bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pupil Dilation as an Index of Examinee's Cognitive Load in Answering a Mathematics Question: A Comparison Study of Different Approaches
Authors: Wang Tzu‐Hua , Kao Chien‐Hui 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTStudies have demonstrated that task‐evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) can be adopted to measure the examinee's cognitive load. This study compared three approaches for the measurement of TEPRs, mean pupil diameter, mean pupil dilation, and mean percentage of pupil dilation, to determine the best‐fit measuring method. The valid participants of this study were eight sixth‐grade elementary students. The experimental materials used were two mathematics questions with differing difficulty. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was employed to compare the goodness of fit of each approach. The results revealed that the measurement of TEPRs based on the mean percentage of pupil dilation measured every 4 s provided the best fit.
Coloring and fusing architectural sketches by combining a Y‐shaped generative adversarial network and a denoising diffusion implicit model
Authors: Zhao Liang , Song Dexuan , Chen Weizhen , Kang Qi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSketch‐based architectural design tasks require considerable time and effort. However, developing an artificial intelligence agent to color and fuse architectural sketches is challenging due to the imaginative nature of the task and technical limitations. Here, we first introduce Y‐shaped generative adversarial networks (GANs), which can color sketches on the basis of temporarily specified reference images by embedding an attention mechanism model that can match spatial and color information and by maintaining a type of triangular equilibrium state. Then, we develop practicable methods for coloring and fusing the given sketches simultaneously using a combination of our Y‐shaped GANs and the denoising diffusion implicit model, yielding results with high quality and veracity. A novel interpolation process is developed as a necessary trick for realizing the fusion function. The testing results indicate that this method works better than the existing methods for the tasks of coloring and fusing architectural sketches.
Task communicative function and oral fluency of L1 and L2 speakers
Authors: Morrison Astrid , Tavakoli Parvaneh 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTo respond to recent calls for examining oral fluency from a broader social and communicative perspective, the current study aimed at investigating the effects of task communicative function on second language (L2) and first language (L1) speakers’ fluency. Designing tasks that represent three different communicative functions (congratulations, bad news, and complaint), we collected data from 40 Spanish L2 learners of English, 20 L1 English speakers, and 20 L1 Spanish speakers. The data were analysed for a range of measures of speed, composite, breakdown, and repair fluency. Results of the statistical analyses (descriptive, Multivariance Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), and two‐way mixed Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs)) suggested that task communicative function had an impact on the speakers’ performance, with bad news eliciting the slowest speech and most mid‐clause pauses, and complaint the fastest with fewest end‐clause pauses. Significant differences were observed across the tasks for speech rate and end‐clause pauses in the L1 English group, but the results were nonsignificant for task effects in the L1 Spanish and L2 English groups. The three language groups’ fluency was statistically different, highlighting (a) cross‐linguistic differences between L1 Spanish and L1 English speakers and (b) differences between L1 and L2 English speakers.
Plasmodesmal connectivity in C4Gynandropsis gynandra is induced by light and dependent on photosynthesis
Authors: Schreier Tina B. , Müller Karin H. , Eicke Simona , Faulkner Christine , Zeeman Samuel C. , Hibberd Julian M. 
Published: October 2023

Summary
In leaves of C4 plants, the reactions of photosynthesis become restricted between two compartments. Typically, this allows accumulation of C4 acids in mesophyll (M) cells and subsequent decarboxylation in the bundle sheath (BS). In C4 grasses, proliferation of plasmodesmata between these cell types is thought to increase cell‐to‐cell connectivity to allow efficient metabolite movement. However, it is not known whether C4 dicotyledons also show this enhanced plasmodesmal connectivity and so whether this is a general requirement for C4 photosynthesis is not clear. How M and BS cells in C4 leaves become highly connected is also not known.
We investigated these questions using 3D‐ and 2D‐electron microscopy on the C4 dicotyledon Gynandropsis gynandra as well as phylogenetically close C3 relatives.
The M–BS interface of C4 G. gynandra showed higher plasmodesmal frequency compared with closely related C3 species. Formation of these plasmodesmata was induced by light. Pharmacological agents that perturbed photosynthesis reduced the number of plasmodesmata, but this inhibitory effect could be reversed by the provision of exogenous sucrose.
We conclude that enhanced formation of plasmodesmata between M and BS cells is wired to the induction of photosynthesis in C4 G. gynandra.
Shoot‐to‐root communication via GmUVR8‐GmSTF3 photosignaling and flavonoid biosynthesis fine‐tunes soybean nodulation under UV‐B light
Authors: Chen Jiansheng , Xu Huifang , Liu Qiulin , Ke Meiyu , Zhang Zhongqin , Wang Xu , Gao Zhen , Wu Ruimei , Yuan Qiao , Qian Chongzhen , Huang Laimei , Chen Jiaomei , Han Qingqing , Guan Yuefeng , Yu Xiaomin , Huang Xi , Chen Xu 
Published: October 2023

Summary
Legume nodulation requires light perception by plant shoots and precise long‐distance communication between shoot and root. Recent studies have revealed that TGACG‐motif binding factors (GmSTFs) integrate light signals to promote root nodulation; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying nodule formation in changing light conditions remain elusive.
