bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Growth and Social Change, 1947-1973
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THB raw materials of economic success—coalfields, fertile valleys, and the like—rarely coincide in a tidy fashion with the political frontiers of nation states, even though the frontiers themselves may commemorate endless rivalry for the ownership of these resources. And in the same way, the broad sweeps of economic change seldom conform in a convenient way with the manageable units of political history—even though regimes may rise and fall on the back of economic change. French post-war economic growth was no exception, and its chequered history arguably makes more sense if the 1947-73 period is looked at as a whole rather than parcelled out to match the chronology of other developments. 1947 in many ways represented the return to peacetime conditions, while 1973 marked the end of the post-war era of rapid growth.
Janus and Cassandra the Mendès France Ministry and What Followed, 1954-1955
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE eight brief months of the Mendes France ministry were among the most productive of the Fourth Republic. They were a tantalizing glimpse of what the founders of the regime had hoped it might become. And, unusually for a ministry that had just fallen, the public’s epitaph on it in February 1955 was that it had a better general record than any of its predecessors since 1946. The Janus-like image of Mendes France sprang from the energetic individualism of his style—which looked forward to the Fifth Republic, when the executive would boldly take initiatives over the heads of the party leaders—but his attitudes also embraced much of the conventional outlook of the Republican tradition, as embodied in his own party, the Radicals. Many politicians found him disconcerting. His quick, bird-like movements and inquisitively cocked head put one in mind of a blue tit about to tackle a tough milk-bottle top. The party chiefs resented his attempts to choose ministers on an individual basis without recourse to their parliamentary masters-an approach reminiscent of Gaullism.
Impasse 1956-1958
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major worry of the established parties was how the new force of Poujadism would fare in the 1956 elections, and what effect it would have on their own fortunes. Poujadism was born in the summer of 1953, mainly among the lower middle classes, notably shopkeepers and small farmers. By contrast, the social strata above them continued to look to the established conservative parties and to the bodies that represented bourgeois economic interests, the CNPF, FNSEA, and CGPME. Politically, they preferred Pinay to de Gaulle; and it was the relative weakness of organized labour, split between the Communists and the Socialists, that left them without a stronger inducement to create a sturdier instrument of political influence. Only the lower-middle classes of shopkeepers and small farmers, faced with the economic competition of larger units, attempted to create such an instrument—and the resultant Poujade movement had very limited success.
‘La République des Citoyens’
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN a much-quoted phrase, de Gaulle spoke of the need for France to ‘marry her century’; but ‘the problem is to carry this through without France ceasing to be France’. Yet, when he spoke about ‘the French’ rather than ‘France’, there was much that brought him almost to despair. Shortly before his death, he told Malraux that the great weakness of the French was their powerlessness to believe in anything. They were both blessed and cursed with a corrosive intellect which cast doubt on everything and destroyed enthusiasm for any cause for fear that it might turn out to be empty. They had too much intelligence, and too little instinct. Following Bergson, he claimed that it was always the weakness of intelligence to be embarrassed by reality, because the untidy inconsistencies of reality do not correspond to the expectations of intelligence. And it is here that instinct and intuition come to the rescue, recognizing the nature of a situation when the intelligence is merely bewildered by it.
Reform and Recession the Giscardian Era, 1974-1981
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE new President’s debonair display of liberal sentiments and his basic concern for financial stability and economic growth were soon to earn his septennat the title of the Orleanist presidency. Indeed, his name, his elegantly equine features, and his father’s politics in the 1930s—Action Franaise, Croix-de-Feu, Parti Social Franais, and then Pétainism—lent a superficial air of authenticity to the epithet. After a distinguished record at the Polytechnique and the École Nationale d’Administration, Giscard became an inspecteur des finances, eventually entering parliament as a CNIP deputy.
Keynesianism in One Country the Socialist Experiment
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘TAKE a good look at this; you’ll never see anything like it again’, was Mitterrand’s ambivalent comment on the celebrations of May 1981. The Socialist manifesto had spoken of ‘making our country the crucible of the liberation of man’, and Pierre Mauroy forecast the creation of ‘a new style of citizenship’. But Mitterrand was well aware that the Socialists’ electoral victory primarily represented public disappointment with the Giscard achievement-and that this itself was the product of international economic circumstance rather than fundamental failures on Giscard’s part. He could see that there was no mounting ground swell of popular demand for major changes in the structure of society or the economy, and that the left-wing vote essentially reflected a desire for higher wages, longer holidays, secure employment, and better social security benefits: in other words, the sort of improvements that Giscard would have been happy enough to give, had he felt confident that the economy could stand the strain and remain competitive.
