bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formalities for Entry into a Regulated Agreement
Authors: Neville Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This information must be provided by the time of the agreement and it must be confirmed in writing. If the bank’s agreement is tacit, and the account remains overdrawn for more than three months, the bank must inform the customer in writing no later than seven days after the end of that three-month period of the annual rate of interest and the charges applicable.13 Accordingly, customers are not required to sign regulated agreements when banks grant overdrafts on current accounts. The CCA 1974 does not define ‘current account’, but it is likely to be restricted to running-accounts from which withdrawals can be made by cheque or debit card.14 In Coutts v Sebestyen,15 the court considered a defence raised by Gabriel Oscar Sebestyen that his overdraft fell outside this exemption and was therefore wholly unenforceable against him. He had opened a current account at Coutts with an agreed overdraft limit of £2,000, but in six months had built up an unauthorized overdraft of over £18,000. Two days after the overdraft exceeded the agreed limit, the bank wrote to inform him that a 26 per cent interest rate applied to drawings that exceeded the limit.
Early Settlement and Termination
Authors: Smith J M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debtor under a regulated credit agreement has the right, by virtue of section 94 of the Consumer Credit Act (CCA) 1974, to discharge his indebtedness at any time by giving written notice1 to the creditor and paying all amounts payable under the agreement, less, where applicable, the statutory rebate provided for by section 95. If it is a hire-purchase agreement, the debtor may, at the same time, exercise the option to purchase the goods. If the debtor’s indebtedness under a regulated credit agreement is fully discharged, whether voluntarily or on early termination under the terms of the agreement or at the creditor’s option, he is automatically discharged, as is any relative of his, from any liability under a linked transaction, other than liability for a debt which has already become payable. However, this does not apply to a linked transaction which is itself an agreement providing the debtor or his relative with credit6 or to a linked transaction which is excluded from such automatic discharge by regulations made under the CCA 1974. There is authority that, at common law, provision in a loan agreement for acceleration of the debtor’s payment obligations, so that, on the happening of certain events, he may become immediately liable to pay the full amount that was to have been payable over a future period, including interest in respect of that future period, is valid and enforceable, whether or not the trigger for acceleration is the debtor’s breach of contract.
Nuernberg Trial and Aggressive War
Authors: Glueck Sheldon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 8, 1945, the four major Powers entered into an executive agreement, in which they provided for the establishment of an ad hoc International Military Tribunal for the trial of war criminals whose offenses ‘have no particular geographical location,’ and, in an Annex to the agreement, set forth a Charter for the ‘Constitution of the International Military Tribunal.’
The Nuremberg Trial and the Modern Principles of International Criminal Law
Authors: Vabres Henri Donnedieu de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 8 August 1945—barely two years ago—an agreement was reached on the constitution of the International Military Tribunal for Major War Criminals. A few months earlier, the United Nations Charter, devised by the representatives of the nations that emerged victorious from the Second World War, had established the principles of a new society of states. Appended to the Agreement was a Charter governing the structure and functioning of the International Military Tribunal.
The future
Authors: Matthews David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future for someone with diabetes is much brighter today than it ever was before. The therapeutic advances mean that we now understand the crucial need for ongoing care in diabetes. Glucose control is much easier with modern therapies, and the use of agents to keep blood pressure and blood fats under control means that the long-term risks of diabetes are reducing year on year. The dangers of smoking (with or without diabetes) have become much more apparent in recent years, with the realization that continuing smokers have a 1 in 2 chance of dying of smoking-related disease; so there is a concerted campaign on that front as well.
All this shows that the outlook is rosier than it ever was. However, the real questions about a cure remain unanswered. In type 1 diabetes, although we know a huge amount about how autoimmunity works—essentially how the body makes a mistake over what is self and what is not—we still do not know enough about how to stop the process of destruction of the beta-cells. Similarly, in type 2 diabetes, we know that the beta-cells are not working hard enough to produce the insulin we need, yet we have only a few clues about the processes involved in their progressive failure.
How Down syndrome comes about
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Down syndrome comes about when there is an extra number 21 chromosome. This additional chromosome, because of the genes it contains, causes an excessive amount of certain proteins to be formed in the cell. All children with Down syndrome have the extra critical portion of chromosome 21 in their cells. But the amount of chromosome 21 present, and the way in which the error comes about, can take one of three forms. When parents are told that their newborn baby has Down syndrome, one of the first questions they ask is ‘ How did this happen?’ Thanks to advances in the field of genetics, we can go a long way towards answering this question.
