bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics of Allocation: Lessons from Organ Procurement History
Authors: Prottas Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those of us who live in it, human tissue has always been valuable. In the last thirty years of the twentieth century, however, this tissue has also become valuable as a medical treatment for illness and injury. The trans formation of the human body from sui generis-whether as abused or sacred object-to medical raw material has not always been easy in organizational, legal, or ethical terms.But, in our century, technological change waits on no consideration, and our organizational and legal tools have shown themselves able to adapt. Our ethical tools struggle to keep up with their more robust cousins.
Concluding Thoughts and Recommendations
Authors: Youngner Stuart J , Schapiro Renie , Anderson Martha W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters present the first comprehensive examination of the tissue transplantation industry. From them emerges the picture of a rapidly developing health care enterprise at the cutting edge of biotechnological and commercial development. Equally apparent is the human dimension the hundreds of thousands of people who are helped through tissue trans plantation and the tens of thousands of families who make the generous gift of tissue from their newly deceased loved ones. The values of the market, the value of altruism in organ and tissue donation, and the Hippocratic values of healing are all very important in our society-and all are at play in the complex functioning of the tissue transplant industry.
Mental illness, substance dependence, And Suicidality: Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Yeager Kenneth , Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental illness, substance dependence, and suicide are three of the most prevalent social and public health concerns throughout North America. Recent estimates indicate that every 20 minutes somewhere in the United States or Canada a suicide occurs. In the United States alone there are 30,000 suicides per year (Bush, Fawcett,, Jacobs, 2003; Institute of Medicine, 2002). This chapter seeks to explain the contributing factors leading to rehospitalization and suicide risk among the psychiatric, substance abuse, and substance dependent populations. Data from a university medical center will be reviewed regarding characteristics of inpatient hospitalization and potential contributing factors increasing the individual’s risk of a suicide attempt following inpatient psychiatric/ substance dependence hospitalization. In 2001 approximately 15 million adults age 18 or greater were estimated to have suffered from a severe mental illness during the previous year. The population with the highest rate of severe mental illness was the 18-to-25-year-old age group (12 %). Persons ages 26-49 demonstrated a rate of approximately 8%, with the 50 or older age group demonstrating a rate of 5%. Females were more likely than males to have a diagnosis consistent with severe mental illness (9% female versus 6% male) (National Institute of Mental Health, 2001; Bush et al., 2003; Institute of Medicine, 2002).
Statistics For Human Service Workers
Authors: Almgren Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic purpose of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the fundamentals of statistical reasoning and analysis that are particularly applicable to the evaluation of human services practice. The audience for this chapter is assumed to include social workers and other behavioral practitioners who may have had a course in statistics that is but a distant and regrettable memory and practitioners who have not had a course in basic statistics. While it offers practitioners considerably enhanced opportunities to evaluate practice, the availability of highly sophisticated and user-friendly statistical software over the last decade brings with it the risk of extremely erroneous findings and conclusions that are ultimately far more detrimental to empirically based practice than the profession of honest uncertainty. In this chapter I will review the critical assumptions that are embedded in the application and interpretation of some of the more popular statistical tests employed in the evaluation of human services practice, as well as some of the common errors one can make in test selection and interpretation. Although this chapter will be more conceptual than mathematical, I will walk the reader through some equations essential to statistical reasoning. First, however, I will review some fundamental concepts and terminology.
Qualitative Research Ethics: Thriving Within Tensions
Authors: Antle Beverley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Qualitative research methods emerge from a worldview that asserts that subjective experiences and the meanings assigned to those experiences intimately shape notions of reality. Embedded within this broad framework are the expectation that there are multiple perspectives on the same phenomenon, the belief that the values and perceptions of both the researcher and the researched are an integral part of the endeavor, and the application of an inductive approach to investigation that begins with the experiences of participants and moves to everincreasing layers of analysis and understanding (Cresswell, 1998; Maxwell, 1996; Strauss, Corbin, 1990). Traditional hierarchical barriers between the researcher and “the subject” are altered so that the expertise and subjectivity of both the researcher and the participant are acknowledged and viewed as an essential foundation for fostering a fuller and richer understanding of the phenomenon or issue being explored. These distinctions in worldview and researcherparticipant roles have considerable implications for the ethical dimensions of qualitative research, which are more contextually based and render themselves less amenable to a structured set of rules. An emerging body of literature reflects the unique ethical issues that qualitative researchers face (Brownlow, O’Dell, 2002; Burman, 1997; Denzin, 2002; Hadjistavropoulos, Smythe, 2001; Magolda, Weems, 2002; O’Connor, 2001; Punch, 1994; van den Hoonaard, 2001). By examining the reported experiences of qualitative researchers, the research community can become better informed about unintentional harm and unanticipated risks that emerge from this methodology (Boman, Jevne, 2000; O’Connor, 2001; Punch, 1994).
