bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inquiry projects in science teacher education: What can investigative experiences reveal about teacher thinking and eventual classroom practice?
Authors: Windschitl Mark 
Published: December 2002

AbstractScience education reform documents emphasize the importance of inquiry experiences for young learners. This means that teachers must be prepared with the knowledge, skills, and habits of thinking to mentor their students through authentic investigations. This study examines how preservice teachers' inquiry experiences, in a science methods course, influenced and were influenced by their conceptions of inquiry. The study also assesses how these experiences were associated with eventual classroom practice. Six preservice secondary teachers were observed during a 2‐month inquiry project and then followed into the classroom as they began a 9‐week teaching practicum. Data revealed that participants' preproject conceptions of the inquiry process were related to the conduct and interpretation of their own inquiry project, and that the project experience modified the inquiry conceptions of those participants who already had sophisticated understandings of scientific investigations. Perhaps most importantly, the participants who eventually used guided and open inquiry during their student teaching were not those who had more authentic views of inquiry or reflected most deeply about their own inquiry projects, but rather they were individuals who had significant undergraduate or professional experiences with authentic science research. Finally, this article advocates that independent science investigations be part of preservice education and that these experiences should be scaffolded to prompt reflection specifically about the nature of inquiry and conceptually linked to ways in which inquiry can be brought into the K‐12 classroom. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 87:112–143, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10044
Portraying epistemology: School science in historical context
Authors: Rudolph John L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractCurrent debates over the nature of science in the school curriculum have centered on where the boundary between “traditional” science and other forms of knowledge should be drawn. What has been missing from these discussions, however, is a careful examination of how what lies within the boundary of “traditional” school science itself has been determined. Given the diversity of scientific practices and the inherent limitations of space in the curriculum, the portrayal of traditional science (its epistemology in particular) should be understood to be only a selective representation of the real‐world practices of science. Such representations are inevitably shaped by not just what scientists do, but also by the social and political context in which they are developed. Taking a historical perspective, the curricular ideas of John Dewey and Joseph Schwab are used to illustrate the subtle ways in which epistemological portrayals have been influenced by this sociohistorical context and the consequences those portrayals have had with respect to the public's relationship with institutional science in the United States at two key points during the twentieth century. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 87:64–79, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.1055
Socialization and immigrant students' learning in adult education programs
Authors: Lee Ming‐Yeh , Sheared Vanessa 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn the field of adult education, the context of immigration as it influences the learning experiences of foreign‐born learners has received scant attention. This chapter examines the influence of early formal and informal socialization on the learning behavior of immigrants and second language learners in U.S. adult education.
An adaptive cascade control for a class of chemical reactors
Authors: Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose , Alvarez Jesus , Morales America 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper is addressed to the problem of designing an adaptive cascade controller to stabilize a jacketed continuous chemical reactor whose isothermal dynamics are globally stable. Assuming that the heat generation and transfer models are uncertain, the controller is built on the basis of back‐stepping procedure in conjunction with the mass and energy conservation principles that underlie the reactor behaviour. The corresponding closed‐loop dynamics are studied yielding a semiglobal stability criterion coupled with a systematic construction‐tuning procedure. The resulting cascade controller has aPI‐type structure with an antireset windup scheme, and is put in perspective with its industrial‐type counterpart. A simulated example is used to illustrate the functioning of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the electrostatic self‐assembly of polyelectrolytes and organic dyes with atomic force microscopy
Authors: Zhong Anyong , Lin Xianjun , Chen Deben , Zhou Zonghua 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn ultrathin film was formed by the electrostatic self‐assembly of polyelectrolyte poly‐N‐ethyl‐N,N‐dimethyaminoethyl methacrylate (PDMAEB) and the organic dye metanil yellow (MY) on a smooth glass sheet. An atomic force microscope was used to study the topography and the phase of the two samples and the ultrathin film (PDMAEB–MY). The dynamic course of the surface structure was researched by atomic force microscopy also. It is illustrated that the existence of electrostatic interactions between PDMAEB and MY made MY arrange in order on the polyelectrolyte surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1029–1033, 2003
Solution properties of gas‐phase‐polymerized sodium acrylate microparticles. I. Influence of coinitiators
Authors: Sanderson R. D. , Sadiku E. R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA partially neutralized sodium acrylate (NaAc) monomer was polymerized in the gas phase in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate [(NH4)2S2O8] as the primary initiator and zinc acetate (ZnAc) as the coinitiator. The effect of the coinitiator on the solution properties of the spray‐polymerized product was investigated for the conversion percentage as a function of (1) the primary initiator (NH4)2S2O8 concentration, with the concentration (14.8% with respect to the monomer) of the coinitiator kept constant; (2) the coinitiator (ZnAc) concentration, with the primary initiator concentration (4% with respect to the monomer) kept constant; and (3) the reaction temperature. The viscosity of the product as a function of the coinitiator concentration was also investigated. The conversion percentage of gas‐phase‐polymerized NaAc increased by approximately 8% (i.e., from 91.6 to 99.3%) with an increasing (NH4)2S2O8 concentration (0.5–5% with respect to the monomer). The conversion percentage as a function of the coinitiator concentration (0–15% with respect to the monomer) increased by 25% (from 75 to 100%). When the concentrations of the initiators (NH4)2S2O8 and ZnAc were kept constant at 4 and 14.8% (with respect to the monomer), respectively, the conversion increased from 48 to 83% when the reaction temperature was increased from 100 to 140°C. The viscosity (at 20°C) of sodium polyacrylate decreased with an increasing coinitiator concentration. The relative rate of polymerization, as a function of the pH of the polymer, showed a minimum at pH ≈ 6 and subsequently increased steeply, reaching a plateau at pH ≈ 11; it then decreased again very sharply. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1034–1043, 2003
Synthesis and morphology of platinum‐coated hollow‐fiber carbon membranes
Authors: Sanderson R. D. , Sadiku E. R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHollow‐fiber carbon membranes were prepared and used as support media for a platinum catalyst. The platinum metal was deposited onto the surface of the hollow‐fiber carbon membranes by three different techniques: solution coating with chloroplatinic acid, which is the commonly used technique; vapor deposition, involving the sublimation of the platinum metal; and magnetron sputter coating, the most effective method. The hollow‐fiber carbon membranes coated with a chloroplatinic acid solution were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The platinum coating grew on the surface, unevenly, in the form of small crystals. The percentage of platinum on the surface was too low to be detected by EDAX. The high‐vacuum evaporation coating of the membranes with platinum was also studied with both SEM and EDAX. Again, because of the low percentage of platinum, EDAX did not reveal any platinum on the surfaces of the membranes. The magnetron sputter coating of platinum onto the membranes was performed and studied with SEM. The thickness of the coated platinum could be varied through variations in the coating time. The cavities observed in the micrographs were formed during the coating operations by the presence of dust particles on the membranes. An SEM micrograph of a hollow‐fiber carbon membrane, produced from a polyacrylonitrile‐based precursor, spun with a low amount of dimethyl sulfoxide in the bore fluid, and coated with platinum, showed a skin on the outside and a porous elongated structure inside the skin. The distance between the inner and outer skins contained fingerlike pores of various sizes. The largest pores were found near the inside skin, whereas the smallest pores were next to the outside skin. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1051–1058, 2003
Gas permeability of NH3‐plasma‐treated poly(methyl methacrylate) membranes
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Maegawa M. , Kumazawa H. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe effect of NH3 plasma treatment on glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) membranes on the diffusion process for penetrant gases (CO2, O2, and N2) was investigated from mean permeability data. The mean permeability coefficient for CO2 definitely depended on the upstream pressure, whereas those for O2 and N2 remained constant regardless of the upstream pressure. For O2 transport, the permeability increased a little with increasing treatment power, and for N2 transport, it was not affected by the treatment power. For CO2 transport, NH3 plasma treatment promoted the transport of Langmuir mode, presumably through an increased Langmuir capacity constant for CO2. NH3 plasma treatment for PMMA membranes resulted in an increase in the separation factor of CO2 relative to N2 and in the permeability to CO2. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1068–1072, 2003
Curing and mechanical properties of dicyanate/poly(ether sulfone) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Roh Seung‐Sang , Hong Bong‐Taek , Kim Dae Su 
Published: December 2002

AbstractSemi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) composed of a dicyanate resin and a poly(ether sulfone) (PES) were prepared, and their curing behavior and mechanical properties were investigated. The curing behavior of the dicyanate/PES semi‐IPN systems catalyzed by an organic metal salt was analyzed. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the curing behavior of the semi‐IPN systems. The curing rate of the semi‐IPN systems decreased as the PES content increased. An autocatalytic reaction mechanism was used to analyze the curing reaction of the semi‐IPN systems. The glass‐transition temperature of the semi‐IPNs decreased with increasing PES content. The thermal decomposition behavior of the semi‐IPNs was investigated. The morphology of the semi‐IPNs was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1079–1084, 2003
Water and oil repellency of polysiloxanes with highly fluorinated alkyl side chains
Authors: Furukawa Yutaka , Kotera Mami 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA series of fluorinated polysiloxanes (FLSs) with the 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6‐nonafluorohexyl group (C4F9C2H4), 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11‐heptadecafluoroundecyl group (C8F17C3H6), 3‐(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9‐heptadecafluorononanamido) propyl group [HDFNAG; C8F17(CO)NHC3H6], and 3‐(N‐methyl‐2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9‐heptadecafluorononanamido) propyl group [C8F17(CO)N(CH3)C3H6] were synthesized. Their homopolymers (homo‐FLSs) and copolymers with dimethylsiloxane (co‐FLSs) were included. The polyester fabrics were treated with these FLSs, and their water and oil repellency was evaluated. These fabrics showed a moderate to good level of water repellency but a poor to zero level of oil repellency, except for those fabrics treated with homo‐FLSs with HDFNAG. The characterization of the surface chemical composition by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the concentration of fluorine at the surface was not particularly high for poly(ethylene terephthalate) films treated with homo‐FLSs with HDFNAG. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of these FLSs revealed that only homo‐FLSs with HDFNAG had a high melting temperature of 75.7°C. These two measurements suggested that the reason the fabrics treated with homo‐FLSs with HDFNAG showed good oil repellency was not because the concentration of fluorine at the surface was much higher than for the others but because the reorientation of HDFNAG did not take place for its packing after contact with oil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1085–1091, 2003
Copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide using a novel polymeric diimide catalyst
Authors: Zhang Min , Chen Liban , Qin Gang , Liu Baohua , Yan Zhairong , Li Zhuomei 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA catalyst for the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide was prepared by using acetylacetone and 4,4′‐methylenedianiline. The catalyst was characterized as composed of a novel structure of the polymeric diimide Zn complex. The catalyst tended to produce an alternative copolymer with efficiency as high as 128 g polymer/g of catalyst. The obtained copolymers were characterized by IR and NMR. Effects of reaction conditions such as reaction time and temperature, CO2 pressure, and catalyst concentration on copolymerization were investigated. Best results were obtained from the reaction at 90°C for 24 h, with catalyst concentration of 0.13 g/mL, and CO2 pressure of 2–3 MPa. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1123–1128, 2003
Beyond logs and surveys: In‐depth measures of people's web use skills
Authors: Hargittai Eszter 
Published: December 2002

AbstractFinding information on the Web can be a much more complex search process than previously experienced on many pre‐Web information retrieval systems given that finding content online does not have to happen via a search algorithm typed into a search field. Rather, the Web allows for a myriad of search strategies. Although there are numerous studies of Web search techniques, these studies often limit their focus to just one part of the search process and are not based on the behavior of the general user population, nor do they include information about the users. To remedy these shortcomings, this project looks at how people find information online in the context of their other media use, their general Internet use patterns, in addition to using information about their demographic background and social support networks. This article describes the methodology in detail, and suggests that a mix of survey instruments and in‐person observations can yield the type of rich data set that is necessary to understand in depth the differences in people's information retrieval behavior online.
Scenarios in the Afya project as a participatory action research (PAR) tool for studying information seeking and use across the “digital divide”
Authors: Mehra Bharat , Peterson Bishop Ann , Bazzell Imani , Smith Cynthia 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis article explores the role of scenarios (or use‐oriented design representations) in the Afya project as a participatory action research (PAR) tool for studying information seeking and use across the “digital divide.” With the aim of improving access to health information and services for Black women, the Afya project has involved forging community‐level partnerships with SisterNet, a local grassroots group of Black women devoted to improving their physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual health. In the context of community health care, scenarios in the Afya project as a socially grounded planning and design methodology have taken the form of personal narratives of Black women that capture their social experiences and typical problematic health situations. Scenarios of Black women point towards the need to foster social justice by nurturing equitable and participative social activities around technological development and use associated with health information services. Scenarios also suggest specific action‐oriented strategies for empowering Black women to build social and digital technologies that we hope will make the provision of health care in our community more just.
Analysis of Scifinder Scholar and Web of Science citation searches
Authors: Whitley Katherine M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractChemical Abstracts Service recently unveiled citation searching in Chemical Abstracts. With Chemical Abstracts and Science Citation Index both now available for citation searching, this study compares the duplication and uniqueness of citing references for works of chemistry researchers for the years 1999–2001. The two indexes cover very similar source material, so one would expect the citation results to be very similar. This analysis of SciFinder Scholar and Web of Science shows some important differences as the databases are currently offered. Authors and institutions using citation counts as measures of scientific productivity should take note.
