bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of hormonal and reproductive factors with differentiated thyroid cancer risk in women: a pooled prospective cohort analysis
Authors: O’Grady Thomas J , Rinaldi Sabina , Michels Kara A , Adami Hans-Olov , Buring Julie E , Chen Yu , Clendenen Tess V , D’Aloisio Aimee , DeHart Jessica Clague , Franceschi Silvia , Freedman Neal D , Gierach Gretchen L , Giles Graham G , Lacey James V , Lee I-Min , Liao Linda M , Linet Martha S , McCullough Marjorie L , Patel Alpa V , Prizment Anna , Robien Kim , Sandler Dale P , Stolzenberg-Solomon Rachael , Weiderpass Elisabete , White Emily , Wolk Alicja , Zheng Wei , Berrington de Gonzalez Amy , Kitahara Cari M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is higher in women than in men but whether sex steroid hormones contribute to this difference remains unclear. Studies of reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer risk have provided inconsistent results.

Methods
Original data from 1 252 907 women in 16 cohorts in North America, Europe, Australia and Asia were combined to evaluate associations of DTC risk with reproductive and hormonal factors. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs.

Results
During follow-up, 2142 women were diagnosed with DTC. Factors associated with higher risk of DTC included younger age at menarche (&lt;10 vs 10–11 years; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.00–1.64), younger (&lt;40; HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05–1.62) and older (≥55; HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.05–1.68) ages at menopause (vs 40–44 years), ever use of menopausal hormone therapy (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02–1.33) and previous hysterectomy (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13–1.39) or bilateral oophorectomy (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00–1.29). Factors associated with lower risk included longer-term use (≥5 vs &lt;5 years) of oral contraceptives (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76–0.96) among those who ever used oral contraception and baseline post-menopausal status (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70–0.96). No associations were observed for parity, duration of menopausal hormone therapy use or lifetime number of reproductive years or ovulatory cycles.

Conclusions
Our study provides some evidence linking reproductive and hormonal factors with risk of DTC. Results should be interpreted cautiously considering the modest strength of the associations and potential for exposure misclassification and detection bias. Prospective studies of pre-diagnostic circulating sex steroid hormone measurements and DTC risk may provide additional insight.
Solder die attach lifetime characterization of SOT-227 power MOSFET module in a 3-phase inverter under power cycling
Authors: Cheng Hsien-Chie , Hsu Chih-Wei 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study aims to assess the power cycling lifetime of the solder die attach of the silicon power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor modules in an SOT-227 package in a 3-phase bridge inverter. This goal is achieved through a loose one-way coupling framework that incorporates a thermal computational fluid dynamics model for temperature estimation and a transient thermal-mechanical finite element model that accounts for the time-dependent viscoplastic behavior of the solder die attach through the Anand viscoplastic constitutive model for thermal-mechanical responses assessment. To facilitate an accurate prediction of the solder die attach lifetime during power cycling, a physical lifetime prediction model is constructed through the strain-based Coffin-Manson Eq. together with the experimental lifetime data and the corresponding calculated equivalent viscoplastic strain increments. Furthermore, parametric study via the coupling framework is conducted to examine the effect of cooling, operating, and structural parameters on the solder die attach lifetime, and also to identify the most crucial design parameters. At last, experimental design using a Taguchi method is conducted to seek the optimal level combination of design parameters for enhanced power cycling lifetime of the solder die attach.
Is size in the eye of the beholder? Visual estimation of penis size among transgender and cisgender people and implications for genital gender-affirming surgery and sexual medicine
Authors: Castaneda Peris R , Zaliznyak Michael , Sandhu Sandeep S , Cook-Wiens Galen , Smith Shannon M , Mallavarapu Samhita , Garcia Maurice M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Transgender men (TM) seeking gender-affirming phalloplasty and transgender women (TW) seeking vaginoplasty and desiring insertive intercourse must consider penis size. Evidence has shown that, at least among cisgender men (CM), penile dimensions tend to be poorly estimated. In transgender patients desiring gender-affirming surgery, inaccuracy in estimation of penis dimensions may lead to unnecessary morbidity: for TW, trauma to the neovagina; for TM with excess girth, an inability to insert. Studies on the accuracy with which transgender and cisgender patients estimate penis size are limited.

