bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the chemical composition of the crust on the metamorphic evolution of orogenic wedges
Authors: Goffé B. , Bousquet R. , Henry P. , Le Pichon X. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPetrological data provide a good record of the thermal structure of deeply eroded orogens, and, in principle, might be used to relate the metamorphic structure of an orogen to its deformational history. In this paper, we present two‐dimensional thermal modelling of various subduction models taking into account varying wedge geometry as well as variation of density and topography with metamorphic reactions.The models clearly show that rock type accreted in the wedge has important effects on the thermal regime of orogenic wedges. The thermal regime is dominated by radiogenic heat production. Material having high radioactive heat production, like the granodioritic upper crust, produces high temperature metamorphism (amphibolitic conditions). Material with low radioactive heat production results in low temperature metamorphism of greenschist or blueschist types depending on the thickness of the wedge.Application of this model to seemingly unrelated areas of the Central Alps (Lepontine Dome, Grisons) and Eastern Alps (Tauern Window) explains the coexistence and succession of distinct Barrovian and blueschist facies metamorphic conditions as the result of a single, continuous tectonic process in which the main difference is the composition of the incoming material in the orogenic wedge. Accretion of the European upper continental crust in the Lepontine and Tauern Domes produces Barrovian type metamorphism while accretion of oceanic sediments results in blueschist facies metamorphism in the Valaisan domain.
Peritoneal Sclerosis: One or Two Nosological Entities?
Authors: Garosi Guido , Di Paolo Nicola 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe frequency, pathology, animal models, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, therapy and prevention of peritoneal sclerosis are reviewed. Many of these aspects have a bimodal configuration which suggests that peritoneal sclerosis, usually considered a single pathology in peritoneal dialysis, is actually two distinct nosological entities: simple sclerosis and sclerosing peritonitis. The former is very frequent, with minor anatomical alterations and low clinical impact; it is reproducible in animals by means of peritoneal dialysis, and is clearly due to the poor biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis solutions. The latter is rare, with radical anatomical alterations and high mortality requiring valid methods of diagnosis, therapy and prevention; it can only be reproduced in animal models by means other than peritoneal dialysis and seems to be due to factors both related and unrelated to peritoneal dialysis.
Renal Transplantation Update Series Editors: V. Ram Peddi and M. Roy First: Hepatobiliary Diseases After Kidney Transplantation Unrelated to Classic Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Ahsan Nasimul , Rao K. Venkateswara 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMultiple studies during the past decades have identified chronic liver disease as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. It has been reported that up to 25% of patients will have some degree of abnormal liver functions during the immediate posttransplant period. In these patients, liver failure has been implicated as the cause of death in approximately 30% of the long‐term survivors. While infections from hepatitis virus remain the main cause of ongoing liver damage, many other opportunistic infections with various potential to alter liver function have also been identified. In addition, posttransplant patients are also exposed to hepatotoxic adverse effects of many pharmacotherapeutics including immunosuppressive and nonimmunosuppressive agents. Since there are numerous reports dealing with classic viral hepatitis after kidney transplantation, this review primarily focuses on post‐kidney transplant liver diseases which are not due to classic hepatitis viruses.
Trends in Prostate and Breast Cancer Clinical Research as Reported in the American Society of Clinical Oncology Proceedings
Authors: Chlebowski Rowan T. , Curti Mario 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: To identify recent clinical research trends, all abstracts relevant to prostate and breast cancer reported in the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Proceedings from 1994 to 1999 and for 1 year in the American Urological Association Proceedings were reviewed.Methods: Abstracts were identified and prospectively categorized in 31 areas including study design, sample size, and study outcome.Results: In the ASCO Proceedings, abstracts on breast cancer (n = 1718) greatly exceeded those on prostate cancer (n = 340). Randomized clinical trials were also more frequently reported in breast cancer compared to prostate cancer (176 versus 30 reports, respectively [5.7 times greater]; p < 0.01) and entered >12 times as many patients (121,923 women versus 9,761 men, respectively; p < 0.01) in this period. For breast cancer, the number of reported randomized clinical trials increased and nearly doubled over the 6‐year period, whereas for prostate cancer no such trend was seen. For prostate cancer, the vast majority (82%) of the 130 clinical trial reports were nonrandomized studies, and most entered very few patients (median patient entry, 26.2). Although randomized clinical trial reports on breast cancer described significant survival benefits in 16 trials in both advanced disease (benefit seen in 7 of 109 studies [6%]) and especially in adjuvant therapy (benefit seen in 9 of 67 studies [12%]), in prostate cancer only a single randomized clinical trial reported a significant survival benefit in this period.Conclusions: Despite comparable annual incidence and mortality, prostate cancer receives only a fraction of the clinical trial activity afforded breast cancer.
