bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Nelson Beebe , Kahn Kenneth B. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this issue: George S. Day and Paul J. H. Schoemaker, editors, with Robert E. Gunther Wharton on Managing Emerging TechnologiesFred Y. Phillips Market‐Oriented Technology Management: Innovating for Profit in Entrepreneurial TimesPaul A. Gompers and Josh Lerner The Money of Invention: How Venture Capital Creates New WealthJohn Man Gutenberg: How One Man Remade the World with Words Books received for possible review in a future issue: Ashish Arora, Andrea Fosfuri, and Alfonso Gambardella Markets for Technology: The Economics of Innovation and Corporate StrategyPaul Belliveau, Abbie Griffin, and Stephen Somermeyer, editors The PDMA Toolbook for New Product DevelopmentVincent Bozzone Speed to Market: Lean Manufacturing for Job ShopsJohn Seely Brown and Paul Duguid The Social Life of InformationEdmund B. Fitzgerald Globalizing Customer SolutionsMichael Greer The Project Manager's Partner: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Project ManagementJolyon Hallows The Project Management Office Toolkit: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Setting Up a Project Management OfficeRobert C. Megantz Technology Management: Developing and Implementing Effective Licensing ProgramsJeffrey H. Rohlfs Bandwagon Effects in High‐Technology IndustriesEtienne C. Wenger, Richard McDermott, and William Snyder Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge
Evidence that Binding of Cucumber Necrosis Virus to Vector Zoospores Involves Recognition of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Kakani Kishore , Robbins Marjorie , Rochon D'Ann 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

Despite the importance of vectors in natural dissemination of plant viruses, relatively little is known about the molecular features of viruses and vectors that permit their interaction in nature.
Cucumber necrosis virus
(CNV) is a small spherical virus whose transmission in nature is facilitated by zoospores of the fungus
Olpidium bornovanus
. Previous studies have shown that specific regions of the CNV capsid are involved in transmission and that transmission defects in several CNV transmission mutants are due to inefficient attachment of virions to the zoospore surface. In this study, we have undertaken to determine if zoospores contain specific receptors for CNV. We show that in vitro binding of CNV to zoospores is saturable and that vector zoospores bind CNV more efficiently than nonvector zoospores. Further studies show that treatment of zoospores with periodate and trypsin reduces CNV binding, suggesting the involvement of glycoproteins in zoospore attachment. In virus overlay assays, CNV binds to several proteins, whereas CNV transmission mutants either fail to bind or bind at significantly reduced levels. The possible involvement of specific sugars in attachment was investigated by incubating CNV with zoospores in the presence of various sugars. Two mannose derivatives (methyl α-
d
-mannopyranoside and
d
-mannosamine), as well as three mannose-containing oligosaccharides (mannotriose, α3,α6-mannopentaose, and yeast mannan) and
l
-(−)-fucose, all inhibited CNV binding at relatively low concentrations. Taken together, our studies suggest that binding of CNV to zoospores is mediated by specific mannose and/or fucose-containing oligosaccharides. This is the first time sugars have been implicated in transmission of a plant virus.
A Functional YNKI Motif in the Short Cytoplasmic Tail of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein gH Mediates Clathrin-Dependent and Antibody-Independent Endocytosis
Authors: Pasieka Tracy Jo , Maresova Lucie , Grose Charles 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
The trafficking of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) gH was investigated under both infection and transfection conditions. In initial endocytosis assays performed in infected cells, the three glycoproteins gE, gI, and gB served as positive controls for internalization from the plasma membrane. Subsequently, we discovered that gH in VZV-infected cells was also internalized and followed a similar trafficking pattern. This observation was unexpected because all herpesvirus gH homologues have short endodomains not known to contain trafficking motifs. Further investigation demonstrated that VZV gH, when expressed alone with its chaperone gL, was capable of endocytosis in a clathrin-dependent manner, independent of gE, gI, or gB. Upon inspection of the short gH cytoplasmic tail, we discovered a putative tyrosine-based endocytosis motif (YNKI). When the tyrosine was replaced with an alanine, endocytosis of gH was blocked. Utilizing an endocytosis assay dependent on biotin labeling, we further documented that endocytosis of VZV gH was antibody independent. In control experiments, we showed that gE, gI, and gB also internalized in an antibody-independent manner. Alignment analysis of the VZV gH cytoplasmic tail to other herpesvirus gH homologues revealed two important findings: (i) herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 homologues lacked an endocytosis motif, while all other alphaherpesvirus gH homologues contained a potential motif, and (ii) the VZV gH and simian varicella virus gH cytoplasmic tails were likely longer in length (18 amino acids) than predicted in the original sequence analyses (12 and 16 amino acids, respectively). The longer tails provided the proper context for a functional endocytosis motif.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Recognize and Target Darwinian Positively Selected Autologous K1 Epitopes
Authors: Stebbing Justin , Bourboulia Dimitra , Johnson Margaret , Henderson Stephen , Williams Ian , Wilder Natalie , Tyrer Mervyn , Youle Mike , Imami Nesrina , Kobu Toru , Kuon Wolfgang , Sieper Joachim , Gotch Frances , Boshoff Chris 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the infectious cause of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and certain lymphoproliferations particularly in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-induced immunosuppression. The introduction of effective therapies to treat HIV has led to a decline in the incidence of KS, suggesting that immune responses may play a role in controlling KSHV infection and pathogenesis. Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity against KSHV proteins has been demonstrated; however, the identification of KSHV CTL epitopes remains elusive and problematic. Although the herpesvirus genomic layout is generally conserved, KSHV encodes a unique hypervariable protein, K1, with intense biological selection pressure at specific amino acid sites. To investigate whether this variability is partly driven by cellular immunity, we designed K1 peptides that match only the unique viral sequence for every individual studied here (autologous peptides). We identified functional CTL epitopes within K1's most variable areas, and we show that a given individual responds only to autologous peptides and not to peptides from other individuals. Furthermore, these epitopes are highly conserved sequences within KSHV isolates from a specific strain but are not conserved between different strains. We conclude that CTL recognition contributes to K1, and therefore to KSHV, evolution.
Role of CD8+Lymphocytes in Control and Clearance of Measles Virus Infection of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Permar Sallie R. , Klumpp Sherry A. , Mansfield Keith G. , Kim Woong-Ki , Gorgone Darci A. , Lifton Michelle A. , Williams Kenneth C. , Schmitz Jörn E. , Reimann Keith A. , Axthelm Michael K. , Polack Fernando P. , Griffin Diane E. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe creation of an improved vaccine for global measles control will require an understanding of the immune mechanisms of measles virus containment. To assess the role of CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes in measles virus clearance, rhesus monkeys were depleted of CD8+lymphocytes by monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody infusion and challenged with wild-type measles virus. The CD8+lymphocyte-depleted animals exhibited a more extensive rash, higher viral loads at the peak of virus replication, and a longer duration of viremia than did the control antibody-treated animals. These findings indicate a central role for CD8+lymphocytes in the control of measles virus infections and the importance of eliciting a cell-mediated immune response in new measles vaccine strategies.
Versatile inducible activation system of Akt/PKB signaling pathway in mice
Authors: Kroll Jens , Cobo Patricia , Sato Thomas N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSummary: We report a transgenic mouse line in which Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway can be activated in an inducible manner in defined cell types. In this transgenic mouse line, Cre expression allows the expression of a tamoxifen‐activatable form of Akt/PKB in a defined cell type. Subsequent injection of tamoxifen triggers the transient activation of Akt/PKB in mice. Thus, this transgenic line allows the transient activation of Akt/PKB pathway in a predefined cell type. We expect that this transgenic system will provide a unique tool to study the roles of Akt/PKB pathway in mice. genesis 35:160–163, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The jewel wasp Nasonia: Querying the genome with haplo‐diploid genetics
Authors: Pultz Mary Anne , Leaf David S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSummary: The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis is considered the “Drosophila melanogaster of the Hymenoptera.” This diminutive wasp offers insect geneticists a means for applying haplo‐diploid genetics to the analysis of developmental processes. As in bees, haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs, while diploid females develop from fertilized eggs. Nasonia's advantageous combination of haplo‐diploid genetics and ease of handling in the laboratory facilitates screening the entire genome for recessive mutations affecting a developmental process of interest. This approach is currently directed toward understanding the evolution of embryonic pattern formation by comparing Nasonia embryogenesis to that of Drosophila. Haplo‐diploid genetics also facilitates developing molecular maps and mapping polygenic traits. Moreover, Nasonia embryos are also proving amenable to cell biological analysis. These capabilities are being exploited to understand a variety of behavioral, developmental, and evolutionary processes, ranging from cytoplasmic incompatibility to the evolution of wing morphology. genesis 35:185–191, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood cancer in relation to infections in the community during pregnancy and around the time of birth
Authors: Nyari Tibor A. , Dickinson Heather O. , Parker Louise 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a retrospective cohort study of 404,106 live births in the northern region of England, 1975–1986, we investigated whether higher levels of community infections during the mother's pregnancy and in early life were risk factors for cancer, by diagnostic group (leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, brain/spinal tumours, neuroblastoma, other tumours), diagnosed 1975–2001 under age 15 years. Logistic regression was used to relate risk to measures of community infections (measles, respiratory and other infections) in 3 prenatal and 2 postnatal quarters. There was an increased risk of Hodgkin's disease among children exposed around birth to higher levels of measles (odds ratio for trend = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3–4.2, p = 0.01). For other diagnostic groups, there was no consistent evidence of an association between risk and exposure to infections. Although the significant association observed for Hodgkin's disease may be a chance finding, consequent to multiple hypothesis testing or the ecologic nature of the study, it is consistent with other recent epidemiologic results suggesting that the risk of Hodgkin's disease may be associated with exposure to infections. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing change: the London taxi cabs case study
Authors: Skok Walter , Tissut Michel 
Published: March 2003

Abstract‘The Knowledge’ is the colloquial term used to describe the examination process that must be undertaken by anyone who seeks to become one of London's world famous ‘black cab’ taxi drivers.The examination process:

Has changed little since its introduction in 1851 following the problems associated with transporting the public from the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park:
Is still essentially based on a series of one‐to‐one interviews and has been described as restrictive, inflexible to demand, closed and secretive:
Is affected by the introduction of the Private Hire Vehicles (1998) Act:
Finds the taxi trade in a highly unstable social, economic and political environment, with many of the key stakeholders calling for reform.
This paper describes a study that:

Is concerned with identifying the complex social, political, legal and economic issues involved in reform, using a stakeholder analysis:
Aims to enhance understanding of the critical issues involved in a far‐reaching and high‐profile management of change programme.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the guaranteed handover algorithm in satellite constellations requiring mutual visibility
Authors: Boedhihartono Poethi , Maral Gérard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHandover is one of the key subjects in maintaining the quality of service offered by non‐geostationary constellation systems. As the satellite coverage moves according to the satellite motion, the continuity of a call must be maintained from one satellite to another. In case the handover fails, the call is dropped, resulting in a quality of service degradation.This paper proposes several handover procedures that guarantee a successful handover in non‐geostationary satellite constellations requiring mutual visibility. Reservations at next satellite must be done in advance in order to avoid call drops. Several handover performance metrics (such as call blocking probability, call dropping probability and handover rate) are presented for each procedure as a function of traffic load variation. Comparisons of handover performance metrics between these procedures are presented as well. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability analysis of an adaptive packet access scheme for mobile communication systems with high propagation delays
Authors: Giambene Giovanni , Zoli Enrico 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate a packet access scheme that is able to support mixed traffics in the presence of high propagation delays. Referring to a Time‐Code Division Multiple Access air interface, we propose a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol based on a random access scheme. A successful attempt grants the use of a slot‐code resource. This protocol is named Adaptive Time Code‐Packet Reservation Multiple Access (ATC‐PRMA), since the access parameters are changed, depending on the traffic load conditions, so as to fulfil Quality of Service requirements. Numerical examples are carried out for the Low Earth Orbit (LEO)‐Mobile Satellite System (MSS) scenario, but all these considerations could be applied to High‐Altitude Platform Stations (HAPSs) as well. In both cases, high propagation delays prevent an immediate feedback to users. An analytical approach is proposed to study the stability of our MAC scheme. Accordingly, we define a criterion for optimizing system performance. The predicted ATC‐PRMA behaviour is supported by simulation results. Finally, we show the performance improvement of ATC‐PRMA with respect to a MAC protocol not employing adaptive parameters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probability of finding HLA‐matched unrelated marrow donors for Koreans and Japanese from the Korean and Japan Marrow Donor Programs
Authors: Oh H.B. , Kim S.I. , Park M.H. , Akaza T. , Juji T. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:This study was performed to assess the probability of finding HLA‐matched donors for Korean and Japanese patients from unrelated marrow donor registries of both countries. A simulation study of donor search was carried out using the donor pools of the Korean Marrow Donor Program (KMDP) with 10,244 and the Japan Marrow Donor Program (JMDP) with 53,411 HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DR typed donors. The records of a total of 184 actual Korean patients and 1,302 simulated Japanese patients were searched and A, B, DR‐matched donors were found for 28% of Korean and 76% of Japanese patients from the KMDP and JMDP pools, respectively. Of those patients who could not find matched donors in the registry of their own country, 30% of Koreans could find matched donors in the JMDP and 10% of Japanese in the KMDP pools. It can be concluded that future international collaboration between Korea and Japan would be very effective for unrelated bone marrow transplantations.
The molecular determination of HLA‐Cw alleles in the Mandenka (West Africa) reveals a close genetic relationship between Africans and Europeans
Authors: Sanchez‐Mazas A. , Steiner Q.‐G. , Grundschober C. , Tiercy J.‐M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:HLA‐Cw alleles were determined by high‐resolution polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe (PCR‐SSOP) oligotyping in a sample of 165 Mandenka, a population from Eastern Senegal previously analysed for A/B and DRB/DQB polymorphisms. A total of 18 Cw alleles were identified, with Cw*0401/5 and 1601 accounting for a combined frequency of 36%. A comparison of Cw allele frequencies among several populations of different origins, Mandenka, Swiss, English, Ashkenazi Jews from the UK and Japanese, reveals a high genetic heterogeneity among them, but also a much closer relationship between Mandenka, Europeans and Ashkenazi than between any of these populations and Japanese. Cw*0501, Cw*0701 and Cw*1601, among others, appear to be restricted to the European and African populations. Many B‐Cw haplotypes exhibit a significant linkage disequilibrium in the Mandenka, among which B*3501‐Cw*0401 and B*7801‐Cw*1601, formed by the most frequent B and Cw alleles, and B*5201‐Cw*1601, B*5702‐Cw*18 and B*4410‐Cw*0401, not yet observed in other populations. B*3501‐Cw*0401 is found with similar frequencies in Europeans. The results possibly support a close historical relationship between Africans and Europeans as compared to East Asiatics. However, the HLA‐Cw frequency distributions are characterised by an excess of heterozygotes, indicating that balancing selection may have played a role in the evolution of this polymorphism.
Development of a PCR‐SSOP approach capable of defining the natural killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR) gene sequence repertoires
Authors: Crum K.A. , Logue S.E. , Curran M.D. , Middleton D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A molecular typing method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of three different target domains (immunoglobulin domains 1 and 3, and the transmembrane‐cytoplasmic domain), followed by hybridisation with 26 digoxigenin‐labelled sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) has been established for the polymorphic killer inhibitory receptor (KIR) genes. In addition to identifying the 12 KIR subfamilies, our PCR‐SSOP typing approach could also distinguish the putative alleles, NKB1 and NKAT3, that comprise the KIR3DL1 subfamily. Ninety unrelated blood donors and 13 families (52 individuals), including both parents, were subjected to our KIR PCR‐SSOP typing approach. All 12 KIR subfamilies, including a 2DS5 variant sequence, were present in the 90 individuals and displayed varied phenotype frequencies: 2DL1 (0.96), 2DL2 (0.31), 2DL3 (0.95), 2DS1 (0.56) 2DS2 (0.51), 2DS3 (0.27), 2DS4 (0.96), 2DS5v (0.35), 3DS1 (0.47), 3DL1 (0.96), 3DL2 (1.0) and 2DL4 (1.0). A total of 23 different KIR phenotypes were defined in this study, and 10 of these were only found on one occasion in one individual, indicating considerable diversity in the KIR phenotype profiles within the Irish population. Most individuals (93%) possessed the complement of inhibitory KIR specificities for the three well‐defined HLA‐B and ‐C ligands. An unusual probe pattern for 3DS1 was observed in 3 individuals indicating a variant 3DS1 gene sequence with changes at nucleotide positions 1185–1186, within the cytoplasmic domain. Sequencing analysis revealed a new single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 3 of 3DL1 NKB1(195, G‐A) and a 22‐bp deletion polymorphism in exon 5 of 2DS4 (nucleotides 777–798 deleted). A number of strong KIR associations were observed, namely 2DL1 with 2DL3, 2DS4 with 3DL1, 2DL2 with 2DS1/2DS2/2DS3, 2DS1 with 2DS3/2DS5v/3DS1, 2DS2 with 2DS3 and 2DS5v with 3DS1. Analysis of the KIR segregation observed in the 13 families confirmed these strong associations and permitted the definition of a number of partial KIR haplotypes, e.g. 2DL2‐2DS1‐2DS2‐2DS3‐3DL1. The segregation analysis concluded that at least 3 distinct gene loci encode 2DL1‐4 and at least 4 gene loci encode the non‐inhibitory KIR2DS1‐2DS5. In the case of 3DL1‐2 and 3DS1, our data suggests 3 gene loci, one for each subfamily.
Coordinate downregulation of multiple MHC class I antigen processing genes in chemical‐induced murine tumor cell lines of distinct origin
Authors: Seliger B. , Wollscheid U. , Momburg F. , Blankenstein T. , Huber C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:In murine tumor cell lines, downregulation of MHC class I surface expression has been frequently detected, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of such deficiencies have not been defined. In this study, murine tumor cell lines of different histology derived from spontaneous or from chemical‐induced tumors were analyzed for the expression of multiple components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen‐processing machinery (APM), including the peptide transporter TAP, the interferon (IFN)‐γ inducible proteasome subunits and several chaperones. The tumor cell lines analyzed demonstrated a heterogeneous expression pattern of various APM components. In comparison to control cells an impaired coordinated expression of at least three APM components was detected. In particular, extensive APM deficiencies were found in cell lines derived from chemical‐induced tumors. A strong coordinated downregulation of expression and/or function of TAP, the low molecular weight proteins (LMP) subunits, the proteasome activator PA28 and/or tapasin was found in 5 of 10 tumor cells, which was associated with impaired MHC class I surface expression. In contrast, the expression of β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m), PA28β, the constitutive proteasome subunits X, Y, Z and of the chaperones calnexin, calreticulin, ER60 and phospho disulfide isomerase (PDI) was unaltered or only weakly decreased. The deficient expression of APM components could be corrected by IFN‐γ treatment, which also reconstituted MHC class I surface expression. However, impaired expression of APM molecules appears not to be the only cause of abnormal MHC class I expression, since it could neither be corrected by the addition of exogeneous MHC class I binding peptides nor by incubation at low temperature. These results suggest that one major mechanism of murine tumor cells, in particular chemical‐induced tumors, to evade the immune system is the combined dysregulation of various APM components and other factors, which still have to be identified.