bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheology of EPR/PP blends
Authors: Mighri F. , Huneault M. A. , Ajji A. , Ko G. H. , Watanabe F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe rheological behavior of polypropylene, PP, ethylene‐propylene copolymer, EPR, and EPR/PP blends was studied. Zero‐shear viscosity and elastic relaxation time were determined by least‐squares fits by using a Carreau–Yasuda model with Arrhenius temperature dependency. The effect of PP and EPR molecular weight, ethylene ratio in EPR copolymer (E/EPR), and EPR concentration on the zero‐shear viscosity and elasticity of EPR/PP blends was determined experimentally. Molecular weight effects are compared to theoretically expected relationships. EPR concentration effect and E/EPR ratio effects agree well with predictions made by using the Tsenoglou model. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2113–2127, 2001
Macrostructural changes in thermally treated viscose fibers due to cold drawing process
Authors: Fouda I. M. , Shabana H. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe molecular orientation of thermally treated viscose (rayon) fibers was investigated by two techniques. The mechanical parameters, which were obtained by a micro‐stress–strain device in conjunction with an interference microscope, and structural parameters, which gave the optical properties, of boiled viscose fibers for different intervals of time and cold drawn at room temperature were calculated. The changes in the stress and draw ratios were evaluated to obtain the shrinkage factor, uniaxial tension, and true stress and orientation factors 〈P2(cos θ)〉 and 〈P4(cos θ)〉. The functionsf2(θ),f4(θ), andf6(θ) were also calculated. The dielectric constant, dielectric susceptibility, number of moles in physical network chains between entanglements in the semicrystalline phase per unit volume, surface reflectivity, segment anisotropy, number of chains between crosslinks per unit volume, and number of crystals per unit volume were among the evaluated parameters. An empirical formula was suggested to correlate the changes in the evaluated parameters with different draw ratios, and its constants were determined. The study demonstrated changes in the molecular orientation factors and the evaluated macrostructural parameters as a result of applied stress and the boiling effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2387–2398, 2001
Role of paper sludge particle size and extrusion temperature on performance of paper sludge–thermoplastic polymer composites
Authors: Son Jungil , Kim Hyun‐Joong , Lee Phil‐Woo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of paper sludge's particle size and extrusion temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of paper sludge–thermoplastic polymer composites was investigated. In the experiment three levels of particle sizes for the paper sludge and four extrusion temperatures were designed to examine the physical and mechanical properties of these composites. The ash contents of the paper sludge were about 73.7, 46.2, and 38.1% with particle sizes of below 0.15, 0.18–0.25, and 0.42–0.84 mm, respectively, which meant lower ash content and higher cellulose fiber content, in the larger particle size of paper sludge. As the particle size of the paper sludge decreased, the swelling thickness, water absorption, and tensile and flexural strengths of the composite improved; but the particle size of the paper sludge had no effect on its unnotched impact strength. With the increase of the extrusion temperature the thickness swelling and water absorption of the composites were slightly improved but not statistically different. A rise of the extrusion temperature generally had a positive effect on the tensile and flexural properties of the composite. The notched and unnotched impact strengths of the composite increased with the increase of the extrusion temperature from 190 to 230°C, but they decreased slightly at an extrusion temperature of 250°C. This low impact energy at an extrusion temperature of 250°C may be attributed to the excessively brittle fibers from thermal decomposition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2709–2718, 2001
The synthesis of nonporous poly(isobutyl methacrylate) microspheres by suspension polymerization technique and investigation of their swelling properties
Authors: Bodugöz Hatice , Güven Olgun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) microspheres with different crosslinking densities were synthesized by suspension polymerization technique in aqueous medium and their characterization and swelling behaviors in different solvents were investigated. PiBMA spheres with a 800‐ to 1500‐μm‐diameter range were obtained by using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as polymerization initiator, 1/5 ratio of monomer/water in volume, tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and poly(N vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) as suspension stabilizer with 350 rpm stirring rate in nitrogen atmosphere. The influence of type and amount of crosslinking agent on the swelling properties and diffusional behavior, diffusion coefficient, and network properties of the spheres were examined in pentane, hexane, heptane, and gasoline. Dynamic swelling behaviors of crosslinked spheres were determined by measuring the diameter of the sphere as a function of time by an optical microscope. Swelling behaviors and network properties were found to be dependent on the diameter, crosslinking density of the sphere, and crosslinking agent and solvent. The results of this study indicate that the crosslinked PiBMA microsphere can be swollen in gasoline very well and retains a high ratio (1500% of its volume) of gasoline in their structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 349–356, 2002
Heat setting
