bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E in the genetics and epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hardy John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) alleles and isoforms in the etiology and pathogene‐sis of Alzheimer's disease is discussed. The possibility that ApoE itself is not involved in the disease pathogenesis but is merely in genetic disequilibrium with the real locus is discussed and dismissed. The data showing that ϵ4 allele is associated with an increased risk of developing the disease and with an earlier onset age are reviewed. The data showing that, at least in some circumstances, the ϵ2 allele is associated with a decrease in the risk of developing the disease, and with a later onset age are also reviewed. Data from the genetic analysis of other disorders are reviewed and presented, and it is suggested that the genetic data support the notion that the role of ApoE in the etiology of the disease directly relates to β‐amyloid deposition and plaque formation. This suggestion is in concordance with the most likely mechanism for the role of β‐amyloid precursor protein gene mutations as other risk factors for the disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obsessive compulsive disorder and mood disorders: A family study
Authors: Sciuto Gabriella , Pasquale Lorenza , Bellodi Laura 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) often coexists with major depression (MD), with rates varying from 35 to 75%. The nature of the depressive symptomatology can be investigated by familial aggregation analysis, assuming that the disorder which occurs first is the one showing greater genetic liability and should have higher familial concentration. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the familial loading for OCD and mood disorders in the families of OCD patients with different chronology of onset for the mood disorder, to evaluate how the familial pattern of the diseases differs with different temporal sequences in which the two syndromes occur. A total of 172 OCD patients entered the study; 112 were pure OCD probands, 12 were unable to separate the onset of the two syndromes, 11 had prior mood disorder, and 37 of them had experienced their first depressive episodes after the onset of OCD.Information about the family history was collected by means of the Family History‐Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH‐RDC) and by directly interviewing at least 2 relatives per family. Morbidity risks for OCD indicate a familial concentration of the disorder in all groups, except the MD/OCD group. We found the highest rate of relatives affected by mood disorders in the families of patients with first onset of MD (28.8%), whereas in the other 3 groups MRs were much lower. These results suggest the affective nature of OCD patients who experienced first onset of MD. Thus, the chronology of onset seems to identify 2 different typologies of familial distribution. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage results on 11Q21‐22 in Eastern Quebec pedigrees densely affected by schizophrenia
Authors: Maziade M. , Raymond V. , Cliche D. , Fournier J. P. , Caron C. , Garneau Y. , Nicole L. , Marcotte P. , Couture C. , Simard C. , Boivin R. , Rodrigue C. , Boutin P. , De Braekeleer M. , Martinez M. , Mérette C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe 11q21‐22 region is of interest for schizophrenia because several candidate genes are located in this section of the genome. The 11q21‐22 region, including DRD2, was surveyed by linkage analysis in a sample (N = 242) made of four large multigenerational pedigrees densely affected by schizophrenia (SZ) and eight others by bipolar disorder (BP). These pedigrees were ascertained in a large area of Eastern Quebec and Northern New Brunswick and are still being extended. Family members were administered a “consensus best‐estimate diagnosis procedure” (DSM‐III‐R criteria) blind to probands and relatives' diagnosis and to pedigree assignment (SZ or BP). For linkage analysis, 11 microsatellite polymorphism (CA repeat) markers, located at 11q21‐22, and comprising DRD2, were genotyped. Results show no evidence of a major gene for schizophrenia. However, a maximum lod score of 3.41 at the D11S35 locus was observed in an affected‐only analysis of one large SZ family, pedigree 255. Whether or not the positive linkage trend in pedigree 255 reflects a true linkage for a small proportion of SZ needs to be confirmed through the extension of this kindred and through replication. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of clozapine response and polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Shaikh S. , Collier D. A. , Sham P. , Pilowsky L. , Sharma T. , Lin L. K. , Crocq M. A. , Gill M. , Kerwin R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have examined the hypothesis that a variable number of tandem repeats in the third cytoplasmic loop of the dopamine D4 receptor influences clinical response to clozapine using a sample of 189 schizophrenic patients. Alleles of the 48‐bp repeat, which range from two to ten copies in the normal human population, were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction using genomic DNA as template. Association between these alleles and response to clozapine was tested using the difference in pre‐and post‐treatment GAS scores as a measure of response. We found no statistically significant variation between genotypic groups and response by analysis of variance. We conclude that the variation of the number of 48‐bp repeats alone does not determine response to clozapine. Larger studies are underway to determine if there is a more subtle relationship with sequence variation within the repeats or at other polymorphic sites within the gene that may provide evidence for a component of clozapine's action being at D4 receptors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlates of maladaptive behavior in children and adults with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Dykens Elisabeth M. , Cassidy Suzanne