bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rhetorical Feminine (I): Women And Muslims In The Literary Imagination
Authors: Colvin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of woman need not be negative. In literature, women are as often portrayed as heroic Amazons or paragons of constancy as they are as witches and whores. The idea of the femme forte or heroic woman, for example, popularized especially in France in the early to mid-seventeenth century, is a construction of woman as ideally virtuous, and is specifically designed to refute established pre judices. This might suggest that there is no obviously identifiable pattern in the traditional literary imagination. But it becomes apparent that this is an unsatisfactory mode of reading as soon as we stop reading the sex of the idea and instead look analytically at its gender. The female is not necessarily portrayed as feminine, the male not necessarily as masculine: nonetheless, those linguistic or rhetorical categories are important, and femininity is inevitably linked to female just as masculinity is to male in the writing imagination.
Reading The Signs: Rhetorical Loci And Stage Semiotics
Authors: Colvin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depictions of the Turk or Muslim as feminine (in the face of a real fear of the Ottomans ‘masculine’ military prowess), or of personally ambitious women as dangerous Venus fly-traps, represent—as we have observed—the rhetorical arrangement of ideas into recognizable categories, or loci. The structure of the process imitates proof by precedent; we know (for example) that Helen is associated with the fall of Troy, there fore any woman associated with Helen is also automatically associated with the fall of civilizations. As such ideas gain familiarity they acquire the deictic authority of the emblem: just a fleeting reference will guide the audience or reader towards an intended meaning. Within the compressed form of the drama, this can constitute a useful kind of shorthand.
‘Books Do Furnish a Room’: Readers and Reading
Authors: Humble Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This episode of a man scrutinizing a woman’s reading habits takes place just before Paul, a small-time publisher, begins an adulterous affair with Judy, his wife’s oldest friend. Norman Denny’s novel wholeheartedly approves of this affair, as Paul’s wife, the coolly competent Cicely, has never loved him. Judy and Paul are among the very few emotionally literate characters in Sweet Confusion, which is set in 1938 and depicts a world of middle-class comfort and certainties turned inside out by the pressures of the imminent war.
Imagining the Home
Authors: Humble Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suzanne fails the test ignominiously, declaring obtusely that she sees nothing but the book itself; but the question of the ways in which the home is imagined is a crucial one for the middlebrow women’s novel of this period. Repeatedly, in such novels from the 192os to the 1950s, domestic space is described in obsessive, coded detail. Essentially, the feminine middlebrow constructs the home as a text to be read for its ideological import.
The Eccentric Family
Authors: Humble Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The feminine middlebrow encountered elsewhere in this study concerns itself with redefining the significance of the home and of reading for the middle-class woman and in actively revising conceptions of class politics, gender roles, and sexuality. All of these concerns coalesce in what seems to me both the oddest and the most characteristic preoccupation of the women’s middlebrow novel in this period: its sense of the family as a profoundly eccentric organization.
Sales and Prices of First Folios: A History from 1623 to the Present
Authors: West Anthony James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Shakespeare First Folio appeared in November 1623. The plays were gathered together for publication by John Heminges and Henry Condell, fellow players of Shakespeare’s in the company of the King’s Men. It was printed in London near St Paul’s by William Jaggard and his son Isaac; the principal publishers were Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount. It has 454 leaves, including nine preliminaries; the sheets are gathered (with some exceptions) into six- leaf quires. The text is printed on handmade paper in pica roman type, in two columns, on both sides of the leaves. The volume contains thirty-six plays (eighteen printed for the first time), all of the traditionally accepted dramatic canon except Pericles.
Listings of the First Folio Since the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: West Anthony James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The survey of facsimiles of the First Folio in the previous chapter showed one facet of the Folio’s history since the early nineteenth century. The survey of listings of copies of the Folio in this chapter shows another. The word ‘listing’ is used to embrace the various lists in the nineteenth century, Sidney Lee’s Census in 1902, more lists since then, and Otness’s Census of American institutional copies in 1990. Perhaps the best way to view this succession of lists is ‘Before and After Lee’, because his Census (for all its faults, which we will note) stands out from the rest. It is a uniquely valuable record. The structure of this chapter reflects this.
Linguistic Provenance: What are the Languages Palsgrave is Describing?
