bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of simulated ‘wash off’ from spot‐sprays containing either Malathion or Phloxine B on ground‐dwelling arthropods in an orchard.
Authors: Thomas B. J. , Meats A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Leaf‐litter samples were taken from treated patches of ground in an orchard 7 days after the application of a diluted spot‐spray mixture (simulating washed off residue). The mixture contained either 1% Phloxine B or one of two concentrations (1% or 0.1%) of Malathion; the control treatment was water.2 Half of the replicates of each treatment were left open to immigration and emigration of the leaf litter animals in the assemblage for a week before sampling, the other half were not.3 Malathion at either concentration altered the assemblage in the treated patches by significantly decreasing abundance and species richness. However, the latter was less affected in treatments open to invasion. Phloxine B had no detectable effect.4 When patches of leaf litter were completely cleared and replaced with sterilized peat moss (simulating complete insecticide kill without residual effect), the peat moss was rapidly colonized by microarthropods. Keywords Arthropods, diversity, Malathion, Phloxine B, spot sprays.
Oviposition and development of the immature stages of Tomicus minor (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
Authors: Fernández M. M. Fernández , Alonso J. A. Pajares , Costas J. M. Salgado 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 This paper describes the construction process of the brood gallery of Tomicus minor and its total length as well as the length of each arm, the fertile part where the female lays her eggs and also, the infertile part.>2 The presence of the parents during the process and their position in the brood gallery (arms or mating chamber) is studied and how it influences the number of eggs laid. Both the first brood galleries and those burrowed by the repenetrating females were observed.3 The development and duration of the immature stages of the insect in the 3‐year study period, from laying to the emergence of the young beetles from the F1 generation, were also studied.
Factors affecting the relative abundance of two coexisting aphid species on sugar beet
Authors: Williams I. S. , Van Der Werf W. , Dewar A. M. , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 The two most common species of aphid colonizing sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. are Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae).2 M. persicae colonizes sugar beet earlier than A. fabae but the population of the former also declines earlier. Despite similar numbers of each species migrating at the time of colonization, M. persicae is usually less abundant on the crop than A. fabae, suggesting differences between the species in their selection of, and performance on, sugar beet.3 The intrinsic rate of increase of both species declines as sugar beet matures, however, at any given plant age the intrinsic rate of increase of A. fabae is one and a half times greater than that of M. persicae. This results in more rapid population growth and a later decline of the population.4 Intraspecific competition appears to result in M. persicae becoming very restless, but there is no evidence for interspecific competition between the two species on this host.5 A population growth model which takes account of the decline in host quality of sugar beet shows that the M. persicae population peaks 30 days before that of A. fabae, and, excluding differences in emigration rate, the maximum A. fabae population is 14 times greater than the maximum M. persicae population. These results are compared to field data.
Prolonged development time of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus formicarius (Col.: Cleridae) in relation to its prey species Tomicus piniperda (L.) and Ips typographus (L.) (Col.: Scolytidae)
Authors: Schroeder L. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 The generation time of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Col.: Cleridae) was found to be predominantly two years both in the field and in rearing experiments conducted with two of its main prey species, the pine shoot beetle Tomicus piniperda (L.) and the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) (Col.: Scolytidae).2 Emergence of T. formicarius adults in the first summer was only observed in one of the two rearing experiments, and these individuals represented only 6% of that generation.3 All individuals not emerging as adults in the first summer remained as larvae in their pupal chambers until the second summer. Pupae were found starting around mid‐June, and adults (in pupal chambers) were found from late July through to the end of August.4 Newly emerged adults had to feed in order to survive hibernation.5 The existence of T. formicarius races, specialized on certain bark beetle species and with phenologies matching their hosts, could not be demonstrated. After hibernation there was no difference in feeding activity, timing of egg‐laying or proportion of egg‐laying females between the T. formicarius adults reared as larvae on T. piniperda (flight period in April) and those reared as larvae on I. typographus (main flight period generally starting in late May or early June) when exposed to a temperature and day‐length typical of the early spring conditions prevailing during the flight period of T. piniperda.6 T. formicarius was parasitized by Enclisis vindex (Tschek) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) in the pupal chamber.7 The importance of these findings for the population dynamics of bark beetles is discussed.
