bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to the spiritual needs of older people
Authors: Narayanasamy Aru , Clissett Philip , Parumal Logan , Thompson Deborah , Annasamy Sam , Edge Richard 
Published: September 2004

Background.  The literature suggests that the notion of holistic health has gained popularity in the nursing of older persons. Holistic care, based on the premises that there is a balance between body, mind and spirit, is important for well‐being, that each of these is interconnected, and that each affects the others. Human spirit is considered to be the essence of being and is what motivates and guides us to live a meaningful existence. However, there is little evidence in the nursing literature about how nurses caring for older people respond to their spiritual needs.Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report a critical incident study to: (1) explore nurses’ perceptions of their role in addressing the spiritual needs of older people; (2) describe what constitutes spiritual care of old people in the light of the findings.Methods.  Descriptions of critical incidents were obtained from a convenience sample of 52 nurses working in the East Midlands Region of the United Kingdom (UK) and subjected to content analysis and construction of a data classification system.Findings.  Respondents were prompted to identify patients’ spiritual needs by factors such as religious beliefs and practice (prayer); absolution; seeking connectedness, comfort and reassurance, healing or searching for meaning and purpose. The interventions initiated to meet patients’ spiritual needs included respect for privacy; helping patients to connect; helping patients to complete unfinished business; listening to patients’ concerns; comforting and reassuring; using personal religious beliefs to assist patients and observation of religious beliefs and practices.Conclusion.  The findings provide empirical evidence of some practices related to spiritual care of older people. Further empirical research is needed to guide practice and education with regard to conceptual clarity and the delivery of spiritual care of older people.
Coping strategies used by the relatives of people with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Stengler‐Wenzke Katarina , Trosbach Johanna , Dietrich Sandra , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: September 2004

Background.  Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a destructive mental illness that alters the lives of both patients and their relatives. Many investigations have described the coping strategies of relatives of patients with schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders, but there have been no studies reported about coping strategies and OCD.Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report an investigation into experiences of burden in relatives of patients with OCD, and the coping strategies they had developed.Method.  Narrative interviews with 22 family members of patients with OCD were analysed using a grounded theory approach.Findings.  Relatives described different burdens and developed different strategies to cope with these. While parents tried to educate their ill children, spouses focused on the patient's resources. The attempts of family members to cope with patients with OCD included assisting in rituals, opposing the symptoms and supporting patients in dealing with the illness.Conclusion.  Implications for clinical practice to support these relatives are discussed.
A concept analysis of dignity for older adults
Authors: Jacelon Cynthia S. , Connelly Thomas W. , Brown Rana , Proulx Kathy , Vo Thuy 
Published: September 2004

Background.  Human dignity is an essential value of professional nursing education as well as a component of the American Nurses Association Code of Ethics. Nurses are exhorted to treat patients with dignity, and older adults want to be treated with dignity and die with dignity. Although dignity, particularly the dignity of older adults, is often discussed in the health care literature, its meaning is not always clear.Aim.  The aim of this paper is to describe a concept analysis to develop a definition of dignity in older adults.Methods.  Data were collected using a literature review and five focus groups composed of older adults. The literature provided data about professionals’ ideas of dignity and the focus groups provided qualitative data about the nature of dignity in older people. The literature review and focus groups were carried out concurrently, followed by synthesis of the findings.Findings.  Dignity is an inherent characteristic of being human, it can be subjectively felt as an attribute of the self, and is made manifest through behaviour that demonstrates respect for self and others. Dignity must be learned, and an individual's dignity is affected by the treatment received from others.Conclusions.  A behavioural definition of dignity was constructed and this could provide the theoretical basis for nurses to develop interventions that foster dignity for older people.
The development of evidence‐based nursing interventions: methodological considerations
Authors: van Meijel B. , Gamel C. , van Swieten‐Duijfjes B. , Grypdonck M.H.F. 
Published: September 2004

Background.  The call for evidence‐based practice presents numerous challenges to nurses who are responsible for developing interventions and expanding the associated knowledge base. The challenge is compounded because there is limited literature concerning development of interventions and their evidence base.Aim.  The purpose of this article is to present a model that has been successfully used to guide the process of developing and testing complex nursing interventions, especially those in which the experience of the client plays an important role.Discussion.  The model consists of four stages: problem definition, accumulation of building blocks for intervention design, intervention design and intervention validation. Each stage is described and examples from research studies are presented. Specific attention is given to the manner in which the model allows for the accumulation of empirical evidence and theory development during the development process.Conclusions.  Use of the model could facilitate effective communication among nurses, researchers and educators when discussing the development and testing of nursing interventions.
Aromatherapy practice in nursing: literature review
Authors: Maddocks‐Jennings Wendy , Wilkinson Jenny M. 
Published: September 2004

Background. The use of aromatherapy in nursing care continues to be popular in many settings. Most of the nursing literature relates to the use of essential oils in low doses for massage or use of the oils as environmental fragrances. Information from the wider literature may add to the evidence base for use of this therapy in nursing.Aim. This paper reports a literature relating to the use of aromatherapy by nurses and critically evaluates the evidence to support this practice.Method. Medline, CINAHL, MANTIS and EBSCO Host databases were searched for papers related to use of essential oils and/or aromatherapy. Papers were also obtained through cross‐checking of reference lists. A total of 165 articles have been included in this review. Nursing papers were published since 1990 were included, but some references from 1971 onwards relating to scientific research conducted on essential oils were also included. These remain valuable as they are probably the only reference available for a specific oil or property, or show the development of knowledge in this area. Papers were excluded if they consisted only of brief case studies presented in abstract form. The review covers key professional issues and the principal areas of clinical practice where aromatherapy is used.Findings. Despite calls for more research in the 1980s and 1990s, there is still little empirical evidence to support the use of aromatherapy in nursing practice beyond enhancing relaxation. Its popularity needs to be balanced against the potential risks related to allergies, safety and inappropriate use by inexperienced users.Conclusions. There is great potential for more collaborative research by nurses to explore the clinical applications in greater detail and to move beyond the low dose paradigm of application of essential oils.
Rck1 and Rck2 MAPKAP kinases and the HOG pathway are required for oxidative stress resistance
Authors: Bilsland Elizabeth , Molin Claes , Swaminathan Swarna , Ramne Anna , Sunnerhagen Per 
Published: September 2004

SummaryWe demonstrate a role in oxidative and metal stress resistance for the MAPK‐activated protein kinases Rck1 and Rck2 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that Hog1 is robustly phosphorylated in a Pbs2‐dependent way during oxidative stress, and that Rck2 also is phosphorylated under these circumstances. Hog1 concentrates in the nucleus in oxidative stress. Hog1 localization is partially dependent on Rck2, asrck2cells have more nuclear Hog1 than wild‐type cells. We find several proteins with a role in oxidative stress resistance using Rck1 or Rck2 as baits in a two‐hybrid screen. We identify the transcription factor Yap2 as a putative target for Rck1, and the Zn2+transporter Zrc1 as a target for Rck2. Yap2 is normally cytoplasmic, but rapidly migrates to the nucleus upon exposure to oxidative stress agents. In a fraction of untreatedpbs2cells, Yap2 is nuclear. Zrc1 co‐immunoprecipitates with Rck2, andZRC1is genetically downstream ofRCK2. These data connect activation of the Hog1 MAPK cascade with effectors having a role in oxidative stress resistance.
Identification of a gene required for the formation of lyso‐ornithine lipid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ornithine‐containing lipids
Authors: Gao Jun‐Lian , Weissenmayer Barbara , Taylor Adrian M. , Thomas‐Oates Jane , López‐Lara Isabel M. , Geiger Otto 
Published: September 2004

SummaryUnder phosphate‐limiting conditions, some bacteria replace their membrane phospholipids by lipids not containing any phosphorus. One of these phosphorus‐free lipids is an ornithine‐containing lipid (OL) that is widespread among eubacteria. In earlier work, we had identified a gene (olsA) required for OL biosynthesis that probably encodes an O‐acyltransferase using acyl‐acyl carrier protein (acyl‐AcpP) as an acyl donor and that converts lyso‐ornithine lipid into OL. We now report on a second gene (olsB) required for OL biosynthesis that is needed for the incorporation of radiolabelled ornithine into OL. Overexpression of OlsB in an olsA‐deficient mutant of Sinorhizobium (Rhizobium) meliloti leads to the transient accumulation of lyso‐ornithine lipid, the biosynthetic intermediate of OL biosynthesis. Overexpression of OlsB in Escherichia coli is sufficient to cause the in vivo formation of lyso‐ornithine lipid in this organism and is the cause for a 3‐hydroxyacyl‐AcpP‐dependent acyltransferase activity forming lyso‐ornithine lipid from ornithine. These results demonstrate that OlsB is required for the first step of OL biosynthesis, in which ornithine is N‐acylated with a 3‐hydroxy‐fatty acyl residue in order to obtain lyso‐ornithine lipid. OL formation in a wild‐type S. meliloti is increased upon growth under phosphate‐limiting conditions. Expression of OlsB from a broad host range vector leads to the constitutive formation of relatively high amounts of OL (12–14% of total membrane lipids) independently of whether strains are grown in the presence of low or high concentrations of phosphate, suggesting that in S. meliloti the formation of OlsB is usually limiting for the amount of OL formed in this organism. Open reading frames homologous to OlsA and OlsB were identified in many eubacteria and although in S. meliloti the olsB and olsA gene are 14 kb apart, in numerous other bacteria they form an operon.
Deletion of the Gibberella fujikuroi glutamine synthetase gene has significant impact on transcriptional control of primary and secondary metabolism
Authors: Teichert S. , Schönig B. , Richter S. , Tudzynski B. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryIn Gibberella fujikuroi, the gibberellin (GA) and bikaverin biosynthesis are under control of nitrogen metabolite repression. However, the signalling components acting upstream of AREA are still unknown. We investigated the role of glutamine synthetase (GS) both as an enzyme and as a possible regulator in the nitrogen regulation system. We cloned and replaced the GS‐encoding gene, glnA‐Gf. The mutants grow with a phenotype different from the wild type in the presence of glutamine. They were unable to express nitrogen‐repressed GA and bikaverin biosynthetic genes even under nitrogen starvation conditions. Complementation with the glnA‐Gf wild‐type copy fully restored GS activity, the expression of secondary metabolism genes, and the production of GAs and the red pigment, bikaverin. In order to find more target genes of GS, differential cDNA‐screening and differential hybridization of macroarrays were performed using cDNA from the wild type and ΔglnA mutant as probes. Several genes were dramatically up‐ or downregulated in the mutant. Among them are genes involved in N‐ and C‐catabolism, and in transcriptional and translation control. Some of these genes are also under AREA control. Treatment with the GS inhibitor l‐methionine sulphoximine resulted in similar expression patterns as in the glnA mutant with ammonium as nitrogen source, whereas glutamine can overcome the up‐ or downregulation of most but not all of the target genes. These findings suggest that not only glutamine, but also GS itself might play an important role in nitrogen metabolite repression.
A mycobacterial virulence gene cluster extending RD1 is required for cytolysis, bacterial spreading and ESAT‐6 secretion
Authors: Gao Lian‐Yong , Guo Su , McLaughlin Bryant , Morisaki Hiroshi , Engel Joanne N. , Brown Eric J. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryInitiation and maintenance of infection by mycobacteria in susceptible hosts are not well understood. A screen of Mycobacterium marinum transposon mutant library led to isolation of eight mutants that failed to cause haemolysis, all of which had transposon insertions in genes homologous to a region between Rv3866 and Rv3881c in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which encompasses RD1 (Rv3871–Rv3879c), a known virulence gene cluster. The M. marinum mutants showed decreased virulence in vivo and failed to secrete ESAT‐6, like M. tuberculosis RD1 mutants. M. marinum mutants in genes homologous to Rv3866‐Rv3868 also failed to accumulate intracellular ESAT‐6, suggesting a possible role for those genes in synthesis or stability of the protein. These transposon mutants and an ESAT‐6/CFP‐10 deletion mutant all showed reduced cytolysis and cytotoxicity to macrophages and significantly decreased intracellular growth at late stages of the infection only when the cells were infected at low multiplicity of infection, suggesting a defect in spreading. Direct evidence for cell‐to‐cell spread by wild‐type M. marinum was obtained by microscopic detection in macrophage and epithelial monolayers, but the mutants all were defective in this assay. Expression of M. tuberculosis homologues complemented the corresponding M. marinum mutants, emphasizing the functional similarities between M. tuberculosis and M. marinum genes in this region that we designate extRD1 (extended RD1). We suggest that diminished membranolytic activity and defective spreading is a mechanism for the attenuation of the extRD1 mutants. These results extend recent findings on the genomic boundaries and functions of M. tuberculosis RD1 and establish a molecular cellular basis for the role that extRD1 plays in mycobacterial virulence. Disruption of the M. marinum homologue of Rv3881c, not previously implicated in virulence, led to a much more attenuated phenotype in macrophages and in vivo, suggesting that this gene plays additional roles in M. marinum survival in the host.
Genetic mapping in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Su Xin‐zhuan , Wootton John C. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThe Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence has boosted hopes for a new era of malaria research and for the application of comprehensive molecular knowledge to disease control, but formidable obstacles remain: ≈ 60% of the predicted P. falciparum proteins have no known functions or homologues, and most life cycle stages of this haploid eukaryotic parasite are relatively intractable to cultivation and biochemical manipulation. Genetic mapping based on high‐resolution maps saturated with single‐nucleotide polymorphisms or microsatellites is now providing effective strategies for discovering candidate genes determining important parasite phenotypes. Here we review classical linkage studies using laboratory crosses and population associations that are now amenable to genome‐wide approaches and are revealing multiple candidate genes involved in complex drug responses. Moreover, mapping by linkage disequilibrium is practicable in cases where chromosomal segments flanking drug‐selected genes have been preserved in populations during relatively recent P. falciparum evolution. We discuss the advantages and limitations of these various genetic mapping strategies, results from which offer complementary insights to those emerging from gene knockout experiments and/or high‐throughput genomic technologies.
Gaseous fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) into plant leaves
Authors: TEKLEMARIAM T. A. , SPARKS J. P. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTPeroxyactyl nitrate (PAN) is the most abundant of the gaseous organic nitrates produced from the photochemistry of hydrocarbons and NOx (i.e. ozone and smog production). PAN is known to be toxic to plants and also as a reservoir for the transport nitrogen dioxide in the troposphere. Here, the effect of vegetation on PAN deposition was investigated in four plant species by measuring leaf fluxes of PAN in a dynamic leaf chamber using atmospheric PAN fumigations between 0.7 and 18 nmol mol−1. A linear relationship was observed between PAN flux and ambient PAN mixing ratio for all species. Depending on the species, measured PAN flux varied between 11 and 24 pmol m−2 s−1. Measured fluxes of PAN accounted for 12–48% of the PAN flux predicted solely from modelled stomatal conductance to PAN, suggesting the presence of a mesophyllic resistance to PAN uptake. The brief (approximately 5–10 min) exposure to PAN during uptake measurements did not affect photosynthesis, transpiration or conductance to water vapour. Increasing stomatal resistance by varying the vapour pressure gradient between the leaf chamber and leaf internal air space led to a corresponding drop in PAN uptake. Varying leaf nitrogen and total leaf–ascorbate concentrations did not appear to influence PAN uptake as had been reported for other reactive odd‐nitrogen gases. Measured and model‐predicted PAN fluxes were offset, but correlated suggesting that PAN flux could be estimated using established stomatal conductance algorithms.
Information Transfer in Multienzyme Complexes
Authors: Lebreton Sandrine , Gontero Brigitte , Avilan Luisana , Ricard Jacques 
Published: September 2004

Oxidized phosphoribulokinase is almost inactive in its isolated state but becomes active when associated with glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. There is therefore an information transfer that takes place between these two enzymes. However, when the complex dissociates, free oxidized phosphoribulokinase is even more active than when it is associated with glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. This means that glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase exerts an imprinting effect upon phosphoribulokinase which persists for a while after the parting of the two proteins.Various methods derived from statistical thermodynamics can be used to estimate the fraction of energy transferred from glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase to phosphoribulokinase and which alters the kinetic parameters of the latter enzyme. In the complex, the decrease of the free energy associated with the binding of ribulose 5‐phosphate is larger than that of ATP. This implies that the mutual association of the two enzymes facilitates the binding of the former substrate but is without effect on that of the latter. The main effect exerted by the association of the two enzymes is to decrease by about 10 kJ/ mol the height of the energy barrier of the catalytic process.Phosphoribulokinase keeps an imprinting effect exerted by glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase after the parting of the two enzymes. Part of the energy transferred from one protein to the other is used to decrease slightly the apparent binding free energy of the two substrates of phosphoribulokinase by about 1.5 kJ/mol. Whereas the previous association of the two enzymes does not significantly alter substrate binding to phosphoribulokinase, it greatly affects catalysis and decreases by about 16 kJ/mol the height of the energy barrier pertaining to this step.Therefore, within multienzyme complexes, information and energy can be transferred between proteins. Statistical thermodynamics offers the possibility of estimating how this energy is used to alter the various kinetic parameters of the reaction.
Detection of Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)‐Binding Membrane Proteins by Immuno‐Coprecipitation with LPS and Anti‐LPS Antibodies
Authors: El‐Samalouti Volker T. , Schletter Jens , Brade Helmut , Brade Lore , Kusumoto Shoichi , Rietschel Ernst T. , Flad Hans‐Dieter , Ulmer Artur J. 
Published: September 2004

In this study we describe a general method for the detection and characterization of endotoxin‐(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)‐binding membrane proteins. In the past, experimental procedures to detect LPS‐binding sites on cells were generally performed with chemically modified LPS derivates. Since any modification of a ligand may lead to a modification of its binding characteristics, the results of those studies are controversial.In our assay, cell membrane preparations are treated with free lipid A, the endotoxic center of LPS, in the presence of normal human serum. After binding of lipid A, membrane proteins are solubilized by mild detergent treatment without disruption of the lipid A‐protein complexes. Addition of anti‐(lipid A) mAbs and subsequent adding of protein A agarose lead to the precipitation of complexes of lipid A and its binding proteins. By SDS/PAGE and western blot, these precipitates can be screened for the presence of LPS/lipid A‐binding proteins. We describe the use of this method for the immuno‐coprecipitation of lipid A (or LPS) with an 80‐kDa LPS‐binding membrane protein (LMP80), which we have previously identified on several human cells. In addition, CD14, the well‐known functional LPS receptor on monocytes and macrophages, can be detected.By means of this immuno‐coprecipitation approach we could demonstrate binding of either purified LPS preparations or synthetic lipid A to these LPS/lipid A‐binding membrane proteins at physiological pH under conditions in which the proteins are in their natural membranous environment.