Aim
To assess the degree of accuracy with which CM and CW, as well as TM and TW, visually estimate the size of the human penis, including length, width, and girth.

Methods
There were 142 participants included (25 TM, 47 TW, 30 CM, and 40 CW; net mean ± SD age, 36.6 ± 11.2 years). Participants were shown these models and asked to estimate length, width, and midshaft girth by visual inspection of 6 realistic models of a penis and scrotum of varying lengths and widths. We evaluated the accuracy of the visual measurements by comparing mean perceived dimensions with the actual dimensions of each model.

Outcomes
We used a multivariate model of all 3 bias dimensions to test for differences in average bias among gender groups (CM, CW, TM, and TW).

Results
TM significantly overestimated length across the longest models. TW significantly overestimated length in the longer 3 models. All groups except for TM significantly underestimated girth in at least 1 model. No groups significantly underestimated width. CM, CW, and TM significantly overestimated width in all 6 models.

Clinical Implications
When transgender patients use numbers to express penis size (either in neophallus or vaginal depth based on perceived partner size), the result is likely to be larger than expected. Use of realistic penis models as a decision-making tool may help manage patient expectations and surgery decision making preoperatively and improve postoperative patient satisfaction and safety.

Strengths and Limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess visual estimation in penis size in TM and CM, as well as TW and CW. The penile models in our study were shown side by side and in the flaccid state despite having dimensions more consistent with an erect penis, which may have influenced estimations across all dimensions.

Conclusion
Men and women (cisgender and transgender) tend to significantly overestimate penis length and width.
Late Ordovician Mass Extinction: Earth, fire and ice
Authors: Harper David A T 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction was the earliest of the ‘big’ five extinction events and the earliest to affect the trajectory of metazoan life. Two phases have been identified near the start of the Hirnantian period and in the middle. It was a massive taxonomic extinction, a weak phylogenetic extinction and a relatively benign ecological extinction. A rapid cooling, triggering a major ice age that reduced the temperature of surface waters, prompted a drop in sea level of some 100 m and introduced toxic bottom waters onto the shelves. These symptoms of more fundamental planetary processes have been associated with a range of factors with an underlying driver identified as volcanicity. Volcanic eruptions, and other products, may have extended back in time to at least the Sandbian and early Katian, suggesting the extinctions were more protracted and influential than hitherto documented.
On-demand engineerable visible spectrum by fine control of electrochemical reactions
Authors: Liu Qirong , Liu Lei , Zheng Yongping , Li Min , Ding Baofu , Diao Xungang , Cheng Hui-Ming , Tang Yongbing 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Tunability of optical performance is one of the key technologies for adaptive optoelectronic applications, such as camouflage clothing, displays, and infrared shielding. High-precision spectral tunability is of great importance for some special applications with on-demand adaptability but remains challenging. Here we demonstrate a galvanostatic control strategy to achieve this goal, relying on the finding of the quantitative correlation between optical properties and electrochemical reactions within materials. An electrochromic electro-optical efficiency index is established to optically fingerprint and precisely identify electrochemical redox reactions in the electrochromic device. Consequently, the charge-transfer process during galvanostatic electrochemical reaction can be quantitatively regulated, permitting precise control over the final optical performance and on-demand adaptability of electrochromic devices as evidenced by an ultralow deviation of &lt;3.0%. These findings not only provide opportunities for future adaptive optoelectronic applications with strict demand on precise spectral tunability but also will promote in situ quantitative research in a wide range of spectroelectrochemistry, electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis, and material chemistry.
Real-life Data on Cefiderocol Efficacy and Safety to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infections
Authors: Campogiani Laura , Crea Angela Maria Antonia , Minardi Maria Letizia , Ansaldo Lorenzo , Coppola Luigi , Compagno Mirko , Vitale Pietro , Spalliera Ilaria , Malagnino Vincenzo , Teti Elisabetta , D’agostini C , Pennacchiotti Chiara , Abate Davide Natale , Celeste Maria Grazia , Andreoni Massimo , Iannetta Marco , Sarmati Loredana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
The objective of this study was to expand real-life data on cefiderocol efficacy to treat multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections.

