bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro folding and characterization of the p53 DNA binding domain
Authors: Klein C. , Hesse F. , Dehner A. , Engh R. A. , Schwaiger M. , Hansen S. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The transcription factor p53 acts as major tumor suppressor
and is inactivated by mutation in more than 50%
of all human tumors. We have established an efficient
procedure for the in vitro folding and purification of the
p53 DNA binding domain (p53DBD) using a modified factorial
matrix approach that supplies large amounts of
homogeneous (isotope-labeled) p53DBD for application
in biochemical, crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic
studies. We further show with biophysical methods that
in vitro folded p53DBD is fully functional and that its conformation
is identical to that obtained from the soluble
fraction.
A recombinant cell bioassay for measurement of overall estrogenic activity of serum: preliminary results in women with breast cancer
Authors: Séronie-Vivien Sophie , Dalenc Florence , Balaguer Patrick , Nicolas Jean-Claude , Roché Henri , Faye Jean-Charles 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe estrogenic status of patients with breast cancer may influence the prognosis and the response to treatment and is currently assessed by immunological measurement of serum estradiol. This does not account for estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity related to growth factors able to activate the estrogen receptor, to anti-estrogenic drugs or to exogenous supply of estrogen-like compounds. We developed a recombinant bioassay based on a mammary cell line expressing luciferase in an estrogen receptor-dependent way. In a human serum matrix the MELN system was able to detect the transcriptional activity of estradiol, growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin at insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-like concentrations), xeno-estrogens (diethylstilbestrol, phytoestrogens) and tamoxifen in a dose-dependent manner. The intra- and inter-assay variations were <6% and ≤15%, respectively, whatever the estradiol concentration; the functional sensitivity was <10 pmol/l equivalents of estradiol. We assessed the overall estrogenic activity of serum (OEAS) in 16 healthy women and in 24 women with advanced breast cancer. The correlation between OEAS and serum log
Small angle scattering in the Porod region from hydrated paper sheets at varying humidities
Authors: Garvey Christopher J. , Parker Ian H. , Knott Robert B. , Simon George P. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The microscopic changes in the structure of paper at different equilibrium moisture contents were examined using the novel technique of contrast variation small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Contrast variation, by appropriate selection of the H2O:D2O ratio, was used to simplify the scattering from hydrated paper to a two-phase approximation. The two phases were paper polymers (cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses) and a phase consisting of water and voids. The two-phase approximation is justified by consideration of the chemistry and density of each of the polymer species belonging to paper, and by matching the scattering length density of the sorbed moisture to air. The neutron intensity at the higher scattering angles examined was successfully fitted using the Porod law, which is applicable to scattering from a two-phase system at the high scattering angle limit. This limit is related to the specific surface area between the two phases. The limiting scattered intensity of neutrons was found to increase with increasing moisture content for a range of paper materials. It is concluded that the sorption of water increased the limiting intensity because water disrupted polymer-polymer bonding. The Porod law also predicts the slope of the intensity/scattering angle curve at the high scattering angle limit.
Consumption Dynamics of the Adult Piscivorous Fish Community in Spirit Lake, Iowa
Authors: Liao Hongsheng , Pierce Clay L. , Larscheid Joe G. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
At Spirit Lake, one of Iowa's most important fisheries, walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) is one of the most popular species with anglers. Despite a century of walleye stocking and management in Spirit Lake, walleye growth rate, size structure, and angler harvest continue to decline. Our purpose was to determine the magnitude and dynamics of walleye population consumption relative to those of other piscivorous species in Spirit Lake, which would allow managers to judge the feasibility of increasing the abundance, growth rate, and size structure of the walleye population. We quantified food consumption by the adult piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake over a 3-year period. Data on population dynamics, diet, energy density, and water temperature from 1995 to 1997 were used in bioenergetics models to estimate total consumption by walleye, yellow perch Perca flavescens, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, and northern pike Esox lucius. Estimated annual consumption by the piscivorous community varied roughly fourfold, ranging from 154,752 kg in 1995 to 662,776 kg in 1997. Walleyes dominated total consumption, accounting for 68, 73, and 90% (1995–1997, respectively) of total food consumption. Walleyes were also the dominant consumers of fish, accounting for 76, 86, and 97% of piscivorous consumption; yellow perch followed, accounting for 16% of piscivorous consumption in 1995 and 12% in 1996. Yellow perch were the predominant fish prey species in all 3 years, accounting for 68, 52, and 36% of the total prey consumed. Natural reproduction is weak, so high walleye densities are maintained by intensive stocking. Walleye stocking drives piscivorous consumption in Spirit Lake, and yearly variation in the cannibalism of stocked walleye fry may be an important determinant of walleye year-class strength and angler success. Reducing walleye stocking intensity, varying stocking intensity from year to year, and attempting to match stocking intensity with the abundance of prey species other than walleye may improve the walleye fishery in Spirit Lake.
