bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of leaf shape and its association with chlorosis in wheat infested by Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia)
Authors: DORRY H. R. , ASSAD M. T. 
Published: October 2003

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) has caused significant losses to wheat and barley in many parts of the world. Two RWA resistant lines with flat leaves were crossed with each other and with two RWA susceptible lines producing rolled leaves when infested with RWA. F1, F2 and BC1F1 seedling leaves were classified according to their leaf shape as flat, longitudinally folded, or rolled after artificial infestation. Leaf chlorosis in the phenotypes of F2 plants was also recorded.The F2 populations of flat×rolled crosses segregated in 9:3:4 (flat:folded:rolled) ratios, suggesting a two dominant gene model for control of leaf shape. Folded leaves appeared only in F2 seedlings. The F1 seedlings of flat×flat cross showed only flat leaves, while the F2 population segregated in a 13:3 (flat:rolled) ratio. Chlorosis ratings and leaf shape scores of F2 seedlings were not independent. F2 seedlings with lower chlorosis scores were more likely to have flat leaves; however, some susceptible F2 seedlings also had flat leaves. Resistant F2 seedlings may have rolled leaves. It was concluded that recording leaf shape is not a reliable visual rating method to evaluate host plant response to RWA, because the inheritance of resistance and leaf shape in wheat are under two different gene systems.
BADGER CULLING TO END?
Authors: Hancox Martin 
Published: October 2003

Progress in politics and science often happens by
accident. The unforeseen impact of the foot and
mouth epidemic may fall into this category. Both the
Ministry of Agriculture and vets were over-stretched
dealing with the crisis and so badger culling, which
was to have resumed on 1 May 2001, was suspended
for a year; even routine TB testing of cattle is on hold.It seems probable that the Krebs/Bourne badger
culling trial will be abandoned altogether. At least
seven of the ten ‘triplet’ badger cull areas have been
disrupted, particularly in Devon/Cornwall and
Gloucestershire/Hereford. Some 600 of the 2900
badgers culled were in these two areas, perhaps 120
with TB, but only some 25 infectious. Since these were
from some 400 km2, encompassing 450 farms, it is
hard to see how the culls will have made the slightest
impact on cattle TB.In fact it is already apparent that each TB badger
has cost some £35000, which merely confirms the
1986 findings of the Dunnet Review that badger culls
are a waste of money because they do not work.
Professor McInerney, as part of the review, noted that
ending badger culling was purely a political decision.
If Labour had won the 1992 election, contingency
plans were in place to end culls, but, sadly, by 1997
‘New’ Labour decided it was politically safer to go
ahead with the Krebs cull. Enough data ought to be
available from the trial to concoct ‘scientific’ reasons
to grasp the nettle and take the inevitable and long
overdue decision politically to end this sorry farce,
once and for all.
Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil
Authors: PINARES-PATIÑO C. S. , ULYATT M. J. , WAGHORN G. C. , LASSEY K. R. , BARRY T. N. , HOLMES C. W. , JOHNSON D. E. 
Published: October 2003

