bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking a stand
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influence attempts, from the mildest persuasion to the most coercive brainwashing, are as much a part of human existence as light and decay. To live with each other we have to change each other. From socializing children to punishing criminals, humans and their cultures provide a myriad inescapable sources of influence: ideas which alter the cogwebs spun in skulls. Some are harmless, some irritating, some beneficial. Some, gloriously inspiring, have driven the creation of mesmerizing wonders, from the music of Bach to the theory of general relativity. Some, like the dream of mind control, can be lethally malign.
Happiness
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everybody wants it. But what exactly is happiness? The pursuit of happiness has been recognized by everyone from poets to politicians as what makes the world go round. The world ‘s largest and fastest-growing industries - alcohol, pharmaceuticals, mind altering drugs, self-help books, counselling, travel and tourism - all profit heavily from our intent to become completely happy with our lives. In the first comprehensive book to address this most basic of human desires, Daniel Nettle explores why we want to be happy, how we assess our levels of happiness, and the different ways that happiness is interpreted in different cultures. Using statistical information from the National Child Development Study, a project that has collected social and emotional data from thousands of people since 1958, Nettle shows the ways in which definitions and sources of happiness have changed over time.
Comfort and joy
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, happiness seems a little like love: if you have to ask whether you are in it or not, you are probably not. Few of us much care to define it, but by heaven, we know it when we see it. The subjective, fuzzy, vague feel of the concept meant that happiness was neglected in psychology for many decades. For example, the 1985 Penguin dictionary of psychology moves unfalteringly from haploid to haptic without any signs of regret (hedonic tone gets three lines a few pages later).
Love and work
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sigmund Freud is reputed to have said that the basis of well-being was ‘love and work’. Freud was a happiness pessimist who had also written that the best that could be hoped for in life was ‘the transformation of hysteric misery into common unhappiness’. In light of this, asking the good doctor for his prescription for good living seems a bit like, as the Nigerian proverb has it, asking a bald person for advice on your hairstyle. Nonetheless, his answer seems a reasonable one and worthy of further investigation.
Functions
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mathematical use of the term function has been adopted also in common life. For example, ‘His temper is a function of his digestion,’ uses the term exactly in this mathematical sense. It means that a rule can be assigned which will tell you what his temper will be when you know how his digestion is working. Thus the idea of a ‘function’ is simple enough, we only have to see how it is applied in mathematics to variable numbers.
Trigonometry
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trigonometry DID not take its rise from the general consideration of the periodicity of nature. In this respect its history is analogous to that of conic sections, which also had their origin in very particular ideas. Indeed, a comparison of the histories of the two sciences yields some very instructive analogies and contrasts. Trigonometry, like conic sections, had its origin among the Greeks. Its inventor was Hipparchus (born about 160 B.c.), a Greek astronomer, who made his observations at Rhodes.
Geometry
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geometry, Like the rest of mathematics, is abstract. In it the properties of the shapes and relative positions of things are studied. But we do not need to consider who is observing the things, or whether he becomes acquainted with them by sight or touch or hearing. In short, we ignore all particular sensations. Furthermore, particular things such as the Houses of Parliament, or the terrestrial globe are ignored. Every proposition refers to any things with such and such geometrical properties. Of course it helps our imagination to look at particular examples of spheres and cones and triangles and squares. But the propositions do not merely apply to the actual figures printed in the hook, but to any such figures.
The Relation Between Anxiety and Pretend Play
Authors: Watson Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the reasons that children’s play is so fascinating yet paradoxical is the frequent observation of children enacting some theme that seems to be traumatic or negative for them. Common examples are a child playing out the anxious anticipation of beginning kindergarten or reenacting a recent hospitalization or a frightening movie that the child recently viewed. Why would anyone want to engage voluntarily in an activity that was painful or anxiety-provoking? Of course, we know that adults sometimes relive anxiety-provoking situations, often by talking about them. Indeed, play therapists base their therapy techniques and the interpretations that they make on the assumption that children use play, as adults use talk, to work through anxieties (Axline, 1947; Schaefer & O’Connor, 1983).
