bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S
andia
N
ational
L
aboratories
Authors: Harrison Lauren 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Sandia National Laboratories is a government‐owned, contract‐operated facility currently managed by Lockheed Martin. The laboratories are involved in research and development projects ranging from biosciences to homeland security and defense. Sandia's mission is to help the nation secure a peaceful and free world through technology. Sandia maintains capabilities in the a range of areas, and has contributed significantly to homeland security in the nuclear, biological, and chemical domain including work to ensure the safety of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile as well as to monitor energy and critical infrastructure. Sandia's major association with antiterrorism and counterterrorism is a result of the growing need to develop technology to protect nuclear facilities.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
Authors: Poli Mark A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Many cases of human foodborne illness throughout the world are caused by enterotoxins produced by various strains of
Staphylococcus aureus.
While oral exposure to these toxins commonly results in the traditional food‐poisoning symptomatology, nonenteric exposure can cause much more serious, even life‐threatening sequelae. From the standpoint of biological warfare and biological terrorism, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is considered the serotype of greatest import. It is a versatile agent, as it can be an effective incapacitant, when inhaled in very low doses. At slightly higher doses, it can be lethal. The toxicity, mechanism of action, and detection of these agents are briefly discussed.
TOPOFF
Authors: Abhayaratne Praveen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Mandated by the U. S. Congress to evaluate the nation's crisis and consequence management under duress, the Department of Justice engaged key emergency management personnel to prepare senior government officials to respond to an actual terrorist attack involving weapons of mass destruction, gauge preparedness, and identify areas in need of improvement. The exercise, know as TOPOFF (top officials), was a national level, multiagency, multijurisdictional, no notice simulation addressing three fictional events in three major cities: a chemical event in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; a radiological event in Washington, D. C.; and a biological weapons attack in Denver, Colorado. This article provides an overview of TOPOFF with specific attention paid to the biological weapons scenario. Key observations and lessons learned are noted.
TOPOFF
2
Authors: Abhayaratne Praveen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Building on the lessons of the first TOPOFF exercise held in May 2000, TOPOFF 2 was designed to test local, state and federal agency response capabilities to a combination of natural disasters and terrorism incidents while incorporating new management policies. The exercise was held in King County, Seattle and Pierce County in Washington, in Chicago, Illinois, and Ottawa Canada. It was the most comprehensive response simulation conducted in North America to‐date. Final data and evaluations have not yet been released. This article presents information on exercise participants, scenarios, and observations as inclusive as present information allows
Prevention and Treatment of Biological Weapons‐Related Infection and Disease
Authors: Setlak Paul 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The use of biological weapons against man is a recognized threat, especially after the dispersal of anthrax in fall 2001 and the continued risk from terrorist organizations throughout the world. In light of this threat, it is crucial to differentiate and analyze the various therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of biological weapons‐related infection and disease. There are three main categories of pharmaceuticals that can be utilized to treat casualties brought on by biological weapon agents. These include the antibiotics, antivirals and vaccines and toxoids. Consistent research on an unprecedented scale is being emphasized in the area of biodefense at numerous locations, such as the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). As a result, therapeutic information in the context of biological weapons is constantly evolving and expanding. Therefore, it is important to maintain a working knowledge of the field and keep abreast of changes, research and updates in such therapeutics relating to prevention and treatment of biological weapon agents.
U
nited
K
ingdom: Bioterrorism Defense
Authors: Pearson Graham S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
There has long been a necessity in the United Kingdom (UK) to be able to respond to outbreaks of disease that may affect humans, animals, or plants. The response to bioterrorism is primarily based upon the capability to respond to terrorist incidents and upon the capability to respond to such outbreaks. The United Kingdom's integrated approach to a major emergency provides the background to the examination of the effectiveness of that approach in preparedness to counter deliberate releases of biological materials.
