bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial Services
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Financial Services: Authorisation, Supervision and Enforcement provides litigators and compliance advisers with an understanding of the powers available to the Financial Services Authority in the context of the regulatory regime established under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. It also clearly sets out the processes for authorisation and examines the meaning of 'regulated activity'. The text comprehensively explains the investigatory powers, sanctions and remedies available to the FSA, and the procedures applicable to their exercise, giving invaluable assistance to those advising and representing firms in proceedings involving the FSA. All such proceedings are considered, whether they take the form of an FSA investigation, disciplinary proceedings involving the Regulatory Decisions Committee or the Financial Services and Markets Act Tribunal, civil proceedings in the High Court, or a criminal prosecution. Russen not only makes extensive reference to the detailed provisions of the FSA Handbook, but also addresses, where appropriate, particular issues of practice and procedure that are likely to have an impact upon FSA investigations and any civil or criminal proceedings instituted by the FSA. In addition to its detailed treatment of the procedure governing action and litigation by the FSA, the book contains chapters on the authorisation process and on the substantive law (including complex secondary legislation) relating to money laundering, market abuse and financial promotions. Each of these areas is at the heart of the FSA's role as the single regulator of the financial markets in the UK and has been the subject of recent and substantial change both internally and as result of European developments. The powers of the FSA and the procedures relating to enforcement and litigation in this area are examined in the context of the authorisation rules and ways in which authorised entities may commit regulatory offences.
Mainstream and Regulatory offences
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As explained in the Introduction to this book, one of the regulatory objectives of the FSA under section 2 of the FSMA is the reduction in financial crime. The ‘reduction of financial crime objective ‘ is defined in section 6 of the FSMA. It is reducing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person, or a business carried on in breach of the general prohibition, to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime.
Criminal Prosecutions by the Fsa
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mainstream and regulatory offences recognized or (in the main) created by the FSMA have been explained in Chapter 2. This chapter addresses the role of the FSA as a prosecuting authority, and its right to bring criminal proceedings in pursuit of its regulatory objective under section 6 of the FSMA of reducing financial crime. Outside Scotland the FSA has power to bring a criminal prosecution in relation to any of the foregoing offences. The exposure of firms to criminal proceedings is therefore significant, particularly in relation to investigation offences under section 177 of the FSMA, or the offence of providing misleading information to the FSA which arises under section 398. The FSA ‘s powers of investigation and prosecution of offences under the FSMA are not exclusive, however, as they are shared with other prosecuting authorities.
Civil Liability and the Remedies and Sanctions Available to the Fsa and Investors
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal mainstream and regulatory offences, and the FSA ‘s standing as a prosecuting authority, have been addressed in Chapter 2. The focus of the present chapter is upon the potential exposure of authorised persons to civil liability at the suit of aggrieved investors, and also the civil and disciplinary remedies and sanctions that are conferred upon the FSA by specific provisions of the FSMA. The latter are also addressed in great detail in the Enforcement Manual. Again it must be borne in mind that this book does not attempt to address the FSA ‘s role as the UK Listing Authority, a matter which is beyond the scope of this book.1 However, before turning to the redress available to the FSA, the exposure of authorised persons to private action by investors should be noted.
Market Abuse
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law of market of market abuse forms a fundamental part of the FSA ‘s powers of investigation (see Chapter 3) and is central to the availability of certain civil remedies which may be invoked by the FSA (as explained in Chapter 5). To the extent that market abuse may also constitute insider trading within the meaning of Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 (CJA), it will also trigger the FSA ‘s powers of prosecution (Chapters 2 and 4). The risk of criminal prosecution under the CJA 1993 or section 397 of the FSMA subsists quite independently of the liability for market abuse which is examined in this chapter. There is a well-known saying that information is power. In the context of a trade on one of the financial markets, an individual holding information not available to others may decide to trade upon the basis of it, to continue with a previously planned transaction or to abandon it, or to alter his trade or simply do nothing, even though publicly available information would suggest a different course of action.
The Financial Ombudsman Service
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Financial Ombudsman Service ( ‘FOS ‘) was established in December 2001 in order to provide investors with an alternative source of redress to that offered by the courts on civil claims of the kind addressed in Chapter 5. The FOS operates independently from the FSA and has assumed the jurisdiction of a number of earlier ombudsman services (such as the office of the Investment Ombudsman, the office of the Banking Ombudsman, and the Securities and Futures Authority Complaints Bureau) under a single, comprehensive complaints scheme.
