bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of p53, apoptosis, and cell proliferation in early stage Epstein-Barr virus positive and negative gastric carcinomas
Authors: Ishii H H , Gobe G C , Yoneyama J , Mukaide M , Ebihara Y 
Published: November 2004

Aims:Mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated gastric tumour development are incompletely understood. The interrelations between EBV infection, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and the expression of the tumour suppressor gene p53 was investigated in 133 early stage gastric carcinomas.Methods:Tumour tissue was compared with paired non-tumour tissue. EBV encoded small RNAs (EBERs) determined EBV status. The apoptotic index (AI) was determined by morphology and verified biochemically. p53 and Ki-67 expression (cell proliferation) was assessed using immunohistochemistry.Results:EBV was detected in 14.3% of the cases. Cell proliferation did not differ significantly between EBV positive and negative cancers. However, within both these groups, the p53 positive and negative subsets differed significantly (EBV positive group: 76.8% and 55.3% were p53 positive or negative cancers, respectively; p<0.05; EBV negative group: 65.2% and 51.7% were p53 positive or negative, respectively; p<0.005). The numbers of p53 expressing EBV positive and negative cases were significantly different (57.9% and 82.5%, respectively; p<0.05). Compared with cell proliferation, apoptosis was significantly lower in EBV positive versus negative cancers (AI of 4.36 and 6.50, respectively; p<0.01). The p53 positive and negative subsets also differed significantly in AI (EBV positive group: AI of 5.13 and 3.30 for p53 positive and negative cancers, respectively; p<0.05: EBV negative group: AI of 6.84 and 4.90 for p53 positive and negative cancers, respectively; p<0.05).Conclusions:These factors probably combine to promote development and progression of early stage gastric carcinomas and, at the same time, ensure the survival of EBV itself.
The perforin mediated apoptotic pathway in lung injury and fibrosis
Authors: Miyazaki H , Kuwano K , Yoshida K , Maeyama T , Yoshimi M , Fujita M , Hagimoto N , Yoshida R , Nakanishi Y 
Published: November 2004

Aims:The perforin mediated pathway is the major pathway of cytotoxicity induced by activated T cells and natural killer cells, and may be involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.Methods:Perforin and granzyme B expression were examined in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by means of immunohistochemistry, and perforin knockout mice were used to examine whether or not perforin mediated cytotoxicity participates in the pathophysiology of bleomycin induced pneumopathy.Results:Perforin and granzyme B expression were upregulated in infiltrating lymphocytes in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with normal lung parenchyma. Perforin and granzyme B expression were upregulated predominantly in infiltrating mononuclear cells after bleomycin instillation in wild-type mice. Although the development of bleomycin induced pneumopathy was not completely prevented, the pathological grade of inflammation and fibrosis, and the number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue, were significantly decreased in perforin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice.Conclusions:These results suggest that perforin mediated apoptosis may be associated with the pathophysiology of lung injury and fibrosis.
Clonal B cell populations in a minority of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: Saxena A , Alport E C , Moshynska O , Kanthan R , Boctor M A 
Published: November 2004

Background:Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a risk factor for thyroid lymphoma, and clonal B cell populations in HT support this link. The literature on B cell clonality in HT is controversial.Aims:To identify clonal B cell populations in HT and to assess their usefulness in differentiating HT from mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and predicting future development of lymphoma.Methods:DNA from formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded blocks of thyroid specimens from 10 patients with HT and two thyroid MALT lymphomas was analysed for B cell clonality by seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using FRIII/LJH and FRIII/VLJH primers to amplify the IgH gene VDJ region. In one case, PCR products were sequenced. Immunohistochemistry was performed by labelled streptavidin–biotin technique using antibodies to: CD45, CD45RO, CD3, CD20, and cytokeratin.Results:The histopathological and clinical findings were characteristic of HT. Clonal bands were seen in three and a polyclonal smear pattern was seen in seven cases. The clonal bands in HT were associated with a background smear, and could not be reproduced from other blocks from the same case or from deeper sections of the same block. The clonal bands in thyroid lymphomas were not associated with a background smear and were reproducible. None of the patients with clonal B cells has developed malignant lymphoma during a follow up of 10–13 years.Conclusions:B cell clonal bands in HT have different features from those in lymphoma (non-pure and non-reproducible) and do not predict future development of lymphoma.
Impact of positive legionella urinary antigen test on patient management and improvement of antibiotic use: Table 1
Authors: Garbino J , Bornand J-E , Uçkay I , Fonseca S , Sax H 
Published: November 2004

