bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between gestational cocaine use and pregnancy outcome: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Lutiger Beatrix , Graham Karen , Einarson Thomas R. , Koren Gideon 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDespite a growing number of studies that have investigated the reproductive effects of maternal cocaine use, a homogeneous pattern of fetal effects has not been established and there is little consensus on the adverse effects of the drug. We used meta‐analysis to evaluate the reproductive risks of cocaine. We reviewed the 45 scientific papers published in the English language dealing with effects of cocaine used during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome in humans, and identified 20 papers eligible for meta‐analysis (cocaine use in pregnancy, pregnancy/fetal outcome studies, human studies, original work, cohort or case control studies, control group present, English language). Our analysis revealed that very few adverse reproductive effects could be shown to be significantly associated with cocaine use by polydrug users when compared to control groups of polydrug users not using cocaine [genitourinary malformations; odds ratio of 6.08 (95% CI 1.18–31.3); gestation age: Cohen's d 0.37 (CI 0.2–0.55)]. When the control groups consisted of no drug users, the polydrug users abusing cocaine had a higher risk for spontaneous abortions [odds ration 10.50 (CI 11.74–64.1)]. Similarly, comparison of users of cocaine alone or no drug users revealed a higher risk for in utero death, in addition to genitourinary tract malformations. Analysis of continuous variables (head circumference, gestational age, birth weight and length) revealed that the effect size was dependent upon the nature of the comparison. Comparison of cocaine users to no drug users consistently yielded a medium effect size (Cohen's d) between 0.50 and 0.58, while comparison of polydrug/cocaine users to polydrug/no cocaine users provided effect sizes small to non existent (0.06–0.37). These discrepancies suggest that a variety of adverse reproductive effects commonly quoted to be associated with maternal use of cocaine may be caused by confounding factors clustering in cocaine users.
Long bone development in extrinsic fetal akinesia: An experimental study in rat fetuses subjected to oligohydramnios
Authors: Palacios José , Rodríguez José I. , Ruiz Antonio , Sanchez Miguel , Alvarez Ignacio , Demiguel Enrique 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe transverse grwoth of long bones during intrauterine development was studied in rat fetuses subjected to experimental oligohydramnios in order to determine wheter the skeletal changes, if any, in extrinsic fetal akinesia were similar to those observed in curarized rat fetuses with the fetal akinesia deformation sequence. Oligohydramnios was induced by daily extraction of amniotic fluid from day 17 of gestation until term. Experimental fetuses were compared with a sham‐operated control group. The total area and perimeter, the absolute and relative amount of periosteum and bone trabeculae, the major and minor axes, and the elongation factor were measured in histological cross sections of the femoral metaphysis and diaphysis with an IBAS 1 image analysis system. Rat fetuses in the experimental group showed multiple articular contractures, redundant skin, and lung hypoplasia, a phenotype consistent with the oligohydramnios sequence. No alterations in femoral shape and transverse growth of the metaphysis and diaphysis were noted in these fetuses. These results suggest that the main mechanical factor related to fetal bone modeling is muscular strength, while motion would be mainly involved in fetal joint development. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strain‐dependent effect of ethanol on ventricular septal defect frequency in white leghorn chick embryos
Authors: Bruyere Harold J. , Stith Charles E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have tested the potential of a single dose of ethanol (0.20ml 50% ethanol in chick Ringer's saline (CRS) administered into the air sac) to produce ventricular septal defect (VSD) in three distinct commercially available strains of White Leghorn chick embryo: stress‐resistant Dekalb Delta strain, Hy‐Vac SPF type V, and Hy‐Vac SPF type L. Eggs were controlled for both size and developmental stage (Hamburger‐Hamilton stage 18–19) at time of injection. The frequency of VSD in Dekalb Delta embryos was 4.0% (1/25), in Hy‐Vac SPF type L embryos 9.1% (3/33), and in Hy‐Vac SPF type V embryos 38.9% (14/36). Statistical analysis with the two‐tailed