bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of wound shape on wound contraction in horses
Authors: Madison John B. , Gronwall Ronald R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three sets of paired circular and square full-thickness skin wounds were made on the dorsum of the metacarpus (n = 48) of 8 horses. Each wound was 6.25 cm2 in area. The wounds were treated topically with an ointment, nonadherent dressing, and bandaged with a snug elastic wrap. Wounds were photographed every other day until healing was complete. Wound areas were measured and exponential and linear wound healing models were applied to the wound healing data generated. Wound healing variables measured for each wound were: number of days to healing, maximal size attained, rate of wound contraction (calculated by use of first-order and linear models), final wound size, and percentage of wound that healed by contraction.
The exponential model fit the data significantly better than the linear model. The maximal size attained by circular wounds was significantly smaller than the maximal size attained by square wounds. Wound shape did not influence the rate of wound healing. On the basis of our findings, conversion of circular defects to square defects would not speed wound healing.
Reference hematologic values and morphologic features of blood cells in healthy adult llamas
Authors: Van Houten D. , Weiser M. G. , Johnson L. , Garry F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hematologic values and cellular morphologic features were evaluated for 38 healthy adult llamas. Reference ranges were determined for pcv, reticulocyte concentration, leukocyte concentration, and leukocyte differential counts. The approach used in this study was to focus on hematologic values that may be determined by use of techniques readily available to the practicing veterinarian and nonveterinary laboratory. Unique cellular morphologic features commonly observed and interpreted as normal included large granular lymphocytes, hyposegmented eosinophil nuclei, folded erythrocytes, and hemoglobin crystals.
Effects of xylazine on airway function in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Broadstone Richard V. , Gray Peter R. , Robinson N. Edward , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of iv administration of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) was examined in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called heaves. Six ponies with the disease (principals) were studied during clinical remission and during an acute attack of airway obstruction precipitated by stabling and feeding of dusty hay. Six control ponies were also studied. In principal ponies with airway obstruction, xylazine administration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased pulmonary resistance and increased dynamic compliance, but did not affect Pao2 or Paco2. The α2-antagonist yohimbine blocked the pulmonary effects of xylazine. Administration of saline solution was without effect in both groups of ponies at all periods and xylazine did not have effect in controls or in principals in clinical remission.
Acute toxicity of paraherquamide and its potential as an anthelmintic
Authors: Shoop W. L. , Haines H. W. , Eary C. H. , Michael B. F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Paraherquamide, an oxindole alkaloid metabolite of Penicillium paraherquei and P charlesii, is a new anthelmintic with potential broad-spectrum use. In initial trials, it had an excellent safety profile in cattle and sheep at doses efficacious against a dozen or more helminths, but recently it produced unexpected and severe toxicosis in dogs at doses far below those that were safe in the ruminants. To provide data on which to build rational safety tests in the future, we tested the acute toxicity of paraherquamide administered po to male CD-1 mice and compared its profile with the most potent anthelmintic known, ivermectin. The estimated doses lethal to 50% of a group of mice were 14.9 and 29.5 mg/kg of body weight for paraherquamide and ivermectin, respectively. The no-effect doses were 5.6 and 18.0 mg/kg for paraherquamide and ivermectin, respectively. Signs of intoxication in paraherquamide-treated mice, if they developed, emanated within 30 minutes of administration, irrespective of dose, and consisted of either mild depression with complete recovery or a 5- to 10-minute period of breathing difficulty followed by respiratory failure and death by 1 hour after treatment. Gross necropsy findings in paraherquamide-treated mice that died in the high-dose group were normal. Ivermectin-related toxicity was slower and more predictable, taking place over a 3-day period, with dose-dependent signs of intoxication consisting of tremors, ataxia, recumbency, coma, and death. Necropsy of ivermectin-treated mice that died in the high-dose group revealed dehydration, a condition most likely resulting from the coma-induced state. These observations are congruent with clinical data from dog studies and suggest that if broad-spectrum use of ivermectin (expected to be approx 0.2 mg/kg) is unlikely because of idiosyncratic toxic effects in certain dogs, then use of a compound for dogs with an acute safety factor half of ivermectin, such as paraherquamide, would be even more unlikely. These data are also coupled with observations from anthelmintic trials to suggest that ivermectin possesses a substantially greater therapeutic index than does paraherquamide as a broad-spectrum antiparasiticide for ruminants. Although paraherquamide has a lesser therapeutic index, a strategic use for it as an anthelmintic against ruminant parasites that have become resistant to any or all of the other modern broad-spectrum anthelmintics can be suggested.
Pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin and its N-desethyl- and oxo-metabolites in broiler chickens
Authors: Anadón A. , Martinez-Larrañaga M. R. , Velez C. , Díaz M. J. , Bringas P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Norfloxacin was given to 2 groups of chickens (8 chickens/group) at a dosage of 8 mg/kg of body weight, iv and orally. For 24 hours, plasma concentration was monitored serially after each administration. Another group of chickens (n = 30) was given 8 mg of norfloxacin/kg orally every 24 hours for 4 days, and plasma and tissue concentrations of norfloxacin and its major metabolites desethylenenorfloxacin and oxonorfloxacin were determined serially after the last administration of the drug. Plasma and tissue concentrations of norfloxacin, desethylenenorfloxacin, and oxonorfloxacin were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated, using a 2-compartment open model. For norfloxacin, the elimination half-life (t1/2β) and the mean ± sem residence time for plasma were 12.8 ± 0.59 and 15.05 ± 0.81 hours, respectively, after oral administration and 8.0 ± 0.3 and 8.71 ± 0.23 hours, respectively, after iv administration. After single oral administration, norfloxacin was absorbed rapidly, with Tmax of 0.22 ± 0.02 hour. Maximal plasma concentration was 2.89 ± 0.20 μg/ml. Oral bioavailability of norfloxacin was found to be 57.0 ± 2.4%. In chickens, norfloxacin was mainly converted to desethylenenorfloxacin and oxonorfloxacin. Norfloxacin parent drug and its 2 major metabolites were widely distributed in tissues. Considerable tissue concentrations of norfloxacin, desethylenenorfloxacin, and oxonorfloxacin were found when norfloxacin was administered orally (8 mg/kg on 4 successive days). The concentration of the parent fluoroquinolone in fat, kidneys, and liver was 0.05 μg/g on day 12 after the end of dosing.
Effect of various vaccination procedures on shedding, latency, and reactivation of attenuated and virulent Pseudorabies virus in swine
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Volz David M. , Brockmeier Susan L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Various procedures of vaccination for Pseudorabies were compared for their effects on shedding, latency, and reactivation of attenuated and virulent Pseudorabies virus. The study included 6 groups: group 1 (10 swine neither vaccinated nor challenge-exposed), group 2 (20 swine not vaccinated, but challenge-exposed), and groups 3 through 6 (10 swine/group, all vaccinated and challenge-exposed). Swine were vaccinated with killed virus im (group 3) or intranasally (group 4), or with live virus im (group 5) or intranasally (group 6). The chronologic order of treatments was as follows: vaccination (week 0), challenge of immunity by oronasal exposure to virulent virus (week 4), biopsy of tonsillar tissue (week 12), treatment with dexamethasone in an attempt to reactivate latent virus (week 15), and necropsy (week 21).
Vaccination im with killed or live virus and vaccination intranasally with live virus mitigated clinical signs and markedly reduced the magnitude and duration of virus shedding after challenge exposure. Abatement of signs and shedding was most pronounced for swine that had been vaccinated intranasally with live virus. All swine, except 4 from group 2 and 1 from group 4, survived challenge exposure. Only vaccination intranasally with live virus was effective in reducing the magnitude and duration of virus shedding after virus reactivation. Vaccination intranasally with killed virus was without measurable effect on immunity.
