bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving power
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resolving power is the key factor in both astronomy and microscopy. It is not just a question of making the images big enough to see, but rather of being able to resolve one interesting feature from its near neighbours. A blurred image cannot be improved simply by making it larger. It is the quality of the telescope or microscope lenses that determines the all-important resolving power or resolution. Magnetic resonance has the same obsession with high resolving power.
Functional imaging of the brain
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, our knowledge about the structure of the brain and the function of its various regions was largely obtained by autopsy after the death of patients who had suffered a stroke or who had sustained brain damage as a result of an accident. Of course animal experiments have provided many important insights into brain structure and function, but human behaviour and human capabilities in language, abstract thinking, mathematics, etc. cannot be studied in animals. For human beings, magnetic resonance has provided one of the first truly non invasive methods for exploring the brain.3.Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (fMRI) aims to pinpoint those regions of the brain that ‘light up’ as a consequence of some physical or mental stimulus-often visual, auditory, or tactile.
Chinabound
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I n 1930 Peter Quennell discovered during a visit to Peking—perhaps largely in comparison with the discomfortingly rigid year he had just spent in Tokyo—that ‘mysteriously but unmistakably, ‘ ‘one can breathe ‘ ‘, and China remains oddly sympathetic . . . ‘1 Seventeen years later, the Empsons felt much the same easeful spirit still in place. Notwithstanding, after years of occupation and neglect, the fabric of Peiping, or ‘Northern Peace ‘ (as it had been called since 1938, when Nanking was designated the capital city—from October 1949 it would again be Peking, or ‘Northern Capital ‘), looked worn and war-torn, a mixture of downtrodden imperial
Sounding the South: Kenyon College, Summer 1948
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to John Crowe Ransom, the small town and the English visitor seemed in the beginning ‘hopelessly alien ‘ to each other. ‘Empson . . . kept his guard up for weeks, but at last it broke down. He was admired and venerated . . . ‘ Empson seemed to be unaware that he cut a strange Wgure as he wandered round the green and beautifully arboreal campus with its grey buildings. His perceived peculiarities included the fact that he sported a resplendent bush of weird black beard and talked to himself as he chainsmoked through a long cigarette holder. One student would recall, ‘He was the most detached, impartial person I have ever seen
The Anti-Christian: Milton ’s God
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of Empson ‘s critical career as a whole, therefore, his early pages on ‘The SacriWce ‘ and on ‘The Windhover ‘ were to prove cardinal texts; dating from 1930, they seeded the catechizing writings of the post-war years, culminating in Milton ‘s God. Nonetheless, at the time when he wrote about ‘The SacriWce ‘ and ‘The Windhover ‘ his analyses seemed less perWdious than accepted good sense. By his reckoning, the damage was done to ‘traditional ‘ critical readings such as his own by the reactionary forces of the Christian religion, with T. S. Eliot as its literary high priest. In 1932 Eliot had put out a revisionist essay including the unsupported assertion, ‘Donne was, I insist, no sceptic ‘; and in quick order other critics glibly bowed to the new wisdom.
Plato’s Later Political Theory
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mood in Plato’s late political works has dimmed. Fiery ideals burn less bright; his view of man’s nature has fallen; his faith in radical reform has given way to more modest hopes. Though we cannot be certain exactly what caused this shift, it is natural to place considerable weight on Plato’s remarkable political experiences in Sicily. The influence of Sicily will be seen repeatedly in this and the following chapters. An additional factor that must be taken into account is changes in Plato’s metaphysical ideas.
The ‘Second-Best’ State
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Laws of course was Plato’s last work, left unfinished at his death. According to ancient tradition, it was edited posthumously by Plato’s student Phillip of Opus, who also wrote the Epinomis in order to complete various matters Plato left incomplete. The Laws is an old man’s work. In addition to Plato’s increased experience of human affairs, in many ways it shows a mood of tiredness and resignation. The aged Plato has turned his back on the world to face the heavens. Human life seems to him a paltry thing, no more than amusement for the gods (803c). His faith in man’s power and dignity, in man’s ability to know, has waned. The implication for political theory is an ideal state that approaches theocracy.
Conclusion: The Way Forwar?
