear, the pyrrolide anion shows an η1(N)‐coordination to the metal cation. Complex 4 is also mononuclear, but with an unsymmetric η5‐side‐on‐coordination of the pyrrolide anion to the rubidium cation. In complex 6 two pyrrolide anions are bridged by a water molecule via hydrogen bonds and both pyrrolide anions are coordinated to cesium ions. Compounds 7 and 8 have a salt‐like structure with a sandwich‐like [Rb(15‐crown‐5)2]+ cation and an uncoordinated pyrrolide anion (7) or an uncoordinated hydrogen‐dipyrrolide anion (8).
Disilberoxotellurat(VI), Ag2TeO4
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Curda Jan , Peters Eva‐Maria , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDisilver Oxotellurate(VI), Ag2TeO4Ag2TeO4 was synthesised by reaction of Ag2O and TeO2 applying an elevated oxygen pressure. According to a single crystal structure determination (C2/c, a = 9.0588(9), b = 9.2456(8), c = 13.623(1) Å, β = 91.758(8)°, Z = 12, 1289 independent reflections, R1 = 2.32 %, wR2 = 5.51 %), Ag2TeO4 contains a novel chain‐like polyanion with tellurium in an octahedral coordination. The TeO6 octahedra are connected via common edges and vertices in a way that the resulting polyanion represents a section of the rutile structure type. Ag2TeO4 shows diamagnetic and insulating behaviour, it decomposes at 560 °C into Ag2TeO3 and oxygen.
Pb2(OH)2[p‐O2C‐C6H4‐CO2]: Synthese und Kristallstruktur
Authors: Schuy Andrea , Ruschewitz Uwe 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPb2(OH)2[p‐O2C‐C6H4‐CO2]: Synthesis and Crystal StructureSingle crystals of Pb2(OH)2[p‐O2C‐C6H4‐CO2] (1) were obtained by hydrothermal reaction of terephthalic acid and PbCO3 at 180 °C (10 days). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 2 (a = 1115.6(2) pm, b = 380.10(4) pm, c = 1141.3(2) pm, β = 93.39(1)°, V = 0.4831(1) nm3). The crystal structure is characterized by ladder‐type Pb(OH)3/3 double chains, which are connected to a three‐dimensional framework by terephthalate dianions.
Solvothermale Synthese und Bestimmung der Kristallstrukturen von AgBiI4 und Ag3BiI6
Authors: Oldag Thorsten , Aussieker Thomas , Keller Hans‐Lothar , Preitschaft Christian , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSolvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure Determination of AgBiI4 and Ag3BiI6AgBiI4 and Ag3BiI6 were synthesized by solvothermal reaction from AgI and BiI3 in diluted HI‐solution (20 %) at a temperature of 160 °C. The greyish‐black crystals grow as octahedra (AgBiI4) or hexagonal/trigonal platelets (Ag3BiI6). AgBiI4 crystallizes in space group Fd3¯m with a = 1222.3(1) pm (300 K) and Z = 8 whereas Ag3BiI6 shows the space group R3¯m with a = 435.37(6) pm, c = 2081.0(4) pm (300 K) and Z = 1. Both crystal structures show stacking sequence abcabc… of hexagonal layers containing Iodine. Bismuth and silver are sharing octahedral sites with different mass ratio in both structures.The part of silver which could be localized varies with temperature. This behaviour indicates mobility of silver within the crystal structure. The ionic conductivity of AgBiI4 is explored. AgBiI4 and Ag3BiI6 show close structural relationship, with AgBiI4 as a variant with a higher degree of order.
Risk factors of major depression in the elderly
Authors: Heun Reinhard , Hein Sandra 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundSeveral risk factors of depression have been identified in retrospective as well as some prospective studies in the elderly. Confirmation in independent samples is needed. The present follow-up study prospectively investigated risk factors of depression in an elderly German sample.MethodsOne thousand four hundred and thirty-one subjects from a family study were re-investigated after 4.7 ± 2.5 years. Bivariate and multivariate forward logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors of the development of new depression in the elderly.ResultsRisk factors of a new depressive episode in 1408 elderly without current depression were age, female gender, a previous depression, subjective memory impairment, previous anxiety and somatoform disorders. The presence of dementia or mild cognitive impairment were significant risk factors in bivariate, but not multivariate analysis controlling for possible confounding. Risk factors of a first geriatric depressive episode were age, gender and subjective memory impairment; age remained the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThis investigation confirms previous studies from other countries concerning the relevance of risk factors for depression in the elderly. The knowledge of risk factors might help identify subjects at increased risk of depression for early intervention approaches. Elderly with a history of previous depression carry the highest risk.