bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Erythrocyte Thiopurine Nucleotides and Effect of Thiopurine Methyltransferase Gene Variants on These Metabolites in Patients Receiving Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine Therapy
Authors: Dervieux Thierry , Meyer Gary , Barham Robert , Matsutani Mariko , Barry Mary , Boulieu Roselyne , Neri Bruce , Seidman Ernest 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background: Polymorphic thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is a major determinant of thiopurine toxicity.
Methods: We extracted 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGNs) and 6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotides (6-MMPNs) from erythrocytes with perchloric acid and converted them to 6-thioguanine (6-TG) and a 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP) derivative during a 60-min acid hydrolysis step. The liquid chromatography system consisted of a C18 column with an ammonium acetate–formic acid–acetonitrile buffer. 8-Bromoadenine was the internal standard. Analytes were measured with positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. With PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and TaqMan allelic discrimination, common TPMT alleles (*1, *2, *3A, *3B, *3C) were determined in 31 792 individuals. We used perchloric acid extraction, acid hydrolysis, and HPLC with ultraviolet detection to measure erythrocyte 6-TG and 6-MMP nucleotide concentrations in 6189 patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine therapy.
Results: Intra- and interday imprecision were &lt;10% at low and high analyte concentrations. The conversion of 6-TG and 6-MMP nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates was complete after hydrolysis. Allelic frequency for TPMT variant alleles ranged from 0.0063% (*3B) to 3.61% (*3A). Compared with wild types, TPMT heterozygotes had an 8.3-fold higher risk for 6-TGNs &gt;450 pmol/8 × 108 erythrocytes (concentration associated with increased risk for leukopenia), but an 8.2-fold lower risk for 6-MMPNs &gt;5700 pmol/8 × 108 erythrocytes (concentration associated with increased risk for hepatotoxicity).
Conclusions: The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method can be applied to the routine monitoring of thiopurine therapy. The association between TPMT genotype and metabolite concentrations illustrates the utility of pharmacogenetics in the management of patients undergoing treatment with thiopurines.
Disposition of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Human Sweat after Controlled Cocaine Administration
Authors: Kacinko Sherri L , Barnes Allan J , Schwilke Eugene W , Cone Edward J , Moolchan Eric T , Huestis Marilyn A 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background: Sweat testing is a noninvasive technique for monitoring drug exposure in treatment, criminal justice, and employment settings.
Methods: We evaluated cocaine excretion in 9 participants’ sweat after they received 3 low doses (75 mg/70 kg) of cocaine HCl subcutaneously within 1 week and, 3 weeks later, 3 high doses (150 mg/70 kg). Six additional participants completed portions of the study. PharmChek® sweat patches (n = 1390) were collected throughout a 3-week washout period, reflecting previously self-administered drugs, and during and after controlled dosing.
Results: Cocaine was the primary analyte detected with 24% of patches positive at the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry limit of quantification of 2.5 ng/patch and 7% of patches at the proposed Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cutoff of 25 ng/patch. Ecgonine methyl ester (EME) was detected more often and at generally higher concentrations than benzoylecgonine. In patches containing both metabolites, there was no statistically significant difference in the benzoylecgonine/EME ratio based on length of patch wear. During washout, 2 participants’ weekly patches tested positive (≥25 ng/patch) during the first week; one remained positive during week 2; and none were positive during week 3. Cocaine and EME were detectable within 2 h; benzoylecgonine was not detected until 4–8 h after low doses and slightly sooner after high doses. The majority of drug was excreted within 24 h. Over 70% of weekly patches worn during low doses were positive for cocaine (≥25 ng/patch), increasing to 100% during high doses.
Conclusion: Sweat testing is an effective and reliable method of monitoring cocaine exposure.
Development of an In Vitro Screening Assay to Test the Antiinflammatory Properties of Dietary Supplements and Pharmacologic Agents
Authors: Singh Uma , Tabibian James , Venugopal Senthil K , Devaraj Sridevi , Jialal Ishwarlal 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: Monocytes and macrophages are critical in atherosclerosis and on stimulation secrete proinflammatory, proatherogenic cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, which have been shown to be present in atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid in vitro screening assay to test the antiinflammatory effects of different compounds.Methods and Results: THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) were stimulated with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0 to 1000 μg/L) and for different times (4, 12, and 24 h), and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) was assessed. TNF-α secretion was maximum at the lowest LPS concentration (100 μg/L) and at shortest duration of incubation (4 h). Maximum secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 was achieved at 24 h with higher doses of LPS. Treatment of THP-1 with various test compounds such as dietary supplements (α-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, catechin and epigallocatechin gallate) as well as pharmacologic agents (statins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists, and an angiotensin II receptor blocker) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-α release.Conclusions: The release of TNF-α after stimulation of THP-1 cells with LPS is a valid model system to test novel compounds for potential antiinflammatory effects.