Setting The Stage For Accountability And Program Evaluation In Community-Based Grant-Making
Authors: Crusto Cindy A , Wandersman Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community-based organizations are increasingly being looked to and funded to address local social welfare, health care, and mental health needs. They are relied upon to develop and implement innovative programs to be delivered to individuals and communities they serve. However, the lack of staff and other resources available to these agencies often challenges their ability to develop high-quality grant proposals and programs to achieve desired outcomes. Moreover, few agencies have the capacity for evaluating the short- and long-term effects and impacts of their efforts (Morley, Hatry,, Cowan, 2002); therefore, in many instances the potential programmatic benefits remain unknown. In a study to explore foundation performance and effectiveness, foundation CEOs indicated that although the provision of nonmonetary assistance (e.g., management advice, advice about the field) to grantees during the course of the grant could contribute to grantee satisfaction and program impacts, this was rarely provided (Center for Effective Philanthropy, 2002b). Some foundations have attempted to build the capacity for achieving realistic grantee outcomes through creating a more trusting relationship between grant makers and grant seekers that allows for mutual learning (Center for Effective Philanthropy, 2002a). Building the capacity of potential grantees to develop high-quality grant applications and programs and to evaluate their programs is crucial to successful funding initiatives.
Measuring Skills And Reasoning Scientifically And Critically About Practice
Authors: Gibbs Len , Gambrill Eileen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critical thinking skills should contribute to making well-reasoned decisions in practice regarding, for example, accurate assessments of client circumstances and presenting problems, assessing risk (e.g., new sex offense, violence), making generalizations about clients, and selecting effective methods. Research on cognitive biases in decision making (e.g., Baron, 2000; Hastie, Dawes, 2001; Nisbett, Ross, 1980) suggests that certain biases may result in faulty decisions across a broad array of contexts. Such errors and biases in thinking can be costly. Measures that test skills in spotting fallacies in newspaper reports, editorials, and debates may not be valid when applied to clinical situations. Tousignant and DesMarchais (2002) reported that selfassessments by medical students did not correlate well with performance on an oral examination. Their study involved 91 medical students enrolled in a problem-based learning program. Beck, Bennett, McLeod, and Molyneaux (1992) reviewed 13 studies that examined the relationship between clinical reasoning ability in nursing and scores primarily on the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. They found mixed to negative results, suggesting that the WatsonGlaser test does not validly reflect clinical reasoning in nursing. Such findings support the need for measures of critical thinking about practice that are specific to practice.
The Implications Of Controlled Outcome Studies On Planned Short-Term Psychotherapy With Depressive Disorders
Authors: Bloom Bernard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depressive disorders are the major component of what are referred to in the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; see also Mays, Croake, 1997a, Chapter 4; Morrison, 1995) as mood disorders-periods of time when patients feel abnormally and pathologically happy or sad. The term depressive disorder is reserved to describe a person who has had multiple depressive episodes, periods of time of 2 weeks or longer when they feel depressed, cannot enjoy life, and have problems with eating and sleeping, guilt feelings, loss of energy, trouble concentrating, and thoughts about death. Most depressive disorders are recurrent and lifelong.
Dysthymic Disorder And The College Student: Evidence-Based Mental Health Approach
Authors: Walsh Joseph , Corcoran Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the efforts of a clinical social worker to provide evidence-based interventions to a female college student with dysthymic disorder. This disorder is a relatively chronic (at least 2 years) low-grade depression that afflicts between 3% and 6% of the population (American Psychiatric Association[APA], 2000). Women are two to three times more likely to suffer from dysthymic disorder than men (APA, 2000). The disorder usually emerges in adolescence or young adulthood, although it can begin in middle age. Comorbidity is a significant issue for those suffering from the disorder, with three quarters having another medical or psychiatric problem. Common comorbid diagnoses include anxiety disorder (such as panic disorder and social phobia) and alcohol use disorders, but the most prevalent is major depressive disorder (Brunello et al., 1999).
