bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue—Concerning “Biological Reductionism”
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has become fashionable to dismiss evolutionary thinking as “biological reductionism” (see, for example, the quotation from Marvin Harris in the previous chapter). The underlying premise is that cultural anthropology and sociology deal with complex levels of organization that exhibit emergent properties, and the concepts appropriate for description and analysis at lower levels are inadequate when applied to the social sciences. Attributing behavior to genes is therefore seen as an inappropriate effort at reductionism.
Actions Without Precedent
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As president-elect, Abraham Lincoln faced the secession of several states from the Union he was soon supposed to govern. He proved ill-prepared to address the challenge with a unifying explanation of the country’s national identity. In the previous decade, he had thought constantly of the freedoms and rights denied to slaves. There had been little necessity for thinking about salutary assertions of government power. On the way to Washington for his inauguration, Lincoln betrayed his inexperience in formulating his verbal defenses of government authority.
Numbers and Definitions
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most military arrests of civilians did not involve torture or prejudice against an ethnic group, but historians nevertheless generally regard them as a dark chapter in the history of the Lincoln administration. How dark a chapter is a question best answered by showing how many victims were arrested. Scholars have differed in their estimates, but no historian or commentator ever maintained that the number was trifling. No one has put the figure below ten thousand. Most have put it higher than that. In the years immediately following the war, the estimate stood at its highest. As it turns out, that high estimate appears as near as any to being correct.
The Revival of International Law
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the war, Major George B. Davis reflected, “The Federal Government ... succeeded in placing in the field armies of unexampled size, composed in great part of men taken from civil pursuits, most of whom were unfamiliar with military affairs and so unacquainted with the usages of war. These armies were carrying on hostile operations of every kind, over a wide area, and questions of considerable intricacy and difficulty were constantly arising which required for their decision a knowledge of international law which was not always possessed by those to whom these questions were submitted for decision.
Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Joskow Paull 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A meeting to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of “The Nature of the Firm” could not take place at a more appropriate time. Theoretical and empirical research into the kinds of issues raised by Professor Coase in his 1937 paper has increased substantially in recent years. It is a good time to take stock of where we are, how we got here, and where we are going in this area. I have been asked to do two things in this paper. First, to discuss the theoretical research that has had an important influence on my own thinking and research on issues related to the nature of the firm. I will use this opportunity to reminisce about my own intellectual enlightenment to provide a historical survey of the conceptual developments that I feel have been of most importance. Second, to review recent empirical research that has been stimulated by this theoretical work. Since my recent research interests in this area have focused primarily on issues associated with the structure of vertical relationships, and, in particular, the role of asset specificity, transactions costs, and incomplete contracts, it is this strand of the literature that I will focus on here.
Linking Arms Together
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Robert Williams attempts to write Indians back into Indian law by developing a greater appreciation for the contributions of American Indian legal visions and demonstrating how ancient treaty visions can speak to the modern, multicultural age. Williams maintains there is an important need for a more complete account of the legal visions of the American Indians. In this work, he examines the Indians’ role in the history of legal traditions which have determined Indian rights in the USA, including the Indian conceptions of justice, their traditions, and practices. Doing so is essential to protecting Indian tribalism’s survival under US law. In addition, understanding how the American Indian legal traditions have worked to help perpetuate Indian tribalism might also assist in beginning to understand how US law may achieve racial justice more generally.
Crimes of Writing
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crimes of Writings examines questions surrounding subjectivity, authenticity, and writing. First, Stewart examines cases of forgery, literary imposture, pornography and graffiti, and the development, from the early eighteenth century onward, of the laws articulating such crimes. Second, she uses `crimes of writing' to connote the ways in which such practices are in fact inversions or negations of cultural rules. Finally, she claims that crimes of writing are delineated by law because they specifically undermine the status of the Law itself.
The Nature Of Mathematics
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mathematics is the science of patterns and relationships. As a theoretical discipline, mathematics explores the possible relationships among abstractions without concern for whether those abstractions have counterparts in the real world. The abstractions can be anything from strings of numbers to geometric figures to sets of equations. In addressing, say, "Does the interval between prime numbers form a pattern?" as a theoretical question, mathematicians are interested only in finding a pattern or proving that there is none, but not in what use such knowledge might have.
