bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Ruoss C. F. , Bourne G. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySeven of 3, 187 women investigated developed toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. A further two women developed the infection either shortly before or during early pregnancy. These nine patients were delivered of ten infants, none of which showed evidence of congential toxoplasmosis. Two infants died, one in utero at 30 weeks of pregnancy and the other (one of twins) of asphyxia and intraventricular haemorrhage. The eight children who survived were followed for a period of two years. A group of 104 patients who aborted was also studied but in no case was toxoplasmosis considered a contributory factor.
RECURRENT ABORTIONS AND CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Lucas Mary , Wallace Isobel , Hirschhorn K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryChromosome translocations have been found in three families with recurrent abortions. In each case the chromosomes involved in the translocations have been identified by a special staining technique, thus allowing a more precise prognosis to be given. Although parental chromosome anomalies are not a frequent cause of recurrent abortions, they occur more commonly than in the general population and it is useful to examine both parents cytogenetically. If a chromosome anomaly is found, and precisly identified, a more exact prognosis for future pregnancies can be given and antenatal diagnosis may be offered in suitable cases.
EFFECT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON THE LIVER IN WOMEN WITH RECURRENT CHOLESTASIS (HEPATOSIS) DURING PREVIOUS PREGNANCIES
Authors: Rannevik G. , Jeppsson S. , Kullander S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe hepatic effects of various sex steroids on 61 women who had had intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and 19 control patients have been studied. Chlormadinone acetate and lynestrenol produced little or no increase of the serum enzyme activity. With the mestranol and a combined preparation of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate an increase of the serum enzyme activity was found, which, however, soon returned towards normal. No increase in the concentration of the serum bilirubin was found in any of the patients. The supposed risk of jaundice during the use of hormone contraceptives by such patients has been exaggerated.
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE VAGINA
Authors: Williams E. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo patients who had congenital absence of the vagina and subsequently developed enterocoele are described.Women with congenital absence of the vagina may occasionally develop an enterocoele that presents at the vulva. The enterocoele may follow the McIndoe‐Read inlay grafting operation (Thompson, 1970) or it may develop after vulva‐vaginoplasty (Williams, 1964). It may also occur in women whose vagina has been developed by coitus alone. This article records the details of two patients with congenital absence of the vagina who developed an enterocoele.
THE LH‐RELEASING HORMONE TEST IN 31 WOMEN WITH SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA
Authors: Nillius Sven Johan , Wide Leif 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThirty‐one women with secondary amenorrhoea were given 100 μg. of synthetic luteinizing‐hormone‐releasing hormone (LRH) intravenously to test the capacity of the pituitary to respond to LRH with a release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). The preceding endocrine investigation showed that three of the women had pituitary tumours and two had a premature menopause. The remaining 26 women were classified as functional amenorrhoea. This group included, among others, patients with anorexia nervosa, Chiari‐Frommel syndrome and amenorrhoea after oral contraceptive treatment. All the 26 patients with functional amenorrhoea responded to LRH with a significant increase of LH and, in 16 of them, also of FSH. The mean LH and FSH increase was 351 and 51 per cent respectively. The response to LRH indicates hypothalamic rather than pituitary dysfunction in this group. The smallest LH response to LRH was obtained in the women with anorexia nervosa. Patients with a low endogenous oestrogen production had a significantly smaller LH response than the rest of the group. The LH response to LRH was also significantly related to the pretreatment level of LH. Small but significant increases of LH were obtained in the three patients with pituitary tumours. The two women with premature menopause had LH responses to LRH in relation to their increased pretreatment LH levels while no further increase of their high FSH levels were observed. The LRH test can be performed without side effects in one hour in ambulant patients. It should be useful not only in the investigation of women with amenorrhoea but also as a valuable complement to the thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) test in other patients with diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FOLATE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Fleming A. F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe plasma clearance rates of endogenous serum creatinine and folate were studied in 11 non‐pregnant and 37 pregnant healthy women. The mean clearance of creatinine by the kidney was about 50 per cent higher and the mean folate clearance over 100 per cent higher in the pregnant women. Creatinine and folate clearance increased independently and it is argued that the greater urinary loss of folate was probably the result of altered renal tubular function, not increased glomerular filtration rate.The urinary loss of folate was not so great as to make a significant contribution to the high folate requirements of pregnancy, but could be a major cause of depletion of the unbound fraction of serum folate and the lowering of the total serum folate activity from early pregnancy. Low serum folate activity should not be interpreted as evidence of a pregnant patient being in negative folate balance in the absence of signs of tissue folate depletion.
INTRAUTERINE FETAL TRANSFUSION FOR SEVERE RHESUS HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE
Authors: Whitfield C. R. , Thompson W. , Armstrong M. J. , Reid M. McC. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDuring a period of 76 months 252 intrauterine blood transfusions were performed on 166 out of 1600 fetuses in rhesus‐immunized pregnancies. A standard transfusion technique was developed by a small obstetrical and radiological team, and the improved results associated with increasing experience are described. During the last two years the fetal transfusion rate in rhesus‐immunized pregnancies reached 18 per cent, but it was only 13 per cent if patients transferred from other centres dealing with rhesus immunization are excluded. The immediate fetal mortality rate for the procedure was reduced to 12 per cent and the eventual perinatal survival rate was increased to 47 per cent during this final two‐year period. Factors influencing the fetal and neonatal mortality are considered, and the maternal complications are described. The practical implications of the cord blood findings in babies born alive after single intrauterine transfusions are discussed, and the so‐far satisfactory mental and physical development of surviving infants is noted.
THE EFFECT OF BROMELAIN THERAPY ON EPISIOTOMY WOUNDS—A DOUBLE BLIND CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Howat R. C. L. , Lewis G. D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effect of orally administered bromelain (“Ananase”) on the reduction of oedema and bruising in episiotomy wounds of primigravidae was assessed by a double blind controlled clinical trial. The rate of reduction of oedema and bruising was more rapid in the patients on bromelain than in those taking placebo especially when oedema and bruising were severe. The differences noted did not, however, reach statistical significance.
PREVENTION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AFTER CATHETERIZATION
Authors: Sood Satya V. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA new technique of catheterisation is described and its results are presented. There was a marked reduction in the incidence of urinary tract infection following catheterisation. The method is cheap, safe and simple and it was easily accepted by the medical and nursing staff. This technique, coupled with the aspiration method of decompression of the bladder at gynaecological laparotomy, could make a significant contribution towards reducing urinary infection.
SERUM IONIC CALCIUM LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Tan C. M. , Raman A. , Sinnathyray T. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerum ionic calcium levels during pregnancy were investigated with a calcium flow‐through electrode. It was found that the ionic calcium levels decreased with the progress of pregnancy. The possible reasons for this decrease have been discussed in the light of other studies on serum calcium changes during pregnancy.
MATERNAL HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA IN THE NORMAL AND PHENYLKETONURIC MOTHER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MATERNAL PLASMA AND FETAL FLUID AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Cockburn F. , Farquhar J. W. , Forfar J. O. , Giles M. , Robins S. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn oral load of L‐phenylalanine (150 mg. per kg. body weight) was given to five women three hours before delivery by hysterotomy of their 16–18 week conceptuses. A sixth woman was delivered of a 16‐week conceptus after two hours continuous intravenous infusion of L‐phenylalanine (75 mg. per kg. body weight per hour).Concentrations of free amino acids were measured in maternal venous plasma, umbilical arterial plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. Free amino acid concentrations were also measured in maternal and umbilical vein plasma and amniotic fluid of a treated phenylketonuric mother delivered spontaneously at 36 weeks gestation of a non‐phenylketonuric infant.Increased concentrations of phenylalanine were measured in all maternal plasma samples obtained one, two and three hours after ingestion of L‐phenylalanine and during intravenous infusion. There were correspondingly high concentrations of phenylalanine in fetal plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and fetal cerebrospinal fluid at delivery.Tyrosine concentrations were also increased in maternal and fetal plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and fetal cerebrospinal fluid of mothers given phenylalanine. Although maternal plasma, fetal plasma and amniotic fluid from the phenylketonuric mother contained increased concentrations of phenylalanine, there was no increase in the tyrosine concentrations in these fluids.The mean umbilical artery plasma‐maternal vein plasma ratios for phenylalanine was 2·35 in normal 15‐ to 20‐week pregnancies, 2·26 three hours after oral L‐phenylalanine, 1·29 after intravenous infusion of L‐phenylalanine and 1·45 in the phenylketonuric pregnancy. Corresponding ratios for tyrosine were 2·52, 2·30, 2·15 and 2·90. In the acute tolerance studies the mean fetal plasma phenylalanine‐tyrosine ratio was 2·47 and in the phenylketonuric fetus 8·16.There were reductions in maternal plasma concentrations of most amino acids three hours after the oral phenylalanine and these reductions were significant for methionine, lysine, histidine and arginine. These changes were not reflected in the amniotic fluid but there were significant reductions in fetal plasma threonine and arginine and in fetal urine threonine and taurine. Methionine concentrations were increased in the maternal plasma, fetal plasma and amniotic fluid of the treated phenylketonuric mother.The human placenta does not “protect” the fetus from increased maternal plasma concentrations of phenylalanine in the normal or phenylketonuric mother.
AMNIOTIC FLUID URIC ACID LEVELS IN THE MATURING FETUS
Authors: Harrison R. F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn increase in the level of amniotic fluid uric acid as pregnancy advanced was found in a series of 100 cases. An amniotic fluid uric acid value of more than 8.5 mg. per 100 ml. indicates a fetus of 38 weeks gestation or more. There was no correlation with any concomitant maternal condition nor with maternal plasma uric acid levels.