‘Redbrick’s Unlovely Quadrangles’: Reinterpreting the Architecture of the Civic Universities
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of November 1919, the young academic Bruce Truscot took a job at a new university. It all came as rather a shock. ‘I saw in front of me’, he later wrote, A vast block of red-brick buildings, ornamented with meaningless scrolls and geometrical figures and tapering here and there into ridiculous little pinnacles looking for all the world like miniature candle-snuffers.
The Secularization of the Chaplaincy: A Brief History of the Columbia University Chaplaincy, 1908–1969
Authors: Wu Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 8 1969, Columbia University ended its 200 year-old official relationship with the Episcopal Church. Columbia’s President Andrew Cordier announced that a ‘reorganization of religious life at Columbia’ was necessary and that ‘religious life on campus must be responsive both to the changing needs of . . . the university community and to the changing climate of religious life in society at large’. As a result, Columbia would abolish the position of University Chaplain; the Earl Hall Center for Religion and Life at Columbia University would replace the University Chaplaincy, and a director instead of a chaplain would assume responsibility for the institution. The university would continue to ‘offer hospitality to denominational activities’, but university funds and facilities would be used ‘primarily to strengthen and to develop programs and resources of non-sectarian nature’.
Grammar, Reading, and Cultural Change in Early Modern Europe: Two Studies
Authors: Harris Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jason Harris
The early modern university offers an exemplary instance of the broader cultural shift from oral to textual forms. From their very inception universities were exceptional sites of literacy, yet increasingly in the early modern period they became characterized by grander libraries and more numerous books, textual commentaries proliferated, publication became a recognized forum of university activity (though not yet an obligation), and ultimately even the examination system was altered as the dissertation gradually displaced the disputation. A rounded account of this process and of the social position of universities in general must include evaluation of the grammar school training that preceded matriculation and analysis of the broader development of textual culture in the form of print. It is hard to see how this line of inquiry could be pursued without recourse to the history of humanism.
Excursus I: Four Aporias
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Instead of offering a detailed treatment of all the aporias (which would take up far too much time and space) I propose to examine with some care just four of them, and to consider how these are dealt with by some of the many commentators who adopt very deliberately a synchronic approach. Let us begin with chapter 21, regarded as a secondary addition even by many scholars (e.g. Westcott, Dodd, Barrett) naturally inclined to side with unity. The reluctance of scholars even more conservative than Westcott and Dodd (e.g. Thyen, Minear, Frey, Keener) to entertain any suggestion that this chapter was not part of the original Gospel is nevertheless quite comprehensible. As Jeremias remarked as long ago as 1941, it is ‘the basis and starting-point of all source-critical work on the Fourth Gospel’. Once this rampart has been breached the enemy is within the gate: there can be no further defence of integral unity as a matter of principle, and the familiar argument that there is no manuscript evidence, either here or elsewhere, of editorial insertions or modifications loses all its force. On the basis of the manuscript evidence Lindars is confident that chapter 21 ‘is certainly not a late insertion’, but it is worth remembering John Benton’s observation that many medieval authors kept the manuscript of a favourite work over a number of years, making alterations to it as it pleased them. If this is how the fourth evangelist behaved, then we must remain open to the possibility of an indefinite number of authorial modifications over the years, corresponding to the changing situation of the community.
Son Of God
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the simple messianic faith outlined in the previous chapter and the high christology associated with the figure of the Son of Man lies a middle ground. There can be no question of marking this out clearly, still less of railing it off. Nevertheless, one might reasonably expect to be able to detect in the Gospel at least some traces of the passage from the earlier to the later faith. In searching for these one could of course begin from the strong evidence of the finished gospel, with its clearly defined notions of c, exaltation, revelation, and so on. But the question I want to attempt to answer in this chapter (the most tentative in the book) means taking a rather different approach, one that involves the imposition of certain methodological restraints.
The Medium And The Message
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nobody has ever undertaken a comprehensive study of the concept of revelation in the Fourth Gospel, unless one counts Bultmann’s great commentary or the long section on John in his Theology of the New Testament. Why is that, given that revelation is unquestionably the dominant theme of the Gospel? The first reason is that, despite James Barr’s devastating criticisms (in ch. 8 of his Semantics of Biblical Language) of the principles underlying Kittel’s famous Wo¨rterbuch, most scholars, both budding and full-blown, still find it easier to study a word than a concept. Neither the verb I1ToŒÆºv1TTEØv nor the noun I1ToŒ)ºıłØc occurs in the Gospel, and the nearest synonyms, cpÆvEæoFv, ªvøæ{(,EØv; KfryªaŁÆØ; KµcpÆv{(,EØv, perhaps IvÆªªEººEØv, are not sufficiently prominent and do not carry sufficient weight to merit an extended treatment. To include the various symbolic equivalents of revelation would make the task very much more difficult.
