bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After Khomeini
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iran has not ceased to surprise the world since the American ambassador's famous "thinking the unthinkable" 1978 cable about the imminent fall of the Shah and the coming of Islamic revolution. The apparent sequence of moderate government of President Hashemi-Rafsanjani (1989-97) and democratic reform under President Khatami (1997-2005) was followed by the return of the hardliners and revolutionary populism coupled with an aggressive foreign policy, including a nuclear program. Iran's political regime has proved remarkably resilient through all these changes, despite the disaffection of the younger half of the population, and become all the stronger, partly as a result of the Bush administration's ill-advised bluff about regime change. The death of Imam Khomeini as its charismatic leader in 1989 did not mean the end of the Islamic revolution, but only the beginning of a prolonged struggle among the children of the revolution over Khomeini's heritage. The integrative social revolution begun in 1979 has continued quietly, while the raucous/noisy struggle to define, structure and control the new Islamic political order set up by Khomeini among different factions of his followers has produced a unique political regime which defies understanding. Arjomand draws on the sociology of revolution to offer a general explanation of political developments in Iran in the last two decades while seeking to understand its unique features in terms of constitutional politics of the creation of the post-revolutionary order. Not only Iran's domestic politics but also its foreign policy are shown to follow a pattern typical of the great revolutions. Surprising as it may seem, the parameters for Iran's constitutional politics in the last two decades are those set by Khomeini's mixture of theocratic, republican and populist elements in the ideology of the Islamic revolution.
The Rise and Fall of President Khatami and the Reform Movement
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So began, after a perfunctory quotation from the First Imam, ‘Ali, in Arabic, the last letter of protest of February 17, 2004, from the 131 deputies of the Sixth Majles who had gone on strike in January, after the Guardian Council had disqualified 80 of them from running for the Seventh Majles.
Social and Political Consequences of the Integrative Revolution
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The integrative revolution is an explosion of political mobilization and participation. When the revolutionary power struggle comes to an end, participation is typically rolled back, but the social base of the political regime is (considerably) enlarged. This happened with the French and Russian revolutions as well as those of Mexico and China. Revolutions result in the displacement of one ruling class by another. One of the most important consequences of revolutions is the generation of a new political class consisting of a narrower ruling stratum and a much broader second stratum in charge of administration and political mobilization.The process of the formation of the second stratum of the new political class takes at least a generation to unfold. The integrative impact of the revolution goes far beyond the circulation of elites, and changes the structure of society. This involves the integration of small towns on the periphery of Iranian society, and of the upwardly mobile section of the population, such as women and men who acquire higher education for the first time in their families. Social integration, however, does not automatically mean political participation. In fact, the formation of a new political class is conditional upon the exclusion of significant sectors of society.
Beckett’s Dying Words
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people most of the time want to live for ever. But there is another truth: the longing for oblivion. With pain, wit, and humour, the art of Samuel Beckett variously embodies this truth, this ancient enduring belief that it is better to be dead than alive, best of all never to have been born. Beckett is the supreme writer of an age which has created new possibilities and impossibilities even in the matter of death and its definition, an age of transplants and life-support. But how does a writer give life to dismay at life itself, to the not-simply-unwelcome encroachments of death? After all, it is for the life, the vitality of their language that we value writers. As a young man, Beckett himself praised Joyce's words. `They are alive'. Beckett became himself as a writer when he realized in his very words a principle of death. In clichés, which are dead but won't lie down. In a dead language and its memento mori. In words which mean their own opposites, cleaving and cleaving. In the self-stultifying or even suicidal turn dubbed the Irish bull. In what Beckett called a syntax of weakness. This book explores the relation between deep convictions about life or death and the incarnations which these take in the exact turns of a great writer, the realizations of an Irishman who wrote in English and in French, two languages with different apprehensions of life and of death.
A Transpadane ‘s Experience
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter looked for Virgil’s imaginative ancestry in terms of literary history; this chapter turns from Greece to Italy, and from literary to political, cultural, and social history. Greek poetry influences his ideas of nature and landscape, though we have already found that even when constructing scenery from the raw materials offered him by the Odyssey, he begins to bring it into connection with conceptions of home and city. From Italian history we should expect to find an influence principally upon his sense of ‘patria’ and ancestry, though we shall discover that even before Virgil these things cannot be wholly separated from the use of landscape as an imaginative resource.
A Conversion Experience: Energy and Delight
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the first century bc two men transform the poetic perception of nature: Lucretius and Virgil. Lucretius was known to Virgil when he wrote the Eclogues, but does not yet seem to affect him in more than a superficial way.1 The Georgies, by contrast, are saturated in the older poet’s influence.
