bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nylon 6,6
Authors: Viers Brent D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Gear teeth, pinions, ball bearing cages, switch parts, spools, electro-insulating parts; semifinished products, pipes, profiles; machine parts, parts subject to wear such as friction bearings, roller bearing cages, engine parts, water pump impellers, and also parts of door locks; fan and blower wheels, parts of housings, fuel filters, clips, chain tension rails; sliding bearings for swivel chairs and folding tables, sliding feet and fittings, connecting parts in furniture making; patio and party furniture. Properties of Special Interest High mechanical strength, great rigidity, good deep-drawing behavior, good dimensional stability under heat, good toughness even at low temperatures, favorable tribological properties, good resistance to chemicals, very good electro-insulating properties, good dimensional stability, rapid processing. Relatively high Tm and Tg for aliphatic polyamides (used in synthetic fibers; can be toughened as resin).
Nylon 11
Authors: Apgar George , Hassan Mohammad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Tubing, hoses, and pipes for automotive, trucking, industrial, and petroleum applications. Examples are heavy truck airbrake tubing, automotive fuel lines, and submarine flexible pipes for off shore oil production. Thermoplastic powder coatings for industrial, transportation, and retail items are prepared in a Nylon 11 base. Nylon 11 has been used in a variety of food-contact applications including sausage casting, beverage tubing, and reusable kitchen devices.
Poly(p–benzamide)
Authors: Rajan Guru Sankar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General Information PBA is the first nonpeptide, synthetic condensation polymer reported to form liquid–crystalline solution. There are several routes to obtain PBA. PBA forms liquid–crystalline solutions because of an inherently extended rigid chain structure produced by a combination of the carbon–nitrogen bond in predominantly trans amide linkages. The molecular conformation is TCTC(T = trans,C = cis), where the internal rotation angles about the N C bond of the amide group and about the virtual bond of N phenyl C are T and C conformations, respectively. The chain of all amide groups is in the head-to-tail order for PBA. Major Applications The dopes of PBA can be utilized for the preparation of films, filaments, fibrids, and coatings. Wet extruded, tough, clear, flexible films can be applied to substrates like glass, ceramics, metals, concrete, and polymeric materials. The high temperature resistance of the polyaramids makes them suitable for asbestos replacement in heat-resistant work wear. PBA has been superseded by poly(p–phenylene terephthalamide).
The Matrix As Metaphysics
Authors: Chalmers David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Matrix presents a version of an old philosophical fable: the brain in a vat. A disembodied brain is floating in a vat, inside a scientist’s laboratory. The scientist has arranged that the brain will be stimulated with the same sort of inputs that a normal embodied brain receives. To do this, the brain is connected to a giant computer simulation of a world. The simulation determines which inputs the brain receives. When the brain produces outputs, these are fed back into the simulation. The internal state of the brain is just like that of a normal brain, despite the fact that it lacks a body. From the brain’s point of view, things seem very much as they seem to you and me.
If Your Adolescent Has Schizophrenia
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An in-depth look at life with an adolescent recently diagnosed with schizophrenia, this book is designed for parents of teens who have recently been diagnosed with or who are at risk of developing such a disorder. It is also for other adults, such as teachers, athletic coaches and guidance counsellors, who are regularly in contact with at-risk adolescents. The book combines scientific expertise - including information about available treatments and up-to-date research findings on schizophrenia - with the practical wisdom of parents who have raised teenagers with this illness. In clear and accessible language, Dr Raquel E. Gur and Ann Braden Johnson explain in detail what is known about the origins, symptoms, and potential treatments of schizophrenia. The book includes tips on how to go about getting a diagnosis, what a diagnosis means, when and where to get treatment, and how to navigate the healthcare system. There will also be advice on how to handle everyday life - both at home and at school - once the teen is diagnosed. Pointers on red flags to look out for and about the dangers of doing nothing are included as well to help parents and other adults deal effectively with adolescent schizophrenia, so that their children can enjoy the fullest and most productive life possible.
Language, Mind, and Culture
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book shows that given the new findings of cognitive linguistics, it is possible to offer a unified account of not only linguistic meaning but also that of meaning in a wide variety of social and cultural phenomena. It is suggested that cognitive linguistics is a much more comprehensive enterprise than is commonly accepted--both inside and outside the field. The book presents a comprehensive account of meaning in many linguistic and cultural phenomena that is crucially based and dependent on cognitive capacities that human understanders and producers of language possess independently of their ability to use language.
