bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Brain Imaging
Authors: Hernandez‐García Luis , Wager Tor , Jonides John 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDifferent imaging techniques allow the investigator to observe a number of physiological changes that are associated with brain function with great specificity regarding the location and the timing of events. In this chapter, we discuss a number of applications of neuroimaging to cognitive psychology questions, such as mapping different brain functions; and we investigate the dissociation between cognitive processes. This chapter also discusses the strategies and statistical principles of designing a functional neuroimaging experiment in the context of cognitive psychology research. Our review ranges from basic blocked designs to more complex event‐related designs, and we explain the principles of subtraction, parametric variation, factorial and correlation designs. The chapter includes an overview of the physics and engineering principles of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the two dominant functional neuroimaging techniques. We discuss the phenomenon of positron emission and detection in PET scanning along with the reconstruction of PET images through filtered backprojection. For MRI, we discuss the concepts of magnetic moment, spin precession, resonance, and the BOLD effect, as well as how to obtain spatial information (i.e., an image) from the resonance signal by use of the Fourier Transform. Finally, the chapter provides an introduction to the current methods of statistical analysis that are applied to functional imaging data, with emphasis placed on regression techniques, or the “general linear model.”
Analysis, Interpretation, and Visual Presentation of Experimental Data
Authors: Loftus Geoffrey R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

This chapter has two main purposes: the first is to discuss serious problems with two generally accepted and widely used foundations of current statistical analysis in psychology, the linear model and null hypothesis significance testing; the second purpose is to describe some alternative valuable techniques. The alternatives are grouped into six categories: (1) use of sophisticated pictorial and graphical techniques for data display, (2) use of confidence intervals in numerous situations, (3) use of planned comparisons, emphasizing
contrasts
, (4) use of percent total variance accounted for, (5) representation of theoretical fits to data, and (6) use of
equivalence techniques
to investigate interactions. Detailed hypothetical numerical examples along with associated calculations and graphs are constructed to illustrate each of the techniques.
Infant Cognition
Authors: Rovee‐Collier Carolyn , Barr Rachel 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews the various methods that researchers have used to study infant cognition from birth through 2 years of age. Most of these methods can also be adapted to the study of infant perception. The authors have emphasized research methods that have been applied to classic experimental problems, including habituation, classical and operant conditioning, detour learning, concept formation, categorization, spatial learning, serial‐list learning, and memory processing. Some of the well‐developed methods that have been applied to a particularly wide range of problems are highlighted. In the learning section, for example, the authors have detailed the basic features of habituation and conditioning phenomena; later in the chapter, they describe how habituation and conditioning procedures have been used as tools to study other cognitive phenomena in infants. The chapter also includes descriptions of some of the methods that have been developed to study special problems in early cognition, such as infants' object representations (individuation, segmentation), their understanding of number and causality, and their attentional processes in visual search tasks. Finally, the chapter considers problems commonly encountered in infant research as well as some of the practices that can lead to ambiguous results and erroneous conclusions.
[{W(O)(O2)2(H2O)}2(μ‐O)]2–‐Catalyzed Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols in Water with High Selectivity and Utilization of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Kamata Keigo , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Hikichi Shiro , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA dinuclear peroxotungstate, K2[{W(O)(O2)2(H2O)}2(μ‐O)]⋅2 H2O, exhibits high catalytic performance for the epoxidation of various allylic alcohols with only one equivalent of hydrogen peroxide at 305 K in water solvent. The effectiveness of this system is evidenced by high chemo‐, regio‐, and diastereoselectivity, and stereospecificity for the epoxidation of allylic alcohols. Furthermore, products/catalyst separation can be easily carried out by simple extraction and the catalyst recovered can be reused with the maintenance of the catalytic performance.