B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour features of maladaptive behavior were examined in 25 children and 61 adults with Prader‐Willi syndrome: age, gender, IQ, and the Body Mass Index (BMI). Among children, older subjects showed increased symptomatology relative to younger subjects, especially in depression and withdrawal. Among adults, maladaptive behaviors seem to show both steady and variable expressions, waxing and waning over time. Boys showed heightened depression relative to girls, findings which were not seen in the adults. No maladaptive behavior differences were found in high vs. low IQ subjects. Thinner adults with lower BMIs had higher maladaptive behavior scores relative to heavier subjects, particularly in internal states involving distressful affect and problems with thinking. Several explanations of these counterintuitive BMI findings are discussed, as is the need for prospective research on maladaptive behavior in children and adults with this syndrome. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for apolipoprotein E ϵ4 association in early‐onset Alzheimer's patients with late‐onset relatives
Authors: Pérez‐Tur Jordi , Campion Dominique , Martinez Maria , Brice Alexis , Tardieu Sandrine , Hannequin Didier , Agid Yves , Delacourte André , Clerget‐Darpoux Françoise , Chartier‐Harlin Marie‐Christine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently several reports have extended the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ϵ4 association found in late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients to early‐onset (EO) AD patients. We have studied this question in a large population of 119 EOAD patients (onset ⩽60 years) in which family history was carefully assessed and in 109 controls. We show that the APOE ϵ4 allele frequency is increased only in the subset of patients who belong to families where LOAD secondary cases are present. Our sampling scheme permits us to demonstrate that, for an individual, bearing at least one ϵ4 allele increases both the risk of AD before age 60 and the probability of belonging to a family with late‐onset affected subjects. Our results suggest that a subset of EOAD cases shares a common determinism with LOAD cases. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effectiveness of sampling methods in detecting copulatory behavior in Macaca arctoides
Authors: Estep Daniel Q. , Johnston Marcia E. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe copulatory behavior of a social group of 18 stumptail macaques was observed for 171 hours over a period of 5 months. The occurrence of copulation and several quantitative measures of copulation were compared using sampling periods of 2 hours daily and continuous dawn‐to‐dusk observation. In this environment copulation was found to occur in brief bouts of relatively short duration. Copulation was detected on 34% of the days observed with 2 hr sampling and 100% of the days with DTD sampling. Thus, brief limited‐time samples of behavior are not adequate for reliably detecting copulation in this species under social group‐living conditions.
Use of primates for wear testing of dental restorative materials
Authors: Gettleman Lawrence 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mechanical loss of substance, both of teeth and man‐made materials used to fill or replace teeth, principally occurs by attrition (the grinding of one tooth against another) or abrasion due to coarse particles present in the diet, dentifrices, or as products of the grinding itself. Nonhuman primates often have pronounced grinding or bruxing habits that serve to sharpen the teeth. Papio anubis baboons were used as a model to study the ability of teeth and restorative materials to withstand continual two‐ or three‐body wear. One test site used the mandibular first premolars, occluding with the maxillary canines. For other studies, fixed appliances were cemented to the upper and lower incisors allowing placement of materials. Periodically, replica models of the surfaces were made for examination in a scanning electron microscope. Detailed descriptions of the morphological changes and/or failure of the materials appear elsewhere. It was found that the nonhuman primate model provides a rapid test of physiologic and pathologic wear of dental materials. It differs from the human situation only in the lack of good oral hygiene and the absence of extremes of thermal variations.
Longitudinal stability in adult status hierarchies among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. , Bramblett Sharon S. , Bishop Dava A. , Coelho Anthony M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStatus hierarchies were examined in a captive group over a 12‐year period (1968–1979) to establish the stability and structure of vervet monkey dominance relationships. Dyadic records of spontaneous avoid, bite, chase, and supplant behaviors are summarized into a win/lose matrix to produce a rank order of status at the end of each calendar year. The 13,717 agonistic acts tabulated are drawn from both focal and ad lib data. Relative rank is computed by dividing the rank position of each individual by the number of individuals ranked for that year. Relative rank was found to be quite stable for adults of both sexes, although males were more variable than females. There was a strong matinrline effect on all captive born animals' rank position. No gender difference in rank was demonstrable. Infants were very subordinate at the end of their first year, but rose to positions near those of their mothers by the end of the fourth year. Presence or absence of canine teeth had no demonstrable effect on status. The results emphasize the relative importance of social learning in the establishment and maintenance of dominance relationships. The apparent gender difference in rank among wild living vervets is hypothesized to be a consequence of the male intergroup mobility. If a male is restrained from emigration, he is strongly affected by his mother's rank as he establishes his own dominance position in the troop.
