bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise and rapid whole-head segmentation from magnetic resonance
images of older adults using deep learning
Authors: Stolte Skylar E. , Indahlastari Aprinda , Chen Jason , Albizu Alejandro , Dunn Ayden , Pedersen Samantha , See Kyle B. , Woods Adam J. , Fang Ruogu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Whole-head segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) establishes the foundation for individualized computational models using finite element method (FEM). This foundation paves the path for computer-aided solutions in fields such as non-invasive brain stimulation. Most current automatic head segmentation tools are developed using healthy young adults. Thus, they may neglect the older population that is more prone to age-related structural decline such as brain atrophy. In this work, we present a new deep learning method called GRACE, which stands for General, Rapid, And Comprehensive whole-hEad tissue segmentation. GRACE is trained and validated on a novel dataset that consists of 177 manually corrected MR-derived reference segmentations that have undergone meticulous manual review. Each T1-weighted MRI volume is segmented into 11 tissue types, including white matter, grey matter, eyes, cerebrospinal fluid, air, blood vessel, cancellous bone, cortical bone, skin, fat, and muscle. To the best of our knowledge, this work contains the largest manually corrected dataset to date in terms of number of MRIs and segmented tissues. GRACE outperforms five freely available software tools and a traditional 3D U-Net on a five-tissue segmentation task. On this task, GRACE achieves an average Hausdorff Distance of 0.21, which exceeds the runner-up at an average Hausdorff Distance of 0.36. GRACE can segment a whole-head MRI in about 3 seconds, while the fastest software tool takes about 3 minutes. In summary, GRACE segments a spectrum of tissue types from older adults’ T1-MRI scans at favorable accuracy and speed. The trained GRACE model is optimized on older adult heads to enable high-precision modeling in age-related brain disorders. To support open science, the GRACE code and trained weights are made available online and open to the research community at https://github.com/lab-smile/GRACE.
Aristotle on Softness and Endurance: Nicomachean Ethics 7.7, 1150a9–b19
Authors: Marechal Patricia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In Nicomachean Ethics 7.7 (= Eudemian Ethics 6.7), Aristotle distinguishes softness (malakia) from lack of self-control (akrasia) and endurance (karteria) from self-control (enkrateia). This paper argues that unqualified softness consists of a disposition to give up acting to avoid the painful toil (ponos) required to execute practical resolutions, and (coincidentally) to enjoy the pleasures of rest and relaxation. The enduring person, in contrast, persists in her commitments despite the painful effort required to enact them. Along the way, I argue that this interpretation qualifies our understanding of the pleasures and pains with which temperance and intemperance are concerned.
Description of Deladenus tonekabonensis sp. n. from Iran with a key to species
Authors: Aliramaji Farzad , Taheri Abdolhossein , Shokoohi Ebrahim 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Deladenus tonekabonensis sp. n. was isolated from dried wood of the Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) from the Sehezar forests in Tonekabon city in Mazandaran Province. The new species is characterised by a body length of 655 (561-777) and 592 (488-735) μm for mycetophagous females and males, respectively, a short stylet (7.5-8.8 μm) with three knobs backward. Lateral field with ten incisures, and an excretory pore toward the anterior part of the neck, located at 27.5 (22.0-35.5) and 28.0 (21.0-38.0) μm from the anterior end of the mycetophagous females and males, respectively. The distance of the excretory pore to the hemizonid is 66.0 (59.0-71.0) and 61.0 (57.0-67.5) μm for the mycetophagous females and males, respectively. Adults have a long overlapping dorsal pharyngeal gland, lacking a post-uterine sac (PUS), and in some specimens a very short post-uterine sac, 2.4-5.1 μm long, and a conical tail, narrowing towards the tail tip. Males are frequent with slender tylenchoid spicules and a leptoderan bursa reaching the tail tip. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA placed the new species close to Deladenus and Anguillonema species in a clade with 0.99 posterior probability support. The measurements, line illustration and light microphotographs are given for the new species.
