bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEASURING INEQUALITY WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD
Authors: Woolley Frances R. , Marshall Judith 
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this paper is to explore a number of measures of inequality within households. We focus primarily on two types of inequality, first, inequality in money incomes, second, inequality in control over household resources. Control is measured in two ways: first, as control over the management of household finances and, second, as influence over household decision‐making. We discuss arguments for and against each of the measures of inequality, and compare the measures against one another in terms of the level of inequality each measure finds. The paper does not attempt to explain inequality; instead, its aim is to discuss the question “What is it that we wish to explain?”
Perhaps less important, but also revealing, within the 21–34 age group, 90 percent of the males and 80 percent of the females felt that the other partner had more closet space. (“Poll suggests young marriages in big trouble.” The Ottawa Citizen, August 19, 1990.)
ON THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICABILITY OF A “GREEN NATIONAL PRODUCT”
Authors: Aaheim Asbjørn , Nyborg Karine 
Published: March 2005

Several economists have recently suggested that the national product should be adjusted for the value of environmental damages. In this paper we look at some of the difficulties one encounters when the correcting formulae derived from simple theoretical models are transferred to applied national accounting. In particular, the paper is concerned with the question of whether a corrected national income measure will actually provide relevant information for policy‐makers.It is shown that a “green national product” will be very difficult to interpret. In general, it may not give any indications of the necessity of imposing stronger environmental policy actions. Nor does it indicate the hypothetical state of the economy after a change in environmental efforts.
EARNINGS MOBILITY: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF ITALY AND FRANCE
Authors: Bigard A. , Guillotin Y. , Lucifora C. 
Published: March 2005

In this study we consider two panels of wage‐earners, from 1974 to 1988, for Italy and France respectively. The international perspective and the availability of micro‐data are particularly interesting for they allow us to address individual characteristics as well as national specificities. In the empirical analysis a partitioning of the earnings distribution by deciles is used and the overall hierarchical mobility of individuals is investigated. Transition matrices are computed in order to compare wage formation and mobility processes across countries, in the period under investigation. A rich battery of mobility indices is presented and the relations between them are studied.The paper addresses several different issues and compares the results across countries. First, the evolution of earnings and the relative wage profiles are compared across countries. Second, the heterogeneity issue is addressed and some structural characteristics of the sample are studied, namely: cohort and gender differences in earnings.
The Relationship Between Preparation Convergence and Retention of Extracoronal Retainers
Authors: Wilson Aaron H. , Chan Daniel C. N. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeAlthough traditional ideal convergence (the sum of taper of the opposite sides) for crown proparation has been arbitrarily set at 4° to 10°, some believe absolute parallelism yields the highest retention. This study examined the relationship between the degree of convergence of a machined metal die and the retention of its casting.Materials and MethodsThe method used was that of cementing cast metal crowns onto full crown preparations on brass dies with varying convergence angles, and then recording the force required to remove the crowns from the dies in a vertical direction using a Tate‐Emery Testing Machine and Load Indicator.ResultsIt was found that retention (ie, the force needed to remove the cemented castings from the die in their common long axis) increases from O° convergence to peak between 6° to 12° convergence. It also seems that a critical film thickness does exist for optimum retention, and that film thicknesses smaller than the critical thickness may be responsible for the phenomenon that we have observed and directly related to the convergence angle itself.ConclusionsThere seems to be experimental data supporting the use of traditionally taught convergence. Our study found that convergence angles between 6° and 12° seem to be optimum for tooth crown preparation when one plans to use zinc phosphate cement. Convergence angles of less than 6° may not be desirable even if they can be clinically achieved. The results of our study indicate that a relationship exists between the convergence angle and the critical cement thickness that is necessary to realize the maximum strength properties of zinc phosphate cement.
