bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia in tambaquiColossoma macropomum: chemoreceptor orientation and specificity
Authors: Gilmour K. M. , Milsom W. K. , Rantin F. T. , Reid S. G. , Perry S. F. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYExperiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercarbia (elevated water PCO2) in the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum are stimulated by externally oriented receptors that are sensitive to water CO2 tension as opposed to water pH. Cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypercarbia were evaluated in both the absence and presence of internal hypercarbia (elevated blood PCO2), achieved by treating fish with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide. Exposure to acute hypercarbia (15 min at each level, final water CO2 tensions of 7.2,15.5 and 26.3 mmHg) elicited significant increases in ventilation frequency(at 26.3 mmHg, a 42% increase over the normocarbic value) and amplitude(128%), together with a fall in heart rate (35%) and an increase in cardiac stroke volume (62%). Rapid washout of CO2 from the water reversed these effects, and the timing of the changes in cardiorespiratory variables corresponded more closely to the fall in water PCO2(PwCO2) than to that in blood PCO2(PaCO2). Similar responses to acute hypercarbia (15 min,final PwCO2 of 13.6 mmHg) were observed in acetazolamide-treated (30 mg kg-1) tambaqui. Acetazolamide treatment itself, however, increased PaCO2 (from 4.81±0.58 to 13.83±0.91 mmHg, mean ± s.e.m.; N=8) in the absence of significant change in ventilation, heart rate or cardiac stroke volume. The lack of response to changes in blood PCO2 and/or pH were confirmed by comparing responses to the bolus injection of hypercarbic saline(5% or 10% CO2; 2 ml kg-1) into the caudal vein with those to the injection of CO2-enriched water (1%, 3%, 5% or 10%CO2; 50 ml kg-1) into the buccal cavity. Whereas injections of hypercarbic saline were ineffective in eliciting cardiorespiratory responses, changes in ventilation and cardiovascular parameters accompanied injection of CO2-laden water into the mouth. Similar injections of CO2-free water acidified to the corresponding pH of the hypercarbic water (pH 6.3, 5.6, 5.3 or 4.9, respectively) generally did not stimulate cardiorespiratory responses. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that in tambaqui, externally oriented chemoreceptors that are predominantly activated by increases in water PCO2,rather than by accompanying decreases in water pH, are linked to the initiation of cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia.
Constrained optimization in human walking: cost minimization and gait plasticity
Authors: Bertram John E. A. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
As walking speed increases, consistent relationships emerge between the three determinant parameters of walking, speed, step frequency and step length. However, when step length or step frequency are predetermined rather than speed, different relationships are spontaneously selected. This result is expected if walking parameters are selected to optimize to an underlying objective function, known as the constrained optimization hypothesis. The most likely candidate for the objective function is metabolic cost per distance traveled, where the hypothesis predicts that the subject will minimize the cost of travel under a given gait constraint even if this requires an unusual step length and frequency combination. In the current study this is tested directly by measuring the walking behavior of subjects constrained systematically to determined speeds, step frequencies or step lengths and comparing behavior to predictions derived directly from minimization of measured metabolic cost. A metabolic cost surface in speed-frequency space is derived from metabolic rate for 10 subjects walking at 49 speed-frequency conditions. Optimization is predicted from the iso-energetic cost contours derived from this surface. Substantial congruence is found between the predicted and observed behavior using the cost of walking per unit distance. Although minimization of cost per distance appears to dominate walking control, certain notable differences from predicted behavior suggest that other factors must also be considered. The results of these studies provide a new perspective on the integration of walking cost with neuromuscular control,and provide a novel approach to the investigation of the control features involved in gait parameter selection.
Endothelin-1, superoxide and adeninediphosphate ribose cyclase in shark vascular smooth muscle
Authors: Fellner Susan K. , Parker Laurel 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
In vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of Squalus acanthias, endothelin-1(ET-1) signals via the ETB receptor. In both shark and mammalian VSM, ET-1 induces a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration([Ca2+]i) via activation of the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) and subsequent release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). IP3R-mediated release of SR Ca2+ causes calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) via the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which can be sensitized by cyclic adeninediphosphate ribose (cADPR). cADPR is synthesized from NAD+ by a membrane-bound bifunctional enzyme, ADPR cyclase. We have previously shown that the antagonists of the RyR, Ruthenium Red, high concentrations of ryanodine and 8-Br cADPR, diminish the[Ca2+]i response to ET-1 in shark VSM. To investigate how ET-1 might influence the activity of the ADPR cyclase, we employed inhibitors of the cyclase. To explore the possibility that ET-1-induced production of superoxide (O2.-) might activate the cyclase, we used an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX), DPI and a scavenger of O2.-, TEMPOL. Anterior mesenteric artery VSM was loaded with fura-2AM to measure [Ca2+]i. In Ca2+-free shark Ringers, ET-1 increased[Ca2+]i by 104±8 nmol l-1. The VSM ADPR cyclase inhibitors, nicotinamide and Zn2+, diminished the response by 62% and 72%, respectively. Both DPI and TEMPOL reduced the response by 63%. The combination of the IP3R antagonists, 2-APB or TMB-8, with DPI or TEMPOL further reduced the response by 83%. We show for the first time that in shark VSM, inhibition of the ADPR cyclase reduces the[Ca2+]i response to ET-1 and that superoxide may be involved in the activation of the cyclase.
