bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IMPERIAL FOOD CHAIN: EATING AS AN INTERFACE OF POWER IN WOMEN WRITERS' GEOGRAPHY PRIMERS
Authors: Norcia Megan A. 
Published: April 2005

…the ancient metaphor of the lean and the fat, the eaters and the eaten, still haunts the frame of political discourse.—Frank Lestringant,Cannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules VerneSpace–my space–is not the context of which I constitute the textuality: instead, it is first of all my body, and then it is my body's counterpart or “other,” its mirror-image or shadow: it is the shifting intersection between that which touches, penetrates, threatens or begets my body on the one hand, all other bodies on the other.—Henri Lefebvre,The Production of Space
Crown rootless1, Which Is Essential for Crown Root Formation in Rice, Is a Target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in Auxin Signaling
Authors: Inukai Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Tomoaki , Ueguchi-Tanaka Miyako , Shibata Yohko , Gomi Kenji , Umemura Iichiro , Hasegawa Yasuko , Ashikari Motoyuki , Kitano Hidemi , Matsuoka Makoto 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Although the importance of auxin in root development is well known, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unknown. We characterized a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant defective in crown root formation, crown rootless1 (crl1). The crl1 mutant showed additional auxin-related abnormal phenotypic traits in the roots, such as decreased lateral root number, auxin insensitivity in lateral root formation, and impaired root gravitropism, whereas no abnormal phenotypic traits were observed in aboveground organs. Expression of Crl1, which encodes a member of the plant-specific ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES protein family, was localized in tissues where crown and lateral roots are initiated and overlapped with β-glucuronidase staining controlled by the DR5 promoter. Exogenous auxin treatment induced Crl1 expression without de novo protein biosynthesis, and this induction required the degradation of AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID proteins. Crl1 contains two putative auxin response elements (AuxREs) in its promoter region. The proximal AuxRE specifically interacted with a rice AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and acted as a cis-motif for Crl1 expression. We conclude that Crl1 encodes a positive regulator for crown and lateral root formation and that its expression is directly regulated by an ARF in the auxin signaling pathway.
Auxin and Light Control of Adventitious Rooting in Arabidopsis Require ARGONAUTE1
Authors: Sorin Céline , Bussell John D. , Camus Isabelle , Ljung Karin , Kowalczyk Mariusz , Geiss Gaia , McKhann Heather , Garcion Christophe , Vaucheret Hervé , Sandberg Göran , Bellini Catherine 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAdventitious rooting is a quantitative genetic trait regulated by both environmental and endogenous factors. To better understand the physiological and molecular basis of adventitious rooting, we took advantage of two classes of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in adventitious root formation: the superroot mutants, which spontaneously make adventitious roots, and the argonaute1 (ago1) mutants, which unlike superroot are barely able to form adventitious roots. The defect in adventitious rooting observed in ago1 correlated with light hypersensitivity and the deregulation of auxin homeostasis specifically in the apical part of the seedlings. In particular, a clear reduction in endogenous levels of free indoleacetic acid (IAA) and IAA conjugates was shown. This was correlated with a downregulation of the expression of several auxin-inducible GH3 genes in the hypocotyl of the ago1-3 mutant. We also found that the Auxin Response Factor17 (ARF17) gene, a potential repressor of auxin-inducible genes, was overexpressed in ago1-3 hypocotyls. The characterization of an ARF17-overexpressing line showed that it produced fewer adventitious roots than the wild type and retained a lower expression of GH3 genes. Thus, we suggest that ARF17 negatively regulates adventitious root formation in ago1 mutants by repressing GH3 genes and therefore perturbing auxin homeostasis in a light-dependent manner. These results suggest that ARF17 could be a major regulator of adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis.
Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape
Authors: Rigby R. A. , Stasinopoulos D. M. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryA general class of statistical models for a univariate response variable is presented which we call the generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). The model assumes independent observations of the response variable y given the parameters, the explanatory variables and the values of the random effects. The distribution for the response variable in the GAMLSS can be selected from a very general family of distributions including highly skew or kurtotic continuous and discrete distributions. The systematic part of the model is expanded to allow modelling not only of the mean (or location) but also of the other parameters of the distribution of y, as parametric and/or additive nonparametric (smooth) functions of explanatory variables and/or random-effects terms. Maximum (penalized) likelihood estimation is used to fit the (non)parametric models. A Newton–Raphson or Fisher scoring algorithm is used to maximize the (penalized) likelihood. The additive terms in the model are fitted by using a backfitting algorithm. Censored data are easily incorporated into the framework. Five data sets from different fields of application are analysed to emphasize the generality of the GAMLSS class of models.
Modelling Association Between Two Irregularly Observed Spatiotemporal Processes by Using Maximum Covariance Analysis
Authors: Salim A. , Pawitan Y. , Bond K. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryClimatic phenomena such as the El-Niño–southern oscillation and the north Atlantic oscillation are results of complex interactions between atmospheric and oceanic processes. Understanding the interactions has enabled scientists to give early warning of the forthcoming phenomena, thereby reducing damage caused by them. Statistical methods have played an important role in revealing effects of these phenomena on different regions of the world. One such method is maximum covariance analysis (MCA). Two apparent weaknesses are associated with MCA. Firstly, it tends to produce estimates with a low signal-to-noise ratio, especially when the sample size is small. Secondly, there has been no objective way of incorporating incomplete records, which are frequently encountered in climatology and oceanographic data-bases. We introduce an MCA which incorporates a smoothing procedure on the estimates. The introduction of the smoothing procedure is shown to improve the signal-to-noise ratio on the estimates. The estimation of smoothing parameters is carried out by using a penalized likelihood approach, which makes the inclusion of incomplete records quite straightforward. The methodology is applied to investigate the association between Irish winter precipitation and sea surface temperature anomalies around the world. The results show relationships between Irish precipitation anomalies and the El-Niño–southern oscillation and the north Atlantic oscillation phenomena.
Obtaining Cancer Risk Factor Prevalence Estimates in Small Areas: Combining Data from Two Surveys
Authors: Elliott Michael R. , Davis William W. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryCancer surveillance research requires accurate estimates of risk factors at the small area level. These risk factors are often obtained from surveys such as the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) or the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS). The NHIS is a nationally representative, face-to-face survey with a high response rate; however, it cannot produce state or substate estimates of risk factor prevalence because the sample sizes are too small and small area identifiers are unavailable to the public. The BRFSS is a state level telephone survey that excludes non-telephone households and has a lower response rate, but it does provide reasonable sample sizes in all states and many counties and has publicly available small area identifiers (counties). We propose a novel extension of dual-frame estimation using propensity scores that allows the complementary strengths of each survey to compensate for the weakness of the other. We apply this method to obtain 1999–2000 county level estimates of adult male smoking prevalence and mammogram usage rates among females who were 40 years old and older. We consider evidence that these NHIS-adjusted estimates reduce the effects of selection bias and non-telephone coverage in the BRFSS. Data from the Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement are also used to evaluate the performance of this approach. A hybrid estimator that selects one of the two estimators on the basis of the mean-square error is also considered.
A Bayesian Mixture Model for Differential Gene Expression
Authors: Do Kim-Anh , Müller Peter , Tang Feng 
Published: April 2005

SummaryWe propose model-based inference for differential gene expression, using a nonparametric Bayesian probability model for the distribution of gene intensities under various conditions. The probability model is a mixture of normal distributions. The resulting inference is similar to a popular empirical Bayes approach that is used for the same inference problem. The use of fully model-based inference mitigates some of the necessary limitations of the empirical Bayes method. We argue that inference is no more difficult than posterior simulation in traditional nonparametric mixture-of-normal models. The approach proposed is motivated by a microarray experiment that was carried out to identify genes that are differentially expressed between normal tissue and colon cancer tissue samples. Additionally, we carried out a small simulation study to verify the methods proposed. In the motivating case-studies we show how the nonparametric Bayes approach facilitates the evaluation of posterior expected false discovery rates. We also show how inference can proceed even in the absence of a null sample of known non-differentially expressed scores. This highlights the difference from alternative empirical Bayes approaches that are based on plug-in estimates.
Are league tables controlling epidemic of caesarean sections in South Korea?
Authors: Kim Chang‐yup , Ko Su‐Kyoung , Kim Ki‐Young 
Published: April 2005

Objective  To assess the impact of the publication of hospital caesarean section rates on the reduction of these rates in South Korea, and explore associated factors contributing to the decrease.Design  Observational study.Setting  South Korea.Sample  Two hundred and sixty‐three hospitals in South Korea.Methods  The caesarean section rates of 263 hospitals, before and after the release of caesarean section rates to the public, were obtained. The factors influencing the reduction in hospital caesarean section rates were also explored using multiple logistic regression.Main outcome measure  Hospital caesarean section rates.Results  After the release of information in 2000, the total (clinic and hospital) caesarean section rates in 2000 and 2001 decreased to 38.6% and 39.6%, respectively, from 43.0% in 1999. Caesarean section rates for hospitals were 45.9%, 42.7% and 44.6% in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. Hospitals with the highest baseline caesarean section rates (OR 9.4, 95% CI 4.2–21.0) and highest number of deliveries (OR 8.1, 95% CI 2.1–31.1) were significant factors contributing independently to a decrease in caesarean section rates. Market share, competition, characteristics of revenue generation and ownership did not significantly influence the change of rates.Conclusion  The public release of information on caesarean section rates in Korea has reversed the ever‐increasing trend in these rates. Hospitals with pre‐existing high caesarean section rates or a larger number of deliveries were influenced by the information release and could be the main targets for interventions to decrease these rates.
Obstetric outcome in women with subfertility
Authors: Thomson Fiona , Shanbhag Smrutha , Templeton Allan , Bhattacharya Siladitya 
Published: April 2005

Background  It has been suggested that a history of subfertility is associated with increased obstetric and perinatal risks. It is unclear if the cause is inherent characteristics in the women or the fertility treatment.Objectives  To compare the obstetric and perinatal risks of singleton pregnancies in women with a history of subfertility in comparison with the general population.Design  Population cohort.Setting  Aberdeen, Scotland.Population  Cases were women attending the Fertility Clinic between 1989 and 1999 who subsequently went on to have singleton pregnancies. Controls included the general population of women who delivered singletons over the same period.Methods  We performed a retrospective cohort study to investigate the obstetric outcome of singleton pregnancies in women with subfertility. The general population of women who delivered singletons over the same period served as controls.Main outcome measures  Obstetric and perinatal complications in singleton pregnancies.Results  Maternity records were available for a total of 1437 subfertile women and 21,688 controls. Subfertile women were older [mean (SD) age: 31 (4.7) years vs 27 (5.4) years, P < 0.01] and more likely to be primiparous (70%vs 65%, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age and parity, subfertile women were at increased risk of pre‐eclampsia (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.5), placenta praevia (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.2–7.0) and placental abruption (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0), and more likely to undergo induction of labour (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3–1.6), caesarean section (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.4) and instrumental delivery (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.8–2.6), and deliver low birthweight (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.7) and preterm (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.2) infants. There were no differences between treatment‐related and treatment‐independent pregnancies.Conclusion  Subfertile women are at higher risk of obstetric complications, which persist after adjusting for age and parity.
The oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran, an alternative for anticoagulant treatment during the puerperium and lactation
Authors: Hellgren M. , Johansson S. , Eriksson U.G. , Wåhlander K. 
Published: April 2005

Objective To determine the excretion of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor (oral DTI), ximelagatran, and its active form, melagatran, in human milk, and to thus evaluate the potential exposure of breastfed infants to melagatran.Design An open, single dose, single centre study.Setting Department of Antenatal Care, Primary Health Care South Bohuslän and Institute for the Health of Woman and Children, Göteborg University, Sweden.Sample Seven healthy Caucasian breastfeeding women who were at least two months postpartum were studied.Methods The concentrations of ximelagatran, its two intermediates, and melagatran were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, with the limit of quantification of 2 nmol L−1for human milk and 10 nmol L−1for plasma concentrations.Main outcome measures Concentrations of ximelagatran, its intermediates and melagatran were measured in breast milk over 72 hours, and in plasma over 12 hours, after a single oral 36 mg dose of ximelagatran.Results Neither ximelagatran nor its intermediates were detected in human breast milk. Only trace amounts of melagatran were detected. The mean cumulative amount of melagatran excreted into breast milk over the 72‐hour period after dosing with oral ximelagatran was 0.00091% of the administered dose of ximelagatran. Ximelagatran was well tolerated, with no clinically relevant changes in laboratory variables or vitals signs.Conclusions Trace levels of melagatran are excreted in human breast milk following administration of the oral DTI ximelagatran. The exposure of breastfed infants to melagatran appears to be low and is therefore unlikely to be of clinical concern.
Rapid reduction of leiomyoma volume during treatment with the GnRH antagonist ganirelix
Authors: Flierman P.A. , Oberyé J.J.L. , van der Hulst V.P.M. , de Blok S. 
Published: April 2005

Objective  To assess maximal volume reduction of leiomyomas and uterus and the duration of treatment required to reach these reductions with daily GnRH antagonist treatment.Design  Prospective, open‐label study.Setting  Large teaching hospital in The Netherlands.Population  Premenopausal women with symptomatic fibroids, who were scheduled for surgery.Methods  Twenty women were treated with daily 2 mg of subcutaneous ganirelix. Prior to the first injection and weekly during treatment, the volume of leiomyomas and the uterus were assessed by ultrasound (USS) and serum hormones were measured. Prior to treatment and when maximal size reduction was observed by USS, the volume of the leiomyomas and the uterus were also assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Main outcome measures  Leiomyoma and uterine size reduction, time to maximal reduction.Results  One woman was excluded from the study due to incorrect administration dose of ganirelix. Data on the remaining 19 women (average age 39 years) with subserosal (n= 9), submucosal (n= 7), intramural (n= 10) and transmural (n= 1) leiomyomas were evaluated. Baseline leiomyoma volumes ranged from small (3–4 mL) to large (>1000 mL). The median duration of treatment up to maximal leiomyoma size reduction was 19 days (range 1–65 days). The maximal size reduction in leiomyomas measured by USS was −42.7% (−77.0% to 14.1%) and −29.2% (−62.2% to 35.6%) by MRI. Comparable uterine size reductions of −46.6% (−78.6% to −6.1%) and −25.2% (−63.6% to 28.9%) were observed by USS and MRI. During the first three weeks of treatment, 8 out of 19 women reported adverse events related to the induced hypoestrogenic state. Most of these events resolved within one week after treatment was discontinued.Conclusion  Daily treatment with 2 mg of ganirelix results in rapid reduction of leiomyoma and uterine volume in premenopausal women with minor side effects. If longer‐acting GnRH antagonists become available, pretreatment with GnRH antagonist should be preferred over GnRH agonists prior to surgery.
Baseline serum levels of mast cell tryptase are raised in hemodialysis patients and associated with severity of pruritus
Authors: Dugas‐Breit Susanne , Schöpf Pia , Dugas Martin , Schiffl Helmut , Ruëff Franziska , Przybilla Bernhard 
Published: April 2005

Summary Background: The pathogenesis of pruritus in renal disease is not yet understood. Evidence suggests that mast cells play a role; for example, the number of dermal mast cells is increased in patients on hemodialysis. Patients and methods: To investigate a possible role of mast cell tryptase in pruritus of patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, serum mast cell tryptase concentrations were measured in blood samples taken from 93 such patients, 53 of whom also recorded the severity of their pruritus on a visual analogue scale. Results: Serum mast cell tryptase levels were above 11.4 µg/l (95th percentile) in 84 of 93 hemodialysis patients (90.3 %). The intensity of pruritus correlated significantly (p = 0.014) with the tryptase levels, an associated not yet shown for other mast cell‐related parameters. Conclusions: Mast cells or even tryptase itself may be involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus of hemodialysis patients.
INTEROBSERVER VARIABILITY OF VERTEBRAL HEART SIZE MEASUREMENTS IN DOGS WITH NORMAL AND ENLARGED HEARTS
Authors: Hansson Kerstin , Häggström Jens , Kvart Clarence , Lord Peter 
Published: April 2005

The vertebral heart size (VHS) method by Buchanan is based on anatomic landmarks. A potential source of variation among observers is differences in the selection of measurement points. The objective was to test variability between observers with different levels of training in thoracic radiology and small animal clinical practice.Fifty sets of thoracic radiographs of cavalier King Charles spaniels, were divided into five groups; (Normal) normal cardiopulmonary structures, (I) slight cardiomegaly, (II) moderate cardiomegaly, (II+) moderate cardiomegaly with congestive heart failure, and (III+) severe cardiomegaly with congestive heart failure. Cardiomegaly was confirmed by echocardiography to be caused by mitral regurgitation because of myxomatous mitral valve disease. Sixteen observers representing four levels of experience (four observers/level) evaluated the radiographs; (1) European Diplomates in Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, (2) Experienced small animal clinicians, (3) Trainees in small animal clinical practice (4) Veterinary students.Almost identical mean VHS values were found among the four experience levels for each of the five groups of radiographs with a low coefficient of variation, range 1.5–3.2%. Mean difference among the 16 observers was 1.05±0.32 vertebrae (v). Mean difference among individuals in each observer group was approximately 0.5 v for all but the groups of trainees were the difference was 0.6–0.9 v.The conclusion is that VHS method for heart size is independent of observer experience but dependent of individual observers selection of reference points and transformation of long and short axis dimensions into VHS units.
Pathogenesis of Afa/Dr Diffusely AdheringEscherichia coli
Authors: Servin Alain L. 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYOver the last few years, dramatic increases in our knowledge about diffusely adheringEscherichia coli(DAEC) pathogenesis have taken place. The typical class of DAEC includesE. colistrains harboring AfaE-I, AfaE-II, AfaE-III, AfaE-V, Dr, Dr-II, F1845, and NFA-I adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC); these strains (i) have an identical genetic organization and (ii) allow binding to human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (Afa/DrDAFsubclass) or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (Afa/DrCEAsubclass). The atypical class of DAEC includes two subclasses of strains; the atypical subclass 1 includesE. colistrains that express AfaE-VII, AfaE-VIII, AAF-I, AAF-II, and AAF-III adhesins, which (i) have an identical genetic organization and (ii) do not bind to human DAF, and the atypical subclass 2 includesE. colistrains that harbor Afa/Dr adhesins or others adhesins promoting diffuse adhesion, together with pathogenicity islands such as the LEE pathogenicity island (DA-EPEC). In this review, the focus is on Afa/Dr DAEC strains that have been found to be associated with urinary tract infections and with enteric infection. The review aims to provide a broad overview and update of the virulence aspects of these intriguing pathogens. Epidemiological studies, diagnostic techniques, characteristic molecular features of Afa/Dr operons, and the respective role of Afa/Dr adhesins and invasins in pathogenesis are described. Following the recognition of membrane-bound receptors, including type IV collagen, DAF, CEACAM1, CEA, and CEACAM6, by Afa/Dr adhesins, activation of signal transduction pathways leads to structural and functional injuries at brush border and junctional domains and to proinflammatory responses in polarized intestinal cells. In addition, uropathogenic Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following recognition of β1integrin as a receptor, enter epithelial cells by a zipper-like, raft- and microtubule-dependent mechanism. Finally, the presence of other, unknown virulence factors and the way that an Afa/Dr DAEC strain emerges from the human intestinal microbiota as a “silent pathogen” are discussed.