Improved prevention of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting with palonosetron, a pharmacologically novel 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist
Authors: Eisenberg Peter , Figueroa‐Vadillo Jazmin , Zamora Rosalio , Charu Veena , Hajdenberg Julio , Cartmell Alan , Macciocchi Alberto , Grunberg Steven 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDPalonosetron, a highly selective and potent 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist with a strong binding affinity and a long plasma elimination half‐life (approximately 40
hours), has shown efficacy in Phase II trials in preventing chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) resulting from highly emetogenic chemotherapy. The current Phase III
trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of palonosetron in preventing acute and delayed CINV after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.METHODSIn the current study, 592 patients were randomized to receive a single, intravenous dose of palonosetron 0.25 mg, palonosetron 0.75 mg, or dolasetron 100 mg, 30 minutes before receiving moderately
emetogenic chemotherapy. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients with a complete response (CR; defined as no emetic episodes and no rescue medication) during the first
24 hours after chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints included assessment of prevention of delayed emesis (2–5 days postchemotherapy).RESULTSIn the current study, 569 patients received study medication and were included in the intent‐to‐treat efficacy analyses. CR rates during the first 24 hours were 63.0% for
palonosetron 0.25 mg, 57.1% for palonosetron 0.75 mg, and 52.9% for dolasetron 100 mg. CR rates during the delayed period (24–120 hours after chemotherapy) were superior
for palonosetron compared with dolasetron. Adverse events (AEs) were mostly mild to moderate and not related to study medication, with similar incidences among groups. There were no serious
drug‐related AEs.CONCLUSIONSA single dose of palonosetron is as effective as a single dose of dolasetron in preventing acute CINV and superior to dolasetron in preventing delayed CINV after moderately emetogenic
chemotherapy, with a comparable safety profile for all treatment groups. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Granzyme B leakage‐induced cell death: a new type of activation‐induced natural killer cell death
Authors: Ida Hiroaki , Nakashima Tomoki , Kedersha Nancy L. , Yamasaki Satoshi , Huang Mingguo , Izumi Yasumori , Miyashita Taiichiro , Origuchi Tomoki , Kawakami Atsushi , Migita Kiyoshi , Bird Phillip I. , Anderson Paul , Eguchi Katsumi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractActivation‐induced natural killer (NK) cell death is very rapid compared to activation‐induced T or B cell death. Here we show that NK cell activation is accompanied by the leakage of granzymeB from intracellular granules into the cytoplasm. Evidence for granzyme B leakage includes the formation of granzyme B/serine proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI‐9) complexes that are detected by immunoprecipitation as well as colocalization of granzyme B and PI‐9 detected by immunocytochemistry. The pro‐apoptotic molecule Bid, a specific substrate for granzyme B, was cleaved within 2 min following CD2‐induced NK cell activation, suggesting that granzyme B triggers apoptosis by directing Bid to mitochondrial membranes. The granzyme B/PI‐9 protein ratio was found to mirror the percentage of CD2‐induced NK cell death, suggesting that an excess of leaked granzyme B over its inhibitor is a major determinant of cell death. We suggest that granzyme B leakage‐induced cell death is an important determinant of activation‐induced NK cell death and that this process may be important for the fate of NK cells which encounter malignant or virus‐infected cells.
CD59 is physically and functionally associated with natural cytotoxicity receptors and activates human NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Marcenaro Emanuela , Augugliaro Raffaella , Falco Michela , Castriconi Roberta , Parolini Silvia , Sivori Simona , Romeo Elisa , Millo Romano , Moretta Lorenzo , Bottino Cristina , Moretta Alessandro 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTriggering of cytotoxicity in human NK cells is induced by the combined engagement of several triggering receptors. These include primary receptors such as NKG2D and the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) NKp30, NKp46 and NKp44, while other molecules, including 2B4, NTB‐A and NKp80, function as co‐receptors. As reported in the present study, during an attempt to identify novel NK receptors or co‐receptors, we found that CD59 functions as a co‐receptor in human NK cell activation; engagement of CD59 by specific mAb delivers triggering signals to human NK cells, resulting in enhancement of cytotoxicity. Similar to other NK co‐receptors, the triggering function of CD59, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐linked protein, depends on the simultaneous engagement of primary receptors such as NCR. Accordingly, CD59‐dependent triggering was virtually restricted to NK cells expressing high surface densities of NKp46, and mAb‐mediated modulation of NKp46 resulted in markedly decreased responses to anti‐CD59 mAb. Biochemical analysis revealed that CD59 is physically associated with NKp46 and NKp30. Moreover, engagement of CD59 resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ chains associated with these NCR, but not those associated with CD16. Thus, CD59‐mediated costimulation of NK cells requires direct physical interaction of this GPI‐linked protein with primary triggeringNK receptors.