Water Supply: Vulnerability and Attack Specifics
Authors: Burrows W. Dickinson , Birkmire Sara Renner 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThough hardly credible as weapons of mass casualties when applied to community water supplies, biological warfare (BW) agents can sicken and even kill many people when the agent is applied to potable water distribution systems close to targeted populations. An effective defense will require improved detection and monitoring capabilities, better knowledge of infectivity or toxicity of individual agents, as well as their environmental stability, upgraded water treatment technologies, and vigilance.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
C
ivil
S
upport
T
eams
Authors: Harrison Lauren 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In response to the bombing in Oklahoma City in 1995 and the sarin attack in the subway in Tokyo, Congress commenced discussions of the creation of a group of teams that could respond quickly to weapons of mass destruction attacks in the U.S. President Clinton announced a plan to establish the Civil Support Team. Congress subsequently approved a total of 32 teams. As of 2003 all 32 teams are authorized and 27 teams have been certified as operational under the Department of Defense requirements.
Brucellosis (BrucellaSpp.)
Authors: Richey E. J. , Harrell C. Dix 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBrucellosis in humans can be caused byBrucella abortus(a disease of cattle),Brucella melitenis(a disease of goats),Brucella susi(generally a disease of pigs), andBrucella canis(generally a disease of dogs). At least three species have been considered in the context of biological weapons. Iraq's former biological weapons program may have usedB. melitensisin an offensive capacity. This article focuses onB. abortusas, a representative cause of brucellosis due to its pertinence in the realm of agricultural biosecurity as well as human and animal bioterrorism. Other species ofBrucellacan be expected to act in a similar fashion, but not all of the information supplied here applies to all forms of the disease.
Typhus, Epidemic (

R
ickettsia prowazekii

)
Authors: Eremeeva Marina E. , Dasch Gregory A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Classic epidemic louse‐borne typhus is also known as historic typhus or European typhus; jail, war, camp, or ship fever; Flechfieber (German); typhus exanthematique (French); and tifus exantematico or tabardillo (Spanish). The word “typhus” has a Greek origin meaning cloudy or misty, and is applied to typhus disease because of the lethargic state of mind that occurs in its victims. The history of typhus is largely the history of men in battle. Typhus has been credited with deciding the outcome of more battles than all of the world's generals' best‐laid strategies.
Morphological features, distribution and compartmental organization of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced‐diaphorase interneurons in the human striatum
Authors: Bernácer Javier , Prensa Lucía , Giménez‐Amaya José Manuel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStriatal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d)‐positive (+) cells are one of the major classes of striatal interneurons. The present study analyzes their somatodendritic morphology, distribution pattern, and compartmental organization in the caudate nucleus (CN) and putamen (Put) of nine normal human brains. The following striatal territories are examined: 1) the precommissural head of the CN; 2) the postcommissural head of the CN; 3) the body of the CN; 4) the gyrus of the CN; 5) the tail of the CN; 6) the precommissural Put; and 7) the postcommissural Put. Three morphologically distinct types of NADPH‐d+ neurons were found in each of these territories. The two most common NADPH‐d+ neurons displayed an ovoid or triangular perikaryon from which several thick primary dendrites emerged, although much less numerous, bipolar‐shaped NADPH‐d+ cells were also observed. The highest density of NADPH‐d+ neurons was found in the gyrus of the CN, followed by the body of the CN, tail of the CN, postcommissural head of the CN, postcommissural Put, precommissural head of the CN, and precommissural Put. The matrix was the striatal compartment with the densest NADPH‐d+ neuronal population. Some of these cells also occurred in the center and peripheral regions of the striosomes located in the head of the CN and in the Put. In the body and gyrus of the CN, the striosomes were largely devoid of these striatal interneurons. Knowledge of the density and distribution of these interneurons should advance our understanding of the organization of the normal human striatum and help to evaluate the effects of neurodegenerative processes on cell density. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:311–327, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic evidence that neurokinin B modulates gonadotropin‐releasing hormone secretion via neurokinin 3 receptors in the rat median eminence