A Conversion Experience: The Conquest of Death and the Pleasures of Life
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I count poetical vision and even amatory passion the friends of religion . . . the lover and the poet at least look at something and see it. And the chief impediment to religion in this age, I often think, is that no one ever looks at anything at all: not so as to contemplate it, to apprehend what it is to be that thing, and plumb, if he can, the deep fact of its individual existence.
Beyond Experience: The Underworld
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we surveyed the development of Greek poetry, we found a growing interest in nature for its own sake, and we saw this process taken even further by Lucretius. No one should doubt that for Virgil likewise nature, landscape, and things seen were greatly valuable in themselves. Yet in much of his poetry he shows rather little interest in exact description. Propertius gives individualized pictures of Assisi and Mevania in his fourth book;’ here indeed he follows the example of Virgil’s depiction of the river Mincius, but nowhere else in the Georgics is there again such a particularized evocation of a known Italian landscape. Ovid at times observes with acuteness and precision: a live coal going out, the curvature of a bird’s wing, the true colour of a woman’s hair; Juvenal is a master of visual detail, Apuleius an exquisitely refined painter in words. All these writers are inheritors of that passion for the perceptible world which Lucretius and Virgil put at the heart of their poetry; but Virgil himself is less interested than they in exact depiction.
A Trojan in Italy: Evander’s Kingdom
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diversity of ancient Italy within the Aeneid could be sufficiently accounted for in terms of Virgil’s own experience of his country and its history; none the less, it is in part inspired by the Odyssey. Telemachus’ travels take him to old Nestor at Pylos, then to Helen and Menelaus at Sparta. The scenes at Pylos take place mostly in the open air; the atmosphere is dignified, but not especially grand. Menelaus’ palace, by contrast, is wealthy and glamorous; in the eyes of the young Telemachus it seems like the house of Zeus himself.
The Rise of Islam
Authors: Hoyland Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To describe the Arabs, the inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula and the Syrian desert, Byzantine writers used such expressions as ‘rapacious kites’, ‘wolves’, ‘unreliable and fickle’, ‘a barbarous nation’. In part, this reflects the prejudice of a settled state towards the uncivilized tribal peoples on its periphery. The aridity of much of the Arabs’ homeland meant that there were not the resources for complex social and political organization. Certainly there were some exceptions.
The Medieval Empire (780–1204)
Authors: Magdalino Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Byzantine empire in 780 was a territorial rump of its former self, con- fined to Asia Minor, the coastal fringe of the Balkans and the Crimea, the Greek islands, Sicily and the southern extremities of the Italian peninsula. In terms of Christian geography, it was coterminous with only one of the five ancient patriarchates of the Church.
The Arabian Gulf In Antiquity
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1970s, the Arabian Gulf has been one of the most promising new areas of research in ancient Near-Eastern archaeology. Until now, however, there has been no attempt to synthesize the archaeology and history of this region from the beginnings of human settlement to the rise of Islam. The first volume of this comprehensive study covers the Pleistocene to the Achaemenian period. It includes almost all the published evidence for the prehistory and history of the Arabian Gulf. The period from Alexander the Great to the coming of Islam, including full discussion of the history of Christianity in the area, comprises the second volume, in which Potts combines the literary evidence from Greek, Roman, Syriac, and Arabic sources with an overview of the relevant archaeological evidence.
Women in Late Antiquity
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book bridges a gap between two traditional disciplines. Since the 1970s, there has been a remarkable outpouring of work on women in antiquity, but women in late antiquity (3rd-6th centuries AD) have been far less studied. Classicists have been more concerned with the first two centuries AD, and theologians have been interested in New Testament, rather than patristic teaching about women, or its social and cultural setting. In this book, Dr Clark offers an introduction to the basic conditions of life for women: marriage, divorce, celibacy and prostitution; legal constraints and protection; child-bearing, health care, and medical theories; housing, housework, and clothes; and the general assumptions about female nature which were discarded at need. Christian and non-Christian literature, art, and archaeology are used to exemplify both the practicalities of life and the prevailing `discourses' of the ancient world.
The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature
Authors: Gowers Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a novel and unconventional approach to Roman culture, through food - or rather, food as it is represented in literature. Food is not generally thought of as the noblest of literary subjects, and this view is a legacy from the Romans, so it is curious that Roman writers chose so persistently to depict their society at the dinner-table. Why this was so, and what effect the inclusion of food had on the status of the literary texts that described it, are among the questions discussed here. The book also addresses problems that arise when a material subject is translated into words, and contains fresh interpretations of Latin texts that have been unjustly undervalued - comedy, satire, epigrams, letters, and iambics. While often regarded as something trivial and gross, food was in fact one of the most suggestive images for Roman civilization.
