bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not Talking Straight in Hausa
Authors: Gaudio Rudolf p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Yan daudu, Hausa-speaking men who talk and act like women, employ so-called indirect forms of speech in ways that are widely perceived to be annoying and insulting, artful and clever. Although a number of sociolinguists have discussed in­ directness in relation to women ‘s politeness and powerlessness (e.g., Lakoff1975; Brown 1993), the uses ‘yan daudu make of certain so-called indirect speech gen­ res, primarily karin magana ‘proverbs ‘ and habaici ‘innuendo, insinuation ‘, suggest that sociolinguists must broaden the scope of their analyses to investigate the resistive and confrontational qualities of indirectness as well. The familiar and humorous nature of many of ‘yen dude ‘s indirect utterances supports Deborah Tannen ‘s (1993) call to consider the ways in which indirectness enhances rapport and solidarity among speakers. Indeed, the (not always so) indirect insults that ‘yen daudu throw at each other reflect their participation in a culturally situated conversational style that includes often intense sparring among friends (cf Labov 1974; Tannen 1981; Schiffrin 1984; Hall this volume).
“Today There Is No Respect”: Nostalgia, “Respect,ȍ and Oppositional Discourse in Mexicano (Nahuatl) Language Ideology
Authors: Hill Jane H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Today there is no respect” (āxān āmo cah respēto) is one formula of a discursive system through which speakers of Mexicano (Nahuatl) in the Malinche Volcano region of Central Mexico express “nostalgia” about days gone by, in achto. The discourse of nostalgia consists of formulaic pronouncements on a restricted list of themes: in achto, language was unmixed; no one knew, or needed to know, castilla ‘Spanish’ but instead spoke puro mexicano. In Mexicano, ritual kinsmen greeted each other on the village paths, parents commanded children, and neighbors spoke to each other of the ancient tasks of cultivation. Work was hard, but goods were cheap, measured in traditional quantities and paid for with small coins with ancient names. People ate traditional foods with Mexicano labels, especially neuctli ‘pulque’, fermented from the sap of agaves. The interactional qualities of in achto can be summarized as in achto ōcatca respēto ‘in those days, there was respect’. Today people are educated and know Spanish, but the Spanish is full of errors, and children come out of school groseros--that is, rude and disrespectful.
Linguistic Ideology and Praxis in U.S. Law School Classrooms
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between linguistic ideology and praxis through an examination of the language of U.S. law school classrooms. These classrooms afford an exciting opportunity for examining the socially powerful role of linguistic ideology as it intersects with and regiments linguistic practice. The language of professional socialization is at once a key part of the process whereby social identities are forged and changed and an expression of the epistemologies of professional cultures that have important connections with the power structures of our society.
Mediating Unity and Diversity
Authors: Spitulnik Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central concern of this chapter is to investigate the role of powerful institutions in the production and reproduction of language ideologies. While language ideologies are most readily identifiable in explicit metalinguistic discourse (i.e., language about language), I demonstrate here how language ideologies are also embodied in a very fundamental and implicit sense within the everyday practices of institutions.
Language Ideologies in Institutions of Power
Authors: Philips Susan U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 7, 8, and 9 in Part II are distinguished from those in the rest of this book by their focus on language ideology in specific institutional settings. Jan Blommaert and Jef Verschueren (chapter 9) deal with language ideology promulgated by Western European newspapers. Debra Spitulnik (chapter 8) addresses language ideology in Zambian radio broadcasting. And Elizabeth Mertz (chapter 7) focuses her attention on language ideology in classrooms in law schools, which are both legal and educational institutions. Like Errington, and Schieffelin and Doucet in chapters 13 and 14, Part III of this book, these authors are concerned with language ideologies that play a role in the constitution of nation-states as political and social units, but the chapters I am concerned with here provide analyses that are more connected to a specific institutional context.
Communities and Crime
Authors: Wikstrom Per-Olof H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that communities (and change) have a strong influence on crime and offending is central within criminology. It is probably as important as the idea that individual characteristics and individual development are crucial for understanding offending. However, the links between the two approaches are not well developed. In recent decades there has been increasing awareness that if criminology is to advance, more attention must be given to integration of individual and ecological/environmental approaches (e.g., Reiss 1986; Bottoms 1993; LeBlanc 1993). It boils down to the classical question of how individuals and environments interact.