Assessment
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important for each child with Down syndrome to have her unique needs appraised in a regular and thorough way. An assessment is a process whereby a professional or group of professionals evaluate a child’ s abilities at a particular time, and make recommendations based on her needs. Assessments should begin when your child is about 4 months of age and continue at 6–12-monthly intervals until she enters school. Every child with Down syndrome has individual strengths and weaknesses. No single intervention or educational plan will be suitable for all. It is there- fore necessary for each child’ s unique needs to be appraised in a regular and thorough way.
Early intervention and pre-school groups
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children with Down syndrome who receive early intervention generally function better than those who do not. Early intervention should be viewed as a worthwhile, but not indispensable, adjunct to the more important learning experience that you give your child through normal parenting. You know your own child and your family’ s needs better than anyone else. You should try to find a programme that suits your needs, and never agree to participate in any intervention that does not feel right for you and your family.
Future pregnancies
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is written for those parents who want to calculate their chance of having another child with Down syndrome, and who want information about prenatal tests, so that they can make an informed decision. The chance of having another child with Down syndrome will depend on whether your child has the common trisomy 21, a translocation, or mosaicism. Only amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy can establish with certainty whether a fetus has Down syndrome. Non-invasive screening tests are now available; they detect an increased risk but are not completely reliable. One of the concerns shared by many parents who have had a child with Down syndrome is whether they will have further children with the syndrome. Parents also wonder whether their other children have an increased chance of having a child with the condition.
How is a diagnosis of CFS/ME made?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diagnosis of CFS/ME is made on the basis of what the patient says—that is on their symptoms and the history of their illness. There are no findings on examination (clinical signs) in CFS/ME and so far there is no medical test. A full history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations or ‘tests’ are important, however, to exclude other conditions that could be causing the symptoms.
A gradual increase in activity
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two stages in achieving an increase in what you can do. The first is to stabilize your current level of activity and to look at all the other ways in which you can help your body, such as relaxation, better sleep, good diet, and pain management. Once you have put into practice some of the things we have talked about in the previous chapters and have adjusted to a level of physical and mental activity that you can manage each day, you can move onto the next stage. This is to start increasing your activities gradually.
What gets in the way of being sensible?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may decide that a pacing programme is a good idea, but it is very likely that you will find that sticking to it is not that easy. You will probably find things get in the way—some coming from outside pressures, but some coming from your own beliefs and emotions. Clinical experience and research both show that identifying the things that stop you pacing yourself as well as you could is extremely important in this kind of self-help programme. When you know what these barriers are, you can look for ways round them.
Thinking about the future
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may feel so stuck in your present problems that it is hard to envisage a better future, but the possibility is certainly there. If your health improves, you would begin to see things opening up, some of which could seem pretty scary. If you have been ill for some time, getting back into the world, perhaps coming off benefits and going back to work, can seem very daunting. There are likely to be problems about being better just as there have been problems about being ill. The more you can be clear about what the problems might be and what you might be able to do about them, the less scary it will be.
Thinking about therapies and therapists, both medical and complementary/ alternative
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we said in Chapter 8, there is no ‘magic bullet’ that will cure CFS/ME. However, most people would still like to believe that there must be a simple treatment out there that will at least help, and so they keep on looking. Making a choice between the enormous varieties of therapies available can be extremely difficult. We hope that what follows will help in making that choice.
The Decline of the Nobility
Authors: Rush Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of the aristocracy on and in Europe has been long and profound, economically and socially and in the exercise of power and inﬂuence. Indeed, it is probably difficult to exaggerate the historical importance of the nobility in European society. Even powerful, so-called absolute monarchs ruled with and through the nobility. Ownership of land and, moreover, control of those who worked on the land gave the nobility immense economic power, but noble power and inﬂuence extended well beyond the economic sphere, intertwining with the social and the political.
Cleavage Representation in European Parliamentary History
Authors: Best Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than thirty years ago Stein Rokkan set the agenda for the discipline of comparative politics by assigning to it a double task: the accumulation and evaluation of information about past and present systems of government and the construction and testing of parsimonious models for the explanation of variations in the development, structuring, and performance of such systems (1967; 1999: 95).
