bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of acute effects of single doses of fexofenadine, olopatadine, d‐chlorpheniramine and placebo on psychomotor function in healthy volunteers
Authors: Kamei Hiroyuki , Noda Yukihiro , Ishikawa Kazuhiro , Senzaki Koji , Muraoka Isao , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Hindmarch Ian , Nabeshima Toshitaka 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSince most classical (first‐generation) antihistamines have undesirable sedative effects on the central nervous system (CNS), newer (second‐generation) antihistamines have been developed to relieve the sedative effects and to improve the patient's quality of life. However, the psychomotor profiles of second‐generation antihistamines are not fully elucidated. In this randomized, double‐blind, crossover study, the acute effects of single doses of second‐generation antihistamines, fexofenadine (120 mg) and olopatadine (10 mg), on cognitive and psychomotor performance were investigated in comparison with those of placebo and d‐chlorpheniramine (4 mg), a first‐generation antihistamine, using objective and subjective assessments, in 11 healthy Japanese volunteers. In a battery of psychomotor tests, d‐chlorpheniramine impaired tracking ability in the compensatory tracking task and caused a reduction in behavioural activity as continuously measured by wrist actigraphy. Olopatadine, like d‐chlorpheniramine, reduced the behavioural activity, while fexofenadine had no effect in any of the tests. No significant changes in the subjects' self‐ratings of drowsiness were found with the three antihistamines. These results suggest that d‐chlorpheniramine and olopatadine, but not fexofenadine, produce sedative effects on psychomotor performance, and that the CNS profile of fexofenadine is different from that of olopatadine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolonged QTc intervals in medicated patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Chong Siow Ann , Mythily  , Lum Alvin , Goh Hern Yee , Chan Yiong Huak 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPsychotropic drugs have been associated with sudden deaths and the lengthening of corrected‐QT interval (QTc) on the electrocardiogram which may be a precursor of life‐threatening arrhythmias as reported with some of these drugs. The objectives of this study were to measure the frequency of QTc lengthening in patients with schizophrenia receiving psychotropic drugs, and to assess whether QTc lengthening was associated with certain psychotropic drugs and other risk factors. One hundred and sixty three patients with schizophrenia (104 males and 59 females) were included in the study. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the case records. One hundred healthy volunteers were recruited to establish values for upper limits of normal for measurement of QTc interval and dispersion. Eleven (6.7%) of the patients had a prolonged QTc interval. The significant predictors obtained from a logistic regression modelling were chlorpromazine, flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Caution should be exercised and monitoring with ECG should be considered in patients prescribed chlorpromazine and depot antipsychotic medications even at recommended doses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative cognitive and psychomotor effects of single doses of Valeriana officianalis and triazolam in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hallam Karen T. , Olver James S. , McGrath Caroline , Norman Trevor R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the cognitive and psychomotor effects of single oral doses of valerian in healthy volunteers in comparison with a placebo and the hypnotic agent triazolam.MethodsIn a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, four‐way crossover study nine healthy subjects (5 males, 4 females) received in random order valerian 500 mg, valerian 1000 mg, triazolam 0.25 mg and placebo. Doses were separated by a wash‐out period of at least 1 week. Subjects were tested before each dose and at 2, 4 and 8 h after the dose of each compound using the critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), symbol search test (SST), digit span test (DST) and visual analogue scales of mood.ResultsRepeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the changes in performance on tests over time and significant effects were further analysed using simple main effects analysis with least significant difference corrections. Statistically significant differences were only noted for the cognitive tests: SST (F(3, 8)=3.182, p<0.05) and DSST (F(3, 8)=9.688, p<0.005). In both cases the differences between groups were due to the effects of triazolam.ConclusionThese data confirm that at recommended therapeutic doses, triazolam has detrimental effects on cognitive processes in healthy volunteers as found in previous studies. Valerian was without effect on either cognitive or psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers at the doses used in this study. Should the hypnotic activity of valerian be confirmed in randomized double‐blind trials it may be a less troublesome alternative to benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risperidone use in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease: optimal dosage and effect on behavioural and psychological symptoms, cognitive function and activities of daily living
