bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontology
Authors: Milward Mike , Chapple Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periodontal diseases are common. The 1998 UK Adult Dental Health Survey reported that 95 per cent of the adult population had gingival inflammation, 8 per cent had severe periodontitis, and 85 per cent of over-65-year-olds had periodontitis (Morris et al. 2001). It is, therefore, essential that the dental graduate has a comprehensive knowledge of periodontal diseases and their management, in order to offer a high level of care to patients. The graduate must be able to screen patients and identify those with periodontal disease, and be able to diagnose, treat, monitor, and maintain patients with common periodontal conditions. It is also essential that the graduate is aware of their limitations, and is able to recognize aggressive periodontal diseases that require prompt referral to a specialist in periodontology. As can be seen, the range of skills and knowledge that a student needs to acquire during the undergraduate course is extensive. It is important that the course reflects these and is constructed in such a way that the student has the opportunity to acquire the requisite knowledge and skills. The course should also be able to assess the student in order to ensure that they have acquired the necessary skills that are set out in this chapter.
Oral pathology
Authors: Odell Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of oral disease underpins much of dentistry and it is therefore difficult to define the boundaries of the subject of oral pathology. Many competencies founded in pathological knowledge are to be found elsewhere in this book, particularly in sections on oral surgery, oral medicine, cardiology and periodontology. Competencies relating to oral pathology are given in the second edition of the General Dental Council’s (GDC) The First Five Years: a framework for undergraduate dental education(GCD 2002) the Quality Assurance Agency’s benchmark statement for dentistry (QAA 2000, 2002) and the European Union’s Competences Required for the Practice of Dentistry in the European Union (European Union 1998). All three organizations actively promote the concept of interdisciplinary teaching and integrated courses. As a result competencies in oral pathology may be partly subsumed into problem-based learning, in courses including general pathology, medicine and surgery or in integrated courses in oral medicine, microbiology, pathology, surgery, radiology and therapeutics.
Drivers to diagnosis
Authors: Dowrick Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I think the basis of an adequate explanation for the contemporary popularity of depression lies outside the confines of biomedical theories and evidence-based health care. In this chapter I will consider how the concept of depression is being supported and sustained by a wide variety of commercial, professional, organisational, and cultural factors. I will show how pharmaceutical companies and psychiatrists have found the emergence of modern diagnostic psychiatry to be helpful, whether in maintaining healthy profit margins or as a means of enhancing professional respectability, while for general practitioners, the concept of depression is proving an attractive instrument for controlling uncertainty in the consulting room.
Treatments, good, bad or worthless—and how do we tell?
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This aphorism is generally attributed to Galen (ad 130–200), a Greek physician, who was destined to dominate medicine for many centuries and who wrote with such conviction and dogmatism that few doctors dared to criticize him. He was a prodigious writer and in one of his many books he gives an account of his own parents, describing his father as amiable, just and benevolent, and his mother as thoroughly objectionable, a woman who was always shouting at her husband and displaying her evil temper by biting her servingmaids. His father had a dream that his son was destined one day to become a great physician and this encouraged him to send Galen to Pergamos and to Smyrna for a preliminary grounding in philosophy, and then onto Alexandria to specialize in medicine.
The randomized clinical trial
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with a fundamental question for psychiatry—how do we tell if a treatment works, is ineffective, or even harmful? If a doctor claims that a certain type of psychotherapy will cure patients of their depression, or a drug company maintains that a new product relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia, how should these assertions be assessed? What sort of evidence do we need to decide that the claims made for the efficacy of clinical treatments are, indeed, valid? One thing is certain: We should not rely on the views of ‘experts’ unless they produce sound empirical evidence to support their views, nor should we credit the anecdotal evidence of people who have undergone the treatment and, in some cases, have been ‘miraculously’ cured. One of the principal changes in medical practice and culture during the last one hundred years has been the increasing realization that it is not enough for a doctor to say that his or her treatment works, and nor it is enough for a patient to say likewise. These forms of anecdotal evidence, even if expanded into a series of anecdotes (dignified by the title of case series) are inadequate for the task.
