bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mastering the Revolution
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
XMos T 60 per cent of the German population changed rulers during the revolutionary period. Among thein were the inhabitants of Hausen, a village that had once been part of the Habsburgs’ western lands and then was given by Napoleon to Frederick of Wiirttemberg in return for his support during the campaign of 1805. To mark the beginning of his rule, Frederick ordered special religious ceremonies to be held throughout his new domain. On 19 January 1806, therefore, the villagers of Hausen gathered to hear Pastor Knoblauch pray for their new monarch:Francis, He the most excellent emperor, was our father and with childlike love we were loyal to him. . . . Frederick, He the most glorious and merciful father of our Land, will be your father, with care and mercy he will regard you as his children We have lost one father, God has given us in him, our Frederick, another.
The Economic and Social Structure
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth century, so far as western Europe was concerned, possessed a distinctive flavour, preserved for posterity in its architecture and in its prose. It was a self-assured era, balanced, energetic and elegant, precise and restrained, confident that its standards of reference were soundly selected and consciously civilized. These qualities strike an observer with such force and clarity that for a moment other aspects of the age may be obscured. Outward assurance could mask uncertainties and doubts; and beneath the polished surface of a well-mannered and ordered life there was discontent and ugly violence. An Irish magazine could in the same issue print neatly turned verses about nymphs and swains and grim reports of assaults and affrays. During the last decade of the century revolution starkly revealed many of the tensions in European society and brought home to the established world how frail were the foundations on which its civilization rested.
Administration and politics
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all Irishmen who claimed gentility shared an absorbing interest in politics. The great majority of the population, engaged in a strenuous never-ending endeavour to secure subsistence, was of course not in touch with the methods by which political ideas and news were communicated, newspapers, pamphlets, county meetings, clubs and dinner tables. But in addition to the great landed families, a substantial number of middle-class men, minor landowners, large farmers, professional men and businessmen, as freemen, freeholders or burgesses, possessed a share, albeit a minute one, in political power. Even if, as was probable, his vote had to be cast in accordance with the declared will of a landlord or borough owner, an elector could pride himself on being a member of a political elite. Theoretically, he exercised independently a privilege and a responsibility, and convention required that at election times he should be approached with courteous deference. Politics offered opportunities for serving the public, winning distinction and gaining valuable prizes. It was in the political arena that great territorial families competed to improve their local or national status, and political news and political gossip, often spiced with malice, were prominent features in the newspaper press, that great and growing source of information and entertainment.
Parliamentary reform and protection
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early eighties Ireland was politically buoyant and restless. A series of constitutional debates characterized by close argument, intense feeling and high rhetoric, with in the background the volunteers arrayed and alert, and a great Atlantic war in progress, had terminated dramatically by what appeared to be complete capitulation on the part of the government and the imperial parliament. Political thinking had been stimulated, Irishmen had learned to work the machinery of agitation, they had seen parliament lagging behind the public and had at last realized what a limited control the intelligent and respectable public seemed to exercise over the house of commons.
Fitzwilliam’s viceroyalty
Authors: Mcdowell R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1794 it seemed that Irish politics had entered a period of comparative calm. The parliamentary reform movement had stalled, the catholics appeared for the immediate future to be satisfied and if the outcome of the fierce conflict being waged on the north-east borders of France was uncertain, the naval victory of the glorious first of June ensured that war would be kept well away from Ireland. Conscious of the revolutionary menace, old parliamentary opponents in both Great Britain and Ireland were coming together. In Ireland Grattan energetically supported the government’s war policy, in Great Britain Pitt and the Portland whigs finally coalesced. But what was expected to be an era of co-operation and broadly based government soon ended in Ireland with an unhappy misunderstanding, bitter recriminations and sharpened antagomsms.
The Collegiate Movement in Italian Universities in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Denley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the social and institutional historiography of medieval universities Italy has had the part of Cinderella. The Northern European ‘system’ has been extensively researched, and is largely the basis for our image of medieval universities; but it is still the case that historians outside Italy tend at most to append to their observations a few comments to the effect that Italy was different, without real understanding of why or how this was so. This is nowhere more clear than in the historiography of the collegiate movement. The assumption that Italy has little to offer here is almost universal. There are several reasons for this. Partly, of course, it is because success and longevity breed their own historiography. There will be historians of Oxford and Cambridge colleges for as long as those colleges continue to flourish. By contrast, hardly any of the Italian colleges survived into modern times, and those that did were transformed, or have histories of discontinuity.