Fisher Exact Test indicated that frequencies were not significantly different (P = 0.3215) when Dekalb Delta and Hy‐Vac type L embryos were compared. However, the frequency of VSD for Hy‐Vac type V embryos was significantly greater than that for either the Dekalb Delta or the Hy‐Vac type L embryos (P <0.005). All VSDs observed were located within the crista supraventricularis. When Hy‐Vac SPF type V embryos were exposed to either 0.20 ml 50% ethanol in CRS or to 0.20 ml CRS (controls), ethanol‐treated embryos showed a VSD incidence of 34.1% compared with a 3.6% incidence in the controls (P = 0.0017). These data suggest that ethanol is the cause of VSD in this strain. From the results of this study, we are led to conclude that different commercial strains of White Leghorn chick embryo show different susceptibilities to the induction of VSD by ethanol. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exercise at high temperature causes maternal hyperthermia and fetal anomalies in rats
Authors: Sasaki Junichi , Yamaguchi Akihiko , Nabeshima Yuichi , Shigemitsu Sadahiko , Mesaki Noboru , Kubo Takeshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHyperthermia is thought to be a teratogen in many animal species and also in humans. It has been reported that hyperthermia caused by sauna, hot tub, or fever during the early stages of pregnancy is related to an increased risk or neural tube defects. During exercise, especially in hot conditions, body temperature can also rise to fairly high levels. Thus, we can surmise that hyperthermia induced by exercise can also cause fetal malformation.To investigate this hypothesis, pregnant rats at 9 days of gestation were divided into four groups. In the first group, the animals were made to swim for 30 minutes in water at a temperature of 40.5°C. In the second group, they were restrained and immersed in water for the same time at the same temperature. In the third group, the rats were forced to swim in water at 36.0°C. The fourth group were controls. The core temperature of the rats was measured during these procedures. On the 18th gestational day, fetuses were extracted by cesarean section. The elevation of maternal core temperature was significantly greater in the first group than in the other groups. In the first group, 69% of fetuses had various external anomalies. No anomalies were found in the other groups.Our results show that exercise in hot conditions caused the elevation of core temperature and resulted in fetal anomalies in rats. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal changes in epididymis and the effects of FSH and testosterone in the spiny‐tailed lizard, Uromastix hardwicki
Authors: Arslan M. , Jalali S. , Nasreen T. , Qazi M. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeasonal changes in epididymal weight and histology were studied in relation to testicular function in the adult spiny‐tailed lizard, Uromastix hardwicki, over a period of 1 year. The eipdidymal weights, tubular diameter, and epithelial height increased in March, reaching a peak in April. This peak coincided with sperm maturation, elevated plasma testosterone levels, and release of sperm into the epididymis. The epididymal weights decreased in May following a sudden regression of the testis early in the month. The epididymal weights decreased further during June and remained low until February. The diameter of the duct and the height of the epithelial cells also decreased in May and the epididymal epithelium maintained a low histological profile from June to February. The fall testicular recrudescence was not accompanied by a change either in the weight or the histological structure of the epididymis. Administration of oFSH (0.1 mg) daily for 7 days during the sexually quiescent period induced a significant increase in the weight of the epididymis and epithelial height of the duct. Administration of testosterone alone, (2.0 mg) daily for the same period and under identical conditions, did not induce a change in the weight of epididymis or its histology. A possible permissive role of gonadotrophin in the hormonal regulation of the lizard epididymis has been suggested.
Pulmonary aspergillosis in three species of dolphin
Authors: Joseph Brian E. , Cornell Lanny H. , Simpson John G. , Migaki George , Griner Lynn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe clinical history, laboratory data, and gross and histological findings are described and discussed for three cases of fatal pulmonary aspergillosis in three species of dolphins. Procedures for obtaining a definitive antemortem diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis are discussed.
