bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN OVERVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL POLICY: LIFE AND DEATH ISSUES
Authors: Blank Robert H. , Ostheimer John M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article attempts to encourage discussion and analysis of the policy implications of biomedical technology and proposes a framework for studying life and death issues arising out of this technology. It summarizes the status of research on a wide variety of specific policy areas, including those in human genetic inter‐vention as well as the non‐genetic biomedical issues at various life stages. It suggests that no set of issues has more serious implications for humanity and urges policy scientists to examine these technologies more fully. While the technical and ethical aspects of these issues are important, at the center of these con‐cerns is the extent to which decision should be public–the degree to which the government should direct, limit, or facilitate applica‐tion of the various technologies that affect life and death. This overview article concludes with a call for a PSJ symposium on this area of critical policy importance.
The Determination of Policy and Politics in the American States, 1948–1974*
Authors: Klass Gary M. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYThe picture of the American state policy‐making process which emerges from this analysis is one of a system where politics as well as economics matter a great deal. Partisanship and legislative competition are shown to have demonstrable effect on policy output. The control partisan preference exerts over policy decisions is severely constrained in taxing and spending areas, however, and is conditional on forces external to the model presented here. Surpassing the control over policy output exhibited by partisanship is the extent to which the electorate, or the electoral process, holds the parties responsible for policy performance. Apparently the public doesn't believe that “politics doesn't matter.”
TAX AND FINANCIAL POLICIES FOR THE HOUSING MARKET OF THE 1980s
Authors: Noto Nonna A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe imbalance in the age structure of the U.S. population has created conditions for heavy demand and consequently pressures for rising relative prices in the market for owner‐occupied single family housing in the 1980s and 1990s. Working in reverse, the unbalanced demographics may well lead to the falling relative price of housing around 2010, the period in which the baby boom generation will be retiring and may wish to liquidate its housing investment. Changes in housing policies during the 1980s could help offset the anticipated costs associated with the swings in demand pressures in the housing market over the next forty years. Current favorable tax and financial policies toward homeownership encourage both the overconsumption of housing and the overinvestment in housing as a retirement asset. Tax and financial policies could be changed to neutralize the attractiveness of owner‐occupied single family units relative to alternative types of housing units. To avoid overbuilding for the future, policies could encourage the efficient use of existing housing resources through intergenerational turnover, upgrading of units and neighborhood improvement, and condominium‐style conversion of multiunit structures from rental to owner‐occupancy. Finally, tax and financial policies toward investment could encourage the baby boom generation to diversify its retirement assets outside of housing.
THE EFFECT OF LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON HOUSING COSTS
Authors: Dowall David E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the effects of various land use and environmental regulations on land and housing markets. Seven widely used techniques for controlling residential development appear to generate four “direct” and two “indirect” inflationary impacts. Land use and environmental controls directly affect the supply and cost of residential land, shift the cost of public services forward to developers, and increase delay and compliance costs associated with project evaluation. Development controls may also inadvertently facilitate monopolistic behavior in the development industry and predispose developers to orient their projects to high income groups onto which they can more easily pass along higher costs. The paper concludes by offering several policies for reducing the inflationary effects of environmental regulations.
URBAN RIOTS AND THE GROWTH OF STATE WELFARE EXPENDITURES
Authors: Jennings Edward T. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relationship between urban riots and increases in state welfare spending in the 1960s. It finds little evidence of a direct relationship between rioting and state welfare spending increases from own funds; but it does provide evidence that state welfare spending increases from federal funds were related to the level of urban rioting. Possible explanations for this pattern of findings are discussed and directions for further research are suggested.
PARTISANSHIP, IDEOLOGY, AND CONSTITUENCY DIFFERENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: 1973–78
Authors: Kenski Henry C. , Kenski Margaret C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThree cross‐sectional data sets for the U.S. House of Representatives are analyzed for 1973 to 1978. The conclusions are: (1) Political support for environmental legislation has remained stable and has not diminished in the face of economic problems and energy shortages. (2) The East is the region most supportive of environmental issues while the South is by far the least supportive. (3) Clear partisan differences exist with the Democrats consistently more pro‐environmental than Republicans. (4) The most important factor associated with environmental support is ideology. Although interrelated with party, it is more salient than either party or constituency factors. (5) Support for pro‐environmental voting is strongest in urban and suburban constituencies and weakest in rural and mixed districts.
AN EXAMINATION OF POPULATION‐GROWTH‐MANAGING COMMUNITIES
Authors: Dowall David E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the fiscal, social, economic and environmental characteristics of 228 cities and counties. Using cluster analysis, 210 communities were classified into eleven types of communities. The empirical typings appear to support the proposition that communities control population growth to avoid adverse fiscal and environmental impacts and maintain the social and economic character of the community.
PUBLIC PERSONNEL POLICY IN A POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Rosenbloom David H. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAlthough frequently treated as apolitical by social scientists and practitioners, public personnel administration has always been infused with political considerations. Today, it is more widely recognized that personnel policy choices can have political ramifications of major consequence. However, this policy realm is characterized by a number of competing values espoused by different governmental institutions and private groups. The civil service reforms of 1978 created more coherent personnel policy and greater clarity among the various competing interests and participants. Nevertheless, the political environment of public personnel administration remains so complex that the issue of whether it is possible for public managers to manage lively is legitimately raised.
REVIEW ESSAY ON SCIENCE POLICY
Authors: Ellis Doreen 
Published: September 2005

Romesh Diwan and Dennis Livingston, Alternative Development Strategies and Appropriate TechnologyCharles Kidd, Manpower Policies for the Use of Science and Technology in DevelopmentRobert Morgan with Ellen Irons, Eduardo Perez, Theodore Souie, and Ava Fried, Science and Technology for Development: The Role of U.S. Universities
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN PLANNING AND RELATED POLICY PROFESSIONS*
Authors: Howe Elizabeth , Kaufman Jerome 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTEthical principles in professions can be related either to ends or to means. This article explores attitudes about the ethics of means among urban planners. A variety of means are classified into a hierarchy, from the most to the least ethical, and differences in responses to this hierarchy are explored. Implications for other public policy fields are also discussed.
AGENCY FRACMENTATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON IMPACT: A BORDERLANDS CASE*
Authors: Carter Marshall 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe US‐Mexico border is both a line of potential separation and a span of contact and blending of cultures. National and local perceptions and intentions about this boundary often differ, and the formulation and implementation of border policy is thus subject to many conflicting pressures. Not the least are those generated by government agencies with border responsibilities. Perspectives as local, border, and field offices, combined with inter‐agency rivalry and uncertain jurisdictions, lead to border management operations that are inconsistent with apparent national (central) policy, illustrated by the complex bureaucracy present in El Paso—the largest urban site on the border. Proposed solutions cluster around improvement of the existing structure (with better equipment, budgets, or staffing) or reorganization of the primary border agencies. Recent efforts by the federal government to introduce changes based on both of these approaches have been markedly unsuccessful, reflecting a continuing inability to resolve fundamental differences of opinion (both intracentral and central‐border) on the goals of border policy.
PUBLIC INFORMATION ON SOCIAL CHANGE: TV COVERAGE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE*
Authors: Adams William , Albin Suzanne 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the thematic and visual content of ten years of nightly television news coverage of women in the workforce and employment discrimination. The authors find that the total amount of coverage is small, the visual context often undercuts the usually anti‐discriminatory text, and NBC provided the most coverage. The possible sources of these patterns are examined: the elite newspaper agents, male domination of network news, decision‐making, cultural definitions of event news, and consensus values and news controversy.
ACADEMIA AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: Morgan Patrick M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn recent years a revolutionary shift has occurred in the federal goovernment—‐higher education relationship. Why didn't higher education resist more vigorously federal encroachment in its autonomy? First, academia focused its attention on the wrong kind of threat. Second, federal involvement was useful for solving problems on campus and often was in keeping with objectives and values supported in academia institutions. Third, the rise of public institutions altered the receptivity of higher education to accepting federal funds and pursuing direct solutions to society's problems, i.e. to being “involved” at the expense of autonomy. Finally, higher education's traditional strategy of being aloof from partisan politics kept it from vigorously defending its interests. Alternatives for the future appear to be: 1) a reorganisation of higher education to make it a clear, systematic agent of national policy, or 2) a successful effort by higher education to convert itself into an effective national interest group.
THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY, DISCRIMINATION, AND ACADEMIC PERSONNEL POLICY
Authors: LaNoue George R. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTDuring the Seventies more than 133 civil rights decisions regarding academic personnel practices were issued by the federal judiciary. Various statutes were utilized to test the validity of personnel record confidentiality, academic credentials in job selection, pension plans and salary systems, and contract renewal, promotion and tenure decisions. Generally academic institutions lost when they challenged the jurisdictional and procedural authority of the government, but won a substantial majority of cases where individual faculty attacked a personnel decision. Overall the most significant trend was the growing willingness of federal courts to require that academic personnel policies conform to broad principles of civil rights law. In the Eighties these principles may substantially alter traditional personnel policies in higher education.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN SERVICE POLICY*
Authors: Liem Ramsay 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe psychiatric impact of involuntary job loss is evaluated in this paper in light of the attitude among some policy makers that contemporary unemployment is associated with minimal personal costs. Research bearing directly and indirectly on the mental health consequences of job loss is reviewed. Preliminary findings from an ongoing study of family and personal impacts of job loss in which this writer is engaged are also presented. The collective evidence of at least selective psychiatric effects of unemployment is then examined for its implications for human service policy especially in relation to the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of mental illness.
