bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometry in node‐positive breast cancer: Cancer and leukemia group B protocol 8869
Authors: Kute Timothy E. , Quadri Yasmeen , Muss Hyman , Zbieranski Nora , Cirrincione Constance , Berry Donald A. , Barcos Maurice , Liu Edison , Thor Ann P. , Koerner Frederick , Henderson I. Craig 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report describes a companion flow cytometry study (Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB)—8869) using tumors derived from patients enrolled in a large randomized clinical trial (CALGB—8541) performed on 1,572 patients with early stage, node‐positive breast cancer. The CALGB initiated an adjuvant breast cancer trial in 1985 to determine if dose intensification (dose of drug per unit time) of chemotherapy was related to relapse‐free and overall survival. Patients were randomized by pretreatment clinical variables to one of three different dosage regimens of chemotherapy. Using a tumor enrichment procedure, 442 paraffinembedded blocks were analyzed by flow cytometry, and S‐phase fraction (SPF) was analyzed by three different methods. Ploidy analysis was performed using standard procedures. Tissue from 90% of the patients was suitable for ploidy analysis, whereas only 68% could be assessed for SPF. With a median follow‐up time of 80 months, our results show that ploidy status had no clinical utility, whereas high SPF predicted poorer overall survival. The rectangular fit model for SPF was more predictive of outcome than both the area fit model and a computer fit model (modfit) for SPF. In univariate analysis, patients with a low SPF (< 10%) had a better prognosis than those patients with a high SPF (> 10%), but they responded equally well to the different treatment regimens. Patients with high SPF (> 10%) had longer relapse‐free and overall survival to high dose chemotherapy compared to low or standard dose chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis indicated that treatment intensity as well as the number of positive nodes, tumor size, steroid receptor status, and c‐erbB‐2 expression were significant in predicting overall and disease‐free survival. The multivariate analysis, however, revealed that SPF was significant in predicting overall but not disease‐free survival, but there was no longer any relationship among SPF, dose intensity, and outcome. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origins and clinical implications of aneuploidy in early bladder cancer
Authors: Shackney Stanley E. , Berg George , Simon Sheryl R. , Cohen Jeffrey , Amina Suresh , Pommersheim William , Yakulis Robert , Wang Scott , Uhl Michelle , Smith Charles A. , Pollice Agnese A. , Hartsock Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCytogenetic and flow cytometric studies in a variety of human solid tumors have suggested that gross aneuploidy may arise by a process of abrupt chromosome complement doubling followed by gradual chromosome loss. However, this sequence has not been demonstrated directly in serial studies in individual patients in vivo. The purpose of this study was to search for evidence of chromosome complement doubling and subsequent chromosome loss in flow cytometric ploidy patterns in serial bladder washings and/or biopsies from individual patients with early bladder cancer. Fifty‐two patients with noninvasive bladder cancer were followed with serial flow cytometric DNA studies for periods ranging from 5.1 to 42.7 months (median 15.1 months). Serial changes in DNA ploidy and S phase fractions were recorded and correlated with histologic and/or cytologic findings, response to treatment and clinical outcome. The data suggest a series of genetic evolutionary changes in early bladder cancer that include the initial development of peridiploid aneuploidy and repeated rounds of DNA content doubling with chromosome loss in patients with progressive disease. It is likely that gross DNA aneuploidy, and more specifically, DNA multiploidy and DNA hypertetraploidy, all arise by this mechanism. The sequence of DNA diploidy, peridiploid aneuploidy, neartetraploidy, hypotetraploidy and hypertetraploidy is associated with a progressive increase in S phase fraction, and with increasing tumor grade; late steps in this ploidy sequence were often present in tumors that were refractory to local therapeutic measures and tumors that developed deep tumor invasion and/or distant metastases. We conclude that DNA multiploidy and hypertetraploidy are markers of advanced stages of genetic evolution in human bladder cancer. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence image cytometry for measurement of nuclear DNA content in surgical pathology
