bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cause, type, and workers' compensation costs of injury to fire fighters
Authors: Walton Surrey M. , Conrad Karen M. , Furner Sylvia E. , Samo Daniel G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundWork‐related injury rates in the fire service industry exceed those for most other industries, however little is known about the cost of injury to firefighters.MethodsThis is a preliminary investigation of detailed worker's compensation records of firefighter injuries, 1,343 claims in all, collected from 1992–1999. Summary statistics and regression analysis regarding the cause, nature, and cost of injury to firefighters are presented.ResultsOverexertion accounted for a significant portion (over 1/3) of injuries to firefighters, typically involved injuries to the back, and was associated with significantly higher costs than other types of injuries. The per‐claim average worker's compensation cost of injury to firefighters was $5,168 and the average for injuries caused by overexertion was $9,715.ConclusionsOverexertion is a costly source of injury to firefighters that can likely be reduced through policy intervention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:454–458, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex offenders and actuarial risk assessments: ethical considerations
Authors: Campbell Terence W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWhen assessing the recidivism risk of previously convicted sex offenders, the relevant ethical standards and practice guidelines obligate psychologists to acknowledge numerous limits related to their data and conclusions. For the actuarial instruments used in these assessments, the highest rates of classification accuracy are associated with greater specificity compared with sensitivity. Selecting cut‐off scores to maximize sensitivity results in an inordinate frequency of false positive classifications. Attempts at maximizing specificity create an undesirable frequency of false negative classifications.Unfortunately, adjusted actuarial assessment cannot remedy these problems created by the sensitivity–specificity tradeoff. As an unstandardized procedure, the accuracy of adjusted actuarial assessment is severely limited. Consequently, civil proceedings for previously convicted sexual offenders rely on assessments of very limited accuracy. Undertaking these assessments, therefore, may be inconsistent with relevant ethical standards and practice guidelines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Carboranyl C‐Glycosides for the Treatment of Cancer by Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Griesbach Ulrich , Schuberth Ingrid , Bothe Ulrich , Marra Alberto , Dondoni Alessandro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of the novel unprotected carboranyl C‐glycosides 2 and 20–24 starting from ethynyl C‐glycosides 1, 5–8, 10, and 13 is described. The new compounds are highly water‐soluble and display only a very low cytotoxicity, which makes them promising candidates for use in boron neutron capture therapy for the treatment of cancer.
Identification and Characterization of Monomeric, Volatile SiCl3NH2 as Product of the Reaction between SiCl4 and NH3: An Important Intermediate on the Way to Silicon Nitride?
Authors: Himmel Hans‐Jörg , Schiefenhövel Nils , Binnewies Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe studied the reaction of SiCl4 with NH3 by mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. By means of mass spectrometry, SiCl3NH2 was for the first time identified as an intermediate generated in significant amounts in the course of the reaction. In additional experiments, SiCl3NH2 was formed as a stable gaseous product of the ammonolysis of SiCl4, and the product was identified and characterized in detail by IR spectroscopic methods (gas phase and matrix isolation) in combination with quantum‐chemical calculations. The calculations also gave access to important thermodynamical data.
Reinventing Phenanthroline Ligands − Chiral Derivatives for Asymmetric Catalysis?
Authors: Schoffers Elke 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOver the last three decades, the rational design of chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis has increasingly replaced the trial‐and‐error approach. A well‐known analytical reagent, 1,10‐phenanthroline, is now being employed as a template for the development of chiral ligands. In most cases these heterocyclic ligands have been functionalized in the peripheral region utilizing three prevailing ligand templates. Chiral groups are either introduced in the 2‐, 3‐, 8‐ and/or 9‐position (I, II) or are incorporated by ring fusion to phenanthroline (III). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of New Enantiopure Bicyclic 1,2‐Oxazines by Addition of Lithiated Methoxyallene to Chiral Cyclic Nitrones
Authors: Pulz Robert , Cicchi Stefano , Brandi Alberto , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA highly diastereoselective addition of lithiated methoxyallene 3 to chiral cyclic nitrones 1 and 2 provided N‐hydroxy pyrrolidines 4 and 5, respectively, which cyclized to bicyclic 1,2‐oxazines 6 and 7 by simple stirring in dilute CH2Cl2 solution. Storage of 4 in a more concentrated solution led to formation of a 60:40 mixture of 1,2‐oxazine 6 and amine oxide 8. Hydroboration of 7 furnished the hydroxy‐substituted bicyclic 1,2‐oxazine 9 with excellent diastereoselectivity. Hydrogenolysis of 6 provided the substituted pyrrolidine derivative 10. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Titanium‐Mediated Carboxylation of Alkynes With Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Six Yvan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe regioselective carboxylation of nonactivated internal alkynes can be performed with carbon dioxide under atmospheric pressure using a simple procedure based on the chemistry of Sato‐type diisopropyloxytitanacyclopropenes. Various polysubstituted vinylcarboxylic acids and butenolides can be prepared in this way. In addition, this paper describes an experimental protocol for the preparation of solutions of (η2‐cyclopentene)diisopropyloxytitanium. This complex also reacts with carbon dioxide, and mediates pinacol coupling of acetophenone. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Transitivity, flexibility, conjunctive representations, and the hippocampus. I. An empirical analysis
