bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computing failure
Authors: Glass Robert L. 
Published: July 2004

Computing people can learn from failure as well as success. Most professional papers deal only with the latter ... yet it is well known that some of our most lasting learning experiences are based on failure. This paper is a lighthearted, anecdotal discussion of a computing failure, with an underlying message that sharing the sometimes embarrassing truths about What Goes Wrong In Our Field is at least as illuminating as more serious discussions about Things That Look Promising.
There are some necessary defense mechanisms to be dealt with in discussing failure. People who have failed in general do not want the world to know about it. Perhaps even more so, companies which have failed also do not want the world to know about it. As a result, the content of this paper is fictionalized to some extent. That is, company names and people names are creations of the author, and there are corresponding distortions in some story details. However, the computing meat of the paper, the basis for the failure learning experience, is untouched.
Requirements language processing for the effective testing of real-time systems
Authors: Davis Alan M. , Rataj Walter J. 
Published: July 2004

GTE Laboratories is currently developing a trio of software tools which automate the feature testing of real-time systems by generating test plans directly from requirements specifications. Use of the first of these tools, the Requirements Language Processor (RLP), guarantees that the requirements are complete, consistent, non-ambiguous, and non-redundant. It generates a mode] of an extended finite-state machine which is used by the second tool, the Test Plan Generator, to generate test plans which thoroughly test the software for conformity to the requirements. These test plans are supplied to the third tool, the Automatic Test Executor, for actual testing. The RLP is the subject of this paper.
The primary goal of the RLP is to provide the ability to specify the features of a target real-time system in a vocabulary familiar to an application-oriented individual and in a manner suitable for test plan generation. The RLP produces a document which can be easily understood by non-computer personnel. It is expected that this document will function as a key part of the “contract” between a real-time system supplier and a customer. This document must also serve as a springboard for the software designers during their development of the actual product.
In addition to the requirements document, the RLP also produces an augmented state transition table which describes a finite state machine whose external behavior is identical to the target real-time system as defined by the specified requirements.
Relating software requirements and design
Authors: Peters Lawrence 
Published: July 2004

Software development is a process which has evolved into a number of phases. Although the names of the phases and some of their characteristics differ from contractor to contractor and customer to customer, the functional similarities among sets of phases cannot be ignored. The basic software development scenario depicted by these phases starts with problem identification and definition, requirements specification, design, code, test, and installation and maintenance. Although some “smearing&rdquo of one phase activity into other(s) may occur, this represents the basic flow. However, it is just that smearing which occurs between requirements and design that we wish to explore here.
Identifying or defining problems and solving problems are viewed by many to be separate, distinguishable activities. They are complementary in that one identifies what must be done (requirements) while the other depicts how it will be done (design). But software designers complain bitterly that requirements are poorly defined while customers and analysts often complain that the design is not responsive to the problem(s) as they perceive it. Somehow software designers end up discovering previously unknown requirements and end up solving a problem which is foreign to the customer. Is there a workable mechanism to reduce this difficulty?
An application of graph theory to software test data selection
Authors: Stickney M. E. 
Published: July 2004

Graph theory is playing an increasingly important role in the design, analysis, and testing of computer programs. It's importance is derived from the fact that flow of control and flow of data for any program can be expressed in terms of directed graphs. From the graph representing the flow of control, called the program graph, many others can be derived that either partially or completely preserve the program control structure. One derived graph known as a cyclomatic tree is of particular value in program testing. It is so named because the number of leaves of the tree is equal to the cyclomatic number of the program graph. A thorough treatment of cyclomatic numbers is provided in [3]. A program called the Complexity/Path Analyzer (CPA) has been developed that builds and utilizes a program cyclomatic tree to provide test planning information, automatically place software counters called probes as discussed in [9] and [10] in a program, and provide selected parameters such as program length and program graph cyclomatic number. The paper discusses the features and derivation of cyclomatic trees as well as their value and application to testing and test data generation.
A cyclomatic tree provides a test planner with information useful for planning program tests. In particular, it furnishes test data selection criteria for developing tests that are minimally thorough as defined by Huang in [9]. A test data selection criterion will be defined as minimally thorough if any complete test with respect to the criterion is at least minimally thorough. The term complete is used as defined by Goodenhough and Gerhart in [13]. A test is defined to be a non empty sequence of test cases. Each test case consists of an element selected from the input domain of the program being tested. The paper discusses the merits of one particular technique selected to achieve a minimally thorough test data selection criteria. Part of the technique is automated by the CPA program.
An example of software quality assurance techniques used in a successful large scale software development
Authors: Kacik Paul J. 
Published: July 2004

