bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing Career Creativity
Authors: Anand N , Peiperl Maury A , Arthur Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Second World War, an edited book on creativity brought about the above exchange between the book’s editor and an enthusiastic supporter. The exchange invites a question: Why was so little done over the next fifty years explicitly to connect thinking about careers to thinking about creativity? Careers, after all, must necessarily engage with ‘the very structure of our lives’ and especially with ‘deep and rapid changes’ affecting the workplace. The exchange also invites an answer. The statement supporting the book simultaneously suggests two assumptions.
Boundaryless Careers in Entertainment: Executive Women’s Experiences
Authors: Ensher Ellen A , Murphy Susan E , Sullivan Sherry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical configuration of careers has drastically changed in the last several decades. Driven by the forces of rapidly changing technology, global competition, and an increasingly diverse workforce, how careers are enacted has become increasingly varied (Arthur and Rousseau 1996; Hall 1996; Sullivan 1999). The largest growth in the US-workforce and many other workforces is in small businesses, particularly among women-owned organizations (Brush 1992; Wiatrowski 1994; Moore and Buttner 1997). This growth trend is reflected in the entertainment industry as greater numbers of women head independent production companies or entertainment support services entities (Coolidge 1999; Post 1999).
Staying Creative about Careers
Authors: Arthur Michael B , Peiperl Maury A , Anand N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been evident throughout this book that career creativity has two meanings. One refers to creativity in the shaping of individual careers. The other refers to creativity in work arrangements and their consequences that careers bring about. This duality of meaning is useful, as it allows us to appreciate the recursive influences of individual careers and broader work arrangements upon one another.
The Social Capital of Structural Holes
Authors: Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the opening acts for the twenty-first century was venture capital discovering social networks. Tens of millions of dollars were invested in software companies purporting to make people better off through network services providing lucrative or emotionally rewarding relationships. Companies sprang up one after another like spring flowers, drawing comment from establishment media such as Fortune (Kirkpatrick, 2003) and the Wall Street Journal (Bulkeley and Wong, 2003), which in turn sent technology gossip all a-blog.
Creativity and Learning
Authors: Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernie Marcus caught it from Jack Welch, the legendary CEO of General Electric. It was during a game of golf, in Florida, in 1995. Marcus, co-founder and then CEO of Home Depot, was exchanging golf-game tid bits with friend Welch about how things were going at Home Depot. Home Depot had been dramatically successful; shares in the company had increased in value by 28,000% since it went public in 1981, and the company continued by a large margin to be the most admired retail company in America.
Closure, Echo, and Rigidity
Authors: Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 14, 2004, the British House of Commons printed a report entitled Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction. There had been concerns about Britain ‘s alignment with the United States in the invasion of Iraq. Among the stated goals of the invasion was removing weapons of mass destruction threatening the region and the world at large. Failure to find the weapons, and judicious reflection after the invasion, supported the conclusion that the information provided by intelligence agencies was not used appropriately to inform policy decisions.
Images of Equilibrium
Authors: Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine you could freeze a population in time. Forces at work in the population would be suspended in the frozen moment. The forces would be instantaneous in the sense of having an intensity and trajectory, but unknown outcome. Two people in an escalating argument, faces frozen in angry contortion, will probably be pulled by one another ‘s emotions to more severe language. A person falling off the stepladder, body frozen in mid-air, will probably be pulled by gravity to the floor.
Offer and Acceptance
Authors: Atiyah P S , Smith Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and the next chapter examine the requirements for creating a valid contract. The focus of this chapter is the basic requirement that there be an ‘offer’ by one party which is then ‘accepted’ by the other; Chapter then examines additional requirements, such as that the offer and acceptance be in a particular form, that they provide for an exchange (the ‘consideration’ requirement), or that they be made in a ‘commercial’ setting (the ‘intent to create legal relations’ requirement).
The Duty to Disclose Material Facts
Authors: Atiyah P S , Smith Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and the next three chapters examine various situations in which individuals are excused from the duty to perform a prima facie valid contract. In these instances, the duty is obviated even though the procedural and substantive requirements described in Chapters 2–4 are satisfied and there is nothing unlawful or otherwise objectionable about what the parties undertook to do. Examples include situations in which a promise or agreement is induced by duress, fraud, or undue influence. As is often the case, while the black-letter law in this area is reasonably well-settled, its foundations are controversial. As such, a few preliminary comments are in order before proceeding to specific situations.
Introductory
Authors: Sender Marta Pertegás 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yet, since the end of the eighties, the interplay of private international rules has led to drastic changes in the patent enforceability field in Europe. After a judgment of the Dutch Supreme Court in 1989 in a trade mark case,1 patentees started to seek the consolidation of multinational patent litigation before a single national forum. The possibility of concentrating related patent litigation meant a Copernican revolution for inter¬ national patent litigation. Yet, the use and, for many, abuse of the jurisdictional framework to avoid fragmented patent litigation is fiercely contested across Europe and the world.
Opposition to Cross-border Patent Infringement Actions
Authors: Sender Marta Pertegás 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The party who initiates proceedings related to (threatened) patent 4.01 infringement is not necessarily the patent holder. His competitors may consider a number of strategies to block (future) cross-border enforcement attempts. This Part deals with some counterattacks available to a litigant who contests the patentee’s allegations that his technology does infringe the patent claims.
Selecting the Governing Law
Authors: Sender Marta Pertegás 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the law applicable to intellectual property torts and, in par- 5.ticular, to patent infringement cases, has only reached an incipient stage. Indeed, for many years it occupied a neglected corner of private international law. Several reasons may be adduced for this situation.
In the first place, there were scarce opportunities for the courts to deter- 5.02 mine which law applied to international patent infringement disputes simply because no ‘international’ disputes would arise.
Optimism and Pessimism: Complementary Views on the Institutional Investors’ Role in Corporate Governance
Authors: Garrido Jose M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my role as commentator, I face an impossible conflict of interest, as the result of being co-author of one of the chapters I purport to discuss. Of course, my complimentary remarks are directed towards the other authors of the chapters, excluding myself, whereas my criticisms are to be understood mainly as self-criticisms.
The Rise of Dispersed Ownership: The Roles of Law and the State in the Separation of Ownership and Control
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent commentary has argued that deep and liquid securities markets and a dispersed shareholder base are unlikely to develop in civil law countries and transitional economies for a variety of reasons, including (I) the absence of adequate legal protections for minority shareholders, (2) the inability of dispersed shareholders to hold control or pay an equivalent control premium to that which a prospective controlling shareholder will pay, and (3) the political vulnerability of dispersed shareholder ownership in left-leaning “social democracies”.
Introduction: The European Union’s Accountability and Legitimacy Deficit
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rejection by the Irish people of the Treaty of Nice in June 2001 underlined the extent to which the European Union has become disconnected from its citizens. Ireland seems, at least to an outsider, to be one of the Member States which has gained most from Union membership and all the main political parties supported ratification of the Treaty, yet nearly 54 per cent of those who took part in the referendum voted against it. The turnout was admittedly very low and the precise reasons for the outcome were difficult to establish. Nonetheless, the result seemed symptomatic of a profound malaise. It does not Just afflict the European Union: many domes tic political institutions seem to have lost their capacity to mobilize and inspire; the WTO is increasingly contested. Be that as it may, it is a malaise to which the Union is particularly vulnerable because of a widespread feeling that it is insufficiently accountable and lacks legitimacy.
The Judicial Architecture of the European Union after Nice
Authors: Gormley* Laurence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the present judicial architecture of the European Union demonstrates not inconsiderable weaknesses seems now to be widely accepted, although, despite the opportunity which the 2000 IGC offered for root and branch reform of the system, the result in the Treaty of Nice has been to provide some patchwork repairs and a makeover by a team which, on the basis of this offering, would never be allowed its own television programme. In other words, to adapt John Major’s famous phrase, this reaty is several courses short of a banquet. This is particularly disappointing as it is becoming increasingly apparent that despite the construction of the cathedral-like edifice of the Union at Maastricht on the foundations of the European Communities, and the mere jobbing builder’s work at Amsterdam, the system is still unable to cope with the demands of litigants for speedy dispute resolution and for effective judicial protection of legitimate interests. Nevertheless, repairers and make-over teams have their value.
The Delimitation of Powers Between the EU and its Member States
Authors: Búrca Gráinne de , Witte Bruno de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The exact division of powers and competences at EU level has, to date, been left to be determined rather fluidly, by a mixture of action and initiative on the part of the relevant EU institutions, which can be challenged during the political process or ultimately before the Court of Justice in the event of opposition. Because so many of the Treaty provisions which confer power and in particular some of the earlier and original provisions of the Community Treaties-are broadly defined and do not specify what the relationship with national powers in that field should be, this kind of gradual and fluid process has perhaps been unsurprising. It is particularly noteworthy that the Court of Justice has contented itself with incidental interventions,I some thing which can be explained in part but not entirely by reference to the paucity of suitable opportunities presented to the Court through litigation.
Protecting Fundamental Rights in Europe: A Legal Analysis
Authors: McBride Feremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can hardly be room for complacency about the protection of human rights within Europe when they are currently imperi11ed by factors such as economic dislocation, internal strife, natural disasters, racism, terrorism and transition to democracy. There must, therefore, be a continuing concern about the adequacy of the mechanisms available to protect them. However, at present the main threat comes more from states than from the various entities operating at the international and supranational levels, of which the European Union is the most important. Moreover this threat exists as much in those states currently within the Union as in those who are candidates for membership and those who arc not even at that stage. The scale of the incursions on rights and freedoms may vary amongst these three categories of states but it is apparent from the cases coming before the European Court of Human Rights that almost all of them have significant deficiencies in their laws and practices.
Enlargement of the European Union: A Legal Analysis
Authors: Hillion* Christophe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Nice, the European Council reaffirmed ‘the historic significance of the European Union enlargement process and the political priority which it attaches to the success of that process’. Enlargement has been an important catalyst in bringing the legitimacy of the European Union to the fore. While furthering the European dimension of the integration process, and thus making it more legitimate, enlargement to 20 or more countries from central, eastern and south-east Europe also raises fears as regards its potential impact on the Union’s achievements and future, both in substantive and institutional terms. It has thus been approached with a great deal of caution, sometimes even with genuine reluctance by several Member States.
Managing the EU’s New External Border
Authors: Batt Fudy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revolutions of 1989-91 in central and eastern Europe signalled not only the ideological and practical bankruptcy of the communist system, but also the enormous prestige of the idea of ‘Europe’ among the peoples of this region: a key slogan encapsulating the meaning of the revolutions was the ‘return to Europe’. Paradoxically, this demand was asserted with enthusiasm just at a time when the popular legitimacy of the EU among citizens of its Member States appeared to be in decline. The peoples of central and eastern Europe seemed oblivious to the EU’s alleged ‘democratic deficit’, and untroubled by the implications of supra-national integration for their only recently recovered national sovereignty. In part, this could be attributed to native euphoria and lack of knowledge and understanding of the practical meaning of ‘returning to Europe’, in the sense of joining the EU Nevertheless, the peoples of central and eastern Europe were not to be persuaded by west European attempts to deflect their aspirations for early membership in either the EU or NATO. The arguments for delay were weakened not only by their unmistakable taint of cynical self-interest on the part of some existing Member States, and by the fact that other west European non-Member States such as Austria, Sweden and Finland were now also abandoning neutrality in favour of EU membership. hey also betrayed an underlying failure to appreciate the depth and seriousness of the central and eastern Europe’s commitment to the European project.
European Bankers in the Interwar Years
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared with the history of industrial enterprises, the business history of financial institutions is still in its infancy. This is surprising, given that many banks originated as private undertakings and have remained so in most industrialized countries (the postwar nationalization, and later privatization, of the French commercial banks and insurance companies being one of the most conspicuous exceptions). Financial institutions, particularly banks, have also come to feature among the largest companies, especially before 1914 but also in more recent years. Comparisons with industrial undertakings are fraught with danger, but in 1907 the largest German company, measured by share capital, was the Deutsche Bank and the largest French company the Crédit Lyonnais. French banks maintained their position in the interwar years, though with a reduced margin, while German banks lost ground to the largest industrial concerns.
The French ‘Banques d’affaires’ in the Interwar Period: The Case of Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas)
Authors: Bussière Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contribution tries to analyse the consequences of the First World War and the effects of the economic context of the interwar period on the structure of activities of the French ‘banques d’affaires’, and especially the most important of them, the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas). Created in 1872, Paribas had as its first objective participation in the flotation of an international loan intended to pay the reparations due from France to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Market activities, and especially bond issues for governments, remained the key activity of Paribas from its birth up until the First World War. These financial activities were conducted on an international scale through syndicates in which Paribas played a leading role when the French market was involved. Relations with enterprises constituted the second kind of activities engaged in by Paribas, especially utilities such as railways, gas, and electricity, whose development generally generated important stock and bond issues. Banking activities were the counterpart of market activities, but they began to develop significantly only at the beginning of the century and played only a secondary role at Paribas before the First World War.
The Rise and Risks of Restorative Justice
Authors: Roche Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 2002 hundreds of fierce bushfires raged for weeks across New South Wales, Australia, forcing the evacuation of thousands of people, destroying over one hundred homes, and burning out huge expanses of bush land. When a number of children caught lighting fires were referred to restorative justice conferences, the New South Wales Premier Bob Carr proclaimed on national television: ‘I think sending them to a juvenile prison is in some respects too good for them. What is better is to rub their noses in the ashes they’ve caused, by making them clean up the mess, work with the victims and go into a burns ward and talk to people who’ve suffered from fire’ (ABC 2002).
Methods and Overview of Programmes
Authors: Roche Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restorative justice programmes are now to be found in a number of countries. In order to investigate the range of these, twenty-five were selected as case studies. The term ‘restorative justice’ covers a wide range of practices. Although this range illustrates confusion about the meaning and application of restorative justice, there remain four fundamental ideals: personalism, reparation, reintegration, and participation. Once they are unravelled, we can begin to see why such a diverse—and sometimes contradictory—range of practices fall within the limits of the same defined term. Many of the practices labelled as ‘restorative justice’ reflect at least one of the basic elements: for example, both victim support services and government compensation schemes aim to assist victims and repair some of the harm they have suffered; more symbolically, a memorial to honour the victims of violence can also be regarded as a reparative gesture; alternatives to incarceration—such as probation and community service—attempt to reintegrate offenders.
Deliberative Accountability in Restorative Meetings
Authors: Roche Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We would like you to pay compensation’ the young woman said to the teenager who, looking for money to buy drugs, had broken into her business. Asked how much, the woman replied, ‘$1000—that’s $200 for the excess we had to pay on our insurance policy, and $800 for the increase in our premium.’ The 17 year-old offender said that that was ‘a lot of money’, but that he would repay it. Two of his supporters, a family friend and his grandmother (an elder of the local Aboriginal community) also considered it a large sum, but neither objected.
Semi-Formal Justice: Combining Informal and Formal Justice
Authors: Roche Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern criminal justice is characterized by a rapid rate of change and innovation in penal philosophy, policy, and practice (Zedner 2002). Prominent among these changes is the emergence of restorative justice, a practice-led theory of justice concerned with the personal consequences of crime which gives citizens, rather than professionals, primary responsibility for determining how best to repair victims’ harm and secure offenders’ reintegration into law-abiding communities. New Zealand, Australia, Canada, England, and the United States have led many other countries in adopting different kinds of restorative justice programmes.
Logic and Rhetoric
Authors: Murphy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
100 [18] OUR treatise proposes to find a line of inquiry whereby we shall be able to reason from opinions that are generally accepted about [20] every problem propounded to us, and also shall ourselves, when standing up to an argument, avoid saying anything that will obstruct us. First, then, we must say what reasoning is, and what its varieties are, in order to grasp dialectical reasoning: for this is the object of our search in the treatise before us.
World War I and the Excess of Technical Education in Great Britain
Authors: Gente Magali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid development of technical higher education as a national priority is an interesting feature of the First World War period in Great Britain, as is the response of The Times to this cultural event. If we examine the history of British higher education during the Edwardian years, part of its evolution appears to have resulted from a rivalry with Germany over technical supremacy, economic independence, and imperial conquest:
The fact that Britain lagged behind Germany and the USA in the priority given to scientific education was generally acknowledged in the early twentieth century. … The perceived failure—which the foundation of Imperial College in 1908 was intended to remedy—was in coordinating academic specialization with the needs of industry (with new chemical technologies as an object lesson in German superiority).
The Economy of Dependence: Gift Exchange, Consumption, and Aid
Authors: Rausing Sigrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post 1986– -transformation of the former Soviet Union is to a large extent defined by changes in material culture, or, in other words, by changes in the culturally constituted relationships to objects. The desire for consumption tends to be taken for granted in the West, albeit often with the added assumption that the increased availability of goods constitutes a kind of banalization, or vulgarization, of culture. This chapter investigates the appropriation of Western objects on my field site. I will argue that the present transformation of the culture of exchange, material success, and national identity is articulated in terms of the relationships to Western objects, within the wider context of the move towards independence and a market economy.