bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verne Grant and Louisiana Irises: Is there anything new under the sun?
Authors: Arnold Michael L. , Bouck Amy C. , Scott Cornman R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe impact of Verne Grant's 1981 edition ofPlant Speciationreverberates as strongly today as it did 22 yr ago. His insights into the field of plant evolutionary biology continue to inform current and future research programmes. For example, Grant's work pointed the way for those who have argued that the consequences of natural hybridization are of primary importance in the evolution of many plant and animal species complexes. It is thus now widely accepted that numerous, important outcomes are afforded by crosses between divergent lineages. In the present paper we highlight some of the concepts that appear in Grant's seminal work. We address these in the context of their application by Grant to a plant species complex that we have studied for 15 yr, the Louisiana Irises. We consider Grant's inferences in light of new data and our own conclusions. In the main, we find ourselves supporting Grant's conceptual framework.
Gene flow, adaptive population divergence and comparative population structure across loci
Authors: Latta Robert G. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryMany recent studies have sought to identify targets of diversifying selection by testing the neutral expectation that all loci will show similar levels of population divergence (Fst). Contrasts between quantitative traits (Qst) and molecular markers (Fst) suggest that quantitative traits typically diverge in response to local selection pressures more than do individual genes. Coalescence theory makes it possible to simulate the distribution ofFstandQstexpected under neutrality for many situations, including nonequilibrium conditions. Such simulations show that a very high variance ofFstandQstare expected under neutrality, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the action of selection on individual loci or traits. Recent quantitative genetic theory shows that, under diversifying selection on quantitative traits, covariances (linkage disequilibrium) among allele frequencies at underlying additive loci contribute a substantial fraction of the among‐population trait variance. Thus, adaptive trait divergence can be accomplished, with limited divergence of allele frequencies. However, the contribution of covariances among loci to the divergence of traits depends upon there being multiple loci underlying quantitative trait variation.
Rethinking classic examples of recent speciation in plants
Authors: Gottlieb L. D. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis paper reviews the evidence that three pairs of diploid annual plant species are related as progenitor and recent derivative. The species pairs are Layia glandulosa and Layia discoidea, Clarkia biloba and Clarkia lingulata, and Stephanomeria exigua ssp. coronaria and Stephanomeria malheurensis. The three cases are examples of Verne Grant's model of ‘Quantum Speciation’, in which a derived species is budded off and acquires new traits while the parental species continues more or less as before. The derived species differ from their progenitors in different ways and show different modes of reproductive isolation. However, the number of differences between each derivative and its progenitor appears to be few and relatively simple in genetic terms. Comparison of a recently evolved species with its progenitor can reveal what happens during speciation because overall divergence is minimal and the direction of evolution is clear. Evidence from DNA sequences may be particularly useful to recognize additional examples of progenitor and derivative relationship.
Diploid and polyploid reticulate evolution throughout the history of the perennial soybeans (GlycinesubgenusGlycine)
Authors: Doyle Jeff J. , Doyle Jane L. , Rauscher Jason T. , Brown A. H. D. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe perennial soybeans (GlycinesubgenusGlycine), are the sister group of the annual cultivated soybean (G. max). Among the approximately 20 species are diploids and polyploids, the former confined to Australia and neighboring islands and the latter more widespread. Although most subgenusGlycinespecies reproduce predominantly by selfing in cleistogamous flowers, phylogenetic evidence exists for reticulate evolution throughout the history of the subgenus. The entire genus is a paleopolyploid, and could possibly be allopolyploid, though there is as yet no evidence for a hybrid origin. Incongruence among the major nuclear genome groups in nuclear and chloroplast gene trees can be explained by several ancient introgressions. Within the B‐genome group there is substantial incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear single copy gene trees that is explained better by introgressive hybridization than by stochastic sorting of ancestral lineages. Several allopolyploids originated by hybridization among a subset of genome groups to form a single large interconnected polyploid complex. A number of allopolyploid combinations have arisen recurrently, some bidirectionally. Some recurrent polyploids show evidence of lineage recombination, indicating that their populations comprise a single biological species. Neopolyploidy has involved hybridization among a subset of subgenusGlycinegenome groups, and appears to have occurred recently, whereas hybridization at the diploid level has occurred throughout the history of the group.
Biologic Aspects of Expression of Stably Integrated Transgenes in Cells of the Skin In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Krueger Gerald G. , Morgan Jeffery R. , Petersen Marta J. 