Monodisperse SiO2/TiO2 Core-shell Colloidal Spheres: Synthesis and Ordered Self-assembling
Authors: Liu Renxiao , Dong Peng , Chen Sheng-Li 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Monodisperse SiO2/TiO2 core-shell spheres have been prepared with conventional sol–gel method. The thickness of titania coatings on SiO2 spheres was 30 nm, corresponding to 56.48 wt % titania loading and 1.66 effective refractive index of the composite particles. The relative standard deviation of composite spheres diameters distribution is 3.79%. The composite spheres were assembled, by gravity sedimentation, into three-dimensionally ordered colloidal crystals, which showed photonic band gap determined by UV–vis transmission spectrum.
Effect of Corona Poling during Film Casting Process of Photorefractive Polymers
Authors: Tanaka Shin-ya , Nagayama Norio , Yokoyama Masaaki 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In order to reduce high external voltage application and intense light incidence necessary for driving the photorefractive (PR) polymers, corona poling was newly examined during the film casting process through achieving a well-developed uniaxial orientation of non-linear optic molecules dispersed molecularly in the polymer film. When this technique was combined with our previously reported high temperature casting method, almost the twice large diffractivity of more than 14% with a high response speed of 55 ms was obtained under a relatively moderate applied field of 60 V/μm and low light incidence of 200 mW/cm2.
Cooperative Reorientation of Dichroic Dyes Dispersed in Photo-cross-linkable Polymer Liquid Crystal and Application to Linear Polarizer
Authors: Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Fujio Keita 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The irradiation with linearly polarized ultraviolet light and subsequent annealing generated a large cooperative reorientation of a photo-cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal (PLC) film doped with a dichroic dye. The resultant film exhibited polarization efficiency of 98.1% and can be applicable to a linear polarizer. The fabrication of a patterned polarizer is also demonstrated using a photomask.
Controlled Synthesis of Novel Flower-shaped BaCrO4 Crystals
Authors: Liu Shengwei , Yu Jiaguo , Cheng Bei , Zhang Qingjie 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Flower-shaped BaCrO4 crystals have been synthesized via a facile polymer-mediated crystallization process at ambient temperature. A possible formation process has been proposed accounting for the formation of BaCrO4 flower.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 5‐[2‐(Morpholin‐4‐yl)acetamido] and/or 5‐[2‐(4‐Substituted piperazin‐1‐yl)acetamido]‐2‐(p‐substituted phenyl)benzoxazoles
Authors: Temiz‐Arpacı Özlem , Özdemir Aliye , Yalçın İsmail , Yıldız İlkay , Akı‐Şener Esin , Altanlar Nurten 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this study, a series of twelve novel 5‐[2‐(morpholin‐4‐yl)acetamido] and/or 5‐[2‐(4‐substituted pip‐erazine‐1‐yl)acetamido]‐2‐(p‐substituted phenyl]benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral data. These compounds were prepared by reacting 5‐(2‐chloroacetamido)‐2‐(4‐p‐substituted‐phenyl)benzoxazoles, which were obtained by using 5‐amino‐2‐[p‐substituted‐phenyl]benzoxazoles with chloroacetyl chloride, in the presence of morpholine or 1‐substituted piperazines. All synthesized compounds 3–14 were tested by using the method of twofold serial dilution technique for in vitro activities against certain strains of Gram‐positive, Gram‐negative bacteria as well as the yeasts Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida glabrata in comparison with standard drugs. Microbiological results showed that the newly synthesized compounds possessed a broad spectrum of activity, showing MIC values of 3.12–50 μg/mL against the Candida species.