Development of Symbolic Play in Deaf Children Aged 1 to 3
Authors: Blum Elsaj , Fields Barbara C , Scharpman Helen , Silber Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over a number of years, we have had the opportunity to observe deaf infants and their hearing and deaf parents in a therapeutic nursery at the Lexington School for the Deaf in New York City. When the project began, we were generally interested in understanding the unfolding of developmental processes in deaf infants and in parent-child relationships that were doubly burdened by the child’s congenital deaf ness and parents’ responses to the diagnosis of deafness in their children. We wanted to understand more fully how parents adapted to and coped with the unique issues involved in rearing a deaf child and to help and support them in their efforts to foster their child’s development (Fields, Blum, & Scharfman, in press). This study of the symbolic play of deaf children was undertaken as a means of exploring the formation of their symbolic capacities.
Debacle at the Beachhead
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 20, 1961, John F. Kennedy took the oath as the thirty-fifth president of the United States. Eight days later, the CIA briefed the new administration in depth on the Cuban project. Attending were the president, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, JCS Chairman General Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Paul H. Nitze, and Special Assistant for National Security Affairs McGeorge Bundy. CIA Director Dulles and Bissell’s deputy Tracy Barnes outlined a detailed operational plan, which called for the Brigade, now over eight hundred men strong, to stage a daylight amphibious and airborne assault on the Cuban coastal city of Trinidad. While the Brigade landed, its air wing would destroy Castro’s air force and other strategic targets throughout the island. As soon as the exiles secured a beachhead, they would proclaim a Cuban provisional government, which the United States could then recognize.
Chronology of postnatal human brain development: event-related potential, positron emission tomography, myelinogenesis, And synaptogenesis studies
Authors: Courchesne Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human brain development is a progressive process that involves gradual anatomical and physiological changes that take place over 20 years. These progressive changes consist of numerous processes, such as neurogenesis, myelinogenesis, synaptogenesis, naturally occurring cell death, and functional differentiation.
Theory And Parameterization Of Thermal Infrared Radiative Transfer
Authors: Liou K N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall confine our discussion to the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) under which Kirchhoff’s law is applicable. In the localized portion, the atmosphere absorbs radiation of a particular wave number (or wavelength), and at the same time also emits radiation of the same wavenumber. Because there is equilibrium, the amount of radiation absorbed must be equal to that emitted. Otherwise, equilibrium would not be possible as to define a uniform temperature, and this would violate the second law of thermodynamics. A blackbody absorbs the maximum possible radiation, and it has to emit that same amount of radiation. The rate at which emission takes place is a function of temperature and wave number in accord with Eq. (2.0.1). A gray body is characterized by incomplete absorption and emission, and is said to have emissivity less than unity. It is in the context of LTE that we begin our discussion on the thermal infrared (also referred to as ir or Jong-wave) radiative transfer.
Theory, Observation, And Modeling Of Cloud Processes In The Atmosphere
Authors: Liou K N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clouds are conventionally classified in terms of their position and appearance in the atmosphere. Clouds with base heights above ˜6 km are designated as high clouds, a category that includes cirrus (Ci), cirrostratus (Cs), and cirrocumulus (Cc). The group of middle clouds with base heights between ˜2 and 6 km consists of altocumulus (Ac) and altostratus (As). Stratus (St), stratocumulus (Sc), and nimbostratus (Ns) constitute the group of low clouds with base heights below ˜2 km. Cumulus (Cu) and cumulonimbus (Cb) belong to the classification of vertically developed clouds.
Light and Life: An Introduction
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life as we know it on Earth is dependent on the Sun and solar radiation. Ancient civilizations throughout the world worshipped the Sun long before the advent of Western culture. The Sun was central to their religious beliefs. References to Sun worship are found in the hieroglyphics and written records of the ancient Chinese, Babylonians, Egyptians, and Native Americans. They recognized that the Sun was a source of energy, that its true color was blue—a color signifying one of the highest energies—and that blue light was intimately related to life.
Emergence of an Imaging Eye
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did the eye evolve? In examining the evolutionary phylogenetic scheme of animals from protozoa to vertebrates (Figure 7.1), where among these phyla did an eye evolve? In search for the evolutionary development of an eye Walls (1942), Duke-Elder (1958), Willmer (1960), and Eakin (1965) have reviewed its structural development along phylogenetic lines. The evolutionary biochemical synthesis of visual pigment were investigated by Wald (1952) and Crescitelli (1972). These classical studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of how the eye and visual system have evolved.