An Alternative Approach to Detection of Length-Related Biases in Standard Weight Equations
Authors: Gerow Kenneth G. , Hubert Wayne A. , Anderson-Sprecher Richard C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
We propose a new method for assessing length-related biases in standard weight (Ws) equations computed by the regression-line−percentile method. We evaluated the performance of the new method relative to two previous methods for assessing length-related biases using 15 data sets from which Ws equations have been computed. The new method detected potentially serious length-related biases in 10 Ws equations, whereas one of the previously used methods failed to detect any biologically significant biases and the other method detected biases in only one equation. The new method can detect curvilinear relationships between Ws and length, so it provides insight that is not available from previous methods.
Evaluation of Three Gears for Sampling Spawning Populations of Rainbow Trout in a Large Alaskan River
Authors: Schwanke Craig J. , Hubert Wayne A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Alternatives to electrofishing are needed for sampling sexually mature rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during the spawning season in large Alaskan rivers. We compared hook and line, beach seining, and actively fished gill nets as sampling tools. Beach seining and active gill netting yielded similar catch rates, length frequencies, and sex ratios of sexually mature fish. Hook-and-line sampling was less effective, with a lower catch rate and selectivity for immature fish and sexually mature females. We conclude that both beach seining and active gill netting can serve as alternatives to electrofishing for sampling sexually mature rainbow trout stocks during the spawning season in large rivers with stable spring flows and spawning areas with few snags.
Changes in the Distribution and Density of Pink, Chum, and Chinook Salmon Spawning in the Upper Skagit River in Response to Flow Management Measures
Authors: Connor Edward J. , Pflug David E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
We analyzed the abundance and spatial distribution of spawning pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha in a 27-mi section of the upper Skagit River, Washington, regulated by the Skagit Hydroelectric Project. Densities of spawning salmon were compared among three contiguous reaches of the upper Skagit River before and after the implementation of flow management measures in 1981. The measures were intended to minimize redd dewatering during the spawning and incubation periods and fry stranding during the emergence and outmigration periods. Field monitoring confirmed that increasing the minimum incubation flows created improvements in redd protection levels. Greater protection of fry from stranding was achieved by substantially reducing the annual number of downramping events and by reducing downramping during daytime, when fry are most vulnerable to stranding. Spawner abundance of all three species progressively increased in an upstream direction following implementation of flow measures; increases were greatest in the reach immediately below the hydroelectric project. The upstream shift in spawner abundance was highly significant based on factorial analyses of variance. The greatest increases in spawner abundance for Chinook salmon and chum salmon were observed during even years, when pink salmon did not spawn. Mean spawner abundance in the upstream-most study reach increased from 311 to 1,169 carcasses/mi (odd years) for pink salmon, from 6 to 115 fish/mi (odd years) or 58 to 462 fish/mi (even years) for chum salmon, and from 48 to 49 redds/mi (odd years) or 59 to 65 redds/ mi (even years) for Chinook salmon. The total number of pink salmon and chum salmon spawners significantly increased within the study area after 1981. These increases were substantially greater than those observed concurrently in other areas of the Skagit River basin and in other northern Puget Sound rivers. The average number of Chinook salmon spawners remained unchanged in the study area after 1981, while substantially declining in other unregulated Skagit River subbasins and most Puget Sound rivers. The study area now possesses the greatest percentage of pink, chum, and Chinook salmon spawners within the Skagit River basin. The Skagit River presently supports the largest run of native Chinook salmon in the Puget Sound region and the largest runs of pink and chum salmon in the coterminous United States.
The Relationships among In-Channel Sediment Storage, Pool Depth, and Summer Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in Oregon Coast Range Streams
Authors: May Christine L. , Lee Danny C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The influence of channel aggradation on water availability and salmonid survival was investigated during the summer dry season in two Oregon Coast Range streams. Deep pools and a deformable streambed of coarse gravel were present in highly aggraded stream reaches. However, these thick, highly porous alluvial deposits caused surface flow to become intermittent, which stranded fish in drying channels. In gravel-bed reaches with thinner alluvial deposits, pool depth was limited by the underlying bedrock, but pools were sustained by hyporheic flow throughout the summer dry season. In these moderately aggraded reaches, pool depth and area decreased throughout the summer, resulting in severe crowding of fish trapped in pools formed over small patches of exposed bedrock and isolated by dry, gravel-bed riffles. Bedrock-dominated stream reaches had slightly smaller pools but were most likely to contain continuous surface flow throughout the summer dry season; these reaches exhibited the smallest decreases in pool depth and area. Repeated snorkel surveys indicated that fish abundance in pools decreased by 59% during the summer, significantly higher losses occurring in gravel-bed pools. Streambed substrate and partitioning of surface and subsurface flow may also have important implications for fish energetics due to differences in water temperature and food availability.