Levels of Interacting with the World Cognitive and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can think of prototype-based categories as being on a “horizontal” level. Adjacent categories are “next to” each other; we have a prototype for chair, a prototype for TABLE, and a prototype for SOFA. These are neighboring categories within the larger, more inclusive category of furniture. When we look at the “highest-level” category and its “lower-level” members, we are dealing with a “vertical” level of categorization. The categories in such a vertical perspective are at different levels of generalization, or abstraction: The highest-level category is the most general, or abstract, with the categories below it being less general, or abstract. Finally, the categories at the various levels are related to one another in a hierarchy; that is, the highest member includes the members below it. We can call such hierarchies taxonomic hierarchies.
The Frame Analysis of Culture
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roughly three decades ago the eminent American sociologist Erving Goffman wrote a book with the title Frame Analysis (1974). Although The did not have exactly the same idea of frame as I do, Goffman’s notion was fairly similar to mine and he applied it masterfully to the study of many aspects of (American) culture. In this chapter I will follow in Goffman’s foot¬ steps and apply the notion of “frame” as worked out in the previous chapter to the analysis of various issues in culture. In particular, with the help of frames I will first study the classification system of an Australian aboriginal language, Dyirbal. Then I turn to alternative conceptualization in the case of certain problematic cultural situations. This will be followed by an examination of the structure and understanding of literary works. Finally, I take up the issue of the role of frames in doing politics.
Conceptual Blends and Material Anchors
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When mental spaces do not simply map onto each other but partially blend their conceptual content, we talk about “conceptual integration” or, as the process has become commonly known, “blending.” Conceptual integration is one of the newly developed areas of cognitive science. The leading figures in this paradigm of research are Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, whose book The Way We Think (2002) serves as the basis of this chapter. The theory of conceptual integration owes a great deal to the theory of conceptual metaphor but also complements it in important ways (see, e.g., Grady, Oakley, and Coulson, 1999). The most obvious difference between the two is that instead of working with only two domains (source and target) conceptual integration works with four or more spaces (input space r, input space 2, blended space, and generic space). The resulting model of conceptual integration is often referred to as the Network Model. The name indicates the network of spaces (i.e., input spaces, blended space, etc.) that commonly participate in the creation of meaning.
Clinical Medicine in the Genome Era: An Introduction
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient civilizations in India, China, Greece, and Egypt had recognized that heredity played a significant part in human health. Writings, paintings, and sculptures belonging to people from these regions, and dating back several thousand years, provide evidence that they knew of a close association between heredity and health. Hippocrates in his medical texts noted that ‘‘heredity affects health.’’ It is likely that this concept and its practical applications were recognized by other societies but lacked documentary evidence. But, there are some examples, such as the reference in ancient Jewish texts to a young boy given exemption from circumcision because he had a male relative who died from bleeding after ritual circumcision. This reflects the practice of heredity medicine. However, scientific support for heredity and its biological relevance was not clearly understood until the mid-nineteenth century, when the ‘‘evolution of species’’ theory proposed by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel’s seminal observations on crossbreeding various forms of ‘‘green pea’’ plants laid the foundations of the Science of Genetics. Darwin’s theory elucidated the biological importance of genetic variation, and Mendel put in place the fundamental principles of heredity based on individual hereditary factors that were eventually to be identified as genes. Unfortunately, the medical applications of these major discoveries remained unrecognized for almost half a century. Archibald Garrod, one of the pioneers of ‘‘Genetics in Medicine’’ first began applying this knowledge to human health at the start of the twentieth century. In his Harveian Oration of 1924, he quoted from a letter written by William Harvey, the Founder of Modern Medicine:
On Philosophical Method
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doing of philosophy is characterized by certain features or conditions that can be recognized despite differences in individual style, rigor, or orientation.1 These features are described in terms of how philosophy functions, and I call them “symptoms of the philosophical” because they constitute a profile of aspects that are present to a greater or lesser degree and indicate that philosophy is taking place.2 Each of these symptoms will be sketched in turn, with examples cited from the philosophical literatures in aesthetics, education, and music education—literatures from which philosophy of music education properly draws.3 Some methodological differences between philosophers will then be outlined, followed by remarks on the implications of the analysis for doing philosophy in music education.
Assessment’s Potential in Music Education
Authors: Colwell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An entire section of the first Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning was devoted to assessment. Those authors successfully summarized the history of assessment in music with chapters on assessment in five areas: teaching, creativity, program, general, and attitude. What is most surprising is the limited research and scholarship devoted to assessment in music over the past several decades. This chapter is an update on a few of the issues raised in the first Handbook.
