bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A colorizer for use in determining an optimal ophthalmic tint
Authors: Wilkins Arnold J. , Sihra Nirmal 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA colorizer for use in the provision of an ophthalmic tint is described. The design differs from that of an earlier model in that the spectral power distribution of the light in the instrument is very similar to the spectral power distribution obtained when tinted glasses are worn under typical lighting. The similarity in spectral power is obtained notwithstanding the fact that the instrument uses an additive mixture of filtered light, whereas tinted lenses use a subtractive mixture of dyes. The precision of color selection is high, and this precision is shown to be necessary to optimize reading fluency. Because of the similarity in spectral power distribution, it is possible to examine the effect of ophthalmic tints not only on reading fluency, but also on the perception and naming of colored surfaces, and the examination can be undertaken by patients who have color vision anomalies. Compared with the earlier design, the use of a diffuse source and seven colored filters reduces the requirement for precision in alignment of components; the variation in color from one instrument to another is, therefore, small, allowing a single calibration for all instruments. This calibration permits the matching of colored ophthalmic lenses to a given colorizer setting, using a computer algorithm which enables practitioners with color vision deficiencies to undertake ophthalmic colorimetry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 246–253, 2001
Children's quality of life assessments: A review of generic and health related quality of life measures completed by children and adolescents
Authors: Harding Leonora 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn recent years Quality of Life (QOL) measures for children and adolescents have been developed, initially for children with specific chronic illnesses, but more recently generic and Health‐Related QOL (HRQOL) measures have been developed. This paper reviews the development of the concept of QOL and other related concepts. Problems in assessing QOL in children and young people are discussed. Six criteria by which the QOL measures for children and adolescents can be evaluated are given. Eight generic or HRQOL measures completed by children or adolescents are evaluated in some detail. Although psychometrically sound several measures do not have a good standardization sample to date, although many include child‐generated questions. Environmental aspects of QOL and qualitative aspects are often missing. Many of the European measures have an English translation and most are in the process of being further developed to include different forms for different age groups and to include disease‐specific sections. There is scope for the development of a new measure which covers all the criteria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two upstream enhancers collaborate to regulate the spatial patterning and timing of MyoD transcription during mouse development
Authors: Chen Jennifer C. J. , Love Cheri M. , Goldhamer David J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMyoD is a member of the basic‐helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, which regulates muscle determination and differentiation in vertebrates. While it is now well established that the MyoD gene is regulated by Sonic hedgehog, Wnts, and other signals, it is not known how MyoD transcription is initiated and maintained in response to these signals. We have investigated the cis control of MyoD expression to identify and characterize the DNA targets that mediate MyoD transcription in embryos. By monitoring lacZ reporter gene expression in transgenic mice, we show that regulatory information contained in 24 kb of human MyoD 5′ flanking sequence is sufficient to accurately control MyoD expression in embryos. Previous studies have identified two muscle‐specific regulatory regions upstream of MyoD, a 4‐kb region centered at −20 kb (designated fragment 3) that contains a highly conserved 258‐bp core enhancer sequence, and a more proximal enhancer at −5 kb, termed the distal regulatory region (DRR), that heretofore has been identified only in mice. Here, we identify DRR‐related sequences in humans and show that DRR function is conserved in humans and mice. In addition, transcriptional activity of MyoD 5′ flanking sequences in somites and limb buds is largely a composite of the individual specificities of the two enhancers. Deletion of fragment 3 resulted in dramatic but temporary expression defects in the hypaxial myotome and limb buds, suggesting that this regulatory region is essential for proper temporal and spatial patterning of MyoD expression. These data indicate that regulatory sequences in fragment 3 are important targets of embryonic signaling required for the initiation of MyoD expression. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis and proliferation in the neonatal murine heart
Authors: Fernandez Eduardo , Siddiquee Zakir , Shohet Ralph V. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe spatial and temporal patterns of apoptosis and proliferation in timed fetal, neonatal, and adult murine hearts have been determined using an in situ end‐labeling technique for detecting fragmented DNA, and bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence as a marker for DNA synthesis. Also, cardiac expression of apoptosis‐related proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence. Prominent apoptotic labeling was found in the right ventricular subendocardium and the basal septum in the area of the developing conduction system. In the right ventricle, apoptotic labeling surged late in the first day postpartum, then declined to levels similar to the left ventricle by postpartum day 8.5. Apoptotic labeling at the basal septum was greatest peripartum and gradually declined to levels seen in the rest of the heart by postpartum day 8.5. Cessation of proliferation did not occur simultaneously throughout the neonatal heart. Through postpartum day 4.5, incorporation of BrdU was greater in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle, particularly in the subendocardium. Bax and Fas, proapoptotic proteins, were detected homogeneously throughout both ventricles in the neonate, while Bcl‐2, an antiapoptotic protein, was not detectable. These data suggest that postnatal cardiac remodeling results from changes in both apoptosis and proliferation. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial pattern of these processes, coincident with the hemodynamic changes associated with parturition, suggests that both processes may be regulated by mechanical factors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and mutant analysis of the Drosophila sema 5c gene