Authors: Van Elzakker Michael , O'Reilly Randall C. , Rudy Jerry W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAfter training on a set of four ordered, simultaneous, odor discrimination problems (A+B−, B+C−, C+D−, D+E), intact rats display transitivity: When tested on the novel combination BD, they choose B. Rats with damage to the hippocampus, however, do not show transitivity (Dusek and Eichenbaum, 1997. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:7109–7114). These results have been interpreted as support for the idea that the hippocampus is a relational memory storage system that enables the subject to make comparisons among representations of the individual problems and choose based on inferential logic. We provide evidence for a simpler explanation. Specifically, subjects make their choices based on the absolute excitatory value of the individual stimuli. This value determines the ability of that stimulus to attract a response. This conclusion emerged because after training on a five‐problem set (A+B−, B+C−, C+D−, D+E−, E+F−) rats preferred B when tested with BE, but not when tested with BD. The implication of these results for how to conceptualize the role of the hippocampus in transitive‐like phenomena is discussed. Hippocampus 2003;13:334–340. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phorbol ester uncouples adenosine inhibition of presynaptic Ca2+ transients at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Stocca Gabriella , Lovinger David M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSynaptic transmission involves Ca2+ influx at presynaptic terminals. Adenosine receptors inhibit transmission, and this effect can be abolished by activation of PKC with phorbol esters. Whether protein kinase C (PKC) acts via alterations in Ca2+ entry at the presynaptic terminal is unknown. In the present study, we recorded the presynaptic Ca2+ transients (preCaΔ) in hippocampal stratum radiatum, using fluorescence photometry. The calcium dye Fura‐2 AM was used to load the Schaffer collateral/commissural tract and its terminals. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐sensitive Na+ channels and Cd2+‐sensitive, high‐voltage activated Ca2+ channels (HVACCs) were required to elicit the preCaΔ. Application of the phorbol ester phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu) abolished the adenosine inhibition of both preCaΔ and the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs). PDBu consistently potentiated fEPSPs, and also increased preCaΔ in a large majority of the slices examined. Regardless of whether potentiation was observed, PDBu always prevented adenosine inhibition of preCaΔ. In contrast, the inactive phorbol ester, 4α‐phorbol, did not alter adenosine inhibition of preCaΔ, indicating that PKC activation is necessary for the occurrence of the observed effects. Our findings suggest that PKC activation abolishes adenosine's inhibitory effect on synaptic activity involving presynaptic Ca2+ entry. Hippocampus 2003;13:355–360. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple structural states of S100A12: A key to its functional diversity
Authors: Moroz O.V. , Dodson G.G. , Wilson K.S. , Lukanidin E. , Bronstein I.B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractS100A12 is a member of the S100 family of EF‐hand calcium‐binding proteins. Together with two other calgranulins, S100A8 and S100A9, it is mostly expressed in human granulocytes, although there is increasing evidence of expression in keratinocytes and psoriatic lesions. It is involved in host‐parasite response, and linked to corneal autoimmune diseases connected with filarial parasite infestation. Interaction of S100A12 with a multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates inflammation. Human recombinant S100A12 was found to induce neuritogenesis of cultured hippocampal cells, similar to two other S100 proteins, S100B and S100A4. X‐ray structure of S100A12 has been solved in two crystal forms: R3 and P21. In the R3 crystal form S100A12 is a dimer, and in the P21 crystal form the dimers are arranged as a hexamer. The hexameric form suggests its role in receptor oligomerisation. S100A12 binds copper at the predicted zinc/copper binding site, which is located close to the surface of the protein. We propose copper‐mediated generation of reactive oxygen species by S100A12 as its function in host‐parasite response. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:581–592, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides via skimmer collision‐induced dissociation/ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Zolodz Melissa D. , Wood Karl V. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPhosphorylation of proteins is an important post‐translational protein modification in cellular response to environmental change and occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Identification of the amino acid on individual proteins that become phosphorylated in response to extracellular stimulus is essential for understanding the mechanisms involved in the intracellular signals that these modifications facilitate. Most protein kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine or tyrosine. Although tyrosine phosphorylation is often the least abundant of the three major phosphorylation sites, it is important owing to its role in signal pathways. Currently available methods for the identification of phosphorylation sites can often miss low levels of tyrosine phosphorylations. This paper describes a method for the identification of phosphotyrosine‐containing peptides using electrospray ionization on an ion trap mass spectrometer. Skimmer‐activated collision‐induced dissociation (CID) was used to generate the phosphotyrosine immonium ion at m/z 216. This method is gentle enough that the protonated molecule of the intact peptide is still observed. In‐trap CID was employed for the verification of the phosphotyrosine immonium ion. Using this technique, low levels of phosphotyrosine‐containing peptides can be identified from peptide mixtures separated by nanoflow micro liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase theoretical prediction of the metal affinity of copper(I) ion for DNA and RNA bases