Surgical anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk
Authors: Kiray A. , Arman C. , Naderi S. , Güvencer M. , Korman E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLack of knowledge of the anatomy of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) may complicate surgical procedures on the cervical spine. This study aims to define linear and angular relations of the CST with respect to consistent structures around it, including the number and size of the cervical ganglia, the distances between the CST and the longus colli muscle and the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae. Morphometric parameters of the 24 CSTs of 12 adults were measured on both sides. The CST had superior, middle, and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 20.8% of specimens; superior and inferior (or cervicothoracic) ganglia in 45.8%; superior, middle, vertebral, inferior, or cervicothoracic ganglia in 12.5%, and superior, vertebral, inferior or cervicothoracic ganglia in 20.8% of specimens. The superior ganglion was observed in all specimens, the middle ganglion and vertebral ganglion were each observed in 33.3%. There was no difference between the number of superior and vertebral ganglia between the right and left sides. The average distance between the CST and the medial border of the ipsilateral longus colli muscle (LCM) was 17.2 mm at C3 and 12.4 mm at C7. As the CSTs converged caudally, the LCMs diverged. The average distance between the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and the lateral borders of the ipsilateral CST was 3.4 mm at C4, 3.2 mm at C5, and 3.9 mm at C6. The presence of a vertebral ganglion and variations, such as the localization of the CST within the carotid sheath, are important. The anatomical landmarks described should assist the spinal surgeon to avoid injury of the CST. Clin. Anat. 18:179–185, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of biceps brachii and brachialis: Anatomical and surgical approach
Authors: Vicente D. Pacha , Calvet P. Forcada , Burgaya A. Carrera , Pérez M. Llusá 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study describes the anatomy of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) in the middle and lower thirds of the arm, with special reference to the motor branches to the biceps and brachialis muscles, given their importance in certain clinical, particularly surgical, procedures. In each dissection (46 upper limbs) we recorded the course of the MCN and its variations, and the number, type of distribution pattern and length of the motor branches to the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. We also recorded the position at which those branches arose from the MCN trunk. We found three branching patterns for biceps brachii: 1) one branch (60.5%); 2) two branches, one for each biceps head (27.9%); and 3) two branches, one for the two biceps heads and one for the common belly (11.6%). The mean distance between the acromion and the motor branches to biceps brachii was 133.8 mm, 45.3% of the acromion‐lateral epicondyle distance. The mean length of those branches was 31.2 mm. We found two branching patterns for brachialis: 1) one branch (72.1%); and 2) two branches (27.9%). These motor nerves to brachialis arose from the MCN at a mean distance of 185.3 mm, 61.5% of the acromion‐lateral epicondyle distance, and their average length was 33.0 mm. The data were expressed as the percentage of the distance between the acromion and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, to make their clinical use easy and to avoid errors caused by anthropometric differences. Clin. Anat. 18:186–194, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epoxy‐resin injection of the cerebral arterial microvasculature: An evaluation of the limits of spatial resolution in 8 Tesla MRI
Authors: Dashner Roger A. , Clark David L. , Kangarlu Allahyar , Baudendistel Klaus T. , Chakeres Donald W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial resolution of microscopic arteries on magnetic resonance images acquired at 8 Tesla (T). Techniques similar to those used for standard MRI of the human brain in vivo at 8 T were utilized to generate high‐resolution gradient echo (GE) images of a whole postmortem human brain whose common carotid arterial system had been injected with an epoxy‐resin. Single slice images, along with summed images of up to 5 contiguous slices, were then compared to color digital photographs detailing the distribution of the arterial system on the surface of the same injected brain. There was excellent MR visualization of the microscopic cerebral arteries down to a spatial resolution of 200 μm. Through the use of an 8 T whole‐body MRI scanner and standard GE imaging sequences, microscopic arterial structures can be clearly resolved down to a dimension of 200 μm. Clin. Anat. 18:164–170, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical study of the pudendal nerve adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament
Authors: Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Surin Patcharin , Vaidhayakarn Pidhyasak 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe pudendal nerve (S3–S5) is a major branch of the sacral plexus. After branching from the sacral plexus, the pudendal nerve travels through three main regions: the gluteal region, the pudendal canal, and the perineum. In the gluteal region, the pudendal nerve lies posterior to the sacrospinous ligament. The relationship of the pudendal nerve to the sacrospinous ligament has important clinical ramifications, but there is a lack of literature examining the variations in pudendal nerve anatomy in the gluteal region. This study investigates the pudendal nerve trunking in relation to the sacrospinous ligament in 37 cadavers (73 sides of pelves) of 21 males and 16 females, ranging from 18–83 years of age. Pudendal nerve trunking could be grouped into five types: Type I is defined as one‐trunked (41/73; 56.2%), Type II is two‐trunked (8/73; 11%), Type III is two‐trunked with one trunk as an inferior rectal nerve piercing through the sacrospinous ligament (8/73; 11%), Type IV is two‐trunked with one as an inferior rectal nerve not piercing through the sacrospinous ligament (7/73; 9.5%), and Type V is three‐trunked (9/73; 12.3%). In summary, 56.2% of pudendal nerves adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament were one‐trunked, 31.5% were two‐trunked and 12.3% were three‐trunked. Fifteen inferior rectal nerves originated independently from the S4 root and never joined the main pudendal nerve. Eight of fifteen inferior rectal nerves pierced through the sacrospinous ligament, perhaps making it prone for entrapment. We measured the average diameter of the main trunk of the pudendal nerve to be 4.67 ± 1.17 mm. We also measured the average length of the pudendal nerve trunks before terminal branching to be 25.14 ± 10.29 mm. There was no significant statistical difference in the average length, average diameter, number of trunks, and pudendal nerve variations between male and female or right or left sides of the pelves. A detailed study of pudendal nerve trunking in relationship to the sacrospinous ligament would be useful for instruction in basic anatomy courses and in relevant clinical settings as well. Clin. Anat. 18:200–205, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the cutaneous innervation patterns of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot
Authors: Madhavi C. , Isaac B. , Antoniswamy B. , Holla Sunil J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe present study attempts to determine the cutaneous pattern of distribution of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot to note the predominant pattern present and whether there was any association between the innervation pattern and sex or side. A total of 260 Indian feet (78 adult feet: 60 male, 18 female; 52 fetal feet: 20 male, 32 female) were dissected. The results showed six patterns of innervation of the toes by the sural nerve. In Type I, the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes by the superficial peroneal nerve alone (35.38%). In Type II the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 4th and 5th toes by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (10%). In Type III the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (21.15%). In Type IV the lateral 1½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd and 4th toes by the superficial peroneal nerve alone (3.85%). In Type V the lateral 1½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd and 4th toes were supplied by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (5%). In Type VI the lateral 2½ toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone (24.61%). The predominant patterns were Type I (35.38%), Type VI (24.61%), and Type III (21.15%). There was no association between the innervation pattern of the sural nerve and sex or side. The pattern, which is usually described, was found in only 35.38% of feet. Considering the variation in the pattern of cutaneous distribution of the sural nerve in Indian feet, the function of the sural nerve may be to supply a wider area of skin than is usually described. Clin. Anat. 18:206–209, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agenesis of sphenoid sinuses
Authors: Anik Ihsan , Anik Yonca , Koc Kenan , Ceylan Savas 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA 22‐year‐old female patient presented to our hospital complaining of a headache. Evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the absence of sphenoid sinus. Agenesis of sphenoid sinus is a rare entity; it usually occurs with syndromes. A case of sphenoid sinus agenesis without any anomaly or syndrome is reported. Clin. Anat. 18:217–219, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mandibular landmarks as an aid in minimizing injury to the marginal mandibular branch: A metric and geometric anatomical study
Authors: Potgieter W. , Meiring J.H. , Boon J.M. , Pretorius E. , Pretorius J.P. , Becker P.J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIatrogenic injury to the marginal mandibular branch is an important reason for medicolegal actions. The aim of this study was to determine the distance of the marginal mandibular branch to the inferior border of the mandible as well as variation of nerve position in relation to this border. The marginal mandibular branch was dissected carefully in a number of 36 facial halves. Three points were identified on the inferior border of the mandibular ramus: Point A at the angle of the mandible, Point B just anterior to the facial artery, and Point C, 2 cm anterior to Point B. A metric and geometric morphometric analysis, including thin‐plate spline and relative warp analysis was done to determine the variation of nerve position in relation to these three bony landmarks. The metric study indicated a median distance from Point A to the nerve 2.3 mm inferior to Point A, 2.4 mm superior to Point B, and 10.7 mm superior to Point C. The shape analysis indicated that variation in the position of the nerve occurs most commonly at Points A and B. We conclude that these mandibular landmarks may assist surgeons in minimizing marginal mandibular branch injury and patient discomfort. Clin. Anat. 18:171–178, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positional and geometrical anionic isomer separations by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Nogami Chika , Sawada Hirokazu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) was applied to the analysis of polar positional and geometrical anionic isomers. Since the investigated positional and geometrical anionic isomers have different pKa values, they could be separated by CE‐ESI‐MS under simple analytical conditions using a bare fused‐silica capillary and volatile ammonium acetate buffer after optimizing buffer pH. Ortho‐, meta‐, para‐hydroxybenzoate positional isomers were completely separated on a fused‐silica capillary with 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 10.0, and cis‐, trans‐cyclohexane dicarboxylate geometrical isomers could be also separated with 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.0. Several analytical parameters affecting ESI‐MS sensitivity were also investigated. It was found that both running buffer pH and sheath liquid pH had significant effects on the selectivity and the sensitivity on CE‐ESI‐MS analysis while sheath flow rate and other parameters had little influence. Under optimized conditions, linearity, detection limit, and repeatability of the analysis of hydroxybenzoate isomers were examined, and good results were obtained. It was found that the method presented in this paper is a simple, robust, and cost‐effective method for simultaneous analysis of positional and geometrical anionic isomers as well as of other small anionic compounds.