bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Brown on Latinos: A Study of Transformation of Policy Intentions
Authors: Arias M. Beatriz 
Published: September 2005

Since the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling, most of the literature on school desegregation has focused on the experiences of African American students or school districts in which remedies were fashioned for African American students. However, little is known about the efforts of other ethnic and racial groups who have suffered similar constitutional violations and who have participated in remedies designed to relieve racial isolation and improve equal educational opportunity. Latinos in the Southwest have a long history of participating in school desegregation efforts, but what has rarely been examined is how their experience is similar to or different from that of African Americans. And yet, I argue, that as we write the history of school desegregation policy in this country, it is important to determine if remedies designed to eliminate racial isolation and improve equal educational opportunity for African American students are appropriate mechanisms for achieving greater equality for Latinos and other ethnolinguistic minorities. This article describes the transformation of desegregation policy in San Jose, California (Vasquez v. San Jose Unified School District), where Latino students constituted the plaintiff class and became the principal participants in desegregation efforts. Using the transformation of intentions model developed by Hall (1995), I show how the remedies in San Jose changed as the actors, contexts, and situations changed. I argue that as long as Latinos were marginalized from participation in the policy process, desegregation remedies were implemented that ignored the particular cultural and linguistic needs of Latino students. As Latinos became leaders in the community and participants in the policy-making process, remedies began to be designed and implemented that specifically addressed linguistic and cultural barriers to educational equity. The transformation of desegregation policy in San Jose provides an opportunity to understand how the legacy of Brown has impacted Latino students.
Obtaining views on health care from people with learning disabilities and severe mental health problems
Authors: Young Anita F. , Chesson Rosemary A. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryDespite the rhetoric of involvement of people with learning disabilities in health care there is a dearth of research which examines the extent to which service users are included in evaluating their own care. This paper describes a study of methods for enabling people with learning disabilities and complex health needs to comment on the specialist inpatient care they received. Six service users consented to take part in interviews using analogue scales and photographs. The participants were able to engage in all elements of the interviews even though inclusion was more challenging because of additional health problems such as manic depression and paranoid psychosis. The suitability of research tools and approaches are discussed and barriers to inclusion identified. In this investigation a gap emerged between government policy of inclusion for everyone, and the realities of frontline practice where involvement was not achieved for some users with severe/profound disabilities. The study points to implications for increased resources, education and training if meaningful user involvement is to become established for individuals within routine practice.
Root proliferation and seed yield in response to spatial heterogeneity of below‐ground competition
Authors: O'Brien Erin E. , Gersani Mordechai , Brown Joel S. 
Published: September 2005

Summary
Here, we tested the predictions of a ‘tragedy of the commons’ model of below‐ground plant competition in annual plants that experience spatial heterogeneity in their competitive environment. Under interplant competition, the model predicts that a plant should over‐proliferate roots relative to what would maximize the collective yield of the plants. We predict that a plant will tailor its root proliferation to local patch conditions, restraining root production when alone and over‐proliferating in the presence of other plants.
A series of experiments were conducted using pairs of pea (Pisum sativum) plants occupying two or three pots in which the presence or absence of interplant root competition was varied while nutrient availability per plant was held constant.
In two‐pot experiments, competing plants produced more root mass and less pod mass per individual than plants grown in isolation. In three‐pot experiments, peas modulated this response to conditions at the scale of individual pots. Root proliferation in the shared pot was higher compared with the exclusively occupied pot.
Plants appear to display sophisticated nutrient foraging with outcomes that permit insights into interplant competition.
