bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Genetics—Inversions
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Naturally occurring chromosomal inversions are widespread in Drosophila and were indirectly detected very early in the history of genetics. Sturtevant (1917) found strains of D. melanogaster that exhibited reduced recombination in certain chromosomes and chromosome regions. He designated these strains crossover suppressors and deduced they might be due to an inversion in the order of genes on a chromosome, a proposal he subsequently verified (Sturtevant, 1926) with genetic mapping data. The physical reality of chromosomal inversions was confirmed with the discovery of giant polytene chromosomes (Painter, 1933) from which one could read the gene order by the morphology of the banding patterns (Patau, 1935; Tan, 1935; Koller, 1936).
Population Genetics—Laboratory Studies
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experimental populations in a laboratory have several advantages for the empirical population geneticist. One really knows exactly what the population is and can manipulate it more or less at will. L’Heritier and Teissier (1933) were the first to develop a population cage for continuous breeding of Drosophila populations. Their cages were boxes 50 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm with 21 holes for food cups that would be replaced periodically, usually one per day. Such cages maintain adult populations of three to six thousand flies with overlapping generations. The larval breeding cups are extremely crowded, with only one or two percent of eggs ever reaching adulthood, making selection quite intense. Many variations on this original design have evolved over the years, but most are similar enough in the essentials that we don’t generally need to worry about the details.
Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them
Authors: Taylor Marjorie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many parents delight in their child's imaginary companion as evidence of a lively imagination and creative mind. At the same time, parents sometimes wonder if the imaginary companion might be a sign that something is wrong. Does having a pretend friend mean that the child is in emotional distress? That he or she has difficulty communicating with other children? In this fascinating book, Marjorie Taylor provides an informed look at current thinking about pretend friends, dispelling many myths about them. In the past a child with an imaginary companion might have been considered peculiar, shy, or even troubled, but according to Taylor the reality is much more positive--and interesting. Not only are imaginary companions surprisingly common, the children who have them tend to be less shy than other children. They also are better able to focus their attention and to see things from another person's perspective. In addition to describing imaginary companions and the reasons children create them, Taylor discusses other aspects of children's fantasy lives, such as their belief in Santa, their dreams, and their uncertainty about the reality of TV characters. Adults who remember their own childhood pretend friends will be interested in the chapter on the relationship between imaginary companions in childhood and adult forms of fantasy. Taylor also addresses practical concerns, providing many useful suggestions for parents. For example, she describes how children often express their own feelings by attributing them to their imaginary companion. If you have a child who creates imaginary creatures, or if you work with pre-schoolers, you will find this book very helpful in understanding the roles that imaginary companions play in children's emotional lives.
Writing and Rewriting Poetry: William Wordsworth
Authors: Jeffrey Linda R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Repetitive activity is as essential in creative work as it is in everyday life. Repetition sometimes reflects simply the practical need to do the same thing yet again (like eating). Sometimes it is undertaken deliberately as part of an exploration of a complex enterprise. Each time we review something we re-vise it, seeing new aspects of the same thing. In writing poetry the reviewing and revising are compounded since a form of repetition-reiteration-is a major poetic device for bringing home a point or strengthening an emotional effect.
Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrogen constitutes about 79 percent of the earth’s atmosphere, yet, in an agricultural plant production system, it is still common for soils to be deficient of the nitrogen needed for maximum plant growth. But nitrogen fertilizers that are essential for the economically driven production of food and fiber are recognized as polluters of natural waters, and it has become increasingly apparent that manufactured and naturally occurring nitrogen resources must be better managed. This book addresses the problem by describing how the various factors such as types of soils and crops, irrigation methods, climate, and the nitrogen cycle itself affect levels of nitrogen in plant production systems. The book also provides a practical guide to the many advantages and disadvantages of using different fertilizers across such factors as environment, type of plant, and method of farming. This book will be part of the solution to nitrogen management and agricultural problems and will be of interest to workers in local, state, and federal agricultural extension services, consulting firms, environmental regulators, and students and researchers in soil chemistry.