The Manuscripts
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manuscripts dated certainly or possib y before 1261
H Jerusalem, Patriarchike Bibliotheke 36. Turyn 86–7, Matthiessen 41-2, Mastronarde 2. Facsimile: S. G. Daitz, The Jerusalem Palimpsest of Euripides. A Facsimile Edition with Commenta y (1970). Scholia (and corrigenda to the preceding work): S. G. Daitz, The Scholia in the Jerusalem Palimpsest of Euripides. A critical Edition (1979). A collation, made from photographs, was published by J. A. Spranger, CQ32 (1938) 200–2 10th–11th century. Lines 105–213, 313–412, 564–614, 716–66, 897–946, II52–1200, 1356–1556. Collated from the facsimile.
ζ (ZZbZcZdZmZuZv)
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I designate by the collective symbol ζ the manuscripts ZZbZcZd ZmZu(Zv) (this last available for lines 1385–591 only). The link which connects them is their scholia, compiled by Thomas Magister. The number may immediately be reduced by one, for the youngest of them, Zd, is a descendant of Zu, as I shall show later; and for the present I shall ignore it, except where it differs from Zu.
Conjectures in the Medieval Tradition
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mastronarde (50–61) has assembled an impressive list of readings in Phoenissae, outside of ξ and T, which he believes afford evidence of deliberate emendation. He finds such evidence even in the ueteres HMBOV. In addition, he has shown (61–5) that many adjustments in the text have been inspired by the application or misunderstanding of comments in the scholia.
Conclusions
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The editor of Orestes, if his apparatus criticus is not to exceed all reasonable proportions, must choose from the available manuscripts those which it is worthwhile to report consistently. It goes without argument that HMBOV(Va) must be reported. I should also report ACK, because of the generally hi1 h quality of their text. We might discard G, because it often duplicates K; but its contribution is impressive, and it might be retained. The group 8 (AbFMnPrRSSa) will be adequately reflected by a selection of about half these manuscripts. Since Mn is a close relative of S, and Ab of R, we can dispense with one of each pair. I judge that R and S have the edge on their partners. Of the trio FPrSa I should dis¬ card Sa, since it is related to F throughout and in part is a twin of Pr. The associates of8 (AaCrRfRw) need not be cited, except on the rare occasions when they offer a good reading· which is weakly attested. L and P, partly because their text is eclectic, partly because it is of generally good quality, deserve to be reported. The group E is adequately represented by X alone. One member of C is enough: I choose Z, because I have collated it from the original. It will be useful to report all of Triclinius’ corrections, in the iambics and trochaics, as well as in the lyrics; and so it is desirable to report T’, which, although it has little value in itself, may serve as an additional representative of(Ry is perhaps worth reporting; but Tp may be ignored. We may ignore AdAnJ and the other manuscripts whose text is akin to ξ, as well as At, which, when it is not akin to ξ, duplicates others, and Mt, which duplicates A. Of the gnomologies, gV should be reported, because of its early date; gB and gE may be ignored.
The Stages of Procedure
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter was devoted to the range of available procedures, and this tended to focus our minds on the differences between them. It is now time to concentrate on similarities: what was the course of events in a typical Athenian trial? The following is a summary account, arranged in simplified but roughly chronological order; we will be concentrating on general outline at the expense of detail.
A Second Orpheus
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 566, the Frankish court at Metz saw the celebration of the wedding of King Sigibert to the Visigothic princess, Brunhild, daughter of King Athanagild. Sigibert, scorning the unworthy and confused liaisons of his brothers, had chosen instead to contract a prestigious dynastic alliance with the Spanish royal family. The princess was duly escorted to Metz in great splendour, and the wedding celebrated with a great banquet for all the leading men of Sigibert’s kingdom. The style and the aspirations of this event in themselves singled out Sigibert among his generation of the Merovingian royal family. The occasion was also notable, however, for the fact that the wedding celebrations included the declamation by an Italian poet of a resplendent Latin epithalamium. Clovis had received his consular purple; Sigibert was hymned as the emperor Honorius had been. The arrival in Gaul of the Italian poet, Venantius Fortunatus, could not have been timed to make a greater impact. With this epithalamium he was brought dramatically to the notice of all the Merovingian notables, Franks and Gallo-Romans, courtiers and ecclesiastics, with the cachet of royal approval. No better opportunity could have been provided to win Merovingian patronage.