Methods
This was a retrospective monocentric study including patients hospitalized (&gt;24 hours) at Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, between May 1, 2021, and September 1, 2022, treated with cefiderocol (&gt;48 hours). The primary objective was early clinical improvement at 48–72 hours from cefiderocol start; secondary objectives were clinical success (composite outcome of infection resolution and 14-day survival), breakthrough infection, overall 30-day mortality, and cefiderocol-related adverse events.

Results
Eleven patients were enrolled; 91% males (10/11), with a median age (interquartile range [IQR]) of 69 (59–71) years, 91% had ≥1 comorbidity, and 72.7% (8/11) were hospitalized in internal medicine wards. Six patients with bloodstream infection (54.5%; 4 primary, 2 central line–associated), 2 with pneumonia (18.2%), 2 with urinary tract infections (18.2%), and 1 with intra-abdominal infection (9.1%) were treated. Four patients (36.3%) presented with septic shock at cefiderocol start. Cefiderocol was used as monotherapy in 3/11 patients (27.3%), was combined with colistin in all the other 8 cases, and was used in triple combination with tigecycline in 2 patients. The median duration of treatment (IQR) was 12 (10–14) days. Early clinical improvement was documented in 8/11 patients (72.7%), clinical success in 8/11 patients (72.7%). Overall 30-day mortality was 27.3% (3/11), with death occurring a median (IQR) of 19 (17.5–20.5) days after the start of therapy. No cefiderocol-related adverse events were documented.

Conclusions
Cefiderocol seems to be a safe and effective option for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections.
Prevalence of Endemic Respiratory Viruses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Urban and Rural Malawi
Authors: Vink Elen , Banda Louis , Amoah Abena S , Kasenda Stephen , Read Jonathan M , Jewell Chris , Denis Brigitte , Mwale Annie Chauma , Crampin Amelia , Anscombe Catherine , Menyere Mavis , Ho Antonia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
We investigated endemic respiratory virus circulation patterns in Malawi, where no lockdown was imposed, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
Within a prospective household cohort in urban and rural Malawi, adult participants provided upper respiratory tract (URT) samples at 4 time points between February 2021 and April 2022. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and other endemic respiratory viruses.

Results
1626 URT samples from 945 participants in 542 households were included. Overall, 7.6% (n = 123) samples were PCR- positive for &gt;1 respiratory virus; SARS-CoV-2 (4.4%) and rhinovirus (2.0%) were most common. No influenza A virus was detected. Influenza B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were rare. Higher virus positivity were detected in the rural setting and at earlier time points. Coinfections were infrequent.