Effective Learning And Teaching
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cognitive research is revealing that even with what is taken to be good instruction, many students, including academically talented ones, understand less than we think they do. With determination, students taking an examination are commonly able to identify what they have been told or what they have read; careful probing, however, often shows that their understanding is limited or distorted, if not altogether wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Bender Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We in the United States have been so captured by the tradition of Anglo American academic pastoralism that we forget how much more common has been the tradition that associates universities with great cities. The revival of cities and the revival of learning under the aegis of the university in medieval Europe were coincident, and since then the city and the university have shared more of a common history than we usually recognize. Although some of America’s greatest universities are closely identified with great cities-two of them, the University of Chicago and New York University, taking their names from their host cities-our inclination is to idealize the rural campus. (Indeed, the word campus in its modern meaning was first used in the eighteenth century to describe the greensward surrounding the newly built Nassau Hall at Princeton.)
Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jean de Lattre de Tassigny was a contemporary of the American general, George S. Patton, and of the Britisher, Bernard Montgomery. There was a remarkable coincidence in the careers of these three men. They were about the same age, and they had graduated from their country’s military academies within a two-year span —Montgomery from Sandhurst in 1908, Patton from West Point in 1909, and de Lattre from Saint Cyr in 1910. Each ran into serious trouble as cadets. De Lattre encountered a problem with an instructor and graduated after his class. Montgomery had a severe disciplinary problem, which almost led to his expulsion, and he too spent some extra months as a gentleman-cadet. Patton failed plebe mathematics at West Point and took the “five-year course” instead of the normal four-year one. Each was an outstanding athlete at his service academy. All of these officers had brilliant careers in World War I. Each was seriously wounded —de Lattre and Montgomery in the chest, Patton in the thigh —and each received a high decoration for personal valor.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the major regulated industries, each posted rate schedule or contract specifies a tariff that indicates the total charge payable by the customer for services provided. The prices (per unit) embodied in tariffs often depend on some aspect of the quantity of services or the rate at which they are purchased. The same feature is seen in many unregulated industries, usually in the form of quantity discounts, rebates, or credits toward subsequent purchases.
The way in which the quantity purchased affects the total charge takes many different forms. For example:
Railroad tariffs specify charges based on the weight, volume, and distance of each shipment. For instance, discounts on the charge per mile per hundred weight are offered for full-car shipments and for long-distance shipments. In other transport industries such as trucking, airlines, and parcel delivery the rates depend also on the speed of delivery or the time of the day, week, or season.
Single-Parameter Disaggregated Models
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic principles of nonlinear pricing described in Part I rely on the demand profile to summarize the minimal data required to construct an optimal price schedule. This chapter presents a parallel exposition using explicit models of customers’ preferences or demand behaviors. In these models, individual customers or market segments are characterized by parameters indicating their types, and their benefits or demands are estimated directly as functions of these parameters. Disaggregated models of this sort are frequently used in econometric studies to represent how customers’ demands are affected by various characteristics, such as income and socio-demographic category for residential customers, or line of business and production rate for commercial customers.
Genre
Authors: Bauman Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A conventionalized discourse type. The term has traditionally been employed in a primarily classificatory sense to designate a literary or folkloric or general discursive category, such as sonnet, legend, oration, or greeting; but recent perspectives have been oriented more toward communicative practice than typology, viewing genre as an orienting framework for the production and interpretation of discourse. Classification has been a concern of literary and rhetorical theory since classical antiquity and has figured prominently in philologically oriented studies of literary history, with an emphasis throughout on the culturally valorized, canonically sanctioned forms of literature: tragedy, comedy, epic, lyric, and such more-modern forms as the novel. The philological focus of FOLKLORE study, beginning in the late eighteenth century, in turn gave genre a prominent place as an organizing concept in that field of inquiry. Here, too, the emphasis has been on classic genres: Marchen, legend, ballad, lyric folksong, PROVERB, and RIDDLE. (See also Folktale; Oral Poetry; Song.) Genre and classification have been central preoccupations in folklore, shaping frameworks for the collection, archiving, teaching, and scholarly study of folklore.
Food
Authors: Goode Judith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Essential for human biological survival, food is also a cultural domain that is often elaborated into complex systems of meaning. Claude Levi-Strauss remarked that food is not only good to eat but “good to think.” Food is both physically manipulated to feed us and intellectually manipulated to refer meta-phorically to important aspects of existence. The unique, incorporative nature of eating (assimilating) makes food an important sacred and social symbol. Relationships between a group and its gods, as well as between members of the community, are manifested in events of food sharing and exchange. Relationships between competing and conflicting class and ethnic groups are often symbolized in food preferences and avoidances. Food items themselves can be used to mark an individual’s status as well as the boundaries of an ethnic or class group. However, other more complex levels of food manipulation (dishes, meal structures, and cycles) are also used to transmit social and cultural messages. Finally, eating events themselves can be major communicative events reserved for transmitting basic messages about social roles and relationships.
Drama Performance
Authors: Schechner Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When asked to define theater, John Cage answered, “I would simply say that theater is something which engages both the eye and the ear. . . . The reason I want to make my definition of theater that simple is so one could view everyday life itself as theater.” Cage says the one who looks is the one who “sees theater.” But the theatrical frame could also be defined by the maker of the event: anything I do that I call theater is theater. This is the attitude of many performance artists. Both these definitional stances are extremely inclusive. By contrast the most conservative definitions apply rigorous aesthetid structural criteria to events, as Aristotle does when defining tragedy: “A tragedy is the imitation of an action with enough magnitude to be complete in itself; in language pleasurably embellished . . . ; performed, not merely recited; with incidents arousing pity and fear in order to effect a catharsis of such emotions.” Elegant as these kinds of definitions are, they cause trouble when frozen into rules that artists must comply with. From the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, Western dramaturgy was hobbled by restrictive interpretations of Aristotle’s description of Attic theater.
Pain, Profit, and Paternalism
Authors: Hatley Tom 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE war only interrupted the demographic and economic take-off in the South Carolina backcountry. With direct threats subsiding after 1761, economic growth resumed with a new vigor even in the upper Savannah River basin, where the dislocations of the war had been great. The economy of the west was bolstered in part by wartime expenditures, but mainly by the tremendous migration of small farmers into the area. Surprisingly, older, peacetime connections to the Cherokees were not completely cut off by this stream. In the modernizing Savannah River backcountry, for instance, a growing mixed farming and commercial economy blended with older business pursuits and many of the trunk roads along which wagoners carried the produce of the new colonial communities still had spurs among the Cherokees.
Noisiel-sur-Marne and the Ville Industrielle in France
Authors: Garner John S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Tony Garnier arrived in Paris from Lyon in 1889 to complete his studies in architecture, he would have been attracted to the great Exposition then occupying the Champs de Mars and spilling over to the grounds of Les lnvalides. From the upper platform of Eiffel’s tower, which had been criticized for being “a work more American in character than European” because of its exposed structure of wrought iron, Gamier could have surveyed the vast array of exhibits and pavilions that stretched below. Much of the foreground south of the tower was occupied by the gargantuan Galerie des Machines, a building that sheltered sixty-three thousand square meters of exhibition space and contained everything from steam locomotives to a single-cylinder internal combustion engine. Because the exposition marked the centennial of the French Revolution, special emphasis was placed on social advancement and a part of the exposition was given over to a section entitled “social economy.” In stark contrast to the monumental buildings of iron that occupied the midway were a cluster of small frame and masonry houses that lay in the distance.
Earle S. Draper and the Company Town in the American South
Authors: Crawford Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1917, when Earle S. Draper (Fig. 5.1) opened his office in Charlotte, North Carolina, he became the South’s first resident city planner. Two years earlier, his employer, the Cambridge, Massachusetts, planner John Nolen, had dispatched the young landscape architect to supervise his operations in the South, where Draper quickly saw the professional opportunities the growing economy of the New South offered planners. After failing to convince Nolen to expand the Charlotte office, Draper decided to strike out on his own.1 His appearance in the South coincided with a major expansion in the Southern cotton textile industry. The wartime boom spurred rapidly developing production as the industry spread across the Piedmont, the foothills stretching from southern Virginia through the Carolinas to Georgia and eastern Alabama. Charlotte’s central location in this region made it the hub of the industry, and mill owners were among Draper’s first clients. Despite the growing profits generated by new mills and the expansion of the industry, the mill village had become a site of increasing social and cultural conflict. Mill owners hoped that Draper’s planning expertise could produce a new type of mill village, one that would reconcile their economic aims with growing local criticism of village conditions and the continuing restlessness of the mill workers.
