bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderating drinking by correspondence: an evaluation of a new method of intervention
Authors: SITHARTHAN THIAGARAJAN , KAVANAGH DAVID J. , SAYER GEOFFREY 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecognizing the need to offer alternative methods of brief interventions, this study developed correspondence treatments for low‐dependent problem drinkers and evaluated their impact. One hundred and twenty‐one problem drinkers were recruited by media advertisements and were randomly allocated to a full cognitive‐behavioural treatment programme (CBT) or to a minimal intervention condition (MI) that gave information regarding alcohol misuse and instructions to record drinking. As predicted, CBT was more effective than MI in reducing alcohol consumption over the 4‐month controlled trial period. CBT produced a 50% fall in consumption, bringing the average intake of subjects within recommended maximum levels. Treatment gains at 6 months were well maintained to 12 months. High levels of consumer satisfaction, a high representation of women and a substantial participation from isolated rural areas attested to the feasibility of the correspondence programme as an alternative treatment. However, some drinking occasions still involved high intake for a significant subgroup of subjects, and this issue will be addressed in future programmes. The results supported the use of correspondence delivery as a means of promoting early engagement and equity of access between city and country areas.
Perceived workplace harassment experiences and problem drinking among physicians: broadening the stress/alienation paradigm
Authors: RICHMAN JUDITH A. , FLAHERTY JOSEPH A. , ROSPENDA KATHLEEN M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSociologists who embrace the stress or alienation paradigms generally focus on explaining problem drinking in low status occupations. By contrast, this paper argues that a broadened conceptualization of stress and alienation which incorporates abusive work relationships has utility for explaining male and female drinking outcomes in both high and low status occupations. We provide empirical data on the relationship between perceived abusive experiences and drinking outcomes in a cohort of male and female physicians in their internship year of training. The data show that perceived sexual harassment, discriminatory treatment and psychological humiliation relate to various drinking outcomes in men and women, controlling for drinking prior to the internship year. While females were more likely to report experiencing abuse, these perceived experiences had deleterious effects on drinking outcomes for both genders. Personal vulnerability (narcissism) brought into the training environment somewhat influenced the later reporting of abusive experiences by males but not by females. Regression analyses showed that, for both males and females, work‐place abusive experiences in interaction with personality vulnerability best explained drinking outcomes. The implications of these results far the design of future alcohol‐related work‐place studies are discussed.
Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: I. Prevalence and correlates of non‐fatal overdose
Authors: DARKE SHANE , ROSS JOANNE , HALL WAYNE 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA sample of 329 heroin users were interviewed regarding their personal experience of non‐fatal heroin overdose. Experience of overdose was widespread, with two‐thirds of subjects (68%) reporting having overdosed. The median number of life‐time overdoses was three, with males and females equally likely to have overdosed. The majority (62%) of most recent heroin overdoses occurred in conjunction with the consumption of other central nervous system depressants (alcohol, benzodiazepines and other opioids). Logistic regression analyses indicated three independent factors associated with having overdosed: longer heroin using careers, greater heroin dependence and higher levels of alcohol consumption. Implications for the reduction in the prevalence and frequency of overdose are discussed.
