bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jurisdiction of the Union Courts over Disputes Relating to Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the jurisdiction of the Union Courts over disputes concerning intellectual property rights (EU trade marks, Community plant variety rights, and Community designs). It discusses the system of legal protection relating to these intellectual property rights and the extent of the jurisdiction of the General Court in this context.
Appeals
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the appeal procedure by which a party may bring an appeal before the Court of Justice against a decision of the General Court based on alleged errors of law committed by the latter Court in reaching its decision, with a view to setting aside, in whole or in part, that decision. It evaluates key issues relating to points of law versus questions of fact, the types of decisions which may be the subject of an appeal, the pleas which may be raised, and the consequences of successful and unsuccessful appeals. It also delves into cross-appeals and the newly introduced preliminary admission mechanism for appeals.
Incidental Elements of the Procedure
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers incidental elements of the proceedings before the Union Courts. It addresses intervention, expedited procedures, and the urgent preliminary ruling procedure, along with the confidential treatment of documents in the course of proceedings. It also considers the disposal of cases on account of preliminary issues, discontinuance, withdrawal of a reference for a preliminary ruling, and other grounds for not proceeding to judgment.
Main Elements of the Procedure
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the main elements of the proceedings before the Union Courts. It discusses certain procedures for dealing with cases, such as joinder, stay, and deferment. It also addresses the various parts of the procedure in chronological order, including the written part of the procedure, the preliminary report and assignment of cases, the measures of organization of procedure and measures of inquiry which may be taken by the Union Courts, and the oral part of the procedure.
Attention
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a unifying theory of the psychedelic experiences induced by psychedelics and meditation. Both psychedelics and meditation are widely reported to 'expand’ awareness, and, given the close relationship between awareness and attention, the chapter argues that a natural target of analysis is that of the attentional system. In the case of meditation, this is especially clear since many meditative practices involve attentional training. In contrast, the case of psychedelics is less clear. This is partly due to limitations on empirical research, but more importantly, because psychedelics regularly induce impairments to attentional performance. However, the chapter argues that we need to distinguish performance on attentional tasks from other qualities of attention. The chapter then proposes that psychedelics regularly disrupt the attentional system, impairing attentional performance but, at the same time, freeing up attentional resources, thus creating an attentional surplus that facilitates expansions of awareness.
Maintenance and Reduction of Capital
Authors: Ferran Eilís , Howell Elizabeth , Steffek Felix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the common law maintenance of capital principle and its continuing importance in preventing the wrongful extraction of value from a company through disguised distributions. Recent case law that clarifies directors’ duties with respect to creditors’ interests is considered. The chapter also considers the circumstances in which a company can reduce its capital either with the approval of the court or based on a directors’ solvency statement. Recent cases that have begun to interpret the solvency statement procedure are examined. Specific examples of reductions of capital in the context of group reorganization schemes of arrangement are provided. The chapter includes an examination of the case for the UK to move away from the traditional legal capital approach and towards the more modern liquidity/solvency-based approach that has found favour in some other countries.
Public Spending by Other Means?
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about how a major remodelling of the Treasury’s building in Whitehall was financed in the early 2000s, this chapter explores what happened to the fiscal constitution for public spending under New Labour. It describes the New Labour fiscal framework (including fiscal rules, new categories of spending, and multi-year spending reviews) and shows how those changes played out during two initial years of restraint, through a period of sharply rising spending that tested institutional capacity to secure ‘more for more’, followed by global financial crisis leading to part-nationalization of the banks, efforts at fiscal stimulus and then preparations for fiscal consolidation. It traces three big changes that conveniently did not fully count as ‘public spending’, namely the boom in private financing of public infrastructure, the development of tax credits, and the move to loans and fees in tertiary education in place of an older system of grants.
As Others Saw It
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about perception of the UK as a roller-coaster, feast-and-famine performer over public spending in international perspective (and some different views about roller-coasting), this chapter suggests that claim is easier to assert than to prove. It explores how the UK spending control system was rated by international bodies around the period of the study, notably by IMF, OECD, and the International Budget Partnership. It shows that in those ratings the UK broadly scored well, being ranked among the vanguard states in its reviewing practice and accounting developments even though it ran into fiscal emergencies twice over the period. It suggests that the way the UK system was evaluated depended on the relative weight given to the more ‘political’ as against the more ‘technocratic’ features of its fiscal constitution, and that the Treasury may have seen limited budgetary openness as a price worth paying for greater central control.
The Case for Strategic Political Theory
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This opening chapter presents and defends strategic political theorizing, elaborating on the strategic effort to argue from bad premises to better policies. Linking this effort to a democratic hope regarding the possible philosophical quality of political discourse, the chapter argues that the strategic attempt to systematize even unreasonable views held by fellow citizens embodies multiple valuable forms of respect among co-citizens. The chapter anticipates in detail the worry that by working to systematize unreasonable positions, strategic theorizing legitimates reprehensible views. It also anticipates skepticism concerning strategic theorizing’s practical hopes. Finally, the chapter takes up applied issues concerning the actual pursuit of strategic theorizing, bearing both on the choice among possible subjects for such theorizing, and on the audience that strategic theorists should seek.
Counterfactual Pretenders
Authors: Nicosia Marissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two chronicle plays considered in this chapter are all about succession gone wrong. Richard III is a lord protector who murders the rightful heir and usurps the throne; the pretender Perkin Warbeck postures as the surviving heir who has now returned to claim the throne. Both Richard and Perkin are pretenders in the sense that they are claimants to the throne, and the plays that they inhabit will show whether their claims are just or false. Moreover, these plays ask what might have happened if history as we know it had taken a different turn when they propose counterfactual narratives as pleasurable drama—futures that might have happened, but did not. Although these plays are ultimately conservative and reestablish the status quo of monarchical succession, their dramatic impact resides in entertaining alternative lines of succession that briefly or potentially might have structured the nation’s future.
Bad News
Authors: Nicosia Marissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 connects the chronicle plays written for the public stage to the play pamphlet, a hybrid of printed professional drama, pamphlet literature, and contemporary journalism that responded to the political crises of the English Civil Wars and revolution. The chapter demonstrates that play pamphlets transform formal and material features from chronicle plays to imagine succession gone wrong, political distress, and temporal confusion with the ultimate goal of inspiring readers to take direct action. The Levellers Levell’d critiques a burgeoning new social movement and the future it imagines for the nation by taking it to task for circulating The Agreement of the People as a printed pamphlet. The Craftie Cromwell series proposes a future in which Cromwell becomes king to encourage royalist readers to prevent that future at whatever cost. These brief, timely plays imagine futures that their authors hope will never arrive.
Escaping the Practice of Exclusion
Authors: Hoover Fushcia-Ann , Scarlett Rachel D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Environmental racism and discrimination are often seen as social and political decisions of the past, with minimal influence on contemporary environmental health and management. In reality, decision-making around urban nature and green space planning is influenced by both historical and contemporary racism and other forms of discrimination. For the first time in decades, we see increased awareness, interest, and engagement with environmental justice (EJ) across diverse sectors of society including conservation biology, the geosciences, urban ecology, and planning. Unfortunately, engagement with EJ has yet to yield large-scale equitable change in environmental decision-making and conservation practices. This work breaks down how discriminatory practices and language are codified in how we approach contemporary urban conservation and planning and outline how environmental decision-making perpetuates environmental racism and discrimination. This work provides specific case studies across multiple cities to demonstrate the misalignment between EJ, objectivity-based intentions, and planning and conservation outcomes. It highlights examples from communities of color that have long been doing the work of pushing their respective countries toward better environmental stewardship and conservation practices. Finally, it concludes with a path forward for urban conservation and planning that align with EJ. Ultimately, if urban conservation and biodiversity researchers and practitioners are serious about protecting biodiversity, advancing EJ, and building inclusive conservation practices, then we must recognize the hidden ways inequality and environmental racism are built into contemporary decision-making and land management practices.
