bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘fine structure’ of mathematical revolutions: metaphysics, legitimacy, and rigour. The case of the calculus from Newton to Berkeley and Maclaurin
Authors: Giorello Giulio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluxions & moments are quantities of a different kind. Fluxions are finite motions, moments are infinitely little parts. I put letter with pricks for fluxions, & multiply fluxions by the letter o to make them become infinitely little & the rectangles I put for moments In demonstrating Propositions I always write down the letter o & proceed by the Geometry of Euclid & Apollonius without any approximation. In resolving Questions or investigating truths I use all sorts of approximations wch I think will create no error in the conclusions & neglect to write down the letter o, & this [I] do for making dispatch. (Newton 1714, pp. 136-7) The juxtaposition of these two extracts is not as arbitrary as might at first appear.
The ‘revolution’ in the geometrical vision of space in the nineteenth century, and the hermeneutical epistemology of mathematics
Authors: Boi Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Vesalius was to Galen, what Copernicu was lo Ptolemy, that was Lobachevsky to Euclid. There is, indeed, a somewhat instructive parallel between the last two cases Each of them has brought about a revolution in scientific ideas so great that it can only he compared with that brought about by the other. And the reason for the transcendent importance of these two changes is that they arc changes in the conception of the Cosmos. Before the time of Copernicus. men knew all about the Universe, The enormous effect of the Copernican system, and of the astronomical discoveries that have followed it, is that, in place of this knowledge of a little, which was called knowledge of the Universe, of Eternity and Immensity, we have now got knowledge of a great deal more; but we only call it the knowledge of Here and Now. This, then, was the change effected by Copernicus in the idea of the Universe. But there was left another to be made. For the laws of space and motion. that we are presently going to examine. implied an infinite space and an infinite duration, about whose properties as space and time everything was accurately known. The very constitution of hose parts of it which are at an infinite distance from us, ‘geometry upon the plane at infinity’, is just as well known, if the Euclidean assumptions arc true, as the geometry of any portion of this room. In this infinite and thoroughly well-known space the Universe is situated during at least some portion of an infinite and thoroughly well known time. So that here we have real knowledge of something at least that concerns the Cosmos; something that is true throughout the Immensities and the Eternities.
Meta-level revolutions in mathematics
Authors: Dunmore Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been generally acknowledged for some time now that Kuhnian revolutions occur in the development of the empirical sciences. But, in contrast, the traditional view is that the growth of mathematics is quite different from that of the physical sciences, that it develops purely cumulatively. However, I shall demonstrate in this chapter that a certain brand of Kuhnian revolution has indeed occurred repeatedly in the development of mathematics. I begin with a brief discussion of the recent literature on this question.
Dynamic scattering from multicomponent polymer mixtures in solution and in bulk
Authors: Akcasu A Ziya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we propose to study the dynamics of ternary polymer mixtures, which has been the subject of several experimental and theoretical studies in recent years. We shall pay particular attention to the interpretation of the dynamic scattering experiments on such systems. We first present a brief survey of the recent literature most pertinent to this study. On the experimental side, Nemota et al. studied a binary mixture of polystyrene fractions in benzene in the semidilute regime with dynamic light scattering. Borsali et al also investigated the dynamics of a mixture consisting of polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate)-toluene by quasielastic light scattering in the semidilute regime. More recently Brown et al reported the results of dynamic light scattering from various homopolymer species in solution. Stiihn and Rennie studied the segmental dynamics of styrene-isoprene di-block copolymers in deuterated polyisoprene matrix with spin-echo neutron scattering.
Noise on photon correlation functions and its effect on data reduction algorithms
Authors: Peters Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, many different data reduction algorithms have been used to extract information on distribution functions (radius distribution, diffusion coefficient distribution, etc.) from photon correlation functions. Many substantially different methods have been used in such algorithms, ranging from simple cumulants to constrained regularization methods such as CONTIN or maximum entropy. Most of these algorithms have in common that noise estimates for the correlation function are restricted to photon noise. But in fact, with the use of modern multi-bit correlators at high input count rates, intensity noise dominates over photon noise in many experimental situations. Since intensity noise is strongly correlated, its effect on data reduction is more subtle but generally of much higher importance than that of photon noise. This chapter introduces models for photon noise as well as intensity noise, and experimental verifications of these models. The random nature of photon noise is compared with the highly correlated structure of intensity noise, and the effects of such covariant noise on any data reduction method are discussed. Finally, a simple model for the covariance matrix and a new concept for data reduction algorithms incorporating this covariance matrix is developed.
