bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of stimulants on electrodermal studies in Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Hagerman Randi J. , Miller Lucy J. , McGrath‐Clarke Jude , Riley Karen , Goldson Edward , Harris Susan W. , Simon Jody , Church Kelly , Bonnell Julie , Ognibene Todd C. , McIntosh Daniel N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is seen in the majority of children with Fragile X Syndrome (FraX). Previous work has documented an enhanced sweat response to stimuli in children with FraX compared to controls utilizing electrodermal response (EDR) measures. The present study assesses the EDRs both on and off stimulants in 19 children with ADHD and FraX compared to 17 age‐ and IQ‐matched control patients with ADHD and developmental delays. Although the baseline EDRs were comparable between FraX patients and controls, the patients with FraX had a significant decrease in EDR amplitude and number of peaks when treated with stimulants compared to controls. This suggests that patients with FraX are more responsive to the enhancement of inhibitory systems that occur with stimulant use for ADHD. The use of a quantifiable measure, such as EDR, is recommended in future studies of treatment efficacy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:168–173, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity in unity: The biochemical composition of the endothelial cell surface varies between the vascular beds
Authors: Ghitescu Lucian , Robert Manon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe vascular endothelium represents a population of squamous epithelial cells characterized by a particular histological localization (intima of blood vessels) and by several physiological functions such as the transport of substances between blood and tissues, the modulation of the vascular tone, the control of blood coagulation and that of the leukocyte extravasation. In spite of all these elements in common and of an identical embryonic origin, endothelial cells show definite morphological and physiological variations that divide them into types and subtypes, each specifically associated to various categories of organs. Even within the vasculature of the same organ, there are clear segmental (arterial/capillary/venous) differentiations of the endothelial cells. While the morphological and physiological differences between endothelial cells are well documented, there are very few data on the biochemistry underlying this heterogeneity. This work presents several data suggesting that, at present, the domain is ripe for a comprehensive analysis of this biochemical diversity, at least in what concerns the luminal aspect of the endothelial plasmalemma, a compartment of crucial importance in the biology and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:381–389, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization
Authors: Oishi Tadashi , Yamao Mikaru , Kondo Chieko , Haida Yuka , Masuda Atsuko , Tamotsu Satoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhotoperiodism and circadian rhythms have been studied intensively in birds because Aves are typical seasonal breeders and diurnal animals. Light is the most important environmental factor involved in entrainment of circadian rhythms and photoperiodism. The eyes and the extraocular photoreceptors, such as the pineal organ and hypothalamus, are reported to have an important function not only for photoreception but also for circadian organization in nonmammalian vertebrates, including birds. In this report, we review the roles of the eyes, pineal organ, and deep brain as the components of the multiphotoreceptor and multioscillator system in avian circadian organization. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:43–47, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peribronchiolar accumulation of dendritic cells and their close association with CD4+ T cells in the murine lung hypersensitivity
Authors: Nishida Tatsuya , Inoue Kiyotoshi , Kawata Yasuhiro , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kinoshita Hiroaki , Kaneda Kenji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to understand the interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and helper T (Th) cells in the region exposed to antigens during pulmonary delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH), which is considered to be mediated by Th1 cells, we immunohistochemically investigated their spatial relationship in the cellular infiltrate. At 24 hours after intratracheal instillation of hapten in sensitized mice, DCs were preferentially accumulated around the bronchioles, whereas macrophages were more abundant around the accompanying arteries. DCs often formed a cluster, in which they were interconnected with each other by projections. Serial section analysis revealed that clustered DCs made a close apposition to Th cells but much less frequently to cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that lymphocytes extravasated the capillaries in the peribronchiolar interstitium and made conjugation with DCs. In the interstitial tissue, DCs often adhered to the fibroblasts, suggesting the supportive role of the latter cells in DC migration. Eosinophils were also frequent around the arteries, representing the possible involvement of Th2 cytokines. By contrast, in a chronic type of airway inflammation induced by repeated challenges of aerosolized ovalbumin, DCs were densely and diffusely accumulated around the arteries in the same way as macrophages. The present study demonstrated a close association of DCs with Th cells around the bronchioles during pulmonary DTH, suggesting that local interaction between them in the lung may play important roles in the development of this disorder. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:246–255, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax in rat gastric chief and parietal cells
Authors: Neu Bruno , Herrmuth Hedda , Ernst Franziska , Vaupel Wolfgang , Reindl Wolfgang , Hutzler Peter , Atkinson Michael J. , Classen Meinhard , Schepp Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApoptotic cell death is common in the inflamed gastric mucosa, but its role in the regulation of cell homeostasis in normal gastric mucosa is unknown. We investigated the expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax and their roles in the regulation of apoptosis in normal rat gastric mucosa and in cultures of highly enriched rat chief and parietal cells by immunostaining, Western blotting, and FACS. In intact tissue CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax were localized predominantly in the glandular base region in chief cells. In freshly isolated cells, expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax was much more pronounced in chief cells than in parietal cells. A lower intracellular Bcl‐2/Bax ratio suggesting a higher susceptibility to apoptosis was noticed in chief rather than in parietal cells. In extended cultures of parietal and chief cells, Bax expression was upregulated and Bcl‐2 expression was downregulated. These regulatory changes, presumably caused by in vitro effects, were not associated with an increase in spontaneous apoptosis. Treatment of chief and parietal cells with Fas‐ligand induced apoptosis of all CD95 expressing cells. Expression of CD95, Bcl‐2, and Bax predominantly in chief cells suggests that in this cell type regulation of apoptosis may differ from that in parietal cells. Binding of FasL with functionally active CD95 receptors on chief and parietal cells may be relevant for induction of apoptosis in inflamed gastric mucosa. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:377–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low prevalence of latently Epstein‐Barr virus‐infected cells in chronic gastritis
Authors: Hungermann Daniela , Müller Susanna , Spieker Tilmann , Lisner Renate , Niedobitek Gerald , Herbst Hermann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe association of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) with a proportion of gastric carcinomas is well established. The role of EBV in conditions predisposing to carcinoma such as chronic gastritis has remained undefined, however. We used in situ hybridization with radioactive and nonradioactive single‐stranded RNA probes specific for the EBV small latent nuclear transcripts, EBER1 and EBER2, to analyze biopsy specimens from 242 patients with mild to severe chronic gastritis of Sydney classification types A, B, and C. A small number of EBV infected lymphocytes was detected in only nine cases, even in biopsies investigated with radioactive probes. Labeling of epithelial or stromal cells was not observed. The paucity of latently EBV‐infected cells in chronic gastritis biopsies differs from the previously reported higher prevalence of virus carrying cells in inflammatory conditions at other sites of the gastrointestinal tract. These findings argue against a direct involvement of EBV in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis. The low prevalence of EBV‐positive cells suggests that local factors do not favor the entry and retention of circulating EBV‐infected lymphocytes in gastric mucosa. Moreover, our findings indicate that EBV infection of gastric epithelial cells is not an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:409–413, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the avian lymphatic system
Authors: Wilting Jörg , Papoutsi Maria , Othman‐Hassan Karim , Rodriguez‐Niedenführ Marc , Pröls Felicitas , Tomarev Stanislav I. , Eichmann Anne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, highly specific markers of the lymphatic endothelium have been found enabling us to reinvestigate the embryonic origin of the lymphatics. Here we present a review of our studies on the development of the lymphatic system in chick and quail embryos. We show that the lymphatic endothelium is derived from two sources: the embryonic lymph sacs and mesenchymal lymphangioblasts. Proliferation studies reveal a BrdU‐labeling index of 11.5% of lymph sac endothelial cells by day 6.25, which drops to 3.5% by day 7. Lymphangioblasts are able to integrate into the lining of lymph sacs. Lymphatic endothelial cells express the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors‐2 and ‐3. Their ligand, VEGF‐C, is expressed almost ubiquitously in embryonic and fetal tissues. Elevated expression levels are found in the tunica media of large blood vessels, which usually serve as major routes for growing lymphatics. The homeobox gene, Prox1, is expressed in lymphatic but not in blood vascular endothelial cells throughout all stages examined, namely, in developing lymph sacs of day 6 embryos and in lymphatics at day 16. Experimental studies show the existence of lymphangioblasts in the mesoderm, a considerable time before the development of the lymph sacs. Lymphangioblasts migrate from the somites into the somatopleure and contribute to the lymphatics of the limbs. Our studies indicate that these lymphangioblasts already express Prox1. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:81–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leptin, ghrelin, and energy metabolism of the spawning burbot (Lota lota, L.)