Based on the knowledge that alpaca (Lama pacos) have a lower fractional outflow rate of feed particles (particulate FOR) from their forestomach than sheep (San Martin 1987), the current study measured methane (CH4) production and other digestion parameters in these species in three successive experiments (1, 2 and 3): Experiment 1, lucerne hay fed indoors; Experiment 2, grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (PRG/WC); and Experiment 3, grazed on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) pasture (Lotus). Six male alpaca and six castrated Romney sheep were simultaneously and successively fed on the forages either ad libitum or at generous herbage allowances (grazing). CH4 production (g/day) (using the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique), voluntary feed intake (VFI), diet quality, and protozoa counts and volatile fatty acid concentrations in samples of forestomach contents were determined. In addition, feed digestibility, energy and nitrogen (N) balances and microbial N supply from the forestomach (using purine derivatives excretion) were measured in Experiment 1.Diets selected by alpaca were of lower quality than those selected by sheep, and the voluntary gross energy intakes (GEI, MJ) per kg of liveweight0·75 were consistently lower (P<0·001) for the alpaca than for the sheep (0·74 v. 1·36, 0·61 v. 1·32 and 0·77 v. 2·53 on lucerne hay, PRG/WC and Lotus, respectively). Alpaca and sheep did not differ (P>0·05) in their CH4 yields (% GEI) when fed on lucerne hay (5·1 v. 4·7), but alpaca had a higher CH4 yield when fed on PRG/WC (9·4 v. 7·5, P<0·05) and Lotus (6·4 v. 2·7, P<0·001). When grazing on Lotus, the sheep had very high protozoa counts in their forestomach contents, compared with those with the other forages and those in the alpaca. On lucerne hay and Lotus, but not on PRG/WC, the alpaca had higher (P<0·01) acetate/propionate ratio in their forestomach fluid than sheep. When fed on lucerne hay, alpaca and sheep did not differ (P>0·05) in diet N partition or microbial N yield, but alpaca had higher (P<0·05) neutral detergent fibre digestibility (0·478 v. 0·461) and lower (P<0·01) urinary energy losses (5·2 v. 5·8 % GEI) than sheep. It is suggested that differences between these species in forestomach particulate FOR might have been the underlying physiological mechanism responsible for the differences in CH4 yield, although the between-species differences in VFI and diet quality also had a major effect on it.
Modeling, Diagramming, and Early Twentieth-Century Histories of Invention and Entrepreneurship: Henry Ford, Sherwood Anderson, Samuel Insull
Authors: CLYMER JEFFORY A. 
Published: October 2003

The historical narrative arguing that independent artisans were increasingly transformed into mere tenders of complicated machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century, leading ultimately to Henry Ford's minute division of labor in the assembly line, is both conventional and well known. Technology became more complex, its inner workings were less self-evident or easily comprehensible, and the material conditions of production, exemplified by modern factories built around a division of labor, became too large and systematic to be understood from the viewpoint of a single worker selling his or her labor. And, while industry was imagined more and more as an intricate system at the turn of the twentieth century, American society, analogously, under the increasing pressure of urbanization and immigration, came to be regarded as too complex to be understood from a single viewpoint. Exposés, for instance, on “how the other half lives,” to quote the title of Jacob Riis's famous book, attest both to the yearning and to the perceived inability to understand society as an entirety.This article suggests and examines the ways in which two older forms of imagining large systems, specifically, the methods of model-making and diagramming, were rearticulated at the turn of the twentieth century in response to a perceived greater complexity of both technology and American society. Models and diagrams are necessary when it seems that one can no longer envision a large system; they literally provide an imaginative site for a complex system. To understand the social roles of diagramming and model-making, I detail the ways each was imagined and deployed in the cultural history of invention and entrepreneurship in the early twentieth century.
Evaporation and combustion of thin films of liquid fuels
Authors: ARMENDÁRIZ J. , MATALON M. 
Published: October 2003

We consider the evaporation and subsequent burning of thin films of liquid fuels.
Previous studies on liquid films, with and without evaporation, have primarily considered
the gas phase to be passive. The new element in this study is the introduction
of combustion and the examination of both the liquid and gas phases and their effect
on the film's behaviour. For the case of a liquid film burning in quiescent air we
show that the problem can be simplified to a single nonlinear evolution equation
for the film thickness. All remaining variables, which are simply expressed in terms
of the function describing the instantaneous position of the liquid–vapour interface,
are subsequently determined. This equation is then solved in order to understand the
dynamics of the film in the presence of evaporation and combustion.The planar configuration is discussed first. Predictions for the total evaporation
time are obtained, along with the time history of the film thickness, the interfacial
surface temperature, the flame standoff distance and its temperature, and the mass
burning rate. The dependence of the burning characteristics on the fuel and oxidizer
Lewis numbers, which measure the relative importance of thermal and molecular
diffusivities, is also determined. Second, we analyse the case of a non-planar interface,
where temperature variations along the film's surface cause fluid motion in the liquid
that could either dampen or amplify spatial non-uniformities. We show that, while
thermocapillarity has the tendency to destabilize the planar interface, combustion acts
to reduce this effect. In particular, when the heat release by combustion is substantial,
all disturbances are obliterated, the film remains nearly planar and the burning occurs
along nearly horizontal surfaces.
Rayleigh–Bénard convection in liquid metal
layers under the influence of a horizontal
magnetic field
Authors: BURR ULRICH , MÜLLER ULRICH 
Published: October 2003