Authors: Bahri Sami M. , Chia William , Yang Xiaohang 
Published: September 2002

AbstractClass V semaphorins are transmembrane glycoproteins characterised by the presence of thrombospondin type I (Tsp) repeats linked to their extracellular semaphorin domain. Sema 5C is the only class V semaphorin found in Drosophila. Dsema 5C RNA is maternally provided and its embryonic expression is prominent in the mesoderm and muscle attachment sites. Here, we show that DSema 5C exists in two protein isoforms as a result of alternative splicing and that both protein and RNA have similar expression patterns. Using a combination of various molecular markers, we show that the DSema 5C protein becomes enriched in mesodermal cells that would normally give rise to fat body and visceral structures. In late embryos, DSema 5C is expressed in segment boundary cells that would constitute subsets of muscle attachment sites. Both RNA and protein are excluded from the somatic precursors and the mature muscles. The expression data suggest DSema 5C localised to the epidermal component of muscle attachment sites. Mutations in Dsema 5C were isolated from a P‐element excision screen and by blotting analysis. The Dsema 5C mutants are homozygous viable and show no obvious embryonic phenotypes, suggesting that the maternal and zygotic components of Dsema 5C are not essential for fly development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consumer involvement in the appraisal of treatments for people with eating disorders: a neglected area of research?
Authors: Newton Tim 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRecent British government initiatives have placed an increasing emphasis on the involvement of patients, carers and relatives in the evaluation of services. Such ‘consumer involvement’ raises several theoretical and methodological issues. Previous research in this area has been limited. The perceptions of people with eating disorders of the perceived efficacy of treatment have been described for a limited range of treatments, though there has been little standardization of methodology. There has been less assessment of the perceived availability of treatment services. The public's view of the acceptability of treatments has been described, again for a limited range of treatments. There is a need for fundamental research devising methods for determining the perceived quality of treatment amongst people with eating disorders, their carers and relatives, and for applied research describing how such information can be incorporated into clinical management and service planning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Addressing Encroachment with Cooperative Agreements and Conservation
Authors: Farley Scott M. , Belfit Scott C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLand‐use planners have long understood the need for consolidated planning across political boundaries.
Collaborative interaction between adjacent land managers predates the U.S. Constitution; however, tools
necessary to support federal missions and natural resource conservation requirements across
public‐private land mosaics are increasingly ineffective.The nation's modern regulatory system and
resource‐constrained climate increasingly confounds this cooperation. This article describes and analyses
a new tool that has been proven effective in joint land management. The tool is a cooperative agreement
(CA) that was signed in 1995 by Fort Bragg, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and the U.S. Army
Environmental Center (AEC). The CA enables the cost‐sharing of the acquisition of conservation
encumbrances in the vicinity of Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Conservation encumbrances are defined as fee simple
land purchases by TNC or the purchase of perpetuity deed restrictions by TNC. All acquisitions are done with
willing sellers and based upon fair market values of the acquired assets. All acquisitions have provisions for
low‐impact soldier access to the conserved lands. This article details the development and amendments of
the CA and specifies benefits to all parties.Ultimate ownership, land‐use plans, and long‐term
management responsibilities will be discussed. This article assesses lessons learned in a long‐term
effort at collaborative land management at which the Army's training mission was (and is) in
jeopardy. Also, a mechanism to assess return on investment at other installations that are considering this
approach is offered. While most bioregional planning is by nature highly crafted to meet specific local
requirements, lessons learned from this project are instructive. In this case, both encroachment by incompatible
development in the vicinity of a military installation and training restrictions due to environmental compliance
are being reduced. Under limited circumstances, this tool can provide long‐term security of military
missions and declining natural resources. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Natural Selection and Market Efficiency in a Futures Market with Random Shocks
Authors: Luo Guo Ying 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEven when participants know very little about their environment, the market itself, by serving as a selection process of information, promotes an efficient aggregate outcome. To emphasize the role of the market and the importance of natural selection rather than the strategic actions of participants, an evolutionary model of a commodity futures market is presented, in which there is a continual inflow of unsophisticated traders with predetermined distributions of prediction errors with respect to the fundamental value of the spot price. The market acts as a selection process by constantly shifting wealth from traders with less accurate information to those with more accurate information. Consequently, with probability 1, if the volatility of the underlying spot market is sufficiently small, the proportion of time that the futures price is sufficiently close to the fundamental value converges to one. Furthermore, the width of the interval containing the fundamental value, where the futures price eventually lies, increases as the volatility of the underlying spot market increases. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:489–516, 2001
Modulation of astrocyte proliferation by cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1
Authors: Koguchi Ken , Nakatsuji Yuji , Nakayama Kei‐Ichi , Sakoda Saburo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that type 1 astrocytes exhibited homotypic cell contact‐dependent inhibition of proliferation with increased expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. Here, we investigated the functional role of p27 in contact‐dependent inhibition of astrocytes and reactive gliosis in vitro and in vivo. An increase in the number of proliferating cells was detected in high‐density cultures of astrocytes derived from mice carrying a targeted deletion in the p27 gene compared to astrocytes from wild‐type mice. Overexpression of p27 by adenovirus vectors inhibited astrocyte proliferation, which was accompanied by downregulation of cyclin A. In a gliosis model in vitro, a transient decrease in the p27 level and an increase in the proliferation rate were observed. Astrocyte proliferation following cortical injury lasted longer in p27‐deficient mice than in wild‐type mice. Forced expression of p27 in both in vitro and in vivo models of gliosis effectively suppressed astrocyte proliferation. In summary, we demonstrated that p27 contributed to the cell contact‐dependent inhibition of astrocyte proliferation and to the cessation of proliferation in reactive astrocytosis. p27 may be used to modulate reactive astrocytosis. GLIA 37:93–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells: Role in DNA synthesis and effect of ethanol
Authors: Yagle Kevin , Lu Hailing , Guizzetti Marina , Möller Thomas , Costa Lucio G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) can be phosphorylated by mitogens binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors and is considered a major pathway involved in cell proliferation. In this study, we report on the activation of MAPK by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in astroglial cells, namely the 1321N1 human astrocytoma cell line, primary rat cortical astrocytes, and fetal human astrocytes. Carbachol caused a rapid and transient phorphorylation of MAPK (ERK1/2) in all cell types, with an increase in MAPK activity, without changing the levels of MAPK proteins. Human astrocytoma cells were used to characterize the effect of carbachol on MAPK. Experiments with M2‐ and M3‐receptor subtype‐selective antagonists, and with pertussis toxin, indicated that the M3 subtype is responsible for activating MAPK in glial cells. Pretreatment of cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I, or downregulation of PKC by 24‐h treatment with the phorbol ester TPA inhibited carbachol‐induced MAPK activation. Additional experiments with PKC α‐ or PKC ϵ‐specific compounds indicated that the ϵ isozyme of PKC is primarily involved in MAPK activation by carbachol. Chelation of calcium also inhibited MAPK activation by carbachol. Two MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibitors inhibited carbachol‐induced DNA synthesis but only at concentrations that exceeded those sufficient to block carbachol‐induced MAPK activation. Ethanol (≤200 mM) had no effect on MAPK when present alone and did not affect carbachol‐induced MAPK activation under various experimental conditions, although it inhibits carbachol‐induced DNA synthesis at low concentrations (10–100 mM). These results suggest that activation of MAPK by carbachol may be necessary but not sufficient for its mitogenic effect in astroglial cells, and that does not represent a target for ethanol‐induced inhibition of DNA synthesis elicited by muscarinic receptors. GLIA 35:111–120, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ischemia‐induced apoptosis in primary cultures of astrocytes
Authors: Yu Albert Cheung‐Hoi , Wong Hon Kit , Yung Hong Wa , Lau Lok Ting 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAstrocytes participate in a wide variety of important physiological processes and pathological insults, including ischemia. Information on the mechanism of astroglial injury and death during ischemic insult, however, is scarce. In this study, we investigated the mode of astrocytic cell death using an in vitro ischemic model. Cultured astrocytes exhibited several distinct morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis under ischemia. At 4 h of ischemia, Annexin V staining demonstrated an early commitment of some astrocytes to apoptosis. Condensed nuclei became visible from 4 h and the number increased with ischemic incubation time. Electron microscopy showed compacted and segregated chromatin along the edges of nuclear membranes. The number of TUNEL‐positive nuclei and the degree of DNA laddering increased with ischemic incubation. Caspase‐3, but not caspase‐1, activity was increased in ischemia‐injured astrocytes. Swollen mitochondria and vacuoles found in some cells with chromatin condensation indicated that these apoptotic‐like cells might die of necrosis. The results imply that astrocytes are capable of undergoing apoptosis without the presence of other cell types, such as neurons. Ischemia can induce apoptosis in astrocytes contributing to the pathogenesis of ischemic injury in the CNS. GLIA 35:121–130, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The comparison of burden between caregiving spouses of depressive and demented patients
Authors: Leinonen Esa , Korpisammal Lea , Pulkkinen Lea‐Mari , Pukuri Tarja 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe opportunities for a depressive or demented elderly patient to live at home are dependent on the availability of support. If the spouse is alive, her or his resources to care for the patient are an essential option. In this study we compared the burden of the spouses of depressive and demented elderly patients admitted to the University Psychogeriatric Clinic.MethodsThe Zarit Burden Interview was used when comparing the burden between the groups. Psychological distress was screened by the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire. The care and support given by the spouse was assessed by Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire. The spouse's stress related to the health state of the patient was evaluated by the Pearlin Caregiving Stress Inventory. Twenty‐two spouses living with a depressive patient and 43 with a demented patient were included in the study.ResultsThe spouses of demented patients as a group were psychologically more stressed than the spouses of depressive patients. However, when demented patients were divided into two groups, in those admitted mainly for noncognitive symptoms related to dementia and in those admitted for memory assessment and diagnostic purposes, the burden of the spouses in the former group was higher than that of the group of depressive patients' spouses. No difference was found between the latter group of demented patient spouses and depressive patients' spouses.Both the patients and the spouses in the demented group were older than those in the depressive group. However, no correlation was found between stress of the spouse and her or his own age or the age of the patient either within the depressive or within the demented group. As expected, the function level of demented patients was lower than that of depressive patients. A correlation was found within both groups between low functional capacity of the patient and the stress of the spouse. In both groups the spouses who felt their own mental health to be poor were more likely to have high levels of burden.ConclusionsAmong the general psychogeriatric patient groups, the caregiving spouses of demented patients with noncognitive psychiatric symptoms are the most burdened group. However, spouses of depressive patients are as much burdened as those of demented patients with mild to moderate memory impairment. More support is needed for every spouse group caring for psychogeriatric patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of five clock scoring methods using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis
Authors: Storey Joella E. , Rowland Jeffrey T. J. , Basic David , Conforti David A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of five clock scoring methods for detecting dementia in English‐speaking patients.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingA general geriatric outpatient clinic in southwest Sydney, Australia.ParticipantsA total of 127 consecutive new referrals to the clinic, of mean age 78.2 years.MeasurementsThe clock drawing test was conducted at the beginning of each clinic appointment by a blinded observer. Each patient was then assessed by a geriatrician, who collected demographic data, administered the modified Barthel index, the geriatric depression scale, and the Folstein Mini‐Mental State Examination, and categorised each patient as demented or not demented, according to DSM‐4 criteria. Each clock was scored according to the methods of Mendez, Shulman, Sunderland, Watson and Wolf‐Klein, and evaluated for reliability, and predictive accuracy, using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsThe area under the ROC curve was largest for the Shulman (0.79, 95% CI 0.70–0.85) and Mendez (0.78, 95% CI 0.70–0.85) methods. Both predicted dementia more accurately than the Sunderland (area = 0.71) and Watson (area = 0.65) methods (p < 0.05). The inter‐rater (0.81–0.93) and intra‐rater (0.87–0.96) correlation coefficients were high for all five methods.ConclusionsWhile substantial differences among the clock scoring methods were evident in our sample, the accuracy of each was modest at best. Unless further studies in relevant settings suggest otherwise, we caution on the use of clock drawing alone to screen for dementia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuropathological correlates to clinically defined dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Londos E. , Passant U. , Gustafson L. , Brun A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse the neuropathological changes behind clinically defined dementia with Lewy bodies (clinDLB) compared with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (clinAD).MethodsThe prevalence of neuropathological findings in 48 clinDLB and 45 clinAD cases was compared. Sixteen clinDLB and 10 clinAD cases were reassessed with α‐synuclein staining for Lewy bodies (LB).ResultsAlzheimer pathology was found in 81% of the clinDLB and 93% of the clinAD cases. The clinDLB group had a higher prevalence of frontal white matter pathology, mostly of ischemic type, and a more severe degeneration of the substantia nigra compared with the clinAD group. In hematoxylin–eosin staining, LBs were identified in seven (15%) of the clinDLB and in four (9%) of the clinAD group. In α‐synuclein staining, 38% of the clinDLB and 40% of the clinAD cases exhibited LBs. The cases without LBs, in the clinDLB group, had AD pathology in combination with frontal white matter disease. Vascular pathology of significant degree was prevalent in more than 40% of all the cases with verified LBs regardless of clinical diagnosis.ConclusionConsecutive dementia cases, fulfilling the clinical consensus criteria for DLB, may exhibit combinations of neuropathological changes which in themselves can explain the clinical picture of DLB even when LBs are absent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.