bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal testing: preconception to 9 weeks
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prenatal tests are usually offered after 9 weeks. Before this, it is too early to test for abnormalities. Ultrasound scans are not usually done in the first 2 months of pregnancy, except for complications, such as bleeding or pain. An early scan can very accurately determine the age of your pregnancy—this can be important when planning prenatal tests. Think about prenatal testing You and your partner may wish to explore your feelings about it before you become pregnant, rather than to discover you have major differences afterwards.
Introduction
Authors: Tong Howell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our endeavours to understand the changing world around us, observations of one kind or another are frequently made sequentially over time. The record of sunspots is a classic example, which may be traced as far back as 28 BC (see e.g: Needham 1959, p. 435). Let us tentatively call such records time series. Possibly the most important objective in our study of a time series is to help to uncover the dynamical law governing its generation. Obviously, a complete uncovering of the law demands a complete understanding of the underlying physics, chemistry, biology, etc. When the underlying theory is nonexistent or far from being complete, and we are presented with not much more than the data themselves, we may adopt the following paradigm.
An introduction to dynamical systems
Authors: Tong Howell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as we leave the relatively straightforward world of linearity, we are faced with an infinitude of possible choices of the generic models. Nature is full of surprises and awareness of its infinite variety is an accumulative learning process, which is itself non-linear. It seems therefore that there will always be the necessity of different approaches to non-linear time series model building. One of the basic objectives of this volume is the quest for a deeper understanding of cyclical phenomena which manifest themselves in the form of cyclical time series. Historically, the development of time series analysis is, in many ways, related to this quest. We need only mention Schuster’s periodogram (1898, 1906), Yule’s autoregressive models (1927), and the modern industry of spectral analysis (see e.g. Childers 1978 and Priestley 1981). In particular, it is interesting to recall that the papers by Schuster (1906) and Yule (1927) were devoted to the analysis of the cyclical sunspot numbers.
Upper bounds
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has already been shown in (1.1.23) in the Introduction how to use the Stein–Chen method for sums of independent random variables. In Section 2.3, the upper bounds so far derived are applied to dissociated indicator random variables. Dissociation is a rather natural generalization of independence to arrays rather than sequences, introduced by McGinley and Sibson (1975), which has widespread practical application. The structure is well suited for analysis using the local approach, enabling more or less convenient upper bounds to be easily derived. More detailed analysis, for independent and dissociated random variables, is also feasible: further results are presented in Chapter 9.
Random permutations
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate some quantities based on random permutations (σ1, σ2, ... , σn) drawn from the uniform distribution over all permutations of 1, 2, ... , n. As a simple typical example of the type of random variable we study, consider the number of fixed points W in a random permutation.
Graphical Modelling
Authors: Edwards D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide a non-technical overview of graphical modelling. Independence graphs with both lines (undirected edges) and arrows (directed edges) are described, together with associated models in duding both discrete and continuous variables. Some discussion of causal inference is also given. Graphical modelling is a variant of statistical modelling that uses graphs to display models. From a historical perspective, the origins of the approach lie partly in path analysis, as introduced by Wright (1921), and partly in statistical physics, in work of Gibbs (1902). In contrast to most other types of statistical graphics, the graphs do not display data, but rather an interpretation of the data, in the form of a model. For example, Fig. 7.1 shows a model with three variables, longevity (length of life), sex and occupation. Edges connect sex and longevity, and sex and occupation, but not occupation and longevity.
Introduction and background
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This monograph is about the ecology and population dynamics of a group of cattle and goat herders in the northern Kalahari Desert of the Ngami land District of Botswana (see Fig. 1.1). Although the Herero arrived in this region less than a century ago as destitute refugees, these staunchly traditional Bantu speakers have established themselves as a prominent and prosperous tribe in a pocket of the Kalahari previously occupied almost exclusively by !Kung-speaking foragers. Their rise to economic prominence in Botswana has been accompanied by dramatic decreases in mortality and increases in fertility, and a resurgence of tribal ethnicity.
