bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The historical ecology of yellow perch (Perca flavescens[Mitchill]) and their parasites
Authors: Carney Joseph P. , Dick Terry A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim  To determine the origins of the host–parasite association between among yellow perch (Perca flavescens[Mitchill]) and the parasites Crepidostomum cooperi Hopkins, Proteocephalus pearsei La Rue and Urocleidus adspectus Beverly Burton. Of secondary interest are the parasites Bunodera luciopercae (Muller) and Proteocephalus percae (Muller) predictably associated with the Eurasian perch.Location  The areas considered are the Holarctic, since the upper‐Cretaceous, and contemporary North America.Methods  Published and new information from host and parasite phylogenies, palaeontology, palaeogeography and plate tectonics and host biology is incorporated to assess the origins of yellow perch and several of its parasites. This information is used to determine the origins for these host–parasite associations.Results  Cladistic analysis suggests a Laurasian origin for Percidae and Perca, and that Perca is sister to the other genera in the family. Parasite phylogenies support a North American origin for the three species associated with yellow perch and a Laurasian origin for B. luciopercae. Proteocephalus pearsei and P. percae are not sister taxa. The fossil record for Perca dates to the Miocene in Europe and the Pleistocene in North America. North America and Europe were connected across the North Atlantic since at least the upper Cretaceous with separation complete by the Miocene. Europe was separated from Asia by the Obik Sea from the late Cretaceous until the Oligocene. Western cordillera orogeny and its accompanying high rates of water flow and Pleistocene glaciation represent barriers to Perca dispersal.Main conclusions  The origin of Perca in North America dates at least to the late Oligocene when North America and Europe were connected across the North Atlantic and Europe and Asia were separate landmasses, and does not result from Pleistocene dispersal across Beringia from Asia. The present disjunction of Perca species in North America and Europe is due to the vicariant separation of North America and Europe. Based on the available information, yellow perch and its parasites have a North America origin. The association between yellow perch and the parasites in all cases is a consequence of host switching from other sympatric host species in North America and is not explained by co‐speciation. Even the association between the host‐specific Urocleidus adspectus and yellow perch originated with a host switch and is not due to co‐speciation. The basis for this host switching is geographical and ecological sympatry, especially shared feeding habits, with other North American fish hosts.
Future eating and country keeping: what role has environmental history in the management of biodiversity?
Authors: Bowman D.M.J.S. 
Published: March 2003

In order to understand and moderate the effects of the accelerating rate of global environmental change land managers and ecologists must not only think beyond their local environment but also put their problems into a historical context. It is intuitively obvious that historians should be natural allies of ecologists and land managers as they struggle to maintain biodiversity and landscape health. Indeed, ‘environmental history’ is an emerging field where the previously disparate intellectual traditions of ecology and history intersect to create a new and fundamentally interdisciplinary field of inquiry. Environmental history is rapidly becoming an important field displacing many older environmentally focused academic disciplines as well as capturing the public imagination.By drawing on Australian experience I explore the role of ‘environmental history’ in managing biodiversity. First I consider some of the similarities and differences of the ecological and historical approaches to the history of the environment. Then I review two central questions in Australian environment history: landscape‐scale changes in woody vegetation cover since European settlement and the extinction of the marsupials in both historical and pre‐historical time. These case studies demonstrate that environmental historians can reach conflicting interpretations despite using essentially the same data.The popular success of some environmental histories hinges on the fact that they narrate a compelling story concerning human relationships and human value judgements about landscape change. Ecologists must learn to harness the power of environmental history narratives to bolster land management practices designed to conserve biological heritage. They can do this by using various currently popular environmental histories as a point of departure for future research, for instance by testing the veracity of competing interpretations of landscape‐scale change in woody vegetation cover. They also need to learn how to write parables that communicate their research findings to land managers and the general public. However, no matter how sociologically or psychologically satisfying a particular environmental historical narrative might be, it must be willing to be superseded with new stories that incorporate the latest research discoveries and that reflects changing social values of nature. It is contrary to a rational and publicly acceptable approach to land management to read a particular story as revealing the absolute truth.
Geographical history of the central‐western Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium) based on a reconstructed phylogeny of the species, hot‐spot archipelagoes and hydrological considerations
Authors: Craig Douglas A. , Currie Douglas C. , Joy Deirdre A. 
Published: March 2003

AimWith six new species of subgenus Inseliellum Rubtsov recently described, a revised reconstructed phylogeny based on morphology is required. Geological history of islands where Inseliellum occurs, plus a cladistic analysis and hydrological considerations, provide the basis for a reconstructed geographical history of the species.Location Inseliellum is widely distributed and occurs in Micronesia, Cook Islands and Polynesia. A single specimen is known from Tonga Islands.MethodsMaximum parsimony criteria using PAUP*, plus cytological information, were used to arrive at a preferred phylogenic reconstruction. Island ages of the hot spot archipelagoes involved are well known. The phylogeny was then compared with the palaeogeology. Information on evolution of running water habitats as islands age was incorporated into the biogeography.ResultsCladistic analysis of forty of the forty‐eight known Inseliellum species with Simulium (Nevermannia) neornatipes Dumbleton from New Caledonia and S. (Hebridosimulium) laciniatum Edwards from Fiji as outgroups, shows basal species and clades to be on widely separated older islands. In the Society Islands basal species are widely spread. Derived species, with morphological adaptations to deal with specialized habitats, are on younger islands (e.g. Tahiti), where a major species radiation has taken place. The reconstructed phylogeny indicates dispersal back to older islands, with minor subsequent species radiation.Main conclusionsPalaeogeological evidence provides a basis for postulating that Inseliellum entered the western Pacific area some 20 Ma, with the possibility that it rafted eastwards on proto‐Tonga Islands to the edge of southern‐central Pacific. Older Cook Islands were present at that time. Movement into the Marquesas Islands was not earlier than 6 Ma and into the Society Islands perhaps 8–10 Ma. Basal species with generalized habitat requirements would have found suitable habitats (inferred from hydrological postulates) on leaves in the original, small shaded streams. With erosion and valley development, in particular on Tahiti, species radiated into specialized habitats such as cascades. Rich seston and high velocity probably drove reduction of filtering fans in some clades. With collapse of the caldera and formation of large rivers at c. 0.9 Ma, S. exasperans Craig and S. tahitiense Edwards adapted to deep, swiftly flowing water, all indicative that specialized habitat availability drove species radiation in Inseliellum. In the Society Islands, dispersal of derived species back to the oldest western islands was not possible because erosion has removed suitable habitats.
Aboriginal fires in monsoonal Australia from historical accounts
Authors: Preece Noel 
Published: March 2003

AimTraditional management of fire in the world's savannas is of vital interest for contemporary management. This paper reviews the nineteenth century literature on Aboriginal application of fire in the Northern Territory of northern Australia, and relates the other studies of the historical record for the whole savanna region of northern Australia. The aim is to provide a comprehensive picture of historical traditional fire practices.LocationNorthern Australia tropical (monsoonal) savanna region.MethodsAll available journals of explorers in the nineteenth century in the Northern Territory were reviewed and analysed.ResultsTwenty‐five explorers' journals were identified and reviewed. Fifteen yielded information on aboriginal use of fire. Two hundred and six observations were recorded in the journals. Of these, 100 were of active landscape fires and fifty‐two were of burnt landscapes. Other observations were discarded as they did not contribute to the understanding of traditional use of fire. The results were generally consistent with other studies completed in Queensland and Western Australia.Main conclusionsThe historical record shows that Aboriginal people in the `Top End' of the Northern Territory of Australia commenced burning early in the dry season, within weeks of the last rains, and continued throughout the dry season. Burning stopped only when the wet season rains prevented further burning. Little if any wet season burning was carried out. This picture is at variance with a previous historical study for the Northern Territory, but consistent with that for the whole northern Australian savannas using equivalent historical sources. The findings are important for ecological management of the savannas of northern Australia. Recent deleterious changes to the biota and landscape have been attributed to recent changes from traditional fire regimes. A reinstatement of traditional practices is proposed.
Island biogeography and metapopulation dynamics of Bahamian ants
Authors: Morrison Lloyd W. 
Published: March 2003