Of the 55 swine that survived challenge exposure, 54 were shown subsequently to have latent infections by use of dexamethasone-induced virus reactivation, and 53 were shown to have latent infections by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with trigeminal ganglia specimens collected at necropsy. Fewer swine were identified by pcr as having latent infections when other tissues were examined; 20 were identified by testing specimens of olfactory bulbs, 4 by testing tonsil specimens collected at necropsy, and 4 by testing tonsillar biopsy specimens. Eighteen of the 20 specimens of olfactory bulbs and 3 of the 4 tonsil specimens collected at necropsy in which virus was detected by pcr were from swine without detectable virus-neutralizing antibody at the time of challenge exposure. One pig that had been vaccinated intranasally with live virus shed vaccine virus from the nose and virulent virus from the pharynx concurrently after dexamethasone treatment. Evaluation of both viral populations for unique strain characteristics failed to provide evidence of virus recombination.
Cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate in hypovolemic dogs
Authors: Pascoe Peter J. , Ilkiw Jan E. , Haskins Steve C. , Patz John D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cardiopulmonary effects of etomidate administration were studied in hypovolemic dogs. Baseline cardiopulmonary data were recorded from conscious dogs after instrumentation. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawal of blood from dogs until mean arterial pressure of 60 mm of Hg was achieved. Blood pressure was maintained at 60 mm of Hg for 1 hour, by further removal or replacement of blood. One milligram of etomidate/kg of body weight was then administered iv to 7 dogs, and the cardiopulmonary effects were measured 3, 15, 30, and 60 minutes later. After blood withdrawal and prior to etomidate administration, heart rate, arterial oxygen tension, and oxygen utilization ratio increased. Compared with baseline values, the following variables were decreased: mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygen tension, mixed venous oxygen content, and arterial carbon dioxide tension. Three minutes after etomidate administration, central venous pressure, mixed venous and arterial carbon dioxide tension, and venous admixture increased, and heart rate, arterial and venous pH, and arterial oxygen tension decreased, compared with values measured immediately prior to etomidate administration. Fifteen minutes after etomidate injection, arterial pH and heart rate remained decreased. At 30 minutes, only heart rate was decreased, and at 60 minutes, mean arterial pressure was increased, compared with values measured before etomidate administration. Results of this study indicate that etomidate induces minimal changes in cardiopulmonary function when administered to hypovolemic dogs.
Safety of ceftiofur sodium administered intramuscularly in horses
Authors: Mahrt Charles R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ceftiofur sodium, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, was evaluated for safe use in horses. Male or female horses were allotted to groups and were given either saline solution (control), or 2.2, 6.6, or 11 mg of an aqueous solution of ceftiofur sodium/kg of body weight/d, im, for 30 or 31 days. These dosages are expressed in terms of the ceftiofur free acid, and represent 1 to 5 times the proposed therapeutic dosage (2.2 mg/kg/d) administered for 3 times the maximal recommended duration of 10 days. Some of the horses were euthanatized and necropsied on day 31 or 32. The other horses were evaluated for an additional 30 days, and some were euthanatized and necropsied on day 60. The following types of data were collected: clinical observation; physical examination; pelleted food consumption; body weight; hematologic, serum biochemical, and urinalysis findings; organ weight; gross necropsy observations; and histopathologic findings.
Ceftiofur sodium was generally well tolerated at the exaggerated doses and treatment durations used in these safety studies. Slight to mild decrease in pelleted food consumption was detected in horses given 6.6 or 11 mg of ceftiofur sodium/kg/d. Decreased food consumption began on day 2 and lasted for approximately 9 to 12 days. Generally, mild skeletal muscle irritation was detected by gross and microscopic examination of the injection sites of horses given ceftiofur sodium. Prevalence and severity of the muscle irritation tended to increase with increasing concentration of the dosing solution. Increases in serum aspartate transaminase and creatine kinase activities were detected in some of the ceftiofur-treated horses, and were attributed to mild skeletal muscle irritation at the injection sites. Slight increases in numbers of circulating neutrophils and plasma concentration of fibrinogen were detected in the blood of some ceftiofur-treated horses, and were attributed to mild inflammation at the injection sites or possibly in the large intestine because of a change in bacterial flora.