Mortality after early childhood
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a description of mortality rates after childhood among the Herero. The system of year names described in Chapter 1 and our informants’ knowledge of family history allowed us to ascertain years of birth and death of many parents, grandparents, and siblings of people whom we interviewed. Using new methods for computing life tables from incomplete lifetimes, we are able to describe adult mortality with a precision that is not ordinarily attainable in anthropological demography. We will give life tables separately for males and females for the years before 1966, which we will call the early period, and for 1966 through 1986, the recent period.
Measures of fertility, past and present
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropologists and biologists have traditionally been interested in the fertility of populations because the rate of reproduction is one of the two variables that determines how fast they grow, and this in turn reflects success at competition in their environment. The goal of finding a relationship between subsistence regime and the fertility and mortality of groups has been at the core of much population research in anthropology. Interactions among subsistence system, mortality, and fertility may determine the evolutionary trajectories of groups. During our early history as hunter-gatherers, populations grew slowly, with rates of fertility only marginally offsetting mortality. When humans began adopting agriculture, population growth apparently increased. Disagreement over whether the population expansion was caused by increased fertility or decreased mortality associated with food production and the concomitant sedentary life-style is the subject of a lively debate (Cohen 1989). Because it is believed that we lived in small bands through much of our history, studies of small populations have been particularly relevant to understanding this issue.
Some Studies of Social Causes of and Cultural Response to Disease
Authors: Lewis G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The premiss of this book is an obvious truth—that disease depends on both biological and social facts. It may be obvious but it can be extremely hard to unravel the exact connections. The term ‘disease’ covers a multitude of conditions. Malaria, multiple sclerosis, hernia, and heart failure have little in common except that they are all examples of what doctors may be expected to deal with as medical matters. Ideas about illness are diverse and there are many kinds of disease.
The anxious patient
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fear is an emotion understood by most people. When we are fearful we usually have a good idea of what is making us feel scared. We have some understanding of the physical symptoms and can also understand our behaviour. Anxiety, which may produce an almost identical physiological and behavioural reaction, is often not understood. An individual may either not be able to identify a ‘threat’, or they may realize that their reaction to a perceived threat is irrational or exaggerated. To fill this gap in understanding, individuals may make sense of what is happening by concluding that they have a serious physical illness or that they are on the verge of losing control and are about to become seriously mentally ill.
The problem drinker
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 90% of the population drink alcohol regularly. Between 1950 and 1970, sales of alcohol doubled and the price of alcoholic drinks in real terms has been falling. It has been estimated that alcohol is responsible for 28 000 deaths in England and Wales each year, and one-third of motorists killed on the road are above the legal alcohol Emit.
The forgetful and confused patient
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major mental illnesses of the elderly are dementia, delirium and depression. Although it is important to distinguish between these three disorders, there is often an overlap which may muddy the diagnostic waters. Approximately 5% of the population over 65 has dementia. Key epidemiological facts are shown in Table 5.1 (overleaf).
The bereaved patient
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bereavement is a common and distressing experience. For the vast majority of patients, common humanity suggests sympathy, empathy and understanding are required. There may be a temptation to do more: prescribe medication, or refer on to specialized help. However, this is only required in a minority of cases. Most people manage to make the emotional and social adjustments required following bereavement without the need for mental health interventions.
The premotor cortex: from attention to intention
Authors: Boussaoud Driss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capacity of the brain to process information about the external world and to plan and execute appropriate behavior has increased considerably throughout evolution, and has reached its highest level in mammals, especially the human and non-human primates. Our highly sophisticated sensory organs provide us with rich information about the external world, and our central nervous system has the capacity to extract relevant messages and process them in relation to context, previous experience, state of motivation, and other affective signals. Ultimately, the brain selects and executes one action from a diverse repertoire of actions which allow us to manipulate objects with tremendous skill.
Linking perception and action: an ideomotor approach
Authors: Knoblich Gunther , Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories addressing the links between perception and action normally take one of two clearly distinct perspectives. In sensorimotor approaches the focus is on the question of how certain patterns of stimulation evoke certain actions. Accordingly, actions are conceptualized as responses, i.e. as mere consequences of the preceding stimulation. A strict version of this view was defended in traditional behaviorism (Thorndike 1911, 1913; Hull 1930). Some recent versions of the sensorimotor account adopt the terminology of cognitive psychology and allow for additional factors, such as the influence of internal knowledge structures in encoding. However, essentially actions are still treated as being largely determined by perception.