Here, we applied genetic engineering, metabolite measurement, and transcriptional analysis to study soybean (Glycine max) nodules.
We clarify a fine‐tuning mechanism in response to ultraviolet B (UV‐B) irradiation and rhizobia infection, involving GmUVR8‐dependent UV‐B perception and GmSTF3/4‐GmMYB12‐GmCHS‐mediated (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis for soybean nodule formation. GmUVR8 receptor‐perceived UV‐B signal triggered R2R3‐MYB transcription factors GmMYB12‐dependent flavonoid biosynthesis separately in shoot and root. In shoot, UV‐B‐triggered flavonoid biosynthesis relied on GmUVR8a, b, c receptor‐dependent activation of GmMYB12L‐GmCHS8 (chalcone synthase) module. In root, UV‐B signaling distinctly promotes the accumulation of the isoflavones, daidzein, and its derivative coumestrol, via GmMYB12B2‐GmCHS9 module, resulting in hypernodulation. The mobile transcription factors, GmSTF3/4, bind to cis‐regulatory elements in the GmMYB12L, GmMYB12B2, and GmCHS9 promoters, to coordinate UV‐B light perception in shoot and (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis in root.
Our findings establish a novel shoot‐to‐root communication module involved in soybean nodulation and reveal an adaptive strategy employed by soybean roots in response to UV‐B light.
Can philosophy benefit nurses and/or nursing? Heidegger and Strauss, problems of knowledge and context
Authors: Lipscomb Martin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWhen researchers and scholars claim their work is based on a philosophical idea or a philosopher's corpus of ideas (and theory/theorist can be substituted for philosophy/philosopher), and when ‘basing’ signifies something significant rather than subsidiary or inconsequential, what level of understanding and expertise can readers reasonably expect authors to possess? In this paper, some of the uses to which philosophical ideas and named philosophers (Martin Heidegger and Leo Strauss) are put in exegesis is critiqued. Considering problematic instances of idea‐name use may enable the question: ‘Can philosophy benefit nurses and/or nursing?’ to be better understood if not answered.
Enhanced transformation efficiency in Treponema denticola enabled by SyngenicDNA‐based plasmids lacking restriction–modification target motifs
Authors: Johnston Christopher D. , Goetting‐Minesky M. Paula , Kennedy Kelly , Godovikova Valentina , Zayed Sara M. , Roberts Richard J. , Fenno J. Christopher 
Published: October 2023

AbstractOral spirochetes are among a small group of keystone pathogens contributing to dysregulation of tissue homeostatic processes that leads to breakdown of the tissue and bone supporting the teeth in periodontal disease. Additionally, our group has recently demonstrated that Treponema are among the dominant microbial genera detected intracellularly in tumor specimens from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. While over 60 species and phylotypes of oral Treponema have been detected, T. denticola is one of the few that can be grown in culture and the only one in which genetic manipulation is regularly performed. Thus, T. denticola is a key model organism for studying spirochete metabolic processes, interactions with other microbes, and host cell and tissue responses relevant to oral diseases, as well as venereal and nonvenereal treponematoses whose agents lack workable genetic systems. We previously demonstrated improved transformation efficiency using an Escherichia coli–T. denticola shuttle plasmid and its utility for expression in T. denticola of an exogenous fluorescent protein that is active under anaerobic conditions. Here, we expand on this work by characterizing T. denticola Type I and Type II restriction–modification (R–M) systems and designing a high‐efficiency R–M‐silent “SyngenicDNA” shuttle plasmid resistant to all T. denticola ATCC 35405 R–M systems. Resequencing of the ATCC 33520 genome revealed an additional Type I R–M system consistent with the relatively low transformation efficiency of the shuttle plasmid in this strain. Using SyngenicDNA approaches, we optimized shuttle plasmid transformation efficiency in T. denticola and used it to complement a defined T. denticola ΔfhbB mutant strain. We further report the first high‐efficiency transposon mutagenesis of T. denticola using an R–M‐silent, codon‐optimized, himarC9 transposase‐based plasmid. Thus, use of SyngenicDNA‐based strategies and tools can enable further mechanistic examinations of T. denticola physiology and behavior.