Authors: Gupta V. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs‐manufactured polymeric fibers are oriented semi‐crystalline structures in which the macromolecules are rarely in their equilibrium state. Further instabilities are imparted when the fibers are converted to yarns and the yarns to fabrics. Heat setting is an important industrial process, since it rids them of their instabilities. This review article first considers aspects that are relevant to the broad area of heat setting, viz., the origin of instability, the durability of set, thermal and dynamic mechanical transitions, thermodynamic basis of setting, shrinkage and shrinkage stress, and characterization of the degree of set. The heat setting of major thermoplastic fibers, viz., polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, and polyethylene has been described in terms of the conditions of heat setting, the structural and morphological changes that occur on heat setting, and the changes in their physical properties. It is shown that heat setting affects such important properties as stress–strain and recovery behavior, dye‐uptake, optical properties, and thermal properties. The structural and morphological changes have been described in terms of changes in crystallinity, crystal size and their size distribution, crystal defects, crystal orientation, the nature of the amorphous phase and its orientation, the coupling of the crystalline and amorphous phases, etc. The structural basis of property changes is then discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 586–609, 2002
Porous elastomeric beads from crosslinked emulsions
Authors: Dufaud O. , Favre E. , Sadtler V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe production of porous polymeric particles is attractive for a large number of applications and can be achieved by various techniques. Although numerous production schemes exist for glassy polymers, difficulties arise for soft, rubbery materials that need a chemical crosslinking step, such as elastomers. This is particularly true for poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), which shows the lowest glass‐transition temperature among the polymers. Recent studies suggest in situ hydrogen bubble formation or vacuum drying of water droplets dispersed in the polymer matrix in order to generate porous PDMS structures. In this work we report early results based on the chemical crosslinking of water in PDMS emulsion droplets in a mechanically stirred thermostated water vessel. This approach is shown to lead to high porosity PDMS beads (ca. 10−3 m particle diameter) with an open structure whose properties (diameter and porosity) are strongly influenced by the starting composition (solvent, surfactant, and polymer types and ratios), as well as the operating parameters (agitation and temperature). The possible uses of these derived beads are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 967–971, 2002
High‐solids mar resistant clearcoats prepared from an isophthalate‐based oligoester and a melamine resin. Study and characterization of mar resistance with scanning probe microscopy method
Authors: Diakoumakos Constantinos D. , Jones Frank N. , Ye Huijuan , Shen Weidian C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new series of high‐solids [low‐VOC (volatile organic compound)content] mar resistant clearcoats (CL‐series) were prepared upon crosslinking of a new‐synthesized hydroxyl‐terminated isophthalate‐based liquid oligoester (L‐311) with an hexakis(methoxymethylol)melamine (HMMM) resin, via an acid‐catalyzed etherification reaction. The chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the CL‐clearcoats were compared to those of a reference clearcoat (CRO). An attempt was made to investigate the effect that the amounts of catalyst and melamine resin had on the clearcoats' physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, and moreover, to correlate these properties to the films chemical structures. The new‐formulated high‐solids clearcoats (CL‐series) presented enhanced processability and higher NVW values (lower VOC content) than the reference clearcoat CRO, and their properties (pencil hardness, knoop hardness, adhesion, impact resistance, solvent and gasoline resistance, mar resistance, and flexibility) were better or comparable to those of the CRO. More specifically, the mar resistance of the CL‐clearcoats series was investigated by applying both the crockmeter test and a novel method that employed a modified scanning probe microscope. In addition, we identified and characterized the different responses of the CRO and certain CL‐clearcoats to marring stress. The experimental data regarding the mar resistance of the new‐formulated clearcoats fully justified our polymer design strategy, verifying our expectations for the possibility of preparing glossy, high‐solids mar‐resistant clearcoats that could present enhanced processability and solvent resistance, relatively high pencil hardness, and at the same time very good elastic recovery to marring stress. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1317–1333, 2002
Survey of macroalgal mats in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea
Authors: Lehvo Annamaija , Bäck Saara 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1. The occurrence of macroalgal mats in shallow coastal waters was studied in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea.2. Altogether, 89 sites were visited and the near‐shore waters of the islands were investigated, mainly by scuba diver, to about 10 m depth. In 26 places, drifting algal mats were recorded.3. The macroalgal mats occurred in patches of up to 10 m2 in area, in a range of depths from 0.5 to 10 m, with the optimum depth being less than 5 m. The coverage of the mat varied between 10–70%, and the thickness of the mat was found to vary between 2 and 30 cm. The most frequently recorded, dominant species was Cladophora glomerata.4. In some cases, anoxic conditions were observed as black sediment underneath the mat. This phenomenon could be a sign of very severe eutrophication of the Baltic Sea.Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angling and conservation at Sites of Special Scientific Interest in England: economics, attitudes and impacts