Authors: Krajewski Sally J. , Anderson Miranda J. , Iles‐Shih Lulu , Chen Kyung J. , Urbanski Henryk F. , Rance Naomi E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRecent studies suggest that arcuate neurokinin B (NKB) neurons play a role in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion, but there is little information on the relationship between these neurons and the hypothalamic reproductive axis. In the present study, dual‐label fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to visualize the relationship between gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and either proNKB or NK3 receptor (NK3R) immunoreactivity. Immunocytochemistry was also combined with i.p. injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracer aminostilbamidine to determine whether arcuate neuroendocrine neurons expressed either proNKB or NK3R. A dense interweaving and close apposition of GnRH and proNKB‐immunoreactive (ir) fibers was observed within the rat median eminence, where GnRH axons expressed NK3R immunoreactivity. These data provide morphological evidence that NKB neurons could influence GnRH secretion via interaction with NK3R in the rat median eminence. Colocalization of GnRH and NK3R was also identified in fiber tracts converging within the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. In contrast, only a small number (16%) of GnRH‐ir somata exhibited NK3R staining. ProNKB and NK3R‐ir somata were identified within the arcuate nucleus, but none of these neurons were labeled by aminostilbamidine. Thus, we found no evidence that arcuate NKB neurons project to the primary capillary plexus of the portal system. Arcuate neuroendocrine neurons, however, were surrounded and closely apposed by proNKB‐ir puncta and fibers. These data suggest that NKB neurons could indirectly influence anterior pituitary function by inputs to arcuate neuroendocrine neurons, but through a receptor other than NK3R. Our results provide an anatomic framework for putative interactions between NKB neurons and the hypothalamic reproductive axis. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:372–386, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of ganglion cells in the mouse retina: Unsupervised morphological classification and its limits
Authors: Kong Jee‐Hyun , Fish Daniel R. , Rockhill Rebecca L. , Masland Richard H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe dendritic structures of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse retina were visualized by particle‐mediated transfer of DiI, microinjection of Lucifer yellow, or visualization of green fluorescent protein expressed in a transgenic strain. The cells were imaged in three dimensions and the morphologies of a series of 219 cells were analyzed quantitatively. A total of 26 parameters were studied and automated cluster analysis was carried out using the k‐means methods. An effective clustering, judged by silhouette analysis, was achieved using three parameters: level of stratification, extent of the dendritic field, and density of branching. An 11‐cluster solution is illustrated. The cells within each cluster are visibly similar along morphological dimensions other than those used statistically to form the clusters. They could often be matched to ganglion cell types defined by previous studies. For reasons that are discussed, however, this classification must remain provisional. Some steps toward more definitive methods of unsupervised classification are pointed out. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:293–310, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of somatostatin‐ and cholecystokinin‐immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat olfactory bulb
Authors: Gutièrrez‐Mecinas María , Crespo Carlos , Blasco‐Ibáñez José Miguel , Gracia‐Llanes Francisco Javier , Marqués‐Marí Ana Isabel , Martínez‐Guijarro Francisco José 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPeriglomerular cells (PG) are interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) that modulate the first synaptic relay of the olfactory information from the olfactory nerve to the dendrites of the bulbar principal cells. Previous investigations have pointed to the heterogeneity of these interneurons and have demonstrated the presence of two different types of PG. In the rat OB, type 1 PG receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons and are γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic, whereas type 2 PG do not receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons and are GABA immunonegative. In this study, we analyze and characterize neurochemically a group of PG that has not been previously classified either as type 1 or type 2. These PG are immunoreactive for the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM) or cholecystokinin (CCK). By using double immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that