bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The (unlikely) trajectory of learning in a salmon hatchery
Authors: Lee Yew‐Jin , Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: June 2005

PurposeSociocultural learning theories, usually premised on participation in some community, explain workplace learning well up to a certain extent. The paper aims to extend beyond these and to account for learning in repetitive and mundane work environments from a dialectical perspective.Design/methodology/approachBased on a longitudinal ethnographic study of one salmon hatchery in Canada and the fish culturists that work there, theory (dialectics) is blended with empirical fieldwork (interview data, participant observation data, field notes). Codes that emerged were classified into categories that formed the basis for the tentative hypotheses.FindingsTwo assertions are proposed concerning learning from a dialectical perspective: the dialectic of doing (actions might seem repetitive but are in fact always different and productive in nature) and the dialectic of understanding and explaining (practical understanding develops dialectically with conceptual understanding when the latter is subjected to scrutiny). These can account for learning in places that at first sight are not conducive to change and transformation.Research limitations/implicationsUsing the proposed framework, researchers/management can no longer get at individual learning independent of collective learning, which simultaneously is the effect and cause of individual learning. That is, individual and collective are inseparable ontologically.Practical implicationsThe study suggests a need to rethink the nature and possibilities of learning in mundane work environments that are believed to be widespread.Originality/valueApproaches workplace learning from a dialectical, hermeneutical perspective that is not widely appreciated. Affirms the dignity of workers.
Pharmacological profile of the new antihistamines
Authors: Tillement J.‐P. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe second‐generation H1 antihistamines are a highly efficacious drug class in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) and dermatitis, and distinct from the first‐generation H1 antihistamines, predominantly because of their non‐sedating nature at recommended dosages. Despite a marked chemical heterogeneity, the non‐sedating H1 antihistamines have many similarities, in particular, high affinity for H1 receptors, high efficacy, anti‐inflammatory effects, which may be independent of direct H1‐receptor function, and lack of central nervous system side‐effects. Some studies have suggested that differences in the chemical structures of these compounds generally lead to differences in the pharmacokinetic properties, which determine their overall clinical usefulness. In particular, it has been demonstrated that there are differences in selectivity for H1 receptors, the apparent volume of distribution, metabolism and elimination and interaction with other drugs.A comparison of levocetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine and mizolastine (some of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the treatment of AR and dermatitis) has demonstrated that, unlike levocetirizine and fexofenadine, desloratadine and mizolastine can bind to muscarinic receptors and cardiac K+ channels, and therefore have both lower selectivity and the potential to induce muscarinic and serious cardiac side‐effects. However, this is noted at higher than recommended doses. Similarly, desloratadine and mizolastine undergo extensive metabolism and, together with fexofenadine, have the potential to interact with other drugs, in turn increasing the potential for severe toxic effects. In contrast, levocetirizine is not metabolized, is eliminated rapidly from the body, does not demonstrate any significant drug interactions and has the lowest volume of distribution. These findings suggest that levocetirizine is likely to be a safer drug than fexofenadine, desloratadine and mizolastine.
Anti‐inflammatory properties of antihistamines: an update
Authors: Walsh G. M. 
Published: June 2005

SummarySince histamine plays a prominent and diverse role in the pathophysiology of allergic disease, therapeutic intervention is usually focused on blocking the effects of this biogenic amine. Studies investigating the mechanisms underlying the effects of H1 antihistamines have demonstrated that a number of agents in this drug class possess anti‐allergic/anti‐inflammatory properties, in addition to their antihistaminic properties, which may partly explain the high efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of allergic disease with an underlying inflammatory pathology. However, with some exceptions, the majority of anti‐allergic/anti‐inflammatory effects observed in vitro are noted at concentrations that are several hundred‐fold higher than therapeutic levels and are therefore clinically irrelevant. Additionally, it is clear that the H1 antihistamines differ with regard to their anti‐allergic/anti‐inflammatory potencies in vitro and in vivo. In this regard, both cetirizine and levocetirizine have been shown to have anti‐inflammatory/anti‐allergic activities at therapeutically relevant concentrations, in vitro and in vivo. Studies investigating the effect of long‐term treatment with cetirizine and levocetirizine have indicated that while cetirizine delays the onset, and, in some cases, prevents the development of asthma in children with atopic dermatitis at high risk of developing asthma, levocetirizine significantly improves the quality of life (QOL) in patients with persistent AR. These findings suggest that prophylactic/long‐term treatment with cetirizine and levocetirizine may provide an opportunity to prevent/delay the development of asthma in susceptible individuals and to improve the QOL in patients with persistent AR.