MEASURING DISTRIBUTIONAL INEQUITY
Authors: Coulter Philip B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBoth policy managers and policy analysts are interested in the distribution of urban public services. It seems clear, however, that minimizing service maldistribution first depends on better measurement. The Index of Inequity is a new statistical procedure designed to measure maldistribution of urban services with respect to any distributional standard stipulated by the analyst. Evaluation of the Index and a proposed alternative provide insight into its capability and limits as a mensurative technique, particularly with regard to the distinction between two aspects of maldistribution, inequality and concentration.
CITIZEN PERCEPTION OF POLICE SERVICE DELIVERY: A LOOK AT SOME CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Sharp Elaine B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTWhat difference does it make if public services are inequitably distributed? This articles addresses that question by examining the relationships among perceived inequity in service delivery and dissatisfaction with public services on‐the‐one‐hand, and a variety of other attitudes and reports of behavior on‐the‐other. In the case of police services, I find that perceptions of inequity and dissatisfaction with services have negative consequences both for the quality of life individual citizens enjoy and for the capacity of government to provide services effectively and efficiently.
CONSUMERS AS COPRODUCERS OF PUBLIC SERVICES: SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Parks Roger B. , Baker Paula C. , Kiser Larry , Oakerson Ronald , Ostrom Elinor , Ostrom Vincent , Percy Stephen L. , Vandivort Martha B. , Whitaker Gordon P. , Wilson Rick 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe concept of coproduction of public services has captured increased attention as a potential means of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of local government. In this article we explore the concept of coproduction in an effort to sharpen the definition of that concept and add rigor to our understanding of the effects of coproduction in local service delivery and the processes by which coproductive activity occurs.
CENTRALIZATION AND URBAN SERVICES: THE AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Parkin Andrew 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe effect on the distribution of urban services of the “geographical fragmentation” of American metropolitan areas into many local government jurisdictions, each with important service responsibilities, is often overlooked. Comparison with Australia, where services are generally administered and financed at the State level, is instructive. Australian centralism tends to have an equalizing effect, largely due to bureaucratic patterns of service delivery, but has also produced both an insensitivity to specialized local factors and an “organizational fragmentation.” Developments in the 1970s suggest improvements in these areas of deficiency.
EVALUATION FOR CUTBACK MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CITIES: CAN THE PROBLEMS BE SOLVED?
Authors: Rubin Herbert J. , Rubin Irene S. , Grush Joseph , Dobson L. Douglas 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTProblems of undertaking applied research in small cities planning economic cutbacks are explored. Researchers face problems in balancing administrative and political pressures. Predetermined ideas held by members of the city council on how the city should cut back services might cause politicians to ignore the findings of the study. While the belief of department heads that the study was simply going to excuse cutbacks could cause difficulty in data gathering efforts. In overcoming these problems care was needed in defining precisely what topics to study, in getting mutual consent on technical issues and in protecting the findings from possible distortion.
Methodological Foundations for Public Policy Analysis: A Review Essay
Authors: Fisher Frank 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles: Garry D. Brewer and Peter deLeon, The Foundations of Policy Analysis Stuart S. Nagel, Policy Evaluation: Making Optimum Decisions David C. Paris and James F. Reynolds, The Logic of Policy Inquiry William N. Dunn, Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction Melvin J. Dubnick and Barbara A. Bardes, Thinking About Public Policy: A Problem‐Solving Approach
INTEREST GROUPS AND LITIGATION
Authors: Wasby Stephen L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTInterest groups engaged in litigation are faced with questions of litigation strategy and of allocation of resources. Planned constitutional litigation, part of mobilization of the law, is problematic, as is the choice of forum in which the litigation is brought. Litigation by interest groups is affected by the political environment, including judicial rulings; the complexity of litigation itself; inter‐organizational relations; and, most importantly, a series of intra‐organizational factors. The latter include control of litigation, group longevity, relations between lawyers and organization, and organizational structure. These elements of interest group litigation are explored in this article.