The mirror neuron system and action recognition
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Fadiga Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding actions made by others is a fundamental cognitive function on which social life and the survival of individuals depend. Despite its crucial role in social behavior, action understanding, unlike other cognitive capacities such as object or space perception, has never been a central topic in neuroscience. Only recently, with the discovery of mirror neurons (Gallese et al. 1996; Rizzolatti et al. 1996a), have action understanding and phenomena closely related to this function, such as imitation, become the object of intense investigation (reviewed by Rizzolatti et al. 2001).
Bimanual coordination and its disorders
Authors: Wiesendanger Mario , Serrien Deborah J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In human evolution, hand functions played a significant role in the emergence of toolmaking and tool use, as well as in expressing gestures. Tool use in everyday life, together with gestures and music performance, typically engage both hands in well-coordinated asymmetric synergies. A division of labor between hands is also an evolutionary trend, with the left engaging preferentially in posturing grasps, providing an egocentric reference frame for the right which manipulates the grasped object (MacNeilage 1987).
Speech motor control and its disorders
Authors: Kent Ray D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the properties of the speech musculature and its neural control. It then proceeds to a discussion of disorders of speech motor control in children and adults. The two primary types of these disorders are dysarthria and apraxia of speech. The motor control of speech is accomplished through widely distributed motor neuron pools in the aerodigestive tract, which consists of the respiratory, laryngeal, and upper airway muscle systems.
From the grasping reflex to the environmental dependency syndrome
Authors: Pillon Bernard , Dubois Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The frontal lobes have been implicated at different levels of motor organization, from the more automatic activities such as walking (Tyrrell 1994) to more elaborate activities such as planning of sequential motor programmes (Luria 1966). In this chapter, we shall consider motor organization from the point of view of environmental adherence, thus emphasizing the role of the frontal lobes in the control of behavioural responses to sensory stimuli. For that purpose, we will analyse behavioural disorders such as forced grasping (Adie and Critchley 1927), prehension and utilization behaviours (Lhermitte 1983), forced collectionism (Volle et al. 2002), imitation behaviour (Lhermitte et al. 1986), and environmental dependency (Lhermitte 1986). The anatomophysiological basis of the concept of environmental autonomy will be discussed.
Special Chemistry
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The solar system was born some 4550 million years ago when a star exploded at the end of its life. This supernova scattered matter and energy into a cloud of interstellar dust and gas and as a result most of the material came together to form yet another star, our sun. Various other chunks of material collided and coalesced and began to form the planets. The gravitational pull of the nascent earth would have attracted other pieces of debris. Many of these were large—and one was so large that its impact tilted the earth on its axis and knocked off chunks that came together to form the moon. These impacts would have generated great heat, probably enough to melt the earth. Another, and continuing, source of heat, is that generated when radioactive elements, like uranium, decay. Which source of heat was most important is uncertain, but together they were sufficient to allow the heavy materials, principally iron, to flow to the earth’s centre, where they exist as a molten core. This core is now nearly three and a half times more dense than the outer layer, the crust, and just over twice as dense as the mid-dle layer, the mantle. Both the crust and mantle are solid. Compared with the size of the earth the crust is very thin; it has been likened to a layer of paper stuck on the outside of a football.
A Quick Start
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three types of evidence indicate when life commenced and when certain types of organisms evolved. The first is based on fossils, the remains of organisms held in rocks where the actual parts of the organism have usually been replaced by a mineral. Less frequently the fossil records a track made by an animal—a worm’s burrow or the footprints of a trilobite or a dinosaur. Sometimes the form of the whole organism is retained in the fossil, but more often only bits and pieces are preserved, and when these are first discovered they are often thought to represent different organisms and are given different names! The hardest parts, such as tree trunks, bones, and claws, retain their shape longest, and so are more likely to be recorded in the mud as it is compressed. Organisms that lack hard tissues and the soft parts of other organisms will quickly decay; it is only in exceptional circum-stances, such as a massive mud slide, that fossilization is so quick that their form is captured.
Cells with Nuclei
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the nucleus, the feature characteristic of eukaryotic organisms, represents one of the greatest steps in evolution, other than the emergence of life itself. The nucleus can be described as the control centre of the cell. It is bounded by a double membrane and contains nearly all the DNA of the cell, the material that provides the hereditary information. In bacteria (prokaryotes) the usually circular double strand of DNA is attached at one point to the cell membrane; when bacteria reproduce, this strand replicates and so each daughter cell is identical to the parent. In eukaryotes the DNA exists as several pieces held on a number of chromosomes. When the cell divides these form dense structures which, appropriately stained, can be seen under the microscope. In asexual multiplication (cloning) the DNA within each individual chromosome divides to give two identical ‘sister’ chromatids; these then separate and move to opposite ends of the cell which divides forming two new cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the ‘parent’ and with identical DNA—a process known as mitosis (fig.3.1(a)).
The Evolution of the Able Ape
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That able ape, mankind (Homo sapiens), belongs to the primate group of mammals. This probably evolved in the Cretaceous from insectivorous mammals, not far distant from today’s shrews. They have a number of char-acteristics: a conspicuous one is the retention of the primitive five digits, with the thumb and big toe becoming more mobile and independent of the other digits; and as the nails are flat, rather than modified into claws, the tips of the fingers and toes can evolve a good sense of touch. In contrast the sense of smell is reduced, the snout being shortened. In keeping with their generally wide diets (omnivores), they have retained almost all the teeth found in primitive mammals. There has been a progressive expansion and elaboration of the brain. Comparisons made by Paul Harvey of Oxford University and Tim Clutton-Brock of Cambridge University have shown that, in proportion to their body size, fruit-eating species have larger brains than foliage eaters; fruits are more difficult to find than foliage, they are more scattered in space and time in the forest. As they put it, the brain, in parts, serves as a three-dimensional map of the environment. Here again we see the complex evolutionary interactions between animals and features of the vegetation, apparently simple factors leading eventually to large evolutionary steps. An early example, already discussed (p. 73), is that of clogging water channels by plants leading to the evolution of limbs, an adap-tation that proved suitable for the invasion of land.
Everyday hassles, conflict, and crime
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall discuss first, just how true is the commonly held belief that when children reach their teens they become more disobedient and difficult in the family. I shall then look at the likelihood of they becoming involved in criminal activity in the neighbourhood. The evidence shows, as we shall see later in this chapter, that most teenaged young people do not show aggressive behaviour in their families nor do most become involved in crime. The majority are generally obedient at home, though they may well become involved in minor hassles with other family members, especially their parents. They are also largely law-abiding outside the home. The MORI 2002 Youth Survey found that three in four young people aged 11–18 years said they had not committed an offence in the last 12 months. However, a sizeable minority do start to show antisocial behaviour for the first time once they reach their teens. In addition, a much smaller minority, who have been seriously problematic since early childhood, continue to cause great trouble in their teens. A different approach is required to prevent and deal with each of these two groups. For the first, attention needs to be focused on the ways in which they are treated as young children when their problems first develop. Once they reach the teen years their problems are difficult and expensive, though not impossible to resolve. I shall suggest that the size of the larger problematic group, whose antisocial behaviour is limited to the teen years and early twenties could be reduced if the competence of those in this age group was better acknowledged and they were more strongly empowered.
Crossed-product Algebras
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we collect a number of important results on Brauer groups, crossed-product algebras, and cyclic algebras. We have included proofs in order to make the subject matter more accessible to the reader who is encountering these topics for the first time. As will be seen below, we work directly with the simple algebras themselves, taking advantage of our earlier results from 7 and§ 14. This enables us to avoid introducing the machinery of cohomology groups.
Hereditary Orders
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall first present the results of Harada [1-5] and Brumer [I] concerning hereditary orders in separable algebras. The approach used is that of Jacobinski [ 4]. As we shall see, we can give an explicit description of the structure of hereditary orders. We can also determine the relationship between a hereditary order and the maximal orders which contain it. The local theory in §39 will be applied in §40 to obtain the global theory of hereditary orders. In §41 we consider integral group rings, and prove several theorems which fit in well with the subject matter of this book.
Expressions and assignments
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in the previous chapter how we are able to build the ‘words’ of Fortran — the constants, keywords, and names — from the basic elements of the character set. In this chapter we shall discover how these entities may be further combined into ‘phrases’ or expressions, and how these, in turn, may be combined into ‘sentences’ or statements.