Effective Treatment for Mental and Substance Use Disorders in 21 Countries
Authors: Vigo Daniel V. , Stein Dan J. , Harris Meredith G. , Kazdin Alan E. , Viana Maria Carmen , Munthali Richard , Munro Lonna , Hwang Irving , Kessler Timothy L. , Manoukian Sophie M. , Sampson Nancy A. , Kessler Ronald C. ,   World Mental Health Survey Collaborators, Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Alonso Jordi , Andrade Laura Helena , Benjet Corina , Borges Guilherme , Bruffaerts Ronny , Bunting Brendan , Caldas-de-Almeida José Miguel , Cardoso Graça , Cía Alfredo H. , de Girolamo Giovanni , de Vries Ymkje Anna , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep Maria , Hinkov Hristo , Karam Aimee Nasser , Karam Elie G. , Karam Georges , Kawakami Norito , Kiejna Andrzej , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Moskalewicz Jacek , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Nishi Daisuke , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa José , Roest Annelieke , Stagnaro Juan Carlos , ten Have Margreet , Torres Yolanda , Viana Maria Carmen , Vladescu Cristian , Williams David R. , Wojtyniak Bogdan , Xavier Miguel 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceAccurate baseline information about the proportion of people with mental disorders who receive effective treatment is required to assess the success of treatment quality improvement initiatives.ObjectiveTo examine the proportion of mental and substance use disorders receiving guideline-consistent treatment in multiple countries.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, World Mental Health (WMH) surveys were administered to representative adult (aged 18 years and older) household samples in 21 countries. Data were collected between 2001 and 2019 and analyzed between February and July 2024. Twelve-month prevalence and treatment of 9 DSM-IV anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Effective treatment and its components were estimated with cross-tabulations. Multilevel regression models were used to examine predictors.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was proportion of effective treatment received, defined at the disorder level using information about disorder severity and published treatment guidelines regarding adequate medication type, control, and adherence and adequate psychotherapy frequency. Intermediate outcomes included perceived need for treatment, treatment contact separately in the presence and absence of perceived need, and minimally adequate treatment given contact. Individual-level predictors (multivariable disorder profile, sex, age, education, family income, marital status, employment status, and health insurance) and country-level predictors (treatment resources, health care spending, human development indicators, stigma, and discrimination) were traced through intervening outcomes.ResultsAmong the 56 927 respondents (69.3% weighted average response rate), 32 829 (57.7%) were female; the median (IQR) age was 43 (31-57) years. The proportion of 12-month person-disorders receiving effective treatment was 6.9% (SE, 0.3). Low perceived need (46.5%; SE, 0.6), low treatment contact given perceived need (34.1%; SE, 1.0), and low effective treatment given minimally adequate treatment (47.0%; SE, 1.7) were the major barriers, but with substantial variation across disorders. Country-level general medical treatment resources were more important than mental health treatment resources. Other than for the multivariable disorder profile, which was associated with all intermediate outcomes, significant predictors were largely mediated by treatment contact.Conclusions and RelevanceIn addition to the gaps in treatment quality, these results highlight the importance of increasing perceived need, the largest barrier to effective treatment; the importance of training primary care treatment clinicians in recognition and treatment of mental disorders; the need to improve the continuum of care, especially from minimally adequate to effective treatment; and the importance of bridging the effective treatment gap for men and people with lower education.