bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SERUM SENSITIZATION OF ACID-FAST BACTERIA
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. 
Published: June 2004

Serum sensitization of the acid-fast bacteria causes two definite and directly observable changes in the bacterial surface:
1. A change from a surface readily wet by oil to a surface more readily wet by aqueous salt solution than by oil. This change is observed by microscopic examination of the bacteria in a saline-oil interface; thus detected, the surface alteration is said to constitute a "positive interface reaction."
2. An increased cohesiveness of the sensitized bacteria. This may be detected either by centrifuging the bacteria and then shaking up the sediment (resuspension reaction), or by observation of the clumps in the saline-oil interface.
The interface reaction is serologically specific and confirms the existence of qualitative differences among acid-fast bacteria.
The interface reaction parallels the binding of agglutinins as detected by the resuspension reaction, but not agglutination as ordinarily tested for. The interface reaction is less sensitive,—i.e., gives lower titers—than the resuspension reaction in about the average ratio of 1:3. The interface reaction in most instances runs approximately parallel to the complement fixation reaction; under at least one set of conditions, however, the interface reaction is correlated with the binding of agglutinin but not with the complement fixation reaction. How much of the bacterial surface must be covered with agglutinin in order to produce agglutination varies greatly with the bacterial strain used.
The bacterial surfaces are modified by treatment with fresh normal sera in a manner quantitatively less but qualitatively not observably different from the effects of immune sera.
Heating normal human, sheep, goat, or rabbit sera for 30 minutes at 56°C. has usually diminished but not abolished their effect on the bacterial surface. Similar inactivation of guinea pig sera left them without detectable effect on the bacterial surface.
The agglutination prezone is shown to be due to interference by excess colloidal material with the collisions of the bacteria prerequisite to clumping. The prezone maybe abolished by centrifugation and resuspension of the sediment.
Antibodies may be partially dissociated from the sensitized bacteria by alkali, with return of the bacterial surface toward its normal, unsensitized condition.
A carbohydrate yielding on hydrolysis a positive pentose test has been detected in the specific alcohol extracts of acid-fast bacteria studied by Furth and Aronson.27 The tentative suggestion is made that the alcohol-soluble antigens of acid-fast microorganisms may be conjugated lipins owing their specificity to carbohydrate haptenes.
Protective antipneumococcus globulins after heat denaturation have shown behavior in the saline-tricaprylin interface indistinguishable from that of maximally sensitized acid-fast bacteria. This strengthens the evidence suggesting that sensitized bacteria are coated with denatured globulin.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji 
Published: June 2004

1. Effects of anticoagulants, heparin and hirudin, on extracorporeal thrombosis were studied in thirty-three experiments by means of the extracorporeal vascular loop. In spite of adequate single doses of the anticoagulants white thrombi are formed and obstruction to flow may follow in the course of time, but the formation of red thrombi is markedly retarded.
2. The new method throws some light on the mechanics of thrombosis. The influences of foreign surfaces, of irregularities on the surface of the vessels, of whirlpools and of eddying motion of the blood current and of slowing and of stagnation with consequent prolonged contact with foreign surfaces are demonstrated, and these are analyzed in respect to the laying down of platelets and leucocytes.
3. The structure of white thrombi formed after anticoagulant injection is almost identical with that described by Welch. In one respect, however, the present results appear to differ from his: the formation of fibrin is postponed and retarded, and hence the collections of platelets are deposited in greater amount.
IMMUNIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH LECITHIN
Authors: Levene P. A. , Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

