bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roman Concepts of Obscenity
Authors: Richlin Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of this book the word obscene will be used many times, and the question immediately arises whether the Romans had a concept corresponding to that denoted by “obscene,” and, if so, how it did or did not tally with the modern concept. “Obscenity” today includes explicitly sexual literature, visual arts, dress, and actions; sometimes it includes material that is merely suggestive, and usually it includes scatological material as well. The idea is that all this material ought not to be seen and that it is “dirty” or “perverse.”
Introduction
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that fifth-century Attic comedy was a profoundly public art. Like other expenses mandated by the city in its own interests, it was paid for through taxation (as were, for example, warships), while it was produced and acted by citizens as part of their civic responsibilities or privileges. The resulting plays were staged in comic competitions that were but one part of much larger festivals; for our Clouds, this was the City (or Great) Dionysia, a celebration whose events and ceremonies were dedicated to expressing (and reinforcing) Athenian ideology, while at the same time displaying the democratic city’s power and prestige.
Martial Speech, Fluid Shapes, Thunderous Sounds: Lines 314-509
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the moment Socrates ennumerates the gifts of the clouds, we realize that our Clouds will consider rhetoric in its strongest and most polemical sense: as invincible verbal violence. As we saw in chapter 1, this angle on sophistic speech was not an invention of Aristophanes. Rather, the genius of his conception lies in its topicality; no member of his audience could have failed to hear in his outrageous comedy the voice, however distorted, of his models.
Comic Justice: Lines 1303-1510
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clouds’ song at the end of the scene with the creditors (1303-20) warns the audience that the end of the play is at hand and hints at the form it will take. In the characteristic dynamic of the Clouds, we are about to witness the joke that will turn everything preceding on its head. Put in other terms, we will see comic justice at work, witnessing a “comedy of inversion,” in which characters are entrapped by their desires and enmeshed in their own schemes. This process should not be confused with moral justice, although the effects may appear similar.
Horizontal Structure: Chiasmus
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kaibel (100-101), indeed, was confident that this was so and, on the basis of eight passages, sought to establish two conclusions: (a) of the two pairs, the outer elements have the greater weight; (b) of the four elements, the fourth and last has the most emphatic position in the clause. In general, he thought, the use of the figure is no mere virtuosity (blosse Kiinstlerei) but a rhetorical means of expressing the thought. It is not clear if Kaibel intended his treatment of chiasmus to be exhaustive, and it is, perhaps, not accidental that the examples he chose support his conclusions. But he restricted his analysis to the immediate context of each example; his list is far from complete, and matters are more complicated.
Introduction: Comparative and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief set of reference points for designating gang phenomena across contemporary societies and their course in our own urban history. Gangs function as a socializing institution when other institutions fail; they are defined as problems when they engage in violent and criminal activities. The youth gang is most likely to develop into a problem in social or organizational contexts, local communities, or societies that are undergoing extensive and precipitous change, often under deteriorating (but sometimes under improving) economic conditions. During such change social institutions are weak and unstable, and organizations may be poorly integrated and in conflict with each other. Basic youth socializing functions, especially those of social control and provision of economic opportunities or social status for males, cannot be carried out. Gangs then provide a certain degree of order, solidarity, excitement, and sometimes economic gain for their members. The costs, however, usually exceed benefits for the surrounding community and society, as well as for the youth themselves.
Scope and Seriousness of the Gang Problem
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter establishes the empirical basis for the proposition that youth gang activity is a social problem. Of special interest is the scope of gang-related violence in terms of the identification, number, and percent of youth in particular social set tings associated with such violence. As suggested already, indicators of a gang problem are not always reliable, consistent, or valid. It is essential to determine as clearly as possible, on the basis of the best data available, whether an actual gang problem exists, and if so, what its scope and nature are and what changes have occurred in the problem over time in general and in particular communities. Adequate description of gang problem phenomena should precede understanding and diagnosis of gang problems, which in turn should come before prescriptions for prevention or remediation.
Gangs, Drugs, and Violence
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a tendency, especially by the media and law enforcement, to mix gangs, violence, and drug trafficking into one large “ball of wax.” The simplistic political and policy response to these presumed interrelated problems is usually suppression. However, gangs, drugs, violence, and such characteristics as delinquency, organized crime, and minority group status are distinctive sets of variables and are not necessarily all closely related. Furthermore, their sequence and patterning may vary depending on how they are embedded in particular changing community or social contexts.