As Irish as any City in America
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arrival of large numbers of Famine immigrants in the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century had far-reaching consequences for the ethnic composition of many American cities, not least because the great preponderance of Famine immigrants were Catholic; they were the first Catholics to arrive in the United States in large numbers. Until then, the country remained predominantly Protestant. Among these Protestants were many people of Irish ancestry. Since the sixteenth century, between a fifth and a quarter of the population of Ireland has been Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Quaker, and today well over half of the 40 million Americans who trace their ancestry to Ireland are Protestant.
Feeding the Village
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HERDERS AND TUNDROVIKI, Evenkis and Soviet state managers, are united by a common concern for feeding society. Each of these agents, however, approaches this task differently. Officials in the various state agencies responsible for rural economy [set’ skokhoziaistvo] have a substantive interest in ensuring that set hundred-weights [tsentara] of meat or fish reach distribution points in the expected quantities and at the proper time. This interest tends to manifest itself empirically as a hunger for production indicators, statistics, and invoices. Tundroviki, beyond their hunger for knowledge, have a substantive interest in ensuring that they, their families, and their village are well fed. They also take responsibility for feeding a wider social setting than that ordinarily recognized by agents of state bureaucracies. The hungry, non-human persons whom they serve obviously include their reindeer but also the invisible ‘masters’ of the tundra who are fed small but sincerely offered gifts of wild deer fat or coins when tundroviki arrive at fresh pastures. Each of these interests converges within the institution of the state farm Khantaiskii, which through the action of its employees sates the village’s hunger for meat, the land’s hunger for gifts, and the state’s hunger for figures.
Divergent Trajectories
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FOLLOWING HIS ARRIVAL back in Dudinka, the retired brigadier and new member of the Prezidium of the First All-Evenki suglan was questioned by a journalist from the district newspaper about the history and future of Evenkis in Taimyr (Swvetskii Taimyr, 25 Apr. 1993). ‘So, is it true that there are old Evenki clans on the Khantaika? Will you now seek to form clan communities?’ asked the reporter with pointed curiosity. True to the idiom of a tundrovik, Momi Fedorovich replied with sparing words, ‘Of course there are clans! The Yelogirs, Ukochers, Utukogirs, Kilmagirs, Pankagirs. Clan communities? Well, there’s an idea … ‘ In the space of the half-page article, the reporter thrice emphasized the staid replies of his informant in an apparent attempt to leave the reader with an image of a wise and simple man. The passion in the article lay instead in the logic of the reporter’s questions: if a people had clans in the pre-Soviet past then its post-Soviet future must lie with returning to those same clans. The young reporter could not know that Momi Fedorovich twenty years earlier was interviewed for the same newspaper on how he saw his newly awarded Order of Labour reflecting a lifetime of collectivized reindeer herding. At that time this distinguished communist, and son of the rich Yelogir herder who donated his herd to the collective farm ‘Red Trapper’, replied with the same clipped enthusiasm to similarly leading questions about a very different future. To a man who spent his life living with kin and reindeer within an extensive landscape, the narrow ideas of ‘clan community’ and ‘state farm’ set before him in different decades must have seemed equally abstract.
Mountain and Lowland Variants: Ritual Purification without Theatre
Authors: Headley Stephen c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers exorcisms that are simply recited, not performed in shadow puppet theatre, and examines textual materials rather than records of actual ceremonies. Two of the three examples are from small villages in rural areas, and in all it is a dhukun, not a dhalang, who conducts the ritual. They are compared with one another and with the wayang rituals discussed in Chapter 3.
Incomplete and Impure Persons in Javanese Myths and Ritual
Authors: Headley Stephen c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language of the Birth of Kala purification rites opens a window on the Javanese construct of person, not the person formed through social interaction, but the person as an element in the mythological geography of the cosmos. This chapter focuses on what that language reveals and draws on related myths and rituals in addition to Birth of Kala sources. One cannot analyse a single purification myth in total isolation from the rest of Javanese ritual if only because the vocabulary used is coextensive with its usage in the entire society.1 Without pretending to provide a genuinely linguistic analysis of semantic context, I will examine overlapping semantic fields that incorporate the oppositions characterizing complete incomplete, pure/impure persons. We have already found these oppositions in the birth-order lists appended to the purification booklets (pakem pangruwatan) used by the Javanese dhalangs. These lists designate which “incomplete “ children or “possessed “ adults require wayang purification. The defining characteristics of sukerta, the state of being hexed, are further clarified in the categories and codes of several myths and rituals. Diverse lingual categories and classifications are used to define incompleteness or disorientation in persons at various stages in their lives. Ancestry is an important element in the construct of the birth-order list, which indeed is regarded from the point of view of a person “s descent.