Authors: Wang Naining , Pan Yi , Heiden Thomas , Tribukait Bernhard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA study was made on various methodological aspects of fluorescence image cytometry (FICM) for measurement of nuclear DNA content by using CCD cameras attached to an epifluorescence microscope. Cell nuclei of paraffin‐embedded specimens from mouse tissues and human prostate carcinomas were isolated and stained with 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI). We found that fluorescence fading, lamp stability, and the homogeneity of the illumination can easily be controlled. A camera with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 53 dB gave a slightly more precise measurement than did a 46‐dB camera. The linearity of the analysis results was very good. The coefficient of variation of mouse kidney standard cells in the DNA histograms was about 5% and 7.4% in histograms of prostate carcinoma biopsies. Stained cell nuclei can be stored for long periods at −20°C without impairment of quality. Comparative measurements of ploidy by FICM and flow cytometry confirmed the accuracy of the FICM analyses. Thus, FICM appears to be an easy method for quantifying the DNA content of visually inspected cell nuclei in surgical pathology. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Fulvalenes
Authors: Halton Brian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe fulvalenes are the class of hydrocarbons obtained by formally cross‐conjugating two rings through a common exocyclic double bond. Although the first report of such a compound dates to 1915, study of the series began in earnest only in the 1950s, and even today many of the unsubstituted parent hydrocarbons remain unknown. The following report, the first to specifically address this class of molecules, summarises the information available from research published to the end of 2004 and offers some suggestions for future study. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Hematological malignancies in the island of Sardinia, 1974–1993: age and sex distributions and temporal changes in incidence
Authors: Broccia G. , Deplano Wilma , Dessalvi P. , Giannico Barbara , Luxi G. , Chessa E. , Murru Antonietta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have collected, by an active retrospective survey, all the cases of hematologic malignancies (HM) newly diagnosed during the time period 1974–1993 in the resident population of Sardinia. Diagnosis was deemed valid, after consultation of clinical records, in more than 90% of the 7264 collected cases. The number of newly diagnosed cases by year more than doubled during the 20‐year period investigated. This striking increase can be only partially accounted for by ageing of population. Indeed, age‐specific and age‐adjusted rates of most of HM increased during this period, although Hodgkin Disease (HD), Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) were notable exceptions. The observed increase in rates is likely, in a large part, to be fictitious, due to easier access to a health care system, which in the meantime, improved its diagnostic efficiency. This was particularly evident for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Multiple Myeloma (MM) and some others myelo‐ and lympho‐proliferative disorders, but its relevance declined after 1984–1989. A likely true increase in occurrence was evidenced for Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) and similarly, although to a lesser extent and more doubtful, for Myelodysplasias (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). At the end of the studied period each type of HM presented age and sex distributions and age‐adjusted rates that show only minor differences from those reported for other western countries. No argument emerged to suggest that any genetic peculiarities of the Sardinian population might have affected the occurrence of HM. The confounding effects of improved diagnostic efficiency have prevented a reliable assessment of influence on incidences of environmental and socio‐economic changes that, in relatively recent times, have occurred in Sardinia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical or microbiological models of secondary caries development around different dental restorative materials
Authors: Lobo Maristela M. , Gonçalves Reginaldo B. , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria B. , Pimenta Luiz André F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study evaluated artificial secondary caries around restorative materials, induced by means of chemical or microbiological models. The following materials were used randomly to restore 130 dental blocks: (1) zinc‐oxide eugenol‐free temporary filling: Coltosol (Coltène/Whaledent Inc.; n = 30), (2) silver amalgam: Permite C (SDI Limited, n = 20), (3) composite resin: Filtek™ Z250 (3M ESPE; n = 20), (4) glass‐ionomer cement: Fuji II (GC America Inc.; n = 20), (5) resin‐modified glass ionomer: Vitremer™ (3M ESPE; n = 20), and (6) polyacid modified resin: Dyract AP (Dentsply; n = 20). Ten specimens of Group 1 were kept in humidity, and had no carious formation (NC). Ten specimens of each group were submitted to pH cycling (CG, n = 60), and the others were immersed in a medium containing Streptococcus mutans and sucrose (BG, n = 60). Mineral content was determined by microhardness assessment, and lesion depth was measured in polarized light photomicrographs. In the chemical model (CG), mineral content values in the vicinities of restoration were high for Groups 5 (75.7 ± 11.9), 4 (70.8 ± 14.2), and NC (95.4 ± 3.8); intermediate for Groups 1 (55.8 ± 18.5), 6 (45.6 ± 11.0), and 2 (44.3 ± 11.2); and reduced for Group 3 (34.7 ± 9.7). In the microbiological model (BG), results were similar to CG, although there was less demineralization. The highest lesion depths were found for Groups 3 (182.3 ± 33.2) in CG and 6 (126.5 ± 42.8) in BG, when compared to Group 5 (114.6 ± 26.0 and 56.2 ± 33.2, respectively). In both models of caries induction, ionomeric materials showed a superior cariostatic effect when compared to the other restorative materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Structure modification of UHMWPE used for total joint replacements
Authors: Nevoralová Martina , Baldrian Josef , Pospíšil Jan , Chodák Ivan , Horák Zdeněk 
Published: June 2005

AbstractModification of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) consisting of a combination of γ irradiation and subsequent thermal treatment has been performed in order to investigate the reasultant changes to its supramolecular structure. In the first step the polymer was irradiated by γ rays at laboratory temperature under nitrogen. Five radiation doses (25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kGy) were applied at two dose rates (0.25 and 2.5 kGy/h). In the second step the irradiated samples were thermally treated above the UHMWPE melting temperature. Insoluble fraction, crystallinity (fraction), and lamellar periodicity were determined as functions of dose and dose rate for irradiated samples before and after thermal treatment. Both modification steps were shown to produce substantial changes in the UHMWPE structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Evaluation of load testing of postendodontic restorations in vitro: Linear compressive loading, gradual cycling loading and chewing simulation
Authors: Naumann Michael , Sterzenbach Guido , Pröschel Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study introduces a modified dynamic testing mode with gradual load increase and examines whether this could be an alternative to customary methods of static loading or chewing simulation. Seventy‐two extracted human maxillary root‐canal–treated central incisors were randomly divided into six groups with 12 teeth each. Three groups were restored with titanium posts cemented with chemically curing resin cement. The other three groups were restored with glass‐fiber posts cemented with dual‐curing composite cement. All teeth were capped with full ceramic crowns. Both kinds of restoration were tested by linear compressive (static) loading, a modified gradual (cycling) dynamic loading, and by chewing simulation followed by static loading until failure occurred. The maximum load capacity was recorded. Statistical comparison showed that maximum load capacities of the same post material obtained from gradual dynamic loading did not differ significantly from that of linear compressive loading or of chewing simulation. In contrast, comparisons of different post materials under static loading resulted in significantly different load capacities. Dynamic testing with gradual load increase can be considered an economic alternative for chewing simulation, because it provides equivalent results. Both procedures, however, imply different conclusions than static loading with respect to post materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Preparation and characterization of vinyltriethoxysilane grafted ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/linear low density polyethylene (EPDM‐g‐VTES/LLDPE) blends
Authors: Alagar M. , Abdul Majeed S. M. , Nagendiran S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGraft polymerization of vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) onto ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM) was carried out in toluene using dicumylperoxide (DCP) as initiator. Effects of various parameters (EPDM content, VTES content, reaction time, reaction temperature and initiator concentration) on the grafting efficiency of VTES onto EPDM were investigated. At the optimum grafting efficiency conditions, EPDM‐g‐VTES was developed by melt mixing in a twin screw extruder and then linear (l), statically vulcanized (s) and dynamically vulcanized (d) blends of EPDM‐g‐VTES with linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) with varying percentage compositions were prepared by melt mixing in the twin screw extruder. The grafting of VTES onto EPDM and its crosslinking was confirmed by FT‐IR. The characterization of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus and hardness, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and morphology were studied and compared for the EPDM‐g‐VTES/LLDPE blends. The study reveals that the dynamically vulcanized blend improves the mechanical and thermal properties due to the presence of efficient interaction between component polymers when compared with other blends. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of chitosan derivatives supported palladium complexes and their catalytic behavior in the Heck reaction
Authors: Cui Yuanchen , Zhang Lei , Li Ying 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo kinds of chitosan derivatives, crosslinked chitosan and crosslinked chitosan condense with salilylaldehyde, supported palladium complexes (CL‐CTS‐Pd and CL‐S‐CTS‐Pd) were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), etc. These complexes are efficient catalysts for the Heck reaction under atmospheric conditions and can be easily recovered and reused. The detailed studies show that the catalyst CL‐S‐CTS‐Pd is much more efficient than CL‐CTS‐Pd under the same conditions. CL‐S‐CTS‐Pd keeps its catalytic activity in the Heck reaction of acrylic acid with iodobenzene even at a low temperature (60°C) or with tiny amounts of the catalyst (0.05 mol%Pd). Yields of making cinnamic acid were even as high as 75.3% in the Heck reaction of acrylic acid with iodobenzene using CL‐S‐CTS‐Pd that was recovered 10 times. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and morphology of p‐toluene sulfonic acid‐doped polyaniline: A material for humidity sensing application
Authors: Kulkarni Milind V. , Viswanath Annamraju Kasi , Aiyer R. C. , Khanna P. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) doped with p‐toluene sulfonic acid was synthesized by chemical polymerization method using (NH4)2S2O8 as an oxidizing agent. This is a single step polymerization process for the direct synthesis of the conducting emeraldine salt (ES) phase, without the need of doping, dedoping, and redoping of the polymer. Presence of a free carrier tail at higher wavelength, characteristic of extended coil conformation along with a sharp polaronic peak is observed in the UV–vis spectrum of doped PANI in m‐cresol solvent. FT‐IR studies show the characteristic peaks of ES phase along with a sharp peak at 1120 cm−1 representing vibration band of the dopant ion. Clumps of small fibers resulting in a sponge‐like structure was observed under scanning electron microscope. Thermal studies revealed a three‐step decomposition pattern. Conductivity is found to increase with an increase in the temperature showing “thermal activation behavior.” Decrease in resistance with increasing humidity is observed in a broad range of humidity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2161–2169, 2005
Copolyimide imidization induced by far‐infrared radiation
Authors: Lu Yun‐Hua , Zhan Mao‐Sheng 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe copolyimides derived from 3,4′‐oxidianiline (ODA), 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyl dianhydride (BPDA) were synthesized in N,N‐dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) by a two‐step method. To control molecular weight, phthalic anhydride (PA) was used as an end‐capping reagent. The effect of far‐infrared radiation (FIR) on imidization of copolyimides was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and was compared to conventional electrothermal imidization. The effect of imidization time and film thickness on weight loss of imidization process was also studied. The results show that the FIR can accelerate the imidization process of copolyimides compared with the conventional electrothermal treatment especially during the primary curing period. Weight loss of thin film is faster than that of thick film. In addition, molecular weight will influence the imidization process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2154–2160, 2005
Free C2F4 Jet Deposition of Thin PTFE‐like Films
Authors: Rebrov Aleksei K. , Sharafudinov Rustam S. , Shishkin Andrey V. , Timoshenko Nikolai I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: This work studied the possibility of thin PTFE‐like film deposition, from a supersonic jet of PTFE decomposition products down to the monomer state. One of the most important features of gas‐jet deposition is the use of a monomer gas as a precursor with its polymerization on a surface. Under certain conditions, partial polymerization is possible in an adiabatically expanding supersonic jet. Another important feature of this method is the unique possibility of controlling the deposition process by changing parameters of the gas flow and the state of the substrate.Structure of a PTFE‐like film obtained from a He‐C2F4 jet.magnified imageStructure of a PTFE‐like film obtained from a He‐C2F4 jet.
