bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymph drainage in the human dental pulp
Authors: Oehmke Matthias J. , Knolle Erich , Oehmke Hans‐Joachim 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe investigated which structural components are responsible for maintaining interstitial fluid equilibrium in the pulpal tissue, for which the existence of an effective lymph drainage is postulated. There have been only a small number of investigations on pulpal lymph tissue. Therefore, we decided to perform a detailed structural analysis. Twenty vital, healthy teeth that had to be extracted for orthodontic reasons were immersed in Patent Blue for 10 to 15 minutes after opening the pulpal cavity. They were then extracted and the dental pulps were opened by cleavage of the surrounding hard tooth structure. Subsequently, the specimens were prepared for light and electron microscopic investigation. A clear blue ring of stain was detected by light microscopy in Weil's zone in the coronal region of the pulp, the cell‐rarefied layer surrounded by the odontoblasts. No dye deposition was observed in the apical part. However, using transmission electron microscopy, capillary structures with typical morphological characteristics of lymphatic vessels were found apically. The coronal part of the pulp did not reveal any such vascular structures. It may be concluded from these findings that the lymph in the coronal region is collected in interstitial tissue clefts and drained towards the apex, whence it is further transported via lymph capillaries. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:187–191, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intranucleolar localization of DNA topoisomerase IIα is a distinctive feature of necrotic, but not of apoptotic, Jurkat T‐cells
Authors: Falcieri Elisabetta , Burattini Sabrina , Bortul Roberta , Luchetti Francesca , Tabellini Giovanna , Tazzari Pier Luigi , Cappellini Alessandra , Cocco Lucio , Martelli Alberto M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTwo distinct types of cell death have been described: apoptosis and necrosis. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the differences between these two types are far less numerous than initially thought. Morphological analyses might provide important information to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic samples. We recently reported that in necrotic, but not apoptotic, HL‐60 human myeloid leukaemia cells, the nuclear protein topoisomerase IIα concentrated in nucleoli. In order to ascertain whether or not this phenomenon was restricted to a peculiar cell type or could be detected also in cells of lymphoid lineage, we performed an investigation aimed at defining the localization of topoisomerase IIα in apoptotic and necrotic Jurkat human T lymphoblastoid cells. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that topoisomerase IIα was excluded from the condensed chromatin of apoptotic cells, whereas in necrotic cells it was localized in discrete nuclear dots. Immuno‐electron microscopy analysis showed that topoisomerase IIα was undetectable in nucleoli of normal and apoptotic cells, whereas it was present in the nucleolus of necrotic cells irrespectively of the type of inducer used (ethanol, H2O2, HgCl2). Taken together, our findings identify topoisomerase IIα as a potential morphological marker useful to discriminate between apoptotic and necrotic cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:192–200, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology, ultrastructure, and implied function of ciliated sensory structures on the developmental stages of Merizocotyle icopae (Monogenea: Monocotylidae)
Authors: Cribb Bronwen , Chisholm Leslie , Gould Robert , Whittington Ian 
Published: September 2003

AbstractExperimental infections were used to track the fate of the dorsal sensilla of Merizocotyle icopae (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from nasal tissue of the shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus (Rhinobatidae). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that 3 types of uniciliate dorsal sensilla exist at different times in the development of the monogenean. Type 1 sensilla have little or no invagination where the cilium exits the distal end of the dendrite and possess a ring of epidermis surrounding the cilium distal to the invagination. Type 2 sensilla have a deep invagination where the cilium exits the dendrite. Type 3 sensilla can be distinguished from the other types by the shape of the dendrite. The larvae have predominantly Type 1 dorsal sensilla, most of which are lost approximately 24 h after infection and a few Type 2 sensilla, which are retained. Additional Type 2 sensilla (termed Adult Type 2 sensilla), which are slightly different morphologically from the Type 2 sensilla of the larvae, form in later stages of development. Numerous Type 3 sensilla are unique to the dorsal surface of adults. Loss of all Type 1 sensilla upon attachment to the host, R. typus, suggests that these may be chemo‐ or mechanoreceptors responsible for host location by the swimming infective larvae. Type 2 sensilla appear to be important in the larvae, juveniles, and adults whereas the modality mediated by Type 3 is specific to adults. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:267–276, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure and three‐dimensional study of the lymphatic stomata in the costal pleura of the rabbit