Benzodiazepines Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence
Authors: Ciraulo Danielle M , Ciraulo Domenic A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inappropriate use of benzodiazepines is an important public health problem. In clinical practice benzodiazepine misuse is generally encountered in one of the three following situations: as part of a complex presentation of polysubstance dependence, in patients who have been prescribed therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines and have difficulty stopping use, and rarely, dependence on benzodiazepines as the primary drug of abuse. Determining the extent of the problem is hindered by various definitions of abuse and dependence. In this chapter, we follow the use of previous publications: ‘‘The terms abuse and misuse refer to the use of a drug in a manner that is not consistent with generally accepted medical practice or social and legal custom, e.g., use without a valid prescription or deliberately to produce intoxication, pleasure or a high’’ (Ciraulo and Sarid-Segal, 2005, p. 1300). Misuse is used to describe patients who use higher than prescribed doses, or obtain medications from a friend or relative for therapeutic purposes.
Reason and Agreement in Social Contract Views
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social contract views work from the intuitive idea of agreement. The appeal of this notion lies in the liberal idea that cooperation ought to be based in the individuals’ consent and ought to be for their mutual benefit. Social contract views differ according to how the idea of agreement is specified: Who are the parties to the agreement? How are they situated with respect to one another (status quo, state of nature, or equality)? What are the intentions, capacities, and interests of these individuals, and what rights and powers do they have? What is the purpose of the agreement? Is the agreement conceived of in historical or nonhisrical terms? Since these and other parameters have been set in different ways, it is difficult to generalize and speak of the social contract tradition. Hobbes’s idea of agreement differs fundamentally from Rousseau’s, just as Gauthier and Buchanan conceive of agreement very differently than Rawls and Scanlon.
Rather than being a particular kind of ethical view, the general notion of agreement functions as a framework for justification in ethics. This framework is based on the liberal idea that the legitimacy of social rules and institutions depends on their being freely and publicly acceptable to all individuals bound by them. If rational individuals in appropriately defined circumstances could or would agree to certain rules or institutions, then insofar as we identify with these individuals and their interests, what they accept should also be acceptable to us now as a basis for our cooperation. Seen in this way, the justificatory force of social contract views depends only in part on the idea of agreement; even more essential is the conception of the person and the conception of practical reason that are built into particular views.
“Linke Leute von rechts”:Thomas Mann’s Naphta and the Ideological Confluence of Radical Right and Radical Left in the Early Years of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Grenville Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter is taken from Otto-Ernst Schüddekopf’s Linke Leute von rechts, a study of the attempts by some extreme right-wing German nationalists, radicalized by Germany’s defeat in 1918, to forge a political alliance with the newly founded German Communist Party, on the basis of a common hatred of the victorious Western bourgeois democracies who had imposed the yoke of “Versailles capitalism” on Germany. Thomas Mann became aware of this threat from the two extremes of the political spectrum to the liberal-democratic center, the parliamentary democracy of the Weimar Republic. That awareness led Mann to create the figure of Naphta, who stands opposed to Settembrini, the representative of the tradition of nineteenth-century liberal humanism, the creed of the German republicans.
Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep Medicine is one of the fastest growing fields of medicine and of strong interest to neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pulmonologists, otolaryngologists, and the technologists who perform sleep studies. In 2007, sleep medicine became an official medical subspecialty, with board examinations being administered by the American Board of Medical Specialties. This book provides a comprehensive, practical guide to managing sleep disorders, written by a major authority in the field. In addition, it includes 150 multiple choice questions with answers and explanations, to help those studying for American Board exams.
Development of the Kidney
Authors: Shah Mita M , Steer Dylan L , Sweeney, Derina E , Nigam Sanjay K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The morphogenetic processes that govern embryonic urinary tract development have important implications for human disease. Renal abnormalities attributable to inborn errors of development account for the majority of pediatric chronic renal failure. Moreover, complex adult phenotypes, such as hypertension, may have their origins in subtle defects in more than one developmental pathway. As a model of organ development, kidney organogenesis can shed light on a variety of fundamental developmental patterns, pathways, and programs applicable to different areas of developmental biology. Speci7cally, kidney development involves complex mesenchymal epithelial interactions, whereby the epithelium transforms from a simple outbudding of the Wolf7an duct into an arborized collecting system and the surrounding mesenchyme is rescued from an apoptotic fate to undergo epithelialization, forming the tubular nephron. Furthermore, the nascent renal tubule interacts with the developing vasculature both by de novo vasculogenic mechanisms and by recruitment of extrinsic blood vessels to form the glomerulus. This elaborate program involves initiators (e.g., growth factors and receptors), intracellular mediators (e.g., transcription factors), and extracellular effectors (e.g., matrix proteases and proteoglycans), which affect fundamental developmental processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. Signi7cant developmental abnormalities have been ascribed to aberrations in many of the processes central to this inductive program.
