bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invertebrate host immune mechanisms and parasite escapes
Authors: Bayne Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although immunology centres on the study of vertebrates, invertebrate animals (and indeed plants) require and possess molecules, cells, and mechanisms that protect them from potential parasites and pathogens with which they coexist (Ratcliffe 1985). Such defensive systems, though they are different from those of the vertebrates, embody a great variety of recognition and effector mechanisms. These are by no means simple: membrane-bound and soluble non-self-recognition molecules, enzyme cascades, and a variety of leukocyte types with diverse aggressive potentials effect integrated responses to a variety of insults, thereby enhancing individual fitness.
An ecological perspective: the population and community consequences of parasitism
Authors: Toft Catherine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecologists have rather belatedly become interested in parasitism. In the first part of this century, ecologists began work that endures today on predator-prey interactions, on competition among free-living organisms, and on mutualistic interactions (Lotka 1925; Volterra 1926; Gause 1934; Kostitzin 1934). Even earlier, parasitologists and epidemiologists began study of parasites and diseases, with the aim of controlling these afflictions in humans and domesticated species (e.g. Farr 1840; Brownlee 1906; Ross 1916; Frost 1937; see Bailey 1975 and Anderson 1982 for reviews; see also Chapter 2 by Cheng, this volume). After the work of Kostitzin (1934) and Lotka (1923) (both were ecologists who modelled parasite-host interactions),
Calcium conductance of the neuronal membrane
Authors: Kostyuk Platon G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All living cells maintain, as well as sodium and potassium ion gradients, a steep concentration gradient of calcium ions between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. This gradient is much steeper than those for the two other ions, despite the low concentration of extracellular calcium; this phenomenon is due to the ability of living cells to immobilize calcium ions inside or to expel them, and thus to keep their intracellular activity at an extremely low level (see Chapter 8). For this reason, calcium ions should enter the cell very effectively along this gradient as soon as the cellular membrane becomes permeable to them. However, in the resting state calcium ions obviously do not penetrate through the membrane, and the main pathway for their permeation is formed by specialized macromolecular structures, ion channels, which can be opened for diffusional movement of ions.
Brain glucose metabolism in subcortical dementias
Authors: Metter E Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of subcortical dementia has become popular in the past ten years. Albert et al. (1974) originally noted this behavioural pattern in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. More recently Cummings and Benson have discussed and promoted the concept in a number of reports (Benson 1983; Cummings and Benson 1983, 1984). Their major point is that demented patients who have disease processes with a primary subcortical origin have clinical features that are distinctly different from dementias with primary cortical origins. Table 11.1 summarizes the differences between cortical and subcortical dementias. The subcortical dementias include multiinfarct dementia (MID), Huntington’s disease (HD), Wilson’s disease and the dementias associated with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The cortical dementias include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Pick’s disease.
Is the striatum involved in language?
Authors: Crosson Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Participation of the dominant striatum in language functions has been a controversial topic. At one extreme, M. P. Alexander et al. (1987) have claimed that the caudate nucleus and the putamen are not involved in language. These investigators account for language dysfunction after striatal lesions by the fact that vascular lesions of these structures almost always involve surrounding white matter pathways. They assert that the interruption of these pathways is the factor actually causing language dysfunction. At the other extreme, Crosson (1985) and Wallesch and Papagno (1988) have suggested specific functions for the dominant caudate head and dominant putamen in language. For Crosson (1985), these hypothesized functions included the regulation of flow of information from one stage of language formulation to the next.
Relationship between lesions in deep, subcortical white matter areas on chronic CT scans and recovery of speech and comprehension in chronic aphasia
Authors: Naeser Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of lesions in subcortical structures (including the internal capsule and basal ganglia) on language behaviour has been studied since the time of Marie (Marie 1926). More recently, CT scans have permitted better visualization of lesions in these subcortical areas, and have thus allowed further observation into the relationship between subcortical lesion sites (especially white matter and the basal ganglia) and language behaviour (Mazzocchi and Vignola 1979; Alexander and LoVerme 1980; Naeser et al. 1982, 1989; Damasio etal. 1982; Brunner etal. 1982; Cappa etal. 1983; Puel etal. 1984; Alexander et al. 1987; Kennedy and Murdoch 1989; Yang et al. 1989).
Subcortical agraphia
Authors: Kertesz Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even before the new imaging modalities, autopsy correlation and stereotaxic surgery provided evidence that the basal ganglia play a role in language and memory (Bell 1968; Penfield and Roberts 1959; Selby 1967). The participation of subcortical structures in language processing is not fully understood, although it appears that motor impairments dominate the deficit even in the area of language and cognition. This ranges from dysarthria which has been known to occur commonly after thalamotomies (Bell 1968) to severe global aphasia (Naeser et al. 1982). Anomic aphasia is frequently observed, presenting as a disturbance of rather hesitant speech. Repetition is often preserved which is also called a ‘transcorticalfeature’ (Selby 1967; Cappa and Vignola 1979). Bell (1968) considered the deficit to be similar to the aphasias of the frontal regions. Lesions in the putamen and the anterior internal capsule produce slow dysarthric speech and with posterior extension comprehension is also impaired, with paraphasic speech and jargon appearing (Naeser et al. 1982). Damasio et al. (1982) reported atypical aphasic syndromes with decreased verbal agility as the major feature.
Subcortical neglect: is cortical diaschisis relevant?
Authors: Ferro José , Cantinho Guilhermina , Levy A , Godinho F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that damage to subcortical structures can cause neglect, although it is not clear why some patients develop neglect after subcortical lesions while others do not. Furthermore no specific subcortical location appears to be more relevant than any other for the presence or absence of neglect (Ferro et al. 1987). Functional neuroanatomical studies using positron emission tomography (PET) (Baron et al. 1986), regional cerebral blood flow measurements (Perani et al. 1987), and autoradiography (Deuel and Collins 1984) have raised the question of whether neglect is related to the subcortical lesion per se or is due to cortical hypometabolism. One possibility for explaining negative cases (i.e. subcortical lesions without neglect) would be the absence of cortical ‘diaschisis’ in these cases. We report two observations that give rise to alternative explanations.
Morphogenetic cascades, generic forms, and taxonomy
Authors: Goodwin Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of morphogenesis is characterized by symmetry-breaking cascades that generate forms of hierarchically-nested equivalence classes. A morphogenetic definition of homology can thus be based solely on generative criteria, independent of evolutionary history. Morphogenesis in unicellular algae, leaf patterns of higher plants, and the generative principles of tetrapod limbs are used as examples of hierarchical sequences of symmetry-breaking events.
Ontogeny, rooting, and polarity
Authors: De Pinna Mario C C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods for establishing character polarities on the basis of ontogenetic information have usually approached the problem from the standpoint of individual character states. According to that view, generality criteria ‘identify’ the plesiomorphic and apomorphic states prior to parsimony analysis. The issue is here seen from a different perspective. Because the length of a tree is independent of the placement of the root, there is no practical or theoretical reason to establish direction of character transformations prior to parsimony analysis. The problem of incorporating ontogenetic information into cladogram construction is therefore a question of rooting, that is where to insert the root onto an undirected network. Most modern applications of ontogenetic criteria have failed to incorporate ontogenetic information per se, because they rely solely on principles of generality of character states, ignoring the direction of transformations. A new approach to ontogenetic rooting corrects these shortcomings, and permits incorporating global information on ontogenetic character transformations in cladograms. Contrary to common belief, the outgroup method for polarity determination does not constitute a true polarity - or rooting - determination procedure, but instead a way to parsimoniously extend a previously-established directionality onto a newly attached network. Ontogenetic sequences provide the only biologically-meaningful basis to actually root a tree (and consequently establish character-state polarities).
DNA characters and cladistics: the optimization of functional history
Authors: Albert* Victor A , Backlund† Anders , Bremer† Kare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cladistic analysis of DNA characters must cope with the issue of functional constraints. We discuss functional considerations in systematically useful DNA data, exemplified by repetitive DNA sequences, ribosomal RNAs, and transcription factors. DNA data may be utilized as characters at several levels, such as (i) nucleotides, (ii) codons and amino acids, and (iii) strings of nucleotides. We consider a cladistic analysis of the rbcL gene in a sample of 40 land plants. Examination of codon usage in the rbcL gene reveals assymetries in codon frequencies suggesting that codon usage is influenced by the relative usage of codon neighbours in the genetic code. This pattern is presumably due to functional conservation of the rbcL gene. Furthermore, we show that branch support in cladograms based on analysis of nucleotides is almost entirely (97.5 per cent) based on silent substitutions or functionally labile amino acid replacements, suggesting considerable functional constraints on the rbcL gene. Hence, the cladograms are to a large extent constrained by functional history, which may or may not be entirely congruent with phylogeny. Branch support on cladograms based on string data is to a lesser extent (70 per cent) based on silent or functionally labile amino acid changes, suggesting that string data, on average, may be less influenced by whole-gene functional constraints. However, the correspondingly greater proportion of presumably functional changes in underlying nucleotides (28 per cent versus 2.5 per cent) indicates a greater likelihood that functional associations among particular nucleotides may bias tree construction.
Constancy and change of life in the sea
Authors: Jackson J B C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uniformatarianism is the null hypothesis of geology and gradual speciation by natural selection the null hypothesis of evolution. Ecology is the link between the two. The expectation is that gradual changes in earth processes drive gradual shifts in species and communities. Many ecological and evolutionary trends are in agreement with this scenario (Overpeck et al. 1992), but much new evidence suggests that changes in climate may be abrupt and unstable, with lasting effects on the subsequent climate and biota (Crowley and North 1988; Kennett and Stott 1991). Sudden environmental change may underlie the nearly universal occurrence of discontinuities in morphology and community composition which mark the age, stage, and epoch boundaries of the geologic timescale which traditionally have been attributed to the imperfections of the fossil record (Darwin 1859; Levinton 1988). Here I review evidence that communities of molluscs, reef corals, and planktonic Foraminifera have changed very little since the end of the Pliocene approximately 2 million years ago (mya). After at least 8 million years (my) of relative faunal stability, turnover of Late Pliocene faunas required only a few hundred thousand years (ky).
Rates and patterns of extinction among British invertebrates
Authors: Thomas J A , Morris M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With about 22 000 species of insect and several thousand other invertebrates, Britain has a comparatively small invertebrate fauna and few endemics to compensate for the paucity (Kerrich et al. 1978). However, Britain is better known than any other comparable area in the world (Bratton 1991; Collins and Thomas , and is probably the only country for which the rates and causes of species loss over the past 100-300 years can be reviewed. Our conclusions, although tentative, apply to much of Europe (Heath 1981; Erhardt and Thomas 1991; Speight 1989; Thomas 1991; Beek et al. 1992) and perhaps elsewhere. For whereas European biotopes were once considered atypical because of management and alteration by man (Duffey and Watt 1971; Rackham 1986; Spellerberg et al. 1991; Warren and Key 1991; Thomas 1993), evidence is accumulating that many biotopes in other continents have been similarly shaped by man during recent millennia (e.g., Hammond and McCorkle 1984; Pimm, Moulton, and Justice, Chapter 5). In studying how the invertebrates of low-input low-output agricultural and forestry systems have reacted to the agrichemical and silvicultural revolutions of the 20th century, we may illuminate processes to be repeated over much of the world as human populations grow and societies ‘develop’.
Population, health, and environmental crises in the former Soviet Union1
Authors: Feshbach Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Murray Feshbach is the world’s leading expert on the demography, health, and ecology of the former Soviet Union. After graduating in history at Syracuse University, he took his Master’s degree at Columbia University, New York and his Ph.D., in economics, at The American University. He worked for 25 years in the US Department of Commerce, eventually becoming Chief, USSR Population, Employment, and Research and Development Branch in the US Bureau of the Census. In 1986 Professor Feshbach, a fluent Russian speaker, became the first Sovietologist-inresidence in the Office of the Secretary-General of NATO, Lord Carrington. He is currently Research Professor of Demography at Georgetown University, Washington DC.
Reservoir geology
Authors: Stoneley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happens after a discovery has been made and evaluated is, strictly speaking, beyond the title of this book. However, the geologist and geophysicist will continue to be very much involved during the appraisal, development, and production of a field, and it may be of interest to include a brief chapter. How this work is organized, and indeed what it is called, vary from company to company. One may encounter the terms ‘development geology’ or ‘production geology’ but, since what is involved is essentially a detailed study of the reservoir, ‘reservoir geology’ may be more all-embracing and less emotive. Much of the work is now in the field of petroleum or reservoir engineering, but the geology still forms the basis of it. Geologists and engineers will therefore be working together throughout as members of a team, and they need to be able to understand and communicate with each other.
Monogamy in the Sparrowhawk
Authors: Newton Wyllie I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (see drawing above) is a small raptor which breeds in forest and woodland throughout the Palaearctic region, and preys upon small birds. The sexes look much the same, except that females are bigger than males (at twice the weight). Both sexes are shortlived, with an annual mortality of around 33%, an age of first breeding of 1-3 years, and a maximum life span of around 9 years (Newton 1986). Pairs raise no more than one brood per year, containing up to six young. They space themselves through suitable habitat, and tend to nest in the same restricted localities year after year, giving a fairly uniform and stable distribution (Newton 1986). Over a period of years, the same territories may be held by a succession of different individuals, each present for one to several breeding seasons. Individual birds defend the same territory in successive years or they may change territories between one breeding season and the next. Similarly, some individuals retain the same mate in successive years, while others change their mates between breeding seasons, even though the original partner may still be alive. In this chapter, we examine the circumstances underlying mate fidelity and mate change in the Sparrowhawk, and assess the consequences for breeding performance. We also draw comparisons with some other raptors, concluding that local food supply has a major influence on site fidelity and mate fidelity.
Management of International Water Resources: Some Recent Developments
Authors: Biswas Asit K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the time of Aristotle, concern has continued to be expressed on whether enough natural resources would be available for human consumption for future generations. With a steadily increasing global population, and mankind’s eternal quest for a higher standard of living for all the world’s citizens, there is no doubt that demands on natural resources will continue to increase as well. Even if it was possible by some miracle to stabilize world population at the present level, resource requirements would still continue to increase for a considerable period of time as more and more people achieve a better quality of life. Water is a good example of a resource for which demand is increasing continuously.
Catalog Of Mutant Genes And Polymorphic Loci
Authors: Doolitile Donald p. , Davisson Muriel t. , Guidi john N , Green Margaret c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 8500 genetic loci have been described in the mouse. Many of them have been recognized by the occurrence of mutations causing visible effects such as changed color, morphology, behavior, etc., or by discovery of differences between strains in protein structure, enzyme activity, antigenic determinants, immune responses, DNA sequences, etc. A growing number of loci for which no variants are known in the mouse are being identified by cloning or molecular characterization. This catalog is an attempt to list and describe all of these loci of the mouse. It does not include loci identified only as proteins or DNA sequences for which there is no genetic evidence. A large number of loci are recognized only by variation in arbitrary DNA sequences or microsatellite repeats.
Health Outcomes
Authors: Macbeth Helen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The costs of health care are much debated, but any study of these costs require measurement of what has been achieved by the health care. The results of health care have come to be known as 'health outcomes' and this book discusses the multiple angles involved in defining and measuring these outcomes. This book is deliberately cross-disciplinary, and looks at the topic thoroughly from the perspectives of different academic and practical angles.
Introduction
Authors: Cotton Richard G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mutations must have been first detected phenotypically in plants and animals as spontaneously arising variants–much use of which occurred in breeding. With the study of proteins becoming widespread, in 1949 Pauling showed, by using electrophoresis, that there was a subtle difference between the haemoglobin of normals and people with sickle cell disease. Ingram showed that the two proteins differed by substitution of a glutamic acid residue by valine. This really marked the start of molecular medicine and the period around and before this is well covered in a recent book (Cooper and Krawcezak 1993).
The study of DNA in relation to human disease could only start once the structure of DNA was defined by Watson and Crick in 1953. In 1978 the first changes were defined in the haemoglobin gene (see Table l.1).
The role of parasites in bird conservation
Authors: Dobson Andrew P , McCallum Hamish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to breed endangered species in captivity are frequently confounded by disease outbreaks; translocation of individuals to bolster declining populations carries with it the risk of disease introductions; in Hawaii and other island populations the introduction of avian malaria and other pathogens has led to the decline of native birds. Plainly, parasites and diseases are emerging as important natural enemies which have to be considered in the management of endangered bird species. This review considers a number of examples of the role that parasites and pathogens play in conservation. Rather than attempting to be exhaustive and provide a comprehensive list of examples where pathogens have been important in conservation, we have instead chosen to concentrate on describing four general areas where quantitive and qualitative insights have been gained in ecological studies of interactions between parasites and their hosts. In each area, we use a number of empirical examples to illustrate the role that parasites have played in the decline or recovery of an endangered bird species.
Protection from wind
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wind damage to forests is a recurrent hazard in many parts of the world. High winds can uproot trees, break stems, cause malformations, and retard growth. They can also disrupt planned management, causing economic losses from higher logging costs, damage during storage, unharvested wood, lowered increment in residual stands, and shortened rotations, besides reducing landscape quality and habitats for wildlife. Forests in temperate maritime regions suffer most seriously from wind damage, but those in continental mountainous regions can be badly affected too. In some places wind may be the ecological factor most responsible for the species composition of natural forests through destruction by storms. This leads to successions which favour colonizing, rather than climax, species. Storm damage is a constant risk, rather than an unforeseeable event, in many places where it occurs. It is the most important influence affecting the viability of commercial forestry in the British uplands.