Beyond Individualism
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jack Crittenden examines the debate in political theory about the true conception of human nature. On the one hand is the concept of the liberal self which is self-contained, atomistic, even selfish; on the other hand is the notion of the communitarian self which is socially situated and defined in part by one's community. Crittenden argues that neither view is acceptable and draws on recent psychological research to develop a theory of `compound individuality'. The compound individual retains the liberal emphasis on personal autonomy, without the association of autonomy with self-sufficiency. Crittenden concludes by reflecting on what kinds of political institutions will invite commitment and reflection from `compound individuals'.
Monitoring and Enforcement in the Face of Sovereignty
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monitoring and enforcement provisions probably provide more opportunities for contention than any other single aspect of international treaty negotiation. In the environmental arena, the obvious reason for building monitoring provisions into global agreements is to catch and punish non compliers. However, even if all parties to a treaty do everything required, the threat that prompted their treaty-making efforts might not be diminished. If the diagnosis of the problem, for instance, turned out to be wrong or the prescriptions were inadequate—because the scientists miscalculated, the politicians settled for too little, or the problem shifted in an important way—the results will be disappointing. Thus, there are other reasons for putting monitoring provisions into place, including learning more about the threat, determining how to adjust provisional standards and targets, and understanding how to build institutional capacity to respond more effectively.
Charcot’s Death and Legacy
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like many physicians who ignore the prescriptions they give to their own patients, Charcot led a professional and private life that did not include rest or particular attention to health. He ate heavily, smoked excessively, and maintained a level of activity of unceasing intensity. Even when traveling, he consulted, and his visits to museums included analyses of neurological illness in art. In December 1887, he presented a case of neurasthenia, and in deriding the “American illness,” he in fact described aspects of his own lifestyle: “Many Americans have a particular way of working. They do the same type of work over and over, sometimes for years. They overdo it, they give up their life for their work, nothing distracts them from it” (Charcot, LM, December 13, 1887).
Jean Starobinski: The History of Psychiatry as the Cultural History of Consciousness
Authors: Vidal Fernando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The name of the Genevan critic Jean Starobinski will most likely evoke masterful readings of Rousseau and Montaigne or insightful reconstructions of the world of the Enlightenment. With the possible exception of the history of melancholy, much more rarely will it be associated with the history of psychiatry, or more generally with that of the human sciences. A small number of the critic’s contributions to these fields have appeared in some of his books. Most of them, however, remain scattered, and nothing suggests that they are known as widely as they deserve. Yet Starobinski’s historical work is exemplary in its perspective on the problematic relations between psychological concepts and experiences, and between medical thought and the larger culture. He is one of those rare scholars who successfully straddle the “two cultures,” combining literary elegance with medical training, and a truly cosmopolitan erudition with an uncommon openness to the various humanistic disciplines.1
Starobinski’s oeuvre has won him a wide reputation and several prestigious awards. Whole issues of such different reviews as the Centre Pompidou’s refined Cahiers pour un temps and the more popular Magazine litteraire have been devoted to his work. These honors acknowledge his insights into the fabric of European culture from the Enlightenment to the present, as well as his outstanding literary qualities. Nevertheless, although Starobinski is a major figure of the European intellectual landscape, the reason that the writings to be presented here remain less known and influential than those of other authors included in this volume is perfectly simple.
Starobinski is not primarily a historian of psychiatry; his approach and style are not typical of the profession, do not correspond to its major specialized interests, and do not follow prevailing academic currents. Nor are they likely to inaugurate methodologies, lead to crucial empirical findings, or dispense definite interpretive frameworks. The history of science, including that of psychiatry, is inherently porous; its boundaries are, and must, remain open; it is riddled with questions of definition and delimitation; most of its subject matter calls for transdisciplinary research and for extended connections with social and cultural history.
A History of Freud Biographies
Authors: Young-Bruehl Elisabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Psychoanalysis is unique among the sciences for many reasons, but certainly the most important is its completely exceptional mode of transmission from one generation of practitioners and researchers to the next. It is the one science, even the one type of psychology, that is practiced upon its future practitioners as the key ingredient of their training. Not simply a course of study nor even an apprenticeship is required of the future practitioners, but insight in the science’s own terms, and self-alteration. Psycho analysis is not learned, it is incorporated and an identification is formed with it.