Authors: Russo Nino , Toscano Marirosa , Grand André 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe most stable tautomeric forms of free DNA and RNA bases were considered as substrates for the interaction of Cu+ ion. Several suitable attachment sites were selected that involved mono‐ and bi‐coordination of the cation. B3LYP/6–311 + G(2df,2p) bond energies showed that copper ion has the major affinity for guanine and cytosine bases. The proposed values of Cu+ ion affinity are 59.9, 60.0, 80.2, 88.0 and 69.0 kcal mol−1 for uracil, thymine, cytosine, guanine and adenine, respectively. The preference for the mono‐ or bi‐coordination depends on the particular tautomer for each base. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein are down‐regulated by chronic clozapine in both the mesocorticolimbic and the nigrostriatal systems
Authors: Tejedor‐Real Purificación , Faucon Biguet Nicole , Dumas Sylvie , Mallet Jacques 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe dopaminergic system is one of the most important targets for pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. Despite substantial work on mechanisms of action, it is not clear which dopaminergic pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic drugs. It has been shown that chronic clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, decreases dopamine levels in the mesocorticolimbic system but not in the nigrostriatal system. Because tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of dopamine, we studied the effect of chronic clozapine in both dopaminergic systems. We demonstrated a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA not only in the ventral tegmental area but also in the substantia nigra, the cell body areas of the mesocorticolimbic and the nigrostriatal systems, respectively. The reduced tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA level in these areas is accompanied by an ample reduction in the tyrosine hydroxylase protein level in their corresponding axonal terminal fields, the nucleus accumbens and the striatum. There was thus discordance between the clozapine‐induced decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein and the absence of an effect on dopamine levels in the nigrostriatal system. It has been suggested that reduced levels of dopamine in the mesocorticolimbic system are required for the antipsychotic effect of the drug. Therefore, the modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression by clozapine in the mesocorticolimbic system might be necessary for its antipsychotic effect; this effect might be of relevance when considering new atypical agents. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenoviral gene transfer of GDNF, BDNF and TGFβ2, but not CNTF, cardiotrophin‐1 or IGF1, protects injured adult motoneurons after facial nerve avulsion
Authors: Sakamoto Tsuyoshi , Kawazoe Yoko , Shen Jin‐Song , Takeda Yasuo , Arakawa Yoshihiro , Ogawa Junko , Oyanagi Kiyomitsu , Ohashi Toya , Watanabe Kazutada , Inoue Kiyoharu , Eto Yoshikatsu , Watabe Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examined neuroprotective effects of recombinant adenoviral vectors encoding glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin‐1 (CT1), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF1), and transforming growth factor‐β2 (TGFβ2) on lesioned adult rat facial motoneurons. The right facial nerves of adult Fischer 344 male rats were avulsed and removed from the stylomastoid foramen, and adenoviral vectors were injected into the facial canal. Animals avulsed and treated with adenovirus encoding GDNF, BDNF, CNTF, CT1, IGF1 and TGFβ2 showed intense immunolabeling for these factors in lesioned facial motoneurons, respectively, indicating adenoviral induction of the neurotrophic factors in these neurons. The treatment with adenovirus encoding GDNF, BDNF, or TGFβ2 after avulsion significantly prevented the loss of lesioned facial motoneurons, improved choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and prevented the induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in these neurons. The treatment with adenovirus encoding CNTF, CT1 or IGF1, however, failed to protect these neurons after avulsion. These results indicate that the gene transfer of GDNF and BDNF and TGFβ2 but not CNTF, CT1 or IGF1 may prevent the degeneration of motoneurons in adult humans with motoneuron injury and motor neuron diseases. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electroless Plating of Copper on Fluorinated Polyimide Films Modified by Plasma Graft Copolymerization and UV‐induced Graft Copolymerization with 4‐Vinylpyridine
Authors: Wang Wencai C. , Vora Rohit Kumar H. , Kang En T. , Neoh Koon G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSurface modification of two types of fluorinated polyimide (FPI) films, either by plasma polymerization and deposition of 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) or by UV‐induced graft copolymerization with 4VP under atmospheric conditions, was carried out for adhesion enhancement with the electrolessly deposited copper. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results revealed that the pyridine groups in the plasma polymerized 4VP (pp‐4VP) layer could be preserved to a large extent under proper glow discharge conditions. The grafted 4VP layer with well‐preserved pyridine groups was used not only as the chemisorption sites for the palladium complexes (without the need for prior sensitization by SnCl2) during the electroless plating of copper, but also as an adhesion promotion layer for the electrolessly deposited copper. The T‐peel adhesion strength of the electrolessly deposited copper with both the 4VP plasma‐polymerized FPI (pp‐4VP‐FPI) film and the 4VP graft‐copolymerized FPI (4VP‐g‐FPI) film was much higher than that of the electrolessly deposited copper with the pristine or the Ar plasma‐treated FPI films. The high adhesion strength between the electrolessly deposited copper and the surface‐modified FPI film was attributed to the fact that the plasma‐polymerized and the UV graft‐copolymerized 4VP chains were covalently tethered on the FPI surfaces, as well as the fact that these grafted 4VP polymer chains were spatially and reactively distributed into the copper matrix.
