bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B blocks conditioned physical signs of morphine withdrawal
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐ARIAS M , AGUILAR MA , MIÑARRO J 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEnvironment previously paired with morphine withdrawal leads to conditioned physical signs of withdrawal, this effect being modulated by additional exposition to morphine administration. In this study, the putative role of dopamine in conditioned withdrawal signs is evaluated by administering the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B prior to suffering two naloxone‐induced withdrawals in a distinctive environment associated or not with morphine administration. The results show that dopamine seems to be necessary for the development of conditioned somatic signs of morphine withdrawal, as animals which received CGS 10746B do not present paw tremor or body shakes when they are placed in the environment paired with two previously induced withdrawals. On the other hand, the conditioned decrease in aggression is not affected by the dopamine release inhibitor. Taken together, our results confirm a critical role for dopamine in the processes of conditioning to the aversive physical signs of withdrawal.
Detecting crack and other cocaine use with fastpatches
Authors: LIBERTY HILARY JAMES , JOHNSON BRUCE , FORTNER NEIL , RANDOLPH DORIS 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA continuing social problem is presented by the large number of individuals who use crack cocaine. Recent research has identified unique pyrolysis products of crack or burned cocaine as anhydroecgonine methylester (AEME) and ecgonidine (ECD) through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) that allow for the detection of crack use distinct from other cocaine use. However, there have been no large‐scale studies to document the presence and prevalence of these substances in sweat. A new sweat‐testing appliance called a fastpatch was developed for this study. Through mild heating and a slightly larger collection pad than a standard Pharmchek ™ sweat patch, this product shows the promise of shorter required wear periods than standard sweat patches, and possibly longer time‐periods of detected use. One hundred and eighty subjects wore 360 fastpatch prototypes (one per hand). However, subsequent analysis determined that only one patch per subject was needed to obtain sufficient sweat eluate for GC/MS. Cocaine use was detected in sweat of 92% of subjects through GC/MS, comparing favorably with 91% with EMIT urinalysis. Crack metabolites were detected in 54% of subjects. The predominant analyte detected was AEME. There were no significant differences in detection rates between 15‐, 20‐ and 30‐minute wear periods. All wear periods detected both cocaine use in general and crack use successfully. These results suggest that crack use as distinct from other cocaine use can be detected in sweat and that fastpatches are a promising new way to detect drugs of abuse.
Alcohol addiction: evaluation of alcohol abstinence after a year of psycho‐medical‐social treatment
Authors: GIUFFREDI C , DI GENNARO C , MONTANARI A , BARILLI A , VESCOVI PP 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate alcohol abstinence in alcoholics and their family relationships after a year of treatment. The 100 alcoholics recruited were divided into two groups: ALC, where treatment consisted of clinical control and meetings of with the family consulting together with their relatives at the Centre for Study and Treatment of Alcoholism and CAT, where treatment consisted of clinical control and weekly attendance together with their relatives at Alcoholics‐in‐Treatment‐Clubs (CAT). The clinical condition of the sample was assessed by laboratory data. The subjects were given an MQ‐Quant questionnaire, based on an artificial neural network (ANN) model, which analyses the communicative fatigue of their interactions. The same examination was applied after 1 year excluding patients relapsed and their relatives. Psycho‐medical‐social treatment by the attendance of alcoholics and their families into a Multifamily Community induces alcohol abstinence of about 79%. This percentage is greater than psycho‐medical treatment carried out in the Centre of Alcoholism for ALC group (50%). We observed a significant difference between the communicative fatigue of the ALC group compared to the CAT group.