neither the SOM‐ nor the CCK‐immunoreactive PG contain GABA immunoreactivity, which is a neurochemical feature of type 1 PG. Moreover, they do not contain the calcium‐binding proteins calbindin D‐28k and calretinin, which are neurochemical markers of the type 2 PG. Electron microscopy demonstrates that the dendrites of the SOM‐ and CCK‐containing PG are distributed in the synaptic and sensory subcompartments of the glomerular neuropil and receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons. Therefore, they should be included in the type 1 group rather than in the type 2. Altogether, these data indicate that the SOM‐ and the CCK‐containing PG may constitute a group of GABA‐immunonegative type 1 PG that has not been previously described. These results further extend the high degree of complexity of the glomerular circuitry. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:467–479, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and fate of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CARTp)‐expressing cells in rat urinary bladder: A developmental study
Authors: Zvarova Katarina , Vizzard Margaret A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe examined the distribution and fate of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CARTp)55–102‐immunoreactive (IR) structures in the neonatal and adult rat urinary bladder. Double‐labeling studies examining CARTp with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were performed in wholemounts of urothelium or detrusor or cryostat sections of the bladder. In younger animals (postnatal day [P]1, P3), CARTp‐IR cell bodies in detrusor smooth muscle were observed in large clusters (∼100 cells/cluster) at the ureteral insertion and along thick bundles of nerve fibers at the bladder base. The total number of CARTp‐IR cells was significantly reduced (by five‐fold) at P14, and this reduced number persisted into adulthood. The decrease in the number of CARTp‐expressing cells was complemented with positive staining for cleaved caspase‐3, suggesting that apoptosis contributed to this decrease. At birth (P1), all CARTp‐IR cells expressed the neuronal marker Hu. After birth, CARTp was expressed by some neurons (CARTp‐IR, Hu‐IR) that represent intramural ganglion cells and by cells that lacked a neuronal phenotype (CARTp‐IR, Hu‐) but did express TH. Neither of these cell populations expressed ChAT immunoreactivity in adult bladder. These cells (CARTp‐IR, Hu‐, TH‐IR) may represent paraganglion or small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. The percentage of colocalization of CARTp‐IR and nNOS or TH was dependent on postnatal age and showed an inverse relationship. At P1, 67.1 % of CARTp‐IR cells expressed nNOS immunoreactivity. Decreased colocalization was observed with increasing postnatal age. In contrast, 19.5% of CARTp‐IR cells expressed TH at P1, but colocalization increased with postnatal age. The suburothelial plexus lacked CARTp‐IR nerve fibers until P14, when nerve fibers with varicosities were observed in the urethra and bladder neck region. In summary, we demonstrate 1) a decrease in the number of CARTp‐IR cells in rat detrusor in early postnatal development; 2) apoptotic events in the bladder during early postnatal development; 3) rostral migration of CARTp‐IR cells from the ureteral insertion toward the bladder body during postnatal development; 4) the presence of different populations of CARTp‐IR cells, some with and others without a neuronal phenotype; and (5) age‐dependent changes in chemical coding of CARTp‐IR cells with postnatal development. This study demonstrates that CARTp‐IR intramural ganglia and CARTp‐IR paraganglion or SIF cells exist in the postnatal and adult rat bladder, although the role of these cell types remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:501–517, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Region control and approximation of a weighted rational interpolating curves
Authors: Duan Qi , Zhang Yunfeng , Wang Liqiu , Twizell E. H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA weighted rational cubic spline interpolation has been constructed using two kinds of rational cubic spline with quadratic denominator. The sufficient conditions that constrain the interpolant curves to be in the given region are derived, also the error estimate formulas of this interpolation are obtained. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levels of gli3 repressor correlate with bmp4 expression and apoptosis during limb development
Authors: Bastida Maria Félix , Delgado M. Dolores , Wang Baolin , Fallon John F. , Fernandez‐Teran Marian , Ros Maria A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Developmental Dynamics 231:148–160Developmental Dynamics(2004) 231(1) 148–160
Formation of C–C Bonds in Diiron Complexes by Addition of Carbanions to Alkynyl(methoxy)carbene Ligands