Role of antihistamines: the XPERT™ example
Authors: Bachert C. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe older classification scheme of seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis (AR) is not entirely applicable in all patients and all regions, since pollens can act as perennial allergens in some parts of the world; the majority of patients are sensitized to multiple allergens, and symptoms of perennial allergy may not be apparent throughout the year. This has resulted in the introduction of the World Health Organisation‐initiated Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines, which propose a classification scheme based on both the duration of symptoms and severity of disease, taking into account the patient's quality of life (QOL). The ARIA guidelines are evidence based and classify AR as either intermittent or persistent and of mild or moderate to severe intensity, and recommend treatment options accordingly. Thus, the new classification is much closer to the real‐life situation of the patient. The second‐generation H1 antihistamines are recommended for all forms of rhinitis, and a recent general population‐based study has suggested that these agents may also be useful in the management of patients with persistent AR. The Xyzal® in PErsistent Rhinitis Trial (XPERT™) compared the effect of 6‐month's treatment with Xyzal® (levocetirizine 5 mg daily) or placebo, on symptoms and QOL in 551 patients diagnosed with persistent AR, according to ARIA. The study demonstrated that Xyzal® significantly decreased the symptoms of disease and improved the health‐related QOL in these patients, compared with placebo. Xyzal® also decreased absenteeism and loss of productivity, and therefore reduced the total economic burden of persistent AR and its associated comorbidities, over a period of 6 months. These findings suggest that continuous treatment with Xyzal®, and possibly other antihistamines, if equally potent, is able and may be necessary to improve the QOL of patients with persistent rhinitis and to impact positively on the socio‐economic burden of this disease.
Headache in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Meco G. , Frascarelli M. , Pratesi L. , Linfante I. , Rocchi L. , Formisano R. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe presence of headache in Parkinson's disease has been recently reported in the literature. We studied 9cephalalgic parkinsonian patients compared to 8 parkinsonian patients taken as controls, both with clinical rating scalesand with EMG recordings of neck muscles. The presence of psychiatric disturbances was investigated by means ofseveral rating scales. Cephalalgic parkinsonian patients showed greater muscular activity and e higher degree ofanxiety and depression compared to the control group. We suggest the possibility that such factors can account for thecephalalgic condition in these patients.
Cluster Headache‐Like Syndrome Due to Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Testa D. , Frediani F. , Bussone G. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISA woman complained of head pain simulating a cluster headache. Atypical features were represented by theabsence of autonomic disorders and the presence of papilledema. A large arteriovenous malformation was found.Vascular mechanisms are hypothesized as the most important factors causing pain in the patient.
Intravenous Aspirin for Intractable Headache and Facial Pain
Authors: Fukuda Yasuo , Izumikawa Kinichi 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISIntravenous aspirin (DL‐lysine‐acetylsalicylate; Venopirin(r)) has been available in Japan since 1983. One vial of the agent contains497 mg of aspirin. We have tried the agent to abort or prevent intractable headache and facial pain. Subjects consisted of 15intractable headache and facial pain sufferers, whose diagnoses were based upon clinical criteria at the time of the visit. Thesediagnoses included combined headache 6, common migraine 5, symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia 2, effort migraine I andnon‐migrainous vascular headache 1. One vial of the agent was injected intravenously over 3–5 minutes. The efficacy was judged aseither excellent (complete relief), good (almost complete relief), fair (incomplete relief) or poor (no relief). Of the 15 subjects, 4 patients(common migraine 2, effort migraine 1, and non‐migrainous vascular headache 1) demonstrated excellent responses, and 7 patientswere noted to have good and 4 patients fair responses. In a case of effort migraine intravenous aspirin prevented the attackcompletely. No serious adverse effects were encountered. It is concluded that intravenous aspirin is highly useful for intractableheadache and falcial pain in acute situations. Further clinical trials are worth undertaking.