Mortality due to acute adverse drug reactions: opiates and cocaine in Barcelona, 1989–93
Authors: TORRALBA L. , BRUGAL M. T. , VILLALBÍ J. R. , TORTOSA M. T. , TORIBIO A. , VALVERDE J. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDrug‐related deaths have become a major source of premature mortality. This paper presents an analysis of deaths due to acute adverse drug reactions caused by opiates or cocaine in the city of Barcelona over a 5‐year period during which figures were stable. Annual mortality rates due to adverse drug reactions of city residents for the 1989‐93 period were estimated to be 15.3 per 100 000 people in the 15‐49‐year age group. Mortality rates for men (25.0) are consistently higher than mortality rates for women (5.8). Mortality rates by age group show different patterns by gender. Males in the 25‐29‐year group have the highest mortality rate (62.8), almost doubling the rates for the 20‐24 (36.1) and 30‐34 (33.3)‐year groups. The highest differential in age‐specific mortality by gender is seen in the 35–39‐year age group, where mortality rates for men (21.5) are eight times higher than for women (2.6 per 100 000). The distribution by place of residence, stratifying data across city neighbourhoods and municipal districts displays wide differences between districts in the mean annual rates, ranking between 77.3 and 8.3 per 100 000, a nine‐fold magnitude. Differences are even steeper when we break down data by neighbourhood. Although all areas with high adverse drug reactions mortality are areas of low socio‐economic level, a more complex association between deprivation and drug use must exist, as other areas with similarly low socio‐economic indicators do not suffer from such high mortality. A cross‐tabulation of place of residence and district of death shows that for most adverse drug reaction deaths, death takes place in the district of residence but patterns related to districts who attract drug‐related deaths and districts who export them may be observed. These results provide new insights into the epidemiology of substance abuse in Barcelona, where it follows patterns that may be similar to those of other major urban areas in Spain, but also in other Southern European countries.
The association between having children, family size and smoking cessation in adults
Authors: JARVIS M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the relationship between rates of smoking cessation in adults and whether or not they have dependent children at home. Previous work has suggested that among women, particularly poor women, caring for young children might work against giving up smoking, while the relationship between having children and giving up smoking in men is largely unexplored. The analysis employed data from 3 years (1988, 1990 and 1992) of the General Household Survey, and assessed rates of self‐reported smoking cessation among adult ever‐smokers of cigarettes aged 16–49 years. After adjustment for a wide range of potential confounding variables, adults with dependent children were more likely to have given up smoking than those without. Among women there was a linear increase in the odds of cessation with each additional child. Using the combined data from the 3 years, and by comparison with those with no children, the adjusted odds of cessation were 1.42 (95% CI 1.21–1.67) in women with one dependent child, 1.77 (1.50–2.09) in those with two and 2.19 (1.74–2.74) in those with three or more. The effect was marginally present in men, with an increase in the odds of cessation of about 25% in those with two or more dependent children. (Estimated odds from the combined data 1.30 (1.09–1.50) for men with two dependent children and 1.23 (0.97–1.51) for those with three or more.) The association of increased rates of smoking cessation with number of dependent children did not vary with level of deprivation. It is concluded that having children is associated with smoking cessation in parents, whether poor or affluent. Health education campaigns targeted at families with children could aim to amplify this effect.
HIV infection in females dependent on drugs
Authors: WAI BRIAN HO KONG , SINGH SUARN , VARMA S. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOne hundred and seventy‐one drug‐dependent females in a drug rehabilitation centre were studied to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection among them. Twenty‐four (14%) were positive on the Western Blot test. The presence of HIV infection was significantly correlated with syphilis (p < 0.03) and age (p < 0.001); 83% of those who were HIV positive were intravenous drug users. The need for harm reduction programmes to prevent spread of HIV infection among injecting drug users is stressed.
Alcohol and sexual victimization: a longitudinal study of Norwegian girls
Authors: PEDERSEN WILLY , SKRONDAL ANDERS 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a study of sexual victimization and alcohol consumption, a population sample of Norwegian adolescents from the Oslo area was followed‐up through five data collections over a 6‐year time span. By means of generalized structural equation modelling, alcohol‐related predictors and consequences of sexual assaults were investigated; 17% of the girls reported that they had been sexually assaulted at some time: 7% in childhood, 6% in early adolescence (13–16 years) and 4% in late adolescence (17–19 years). Only 1% of the boys reported having been sexually victimized. Female childhood sex victims reported increased alcohol consumption from their mid‐teens, with dramatic increase in alcohol‐related problems (using DSM‐III‐R criteria) at the end of their teens. However, the analyses showed that alcohol consumption was not influenced by childhood sexual abuse when parental use of tobacco and alcohol and normative standards imparted to their children were taken into consideration as confounding variables. There was, on the other hand, a strong effect on alcohol problems. Thus, the victims of childhood sexual abuse seem to be at high risk for alcohol abuse and dependency. Further, early alcohol debut and high alcohol consumption combined with permissive parental norms increased the risk of sexual assault in early adolescence. The girls who were assaulted in early adolescence also reported a high number of sexual partners and early intercourse debut. There was no increase in subsequent alcohol consumption after assaults in this group. Late adolescent victims did not report increased alcohol consumption either prior to or after the assault.