Authors: Busetto Luigi , Marchetti Fabio , Zacchini Stefano , Zanotti Valerio 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAddition of cyanide ions to the alkynyl(methoxy)carbene complexes [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(R)}(μ‐CO)(CO){Cα(OMe)Cβ≡CγR'}(Cp)2]+ (R = Xyl, R' = Tol, 1a; R = Xyl, R' = Ph, 1b; R = Xyl, R' = Me3Si, 1c; R = Me, R' = Tol, 1d; R = Me, R' = Ph, 1e) occurs selectively at Cα to afford the 1,1‐disubstituted σ‐propargyl complexes [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(R)}(μ‐CO)(CO){C(OMe)(CN)(C≡CR')}(Cp)2] (R = Xyl, R' = Tol, 2a; R = Xyl, R' = Ph, 2b; R = Xyl, R' = Me3Si, 2c; R = Me, R' = Tol, 2d; R = Me,R' = Ph, 2e). Conversely, the stabilised carbanaions[CH(R)2]– (R = CN, CO2Me) add at the Cγ position with subsequent hydrogen migration to Cβ to give the 1‐σ‐buta‐1,3‐dienyl complexes [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ‐CO)(CO){Cα(OMe)=CβHCγ(Tol)=Cδ(R)2}(Cp)2] (R = CN, 3a; CO2Me, 3b). No migration is possible in the absence of hydrogen atoms at Cδ, therefore addition of [C(Me)(CO2Me)2]– to 1a results in the formation of the σ‐allenyl complex [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ‐CO)(CO){Cα(OMe)=Cβ=Cγ(Tol)Cδ(Me)(CO2Me)2}(Cp)2] (4). Protonation of the neutral complexes 3b and 4affords the vinyl(methoxy)carbene complexes [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ‐CO)(CO){Cα(OMe)CβH=Cγ(Tol)Cδ(R)(CO2Me)2}]+ (R = H, 5; Me, 6), which exist in solution as mixtures of (E)‐ and (Z)‐isomers in dynamic equilibrium, as shown by VT NMR studies. The cationic complex 6 shows electrophilic behaviour. Thus, addition of CN– results in the σ‐allyl complex [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ‐CO)(CO){Cα(OMe)(CN)[CβH=Cγ(Tol)Cδ(Me)(CO2Me)2]}(Cp)2] (7), whereas the reaction with Me2NH affords the vinyl acyl complex [Fe2{μ‐CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ‐CO)(CO){Cα(O)CβH=Cγ(Tol)Cδ(Me)(CO2Me)2}(Cp)2] (8). The crystal structures of 2b and 3a·CH2Cl2 have been determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Extended Networks of Co2+ and Mn2+ Bridged by NCS–/N3– Anions and Flexible Long Spacers: Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Wang Xin‐Yi , Li Bao‐Long , Zhu Xia , Gao Song 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFour new metal‐organic polymers with SCN–/N3– anion bridges and flexible long spacers L {L = bim [1,2‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)ethane] and bte [1,2‐bis(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethane]}, [Co(SCN)2(bim)] (1‐Co), [Co(SCN)2(bte)] (2‐Co), [Mn(N3)2(bte)] (3‐Mn), and [Mn(N3)2(bim)] (4‐Mn), were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies and their magnetic properties were investigated. Complex 1‐Co is a triple‐bridging chain complex with double end‐to‐end SCN– anions and single gauche‐bim spacers as bridges. Complexes 2‐Co and 3‐Mn both contain 1D chains bridged by double end‐to‐end SCN– or N3– anions and these chains are further extended to 2D (4,4) layers by the anti‐bte spacers. Complex 4‐Mn has a topological 3D diamond structure constructed through 1D double end‐on azide‐bridged MnII chains and extended through the anti‐bim spacers. Magnetic measurements reveal that 1‐Co and 3‐Mn remain paramagnetic; the dominant magnetic coupling between CoII is weak ferromagnetic and that between MnII is strong antiferromagnetic. As for 2‐Co and 4‐Mn, they show metamagnetic behavior below TN = 2.9 and 3.0 K, respectively. Our results show that a combination of the short anion bridges (SCN–/N3–) and flexible bidentate long spacers can be used to construct coordination polymers with novel topologies and interesting magnetic properties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Lanthanide(III)‐Induced Conversion of 12‐Metallacrown‐4 to 5‐Metallacrown‐5 Complexes in Solution
Authors: Pacco Antoine , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , van Besien Els , Pierloot Kristine , Görller‐Walrand Christiane , Binnemans Koen 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe conversion of 12‐metallacrown‐4 complexes with copper(II) in the central cavity to 15‐metallacrown‐5 complexes with lanthanide(III) ions in the central cavity upon addition of trivalent lanthanide ions was analysed in solution by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), absorption spectrophotometry, circular dichroism and proton NMR spectroscopy. In all cases, copper(II) ions were the ring metals. The lanthanide‐induced shifts of the proton resonances in the NMR spectra of different lanthanide(III)‐containing 15‐metallacrown‐5 complexes with tyrosinehydroximate ligands were studied. The dynamics of ligand exchange of α‐aminohydroximate‐based lanthanide(III)‐containing 15‐metallacrown‐5 complexes were studied in methanol solutions. The ring structure of the 12‐metallacrown‐4 complex that acts as starting compound for the formation of the 15‐metallacrown‐5 complexes was optimized by DFT methods using alaninehydroximate as a model ligand. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)