bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIE VIRGINITÄTS-METAPHER IN APK 14:4-5 IM HORIZONT VON BEFLECKUNG, LOSKAUF UND ERSTLINGSFRUCHT
Authors: Zimmermann Ruben 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDie Rede von der ”Jungfräulichkeit“ der 144 000 in Apk 14:1-5 wird durch die im unmittelbaren Kontext genannten Motive ”Befleckung mit Frauen“, ”Loskauf“ und ”Erstlingsfrucht“ näher konkretisiert, die sich insgesamt zu einem Komplex geschlechtermetaphorischer Aussagen verbinden lassen: Jungfräulichkeit, Makellosigkeit und Nachfolgeversprechen können als Hinweise für den Vorstellungshorizont der Hochzeit gewertet werden, der durch die weiteren Motive präzisiert wird: Die ”Nicht-Befleckung mit Frauen“ spielt auf die Enthaltung von Mischehen an, der ”Loskauf“-Gedanke könnte aus der römischen Praxis der Heirat einer freigelassenen Sklavin inspiriert sein, während das Motiv der ”Erstlingsfrucht“ den für die jüdische Eheschließung zentralen Aspekt der ”Heiligung“ benennt und an eine prophetische Tradition anknüpft ( Jer 2:2-3). Die Funktion aller Aussagen besteht darin, dass die 144 000 fremden Macht- und Besitzansprüchen entzogen werden und ihre enge Zugehörigkeit zum Lamm, dem königlichen Bräutigam, betont wird. Die geschlechtsspezifische Beschreibung der 144 000 rückt die Auserwählten in den Horizont der Braut, so dass die in Apk 19:6-9 bzw. Apk 21:2,9 imaginierte himmlische Hochzeit durch Apk 14:1-5 vorbereitet wird.
ADAPTATIONS BY GREAT REED WARBLERS TO BROOD PARASITISM: A COMPARISON OF POPULATIONS IN SYMPATRY AND ALLOPATRY WITH THE COMMON CUCKOO
Authors: Moskát  , Szentpéteri  , Barta  
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Egg rejection behaviour, as an antiparasite defence against brood parasitism was compared in two great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus populations. In central Hungary the host population lives in sympatry with the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus, and it is heavily parasitised (ca 66%). In central Greece the great reed warbler occurs in allopatry with the cuckoo, so it is not parasitised at all. Experimental parasitism with poorly mimetic (often called 'non-mimetic') artificial cuckoo eggs revealed a 100% rejection rate towards the foreign eggs in the Greek population, but the Hungarian hosts accepted 29.4% and rejected 70.6% of the model cuckoo eggs. No other rejection type than ejection was observed. The significantly higher level of rejection in Greece than in Hungary suggests that the Greek great reed warbler population is an abandoned host population of the cuckoo, which kept its egg recognition ability. A computer-based image analysis of host's clutches revealed that interclutch variation in egg colour was greater than intraclutch variation in the Hungarian population, but not in the Greek population. Spottedness of eggs were similar in both populations. Generally, a tendency for a higher interclutch variation was found in Hungary. Intraclutch variation was more similar in the two populations, but for the colour variables it showed a lower value in Hungary than in Greece. The heavy cuckoo parasitism in Hungary is suggested to be the main cause for the increased interclutch variation in relation to intraclutch variation in egg appearance among great reed warbler clutches. The high interclutch variation reduces the chance that the parasite egg's appearance matches that of the hosts', which facilitates hosts' egg discrimination.