Use of Remote-Site Incubators to Produce Arctic Grayling Fry of Wild Parentage
Authors: Kaeding Lynn R. , Boltz Glenn D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Remote-site incubators (RSIs) adjacent to five streams were evaluated as part of a program to reestablish spawning stocks of Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus in Upper Red Rock Lake in southwest Montana. From 2000 to 2002, wild adult Arctic grayling were caught from the only study stream that currently supports natural spawning. Adults were artificially spawned, and the fertilized eggs were immediately placed into 12 RSIs in 2000, 8 in 2001, and 10 in 2002. Apart from daily removal of dead eggs and dead fry, no prophylaxis was administered. Median numbers of accumulated degree-days (and calendar days) to first observation of eye-up, hatch, and swim-up were 106.1 (10.5), 139.2 (14.0), and 169.2 (17.5), respectively. Mean (±95% confidence interval) percent emergence was greater in 2000 (73.4 ± 15.1%) than in 2001 and 2002 (pooled mean, 26.5 ± 11.9%). Mean percent emergence at a warm (∼13°C) site (East Elk Springs Creek; 69.8 ± 22.0%) was higher than the pooled mean for the other four sites (35.3 ± 15.0%). In 2002, Arctic grayling were observed spawning in the main-stem Elk Springs Creek downstream from two RSI sites on tributaries; the species was last reported in this creek in the late 1960s. We believe that the fish observed spawning in 2002 emerged from the RSIs during 2000. Remote-site incubators are useful, cost-effective tools that could help reestablish Arctic grayling spawning stocks.
Anglers' Probabilities of Catching Record-Size Fish
Authors: Wilde Gene R. , Pope Kevin L. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Most state fishery management agencies publish lists of the largest (e.g., 10, 25, and 50) specimens of each species captured by anglers. We fitted normal distributions for smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and striped bass Morone saxatilis and a mixture of two normal distributions of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to the length of time that individual fish had been present on lists of the largest 50 specimens of each species caught by Texas anglers using rod and reel. In any given year, there is only a probability (p) of 0.102 that a largemouth bass large enough to make the record-weight list will be captured. There is a smaller probability that a record-weight smallmouth bass (p = 0.032) or striped bass (p = 0.021) will be captured in a given year. We suggest that record-weight lists with long turnover times (implying low probabilities that anglers will catch record-weight fish) may discourage interest and participation in angling, and we propose modifications to current record lists.
Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Reduce Striped Bass Bycatch in the Currituck Sound White Perch Gill-Net Fishery
Authors: Blake Price A. , Rulifson Roger A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The gill-net fishery for white perch Morone americana in upper Currituck Sound, North Carolina, currently is regulated by season, mesh-size, and net tending restrictions primarily intended for reducing the bycatch of striped bass Morone saxatilis. The fall fishery (September– December) cannot use small-mesh nets, and fishers must tend nets at all times within a distance of 91.4 m. The spring fishery (January–April) also has small-mesh restrictions, but fishers can leave nets unattended. Commercial fishers are concerned about these restrictions. We examined these concerns by designing a study in which randomly deployed gill nets were paired with nets set at sites chosen by a commercial fisher based on traditional ecological knowledge of the region. The commercial fisher reduced bycatch of striped bass while maintaining catches of white perch. Marketable quality (i.e., average size) of white perch was not significantly different between random sets and commercially designated sets. Most of the total catch (95%) and a majority of striped bass (64%) were caught alive. The number of live captures was inversely correlated with water temperature and positively correlated with oxygen content. Management recommendations include initiation of similar gill-net studies both within Currituck Sound and statewide for comparison of results, development of a fisher questionnaire to ascertain experience level, and establishment of observer coverage to confirm the results presented here.
Oxytetracycline Marking of Newly Hatched Walleye Fry
Authors: Logsdon Dale E. , Pittman Bruce J. , Barnard Gary C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Newly hatched walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) fry were treated by immersion in a solution of 700 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC)/L for 6 h to determine whether walleye fry could be marked at a younger age than previously described in the literature. The resulting marks varied in intensity but were observed on 100% of the fry inspected from groups that were treated at ages less than 24 h posthatch as well as those that were treated at ages less than 3 h posthatch. No false marks were observed on untreated controls in any of the treatment periods, and pond studies indicated no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in either survival or growth between OTC-treated fry and untreated controls. The results of this study demonstrate that walleye fry can be successfully marked immediately after hatching and that the entire annual production of walleye fry at a hatchery can be marked without additional fry-holding facilities or significant disruption of routine hatchery operations.