Dynamic light scattering from rigid and nearly rigid rods
Authors: Russo Paul S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before such subtleties as the differences between viruses and proteins were fully understood, and even before it was universally accepted that very large molecules existed at all, it was demonstrated that aqueous suspensions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) exhibited flow birefringence. The experiments were conducted with the aid of a goldfish swimming between crossed polars in a solution of the infectious agent; see Fig. 12.1. In its wake, the Maltese cross pattern revealed the ease with which such solutions are driven to transient order, and foretold the equilibrium alignment that is so fascinating and useful in concentrated suspensions of rods. Today the importance of rod-shaped particles in areas as diverse as high-performance materials, molecular biology, and mineralogy is well established. Yet much remains poorly understood, especially about dynamical processes. Perhaps no technique has more potential than dynamic light scattering to complete the picture begun some 50 years ago by the valiant goldfish and his clever keepers.
Light scattering in micellar systems
Authors: Magid Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Micelles are one type of aggregate formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic (surfactant) monomers. Micellar size (including the size distribution, or polydispersity), micellar shape, and intermicellar interactions depend on some combination of the following: (1) structural features of the constituent monomers, including the headgroups’ charge and the tails’ length and volume relative to the headgroups, usually characterized by the surfactant packing parameter; (2) the stoichiometric surfactant concentration and the concentration of supporting electrolyte; (3) the morphology of proximate mesophases; (4) the temperature, which for some surfactants has a large effect on the energetics of headgroup-headgroup and headgroup-solvent interactions.
The Mathematics of Plato’s Academy
Authors: Fowler D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a radically new interpretation of early Greek mathematics; its central theme is a mathematical and historical exploration of several different ways of characterizing ratio. To set the reconstruction in context, David Fowler describes both how early Greeks wrote and how their writings have then been transmitted to us. This leads to descriptions of taxation and land-measurement in the Greek administration of Egypt, of the development of continued fractions from the seventeenth century, including a recent algorithm for arithmetic with continued fractions, and many other topics.
The astrono1nical revolution
Authors: Chapman Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 78 years of Mobius’s life witnessed a fundamental shift in the status of Germany as a ‘great power’ in the realm of the intellect. While that confederation of states collectively called Germany had produced many of the great theological intellects of the sixteenth century to pioneer the Reformation, the region had been devastated by the Thirty Years War which raged in the seventeenth century. Relatively speaking, early- and mid-eighteenth-century Germany was still a European backwater, a constant theatre of war, and generally off the route of the European ‘Grand Tour’; it was regarded as provincial in most things other than music and perhaps certain branches of literature. But its numerous states, Prince-Bishoprics, and Electorates contained a large number of academic establishments, even if many of them were obscure in terms of the wider world. By the late eighteenth century, however, Germany was displaying many portents of things to come—with Kant, Goethe, Schiller, and Beethoven in philosophy and the arts, and Mayer, Humboldt, Olbers, and Schroter in the sciences.
Conduction in Non-Crystalline Materials
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first edition of this book, the field has developed rapidly, causing Nobel prizewinning author Sir Nevill Mott to rewrite this second edition extensively. It deals in an elementary way (as far as possible) with electrons in non-crystalline systems. It builds on the successful first edition by bringing up to date the theory of interactions in non-crystalline systems, introducing a revised discussion on the `minimum metallic conductivity', and addressing the relevance of disorder in the new high-temperature superconductors.
The Odonata of Central Panama and their position in the neotropical odonate fauna, with a checklist, and descriptions of new species
Authors: Donnelly Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The small area around the Panama Canal has one of the richest Odonata faunas (176 named and at least one undescribed species) in Mesoamerica. The area treated in this brief report is the immediate environs of the Canal (Canal Area, formerly the Canal Zone) as well as neighbouring areas much frequented by naturalists. The most important of the latter areas are Cerro Campana, to the west of the Canal, and Cerros Azul and Jefe, to the east. These are upland areas, in contrast to the lower elevation areas immediately around the Canal. Although interest in the potential of a trans-isthmian canal began in the mid 1800s, and although scientific surveys, first by French and later by American scientists, were begun in the late 1800s, this area entirely escaped the notice of the early compilers of Odonata monographs. Thus, the many monographic studies of Baron Edmond Selys de Longchamps contain numerous notices of the rich areas of western Panama (Chiriqui and vicinity) but none of central Panama. Similarly, the Neuroptera volume of the landmark Biologia Centrali Americana (Calvert 1901-8) notes only a few of the more common species. The monograph of the family Libellulidae (Ris 1909-16) contains but a few records of common species. Ris’ (1918) later study on the Cordilleran Odonata, from Costa Rica to Catamarca, again omits mention of this area.