Conclusions
Endemic respiratory viruses circulated in the community in Malawi during the pandemic, though influenza and RSV were rarely detected. Distinct differences in virus positivity and demographics were observed between urban and rural cohorts.
Reducing Initial Loss to Follow-up Among People With Bacteriologically Confirmed Tuberculosis: LINKEDin, a Quasi-experimental Study in South Africa
Authors: Meehan Sue-Ann , Hesseling Anneke C , Boulle Andrew , Chetty Jolene , Connell Lucy , Dlamini-Miti Nomthandazo J , Dunbar Rory , Du Preez Karen , George Gavin , Hoddinott Graeme , Jennings Karen , Marx Florian M , Mudaly Vanessa , Naidoo Pren , Ndlovu Neo , Ngozo Jacqueline , Smith Mariette , Strauss Michael , Tanna Gaurang , Vanqa Nosivuyile , von Delft Arne , Osman Muhammad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Every person diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) needs to initiate treatment. The World Health Organization estimated that 61% of people who developed TB in 2021 were included in a TB treatment registration system. Initial loss to follow-up (ILTFU) is the loss of persons to care between diagnosis and treatment initiation/registration. LINKEDin, a quasi-experimental study, evaluated the effect of 2 interventions (hospital recording and an alert-and-response patient management intervention) in 6 subdistricts across 3 high–TB burden provinces of South Africa. Using integrated electronic reports, we identified all persons diagnosed with TB (Xpert MTB/RIF positive) in the hospital and at primary health care facilities. We prospectively determined linkage to care at 30 days after TB diagnosis. We calculated the risk of ILTFU during the baseline and intervention periods and the relative risk reduction in ILTFU between these periods. We found a relative reduction in ILTFU of 42.4% (95% CI, 28.5%–53.7%) in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) and 22.3% (95% CI, 13.3%–30.4%) in the Western Cape (WC), with no significant change in Gauteng. In KZN and the WC, the relative reduction in ILTFU appeared greater in subdistricts where the alert-and-response patient management intervention was implemented (KZN: 49.3%; 95% CI, 32.4%–62%; vs 32.2%; 95% CI, 5.4%–51.4%; and WC: 34.2%; 95% CI, 20.9%–45.3%; vs 13.4%; 95% CI, 0.7%–24.4%). We reported a notable reduction in ILTFU in 2 provinces using existing routine health service data and applying a simple intervention to trace and recall those not linked to care. TB programs need to consider ILTFU a priority and develop interventions specific to their context to ensure improved linkage to care.
The Global and Regional Prevalence of Hospital-Acquired Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Xing-chen , Li Chang-li , Zhang Shao-yang , Yang Xiao-feng , Jiang Meng 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Due to scarce therapeutic options, hospital-acquired infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), particularly carbapenem-resistant KP (CRKP), pose enormous threat to patients’ health worldwide. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology and risk factors of CRKP among nosocomial KP infections.

Method
MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for studies reporting CRKP prevalence from inception to 30 March 2023. Data from eligible publications were extracted and subjected to meta-analysis to obtain global, regional, and country-specific estimates. To determine the cause of heterogeneity among the selected studies, prespecified subgroup analyses and meta-regression were also performed. Odds ratios of CRKP-associated risk factors were pooled by a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects method.

Results
We retained 61 articles across 14 countries and territories. The global prevalence of CRKP among patients with KP infections was 28.69% (95% CI, 26.53%–30.86%). South Asia had the highest CRKP prevalence at 66.04% (95% CI, 54.22%–77.85%), while high-income North America had the lowest prevalence at 14.29% (95% CI, 6.50%–22.0%). In the country/territory level, Greece had the highest prevalence at 70.61% (95% CI, 56.77%–84.45%), followed by India at 67.62% (95% CI, 53.74%–81.79%) and Taiwan at 67.54% (95% CI, 58.65%–76.14%). Hospital-acquired CRKP infections were associated with the following factors: hematologic malignancies, corticosteroid therapies, intensive care unit stays, mechanical ventilations, central venous catheter implantations, previous hospitalization, and antibiotic-related exposures (antifungals, carbapenems, quinolones, and cephalosporins).

