bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in rabbits
Authors: Aramayona Jose J. , Garcia Maria A. , Fraile Lorenzo J. , Abadía Ana R. , Bregante Miguel A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was evaluated, using a rabbit in situ perfusion model. A two-step infusion program was carried out to obtain steady-state maternal plasma concentrations of these drugs. For each compound, the placenta in 5 rabbits was perfused for 200 minutes with Earle's enriched bicarbonate buffer at flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. To assess reliability of the model, most of the determinants of placental transfer (maternal and fetal pH, gas balance, heart status, rectal temperature, and protein binding) were controlled. In addition, the infusion program included administration of antipyrine, a commonly used indicator of placental exchange.
Drug concentrations were measured in maternal plasma and perfusate by use of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Plasma protein-binding estimation indicated no differences between the drugs. Placental clearance of the drugs was significantly (P< 0.01) different (0.88 ± 0.13 ml/min for enrofloxacin and 0.06 ± 0.02 ml/min for ciprofloxacin). These values accounted for 81 and 5%, respectively, of the placental clearance found for antipyrine.
These results indicate that caution must be taken when enrofloxacin is to be used during pregnancy, and suggest the need to extend this type of experiment to species that can be exposed to these drugs used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
Decrease in the α1-proteinase inhibitor Spi3 in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Authors: Milne E. M. , Pemberton A. D. , Dixon P. M. , McGorum B. C. , Scudamore C. L. , Miller H. K P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The α1-proteinase inhibitors of trypsin, Spi1, Spi3A, and Spi3B, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) and serum of horses were separated by electrophoresis, and their proportions were quantified in 12 control horses and 12 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (cofd). A significantly lower proportion of Spi3B (P < 0.05) and higher proportion of Spi1 (P < 0.02 to P < 0.01) were detected in balf, compared with serum, in control and copd-affected horses and appeared to be attributable to reduced Spi3 activity in balf. There was no significant difference between the control and copd groups in this respect, indicating that the decrease in Spi3 may be a physiologic phenomenon. The differences observed may be associated with proteolytic damage to or preferential complex formation by Spi3.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acepromazine in horses
Authors: Marroum P. J. , Webb A. I. , Aeschbacher Gina , Curry S. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A specific, sensitive, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for acepromazine, with analytic sensitivity as low as 5 ng/ml of plasma, and electrochemical detection with an oxidation potential of 0.7 V, was used to study the pharmacokinetics of acepromazine given at a dosage of 0.15 mg/kg of body weight in horses. The relation between effect and pharmacokinetics of the drug was examined. The effects studied included those on blood pressure, pulse, pcv, measures of respiration function, and sedation. Intravenously administered doses led to a biphasic concentration decay pattern with an α-phase distribution half-life of < 3 minutes. The β-phase half-life was in the range of 50 to 150 minutes. The cns effects peaked at 20 minutes after administration, and the hemodynamic effects peaked at 100 minutes. In all horses, the most sensitive variable was the pcv, which decreased by up to 20% (P < 0.0001). Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures decreased (P < 0.0001); heart rate was unchanged (P > 0.05). Neither blood gas tensions nor blood pH changed noticeably (P > 0.05). In all horses studied, acepromazine had a significant (P < 0.0001) sedative effect, as observed by posture and alertness. None of the observed pharmacodynamic effects correlated well with plasma acepromazine concentration. These effects persisted beyond the time of detectable acepromazine concentration, indicating that they might be caused by active metabolites, or that their timing could result from complex pharmacokinetic compartment influences.
Evaluation of a single-injection method for estimating glomerular filtration rate in dogs with reduced renal function
Authors: Brown Scott Alan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two methods for evaluating glomerular filtration rate (gfr), after single iv administration of inulin, were assessed in dogs after partial nephrectomy. The first method, determination of plasma clearance of inulin (PCIn), was taken as the quotient of the administered dose of inulin (1,000 mg) divided by the area under the plasma inulin concentration vs time curve. The second estimate of renal function was obtained from the plasma concentration of inulin 75 minutes after iv administration of 1,000 mg: C(75). The values for PCIn and C(75) were related (R2 = 0.955, P < 0.0001 and R2 = 0.867, P < 0.0001, respectively) to a previously validated method for measurement of GFR in dogs, urinary clearance of exogenous creatinine (CCr). Results of this study support use of PCIn and C(75) values to estimate GFR in dogs with reduced renal function. In particular, PCIn and C(75) were closely related to CCr in partially nephrectomized dogs with plasma creatinine concentration within the reference range for clinically normal dogs.
