bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
For Further Reading
Authors: Miller James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings on Heaven, Eden and the Flood, ed. Howard G. Baetzhold and Joseph B. McCullough (Athens: Unversity of Georgia Press, 1995), is an excellent compilation of Twain’s most important writings featuring biblical settings, figures, and themes. Dixon Wecter’s Report from Paradise (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952) includes two introductory chapters deleted from the 1907-8 Extract. Ray Browne, Mark Twain’s Quarrel with Heaven (New Haven: College and University Press, 1970), incorporates additional materials from Twain’s notebooks into his edition of Captain Stormfield and publishes, for the first time, “The Late Reverend Sam Jones’s Reception in Heaven.” Everett Emerson’s The Authentic Mark Twain (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984) offers an excellent account of Captain Storm.field in its literary and biographical contexts.
Television at War: Private Television News Under Fire
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In August 1991 Dzhokhar Dudayev, a Soviet Air Force general, came home from his post in Estonia. He was one of the most prominent sons of Chechnya, but not the only one. Ruslan Khasbulatov, his fellow countryman, had higher ambitions-to lead all of Russia-but that would come two years later. Dzhokhar Dudayev came back to Chechnya when its last Communist Party leader, Doku Zavgayev, was overthrown (a political housecleaning given tacit support by Boris Yeltsin). Dudayev had been invited, without a proper election, to be president by one of the contesting Chechen factions.
The Advent Of The Human Development Report
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In economic science, nothing is ever new, and nothing permanent. deas emerge, flourish, wither and die, to be born again a few ecades later. Such is the case for ideas about human development. The founders of economic thought never forgot that the real objective of development was to benefit people-creating wealth was only a means. That is why, in classical economic literature, the preoccupation is with all of society, not just with the economy. Fascination with industrial chimneys and technology did not replace early economists’ concern with real people. After the Second World War, however, an obsession grew with economic growth models and national income accounts. What was important was what could be measured and priced. People as the agents of change and beneficiaries of development were often forgotten. Learned treatises appeared on how to increase production, but little was written on how to enhance human lives. The delinking of ends and means began, with economic science often obsessed with means. The late 1980s were ripe for a counter-offensive. It was becoming obvious in several countries that human lives were shrivelling even as economic production was expanding. Some societies were achieving fairly satisfactory levels of human welfare even at fairly modest incomes.
The Birth Of The Human Development Index
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any measure that values a gun several hundred times more than a bottle of milk is bound to raise serious questions about its relevance for human progress. It is no surprise, then, that since the emergence of national income accounts, there has been considerable dissatisfaction with gross national product as a measure of human welfare. GNP reflects market prices in monetary terms. Those prices quietly register the prevailing economic and purchasing power in the system-but they are silent about the distribution, character or quality of economic growth. GNP also leaves out all activities that are not monetized-household work, subsistence agriculture, unpaid services. And what is more serious, GNP is one-dimensional: it fails to capture the cultural, social, political and many other choices that people make. There has been a long search for a more comprehensive measure of development that could capture all, or many more, of the choices people make-a measure that would serve as a better yardstick of the socioeconomic progress of nations. Several difficulties have marked this search. First, some analysts came out with scores of economic and social indicators but did not aggregate them into a composite index-so policymakers found such measures hard to digest. Second, several composite measures lacked a sound methodological base and were abandoned after brief trials.
Mother-Son Relationships: The Mother’s Voice
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any serious consideration of the African American family acknowledges the central role of the mother. She, more than any other person, is the core around whom the children, the father, and other relatives revolve. Whereas the father’s involvement sometimes has been diminished, the mother’s role has been consistently strong. Black women generally place great value on motherhood and have within their family many role models of women who have been self-reliant and have persevered to keep the family together.
The Son’s Perspective
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this first of two chapters focused on the sons, we explore the challenges they faced and why they think they succeeded where so many other African American males have not. In many regards, their messages are similar to those we heard from the parents, but with a different resonance and emphasis. New perspectives are voiced about challenges faced and about factors leading to success that the parents either were not aware of or did not think were particularly important.