Nitrogen
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is ironic that nitrogen is quite frequently a limiting factor for plant growth while it is one of the most abundant elements in the biosphere. Most nitrogen exists in a form that is not available for plant use. In natural environments and agricultural systems nitrogen is generally deficient for plant growth. However, under some natural conditions nitrogen can accumulate over time to the point where it is adequate for plant growth; but when nitrogen removal increases, such as in agricultural production, then the nitrogen reserve is quickly depleted. In an agricultural system much of the nitrogen is removed in the harvested portion of the crop. Consequently, nitrogen must be added to sustain production.
Placement
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The placement of nitrogen fertilizers is important in governing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use. By utilizing a variety of placement techniques, it is possible to control such factors as volatilization losses, leaching of nitrogen below the root zone, uptake of nitrogen by the plant, and nitrogen transformation such as denitrification, mineralization, nitrification, and immobilization. The influence of placement on nitrogen utilization is regulated by the source of nitrogen and the time of application, indicating the interrelationships of various management techniques. In addition, each of the system variables also influences the optimum placement of nitrogen fertilizers.
Rate of Nitrogen Application
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics influence the amount of nitrogen that may be required for plant growth. These interact with the other system and management variables to determine the rate of fertilizer required in order to achieve maximum yield. Even though these soil characteristics contribute to a high degree of variability in soil nitrate levels, soil tests for nitrate have been surprisingly effective guides for estimating the rate of fertilization. For example, in Figs. 9-1 and 9-2 are shown correlations between the soil nitrate-nitrogen concentration and the yield of corn and sorghum, respectively, based on samples obtained from the O to 120-cm soil depth. In Table 9-1 are also shown data indicating the relationship between the initial soil nitrogen level and crop yield. These data demonstrate the utility of soil test information for predicting fertilizer application rates. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that other characteristics of the agricultural production system have an impact on the efficient utilization of soil and fertilizer nitrogen and also must be considered in predicting the fertilizer requirements by using these tests.
Energy (Organic Matter)
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The soil matrix is teeming with a large population of microorganisms, estimated to be on the order of one billion organisms per cubic centimeter of soil volume. Soil organic matter and fresh organic residues incorporated into the soil provide the energy source to sustain this population of microorganisms. While the population of microorganisms may differ in a qualitative sense (there may be different species present in soils with widely different physical and chemical characteristics), in the quantitative sense they carry out the decomposition of organic materials in the soil in fundamentally the same way with, perhaps, small differences in rates from one soil to another. Many of the organisms that are essential for the transformation of nitrogen are ubiquitous and soil microbiologists have yet to find soils on earth that do not contain these microorganisms. However, there may be wide differences in the population of specific organisms, which influences the soils ability to support these transformations at a rapid rate. Where environmental factors and soil characteristics restrict the rate of transformation, changes in the soil factors and/or changes in the climate to more optimum conditions may allow microbes to function at an optimum rate. Factors that influence the aeration and energy supply will determine the rate and the type of transformations that may take place. Soil structure and texture influence water content and aeration, which along with the presence of organic matter are the predominant factors affecting the rates of nitrogen transformations.
Believing in Magic
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all live in a world of uncertainty — in some cases, the most critical events in our lives are completely unpredictable and utterly unexpected. Many people respond to this uncertainty with superstitious beliefs or actions— from carrying good luck charms to knocking on wood or crossing fingers. But even though our understanding or the natural world tells us that these signs and gestures cannot possibly affect the events at which they are directed, superstition is still extremely common, if not universal, among people of all occupations and every educational and income level. Why is superstitious behaviour so prevalent? How is this behaviour established and maintained? Is there a superstitious personality? These are just some of the questions addressed by Stuart Vyse in Believing in Magic. To answer these questions, Vyse examines current behavioural research and show us that every day superstitions are the natural result of several well-understood psychological processes. Written in a style that is both entertaining and informative, this book demonstrates how complex—even paradoxical—human behaviour can be understood through scientific investigation. It addresses the personality features associated with superstition and the roles of operant conditioning, reasoning errors, and social influence in the development of superstitious beliefs and actions. In addition, children;s superstitions and the relationship of superstition to psychopathology are discussed. Although superstition is a normal part of human behaviour, Vyse agrues that we must provide alternative methods of coping with life;s uncertainties by teaching decision analysis, promoting science education, and challenging students to critically evaluate the sources of their beliefs.