Ferula communis variety brevifolia intoxication of sheep
Authors: Tligui Noursaid , Ruth George R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Sheep given powdered Ferula communis variety brevifolia at dosage of 2.5 g/kg of body weight/d for 15 days developed classical clinical signs of intoxication: anorexia, somnolence, apparent weakness, and hemorrhage. Marked reduction of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors and prolongation of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were consistent with presence of ferulenol, a toxic coumarinic factor in the plant. Changes induced in the coagulation system developed by the second day of plant administration and were normal within 4 days after dosing was stopped. There was no evidence of primary liver damage or platelet malfunction. Of 6 intoxicated sheep, 2 died with only minimal evidence of hemorrhage.
Coat color darkening in a dog in response to a potent melanotropic peptide
Authors: Johnson Paula D. , Dawson Brenda V. , Dorr Robert T. , Hadley Mac E. , Levine Norman , Hruby Victor J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Analogues of a melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-msh) have been documented to be effective in inducing integumental melanogenesis in several species. These melanotropin analogues are more potent than the natural hormone and have prolonged biological activity, without apparent teratogenic or other toxic effects, at least in rodents. In a pilot study, a cyclic α-msh analogue, α-msh4-10-NH2, was administered sc to a dog at a dose of 1 mg of analogue in 1 ml of 0.9 % NaCl for 3 weeks, without noticeable adverse effects. There was gradual and extensive darkening of the coat, which originally was predominantly tan, with tips of black. Initially, the darkening involved face and extremities, then gradually expanded to include the trunk and tail hair. Visual pigmentation peaked approximately 2 months after injections were completed. As new hair growth continued subsequent to the injections, the original tan color appeared at the proximal end of the hair shaft, leaving a dark terminal band on all affected hairs. These observations clearly indicated that follicular melanogenesis can be induced in dogs by treatment with a melanotropic peptide.
Pharmacokinetics and short-term clinicopathologic changes after intravenous administration of a high dose of methimazole in dogs
Authors: Vail David M. , Elfarra Adnan A. , Panciera D. L. , Hutson Paul R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A bolus dose of methimazole (mmi) was administered iv over 1 minute to 5 healthy adult dogs at a dosage (40 mg/kg of body weight) known to impart protection against cisplatin-induced renal disease. Blood and urine samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected over a 24-hour period. Physical examination, CBC, determination of serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and serum biochemistry analysis were performed over a 10-day period to evaluate short-term toxicoses. At this dosage, mmi appears to be safe and well tolerated in dogs; only 1 of the 5 dogs had mild and transient increases in serum activity of hepatic enzymes. In addition, mmi did not alter serum thyroid hormone concentrations. Half-life of 8.82 hours and mean residence time of 12.18 hours were determined for mmi. Renal clearance of native mmi, along with sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, represented only 20 % of total systemic clearance. Results of this study provide further information concerning clinical use of mmi in dogs and may contribute to better understanding of the mechanism of mmi protection against chemically induced nephrotoxicosis.
Comparison of peritoneal fluid analysis before and after exploratory celiotomy and omentopexy in cattle
Authors: Anderson David E. , Cornwell Dean , St.-Jean Guy , Desrochers André , Anderson Lane S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of right paralumbar fossa exploratory celiotomy and omentopexy on peritoneal fluid constituents was studied in 22 adult dairy cows. Six cows were eliminated on the basis of physical examination findings (n = 2), surgical findings (n = 2), or inability to obtain a sufficient volume of peritoneal fluid (n = 2). Sixteen cattle had normal results of cbc and serum biochemical analysis, and a minimum of 1 ml of peritoneal fluid was obtained by abdominocentesis. Abdominocentesis was repeated on days 1, 2, and 6 after surgery. Statistical analysis for repeated measures was performed, using a significance level of P < 0.05. Stage of gestation was evaluated for interaction with time.
Mean total nucleated cell count was 3,200 cells/μl before surgery, was significantly increased 2 days after surgery (16,336 cells/μl), and continued to increase through day 6 (20,542 cells/μl). Mean polymorphonuclear cell count was 1,312 cells/μl before surgery and was significantly higher at 2 (11,043 cells/μl) and 6 (10,619 cells/μl) days after surgery. Mean lymphocyte count was 254 cells/μl before surgery and was significantly increased 2 days (1,911 cells/μl) after surgery. By day 6, lymphocyte numbers were similar to preoperative values. Mean mononuclear cell count was 770 cells/μl before surgery and was significantly increased on days 1 (3,084 cells/μl), 2 (3,285 cells/μl), and 6 (2,349 cells/μl) after surgery. Mean eosinophil numbers were 1,388 cells/μl before surgery and were significantly increased on day 6 (6,347 cells/μl) only. Interaction between time and stage of gestation was found only for specific gravity and total protein concentration. In general, specific gravity and total protein concentration increased after surgery (mean before surgery, 1.016 and 3.6 g/dl; mean after surgery, 1.021 and 5.6 g/dl). Left paralumbar fossa celiotomy performed 7 days after surgery did not reveal complications of repeated abdominocentesis, and pregnancy status was unchanged.