Development of the software package for the Combat Grande Air Defense System was considered by the Hughes Aircraft Company to be highly successful in that a reliable system was produced that met customer requirements and was completed within time and budget allocations - a feat not often attained in large scale software developments. Much of the success can be attributed to the software quality assurance (QA) techniques used. Some of these QA techniques are listed in Table 1 along with the phases in which they were used.
This paper describes these QA techniques in some detail, as well as those aspects of the system and software development program that permitted these techniques to be used effectively.
Background information is presented first which describes the system, software, organization and software configuration management. This is followed by a description of the three major phases of software development. The overall results are then presented, followed by recommended improvements and conclusions. Many of the QA techniques listed in Table 1 were used in several phases of software development. However, a particular technique is discussed only in the phase in which it was most extensively used.
Configuration management by consensus: an application of law-governed systems
Authors: Minsky Naftaly H. , Rozenshtein David 
Published: July 2004

It is self-evident that if one wants to model and control the cooperative process of software development, one must provide for cooperative decision making. In particular, one should be able to base the decision on whether and how to carry out a given operation on the consensus of several, possibly independent, agents. It is important to emphasize that this is not just a matter of computing the conjunction of some set of conditions. One must also provide a mechanism for establishing any desired consensus structure, which would specify who is allowed to state which kinds of concerns regarding this operation, and what the relationship among these concerns should be.
In this paper we propose a general framework for such decision making by consensus, which is based on the concept of law-governed software development. As a concrete application domain in which to illustrate this framework, we consider here the issue of configuration binding.
Software process enactment in Oikos
Authors: Ambriola V. , Ciancarini P. , Montangero C. 
Published: July 2004

Despite much research work in progress to model the different facets of software process enactment from different approaches, there are no models yet generally recognized as adequate, and there is need for more experimentation. We describe the Oikos environment and its coordination language ESP: they provide an infrastructure in which experiments may be performed and evaluated.
Oikos predefines a number of services offering basic facilities, like access to data bases, workspaces, user interfaces etc.. Services are customizable, in a declarative way that matches naturally the way ESP defines and controls the software process. ESP allows to define services, to structure them in a dynamic hierarchy, and to coordinate them according to the blackboard paradigm. The concepts of environment and of software process and their interplay are naturally characterized in Oikos, in terms of sets of services and of the hierarchy.
In the paper, an example taken from a real project (the specification of a small language and the implementation of its compiler) shows how Oikos and ESP are effective for software process enactment.
As it is, ESP embeds Prolog as its sequential component, and combines it smoothly to the blackboard approach to deal with concurrency and distribution. Anyway, most of the concepts used to model and enact software processes are largely independent of logic programming.
Nonoperative Management for In-Season Athletes with Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Buss Daniel D. , Lynch Gregory P. , Meyer Christopher P. , Huber Shane M. , Freehill Michael Q. 
Published: July 2004

Background Acute or recurrent anterior shoulder instability is a frequent injury for in-season athletes. Treatment options for this injury include shoulder immobilization, rehabilitation, and shoulder stabilization surgery. Purpose To determine if in-season athletes can be returned to their sports quickly and effectively after nonoperative treatment for an anterior instability episode. Methods Over a 2-year period, 30 athletes matched the inclusion criteria for this study. Nineteen athletes had experienced anterior dislocations, and 11 had experienced subluxations. All were treated with physical therapy and fitted, if appropriate, with a brace. These athletes were followed for the number of recurrent instability episodes, additional injuries, subjective ability to compete, and ability to complete their season or seasons of choice. Results Twenty-six of 30 athletes were able to return to their sports for the complete season at an average time missed of 10.2 days (range, 0-30 years). Ten athletes suffered sport-related recurrent instability episodes (range, 0-8 years). An average of 1.4 recurrent instability episodes per season per athlete occurred. There were no further injuries attributable to the shoulder instability. Sixteen athletes underwent surgical stabilization for their shoulders during the subsequent off-season. Conclusions Most of the athletes were able to return to their sport and complete their seasons after an episode of anterior shoulder instability, although 37% experienced at least 1 additional episode of instability during the season.
Effects of Patellar Tendon Width and Preoperative Quadriceps Strength on Strength Return after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Ipsilateral Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Autograft
Authors: Shelbourne K. Donald , Johnson Brent C. 
Published: July 2004