Alcohol outlet policies and practices concerning sales to underage people
Authors: WOLFSON MARK , TOOMEY TRACI L. , MURRAY DAVID M. , FORSTER JEAN L. , SHORT BRIAN J. , WAGENAAR ALEXANDER C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLittle is known about the relationship between alcohol outlet policies and practices in the United States and the likelihood that outlets will sell alcoholic beverages to persons under the legal drinking age. This study assessed the prevalence of such outlet‐level policies and practices, and analyzed the relationships between outlet variables and outlets' actual propensity to sell alcoholic beverages to youth. The sample consisted of all outlets licensed for off‐premise and a 40% random sample of outlets licensed for on‐premise sale of alcoholic beverages in 15 small to medium‐sized communities in Minnesota and Wisconsin (USA). Data on outlet characteristics, policies and practices were collected by a telephone survey of the owner or manager of each outlet. In addition, alcohol purchase attempts were conducted at each outlet by youthful‐appearing study confederates. Generally, policies and practices that may reduce the likelihood of sales to youth were reported by a minority of outlets. Purchase success was found to be associated with a number of outlet characteristics, policies and practices. The implications of these findings for policy and future research are discussed.
How to have a high success rate in treatment: advice for evaluators of alcoholism programs
Authors: MILLER WILLIAM R. , SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo seasoned alcohol treatment researchers offer tongue‐in‐cheek advice to novice program evaluators faced with increasing pressure to show high success rates. Based on published examples, they advise: (1) choose only good prognosis cases to evaluate; (2) keep follow‐up periods as short as possible; (3) avoid control and comparison groups; (4) choose measures carefully; (5) focus only on alcohol outcomes; (6) use liberal definitions of success; (7) rely solely upon self‐report and (8) always declare victory regardless of findings.
Explaining abstinence rates following treatment for alcohol abuse: a quantitative synthesis of patient, research design and treatment effects
Authors: MONAHAN SUSANNE C. , FINNEY JOHN W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examined the relationships of treatment, patient and research design characteristics to treatment outcome (i.e. abstinence rates) in a sample of 150 treatment conditions drawn from 100 alcohol treatment outcome studies published between 1980 and 1992. Treatment characteristics were related to abstinence rates: more intensive treatments had higher abstinence rates than less intensive treatments, whereas treatments with an expressed goal other than abstinence had lower abstinence rates than treatments with an abstinence goal. When the public vs. private ownership status of the treatment facility was taken into account, the presence of behavioral elements in the treatment condition also was related to higher abstinence rates. Because of inconsistent reporting in primary studies, we assessed the effects of only one patient pre‐treatment characteristic; treatment conditions with a higher proportion of socially stable patients had better outcomes. Research design characteristics were also related to abstinence rates. Treatment conditions with shorter follow‐ups and treatments drawn from studies that did not use criteria to exclude more impaired subjects had better outcomes. We discuss possible reasons why our findings regarding the effects of treatment intensity and the use of exclusionary criteria differ from those in previous reviews.
