bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,2‐Dithioquadratato‐ und 1,2‐Dithiooxalatoindate(III)
Authors: Wenzel Barbara , Wehse Burkhard , Schilde Uwe , Strauch Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIndium(III)‐chlorid bildet in wäßriger Lösung mit Kalium‐1,2‐Dithiooxalat (dto) und Kalium‐1,2‐Dithioquadratat (dtsq) stabile Koordinationsverbindungen. Während aufgrund der ausgeprägteren Brückenbildungstendenz mit 1,2‐Dithiooxalat in allen untersuchten Fällen thiooxalatverbrückte Zweikernkomplexe gebildet werden, können mit 1,2‐Dithioquadratat bei identischem Donoratomsatz einkernige Trischelatkomplexe isoliert werden. Mit (BzlMe3N)4[(dto)2In(dto)In(dto)2] (1), (BzlPh3P)4[(dto)2In(dto)In(dto)2] (2), (BzlMe3N)3[In(dtsq)3] (3), (Bu4N)3[In(dtsq)3] (4) und (Ph4P)[In(dtsq)2(DMF)2] (5) konnten fünf Komplexe kristallin isoliert und mittels Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert werden. In Abhängigkeit vom Typ der Komplexe und dem jeweiligen Kation kristallisieren die Verbindungen in unterschiedlichen Raumgruppen. Strukturparameter s. Abstract.
Neutrale Bis‐Aziridin‐Komplexe des Typs [M(CO)3XAz2] (M = Mn, Re; X = Cl, Br; Az = N(H)C2H2Me2)
Authors: Wilberger Roland , Krinninger Christoph , Piotrowski Holger , Mayer Peter , Ossberger Manfred , Lorenz Ingo‐Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn einer thermisch induzierten Substitutionsreaktion mit 2,2‐Dimethylaziridin lassen sich die Pentacarbonyl‐Halogeno‐Komplexe [XM(CO)5] (M = Mn, Re; X = Cl, Br) (1a – 2b) zu den neutralen Bis‐Aziridin‐Komplexen [M(X)(CO)3Az2] (Az = N(H)C2H2Me2) (3a – 4b) umsetzen. Den Röntgenstrukturanalysen zufolge sind die Metallatome oktaedrisch in facialer Anordnung konfiguriert; die intakten Dreiringe sind über die verzerrt tetraedrisch konfigurierten N‐Atome gebunden. Verbindungen 3a – 4b sind hinsichtlich einer gezielten Alken‐Abspaltung unter Bildung von Nitren‐Komplexen stabil; ihre IR‐, 1H‐ und 13C{1H}‐NMR‐ und MS‐Spektren werden vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Über Kaliumtetracyanoplatinat(II), Kaliumtetracyanopalladat(II) und deren Monohydrate
Authors: Mühle Claus , Nuss Jürgen , Dinnebier Robert E. , Jansen Martin 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWir haben die Kristallstrukturen der Kaliumtetracyanoplatinate und ‐palladate sowie deren Monohydrate mittels Röntgen‐Pulverdiffraktometrie und Einkristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt. K2[Pt(CN)4]: orthorhombisch, Pccn, a = 1370.11(2), b = 907.09(1), c = 703.91(2) pm, Z = 4, RF2 = 0.0903 (N(hkl) = 415). K2[Pt(CN)4] · H2O: orthorhombisch, Pnna, a = 715.79(4), b = 977.91(6), c = 1322.46(8) pm, Z = 4, R(F)N′ = 0.027 (N′(hkl) = 1066). K2[Pd(CN)4]: monoklin, P21/c, a = 433.03(2), b = 782.90(3), c = 1328.17(6) pm, ß = 93.069(3)°, Z = 2, Rp = 0.0583 (N(hkl) = 352). K2[Pd(CN)4] · H2O: orthorhombisch, Pnna, a = 721.48(6), b = 976.77(8), c = 1326.4(1) pm, Z = 4, R(F)N′ = 0.048 (N′(hkl) = 1137). In allen untersuchten Vertretern liegen die Anionen übereinander gestapelt, wenn auch teilweise gekippt, vor. Die Ergebnisse werden durch spektroskopische und thermoanalytische Untersuchungen ergänzt.
Mechanisms of Calcium and Phosphate Ion Association in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zahn Dirk 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe initial steps of nucleation of calciumphosphates in aqueous solution are elucidated by means of quantum / classical molecular mechanics simulations. A special focus is dedicated to the role of the protonation state of the phosphate ion. The crystallization of calciumphosphates including entirely deprotonated phosphate ions is found at much lower pH values than required for finding the (PO4)3− species in water. In such cases the depronation of the hydrogenphosphate ion has to occur during crystal growth. According to our findings, the [Ca2+··(PO4)3−··Ca2+] ion triple is the smallest stable aggregate, which may be expected to contain an entirely deprotonated phosphate ion.
Synthesis, IR Spectra, Thermal Analysis and Crystal Structures of Bis(saccharinato)mercury(II) Complexes with 2–Aminomethylpyridine and 2–Aminoethylpyridine
Authors: Yilmaz Veysel T. , Caglar Sema , Harrison William T. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTwo bis(saccharinato) (sac) complexes of mercury(II) with 2–aminomethylpyridine (ampy) and 2–aminoethylpyridine (aepy) were synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, FT–IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis and single crystal X–ray diffraction. trans–[Hg(sac)2(ampy)2] (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c [a = 10.8274(4), b = 16.4903(6), c = 7.7889(3) Å; β = 99.500(1)°] and [Hg(sac)2(aepy)] (2) also crystallizes monoclinic in space group P21/n [a = 9.0423(4), b = 14.0594(6), c = 18.0146(8) Å; ß = 98.806(1)°]. Both 1 and 2 consist of neutral monomeric units. The mercury(II) ion in 1 lies on an inversion centre and exhibit distorted octahedral coordination by two sac anions and two ampy ligands, whereas the mercury(II) ion in 2 is tetrahedrally coordinated by an aepy and two sac ligands. The sac ligands in both complexes are N–coordinated, while the ampy and aepy ligands act as a bidentate ligand forming two symmetrically chelate rings around the mercury(II) ion.
Doppelkettenstruktur von (pipzH2)[MnF2(HPO4)(H2O)](H2PO4)
Authors: Stief Ronald , Massa Werner 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAus einer fluß‐ und phosphorsauren Lösung von Mangan(III)fluorid läßt sich durch Zugabe von Piperazin das Fluoridphosphat (pipzH2)[MnF2(HPO4)(H2O)](H2PO4) kristallisieren, das neben Piperazinium(2+)‐Kationen und freien (H2PO4)−‐Anionen eine abwechselnd aus [HPO4]‐Tetraedern und [MnO3F2(H2O)]‐Oktaedern aufgebaute anionische Doppelkette aufweist. Die Struktur ist triklin, Raumgruppe P$\bar 1$, Z = 2, a = 622.97(4), b = 923.46(6), c = 1183.62(7) pm, α = 98.343(6)°, β = 100.747(7)°, γ = 107.642(5)°, R = 0.0289, Bemerkenswerterweise findet man ferrodistortive Jahn‐Teller‐Ordnung stark gestreckter [MnO3F2(H2O)]‐Oktaeder mit Elongation der senkrecht zur Kettenebene stehenden F–Mn–OH2‐Achsen. Die Struktur wird durch sehr starke H‐Brücken stabilisiert.
Erythropoietin improves left ventricular function and coronary flow in an experimental model of ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: van der Meer Peter , Lipsic Erik , Henning Robert H. , de Boer Rudolf A. , Suurmeijer Albert J.H. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , van Gilst Wiek H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground:Recent studies show that erythropoietin (EPO) plays a protective role in brain ischemia. In this condition, administration of EPO protects neurons from ischemic damage. Recently, it has been shown that in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), EPO treatment improved cardiac function. In the present study we assessed the role of EPO and EPO‐receptor (EPO‐R) in the heart.Methods and results:We studied the presence and functionality of the EPO‐R in isolated rat hearts in the Langendorff set‐up. Hearts were perfused for 20 min with 10 U/ml EPO or vehicle. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of the EPO‐R on endothelial cells, fibroblasts and to a lesser extent cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, perfusion with EPO resulted in a 50% increase in the phosphorylated MAP kinases p42/p44. To evaluate the protective role of EPO in cardiac ischemia, we performed low‐flow (0.6 ml/min) ischemia/reperfusion experiments in isolated rat hearts. Administration of EPO (10 U/ml) reduced the cellular damage by 56% (P<0.05) during reperfusion, diminished apoptosis by 15% (P<0.05) and resulted in a significantly improved recovery of left ventricular pressure (P=0.02) and coronary flow (P=0.01).Conclusion:The present data suggest that a functional EPO‐R is present in rat adult cardiac tissue and that exogenous EPO administration improves cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Commercialisation of Knowledge in Universities: The Case of the Creative Industries
Authors: HEARN GREG , CUNNINGHAM STUART , ORDOÑEZ DIEGO 
Published: August 2004