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Essential Headache
Authors: Formisano Rita , Falaschi Paolo , Cusimano Giuliana , Di Cesare Gianluigi , Buzzi Maria Gabriella , Proietti Antonella , Catarci Teresa , Cerbo Rosanna 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISAfter neuropsychological evaluation, we administered the dexamethasone suppression test to eleven patientssuffering from muscle‐contraction headache and to thirteen patients affected by migraine, in order to verify a possiblecorrelation between a chronic pain such as headache and a cortisolemic response to dexamethasone. None of themappeared to be suffering from depressive syndrome; all patients were DST suppressors. These data suggest that thedexamethasone suppression test does not correlate with chronic pain, but with depression, consistent with the highspecificity of this marker test for depression.
Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs
Authors: Maass N. , Bauer J. , Paulicks B. R. , Böhmer B. M. , Roth‐Maier D. A. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe aim of the present investigation was to examine the inclusion of the dried herb Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH as feed additive in diets of sows, piglets, and grower/finisher pigs on growth performance, blood picture, plasma enzymes including proliferation of lymphocytes, antibody status, and protein and immune globulin content of colostrum. The control groups were supplemented with alfalfa meal. The sows (total 36) received 0%, 1.2%, or 3.6%Echinacea cobs in the diet from day 85 to day 110 of gestation and 0%, 0.5%, or 1.5%Echinacea cobs up to day 28 of lactation. No significant differences were found for growth performance, weight loss, blood picture, plasma enzymes, and colostrum composition. Performance of the sucking piglets was not impaired either during lactation or during a 4 week observation period after weaning. The health status was similar in all treatment groups. In a second experiment, lasting 6 weeks, with 36 piglets (5.8–22.1 kg body weight), 1.8%Echinacea cobs, or 20 mg/kg feed Flavomycin® were supplemented. No significant differences were found for the recorded parameters. Feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) of the Echinacea group was slightly (4%) increased (1.54 vs. 1.60). In a third trial, 48 grower/finisher pigs were used during a 9‐week experimental period with two supplementation phases (weeks 1–3 and weeks 7–9). The experimental groups received 0%, 1.5% cobs or 4–6 ml pressed juice (commercial standard) per day respectively. Vaccination with Swine erysipelas was implemented in weeks 1 and 5 to determine the specific immune response. Growth performance and blood picture for all groups were similar, however, feed conversion of both Echinacea supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.03) better than of the unsupplemented control group (2.44 vs. 2.51). In addition, the Swine erysipelas antibodies showed a marked significance (p < 0.05) in regard of altitude in both supplemented groups. It is concluded, that E. purpurea might be used as a feed additive to achieve immune stimulating efficiency in pig production and increase feed‐to‐gain‐conversion. The efficiency of cobs is comparable to a commercial juice product.