Cultural orientation and adolescents' alcohol use in Zimbabwe
Authors: EIDE ARNE H. , ACUDA S. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA classroom survey was conducted in June 1994 among 3061 secondary school students in four provinces in Zimbabwe, with the main objective of measuring health behaviours, school performance and environmental and cultural factors as predictors for drug use. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between cultural orientation and alcohol use. The survey instrument was based on previous studies undertaken in Zimbabwe and in Europe and adapted to the local situation. A two‐staged stratified random sampling strategy distinguished between four different socio‐cultural groups. Standardized instructions were given in classrooms by a trained research team. Respondents' mean ages were 14.9 years for boys and 15.1 years for girls, and 51.4% were boys. For a number of core questions, test‐retest reliability was shown to be satisfactory. A 14‐item scale focusing on language, mass media and music preferences was constructed to measure cultural orientation. Principal component analysis revealed two distinct factors with low interfactor correlation and acceptable scale reliability (alpha), one representing Western orientation and the other Zimbabwean or traditional cultural orientation. Zimbabwean orientation was found to be associated with lower alcohol use, whereas western orientation was associated with higher probability for alcohol use.
The effect of a moderate dose of alcohol on the traffic hazard perception profile of young drink‐drivers1
Authors: DEERY HAMISH A. , LOVE ANTHONY W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHazard perception latency has been identified as one source of individual differences in road accidents, but alcohol's effects on hazard perception has not been addressed thoroughly. Furthermore, individuals convicted of driving while impaired (DWI), in comparison with other drink‐drivers, have been found to possess a poor driving record, suggesting that they may also respond poorly to hazards. Therefore, this research studied young drivers across the spectrum of drink‐driving practices, from non drink‐drivers to DWI offenders. It examined alcohol's effects on their hazard perception profile, including aspects of both driving skill (hazard perception latency) and driving style (the perceived level of risk in hazards). Thirty‐two subjects aged 18‐25 years underwent two experimental conditions in a counterbalanced design: no alcohol and moderate alcohol. Alcohol was found to affect both driving skill and driving style. With a 0.05% BAC subjects took longer to detect hazards and responded to them in a more abrupt manner and these effects were particularly pronounced for DWI offenders. The results also supported a distinction between active hazards (hazards arising from the driver's own actions) and passive hazards (hazards arising from the actions of other road users). Irrespective of their drink‐driving practices, subjects perceived active hazards as less dangerous than passive hazards. Furthermore, compared with other drink‐drivers, DWI offenders perceived less risk during passive hazards (with a 0.05% BAC) and active hazards (when sober). It is suggested that these effects may underlie, at least in part, the increase in accident risk associated with impaired driving.
Smoking a cigarette has no effect on visual temporal order discrimination in regular smokers
Authors: BAKER P. JAMES , WALSH TOM 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA temporal order discrimination task was performed by 20 regular smokers who were tested with and without a pre‐test cigarette in a repeated measures design following overnight abstinence. Subjects mere asked to discriminate the temporal order of the rapid sequential illumination of two lights positioned equidistant from a central fixation point. None of the measures of performance in this task were significantly affected by smoking.
Work‐site variation in managerial drinking
Authors: HOWLAND JONATHAN , MANGIONE THOMAS W. , KUHLTHAU KAREN , BELL NICOLE , HEEREN TIMOTHY , LEE MARIANNE , LEVINE SOL 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe association between psychopathology and alcohol consumption was studied in a nation‐wide representative sample of inpatient alcoholics (n = 245) who were examined at intake and 15 months later. As regards baseline observations men and women with antisocial personality disorder or cognitive impairment had consumed more alcohol in the month prior to admission than those not so affected. In contrast, men with panic disorder drank less compared with those not so affected. The prognosis for men consuming more than the median amount of alcohol was worse than that of women. However, after controlling for psychiatric distress and alcohol consumption at baseline, the prognosis of women was worse. Women but not men who had stopped drinking had a higher degree of psychiatric distress at follow‐up compared with those still drinking at a low level. Regarding the prognostic significance of psychiatric disorders at baseline, among men panic disorder predicted continued drinking. Psychiatric distress and alcohol consumption at baseline interacted in the prediction of alcohol consumption at follow‐up. The study highlights the importance of a thorough assessment of psychopathology and course of drinking when evaluating the outcome of alcoholism treatment.