Peritoneal fluid constituents are highly variable after exploratory celiotomy and omentopexy in cattle. However, results of this study may provide a reference for interpretation of postoperative peritoneal fluid sample findings in cattle.
Prospective randomized comparison of intravenous versus subcutaneous administration of radioiodine for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats
Authors: Théon Alain P. , Van Vechten Melinda K. , Feldman Edward 
Published: January 2024

Summary
One hundred twenty cats with hyperthyroidism were treated with radioiodine (131I); 60 cats were administered radioiodine sc, and 60 cats were administered radioiodine iv. Before treatment, radioactive tracer studies were performed on each cat to determine peak radioactive iodine uptake and effective half-life. These data were used to calculate the dose of radioiodine that would have to be given to each cat to deliver 150 Gy to the thyroid tissue. The 2 groups of cats were similar with regard to age, tracer study results, and radioiodine dose. Mean estimated thyroid mass was larger for cats treated iv, but mean serum thyroxine concentration was higher for cats treated sc. Route of administration did not affect thyroidal uptake of radioiodine. However, radiation exposure of personnel was significantly lower with sc administration than with iv administration, even when iv catheterization was performed Eighty-five percent of cats treated iv and 84% of cats treated sc were euthyroid 4 years after treatment. Six percent of the cats became hypothyroid after treatment. When compared with iv administration, sc administration of radioiodine appeared to be as effective for treatment of hyperthyroidism, safer to personnel, and less stressful to the cats.
Cyproheptadine-induced attenuation of type-I immediate-hypersensitivity reactions of airway smooth muscle from immune-sensitized cats
Authors: Padrid Philip A. , Mitchell Richard W. , Ndukwu I. M. , Spaethe Stephen , Shiou Peter , Cozzi Phillip , Leff Alan R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We assessed the effect of serotonergic inhibition by cyproheptadine on the responsiveness of tracheal smooth muscle (tsm) strips and epithelium-intact third-generation bronchial rings from immune-sensitized (Ascaris suum) cats after exposure to antigen. Cats were sensitized by im administration of antigen and adjuvant twice over a 4-week period. Sensitization was confirmed in vivo by skin testing with antigen and by physiologic airway responses after exposure to nebulized antigen. Tissues were tethered isometrically to force transducers and were actively equilibrated by exposures to KCl-substituted perfusate. Maximal response after exposure to antigen (expressed as percentage of maximal contraction of each tissue to 63 mM KCl (%KCl) was 169 ± 18% KCl for sensitized tsm and 43 ± 18% KCl for sensitized tsm pretreated with cyproheptadine (P < 0.001). Similarly, maximal response to antigen was 81 ± 27% KCl for sensitized bronchial rings, compared with 16 ± 14% KCl for sensitized bronchial rings pretreated with cyproheptadine (P = 0.05 vs control). Blockade of leukotriene synthesis by 10−6 to 10−4M A-64077, a selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, had no significant effect on peak response for either tsm (193 ± 13% KCl vs 169 ± 18% KCl for sensitized untreated tsm) or bronchial rings (79 ± 20% KCl vs 81 ± 27% KCl for sensitized untreated bronchial rings). Release of serotonin from airway tissues was confirmed by the presence of serotonin in the perfusate of 8 sensitized tsm preparations after, but not before, antigen challenge. Our data indicate that airways from immune-sensitized cats have typical immediate-type hypersensitivity responses when exposed to antigen and that these responses are inhibited by serotonin-receptor blockade, but not by blockade of 5-lipoxygenase. These data implicate serotonin as an important mediator in the immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction in the immune-sensitized airways of cats and suggest a potential role for serotonin antagonists in the clinical treatment of asthma in this species.
Safety, efficacy, and duration of immunity induced in swine by use of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis-containing vaccine
Authors: Roof Michael B. , Doitchinoff D. Dean 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis culture (SC-54) was evaluated for use as an effective vaccine in preventing salmonellosis caused by S choleraesuis in pigs. Eighty-two pigs, 3 to 4 weeks old, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups, which were designated as either vaccinates or controls. After vaccination, all pigs were examined for fecal shedding of S choleraesuis, rectal temperature, and 10 clinical variables. Significant difference was not detected between vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs for 14 days (phase I) after intranasal administration of the vaccine. Efficacy and duration of immunity were examined by intranasally challenge exposing respective pigs from either treatment group with a virulent field isolate of S choleraesuis at 2, 8, or 20 weeks after vaccination (phases II-IV). Pigs were again evaluated for 14 days after challenge exposure, and 10 clinical variables and rectal temperature were monitored. Surviving pigs were euthanatized and evaluated for gross lesions, and samples of 7 organs were collected. These organ samples were homogenized, and level of S choleraesuisS choleraesuis infection was determined. After virulent challenge exposure during phases II-IV, the clinical status of the SC-54 vaccinates was significantly (P < 0.05) superior to that of nonvaccinates for rectal temperature, feces consistency, behavior, appetite, body condition, and mean score for the 10 clinical variables. Quantitative bacteriologic culture of the tonsil, lung, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum, and colon samples indicated consistent reduction of organ colonization in vaccinates; bacteria numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and ileum were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. Gross lesions in pigs indicated reduction of penumonia in vaccinates. Pigs also had consistent weight gain throughout phases of the study after challenge exposure although the differences were not significant conclusion single intranasally administered dose SC-54 given to 3- to 4- week old pigs proved be safe and efficacious and to provide protection to pigs least 20 weeks after initial vaccination.
