bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NATIONAL AND SECTOR BALANCE SHEETS IN CONCEPT AND IN PRACTICE
Authors: RUSHBROOK TONY , WELLS JACK 
Published: March 2005

National and Sector Balance Sheets are playing an increasingly important role in economic analysis. This article reviews the actual and potential applications and considers whether there is a case for modifying SNA practice and recommendations to increase the value of the contribution that balance sheets can make to analytical work.The major sections of the article relate respectively to financial and non‐financial items in national and sector balance sheets. In the context of financial items, there is discussion of the perception of what constitutes an individual's total financial portfolio and therefore which items should be included or excluded when assessing the financial assets of the household sector (e.g. various forms of pension entitlement and life assurance). The relevance of marketability is considered as is the possibility of attempting to identify a separate domestic households sub‐sector. The other main topic considered in relation to financial balance sheets is the relevance of adopting a single approach to valuation; alternatives are considered in relation to the stock of public sector debt.So far as non‐financial assets are concerned, difficulties arise with the national accounting practice of treating the acquisition of consumer durables and military assets as current expenditure. While it is considered, on balance, best to continue to treat the purchase of consumer durables as current expenditure, though recording the value of the stock of durables outside the main body of balance sheets, it is recommended that “non‐fighting” assets such as transport ships and aircraft and hospitals should be treated as capital assets. The treatment of sub‐soil assets and the valuation of fixed assets is also discussed.Reconciling balance sheets with flows data is an essential step if balance sheets are to be fully exploited; some comments are offered on the UN guidelines on this topic.
ADJUSTING NET WORTH FOR PRICE CHANGES WITH REFERENCE TO THE CANADIAN SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Sunga Preetom S. 
Published: March 2005

This paper develops a rationale for a comprehensive measure of income and provides illustrative calculations within the Canadian System of National Accounts for making adjustments to net worth for price changes.The paper notes that the System of National Accounts is designed to provide a number of individual aggregates measuring total production, income, savings and net worth. There is no single overall comprehensive measure which reflects the combined effect of changes in income and wealth. Such a measure is of particular importance in periods of rapid or extensive price changes which affect not only purchasing power of income but also the value of assets held and liabilities outstanding with consequences on net worth positions. This paper explores these issues and develops techniques for measuring the effects of specific and overall price changes with respect to net worth of the various sectors in the economy, illustrated with data from the integrated Canadian System of National Accounts.
A MICROCONSISTENT DATA SET FOR CANADA FOR USE IN REGIONAL GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM POLICY ANALYSIS1
Authors: St‐Hilaire France , Whalley John 
Published: March 2005

This paper describes the sources and methods used in assembling a microconsistent regional data set for Canada for 1981 for use in counterfactual general equilibrium policy analyses focussing on regional impacts of government policies.A microconsistent data set at the regional level requires assembling detailed consistent accounts of production and demand by region, of interregional and international trade flows, and of transactions involving multiple levels of government. For many or most countries, the data requirements associated with regional general equilibrium analysis preclude this form of work. But because of the substantial progress made in recent years in developing provincial data sources in Canada, such as the provincial input‐output tables and the provincial economic accounts, the situation in Canada is different. Using these data, it is possible to construct an interregional microconsistent benchmark data set at a suitable level of commodity detail for subsequent model use. This data set has already been used in an initial evaluation of a number of Canadian regional issues (see Trela and Whalley (1985)). The methodology used follows that presented in an earlier paper of ours (St‐Hilaire and Whalley (1983)) which described the construction of a 1972 national data set for Canada developed for tax policy analysis.
A FRAMEWORK FOR REGIONAL ACCOUNTS: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Walters R. J. 
Published: March 2005

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has recently published a set of experimental estimates of gross State product at factor cost and its income components for the States of Australia (1): The regular compilation and publication of the estimates is also commencing. In compiling the estimates, certain conceptual issues were confronted. Others were recognized but have not required final resolution as yet because they are beyond the scope of the estimates presently compiled.This paper considers the development of a framework for regional accounts for countries with regional characteristics broadly similar to those of the Australian States by starting with the SNA framework that applies at the national Ievel. The difficulties that arise are highlighted and alternative approaches for dealing with specific issues discussed. These alternative approaches can have a significant impact on measured State relativities and performance over time. In some instances the choice between approaches may be narrowed because of practical considerations in the same way that the SNA is a conceptual framework that nevertheless has to take account of practicalities. The issues largely involve consideration as to whether or not to regard certain activities as extra‐territorial in nature. If an extra‐territorial concept is not adopted choices must be made on how to allocate data items related to such activities by State.
THE NONPROFIT SECTOR OF THE U.S. ECONOMY: A METHODOLOGICAL STATEMENT
Authors: Rudney Gabriel , Young Paula 
Published: March 2005