Use of enzyme immunoassay and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to detect and confirm identity of dexamethasone in equine blood
Authors: Friedrich Anita , Schulz Rüdiger , Meyer Heinrich H. D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed for detection of dexamethasone in equine blood. Dexamethasone 21-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin was used for immunization of rabbits, and prednisolone 21-hemisuccinate-horseradish peroxidase was used as enzyme conjugate. The assay had sensitivity in the low-picogram range (detection limit, 0.3 pg/well, 50% inhibition of binding at 4.5 ± 0.7 pg/well). Apart from Cortisol, which was recognized by the antiserum at concentration > 8.5 ng/ml, the dexamethasone antiserum failed to interfere with endogenous steroids, but cross-reacted with triamcinolone, flumethasone, and betamethasone. Thus, the antiserum was used to perform simultaneous screening for these synthetic glucocorticoids and to confirm their identity by combining reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) and eia. The immunoreactivity obtained by direct serum measurements was characterized by means of 2 independent rp-hplc systems. Serum extracts were submitted to rp-hplc systems I and II, and the fractions were tested by eia. Immunoreactive peaks were identified by comparing their retention time with that of the standard glucocorticoids used for calibration. Coinjection of an internal standard (methylprednisolone) in rp-hplc system II yielded reproducible relative retention times. The effectiveness of the test system was evaluated, using blood from a horse treated with commonly used veterinary preparations of dexamethasone. Administration of the free alcohol of dexamethasone and of dexamethasone 21-trioxaundecanoate, both given iv, was detected, and the identity of each was confirmed for up to 48 hours. Intramuscular administration of dexamethasone 21-isonicotinate was continued for at least 14 days after injection of a therapeutic dose. The technique provided higher sensitivity and practicability than do analytic techniques currently available for glucocorticoid testing in horses and proved reliable in confirming the identity of dexamethasone, triamcinolone, flumethasone, and betamethasone in equine blood samples.
Association between growth indicators and volume of lesions in lungs from pigs at slaughter
Authors: Hill M. A. , Scheidt A. B. , Teclaw R. F. , Clark L. K. , Knox K. E. , Jordan M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Conflicting findings exist among studies on the effect of pneumonia on growth in pigs. We determined the extent of pneumonia in market-weight pigs by use of an objective, volumetric method and linear regression analyses of mean daily gain and days-to-slaughter weight on the percentage of pneumonic lung. In a range of extent of pneumonia between 1.33 and 70.44%, a 10% increase in the volume of pneumonic lung was associated with a decrease in mean daily gain by 41.1 g and a 16.7-day increase in number of days to a slaughter weight of 104.5 kg.
Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and plasma protein concentration in cattle, horses, dogs, and cats
Authors: Thomas Laura A. , Brown Scott A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (cop) and protein concentration was investigated for purified proteins and plasma samples obtained from cattle, horses, dogs, and cats. At equivalent concentrations, bovine albumin exerted a cop that exceeded that of γ-globulins by a mean factor of 4.4. Similar relationships between cop and protein were observed in the other species. Consequently, for a given total protein concentration, cop was dependent on the albumin/γ-globulins ratio. A commonly used nomogram for estimating cop from protein concentration, the Landis-Pappenheimer equation, did not provide reliable results for plasma samples from these species.
Comparison of slot blot nucleic acid hybridization, immunofluorescence, and virus isolation techniques to detect bluetongue virus in blood mononuclear cells from cattle with experimentally induced infection
Authors: de la Concha-Bermejillo Andrés , Schore Caroline E. , Dangler Charles A. , de Mattos Cecilia C. , de Mattos Carlos A. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A slot blot hybridization technique was applied for detection of bluetongue virus (btv) in blood mononuclear cells (bmnc) obtained from cattle with experimentally induced infection. This technique lacked sensitivity to detect the viral nucleic acid directly in clinical specimens. When aliquots of mononuclear cells from these cattle were cultivated in vitro for 10 days to amplify virus titer, only 33.3% of the samples collected during viremia gave a positive signal in the slot blot hybridization format. By contrast, results for 34.3% of noncultured and 63.3% of cultured mononuclear cell samples collected during viremia were positive by immunofluorescence. The average number of infected cells, as detected by immunofluorescence in the noncultured mononuclear cell samples, was 1 to 5/300,000, and was usually > 10/300,000 in the cultured cell samples. Virus was isolated from all postinoculation blood samples obtained from 4 heifers that were seronegative at the time of inoculation, but was not isolated from any of the preinoculation samples, or from any of the postinoculation samples obtained from 2 heifers that were seropositive at the time of inoculation. When virus isolation was attempted from separated mononuclear cells in 2 heifers, 43.7% of the noncultured and 87.5% of the cultured samples had positive results.
Isolation, propagation, and cryopreservation of equine articular chondrocytes
Authors: Nixon Alan J. , Lust George , Vernier-Singer Margaret 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Equine articular chondrocytes were isolated from explant cartilage cultures by digestion in a 0.075% collagenase solution for 15 to 19 hours. Cartilage from late-term fetal and neonatal foals resulted in mean chondrocyte yield of 51.99 × 106 cells/g of cartilage (wet weight), compared with a yield of 17.83 × 106 cells/g for foals 3 to 12 months old. Propagation of chondrocytes in monolayer and 3-dimensional culture was accomplished, using Ham’s F-12 as the basal medium, with supplements of fetal bovine serum (10%), ascorbic acid, α-ketoglutarate, and l-glutamine. The medium was buffered with hepes, and penicillin and streptomycin were added for microorganism control. In primary monolayer cultures of freshly isolated chondrocytes, the population doubling time was approximately 6 days. Dedifferentiation of chondrocytes toward a more fibroblastic-appearing cell was observed after the fifth passage (subculture), but was hastened by lower cell-plating density. Chondrocytes were frozen for periods of up to 9 months, using 10% dimethyl sulfoxide as the cryoprotectant. Cell viability of late-term fetal and neonatal foal chondrocytes after storage at −196 C decreased from 86% at 3 weeks to 31% at 12 weeks. Viability of cells derived from older foals and young adult horses was considerably better than that of cells from neonatal foals. Frozen chondrocytes can be stored for extended periods and thawed for immediate implantation or can be sustained in vitro in monolayer or 3-dimensional culture. Such cultures would be suitable for cartilage resurfacing experiments or in vitro assessment of various pharmaceuticals.
An experimental model for subclinical edema disease (Escherichia coli enterotoxemia) manifest as vascular necrosis in pigs
Authors: Kausche Fabian M. , Dean Evelyn A. , Arp Lawrence H. , Samuel James E. , Moon Harley W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An experimental model for subclinical edema disease was developed in weanling pigs. In multiple experiments, 3-week-old pigs were weaned, then inoculated intragastrically with 1010 colony-forming units of an SLT-IIv-positive strain of Escherichia coli originally isolated from a pig with edema disease (principals). Control pigs were inoculated with a nonpathogenic E coli strain. Of 39 principals, 8 developed clinical edema disease within 14 days after inoculation. However, 20 of 21 principals that did not develop clinical signs of edema disease, but were submitted for necropsy examination at 14 days after inoculation, had characteristic vascular lesions of edema disease. Vascular lesions, found principally in ileum and brain, consisted of segmental necrosis of myocytes in the tunica media of small arteries and arterioles. None of the pigs inoculated with a nonpathogenic strain of E coli developed edema disease or vascular lesions. None of the principals necropsied at 2 days after inoculation had vascular lesions. Development of vascular lesions by 14 days after inoculation was used as the end point for detecting subclinical edema disease in the model.