Alcohol inflammation and coronary heart disease
Authors: IMHOF ARMIN , KOENIG WOLFGANG 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis overview summarizes the experimental and epidemiological evidence linking alcohol consumption and the immune system. It focuses on findings supporting the notion that moderate alcohol consumption exerts anti‐inflammatory effects which may explain, at least in part, the reduced risk of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in these subjects. Alcohol consumption has been shown consistently to be associated with all‐cause mortality in a J‐ or U‐shaped manner. This is due primarily to reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality among moderate consumers of alcohol compared to abstainers and heavy drinkers. Several mechanisms have been suggested by which moderate alcohol consumption could lower risk of CHD. However, changes in lipids, such as increased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 or a favourable haemostatic profile, can only partly explain the beneficial effects. Recently, anti‐inflammatory effects of moderate intake of alcohol have been considered as an additional possible explanation, as inflammation has a fundamental role in the initiation, progression and the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis.
Involvement of brain ethanol metabolism on acute tolerance development and on ethanol consumption in alcohol‐drinker (UChB) and non‐drinker (UChA) rats
Authors: TAMPIER LUTSKE , QUINTANILLA MARÍA ELENA 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAcute tolerance that develops in minutes of an ethanol exposure appears to influence voluntary ethanol consumption in our two selected bred lines, UChA (low ethanol drinker) and UChB (high ethanol drinker) rats. We have reported previously that an acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of ethanol (2.3 g/kg) induces both an increase in acute tolerance and a long‐lasting increase in voluntary ethanol consumption in UChB rats. In the present paper we investigated the involvement of acetaldehyde produced centrally during ethanol oxidation by brain catalase and its oxidation by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, on acute tolerance development and on voluntary ethanol consumption by rats. Acute tolerance developed to motor impairment induced by a dose of ethanol of 2.3 g/kg administered i.p. was evaluated by the tilting plane test. Voluntary ethanol consumption by the rat with free access to a 10% v/v ethanol was measured daily. Both parameters were evaluated in controls, saline‐pretreated and ethanol‐injected rats. One group of rats that received the ethanol injection was pretreated with 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (AT), a catalase inhibitor, and another group was pretreated with disulfiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. Brain catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities were measured in both groups of rats. Results show that acute tolerance to motor impairment, as well as ethanol consumption induced by ethanol, appears to be the consequence of acetaldehyde formed centrally during ethanol oxidation via the catalase system, because pretreatment of rats with the catalase inhibitor attenuated the increase in acute tolerance development and the increase in voluntary ethanol consumption in UChB rats that received the acute i.p. dose of ethanol. Moreover, the acetaldehyde metabolizing enzyme also appears to be an important factor in the modulation of acute tolerance development and voluntary ethanol consumption in UChA and UChB rats. The results lead us to propose that the possible mechanism by which the i.p. injection of ethanol to UChB rats induces an increase in ethanol consumption is the development of acute tolerance, where acetaldehyde formed during brain ethanol metabolism via catalase and its subsequent oxidation via aldehyde dehydrogenase have an important role.
Release of neurotransmitters from rat brain nerve terminals after chronic ethanol ingestion: differential effects in cortex and hippocampus
Authors: SABRIÀ JOSEFA , TORRES DÁMASO , PASTÓ MANEL , PERALBA JOSEP , ALLALI‐HASSANI ABDELLAH , PARÉS XAVIER 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo gain a better insight into the alterations of brain function after chronic ethanol, we measured the release of various neurotransmitters from nerve terminals of cortex and hippocampus isolated from rats chronically fed with ethanol. The K + ‐evoked release of [3 H]acetylcholine (ACh), [3 H]dopamine (DA), [3 H]glutamate (Glu) and [3 H]noradrenaline (NA) was determined in superfused synaptosomes of brain cortex and hippocampus from rats exposed to the Lieber‐DeCarli alcohol liquid diet for 5 weeks. In cortical synaptosomes, chronic ethanol administration did not affect the release of ACh and of DA, while significantly decreasing the release of Glu and NA. The endogenous levels of NA, DA and their metabolites were unchanged. In hippocampal synaptosomes the only effect of chronic alcohol was an increased release of Glu. It can be concluded that at presynaptic level chronic ethanol alters brain neurotransmitter systems selectively. Glutamatergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals from cortex are more vulnerable than those from hippocampus.