Authors: Mustonen Anne‐Mari , Nieminen Petteri , Hyvärinen Heikki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the energy metabolism of the burbot (Lota lota, n=38) before, during, and after spawning, which represents the greatest annual metabolic demand for the species. A decrease in body mass, relative weight of the livers, and glycogen concentration of the livers was observed toward the end of spawning. The prespawning period was characterized by high rates of liver glycogenolysis and lipid mobilization. Also, plasma triiodothyronine and sex steroid levels were high before reproduction. During spawning, liver lipolysis was reduced and muscle glycogenolysis stimulated. The levels of triiodothyronine and sex steroids decreased. After reproduction, liver glycogenolysis was suppressed and the rate of gluconeogenesis increased. Thyroid hormone levels were elevated after spawning. Leptin protein and a ghrelin‐immunoreactive peptide were detected in burbot plasma. Their concentrations were relatively low before and during reproduction but increased after spawning. The functions of leptin and the ghrelin‐immunoreactive peptide in the physiology of the burbot are not consistent with the models of their function in mammals. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fuel use in hawkmoth (Amphion floridensis) flight muscle: Enzyme activities and flux rates
Authors: O’Brien Diane M. , Suarez Raul K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fuels used by the hawkmoth Amphion floridensis to power flight are determined by nectar‐feeding, with fed moths using primarily carbohydrate and unfed moths using primarily fat. To investigate the metabolic pathways underlying fuel‐use flexibility in this species, we measured the maximal activities of several key metabolic enzymes in the flight muscle of fed and unfed individuals, for which metabolic rates and fuel utilization had been previously determined. Hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) occur at high activities and, during carbohydrate‐fueled flight, are estimated to operate at fractional velocities comparable to those of exclusively carbohydrate‐utilizing insects. Females exhibited higher glycolytic enzyme activities than did males, and males regulated PFK activity according to nectar feeding. Although β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) was found at high activities, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) was not detectable, suggesting that fatty acids may be utilized via a carnitine‐independent pathway during flight. Principal component analysis revealed a tendency for the activities of citrate synthase, HK, PFK, and HOAD to be positively correlated among individuals, as well as a lesser tendency for the activities of glycolytic vs. mitochondrial enzymes to be negatively correlated with each other. However, the principal components did not correlate with variation in either oxygen consumption rate or fuel use in vivo, suggesting that variation in enzyme concentration did not determine differences among individuals in metabolic performance during flight. J. Exp. Zool. 290:108–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of chicken CYP26 in anterior versus posterior limb bud in response to retinoic acid
Authors: Martinez‐Ceballos Eduardo , Burdsal Carol A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiple studies indicate that quantitative control of the levels of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) in the vertebrate embryo is necessary for correct development. The function of RA in cells is regulated by a number of coordinated mechanisms. One of those mechanisms involves controls on the rate of RA catabolism. Recently, enzymes capable of catabolizing RA were found to constitute a new family, called CYP26, within the cytochrome P450 superfamily. CYP26 homologues have been isolated from human, mouse, zebra fish, and recently from the chick. In this study, we examined the regulation of chicken CYP26 (cCYP26) expression by RA during the early phase of chick limb outgrowth. In the anterior limb mesenchyme and apical ectodermal ridge (AER), cCYP26 expression was induced in a concentration dependent manner by implanting beads soaked in 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/ml RA. The RA‐induced expression of cCYP26 in anterior limb mesenchyme and the AER was detected as early as 1 hr after treatment and was not affected by the presence of cycloheximide. In contrast to the anterior limb, the induction of cCYP26 was dramatically reduced (or absent) when RA beads were implanted in the posterior limb mesenchyme. Furthermore, induction of cCYP26 expression in the anterior mesenchyme was inhibited by transplantations of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) and by Shh‐soaked beads. Our data suggest that different mechanisms regulate retinoid homeostasis in the AER and mesenchyme during limb bud outgrowth. J. Exp. Zool. 290:136–147, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal and quantitative changes in sexual reproductive cycling of the cladoceran Daphnia magna by a juvenile hormone analog