THE USE OF A CERVICAL DILATATION GRAPH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIMIGRAVIDAE IN LABOUR
Authors: Ledger WilliamJ. , Witting WilliamC. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOne thousand consecutive labours in primigravid patients were evaluated to show the value of the combined use of a cervical dilatation graph and a policy of active management. Intervention was required at a significantly higher rate in patients with abnormal cervical dilatation patterns. Significantly more Caesarean sections were performed in patients with abnormal cervical dilatation pattern. Early recognition of cervical dilatation problems, early intervention, and the avoidance of difficult vaginal deliveries have contributed to the good results.
CAVERNOUS HAEMANGIOMA AND CHRONIC INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION IN A GYNAECOLOGICAL PATIENT
Authors: Groll Michael , Day James 
Published: August 2005

SummaryGiant cavernous haemangioma is a rare cause of consumption coagulopathy. A 29‐year‐old gynaecological patient had severe postoperative bleeding secondary to this entity. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF A PROGESTOGEN, MEGESTROL ACETATE, ON CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM
Authors: Adams P. W. , Wynn V. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe metabolic effects of the administration of megestrol acetate 0.5 mg. daily have been studied in 31 women. In 26 women (Group A) studied before and after daily megestrol acetate administration there were no changes in plasma glucose, plasma insulin, blood pyruvate, serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels. Significant decreases in plasma glucose and plasma insulin and in blood pyruvate levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were observed in 17 women (Group B) on substituting daily megestrol acetate for a combined oestrogen‐progestogen oral contraceptive (OC). In these women the fasting serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels also decreased. It is concluded that the daily administration of 0.5 mg. megestrol acetate does not alter carbohydrate or lipid metabolism. This may be an advantage over combined preparations. Offsetting this, however, was a fairly high incidence of side effects and in this small group, at least one method failure.
CTSTINE AMINOPEPTIDASE IN NORMAL AND COMPLICATED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Hurry D. J. , Tovey J. E. , Robinson D. A. , Beynon C. L. , Cooper K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryNormal values for serum cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) during pregnancy are established and compared with results from abnormal pregnancies. Steadily rising CAP values suggest adequate lacental function. A correlation exists between the final CAP value and birthweight in normal pregnancies. The implications of various trends in CAP results in abnormal pregnancies are considered.
ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF PLACENTAL INFARCTS IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Brosens I. , Renaer M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlacental bed spiral arteries underlying placental infarcts were studied in a hysterectomy specimen with the placenta in situ and in placental bed biopsies from cases of severe pre‐eclampsia. The spiral arteries supplying infarcted placentae differed from normal spiral arteries in two important features; first, in the failure of trophoblast infiltration and concomitant physiological changes of the myometrial segment of the spiral artery and, second, in the appearance in this segment of hypertensive, occlusive vascular lesions. Although placental infarction is apparently a direct result of the occlusive hypertensive lesions in the spiral arteries, it is also to be considered as the ultimate evidence of failure of adequate placentation.
CONTINUOUS INTRAUTERINE INFUSION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2α FOR TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Midwinter Audrey , Bowen Michael , Shepherd Angela 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA continuous infusion of prostaglandin E2 into the extra‐ovular space was administered to 25 healthy women who were from 10 to 17 weeks pregnant. Termination was successful in 24 patients within 36 hours. The total dose of prostaglandin used ranged from 550 to 2800 μg. with an average of 1381 μg. The infusion‐abortion interval varied from 8 hours 30 minutes to 23 hours 15 minutes, with an average of 15 hours 20 minutes.
LOW URINARY OESTRIOL EXCRETION DURING PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH PLACENTAL SULPHATASE DEFICIENCY OR CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPOPLASIA
Authors: Fliecner J. R. H. , Schindler Irene , Brown J. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe clinical details and outcome of eight pregnancies associated with very low oestriol excretion are reported. Three cases were associated with congenital adrenal hypoplasia which was confirmed at autopsy. In the remaining five cases the infants showed no clinical evidence of adrenal insufficiency, and the two placentae which were examined from these pregnancies were found to be deficient in placental sulphatase activity. It is likely that in all five cases placental sulphatase deficiency was present. To date all the reported cases of placental sulphatase deficiency have been with male fetuses and the condition appears to be sex linked.
RING CHROMOSOMES IN CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE CERVIX AS EVIDENCE OF CLONAL GROWTH
Authors: Spriggs A. I. , Cowdell R. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo cases are described in which ring chromosomes were found in direct preparations of cervical epithelium showing presumptive precancerous states. Both showed “microcarcinoma”, though not in parts of the cervix from which samples for chromosomes were obtained. Similar ring chromsomes were seen in separate biopsy samples, demonstrating the extension of an abnormal clone. Failure of rings to separate at anaphase produced bridges visible in histological sections, and (in one case) in millipore preparations taken from the living cervix, and this confirmed the wide extent of spread of the neoplastic clone.