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, international organizations have embarked on a bold experiment in promoting ideals of liberal multiculturalism and in formulating international norms of minority rights, but this experiment is facing an uncertain future. There are multiple instabilities in the way IOs have framed their discourses and norms, which inhibit their effective diffusion and implementation. Moreover, the initial sense of urgency about this issue has largely faded, and questions of minority rights have dropped down the list of international priorities. Without renewed attention and commitment, the likely outcome is a gradual retreat from the more progressive dimensions of this experiment.
The Count Continues: Stockpiles
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2004 saw powerful states struggling with unrestrained small arms proliferation. In Iraq and Afghanistan, in particular, armed individuals and groups continue to present a great obstacle to human security, coalition forces, and reconstruction efforts. Yet elsewhere, with far less firepower and attracting far less public attention, governments and civil society have quietly pressed on with a number of initiatives to address civilian small arms possession and armed violence. The aspect of small arms stockpiles most prominent in 2004 was internationally sponsored disarmament. Efforts in Afghanistan, Cote d’Ivoire, Haiti, Iraq, Liberia, and Sudan attracted the most attention, but many more were tried or debated. At the domestic level, 2004 also represented a turning point in a number of states’ efforts to control armed violence through enhanced domestic controls. All of these initiatives have hinted at strong national and international will to further the small arms control agenda.
Sourcing The Tools Of War: Small Arms Supplies To Conflict Zones
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International illicit arms transfers to conflict and war zones often display features characteristic of newsworthy stories.1 They tend to involve shady, greedy dealers and financiers with Hollywood-type lifestyles; suspicious means of transport, with airplane registrations being changed mid-flight and jets sometimes touching down on tarmac in the middle of the jungle; and disturbingly ruthless recipients. Some cases embroil politicians and other public figures. No wonder, then, that the media are particularly eager to cover this aspect of the small arms problem. Given the intense political debates about whether to supply arms and ammunition to areas of conflict, researchers and analysts also devote substantial attention to this issue. The dynamics at work here are complex: states are pitted against religious and human rights groups; exporter states confront states that refuse to authorize particular deals; peace activists denounce gun manufacturers; and so on.
Violent Exchanges: The Use Of Small Arms In Conflict
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, people engaged in armed conflict have employed many tools of violence, from rocks and sticks to rifles and guided missiles. These armaments have been used to kill, wound, and destroy physical infrastructure, but not with equal effect. What factors affect people’s choice of weaponry and targets? Many variables have a bearing on how small arms and light weapons are used, both within an armed conflict zone and within ostensibly peaceful societies. The answer to the question, therefore, may be as complex as the causes of violent conflict itself. Past studies have highlighted various dynamics, including: the development of gun cultures (Khakee and Florquin, 2003); the presence or absence of social and legal codes to control the use of weapons (Miller, 2003); ‘arms racing’ among rival groups (Cook and Ludwig, 2003); and links between violence and masculine identity (Cukier, Kooistra, and Anto, 2002).
Risk and Intimate Relationships
Authors: Lewis Jane , Sarre Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interrelated changes in the labour market and in family formation have resulted in what many have termed ‘new’ social risks for those in intimate relationships (e.g. Bonoli 2004). The traditional, married, male breadwinner family was long believed to offer protection against risk, particularly for women and children. Normative prescriptions as to the gendered contributions men and women were expected to make to families in respect of earning and caring were clearly understood and were underpinned by social welfare provision and family law.
Social and Public Policy: Reflexive Individualization and Regulatory Governance
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welfare states are currently undergoing rapid change as part of the broader social shifts associated with the transition from a modernity structured around neo-Keynesian nation state capitalism towards a more globalized, post-Fordist, and individualized future. The developments in the UK associated with the emergence of New Labour and of a third way social policy are at the forefront of these shifts, and this chapter focuses particularly on this country.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1962, the English poet and critic Philip Hobsbaum arrived in Belfast to take up a position as a lecturer in English at Queen’s University. During the next four years, he sought out local writers whom he felt possessed literary promise and invited them to weekly writing workshops which he conducted in his home. Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley, and James Simmons attended regularly during the first three years; Derek Mahon came once.At the time of the first workshop, none of these men had published a book. By the end of the decade, they were among the foremost Irish poets of their generation. The various phrases critics and readers use to denote these poets—the Ulster Movement, the Honest Ulsterman School, the Belfast Group, the Mutual Admiration Society of Northern Poets—reflect the vague but underlying sense that they constitute a school.
