bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of measuring angle, nitrogen fertilization, and variety on spectral reflectance of winter oilseed rape canopies
Authors: Behrens Torsten , Kraft Martin , Wiesler Franz 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA field experiment with winter oilseed rape was conducted near Göttingen (northern Germany) in the growing season 1998–99. Twelve varieties were compared at two nitrogen (N) application rates (0, 206 kg N ha–1) regarding shoot dry matter production, shoot N content, shoot N uptake (beginning of shooting, beginning of flowering), and seed yield. Canopy reflectance was measured one week before the beginning of shooting and one week before flowering at different wavelengths between 550 and 940 nm using a spectral reflectance sensor, type FAL II. The vegetation indices red edge inflection point (RIP), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) introduced in literature as indicators of growth parameters were calculated from the reflectance values and compared with growth parameters. The results showed that the measuring angle (–45° to 45°) had a significant influence on the calculated vegetation indices. Therefore, the measuring angle should be kept constant during the measurements. Nitrogen fertilization led to an increase of all vegetation indices. The results revealed significant differences between the tested varieties, indicating problems regarding an accurate estimation of the N status of the crop. Consistent differences in the vegetation indices appeared between varieties with extremely different growth parameters. However, no general relationship between growth parameters and vegetation indices of the 12 varieties could be found. Therefore, variety‐specific calibrations are necessary. The indices RIP and SAVI resulted in similar statements and seem to be good parameters regarding N effects and variety differences, whereas NDVI could resolve variety differences in the fertilized treatments only imperfectly.
Genotype x environment interaction in the uptake of Cs and Sr from soils by plants
Authors: Melnitchouck Alexei , Hodson Mark 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe soil‐plant transfer factors for Cs and Sr were analyzed in relationship to soil properties, crops, and varieties of crops. Two crops and two varieties of each crop: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv. Salad Bowl Green and cv. Lobjoits Green Cos, and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), cv. French Breakfast 3 and cv. Scarlet Globe, were grown on five different soils amended with Cs and Sr to give concentrations of 1 mg kg–1 and 50 mg kg–1 of each element. Soil‐plant transfer coefficients ranged between 0.12–19.10 (Cs) and 1.48–146.10 (Sr) for lettuce and 0.09–13.24 (Cs) and 2.99–93.00 (Sr) for radish.Uptake of Cs and Sr by plants depended on both plant and soil properties. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between soil‐plant transfer factors for each plant type at the two soil concentrations. At each soil concentration about 60 % of the variance in the uptake of the Cs and Sr was due to soil properties. For a given concentration of Cs or Sr in soil, the most important factor effecting soil‐plant transfer of these elements was the soil properties rather than the crops or varieties of crops. Therefore, for the varieties considered here, soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr would be best regulated through the management of soil properties.At each concentration of Cs and Sr, the main soil properties effecting the uptake of Cs and Sr by lettuce and radish were the concentrations of K and Ca, pH and CEC. Together with the concentrations of contaminants in soils, they explained about 80 % of total data variance, and were the best predictors for soil‐plant transfer. The different varieties of lettuce and radish gave different responses in soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in different soil conditions, i.e. genotype x environment interaction caused about 30 % of the variability in the uptake of Cs and Sr by plants. This means that a plant variety with a low soil‐plant transfer of Cs and Sr in one soil could have an increased soil‐plant transfer factor in other soils.The broad implications of this work are that in contaminated agricultural lands still used for plant growing, contaminant‐excluding crop varieties may not be a reliable method for decreasing contaminant transfer to foodstuffs. Modification of soil properties would be a more reliable technique. This is particularly relevant to agricultural soils in the former USSR still affected by fallout from the Chernobyl disaster.