Crime Prevention
Authors: Bennett Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the latter half of the nineteenth century, crime control in many advanced industrial societies was provided primarily by a small number of national institutions. In England and Wales, the new police (first established in London in 1829, with the specific task of preventing crime) were seen as important providers of crime control through the potential deterrent effect of street patrols, their powers relating to public order, and their powers of arrest (Critchley 1978). The use of imprisonment as a national strategy for crime control also grew throughout the nineteenth century as the primary means of punishing, deterring, and reforming convicted offenders (Emsley 1994). During the early part of the twentieth century, the probation service was established with the objective of providing (among other things) various forms of therapeutic regime in order to control criminality by reforming offenders (May 1994). At the time of the inception of each of these national organizations in England and similar institutions in most other Western countries, there was a strong conviction that they would provide an effective means of controlling crime and criminality. However, by the second half of the twentieth century, some of the presumed benefits of these institutions came into question, and by the early 1970s (in part inspired by the findings of criminological research) there was substantial loss of faith in the ability of any of these institutions to control crime (Clarke and Hough 1980; Brody 1976; Lipton, Martinson, and Wilks 1975).
Osler
Authors: Bryan Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir William Osler (1849-1919), one of the world’s most influential physicians at the turn of the twentieth century, remained popular long after his death largely due to his inspirational texts. Regretfully, changing times and literary tastes have lessened the impact of Osler’s addresses despite the timelessness of his ideals and practical advice. Charles Bryan has successfully mended the disfavour in the present volume. Framing the great physician’s message in contemporary, easily accessible terms, he allows modern readers to rediscover the immense appeal and pragmatism of Osler’s invigorating writings. This volume is based on the author’s conviction that Osler was, above all, a motivator. He set high personal goals, achieved them, and inspired others to do the same. Bryan merges what Osler wrote, said, and did with the main themes of today’s motivational literature—time management, mentoring, positive thinking, and seeking a balanced life are some examples. He also draws upon the great writers—Shakespeare, Cervantes, Montaigne, Plutarch, and others—whom Osler prescribed as bedside reading for his medical students. Osler emerges as a real-life human being, not a paper saint, but a person who sought the best from his culture and knowledge, and managed to give his best in return. Readers will find this book useful not only as an index to Oslerian thought but also as a guide to principle-based yet pragmatic everyday living.
Taking an Ethical Approach to Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1996, Al Dunlap, sometimes referred to as “chainsaw Al” because of his penchant for drastically downsizing firms and selling off assets, was hired as CEO to help turn around Sunbeam Corporation. True to his nickname, actions by Dunlap included laying off almost 50 percent of Sunbeam’s 12,000 employees and reducing the firm’s product offerings. In 1996, he took extremely large write-offs against profits amounting to $338 million, including $100 million of inventory.
Studies on the Metabolic Fate of ($)-Nicotine and Its Pyrrolic Analog –Nicotyrine
Authors: Castagnoli Neal , Liu Xin , Shigenaga Mark K , Wardrop, Richard , Castagnoli Kay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the possibility that nicotine, and/or some of the minor tobacco alkaloids, may be biotransformed to chemically reactive intermediates that, following chronic exposure, could give rise to health hazards, including cancer. It will be useful to define the metabolic profile of (S)-nicotine in order to identify possible chemical links to the biological properties of this important component. This chapter examines the pathways responsible for these conversions and the metabolic fate of the cyclic tertiary amine (S)-nicotine (1) and its pyrrolic analognicotyrine (2) (Fig. 6-1), with particular emphasis on the possible formation of chemically reactive metabolites that may contribute to the adverse health outcomes associated with chronic tobacco use.
Abuse Liability of Nicotine
Authors: Stitzer Maxine L , de Wit Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abuse liability is one aspect of a drug’s pharmacology that must be considered in evaluating toxicity. It is usually regarded as an undesirable property of drugs, leading to dependence and associated physical and behavioral hazards. If a compound is found to have high abuse liability, measures to restrict access by the general population may be required. Restricted access may thus be needed even in the case of medically useful compounds such as nicotine replacement products, developed for use as smoking cessation aids.
Behavioral Toxicology of Nicotine
Authors: Henningfield Jack E , Heishman Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychoactive drug use can adversely affect the physical health of the user directly and can also lead to increased morbidity and mortality because of adverse behavioral effects on users. For example, alcohol use may produce cirrhosis of the liver, and an alcohol-intoxicated automobile driver can cause an accident leading to the death of the driver or other persons.’ Generally, marijuana use is not directly lethal to users; however, regular use leads to lung disease and other forms of toxicity,’ and the adverse effects of marijuana on driving abilities have been documented.
