bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety of Different Dosages of Intravenous Adenosine Used in Conjunction With Diagnostic Myocardial Imaging Techniques
Authors: Mohiuddin Syed M. , Esterbrooks Dennis J. , Gupta Naresh C. , Hilleman Daniel E. 
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To determine the safety of three different dosage regimens of intravenous adenosine.Design. Open‐label, observational safety evaluation.Setting. University hospital‐based department of nuclear medicine.Patients. Cohort of 854 patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging to evaluate their coronary artery disease and who were judged unable to perform physical exerciseInterventions. Subjects underwent myocardial perfusion imaging in conjunction with one of three intravenous dosage regimens: 1 = fixed dosage 140 μg/kg/minute for 6 minutes; 2 = dosage titration to a maximum of 140 μg/kg/minute; and 3 = dosage titration to a maximum of 200 μg/kg/minute. In regimens 2 and 3, maximum tolerated dosages were continued for a minimum of 3 minutes prior to radioisotope injection.Measurements and Main Results. Adenosine‐induced hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and biochemical changes were measured. Adverse effects of the different adenosine dosages were compared. Noncardiac side effects such as flushing, dyspnea, neck tightness, and lightheadedness occurred at a significantly higher rate during regimens 2 and 3 than regimen 1. Chest pain and first‐ and second‐degree atrioventricular block were also more frequent during regimens 2 and 3. However, the frequency of other side effects such as complete heart block, hypotension, and ST segment depression did not differ among the regimens. High‐dose adenosine was associated with a significant increase in serum uric acid, a significant decrease in blood glucose, and a significant increase in serum triglyceride levels. Mean changes in hemodynamics and electrocardiographic intervals' were also not different among the groups except for a greater increase in PR interval in regimens 2 and 3 than regimen 1. Discontinuation of adenosine was infrequent (< 1%) and did not differ among the regimens.Conclusions. Adenosine‐assisted myocardial perfusion imaging procedures are relatively safe for evaluating coronary artery disease. Despite 82% of patients reporting at least one side effect, only 10 (< 1%) had to discontinue adenosine. No patient suffered any residual sequelae from the adverse effects. The fixed‐dose regimen is associated with fewer subjective side effects and is better tolerated than titration regimens. Appropriate safety precautions should nonetheless be taken during adenosine infusions.
Metabolic Studies on the Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum
Authors: LEVIN ROBERT M. , HYPOLITE JOSEPH A. , LONGHURST PENELOPE A. , GONG CHAOLIANG , BRISCOE JANICE , BRODERICK GREGORY A. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTErectile function (erection and detumescence) involves the complex interaction of direct neuronal stimulation of corporal smooth muscle, neurohumoral release of specific endothelial contractile and relaxant factors, and secondary modulation by a variety of putative neuropeptides and vasoactive modulators. The net result is a rapid and sustained relaxation of the smooth muscle elements during erection and contraction of the smooth muscle during detumescence. Proper function of the corporal tissue is dependent upon cellular metabolism of glucose and the generation of cellular energy in the form of high energy phosphates. The current study characterizes the following metabolic parameters of the rabbit corpus cavernosum: Tissue concentrations of creatine phosphate (CP), ATP, ADP, and AMP; maximal rate of glucose metabolism to lactic acid and CO2; and activities of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK), citrate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase. For comparative purposes only, bladder smooth muscle preparations were analyzed simultaneously with and under the same conditions as the corpus cavernosum.The results are as follows: The concentrations of ATP and CP in the corpora were significantly lower than the concentrations in bladder. In the corpora, the tissue concentration of CP was lower than the tissue concentration of ATP, whereas the concentration of CP in the bladder was higher than the concentration of ATP. The rate of glucose metabolism to lactic acid and to carbon dioxide was similar for both bladder smooth muscle and corpus cavernosum. The maximal enzymatic activity of the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase was similar for both tissues; similarly, there was no significant difference in the activity of malate dehydrogenase between the two tissues. However, the CK activity of the bladder smooth muscle was significantly greater than the activity in the corpus cavernosum. One important factor that must be considered is that only 34% of the corpus cavernosum is smooth muscle, the balance being extracellular matrix, endothelium, and cytoskeletal elements. Thus, the differences between these two tissues may well be related to the different structural components.