1986-1988
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Cohabitation— à déconseiller’ was the verdict of a much-used manual of moral maxims for ambitious young professionals. Cohabitation posed new questions about the Presidency. The constitution was little help on how the President and Premier should share power in the event of the Élysée and the Matignon falling into opposing hands. Indeed the constitution, for all its detail, was remarkably remote from the realities of how executive power was actually divided under the Fifth Republic. Within months of de Gaulle becoming head of state in 1958, it had already become clear that his exercise of presidential power was moving rapidly away from Debré’s concept of the above-party arbiter which had inspired the authors of the constitution.
The Cold Peace and the Shadow of Germany: International Relations, 1986-1996
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-war European integration had its origins in French designs to minimize any future German threat to France. Western Germany would be enmeshed in a benign network of European co-operation that would reduce both the capability and perhaps the thought of renewed aggression. It was admittedly American fears of the Soviet bloc in the 1940s that had first given impetus to Western European co-operation-and, most notably, to the principle of including a rehabilitated Germany. But although the economic advantages of co-operation tended to dominate the developments that followed, French thinking never lost sight of the need to shackle Germany.
The Mafia
Authors: Lupo Salvatore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fifties, the South of Italy, like the North, underwent a great transformation of its own. People emigrated to Germany and Northern Italy while within the Mezzogiorno there was a generalized shift from mountains to plains and from rural areas to the cities where new buildings were springing up everywhere as wages started to grow. Above all, this was the start of state funding to foster economic development: it was the time of agricultural reform and its implementation, the redistribution of property and (in the more fortunate areas) land reclamation and irrigation.
Memory and identity: popular culture in post-war Italy
Authors: Gundle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Gramsci, Italian popular culture was a construction of the country’s social divisions; it existed as the culture of the lower classes and consisted of all that was not artistic or high culture. This separation was maintained and reproduced by capitalist control of cultural production and distribution. It was the task of the Communist Party, as Gramsci saw it, to work towards a correction of this situation by promoting a ‘national popular’ culture. This would take shape as the working class assumed the functions and responsibilities of a hegemonic class and gave rise to its own organic intellectuals, who would challenge those of the dominant class.
Television, Childhood, and the Home A History of the Making of the Child Television Audience in Britain
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Television audiences, as with other media audiences, are virtual entities. They have an existence, not immediately visible, but one that drives research, investment in programmes, public concern, and government policy. More than any other audience, the child television audience has generated more debate, anxiety, and action. What harm does television do children? Should parents restrict their children's viewing? Is children's television becoming too commercialized? How can we make programmes for very young children? This book, the first academic study of its kind, uncovers a history of the child television audience. Looking in detail at children's television and its audience in Britain in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, the book shows how an audience literally came into being, how it was given substance, and how it became the site of intervention. Skilfully written and painstakingly researched, Television, Childhood, and Historical Reception is a history of an audience-in-the-making.
Coding And Decoding: Postcolonial Criticism And Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The singular aim of postcolonial biblical studies is to put colonialism at the center of biblical scholarship. Both the historical and the hermeneutical literature of biblical interpretation over the last four hundred years has been deﬁ need by the needs of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and later by the Enlightenment and such attendant features as rationalism, or its oﬀshoot historical criticism. There is a remarkable reluctance among biblical scholars to speak of imperialism as shaping the contours of biblical texts and their interpretation. What postcolonialism makes clear is that biblical studies can no longer be conﬁned to the history of textual traditions, or to the doctrinal richness embedded in texts, but needs to extend its scope to include issues of domination, Western expansion, and its ideological manifestations, as central forces in deﬁning biblical scholarship.
God Teaches Us How to Live
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans need help not merely in dealing with their past wrongdoing (which I discussed in the previous chapter) but in living good lives in the present. We need more information about how it is good to live, and we need help to live in that way. We need more information about what God is like and what he has done for us of the kind set out in previous chapters, for this has consequences for how we should behave towards God.