Youth Gangs and Organized Crime
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important institution for the development of youth gangs is the organization of crime opportunities in particular communities. Variable cultural and population settlement patterns influence gang connections to organized crime. Access to criminal opportunities-or to legitimate labor market opportunities--depends largely on factors of race or ethnic status and location. These variations in opportunities must be addressed in policies and programs that try to stop older gang youths from turning to crime as a career. Cultural sensitivity and structural understanding therefore provide an important basis for developing appropriate community-oriented intervention strategies that control the link between youth gang and adult crime activities.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates and integrates a variety of theoretical and policy-relevant perspectives already touched on-societal, community, organizational, subcultural, and personality-to explain the gang problem. I will present a more systematic analysis of the ideas presented in earlier chapters, to set the stage for a discussion of institutional social planning and the development of a variety of organizational strategies for dealing with the youth-gang problem. The theoretical framework presented in Figure 10-1 seeks to explain primarily violent gang crime rather than economic gang crime. It offers some analysis of the interrelationships of these two types of crime.
Planning for Youth Gang Control and Violence Reduction
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins the discussion of issues and strategies for dealing with the youth gang problem, with special emphasis on community mobilization. It stresses the importance of defining the problem and creating policies and programs directed at particular types and levels of the problem. First, however, it summarizes strategies used during recent decades for dealing with delinquent groups and gangs, particularly at the community level. To a large extent, what is past is prologue. There are both continuity and change in the policies and practices that show promise in dealing with gang issues. The challenge is to create a new paradigm of action that modifies past approaches to make them relevant to current and evolving situations. I describe five strategies for dealing with gang problems in different community contexts. The discussion of planning focuses on definitions of the gang incident, assessment of com munity problems and resources, development of appropriate strategies and inter organizational structures, targeting of different gangs and gang youths, and setting of priorities.
Social Opportunities: Education and Jobs
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provision of social opportunities is one of two critical components of a promising approach for both reducing and preventing the youth or street-gang problem. The other component is community mobilization, that is, the concerting of organizational and citizen energies, including perceptions, definitions, communications, and actions, in reference to particular gang problems. Community mobilization, including interagency coordination, must be integrated into the provision of social opportunities at national as well as local levels. But it is at the local level that political and governmental organizations, along with citizen groups, must take major responsibility for development of overall gang violence reduction efforts. This chapter describes and analyzes national and local policies and programs in the provision of social opportunities, particularly education, training, and job development and placement.
Liberal Arts and Professional Education: A Response to Clarence C. Walton
Authors: Michael Hoffman W , Fedo David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clarence C. Walton’s allusive, thoughtful, and often eloquent Ruffin lecture adds tu the surprisingly public debate over the role of the humanities and other liberal arts in American higher education. This debate—much of it insightful, some of it rancorous—has played itself out in curious ways. On the one hand, it is heartening to see such “serious” books as Allan Bloom’s Closing of the American Mind and E. D. Hirsch’s Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know featured prominently in nearly every airport in Christendom alongside the mega-best-sellers by Danielle Steele and Judith Krantz.1 On the other hand, with Bloom and former Secretary of Education William Bennett leading the charge, it is unfortunate that so much of the debate has been excessively fretful and negative and, in its characterization of what is actually happening in our colleges and universities, simply not accurate.
Liberal Education for Competence and Responsibility
Authors: Andrews Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberalizing management education by deliberately closing the gap between education or business practice and the humanities is no simple matter. Clarence C. Walton has made that clear in “Management Education: Seeing the Round Earth Squarely.” I propose to build on his essay by examining further the decline in the influence of the humanities upon students throughout recent decades. The related shortfall of professional education in meeting the needs of the professions—amply evident in their practice—requires reduced expectations of advanced schooling or constructive redirection—one or both. The erosion of ethical standards is only one of the master problems confronting the professions. In this decline, as well as in other problems, the university implicates itself by inattention, if not by more direct participation.
Some Lessons and Nonlessons of Casuist History
Authors: Velasquez Manuel G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her interesting essay Joanne B. Ciulla suggests that history can make an important contribution to business ethics. In particular, she suggests, a study of the history of casuistry can yield a wealth of material on business ethics, from the discussions of the Greek Sophists and of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, through the writings of the Roman Cicero, who discussed a variety of cases relating to trade in Book III of De Officiis, through the penitential manuals of the thirteenth century, and on to the writings of the classical casuists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and of the English casuists in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Ciulla holds that examining what these writings have to say about morality in business situations might provide us with some interesting and helpful insights that might be put to use in resolving similar quandaries in contemporary business ethics.
Kings & Prophets
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature and meaning of kingship has been hotly debated by anthropologists and scholars of religion since the middle of the last century, and the richness of this topic is by no means exhausted. In this fascinating book, comprising a series of published and unpublished essays, Grottanelli focuses on the subject of kingship in the ancient world. The essays explore the ways in which centralized state power, as epitomized by the sacred king, encounters other oppositional forms of power, such as those possessed by prophets, tricksters, and women. Grottanelli’s special concern is the way in which mythic narratives and other forms of religious discourse both reflect this tension and play a role in the historic struggles between these competing forms of power. As the first book-length presentation of the work of a brilliant and innovative thinker, this book should hold great interest for scholars across a variety of disciplines, including religious studies, anthropology, and classics.
The Societal Effect in the Strategies of French and German Machine-Tool Manufacturers
Authors: Maurice Arndt Sorge Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research and theory about comparative advantage in societies or national economies have tended to neglect some of the most important factors: work organization; the skills and knowledge of the work force and the way these are developed; the relations of producers to clients, suppliers, and other organizations or institutions; and the nature of entrepreneurial dispositions or strategies. Since the 1970s, however, we have seen an increasing number of international comparisons covering these factors, particularly, comparisons conducted by what Rose ( 1985) has called the Aix Group to denote the group of scholars located at the University at Aix-en-Provence. Following the larger Franco-German comparison by Maurice, Sellier, and Silvestre (1977, 1982), the Aix Group’s primary tenet has been that similar or near-identical industrial goals in similar task environments can be achieved in ways that are substantially different concerning work organization, human resources, and industrial relations. An organizational unit’s societal context explains why units adopt and maintain different patterns, which prevail without regard for different industrial goals and contexts (e.g., the nature of products and production technology, size of units, dependence, regional location).
National Specificities and the Context of Change: The Coevolution of Organization and Technology
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in this book present a wide range of evidence that the organizing of work varies considerably among countries. Country variations are historically persistent; in the language of Midler and Charue (Chap. 9), they have the characteristic of “irreversibility.” The challenge posed by these studies is to understand to what extent the historical persistence in the variation of national organizing principles explains the long-term differentials in the income and growth of countries. Whereas differences in organizing principles among countries tend to persist for long periods of time, economic leadership has proven to be historically cyclical. To a large extent, the chapters in this book are a discussion of the relative decline of the United States and the organizing principles of mass production, and the rise of Japan and Germany that are advancing on the strengths of quality production. The historical record suggests a cycle of divergence in the performance of countries due to the introduction of new organizing heuristics, followed by a gradual convergence due to the diffusion of these heuristics across borders (Boyer 1988; Kogut 1991).
Witnesses Through History
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An awakened interest in the Apocalypse can be discerned in the Carolingian Age with Bede “the Venerable “ (c. 673-735), whose commentary on the book of Revelation evinces historical movement under apocalyptic symbolism. Together with Ambrosius Autpertus (d. 778 or 781), Bede carries us forward to the sharpened historical and polemical exegesis associated with apocalyptic thought in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The question of the identity of our two witnesses placed within a firm temporal framework will take on a new liveliness in the period ahead.
Identification or Representation
Authors: Petersen odney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Hans Hut, Melchior Hoffman (c. 1495-1543/4) was another highly successful lay preacher of Reformation times. As Hut had been successful in carrying the Anabaptist message to south and central Germany, so Hoffman was largely responsible for helping to transmit the Anabaptist movement from southwest Germany into and throughout northwestern Europe. Together with Milntzer and Hut he exerted a wide influence among Anabaptists in central Europe and seems to have made more of the prophecy of the adventual witnesses than perhaps even Hut or Milntzer. Furrier by trade but called by the Spirit to be a prophet, Hoffman was won to the Lutheran cause by 1522. He became an itinerant evangelist and was supported at various times by the guilds in Dorpat, merchants of Scandinavia, the East Frisian chancellor Ulrich von Domum, and even by Frederick I, king of Denmark.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Biblical Antiquities of Pseudo-Philo retells the Hebrew Bible from Adam to the death of Saul. Its retelling is quite free and extensive. It does quote the biblical text at times, but more often it paraphrases, condenses, summarizes, omits material, and adds much that has little or no corresponding material in the Bible. Many of the additions take the form of speeches, prayers, and conversations among the characters.
Pseudo-Philo as Narrative
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most students of the Pseude pigrapha have been trained as biblical scholars, so developments in the study of the Pseude pigrapha should be viewed in light of similar developments in biblical studies. Although the Bible has long been the object of “literary criticism,” that criticism has been fairly narrow until recently. It has concentrated on such matters as isolation of sources, investigation of smaller units within the text, use of tradition, biblical quotations and allusions, and genre. Concerns of literary critics from other fields were not prominent.1 Recent years have witnessed growing interest in a wide range of approaches to the Bible, including many varieties of literary criticism. New studies are constantly appearing, even in the most traditional journals and presses, applying to Scripture methods of criticism developed for non-biblical literature.
From Adam to Joseph: Biblical Antiquities 1–8
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These initial chapters, which depend on Genesis, serve three main goals: to locate Abraham and his progeny in a “human geography” through genealogies, to contrast righteous Abraham with sinful humanity, and to set the stage for the Exodus.1 The two versions of the Creation in Genesis 1-2 are omitted. Pseudo-Philo reverses the order of the genealogies from Genesis 4--5. LAB 1 recapitulates Genesis 5 and LAB 2 does the same for Genesis 4. By this reversal, humanity’s positive side is presented before the negative. The genealogy of chapter 1, which names Adam’s descendants through Seth, does not contain much editorial comment. It culminates in Noah’s birth. The genealogy in chapter 2 offers several editorial comments showing that various evils originated in Cain, the first murderer, and his descendants. By presenting humanity’s positive side first, Pseudo-Philo suggests humanity’s potential before detailing its failures. This pattern, potential for good followed by failure, is repeated several times in Pseudo-Philo. It is related to the plot’s structure noted in the previous chapter: Israel’s potential for living at peace with God is portrayed before its failure to realize that potential is recounted. Chapters 3-8 tell the story of humanity from the Flood to Israel’s descent to Egypt. The chapters stress humanity’s sinfulness, Abraham’s refusal to join in their wickedness at the tower of Babel, the subsequent election of Abraham and his seed, and the migration of Abraham’s progeny to Egypt.
From Samuel to David: Biblical Antiquities 49–65
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in the Bible, Samuel is a transitional figure between the time of the judges and the period of the monarchy. Pseudo-Philo’s concern for leadership is very much to the fore in these chapters. Saul is paradigmatic for the bad leader, and David represents the potential for model leadership. As the book now stands, David’s reign is not described, so his leadership abilities remain potential.
Major Characters: God, Humanity, Israel, Leaders, Other Major Figures
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the material in the next three chapters can be found scattered throughout the commentary of chapters 3 through 9. This chapter and the following ones do not repeat that analysis. They rather pull together the various strands of the narrative to arrive at a generalized picture of characters (this chapter), themes (chapter 11), and reflections of the author’s real world (chapter 12). In most cases, the listing of passages that support a certain interpretation is illustrative rather than exhaustive. The full effect of the points made in these three chapters can be appreciated only in combination with the detailed investigations of the preceding chapters.
Major Themes
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as plot, character, point of view, literary style, and so on are intimately tied together in this work, so the themes discussed here are closely bound up with the characters analyzed in the previous chapter and with the plot analyzed throughout this book. Topics broached here are relevant to Pseudo-Philo’s characterizations, and significant themes that are not discussed here are the focus of attention in our treatment of characters and in the narrative analysis. This chapter is not the last word on Pseudo-Philo’s themes but is meant to give some appreciation of the topics most interesting to Pseudo-Philo, as a general entree to the work.
The Dissenters: Melville and Brownson
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his classic study Melville’s Quarrel with God, Lawrance Thompson wrote that it would be more appropriate to call Melville a “descendentalist” than a transcendentalist, a witticism that manifests a deeper truth than one might expect: The turn which his life had taken translated him from a transcendentalist and a mystic into an inverted transcendentalist, an inverted mystic. To this extent, then, he was consistent, in spite of all his concomitant inconsistencies, to the very end of his life. Like his own Captain Ahab, he remained a defiant rebel, even in the face of death.