Clinical Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Fixation with Pre‐Bent Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails for the Treatment of Distal Radius Metaphyseal Diaphysis Junction Fractures in Children
Authors: Yang Limeng , Wang Shuqin , Xu Jindi , Deng Changzong , Wang Kai , Li Qing , Zhou Hua , Ruan Hongfeng , Zhuang Wei 
Published: October 2023

ObjectiveAlthough mini‐plate fixation is an attractive treatment option for distal radius metaphyseal diaphysis junction (DRMDJ) fractures in children, the benefits of minimally invasive fixation (MIF) with pre‐bent elastic stable intramedullary nails (MIF) remain underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of MIF administration in children with DRMDJ fractures.MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled 40 patients with DRMDJ fractures who underwent MIF or mini‐plate fixation from January 2016 to January 2021. Radiographic parameters, such as palmar inclination and ulnar deflection angle, were examined postoperatively to assess the anatomical reduction of the wrist joint. Clinical outcomes, including the range of wrist flexion and back extension, were examined to analyze the recovery of the wrist range of motion. Additionally, the Gartland–Werley scoring system was used to assess the recovery status of wrist function and healing condition. The student t‐test and χ2 test were used to compare differences among groups.ResultsAll included patients successfully underwent the operation and were followed up for 12–24 months. Patients in the MIF group had a smaller surgical incision length (0.49 ± 0.06 cm) compared to those in the mini‐plate fixation group (4.41 ± 0.73 cm) (t = 22.438, p = 0.000). Palmar inclination and ulnar deflection were within the normal range in patients of both groups, and the fractures were successfully anatomically reduced. Moreover, wrist flexion and back extension in the MIF group and mini‐plate group were (72.50° ± 0.64° vs. 70.18° ± 0.56°) and (59.55° ± 1.75° vs. 60.04° ± 1.37°), and differences were statistically significant (t = 2.708, p = 0.010 and t = 0.885, p = 0.382, respectively). Furthermore, MIF treatment resulted in a higher proportion of excellent Gartland–Werley scores (94.44%) than mini‐plate fixation (86.36%) (p = 0.390). In addition, one case in the mini‐plate fixation group experienced re‐fracture following the removal of the internal fixation, and the fracture healed after reduction and cast fixation. All patients achieved satisfactory bone healing without other complications.ConclusionCompared with mini‐plate fixation, MIF has the advantages of small incision length, superior range of motion of thr wrist joint, and better maintenance of the physiological radian, providing a promising approach for clinical and surgical treatment of DRMDJ fractures.
Deep learning and targeted metabolomics‐based monitoring of chewing insects in tea plants and screening defense compounds
Authors: Chen Yifan , Wang Zhenyu , Gao Tian , Huang Yipeng , Li Tongtong , Jiang Xiaolan , Liu Yajun , Gao Liping , Xia Tao 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTea is an important cash crop that is often consumed by chewing pests, resulting in reduced yields and economic losses. It is important to establish a method to quickly identify the degree of damage to tea plants caused by leaf‐eating insects and screen green control compounds. This study was performed through the combination of deep learning and targeted metabolomics, in vitro feeding experiment, enzymic analysis and transient genetic transformation. A small target damage detection model based on YOLOv5 with Transformer Prediction Head (TPH‐YOLOv5) algorithm for the tea canopy level was established. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) was used to analyze the correlation between the degree of damage and the phenolic metabolites. A potential defensive compound, (‐)‐epicatechin‐3‐O‐caffeoate (EC‐CA), was screened. In vitro feeding experiments showed that compared with EC and epicatechin gallate, Ectropis grisescens exhibited more significant antifeeding against EC‐CA. In vitro enzymatic experiments showed that the hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (CsHCTs) recombinant protein has substrate promiscuity and can catalyze the synthesis of EC‐CA. Transient overexpression of CsHCTs in tea leaves effectively reduced the degree of damage to tea leaves. This study provides important reference values and application prospects for the effective monitoring of pests in tea gardens and screening of green chemical control substances.
UGT89AC1‐mediated quercetin glucosylation is induced upon herbivore damage and enhances Camellia sinensis resistance to insect feeding
Authors: Jing Tingting , Du Wenkai , Qian Xiaona , Wang Kai , Luo Lanxin , Zhang Xueying , Deng Yanni , Li Bo , Gao Ting , Zhang Mengting , Guo Danyang , Jiang Hao , Liu Yuantao , Schwab Wilfried , Sun Xiaoling , Song Chuankui 
Published: October 2023

AbstractQuercetin is a key flavonol in tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) with various health benefits, and it often occurs in the form of glucosides. The roles of quercetin and its glucosylated forms in plant defense are generally not well‐studied, and remain unknown in the defense of tea. Here, we found higher contents of quercetin glucosides and a decline of the aglucone upon Ectropis grisescens (E. grisescens) infestation of tea. Nine UGTs were strongly induced, among which UGT89AC1 exhibited the highest activity toward quercetin in vitro and in vivo. The mass of E. grisescens larvae that fed on plants with repressed UGT89AC1 or varieties with lower levels of UGT89AC1 was significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls. Artificial diet supplemented with quercetin glucoside also reduced the larval growth rate, whereas artificial diet supplemented with free quercetin had no significant effect on larval growth. UGT89AC1 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its expression was modulated by JA, JA‐ILE, and MeJA. These findings demonstrate that quercetin glucosylation serves a defensive role in tea against herbivory. Our results also provide novel insights into the ecological relevance of flavonoid glycosides under biotic stress in plants.