A Theoretical Introduction to the Markedness Model
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Every Speech community, more than one way of speaking exists. That is, no community is without at least two different speech styles, and in many communities, more than one dialect or more than one language is spoken, even if some people speak only one dialect of one language. In the case of dialects and languages, these varieties typically can be associated with different social groups; that is, not everyone in the community has command of all the varieties in the community’s linguistic repertoire, or not everyone uses the varieties he or she knows with the same frequencies. To a lesser extent, the same can be said for different styles or registers.
Civil Rights Reform in Historical Perspective: Regulating Marital Violence
Authors: Siegel Reva B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, and again in the twentieth century, the American feminist movement has attempted to reform the law of marriage so as to secure for wives equality with their husbands. In each century, the movement’s efforts have produced significant changes in the law structuring marriage. The status of married women has improved, but wives still have not attained equality with their husbands-if we measure equality as the dignitary and material “goods” associated with the wealth wives control, or the work they perform, or the degree of physical security they enjoy. The legal system continues to play an important role in perpetuating these status differences, although, over time, the role that law plays in enforcing status relations has become increasingly less visible.
Trust and Commitment as Alternative Responses to Social Uncertainty
Authors: Yamagishi Toshio , Yamagishi Midori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trust has been recognized as an important variable to characterize business operations in East Asian countries. For example, Redding and Tam (1985), Redding and Wong (1986), and Redding (1989) pointed out that the inability of Chinese entrepreneurs to develop business networks beyond family and kin networks has contributed to the dominance of small family businesses in Hong Kong. Studying more than forty large businesses in Taiwan, Kao (1989) concluded that “personal trust” is one of the key mechanisms of guanxi, which Hamilton (1989) called the Chinese type of capitalism in Taiwan. Furthermore, Whitley (1990) proposed that trust mechanisms between strangers is a crucial societal context that differentiates dominant forms of business organization in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States.
Education as a Source of Network, Signal, or Nepotism Managers and Engineers during Japan’s Industrial Development
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recurrent theme in Japan’s industrial development is how its labor market evolved and operated, particularly at the level of administrators, management staff, technicians, and engineers. In the early years of Japan’s modernization, say, in the mid- to late nineteenth century, only a handful of Japanese had the required knowledge and experience. Furthermore, it was often difficult for prospective employers to know where to find qualified people.
Transferring Competitive Advantage across Borders: A Study of Japanese Auto Transplants in North America
Authors: Pil Frits K , MacDuffie John Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Countries differ in their underlying organizing principles of work. These principles develop within the confines of a local trajectory, and differences are eliminated more slowly across than within national or regional boundaries (Kogut, 1991). Furthermore, localized learning can lock countries into suboptimal trajectories (Stiglitz, 1987). As a result, companies in some countries may possess advantages over those in other countries-advantages that do not diffuse naturally across national or regional borders. One means by which such advantages can be transferred across national borders is foreign direct investment (FDI).
Recontextualization and Factoryto-Factory Knowledge Transfer from Japan to the United States: The Case of NSK
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko , Liker Jeffrey K , Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the biggest concerns for managers with respect to international technology transfer is the fit between what they are transferring-a nexus of work, technology, and organizational practice-and a new environment. As many researchers have noted, moving technology into new user-operations often leads to a degree of misalignment between the technology and a new environment (see, for example, Busche, 1988; Leonard-Barton, 1992, 1995). Most of the research on internationalization in organizational studies has focused on strategic fit or finding the right corporate strategy to match products and technologies to foreign markets (for useful literature reviews, see Ghoshal, 1987; Kogut, 1989). In addition, these studies have typically concentrated on the tangible or “hard” side of the technologies being transferred. Such work is important in helping us understand and assess the various modes of foreign entry and management available to firms, but its selective view of internationalization as exportation or transnational transmission leaves out an important and increasingly hard-to-ignore part of the story.
Just-in-Time and Other Manufacturing Practices: Implications for U.S. Manufacturing Performance
Authors: Nakamura Masao , Sakakibara Sadao , Schroeder Roger G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toyota was the first company to successfully implement what are now known as just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing practices. Toyota began disseminating these practices to other Japanese manufacturers, including its competitors, in the 1970s. The domestic dissemination process was largely complete by the late 1970s. The JIT concept was first introduced to English-speaking engineering and management practitioners in an article by a group of Toyota employees, Sugimori, Kusunoki, Cho, and Uchikawa (1977). They characterize the Toyota production system as having two equally important features: (1) the JIT production system, which provides “only the necessary products, at the necessary time, in the necessary quantity,” and (2) Toyota’s “respect-for-human” system of encouraging active employee participation, eliminating wasteful movement by workers, protecting workers’ safety, and empowering workers with greater responsibility and authority in the workplace. Kimura and Terada (1981), also Toyota employees, describe Toyota’s JIT production system as a “pull system” with three goals: (1) preventing the transmission of the amplified fluctuations of demand or production volume from a succeeding process to the preceding process; (2) minimizing the fluctuation of in-process inventory so as to simplify inventory control; and (3) decentralizing management authority by allowing shop floor supervisors and foremen to make decisions on production and inventory control.