Portland’s Conservation Organizations
Authors: Guderyahn Laura , Logalbo Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work details how two Portland, OR urban conservation organizations work intentionally with their community to provide support, resources, and understanding as part of their mission for urban nature. It provides an honest accounting of successes, failures, misunderstandings, and missteps in equitable urban conservation. The West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District (WMSWCD) is a publicly funded conservation organization in Portland that partners with other local organizations and governments to provide private landowners with the resources and information to improve air and water quality, biodiversity habitat, and soil health. WMSWCD often partners with Portland Parks & Recreation (PP&R) to combine resources and fulfil PP&R’s goals of connecting people to place, self, and others to build a legacy of care and enjoyment of Portland’s parks, public places, and natural areas. Diverse conservation organizations, including PP&R and WMSWCD, have resolved to pursue diversity, equity, and inclusion as integral parts of their missions in Portland. These organizations do so in an area with a legacy of two centuries of legal, institutional, and economic racism and classism that have inequitably distributed land and natural resources. These challenges and troubling statistics have been identified and plans or statements have been made committing local organizations to address these findings. With a foundation of commitment to racial equity in place, WMSWCD, PP&R, and other partners have gathered to launch a collaborative effort for community-tailored outreach, listening sessions, and engagement to improve equitable and enhanced stewardship of urban natural resources.
Multicity Ecological Networks for Addressing Urban Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Magle Seth , Fidino Mason , Lehrer Liza , Magle Tobin , Aronson Myla 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Urban environments are uniquely variable within and across regions, differing along a complex set of biophysical axes. This work describes the primary sources of this variation including biological, geophysical, cultural, economic, and policy differences within and between cities. In addition, it explains why these variances are important to the distribution and abundance of urban biodiversity. The emergence of multicity networks and datasets—including the National Science Foundation’s Urban LTER projects (Baltimore Ecosystem Study, Central Arizona-Phoenix, and Minneapolis-St. Paul), the Urban Biodiversity Research Coordination Network (UrBioNet), the Urban Wildlife Information Network (UWIN), WildCam, and others—is integral to urban biodiversity science, predicting future scenarios for unsampled neighborhoods or cities, and conservation. Multicity networks facilitate long-term sampling and allow inferences across vast spatial scales, including capturing variation between regions, cities, and sites; different types of urban development; different degrees of urban intensity; different socioeconomic factors; different policies and cultural norms; and varying attitudes toward biodiversity. Such information facilitates a broad array of urban conservation issues, informing when and how conservation strategies should be implemented for a given city. Finally, this work reviews some of the major findings from urban research networks and concludes with recommendations to improve on multicity data collection in the future. This includes the need for more data from outside of North America, more data on rarely sampled taxa such as herpetofauna and fish, more collaboration between networks, and networks that span across disciplines.
Integrating Molecular Methods with a Social-Ecological Focus to Advance Urban Biodiversity Management
Authors: Avilés-Rodríguez Kevin , Hughes Kim , Richardson Jonathan L. , Munshi-South Jason 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many urban wildlife species are relatively rare, difficult to capture, and not routinely observed. Over the last 30 years, molecular genetic tools have been adopted for a wide range of ecological, evolutionary, and management applications. This work reviews how these tools are used and highlights how these approaches can guide urban conservation decision-making. Further, it highlights how molecular tools are integral to understanding how human societal conditions allow us to describe biodiversity patterns within cities at the scale of individual buildings, city blocks, or neighborhoods. This work underscores a need for better incorporating human social and economic variation into understanding genetic connectivity in biodiversity within and across urban areas. This synthesis demonstrates the power of modern molecular methods for conservation in general but especially in cities and provides a framework for prioritizing and achieving urban biodiversity conservation goals.
Conclusion—Biodiversity for the People
Authors: Schell Christopher J. , Lambert Max R. , Roches Simone Des , Gallo Travis , Harris Nyeema C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Imagining our global future is an extraordinary challenge. Due to our escalating climate crisis, it is uncertain how recognizable our environmental landscape will be 100–150 years from the present. Inarguably, the increased frequencies of once-in-a-lifetime storms, heat waves, droughts, and wildfires already suggest that our current context is ominous. Building solutions that minimize impending catastrophe is therefore a particularly urgent endeavor, one that will undoubtedly require transdisciplinary, agile, and resilient tools that leverage collective forms of knowledge. The development of those tools will require all peoples’ experience and knowledge, emphasizing the need for environmental equity and access. Simultaneously, conserving species will be imperative components that maintain our ecosystem health and function. This work outlines how merging environmental equity and biodiversity conservation will be an essential formula for weathering the figurative and literal storms induced by climate change. In addition, it pinpoints key priorities and gaps in urban conservation research that may be critical components to ecological application and policy designed to fight future disasters. Further, it speculates on the contexts of future urban biodiversity management landscapes if eco-equitable conservation policies are centered at multiple scales of governance. In closing, it stresses that the future blueprint for eco-equitable conservation and climate mitigation has always been embedded in the environmental justice narratives of the past.