Nutrient availability and management in the rhizosphere: exploiting genotypic differences
Authors: Rengel Z. , Marschner P. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryCrop nutrition is frequently inadequate as a result of the expansion of cropping into marginal lands, elevated crop yields placing increasing demands on soil nutrient reserves, and environmental and economic concerns about applying fertilizers. Plants exposed to nutrient deficiency activate a range of mechanisms that result in increased nutrient availability in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Plants may change their root morphology, increase the affinity of nutrient transporters in the plasma membrane and exude organic compounds (carboxylates, phenolics, carbohydrates, enzymes, etc.) and protons. Chemical changes in the rhizosphere result in altered abundance and composition of microbial communities. Nutrient‐efficient genotypes are adapted to environments with low nutrient availability. Nutrient efficiency can be enhanced by targeted breeding through pyramiding efficiency mechanisms in a desirable genotype as well as by gene transfer and manipulation. Rhizosphere microorganisms influence nutrient availability; adding beneficial microorganisms may result in enhanced availability of nutrients to crops. Understanding the role of plant–microbe–soil interactions in governing nutrient availability in the rhizosphere will enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production.
Binding of soluble myelin‐associated glycoprotein to specific gangliosides induces the association of p75NTR to lipid rafts and signal transduction
Authors: Fujitani Masashi , Kawai Hiromichi , Proia Richard L. , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Yasuda Hitoshi , Yamashita Toshihide 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMyelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth from a variety of neurons. Here we show that gangliosides, GT1b and GD1a, as well as the Nogo receptor, are functional binding partners for soluble MAG‐Fc. Postnatal cerebellar neurons from mice deficient in the GalNAcT gene are insensitive to MAG with regard to neurite outgrowth and lack in the activation of RhoA. MAG‐Fc or the antibody to GT1b and GD1a elicits recruitment of p75NTR. to lipid rafts, specialized microdomain for signal transduction. Disruption of lipid rafts results in abolishment of inhibitory effects of MAG‐Fc and the Nogo peptide. These findings establish gangliosides as functional binding partners for soluble MAG. Gangliosides may play a role in translocation of p75NTR. to lipid rafts for initiation of the signal transduction.
Chronic nicotine exposure alters blood–brain barrier permeability and diminishes brain uptake of methyllycaconitine
Authors: Lockman P. R. , Van der Schyf C. J. , Abbruscato T. J. , Allen D. D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMethyllycaconitine (MLA) is reported to be a selective antagonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subtype and has been found in animal behavioral studies to reduce nicotine self‐administration and attenuate nicotine withdrawal symptoms. While MLA crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB), no studies have assessed brain uptake in animals subjected to chronic nicotine exposure. Given that chronic nicotine administration has been reported to alter BBB parameters that may affect the kinetic BBB passage of MLA, we evaluated MLA brain uptake in naive and S‐(–)nicotine‐exposed rats (4.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days; osmotic minipumps) using in situ rat brain perfusions. Our results demonstrate that in situ3H‐MLA brain uptake rates in naive animals approximate to intravenous kinetic data (Kin, 3.24 ± 0.71 × 10−4 mL/s/g). However, 28‐day nicotine exposure diminished 3H‐MLA brain uptake by ∼60% (Kin, 1.29 ± 0.4 × 10−4 mL/s/g). This reduction was not related to nicotine‐induced 3H‐MLA brain efflux or BBB transport alterations. Similar experiments also demonstrated that the passive permeation of 14C‐thiourea was diminished ∼24% after chronic nicotine exposure. Therefore, it appears that chronic nicotine exposure diminishes the blood–brain passive diffusion of compounds with very low extraction rates (i.e. permeability‐limited compounds). These findings imply that the pharmacokinetics of neuropharmaceutical agents that are permeability limited may need to be re‐evaluated in individuals exposed to nicotine.
Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function
Authors: Pierre Karin , Pellerin Luc 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMonocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are proton‐linked membrane carriers involved in the transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, as well as ketone bodies. They belong to a larger family of transporters composed of 14 members in mammals based on sequence homologies. MCTs are found in various tissues including the brain where three isoforms, MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4, have been described. Each of these isoforms exhibits a distinct regional and cellular distribution in rodent brain. At the cellular level, MCT1 is expressed by endothelial cells of microvessels, by ependymocytes as well as by astrocytes. MCT4 expression appears to be specific for astrocytes. By contrast, the predominant neuronal monocarboxylate transporter is MCT2. Interestingly, part of MCT2 immunoreactivity is located at postsynaptic sites, suggesting a particular role of monocarboxylates and their transporters in synaptic transmission. In addition to variation in expression during development and upon nutritional modifications, new data indicate that MCT expression is regulated at the translational level by neurotransmitters. Understanding how transport of monocarboxylates is regulated could be of particular importance not only for neuroenergetics but also for areas such as functional brain imaging, regulation of food intake and glucose homeostasis, or for central nervous system disorders such as ischaemia and neurodegenerative diseases.