The Belfast Group
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1960, literary life in Belfast had begun to stagnate. Although Sam Hanna Bell, Michael McLaverty, and Roy McFadden were still living and writing in the city, John Hewitt was away in Coventry and the Ulster literary magazine Rann had folded. When looking back, several Northern Irish poets remembered these years as particularly bleak. James Simmons, an English lecturer in Coleraine, was at the time living in Portrush and performing his songs in the local bars. As an aspiring poet, he felt isolated in his provincial surroundings: ‘You can’t believe the loneliness of someone beginning to write, say, in Portrush when I was writing, or Derry, and there’s no one to talk to, no one who’ll listen or understand.’ Longley would have empathized. In 1964, he moved back to Belfast in order to be closer to Edna, who had been appointed as an English lecturer at Queen’s. He began teaching Classics at Inst, though he longed to spend more time writing. With Mahon in Canada, and Boland and Kennelly across the border in Dublin, there was little opportunity for lively poetic exchange. Yet one man would soon breathe air into literary Belfast’s sagging sails.
Renaissance
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Longley, the mid-sixties marked ‘a turning point’ for the poets of Belfast.¹ This was a time of political optimism, when, as Heaney put it, ‘a Catholic might believe in shades of grey’.Terence O’Neill’s overtures to the Nationalist community encouraged many, including Heaney, to believe in a more equitable future. He wrote in 1968: O’Neill was asking for better relations between the two communities, hoping to promote a gradual healing of the sectarian sores in the politics of Ulster.
Realism, tragedy, and the anti-Pelagian imagination in international political thought
Authors: Rengger Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the 1990s, realism in IR scholarship was possessed of a kind of intellectual split personality. The dominant forms of realism in the academy, essentially versions of the structural or neorealism associated with Kenneth Waltz, were—as many of their rivals were—dominated by a methodological stance that one of those rivals, Robert Keohane, quite accurately charactaerized as ‘rationalist’2—an of shoot of liberal progressivism in the academy, even if the conclusions in the context of neorealism were certainly not that.
Morgenthau now: Neoconservatism, national greatness, and realism
Authors: Williams Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why should contemporary theories of IR be interested in Hans Morgenthau? This is no simple question. To intellectual historians, the answer often lies in Morgenthau’s central role in the development of realism and its place in the evolution of IR as a field of study. To some contemporary realists, Morgenthau articulated principles of power politics that continue to provide enduring insights into world politics, even if they seem frequently to feel that the foundations on which he based his theory need to be replaced.
Introduction: ‘She finds the words’
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why’s personal library, as anyone might expect, contains a r number of items that are ‘his’ in two senses: books he wrote as well as those he owned. Quite a few of the books by WBY in his library are actual property of his wife. Some of her volumes are sprinkled with editorial annotations from the ongoing processes of republishing and correcting his poetry and prose, tasks that undertook for many years before and, more controversially, after her husband’s death. Her name is written in his handwriting in a number of the flyleaves, sometimes with injunctions to himself: ‘George Yeats her book not to be taken by me.
‘To give you new images’: Published Results
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GY affected the texts that bear her husband’s name profoundly and variously. The pages that follow examine some of the professional literary results of the collaboration— that is to say, effects of the script and other documents that appear in WBY’s published works Even so, the emphasis will not fall exclusively on specific words or ideas in poems, plays, and prose that belong to GY and can be separated distinctly from the parts written by her husband. Such an approach tends to separate the two co-writers into neater subjective categories than I am inclined to believe represents them accurately.
Demon the Medium
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as much may be gained from meditation on WBY’s motto in the Order of the Golden Dawn, Demon Est Deus Inversus, as can be learned from tracing the permutations of GY’s Nemo Sciat. On a verbal level, the four-word phrase Demon Est Deus Inversus overturns the expected hierarchy of the binary Deus and Demon in two ways: first, it flattens out the distinctions between the two terms, which after all sound all the more similar when joined by the simple verb Est. Second, with the arrival of the word Inversus, in its critical final position, movement is generated, as well as the undercutting of that levelling and static form of to be.
D-Optimum Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we list a variety of results for D- and G-optimum designs. In 11.2 an illustration is given of the use of the variance function in the iterative construction of a D-optimum design. The following section returns to the example of the desorption of carbon monoxide with which the book opened. A comparison is made of the design generating the data of Table 1.1 with several of the D- and DS-optimum designs derived in succeeding chapters. The last two sections of the chapter discuss D-optimum designs which might be useful in practice, particularly for second-order models. But, to begin, we consider some definitions and general properties of D-optimum designs.
Justice and Reparations
Authors: Greiff Pablo de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While a great deal of attention has been paid to what countries that have undergone transitions to democracy have attempted to do by way of prosecutions, much less attention has been paid to these countries’ attempts at reparations. Clearly, both kinds of efforts, the prosecutorial and the reparative, can be considered elements of justice, but the latter has not received sufficient systematic attention. Surprisingly, this is true despite the fact that most of the recent transitional processes have at least given some consideration to programs of reparations that seek to make up, in some way, for the harms endured by some members or sectors of society.1
Countering the Wrongs of the Past: The Role of Compensation1
Authors: Satz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demands for repair can sound in different registers. Think of a mundane case of harm, concerning harm to one person’s property, occurring in the present. If A intentionally damages B’s car, B can ask A: to provide monetary compensation; to restore (if possible) her car to its undamaged state; to apologize or perhaps even to make a public acknowledgment of his responsibility. B can seek to have A prosecuted under law for his acts, seek mediation, or attempt to settle things on her own without third-party involvement. What Basks of A can reflect what B cares about, what she thinks she is likely to receive, or what she thinks she is owed. Different individuals in the same circumstances as B might ask for and accept different measures of repair. And different individuals in the same circumstances as A might respond to these demands in different ways.
Here Be Dragons
Authors: McCarthy Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do we find polar bears only in the Arctic and penguins only in the Antarctic? Why do oceanic islands often have many types of birds but no large native mammals? As Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace travelled across distant lands studying the wildlife they both noticed that the distribution of plants and animals formed striking patterns - patterns that held strong clues to the past of the planet. The study of the spatial distribution of living things is known as biogeography. It is a field that could be said to have begun with Darwin and Wallace. In this lively book, Denis McCarthy tells the story of biogeography, from the 19th century to its growth into a major field of interdisciplinary research in the present day. It is a story that encompasses two great, insightful theories that were to provide the explanations to the strange patterns of life across the world - evolution, and plate tectonics. We find animals and plants where we do because, over time, the continents have moved, separating and coalescing in a long, slow dance; because sea levels have risen, cutting off one bit of land from another, and fallen, creating land bridges; because new and barren volcanic islands have risen up from the sea; and because animals and plants vary greatly in their ability to travel, and separation has caused the formation of new species. The story of biogeography is the story of how life has responded and has in turn altered the ever changing Earth. It is a narrative that includes many fascinating tales - of pygmy mammoths and elephant birds; of changing landscapes; of radical ideas by bold young scientists first dismissed and later, with vastly growing evidence, widely accepted. The story is not yet done: there are still questions to be answered and biogeography is a lively area of research and debate. But our view of the planet has been changed profoundly by biogeography and its related fields: the emerging understanding is of a deeply interconnected system in which life and physical forces interact dynamically in space and time.
Modelling Longevity Dynamics for Pensions and Annuity Business
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mortality improvements, uncertainty in future mortality trends and the relevant impact on life annuities and pension plans constitute important topics in the field of actuarial mathematics and life insurance techniques. In particular, actuarial calculations concerning pensions, life annuities and other living benefits (provided, for example, by long-term care insurance products and whole life sickness covers) are based on survival probabilities which necessarily extend over a long time horizon. In order to avoid underestimation of the related liabilities, the insurance company (or the pension plan) must adopt an appropriate forecast of future mortality. Great attention is currently being devoted to the management of life annuity portfolios, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view, because of the growing importance of annuity benefits paid by private pension schemes. In particular, the progressive shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension schemes has increased the interest in life annuities with a guaranteed annual amount. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed description of methods for projecting mortality, and an extensive introduction to some important issues concerning longevity risk in the area of life annuities and pension benefits. It relies on research work carried out by the authors, as well as on a wide teaching experience and in CPD (Continuing Professional Development) initiatives. The following topics are dealt with: life annuities in the framework of post-retirement income strategies; the basic mortality model; recent mortality trends that have been experienced; general features of projection models; discussion of stochastic projection models, with numerical illustrations; measuring and managing longevity risk.