Published: December 2004

The observation that transgenes can be stably integrated into the genome of fibroblasts using recombinant retroviruses enhanced interest in using these cells as a vector for gene therapy. This enthusiasm has lessened during the past 8 years, not because skin has lost the features that make it attractive for gene therapy, but rather because stable transgene expression in vivo has not been achieved. All investigators who have used genetically modified fibroblasts to study in vivo aspects of gene therapy have shown a decrease in transgene expression with time. This contrasts with transgene expression in similarly transduced fibroblasts in vitro, where expression is not lost or is lost very slowly.We have initiated an approach to bring further understanding to the biology of transgene expression by fibroblasts carrying stably integrated transgenes in an in vivo setting. Experiments described permit the following conclusions. Expression by and survival of genetically modified fibroblasts a) requires a persistent matrix scaffold in in vivo settings; b) is prolonged if the matrix is allowed to mature in vitro; c) is enhanced if the matrix is partially sequestered behind a coating of normal fibroblasts; and d) can be substantively prolonged in vivo by immortalizing the cells. These observations support the notion that prolonged expression of transgenes by fibroblasts can be achieved in vivo and that gene therapy utilizing fibroblasts and other cells of the skin has clinical utility.
State of Evaluation: Community Health Workers
Authors: Nemcek Mary Ann , Sabatier Rosemary 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Disparity groups, especially racial and ethnic minority groups, are at greater risk for poor health yet experience numerous obstacles in accessing health care. Community health workers (CHWs) are indigenous, trusted, and respected members of the underserved community. They can serve as a bridge between peers and health professionals.Use of CHWs has fluctuated since the federal government first endorsed their use for expanded health access to the underserved in the 1960s. National demands to eliminate health disparities and recent socioeconomic pressures have focused attention on use of CHWs to improve community health. Still, underutilization exists due to, in part, a lack of understanding of the CHW concept and a dearth of evaluation literature on CHWs. This article describes the CHW concept, provides a summary of CHW evaluation literature, and suggests quality care indicators to strengthen evaluation. The review of evaluation research relating to CHWs provides a preliminary state of the science for nurses to begin building an evidence‐based practice. Quality of care indicators pertinent to CHW are summarized from the existing evaluation literature. The three best practice domains (therapeutic alliance, risk reduction and health care utilization) are proposed along with suggestions for using quality indicators to improve evaluation. A reduction in health disparities can occur with enhanced CHW utilization.
Internal Waves in the Ocean
Authors: Eckart Carl 
Published: December 2004

Salinity, temperature, and pressure gradients all cause the density of sea water to vary with depth in the ocean, and the density gradient affects the motion of the waters. A quantity N, having the units radians per second, can be defined using the density gradient, the velocity of sound, and the acceleration of gravity.
The simplest motions have the form of horizontally progressive waves of frequency ω, wave number κ, and velocity V. If h is the amplitude of the vertical displacement of the water and z the vertical coordinate, then V2(d2h/dz2) + [N2(z) − ω2]h = 0; this equation is formally identical with Schrödinger's wave equation. The stream function of these waves is φ = Vh(z) sin (κx − ωt), and the variable part of the pressure is − ρ dφ/dz, while the vorticity is R = −N2φ/V2. The wave may be described as a lattice of vortices moving with velocity V. In the ocean N(z) ordinarily has one or two maxima called thermoclines. The analogy with the quantum-mechanical problems of one and two potential minima is exploited to obtain semiquantitative solutions for the internal waves associated to thermoclines.
Dominion
Authors: Chappell T. D. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractI distinguish two claims about human ‘dominion’ over nature: (1) Humans have the right to supervise, manage, and direct the rest of nature; (2) Humans have a special value, superior to the rest of nature. I discuss some ways of rejecting either or both claims, and point to some surprising consequences of such rejections. Then I compare the ways in which Aristotelianism and sentientism might try to keep hold of both claims. This produces two surprising and unwelcome results for sentientism, and one surprising and welcome result for Aristotelianism (namely, an alliance with Kantianism).
And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth. (Genesis 1.28)
What do children think as they plan their writing?
Authors: Green Sylvia , Sutton Pauline 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study followed from a previous investigation into the impact of guidance given in writing tasks when six hundred eleven year olds completed writing tasks with varying content and structural support. The aim was to find if the support facilitated better writing and if the nature of the support had differing effects. The findings suggested that the support provided in the stimuli did not significantly affect performance. A qualitative study investigated the reasons why the support did not have a significant effect and explored the factors which affected children as they faced a writing task. ‘Think aloud’ strategies were used to encourage them to verbalise their thoughts as they planned a piece of writing from a given stimulus. The children were then interviewed according to a semi‐structured interview schedule and their planning sheets were also considered.
Optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes
Authors: Murphy S. A. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA dynamic treatment regime is a list of decision rules, one per time interval, for how the level of treatment will be tailored through time to an individual’s changing status. The goal of this paper is to use experimental or observational data to estimate decision regimes that result in a maximal mean response. To explicate our objective and to state the assumptions, we use the potential outcomes model. The method proposed makes smooth parametric assumptions only on quantities that are directly relevant to the goal of estimating the optimal rules. We illustrate the methodology proposed via a small simulation.
Corporate Venture Capital – der Weg zur erfolgreichen Erschließung neuer Technologien?
Authors: Daniels Holger von , Leker Jens , Seeliger Carsten W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCorporate venture capital - the path to successfully developing new technologies? The changes brought about by the new technologies of the New Economy present both opportunities and threats for established companies and startups. There are various different concepts and forms of venture capital, such as traditional venture capital, corporate venture capital, and incubators, that can be used to finance the capital requirements that often go hand in hand with increased technological complexity. Many German firms have already recognized the potential of venture capital as a tool for developing new technologies and have set up their own corporate venture capital companies. However, these companies usually focus their investment in external startups that have already completed the seed phase and are in an expansion phase. This strategy does not go far enough, with numerous ideas from employees and external experts remaining unexploited. The paper presents a three-part organizational strategy - consisting of a CVC company, an incubator and a catalytic converter - that will help established companies utilize venture capital in the context of far-reaching strategic innovation management.
Pots, pens and ‘eating out the body’: cuisine and the gendering of African nations*
Authors: Cusack Igor 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Whether cooking in a pot in the back yard, or in a modern kitchen, African women have generally prepared food for their men. More recently, they have collated and written cookery books both in the West and in Africa so that the ruling elites, mostly all men, have been able to display their new ‘national cuisines’ on their states’ official websites. This article reviews how ‘national cuisines’ have emerged recently in parts of Africa and then examines how these emerging cuisines might contribute to the gendering of African nations. It will also contrast Western notions of ‘the slender body’ with some African notions, of ‘eating out the body’, building a respectable but large body to construct an ‘authentic physical masculinity’ on the one hand, and a healthy and fertile wife and mother on the other. The article investigates how this might be reflected in African national cuisines.
Blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity during cold pressor stress: Fitness and gender
Authors: Dishman Rod K. , Nakamura Yoshio , Jackson Erica M. , Ray Chester A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined putative autonomic and hemodynamic mechanisms that might explain our prior finding that cardiorespiratory fitness mitigates blood pressure responses by normotensive women during the hand cold pressor test. We report that fitness level was inversely related to increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during the cold pressor among women but not men. The pattern of responses among fitter women was consistent with decreased central sympathetic outflow resulting in reduced stroke volume or dampened peripheral resistance in vascular beds other than calf skeletal muscle. Fitter men and women had slightly larger increases in blood pressure during mental arithmetic, but otherwise fitness was not directly related to stress responses. The results further encourage consideration of cardiorespiratory fitness as a modifying covariate when the hand cold pressor test is used as a predictor of future hypertension among women.
Functional transcranial Doppler sonography as a tool in psychophysiological research
Authors: Duschek Stefan , Schandry Rainer 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFunctional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) allows the noninvasive and uncomplicated registration of intracranial blood flow parameters under defined conditions of stimulation. Although local distribution patterns of regional blood perfusion can be measured with high spatial resolution through neuroimaging methods (e.g., PET or SPECT), these methods are limited by their low temporal resolution. The high temporal resolution provided by fTCD, however, allows the recording of the dynamic component of cerebral blood perfusion by continuously measuring the cerebral blood flow velocity in the basal cerebral arteries. Hence, this method is especially appropriate for the investigation of fast neuronal activation processes, which are generally accompanied by changes in local blood perfusion. In this review, we present methodical issues regarding fTCD, as well its application in the field of psychology, especially psychophysiology. The relevant studies available to date investigate processes of attention and perception, higher cognitive functions, and emotional and psychomotor processes. Considering the current state of methodology and research, fTCD can be seen to be an important complement to the other psychophysiological methods for studying brain function.
Missed prime words within the attentional blink evoke an N400 semantic priming effect
Authors: Rolke Bettina , Heil Martin , Streb Judith , Hennighausen Erwin 
Published: December 2004

When subjects identified a target among distractors in a rapid serial visual presentation task, the detection of a subsequent target is impaired (attentional blink). By measuring event‐related potentials (ERPs) we investigated if the processing of an unidentified prime word elicits the N400 semantic priming effect.Subjects (N= 12) had to identify three target words among distractors in a rapid serial visual presentation task. We varied the association strength between a prime (second target) and a probe (third target). The detection of the prime was impaired. Missed primes did not elicit a P300, indicating that they were not explicitly recognized. Despite this difference between recognized and missed primes, the N400 effect was present in both cases. This result suggests that automatic spread of activation (ASA) can be evoked by missed primes within the attentional blink. It furthermore demonstrates that ASA is sufficient to evoke the N400 effect.