Regionally and functionally distinct serotonin3 receptors control in vivo dopamine outflow in the rat nucleus accumbens
Authors: De Deurwaerdère Philippe , Moison Delphine , Navailles Sylvia , Porras Grégory , Spampinato Umberto 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCentral serotonin3 (5‐HT3) receptors control the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway. This control is thought to be conditional and might involve regionally distinct subpopulations of 5‐HT3 receptors. Here, using in vivo microdialysis in rats, we assessed the relative contribution of nucleus accumbens (Nacc) 5‐HT3 receptors to the overall influence exerted by 5‐HT3 receptors on accumbal DA release induced by different drugs or treatments. In freely moving rats, pre‐treatment with 5‐HT3 antagonists (0.1 mg/kg ondansetron and/or 0.03 mg/kg MDL 72222, s.c.) reduced DA efflux enhanced by morphine (1–10 mg/kg, s.c.) and haloperidol (0.01 mg/kg, s.c.), but not amphetamine (1–2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (10–20 mg/kg, i.p.), the latter two drugs do not trigger depolarization‐stimulated DA exocytosis. Intra‐Nacc administration of ondansetron (1 µm) in freely moving rats reduced the DA effects elicited by 10 mg/kg morphine, but not 1 mg/kg morphine or haloperidol. The 5‐HT1A agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.), known to decrease central 5‐HT tone, reduced 10 but not 1 mg/kg morphine‐stimulated DA outflow in freely moving rats. In halothane‐anaesthetized rats, intra‐Nacc ondansetron (1 µm) application reduced dorsal raphe nucleus electrical stimulation (20Hz)‐induced DA outflow. Our results show that regionally distinct populations of 5‐HT3 receptors control the depolarization‐dependent exocytosis of DA and suggest that the involvement of Nacc 5‐HT3 receptors occurs only when central DA and 5‐HT tones are concomitantly increased.
Supersensitivity of P2X7 receptors in cerebrocortical cell cultures after in vitro ischemia
Authors: Wirkner Kerstin , Köfalvi Attila , Fischer Wolfgang , Günther Albrecht , Franke Heike , Gröger‐Arndt Helke , Nörenberg Wolfgang , Madarász Emília , Vizi E. Sylvester , Schneider Dietmar , Sperlágh Beáta , Illes Peter 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNeuronally enriched primary cerebrocortical cultures were exposed to glucose‐free medium saturated with argon (in vitro ischemia) instead of oxygen (normoxia). Ischemia did not alter P2X7 receptor mRNA, although serum deprivation clearly increased it. Accordingly, P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity (IR) of microtubuline‐associated protein 2 (MAP2)‐IR neurons or of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐IR astrocytes was not affected; serum deprivation augmented the P2X7 receptor IR only in the astrocytic, but not the neuronal cell population. However, ischemia markedly increased the ATP‐ and 2′‐3′‐O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl)‐adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (BzATP)‐induced release of previously incorporated [3H]GABA. Both Brilliant Blue G and oxidized ATP inhibited the release of [3H]GABA caused by ATP application; the Brilliant Blue G‐sensitive, P2X7 receptor‐mediated fraction, was much larger after ischemia than after normoxia. Whereas ischemic stimulation failed to alter the amplitude of ATP‐ and BzATP‐induced small inward currents recorded from a subset of non‐pyramidal neurons, BzATP caused a more pronounced increase in the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) after ischemia than after normoxia. Brilliant Blue G almost abolished the effect of BzATP in normoxic neurons. Since neither the amplitude of mIPSCs nor that of the muscimol‐induced inward currents was affected by BzATP, it is assumed that BzATP acts at presynaptic P2X7 receptors. Finally, P2X7 receptors did not enhance the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration either in proximal dendrites or in astrocytes, irrespective of the normoxic or ischemic pre‐incubation conditions. Hence, facilitatory P2X7 receptors may be situated at the axon terminals of GABAergic non‐pyramidal neurons. When compared with normoxia, ischemia appears to markedly increase P2X7 receptor‐mediated GABA release, which may limit the severity of the ischemic damage. At the same time we did not find an accompanying enhancement of P2X7 mRNA or protein expression, suggesting that receptors may become hypersensitive because of an increased efficiency of their transduction pathways.
Adverse effect of soft tissue augmentation with hyaluronic acid
Authors: Pinheiro Maria Valéria Bussamara , Bagatin Ediléia , Hassun Karime Marques , Talarico Sergio 
Published: September 2005

SummaryCutaneous fillers have been employed in the treatment of wrinkles and scars. The high biocompatibility and rare adverse effects described in the literature represent advantages of hyaluronic acid (HA) compared to other fillers.We report the case of a patient submitted to soft tissue augmentation with HA (Restylane®) for the treatment of wrinkles on the lower third of the face who presented a foreign‐body type granulomatous reaction which revised the literature.
Formulations of hydrogels and lipogels with vitamin E
Authors: Gallardo V , Muñoz M , Ruíz M A 
Published: September 2005

SummaryVitamin E, a topically administered antioxidant, reduces erythema, photoaging, photocarcinogenesis, edema, and skin hypersensitivity associated with exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Virgin olive oil, which also has antioxidant properties, reduces the number of, and delays the onset of skin cancer induced by UVB radiation when used after sunbathing. Topical use after sunbathing of formulations that contain virgin olive oil and vitamin E may therefore reduce the number and delay the onset of UVB‐related skin cancer in humans. We designed formulations of gels with olive oil (lipogels) and hydrogels containing 2% tocopherol. The formulations were optimized on the basis of rheological, organoleptic, biopharmaceutical, and cosmetic criteria. Different formulae for hydrogels with vitamin E were ideal for application after exposure to solar radiation because of their good organoleptic properties. Vitamin E lipogels are of potential use in cosmetics such as locally acting anti‐aging treatments because of the antioxidant effects of vitamin E.
Side effects of nail cosmetics
Authors: Baran Robert , André Josette 
Published: September 2005

SummaryCosmetics applied on the nail encompass three types: (1) coatings that harden upon evaporation; (2) coatings that polymerize; and (3) stick‐on nail dressings (synthetic covers). The adverse reactions induced by the two first types present with both local reactions and distant contact dermatitis. Whereas nail enamel applications result especially in ectopic contact dermatitis, polymerizing coatings and synthetic covers represent the main culprit for sometimes severe, local reactions.Whatever the nature of the nail cosmetics, they may produce some adverse reactions.They include: (1) local reactions to cosmetics applied on the nail; (2) distant reactions resulting from the use of nail cosmetics; (3) systemic side effects of nail cosmetics; and (4) infection risks from nail cosmetics.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Papuan Swiftlet Aerodramus papuensis and implications for the evolution of avian echolocation
Authors: PRICE J. JORDAN , JOHNSON KEVIN P. , BUSH SARAH E. , CLAYTON DALE H. 
Published: September 2005

The swiftlets (genera Aerodramus, Collocalia and Hydrochous) are unusual among birds in that many species can orientate in complete darkness using echolocation. The position of the Papuan Swiftlet Aerodramus papuensis in this group has been uncertain historically, in part due to morphological differences between it and other swiftlets (it has three toes instead of the usual four) and a lack of data on its behaviour (there is uncertainty about whether it echolocates). Here we investigate the phylogenetic affinities of the Papuan Swiftlet using DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b and ND2. We present evidence that it is able to echolocate but, unlike previously studied species that use echolocation primarily while flying in caves, A. papuensis uses this ability while active outside caves at night. We also provide new evidence for placement of the monotypic Waterfall Swiftlet Hydrochous gigas, a species that does not echolocate. Our data provide strong support for a basal relationship between A. papuensis and other Aerodramus taxa and suggest that this species and H. gigas are sister taxa, a relationship that would indicate paraphyly of the genus Aerodramus. Our phylogeny provides new insights into how echolocation has evolved in the swiftlets, in particular by indicating higher levels of homoplasy in this trait than was previously thought.