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Compatibilization of Immiscible Poly(propylene)/Polystyrene Blends Using Clay
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Qin , Fu Qiang 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInorganic clay was investigated as a compatibilizer for immiscible poly(propylene)/polystyrene blends. A substantial decrease in the number of polystyrene particles was seen after adding small amounts of an organically treated clay (2–5 wt.‐%) to the blends. A possible mechanism for this kind of compatibilization is discussed, but these unique and completely new findings need further verification.Schematic representation of the intercalated structure in PP/PS/OMMT blends: (a) PP and PS confined in the same gallery of OMMT, and (b) parts of PP and PS molecules located outside the gallery serving as a compatibilizer.magnified imageSchematic representation of the intercalated structure in PP/PS/OMMT blends: (a) PP and PS confined in the same gallery of OMMT, and (b) parts of PP and PS molecules located outside the gallery serving as a compatibilizer.
Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers, 10,
Authors: Moszner Norbert , Zeuner Frank , Fischer Urs Karl , Rheinberger Volker , Meijere Armin de , Bagutski Viktor 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMethyl 2‐(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl)acrylate (1) was synthesized from methyl 2‐(cyclopentene‐1‐yl)‐2‐hydroxyacetate by cyclopropanation, followed by oxidation to the corresponding bicyclic 2‐oxoacetate and Wittig olefination with methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Initiated with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile at 65 °C in chlorobenzene, the radical homopolymerization of 1 occurred with opening of the cyclopropane ring leading to a polymer with a glass transition temperature of 90 °C. The reactivity of 1 in radical copolymerization was higher than that of methyl methacrylate.
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Scalability study of the ad hoc on‐demand distance vector routing protocol
Authors: Lee Sung‐Ju , Belding‐Royer Elizabeth M. , Perkins Charles E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAs mobile networking continues to experience increasing popularity, the need to connect large numbers of wireless devices will become more prevalent. Many recent proposals for ad hoc routing have certain characteristics that may limit their scalability to large networks. This paper examines five different combinations of modifications that may be incorporated into virtually any on‐demand protocol in order to improve its scalability. The scalability of current on‐demand routing protocols is evaluated through the selection of a representative from this class of protocols. The performance of the un‐modified on‐demand protocol is compared against that of it combined with each of the scalability modifications. Each scheme's behavior is analyzed in networks as large as 10,000 nodes through detailed simulation. Based on the observations, conclusions are drawn as to the expected scalability improvement that can be achieved by each modification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource assessment and clutch size in the bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus
Authors: Szentesi Árpád 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)) females were found to use seeds (discrete resource patches) differentially when different sizes were offered in multiple‐choice tests. Females, either as a group or as individuals, laid significantly (two to six times) more eggs on large seeds than on those of five times smaller mass. In contrast, seed shape (flattened or spherical) did not contribute to clutch‐size adjustment. Thus, A obtectus females seem to measure only relative seed size when a comparison is possible. Nevertheless, females overload seeds with eggs and this can result in larval competition, so that, whereas resource size assessment and a robust egg‐load adjustment indicate a trade‐off between resource use and female fitness, it does not seem to provide much benefit for the progeny in stored dry beans. Several features, eg the use of oviposition markers and its consequences, may counterbalance the possible negative effects. It is assumed that, due to life cycle differences, females in the bean field may realise different fitness gains in comparison with those living in stores.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry