bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The second National Epidemiological Survey on illicit drug use at six high‐prevalence areas in China: prevalence rates and use patterns
Authors: Hao Wei , Xiao Shuiyuan , Liu Teiqiao , Young Derson , Chen Shanmei , Zhang Diran , Li Chao , Shi Jianguo , Chen Guoqiang , Yang Kun 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimsThis is the first part of the Second National Epidemiological Survey on Illicit Drug Use in six high‐prevalence areas in China in 1996. The scale of illicit drug abuse and patterns of use in the survey areas were assessed.Design, setting and participants67 319 registered permanent residents in the community and those who were at institutions at the point of the survey (15 years old and over, males 34 755, 51.6%; females 32 564, 48.4%) in selected areas in China were screened and interviewed by trained psychiatrists.MeasurementsDemographics and drug‐related data were assessed using the Epidemiological Inventory for Illicit Drug Use developed by the authors. Illicit drugs in this study were defined as a group of psychoactive substances controlled by international and national laws, used for non‐medical purposes, including opiate, cocaine, amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS), cannabis, hallucinogens, etc.FindingsThe lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was 1.60% (male, 2.58%, female 0.57%), and 1‐year prevalence was 1.17% (male 1.80%, female 0.48%). There were 67 cases who used a drug initially before 1952; no new cases of illicit drug use could then be found during the period of 1952–86. However, the number of new drug users in each year has been rising steadily since 1986. The majority of drugs used were opiates in which heroin dominated, although there was some variability among the six sites. The main routes of administration were inhalation and intravenous injection. More than half the users (59.1%) took drugs on seven occasions or less per week, and 15.8% users used drugs on 21 occasions or more per week.ConclusionCompared with the data from the 1993 survey, illicit drug use has continued to escalate across the areas, calling for priority concern in various sections of the country.
Have we lost our way? The need for dynamic formulations of smoking relapse proneness
Authors: Piasecki Thomas M. , Fiore Michael C. , McCarthy Danielle E. , Baker Timothy B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCurrent smoking cessation treatments seem to differ from one another in the proportion of ex‐smokers who survive the first few days of the quit attempt. After this initial effect, parallel relapse processes appear to unfold in all treatment groups; no available treatments seem to alter the nature of this late relapse process. True relapse prevention will require that we obtain a better understanding of the forces contributing to relapse across the span of the cessation attempt. A working model of dynamic relapse processes may be necessary before treatments can be improved. In this paper, we suggest that the conceptual model of relapse proneness (RP) described originally by the National Working Conference on Smoking Relapse can serve as an ecumenical organizational framework that may be used to integrate and conceptualize relapse data in ways that could generate new strategies for relapse research and inform treatment design. As an illustration, we sketch a preliminary model of RP which postulates that physical withdrawal, stressors/temptations, and cessation fatigue each make independent, time‐shifted contributions to relapse risk. A new round of descriptive research focused on relapse proneness processes may be a prerequisite for improving existing smoking cessation interventions.
A systematic review on the efficacy of naltrexone maintenance treatment in opioid dependence
Authors: Kirchmayer Ursula , Davoli Marina , Verster Annette D. , Amato Laura , Ferri Arica , Perucci Carlo A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAimTo evaluate the efficacy of naltrexone maintenance treatment in preventing relapse in opioid addicts after detoxification.DesignA systematic review according to the methodology developed by the Cochrane Collaboration based on either randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs).ParticipantsSeven hundred and seven heroin dependent in‐ and out‐patients, or former heroin addicts dependent on methadone and participating in a naltrexone treatment programme; 89% were male.InterventionMaintenance treatments on opiate dependent people after detoxification, comparing naltrexone with placebo, pharmacological or behavioural treatments.MeasurementsThe outcomes considered were successfully completed treatment, opioid use under treatment (re)‐incarcerations during the study period, mean duration of treatment.FindingsThe outcomes tended to be slightly although not significantly in favour of the naltrexone groups. Use of naltrexone in addition to behavioural treatment significantly decreased the probability of (re‐)incarceration (OR=0.30; 95% CI 0.12, 0.76). The difficulties in producing a quantitative analysis were due mainly to the heterogeneity of the included studies.ConclusionsFrom the available clinical trials performed up to this time, there is insufficient evidence to justify the use of naltrexone in maintenance treatment of opioid addicts.