Effect of short chain fatty acids infused intraileally on interdigestive exocrine pancreatic secretions in growing pigs
Authors: Sileikiene V. , Mosenthin R. , Tafaj M. , Kruszewska D. , Weström B. , Mattsson I. , Pierzynowski S. G. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe effect of intraileally infused short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and saline as control on the exocrine pancreatic secretions during the interdigestive phase was studied using three 8‐weeks‐old piglets. Pigs were surgically fitted with a pancreatic duct catheter, re‐entrant duodenal T‐cannula for collection and subsequent return of pancreatic juice, and with an infusion T‐cannula at the distal ileum. Saline as control, 5.0 and 10.0 mm butyrate, 7.5 and 15.0 mm propionate and 85.0 and 170.0 mm acetate were infused at 2 ml/kg body weight (BW) for 30 min into the ileum of overnight fasted piglets via ileal T‐cannula. The calculated volume of infusates was administrated in five equal bolus at 6 min intervals over a period of 30 min. The pancreatic juice was collected 60 and 30 min before and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of infusion. The trypsin (p = 0.07, p > 0.15 respectively) and protein (p > 0.15, p = 0.05 respectively) outputs immediately decreased after the infusion of acetate at the dose of 85.0 and 170.0 mm, respectively, whereas pancreatic juice outflow (p > 0.15) was not significantly affected when compared with levels 30 min before infusion. After the infusion of butyrate at the dose of 5.0 mm, trypsin (p = 0.01) and protein (p = 0.12) outputs increased immediately whereas pancreatic juice outflow was not affected (p > 0.15) in comparison with levels 30 min before infusion. No significant differences were observed after infusion of butyrate at the dose of 10 mm for the pancreatic juice outflow, trypsin and protein outputs when compared with the level before infusion, although these values were numerically lower immediately after the infusion. The pancreatic juice outflow increased (p = 0.03) after the infusion of propionate at the dose of 7.5 mm and decreased (p = 0.005) immediately after the infusion of propionate at the dose of 15.0 mm when compared with the levels 30 min before the infusions. After the infusion of propionate at the dose of 7.5 or 15.0 mm for the output of protein and trypsin, no significant differences (p > 0.15) were observed when compared with levels 30 min before infusion. In summary, the intraileal infusion of SCFA at different doses exerts a short‐term and moderate effect on the interdigestive exocrine pancreatic secretions in pigs.
Influence of myristic acid supplementation on energy, fatty acid and calcium metabolism of sheep as affected by dietary calcium and forage : concentrate ratio
Authors: Machmüller A. , Kreuzer M. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryIn a 6 × 6 Latin square arrangement, sheep of 41 kg body weight were fed myristic acid [C14:0; 50 g/kg dry matter (DM)] supplemented to two basal diets of forage : concentrate ratios of 1 : 1.5 and 1 : 0.5 and adjusted to dietary calcium (Ca) contents of either 4.2 or 9.0 g/kg DM (the latter only together with C14:0 supplementation). Various variables of energy, fatty acid and Ca metabolism were determined in combined digestibility and respiratory chamber measurements. With C14:0 addition the energy loss via the faeces increased (p < 0.05, post hoc test) without affecting energy digestibility of the complete diet. The apparent digestibility of supplemented C14:0 was higher (p < 0.01) with approximately 0.8 in the forage‐based diet than in the concentrate‐based diet (approximately 0.6). The elevated levels of plasma C14:0 were mainly accompanied by reduced C18:0 and C18:1 levels. The estimated apparent content of metabolizable energy (ME) of added C14:0 was either 24.5 MJ/kg (concentrate‐based diet) or 32.1 MJ/kg (forage‐based diet). Extra Ca equalized these differences between basal diets and ME contents amounted to 33.0 MJ/kg on average. As expected from corresponding slight shifts in energy metabolizability, the total efficiency of ME utilization increased (p < 0.1) with C14:0. The lower level of dietary Ca was still within the range recommended, but adding C14:0 to the concentrate‐based diet reduced Ca retention in the body of the sheep from 0.9 to −0.1 g/day because of an impaired (p < 0.05, post hoc test) net Ca absorption, whereas no effect was found with the forage‐based diet. With C14:0 addition, plasma total phosphorus (P) and serum calcitrol levels increased (p < 0.05, post hoc test) while Ca concentrations did not clearly reflect the reduced net Ca absorption. Increasing the dietary Ca content prevented adverse effects on Ca retention in the concentrate‐based diet and improved Ca retention in the forage‐based diet. In conclusion, the C14:0 supplementation reduced Ca availability in concentrate‐based diets while an additional supply of Ca improved Ca and energy retention. Consequently, Ca supply should exceed recommended levels in diet types where dietary lipids are likely to reduce Ca availability and a compromise in basal diet type has to found to be able to profit best from the energetic value and the methane‐suppressing properties of C14:0.