RET and Hirschsprung Disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Authors: Mccallion Andrew S , chakravarti aravinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RET signaling is an integral component of normal embryonic development and neuronal maintenance. Mutations in the RET gene play a central role in two common heritable pathologies affecting neural crest (NC)-derived tissues: constitutive activating mutations lead to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2; OMIM 171400 and 162300), a dominantly inherited cancer predisposition, and lossof-function mutations lead to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR; OMIM 142623), a developmental defect resulting in functional intestinal obstruction in neonates. Genetic analyses of this pathway in human patients and model organisms have resulted in an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie MEN2 and HSCR, and in changes to the clinical care and counseling of patients. In this chapter we review the progress made in elucidating the multiple roles of this pathway in normal human development and inherited disease.
EDNRB, EDN3, and SOX10 and the Shah–Waardenburg Syndrome (WS4)
Authors: Verheij Joke B G M , Hofstra Robert M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder that is clinically characterized by intestinal obstruction owing to the absence of intramural ganglion cells (aganglionosis) along variable lengths of the colon. In approximately 80% of cases, the aganglionosis is restricted to the rectosigmo (short-segment HSCR). The mode of inheritance of HSCR can be dominant, recessive, or multifactorial, with major and minor genes involved. Mutations in several genes—alone or in combination—are associated with HSCR, the major gene being the RET proto-oncogene (see Chapters 50–52 for a comprehensive review).
HOXA13 and the Hand–Foot–Genital and Guttmacher Syndromes
Authors: Innis Jeffrey w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HOX gene mutations in humans associated with specific morphological defects have been described for 5 of the 39 HOX genes, HOXD13, HOXA13, HOXA11, HOXD10, and HOXA1. Except for the newly described mutations in human HOXA11 (Thompson and Nguyen, 2000), HOXD10 (Shrimpton et al., 2004), and HOXA1 (Tischfield et al., 2005), this subject has been reviewed (Innis, 1997; Veraksa et al., 2000; Goodman and Scambler, 2001). Except for HOXA1, in which cases with homozygous mutations have been described, all of these human syndromes are associated with heterozygous HOX mutations that are inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern with almost complete penetrance. For HOXA13, heterozygous premature chain termination, missense, and polyalanine expansion mutations cause distal limb and genitourinary (GU) malformations in humans.
CHD7 and the CHARGE Syndrome
Authors: VELTMAN JORIS A , RAVENSWAAIJ-ARTS CONNY M A VAN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CHARGE syndrome (OMIM 214800) is a common cause of congenital anomalies, including choanal atresia and malformations of the heart, inner ear, and retina. CHARGE syndrome is caused by mostly de novo occurring heterozygous mutations of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding gene 7 (CHD7, OMIM 608892). These mutations are presumed to lead to haploinsufficiency of the CHD7 protein.
POU3F4 and Mixed Deafness with Temporal Bone Defect (DFN3)
Authors: Cremers Frans P M , Cremers, Cor W R J , Kremer Hannie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
X-linked deafness type 3 (DFN3; McKusick 304400) is characterized by temporal bone abnormalities, stapes fi xation, and, in most cases, a mixed type of deafness. During stapes surgery, a flow of cerebrospinal fluid (“gusher”) is encountered. High-resolution computer assisted tomography has revealed a bulbous dilatation of the lateral portion of the internal auditory canal (IAC) with incomplete separation from the cochlea, and widening of the fi rst part of the facial nerve canal. DFN3 is the most frequent form of X-linked deafness and is caused by muta-tions in the POU3F4 gene, or by deletions overlapping an 8 kb DNA segment located 900 kb proximal to the POU3F4 gene. POU3F4 and its mouse orthologue Pou3f4, are expressed in the developing inner ear, neural tube, pancreas, kidney, and muscle. The gene plays crucial roles in the patterning of the mesenchymal compartment of the inner ear. A mouse mutant that arose in a radiation mutagenesis experiment, sex-linked fidget (slf ), carries an inversion that abolishes Pou3f4 gene expression in the embryonic inner ear, but not in the neural tube, corroborating the existence of an inner-ear-specifi c regulatory DNA element located far upstream of the mouse and human POU3F4 genes.