Smoking cessation in methadone maintenance
Authors: Shoptaw Steve , Rotheram‐Fuller Erin , Yang Xiaowei , Frosch Dominick , Nahom Debbie , Jarvik Murray E. , Rawson Richard A. , Ling Walter 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims  To evaluate relapse prevention (relapse prevention) and contingency management (contingency management) for optimizing smoking cessation outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for methadone‐maintained tobacco smokers.Design  Experimental, 2 (relapse prevention)×2 (contingency management) repeated measures design using a platform of nicotine replacement therapy featuring a 2‐week baseline period, followed by randomization to 12weeks of treatment, and 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up visits.Setting  Three narcotic treatment centers in Los Angeles.Participants  One hundred and seventy‐five participants who met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria.Intervention  Participants received 12weeks of nicotine replacement therapy and assignment to one of four conditions: patch‐only, relapse prevention + patch, contingency management + patch and relapse prevention + contingency management + patch.Measurements  Thrice weekly samples of breath (analyzed for carbon monoxide) and urine (analyzed for metabolites of opiates and cocaine) and weekly self‐reported numbers of cigarettes smoked.Findings  Participants (73.1%) completed 12weeks of treatment. During treatment, those assigned to receive contingency management showed statistically higher rates of smoking abstinence than those not assigned to receive contingencies (F3,4680=6.3, P=0.0003), with no similar effect observed for relapse prevention. At follow‐up evaluations, there were no significant differences between conditions. Participants provided more opiate and cocaine‐free urines during weeks when they met criteria for smoking abstinence than during weeks when they did not meet these criteria (F1,2054=14.38, P=0.0002; F1,2419=16.52, P<0.0001).Conclusions  Contingency management optimized outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for reducing cigarette smoking during treatment for opiate dependence, although long‐term effects are not generally maintained. Findings document strong associations between reductions in cigarette smoking and reductions in illicit substance use during treatment.
Factors associated with abstinence, lapse or relapse to heroin use after residential treatment: protective effect of coping responses
Authors: Gossop Michael , Stewart Duncan , Browne Nadine , Marsden John 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims  This study investigates factors associated with abstinence, lapse or relapse to heroin use after residential treatment and, specifically, the extent to which changes in cognitive, avoidance and distraction coping responses were related to heroin use and other drug use outcomes.Design, setting, participants  The sample comprised 242 clients from 23 residential programmes in the NTORS project, who used heroin before treatment and who were followed‐up after treatment during the first 12 months of the study.Measurements  Data on client characteristics and problems, coping responses, drug use and other outcomes, were collected by structured face‐to‐face interviews.Findings  Many clients (60%) used heroin after treatment, with the first occasion of heroin use usually occurring very soon after leaving treatment: 40% remained abstinent from heroin. Analyses were conducted for three groups based upon heroin outcome status (abstinent, lapsed, relapsed). Clients who avoided a full relapse to heroin use (abstinent and lapse groups) consistently made more use of cognitive, avoidance and distraction coping strategies at follow‐up than at intake. Treatment completion was related to better outcome. The lapse and relapse groups reported higher rates of use of illicit drugs other than heroin after treatment than the abstinent group.Conclusions  Despite generally satisfactory drug use outcomes, the lapses and relapses to heroin use give rise to concern. Treatment services should develop further and strengthen relapse prevention and relapse coping skills among drug misusers.