Spectroscopy and electronic structure of inorganic solids
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optical properties of solids have been of scientific and technological interest for over three centuries, and made use of for decorative purposes from the times of the earliest civilizations. Early cave artists produced pictures of their times and lifestyles, in which spectacular colour variations were achieved by intimate mixtures of different, naturally-occurring, inorganic pigments. Good examples of inorganic pigments are mercuric sulphide (a brilliant scarlet usually called vermilion), the beautiful green chromic oxide, and the bright blue cobaltous oxide. Pottery was coloured by burning such pigments into the surface; glasses were tinted by the addition of coloured metal oxides to the melt. Naturally our unsophisticated forebears could not explain the colours they saw, nor the absence of such colours in the dark. Today most people realize that colour has to do with what happens when light falls on matter, as is readily appreciated when the colours of objects in a welldarkened room are revealed under the illumination of a beam of white light. A little more thought (or persuasion) convinces one that the perceived coloration is due to colour subtraction: i.e. the colour observed is the complementary colour to that absorbed from white light by the solid. Our understanding of the colour in our everyday environment derives from Newton’s observation that sunlight contains all the colours of the rainbow with wavelengths ranging over the visible spectrum (approximately 400-700 nm).
Radiative transition rates and selection rules
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the discussion in the preceding two chapters concentrated on the stationary states of an electronic system, the need to consider perturbations which mix stationary states and thereby excite transitions between these states was noted. In this chapter we apply time-dependent perturbation theory to estimate the rates of such transitions, first by developing a general formula for the transition probability between initial |i〉 and final |f〇 states; if the initial state |i〉 is lower in energy than |f〇 an absorption transition is involved, whereas if |f〇 is the lower state emission takes place. We then consider in some detail how such transitions are caused by interactions between the electronic system and the radiation field.
Colour centres in ionic crystals
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colour centre spectroscopy has played an important role in solid state physics since shortly after World War I. Pohl and his colleagues had observed that in very thin alkali halide crystals the usual reststrahlen absorption was accompanied by additional weak absorption bands. Since these absorption bands were in the viable spectrum, the ‘pure’ crystals were coloured: sodium chloride yellow and potassium bromide blue. This visible colouration was attributed to the presence of Farbzentrum, or colour centres, introduced into the crystal during growth. Such centres became known simply as F-centres. After many man-years of research it became clear that the primary source of colouration in alkali halide crystals was isolated anion vacancies each of which had trapped a single electron. This simple defect species is now referred to exclusively as the F-centre.
Spectroscopy of lanthanide (rare-earth) and actinide ions in solids
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the fifth period of the periodic table of elements after the element lanthanum (atomic number 57) the filling of the 4f shell takes place, from cesium with the outer configuration 5s2 5p64f15d16s2 to ytterbium with configuration 5s2 5 64f13Sd16s2. These are the lanthanide or rare-earth elements, which occur as doubly or triply charged ions in ionic solids. In the triply charged rare-earth ions all 5d and 6s electrons are removed and the 4f shell is only partially occupied; Table 8.1 gives the number (n) of the electrons in the unfilled 4f shell. The many energy levels of the unfilled 4f n shell between which radiative transitions may occur cover a spread of energies of ⋍ 40000 cno-1. The next highest configurations are 4f(n-1), 5d, 4f(n-1)l6s and 4f(n-1)6p, which for the triply charged ions arc usually well above the lowlying 4fn energy levels. The divalent rare-earth ions contain one more electron (e.g. Sm2+ has the same configuration as Eu3+) and in these divalent ions the higher-lying energy configurations overlap some of the low-lying 4f n energy levels (Dicke 1968). In a similar way the filling of the Sf shell occurs after the element actinium (atomic number 89). These actinide ions, which have an incomplete Sf shell, have many low-lying energy levels in solids. In consequence they also have radiative transitions in the optical region.