Background Strength return after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction varies greatly. Hypothesis Patients with small patellar tendons and weak preoperative quadriceps muscle strength would not be able to regain full strength. Study Design Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Methods Patellar tendon widths for 540 patients were measured intraoperatively and grouped according to size (small, 20-26 mm; medium, 27-30 mm; large, 31-36 mm). Strength measured preoperatively was determined by dividing the torque value of the injured leg by the torque value of the noninjured leg. Strength after surgery was determined by dividing the postoperative value in the anterior cruciate ligament–reconstructed leg by the preoperative value of the uninjured leg. Results At 1, 2, and 3 months after surgery, patients with large tendons had statistically significantly better strength than patients with small and medium tendons (P < .01), but this difference was not significant 2 years after operation. At all times after surgery, patients with preoperative strength >90% had statistically significantly better strength than patients with preoperative strength <75% (P < .01). At 3 months after surgery, patients with good preoperative strength and large tendons had a mean postoperative strength of 79% compared with 62% for patients who had poor preoperative strength and small tendons (P < .001). Conclusions If patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have a weak leg before surgery and small patellar tendons, their ability to regain full strength after surgery may be compromised, especially in the first year after surgery.
In Vivo Elongation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterior Cruciate Ligament during Knee Flexion
Authors: Li Guoan , DeFrate Louis E. , Sun Hao , Gill Thomas J. 
Published: July 2004

Background Most knowledge regarding cruciate ligament function is based on in vitro experiments. Purpose To investigate the in vivo elongation of the functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing flexion. Hypothesis The biomechanical role of functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament under in vivo loading is different from that measured in cadavers. Study Design In vivo biomechanical study. Methods Elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament was measured during a quasi-static lunge using imaging and 3-dimensional computer-modeling techniques. Results The anterior-medial bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament had a relatively constant length from full extension to 90° of flexion. The posterior-lateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament decreased in length with flexion. Both bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament had increased lengths with flexion. Conclusion The data did not demonstrate the reciprocal function of the 2 bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament or the posterior cruciate ligament with flexion observed in previous studies. Instead, the data suggest that there is a reciprocal function between the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament with flexion. The anterior cruciate ligament plays a more important role in low-flexion angles, whereas the posterior cruciate ligament plays a more important role in high flexion. Clinical Relevance Understanding the biomechanical role of the knee ligaments in vivo is essential to reproduce the structural behavior of the ligament after injury (especially for 2-bundle reconstructions) and thus improve surgical outcomes.
A New Operative Approach in the Correction of External Coxa Saltans
Authors: White Richard A. , Hughes Mike S. , Burd Timothy , Hamann Joshua , Allen William C. 
Published: July 2004

Background External snapping hip is an entity that describes a snap that is felt on the lateral aspect of the hip. Several surgical interventions are described. Hypothesis The external snapping hip can be corrected with a simple procedure that is minimally invasive and less demanding than other techniques. Study Design This is a retrospective review from June 1994 until January 2002 looking at released external snapping hips. Methods There were 16 patients with 17 hips; follow-up was in 15 patients with 16 snapping hips. Twelve patients with 13 hips were contacted by telephone interview, and 3 were followed up by their most recent chart note. All underwent the same procedure performed by the senior author. The questionnaire was conducted at an average of 32.5 months after surgery (range, 9-74 months). For 3 patients, chart-only follow-up was at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Results Fourteen of 16 hips remained asymptomatic after final surgical release (2 hips needed a second release). All patients contacted by telephone would undergo the same procedure again if faced with the same symptoms. Conclusions This technique is simpler than most of those previously described with the benefit of no formal postoperative regimen and comparable results.
Sports Massage after Eccentric Exercise
Authors: Jönhagen Sven , Ackermann Paul , Eriksson Tommy , Saartok Tönu , Renström Per A. F. H. 
Published: July 2004

Background The use of sports massage is very common in the athletic community. However, only a few studies have shown any therapeutic effect of massage. Hypothesis Sports massage can improve the recovery after eccentric exercise. Study Design Prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods Sixteen subjects performed 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscle bilaterally. Massage was given to 1 leg, whereas the other leg served as a control. Subjects were treated once daily for 3 days. Maximal strength was tested on a Kin-Com dynamometer, and functional tests were based on 1-leg long jumps. Pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale. Results There was a marked loss of strength and function of the quadriceps directly after exercise and on the third day after exercise. The massage treatment did not affect the level or duration of pain or the loss of strength or function following exercise. Conclusion Sports massage could not improve the recovery after eccentric exercise.
Anchor Design and Bone Mineral Density Affect the Pull-Out Strength of Suture Anchors in Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Tingart Markus J. , Apreleva Maria , Lehtinen Janne , Zurakowski David , Warner Jon J. P. 
Published: July 2004