Gene-Expression Profiling of CD34+ Hematopoietic Cells Expanded in a Collagen I Matrix
Authors: Oswald Joachim , Steudel Christine , Salchert Katrin , Joergensen Brigitte , Thiede Christian , Ehninger Gerhard , Werner Carsten , Bornhäuser Martin 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow in close proximity to the endosteal bone surface, surrounded by osteoblasts, stromal cells, and various extracellular matrix molecules. We used a bioartificial matrix of fibrillar collagen I, the major matrix component of bone, as a scaffold for ex vivo expansion of HSCs. CD34+ HSCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood and cultivated within reconstituted collagen I fibrils in the presence of fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand, stem cell factor, and interleukin (IL)-3. After 7 days of culture, the cell number, number of colony-forming units (CFU-C), and gene-expression profile of the cultured cells were assessed. Although the total expansion factor of CD34+ cells was slightly lower when cells were cultivated in the collagen I gel, the frequency of CFU-C was greater than in control suspension cultures. Gene-expression analysis with microarray chip technology revealed the upregulation of more than 50 genes in the presence of collagen I. Among these, genes for several growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines (e.g., IL-8 and macrophage inhibitory protein 1α) could be confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, greater expression levels of the negative cell-cycle regulator BTG2/TIS21 and an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, DUSP2, underline the regulatory role of the extracellular matrix. Together, these data show that the expansion of CD34+ cord blood cells in a culture system containing a three-dimensional collagen I matrix induces a qualitative change in the gene-expression profile of cultivated HSCs.
Photobiology
Authors: Young Antony R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is ubiquitous and has many molecular, cellular and clinical effects on healthy human skin. These effects can affect the skin directly and/or have systemic consequences and are heavily dependent on constitutive skin pigmentation. This chapter provides an overview of solar UVR and its effects on skin, as well as their mitigation, and provides a background for the understanding of phototherapy and the photodermatoses that are discussed in other chapters. Dermatologists have largely focused on the adverse effects of sunlight but there is increasing interest in clinical benefits other than vitamin D synthesis.
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Authors: Itin Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasias manifest congenital defects in two or more ectodermal structures. Often, they show alterations in the skin, hair, nails and eccrine or seborrhoeic glands. There are more than 200 different entities which have to be separated in this disease group. The confirmation of these heterogeneous and very rare clinical diseases is done nowadays by molecular genetics.
Inherited Hair Disorders
Authors: Sprecher Eli 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Congenital and inherited disorders of hair growth and differentiation, also known as genotrichoses, can be subdivided into conditions associated with either excessive hair growth, known as
hypertrichoses
, or defective hair development or
alopecias
. Some of these disorders feature isolated hair abnormalities, others are associated with extracutaneous manifestations and as such require careful surveillance or timely interventions for possible complications.
Inherited Immunodeficiency
Authors: Niehues Tim , Gennery Andrew R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are inherited disorders resulting in defects in the immune system leading to increased susceptibility to infection, autoimmune diseases, autoinflammation, a failure of the inflammatory response and/or lymphocyte apoptosis as well as an increased susceptibility to neoplasia. Inheritance can be recessive or dominant, x‐linked or autosomal, and penetrance may be variable. Commonly, IEI present with cutaneous infections or non‐infectious skin manifestations – some are mainly characterised by their dermatological presentation. IEI are classified as combined immunodeficiencies with or without associated or syndromic features, predominantly antibody deficiencies, diseases with immune dysregulation, congenital defects of phagocyte number and function, defects in innate immunity, autoinflammatory or complement disorders. The most prevalent of these IEI associated with dermatological manifestations are discussed and characteristic figures are provided.
Susceptibility to cancer misinformation: Predictors of false belief and false memory formation
Authors: King Nora , Greene Ciara M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPrevious research has shown that people sometimes come to believe in misinformation presented in the form of fake news, and even form false memories for the fabricated events described. This study aimed to investigate the effects of analytical reasoning, attitudes to complementary and alternative medicine, bullshit receptivity, and previous experience with cancer on the formation of false memory and false belief for cancer related misinformation. Participants (N = 466) were exposed to four fake news stories and four true news stories relating to cancer treatment and services. Male gender, low analytical reasoning, receptivity to bullshit, and endorsement of complementary and alternative medicine were all significant predictors of belief in cancer misinformation, while participants with poor analytical reasoning or higher receptivity to bullshit reported more false memories for fake news stories. These results indicate that reflexive, intuitive thinking styles contribute to susceptibility to cancer misinformation, suggesting a potential target for public health interventions.
