bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to band theory and the electronic properties of materials at a level suitable for final-year undergraduates or first-year graduate students. It sets out to provide the vocabulary and quantum-mechanical training necessary to understand the electronic, optical and structural properties of the materials met in science and technology and describes some of the experimental techniques which are used to study band structure today. In order to leave space for recent developments, the Drude model and the introduction of quantum statistics are treated synoptically. However, Bloch's theorem and two tractable limits, a very weak periodic potential and the tight-binding model, are developed rigorously and in three dimensions. Having introduced the ideas of bands, effective masses and holes, semiconductor and metals are treated in some detail, along with the newer ideas of artificial structures such as super-lattices and quantum wells, layered organic substances and oxides. Some recent `hot topics' in research are covered, e.g. the fractional Quantum Hall Effect and nano-devices, which can be understood using the techniques developed in the book. In illustrating examples of e.g. the de Haas-van Alphen effect, the book focuses on recent experimental data, showing that the field is a vibrant and exciting one. References to many recent review articles are provided, so that the student can conduct research into a chosen topic at a deeper level. Several appendices treating topics such as phonons and crystal structure make the book a self-contained introduction to the fundamentals of band theory and electronic properties in condensed matter physics today.
Fully subtractive algorithms
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let Δn+l = {b = (bo, b1, … , bn): bo ≥ bi ≥ … ≥ bn ≥ O}. We fix a number p with 1 ≤ p ≤ n and define p with 1 :S p ::S n and define There is a permutation π such that π σb Δn+l. The “bottom map” T is defined by the commutative diagram
Skew products
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let En := {0 &lt; x1 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1,…, 0 ≤ xn &lt; 1}. These skew products are defined by the map T : En → En References are Ito 1986 and Schweiger 1989. Lemma 23 The digits are subject to the following conditions:
Periodic expansions
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multidimensional continued fraction of x is called periodic if there are numbers m ≥ 0, p ≥ I such that Tm+p x = Tmx. We need some well known results from linear algebra. Let A be an (n+1) x (n +1)matrix with real coefficients. A real or complex number ρ is called an eigenvalue of A if there is an (n + 1)-tuple υ = (υ0, υ1, … , υn) ≠ 0 such that Aυ= ρ υ.
Volume as a measure of approximation
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen it is difficult to obtain positive results on simultaneous approximation for multidimensional continued fractions. For the Jacobi algorithm W. Schmidt 1958 made the interesting observation that for n = 2 the area of the triangle formed by the point x and two consecutive convergents is a much better generalization than simultaneous approximation. In Schweiger 1975c Schmidt’s result was obtained for the Jacobi algorithm for any n ≥ 1.
Dimension of exceptional sets
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A basic feature of many results in Diophantine approximation and about onedimensional continued fractions is the fact that a certain property is either true for almost all points x or false for almost all points x. Clearly, the fact that mod 1 is an ergodic transformation with respect to Lebesgue measure is related to many theorems of this kind in dimension n = 1. But even if a certain property is valid only for a set of measure O these exceptional sets may be of quite different “size”. There are many devices to make the notion of “size” more precise. One of the most common notions concerns Hausdorff measure and Hausdorff dimension. We will not present the theory but we refer to standard text-books: Rogers 1970, Edgar 1990, say.
One-way graphical representation of data matrices
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having completed a preliminary look at some underlying geometrical concepts, we are now in a position to discuss the various techniques that are available for graphical representation of multivariate data. In keeping with the problem-orientated approach, the discussion will be structured according to the form in which the multivariate data are presented. Since all multivariate data can be presented in the form of a matrix, the most convenient classification will consider the entities that define the rows and columns of this matrix. It should be remembered that virtually any matrix of numbers can be input into any particular multivariate routine, and the computer will nearly always produce an answer. Whether or not this answer is sensible, however, will depend on whether or not the right type of matrix was input to the routine (mindful of the old computing adage: garbage in, garbage out). Care must therefore be exercised in deciding what sort of matrix one is faced with in any given application, what the objectives of the analysis are, and hence which set of techniques is appropriate for the problem in hand.