In testing several egg lecithin preparations prepared by ourselves it was found that they did not react in complement fixation tests with immune sera made by injections with commercial egg lecithin Merck. With the flocculation method two of the preparations reacted only faintly. Also the brain lecithin and hydrolecithin gave no distinct reactions.
The immunization experiments of Sachs and Klopstock could easily be confirmed when commercial egg lecithin Merck was used for the injections. Immunizations with brain lecithin and hydrolecithin yielded no active sera. With an egg lecithin (No. 1) prepared by us the results were not satisfactory though a great number of injections was made. Only one serum gave reactions of medium strength by complement fixation and in flocculation tests with emulsions of Merck lecithin. It did not react however with the lecithin preparation No. 1 itself. In this respect the results resemble to a certain degree those of Sachs and Klopstock with their lecithin Bohringer immune serum. While the reactions of Merck lecithin were slightly diminished by the removal of cholesterol) addition of cholesterol to the lecithin No. 1 had no marked effect on the complement fixation tests, even when a larger amount was added than that present in the Merck preparation. The cholesterol content of this lecithin therefore does not suffice to account for the difference in the results. It is noteworthy that our lecithin immune serum No. 967 gave complement fixation with emulsions of cholesterol although this substance was not present in the injected material.
There are several plausible explanations for our results. According to one, the production of antibodies for lecithin would depend on certain physicochemical conditions of the emulsion injected or upon the presence of auxiliary substances in the lecithin preparation (cf. Sachs and Klopstock). Another possibility is that the active agent inducing the formation of antibodies is not lecithin itself but some other substance present in the active lecithin preparations. With regard to the latter assumption it may be mentioned that we obtained definite immunization effects from several injections of quantities as little as 0.2 mg. of purified preparations of Forssman's heterogcnetic haptene mixed with pig serum.2
To decide between the alternative explanations, further studies are necessary.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Moise Theodore S. , Smith Arthur H. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of the ingestion of diets containing different concentrations of protein on the remaining kidney in adult white rats after a unilateral nephrectomy has been studied.
In the animals on the high protein diet (85 per cent casein), actual glomerular and tubular lesions were observed in the kidneys of animals maintained for 90, 120 and 150 days after nephrectomy.
In the animals on the standard ration, 18 per cent casein, no significant renal lesions were observed within the experimental period.
Spontaneous focal lesions in the kidneys of rats maintained on Sherman's diets "A" and "B" were inconspicuous at the age of 350 days but became progressively more frequent and were commonly observed after 500 days. The animals on the high protein and standard rations were all under 350 days old at the completion of the experiment.
It is suggested that the age factor is of importance in that young animals may have greater powers of adaptation in withstanding the injurious effect of high protein rations.
The animals on the high protein ration excreted definitely larger quantities of protein in the urine, and showed a higher incidence of casts in periods roughly corresponding to those in which anatomic lesions were observed than did the rats on the standard diet.
CELL RESPIRATION STUDIES
Authors: Wilbur Blake C. , Daland Geneva A. , Cohen John 
Published: June 2004

A description is given of a closed space respiration apparatus which can be used to determine the amount of gas used or liberated by living blood or tissue cells, or chemical substances. Continuous observations can be made and repeated measurements recorded without interrupting the vital processes or destroying the cells.
Studies of the oxygen consumption by whole blood in normal individuals and in patients with leucocytosis and myelogenous leucemia, as well as by white cells suspended in plasma, will be reported in subsequent papers.
EFFECT OF A FILTERABLE VIRUS (VIRUS III) ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

A study of a malignant disease in rabbits has been made with reference to the presence or absence of a filterable virus, Virus III, in the tumor. The results are analyzed from the standpoint of certain characteristic features of the tumor process in order to determine any differences in degrees of malignancy.
It was found that a more severe disease developed in the series in which the virus-bearing tumor was used than in the series in which the tumor was free of the virus, although the differences were not very marked and were not entirely constant.
The influence of Virus III as a factor affecting malignancy has been discussed from the standpoint of its possible effect upon (α) the tumor cells and (b) the host reaction. It has been suggested that the greater malignancy of the pathological process usually induced by the virus-bearing tumor is attributable to a change in the response of the host to the tumor, which change is of the nature of a decreased resistance associated with the reaction of the host to the virus infection.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INABILITY TO TRANSMIT A RABBIT NEOPLASM BY CELL-FREE MATERIALS
Authors: Pearce Louise , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

It has not been possible to propagate a malignant neoplasm of the rabbit with cell-free filtrates, or desiccated tumor tissue or by the use of fluid media kept in contact with tumor tissue. These findings confirm the results of previous experiments carried out with early generations of the tumor.
The existence of an agent distinct from the tumor cell which could initiate growth has not been demonstrated.
The experiments bring out an essential biological difference between this mammalian neoplasm which is considered to be of epithelial origin and certain filtrable tumors of fowls which have been classified as sarcomata.
ON A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF THE CHOLERA VIBRIO
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: June 2004