Methods of semen collection in an ambulatory greater one‐horned rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis)
Authors: Schaffer N. E. , Beehler B. , Jeyendran R. S. , Balke B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIllegal poaching and reduced habitats have led to the endangered status of rhinoceroses. Collection of semen for preservation and future artificial insemination would therefore increase the reproductive potential of the rhinoceros. Although various collection methods have been attemped with individual rhinos, comparison between methods on a single animal have not been reported. This report details the application of six semen collection techniques on an unsedated and unrestrained greater one‐horned rhino. The methods included different types of penile and/or rectal stimulation. Artificial vaginas and an inflatible probe for electroejaculation were specially constructed for semen collection. Of the various methods employed, penile massage consistently resulted in sperm‐poor seminal fluid, but when preceded by either rectal massage or electroejaculation, seminal fluid with high sperm concentration was obtained.
Gross anatomy of the reproductive tract of female black (Diceros bicornis michaeli) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)
Authors: Godfrey R. W. , Pope C. E. , Dresser B. L. , Olsen J. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive tracts were collected from three black rhinoceros and two white rhinoceros at necropsy. All females were nulliparous, except for one primiparous white rhinoceros. The animals ranged in age from 7 days to 28 years. All nulliparous animals had a constriction in the vaginal canal, which appeared to be a hymen. The primiparous female had only remnants of a hymen. The total length of the tract averaged 102 cm in three adult animals (≥21 years old). The distance from the vulva to the external cervical os averaged 40 cm in these animals. The endometrium of a 28‐year‐old nulliparous black rhinoceros and a 27‐year‐old nulliparous white rhinoceros exhibited signs of hyperplasia, whereas this condition was not present in the other animals. It is not known if this condition was related to the fertility of these animals. The cervix of the rhinoceros was firm, and the lumen followed a very tortuous path through eccentric rings of tissue. Visual examination of the ovaries revealed the presence of surface follicles on the ovaries in both species. The overall size of the reproductive tract, especially the vagina and uterine horns, and the extremely tortuous cervical lumen will present obstacles that must be overcome when developing artificial insemination and embryo transfer proceduers for use in rhinoceros.
Feasibility of characterizing reproductive events in large nondomestic species by transrectal ultrasonic imaging
Authors: Adams G. P. , Plotka E. D. , Asa C. S. , Ginther O. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of using transrectal ultrasonography for imaging the in situ morphology of the reproductive tract of females of several large nondomestic and endangered species was studied. Two black (Diceros bicornis) and 1 white (Diceros simus) rhinoceros, 2 Asian (Elaphus maximus) and 2 African (Loxodonta africana) elephants, 4 banteng (Bos javanicus), 1 gaur (Bos taurus), 1 giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), and 1 bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were examined. Real‐time ultrasonic images were obtained for the following structures: 1) rhinoceros—corpus luteum, ovarian follicles, uterus, cervix, and early conceptus, 2) elephants—posterior uterus and cervix, 3) banteng and gaur—corpus luteum, ovarian follicles, uterus, cervix, and conceptus, 4) giraffe—posterior uterus, placentomes, and late conceptus, 5) camel—posterior uterus, fetal fluids, and fetal membranes. Individual ovarian follicles were identified and monitored over a 34 day observational period in 1 nontranquilized white rhinoceros. Difficulties and limitations in viewing the ovaries in the elephants were attributed to operator inexperience and to the size, positioning, and demeanor of the animals. Pregnancy was detected in 1 black rhinoceros (27 days), 1 banteng cow (48 days), the giraffe (13 months), and in the bactrian camel (approximately 3½ months). Impending embryonic loss was suspected in the banteng cow because a heartbeat was not detected in the embryo proper; the cow was subsequently diagnosed nonpregnant by transrectal palpation 20 days later. It is concluded that the ability afforded by transrectal ultrasonography to detect and measure ovarian structures and changes in morphology of the tubular genitalia and conceptus provides a research methodology for the elucidation of certain aspects of reproductive biology, and a clinical modality for reproductive management and assisted fertilization programs of large nondomestic species.
The effects of temporary cover on the behavior of socially housed stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Estep Daniel Q. , Baker Suzanne C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo examine the effects of the provision of temporary cover on the behavior of stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides), a single group of 26 animals was observed during 25 testing periods over 7.5 months. During each testing period, the group was observed under two conditions. In the Cover condition, two solid temporary walls 9.6 m in length, were erected within the animals' living compound. In the No‐Cover condition, the wall materials were stacked against one solid exterior wall of the compound. The provision of cover significantly reduced the levels of contact aggression, proximity between animals, and locomotion, and reduced the ability of the dominant male to monopolize copulations. It did not effect other measures of affiliation. Inconsistencies between these results and those of other published studies suggest that, while cover can have a significant influence on some kinds of social behavior in some situations, generalizations about the benefits of providing cover to captive animals may be premature.