The automated determination of glucosamine, galactosamine, muramic acid, and mannosamine in soil and root hydrolysates by HPLC
Authors: Appuhn Astrid , Joergensen Rainer Georg , Raubuch Markus , Scheller Edwin , Wilke Brigitte 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAmino sugars make a significant contribution to soil organic N and are mainly of microbial origin. The most important amino sugars in soil are glucosamine, galactosamine, muramic acid, and mannosamine. A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of these four amino sugars by high‐performance reverse‐phase liquid chromatography in standard solutions, soil and root hydrolysates. Pre‐column derivatization with o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA) was used in an automated sample injector with thermostatic regulation of the reagent at 4 °C. The separation of the four amino sugars was fully satisfactory and was not disturbed by other fluorescent components in the soil and root hydrolysates.
Characterisation of embalming materials of a mummy of the Ptolemaic era. Comparison with balms from mummies of different eras
Authors: Tchapla Alain , Méjanelle Philippe , Bleton Jean , Goursaud Serge 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGas chromatography‐mass spectrometry has been used to determine the nature of organic materials used in mummification balms. A comparative analysis of samples taken from Egyptian mummies is developed. The results are given in two parts. First, it is shown that the chemical composition of the balm is practically independent of the part of the mummy from which it is taken. This study was done on a Ptolemaïc mummy (circa 100 BC from the Guimet Museum in Lyon). Fats, beeswax, and diterpenic resins were the main components: they were found everywhere. Castor oil was also very often detected (in half of the samples). This particular fat is present in the balm inside the thorax but not in the skull. Moreover it is shown that a vegetable tannin was employed. Components indicative of vegetable tannin input (gallic acid and inositols) were found in seven samples out of eighteen, particularly close to the body and on the canopic pack of the heart. Secondly, some conclusions from a comparative study of the composition of balms from mummies of various social levels as well as of different Egyptian periods are reported. It is shown that beeswax was used as from very early times (XVIIIth dynasty). The mixture of beeswax, fats, and diterpenoid resins would appear to be more recent. The balms of three mummies dating from more recent Egyptian periods (XIXth to XXVth dynasty) were analysed. No evidence of a resin, gum‐resin, or plant gum could be found. Some mummies would appear to have been embalmed with fats or beeswax. Finally, the entrails canopic pack said to belong to Ramses II undoubtedly shows an embalming process with a triterpenic resin of the mastic type. The adopted analytical methodology enabled us to achieve simultaneous detection of four components of the balm of the Ptolemaïc mummy. Analysis of the other five mummies revealed far less complex chemical compositions for the balms. This may be an indication of different embalming processes, although we should bear in mind the question of organic matter preservation through the ages.
Headspace solid phase microextraction for screening for the presence of resins in Egyptian archaeological samples
Authors: Hamm Sandrine , Bleton Jean , Tchapla Alain 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to use headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) to reveal the presence of resin in archaeological samples, such as mummification balms, from ancient Egypt. Experiments were first performed with fresh resins of known origin. The SPME fibre readily extracted mono‐ and sesquiterpenes and, to a lesser extent, diterpenes. Using mass spectra and retention indices of constitutive compounds, qualitative analysis of the volatile fraction allowed us to differentiate resins or gum‐resins such as myrrh, olibanum, galbanum, labdanum, mastic, and conifer resins. SPME was then successfully applied to archaeological samples from ancient Egypt in which the presence of resins was detected. Volatile components were desorbed and trapped according to the same SPME procedure as was applied to fresh resins, after a sample preparation consisting of a fine grinding.
Direct chemolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for analysis of paint materials
Authors: Pitthard Václav , Finch Paul , Bayerová Tatjana 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA novel direct method using (m‐trifluoromethylphenyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide (TFTMAH) has been developed for on‐line (trans)esterification of lipidic materials (drying oils, egg) prior to GC‐MS analysis. The method was first optimised by comparing three N‐methylammonium hydroxide reagents (TMAH, PhTMAH, TFTMAH) and triolein as a lipid standard. Secondly, the procedure was tested on a series of fresh and naturally aged (up to 40 years) (un)pigmented drying oils and egg yolk reference film standards. Thirdly, the method was applied to the analysis of a sample from an altar painting “Resurrection of Christ” by Francesco Solimena (1723) from the Chapel of Upper Belvedere in Vienna. The relative proportions of the fatty acids from the translucent size layer confirm the presence of partially degraded oil, probably pre‐polymerised walnut oil.