Reduction of dimensionality: inferential aspects of descriptive methods
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now return to some of the techniques already described in Part I, and consider ways in which their purely descriptive use can be underpinned by statistical theory. Broadly speaking, the majority of these techniques comprise two main operations: finding a suitable small-dimensional space in which the sample can be embedded, and then inspecting the representation of sample members in this space for any evidence of pattern. Both of these operations carry associated statistical questions, which were hardly even alluded to earlier. In the first place, what is the ‘correct’ number of dimensions in which the sample is located? Given an r-dimensional representation of a p-variate sample, is this only an approximation, or have we identified the ·true’ dimensionality? Secondly, having obtained a small-dimensional representation, what effect will sampling variation have on the positions of the various entities in this space? For example, how far apart must be two points (or vectors, or curves) before we can safely assume that the entities they represent are genuinely different? In order to answer any of these questions we cannot rely simply on our geometrical model, but must also assume a statistical model for our initial multivariate sample. Hence consideration of these matters belongs properly to this part of the book. However, at this point we will break slightly with our problem-oriented philosophy. Since we have already devoted much space to the introduction and description of the various techniques earlier, it seems more natural to switch (in this chapter only) to a technique-oriented discussion, in which all aspects associated with statistical inference are summarized for each technique in turn.
Incorporating group structure: descriptive methods
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common feature of all the situations considered thus far is an absence of any external information about the sample members prior to analysis of the data at hand. In other words, there is no external structure that must be imposed on the data matrix, so this matrix can be treated at face value for the purposes of analysis. Thus the descriptive methods of Part I presuppose an essentially homogeneous sample of individuals, and the same situation is more formally assumed for the inferential procedures of Part III. The possibility of heterogeneity is raised by those techniques in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 that enable a search to be made for any evidence of grouping among the sample members, but once again the starting point for these techniques is equivalent to a null hypothesis of ‘no structure’. Indeed, it was emphasized in Chapter 3 that a cluster analysis is not appropriate when we do have some information about structure of the units. Methods of incorporating such information into the analysis will occupy Part IV of this book.
Inferential aspects: more than two groups
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now generalize the situation postulated at the start of Chapter 12, and suppose that the data matrix X is partitioned into g (&gt;2) sections, the ith of which comprises n; rows and constitutes a random sample from a p-variate population πi (i = 1, ... , g). Inferences are sought about these populations, using the sample data in X as basis. Most of the techniques that are currently available require the assumption of multivariate normality, and are therefore only strictly applicable to continuous (or at least quantitative) data. In view of this restriction, we shall concentrate throughout the chapter on the multivariate normal model; a summary of available techniques for non-normal data will be given at the end of the chapter.
Explaining observed associations: latent-variable models
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The models considered in the previous chapter are ones linking the observed variables of a multivariate system. Their objective is explanation and prediction: by creating a model that adequately mimics the overall behaviour of the system, a better understanding can be gained into the mechanism of the system, and improved prediction of future behaviour is a natural consequence of such enhanced understanding. In order to make the model as accurate as possible, as much information as possible should be built into it. Given the observed associations between the variables of the system, therefore, it is natural these associations should be used in the model. In essence, the models of the previous chapter start from the observed associations and build outwards. It might be argued, however, that if we have a true understanding of the system then we should be able to predict reasonably accurately all aspects of the system, including the associations themselves. Thus a more fundamental model is one that explains the observed associations between variables, and considerable interest has been shown in such models in many fields of application. The impetus for this interest stemmed from the work of Psychologists involved in mental test theory at the turn of the century, and the pioneering ideas of Galton and Spearman provided fertile ground for the myriad developments (and no little controversy!) that have taken place in the succeeding eighty or ninety years.
What’s in a name?
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we get stuck into this chapter ask around and try to find out what a number is. The kind of response will probably range from ‘Well it’s obvious, everyone knows what a number is’ all the way to ‘Hmm, well now you come to mention it, I’d have to think carefully a bit before I give you an answer’. If possible ask your nearest friendly mathematician. When stuck with a question like this, a good way to answer it is to look in a dictionary. A dictionary will give you an answer something like this, The dictionary seems to be telling us that a number is two things which are quite different because the way we choose to write numbers and the number itself are not the same. Historically, as we will soon see, there have been many different ways of representing the same quantity. As mathematicians we use numbers every day and thinking for a while about how we write them is not only interesting but also quite fun.