Physicians' Assessments of Adjuvant Tamoxifen's Effectiveness in Older Patients with Primary Breast Cancer
Authors: Lash Timothy L. , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Silliman Rebecca A. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To examine physicians' assessments of tamoxifen effectiveness in breast cancer patients, identify predictors of these assessments, and estimate the relationship between these assessments and receipt of tamoxifen prescription.Design: A cohort of breast cancer patients aged 65 and older at diagnosis and their physicians were surveyed using mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews.Setting: Community and academic hospitals in Rhode Island; North Carolina; Minnesota; and Los Angeles, California between 1996 and 1998.Participants: Physicians completed treatment recommendation forms for 496 of 865 Stage Ic to IIIa breast cancer patients.Measurements: Visual scales measured physicians' assessments of the risk that individual patients would have a breast cancer recurrence or die of breast cancer with, and without, tamoxifen therapy.Results: The mean risk ratio±standard deviation comparing risk of recurrence without tamoxifen with the risk with tamoxifen was 1.8±1.0 and for breast cancer mortality was 1.8±1.2. Only estrogen‐receptor status and enrollment site emerged as significant predictors of recurrence and mortality risk ratios in regression models. Patients for whom the physician estimated that the recurrence or mortality risk doubled without tamoxifen were more likely to receive a tamoxifen prescription than patients for whom the physician estimated that tamoxifen would have no effect (odds ratio (OR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.98–2.1 for recurrence risk, OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.2–2.6 for mortality risk).Conclusion: Estrogen receptor status most strongly influenced physicians' assessments of tamoxifen's effectiveness in individual patients; this effectiveness was not found to be associated with advancing patient age. Estrogen receptor status and enrollment site were related to receipt of tamoxifen prescription, but advancing age was not after accounting for physician's individualized assessment of tamoxifen's effectiveness. These findings suggest that an evidence‐based approach for hormonal therapy has been widely adopted for care of older patients with breast cancer.
Weight Loss, Muscle Strength, and Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Older Adults with Congestive Heart Failure or Hypertension
Authors: Schellenbaum Gina D. , Smith Nicholas L. , Heckbert Susan R. , Lumley Thomas , Rea Thomas D. , Furberg Curt D. , Lyles Mary F. , Psaty Bruce M. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To determine whether angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use may be associated with weight maintenance and sustained muscle strength (measured by grip strength) in older adults.Design: Data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a community‐based prospective cohort study of 5,888 older adults, were used.Setting: Subjects were recruited from four U.S. sites beginning in 1989; this analysis included data through 2001.Participants: CHS participants with congestive heart failure (CHF) or treated hypertension.Measurements: The exposure, current ACE inhibitor use, was ascertained by medication inventory at annual clinic visits; the outcomes were weight change and grip‐strength change during the following year. Multivariate linear regression was used, accounting for correlations between observations on the same participant over time.Results: The average annual weight change was −0.38 kg in 2,834 participants (14,443 person‐years) with treated hypertension and −0.62 kg in 342 participants (980 person‐years) with CHF. ACE inhibitor use was associated with less annual weight loss after adjustment for potential confounders: a difference of 0.17 kg (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.05–0.29) in those with treated hypertension and 0.29 kg (95% CI=−0.25–0.83) in those with CHF. There was no evidence of association between ACE inhibitor use and grip‐strength change.Conclusion: ACE inhibitor use may be associated with weight maintenance, but not maintenance of muscle strength, in older adults with treated hypertension.