bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Herpesviruses and Adult Periodontitis and Periodontopathic Bacteria
Authors: Contreras A. , Umeda M. , Chen C. , Bakker I. , Morrison J.L. , Slots J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Various mammalian viruses and specific bacteria seem to play important roles in the pathogenesis of human periodontitis. This study examined the relationship between subgingival herpesviruses and periodontal disease and potential periodontopathic bacteria in 140 adults exhibiting either periodontitis or gingivitis.Methods: A nested‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method determined the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus type 1 and type 2 (EBV‐1, EBV‐2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) and a 16S rRNA PCR detection method identified Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Treponema denticola.Results: Using a logistic analysis, EBV‐1 showed significant positive association with P. gingivalis (odds ratio [OR] 3.37), and with coinfections of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia (OR 4.03); P. gingivalis and B. forsythus (OR 3.84); P. gingivalis and T. denticola (OR 4.17); P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, and T. denticola (OR 4.06); and P. gingivalis, P. nigrescens, and T. denticola (OR 3.29). EBV‐1 also showed positive association with severe periodontitis (OR 5.09), with increasing age (OR 1.03), and with periodontal probing depth at the sample sites (OR 1.77). HCMV was positively associated with coinfections of P. gingivalis and P. nigrescens (OR 3.23); P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, and P. nigrescens (OR 3.23); and P. gingivalis, P. nigrescens, and T. denticola (OR 2.59); with severe periodontitis (OR 4.65); and with age (OR 1.03). Patients with mixed viral infections revealed significant associations with P. gingivalis (OR 2.27), and with coinfections of P. gingivalis and B. forsythus (OR 2.06); P. gingivalis and P. nigrescens (OR 2.91); P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, and P. nigrescens (OR 2.91); and P. gingivalis, P. nigrescens, and T. denticola (OR 2.70) with the clinical diagnosis of slight (OR 3.73), moderate (OR 3.82), or severe periodontitis (OR 4.36), and with probing depth at the sample sites (OR 1.39). HSV and EBV‐2 showed no significant associations with any of the variables tested.Conclusions: The results indicate that subgingival EBV‐1, HCMV, and viral coinfections are associated with the subgingival presence of some periodontal pathogens and periodontitis. Herpesviruses may exert periodontopathic potential by decreasing the host resistance against subgingival colonization and multiplication of periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 1999;70:478‐484.
One Stage Full‐ Versus Partial‐Mouth Disinfection in the Treatment of Chronic Adult or Generalized Early‐Onset Periodontitis. I. Long‐Term Clinical Observations
Authors: Mongardini Claudio , van Steenberghe Daniel , Dekeyser Christel , Quirynen Marc 
Published: February 2005

Background: A standard treatment strategy for periodontal infections often consists of 4 consecutive sessions of scaling and root planing (per quadrant, at 1‐ to 2‐week intervals), without proper disinfection of the remaining intra‐oral niches for periodontopathogens. This could theoretically lead to a reinfection of previously disinfected pockets by bacteria from an untreated region/niche. This study aimed to investigate, over an 8‐month period, the clinical benefits of a one stage full‐mouth disinfection in the control of severe periodontitis.Methods: Sixteen patients with early‐onset periodontitis and 24 patients with severe adult periodontitis were randomly assigned to test and control groups. The control group was scaled and root planed, per quadrant, at 2‐week intervals and given standard oral hygiene instructions. A one stage full‐mouth disinfection (test group) was sought by scaling and root planing the 4 quadrants within 24 hours in combination with the application of chlorhexidine to all intra‐oral niches for periodontopathogens. Besides oral hygiene, the test group also rinsed twice daily with a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution and sprayed the tonsils with a 0.2% chlorhexidine spray, for 2 months. The plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and 8 months afterwards.Results: The one stage full‐mouth disinfection resulted, in comparison to the standard therapy, in a significant (P <0.001) additional probing depth reduction and gain in attachment up to 8 months. For initial pockets ≥7 mm, the “additional” probing depth reduction at the 8 month follow‐up was 1.2 mm for single‐rooted and 0.9 mm for multi‐rooted teeth, with corresponding additional gains in attachment of 1.0 mm and 0.8 mm, respectively. The additional improvements were observed for all subgroups (adult periodontitis, generalized early‐onset cases, smokers), with the largest differences in the non‐smoking adult periodontitis patients.Conclusions: These findings suggest that a one stage full‐mouth disinfection results in an improved clinical outcome for the treatment of chronic adult or early‐onset periodontitis as compared to scaling and root planing per quadrant at 2‐week intervals. J Periodontol 1999;70:632‐645.
A 15‐Month Evaluation of the Effects of Repeated Subgingival Minocycline in Chronic Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Van Steenberghe D. , Rosling B. , Söder P.Ö , Landry R.G. , van der Velden U. , Timmerman M.F.T. , McCarthy E.F. , Vandenhoven G. , Wouters C. , Wilson M. , Matthews J. , Newman H.N. 
Published: February 2005

Background: A double‐blind, randomized, parallel, comparative study was designed to evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of subgingivally administered minocycline ointment versus a vehicle control.Methods: One hundred four patients (104) with moderate to severe adult periodontitis (34 to 64 years of age; mean 46 years) were enrolled in the study. Following scaling and root planing, patients were randomized to receive either 2% minocycline ointment or a matched vehicle control. Study medication was administered directly into the periodontal pocket with a specially designed, graduated, disposable applicator at baseline; week 2; and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Scaling and root planing was repeated at months 6 and 12. Standard clinical variables including probing depth and attachment level) were evaluated at baseline and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. Microbiological sampling using DNA probes was done at baseline; at week 2; and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15.Results: Both treatment groups showed significant and clinically relevant reductions in the numbers of each of the 7 microorganisms measured during the entire 15‐month study period. When differences were detected, sites treated with minocycline ointment always produced statistically significantly greater reductions than sites which received the vehicle control. For initial pockets ≥5 mm, a mean reduction in probing depth of 1.9 mm was seen in the test sites, versus 1.2 mm in the control sites. Sites with a baseline probing depth ≥7 mm and bleeding index >2 showed an average of 2.5 mm reduction with minocycline versus 1.5 mm with the vehicle. Gains in attachment (0.9 mm and 1.1 mm) were observed in minocycline‐treated sites, with baseline probing depth ≥5 mm and ≥ 7 mm, respectively, compared with 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm gain at control sites. Subgingival administration of minocycline ointment was well tolerated.Conclusions: Overall, the results demonstrate that repeated subgingival administration of minocycline ointment in the treatment of adult periodontitis is safe and leads to significant adjunctive improvement after subgingival instrumentation in both clinical and microbiologic variables over a 15‐month period.J Periodontol 1999;70:657‐667.
Longitudinal Effect of Non‐Surgical Treatment and Systemic Metronidazole for 1 Week in Smokers and Non‐Smokers With Refractory Periodontitis: A 5‐Year Study
Authors: Söder Birgitta , Nedlich Ulla , Jin Li Jian 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontitis consists of a mixture of diseases, most of which respond favorably to traditional mechanical therapy. It is now recognized that advanced periodontitis does not always respond to conventional management with scaling, periodontal surgery, and oral hygiene measures. However, various types of antibiotics given systemically or locally improve the success rate of periodontal therapy. In short‐term studies, it has been shown that metronidazole, when systemically administered after debridement, resulted in treatment benefits including less need for surgical intervention.Methods: In this double‐blind study, we evaluated periodontal treatment involving initial non‐surgical treatment, systemic administration of metronidazole for 1 week, and then follow‐ups for scaling and root planing every 6 months, for 5 years. The study population consisted of 64 subjects (37 smokers and 27 nonsmokers), mean age 36.3 (±3.0 SD) years, with severe periodontal disease. After initial scaling and root planing, patients were randomly assigned to the intervention or placebo groups: 400 mg metronidazole or a placebo administered at 8‐hour intervals for 1 week. The participants underwent an extensive clinical periodontal examination. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was analyzed for spirochetes and granulocytes. Samples were cultured for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.), and Prevotella intermedia (P.i.).Results: The number of patients infected with A.a., P.g., P.i., and spirochetes decreased during the study. Most patients who harbored spirochetes at the end of the study had these microorganisms at the beginning. Smokers responded less favorably to periodontal therapy than non‐smokers. Non‐smoking patients who required only non‐surgical therapy in the intervention group showed statistically significant improvement in the clinical parameters after 5 years. Patients with complete healing, defined as the absence of inflamed sites ≥5 mm, after 5 years were found only in the intervention group. The patients considered healthy after 5 years were the same patients found to be healthy after 6 months.Conclusions: Decisive factors in the sustained long‐term improvement of patients who respond satisfactorily to treatment are probably initial scaling and root planing; a brief course of metronidazole; and regular follow‐up examinations at 6‐month intervals for oral hygiene and scaling and root planing. J Periodontol 1999;70:761‐771.