PREGNANCY IN ABNORMAL HAEMOGLOBINS CC, S‐THALASSAEMIA, SF, CF, DOUBLE HETEROZYGOTES
Authors: Hendrickse J. P. De V. , Harrison K. A. , Watson‐Williams E. J. , Luzzatto L. , Ajabor L. N. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn 12 years, 90 pregnancies were studied in 51 Nigerians with the following abnormal haemoglobin types: C homozygotes (39 patients), S‐β‐Thalassaemia (5 patients), high fetal haemoglobin combined with haemoglobin S (4 patients) double heterozygotes (2 patients) and high fetal haemoglobin combined with haemoglobin C (1 patient). There were no maternal deaths.Homozygous C haemoglobin is associated with anaemia and splenomegaly. High fetal haemoglobin combined with S, or C, and also double heterozygotes are apparently innocuous in pregnancy. Therefore, no specific treatment is required in these haemoglobin types, apart from the prevention of anaemia by folic acid supplements in all cases, with the addition of oral iron and antimalarial drugs in areas where iron deficiency anaemia is common and malaria is holoendemic.By contrast patients with haemoglobin S‐β‐Thalassaemia require close supervision throughout pregnancy since this haemoglobinopathy is associated with anaemia, bone pain crises and an increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage. However, it is less morbid in comparison with haemoglobin SS and SC.
ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA: AN ANALYSIS OF 355 CASES TREATED AT ST. THOMAS' HOSPITAL, 1945–69
Authors: Milton P. J. D. , Metters J. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe survival and recurrence‐free rates of 355 cases of carcinoma of the endometrium treated at St. Thomas' Hospital have been analysed with reference to the stage of the tumour, its histological type, the age of the patient, and the treatment.The five‐year survival rate was 70.0 per cent and the ten‐year survival rate 63.4 per cent.Simple total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oöphorectomy in Stage I cases resulted in a ten‐year survival rate of 75‐8 per cent. In this series Wertheim's hysterectomy did not improve the survival or recurrence‐free rate. The pelvic lymph node involvement rate in those cases treated by Wertheim's hysterectomy was low.
Y CHROMOSOME FLUORESCENCE IN PHENOTYPIC FEMALES
Authors: Lucas Mary , Dewhurst C. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFluorescent staining has been carried out on the cells of five phenotypic females with Y chromosome material in their karyotypes. In three cases a morphologically normal Y chromosome showed fluorescence indistinguishable from that seen in normal male cells. In two cases morphologically abnormal Y material also fluoresced.
PLASMA CORTISOL AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN NORMAL MEN AND NON‐PREGNANT WOMEN, NORMAL PREGNANT WOMEN AND WOMEN WITH PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Mukherjee Kalyani , Swyer G. I. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDeterminations of plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) have been made in normal men and non‐pregnant women, in normal pregnant women and women with pre‐eclampsia, in maternal and cord blood during normal vaginal delivery and during delivery by Caesarean section. The findings in normal individuals, including the demonstration of diurnal variations, are in agreement with those of other workers, thus validating the methodology used. In pregnancy the plasma cortisol is raised and ACTH lowered so that, in comparison with non‐pregnant individuals, the ACTH/cortisol ratio is greatly reduced. In pre‐eclamptic pregnancies, on the other hand, the plasma cortisol tends to be lower and the ACTH much higher than in normal pregnancies, so that the ACTH/cortisol ratio is similar to that found in non‐pregnant individuals. This rise in ACTH/cortisol ratio may occur in pregnant women before the development of oedema, proteinuria and hypertension. It appears that in pregnancy adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH is enhanced while in pre‐eclampsia the ability to secrete cortisol is relatively impaired, leading to increased ACTH secretion and this, by stimulating an increased output of aldosterone and possibly other salt‐retaining steroids, may partly be responsible for the manifestations of pre‐eclampsia. The concentration of cortisol in cord blood is lower than that in maternal blood at the time of delivery and both these concentrations are lower during delivery by Caesarean section than during normal vaginal delivery. On the other hand, although during delivery the ACTH levels in cord blood and maternal blood are greatly elevated, the difference between them is not significant, suggesting that the maternal adrenal cortex is more responsive to ACTH stimulation than the fetal adrenal cortex.
CHLORMETHIAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Varma Thankam 
Published: August 2005

SummarySeventy patients with pre‐eclampsia were treated with chlormethiazole and the results in terms of fetal survival and maternal condition were compared with those of another group of seventy patients treated with barbiturates, Control of pre‐eclampsia and fetal survival were better in the group of patients treated with chlormethiazole.