“How are you?” Perspectives From Patients and Health Care Providers of Text Messaging to Support Rheumatoid Arthritis Care: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Zafar Saania N. , Hazlewood Glen , Dhiman Kiran , Charlton Alexandra , Then Karen L. , Dempsey Erika , Lester Richard , Hoens Alison M. , Lacaille Diane , Barnabe Cheryl , Rankin James , Mosher Dianne , Barber Claire E. H. 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivePatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may need to access rheumatology care between scheduled visits. WelTel is a virtual care platform that supports secure two‐way text‐messaging between patients and their health care team. The objective of the present study was to explore perspectives and experiences of health care providers (HCPs) and patients related to the use of WelTel as an adjunct to routine care.MethodsSeventy patients with RA were enrolled in a six‐month WelTel pilot project launched in September 2021. Patients received monthly “How are you?” text message check‐ins and could message their health care team during clinic hours to request health advice. The current project is a qualitative study of the WelTel pilot. A subgroup of pilot participants was purposively sampled and invited to participate in interviews. A thematic analysis of transcripts was conducted using a deductive approach leveraging quality of care domains.ResultsThirteen patients (62% female, mean age 62 years, 10 White) completed interviews. Patients’ views suggested that text messaging with the rheumatology team supported high‐quality care across multiple quality domains including patient‐centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, safety, effectiveness, equity, and appropriateness. Seven HCPs (57.1% female, one pharmacist and six rheumatologists) completed interviews. HCPs' perspectives varied based on their experience with the WelTel platform. Additional themes reported by HCPs included perceived increased workload and burnout.ConclusionsPatients with RA perceived text‐based messaging as supporting high‐quality care. The impact of increased communications on HCP burnout and workload requires consideration, and future studies should evaluate the effect of texting on patient outcomes.
Perovskite Solar Cells with Extremely High 24.63% Efficiency through Design of Double Electron Transport Layers and Double Luminescent Converter Layers
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Yuqi , Bian Shuhang , Liu Zhongqi , Wu Yanjie , Shao Long , Zhang Yuhong , Lyu Jiekai , Zhang Lidong , Mao Jiangwei , Bai Xue , Xu Lin , Zhou Donglei , Dong Biao , Song Hongwei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntroduction of fluorescent down‐conversion layer inside perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can highly improve the ultraviolet response of the devices and the light stability. However, such a device is usually confronted with the problem of inter‐diffusion with the perovskite absorber layer, which severely limits its further development. To address this problem, herein, this work employs an interfacial dual electron transport layers (ETLs) strategy, sandwiching Cd‐CsPbCl3:Mn2+ luminescent quantum dots within gap of the ETLs, which not only reduces the interface energy level offset, but also improves the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of perovskite films and prevents their diffusion to the perovskite absorber layer. As a result, the efficient synergy effect effectively elevates both the open‐circuit voltage and fill factor of the PSCs, reaching maximum values of 1.181 V and 81.14%, respectively, finally delivering progressively increased device power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.32% with significantly improved light stability. To further improve the ultraviolet response, this work further adopts the strategy of dual fluorescent conversion layers inside and outside the PSCs, and finally obtains PCE of 24.63%, which is the best for various luminescent conversion cells. This work opens a new door for the development of efficient and stable photoluminescence conversion PSCs.
Strain Regulation of Mixed‐Halide Perovskites Enables High‐Performance Wide‐Bandgap Photovoltaics
Authors: Li Xinhao , Li Yifan , Feng Yanxing , Qi Jiahui , Shen Jinliang , Shi Guodong , Yang Shaopeng , Yuan Mingjian , He Tingwei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWide‐bandgap mixed‐halogen perovskite materials are widely used as top cells in tandem solar cells. However, serious open‐circuit voltage (Voc) loss restricts the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, it is shown that the resulting methylammonium vacancies induce lattice distortion in methylammonium chloride‐assisted perovskite film, resulting in an inhomogeneous halogen distribution and low Voc. Thus, a lattice strain regulation strategy is reported to fabricate high‐performance wide‐bandgap PSCs. Rubidium (Rb) cations are introduced to fill the A‐site vacancy caused by the methylammonium volatilization, which alleviates shrinkage strain of the perovskite crystal. The reduced lattice distortion and increased halide ion migration barrier result in a homogeneous mixed‐halide perovskite film. Due to improved carrier transport and suppressed nonradiative recombination, the Rb‐treated wide‐bandgap PSC (1.68 eV) achieves an excellent PCE of 21.72%, accompanied by a high Voc of 1.22 V. The resulting device maintains more than 90% of its initial PCE after 1500 h under 1‐sun illumination conditions.
