bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Entailment
Authors: Russell Gillian K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A barrier to entailment exists if you can’t get conclusions of a certain kind from premises of another. One of the most famous barrier theses in philosophy is Hume’s Law, which says that you can’t get normative conclusions from descriptive premises, or in slogan form: you can’t get an ought from an is. This barrier is highly controversial, and many famous counterexamples were proposed in the last century. But there are other barriers which function almost as philosophical platitudes: no Universal conclusions from Particular premises, no Future conclusions from premises about the Past, and no claims that attribute Necessity from premises that merely tell us how things happen to be in the Actual world. Barriers to Entailment proposes a unified logical account of five barriers that have played important roles in philosophy. In the process it shows how to diagnose proposed counterexamples and argues that the case for Hume’s Law is as strong as that for the other barriers.
Can, Should, Will
Authors: Russell Gillian K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first chapter in Part II—on complex logics—and it raises one of the book’s key issues. We study problems for Hume’s Law stemming from the interaction between deontic and modal operators (e.g. ought implies can) by looking at parallel interactions between tense and modal operators, and in particular will implies can. This chapter sharpens these issues by developing a hybrid tense-modal logic which validates these claims. It identifies four possible responses to the counterexample: argue that the premises are really Future, that the conclusion is not Future, deny the validity of the argument and modify the theorem to admit of exceptions.
All the Barriers
Authors: Russell Gillian K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter represents the culmination of the formal work in the book: it brings all the barriers together as proofs about a single complex logic containing quantifiers, indexicals, tense, modal, and deontic operators. Each of the five barriers is a consequence of a single Limited General Barrier Theorem. This completes the part of the book that aims at a unified metalogical proof of the five barriers. It also resolves an issue that has plagued the debate over Hume’s Law: is the negation of a normative sentence always normative? The answer turns out to depend on whether the R-relation used to define the conclusion class—the set of normative sentences—is symmetric.
Energy flow
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is not discussed in most ecology textbooks. It follows from thermodynamic ideas that all organisms must draw free energy from their environment and return waste products back to their environment. Microorganisms often play a central role in the decomposition of these waste products but are often ignored in food web studies. The possible importance of ideas of maximum entropy production (MEP) to global ecology is also discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The deeply fractious political climate after the Civil War was a negative peace, and barely that. The disquiet that comes through in Abraham Lincoln’s Speech on Reconstruction was not misplaced. Had Lincoln not been assassinated, there is little reason to think that he would have been able to realize the hope that he expressed in his Second Inaugural Address for “a just, and a lasting peace amongst ourselves.” Yet, the substantial achievements of the peace movement during this period are worth holding in mind, for they fed directly into the later, more successful efforts that shaped the world we now inhabit. This short conclusion briefly projects forward to later developments in peace activism and scholarship and then recaps central themes of the book.
Estimation and confidence
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our data is just a sample from a larger population. We are interested in the properties of that population and must use the information provided by the sample to deduce those properties. An obvious estimate of the population mean is the sample mean. In this chapter we examine how accurate that estimate is likely to be. We use the notion of a confidence interval which gives a range of values within which the unknown population parameter is likely to fall. The discussion introduces the so-called normal distribution, which is a consequence of the central limit theorem. The normal distribution is just the first of a number of important distributions that are introduced in this chapter. For handling population proportions, the relevant distribution is the binomial distribution; for events that happen at random points in time and/or space, it is the Poisson distribution that is relevant, with the intervals between random events being described by an exponential distribution. Other distributions introduced here are the chi-squared and Weibull distributions.
Last words
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This short chapter gives general advice concerning effective data analysis. The analyst should not expect to run a computer program and obtain a final answer. This is because almost all data sets will have quirks. It is essential that the analyst knows how the data have been obtained and expects that the records are less than 100% accurate. The analyst should expect missing information, unconscious biases, and incorrectly entered data. The use of diagrams to look a sections of the data or particular variables is encouraged.
The Germ of Justice
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Germ of Justice collects a series of essays that examine three clusters of problems in general jurisprudence: the nature of law, the relations between law and morality, and the demands law makes of its officers and subjects. Leslie Green argues that while law is a social construction, it does not rest on social conventions, and while all law is positive law, there are necessary connections between law and morality. Green defends an instrumentalist theory of law and a sceptical view of law’s pretensions. He examines how far jurisprudence can learn from the social sciences and from feminism, the role of conceptual analysis in the subject, and its prospects for progress. En route, Green subjects to fresh scrutiny the doctrines of Hume, Kelsen, Hart, Dworkin, Finnis, and Raz. This major re-statement and re-examination of legal positivism will be accessible to students and researchers in law, politics, and philosophy.
Law as a Means
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends an instrumentalist thesis about law, by showing that it belongs to an instrumental conception of law that is accepted by most legal philosophers, whether they be positivists or not. It then tries to make plausible an interpretation of that conception by showing that influential charges against it cannot stand. At the same time, not all versions of instrumentalism survive unscathed. We have to abandon Hans Kelsen’s view that law is essentially a coercive instrument, as well as Lon Fuller’s supposition that if law were an instrument, then it could only have instrumental value. Other familiar charges against instrumentalism turn out to be a matter of guilt by mistaken association. This provides indirect support for the view that law is a modal, rather than functional kind: its means are more distinctive than its ends.
Procedural Positive Obligation to Investigate
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains that national authorities are under the positive obligation to conduct effective investigation into allegations that individuals have been harmed. Two types of investigative duties are distinguished. The content of the first type can be formulated as a general obligation of having an effective judicial system so that light can be shed on the course of events that arguably led to harm. The second type can be framed as an obligation that has a more specific content since it requires the State to initiate a specific type of investigation, namely an official criminal investigation. These obligations impose specific requirements that can vary depending on the source of the harm (ie harm inflicted by state actors, by non-state actors, or linked with arguable omissions). These variations also affect how the proceedings at national should be initiated, considered effective, and when they might demand cooperation with other States.
Making Bank
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Commercial gaming venues emerged in metropolitan London, and in print and archival sources, from the beginning of the eighteenth century. The late medieval statute under which most gaming was prosecuted in the ‘long eighteenth century’ was not originally aimed at commercial gaming enterprises, which did not yet exist in the sixteenth century, but at recreational facilities like bowling greens or tennis courts. From the later seventeenth century, however, there are descriptions of a very different sort of establishment, in which the facilitation of games of chance was a critical source of profit. By the second decade of a new century, commercial gaming operations focused on ‘banking’ games were sufficiently widespread in public accommodations in the metropolis for authorities to take notice.
The Groom Porter’s Dodge
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relationship between courtly and commercial gaming in Augustan Westminster and elsewhere resulted in real and perceived administrative anomalies. Much of the uncertainty contributing to the nebulous status of gaming in the metropolis emanated from the peculiar status of gaming in the royal household. In Britain as on the continent, gaming was often inflected with courtly privilege, which could overlap or create friction with the institutions and initiatives of government at both the national and local level. The coexistence of licit gaming in the Groom Porter’s lodge in Whitehall Palace and illicit gaming only a few streets away reflected unsettled jurisdictions, contested spaces, and problematic boundaries between public and private.
Introduction
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the wide range of attitudes and characterizations of New Englishes, both in popular discourse and in scholarship. These competing views call for an empirical account based on the full range of types of speakers and types of language use observed in such heterogenous social situations. The chapter outlines methods and data used to explore how early nonnative encounters with colonial British English evolved into established new dialects with millions of native speakers in these two regions. The approach taken integrates perspectives and methods from the study of native dialects, learner language, and language contact to move beyond debates over whether such varieties involve learner deficits or dialect patterns.
Dialect Identity
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Turning to the question of dialect self-perception, this chapter looks at how speakers of Indian English respond to contact with American English. One measure of affiliation to a new dialect is how much a speaker adjusts their accent when they encounter a standard, native variety. Indian English speakers show an emergent self-confidence in their accent, regardless of their measurable level of proficiency in English, an indication of their burgeoning endonormative stabilization. Qualitative analysis of expressed attitudes and wider language ideologies shows, however, that this shift to a new Indian dialect identity is only partial and fairly selective. In particular, it shows exonormative conservatism in grammar to secure native speaker rights, alongside more endonormative social indexicality in accent.
Abstraction and Experimentation in Comics
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines abstract and experimental comics that push the notions of abstraction and simplification associated with comics, fundamentally challenging questions of composition, representation, reference, identification, and access. Due to these challenges, they may be said to challenge readerly engagement and by extension the cognitive framework developed so far. How do readers think through such reductions in multimodal expression to come to some form of interpretation of this textuality? This chapter expands the cognitive theory to engage with interpretive possibilities that are generated through improvisational qualities of cognition, including the experience of fictive motion and fictive change that lead to notions of temporality, agentivity, and narrativity in abstract forms. It shows that even in abstract and experimental comics, modal and multimodal glimpses of agency offer opportunities to build meanings that explore the foundations of mediation and expressivity in comics and can even offer political and decolonial implications for readers.
The Chronographic Fallacy of Unilinear Music Theory, Or, Un(Re)productive Temporality in Dichterliebe
Authors: Lee Gavin S. K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the theory of queer temporality to Dichterliebe, showing how previous analyses succumbed to chronographic fallacy—the assumption that one note necessarily leads to another in analytical graphs. Rather than the unilinear Schenkerian graph, the music of Dichterliebe occupies multiple temporalities, seen immediately in the opening song, wherein the non-developmental juxtaposition of minor/major passages, and deferred tonics, split temporality into shards. These temporal shards stand apart from the dual cyclic-linear temporalities that organized the private/public spheres of nineteenth-century Germany, reflecting the queer positionality of the poet in Dichterliebe who fails to achieve love and family. Against this poetic “waste,” several spheres of efficiency can be discerned under the capitalist regime of the past centuries: biopower and the utilitarian view of love and family in terms of the reproduction of the workforce, the resynchronization of the quotidian time of enslaved Africans into plantation production, and the eliminationist tendencies of unilinear Schenkerian theory that permits no deviations and meanderings, neither temporal nor racial. The eliminationism of Schenkerian theory is linked to reproductive heteronormativity and racism.
Introduction
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is commonplace to reject hypocritical blame. This shows that blame is interpersonal in an important sense. This book aims to 1) cast light on the nature of standing to blame; 2) show why considerations of standing apply to illocutionary acts other than blaming, including acts that do not appeal to moral norms; and 3) use these insights as a basis for making a grand claim about how part of morality is interpersonal in a sense often ignored in discussions of the main first-order moral theories. This chapter sets the stage for the ensuing discussion and provides a thumbnail sketch of the contents of the book. It then argues that the issue of standing is important even if blaming without standing is not a major moral wrong compared to some of the other moral wrongs that occupy moral philosophers (and others).
What, If Anything, Makes Hypocritical Blame Morally Wrong?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines three different kinds of accounts of why hypocritical blame is wrong. First, it explores distribution-focused accounts, i.e., accounts that explain the wrongness of hypocritical blame in terms of how it distorts the distribution of some good, in casu, esteem. Second, it critically assesses two versions of blamer-focused accounts, i.e., commitment- and wrong-attention-based accounts. Finally, it considers five blamer-blamee-relation-focused accounts: the moral authority, the reciprocity, the moral community, the falsehood, and finally, the moral equality accounts. The last account says that hypocritical blame is wrongful because of how the blamer relates to the blamee as a superior. The chapter argues that the moral equality account—which, note, is an account of a different matter than the moral equality account of standing to blame that we encountered in Chapter 2—offers the best account. However, it does not submit that hypocritical blame cannot be wrong, in part, because of the wrong-making features appealed to by the other accounts.
Praising
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Philosophers analyzing standing to blame have argued that (a) a blamer can lack the standing to blame an agent for an act even if the act is blameworthy; (b) standingless hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c) several factors other than hypocrisy can undermine standing to blame. However, very little attention has been given to the issue of standing to praise. This chapter defends two main claims. First is the claim that if (a)–(c) are true, then so are (a*)–(c*). The latter are (a*) a praiser can lack the standing to praise someone else for an act even if that act is praiseworthy; (b*) standingless hypocritical praise is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c*) several factors other than hypocrisy can undermine someone’s standing to praise. Facts about standing to blame reflect more general facts about standing to hold responsible. Second is the claim that (a*)–(c*) are true.
Forgiving
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many philosophers analyzing standing to blame have argued that (a) a blamer can lack standing to blame someone even if what that person did is blameworthy; (b) standingless hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c) factors other than hypocrisy can undermine standing to blame. Philosophers have yet to address the issue of standing to forgive. This chapter defends two main claims. First, the conditional claim that if (a)–(c) are true, then so are (a*)–(c*). The latter are (a*) a forgiver can lack standing to forgive someone else for an act even if there are reasons why this act is forgivable; (b*) standingless hypocritical forgiveness is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c*) factors other than hypocrisy can annul someone’s standing to forgive. Facts about standing to forgive reflect more general facts about the discretionary exercise of normative powers to change one’s conversational rights to blame and praise. In the course of defending this claim, the chapter introduces the notion of “fromtaking.” This term refers to the discretionary exercise of one’s normative powers to change whether one has the liberty right to praise a particular agent for a particular praiseworthy action (the negative equivalent of forgiving). The second claim for which the chapter argues is the claim that (a*)–(c*) are true.
The Musician's Journey
Authors: Timmons Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Musician’s Journey escorts musicians, performing artists, music teachers, and advanced music students along the road toward a successful career, offering a vast array of resources to guide them from envisioning the process to achieving the practical details. Jill Timmons provides key tools throughout the journey, from sources as diverse as the world of myth to current brain research, which illuminate compelling real-world examples of music entrepreneurs who forged their own paths to success. In addition to chapters on careers in higher education, guidance in how to develop a dynamic business plan, and effective time management, the expanded Second Edition includes up-to-date strategies for meeting the challenges of today’s current market place, including a greatly expanded section on grant writing and financial development. Moreover, there are diverse and inspiring stories taken from interviews with a range of successful musicians, along with personal narrative from the author’s work as a professional musician and consultant. The book includes an extensive bibliography of additional resources, and the companion website offers downloadable worksheets and questionnaires to assist the reader in igniting their own thriving musician’s journey.
Preparing for Change
Authors: Timmons Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes head head-on the power of change and discovering a new path to a thriving musical career. The underpinning of change resides in how we think and feel about the life of a successful artist. Moreover, adapting to change, exercising one’s imagination, engaging in lifelong learning and creative thinking, and encountering the numinous experience all can lead to artistic self-discovery. The author dives deep in this chapter, exploring how an understanding of brain neuroplasticity can propel one forward in creating all manner of change. Detachment, paradox, nonlinear time, and a quantum view of how we affect our reality are important considerations in looking at the brain, and in particular its neuroplasticity. Drawing upon the science of current brain research along with the insights of philosophers, artists, psychologists, and the like, the author gives us a road map to strategic change.
Creating Your Vision
Authors: Timmons Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The vision–plan continuum begins with the careful and artful crafting of one’s artistic vision. Chapter 5 delves deeply into the process of answering the soul’s call for authenticity and self-actualization. Exploring myth and metaphor, the author invites the reader to consider the creative process, a nonlinear pilgrimage into self-discovery and artistic creation. Each person’s process will be unique, and one’s inspired artistic vision-quest may have an ephemeral quality to it. Nevertheless, the author provides concrete methodologies and a navigational map to discover long held dreams and ultimately one’s calling.
Grant Writing
Authors: Timmons Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 8, the author turns to the subject of grant writing for musicians, and the unique skills needed to acquire funding for a temporal art form. Here, the author explores the ins and outs of producing a winning funding proposal; understanding the essentials of budgets; discovering key resources that list private foundations; government and corporate funding sources; and identifying the persuasive writing style required. Moreover, the author includes the nonprofit world since most artists at some time during their careers will work with these entities, either as partners in a funding project or even by adding a nonprofit arm to their own work. This chapter is also geared to the artist who is new to grant writing. There is an extensive narrative that includes how to find funding sources; what kind of grants typically support musical projects; how musicians can build their own consortium of support, building on the funding from many sources, and more. Additional scholarly sources are listed in this chapter as well. As the author points out, grant writing is not a special talent but rather a skill; a skill that can be acquired. Chapter 8 prepares you for the development of that skill.