Paths of Institutional Development and Elite Transformations
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Verzichelli Luca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time period covered by the DATACUBE is that during which most of the European countries have accomplished the democratization of their political system. According to the distinction proposed by Robert Dahl (1970), this has meant reaching high levels of liberalization (i.e. freedom of public contestation) and universalizing the electoral inclusion of adult citizens; or, if we prefer to put it in Rokkan”s words, overcoming the thresholds of legitimation, incorporation, and of executive power.
Asthma, Allergy, and the Mind
Authors: Jackson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 7 December 1889, an American inventor, Frederick Augustus Roe, obtained a patent for a device that was designed both to cure and to prevent not only the deadly strain of influenza that was sweeping across Europe from Russia, but also a wide range of other respiratory complaints, including catarrh, bronchitis, coughs and colds, croup, whooping cough, hay fever, and asthma. Sold from offices in Hanover Square in London for ten shillings, the Carbolic Smoke Ball comprised a hollow ball of India rubber containing carbolic acid powder. When the ball was compressed, a cloud of particles was forced through a fine muslin or silk diaphragm to be inhaled by the consumer.
Epilogue
Authors: Jackson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was on 31 December 2005 that Conall suffered probably his worst attack of asthma. Siobhán and I had travelled with our three children, Ciara, Riordan, and Conall, from Devon to South Wales to celebrate the dawning of a new year with Siobhan’s sister and her family. Within an hour or two of arriving in Porthcawl, and perhaps triggered by contact with his cousins’ cats or by the excitement of the occasion, Conall was struggling to breathe.
All About Language
Authors: Blake Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In clear, congenial style Barry Blake explains how language works. He describes the make-up of words and how they're built from sounds and signs and put together in phrases and sentences. He examines the dynamics of conversation and the relations between the sound and meaning. He shows how languages help their users connect to each other and to the world, how they vary around the world, why they never stop changing, and that no two people speak a language in the same way. He looks at how language is acquired by infant children, how it relates to thought, and its operations in the brain. He investigates current trends and issues such as the levelling of linguistic class differences and the rise of new secret or in-group languages such as argot and teenspeak. He describes the history of writing from its origins to digital diffusion, and ends by looking at how language might have originated and then evolved among our distant hominid and primate ancestors. Language is crucial to every aspect of our lives whether we're thinking, talking, or dreaming. Barry Blake reveals the wonders that lie beneath the surface of everyday communication, enriching his exposition with a unique blend of anecdote and humour. His engaging guide is for everyone curious about language or who needs to know more about it.
Compound and complex sentences
Authors: Blake Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following sentence contains two strings each of which qualifies as a sentence as described up to this point. The two strings are bracketed.
[Virginia went to Richmond] and[Vanessa stayed in Bloomsbury].
It is a compound sentence. It contains two independent sentences or independent clauses. The word clause refers to a sentence that is part of a larger sentence.
Now look at the following sentences, each of which contains two clauses, an independent main clause and a dependent or subordinate clause.
Labour Law and Industrial Relations
Authors: Ewing Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the contribution of law to the development of industrial relations, and conversely the contribution of industrial relations to the development of the law. The workplace of the twenty-first century is much more highly regulated by law than at any time in the past, with both employers and trade unions subject to detailed legal restrictions. But this should not detract from the reality that the State has intervened to regulate the employment relationship from the day that the first worker provided his service for the benefit of another. In this chapter, one aim is to focus on the changing nature of State intervention and the changing techniques of State intervention in the period since 1906 until the end of the first Blair administration. In this way a clear pattern of continuity in the development of the current British ‘system’ clearly emerges.
Post-modernism and Industrial Relations
Authors: Eldridge John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To parody Marx: a spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of post-modernism. Indeed its haunting presence goes well beyond Europe. But the substance of spectres is not always easy to identify. So it is with post-modernism. Is it a condition? A method? A theory? A perspective? It is elusive yet all pervasive. Even so, when it comes to the sphere of industrial relations, discussions of post-modernism are not so much in evidence. One exception to this is John Kelly’s Rethinking Industrial Relations (Kelly 1998) which includes a chapter-Post-modernism and the End of the Labour Movement. The chapter is subtitled—a critique-and so it is. After a useful survey of some of the economic, cultural, political, and philosophical strands in post modern thinking he concludes: ‘There are so many holes in the post-modern case that there is a genuine puzzle as to why it was ever taken so seriously.