Fortunatus and the Rhetorical Tradition: Other Poems
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortunatus did not restrict his adaptation of the rhetorical tradition to panegyrics of the Merovingian kings. With the same purposeful imagination, the poet also drew upon this tradition to offer praise, advice, and mediation to powerful figures as far afield as Byzantium, to support an individual patron, or to further national and international diplomatic aims. With a rich and invariably apposite use of the tradition, he addressed gratiarum actiones to the emperor and empress in the East, and to Martin, the renowned bishop of Braga; he extended the use of the basilikos logos to praise princes of the Church; and with motifs and topics evocative of Roman grandeur, he flattered Merovingian magnates. The two gratiarum actiones (Appendix 2 and poem 5. 2) were significant works in Fortunatus’ more formal rhetorical writing. Both represented an imaginative and effective use of the tradition; both were poems sent to powerful political figures, in secular and ecclesiastical terms, to further Radegund’s policies for the country and for her community.
The Treasures of the Parthenon and Erechtheion
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Parthenon and the Erechtheion, two of the best-known monuments of ancient Athens, were once filled with countless priceless treasures - from furniture and musical instruments to jewellery, gold, silver, and bronze. This unique volume presents for the first time the only evidence we have for this massive collection of ancient objets d’art - annually inscribed inventories on tablets written by Athenian officials in the classical period. The author provides the first ever translation of these inscriptions, and comes to some important and exciting conclusions about the life and religion of ancient Athens.
Frogs
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dramatic action of Frogs is articulated with exceptional clarity, and metrical patterning plays only a subsidiary structural role. The introductory sub-plot of Dionysus, descent into Hades contains two major musical set-pieces: the Frogs’ boating song (209-67) and the miniature religious festival (316-4s9). The stylized, symmetrical comedy of the clothes-changing episode (460-604) is given extra definition by the trochaic comment-song, which the chorus shares in the strophe (S34-48) with Dionysus and in the antistrophe (590--604) with Xanthias.
Introductory Note
Authors: Silk M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this opening section five pairs of readings and counter-readings of Greek tragedy yield ten very different approaches to particular plays.
We begin with Calame, Buxton, and Oedipus Rex, partly because, from Aristotle to Nietzsche and beyond, this is for so many admirers of Greek tragedy the model play, partly because the Calame—Buxton debate serves to introduce a series of central issues, from theoretical perspective to the status of tragedy as a theatrical medium, from the importance of mood (‘pathos’) to the relation between human and divine, from the distinctive role of knowledge to the special importance of the individual’s isolation once in a state of knowledge in this tragedy and—ultimately?—in tragedy as a whole. Using as points of reference both Aristotle’s Poetics and the ideas of the sophist Gorgias, Calame sees in the Oedipus a drama which calls into question the premises of dramatic spectacle. The self-blinding in particular is interpreted as the ‘annihilation of identity’ at the moment of knowledge, as well as the negation of theatrical logic. Buxton’s qualifications to this argument lay particular stress on the elusive significance of the ‘blind mask’, on the problem of knowing what constitutes real knowledge in Oedipus Rex, and on the complex meaning of the final gesture of separation in the play.
Comedy and the Tragic
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theatre is a specially licensed occasion, a time and place for many people to watch a few people enacting things that would not be ‘acceptable’ in ‘real life’, outside that time and place. Thus tragedy can look into the ‘black hole’ (to adopt George Steiner’s metaphor), and yet not be irrecoverably sucked into it. But comedy also grew up alongside tragedy at Athens; and the phenomenon of that twin growth may give some leads towards appreciating the nature of ‘the tragic’. For, while tragedy and comedy were the twin offspring of the Athenian theatre, they were non-identical twins. And they were not good at sharing their toys: most tellingly, playwrights and actors belonged only to one or the other. Everyone would agree, I think, that the two genres were polarized to some degree, and mutually defined each other by contrasts—though at the same time, as Michael Silk has rightly insisted, this need not mean that they are ‘opposites’ .4 Recent critical theory has, however, been mistrustful of ‘genres’, and scholars have tended to concentrate on generic interference and transgression, breaking down their distinctiveness, and deconstructing their polarities.
Emotion and Meaning in Tragic Performance
Authors: Lada Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper examines Greek drama from the perspective of audience-oriented criticism. I hope to explore some aspects of the communicative channel between the Greek plays and their original spectators, focusing primarily on the interrelation of affect and understanding as part of the response of classical audiences to a theatrical event. I deal with this issue through a test case, namely through a comparison of ancient drama with Brecht’s revolutionary ‘epic theatre’, where thought and critical appreciation are set at the opposite extreme of an emotional response, and where the sole prerequisite for understanding is the viewer’s ‘disengagement’ or ‘alienation’ from the stage-world. The range of firsthand information on the response of classical Greek audiences to the theatrical event is lamentably restricted. Nevertheless, a very interesting, albeit largely unexplored, type of evidence is implicit in the dramatic (both tragic and comic) texts themselves, in so far as they are self-consciously concerned with their own conditions of creation and performance.