Predicting language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder
Authors: Charman Tony , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Swettenham John , Baird Gillian , Drew Auriol , Cox Antony 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground: To examine longitudinal associations between diagnosis, joint attention, play and imitation abilities and language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder.Methods and Procedures: Experimental measures of joint attention, play and imitation were conducted with a sample of infants with autism spectrum disorder at age 20 months. Language outcome was assessed at age 42 months. A within‐group longitudinal correlational design was adopted.Outcomes and Results: Language at 42 months was higher for children with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder than for children with a diagnosis of autism. Language at follow‐up was also positively associated with performance on experimental measures of joint attention and imitation, but not with performance on experimental measures of play and ‘goal detection’ at 20 months, nor with a non‐verbal intelligence quotient, although these associations were not examined independent of diagnosis. However, floor effects on the measure of play at 20 months and the small sample size limit the conclusions that can be drawn.Conclusions: Individual differences in infant social‐communication abilities as well as diagnosis may predict language outcome in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Attention should be directed at assessing these skills in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children referred for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Imitation and joint attention abilities may be important targets for early intervention.
Narrative skills of children with communication impairments
Authors: Norbury Courtenay Frazier , Bishop Dorothy V. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground: Narrative assessment is sensitive to the communication impairments of children with specific language impairment and those with autistic spectrum disorders. Although both groups of children tend to show deficits in narrative, it is unclear whether these deficits are qualitatively different and how language and pragmatic ability may impact on narrative competence. Comparing these two groups of children with children who exhibit pragmatic language impairment without autism may help to clarify these issues.Aims: This study explored the relationship between structural language ability and pragmatic competence in narrative in children with communication impairments and typically developing children.Methods and Procedures: Diagnostic status was determined using the Children's Communication Checklist. All children were asked to generate a narrative to the wordless picture book Frog, Where are You? (Mayer 1969). Narratives were analysed according to their global structure, local linguistic structure and the child's ability to provide evaluative comments, especially about mental or emotional states.Outcomes and Results: No group differences were seen in global structure or evaluation. Children with specific language impairment and autistic disorder made more syntactic errors, and children with autism were significantly more likely to provide ambiguous references in the story. No significant relationships were evident between the Children's Communication Checklist and narrative measures. The complexity of language used was related to evaluation in the clinical groups.Conclusions: Narrative is a good way of assessing linguistic ability in older children with communication impairments. Core language abilities rather than pragmatic skill or diagnostic status are likely to influence narrative development.
Effects of Aminoguanidine on Lipid and Protein Oxidation in Diabetic Rat Kidneys
Authors: Yavuz Dilek Gogas , Küçükkaya Belgin , Ersöz H. önder , Yalçin A. Süha , Emerk Kaya , Akalin Sema 
Published: November 2003

Nonenzymatic glycation of tissue and plasma
proteins may stimulate the production of oxidant
and carbonyl stress in diabetes. The aim
of this study was to evaluate the effects of
aminoguanidine (AG) on lipid peroxidation,
protein oxidation and nitric oxide (NO) release
in diabetic rat kidneys. After induction of diabetes
with streptozotocin, female Wistar rats
were divided into 2 groups. Group DAG (n=9)
rats were given AG hydrogen carbonate (1 g/L)
in drinking water and group D (n=8) was diabetic
control rats given only tap water. Group
H (n=8) was followed as healthy controls. At
the end of an 8 week period, NO release, lipid
and protein oxidation were determined in kidney
tissues. NO release was significantly lower
in diabetic rats compared with healthy controls
(p<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly
high in group D (3.9 ± 0.3 nmol MDA/g tissue)
compared with the group DAG (2.6 ± 0.1 nmol
MDA/g tissue, p<0.01) and group H (2.4 ± 0.2
nmol MDA/g tissue). Protein oxidation was
significantly higher in diabetics than healthy
controls (563.8 ± 23.9, 655.8 ± 7.2 , 431.5 ±
8.8 mmol carbonyl / g tissue for group DAG, D
and H, respectively, p< 0.05). A positive correlation
between albuminuria and thiobarbituric
acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels (r= 0.54,p<0.005) and carbonyl content (r=0.70,
p<0.0005) in kidney homogenate were
observed.