Authors: Olmstead Allen W. , LeBlanc Gerald A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCyclic parthenogens, such as the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, utilize both asexual (parthenogenetic) and sexual reproduction in order to maximize population fitness in variable environments. Parthenogenetic reproduction is the default strategy among D. magna, while various environmental cues trigger cycles of sexual reproduction. Experiments were conducted with the juvenile hormone analog methoprene to test the hypothesis that members of the insect juvenile hormone/vertebrate retinoic acid family of transcription factors are involved in the regulation of sexual reproduction in daphnids. Neither methoprene, food reduction, or crowding independently stimulated entry into the sexual reproductive phase of the daphnids. However, the combination of food deprivation and crowding stimulated entry into the sexual reproductive phase characterized by an initial high production of males and the subsequent intermittent production of haploid egg‐containing ephippia. Exposure to 160 nM methoprene along with food deprivation and crowding caused a significant reduction in the percentage of males produced during the early phase of the sexual cycle and significantly increased the percentage of males produced during the later stages of the cycle. Methoprene concentrations as low as 6.4 nM significantly reduced the number of resting eggs produced and proportionately increased the production of parthenogenetically‐produced neonates. These experiments demonstrate that methoprene uncouples the coordinate production of males and resting eggs during the sexual reproductive period of D. magna. Methoprene stimulates male offspring production and defers their production to latter stages of the sexual reproductive period, while inhibiting the production of resting eggs and promoting the continuance of parthenogenetic reproduction. J. Exp. Zool. 290:148–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monotreme IGF2 expression and ancestral origin of genomic imprinting
Authors: Killian J. Keith , Nolan Catherine M. , Stewart Niall , Munday Barry L. , Andersen Niels A. , Nicol Stewart , Jirtle Randy L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIGF2 (insulin‐like growth factor 2) and M6P/IGF2R (mannose 6‐phosphate/insulin‐like growth factor 2 receptor) are imprinted in marsupials and eutherians but not in birds. These results along with the absence of M6P/IGF2R imprinting in the egg‐laying monotremes indicate that the parental imprinting of fetal growth‐regulatory genes may be unique to viviparous mammals. In this investigation, we have cloned IGF2 from two monotreme mammals, the platypus and echidna, to further investigate the origin of imprinting. We report herein that like M6P/IGF2R, IGF2 is not imprinted in monotremes. Thus, although IGF2 encodes for a highly conserved growth factor in chordates, it is only imprinted in therian mammals. These findings support a concurrent origin of IGF2 and M6P/IGF2R imprinting in the late Jurassic/early Cretaceous period. The absence of imprinting in monotremes, despite apparent interparental conflicts over maternal–offspring exchange, argues that a fortuitous congruency of genetic and epigenetic events may have limited the phylogenetic breadth of genomic imprinting to therian mammals. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:205–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of melatonin on hemolymph glucose and lactate levels in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator
Authors: Tilden Andrea , McGann Liz , Schwartz Janine , Bowe Adina , Salazar Christina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMelatonin was injected into intact and eyestalk‐ablated fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator), and its effects on hemolymph glucose and lactate levels were studied. In intact crabs, glucose and lactate levels cycled simultaneously, with peaks occurring during early and late photophase. Melatonin caused a shift in the glucose and lactate cycles, with only one peak occurring closer to mid‐photophase. In eyestalk‐ablated animals, the glucose rhythmicity was lost; lactate cycled, but levels were significantly lower than in intact animals. Melatonin caused a delayed hyperglycemia in eyestalk‐ablated animals, with concurrent but much lower increases in lactate. Overall, melatonin demonstrated delayed hyperglycemic effects that do not appear to be mediated solely via eyestalk factors such as crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), though involvement of the eyestalks cannot be ruled out. An influence on extra‐eyestalk CHH secretion is a potential mechanism of melatonin activity. J. Exp. Zool. 290:379–383, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Searching for missing pieces of the sex‐determination puzzle
Authors: Bullejos Monica , Bowles Josephine , Koopman Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLittle is known of the mechanisms whereby the mammalian indifferent gonad develops into a testis or ovary. In XY individuals, Sry, the mammalian testis‐determining gene, is expressed in the pre‐Sertoli cells, which then differentiate into Sertoli cells. Other cell types, which include the germ cells, the steroidogenic cells and the connective tissue cells, must then be instructed to develop in a male‐specific manner. Although some genes involved in sex‐determination and differentiation processes have been identified, we know little of how they interact and cooperate to orchestrate the development of a testis or ovary. We have initiated an expression‐screening program designed to identify additional genes, known or novel, which play a role in these processes. This approach is based on our belief that many of the genes we seek will be expressed in a sex‐specific manner during the period of sex‐determination and differentiation. Most of the genes identified previously are transcription factors and so we aim, in particular, to find genes involved in cell‐to‐cell communication, signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation, downstream of the differentiation of Sertoli cells. We have used a suppression subtractive‐hybridization method to generate male‐ and female‐enriched probes and libraries. Clones are validated as being sex‐specific in their expression patterns by array screening and in situ hybridization. Here we report on our progress to date and the general applicability of the approach for studies in other systems. J. Exp. Zool. 290:517–522, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐acetylcysteine augments adenovirus‐mediated gene expression in human endothelial cells by enhancing transgene transcription and virus entry
Authors: Jornot L. , Morris M. A. , Petersen H. , Moix I. , Rochat T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIt has previously been shown that oxidants reduce the efficiency of adenoviral transduction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, the effect of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer has been investigated.MethodsHUVECs were pretreated or not with NAC, and infected with E1E3‐deleted adenovirus (Ad) containing the LacZ gene expressed from the RSV‐LTR promoter/enhancer in the presence and absence of NAC. Transgene expression was assessed at the protein level (histochemical staining, measurement of β‐Gal activity, and western blot), mRNA level (real‐time RT‐PCR) and gene level (nuclear run on) 24 h and 48 h after infection. Adenoviral DNA was quantitated by real‐time PCR, and cell surface expression of Coxsackie/adenovirus receptors (CAR) was determined by FACS analysis.ResultsPretreatment of cells with NAC prior to Ad infection enhanced β‐Gal activity by two‐fold due to an increase in viral DNA, which was related to increased CAR expression. When NAC was present only during the post‐infection period, a five‐fold increase in β‐Gal activity and LacZ gene transcriptional activity was observed. When NAC was present during both the pretreatment and the post‐infection period, β‐Gal activity was further enhanced, by 15‐fold. Augmentation of β‐Gal activity was paralleled by an increase in β‐Gal protein and mRNA levels. NAC did not affect the half‐life of LacZ mRNA.ConclusionPretreatment with NAC prior to Ad infection enhances virus entry, while treatment with NAC post‐infection increases transgene transcription. This strategy permits the use of lower adenoviral loads and thus might be helpful for gene therapy of vascular diseases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.