This article presents an analytical and experimental study of magnetohydrodynamic
Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a large aspect ratio, 20[ratio ]10[ratio ]1, rectangular box. The
test fluid is a eutectic sodium potassium Na22K78 alloy with a small Prandtl number
of Pr≈0:02. The experimental setup covers Rayleigh numbers in the range 103<
Ra<8×104 and Chandrasekhar numbers 0[les ]Q[les ]1.44×106 or Hartmann numbers 0[les ]M[les ]1200, respectively.When a horizontal magnetic field is imposed on a heated liquid metal layer, the
electromagnetic forces give rise to a transition of the three-dimensional convective roll
pattern into a quasi-two-dimensional flow pattern in such a way that convective rolls
become more and more aligned with the magnetic field. A linear stability analysis
based on two-dimensional model equations shows that the critical Rayleigh number
for the onset of convection of quasi-two-dimensional flow is shifted to significantly
higher values due to Hartmann braking at walls perpendicular to the magnetic field.
This finding is experimentally confirmed by measured Nusselt numbers. Moreover,
the experiments show that the convective heat transport at supercritical conditions is
clearly diminished. Adjacent to the onset of convection there is a significant region
of stationary convection with significant convective heat transfer before the flow
proceeds to time-dependent convection. However, in spite of the Joule dissipation
effect there is a certain range of magnetic field intensities where an enhanced heat
transfer is observed. Estimates of the local isotropy properties of the flow by a four-element
temperature probe demonstrate that the increase in convective heat transport
is accompanied by the formation of strong non-isotropic time-dependent flow in the
form of large-scale convective rolls aligned with the magnetic field which exhibit a
simpler temporal structure compared to ordinary hydrodynamic flow and which are
very effective for the convective heat transport.
Collision of drops with inertia effects in strongly
sheared linear flow fields
Authors: PIGEONNEAU FRANCK , FEUILLEBOIS FRANÇOIS 
Published: October 2003

The relative motion of drops in shear flows is responsible for collisions leading to
the creation of larger drops. The collision of liquid drops in a gas is considered here.
The drops are small enough for the Reynolds number to be low (negligible fluid
motion inertia), yet large enough for the Stokes number to be possibly of order unity
(non-negligible inertia in the motion of drops). Possible concurrent effects of Van der
Waals attractive forces and drop inertia are taken into account.General expressions are first presented for the drag forces on two interacting drops
of different sizes embedded in a general linear flow field. These expressions are
obtained by superposition of solutions for the translation of drops and for steady
drops in elementary linear flow fields (simple shear flows, pure straining motions).
Earlier solutions adapted to the case of inertialess drops (by Zinchenko, Davis and
coworkers) are completed here by the solution for a simple shear flow along the line
of centres of the drops. A solution of this problem in bipolar coordinates is provided;
it is consistent with another solution obtained as a superposition of other elementary
flow fields.The collision efficiency of drops is calculated neglecting gravity effects, that is
for strongly sheared linear flow fields. Results are presented for the cases of a
simple linear shear flow and an axisymmetric pure straining motion. As expected,
the collision efficiency increases with the Stokes numbers, that is with drop inertia.
On the other hand, the collision efficiency in a simple shear flow becomes negligible
below some value of the ratio of radii, regardless of drop inertia. The value of this
threshold increases with decreasing Van der Waals forces. The concurrence between
drop inertia and attractive van der Waals forces results in various anisotropic shapes
of the collision cross-section. By comparison, results for the collision efficiency in
an axisymmetric pure straining motion are more regular. This flow field induces
axisymmetric sections of collision and strong inertial effects resulting in collision
efficiencies larger than unity. Effects of van der Waals forces only appear when one
of the drops has a very low Stokes number.
On the spatio-temporal stability of primary and secondary crossflow vortices in a three-dimensional boundary layer
Authors: KOCH WERNER 
Published: October 2003