IL‐21 induces both rapid maturation of human CD34+ cell precursors towards NK cells and acquisition of surface killer Ig‐like receptors
Authors: Sivori Simona , Cantoni Claudia , Parolini Silvia , Marcenaro Emanuela , Conte Romana , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe NK cell maturation from CD34+ Lin– hematopoietic cell precursors is a complex process that requires the direct contact with stromal cells and/or the synergistic effect ofdifferent cytokines. In this study we show that IL‐21 is capable of inducing an accelerated NK cell maturation when added to cultures of CD34+ Lin– cells isolated from human cord blood supplemented with IL‐15, Flt3‐L and SCF. After 25 days of culture, 50% of CD56+ cells expressed various NK cell markers including the NKp46 and NKp30 triggering receptors, the CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptor and CD16. At day 35, substantial fractions of NK cells expressed KIR, CD8 and CD2, i.e. surface markers expressed by mature NK cells, that are virtually undetectablein developing NK cells cultured in the absence of IL‐21. Remarkably, similar to mature NK cells all these markers were included in the CD56dim cell fraction, while the CD56bright population was only composed of CD94/NKG2A– and CD94/NKG2A+ cells. Thus, IL‐21 allows the induction of a full NK cell maturation in vitro and offers an important tool for dissecting the molecular mechanisms involved in different steps of NK cell maturation and in the acquisition of a mature KIR repertoire.
A Practical and Stereoconservative Synthesis of (R)‐3‐Amino‐4‐(trimethylammonio)butanoate [(R)‐Aminocarnitine], and Its Trimethylphosphonium and Simple Ammonium Analogues Starting from D‐Aspartic Acid
Authors: Calvisi Giuseppina , Dell’Uomo Natalina , De Angelis Francesco , Dejas Roberto , Giannessi Fabio , Tinti Maria Ornella 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe have developed a new stereospecific synthesis of (R)‐aminocarnitine using D‐aspartic acid as the starting material. This strategy, which is simple and amenable to an industrial scale‐up, gives the target compound in six steps and in fairly good overall yields (41%). Other aminocarnitine related molecules such as optically pure (R)‐3‐amino‐4‐(trimethylphosphonio)butanoic acid and (R)‐3,4‐diaminobutanoic acid dihydrochloride have also been prepared according to the same synthetic strategy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Differential Pulse Polarographic and UV‐Vis Spectrophotometric Study of Inclusion Complexes Formed by 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists, Nifedipine and Nicardipine with β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Yáñez C. , Núñez‐Vergara L. J. , Squella J. A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe formation of inclusion complexes of well‐known 1,4‐dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, such as nifedipine (NF) and nicardipine (NC), with β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) was investigated by differential pulse polarography (DPP) and UV‐vis spectrophotometry. The equimolar variation method indicated the formation of the NF‐βCD (1 : 1, M : M) and a NC‐βCD (1 : 1, M : M) inclusion complexes. Titrations using the DPP peak currents for NF and NC permitted one to determine formation constant values of (135±20) M−1 and (357±41) M−1 for NF‐βCD and NC‐βCD, respectively. For comparative purposes we have also applied phase solubility studies with spectrophotometric detection obtaining formation constant values of (129±5) M−1 and (385±19) M−1 for NF‐βCD and NC‐βCD, respectively. According to the DPP studies, we can postulate that the inclusion moiety were the nitroaromatic group, in the case of NF‐βCD, and the phenyl group on 3‐position of the 1,4‐DHP, in the case of NC‐βCD. The solubility of NF in water was increased about three times due to the formation of an inclusion complex with βCD. For NC the solubility was increased almost seven times.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Cobalt and Iron Phthalocyanine Complexes on Gold Electrodes: Comparative Surface Electrochemistry and Electrocatalytic Interaction with Thiols and Thiocyanate