Effect of enalapril in dogs with pacing-induced heart failure
Authors: Allworth Matthew S. , Church David B. , Maddison Jill E. , Einstein Rosemarie , Brennan Peter , Hussein Nassar Abdul , Matthews Ross 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A repeated-measures study was conducted on 5 dogs to clinically, radiographically, and echocardiographically characterize the actions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, before and after development of experimentally induced heart failure. Heart failure was artificially induced, using a surgically implanted programmable ventricular pacemaker, which stimulated the heart at a rate of 245 beats/min until a low-output cardiomyopathic state developed. This condition was then stabilized by decreasing the pacing rate to 190 beats/min. Pacing-induced heart failure was successfully induced in a mean ± sd 4.2 ± 1.95 weeks. The condition closely resembled the clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic features of naturally acquired idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Enalapril was well tolerated by dogs, and clinical adverse reactions did not develop. Results of echocardiographic studies indicated that enalapril treatment during the control period resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in left ventricular ejection time. Therapeutic responses to enalapril were evident after development of heart failure. These included reduced severity of clinical signs of disease, evidence of decreased radiographically determined cardiac size (2 of 5 dogs), radiographic evidence of a reduction in pulmonary edema and congestion (4 of 5 dogs), significant (P < 0.05) reductions in left atrial and ventricular chamber dimensions (left atrial dimension, diastolic left ventricular internal dimension as determined echocardiographically), and improvement in some echocardiographic indices of left ventricular performance (velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and left ventricular ejection time).
Morphologic observation of neutrophil diapedesis across bovine mammary gland epithelium in vitro
Authors: Lin Y. , Xia L. , Turner J. D. , Zhao X. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Neutrophils are present in milk of cows as a means of suppressing invading pathogens during mastitis. However, the manner by which neutrophils traverse the secretory epithelia is still not clear: do they diapedese between epithelial cells or do they kill epithelial cells to gain entry into milk? We investigated the process of bovine neutrophil diapedesis across bovine mammary gland epithelium in vitro. The bovine mammary epithelial cell line mac-t, grown on collagen-coated filters, formed a confluent monolayer with characteristic tight junctions, basal-apical polarity, and functional barriers to the dye trypan blue. Neutrophils added on the apical surface of the monolayer were stimulated to diapedese across the epithelium by the addition of Staphylococcus aureus (107 colony-forming units/ml) to the basal compartment. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed the series of events for neutrophil transmigration: accumulation of neutrophils on the surface of epithelial monolayer; projection of pseudopods into intercellular junctions and movement of neutrophils between adjacent epithelial cells; and reapproximation of the lateral epithelial cell membranes and reformation of the apical tight junctions after neutrophils crossed the epithelium. Morphologically, epithelial cell damage caused by neutrophil diapedesis was not evident. This in vitro model provides a two-dimensional epithelial sheet by which neutrophil diapedesis can be qualitatively studied under defined conditions. Results of the study suggest a major mode by which bovine neutrophils diapedese across the alveolar epithelia into milk during mastitis.
Enrofloxacin concentrations in dogs with normal prostate and dogs with chronic bacterial prostatitis
Authors: Dorfman Mark , Barsanti Jeanne , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Chronic Escherichia coli-associated prostatitis was induced in 16 dogs; 9 noninfected dogs served as controls; and all dogs were vasectomized. Two to 3 weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate, the urine or prostatic fluid or both from 13 of 16 dogs were culture positive. Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered orally to all dogs during the third or fourth week after surgery, at a dosage of approximately 5 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 7 days. Serum and prostatic fluid concentrations of enrofloxacin were concurrently measured in all dogs on days 2, 4, and 6 at 2 hours after dosing. Serum and prostatic tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin were concurrently measured in all dogs on day 7, at 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 hours after dosing. When values for these samples were compared, using a two-factor anova, significant differences were not found. Use of this dosing regimen of enrofloxacin resulted in prostatic fluid and prostatic tissue concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration of most pathogens that cause bacterial prostatitis. In addition, prostatic fluid-to-serum and prostatic tissue-to-serum concentration ratios were greater than 1.0.