Involvement of Cyclooxygenase‐2 in Interleukin‐1α‐Induced Prostaglandin Production by Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Noguchi Kazuyuki , Shitashige Miki , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: February 2005

Background: Human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells produce prostaglandin (PG) E2 in response to proinflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanism of PGE2 production is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 and COX‐2 in PGE, production by PDL cells to examine the regulation of PGE2 production by cell‐cell interaction of human gingival keratinocytes and PDL cells. stimulated with a proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐1 α (IL‐1 α ), andMethods: The levels of PGE2 in the culture media of PDL cells stimulated with IL‐1 α or culture media of human gingival keratinocytes were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of COX‐1 and ‐2 mRNA and protein was studied by Northern blot analysis and Western blot analysis, respectively.Results: IL‐1 α ‐stimulated PDL cells produced PGE2 in a time‐dependent manner. Indomethacin, a non‐selective COX‐1/COX‐2 inhibitor, and NS‐398, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, completely inhibited PGE2 production by the IL‐1 α ‐stimulated cells. COX‐2 mRNA was detected after IL‐1 α stimulation, although it was not detected in unstimulated cells. There was no difference in expression of COX‐1 mRNA between unstimulated cells and IL‐1 α ‐stimulated cells. Expression of COX‐2 protein in IL‐1 α ‐stimulated cells was increased, compared with that in unstimulated cells, whereas COX‐1 protein expression was almost the same in both the cells. Treatment of IL‐1 α ‐stimulated PDL cells with dexamethasone, known to inhibit COX‐2 expression, prevented PGE2 production and COX‐2 mRNA expression. Addition of the culture media of human gingival keratinocytes to PDL cells increased PGE2 production. The PGE2 production was depressed by treatment of the cells with IL‐1 receptor antagonist and anti‐ IL‐1 α antibody, not with anti‐IL‐1β antibody. The PGE2 production was also inhibited by treatment with NS‐398 and dexamethasone.Conclusions: We suggest that PDL cells stimulated with IL‐1 α produce PGE2 through de novo synthesis of COX‐2 and that the cell interaction of gingival keratinocytes and PDL cells controls COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production via IL‐1 α or a IL‐1 α ‐like factor(s). Selective COX‐2 inhibitors, which have the advantage of reduced gastric toxicity, may provide a useful approach to treatment of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1999; 70:902‐908.
The Effect of Locally Delivered Controlled‐Release Doxycycline or Scaling and Root Planing on Periodontal Maintenance Patients Over 9 Months
Authors: Garrett Steven , Adams Donald F. , Bogle Gary , Donly Kevin , Hastings Drisko Connie , Hallmon William W. , Brady Hancock E. , Hanes Philip , Hawley Charles E. , Johnson Lonnie , Kiger Robert , Killoy William , Mellonig James T. , Raab Frank J. , Ryder Mark , Stoller Norman , Polson Alan , Wang Hom‐Lay , Wolinsky Lawrence E. , Yukna Raymond A. , Harrold Charles Q. , Hill Margaret , Johnson Valerie Blanco , Lee Southard G. 
Published: February 2005

Background: This research report evaluates clinical changes resulting from local delivery of doxycycline hyclate (DH) or traditional scaling and root planing (SRP) in a group of patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT).Methods: In all, 141 patients received either DH (67) or SRP (74) treatment in sites ≥5 mm on one‐half of their dentition at baseline and month 4.Results: Clinical results were determined at month 9. Baseline mean probing depth recordings were similar between the two groups (DH = 5.9 mm; SRP = 5.9 mm). Mean month 9 results showed similar clinical results for attachment level gain (DH 0.7 mm; SRP 0.8 mm) and probing depth reduction (DH 1.3 mm; SRP 1.1 mm). Percentage of sites showing ≥2 mm attachment level gain at month 9 was 24.7% in the DH group and 21.2% in the SRP group. Thirty‐nine percent (39%) of DH sites and 38% of SRP sites showed ≥2 mm probing depth reduction. When treated sides of the dentition were compared to untreated sides, DH showed a difference in disease activity (≥2 mm attachment loss) from 19.3% (untreated) to 7.2% (treated); and SRP from 14.3% (untreated) to 8.1% (treated).Conclusions: Results show that both DH without concomitant mechanical instrumentation and SRP were equally effective as SPT in this patient group over the 9‐month study period. J Periodontol 2000;71:22‐30.
Combined Treatment of Periodontal Disease and Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. Case Report With 8 Years Maintenance
Authors: Damoulis Petros D. , Gagari Eleni 
Published: February 2005

Background: Desquamative gingivitis may be the clinical manifestation of one of several systemic diseases. The clinical course of the disease can be complicated by plaque‐associated periodontitis. However, there is no information currently available for the concurrent management of both conditions.Case report and results: This paper presents the treatment and 8‐year maintenance of a patient with periodontal disease and benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP). The first phase of treatment included oral hygiene instructions and local corticosteroid administration, followed by scaling and root planing. The patient's compliance and excellent response to therapy allowed for subsequent surgical pocket elimination and augmentation of the zone of keratinized tissue for prosthetic reasons. Over the following 8 years, the patient's periodontal condition remained stable even though periodontal maintenance was erratic. For the control of BMMP, intermittent administration of corticosteroids was necessary, without any significant local or systemic side effects.Conclusions: We suggest that combined treatment and long‐term maintenance of BMMP and periodontitis are feasible under certain conditions and propose a clinical protocol for treatment which could serve as a guideline for similar conditions. J Periodontol 2000; 71:1620‐1629.
The Prevalence and Intraoral Distribution of Periodontal Attachment Loss in a Birth Cohort of 26‐Year‐Olds
Authors: Thomson W. Murray , Hashim Raghad , Pack Angela R.C. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Most research efforts in periodontal epidemiology have focused on middle‐aged or older people, giving a picture of disease occurrence at a relatively late stage in the natural history of the condition. There is a paucity of comprehensive descriptive data from younger age groups. Understanding the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the condition earlier in the disease course may enable more appropriate interventions.Methods: The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of gingival recession, probing depth, periodontal attachment loss (AL), and gingivitis among participants at age 26 in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Gingival recession and probing depth were measured at 3 sites per tooth in 2 randomly selected contralateral quadrants.Results: At age 26, 980 (96.2%) of the surviving cohort participated and periodontal data were available for 914 individuals. Over 70% of the sample had one or more teeth with ≥1 mm of gingival recession and it was observed at over 20% of midbuccal sites. Over 15% had 1 or more sites with probing depths of ≥4 mm and nearly 20% had 1 or more sites with ≥4 mm of AL. The extent of gingival recession was greatest for midbuccal sites on mandibular premolars, followed by midbuccal sites on maxillary premolars and mandibular molars. In the mandible, more distolingual sites had probing depths of ≥4 mm, but a higher percentage of mesiobuccal sites was affected in the maxilla, and molars were the most affected, followed by premolars, incisors, and canines. Bleeding after probing was more extensive in the mandible than in the maxilla.Conclusions: Periodontal disease appears to be well‐established among a small proportion of young adults. The prevalence of gingival recession was higher than expected, with clear differences by site. Pocketing and AL were more prevalent in mesiobuccal and distolingual sites than the buccal sites, with differences between the jaws. J Periodontol 2000;71:1840‐1845.