Modelling herbivore movement and colonization: pest management potential of intercropping and trap cropping
Authors: Banks John E. , Ekbom Barbara 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Using a stochastic simulation model, we explored the effects of agroecosystem diversity on herbivore densities.2 Using parameters that included reproduction, colonization, and local movement rates, we simulated an insect herbivore population colonizing rows of plants in an agricultural setting.3 Plant rows were comprised of either principal crop, intercrop, or trap crop. Herbivore parameters varied for different plant types.4 Percent crop cover and movement rates were varied, and ensuing herbivore densities on crop rows were recorded.5 In trap cropping schemes, both percent crop cover and movement rates were critical in determining herbivore densities. Intercropping schemes were governed primarily by colonization rates.6 These results suggest that trap cropping schemes merit more attention than intercropping systems in the design and analysis of mixed cropping systems.
Influence of insecticide, wax and biofungicide treatments, applied to Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, on the olfactory orientation of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Watson Paul G. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 A four‐arm olfactometer was used to test the effect of permethrin ‘Gori 920®’ and the wax treatment ‘CereNat® E30’ on the response of mature adult Hylobius abietis to olfactory stimuli from seedlings of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies.2 Also investigated in the olfactometer was the effect of Rotstop®, a biofungicide for the control of Fomes root and butt rot, Heterobasidion annosum, on the responses of mature adult female H. abietis to stump material of both P. sylvestris and P. abies.3 Hylobius abietis was significantly more attracted to untreated P. sylvestris seedlings compared to those treated with CereNat® E30 or permethrin Gori 920®. No differences in response to P. abies seedlings were found.4 With Rotstop®, no changes in the attractiveness of P. sylvestris stump material were found, but that of P. abies was significantly increased compared to untreated material.
Behavioural switch of female Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata: mating and oviposition activity in outdoor field cages in Hawaii
Authors: Jang Eric B. , McInnis Donald O. , Kurashima Rick , Carvalho Lori A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Laboratory‐reared normal, and wild female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were assayed in outdoor field cages to assess the impact of a mating‐induced behavioural switch on mating and subsequent oviposition activity.2 Virgin females preferred interactions with males leading to mating over attraction to, and oviposition in, artificial yellow spheres containing guava odour or green apples hung in a guava tree. Laboratory‐reared females previously mated with either laboratory‐reared normal males or laboratory‐reared irradiated (sterile) males showed little interest in remating with males and instead, were much more likely to be found arrested on artificial and real fruit and ovipositing. Oviposition on artificial fruit was five times greater by females that had mated with either normal or irradiated males than by virgin females. Wild females showed similar qualitative changes in the mating‐induced behavioural switch; however, oviposition activity was significantly less than for laboratory‐reared females.3 These results confirm that mating has a profound effect on the behaviour of female Mediterranean fruit flies and that irradiated males are functionally equal with normal males (lab‐reared or wild) in their ability to alter female behaviour. These results are discussed in the context of the sterile insect technique for control of Mediterranean fruit flies in the field.
Dynamics of the predatory arthropod community in Spanish olive groves
Authors: Morris T. I. , Campos M. , Kidd N. A. C. , Jervis M. A. , Symondson W. O. C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 A survey of the predatory fauna of olive pests, particularly the olive moth, Prays oleae, was undertaken in Granada, Spain, from May to September 1994–95.2 At both experimental sites similar patterns of emergence were observed for all predatory species with peaks occurring in June, both in 1994 and 1995. More individuals and species were captured in the morning than in the evening.3 A weak inverse relationship existed between the mean monthly temperatures and the total number of predators caught.4 The number of predatory species and of individuals caught at both sites was, respectively, two and three times larger in 1994 than in 1995; This difference is assumed to have been due to the accumulated affect of 6 years of drought.5 Synchrony between P. oleae and predator phenology was suggested by the coincidental timing of peak predator numbers with the oviposition and subsequent emergence of the most vulnerable stage of the olive moth’s lifecycle, i.e. the flower generation.6 There were more individuals of ants caught, whilst more spider species were captured than all other groups; predatory Coleoptera and Heteroptera were poorly represented.7 Ants appeared to have a detrimental affect on the number of all other predators.