The investigations described show that it is possible to extract specific substances from V. choleræ by means of hot dilute alcohol. This result cannot be attributed to the presence of bacilli in the extracts as would follow from the statements made by Prausnitz in his criticism of the work of Levaditi.
The original extract contains protein and exhibits antigenic properties. From this preparation an almost protein-free product was obtained. It was fully active in the precipitin test but had lost almost completely the antigenic activity. Accordingly the latter preparation belongs to the class of substances described by Zinsser as residue antigens and studied chemically by Avery and Heidelberger. The fact that the immune sera resulting from the injections of the crude extracts acted upon the non-immunizing precipitable substance indicates that in the crude extract there is present an antigenic complex consisting of protein and the specific substance.
Regarding its chemical nature it follows from the foregoing that the precipitable but non-immunizing substance is not a protein. On hydrolysis it yielded a considerable quantity of sugar although less than that given for the specific carbohydrates of pneumococci and B. friedlænderi. The product contains nitrogen and phosphorus and on hydrolysis a substance of acid character separates from the solution. Accordingly the substance prepared would appear to have either a rather intricate structure or to be a complex carbohydrate, similar to those described by Avery and Heidelberger, but still containing impurities. This issue can probably be decided by further studies.
AGGLUTINATION BY PRECIPITIN
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Serum (antigen) when heated at a temperature sufficient to cause definite clouding reacts more intensely with a specific precipitin than a portion of the unheated serum or samples heated at lower temperatures. The phenomenon is explained on the basis that coagulated protein in suspension is covered with undenatured antigen and the addition of precipitin causes agglutination of the coagulated protein. Similar phenomena are obtained when bacteria or collodion particles are mixed with diluted serum (antigen) and precipitin added; the particles or bacteria agglutinate and increase the visibility of the reaction.
Further, it is shown that collodion particles sensitized with cow serum or crystallized egg albumin and subsequently washed until the washing fluid no longer contains the antigenic substance will agglutinate when small quantities of specific precipitin are added. Bacteria sensitized with cow serum and subsequently washed until cow serum no longer remains in the washing solution agglutinate when cow antiserum at fairly low concentration is added. It was not possible to show that bacteria soaked in crystallized egg albumin and subsequently washed retained on their surfaces sufficient undenatured egg albumin to react to crystallized egg albumin precipitin.
ENLARGEMENT OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN EXPERIMENTAL UREMIA
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , MacKay Lois Lockard 
Published: June 2004

The production of an experimental uremia in the albino rat by removal of both kidneys is followed by hypertrophy of the adrenal glands. In the case of male rats 90 days of age this adrenal enlargement amounted to 65 per cent and in the case of female rats 180 days of age 47 per cent.
The increase in the size of the whole gland is due entirely to hypertrophy of the cortex. This increase in the volume of cortical tissue amounted to approximately 40 per cent for males and 61 per cent for females and was due in large part to an increase in the size of the cells.
The content of water and material soluble in fat solvents was higher in the uremic than the control glands. However after subtraction of such storage materials a true hypertrophy of the cortex still remained. It amounted to 21 per cent.
Histologically the stainable fat had a more irregular distribution and was present in lesser amount in the adrenals from the uremic animals. The capillaries of the medulla and reticular cortex were distended. The nuclei of both the cortical and medullary cells were swollen and stained faintly.
EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Dominguez R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Van Leersum's range for the normal blood pressure in the rabbit, as recorded by his method, is confirmed.
2. Van Leersum's conclusion concerning the influence of a liver diet on the blood pressure of the rabbit is not substantiated by his data, since the fluctuations of blood pressure he obtained do not surpass his own recorded figures for normal animals.
3. Fluctuations of systolic blood pressure beyond the "normal" range are not necessary for the production of experimental atherosclerosis of the aorta in rabbits. Inversely, egg yolk feeding experiments in rabbits in which atherosclerosis of varying degree, even extreme, is obtained, are not accompanied by an elevation of blood pressure outside the "normal" range.
4. The fluctuations of blood pressure observed during experimental atherosclerosis do not simulate the condition of essential hypertension in man.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

1. The "sludge" phage obtained by Clark and Clark answers all requirements for pronouncing it identical with the classical bacteriophage.
2. The "sludge" phage failed to produce lysis in any of the 102 human pathogenic streptococci tested.
3. Numerous attempts to induce regeneration of various lytic principles by human streptococci resulted in failure.
4. It was possible, however, to "train" erysipelas streptococci to regenerate a lytic principle active against 76 per cent of strains of this group.
5. The erysipelas phage showed remarkable specificity.
VARIATIONS IN THE SCOURS TYPE OF BACILLUS COLI FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BACTERIOPHAGIC ACTION
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