Patriarchy and Modernity
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is patriarchal society? How does it come into being? How is it transformed? What are its distinctive features-its values, forms of knowledge, social practices, political organization? To answer these and other related questions we must first clarify our basic assumptions, which will enable us to see in what sense we take traditional Arab society to be patriarchal. To begin with, patriarchy is a term that essentially defines a specific kind of social-political structure, with a specific value system and forms of discourse and practice, based on a distinctive mode of economic organization. Patriarchy is the central social relational feature of the precapitalist social formation which has historically existed in varying forms in Europe and Asia. Our contention is that patriarchy took a specific and distinctive form in the society we characterize as traditional Arab society. So while some of the characteristics we will analyze here may fit other, non-Arab societies, their specificity is de rived from the conditions, development, and experiences be longing to the Arab world.
The Social Formation of Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a social formation, patriarchy is a distinctive structure, the product of specific cultural and historical conditions. From the diachronic (historical) viewpoint, patriarchal social formation is a determinate succession of stages; from the synchronic (structural) standpoint, it is a series of interrelated types. Insofar as each type belongs to a corresponding stage, all types of patriarchal society are necessarily transitional-except perhaps for the contemporary type, neopatriarchy, which (like capitalism) is terminal, inasmuch as it marks the end of patriarchal society as such and the emergence of a qualitatively different type (modern society).
Neopatriarchy in the Age of Imperialism
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what way did imperialism (understood as both colonialism and imperialism) contribute to shaping the sociocultural formation of neopatriarchy as we encounter it in the Arab world today? This question was partly dealt with in Chapter 5. We have seen how the first responses in the Ottoman Empire were basically defensive, reorganizing military and administrative institutions. These were the first, and in some respects the last, autonomous modernizing gestures against the European threat. Strictly speaking, all subsequent modernization unfolded within relations of subordination and dependency; under direct European domination, modernization became a function of the system of colonial rule and imperial domination. Thus to gain an adequate appreciation of the transformation patriarchal society underwent during the imperialist epoch, we need to understand the objective structures that emerged from the superimposition of European imperialism and colonialism upon patriarchal society.
Introduction
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word manufacturing comes from the Latin manu factus, which means made by hand. In the modern sense, manufacturing involves making products from raw materials through various processes. These manufacturing processes transform the raw material into the desired product. In a mechanical sense, these transformations may be classified into three broad categories: (1) deformation processes, (2) material removal processes, and (3) phase-change processes.
Solidification Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the analysis and design of solidification of pure metals. In the first part of the chapter, a direct analysis is presented for the motion of the solid-liquid freezing interface and the time-dependent temperature field. An iterative implicit algorithm has been developed for this purpose using the boundary element method (BEM) with time-dependent Green’s functions and convolution integrals. Emphasis is given to twodimensional examples. The second part of the chapter provides a methodol­ogy for the solution of an inverse design Stefan problem. A method for controlling the fluxes at the freezing front and its velocity is demonstrated. The BEM, in conjunction with a sequential least squares technique, is used to solve this ill-posed problem, which has important technological applications. The accuracy of the method is illustrated through one-dimensional numerical examples.
Children Talk About The Mind
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What, exactly, do children understand about the mind? And when does that understanding first emerge? In this groundbreaking book, Karen Bartsch and Henry Wellman answer these questions and much more by taking a probing look at what children themselves have to tell us about their evolving conceptions of people and their mental lives. By examining more than 200,000 everyday conversations (sampled from ten children between the ages of two and five years), the authors advance a comprehensive “naive theory of mind” that incorporates both early desire and belief-desire theories to trace childhood development through its several stages. Throughout, the book offers a splendidly written account of extensive original findings and critical new insights that will be eagerly read by students and researchers in developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and psycholinguistics.