Authors: Williams Adrian E. , Moss Brian 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1. An extensive questionnaire (181 questions) was devised to examine the relationships and attitudes of angling clubs to their local environment and conservation organizations. Questions related to the fishery itself and the economics of the club were also asked. The questionnaire was sent to 59 coarse‐angling clubs that fished shallow Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in England. SSSIs are statutorily designated sites of the highest conservation value in Britain. Thirty‐one valid questionnaires were returned.2. The average cost of leasing a water body was £645 ha−1 year−1 (1997 prices) and an adult angler paid, on average, £67 year−1 to fish at a club. The overall profit made by an angling club in an SSSI was, on average, £1760 year−1. Most clubs were not run on a profit basis. Compensatory cash payments were unlikely to influence attitudes to restrictions on stocking.3. Angling clubs generally had a positive attitude to nature conservation and its enhancement. In 83% of cases, where stocking restrictions had been introduced by English Nature (the statutory nature conservation organization in England) the club involved agreed with the decision. Only 10% of respondents thought that a close season was detrimental to fishing. Aesthetic qualities and tranquillity were considered very important for a fishery to be successful and these were seen to be consistent with nature conservation values.4. There were areas of concern. Common carp was the fish most likely to be stocked, largely because of financial benefits. Nonetheless, a trend towards carp stocking may have reached a peak. Management culling of fish such as pike took place at 42% of sites and some clubs believed that stronger ties with environmental groups should not be pursued. It may be some time before certain aspects of fishery management, suggested by English Nature as best conservation practice, are accepted by all angling clubs in SSSIs, but attitudes were found to be more positive than often assumed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo surface strain and stereology of the frontal and maxillary bones of sheep: Implications for the structural design of the mammalian skull
Authors: Thomason Jeffrey J. , Grovum Lawrence E. , Deswysen Armand G. , Bignell Warren W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDoes the skull of the sheep behave as a tube or as a complex of independent bones linked by sutures? Is the architecture within cranial bones optimized to local strain alignment? We attempted to answer these questions for the sheep by recording from rosette strain gauges on each frontal and maxillary bone and from single‐axis gauges on each dentary of five sheep while they fed on hay. Bone structure was assessed at each rosette gauge site by stereological analysis of high‐resolution radiographs. Structural and strain orientations were tested for statistical agreement. Ranges of strain magnitudes were ±1200 μϵ on the mandible, ±650 μϵ on the frontals, and ±400 μϵ on the maxillae. Each gauge site experienced one strain signal when on the working (chewing) side and a different one when on the balancing (nonchewing) side. The two signals differed in mode, magnitude, and orientation. For example, on the working side, maxillary gauges were under mean compressive strains of –132 μϵ (S.D., 73.3 μϵ), oriented rostroventrally at 25°–70° to the long axis of the skull. On the balancing side, the same gauges were under mean tensile strains of +319 μϵ (S.D., 193.9 μϵ), at greater than 65° to the cranial axis. Strain patterns on the frontals are consistent with torsion and bending of the whole skull, indicating some degree of tube‐like mechanical behavior. Frontal and maxillary strains also showed a degree of individual loading, resulting from modulation of strains across sutures and local effects of muscle activity. The sheep skull seems to behave as a tube made of a complex of independent bones. Structural orientation was in statistically significant agreement with the orientation of working‐side compressive principal strain ϵ2, even though principal tensile strains may be as large or larger. Cranial bone architecture in sheep is not optimized to both strain signals it experiences. Anat Rec 264:325–338, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute effects of intramuscular aponeurotomy and tenotomy on multitendoned rat EDL: Indications for local adaptation of intramuscular connective tissue
Authors: Jaspers R.T. , Brunner R. , Baan G.C. , Huijing P.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntervention with the continuity of the tendon and part of the muscle fibers allows investigation of myofascial force transmission. The present study investigates the effects of proximal aponeurotomy on length‐force characteristics and the geometry of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, and compares those effects with the effects of both distal tenotomy (TT) and intramuscular fasciotomy (IF) of the EDL. After proximal aponeurotomy, the intramuscular connective tissue ruptured spontaneously below the location of intervention. Due to this rupturing, a gap developed within the proximal aponeurosis. The fibers that were continuous with the tendon at only one end were substantially shorter than before the intervention. Optimum muscle force was reduced by 29%. After distal TT (of heads II–IV) a gap developed within the muscle belly. This gap increased at higher muscle lengths. However, the length of the gap was much smaller than after aponeurotomy. Despite the TT‐related gap, there was no rupturing of intramuscular connective tissue at the interface between heads IV and V, as there was after proximal aponeurotomy. The effects of TT on length‐force characteristics and on lengths of fibers continuous with the tendon at only one end were much less compared to the effects of aponeurotomy. Subsequent IF for two‐thirds the length of the interface between heads IV and V resulted in changes similar to the effects of proximal aponeurotomy plus rupture. The contrast regarding the occurrence of intramuscular connective tissue rupture indicates increased failure strength of the intramuscular connective tissue at distal locations. It is hypothesized that for multitendoned muscles in vivo, local shear and stress deformations will initiate local adaptation of the intramuscular connective tissue. Anat Rec 266:123–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical study of the obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris muscles with special reference to their innervation
Authors: Aung Htar Htar , Sakamoto Hirokazu , Akita Keiichi , Sato Tatsuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe manner of innervation of the obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, and the quadratus femoris in humans (101 pelvic halves) and in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta: 8 pelvic halves) were investigated. In most specimens, the inferior gemellus originated from the lateral surface of the ischial tuberosity and also from the medial surface (intrapelvic origin) just beneath the obturator internus and was covered by the falciform process of the sacrotuberous ligament. The superior gemellus was frequently innervated by the nerve to the obturator internus and the nerve to the quadratus femoris (60.4%), and the inferior gemellus was innervated by the obturator internus nerve in two specimens. The quadratus femoris nerve originated from more cranial segments than the obturator internus nerve, however these nerves had various communication patterns inside and outside the muscles. According to the intramuscular nerve distribution, in some specimens the branches to the superior gemellus from the quadratus femoris nerve extended to the inferior gemellus, and the branches to the inferior gemellus were distributed to the obturator internus. The present findings revealed that the positional relationships among the branches to the obturator internus and gemelli muscles are relatively constant, although the branching patterns and innervation patterns were varied. The various patterns and routes are considered to reflect the variability of the differentiation patterns of the anlage of the muscles. A possible schematic model of the positional relationships between the muscles and the nerves is proposed. Anat Rec 263:41–52, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant‐cell arteritis
Authors: Hernández‐Rodríguez José , García‐Martínez Ana , Casademont Jordi , Filella Xavier , Esteban María‐José , López‐Soto Alfonso , Fernández‐Solà Joaquim , Urbano‐Márquez Álvaro , Grau Josep M. , Cid Maria C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether the intensity of the initial systemic inflammatory response is able to predict response to therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA).MethodsRetrospective review of 75 patients (49 women and 26 men) with biopsy‐proven GCA who had regular followup and were treated according to uniform criteria. Four parameters were used to evaluate the baseline inflammatory response at diagnosis: fever, weight loss, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥ 85 mm/hour, and hemoglobin < 110 gm/liter. Patients were considered to have a weak inflammatory response if they had 2 or fewer inflammatory parameters (group 1) and a strong inflammatory response if 3 or 4 parameters were present (group 2). Time required to achieve a maintenance dose of less than 10 mg prednisone/day was recorded and analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis method. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) serum levels were also determined in 62 patients and 15 controls.ResultsForty patients had a weak (group 1) and 35 had a strong (group 2) initial inflammatory response. Patients in group 2 had significantly higher levels of circulating TNFα (31.9 ± 16.8 versus 22.3 ± 9 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and IL‐6 (28.2 ± 17.4 versus 16.6 ± 13 pg/ml; P = 0.004) than patients in group 1. In group 1, 50% of patients required a median of 40 weeks (95% CI 37–43) to reach a maintenance dose of <10 mg, whereas in group 2 a median of 62 weeks (95% CI 42–82) was necessary (P = 0.0062). Patients in group 2 experienced more flares than patients in group 1 (P = 0.01) and received higher cumulative steroid doses (8.974 ± 3.939 gm versus 6.893 ± 3.075 gm; P = 0.01).ConclusionGCA patients with a strong initial systemic inflammatory reaction have more elevated circulating levels of IL‐6 and TNFα, have higher and more prolonged corticosteroid requirements, and experience more disease flares during corticosteroid therapy than patients with a weak systemic acute phase response.
Information and information sources in tasks of varying complexity
Authors: Byström Katriina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents the research findings of a study on task complexity and information‐seeking activities in real‐life work tasks. The focus was on perceived task complexity, which was determined according to the task performers' prior knowledge about the task ahead. This view on task complexity is closely related to research considering task uncertainty and analyzability. Information‐seeking activities considered were a need to acquire different types of information and the subsequent use of different types of sources. The research data were mainly collected by (1) self‐recorded journals that were filled out by municipal administrators in the course of performing their ordinary work duties (altogether 78 task diaries), and (2) subsequent interviews. The results indicated that there is a relatively strong relationship between types of information and types of sources. The effects of task complexity made experts more attractive as a source than other people and all types of documentary sources.