The Interweaving of the Forms with One Another: Sophist 259E
Authors: Clarke Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT Sophist 259 E the Eleatic Stranger and Theaetetus agree that ‘The loosening of each thing from everything [else] is the complete wiping out of all λóγoi; for it is because of the interweaving of the forms with one another that we come to have λóγos;.’ My chief aim in this paper is to air a possible solution to the problem of how this remark might apply to such statements as ‘Theaetetus sits’ and ‘Theaetetus flies’, in each of which only one form is referred to. The solution turns on the claim that neither statement could be true unless forms could mix with one another in the sense of being instantiated together in Theaetetus. I do not positively endorse it. I wonder whether there is any definite solution to the problem; Plato does not seem to give sufficiently clear indication of how he is thinking. However, I wish to argue that a solution along the lines indicated cannot be dismissed as easily as has sometimes been supposed. In the first part of my paper I give some general consideration to the remark at 259 E, and examine briefly some alternative solutions to the problem of its application to ‘Theaetetus sits’ and other such statements.
Aristocles on Timon on Pyrrho: The Text, Its Logic, and Its Credibility
Authors: Bett Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Comprehensive understanding of Greek scept1c1sm must include an understanding of its origins. I think we are at present nowhere close to this position. Greek scepticism was traditionally supposed to have begun with Pyrrho of Elis; but it is not at all clear why he was accorded this status, or how far it was justified. This is partly because the evidence concerning Pyrrho is scarce and often suspect. But it is also because the interpretations of this evidence which have recently been offered are quite bewildering in their diversity. In the last fifteen years, for example, Pyrrho’s ideas have been assimilated to those of the Eleatics, the Megarians, the Cynics, the renegade Stoic Aristo, the unnamed targets of Aristotle’s polemic in Metaphysics Γ4, and certain Buddhist and other Indian thinkers, as well as the later sceptics who actually called themselves ‘Pyrrhonean’; these possibilities have been embraced both individually and in various combinations. It is widely recognized that a passage from the Peripatetic Aristocles of Messene, preserved (like almost all of Aristocles’ surviving words) in quotation in Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica, is crucial to any attempt to understand Pyrrho; it purports to describe Pyrrho’s philosophical outlook in the most general terms, and it purports to be a summary of an account of this outlook by Timon, Pyrrho’s biographer and immediate disciple. Not surprisingly, this passage has received a great deal of scrutiny; yet its meaning is subject to as much dispute as anything in this area.
Taste and Value
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am visiting a friend in Austria and he has arranged for us to go to a tasting of local wines. Not something for tourists, but something serious—for local restaurateurs, merchants, aficionados. I have been enjoying the visit and his company, and I gladly go with him to a large hall where a boisterous tasting is in progress. Warmly encouraged by my host, I begin trying the winesthough, from a misplaced sense of delicacy, I do not spit out the samples. At first the wines taste a little green, but I am no expert, and before long I have found a few that strike me as really delightful. These are good,’ I say to my host with pleasure. Tm glad you like them: he replies modestly; ‘some Austrian wines are not so bad, you know: But I persist.
Griffin’s Pessimism
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How far can philosophy improve our ethical beliefs? And what attitude should a philosopher take to those we already have? Henry Sidgwick’s view was that, though &lt;Common Sense’ constrains philosophical conclusions, the philosophds ‘function is to tell men what they ought to think, rather than what they do think: he is expected to transcend Common Sense in his premises, and he is allowed a certain divergence from Common Sense in his conclusions’. Further, telling people what they ought to think about ethics will involve supplying them with ‘real ethical axioms’ (ME 373). But Sidgwick’s conclusion was that, though philosophy can provide such axioms, they are ultimately inconsistent. Of the first edition of The Methods of Ethics he said: ‘Now it is written.
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche: Honest Atheism, Dishonest Pessilnism
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My broad aim in this essay is to focus first on atheism then on pessimism as a way of illuminating the philosophical positions and, even more, the relationship of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, who are, it is generally recognized, two of the leading German atheists and also deeply concerned with pessimism. Indeed, one of the reasons for which Nietzsche most admired Schopenhauer was his forthright atheism: As a philosopher, [Nietzsche writes,] Schopenhauer was the first admitted, and inexorable atheist among us Germans .. . The ungodliness of existence was for him something given, palpable .. . unconditional and honest atheism is simply the presupposition of the way he poses his problem, being a triumph achieved finally... by the European conscience, being the most fateful act of two thousand years of discipline for truth that in the end forbids .itself the lie in faith in God.
The Paradox of Fatalism and Self-Creation in Nietzsche
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to identify and then try to resolve a deep and troubling paradox in Nietzsche’;s work that threatens the core of a popular understanding of Nietzsche as the philosopher who calls for people to create them selves. This paradox, as I think will become amply apparent, is striking once the texts are looked at in the right way. Yet, surprisingly, it has received almost no attention in the voluminous literature on Nietzsche.
Movers and elemental motions in aristotle
Authors: Bodnar Istvan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
is possible only if they are made of a material endowed with a nature for circular motion, whereas elsewhere—notably in the Physics and in the Metaphysics—he stresses that as any motion needs a mover, heavenly motions also will require a separate unmoved mover, ‘located’ outside them. The two suggestions may or may not be incompatible, but if someone wants to entertain the possibility that the ‘introduction of the transcendent mover ... was not a negation but the completion of the view developed in the De Caelo’, we should like to know how the components of the resulting scheme were supposed to interact.
One of my objectives in what follows is to scrutinize whether elemental nature and unmoved mover could be two facets of the same theory. To do this I will have to maintain that the circular motion of the heavens is performed by a special, celestial stuff in Physics bk. 8 just as this special celestial stuff was called upon in
Plato Aristotle and the ΛΟΓΟΣ ЕΚ TΩN
ΠΡΟΣ
ΤΙ
Authors: Baltzly Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpreting the arguments that Aristotle attributes to Plato in the Π ϵ í í δ ϵ ων involves at least two factors. On the one hand, we want to understand the very compressed arguments that Aristotle presents. We also want to know whether this line of reasoning is one that we can detect in Plato’s dialogues. The interplay between these factors is quite complicated. We will prefer to disambiguate Aristotle’s arguments in one way rather than another if we find that the one interpretation is more compatible with Plato’s dialogues. But the arguments for the theory of Ideas in Plato are, to say the least, not transparent either. So, we may read Plato one way rather than another because it accords well with the manner in which Aristotle describes his reasoning in the Π ϵ í í
Socrates Agonistes: The Case of the Cratylus Etymologies
Authors: Barney Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is obviously not etymology in the modern sense, which offers a non-evaluative, largely evolutionary account of the origins of words. Ancient etymology, for which the Cratylus was a classic and central text, was a quite different practice—or rather a family of practices, with a wide range of purposes and standards. As practised by Socrates in the Cratylus, etymology involves a claim about the underlying semantic content of the name, what it really means or indicates. This content is taken to have been put there by the ancient namegivers: giving an etymology is thus a matter of unwrapping or decoding a name to find the message the namegivers have placed inside. Further, Socrates offers this decoding as a justification’, a name is correct by virtue of having content true of or appropriate to its object.
Alteration and Quasi-Alteration
Authors: Sisko John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No part of Aristotle’s psychological theory has been of greater interest to scholars over the past few decades than his account of perception. Aristotle treats perception both as a capacity for cognition and as a capacity which is materially situated. Thus, for him, a proper explanation of perception will make reference both to cognitive awareness (its form) and to the organs which play a role in the promulgation of such awareness (its matter). In addition, this explanation will make manifest how the cognitive and the material are related. Thus, Aristotle’s general interest in the relation between form and matter becomes, in the case of perception, an interest in the relation between mental states (or events) and material states (or events). This interest touches upon issues within contemporary philosophy of mind, and for this reason a number of scholars have turned to Aristotle with an eye towards determining whether he offers an answer to the central question of contemporary philosophy of mind: how are mental events and physical events related? Most scholars have found that Aristotle not only answers this question, but that his answer has a decidedly contemporary bent. It has been argued that Aristotle is the first functionalist; it has been argued that he is a physicalist; and it has been argued that, for him, mental facts supervene upon physical facts. Until recently, then, it had been taken for granted that, in the case of perception, Aristotle explains (or explains in part) the occurrence of mental events in terms of the occurrence of material events. With this assumed, the point of contention had been over the details.
Induction and Transcendental Argument
Authors: Walker Ralph C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant intended his transcendental arguments to be arguments against the sceptic. They are supposed to work by showing that there is an incoherence in the sceptical position: the fact that there is experience, or knowledge, renders that position untenable. But there has been much disagreement over how much transcendental arguments-whether Kant’s own or anybody else’s-can actually achieve. There has been discussion about whether they can establish how the world must be, or whether they can at best show how we must believe it to be. There has also been uncertainty in what sense, if any, they can really answer the sceptic by providing the sort of justification with which epistemology has traditionally been concerned, at least since Descartes.