bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Fiscal general de la Repûblica au Venezuela
Authors: Arocha Hernandez Francisco 
Published: January 2024

The Fiscal general de la República in Venezuela.
The Fiscal general de la República which has been created by the Constitution of 1961, is the highest authority in Public Prosecution responsible for ensuring that the Constitution and the law are respected throughout the Republic. Since 1989, this independent institution has been transformed with a view to the concept of the Ombudsman. The section for citizen’s protection is tending towards extending the Fiscal’s jurisdiction to non judicial control of the administration, human rights protection and the development of citizens’s rights.
Nouvelles réflexions sur les rapports du droit et de l’équité
Authors: Braibant Guy 
Published: January 2024

Some New Reflections on the Relation between Law and Equitable Decision-Making.
Equitable Decision-Making is, first of ail, an abstract, philosophic concept. It is the basis of law and ail law is, or should be, an expression of the equitable as it is perceived by society at a given place and moment. More concretely, it is a reference, which appears intermittently, albeit decreasingly in positive law where it functions as a secondary source of law. Last, equitable decision-making operates on occasion as a circumstantial corrective to the law, explicitly as well as in practice. In this role, the Mediator, along with other institutions, has an advisory power, but has also the capacity for equitable settlement of litigations. This latter type of intervention can only be exceptional so as not to destabilize the administration and discredit the legal System.
L’an III du mécénat au Japon
Authors: Nemoto Chôbei 
Published: January 2024

Year III of Private Sponsoring in Japan.
Since February 1990, private sponsoring has developed with the création of «Kigyô - Mécénat - Kyôgikai», in a country where it appears as a challenge to the commercialization of culture. After a short period in the middle ages where there have been examples of big art patrons, Japan quickly drifted into exagerated westemizing in industry. Yet Japanese soul lived further behind the curtains. The development of this new partnership should enable to bridge the gap between artists and industry, even if the economie context is a difficult one.
Le financement de la culture en période de récession. Réflexions à propos de l’Amérique latine
Authors: Saravia Enrique Jerónimo 
Published: January 2024

Financing Culture in Recession Times. Some Reflections about Latin America.
In Latin America, State aid is still the most current way of financing culture. But in times of recession and of scarce public resources, classical action - such as waging funds, participation of public banks, tax exemptions or deductions - are not any more enough. This leads to the search of other financing sources, especially in the private sector, with cultural producers and the public. In a depressed economic context, the question is whether cultural self-management will not be the last means of survival and of reinforcement of cultural identity.
Droit et évaluation
Authors: Costa Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2024

Law and Evaluation.
Law and evaluation are closely linked, contrary to appearances. There is a real - if not desirable - interlink as well at the ex ante stage of decisionmaking, action or policy analysis as at the ex post stage. If important legal elements are put aside in prior evaluation, it can only lead to errors, possibly litigation, and compromise the financial and social success of a project. In the same way, the attitude of judges, especially those of administrative courts, shows that they take more and more evaluation into account in their legal reasoning. The evaluators have not yet developped as much the attitude of taking law into account, but this can be explained by the relatively recent growth of evaluation.
Au cœur du processus : le rôle de l’instance d’évaluation
Authors: Lamarque Danièle 
Published: January 2024

The Position and Role of the Evaluation Authority in the Evaluating Process.
Evaluation must be undertaken collectively, because at each stage it needs the intervention of a plurality of actors without which it is not possible to ensure reliability of expertise and independance of thought. To implement these principles a steering group is needed, in order to monitor the process and to ensure work coherence. This is the role given to the evaluation authority In this light, the evaluation authority details objectives, defines the methodology, directs the work and formulates conclusions. As an essential mainspring of the evaluating process, the evaluation authority is a locus of reformulation for traditional modes of analyzing public activity.
Autonomie et carrière — Le statut des fonctions publiques parlementaires
Authors: Moreau Bernard 
Published: January 2024

Autonomy and Career System The Status of Parliamentary Assemblies’ officials.
Contemporary democratic regimes have felt the necessity of granting a specific status to the officials of parliamentary assemblies in order to guarantee their independence from the executive. The legal regulations applying to these officials rely on very different sources : constitutions, general or specific Acts of Parliament or the internal regulations of assemblies. It is possible to wonder whether the existence of a status which establishes a specific link between officials and their administration is not putting a brake on external mobility, in contradiction with the objectives of training and career development. In-service training and training courses outside are only a partial answer to this problem.
L’administration du Bundestag
Authors: Zeh Wolfgang 
Published: January 2024

The Bundestag’s Administration.
Strictly speaking, the Bundestag’s administration consists of about 2 400 officials. It has the same legal status as for instance a federal ministry : that of a supreme federal authority. The main characteristics of its organization derive from the internal structures of the Bundestag. This organizational scheme is comparable to that of federal ministerial departments and a series of other authorities. The purpose is to get a clear repartition of missions and tasks, in order to allow for a broad delegation of responsibilities to the lowest level subdivisions.
La place des services publics dans la politique de la ville
Authors: Le Clainche Michel 
Published: January 2024

The Role of Public Services in Urban Policy
Improving public services is a very important issue for inhabitants of suburbs. Public services are only weakly present in housing estates. They usually are antennas or annexes, held by "exiled" officials. This serious lack of public services is diminishing the State’s legitimacy. A quantitative effort of settling public services in housing estates is certainly necessary, but it has to be accompanied by a strengthening of the officials’ role and status, and be inserted in a global approach of urban policy : promotion of urban districts, officials’ citizenship, reconstruction of solidarity links.
La relance du «gouvernement métropolitain» en Europe : le prototype de Stuttgart
Authors: Hoffmann-Martinot Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Relaunching Metropolitan Government in Europe : the Stuttgart Prototype
The Act of 7 February 1994 on "the reinforcement of cooperation in the Stuttgart region" has established a new institution for the management of local affairs : the "regional Stuttgart community" which groups 179 municipalities around. The originality of this institution lies as well in the historical, social, economic and political conditions of the town as in its structures -direct election, new geographical and material competences -and in the legal and financial means it can use to ensure its mission of regional planing. This institution appears as a compromise between different schools of local management. Only experience will show it is an example, and in the long range, a clear evidence of the evolution European countries are undergoing, or if it remains an exception linked to Stuttgart’s particular context.
Le codéveloppement durable
Authors: Fried Jean José 
Published: January 2024

Sustainable Codevelopment.
The implementation of sustainable development concepts revealed the absence of a real conceptual thinking concerning them. The sustainable development can be defined as a viable development, manageable, self-kept, which will continue in the future and able to reproduce itself. The State is at the center of this process, which also needs international cooperation as an engine. The methodology followed has to be the one of sustainable development. It puts the emphasizes collective work, complementarity between competences and experiences, multidirectional transfer, and it guarantees in the same time the responsibility for each State concerning its own development. The three functions of sustainable codevelopment are : the analysis and the evaluation of the experiences, the elaboration of a development process, the practical formation of the necessary competences.
Faut-il réformer notre État ? Exigences et leviers de changement
Authors: Picq Jean 
Published: January 2024

Should the State be Reformed ? : Requirements and Levers of Change.
Any analysis of the French society convinces one of the urgent necessity to reform the State. In fact, even more than reform, it has become imperative to enact a permanent process of reflection and of adapting the State to its missions and environment, as well as to respond to changes brought on by globalization, the European Union, decentralization, and the weakening of traditional social links. Proposals for each of these points constitute the foundation of the search for the control of new infra and supra-national public spaces.
Le cadre constitutionnel
Authors: Badura Peter 
Published: January 2024

The Constitutional Framework.
The Constitution provides for a strict separation between the federal administration and that of the Länder : there is no institutional or hierarchical link between these two levels. Competence in the field of administrative organisation, which is granted by the Constitution to the federal government, is to be interpreted restrictively, according to the principle that any important decision concerning the organisation of public administration requires intervention by the legislature. Administrative action is bound by the principle of legality. The Constitution and the constitutions of the Länder set out the principles which guide the operation of the civil service.
La naissance de «l’» enseignement privé
Authors: Toulemonde Bernard 
Published: January 2024

The Birth of “the” Private Education.
Since 1959 the relationship between State and private education has undergone profound changes. These changes have their origin in sociological, institutional and legal phenomena. Private education has come to be regarded as an organisation ; it has become so like State education that its activities do not differ significantly from those of State education ; pupils’ parents use private education less as a way of ensuring a Christian education than because they think it offers a better chance of success, both educational and social, for their children.
L’expérience japonaise et les réformes de l’État en Asie
Authors: Faure Guy 
Published: January 2024

The Japanese Experience and State Reforms in Asia.
Might the economic crisis which is affecting Eastern Asia be the catalyst for a radical and rapid transformation of the State and method of governance in this region of the world ? In the cases of South Korea, Thailand and Indonesia reforms are necessary as a result of the urgency of the situation and are subject to constraints imposed by the IMF. Other countries had started upon a reform strategy well before 1997. This is the case of Japan, whose situation is exemplary for several reasons. From a historical perspective, this country paved the way for reforms. The Japanese action programme offers a wide panorama of structural and functional reforms. The effect of the economic crisis seems to be fully playing its role in accelerating the process in hand. However, will the Japanese experience retain its relevance as a reference for institutional changes in Asia, just as it did in the past in relation to methods of economic development ? Without being able to respond to this question with any certainty, given that certain Asian programmes are hardly yet off the ground, it is worth noting a degree of convergence in all these reform projects.
Du code au cyber-code. Peut-on simplifier le droit ?
Authors: Bourcier Danièle , Catta Élisabeth 
Published: January 2024

From Code to Cyber-code : Can One Simplify law ?
Given the abundance and the complexity of legal texts, a debate is opening up as to the necessary means for making rules of law more accessible. Among the different techniques under scrutiny, codification is often presented as the most efficient means to simplify, clarity and rationalise law. The difficulties of this task make information technology an indispensable ally. Nevertheless any project of simplification brings with it its own paradoxes. This is particularly so when it comes to legal codification. Hence the development of a real public service for the provision of legal information seems necessary in order to facilitate both the task of those charged with codification and also that of those people seeking to use the law.
Le contrôle de l’administration : du common law à la constitutionnalisation du contrôle de l’action administrative
Authors: Corder Hugh 
Published: January 2024

Judicial Review of Administrative Action From Common Law to the Constitution.
The courts are more and more inclined to review any action of public authorities. This development is commensurate with the permanent widening of the public sphere. A series of recent decisions bears testimony to a wider application of fundamental legal principles which have in the past been neglected because of apartheid. For the moment it is essentially the task of the courts to review administrative action. Other procedures remain to be developed or improved. Constitutional reform has provided the constitutional basis for judicial review of administrative action, but legislation is still necessary in order to clarify the principle.
La politisation des fonctionnaires en France : obstacle ou nécessite ?
Authors: Rouban Luc 
Published: January 2024

Civil Servants Politicisation in France : Obstacle or Necessity ?
The administrative question is today, once more, a political question of prime importance. In this respect, it is appropriate to measure the distance which will henceforth separate us from the technocratic republic or from the power of the state which appear to have characterised the Fifth Republic so far. The public sector is feeling the effects of politicisation, which makes a wholesale reform impossible. Equally impossible is, however, a variable geometry of public administration which would open up the field to disputes.
Administration et politique en Finlande. D’une élite aristocratique à un réseau issu des classes moyennes
Authors: Virtanen Turo 
Published: January 2024

Bureaucracy and Politics in Finland : From an Aristocratic Elite to Middle Class Policy Network.
Up until the end of the 19th century, the civil service was in the hands of an aristocratic elite. Russian domination, followed by independence, called the aristocratic privileges into question by introducing new criteria as regards qualifications for access to the civil service. This development has been characterised by the increase in overall cohesion of the civil service. Furthermore, the evolution of the economic climate has reduced politicians' margin for manoeuvre and the powers of bureaucracy have as a result been reinforced.
L’échec, condition de survie
Authors: Seibel Wolfgang 
Published: January 2024

Successful Failure. An Alternative View on Organizational Coping.
The article paper argues that a relevant theory has to explain why resources can be continuously mobilized despite permanent failure. The phenomenon of low-performance-high-persistence organizations can be explained by the failure of those in charge of the organization to enforce their prerogatives in running the organization. Due to the fact that non-profit institutions are relatively remote from both fiscal auditing and public attention, they provide a stable environment for successful failure. Ideologies help reconcile them with their interests in failure rather than with efficient performance.
La carotte et le bâton... de dynamite. Le programme travailliste de modernisation du Local Government.
Authors: Game Chris 
Published: January 2024

Carrots and Semtex. New Labour's Modernisation Agenda for British
Local Government
The New Labour's modernisation agenda resembles a politics of semtex and carrots. The resources offered by the state are done so in a conditional manner : local authorities must, under threat of sanction, show themselves willing to undertake modernisation in the way prescribed by the government. The invitation to enter into dialogue is a purely formal one : in reality it is a question of choice between modernising or disappearing altogether. As for the recompense for those local councils which submit, it consists of a much awaited reform of local finances, the content of which remains ill defined however.
Réflexions sur l’indépendance des organes publics
Authors: Hertzog Robert 
Published: January 2024

Reflections upon the Independence of Public Bodies.
Control over public finances is very revealing of changes affecting our political systems because it provides a terrain, which is particularly apt in demonstrating certain aspects of these changes. Public power, which has greatly increased, essentially in favour of the government, has pursued a policy of rationalisation. This requires new formulations of the separation of powers not only concerning the normative and legal functions of the state, but also its entrepreneurial activities regarding management and control. The granting of an independent status for certain authorities is unfailingly justified by the specific nature of the function exercised. It is noteworthy that the improvements, which it is necessary to make to the controlling bodies, such as ensuring their independence, represent characteristics, which traditionally belong to the judiciary.
L’aventure de la réforme administrative est aussi une affaire de professionnalisme
Authors: Thoenig Jean-Claude 
Published: January 2024

The Adventure of Administrative Reform is about Professionalism too.
Professionalism, which is indispensable to the success of administrative reform, implies a savoir-faire based upon knowledge of the particular context in which one wishes to act. It is not simply a question of seeking internal efficiency – and this is a particularity of the public sector – but also an external effectiveness which is akin to a form of management of public policies. To these two requirements must be added that of the legitimacy of the public sector, and a reconciliation of the three must, therefore, be sought.
Les syndicats de policiers et le rôle de la police
Authors: Deleplace Bernard , Ventre André-Michel , Renaudie Olivier 
Published: January 2024

Police Trade-Unions and the Role of the Police.
A member and a former member of police trade-unions are questioned about their vision of the police and its evolution. They give their view of police trade-unionism, its role and its weaknesses, notably a certain resistance to change. The two officers questioned plead for the development of local policing. They contrast their pragmatic vision with the often too theoretical apprehension of administrative officers.
La modernisation : historique, bilan et perspectives
Authors: Farell Cubillas Arsenio 
Published: January 2024

The Modernisation History, Assessment and Prospects.
The modernisation process of Mexican public administration is framed within a five-year programme running from 1995-2000. Before the introduction of this systematic programme a number of careful but limited actions had been undertaken which did not bring about coherent reform across the whole territory. The program entitled ‘The Modernisation of Public Administration 1995-2000’ has enabled clear objectives for action to be established and has put into place the necessary structures for carrying out the concrete action plans decided upon by each part of the administration be it at the federal, state or local level. This initial exercise has allowed for further development and amplification of the modernisation movement making use of concrete data and pursuing objectives such as decentralisation and deconcentration, professionalisation, citizen involvement and transparency in purchasing and recruitment procedures.
Totems et tabous : le corps préfectoral, l’État et le secteur public
Authors: Kerrouche Eric 
Published: January 2024

Totems and Taboos : the Prefectoral Body, the State and the Public Sector
Eric Kerrouche
Definitions of the State given by French prefects and under-prefects reveal the omnipresence of an institution, the aims of which are broadly interpreted : the State is an institution which protects, defends and ensures a harmonious society. The State is a force able to impose itself whenever the notion of the public sector cornes into play, even if prefects are also called to take into account the idea of the private sector. The result is that prefects employ a modemist discourse, underlining the archaic, if not the weighty, nature of the administration, while still defending its human and egalitarian dimension.
Le sport dans les relations internationales
Authors: Gautrat Patrick 
Published: January 2024

Sport in International Relations.
The growing universality of sport has made the role of international relations in this area more and more important. The real significance of having recourse to international relations as an instrument of diplomatic action is, however, very variable, in the same way as is its influence on the relations between States and their peoples. With the emergence of policies of cooperation and development aids, sport has been considered an important area for their application. The diversity of actors who take part in these policies has led State administrations to set up new partnerships in order to take their policy on sport forward, in particular with the extremely powerful sporting organisations such as the International Olympic Committee.