Parasitoid assemblages of soybean defoliator Lepidoptera in north‐western Buenos Aires province, Argentina
Authors: Luna María G. , Sánchez Norma E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 The objective of this study was to examine the structure of parasitoid assemblages attacking soybean defoliator Lepidoptera in north‐western Buenos Aires province, Argentina.2 Through larvae sampling from 1992 to 1996, and laboratory data plus the known biology of the species recorded during the study, parasitoid species composition, richness, number of guilds per host species, and levels of parasitism, were determined.3 Total species richness was 23, all species were primary endoparasitoids, and categorized askoinobionts. They belonged to Hymenoptera (11 species) and Diptera (12 species).Rachiplusia nu(Noctuidae) hosted the highest number of parasitoid species.4 Four parasitoid guilds were recorded forR. nu(egg–prepupal endoparasitoid, early larval endoparasitoid, late larval endoparasitoid, and larval–pupal endoparasitoid); two forSpilosoma virginica(Arctiidae) (late larval endoparasitoid and larval–pupal endoparasitoid) andColias lesbia(Pieridae) (early larval endoparasitoid and larval–pupal endoparasitoid); and one forAnticarsia gemmatalis(Noctuidae) andLoxostege biffidalis(Pyralidae) (early larval endoparasitoid).5 Only four out of seven potential parasitoid guilds defined for Lepidoptera were recorded in a soybean agroecosystem located in north‐western Buenos Aires province, suggesting that potential host niches were not totally utilized.6 Soybean lepidopteran defoliators supported a mean species richness of 4.8 parasitoids, a result that is similar to that reported for exophytic hosts in the Neotropics.7 Parasitoid assemblages from each host differed in species composition, richness, number of guilds, and levels of parasitism.
Comparison of pome fruit orchard inhabiting spider assemblages at different geographical scales
Authors: Bogya S. , Markó V. , Szinetár CS. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 The composition of pome fruit orchard inhabiting spider assemblages was investigated at different geographical scales (Holarctic, European, inter‐ and intraregional levels within Hungary) using previous faunistic studies and data collected in Hungary between 1995 and 1997. Samples in Hungary were taken from the canopy and herb layer of apple and pear orchards in five markedly different fruit‐growing regions by beating and sweep‐netting methods.2 The composition of canopy spider assemblages of apple orchards was analysed for the Holartic region and found to be determined by latitude at family level, and by the main zoogoegraphical regions at genus level. At the European scale, both the genus and species composition changed along a north–south gradient.3 A comparison among apple and pear orchards located in different regions in Hungary, showed that both foliage‐ and grass‐dwelling spider assemblages varied considerably in species composition and dominance order.4 Within the same region, both the foliage‐ and grass‐dwelling spider assemblages showed moderate differences in apple and pear orchards submitted to different treatments. Although the assemblages of spiders inhabiting the canopy and the herbaceous layer can be unambiguously distinguished, some overlap still occurs.5 We conclude that the composition of spider assemblages is basically determined by geographical location. Although both pesticide treatments and available prey densities can influence the population of spiders, such factors are of moderate importance when compared with the effect of regionality, even when considered at smaller scale. However, most members of the family Theridiidae and the large orb‐weavers (Araneidae) decreased considerably in treated plots. Scale‐specific differences are thus relevant in determining the composition of prey–predator systems in orchards, and should be taken into account when designing integrated pest management (IPM) programs for apple and pear orchards.
The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.)
Authors: Beed F. , Winder L. , Marchesi A. , Duffield S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 The effect of reducing the growth of winter wheat on population size and development of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae was studied.2 Automatic, mobile, crop shading devices, which reduced radiation comparable to levels found on a cloudy day, whilst minimizing other climatic changes, were used to reduce crop growth. Shading was applied between either GS 31 and 39 (1st node detectable → flag leaf ligule just visible) or GS 39 and 55 (flag leaf just visible → 50% of inflorescence emerged).3 Sitobion avenae populations were initiated at GS 55 and highest populations were subsequently observed on plants shaded between GS 31 and 39.4 Individual aphids confined within clip cages were observed to measure development from birth to adult moult, adult lifespan and fecundity. Results indicated that adult lifespan was shortest on plants shaded between GS31 and 39, whilst there were no differences in development time or fecundity.5 Possible explanations for these observations are discussed.
Rainfall and parasitic wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) activity in successional forest stages at Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama, and La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica
Authors: Shapiro B. A. , Pickering J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 In 1997, we ran two Malaise insect traps in each of four stands of wet forest in Costa Rica (two old‐growth and two 20‐year‐old stands) and four stands of moist forest in Panama (old‐growth, 20, 40 and 120‐year‐old stands).2 Wet forest traps caught 2.32 times as many ichneumonoids as moist forest traps. The average catch per old‐growth trap was 1.89 times greater than the average catch per second‐growth trap.3 Parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae were caught in higher proportions in the wet forest, while pupal parasitoids were relatively more active in the moist forest.4 We hypothesize that moisture availability is of key importance in determining parasitoid activity, community composition and trophic interactions.
Geographic and parental influences on diapause by a polyphagous insect herbivore
Authors: Hunter Mark D. , McNeil Jeremy N. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Facultative diapause permits insects to initiate an additional generation when conditions are favourable, or to enter diapause when they are not. Although the principle environmental cues for diapause induction are often temperature and photoperiod, we demonstrated recently that the quality of host plant consumed by the larvae ofChoristoneura rosaceana(Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) influences the proportion of larvae that enter diapause and therefore voltinism.2 Previous work has also suggested that non‐Mendelian parental effects influence diapause byC. rosaceanalarvae, but the mechanism was not established. Here, we report further evidence for parental effects on diapause and examine whether parental diet influences diapause induction.3 We collected larvae ofC. rosaceanafrom six sites at three latitudes in the Province of Québec. There was an increase in the proportion of larvae entering diapause with increasing latitude. Rearing larvae under identical conditions on artificial diet for two generations significantly reduced variation in diapause among populations within a given latitude, and supported the existence of parental effects that influence offspring diapause.4 Experiments with different host plants and high‐ vs. low‐quality artificial diets provided no evidence that the parental effects on offspring diapause were based on the quality of food consumed by parents. Diapause inC. rosaceanaappears influenced by a hierarchy of cues, including temperature, photoperiod, current larval diet and parental environment.
Ecphylus silesiacus (Ratz.) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), an important elm bark beetle parasitoid
Authors: Manojlović Bozidar , Zabel Anton , Stanković Sladjan , Kostić Miroslav 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Ecphylus silesiacus (Ratz.) (Hym. Braconidae) parasitizes larvae of elm bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) occurring in thin bark. Pteleobius kraatzi (Eichh.), Scolytus pygmaeus (Fab.), Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh) and Scolytus ensifer (Eichh.) are the most suitable hosts. Scolytus scolytus (Fab.) occurring in thicker bark, is not such a suitable host for E. silesiacus. Ecphylus silesiacus only parasitized this species in bark forks.2 Under experimental conditions, P. kraatzi produced the largest number of elm bark beetle adults per maternal gallery and had the longest development period, while S. scolytus produced the smallest number of adults and had the shortest development period.3 Ecphylus silesiacus had the lowest reproduction, the shortest development period and the least favourable sexual ratio, on S. scolytus larvae, and the highest production, the longest developmental period and the most favourable sexual ratio on P. kraatzi and S. pygmaeus larvae.4 Ecphylus silesiacus adults fed with Parker's diet and the nectar of the melliferous plant Daucus carota L. (Umbelliferae), lived longer, parasitized a greater percentage of S. pygmaeus larvae, and had a significant offspring production compared with adults without additional diet.
Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and thrips in a northern California organic vineyard through maintenance of full season floral diversity with summer cover crops
Authors: Nicholls Clara I. , Parrella Michael P. , Altieri Miguel A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Maintenance of floral diversity throughout the growing season in vineyards in the form of summer cover crops of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and sunflower (Helianthus annus Linnaeus), had a substantial impact on the abundance of western grape leafhoppers, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and associated natural enemies.2 During two consecutive years, vineyard systems with flowering cover crops were characterized by lower densities of leafhoppers and thrips, and larger populations and more species of general predators, including spiders.3 Although Anagrus epos Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), the most important leafhopper parasitoid, achieved high numbers and inflicted noticeable mortality of grape leafhopper eggs, no differences in egg parasitism rates were observed between cover cropped and monoculture systems.4 Mowing of cover crops forced movement of Anagrus and predators to adjacent vines resulting in the lowering of leafhopper densities in such vines.5 Results indicate that habitat diversification using summer cover crops that bloom most of the growing season, supports large numbers of predators and parasitoids thereby favouring enhanced biological control of leafhoppers and thrips in vineyards.
Effects of leaf beetle damage on stem wood production in coppicing willow
Authors: Björkman Christer , Höglund Solveig , Eklund Karin , Larsson Stig 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 The effect of defoliation by larvae of the leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima on current‐year stem wood production of resprouting Salix viminalis was investigated for two years. Adjacent subplots with varying levels of defoliation within one large willow plantation in south Sweden were studied in the two years.2 High defoliation levels reduced stem wood production by an average of 32 and 39% in the two years, respectively.3 Medium defoliation levels reduced stem wood production by 16% in one year. In the other year, the stem wood production of medium‐defoliated stools did not differ significantly from stools exposed to low defoliation, i.e. there was full compensatory growth.4 The main difference between the year with compensatory growth and the one without was that overall productivity was higher in the year with compensation. This finding forms the basis for a mechanistic model by which compensation could be accomplished. We propose that the major contribution to full compensation comes from an increased growth among intermediate‐sized shoots of medium‐defoliated stools relative to the corresponding shoots in stools exposed to low defoliation.