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having outlined the compilation, the production, and the overall structure of Lesclarcissement de la langue jrancoyse, we shall now look at the kind of English and French which Palsgrave describes in his grammar and his dictionary. At the time when he was compiling Lesclarcissement, English and French, like other European vernaculars, were still in the process of establishing themselves on a par with the classical languages, Latin and Greek. Supraregional prestige norms, in the spoken as well as the written vernacular, were gradually emerging, and the printing press played a considerable role in the development and spread of a particular social and regional form of the language. There is a concurrent crucial factor for the period which we have to bring back to our minds: there were no agreed rules for spelling and there was wide variation. Apart from having no existing word lists to hand from which to compile their own word lists, the early vernacular lexicographers were thus faced with the further burden of selecting the spellings for words. The users of these early vernacular dictionaries, on the other hand, had to be imaginative and flexible enough to check in different places of the dictionary (still only imperfectly alphabetical) when the spelling which they had assumed for a word did not coincide with that chosen by the lexicographer.
Theoretical Perspectives in Irish Research
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Reversing Language Shift, Fishman (1991) is critical of the ‘rather gross and undifferentiated’ distinctions made in the literature between the various kinds of counter-trend or what he calls ‘reverse language shift (RLS)’ policies. While Fishman’s general strictures about the unhelpful distinctions often made between different types of language policies are valid, his eight-stage reverse language shift model has more than a passing similarity to the well-known five-stage model of economic growth proposed by Rostow (1960) thirty years earlier. In place of Rostow’s goal of self-sustaining economic growth, Fishman offers the goal of ‘self-priming intergenerational transmission’ of the target language. Furthermore, the three critical stages of Rostow’s economic growth model, ‘the preconditions for take-off’, ‘take-off’, and ‘the drive towards maturity’, have clear and obvious parallels with the more important of Fishman’s stages of reverse language shift. This exposes the model to the kind of criticisms to which Rostow’s theory and, indeed, most kinds of evolutionary models of development have been subjected (Bernstein 1971, Mouzelis 1988). It is not easy to distinguish either the analytical or prescriptive logic of many ‘stages’, their essential characteristics, or the mechanisms which might be seen to link them to each other. Furthermore, many minority language groups are so heterogeneous in their structure that fitting them into Fishman’s eight-stage model is difficult.
Irish-Speaking Areas 1926-1986: An Overview
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Gaeltacht’ has come to signify several related, but different, realities for Irish people. For some it is exactly what the word literally means, that is, an area in which Irish is spoken. For others, it is an area of economic underdevelopment, depopulation, and backwardness. For yet others it is an area of outstanding natural beauty. Finally, in the domain of state management, the Gaeltacht is a distinct regional unit, with separate policies and institutional structures. All of these perspectives interact with each other in complex ways that have changed over time. This chapter will focus primarily on changes in language patterns since 1926 as revealed by census data. Changes in linguistic, socio-economic, and administrative structures, and the many ways these processes interact with each other, will be discussed in the following chapter.
Public Attitudes towards Irish and Irish Language Policies
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of language attitudes has a large and well-developed tradition which is to be found across a range of disciplines. While noting that there is thus no single definition of ‘attitude’ that would carry universal approval, the definition offered by Sarnoff (1970, quoted by Cargile et al. 1994) provides a start-’a disposition to react favourably or unfavourably to a class of objects’. Attitudes, so defined, are seen to be cognitive (entail beliefs about the world), affective (involve feelings towards an object), and behavioural (encourage or promote certain actions). It is, of course, this last dimension which is both of most interest in the study of lesser used langages and at the same time the most problematical.
Irish Language Production and Reproduction in English-Speaking Areas
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

abstract
Currently the community acts as a source for the transmission of Irish only in the Gaeltacht areas where, along with the home, its role in reproducing primary bilingualism remains a crucial factor in ensuring the future vitality of the language. While census evidence would suggest some continuity across the generations of Irish-speaking homes, the analyses contained in Chapters 3 and 4 show clearly that these areas have both been losing population and that, within the residual population, a progressive language shift to English has continued. Irish is not being maintained in its traditional core area although in 1981 these areas still contained 45 per cent of Irish-speaking homes.
Irish-Speaking Networks 1n Urban Areas
Authors: Riagáin Pádraigó 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The CILAR research was initially based on the premise that social use of Irish would be found to have a ‘domain’ pattern. This hypothesis implied that ‘the choice of one language in preference to another equally accessible language is made more or less consciously and consistently with reference to situations or topics, these being possibly centred around institutional settings (or domains) such as home, work, or public administration’ (CILAR 1975: 230). However, following analysis of its survey findings, it suggested that ‘social control over language use is ... operating through networks of friends or acquaintances whose personal knowledge of each other is the guiding factor in explaining preferences of one language over another’ (CILAR 1975: 231). The Committee went on to hypothesize ‘that variation in language use is “person” or “group” related, whereas domain theory postulates that such variation is related to areas of “activity”‘.