Korrelation zwischen im Salzsprühtest sowie in makroskopischen und ortsaufgelösten elektrochemischen Untersuchungen ermittelten Ergebnissen zur Beschreibung des Korrosionsverhaltens von plasmaanodisierten und PVD‐beschichteten Magnesiumlegierungen.
Authors: Hoche H. , Rosenkranz C. , Delp A. , Lohrengel M.M. , Broszeit E. , Berger C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractZur Beschreibung des Korrosionsverhaltens werden unterschiedliche Korrosionsprüfverfahren an PVD‐plasmaanodisierten und zusätzlich PVD‐Al2O3 beschichteten Proben der Magnesiumdruckgusslegierung AZ91D und der für Magnesiumlegierungen optimierten PVD‐Standard‐Hartstoffschicht des Typs CrN angewendet. Für den Salzsprühtest wurden die beschichteten Proben mit dem Ritztest (EN ISO 1071‐3:2000) vorgeschädigt, und die Überlegenheit der plasmaanodisierten und Al2O3 beschichteten Proben wurde eindrucksvoll bestätigt. Die Untersuchung des makroskopischen elektrochemischen Korrosionsverhaltens mit Stromdichte‐Potentialkurven (Prüfdurchmesser 10 mm) erlaubt keine ausreichende Beschreibung der beiden Oberflächenbehandlungen. Eine geeignete Beschreibung des elektrochemischen Korrosionsverhaltens PVD‐beschichteter Magnesiumlegierungen liefern ortaufgelöste Messungen mit einer Kapillarmikrozelle (Prüfdurchmesser 0,15 mm) durch den Vergleich zwischen fehlerfreien Schichtbereichen und gezielt mit Vickerseindrücken geschädigten Stellen.Die Ergebnisse der drei Prüfverfahren werden gegenübergestellt und in Übereinstimmung gebracht. Es wird gezeigt, dass herkömmliche makroskopische Stromdichte‐Potentialmessungen nicht hinreichend geeignet sind zur Beschreibung des elektrochemischen Korrosionsverhaltens von PVD‐beschichteten Magnesiumlegierungen.
On Lindemann's Melting Criterion
Authors: Hoffmann H.‐J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLindemann’s empirical melting criterion is applied using data of the solid chemical elements. The respective expression which depends on the melting temperature, the molar mass and the molar volume correlates fairly well with the Debye temperatures. However, it seems incapable to predict inversely the melting temperatures with the other parameters given. Thus, Lindemann’s criterion has no empirical relevance in addition to its scientific deficits.
Zur Statistik in der Betriebsfestigkeit
Authors: Seifried A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDie Festigkeitswerte technischer Werkstoffe können in einem weiten Bereich streuen. Die Bereichs‐Untergrenze, d. h. die Mindestfestigkeit, die einer Konstruktion zugrunde zu legen ist, ist immer deutlich größer als null. Formeln zur mathematischen Beschreibung der Festigkeits‐Verteilung F, müssen diese Mindestgrenze explizit darstellen können. Formeln, die negative oder Null‐Werte als Minimum annehmen, wie Normalverteilung oder 2‐parametrige Weibull‐Verteilung, sind ungeeignet..Die Standardabweichung hängt von der Größe bzw. dem Volumen der Probekörper ab. Deshalb ist sie kein Charakteristikum für einen bestimmten Werkstoff oder für ein bestimmtes Maschinenelement und die rechnerische Ermittlung von Mindestwerten aus Mittelwert und Standard‐Abweichung von Versuchswerten ist sehr unsicher. Besonders problematisch ist dies bei Kerbproben, wo das maßgebende kritisch beanspruchte Volumen sehr klein ist.Zur Ermittlung zuverlässiger Mindestwerte ist eine möglichst große Anzahl von Prüfstücken und eine Extrapolation auf die ausfallfreie Zeit bzw. Spannung erforderlich. Die Versuchs‐Laufzeiten kann man reduzieren, wenn man auf die Kenntnis der Standard‐Abweichung verzichtet.In der Regel ist ein Konstruktionsteil absolut ausfallfrei im Wöhlerfeld auszulegen. Der zulässige Auslegungspunkt muss um einen gewissen Betrag (Sicherheitsfaktor) unterhalb der ausfallfreien Wöhlerlinie F=0 liegen. Restrisiken aus anderen Einflüssen des praktischen Betriebs (unsichere Last‐Annahmen, Umwelt‐Einflüsse, ...), können grundsätzlich nicht aus Betriebsfestigkeitsversuchen abgeleitet werden.
