bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing conditional independence in diagnostic palaeoepidemiology
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLeprosy was a well‐known and dreaded disease in the Middle Ages. A substantial fraction of the adult population carried leprosy‐related lesions. Previous research analyzed the occurrence and implications of seven such lesions in samples of medieval skeletons. These analyses were carried out under the assumption of conditional independence among lesion scores. The present paper examines this assumption by developing a test based on the odds ratios and applying the test to three rural medieval samples from Europe: Tirup from the 12th–14th century AD in Jutland, Denmark; Refshale from the 12th–14th century AD on the island of Lolland, Denmark; and Lauchheim from AD 460–680 in southern Germany. Signs of nonzero prevalence of leprosy at death were found in all three samples: Tirup, 25.5% (95% CI, 17.2–34.6%); Refshale, 39.1% (95% CI, 25.5–54.7%); and Lauchheim, 16.2% (95% CI, 10.0–22.9%). It is shown that when leprosy is the prime factor creating variation in the lesion scores in and between samples, the assumption of conditional independence cannot be rejected. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and properties of nano‐montmorillonite paper–plastic laminating adhesive
Authors: Ye Lunxue , Zhong Anyong , Chen Deben , Yang Fei 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEmulsion paper–plastic nanometer laminating adhesive of 1.5% organic montmorillonite (OMMT) was prepared by OMMT intercalating polyacrylate‐system materials. In this article, it was discovered that nanometer‐laminating adhesive has better adhesion, smaller latex particles size, lower surface tension, and higher drying speed than general laminating adhesive. The rheologic behavior of the emulsion was discussed and it was shown that the value of n (the flow index of emulsion) was reduced and viscous flow activation energy (Ea) was increased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 872–877, 2005
Synthesis of photoisomeric azobenzene monomers and model compound effect on electric–optical properties in PDLC films
Authors: Liu Jui‐Hsiang , Wu Fuh‐Tsang 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA series of azobenzene monomers and related model compounds with various side‐chain lengths were synthesized. The electrooptical properties of a polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) were verified by side‐chain methoxy azobenzene in various chain lengths (n = 3, 6, 11). The properties under various voltages were measured and the effect of extra voltage on the transmittance of PDLC was researched as well. The experiment demonstrated the validity of employing these side chain methoxy azobenzene materials in electrooptical devices. The azobenzene model compound showed better electric–optical and thermal–optical properties, having a higher contrast ratio (CR = 689) and a lower saturation voltage (4.7 V/μm). All the azobenzene molecules can be photoisomerized through UV light irradiation, following the mechanism of isomerization. The reversible photo and heat isomerization property was studied. The cis‐azobenzene that was transformed from the trans‐azobenzene irradiated by UV light can decrease the clearing point of the liquid crystal phase. We used this unique characteristic to record image patterns and it worked successfully. We synthesized the azobenzene monomers can stabilize the PDLC and their relative model compounds with various alkyl chain lengths even got better electric–optical effects. We found that azobenzene monomer shows different behaviors in the electric–optical property from its relative model compound. The difference between the systems were explained using a proposed model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 721–732, 2005
Ester and epoxide functionalization of high‐density polyethylene by thermolysis method—An FTIR study
Authors: Anbarasan R. , Babout O. , Dequil M. , Maillard B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene was functionalized using a thermolysis method in the presence of functionalized peroxides at different temperatures and at various peroxide concentrations. It was found that both percentage cross‐linking (% CL) and percentage functionalization (% Fn) increased with an increase in peroxide concentration. The ester and epoxide functionalization was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Ester functionalization was further confirmed by saponification and acidolysis reaction. The functionalization capacities of acrylic ester peroxide and acrylic acid peroxide were determined and compared. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed to explain the experimental results obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 761–765, 2005
Surface stability of polypropylene compounds and paint adhesion
Authors: Ernst E. , Reußner J. , Poelt P. , Ingolic E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThermoplastic olefins based on polypropylene compounds are being increasingly used for the production of painted automotive parts. The poor adhesion properties of these compounds are improved with flaming, which results in good adhesion for waterborne paints. The surface stability and adhesion properties of two commercial injection‐molded compounds and their base polymer blends (polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber) were investigated after they were flamed with various parameters under typical vapor jet conditions. The compounds and the corresponding base blends showed mainly the same behavior. Thus, filler particles and additives seemed to have only a minor influence on the adhesion properties of these compounds. For the characterization of the surface itself and the near‐surface region, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, XPS, and microthermal analysis were used. The utmost surface layer for all specimens consisted of a skin of pure polypropylene. The oxygen concentrations at the surface after flaming were rather similar for both compounds. Differences could be found in the surface roughness, the oxygen diffusion from the interior to the surface, and, probably most importantly, the viscosity and elasticity of the impact modifier. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 797–805, 2005