God Offers Us Heaven
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I claimed earlier that the creation of humans with their great potentiality to do evil as well as good and their great liability to suffer evil as well as good was a mixed blessing; God had perhaps as much reason to bring it about as not to bring it about. Maybe instead he should have created people who were naturally good and so had no real responsibility for each other or choice of the kind of people they were to be (and perhaps God has created such people in another world). Creating humans was taking a great risk; and so, in the light of all the evil as well as the good that humans have done, God has as much reason as not to bring this risky experiment to an end. In expressing the belief that God the Son ‘will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead ‘ the Creed affirms a belief that, sooner or later, this world order will come to an end.
Provisional Conclusion
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I argued in Part I that we would expect God (if there is a God) to become a human prophet and lead the kind of life and give the kind of teaching considered in Chapter 7, and to put his signature on that life by a miraculous event, such as a resurrection of that human prophet from the dead. I argued in Chapter 7 that there is significant evidence that Jesus led the kind of life and gave the kind of teaching which we would expect God Incarnate to live and give; and I argued in Chapter 8 that (given the existence of God and the life and teaching of Jesus) that there is significant evidence that Jesus rose from the dead, and that his Resurrection constituted God’s signature on his life and teaching. But just how significant is ‘significant’? It will, I hope, be useful to assess at this stage how probable these two sets of evidence make the claim that Jesus was God Incarnate, before I take into account the other evidence which, I claimed in Part I, is relevant to our topic—whether the later Church gave plausible interpretations of Jesus’s teaching.
Final Conclusion
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I came to the conclusion in Chapter 9 that, on the evidence of the life and teaching of Jesus (and, I added in Chapter 10, the teaching of the Apostolic Church about him), it is very probable that Jesus was God Incarnate. But what happened afterwards is also relevant evidence. We have seen that, if God became incarnate for the purposes described, he would need to found a Church which he would ensure would continue his work, report his actions, and interpret his teaching for new cultures and generations. So we need evidence that the Church founded by Jesus subsequently provided plausible interpretations of his actions and teaching and the teaching of the Apostolic Church about him, and that these interpretations constitute plausibly true doctrines. I repeat that I am using the word ‘plausible’ in the sense defined earlier, as ‘not very improbable’.
Physics for security
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific progress is stimulated by the urge to understand and control the physical world. It starts quite simply. First we perceive the objects around us. Next we seek to develop an understanding of the laws that determine their behaviour and how they work. Then we learn to apply this knowledge to predict their behaviour, to modify them, to conserve them and to use them for the common good. By doing this we have learned to master the fear of the external world which oppressed previous generations.
Magnetism and magnetic resonance
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in which are developed the fundamental physics of the single isolated magnetic dipole, materials as ensembles of such dipoles, their resonant behaviour, and magnetic field measurements. This provides the under lying physics for chapter 7. Magnetic forces are weaker than electric ones to which they are a relativistic correction. Current loops, both microscopic and macroscopic, form the basic source of magnetic flux B. The torque on a magnetic dipole #x03BC; = IS due to a current I in a loop of area S in a field B is Γ = #x03BC; #x00D7; B. A charge Q of mass m circulating in an orbit has both a magnetic moment and an angular momentum. The ratio of these is #x03B3; = gQ/2 m, where the gyromagnetic ratio g in this case is unity.
Interactions of ionising radiation
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of ionising radiation starts in the four extraordinary years, 1895#x2013;1898. In 1895 Wilhelm Räontgen discovered X-rays, in 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity, in 1897 J.J. Thompson dis covered the electron and in 1898 Marie Curie discovered Radium. The book by Mould gives a brief account supported by pictures of the pioneers, their apparatus, data and contemporary reports in the press. The fact that these discoveries were made in such a short time generated a euphoria such that subsequently all sorts of claims were made and many believed, culminating in the fraudulent discovery of #x2018;N rays #x2018; in 1903#x2013; 1904.
Mechanical waves and properties of matter
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every material has an equation of state that describes how it responds to different externally imposed conditions. Under given thermodynamic conditions each individual element of that material acts on its neighbouring elements as their displacements change.1 These actions and reactions are the internal forces. To keep track of what happens to each element we choose a reference state. Each part of the material is then labelled by its position ( x, y, z) in that reference, and its displacement vector u = ( u x, u y, u z) is the shift between its actual position and its reference position.