Nonlinear Models in Medical Statistics
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text provides an introduction to the use of nonlinear models in medical statistics, It is a practical text rather than a theoretical one and assumes a basic knowledge in statistical modelling and of generalized linear models. The book first provides a general introduction to nonlinear models, comparing them to generalized linear models. It describes data handling and formula definition and summarises the principal types of nonlinear regression formulae. there is an emphasis on techniques for non-normal data. Following chapters provide detailed examples of applications in various areas of medicine, epidemiology, clinical trials, quality of life, pharmokinetics, pharmacodynamics, assays and formulations, and molecular genetics. The book concludes with appendicies describing data handling and model formulae in more detail, and given ways of modelling dependencies in repeated measurements, and data for the exercises.
Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas pharmacokinetics involves the study of the concentration of some substance in the body, pharmacodynamics looks at the reaction of the body to that substance. Thus, pharmacodynamic models attempt to relate changing concentrations of some substance in the body to some pharmacological effect.
Pharmacodynamics can be considerably more difficult than pharmacokinetics for several reasons: Responses are often not continuous measurements such as concentrations, often being counts or ordinal values
Few mechanistic models have been developed for such responses.
Pharmacodynamic responses depend on concentrations of the substance of interest in the body so that, ideally, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models should be developed simultaneously, with appropriate interrelationships.
Molecular genetics
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the sequencing of the human genome, molecular biology has received a great deal of publicity. It is seen by some to have the potential to provide solutions to most of the problems of human health. However, the availability of the sequence is only the very beginning of the story. Genes must be located within the sequence, their function in the body must be determined, the mechanisms by which they are differentially expressed in different kinds of cells discovered, these must be related to the progression of a disease, and a cure must be found Molecular genetics is concerned with three types of rather large molecules that, fortunately, have a fundamentally linear structure. The central molecule in genetics is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which, although helical, is strictly linear in the structure of its most important components. This molecule, in tum, carries codes for all of the polypeptides (proteins) in the body as well as for certain ribonucleic acids (RNA). Although also basically linear, proteins have a more complex threedimensional structure because they fold up into very specific forms. Many types of RNA also fold but in somewhat less complex ways than proteins. Here, I shall only consider some very simple problems related to the linear structure of DNA as a small taste of the challenges available.
Reconstructing Early Intervention after Trauma
Authors: Orner Roderick , Schnyder Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of a diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the 1980 edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders heralded the dawn of modern psychotraumatology. On the strength of the conceptual refinements offered by this new diagnosis, much consideration has been given to the challenge of effecting early intervention after trauma. To do so offered the prospect of preventing initial reactions developing into a debilitating chronic disorder with complicating co-morbidities. Some of the original proponents of early intervention protocols have continued to claim that such provision will mitigate the effects of traumatic events, prevent the onset of a traumatic stress syndrome, allow early detection of those who may require further help and help re-establish a homeostatic equilibrium. The evidence base for making these claims has never been made explicit. More recent clinical trials suggest a more qualified position ought to be taken with respect to what should reasonably and reliably claimed for early intervention techniques used to date. More alarming is the growing cluster of studies warning against certain types of intervention. The optimism which once prevailed with respect to what early intervention after trauma might achieve has, in recent years, been replaced by controversy and defensively entrenched posturing. This book aims to provide a comprehensive update on the accumulated experience in the field of early intervention after trauma and defines standards for service provision. It does so by reviewing the historical traditions and theoretical foundations for early interventions and links recommendations for psychological first aid to a substantial body of multidisciplinary evidence. The ultimate aim of this book is to reconstruct an informed evidence base for early intervention after trauma.
Drugs and physical treatment after trauma
Authors: Freeman Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now a large and impressive evidence base for the treatment of PTSD using either drugs or psychological treatments. There is also an emerging evidence base for the treatment of Acute Stress Disorder with brief psychological treatments and a consensus that one-off individual debriefing post-trauma does no good and may do harm. Drug treatments have a long history in the management of Acute Stress Reactions after trauma and are still widely used. Self-medication with alcohol is undoubtedly the major intervention practised in the western world.
Palliative Care
Authors: Oliver David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palliative care aims to consider the ‘whole patient’ within their social support system, allowing the management of symptoms, psychosocial issues, and spiritual issues. The role of palliative care may start from the time of diagnosis or the neurological event and may be combined with other treatment schedules. All health and social care professionals should be involved in the provision of palliative care, usually as members of multidisciplinary teams. There may also be a role for a specialist palliative care team, with specific expertise and training, to support patients and their families and the professional carers involved in the patient’s
Infectious Disease
Authors: Meadway Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two infections are used to illustrate the issues occurring in palliative care of infectious disorders occurring in neurology. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immune deficiency virus (HIV), whilst CJD is associated with a prion (a protease-resistant protein). Suitable care requires full knowledge of appropriate infection control measures, avoiding those which are unnecessary and present a barrier between carer and patient, often with damaging psychological consequences. The patient may suffer from stigma because of the infective nature of the disease, from the mental health problems which are often associated, as well as their social group.
Epilepsy
Authors: Weil Sabine , Noachtar Soheyl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder which affects about 1% of the population and their relatives. Mortality in patients with epilepsy is nearly three times higher than in the standard population and includes causes such as trauma suicide and SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients). Counseling about special risk situations is required. Social integration, education, employment, family planning, and family life are affected and may recurrently be impaired by epileptic seizures. Beside optimization of antiepileptic therapy, integrational work preventing social stigmatization of patients with epilepsy is a great challenge to physicians and lay groups.
Advance Directives
Authors: Voltz Akira Akabayashi Brian Taylor Slingsby Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advance directives (ADs) are one method proposed to facilitate communication among patients, families, and health-care providers regarding the plan of care that will be considered appropriate in times of incapacity. This chapter describes the aims and benefits of AD, particularly those related to issues common to neurological diseases. Also discussed is the health-care provider’s role in implementing advance care planning and the possible value of initiating discussion regarding end-of-life decisions between patient, family, and physician.
Spirituality
Authors: Taylor Robert M , Herr Sharol. L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Providing end-of-life care presents many challenges-some we learn about in our medical textbooks, whereas others we learn about primarily through our experience of observing, listening, and being present. Within the interdisciplinary approach to holistic care of the body, mind, and spirit in the provision of palliative care, we may witness not only the suffering and striving, but often the thriving of individuals. When we offer ourselves to others a transformation takes place allowing a breadth and depth of interaction and relationship rarely experienced in modern health care. The reaching out to others provides opportunities for awareness and growth in our usual and ordinary encounters as well. Spiritual care offers a dimension to medical care encouraging and supporting personal growth and transcendence beyond the physical experience. Opening ourselves up to these experiences will give us inspiration to continue on our course of caring.
Palliative Care Education for Neurologists
Authors: Maddocks Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the practice of specialist neurology has changed radically over recent decades, the formal education of the neurologist has failed to keep pace with that change, with an emphasis on the mastery of new knowledge and techniques in a limited area of the discipline, which often leads to early subspecialization. There have been many calls for a greater attention to the sociocultural aspects of the patient’s condition, but relatively few models to follow. Yet increasingly medicine deals with chronic conditions in which those aspects loom large in effective assessment and management. Palliative care seeks to provide a comprehensive approach to care in circumstances where any opportunity for cure has passed, with an emphasis on quality of life for the days that remain. The expertise developed in care of terminal cancer is increasingly recognised as relevant to many other advanced disease situations, including a wide range of conditions managed by neurologists. Palliative care deserves promotion as a basic component in the preparation of the specialist neurologist.
So, Here’s What’s Happened In My Life Since Last April
Authors: Jaffee Ben-Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr Ben-Joshua Jaffee is one of the most integrated persons I know. There has never been any pretense to Ben-Joshua. He is a committed caregiver, a dedicated teacher, an academic, a friend to all who work with him. It is truly a case of ‘what you see is what you get’. The ripple effect caused among social workers by his work at the University of Washington School continues today. He was an eagerly awaited presenter at the King’s College Conferences on Death and Bereavement, and an active researcher as a member of the International Work Group on Death, Dying, and Bereavement.
Energy in biological systems and hydrogen biochemistry
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in the previous chapters, the second major requirement for living organisms, besides the raw materials, ultimately chemical elements, is energy made available in appropriate, usable forms. In this chapter we examine which forms of energy are available for life and which forms are easily harnessed or stored for later use and transducible into other convenient forms, e.g. chemical bond energy.