Simple NMR‐mouse with a bar magnet
Authors: Blümich B. , Anferov V. , Anferova S. , Klein M. , Fechete R. , Adams M. , Casanova F. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA new concept of the NMR Mobile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR‐MOUSE) using simple bar magnets instead of u‐shaped magnets is described. The magnetic field profiles are comparatively homogeneous in extended lateral planes, and close to the magnet pole face the axial gradient is nearly constant. Different geometric arrangements of figure‐8 coils adapted to the sample geometry are described. Simulations and measurements of the magnetic field from the magnets and the radio frequency coils are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 255–261, 2002
Conserving Galerkin weak formulations for computational fracture mechanics
Authors: Li Shaofan , Simkins Daniel C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a notion of invariant Galerkin‐variational weak forms is proposed. Two specific invariant variational weak forms, the J‐invariant and the L‐invariant, are constructed based on the corresponding conservation laws in elasticity, one of which is the conservation of Eshelby's energy‐momentum (Eshelby. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1951; 87: 12; In Solid State Physics, Setitz F, Turnbull D (eds). Academic Press: New York, 1956; 331; Rice, J. Appl. Mech. 1968; 35: 379).It is shown that the finite element solution obtained from the invariant Galerkin weak formulations proposed here can conserve the value of J‐integral, or L‐integral exactly. In other words, the J and L integrals of the Galerkin finite element solutions are path independent in the discrete sense. It is argued that by using the J‐invariant Galerkin weak form to compute near crack‐tip field in an elastic solid, one may accurately calculate the crack extension energy release rate and subsequently the stress intensity factors in numerical computations, because the flux of the energy‐momentum is conserved in discrete computations. This may provide an alternative means to accurately simulate crack growth and propagation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal vibration control of continuous structures by FEM: Part II—the computer implementation
Authors: Grewal I. S. , Szyszkowski W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractDynamic problems of active optimal vibration control of elastic structures are solved by applying ‘static’ beam elements from standard structural FEM software. The approach uses an analogy between the optimality equations for the vibration control problem and the equations for the static bending of certain beams. The computer implementation of the analogy, which was presented in Part I of the paper, is discussed here in detail. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual interactions of maturing male guinea pigs with their mothers, sisters, and unfamiliar adult females in the home cage
Authors: Hennessy Michael B. , Reed Jennifer , Wilson Shannon E. , Pitstick Lisa 
Published: December 2002

AbstractDuring observations in the home cage in the light and dark on days 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45, male guinea pigs mounted and exhibited anogenital investigation of the mother, though appropriately directed mounting occurred infrequently and was not shown by all males. Mothers nipped and kicked advancing males. No mounting of a female sibling was observed. When behavioral interactions of ∼35‐day‐old males with the mother or an unfamiliar adult female were compared during 1‐hr tests in the home cage, males exhibited much higher levels of mounting and anogenital investigation, and received many more nips and kicks, when with the unfamiliar female. The results 1) demonstrate that limited maternally directed sexual behavior occurs in the home cage, 2) support earlier findings indicating that continuous housing with the mother suppresses maternally directed sexual behavior in periadolescent guinea pig males, and 3) suggest that sexual behavior toward female siblings also is suppressed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 91–96, 2003.
Human chromosome 5 carries a putative telomerase repressor gene
Authors: Kugoh Hiroyuki , Shigenami Katsuyo , Funaki Kenji , Barrett J. Carl , Oshimura Mitsuo 
Published: December 2002

AbstractTelomerase, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that maintains the telomere, is active in human germ and stem cells and in a majority of tumor tissues and immortalized cell lines. In contrast, telomerase activity is not detected in most somatic cells, suggesting that normal human cells contain a regulatory factor(s) to repress this activity. To identify which human chromosomes carry a gene or genes that function as telomerase repressors, we investigated telomerase activity in hybrids of the B16‐F10 cell line, which contain individual human chromosomes transferred previously by microcell fusion and therefore represent a hybrid panel for the entire genome except for the Y chromosome. Microcell hybrids with an introduced normal human chromosome 5 showed inhibition of telomerase activity, but clones at a late passage exhibited reactivation of telomerase activity. Reactivation of telomerase activity was accompanied by deletion and/or rearrangement of the transferred human chromosome 5. The introduction of other human chromosomes did not significantly affect the telomerase activity of B16‐F10 cells. The effect of suppression of telomerase activity in microcell hybrids containing chromosome 5 was accompanied by a reduction in the level of mTERT mRNA, which encodes a component of the telomerase complex. The putative telomerase repressor gene was mapped to human chromosome bands 5p11–p13 by a combination of functional analysis using transfer of subchromosomal transferable fragments of chromosome 5 into B16‐F10 cells and deletion mapping of revertant clones with reactivated telomerase activity. Thus, these results suggest that loss of a gene(s) on this chromosome was responsible for telomerase reactivation, indicating that human chromosome 5 contains a gene or genes that can regulate the expression of mTERT in B16‐F10 cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.