Recommendations for the management of cystic thyroid nodules
Authors: Choi Kyung Un , Kim Jee Yeon , Park Do Youn , Lee Chang Hun , Sol Mee Young , Han Koon Tack , Kim Yong Gi 
Published: June 2005

Background:  The management of cystic thyroid nodules has not been standardized with respect to an initial fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) cystic change result, which is defined as fluid aspiration and a smear with numerous macrophages but scant or no follicular cells. In the present study the physical characteristics of cystic thyroid nodules predictive of the pathology were investigated, and recommendations made on their management.Methods:  The aspiration results of 1436 thyroid nodules managed between 1998 and 2000 were investigated. A total of 157 patients who had a subsequent operation or follow‐up data with reaspiration were the subjects of the present study. Age, sex, nodule characteristics and others were examined as possible predictors of cancer risk.Results:  The malignancy rate was 8.9%. Ten cases (71%) of malignancy were not cytologically diagnosed. Male sex and a nodule size of ≥4 cm were found to be statistically significant predictors of malignancy. The malignancy rate was highest (100%) when a cystic lesion had malignant cytology on reaspiration and local invasion on radiology.Conclusions:  When a cystic change is observed by initial FNAC of thyroid nodules, nodules of ≥4 cm must be reaspirated and a firm cytologic diagnosis made to rule out malignancy. Nodules should be considered for surgery having taken into account other characteristics, in particular male sex and radiologic findings of local invasion.
Detecting curable disease following hepatectomy for colorectal metastases
Authors: Metcalfe Matthew , Mann Chris , Mullin Emma , Maddern Guy 
Published: June 2005

Introduction:  Although resection may be curative for patients with hepatic colorectal metastases, recurrence occurs in the majority. Recurrence is occasionally amenable to repeated resection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate which modalities, at what intervals, detected potentially curable resection.Methods:  The records of patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal metastases over 10 years in one centre were retrospectively reviewed to determine when and how recurrence was diagnosed. Specific attention was paid to the detection of potentially curable disease.Results:  Of 41 recurrences, 22 occurred in the first year postoperatively, 21 of which were suitable for palliative treatment only. Ten of 19 recurrences occurring after 1 year underwent potentially curative intervention, 10 were diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). Carcinoembryonic antigen did not diagnose any curable recurrence.Conclusions:  A follow‐up protocol is proposed, based on annual CT.
Skin antiseptics and the risk of operating theatre fires
Authors: Spigelman Allan D. , Swan Judith R. 
Published: June 2005

Background:  Following press reports of patients catching fire or receiving chemical burns in the operating theatre, a review was conducted on the flammability of skin antiseptics. The purpose of the paper was to clarify confusion regarding povidine‐iodine (Betadine), which had been reported as being flammable, and also to determine the use of alcohol‐based solutions in the Hunter Area Health Service. A risk assessment was conducted and risk reduction strategies outlined.Methods:  Risk assessment was made following a literature review and an audit of 10 operating theatres in the Hunter Area Health Service.Results:  Risk for operating room fires from alcohol‐based skin antiseptics was confirmed. Antiseptics in aqueous solutions only smoulder. The Hunter Health survey indicated that although alcohol‐based solutions were not used in operating theatres, they were used in anaesthetic bays for insertion of epidural and central line catheters. Strategies to reduce the risk of fire include discontinuation of use of alcohol‐based skin antiseptics in operating theatres; using fire retardant surgical drapes; installing over‐current protection devices on electrical equipment; minimizing flammable conditions by avoiding nitrous oxide and using the lowest required concentration of inspired oxygen; use of non‐flammable cuffed endotracheal tubes; education and training of operating theatre personnel in fire hazards.Conclusions:  Operating theatre fires continue to be a major risk for patient safety. In order to reduce this risk, the strategies outlined here should be followed.