Polarized Light in Nature: Detection by Animals
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several optical phenomena in the sky that animals can use as compass cues. One is the direct light from the sun (a point source). In addition, the scattered light from the sky provides various kinds of information: light intensity gradients, spectral gradients, and a pattern of linearly polarized light. The main sources of linearly polarized light are sunlight, scattered by air molecules within the Earth’s atmosphere, and light reflected from surfaces of water. Underwater light is also polarized, due to scattering by water molecules and particulate matter (Waterman, 1975).
Adrenergic Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Parkinson D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early history of adrenergic receptors, encompassing the first half of this century, is closely associated with the adrenal gland and the investigation of the effects of its major catecholamine, adrenaline. Although the high concentration of adrenaline facilitated its chemical identification, this focus on the chromaffin issue of the adrenal gland diverted attention from the rest of the sympathetic nervous sys tem. It was not until 1948 that it was shown that sympathetic nerves released noradrenaline rather than adrenaline.
Corporate Industrialization, Collectivism, and the New Intellectuals: Historical Context in the Formation of Du Bois’s Thought
Authors: Reed Adolph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Early Years of Du Bois’s life were also the early years of the development of industrial capitalism as the dominant cultural force in the United States and in much of Europe. Those were the years of European colonial expansion into Africa and Asia and of American experimentation with and uncertainty about resolution of the “Negro Problem.” Du Bois was born in 1868, the year of the Fourteenth Amendment’s ratification. He began his studies at Fisk University in 1885, the year of the Berlin conference that divided Africa into spheres of influence for the European colonial powers, and he married and undertook his Philadelphia study in 1896, the year of the Plessy decision. He joined the faculty at Atlanta University at the crest of popularity of the ideology of the New South, of which Atlanta was considered the capital, and he joined the debate with Booker T. Washington over industrial education at the high point of the corporate merger movement. Perhaps most important for Du Bois’s development, though, was his matriculation at college just as the social role and focus of the university were being redefined. He matured, moreover, in a critical intellectual environment dominated by three ideological responses to the consolidation of corporate industrialism: collectivism, the cooperative commonwealth (the font of a homegrown American socialism), and antimodernism.
Stratification, Leadership, and Organization: The Role of the Black Elite
Authors: Reed Adolph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Is Generally Known that Du Bois-at least in his early years-embraced an elitist program for Afro-American racial strategy. This aspect of his views may be, in fact, too well known. Because it has been so widely recognized, all too often his elitism is mentioned offhandedly, without critical examination or careful description of its substantive characteristics. As a consequence, especially among those who find it to be a blemish on an otherwise agreeable corpus of ideas, even scholars have tended to collapse that elitism into one of its historically specific artifacts-the famous “Talented Tenth” concept. That perspective is attractive because it helps to salvage a view of Du Bois that is neatly reconcilable with egalitarian values. Joseph DeMarco, for example, in striving to make Du Bois a consistent egalitarian, falls back on a claim that the “role of the Talented Tenth was dropped, by and large, from his writing” shortly after 1907. Similarly, Gerald Home sidesteps the elitism issue by contending that Du Bois “altered” his views on the Talented Tenth by the l940s and by repeating the latter’s claim that he had never advocated “building of an aristocracy with neglect of the masses.”
Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” :Race and Gender in Progressive-Bra American Thought
Authors: Reed Adolph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Epigraph to this chapter is probably-excepting perhaps his statement designating the “color line” as the twentieth century’s distinctive problemthe most widely known and most frequently cited statement of any in Du Bois’s entire corpus. Indeed, it is quite likely one of the most familiar in all of AfroAmerican letters. The passage’s enduring resonance derives from its verisimilitude in expressing a core lament of the Afro-American condition. It has been a distinctly attractive template for the articulation of both interpretive and substantive, academic and hortatory arguments concerning the race’s status. For that reason, Du Bois’s double-consciousness construct and the ways it has figured into subsequent intellectual work warrant special attention. In this chapter I shall consider the significance of the two-ness theme by examining the main approaches that scholars and other commentators have taken to it and by proposing a different, more richly contextualized perspective that situates Du Bois within the matrix of Progressive-era intellectual life.
Factors Controlling the Onset of Puberty in Primates
Authors: Cameron Judy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been considerable debate over the years regarding how to define puberty, in that it is a stage of development that spans an ex­ tended period of time (in humans and higher primates a period of years) and encompasses a large variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes. However, this chapter will specifically focus on the maturational changes in the reproductive system that occur during puberty. In this context, puberty can be defined as the period of transition from a state of reproductive immaturity to a state of full reproductive competence.
Cultural Influences on Adolescents’ Reproductive Behavior
Authors: Forrest Jacqueline Darroch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be little question that the reproductive behavior of adolescents and adults not only is a function of biology and individual personality but is strongly influenced by sociocultural factors as well. Even among industrialized countries, there is wide variation across societies and over time in the many facets of behavior that culminate in reproduction. Much research and interest has been focused on the levels of adolescent sexual activity, pregnancy, birth, and abortion in the United States. There has been general agreement that the high level of teen pregnancy in the United States is a problem, but this has been accompanied by the notion that this state of affairs is a common characteristic of modern, developed countries.
Equations of State from the Interatomic Potential
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In principle, the pressure can be exactly determined if the interatomic potential can be exactly determined. Recently much progress has been made to in realizing adequate interatomic potentials for geophysically important solids having low crystal symmetry and large cell sizes. This has yielded reasonably good EoS’s starting from first principles. A brief summary of these advances was covered in Chapter 5. Here we will approach the subject of interatomic potentials heuristically, using approximations appropriate for simple cubic solids. This approach is appealing because of its simplicity and because aspects of the interatomic potential expose parameters in the EoS that have physical meaning.
Currents of Thought in American Social Psychology
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this intriguing study, two social psychologists and an intellectual historian describe the people and intellectual currents which have given rise to the complex discipline of American social psychology. The authors examine the influence of British evolutionary theory, French social theory, American pragmatism, and the ideas of Freud, Marx, and Lewin on the evolution of social psychological theory, and explain how these traditions contributed to later developments such as group dynamics, cognitive social psychology, and symbolic interaction. American social psychology during this century has shifted back and forth from a focus on individual psychological processes to a concern with the role of the broader social context and social interaction. This has resulted in the development of several quite distinct social psychologies, which are all valid rather than mutually exclusive, and it should be possible to build a discipline in which all aspects of social psychology, sociology, and related areas, as well as those interested in the history of the social sciences, will find this important and comprehensive appraisal of the field useful.
The U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long-awaited call from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) came on June 8, 1972. A government hiring freeze was off, and a new branch was being formed to study assessment methods to estimate the quantity and quality of the nation ‘s undiscovered mineral and mineral-fuel resources. A pleasant part of adapting to the way of life at the USGS in Washington, D.C., was learning that there had been a long history of scientific contribution to the field of resource assessment. In earlier years, these achievements were mainly the work of scientists who had other responsibilities and worked away at resource-assessment techniques and their application as parallel efforts or as special assignments. Some of these individuals were Foster Hewitt, Tom Nolan, Sam Lasky, Tom Hendricks, Al Zapp, Vince McKelvey, and King Hubbert.
Discovery Rate Forecasting, Part 1: The Permian Basin
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the application of discovery process modeling to the Permian basin for the purpose of forecasting the future rates of oil and gas discovery in this very large region of the United States. This project was initiated in 1976 to fulfill one of the requirements specified by an interagency task force commissioned to estimate how much oil and gas might be available in the future at various prices from all potential sources in the United States. Although the USGS was designated as the lead agency, a large part of the total effort to complete the report was made by personnel in several other U.S. government bureaus. Before describing the details of how the forecasting of future discovery rates in the Permian basin was accomplished, we will go back in time and set the historical stage that led up to the commissioning of the interagency study.
Quantitative Mineral-Resource Assessment
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1982, I became chief of the Branch of Resource Analysis in the Office of Mineral Resources at the USGS. Early in my tour as branch chief, which is a rotational administrative position, I was told by Alexander Thomas Ovenshine, the chief of the Office of Mineral Resources, to steer the branch toward a specific objective-to develop quantitative methods of performing mineral-resource assessments on the various packages and tracts of land owned by the federal government. He believed that we should develop procedures to estimate the number of undiscovered mineral deposits as we had done with the oil and gas fields. He saw numerical assessments as a big step toward producing meaningful summaries of the quantity and quality of undiscovered mineral resources.