The Formation of National Identity
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is nothing peculiarly modern about the problem of identity. It is almost as old as recorded history. Certainly, the Bible contains many instances of concern with ethnic and social identity, individual and collective. Jacob’s simulation of his brother Esau’s identity, Ruth’s determination to exchange her Moabite for an Israelite identity and Jonah’s assertion of his Hebrew identity despite his refusal to accept his prophetic mission, are among the better-known examples. Ancient Greek mythology, too, reveals a strong interest in problems of social identity; Ion, Theseus, and, in more tragic vein, Orestes all suffer from self-doubt or internal conflicts. Perhaps the most celebrated of these cases was Oedipus, who in the course of Sophocles’ play, runs through several wouldbe identities, only to stand revealed as a parricide, husband of his mother, brother of his sons and daughters, and a Theban after all.
Natural Law and the Ethics of Traditions
Authors: Boyle Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major theme in contemporary discussions of moral philosophy is dissatisfaction with the condition of ethical theory. Ethical theory can be characterized as the effort to develop general criteria for distinguishing correct from incorrect moral judgements, within an overall account of moral life and experience. Currently, the chief representatives of ethical theory are utilitarianism, Kantianism, and various forms of contractualism. These theories are found wanting both because they are believed to be excessively abstract and rationalistic, and because they are held incapable of providing a plausible account of the rich diversity of moral life. The objections to these theories are generalized so as to apply to ethical theory as such. Thus, ethical theory must be replaced and several alternatives to ethical theory have been ventured.
That ‘Nature Herself Has Placed in our Ears a Power of Judging’: Some Reflections on the ‘Naturalism’ of Cicero
Authors: Arkes Hadley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those of us who grew up with the legends of Franklin Roosevelt were impressed with a series of visual images that came along with the hagiography: they were scenes from the Depression and the Second World War, which offered the dramatic setting for the special mission and story of Roosevelt. Among the pictures from the Depression, we remember the scene of bitter farmers, banding together to resist the sheriff, who was charged to act as an agent of a bank in foreclosing on a family farm. A companion scene was drawn from the run on the banks in the first days of the Roosevelt Administration: a crowd of desperate depositors was massed outside the doors of the bank, hoping to get in and retrieve what they could of their savings before the bank went under.
Introduction
Authors: Loveday Leo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Japanese are often stereotyped as a nation possessing a unique culture, having hardly any linguistic connections with other language-groups, a characterization which some Japanese admittedly also promote for ideological purposes. However, on closer examination of their linguistic and cultural history, a very different picture emerges, of a people avidly looking beyond themselves for inspiration and external contact-political environment permitting. It is the story of this surprisingly enduring, 2,000-year-long influence of other cultures and languages on Japan which constitutes the focus of this book.The picture that will emerge provides important clues to the causes and patterns of language change in general and will be valuable for comparative purposes, especially to those searching for data to help them formulate cross-cultural universals in language-contact behaviour. Furthermore, it is now necessary to pay attention to language-contact processes in the long-neglected setting of a monolingual speech-community. Significant insights into the contemporary modifications undergone by the English language in a non-native, Asian context fundamentally different from one, such as India, with a colonial, British heritage, can also be gleaned here. In addition, it is hoped that some readers will be stimulated by the application of interdisciplinary theory and methodology in this case-study.
Introducing Language Contact
Authors: Loveday Leo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will offer a brief introduction to the field of language contact and propose a universal typology for relating types of language contact to social settings which will be applied to the Japanese scenario throughout this book. Those readers already familiar with the theoretical background or wishing to proceed straight to the descriptive episodes concerning Japanese contact may dispense with it. However, it may be worth consulting the typology presented in Table 1.1 as the presentation proceeds.Language contact is observable in almost every country of the contemporary world and is evident in the recorded history of nearly all languages. The term ‘language contact’ as employed here, covers an extremely broad range of phenomena, all of which relate to the direct and indirect influences of languages on each other. These reciprocal influences of one language or more on another may occur on any or every linguistic level and may also extend beyond these, to discourse and interaction. The words ‘language contact’ or ‘language transfer’ are employed here because they do not imply any normative judgements concerning the purity or legitimacy of the consequences of contact, nor suggest any degree of integration into a language during or after contact. Furthermore, the term ‘language contact’ indicates no particular source or type of influence and ascribes no volition on the part of speakers, which other terms such as ‘mixing’ or ‘borrowing’ might.
