bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Oxidative System and Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Rabbits Exposed to Noise
Authors: Dereköy Fevzi Sefa , Köken Tülay , Yilmaz Deniz , Kahraman Ahmet , Altuntaş Ali 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to investigate the effects of both noise exposure and ascorbic acid on oxidative status and hearing thresholds of rabbits.Study Design: Randomized prospective animal study comparing oxidative parameters and otoacoustic emissions in two rabbit groups exposed to noise. One group was given absorbic acid, the other group was not given any treatment.Methods: Two groups of rabbits were used in the study; each group had six rabbits. The six rabbits in the first group were not given any treatment, whereas 500 mg intramuscular ascorbic acid twice daily for 2½ days was given to the six rabbits in the second group. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were recorded in all animals before and after noise exposure. Total protein sulfhydryl groups, carbonyl contents, and malondialdehyde levels, as well as erythrocyte glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme levels, were measured in all rabbits. All the rabbits were exposed to noise (100 dB sound pressure level, 1000 Hz, 1 h), and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions were recorded again.Results: When oxidative parameters before noise exposure were compared, erythrocyte glutathione and catalase enzyme levels were detected to be higher in the second group (P < .05). In the first group of rabbits after noise exposure, total protein sulfhydryl groups were found to be reduced (P < .05), whereas plasma carbonyl contents and malondialdehyde levels were elevated significantly (P < .05). In this group, erythrocyte glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme levels were low (P < .05). In the second group, which was given ascorbic acid, total protein sulfhydryl groups were reduced (P < .05), whereas plasma carbonyl contents and malondialdehyde levels did not change (P > .05) following noise exposure. In the second group, erythrocyte glutathione and catalase enzyme levels were reduced (P < .05), but superoxide dismutase levels did not change (P > .05). Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions after noise exposure were weak in both groups, but reproducibility and signal‐to‐noise ratios were higher in the second group (P < .05).Conclusion: Ascorbic acid treatment inhibited both lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of proteins in rabbits exposed to noise. The study data suggest, at least, that oxidative status should be included in the physiopathology of noise‐induced hearing loss; in addition, a brief application of ascorbic acid before noise exposure appeared to play a protective role for cochlea.
Amplitude Effects on Electrocochleography Outcomes
Authors: Hough David , Baker R Stanley 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjective: Electrocochleography measures in humans were examined to determine factors affecting results.Study Design: Retrospective study.Methods: Analysis was performed on data from 479 patients seen from 1998 to 2002 who underwent electrocochleography with a tympanic membrane electrode. Measures from click evoked electrocochleography (the summating potential to action potential ratio [SP/AP]) were compared with tone evoked electrocochleography (the SP amplitude).Results: Findings indicate a strong correlation between click and tone measures if the AP from click measures was over 1 μV (P < .001), but no significant correlation between these measures if the AP was under 1 μV. Results were also analyzed with respect to patient hearing sensitivity and final diagnosis.Conclusion: Tympanic membrane electrocochleography is more efficacious when the AP from click stimulation is over 1 μV.
Early Development of the Nose in Human Embryos: A Stereomicroscopic and Histologic Analysis
Authors: Kim Chang‐Hoon , Park Hyoung Woo , Kim Kyubo , Yoon Joo‐Heon 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To analyze the morphologic features of the nose in the human embryo from the 4th to 8th developmental week according to Carnegie stage.Study Design: Stereomicroscopic and histologic analysis of the morphology of the human embryo.Methods: A total of 27 cases of embryos, ranging from Carnegie stage 13 to 23, were analyzed. The external morphology was observed with a stereomicroscope, photographed, and analyzed. The histologic features were observed with a light microscope in the horizontally transected specimens stained with hematoxylin‐eosin.Results: The nasal placode was observed in stage 13, and it became flat or even concave in stage 14. In stage 15, the nasal pit was formed. In stage 16, the nasal sac and nasal fin were observed. In stage 17, the oronasal membrane was formed by thinning of the nasal fin. In stage 18, the primitive choana was established by a rupture of the oronasal membrane. In stage 19, the lateral palatine process projected vertically below the level of the tongue. The cartilaginous nasal capsule was formed in stage 20. In stage 21, the olfactory area was localized to the upper portion of the lateral nasal wall and the nasal septum. In stage 22, the lateral palatine process developed in a somewhat horizontal orientation. In stage 23, the premaxilla and primitive choana were formed.Conclusions: The development of the nose is most active from Carnegie stage 13 to 19, which corresponds to the end of the fourth embryonic week to the end of the seventh week. Thus, this period is considered to be the most important period in human nasal embryonic development.