Conclusions
Study findings highlight the importance of routine surveillance to control carbapenem resistance and suggest that patients with nosocomial KP infection have a very high prevalence of CRKP.
Christianity and Illiberal Politics
Authors: Hennig Anja 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to map empirically and frame conceptually the ways in which, particularly in Europe, illiberal politics are linked with “Christianity,” which refers not only to the religion but also to the construction of identity-political narratives. The “Christianity-illiberalism” nexus refers to Christian actors staunchly opposed to progressive morality politics; to a political and secular appropriation of Christianity that opposes the migration of Muslims by constructing them as a civilizational “Other”; to a sense of Christian nationalism; and to the idea of a European (Judeo-)Christian civilization. After systematizing different types of actors, their narratives, and contested issues, the final section offers a typology of how Christianity and illiberal politics are entangled. The chapter concludes by arguing that Christianity can be mobilized in a secularizing Europe because of the ambivalence that is inherent to modernization and globalization, creating a climate for identity-political needs and the appropriation of the illiberal potential of Christian religion.
The Illiberalism of Fox News
Authors: Peck Reece 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter theorizes the similarities and differences between populism and nationalism through the case of Fox News, conservative America’s main news source. The first sections chart the Fox News careers of Donald Trump and Tucker Carlson to explain the rise of ethno-nationalist discourse in the United States. The nativist logic at the core of their ethno-nationalist politics puts these conservative icons at odds with liberal conceptions of nationhood. The following sections reveal the discursive processes through which Fox pundits like Carlson articulate ethno-nationalist political appeals with populist class critiques. The goal of this programming strategy is, I argue, to create a cross-connotation between ethno-nationalism and populism. Consequently, one type of politics seems to evoke the other. But it is a mistake for analysts to fall for this strategy in their own analysis by conflating populism with ethno-nationalism a priori, a tendency that is all too common in writing on populism.
Populism as Democratic Illiberalism
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
When all is said (mostly by the massive bibliography on populism) and done (mostly by the ever-growing number of populist regimes globally), modern populism is a novel political system that combines two core elements—the democratic method with illiberal values. Hence modern populism is appropriately conceived and minimally defined as “democratic illiberalism.” In this understanding, populism is finely distinguished from both liberal democratic and autocratic political systems. Based on these conceptual and theoretical propositions, the chapter has three aims. First, it elucidates the intimate relationship of populism with illiberalism. Second, it contrasts populism with other illiberal systems, both democratic and nondemocratic. Third, it proposes a comprehensive political systems typology inclusive of populism. The conceptual and theoretical clarity thus gained is expected to help make better sense of the renewed surge of illiberal politics that is evident around the world.
Illiberal Constitutionalism in Central and Eastern European States
Authors: Drinóczi Tímea , Bień-Kacała Agnieszka 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) share a similar history, which created identities and value preferences that could accommodate illiberal constitutionalism. Nevertheless, illiberal constitutionalism has to date emerged only in Hungary and Poland, which have witnessed the gradual transformation of their political and legal systems (albeit to differing extents) over the past decade. The distinctive factor of illiberal transformation seems to be a charismatic leader who is willing to turn the existing constitutionalism into its illiberal version and attracts support for this project. Although other EU member states in the region have exhibited certain patterns of illiberalism, governing majorities have not transformed their respective constitutional systems into illiberal constitutionalism. In these cases, illiberalism—which may take the form of illiberal ideas in society, exclusion of certain ideas and people, and actions against the EU—remains only an element in political discourse rather than a dominating fact within constitutional and political regimes.
Translation/Adaptation
Authors: Brueck Laura 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers multiple iterations of the Bengali detective Byomkesh Bakshi: in dozens of mid-century Bengali novellas by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay, in a popular Doordarshan television serial in the 1990s, and in a big-budget Bollywood blockbuster in 2015. Together, these various versions of Byomkesh create an evolving storyworld where Byomkesh grows from a local, vernacular, hometown hero, to a beloved pan-Indian icon, to an international export and an emblem of Indian popular culture on a global stage. This chapter explores how the contours of Byomkesh’s expanding storyworld mobilize the national work/work of the nation that Byomkesh is doing across the decades, with a specific focus on how the nature of that work is shaped by language, setting, and medium.
Introduction
Authors: Anjaria Ulka , Nerlekar Anjali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The task of compiling chapters for a book as vast in topic as a Handbook of modern Indian literatures is a challenging one. The Introduction takes a self-reflexive look at the project, highlighting the rationale behind the editorial decisions. Noting the paradigm of monolingualism under which much of literary scholarship on Indian literature suffers, the Handbook offers a multilingual and comparative approach to modern Indian literatures. Highlighting the melding of the trajectories of region, language, and borders, along with a close reading of texts and literary archives, the Introduction provides a fuller picture of the energetic space of scholarship on Indian literature even while interrogating and crossing the borders of the nation as narrowly understood. The Handbook will show the deep connections and collaborations across the limits of genre, language, nation, and region, producing a literature of diverse contact zones that generates newer questions of form, location, technique, culture, and society.