The Termites of Panama (Isoptera)
Authors: Nickle David A , Collins Margaret S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Termites are relatively primitive insects living in highly organized societies. Their nearest living relatives are the cockroaches. All species live in colonies that include both male and female individuals differentiated in form and function into castes. Two or three adult castes are present, depending upon the species. While best known for their destruction of wood and cellulose-containing products, termites are actually extremely beneficial organisms in the dynamics of both tropical and temperate ecosystems. Zoogeographic information provided in this chapter is based on the work of Emerson (1952, 1955). The termite fauna of Panama is diverse, with endemic species, species that are also found in the Caribbean region and northern South America, and species that range northward into Central America and Mexico. In addition, many of the major pest species of the Western Hemisphere have also been reported in Panama. Although 140 species have been described in the North American (Canada through Panama) fauna and 48 species in Panama alone, no single key exists to facilitate rapid identification. This chapter, which is condensed from the manuscript of a book in preparation by Nickle and Collins on the termites of continental North America, brings together current biological information and includes more fully illustrated identification keys for the termites of Panama. We provide keys to soldiers of nearly all the·Panamanian fauna (some species lack soldiers, while other species have been described on the basis of alates alone, and soldiers have not yet been recognized). Keys to genera of the winged forms are also provided together with descriptions of diagnostic characters.
Zoraptera of Panama with a review of the morphology, systematics, and biology of the order
Authors: Choe Jae C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The zorapterans are gregarious insects that live under the bark of dead trees. Since the order Zoraptera was erected by Silvestri (1913), only 30 species have been described (Table 15.1). All described species belong to a single genus, Zorotypus, in the family Zorotypidae. Poinar (1988) recently described a fossil species, Z. palaeus, from Dominican amber, indicating that zorapterans were present in the period between the lower Miocene and upper Eocene. Zorapterans are distributed in the tropical and subtropical belts including all continents except Australia. Undoubtedly many more undescribed species will be revealed by further fieldwork and give a more complete geographic picture. To date, the neotropics is by far the most diverse region (Table 15.1). Sixteen species have been described from various localities on the mainland and neighbouring islands (Fig. 15.1). Specific identification is often difficult, as at least seven species were described from females (New 1978) and one species, Z. longicercatus, was described from nymphs only (Caudell 1927). More rigorous collecting and systematic revision are badly needed. With the possible exception of Zorotypus hubbardi, which occurs widely in the United States (Gurney 1938; Riegel 1963; Shetlar 1978), little is known about zorapteran biology. In the following account, a review is provided of the morphology, life history, and systematics of the order Zoraptera based on an extensive literature survey and personal research on two Panamanian species.
Short-winged Mould Beetles of the tribe Arhytodini of Panama, with descriptions of new taxa (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae: Pselaphinae)*
Authors: Chandler Donald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New World Arhytodini currently consist of three genera: Caccoplectus Sharp with 36 species ranges from Arizona, USA, to Brazil; Rhytus Westwood ( = Arhytodes Reitter) with 11 species found from Argentina to Venezuela; and Caccoplectinus Chandler & Wolda with a single species from French Guiana. Caccoplectus was only recently recognized to be present in Panama (Chandler 1976; Chandler and Wolda 1986), with 24 species now recorded and 19 of these occurring on Barro Colorado Island. Since Caccoplectus was recently reviewed by Chandler and Wolda (1986), discussion of Panamanian Arhytodini will be confined to the following two genera: Rhytus is here recorded from Panama by the collection of three new species; Woldenka, new genus, with a single new species from Barro Colorado Island, is described. A· specimen of each species, except Rhytus bocatorenus new species, was cleared, disarticulated, and mounted on a slide for comparison of foveae and other structures. The single specimen of bocatorenus has the male genitalia cleared and stored in glycerine in a capsule pinned beneath the specimen. Holotypes are deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History. All measurements are given in millimetres.
An introduction to the biology and systematics of Panamanian Tortoise Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Authors: Windsor Donald M , Riley, Edward G , Stockwell Henry P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although distributed widely through the Nearctic and Palearctic zones, tortoise beetles are clearly ‘headquartered’ in the Tropics (Champion 1893). The Republic of Panama with a land area accounting for less than one-twentieth of one per cent of the Earth’s non-frozen surface contains more than 130 species of Cassidinae-three to four per cent of the 3000 + species of Cassidinae estimated to exist worldwide and roughly three times the number recorded from the US (Arnett 1968). Tortoise beetle-species are not only more numerous in tropical habitats but exhibit more diverse life histories and less conservative morphologies than at higher latitudes (Fiebrig 191 O; Kosior 1975; Buzzi 1988; Zwölfer and Brandl 1989). Cassidine beetles are model herbivores that may be near the pinnacle of chrysomelid evolution (Jolivet 1988). Almost all species are monophagous or narrowly oligophagous parasites of a small number of plant families (Jolivet 1989). Association with the host plant is intimate and prolonged; oviposition, larval feeding, pupation, adult feeding, and mating may all occur on one or a few neighbouring plants. Because of their sedentary habits and preference for peripheral foliage on secondary-growth plants, the occurrence of tortoise beetles tends to be predictable; they are exposed targets for predators and parasites (Jeffries and Lawton 1984) and survival of immature stages is low (Carroll 1978; Nakamura and Abbas 1987; Becker and Frieiro Costa 1987). In this paper we present a list of known and uncertain species from Panama, examine their relations to Central and South American faunas and develop a key to the genera. We explore variation of life history within the group through interspecific and geographic comparisons. We investigate the correlation of adult body size with ovipositional strategies, larval gregariousness, parental care, and the stature of host plants selected. Finally, we summarize the distribution of tribes and genera of Cassidinae according to the principal families of food plants on the basis of rudimentary phylogenetic considerations for the group.