Optical spectroscopy of transition metal ions in solids
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transition metals (iron group) occur after the element calcium (atomic number 40) in the fourth period of the periodic table when the 3d shell is being filled. In ionic solids such elements lose the outer 4s electrons and possibly some 3d electrons in forming ionic bonds, and their resulting electronic configurations are 1s22s22p63s23p63dn where n &lt; 10. Some common valence states of these ions are given in Table 9.l. Ions with incomplete 3d shells have a number of wow-lying energy levels between which optical transitions may occur. Since the optically-active 3d electrons are outside the ion core they interact strongly with electric fields of nearby ions and in consequence the associated crystal field effects are stronger than those experienced by rare-earth ions. Similar series of elements occur in the fifth period, where the 4d shell is being filled (the palladium group), and in the sixth period, where the Sd shell is being filled (the platinum group). Compared with the 3d electrons the 4d and Sd electrons are less tightly bound to the parent ion, and charge transfer transitions (in which an electron is transferred between a cation and neighbouring ligand) occur rather easily. Such transitions give rise to strong absorption bands. For iron-group ions the charge transfer bands occur in the ultraviolet region.
Optical detection of magnetic resonance
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) is a technique normally used to measure the ground-state magnetization of an electronic spin system. In a typical experiment the sample is placed in a resonant microwave cavity and irradiated with microwave power. The spin degeneracy of the ground state is lifted by a magnetic field, the strength of which may be varied. When the energy separation between magnetic sublevels which differ in M, value by ± I equals the energy of a microwave photon, hv, microwave power is absorbed by the spin system. Such an absorption of microwave power upsets a balanced microwave bridge circuit, and this permits the resonance condition to be detected. Most experiments are carried out at a microwave frequency near 9.5 GHz, 20 GHz, or 35 GHz at temperatures in the range 1.6-300 K. Simple aspects of such experiments were discussed in Chapter 6. More detailed accounts are given by Orton (1968) and Abragam and Bleaney (1970). ESR may also be observed in excited states of electronic centres if a sufficient population of centres can be maintained in the excited states. Clearly the thermal equilibrium population of a state (say) some 20000 cm-1 above the ground state is very small and some technique for enhancing the excitedstate population must be employed. The excess population in the excited state is achieved by irradiating the sample with optical photons of appropriate energy. Even so, the excited-state population achieved by optical techniques is often many times smaller than that detectable by conventional ESR methods. It is then necessary to observe the effects of microwave-induced ESR transitions on the optical absorption or luminescence spectrum of the centre. This technique which detects ESR transitions optically is usually referred to as Qptical Qetection of agnetic Resonance or simply ODMR. The absorption of microwave power associated with ESR in the excited states upsets the equilibrium populations of the sublevels and so changes the pattern of optical transitions between excited and ground state. Such changes in luminescence indicate that the resonance condition is met.
Funding
Authors: Cameron Cecily , QC Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical negligence practitioner needs to be aware both of the professional rules governing the solicitor–client retainer and of the evolving case law relating to insurance and conditional fee agreements. A detailed discussion of these is outside the scope of this work. P This chapter outlines the different methods of funding available for clinical negligence litigation, describes the relationship between the different methods of funding, and discusses problem areas. Later chapters cover funding considerations that arise during each stage of the litigation.
Case Management
Authors: Cameron Cecily , QC Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of case management advocated in this work does not relate to any one particular scheme or process. Rather, ‘case management’ is used as a general term which is intended to cover a process or system that has been devised and applied with the aim of ensuring that clinical negligence cases are correctly focused, appropriately supervised, regularly reviewed, and driven forward as expeditiously as possible. It is a process which contributes to professional development when it is applied across a team of several fee earners but has many benefits even if the ‘team’ consists only of one fee earner and a supervisor.
Witness Evidence
Authors: Cameron Cecily , QC Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first draft of a claimant’s witness statement may be put together hurriedly, often for the purposes of supporting an application for funding. The statement may then lie on the file without further review until the first conference with counsel, when it may be found to need considerable expansion and amendment before it can be served. By this time, all the experts will have referred to the first draft statement in their reports.
Disclosure and Exchange Of Witness Statements
Authors: Cameron Cecily , QC Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claimant must be advised of their duty of disclosure under CPR 31 and should be reminded at appropriate stages that this is an ongoing duty. The directions order will normally provide for standard disclosure as defined at CPR 31.6, that is, documents on which the party relies together with documents which adversely affect either party’s case or support another party’s case, and any other documents which must be disclosed in compliance with a practice direction. The list should be served using Practice Form N265. The importance of pre-action disclosure in clinical negligence cases may result in the formal disclosure stage being dealt with as a simple routine.