VOCAL COMMUNICATION IN THE PALE-WINGED TRUMPETER (PSOPHIA LEUCOPTERA): REPERTOIRE, CONTEXT AND FUNCTIONAL REFERENCE
Authors: Seddon Nathalie , Tobias Joseph , Alvarez Adriana 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Adult pale-winged trumpeters produce a varied repertoire of vocalizations: apart from one loud 'tremolo song' we recorded 11 structurally discrete close-range calls, one of which (the 'mew') was individually distinct. There was significant variation across vocalization type with respect to the identity and behaviour of the caller and the response of the receiver(s). It was possible to group vocalizations into six broad contextual classes: alarm, recruitment, social, contact, feeding and territory defence. On detection of danger, trumpeters gave two acoustically different calls, one for aerial predators, and another for terrestrial predators or conspecific intruders. They also produced distinct calls on detection of large prey items such as snakes. These (alarm and snake-finding) call types seemed to evoke different responses by receivers and therefore appeared to be functionally referent. Vocal behaviour was positively correlated with dominance rank and at least two other calls had important roles in mediating social interactions within the group. Finally, the 'mew' call was only given when a trumpeter was separated from, and usually out of visual contact with the rest of the group. This call was functionally referent, eliciting a vocal response from receivers: they produced a loud 'grunt' call, which was also unique to this situation. This is the first experimental demonstration in a bird of the proximate factors motivating production of an individually distinct contact call.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MALE MATING SUCCESS IN THE POLYGYNOUS DUSKY WARBLER (PHYLLOSCOPUS FUSCATUS)
Authors: Forstmeier Wolfgang 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn a mating system where females obtain multiple benefits from choosing a partner, male reproductive success will depend on a variety of factors. Females may seek (1) a high-quality territory (2) a good parent and (3) good genes for offspring viability. Looking at the dusky warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus, a system of resource-defence polygyny, I try to establish the relative importance of these factors for determining male mating success. Male success in social pairing (i.e. harem size) largely depended on territory quality and thereby on success in competition over the best territories. Old males and males with high body mass had a greater chance of mating polygynously, while first-year males and males of low body weight more often remained unmated. In addition, males with long tails were more likely to stay unmated. Interestingly, males with long tails contributed less to offspring care, which suggests that the social mating decisions of primary females also depended on the readiness of males to provision the young. Analysis of extra-pair paternity showed that females did not prefer to copulate with males that were most successful in competition over territories. Nevertheless, polygynous males, on average, sired 3.4 times more offspring than monogamous males. Socially unmated males sired 0.7 times as many. In general, variation in competitive ability had a roughly two times larger effect on male mating success than variation in male attractiveness. The effect of variation in parental qualities was probably less than one tenth of the effect of competitive ability.
THE QUEEN WAS ACTUALLY A MAN: ARWĀ BINT AHMAD AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGION
Authors: Traboulsi Samer 
Published: February 2003

AbstractArwā bint Ahmad (d. 532/1137) ruled in Yemen for fifty-five years. She played an important political role and at the same time occupied the highest rank in the Ismā'īlī religious hierarchy after that of the imam. Her religious policies, particularly her special relations with the Fatimids, led to the transfer of the Fatimid literary legacy to Yemen, and hence to its preservation following the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate. She likewise organized the new structure of the Yemeni Ismā'īlī da'wa, thus contributing to its survival after the fall of the Sulayhid dynasty. The proposed paper investigates Arwā's career from two different angles: the Fatimid Egyptian and the Yemen Ismā'īlī. The main point will be the way they dealt with the fact that she was a female ruler. The Fatimid caliph-imam al-Mustansir first issued a decree stating that to follow her was a religious duty. He then appointed her to the rank of huğğa, the highest after that of the imam, in order to give her rule a more emphatic legitimacy. The Yemeni Ismā'īlī position is best represented in al-Sultān al-Hattāb's religious tract Gāyat al-mawālīd, where he argues that Arwā's female body was no more than a body envelope covering her original male essence. The fact that Arwā was a woman posed a serious problem for both the Fatimids and the Yemeni Ismā'īlīs. In each case they tried to deal with it in a way that suited their political and religious interests.
OUTWARD AND VISIBLE SIGNS OF CONVERSION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY KWAZULU-NATAL
Authors: Etherington Norman 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe article argues that the perpetually vexing question of identifying and verifying religious conversion in mission history can be approached by taking outward texts and signs more seriously. The examples chosen for study are the various missions active in KwaZulu-Natal in the period 1835-1885. Over time African evangelists and churchgoers responded to missionary injunctions to value the materiality of printed texts and to 'put on the raiment of the Lord' in a literal sense. Signs, which might on the surface be regarded as trivial, came in time to be widely regarded as evidence of conversion to a new belief.
