bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affective Neuroscience History and Major Concepts
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than aconceptual embarrassment. Such states remain difficult-some claim impossible-to study empirically. Since we cannot directly measure the internal experiences of others, whether animal or human, the study of emotional states must be indirect and based on empirically guided theoretical inferences. Because of such difficulties, there are presently no direct metrics by which we can unambiguously quantify changes in emotional states in any living creature. All objective bodily measures, from facial expressions to autonomic changes, are only vague approximations of the underlying neural dynamics-like ghostly tracks in the bubble chamber detectors of particle physics. Indeed, all integrative psychological processes arise from the interplay of brain ciruits that can be monitored, at present, only dimly and indirectly. Obviously, a careful study of behavioral actions is the most direct way to monitor emotions. However, many investigators who study behavior have argued that emotions, especially animal emotions, are illusory concepts outside the realm of scientific inquiry. As I will seek to demonstrate, that viewpoint is incorrect. Although much of behavioral control is elaborated by unconscious brain processes, both animals and humans do have similar affective feelings that are important contributors to their future behavioral tendencies. Unfortunately, the nature of human and animal emotions cannot be understood without brain research. Fortunately, a psycho-neurological analysis of animal emotions (via a careful study of how animal brains control certain behaviors) makes it possible to conceptualize the basic underlying nature of human emotions with some precision, thereby providing new insights into the functional organization of all mammalian brains. A strategy to achieve such a cross-species synthesis will be outlined here. It is based largely on the existence of many psychoneural homologies-the fact that the intrinsic nature of basic emotional systems has been remarkably well conserved during the course of mammalian evolution. Although there is a great deal of diversity in the detailed expressions of these systems across species, the conserved features allow us to finally understand some of the fundamental sources of human nature by studying the animal brain.
The Varieties of Emotional Systems in the Brain Theories, Taxonomies, and Semantics
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars down through the ages have disagreed about the number and nature of basic emotions. Investigators have not even agreed on the criteria to be used in the classification of emotions. A great deal has been written on such matters, but most of it remains controversial. Until recently, this question could not be approached from a neurological perspective. As we will see in this chapter, now it can. First, I will consider how we might define primary emotional systems, or “affect programs,” and then summarize the types of basic emotional circuits that exist in the brain. A limited number of powerful primal emotional circuits-those that appear to elaborate fear, anger, seeking, and sorrow-have now been sufficiently well characterized that they can be addressed cogently through brain research. These universally recognized emotions correspond to the “infantile” feelings that young children exhibit. But this is not a comprehensive list. There are surely others related to sexuality and other more subtle social processes, such as social bonding, separation distress, and play. All emotional taxonomies must remain open-ended until more is known about the brain. I will restrict my discussion here to items for which reasonably coherent evidence exists at the neural level. This does not mean we understand these systems fully, but we do have enough conceptual, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical evidence to make a solid start.
Neurostatics The Anatomy of the Brain/ Mind
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many who have considered the matter believe that an understanding of psychological and behavioral processes must initially guide our understanding of the functions of the brain. Less well appreciated is the fact that understanding of the brain can highlight the nature of psychological processes. Intellectual commerce is always a two-way street. Recent discoveries about the brain have finally established a foundation for a mechanistic understanding of the mind. Numerous new techniques now exist to illuminate brain-mind relations, and the painstaking collection of new information continues at a fever pitch. The “neuroscience revolution” of the last few decades has enabled us to conceptualize human nature in dramatically new ways, and the debate is shifting from the issue of whether mind emerges from brain to how specific mental states, traits, and abilities arise from the brain. The ongoing breakthroughs are so important that even remote disciplines such as philosophy, economics, and political science are beginning to pay close attention to what the psychologically oriented neuroscientists are doing. All past progress in this quest has been premised on acceptance of the “neuron doctrine”-the recognition that individual neurons are the fundamental units that transfer information throughout the brain. Just as each human being has individual qualities as a receiver and transmitter of information, so too does each neuron have such qualities, both electrical and chemical. But a single neuron does nothing important psychologically by itself. Psychological processes emerge from the neurodynamic interactions of many interconnected neurons (i.e., circuits or neuronal networks), yielding many yet unmeasured and unimagined complexities. Foreseeable progress in this field will arise from our ability to relate functionally coherent circuit systems to primitive (i.e., genetically dictated) psycho behavioral tendencies. However, there is yet no consensus as to how we can best overlay psychological principles upon brain processes. One thing, however, is beyond doubt: It cannot be done without an adequate appreciation of the subject matter of this chapter-the complexities of neuro-anatomy.
Neurodynamics The Electrical Languages of the Brain
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The view of the brain as an “enchanted loom” is one of the most famous images of the nervous system in op-eration. To some extent it is an elegantly simple picture: Individual neurons convey information via a universal electrochemical process, speaking to other neurons in chemical dialects. But the simplicity is deceptive. It only provides the beginning of understanding as far as psychology is concerned. The study of the electrical responses of individual neurons has yet to give us a credible picture of the intrinsic neuro dynamics of the mind. There is a yet unfathomed internal harmony to brain functions, with many neural systems working together to produce mind. One of the best ways to approach the operations of the brain holistically and in real time is via electroencephalographic (EEG) measures, which can monitor the joint dendritic activities of large ensembles of neurons. A shortcoming of this technique is its inability to reveal the deep functions of the intact human brain. One of the most difficult problems is that the brain has so many endogenous subcortical functions (i.e., ones that were constructed through evolutionary selection rather than within the individual life experiences of an organism), and we cannot readily study such processes in humans using electrical recording procedures. In animals, we can demonstrate the role of specific subcortical circuits in various psycho behavioral processes via various interventions, but the dynamic electrical codes that operate within these circuits are difficult to decipher using objective procedures. There is a massive spontaneity of neuronal activity throughout the brain. It is as if we were confronted by many hieroglyphics, with no Rosetta stone. Although early theorists thought the machinery of the brain was only set into action by external stimuli impinging on the organism, we now know that, in addition to harvesting information from the various senses, the brain also has many internally generated activities that provide information from the ancestral past, thereby creating the innate functions of the mind. This is reflected in the ability of artificial brain stimulation to evoke coherent emotional behavior patterns and associated feeling states.
Neurodynamics Neurochemical Maps of the Brain
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have progressed remarkably far in the hundred years since Freud penned his materialistic thoughts as a young man in his late 20s. However, rather than neurons, the most important “material particles” we must now investigate are the many types of molecules that serve as neurotransmitters and receptors, which convey information from one neuron to another. On the basis of this knowledge, a neurobiological revolution has transformed psychiatry, and new discoveries will yield more powerful and specific medicines than have ever been available before. Without a thorough knowledge of transmitter “particles,” this would not be possible. The first neurotransmitters were discovered some four decades after Freud expressed his great hope for a scientific psychology, and now several dozen major systems have been well characterized. Many more remain to be discovered. We are beginning to understand how attention, emotions, and motivations, as well as perceptions and memories, are constructed through the synaptic chemistries that mediate information transmission in the brain. Information transfer within a single neu-ron is an electrical process, but at synapses the electrical language of the brain is momentarily converted into chemical transmitter languages. After transmitters cross the synaptic cleft and interact with specific receptor molecules, the neuronal messages are passed onward in cascades of biochemical events that convert the various chemical dialects back to electrical ones. Neuroscientists use immunocyto chemical techniques to visualize the chemical languages of neuronal circuits, relying on “detective-like” antibodies to identify and localize specific brain chemicals. This technique can also be used to vi-sualize the locations of various receptor fields, but a more commonly used technique is receptor autoradiography. In fact, we now have tools to visually examine the exquisitely patterned distributions of nearly all chemical systems of the brain. We can even describe where and when new peptide chemistries are transcribed from DNA using a technique called in situ hy-bridization. We can also measure the release of many neurotransmitters within specific parts of the brain in behaving animals. Finally, we are now in a position to understand how primitive emotions arise from specific neuro chemistries of the mammalian brain. This information is leading to a revolution in our conceptualization of human nature.
Acoustical Information Processing in the Auditory Thalamus and Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Ribaupierre François de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acoustical information coding at the thalamocortical level h.as some characteristics that are shared with other sensory modalities and other characteristics that are more specific to the auditary system. Our knowledge has progressed towards a better definition of the neuronal response organization of the medial geniculate body and the auditory cortex (AC), revealing the existence of multiple parallel but partially interconnected pathways. The concept that different aspects of acoustical information are processed in parallel is thus morphologically supported but it is still only partly ,demonstrated at the functional level (see Chapter 1).
The Schwarzschild Metric Via Fock-Ivanenko 2-Vectors
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 10 years after his paper on special relativity, Albert Einstein published a series of papers establishing the general theory of relativity (1915a, 1915b, 1916). According to his theory, the path of a small test particle is that of a geodesic in curved space-time. Furthermore the metric for a mass free space must satisfy the equation.
Two Differential Operators
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be noted that the sign for the exterior derivative d is well established and we have followed that convention. On the other hand, the sign convention for the codifferential operator δ is not so well established. For the case of a positive definite metric, our sign convention is identical to that used by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer (1977, p. 329). It is opposite to the sign used by Harley Flanders (1963, pp. 136-137).
Natural hybridization: Definitions and history
Authors: Arnold Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several terms used in this book need clear definitions. These include hybridization, hybrid, and hybrid zone. Harrison (1993) has discussed the various definitions of the term hybridization that have been used in scientific literature. Each of these relates to levels of divergence between the individuals that undergo reproduction. The extremes of these definitions are crosses between genetically distinct individuals, and between individuals from different species (Harrison, 1993). The former is frequently used by plant and animal breeders and the latter by evolutionary biologists. Harrison’s (1990) definition includes crosses between “individuals from two populations, or groups of populations, which are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters.” I have adopted this definition with the following modifications. First, natural hybridization involves matings that occur in a natural setting—this excludes cases of experimental hybridizations. Second, I will consider those crosses that are successful in producing some viable F1 progeny that possess some level of fertility. This latter restriction reflects my desire to focus on the potential ongoing evolutionary effects from hybrid generations past the initial F1. However, it is important to point out that almost all cases of natural hybridization result in at least a few viable individuals with some measure of fertility (e.g., Grant, 1963). Thus, when an author states that inviable or infertile offspring are produced, it is usually meant that the offspring are fewer in number or are less fertile relative to progeny from crosses between genetically more similar individuals. The reduction in levels of viability and fertility has led most authors to discount natural hybridization as an evolutionarily important process. This conclusion ignores the importance of rare events in evolution and is contradicted by actual cases where unlikely hybrid events have led to diversification (Arnold and Hodges, 1995a). The validity of the arguments presented in this book do not depend on hybrids being relatively common in nature. However, it is also apparent that natural hybridization does not usually lead to 100% inviability or infertility.
Reproductive parameters and natural hybridization
Authors: Arnold Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A premise of this book is that natural hybridization occurs in numerous taxa and has a major evolutionary effect through the production of novel genotypes that are more fit than their progenitors in certain environments. Thus, mechanisms that limit or promote hybridization are of primary importance in determining the evolutionary trajectory of particular hybridization episodes. Further, as I will argue in Chapter 5, the relative difficulty in forming certain hybrid generations (i.e., F1 individuals) can affect where hybridization is most likely to occur (i.e., ecotones or disturbed habitats) and the pattern of further hybridization (e.g., predominance of B1 instead of F2 individuals). This in turn will determine which hybrid genotypes will be available for natural selection. In the present chapter I will illustrate some of the many mechanisms that can prevent hybridization. There are two reasons for covering this topic. First, the severe restrictions on hybrid formation stand in stark contrast to the extensive occurrence of natural hybridization in plants and animals. This seeming paradox, I will argue, is resolved by the hypothesis that once rare hybrids are formed, it is likely that positive selection favors some of the hybrid genotypes in certain environments. Thus, the occurrence of many hybrid zones in nature may reflect positive environment-dependent selection. Exogenous selection may indeed play a major role in the stabilization of hybrid types by favoring hybrids over parents in certain environments (see Chapter 5).
Coevolution between the Common Cuckoo and Its Major Hosts in Japan Stable versus Dynamic Specialization on Hosts
Authors: Nakamura Hiroshi , Kubota Satoshi , Suzuki Reiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common cuckoo Cuculus canorus is a brood parasite known to have laid its eggs in the nest of more than 125 species of passerine birds (Wyllie 1981). But many of these are rare or accidental hosts. Cuckoo populations in each region concentrate on only a few host species and individual female cuckoos are thought to specialize on just one host species and to mimic the eggs of that host species. The egg mimicry is believed to have evolved in relation to egg discrimination by host species (Chance 1940; Baker 1942; Wyllie 1981; Brooke and Davies 1988). In the parasitic relations between the cuckoo and its hosts, the latter gain no reproductive output at all due to the parasitic nestling’s eviction behavior (Davies and Brooke, this vol.).
Nest Defense by Potential Hosts of the Brown-Headed Cowbird Methodological Approaches, Benefits of Defense, and Coevolution
Authors: Sealy Spencer G , Neudorf diane L , Hobson Keith A , Gill sharon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brood parasites have evolved many adaptations that enhance the likelihood that their parasitic life style will be successful, but success for a parasite usually means reduced reproductive output for the hosts (Rothstein 1975, 1990; Payne 1977; May and Robinson 1985; Davies and Brooke 1988; Sealy 1992). Not surprisingly, many hosts have evolved ways of reducing the impact of parasitism on them. Some hosts eject parasitic eggs or desert parasitized clutches, but these behaviors may not recover all of the losses due to parasitism as hosts may already have lost an egg to the laying parasite.
Quality Control and the Important Questions in Avian Conspecific Brood Parasitism
Authors: Power Harry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen a plethora of papers on conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) which have been uneven in quality and variable in the questions they address. This chapter attempts to establish minimal standards of quality control in biochemically based studies, and provide a uniform list of important questions to be addressed in such studies. It is hoped that the chapter will improve the quality of future studies of CBP, as Hickey’s (1943) A Guide to Bird Watching (Appendix C) improved life history studies. With both life history and CBP studies, the fundamental problem was and is the same: publication of a large body of work of such varying degree of quality and thoroughness that it presents an almost anarchic picture of natural phenomena, and in some cases confuses as much as it informs.
D
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dagi listed as Dagy in some records; an official of the 11th Dynasty, serving as vizier and governor of the pyramidal city of mentuhotpe ii at deir el-bahri on the western shore of the Nile c. 2010 b.c. Dagi was the superintendent of the southern domains in Thebes, which was used as the home clan administrative center for the kings of the dynasties of the Middle Kingdom.
F
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
faience glassy manufactured substances of the ancient Egyptians. The process developed by the artisans of the Nile Valley may have been prompted by a desire to imitate highly prized turquoise, although there was a great diversity of color in faience. The usual Egyptian faience was composed of a quartz or crystal base, covered with a vitreous, alkaline com pound with calcium silicates to provide the colors and the glassy finish. The Egyptians called faience tjehenet.
K
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ka the ancient Egyptian term for a spiritual essence, which existed alongside human form and yet maintained individuality. The ka was an astral being, and yet it was also considered the guiding force for all human life. The Egyptians recognized the “double” aspect of the ka, and in some statues the kings were depicted as having an identical image at their side. While existing with the human being during his or her mortal life, the ka was the superior power in the realms beyond the grave. The term for death was “Going to one’s ka” or “Going to one’s ka in the sky.”
L
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labyrinth the Greek name given to the temple precinct of a pyramid complex consisting of many courts and colonnades, erected at Hawara beside the faiyum, by amenemhet iii of the 12th Dynasty (1844–1797 b.c.). Historically the structure has been identified as a palace, a mortuary complex, and as an administrative or cult center of the era. It is called the Labyrinth because of the complexity of its architectural design. Shafts, corridors and stone plugs were part of the original plan, all incorporated into the pyramid to protect the central burial chamber of the king. This portion of the pyramid was cut from a single block of granite and is estimated to have weighed about 110 tons. Twelve separate courts graced the Labyrinth, all facing one another in a lavish display of architectural skill.
M
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
&gt;Ma’adi a predynastic site just south of modern Cairo, where the remains of oval and circular-shaped houses were discovered. Posts stuck into the ground appear to have served as the simple foundation for these structures, which were composed of mud daub and wattle originally. Interior hearths, an innovation in the predynastic eras, were also discovered as part of the designs of the houses at Ma’adi. There is little indication, however, that roofs were part of the architectural planning of the residences. Windbreaks and sheltering walls served as the only form of protection for the inhabitants in the beginning. Ma’adi was near the famed tura Quarry. (See egypt, predynastic.)
P
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
paddle dolls flat, painted wooden dolls deposited in the tombs of the Middle Kingdom. These figurines, crude by the artistic standards of the Egyptians, had elaborate hairstyles, composed of strings of mud and faience beads, which were laced with bits of straw. The design obviously mimicked the elaborate wigs worn in all eras. Paddle dolls were discovered in 11th Dynasty tombs. Their inclusion among the mortuary regalia is not fully understood. Some sources indicate that the dolls were provided as sexual companions or servants for the deceased.