Feeding behaviour and food choice in three populations of the millipede Glomeris hexasticha Brandt, 1833 (Diplopoda: Glomerida: Glomeridae): intra- and interpopulation laboratory study
Authors: Vujić Vukica D. , Ilić Bojan S. , Jovanović Zvezdana S. , Milovanović Jelena Z. , Dudić Boris D. , Lučić Luka R. , Pavković-Lučić Sofija B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Foraging behaviour, determined by both internal and external factors, requires investment of time and energy. Optimizing the nutritional decisions also influences efficiency during the feeding process and fitness. Feeding behaviour has been poorly investigated in millipedes. Hence, the aims of this study were to test food choice and to explore intra- and interpopulation variability in several sequences of feeding behaviour in millipede Glomeris hexasticha Brandt, 1833 under laboratory conditions. Individuals of G. hexasticha and leaf litter were collected from three populations within Belgrade, Serbia. A feeding experiment was conducted using a cross-shaped experimental maze with oak leaves, small-leaved linden leaves, and moss as potential food sources. The individuals most often chose oak leaves, subsequently moss, while linden leaves were the least preferred. Sexual dimorphism was detected only for the average time spent in maze arms that contained food items in the Ada New Belgrade population and the Hyde Park population. Intrapopulation differences that depended on feeding status and interpopulation differences in some behavioural sequences were detected. We assume that sexual dimorphism in most of the analysed behavioural traits was not detected, because both sexes had to satisfy basic nutritive requirements after the same starvation period. However, research timing may be responsible, at least partially, for the obtained results. Repeating experiments in different periods of the year or using more fresh food or food sources in different phases of the decomposition may give different results. Further, in our experimental design, some unknown preference towards particular maze arms could not be completely excluded.
Mapping the Bencao
Authors: Stanley-Baker Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article uses GIS mapping to plot the historical locations known for producing Chinese material medica recorded in a text with three historical layers. On the basis of these plots, it argues that: early Chinese pharmacology emerged not from the central plains but along the Yellow River Corridor, from the Bohai Sea through to Chang’an and then beyond, into the Sichuan Plain, and that the drug exchange network may have emerged through stepwise local trading between these sites, as along the Silk Road; these sites are not necessarily biotopes specific to where the drugs grow, but sites of “drug production,” which enter these natural products into circulation; the activity at these sites consists of sociotechnical operations that translate these materials across diverse technical domains, facilitated by drug names as a key marker; and, finally, that comparing these geolocated drug names to terms within excavated recipe literature may indicate a likelihood of the regional origin of certain texts. The Tianhui recipes from Laoguanshan appear to be representative of local drug cultures from northeast China.
Exploring Risk and Protective Factors for Child Harm Amidst Exposure to Inter-parental Violence
Authors: Minanago Chitegetse A. , Crutzen Rik , van den Borne Hubertus , Kaaya Sylvia F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are limited insights into the differences in perspective between children and adult key-informants on the risk and protective factors for child harm from exposure to inter-parental violence. These differences were explored to inform the development of interventions to decrease levels of child harm. A phenomenological approach guided data collection the Social Construction of Reality Perspective was used to explain the study findings. Thirteen children aged 9–12 years and eight adult key-informants were purposively sampled for interviews. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach. Parental behavior and culture were reported as risk factors for child harm and, supportive social networks and intimacy as the protective factors. The main distinctions between children’s and adult key-informants’ perspectives lie on the nature of the reported factors, participants’ views on vulnerability, and their cognitive ability. Accommodating children’s perspectives in intervention development is crucial for sustainability and reducing risk while enhancing protective factors in interventions.
Xenophobic Assaults and the South African Economy and Society Since 1994
Authors: Ityonzughul Thaddeus T. , Gbamwuan Asor 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Xenophobia is not a recent theme in historical studies. However, the attempts penned by academics to analyze the phenomenon are sparsely centered on the economic aspect of the assault. In this way, the study fills a historical gap accentuated by extant literature on the subject. Using primary sources in corroboration with secondary sources of data, the study attempts a description of the South African economy and the migrations and roles of different races to South Africa to enhance comprehension. It posits that competition for limited resources between the natives and immigrants from other countries results in xenophobic violence. It is said that xenophobic incidents in South Africa have negatively affected the country’s trade ties with the impacted nations. In actuality, it has diminished the communities and the victims’ economic power. The eradication of xenophobic assaults in the region under study is finally predicted. The article concludes that xenophobia has damaged South Africa’s reputation in international forums.
An Assessment of Law and Practice of the Right to Water: Evidence from Zimbabwe
Authors: Mapuva Jephias 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper seeks to present legal and policy frameworks that govern and promote the right to water. Two case law studies are presented to show legal provisions and associated challenges to the realisation of the right to water. In Zimbabwe, successive Ministries superintending over the provision of water in the country have not been clear on free water. Perennial economic challenges and a general lack of political will to promote the right to water have been debilitating aspects to the right to water. Attempts at privatisation of the provision of water through ZINWA, has culminated in a total failure as the parastatal was bedevilled with a myriad of challenges. The privatisation of water has made it less accessible to the rural and poor urban communities. The constitutionalisation of the right to water has transformed access to water in Zimbabwe, though economic challenges have continued to hamstring local authorities’ and government’s capacity to realise this right. The Mazibuko and SERAC case laws have been given as ground-breaking legal challenges mounted by residents of communities in South Africa and Nigeria respectively as affected citizens have challenged authorities on the need for the realisation of the right to water to the public.
The Causal Relationship between External Debts and Economic Growth in East African Community
Authors: Kibona Ally , Kirama Stephen L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The interest in the causal relationship between external debt and economic growth has increased in the world due to its importance in whether a country is experiencing debt overhang or not. This study attempts to examine the causal relationship between external debt and economic growth in EAC’s founding partner states. The study employs Xtabond2 using a secondary panel data set for the period 1988 to 2020. The study conducted all required econometric tests such as panel data unit root set and overidentification test using Arellano Bond test, Sargan test and Hansen test respectively before proceeding with further regression. The findings reveal the negative impact of external debt on economic growth running from external debt to economic growth with no feedback indicating the debt overhang in these countries. Other moderating variables have shown different impacts on economic growth where the negative impact is revealed from inflation while positive impacts are revealed from gross capital formation, lagged dependent variable, and the square of total external debt. Other variables such as population size have no significant impact which might have been caused by the presence of a square of total external debt while the exchange rate has a short-run impact on economic growth. Therefore it is suggested that the policymaker should ensure that the loan secured is located on the project with a positive net profit to avoid further demand for external assistance on loan repayment. Also, all tax potentials available in these countries should be optimally exhausted to avoid reliance on external financing assistance. Moreover, these countries should ensure that all external debt secured is sustainable and solvency in relation to their economy.
Alternative products for breaking dormancy in ‘Reubennel’ plum in subtropical regions
Authors: Viol Renata Elisa , Peche Pedro Maranha , da Hora Farias Daniela , Campos Matheus Pena , Curi Paula Nogueira , Fazenda Lucídio Henriques Vote , Pio Rafael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Plum is a temperate fruit tree and thus shows abundant vegetative bud percentage and flowering following extended periods of low winter temperatures. When adequate periods of low temperatures do not occur, it is necessary to apply products to stimulate bud dormancy break and uniform leaf and flower appearance. This application is more frequently needed when plum trees are grown in the tropics. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative products for breaking dormancy in ‘Reubennel’ plum in subtropical regions. The experiment was conducted at a site located at 22°22’S, 43°77’W and 1,173 m altitude, with a Cwa climate type. The following treatments were applied to eight-year-old ‘Reubennel’ plum trees in the 2018 and 2019 production cycles: 1) a negative standard composed of only water (control), a positive standard composed of 2) 1.5% hydrogen cyanamide (HC) (Dormex® commercial product) plus 4.5% mineral oil, 3) Erger G® organomineral fertilizer supplemented with 3% calcium nitrate, 4) 5% potassium nitrate and 5) 0.3% copper sulfate. Two liters of the treatment solutions were applied per plant with a sprayer. The effect of the tested products on vegetative bud percentage and flowering capacity, production cycle reduction and production and quality of ‘Reubennel’ plums was evaluated. It was concluded that the chemicals used to break dormancy affected only the phenology of plum trees in this subtropical region and that the application of copper sulfate can be used to break dormancy in these trees.
Climate Change Contributions to Increasing Compound Flooding Risk in New York City
Authors: Sarhadi Ali , Rousseau-Rizzi Raphaël , Mandli Kyle , Neal Jeffrey , Wiper Michael P. , Feldmann Monika , Emanuel Kerry 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Efforts to meaningfully quantify the changes in coastal compound surge- and rainfall-driven flooding hazard associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in a warming climate have increased in recent years. Despite substantial progress, however, obtaining actionable details such as the spatially and temporally varying distribution and proximal causes of changing flooding hazard in cities remains a persistent challenge. Here, for the first time, physics-based hydrodynamic flood models driven by rainfall and storm surge simultaneously are used to estimate the magnitude and frequency of compound flooding events. We apply this to the particular case of New York City. We find that sea level rise (SLR) alone will increase the TC and ETC compound flooding hazard more significantly than changes in storm climatology as the climate warms. We also project that the probability of destructive Sandy-like compound flooding will increase by up to 5 times by the end of the century. Our results have strong implications for climate change adaptation in coastal communities.
Empirical Verification of Satellite Data on Solar Radiation and Cloud Cover over the Baltic Sea
Authors: Paszkuta Marcin , Markowski Maciej , Krężel Adam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Empirical verification of the reliability of estimating the amount of solar radiation entering the sea surface is a challenging topic due to the quantity and quality of data. The collected measurements of total and diffuse radiation from the Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MRF-7) commercial device over the Baltic Sea were compared with the satellite results of using modeling data. The obtained results, also divided into individual spectral bands, were analyzed for usefulness in satellite cloud and aerosol detection. The article presents a new approach to assessing radiation and cloud cover based on the use of models supported by satellite data. Measurement uncertainties were estimated for the obtained results. To reduce uncertainty, the results were averaged to the time constant of the device, day, and month. The effectiveness of the method was determined by comparison against the SM Hel measurement point. The empirical results obtained confirm the effectiveness of using satellite methods for estimating radiation along with cloud-cover detection over the sea with the adopted uncertainty values.

Significance Statement
The difference in the amount of solar energy reaching the sea surface between cloudless and cloudy areas reaches tens of percent. Empirical results confirm the effectiveness of using satellite methods to estimate solar radiation along with cloud-cover detection. Over the sea in comparison to land, the amount of empirical data is limited. This research uses new empirical results of radiation to determine the accuracy of satellite estimation results. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and adequately parameterizes the detection of satellite image features.
Discriminating Factors that Favor the Development of High-Impact Weather Events in Association with Polar–Subtropical Jet Superpositions
Authors: Reiher Clairisse A. , Winters Andrew C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A vertical superposition of the polar and subtropical jet streams constitutes a unique synoptic-scale environment with the potential to induce high-impact weather, including anomalously strong surface cyclones that are accompanied by heavy precipitation and strong winds. Jet superpositions are not always a sufficient condition for the occurrence of high-impact weather, however, so understanding the dynamical and thermodynamic environments that favor the development of high-impact weather in association with jet superpositions is essential for improving sensible weather forecasts during these events. In this study, we pair a climatology of jet superpositions with climatologies of atmospheric rivers and surface cyclones to determine the frequency with which these features accompany jet superpositions. We subsequently construct two subsets of jet superpositions for further analysis. “High-impact” jet superposition cases are defined as those that feature an atmospheric river and a highly anomalous surface cyclone relative to climatology, which can potentially support extreme near-surface winds and precipitation. In contrast, “null” cases are defined as jet superposition cases that are not associated with a surface cyclone and are therefore less likely to support widespread high-impact weather. Composite analyses are then performed to identify discriminating environmental factors between high-impact and null cases, and how these factors influence jet superposition dynamics. We find that stronger environmental baroclinicity and a sufficient moisture supply within the near-jet environment are common characteristics of high-impact cases. These characteristics subsequently support the development of a more vigorous ageostrophic transverse circulation beneath the superposed jet’s exit region during high-impact cases and more intense surface cyclogenesis.

Significance Statement
A jet superposition event occurs when the normally separate polar and subtropical jets combine to form a single jet. This study aims to understand what factors differentiate jet superposition events that coincide with strong winds and heavy precipitation, or “high-impact weather,” from those that are less likely to coincide with such weather conditions. We identified several important environmental characteristics that tend to precede jet superposition events with a large potential to induce high-impact weather, including increased moisture and a strengthened pole-to-equator temperature gradient. These results provide indicators forecasters may consider when predicting the impacts of a jet superposition event.
A Diagnostic Study on a Southward Southwest Vortex Track Forecasted by CMA-GFS: The Role of Initial Field
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Qiying , Jiang Ning , Hu Jianglin , Xu Guoqiang 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It is known that the southwest vortex (SWV) is an important weather system that may induce severe weather. The southward deviation of an SWV track forecasted by the Global Assimilation and Prediction System of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA-GFS) is systematically diagnosed in this study. The southward shift of the SWV is directly attributed to the deviation of the steering flow caused by the weak forecast of the upper-level trough. According to the diagnosis of potential tendency, the underestimation of the initial vorticity advection forecasted by CMA-GFS dominates the weak development of the upper-level trough. The underestimation of the vorticity advection is eventually sourced to the weak geostrophic wind caused by the weak initial meridional and zonal gradients of the midlevel height in front of the trough. The assimilation process on the initial field of the CMA-GFS acts a negative effect on forecasting this SWV track. It weakens the π field at midmodel level, resulting in the weak midlevel height gradient in front of the trough. A verified numerical experiment initialized by a more reasonable field is carried out and the southward shift of the SWV is obviously modified. This study suggests that a reasonable analysis field is crucial for the accurate forecast of the SWV track.

Significance Statement
The important impact of initial field deviation in key regions on the forecast in the late period is highlighted. A systematic diagnosis process for identifying and addressing forecast issues on SWV track is proposed. This research provides a comprehensive approach for diagnosing the forecast deviation associated with SWV track.