AN IGBO ESPERANTO: A HISTORY OF THE UNION IBO BIBLE 1900-1950
Authors: Fulford Ben 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe Union Ibo Bible was more or less the Bible for the Igbo people of southern Nigeria from 1909 to 1970. The creation of Thomas Dennis of the Church Missionary Society and his co-workers, it has been, since its first conception in 1905, a source of ongoing controversy: the development and unification of the Igbo language was at stake. This article re-examines the history of this Bible, its conception, translation and early reception, and argues that the source of its shortcomings lies deeper than the method of translation or the contemporary Igbo desire to learn English. The Union Bible is the product of the missionary conception, fleshed out by a comparison with the Yoruba, of a single Igbo people speaking a single language. The failure of that translation is the result of the premise consequent to this conception of the Igbo, namely that the Igbo language was ready to be 'united'.
Semantic evidence for functional categories in interlanguage grammars
Authors: Slabakova Roumyana 
Published: February 2003

This study investigates how semantic properties of functional categories are acquired by second language (L2) learners in an instructional setting. The following properties of the functional category (FC) of AspectP are under investigation: 1) English simple present tense cannot denote an ongoing event; 2) progressive morphology is needed for an ongoing interpretation; and 3) English bare verbal forms denote closed, or completed, events. All three properties are not instantiated in Bulgarian. Only the first two properties are explicitly taught in English classrooms in Bulgaria, while the third is not. A Truth Value Judgement Task, a guided composition task and a proficiency test were administered to 112 Bulgarian learners of English and 24 native speaker controls. Results indicate that L2 learners at all proficiency levels are aware of the English aspectual contrasts.These findings suggest that L2 learners are able to acquire interpretable formal features not transferable from their native language. Furthermore, they are able to acquire properties of the grammar that are not explicitly taught in language classrooms.
Creating the Model of a Clinical Practice: The Case of Emergency Medicine
Authors: Hockberger Robert S. , La Duca Anthony , Orr Nancy A. , Reinhart Mary Ann , Sklar David P. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractMedical schools and specialty societies have struggled to define a core content for medical students and practitioners but, to date, have been stymied by both political considerations and the sheer burden of the innumerable decisions that must be made to define the essence of a medical specialty. Six professional organizations representing the field of emergency medicine recently collaborated with the National Board of Medical Examiners to accomplish this objective by developing a Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. This document will provide support for the development of medical school and residency curricula, training program accreditation standards, board certification test specifications, and organizational agendas for postgraduate education, research, and patient advocacy for the specialty of emergency medicine. The authors present a description of the model and the process that was used to develop it with the belief that other medical disciplines that face similar issues and challenges could benefit from a similar undertaking.
Can the Bispectral Index Monitor Quantify Altered Level of Consciousness in Emergency Department Patients?
Authors: Gill Michelle , Green Steven M. , Krauss Baruch 
Published: February 2003

Abstract Objectives: A daily part of emergency medicine practice includes assessing patients with altered levels of consciousness (ALOC). The authors hypothesized that a bispectral index monitor (BIS), a processed electroencephalographic monitor traditionally used to monitor patients under anesthesia, would represent an objective quantification of impairment of consciousness. They compared the BIS score with the Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) in emergency department (ED) patients with ALOC. Methods: The authors performed a convenience sampling of ED adults presenting with ALOC (GCS ≤ 14). Patients with abnormal baseline mental status were excluded, as were those who were unable to tolerate the forehead BIS leads. The blinded BIS value was recorded after the treating physician assigned a GCS to the patient. The BIS and GCS measurements were then correlated. Results: Data were obtained for 38 patients (20 male, 18 female). The median age was 42 years (range 14 to 93 years). Despite being statistically significant (p = 0.0165), the correlation between the GCS and the BIS score was only moderate (Spearman's rho = 0.387) and displayed wide variability. For example, when the GCS was between 3 and 5, the corresponding BIS scores ranged from 47 to 98. When the GCS was between 12 and 14, the corresponding BIS scores ranged from 56 to 98. Receiver operating characteristic curves for BIS at each GCS threshold demonstrated low discriminatory power (areas under the curve range 0.61 to 0.73). Conclusions: BIS monitoring does not reliably correlate with GCS in ED patients with ALOC, and does not appear to have potential to accurately quantify impairment of consciousness in this setting.