Association Between Periodontal Disease and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Emingil Gülnur , Buduneli Eralp , Aliyev Abbas , Akilli Azem , Atilla Gül 
Published: February 2005

Background: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Well‐known risk factors independently or combined participate in both myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. Recent data have shown that viral and bacterial infections may also contribute to the acute thromboembolic events. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between periodontal health and coronary heart disease in patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic coronary heart disease.Methods: A total of 120 patients, 60 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 60 with chronic coronary heart disease (CCHD) were included in this study. The patients in the AMI group (50 men and 10 women; mean age 53.8 ± 9.5 years) were admitted to the Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ege because of AMI. The CCHD patients group (42 men and 18 women; mean age 58.5 ± 11.6 years) had no documented history of recent acute coronary events. All patients were clinically examined and completed a medical questionnaire. Missing teeth, restorations, probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. Blood samples were taken on admission for measurements of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐cholesterol), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐cholesterol), and fasting blood glucose level. Sample proportions were compared by chi square test, quantitative variables with Student t test. The relation of clinical parameters and conventional risk factors to AMI was assessed with logistic regression analysis.Results: The number of sites with PD ≥4 mm, the percentage of sites exhibiting BOP, smoking status, total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol, and triglycerides were statistically different between AMI and CCHD groups (P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the percentage of sites exhibiting BOP, the number of sites with PD ≥4, the number of restorations, smoking status, and triglycerides levels were significantly associated with AMI (P <0.05).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that periodontal disease may be associated with acute myocardial infarction. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the importance of periodontal health in the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in a Turkish population. We propose that prospective randomized studies are needed to determine whether periodontal disease is a risk factor in the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction. J Periodontol 2000;71:1882‐1886.
Low Prevalence of a Periodontitis‐Associated Interleukin‐1 Composite Genotype in Individuals of Chinese Heritage
Authors: Armitage Gary C. , Wu Yafei , Wang Hwa‐Ying , Sorrell Julian , di Giovine Francesco S. , Duff Gordon W. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Polymorphisms in the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene cluster have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain diseases. A specific composite genotype of IL‐1A and IL‐1B polymorphisms, consisting of allele 2 of both IL‐1A +4845 and IL‐1B +3954 (formerly +3953) has been associated with an increased risk of severe adult periodontitis. Approximately 30% of the European population carry this genotype. The prevalence of the above IL‐1A and IL‐1B composite genotype in populations of different ethnic origins is unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the IL‐1 composite genotype in individuals of Chinese heritage, since epidemiologic studies indicate that periodontitis is widespread among ethnic Chinese. An additional aim was to evaluate if there was an association between the composite genotype and the severity of periodontal disease.Methods: A convenience sample of 300 volunteers of Chinese heritage (ages 21 to 69 years) received a periodontal examination including full‐mouth clinical attachment loss measurements, probing depths, plaque index scores, and bleeding on probing. Blood was collected from a fingerstick and placed on a blotting paper card. The blood samples were analyzed for IL‐1A +4845 and IL‐1B +3954 polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods.Results: Only 7 of the 300 subjects (2.3%) carried the composite IL‐1 genotype consisting of allele 2 of both IL‐1A +4845 and IL‐1B +3954. Allele 2 of the IL‐1A +4845 polymorphism was carried by 17.0% (51/300) of the subjects; of these, only 2 were homozygous. Allele 2 of the IL‐1B +3954 polymorphism was much rarer with only 3.3% (10/300) of the study population carrying this marker. All of the people who carried the IL‐1B polymorphism were heterozygous. Too few of the subjects were positive for the IL‐1 composite genotype to establish any relationship with the susceptibility to periodontitis.Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalences of both IL‐1A and IL‐1B polymorphisms are dramatically lower in Chinese than those reported for Europeans. Findings from this study bring into question the usefulness of the composite genotype of allele 2 of both IL‐1A +4845 and IL‐1B +3954 as a method for determining the susceptibility of Chinese patients to adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 2000;71:164‐171.