Fecal progestagen evaluations to monitor the estrous cycle and pregnancy in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
Authors: Schwarzenberger Franz , Patzl Martina , Francke Richard , Ochs Andreas , Buiter Rob , Schaftenaar Willem , De Meurichy Walter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study was conducted to establish a noninvasive method of reproductive monitoring in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni). Fecal samples were collected three times a week from nonpregnant okapis (n = 3) for periods of 2, 9, and 23 months, respectively, and for 2 months each from pregnant okapis (n = 4) at different stages of gestation. Samples were analyzed with an enzyme‐immunoas‐say (EIA), using an antibody against pregnanediol, and the results are considered as measurements of unconjugated total immunoreactive progestagens (Pd‐Pgs). Mean values of Pd‐Pgs during the follicular (FP) and the luteal phases (LP) of the estrous cycles were 0.6 ± 0.1 μg/g and 6.1 −0.3 μg/g feces, respectively. Matings occurred at the terminations of the LP. By dividing the number of entire LPs into the time over which samples were available, average estrous cycle lengths in two okapis were estimated to be 15.5 (n = 11 LP) and 15.8 (n = 36 LP) days, respectively. In three animals, gestation lengths of 423, 424, and 431 days were calculated by observed matings. During days ‐280 to ‐220 before parturition, the fecal Pd‐Pgs constantly increased from about 20‐‐60 μg/g fecès. Values were 100‐‐350 μg/g during the last third of gestation. Values decreased in the week before parturition, and a continuous decline to FP values was observed within 3‐‐4 days postpartum. During the 2 months postpartum investigated in one animal, the Pd‐Pgs were in the FP range except one LP 3 weeks postpartum. It was concluded that fecal Pd‐Pgs in female okapis are present in a ratio of ∼1: 10:>100 during FP, LP, and late pregnancy, respectively. Their measurement by EIA enables noninvasive monitoring of the estrous cycle and pregnancy diagnosis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophoretic and chromosomal variation in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Hartl Günther B. , Kurt Fred , Hemmer Wolfgang , Nadlinger Karl 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo investigate genetic diversity in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), a total of 26 individuals from zoos in the German cities of Berlin, Hamburg, and Leipzig, and from Zürich, Switzerland, were investigated for electrophoretic variation at 44 presumptive blood protein and enzyme coding loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P = 4.6%) and average heterozygosity (H = 1.4%) in the specimens studied were very low. The distribution of alleles and genotypes suggested some genetic differentiation among the source populations of our elephants, most of which were wild born. Since our results are in accordance with those of a previous survey on wild populations, low genetic variation in the Asian elephant is not only associated with captive propagation. Together with differences in the incidence of alleles among populations, it is probably largely due to low effective sizes of wild Asian elephant stocks and to species‐specific breeding tactics. Standard karyotype analysis was carried out for 11 individuals, and in some cases, heterochromatin staining by Giemsa C‐banding and reverse fluorochrome staining were performed. Heterochromatin polymorphism was found in four chromosome pairs, including two satellited pairs, and is considered an important marker for population genetic investigations. One of the 11 individuals studied was found to be heterozygous for a centric fusion of two small acrocentrics. The implications of our results for breeding programs of Asian elephants are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a Skilled Birth Attendant pilot training program in Bangladesh
Authors: Bhuiyan A.B. , Mukherjee S. , Acharya S. , Haider S.J. , Begum F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObjectives: An evaluation of the pilot project of the Skilled Birth Attendant (SBA) training program has been undertaken to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the training program, the after training performances of the selected SBAs and to ascertain the sustainability of the program. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases adopting both qualitative and quantitative methods: assessment of training program; evaluation of after training performances of SBAs; and evaluation of performance of providers in non‐SBA areas. Results: During the post‐training period it was observed that on an average the SBAs performed 3–4 deliveries per month. They were able to perform different life saving skills. In the areas served by the SBAs, they performed 29% deliveries and 47% were performed by the TBAs. In control areas TBAs performed 61% deliveries. Conclusion: Overall, the study points to the efficacy of SBAs over traditional hands and the societal need for SBAs.