Leaf-rolling Weevils (Coleoptera: Attelabidae), their host plants, and associated Rhynchitid Weevils in North America (Canada through the Republic of Panama): Summary of a long-term field study
Authors: Vogt† George B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predictability of host specificity in plant-insect, insect-insect, and plant-insect-insect interactions is a valuable basis to the application of biological control. There is some evidence of limited congruence between host plant phylogeny and insect phylogeny that might be elaborated as a basis. However, system-wide matrices of data and information hardly exist for the three interactions indicated. The present study provides the surprising results of such a system-wide coverage, encompassing Canada through the Republic of Panama; much complexity and unpredictability is indicated. It is clear that behaviour is more labile than structural (morphological) change, a fact of some importance considering that change in behaviour must be an important precursor to structural change. The following report is a provisional summary of findings of field studies of leaf and terminal cutting weevils, which have been under way on a more or less regular basis since 19 53 in conjunction with field studies of leaf-mining Coleoptera. This personally elected research was undertaken while the writer was a specialist at the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. The studies were aimed at elucidation of the phenomenon of host plant specificity as it relates to speciation. The work was carried out (mostly at weekends) as a sideline to assigned research on the systematics of plantfeeding Coleoptera and the biological control of weeds.
Clicking Butterflies, Hamadryas, of Panama: Their biology and identification (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Monge-NÁJera JuliÁN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Butterflies of the genus Hamadryas (Hübner 1806) are well known to Neotropical field naturalists for their production of audible sound Qenkins 1983). The phenomenon of sound emission in this genus apparently was reported for the first time by Langsdorff, who heard them in Brazil during the first decade of the 19th century (Darwin 1889). The emission of audible sound is uncommon in Lepidoptera (Monge-Nájera and Morera 1986), and Hamadryas is a classic example, partly because of its conspicuousness but also due to the many failed attempts to identify the acoustic mechanism (Dumortier 1963; Swihart 1967; Jenkins 1983). The study of Hamadryas is handicapped by the complex calico coloration of several species, which makes identification difficult (Jenkins 19 83). This paper briefly reviews the natural history of Hamadryas, updating it with previously unpublished observations from Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela, and presents descriptions of and an illustrated key to the species occurring in Panama.
Callitrichid mating systems: laboratory and field approaches to studies of monogamy and polyandry
Authors: Dixson A F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, the marmosets and tamarins have been regarded as monogamous primates which live in extended family units (e.g. Kleiman 1977). However, with increasing knowledge of callitrichid field biology it has become apparent that a single reproductive female may mate with more than one partner (e.g. Callithrix humeralifer: Rylands 1982, 1986a; Saguinus fuscicollis: Goldizen 1987a). This has led to suggestions that ‘facultative polyandry’ may occur; i.e. that two or more males copulate with a single female and co-operate in rearing her twin offspring (Goldizen 1987a; Sussman and Garber 1987). Paternity of offspring and genetic relatedness of adult group members has not been determined for free-ranging callitrichids. Nor is it known whether facultative polyandry occurs throughout this primate family, or if it is restricted to particular species or populations. Answers to these questions may be achieved by a combined field and laboratory approach.
The social organization of marmosets: a critical evaluation of recent concepts
Authors: Rothe Hartmut , Darms Kurt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a few years ago it would not have occurred to most scholars of marmoset and tamarin behaviour to question the universality of sexual and reproductive monogamy in this family. Similarly, we knew of no ob-jections to the transferability of data obtained from the more or less intensive study of, at the most, five to seven species (Callithrix jacchus, C. humeralifer intermedius, C. fiaviceps, Cebuella pygmaea, Saguinus fuscicollis, S. mystax, S. labiatus, S. oedipus, and Leontopithecus rosalia: systematics according to Mittermeier et al. 1988b) to the whole taxon Callitrichidae, whose genera live in such widely differing habitats.