Differential Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)I and GnRHII Messenger Ribonucleic Acid by Gonadal Steroids in Human Granulosa Luteal Cells
Authors: Khosravi Shahram , Leung Peter C. K. 
Published: February 2003

In humans, reproduction was generally believed to be controlled by only one form of GnRH (called mammalian GnRH or GnRHI). However, recently, a second form of GnRH, analogous to chicken GnRHII, was discovered in several tissues, including the human ovary. The regulation and function of GnRHI in the hypothalamus has been well studied. However, the function and regulation of GnRHI, and particularly GnRHII in the ovary, is less well understood. Because gonadal sex steroids are one of the main regulators of reproduction, we investigated, in the present study, the regulation of GnRHI and GnRHII mRNA expression by 17β-estradiol (E2) and RU486 (a progesterone antagonist) in human granulosa luteal cells (hGLCs).The levels of the mRNA transcripts encoding the two GnRH forms were examined using semiquantitative RT-PCR followed by Southern blot analysis. With time in culture, GnRHI and GnRHII mRNA levels significantly increased, by 120% and 210%, at d 8 and d 1, respectively. The levels remained elevated until the termination of these experiments at d 10. A 24-h treatment of hGLCs with E2 (10−9 to 10−7m) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease and increase in mRNA expression of GnRHI and GnRHII, respectively. E2 (10−9m) significantly decreased GnRHI mRNA levels (by 55%) and increased GnRHII mRNA levels (by 294%). Time-course studies demonstrated that E2 (10−9m) significantly decreased GnRHI mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, with maximal inhibition of 77% at 48 h. In contrast, GnRHII mRNA levels significantly increased in a time-dependent fashion, reaching a maximum level of 280% at 24 h. Cotreatment of hGLCs with E2 and tamoxifen (an E2 antagonist) reversed the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of E2 on the mRNA expression of GnRHI and GnRHII, respectively. Time- and dose-dependent treatment with RU486 did not affect GnRHI mRNA levels in hGLCs. In contrast, RU486 treatment significantly increased GnRHII mRNA levels in hGLCs in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, with a maximum increase being observed at 24 h (with 10−5m RU486). In summary, the present study demonstrated that the expression of GnRHI and GnRHII at the transcriptional level is differently regulated by E2 and P4 in hGLCs.
Homocysteine Levels and C677T Polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Orio Francesco , Palomba Stefano , Di Biase Sebastiano , Colao Annamaria , Tauchmanova Libuse , Savastano Silvia , Labella Donato , Russo Tiziana , Zullo Fulvio , Lombardi Gaetano 
Published: February 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the homocysteine (Hcy) levels and the C677T polymorphism of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a crucial factor of the Hcy metabolism in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Seventy young women with PCOS and another 70 healthy women with low folate intake were enrolled. Cases and controls were matched for age, body mass index, and allele frequency. Hcy, vitamin B12, and folate levels were measured, and a genetic analysis of 5,10-MTHFR at nucleotide 677 was performed in all subjects.No difference in mean Hcy levels was observed between PCOS women in comparison to the control group. Considering the different MTHFR polymorphism, no significant difference was found in serum Hcy levels between subjects with PCOS and controls showing CC (10.4 ± 3.1 vs. 9.7 ± 2.9 μmol/liter ± sd) and CT genotypes (10.9 ± 3.8 vs. 11.0 ± 3.2 μmol/liter ± sd). In subjects with a TT homozygous state, a significant (P &lt; 0.05) difference was observed between PCOS and control women (11.5 ± 3.9 vs. 22.0 ± 7.8 μmol/liter ± sd).In conclusion, our data show that in PCOS women, the serum Hcy levels are normal, and the C677T polymorphism of MTHFR does not influence the Hcy levels like in controls.