To examine possible links between a global instability and laminar–turbulent breakdown
in a three-dimensional boundary layer, the spatio-temporal stability of primary
and secondary crossflow vortices has been investigated for the DLR swept-plate
experiment. In the absence of any available procedure for the direct verification of
pinching for three-dimensional wave packets the alternative saddle-point continuation
method has been applied. This procedure is known to give reliable results only in a
certain vicinity of the most unstable ray. Therefore, finding no absolute instability
by this method does not prove that the flow is absolutely stable. Accordingly, our
results obtained this way need to be confirmed experimentally or by numerical simulations.
A geometric interpretation of the time-asymptotic saddle-point result explains
certain convergence and continuation problems encountered in the numerical wave
packet analysis. Similar to previous results, all our three-dimensional wave packets
for primary crossflow vortices were found to be convectively unstable.Due to prohibitive CPU time requirements the existing procedure for the verification
of pinching for two-dimensional wave packets of secondary high-frequency instabilities
could not be implemented. Again saddle-point continuation was used. Surprisingly, all
two-dimensional wave packets of high-frequency secondary instabilities investigated
were also found to be convectively unstable. This finding was corroborated by
recent spatial direct numerical simulations of Wassermann & Kloker (2001) for a
similar problem. This suggests that laminar–turbulent breakdown occurs after the
high-frequency secondary instabilities enter the nonlinear stage, and spatial marching
techniques, such as the parabolized stability equation method, should be applicable
for the computation of these nonlinear states.
Rheology of bidisperse granular mixtures via
event-driven simulations
Authors: ALAM MEHEBOOB , LUDING STEFAN 
Published: October 2003

The bulk rheology of bidisperse mixtures of granular materials is examined under
homogeneous shear flow conditions using the event-driven simulation method. The
granular material is modelled as a system of smooth inelastic disks, interacting via
the hard-core potential. In order to understand the effect of size and mass disparities,
two cases were examined separately, namely, a mixture of different sized particles
with particles having either the same mass or the same material density. The relevant
macroscopic quantities are the pressure, the shear viscosity, the granular energy
(fluctuating kinetic energy) and the first normal stress difference.Numerical results for pressure, viscosity and granular energy are compared with a
kinetic-theory constitutive model with excellent agreement in the low dissipation limit
even at large size disparities. Systematic quantitative deviations occur for stronger
dissipations. Mixtures with equal-mass particles show a stronger shear resistance
than an equivalent monodisperse system; in contrast, however, mixtures with equal-density
particles show a reduced shear resistance. The granular energies of the two
species are unequal, implying that the equi-partition principle assumed in most of the
constitutive models does not hold. Inelasticity is responsible for the onset of energy
non-equipartition, but mass disparity significantly enhances its magnitude. This lack of
energy equipartition can lead to interesting non-monotonic variations of the pressure,
viscosity and granular energy with the mass ratio if the size ratio is held fixed,
while the model predictions (with the equipartition assumption) suggest a monotonic
behaviour in the same limit. In general, the granular fluid is non-Newtonian with a
measurable first normal stress difference (which is positive if the stress is defined in
the compressive sense), and the effect of bidispersity is to increase the normal stress
difference, thus enhancing the non-Newtonian character of the fluid.
Impossibility of Zakharov's short-wavelength
modulational instability in plasmas with
intense Langmuir turbulence
Authors: EROFEEV V. I. 
Published: October 2003