Pulsed electromagnetic field treatments enhance the healing of fibular osteotomies
Authors: Midura Ronald J. , Ibiwoye Michael O. , Powell Kimerly A. , Sakai Yoshitada , Doehring Todd , Grabiner Mark D. , Patterson Thomas E. , Zborowski Maciej , Wolfman Alan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatments augment and accelerate the healing of bone trauma. It utilized micro‐computed tomography imaging of live rats that had received bilateral 0.2 mm fibular osteotomies (∼0.5% acute bone loss) as a means to assess the in vivo rate dynamics of hard callus formation and overall callus volume. Starting 5 days post‐surgery, osteotomized right hind limbs were exposed 3 h daily to Physio‐Stim® PEMF, 7 days a week for up to 5 weeks of treatment. The contralateral hind limbs served as sham‐treated, within‐animal internal controls. Although both PEMF‐ and sham‐treatment groups exhibited similar onset of hard callus at ∼9 days after surgery, a 2‐fold faster rate of hard callus formation was observed thereafter in PEMF‐treated limbs, yielding a 2‐fold increase in callus volume by 13–20 days after surgery. The quantity of the new woven bone tissue within the osteotomy sites was significantly better in PEMF‐treated versus sham‐treated fibulae as assessed via hard tissue histology. The apparent modulus of each callus was assessed via a cantilever bend test and indicated a 2‐fold increase in callus stiffness in the PEMF‐treated over sham‐treated fibulae. PEMF‐treated fibulae exhibited an apparent modulus at the end of 5‐weeks that was ∼80% that of unoperated fibulae. Overall, these data indicate that Physio‐Stim® PEMF treatment improved osteotomy repair. These beneficial effects on bone healing were not observed when a different PEMF waveform. Osteo‐Stim®, was used. This latter observation demonstrates the specificity in the relationship between waveform characteristics and biological outcomes. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydrogen sulfide causes vanilloid receptor 1‐mediated neurogenic inflammation in the airways
Authors: Trevisani Marcello , Patacchini Riccardo , Nicoletti Paola , Gatti Raffaele , Gazzieri David , Lissi Nicola , Zagli Giovanni , Creminon Christophe , Geppetti Pierangelo , Harrison Selena 
Published: June 2005

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is described as a mediator of diverse biological effects, and is known to produce irritation and injury in the lung following inhalation. Recently, H2S has been found to cause contraction in the rat urinary bladder via a neurogenic mechanism. Here, we studied whether sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), used as donor of H2S, produces responses mediated by sensory nerve activation in the guinea‐pig airways.
NaHS evoked an increase in neuropeptide release in the airways that was significantly attenuated by capsaicin desensitization and by the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist capsazepine. In addition, NaHS caused an atropine‐resistant contraction of isolated airways, which was completely prevented by capsaicin desensitization. Furthermore, NaHS‐induced contraction was reduced by TRPV1 antagonism (ruthenium red, capsazepine and SB366791), and was abolished by pretreatment with the combination of tachykinin NK1 (SR140333) and NK2 (SR48968) receptor antagonists.
In anesthetized guinea‐pigs, intratracheal instillation of NaHS increased the total lung resistance and airway plasma protein extravasation. These two effects were reduced by TRPV1 antagonism (capsazepine) and tachykinin receptors (SR140333 and SR48968) blockade.
Our results provide the first pharmacological evidence that H2S provokes tachykinin‐mediated neurogenic inflammatory responses in guinea‐pig airways, and that this effect is mediated by stimulation of TRPV1 receptors on sensory nerves endings. This novel mechanism may contribute to the irritative action of H2S in the respiratory system.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1123–1131. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706277; published online 6 June 2005