Background Different metal and biodegradable suture anchors are available for rotator cuff repair. Poor bone quality may result in anchor loosening and tendon rerupture. Hypotheses Higher bone mineral density is associated with higher pull-out strength of suture anchors. Depending on anchor placement, pull-out strengths of anchors are different within the greater tuberosity. Study Design Cadaveric biomechanical study. Methods Trabecular and cortical bone mineral densities were determined for different regions within the greater tuberosity. Metal screw-type and biodegradable hook-type anchors were cyclically loaded. Results Mean failure load of metal and biodegradable anchors was 273 N and 162 N, respectively, for the proximal part (P < .01) and 184 N and 112 N, respectively, for the distal part (P < .01). Both types of anchors showed higher failure loads in the proximal-anterior and -middle parts of the greater tuberosity than in the distal part (P < .01). A significant positive correlation was found between cortical bone mineral density and failure load of metal anchors (P < .01). Conclusion Bone quality, anchor type, and anchor placement have a significant impact on anchor failure loads. Clinical Relevance Suture anchors should be placed in the proximal-anterior and -middle parts of the greater tuberosity. In the distal parts, biodegradable hook-like anchors should be used with caution.
An Analysis of an Anatomical Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Johansen Steinar , Wentorf Fred A. , Engebretsen Lars , Esterberg Justin L. , Tso Andy 
Published: July 2004

Background To date, no surgical technique to treat posterolateral knee instability anatomically reconstructs the 3 major static stabilizing structures of the posterolateral knee: the fibular collateral ligament, the popliteus tendon, and the popliteofibular ligament. Hypothesis Static varus and external rotatory stability would be restored to the reconstructed knee with a posterolateral knee injury. Methods The anatomical locations of the original fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament were reconstructed using a 2-graft technique. Ten cadaveric specimens were tested in 3 states: intact knee, knee with the 3 structures cut to simulate a grade III injury, and the reconstructed knee. Results For the varus loading tests, joint stability was significantly improved by the posterolateral reconstruction compared to the cut state at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. There were no significant differences between the intact and reconstructed knees at 0°, 60°, and 90° for varus translation. For the external rotation torque tests, external rotation was significantly higher for the cut state than for the intact or reconstructed posterolateral knee. There was no significant difference in external rotation between the intact and reconstructed posterolateral knees at any flexion angle. Conclusions This 2-graft technique to reconstruct the primary static stabilizers of the posterolateral knee restored static stability, as measured by joint translation in response to varus loading and external rotation torque, to knees with grade III posterolateral injuries.
The Effect of Posterior Knee Capsulotomy on Posterior Tibial Translation during Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Inlay Reconstruction
Authors: Park Sang Eun , Stamos Bruce D. , DeFrate Louis E. , Gill Thomas J. , Li Guoan 
Published: July 2004

Purpose To measure the biomechanical effect of the surgical capsulotomy made during a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the tibial inlay technique. Hypothesis The posterior capsule contributes to posterior tibial stability. Study Design Controlled laboratory experiment. Methods Six knee specimens were tested on a robotic testing system from 0° to 120° of flexion with the posterior cruciate ligament intact and resected and with a posterior capsulotomy identical to that performed during tibial inlay reconstruction (sham surgery). A longitudinal incision with medial and lateral soft tissue stripping sufficient to mount an inlay bone block and pass an Achilles tendon graft into the knee was made in the oblique popliteal ligament, muscle belly of the popliteus, and posterior capsule. The posterior tibial translation was measured under a posterior tibial load of 130 N at multiple flexion angles. Results Capsulotomy increased the posterior laxity compared with the posterior cruciate ligament–resected knee at every flexion angle. An additional 0.97 ± 0.48 mm, 0.65 ± 0.47 mm, 0.56 ± 0.33 mm, 0.48 ± 0.38 mm, and 0.94 ± 0.60 mm of posterior laxity was recorded at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of flexion, respectively. These values were all statistically significant (P≤ .001). Conclusions A posterior capsulotomy alone, without associated posteromedial or posterolateral disruption, produces additional posterior tibial translation in vitro compared with posterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee with intact capsule. Clinical Relevance Damage to the posterior capsule may contribute to the residual posterior laxity noted clinically after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.