The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia
Authors: Strodl Esben , Noller Patricia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined the unique relations between the five dimensions of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994) and depression and agoraphobic behavior (i.e., avoidance of situations where high anxiety is experienced). In addition, we examined mediation models in an attempt to clarify the link between adult attachment and these two dimensions of psychopathology. In testing these models, we administered the ASQ, General Self‐Efficacy Scale, Agoraphobic Catastrophic Cognitions Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (a measure of the degree to which situations are avoided that are typically anxiety provoking for people with agoraphobia) to 122 participants (44 with agoraphobia, 25 with a current major depressive disorder, and 53 with no current psychopathology). The results showed that the insecure attachment dimensions of need for approval, preoccupation with relationships, and relationships as secondary were uniquely associated with depression and that general self‐efficacy partly mediated the relationship between need for approval and depression. In contrast, only preoccupation with relationships was uniquely associated with agoraphobic behavior, and catastrophic cognitions about bodily sensations partly mediated this association.
Mutation in the ED1 Gene, Ala349Thr, in a Korean Patient with X‐Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia Developing de novo
Authors: Na Gun Yoen , Kim Do Won , Lee Seok Jong , Chung Sang Lip , Park Dong Jae , Kim Jung Chul , Kim Moon Kyu 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a very rare disease characterized by the virtual absence of eccrine glands, dry skin, scanty hair, and dental abnormalities. It is transmitted by an X‐linked recessive gene or rarely an autosomal recessive gene. Therefore it is only males who fully express the condition. It is caused by mutations within the ED1 gene, which encodes a protein, ectodysplasin‐A (EDA). Typically there is frontal bossing, saddle nose, pointed chin, a prominent supraorbital ridge with periorbital hyperpigmentation, and absence of teeth. Those affected show great intolerance to heat. In the current absence of effective treatment for many hereditary skin diseases, comprehensive, accurate prenatal or postnatal genetic counseling can provide information to parents at risk of having affected children. We report HED in a 6‐year‐old boy with an Ala349Thr (GCA → ACA) missense mutation developed de novo. Both parents and a 16‐week gestational age fetus were healthy. We thought direct sequencing analysis for the ED1 gene using peripheral blood or amniotic fluid was preferable for an accurate diagnosis of this disease, although there was some risk of not detecting the mutation. After the results of this study were communicated to the parents, the mother was freed of her guilty feelings of the past 6 years and has now delivered a healthy male infant.
Photosynthetic pathway alters xylem structure and hydraulic function in herbaceous plants
Authors: KOCACINAR F. , SAGE R. F. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTPlants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway have greater water use efficiency (WUE) than C3 plants of similar ecological function. Consequently, for equivalent rates of photosynthesis in identical climates, C4 plants do not need to acquire and transport as much water as C3 species. Because the structure of xylem tissue reflects hydraulic demand by the leaf canopy, a reduction in water transport requirements due to C4 photosynthesis should affect the evolution of xylem characteristics in C4 plants. In a comparison of stem hydraulic conductivity and vascular anatomy between eight C3 and eight C4 herbaceous species, C4 plants had lower hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf area (KL) than C3 species of similar life form. When averages from all the species were pooled together, the mean KL for the C4 species was 1.60 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1, which was only one‐third of the mean KL of 4.65 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1 determined for the C3 species. The differences in KL between C3 and C4 species corresponded to the two‐ to three‐fold differences in WUE observed between C3 and C4 plants. In the C4 species from arid regions, the difference in KL was associated with a lower hydraulic conductivity per xylem area, smaller and shorter vessels, and less vulnerable xylem to cavitation, indicating the C4 species had evolved safer xylem than the C3 species. In the plants from resource‐rich areas, such as the C4 weed Amaranthus retroflexus, hydraulic conductivity per xylem area and xylem anatomy were similar to that of the C3 species, but the C4 plants had greater leaf area per xylem area. The results indicate the WUE advantage of C4 photosynthesis allows for greater flexibility in hydraulic design and potential fitness. In resource‐rich environments in which competition is high, an existing hydraulic design can support greater leaf area, allowing for higher carbon gain, growth and competitive potential. In arid regions, C4 plants evolved safer xylem, which can increase survival and performance during drought events.