Sox5andSox6are required for notochord extracellular matrix sheath formation, notochord cell survival and development of the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
Authors: Smits Patrick , Lefebvre Véronique 
Published: February 2003

The notochord has major roles in vertebral column formation: indirectly by inducing sclerotome cell differentiation; and directly by forming the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. Sox5 and Sox6 encode Sry-related HMG box transcription factors that act redundantly to promote chondroblast differentiation in all cartilages of the mouse embryo. We show that Sox5 and Sox6 are expressed in the notochord cell lineage and required for notochord late development.InSox5–/–/Sox6–/–embryos, the notochord formed a typical rod-like structure. It fulfilled its inductive functions, as indicated by expression of sonic hedgehog and sclerotome specification. However, the notochord failed to become surrounded with an extracellular matrix sheath. This phenotype was associated with a downregulation of extracellular matrix genes, including the genes for collagen 2, aggrecan and perlecan in both notochord cells and surrounding chondrocytic cells of presumptive inner annuli and vertebral bodies. The mutant notochord then underwent an aberrant, fatal dismantling after sclerotome cell migration. Its cells became removed first from intervertebral spaces and then from vertebral bodies, and it progressively underwent apoptosis. Meanwhile, the development of inner annuli and vertebral bodies was dramatically impaired. Consequently, the vertebral column ofSox5–/–/Sox6–/–fetuses consisted of a very deficient cartilage and was devoid of nuclei pulposi. InSox5–/–/Sox6+/– and more severely inSox5+/–/Sox6–/–embryos, the notochord sheath was thinner, but cells survived. By birth,nuclei pulposi were rudimentary, and its cells poorly swelled and still expressing sonic hedgehog.Hence, Sox5 and Sox6 are required for notochord extracellular matrix sheath formation, notochord cell survival and formation of nuclei pulposi. Through these roles and essential roles in cartilage formation, they are central transcriptional regulators of vertebral column development.
Structural-proliferative units and organ growth: effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 on the growth of colon and skin
Authors: Bennett William R. , Crew Tracey E. , Slack Jonathan M. W. , Ward Andrew 
Published: February 2003

Many epithelial renewal tissues in vertebrates are organised into structural-proliferative units. We have examined the effect of IGF2 dose on the structure of structural-proliferative units in skin and colon. The mouse strains used were the Igf2 knockout, wild type and K:Igf2, a transgenic in which Igf2 is overexpressed under control of a keratin promoter.For both skin and colon, the histological organisation of structural-proliferative units was unaltered with increasing IGF2 dose,although there was a higher fraction of dividing cells in the proliferative compartment. In the colon an increase in IGF2 dose increases the overall area of the epithelium. This is due to an increase in the number of crypts with no change of cell size or of crypt area. Growth stimulation appears to be due to a reduction in the duration of crypt fission. The conclusion is that the IGF2 pathway can stimulate the multiplication of colonic crypts independently of stimulating increased cell proliferation.The results for the skin are consistent with this. An increase of IGF2 dose increases the proportion of dividing cells in the basal layer, the thickness of the epidermis and the total area of the epidermis.By comparison with Drosophila, these results show no effects on cell size, but do show the possibility of inducing disproportionate growth. These differences may represent properties of the SPU organisation that is characteristic of vertebrate tissues.
Cardiac picture archiving and communication systems and telecardiology-technologies awaiting adoption
Authors: Crowe Bernard , Hailey David 
Published: February 2003

summary Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures associated with cardiology are heavily supported by diagnostic imaging technology. The management of such images, including radiographs, echocardiography examinations and cardiac angiography studies, requires a suitable means of handling the data. A number of manufacturers are now offering picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and telecardiology options. These could greatly improve the efficiency of data management for cardiac examinations, including linkage to radiology and hospital information systems and electronic patient records. A barrier to the implementation of cardiac PACS has been the relatively high capital cost. There have also been technical difficulties in implementing a suitable interface. Historical problems have included ‘turf wars’ between different specialist groups and a reluctance to shift from well established practice patterns. Early cooperative work between radiologists and cardiologists in the development of coronary arteriography has been replaced by contention between cardiologists, radiologists and vascular surgeons, often driven by economic considerations rather than the needs of the patient. At this stage, cardiac PACS and telecardiology have great potential for improving the coordinated care of cardiac patients in Australia.