bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of rat prostate stromal cell myodifferentiation by androgen and TGF‐β1
Authors: Gerdes Michael J. , Larsen Melinda , Dang Truong D. , Ressler Steven J. , Tuxhorn Jennifer A. , Rowley David R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMyodifferentiation of stromal cells is a key step in prostate development and is a hallmark of reactive stroma in prostate cancer. Little is known about regulatory mechanisms, however, prostate stromal cells are androgen‐regulated and TGF‐β1 is a known stimulator of stromal myodifferentiation. The PS‐1 rat prostate stromal cell line expresses androgen receptor, and exhibits androgen‐regulated gene expression and proliferation. TGF‐β1 inhibits androgen action in PS‐1 cells through translocation of androgen receptor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The present study was conducted to determine whether myodifferentiation of PS‐1 cells is regulated by androgen and TGF‐β1, and how myodifferentiation affects androgen receptor localization and cell proliferation.METHODSPS‐1 cell cultures were exposed to physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, TGF‐β1, and combinations of both in chemically defined medium. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting for smooth muscle α‐actin filament formation, smooth muscle α‐actin protein levels, calponin expression, PCNA index, and androgen receptor localization were performed.RESULTSDihydrotestosterone (DHT) and TGF‐β1 each separately promoted PS‐1 myodifferentiation. A combination did not affect the rate of differentiation, however, the level of α‐actin protein was elevated and PCNA was decreased in co‐stimulated conditions. TGF‐β1 induction resulted in a transient translocation of androgen receptor from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during differentiation followed by a resumed nuclear localization in myodifferentiated cells.CONCLUSIONSThese data indicate that a complex cross‐talk mechanism exists between androgen and TGF‐β1 signaling in prostate stromal cells that affects cell proliferation and myodifferentiation. These findings also suggest that androgen and TGF‐β1 interactions may cooperatively regulate myodifferentiation of stromal cells in the stromal response in prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase I/II clinical trials of carbon ion therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Akakura Koichiro , Tsujii Hirohiko , Morita Shinroku , Tsuji Hiroshi , Yagishita Tsuguo , Isaka Shigeo , Ito Haruo , Akaza Hideyuki , Hata Makoto , Fujime Makoto , Harada Masaoki , Shimazaki Jun 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDHeavy ion beams possess high linear energy transfer components and a prominent Bragg peak in the human body, resulting in higher relative biological effectiveness and improved dose distribution. To establish heavy ion therapy techniques for the treatment of prostate cancer, phase I/II clinical trials were initiated.METHODSFor 96 patients with T1b‐T3 prostate cancer, three carbon ion beams were used to irradiate the prostate and seminal vesicles (20 times/5 weeks) with or without endocrine therapy. Radiation dose was expressed in GyE which was initially thought to be equivalent to photon dose. Total dose was gradually increased from 54 to 72 GyE.RESULTSCarbon ion therapy was completed in 20 cases of T1b/T1c/T2aN0M0 as monotherapy, in 8 cases of T2b/T3pN0M0 with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy, and in 68 cases of T2b/T3N0/pN1M0 with neoadjuvant and adjuvant endocrine therapy. Median observation period was 47 months. Grade 3 late radiation morbidity of rectum and/or bladder/urethra developed in one and five cases who received 66 and 72 GyE of radiation, respectively. After these adverse effects were observed, total dose was decreased to 66 GyE and the radiation field was coned down during the treatment course. At 5 years, overall, cause‐specific, clinical recurrence‐free, and biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates were 87.7, 94.9, 90.0, and 82.6%, respectively. Local control was achieved in all patients except one patient who received 54 GyE of radiation.CONCLUSIONSThe therapeutic techniques of carbon ion therapy have been established for patients with prostate cancer. Carbon ion therapy may exert excellent effect to the tissues of prostate cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of p21 cell cycle protein is an independent predictor of response to salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Rigaud Jérôme , Tiguert Rabi , Decobert Marc , Hovington Hélène , Latulippe Eva , Laverdiere Jacques , Larue Hélène , Lacombe Louis , Fradet Yves 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo assess whether the expression of p21, p27, and p53 could predict biochemical failure in prostate cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant androgen deprivation prior to salvage radiotherapy for a rising post‐radical prostatectomy (RP) prostate‐specific antigen (PSA).METHODSThe expression of p21, p27, and p53 was determined by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 74 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded prostate cancer samples obtained from RP. Expression of these markers was then correlated with clinicopathological parameters and biochemical failure‐free survival after salvage radiotherapy.RESULTSExpression of p21, p27, and p53 was observed in 20%, 69%, and 74% of prostate cancer specimens, respectively. Overexpression of p21 correlated with a higher Gleason score (>7) (P = 0.024). Of the three markers, only p21 expression was correlated with PSA failure after radiotherapy (P = 0.034). In multivariate analysis, both positive p21 (P = 0.004) and pre‐radiation serum PSA > 1 ng/ml (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of biochemical failure after salvage radiotherapy. Patients with p21− tumors and a serum PSA level ≤ 1 ng/ml before salvage radiotherapy had a biochemical failure‐free survival at 5 years of 83%, compared to 16% at 5 years for those patients with either p21+ tumor or a PSA > 1 ng/ml. Patients with both p21+ and a PSA level > 1 ng/ml had a much lower biochemical failure‐free survival rate of 25% at only 18 months (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSThe expression of p21 in prostatectomy specimens could help predict the likelihood of response to salvage radiotherapy, particularly in patients treated before PSA reaches 1 ng/ml. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and pathologic features of prostate cancer detected after repeat false‐negative biopsy in a screening population
Authors: Steiner Hannes , Moser Patrizia , Hager Martina , Berger Andreas P. , Klocker Helmut , Spranger Robert , Rogatsch Hermann , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe present study was designed to investigate whether the clinical or pathologic features of prostate cancer (PCa) are related to the number of repeat biopsies required to establish the diagnosis of PCa.METHODSBetween February 1993 and August 2000, 653 patients were evaluated in this retrospective study. All patients underwent transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the prostate prior to radical retropubic prostatectomy. The pathologic findings of specimens obtained at radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection as well as PSA levels, findings on DRE, prostate volumes, transition zone volumes, and age were analyzed separately for all PCa patients diagnosed at the first set of biopsies (group A) and compared with the data of those diagnosed at the 2nd–5th set of biopsies (group B). In a second step, we compared the results obtained from patients diagnosed at the 2nd set of biopsies (group B1) with those of patients diagnosed at the 3rd to 5th set of biopsies (group B2).RESULTSGleason scores, pathologic tumor stages, and tumor volumes in group B were found to be significantly decreased compared to group A. But from the 2nd to 5th serial biopsy no further decrease in pathologic stage, Gleason score, or tumor volume was observed. On the contrary, there was a tendency towards higher tumor stages and Gleason scores. Of the tumors detected after the second false‐negative set of biopsies almost 70% were lesions with Gleason scores of 6 or higher.CONCLUSIONSFalse‐negative results at the first needle biopsy are predictive of a lower pathologic stage and grade as well as smaller tumor volumes of PCa diagnosed at repeat sets of biopsies. False‐negative results on repeat biopsy, however, have no prognostic significance for the tumor stage of PCas detected at subsequent sets of biopsies. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term androgen‐ablation causes increased resistance to PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Pfeil Karina , Eder Iris E. , Putz Thomas , Ramoner Reinhold , Culig Zoran , Ueberall Florian , Bartsch Georg , Klocker Helmut 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn advanced stages of prostate cancer, the phosphatidylinositol‐3′ kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling cascade, one of the major survival pathways in the cell, is frequently constitutively activated due to mutation or loss of the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Using cell culture models representing different tumor stages, we explored the effect of inhibition of this survival pathway on the induction of apoptosis.METHODSInhibition of the survival kinase Akt and induction of apoptosis was analyzed in androgen‐insensitive DU145 and PC‐3 cells, in androgen‐responsive LNCaP, and in androgen‐independent long‐term androgen‐ablated LNCaP‐abl cells representing therapy‐resistant prostate cancer cells. Activated Akt was determined by immunoblotting using a phospho‐Akt specific antibody. Induction of apoptosis was analyzed employing annexing V and propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry and measurement of cleavage of the caspases substrate poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP).RESULTSIGF‐1, EGF, and heregulin but not PDGF or activators of protein kinase A induced phosphorylation of Akt in DU145 cells and activation was completely blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In the hormone‐responsive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP that has a constitutively switched‐on Akt kinase, LY294002 caused a dose‐ and time‐dependent Akt inhibition, which was absent in long‐term androgen‐ablated LNCaP sublines. In agreement with the resistance to inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, long‐term androgen‐ablated LNCaP sublines remained relatively resistant to induction of cell death by LY294002 or the cytotoxic drug etoposide. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway restored the sensitivity of long‐term androgen‐ablated cells to induction of apoptosis by a cytotoxic drug almost completely.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that long‐term androgen ablation therapy for prostate cancer reinforces the PI3K/Akt pathway and impedes its inhibition thus contributing to increased resistance of tumor cells to induction of apoptosis. With regard to treatment of therapy‐refractory prostate cancer, these findings suggest effectiveness of a combination of cytotoxic treatment and inhibition of the PI3K‐Akt survival pathway in tumor cells after failure of androgen‐ablation therapy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of NF‐κB in prostate cancer lymph node metastases
Authors: Ismail A. Hazem , Lessard Laurent , Mes‐Masson Anne‐Marie , Saad Fred 
Published: January 2004

AbstractINTRODUCTIONNuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) is a transcription factor that transactivates genes involved in the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Our aim was to assess NF‐κB expression in lymph node (LN) metastases of prostate cancer.METHODSImmunohistochemical staining was performed using the p65 anti‐NF‐κB antibody. Seventy‐seven paraffin‐embedded LN specimens obtained from 54 prostate cancer patients were analyzed. Of the 54 patients, 32 had positive LN metastases, while 22 showed no evidence of metastasis and were considered as controls. The overall percentage of NF‐κB‐nuclear localization was assessed, as well as the intensity of staining.RESULTSNuclear localization of NF‐κB was significantly greater in the metastatic LN group compared to controls. In patients with positive‐LN metastases, 84.4% showed >10% nuclear staining in tumor cells. Moreover, 64.4% of the malignant LN specimens had >10% nuclear staining in lymphocytes compared to 0% in controls. Intensity of cytoplasmic and nuclear staining was higher in the metastatic LN group than in controls (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSNuclear localization/activation of NF‐κB is up‐regulated in prostate cancer LN metastasis. Such up‐regulation of NF‐κB activity is observed in the tumor cells as well as in the surrounding lymphocytes. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Canine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: Is the comparative model relevant?
Authors: Madewell Bruce R. , Gandour‐Edwards Regina , DeVere White Ralph W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDHistologic sections from an archival collection of a veterinary teaching hospital were examined to determine the likelihood of detection of canine high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms (HGPIN), as a prelude to use of the canine model of prostatic carcinogenesis for chemopreventive strategies.METHODSTissue specimens representing clinically healthy (normal) prostate glands, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatic carcinoma were examined in one tissue plane for histological evidence of HGPIN.RESULTSNo histological evidence of HGPIN was detected in 20 normal prostate glands or 95 prostate glands with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Seven of 20 prostatic carcinomas had synchronous HGPIN.CONCLUSIONSHistological evidence of HGPIN is unlikely to be detected in the healthy or hyperplastic canine prostate gland with the clinically‐procured biopsy. This might diminish the usefulness of canine HGPIN in temporal studies of chemoprevention of prostate cancer. HGPIN was found simultaneously with prostatic carcinoma in more than one‐third of the carcinomas examined. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climate change and decreasing herbicide persistence
Authors: Bailey Steven W 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA herbicide degradation model, using real weather data for the period 1980–2001, has been used to estimate the change in persistence of autumn‐applied isoproturon over this period. The results suggest that soil residues fell to the minimum for weed control on average approximately 30 days earlier over the last 5 years of this period than in the first 5 years, equivalent to a reduction of approximately 25% in the duration of weed control. This decline in persistence is attributed to increasing soil temperature. The results are discussed in relation to recent observations and predictions on climate change. The relevance of the findings to other pesticides and future weed control is considered. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Biology and integrated control of Pestalotiopsis on container‐grown ericaceous crops
Authors: McQuilken Mark P , Hopkins KE 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPestalotiopsis isolates obtained from the foliage, stem‐base and roots of diseased container‐grown ericaceous crops (Calluna, Erica, Pieris and Rhododendron) collected from UK nurseries were identified as Pestalotiopsis sydowiana (Bresad) B Sutton on the basis of conidia morphology. Inoculum sources of the pathogen included diseased stock plants, crop debris, nursery soils, used growing media, pots and floor covering, and dust collected from greenhouse walkways. Isolates were not host‐specific and infected other species of ericaceous plants, with typical symptoms including browning of foliage, stems and roots, and the presence of black or greenish black acervuli on diseased tissue. The optimum temperature for growth of three selected isolates of the pathogen was 20–25 °C, with little or no growth occurring below 5 or above 30 °C. Growth occurred over pH 2.6–8.6, with optimum at 5.5. Decreases in matric potential from −0.3 to −4.0 MPa reduced growth, which was totally inhibited at −6.5 MPa. Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of disease management methods (irrigation, flooring/pot disinfection and fungicide application) on control of the pathogen on potted plants of C vulgaris. Disease incidence and foliar browning caused by P sydowiana were less on fungicide‐treated (five‐spray programme of alternating prochloraz and carbendazim) potted plants watered by sub‐irrigation compared with watering from overhead. Single and combined treatments of flooring/pot disinfection (hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid) and the five‐spray fungicide programme significantly reduced disease incidence and severity compared with dipping pots in water. The combined disinfection and fungicide programme significantly reduced disease incidence and severity, compared to disinfection or fungicide application alone. The importance of these findings for the integrated control of P sydowiana on ericaceous plant nurseries is discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticidal effects of essential oils from various plants against larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)
Authors: Kanat Mehmet , Alma M Hakki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAlong with sulfate turpentine, the essential oils obtained by steam distillation from nine plant species naturally grown in Turkish forests were tested at three different concentrations to evaluate their effectiveness against the larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff). The results indicated that the essential oils from the nine species and sulfate turpentine were effective against the larvae of T pityocampa. The most effective essential oil in the control of the larvae was steam‐distilled wood turpentine, followed by thyme herb oil, juniper berry oil, laurel leaf oil, lavender flower oil, eucalyptus leaf oil, lavender leaf oil, cypress berry oil, essential oil of styrax and sulfate turpentine, respectively, in terms of mean mortality time. It is therefore feasible to use these essential oils as environment‐friendly insecticides in the control of T pityocampa. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term selection for resistance to transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Fengxia Meng , Shen Jinliang , Zhou Weijun , Cen Hongmei 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSelection experiments for resistance to transgenic Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac toxin in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were conducted using a leaf‐feeding method with 42 selection episodes over 45 generations. The cotton bollworm developed resistance to transgenic Bt cotton after 12 generations (F12) of selection. The survival rate of F12 neonates feeding on leaves of seedling stage for 4 days and boll‐opening stage for 5 days of R19 line were ca 34 and 72%, respectively, compared with ca 0 and 40% for a non‐selected sister strain (NYCS), but lower than or similar to that of F12 feeding on leaves of non‐Bt cotton, Sumian 12 (ca 87 or 76%). Resistance to B thuringiensis HD‐1 Dipel in neonates (F12) was ca 6‐fold. After 42 generations of selection, the strain developed a very high level of resistance to Cry1Ac protoxin, 210 g kg−1 MVPII wettable powder and 200 g litre−1 MVPII liquid formulation, the resistance ratios being 1680‐, 1780‐ and ca 1200‐fold, respectively, compared with a laboratory susceptible strain (HZS). When compared with the non‐selected NYCS, the resistance ratios to the above toxins were ca 540‐, 580‐ and 510‐fold, respectively, but to Dipel only ca 16‐fold. The results indicated that it is very important to develop and implement effective resistance‐management strategies and to detect early resistance to Bt cotton in field populations. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Feeding deterrent and growth inhibitory properties of limonoids from Khaya senegalensis against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: El‐Aswad Ahmed F , Abdelgaleil Samir AM , Nakatani Munehiro 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThree rearranged phragmalin‐type limonoids, khayanolide A, khayanolide B and 1‐O‐acetylkhayanolide B, and a mexicanolide‐type limonoid, khayalactol, have been isolated from the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis (Desr) A Juss (Meliaceae). The antifeedant and growth‐inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). When added to an artificial diet, khayanolide A, khayanolide B and 1‐O‐acetylkhayanolide B showed antifeedant activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. Khayalactol exhibited strong antifeedant activity without significant differences at all of the tested concentrations (7.5–100 mg kg−1). Khayanolide B was the most potent antifeedant with an EC50 of 2.19 mg kg−1. The results also revealed that the isolated compounds caused marked larval growth inhibition on S littoralis after 7 days of feeding on treated diet; this effect was concentration‐dependent. Khayanolide B was the most active growth inhibitor among the isolated compounds, with an EC50 of 6.96 mg kg−1. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Crop protection—what will shape the future picture?
Authors: Atkinson David , Litterick Audrey M , Walker Kerr C , Walker Robin , Watson Christine A 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe drivers which influence the types of crop protection most needed by agriculture are changing. A polarisation of approaches has resulted in the needs of organic agriculture and biotechnological agriculture, which can be identified as the current extremes of the spectrum, becoming very different. The main requirements of these two sectors are identified here and used as the basis for questioning future EU research requirements in crop protection. Factors affecting/influencing organic farming and the use of genetically modified crops are discussed in some detail. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
De novo sequencing of tryptic peptides sulfonated by 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate for unambiguous protein identification using post‐source decay matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Ping , Nie Song , Mi Wei , Wang Xian‐Chun , Liang Song‐Ping 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA simple method of solid‐phase derivatization and sequencing of tryptic peptides has been developed for rapid and unambiguous identification of spots on two‐dimensional gels using post‐source decay (PSD) matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The proteolytic digests of proteins are chemically modified by 4‐sulfophenyl isothiocyanate. The derivatization reaction introduces a negative sulfonic acid group at the N‐terminus of a peptide, which can increase the efficiency of PSD fragmentation and enable the selective detection of only a single series of fragment ions (y‐ions). This chemically assisted method avoids the limitation of high background normally observed in MALDI‐PSD spectra, and makes the spectra easier to interpret and facilitates de novo sequencing of internal fragment. The modification reaction is conducted in C18 μZipTips to decrease the background and to enhance the signal/noise. Derivatization procedures were optimized for MALDI‐PSD to increase the structural information and to obtain a complete peptide sequence even in critical cases. The MALDI‐PSD mass spectra of two model peptides and their sulfonated derivatives are compared. For some proteins unambiguous identification could be achieved by MALDI‐PSD sequencing of derivatized peptides obtained from in‐gel digests of phosphorylase B and proteins of hepatic satellite cells (HSC). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.