Computation of the matrix exponential and its derivatives by scaling and squaring
Authors: Fung T. C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a simple method based on the scaling and squaring technique for the evaluation of the matrix exponential and its derivatives is presented. A more general formulation with non‐constant first derivatives is considered here. Both higher order and mixed derivatives are investigated. The method is based directly on the property of the exponential function and does not require the use of perturbation formulae for eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The approach provides a simple and direct algorithm for the computation of the matrix exponential and its derivatives regardless of degeneracy in the spectral decomposition of the matrix argument. If the derivatives are taken with respect to the entries of the matrix argument, the first and second linearizations can be obtained directly. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical issues in the virtual fields method
Authors: Grédiac Michel , Pierron Fabrice 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper deals with the direct identification of parameters governing anisotropic elastic constitutive equations. These parameters are identified from heterogeneous strain fields with the virtual fields method. This method is based on a relevant use of the principle of virtual work. Different numerical aspects of the implementation of the method are discussed in the paper, mainly in terms of stability of the identified parameters when noisy data are processed. It is shown that the sensitivity of the method to noisy data is compatible with a practical use during experiments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment and applications of point interpolation methods for computational mechanics
Authors: Liu G. R. , Gu Y. T. , Dai K. Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo meshfree point interpolation methods (PIMs), which are based on the polynomial and the radial basis functions, have been proposed recently in addition to the earlier work with the moving least‐squares (MLS) approximation for the field function approximation. However, it is found that PIMs cannot automatically ensure the compatibility of the solution when they are used together with the energy principles. In this paper, issues related to the compatibility of PIMs are studied. A technique of background cell‐based nodal selections and a penalty method are proposed to enforce the compatibility of the solution of PIMs. The patch test is studied in great detail. The convergences and performances are investigated for both conforming and non‐conforming PIMs. It is found that those methods of the PIM family are very easy to implement, and are very efficient in obtaining numerical solutions for problems of computational mechanics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractures of the lower limbs and their secondary skeletal adaptations: a 20th century example of pre‐modern healing
Authors: Neri R. , Lancellotti L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study focuses on an old male skeleton, which shows severe fractures of the right femur and of the left tibia and fibula. The skeleton, complete and in a good condition of preservation, comes from a Sardinian osteological collection (from the beginning of 1900 AD) with known age, sex and life‐activity. The features of the fractures and pattern of joint disease, enthesis development and enthesopathies have been studied in order to ascertain a possible cause for these traumatic events, the functional implications for postural and locomotory behavior and, finally, the eventual evidence of medical treatment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐mortem ablation of the heart: a medieval funerary practice. A case observed at the cemetery of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence
Authors: Mafart B. , Pelletier J.‐P. , Fixot M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe skeletal remains of a medieval warrior were found in an 11th century tomb in the church of Ganagobie Priory in the French Department of Alpes de Haute Provence. Examination revealed evidence of multiple injuries including an arrow in the thorax, several sword blows, and a fractured sternum. The chest had been opened probably to allow removal of the heart after the last fatal blow to the skull. Post‐mortem ablation of the heart was a widespread medieval funerary practice among elite classes in northern Europe. Numerous cases have been described involving British and French royalty. The practice was based on a mystical Middle Age belief that the heart was the spiritual and moral centre. After ablation, the heart was buried separately in a high place of holy worship where the living could pray for the salvation of deceased's soul. The rest of the body was sometimes dismembered and boiled to keep only the skeleton. Pope Boniface VIII forbade body boiling in 1299. In France the practice of removing and burying the heart in a sacred worship place continued among royalty, noblemen, and ecclesiastics until the Revolution of 1789. A few cases were reported into the 19th century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐at‐death assessment using the os pubis and the auricular surface of the ilium: a test on an identified Asian sample
