bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State‐of–the–art imaging in palaeopathology: the value of multislice computed tomography in visualizing doubtful cranial lesions
Authors: Rühli F. J. , Lanz C. , Ulrich‐Bochsler S. , Alt K. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNon‐invasive imaging techniques are of great value in palaeopathology. Computed tomography (CT) is widely established to visualize changes in human remains that occurred both pre and post mortem. Since 1999 an advanced form of helical CT—so called Multislice‐CT (MSCT)—has become available for clinical purposes. We now present for the first time three historic cranial lesions of doubtful aetiology visualized by MSCT. Both original images and virtual reconstructions of the specimens are of high quality. In combination with peri‐lesional bone density measurements these images allow an improved assessment of aetiology. The cases presented are diagnosed by MSCT as being of intra vitam nature in two individuals and of post mortem character in one case. Time consuming post‐processing analysis and the still small number of scanners presently available may limit application of this new technique. Nevertheless, based on our preliminary results, we strongly recommend non‐invasive evaluation by MSCT to be used for non‐clinical purposes such as palaeopathological research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical design of stable delta‐domain generalized predictive control
Authors: Suchomski Piotr , Kowalczuk Zdzisław 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses certain fundamental issues related to the discrete‐time design problem of the delta‐domain generalized predictive control (δ‐GPC) for both minimum phase and non‐minimum phase linear SISO plants including nominal stability and nominal performance of the closed‐loop system. The approach being presented is completely analytical, and the nominal performance of the control system is directly achieved by a prototype design of the closed‐loop system characteristics resulting in definite time‐domain specifications. Two design methods are offered in which a model‐based prediction paradigm is applied to achieve the future output and the future filtered output trajectory of the plant. Prediction of the first type is based on suitable emulations of the outputδ‐derivatives and is used in the GPC controller design for minimum‐phase models of the plant. Prediction of the second type utilizes emulation of derivatives of the output filtered by the numerator polynomial of the transfer function of the controlled part of the plant. It can be employed both for minimum phase and non‐minimum phase plants. A numerical example is given that illustrates theδ‐GPC method for controller design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incentives, challenges, and dilemmas of TANF: A case study
Authors: Wolfe Barbara L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper compares the incentives inherent in TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), the
U.S. welfare system in place after the 1996 reforms, with those of TANF's predecessor, AFDC (Aid to
Families with Dependent Children), using the experience in one state, Wisconsin, as an example. Is the new
program successful in avoiding the “poverty trap” of the old welfare system, in which the marginal tax
rates imposed on earnings and benefits were so high that they discouraged work effort outside a narrow earnings
range?As women receiving assistance begin working more hours and earning more, income‐conditioned benefits
(Food Stamps, EITC, Medicaid, and subsidies for child care) are reduced and withdrawn, in effect
constituting a “tax” on earnings. Under TANF, there is more support for these families, at least in
Wisconsin, and so economic well‐being should be higher for most women with earning in this range than it
was under AFDC. But marginal tax rates under TANF remain high, and in some income ranges they are higher than
under AFDC.Once in the work force, former TANF recipients have earnings over the long run that expose them to very high
marginal tax rates, which decrease the benefits of working harder and make it very difficult to gain full eonomic
independence. Evidence from other sources suggest that most low‐skilled women have earnings in the same
range and so are likely to face similar reductions in benefits such as child care subsidies or the EITC as their
earnings increase, even if they are not receiving welfare‐related benefits. © 2002 by the Association
for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Differential effects of high‐quality child care
Authors: Hill Jennifer , Waldfogel Jane , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn policy research a frequent aim is to estimate treatment effects separately by subgroups. This endeavor
becomes a methodological challenge when the subgroups are defined by post‐treatment, rather than
pre‐treatment, variables because if analyses are performed in the same way as with pre‐treatment
variables, causal interpretations are no longer valid. The authors illustrate a new approach to this challenge
within the context of the Infant Health and Development Program, a multisite randomized study that provided
at‐risk children with intensive, center‐based child care. This strategy is used to examine the
differential causal effects of access to high‐quality child care for children who would otherwise have
participated in one of three child care options: no non‐maternal care, home‐based non‐maternal
care, and center‐based care. Results of this study indicate that children participating in the first two
types of care would have gained the most from high‐quality center‐based care and, moreover, would
have more consistently retained the bulk of these positive benefits over time. These results may have implications
for policy, particularly with regard to the debate about the potential implications of providing universal child
care. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Combined analysis of T cell receptor γ and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements at the single‐cell level in lymphomas with dual genotype
Authors: Vergier B. , Dubus P. , Kutschmar A. , Parrens M. , Ferrer J. , de Mascarel A. , Merlio J. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBy prospectively studying immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) and T cell receptor gamma (TCRγ) gene rearrangements in 398 lymphoma cases, a dual genotype was observed in 13% of B cell and 11% of T cell lymphomas. According to histological subtype, the highest incidence was observed for mantle cell lymphomas (32%) and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (21%) among B cell lymphomas, and for angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILT) (46%) and Sézary syndrome (SS) (50%) among T cell lymphomas. To determine whether the dual genotype corresponds to the presence of two distinct monoclonal populations or to the presence of both rearrangements within the same lymphoma cells, single‐cell microdissection was used after immunohistochemistry and a single‐cell combined IgH and TCRγ gene analysis was designed after a whole‐genome amplification step. This protocol was applied to the study of two nodal B cell lymphomas (one diffuse large B cell lymphoma and one mantle cell lymphoma) and two cutaneous T cell lymphomas (one AILT and one SS). Two cases (SS and mantle cell lymphoma) were true bigenotypic lymphomas, as both IgH and TCRγ monoclonal rearrangements were detected in the same cells. Conversely, in the diffuse large B cell lymphoma and AILT cases, large CD22+ single cells exhibited only the monoclonal IgH rearrangement but not the TCRγ gene that was detected in CD3+ single cells. Such an approach allows the identification of true bigenotypic lymphoma among dual genotypic lymphoma. Specific genetic alterations may be further amplified from microdissected cryopreserved material, such as the t(11;14) breakpoint detected in bigenotypic B cells of the mantle cell lymphoma case. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of three common translocation breakpoints in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization on routine paraffin‐embedded tissue sections
Authors: Haralambieva Eugenia , Kleiverda Karin , Mason David Y , Schuuring Ed , Kluin Philip M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNon‐random chromosomal translocations are specifically involved in the pathogenesis of many non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and have clinical implications as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Their detection is often impaired by technical problems, including the distribution of the breakpoints over large genomic areas. This study reports a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method which allows the detection of specific chromosomal breakpoints in tissue sections from routinely fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples. Hybridization was performed after demasking the DNA. Previously validated locus‐specific probes (cosmids, PACs) flanking the BCL1, BCL2 regions and similar new probes for the MYC breakpoint region were used. The cases studied were five mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) and five follicular lymphomas (FL), selected on the basis of a previously proved t(11;14) and t(14;18) and five randomly chosen Burkitt's lymphomas (BL), as well as 21 negative control samples. In all samples, hybridization signals of sufficient intensity were obtained. Three different algorithms were used to score the hybridization signals in tissue sections, two of them taking into account the nuclei and their signal distribution indicative of chromosomal break, and one only considering the colocalization or segregation of the signals. In control tissues, these algorithms resulted in cut‐off levels of 9.1%, 1.3%, or 10.0%. In the 15 lymphoma samples the percentages of abnormal cells/signals ranged from 28% to 80%, 13% to 49%, and 40% to 70%, respectively. The results indicate that small locus‐specific probes can be used in FISH for regular detection of translocation breakpoints on routine paraffin tissue sections. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RANK ligand is a prerequisite for cancer‐associated osteolytic lesions
Authors: Kitazawa Sohei , Kitazawa Riko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBreast cancer is frequently associated with osteolytic bone metastasis, where osteoclasts play a major role in bone destruction. Recently, osteoclast differentiation factor (RANKL) has been identified as a prerequisite for the formation and maintenance of osteoclasts from haematopoietic precursors. To elucidate the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in bone‐residing breast cancer, PTHrP‐producing (MCF‐7) and ‐non‐producing (MCF‐7UP) human breast cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into the forehead of nude mice maintained without oestrogen supplement. One, two, and three weeks thereafter, the expression of RANKL and PTHrP mRNA, and osteoclastogenesis were analysed by in situ hybridization and TRAP staining. In MCF‐7 cells, at early stages, spindle‐shaped stromal cells and osteoblasts on the bone surface expressed RANKL, then numerous osteoclasts were induced on the periosteal bone surface. Three weeks after the transplantation, MCF‐7 cancer cells migrated onto the eroded bone surface, where they survived apoptosis. At all stages, RANKL expression was confined to the stromal/osteoblastic cells, whereas PTHrP was confined to the MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. On the other hand, PTHrP was negative in MCF‐7UP cells at all stages, and neither induction of osteoclasts nor infiltrative growth of cancer cells was observed. Moreover, in vitro treatment with PTHrP resulted in increased RANKL mRNA expression and transcription activity in the MC3T3‐E1 mouse osteoblastic cell line. Thus PTHrP induces osteoclastic bone resorption through the transactivation of the RANKL gene on stromal/osteoblastic cells, affording a bone microenvironment conducive to the survival of PTHrP‐producing cancer cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarized distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen is associated with a tight junction molecule in human colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tobioka Hirotoshi , Isomura Hiroshi , Kokai Yasuo , Sawada Norimasa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study we presents a novel anti‐occludin monoclonal antibody that can be used for formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections. The relationships between aberrant localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and abnormalities of tight junctions were studied in human colorectal cancers by this antibody. Abnormalities in the cell surface expression of CEA have been shown to be characteristic of human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer cells that participated in the formation of glandular structures expressed occludin at the apical cell border and CEA was expressed more apically than occludin. Where cancer cells showed solid nests without glandular structures, occludin was completely lost and CEA was demonstrated in a diffuse pattern throughout the cells. These findings suggest that the polarized apical expression of CEA in neoplastic glandular structures depends on the expression of occludin and the fence function of tight junctions. During tumour progression, loss of occludin may lead to the loss of membrane polarity and the non‐polarized expression of CEA. The antibody described provides a powerful tool for the study of tight junctions in surgically resected human tissue. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amplification of the androgen receptor gene in bone metastases from hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Brown R. S. D. , Edwards J. , Dogan A. , Payne H. , Harland S. J. , Bartlett J. M. S. , Masters J. R. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of androgen receptor (AR) amplification in metastases to bone and other sites in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) and to compare these findings with those in pretreatment primary tumour samples from the same patients. Tissue from 24 patients with HRPC was available for study, together with 13 primary tumour specimens. AR gene amplification and copy number for X‐chromosome were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a SpectrumOrange™‐labelled probe at locus Xq11–13 for the AR gene and a SpectrumGreen™‐labelled alpha‐satellite probe for the X‐chromosome (Vysis, UK, Ltd.). A minimum of 20 nuclei were scored in each of three tumour areas by two independent observers. Samples from 18/24 patients with HRPC (12 bone marrow biopsies, three local tumour recurrences, and three lymph nodes) and nine primary tumour specimens were adequate for FISH analysis. Results were expressed as a mean ratio of AR gene copy number : mean X‐chromosome number, with a ratio of greater than 1.5 defined as amplification. AR gene amplification was seen in 9/18 (50%) cases of HRPC and in none of the primary (untreated) tumour specimens (p = 0.0048, Fisher's exact test). For the 12 bone marrow samples, AR gene amplification occurred in 5/12 (38%) cases. Elevated copy number for chromosome X occurred in 3/18 (17%) HRPC and 4/9 (44%) matched primary tumours. This study shows for the first time that AR gene amplification can be demonstrated by FISH in bone metastases from HRPC patients. Because bone marrow biopsies can be obtained from most patients with HRPC, the findings provide a rational basis for the routine selection of patients who may respond more favourably to second‐line anti‐androgen therapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in prescribed drug doses after market introduction
Authors: Heerdink Eibert R. , Urquhart John , Leufkens Hubert G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeThe establishment of recommended dosing regimens has always been a difficult aspect of drug development. This paper examines the extent to which postmarketing prescribing deviates from initially recommended dosing regimens. We used the World Health Organization's (WHO) periodically updated compilation of the ‘Defined Daily Dose’ (DDD) to reflect prevailing patterns of prescribing in national markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate DDD changes over time (1982–2000) and to identify possible determinants of these changes.MethodsData on DDD changes were obtained from the WHO's Oslo Collaborating Centre. We performed a case–control analysis in which we compared drugs with (cases) and without (controls) postmarketing changes in DDD on possible determinants associated with DDD change.ResultsWe found 115 instances of a change of DDD in the period 1982–2000 (45 (39.1%) increases and 70 (60.9%) decreases). Antibiotics showed the greatest number of changes in DDD: predominantly increases in the 1980s, while the 1990s were dominated by decreases in DDD of mostly cardiovascular drugs.ConclusionChanges in DDD reflect the outcome of a melange of forces, including misconceptions of dose requirements during pre‐market development of drug and postmarketing changes in pharmacotherapeutic knowledge, clinical concepts, economic forces, and, in the case of anti‐infective agents, changing patterns of resistance/sensitivity of target microorganisms to the anti‐infective agent(s) in question. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of dicarboxylate oligosaccharide multilayer terminal functionality upon poly(lysine) dendrimer scaffolding
Authors: Baigude Huricha , Katsuraya Kaname , Okuyama Kousaku , Yachi Yoshihide , Sato Shoma , Uryu Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA reactive three‐layered dendrimer containing carboxyl groups was synthesized by the coupling of dicarboxylic acid and a highly reactive, two‐layered glycopeptide dendrimer. Lactose, maltose, or maltotriose was reacted with the poly(lysine) dendrimer in its third and fourth generations by reductive amination and afforded two‐layered glycolysine dendrimers. The reaction was conducted in a borate buffer (pH 9.0). 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analyses were applied for the determination of the structures of the products. When an excess amount of the oligosaccharide and a long reaction time were used, the degree of substitution increased to 1.5–2.0 against an amino group. For the preparation of highly reactive, multilayered dendrimers for an antigen carrier, C6 hydroxy groups of the oligosaccharides were selectively esterified by adipic acid and suberic acid to give 6‐O‐adipoyl oligosaccharide–poly(lysine) dendrimers and 6‐O‐suberoyl oligosaccharide–poly(lysine) dendrimers. The reactivity of these multilayered dendrimers was examined by a model reaction with phenylalanine ethyl ester. The dendrimer showed high reactivity, providing phenylalanine ethyl ester–dicarboxylate oligosaccharide–poly(lysine) dendrimers with a considerably high proportion of phenylalanine residues. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3622–3633, 2002
Ionic organic/inorganic materials. I. Novel cationic siloxane copolymers containing quaternary ammonium salt groups in the backbone
Authors: Dragan Stela , Cazacu Maria , Toth Andras 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of some novel cationic siloxanes copolymers containing quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) groups in the backbone is reported in this article. One cationic oligomer having QAS in the backbone and reactive groups like 2,3‐epoxypropyl and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐chloropropyl (RCO) as well as 1,3‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane or α,ω‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)oligodimethylsiloxane (AP) were used as precursors for this goal. Elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the obtained copolymers. The thermal stability of the cationic siloxane copolymer increased when the siloxane oligomer having a high number of siloxane units in the chain (AP) was used as a precursor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3570–3578, 2002
Liquid‐crystalline thermosets from mesogenic dimeric epoxy resins by tertiary amine catalysis
Authors: Ribera D. , Mantecón A. , Serra A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLiquid‐crystalline thermosets (LCTs) were prepared by the curing of difunctional liquid‐crystalline dimeric epoxy monomers with imine moieties in the mesogenic core and central spacers of different lengths. Tertiary amines were used as catalysts in different proportions. The locked mesophases of the LCTs were characterized by polarized optical microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and identified as smectic‐C, regardless of their smectic‐A or smectic‐C initial state. The influence of a 7.1‐T magnetic field on the macroscopic orientation of these materials was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis, and the orientation parameter was determined by IR dichroism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3916–3926, 2002
Synthesis of new graft copolymers containing polyisobutylene by a combination of the 1,1‐diphenylethylene technique and cationic polymerization
Authors: Schäfer Marcus , Wieland Philipp C. , Nuyken Oskar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of macroinitiators for the cationic polymerization of isobutylene via radical polymerization is presented. The 1,1‐diphenylethylene system was used to obtain macroinitiators consisting of 4‐chloromethylstyrene and methyl methacrylate units. The resulting polymers were used for the cationic polymerization of isobutylene, yielding graft copolymers that were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and NMR. The dependence of the molar mass and polydispersity on the temperature and monomer concentration was studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3725–3733, 2002
Melt grafting of N‐carbamyl maleamic acid onto linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Ciolino Andrés E. , Failla Marcelo D. , Vallés Enrique M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe grafting of N‐carbamyl maleamic acid (NCMA) onto linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) was carried out with different concentrations of 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butylperoxy) hexane (DBPH) as an initiator. The modification process was performed in the molten state with a Brabender mixer. All the materials were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and melt rheology. The analysis of the FTIR spectra indicated that the grafting efficiency increased with the concentration of both NCMA and DBPH. The calorimetric experiments showed that the modification process did not noticeably alter the enthalpy of fusion of LLDPE, whereas the melting temperature of the modified polymers was slightly lower than that corresponding to the original LLDPE. The rheological response of the molten polymers, determined under dynamic shear flow at small‐amplitude oscillations, indicated that the modification process induced crosslinking of the chains. Both the dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus of the modified LLDPE increased with the concentration of NCMA and DBPH, showing that larger molecules were generated during the modification process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3950–3958, 2002
Reaction kinetics and gel effect on the polymerization of 2‐ethoxyethyl methacrylate and 2(2‐ethoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate
Authors: García F. , García J. M. , Rubio F. , de la Peña J. L. , Guzmán J. , Riande E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolymerization kinetics at several temperatures of 2‐ethoxyethyl methacrylate (EEMA) and 2(2‐ethoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate (DEMA) in bulk and in dioxane solutions are described. The gel effect was never detected at monomer concentrations equal to or lower than 1 mol L−1, although in the bulk polymerization both monomers display the gel effect at very low conversions. Because of the influence of the efficiency factor f on the polymerization rate, a theoretical kinetic interpretation of the changes in f with monomer and initiator concentrations and kinetic parameters was performed to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in radical polymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3987–4001, 2002