Young people and alcohol: an econometric analysis
Authors: Lundborg Petter 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To analyse the determinants of youth drinking behaviour within an economic –theoretical framework. The paper focuses especially on the effects of (a) having parents willing to supply alcohol, (b) living in a single‐parent household, (c) having parents who are currently unemployed and (d) having received education about alcohol, narcotics and tobacco.Design, setting and participants  A Swedish cross‐sectional survey data on 833 individuals aged 12–18 years was used to analyse the effects of the above variables on participation in drinking, frequency of drinking, intensity of drinking and binge drinking. Separate analyses were conducted for beer, wine and spirits. Care was taken in using appropriate econometric methods for the questions posed (negative binomial regression, censored regression and probit regression).Findings  Having parents willing to supply alcohol increased frequency (P < 0.05) of beer, wine and spirits consumption, intensity (P < 0.05) of wine, spirits and illicit alcohol consumption, and increased probabilities (P < 0.10) of binge drinking and participation in drinking (P < 0.05). No effects were seen from living in a single‐parent household. Having received education about alcohol, narcotics and tobacco had a negative association only with intensity (P < 0.10) of beer consumption. Having a father who was currently unemployed was associated with an increased (P < 0.05) probability of binge drinking but a reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of wine consumption.Conclusions  The positive effect of having parents willing to supply alcohol could reflect that these individuals face lower acquisition costs or lower psychological costs in consumption. It could also reflect a price effect, if the individual receives the alcohol free from his or her parents.
Alcoholism and somatic comorbidity among homeless people in Mannheim, Germany
Authors: Salize Hans Joachim , Dillmann‐Lange Cornelia , Stern Gerlinde , Kentner‐Figura Beate , Stamm Klaus , Rössler Wulf , Henn Fritz 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the prevalence of alcoholism and somatic codisorders of homeless people.Design  Epidemiological cross‐sectional field study in a sample of the homeless in the area.Setting  The study was conducted from 1997 to 1999 in the inner‐city area of Mannheim, Germany (approximately 320 000 inhabitants).Participants  One hundred and two single homeless people (15–16% of the estimated total population of single homeless people in the city).Measurement  Alcoholism, substance abuse and mental disorders were diagnosed with the SCID. Medical examinations were performed by an experienced physician. Blood samples were taken and urine samples collected. Further assessments were conducted for factors potentially correlating with mental or physical state.Findings  Of the study probands, 63.7% presented with the alcohol dependence syndrome or harmful use, 61.7% had current somatic problems or disorders. Probands with alcohol dependence had significantly more frequent somatic disorders in total, more cerebral degeneration, liver disease or alcoholic polyneuropathies. Multiple stepwise regression identified alcoholism, life‐satisfaction, duration of homelessness and lacking social support as significant explanatory factors for having a somatic disorder. Alcoholism increased the risk of physical ill‐health more than fourfold.Conclusion  Alcoholism is a major contributor to the physical ill‐health of homeless people. Treatment or rehabilitation of addictive behaviour among the homeless should be of major concern for adequate service planning or provision.
Community pharmacy services for drug misusers in Scotland: what difference does 5 years make?
Authors: Matheson C. , Bond C. M. , Pitcairn J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Aims  To assess current levels of participation of community pharmacists in needle exchange provision, assess participation in dispensing any drugs for drug misuse, explore methadone dispensing practice, assess involvement in health promotion for drug misusers, assess levels of training in drug misuse and compare all of the above with data from 5 years previously.Design   A cross‐sectional postal questionnaire.Setting   All community pharmacies in Scotland (n = 1162).Participants   A total of 969 pharmacists managing community pharmacies on a day‐to‐day basis (response rate 83.4%).Measurements   Descriptive data were collected on demography, drug misuse services provided and training. Data were combined with a dataset from an identical survey conducted 5 years previously for statistical comparison.Results   Levels of needle exchange provision has not changed significantly (9.7% in 2000 compared to 8.6% in 1995). Of all respondents, 71.5% now dispense drug for the management of drug misuse, 68.9% dispense methadone and 56.7% provide a supervised methadone consumption service. The number of methadone clients receiving methadone through pharmacies has increased from 3387 in 1995 to 8792 in 2000 and the mean number of clients dispensed methadone per pharmacy has increased from 7.3 in 1995 to 13.2 in 2000; 65.1% of all methadone clients now consume their methadone under pharmacist supervision. The proportion of pharmacists dispensing methadone who provide a supervised consumption service has increased significantly from 37% to 82.8%. Considerable changes in pharmacy practice are evident with significant increases in the number of pharmacists who always lay down ground rules, ask for identification on first visits, make up prescriptions in advance and provide verbal advice and leaflets on the management of drug misuse. Training in drug misuse doubled from 31.8% to 66.8%.Conclusions   Community pharmacy involvement with drug misusers has increased dramatically in the last 5 years. However, this increase is largely in methadone dispensing and supervision. Pharmacists appear to be more proactive in providing advice and information, perhaps as a result of greater training.