Aim:To assess the incidence of legionella infection over a 27 month period at a large university hospital.Material and Methods:The present retrospective cohort study enrolled patients with legionellosis, defined as those presenting a positive urinary antigen for legionella together with a medical history, clinical findings, and radiological findings consistent with pneumonia. These patients were evaluated to determine the relation between their test results and changes in treatment modalities. A control group of patients with pneumonia but a negative urinary antigen test for legionella were also analysed.Results:Twenty seven of 792 assessed patients tested positive for legionella. In 22 of these patients, legionella active antibiotics were administered empirically. In seven patients, the test results prompted a legionella specific treatment, whereas in 12 cases, non-specific antibiotics were stopped within 24 hours. Overall, treatment was altered in more than half of the patients as a result of the test results.Conclusions:The urinary antigen may have a direct impact on clinical management of pulmonary legionellosis. However, patient comorbidities and individual clinical judgment are still important for determining the best treatment to be given in each individual case.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF CARTILAGE SAMPLES
Authors: VOGT J. , OTTO G. , Dannhauer K.H. 
Published: November 2004

Despite intensive investigation, normal and abnormal calcification mechanisms are still poorly understood. In our study we measured the change of main and trace element concentrations across the calcification area of the mandibular cartilage of domestic pigs of different age. The PIXE method was employed for the analysis of the cartilage samples, using a proton beam with an energy of 1700 keV. Concentration values of the elements P, S, Cl, K, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Sr were evaluated from the measured spectra. Significant changes of elemental contents across the calcification area could be observed.
THE MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF ANHARMONIC CRYSTALS II: The (110) and (111) Surface of BCC Crystal
Authors: ZUBOV V. I. , MAMONTOV I. V. 
Published: November 2004

The correlative unsymmetrized self-consistent field method developed in preceding works is used to study the structural, dynamical, and thermodynamic properties of the (110) and (111) faces of the anharmonic BCC crystal. The character of the lattice relaxation near the (110) surface is similar to that near the (001) face investigated in Part I. There is strong anisotropy in the atomic vibrations near the (110) surface and in its thermodynamic functions. Near the (111) face the lattice relaxation decreases gradually, with oscillations occurring in the interplanar distances. It should be emphasized that such results are obtained when the nearest-neighbour interactions are taken into account. Unlike the (001) face, the surface tensions of the faces considered are negative. The effect of the long-range interactions are studied. In the preceding papers1–7 the correlative unsymmetrized self-consistent field method (CUSF) has been developed to investigate the structural, dynamical, and thermodynamic surface properties of anharharmonic crystals. In the first part of this work7 (to be referred to as I), the (001) faces of BCC crystals have been studied taking into account the nearest-neighbour interactions. Here we shall calculate the properties of other singular surfaces of such crystals.
LANDAU THEORY OF THE NEMATIC-ISOTROPIC PHASE TRANSITION
Authors: STEPANESCU A. , MIRALDI E. 
Published: November 2004