Longitudinal observations of care and development of infant titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch)
Authors: Fragaszy D. M. , Schwarz S. , Shimosaka D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe patterns of infant care and development in family groups of the monogamous titi (Callicebus moloch). Three infant titis were observed with their natal family groups over the first six months of life. Field observations of extensive male involvement with infants were confirmed. Adult males were clearly the infants' primary social companions, and infants spent more time in contact with adult males at all ages than with mothers or older siblings. However, mothers and siblings also carried infants at times and interacted with them in affiliative ways (e.g., grooming, nuzzling, play). Mothers often invited nursing, but otherwise it was infants who primarily initiated transfers between carriers and approaches to parents, reminding us that the infants' own activities and their effects on caregivers should not be overlooked in considerations of the patterns of infant care. This is particularly important for those species exhibiting extensive parental involvement by males. It is suggested that substantial male care of young titi infants leads to several important consequences for the infant's social development, including the development of a stronger attachment to the father than the mother.
Venipuncture and vaginal swabbing in an enclosure occupied by a mixed‐sex group of stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Bunyak Steven C. , Harvey Nancy C. , Rhine Ramon J. , Wilson Marco I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProcedures are described for vaginal swabbing and venipuncture in a gang‐caged, mixed‐sex group of stumptailed macaques. The design of the gang cages facilitated venipuncture and swabbing which were done without undue disturbance of the vivarium routine, without seriously stressing colony members, and without interfering with the monkeys' established social relationships.
Diagonal walking in captive infant vervet monkeys
Authors: Hurov Jack R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe frequency of use of diagonal walking by three motorically immature vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) is discussed. The subjects were housed at The Balcones Research Center (Austin, Texas) and ranged from 15–105 days of age. Mixed longitudinal data taken from film indicated that lateral walknig was the first gait employed by the infant vervets studied, but that diagonal walking completely replaced lateral walking by 81 days of age. These data were compared with those of captive infant Macaca mulatta, and feral infant Papio anubis. General agreement was found regarding onset and frequency of use of diagonal walking in the three genera.
Self‐awareness and the emergence of mind in primates
Authors: Gallup Gordon G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo date humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans are the only species which have been shown capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. Several species of macaques have now been provided with years of continuous exposure to mirrors, but they still persist in reacting to their reflection as if they were seeing other monkeys. Even gibbons (apes) and gorillas (great apes) seem incapable of learning that their behavior is the source of the behavior depicted in the image. Most primates, therefore, appear to lack a cognitive category for processing mirrored information about themselves. The implications of these data for traditional views of consciousness are considered briefly, and a recent attempt to develop an operant analog to self‐recognition is critically evaluated. Finally, an attempt is made to show that self‐awareness, consciousness, and mind are not mutually exclusive cognitive categories and that the emergence of self‐awareness may be equivalent to the emergence of mind. Several indices of “mind” which can be applied to nonhuman species are discussed in the context of an attempt to develop a comparative psychology of mind.
Disseminated strongyloidiasis in Erythrocebus patas
Authors: Harper J. S. , Rice J. M. , London W. T. , Sly D. L. , Middleton C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive fatal cases of disseminated strongyloidiasis were identified in Erythrocebus patas caged singly or in groups of two to four in an indoor research facility. This is the first report of fatal hyperinfective strongyloides infection in a species other than great apes and man. Severe pulmonary hemorrhage, duodenitis, and proximal colitis with microscopically demonstrable larvae in affected tissues were the key necropsy findings. E. patas is an available, suitable model for the study of disseminated strongyloidiasis.
Responsiveness of adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to mother‐infant separation
Authors: Vogt Jerry L. , Siperstein Laurie , Levine Seymour 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study tested the responsiveness of adult male squirrel monkeys living with mother‐infant dyads to various conditions of mother‐infant separation. During each of the five weekly experimental 30‐minute sessions, as well as during undisturbed basal conditions, the behavioral and hormonal responses of five adult males were assessed. The results indicated that only one experimental condition—that involving the actual manipulation of the separated infant during the test session—produced behavioral and adrenocorticoid changes. During this condition the males exhibited increased movement, increased social activity scores, and elevations in plasma cortisol. These data indicate that squirrel adult male squirrel monkeys respond to mother‐infant separation when this manipulation involves threat to the infant, as has been noted for other primate species.