Some statistical issues in the analysis of psychiatric trials
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A clinical trial generates data that has to be analysed. Such analysis will involve the use of statistics, not always the most popular topic amongst clinicians and applied medical researchers, although few, we hope, would go as far as Le Fanu (1999) in believing that ‘statistics are numbers to which complex mathematical formulae can be applied to produce conclusions of dubious veracity and from which all wit and human life is ingenuously excluded’. In this chapter we will examine a number of general statistical issues that we feel are of particular relevance in analysing data from psychiatric trials.
Analysing data from a psychiatric trial: an example
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5, a variety of issues that might arise in the analysis of data from trials in general, and psychiatric trials in particular, were raised. In this chapter a number of these issues will be considered in the context of the analysis of data from a particular psychiatric trial described in Section 6.2. The main purpose of the analyses presented in this chapter is to illustrate the use of a variety of methods, including some that may not be familiar to all readers. In particular we will give special attention to the problems for analysis caused by patients dropping out of the trial, a problem introduced in Chapter 5. The analyses we describe here are not, of course, the only ones that might be applied to the data, and it might be a useful exercise for readers to apply other methods and then compare their results with ours.
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now we hope all readers will agree on the need for methodological rigour if one is to establish if treatment A works better than treatment B for a particular condition using a randomized clinical trial. We hope also that most will agree that any such trial should conform to certain standards, and that those standards should be clearly expressed and reproducible. Opinions that ‘something worked’, or that ‘we thought overall the patients improved/liked the intervention/didn’t develop too many side effects’ and so on are unacceptable because they are liable to bias.
Practical Considerations In The Measurement Of Hrqol In Child/Adolescent Clinical Trials
Authors: Landgraf Jeanne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to adults, children and youth have historically been considered ‘healthy and resilient ‘. The tacit implication of this perception and the inherent complexities of engaging minor aged subjects in medical research often led to their exclusion from many health-related quality of life studies and randomized clinical trials. Increasingly, however, studies are specifically targeting children and youth. This increased activity may be due in part to the convergence of a number of independent factors, including an intellectual shift in how health is defined. It is now largely accepted that ‘health ‘ is not simply the absence of physical disease, but also includes positive social and emotional functioning and well-being.
Developing Disease-Targeted Hrqol Measures For Neurologic Conditions
Authors: Vickrey Barbara G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Decade of the Brain ‘ in the 1990s ushered in the development of an unprecedented number and variety of new neurotherapeutics. Research efforts focused on basic neuroscience and translation of those findings into novel drugs, devices, and procedures. For the first time, therapies directly targeting the primary disease process were developed for conditions like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer ‘s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and migraines; a new wave of medical and surgical therapies became available for epilepsy, stroke, and Parkinson ‘s disease. Future advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neural growth and regeneration should lead to breakthroughs in treatment of spinal cord injury and many neurodegenerative conditions.
Dealing with strong emotions and difficult personalities
Authors: Maguire Peter , Pitceathly Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doctors tend to use strategies to distance themselves from patients and relatives who manifest strong emotions. This chapter examines the reasons for this distancing behaviour and its effect on patients. Strategies are discussed that can help deal with patients who are angry, distressed or withdrawn. When doctors are faced with patients whom they perceive have difficult personalities there is a danger they will react negatively and dismiss the patient as unreasonable, and uncooperative. Techniques are discussed that can help manage those difficult patients who manifest dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, obsessional-compulsive or borderline personalities.
Communication in a multiprofessional setting
Authors: Heaven Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter is written in three parts. First, it will look at how and why doctors’ conversations with patients may differ from those of other colleagues. Secondly, it will focus on how working with colleagues may help make difficult conversations easier, through using other expertise, and also through sharing different perspectives. The third section looks at how difficult conversations with colleagues, for example disagreements, may be managed more effectively, and how communication within teams can be improved.
Work with bereaved children
Authors: Willis Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day in the United Kingdom, around 50 children are bereaved of a parent (Stokes 2004). This is a sad and shocking statistic because it reveals the existence of a largely unac- knowledged group of vulnerable children and young people who are coping every day with a profound experience of personal loss. Moreover this statistic does not include children who are bereaved of a sister or brother, a grandparent or other close relative, or a neighbour, friend, or teacher. If it did these figures would be far higher.
Helping the Family Following Suicide
Authors: Dyregrov Kari , Dyregrov Atle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if someone had dropped an atom bomb in the middle of our community centre, we could not have been more affected (A father speaking 11/2 years after losing his 14-year-old son by suicide) The following chapter describes how the life of parents and children, and the family as a whole, is affected by the suicide of a parent or sibling. There is also discussion of what support bereaved family members themselves want. The next section examines how family, friends, and colleagues may assist. Finally, suggestions about professional assistance to the family bereaved by suicide will be provided, paying special attention to information and care for children.
Early intervention teamsOrigins of early intervention teams
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several decades psychotic illnesses have been understood mainly as episodes of positive symptoms, followed by full or partial recovery for variable periods. In schizophrenia this recovery was often associated with disabilities and the development of negative symptoms. The first contact with mental health services followed from the patient’s first ‘breakdown’. Functioning prior to the breakdown was recognized as important - for instance in schizophrenia the existence of a premorbid ‘schizoid personality ’ (withdrawn, shy, aloof, a bit odd) implied a poorer outcome.
The wider context and the research and development agenda
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The move from large mental hospitals as the cornerstone of care to local and community based services is an international phenomenon. It is all too easy to view it as a discrete historical episode with a beginning and an end, starting from one event, or from one centre, with its effects diffusing across time and geography. Organizing the untidy and variable changes that have characterized this movement into some form of narrative helps make sense of it (for simplicity one must start somewhere). There is, however, a risk in this of producing a ‘March of Progress ’ caricature of reality
Antimicrobial agent
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of infection is an important element of clinical dentistry, and antimicobial drugs frequently play a role in the treatment of both purulent and mucosal infections in the head and neck region. Antimicrobial agents may also be used prophylactically, for example in the prevention of infective endocarditis among susceptible patients receiving dental treatment. An understanding of the principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy is, therefore, essential for dental surgeons. More specific information on prescribing of antibiotics in clinical dentistry is provided in Chapter 29.
Defence mechanisms of the mouth
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general aspects of host defences have already been described in Chapter 8. In this short chapter, attention will be drawn to some of the specific aspects relating to immunity in the mouth. The key factors responsible for maintaining oral health are listed in Fig. 22.1. Oral health is dependent on the integrity of the oral mucosa, which normally functions as an effective barrier against micro-organisms. If this barrier becomes compromised, for example in cancer patients with mucositis following chemotherapy, then infectious complications may ensue, including the risk of systemic infection. In addition, the oral mucosa is in continuity with a number of anatomical structures, such as the pharynx, which are vulnerable if the oral defences break down. A major area of risk is the junction between the gingiva and the tooth and the various forms of periodontal disease encountered at this site are described in Chapter 24.
Cancer biotherapy—an introduction
Authors: Young Annie , Rowett Lewis , Kerr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introduction of this kind, in this kind of book, is where the editors get to claim that the book you have in your hands is the book they set out to produce. Through a winning combination of intelligent choices, hard work, and thoughtful editing, the goals they set for themselves at the outset have all been reached, if not surpassed. Perhaps we will get to that introduction shortly, but first let’s talk about Singin in the rain (bear with us, we hope to make a serious point).
An introduction to the cell biology of cancer
Authors: Rowett Lewis , Young Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you certainly know, and if not it will become apparent from a reading of the subsequent chapters of this book, cancer is a genetic disease and a disease of cells. Commonly, cancer is described as a disease of unregulated, or dysregulated, cell growth. Significantly, we will see that cancer is a disease of cellular control systems. Before we look at these systems in more detail, it may be useful to consider what cells are.
The RAS pathway-a target for anticancer therapy
Authors: Mita Monica M , Rowinsky Eric K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cellular signalling is critical for embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and cellular response to the environment. The complex signalling network is initiated in large part by extracellular ligands, including growth factors and other various stimuli, which interact with membrane receptors and then activate a cascade of intracellular molecules known as secondary messengers that ultimately are responsible for the cellular response. De-regulated cellular signalling is a common feature of cancer cells, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation and increased survival. Identification of the molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, particularly key proteins that play a role in abnormal cell proliferation, have led to the development of anticancer strategies that disrupt the synthesis or function of these proteins. As a large body of data about the cellular signalling network is accumulating, the complexities related to these strategies are being recognised and it is becoming increasingly clear that the redundancies in cellular signalling are very important in cancer cells, making approaches to therapy that involve any single pathway more challenging.
Inhibitors of invasion and angiogenesis
Authors: Laurent Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an elaborate network of macromolecules that surrounds the cells of the body. Ultrastructurally, it consists of two identifiable domains, one that envelops cell sheets and the interstitial matrix, and a second, more condensed layer, termed the basement membrane, which is formed adjacent to the epithelial cells (Bosman & Stamenkovic 2003). The ECM is intricate and adaptable, serving both as structural support for tissues and as a complex microenvironment critical for modulating a wide variety of cell behaviours, from cell signalling, adhesion, and migration, to cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The architecture of the ECM is characterised by a three-dimensional collagen scaffold to which numerous specialised macromolecules adhere. It is a dynamic structure, subject to constant remodelling through the actions of different secreted and cell-associated proteolytic enzymes. This remodelling process allows tissues to respond to physiological changes such as development, pregnancy, growth, and wound repair.
Grammatical Terms
Authors: Buck Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terms used in these definitions which are defined in the glossary are asterisked. Accusative. A *case that is used chiefly to identify the *direct object of a *finite verb. Adjectival Noun. An adjective used as a noun. In the sentence the rich pay higher taxes, the word rich is an adjectival noun (with the *definite article).
Introduction: The Long Search for Legitimacy
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1833, the first in a succession of civil wars broke out in Spain, setting a pattern of internecine conflict that persisted for well over a hundred years. The last and most significant of these civil wars, that of 1936–9, was played out on a world stage and the cleavages it created were only finally resolved after the 1970s. Political violence became such a durable feature of Spanish history that scholars and commentators alike saw it as a structural problem, often depicted in terms of Spanish character.
Public Law and the Scientific Quest
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT present, the study of public law is in a curiously unsatisfactory condition. Insofar as we can lay claim to a tradition of public law thought in this country, it is founded on the idea that we lack a distinctive system of public law. This tradition is based on the idea that legality is a singular and universal concept and the state and its officers are subject to the ordinary processes of law in much the same manner as all other persons are governed by law. Public authorities, therefore, hold no special status in the legal ordering of our society and there is nothing peculiar in the application of legal method to disputes involving public bodies. Our constitution is a product of the ordinary law of the land and the position of the state and its emanations is determined by general principles of private law.
The Future of Law
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This edition makes Susskind’s highly-acclaimed and best-selling book available in paperback, and includes a new and substantial preface by the author. His book demonstrates why the future of the law is digital. It shows why and how IT is radically altering and will alter further the practice of law and the administration of justice. Beyond automating and streamlining traditional ways of providing legal advice, IT is re-engineering the entire legal process, resulting in legal products and information services focused on dispute pre-emption rather than dispute resolution, and legal risk management rather than legal problem solving. With easy and inexpensive access available, IT will help to integrate the law with business and domestic life. This book explores the implications, opportunities, and challenges presented by the information society as it irrevocably changes how law will be practised and justice administered. In this paperback edition, the author provides a substantial new preface which develops many of his central themes and takes account of likely developments in technology. The message for lawyers remains a stark one: in order to guarantee a stake in the legal system of the future, lawyers must adapt their working practices or die. The message for everyone else is an empowering one: they can now demand radically improved legal services, and if lawyers cannot provide this, many others will. From the reviews of the hardback: ‘A work of considerable scholarship and significance ... The Future of Law maps out a way forward in uncertain, but exciting, times. This ought to beand in due course will becompulsory reading for civil servants in the Lord Chancellors Department. This is not simply a book for computer enthusiasts. The general reader will gain particular benefit from this book. As just such a one, but with aspirations to be otherwise, I benefited enormously.‘ The ObserverR ‘The book’s style is welcoming and describes a convincing scenario which law firms must address or discount if they wish to survive the onset of the virtual community. This work is strongly recommended to all persons involved, however tangential, in the provision of legal services and for those who seek to make use of them.’ New Law Journal ‘There are 40 pages of practical advice for solicitors practices of all sizes offering gravy-soaked chunks of prime consultancy that are worth the price of the book. You should read this book if you are at all interested in the development of legal practice to enable you to make sufficiently informed decisions for securing the future you would wish for your practice.' Law Society Gazette