The influence of the surface properties and the sample thickness on the critical temperature of the nematic-isotropic phase transition is theoretically analyzed. By using the Landau expression for the free-energy density it is shown that the sample thickness can strongly influence the phase transition. In particular our analysis demonstrates that it is possible to define a typical length connected with the surface properties of the substrate and with the elastic properties of the nematic material. When this length is much smaller than the sample thickness the ideal situation of homogeneous sample holds. On the other hand if this characteristic surface length is of the order of the sample thickness some peculiar surface length behaviour in the phase transition appears.
GLOBAL ANALYSIS BY CELL MAPPING
Authors: HSU C.S. 
Published: November 2004

This paper deals with cell mapping methodology for global analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems. It serves a mixed set of purposes. It is basically a tutorial paper on cell mapping. But, it also reports on certain new developments in cell mapping and includes a summary of recent publications on the topic. Presented in Sec. 1–3 and 5 are the basic concepts and theory of cell mapping. Two types of cell-to-cell mapping are discussed, namely: simple cell mapping and generalized cell mapping. Once a dynamical system has been cast in the form of a cell mapping, one needs to extract the system behavior from the mapping. In Secs. 4 and 6, computation algorithms for simple cell mapping and generalized cell mapping are discussed in detail. Moreover, a workshop-type example is included to guide the reader if he wishes to gain a working knowledge of the methodology. The new developments presented in the paper include an algorithm for processing simple cell mappings and a theory of subdomain-to-subdomain global transient analysis of generalized cell mapping. These are reported in Secs. 4–6. Listed in the last section are publications on cell mapping, including applications in many rather diversified areas of dynamics. Hopefully, the breadth of the examples of application will indicate the potential of the cell mapping method.
NEW TYPE OF STRANGE ATTRACTOR FROM A GEOMETRIC MODEL OF CHUA'S CIRCUIT
Authors: BELYKH V. N. , CHUA L. O. 
Published: November 2004

We present a new type of strange attractors generated by an odd-symmetric three-dimensional vector field with a saddle-focus having two homoclinic orbits at the origin. This type of attractors is intimately related to the double scroll. We present the mathematical properties which prove rigorously the chaotic nature of this strange attractor to be different from that of a Lorenz-type attractor or a quasiattractor. In particular, we proved that for certain nonempty intervals of parameters, our two-dimensional map has a strange attractor with no stable orbits. Unlike other known attractors, this strange attractor contains not only a Cantor set structure of hyperbolic points typical of horseshoe maps, but also unstable points (i.e., stable in reverse time). This implies that the points from the stable manifolds of the hyperbolic points must necessarily attract the unstable points.
PROVING PROPERTIES OF RULE-BASED SYSTEMS
Authors: WALDINGER RICHARD J. , STICKEL MARK E. 
Published: November 2004

Rule-based systems are being applied to tasks of increasing responsibility. Deductive methods are being applied to their validation, to detect flaws in these systems and to enable us to use them with more confidence. Each system of rules is encoded as a set of axioms that define the system theory. The operation of the rule language and information about the subject domain are also described in the system theory. Validation tasks, such as establishing termination, unreachability, or consistency, or verifying properties of the system, are all phrased as conjectures. If we succeed in establishing the validity of the conjecture in the system theory, we have carried out the corresponding validation task. If the proof is restricted to be sufficiently constructive, we may extract from it information other than a simple yes/no answer. For example, we may obtain a description of a situation in which an error or anomaly may occur. A method for the gradual formulation of specifications based on the attempted proof of a series of conjectures has been found to be suitable for rule-based systems. Such a specification can serve as the basis for a reengineering of the system using conventional software technology. Validation conjectures are proved or disproved by a new theorem-proving system, SNARK, which implements (nonclausal) resolution and paramodulation, an optional constructive restriction, and some facilities for proof by induction. The system has already been applied to prove properties of a number of simple rule-based systems.
SIMPLE ORDERINGS FOR FREE PARTIALLY COMMUTATIVE GROUPS
Authors: DUCHAMP GÉRARD , THIBON JEAN-YVES 
Published: November 2004

We present a method for ordering free partially commutative groups, leading to a simple comparison algorithm. Résumé: Nous présentons une méthode pour ordonner les groupes partiellement commutatifs libres. Cette méthode conduit a un algorithme de comparaison particulièrement simple.
DISTRIBUTED OBJECT MANAGEMENT
Authors: MANOLA FRANK , HEILER SANDRA , GEORGAKOPOULOS DIMITRIOS , HORNICK MARK , BRODIE MICHAEL 
Published: November 2004

Future information processing environments will consist of a vast network of heterogeneous, autonomous, and distributed computing resources, including computers (from mainframe to personal), information-intensive applications, and data (files and databases). A key challenge in this environment is providing capabilities for combining this varied collection of resources into an integrated distributed system, allowing resources to be flexibly combined, and their activities coordinated, to address challenging new information processing requirements. In this paper, we describe the concept of distributed object management, and identify its role in the development of these open, interoperable systems. We identify the key aspects of system architectures supporting distributed object management, and describe specific elements of a distributed object management system being developed at GTE Laboratories.
THE OZI RULE AND NUCLEONS
Authors: LIPKIN HARRY J. 
Published: November 2004

The title of this lecture series raises two questions: (1) what is the OZI rule? (2) what is a nucleon. In the lectures both questions were addressed in parallel and the material moved back and forth between them. In a written version it seems more appropriate to treat the two questions separately, beginning with trying to understand the structure of the nucleon. Experimental evidence for the symmetry and quark structure of hadrons is reviewed with a historical introduction and updated by presenting constituent quark model relations for hadron masses and magnetic moments. Three definitions of the OZI rule are presented, all of which forbid decays like ϕ → ρπ but making different selection rules for more complicated reactions. All suffer from the higher order paradox that a forbidden process can take place via a two-step transition in which each step is allowed; e.g. [Formula: see text]. No prescription is given for estimating the strength of forbidden processes. The role of cancellations between different higher order diagrams is discussed.
FOUNDATIONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY RATING METHOD FOR INNOVATIVE SMES
Authors: LAHTI ARTO 
Published: November 2004

In a modern computerized financial market, the increasing professionalism of markets has created knowledge based barriers between innovative entrepreneurs and financial experts. Rating agency having pragmatic business orientation is able to build a bridge between the financial markets with scientific, computerized instruments and innovative entrepreneurs. This paper demonstrates the foundation of a valid rating method. The method is called revolutionary since it combines process management based measurement with formal rating statement. In addition to the methodology used, the philosophy of organizing rating process is revolutionary since the rating agency is supposed to be a financial or even business consultant besides having its official status as rating agency.
Forging the European Cartel Offence: The Supranational Regulation of Business Conspiracy
Authors: Harding Christopher 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe discussion in this paper examines the emergence of what may now be fairly described as the ‘European cartel offence’: that species of infringement of Article 81 of the EC Treaty, increasingly referred to as ‘hard core cartel’ activity, connoting real delinquency which justifies the imposition of severe penal sanctions. This development is significant not just as a matter of more explicit regulation within the field of competition law, but also as part of a wider context of vilification and criminalisation of certain well-established forms of cartel behaviour. As national systems (such as that in Britain) have introduced new criminal offences in relation to cartels, it is illuminating to consider and compare the evolution of the supranational ‘European cartel offence’. Having its basis in the infringement of Article 81 of the EC Treaty, the offence is necessarily one of collusion, being an agreement or concertation for anti-competitive purposes. As such, the more specific nature of the ‘offence’ has been established incrementally, very much as the product of argument presented in appeals relating to issues of evidence and penalties. It has been necessary to consider whether the offence resides in the planning or the implementation of anti-competitive activity, or both, and whether it comprises specific acts or a continuing pattern of behaviour. The mature version of the ‘offence’, worked out in the jurisprudence of the European Commission and the Community Courts, is based on the organising concept of ‘the cartel as a whole’. This process of forging a ‘European cartel offence’ provides an instructive lesson in the legal construction of criminality and the resort to a form of organisational responsibility. It also points to the emergence of a bifurcated system of both individual and corporate liability in this context.
WTO Negotiations with Respect to Geographical Indications and Russia's Position on the Protection of Appellations of Origin
Authors: Vergano Paolo , Kireeva Irina 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe present article examines the current stage of the WTO negotiations with respect to the protection of geographical indications (GIs). GIs are distinctive signs that associate products of quality and reputation with their place or area of production and, thereby, help identify and distinguish such products on the market. Well-known examples of geographical indications include Irish Whiskey, Gorgonzola, Tequila, Bordeaux, Roquefort, Antigua Coffee, and Parma Ham. This article examines the manner in which geographical indications are protected in the Russian Federation. Russia considers protection of this type of intellectual property to be one of the key TRIPs issues and is seen to fully support the position of those countries that are demanding enhanced protection of geographical indications around the world. One of the major problems in respect to the protection of intellectual property in Russia is the fact that enforcement of intellectual property laws has—thus far—been rather limited. In conclusion, the authors suggest that Russia's entry into the WTO will prove benefi cial to both Russia itself and to other WTO Members with respect to intellectual property protection.
Inhaled Tobramycin in Non—Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Bronchiectasis and Chronic Bronchial Infection with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Authors: Drobnic M Estrella , Suñé Pilar , Montoro J Bruno , Ferrer Adelaida , Orriols Ramon 
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND: Non—cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with bronchiectasis usually develop chronic bronchial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) that is related to worsening lung function and increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether direct aerosol delivery of tobramycin to the lower airways may control infection and produce only low systemic toxicity. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 30 patients was conducted to determine the clinical effectiveness and safety of 6-month tobramycin inhalation therapy. Patients received 300 mg of aerosolized tobramycin or placebo twice daily in 2 cycles, each for 6 months, with a one-month washout period. The number of exacerbations, number of hospital admissions, number of hospital admission days, antibiotic use, pulmonary function, quality of life, tobramycin toxicity, density of PA in sputum, emergence of bacterial resistance, and emergence of other opportunistic bacteria were recorded. RESULTS: The number of admissions and days of admission (mean ± SD) during the tobramycin period (0.15 ± 0.37 and 2.05 ± 5.03) were lower than those during the placebo period (0.75 ± 1.16 and 12.65 ± 21.8) (p < 0.047). A decrease in PA density in sputum was associated with tobramycin administration in the analysis of the first 6-month cycle (p = 0.038). No significant differences were observed in the number of exacerbations, antibiotic use, pulmonary function, and quality of life. The emergence of bacterial resistance and other bacteria did not differ between the 2 periods of study. Inhaled tobramycin was associated with bronchospasm in 3 patients, but not with detectable ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Aerosol administration of high-dose tobramycin in non-CF bronchiectatic patients for endobronchial infection with PA appears to be safe and decreases the risk of hospitalization and PA density in sputum. Nevertheless, pulmonary function and quality of life are not improved, and the risk of bronchospasm is appreciable.
Use of Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Depression in Adults with HIV
Authors: Caballero Joshua , Nahata Milap C 
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVE: To review the safety and efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of depression in adults with HIV. DATA SOURCES: We searched Pre-MEDLINE and MEDLINE (1966-May 2004) using terms including generic names of antidepressants and antiretrovirals, depression, HIV, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. All English-language articles were included in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS: SSRIs may be effective and better tolerated than tricyclic antidepressants in HIV-positive adults. SSRIs did not appear to affect CD4+ cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: Controlled trials comparing SSRIs are lacking; thus, it is difficult to determine whether one SSRI is more efficacious than another. It appears that most SSRIs may be used in HIV-positive adults. If drug-drug interactions are a concern, sertraline, citalopram, and possibly escitalopram may be considered.