United States input‐output accounts identify and measure the interrelationships between the various industries in the United States economy. However, these accounts do not identify nonprofit activities from their for‐profit counterparts in the service‐producing sector. This paper, prepared by Gabriel Rudney and Paula Young, presents the methodology and summary data produced by disaggregating the service‐producing industries to identify separately nonprofit activities.The input‐output accounts for 1977 produced in this study include 107 industries, but in this paper the results are summarized into 14 industries showing only nonprofit and for‐profit components. The GNP and total outputs in this study are consistent with the revised input‐output accounts for 1977 prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
THE IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FOR LIVESTOCK IN SAHELIAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Le Nay Jean , Mathis Jean 
Published: March 2005

The evaluation of livestock production in the United Nations System of National Accounts implies a measure which is inconsistent with the general principle evaluation of production in this system.This paper deals with a critical appraisal of the methods used by the SNA and two sahelian countries in livestock accounting.Finally, estimations of NIGER'S GDP over the period 1983 to 1985 are carried out, using the four livestock production assessments presented. Differences in GDP's evaluations are large, reaching 17 percent in 1984 and 7 percent in 1985 in terms of rate of growth.
THE MEASUREMENT OF HOUSING OUTPUT: U.S. AND SOVIET CASE STUDIES
Authors: Prell MarkA. 
Published: March 2005

This paper examines the measurement of the output of the Housing industry in real GNP accounts of the U.S., the Soviet Union, and selected OECD countries. These real GNP accounts make use of quite different Housing indexes, based on different types of data. This paper's major empirical finding is that the (measured) growth rate of Housing output can be extremely sensitive to the type of index used.After reviewing the concept of housing quality, the paper presents U.S. and Soviet case studies. The BEA and the CIA do not use identical procedures to measure Housing output for the U.S. and the Soviet Union: the BEA measures many more aspects of housing quality improvements than the CIA does. This difference in the two agencies’ procedures increases the growth rate of the US. Real Estate industry relative to the growth rate of the Soviet Housing industry. The idea behind the two case studies is to remeasure Housing output far the Soviet Union (U.S.) using an index that approximates the BEA (CIA) index. The purpose of these studies is the calculation of numerical magnitudes: to what degrees are the levels and growth rates of Housing sensitive to the type of index that is used. The calculations for the U.S. are useful because they show the important role of housing quality growth in the U.S., and because they make the magnitudes reported for the Soviet Union more credible. The Soviet case study provides numerical support for the proposition that the post‐WWII growth rate of Soviet housing quality has been considerable and exceeds the growth rate implicit in the CIA output figures.
INTER‐COUNTRY AND INTERREGIONAL COMPARISONS OF INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
Authors: GUSTAFSSON BJÖRN 
Published: March 2005

Review of Smeeding, T., O'Higgins, M., and Rainwater, L. (Ed.), Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative PerspectiveBorooah, V. K., McGregor, P. P. L., and McKee, P. M., Regional Income Inequality und Poverty in the United Kingdom
HOW TO VALUE THE POORER PROSPECTS OF YOUTH IN THE EARLY 1990s?
Authors: Osberg Lars , Erksoy Sadettin , Phipps Shelley 
Published: March 2005