High sugar intake in a group of women on methadone maintenance in South Western Sydney, Australia
Authors: ZADOR D. , WALL P. M. LYONS , WEBSTER I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNutritional assessment comprising dietary and anthropometric measurements was conducted in a group of 86 women attending a methadone maintenance clinic in South Western Sydney, Australia, Dietary data were obtained by two 24‐hour recall interviews using a standardized interview format. Nutrient intake was analysed using the NUTTAB data base of Australian foods (1992). Mean age of the sample was 29.8 (range 18‐46) years and mean body mass index was 22.7 (range 16.2‐43.4) kg/m2. The diet of the study group was characterized by a low energy intake of 6.48 MJ (95% CI 6.02‐6.94), a high sugars intake of 122 g (95% CI 112‐132), a high percentage of total energy (31%, 95% CI 29‐32) derived from sugars, and a low dietary fibre intake of 10. 7 g (95% CI 9. 7‐12.3). This eating pattern may contribute to the high prevalence of dental caries and chronic constipation observed in the group. The results also support anecdotal evidence of a craving for sweetness described by addicts. Despite the low energy intake, body mass indices of the group were no different from the normal population. It is possible that 2 days' intake was insufficient to accurately measure accustomed diet in this group of women. Alternatively, the low intake may be a consequence of their largely sedentary life‐styles.
The geography of availability and driving after drinking
Authors: GRUENEWALD PAUL J. , MILLAR ALEXANDER B. , TRENO REW J. , YANG ZHENGMAO , PONICKI WILLIAM R. , ROEPER PETER 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper reports on an analysis of geographically based data from four communities conducted to evaluate relationships between measures of the physical availability of alcohol and rates of driving after drinking. From a review of the literature, it was expected that rates of driving after dnnking would be directly related to the availability of alcohol at on‐premise establishments. Based on theoretical arguments regarding the hfe activities which underlie drinking and driving it was expected that the effects of availability upon these outcomes would extend significantly beyond the local areas of outlets. Taking into account the geographic variations in environmental characteristics (road network density, traffic flow, population density), and socioeconomic (age, gender, race, marital status, income, employment) and drinking characteristics (rates of abstention, frequency and quantity of use) of resident populations, a spatial analysis of drinking driving and alcohol‐related crashes was conducted. The results of the analysis showed that physical availability was unrelated to self‐reports of driving after drinking and driving while intoxicated and significantly related to rates of single vehicle night‐time crashes. In the latter case, physical availability affected both local and adjacent area rates of crashing.
Sex under the influence of alcohol among Norwegian adolescents
Authors: TRÆN BENTE , KVALEM INGELA LUNDIN 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study alcohol consumption among Norwegian adolescents at their most recent experience of sexual intercourse. The material comprises a stratified sample of 920 adolescents aged 16–20 years in a Norwegian county (52.3% of the girls and 41.4% of the boys had coital experience). Data were collected by means of questionnaires; 21.0% of the adolescents reported sex under influence of alcohol. A logistic regression analysis showed that the best predictors of sex under influence of alcohol were intercourse location, sexual enjoyment and sexual intercourse motivated by “Don't know, it just turned out that way”. Adolescents who had their most recent experience of intercourse away from home, who had problems enjoying sex and/or who said it just turned out that way, were more likely than others to have had sex under influence of alcohol. A multivanate logistic regression analysis showed that among adolescents who reported that the intercourse took place away from their homes, the odds ratio (OR) for sex under influence of alcohol increased by 8. 7. Those who had consumed alcohol before sex, more often than non‐drinkers, tended to enter into sexual intercourse motivated by factors external to their own person. This tendency was more pronounced among boys than girls.