AimI examined the island biogeography and metapopulation dynamics of ants inhabiting two archipelagos of small Bahamian islands. Of particular interest were measurement and comparison of turnover rates, examination of variation in relative population abundances, and the effect of a hurricane force disturbance on the ant fauna of these small islands.LocationArchipelagos of small islands in the central Exumas and near the northeast coast of Andros, Bahamas.MethodsAnts occupying small islands were surveyed using tuna and honey baits. I surveyed ninety‐three islands in the Exumas in 1998 and fifty‐eight islands at Andros in 1999, to compare with earlier surveys in both regions. The proportions of baits occupied were used as a measure of relative population abundance. A subset of seventeen small islands in the Exumas was surveyed in 1999 in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd.ResultsMean annual relative turnover rates were low: <2.5% year−1 on a per island basis, and <7% year−1 on a per species basis. Rates of immigration and extinction were similar, although immigrations exceeded extinctions in some comparisons. Relative population abundances of the two most common ant species varied inversely with each other. One species revealed a strong positive correlation with recent rainfall, whereas another varied strongly inversely. No extinctions of ants occurred on the seventeen small islands surveyed after Hurricane Floyd.Main conclusionsAnts were found to be ubiquitous in this system, occurring on almost all vegetated islands. Ant populations were persistent over the period of study, and species rarely became extinct or colonized islands. The few instances of turnover observed appeared to occur randomly with respect to physical island characteristics. The correlational data suggest an interaction of interspecific competition and precipitation affect relative population abundances. Ants were found to be resistant to hurricane‐force disturbances. In the short term (one decade), the ant fauna of these islands appears to be in a state of static equilibrium, although non‐equilibrial dynamics may better characterize the system over longer time periods (several decades).
Diversity and biogeography of southern African intertidal Acari
Authors: Procheş Şerban , Marshall David J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Aim  The aims were (1) to describe the diversity and geographical distribution of the intertidal mite fauna of southern Africa, and (2) to show how species richness, endemism and geographical patterns of this fauna (comprising taxa of variable terrestrial ancestry) compare with typically marine faunas.Location and methods  To assess intertidal mite diversity and endemism, records (published and unpublished) were compiled for a variety of habitats (mainly rocky shores and mangroves), between Swakopmund (Namibia) and Inhambane (Mozambique). The geographical study was based on a dedicated sampling programme from rocky shores, at nine localities between Elandsbaai (on the west coast) and St Lucia (on the east coast).Results  Eighty‐two species of marine mite, from thirty‐three genera, are currently known from southern Africa. The majority belong to the earlier marine ancestral Halacaridae (forty‐eight species), with the Ameronothroidea and Hyadesiidae collectively comprising seventeen species. In constituting three faunistic provinces, corresponding with the west (Atlantic), south and east coast (Indian) regions, the mite fauna conforms with trends for the southern African marine fauna in general. Species richness was greatest in the southern province, which deviates from the general pattern of increase from west to east, but is similar to that of some invertebrate taxonomic groups.Conclusions  Despite their relatively recent marine connections, marine mites show typical geographical distributions, comparable with those of other rocky‐shore biota in southern Africa. The marine faunistic provinces are ‘insular’ and apparently remain largely intact, across taxonomic groups and with increased taxonomic resolution.
Time in hospital
Authors: HOLLOWAY IMMY M. , SMITH PAM , WARREN JOY 
Published: March 2003

• This article is based on research into patients' perceptions of being in hospital.• Time, ordinarily taken for granted, becomes a significant problem for people in hospital.• Patients seek control over time that they do not seem to have during their stay in hospital.• They try to keep track of time and find ways of passing it, while believing that precious personal time is lost to them.• The insight gained into differing perceptions of time and how patients coped with these can be used to reduce some of the tensions and negative aspects of the way time is experienced in hospital.
A survey of self‐neglect in patients living in the community
Authors: LAUDER WILLIAM 
Published: March 2003

• Self‐neglect is a familiar concept to all community nurses. Nevertheless there have been few empirical studies undertaken in this area over the last 30 years.• The study of self‐neglect has been hampered by inadequate conceptualization and a lack of theoretical frameworks.• This article reports a study of patients who did and did not self‐neglect, drawn from district nursing caseloads.• Patients with self‐neglect had lower levels of operable self‐care agency than patients in a comparison group.• Only self‐neglecting patients had the nursing diagnoses `ineffective management of therapy' and `non‐compliance'.
Nurses' perceptions of sexuality relating to patient care
Authors: GUTHRIE CAITRIAN 
Published: March 2003

• This paper presents a research study which explores the perceptions of nurses regarding sexuality related to patient care.• A qualitative approach was taken to the research. The methodology used was grounded theory.• The findings illustrate that nurses had difficulty dealing with issues of sexuality, and the reasons for this were complex and interrelated. Patient care was influenced by nurses' perceptions of sexuality.• Nurses in the study did not, generally, provide patient care relating to sexuality.• Nurses were reluctant to discuss sexuality with their patients.• Stereotyped images of nurses, males and homosexuals were common.• Nurses dealt with issues of patient sexuality by employing a variety of coping strategies.
Needs of families with a relative in a critical care unit in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Isabella Y. M. , Chien  , Mackenzie Ann E. 
Published: March 2003

• The aim of this study is to explore family members’ perceptions of their immediate needs following admission of a relative to a critical care unit in Hong Kong.• A convenience sample of 30 family members was drawn from those available during the first 96 hours of hospitalization of their relative.• Self‐reported questionnaires, consisting of a demographic data sheet, a modified Chinese version of the 45‐item Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) and semistructured interviews, are the instruments used to examine family members’ perceptions of need importance and to ascertain whether or not these needs are met.• Doctors and nurses are identified as the most suitable people to meet most immediate family needs.• Conclusions are drawn as to the best focus of nursing interventions in order to provide quality care to patients and families.
Malnutrition in Belgian children with congenital heart disease on admission to hospital
Authors: De Staebel Odette 
Published: March 2003

