bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRESIDENT FREDERICK J.T. CHILUBA OF ZAMBIA: THE CHRISTIAN NATION AND DEMOCRACY
Authors: Phiri Isabel Apawo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper focuses on the career of Frederick Chiluba from his election as President of Zambia in October 1991 to his renunciation of standing for a third term in April 2001. The paper argues first that, in his book on democracy and in his declaration of Zambia as a Christian nation, Chiluba set up the criteria by which his presidency would be judged and ultimately found wanting. Second, it argues that the Christian nation concept has had the inadvertent consequence of giving evangelicals a clear basis on which to judge Chiluba and the Zambian state, and hence has served as a catalyst for more energetic and extensive evangelical political engagement.
Experimental synthesis of chlorite from smectite at 300ºC in the presence of metallic Fe
Authors: Guillaume D. , Neaman A. , Cathelineau M. , Mosser-Ruck R. , Peiffert C. , Abdelmoula M. , Dubessy J . , Villiéras F. , Baronnet A. , Michau N. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe alteration and transformation behaviour of montmorillonite (bentonite from Wyoming, MX-80) in low-salinity solutions (NaCl, CaCl2) in the presence of metallic Fe (powder and 86461 mm plate) and magnetite powder was studied in batch experiments at 300ºC to simulate the mineralogical and chemical reactions of clays in contact with steel in a nuclear waste repository. The evolutions of pH and solution concentrations were measured over a period of 9 months. The mineralogical and chemical evolution of the clays was studied by XRD, SEM, Transmission Mössbauer Spectroscopy and TEM (EDS, HR imaging and EELS). Dissolution of the di-octahedral smectite of the starting bentonite was observed, in favour of newly formed clays (chlorite and saponite), quartz, feldspars and zeolite. The formation of Fe-chlorite was triggered by contact with the metallic Fe plate and Fe-Mg-chlorite at distance from the Fe plate (>2 mm).
Experimental alteration of Mg-vermiculite under hydrothermal conditions: formation of mixed-layered saponite-chlorite minerals
Authors: Mosser-Ruck R. , Pironon J . , Guillaume D. , Cathelineau M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe hydrothermal reactivity of a Mg-vermiculite from Santa Olalla (Spain) was studied experimentally at 150 and 300ºC, 75 and 100 bars, respectively, in (Na,K,Ca,Mg) chloride and sulphate solutions (liquid/solid ratio = 10). The formation of mixed-layer clays is demonstrated by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe. The gradual decrease of the 3220 cm–1infrared band intensity, characteristic of free water, is interpretated as the dehydration of the interlayer Mg cation of the vermiculite. The presence of ‘brucite type’ sheets is also observed by the increase of 3555 cm–1and 3420 cm–1band intensities. The XRD results show that run products are able to expand when glycolated. Microprobe analyses document the decrease ofIVSi content and a significant enrichment in Mg in the run products. The formation of a mixed-layer clay comprising saponite and chlorite layers is proposed.
In vivo imaging of graft-versus-host-disease in mice
Authors: Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Price Andrew , Hermanson John R. , Taras Elizabeth , Lees Chris , Serody Jonathan S. , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
We have developed a mouse system by which to track the migration and homing of cells in a setting of bone marrow transplantation (BMT)-induced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after systemic infusion using enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) transgenic (Tg) cells and a simple application of a fluorescence stereomicroscope outfitted with a color charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Whole body images of anesthetized mice taken at various time points after cell infusion revealed the early migration of allogeneic cells to peripheral lymphoid organs, with later infiltration of GVHD target organs. Localization of eGFP Tg cells could be seen through the skin of shaved mice, and internal organs were easily discernible. After allogeneic or syngeneic eGFP Tg cell infusion, representative mice were dissected to better visualize deeper internal organs and tissues. Infusion of different cell populations revealed distinct homing patterns, and this method also provided a simple way to identify the critical time points for expansion of the transplanted cells in various organs. This simple application of the fluorescence stereomicroscope will be valuable for GVHD and graft-versus-tumor studies in which visualization of cellular migration, expansion, and cell-cell interactions will be more informative when analyzed by such an intravital method. (Blood. 2004;103:3590-3598)
Octreotide Alone or With Prednisone in Patients With Advanced Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial
Authors: Loehrer Patrick J. , Wang Wei , Johnson David H. , Ettinger David S. 
Published: January 2004

PurposeTo determine the objective response rate, duration of remission and toxicity of octreotide alone or with the later addition of prednisone in patients with unresectable, advanced thymic malignancies in whom the pretreatment octreotide scan was positive.Patients and MethodsForty-two patients with advanced thymoma or thymic carcinoma were entered onto the trial, of whom 38 were fully assessable (one patient had inconclusive histology; three patients had negative octreotide scan). Patients received octreotide 0.5 mg subcutaneously tid. At 2 months, patients were evaluated. Responding patients continued to receive octreotide alone; patients with progressive disease were removed from the study. All others received prednisone 0.6 mg/kg orally qid for a maximum of 1 year.ResultsTwo complete (5.3%) and 10 partial responses (25%) were observed (four partial responses with octreotide alone; the remainder with octreotide plus prednisone). None of the six patients without pure thymoma responded. The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 86.6% and 75.7%, respectively. Patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 lived significantly longer than did those with a performance status of 1 (P = .031).ConclusionOctreotide alone has modest activity in patients with octreotide scan–positive thymoma. Prednisone improves the overall response rate but is associated with increased toxicity. Additional studies with the agent are warranted.
Olfactory Familiarization and Discrimination in Preterm and Full‐Term Newborns
Authors: Goubet Nathalie , Rattaz Cécile , Pierrat Véronique , Allémann Eric , Bullinger André , Lequien Pierre 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to observe olfactory detection and discrimination in preterm and full‐term newborns. Infants were familiarized for 10 trials with either vanillin or anethole. On each trial, a cotton swab perfumed with one of the odors was slowly moved in front of the baby's nose for 10 sec. For half of the preterm and full‐term infants, a new odor was presented after the last familiarization trial (experimental groups). For the other half, the same odor as during familiarization was presented (control groups). Facial and head movements for both populations and heart rates for preterm infants were recorded before, during, and after odor presentation. Preterm infants reacted to the scents by increasing facial actions and heart rate but not head movements. Full‐term infants increased facial and head movements. Neither population showed a clear behavioral habituation pattern, but full‐term newborns had a significantly reduced facial reactivity on the last familiarization trial compared to preterm infants. Preterm newborns did, however, show cardiac habituation on the last familiarization trial. Preterm and full‐term infants presented with a new odor after familiarization increased responding compared to infants presented with the same odor, indicating their ability to discriminate between 2 odors. Infants' reactivity and discrimination to odors indicate preterm and full‐term newborns' ability to be attuned to their olfactory environment.
Effect of physiological media on the stability of surface-adsorbed DNA-dendron-gold nanoparticles
Authors: Singh Baljit , Hussain Nasir , Sakthivel Thiagarajan , Florence Alexander T 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Plasmid DNA was adsorbed onto 87-nm gold nanoparticles to which were adsorbed a layer of novel cationic dendrons. The behaviour of this DNA-dendron-gold system in cell culture media has been described. Adsorption onto the gold nanoparticles of lipophilic cationic dendrons, with either 8 [(C12)3Lys7(NH2)8] or 16 [(C12)3Lys15(NH2)16] free amino groups on their outer surfaces and incorporating a nuclear localization signal peptide (NLS), resulted in positively charged nanoparticles with a corresponding small increase in particle size. Evidence suggested that the interaction between the gold nanoparticles and the dendron was mediated by hydrophobic forces. With an increase in ionic strength, the apparent particle size of the dendron-stabilized-gold particles increased, but at higher salt concentrations than plain gold sols. Addition of plasmid DNA did not markedly reduce the surface potential of the dendron-gold complex but resulted in an approximately 10–20% increase in hydro-dynamic diameter. Increasing ionic strength increased the apparent size of the DNA-dendron-gold particles, up to a maximum diameter of approximately 900 nm. Importantly, in cell culture media the size of the DNA-dendron-gold nanoparticles increased markedly, as surface potential was reduced. The presence of serum components partially ameliorated these effects, possibly due to steric stabilization of the particles. Release of the DNA from the complex was compromised in cell culture media (compared with water). This, coupled with the flocculation of the carrier, demonstrated the importance of testing delivery systems in the presence of relevant physiologically based fluids before cell culture or in-vivo studies.
Reaction of an Overcrowded Distibene with Elemental Sulfur and Crystallographic Analysis of the Sulfurization Products
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Mieda Eiko , Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
The reaction of a kinetically stabilized distibene bearing 2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (denoted as Bbt) groups with elemental sulfur resulted in the formation of three types of sulfurization products containing two antimony atoms. The first structural identification of the 1,2,4,3,5-trithiadistibolane derivative was achieved by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Thermally Reversible Photochromism of Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Yokoyama Yasushi , Kurimoto Yuko , Saito Yasuyo , Katsurada Manabu , Okada Itaru , Osano Yasuko T , Sasaki Chizuko , Yokoyama Yayoi , Tukada Hideyuki , Adachi Masafumi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Murayama Tetsuo , Harazono Toshie , Kodaira Tetsuya 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Ethyl 4-formyl-1,3-dimethylpyrazole-5-carboxylate showed coloration upon 366-nm light irradiation in the solid state at room temperature. The red color disappeared either by melting or dissolving into solvents. The initiation of coloration is most likely based on a photochemical intramolecular hydrogen abstraction by the formyl oxygen from the methyl group on C-3. It also exhibited coloration in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran matrix at low temperature.
Binary Regiocontrol in the Reaction between Pentadienyltin and Imines by Lewis Acids and N-Substituents
Authors: Nishigaichi Yutaka , Ishihara Masahiko , Fushitani Shigeo , Uenaga Kenji , Takuwa Akio 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Binary regiocontrolled pentadienylation of imines with a pentadienyltin reagent was achieved. While N-phenyl imines afforded ε-adducts (1,3-dienes) exclusively under Lewis acidic conditions, the combination of N-tosyl imines and indium or zinc chloride as a Lewis acid gave γ-adducts (1,4-dienes) preferentially.
A 1H NMR Study on the Electronic State of a Chloride-bridged Tetrakis(acetamidato)dirhodium Complex
Authors: Yamauchi Miho , Takazaki Yasuaki , Yang Zhiyong , Kawamura Takashi , Ikeda Ryuichi 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
A temperature dependence of 1H NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in a zig-zag chain of chloride-bridged tetrakis(acetamidato)dirhodium was measured. The observed 1H relaxation was well explained by the fluctuation of the magnetic dipolar interaction between proton and paramagnetic electron spins, where each unpaired spin is coupled by the one-dimensional antiferromagnetic interaction above 35 K. The slight change of the electronic state in the Rh dimer was observed below 35 K.
Synthesis and Characterization of Triplet Germylene-bridged Diiron Complexes and Singlet Stannylene-bridged Diiron Complexes
Authors: Mohamed Bahaa A S , Kikuchi Mami , Hashimoto Hisako , Ueno Keiji , Tobita Hiromi , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Photoreaction of CpFe(CO)2Me with sterically congested R2GeH2 [R = 2,4,6-C6H2iPr3 (Tip), 2,4,6-C6H2Me3 (Mes)] afforded paramagnetic germylene-bridged diiron complexes having a triplet ground state, Cp2Fe2(μ-CO)2(μ-GeR2) (3a, R = Tip; 3b, R = Mes), while the analogous reaction with R2SnH2 afforded diamagnetic complexes Cp2Fe2(CO)2(μ-CO)(μ-SnR2) (trans-5a, R = Tip; trans-5b, R = Mes). The structure of 3a was determined by X-ray crystallography.
Influence of Metallo Core Variation on 1-Methylimidazole Ligation to the Iron(III) in Porphyrin, Porphycene, Corrphycene, and Hemiporphycene
Authors: Neya Saburo , Hoshino Tyuji , Hata Masayuki , Funasaki Noriaki 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Binding of 1-methylimidazole to five-coordinate iodo-Fe(III) complexes of porphyrin and three porphyrin isomers was spectrophotometrically examined in benzene at 20 °C. The result demonstrates that the geometry of the metallocavity is important to control both iron movement through the aromatic plane and magnitude of the Fe–I interactions.
Synthesis of Novel 5′-Hydrogenphosphonothioate Derivatives of AZT, d4T and ddI
Authors: Jin Ying , Sun Ming , Fu Hua , Zhao Yu-Fen 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
5′-hydrogenphosphonothioate derivatives of AZT, d4T, and ddI as anti-HIV prodrug candidates were synthesized in 61–76% yields under mild conditions through sequential one-pot reactions, i.e., couple of triethylammonium phosphinate with different alcohols in the presence of pivaloyl chloride (PV-Cl), following oxidation with elemental sulfur and further condensation with AZT, d4T, or ddI in the presence of PV-Cl.
Preparation of Silver Dendritic Nanoparticles Using Sodium Polyacrylate in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Lee Gil-Jae , Shin Seung-Il , Oh Seong-Geun 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Silver dendritic nanoparticles of uniform size and morphology have been prepared at room temperature using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and sodium polyacrylate (PAA) as a protective agent in aqueous solution.
Facile and Stable Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes into a Hydrogel Composed of a Low Molecular-weight Gelator Bearing a Tautomeric Dye Group
Authors: Asai Masayoshi , Sugiyasu Kazunori , Fujita Norifumi , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
It was found that single-walled carbon nanotubes are stably dispersed into a low molecular-weight hydrogel (β-d-glucopyranoside–azonaphthol conjugate). From absorption and fluorescence spectral observations and microscopic images, it was shown that this gelator tends to orientate on the surface of SWNTs and specifically emits fluorescence light.
Synthesis of Pyrimidines via Base-induced Condensation of α-Chloro Oxime Derivatives
Authors: Tsuritani Takayuki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
A facile synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines from the reaction of α-chloro oxime ethers with Grignard reagents has been developed. Alkyl and aryl groups can be easily introduced at the 2-position of the pyrimidine core. In addition, a synthesis of unsymmetrical pyrimidines has been examined.
Stereoselective Construction of BC-ring unit of 19-Hydroxytaxol by Samarium(II) Iodide-mediated Double Aldol Cyclization
Authors: Matsuo Jun-ichi , Ogawa Yasuyuki , Pudhom Khanitha , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
The C-ring of 19-hydroxytaxol is stereoselectively constructed by samarium(II) iodide-mediated intramolecular double aldol cyclization of epoxyketo aldehyde to form the BC-ring unit which has the desired stereochemistry.
Formate buffer as preservative for urinary free catecholamine measurement
Authors: Iu Y.P. , Ho C.S. , Mak T.W.L. 
Published: January 2004

Background: Strong mineral acid is the most commonly used preservative for measuring urinary free catecholamines. Leakage of corrosive acid is a safety hazard. The use of formate buffer as a safer alternative was studied. Methods: Twenty-two urine specimens from post-operative patients were collected and preserved in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid or 0.75 M formate buffer. The specimens were stored at 4°C or -70°C, respectively. The free catecholamine content was measured at regular intervals by high-performance liquid chromatography for 6 months. Results: The preservation capability of formate buffer was equivalent to that of hydrochloric acid. Deep-freeze storage offered additional protection independent of the preservative used. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that formate buffer, compared to the most popularly used strong mineral acid solution, is an equally effective preservation for urinary free catecholamines. The less acidic nature of formate should invite fewer unpleasant incidents and safety hazards.
A new antiglycolytic agent
Authors: le Roux C.W. , Wilkinson S.D. , Pavitt D.V. , Muller B.R. , Alaghband-Zadeh J. 
Published: January 2004

Background: Glycolysis is not completely or predictably inhibited by the glucose preservative currently in use, with glucose values falling by as much as 0.5 mmol/L during a 2-4-h period after sample collection. Immediate centrifugation of all samples is also impractical and therefore misdiagnosis of disease can occur, especially if more emphasis is being placed on fasting glucose for the diagnosis of diabetes. Methods: Glycolysis at room temperature was evaluated over time using glyceraldehyde alone as well as in conjunction with standard antiglycolytic agents. Results: Glyceraldehyde alone does not inhibit glycolysis completely. The combination of 11mmol/L glyceraldehyde, 119 mmol/L sodium fluoride and 21.7 mmol/L potassium oxalate gave the best antiglycolytic results. The glucose values measured in samples stored at room temperature for 48 h was no different from those measured in samples centrifuged immediately after venepuncture and this is clinically superior to conventionally used sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate. Conclusion: Plasma glucose concentrations obtained from blood collected into tubes containing glyceraldehyde, sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate will more closely reflect those of the patient at venepuncture.
The perennial problem with potassium
Authors: Trull Andrew K , Jackson Christopher , Walsh Sarah , Thornton Andi , Culank Leslie S , McHugh John 
Published: January 2004

Background: The problem of spurious hyperkalaemia in blood samples delivered to hospitals from local general practitioners' (GP) surgeries remains a source of diagnostic confusion and potential danger to patients. We have carried out retrospective and prospective audits of serum potassium measurements to assess the influences of blood sample delivery time and temperature during transit from GP surgeries to a centralized laboratory on the risk of spurious serum potassium measurements. Method: The retrospective audit included serum potassium measurements made by the pathology laboratory at Addenbrooke's Hospital on 51 843 patients attending either the hospital itself or one of 62 local GP surgeries during the months August 2001 to February 2002 (i.e. summer through to winter). The probability of spurious potassium measurements on GP patients relative to blood sample delivery time and temperature was modelled by least-squares multiple linear regression. The prospective audit included serum potassium measurements made on 40 patients presenting early in the day at the Sutton GP surgery near Ely, Cambridgeshire, during the months February to May 2002. Results: Low blood sample delivery temperature had a greater impact on the probability of spurious potassium measurements than long delivery time. Low delivery temperature also had a greater impact on the probability of spurious hyperkalaemia than it had on the probability of spurious normokalaemia. At temperatures below 20.3°C, the probabilities of both spurious hyper- and normokalaemia for samples delivered from the most distant and closest GP surgeries to Addenbrooke's increased significantly. Conclusions: Maintaining blood sample delivery temperatures a few degrees above 20°C will minimize the risk of spurious serum potassium measurements on samples from GP patients.
Improving the quality of information on pathology request forms
Authors: Burnett Leslie , Chesher Douglas , Mudaliar Yugan 
Published: January 2004

Background: We have investigated the causes of incomplete pathology request forms received at our clinical chemistry laboratory. Based on a request form audit we found that the data most frequently missing from a pathology request form was the doctor's name, unique identification provider number, or signature. Methods: We examined the effect of issuing the requesting doctors with self-inking stamps personalized with their name and a unique provider number. Results: The intervention led to an immediate and sustained improvement in compliance, with the proportion of incomplete forms falling from 43% to 2%. In contrast, distribution of a memorandum alone made no significant change to the number of pathology request forms with incomplete data arriving at the laboratory. Conclusion: This study describes a simple and low-cost solution to one of the causes of incomplete pathology request forms. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of systems improvement in health care.
Polymorphism of Trp64Arg in β3-adrenergic receptor gene among Bolivian people in rural areas at high and low altitudes
Authors: Karasaki Yuji , Kashiwazaki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2004

Background: To investigate whether population differences in food and/or lifestyle could affect the distribution frequencies of polymorphism in the gene for β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), the frequency of Trp64Arg polymorphism was studied among Bolivian people living in rural areas of high (about 4000 m above sea level) and low (about 300 m above sea level) altitudes. Methods: Genomic DNA samples of Bolivian subjects (n=508) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for part of the β3-AR gene. The amplified PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme NciI and analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: We found no significant difference in the frequency of Arg allele in the β3-AR gene between 331 native low-altitude Bolivian subjects (18.1%) and 177 native high-altitude Bolivian subjects (17.5%). Body mass index was not associated with Trp64Arg polymorphism among native Bolivian adults. The frequency of this allele in the complete Bolivian population (18%) was lower than that reported in Pima Indians (32%), is comparable to the Japanese (19%) and is higher than several ethnic groups, including Finns (12%) and French (4%). Conclusions: Our data indicate that the altitude-related lifestyle of a population has had little influence on the frequency of Trp64Arg polymorphism and obesity in Bolivian natives.