Implementing Evidence-Based Practices In Opioid Agonist Therapy Clinics
Authors: Willenbring Mark L , Hagedorn Hildi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is a form of treatment for opioid (mainly heroin) dependence, in which counseling and other psychosocial services are coupled with provision of a daily dose of an opioid agonist medication. Currently, three agonist medications are available: methadone, levo-alpha acetyl methadol (LAAM), and buprenorphine. Opioid addicts often have persistent dysphoria and craving after withdrawal from opioids, so providing a daily dose of a long-acting opioid medication reduces or eliminates craving and illicit drug use. Unfortunately, rehabilitation treatments with goals of abstinence from both illicit opioids (such as heroin) and prescribed opioids (such as methadone) are effective for only a small percentage of addicted persons (Magura, Rosenblum, 2001; Sees et al., 2000). In contrast, compelling evidence accumulated over three decades demonstrates that OAT is the most effective treatment for opioid dependence, leading to improved patient outcomes, including reduced drug and alcohol use, fewer psychiatric symptoms and medical problems (e.g., reduced prevalence of HIV infection, AIDS, tuberculosis, and hepatitis CJ, less involvement in criminal activity, improved psychosocial functioning, a higher likelihood of employment, and reduced premature mortality (Ball, Ross, 1991; Ling et al., 1998; Marsch, 1998; Mclellan, Arndt, Metzger, Woody,, O’Brien, 1993; Newman, Whitehill, 1979; Sees et al., 2000; Zaric, Barnett,, Brandeau, 2000).
Validity And Reliability In Family Assessment
Authors: Franklin Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes and discusses the reliability and validity of five measures of family assessment. Reliability is related to the consistency of a measure and is especially important when assessing measurement tools that will be used in clinical practice to guide the clinical decision-making process (Springer, Franklin, 2003). Reliability is established through four methods: test-retest, alternate form, split-half, and internal consistency. Validity addresses whether a tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are four types of validity: content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, and factorial analysis. Validity should be assessed in terms of the specific measurement tool and its intended use (Springer, Franklin, 2003). Managed behavioral health care and the subsequent demands for accountability in clinical practice require assessment tools and interventions that are known to be effective with clients and have well-established reliability and validity. Springer, Abell, and Hudson (2002) point out that despite an increase in accountability tools, the science of measurement and instrument development is very young. Much progress has been made on the psychometric development of valid and reliable assessment tools in the 25-to 30-year developmental period of marital and family therapy measures (Franklin, Jordan, 1999). The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the importance of the development of psychometric measurement tools, which inform practice in marital and family therapy.
Statistical Methods For Estimates Of Interrater Reliability
Authors: Auerbach Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To assure interrater, or interobserver, reliability, much research in clinical fields relies on judges or raters who observe a common event. Bloom, Fisher, and Orme (1999) state that this type of reliability is used “to determine the extent to which two observers agree in their observations about whether, how often, or how long overt behaviors occur” (p. 48). Interrater reliability can be defined as the extent to which observations yield similar results from different judges. It is assumed that at least two judges independently rate a phenomenon. Orme and Gillespie (1986) suggest that a number of measures have been developed for the assessment of client problems. Often multiple observers of client problems use these measures. Ratings by consumers, providers, or other significant individuals are used to form consumer-specific sets of behavior. In these instances, there is a need to employ a method to rate the interobserver agreement. Interobservation is used widely in the research literature.
Locating Measurement Tools And Instruments For Individuals And Couples
Authors: Corcoran Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One striking characteristic in the development of all sciences is how progress follows the lead first set by advances in measurement. Improvement in measures, it seems, is a predicate to other scientific development. In the behavioral sciences, measurement first allowed research to improve diagnoses and evidence the efficacy of theories for diagnostic-related groupings. Measurement has advanced to the current state where it is available for incorporation in the routines and procedures of everyday practice.
Outcome Measurement Scale With Families Of The Seriously Mentally III
Authors: Solomon Phyllis , Draine Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frequently, practitioners and evaluators are in a position where they need to evaluate targeted brief group interventions that address specific diseases or conditions (Sands, Solomon, in press). These may be educational or support groups (Toseland, Rivas, 2001) or socioeducational groups that combine educational, socialization, and support functions. These groups usually meet for 1 or 2 sessions or possibly as many as 10 to 12 sessions for about an hour or two (Brown, 1991). Given the highly targeted nature of these groups, frequently the objectives are to increase knowledge, a sense of self-efficacy in handling the problem or condition, and coping ability in cognitions and behaviors relevant to the particular condition. The intent of these programs is to improve the knowledge and ability of the participants in a defined area, such as children of alcoholics, various chronic medical conditions, or populations of family caregivers of an identified illness. Generally, there is little expectation that these brief interventions will improve participants' generalized self-efficacy or coping ability in all domains of living. Consequently, generalized measures of self-efficacy and coping cannot capture the expected effects of these interventions. Using these generalized measures would likely lead the evaluator to conclude that the groups are not effective in reaching their intended objectives.
Empowerment Evaluation
Authors: Fetterman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empowerment evaluation is the use of evaluation concepts, techniques, and findings to foster improvement and self-determination (Fetterman, 2001; Fetterman, Kaftarian,, Wandersman, 1996). It is guided by a commitment to truth and honesty (Fetterman, 1998). It is designed to help people help themselves and improve their programs using a form of selfevaluation and reflection. Program participantsincluding clients, consumers, and staff members-conduct their own evaluations; an outside evaluator often serves as a coach or additional facilitator, depending on internal program capabilities. By internalizing and institutionalizing self-evaluation processes and practices, a dynamic and responsive approach to evaluation can be developed.
Process Versus Outcome Evaluation
Authors: Smith Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of program evaluation consists of broad concepts that are descriptive and overlapping, but nonetheless useful. The distinction between process and outcome evaluation is a case in point. So is the distinction between process evaluation and program monitoring, and outcome evaluation and impact assessment. The inconsistencies and overlap between these terms can be a source of confusion and annoyance for both the beginning student and the expert evaluator. Nevertheless, they provide a rich context and a way to organize your approach to evaluation.
Innovative Approaches To Risk Assessment Within Alcohol Prevention Programming
Authors: Holleran Lori K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol use by underage children is widespread. In 2001, about 10 million youth aged 12 to 20 (28.5% of this age group) reported drinking alcohol in the month prior to the survey interview (National Household Survey on Drug Abuse[NHSDA], 2001). Furthermore, there is a trend toward younger and younger ages of initiation, with 11% of teens reporting that they had their first drink before age 11 (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1998). The percentage of children reporting alcohol use in the past 30 days increased with age from youth to young adulthood, from 2% at age 12 to 65% at age 21 (NHSDA, 2001). The combination of youth and alcohol results in other risky and dangerous behaviors including cigarette use, violence, vandalism, high-risk sexual behavior, and drunk driving (Bonomo et al., 2001; McClelland, Teplin, 2001; NHSDA, 2001; Staton et al., 1999).
Qualitative Research With Battered Women: A Continuum Based on 501 Cases
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study developed a new classificatory schemata for chronicity in battered women. It was developed from the narratives of 501 battered women. The goal was to describe different types of battering relationships, psychosocial characteristics of the victim and abuser, and the duration of abuse in order to enhance our understanding of the ways in which battering relationships occur and endure. Violence among current and former intimate partners is pervasive in American society. Every year an estimated 8.7 million women are abused by their partners (Roberts, 1998; Roberts, 2002). Two national studies have provided methodologically rigorous estimates of the prevalence of woman-battering. Tjaden and Thoennes (2000) said that 25% of their female respondents reported some form of violence. Straus and Gelles (1991) estimated that approximately 16 percent of American couples had encountered family violence incidents. Each year, for the past 20 years approximately 1.5 to 2 million women have needed emergency medical attention as a result of domestic violence (Roberts, 1998; Straus, 1986). Annual estimates indicate that approximately, 2,000 battered women are killed by their abusive partners, and the majority of these homicides take place after the victim has tried to leave, separate from, or divorce their batterer.
Using Qualitative Research To Enhance Practice: The Example of Breast Cancer in African American Women
Authors: Oktay Julianne S , Park-Lee Eunice Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a recurrent emphasis on the importance of utilizing research results to improve practice in social work and other health professions (Rosen, 1994; Rosen, 1996; Rosen, Proctor,, Staudt, 1999). However, advocates for a closer connection between research and practice tend to equate research with quantitative research, and the potential of qualitative research to improve practice has received little attention. This chapter discusses several ways that qualitative research can contribute to improved practice, using the example of breast cancer in African American women as an illustration. Specifically, qualitative studies are especially valuable in helping practitioners gain an in-depth understanding of new populations and new problems, design new interventions, and evaluate what is going on in existing programs.
Family Status And Soup Kitchen Use: Some Policy Considerations Based on Qualitative Research Findings
Authors: Chaiklin Harris , Lipton Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have always been soup kitchens, but they usually do not surge in growth or get much attention until the economy is in decline. Their recent expansion only partly follows the historical trend. Contributing factors have been a recession, our productive economy’s changing nature, lack of housing, deinstitutionalization, the cutback in federal support programs, and the failure to make up for these cuts at the state and local levels. Over the last 20 years, soup kitchen use has increased, even when economic conditions were good.