Infrared spectroscopy method reveals hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interaction between components in polymer blends
Authors: Gordon S. H. , Cao X. , Mohamed A. , Willett J. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn infrared spectroscopy method was devised to uncover evidence of hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interaction between components in solid poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(hydroxyester ether) (PHEE) blends. The method compares Gaussian/Lorentzian deconvoluted infrared spectra of the polymer blends with deconvoluted spectra of weight ratio‐equivalent mixtures of the physically separated polymers. Infrared spectra of polymer blends, where hydrogen bonding exists, differ from spectra of physical mixtures of the polymers. Deconvoluting spectra of the blends into their underlying peaks revealed theoretically expected differences between hydrogen‐bonded and nonhydrogen bonded components. The findings are supported by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical rheometry studies. The new method, differential spectral deconvolution, afforded a quantitative estimate of the extent of hydrogen bonding between PLA and PHEE and could therefore be used to measure the degree of interaction between components in thermoplastic blends. This technique is superior to conventional spectral subtraction and it should be applicable to intimate mixtures or solid solutions in general. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 813–821, 2005
Mechanical properties of linseed oil monoglyceride maleate/styrene copolymers
Authors: Mosiewicki M. , Aranguren M. I. , Borrajo J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this study, rigid thermoset polymers were prepared from radical copolymerization of linseed oil monoglyceride maleates with styrene (St). First, linseed oil monoglycerides (LOMGs) were obtained from the reaction of linseed oil with glycerol at 220–240°C. Then, LOMGs were reacted with maleic anhydride at 80°C to produce the LOMG maleate half esters. The reactions were followed by FTIR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and the final resin was characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Finally, radical copolymerization of the LOMG maleates with 20, 40, 60, and 80% by weight of St was performed to produce rigid, thermoset polymers. The thermomechanical properties and fracture behavior of the cured copolymers, as a function of the percentage of St, were measured and analyzed. The copolymer with 40% by weight of St was the material with better mechanical and fracture behavior. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 825–836, 2005
Curing of epoxy siloxane monomer with anhydride
Authors: Morita Yasumasa 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEpoxy siloxane monomer, 1,3‐Bis[2‐(3‐{7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptyl})ethyl]‐tetramethyldisiloxane, was cured with methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, and the catalysts, N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine (BDMA) and tetra‐n‐butylphosphonium o,o‐diethylphosphorodithioate (PX‐4ET), were compared. The curing reactivity of BDMA was higher than that of PX‐4ET, but the thermal stability of the polymer was lower. PX‐4ET caused less thermal discoloration, which increased in proportion to catalyst concentration. The optimum was 0.71–0.35 mol %. Maximum hardness and glass transition temperature as well as minimum coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal discoloration was achieved with equivalent amounts of epoxy and anhydride. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 946–951, 2005
A new set of amino acid descriptors and its application in peptide QSARs
Authors: Mei Hu , Liao Zhi H. , Zhou Yuan , Li Shengshi Z. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this work, a new set of amino acid descriptors, i.e., VHSE (principal components score Vectors of Hydrophobic, Steric, and Electronic properties), is derived from principal components analysis (PCA) on independent families of 18 hydrophobic properties, 17 steric properties, and 15 electronic properties, respectively, which are included in total 50 physicochemical variables of 20 coded amino acids. Using the stepwise multiple regression (SMR) method combined with partial least squares (PLS), the VHSE scales are then applied to QSAR studies of bitter‐tasting dipeptides (BTD), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and bradykinin‐potentiating pentapeptides (BPP). To validate the predictive power of resulting models, external validation are also performed. A comparison of the results to those obtained with z scores and other two‐dimensional (2D) or three‐dimensional(3D) descriptors shows that the VHSE scales are comparable for parameterizing the structural variability of the peptide series. ©2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopoly 80: 775–786, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Use of microelectrodes to investigate the effects of 2‐chlorophenol on microbial activities in biofilms
Authors: Satoh Hisashi , Sasaki Yuichi , Nakamura Yoshiyuki , Okabe Satoshi , Suzuki Takuya 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the applicability of using microelectrodes as a tool for inhibition tests, temporal and spatial inhibitory effects of 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP) on O2 respiration and nitrification activities in municipal wastewater biofilms were investigated using microelectrodes for O2 and NH. The time‐course microelectrode measurements demonstrated that 2‐CP inhibited O2 respiration and nitrification activities within 6–18 min. The microbial activities were inhibited only in the upper 400 μm of the biofilms by 2‐CP, and the bacteria present in the deeper parts of the biofilms were still active, probably due to limited penetration of 2‐CP. These results could reasonably explain the difference in inhibitory ratios of the O2 respiration and nitrification activities in the biofilms. O2 respiration activity was incompletely inhibited, which was attributed to the presence of O2 respiration activities in the deeper parts of the biofilm. In contrast, nitrification activity was significantly inhibited because ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria were present in the upper parts of the biofilm. These results indicate that the microelectrodes with a very quick response time and a high spatial resolution are useful tools to study temporal and spatial inhibitory effects of inhibitors on in situ microbial activities in biofilms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of cell adhesion using a signal‐responsive membrane substrate
Authors: Okajima Shuhei , Yamaguchi Takeo , Sakai Yasuyuki , Nakao Shin‐ichi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe have developed a novel cell culture material that regulates cell adhesion by changes in potassium ion concentration. The material is a polyethylene substrate grafted to a copolymer of the thermoresponsive polymer N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and benzo‐18‐crown‐ 6‐acrylamide (BCAm), with a pendant crown ether as sensor. The crown ether recognizes potassium ion concentrations and NIPAM conformational changes lead to changes in the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance of the entire polymer at constant cell culture temperatures. Although cells were successfully cultured on the ion recognition material in normal culture medium at 37°C, the cells could be detached from the material surface by adding potassium ions alone, without proteolytic enzymes, because the surface to which the cells were attached altered its surface characteristics to a more hydrophilic state. Therefore, cell layers with intact cell‐to‐cell junctions and high activities were successfully recovered. Furthermore, by changing the target sensors, this material will be able to control cell adhesion through various cellular signals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues concerning visibility and reassurance provided by the new ‘policing family’
Authors: Cooke Claire Ann 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn recent years there has been a rapid growth in quasi‐policing organizations throughout England and Wales. Public awareness and understanding of their roles and functions within the community has not been explored. While the community's desire for a uniformed presence on the streets remains strong, practical implementation through traditional public policing appears to grow more difficult. In order to satisfy this demand, the government has developed the concept of a ‘policing family’ made up of both traditional and new policing agencies. These agencies are public, private, and hybrid in nature and organization. There has been relatively little attempt to inform the public of these new arrangements or to ensure that these officers can be readily recognized. How these agencies are visually represented, how they interact with the community, and with each other, raises many issues and implications for the future success of community policing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiographic predictors of femoral access site complications: Implication for planned percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Sherev Dimitri A. , Shaw Richard E. , Brent, Bruce N. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between the femoral arteriotomy location and the risk of femoral access site complications after diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization procedures. One of the most common complication of cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) involves the vascular access site. The femoral approach is the most frequent site of vascular access during invasive cardiac procedures. This approach is associated with vascular complications, such as retroperitoneal bleeding, which can be life‐threatening. If angiographic predictors of retroperitoneal bleeding can be identified, this complication could be avoided. A prospective cohort of 33 patients with femoral access site complications was subgrouped based on the angiographic arteriotomy site. Concurrent patients without complications were randomly selected to form a control group. Study and control patients were compared on presenting risk factors and outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors for femoral access site complications. Arteriotomy location above the most inferior border of the inferior epigastric artery in patients undergoing PCI was associated with 100% of all retroperitoneal bleeds (P < 0.001). Low, high middle, and high femoral arteriotomy sites were associated with 71% of all vascular access complications. The combination of these locations for the femoral arteriotomy was an independent predictor of adverse vascular access site complications beyond traditional risk factors (odds ratio = 28.7; CI = 6.73–122.40; P < 0.0001). Vascular complications occurred more frequently in patients who were of older age (72 vs. 66 years; P < 0.001). The location of the femoral arteriotomy site assessed by a femoral angiogram is predictive of life‐threatening complications. Patients undergoing PCI with an arteriotomy above the most inferior border of the inferior epigastric artery are at an increased risk for retroperitoneal bleeding. This complication may be avoided by risk‐stratifying patients prior to intervention with a femoral angiogram. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective Functionalization of 2‐(1‐Aminoalkyl)aziridines via Lithiation of Aziridine–Borane Complexes
Authors: Concellón José M. , Bernad Pablo L. , Suárez José Ramón 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHighly selective functionalization of the aziridine ring of (2S,1′S)‐2‐(1′‐aminoalkyl)aziridines 1, through successive formation of aziridine–borane complexes, lithiation, treatment with a variety of electrophiles and final decomplexation is described. The influence of the structure of the starting complexes 2 and of the electrophiles in the stereoselectivity of this process has been studied. Finally, successive double lithiation–electrophile reactions were carried out affording enantiopure 1,2,3,3‐tetrasubstituted aziridine–borane complexes with high selectivity.
Electronic Coupling in Mixed‐Valence Dinuclear Ferrocenes and Cobaltocenes with Saturated Bridging Groups
Authors: Jones Simon C. , Barlow Stephen , O'Hare Dermot 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe have synthesised a series of new dinuclear metallocenes [{M(Cp*)(C5H4)}2X] (Cp*=η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; M=Fe, Co, X=CMe2, SiMe2, GeMe2; M=Fe, X=Si2Me4). For the neutral dicobalt complexes, magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions of −21 and −14 cm−1 for SiMe2‐ and GeMe2‐bridged species, respectively, but negligible interaction for the CMe2‐bridged compound. In contrast, intervalence charge‐transfer (IVCT) data for the mixed‐valence monocations of both Fe and Co complexes show electronic coupling to decrease in the order CMe2>SiMe2>GeMe2. This suggests that electronic coupling is principally through‐space in contrast to results found from previous studies. The IVCT data also show much stronger coupling in the dicobalt species versus their diiron analogues.
Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in population from Santiago of Chile: trends in a period of 18 years (1986–2003)
Authors: Carrasco E. , Pérez‐Bravo F. , Dorman J. , Mondragón A. , Santos J. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStudy objective and settingThe aim of this study is to determine the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in the metropolitan region of Santiago, Chile from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 2003.DesignPopulation‐based incidence study. Participants: A case must fulfill the following requirements to be included in this study: age at onset: 0 to 14 years, diagnosed with diabetes and placed on insulin, diagnosed within the defined time period, and to be a resident of the metropolitan region of Santiago at the time of the diagnosis. The population ‘at risk’ is the population less than 15 years of age.ResultThe overall rate of type 1 diabetes was estimated as 4.02 cases per 100 000 children per year (95% confidence interval: 2.98–4.83).ConclusionThe incidence of type 1 diabetes in Santiago, Chile has increased during the last years. This data are concordant with the observation that the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing in Latin America and worldwide. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opposing roles of two isoforms of the Prx1 homeobox gene in chondrogenesis
Authors: Peterson Richard E. , Hoffman Stanley , Kern Michael J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Prx1 homeobox gene is critical for cartilage and bone development as suggested by previous expression studies and demonstrated by gene targeting. However, neither approach assessed the individual roles of the two isoforms Prx1a and Prx1b. In this study, Western blot analysis demonstrates that, in the early stages of chondrogenesis, during mesenchymal condensation, only Prx1a is expressed. Higher level Prx1b expression is concomitant with the formation of a defined perichondrium. Prx1a overexpression in limb micro mass cultures results in an increase in the number of prechondrogenic condensations and cartilage nodules, whereas overexpression of Prx1b results in a decrease. Prx1a increases the percentage of proliferating cells in micro mass cultures and decreases apoptosis. The Prx1b isoform does not alter proliferation, but it does increase apoptosis, which is opposite of Prx1a. These results suggest that the Prx1a:Prx1b ratio and the alternative splicing mechanism that generates these two isoforms are critical in controlling chondrogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 233:811–821, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nephrin expression and three‐dimensional morphogenesis of the Xenopus pronephric glomus
Authors: Gerth Victor E. , Zhou Xiaolan , Vize Peter D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNephrin (NHPS1) encodes a transmembrane protein of approximately 1,200 amino acids that plays a critical role in podocyte slit‐diaphragm formation and the development of functional mammalian glomerular filtration barriers. In humans and mice with congenital defects in the nephrin gene, the glomerular filtration barrier is defective and protein leakage into the kidney filtrate causes a life‐threatening proteinuria. This protein also plays an essential role in the formation of the stellate cells of the Drosophila Malpighian tubules. In this report, the sequence and expression of a Xenopus ortholog of nephrin is described using both conventional and novel three‐dimensional (3D) visualization methodologies. Xenopus nephrin encodes a protein of 1,238 amino acids and is expressed at high levels in the forming pronephric kidney glomus, the equivalent of the mammalian glomerulus. Expression commences at stage 25 and is specific to the pronephric glomus up until at least tadpole feeding stages. Two‐color fluorescent whole‐mount in situ analysis of nephrin expression allowed the 3D shape of the glomus to be imaged and contrasted to the pronephric tubules throughout its morphogenesis. Confocal data processing pipelines were established to generate both volumetric and surface models of the developing pronephros, and a Web‐based visualization system was used to generate dynamic and manipulable models of the forming nephric organs. This system allows simple on‐line morphometric analysis of the developing pronephric components. As in fish embryos, the glomera first form laterally then migrate medially as the pronephros matures. Unlike in the zebrafish, in Xenopus, this migration stops short of complete fusion of the two glomera at the midline, but a nephrin‐positive glomeral nexus does form anteriorly and links the two structures from stage 38 onward. Developmental Dynamics 233:1131–1139, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.