The Psychosocial Impact of Interactive Computer Use Within a Vulnerable Elderly Population: A Report on a Randomized Prospective Trial in a Home Health Care Setting
Authors: Billipp Susan Heyn 
Published: March 2003

Quality of care for vulnerable elderly clients makes it important to consider the psychosocial effects of interactive computer use as a means to communicate for social, functional, and/or health care purposes in a home health care setting. In a 3‐month randomized prospective trial, telecommunications terminals were installed in the private residences of computer‐illiterate persons, 65‐years‐of‐age and older, providing visiting nurses the opportunity to teach computer use with three different training methods. The control group had similar weekly nurse visits, but no computer terminal use. Pre‐posttests using the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale compared change in self‐esteem and depression scores of computer‐use clients with the scores of the control group clients.Interactive computer use, alone, did not significantly change scores. Compared to the control group, however, there was a significant change toward improved self‐esteem and depression when interactive computer use was accompanied with weekly nurse computer training. Weekly training with a significant other, as a substitute for the nurse trainer, significantly improved self‐esteem scores but not depression scores. Interactive computer use was not associated with decreased self‐esteem or increased depression. Attitude changes and responses to the particular telecommunication service used in this study were mixed, suggesting future research should be based on improved telecommunication systems with access to programs that have greater practical application to the needs of elderly clients.
Complete Recovery from Juvenile Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: Harangi Ferenc , Várszegi Dalma , Schneider Imre , Zombai Erzsébet 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA 10‐year‐old boy with vesicles and eroded lesions on his labia, oral mucosa, and trunk was diagnosed as having pemphigus vulgaris. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies. The patient was successfully treated systemically with methylprednisolone and azathioprine. After 4.5 years the therapy was discontinued and the patient has had no relapse over the last 4 years.
Ecological Genetics and the Restoration of Plant Communities: Mix or Match?
Authors: Lesica Peter , Allendorf Fred W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a conceptual framework for choosing native plant material to be used in restoration projects on the basis of ecological genetics. We evaluate both the likelihood of rapid establishment of plants and the probability of long‐term persistence of restored or later successional communities. In addition, we consider the possible harmful effects of restoration projects on nearby ecosystems and their native resident populations. Two attributes of the site to be restored play an important role in determining which genetic source will be most appropriate: (1) degree of disturbance and (2) size of the disturbance. Local plants or plants from environments that “match” the habitat to be restored are best suited to restore sites where degree of disturbance has been low. Hybrids or “mixtures” of genotypes from different sources may provide the best strategy for restoring highly disturbed sites to which local plants are not adapted. Cultivars that have been modified by intentional or inadvertent selection have serious drawbacks. Nevertheless, cultivars may be appropriate when the goal is rapid recovery of small sites that are highly disturbed.
Effects of Moisture, Temperature, and Time on Seed Germination of Five Wetland Carices: Implications for Restoration
Authors: Budelsky Rachel A. , Galatowitsch Susan M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSuccessful restoration of sedge meadow wetlands is limited by lack of information regarding reintroduction of sedge (Carex) propagules. While restoration from seed is common for prairie restorations, little is known about the germination characteristics of many wetland plants, including sedges. We present the results of a 2.5‐year study on seed germination and viability for five species of Carex common to sedge meadow and prairie pothole wetlands in temperate North America. Seed storage and germination conditions were investigated to determine the optimum combination for maintaining seed viability and stimulating germination rates over time. Seeds were germinated under seven different temperature and three moisture regimes after storage for 4, 10, and 14 months under one of four different storage regimes (dry‐warm, dry‐cold, moist‐cold, and wet‐cold). The efficacy of short‐term wet‐cold stratification to stimulate germination of 2.5‐year‐old seed after long‐term dry storage was also investigated. Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex lacustris showed the greatest germination response after wet‐cold or moist‐cold storage, while Carex lasiocarpa and Carex rostrata showed similar rates of germination after either wet‐cold or dry‐warm storage. Wet‐cold long‐term storage was associated with a high level of viability in all five species after 2.5 years. Viability and germination rates were reduced in Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex lasiocarpa after long‐term dry‐cold storage. Germination rates of seeds stored dry for 2.5 years are not improved by short‐term wet‐cold treatment in any species tested. Carex seeds should be stored under wet‐cold conditions to maintain seed viability over time, thus increasing the likelihood of seeding success for sedge meadow restoration.
Response of Exotics to Restored Hydroperiod at Dupuis Reserve, Florida
Authors: David Peter G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn 1990 and 1991, 40 ditch plugs were constructed to restore a more natural hydroperiod (i.e., duration and depth of flooding) on portions of the 8,900‐ha Dupuis Reserve in south Florida. Vegetation transects and digital water level recorders were installed at three sites to monitor changes in vegetation relative to improved hydrologic conditions. Increased hydroperiod resulted in the elimination of Paspalum notatum (bahia grass), an exotic species introduced for cattle forage. Panicum repens (torpedo grass), another introduced species, formed dense monotypic stands in response to increased hydroperiod, but was unable to penetrate areas where Panicum hemitomon (maidencane) already existed. Frequency of occurrence and density of two desirable species, Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed) and maidencane, increased relative to higher inundation frequencies, although maidencane preferred more moderate water depths. Pickerelweed density increased significantly after the second year and was well established on two sites by the fourth year of monitoring.
Performance of Birch Seedlings Replanted in Heavily Polluted Industrial Barrens of the Kola Peninsula, Northwest Russia
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail V. , Haukioja Erkki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIndustrial barrens replacing coniferous forests around the Severonikel smelter in the Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia, have recently expanded over 3000 ha or more. Total concentrations of metal contaminants in the upper soil layers approach 3000–5000 μg/g, and maximum hourly concentrations of sulphur dioxide in ambient air exceed 1000 μg/m3. To monitor possibilities for vegetation recovery in the denuded landscapes continuously affected by industrial emissions, we conducted several experiments with 4‐ to 15‐year‐old (1–25 cm tall) seedlings of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovi (mountain birch), replanted to two barren sites. Specifically, we investigated the effects of wind‐sheltering, watering, and fertilization on seedling performance in the polluted sites. Sheltered and watered seedlings had more symmetrical leaves than control seedlings, suggesting less environmental stress. Consistently, sheltering and (to a lesser extent) watering improved the survival of seedlings compared with controls. The beneficial effects of watering and sheltering were most pronounced the first 2–4 weeks following planting and were greatest in the most polluted site. We conclude that the revegetation of industrial barrens can be significantly promoted by inexpensive treatments such as wind sheltering and watering, even under current emissions.
Effects of Restoration Thinning on PresettlementPinus ponderosain Northern Arizona
Authors: Stone Joseph E. , Kolb Thomas E. , Covington W. Wallace 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the 100 years following the arrival of Euro‐American settlers in northern Arizona,Pinus ponderosa(ponderosa pine) forests changed from open, low‐density stands to closed, high‐density stands. The increase in tree density has been detrimental to the vigor of old‐growth trees that established before settlement (presettlement trees). In this study, we examined whether the vigor of presettlement trees could be improved by restoring the original stand structure by thinning the ponderosa pines that established after settlement (postsettlement trees). The restoration treatment caused the following changes in the presettlement trees and their environment in the first year following thinning: an increase in volumetric soil water content between May and August, an increase in predawn xylem water potential in July and August, a decrease in midday xylem water potential in June and August, an increase in net photosynthetic rate in August, an increase in foliar nitrogen concentration in July and August, and an increase in bud and needle size. The results show that the thinning restoration treatment improved the condition of presettlement ponderosa pines by increasing canopy growth and the uptake of water, nitrogen, and carbon.
Restoring Aristida stricta to Pinus palustris Ecosystems on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A.
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. , Williams Marcus E. , Onokpise Oghenekome 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Aristida stricta (wiregrass), a perennial bunchgrass, quickly accumulates dead leaves, which along with the shed needles of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) provide the fuel for frequent surface fires. Thus, historically, wiregrass played a key role in many longleaf communities where it significantly influenced the natural fire regime and thereby the composition of the plant community. Reestablishment of wiregrass is, therefore, critical to restoring the native understory of Atlantic Coastal Plain longleaf pine ecosystems. This study measured the effects of different site preparations and fertilizer application on the survival and growth of wiregrass seedlings. Two‐month–old seedlings were underplanted in existing longleaf pine stands on dry Lakeland soils at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Survival was acceptable at 51% after four years, although reduced owing to drought and small seedling size. Survival and growth could both be increased by using older seedlings with an initial height of at least 6 cm. Wiregrass leaves grew quite rapidly and attained an average length of 48 cm in four years on control plots. Basal area growth rate was greater than expected, averaging 40% on control treatments and 55% on cultivated and fertilized plots. If growth rates during the first four seasons continue, wiregrass will attain mature size on cultivated and fertilized plots at six years, while non‐fertilized control plots will take eight years. A planting density of one seedling per m2 is recommended to provide sufficient wiregrass foliar cover to influence fire regimes in a reasonable length of time (i.e., 5–7 years).