The Use of a Photoprotective Agent to Increase the Color Stability of a Tinted Extraoral Prosthetic Silicone
Authors: Bryant Arthur W. , Schaaf Norman G. , Casey David M. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis study investigated the use of ultraviolet‐absorbing or photoprotective agents as a method of decreasing the color changes caused by ultraviolet radiation on an intrinsically tinted facial prosthetic material.Materials and MethodsSilastic MDX 4‐4210 (Dow Corning Corp, Midland, MI) was the facial prosthetic material studied. It was intrinsically tinted with talc and nylon flock to approximate the color of skin. Three brands of commercially available sunscreens with sun protective factor (SPF) of 15 were placed on the surface of the cured silicone samples. The samples were rotated in an ultraviolet radiation chamber for 300 hours. A control group was placed in the dark for 300 hours. The second phase of the experiment had para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) added to the tinted silicone. All samples were measured with a spectrophotometer at the beginning and at the end of 300 hours, and a ΔE was obtained.ResultsNone of the sunscreens provided any ultraviolet radiation protection to the silicone. The addition of PABA caused a significant color degradation of the silicone. Conclusions: No photoprotective agent tested provided any significant level of ultraviolet radiation protection for silastic MDX 4‐4210.
A Comparison of Microwave and Dry‐Heat Curing Methods on the Bond Strength of Silicone Facial Materials Applied to Acrylic Resin
Authors: Polyzois Gregory L. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis study compared two curing methods (microwave irradiation and dry heat) on the tensile bond strength of silicone facial materials to cured acrylic resin. The facial materials studied were Mollomed, Silskin II, MDX4‐4210, and A‐2186.Materials and MethodsThe samples were processed with microwaves for 13 minutes at 90 W plus 2 minutes at 500 W and dry heat for 3 hours at 100° C to cured acrylic resin. Facial materials 3‐mm thick were processed between two half‐dumbbells of acrylic resin. The bonding surfaces were treated with a primer. The samples were placed in tension until failure.ResultsThe results showed that the bond strength was affected by the type of silicone material and not by the curing methods used.ConclusionsMollomed had the highest bond strength of all materials tested. MDX4‐4210 and A‐2186 showed the lowest, and Silskin II had intermediate bond strength. Microwave irradiation has the potential of saving time, energy, and resources during the fabrication of facial prostheses, but further laboratory studies and clinical trials are indicated.
The Institute of Medicine Study of Dental Education: Issues Affecting Prosthodontics
Authors: Diaz‐Arnold Ana M. , Langenwalter Eric M. , Andres Carl J. , Lloyd Patrick M. , Nimmo Arthur , Cronin Robert J. 
Published: March 2005

In 1993, the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a committee to study dental education and to make recommendations regarding the future of dentistry. The study was prompted by educational and professional concerns: specifically, the number of dental school closures, the high cost of dental education, the size of the dental workforce, and the role of dentistry within medicine and the health care system. In January 1995, the IOM's Committee on the Future of Dental Education concluded “Dental Education at the Crossroads—Challenges and Change”, a 345‐page report that includes eight policy and strategic principles and presents 22 recommendations.1 The unabridged text of the strategic principles and recommendations is published at the beginning of this paper.The IOM text notes impressive achievements in dentistry, and the recommendations form a foundation for the assessment of the many crucial issues that face dental education and dentistry today. The IOM report urges each dental school to review its curriculum and individually determine how best to fulfill its missions of education, research, and patient care. As dental education looks to the future, the practice of dentistry will be altered by social, economic, political, and technological developments as our consumers (students and patients) demand professional accountability and effectiveness.2 In the midst of this call for change, the specialty of prosthodontics is faced with many challenges and opportunities. This article is the response to a request from the American Dental Association (ADA) to address the IOM study on dental education as it affects the specialty and practice of prosthodontics. This article presents the position of the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP); however, some sections have been expanded to provide additional background information.