Authors: Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Nyokong Tebello , Westbroek Philippe 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe self‐assembling of the octa(hydroxyethylthio)‐metallophthalocyanine {MOHETPc (M=Co and Fe)} complexes and their similar analogues, octabutylthiometallophthalocyanine {MOBTPc (M=Co and Fe)} complexes on gold electrodes are investigated. Comparative surface voltammetric insights into their distinct self‐assembling properties with respect to the passivation of Faradaic processes and surface coverages, including their solution electrochemistry, suggest different orientations and non‐cleavage of their CS bonds. In the pH 2−9 range, the reversible [M(III)Pc(−2)]+ / [M(II)Pc(−2)] redox couples show potential shifts close to −59 mV / pH. The gold electrodes modified with the SAMs of these species show electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of thiols (L‐cysteine, homocysteine and penicillamine) and thiocyanate in acidic media with detection limits in the region of 10−7–10−6 mol dm−3. These monolayers are stable and easily reproducible.
Composite Multienzyme Amperometric Biosensors for an Improved Detection of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Serra B. , Reviejo A. J. , Pingarrón J. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA biosensor design, in which glucose oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized by simple physical inclusion into the bulk of graphite‐Teflon pellets, is reported for the detection of phenolic compounds. This design allows the “in situ” generation of the H2O2 needed for the enzyme reaction with the phenolic compounds, which avoids several problems detected in the performance of single peroxidase biosensors as a consequence of the presence of a high H2O2 concentration. So, a much lower surface fouling was found at the GOD‐HRP biosensor in comparison with a graphite‐Teflon‐HRP electrode, suggesting that the controlled generation of H2O2 makes more difficult the formation of polymers from the enzyme reaction products. The construction of trienzyme biosensors, in which GOD, HRP and tyrosinase were coimmobilized into the graphite‐Teflon matrix is also reported, and their performance was compared with that of GOD‐HRP bienzyme electrodes. The practical applicability of the composite multienzyme amperometric biosensors was evaluated by the estimation of the phenolic compounds content in waste waters from a refinery, and the results were compared with those obtained by using a colorimetric official method based on the reaction with 4‐aminoantipyrine.
Two‐generation reproductive toxicity study of inhaled tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) vapor in CD® rats
Authors: Tyl R. W. , Myers C. B. , Marr M. C. , Fail P. A. , Seely J. C. , Elswick B. , James A. , Welsch F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractUnder Ofﬁce of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances draft guidelines, CD® weanling F0 rats (30 of each gender per group) inhaled tertiary amyl methyl ether vapor at 0, 250, 1500 or 3000 ppm 5 days a week and 6 h a day for 10 weeks, with vaginal cytology evaluated for weeks 8–10. The F0 animals then produced F1 offspring, with exposure 7 days a week from mating through to lactation. During the F1 prebreed exposure period, vaginal patency, preputial separation (PPS) and vaginal cytology were evaluated. The F1 animals were mated, with F2 anogenital distance measured on postnatal day zero. At F2 weaning 30 of each gender per group were selected for postwean retention, with no exposures, through vaginal patency and PPS. Body weights, feed consumption and clinical signs were recorded throughout the study. Adult F0 and F1 systemic toxicity was present at 1500 and 3000 ppm. Minor adult male reproductive toxicity was present at 3000 ppm. There were no adult effects on vaginal cyclicity, estrous cycle length, mating, fertility, pregnancy, gestational length or ovarian and uterine weights. There were no treatment‐related gross or histopathologic ﬁndings in parental male or female systemic or reproductive organs. The F1 and F2 offspring toxicity was present at 1500 and 3000 ppm. The no‐observable‐adverse‐effect level for adult systemic and offspring toxicity was 250 ppm and 1500 ppm for male reproductive toxicity (females at >3000 ppm). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood pharmacokinetics of tertiary amyl methyl ether in male and female F344 rats and CD‐1 mice after nose‐only inhalation exposure