Authors: Li Yan‐Yuan , Li Ji‐Cheng 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe aim of this report was to investigate the ultrastructure and three‐dimensional organization of the pleural lymphatic stomata in the adult rabbit costal pleura by electron microscopy. A computer image processing system attached to the scanning electron microscopy was used to get statistical evaluation of the dimensions of pleural lymphatic stomata. Mesothelial cells were digested by 2 mol/L NaOH solution in order to expose the submesothelial connective tissue with macula cribriformis. Two kinds of mesothelial cells were observed on the costal pleura: the flattened cells and the cuboidal ones. Both had microvilli on their surface. Pleural lymphatic stomata were located only in the regions of cuboidal mesothelial cells. The average area of a stoma was 7.20 ± 3.69 μm2 and their average density 121 ± 72/mm2. Pleural cavity is connected with the lympo‐vascular system by lymphatic stomata and the interstitial layer with a dense network of lamina cribriformis. The macula cribriformis (7–60 μm in diameter) were found in subpleural connective tissue below the cuboidal mesothelial cells. Consequently on cross‐section, the pathway represents a channel consisting of the stoma, the connective tissue space, and the gap between endothelial cells of the lymphatics. Closed lymphatic stomata and the milky spots composed of macrophages could be observed on the costal pleura. Our results suggest that the pleural cavity is connected with the lymphatic capillaries through the lymphatic stomata and the subpleural channel. This is the only “highway” from the pleural cavity to the vessels. This pathway may be importantly involved in the material exchange and the immunity of the pleura cavity. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:240–246, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple, low‐cost device for processing and embedding tissues at sub‐zero temperatures
Authors: Shoemaker Wayne , Hayes Craig , Phillips Thomas E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA simple apparatus to maintain tissues samples at sub‐zero temperatures during dehydration, infiltration, and polymerization is described. The device uses a conventional siphon‐type carbon dioxide gas cylinder to maintain an aluminum block at temperatures as low as −35°C for over 15 hours/cylinder. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:262–266, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of muscimol, QNB, and 5HT binding in the vertebrate diencephalon: A comparative study of eight mammals and three non‐mammals
Authors: Glendenning K.K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe distribution of muscimol, quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), and serotonin (5HT)‐bound receptors in the diencephalon was examined by conventional receptor‐binding methods in 11 species of amniotes including 2 reptiles, 1 bird, and 8 mammals, selected mostly on the basis of their differing last common ancestor with Anthropoids. We found that receptor binding can help define major subdivisions of the forebrain. The results show that in each of these species, the distribution of muscimol and QNB binding across the four major subdivisions of the diencephalon was consistent; densest in the dorsal thalamus, with hypothalamus and then either ventral thalamus or epithalamus with successively lesser amounts. However, the binding of serotonin (5HT) was most prevalent in the hypothalamus with equivalent amounts in the other diencephalic subdivisions. Myelin‐ and cell‐stained materials showed that the pattern of high‐density binding probably is not the secondary result of non‐neurochemical factors such as differences in cell or neuropil density or in total available membrane. Perhaps more importantly, the receptor distributions suggest functional roles for major subdivisions across taxa. Results show that GABA‐A and muscaranic Ach receptors are common in the dorsal diencephalon across vertebrate species and, therefore, are probably responsible for the gating of information to the cortex. Results show that serotonin is predominant in the hypothalamus. The lack of it in the dorsal thalamus indicates that it is probably not responsible for gating of information to the cortex. Results also show that in nonmammals the amount of GABA‐A and muscaranic Ach differs from that found in mammals. For muscaranic Ach, the labeling in marsupials differs from that in placentals. Primates differ from other species (nonmammals and mammals combined) in the amount of 5HT found in the ventral diencephalon and the hypothalamus. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:247–261, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Red blood cells labelling with 99mTc‐d,l‐HMPAO: an alternative method for specific cases
Authors: Pérez F.J. , Matilla A. , Tercero J.M. , Martínez F. , Becerra D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe effectiveness of the classic methods for red blood cells (RBCs) labelling with 99mTc has been demonstrated in nuclear medicine. However, nuclear physicians have found, in certain circumstances, this diagnostic technique fails and poor quality images are obtained. In this work we report on an alternative method that is of useful in these occasions, for in vitro labelling RBCs with 99mTc‐d,l‐HMPAO complex. The study shows a high and reproducible labelling efficiency (94.14±0.38), using low amount of tin. The RBCs were isolated from plasma and other interfering blood cells before adding 99mTc‐d,l‐HMPAO. The tracer was retained and the elution rate from RBCs was low (less than 6% after 120 min). The preclinical results indicate that this new method could be a good alternative to the standard classic methods for specific cases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of novel N‐([18F]fluoroalkyl)‐N‐nitroso‐4‐methyl‐benzenesulfonamides and decomposition studies of corresponding 19F‐ and bromo‐analogues: potential new compounds for the 18F‐labelling of radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Schirrmacher Ralf , Mathiasch Bernd , Schirrmacher Esther , Radnic Dragana , Rösch Frank 
Published: September 2003

AbstractN‐([18F]fluoroalkyl)‐N‐nitroso‐4‐methyl‐benzensulfonamides [n‐alkyl = (−CH2)[18,19F]F, n=2–4)] were synthesized in radiochemical yields ranging from 75–90% to provide new secondary labelling precursors for the syntheses of 18F‐labelled compounds. Preliminary decomposition studies utilizing the corresponding non‐radioactive 19F‐compounds as well as the bromo containing analogous compounds were performed to evaluate their stability regarding temperature and basicity of the labelling medium. Furthermore, initial difficulties in labelling these compounds led to the development of a modified labelling procedure applying nearly solvent‐free conditions. Extensive decomposition experiments of the new fluoro‐ as well as the bromo‐compounds were conducted under various conditions in order to get experimental data about their stability and reactivity. As a result, different trends for the stability of the bromo as well as the fluoro compounds could be observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐, 3‐ and 4‐[18F]Fluoropyridine by no‐carrier‐added nucleophilic aromatic substitution with K[18F]F‐K222 – a comparative study
Authors: Karramkam M. , Hinnen F. , Vaufrey F. , Dollé F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCompared to homoaromatic and aliphatic nucleophilic radiofluorinations, only few references can be found in the literature describing nucleophilic substitutions with [18F]fluoride ion of heteroaromatic compounds such as pyridines and only reactions involving fluorination processes at the ortho‐position (2‐position) have been more intensively studied. In the present paper, the scope of the nucleophilic aromatic fluorinations at the meta‐ and para‐position of the pyridine ring with no‐carrier‐added [18F]fluoride ion as its activated K[18F]F‐K222 complex has been evaluated and compared to the nucleophilic aromatic fluorinations at the ortho‐position in this pyridine series. The syntheses of 3‐ and 4‐[18F]fluoropyridines were chosen as model reactions and compared to the radiosynthesis of 2‐[18F]fluoropyridine. The parameters studied include the influence of the position of the leaving group at the pyridine ring, as well as the quantity of the precursor used, the type of activation (conventional heating, microwave irradiation), the solvent, the temperature and the reaction time. Using the corresponding nitro precursor, high yields were obtained at the 2‐position (94% yield) using microwaves (100 W) for 2 min in DMSO. Good yields (up to 72%) were observed at the 4‐position using the same conditions while practically no reaction was observed at the 3‐position. About 60% yield was also obtained at both the 2‐ and 4‐position using the corresponding nitro precursor at 145°C for 10 min in DMSO. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical fluids in medical radioisotope processing and chemistry, Part I: technology, instrumentation and methodology
Authors: Ferrieri Richard A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough the last two decades has seen a keen interest in using supercritical fluids as media for material processing and chemical reactions owing to their unique physical properties, this technology has been underutilized in medical radioisotope processing and chemistry. The successful application of this technology necessitates not only having a sound knowledge of the physico‐chemical properties and phenomena occurring within such critical states of matter, but also a clear idea of the tools needed and means for applying them. These topics will be presented under the cover of two parts. Part I will address topics on the general background of supercritical fluid technology, equipment needed, whether for chemistry or separation, and basic techniques to access critical states of matter. Part II will follow in a subsequent volume and is meant to provide a description of applications with cited examples and potential areas for development. The hope is that sufficient interest is stimulated so as to encourage radiochemists to look to alternative technologies of this nature to solve their daily laboratory challenges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical fluids in medical radioisotope processing and chemistry, Part II: Applications – real and demonstrated
Authors: Ferrieri Richard A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn Part I of this review series, an overview was presented on what the basic properties of supercritical fluids are and how they can, and are being used in many of today's industries as solvents for extraction, chromatography and reaction. A good part of this overview detailed the kinds of equipment needed, and techniques on how to use them for optimal performance. Part II of this series will delve into specific applications of supercritical fluid technology as it relates to aspects of medical isotope processing. The reader will note that very few applications of this technology to Nuclear Medicine have been published. Many potential applications cited within the context of this review derive from preliminary studies carried out in the author's laboratory. These examples are presented to spark interest in future developments of this nature. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of two non‐peptidyl GnRH receptor antagonists via [14C]carbonylation
Authors: Elmore Charles S. , Dean Dennis C. , DeVita Robert J. , Melillo David G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn support of a program to develop a new gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist, two 14C labelled candidate tracers, 14C‐1 and 14C‐2, were synthesized for utilization in metabolism studies. A slight modification of the Medicinal Chemistry route for the synthesis of the antagonists provided iodide 4. Palladium (0) catalyzed [14C]carbonylation of 4 proceeded in good chemical yield to afford acid 14C‐3 which served as a common precursor to 14C‐1 and 14C‐2. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The l2/a4 theorem of waveguide CARS enhancement revised for hollow microstructure fibers
Authors: Zheltikov A. M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe ways of optimizing waveguide coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) in hollow microstructure fibers are considered. The theorem predicting an l2/a4 enhancement for the waveguide CARS process in a hollow fiber with an inner radius a and length l is revised to include new solutions offered by microstructure fibers. The maximum CARS enhancement in a hollow microstructure fiber is shown to scale as λ2/α2a4 with radiation wavelength λ, radiation losses α and inner fiber radius a, allowing CARS efficiency to be substantially improved with respect to standard, solid‐cladding hollow fibers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of molecular crystals at high pressures: VIII—Boron tribromide
Authors: Anderson A. , Lettress L. M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRaman spectra of liquid and solid boron tribromide, BBr3, at ambient temperature and at pressures up to 10 GPa are reported. The freezing pressure was determined as 0.38 ± 0.05 GPa. Three fundamental peaks, assigned as librational, bending and stretching modes, were tracked as a function of pressure, and their wavenumbers were fitted to quadratic functions and approached asymptotic values at the highest pressures. The spectra evolved smoothly and there was no evidence of discontinuities associated with structural phase transitions or of major molecular distortions in this pressure range. All modes showed increases in wavenumber with pressure, and that of the lattice mode was appreciable, corresponding to a more than four‐fold increase in intermolecular bonding strength at 10 GPa. At high pressures, there was a minor but irreversible colour change of the sample, probably indicative of molecular dissociation and the release of bromine. The results were compared with corresponding data on BI3 and with those obtained from samples at low temperatures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hollow‐core photonic‐crystal fibers optimized for four‐wave mixing and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Konorov S. O. , Fedotov A. B. , Sidorov‐Biryukov D. A. , Beloglazov V. I. , Skibina N. B. , Shcherbakov A. V. , Zheltikov A. M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHollow‐core photonic‐crystal fibers optimized for four‐wave mixing (FWM) and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy were designed and fabricated. These fibers provide maximum transmission for a two‐color pump and the FWM signal, allowing FWM to be enhanced by a factor of ∼800 compared with the tight‐focusing regime. A reliably detectable FWM signal was generated under these conditions with micro‐ and even submicrojoule picosecond pump pulses, i.e. at the level of pump energies unprecedentedly low for non‐resonant FWM in the gas phase. The FWM efficiency is shown to depend on the relative orientation of polarization vectors of input pump pulses, offering the extension of FWM and CARS polarization techniques to air‐guided modes in photonic‐crystal fibers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman, infrared and 13C NMR studies on betaine–sulfamic acid (2:1) crystal and its hydrogen bonds
Authors: Ilczyszyn Maria M. , Ilczyszyn Marek 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe betaine–sulfamic acid (2:1) crystal complex has been investigated by infrared and Raman experiments in polarized light and by cross‐polarization magic angle spinning 13C NMR. Very short and symmetric hydrogen bonds formed by acidic protons and betaine carboxylate groups (—COO—H—OOC—)+ are characterized by the Raman tensor α′(R) available from Raman symmetric stretching vibrations of the carboxylic groups and by the 13C shielding tensor σ of these groups. The principal components of the both tensors were found as to be strongly related: σii = 93.12 + 0.125α′(R)ii. The sulfamate NH2 group reorientation was characterized by Raman bandshape analysis at different temperatures. The energy of very weak O· · ·H—N—H· · ·O hydrogen bonds between the sulfamate and betaine moieties was characterized in this way. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory studies of 2‐formylfuran
Authors: Iliescu T. , Bolboaca M. , Pacurariu R. , Maniu D. , Kiefer W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe Raman spectrum of 2‐formylfuran in the liquid phase shows pairs of bands whose temperature and solvent dependence behavior can be interpreted in terms of cis–trans conformational equilibrium. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed at the BPW91/6–311+G* and B3LYP/6–311+G* theoretical levels show that the trans‐isomer is more stable than the cis‐isomer by 2.81 and 3.12 kJ mol−1, respectively. The theoretical ΔH values obtained at these theoretical levels [2.99 kJ mol−1 (BPW91) and 3.2 kJ mol−1 (B3LYP)] are very close to the experimental value ΔH = 2.52 kJ mol−1 determined from the plots of logarithmic relative intensities of the band pairs 1673/1692, 1477/1465 and 1396/1371 cm−1 of these isomers against reciprocal temperature. The surface‐enhanced Raman spectrum of 2‐formylfuran in silver colloid suggests the chemisorption of this molecular species on the silver surface both through the ring oxygen and the oxygen atom of the substituent group, the cis‐form being preferred in the adsorption state. The adsorbed molecules are oriented perpendicular or least tilted with respect to the silver surface. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.