Relative Activity of Brook Trout and Walleyes in Response to Flow in a Regulated River
Authors: Murchie Karen J. , Smokorowski Karen E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Coded electromyogram telemetry transmitters were used to examine the effects of varying flows on the relative activity of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and walleye Sander vitreus in a regulated river. The relative activity levels of two brook trout and two walleyes were continuously monitored for a minimum of 24 h, and measurements were compared with river flow values logged at nearby gauging stations. Generally, fish relative activity levels mimicked patterns of flow change, peaks in activity level corresponding to peaks in flow. Mean relative activity was generally greatest at extreme high (≥25-m3/s) and low (&lt;15-m3/s) flows. High flows may have elicited hyperactivity (increased activity) as fish sought suitable refugia, increased activity to hold position in the water column, or increased feeding activity on increased levels of drifting invertebrates. Hyperactivity at low flows may have been caused by relocation due to habitat loss or ease of movement at lower flow regimes. Physiological telemetry provides researchers with a method of quantifying the immediate effects of flow changes on fish. Increasing our knowledge of the effects of river regulation on fish is essential to the development of more effective management strategies that balance ecology and economics.
The Effectiveness of Riparian Restoration for Improving Instream Fish Habitat in Four Hardwood-Dominated California Streams
Authors: Opperman Jeff J. , Merenlender Adina M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Recent reviews of salmonid habitat restoration programs have recommended that managers emphasize strategies that restore natural habitat-forming processes, such as restoring riparian vegetation, over placement of instream structures. In addition to the direct benefits of shading and providing a source for large woody debris (LWD), riparian restoration is often implemented to improve channel morphology for purposes of restoring fish habitat. However, multiple studies provide equivocal evidence that restored vegetation can lead to improved channel form within a period of years to decades. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of riparian restoration for improving channel morphology and fish habitat in four hardwood-dominated streams in Mendocino County, California. These streams support populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and contain reaches with riparian corridors that were restored through exclusionary fencing implemented 10–20 years earlier. We compared channel morphology, LWD, and late-summer water temperature between the restored exclosure reaches and geomorphically similar control reaches within the same properties. Channels within exclosures were significantly narrower and had greater heterogeneity in long profile elevation than control reaches. Frequencies of LWD and debris jams were considerably greater in exclosure reaches than control reaches and were comparable to values from similar streams with mature forests. Late-summer water temperature in exclosures was within the acceptable range for steelhead, whereas water temperature in control reaches was warmer and potentially detrimental to steelhead. Riparian restoration in exclosures has resulted in quantitatively improved habitat characteristics and qualitatively different channel morphologies as compared with control reaches. The ability of vegetation to improve channel morphology in this region is probably due to frequent overbank flooding and high sediment loads. Through a comparative analysis of the cost and performance of exclusionary fencing versus those of instream structures, we propose that riparian restoration can produce instream salmonid habitat benefits that are more comprehensive, sustainable, and cost-effective than the benefits generated by instream structures.
Factors Related to Mortality of Black Bass Caught during Small Club Tournaments in Connecticut
Authors: Edwards Gordon P. , Neumann Robert M. , Jacobs Robert P. , O'Donnell Eileen B. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Factors related to the initial and delayed mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu were determined at small club tournaments held at two Connecticut lakes during April–October of 2001–2002. Organizational characteristics of tournaments, environmental conditions, and initial mortality data were collected from 58 tournaments at Mansfield Hollow Reservoir and 41 tournaments at Gardner Lake. Delayed mortality at 72 h was also determined for 29 tournaments at Mansfield Hollow Reservoir and 25 tournaments at Gardner Lake. In total, 3,290 largemouth bass and 1,035 smallmouth bass were observed for initial mortality; 1,784 largemouth bass and 647 smallmouth bass were observed for 72-h delayed mortality. Initial and delayed mortality rates were 2.2% and 1.0% for largemouth bass and 4.8% and 2.8% for smallmouth bass. Logistic regression indicated that initial mortality was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for smallmouth bass than for largemouth bass, and that initial mortality was positively related to water temperature (P &lt; 0.0001), total handling time (P &lt; 0.0001), and fishing-day length (P = 0.0357). Delayed mortality was positively related to water temperature (P &lt; 0.0001), and there was a significant species × lake interaction (P = 0.0152). Initial mortality began to increase sharply at water temperatures greater than 25°C. Delayed mortality showed differential responses to water temperature depending on the species and lake. Our results suggest that tournament-associated mortality may be reduced by limiting tournament activity during the hottest months and by increasing the efficiency of weigh-in procedures at small club tournaments.