Authors: Sumner Susan C. J. , Janszen Derek B. , Asgharian Bahman , Moore Timothy A. , Bobbitt Carol M. , Fennell Timothy R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInterest in understanding the biological behavior of aliphatic ethers has increased owing to their use as gasoline additives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the blood pharmacokinetics of the oxygenate tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), its major metabolite tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) and acetone in rats and mice following inhalation exposure to TAME. Species differences in the area under the curve (AUC) for TAME were signiﬁcant at each exposure concentration. For rats, the blood TAME AUC increased in proportion with an increase in exposure concentration. For mice, an increase in exposure concentration (100–500 ppm) resulted in a disproportional increase in the TAME AUC. Mice had greater (two‐ to threefold) blood concentrations of TAA compared with rats following exposure to 2500 or 500 ppm TAME. Mice had a disproportional increase in the TAA AUC with an increase in exposure concentration (100–500 ppm). This difference could result from saturation of a process (e.g. oxidation, glucuronide conjugation) that is involved in the further metabolism of TAA. For each species, gender and exposure concentration, acetone increased during exposure and returned to control values by 16 h following exposure. The source of acetone could be both as a metabolite of TAA or an effect on endogenous metabolism produced by exposure to TAME. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filtration of zinc ions utilising pretreated Streptomyces rimosus biomass
Authors: Addour L , Bakhti Z , Belhocine D , Grib H , Lounici H , Pauss A , Piron DL , Mameri N 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe performance of biofiltration of zinc utilising pretreated Streptomyces rimosus was studied. Streptomyces rimosus biomass is able to bind zinc ions in batch mode. The biomass granules may be regenerated easily by using a biomass pretreatment which confers rigidity to biosolids, without decreasing the zinc uptake capacity, thus allowing collection of the biomass by filtration. Accordingly, biomass was pretreated with an anionic enzymatic tension active product (Extran AP41) and regeneration with a cleaning product (HCl) was successfully realised. It was shown that the optimum concentration of biomass and pressure range are found to be between 50 and 120 g dm−3 and 0.5 and 1 × 105 Pa, respectively. Complete regeneration was reached after three cycles under optimal experimental conditions when the biosorbent was saturated with synthetic ZnCl2 solution. The filterability of biosolids was demonstrated. A combination of a batch reactor and a filtration process made it possible to increase the performance of the complete treatment process. The biosorption capacity of the biomass to bind Zn ions was slightly increased (from X = 14 mg g−1 in batch mode to X = 16.1 mg g−1 in a process combining batch reactor and pressure filtration) and the experimental contact time was considerably reduced. Integration of the filtration process produced a dewatering cake which considerably facilitated the regeneration operation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Base‐catalyzed organosolv pulping of jute
Authors: Sahin Halil Turgut 
Published: November 2003

AbstractJute fibers were pulped using a novel caustic soda and ethanol–alkali (EtOH–NaOH) pulping process with the aim of minimizing problems associated with conventional chemical pulping. The effects of reaction conditions on the pulp yield, degree of delignification and selected physical properties were evaluated. The results indicate that adding ethanol to the conventional soda process was effective for improving both delignification and the physical properties of jute pulps. It was found that the delignification proceeded more rapidly and more selectively with ethanol–alkali than with alkali alone, giving higher yields at a given kappa number. Strength properties were markedly improved. The greatest values for burst (5.8 kPa m2 g−1) and tensile strength (68 N m g−1) were obtained at 175 °C and 2.5 h reaction time. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry