bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Children
Authors: Ten Svetlana , Maclaren Noel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X, metabolic syndrome) has become the major health problem of our times. Associated obesity, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes conspire to shorten life spans, while hyperandrogenism with polycystic ovarian syndrome affect the quality of life and fertility of increasing numbers of women. Whereas a growing number of single genetic diseases affecting satiety or energy metabolism have been found to produce the clinical phenotype, strong familial occurrences, especially in racially prone groups such as those from the Indian subcontinent, or individuals of African, Hispanic, and American Indian descents, together with emerging genetic findings, are revealing the polygenetic nature of the syndrome. However, the strong lifestyle factors of excessive carbohydrate and fat consumption and lack of exercise are important keys to the phenotypic expression of the syndrome. The natural history includes small for gestational age birth weight, excessive weight gains during childhood, premature pubarche, an allergic diathesis, acanthosis nigricans, striae compounded by gynecomastia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, premature atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and focal glomerulonephritis appearing increasingly through adolescence into adulthood. Type 2 diabetes, which develops because of an inherent and/or an acquired failure of an insulin compensatory response, is increasingly seen from early puberty onward, as is atheromatous disease leading to coronary heart disease and stroke. A predisposition to certain cancers and Alzheimer’s disease is also now recognized. The looming tragedy from growing numbers of individuals affected by obesity/insulin resistance syndrome requires urgent public health approaches directed at their early identification and intervention during childhood. Such measures include educating the public on the topic, limiting the consumption of sucrose-containing drinks and foods with high carbohydrate and fat contents, and promoting exercise programs in our nation’s homes and schools.
A Pair of Seven-Coordinate Oxorhenium Complexes: [ReIVO(tpen)]2+ and [ReVO(tpen)]3+ (tpen = N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine)
Authors: Jin Hai-Ying , Ikari Shinji , Kobayashi Kimiko , Umakoshi Keisuke , Sugimoto Hideki , Mitani Ayako , Abe Masaaki , Sasaki Yoichi , Ito Tasuku 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A pair of seven-coordinate oxorhenium complexes of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (tpen), [ReIVO(tpen)](ClO4)2 (1) and [ReVO(tpen)](ClO4)3 (2), and its R-1,2-propylenediamine analogue (R-tppn), have been prepared. X-ray structural analyses indicate that the structure of complex cation in 1 is best described as a monocapped trigonal prism with the oxo ligand as a cap. The four pyridylmethyl nitrogen atoms are essentially planar. On the other hand, the structure of complex cation in 2 is approximated as a pentagonal bipyramid, in which the four pyridyl nitrogen atoms take a tetrahedrally distorted arrangement. The structural difference is discussed in terms of different d-electron numbers. The μeff value of 1 at 300 K is 1.99 B.M. which corresponds to S = 1/2, while 2 is diamagnetic. The complexes show a reversible redox wave (Re(IV/V)) at +0.31 V vs Ag/AgCl in 0.1 M (n-C4H9)4NPF6 acetonitrile solution. In acetonitrile–aqueous buffer solution (2 &lt; pH &lt; 12), in addition to a pH independent Re(IV/V) wave at +0.18 V vs Ag/AgCl, a pH-dependent quasi-reversible Re(III/IV) wave with a slope of −0.056 V/pH-unit was observed, indicating that the relevant Re(III) species is [Re(OH)(tpen)]2+. The weak absorption peaks of 1 (in acetonitrile) at 836 and 511 nm and those of 2 (in water) at 800, 633, and 408 nm may be assigned to d–d transitions, while the peaks at 428, 381, and 361 nm of 1 may be of charge transfer origin.
Fragilide A, a Novel Diterpenoid from Junceella fragilis
Authors: Sung Ping-Jyun , Lin Mei-Ru , Chen Wei-Chen , Fang Lee-Shing , Lu Chung-Kuang , Sheu Jyh-Horng 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A novel briarane-type diterpenoid, fragilide A (1), has been isolated from the Taiwanese gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis. The structure, including the relative configuration of this new metabolite, was elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
Enhanced Dichlorodifluoromethane Decomposition with Selective Fluorine Absorption by Acidic Fluorinated Magnesium Oxide
Authors: Tamai Tsukasa , Inazu Koji , Aika Ken-ichi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
CCl2F2 decomposition with simultaneous halogen absorption by partially fluorinated MgO (MgF2–MgO) was studied, focusing on the effects of the acidity of the surface. CCl2F2 decomposition by MgF2–MgO was greatly promoted by fluorination of MgO at 10 mol% or higher. CCl2F2 decomposition was not a catalytic process over MgF2–MgO but basically a selective fluorine absorption reaction with MgO to form MgF2. Chlorine was released in the form of CCl4 regardless of reaction temperature and degree of fluorination of MgO due to low reactivity to CCl4. NH3-TPD and pyridine adsorption experiments were carried out to characterize the acid sites on MgF2–MgO samples. The amount of acid sites became maximum for 10% MgF2–MgO and the strength of acid sites increased as fluorination proceeded. CCl2F2 decomposition was revealed to be initiated by Lewis acid sites on MgF2–MgO formed by CCl2F2 decomposition as well as by fluorination with hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution. Thus, formation of the Lewis acid sites was considered to be the key step for efficient CCl2F2 decomposition with selective fluorine absorption.
On Metric Generators of Graphs
Authors: Sebő András , Tannier Eric 
Published: June 2004

We study generators of metric spaces—sets of points with the property that every point of the space is uniquely determined by the distances from their elements. Such generators put a light on seemingly different kinds of problems in combinatorics that are not directly related to metric spaces. The two applications we present concern combinatorial search: problems on false coins known from the borderline of extremal combinatorics and information theory; and a problem known from combinatorial optimization—connected joins in graphs. We use results on the detection of false coins to approximate the metric dimension (minimum size of a generator for the metric space defined by the distances) of some particular graphs for which the problem was known and open. In the opposite direction, using metric generators, we show that the existence of connected joins in graphs can be solved in polynomial time, a problem asked in a survey paper of Frank. On the negative side we prove that the minimization of the number of components of a join is NP-hard. We further explore the metric dimension with some problems. The main problem we are led to is how to extend an isometry given on a metric generator of a metric space.
A Combinatorial Characterization of Higher-Dimensional Orthogonal Packing
Authors: Fekete Sándor P. , Schepers Jörg 
Published: June 2004

Higher-dimensional orthogonal packing problems have a wide range of practical applications, including packing, cutting, and scheduling. Previous efforts for exact algorithms have been unable to avoid structural problems that appear for instance in two- or higher-dimensional space. We present a new approach for modeling packings, using a graph-theoretical characterization of feasible packings. Our characterization allows it to deal with classes of packings that share a certain combinatorial structure, instead of having to consider one packing at a time. In addition, we can make use of elegant algorithmic properties of certain classes of graphs. This allows our characterization to be the basis for a successful branch-and-bound framework. This is the first in a series of papers describing new approaches to higher-dimensional packing.
A Method to Count Pirarucu Arapaima gigas: Fishers, Assessment, and Management
Authors: Castello Leandro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The giant and obligate air-breathing fish pirarucu Arapaima gigas (also known as arapaima) is a species endemic to the Amazon Basin that is increasingly managed by artisanal fishers because of government failure to control the fishery. In this study the ability of experienced artisanal fishers to count the number of pirarucu at the moment of aerial breathing was assessed. Counts were strongly correlated (r = 0.98) with mark–recapture abundance estimates calculated for the same populations. The potential for trained fishers to train other fishers to count pirarucu without slow and expensive mark–recapture work was also assessed and confirmed. Not only are the counts a cost-effective method for assessing pirarucu populations, they also allow fisher participation in decision making and contribute to effective management. The increasing number of community-based management schemes can now be matched with the training of fishers to count pirarucu.
Impact of Alewife Introduction on Walleye and White Bass Condition in Lake McConaughy, Nebraska, 1980-1995
Authors: Porath Mark T. , Peters Edward J. , Eichner Darrol L. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We examined relative weight (Wr) relationships of walleye Stizostedion vitreum and white bass Morone chrysops before and after the addition of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus in Lake McConaughy, Nebraska, where gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum had been the primary prey. Walleyes and white bass were collected in fall gillnetting surveys from 1980 to 1995. A general linear model was constructed to determine the least-squares means of walleye and white bass Wrs by length category and year. Contrast statements were used to test for significant differences in the annual Wrs of walleye and white bass population length categories before and after the establishment of alewives. The annual mean Wrs of walleyes of stock to quality (S-Q), quality to preferred (Q-P), and preferred to memorable (P-M) lengths and Q-P-length white bass increased significantly, whereas that of S-Q-length and P-M-length white bass decreased significantly after 1988. The introduction of alewives changed the body condition of walleyes and white bass in Lake McConaughy, Nebraska.
Recruitment Dynamics of the 1971–1991 Year-Classes of Lake Trout in Michigan Waters of Lake Superior
Authors: Richards Jessica M. , Hansen Michael J. , Bronte Charles R. , Sitar Shawn P. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
In the 1950s, populations of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior collapsed because of excessive exploitation and predation by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus. Restoration began in the 1950s with the stocking of juvenile, hatchery-reared lake trout and controls on fisheries and sea lampreys. Partial restoration was declared in 1996 because wild fish made up most of the populations in many areas, especially in Michigan waters, so stocking was dramatically curtailed in most areas. We evaluated the production of age-7 lake trout (recruits) by age-8 and older wild and stocked parental lake trout (spawners). Using Ricker stock–recruitment models, we also evaluated the effects of large-mesh (114-mm stretch measure) gill-net effort on wild lake trout recruitment in Michigan waters of Lake Superior during 1970–1998. In general, the density of wild lake trout spawners increased, whereas that of stocked lake trout spawners decreased in all management areas investigated. The density of recruits was best described by the combined density of wild and stocked parents, which suggested similar reproductive contributions for both. Recruitment rates declined significantly with increasing spawner density in four of the five management areas and suggested that carrying capacities were reached and exceeded, which may serve as an indicator of population restoration. We conclude that both wild and stocked lake trout have contributed to the recruitment of lake trout in Michigan waters of Lake Superior. Large-mesh gill-net fishing effort varied in all Michigan management areas but did not account for the significant variation in wild lake trout recruitment. We conclude that levels of large-mesh gill-net fishing effort during 1970–1998 were not having an appreciable effect on wild lake trout recruitment in Michigan waters of Lake Superior.
Mortality and Long-Term Retention of Passive Integrated Transponder Tags by Spring Chinook Salmon
Authors: Dare Matthew R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
I monitored long-term mortality and retention rates of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags for 145,000 juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha tagged as part of a large-scale tagging project. A total of 325 PIT tagged mortalities were collected during the 28-d study. Mortalities were collected, on average, 11 d after tagging, indicating that direct mortality due to tagging was rare. The mortality rate observed during the study was less than 1.0%. With the exception of the first day of tagging, 24-h retention was greater than 99.0%. A total of 113 shed tags were collected following the first day of tagging, corresponding to a 24-h retention rate of 98.1%. The overall retention rate for the study was 99.996%. I found no statistical relationship between the frequency of shedding and fish length or time of tagging. Although the relationship is not quantifiable, the frequency of sheds appeared to be linked to the experience of tagging personnel at the start of the tagging project and the continuity of personnel at a tagging station.
Kernel Density Estimates of Linear Home Ranges for Stream Fishes: Advantages and Data Requirements
Authors: Vokoun Jason C. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Kernel density estimates of linear home range can increase the information content of the home range estimate. Particularly in lotic systems, univariate kernel density estimates have desirable properties relative to simple reporting of linear ranges. Kernel density estimates are calculated from a set of relocation points (i.e., radiotelemetry contacts) that can be interpreted as a utilization distribution (UD). The UD estimates the amount of time spent at a given point within the home range. The amount of time that elapses between relocations (sampling interval), total number of relocations (sample size), and bandwidth (smoothing applied to the estimate) are important considerations when using kernel density estimates. Monte Carlo simulations using unimodal and bimodal distributions sampled randomly at sample sizes of 10-100 and three automated bandwidth selection procedures (simple normal reference, Silverman's rule of thumb, and Sheather-Jones plug-in) suggested that at sample sizes of 30 or more kernel density estimates began to level off and the largest gains in accuracy were evident for all three bandwidth selection procedures. I present example kernel density estimates for flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris and use them to illustrate methods of reporting data. A literature review found relatively few examples of home range delineation for stream fishes but confirmed that the most common practice was to report the distance between the most upstream and downstream relocations. Sample size information was often inadequately reported in the reviewed literature.
Postrelease Performance of Hatchery Yearling and Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon Released into the Snake River
Authors: Connor William P. , Smith Steven G. , Andersen Todd , Bradbury Steven M. , Burum Douglas C. , Hockersmith Eric E. , Schuck Mark L. , Mendel Glen W. , Bugert Robert M. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Two rearing treatments are used at Lyons Ferry Hatchery to produce yearling (age-1) and subyearling (age-0) fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha for supplementing production of wild fish in the Snake River. We compared four indicators of yearling and subyearling postrelease performance, namely, seaward movement, condition factor, growth rate, and survival. A standard rearing treatment was used to grow yearlings slowly for 14 months to sizes of 152–162 mm (mean fork length). A second standard rearing treatment was used to grow medium subyearlings at a moderate rate for 5 months to 84–89 mm. Two modified rearing treatments were used to produce large subyearlings that were grown rapidly to 90–103 mm and small subyearlings that were grown slowly to 70–76 mm. We released yearlings in April and subyearlings in June on the typical supplementation schedule. Seaward movement, condition factor, growth, and survival varied among rearing treatments. Yearlings moved seaward fastest for reasons related to their large size. Yearlings had the lowest postrelease condition factors and growth rates because they were released when temperatures were cool and they moved seaward quickly, spending little time to feed. Yearlings had the highest survival because they were released when the water was cool, they moved seaward quickly, and their large size reduced susceptibility to predation. Small subyearlings moved seaward the slowest because of their small size and slow growth before release. Small subyearlings had the highest postrelease condition factors and highest growth rates because they lingered and were exposed to relatively high temperatures that were favorable for growth. Small subyearlings had the lowest survival because they lingered and were exposed to low flow and warm water for long durations and their small size increased susceptibility to predation. We conclude that fall Chinook salmon performance after release from Lyons Ferry Hatchery is influenced by release date and by rearing treatment effects on size, prerelease growth rate, and postrelease behavior.
Predation on Juvenile Salmonids by Smallmouth Bass in the Lower Granite Reservoir System, Snake River
Authors: Naughton George P. , Bennett David H. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We estimated the consumption of juvenile salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss by smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in the tailrace and forebay of the Lower Granite Dam and compared this consumption with that in the two major river arms of the upper Lower Granite Reservoir, Snake River, Idaho–Washington. We examined over 9,700 smallmouth bass stomachs from April through August during 1996 and 1997. Juvenile salmonids were not a major component of smallmouth bass diets by weight and number at any location in either 1996 or 1997. Of the approximately 8,600 stomach samples containing food items, only 67 had juvenile salmonid remains. Juvenile salmonids accounted for approximately 11% of smallmouth bass diets by weight in the forebay in 1996 and 5% in the Snake and Clearwater river arms in 1997, with smaller proportions at other locations. Crustaceans and nonsalmonid fishes were the dominant prey items by weight at all locations in 1996 and 1997 except for the Snake River arm in 1996, where macroinvertebrates were dominant. Monthly consumption rates (smolts/bass/d) of juvenile salmonids by smallmouth bass were highest in the forebay (0.02) in April 1996 and in the restricted zone of the forebay (0.05) in July 1997. We estimated that approximately 17,500 (1996: 6,728; 1997: 10,809) juvenile salmonids were consumed by smallmouth bass from April through August in 1996 and 1997. High flows and resulting lower water temperatures and higher turbidity in the Lower Granite Reservoir during our study probably affected salmonid predation rates by smallmouth bass. Management efforts directed at enhancing migratory conditions for juvenile salmonids (e.g., higher flows, lower water temperatures, and higher turbidity) will probably also reduce predation from smallmouth bass.
Effects of Intraspecific Density and Environmental Variables on Electrofishing Catchability of Brown and Rainbow Trout in the Colorado River
Authors: Speas David W. , Walters Carl J. , Ward David L. , Rogers R. Scott 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We investigated electrofishing catchability (q) for brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, over a range of fish densities, water temperatures, turbidities, conductivities, shoreline types, and seasons. The covariance of q with rainbow trout density strongly resembled random distributions, thereby suggesting no relationship between q and rainbow trout density. The catchability of rainbow trout was greater in turbid water (≥480 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) than in clear water (≤10 NTU), although lower water temperature may have contributed to this effect. The catchability of rainbow trout was greatest over sand–silt shorelines. The catchability of brown trout increased sharply to levels above those predicted from random chance up to about 0.025 fish/m2 and then assumed an asymptotic or declining relationship with intraspecific fish density. In contrast to the situation with rainbow trout, the catchability of brown trout was higher over rocky shorelines (cobbles, boulders, and bedrock) than sand–silt shorelines, suggesting that the variability of q in relation to shoreline type is species specific. We hypothesize that the catchability of rainbow trout is influenced more by environmental variables than by density. We also hypothesize that brown trout catchability varies with density because a greater proportion of fish occur in shallow, nearshore areas (where electrofishing is most effective) when fish density is high. This effect is enhanced by high catchability over rocky substrates. Our findings emphasize the need to understand the biological and environmental factors affecting electrofishing catchability, especially in monitoring programs that rely on catch-per-unit-effort data to accurately represent fish population status and trends.
Trends in Abundance and Mean Size of Fish Captured in Gill Nets from Minnesota Lakes, 1983–1997
Authors: Grant Gerold C. , Schwartz Yaniv , Weisberg Sanford , Schupp Dennis H. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We investigated seasonal and 15-year trends in catch per unit effort (CPUE) and mean weight of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus, ciscoes Coregonus artedi, northern pike Esox lucius, walleyes Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum), white suckers Catostomus commersoni, and yellow perch Perca flavescens captured in gill nets from 433 Minnesota lakes between 1983 and 1997. Seasonal trends were modeled using least-squares linear and polynomial regressions, and interannual trends were investigated with a linear mixed-effects model and an augmented serially alternating design. Four of the six species exhibited significant seasonal trends. Walleye CPUE increased linearly, whereas walleye and cisco mean weight and northern pike CPUE decreased linearly from spring through fall. Cisco CPUE and yellow perch mean weight exhibited curvilinear relationships, decreasing from spring through summer and then increasing from summer through fall. Two species exhibited significant 15-year trends across Minnesota from 1983 to 1997: Walleyes experienced significant positive trends in both CPUE and mean weight, probably benefiting from more efficient stocking or warmer June temperatures, and black crappies experienced a significant decreasing trend in CPUE, possibly due to replacement by walleyes, loss of spawning habitat, or increased harvest by recreational anglers. Catches of ciscoes, northern pike, white suckers, and yellow perch in gill nets were unchanged across Minnesota between 1983 and 1997, indicating population stability. The results of this study suggest that lakes should be sampled with gill nets at the same time of year or that catches should be corrected to a common date to allow direct comparisons among lakes. The monitoring of trends in fish populations and habitat variables using standardized sampling on broad spatial scales should be more widely used to detect changes, generate hypotheses regarding these changes, and focus research and management efforts.