Japanese Contact with Asian Languages
Authors: Loveday Leo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese society has been involved in the processes of language contact since its earliest emergence. As was mentioned in the introduction to the Japanese language, the mixed linguistic heritage of Japanese points to the strong likelihood of it having gradually evolved through pidgin and creole stages of communication between Austronesian- and Altaic-speaking groups who migrated to the islands in prehistoric time (see Aikiba-Reynolds, 1983; Doi, 1984). Furthermore, the Chinese language has played a pre-eminent role in both linguistic and cultural development in Japan since the beginning of recorded history, but it is now being eclipsed by English-speaking cultures.Table 2.1offers a bird’s-eye view of the evolution of Japanese linguistic contact with exogenous sources and of how this relates to historical periods and motivational forces. However, the cause for contact has been reduced to a very general, perhaps even over-simplified, notion. This chapter and the following two aim to provide substance and depth to this outline.
Plato’s Discovery of Metaphysics
Authors: Bolton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did Plato take his Forms to be causes, as we understand causes? This is a question which has long occupied students of the Phaedo, Republic, and Timaeus, and students of Plato’s attitude to natural science in general. 1 The answer to this question depends first of all, of course, on how we do understand causes. Writers on Plato typically decline to be very specific about this, and perhaps wisely so. Contemporary philosophical discussion of causation, not to speak of earlier discussion, can easily lead one to doubt that we have any coherent general conception of a cause or of causal efficacy at all. Still, we have paradigms: the heat of the sun causes the ice on the pond to melt; the awareness of an insult causes anger; the moistening of a seed in the earth causes a plant to begin to grow; the medication prescribed by the doctor causes the patient to get well. So, even if we cannot start from any clear and uncontroversial general notion of a cause which we share, we can start from our uncontroversial paradigms. We can then coherently ask: did Plato think of his Forms as causes on a par with these paradigms? For convenience, I will label these paradigms ‘productive causes’.
Introduction
Authors: Lanza Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to describe and explain the feat of language acquisition have preoccupied scholars over time. More recent years have witnessed an increased interest in crosslinguistic studies of how children in different parts of the world exposed to different languages acquire their first language. Although there are many children who acquire one language at a time, children’s exposure to more than one language in their primary language acquisition has for centuries been the norm in many parts of the world.
Some Basic Notions of Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I introduce some basic concepts of cognitive grammar. For a fuller presentation of the theory, the reader is referred to Langacker (1987a, 1990a, 1991). A succinct overview may be found in the four chapters that Langacker contributed to Rudzka-Ostyn (1988), i.e. Langacker (1988a,b,c,d).
Possessive Compounds
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are good reasons why we should want to regard the expressions in (I) as ambiguous. both structurally and semantically.I)a. the woman’s magazine.b. the girls’ school.c. the man’s shirt.d. the driver’s licence. On one reading, these expressions instantiate the prenominal possessive construction that has been our main focus of attention so far. On this reading, the woman’s magazine denotes a specific magazine, identified from the reference point of ‘the woman’.
Turing’s Test and Conscious Thought
Authors: Michie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although its text is now available, there is little awareness of a remarkable lecture delivered to the London Mathematical Society on 20 February I947 The lecturer was Alan Turing. His topic was the nature of programmable digital computers, taking as his exemplar the ‘Automatic Computing Engine’ (ACE) then under construction at the National Physical Laboratory. At that time no stored-program machine was yet operational anywhere in the world. So each one of his deeply considered points blazes a trail-logical equivalence to the Universal Turing machine of hardware constructions such as the ACE, the uses of variable-length precision, the need for large paged memories, the nature of ‘while’ loops, the idea of the subroutine, the possibility of remote access, the automation of 1/0, and the concept of the operating system. Turing then considers the eventual possibility of automating the craft of programming, itself scarcely yet invented.
Beyond Turing Equivalence
Authors: Sloman Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial intelligence has revolutionized the study of mind by introducing computational theories of mental processes. Many people believe that computational concepts and theories suffice to explain the nature of perception, learning, creativity, motivation, emotions, feelings, consciousness, etc. because all these are thought to be computational states, events, or processes. Indeed, I once put forward such a view (Sloman, 1978). But this presupposes that we know what computations are. Do we? Do analog computers do computations? The concept has become less clear with the growth of interest in ‘neural computations’.