Operational Standards for CASA Instruments
Authors: DAVIS R. O. , KATZ D. F. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTComputer‐aided sperm analysis (CASA) technology is 7 years old. Over 120 papers have been written that verify the technology or apply it in basic and clinical studies. Most of the technical problems with CASA, such as the dependence of velocity on video frame rate, inaccuracy of count and percent motility for low‐ and high‐concentration specimens, parameter dependence on the number of frames analyzed, sensitivity of the subjective threshold setting, confusion over the presence of debris, and different implementations of algorithms across instruments, still persist. A critical review of the literature reveals that no standard practices are followed within or across instruments. Moreover, no standards have been embraced or recommended by professional societies. Despite its potential to provide objective measurements of specimen and individual sperm parameters, and to automate the laboratory semen analysis, the promise of CASA has not been fulfilled. Unless laboratory medicine defines instrument performance and laboratory standards and co‐operates with industry to achieve these goals, CASA technology may remain a research curiosity. This outcome is especially worri‐some in the context of increasing requirements for laboratory accuracy, precision, standardization, and accreditation under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988.
Deep Dorsal Vein to Corporal Body Shunt: An Operation for Recurrent Priapism
Authors: HASHMAT AIZID I. , HAKIM LAWRENCE S. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Many operations have been described for priapism, a painful condition and a urological emergency. We describe a shunt between the deep dorsal vein and corporal body. The shunt is fairly easy to perform under loupe magnification and has resulted in detumescence and preservation of potency. Priapism can be classified into four main types clinically: acute priapism, recurrent priapism, chronic priapism, and acute on chronic priapism.Recurrent priapism is a form of priapism in which a patient gets frequent attacks. This may occur at long intervals, but sometimes the episodes are frequent and result in hospitalizations. The natural history in some of these patients varies; the patient may eventually become impotent or continue to get attacks. There is a subset of patients in which the frequency of priapic episodes becomes so frequent and troublesome that a surgical procedure has to be contemplated. There is no effective medication currently available to provide symptomatic relief.The operation is performed under either regional or general anesthesia. An incision is made around the base of the penis. The penis is then delivered into the wound from its base to the mid‐shaft area. The deep dorsal vein is then isolated and mobilized. Its tributaries are ligated from either side. The deep dorsal vein is then severed at the junction of distal mid‐shaft of the penis. The end of the vein is spatulated. A suitable area is then selected in the dorsum of either of the corporal bodies. An island of tunica is removed from the corporal cavernosa, corresponding to the spatulated size of the dorsal vein of the penis. An anastomosis is performed between the vein and the corporal body with a 7/0 running vascular suture under loupe magnification. The patency of the shunt can be confirmed by injecting heparinized normal saline into the corporal body.The shunt has resulted in satisfactory resolution of attacks of recurrent priapism and surprisingly, maintaining normal erections.