Social Norms and Social Roles
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economists have invented a game: the ultimatum game. The people who run the game give some money, on a provisional basis, to two players. The first player is instructed to offer some part of the money to the second player. If the second player accepts that amount, he can keep what is offered, and the first player gets to keep the rest. But if the second player rejects the offer, neither player gets anything. No bargaining is allowed. Both players are informed that these are the rules. Using standard assumptions about rationality, self-interest, and choice, economists predict that the first player should offer a penny and the second player should accept.
Political Equality and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a familiar point that government regulation that is amply justified in principle may go very wrong in practice. Minimum wage laws, for example, may reduce employment. Stringent regulation of new sources of air pollution may aggravate pollution problems, by perpetuating the life of old, especially dirty sources. If government closely monitors the release of information, there may be less information. Unintended consequences of this kind can make regulation futile or even self-defeating. By futile regulation, I mean measures that do not bring about the desired consequences. By self-defeating regulation, I mean measures that actually make things worse from the standpoint of their strongest and most public-spirited advocates. We do not lack examples of both of these phenomena. It is unfortunate but true that current campaign finance laws may well provide more illustrations.
Endogenous Preferences, Environmental Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How can we explain the rise of environmental law? By what criteria should we evaluate regulation of pollution? Why do some cities require recycling? Should we tax waste disposal instead? Should we subsidize mass transit in order to reduce automobile pollution, or should we regulate cars? Why do we do one rather than another?
In the last generation, considerable progress has been made on all of these questions. Most of the progress results from the application of varieties or offshoots of welfare economics—expected utility theory, social and public choice theory, and game theory—to environmental problems. If we assume, for example, that participants in the political process are trying to maximize their utility, we can help explain many oddities of American environmental law. We can see why some statutes seem to benefit regional interests.
Introduction: Ganbei to Networks
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By 1991, Taiwan had surpassed the United States and Japan to become the second largest investor in China after Hong Kong. Realized direct investment from Taiwan to China reached US$10 billion between 1978 and 1994, accounting for 10% of China’s total foreign direct investment. If Taiwan capital registered as Hong Kong investors in China are included, the figure can be easily doubled. Taiwanese-funded factories provided more than 5 million jobs in China-of those, 70% were concentrated in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces (Sung, 1994:50; Kao et al., 1995:55). What makes the phenomena intriguing is not just the volume of capital involved but also the pace of growth. It was not until 1987 that the Taiwan government lifted the ban on Taiwanese visiting mainland China, after 40 years of political rivalry between the communists and the nationalists. The first Taiwanese to board the westbound flight were manufacturers of shoes and TVs. Under mounting pressure from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) protectionists and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) competitors, Taiwan’s manufacturers found both new markets and lower production costs in China. Most of all, as a Taiwanese investor in China put it, “we [Chinese and Taiwanese] speak the same language and enjoy the same food.” Indeed, the stomach directs the story.
Networked Investors from Taiwan
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taiwan’s export shoe manufacturers were among the first groups that shifted production from Taiwan to China in the mid-1980s. By 1992, more than 80% of the 800 Taiwanese shoe manufacturers had established their operations in China. The small- and medium -sized fashion shoemakers have adopted very flexible strategies in their rapid expansion across the straits. These strategies were rooted in the network form of production and marketing among producers and marketing agents, which in turn have been supported by a territorially based social network. Therefore, when the net­ worked shoe producers moved across regional boundaries, the issue was not just about establishing local industrial linkages (i.e., purchasing local materials or farming out works to local producers) but also about the social net­ works with local agents. This chapter uses Taiwan’s fashion shoe industry as an example to examine the process of networked investors moving across regional boundaries. The chapter first locates Taiwan’s place in the world­ wide fashion shoe industry, analyzes the characteristics of Taiwanese shoe industry’s interfirm organization, and then moves into Taiwanese shoemakers’ investment strategies in China.
Culture and Labor Discipline
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taiwanese shoemakers’ strategies for rapid expansion by increasing in-house production and elaborated division of labor in southern China created the demand for more intensive managerial inputs. In addition to the low-skilled operators, Taiwanese manufacturers also recruited high-school graduates who, with 2-4 years’ experience in the export shoe industry, were able to undertake managerial tasks on the shop floor. Local Chinese college graduates and ex-state employees also proved to be indispensable in handling custom procedures, accounting, and administrative work. The linguistic and cultural affinity between Taiwanese investors and Chinese employees has facilitated the transfer of production and managerial know-how, as well as the capitalistic ideology of efficiency and diligence necessary for export production. In the meantime, Taiwanese management adopted a disciplinary scheme based on paternalism, military-like training, and regionalism to en­ force Chinese workers’ compliance.
Global Networks and Local Development
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taiwanese manufacturing investment in southern China since the late 1980s represents a new pattern of foreign direct investment in the newly industrializing regions. The investment has been dominated by small- and medium­ sized firms and characterized by the collaboration between the investing firms and local government officials in the new production sites. These firms are organized in networks to ensure flexibility in production and marketing. As the networks moved across the regional border, in this case from Taiwan to China, such flexibility was maintained and enhanced with the facilitation of low-level local Chinese officials. The increasingly autonomous local government in China and the cultural affinity between the Taiwanese investors and their local Chinese agents, including local government officials and workers, contributed to a much faster and smoother process of cross- border capital flows. The alliances established between Taiwanese investors and local Chinese officials have provided the local governments with direct linkages with the world market, which in turn strengthened their bargaining position with the central government. The alliances also have accelerated the expansion of the overseas Chinese investment networks in East Asia.
What Does an Economic Model of the Medieval Church Offer
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Religion in some form is as much a part of being human as food, sex, tool making, or planning for the future. The enigma of existence has haunted us from the very beginning. Emotional and psychological shields from the vagaries of “rough nature” and assurances of life beyond physical death had and continue to have a hold on human societies. Particular forms of religion vary from culture to culture and age to age, but atheism—societies without “invisible” means of support—has not dominated any past society, as it does not our own.
How the Church Profited from the Crusades
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The religious wars between East and West (and sometimes between east ern and western Europe) that pitted the medieval Christian Church against the Moslem “infidels” have come to be known simply as the Crusades. The most intense conflicts between the Latin Church and the Moslem forces that controlled Jerusalem and other Holy Places occurred between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries (1095–1274). These conflicts had an impact on the economic development of Europe and also on the intertemporal prospects of the Latin Church as a monopoly provider of salvation.
Product Innovation in a Doctrinal Firm
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the proven strategies for maintaining market dominance is successful and timely product innovation—the systematic alteration of a product to meet changing conditions of market demand and supply. Inasmuch as a major product of the salvation “industry” is religious doctrine, the medieval Church might have been expected to engage in doctrinal innovation in response to threats of market encroachment. In this chapter we attempt to show how the medieval Church used the doctrine of purgatory in a way consistent with such a response.
When Patients’ Decision Making Should Be Assessed
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whether they recognize it or not, most clinicians assess their patients’ decision-making abilities as part of every encounter. Ordinarily, this occurs unconsciously, as clinicians take notice of patients’ dress, demeanor, communicative skills, intelligence, ability to attend to a conversation, apparent understanding, and ability to reach a decision. Since we all assume, appropriately, that the people with whom we deal are competent to make decisions about their own lives indeed, the law makes a similar assumption only when our unconscious monitoring detects something unexpected do we attend to it directly.
The Shifting Relationships Between Speech and Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen interesting work in recent years on the nature of speech and writing and the mentalities associated with each. The insights from these investigations are extremely valuable, but a dangerous assumption is sometimes inferred from them: that speech and writing are distinctly characterizable media, each of which has its own inherent features and each of which tends to foster a particular cognitive process, or “mentality.” I am interested in the cognitive processes associated with speech and writing, but instead of saying that each medium has a particular tendency, I will argue that each medium can draw on and foster various mentalities. This essay is a call for writers and teachers of writing to recognize the enormous choice we have and to learn to take more control over the cognitive effects associated with writing. The essay is in three parts—each showing a different relationship between speech and writing.
Getting Along Without Grades — and Getting Along With Them Too
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper I am driven by the utopian impulse but also the impulse to tinker. On the one hand, I insist on the possibility of large change: grading is neither natural nor inevitable; we can avoid grading; we can step outside the mentality of evaluation; we can even change systems. Yet on the other hand, I insist on the importance of small, pragmatic changes—what some might call mere fiddling. Indeed, most of what I suggest here can be used within a conventional grading system. After all, most of us are obliged to do our evaluating within such systems (for now), and the human tendency to evaluate is inevitable. The utopian and the pragmatic impulses may seem at odds, but the common element is an insistence that things can be better. Change is possible.
Fragments
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To grade reliably means to give the single quantitative grade that readers will agree on. But readers don’t agree.
This is not news—this unavailability of agreement. We have long seen it on many fronts. For example, research in evaluation has shown many times that if we give a paper to a set of readers, those readers tend to give it the full range of grades (Diederich). I’ve recently come across new research to this effect—new to me because it was published in 1913. The investigators carefully showed how high school English teachers gave different grades to the same paper. In response to criticism that this was a local problem in English, they went on the next year to discover an even greater variation among grades given by high school geometry teachers and history teachers to papers in their subjects. (See the summary of Daniel Starch and Edward Elliott’s 1913 School Review articles in Kirschenbaum, Sidney, and Napier 258-59.)
In The Lecture Halls
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Who ever thinks about T. S. Eliot as a classroom teacher, preparing lectures late at night and marking the papers of working-class adults who came exhausted from their jobs to attend his classes? Who ever considers how crucial was his teaching experience to the development of his poetry and criticism? Most of Eliot’s readers are quite familiar with the succession of his wartime activities after he arrived in England in September 1914—postgraduate student, new husband, dissertation writer, assistant editor, poet, reviewer, and banker. Biographical accounts of this period usually make passing mention of his brief tenure as a schoolmaster, begun out of financial necessity when he made the decision to marry and remain in England, but there is seldom the slightest notice of his Extension lectures for workers. He took his first position at the High Wycombe Grammar School in September 1915, earning £140 per annum, with dinner, until he found a slightly more remunerative position at the Highgate Junior School, which brought him £160, with dinner and tea. “I stayed at that for four terms,” he reported to his Harvard classmates,”then chucked it because I did not like teaching.”1 Even so, before he fled from the middle-class adolescents he had already applied for lecture and tutorial classes for adults with the Oxford University Extension Delegacy, and with the University of London Joint Committee for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Working People; his financial difficulties required him to continue teaching on a part-time basis
“Our Mad Poetics To Confute” Laforgue and the Personal Voice
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eight years before he encountered Hulme in London, Eliot discovered the young French poet who was the first to draw his developing sensibility into play-Jules Laforgue. In December 1908, during his junior year at Harvard, Eliot became intrigued by Arthur Symons’s quotations from Laforgue in The Symbolist Movement in Literature; he went directly to Schoenhof’s and ordered the twovolume Oeuvres Complete de Jules L(!finiue (4th ed., Paris: Mercure de France, 1909). When his copies arrived, he signed them “Thomas Eliot 1909.” A year earlier he had picked up the poems of Baudelaire, and though Baudelaire’s images of the city had a “great impact” on him, he found Baudelaire too overwhelming at the time and put him down. In Laforgue, however, Eliot experienced a shock of recognition: here was a poet with a seemingly similar temperament, a poet experiencing similar difficulties and desires, a poet whose voice was more intimate and less intimidating than Baudelaire’s. Laforgue showed him how poetry could make much more use “of contemporary ideas and feelings, of the emotional quality of contemporary ideas, than one had supposed.” Eliot immersed himself in the study of Laforgue and later declared that he was “the first to teach me how to speak, to teach me the poetic possibilities of my own idiom of speech” (TCC 126). For the next two years Eliot filled his notebook with poems written mostly in the manner of Laforgue. At some point he tipped in an undated leaf, evidently intended as an epigraph page, on which he had inscribed a four-line invocation:
In The Music Halls
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So sings Lily Dale, one of six performers portrayed in John Davidson’s poem “In a Music-Hall” (1891), where the poet’s lost soul is stung into recovery by song and wink, gesture and glance. Lily is followed on stage by Selene Eden, who consciously employs the “conquering mystery” of her art to engage “The aching senses of the throng.