Although AG treatment had no effect on NO
release, it significantly decreased lipid peroxidation
in diabetic rat cortices. Consequently
increased lipid peroxidation ‐as well as‐ protein
oxidation could be involved in the pathogenesis
of diabetic albuminuria.
Starch-Branching Enzyme I-Deficient Mutation Specifically Affects the Structure and Properties of Starch in Rice Endosperm
Authors: Satoh Hikaru , Nishi Aiko , Yamashita Kazuhiro , Takemoto Yoko , Tanaka Yasumasa , Hosaka Yuko , Sakurai Aya , Fujita Naoko , Nakamura Yasunori 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe have isolated a starch mutant that was deficient in starch-branching enzyme I (BEI) from the endosperm mutant stocks of rice (Oryza sativa) induced by the treatment of fertilized egg cells with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. The deficiency of BEI in this mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively designated as starch-branching enzyme mutant 1 (sbe1). The mutant endosperm exhibited the normal phenotype and contained the same amount of starch as the wild type. However, the mutation apparently altered the fine structure of amylopectin. The mutant amylopectin was characterized by significant decrease in both long chains with degree of polymerization (DP) ≥ 37 and short chains with DP 12 to 21, marked increase in short chains with DP ≤ 10 (A chains), and slight increase in intermediate chains with DP 24 to 34, suggesting that BEI specifically synthesizes B1 and B2–3 chains. The endosperm starch from the sbe1 mutant had a lower onset concentration for urea gelatinization and a lower onset temperature for thermo-gelatinization compared with the wild type, indicating that the genetic modification of amylopectin fine structure is responsible for changes in physicochemical properties of sbe1 starch.
Overexpression of the FRO2 Ferric Chelate Reductase Confers Tolerance to Growth on Low Iron and Uncovers Posttranscriptional Control
Authors: Connolly Erin L. , Campbell Nathan H. , Grotz Natasha , Prichard Charis L. , Guerinot Mary Lou 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The Arabidopsis FRO2 gene encodes the low-iron-inducible ferric chelate reductase responsible for reduction of iron at the root surface. Here, we report that FRO2 and IRT1, the major transporter responsible for high-affinity iron uptake from the soil, are coordinately regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. FRO2 and IRT1 are induced together following the imposition of iron starvation and are coordinately repressed following iron resupply. Steady-state mRNA levels of FRO2 and IRT1 are also coordinately regulated by zinc and cadmium. Like IRT1, FRO2 mRNA is detected in the epidermal cells of roots, consistent with its proposed role in iron uptake from the soil. FRO2 mRNA is detected at high levels in the roots and shoots of 35S-FRO2 transgenic plants. However, ferric chelate reductase activity is only elevated in the 35S-FRO2 plants under conditions of iron deficiency, indicating that FRO2 is subject to posttranscriptional regulation, as shown previously for IRT1. Finally, the 35S-FRO2 plants grow better on low iron as compared with wild-type plants, supporting the idea that reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron is the rate-limiting step in iron uptake.