Vantage Point, 1972
Authors: Barry Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Identification of the largest manufacturing employers in operation in Ireland in 1972 provides us with a snapshot of the economy of the time and also of its history. Some of the firms preceded the foundation of the state. Others dated from the moderate protection of the 1920s, still more from the full-scale protection of the 1930s and the various stages of outward reorientation of the post-war era. The dates at which each of the firms emerged into significance serve as an introduction to the economic history of the state. Already by 1972 foreign corporations accounted for a disproportionately high share of manufacturing employment in Ireland. The firm-level database indicates that this was roughly evenly divided between protectionist-era ‘tariff factories’, export-oriented foreign firms that had established greenfield operations under the new post-war policy regime, and a heretofore largely ignored class of foreign firms that had acquired existing businesses as trade liberalization loomed. The gender composition of individual sectors is examined. Sectarian divisions in Irish business life that had persisted into the 1960s disappeared alongside the liberalization of the economy.
Trade Liberalization and the Road to Europe
Authors: Barry Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
T. K. Whitaker, Secretary of the Department of Finance and lead author of the 1958 report which is generally credited with triggering the dismantling of protectionism, underestimated the difficulties of the adjustment required. It would in any case be another five years before tariff barriers would begin to be dismantled. These steps were taken as part of the campaign to gain entry to the European Economic Community, which could not have been envisaged at the time of the Whitaker Report. De Gaulle’s veto of the British application gave Ireland a further ten years to prepare. Education was revamped, new export-oriented foreign industry expanded, a Free Trade Area Agreement (AIFTA) was signed with the United Kingdom, the Exchequer’s dependence on trade taxes was reduced, and restructuring of protectionist-era industry began. This chapter provides details of the major restructurings and mergers and acquisitions of the period. Much of Whitaker’s advice however, particularly on macroeconomic policy and cost competitiveness, was ignored. AIFTA was associated with far more industrial redundancies than had been anticipated. By 1972, export-oriented foreign firms accounted for almost 20 per cent of manufacturing employment, with the United States the single most significant source of inward investment. Responsibility for the contested issue of regional industrial dispersal was ultimately devolved to the Industrial Development Authority. The competitive pressures associated with trade liberalization contributed to the erosion of enduring sectarian divisions in the workplace and in Irish business life.
THE VACUUM AS A DYNAMICAL SYSTEM
Authors: Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The vacuum of space, as it is seen in modern physics (quantum field theory) is itself a highly structured combination of fields in their joint state of least energy. This structure is described. Terminology such as ‘bare particle’ and ‘virtual particle’ is explained, with an emphasis on keeping in view the fact that the net result is smooth and dormant.
THE MAGICIAN’S BOX
Authors: Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An issue in popular assumptions about Darwinian evolution is briefly looked at. Large parts of the modern-day Christian movement worldwide are comfortable with Darwinian evolution and have positively contributed to its elucidation in mainstream science. But this fact is hidden from public view. In cultural tropes and lecture-hall showmanship, Christianity is presented as uniformly endorsing an anti-evolutionary creationism. That presentation is misleading. So why is it being offered?
CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A section of modern-day atheism has sought to associate the scientific study of natural history with atheism, as if the latter had unique access to scientific credentials. This is both illogical and anti-educational. The claim that atheism is the sole or the main champion of reason and rationality, and can fairly look on others as if their reason, or their commitment to reason, was in question, is deeply unjust. To suspect another’s very rationality before they have even opened their mouth to speak is to place them in a subhuman category. This horrible practice should no longer pass unchallenged. But if we present evolution in a more level way, with its joys and pains given their due weight, then it need not be threatening to any reasonable outlook on life.
GETTING PAST BRIGHTLAND
Authors: Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The final chapter offers a look back over themes of the book, and a look at the way forward. The nature and value of freewill is briefly highlighted. The heart of the book is about offering to the next generation a balanced and liberating view of their own moral stature. We finish with a view of how science interacts with the arts and humanities without being competent to replace them.