The Effect of Eugenol‐Containing Temporary Cement on the Bond Strength of Two Resin Composite Core Materials to Dentin
Authors: Al Wazzan Khalid A. , Al Harbi Ali A. , Hammad Ihab A. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study investigated the effect of eugenol‐containing temporary cement on the bond strength of two resin composite core materials (FluoroCore and Ti‐Core) to dentin.Materials and Methods Dentin was exposed in three groups of extracted teeth (20 specimens each). In group one, dentin was covered with eugenol‐containing temporary cement; the second group was covered with eugenol‐free temporary cement; and the third group was left uncovered and served as a control group. All specimens were stored for 1 week at 37°C and 100% humidity. The dentin surfaces were cleaned and treated using the GLUMA adhesive system, followed by placement of composite core build‐ups. Debonding of the core material was accomplished using the Accuforce Elite test system.Results There was a significant reduction in bond strength for the specimens covered with eugenol temporary cement (p < .0001), but no significant difference was found between the control group and the group treated with eugenol‐free temporary cement. Bond strength of the Ti‐Core material to dentin was significantly higher than that of FluoroCore (p < .0001).Conclusion Pretreatment of the dentin with eugenol‐based temporary cement adversely affects the bond strength of resin composite core material to dentin.
The Effect of a Carbonated Beverage on the Wear of Human Enamel and Dental Ceramics
Authors: Al‐Hiyasat Ahmad S. , Saunders William P. , Sharkey Scott W. , Smith George McR. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study was performed to investigate the effect of a carbonated beverage on the wear of human enamel and three dental ceramics: a conventional porcelain (Vitadur Alpha), a hydrothermal low‐fusing ceramic (Duceram‐LFC), and a machinable ceramic (Vita Mark II).Materials and Methods Tooth‐against‐ceramic specimens (10 per group) were tested in a wear machine under a load of 40N, at a rate of 80 cycles per minute, and for a total of 25,000 cycles. The test was performed in distilled water or with intermittent exposure to a carbonated beverage (Coca‐Cola). Wear was determined by measuring the height reduction of the tooth specimens and the depth of wear track in the ceramic specimens.Results ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the groups for both enamel and ceramic wear (p < .001). When tested in water. Alpha porcelain caused significantly more enamel wear and also exhibited greater wear than Duceram‐LFC and Vita Mark II. However, with exposure to the carbonated beverage, the enamel wear produced by Duceram‐LFC did not differ significantly from that produced by Alpha porcelain, and Vita Mark II produced the least amount of enamel wear. Overall, exposure to the carbonated beverage significantly increased the enamel wear. The wear of Duceram‐LFC and Vita Mark II increased with exposure to the carbonated beverage.Conclusions It was concluded that exposure to the carbonated beverage accelerated the enamel wear and decreased the wear resistance of Duceram‐LFC and Vita Mark II ceramics. Overall, Vita Mark II was shown to be the most resistant to wear and also significantly less abrasive than conventional Alpha porcelain.
A Pilot Study to Evaluate Different Palate Materials for Maxillary Complete Dentures with Xerostomic Patients
Authors: Hummel Susan K. , Marker Victoria A. , Buschang Peter , DeVengencie DDS James, MS 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe hypothesis tested in this pilot study was that materials used for the palatal region of a maxillary denture affect the comfort of the maxillary denture in xerostomic patients.Materials and MethodsXerostomic complete denture wearers were selected to test three different maxillary dentures that were made with different palatal materials. Each denture was worn for a period of 2 weeks. The Kapur Index was used to measure retention. The Oral Health Index Profile (OHIP) was used to determine the patient's perception of each denture after the 2‐week period. At the end of the study, the patients were asked to select which of the three dentures they would like as their primary denture.ResultsAll participants chose the metal‐palate dentures, and 4 of 5 selected the titanium‐palate denture as their primary denture. Statistical analysis of the OHIP demonstrated that the metalpalate dentures were perceived as being more comfortable than the acrylic‐resin dentures.ConclusionThis pilot study suggests that for xerostomic patients who have worn complete dentures, their selection of a metal‐palate denture as their primary prosthesis strongly suggests that these dentures have properties that make them more comfortable to the patient than acrylic dentures. Subjective patient measurements supported this conclusion that the metal‐palate dentures were preferable, while the evaluation method available to the clinician failed to discriminate among the prostheses.