Assessing the Success of Restoration Plantings in a Temperate New Zealand Forest
Authors: Reay Stephen D. , Norton David A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe success of restoration plantings in restoring indigenous forest vascular plant and ground invertebrate biodiversity was assessed on previously grass‐covered sites in the eastern South Island, New Zealand. The composition and structure of grassland, three different aged restoration plantings (12, 30, and 35 years old), a naturally regenerating forest (100 years old), and a remnant of the original old‐growth forest of the area were measured. The restoration plantings are dominated by the native tree Olearia paniculata, which is not indigenous to the study area. Despite this, indigenous forest invertebrate and plant species are present in all three restoration sites and with increasing age the restoration sites become compositionally more similar to the naturally regenerating and mature forest sites. In particular the regenerating vegetation of the restoration sites is very similar floristically to the regenerating vegetation of the naturally regenerating and mature forest sites, despite marked differences in the current canopy vegetation reflecting the presence of the planted O. paniculata. The presence of regeneration in all three restoration sites indicates that the functional processes that initiate regeneration, such as dispersal, are present. The majority of regenerating tree species (71%) are bird dispersed and it is clear that birds play an important role in the recolonization of plant species at these sites despite the absence of edible fruit attractive to frugivorous birds on O. paniculata, a wind‐dispersed species. The strong correlations between plant and invertebrate community composition and study‐site age (r = 0.80, −0.24, −0.68
for plants,
beetles,
and spiders,
respectively) suggest that the restoration site plant and invertebrate communities are undergoing change in the direction of the naturally regenerating and mature forest communities. Without restoration, colonization of grassland by forest plants is very slow in the study area and the restoration plantings studied here have been successful because they have considerably accelerated the return to forest at these sites.
Evaluation of Reforestation in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley
Authors: King Sammy L. , Keeland Bobby D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOnly about 2.8 million ha of an estimated original 10 million ha of bottomland hardwood forests still exist in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV) of the United States. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and state agencies initiated reforestation efforts in the late 1980s to improve wildlife habitat. We surveyed restorationists responsible for reforestation in the LMAV to determine the magnitude of past and future efforts and to identify major limiting factors. Over the past 10 years, 77,698 ha have been reforested by the agencies represented in our survey and an additional 89,009 ha are targeted in the next 5 years. Oaks are the most commonly planted species and bare‐root seedlings are the most commonly used planting stock. Problems with seedling availability may increase the diversity of plantings in the future. Reforestation in the LMAV is based upon principles of landscape ecology; however, local problems such as herbivory, drought, and flooding often limit success. Broad‐scale hydrologic restoration is needed to fully restore the structural and functional attributes of these systems, but because of drastic and widespread hydrologic alterations and socioeconomic constraints, this goal is generally not realistic. Local hydrologic restoration and creation of specific habitat features needed by some wildlife and fish species warrant attention. More extensive analyses of plantings are needed to evaluate functional success. The Wetland Reserve Program is a positive development, but policies that provide additional financial incentives to landowners for reforestation efforts should be seriously considered.
Paying for Restoration
Authors: Holl Karen D. , Howarth Richard B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe question of how society is going to pay for restoration has received little open discussion. We review existing literature and examples to explore two questions: How should ecological and economic considerations be balanced in determining expenditures on restoration projects? and How is society going to pay for the substantial costs involved? We discuss a number of different techniques for determining the amount of money to allocate to restoration efforts, including ecosystem replacement costs, quantifying ecosystem services, contingent valuation, and surrogate market price techniques. We then review different strategies for paying for restoration including private funding by the party responsible for the damage, public funding through taxes, voluntary contributions, and various public/private partnerships. We conclude by discussing other considerations in developing strategies to pay for restoration, including uncertainty, time‐scale, evaluating success, and regional planning.