How the Brain Evolved Language
Authors: Loritz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in our understanding of the way the brain works have altered dramatically our view of how it is possible for us to learn and use language - a feat that is still enormously beyond the capacity of any computer in existence or even on the drawing board. Donald Loritz describes the history of the discovery that language is controlled by the brain, and thus somehow located in it, and the subsequent efforts of scientists in many areas - linguistics, psychology, neurology, computer science, and the new field at their intersection, cognitive science - to understand what language is, how the brain "contains" it, and how both language and this complex brain could have evolved. While one can easily find computer-generated cross-sectioned pictures of the brain and its use of language, such pictures do not get down to the level of networks of individual brain cells (neurons), and how such networks are actually capable of learning and storing information like the sounds and meanings of words and the patterns of understandable sentences. Loritz explains the basic properties of the brain and neuron networks, using lay language or terms that he carefully teaches the reader, so that these mysterious processes of neural information storage and access can be understood. He does so using a mathematical model of brain function called Adaptive Resonance Theory, a theory developed by Stephen Grossberg, and applying this theory to what we know about human language - not language as grammarians conceive it, but language as it is really spoken and comprehended. He takes this information about language from recent well-documented research on child language, the signed language of the deaf, and the language of people with brain damage, as well sa from normal speakers. Loritz's book is certain to provoke controversy, as it contradicts many of the ideas propounded by another very popular writer on brain and language, Steven Pinker. Unlike Pinker, Loritz argues that language has little if any innate component, and is something that our brains are well-equipped to learn.
Roles of Knowledge and “Cross-Knowledge” in Creating a Third Culture An Example of Performance Appraisal in a Japanese Corporation in New York
Authors: Sumihara Noriya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how performance appraisals were handled at a Japanese company in the United States. It is based on ethnographic data involving intensive participant observation and interviews as part of a larger study of the New York headquarters of a sales subsidiary of a large-scale Japanese corporation (called TSDAL, a pseudonym that will be used hereafter) for 14 months from spring 1988 to summer 1989. The data presented here are concerned with face-to-face, cross-cultural negotiations about the performance appraisal of Japanese and American nonsales workers of this company. Thus, I am not dealing with generalized practices of performance appraisals at Japanese corporations in the United States, although I have drawn on what little literature exists concerning performance appraisal at other Japanese companies operating in the United States.
Working Together, But How? The Need for lntercultural Awareness
Authors: Kidd John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that major overseas capital investments in the future will be placed by firms and institutions within the triad nations-that is, in North America (represented by the North American Free Trade Area [NAFTA]), in the European Union [EU], and in Asia (which does not yet have a formal economic union). Most investments will be between firms in the developed regions, but more and more will be invested in Asia (which may be said to be developing) by a firm, that itself may be represented globally or in more than one triad region. Generally, these firms retain many aspects of their original national culture bias in their global dealings. Hence, we may look forward to ever more cross-cultural exchanges as investors and potential recipients strive to reach agreements that are, first, understandable and, second, meaningful to both negotiators.
Interpreting as A Discourse Process
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book studies interpreting between languages as a discourse process and as about managing ccommunication between two people who do not speak a common language. Roy examines the turn exchanges of a face-to-face interpreted event in order to offer a definition of interpreted events, describe the process of taking turns with an interpreter, and account for the role of the interpreter in terms of the performance in interaction.
Discourse
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It must seem to those slightly familiar with the term discourse that terms such as sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and conversation analysis are used interchangeably. Its companion term, discourse analysis, seems to be used especially frequently, even randomly, so that it is difficult to know exactly what is meant by the term. One reason is that a number of different academic disciplines use the term to describe the methods and models they develop to understand language and human behavior. “Included are not just disciplines in which models for understanding, and methods for analyzing, discourse first developed (i.e., linguistics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy; see Van Dijk 1985), but also disciplines that have applied (and thus often extended) such models and methods to problems within their own particular academic domains, e.g., communication (Craig and Tracy 1983), social psychology (Potter and Wetherell 1987), and artifical intelligence (Reichman 1985)” (Schiffrin 1994:5).