An Exploration of Mineral Density, Elemental and Chemical Composition of Primary Teeth in Relation to Cord-Blood Vitamin D, Using Laboratory Analysis Techniques
Authors: Beckett Deanna M , Vaz Viegas Shaun , Broadbent Jonathan M , Wheeler Benjamin J , Bērziņš Kārlis , Fraser-Miller Sara J , Gordon Keith C , Drummond Bernadette K , Mahoney Erin K , Loch Carolina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Postnatally, severe vitamin D deficiency commonly results in rickets as well as potential defects in tooth mineralization. The effects of milder deficiency on oral health outcomes later in life are still unclear. This study used micro–computed tomography (μCT), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy to investigate mineral density, total density, and elemental composition of enamel and dentine in 63 exfoliated primary incisors from participants with known 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25-OHD) at birth. No differences in mineralization and chemical composition using μCT and EDX analysis were observed irrespective of 25-OHD status. Subtle structural differences were observed via Raman spectroscopy, with more crystalline enamel observed in those with sufficient 25-OHD at birth. Although subtle, the differences seen suggest further attention should be given to children with known milder levels of vitamin D deficiency in early life. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Relating different perspectives on how outcomes of behavior influence behavior
Authors: De Houwer Jan , Finn Martin , Boddez Yannick , Hughes Sean , Cummins Jamie 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMany researchers have tackled the question of how behavior is influenced by its outcomes. Some have adopted a nonmechanistic (functional) perspective that attempts to describe the influence of outcomes on behavior. Others have adopted a mechanistic (cognitive) perspective that attempts to explain the influence of outcomes on behavior. Orthogonal to this distinction, some have focused on the influence of outcomes that a behavior had in the past, whereas others also consider the influence of outcomes that a behavior might have in the future. In this article, we relate these different perspectives with the goal of reducing misunderstandings and fostering collaborations between researchers who adopt different perspectives on the common question of how behavior is influenced by its outcomes.
Full‐Fourier‐Component Tailorable Optical Neural Meta‐Transformer
Authors: Luo Xuhao , Dong Siyu , Wei Zeyong , Wang Zhanshan , Hu Yueqiang , Duan Huigao , Cheng Xinbin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBrain‐inspired optical neural computing (ONC) is the state‐of‐the‐art scheme in modern computing, offering robust strategies to execute advanced inference with a high throughput and large‐scale parallelism. However, the hitherto prevalent diffractive ONC networks have watered‐down competence, which is mostly a phase‐only methodology but fails to precisely handle the Fourier transform of complex fields, thus forfeiting the integrity of the architecture and half the volume of available training weights. Here, a novel neural meta‐transformer (ONM) enabled by an optical rotation‐isolator‐assisted paradigm is proposed, whose meta‐neurons utilize structural birefringence and polarization rotation to achieve independently arbitrary tailoring of full Fourier components, that is the complete learnable parameters of diffractive ONC. The full‐Fourier‐component ONM has great merits over phase‐only counterparts in all representative cases: being a classifier, it improves the recognition accuracy, especially for input with more high‐frequency features; acting as an imager, the background noise of output is effectively diminished; and when engineering as an encoder, both near‐field grayscale nanoprinting and neural meta‐holography are yielded. The mechanism is minimalist, compact, and compatible with nonlinear activation, opening the route to fully parametric intelligent meta‐devices, with far‐reaching implications for optical computing, display, encryption, etc.
Multilayer Hydrogel Microcubes: Effects of Templating Particle Morphology on Cubic Hydrogel Properties
Authors: Inman Daniel , Kozlovskaya Veronika , Nikishau Pavel , Nealy Sarah , Dolmat Maksim , Oh Jonghwa , Lungu Claudiu T. , Hunter Lynzi , Kharlampieva Eugenia 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNon‐spherical stimuli‐responsive polymeric particles have shown critical importance in therapeutic delivery. Herein, pH‐responsive poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) cubic hydrogel microparticles are synthesized by crosslinking PMAA layers within PMAA/poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogen‐bonded multilayers templated on porous inorganic microparticles. This study investigates the effects of template porosity and surface morphology on the PMAA multilayer hydrogel microcube properties. It is found that the hydrogel structure depends on the template's calcination time and temperature. The pH‐triggered PMAA hydrogel cube swelling depends on the hydrogel's internal architecture, either hollow capsule‐like or non‐hollow continuous hydrogels. The loading efficiency of the doxorubicin (DOX) drug inside the microcubes is analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and shows the dependenceof the drug uptake on the network structure and morphology controlled by the template porosity. Varying the template calcination from low (300 °C) to high (1000 °C) temperature results in a 2.5‐fold greater DOX encapsulation by the hydrogel cubes. The effects of hydrogel surface charge on the DOX loading and release are also studied using zeta‐potential measurements. This work provides insight into the effect of structural composition, network morphology, and pH‐induced swelling of the cubical hydrogels and may advance the development of stimuli‐responsive vehicles for targeted anticancer drug delivery.