Development comparisons of grimace and play mouth in infant pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Kirkevold Barbara C. , Lockard Joan S. , Heestand Jean E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive laboratory‐born infant pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were studied during playroom interactions. Each infant was videotaped for a 5‐minute period weekly for 5 months. The animals were scored on the frequency of the mouth display observed. Both play‐type (round mouth corners, ie, relaxed open‐mouth display) and fear‐type (sharp mouth corners, ie, silent bared‐teeth display) facial expressions were present at the onset of obsevations. Play mouths appeared with greater frequency than fear mouths throughout the study. The frequency of round‐cornered mouths (play and gnaw) vs sharpcornered mouths (bite and grimace) was significantly different both across monkeys and across weeks. There appeared to be a bimodal distribution of round and sharp mouths, with infants using the different mouth types in a nonsocial context at earlier ages and in a social context as they matured. The data are consonant with a phylogentically separate origin of the fear grimace and playface in old world anthropoids including humans.
Use of a radioreceptorassay (RRA) for human luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (hLH/CG) for detection of early pregnancy and estimation of time of ovulation in macaques
Authors: Booher Carolynn B. , Prahalada Srinivasa , Hendrickx Andrew G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA radioreceptorassay (RRA) for macaque luteinizing hormone (LH)/chorionic gonadotropin (CG) was adapted from the clinical RRA for human LH/CG, Biocept‐G™, for the purposes of detection of pregnancy prior to day 20 of gestation and for estimation of the time of ovulation in macaques. The 90‐min assay procedure was simple, accurate, and reliable. Seventy‐five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 20 crab‐eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were tested for the presence of CG in the serum on estimated days 17–20 of pregnancy. Of a total of 160 tests, four false negative and 0 false positive tests were obtained, for an accuracy of 97.5%. The preovulatory LH peak was detected in 19 rhesus monkeys by semiquantitative RRA of LH/CG. Ovulation was confirmed in these 19 animals by the presence of a fresh corpus luteum at laparotomy 2–10 days after ovulation, collection of an embryo, pregnancy, or subsequent cycle history. The short, simple assay procedure and the low inter‐and intraassay coefficients of variation (7.3 and 3.7%, respectively) allow use of this assay in an economical, predictive, as well as retrospective, capacity for estimation of the time of ovulation in rhesus monkeys. The sensitivity, reliability, species nonspecificity, simplicity, and rapidity of performance of this RRA for LH/CG are features which add up to a useful new management tool for breeding macaques for research purposes.
Banding patterns of the chromosomes of Presbytis cristatus pyrrhus and P. obscurus
Authors: Ponsà M. , De Boer L. E. M. , Egozcue J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe G‐ and Q‐bands and the location of the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) in the chromosomes of Presbytis obscurus and the Q‐ and C‐bands of P. cristatus pyrrhus are described. Their chromosomes are compared to those of Macaca mulatta and to other Cercopithecidae and Hylobatidae. The origin of the two different banding patterns of pair no. 1 in our specimen of P. cristatus pyrrhus is discussed.
Personality traits of adolescent pig‐tailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): An analysis of social rank and early separation experience
Authors: Caine Nancy G. , Earle Huberta , Reite Martin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPersonality ratings of ten adolescent pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were carried out by three experienced observers who used a simple three‐point rating system. A modification of Stevenson‐Hinde & Zunz's [1978] procedure, the agreement between raters on each of 21 traits was evaluated. When correlated with social rank, it was shown that dominant animals were rated as being, for example, confident, effective, and opportunistic. Subordinant monkeys were rated as insecure and dependent. Rank correlated negatively, however, with observers' impressions of popularity. Subjects who had undergone a brief maternal separation were rated as less sociable than their nonseparated counterparts. Furthermore, rank‐related traits corresponded well with the three personality components that were derived by Stevenson‐Hind & Zunz [1978]; this suggested that clusters of traits reliably accompanied and/or contributed to the attainment of social rank.
Brief report: Population dynamics of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys in different ecological conditions in India
Authors: Seth P. K. , Seth S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData are presented on group size, composition, and reproductive rates of nine free‐ranging rhesus monkey groups inhabiting different habitats in India, based on 7,300 observation hours spread over 1975–1980. Analysis suggests that groups increased in size irrespective of the habitat occupied.
Psycholinguistic analyses of alarm calls of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata)
Authors: Masataka Nobuo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlarm and estrous calls emitted by Japanese macaques were recorded and analyzed in the Arashiyama West and East groups. Their responses to natural calls as well as to synthesized versions varying in the acoustic parameters that defined the vocalizations were studied. The response patterns shown by Arashiyama West group members, which were subject to a distinct change with only a slight difference of a single parameter, appeared to reflect strict underlying perceptual boundaries. This was analogous to the categorical perception that humans show with speech sounds. In contrast, continuous perception was exhibited by Arashiyama East group individuals. When several sounds were played back in combination to the former group, following stimuli were recognized by quite different cues from those by which the first sound was perceived. The groups' differences in vocal perception are discussed in terms of the ecological differences of the environments they inhabit.