Stabilization of moduli by fluxes
Authors: Behrndt K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to fix the moduli, non‐trivial fluxes are an essential input.
In this talk I summarize different aspects of compactifications in the
presence of fluxes, as there is the relation to generalized
Scherk‐Schwarz reductions and gauged supergravity, but also the
description of flux‐deformed geometries in terms of G‐structures and
intrinsic torsion.
Fluxes and gaugings: N = 1 effective superpotential
Authors: Derendinger J.‐P. , Kounnas C. , Petropoulos P.M. , Zwirner F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe illustrate the correspondence between the N =1 superstring compactifications with fluxes, the N = 4 gauged supergravities and the superpotential and Kähler potential of the effective N = 1 supergravity in four dimensions. In particular we derive, in the presence of general fluxes, the effective N = 1 supergravity theory associated to the type IIA orientifolds with D6 branes, compactified on T6/(Z2× Z2). We construct explicit examples with different features: in particular, new IIA no‐scale models, new models with cosmological interest and a model which admits a supersymmetric AdS4 vacuum with all seven main moduli (S, TA, UA,A = 1,2,3) stabilized.
Retrodifferentiation and reversibility of aging: forever young?
Authors: Hass Ralf 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMaturation of stem cells or precursor cells is associated with the acquisition of certain properties finally resulting in specifically functional cell types within the diverse tissues. This maturation process requires distinct steps of differentiation and is accompanied by a constantly increasing process of aging paralleled by a progressively reduced proliferative capacity. The eventually growth arrested and terminally differentiated cells perform their appropriate specific functions associated with developing senescence by STASIS (stress or aberrant signaling‐inducing senescence) and/or by replicative senescence. Finally, elimination via apoptosis concludes their life span. However, nature also provides a surprise within this concept of life: Sometimes, differentiation and aging steps are reversible. A biological phenomenon of completely reversible differentiation events has been characterized as retrodifferentiation rather than dedifferentiation. Thus, all morphological and functional properties of retrodifferentiated and previously more undifferentiated cells are indistinguishable. Consequently, reversible differentiation may simultaneously be associated with a reversibility of the aging process and therefore, contributes to longevity and rejuvenation. Tissue renewals or regenerative potential for tissue‐specific requirements, if not sufficiently compensated by the appropriate stem cells, may necessitate the generation of undifferentiated precursors by retrodifferentiation followed by a subsequent transdifferentiation process with the consequence of cell type conversion which also includes the risk for tumor development. This interference with the normal biological clock mediated by threshold effects in certain individual cells, raises important questions: What signals trigger retrodifferentiation and what would be the finite life span of cells with a retrodifferentiation capacity?
A constrained hybrid Monte‐Carlo algorithm and the problem of calculating the free energy in several variables
Authors: Hartmann C. , Schütte C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe consider the problem of computing molecular free energy profiles along several orthogonal reaction coordinates by means of constrained simulations. The reaction coordinates define families of submanifolds, and the mean force along the reaction coordinates is the averaged force acting vertically to the submanifold. We give a rigorous justification for the calculation of the mean force along the constrained coordinates, and provide a concise geometrical interpretation of the different contributions to the mean force in terms of the extrinsic geometry of the submanifold. From this we are able derive a hybrid Monte‐Carlo‐based algorithm that can be used to compute expectation values from constrained simulations such as the mean force in the context of thermodynamic free energy statistics.