Citizenship, Subjecthood, Nationality: Concepts of Belonging in the Age of Modern Nation States
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political concepts are concepts of legitimation; this fact is well established. For example, Jurgen Habermas states that the German word for ‘citizenship’ or ‘citoyennete’, ‘Staatsbiirgerschaft’, has been defined to date by lawyers. As a result, the concept has acquired the exclusively legal meaning of a formal, legally defined relationship of adherence to the state, for which the German term is ‘Staatsangehorigkeit.’ He observes with satisfaction that this concept recently has been expanded to include the sense of a ‘Staatsbiirgerstatus’ defined by civil and political rights. He greets this development as an adaptation to a ‘Western’ (comprising Western Europe and the USA)—that is, republican and constitutional-tradition of the concept of citizenship (Habermas 1993: 638). In Habermas’s view, this adaptation would permit an understanding of the core of German ‘Staatsbiirgerschaft’ as a set of rights intended to secure the political participation and communication of autonomous individuals.
Citizenship under Regime Competition: The Case of the ‘European Works Councils’
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As European integration progresses, expectations are waning that it will culminate in a supranational state replicating the post-war European nation state on a larger scale.1 But as yet little attention has been devoted to the question of what this implies for integrated Europe, and what in particular it portends for the role of European nation states, and of statehood in Europe generally, vis-á-vis European societies and citizens. In part this may have ideological reasons. ‘Euro-optimists’, which include most students of European integration, tend to minimize the significance of the disappearance of the supranational state perspective. Rather than dwell on what is not happening, they prefer to deal with what is. For the rest, a tacit assumption has become widely accepted that the old neo-functionalist vision of a ‘United States of Europe’ was not meant to be taken literally in the first place, and that what¬ ever emerges in its stead can be regarded without much questioning as its functional equivalent. It is here that the debate on European integration links up with contemporary discussions about the state. While empirical observations of a decline of state capacity in developed industrial societies are widely shared, they are often accompanied by assurances that this is not really a loss as other, non-state mechanisms of governance-and indeed normatively preferable ones-are waiting to fill the gap.
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental Policy
Authors: Pearce* David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theoretical foundations of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are well established, although no practitioner should pretend that all the problems are resolved. Essentially, CBA compares the gains and losses associated with an investment project (a road, railway line, port, urban expansion, etc.) or with a policy, e.g. the setting of an environmental standard. Gains and losses are defined in terms of increments and decrements of human wellbeing (or welfare, or utility) and, in tum, these are measured as follows: individuals’ willingness to pay for a gain or willingness to pay to avoid a loss; or individuals’ willingness to accept compensation to tolerate a loss or to go without a benefit. These willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept concepts correspond to the measures of consumer surplus formalized by Hicks (1943).
Transport and the Environment
Authors: Nash* Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transport was one of the first sectors in which the importance of externalities was recognized with respect to traffic congestion, and the proposed solution in the form of a Pigouvian tax formulated. More recently, more attention has shifted to environmental effects as externalities. Here, there are a wide variety of effects, as listed in Table 1. Transport is a very significant source of most of these pollutants.
Miscellaneous Nuisances In Other Legislation
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some miscellaneous statutory nuisances under section 79(1)(h) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) remain from the Public Health Act 1936 and from the Mines and Quarries Act 1954. In none of these is the defence of “best practicable means’ available.1 The miscellaneous statutory nuisances comprise nuisances from: watercourses;tents, vans, sheds and similar structures used for human habitation; domestic water supply; and unfenced abandoned mines and quarries.
Between Large Firms and Marginal Local Economies: The Making of Systems of Local Governance in France
Authors: Aniello Valeria , Gales Patrick Le 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time the French model of capitalism and its economic success were either despised or hailed as the state-centred French exception. In that post-war period, the modernization of the economy was led by the state and its elites, which organized economic development and ran most of the national champions. Local economies were not an issue. Some disappeared, some remained hidden, and a dozen interesting cases remained rather strong.
Credit Cycles
Authors: Kiyotaki Nobuhiro , Hardman-Moore John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a theoretical study into how credit constraints interact with aggregate economic activity over the business cycle. In particular, for an economy in which credit limits are endogenously determined, we investigate how relatively small, temporary shocks to technology or income distribution might generate large, persistent fluctuations in output and asset prices. Also we ask whether sector-specific shocks can be contagious, in the sense that their effects spill over to other sectors and get amplified through time.