During the last two decades, the convergence of a number of social and economic factors has increased the interest of universities, industry and government in the commercialisation of universities' research output. Not without scepticism from some institutions and individuals, governments and universities around the world are taking steps towards identifying marketable research products, strengthening links with industry, and creating institutional frameworks needed to sustain and increase research output and speed the technology transfer process. These actions vary in degree and scope: from standardising and enforcing conventional intellectual property protection mechanisms, to creating support mechanisms for spin‐off companies and setting up venture capital funds to support their growth.
To date, universities' commercial experience has been mostly in the area of science and technology and thinking about commercialisation is framed in these terms. However, as digital innovations move through the services, media and entertainment sector, innovations and commercialisation opportunities of quite a different nature present themselves. Thus, there are considerable challenges for creative disciplines within tertiary institutions seeking to respond to the commercialisation imperative. This paper examines claims from the emerging creative industries and analyses universities' potential support of the commercialisation of creative innovation.
On the representation of integers as linear combinations of consecutive values of a polynomial
Authors: Boulanger Jacques , Chabert Jean-Luc 
Published: August 2004

Let

K
K

be a cyclotomic field with ring of integers

O

K

\mathcal {O}_{K}

and let

f
f

be a polynomial whose values on

Z

\mathbb {Z}

belong to

O

K

\mathcal {O}_{K}

. If the ideal of

O

K

\mathcal {O}_{K}

generated by the values of

f
f

on

Z

\mathbb {Z}

is

O

K

\mathcal {O}_{K}

itself, then every algebraic integer

N
N

of

K
K

may be written in the following form:
\[

N
=

∑

k
=
1

l

ε

k

f
(
k
)

N=\sum _{k=1}^l\;\varepsilon _{k}f(k)

\]
for some integer

l
l

, where the

ε

k

\varepsilon _{k}

’s are roots of unity of

K
K

. Moreover, there are two effective constants

A
A

and

B
B

such that the least integer

l
l

(for a fixed

N
N

) is less than

A

N
~

+
B

A\,\widetilde {N}+B

, where
\[

N
~

=

max

σ
∈
G
a
l
(
K

/

Q

)

|
σ
(
N
)
|
.

\widetilde {N}= \max _{\sigma \in Gal(K/\mathbb {Q})} \; \vert \sigma (N) \vert .

\]
Character sums and congruences with 𝑛!
Authors: Garaev Moubariz , Luca Florian , Shparlinski Igor 
Published: August 2004

We estimate character sums with

n
!

n!

, on average, and individually. These bounds are used to derive new results about various congruences modulo a prime

p
p

and obtain new information about the spacings between quadratic nonresidues modulo

p
p

. In particular, we show that there exists a positive integer

n
≪

p

1

/

2
+
ε

n\ll p^{1/2+\varepsilon }

such that

n
!

n!

is a primitive root modulo

p
p

. We also show that every nonzero congruence class

a
≢
0

(
mod

p
)

a \not \equiv 0 \pmod p

can be represented as a product of 7 factorials,

a
≡

n
1

!
…

n
7

!

(
mod

p
)

a \equiv n_1! \ldots n_7! \pmod p

, where

max
{

n
i

|

i
=
1
,
…
,
7
}
=
O
(

p

11

/

12
+
ε

)

\max \{n_i \ |\ i=1,\ldots , 7\}=O(p^{11/12+\varepsilon })

, and we find the asymptotic formula for the number of such representations. Finally, we show that products of 4 factorials

n
1

!

n
2

!

n
3

!

n
4

!
,

n_1!n_2!n_3!n_4!,

with

max
{

n
1

,

n
2

,

n
3

,

n
4

}
=
O
(

p

6

/

7
+
ε

)

\max \{n_1, n_2, n_3, n_4\}=O(p^{6/7+\varepsilon })

represent “almost all” residue classes modulo p, and that products of 3 factorials

n
1

!

n
2

!

n
3

!

n_1!n_2!n_3!

with

max
{

n
1

,

n
2

,

n
3

}
=
O
(

p

5

/

6
+
ε

)

\max \{n_1, n_2, n_3\}=O(p^{5/6+\varepsilon })

are uniformly distributed modulo

p
p

.
A Dominant Mutation in the Pea PHYA Gene Confers Enhanced Responses to Light and Impairs the Light-Dependent Degradation of Phytochrome A
Authors: Weller James L. , Batge Shona L. , Smith Jennifer J. , Kerckhoffs L. Huub J. , Sineshchekov Vitaly A. , Murfet Ian C. , Reid James B. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is an important photoreceptor controlling many processes throughout the plant life cycle. It is unique within the phytochrome family for its ability to mediate photomorphogenic responses to continuous far-red light and for the strong photocontrol of its transcript level and protein stability. Here we describe a dominant mutant of garden pea (Pisum sativum) that displays dramatically enhanced responses to light, early photoperiod-independent flowering, and impaired photodestruction of phyA. The mutant carries a single base substitution in the PHYA gene that is genetically inseparable from the mutant phenotype. This substitution is predicted to direct the replacement of a conserved Ala in an N-terminal region of PHYA that is highly divergent between phyA and other phytochromes. This result identifies a region of the phyA photoreceptor molecule that may play an important role in its fate after photoconversion.
Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Ethylene Production Is Responsible for Conifer Phloem Defense Responses and Reprogramming of Stem Cambial Zone for Traumatic Resin Duct Formation
Authors: Hudgins J.W. , Franceschi Vincent R. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Conifer stem pest resistance includes constitutive defenses that discourage invasion and inducible defenses, including phenolic and terpenoid resin synthesis. Recently, methyl jasmonate (MJ) was shown to induce conifer resin and phenolic defenses; however, it is not known if MJ is the direct effector or if there is a downstream signal. Exogenous applications of MJ, methyl salicylate, and ethylene were used to assess inducible defense signaling mechanisms in conifer stems. MJ and ethylene but not methyl salicylate caused enhanced phenolic synthesis in polyphenolic parenchyma cells, early sclereid lignification, and reprogramming of the cambial zone to form traumatic resin ducts in Pseudotsuga menziesii and Sequoiadendron giganteum. Similar responses in internodes above and below treated internodes indicate transport of a signal giving a systemic response. Studies focusing on P. menziesii showed MJ induced ethylene production earlier and 77-fold higher than wounding. Ethylene production was also induced in internodes above the MJ-treated internode. Pretreatment of P. menziesii stems with the ethylene response inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene inhibited MJ and wound responses. Wounding increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase protein, but MJ treatment produced a higher and more rapid ACC oxidase increase. ACC oxidase was most abundant in ray parenchyma cells, followed by cambial zone cells and resin duct epithelia. The data show these MJ-induced defense responses are mediated by ethylene. The cambial zone xylem mother cells are reprogrammed to differentiate into resin-secreting epithelial cells by an MJ-induced ethylene burst, whereas polyphenolic parenchyma cells are activated to increase polyphenol production. The results also indicate a central role of ray parenchyma in ethylene-induced defense.
Coordinated Genetic Regulation of Growth and Lignin Revealed by Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of cDNA Microarray Data in an Interspecific Backcross of Eucalyptus
Authors: Kirst Matias , Myburg Alexander A. , De León José P.G. , Kirst Mariana E. , Scott Jay , Sederoff Ronald 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPhenotypic, genotypic, and transcript level (microarray) data from an interspecific backcross population of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus globulus were integrated to dissect the genetic and metabolic network underlying growth variation. Transcript abundance, measured for 2,608 genes in the differentiating xylem of a 91 (E. grandis × E. globulus) × E. grandis backcross progeny was correlated with diameter variation, revealing coordinated down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes of the lignin biosynthesis and associated methylation pathways in fast growing individuals. Lignin analysis of wood samples confirmed the content and quality predicted by the transcript levels measured on the microarrays. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of transcript levels of lignin-related genes showed that their mRNA abundance is regulated by two genetic loci, demonstrating coordinated genetic control over lignin biosynthesis. These two loci colocalize with QTLs for growth, suggesting that the same genomic regions are regulating growth, and lignin content and composition in the progeny. Genetic mapping of the lignin genes revealed that most of the key biosynthetic genes do not colocalize with growth and transcript level QTLs, with the exception of the locus encoding the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthase. This study illustrates the power of integrating quantitative analysis of gene expression data and genetic map information to discover genetic and metabolic networks regulating complex biological traits.
Use of the Fluorescent Timer DsRED-E5 as Reporter to Monitor Dynamics of Gene Activity in Plants
Authors: Mirabella Rossana , Franken Carolien , van der Krogt Gerard N.M. , Bisseling Ton , Geurts René 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein (DsRED), have become frequently used reporters in plant biology. However, their potential to monitor dynamic gene regulation is limited by their high stability. The recently made DsRED-E5 variant overcame this problem. DsRED-E5 changes its emission spectrum over time from green to red in a concentration independent manner. Therefore, the green to red fluorescence ratio indicates the age of the protein and can be used as a fluorescent timer to monitor dynamics of gene expression. Here, we analyzed the potential of DsRED-E5 as reporter in plant cells. We showed that in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) mesophyll protoplasts, DsRED-E5 changes its fluorescence in a way similar to animal cells. Moreover, the timing of this shift is suitable to study developmental processes in plants. To test whether DsRed-E5 can be used to monitor gene regulation in plant organs, we placed DsRED-E5 under the control of promoters that are either up- or down-regulated (MtACT4 and LeEXT1 promoters) or constitutively expressed (MtACT2 promoter) during root hair development in Medicago truncatula. Analysis of the fluorescence ratios clearly provided more accurate insight into the timing of promoter activity.
13C Labeling Reveals Chloroplastic and Extrachloroplastic Pools of Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate and Their Contribution to Isoprene Formation
Authors: Loreto Francesco , Pinelli Paola , Brancaleoni Enzo , Ciccioli Paolo 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Isoprene emitted from plants is made in chloroplasts from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Leaves of Populus nigra and Phragmites australis exposed to 13CO2 for 15 min emitted isoprene that was about 90% 13C, but DMAPP isolated from those leaves was only 28% and 36% 13C, respectively. The labeled DMAPP is likely to represent chloroplastic DMAPP contributing to isoprene emission. A substantial 13C labeling was also found in both emission and DMAPP pool of low-emitting, young leaves of Phragmites. This confirms that low emission of young leaves is not caused by absence of chloroplastic DMAPP but rather by enzyme characteristics. A very low 13C labeling was found in the DMAPP pool and in the residual isoprene emission of leaves previously fed with fosmidomycin to inhibit isoprene formation. This shows that fosmidomycin is a very effective inhibitor of the chloroplastic biosynthetic pathway of isoprene synthesis, that the residual isoprene is formed from extra-chloroplastic sources, and that chloroplastic and extrachloroplastic pathways are not cross-linked, at least following inhibition of the chloroplastic pathway. Refixation of unlabeled respiratory CO2 in the light may explain incomplete labeling of isoprene emission, as we found a good association between these two parameters.
High Genetic Variability of Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emission within a Broad Range of Maize Inbred Lines
Authors: Degen Thomas , Dillmann Christine , Marion-Poll Frédéric , Turlings Ted C.J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Maize plants (Zea mays) attacked by caterpillars release a mixture of odorous compounds that attract parasitic wasps, natural enemies of the herbivores. We assessed the genetic variability of these induced volatile emissions among 31 maize inbred lines representing a broad range of genetic diversity used by breeders in Europe and North America. Odors were collected from young plants that had been induced by injecting them with caterpillar regurgitant. Significant variation among lines was found for all 23 volatile compounds included in the analysis: the lines differed enormously in the total amount of volatiles emitted and showed highly variable odor profiles distinctive of each genotype. Principal component analysis performed on the relative quantities of particular compounds within the blend revealed clusters of highly correlated volatiles, which may share common metabolic pathways. European and American lines belonging to established heterotic groups were loosely separated from each other, with the most clear-cut difference in the typical release of (E)-β-caryophyllene by European lines. There was no correlation between the distances among the lines based on their odor profiles and their respective genetic distances previously assessed by neutral RFLP markers. This most comprehensive study to date on intraspecific variation in induced odor emission by maize plants provides a further example of the remarkably high genetic diversity conserved within this important crop plant. A better understanding of the genetic control of induced odor emissions may help in the development of maize varieties particularly attractive to parasitoids and other biological control agents and perhaps more repellent for herbivores.
Disorganization of Cortical Microtubules Stimulates Tangential Expansion and Reduces the Uniformity of Cellulose Microfibril Alignment among Cells in the Root of Arabidopsis
Authors: Baskin Tobias I. , Beemster Gerrit T.S. , Judy-March Jan E. , Marga Françoise 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
To test the role of cortical microtubules in aligning cellulose microfibrils and controlling anisotropic expansion, we exposed Arabidopsis thaliana roots to moderate levels of the microtubule inhibitor, oryzalin. After 2 d of treatment, roots grow at approximately steady state. At that time, the spatial profiles of relative expansion rate in length and diameter were quantified, and roots were cryofixed, freeze-substituted, embedded in plastic, and sectioned. The angular distribution of microtubules as a function of distance from the tip was quantified from antitubulin immunofluorescence images. In alternate sections, the overall amount of alignment among microfibrils and their mean orientation as a function of position was quantified with polarized-light microscopy. The spatial profiles of relative expansion show that the drug affects relative elongation and tangential expansion rates independently. The microtubule distributions averaged to transverse in the growth zone for all treatments, but on oryzalin the distributions became broad, indicating poorly organized arrays. At a subcellular scale, cellulose microfibrils in oryzalin-treated roots were as well aligned as in controls; however, the mean alignment direction, while consistently transverse in the controls, was increasingly variable with oryzalin concentration, meaning that microfibril orientation in one location tended to differ from that of a neighboring location. This conclusion was confirmed by direct observations of microfibrils with field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that cortical microtubules ensure microfibrils are aligned consistently across the organ, thereby endowing the organ with a uniform mechanical structure.