Recent contact with health and social services by drug misusers in Glasgow who died of a fatal overdose in 1999
Authors: Jones Russell , Gruer Laurence , Gilchrist Gail , Seymour Alison , Black Marjorie , Oliver John 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAim  To explore the recent contact with health and social services by drug misusers who died of a fatal overdose and identify opportunities for preventive intervention.Design  Retrospective case analysis.Subjects  Eighty‐seven residents of the Greater Glasgow area who died of a drug misuse‐related overdose in 1999.Methods  Analysis of matched data from several sources: Strathclyde Police; University of Glasgow Department of Forensic Medicine and Science; the Scottish Prison Service; general practitioners’ medical notes, including records of accident and emergency attendances and psychiatric assessments; and five specialist agencies for drug misusers or the homeless.Findings  Most of those who died of an overdose were males, long‐standing heroin injectors and resident in a deprived area. Heroin caused most deaths, either alone or with other drugs. Twenty‐three per cent died within 2 weeks of release from prison. For the 77 whose medical records were available, 90% had seen their general practitioner (32% in the month before death), 48% had attended accident and emergency services and 22% had received a psychiatric assessment in the year before death. Over 40% of the 87 used a drug agency in the year before death and 20% had used more than one agency.Conclusions  Previous suicidal ideation, attempted suicide and depression were common among those who died of an overdose, as was recent release from prison. Almost all had been in contact with and several were receiving specific treatment from health or specialist addiction services in their last weeks or months. The findings highlight both the numerous opportunities for intervention and the challenge of using them to prevent death.
Lazabemide, a selective, reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, as an aid to smoking cessation
Authors: Berlin Ivan , Aubin Henri‐Jean , Pedarriosse Anne‐Marie , Rames Alexis ,   Lazabemide in Smoking Cessation Study Investigators, Lancrenon Sylvie , Gilbert Lagrue  
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground  Previous research has shown that smokers have reduced brain and platelet monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) activity. This is probably due to some components of tobacco smoke. When smokers quit, MAOB activity returns to normal. Reduced MAO activity may increase nicotine's addictive potential.Aims  To assess whether lazabemide, a reversible selective MAOB inhibitor, promotes smoking cessation.Study design  Double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, multicenter phase II study. Placebo, lazabemide 100 mg/day and 200 mg/day were administered for 8 weeks. This was a dose finding, proof‐of‐concept, exploratory study.Setting  General practices and anti‐smoking clinics in France and Belgium.Participants  Smokers smoking ≥15 cigarettes per day and motivated to quit.Main outcome measure  Sustained abstinence during the last 4 weeks of the study.Findings  The study was discontinued prematurely by the sponsor before randomization of the planned 420 smokers because of liver toxicity observed in other indications. Data of 330 randomized subjects could be analysed. Sustained abstinence during the last 4 weeks of treatment was 9%, 11% and 17% in the intent‐to‐treat population [P for trend: 0.036 (one‐sided)]; 11%, 14% and 21% in the intent‐to‐treat population of smokers without those excluded because of discontinuation of the study [n = 262, P for trend: 0.02 (one‐sided)], and 19%, 27% and 35% in completers [P for trend: 0.03 (one‐sided)], in the placebo, lazabemide 100 mg/day and lazabemide 200 mg/day groups, respectively. Point prevalence abstinence (intent‐to‐treat population) at the end of treatment (week 8) was 17%, 19% and 30% in the placebo, lazabemide 100 mg/day and lazabemide 200 mg/day groups, respectively (placebo vs. lazabemide 200 mg/day: P = 0.01, one‐sided). No treatment emergent major adverse event occurred. More nausea and insomnia were reported with lazabemide than with placebo.Conclusions  MAOB inhibitors are promising treatments as an aid in smoking cessation. There may be an interest to develop MAOB inhibitors with an acceptable toxicity profile. Further studies may associate MAOB inhibitors with nicotine replacement therapies to increase therapeutic efficacy.
An international comparison of tobacco smoking, beliefs and risk awareness in university students from 23 countries
Authors: Steptoe Andrew , Wardle Jane , Cui Weiwei , Baban Adriana , Glass Kelli ,   Karl Pelzer, Tsuda Akira , Vinck Jan 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the prevalence of current tobacco smoking, associations with beliefs about the health benefits of not smoking and awareness of risks for lung cancer and heart disease in university students sampled from 23 countries, and to explore the utility of the World Health Organization (WHO) model of the world‐wide tobacco epidemic in understanding differences between countries.Design  Anonymous questionnaire survey.Participants  A total of 19 298 university students (8482 men, 10 816 women) aged 17–30 years from 23 countries, studying courses unrelated to health.Measurements  Standardized measures of smoking, wish to stop smoking, ratings of beliefs in the importance of not smoking for health and awareness of the influence of smoking on lung cancer and heart disease.Findings  Prevalence varied widely, being highest in samples from South European countries and lowest in developing countries (Thailand, South Africa). The pattern of tobacco use and differences between men and women conformed largely to the WHO model. Health beliefs were associated strongly with smoking behaviour both within and between countries. Awareness of specific health risks of smoking was very variable, with particularly low levels in Asian, South American and developing country samples. Risk awareness was inconsistently related to behaviour.Conclusions  The pattern of tobacco smoking in well‐educated young adults appears to conform with wider international patterns of tobacco use. Awareness of specific health risks is poor, and modifying attitudes must be a central element in modifying tobacco use world‐wide.
Attentional bias and addictive behaviour: automaticity in a gambling‐specific modified Stroop task
Authors: Boyer Morten , Dickerson Mark 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims  This study examined the relationship between attention and gambling behaviour by measuring the level of Stroop interference towards gambling‐related words in a group of regular poker machine players.Design  A 3 × 2 repeated measures experimental design was employed. The type of word presented (neutral, drug or gambling) was the within‐subjects factor and the level of impaired control (high or low) over gambling behaviour was the between‐subjects factor.Participants  A sample of poker machine players (n= 60), varying in their frequency of play, were split into two groups based on their level of subjective impaired control over their gambling behaviour (high or low).Measurements  A computerized gambling‐specific modified version of the Stroop task was used to assess response latencies. The test comprised three word categories: gambling, drug and neutral. The Scale of Gambling Choices (SGC) was used to assess participants' level of impaired control over gambling behaviour.Findings  It was found that the participants who had difficulty in controlling their gambling behaviour (the low control group) took significantly longer to name the colour of the words relating to poker machine gambling, whereas those who had good control over their gambling behaviour (the high control group) did not show any significant differences across the three word categories.Conclusions  Results support the previous finding that people with a problem behaviour or emotion take longer to colour‐name words relating to the area of their concern. The current study extends previous work that has investigated the role of cognitive distortions and biases in the area of addictive behaviour. The current study confirms McCusker & Gettings's findings, but by avoiding the mental disorder conceptualization facilitates theoretical understanding of addictive behaviour. Implications for past models and theories of the Stroop as well as future research directions are discussed.