Authors: Yoon Jin‐Sang , Kim Jae‐Min , Lee Hoon , Shin Il‐Seon , Choi Sung‐Ku 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effect of risperidone on the behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPS), cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The optimal dose of risperidone in Korean patients with AD was determined with respect to both efficacy and safety profiles.MethodsThis was an 8 week prospective, open‐labelled study with risperidone. The following efficacy measures were implemented: Behaviour Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale, Korean version for BPS; Korean version of mini‐mental state examination for cognitive function; Barthel activities of daily living and blessed dementia rating scale for ADL; and global deterioration scale for global assessment of severity. Adverse events were recorded using the UKU side effect rating scale.ResultsForty‐eight patients completed the study. Risperidone was effective in reducing the BPS without affecting the cognitive and ADL domains of AD symptomatology. Risperidone dosages of 0.25 or 0.5 mg/day were most frequently administered and demonstrated the most favourable outcomes by efficacy and safety measures. Risperidone treatment was generally well tolerated, although extrapyramidal symptoms were noted in a dose‐dependent manner.ConclusionsThese results suggest that low dosages of risperidone are effective and favourable in reduction of the BPS for Korean patients with AD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counterpropagation fuzzy–neural network for streamflow reconstruction
Authors: Chang Fi‐John , Hu Hsiang‐Fan , Chen Yen‐Chang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study combines neural networks and fuzzy arithmetic to present a counterpropagation fuzzy–neural network (CFNN) for streamflow reconstruction. The CFNN has a rule‐based control, a modified self‐organizing counterpropagation network, and a fuzzy control predictor. It can generate rules automatically by increasing the training data to improve the accuracy of streamflow reconstruction. The CFNN establishes the input and output relationship of a watershed without set‐up parameters. The parameters are estimated systematically by the approach converging to an optimal solution. One sequence of data generated by the Monte Carlo method is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the CFNN. The streamflow data of the Da‐chia River, in central Taiwan, is also used to evaluate the performances of the CFNN. The results indicate the reliability and accuracy of the CFNN for streamflow reconstruction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borehole drainage and its implications for the investigation of glacier hydrology: experiences from Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Gordon Shulamit , Sharp Martin , Hubbard Bryn , Willis Ian , Smart Chris , Copland Luke , Harbor Jon , Ketterling Bradley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStudies of glacier hydrology rely increasingly on measurements made in boreholes as a basis for reconstructing the character and behaviour of subglacial drainage systems. In temperate glaciers, in which boreholes remain open to the atmosphere following drilling, the interpretation of such data may be complicated by supraglacial or englacial water flows to and from boreholes.We report on a suite of techniques used to identify borehole water sources and to reconstruct patterns of water circulation within boreholes at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Results are used to define a number of borehole ‘drainage’ types. Examples of each drainage type are presented, along with the manner in which they influence interpretations of borehole water‐levels, borehole water‐quality data, and borehole dye traces. The analysis indicates that a full understanding of possible borehole drainage modes is required for the correct interpretation of many borehole observations, and that those observations provide an accurate indication of subglacial conditions only under relatively restricted circumstances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The quality of water and sediments of street runoff in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Jiries Anwar. G. , Hussein Helmi. H. , Halaseh Zeid 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMetallic content (Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd) of street sediments and street runoff in addition to major inorganic constituents (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, NO3 and SO4) of street runoff were determined under semi‐arid conditions. Two sites in the vicinity of Amman during the pluvial year 1998–1999 were chosen for this investigation. A higher quantity of ionic contents was found at site 2 in comparison to site 1 except for iron, which was significantly higher at site 1. This finding was attributed to higher anthropogenic activity and lower rainfall at site 2, which indicates better water quality of street runoff from residential sites than the city centre. The average concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd in Amman street runoff compared with the highest levels recorded at humid sites of the world as a result the prevailing semi‐arid conditions in the areas investigated. The highest concentrations of all constituents were detected during the first month of sampling, which might be the result of low rainfall, and a long dry period of atmospheric deposition preceding rainfall events. However, high levels of both lead and copper were recorded (below that of iron) which might be attributed to traffic pollution.In contrast, a significant variation between the average concentrations for Cu, Ni and Cr was found in sediments from the two sites. Moreover, a significant difference was detected only for Cu and Mn at each site overtime.The overall pattern of the results suggests that all heavy metal concentrations for street runoff showed a significant variation over time at site 1 whereas only a significant variation was found for Ni at site 2, which can be explained as the result of higher rainfall at site 1 than at site 2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting floodplain inundation: raster‐based modelling versus the finite‐element approach