Effective Taper Criterion for the Full Veneer Crown Preparation in Preclinical Prosthodontics
Authors: Smith Charles T. , Gary John J. , Conkin J. Elaine , Franks Hurby L. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeEffective taper criteria must define a realistic, measurable goal that the student can visualize and achieve. Six degrees is widely accepted as the taper criterion for the full veneer crown preparation. However, studies show the actual taper of most preparations to be greater than 12°. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 12° is an effective taper criterion for the full veneer crown preparation in preclinical prosthodontics instruction.Materials and MethodsA group of 191 full veneer crown preparations with 6° as the taper criterion, and a group of 130 full veneer crown preparations with 12° as the taper criterion were evaluated. All preparations were accomplished by preclinical dental students working on typodonts under examination conditions.ResultsThe overall mean taper for each group exceeded the targeted criterion. The overall mean taper for the 6° group was 14.490. When 12° was the criterion, the overall mean taper was 15.580. The t test results indicate significant differences (p < .0001) between the targeted criterion and the actual preparation mean taper in all samples except one: the faciolingual measurements in the 12° group. The faciolingual measurement of 12.920 was not statistically significantly different (.0542) from the targeted criterion of 12°.ConclusionThe use of a 12° taper criterion did not result in preclinical students achieving the goal of a 12° taper. However, a 12° criterion is more realistic than a 6° criterion for full veneer crown preparations.
EFFECT OF COLD‐SET BINDERS: ALGINATES AND MICROBIAL TRANSGLUTAMINASE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RESTRUCTURED SCALLOPS
Authors: SUKLIM KANNAPHPA , FLICK GEORGE J. , MARCY JOSEPH E. , EIGEL WILLIAM N. , HAUGH C. GENE , GRANATA L. ANKENMAN 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT Restructured scallops (Argopecten gibbys) were prepared with two cold‐set binders: 1% concentrations of alginate and microbial transglutaminase (MTG), with setting times of 2, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h at 5C. Apparent modulus of elasticity, 5% secant modulus, 10% secant modulus and 20% secant modulus were used to evaluate the effect of setting times on the binding strength of restructured scallops. The binding strength as measured by the 5, 10 and 20% secant modulus was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in MTGase‐restructured scallops, but significantly different in alginate‐restructured scallops at 5 and 10% strain. Apparent modulus of elasticity showed significant differences in the binding strengths (P < 0.05) of restructured scallops prepared from both binders. The alginate gel restructured scallops achieved a binding strength of (158.7 kPa) in a 2‐h setting, while MTG‐restructured scallops reached a binding strength of (336.0 kPa) at a 24 h setting.
Hsp90 Protein in Fission Yeast Swo1p and UCS Protein Rng3p Facilitate Myosin II Assembly and Function
Authors: Mishra Mithilesh , D'souza Ventris M. , Chang Kai Chen , Huang Yinyi , Balasubramanian Mohan K. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

The F-actin-based molecular motor myosin II is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as muscle contraction, cell motility, and cytokinesis. In recent years, a family of myosin II-specific cochaperones of the UCS family has been identified from work with yeasts, fungi, worms, and humans. Biochemical analyses have shown that a complex of Hsp90 and the
Caenorhabditis elegans
UCS domain protein UNC-45 prevent myosin head aggregation, thereby allowing it to assume a proper structure. Here we demonstrate that a temperature-sensitive mutant of the fission yeast Hsp90 (Swo1p),
swo1-w1
, is defective in actomyosin ring assembly at the restrictive temperature. Two alleles of
swo1
,
swo1-w1
and
swo1-26
, showed synthetic lethality with a specific mutant allele of the fission yeast type II myosin head,
myo2-E1
, but not with two other mutant alleles of
myo2
or with mutations affecting 14 other genes important for cytokinesis.
swo1-w1
also showed a strong genetic interaction with
rng3-65
, a gene encoding a mutation in the fission yeast UCS domain protein Rng3p, which has previously been shown to be important for myosin II assembly. A similar deleterious effect was found when
myo2-E1
,
swo1-w1
, and
rng3-65
were pharmacologically treated with geldanamycin to partially inhibit Hsp90 function. Interestingly, Swo1p-green fluorescent protein is detected at the improperly assembled actomyosin rings in
myo2-E1
but not in a wild-type strain. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses verified interactions between Rng3p and the myosin head domain as well as interactions between Rng3p and Swo1p. Our analyses of Myo2p, Swo1p, and the UCS domain protein Rng3p establish that Swo1p and Rng3p collaborate in vivo to modulate myosin II function.
Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Bacteria
Authors: Laursen Brian Søgaard , Sørensen Hans Peter , Mortensen Kim Kusk , Sperling-Petersen Hans Uffe 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
Valuable information on translation initiation is available from biochemical data and recently solved structures. We present a detailed description of current knowledge about the structure, function, and interactions of the individual components involved in bacterial translation initiation. The first section describes the ribosomal features relevant to the initiation process. Subsequent sections describe the structure, function, and interactions of the mRNA, the initiator tRNA, and the initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3. Finally, we provide an overview of mechanisms of regulation of the translation initiation event. Translation occurs on ribonucleoprotein complexes called ribosomes. The ribosome is composed of a large subunit and a small subunit that hold the activities of peptidyltransfer and decode the triplet code of the mRNA, respectively. Translation initiation is promoted by IF1, IF2, and IF3, which mediate base pairing of the initiator tRNA anticodon to the mRNA initiation codon located in the ribosomal P-site. The mechanism of translation initiation differs for canonical and leaderless mRNAs, since the latter is dependent on the relative level of the initiation factors. Regulation of translation occurs primarily in the initiation phase. Secondary structures at the mRNA ribosomal binding site (RBS) inhibit translation initiation. The accessibility of the RBS is regulated by temperature and binding of small metabolites, proteins, or antisense RNAs. The future challenge is to obtain atomic-resolution structures of complete initiation complexes in order to understand the mechanism of translation initiation in molecular detail.
A new Apicomplexa-specific protein kinase family : multiple members in Plasmodium falciparum, all with an export signature
Authors: Schneider Achim G , Mercereau-Puijalon Odile 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Malaria caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium spp. is a major health burden in tropical countries. The development of new control tools, including vaccines and drugs, is urgently needed. The availability of genome sequences from several malaria parasite species provides a basis on which to identify new potential intervention targets. Database mining for orthologs to the Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite protein R45, a vaccine candidate, led us identify a new gene family.

Results
Orthologs to the P. falciparum trophozoite protein R45 were detected exclusively in protozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa, including several Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. All family members are hybrid genes with a conserved C-terminal protein kinase domain of a novel type, recently called FIKK kinase, associated with a non conserved N-terminal region without any known functional signature. While a single copy gene was detected in most species, considerable gene expansion was observed in P. falciparum and its closest phylogenic relative P. reichenowi, with 20 and six copies, respectively, each with a distinct N-terminal domain. Based on full length protein sequence, pairs of orthologs were observed in closely related species, such as P. berghei and P.y. yoelii, P. vivax and P. knowlesi, or P. reichenowi and P. falciparum. All 20 P. falciparum paralogs possess a canonical Plasmodium export element downstream of a signal / anchor sequence required for exportation outside the parasitophorous vacuole. This is consistent with the reported association of the trophozoite protein R45, the only paralog characterised to date, with the infected red blood cell membrane. Interestingly, most genes are located in the subtelomeric region of chromosomes, in association with other multigene families contributing to the remodelling of the infected red blood cell membrane, in particular the ring erythrocyte surface antigen multigene family.

Conclusion
This Apicomplexan-specific gene family was called R45-FIKK kinase. The family hallmark is a kinase domain with unusual characteristics, raising the possibility of designing drug or vaccine strategies targeting this domain. The characteristics of the P. falciparum family suggest a role in remodelling the infected cell and as such possibly contribute to the particular virulence of this species.