An analysis of two experimental observations of Langmuir wave collapse
is performed. The corresponding experimental data are shown as evidence against
the occurrence of collapses. The physical reason preventing the collapses is found
to be the nonresonant electron diffusion in momentum. In this process, plasma
thermal electrons are efficiently heated at the expense of wave energy, therefore
intense collisionless wave dissipation takes place. The basic reason for the
underestimation of nonresonant electron diffusion in the traditional theory is shown to be
the substitution of a real plasma by a plasma probabilistic ensemble.A study of nonresonant electron diffusion refraining from ensemble substitution
is performed. It is shown that its intensity is sufficient for suppression of Zakharov's
short-wavelength modulational plasma instability [Zakharov, V. E., Sov.
Phys. JETP35, 908 (1972)]. This explains the nonoccurrence of Zakharov's Langmuir
wave collapse in experiments.
Efficacy of oryzalin and associated histological changes in Cryptosporidium-infected neonatal rats
Authors: ARMSON A. , MENON K. , O'HARA A. , MACDONALD L. M. , READ C. M. , SARGENT K. , THOMPSON R. C. A. , REYNOLDSON J. A. 
Published: October 2003

This paper reports the anti-cryptosporidial effects of, and concomitant amelioration of the histological changes in the gut of neonatal rats with intestinal cryptosporidiosis treated with the dinitroaniline, oryzalin. The ED50 was determined to be 7 mg/kg using twice daily doses administered for 3 consecutive days. A maximum inhibition of 85.5% was achieved at 25 mg/kg and this inhibition remained constant despite increasing the oryzalin dose to 200 mg/kg. Cryptosporidiosis significantly decreased the intestinal villus/crypt (VC) ratio by approximately 50% (duodenum = 2.3, jejunum = 2.5 and ileum = 1.7) when compared to uninfected untreated controls (duodenum = 4.3, jejunum = 5.9 and ileum = 4.5). Treatment with oryzalin doubled the VC ratio in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum following doses of 5 mg, 50 mg and 200 mg/kg respectively. Oryzalin concentrations in the small intestine contents and plasma were determined, using HPLC, at 0.5, 1 and 2 h after dosing. The much greater dose required to return VC ratios to normal in the ileum (200 mg/kg) compared to the duodenum (6.25 mg/kg) appeared to reflect the decreased concentration of the drug in the distal small intestine. Concentrations of oryzalin equivalent to the in vitro IC50 were maintained for 2 h in the first half of the small intestine following a single dose of 100 mg/kg.
Dysphoria: self-devaluative and affective components in recovered depressed patients and never depressed controls
Authors: TEASDALE JOHN D. , COX SALLY G. 
Published: October 2003

Background. The Interacting Cognitive Subsystems analysis of cognitive vulnerability to depression predicts that subjective experiences of dysphoria in recovered depressed patients will be qualitatively different from those of controls. This study tested this prediction using a new instrument, the Depressed States Checklist.Methods. Twenty-three recovered recurrently depressed patients and 54 never depressed controls rated the affective and self-devaluative components of a dysphoric experience.Results. Groups reported similar levels of affective component but recovered depressed patients reported higher self-devaluative dysphoric experience. At zero affective component of dysphoria neither group reported any self-devaluative feelings. With increasing affective component of dysphoria, the self-devaluative component increased significantly more in recovered patients than in controls. The ratio of self-devaluative to affective components of dysphoria significantly differentiated recovered depressed patients from controls.Conclusions. As predicted, dysphoria in recovered depressed patients is qualitatively different from controls in ways that increase vulnerability to major depression. The Depressed States Checklist is a new, brief, measure of cognitive vulnerability to depression that may be particularly useful in large, prospective, epidemiological studies.