INTEREST GROUP LITIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Authors: Wenner Lettie McSpadden 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade federal courts have become an important forum for many environmental conflicts. In the early 1970s environmental groups initiated many of these cases, putting government agencies charged with enforcing environmental regulation on the defensive. By the beginning of the 1980s business interests had assumed the offensive, especially at the appellate levels, placing government agencies squarely in the crossfire of the two groups. Federal judges tended to treat the opposing interests even‐handedly, although the plaintiff in a case tended to have an advantage. It appears that environmental groups will be pressed into assuming the offensive once more as federal agencies reduce their enforcement efforts under the Reagan Administration.
THE ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS
Authors: Colby Peter W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe topic here is whether broad public interests in consumer rights, a clean environment, and political reform have the organizational strength to be represented effectively when policy‐making is the responsibility of bureaus and administrative agencies. The most persuasive explanation of why such interests could not be effective on a sustained basis is the collective action theory of Mancur Olson. The paper supports research arguing for modifications of Olson's theory by showing how public interests have been at least partially successful in maintaining effectiveness over time based on four concepts: the similarity of public interest groups to social movements, the use of purposive and solidary incentives, the use of material incentives to support lobbying as a by‐product of other activities, and the role of organizational entrepreneurs supported by new technology, notably the computerized mailing list.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED CITIZEN MEMBERSHIP ON OCCUPATIONAL LICENSING BOARDS IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Schutz Howard G. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a discussion on the role and background of citizen membership in occupational licensing in California. An analysis of the effects of increased citizen membership on boards is conducted utilizing statistical data over a period representing a before and after increased public participation on a variety of output measures including applications, exams, percent pass, complaints. The results reveal little difference between statistics representing before and after increased public membership.
CALCULATING THE COST OF TRANSFERRING STUDENTS FROM PAROCHIAL TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN EXAMINATION AND CRITIQUE
Authors: Gilbert D. A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTPublic sector aid to K‐12 parochial schools is often justified on the basis that providing assistance is cheaper than having to absorb all those students into public school systems. But is it? The cost of transferring students from parochial to public K‐12 schools has never been satisfactorily calculated. This article points to the weaknesses in previous efforts and outlines the elements that must be present in a comprehensive estimate of transfer costs.
WHO PAYS THE SEVERANCE TAX?
Authors: Weinstein Bernard L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTOver the past four years, taxes levied by states on energy production have become a source of contention between the “energy have” and “energy have–not” regions of the nation. The popular notion that the taxes are shifted forward to consumers has gone virtually unchallenged in the policy debate. This paper examines the incidence and burden of severance taxes and also assesses the impact of severance taxation on production, investment, and land use. The author concludes that severance taxes are not shifted forward to consumers but are borne by producers and resources owners in the form of reduced profits and rents.
FEDERAL TAX POLICY DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE CONSERVATION OF CRITICAL LANDS: GROWING RESTRAINTS ON LOCAL INITIATIVES
Authors: Browne Kingsbury 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis commentary touches upon certain aspects of federal tax policy that impact on land conservation in the United States. The focus is on the development and use of tax incentives to encourage private or non‐governmental efforts to protect unique wildlife specie habitat, farmlands, historic areas, scenic landscapes, and recreational resources. In recent years tax incentives favored private conservation initiatives; recent legislative and administrative developments introduced a high degree of federal supervision.
Activism, Restraint, and the Debate about Judicial Policymaking
Authors: Restraint Richard A. 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles: Richard A. L. Gambitta, Marlynn L. May, and James C. Foster (eds.), Governing Through Courts Stephen C. Halpern and Charles M. Lamb (eds.), Supreme Court Activism and Restraint Gary L. McDowell, Equity and the Constitution; The Supreme Court, Equitable Relief, and Public Policy
ILLUSIONS, MYTHS, AND MANAGEMENT: ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE
Authors: Morgan Patrick M. 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles:Robert Jay Lifton and Richard Falk, Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against NuclearismDavid P. Barash and Judith Eve Lipton, Stop Nuclear War! A HandbookEdward J. Markey with Douglas C. Waller, Nuclear Peril: The Politics of ProliferationBruce Russett, The Prisoners of Insecurity: Nuclear Deterrence, the Arms Race, and Arms ControlWilliam H. Baugh, The Politics of Nuclear Balance; Ambiguity and Continuity in Strategic Policies
POLICY, CONFLICT, AND THE IMMIGRATION QUESTION
Authors: Marquez Benjamin 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this article:Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. Immigration Policy and the American Labor Force.Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. and Martha Tienda, eds. Immigration: Issues and Policies.Elizabeth Hull. Without Justice for All: The Constitutional Rights of Aliens.Milton Morris. Immigration: The Beleaguered Bureaucracy.