Young workers in the 1990s can expect greater economic insecurity, as well as lower average earnings, compared to older workers, or compared to the youth of previous decades. The cost of greater insecurity depends upon an individual's probability of unemployment, marginal utility of income gains/losses and the extent to which individuals can smooth consumption over time by borrowing and drawing down assets. Since unemployment insurance cutbacks and higher unemployment have increased the risk exposure of youth, changes in the expected value of their income may understate utility losses as measured by the change in certainty equivalent income.This paper uses a behavioural microsimulation model to compare the impacts of 1971 and 1994 unemployment insurance legislation and unemployment rates in Canada. It calculates both the expected value of income changes and, using a Stone‐Geary utility function, the change in inequality of well‐being (as measured by certainty equivalent income) for youth and for prime age workers. Both calculations reveal that youth were disproportionately affected by Canada's changing labour market environment. Very few youth have enough assets to finance consumption during spells of unemployment.
Initial Tolerance and Tissue Response to Complete Dentures by Diabetic Patients
Authors: Soderstrom Peter T. , Seals Richard R. , Morrow Robert M. , Murrah Valerie A. , Barnwell George M. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The oral effects of diabetes in dentate patients have been studied extensively, but little clinical data has been collected with regards to edentulous patients who have diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences between diabetic and nondiabetic patients in initial patient tolerance and tissue response to complete dentures.Materials and Methods Complete dentures were constructed for 62 diabetic and 56 nondiabetic patients. Treatment followed accepted prosthodontic principles recommended for diabetic patients. Twenty‐four hour and 1 week post‐placement appointments consisted of a patient questionnaire, intraoral examinations and indicated adjustments. The variables studied were the differences between responses to the questionnaire and the frequency of type, location, and size of clinically visible areas of mucosal irritation reported on standardized tissue evaluation forms.Results Analysis of the responses to the questionnaire indicated diabetic patients reported xerostomia more often than nondiabetics. There were no statistically significant differences in initial tissue response to new complete dentures between the diabetic and nondiabetic patients. A statistically significant difference in tissue response was reported within the diabetic group, significantly fewer diabetic patients exhibited oral irritations at the second examination than at the first examination.Conclusions The results of the present study indicate that when prosthodontic principles recommended for diabetic complete denture patients are followed, there are no clinically significant differences between diabetic and nondiabetic patients in initial patient tolerance and tissue response to complete dentures.
The Effect of the Articulator Settings on the Cusp Inclines as Measured by a Coordinate Measuring Machine
Authors: Wagner A. George , Rennels Kenneth E. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of the study was to learn the effect of changes in the articulator settings on the cusp angles during working, nonworking, and protrusive movements; the purpose was also to determine the ability of the coordinate measuring machine to measure the movements.Materials and Methods The condylar angles and the anterior guide angles on a Hanau 96H2 articulator (Teledyne Hanau Corp, Buffalo, NY) were varied; 432 working, nonworking, and protrusive cusp angles were measured at the first molar by a coordinate measuring machine.Results The data from the coordinate measuring machine was used to produce formulas. The formulas were used to calculate the working, nonworking, and protrusive cusp angles that will occur as a result of 72 different articulator settings.Conclusions The coordinate measuring machine is useful for making measurements of articulator movements. Additional research may measure the movements of other articulators or compare articulators (such as the arcon and nonarcon).
Bonding Soft Reline Materials to Base Metals
Authors: Jackley Gregory A. , Plummer Kevin D. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeIn the past it has been difficult to treat soft tissue changes occurring beneath metal frameworks of removable partial dentures or complete dentures using soft reline materials. The main difficulty has been in getting the resilient materials to adhere to the metal. This research investigates the use of microabrading with and without a universal resin bonding system in achieving a clinically useful bond between two soft reline materials and a commonly used base‐metal alloy.Materials and Methods120 disks, 1 inch in diameter, were cast in Ticonium (CPM Industries, Albany, NY). The surface of the disks was finished to a high polish and then evenly microabraded. Four test groups of 15 pairs of disks were established, with two groups receiving Coe‐Soft (Coe Laboratories, Chicago, IL) and two groups receiving Soft Oryl (Teledyne Getz, Elk Grove Village, IL). One group of each reline material had the microabraded surfaces on each disk treated with All Bond 2. Then, 1.2 mm of reline material was placed between each set of disks and allowed to cure. The disks were placed on an Instron machine and a tensile force was applied until bond failure occurred.ResultsAll four groups showed significant bond strengths, with the Soft Oryl groups showing statistically significant higher bond strengths. In both reline material groupings, the groups with only microabrading showed slightly higher bond strengths.ConclusionsSoft reline materials can be made to adhere to base‐metal alloys used in removable prosthodontics with clinically acceptable strengths using microabrading with or without the use of a resin bonding system.
An Investigation of the Impac Custom Abutment for Root Form Dental Implants
Authors: Mante Francis K. , Seckinger Robert J. , Purinton Dennis , Abreu Samuel J. A. , Berthold Peter 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis study measured the tensile force required to separate a custom implant abutment fixture that had been cast onto a machined component using the Impac custom abutment system (Vident, Baldwin Park, CA). The characteristics of the interface between the cast and machined components were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy x‐ray and energy‐dispersive (JEOL T330A, Peabody, MA) analysis (Kevex Delta Level 1, San Carlos, CA).Materials and MethodsA polycarbonate custom abutment component, attached to a gold alloy component of the abutment, was invested in a phosphate‐bonded investment and cast in a type III gold alloy (Argenco, Argen Precious Metals, San Diego, CA). Eight samples were cast after a burn‐out of 900°F and 13 samples were cast after a burn‐out at 1300°F. The abutment components were pulled in tension in a universal Testing Machine (Instron 4204, Canton, MA) until failure. The interface of as‐cast and failed samples were examined by electron microscopy.ResultsSamples burned out at 1300°F failed at a mean force of 2477 ± 295 N (545 ± 65 Ib), and samples burned out at 900°F failed at a mean force of 2182 ± 91 N (484 ± 20 Ib). Electron microscopy of the interface between the cast and machined components showed retentive tags provided in the design of the machined components. There was also a zone of diffusion between components shown by a zone of void formation within the casting. Failure occurred at the interface of the cast and machined components for all samples.ConclusionsThe cast component was retained by a combination of mechanical and chemical mechanisms.
In Vitro Analysis of the Effects of Two Air‐Abrasive Prophylaxis Systems and Inlet Air Pressure on the Surface of Titanium Abutment Cylinders
Authors: Razzoog Michael E. , Koka Sreenivas 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two air‐abrasive prophylaxis systems and the effect of inlet air pressure on the surface of Brånemark titanium abutment cylinders.Materials and MethodsSingle abutment cylinders were treated with either the Prophy‐Jet system (sodium bicarbonate abrasive) (Dentsply International, York, PA) or the Microprophy system (aluminum oxide abrasive) (Danville Engineering Co, Danville, CA) for 60 seconds at an inlet air pressure of 60 psi or 90 psi. The effects on the surface of each abutment cylinder were visually inspected by scanning electron microscopy.ResultsA comparison of abutment cylinder surfaces after treatment showed that the Prophy Jet system removed machining marks to a greater degree than the Microprophy system. Sodium bicarbonate particles from the Prophy‐Jet system were significantly larger than the aluminum oxide particles used with the Microprophy system, potentially accounting for the difference in abrasivity. In addition, inlet air pressure of 60 psi caused removal of machining marks to a greater degree than an inlet air pressure of 90 psi. The principle of phase separation may account for the lower inlet air pressure causing more removal of machining marks than the higher inlet air pressure.ConclusionsUnder the experimental conditions tested, neither of the two systems tested seemed to cause significant abrasion of the surface of titanium abutment cylinders.
A Comparison of Two Silicoating Techniques
Authors: Hummel Susan K. , Pace Larry L. , Marker Victoria A. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeA major challenge of composite‐coated metal restorations is creating a strong bond between the two materials. This study was conducted to compare the bond strengths between composite and metal alloys using two silicoating treatments; the Silicoater Classic and the Silicoater MD (Kulzer Inc. Irvine, CA).Materials and MethodsThe Classic uses a pyrolytically applied silica glass and the MD process is an oven sintering of a metal oxide silicate layer. Two types of specimens of three different alloys were cast (Deva4: 51Au38Pd, G‐Cast: 50Au32Ag12Cu [Degussa Corp, South Plainfield, NJ]; Ticonium: 70Ni15Cr [CMP Industries, Inc, Albany NY]). The specimens were silicoated with either the Classic or the MD process and opaque resin and composite (Dentacolor, Kulzer Inc) were bonded to each surface. A total of five control and 10 thermocycled (5,040 cycles, 0°C to 67°C; dwell time, 1 minute) specimens were fabricated for each alloy and specimen type. Two bond strength tests were used; a three‐point flexure test and a shear bond strength test. Data were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a Tukey's multiple comparison test.ResultsThe standard deviations of the shear bond strength values ranged from ± 2.30 to ± 17.62 kg; thus, there was no significant difference in these results. Bond strength ratios were calculated from the flexure strength data. After thermocycling, the Silicoater MD produced significantly higher (P < 0.05) bond strength ratio values compared with the Silicoater Classic for Deva‐4 (MD, 9.6 ± 1.5 v Classic, 4.7 ± 0.9) and G‐Cast (MD, 11.6 ± 1.2 v Classic, 3.9 ± 0.5) but lower values for Ticonium (MD, 4.5 ± 0.4 v Classic, 6.9 ± 0.9).ConclusionThe Silicoater MD produced higher bond strength ratio values with noble alloys, and the Silicoater Classic produced higher bond strength ratio results when base metal alloys were used, suggesting a possible correlation between the effectiveness of the coating processes and the compositions of the alloys. These findings suggest that, for optimum results, selection of the type of silicoating process should be based on the components of the alloy.
Bond Strength of Adhesive Composites to Dental Substrates
Authors: Berry Ebb A. , Powers John M. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro bond strength of adhesive and traditional composites to several materials that might be encountered in clinical practice.Materials and MethodsAn adhesive composite, an adhesive composite with a bonding agent, and a traditional composite with a bonding agent were bonded to enamel, dentin, amalgam, porcelain, and nickel‐chromium‐beryllium (Ni‐Cr‐Be) alloy. Tensile bond strengths were determined after 24 hours storage at 23°C or thermocycling.ResultsThe use of an adhesive composite with a bonding agent resulted in increased bond strength to amalgam, porcelain, and dentin, but not to enamel or Ni‐Cr‐Be alloy at 23°C, when compared with the adhesive composite alone. The adhesive composite with a bonding agent had higher bond strengths to amalgam, porcelain, and dentin than did the traditional composite with bonding agent, but not to enamel or Ni‐Cr‐Be alloy at 23°C.ConclusionsThe use of a bonding agent with an adhesive composite produced higher bond strengths than the adhesive composite alone. The traditional composite bonded better to enamel and Ni‐Cr‐Be alloy than did the adhesive composite. Thermocycling generally had no effect on bond strengths or increased them slightly.