bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal study of dental arch relationships in Australian Aboriginals with reference to alternate intercuspation
Authors: Brown Tasman , Abbott Amanda H. , Burgess Vivian B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe patterns of age change in dental arch breadths and depths were studied longitudinally in Australian Aboriginals, 92 males and 68 females. Three types of change in relative arch dimensions were recognized: a divergent pattern in which the differences between maxillary and mandibular dimensions increased with age, a convergent pattern in which the differences decreased, and a parallel pattern in which the arch differences remained metrically stable. The feature that best distinguished the Aboriginals from Caucasian groups was the high frequency of subjects, 71% of males and 40% of females, who showed a divergent growth pattern. The association between divergent growth in arch breadths and the development of alternate intercuspation, which is characterized by an inability to occlude the teeth on both sides of the arch at the same time, is discussed.
Jugular foramen and mylohyoid bridging in an Asian Indian population
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Kiely Michael L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of jugular foramen and mylohyoid groove bridging was studied in a population of East Asian Indian skulls (125 males and 109 females). The criteria of Dodo (J. Anat. 144:153–165, 1986) was used in the identification of a jugular bridge. There was an overall incidence of 8.1% in jugular foramen bridging, with males showing a higher rate, though the difference did not reach statistical significance. The right side showed a statistically significant greater occurrence than the left, and the trait tended to be associated between sides. The overall incidence of mylohyoid bridging was found to be 2.6%, with no difference observed between the sexes. This frequency is less than the values reported for other Asian Indian studies. Studies concerned with the incidences of nonmetric traits such as bony bridging may be useful in population studies especially when utilized in combination, thereby enhancing the value of each trait as an anthropological tool.
Comparative study of mesiodistal crown diameters and arch dimensions between indigenous British and Pakistani immigrant populations
Authors: Radnzic D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOver the last two decades, the United Kingdom has seen an increase in the number of immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, mainly Pakistan. The amount of information that is available regarding parameters such as mesiodistal crown diameters and dental arch dimensions is, however, somewhat limited for this population.An investigation was carried out to compare corresponding mesiodistal crown diameters and arch dimensions between samples of the indigenous British population in Leeds (England) and the Pakistani immigrant population living in Rochdale (England). Measurements were taken from dental casts.The results showed that there were no significant differences between the two ethnic groups in corresponding mesiodistal crown diameters or arch dimensions. Data are provided for the Pakistani immigrant population in Britain.
Effect of altitude on the lung function of high altitude residents of European ancestry
Authors: Greksa Lawrence P. , Spielvogel Hilde , Paz‐Zamora Mario , Caceres Esperanza , Paredes‐Fernández Luis 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), and ratio of FEV to FVC (%FEV) of 161 male and 158 female youths of European ancestry who were born at high altitudes and who were residing in La Paz, Bolivia (average altitude of 3,600 m) were examined and compared with those for lowland Europeans and highland Aymara Amerindians. FVC and FEV were significantly larger (p < .001) in the La Paz Europeans than in two lowland control samples of European ancestry, with the relative differences between samples varying from small (1.5–4.1%) to moderate (7.7–11.9%). It could not be determined whether the enhanced lung volumes of the La Paz European children were acquired through an accelerated development of lung volumes relative to stature during adolescence, as is the case for Amerindian highlanders. After controlling for body and chest size, FVC and FEV were significantly smaller in the La Paz Europeans than in highland Aymara (p < .001), suggesting that the lung volumes of the Aymara are influenced by factors other than simply growth and development at high altitude. Finally, as found in Amerindians, chest size is an important determinant of intra‐individual variation in lung function among highland Europeans.
A principal components analysis of human odontometrics
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has long been recognized that tooth crown diameters in hominoids are all positively intercorrelated one with another. This study reports on sex‐specific correlation matrices derived from 2,650 individuals from the Solomon Islands, Melanesia. Mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of all permanent teeth from one side are used, excluding third molars. Analysis discloses significant sex dimorphism in the strengths of the intercorrelations, with females being better integrated. Principal components analysis (PCA) provides an objective means of data reduction (shown here to be preferable to simple size summation methods) and decorrelation of the resulting linear combinations. Four components are extracted (with results being virtually identical in the two sexes) and arguments are put forth that varimax rotation to “a simpler solution” may be counterproductive. Before rotation, the four components are 1) overall size, 2) buccolingual widths contrasted with mesiodistal lengths, 3) anterior (I,C) contrasted with posterior (P,M) teeth, and 4) premolars contrasted with molars. Most of the explained (shared) variance (63%) extracted by PCA is in overall size of the dentition. There is a strong urge to view the results of these principal components analyses as reflective of biologically and genetically meaningful entities.
Dermatoglyphic variation and weight and length at birth
Authors: Loesch Danuta Z. , Przybyla Beata 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRelationships between dermatoglyphic variables, including finger ridge counts and finger, palmar, and plantar pattern intensities, and weight and length at birth, were tested in a sample of 184 boys and 202 girls from Warsaw schools. No convincing evidence for such relationships has been obtained from the results of correlations and one‐way analysis of variance, although there are indications that some palmar traits may be related to length at birth in females.The data agree with the common belief that birth weight and birth length are mainly determined by influences operating in later stages of pregnancy, that is, after the 20th gestational week.
Diachronic patterns of change in structural properties of the femur in the prehistoric American Southwest
Authors: Brock Sharon L. , Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDiachronic patterns of change in the femoral diaphysis are examined in archaeological skeletal samples from the American Southwest. Three cultural periods differing in subsistence‐settlement strategies are represented: Early Villages (A.D. 500–1150), Abandonments (A.D. 1150–1300), and Aggregated Villages (A.D. 1300–1540). Relevant properties of cross‐sectional geometry and bone density were obtained using computerized tomography. Temporal trends in geometry suggest that activity levels increased between Early Villages and Abandonments, then declined during Aggregated Villages. In both sexes, femoral shape became more circular, and bending stresses were reduced in the a‐p plane through time. Compared to the other periods, bone density was the lowest during Abandonments in both sexes. The reduction in bone density may reflect declining nutritional quality through time that was especially poor during the Abandonments period. Patternings in sexual dimorphism suggest that Abandonments males may have been more sensitive to nutritional stress than contemporary females.
Scaling of growth and life history traits relative to body size, brain size, and metabolic rate in Lorises and Galagos (Lorisidae, primates)
Authors: Rasmussen D. Tab , Izard M. Kay 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA broad range of variation in body size, brain size, and metabolic rate occurs within the primate family Lorisidae, thus providing an opportunity to examine the relationship of these three parameters to variation in growth and life history traits. Data on adult body weight, gestation length, lactation length, age at first estrus, litter size, and growth parameters were collected from a captive colony of four lorisid species, Loris tardigradus, Nycticebus coucang, Galago crassicaudatus, and G. senegalensis. The data presented here constitute the most complete life history information available for these poorly understood prosimian species. Correlation and allometric analyses were performed to determine the relationships between variables. Among the lorisids studied, adult body weight, adult cranial capacity, and relative cranial capacity did not predict variation in life history traits. Adult basal metabolic rate predicted most of the variability in gestation length, lactation length, and growth parameters. Lorisines differ from similarly sized galagines in having lower basal metabolic rates, slower growth rates, slower developmental rates, and smaller litter sizes, resulting in reduced reproductive potential. This may be a consequence of lorisine adaptation to a diet of toxic insects. Metabolic rate and diet may be among the most important parameters to examine in any study of life history evolution.
Genetic markers in the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars of Northwestern India
Authors: Balgir R. S. , Sharma J. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA comparative study of serogenetic markers was carried out among the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars from Northwestern India. From each isolate of Gujjars, 200 adult couples were examined for the A1A2BO and Rhesus blood groups, ABH secretion, the serum proteins haptoglobins, transferrins, and albumins, and 200 male subjects were examined for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency. The study showed that the Muslim Gujjars differ significantly from their counterpart, the Hindu Gujjars. The differentiation that has occurred among the Muslim Gujjars may be attributed to their geographical dispersal in diverse habitats, the inflow of genes from Islamic invaders as well as non‐Islamic surrounding populations, the inbreeding effect, and the comparative breeding isolation. The genetic affinities of the Hindu Gujjars with the Jats and Rajputs provide strong evidence for their common ethnic origin and probably their recent fissioning owing to biosocial practices and occupational patterns. The computed genetic distance matrix shows diversity of Ahirs from all the concerned population groups.
Odontometric profile of a prehistoric southeastern Florida population
Authors: Yaşar İşcan Mehmet 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study analyzes and compares the dental size variation and sexual dimorphism of the Highland Beach Mound people, a late southeastern prehistoric aboriginal Florida population (ca. 800–1200 AD) with a somewhat earlier midwestern group (ca. 200–800 AD) and an Archaic sample (ca. 4160–2558 BC). The lengths and breadths of maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth of 99 individuals were measured, and crown surface areas were calculated for the molars. Results indicated that there was little sexual dimorphism. Only the mesiodistal dimensions of the upper P2 and lower C were significantly different at the P < 0.05 level. In terms of dental size, what appears to be a chronologically based reduction in most points of comparison was seen in all three groups, with the exception of the molars, which were larger in the Highland Beach sample than in the earlier Schultz Mound.
Caries prevalences among geochemical regions of Missouri
Authors: Hildebolt C. F. , Elvin‐Lewis M. , Molnar S. , McKee J. K. , Perkins M. D. , Young K. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOur objectives were to determine how the prevalences of caries in elementary school children vary between geochemically defined regions of the state of Missouri and to compare this variation with that found for prehistoric Missouri inhabitants (Hildebolt et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75:1–14, 1988). Caries data on 6,584 school children were used in the study of second and sixth graders drinking optimally and suboptimally fluoridated water. Geochemical regions were based on maps recently published by the United States Geological Survey. Differences in mean caries scores and proportions of children with caries were tested by analysis of covariance, analysis of variance, Student t, and chi‐squared tests. We found that caries prevalences do vary between the geochemical regions of the state. In the total sample, however, there were no significant differences between those children drinking optimally fluoridated water and those drinking suboptimally fluoridated water. We conclude that there is variation in caries rates among geochemically defined regions of the state and that geochemical factors associated with young parent materials may be antagonizing the action of fluoride.
Morphological and metrical comparison of San and Central Sotho dentitions from southern Africa
Authors: Haeussler A. M. , Irish J. D. , Morris D. H. , Turner C. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComparative morphological and metrical study of San and Central Sotho dentitions indicates that the teeth of the two samples are significantly different from one another. The San dental complex contains traits that add mass to the occlusal surface of microdontic dentitions: moderate low‐grade UI1 (13.5%) and UI2 shoveling (24.7), high Bushman canine (43.1%), fairly low UM2 hypocone reduction (23.3%), high UM2 cusp 5 (55.6%), high LM1 cusp 7 (35.2%), LM1 distal trigonid crest (7.1%), LM2 deflecting wrinkle (5.3%), lack of reduction of LM1 and LM2 cusp number, in the presence of very low UM1 Carabelli's trait (6.7%) and high LM2 Y‐groove (86.3%). Culturally, males occasionally exhibit filed UI1 and females are missing LI1. Conversely, mesodontic Central Sotho dentitions display a more simplified morphology, with the exception of moderately high incidence of UM1 Carabelli's trait (41.0%) and very high LM1 cusp 7 (71.3%). Discriminant analysis of mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and tooth crown surface area data for the left maxillary teeth supports classification of San dentitions as microdont and Central Sotho dentitions as mesodont. Additionally, metrical analysis indicates that San teeth are more sexually dimorphic than are those of Central Sotho.
The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the evolution of bipedality
Authors: Latimer Bruce , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCalcanei from African apes, modern humans, and Australopithecus afarensis are compared to investigate the anatomical and mechanical changes that occurred in this bone as a result of the transition to terrestrial bipedality. Features analyzed include the cross‐sectional area and volume of the calcaneal tuber, the geometry and orientation of the articular surfaces, and the surface topography of the calcaneal corpus. Calcaneal morphology is unequivocal in its partitioning of quadrupedal pongids and bipedal hominids.
Creeping patterns of human adults and infants
Authors: Sparrow W. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe patterns of swing and support for the hands‐and‐feet or hands‐and‐knees gaits (creeping) of human adults and infants are compared based on data from a number of studies. Human infants show considerable variability in their creeping gait patterns, whereas adult patterns are less variable and fairly consistent after a few minutes of practice. Creeping on hands‐and‐knees appears to dictate a gait pattern characteristically different from creeping on hands‐and‐feet. The highly inefficient nature of adult creeping supports the view that our early hominid ancestors were poorly adapted to quadrupedal locomotion. Data obtained from high‐speed film analysis of human creeping patterns show that the number of foot lengths per stride in creeping is about twice that for normal upright walking at the same speed. The support pattern of human creeping is different from that of nonhuman primates. These findings are discussed in the context of debate concerning the origin of the Laetoli hominid footprints and the knuckle‐walking hypothesis.
Small tooth sizes in a nineteenth century South Carolina plantation slave series
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Rathbun Ted A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSub‐Saharan African (and derived) populations typically exhibit larger mean tooth crown diameters than whites in spite of considerable population variability. We report on a 19th century series of American black slaves from a single cemetery near Charleston, South Carolina, that possessed notably smaller crown sizes. Analysis identifies a characteristic set of differences compared to caucasians, including retention of large maxillary lateral incisors and disproportinately large premolars and molars. Regression of principal components scores (derived from the mesiodistal diameters) on the sum of all diameters (used here as a measure of overall tooth mass) confirms a basic ethnic difference between black and white odontometrics: significantly more of the tooth mass is apportioned to the cheek teeth (premolars, molars) in blacks than whites. The difference (expressed as residuals from linear regression on tooth mass) holds for the several groups assessed here despite considerable intergroup variability in tooth sizes. Potential explanations for the notably small diameters of this plantation series are speculative, but may involve kin‐based divergences and/or reflect the natural intergroup differences extant in the African slave sources.
Research on the Efe and Lese populations of the Ituri forest, Zaire
Authors: Bailey Robert C. , Devore Irven 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSince 1980, as part of the Ituri Project, researchers have been studying numerous aspects of the biology, health, economy, and social relations of Efe (Pygmies) and Lese villagers living in the Ituri Forest region of north‐eastern Zaire. The Efe are seminomadic people who hunt and gather forest resources for their own consumption and for exchange with sedentary subsistence farmers. The Lese are Sudanic‐speaking subsistence farmers who practice shifting slash‐and‐burn horticulture and live in semipermanent villages. Relations between the Efe and Lese have been close for many generations and extend beyond economic exchange to include most aspects of ritual and social life.This paper serves as an introduction to five subsequent papers that report findings from research on these two forest‐living populations. It provides background information concerning the ecology and history of human occupation of the Ituri region of central Africa; it describes the study area and the study populations; it discusses how the annual subsistence cycles of the Efe and Lese relate to rainfall and food availability; and it provides further information concerning Ituri Project research during the last 7 years.
Paleoepidemiology of a central California prehistoric population from CA‐Ala‐329: Dental disease
Authors: Jurmain Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAla‐329 is a prehistoric central California site located on the southeastern margin of San Francisco Bay, dating from approximately 500 AD up to pre‐European contact. A large earth mound, Ala‐329, has yielded many well preserved burials, approximately 300 of which are included in this study. The most common pathological lesions seen in this population are in the dentition. Advanced attrition is pervasive, affecting all individuals with teeth in occlusion for 2 years or more. Deciduous teeth are involved even in very young children and often show severe wear before replacement. In the permanent dentition, all elements are involved by the second decade; in the oldest age category (41 + years), all individuals show severe wear throughout their dentitions. In fact, by the end of the third decade, the majority of individuals have no enamel remaining. Mild periodontal involvement is found in 74% of adults, socket resorption in 53%, and abscesses in 31% of the relevant sample. Interestingly, although dental abscesses are found more than twice as often among males, socket resorption is seen more often among females. Dental caries are seen in only 10 individuals. The high incidence of peridontal remodeling, socket resorption, and dental abscesses is probably a secondary result of severe dental attrition. It is hypothesized that a large quantity of abrasives in the diet is responsible for the extreme degree of attrition, in fact, among the most severe for any population yet described.“Something is always going wrong with our teeth. They don't last anything like a lifetime, usually. What chain of events in evolution should we thank for our mouthfuls of rotting crockery?” —Kurt Vonnegut, Galapagos, 1985.
Modeling the prehistoric Maori population
Authors: Brewis Alexandra A. , Molloy Maureen A. , Sutton Douglas G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSkeletal and comparative evidence of mortality is combined with fertility estimates for the precontact Maori population of New Zealand to determine the implied rate of precontact population growth. This rate is found to be too low to populate New Zealand within the time constraints of its prehistoric sequence, the probable founding population size, and the probable population size at contact. Rates of growth necessary to populate New Zealand within the accepted time span are calculated. The differences between this minimum necessary rate and the skeletally derived rate are too large to result solely from inadequacies in the primary data. Four alternative explanations of this conundrum are proposed: 1) skeletal evidence of precontact mortality is highly inaccurate; 2) skeletal evidence of fertility is severely underestimating actual levels; 3) there was very rapid populatin growth in the earliest part of the sequence up to 1150 A.D., from which no skeletal evidence currently is available; or 4) the prehistoric sequence of New Zealand may have been longer than the generally accepted 1,000–1,200 years. These alternative are examined, and a combination of the last two is found to be the most probable. The implications of this model for New Zealand prehistory and Oceanic paleodemography are discussed.
Age variations in the relation of body mass indices to estimates of body fat and muscle mass
Authors: Micozzi Marc S. , Harris Tamara M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn some chronic disease studies, distinctions have been made regarding the importance of body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor in younger versus older men and women. In order to determine the significance of these differences in BMI‐disease associations, we determined the extent of age‐dependent variations in the relation of BMIs to body composition in large probablity samples of U.S. men and women from the First and Second U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II). BMIs are more highly correlated with estimates of body fat in younger than in older men and women, and with muscle mass in older than in younger adults. Caution should be exercised in interpreting the significance of BMI as a risk factor for chronic disease, particularly in comparison of age groups.