Information and data analysis
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information can be quantified by counting the number N of independent binary bits required to store it. This definition of information makes no reference to any value judgement. The same quantity of information may be interesting, unintelligible, or dominated by noise. The definition is, however, objective and of practical importance. The requirement that the state of the binary bits be independent is significant. For example, if a record of information is copied, the quantity of information is not thereby increased.
Imaging with magnetic resonance
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By applying different gradients to the B 0 field in the x-, y and z directions at different times, it is possible to determine a complete three dimensional map of the nuclear spin density in the region of interest. This region is called the field of view (FOV). Figure 7.1 shows how such a uniform gradient may be applied along the z-axis with a pair of coils. If the current in the two coils is in the opposite sense to one another, this generates a uniform gradient along z, the axis of symmetry. Departures from uniformity are minimised by adjusting the ratio of coil diameter to their separation, so that, on axis at least, departures are of order (z/a) where a is the coil size.
Ultrasound for imaging and therapy
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sound is used for navigation and communication by humans and other creatures over distances large compared with a wavelength. The frequency range of 100#x2013;20,000 Hz employed by humans corresponds to a wavelength range in air of 3.3 m down to 20 mm for a sound velocity in air of 330 m s −1 . In water the velocity is five times higher and the wave length five time larger at the same frequency. Sounds in this range are easily generated by bio-mechanical or electro-mechanical transducers. In passive imaging the direction of sound emitted by an object is sensed by using several detector elements.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the most dangerous books in the world? Some might nominate the founding texts of our major religions, which through misinterpretation and manipulation have led to the suffering of millions over the centuries. Others might point to defining modern political works such as Karl Marx’s Das Kapital, Hitler’s Mein Kampf, or Chairman Mao’s Little Red Book. Fiction can also gravely offend public sensibilities, as we have seen in recent decades with book burnings of the Satanic Verses and Harry Potter novels. But for many down the millennia and across the globe no books have been more feared than grimoires: then again, no books have been more valued and revered.
Ancient and Medieval Grimoires
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern history of ancient and medieval magic is vast and often inaccessible to the non-expert, yet there is much to catch the imagination and challenge our understanding of religion and society in past eras. While European grimoires were largely a product of the medieval period their inspiration lies much further back in the religions of the ancient civilizations of the Near and Middle East. In the eastern Mediterranean the religious traditions of paganism, Judaism, Christianity, and later Islam rubbed of on each other despite the obvious antagonisms in terms of competing political influence. How medieval scholars under- stood that distant past and reconstructed it, often wrongly, was as important to the history of magic as the magical knowledge actually passed down during the first millennium.
Across the Oceans
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in an earlier chapter how grimoires soon found their way to the Americas amongst the possessions of the early colonists. The flow was a mere trickle though, and their cultural influence very limited. With the expansion of Atlantic trade during the eighteenth century, and the increasing number of emigrants crossing the ocean, the influence of grimoires overseas was bound to increase, but not everywhere and not with the same impact.
Grimoires USA
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of grimoires was an entrepreneurial enterprise that thrived wherever the influence of secular and ecclesiastical censors was restricted by geographical, educational, or political factors. The opening up of America created just such an environment, and hucksters, quacks, astrologers, fortune-tellers, and occult practitioners of all shades thrived. It is in America that grimoire authorship becomes a history of real if slippery personalities, whose success was tied to the immigrant experience and the unique opportunities and social mobility that opened up for those who were not enslaved or hindered by racial prejudice. A door-to-door salesman from Ohio named William Delaurence would emerge from this entrepreneurial world to become a transatlantic sensation—as we shall see later.
Epilogue
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about the Internet heralding the death of the book. As we all become habituated to reading from electronic screens, so the argument goes, print will be usurped by the digital media. The act of writing has certainly been transformed, with the keyboard replacing pen and ink as our main means of putting words on a page. But the book is proving to be resilient and adaptable to the digital age. There is every reason to believe it will continue to play an important role in shaping our world. The book is a companion, an instant portal into other worlds, times, and fantasies.
Who’s In Charge Here? And Who’s Doing All the Work?
Authors: Gulick Robert Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tom raised the canteen to his lips because he believed it still contained some water and he was very thirsty. Greta chose her tomatoes carefully, picking only those that looked the reddest; because Henrik was color-blind, he was unable to help her. Little Sonja pushed away the toy rabbit the day-care worker held out to her; she wanted her own brown teddy bear and nothing else would do.