bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The German study on sleep‐disordered breathing in primary school children: epidemiological approach, representativeness of study sample, and preliminary screening results
Authors: Schlaud Martin , Urschitz Michael S. , Urschitz‐Duprat Pilar M. , Poets Christian F. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryIn order to study the prevalence of habitual snoring (HS), obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), other aspects of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB), and their determinants, we enrolled a cross‐section of children from the population of third graders attending regular primary schools in Hannover, Germany. The recruitment strategy followed a multistage, probability‐clustered design. Selected schools were compared with eligible schools regarding the percentage of children with low socio‐economic status (SES). The recruitment process was analysed and response proportions calculated. Study subjects were compared with their school enrolment cohort based on anonymous data provided by school authorities. Habitual snoring and OSA were investigated using parental questionnaires and all children underwent nocturnal home pulse oximetry. There was a good overall representativeness of sampled schools with regard to the percentage of children with low SES. In total, 1760 children were contacted and 1144 (65.0%) agreed to participate. The whole process of self‐selection of study subjects was not differential by gender.Compared with their school enrolment cohort, study subjects had slightly higher educated parents. The prevalence of HS was estimated to be 10.1%[95% CI 8.3, 11.9%]; and 3.2%[2.2, 4.2%] and 3.9%[2.8, 4.2%] had an abnormally high OSA or SDB score respectively. Based on pulse oximetry, 2.4%[95% CI 1.5, 3.4%] had 3 D90and 3 DC, 1.0%[0.4, 1.6%] had the DI90 > 0.6, and 3.3%[2.2, 4.4%] had the DI4 > 3.9 and the DIC > 0.4. This study sample appears to be highly representative with regard to all available data from the population, and therefore suitable to study the prevalence of HS and OSA. Our prevalence estimates are in the range of other studies.
Effect of foliar‐applied potassium chloride on septoria leaf blotch of winter wheat
Authors: Mann R. L. , Kettlewell P. S. , Jenkinson P. 
Published: November 2004

The effect of foliar‐applied potassium chloride on Septoria tritici, the anamorph of Mycosphaerella graminicola, was quantified and possible modes of action investigated during controlled‐environment and field experiments. A field experiment in harvest year 1997 showed c. 50% reduction in the area of leaf 2 of winter wheat plants affected by septoria leaf blotch after foliar application of potassium chloride, compared with untreated controls. Similarly, in harvest year 1998 potassium chloride reduced, by about one‐third, the area of the flag and penultimate leaf affected by S. tritici. However, a significant yield increase was not observed, although grains m−2 did show an increase of borderline significance. Applications of epoxiconazole reduced the area of leaf 4 affected by S. tritici compared with untreated controls, whereas applications of chlorothalonil, potassium chloride or polyethylene glycol proved ineffective against disease development. This may suggest that potassium chloride is relatively immobile and possesses contact activity similar to that of chlorothalonil. In 1998, similar reductions in leaf area affected were observed with the inert osmoticum polyethylene glycol in the field, suggesting that the control provided by potassium chloride may be achieved by adverse osmotic effects on the pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy of germinating conidia on wheat plants showed inhibition of conidial germination by both potassium chloride and polyethylene glycol at the same calculated osmotic potential on the leaf surface.
Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: influence on apothecial production
Authors: Jones E. E. , Clarkson J. P. , Mead A. , Whipps J. M. 
Published: November 2004

The effects of different inocula of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans on carpogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at different times of year were assessed. A series of three glasshouse box bioassays was used to compare the effect of five spore‐suspension inocula of C. minitans, including three different isolates (Conio, IVT1 and Contans), with a standard maizemeal–perlite inoculum. Apothecial production, as well as viability and C. minitans infection of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia buried in treated soil, were assessed. Maizemeal–perlite inoculum at 107 CFU per cm3 soil reduced sclerotial germination and apothecial production in all three box bioassays, decreasing sclerotial recovery and viability in the second bioassay and increasing C. minitans infection of sclerotia in the first bioassay. Spore‐suspension inocula applied at a lower concentration (104 CFU per cm3 soil) were inconsistent in their effects on sclerotial germination in the three box bioassays. Temperature was an important factor influencing apothecial production. Sclerotial germination was delayed or inhibited when bioassays were made in the summer. High temperatures also inhibited infection of sclerotia by C. minitans. Coniothyrium minitans survived these high temperatures, however, and infected the sclerotia once the temperature decreased to a lower level. Inoculum level of C. minitans was an important factor in reducing apothecial production by sclerotia. The effects of temperature on both carpogenic germination of sclerotia and parasitism of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.
Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: control of sclerotinia disease in glasshouse lettuce
Authors: Jones E. E. , Mead A. , Whipps J. M. 
Published: November 2004

The effects of Coniothyrium minitans inoculum quality and an 8‐week interval between inoculum application and crop planting on sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease in three successive lettuce crops were investigated in a glasshouse trial. Spore suspensions of three isolates of C. minitans (Conio, IVT1 and Contans) applied at 108 CFU m−2 and a standard Conio maizemeal–perlite application (06 L m−2, 1011 CFU m−2) were assessed for their ability to control S. sclerotiorum. Only the maizemeal–perlite inoculum (isolate Conio) consistently reduced sclerotinia disease. In the third lettuce crop only, isolates IVT1 and Contans formulated by Prophyta and isolate IVT as an oil–water formulation, all applied as spore suspensions, reduced disease at harvest compared with the untreated control. Recovery, viability and C. minitans infection of sclerotia buried during the 8‐week period prior to each of the three lettuce crops, and of sclerotia formed on the crop, were tested. Only the maizemeal–perlite inoculum (isolate Conio) reduced the recovery of sclerotia buried in soil for weeks between inoculum application and crop planting, reducing their viability and increasing infection by C. minitans. Eight weeks was sufficient to enable C. minitans to infect sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum, and may account for disease control. After harvest of the second and third crops, maizemeal–perlite treatment (isolate Conio) reduced the number and viability of sclerotia recovered on the soil surface and increased infection by C. minitans compared with spore‐suspension treatments. The effect of inoculum concentration and the influence of soil temperature (varying with time of year) on infection of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.
The Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone as the mantle edge of Baltica lithosphere: new evidence from three‐dimensional seismic anisotropy
Authors: Babuška Vladislav , Plomerová Jaroslava 
Published: November 2004

AbstractJoint analysis of shear‐wave splitting parameters and directional dependence of teleseismic P residuals based on data from the seismic experiment TOR across the Trans‐European Suture Zone suggest that the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (STZ) in northern Denmark forms the south‐western margin of Baltica in the upper mantle. Different lithosphere thickness and different orientation of seismic anisotropy in the mantle lithosphere identify three domains separated by the STZ between Denmark and southern Sweden and the Thor Suture between northern Germany and Denmark. We suggest that the anisotropy reflects frozen‐in olivine fabrics, most probably created during early stages of the evolution of the European continent. The middle Danish block might represent a microplate caught in between Avalonia and Baltica before the Caledonian orogeny.
Seismic reflection evidence for thick‐skinned tectonics in the northern Jura
Authors: Rotstein Y. , Schaming M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNewly released seismic reflection data from the northern Jura Mountains and southern Rhine Graben provide the first high‐quality subsurface images from this area. These throw light on the details of the fault patterns in the area, and show that the Ferrette and Le Glaserberg Jura structures are largely the result of thrust faulting. However, the faults differ in their nature from those usually assumed in Jura tectonics: they are not low‐angle thrusts converging on a decollement zone in Triassic evaporites. They appear instead to be high‐angle faults that cross the entire sedimentary section, indicating that thick‐skinned tectonics prevailed in this part of the Jura. Embryonic Jura folds can be seen on the images from the nearby Mulhouse Horst, folds that are not supported by thickened Triassic evaporites. The existence of recent earthquake activity, taken together with the prevalence of thick‐skinned tectonics, suggests that occasional large earthquakes cannot be ruled out in this area.
Flexural response of the Venetian foreland to the Southalpine tectonics along the TRANSALP profile
Authors: Barbieri C. , Bertotti G. , Di Giulio A. , Fantoni R. , Zoetemeijer R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Venetian Basin was affected by flexure related to the Southalpine shortening phase during the Middle Miocene – Early Pliocene. This downbending is quantified here using a two‐dimensional flexural model. A recently improved data set on basin geometry based on the bottom of the Serravallian–Tortonian clastic wedge, on palaeobathymetry and gravity anomalies is used to constrain the components of flexure and to test the importance of the initial bathymetry in evaluating the contribution of surface loads to deflection. A good fit is obtained assuming a northward broken plate configuration of the downbent Adriatic plate with an effective elastic thickness of 20 km. Results highlight that, in the studied region, flexure related to the Eastern Southern Alps is totally due to surface loads (topographic load partly replacing initial bathymetry) and that no hidden loads are required. Furthermore, the palaeobathymetry contributes up to 50% to the total flexure in the studied region.
Deep‐water anoxia over the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (La Serre, France): a tectonically induced oceanic anoxic event?
Authors: Tribovillard N. , Averbuch O. , Devleeschouwer X. , Racki G. , Riboulleau A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Frasnian–Famennian (F‐F) transition is well exposed in the basinal setting of La Serre (Montagne Noire, France), where oxygen‐deficient conditions prevailed in bottom environments. In this paper, we study the F‐F transition using inorganic geochemistry (notably, major elements, redox‐sensitive and/or sulphide‐forming trace metals, and productivity proxies). The results are compared with published data concerning the La Serre section, other F‐F sections and other geological formations also deposited in basinal settings. The very high enrichment in redox and productivity tracers indicates that anoxic conditions prevailed across the F‐F boundary, and that surface productivity was intense. Such deep‐water restricted conditions coupled with high productivity occurred in various places in Late Devonian oceans. Recycling alone cannot account for the intense nutrient supply and therefore the most probable source was via land runoff. We discuss the Eovariscan episode of uplift that stimulated rock weathering, and hence long‐term nutrient supply to the seas.
Fluid‐escape features as a precursor of a large sublacustrine sediment slide in Lake Le Bourget, NW Alps, France
Authors: Chapron E. , Van Rensbergen P. , De Batist M. , Beck C. , Henriet J. P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe north‐western corner of Lake Le Bourget is situated along an active fault zone and accommodated a large sediment supply from the Rhone River until the end of the Late Glacial period. On the delta slope, the Holocene sheet drape that covers the largest buried mass wasting deposit (the HDU) shows undulations, small fractures and discontinuities that are attributed to downslope creep. Evidence for episodes of vigorous fluid expulsion is found in association with these discontinuities. All these features are rooted at the top of the HDU and occur along two specific isobaths. These observations indicate a close link between fractures and focused fluid flow. We suggest that focused fluid flow triggered by earthquakes facilitates the formation of small‐scale faults that accommodate part of the downslope movement and eventually link up to form a head‐scarp of a large slide (c. 107 m3).
The effect of internal gas pressurization on volcanic edifice stability: evolution towards a critical state
Authors: Thomas Mark E. , Petford Nick , Bromhead Edward N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractResults from simple physical and numerical models investigating the effects of increased internal pore‐fluid pressures of a Mohr–Coulomb volcanic edifice are presented. Physical experiments make use of a heap built from angular sand on top of a stiff substrate of variable angle, with the provision for injection of internal fluid (gas) pressures into the base. The resulting failure geometries arising from internal pressurization of the model appear similar to some natural examples of sector collapse. Two‐dimensional limit equilibrium models analysing 42 500 possible failure surfaces were run with internal pressures (P0) in the range 5–35 MPa, and show that the potential critical failure surface migrates to increasingly deeper levels with increasing internal pressure. Although internal pressurization alone is unlikely to reduce the factor of safety (FS) below unity, the edifice is driven towards a state of criticality that will render in susceptible to any internal or external perturbations.
Diagnostische Wertigkeit des Nachweises von Antikörpern gegen Candida‐Keimschlauchantigene bei einer Patientin mit hepatolienaler Candidose
Authors: Wulf G. G. , Conradi I. , Rüchel R. 
Published: November 2004

ZusammenfassungBei einer 53jährigen Patientin mit akuter myeloischer Leukämie wurde bei Fieber in der späten Aplasie nach Chemotherapie die Diagnose einer invasiven Mykose mit charakteristischen Infiltrationen in der Leber und Milz gestellt. Zur serologischen Erkennung einer Candidose in der Frühphase der Infektion wurden zwei Nachweismethoden von Antikörpern gegen Candida‐Antigene verglichen. Der ELISA‐gestützte Nachweis von IgM und IgG Antikörpern gegen ein Gemisch von Candida‐Antigenen (ESR 117G und 117M, Virion‐Serion, Würzburg, Deutschland) zeigte die invasive Candidose deutlich früher (22 Tage) an als der Nachweis mittels Immunfluoreszenzdetektion von IgG Antikörpern gegen Candida‐Keimschlauchantigene (Vircell, Granada, Spanien). Im Fall der Patientin war die Detektion einer humoralen Immunantwort gegen Candida‐Keimschlauchantigene von geringer diagnostischer Bedeutung.
Candida‐ und Aspergillus‐Antikörper‐ELISA – Erwartungswerte positiver Antikörpernachweise aus Seren der klinisch‐mykologischen Routinediagnostik
Authors: Fegeler W. , Kipp F. 
Published: November 2004

ZusammenfassungUm eine bessere Einschätzung der Bedeutung von Erst‐ und Einzelbefunden beim Nachweis von Candida‐ und Aspergillus‐Antikörpern zu ermöglichen, wurden an Hand der ELISA‐Ergebnisse von mehr als 15.000 Serumproben der klinisch‐mykologischen Routinediagnostik für die Immunglobulinklassen IgM, IgG und IgA Erwartungswerte ermittelt. Die zu erwartende Häufigkeit positiver Antikörpernachweise wird entscheidend durch die Form der Diagnostik beeinflusst. Im Rahmen der Erstuntersuchungen waren qualitativ positiv zu bewertende Antikörpernachweise (Gesamtdiagnostik) in den verschiedenen Immunglobulin ‐ Klassen nachzuweisen für Candida‐Antikörper: IgM in 6,1%; IgG in 6,0% und IgA in 2,1% sowie für Aspergillus–Antikörper: IgM in 11,4%, IgG in 22,1% und IgA in 5,1%. Bei Erstuntersuchungen der Bedarfsdiagnostik lagen die Werte für Candida–Antikörper um den Faktor 2,5–3 höher. In der Verlaufsdiagnostik zeigen die Candida–Antikörper andere Verlaufsmuster in den Immunglobulinklassen als die Aspergillus–Antikörper.
Diagnose systemischerCandida‐Infektionen: Bewertung der Serologie, der Molekularbiologie und des D‐Arabinitol‐Nachweises
Authors: Bär W. , Beyreiß B. , Rebentisch G. , Juretzek T. 
Published: November 2004

ZusammenfassungZur Diagnose von systemischenCandida‐Infektionen bei Patienten einer Intensivstation wurden mehrere labortechnische Verfahren miteinander verglichen. Im ersten Zyklus wurden Antigen und Antikörper bei 104 Patienten untersucht. Bei 17 Patienten, die als infiziert eingestuft waren, wurden bei 9 Patienten ein positives Antigen und bei 11 Patienten erhöhte Antikörpertiter nachgewiesen. 42 Patienten waren nur kolonisiert. In dieser Gruppe wurden ein positives Antigen und sechs erhöhte Antikörpertiter nachgewiesen. Durch Kombination beider Werte konnte die Sensitivität von 58,8% (nur Antigen) bzw. 52,9% (nur Antikörper) auf 100% gesteigert werden. Im zweiten Zyklus (n = 83 Patienten) wurde zusätzlich der D‐Arabinitol/L‐Arabinitol‐Quotient (D‐Ara/L‐Ara‐Quotient) im Urin bestimmt. Hierbei wurde bei 18,1% ein erhöhter Antikörpertiter und bei 26,5% ein erhöhter D‐Ara/L‐Ara‐Quotient festgestellt. Im dritten Zyklus wurde noch zusätzlich die PCR eingesetzt (n = 27 Patienten). Fünf Patienten hatten einen erhöhten D‐Ara/L‐Ara‐Quotienten und einer von diesen ein positives PCR‐Signal im EDTA‐Blut. Serologische Methoden (Antigen‐, Antikörperbestimmung) sollten nur nach stringenter Vorauswahl der Patienten eingesetzt werden. Bei diagnostisch unklaren Fällen könnte der zusätzliche Einsatz von PCR oder Bestimmung des D‐Ara/L‐Ara‐Quotienten sinnvoll sein.
Erfahrungen mit dem Platelia®Candida ELISA zur Diagnostik invasiver Candida‐Infektionen bei neutropenischen Patienten
Authors: Rimek D. , Redetzke K. , Steiner B. , Podbielski A. 
Published: November 2004

ZusammenfassungDie invasive Candidose (IC) gehört zu den wichtigsten opportunistischen Pilzinfektionen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten. Die Diagnose ist schwierig zu stellen, da klinische Symptome unspezifisch sind und kulturelle Methoden niedrige Sensitivität oder Spezifität aufweisen. Wir evaluierten den Platelia®Candida Mannan Antigen Enzymimmunoassay (Candida EIA) zur Diagnostik einer IC bei hämatologischen Patienten. In die Studie eingeschlossen wurden 62 Patienten mit 469 Serumproben, von denen wöchentlich Mundspülwasser, Urin und Stuhlproben kulturell auf Candida untersucht wurden. Bei 42 Patienten (68%) wurden Sproßpilze angezüchtet, hauptsächlich Candida albicans (50%), gefolgt von Candida glabrata (23%) und Candida krusei (20%). Die Patienten wurden anhand der EORTC/NIH Kriterien in 4 Gruppen unterteilt: (i) 3 Patienten mit gesicherter IC; (ii) 6 Patienten mit wahrscheinlicher IC; (iii) 34 mit Candida kolonisierte Patienten; (iv) 19 Patienten ohne Candida Kolonisation oder IC. Der Candida EIA war in den Gruppen (i) bis (iv) bei 3/3 (100%), 3/6 (50%), 20/34 (59%) und 7/19 (37%) Patienten in mindestens einer Serumprobe positiv (>0,5 ng ml−1). Die Sensitivität des Tests zur Diagnostik der gesicherten IC betrug 100%, zur Diagnostik der gesicherten und wahrscheinlichen IC 67%, die Spezifität betrug in beiden Fällen 49%. Eine Anhebung des Positiv‐Grenzwertes auf 2,0 ng ml−1 verbesserte die Spezifität auf 61%, senkte aber die Sensitivität auf 56%. Als Schlußfolgerung ergibt sich, daß mit dem Platelia®Candida EIA eine Unterscheidung zwischen Candida Kolonisation und wahrscheinlicher IC bei hämatologischen Patienten nicht möglich ist.
Frühsignale systemischer Mykosen – Leitlinien für Therapieentscheidungen?
Authors: Bernhardt H. , Knoke M. 
Published: November 2004

ZusammenfassungBei Untersuchungen in vitro und im klinischen Einsatz hat sich gezeigt, dass alle Antimykotika ihre größte Wirksamkeit haben, wenn sie zu einem möglichst frühen Zeitpunkt der Infektion eingesetzt werden. Dazu ist eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung notwendig. Für die Aspergillose und vor allem die Candidose ist zur Zeit eine Aussage nur bei Kombination mehrerer Methoden möglich. Entzündungsparameter wie das Procalcitonin und C‐reaktive Protein sowie die proinflammatorischen Cytokine können wichtige Hinweise auf eine Infektion geben. Antigennachweise haben durch eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit an Bedeutung gewonnen. Neben dem Mannan‐Nachweis im ELISA‐Test ist auch auf die Nachweise des β‐Glucans und des D‐Arabinitols aufmerksam zu machen. Ob die transmembranalen Rezeptorproteine oder andere regulatorische Proteine eine diagnostische Bedeutung erlangen, erscheint bei dem heutigen Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Proteomics nicht ausgeschlossen zu sein.
Gender Orders in German Agriculture: From the Patriarchal Welfare State to Liberal Environmentalism
Authors: Prugl Elizabeth 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article employs insights from the feminist welfare state literature and the feminist literature on global governance to illustrate ways in which global restructuring is implicated in the construction of gender relations in German agriculture. I argue that changes in modes of regulation have entailed a movement from a patriarchal agricultural welfare state to an internationalised regime of liberal environmentalism with egalitarian pretensions. I adduce empirical and statistical evidence to illustrate the differential impact of regulatory modes on women's participation in the agricultural labour force, divisions of labour and power. My purpose is to show the gender subtexts of market regulation and offer a rationale for mainstreaming gender into agricultural trade negotiations.
Alternative Strategies in the UK Agro‐Food System: Interrogating the Alterity of Farmers' Markets
Authors: Kirwan James 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn recent years we have witnessed the development of numerous alternative strategies (AS) within the UK agro‐food system intent on overcoming, or at least circumventing, some of the problems associated with the globalisation of food production and consumption. Within these AS, there is an intention to reconnect food to the social, cultural and environmental context of its production, leading to considerable interest in their potential to engender sustained change within the food system. However, it is apparent that AS are likely to face various pressures on their underlying integrity and alterity, and their possible re‐incorporation within mainstream processes. There is a need, therefore, to interrogate the durability of AS, which this paper does through its critical examination of farmers' markets (FMs). Drawing upon a number of FM cases studies, it examines the engagement of producers and consumers, both with each other, but also with the exchange context of FMs. The resultant data are assessed within the conceptual domains of embeddedness and regard as a means of better understanding the nature of FMs as an AS. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of this research for our comprehension of AS more broadly.