• In paediatrics, body weight and height are two important growth parameters. Moreover, weight for height and height for age are useful tools for evaluation of acute and chronic malnutrition during childhood. The fact that children with congenital heart disease soon deviate from their birth percentiles for weight or height is common knowledge. However, the extent of this deviation in terms of malnutrition is less well documented.• The aim of this study was to explore the presence and the extent of malnutrition among Belgian children with congenital heart disease on admission to hospital. A retrospective chart review of 300 children (aged 0–18 years) with congenital heart disease was conducted at a large Belgian university hospital.• Results of this study show an increase in the frequency and severity of acute and chronic malnutrition after birth; more malnutrition in children with multiple heart defects than in those with single heart defects; more chronic malnutrition in children with heart failure, cyanosis or a combination of both and in children with additional non‐cardiac anomalies; and less malnutrition in children who had never had surgery. The prevalence of malnutrition was not influenced by sex, nationality, nor reason for admission.
The nursing care of stroke patients in nursing homes. Nurses’ descriptions and experiences relating to cognition and mood
Authors: Kumlien Suzanne , Axelsson Karin 
Published: March 2003

• Registered nurses working in nursing homes often care for stroke patients with impaired cognition and mood disorders. Understanding the behaviour of these patients often puts great demands on nurses.• This study illuminates registered nurses’ descriptions and experiences of stroke patients and the nursing care given in nursing homes, with a focus on cognition and mood.• Registered nurses responsible for the care of stroke patients in nursing homes were asked to describe the individual patient’s state of health and the nursing care given. Patients’ cognition and mood have been selected for this article. A qualitative content analysis was used to group the text into categories.• Registered nurses’ descriptions showed great complexity and variation in patients’ disabilities, as well as uncertainty about understanding these patients and the appropriate nursing care.• Registered nurses described the need for further education in stroke care, and adequate resources for patient activity training, as well as meeting patients’ psychosocial and communicative needs.
An evaluation of a local clinical supervision scheme for practice nurses
Authors: Cheater Francine M. , Hale Chris 
Published: March 2003

•  This paper presents the findings of an evaluation of a local clinical supervision scheme for practice nurses in Leicestershire, UK.•  A baseline and a follow‐up postal questionnaire were sent to all practice nurses (including supervisors) and general practice senior partners to find out how far the objectives of the local scheme had been met during the first year of implementation. Two focus groups gathered qualitative data about the process of implementation.•  Twelve months after implementation 12% of practice nurses and over two thirds of GPs reported that they were unaware of the scheme. Forty‐three percent of practice nurses did not know who their local supervisor was; most reported that they would like to have known.•  Eighteen percent of practice nurses reported uptake of supervision through the local scheme. The benefits of involvement were professional development tailored to individual learning needs and regular opportunities to share work‐related problems with peers; about a third reported benefits for the practice as well.•  The existing availability of peer support and time needed to undertake clinical supervision were common reasons given for non‐involvement in the scheme. Misconceptions about the purpose of clinical supervision presented further obstacles.•  At follow‐up over half of the practice nurses remained undecided about their future involvement in the scheme.•  If the benefits associated with clinical supervision are to be realized, the obstacles that currently hinder practice nurses’ involvement need addressing.
Patterns of Japanese clinical nursing: a historical analysis
Authors: Hisama Kay K. 
Published: March 2003

• One of the distinct patterns in the history of modern Japanese nursing during the past 120 years has been the uncritical acceptance of western nursing with little regard given to Japanese culture.• The purpose of this article is to give a critical analysis of Japanese nursing in order to demonstrate how deeply culture influences nursing.• I suggest that good communication among doctors and nurses, and among health professionals and patients is the key to the advancement of Japanese nursing.
Nurses’ experiences of research utilization within the framework of an educational programme
Authors: Kajermo Kerstin Nilsson , Nordström Gun , Krusebrant Åsa , Lützén Kim 
Published: March 2003

• This paper explores nurses’ reflections on their experiences of disseminating and implementing research findings in clinical practice within the framework of an educational programme.• Ten registered nurses, all in clinical practice, participated in a research‐orientated educational programme with the aim of facilitating the dissemination and implementation of research findings in clinical practice. Thus, the programme contained different activities designed to disseminate and implement research findings in the participants’ wards.• Focus groups were used to collect data and a qualitative content analysis was performed. The main themes that were developed were: organizational and leadership issues; acquiring a new role; responses and reactions by others; and orientation to research.• Organizational and leadership issues, nurses’ interest in research, nurses’ reading habits, and support and feedback from their head nurses and other managers and from their nursing colleagues and physicians were seen as important.• This study confirms that research utilization and the change to research‐based nursing practice are complex issues which require both organizational and educational efforts.