A finite element method for modeling diffusion of alpha‐emitting particles in tissue
Authors: Zhang Irene P. , Cohen Gilad N. , Damato Antonio L. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundDiffusing alpha‐emitters Radiation Therapy (“DaRT”) is a promising new modality for the treatment of solid tumors. Interstitial sources containing 224Ra are inserted into the tumor, producing alpha particles via the decay of 224Ra and its daughters. The alpha particles are able to produce a “kill region” of several mm due to the diffusion of the alpha‐emitting atoms. The Diffusion‐Leakage (D‐L) model has been proposed to describe the movement of the alpha‐emitters used in DaRT in tumor tissue.PurposeTo date, estimating the dose delivered under the D‐L model has been accomplished with numerical solutions based on finite difference methods, namely DART1D and DART2D, as well as with asymptotic expressions for the long time limit. The aim of this work is to develop a flexible method of finite elements for solving the D‐L model and to validate prior solutions of the D‐L model.MethodsWe develop a two‐dimensional finite element solution to the D‐L model implemented using the FEniCS software library. Our approach solves the variational formulation of the D‐L equations on an unstructured mesh of triangular Lagrangian elements. We calculate the local dose in the mid‐ and axial planes of the source and validate our results against the one‐ and two‐dimensional solutions obtained using the previously proposed numerical scheme, DART1D and DART2D. We use our model to estimate the change in dose in the source midplane as a function of the physical parameters used in the D‐L model.ResultsThe local dose at the end of a 30 day treatment period estimated by our numerical method differs from DART1D and DART2D by less than 1% in the source midplane and less than 3% along the source axis over clinically relevant distances, with the largest discrepancies in high gradient areas where the Finite Element Method (FEM) mesh has a higher element density. We find that within current experimentally estimated ranges for D‐L model parameters, the dose in the source midplane at a distance of 2 mm can vary by over a factor of 3.ConclusionsThe 2D finite element model reproduces the calculated dose obtained with DART1D and DART2D under the assumptions D‐L model. The variation in predicted dose within current experimental ranges for model parameters suggests the necessity of further studies to better determine their statistical distributions. Finally, the FEM model can be used to calculate dose from DaRT in a variety of realistic 2D geometries beyond the D‐L model.
Error analyses on block‐centered finite difference schemes for distributed‐order non‐Fickian flow
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Li Ziyan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this article, two numerical schemes are designed and analyzed for the distributed‐order non‐Fickian flow. Two different processing techniques are applied to deal with the time distributed‐order derivative for the constructed two schemes, while the classical block‐centered finite difference method is used in spatial discretization. To be precise, one adopts the standard numerical scheme called SD scheme in the temporal direction, and the other utilizes an efficient method called EF scheme. We derive the stabilities of the two schemes rigorously. The convergence result of the SD scheme for pressure and velocity is . However, to get a faster computing speed, the super parameter is needed for the EF scheme, which leads to the accuracy is . Finally, some numerical experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis.
Fatal brainstem injury following proton radiation in a patient with medulloblastoma and a germline variant in RNF213
Authors: Klawinski Darren M. , Cottrell Catherine E. , Schieffer Kathleen M. , Indyk Justin A. , Gandhi Kajal , Mardis Elaine R. , Rodriguez Diana P. , Breneman John C. , Osorio Diana S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBrainstem injury occurs secondary to radiation to the posterior fossa in up to 2% of pediatric patients. It may occur after months to years after treatment. It has been associated with age less than 5 years and with comorbid conditions such as cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Radiation necrosis is often symptomatic and can be fatal. A pathogenic variant in RNF213 was found in a patient who suffered fatal radiation necrosis. This mutation has been associated with moyamoya disease and may predispose to radiation necrosis.