Watershed Cases:Roe v. Wade 1973
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roe v. W a dewas in many ways the paradigmatic Burger Court case. It was clearly the most controversial decision rendered by that Court, and no Court decision has been more bitterly attacked. “It is hard to think of any decision in the two hundred years of our history,” declared Cardinal Krol, the President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, “which has had more disastrous implications for our stability as a civilized society.” Condemnatory letters were sent to the Justices in unprecedented volume, particularly to Justice Blackmun, the author of the opinion. Antiabortion pickets still show up at his speeches.
Rehnquist Court, 1986
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of an institution such as the Supreme Court, like a tapestry, is made up of many strands that, interwoven, make a pattern; to separate a single one and look at it alone not only defaces the whole but gives the strand itself a false value. All too many studies of the Supreme Court, or of its individual members, concentrate upon single strands of the Court’s work, emphasizing, more often than not, those aspects that diverge most sharply from the overall pattern.
The Patient’s Experience and the Nature of Higher Cerebral Functions
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of neuropsychological rehabilitation begins with under standing what the patient experiences regarding his or her higher cerebral functions (or dysfunction). What the patient experiences guides the neuropsychological interview and later examination. It is also crucial for planning rehabilitation strategies. If the patient does not experience, at some level, the usefulness of the examination or the rehabilitation pro gram, he or she will resist treatment or only passively engage in it. Thus, the first principle of neuropsychological rehabilitation is that the clinician must enter the patient’s phenomenological field in order to sense what he or she experiences. Frequently clinicians will encounter that the patient is frustrated and confused over what is happening. Therapy aimed at reducing this frustration and confusion will be eagerly met by thepatient, irrespective of whether such rehabilitation activities actually improve higher cerebral functions. The reality of helping patients not be alone with their disturbances and helping them deal with their disordered experience is of maximum value. Let us begin, then, with the patients’ experience of brain damage.
Personality Disturbances and Brain Damage: Practical Considerations
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding patients’ personalities helps in their management during neuropsychological rehabilitation. In this case, the old adage “fore warned is forearmed” is apt because personality disturbances in brain dysfunctional patients seem to be almost as overwhelming to the rehabilitation team (Prigatano et al., 1986) as to family members (Brooks and McKinlay, 1983).
Combining Constraints
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stream of thought flows on; but most of its segments fall into the bottomless abyss of oblivion. Of some, no memory survives the instant of their passage. Of others, it is confined to a few moments, hours, or days. Others, again leave vestiges which are indestructible, and by means of which they may be recalled as long as life endures. Can we explain these differences? ... The “secret of a good memory'' is thus the secret of forming diverse and multiple associations with every fact we care to retain.
A Theory of Rememberingfor Oral Traditions
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reminders provide a good example of the relative tradeoffs between the roles of internal versus external knowledge. Knowledge in the world is accessible. It is self reminding. . . . Knowledge in the mind is ephemeral: here now, gone later. We can't count on something being present in mind at any particular time, unless it is triggered by some external event. Out of sight, out of mind.
North Carolina Ballads
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Balladry belongs to the none too literate . . . people who know it by heart where it can weather and season properly. Ballads lead their life in the mouths and ears of men by hear-say like bluebirds and flickers in the nest of hollow trees. Frost, 1953, p. xii And here the very Prince of Poets, old Homer, if we may trust ancient Records, was nothing more than a blind Ballad-singer, who writ Songs of the Siege of Troy, and the Adventures of Ulysses; and playing Tunes upon his Harp, sung from Door to Door, till at his Death somebody thought it fit to collect all his Ballads, and by a little connecting 'em, gave us the Iliad and Odysses, which since that Time have been so much admired.
Breaking Free from the Cult of Thinness
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does change come from “inside out” or do we have to change society to change individuals? Can one escape the Cult of Thinness by means of self-help books and programs, and various therapies? Or is what has happened to women’s bodies a political issue, inseparable from our personal concern? Nancy, a college sophomore, commented: “I think weight is important, but I think a person’s correct weight really depends on the person herself.