Authors: Schmitt A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper reviews the results of blind tests of two morphological methods of age‐at‐death estimation. These tests were performed on a known age‐at‐death and sex sample taken from a collection of a Thai population. The first technique is based on the age related changes of the pubic symphysis according to the Suchey‐Brooks system, and the other concerns the metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium elaborated by Lovejoy and colleagues. This is the first time that these methods have been tested on skeletal material from Asia. The results indicate that, for both methods, bias and inaccuracy increase with age and true age tends to be underestimated. As a consequence, age‐at‐death assessment based on these two techniques should be avoided on Asian archaeological series or forensic cases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and interpretation of flint toolmarks found on bones from West Tump long barrow, Gloucestershire
Authors: Smith M. J. , Brickley M. B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWest Tump is a Neolithic chambered tomb originally excavated in 1880. The mound was found to contain a mixed skeletal assemblage, the majority of which was disarticulated. Between 2000 and 2001 material from the site including human bone was re‐examined with a portion of this project focused on taphonomic evidence observed on the human skeletal material. Amongst the factors selected for investigation were deliberate toolmarks. Three specimens were identified as exhibiting toolmarks. Analysis demonstrated that the observed features were cutmarks, consistent with the use of flint tools. However those on two of the specimens were found to be both post‐mortem and recent. The cutmarks observed on the remaining specimen, a right clavicle, were identified as having been inflicted during the peri‐mortem period and consistent with decapitation. British Neolithic mortuary practice has been the subject of ongoing debate since the earliest excavations of relevant sites, but until very recently few assemblages from such contexts have been re‐examined and much of the data in use has derived from sources of considerable age and questionable reliability. The selective removal of specific skeletal elements (particularly skulls) has repeatedly been described in the literature regarding the collective funerary monuments of this period. It has often been assumed that such practices took place after the soft tissues had decayed. One of the examples discussed, suggests this may not always have been the case and the potential significance of this finding is discussed in addition to a possible interpretation of the cutmarks seen on the remaining specimens. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trauma in the city of Kerma: ancient versus modern injury patterns
Authors: Judd M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractInjuries, whether accidental or intentional, have incapacitated humans and their primordial ancestors throughout time, although the injury mechanisms have become increasingly more technologically sophisticated. Interpretation of injury aetiology among past peoples is challenging, and often impossible, however, clinical research from developing countries provides a useful analogy with which to evaluate trauma or health patterns of an ancient society. This paper presents a systematic analysis of cranial and postcranial skeletal trauma among 223 adults who were excavated by George Reisner in 1923 from the city of Kerma (1750–1550 BC), Egypt's ancient nemesis in the struggle for control of the Nile River trade route. A total of 156 injuries (fractures, dislocations and muscle pulls among the skull, long bones, extremities and torso) were observed among 88 individuals, 48 of whom had one injury only. The skull was the most frequently traumatized element (11.2%) followed by the ulna (8.3%); 2.4% (48/2029) long bones were fractured.The modal distribution of the Kerma fractures was compared to the fracture distributions of two samples from India and Nigeria where falls were the most common cause of injury. Some characteristics of the three injury patterns were shared: males suffered the greatest frequency of injury, the economically active people (25 to 50 years of age) presented the most injuries among adults, and a small proportion of the victims had more than one major injury. However, the Kerma distribution of the fractured bones varied dramatically from the clinical injury distributions: the ulna and skull were among the least frequently injured bones in the modern samples, while the radius, humerus and lower leg were the most commonly traumatized elements among the modern people, but rare among the ancients. The configuration of the ulna and skull injuries at Kerma was characteristic of those associated with blunt force trauma in other clinical assessments and the absence of these specific lesions from the modern samples where accident was the primary injury mechanism presents a persuasive argument for interpersonal violence among the ancient Kerma people. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.