Nanobubbles in vase water inhibit transpiration and prolong the vase life of cut chrysanthemum flowers
Authors: Nakazawa Rie , Tanaka Akito , Hata Naoki , Minagawa Hisato , Harada Emiko 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNanobubble (NB) water has been shown to promote the growth of several types of plants and animals, but the mechanism underlying this promoting effect remains unclear. The present study evaluated the mechanism by which NBs maintain the freshness of cut flowers by keeping cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) flowers at the bud stage in vase water containing air NBs. The condition of petals and leaves was assessed to determine the vase life of these cut flowers. The NB treatment delayed bud opening and petal senescence of the inflorescences. Water absorption and transpiration by cut flower stems were lower in NB water than in distilled water (DW). Furthermore, when all the leaves were removed from the cut flower stems, no significant difference in vase life was observed between NB water and DW. These findings indicate that the inhibition of transpiration from leaves prolonged the vase life of NB‐treated cut chrysanthemum flowers. In the early stage of the treatment, NB treatment significantly reduced transpiration without closing stomata, suggesting that the reduction in transpiration observed in the NB‐treated plants might be due to the suppression of cuticular transpiration, defined as water loss through the epidermis. Surface tension, one of the important driving forces of water movement in plants, was not affected by the presence of NBs in water. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that transpiration from leaves is inhibited by NB treatment.
Molecular constraints on tolerance‐resistance trade‐offs: Is there a cost?
Authors: Mesa J. Miles , Paige Ken N. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPlants possess myriad defenses against their herbivores, including constitutive and inducible chemical compounds and regrowth strategies known as tolerance. Recent studies have shown that plant tolerance and resistance are positively associated given they are co‐localized in the same molecular pathway, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. However, given that both defensive strategies utilize carbon skeletons from a shared resource pool in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway there are likely costs in maintaining both resistance‐tolerance strategies. Here we investigate fitness costs in maintaining both strategies by utilizing a double knockout of cyp79B2 and cyp79B3, key enzymes in the biosynthetic process of indole glucosinolates, which convert tryptophan to indole‐3‐acetaldoxime (IAOx) and is further used to produce indole glucosinolates. These mutant plants are devoid of any indole glucosinolates thus reducing plant resistance. Results show that knocking out indole glucosinolate production and thus one of the resistance pathways leads to an approximate 94% increase in fitness compensation shifting the undercompensating wild‐type Columbia‐0 to an overcompensating genotype following damage. We discuss the potential mechanistic basis for the observed patterns.
Stable isotope analysis of atmospheric CO2 using a Gasbench II‐Cold Trap‐IRMS setting
Authors: Leitner Simon , Meeran Kathiravan , Watzinger Andrea 
Published: October 2023

RationaleThe measurement of the stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratio of (atmospheric) carbon dioxide (CO2) is a useful technique for the investigation and identification of the sources and sinks of the most abundant greenhouse gases by far. For this reason, we are presenting a measuring system here that enables a wide range of users to carry out stable isotope analysis of atmospheric CO2 using off‐the‐bench hardware and software.MethodsThe fully automated system uses cryogenic and gas chromatographic separation to analyse CO2 from 12‐mL whole air samples and consists of an autosampler, a Gasbench II (GB), a downstream cryo trap and a continuous flow gas interface feeding into a sector field mass spectrometer (GC Pal/GB/Cold Trap/ConFlo IV/DeltaV Plus). The evaluation of the system performance was based on the analysis of samples prepared from eight CO2 sources (four CO2 reference gases and four artificial air tanks).ResultsThe overall measurement uncertainty (averaged single standard deviation (1σ) of measurement replicates from each CO2 source) in the determination of the carbon and oxygen isotope ratio was 0.04‰ and 0.09‰ (n = 24). Furthermore, we were able to show that the measurement data also allowed for the quantification of the CO2 mole fraction, with a precision of 1.2 μmol mol−1 in the analysis range of 400–500 μmol mol−1.ConclusionsOur protocol provides a detailed description of the measurement set‐up and the analysis procedure, how raw data should be evaluated and gives recommendations for sample preparation and sampling to enable a fully automated whole air sample analysis. The quantification limit of CO2 mole fractions and measurement precision for carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of CO2 should meet the requirements of a wide range of users.