Cleavage of thePseudomonas syringaeType III Effector AvrRpt2 Requires a Host Factor(s) Common among Eukaryotes and Is Important for AvrRpt2 Localization in the Host Cell
Authors: Jin Ping , Wood Michelle D. , Wu Yan , Xie Zhiyi , Katagiri Fumiaki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMany phytopathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to deliver type III effector proteins into the host plant cell. The Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrRpt2 is cleaved at a specific site when translocated into the host cell. In this study, we first demonstrate that the factor(s) required for AvrRpt2 cleavage is present in extracts from animal and yeast cells, as well as plant cells. The cleavage factor in animal and plant cell extracts was heat labile but relatively insensitive to protease inhibitors. Second, mutational analysis of AvrRpt2 was applied to identify features important for its cleavage. In addition to two of the amino acid residues in the immediate vicinity of the cleavage site, a large part of the region C-terminal to the cleavage site was required when AvrRpt2 was cleaved in animal cell extract. Most of these features were also important when AvrRpt2 was cleaved in plant cells. Third, we investigated the effect of cleavage in interactions of AvrRpt2 with plant cells. Cleavage of AvrRpt2 appeared to be important for proper interactions with Arabidopsis cells that lack the resistance gene product corresponding to AvrRpt2, RPS2. In addition, removal of the region N-terminal to the cleavage site was important for the correct localization of the C-terminal effector region of the protein in the host cell. We speculate that the virulence function of AvrRpt2 requires removal of the N-terminal region to redirect the effector protein to a specific subcellular location in the host cell after translocation of the protein.
Targeted Integration of T-DNA into the Tobacco Genome at Double-Stranded Breaks: New Insights on the Mechanism of T-DNA Integration
Authors: Chilton Mary-Dell M. , Que Qiudeng 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA normally integrates into random sites in the plant genome. We have investigated targeting of T-DNA by nonhomologous end joining process to a specific double-stranded break created in the plant genome by I-CeuI endonuclease. Sequencing of genomic DNA/T-DNA junctions in targeted events revealed that genomic DNA at the cleavage sites was usually intact or nearly so, whereas donor T-DNA ends were often resected, sometimes extensively, as is found in random T-DNA inserts. Short filler DNAs were also present in several junctions. When an I-CeuI site was placed in the donor T-DNA, it was often cleaved by I-CeuI endonuclease, leading to precisely truncated targeted T-DNA inserts. Their structure requires that T-DNA cutting occurred before or during integration, indicating that T-DNA is at least partially double stranded before integration is complete. This method of targeting full-length T-DNA with considerable fidelity to a chosen break point in the plant genome may have experimental and practical applications. Our findings suggest that insertion at break points by nonhomologous end joining is one normal mode of entry for T-DNA into the plant genome.
A Semidwarf Phenotype of Barley uzu Results from a Nucleotide Substitution in the Gene Encoding a Putative Brassinosteroid Receptor
Authors: Chono Makiko , Honda Ichiro , Zeniya Haruko , Yoneyama Koichi , Saisho Daisuke , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Takatsuto Suguru , Hoshino Tsuguhiro , Watanabe Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBrassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles throughout plant growth and development. Despite the importance of clarifying the mechanism of BR-related growth regulation in cereal crops, BR-related cereal mutants have been identified only in rice (Oryza sativa). We previously found that semidwarf barley (Hordeum vulgare) accessions carrying the “uzu” gene, called “uzu” barley in Japan, are non-responding for brassinolide (BL). We then performed chemical and molecular analyses to clarify the mechanisms of uzu dwarfism using isogenic line pairs of uzu gene. The response of the uzu line to BL was significantly lower than that of its corresponding normal line. Measurement of BRs showed that the uzu line accumulates BRs, similar to known BR-insensitive mutants. The marker synteny of rice and barley chromosomes suggests that the uzu gene may be homologous to rice D61, a rice homolog of Arabidopsis BR-insensitive 1 (BRI1), encoding a BR-receptor protein. A barley homolog of BRI1, HvBRI1, was isolated by using degenerate primers. A comparison of HvBRI1 sequences in uzu and normal barley varieties showed that the uzu phenotype is correlated with a single nucleotide substitution. This substitution results in an amino acid change at a highly conserved residue in the kinase domain of the BR-receptor protein. These results may indicate that uzu dwarfism is caused by the missense mutation in HvBRI1. The uzu gene is being introduced into all hull-less barley cultivars in Japan as an effective dwarf gene for practical use, and this is the first report about an agronomically important mutation related to BRs.