1. A lytic agent was not demonstrable in culture filtrates of either the parent or variant type of the scours organism.
2. The parent type was resistant to the action of a "weak" bacteriophage, obtained from the animal host, while the variant type was susceptible.
3. Exposure of the variant type to the scours bacteriophage was attended by agglutination of the cells, marked swelling, and an alteration of the contents prior to lysis.
4. The manifestations of variation which regularly occur on agar plate cultures of the scours organism do not appear to be the result of bacteriophagic stimulation.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Christie Ronald V. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental evidence is furnished to show that in normal animals the rectal temperature can be elevated by the passage of high frequency currents.
2. During life the intraabdominal and intrathoracic temperatures can be increased only slightly above the rectal temperature.
3. The lung temperature in the anesthetized dog normally lies 0.3–0.4°C. below the rectal temperature. During the passage of diathermy currents of strengths equivalent to those used in therapy this relationship is reversed—the lung temperature exceeding the rectal temperature by about the same value.
4. Immediately after death, the temperature rises abruptly in the deep tissues between the electrodes.
5. For the measurement of deep temperature special thermocouples have been devised. Their method of preparation and mode of use are described.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Christie Ronald V. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method of measuring intravascular temperatures in anesthetized dogs has been described.
2. The temperature in the abdominal aorta is uniform throughout, and varies only with the systemic temperature.
3. The temperature in the inferior vena cava rises as the thermo-couple approaches the heart, reaching its maximum at about the level of the hepatic veins. Between the hepatic veins and the right chambers of the heart there is no further elevation in venous temperature.
4. The temperature of the right heart blood normally exceeds that of the left heart blood by 0.05–0.2°C.
5. During the application of high frequency currents to the thorax, this relationship is reversed.
6. This indicates that the lungs are being heated but that the blood passing through the pulmonary vessels is removing the heat at approximately the rate of production.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The minimum amount of diphtheria toxin which killed normal mice of from 24 to 30 gm. in weight upon intravenous injection, was found to be between 75 and 100 times the M.F.D. for the guinea pig. When given intraperitoneally, the fatal dose for mice was as high as 200 M.F.D.
2. There was no significant difference in the lethal action of diphtheria toxin for normal mice and mice in which an elimination of the reticulo-endothelial system had been attempted by means of blocking injections of India ink, or splenectomy, or a combination of both operations.
3. Attempts to infect normal mice and mice treated as described with large doses of a highly virulent diphtheria strain were unsuccessful with both groups of animals.
THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE VENOUS BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

There is a rapid fall in the oxygen content of the venous blood of the dog after upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction. This increased deoxidation is probably due to a combination of several factors.
There is much evidence to suggest that active reducing bodies are present in the blood.
A STUDY OF THE HERING-BREUER REFLEX
Authors: Moore Richmond L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Cutting one vagus nerve, while recording the pulmonary ventilation of each lung separately, has no unique effect on the ventilation of the denervated lung. Both lungs respond to unilateral vagotomy by an equivalent slowing and deepening of respiratory movement.
2. When the bronchus to one lung is blocked the first effect is a slowing and deepening of the respiratory movements recorded by the opposite lung. As oxygen want develops these movements become rapid and shallow.
3. With a combination of these two conditions, i.e., when the bronchus to one lung is blocked and its vagus nerve is severed, the pulmonary ventilation recorded by the opposite lung exhibits the same changes as may result from unilateral vagotomy alone, unaccompanied by occlusion of the bronchus.
4. From these facts it may be concluded that the slowing and deepening of breathing which follows unilateral vagotomy does not depend for its occurrence upon the passage of air in and out of the bronchus of the lung whose vagus nerve has been sectioned.
5. The slowing of respirations after occlusion of the bronchus to one lung and section of the corresponding vagus nerve still occurs even though the phrenic nerve on the same side has been divided. This indicates that the slowing of respirations following unilateral vagotomy does not depend on the movements of the diaphragm on the side of vagal section.
6. When the pulmonary artery to one lung has been ligated and the vagus nerve on the same side cut, the response of the other lung is the same as has been described, namely, its respiratory movements become slower and deeper. This is taken as evidence that the results of unilateral vagotomy are not dependent upon an intact pulmonary circulation.
7. The general conclusions from these experiments are that the slowing and deepening of respirations following unilateral vagotomy do not depend upon: (a) Passage of air in and out of the trachea. (b) Expansion and collapse of the lung. (c) Existence of a normal pulmonary circulation in the vagotomized lung. (d) Normal fluctuations in alveolar carbon dioxide tension, (e) Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm on the side of vagotomy.
8. The slowing and deepening of respirations, alluded to, may be presumed to indicate that a normal reflex (the Hering-Breuer reflex) has been interrupted. Since this interruption occurs in spite of all the conditions enumerated under Paragraph 7, we must conclude that none of these conditions is essential to the existence of this reflex.