mRNA For Genes Associated with Antigen Presentation are Expressed by Human Middle Meatal Epithelial Cells in Culture
Authors: Lane Andrew P. , Saatian Bahman , Yu Xiao‐Ying , Spannhake Ernst William 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Although the mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis are poorly understood, the activation of memory T cells within the nasal mucosa is thought to play an important role. T‐cell activation requires specialized antigen processing and presentation of antigen by immunocompetent cells in the context of cell surface immune molecules. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of such molecules by human sinonasal epithelial cells grown in culture at the air‐liquid interface (ALI).Methods: Middle meatal epithelium was obtained from six patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Dissociated epithelial cells were grown to confluence in serum‐free, defined medium and transferred to filter inserts for culture at the ALI. Cells were harvested at 2 and 21 days of growth at the ALI and processed for real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence and relative abundance of constitutively expressed mRNA for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B, HLA‐DR, B7 to 1, B7 to 2, B7‐H2, B7‐H3, and cathepsin D were assessed.Results: After 2 days at the ALI, middle meatal epithelial cells demonstrated expression of genes for each of the antigen processing associated genes tested. The expression of HLA‐B and HLA‐DR increased significantly with cellular maturation at the ALI. Expression of HLA‐DR and B7 to 1 increased with cytokine stimulation.Conclusions: Primary human epithelial cells obtained from the middle meatus express genes associated with antigen presentation function. The pattern of gene expression is modulated by cytokine stimulation and changes as the cells differentiate at the ALI. These findings suggest that mature middle meatal epithelial cells have the cellular machinery to interact with T cells and therefore may be direct participants in the modulation of T‐cell activity in chronic sinusitis.
Measuring Quality of Life in Children with Adenotonsillar Disease with the Child Health Questionnaire: A First U.K. Study
Authors: Georgalas Christos , Tolley Neil , Kanagalingam Jeevendra 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjective: To validate the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) and assess the quality of life of inner‐city British children with adenotonsillar disease.Methods: The primary caregiver of a consecutive series of 43 patients referred for adenotonsillar disease to a pediatric otolaryngology clinic completed the Child Health Questionnaire. Questionnaires were analyzed for data quality and completeness, items/scale correlation, internal consistency and discriminant validity, interscale correlation, reliability estimates and external validity.Results: CHQ demonstrated excellent measuring characteristics in our population. In a comparison with healthy children, 11 out of 15 measures of quality of life were significantly depressed in our sample. Compared with children with rheumatoid arthritis, scores were equivalent in most areas, with the exception of the global health subscale and overall physical score, where our sample scored significantly lower.Conclusion: The CHQ (PF 28 version) is an accurate and reliable way of assessing the impact of adenotonsillar disease on the quality of life in children in Britain. This appears to be quite significant in most aspects of a child's life.
How important is TVT location?