Authors: Horritt M. S. , Bates P. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe compare two approaches to modelling floodplain inundation: a raster‐based approach, which uses a relatively simple process representation, with channel flows being resolved separately from the floodplain using either a kinematic or diffusive wave approximation, and a finite‐element hydraulic model aiming to solve the full two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations. A flood event on a short (c. 4 km) reach of the upper River Thames in the UK is simulated, the models being validated against inundation extent as determined from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The unconstrained friction parameters are found through a calibration procedure, where a measure of fit between predicted and observed shorelines is maximized. The raster and finite‐element models offer similar levels of performance, both classifying approximately 84% of the model domain correctly, compared with 65% for a simple planar prediction of water surface elevation. Further discrimination between models is not possible given the errors in the validation data. The simple raster‐based model is shown to have considerable advantages in terms of producing a straightforward calibration process, and being robust with respect to channel specification. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall/runoff processes in a small peri‐urban catchment in the Andes mountains. The Rumihurcu Quebrada, Quito (Ecuador)
Authors: Perrin J. L. , Bouvier C. , Janeau J. L. , Ménez G. , Cruz F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSituated at the foot of the Pichincha volcano, the city of Quito is frequently subjected to hydroclimatic hazards. In 1995 an 11·2 km2 watershed, located in the vicinity of the city, was equipped with eight rain gauges and two flow gauges to better understand the local rainfall/runoff transformation processes. Rainfall simulation experiments were carried out on more than 40 one‐square‐metre plots to measure infiltration point‐processes. The high density of measurement devices allowed us to identify the origin and nature of the various contributions to runoff for the different physiographic units of the watershed: urban area from an altitude of 2800 to 3200 m; farmland, pasture and forested land, and finally páramo above 3900 m. Runoff occurs mainly in the lower part of the basin and is caused by urbanization; however, the natural soils of this area can also produce Hortonian runoff, which is predominant in a few events. This contribution can be studied through rainfall simulation experiments. In the upper natural zone, the younger and more permeable soils generate less runoff on the slopes. However, almost permanently saturated contributing areas, which are located in the bottom of the quebradas, may generate flood events, the size of which depends on the extent of the area concerned. Variations in the runoff coefficients are related first to the baseflow and second to the amount of rainfall in the previous 24 h. This analysis, which underlines the complexity of a small, peri‐urban, volcanic catchment, is a necessary preliminary to runoff modelling in an area where very few experiments have been carried out on small catchments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of satellite data in land surface hydrology: sensitivity and assimilation
Authors: Lakshmi Venkataraman , Susskind Joel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper investigates the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to input meteorological variables, i.e. surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure. The sensitivity studies have been carried out for a wide range of land surface variables such as wind speed, leaf area index and surface temperatures. Errors in the surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure result in errors of different signs in the computed potential evapotranspiration. This result has implications for use of estimated values from satellite data or analysis of surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure in large‐scale hydrological modeling. The comparison of cumulative potential evapotranspiration estimates using ground observations and satellite observations over Manhattan, Kansas for a period of several months shows a variable difference between the two estimates. The use of satellite estimates of surface skin temperature in hydrological modeling to update the soil moisture using a physical adjustment concept is studied in detail, including the extent of changes in soil moisture resulting from the assimilation of surface skin temperature. The soil moisture of the 1 cm surface layer was adjusted by 0·9 mm over a 10‐day period as a result of a 3 K difference between the predicted and the observed surface temperature. This is a considerable amount given the fact that the top layer can hold only 5 mm of moisture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOPKAPI: a model for the representation of the rainfall‐runoff process at different scales
Authors: Ciarapica L. , Todini E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe paper introduces a new distributed rainfall‐runoff model derived upon the assumption that the horizontal flow at a point in the soil and over the surface can be approximated by means of a kinematic wave model. The point assumption is then integrated up to a finite pixel dimension, thus converting the original differential equation into a non‐linear reservoir equation based upon physically meaningful parameters, the solution of which can be found numerically. The catchment behaviour is finally obtained by aggregating the non‐linear reservoirs into three cascades, representing the soil, the surface and the drainage network, following the topographic and geomorphologic elements of the catchment.The main advantage of this approach lies in its capability of being applied at increasing spatial scales without losing the physical interpretation of the model and parameters. Other advantages of the TOPKAPI approach can be found in the full use of the digital elevation model, soil maps, land‐use maps, etc., for the derivation of the non‐linear reservoir cascade and for the estimate of the model parameters. This allows for the extension of the model to ungauged catchments and as a promising tool for the impact assessment of climatic as well as land‐use changes.Three case‐studies are presented, showing the model application to catchments that are different in nature and size (from a few to over a thousand square kilometres) and described by means of widely different elementary grid cells (pixels). The results of these applications are interesting, and they essentially fulfil the general purpose. Although the work to be done is still great, the model appears to be a promising tool worthy of further investigation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climatic control of river‐ice hydrology: a review
Authors: Prowse Terry D. , Beltaos Spyros 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIce is present during a part of the year on many rivers of cold, and even temperate, regions of the globe. Though largely ignored in hydrological literature, river ice has serious hydrologic impacts, including extreme flood events caused by ice jams, interference with transportation and energy production, low winter flows and associated ecological and water quality consequences. It is also a major factor in the life cycle of many aquatic and other species, being both beneficial and destructive, depending on location and time of year. A brief review of the hydrologic aspects of river ice shows strong climatic links and illustrates the sensitivity of the entire ice regime to changes in climatic conditions. To date, this sensitivity has only partly been documented: the vast majority of related studies have focused on the timing of freeze‐up and break‐up over the past century, and indicate trends that are consistent with concomitant changes in air temperature. It is only in the past few years that attention has been paid to the more complex, and practically more important, question of what climatic change may do to the frequency and severity of extreme ice jams, floods and low flows. The probable changes to the ice regime of rivers, and associated hydrological processes and impacts, are discussed in the light of current understanding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion prediction on unpaved mountain roads in northern Thailand: validation of dynamic erodibility modelling using KINEROS2
Authors: Ziegler Alan D. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Sutherland Ross A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe event‐ and physics‐based KINEROS2 runoff/erosion model for predicting overland flow generation and sediment production was applied to unpaved mountain roads. Field rainfall simulations conducted in northern Thailand provided independent data for model calibration and validation. Validation shows that KINEROS2 can be parameterized to simulate total discharge, sediment transport and sediment concentration on small‐scale road plots, for a range of slopes, during simulated rainfall events. The KINEROS2 model, however, did not accurately predict time‐dependent changes in sediment output and concentration. In particular, early flush peaks and the temporal decay in sediment output were not predicted, owing to the inability of KINEROS2 to model removal of a surface sediment layer of finite depth. After 15–20 min, sediment transport declines as the supply of loose superficial material becomes depleted. Modelled erosion response was improved by allowing road erodibility to vary during an event. Changing the model values of erosion detachment parameters in response to changes in surface sediment availability improved model accuracy of predicted sediment transport by 30–40%. A predictive relationship between road erodibility ‘states’ and road surface sediment depth is presented. This relationship allows implementation of the dynamic erodibility (DE) method to events where pre‐storm sediment depth can be estimated (e.g., from traffic usage variables). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellite remote sensing to support management of irrigation systems: concepts and approaches
Authors: Ambast S.K. , Keshari Ashok K. , Gosain A.K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRemote sensing techniques are becoming powerful tools for efficient management of irrigation systems in large irrigated areas. The objectives of management of irrigation systems, although they vary widely, may be defined as high crop productivity per unit land per unit applied water with equity in distribution. Some of the key elements of irrigation system management are: (i) performance monitoring and evaluation, (ii) diagnostic appraisal, (iii) action research, and (iv) farmers' participation. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art on applications of satellite remote sensing that support management of irrigation systems and to identify emerging approaches that focus on future directions of research which may pave the way to operationalise the remote sensing techniques in practice. Firstly, a brief review on different approaches being utilized for management of irrigation systems is dealt with. Subsequently, the present status of remote sensing applications in irrigated agriculture is reviewed. The paper also presents future perspectives of remote sensing applications in determining hydrological variables and quantifying irrigation system performance indicators for better management of water use in irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatially varied flow in non‐prismatic channels. I: dynamic equation
Authors: Kouchakzadeh S. , Mohammad‐Abadi A. R. Vatankhah 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe bottom width of channels carrying spatially varied flow with increasing discharge is usually flared in the flow direction. This produces a non‐prismatic section. This paper, based on the law of linear momentum conservation, presents a new form of the governing dynamic equation for flow in such circumstances. In addition to the computed water surface profile, the proposed equation affects the position of the control section and its flow depth as well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.