General cognitive ability in high school, attained education, occupational complexity, and dementia risk
Authors: Huh Jimi , Arpawong Thalida Em , Gruenewald Tara L. , Fisher Gwenith G. , Prescott Carol A. , Manly Jennifer J. , Seblova Dominika , Walters Ellen E. , Gatz Margaret 
Published: February 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONWe address the extent to which adolescent cognition predicts dementia risk in later life, mediated by educational attainment and occupational complexity.METHODSUsing data from Project Talent Aging Study (PTAS), we fitted two structural equation models to test whether adolescent cognition predicts cognitive impairment (CI) and Ascertain Dementia 8 (AD8) status simultaneously (NCognitive Assessment = 2477) and AD8 alone (NQuestionnaire = 6491) 60 years later, mediated by education and occupational complexity. Co‐twin control analysis examined 82 discordant pairs for CI/AD8.RESULTSEducation partially mediated the effect of adolescent cognition on CI in the cognitive assessment aample and AD8 in the questionnaire sample (Ps < 0.001). Within twin pairs, differences in adolescent cognition were small, but intrapair differences in education predicted CI status.DISCUSSIONAdolescent cognition predicted dementia risk 60 years later, partially mediated through education. Educational attainment, but not occupational complexity, contributes to CI risk beyond its role as a mediator of adolescent cognition, further supported by the co‐twin analyses.Highlights
Project Talent Aging Study follows enrollees from high school for nearly 60 years.
General cognitive ability in high school predicts later‐life cognitive impairment.
Low education is a risk partially due to its association with cognitive ability.
Lanthanide‐Based Probes for Imaging Detection of Enzyme Activities by NIR Luminescence, T1‐ and ParaCEST MRI
Authors: Jouclas Rémy , Laine Sophie , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Mandel Jérémie , Szeremeta Frédéric , Retailleau Pascal , He Jiefang , Gallard Jean‐François , Pallier Agnès , Bonnet Célia S. , Petoud Stéphane , Durand Philippe , Tóth Éva 
Published: February 2024

AbstractApplying a single molecular probe to monitor enzymatic activities in multiple, complementary imaging modalities is highly desirable to ascertain detection and to avoid the complexity associated with the use of agents of different chemical entities. We demonstrate here the versatility of lanthanide (Ln3+) complexes with respect to their optical and magnetic properties and their potential for enzymatic detection in NIR luminescence, CEST and T1 MR imaging, controlled by the nature of the Ln3+ ion, while using a unique chelator. Based on X‐ray structural, photophysical, and solution NMR investigations of a family of Ln3+ DO3A‐pyridine model complexes, we could rationalize the luminescence (Eu3+, Yb3+), CEST (Yb3+) and relaxation (Gd3+) properties and their variations between carbamate and amine derivatives. This allowed the design of
probes which undergo enzyme‐mediated changes detectable in NIR luminescence, CEST and T1‐weighted MRI, respectively governed by variations in their absorption energy, in their exchanging proton pool and in their size, thus relaxation efficacy. We demonstrate that these properties can be exploited for the visualization of β‐galactosidase activity in phantom samples by different imaging modalities: NIR optical imaging, CEST and T1‐weighted MRI.
Enhancement in kerosene droplet–coal particle collision and adsorption by bubble trailing vortex in coal slurry conditioning: Energy evolution of collision process
Authors: Zhu Hongzheng , Qin Zhiqian , Chen Kun , Zhu Wenliang , Shi Qinghui , Yang Ming , Li Chao , Zhang Yong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the collision between kerosene droplets and coal particles in the bubble trailing vortex region is crucial for enhancing slurry conditioning. We found the area of the bubble trailing vortex region increased as the bubble size increased via the Fluent 6.3.26 software. A kerosene droplet velocity range of 0.074–0.106 m/s and a coal particle velocity range of 0.062–0.104 m/s were obtained if a bubble had a diameter of 0.3 mm. We employed a high‐speed motion acquisition system and observed the collision process, which was divided into two stages: Compression and Rebound. The critical motion distance increased as the kerosene droplet size increased, and sufficient kerosene droplet motion distance and enough kinetic energy normally resulted in a rebound phenomenon. The attenuation energy was almost positively linear to the initial energy, and the energy attenuation coefficient of the collision process was fitted to 0.626. Our results can provide valuable insight into mineral separation.
The impact of TV advertising on website traffic
Authors: Veverka Lukáš , Holý Vladimír 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe propose a modeling procedure for estimating immediate responses to TV ads and evaluating the factors influencing their size. First, we capture diurnal and seasonal patterns of website visits using the kernel smoothing method. Second, we estimate a gradual increase in website visits after an ad using the maximum likelihood method. Third, we analyze the nonlinear dependence of the estimated increase in website visits on characteristics of the ads using the random forest method. The proposed methodology is applied to a dataset containing minute‐by‐minute organic website visits and detailed characteristics of TV ads for an e‐commerce company in 2019. The results show that people are indeed willing to switch between screens and multitask. Moreover, the time of the day, the TV channel, and the advertising motive play a great role in the impact of the ads.