Authors: Dietz Hans Peter , Mouritsen Lone , Ellis Gaye , Wilson Peter Donald 
Published: September 2004

Background.  The tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) is claimed to be a midurethral procedure, but data on sling placement are scarce to date. The aim of this study was to investigate tape position and mobility and correlate this with postoperative symptoms of bladder dysfunction.Methods.  One hundred and forty‐one women 5 weeks to 2.1 years (mean 0.66 years) after TVT placement took part in a prospective clinical observational study. Appointments consisted of standardized symptom questionnaire, clinical stress test flowmetry and translabial ultrasound. The main outcome measures were patient symptoms, subjective satisfaction and cure/improvement. Paired t‐test and anova statistics were employed for continuous, normally distributed parameters.Results.  Tape position varied from 30 mm above to 12.7 mm below the symphysis at rest and between 15 mm above to 18.7 mm below the symphysis on Valsalva. The horizontal distance of the tape from the symphysis pubis was weakly associated with recurrent stress incontinence (p = 0.048). More cranial tapes were weakly associated with urge incontinence (p = 0.03), frequency (p = 0.048) and symptoms of voiding dysfunction (p = 0.029). There was no association between tape placement and patient satisfaction or subjective cure/improvement.Conclusions.  Position and mobility of the TVT vary markedly. This may be explained by varying degrees of dissection, localization of incisions and the preoperative degree of anterior vaginal wall prolapse. However, variations in placement seem to have relatively little effect on symptoms.
Urinary tract infection in the users of depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate
Authors: Ziaei Saeideh , Ninavaei Mojgane , Faghihzadeh Soghrate 
Published: September 2004

Background.  The effects of progesterone on muscle tone, peristalsis of the ureter and also urinary vasculature may cause urinary tract infection (UTI) in women who use depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) for contraception.Methods.  In a cohort study, 200 women who chose DMPA for contraception were compared with 200 women who used the withdrawal method for urinary infection and urological symptoms after 3 months of consumption.Results.  The rate of urinary infection and urological symptoms in the study group were higher than in the control group (p = 0.018, p < 0.0001, respectively). The most common microorganism that caused urinary infection was Escherichia coli. Among the 10 cases who suffered UTI in the case group, there were six women who had UTI in the previous pregnancy as well.Conclusion.  We do not recommended administering depot‐medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception in women with a history of urinary tract infection in a previous pregnancy.
Sphincter rupture and anal incontinence after first vaginal delivery
Authors: Pinta Tarja M. , Kylänpää Marja‐Leena , Teramo Kari A. W. , Luukkonen Pekka S. 
Published: September 2004

Background.  The aim of this prospective study was to establish the incidence of anal incontinence and sphincter defects after first vaginal delivery.Methods.  A total of 99 nulliparous and pregnant women were examined prospectively 4 weeks (mean) before delivery and 4 months (mean) after delivery. Of the study population, 75 (76%) women had vaginal delivery and 24 (24%) had cesarean section. Vacuum extraction was necessary in 20 (20%) cases. The symptoms of anal incontinence were asked about using a standard questionnaire. Clinical examination, endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) and anal manometry were performed before and after delivery.Results.  The symptoms of mild anal incontinence, mainly gas incontinence, increased after vaginal delivery more than after cesarean section (P < 0.032). Occult anal sphincter defects were noted in 17 (23%) of the 75 women after vaginal delivery by using EAUS. After vacuum extraction, anal sphincter defects were noted in nine (45%) out of 20 women. No new sphincter defects were found in the cesarean section group. The maximal squeezing pressures were significantly decreased in the patients with external anal sphincter (EAS) defects (P = 0.0025). Vacuum extraction leads to more sphincter defects but does not significantly increase anal incontinence or decrease mean anal sphincter pressures.Conclusions.  The first vaginal delivery can result in occult sphincter defects and the use of vacuum extraction increases the risk.
Combined genital prolapse repair reinforced with a polypropylene mesh and tension‐free vaginal tape in women with genital prolapse and stress urinary incontinence: a retrospective case–control study with short‐term follow‐up
Authors: De Tayrac Renaud , Gervaise Amelie , Chauveaud‐Lambling Aurelia , Fernandez Herve 
Published: September 2004

Background.  To evaluate the tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) in both stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and occult SUI as an associated procedure at the time of tension‐free polypropylene mesh repair for the treatment of genitourinary prolapse.Methods.  Forty‐eight consecutive women undergoing surgery for genital prolapse and concurrent SUI from November 1999 to September 2002. Preoperatively, SUI was symptomatic in 29 women and occult in 19, with a positive stress test during repositioning of the prolapse. All patients had urethral hypermobility and none had intrinsic sphincter deficiency. The cystocele repair was performed in all patients according to the technique of tension‐free polypropylene mesh. Twenty‐six women had an associated TVT and 22 had no associated procedure for SUI (control group). The main outcome measures were postoperative SUI, voiding dysfunction, and recurrence of prolapse.Results.  The median follow‐up was 20 ± 10.1 months (range 7–41). Patient characteristics and preoperative urodynamic evaluation were similar in the two groups. In patients with preoperative SUI, postoperative SUI occurred in 1/15 of the TVT group (6.7%) vs. 5/14 (35.7%) in the control group (p < 0.05), and voiding dysfunction occurred in 2/15 patients of the TVT group (13.3%) vs. 0/14 in the control group (p > 0.05). In patients with preoperative occult SUI, postoperative SUI occurred in 0/11 of the TVT group vs. 1/8 (12.5%) in the control group (p > 0.05), and voiding dysfunction occurred in 3/11 patients of the TVT group (27.3%) vs. 0/8 in the control group (p < 0.05). Anatomic success on prolapse was 88.5% (23/26) and 86.4% (19/22) in the TVT and the control group, respectively (p > 0.05).Conclusion.  In patients with preoperative SUI, TVT is more efficient than prosthetic cystocele repair alone to prevent postoperative SUI, without differences in voiding dysfunction. In patients with preoperative occult SUI, prosthetic cystocele repair is as efficient as TVT, with a decreased risk of voiding dysfunction.
Transient urinary retention and chronic neuropathic pain associated with genital herpes simplex virus infection
Authors: Haanpää Maija , Paavonen Jorma 
Published: September 2004

Background.  Genital herpes (GH) causes genital ulcer disease, severe transient pain, and often paresthesias. Whether or not GH can cause urinary retention or chronic neuropathic pain is not well known.Methods.  We present two immunocompetent patients with GH associated with neuropathic symptoms. We also review the literature on GH and associated neurologic problems.Results.  Patient 1 had primary herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐2 infection with transient urinary retention and chronic bilateral neuropathic pain in the sacral area. Patient 2 had recurrent HSV‐1 associated with unitaleral chronic neuropathic pain in the sacral area. Although transient urinary retention associated with GH is not uncommon, chronic neuropathic pain has not been reported previously.Conclusions.  Our cases show that chronic neuropathic pain, that is “pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system,” can follow genital HSV infection.
Clinical and histological safety assessment of rectocele repair using collagen mesh
Authors: Altman Daniel , Mellgren Anders , Blomgren Bo , López Annika , Zetterström Jan , Nordenstam Johan , Falconer Christian 
Published: September 2004

Aim.  To clinically and histologically evaluate inflammatory response following rectocele repair using porcine collagen mesh.Methods.  Seventeen patients underwent rectocele repair using porcine collagen mesh. Inflammatory response was assessed by clinical and histological inflammatory grading pre‐ and postoperatively. Postoperative body temperature, complications and hospital stay was compared with 15 patients undergoing posterior colporraphy.Results.  Postoperative clinical examination did not demonstrate any inflammatory reaction. There were no significant changes in fibroblast count (P = 0.43), connective tissue density grading (P = 0.54), macrophage count (P = 0.20), inflammatory cell count (P = 0.48), total cell count (P = 0.51), or inflammatory grading (P = 0.87) postoperatively compared with preoperative values. Body temperature was significantly elevated for both the study and control group, although higher for the study group, postoperatively day 1 (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in hospital stay and postoperative complications.Conclusion.  Porcine collagen mesh was not associated with an adverse inflammatory response at clinical or histological evaluation and appears to be a safe material when used for rectocele repair.
Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: incidence in a Norwegian county
Authors: Norderval Stig , Nsubuga Deirdre , Bjelke Christian , Frasunek Josef , Myklebust Idunn , Vonen Barthold 
Published: September 2004

Background.  Anal sphincter tears during vaginal delivery are a major cause of anal incontinence. We wanted to assess the incidence in a Norwegian county where primary repairs are performed in four hospitals using similar per‐ and postoperative protocol for the treatment of such injuries.Methods.  A postal questionnaire was distributed to all women who underwent primary repair of obstetric sphincter tears in the years 1999 and 2000 in the county of Möre and Romsdal. Symptoms of incontinence and fecal urgency were recorded. Incontinence was assessed using the Pescatori score system.Results.  Clinically detected sphincter tears occurred in 180 of 5123 vaginal deliveries (3·5%). The questionnaire was returned by 156 women (87%). Six women were excluded. Median follow‐up was 25 months (range 4–39). Incontinence was reported by 88 women (59%), restricted to flatus incontinence in 53 cases (35%). Fecal urgency without incontinence was reported by 14 women (9%). Sixty‐three women (42%) reported de novo moderate to severe symptoms. There was no difference in outcome whether the sphincter injury was partial or complete. Mean Pescatori score was 3·7 in women who felt disabled compared with 2·9 in women who did not feel disabled by their incontinence (P < 0·001). Of 29 women who felt disabled, only three had sought medical attention. Fifty‐eight women (39%) had received no information about the sphincter tear before discharge.Conclusion.  Anal incontinence is common after both partial and complete obstetric sphincter tears. Information before discharge is deficient, and women avoid seeking medical attention when incontinence develops.
Using the KM visual acuity chart for more reliable evaluation of amblyopia compared to the HVOT method
Authors: Moutakis Konstantin , Stigmar Göran , Hall‐Lindberg Janet 
Published: September 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate a new letter matching visual acuity (VA) chart (the KM chart) for children aged 5–7 years, designed as a Monoyer‐based chart, in order to obtain a better consistency between school and preschool VA recordings. Methods:  Visual acuities were assessed using three methods: the HVOT, KM and Monoyer charts. Comparisons were made between the KM method versus the HVOT and Monoyer methods, respectively. Children with normal vision and with different degrees of amblyopia were investigated. Results:  Visual acuity levels appeared significantly higher in children with amblyopia when tested with the HVOT chart than when tested with the KM chart. Visual acuities obtained with the Monoyer and KM methods were comparable. The difference between the Monoyer and KM methods on the one hand, and the HVOT method on the other, can be explained by the fact that the HVOT chart elicits less crowding effect than the other two charts. Conclusions:  Visual acuity in children with amblyopia might be overestimated if the HVOT test alone is used to assess vision. Use of the HVOT chart, therefore, should be restricted to the 3.5−4.5 years age group, for whom the KM chart is somewhat too difficult. In our opinion the KM chart should be preferred for use with older preschool children because it shows good consistency with the Monoyer chart.
The occurrence and causes of registered blindness in diabetes patients in Århus County, Denmark
Authors: Jeppesen Peter , Bek Toke 
Published: September 2004

Abstract.Purpose:  To report the occurrence of registered blindness among diabetes patients in Århus County, Denmark during 1993−2002. Methods:  Data were obtained from a database of 7527 diabetes patients, which included all patients in the county who had been treated for or had experienced visual loss due to diabetic retinopathy since 1992. Of these, 1949 had type 1 diabetes and represented 90% of the type 1 diabetes patient population in the county, and 5459 had type 2 diabetes and represented 40% of the type 2 diabetes patient population in the county. Results:  The point prevalence of legal blindness was 0.6% for type 1 and 1.5% for type 2 diabetes patients at January 1st, 2003. In type 1 diabetes patients, the major cause of blindness was proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (66.2% of all blind eyes); in type 2 diabetes patients the major causes were age‐related macular degeneration (21.9%), PDR (18.0%) and diabetic maculopathy (DMac) (18.5%). During 1993−2002 there was a significant decrease in the number of blind eyes secondary to PDR (p = 0.008) in type 1 diabetes patients, and a significant increase in the number of blind eyes secondary to DMac (p = 0.005) in type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusion:  The major challenge in reducing diabetes‐related blindness is related to the detection and treatment of an increased incidence of diabetic maculopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.