Smooth Lagrangian Crack Band Model Based on Spress-Sprain Relation and Lagrange Multiplier Constraint of Displacement Gradient
Authors: Tay Nguyen Anh , Xu Houlin , Matouš Karel , Bažant Zdeněk P. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A preceding 2023 study argued that the resistance of a heterogeneous material to the curvature of the displacement field is the most physically realistic localization limiter for softening damage. The curvature was characterized by the second gradient of the displacement vector field, which includes the material rotation gradient, and was named the “sprain” tensor, while the term “spress” is here proposed as the force variable work-conjugate to “sprain.” The partial derivatives of the associated sprain energy density yielded in the preceeding study, sets of curvature resisting self-equilibrated nodal sprain forces. However, the fact that the sprain forces had to be applied on the adjacent nodes of a finite element greatly complicated the programming and extended the simulation time in a commercial code such as abaqus by almost two orders of magnitude. In the present model, Smooth Lagrangian Crack Band Model (slCBM), these computational obstacles are here overcome by using finite elements with linear shape functions for both the displacement vector and for an approximate displacement gradient tensor. A crucial feature is that the nodal values of the approximate gradient tensor are shared by adjacent finite elements. The actual displacement gradient tensor calculated from the nodal displacement vectors is constrained to the approximate displacement gradient tensor by means of a Lagrange multiplier tensor, either one for each element or one for each node. The gradient tensor of the approximate gradient tensor then represents the approximate third-order displacement curvature tensor, or Hessian of the displacement field. Importantly, the Lagrange multiplier behaves as an externally applied generalized moment density that, similar to gravity, does not affect the total strain-plus-sprain energy density of material. The Helmholtz free energy of the finite element and its associated stiffness matrix are formulated and implemented in a user’s element of abaqus. The conditions of stationary values of the total free energy of the structure with respect to the nodal degrees-of-freedom yield the set of equilibrium equations of the structure for each loading step. One- and two-dimensional examples of crack growth in fracture specimens are given. It is demonstrated that the simulation results of the three-point bend test are independent of the orientation of a regular square mesh, capture the width variation of the crack band, the damage strain profile across the band, and converge as the finite element mesh is refined.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of first-line tuberculosis drugs rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide during pregnancy and postpartum: results from IMPAACT P1026s
Authors: Van Schalkwyk Marije , Bekker Adrie , Decloedt Eric , Wang Jiajia , Theron Gerhard B. , Cotton Mark F. , Eke Ahizechukwu C. , Cressey Tim R. , Shapiro David E. , Bacon Kira , Knowles Kevin , George Kathleen , Browning Renee , Chakhtoura Nahida , Rungruengthanakit Kittipong , Wiesner Lubbe , Capparelli Edmund V. , Stek Alice M. , Mirochnick Mark , Best Brookie M. ,   on behalf of the IMPAACT P1026s Protocol Team
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Physiological changes during pregnancy may alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antituberculosis drugs. The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network P1026s was a multicenter, phase IV, observational, prospective PK and safety study of antiretroviral and antituberculosis drugs administered as part of clinical care in pregnant persons living with and without HIV. We assessed the effects of pregnancy on rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide PK in pregnant and postpartum (PP) persons without HIV treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis disease. Daily antituberculosis treatment was prescribed following World Health Organization-recommended weight-band dosing guidelines. Steady-state 12-hour PK profiles of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were performed during second trimester (2T), third trimester (3T), and 2–8 of weeks PP. PK parameters were characterized using noncompartmental analysis, and comparisons were made using geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals (CI). Twenty-seven participants were included: 11 African, 9 Asian, 3 Hispanic, and 4 mixed descent. PK data were available for 17, 21, and 14 participants in 2T, 3T, and PP, respectively. Rifampin and pyrazinamide AUC
0–24
and
C
max
in pregnancy were comparable to PP with the GMR between 0.80 and 1.25. Compared to PP, isoniazid AUC
0–24
was 25% lower and
C
max
was 23% lower in 3T. Ethambutol AUC
0–24
was 39% lower in 3T but limited by a low PP sample size. In summary, isoniazid and ethambutol concentrations were lower during pregnancy compared to PP concentrations, while rifampin and pyrazinamide concentrations were similar. However, the median AUC
0–24
for rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide met the therapeutic targets. The clinical impact of lower isoniazid and ethambutol exposure during pregnancy needs to be determined.